bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolución en la terapéutica de la endocarditis bacteriana subaguda
Authors:   , Larrea Carlos Alberto
Published: February 2024

Plan de estudio a desarrollarse - Primer capítulo: breve síntesis de la evolución del tratamiento. - Segundo capítulo: tratamiento con los medicamentos antibacterianos sulfamidas penicilina estreptomicina terramicina aureomicina cloromicetina - Tercer capítulo: bases de un tratamiento correcto - Cuarto capítulo: historias clínicas Bibliografía
PERAN E-WOM MEMEDIASI VIRAL MARKETING TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN JAFRA COSMETICS INTERNASIONAL DI KOTA KENDARI
Authors: Indri  Hapsari  , Hairudin Bugis  , Irelda Sari Syaranamual  , Usman  , Siti Nurkhalisa
Published: February 2024

Decisions regarding purchasing JAFRA Cosmetics International products are often influenced by other individuals, friends and communities. Along with technological advances and the development of social media with viral marketing E-WOM has an impact in terms of positive and negative statements of consumer behavior.  The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of viral marketing on purchasing decisions of Jafra products mediated by E-WOM. This study used an explanatory type of research using a quantitative approach. The population of this study is Jafra consumers in Kendari City. The sampling technique uses Purposive sampling of 50 respondents from consumers of Jafra products and data analysis techniques using Smart-PLS. The results showed that Viral Marketing does not directly affect Purchasing Decisions, but the existence of E-WOM is able to mediate Viral Marketing to affect JAFRA Cosmetics International Purchasing Decisions in Kendari City. The mediation variable model found in this study is that E-WOM has a role as a perfect mediation (Complete mediation). In this case, E-WOM has a greater impact on more effective marketing communications.
Suppression of spurious responses near anti-resonance of TC-SAW resonators by selective thinning of SiO2
Authors: Yang Zijiang , He Yiwen , Luo Huayong , Bao Jingfu , Hashimoto Ken-ya
Published: February 2024

This paper discusses the generation mechanism and suppression of spurious resonances near the anti-resonance in temperature compensated surface acoustic wave devices using the SiO2/128°YX-LiNbO3 structure. Detailed field analysis is performed for the spurious resonances, and the result indicates that the spurious modes are caused by excitation and/or scattering near the electrode finger edges, and can be suppressed well by thinning of the SiO2 layer selectively in the gap region. It is also shown that most of spurious responses can be suppressed for the piston design using the Cu dots with the SiO2 selective thinning. In contrast, this selective SiO2 thinning does not work well for the piston design using the Cu stripes.
Quantum circuit distillation and compression
Authors: Daimon Shunsuke , Tsunekawa Kakeru , Takeuchi Ryoto , Sagawa Takahiro , Yamamoto Naoki , Saitoh Eiji
Published: February 2024

Quantum coherence in a qubit is vulnerable to environmental noise. When long quantum calculation is run on a quantum processor without error correction, the noise causes fatal errors and messes up the calculation. Here, we propose quantum-circuit distillation to generate quantum circuits that are short but have enough functions to produce an output similar to that of the original circuits. The distilled circuits are less sensitive to the noise and can complete calculation before the quantum coherence is broken. We created a quantum-circuit distillator by building a reinforcement learning model, and applied it to the inverse quantum Fourier transform (IQFT) and Shor’s quantum prime factorization. The obtained distilled circuit allows correct calculation on IBM-Quantum processors. By working with the distillator, we also found a general rule to generate quantum circuits approximating the general n-qubit IQFTs. The quantum-circuit distillator offers a new approach to improve performance of noisy quantum processors.
Single-photon level ultrafast time-resolved measurement using two-color dual-comb-based asynchronous linear optical sampling
Authors: Koviri Prasad , Komori Hajime , Tian Haochen , Ishizeki Masahiro , Kato Takashi , Asahara Akifumi , Shimizu Ryosuke , Schibli Thomas R. , Minoshima Kaoru
Published: February 2024

We demonstrated an ultrafast time-resolved measurement method operating at the single-photon level and employing a two-color comb-based asynchronous optical sampling (ASOPS) setup. We harnessed the two-color ASOPS photon counting approach to achieve long-term averaging of the ultralow intensity signal with a synchronized optical trigger signal, which minimizes residual timing jitter between the two combs. A pulse-width limited picosecond cross-correlation signal was successfully obtained with a power level of <1 photon/pulse. This approach enables the thorough study of ultrafast time-resolved detection of entangled photon pairs, quantum mechanical correlations in the time-frequency domain and finds wide use in optical quantum technology.
KEANEKARAGAMAN TUMBUHAN INSEKTOFORA (Nepenthes sp) DI KAWASAN HUTAN BATIKNAU, BENGKULU UTARA
Authors: Hasan Rusdi , Lilis Suryani  , Nopriyeni
Published: February 2024

Batiknau merupakan kawasan hutan sekunder yang kaya akan berbagai jenis vegetasi.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes sebagai tumbuhan

insektivora yang memiliki modifikasi daun menjadi bentuk yang sangat menarik di kawasan hutan

tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode jelajah pada lokasi penelitian yang merupakan

habitat tumbuhan Nepenthes. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahawa kawasan hutan Batiknau,

Bengkulu Utara memiliki lima jenis Nepenthes, yaitu Nepenthes gracilis, Nepenthes gracilis var.

angustifolia, Nepentes gracilis var. arenaria, Nepenthes gracilis var. elongata, Nepenthes gracilis

var. lower pitcher, Nepenthes gracilis var. xneglecta, Nepenthes khasiana, Nepenthes mirabilis,

Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma, Nepenthes mirabilis var. smilesii, Nepenthes mirabilis var.

anamensis, Nepenthes mirabilis var. exotica, Nepenthes rafflesiana var. alata, Nepenthes

reinwardtiana.

Kata kunci : Insektivora, keanekaragaman, Nepenthes.
KOMPOSISI DAN STRATIFIKASI TUMBUHAN TINGKAT POHON PADA HABITAT Rafflesia arnoldii, R.Br DI HUTAN BUKIT DAUN KABUPATEN KEPAHIANG
Authors: Dettya Nizsa Kania  , Pariyanto Pariyanto , Santoso
Published: February 2024

Penelitian ini dilakukan di hutan lindung bukit daun kabupaten kepahiang pada bulan januari februari 2022. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah komposisi dan stratifikasi tumbuhan tingkat pohon pada habitat Rafflesia arnoldii di hutan bukit daun kabupaten kepahiang. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode purposive sampling dengan pembuatan plot pengamatan menggunakan bunga Rafflesia atau minimal inangnya yaitu Tetrastigma sebagai pusat plot. Jumlah plot pengamatan sebanyak 12 plot. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pada luas area 0,48 Ha ditemukan pada tingkat pohon(20mx20m) sebanyak 50 individu yang terdiri dari 19 spesies yang termasuk kedalam 14 famili dan luas area 0,12Ha pada   tingkat tiang/pole(10mx10m) ditemukan sebanyak 37 individu yang terdiri dari 11 spesies yang termasuk kedalam 10 famili. Indeks nilai penting (INP) tertinggi pada tingkat pohon yaitu Lithocarpus glaber dengan (INP = 78,61%), Phoebe hunanensis dengan INP = 38,60%, dan Myristica yunnanensis dengan (INP =24,88%), nilai terendah adalah Siparuna cuspidata dengan (INP = 5,04%). Sedangkan indeks nilai penting (INP) pada tingkat tiang/pole adalah Lithocarpus glaber (INP= 75,74%), Phoebe hunanensis (INP= 57,08%%), Myristica yunnanensis (INP=43,87%), Mingquartia guianensis (INP=25,96%),dan Artocarpus elasticus (INP=20,58%), nilai terendah yaitu Artocarpus heterophyllus dengan (INP = 8,00%). Indeks keragaman jenis untuk tingkat pohon 2,546, tingkat tiang/pole didapatkan nilai 2,057.

 

Kata Kunci : Komposisi, Stratifikasi,Pohon, Rafflesia arnoldii, R.Br
Kreativitas Karya Dekoratif Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Project Based Learning pada Kelas IV SD 5 Gondangmanis Kabupaten Kudus
Authors: Sari Widya Sinta Kumala , Fajrie Nur , Kironoratri Lintang
Published: February 2024

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi kemampuan kreativitas siswa yang cenderung meniru apa yang dilakukan oleh guru. Sehingga siswa tidak dapat mengetahui potensi kreativitas dalam dirinya. Oleh karena itu, guru membantu dan memfasilitasi berbagai keterampilan untuk mengembang kreativitas siswa melalui pembelajaran yang aktif salah satunya adalah pembelajaran project based learning. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan hasil kreativitas karya dekoratif siswa dalam pembelajaran seni budaya berbasis project based learning pada kelas IV SD 5 Gondangmanis Kabupaten Kudus. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif pendekatan narasi dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IV di SD 5 Gondangmanis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses kreativitas dalam pembelajaran project based learning termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik. Bentuk indikator kreativitas siswa terdiri dari kelancaran, keluwesan/fleksibilitas, keaslian, dan elaborasi dtermasuk dalam kategori baik. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa melalui pembelajaran project based learning siswa mampu mengembangkan kreativitasnya membuat karya dekoratif.
Pemanfaatan Daun Kering Berbasis Pendekatan STM pada Peserta Didik SDN Remo
Authors: Kharismawati Sukma Ayu , Wahyu Wahyu , Arisanty Deasy , Subiyakto Bambang , Mutiani Mutiani
Published: February 2024

Faktor penyebab kerusakan lingkungan khususnya di sekolah adalah kurangnya kesadaran akan pentingnya pembuangan limbah yang benar. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, guru dapat menerapkan pembelajaran dengan pendekatan STM. Pendekatan STM merupakan satu diantara pendekatan pembelajaran kontekstual yang membantu peserta didik menjadikan pembelajaran lebih bermakna. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan daun kering untuk meningkatkan kesadaran lingkungan di sekolah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif untuk mengkaji pembelajaran berbasis STM. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data dicapai melalui triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi teknis, sedangkan teknik analisis data dicapai melalui proses reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan simpulan. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan peneliti, diperoleh hasil bahwa peserta didik SDN Remo belum sadar akan kepedulian lingkungan. Beberapa sampah ditemukan di sekitar sekolah. Adanya tumpukan sampah di lingkungan sekolah menjadikan lingkungan sekolah terlihat kotor dan kumuh serta mempengaruhi kegiatan pembelajaran. Guru mencoba mengatasi masalah ini dengan meningkatkan kesadaran lingkungan dengan mengajarkan peserta didik cara membuat kerajinan tangan dari daun-daun kering. Penelitian terhadap pemanfaatan daun kering di SDN Remo membentuk karakter peduli lingkungan pada peserta didik. Mengajarkan peserta didik untuk memanfaatkan daun-daun kering di sekitar sekolah. Menyertakan pendekatan STM memungkinkan peserta didik memperoleh pengalaman hidup, mengenal permasalahan, menemukan cara dan solusi penyelesaiannya. Selain itu, dapat memberikan wawasan tentang teknologi dan masyarakat.
Prokrastinasi Akademik Siswa pada Pembelajaran Matematika Kelas VI SD
Authors: Ituga Almuhaimin Sarnav , Alman Alman
Published: February 2024

Prokrastinasi akademik menjadi isu penting dalam pembelajaran matematika di kalangan siswa kelas VI sekolah dasar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi fenomena prokrastinasi akademik yang terjadi pada pembelajaran matematika. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VI di sekolah dasar Negeri 44 Buton. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara guru dan siswa. Analisis data menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan Teknik yakni mereduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prokrastinasi akademik dalam pembelajaran matematika dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor seperti ketidakpahaman konsep, rasa takut akan kegagalan, dan rendahnya motivasi intrinsik. Implikasi dari penelitian ini menyoroti perlunya pendekatan pembelajaran yang memperhatikan perbedaan individual siswa, merangsang motivasi intrinsik, dan menciptakan lingkungan yang mendukung dalam proses pembelajaran matematika. Prokrastinasi akademik dalam pembelajaran matematika di kalangan siswa kelas VI sekolah dasar dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal, seperti kelelahan dan kurangnya motivasi. Kurangnya manajemen waktu dapat menimbulkan perilaku prokrastinasi. Oleh sebab itu, penting bagi guru dan orang tua untuk membantu siswa untuk mengatasi prokrastinasi, termasuk membantu siswa memahami pentingnya manajemen waktu dan memotivasi diri dalam belajar matematika dan meningkatkan prestasi belajar di Sekolah Dasar.
العلاقات التجارية بين الكويت وإمارات الساحل المتصالح في القرن التاسع عشر والنصف الأول من القرن العشرين دراسة في ضوء الوثائق الأهلية الكويتية
Authors: الهاجري ناصر
Published: February 2024

تشكل الوثائق الأهلية مصدراً مهمة لدراسة تاريخ الخليج العربي في العصور الحديثة، خاصة وأن دول الخليج قد واجهت -في الفترة المبكرة من التاريخ الحديث- معضلة تتمثل في عدم وجود آليات لحفظ الوثائق، ومن هذه الوثائق، الوثائق الأهلية الكويتية، والتي وثقت للعلاقات الاقتصادية بين الكويت وإمارات الساحل المتصالح في القرن التاسع عشر والنصف الأول من القرن العشرين.
وقد أظهرت هذه الوثائق عمق العلاقات التجارية بين الكويت وإمارات الساحل المتصالح، من خلال التبادل التجاري بين الجانبين، والتعاون في مجال النقل البحري، والذي أسفر عن استقرار عدد من تجار الكويت في إمارات الساحل المتصالح، وبخاصة دبي، وأسهم في تعزيز التعاون بين الجانبين على كافة الأصعدة.
دور الإعلام الإلكتروني في الترويج للتراث: دراسة وصفية من وجهة نظر مجتمع دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة
Authors: الزعابي محمد , السنونسي ثريا , أصلان زكي
Published: February 2024

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة دور الإعلام الإلكتروني في التّرويج للتراث الإماراتي، وقد انطلق البحث من الإشكاليّة التّالية: ما هو تأثير الإعلام الإلكتروني في التّرويج للتّراث في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة؟ وللإجابة عن هذه الإشكاليّة اختار الباحث اتباع المنهج الوصفي التّحليلي؛ اعتمادًا على المعلومات العلمية المنشورة في المراجع والكتب والدوريات، إلى جانب تحليل مضمون المواد الإعلاميّة التي ترمي للتّرويج للتّراث عبر وسائل الإعلام الإلكتروني، ومن أهم النّتائج التي توصّلت إليها الدّراسة: تمتلك دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة مقومات للتراث، بتعاقب الحضارات ومعالمها التراثية، والتي حددت هويتها الوطنية وعاداتها وتقاليدها العربية الأصيلة. والتراث في دولة الإمارات يجمع بين الأصالة والعراقة والتنوع، ويعود تاريخه إلى عنصرين أثَّرا فيه، هما: عنصر البَر وعنصر البحر، ويجب الترويج له، وإنّ الترويج للتراث في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة يفيد في زيادة الموارد الاقتصادية، ويسهم في نشر الوعي حول أهمية  حماية التراث ورسم معالم مستقبل الأمة، كما توصلت الدّراسة إلى نجاح دولة الإمارات في تعزيز مكانتها على الخارطة العالمية للإعلام الرقمي من خلال استراتيجيتها الجديدة والمبتكرة، ومن الوسائل الإعلامية الإلكترونية التي تروج للتراث: نادي تراث الإمارات، ونجح نادي تراث الإمارات في تفعيل الوسائل المتاحة من قِبَلِ الدولة للترّويج للتّراث الإماراتي.
قيمة الملاءمة لإيرادات العقود مع الزبائن قبل وبعد تطبيق IFRS 15 ومدى تأثرها بدوافع الإدارة: دراسة تطبيقية على الشركات الصناعية الأردنية
Authors: الفضل مؤيد
Published: February 2024

هدفت الدراسة إلى تقييم جدوى تطبيق IFRS 15 في تحسين جودة المعلومات المحاسبية، ومن ثم، ملاءمتها لقرارات المستثمرين في السوق المالي، وذلك من خلال اختبار فرضيتين، تسعى الأولى إلى بيان مدى الاختلاف في القيمة الملائمة للإيرادات قبل وبعد تطبيق IFRS 15، وتحاول الثانية معرفة التباين في دوافع الإدارة على عملية تمهيد الدخل قبل تطبيق المعيار وبعده.
ويعتمد البحث أسلوب التحليل الكمي لعينه من شركات القطاع الصناعي الأردني باستخدام نموذج تحليل الانحدار المتعدد.
وتتألف عينه الدراسة من 39 شركة صناعية مسجلة في سوق عمان المالي للفترتين: تمتد الأولى من 2014-2016، على حين تمتد الثانية من 2017-2019؛ إذ تمثل الفترة الأولى فترة قبل تطبيق معيار IFRS15، والفترة الثانية تمثل فتره تطبيق المعيار.
وجاءت نتائج التحليل الإحصائي مشيرة إلى انخفاض معامل الاستجابة للإيرادات بعد تطبيق IFRS 15 وأن تطبيقه لم يقوض من تدخلات الإدارة في ممارسة تمهيد الإيرادات.
مُواجَهة المُشَرِّع الإمَاراتِي لِلفِكر المُتَطرِّف أَو الإرهابي بالمُناصَحة "دِراسَة تَحلِيلِية"
Authors: البلوشي حمدان , النوايسه عبدالإله
Published: February 2024

تناولت هذه الدراسة مواجهة المشرع الإماراتي للفكر المتطرف أو الإرهابي بالمناصحة، فقد استعرضت ماهية الفكر المتطرف والفكر الإرهابي من خلال بيان التعريف، وهو أن يتمسك الشخص بأفكار أو قيم أو معتقدات أو فلسفات تخالف وتعارض الفكر السائد في المجتمع، مع ظهور ذلك على ما يقوم به الشخص من تصرفات، وإبداء الاستعداد لإلحاق الأضرار المادية أو المعنوية بالأشخاص أو الممتلكات العامة أو الخاصة، داخل إقليم الدولة أو خارجها، وذلك بغرض تحقيق الأهداف والمبادئ المتبناة، دون البدء في تنفيذ ذلك.
وأما المناصحة فهي تدبير جزائي خاص، يفرض بحكم من المحكمة على من تتوافر لديهم حالة الخطورة الإرهابية قبل ارتكاب الجريمة، ويُخضع له كذلك المدانون بارتكاب جرائم إرهابية عن طريق النيابة العامة، حيث يجري نصحهم وإرشادهم من خلال مختصين بغرض تصحيح أفكارهم ومعتقداتهم، وتتم مراجعته بشكل دوري من المحكمة المختصة بواسطة تقارير ترفع إليها من المراكز المعدة له.
ولم يعطِ المشرعُ المحكومَ ضدِّه بتدبير المناصحة الحق في الطعن على الحكم الصادر، مما أهدر ضمانة مهمة من ضمانات التقاضي.
نظرة في إشكالات تفسير ابن عباس من خلال نماذج من مروياته
Authors: مبارك الهام , أبوزيد نايل
Published: February 2024

إن مكانة ابن عباس في التفسير جعلت من مروياته الكثيرة مادة أثرية أساسية في التفسير إلا أنه قد شابها الضعيف والمختلق، واعترى عددا منها شيء من الغرابة مما دفع بكثير من الباحثين إلى اطِّراحها، وعدِّها في قسم الدخيل إما لعدم ثبوتها، أو لكونها من الإسرائيليات۔ وجاءت هذه الدراسة لتتلمس المنهج العلمي السليم في التعامل مع تلك المرويات والحكم عليها، ولتكشف عن أسس ذلك المنهج۔
ولأجل ذلك تم تناول نموذجين من مرويات ابن عباس، ومحاكمتهما إلى أسس النقد العلمي المتعارف عليه بين العلماء بعيدا عن نزعات الرأي أو الذوق۔
وشملت الدراسة جانب السند، وجانب المتن كما تضمنت تحريرا للمنهجية العلمية في دراسة التراث المأثورفي ضوء كلام العلماء وتوجيهاتهم۔
أقوال أبي عوانة الإسْفَرَاييني في الرجال من خلال كتابه المستخرج. - جمع ودراسة-
Authors: بلهي نبيل
Published: February 2024

هذا البحث يسلِّط الضوء على موضوعٍ مهمٍّ يتعلَّقُ بجهود الحافظ أبي عوانة الإسفراييني (316هـ) في الرجال جرحا وتعديلا ووصفا، وذلك بجمع أقواله وأحكامه على الرِّجَال المنثورة في كتابه المستخرج على صحيح الإمام مسلم، والخروج بفكرة عامَّةٍ عن قيمة أحكامه النقدية للرجال، مقارنةً بغيره من النقَّاد.
وتتجلى أهمية هذا البحث في كون الحافظ أبي عوانة من المتخصِّصِين في علم الرجال، وممن يعتمد قوله في الجرح والتعديل، لكن فات الانتفاع بعلمه في هذا المجال بسبب تفرُّقِ أقواله النقدية، وهذا البحث تكفَّل بجمعها ودراستها.
وكان من أهم نتائج البحث: أنَّ الحافظ الناقد أبا عوانة، ناقدٌ كبير يمكن تصنيفه في طبقة المعتدلين في نقد الرواة، وله في مستخرجه فوائد حول الرواة لا تجدها عند غيره.
أصول المذهب المالكي ودورها في تطوير الاجتهاد المعاصر وبناء منظومةٍ اجتهاديةٍ توافقية
Authors: الشاعر ناصر الدين , بدوي محمد , حمودة أسماء
Published: February 2024

يسعى البحث للتعريف بأصول المذهب المالكي الاجتهادية، سواءً تلك التي يلتقي فيها مع الآخرين، أو تلك التي يمتاز بها عنهم انفرادًا أو توسعًا، وذلك لمعرفة دورها في تطوير الاجتهاد المعاصر، ولمعرفة ما يصلح من تلك الأصول لبناء منظومة اجتهادية توافقية ينتج عنها اجتهادٌ عصريٌ توحيدي يُجيب عن المسائل الحادثة بأوسع توافقٍ مَنشودٍ وأضيقِ خلافٍ ممكن.
وقد اعتمد البحث المنهج الاستقرائي عبر تتبع أمهات كتب المذهب المالكي الأصولية لجمع واستخلاص أصول المذهب الاجتهادية، فضلاً عن المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لمعرفة أوجه الشبه والتداخل بين أصول المالكية وغيرهم، ومعرفة مدى صلاحية كل ذلك للاجتهاد المعاصر. وتتجلى أصالة هذا البحث وجدّته من خلال تناوله للاجتهاد المعاصر والسعي لتطويره لاستيعاب المستجدات الهائلة عبر الدعوة لتشكيل منظومةٍ اجتهادية توافقية تسهم فيه أصول المالكية المتنوعة. وهي فكرةٌ للبناء على أصول السابقين وتطويرها في مقابل الراغبين بتجاوزها والقفز عليها، ولكن من غير تقوقع على تطبيقات العصور السابقة وقضاياها. 
وقد جاء البحث في ثلاثة مباحث، وخاتمة. فالأول للتعريف بالمذهب المالكي. والثاني لأصول الاجتهاد المعتبرة في المذهب، ومدى توافق الآخرين معها. والثالث تناول الأصول المقترحة لتطوير الاجتهاد المعاصر وإيجاد منظومة اجتهادية توافقية.
القرض الحسن مقابل تحويل الراتب حكمه وتطبيقاته في البنوك الإسلامية الكويتية
Authors: الرشيدي عبدالله
Published: February 2024

سلط البحث الضوء على حكم القرض الحسن المقدم من البنك للعميل في مقابل تحويل راتبه الشهري والبدائل الشرعية له، وقد تناول البحث التكييف الفقهي للحساب الجاري لما له تأثير بالغ في معرفة الحكم الشرعي في القرض الحسن المقدم من البنك، ثم حكم القروض المتبادلة بالشرط التي من الممكن أن تكون دليلًا موصلًا للحكم الشرعي للقرض الحسن المقدم من البنك، ثم حكم القرض الحسن المقدم من البنك للعميل في مقابل تحويل راتبه الشهري.
وقد تم عرض الأقوال والأدلة مع بيان قرارات المجامع الفقهية والهيئات الشرعية للبنوك الإسلامية، وقد رجحت عدم جواز القرض المقدم من البنك مقابل تحويل الراتب الشهري، وعرضت للبدائل الشرعية لذلك.
وقد سلكت المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التحليلي والمنهج المقارن، وقد ختمت البحث بدراسة تطبيقية للقرض الحسن المقدم مقابل تحويل الراتب الشهري في البنوك الإسلامية الكويتية، بعرض الجانب الفني والجانب الشرعي المُطبَّق في البنك.
  وقد توصل البحث إلى أن بنك التمويل الكويتي هو البنك الكويتي الوحيد الذي لم يعمل بفكرة القرض الحسن في مقابل تحويل الراتب، وأوصى البحث بضرورة محاولة تطوير المنتجات الإسلامية بعيدًا عن التقليد للمنتجات في البنوك الربوية.
تثبيت فؤاد النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في القرآن الكريم
Authors: المسلّم دلال
Published: February 2024

تعرض النبي محمد  صلى الله عليه وسلم في طريق دعوته إلى الله عز وجل إلى الصدّ، والسخرية، والتكذيب، وسائر أنواع الأذى، فتنزّلت عليه آيات القرآن الكريم تباعاً، تثبته في دعوته، وتصبره، وتسليه، حتى أتم الرسالة، وسوف يعرض البحث كيف ثبت الله نبيه صلى الله عليه وسلم في القرآن الكريم ، وذلك على النحو التالي:

المقدمة
المبحث الأول: إمداد الله رسوله عليه الصلاة والسلام بالمعجزات.
المبحث الثاني: نزول القرآن الكريم منجماً.
المبحث الثالث: ذكر قصص الأنبياء عليهم السلام.
المبحث الرابع: أمر الله تعالى نبيه عليه الصلاة والسلام بالصبر.
المبحث الخامس: كفاية الله لنبيه عليه الصلاة والسلام.
المبحث السادس: بشارة الله لنبيه عليه الصلاة والسلام بالنصر والغلبة والتمكين.
الخاتمة: وفيها أهم النتائج والتوصيات.

الهدف من هذا البحث: هو بيان تثبيت الله تعالى لنبيه محمد  صلى الله عليه وسلم بوسائل متعددة، ذكرت في القرآن الكريم، قد ثبّت الله بها نبيه، كما ثبّت غيره من الأنبياء قبله عليهم السلام.
والبحث في ختامه يوصي المؤمنين بالثبات على الحق مهما طال الزمان، وكثر أهل الضلال، اقتداءً بنبينا محمد عليه الصلاة والسلام والأنبياء قبله ، كما ينبغي الرجوع إلى القرآن الكريم والسنة المطهرة في علاج مشاكل الحياة.
الموازنة بين اللفظ والمعنى - حقيقتها وروافدها عند ابن القيم دراسة أصولية
Authors: المزيني معمر , الزنكي نجم الدين
Published: February 2024

تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى بيان روافد الموازنة بين اللفظ والمعنى في تراث الإمام ابن القيم، الذي كان له اهتمام كبير بهذه القضية، وبيان الضوابط والقيود التي أبرزَها وجلاّها لتكون حكمًا في التوفيق بينهما بحيث لا يتعدى أحدهما على الآخر.
وقد سلكت الدراسة منهجاً استقرائياً؛ بتتبع جزئيات الموضوع من مظانه المتفرقة، ثم لمّ شتاتها، ومنهجاً نقدياً؛ بنقد تلك الجزئيات وبيان ما لها وما عليها، وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى بيان أثر ابن القيم الكبير في ضبط منهج التلقي للشريعة، وجهودًا ظاهرةً في الموازنة بين اللفظ والمعنى فيها، وأنّ من أجلِّ إسهاماته في ذلك؛ وضعه للأصول والضوابط التي تُحكِم شأن الموازنة بين اللفظ والمعنى، بحيث لا يطغى جانبٌ على جانب، ومما أشار إليه من هذه الروافد: إحكام دلالات السياق، والاستمداد من القرائن، ومعرفة المناسبة بين اللفظ والمعنى، ومراعاة التعدد في الدلالات، ورعاية مقاصد المتكلم وعرف الخطاب وأوضاع الكلمات.
Characteristics of Lung Cancer Patients with Brain Metastases based on Baseline Head Computerized Tomography (CT)-scan in Arifin Achmad Hospital October 2022 - June 2023
Authors: Sari Rezki Permata , Fauzi Zarfiardy Aksa , Simanjuntak Arya Marganda
Published: February 2024

Background: The majority of lung cancer cases are often discovered at a late stage because it frequently develops without symptoms in the early stages. Many lung cancer deaths are caused by metastases to other organs. The purpose of this study was to examine the features of lung cancer patients with brain metastases using baseline CT scan data.
Method: Between October 2022 and June 2023, a cross-sectional study was conducted at the Arifin Achmad Hospital in Pekanbaru on all newly diagnosed lung cancer patients with brain metastases who also met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: Eight subjects of lung cancer with brain metastasis were found from 49 patients. All subjects were male with age mostly in between 40 and 60 years. Three subjects (37.5%) were Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), four subject (50%) were adenocarcinoma and 1 (12.5%) were SCLC.
Conclusion: This study discovered that 16.3% of patients who met the inclusion criteria had lung cancer with brain metastases. Further research should be done on a cohort study and a preventive strategy for lung cancer with brain metastases.
Empowering Elderly Through Productive Elderly Exercise Program and Creative Industry Training Based Oon Local Wisdom in Kenagarian Sariak, Sungai Pua District, Agam Regency
Authors: Nelson Sonya , Muchlis Arif Fadli , Sari Dessi Novita
Published: February 2024

The area targeted by PKM is Nagari Sariak, Sungai Pua District, Agam Regency, which has a fairly large elderly population. As for the partner's problems: (1) The activities at the elderly posyandu are classified as monotonous so there is a lack of interest in participants coming, the posyandu activities are only reflected in the process of checking the health of the elderly, for example in weighing, checking blood pressure, sometimes also checking cholesterol and uric acid. There is still a lack of activities aimed at improving physical fitness and exercise for the elderly, which until now is rarely done. This is also due to the lack of competent infrastructure to provide counseling and training in order to create a physically and spiritually healthy society. Activities at Posyandu are less varied and there is no special emphasis for elderly participants in carrying out exercise. Therefore, it is necessary to provide counseling and training about physical fitness, especially exercise for the elderly. The target to be achieved is an understanding of 1) sports, especially exercise for the elderly, as well as the proper and correct implementation of exercise for the elderly. Meanwhile, the second problem (2), concerns employment, especially for the elderly without potential, most of whom are elderly who are no longer working even though they still want to work. Some elderly people are still less productive, which has the consequence of reduced income which can lead to elderly poverty. activities through Training of Trainers (TOT) by providing material through lectures, then continued with direct practice. The results achieved are an increase in the level of health, physical fitness and increased knowledge and skills of elderly people in the field of crafts
Structure and phase composition of surface of U8 tool steel after powder borocoppering
Authors: Lysykh S.A. , Kornopoltsev V.N. , Mishigdorzhiyn U.L. , Tikhonov A.G.
Published: February 2024

It is shown that after surface saturation with boron and copper of U8 steel samples, a borided diffusion layer with a thickness of 210 μm with a common needle-like structure is formed. The properties of diffusion layers, including the distribution of microhardness and chemical elements over the layer thickness is studied. It is established that the diffusion layer formed on the surface of U8 steel after borocoppering has a two-phase structure of outer FeB and Fe2B on the border with the base metal. The latter phase dominates over the first one in volume. The maximum value of microhardness is 1900 HV.
The Social Sustainability in Oman Residential Neighborhood, Case Study Barka, Almagh
Authors: - Rania , - Alla , - Shiekha
Published: February 2024

The housing community plays an important role in individuals' leadership and social communication. Despite the Omani government's efforts to provide more housing to people in various forms, they ignore the social life in the new residential neighborhood when designing it sustainably. This paper deals with the study of the Maragh residential neighborhood to transform it into a socially sustainable residential neighborhood. In this research, the study used a literature review method and also a comparison method between the Maragh residential neighborhood in the state of Barka with the socially sustainable residential neighborhood Royal flight housing complex in the state of Seeb. Finally, the study transformed the Maragh residential neighborhood into a socially sustainable residential neighborhood by developing it as specified in the study.
A Comprehensive Literature Review of Global Leadership Styles: Assessing Universality and Impact on Workforce Motivation
Authors: - Chilufya, C. Chiwisa , - Abubaker Qutieshate
Published: February 2024

In the contemporary landscape of global business, the dynamics of leadership within multicultural organizations have become increasingly complex. The emergence of globalization has brought new workplace realities that require a better understanding of how to lead and motivate groups to maximize the quality of multicultural group work. While the concept of leadership is inherently universal, transcending borders, and epochs, the diversity of cultures and settings prompts exploration into distinct leadership traits and approaches. This prompts the fundamental question of whether leadership styles possess universal applicability and how the leadership styles can serve as motivating factors in multicultural settings. The study delves into an extensive literature to unravel the intricacies of leadership embedded in various models. It explores the global, cultural, and social contexts within different leadership models considering the global, cultural, behavioral, and contextual dimensions, questioning the extent to which universal leadership principles can be applied in a global context. The interplay of diverse cultures and settings requires a thoughtful consideration of unique leadership approaches. By examining the complexity of leadership, the study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the adaptability and universality of leadership principles in multicultural organizations, emphasizing that leadership is not merely a conceptual framework but a lived reality.
Exploring the Constitutional Dimensions of Live-in Relationships among Married Individuals: Rights, Responsibilities, and Legal Implications
Authors: - Shruti Bose , - Debleena Biswas , - Debasmita Nandi , - Dheeraj Budaraju
Published: February 2024

The research delves into the constitutional dimensions of live-in relationships among married individuals, scrutinizing the maintainability of such cases before a constitution bench. It also examines the constitutional validity of Section 498 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) in light of Articles 14 and 21, as well as the potential violation of Article 15 by Section 198(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). The exploration aims to unravel legal intricacies surrounding live-in relationships within the framework of fundamental rights in India.
Fox Nut (Makhanas): The Power of Unknown Seed
Authors: - Dr.GB.Karthikeyan , - Dr.M.Vanishree , - Mr.Arun Prakash
Published: February 2024

The demand for nutritious food has increased since the COVID crisis. People are often concerned about their health and their immunity after COVID-19. People are more interested in having natural food consumption than medicine as a supplement to boost overall health and immunity. There are various non-cereal foods, such as Buckwheat, Amarnath, Aquatic cash crops, etc., packed with nutrients that can consumed daily in proper proportion naturally without buying any medicine supplement to improve overall health and immunity.
Effectiveness of Homoeopathic Treatment in the Management of Headache- A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: - Minali Tyagi , - Harcharanjeet Kaur
Published: February 2024

Headache is one of the most common complaint that most people experience in their lives. It is a pain or discomfort in head. Headache is mainly categorized into two types: primary and secondary headache. The cause of headache is mostly stress, anxiety, depression, injury or trauma, infections, climate changes etc. It creates a burden on people’s quality of life and more suffering due to regular use of pain-killers. As an alternative mode of treatment, Homoeopathy is the safest way to relieve headaches without any side-effects. The aim of the study was to know the effectiveness of homoeopathic treatment in management of headache.
Revolutionizing Retail: Dinzo- An Advanced and Secure Online Shopping Platform
Authors: - Prajapathi Deepak , - Neha Thakur , - Basa Sindhu , - Ms. Ashima Jain
Published: February 2024

This paper explores the development and implementation of Dinzo, an innovative e-commerce platform integrating a proprietary search algorithm, a custom API, and advanced security measures to redefine the online shopping experience.
Trans-formative Teacher Education in Viksit Bharat (Developed India) @2047: Perspectives and Innovative Approaches
Authors: - Chandrasekhar Bhoi , - Rajendra Behera , - Durga Ch Majhi , - Krushna sing
Published: February 2024

In the envisioned landscape of Viksit Bharat (Developed India) in 2047, trans-formative teacher education emerges as a cornerstone for sustained progress and societal development. This abstract provides a snapshot of the evolving perspectives and innovative approaches characterizing the paradigm shift in teacher education. Rooted in the integration of advanced technologies, progressive pedagogies, and a holistic educator development model, the research explores the multifaceted nature of teacher preparation. Emphasis is placed on redefining teacher roles, integrating artificial intelligence into pedagogy, and fostering socio-emotional skills. The abstract also underscores the importance of collaboration, inclusivity, and personalized learning pathways. As Viksit Bharat paves the way for a dynamic education landscape, this abstract contributes insights into the trans-formative journey educators undertake, shaping the narrative of teacher education in a developed India.
Varenicline and Maltodextrin Combination: A Promising Approach for Reducing Nitrosamine Impurities in Solid Dosage Forms
Authors: - SRK Raju Sagiraju , - Erdi EKMEKCİ , - Emre Erol ALDENİZ , - Udaya DUDE , - Ceren GOKALP AYMAN
Published: February 2024

This research article investigates the use of varenicline and maltodextrin combination to reduce the nitrosamine impurities in varenicline tablets, a medication used to treat nicotine addiction. Nitrosamines are carcinogenic compounds that have been found in varenicline, raising concerns about its safety. Drug excipient compatibility was initially performed with all possible excipients, including maltodextrin, to identify potential approaches for reducing nitrosamine impurities. The results showed that maltodextrin was more effective than other excipients in reducing nitrosamines in the drug product. This finding provided an indication for the use of maltodextrin as a potential solution to the nitrosamine problem in varenicline tablets. The study involved preparing varenicline-maltodextrin formulations and analyzing the formulations for nitrosamine impurities. The finished formulation was prepared by simple mixing of varenicline, maltodextrin, disintegrant, filler, lubricant, and compression using suitable tooling, followed by aqueous film coating. The formulated tablets were tested for assay, content uniformity, dissolution in release media, and multimedia, and the results were found to be satisfactory. The results showed that the varenicline-maltodextrin combination significantly reduced nitrosamine content, and all other parameters were satisfactory. In addition, the nitrosamine impurity levels were significantly reduced to less than 3 ppm after 30 days of storage at 50±2°C/75±5 % RH. Moreover, more than 85% of drug release was observed in all tested release media, meeting the predefined specifications for BCS-based biowaiver. These findings suggest that the use of varenicline and maltodextrin combination is a promising approach to improve the safety of varenicline.
Democracy In The Dark: Internet Shutdowns In India As A Challenge to Freedom of Speech and Expression
Authors: - Th Rubina M Fancon
Published: February 2024

The right to access the internet is intrinsically linked to fundamental rights such as the right to education and the right to privacy under Articles 21A and 21 of the Indian Constitution, respectively. The internet not only enhances the quality of education but also serves as a powerful tool for the free expression of knowledge and ideas. It has been recognized globally as a human right, and adherence to this right is imperative for countries signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Freedom of speech and expression, enshrined in Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution, extends to the internet, with reasonable restrictions outlined in Article 19(2). In recent years, internet shutdowns in India have become increasingly common, particularly during periods of civil unrest and protests. While the government has the authority to impose reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech and expression to maintain public order, the arbitrary use of internet shutdowns has become a concerning trend. This paper explores the reasons behind and the consequences of these shutdowns on the right to freedom of speech and expression. The internet is a crucial medium for citizens to communicate, express dissent, and seek support, especially during times of crisis and unrest. Its importance is evident in regions like Jammu and Kashmir and the North Eastern states of India, where prolonged internet shutdowns have isolated affected communities from the rest of the country. The imposition of internet shutdowns as a means to restore peace raises questions about its reasonableness and adherence to constitutional provisions. The paper cites landmark cases, such as Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India, where the Supreme Court emphasized the importance of necessity and proportionality in internet shutdown orders. The lack of accountability mechanisms, combined with normalized shutdowns, has allowed the government to stifle dissent without justifiable cause. To protect fundamental rights and uphold the principles of democracy, judicial activism and a critical evaluation of government actions are essential. The paper concludes that internet shutdowns, as a means of suppressing free speech and expression, often fail to meet the criteria of reasonable restrictions and are, therefore, a violation of the fundamental rights guaranteed under the Indian Constitution.
The Correlation between Fatigue, Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Depression in a Sample of Patients at the Hassan II University Hospital Center – Department of Pulmonology – Sleep Unit, Fes-Morocco
Authors: - Mohamed Jiar , - Manal Abouhmala , - Mohammed El baize , - Smail Alaoui
Published: February 2024

The study aims to monitor the correlational relationship between fatigue, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and depression in a sample of patients visiting the Hassan II University Hospital Center in Fes. Study tools included the Epworth Sleepi-ness Scale, the Berlin Questionnaire for assessing the risk of sleep apnea, and Beck Depression Inventory. The scales have been translated into Arabic after ensuring their validity and reliability. Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 65+ years, with a male proportion of 34.4% (52) and a female proportion of 65.6% (99). The study results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) between fatigue and OSAS, with a correlation coefficient of 0.261. Similarly, a statistically sig-nificant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between fatigue and depression, with a correlation coefficient of 0.561.
Sustainable Development Goals Contributing to Women Emancipation in India
Authors: - OMPRAKASH SAHU
Published: February 2024

The environment is an important part of our day-to-day life and it fulfils our basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing. In our environment, we can find natural resources, biotic and abiotic things. For parochial interest, human beings are gradually destroying the environment and fulfilling present needs, but more and more natural resources are exhausted, which are not abundantly found in the world. Day by day, due to the population explosion, there is a danger to the environment. Basically, there are two types of energy resources, renewable and non-renewable sources of energy. Renewable sources can be recycled and abundantly found, such as solar energy, wind energy, hydropower energy, and non-renewable sources of energy are fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, nuclear energy, etc. Non-renewable sources of energy are found in a limited way. Through coal, thermal energy is produced, but it is harmful to the environment and exhaustible. Here the role of women is also increasing a lot. There was a time, that women were facing many problems to make food. They made their life dependent on forest wood. As far every country focused on sustainable policies, different type LPG gases has been using to make the women free from collecting woods and making food. Therefore, the government of India has initiated the International Solar Alliance with 121 countries to produce green energy through solar panels. The present research may show, what are the policies that has been taken by government of India for gender emancipation.
Income and Borrowing of Farmers in North-Eastern Region: Inferences from NSSO SAS 2013 and NAFIS 2017
Authors: - Talung Taloh
Published: February 2024

Abstract: NAFIS was launched in 2016-17 as a national level survey that offers, after NSSO SAS 2013, a comprehensive overview of the farmer’s behaviour in terms of income, earning sources, borrowing and indebtedness. NSSO 70th round of 2012-13 revealed many aspects of Indian farmers of which many parameters were covered by NAFIS. By employing these two surveys, the paper attempts to answer what are the changes that have taken place from 2013 to 2017 in terms of income and indebtedness of farmers in Northeastern region (NER) of India. Non-farm business income has seen large change in most of the states of the region with all NE states having higher average than the national average in 2017. The comparative analysis of SAS 2012-13 and NAFIS 2016-17 indicates that NER has improved a lot in terms of income and borrowing of agriculture households, however, changing scenario indicates income growing is inadequate, borrowing is low and outstanding debt has expanded rapidly. Large presence of subsistence agriculture, unregulated markets, negligible Agricultural Marketing Committees, lack of implementation of Minimum Support Price (MSP), low credit absorptive capacity, absence of land laws in large areas, poor infrastructure and geographical isolation are some of the major pertinent issues in the region that made agriculture underdeveloped. However, the two reports may not comparable in complete sense, therefore, necessary adjustment in parameters and calculation have been made to have a comparative scenario and to draw inferences.
Knowledge Regarding Impacts of Social Media Addiction among Nursing students of a Selected College in South India
Authors: - Ms. Riva Santra , - Ms. Neetu Gilbert
Published: February 2024

Human beings have fundamental needs to belong and to relate, for which interpersonal communication is the key. In recent decades, with the development of information technology, especially with rapid proliferation of internet based social media, the ways of interpersonal communication have changed drastically and platforms like Instagram and Facebook have become ingrained in the lives of countless individuals. Nowadays, social networking does not necessarily refer to what we do, but who we are. Social networking can arguably be considered a way of being.
A Brief Discussion on the Deficiency of Environment Conservation Act, 1995 and Its Correlation with Environment Conservation Rules, 1997
Authors: - Sabera Sultana
Published: February 2024

Environmental law is a new phenomenon in the judicial arena of Bangladesh. Two laws of Bangladesh aim at preserving and protecting the environment, The Environment Conservation Act, 1995 and Environment Conservation Rules, 1997. Protection of Environment is not only a national issue; this issue affects the entire human race. Therefore, every state has an inherent responsibility to conserve the environment. This doctrinal research paper evaluates the provisions and correlation of the above-mentioned national laws. It also aims at findings the lacking of the said act when it comes to conservation of the environment and enforcement.
Polymer Nanocomposites: A Comprehensive Review on Their Applications in Membranes and Adsorbents for Water Treatment and Gas Separation
Authors: - Yash Sureshchand Chaurasia
Published: February 2024

Environmental challenges such as water scarcity and air pollution have become critical global issues, prompting the need for innovative solutions. Polymer nanocomposites have emerged as promising materials for addressing these challenges due to their unique properties and functionalities. This comprehensive review explores the effective utilization of polymer nanocomposites in membranes and adsorbents for water treatment and gas separation. The synthesis methods, properties, and mechanisms of polymer nanocomposite membranes are discussed, along with their applications in wastewater treatment and gas separation. Furthermore, the use of polymer nanocomposites as adsorbents for removing toxic metals ions and dyes from water is examined, including the underlying adsorption mechanisms. Additionally, the review highlights recent patents in the field, emphasizing the innovative applications of polymer nanocomposite membranes for environmental purposes
A Study on Legal and Constitutional Right of Prisoner’s in India
Authors: - Vijay Kumar Pandey
Published: February 2024

The triad of the criminal justice system comprises police administration, the judiciary, and prisoner administration. This chapter delves into the examination of prisoners' rights, instances of infringement, and corrective actions outlined by the Indian constitution domestically, as well as by international organizations globally. Both international laws and the Indian constitution have articulated comprehensive regulations safeguarding the well-being of prisoners. Despite being marginalized in society, it is imperative to address their needs by ensuring a safe and secure living environment
Consumption of News through News Aggregator Applications : A study of Mangalore city
Authors: - Sandeep , - J. M. Chandunavar
Published: February 2024

Technological advances in the field of communication is leading to new forms of consumption of news and information. Consumption of news on smartphones is relatively a new phenomenon in today's media landscape. Today, almost every media organization has its own smartphone application to distribute news content to readers. But the rice of news aggregators and their smartphone applications has created a new dimension of news consumption on the portable device. Applications that aggregate news, such as Google News, Dailyhunt, Inshorts, Opera News etc., offer users personalized and up-to-date news from reputed sources. News consumers are turning to news aggregator apps as they provide news from multiple sources on a single platform. Despite the popularity of news aggregator applications in India. The present study tries to find out the impact of news aggregator applications on news consumers and the patterns of news consumption in these applications. Mangalore City of Karnataka state was selected to study the problem. The primary data collected from 220 respondents randomly through structured questionnaire.