bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFICATION OF ACHOLEPLASMA LAIDLAWII PG8 rrnA AND rrnB NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES DURING DISSOCIATION OF THE CELL CULTURE POPULATION
Authors: CHERNOV VLADISLAV M. , MOUKHAMETSHINA NATALIA E. , GOGOLEV YURII V. , NESTEROVA TATIANA N. , TRUSHIN MAXIM V. , CHERNOVA OLGA A.
Published: January 2007

The amplification of the 16S–23S spacer areas of the Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8 rRNA rrnA and rrnB operons has its own features. The attenuation of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) signal of the nucleotide sequences of rrnA containing tRNA genes might be observed if DNA without enzyme deproteinization is used as a matrix. The phenomenon takes place due to dissociation of cell population caused by the active entering of the vegetative cell forms into ultramicroforms in the mycoplasma culture at unfavorable growth conditions. The DNA of A. laidlawii PG8 ultramicroforms showed selective amplification of the rrnB nucleotide sequences – tRNA‐free rRNA operon. As to vegetative cells, the “equal” PCR signals for the nucleotide of rrnA and rrnB sequences were registered. In this connection, the use of specific nucleotide sequences of the rrnA spacer area as primers for PCR, as well as the mycoplasma cell DNA without special enzyme deproteinization as a matrix, may lead to wrong conclusions about the presence of A. laidlawii in the tested samples. The ability of A. laidlawii PG8 vegetative cell forms of actively entering into ultramicroforms at unfavorable growth conditions seems to demand a new approach to control mycoplasma infections, providing an efficient diagnosis to detect the vegetative cell forms and ultramicroforms of the mycoplasma in the tested samples.
FRACTURE‐FILLING CEMENTS IN THE PALAEOZOIC WARBURTON BASIN, SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Authors: Rezaee M.R. , Sun X.
Published: January 2007

In the Cambro‐Ordovician Warburton Basin, South Australia, reservoir rock porosity and permeability are enhanced by open fractures and by partially‐open or incompletely mineral‐filled fractures. However in many cases, the fractures are completely filled by cements of several types. A knowledge of the nature and origin of the fracture‐filling cements can help to identify areas where cement precipitation is relatively less intense, and where oil and gas production may be improved.

In the present study, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and stable isotope and electron microprobe analyses were used to indicate the nature and timing of fracture‐filling cements. The study shows that fracture‐filling cements in the studied Warburton Basin wells include quartz, siderite, ankerite, kaolin and pyrite. Based upon precipitation temperatures, stable isotope compositions, elemental compositions and quartz cement textures, a hydrothermal source for the silica and carbonate cements is envisaged. The hydrothermal activity may be related to granite intrusions during the Carboniferous.

Fluid inclusion microthermometry suggest that Warburton Basin rocks in some areas have experienced temperatures of more than 260°C and cannot therefore be a source of hydrocarbons. The observed low permeabilities occur because most fractures were completely or partially filled by cements precipitated during hydrothermal activity soon after granite intrusion. There is a greater likelihood of finding reservoir rocks with open fractures in areas far from the granite intrusions.
An Experimental Investigation of Grease-Lubricated Journal Bearings
Authors: Lu Xiaobin , Khonsari M. M.
Published: January 2007

A series of experimental results is presented to explore the frictional characteristics of a grease-lubricated journal bearing. Load, grease type, and bushing material are varied to examine their effects on the friction coefficient. The results attest to the existence of distinctive regimes in grease lubrication akin to the oil-lubricated Stribeck curve. A mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication model for line contacts is employed to estimate the coefficient of friction in mixed lubrication regime. The simulation results capture the basic characteristics of mixed lubrication.
The Effect of Surface Features on Nanorheology of LCP Melts in Nanochannels by MD Simulation
Authors: He Lan , Yung Kai Leung , Xu Yan , Shen Yun Wen
Published: January 2007

The effects of wall surface features on the rheological properties and phase orientation of liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) melts flowing in a nanochannel have been first investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The surfaces are modeled as rough atomic serrated walls whereby the roughness is characterized by the period and amplitude of serration. The molecular chains of LCPs are depicted by a newly developed molecular model named the GB-spring-bead model. Through simulating the phase formation of LCP melts, the new model was evaluated and the results have shown the new model is efficient and accurate to describe semi-flexible main-chain LCP molecules. MD simulations of the effect of wall surface features on the LCP shear flow were conducted and the results have revealed the surface features affect greatly the rheological properties and phase orientations of LCP melts in a nanochannel (the distance between the upper wall and the lower wall is 12.8nm). Findings in this study provide very useful information in the injection molding of plastic products with nanofeatures.
Development of a computer‐aided diagnostic scheme for detection of interval changes in successive whole‐body bone scans
Authors: Shiraishi Junji , Li Qiang , Appelbaum Daniel , Pu Yonglin , Doi Kunio
Published: January 2007

Bone scintigraphy is the most frequent examination among various diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures. It is a well‐established imaging modality for the diagnosis of osseous metastasis and for monitoring osseous tumor response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Although the sensitivity of bone scan examinations for detection of bone abnormalities has been considered to be relatively high, it is time consuming to identify multiple lesions such as bone metastases of prostate and breast cancers. In addition, it is very difficult to detect subtle interval changes between two successive abnormal bone scans, because of variations in patient conditions, the accumulation of radioisotopes during each examination, and the image quality of gamma cameras. Therefore, we developed a new computer‐aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme for the detection of interval changes in successive whole‐body bone scans by use of a temporal subtraction image which was obtained with a nonlinear image‐warping technique. We carried out 58 pairs of successive bone scans in which each scan included both posterior and anterior views. We determined 107 “gold‐standard” interval changes among the 58 pairs based on the consensus of three radiologists. Our computerized scheme consisted of seven steps, i.e., initial image density normalization on each image, image matching for the paired images, temporal subtraction by use of the nonlinear image‐warping technique, initial detection of interval changes by use of temporal‐subtraction images, image feature extraction of candidates of interval changes, rule‐based tests by use of 16 image features for removing some false positives, and display of the computer output for identified interval changes. One hundred seven gold standard interval changes included 71 hot lesions (uptake was increased compared with the previous scan, or there was new uptake in the current scan) and 36 cold lesions (uptake was decreased or disappeared) for anterior and posterior views. The overall sensitivity in the detection of interval changes, including both hot and cold lesions evaluated by use of the resubstitution and the leave‐one‐case‐out methods, were 95.3%, with 5.97 false positives per view, and 83.2% with 6.02, respectively. The temporal subtraction image for successive whole‐body bone scans has the potential to enhance the interval changes between two images, which also can be quantified. Furthermore, the CAD scheme for the detection of interval changes by use of temporal subtraction images would be useful in assisting radiologists’ interpretation on successive bone scan images.
Effect of respiratory motion on the delivery of breast radiotherapy using SMLC intensity modulation
Authors: Liu Qiang , McDermott Patrick , Burmeister Jay
Published: January 2007

This study evaluates the effects of respiratory motion on breast radiotherapy delivered using segmented multileaf collimator (SMLC) intensity modulation. An anthropomorphic breast phantom was constructed of polystyrene plates between which radiographic films were inserted. The phantom was mounted on a moving platform to simulate one‐dimensional sinusoidal oscillation with variable amplitude and frequency. The motion effect on two breast IMRT techniques, a beamlet‐based plan created using the Corvus treatment planning system and an aperture‐based plan, was evaluated via film comparison. Motion‐induced differences in the treatment region are generally within , with the exception of the posterior field edge and the apex of the breast in the Corvus IMRT plan. Considering the experimental uncertainty arising from the setup and film dosimetry, this result indicates that respiratory motion‐induced dose variations are generally relatively insignificant. It appears that the anterior hot spots observed in the Corvus IMRT plan result from the high intensity fluence delivered to the “virtual bolus” area which must be created during the planning process in order to provide “flash” for the respiratory motion. The potential magnitude of such effects resulting from the interplay between fluence modulation and patient motion are unique to the individual planning system and planning technique, as well as the delivery equipment and technique. Such effects should be carefully investigated prior to the implementation of IMRT for breast radiotherapy.
Dual Selection Pressure by Drugs and HLA Class I-Restricted Immune Responses on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease
Authors: Mueller Sandra M. , Schaetz Birgit , Eismann Kathrin , Bergmann Silke , Bauerle Michael , Schmitt-Haendle Matthias , Walter Hauke , Schmidt Barbara , Korn Klaus , Sticht Heinrich , Spriewald Bernd , Harrer Ellen G. , Harrer Thomas
Published: January 2007

To determine the influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific CD8+T cells on the development of drug resistance mutations in the HIV-1 protease, we analyzed protease sequences from viruses from a human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA class I)-typed cohort of 94 HIV-1-positive individuals. In univariate statistical analyses (Fisher's exact test), minor and major drug resistance mutations as well as drug-associated polymorphisms showed associations with HLA class I alleles. All correlations withPvalues of 0.05 or less were considered to be relevant without corrections for multiple tests. A subset of these observed correlations was experimentally validated by enzyme-linked immunospot assays, allowing the definition of 10 new epitopes recognized by CD8+T cells from patients with the appropriate HLA class I type. Several drug resistance-associated mutations in the protease acted as escape mutations; however, cells from many patients were still able to generate CD8+T cells targeting the escape mutants. This result presumably indicates the usage of different T-cell receptors by CD8+T cells targeting these epitopes in these patients. Our results support a fundamental role for HLA class I-restricted immune responses in shaping the sequence of the HIV-1 protease in vivo. This role may have important clinical implications both for the understanding of drug resistance pathways and for the design of therapeutic vaccines targeting drug-resistant HIV-1.
Etomidate Reduces Initiation of Backpropagating Dendritic Action Potentials: Implications for Sensory Processing and Synaptic Plasticity During Anesthesia
Authors: van den Burg Erwin H. , Engelmann Jacob , Bacelo João , Gómez Leonel , Grant Kirsty
Published: January 2007

Anesthetics may induce specific changes that alter the balance of activity within neural networks. Here we describe the effects of the GABAAreceptor potentiating anesthetic etomidate on sensory processing, studied in a cerebellum-like structure, the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of mormyrid fish, in vitro. Previous studies have shown that the ELL integrates sensory input and removes predictable features by comparing reafferent sensory signals with a descending electromotor command-driven corollary signal that arrives in part through parallel fiber synapses with the apical dendrites of GABAergic interneurons. These synapses show spike timing–dependent depression when presynaptic activation is associated with postsynaptic backpropagating dendritic action potentials. Under etomidate, almost all neurons become tonically hyperpolarized. The threshold for action potential initiation increased for both synaptic activation and direct intracellular depolarization. Synaptically evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were also strongly potentiated and prolonged. Current source density analysis showed that backpropagation of action potentials through the apical dendritic arborization in the molecular layer was reduced but could be restored by increasing stimulus strength. These effects of etomidate were blocked by bicuculline or picrotoxin. It is concluded that etomidate affects both tonic and phasic inhibitory conductances at GABAAreceptors and that increased shunting inhibition at the level of the proximal dendrites also contributes to increasing the threshold for action potential backpropagation. When stimulus strength is sufficient to evoke backpropagation, repetitive association of synaptic excitation with postsynaptic action potential initiation still results in synaptic depression, showing that etomidate does not interfere with the molecular mechanism underlying plastic modulation.
Chronic High-Inspired CO2 Decreases Excitability of Mouse Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Gu Xiang Q. , Kanaan Amjad , Yao Hang , Haddad Gabriel G.
Published: January 2007

To examine the effect of chronically elevated CO2 on excitability and function of neurons, we exposed mice to 8 and 12% CO2 for 4 wk (starting at 2 days of age), and examined the properties of freshly dissociated hippocampal neurons obtained from slices. Chronic CO2-treated neurons (CC) had a similar input resistance ( Rm) and resting membrane potential ( Vm) as control (CON). Although treatment with 8% CO2 did not change the rheobase (64 ± 11 pA, n = 9 vs. 47 ± 12 pA, n = 8 for CC 8% vs. CON; means ± SE), 12% CO2 treatment increased it significantly (73 ± 8 pA, n = 9, P = 0.05). Furthermore, the 12% CO2 but not the 8% CO2 treatment decreased the Na+ channel current density (244 ± 36 pA/pF, n = 17, vs. 436 ± 56 pA/pF, n = 18, for CC vs. CON, P = 0.005). Recovery from inactivation was also lowered by 12% but not 8% CO2. Other gating properties of Na+ current, such as voltage-conductance curve, steady-state inactivation, and time constant for deactivation, were not modified by either treatment. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of Na+ channel types I–III was not changed by 8% CO2 treatment, but their expression was significantly decreased by 20–30% ( P = 0.03) by the 12% treatment. We conclude from these data and others that neuronal excitability and Na+ channel expression depend on the duration and level of CO2 exposure and maturational changes occur in early life regarding neuronal responsiveness to CO2.
Punking and Bullying
Authors: Phillips Debby A.
Published: January 2007

Punking is a practice of verbal and physical violence, humiliation, and shaming usually done in public by males to other males. This definition is based on interviews and discussion groups with 32 adolescent boys and on media sources within which adolescent males are embedded. Discourse analysis findings reveal that punking terminology and behaviors are usually interchangeable with bullying terminology and behaviors. Both practices are purposeful strategies taken up and used by many boys to affirm masculinity norms of toughness, strength, dominance, and control. Implications from this research promote a shift in understandings of how masculinity norms are achieved. Further, the research suggests that by bringing critical attention to social accountability for production of unhealthy norms and the violent practices that affirm these norms, we might well extend the scope and focus of intervention into harmful practices of violence, such as punking and bullying.
Nursing, Healthcare, and Culture: Views From Canada and Taiwan for the Year 2050
Authors: Fawcett Jacqueline , Lavoie Mireille , Shyu Yea-Ing Lotus
Published: January 2007

This column presents a dialogue with Canadian nurse scholar Mireille Lavoie and Taiwanese nurse scholar Yea-Ing Lotus Shyu, who share their own vision and their understanding of their country's vision of nursing, health-care, and quality of life in the year 2050.
A Correlational Study Between Depression and Marital Adjustment in Hispanic Couples
Authors: Treviño Yolanda A. , Wooten H. Ray , Scott Robin E.
Published: January 2007

This study examines the relationships between depression and marital adjustment in Hispanic couples as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory—II and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. The participants were 98 married Hispanic couples from Las Vegas and San Antonio area churches and community centers who volunteered to participate in this study. Correlations for husbands and wives and the total group between depression and overall marital adjustment and the subscales of marital adjustment were significant. In addition, the husbands’ and wives’ depression scores were significantly correlated to one another. Furthermore, the relationship between husbands’ marital adjustment scores and wives’ depression scores was significantly stronger than the inverse relationship of wives’ marital adjustment with husbands’ depression. The results of this study support an interactional theory of depression and thus highlight the need to take both members of a couple and the cultural dynamics into consideration when developing interventions to treat depression.
Children, Adolescents, and Isolated Traumatic Events: Counseling Considerations for Couples and Family Counselors
Authors: Villalba José A. , Lewis Lucy D.
Published: January 2007

This article presents considerations for marriage and family counselors assisting children and adolescent clients who have witnessed or survived an isolated traumatic event or who have family members who have witnessed or survived an isolated traumatic event. Direct emotional outcomes in children and teens related to isolated traumatic events, such as separation anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder, also are presented. In addition, specific clinical interventions—including the use of play therapy, psychoeducational groups, and cognitive-behavioral therapy—are presented as specific methods for assisting children and teenagers coping with traumatic events in a variety of settings.
Single-Session Consultations for Parents: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Sommers-Flanagan John
Published: January 2007

Many parents want child-rearing information and emotional support from mental health professionals but are reluctant to attend group parenting classes or commit to long-term counseling. This study evaluated the efficacy of a specific, brief parent consultation intervention. Preliminary data were collected during routine single-session parenting consultations offered through a community agency. Preconsultation and postconsultation data from 21 of 33 (63.6%) consultees were analyzed using two-tailed paired-sample t tests with Bonferroni adjustments. Results, based on parent responses to a 17-item Likert-type questionnaire, indicated that parents rated themselves as less stressed and more capable of handling their children’s behaviors following their single-session consultation. Satisfaction ratings and qualitative data were consistent with self-ratings, suggesting that parents had very positive reactions to their brief consultation experiences. Discussion focused on the limits of this investigation and recommendations for more rigorous research, including a more diverse sample as well as a waiting list control group, in this potentially important practice area for family and school counselors.
The Significance of Distinctiveness: A Proposal for Rethinking Organizational Knowledge
Authors: Schreyögg Georg , Geiger Daniel
Published: January 2007

In this article we attempt to provide some reorientation for the use of the concept of knowledge within management studies. The point of departure is the striking discrepancy between the great importance nowadays attributed to knowledge (knowledge economy, knowledge resources, knowledge societies, knowledge-intensive firms, etc.) on the one hand and the vague and blurring conceptualizations of knowledge on the other hand. Informed by philosophy of science a revised concept of knowledge is suggested that basically draws on communication and reflection. The core idea is that knowledge should be treated as a distinctive term which allows for a differentiation between knowledge and non-knowledge. The suggested concept therefore makes discursive examination a central part of the notion of knowledge. In the final part we attempt to demonstrate the possible benefi ts of such re-orientation by analysing both its theoretical and practical implications.
Managing Knowledge in Organization Studies Through Instrumentation
Authors: McKinley William
Published: January 2007

This article advocates a program of standard instrumentation in organization studies to improve the way knowledge is managed in the discipline. The construct ‘knowledge management’ is discussed, and the role of this construct in the theory of the firm is briefly reviewed. Then two problems of knowledge management in organization studies are identified—construct de-objectification and the difficulty of cumulating knowledge across empirical studies. The role of instrumentation in natural science is described, and it is argued that standard instrumentation in natural science helps moderate the problems of construct de-objectification and barriers to cross-study accumulation of knowledge. The possibility of implementing a program of standard instrumentation in organization studies is then discussed. It is maintained that standardized instrumentation for measuring organization studies constructs would help alleviate the knowledge management problems just mentioned. Advantages and disadvantages of the standard instrumentation program are reviewed, and the conclusion emphasizes the potential contribution of the program.
Lessons to be learned: a case study approach. Lateral aberrant thyroid tissue: is it always malignant?
Authors: Escofet X , Khan A Z , Mazarani Waseem , Woods William GA
Published: January 2007

Traditionally ‘lateral aberrant thyroid’ tissue present in cervical lymph nodes in the face of a clinically normal thyroid gland is held to be a metastasis from an occult primary thyroid carcinoma. A patient in whom follicular thyroid tissue was found in a lymph node lateral to the carotid sheath in the presence of a thyroid gland which was histologically free of cancer is herewith presented.
Activation of a novel Bcr/Abl destruction pathway by WP1130 induces apoptosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells
Authors: Bartholomeusz Geoffrey A. , Talpaz Moshe , Kapuria Vaibhav , Kong Ling Yuan , Wang Shimei , Estrov Zeev , Priebe Waldemar , Wu Ji , Donato Nicholas J.
Published: January 2007

Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is effective therapy against Philadelphia chromosome–positive leukemia, but resistance develops in all phases of the disease. Bcr/Abl point mutations and other alterations reduce the kinase inhibitory activity of imatinib mesylate; thus, agents that target Bcr/Abl through unique mechanisms may be needed. Here we describe the activity of WP1130, a small molecule that specifically and rapidly down-regulates both wild-type and mutant Bcr/Abl protein without affecting bcr/abl gene expression in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells. Loss of Bcr/Abl protein correlated with the onset of apoptosis and reduced phosphorylation of Bcr/Abl substrates. WP1130 did not affect Hsp90/Hsp70 ratios within the cells and did not require the participation of the proteasomal pathway for loss of Bcr/Abl protein. WP1130 was more effective in reducing leukemic versus normal hematopoietic colony formation and strongly inhibited colony formation of cells derived from patients with T315I mutant Bcr/Abl–expressing CML in blast crisis. WP1130 suppressed the growth of K562 heterotransplanted tumors as well as both wild-type Bcr/Abl and T315I mutant Bcr/Abl–expressing BaF/3 cells transplanted into nude mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that WP1130 reduces wild-type and T315I mutant Bcr/Abl protein levels in CML cells through a unique mechanism and may be useful in treating CML.
HLA mismatching within or outside of cross-reactive groups (CREGs) is associated with similar outcomes after unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Wade Judith A. , Katovich Hurley Carolyn , Takemoto Steven K. , Thompson John , Davies Stella M. , Fuller Thomas C. , Rodey Glenn , Confer Dennis L. , Noreen Harriet , Haagenson Michael , Kan Fangyu , Klein John , Eapen Mary , Spellman Stephen , Kollman Craig
Published: January 2007

The National Marrow Donor Program maintains a registry of volunteer donors for patients in need of a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Strategies for selecting a partially HLA-mismatched donor vary when a full match cannot be identified. Some transplantation centers limit the selection of mismatched donors to those sharing mismatched antigens within HLA-A and HLA-B cross-reactive groups (CREGs). To assess whether an HLA mismatch within a CREG group (“minor”) may result in better outcome than a mismatch outside CREG groups (“major”), we analyzed validated outcomes data from 2709 bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cell transplantations. Three-hundred and ninety-six pairs (15%) were HLA-DRB1 allele matched but had an antigen-level mismatch at HLA-A or HLA-B. Univariate and multivariate analyses of engraftment, graft-versus-host disease, and survival showed that outcome is not significantly different between minor and major mismatches (P = .47, from the log-rank test for Kaplan-Meier survival). However, HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DRB1 allele–matched cases had significantly better outcome than mismatched cases (P < .001). For patients without an HLA match, the selection of a CREG-compatible donor as tested does not improve outcome.
Intravital imaging of fluorescent markers and FRET probes by DNA tattooing
Authors: Bins Adriaan D , van Rheenen Jacco , Jalink Kees , Halstead Jonathan R , Divecha Nullin , Spencer David M , Haanen John BAG , Schumacher Ton NM
Published: January 2007

Background

Advances in fluorescence microscopy and mouse transgenesis have made it possible to image molecular events in living animals. However, the generation of transgenic mice is a lengthy process and intravital imaging requires specialized knowledge and equipment. Here, we report a rapid and undemanding intravital imaging method using generally available equipment.

Results

By DNA tattooing we transfect keratinocytes of living mice with DNA encoding fluorescent biosensors. Subsequently, the behavior of individual cells expressing these biosensors can be visualized within hours and using conventional microscopy equipment. Using this "instant transgenic" model in combination with a corrected coordinate system, we followed the in vivo behavior of individual cells expressing either FRET- or location-based biosensors for several days. The utility of this approach was demonstrated by assessment of in vivo caspase-3 activation upon induction of apoptosis.

Conclusion

This "instant skin transgenic" model can be used to follow the in vivo behavior of individual cells expressing either FRET- or location-based probes for several days after tattooing and provides a rapid and inexpensive method for intravital imaging in murine skin.
An Examination of Twenty Literacy, Science, and Mathematics Practices Used to Educate Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Easterbrooks Susan R , Stephenson Brenda
Published: January 2007

The results of a multistep process to begin identifying best practices in deaf education are presented. To identify current practices, a survey was conducted of the literature, the Web sites of professional organizations, and states' education Web sites, which yielded a number of commonly discussed practices. Ten of the more highly cited practices in literacy instruction and 10 of the more highly cited practices in science and mathematics instruction were identified for additional scrutiny. Hundreds of articles were examined to identify research support for the 20 identified practices. Some practices had adequate research support; others had minimal support. The authors identify each of the 20 practices, describe the practice, present a summary of the literature that was examined, and rate the usefulness of the knowledge base relative to a "best practice" designation.
Can't Beat Me Own Drum in Me Own Native Land : Calypso Music and Tourism in the Panamanian Atlantic Coast
Authors: Guerrón-Montero Carla María
Published: January 2007

The connection between music and identity is especially evident in the African diaspora. In the Caribbean, music is particularly important to the cultural and ethnic identities of black populations. This article discusses the multiple meanings of music for Panamanian Afro-Antillean identity in the Caribbean, by placing musical genres such as calypso, soka, and reggae, in the context of tourism development.
Craft Production and Social Change in Mumun Pottery Period Korea
Authors: Bale Martin T , Ko Min-jung
Published: January 2007

This paper addresses the development of craft production in the Mumun Pottery Period (c. 1500 to 300 B.C.) of south-central Korea. Specialized craft production of greenstone ornaments, groundstone daggers, red-burnished pottery, and bronze objects was coeval with the onset of intensive agriculture. We examine the nature of this production in the settlement of Daepyeong, where social differentiation increased diachronically, notably in the Late Middle Mumun (700–550 B.C.). Specialized craft production appears to have originated as a supplement to intensive agriculture in the Early Middle Mumun (850–700 B.C.), when a mix of corporate and network strategies of competition between leaders existed but social differences between community members was deemphasized and consumption of prestige artifacts was limited. Evidence suggests that full-time leaders used the production and distribution of greenstone ornaments and long groundstone daggers in an incipient network strategy to gain power for themselves and their supporters in the Late Middle Mumun.
Comparing Phonological and Orthographic Vocabulary Size: Do Vocabulary Tests Underestimate the Knowledge of Some Learners
Authors: Milton James , Hopkins Nicola
Published: January 2007

Any description of what it means to know a word in a foreign language is likely to include recognition of form, both how a word sounds when heard and what it looks like when written. However, tests of vocabulary knowledge focus almost exclusively on the written form of the word. We have little idea of learners' phonological vocabulary knowledge or how it might interact with orthographic knowledge. It is suspected that written vocabulary tests may underestimate the vocabulary knowledge of native Arabic speakers, who often handle English orthography poorly. This paper reports a comparison of the phonological and orthographic vocabulary sizes of Greek and Arabic native speakers. Results suggest that written tests do not underestimate Arabic speakers' vocabulary size. The two aspects of vocabulary knowledge develop differently with language level. Very proficient learners of EFL are characterized by an orthographic word recognition much greater than their phonological word recognition.

Toute définition de ce que cela veut dire de connaître un mot dans une langue étrangère devrait inclure la reconnaissance de sa forme, tant sonore quand on l'entend qu'écrite quand on le voit. Toutefois, les examens visant à évaluer la connaissance du vocabulaire se concentrent presque tous exclusivement sur la forme écrite des mots. Nous en savons peu sur le vocabulaire phonologique des apprenants ou son lien avec le vocabulaire orthographique. On soupçonne que les examens écrits ne reflètent pas les connaissances en matière de vocabulaire des arabophones, qui ont souvent de la difficulté avec l'orthographe anglaise. L'article signale qu'une comparaison de la taille des vocabulaires phonologiques et orthographiques a été effectuée chez des personnes dont la langue maternelle est le grec ou l'arabe, et les résultats obtenus aux examens ont correspondu à la taille du vocabulaire des arabophones. Les deux aspects de la connaissance du vocabulaire se développent différemment selon le niveau de langage. Chez les apprenants très compétents en ALS, la reconnaissance orthographique des mots est supérieure à la reconnaissance phonologique.
Singaporean Exceptionalism and Its Implications for ASEAN Regionalism
Authors: Thompson Eric C
Published: January 2007

Singapore is a unique polity in the world and in Southeast Asia. A survey conducted at the National University of Singapore (NUS) of perceptions generally of countries worldwide and specifically of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) demonstrates a sense of Singaporean exceptionalism. While respondents to the survey have a distinct sense of ASEAN as a regional grouping, they see Singapore as largely apart from rather than a part of Southeast Asia. The article examines the results from Singapore, with reference to comparable surveys carried out in four other ASEAN member states. The unique sense of Singaporean exceptionalism is attributed to Singapore's own unusual characteristics, struggles with national identity, and overriding economic imperatives associated with nation survival. This sense of exceptionalism exemplifies challenges to ASEAN integration that are not only of relevance to Singapore but to the region generally.
Deconstructing the Sauvage/Savage in the Writing of Samuel de Champlain and Captain John Smith
Authors: Peace Thomas G. M
Published: January 2007

Cet article examine les mots qui se réfèrent aux autochtones dans les écrits de Samuel de Champlain et du capitaine John Smith. Il montre que les mots « sauvage/savage » sont synonymes de l'expression « habitant de l'Amérique du Nord ». D'ailleurs, le vocabulaire utilisé par ces deux auteurs a grandi au cours des années et a changé selon l'endroit de l'écriture. Grâce à cette étude, nous comprenons mieux le sens historique des mots « sauvage/savage ».
Beau comme l'antique, vrai comme la nature
Authors: Lemaistre Isabelle
Published: January 2007

Lemaistre explains that the elaboration of a new sculptural style in the nineteenth century was strongly influenced by the static nature of the materials and the technical difficulties required in the production of large pieces. Marble, with its connection to antiquity, as well as its connotations of purity, unity, and restraint, was the preferred material for commissions under the First Empire and the Restoration. As a synonym for Beauty (beau comme l'antique), marble pieces modeled after the classical style were an integral part of the discourse on sculpture well beyond mid-century. Although the discovery of the Elgin marbles and the use of bronze after 1831 brought new life to sculptural practice, one can detect models from Antiquity even in clothed figures by sculptors of the new school like Rude or Duseigneur. In fact, the concept of the "True" (vrai comme la nature) as being as close to the living model as possible without resorting to moulages sur nature became central to the theorizing of both neoclassical and Romantic schools. (In French)
Po�tique de la ligne: Autour des colonnes sculpt�es
Authors: Metzidakis Stamos
Published: January 2007

Pictorial and literary representations of sculpted columns by artist Hubert Robert and poets Chénier, Hugo, Gautier, and Baudelaire reveal, according to Metzidakis, the ambiguous nature of the line as both a sign of mobility and of immobility. He analyzes the poetics of the line in Robert's painting of "La Colonne" dated 1789, Chénier's "colonnes savantes" in the unfinished Hermès, and Hugo's two odes dedicated to the "Colonne Vendôme" in order to propose that the column functions semiotically as a kind of degree zero (axis mundi) or limit-value of movement in sculpture. L'ennuidela ligne droite as a sign of the agonizing state of neoclassicism is brought out in texts by Gautier and Baudelaire. Metzidakis concludes by noting that despite the poetic ennui produced by the immobility of the vertical line (and by extension, of the antique form), the monotony and harmony of the column continue to reassure Baudelaire and his generation. (In French)
In Law More Than in Life? Liberalism, Reason, and Religion in Public Schools
Authors: Davies Ann
Published: January 2007

In the First Amendment, the free exercise of religion is set apart from the right of free speech, suggesting that religion is a unique form of speech, as well as of privacy and autonomy. The amendment extends this exceptionalism by prohibiting Congress from making any law "respecting an establishment of religion." In this article I consider a series of court cases involving the rights of free speech and religious conscience for children, particularly in the context of public schools. In these cases, the Supreme Court participates in the shaping of a liberal mind that divides reason from religion rather sharply, often privileging the former while simultaneously downplaying the role and power of the state in the moral and political development of schoolchildren. My discussion concludes with a consideration of the ways in which the Court constructs an individualistic psychology that ultimately strengthens the power of the state it purports to limit and shortchanges the meaningful development of liberal citizenship.
Disciplining Jefferson: The Man within the Breast and the Rhetorical Norms of Producing Order
Authors: Engels Jeremy
Published: January 2007

This essay analyzes Thomas Jefferson's letter to Maria Cosway of October 12, 1786, remembered today as the dialogue between Jefferson's head and heart. By offering a close reading of the rhetorical styles of the players in Jefferson's letter, and by reading the dialogue alongside Adam Smith's The Theory of Moral Sentiments, this essay argues that Jefferson's goal was to discipline his irrational, misbehaving heart. Jefferson's letter is interesting as a rhetorical artifact in itself, and deserves a close reading; yet this essay also argues that Jefferson's letter warrants consideration because it offers a detailed discussion of his political psychology and also, I argue, a window into his fantasies about how public affairs would be managed in the United States.
No Raisins, No Almonds: Singing as Spiritual Resistance to the Holocaust
Authors: Adler Eliyana R
Published: January 2007

This essay examines how songs functioned as a form of spiritual resistance during the Holocaust. The importance of singing has long been acknowledged, and almost immediately after the war scholars and survivors began collecting the songs Jews sang. Building on the fact that many of the most popular songs were either written before the war or made reference to popular songs from the pre-war period, this essay categorizes these recycled songs as either reused, rewritten, or response and shows how the use of familiar songs, tunes, refrains and even references offered Jewish composers and singers access to a particularly deep and subtle range of tools for meeting the spiritual and emotional needs of their audience.
Emergence and Development of Signed Languages: From a Semiogenetic Point of View
Authors: Fusellier-Souza Ivani
Published: January 2007

This article first introduces some theoretical considerations concerning the emergence and evolution of sign languages from the semiogenetic perspective. It then presents results from a linguistic study of the phenomenon of lexical stabilization in three emerging sign languages used by Brazilian deaf adults who live in a hearing environment without contact with a deaf community.
Relaxation Dynamics upon Ultrashort UV Photo-Excitation of an Iodide Doped Ionic Liquid and of a Pure Lithium Iodide Melt
Authors: Chandrasekhar N. , Unterreiner A.-N.
Published: January 2007

The ultrafast dynamics of photolytically generated solvated electrons were investigated for the first time in a pure lithium iodide (LiI) melt at 480 °C and in an iodide doped room-temperature ionic liquid. A 70 fs UV-pulse was used to generate excess electrons and their subsequent transient response was monitored in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. In LiI a pulse-duration limited rise of the induced absorption at all probe wavelengths was attributed to the formation of excess electrons. A minor portion of these electrons (∼20%) were subject to geminate recombination with a time constant of 2 ps. Thereafter, the induced absorption remained unaltered for over 100 ps. The ultrafast dynamics in an iodide doped room-temperature ionic liquid contrasts with the ultrafast response of excess electrons in LiI and in pure room temperature ionic liquids. First, the formation of solvated electrons seems to be delayed by up to 2 ps and second, iodine atoms act as efficient electron scavengers on a tens of ps time scale. As a result, ∼80% of the initially prepared solvated electrons undergo geminate recombination after about 70 ps. Furthermore, an additional component around 720 nm is attributed to the formation of diiodide.
Electrochemical Deposition of Nanostructured Metals and Alloys from Ionic Liquids
Authors: Natter H. , Bukowski M. , Hempelmann R. , El Abedin S. Zein , Moustafa E. M. , Endres F.
Published: January 2007

Metals like aluminium, magnesium, tungsten or their alloys cannot be electrodeposited from aqueous electrolytes. We have developed a procedure using AlCl3-based ionic liquids for the deposition of nanostructured metals and alloys. The ionic liquids (IL) employed for these studies consist of mixtures of an inorganic (e.g., AlCl3) and an organic component (e.g., 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazoliumchloride or [BMIm]Cl). In our contribution we describe the electrochemical deposition of less noble metals like Al or Fe and alloys like Al
x
Mn1−x
with a controlled nanostructure. The variation of physical and chemical process parameters allows the deposition of samples with crystallite sizes from 10 up to several hundred nm. Deposits prepared from IL's show remarkable properties. Based on nanoindentation measurements we observe crystallite size dependent microhardness for nanostructured aluminium (from 1.44 GPa (100 nm) to 3.40 GPa (14 nm)). The thermal stability of the deposits was measured by high temperature X-ray diffraction. The deposits show a thermal stability up to 350 °C resulting from oxide impurities in the grain boundaries. An activiation energy of 41 kJ/mol can be determined for the crystallite growth process. The magnetization curves of nanostructurd iron exhibit soft magnetic behavior; the coercivity is inverse proportional to the crystallite size.
Role Strain, Emotion Management, and Burnout: Homeschooling Mothers' Adjustment to the Teacher Role
Authors: Lois Jennifer
Published: January 2007

Drawing from three years of field research with a homeschooling support group in the Pacific Northwest, I present the emotional stages mothers passed through as they tried to integrate the teacher role into their busy lives. In most cases, mothers found teaching more demanding than they had expected, straining their other roles as mothers and homemakers, as well as causing emotional burnout. To manage their insecurity, anxiety, and stress, mothers employed a variety of emotion management techniques. Mothers who successfully overcame burnout prioritized some roles, combined others, and received significant support from their husbands. I conclude by discussing the implications for theories of burnout.
Histological Study of the First Seven Days of Skin Wound Healing in Rats
Authors: Vidinský B. , Gál P. , Toporcer T. , Longauer F. , Lenhardt Ľ. , Bobrov N. , Sabo J.
Published: January 2007

The aim of this study was to elaborate a histological model of incisional skin wound healing in Sprague-Dawley rats. Under aseptic conditions two paravertebral full thickness skin incisions were performed on the back of 42 anesthetized male rats. Histological sections from tissue specimens were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, van Gieson, PAS + PSD, Mallory's phosphotungstic hematoxylin and azur and eosin and evaluated during the first seven days after surgery. Histological evaluation revealed that the regeneration of injured epidermis was completed five days after surgery. The inflammatory phase was recorded during the first three days of healing with the culmination of this phase between day one and day two. The beginning of the proliferative phase was dated to the first day and the peak during day five and day six. The initiation of the maturation and remodeling phase of the healing process was observed six days after wounding. At the layer of striated muscle, the centronucleated cells were described for the first time six days after surgery. The wound healing process of rat skin was histologically described during the first seven days. Results of this work can serve as an experimental model for further research using external pharmacological and physical factors (laser light, magnetic field) by which the wound healing can be favourably influenced.
A method for detecting the effect of magnetic field on activity changes of neuronal populations of Morimus funereus (coleoptera, cerambycidae)
Authors: Todorović Dajana , Kalauzi Aleksandar , Prolić Zlatko , Jović Miloš , Mutavdžić Dragosav
Published: January 2007

Modification of a new method for detecting changes in the activities of neuronal population and the nearest neuron is described. Preliminary measurements of the influence of a static magnetic field (2 mT) on neuronal population activity on eight individuals of an endangered insect species Morimus funereus are included. Five minutes exposure produced both excitatory (5/8) and inhibitory (3/8) effect on the activity of neuronal population of M. funereus antennal lobe. However, when the reversibility of induced effects was quantitatively analyzed, our results showed that they were prevailingly irreversible: (7/8) for the population, (6/8) for the nearest neuron. Bioelectromagnetics 28:238–241, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome of patients with huge hepatocellular carcinoma after primary resection and treatment of recurrent lesions
Authors: Lee S G , Hwang S , Jung J P , Lee Y J , Kim K H , Ahn C S
Published: January 2007

Background

Tumour recurrence is common after hepatic resection of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) greater than 10 cm in diameter. This study evaluated the outcome of patients with huge HCC after primary resection and treatment of recurrent lesions.

Methods

A retrospective review was undertaken of clinical data for 100 patients with huge HCC who underwent liver resection.

Results

Mean(s.d.) tumour diameter was 13·3(3·0) cm; 80 per cent were single lesions. Systematic and non-systematic resections were performed in 80 and 20 per cent of patients respectively, with R0 resection achieved in 86 per cent. Overall 1-, 3- and 5-year disease-free survival rates were 43, 26 and 20 per cent respectively. Risk factors for HCC recurrence were resection margin less than 1 cm and macrovascular invasion. Extensive tumour necrosis of 90 per cent or more after preoperative transarterial chemoembolization was not a prognostic factor. Some 85 per cent of patients with recurrence received various treatments, and these patients had a longer post-recurrence survival than those who were not treated. Overall 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 66, 44 and 31 per cent respectively.

Conclusion

In patients with huge HCC, hepatic resection combined with active treatment for recurrence resulted in longer-term survival. Frequent protocol-based follow-up appears to be beneficial for the early detection and timely treatment of recurrence.