bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examination of the immundogical relationship between measles virus and canine distemper virus using monospecific measles antisera
Authors: Gould E. A. , Armstrong Marilyn , Shirodaria P. V. , De'Ornellas D.
Published: March 2007

Indirect immunofluorescence titrations were performed with measles virus, the Rockborn strain of canine distemper virus (CDV), and a large plaque variant of the Onderstepoort strain of CDV (Ond‐LP) using monospecific antisera prepared against either the haemagglutinin (anti‐HA), the haemolysin (anti‐HL), or the ribonucleoprotein (anti‐RNP) of measles virus. Tests with anti‐HA showed that the Rockborn strain of CDV was more closely related to measles virus than Ond‐LP, The ribonucleoprotein antigens of the CDV strains were closely related to each other but were both related to and distinct from measles virus RNP. The use of measles anti‐HL serum demonstrated that CDV possesses an antigenically related acetone‐sensitive component equivalent to the haemolysin of measles virus.

Absorption of human convalescent serum with excess quantities of acetone‐fixed CDV antigens had no effect on measles‐specific anti‐HA, HL, or RNP activity in the serum. Absorption with measles antigens on the other hand, totally removed all measles and CDV‐specific HA and RNP activity. CDV was not neutralised by any of the monospecific antisera when tested either as individual antisera or as mixtures.

Our results demonstrate the occurrence of antigenic variation between different strains of CDV, they also reveal unique antigenic determinants in both measles virus and CDV.
HBV and HAV infection in chronic hepatitis in argentina
Authors: Tanno Hugo , Fay Oscar H. , Roncoroni Mario , Palazzi Jorge
Published: March 2007

Sera of 1 55 chronic hepatitis (CH) patients in Argentina were tested for the presence of HBsAg, anti‐HBs, anti‐HBc, and anti‐HAV. Our purpose was to define the role that both virus A and B might play in the etiology and pathogenesis of this condition. The patients were divided into two groups: group I (57) HBsAg‐negative; group II (98) HBsAg‐positive. The control group consisted of 1,209 healthy blood donors from Banco Central de Sangre de Rosario; 286/ 1,209 (24%) had viral markers for HBV. In group I, 38/57 (67%) had anti‐HBs and/or anti‐HBc, but none had anti‐HBs alone. Group II showed a higher percentage of males (P < 0.05). We found similar incidence of anti‐HAV among group I, group II, and the control group.
Replication of Human Syncytium‐Forming Virus in Human Cells: Effect of Certain Biological Factors and Selective Chemicals
Authors: Loh Philip C. , Ang Kheng See
Published: March 2007

The growth characteristics of the human syncytium‐forming virus (HSFV) were examined in several human cell lines of normal and malignant origins and composing of either fibroblastic or epithelial‐like cells. Virus production occurred only in the fibroblastic diploid cell lines: HEF (human embryonic cells, Flow #5,000) and HFDL #645 (human fetal diploid lung), but not in the epithelial‐like heteroploid cell lines: RA (a continuous line of human amnion), #999 (human bone marrow), and KB (carcinoma of the nasopharynx). While the single‐cycle growth pattern of the virus in HEF and HFDL #645 cell lines were essentially similar, the virus yield per cell was greater in the HFDL #645 cells. Furthermore, the physiological state of the cell had a marked effect on virus production. Subconfluent actively growing HFDL #645 cells produced higher yields of virus than density‐inhibited confluent HFDL #645 cell cultures. The replication of HSFV was inhibited by actinomycin D at concentrations that did not interfere with poliovirus replication (0.001 to 0.01 jug/ml). Pretreatment and posttreatments of infected cell cultures with either the polycation polybrene (hexadimethrine bromide) or the synthetic glucocorticosteroid dexamethasone did not enhance HSFV production.
Solid‐Phase Radioimmunoassay of Serum IgG, IgM, and IgA Antibodies to Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Torfason Einar G. , Källander Clas , Halonen Pekka
Published: March 2007

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) using polystyrene beads as the solid phase for cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen and iodinated immunosorbent purified anti‐human IgG, IgM, and IgA as indicator antibodies was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin class‐specific antibodies to CMV. An antigen prepared from extracellular virus was essential for reliable results, and a preparation ultracentrifuged and sonicated twice was better than a crude antigen. The optimal antigen gave low cpm values with a negative reference serum, resulting in cpm ratios of 10 or higher between early convalescent phase serum and negative reference serum.

Of six patients with an increase in CMV CF titres, all six had an increase in RIA IgG titres, four had an increase in IgA titres, and all had IgM antibodies. The IgG titres were high, up to 1/64,000. In a group of 17 infants negative in CMV CF test, 14 had CMV IgG antibodies in RIA test, indicating mainly low levels of maternal antibodies. In six of seven patients with CMV isolations from urine specimens, an increase in IgG or IgA titres or the presence of IgM antibodies was found, and only one of these patients had an increase in CMV CF titre. The specificity of the developed CMV RIA test was further demonstrated by detecting no significant increase in RIA titres in serum specimens of patients with primary herpes simplex infection, chickenpox, herpes zoster, or infectious mononucleosis.
Ultrastructural changes in the liver of patients with chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis
Authors: Busachi C. A. , Realdi G. , Alberti A. , Badiali‐De Giorgi L. , Tremolada F.
Published: March 2007

Electron microscopy examination of liver biopsies from 8 patients with chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis revealed ultrastructural changes similar to those previously described in chimpanzees with experimentally induced acute non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. These changes consisted of intranuclear clusters of electron‐dense, 15–27‐nm particles that were detected in five out of the eight patients and of circular cytoplasmic structures that were present in seven cases. Other cytoplasmic abnormalities found in our patients related to the presence of curved membranes apparently developing from apposition of two cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast with what has been reported in infected chimpanzees, the nuclear and cytoplasmic changes were not mutually exclusive in our patients, but coexisted in four of them.
The 30‐ to 54‐nm rotavirus‐like particles in gastroenteritis: Incidence and antigenic relationship to rotavirus
Authors: Payne Claire M. , George Ray C. , Yolken Robert H.
Published: March 2007

The 30‐ to 54‐nm rotavirus‐like particles were observed in the stool specimens of 17 children with gastroenteritis. These small rotavirus‐like particles were shown to be antigenically related to the commonly described 68‐nm rotavirus using the techniques of immune electron microscopy and ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). Four specimens containing the small rotavirus‐like particles were shown to contain an antigen of a common human rotavirus serotype (type 2). The finding of small rotavirus‐like particles of different diameters sharing a common antigen with rotavirus type 2 cautions against the naming of new candidate viruses based on morphology alone. In addition, the shedding of pure populations of single‐shelled rotaviruses, herein described, could be an unusual phenomenon which may occur only sporadically. The relationship of the smaller rotavirus‐like particles to rotavirus morphogenesis is discussed.
Cellular and antibody response to respiratory syncytial (rs) virus in human colostrum, maternal blood, and cord blood
Authors: Scott R. , Scott M. , Toms G. L.
Published: March 2007

Samples of colostrum, maternal blood, and cord blood from a group of 21 women were examined for the presence of cellular reactivity to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus using a transformation assay and for the level of specific IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies to RS virus by membrane immunofluo‐rescence. Six of the 18 colostral cell cultures and six of the 16 maternal blood cultures gave a significant proliferative response to RS virus antigen, although a positive response in both local and systemic cell cultures was found in only one mother. In addition, one of 18 samples of cord blood gave a proliferative response to RS virus antigen.

Detectable titres of IgA antibodies to RS virus were found in 15 of the 20 samples of colostral whey and in 13 of the 17 samples of maternal plasma examined. RS virus‐specific IgG antibodies were detected in 10 of 20 colostral whey samples and in all samples of maternal cord plasma. In this study, it was not possible to demonstrate a relationship between a positive proliferative response of colostral cell cultures to RS virus and the level of specific IgA or IgG antibodies in colostral whey. Similarly, the proliferative response of maternal blood cultures was unrelated to the titre of specific IgA or lgG antibodies in maternal plasma.

The relevance of the local cellular proliferative response to RS virus in colostral cell cultures to the protection afforded by breast‐feeding is discussed.
A reverse passive haemagglutination test for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasal secretions from infants
Authors: Cranage M.P. , Stott E.J. , Nagington J. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: March 2007

A reverse passive haemagglutination (RPH) test has been developed for the detection of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus in nasal secretions, taken from infants with acute respiratory illness. In the final form of the procedure, RS virus was detected in 24 of 25 samples positive for RS virus by tissue culture and/or fluorescence antibody staining and in two samples negative for RS virus by these techniques. The simplicity of the technique and the rapidity with which it may be performed together with its apparently high degree of sensitivity should make RPH useful in the rapid diagnosis of RS virus.
Ultrastructural features in chronic non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis: A controlled blind study
Authors: Bamber M. , Murray A. , Lewin J. , Thomas H. C. , Sherlock Sheila
Published: March 2007

Liver biopsies from 12 patients with chronic Non‐A, Non‐B (NANB) hepatitis, 7 with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive chronic liver disease, 1 HBsAg positive normal carrier, and 4 patients with non‐viral liver disease, were examined by electron microscopy for cytoplasmic and nuclear changes. Aggregates of particles measuring 20–35 nm in diameter were noted in the nuclei of 8 of 12 patients with NANB chronic hepatitis, but not in the other groups. The tubular changes seen in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of chimpanzees with NANB hepatitis were not noted in biopsies from any of our patients.
Studies in man with a cold‐recombinant live influenza b virus vaccine
Authors: Reeve P. , Pibermann M. , Bachmayer H. , Liehl E. , Moritz A. , Ganzinger U. , Hofmann H. , Kunz C.
Published: March 2007

A cold recombinant live influenza B virus vaccine was tested in man. In comparison to a placebo, reactogenicity attributable to virus infection was slight or moderate. No revertant viruses were shed, and there was no evidence of transmission to the placebo group who were housed in close contact with the vaccinees. Serological responses to initial inoculation were moderate; 60% of vaccinees showing twofold increases in serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers gave a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 1:13

Three weeks after the first vaccination, both the vaccine and the placebo group were revaccinated with homologous live virus vaccine. Thc group previously given vaccine was resistant to reinfection as judged from clinical reactions and virus shedding and the GMT increased only slightly to 1:16.3. In contrast, the former placebo group responded; mild symptoms were seen, the majority shed viruses and 50% showed twofold increases in serum HAI titers to a geometric mean titer of 1:17.4.
Early replicative block prevents the efficient growth of fastidious diarrhea‐associated adenoviruses in cell culture
Authors: Takiff Howard E. , Straus Stephen E.
Published: March 2007

Fastidious enteral adenoviruses (EAds) recovered from infants with diarrhea were studied to determine the basis for their inability to propagate efficiently in conventional cell lines. By immunofluorescence microscopy, only rare EAd‐infected KB and HeLa cells were shown to synthesize detectable levels of virion proteins. Sedimentation of Hirt‐extracted DNAs in sucrose gradients and DNA hybridization analyses demonstrated that EAd DNA synthesis is highly restricted in HeLa cells. Some early gene functions seem to be expressed, however, because EAds can help adenovirus‐associated viruses (AAV). Thus, EAd replication in conventional cell lines is blocked at an early step in its growth cycle.
Detection of human cytomegalovirus‐specific iga antibodies in colostrum by enzyme‐linked lmmunosorbent assay (elisa)
Authors: Pinku Avraham , Haikin Hava , Friedman Maureen G. , Sarov Israel
Published: March 2007

Fifty women were examined after delivery for the prevalence of antibodies to human cytomegalovirus in colostrum and sera. Eighty percent of them had specific CMV IgG antibodies in the sera, as determined by the immunoperoxidase antibody to membrane antigen (IPAMA) technique. Of the CMV‐seropositive women, 60% had specific CMV IgA antibodies in high titer in the colostrum as determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In only two of the seropositive women were specific CMV IgA antibodies detected in the sera as well. The significance of specific CMV IgA antibodies in colostrum as protection against perinatal infection and the mechanism of this production will be discussed.
Genetic and sex‐linked factors influencing hbs antigen clearance 1. nonimmune clearance in inbred strains of mice
Authors: Craxi Antonio , Montano Luis , Goodall Alison , Thomas Howard C.
Published: March 2007

Differences in the clearance values of polyvinylpyrrolidonc (KPVP) and HBs antigen (KHBs) were seen in several strains of inbred mice. In addition, in all strains studied KHBs was greater in females than in males, while KPVP was not significantly different in the two sexes. In the strain with the lowest KHBs values, the incidence of HBs antibody formation was lower than in the other strains.

These data indicate that genetic and sex‐linked factors influence nonimmune clearance of HBs antigen in mice. If similar factors exist in man they may explain some of the variation in clinical manifestation of HBV infection.
Excretion of hepatitis a virus in the stools of hospitalized hepatitis patients
Authors: Carl Mitchell , Kantor Robert J. , Webster Hannah M. , Fields Howard A. , Maynard James E.
Published: March 2007

A study was carried out to determine whether hepatitis A virus (HAV) can be detected in the stools of patients hospitalized for HAV infection. Acute phase samples of whole blood and stool, as well as completed questionnaires, were obtained from 31 patients hospitalized at any of 13 hospitals in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Blood specimens were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), IgG antibody to HAV (IgG anti‐HAV), and IgM antibody to HAV (IgM anti‐HAV). Stools were tested for HAV by radioimmunoassay. Five patients (16.1%) had acute hepatitis B, five (16.1%) had acute non‐A/non‐B hepatitis, and 21 (67.7%) had acute hepatitis A. Of these 21 patients with acute hepatitis A, 11 (52.4%) were found to have HAV in their stools. These results confirm the potential for infectivity of stools of patients hospitalized for hepatitis A and emphasizes the need for caution when dealing with such stools.
Antibodies to gastroenteritis viruses in cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: Cukor George , Blacklow Neil R. , Braverman Lewis E.
Published: March 2007

Infectivity of certain enteric viruses including rotavirus is profoundly affected by proteolytic enzymes. To test whether cystic fibrosis patients, possessing chronically decreased levels of pancreatic enzymes, show altered susceptibility to gastroenteritis viruses, we examined sera from patients and controls for antibodies to two major pathogens. In cystic fibrosis patients, normal rotavirus antibody levels were found and Norwalk virus antibody prevalence was unchanged.
Analysis of hepatitis virus dna in the liver and serum of hbe antigen positive chimpanzee carriers
Authors: Monjardino J. , Fowler M.J.F. , Montano L. , Weller I. , Tslquaye K.N. , Zuckerman A.J. , Jones D.M. , Thomas H.C.
Published: March 2007

Hepatitis B viral DNA present in the liver of HBe antigen positive chimpanzee carriers is in the form of free viral molecules (3.2 Kb) and no integration into host DNA was observed. The 3.2 Kb form was not detected in the serum. Other discrete HBV DNA species with faster mobilities than the major 3.2 Kb were consistently detected both in the liver and in the serum and their possible significance is discussed.
Non‐A, non‐b hepatitis: A case report
Authors: Anderson Michael , Murray‐Lyon Lain M. , Coleman John C. , McCaul Thomas F. , Bird Richard G. , Tovey George , Zuckerman Arie J.
Published: March 2007

Ultrastructural changes in a liver biopsy obtained for diagnostic purposes from a patient with suspected non‐A, non‐B hepatitis were consistent with hepatitis and included dilatation and disaggregation of the endoplasmic reticulum, hepatocyte disarray, and variations in mitochondrial size, In addition, some foci of hepatocytes showed atypical cytoplasmic changes including intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudo‐inclusions, consisting basically of invaginations of the cytoplasmic mass into the nucleus, glycogen deposits in the same nuclei, and frequently accumulations of fat droplets, The mitochondria were generally pleomorphic, and occasionally the mitochondria1 cristae were arranged longitudinally. Dilatation, hypertrophy, and distortion of the Golgi complexes were found in affected hepatocytes. Similar ultrastructural changes have previously been reported in human hepatocellular carcinoma as well as in carcinomas of other tissues.
Complement components in kidney allograft recipients: Relationship to cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Chatterjee Satya , Fiala Milan , Arroyave Carlos , Azen Stanley , Cosgrove Daniel
Published: March 2007

Serum complement profiles of 19 renal transplant recipients were studied serially before and after renal transplantation to determine if there is any relationship between cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and alteration in the serum complement (C) levels. Most patients had low serum C3 and C4 levels before transplantation, but afterwards these levels increased in some patients. Clq was elevated before and after transplantation. Factor B was low before transplantation, but after surgery, its level approached normal in patients without cytomegalovirus viremia, whereas in those with viremia, Factor B level became even more depressed. Circulating Factor B fragments were found in the sera of five out of seven patients with active cytomegalovirus infection, which suggests activation of the alternative pathway possibly related to active CMV infection.
The virus susceptibility of skin‐derived fibroblasts from families with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hornberger Elizabeth , Plotkin Stanley A.
Published: March 2007

We have studied the growth of eight different viruses on skin fibroblasts from three families each having one or more diabetic members and appropriate controls. The haplotypes of all of the family members had been previously characterized. In addition, we havc investigated the growth of mumps virus on the lymphoblast cultures from four families of the same type. Our results show no difference between the growth of these viruses in cells derived from juvenile diabetics and cells derived from nondiabetic siblings and parents even when the haplotypes were identical. Howcver, we noted a striking rcsistance of human skin fibroblast cultures from both normal and diabetic individuals to Coxsackie H virus infection.
Production of hepatitis b e antibody in epstein‐barr virus‐induced b lymphocyte cell lines
Authors: Furuya Yumiko , Inoue Masayasu , Yoshida Yoshiya , Yoshihara Namiko , Fakada Mitsuru
Published: March 2007

B lymphocytes separated from anti‐HBe‐positive donors were established as lymphoblastoid cell lines by infection with EBV, but anti‐HBe in the culture supernatant from such lymphoblastoid cell lines could not be detected. The lymphoblastoid cell lines were rosetted with HBe antigen‐coupled SRBC to prepare cells for the production of specific anti‐HBe. Antibody activity in the culture supernatant against rosette forming cells was detected by RIA, ID, and R‐PHI tests during the first 1 to 4 wk, but not after 5 wk. The activity in the supernatant was not destroyed by treatment with 2‐mercaptoethanol, indicating that the antibody might be IgG.
Enhancement of human rotavirus infectivity in a monkey kidney cell line by human expressed breast milk
Authors: Totterdell Barbara M. , Macleod J. , Chrystie I.L. , Banatvala J.E.
Published: March 2007

Eight of forty (20%) human expressed breast milks enhanced the infectivity of human rotavirus (HRV) when assayed by immunofluorescence in a monkey kidney cell line (LLC‐MK2). This enhancement was demonstrated with two HRV strains, one derived from a fecal specimen of a child with acute gastroenteritis, the other a tissue culture adapted strain. The phenomenon could have important implications in the pathogenesis of HRV infections and in future vaccine programs.
Cellular response in humans following vaccination with gripax influenza virus
Authors: Shapira‐Nahor Orit , Morag Abraham , Levy Reuven , Zakay‐Rones Zichria
Published: March 2007

Cellular response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to influenza antigens was measured in a group of young nurse‐student volunteers (17–24 years old), following vaccination with a formol‐inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (Gripax). Cord blood lymphocytes (controls) did not react with any of the antigens. This excluded the possibility of any nonspecific mitogenicity of viral antigens. Viability of the cells was indicated by their responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Prior to immunization antigenic recognition to circulating strains (A/England (H3N2) and B/Hong Kong) was found in about 44% of the vaccinees; recognition of the recent strain A/USSR (H1N1) was found in only 10.5%. Following vaccination, approximately 80% of the subjects exhibited cellular response to all three vaccine strains. This includes the negative subjects, who showed an approximate 70% rate of conversion. There was no correlation between the antibody state and cellular response prior to and following vaccination as gathered from matched data of each participant.
Neutralization and sensitization of cytomegalovirus by IgG antibody, anti‐IgG antibody, and complement
Authors: Rundell Barbara B. , Betts Robert F.
Published: March 2007

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) strain Ad 169 was reacted with IgG antibody obtained from infected renal transplant patients, and the degree of neutralization was determined. The mixture of antibody and virus was then incubated with antihuman IgG (A‐IgG) or complement (C) to measure additional neutralization by these agents and thus to estimate the concentration of infectious virus‐antibody complexes which had been formed. Neutralization and formation of infectious complexes susceptible to neutralization by A‐IgG or C decreased with lower concentrations of antibody. The rate of neutralization of preformed complexes by A‐IgG or C was more rapid than the formation of complexes or the neutralization of native virus. If equally infectious suspensions of native virus and virus plus antibody were challenged with additional CMV antibody both solutions were neutralized to the same degree.

The data are most compatible with the suggestion that the formation of infectious virus‐antibody complexes is the initial step in the neutralization process. These complexes do not appear to be protected from further neutralization.
Detection of parainfluenza IgM antibody by hemadsorption immunosorbent technique
Authors: Van Logt J. T. M. Der , van Loon A. M. , Veen J. Van Der
Published: March 2007

A hemadsorption immunosorbent technique (HIT) was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) to parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3. Twenty‐six (90%) of twenty‐nine patients under 6 yr of age from whom parainfluenza virus was isolated showed parainfluenza IgM antibody in one or both of their paired sera, with titres ranging from 320 to 81,920. In about one third of the cases IgM antibody was demonstrated in the initial sera taken 1 to 3 days after the onset of illness. Heterotypic IgM antibody responses were observed in about 20% of the patients. The HIT test was more sensitive than the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and complement fixation tests in detecting a seroresponse in the 29 viruspositive children. The results of studies in older patients with HI titre rises to parainfluenza virus suggested that reinfection probably induced IgM antibody in a proportion of cases. The HIT test proved to be specific for the IgM class of antibody and avoided false‐positive results due to rheumatoid factor. It permits an early presumptive diagnosis in a proportion of patients with parainfluenza infection.
Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal secretions by ELISA: Comparison with fluorescent antibody technique
Authors: Hornsleth Allan , Friis Birgitte , Andersen Per , Brenøe Elisabeth
Published: March 2007

Samples of nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) obtained from 140 infants and children with acute respiratory disease were examined for the presence of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus by ELISA. An antiserum produced in rabbits against RS‐virus polypeptides was used both as the “capture” antibody and as conjugate in a double‐antibody sandwich technique. RS virus was detected by ELISA in specimens of NPS obtained from 72 (51%) of the patients. By comparison RS virus was shown to be present in 86 (61%) of the patients when the immunofluorescent antibody (IF) technique was employed. Samples obtained from 78 of the 140 patients were also examined by inoculation into tissue cultures, and RS‐virus was isolated from 47 patients. RS virus was detected by ELISA in 37 (79%) and by IF technique in 43 (91%) of these 47 patients. The IF technique was found to be more sensitive than ELISA, especially in patients older than 9 months and for the examination of specimens of NPS containing only a small percentage of RS‐virus antigen‐positive cells.
Sudden infant death syndrome associated with rotavirus infection
Authors: Yolkend Robert , Murphy Mary
Published: March 2007

Rotavirus was detected in the stools of five children stricken with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) over a three‐week period. While none of the children had acute gastroenteritis, four of the five had acute upper respiratory infections. Rotavirus was also identified in tracheal aspirates from two of the infants. Extensive investigations failed to reveal the presence of any other viruses or toxins in specimens obtained from the five children with SIDS. Rotavirus was not found in the stool specimens obtained from a control group of 36 infants including six who died of causes other than SIDS. Future attempts at the prevention of rotavirus infections should be directed at populations susceptible to sudden infant death syndrome.
Inactivation of hepatitis B virus by three methods: Treatment with pepsin, urea, or formalin
Authors: Tabor Edward , Buynak Eugene , Smallwood Linda A. , Snoy Philip , Hilleman Maurice , Gerety Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Dilutions of human sera containing between 103 and 105 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis B virus per ml, subtype adr or ayw, were treated with either 1 m̈g/ml pepsin at pH 2.0 for 18 hours, 8 M urea for four hours, or 1:4,000 formalin for 72 hours. One ml of the serum containing hepatitis B virus subjected to each of the procedures was inoculated intravenously into one or two susceptible chimpanzees (total of eight chimpanzees). No evidence of hepatitis B infection was detected in weekly serum samples from the chimpanzees during six months of observation. These three procedures are currently applied during manufacture to inactivate HBV which might be present in the hepatitis B vaccine licensed in the United States. The data from this study combined with data documenting that the physical purification of the vaccine is capable of removing hepatitis B virus provide assurance that there is no residual live hepatitis B virus in the vaccine.
Prevalence of subgroup 1, 2, and 3 rotaviruses in belgian children suffering from acute diarrhea (1978–1981)
Authors: Lambert Jean‐Pierre , Marissens Denise , Marbehant Pol , Zissis Georges
Published: March 2007

The relative prevalence of human rotavirus subgroups was studied during a 3‐year period (1978–1981) by means of a sensitive complement fixation technique. Among 93 rotavirus isolates from children with acute gastroenteritis in Brussels, the prevalence of subgroups 1, 2, and 3 was, respectively 24, 17, and 32%. The remaining 27% of strains could not be typed, but no evidence for the existence of any new subgroup was found. The proportion of strains belonging to the different subgroups remained roughly constant during the study period, showing the simultaneous occurrence of the various subgroups of viruses, even during the annual winter peak of rotavirus gastroenteritis.
Unrelatedness of factor VIII‐derived non‐A/non‐B hepatitis and hepatitis B virus
Authors: Fields H. A. , Davis C. L. , Margolis H. S. , McCaustland K. A. , Wheeler C. M. , Maynard J. E. , Bradley D. W. , Bernlnger M. , Hammer M. , Nath N.
Published: March 2007

A DNA hybridization assay was used to detect hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐specific DNA sequences in extracted sera obtained from chimpanzees infected with HBV, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and a factor VIII‐derived non‐A/non‐B (NANB) agent. The results did not reveal any HBV‐DNA homology with sera obtained from animals infected with HAV or factor VIII‐derived NANB. Sera obtained from two HBV‐infected chimpanzees demonstrated that HBV‐specific DNA could be detected during the acute phase of the disease. In addition, an HBV‐specific DNA‐dependent DNA polymerase assay did not demonstrate any statistically significant activity in 12 of 12 NANB acute‐phase specimens or in 6 of 6 NANB chronic‐phase specimens. These results suggest that the factor VIII‐derived NANB agent is unrelated to HBV.
Interference following dual inoculation with influenza A (H3N2) and (H1N1) viruses in ferrets and volunteers
Authors: Potter C. W. , Jennings R. , Clark A. , Ali M.
Published: March 2007

The effects of simultaneous inoculation with two attenuated influenza A viruses was studied in ferrets and volunteers. Groups of ferrets were inoculated with an influenza A (H3N2) or (H1N1), virus or a combination of both viruses: The temperature response, serum and local antibody response, and the change in nasal wash protein concentration was determined. The results showed that both viruses were attenuated for ferrets, and that inoculation with both viruses together did not cause clinical reactions. Serological studies on paired serum samples obtained from ferrets showed that both viruses when given separately infected all the inoculated animals; however, dual infection resulted in all ferrets being infected with the influenza A (H3N2) virus strain, but this infection interfered with infection by the influenza A (H1N1) strain. Similar investigations were carried out in volunteers. Again, the clinical reactions and temperature response of volunteers to infection by one or other of the viruses showed both strains to be attenuated for man even when given together. In addition, no adverse clinical reactions were seen in volunteers inoculated with both viruses simultaneously. Serum antibody studies showed that infection by influenza A (H1N1) virus interfered with infection by the influenza A (H2N2) virus strain. These results show evidence of interference by influenza A viruses; however, the direction of interference was one‐way, and differed for ferrets and for volunteers.
Coxsackie B virus infections in new zealand patients with cardiac and non‐cardiac diseases
Authors: Lau Robert C. H.
Published: March 2007

From 1979 to 1981, a total of 910 cardiac patients and 776 noncardiac patients were studied and compared for evidence of coxsackie B virus infections. Of 78 cardiac patients with coxsackie B infection, 30 had pleurodynia, 18 myocarditis, and 20 pericarditis. The age‐adjusted rates of infection per 100 cases of defined category were 7.2, 13.3, and 7.0, respectively. Of 69 noncardiac patients with coxsackie B infection, 27 presented with pyrexia of unknown origin, 14 with upper respiratory tract infection, and 9 with meningitis. The age‐adjusted rates of infection per 100 population were 10.6, 11.0, and 8.4, respectively. The sex‐specific, age‐adjusted rates for both cardiac and noncardiac patients were generally higher in male than female. For cardiac patients, the highest percentage with coxsackie B virus infection occurred in the 20–39‐year age group, while in the noncardiac group, it was the 0–19‐year age group.

Coxsackie B2 and B4 were the two most prevalent serotypes found in both cardiac and noncardiac patients. Coxsackie B infections occurred mainly during summer and autumn.

The level of coxsackie B immunity in 1,020 normal persons aged 1–60 years and from all 18 health districts of New Zealand was studied. The geometric mean titre of antibody from these normal persons was highest for serotypes B2 and B4. The least prevalent type antibody was B6 where 970(95.1%) of normal persons tested had no antibody to this serotype. The percentage of normal persons with antibody‐type present were 30.4, 63.4, 54.1, 71.3, and 51.8 for B1‐5, respectively.
Non‐A, non‐b hepatitis in chimpanzees: Interference with acute hepatitis A virus and chronic hepatitis B virus infections
Authors: Bradley Daniel W. , Maynard James E. , McCaustland Karen A. , Murphy Bert L. , Cook E. H. , Ebert James W.
Published: March 2007

Two chimpanzees with persistent non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis were superinfected with marmoset‐passaged MS‐1 HAV. Two control chimpanzees were also infected with marmoset‐passaged HAV. Neither animal with persistent NANB hepatitis developed elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, whereas both control chimpanzees exhibited ALT elevations within 3 weeks after inoculation. In addition, both NANB‐infected chimpanzees demonstrated a delayed anti‐HAV antibody response in which one animal failed to produce detectable IgM anti‐HAV. With the exception of one stool, all serial liver biopsy specimens and daily stool suspensions from the superinfected chimpanzees were negative for HAV antigen. One chimpanzee with a chronic HBV infection was superinfected with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis and was shown to develop elevated ALT activity and hepatocyte ultrastructural alterations accompanied by a marked reduction in the titer of serum HBsAg. Our combined findings indicate that acute and persistent non‐A, non‐B hepatitis infections are capable of interferring with two distinctly different hepatotropic viruses. These results also suggest that in vitro detection of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis infection or virus(es) may be achieved by antibody‐independent methodologies that employ the basic principle of viral interference.
Replication of human rotavirus in cell culture
Authors: Birch Christopher J. , Rodger Suzanne M. , Marshall John A. , Gust Ian D.
Published: March 2007

Nine strains of human rotavirus were adapted to growth in CV‐1 and/or MA‐104 cells following pretreatment of virus with trypsin, incorporation of trypsin into culture medium, and use of roller cultures. Immunofluorescence was the most reliable method for the detection of virus replication, although characteristic cytopathic effects were produced sporadically by most isolates. Virus could be readily detected in supernatant fluids of cell cultures and in cell sections by electron microscopy.
Diagnosis of human coronavirus infections in children using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Macnaughton Malcolm R. , Flowers Dianne , Lsaacs David
Published: March 2007

An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for diagnosing human coronavirus (HCV) infections in children. One hundred and seventy seven nose swabs, throat swabs, and nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 30 children suffering from acute respiratory infections. These samples were tested for HCV antigens by ELISA and 28.2% of the samples were shown to be HCV positive. These results indicate that our ELISA should prove useful in the diagnosis of HCV infections in children. Further studies are in progress to extend the ELISA to detect HCVs in experimentally and naturally acquired infections in adults.
Episomal DNA of a BK virus variant in a human insulinoma
Authors: Caputo A. , Corallini A. , Grossi M. P. , Carrà L. , Balboni P. G. , Negrini M. , Milanesi G. , Federspil G. , Barbanti‐Brodano G.
Published: March 2007

BK virus (BKV) DNA was detected by blot hybridization in a human adenoma of pancreatic islets from patient I.R. BKV DNA was free, and no evidence was found of viral sequences integrated into cellular DNA. Virus was rescued by transfection of human embryonic fibroblasts with tumor DNA. The DNA from rescued virus (BKV‐IR) was different from wild‐type BKV DNA by restriction endonuclease mapping. The genome of BKV‐IR is 235 base pairs (bp) shorter than the genome of wild‐type BKV. This alteration originates from a deletion of approximately 300 bp involving HindIII fragments B and D, and an insertion of 70 bp in the region of HindIII fragment C. Transformation of hamster kidney cells was induced by total tumor DNA as well as by BKV‐IR and BKV‐IR DNA. No antibodies to BKV tumor (T) antigen were detected in the patient's serum by immunofluorescence. The significance of episomal BKV DNA in a human tumor is discussed.
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome: Evidence of multiple viral infections in a cluster of ten cases
Authors: Larke R. P. Bryce , Preiksaitis Jutta K. , Devine Robert D. , Harley Frances L.
Published: March 2007

During July 1979, ten patients were admitted to the hospital with bloody diarrhoea followed by manifestations of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS): acute microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, intravascular coagulopathy, and impaired renal function. Ages ranged from 13 months to 58 yr, with only two patients more than 5 yr old. In a household that included seven children born to three sisters who married three brothers, six children required hospitalization for bloody diarrhoea and four developed HUS; the father of one case and the maternal grandmother also developed bloody diarrhoea. Echovirus type 11 was isolated from the pharyngeal secretions or faeces of all members of the household with bloody diarrhoea, with the exception of the grandmother. Picornavirus‐like particles were seen by direct electron microscopy (E/M) in faeces from four other HUS patients and an adenovirus in one, but these viruses failed to replicate in cell cultures. Parvovirus‐like particles were seen by E/M in faeces from six patients. Serological examination indicated recent infection with one or more enteroviruses (echovirus 11, coxsackieviruses A4, B2, B4) in nine cases. Combined viral studies revealed presumptive evidence of recent infection with two or more viruses in all of the patients with HUS. Stools were negative for bacterial pathogens including campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, and yersinia organisms. Only one of nine patients tested had circulating immune complexes. Our data support the concept that the pathology seen in HUS may be due to a Shwartzman‐type reaction provoked by concurrent infection with two or more viral agents.
Comparative use of adenine arabinoside and adenine arabinoside monophosphate in varicella and disseminated zoster in immunosuppressed patients
Authors: Vilde J. L. , Bricaire F. , Huchon A. , Brun‐Vezinet F.
Published: March 2007

Adenine arabinoside monophosphate (ARA AMP) was used in ten immunosuppressed patients suffering from varicella or disseminated zoster, and compared to adenine arabinoside (vidarabine) in ten other similar patients. Good results were obtained with both drugs: the fever stopped suddenly in three or four days and no new vesicles were observed after the third day. ARA AMP is more soluble than vidarabine and is thus easier to handle; it could be an effective treatment of severe varicella‐zoster virus infections in immunosuppressed patients.
Failure to detect nucleic acid homology between some non‐A, Non‐B viruses and hepatitis B virus DNA
Authors: Fowler M. J. F. , Monjardino J. , Weller I. V. , Bamber M. , Karayiannis P. , Zuckerman A. J. , Thomas H. C.
Published: March 2007

Some studies suggest that there is antigenic and nucleic acid homology of one type of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis virus with hepatitis B viral (HBV) proteins and DNA. Using molecular hybridisation under high and low stringency conditions with high specific activity 32P‐HBV DNA as a probe, serum and liver samples from patients and nonhuman primates infected with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis were examined. Our results provide no evidence of significant homology between the DNA extracted from serum and liver of patients and nonhuman primates infected with one type of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis and HBV DNA.
H‐2 linked genetic control of immune responsiveness to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in mice
Authors: Neurath A. Robert , Stark Dennis , Strick Nathan , Sproul Phyllis
Published: March 2007

Recent data suggest that genes involved in the control of (1) immune responses of humans to HBsAg and (2) the susceptibility to the development of chronic hepatitis B are linked to the major HLA histocompatibility complex. Studies on the genetic regulation of anti‐HBs responses and on the possible abrogation of nonresponsiveness to HBsAg in humans are difficult. In an attempt to develop a relevant animal model system, the anti‐HBs response of inbred and congenic strains of mice was investigated. A great variation in anti‐HBs responses among individual mice belonging to the same strains was observed. Nevertheless, it was possible to rank the inbred mouse strains studied according to their decreasing anti‐HBs responses as follows: BALB/c[d] ∽ SWR/J[q] > C57BL/6J[b] ∽ DBA/2J[a] > AKR/J[k] > A/J[a] > CBA/CaJ[k] > SJL/J[s]. (Letters in brackets indicate H‐2 haplotype). Only a small proportion of SJL mice had an anti‐HBs response. Therefore, this strain may serve as a model for human nonresponders. Studies with the congenic strains B10.D2[d] and B10.S[s] indicated that genes conferring responsiveness to HBsAg are linked to the H‐2 histocompatibility complex. However, genes not linked to H‐2 also probably play a role in regulating anti‐Hbs responses.
Non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in Palermo, Western Sicily
Authors: Intonazzo V. , La Rosa G. , Lanza A. , Famà B. , Romano N. , Farinella E.
Published: March 2007

Aetiological studies were carried out on 407 cases of acute viral hepatitis during two consecutive years in two general hospitals in Palermo, Sicily. Two hundred ninety‐seven showed serological evidence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection and 73 of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Of the remaining 37, two had a serologically diagnosed cytomegalovirus hepatitis, while 35 were classified as non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis.

The frequency of the different major agents of acute viral hepatitis was notably influenced by the age of the patients, HAV being prevalent in children and HBV and NANB in adults.

About one‐fourth of the adult cases of sporadic, acute viral hepatitis were attributed to NANB virus(es). The acute disease appeared less severe than B hepatitis, as indicated by the duration of jaundice, peak serum bilirubin, and aminotransferase levels.

No history of drug addiction or of parenteral exposure to blood or blood products was obtained from the presumed NANB hepatitis patients.
Experimental infection of chimpanzees with the HBsAg‐Associated delta (δdL) agent: An ultrastructural study
Authors: Canese Maria G. , Rizzetto Mario , Novara Rosanna , London William T. , Purcell Robert H.
Published: March 2007

Characteristic cytoplasmic membranous structures and intranuclear aggregates of particles similar to those reported in non‐A, non‐B hepatitis were observed by electron microscopy in the liver biopsies of chimpanzees inoculated with human serum, infectious for the delta agent. The ultrastructural changes were maximal during the intrahepatic production of the δdL antigen, but were detected also independently of δdL‐Ag expression. The ultrastructural analogies provide further evidence that δdL has properties distinct from HBV.
Cell‐mediated immunity in respiratory syncytial virus disease
Authors: Scott R. , Pullan C. R. , Scott M. , McQuillin J.
Published: March 2007

Systemic cell‐mediated responses to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus were detected, using a whole blood transformation assay, in 10 of 28 infants and children with RS virus infections during the period 1–14 days postadmission. Cell‐mediated responses were unrelated to the age of the patient or the severity of illness. No correlation was found between cellular responses and fourfold or greater rises in antibody titre to RS virus, as determined by a membrane immunofluorescence technique. Patients under 6 months of age had significantly lower levels of IgA and IgG antibody to RS virus compared to older patients, although cell‐mediated responses were similar in both groups. The presence of cell‐mediated reactivity to RS virus was also demonstrated in 5 of 95 samples of cord blood examined, and cellular responses failed to correlate with the levels of IgG antibody to RS virus.
Modulation of production of hepatitis B surface antigen by a human hepatoma cell line
Authors: Clementi Massimo , Bagnarelli Patrizia , Pauri Paola , Calegari Letizia
Published: March 2007

Three drugs were assayed for their capacity to inhibit hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) production by the PLC/PRF/S human hepatoma cell line. The effect on cell growth and HBsAg production of Cordycepin, 6‐azauridine, and Hygromicin B is reported. Hygromicin B, a translation inhibitor unable to penetrate normal cells, greatly reduced HBsAg production by growing and confluent cells.
Detection by ELISA of IgA and IgM antibodies in secretion and IgM antibodies in serum in primary lower respiratory syncytial virus infection
Authors: Hornsleth Allan , Friis Birgitte , Grauballe Per Ch R. , Krasilnikof Peter Andreas
Published: March 2007

Twenty‐six infants and children with primary lower RS virus infection, diagnosed by the detection of RS virus in nasopharyngeal secretion (NPS) by use of immunofluorescent antibody (FA) technique, were studied with respect to the presence of IgA and IgM antibodies. Samples of NPS and serum obtained during the first 3–4 months following the beginning of illness, were investigated. Employing a reverse ELISA technique, we found IgM antibodies in the acute, but not during the convalescent, phase of illness in NPS from 20 of the patients and in serum from 21 of the patients. The majority of the IgM antibody conversions observed occurred in NPS as well as in serum on days 5–8 following the illness. RS virus IgA antibodies, also detected by a reverse ELISA technique, were demonstrated in NPS in 22 of the patients, with antibody conversions being found in 19 of the patients on days 5–8 following the beginning of the illness. Two patients still had IgA antibodies in NPS approximately 3 months FSOI. By comparison, RS virus was detected in acute‐phase NPS by double‐antibody sandwich ELISA in 25 of the 26 patients investigated.