bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raman analysis of embedded monolayers and quantum dots
Authors: Geurts J. , Wagner V.
Published: October 2005

We demonstrate the potential of resonant Raman spectroscopy from vibration modes for the analysis of embedded monolayers and quantum dots. As representative systems, we present results for CdSe, embedded either in BeTe or in ZnSe. The vibration spectra reflect a distinctly different behaviour. For CdSe in BeTe, they reveal atomically sharp interfaces, especially when the interface bonds are chosen to be Cd–Te. In addition, the vibration modes reflect the onset of quantum dot formation. They are described by ab initio calculations. In contrast, in case of CdSe quantum dots in ZnSe, the vibration spectra are explained in terms of ternary (Cd,Zn)Se modes with increasing Cd content for increasing nominal CdSe coverage. Thus, they reveal a noticeable interfacial intermixing on the scale of a few monolayers. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
VUV‐ellipsometry on GaN: Probing conduction band properties by core level excitations
Authors: Esser N. , Rakel M. , Cobet C. , Schmidt W. G. , Braun W. , Cardona M.
Published: October 2005

Spectral ellipsometry is a widely used method for analysing optical properties of materials. In particular electronic interband transitions of many semiconductor materials have been intensively studied employing ellipsometry from the near‐infrared to the ultra‐violet (UV) spectral range. Electronic excitations involving core‐levels, on the other hand, have been a domain of synchrotron based X‐ray absorption spectroscopy or electron loss spectroscopy. We apply spectral ellipsometry in the vacuum‐UV spectral range to study core level excitations in GaN. The results proof that VUV‐ellipsometry is a very versatile tool to obtain information on the p‐like component of the density of states (DOS) related to the conduction bands of GaN. Excitations of the 3d core level of Ga are shown to be linked to the partial DOS at the Ga site within the lattice (complementary to the information obtained on nitrogen sites by X‐ray absorption at the N1s edge). (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
β‐Fragmentation of alkoxyl radicals: Natural bond orbital analysis
Authors: Leblanc Marie , Siri Didier , Marque Sylvain R. A. , Grimaldi Sandra , Bertin Denis , Tordo Paul
Published: October 2005

Alkoxyl radicals are often generated in order to perform regioselective hydrogen atom abstraction. However, their β‐fragmentation generates alkyl radicals that are less efficient to abstract hydrogen atoms. We have performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations [UB3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p)] followed by a natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis on a series of alkoxyl radicals. The β‐fragmentation of these radicals is discussed in terms of bond population and hyperconjugative interactions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
What can we do with an effective group potential?
Authors: Carissan Yannick , Bessac Fabienne , Alary Fabienne , Heully Jean‐Louis , Poteau Romuald
Published: October 2005

The method, called effective group potential, (EGP), which includes the effect of a group of atoms in a single potential, has been used successfully in a large variety of applications. Using the EGP method, optimal geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, activation energies, and transition energies can be safely calculated with various correlation methods even for rather large molecules. The usefulness of this method for the theoretical study of a selection of some rather difficult cases is presented. It is shown that, even if many atoms are removed from a fragment and, furthermore, if most of the electrons on the remaining atoms are removed as well, very good accuracy can be conserved. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
When stress is mental illness: A study of anxiety and depression in employees who use occupational stress counselling schemes
Authors: Arthur Andrew R.
Published: October 2005

A previous study found that 86 per cent of employees (n = 111) who experience stress in the workplace and sought help from their workplace counselling schemes (Employee Assistance Programmes) had serious mental health problems, but the low participation rate (24 per cent) restricted generalizability and the measure used [General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12)] did not allow diagnosis. The present study (n = 58) improved the participation rate to 35 per cent and used a different version of the original measure (GHQ‐28) that allowed diagnostic differentiation as well as validation of the original findings. This new study found almost exactly the same high levels of mental health problems existed (86 per cent) in employees who remained at their work and that participants had higher rates of anxiety than depression. This finding is at variance with the usual co‐morbid presentation of anxiety and depression found in community based mental health services and suggests that depression may be an important differentiating factor between those who can remain at work and use counselling and those who cannot. There are implications for those who provide mental health services. The results of this study further reinforce the suggestion that workplace stress may be yet another name for common mental health problems that require professional help and treatment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical study of turbulent flow around a wind turbine nacelle
Authors: Masson Christian , Smaïli Arezki
Published: October 2005

This article presents a numerical method for the simulation of turbulent flow around the nacelle of a horizontal axis wind turbine. The flow field around the turbine and nacelle is described by the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The k–ϵ model has been chosen for closure of the time‐averaged turbulent flow equations. The rotor disc is modelled using the actuator disc concept. The main purpose of this article is to assess the impacts of the variation of some operational parameters (e.g. blade pitch angle changes) and atmospheric turbulence upon the relationship between wind speed measured near the nacelle and freestream wind speed established for an isolated turbine. Simulation results were compared with experimental data (from a typical stall‐controlled, commercially available wind turbine rated higher than 600 kW). In general, good qualitative agreements have been found that validate the proposed method. It has been shown that a level of accuracy sufficient for use in power performance testing can be obtained only when a proper aerodynamic analysis of the inboard non‐lifting cylindrical sections of the blade is included. Furthermore, the numerical method has proven to be a useful tool for locating nacelle anemometers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular genetic study of introgression between Saccharomyces bayanus and S. cerevisiae
Authors: Naumova Elena S. , Naumov Gennadi I. , Masneuf‐Pomarède Isabelle , Aigle Michel , Dubourdieu Denis
Published: October 2005

The genomic constitution of different S. bayanus strains and natural interspecific Saccharomyces hybrids has been studied by genetic and molecular methods. Unlike S. bayanus var. uvarum, some S. bayanus var. bayanus strains (the type culture CBS 380, CBS 378, CBS 425, CBS 1548) harbour a number of S. cerevisiae subtelomeric sequences: Y′, pEL50, SUC, RTM and MAL. The two varieties, having 86–100% nDNA–nDNA reassociation, are partly genetically isolated from one another but completely isolated from S. cerevisiae. Genetic and molecular data support the maintaining of var. bayanus and var. uvarum strains in the species S. bayanus. Using Southern hybridization with species‐specific molecular markers, RFLP of the MET2 gene and flow cytometry analysis, we showed that the non‐S. cerevisiae parents are different in lager brewing yeasts and in wine hybrid strains. Our results suggest that S. pastorianus is a hybrid between S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus var. bayanus, while S. bayanus var. uvarum contributed to the formation of the wine hybrids S6U and CID1. According to the partial sequence of ACT1 gene and flow cytometry analysis, strain CID1 is a triple hybrid between S. cerevisiae, S. kudriavzevii and S. bayanus var. uvarum. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective Catalysis. 157 [1] Carbohydrate‐Based, Water‐Soluble Ligands for the Stereoselective Hydrogenation of Folic Acid
Authors: Brunner Henri , Keck Christian
Published: October 2005

The new chiral ligands 11–30 were synthesized by combining aldehydes and ketones, able for coordination, with mono‐ and disaccharides via oxime ether bridges stable towards hydrolysis. Due to their OH groups they were water‐soluble (except 11 and 19), whereas their acetylated analogs dissolved in organic solvents. The new ligands were used in homogeneous and heterogenized catalysts for the stereoselective hydrogenation of folic acid 31, the formylated hydrogenation product 33 of which is the anticancer drug Leucovorine.
Reaktionen eines (N,N,O)Zn‐OH‐Komplexes mit Heterocumulen‐Derivaten
Authors: Tekeste Teame , Vahrenkamp Heinrich
Published: October 2005

Reactions of a (N,N,O)Zn‐OH Complex with Heterocumulene Derivatives

The zinc‐aqua complex of the (N,N,O) ligand bis(2‐picolyl)(2‐hydroxylato‐3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐benzyl)amine can be deprotonated in situ to the (N,N,O)Zn‐OH complex. The latter reacts in alcoholic solution with CS2 and RNCS (R = p‐nitrophenyl) under insertion to from the (N,N,O)Zn‐S‐CS‐OR and (N,N,O)Zn‐S‐C(NR)OR complexes. RNCO undergoes hydrolytic decomposition, leading to a carbonate‐bridged trinuclear complex. Thiocyanate replaces the hydroxide ligand. Urea and thiourea (L) are incorporated as the cationic (N,N,O)Zn‐L complexes. The relation of these reactions to the functioning of hydrolytic zinc enzymes is discussed.
Reactivity of Copper(I) Complexes with Tripodal Ligands towards O2: Structures of a Precursor [L3CuI(NCCH3)](BF4), L3 = Tris(3‐isopropyl‐4,5‐trimethylenepyrazolyl)methane and of its Oxidation Product [L3CuII(μ‐OH)2CuIIL3](BF4)2 with Strong Antiferromagnetic Spin‐Spin Coupling
Authors: Kaim Wolfgang , Titze Christoph , Schurr Thilo , Sieger Monika , Lawson Max , Jordanov Jeanne , Rojas Darío , García Ana M. , Manzur Jorge
Published: October 2005

The molecular structure of the highly oxygen‐sensitive complex [L3CuI(NCCH3)](BF4) (1) reveals approximately symmetrical coordination by the fac‐tridentate (tripodal) ligand L3 = tris(3‐isopropyl‐4,5‐trimethylenepyrazolyl)methane and a rather short CuI‐N(acetonitrile) distance of 1.865(5) Å. In CH2Cl2 at −78 °C the colourless compound reacts with O2 to yield a labile purple intermediate (λmax 517 nm) – presumably a peroxodicopper(II) complex – which decomposes at −30 °C. No such intermediate was observed on reaction of the CuI complex of bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)benzylamine with O2 at −80 °C. However, an EPR spectrum with g‖ = 2.17 and g⊥ = 2.03 without 63,65Cu hyperfine splitting was observed at low temperatures. Exposure of the precursor 1 to air under ambient conditions yields dinuclear [L3CuII(μ‐OH)2CuIIL3](BF4)2 (2) which exhibits an EPR detectable dissociation into monomers in CH2Cl2 solution. The structure of the hexakis(dichloromethane) solvate of 2 with Cu–Cu and Cu‐O distances of 3.055 and 1.94Å, respectively, is typical for dihydroxo‐bridged dicopper compounds with square‐pyramidal CuII configuration (τ = 0.03), adopting an anti arrangement. In agreement with the relatively wide Cu‐O‐Cu angles of 103.5° an analysis of the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility revealed a rather strong (J = −633 cm−1) antiparallel spin‐spin coupling. The effect is ascribed to the steric bulk of the ligand L3.
Studien zur Synthese, Struktur und Reaktivität heterozyklischer Metallonitridophosphinate
Authors: Bauer Tillmann , Chatterjee Saurav , Schulz Stephan , Nieger Martin , Krossing Ingo
Published: October 2005

Studies on the Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity of Heterocyclic Metallonitridophosphinates

t‐BuP(NH2)2 reacts with base‐stabilized group 13 trihydrides with adduct formation (THF‐BH3), with reduction to give t‐BuPH2 (Me3N‐AlH3) and with elimination of H2 and formation of a metallonitridophosphinate (Me3N‐GaH3). In contrast, the reaction with Cp*TiMe3 proceeds with formation of the four‐membered heterocycle [t‐Bu(H)P(NH)2Ti(Cp*)Me2]. The aluminonitridophosphinate [t‐Bu(H)P(NH)2AlMe2]2 reacts with C‐H acidic reagents such as ROH, H2O with protonation of the N atom and subsequent formation of t‐BuP(NH2)2. This general reaction sequence was used for the synthesis of the first alumino(oxo)nitridophosphinate [t‐Bu(H)P(NH)OAlMe2]2. The compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods (1H, 13C, IR, mass spectrometry) and single crystal X‐ray diffraction ([t‐Bu(H)P(NH)2Ti(Cp*)Me2], [t‐Bu(H)P(NH)OAlMe2]2).
Multiple Functionalization of Bis(2‐pyridylimino)isoindole (BPI) Ligands: Their Modular Synthesis and Coordination to Palladium(II)
Authors: Siggelkow Bettina A. , Gade Lutz H.
Published: October 2005

Polyether dendritic wedges have been attached to bis(2‐pyridylimino)isoindole (BPI) ligands, and the corresponding PdII complexes have been synthesized and studied as hydrogenation catalysts. The fixation of dendrons at the ligand framework was carried out at the stage of the phthalodinitrile precursor of the BPI ligands by nucleophilic substitution of 4‐nitrophthalodinitrile with the in situ generated alcoholates. Reaction of 1,3‐dibenzyloxy‐2‐propanol [G‐1] and the coupling of Fréchet's first and second generation arylether dendrons [(3,5)‐G‐1]‐OH, [t‐Bu‐(3,5)‐G‐1]‐OH and [(3,5)‐G‐2]‐OH with 4‐nitrophthalodinitrile gave the corresponding O‐coupled phthalodinitrile derivatives. The synthesis of the BPI ligands was achieved by reaction with two molar equivalents of 2‐amino‐5‐bromopyridine to give the protioligands (11‐Br)‐BPI‐[G‐1] (4) and (11‐Br)‐BPI‐[R‐(3,5)‐G‐1] (R = H: 5a, tBu: 5b) whereas the reaction of compound 5a with Me3SiCCH, Ph3SiCCH and PhCCH, using Sonogashira's [Pd(PPh3)4]/CuI catalyst, gave the corresponding bis(alkynyl)‐derivatives. All the protioligands were cleanly metallated to give the corresponding palladium(II) complexes. In contrast to the unsubstituted complex, its dendrimer functionalized derivatives [(11‐Br)‐BPI‐[R‐(3,5)‐G‐1]‐PdCl] (R = H: 9a, tBu : 9b) and [(11‐Br)‐BPI‐[(3,5)‐G‐2]‐PdCl] (11) hydrogenated styrene and 1‐octene without decomposition (TOF = 5 h−1 at T = 295 K, p(H2) = 1 bar, 2 mol% cat.) and among these, catalyst 11, carrying the 2nd generation dendron displayed sufficient stability to be isolated and reused several times.
Novel Hexacoordinate Diorganosilanes with Salen‐Type Ligands: Molecular Structure versus 29Si NMR Chemical Shifts
Authors: Wagler Jörg , Böhme Uwe , Brendler Erica , Blaurock Steffen , Roewer Gerhard
Published: October 2005

Starting from diorganodichlorosilanes and the tetradentate salen‐type ligand 1 o‐HO‐p‐OMe‐C6H3‐C(Ph)=N‐(CH2)2‐N=C(Ph)‐C6H3‐p‐OMe‐o‐OH eight hexacoordinate diorganosilanes RR′Si[o‐O‐p‐OMe‐C6H3‐C(Ph)=N‐(CH2)2‐N=C(Ph)‐C6H3‐p‐OMe‐o‐O] [R, R′= Ph, Me (2a); Ph, Et (2b); Ph, Cy (2c); Vi, Me (2d); Ph, Vi (2e); Ph, Ph (2f); Me, Me (2g); ‐(CH2)3‐ (3)] were synthesized. In all these complexes the silicon atom is situated in a distorted octahedral coordination sphere. The organic substituents at the Si atom in 2a, 2b, 2e, 2f, and 2g are trans‐positioned. Referring to the almost planar coordination sphere provided by the tetradentate azomethine ligand in complexes 2a‐2g, the mer‐fac‐configuration, i.e. an all‐cis arrangement of the O, C and N donor atoms in 3, is especially remarkable. As proven by 29Si CP/MAS spectra as well as Si chemical shift tensor calculations, in compounds 2a, 2f and 2g the silicon atom is most shielded in the direction of the axially arranged Si‐C bonds.
Synthese, Kristallstruktur und magnetisches Verhalten von Gd(CF2HCOO)3(phen)
Authors: John Daniela , Urland Werner
Published: October 2005

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Behaviour of Gd(CF2HCOO)3(phen)

Single crystals of Gd(CF2HCOO)3(phen) have been obtained by reaction of Gd(CF2HCOO)3(H2O)2·H2O with 1,10–phenanthroline in a solution of ethanol and water. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group $P{\bar 1}$ (Nr. 2, Z = 2, a = 874.6(2) pm, b = 928.9(1) pm, c = 1338.5(2) pm, α = 104.73°, β = 106.96°, γ = 99.92°). The Gd3+ ions are bridged by carboxylate groups to dimers and are ninefold coordinated by seven oxygen and two nitrogen atoms. The magnetic behaviour of the compound was investigated in the temperature range of 1.76 to 300 K. The magnetic data indicate an antiferromagnetic interaction within the dimeric unit (Jex = −0.016 cm−1).
Polyfluoroorganoboron‐Oxygen Compounds. 4 [1] Lithium Pentafluorophenyltrimethoxyborate, Li[C6F5B(OMe)3], Reactions with Selected Electrophiles and Nucleophiles
Authors: Adonin Nicolay Yu. , Bardin Vadim V. , Flörke Ulrich , Frohn Hermann‐Josef
Published: October 2005

Li[C6F5B(OMe)3] (1a) reacted with the electrophiles CD3C(O)CD3, CH3OD, CD3CN, CH3CN, HOC2H4OH, Br2, and I2 to give C6F5X (X = D, H, Br, I). The treatment of 1a with Me3SiCl or BF3 in CH2Cl2 and CCl3F or pentene resulted in C6F5B(OMe)2 or C6F5BF2, respectively. The attempted metathesis of 1a with KF or [Bu4N]Br in CH2Cl2 led to a mixture of M[(C6F5)2B(OMe)2] (2b,c, main product) and M[C6F5B(OMe)3] (1b,c, minor product) (M = [Bu4N], K). Even in the presence of diethyl ether, THF, DME, or TMEDA salt 1a underwent dismutation to the diarylborate salt [Li(L)n][(C6F5)2B(OMe)2] (L = Et2O, THF, DME, TMEDA) and [Li(L)n][B(OMe)4]. In subsequent reactions with aqueous K[HF2] or [Bu4N][HF2] M[(C6F5)2B(OMe)2] (M = K, [Bu4N], [Li(L)n]) yielded K[(C6F5)2BF2] (4c) or [Bu4N][(C6F5)2BF2] (4b). The molecular structure of [Li·TMEDA][(C6F5)2B(OMe)2] from single crystals showed significant cation‐oxygen interactions.
Reactivity of Rhenium Complexes Containing a Triamidoamine Ligand Toward Samarium Diiodide
Authors: Mösch‐Zanetti Nadia C. , Magull Jörg
Published: October 2005

The reaction of [(HN3N)ReOCl] (1) that contains the unsymmetric tren‐based ligand HN3N = ({C6F5NCH2CH2}2NCH2CH2CH2NHC6F5)2− with samarium diiodide leads to the formation of the iodide compounds [(N3N)ReI] (2) and [(HN3N)ReOI] (3). The reduction reaction also generates the unusual rhenium(IV) compound [(HN3N*)ReX] (4, X = 0.35 % F and 0.65 % I,), where the amine ligand HN3N* = ({C6F5NCH2CH2}2NCH2CH2CH2NHC6F4)3− is involved in an intramolecular C‐F bond activation. The larger 6‐membered metallacycle formed by the propylene amido substituent facilitates ortho metallation. All compounds have been characterized by single crystal X‐ray analyses.
Synthesis and Structure of a Novel Type of Polyoxomolybdate Lanthanide Complex: [(Ln(H2O)6)2(TeMo6O24)] (Ln = Ho, Yb)
Authors: Drewes Daniel , Krebs Bernt
Published: October 2005

The new polyoxomolybdates [(Ho(H2O)6)2(TeMo6O24)] · 10 H2O (1) and [(Yb(H2O)6)2(TeMo6O24)] · 10 H2O (2) were prepared from aqueous solution by reaction of telluric acid, potassium molybdate and holmium chloride and ytterbium chloride, respectively. They were characterized by X‐ray structure analysis, energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analysis and IR spectroscopy. Both compounds contain the Anderson type anion (TeMo6O24)6− and trivalent lanthanide atoms which achieve eightfold coordination by two terminal oxygen atoms of the (TeMo6O24)6− anion and six crystal water molecules. While all known Ln/(TeMo6O24)6− compounds contain infinite one‐dimensional chains in which the (TeMo6O24)6− anions are linked by rare earth cations, the neutral molecular [(Ln(H2O)6)2(TeMo6O24)] complexes in 1 and 2 are only connected via hydrogen bonds.
Multifunctional Phosphorus Compounds: Molecular Structures of 1,2,4,5‐Tetra(phosphinyl)‐, Tetra(dimethoxyphosphoryl)‐, and Tetra(dihydroxyphosphoryl)benzene
Authors: Reiter Stephan A. , Nogai Stefan D. , Schmidbaur Hubert
Published: October 2005

1,2,4,5‐Tetra(phosphinyl)benzene (1) and ‐tetrakis(dimethoxyphosphoryl)benzene (4) have molecular structures of point group Ci symmetry with conformations largely determined by steric factors. In the crystal of compound 1 there are no discernible effects of intra‐ or intermolecular P–H···P hydrogen bonding. By contrast, the crystal structure of the corresponding phosphonic acid, 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(dihydroxyphosphoryl)benzene (3), is governed by a network of hydrogen bonds between PO(OH)2 groups with monofunctional P–OH donors and difunctional P=O acceptors as required for a maximum set of hydrogen bonds under the given stoichiometry. The aggregation of the molecules (Ci symmetry) leads to narrow channels formed by 14‐ and 16‐membered rings which comprise POH···OP bridges between P–CC–P and P–CCC–P units, respectively. Accordingly, the crystals of compound 3 are mechanically extremely robust. A tri(phosphinyl)benzene (2) with an interesting 1,2,4‐ substitution pattern has been obtained as a by‐product of the synthesis of the tetra(phosphinyl)benzene (1) where it is formed by reductive P–C cleavage.
Some Investigations on Organotellurium(IV) Cyanides
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Mayer Peter , Polborn Kurt , Schwab Ingo
Published: October 2005

Fluorination of R2Te (R = 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2 (= Mes) (1), 2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2 (= Trip) (2)) with xenon difluoride afforded the sterically demanding diorganotellurium(IV) difluorides R2TeF2. The reaction of R2TeF2 (R = Me, Ph, Mes (3), Trip (4)) with trimethylsilyl cyanide resulted in the formation of either R2Te(CN)2 (R = Ph (5), Mes (6)) or the monotellanes R2Te (R = Me, Trip). Upon reaction of Mes2TeF2 (3) with trimethylsilyl azide, dimesityltellurium(IV) diazide Mes2Te(N3)2 (8) was prepared. Characterization by standard methods has been carried out, and in addition, the crystal structures of 1, 3, and (Mes2TeCN)2O (7) were determined, the latter being the first organotellurium(IV) cyanide for which structural information is available.
Atrane and Phosphorane Formation with Aminotriphenols [1]
Authors: Timosheva Natalya V. , Chandrasekaran A. , Holmes Robert R.
Published: October 2005

Reaction of the aminotriphenol, tris (2‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐5‐tert‐butylbenzyl)amine, with triphenylphosphite resulted in the formation of the first structurally characterized pentaoxyphosphorane‐atrane, N[CH2(Me(t‐Bu)C6H2)O]3P(OPh)2 (1) while reaction of the aminotriphenol, tris (2‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethylbenzyl)amine (E) with 2,2′ethylidenebis(4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)fluorophosphite led to the isolation of the phosphorane, N[CH2(Me2C6H2)O]2P[OC6H2(t‐Bu)2]2CHCH3 (2), as a result of aminotriphenol to aminodiphenol conversion. X‐ray analysis revealed the octahedral geometry of 1 showing strong P‐N dative bond coordination (2.114(6) Å) and the trigonal bipyramidal arrangement for 2 exhibiting a normal P‐N covalent bond (1.652(2) Å). 1H, 13C and 31P NMR measurements assisted in the structural interpretations and in comparisons with related compounds. The results confirm the premise that donor action at the transition state of active sites of phosphoryl transfer enzymes should enjoy enhanced reaction with nearby donor groups that are positioned to enter into coordination with the reactive phosphoryl component, especially for such enzymatic reactions that exhibit catalytic promiscuity.
Synthesis and Structures of Zeise‐type Complexes with Vinylsilane Ligands and Quantum Chemical Analysis of the Platinum–Vinylsilane Bonding
Authors: Schwieger Sebastian , Wagner Christoph , Bruhn Clemens , Schmidt Harry , Steinborn Dirk
Published: October 2005

Zeise‐type complexes with vinylsilanes as π‐ligands [K(18C6)][PtCl3(η2‐CH2=CHX)] (X = SiMe3, 4; SiPh3, 5; Si(OMe)3, 6; 18C6 = 18‐crown‐6) and [K(18C6)]2[(PtCl3)2{η2,η2‐(CH2=CHSiMe2)2O}] (7) have been prepared by the reaction of [K(18C6)]2[Pt2Cl6] (3) with the appropriate vinylsilanes. The identities of the complexes have been confirmed by NMR spectroscopy as well as for 4, 5 and (PPh4)[PtCl3{η2‐CH2=CHSi(OMe)3}] (6′) also by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements. DFT calculations exhibited, that the coordination induced C=C bond lengthenings and the pyramidalization angles of the olefins in the vinylsilane complexes [PtCl3(η2‐CH2=CHX)]− (X = SiMe3, 4c; SiPh3, 5c; Si(OMe)3, 6c) are the same as in Zeise's anion [PtCl3(η2‐CH2=CH2)]− (8c) while the amount of the π back‐donation in the vinylsilane complexes 4c–6c is higher than that in the ethylene complex 8c.
Coordination Polymers of Iron(III) and (II) with 4,4′‐Bipyridine: Hydrothermal Syntheses, Structures, Absorption and Mössbauer Studies Showing Spin Crossover for the Iron(III) Polymer
Authors: Abu‐Shandi Khalid , Winkler Heiner , Paulsen Hauke , Glaum Robert , Wu Biao , Janiak Christoph
Published: October 2005

The iron‐4,4′‐bipyridine coordination polymers $^{1}_{\infty}\rm\{[Fe^{III}(NO_{3})_{2}({\rm \mu}-4,4^{\prime}-bipy)(H_{2}O)_{2}]OH\cdot H_{2}O\}$ (1) and $^{1}_{\infty}\rm\{[Fe^{II}(H_{2}PO_{4})_{2}({\rm \mu}-4,4^{\prime}-bipy)(H_{2}O)]\cdot H_{2}O\cdot (4,4^{\prime}-bipy)\}$ (2) have been synthesized by hydrothermal methods. The structure of 1 is a channel‐containing open framework constructed through the hydrogen‐bond supported criss‐cross arrangement of the 1D Fe‐bipy chains. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy reveals a gradual spin crossover behavior for 1 with a magnetic ordering at low temperature. The structure of 2 is constructed from parallel oriented, hydrogen‐bonded 1D Fe‐bipy chains. The 4,4′‐bipyridine solvate in 2 is held by hydrogen bonding between the H2PO4 groups on adjacent iron centers along the chain and is situated in a π–π stacking contact to the coordinated 4,4′‐bipy ligand. The chains in 2 are interconnected through hydrogen bonding to a three‐dimensional supramolecular network. Crystals of 2 appear dark red or orange depending on the orientation (pleochroism, dichroism).
Carbonylnitrosylrhenium‐Komplexe mit α‐Aminosäureester‐Liganden [1]
Authors: Urban Reinhold , Veghini Dario , Berke Heinz , Beck Wolfgang
Published: October 2005

Carbonylnitrosylrhenium Complexes with α‐Amino Acid Ester Ligands [1]

The reaction of the chloro bridged [Re(Cl)(μ‐Cl)(CO)2(NO)]2 with acetonitrile gives [ReCl2(CO)2(NO)(CH3CN)] (1) which was used as starting complex for the synthesis of the α‐amino acid ester complexes [ReCl2(CO)2(NO)(NH2CHRCO2R′)] (2‐5; R = H, Me, CHMe2, Ch2Ph; R′ = Et, Me). Similarly, THF in [ReCl2(CO)2(NO)(THF)] can be substituted by R(+)‐1‐phenylethylamine with formation of 6. From the formation of two diastereoisomers of 3‐6 the structure of the chiral complexes [ReCl2(CO)2(NO)L] can be elucidated.
Übergangsmetallorganische Reaktionskaskaden zum Aufbau höher aggregierter Systeme: Nickelacyclische Carboxylate als Precursoren für die Synthese eines Oxinato‐Nickel(II)‐Tetramers
Authors: Langer Jens , Görls Helmar , Gillies Glenn , Walther Dirk
Published: October 2005

Organo Transition Metal Cascade Reactions for Forming Higher Aggregeted Systems: Nickelacyclic Carboxylates as Precursors for the Synthesis of a Oxinato‐Nickel(II)‐Tetramer

Diisopropyl‐8‐oxychinolylphosphinite (2) reacts with the nickelacycle [(py)2Ni‐CH2CH2‐COO] under formation of the thermically stable nickelalactones [(2)Ni‐CH2CH2‐COO] (4) the solid state structure of which was determined by an X‐ray crystallographic analysis. In 4 the ligand acts as a six‐membered chelating ligand with P,N coordination. According to the NMR spectrathis structure is present in solution as well. However, the stronger electron‐withdrawing diphenyl‐8‐0xychinolylphosphinite reacts under similar conditions in further reactions yielding the tetranuclear oxinato‐diphenylphosphinato‐Ni(II) complex 6 in the presence of oxygen. The structure of 6 was determined by an X‐ray analysis. The formation of 6 is the result of a reaction cascade of at least five metal‐assisted reactions which occur step by step, and to some extend in parallel reactions.
Bis(trifluoromethylselenato(0))metallates(I) of Silver and Gold, [M(SeCF3)2]− (M = Ag, Au)
Authors: Naumann Dieter , Tyrra Wieland , Quadt Silke , Buslei Sigrid , Pantenburg Ingo , Schäfer Mathias
Published: October 2005

Ligand exchange reactions of [NMe4]SeCF3 or [Cs(15‐Crown‐5)2]SeCF3 with Ag[BF4] and AuCl gave the corresponding bis(trifluoromethylselenato(0))metallates [Ag(SeCF3)2]‐ and [Au(SeCF3)2]‐ in good yields. All compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopic means and ESI mass spectrometry. Cation exchange with [PNP]Cl ([PNP] = bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium) yielded the corresponding [PNP] salts. The single crystal structure of [PNP][Au(SeCF3)2] was elucidated by XRD measurements (P21/a; a = 1712.0(1), b = 1142.5(1), c = 2013.6(1) pm; β = 112.10(1)°; Z = 4).
Synthesis and Characterization of Et2NM{OB[OSi(OtBu)3]2}3 (M = Zr, Hf) Molecular Precursors to Zr/B/Si/O and Hf/B/Si/O Materials
Authors: Fujdala Kyle L. , Tilley T. Don
Published: October 2005

Two new transition metal complexes containing the –OB[OSi(OtBu)3]2 ligand, Et2NM{OB[OSi(OtBu)3]2}3 (M = Zr, Hf), are reported. These species are the 4th and 5th examples of complexes containing this recently reported borosiloxide ligand. Their use as potential molecular precursors to multi‐component oxide materials via the thermolytic molecular precursor (TMP) method is discussed.
Ambient‐Condition nano‐Alumina Formation Through Molecular Control
Authors: Wang Yuzhong , Bhandari Sonali , Mitra Amitabha , Parkin Sean , Moore Jerry , Atwood David A.
Published: October 2005

When toluene solutions of the tetrametallic compound, [Al{μ‐OEt)2AlMe2}3] (1), are stirred in air at room temperature, pure amorphous nanoparticulate Al2O3 precipitates. The average particle size is 17.7 ± 7.4 nm. The tetrametallic core of 1, having the correct stoichiometry for alumina (2Al2O3) appears to act as a template or nucleating site for the formation of alumina rather than the expected products of formula, AlOOH. The stability of the Al4O6 core of 1 was tested by combining it with six equivalents of Ph3SiOH. This resulted in [Al{μ‐OEt)2Al(OSiPh3)2}3] (2). Upon exposure to air, compound 2 formed the hydroxide derivative [Al{μ‐OH)2Al(OSiPh3)2}3] (3). This demonstrates that the tetrametallic core of 1 is stable to both peripheral derivatization as well as alcoholysis of the internal bridging groups.
Coordination Chemistry of Acrylamide 2. Classical Complexes of Acrylamide with Manganese(II), Iron(II) and Nickel(II) Chlorides: Syntheses and Crystal Structures
Authors: Girma K. B. , Lorenz Volker , Blaurock Steffen , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: October 2005

Metal complexes of manganese(II), iron(II), and nickel(II) chlorides with acrylamide, [M(O‐OC(NH2)CH=CH2)4Cl2] (M = Mn (1), Fe (2) and Ni (3)), have been prepared and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The complexes crystallize in the cubic space group, ${\rm I}{\bar 4}{\rm 3d}$. The coordination geometries of the metal centers in all three complexes involve tetragonally distorted octahedral structures with four O‐donor atoms of acrylamide bonded in the equatorial positions and two chlorides in the apical positions.
New Phenylnickel‐(2‐phosphinobenzenesulfonate) Triphenylphosphine Complexes as Highly Active Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts
Authors: Nowack Rüdiger J. , Hearley Andrew K. , Rieger Bernhard
Published: October 2005

The first examples of SHOP type nickel(II) catalysts bearing new phosphine chelate ligands comprised of a coordinating sulfonate functional group have been synthesized and structurally characterized. These catalysts show high activities in the polymerization of ethylene and can even be used without phosphine scavengers. Polyethylenes with 15–25 branches per 1000 carbon atoms are produced from ethylene monomer alone.
Strong Electronic Coupling between Mo2n+ Units: The Oxidation Products of [Mo2(DAniF)3]2(μ−H)2 and Mo2(DAniF)4
Authors: Cotton F. Albert , Donahue James P. , Huang Penglin , Murillo Carlos A. , Villagrán Dino
Published: October 2005

The two compounds [[Mo2(DAniF)3]2(μ−H)2]PF6 (2), and [Mo2(DAniF)4]TFPB (3), (DAniF represents (p−MeOC6H4N)2CH, and TFPB tetra–3,5–bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylborate) have been prepared and characterized structurally by X‐ray crystallography, and by cyclic voltammetry and EPR spectroscopy. DFT calculations have been performed on 2. This is a fully delocalized system in which the two Mo2 units have essentially identical Mo–Mo distances, 2.115(1) Å and 2.116(1) Å, that are 0.017(1) Å longer than those in the neutral precursor. Delocalization over four molybdenum atoms is confirmed by the hyperfine structure observed in the EPR spectrum. No coupling of the delocalized electron to the bridging protons is observed, and this is consistent with the electronic structure calculated by DFT. The cation in 3, which is commonly a contaminant of 2, shows exactly the structural and EPR characteristics expected.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Series of Tetranuclear Lanthanide Clusters
Authors: Baskar Viswanathan , Roesky Peter W.
Published: October 2005

Tetranuclear lanthanide clusters of composition [Ln4(μ3‐OH)2(Ph2acac)10] (Ln = Pr, Nd, and Sm) (Ph2acac = dibenzoylmethanide) were prepared starting from [LnCl3·(n H2O)] (n = 6, 7) with 2.5 equivalents dibenzoylmethane in presence of triethylamine. Single crystals X‐ray analyses of compounds 1 ‐ 3 revealed that each cluster consists of four lanthanide atoms, two μ3‐oxygen atoms, and ten Ph2acac ligands, which make up the peripheral part of the cluster. Three types of coordination modes (η2‐, (μ‐O)‐η2‐, and μ‐O)2‐η2) are observed for the Ph2acac ligation to the metal centers.
nBu3P‐Silber(I)‐β‐Diketonate: Synthese, Gasphasenuntersuchungen und Verwendung als CVD‐Precursoren
Authors: Schmidt H. , Jakob A. , Haase T. , Kohse‐Höinghaus K. , Schulz S. E. , Wächtler T. , Gessner T. , Lang H.
Published: October 2005

nBu3P‐Silver(I)‐β‐Diketonates: Synthesis, Gas Phase Studies, and their Use as CVD‐Precursors

The synthesis of the silver(I) salts [AgX] (3a, X = acetylacetonate, acac; 3b, X = 1,1,1,5,5,5‐hexafluoroacetylacetonate, hfac; 3c, X = 1,3‐diphenyl‐1,3‐propanedionate, dipa) by the reaction of [AgNO3] (1) with H‐X (2a, X = acac; 2b, X = hfac; 2c, X = dipa), or [Ag2O] (4) with 2b is reported. The addition of nBu3P (5) to 3a ‐ 3c in the ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, affords the phosphane silver(I) β‐diketonates [(nBu3P)mAgX] (m = 1: 6a, X = acac; 6b, X = hfac; 6c, X = dipa. m = 2: 7a, X = acac; 7b, X = hfac; 7c, X = dipa) in excellent yield.

The thermal behaviour (thermogravimetry) and gas phase properties (temperature‐programmed mass spectrometry) of selected species are discussed.

Complex 7a can successfully be used in the deposition of silver on titanium nitride coated oxidized silicon wafers by the CVD process (CVD = Chemical Vapour Deposition). SEM studies show that homogeneous and continuous silver layers were obtained.
Synthesis and Characterization of Au55 Clusters within Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Lotz Andreas R. , Fröba Michael
Published: October 2005

The cluster compound Au55(PPh3)12Cl6 was synthesized via the reduction of (triphenylphosphine)gold chloride with diborane and incorporated into the mesopores of SBA‐15 silica. As alternative pathway, the synthesis of Au55 clusters directly within the silica matrix was investigated. Remarkably, the comparison of the two different methods shows that incorporation of the preformed clusters and intra‐pore synthesis give nearly identical products. Powder X‐ray diffractometry and nitrogen physisorption clearly prove the preservation of the mesoporous host matrix and the filling of the pores. Transmission electron microscopy studies reveal that the individual clusters are preferentially located inside the pore system, bulk formation on the outer surface is not observed. The guest species can partially be dissolved out of the host matrix by dichloromethane. Annealing of the host/guest compound leads to decomposition of Au55(PPh3)12Cl6 to metallic gold within the pores, whereas the particle size increases with rising temperature.
Non‐racemic Tin(IV) Complexes Containing P‐chirogenic Phosphinomethylphenolate Ligands
Authors: Müller Gerhard , Brand Jörg
Published: October 2005

The chiral SnIV complexes L*SnMe2Cl (5) and L*SnMe2H (6) containing the P‐chirogenic o‐[(t‐butyl)(phenyl)phosphinomethyl]phenolate ligand (L*) have been synthesized via the respective lithium complex [LiL*]4 (4). The synthesis and structure of 4 are described. The stereochemical course of the ligand synthesis was monitored by chiral HPLC and single crystal structure analysis on suitable intermediates. The tin atom in 5 is pentacoordinate by intramolecular phosphine coordination whereas 6 contains tetracoordinate tin without phosphine coordination. Slow racemization of 5 at 100 °C afforded 5‐rac while oxidation with elemental oxygen led under retention of configuration at phosphorus to the phosphinoxide complex o‐[(tBu)(Ph)P*(O)CH2]C6H4OSnMe2Cl (7) with P‐O coordination to tin. The compounds 5, 5‐rac, and 7 were also characterized by X‐ray diffraction.
Comparative Reductive Reactivity of SmI2 with TmI2 in the Synthesis of Lanthanide Arene Complexes
Authors: Fagin Anatolii A. , Bochkarev Mikhail N. , Kozimor Stosh A. , Ziller Joseph W. , Evans William J.
Published: October 2005

Arene complexes of divalent samarium, [(C6R6)Sm(AlCl3I)2]n (C6R6 = C6H5Me (1); C6Me6 (2)), were obtained by reaction of unsolvated SmI2 with AlCl3 in toluene and hexamethylbenzene. Crystallization of the tetrahalo‐aluminate lanthanide arene complexes gave single crystals that showed disorder in the Cl and I positions by X‐ray crystallography, but provided detailed information on η6‐arene coordination to SmII. The more strongly reducing lanthanide diiodide TmI2 did not form analogous products under the same conditions, but the reaction of TmI2 with AlCl3 in toluene in the presence of naphthalene formed the trivalent arene complex (C6H5Me)Tm(AlCl4‐xIx)3 (3).
Chains of OH−‐centered [Pb2+]3 Triangles in the Crystal Structure of Pb3(OH)2(NH2SO3)4
Authors: Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: October 2005

Colourless single crystals of Pb3(OH)2(NH2SO3)4 were obtained hydrothermally by the reaction of PbO with NH2SO3H in aqueous solution. In the crystal structure (orthorhombic, Z = 8, Pnma, a = 2018.5(2), b = 2184.5(2), c = 722.19(6) pm, R1 = 0.0757 (all data), OH− centred [Pb2+]3 triangles are connected to infinite cationic chains $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [(OH)Pb_{3/2}]^{2+}$ that are coordinated by the NH2SO3− ligands.
Organometallic Derivatives at the Core of Phosphorus‐Containing Dendrimers
Authors: Turrin Cédric‐Olivier , Donnadieu Bruno , Caminade Anne‐Marie , Majoral Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2005

The synthesis of a new family of phosphorus‐containing dendrimers is described up to the fourth generation. These compounds are built from a ferrocene core substituted by two electron withdrawing P=N‐P=S linkages, which dramatically modify the electrochemical properties of the ferrocene. These substituents are able to complex instantaneously group 11 metals, and the structure of one of these complexes has been determined by X‐ray diffraction.
Lithium, Aluminum, and Gallium Complexes of the C6F5‐Substituted β‐Diketiminate Ligand [HC(CMe)2(NC6F5)2]‐
Authors: Vidovic Dragoslav , Jones Jamie N. , Moore Jennifer A. , Cowley Alan H.
Published: October 2005

The β‐aminoimine [HC(CMe)2(NC6F5)2]H (1) is readily converted into the lithium β‐diketiminate [HC(CMe)2(NC6F5)2]Li·OEt2 (2) by treatment with MeLi. The aluminum and gallium derivatives [{HC(CMe)2(NC6F5)2}MMe2] (M = Al (3); Ga (4)) have been prepared via the CH4 elimination reactions of 1 with MMe3. The X‐ray crystal structures of 1 ‐ 4 have been determined and the trends in metrical parameters are discussed.
[p‐tBu‐calix[4](OMe)2(O)2Ce(acac)2]: A Calix[4]arene Stabilized Cerium(IV) Complex
Authors: Gottfriedsen Jochen
Published: October 2005

Ce(acac)4 (acac = acetylacetonate) reacts with p‐tBu‐calix[4](OMe)2(OH)2 (1) in toluene to give the new cerium(IV) calix[4]arene complex [p‐tBu‐calix[4](OMe)2(O)2Ce(acac)2] (2). The compound has been fully characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic methods and X‐ray single crystal structure analysis.
Organometallic Sandwich Compounds in Homogeneous Catalysis: An Overview
Authors: Colacot Thomas J. , Hosmane Narayan S.
Published: October 2005

An overview on the applications of metallocene based molecules such as ferrocenyl phosphines, Ti, Zr and Hf complexes of cyclopentadienes and carboranes in homogeneous catalysis are discussed.The industrial applications of organometallic sandwich compounds include carbon‐carbon and carbon‐hetero atom coupling, chiral catalysis and olefin polymerization reactions.
Neue Silber(I)‐oxotellurate(IV/VI)
Authors: Klein Wilhelm , Curda Jan , Peters Eva‐Maria , Jansen Martin
Published: October 2005

New Silver(I) Oxotellurates(IV/VI)

Reactions of Ag2O and TeO2 at elevated oxygen pressures resulted in three new silver oxotellurates: Ag2Te4O11 ($P{\bar 1}$, a = 7,287(4), b = 7,388(3), c = 9,686(7) Å, α = 95,67(3)°, β = 94,10(3)°, γ = 119,40(3)°, Z = 2, 1973 independent reflections, R1 = 2,51 %, wR2 = 5,42 %) and two modifications of AgTeO3 (AgTeO3‐I: P21/n, a = 5,9099(5), b = 11,6831(8), c = 8,0305(7) Å, β = 100,424(7)°, Z = 4, 1249 independent reflections, R1 = 7,72 %, wR2 = 13,24 %; AgTeO3‐II: P21/m, a = 5,4562(5), b = 7,4009(7), c = 6,9122(7) Å, β = 101,237(2)°, Z = 2, 1221 independent reflections, R1 = 2,84 %, wR2 = 6,16 %). All the three compounds contain tellurium in the oxidation states +4 and +6. Te6+ is coordinated by distorted octahedra of oxygen atoms in each case, while the lone pair of Te4+ is stereochemically active, and the coordination numbers are 5 in Ag2Te4O11 and AgTeO3‐II (distorted square pyramids, pseudo octahedra) and 4 in AgTeO3‐I (pseudo trigonal bipyramid). All compounds show diamagnetic and insulating behaviour.
Neue eindimensionale Koordinationspolymere des Typs (NBu4)[(Me3Sn)MO4] (M = Mo, W)
Authors: Rosenland Frank , Kondracka Małgorzata , Merzweiler Kurt
Published: October 2005

Novel One‐Dimensional Coordination Polymers of the Type (NBu4)[(Me3Sn)MO4] (M = Mo, W)

The reaction of Me3SnBr with (NBu4)2[Mo6O19] and (NBu4)OH in acetonitrile as solvent leads to the formation of (NBu4)[(Me3Sn)MoO4] (3). 3 and the analogous tungsten derivative (NBu4)[(Me3Sn)WO4] (4) are also available by the reaction of [(Me3Sn)2MO4] (M = Mo, W) with (NBu4)OH. 3 crystallizes monoclinic in the space group P21/n with a = 983,8(2), b = 1240,3(2), c = 2172,0(4) pm , β = 99,05(2)° (at 220 K). 4 forms isotypic crystals with a = 989,3(2), b = 1238,7(1), c = 2168,5(4) pm, β = 99,31(2)° (at 220 K). 3 and 4 contain anionic coordination polymers of the type [(Me3Sn)MO4]‐ (M = Mo, W) in which Me3SnO2 bipyramides are linked with MO4 tetrahedra to form chains.
The Syntheses and Structures of Ph4EN3 (E = P, As, Sb), an Example for the Transition from Ionic to Covalent Azides within the Same Main Group
Authors: Haiges Ralf , Schroer Thorsten , Yousufuddin Muhammed , Christe Karl O.
Published: October 2005

The compounds Ph4EN3 (E = P, As, Sb) were prepared from the corresponding halides by ion exchange in aqueous solution. [Ph4P]N3 crystallizes in the triclinic space group $P{\bar 1}$, while [Ph4As]N3·H2O and Ph4SbN3 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n. In contrast to ionic [Ph4P]+[N3]− and [Ph4As]+[N3]−, the antimony atom in Ph4SbN3 is pentacoordinated and contains a covalently bound azide ligand. This family of compounds serves as an example for the transition from ionic to covalent azides with increasing size of the central atom within the same group of the periodic table.
The Di(benzothiazol‐2‐yl)‐phosphanide Janus Head Ligand in Zinc and Cadmium Coordination
Authors: Stey Thomas , Stalke Dietmar
Published: October 2005

The metal phosphanide complexes [(Me3Si)2NZn(BTH)2P]2, (1), and [(Me3Si)2NCd(BTH)2P]2, (2), (BTH = benzothiazolyl, C7H4NS) were synthesized via metalation of the di(benzothiazol‐2‐yl)‐phosphane employing the metal bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amides) and structurally characterized. Apart from the deprotonated central phosphorus atom both benzothiazolyl substituents in the anionic Janus head ligand contain a sulfur and a nitrogen ring atom as potential donor sites. As the π‐electron density is mainly located at both nitrogen atoms, zinc and cadmium ions are chelated by the two ring nitrogen atoms. In the head‐to‐tail dimers additional metal‐phosphorus bonds are formed. The sulfur atom is not involved in the coordination in either complex. Although the Cd2+ ion is remarkably bigger than the Zn2+ ion the ligand can respond by a slightly more pronounced butterfly arrangement.
The belief in a just world and subjective perceptions of society: A developmental perspective
Authors: Oppenheimer Louis
Published: October 2005

The hypothesis guiding this study stated that just world beliefs (i.e., the belief that the world is orderly and just) are primitive beliefs that lose their importance across age as they become replaced by more sophisticated forms of reasoning enabling individuals to handle a world that is neither orderly nor just. In addition, just world beliefs were thought to relate to perceptions of inequality and collectivism within society. In this study, a cross‐sectional design was employed involving 235 secondary school pupils and 268 psychology students divided over six age groups with mean ages 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 years and older. They were presented with the Just World Beliefs Scale and the Individualism–Collectivism Scale. Outcomes revealed that general beliefs in a just world begin to loose their importance around the age of 12, followed by personal beliefs around the age of 16. Vertical collectivism related positively to general and personal just world beliefs showing that the experience of social ‘inequality’ plays an important role in the maintenance of such beliefs.
Is the spring water responsible for the fossilization of faunal remains at Florisbad, South Africa?
Authors: Douglas Rod M.
Published: October 2005

It is has been suggested that faunal remains at Florisbad were fossilized in a spring context due to the mineralized spring water. However, the environment conducive to the precipitation of CaCO3 and other authigenic minerals was formed largely through the salinization of the organic layers and clay, and the mineralization of the groundwater. Factors contributing to this favorable environment include: CaCO3 saturation, pH, the decomposition of halophytes, Eh, rainfall, biomineralization, and aeolian deposition. With the exception of pH, none of the above factors feature in a spring context, with evidence suggesting that the spring water may historically never have carried sufficient minerals for fossilization, and that contact with the spring water may actually have resulted in the demineralization of previously fossilized material. In light of this evidence, it is concluded that the fossilization of faunal remains at Florisbad took place in a sedimentary organic matter and clay environment and could not have taken place in the spring vents where there is an undersaturation of Ca.
Editorial
Authors: COX GORDON , PITTS STEPHANIE
Published: October 2005

The publicity material for the British Journal of Music Education states that the journal is ‘written by professionals for professionals’, and that claim is certainly true of this Special Issue, in which teachers in British conservatoires have taken up the challenge of becoming practitioner-researchers. By carrying out small-scale investigations in their home institutions, these authors demonstrate the multiple functions of educational research: to inform practice, to increase understanding of teaching and learning processes, and to develop the researcher him- or herself through critical reflection on students' and teachers' experiences.