bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altering the Microstructure of Pearlitic Steel Using Pulsed Electric Current
Authors: Elliott-Bowman Bernadette , Cook Alexander C. , Brown Peter , Dye David , Qin Rong Shan
Published: July 2016

Electropulsing treatment was applied to high carbon pearlitic steel to assess the effects of the treatment on microstructure and properties. Ferrite recrystallisation and cementite spheroidisation were induced in samples treated at pulse duration and frequency greater than 40μs and 50Hz, respectively. Ferrite grain size of electropulsed samples was refined compared to similarly annealed samples. The results are explained through a combination of heating and athermal dislocation and atomic mobility effects. With optimisation, electropulsing may offer an improved annealing processing method.
Selective Laser Melting Technology and Manufacturing of Accurate Thin Structures
Authors: Ackermann Michal , Šafka Jiří , Voleský Lukáš
Published: July 2016

This paper deals with finding the building parameters for manufacturing of fine structures with regard to their size precision and structural consistency. Practical use of these structures can be found in areas such as microelectronics, fine mechanics and automotive. Very fine structures with thickness lower than 0.3 mm are very hard to be manufactured due to the limitations of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology. These limitations lie in building parameters including mean size and shape of the powder particles, diameter of laser spot and scanning speed. Practical part of the work consists of printing the testing matrices from AlSi12 material with different building parameters for each element. Final products are then evaluated using scanning electron microscope in order to verify final size and structural properties of the specimens. Thanks to these tests, it was possible to find actual border of the technology for given type of powder. Structure with minimal thickness and sufficient strength was found to be 0.21 mm. Moreover, the method for finding parameters for manufacturing of fine structures is applicable for other types of materials.
On Flexural Stiffness of Polymer Sandwich Walls
Authors: Šuba Oldřich , Fojtl Ladislav , Šuba Jr. Oldřich , Sýkorová Libuše , Rusnáková Soňa , Baďurová Jitka
Published: July 2016

This paper deals with the flexural stiffness of sandwich structures based on fiberglass and polymeric foams. The influence of geometrical and material parameters on the resulting effective flexural stiffness of the sandwich structure is being studied experimentally, analytically and using FEM models. The effective elasticity module of the sandwich-structured element is being studied and it’s theoretical and model dependencies on the stiffness of the foam core are being investigated. These dependencies are then compared with experimentally observed values. This study shows it is necessary to pay special attention to the issue of flexural stiffness of walls when designing sandwich shell products in order to prevent possible failures in the practical applications of these types of structures.
The Numerical Simulation of the Deep Drawing Process and its Verification by the Adaptation of the Laminated Tooling Concept
Authors: Tomáš Miroslav , Hudák Juraj
Published: July 2016

The paper deals with numerical simulation and its verification when designing production the gutter corner for the rainwater systems. The deep drawing process has been simulated in Pam Stamp 2G software by ESI Group and the part and blank geometry, friction and process parameters have been optimized. Then, those parameters and the die geometry were verified by experiment when lamination tooling concept has been adapted. The metal laminated tooling technology was used for production of the punch by applying the laser cutting, assembling and joining. The experiments were done using hot deep galvanized steel sheet DX54D+Z with thickness 0.6 mm.
Analysis of Strain in Cutting Zone with FEM and Stereological Metallographic Evaluation
Authors: Necpal Martin , Martinkovič Maroš
Published: July 2016

Finite element modelling (FEM) of machining is a widely applied way to get information about the phenomena occurring during the cutting process. This paper discusses experimental work and FEM analysis to investigate the mechanism of CK45 (1.0503) carbon steel chip formation during orthogonal turning process. Local strain in cutting zone is estimated by measurement of deformation of metallographic cut using stereological evaluation of the gain boundary orientation. Estimated local strain in cutting zone was compared to deformation analysis for orthogonal cutting was made, based on simulation results in numerical modelling software DEFORM 2D. Stress, temperature, tool wear is also discussed in the last part of this paper.
Computer Simulation and Numerical Analysis of the Tailored Blanks Drawing
Authors: Kaldunski Pawel , Chodor Jaroslaw
Published: July 2016

This publication presents the results of a numerical analysis of the drawing process for tailored blanks. The focus is on the analysis itself of drawing without the connection method of these two sheets. The influence of the drawing tailored blanks on the height each of the halves was analysed. The values of stress and strain in the selected time steps of the process were presented. On the graph, the drawing force for both halves is illustrated as a function the relationship of the punch path. The differences were compared in the thicknesses of the sheets in specific areas. The value was shown of the tensile force of the binding place as a function of the punch path. The displacement was also described of the selected nodes at the binding place relative to the coupling plane.
Surface Roughness and Cutting Force Components Evaluation in Hard Turning by Differently Shaped Cutting Tools
Authors: Samardžiová Michaela
Published: July 2016

There is a difference in machining by the cutting tool with defined geometry and undefined geometry. That is one of the reasons of implementation of hard turning into the machining process. In current manufacturing processes is hard turning many times used as a fine finish operation. It has many advantages – machining by single point cutting tool, high productivity, flexibility, ability to produce parts with complex shapes at one clamping. Very important is to solve machined surface quality. There is a possibility to use wiper geometry in hard turning process to achieve 3 – 4 times lower surface roughness values. Cutting parameters influence cutting process as well as cutting tool geometry. It is necessary to take into consideration cutting force components as well. Issue of the use of wiper geometry has been still insufficiently researched.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Cutting Speed and Feed Rate on Forces in Turning of Steel
Authors: Kundrák János , Szabó Gergely , Markopoulos Angelos P.
Published: July 2016

The impact of cutting speeds and feed rates on the components of the forces exerted on a 16MnCr5 steel workpiece is experimentally measured, when turning with PCBN tool. The cutting speed range of the tests varies between 90 to 240 m/min while the feed rate is between 0.05 and 0.25 mm/rev for each cutting speed, allowing for the determination of the influence of cutting conditions on forces. Additionally, finite elements models for the simulation of the aforementioned experiments are provided. The proposed models exhibit good correlation of their results on cutting forces and chip formation with the measurements and observations of the experiments. Furthermore, the models can provide a wide range of additional parameters, i.e. plastic strain rates and temperatures within the workpiece. Results of the presented analysis can be used for an efficient process planning for the turning of steels under cutting conditions used in the industry.
Electroplating of ZnO Influenced by the Concentration of Aluminum Nitrate in the Bath
Authors: Lin Jing Chie , Choudhury Amrita , Tsneg Yao Tien , Peng Kun Cheng
Published: July 2016

Electrochemical deposition of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) on the ITO glass was investigated in baths containing various concentrations of aluminum nitrate. The electrochemical and chemical reactions can be deduced by means of investigating cathodic polarization curves and time/electroplating-current curves for further characterizing structures of ZnO and AZO, and establishing growth mechanism. High-quality AZO nanorods, depositing on ITO substrate that coated with ZnO seed-layer, were utilized the electrochemical method at-1.0 V (against a reference electrode of Ag/AgCl in 3.0M KCl) in the bath of 90 °C. After annealing at 350 °C, ZnO and AZO nanorods were analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) to explore the morphology of nanostructure. The SEM image displayed that the lower Al3+ concentrations (20 ~ 60 μM) in the bath, the average diameter of nanorods decreased; while the Al3+ concentrations excessed over 60 μM, the morphology of the AZO nanorods turned into partial-area nanosheets instead of the nanorods spread. The crystal structure of the AZO nanorods were identified by using grazing-incident X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). The patterns of the Al3+ ions in the range of 20 ~ 60 μM in the bath showed that the preferred orientations were along with the [002] direction which confirmed the result of AZO nanorods well aligned in c-axis orientation, and the characterized peak (002) slightly shifted to the right suggested that Al atoms had doped into the ZnO lattice. We also adopted the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the elemental and chemical compositions of the AZO nanorods. XPS spectrums confirmed that the Al atoms successfully doped. Finally, for identifying the optimal boundary condition of Al content in ZnO, the nanorods with various Al concentrations were utilized via dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) experiment with the standard solar Simulators (AM1.5G) and J-V Measurement. We found that the AZO nanorods as the photoanode contained 2.84 at.% Al (60 μM aluminum nitrate in the bath) which performed the highest fill-factor (0.53) and the maximum efficiency (0.41%).
Research on a Novel Amphoteric Polymeric Flocculant p(DMC/NVP/Fa) Processing Dyeing Wastewater
Authors: Ding Yao , Jiang Yan Ni , Yang Kun Hong , Zhu Ming
Published: July 2016

The effect of a novel amphoteric polymeric flocculant, p (DMC/NVP/FA), was investigated in processing dyeing wastewater. The optimum for flocculant dosage was 55mg/L, and one for pH was 5. Under the optimum conditions, the intrinsic viscosity of flocculant and the removal rates of CODcr and chroma reached the top (274.425dL/g, 80.1%, 92.6% ) . Analysis dyeing wastewater flocs SEM by calculating the Df (a symbol stands for fractal dimension) values of fractal dimension with Non-Linear fractional theory. The results of the theorical computationare coordinated with the text.
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Nb Alloy at Different Composition of Nb Produced via Powder Metallurgy Route
Authors: Yahaya Mazyan , Sahidin@Salehudin Salhana , Sulaiman Maheran , Azham Shah Nur Hidayatul Nadhirah Elmi , Ismail Muhammad Hussain
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of phase formation to the mechanical strength of Ti-Nb alloy produced by powder metallurgy (PM) process. Niobium (Nb) powder was added to the elemental titanium (Ti) powder by wt%, cold-compacted and sintered at 1200°C. The samples were characterized in term of shape and sizes of the particle, phases present, microstructures and compressive strength. XRD pattern showed that increasing Nb content resulted in increased beta-phases which also evidenced by a greater fraction of light gray-scale image in back-scattered SEM analysis. The alpha phase region almost eliminated in the 35 wt% Nb. The lowest compressive strength was observed in 45 wt% Nb is due to partly crystallized region in the microstructure observed. The alloy containing 35 wt% Nb exhibited better beta-phase structures in the matrix. The Young’s modulus of 13.46±2.44 GPa were obtained from 45 wt% Nb addition in the Ti alloy. All sintered samples are potential candidates for implant applications.
Integration of Different Sintering Temperature of Hydroxyapatite and Polyethersulfone Membrane for Fouling Mitigation
Authors: Hamzah Sofiah , Sukaimi Jamali , Ghazali Mohd Sabri Mohd
Published: July 2016

This study aimed to investigate the effects of hydroxyapatite integration with polyethersulfone (PES) membrane towards fouling mitigation. PES membrane were modified through self- assembly technique with hydroxyapatite (form fish sclaes) which prepared at different sintering temperatures. This composite membrane were characterized concerning on permeability coefficient, membrane porosity, ATR-FTIR analysis fouling quantification. Overall results showed that PES membrane incorporated with hydroxyapatite sintered at 300°C (PES/FSHAp-300) promoted an excellent characteristics and performance. The membrane demonstrated high permeability coefficient and membrane porosity for about 93.52 L/m2.h and 89.78%, respectively. This kind of membrane was also presented the highest flux recovery ratio around 83.3% and this findings can be a good pathway for the design of low fouling membrane for enzyme separation.
Pulasan [(Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh.] Fruit Trees: Variations in Flower Morphology, and Associated Differences in Pollination Type
Authors: Djuita Nina Ratna , Hartana Alex , Chikmawati Tatik , Dorly D.
Published: July 2016

Pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake) is a species of Sapindaceae which has hermaphrodite and staminate flowers on different trees. Morphological flower structures and pollination types of the pulasan fruit tree have not previously been reported thoroughly. This study was undertaken to observe the reproductive structure of flowers, and to examine its correlation with pulasan pollination type. A total of 67 hermaphrodite and 14 male trees of pulasan were observed. Some hermaphrodite inflorescences were covered using cloth bags for between four and six weeks to calculate number of fruit, and to determine their pollination system. The number of individual flowers per inflorescence on male pulasan trees was higher than for hermaphrodite ones. Panicles and spikes were found on both types of pulasan inflorescence. Flowers having four sepals was the commonest structure in both flower types. However, five stamens were commonly found in hermaphrodite flowers, while male flowers often had six. In general, stigma were curved in shape, with modification in some flowers. Anther of hermaphrodite pulasan flowers naturally never open, although their pollen is viable, so there is a mechanical barrier for self-pollination. It was concluded that pulasan tends to be an allogamous plant.
Light Spectrum Affects Growth and Gas Exchange of Common Dandelion and Purple Coneflower Seedlings
Authors: Castronuovo Donato , Sofo Adriano , Lovelli Stella , Candido Vincenzo , Scopa Antonio
Published: July 2016

Artificial light, supplied by fluorescent lamps, has been effectively utilized in controlled- environment chambers for horticulture and floriculture nursery. This experiment aimed at investigating whether light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have the same effectiveness on plant morphology, photosynthetic and physiological responses as FLUORA lamps. Seedlings of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), species of high interest for their nutraceutical properties, were grown in controlled-environment chambers for 50 days under LED and FLUORA light sources as sole-source lighting systems, and the effects of artificial light supplies on plant photosynthetic performance and chlorophyll content (SPAD) were evaluated. The results were compared to plants grown under natural sunlight. In both species, total chlorophyll content (SPAD) values decreased for plants under sunlight, and for those grown under FLUORA lighting throughout the experimental period, while the values measured for plants grown under LEDs maintained a relatively constant value. At the end of the experiment, plant dry matter in both species was significantly lower under LEDs and FLUORA lighting, than the plants exposed to solar light. The two species showed different gas exchange dynamics under LEDs and FLUORA lighting, and photosynthetic performance decreasing after 10 days of light treatment compared to plants under sunlight. The results demonstrated that for common dandelion and purple coneflower photosynthetic processes are often modified when the species are cultivated under these artificial lighting and in controlled- environment chambers, because lamps do not able to generate the same spectrum and energy of sunlight.
Shooting of Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) Stem Cuttings in Cold Greenhouse
Authors: Gherbin Piergiorgio , Milan Simone , Mercurio Giuseppe , Scopa Antonio
Published: July 2016

The increasing interest in Arundo donax, a perennial lignocellulosic species only reproducing by propagation, requires the setup of cheap, simple and reliable techniques. Considering these targets, stem cutting offers considerable advantages. The present investigation aimed to compare: (i) plants obtained by different propagation methods (by rhizome and micropropagation mother plants); (ii) plants obtained by stem cuttings from basal, central and apical parts of the stem; (iii) different planting periods (spring, summer, autumn). The obtained results showed that the number of new shoots from stem buds was: (i) higher in the spring and lower in the summer planting period; (ii) higher from cuttings obtained by micropropagated than rhizome mother plants, both in spring and summer plantings; (iii) decreasing passing from the basal to the apical stem portion; (iv) partly unexpressed in the autumn planting period; (v) lower from one-year stem cuttings as compared to two-year stem cuttings.
The general revelation of God and creational gifts as a source for bioethics
Authors: Vorster Jakobus M.
Published: July 2016

This article aims to provide a Christian-ethical foundation for the development of moral codes for bio- and ecoethics. The central theoretical argument of this contribution is that, due to the general revelation of God in nature, the Spirit of God bestows all humans with creational gifts. Seen as such the concept of natural law can be regarded, with certain conditions, as a credible and useful tool in the reformed paradigm. This article examines the concept of natural law as this idea is defined by Calvin and developed in the recent reformed tradition. Attention is paid to the criticism of Karl Barth and the view of Michael Welker and a way forward is proposed in view of the idea of God’s revelation in creation, the written Word and the incarnate Word of God, and the creational gifts bestowed by God upon all humans. The article concludes that natural knowledge, based on God’s revelation in creation as it is revealed by the natural sciences, provides Christian ethics with opportunities and the means to formulate applicable and relevant moral codes that can be utilised in a secular society. However, the ethical codes provided by natural sciences may not contradict the knowledge gained by God’s revelation in Scripture and the moral implications of God’s revelation in the Word that became flesh. Christian moral conduct can thus draw on creational gifts and biblical revelation but must in the end answer to the distinct values of Christ. The ethics flowing from the incarnate Word is the final yardstick for bio- and ecoethics and on this foundation Christian ethics can contribute to the current debates in the development of suitable bio- and ecoethical concepts.
A retrospective analysis of ultrasound-guided large core needle biopsies of breast lesions at a regional public hospital in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Bhayroo Schene , Perumal Leon Yaseen , Buccimazza Ines
Published: July 2016

Background: Histological confirmation of a breast lesion is an important step to determine the aetiology and direct further management. Evidence supports ultrasound-guided large core needle biopsy (US-LCNB) (14 gauge) as the preferred diagnostic method over traditional open surgical biopsy.Objective: To assess the influence of technical variables on the diagnostic yield of breast specimens obtained by using US-LCNB, and the sensitivity of detecting malignancy during the study period.Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients who had US-LCNBs from March 2011 – September 2012 at Addington Hospital in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. Histopathological findings were correlated to the size of the breast lesion, rank of the radiologist performing the procedure and the number of cores obtained. The sensitivity of the technique was determined.Results: During the study period, 147 biopsies were performed. The majority of lesions were>5 mm (85.5%). The average number of cores was 4, and 79.5% of the biopsies were performed by the senior radiologist. Of the 147 biopsies, 132 specimens were eligible for inclusion in the study. Histopathology revealed 71 malignant lesions of which 60 were confirmed histologically at excision. In 11 patients, no excision was performed. Therefore, the sensitivity of detecting malignancy was 100%.Conclusion: Although the study did not establish a statistically significant relationship between the above mentioned technical variables and the histological outcome, the overall diagnostic yield and the sensitivity of detecting malignancy using US-LCNB is comparable to other similar international studies. A prospective study with long-term follow-up of patients would be of value.
Case Study: Applying an Agile Development Methodology to XML Schema Construction
Authors: Kennedy Dianne
Published: July 2016

To assure brand integrity, brands such as Coca-Cola and Proctor & Gamble, assisted by third party brand quality experts, receive, score and track the quality of their print suppliers over time. Currently this is difficult and expensive because printers use many different measurement tools and report print quality using a wide variety of proprietary formats that cannot be directly utilized by brand scoring and tracking systems. In 2015 Idealliance members launched an effort to develop a standard XML-based print quality exchange message. This specification, known as Print Quality eXchange (PQX), was developed by applying agile software development techniques to the construction of the PQX XSD. This case study highlights how agile software development principles can be applied to the construction of an XML schema.
Representing Overlapping Hierarchy as Change in XML
Authors: La Fontaine Robin
Published: July 2016

Changes in an XML document may effect not only element and attribute content but, more problematically, the markup hierarchy. Markup for tracking structural changes must represent multiple, often overlapping, structures in the same document. Thus the perennial problem of overlap becomes a subset of the problem of managing change to structured documents, such as versions of documents amended over time. Our work started with a delta format for two or more documents, which easily represents inline changes, but handles hierarchy change by duplicating content. In order to avoid duplication, we introduce a distinction between the name of the element (its tag) and the element content, so that assertions can be made separately. We then introduce @dx (change) and @dxTag (change tag) attributes to mark changes. This representation allows us to define overlapping hierarchies in a completely XML way without declaring a dominant hierarchy and while keeping element fragmentation to a minimum. While this solution probably will not scale for large numbers of variants, it shows promise for many classes of documents.
Marking up and marking down
Authors: Walsh Norman
Published: July 2016

Markup provides a means of annotating a text such that its important characteristics are readily apparent. Simplicity of annotation and richness of meaning are often at odds. Through one lens, we can see the evolution of markup as developing along this fault line. TANSTAAFL. SGML provided mechanisms that reduced the complexity of annotation at considerable cost in implementation. XML reduced implementation cost at the expense of simplicity in annotation. HTML attempted to simplify annotation complexity and implementation cost by choosing a single tag set and inventing entirely new extension mechanisms. Online communities like GitHub and Stack Overflow have abandoned angle brackets in favor of Markdown, Common Mark, AsciiDoc, and other markup reminiscent of wiki syntax or SGML SHORTREF. Why am I in this basket and where are we going?
XSLT as a Modern, Powerful Static Website Generator
Authors: Kraetke Martin , Imsieke Gerrit
Published: July 2016

In scientific, technical, and medical (STM) publishing, XML is a common data format for typeset products. Electronic renditions are regularly created from these XML sources, too. However, these HTML renderings are mainly considered as an alternative rendering with no added value, and most users of STM literature still consume the content in PDF format or on paper. Hogrefe Publishing decided to market its flagship reference product, the Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs, as a standalone electronic version. The electronic version should offer quicker lookups by several criteria, such as substance name, trade name, indication, and interaction. In addition, it should be mobile-friendly so that healthcare professionals can use their mobile phones to access the content, including large tables.

Although single-source publishing in STM is not considered a “sub rosa” application of XML at all, there are remarkably few known examples of standalone, enriched Web applications that are derived from a printed reference work and published in parallel. This paper argues that this kind of application can be created from XML with relatively moderate effort using modern XSLT versions and that this approach is superior to what has recently become popular for content-driven Web sites – Markdown content and static site generators written in procedural languages.
Deforestation decreases resistance of simulated Easter Island climate to drought
Authors: Lemburg Alexander , Claussen Martin , Ament Felix
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Easter Island underwent a rapid deforestation several hundred years ago. The causes have been discussed in depth. However, the effect of the deforestation on the near-surface climate of Easter Island and possible feedbacks have not yet been studied. Here we use the limited-area model COSMO to simulate a series of typical weather situations for a fully tree-covered, grass-covered and a bare soil Easter Island, respectively. We find that the top soil layer of the deforested island becomes much warmer and the wind speed roughly doubles, thereby enhancing the erosion on the deforested island. During a drought spell, evapotranspiration decreases much more slowly over a forested area. If the soil has become dry, then the tree-covered island triggers convective precipitation much more efficiently than the bare-soil or grass-covered island could do. This is caused by the higher surface roughness and stronger sensible heat flux which lead to a deeper boundary layer and an enhanced moisture flux convergence over the forested island. Hence, the climate of a deforested Easter Island appears to be significantly less resistant to drought than a forested island and thus, deforestation has probably exacerbated the effects of past climate drought spells on Easter Island socio-ecological systems.
Key Positions about the Economic Legacy of Aristotle
Authors: Borisonik Hernán Gabriel
Published: July 2016

This article describes the main theses of some of the most celebrated authors that have explored the meaning of economy in Aristotle in Modern times. Firstly, the debate between the "modernist" and "primitivist" doctrines, which led to the subsequent discussion will be reviewed. Then, the ideas of Karl Marx, Joseph Schumpeter, Karl Polanyi and Moses Finley will be discussed. The object of this work is to show the interpretative debate and not to study Aristotelian economic ideas themselves.
Update in Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infections: When It Is, When It Isn't, and What to Do
Authors: Arkader Alexandre , Brusalis Christopher , Warner William C. , Conway James H. , Noonan Kenneth
Published: July 2016

Musculoskeletal infections, including osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and pyomyositis, are a substantial cause of morbidity in children and adolescents. The increased virulence of infectious agents and the increased prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, have resulted in a more complicated clinical course for diagnosis and management, which is evidenced by an increased length of hospital stays, incidence of complications, and number of surgical interventions. Musculoskeletal infections are a challenge for surgeons because they vary substantially in their presentation and in their required treatment, which is based on the causative organism, the location of the infection, and the age of the patient. The necessity for a prompt diagnosis is complicated by several diseases that may mimic musculoskeletal infection, including transient synovitis, autoimmune arthritis, and tumors. Recent innovations in diagnosis and management have provided surgeons with new options to differentiate musculoskeletal infections from these rapidly evolving disease pathologies. As diagnostic and treatment modalities improve, collaboration among surgeons from multiple disciplines is required to develop evidence-based clinical practice guidelines that minimize the effect of musculoskeletal infection and optimize clinical outcomes for patients.
The Validity and Reliability of Persian Version of Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (Version A) among Iranian Nulliparous Women
Authors: Abedi Parvin , Hazeghi Najva , Afshari Poorandokht , Fakhri Ahmad
Published: July 2016

Extreme fear of childbirth may interfere with normal process of labor and increase the rate of cesarean section. The aim of this study was to evaluate validity and reliability of a Persian version of Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ) among nulliparous women. In this cross-sectional study, 200 nulliparous women of reproductive age were recruited. The original form of the W-DEQ was received from corresponding author (Garthus-Niegel). This questionnaire was translated into Persian language and back-translated to English by three experts in reproductive health and psychiatry who were fluent in Persian and English. Two questionnaires namely the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) were used to check the convergent and divergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the construct validity, while the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the convergent and divergent validity of the W-DEQ. Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Factor analysis yielded nine factors that explained 70.06% of the total variation. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.64 and the convergent validity with the BAI questionnaire was (r=0.402) and the divergent validity of W-DEQ with the DASS questionnaire was (r=0.349). The Persian W-DEQ has a good validity and reliability for measuring the fear of delivery in Iranian women of reproductive age. Using this questionnaire for nulliparous women is recommended.
Parametric Model Evaluation in Examining the Survival of Gastric Cancer Patients Andits Influencing Factors
Authors: Nikpour Abolfazl , Yazdani Charati Jamshid , Maleki Iraj , Ranjbaran Hosien , Khalilian Alireza
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND: Cox proportional hazard model is the most common technique to analysis the variables effect on survival time, but under certain circumstances, parametric models may offer advantages over Cox’s model. In this study we use cox regression and alternative parametric models such as Weibull, exponential, log-normal, logistics and gamma model to evaluate factors affecting survival of patients with gastric cancer. Comparisons were made to find the best model.

METHOD: In this study, data from 643 patients with gastric cancer who were referred to Imam Khomeini hospital with personal details during 2007 to 2013 have been reviewed in order to determine the survival rate of gastric cancer. It was observed that 74 cases were eliminated due to incomplete information and 569 persons were examined. Akaike Information model was used for comparison between models.

RESULT: Of a total of 569 patients, 329 (57.8%) died during the period. The figure of Cox-Snell residuals indicates that only the exponential model does not have better fitness. Weibull, log-normal, log-logistic and gamma models show the better fitness because points are on straight line. At the time of diagnosis, stage with (p<0.0008) and metastasis with (p<0.0219) were subjected to higher risk of death.

CONCLUSION: Based on Akaike's criterion, the Weibull model with Akaike value of 257.165 is the most favorable for survival data.
Solution of a Class of Differential Equation with Variable Coefficients
Authors: Xiong Huanhuan , Jin Yuedan , Zhao Xiangqing
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we obtain the formula of solution to the initial value problem for a hyperbolic partial differential equation with variable coefficient which is the modification of the famous D’ Alembert formula.
Theoretical analysis of controllability of interference phenomena between partially coherent fields in the intensity matrix theory
Authors: Yashiki Satoshi
Published: July 2016

We analyze the controllability of interference phenomena between partially coherent fields by introducing the Wigner distribution function (WDF) and entropy, which is defined using the intensity matrix [H. Gamo, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 47, 976 (1957)]. The analytical derivation of the WDF and entropy is presented for a partially coherent imaging system consisting of two pinholes illuminated by a circular source. It is shown that the WDF, defined in the 4D space–spatial frequency region, and entropy can be useful tools to understand how one can freely and quantitatively control the interference when any optical components in the partially coherent imaging system are changed.
Gold and graphific carbon nitride hybrid plasmonic nanocomposites for photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitrobenzenethiol
Authors: Yan Jiao , Xiao Yuli , Liang Xiu , Yang Nan , Zhao Dongyu , Yin Penggang
Published: July 2016

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were deposited on the surface of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) via an in situ reduction method using either sodium borohydride or trisodium citrate as the reducing agent. The corresponding hybrid Au/C3N4 nanocatalysts, viz., Au@CN-B or Au@CN-C, exhibited high light-driven catalytic activities toward reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) under either visible-light or ultra violet (UV) irradiation. The photocatalytic efficiency of Au@CN-B was only slightly higher than that of Au@CN-C, most likely owing to the average grain size difference between the both. However, as for plasmon-driven catalytic reactions monitored by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, an immediate and almost-complete reduction of 4-nitrobenzenethiol (4-NBT) to p,p′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) occurred when Au@CN-B was utilized as both the nanocatalyst and SERS substrate, whereas distinct characteristic peaks of 4-NBT still existed for the case of Au@CN-C.
High-density channel model and detection method for signal readout from super-resolution near-field structure discs
Authors: Hosogai Shota , Ansai Tsutomu , Yoshinari Takehisa , Tanabe Takaya
Published: July 2016

Although a readout method using the super-resolution near-field structure (super-RENS) effect can overcome diffraction limits, readout characteristics for greatly surpassed high-density conditions do not become clear, because a high-density channel function having a differential response property is superimposed on a normal readout function. We propose a high-density channel model to indicate the properties of the super-RENS effect directly. This model can be expressed as a differential response function using the finite impulse response (FIR) filter model. It expresses the super-RENS readout process, which is divided on the basis of recording densities such as high and normal Blu-ray Disc™ densities. We estimated the properties of super-RENS readout signals by comparison between theoretical expressions and experiments. Results show that good signal quality require readout signals having sharp peaks and smaller offsets. We also evaluated the channel model by adding an adaptive FIR filter and a Viterbi decoder by simulations. Results show that the super-RENS disc can achieve a fourfold higher recording density if the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is improved to 6 dB in the case of partial response (PR) (1 + D + D
2).
Magnetooptical and crystalline properties of sputtered garnet ferrite film on spinel ferrite buffer layer
Authors: Furuya Akinori , Sasaki Ai-ichiro , Morimura Hiroki , Kagami Osamu , Tanabe Takaya
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study is to provide garnet films for volumetric magnetic holography. Volumetric magnetic holography usually employs an easily obtainable short-wavelength laser (visible light, not infrared light) with a large diffraction intensity. Bi-substituted garnet ferrite with a large Faraday rotation is promising for volumetric magnetic holography applications in the visible light region. However, a garnet film without a deteriorated layer must be obtained because a deteriorated layer (minute polycrystalline grains containing an amorphous phase) is formed during the initial deposition on a glass substrate. In particular, the required magnetooptical properties have not been obtained in a thin garnet film (100 nm or less) after annealing (1 h, 700 °C, oxygen atmosphere). Therefore, there is a need for excellent garnet films with the required magnetooptical (MO) properties even if the films are thin. By using a spinel ferrite buffer layer for garnet film deposition, we could obtain a thin garnet film with excellent MO properties. We determined the effect of the initial buffer layer on the crystallinity of the deposited garnet films by observing the film cross section. In addition, we undertook a qualitative estimation of the influence of the crystallinity and optical properties of the garnet film on a glass substrate with a spinel ferrite buffer layer.
Historia ambiental de los archipiélagos de la Trapananda (Patagonia septentrional, Chile): desafíos para la conservación de la ballena azul
Authors: Solari María Eugenia , Skewes Juan Carlos , Navarro Magdalena , Paillacheo Fabian
Published: July 2016

La reaparición de la ballena azul en el sur de Chile constituye undesafío para las políticas de conservación e invita a repensar la historia del mar austral y, en particular, de la costa aysenina. El paisaje social de este litoral corresponde a un ecosistema de tránsito y marginalizado entre dos regiones conocidas: Chiloé y Patagonia austral. Es un ambiente extremo en el que diversas poblaciones humanas han desplegado variadas estrategias adaptativas asociadas al bosque y a los sistemas marinos, documentadas en registros arqueológicos, históricos y etnográficos, lo que se procura sintetizarpara la reconstrucción de una historia ambiental de la región. Los antecedentes arqueo-históricos dan cuenta de poblaciones canoeras cuya relación con la naturaleza, fundada en un uso extensivo de los recursos, facilitó su integración a los paisajes locales, caracterizados por formaciones archipielágicas. Este patrón se modifica con los procesos históricos desencadenados a partir de la anexión del territorio a los espacios económicos nacionales, situación asociada a sucesivas oleadas poblacionales que se asientan en el litoral de Aysén, modificando las estrategias adaptativas tradicionales. Conla llegada de estas poblaciones se instaura un modelo intensivo y depredador en un paisaje intrínsecamente lábil y, por tanto, agotable. La posibilidad de constituir esta historia en un referente para un adecuado resguardo del área, y, en especial de la ballena azul, especie emblemática cuya presencia se detecta a partir de 2003, es el desafío a que aquí se alude.
Revisitando la historia de las teorías del desarrollo
Authors: González Meyer Raúl
Published: July 2016

El artículo reconstruye el debate en economía del desarrollo desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta hoy. Para ello, lo conecta con el valor del progreso y de la producción de riqueza que ganaron lugar en siglos anteriores. Se revisan los factores que permitieron la emergencia de un discurso desarrollista y, luego, las teorías que surgieron más tarde: el paradigma de la modernización, socialismo industrialista, la Comisión Económica para América Latina (Cepal), dualismo, teoría de la dependencia, aproximaciones sociales, visiones ambientalistas, desarrollo a escala humana, sustitución de importaciones, neoliberalismo, neoestructuralismo, desarrollo étnico, capital humano, desarrollo humano, antidesarrollo y otros. Estas teorías o aproximaciones son vistas desde las inflexiones que marcan respecto a etapas anteriores, así como respecto de las circunstancias históricas que parcialmente explican su emergencia. El artículo concluye proponiendo una posición sobre el estado y el futuro del campo de los estudios de desarrollo en relación con los retos de la sociedad actual. La tesis del artículo es que la referencia teórica y política del desarrollo ha sido y es un concepto controvertido, en disputa e incrustado en la historia.
Metodología dialógica e interdisciplina en la extensión universitaria. Reflexiones acerca de una experiencia
Authors: Trotta Lucía , Soza Rossi Paula
Published: July 2016

El trabajo es el resultado de nuestras reflexiones sobre la metodología dialógica y la conformación de equipos interdisciplinarios en procesos de investigación-acción. Las mismas surgieron a partir de una experiencia de extensión universitaria desarrollada en la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, en conjunto con la Comisión Provincial por la Memoria (CPM) y la Asociación de Trabajadores del Estado (ATE) de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. El proyecto buscaba el acceso, apropiación y resignificación colectiva de los documentos pertenecientes al archivo de la ex Dirección de Inteligencia de la Policía de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (DIPBA) en posesión de la CPM. Es decir, un encuentro entre esos documentos que contenían parte de la historia argentina de persecución, represión y prácticas de resistencias, y sus protagonistas. El trabajo busca identificar los nudos problemáticos y las potencialidades de la experiencia, así como reconstruir la apuesta metodológica que se constituyó a partir de la disposición al diálogo y de la conformación de un nos-otros. En este proceso se analiza la presencia de una perspectiva dialógica en la conceptualización de la noción de extensión; en la opción metodológica por la investigación-acción participativa y sus tensiones presentes en el campo; en la forma de pensar y actuar interdisciplinariamente construyendo un otro  extensionista; y en la decisión a partir de las necesidades situadas planteadas por los trabajadores y las trabajadoras de incorporar específicamente el diálogo intergeneracional e intergénero. Una posición que nos permitió un diálogo entre sujetos participantes de la experiencia de extensión y la elaboración colectiva  de los denominados procesos de «re» (Vasilachis, 2007). Redefinición de la identidad, redefinición discursiva ante la mirada de los otros (la DIPBA) y una redefinición de la memoria colectiva de los trabajadores y las trabajadoras del sindicato a partir de una reconstrucción histórica colectiva. Por último, se plantean los obstáculos y elementos facilitadores que encontramos en todo el proceso, de modo de realizar un aporte que ilumine algunos aspectos para llevar adelante otras experiencias de extensión universitaria exitosas.
The influence of shear‐velocity heterogeneity on ScS2/ScS amplitude ratios and estimates of Q in the mantle
Authors: Chaves Carlos A. M. , Ritsema Jeroen
Published: July 2016

Regional waveforms of deep‐focus Tonga‐Fiji earthquakes indicate anomalous traveltime differences (ScS2‐ScS) and amplitude ratios (ScS2/ScS) of the phases ScS and ScS2. The correlation between the ScS2‐ScS delay time and the ScS2/ScS amplitude ratio suggests that shear wave apparent Q in the mantle below the Tonga‐Fiji region is highest when shear wave velocities are lowest. This observation is unexpected if temperature variations were responsible for the seismic anomalies. Using spectral element method waveform simulations for four tomographic models, we demonstrate that focusing and scattering of shear waves by long‐wavelength 3‐D heterogeneity in the mantle may overwhelm the signal from intrinsic attenuation in long‐period ScS2/ScS amplitude ratios. The tomographic models reproduce the trends in recorded ScS2‐ScS difference times and ScS2/ScS amplitude ratios. Although they cannot be ruled out, variations in shear wave attenuation (i.e., the quality factor Q) are not necessary to explain the data.
Response of magnetotail twisting to variations in IMF By: A THEMIS case study 1–2 January 2009
Authors: Pitkänen T. , Hamrin M. , Kullen A. , Maggiolo R. , Karlsson T. , Nilsson H. , Norqvist P.
Published: July 2016

Theoretical considerations, observations, and simulations have shown that the By component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may cause twisting of the magnetotail. However, the fundamental issues, the temporal and spatial responses of the magnetotail in the twisting process, are still unresolved. We report unique multipoint observations of the response of the magnetotail to the variations in IMF By on 1–2 January 2009. For the first time, estimates of the tail twisting response time at different (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms, THEMIS) distances in the same event are inferred. Using cross‐correlation and timing analyses, we find that the tail twisting propagates from farther out toward the Earth and the response time increases significantly to the inner magnetosphere.
Estimating primate population densities: the systematic use of playbacks along transects in population surveys
Authors: Gestich Carla C. , Caselli Christini B. , Nagy‐Reis Mariana B. , Setz Eleonore Z. F. , da Cunha Rogério G. T.
Published: July 2016

Accurate measures of animal population densities are essential to assess their status, demography, and answer ecological questions. Among several methods proposed to collect abundance data, line transect sampling is used the most. The assumptions required to obtain accurate density estimates through this method, however, are rarely met when studying primates. As most primate species are vocally active, density estimates can be improved by associating transect sampling with playback point counts to scan the entire study area. Yet, attention to playback procedure and data collection design is necessary. Here, we describe a protocol to assess primate densities using playback and test its application on surveys ofCallicebus nigrifrons, a small Neotropical primate that shows site fidelity and active vocal behavior. We list important steps and discuss precautions that should be considered, from the adjustments in the recordings in the lab to field procedures in the playback broadcasting sessions. Prior to the surveys, we conducted playback trials with three habituated wild groups at three forest remnants to test their response to the playback stimuli at different distances. Based on these trials, we defined the radius distance covered by the playback sessions. Then, we conducted two surveys in 12 forest remnants, in the northeast of São Paulo State Brazil. The results of density estimates were consistent between the two surveys. As the playback survey protocol we described has proved to be a simple and useful tool for surveying vocal primate and generated reliable data, we suggest that it is a good alternative method to estimate density of species, particularly for those that are responsive to playbacks and show site fidelity.