bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amycolatopsis
Authors: Tan Geok Yuan Annie , Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

A.my.co.la.top'sis. N.L. fem. n.Amycolatagenus belonging to the orderActinomycetales; Gr. fem. n.opsisaspect, appearance; N.L. fem. n.Amycolatopsisthat which appears similar toAmycolata.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Amycolatopsis

Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic,Gram‐stain‐positive,non‐acid‐fast,nonmotile,catalase‐positive actinomycetes that form branching substrate hyphae which fragment into squarish and rod‐shaped elements.When formed,aerial hyphae may be sterile or differentiate into chains of smooth‐walled,squarish to ellipsoidal spore‐like structures. Chemo‐organotrophic to facultatively autotrophic. Grows on a broad range of organic and synthetic media. Mesophilic or thermophilic.Whole‐organism hydrolysates are rich inmeso‐2,6‐diaminopimelic acid,arabinose,and galactose. The peptidoglycan is of the A1γ type. Muramic acid moieties areN‐acetylated.The diagnostic phospholipid is phosphatidylethanolamine(with or without phosphatidylmethylethanolamine)or phosphatidylmethylethanolaminewith variable occurrence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylinositol mannosides; containscomplex mixtures of saturated and branched chain fatty acids. Does not contain mycolic acids. The phylogenetic position ofAmycolatopsis, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, is in the familyPseudonocardiaceae.

Common in arid soils but has also been isolated from activated sludge, equine placentas, and from clinical and plant material.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 66–75 (Tm; HPLC).

Type species:Amycolatopsis orientalis(Pittenger and Brigham 1956) Lechevalier, Prauser, Labeda and Ruan 1986, 35VP.
Crossiella
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: July 2015

Cros.si.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.Crossiellanamed for Thomas Cross, a microbiologist at the University of Bradford who made many contributions to actinomycete biology and systematics.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Crossiella

Aerobic. Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid fast, nonmotile actinomycetes. Forms branched substrate mycelium (approx. 0.5 µm in diameter) and, on some media, aerial mycelia are produced.Vegetative mycelium may fragment into rod‐shaped elements and sclerotia‐like pseudosporangia may be produced on the substrate mycelium.Swellings may be produced at or near the tip of aerial hyphae. Mycolic acids are absent. Catalase‐positive.Containsmeso‐diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid and acetylated peptidoglycan.The whole‐cell sugar pattern consists of galactose,mannose,rhamnose,and ribose.The phospholipid pattern consists of phosphatidylethanolamine,phosphatidylmethylethanolamine,phosphatidylinositol,and phosphatidylinositol mannosides.The predominant menaquinone is MK‐9(H4). Has a fatty acid profile rich in branched‐chain and saturated components.Phylogenetically,the nearest neighbor is the genusKutzneria.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 71.4 (Tm).

Type species:Crossiella cryophilaLabeda 2001, 1579VP.
Goodfellowiella
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: July 2015

Good.fel.low.i.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Goodfellowiella
named for Michael Goodfellow, a microbiologist at the University of Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne, in recognition of his contributions to microbial systematics.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Goodfellowiella

Aerobic. Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast, nonmotile actinomycetes. Branched substrate mycelium (approx. 0.5 µm in diameter) and, on some media, aerial mycelia are produced.
Ovoid conidia are produced by fragmentation of substrate mycelium
. Catalase‐positive.

Contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid

.
The whole‐cell sugar pattern consists of galactose and ribose
.
The phospholipid pattern consists of diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylethanolamine
,
phosphatidylethanolamine with hydroxylated fatty acids
,
and traces of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides
.
The predominant menaquinones are MK‐9
(

H
4

)
and MK‐10
(

H
4

).
Has a fatty acid profile rich in branched chain and saturated components including 10‐methyl‐branched heptadecanoic acid and anteiso‐branched 2‐hydroxy fatty acids
. Phylogenetically, its nearest neighbor is the genus
Actinoalloteichus
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68.2 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Goodfellowiella coeruleoviolacea
(Preobrazhenskaya and Terekhova 1 9 8 7) Labeda, Kroppenstedt, Euzéby and Tindall 2 0 0 8, 1048
VP
.
Kibdelosporangium
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: July 2015

Kib.del.o.spo.ran'gi.um. Gr. adj.
kibdelos
false, ambiguous; Gr. n.
spora
seed, and in biology a spore; Gr. n.
angeion
a vessel; N.L. neut. n.
Kibdelosporangium
false or ambiguous sporangium. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Kibdelosporangium

Aerobic, catalase‐positive, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast, filamentous organisms that produce a substrate mycelium that penetrates the agar and forms a compact layer on top of the agar; aerial mycelium originates from the substrate mycelium.
Substrate mycelium may exhibit varying degrees of fragmentation and usually bears specialized structures that appear to be dichotomously branched
,
septate hyphae radiating from a common stalk
.
The aerial mycelia bear long chains of spores and sporangium‐like structures
.
The sporangium‐like structures are surrounded by well‐defined walls
,
but do not contain spores and germinate directly
,
producing one or more germ tubes when placed on solid growth media
.
Motile elements or spores are not present
.

Contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid

.

Whole‐cell sugar pattern consists of arabinose and
D
‐galactose

,
with traces of madurose usually present
. The phospholipid pattern consists of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, and phosphatidylmethylethanolamine.
Mycolic acids are not present
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Kibdelosporangium aridum
Shearer, Colman, Ferrin, Nisbet and Nash 1986a, 48
VP
.
Lechevalieria
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: July 2015

Le.che.va.li.e'ri.a. N.L. fem. n.
Lechevalieria
named after the American microbiologists Hubert and Mary Lechevalier, who contributed substantially to the field of actinomycete biology during their careers at the Waksman Institute of Microbiology.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Lechevalieria

Branching vegetative mycelium (approx. 0.5 µm in diameter) is produced.
Very scant aerial mycelium is formed on some media
. Gram‐stain‐positive. Lysozyme resistant. Catalase‐positive and aerobic.

The cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid

.
Whole‐cell sugar pattern consists of galactose
,
mannose
,
and traces of rhamnose
.
Phospholipid pattern consists of significant quantities of phosphatidylethanolamine lacking hydroxylated fatty acids
,
as well as diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylglycerol
,
and phosphatidylinositol
.
The major menaquinone is MK‐9
(

H
4

). Fatty acid profile consists of saturated and mono‐unsaturated iso and anteiso fatty acids.

Phylogenetically represents a line of descent in the family
Pseudonocardiaceae

;

adjacent to the genus
Saccharothrix
and close to the genera
Actinosynnema
and
Lentzea

.
16S rRNA gene sequence contains genus‐specific diagnostic nucleotide signature pattern of TT
(
844–845
)
and GGT
(
1107–1109
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68–71.4 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes
(Shinobu and Kawato 1960) Labeda, Hatano, Kroppenstedt, and Tamura 2001, 1050
VP
.
Lentzea
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: July 2015

Lent'ze.a. N.L. fem. n.
Lentzea
named after Friedrich A. Lentze, a German microbiologist who devoted a considerable part of his life to studying pathogenic actinomycetes.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Lentzea

Branched vegetative mycelia
(
diameter approx
.
0
.
5 to 0
.
7
μ
m
);
aerial mycelium is produced and fragments into rod‐shaped elements
. Gram‐stain‐positive. Resistant to lysozyme. Catalase‐positive. Aerobic.

The cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid

.
The characteristic whole‐cell sugars are galactose
,
mannose
,
and ribose
.
The phospholipid pattern consists of significant amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine along with diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phophatidylglycerol
,
and phosphatidylinositol
.
The principal menaquinone is MK‐9
(

H
4

). The fatty acid profile consists of straight‐chain saturated, unsaturated, and branched‐chain saturated fatty acids of the iso and anteiso types, in addition to tuberculostearic acid.
Phylogenetically
,

the genus
Lentzea
represents a line of descent adjacent to the genus
Actinosynnema
and close to the genera
Lechevalieria

,

Saccharothrix

,

and
Umezawaea

.
The 16S rRNA gene sequence contains genus‐specific diagnostic nucleotide signature patterns of TCAA
(
617–620
)
and GCC
(
843–845
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68.6–79.6 (HPLC,
T
m
)

Type species
:
Lentzea albidocapillata
Yassin, Rainey, Brzezinka, Jahnke, Weissbrodt, Budzikiewicz, Stackebrandt and Schaal 1995, 362
VP
.
Saccharopolyspora
Authors: Kim Seung Bum , Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Sac.cha.ro.po.ly.spo'ra. N.L. n.
Saccharum
generic name of sugar cane; Gr. adj.
polus
many; Gr. n.
spora
a seed, and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Saccharopolyspora
the many spored (organism) from sugar cane.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Saccharopolyspora

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast, nonmotile, catalase‐positive actinobacteria which form an extensively branched substrate mycelium
that typically fragments into coccoid and/or rod‐shaped elements
. In some species, the substrate hyphae remain intact or are partially transformed into chains of spores.
Aerial hyphae, when present, generally differentiate into bead‐like chains of spores contained within a smooth sheath
. Spores are borne in straight, flexuous, hooked, looped, or spiral chains. Spore surfaces can be hairy, smooth, spiny, rough, or warty. Substrate mycelia may be buff, brownish red, orange, or yellow and aerial mycelia are white to gray or pinkish white. Diverse compounds are used as sole carbon sources for energy and growth.

Whole‐organism hydrolysates contain
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, and galactose. Muramic acid moieties are
N
‐acetylated. Cells contain tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units as the predominant menaquinone, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylmethylethanolamine as major polar lipids, and fatty acid profiles rich in iso‐ and anteiso‐branched chain components, but lack mycolic acids

. The phylogenetic position of
Saccharopolyspora
, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, is in the family
Pseudonocardiaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66–77.

Type species
:
Saccharopolyspora hirsuta
Lacey and Goodfellow 1975, 02 99 78
AL
.
Streptoalloteichus
Authors: Kim Seung Bum , Tamura Tomohiko
Published: July 2015

Strep.to.al.lo.tei'chus. Gr. adj.
streptos
bent; Gr. adj.
allos
different; Gr. n.
teichos
wall; N.L. masc. n.
Streptoalloteichus
intended to mean streptomycete with different wall.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Streptoalloteichus

Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast, aerobic actinomycetes that show well‐branched and non‐fragmenting substrate hyphae.
Aerial mycelium bears chains of five to 50 spores
(0.5–1.2 µm wide) at the tip of well‐branched hyphae.
Sporangia‐like structures are formed
. The predominant menaquinones are

MK‐9(H
6
) and MK‐10(H
6

). The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains a major amount of

meso
‐diaminopimelic acid

. The predominant cellular fatty acids are

C
15:0

iso and C

17:
0

anteiso. Wholecell hydrolysates contain

D
‐galactose and
D
‐mannose

, whereas
L
‐rhamnose and
D
‐glucose are variably present.
Phosphatidylethanolamine
is present as the diagnostic phospholipid (phospholipid pattern type PII). Habitat: soil.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): Not known.

Type species
:
Streptoalloteichus hindustanus
Tomita, Nakakita, Hoshino, Numata and Kawaguchi 1987, 211
VP
.
Thermocrispum
Authors: Kim Seung Bum
Published: July 2015

Ther.mo.cris'pum. Gr. adj.
thermos
warm, hot; L. neut. adj.
crispum
tightly curled; N.L. neut. n.
Thermocrispum
a heat‐loving, tightly curled organism.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Thermocrispum

Thermophilic, Gram‐stain‐positive, aerobic, catalase‐positive, and non‐acid‐fast. Produces filamentous, branched hyphae. The
aerial mycelium is white
, and the
vegetative mycelium is yellow to light brown
. Soluble pigments are not produced.
Aerial hyphae are straight to flexuous and often aggregate into clusters
(
pseudosporangia
)
that fragment into rod‐like structures
. Good growth occurs on Czapek Dox‐yeast extract‐Casamino acids (CYC) agar, glucose‐yeast extract‐malt extract (GYM) agar, Hickey–Tresner agar, oatmeal agar, potato‐carrot agar, peptone‐maize extract (PM) agar, R2A agar, and R8 agar, as well as on tryptic soy agar (TSA).
The temperature range for growth is 20–62
.
5
°
C
; the optimum range is 45–55°C. Growth occurs between pH 6.0 and 11.0, and also in the presence of NaCl (5%, w/v), novobiocin (25 µg/ml), and crystal violet (0.2 µg/ml). Nitrate is reduced to nitrite under aerobic conditions. The

cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid and the whole‐cell sugar pattern is type C

;
major amounts of arabinose
,
mannose
,
and glucose are present
, but only traces of galactose are detected.
Phospholipid pattern is type PII
, containing phosphatidylethanolamine as the diagnostic phospholipid. Mycolic acids are not present. The
predominant menaquinone is MK‐9
(

H
4

). Resistant to a set of phages that infect the genera
Amycolatopsis
,
Pseudonocardia
,
Saccharomonospora
,
Saccharopolyspora
, and
Saccharothrix
. Sensitive to genus‐specific phages isolated from different habitats.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69–73 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Thermocrispum municipale
Korn‐Wendisch, Rainey, Kroppenstedt, Kempf, Majazza, Kutzner and Stackebrandt 1995, 73
VP
.
Umezawaea
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: July 2015

Um.e.za.wa'e.a. N.L. fem. n.
Umezawaea
named for Hamao Umezawa (1914–1986), of the Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, in recognition of his leadership and contributions to the study of the biology and natural products of actinomycetes.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Umezawaea

Aerobic. Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acidfast, nonmotile actinomycetes. Branched substrate mycelium (approx. 0.3–0.5 µm in diameter) is produced; aerial mycelia are formed on some media.

Ovoid or cylindrical conidia (0.3–0.5 × 1.1–1.9 μm) are produced by fragmentation of substrate mycelium. Pseudosporangia are produced on some media. Contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid. The muramic acid in the cell‐wall peptidoglycan is acetylated. The whole‐cell sugar pattern consists of galactose, mannose, and ribose, with a trace of rhamnose. The phospholipid pattern consists predominantly of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine containing hydoxylated fatty acids, and
lyso
‐phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant menaquinone is MK‐9(H
4
), with a trace of MK‐10(H
4
).

Mycolic acids are absent. Has a fatty acid profile consisting predominantly of C
16:0
iso fatty acids, with C
14:0
iso, C
15:0
iso, C
16:0
, C
16:1
, C
17:1
, and C
16:1
iso as minor components. Phylogenetically, nearest neighbor is the genus
Saccharothrix
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 74 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Umezawaea tangerina
(Kinoshita, Igarashi, Ikeno, Hori and Hamada 2000) Labeda and Kroppenstedt 2007, 2761
VP
.
Streptomonospora
Authors: Cui Xiao‐Long
Published: July 2015

Strep.to.mo.no.spo'ra. Gr. adj.
streptos
pliant, bent; Gr. adj.
monos
single, solitary; Gr. fem. n.
spora
a seed, spore; N.L. fem. n.
Streptomonospora
indicating that this organism forms two types of spores, with wrinkled surfaces, on aerial mycelium and substrate mycelium.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Nocardiopsaceae / Streptomonospora

Gram‐stain‐positive,
aerobic organisms with branching hyphae
, 0.5–0.8 µm in diameter.
Spores are of two types
. The aerial mycelium, at maturity, forms
short chains of nonmotile spores
, which may be oval‐ to rod‐shaped (0.3–1.0 × 0.4–2.0 µm) with wrinkled surfaces. Substrate mycelium is extensively branched with non‐fragmenting hyphae.
Single
,
nonmotile
,
oval to round spores
(1.4–1.6 µm) are borne on sporophores or dichotomously branched sporophores of substrate hyphae. Optimum growth occurs in media supplemented with
NaCl at a concentration of 10–15
% (
w
/
v
),
at 28–37
°
C
,
and at pH 7
.
0
.

Peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as diagnostic diamino acid

.
Cell walls contain galactose or galactose plus arabinose
. The phospholipid pattern is complex, consisting of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and diphosphatidylglycerol; methylphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and phosphatidylserine may occur. The menaquinone composition may depend on the growth medium and consists mainly of menaquinones with nine, ten, or eleven isoprenoid chains and various degrees of hydrogenation. The genus
Streptomonospora
belongs to the family
Nocardiopsaceae
(Rainey et al., 1996).
Inhabit saline environments
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71.2–74.4 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Streptomonospora salina
corrig. Cui, Mao, Zeng, Li, Zhang, Xu and Jiang 2001, 362
VP
.
Thermobifida
Authors: Trujillo Martha E. , Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Ther.mo.bi'fi.da. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; L. adj.
bifidus
cleft; N.L. fem. n.
Thermobifida
, the heat (‐loving) cleft (sporophores).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Nocardiopsaceae / Thermobifida

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast, nonmotile, chemoorganotrophic actinomycetes that form an extensively branched,

non‐fragmenting substrate mycelium. White aerial hyphae are produced. Single spores, oval to round (0.5–2.0 μm in diameter) are borne on dichotomously branched sporophores, resulting in spore clusters on the aerial mycelium and sometimes on the substrate mycelium. Spores have a smooth or scaly surface and may be heat sensitive. Cultures grow at 35–60°C and at pH 7–9. Many strains degrade cellulose. Cell walls contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid

. Glucose, galactose, and xylose are found in whole‐organism hydrolysates.

The major menaquinones are MK‐10(H
6
) and MK‐10(H
8
) and the predominant fatty acids are 14‐methylpentadecanoic and 14‐methylhexadecanoic acids

, but mycolic acids are not formed. The polar lipid pattern is complex and includes diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, and an unknown phospholipid; the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine is variable. The phylogenetic position of the genus, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, is in the family
Nocardiopsaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66–72 (HPLC,
T
m
).

Type species
:
Thermobifida alba
(Locci, Baldacci and Petrolini 1967) Zhang, Wang and Ruan 1998, 418
VP
.
Herbidospora
Authors: Kudo Takuji
Published: July 2015

Her.bi.do.spo'ra. L. adj.
herbidus
grassy; Gr. n.
spora
a seed; N.L. fem. n.
Herbidospora
organism forming spores like grass.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Streptosporangiaceae / Herbidospora

Aerobic, stains Gram‐positive but non‐acid‐fast.
Non‐fragmented branching vegetative hyphae
are produced, but distinct
aerial hyphae are not formed
. Straight and short chains of nonmotile, smooth‐surfaced, oval spores (10–30 spores per chain) are borne on the tips of the sporophores which are derived from the vegetative mycelia in clusters. Cell walls contain
meso
‐diaminopimelate and
N
‐acetylated muramic acid, but lack a significant amount of glycine (cell‐wall type III). Whole‐cell hydrolysates contain trace amounts of madurose (whole cell sugar pattern B). Contains phosphatidylethanolamine and its derivatives and glucosamine‐containing phospholipids as diagnostic phospholipids (phospholipid type PIV). Cellular fatty acid composition is characterized by C
17:0
10‐methyl, C
17:1
ω8c, C
16:0
iso, and C
17:0
(fatty acid type 3c). The predominant isoprenoid quinone is a tetrahydrogenated menaquinone with ten isoprene units, and the hydrogenation occurs at units III and IX [MK‐10(III,IX‐H
4
)]. MK‐10(H
2
), MK‐10(H
0
), MK‐10(H
6
), and MK‐9(III,VIII‐H
4
) are also present as minor components. Mycolic acids are absent.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69–73.

Type species
:
Herbidospora cretacea
Kudo, Itoh, Miyadoh, Shomura and Seino 1993, 327
VP
.
Microtetraspora
Authors: Trujillo Martha E. , Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Mi.cro.te.tra.spo'ra. Gr. adj.
mikros
small; Gr. adj.
tetra
four; Gr. n.
spora
a seed; N.L. fem. n.
Microtetraspora
the small four‐spored (organism).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Streptosporangiaceae / Microtetraspora

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐alcohol‐fast, nonmotile, mesophilic actinomycetes
which form stable, highly branched substrate and aerial mycelia. Spore chains, typically contain four spores which are borne on short aerial hyphae. Spores are spherical (1.2–1.5 μm in diameter) or slightly oval to cylindrical (1.0–1.4 to 1.2–1.7 μm in diameter) and have smooth surfaces. Grows from 20–37°C, but not at 40°C
. Some species require B vitamins for growth. Chemoorganotrophic with an oxidative type of metabolism.

Cell walls contain
N
‐acetylated muramic acid and major amounts of
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid; has a type A1γ peptidoglycan

. Contains complex mixtures of saturated, unsaturated, iso‐, anteiso‐, and branched chain fatty acids.

Predominant menaquinones have nine isoprene units with hydrogenation at positions III and IV [MK‐9(III, IV‐H
4
)]. Major phospholipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyl‐phosphatidylethanolamine, and ninhydrin‐positive glycophospholipids

. Common in soils.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69–71.

Type species
:
Microtetraspora glauca
Thiemann, Pagani and Beretta 1968b, 296
AL
.
Planomonospora
Authors: Vobis Gernot , Lodders Nicole , Kämpfer Peter
Published: July 2015

Pla.no.mo.no.spo'ra. Gr. n.
planos
wanderer, vagabond; Gr. adj.
monos
alone, single; Gr. fem. n.
spora
a seed, and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Planomonospora
a motile, single spored organism.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Streptosporangiaceae / Planomonospora

Substrate and aerial mycelium developed on various agar media
. Substrate hyphae (0.6–1.0 µm in diameter) are nonfragmenting, irregularly branched, and occasionally septated. Aerial hyphae are sparsely branched and rarely septated. Organisms are Gram‐stain‐positive and non‐acid‐fast.
Cylindrical to clavate sporangia
(1.0–1.5 µm × 3.5–5.5 µm)
are formed in bundles on the aerial mycelium
, arranged either in narrow parallel rows resembling rows of bananas or in an open palm leaf pattern.
Each sporangium contains a single spore. Spores (zoospores) are oblong to fusiform and motile by means of peritrichous flagella
. Growth under aerobic conditions. Colonies developed on complex agar media are raised or flat with rugose or smooth surfaces. Substrate mycelium may be grayish yellow, light orange, rose, yellowish pink, or violet‐brown. Aerial mycelium is white, grayish white, light rose, or pink. Chemoorganotrophic, mesophilic, grows well at 28–37°C and from pH 7.0–8.0.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Planomonospora parontospora
Thiemann, Pagani and Beretta 1967, 29
AL
.
Streptosporangium
Authors: Quintana Erika T. , Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Strep.to.spo.ran'gi.um. Gr. adj.streptostwisted; Gr. n.sporaa seed; Gr. n.angiuma vessel; N.L. neut. n.Streptosporangiumspores coiled within a sporangium.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Streptosporangiaceae / Streptosporangium

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast actinomycetes which form a branched, stable, non‐fragmenting mycelium bearing aerial hyphae that differentiate into globose or spherical spore vesicles. Oval, spherical, or rod‐shaped, nonmotile sporangiospores are formed by septation of a single, coiled, unbranched hypha within the spore vesicle. Grows on a variety of organic and synthetic media. Biochemically versatile and chemically homogeneous.Whole‐organism hydrolysates containmeso‐diaminopimelic acid and usually madurose. The peptidoglycan is of the A1γ type. Muramic acid moieties areN‐acetylated. Cells contain major amounts of iso‐, anteiso‐, saturated, unsaturated, and 10‐methyl‐branched fatty acids, and MK‐9(H2) and MK‐9(III, VIII‐H4) as the predominant isoprenologues. Mycolic acids are absent. Major phospholipids include diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and glucosamine‐containing phospholipids. The phylogenetic position of the genusStreptosporangium, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, is in the familyStreptosporangiaceae.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 69–71.

Type species:Streptosporangium roseumCouch 1955a, 151AL.
Thermopolyspora
Authors: Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Ther.mo.po.ly.spo'ra. Gr. n.
thermê
heat; Gr. adj.
polu
many; Gr. fem. n.
spora
a seed and, in bacteriology, a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Thermopolyspora
the heat (‐loving) many‐spored organism.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Streptosporangiaceae / Thermopolyspora

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid–alcohol‐fast, actinomycete which forms non‐fragmenting substrate and aerial mycelia. Hooked to irregular spiral chains of 4–10 warty to spiny ornamented spores (1.2–1.5 μm in diameter) are arranged in clusters on long, moderately branched aerial hyphae on potato carrot agar; a light blue aerial mycelium and a brown soluble pigment are also formed on this medium
. White to yellowish‐white aerial hyphae are borne on a light brown substrate mycelium on oatmeal agar, albeit without the production of diffusible pigments.

Grows from 40–60°C, and optimally between 45 and 55°C. Cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid and
N
‐acetylated muramic acid. Glucose and ribose are found in whole‐organism hydrolysates. The predominant menaquinones are MK‐9, MK‐9(H
2
), and MK‐9(H
4
), and the major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, ninhydrin sugar‐positive components, and uncharacterized glycolipids

. The organism is rich in saturated, unsaturated, and branched chain fatty acids, but does not contain mycolic acids. The phylogenetic position of
Thermopolyspora
, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, is in the family
Streptosporangiaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 77.

Type species
:
Thermopolyspora flexuosa
(Meyer 1989) Goodfellow, Maldonado and Quintana 2005, 1982
VP
(
Actinomadura flexuosa
Meyer 1989, 2519).
Spirillospora
Authors: Goodfellow Michael , Trujillo Martha E.
Published: July 2015

Spi.ril. lo.spo'ra. L. n.
spira
a spiral; N.L. dim. neut. n.
spirillum
a short spiral; Gr. n.
spora
a seed and, in biology, a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Spirillospora
an organism with spores in spirals.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Thermomonosporaceae / Spirillospora

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, chemo‐organotrophic, mesophilic actinomycetes which
form spherical to vermiform spore vesicles
(5.0–24.0 µm in diameter)
on aerial mycelia. Spore vesicles contain numerous spores arranged in coiled and branched chains. Spores are rod‐shaped or curved
(0.5–0.7 × 2.0–6.0 µm)
and are motile by means of one to seven subpolar flagella
. The hyphae of the substrate and aerial mycelia are 0.2–1.0 µm thick, branched, and septate.

The substrate mycelium is white to pale yellow or pale buffy pink to red; the aerial mycelium is usually white. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid; madurose is the characteristic sugar of whole‐organism hydrolysates

. Grows at 18–35°C. Predominant menaquinones are MK‐9(H
4
) and MK‐8 (H
4
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71.0–73.0 (
T
m
, Bd).

Type species
:
Spirillospora albida
Couch 1963, 61
AL
.
Coriobacterium
Authors: König Helmut
Published: July 2015

Co.ri.o.bac.ter'i.um. Gr. fem. n.
koris
bug; Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Coriobacterium
, rodlet associated with bugs.

Actinobacteria / Coriobacteriia / Coriobacteriales / Coriobacteriaceae / Coriobacterium

The cells form chains of
pear‐shaped
to irregularly shaped rods. The bacteria are
obligately anaerobic
. The cells stain
Gram‐positive
. Spores and
flagella are absent
. Under strictly anaerobic conditions, the
fermentation products
of glucose are
acetic acid
,

l

‐
lactic acid
, and
ethanol
. The
peptidoglycan
belongs to the
Lys–Asp type
(A4α). The bacteria occur in the
intestinal tracts
of insects.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 60–61.

Type species
:
Coriobacterium glomerans
Haas and König 1988, 383
VP
.
Slackia
Authors: Wade William G. , Dewhirst Floyd E.
Published: July 2015

Slack'ia. N.L. fem. n. named to honor Geoffrey Slack, distinguished British microbiologist and dental researcher.

Actinobacteria / Coriobacteriia / Coriobacteriales / Coriobacteriaceae / Slackia

Cells are Gram‐stain‐positive
cocci, coccobacilli, or short bacilli
, which are obligately
anaerobic
, nonmotile, and do not produce endospores.
Arginine is hydrolyzed
; catalase, urease, and indole are not produced and esculin is not hydrolyzed.
Acid is not produced from sugars
. Metabolic end products from glucose are either
acetate or not detectable
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 60–64 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Slackia exigua
Wade, Downes, Dymock, Hiom, Weightman, Dewhirst, Paster, Tzellas and Coleman 1999, 598
VP
.
Euzebya
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Eu.ze'by.a. N.L. fem. n.
Euzebya
named for Jean Paul Marie Euzéby, a French microbiologist who has contributed significantly to microbial systematics, including the Latinization of microbial names.

Actinobacteria / Nitriliruptoria / Euzebyales / Euzebyaceae / Euzebya

Rods that stain Gram‐positive
and do not form endospores. Aerobic chemo‐organotrophs, oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive.
Sodium chloride is required
for growth.
MK‐9
(

H
4

) is the predominant menaquinone. The cell envelopes contain

meso

‐
diaminopimelate
,
rhamnose
,
and galactose
. The major fatty acids are C
16:1
ω7
c
, C
16:0
, and C
17:1
ω8
c
. The major polar lipid is phosphatidylglycerol.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68.3 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Euzebya tangerina
Kurahashi, Fukunaga, Sakiyama, Harayama and Yokota 2010, 2318
VP
.
Nitriliruptor
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Ni.tri.li.rup'tor. N.L. n.
nitrilum
nitrile, nitrile group; L. masc. n.
ruptor
breaker; N.L. masc. n.
nitriliruptor
nitrile‐breaker.

Actinobacteria / Nitriliruptoria / Nitriliruptorales / Nitriliruptoraceae / Nitriliruptor

Short rods that
stain Gram‐positive
. Aerobes that
utilize short‐chain organic acids, amides, and aliphatic nitriles
as energy and carbon sources. The cell envelopes contain
meso
‐diaminopimelate and saturated C
14
–C
16
fatty acids.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.8 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Nitriliruptor alkaliphilus
Sorokin, van Pelt, Tourova and Evtushenko 2009, 251
VP
.
Rubrobacter
Authors: Suzuki Ken‐ichiro
Published: July 2015

Ru.bro.bac'ter. L. adj.
ruber
red; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
equivalent of the Gr. neut. n.
baktron
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Rubrobacter
red rod.

Actinobacteria / Rubrobacteria / Rubrobacterales / Rubrobacteraceae / Rubrobacter

Gram‐stain‐positive irregular rods
. Nonmotile and non‐spor‐forming. Cells are generally 0.8–1.0 by 1.0–4.0 µm. Cells in old culture present shorter coccoid form. Aerial mycelia are not formed.
Obligately aerobic
. Catalase and cytochrome oxidase reactions are positive. Nitrite is produced from nitrate.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65–69 (HPLC,
T
m
).

Type species
:
Rubrobacter radiotolerans
(Yoshinaka, Yano and Yamaguchi 1973) Suzuki, Collins, Iijima and Komagata 1989, 93
VP
(Effective publication: Suzuki, Collins, Iijima and Komagata 1988, 38.).
Conexibacter
Authors: Schumann Peter
Published: July 2015

Co.nex.i.bac'ter. L. part. adj.
conexus
bound, tied; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Conexibacter
a rod that is bound.

Actinobacteria / Thermoleophilia / Solirubrobacterales / Conexibacteraceae / Conexibacter

Cells are small rods (0.6–0.7 × 0.9–1.2 µm), occurring singly or in pairs.
Gram‐stain‐positive
and
non‐sporulating. Motile by long, peritrichous flagella
. Aerobic.
Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive
. The
peptidoglycan
is of the
A1γ type
(based on

meso
‐diaminopimelic acid

, direct cross‐linkage). Mycolic acids are absent. The major isoprenoid quinone is menaquinone

MK‐7(H
4
)

. The
polar lipid
pattern consists of
phosphatidylinositol
and an unidentified phospholipid; amino‐functional lipids and glycolipids are absent. The
fatty acid profile
is dominated by

oleic, 14‐methyl‐pentadecanoic, hexadecanoic, and ω6
c
‐heptadecenoic acids

. Phylogenetically, the genus is a member of the family
Conexibacteraceae
Stackebrandt 2005 emend. Zhi, Li and Stackebrandt 2009, order
Solirubrobacterales
Reddy and Garcia‐Pichel 2009.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Conexibacter woesei
Monciardini, Cavaletti, Schumann, Rohde and Donadio 2003, 574
VP
.
Aquifex
Authors: Huber Robert , Stetter Karl O.
Published: July 2015

A' qui.fex. L. fem. n.aquawater; L. v.facereto make; M.L. masc. n.Aquifexthe water maker.

Aquificae / Aquificae / Aquificales / Aquificaceae / Aquifex

Rod‐shapedcells with rounded ends, about 2–6 µm long and 0.4–0.5 µm in diameter. Cells occur singly, in pairs, and in aggregates of up to about 100 individuals (Figs. B1.1 and B1.2). Wedge‐shaped refractile areas in the cells are formed during growth. Nonsporulating. Complex cell envelope, consisting of apeptidoglycan layer (murein type A1γ), an outer membrane, and a surface layer protein (hexagonal lattice, center‐to‐center spacing 18 nm).Diaminopimelic acid presentin the murein. The main components of the complex lipids are an aminophospholipid, a glycolipid, and a phospholipid. Thecore lipids consist mainly of alkyl ethers of glycerol. Traces of fatty acids present, phytanyl‐ether lipids absent.Gram‐negative. Motile by polytrichous flagellation.Facultatively aerobic. Microaerophilic. Hyperthermophilic, optimum growth temperature: 85°C; maximum: 95°C; minimum: 67°C. Growth at 1–5% NaCl; optimum: 3%. Growth at pH 5.4–7.5; optimum: pH 6.8.Strictly chemolithoautotrophic. CO2is fixed via the reductive citric acid cycle(Beh et al., 1993; Deckert et al., 1998).Molecular hydrogen, thiosulfate, and S0serve as electron donor and oxygen and nitrate as electron acceptors. Sulfuric acid is formed from sulfur and thiosulfate. In the presence of sulfur and hydrogen, H2S is also produced. From nitrate, nitrite and dinitrogen are formed.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 47.3–46.9.

Type species:Aquifex pyrophilusHuber and Stetter 1992e, 656 (Effective publication: Huber and StetterinHuber, Wilharm, Huber, Trincone, Burggraf, König, Rachel, Rockinger, Fricke and Stetter 1992b, 349.)
Calderobacterium
Authors: Reysenbach Anna‐Louise
Published: July 2015

Cal.de.ro.bac.te' ri.um.
M.L. fem. n.
caldera
, from the Portuguese n.
caldera
cauldron; Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
a small rod;
Calderobacterium
a rod living in a cauldron.

Aquificae / Aquificae / Aquificales / Aquificaceae / Calderobacterium

Cells are
long rods about 0.35–0.5 × 2–8 μm. Nonmotile
, stain
Gram‐negative. Cell division occurs by septation. Obligate chemolithotrophic thermophile
growing between
50 and 82°C
. Best growth occurs between
74 and 76°C at pH 6.0–7.0
. Cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 39–41.

Type species
:
Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum
Kryukov, Savel'eva and Pusheva 1984, 270 (Effective publication: Kryukov, Savel'eva and Pusheva 1983, 787.)
Hydrogenobacter
Authors: Ishii Masaharu , Kawasumi Toshiyuki , Igarashi Yasuo , Reysenbach Anna‐Louise
Published: July 2015

Hy.dro.ge.no.bac' ter
. M.L. neut. n.
hydrogenium
hydrogen, that which produces water; M.L. n.
bactermasc
. form of Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
a rod; M.L. masc. n.
hydrogenobacter
hydrogen rod.

Aquificae / Aquificae / Aquificales / Aquificaceae / Hydrogenobacter

Straight rods
, 0.3–0.5 × 2.0–3.0 µm, occurring singly or in pairs.
Gram‐negative. Nonmotile
; cells do not possess flagella. Endospores absent.
Aerobic. Optimum temperature: 70–75°C
; maximum temperature: ~80°C. The optimum pH for growth is around neutrality.

Chemolithotrophic, using H
2
and thiosulfate

as electron donor and CO
2
as carbon source. Chemoorganotrophic growth has not been observed. Growth factors are not required.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 43.5–43.9.

Type species
:
Hydrogenobacter thermophilus
Kawasumi, Igarashi, Kodama and Minoda 1984, 9.
Acetofilamentum
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

A.ce'to.fil.a.men'tum. L. n.
acetum
vinegar; L. neut. n.
filamentum
a spun thread; N.L. neut. n.
Acetofilamentum
an acetate‐producing, filamentous, threadlike bacterium.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Bacteroidaceae / Acetofilamentum

Straight rods
.
Single cells are 0
.
18–0
.
3
μ
m
×
2–8
μ
m
.
Filaments of more than 100
μ
m in length may be formed
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonsporeforming.
Nonmotile
. Temperature range, 25–40°C; optimum, 35–38°C. pH range, 6.5–9.0; optimum, 7.3–8.0.
Yeast extract is required
. Chemo‐organotrophic.
Anaerobic
,
having a strictly fermentative type of metabolism
.

Hexoses are fermented by glycolysis to acetate and H
2

(
in a molar ratio of 1
:
2
)

and CO
2

. Isolated from sewage sludge fermenters.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): ~47 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Acetofilamentum rigidum
Dietrich, Weiss, Fiedler and Winter 1989, 93
VP
(Effective publication: Dietrich, Weiss, Fiedler and Winter 1988b, 273.).
Acetothermus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

A.ce'to.ther'mus. L.n.
acetum
vinegar; Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; N.L. masc. n.
Acetothermus
a thermophilic microorganism producing acetic acid.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Bacteroidaceae / Acetothermus

Straight rods
0.5 × 5–8 µm, occurring singly or in pairs. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonsporeforming.
Nonmotile
.

Chemoorganotrophic.
Anaerobic
,
having a strictly fermentative type of metabolism
.
Optimum temperature
,
58
°
C
; no growth occurs below 50°C or above 60°C. Optimum pH, 7–8. Yeast extract, peptone, and

vitamin B
12

are required.
Only glucose and fructose are used as energy sources
.
Glucose is fermented by glycolysis to acetate
,

CO
2

,

and H
2
in a molar ratio of 1

:
1
:
2
. Increasing H
2
partial pressures inhibit growth, but elevated acetate concentrations do not affect growth. Isolated from thermophilically fermenting sewage sludge.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): ~62.

Type species
:
Acetothermus paucivorans
Dietrich, Weiss and Winter 1988a, 328
VP
(Effective publication: Dietrich, Weiss and Winter 1988c, 179.).
Bacteroides
Authors: Song Yuli , Liu Chengxu , Finegold Sydney M.
Published: July 2015

Bac.te.ro.i'des. N.L. n.bacterrod; L. suff. ‐oides(from Gr. suff. ‐eides, from Gr. n.eidosthat which is seen, form, shape, figure), resembling, similar; N.L. masc. n.Bacteroidesrodlike.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Bacteroidaceae / Bacteroides

Rod‐shaped cells with rounded ends. Gram‐stain‐negative. Cells are fairly uniform if smears are prepared from young cultures on blood agar. Nonmotile.Anaerobic. Colonies are 1–3 mm in diameter, smooth, white to gray, and nonhemolytic on blood agar. Chemo‐organotrophic.Saccharolytic. Weakly proteolytic. Most species grow in the presence of 20% bile, but are not always stimulated. Esculin is usually hydrolyzed. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Indole variable.Major fermentation products are succinate and acetate. Trace to moderate amounts of isobutyrate and isovalerate may be produced.Predominant cellular fatty acid is C15:0anteiso.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 39–49.

Type species:Bacteroides fragilis(Veillon and Zuber 1898) Castellani and Chalmers 1919, 959AL.
Marinilabilia
Authors: Suzuki Makoto
Published: July 2015

Ma.ri.ni.la.bil'i.a. L. adj.
marinus
marine, pertaining to the sea; L. adj.
labilis
gliding; N.L. fem. n.
Marinilabilia
marine gliding organisms.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Marinilabiliaceae / Marinilabilia

Short to very long flexible rods
,
0
.
3–0
.
5
×
2–50
μ
m
. Resting stage is absent.
Motile by gliding
.
Gram‐negative
. Colonies are pink to salmon in color.
Chemo‐organotrophic
.
Facultatively anaerobic
, having both respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. Catalase‐positive. Decompose several kinds of biomacromolecules.
Marine organisms
requiring elevated salt concentrations. Optimum temperature: 28–37°C. Optimum pH: around 7. The major polyamine is spermidine.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 41 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Marinilabilia salmonicolor
(Veldkamp 1961) Nakagawa and Yamasato 1996, 600
VP
emend. Suzuki, Nakagawa, Harayama and Yamamoto 1999, 1555 (
Cytophaga salmonicolor
Veldkamp 1961, 339).
Barnesiella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Bar.ne.si.el'la. N.L. dim. fem. n.
Barnesiella
named after the British microbiologist Ella M. Barnes, who contributed much to knowledge of intestinal bacteriology and to anaerobic bacteriology in general.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Porphyromonadaceae / Barnesiella

Rods (0.8–1.6 × 1.7–11 µm). Nonsporeforming. Nonmotile. Gram‐negative. Obligately anaerobic. On Eggerth–Gagnon agar, colonies are 1–2 mm in diameter, gray to off‐white–gray, circular, entire, slightly convex, and smooth. Saccharolytic, with a strictly fermentative type of metabolism. Acetic and succinic acids are the main fermentation products. Growth is inhibited on a medium containing 20% bile. Esculin is hydrolyzed. Indole‐negative. The predominant menaquinones are MK‐11 and MK‐12. Isolated from the chicken cecum.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 52.

Type species
:
Barnesiella viscericola
Sakamoto, Lan and Benno 2007b, 345
VP
.
Dysgonomonas
Authors: Olsen Ingar
Published: July 2015

Dys.go.no.mo'nas. Gr. pref.
dys
‐ with notion of hard, bad, unlucky; Gr. n.
gonos
that which is begotten, reproduction; Gr. fem. n.
monas
a monad, unit; N.L. fem. n.
Dysgonomonas
intended to mean a weakly growing monad.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Porphyromonadaceae / Dysgonomonas

Coccobacilli to short rods. Nonmotile. Gram‐negative. Facultatively anaerobic. Colonies are 1–2 mm in diameter, nonadherent, entire, gray–white, smooth, and nonhemolytic and have a slight aromatic odor. Growth is not observed on MacConkey agar. Requires X factor for growth. May be catalase‐positive or ‐negative. Oxidase‐negative. Glucose is fermented, producing acid but no gas. Alkaline phosphatase is generated but not arginine dihydrolase. Nitrate is not reduced. H
2
S and acetoin are not produced. Esculin may not be hydrolyzed; gelatin and urea are not hydrolyzed. Indole may be produced. Long‐chain cellular fatty acids include straight‐chain saturated, anteiso‐ and iso‐methyl branched and 3‐hydroxy types. Isolated from human clinical specimens and stools.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Dysgonomonas gadei
Hofstad, Olsen, Eribe, Falsen and Lawson 2000, 2194
VP
.
Petrimonas
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Pe.tri.mo'nas. L. fem. n.
petra
rock, stone; L. fem. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Petrimonas
stone monad.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Porphyromonadaceae / Petrimonas

Straight rods
(0.7–1 × 1.5–2.0 µm) during exponential growth; some longer cells (0.5 × 4.0 µm) may be observed in old cultures. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative. Chemo‐organotrophic. Mesophilic.
Strictly anaerobic
,
having a fermentative type of metabolism
.
End products of glucose fermentation are acetate
,

H
2

,

and CO
2

. Carbohydrates and some organic acids are fermented. Tryptone is required for growth.
The predominant menaquinone is MK‐8
, with smaller amounts of MK‐7 and MK‐9. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids, three unidentified phosphoglycolipids, a glycolipid, an aminolipid, and two additional uncharacterized lipids. The fatty acids include straight chain and branched fatty acids; in addition, 2‐OH and 3‐OH fatty acids are present.
The major cellular fatty acids are C

15
:
0

anteiso, C
13:0
anteiso, C
15:0
iso, and C
15:0
. The major hydroxy fatty acids are C3‐OH
‐16:0
iso, C3‐OH
17:0
iso, and C
2‐OH 17:0
; about one‐third of each of all three appear to be amide‐linked. Isolated from a biodegraded oil reservoir.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40.8 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Petrimonas sulfuriphila
Grabowski, Tindall, Bardin, Blanchet and Jeanthon 2005, 1119
VP
.
Proteiniphilum
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Pro.tei'ni.phi.lum. N.L. neut. n.
proteinum
protein; Gr. adj.
philos ‐ê ‐on
loving; N.L. neut. n.
Proteiniphilum
protein‐loving.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Porphyromonadaceae / Proteiniphilum

Rods
0.6–0.9 × 1.9–2.2 µm.
Motile by means of lateral flagella
. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Obligately anaerobic
. Growth occurs at 20–45°C. Oxidase and catalase‐negative. Chemo‐organotrophic. Proteolytic. Yeast extract and peptone can be used as energy sources.
Nonsaccharolytic
.
Carbohydrates
,
alcohols
,
and organic acids
(
except pyruvate
)
are not used
. Gelatin is not hydrolyzed.
Not resistant to 20
%
bile
.
The major fermentation products from peptone‐yeast extract
(
PY
)
medium are acetic acid and propionic acid
. Nitrate is not reduced. Cellular fatty acids mainly consist of iso‐branched fatty acids, predominantly C
15:0
anteiso.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 46.6–48.9 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Proteiniphilum acetatigenes
Chen and Dong, 2005, 2261
VP
.
Xylanibacter
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Xy.la.ni.bac'ter. N.L. n.
xylanum
xylan; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Xylanibacter
rod decomposing xylan.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Prevotellaceae / Xylanibacter

Short to filamentous rods
.
Nonmotile
. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Strictly anaerobic
. Chemo‐organotrophic. Optimum growth temperature, 30°C. Oxidase and catalase‐negative. Nitrate is not reduced. Hemin markedly stimulates growth.
Various sugars are utilized
,
including xylan
.
In the presence of cyanocobalamin and hemin
,
acetate
,
propionate
,
and succinate are produced as major fermentation products
. The major cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
anteiso and C
17:0
iso 3‐OH. The major respiratory quinones are
MK‐12
(

H
2

)
and MK‐13
(

H
2

).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 43.6 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Xylanibacter oryzae
Ueki, Akasaka, Suzuki, Hattori and Ueki 2006, 2220
VP
.
Alistipes
Authors: Könönen Eija , Song Yuli , Rautio Merja , Finegold Sydney M.
Published: July 2015

A.li.sti'pes. L. adj.
alius
other; L. masc. n.
stipes
a log, stock, post, trunk of a tree, stick; N.L. masc. n.
alistipes
the other stick.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Rikenellaceae / Alistipes

Straight or slightly curved rods 0.2–0.9 µm in diameter × 0.5–4 µm in length, with rounded ends. Swellings may occur, but spores are not formed. Cells usually occur singly or in pairs, occasionally in longer filaments. Nonmotile. Gram negative.
Obligately anaerobic
. Indole is produced. Gelatin is digested. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Arginine and urea are not hydrolyzed. Produce
succinic acid as the major glucose metabolic end product
, with minor amounts of acetic acid. The major long‐chain fatty acid produced is C
15:0
iso.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 55–58.

Type species
:
Alistipes putredinis
(Weinberg, Nativelle and Prévot 1937) Rautio, Eerola, Väisänen‐Tunkelrott, Molitoris, Lawson, Collins and Jousimies‐Somer 2003b, 1701 (Effective publication: Rautio, Eerola, Väisänen‐Tunkelrott, Molitoris, Lawson, Collins and Jousimies‐Somer 2003a, 186.) (
Bacillus putredinis
Weinberg, Nativelle and Prévot 1937, 755;
Ristella putredinis
Prévot 1938, 291;
Bacteroides putredinis
Kelly 1957, 420).