bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of an alternative zebrafish model for drug‐induced intestinal toxicity
Authors: Ryu Bokyeong , Kim C‐Yoon , Oh Hanseul , Kim Ukjin , Kim Jin , Jung Cho‐Rok , Lee Byoung‐Hee , Lee Seungki , Chang Seo‐Na , Lee Ji Min , Chung Hyung‐Min , Park Jae‐Hak
Published: October 2017

An evaluation of intestinal toxicity is important because the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract is the first barrier for oral xenobiotics. Until now, a rat model has been recommended as the standard intestinal toxicity model and the Caco‐2 cell line, originated from a human colon adenocarcinoma, has been used as an alternative to this model, but there are limitations regarding cost‐effectiveness and the need for mimicry of the human system. In this study, we investigated whether zebrafish could be a valid alternative to rats and Caco‐2 cells as an intestinal toxicity model. We focused on intestinal gene expression of cytochrome P450 3A65, oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and intestinal function. Reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was conducted using three models: zebrafish, Sprague–Dawley rats and Caco‐2 cells, and the transcript levels and patterns of indicator genes were analyzed in conjunction with histopathological changes. Our results suggested that representative intestinal toxicants, indomethacin, diclofenac and methotrexate, induced significant transcript level changes in marker genes such as CYP3A, inducible nitric oxide synthase, heme oxygenase 1, superoxide dismutase 1, glutathione peroxidase 1, BCL2 associated X, B‐cell lymphoma 2, caspase 9, tumor protein p53, nuclear factor‐κB, interleukin‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐alphaα and toll‐like receptor 2 in the zebrafish model as in the rat and Caco‐2 cells models. These results suggest that zebrafish model is sufficiently worth developing as an intestinal toxicity model that can replace or compensate the rat model or Caco‐2 cell model.
Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, Antitumor, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Studies of New Potential ONS Schiff Base Complexes
Authors: Alturiqi Amani S. , Alaghaz Abdel‐Nasser M.A. , Ammar Reda A.
Published: October 2017

Novel Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes derived from 2‐aminopyridine‐3‐thiol and 4‐oxo‐4H‐chromene‐3‐carbaldehyde were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic (IR, 1H NMR, UV–vis, ESR, and MS) and other analytical methods. Molar conductance data and magnetic susceptibility measurements provide evidence for the monomeric and monobasic nature of the complexes. The molar conductance measurement of the complexes in DMSO corresponds to their non‐electrolytic nature. All the complexes are of high‐spin type. On the basis of the different spectral studies, the six‐coordinated geometry may be assigned for all the complexes. IR spectral studies indicate the binding sites of the ligand with the metal ion. The Schiff base acts as tridentate ligand coordinated through deprotonated thiolic (SH) sulfur, azomethine (─CH═N─) nitrogen, and carbonyl (−C═O) oxygen atoms. The ligand field parameters were calculated for Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes and their values were found to be in the range reported for an octahedral structure. The data show that the complexes have an ML2‐type composition. The activation thermodynamic parameters are calculated using the Coast–Redfern, Horowitz–Metzger (HM), Piloyan–Novikova (PN), and Broido equations. The X‐ray diffraction data suggest a triclinic system for all compounds. Different surface morphologies were identified from SEM micrographs. Human tumor cell lines A427 (lung cancer cell line), LCLC‐103H (large cell lung cancer), SISO (uterine adenocarcinoma), and 5637(human bladder carcinoma) grown in RPMI‐1640 medium were elevated. The biological screening data show that the complexes show growth inhibitory activity against various microorganisms. The octahedral geometry of the complexes is confirmed using density functional theory (DFT) from DMOL3 calculations, electronic and magnetic moment measurements, ESR, and ligand field parameters.
Liquid–liquid extraction of biopharmaceuticals from fermented broth: trends and future prospects
Authors: dos Santos Nathalia Vieira , de Carvalho Santos‐Ebinuma Valéria , Pessoa Junior Adalberto , Pereira Jorge Fernando Brandão
Published: October 2017

Biopharmaceuticals are one of the most important groups of biotechnological products, representing one‐quarter of all pharmaceutical sales and providing suitable and efficient medical care for many previously untreatable diseases. However, their production and purification usually require complex processes, resulting in extremely expensive final products. Thus, the development of newer, simpler and cheaper methods for biosynthesis and purification of these biocompounds, as well as proper integration between these stages, are crucial to reduce their commercial costs and to increase the scale of biopharmaceuticals' medical use. One solution for this concern relies on the proper integration between upstream and downstream processing applying liquid–liquid extraction systems as an intermediate stage. Recently, several works reported that a proper choice of liquid–liquid systems such as aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) can be a suitable platform to simplify, reduce the number of the downstream stages, improve the recovery and purification yields and, consequently, decrease biopharmaceuticals' manufacturing costs. This review will explain the general concept of biopharmaceuticals, their main production and purification methods, particularly, exploring the use of ABS as effective and integrative platforms for their recovery and purification, and providing further insights into the future trends and prospects in the field. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of solvent additives on the aqueous extraction of tannins from pine bark: potential extracts for leather tanning
Authors: Seabra Inês J , Chim Rita B , Salgueiro Paul , Braga Mara EM , de Sousa Hermínio C
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Pine bark, which represents approximately 10 to 20% in weight of the tree trunk, is an abundant and low cost agro‐industrial waste. In order to obtain condensed tannin‐rich pine bark extracts (for future application in leather tanning/retanning processes), conventional aqueous extractions were performed, varying the type and amount of the solvent additive: sodium hydroxide (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, w/v), formic acid (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, v/v) and ethanol (5, 10 and 15%, v/v). Extractions were performed with and without the addition of sodium sulfite (1.0%, w/v).

RESULTS

The most favorable solvent additive in terms of total phenolics and condensed tannins was ethanol: extracts achieved 34.8% of gallic acid equivalents and 62.8% of catechin monohydrate equivalents. Moreover, the favorable pH values (∼3.5) of the resultant aqueous solutions and their relatively low viscosities are suitable for subsequent tanning applications.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study suggest that the high added‐value aqueous extracts of Pinus pinaster bark, which were achieved with small amounts of ethanol, have appropriate characteristics for leather tanning, and therefore they may be used as eco‐friendly tanning agents to partially replace chromium salts, thus reducing some of the environmental impacts typically associated with the leather industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Spiro[pyrido[3,2,1‐ij]pyrimido[4,5‐b]quinoline‐7,5′‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines] and Spiro[pyrimido[4,5‐b]quinoline‐5,1′‐pyrrolo[3,2,1‐ij]quinolines] Derived from 5,6‐Dihydro‐4H‐pyrrolo[3,2,1‐ij]quinoline‐1,2‐dione
Authors: Baradarani Mehdi M. , Farshi Hojat , Khodaie Maryam , Fazlelahi Hadi Zare , Rashidi Ahmad , Joule John A.
Published: October 2017

Reaction of 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐pyrrolo[3,2,1‐ij]quinoline‐1,2‐dione (1) with two equivalents of some 6‐aminouracils (or 6‐amino‐2‐thiouracil) generates spirocyclic tetrahydrobenzo[if]quinolizines (7). The one‐pot, three‐component reaction of amido ketone (1) with 6‐aminouracil (or 6‐amino‐2‐thiouracil) and a cyclic six‐membered 1,3‐diketone produces spirocyclic tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2,1‐ij]quinolinones (15).
Microfluidics approach to investigate the role of dynamic similitude in osteocyte mechanobiology
Authors: Middleton Kevin , Kondiboyina Avinash , Borrett Michael , Cui Yi , Mei Xueting , You Lidan
Published: October 2017

Fluid flow is an important regulator of cell function and metabolism in many tissues. Fluid shear stresses have been used to level the mechanical stimuli applied in vitro with what occurs in vivo. However, these experiments often lack dynamic similarity, which is necessary to ensure the validity of the model. For interstitial fluid flow, the major requirement for dynamic similarity is the Reynolds number (Re), the ratio of inertial to viscous forces, is the same between the system and model. To study the necessity of dynamic similarity for cell mechanotransduction studies, we investigated the response of osteocyte‐like MLO‐Y4 cells to different Re flows at the same level of fluid shear stress. Osteocytes were chosen for this study as flows applied in vitro and in vivo have Re that are orders of magnitude different. We hypothesize that osteocytes’ response to fluid flow is Re dependent. We observed that cells exposed to lower and higher Re flows developed rounded and triangular morphologies, respectively. Lower Re flows also reduced apoptosis rates compared to higher Re flows. Furthermore, MLO‐Y4 cells exposed to higher Re flows had stronger calcium responses compared to lower Re flows. However, by also controlling for flow rate, the lower Re flows induced a stronger calcium response; while degradation of components of the osteocyte glycocalyx reversed this effect. This work suggests that osteocytes are highly sensitive to differences in Re, independent of just shear stresses, supporting the need for improved in vitro flow platforms that better recapitulate the physiological environment. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:663–671, 2018.
Optimizing separations in online comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography
Authors: Pirok Bob W.J. , Gargano Andrea F.G. , Schoenmakers Peter J.
Published: October 2017

Online comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography has become an attractive option for the analysis of complex nonvolatile samples found in various fields (e.g. environmental studies, food, life, and polymer sciences). Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography complements the highly popular hyphenated systems that combine liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography is also applied to the analysis of samples that are not compatible with mass spectrometry (e.g. high‐molecular‐weight polymers), providing important information on the distribution of the sample components along chemical dimensions (molecular weight, charge, lipophilicity, stereochemistry, etc.). Also, in comparison with conventional one‐dimensional liquid chromatography, two‐dimensional liquid chromatography provides a greater separation power (peak capacity). Because of the additional selectivity and higher peak capacity, the combination of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows for simpler mixtures of compounds to be introduced in the ion source at any given time, improving quantitative analysis by reducing matrix effects. In this review, we summarize the rationale and principles of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography experiments, describe advantages and disadvantages of combining different selectivities and discuss strategies to improve the quality of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography separations.
Optical Chirality from Dark‐Field Illumination of Planar Plasmonic Nanostructures
Authors: Hwang Yongsop , Hopkins Ben , Wang Dapeng , Mitchell Arnan , Davis Timothy J. , Lin Jiao , Yuan Xiao‐Cong
Published: October 2017

Dark‐field illumination is shown to make planar chiral nanoparticle arrangements exhibit circular dichroism in extinction, analogous to true chiral scatterers. Single oligomers, consisting rotationally symmetric arrangements of gold nanorods, are experimentally observed to exhibit circular dichrosim at their maximum scattering with strong agreement to numerical simulation. A dipole model is developed to show that this effect is caused by a difference in the projection of a nanorod onto the handed orientation of electric fields created by a circularly polarized dark‐field normally incident on a glass‐air interface. Owing to this geometric origin, the wavelength of the peak chiral response is experimentally shown to shift depending on the separation between nanoparticles. All presented oligomers have physical dimensions less than the operating wavelength, and the applicable extension to closely packed planar arrays of oligomers is demonstrated to amplify the magnitude of circular dichroism. This realization of strong chirality in these oligomers demonstrates a new path to engineer optical chirality from planar devices using dark‐field illumination.
Existence of ground state solutions for Kirchhoff‐type problems involving critical Sobolev exponents
Authors: Fan Haining
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we study the existence of ground state solutions for a Kirchhoff‐type problem in
involving critical Sobolev exponent. With the help of Nehari manifold and the concentration‐compactness principle, we prove that problem admits at least one ground state solution.
A deep convolutional neural network using directional wavelets for low‐dose X‐ray CT reconstruction
Authors: Kang Eunhee , Min Junhong , Ye Jong Chul
Published: October 2017

Purpose

Due to the potential risk of inducing cancer, radiation exposure by X‐ray CT devices should be reduced for routine patient scanning. However, in low‐dose X‐ray CT, severe artifacts typically occur due to photon starvation, beam hardening, and other causes, all of which decrease the reliability of the diagnosis. Thus, a high‐quality reconstruction method from low‐dose X‐ray CT data has become a major research topic in the CT community. Conventional model‐based de‐noising approaches are, however, computationally very expensive, and image‐domain de‐noising approaches cannot readily remove CT‐specific noise patterns. To tackle these problems, we want to develop a new low‐dose X‐ray CT algorithm based on a deep‐learning approach.

Method

We propose an algorithm which uses a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) which is applied to the wavelet transform coefficients of low‐dose CT images. More specifically, using a directional wavelet transform to extract the directional component of artifacts and exploit the intra‐ and inter‐ band correlations, our deep network can effectively suppress CT‐specific noise. In addition, our CNN is designed with a residual learning architecture for faster network training and better performance.

Results

Experimental results confirm that the proposed algorithm effectively removes complex noise patterns from CT images derived from a reduced X‐ray dose. In addition, we show that the wavelet‐domain CNN is efficient when used to remove noise from low‐dose CT compared to existing approaches. Our results were rigorously evaluated by several radiologists at the Mayo Clinic and won second place at the 2016 “Low‐Dose CT Grand Challenge.”

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first deep‐learning architecture for low‐dose CT reconstruction which has been rigorously evaluated and proven to be effective. In addition, the proposed algorithm, in contrast to existing model‐based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) methods, has considerable potential to benefit from large data sets. Therefore, we believe that the proposed algorithm opens a new direction in the area of low‐dose CT research.
Modeling count data in the addiction field: Some simple recommendations
Authors: Baggio Stéphanie , Iglesias Katia , Rousson Valentin
Published: October 2017

Analyzing count data is frequent in addiction studies but may be cumbersome, time‐consuming, and cause misleading inference if models are not correctly specified. We compared different statistical models in a simulation study to provide simple, yet valid, recommendations when analyzing count data.We used 2 simulation studies to test the performance of 7 statistical models (classical or quasi‐Poisson regression, classical or zero‐inflated negative binomial regression, classical or heteroskedasticity‐consistent linear regression, and Mann‐Whitney test) for predicting the differences between population means for 9 different population distributions (Poisson, negative binomial, zero‐ and one‐inflated Poisson and negative binomial, uniform, left‐skewed, and bimodal). We considered a large number of scenarios likely to occur in addiction research: presence of outliers, unbalanced design, and the presence of confounding factors. In unadjusted models, the Mann‐Whitney test was the best model, followed closely by the heteroskedasticity‐consistent linear regression and quasi‐Poisson regression. Poisson regression was by far the worst model. In adjusted models, quasi‐Poisson regression was the best model. If the goal is to compare 2 groups with respect to count data, a simple recommendation would be to use quasi‐Poisson regression, which was the most generally valid model in our extensive simulations.
Retracted: New two step Laplace Adam‐Bashforth method for integer a noninteger order partial differential equations
Authors: Gnitchogna Rodrigue , Atangana Abdon
Published: October 2017

This article presents a novel method that allows to generalize the use of the Adam‐Bashforth to Partial Differential Equations with local and nonlocal operator. The Method derives a two step Adam‐Bashforth numerical scheme in Laplace space and the solution is taken back into the real space via inverse Laplace transform. The method yields a powerful numerical algorithm for fractional order derivative where the usually very difficult to manage summation in the numerical scheme disappears. Error Analysis of the method is also presented. Applications of the method and numerical simulations are presented on a wave–equation‐like, and on a fractional order diffusion equation.
Diabetes distress and fear of hypoglycaemia: what are the psychological benefits of insulin pump therapy?
Authors: Shaban Clare , Knott Julia , Jenkins Emma , Weiss Melanie , Ryder Jacqueline , Charman Julie , Partridge Helen
Published: October 2017

Living with type 1 diabetes imposes a considerable burden on the individual to continuously self‐manage their condition. As part of an ongoing audit, the psychological outcomes of insulin pump therapy were evaluated over a three‐year period.

Adult patients completed self‐report questionnaires at initiation and after 12 months of pump therapy. Diabetes emotional distress was assessed using the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) and cognitive and behavioural aspects of fear of hypoglycaemia using the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey (HFS‐W, HFS‐B). HbA1c and demographic data were obtained from the clinical record.

Data were collected from 190 adults, age mean (SD) years 39.6(13.9), duration of diabetes 21.0(14.1). Outcomes improved significantly from baseline to 12 months for all variables (mean [SD]): HbA1c mmol/mol 73.4(14.9), 64.6(13.1), p<0.000; PAID 23.0(14.4), 16.9(13.3), p<0.000; HFS‐W 24.1(16.3), 15.0(12.9), p<0.000; HFS‐B 19.1(9.7), 13.4(8.1), p<0.000. Paired data analysis did not indicate an association between HbA1c reduction and reduced PAID and HFS scores.

It was concluded pump therapy is associated with improvements in medical and psychological variables. While a reduction in both diabetes emotional distress, and worries and behaviours related to fear of hypoglycaemia appear to be unrelated to a reduction in HbA1c, the overall burden of diabetes indicated by diabetes distress and fear of hypoglycaemia is reduced significantly 12 months after initiation of insulin pump therapy. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons.
Amphiphilic diblock and crosslinked copolymers synthesized via metal‐free atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Kim Yun Ah , Park Gyeong Su , Son Kyung‐sun
Published: October 2017

The use of metal‐free atom transfer radical polymerization (MF‐ATRP) was explored for the formation of diverse macromolecular structures to assess the versatility of this advanced polymerization process. In MF‐ATRP using an organic photocatalyst, 10‐phenylphenothiazine, the influences of various monomers, initiators and solvents were examined, showing that molecular weight and polydispersity could be tailored through appropriate selection of each component. Using this modern polymerization technology, metal‐free amphiphilic diblock and crosslinked copolymers were prepared successfully. Especially, demonstration of amphiphilic diblock copolymer synthesis provides a basis for further applications to biomedical materials. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Contribution of Extracellular Matrix and Signal Mechanotransduction to Epithelial Cell Damage in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Proteomic Study
Authors: Moriggi Manuela , Pastorelli Luca , Torretta Enrica , Tontini Gian Eugenio , Capitanio Daniele , Bogetto Stefano Ferrero , Vecchi Maurizio , Gelfi Cecilia
Published: October 2017

This study utilizes 2D‐DIGE (difference gel etrophoresis), isotope‐coded protein labeling and biochemical assays to characterize protein alteration in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) in human epithelial cell and mucosal biopsies in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)‐affected patients. The aim of this study is to identify the key molecular signatures involved in epithelial cell structure of IBDs. In non‐inflamed UC (QUC) keratins, vimentin, and focal adhesion kinase (7) increased, whereas vinculin and de‐tyrosinated α‐tubulin decreased; inflammation (IUC) exacerbated molecular changes, being collagen type VI alpha 1 chain (COL6A1), tenascin‐C and vimentin increased. In non‐inflamed CD (QCD), tenascin C, de‐tyrosinated α‐tubulin, vinculin, FAK, and Rho‐associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) decreased while vimentin increased. In inflamed CD (ICD), COL6A1, vimentin and integrin alpha 4 increased. In QUC, cell metabolism is characterized by a decrease of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and a decrease of short/branched chain specific acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase, fatty acid synthase, proliferator‐activated receptors alpha, and proliferator‐activated receptors gamma. In QCD a metabolic rewiring occurs, as suggested by glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD2), pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron‐sulfur protein 3, and 4‐trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase increment, while dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase decreased. Macroautophagy is activated in QUC and IUC, with increased levels of p62, HSC70, major vault protein, myosin heavy chain 9, whereas it is blunted in QCD and ICD. The differing pattern of extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal derangements, cellular metabolism, and autophagy in UC and CD may contribute to the pathophysiological understanding of these disorders and serve as diagnostic markers in IBD patients.
Impact of Extraction Methods on the Detectable Protein Complement of Metaproteomic Analyses of Marine Sediments
Authors: Wöhlbrand Lars , Feenders Christoph , Nachbaur Jessica , Freund Holger , Engelen Bert , Wilkes Heinz , Brumsack Hans‐Jürgen , Rabus Ralf
Published: October 2017

Metaproteomic analysis targets proteins, the catalytic entities in the habitat, thereby providing direct insights into the metabolic activity of the community studied. A major challenge still remaining for metaproteomics is the effective and comprehensive extraction of proteins from environmental samples, due to their high complexity with respect to organismic diversity and abundance range. Moreover, in certain habitats, the inherent matrix may interfere with protein extraction. In recent years, several studies reported different protein extraction methods for soils known for their complex geochemistry, but only three analyzed marine sediments that generally comprise different though similarly complex geochemistry. In this study, the impact of four different extraction methods was investigated for coastal North Sea and deep sea Pacific Ocean sediments. The extraction methods comprised (i) phenol, (ii) SDS, (iii) a mixture of SDS and phenol, and (iv) urea and thiourea. Prior to extraction, a cell and protein standard (CPS) was added to the sediment samples to trace recovery of proteins from different subcellular locations as well as dissolved BSA. While each extraction method detected distinct peptide complements, SDS‐phenol extraction generally achieved highest protein yield and most comprehensive CPS protein identification. Application of two different methods was shown to further improve proteome coverage.
Effects of intratracheal budesonide during early postnatal life on lung maturity of premature fetal rabbits
Authors: Li Ling , Yang Chen , Feng Xiuliang , Du Yongping , Zhang Zhihong , Zhang Yueping
Published: October 2017

Aim

This study aimed to study the effects of intratracheal instillation of budesonide on lung maturity of premature fetal rabbits. The developmental pattern of pulmonary alveoli in rabbits is similar to that in humans.

Method

Fetal rabbits were taken out from female rabbits on the 28th day of pregnancy (full term = 31 days) by cesarean section (c‐section). The fetal rabbits were divided into four groups: control (normal saline, NS), budesonide (budesonide, BUD), calf pulmonary surfactant for injection (pulmonary surfactant, PS), and calf pulmonary surfactant + budesonide for injection (pulmonary surfactant + budesonide, PS + BUD). All premature rabbits were kept warm after c‐section. After 15‐min autonomous respiration, a tracheal cannula was implemented for instilling NS, BUD, PS, and PS + BUD. The morphology of lung tissues of premature fetal rabbits was analyzed using optical and electron microscopes. Surfactant protein B (SP‐B) mRNA and protein levels in lung tissues were determined using polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively.

Result

Intratracheal instillation of BUD could increase the alveolar area of the fetal rabbits (P < 0.01), decrease the alveolar wall thickness (P < 0.01), and increase the mean density of lamellar bodies (P < 0.05) and SP‐B protein levels in type II epithelial cells of pulmonary alveoli (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Intratracheal instillation of BUD during early postnatal life is effective in promoting alveolarization and increasing SP‐B expression, the pro‐pulmonary maturity of BUD combined with PS is superior to that of BUD or PS alone. However, the long‐term effect of BUD on lung development needs further exploration.
Determination of chemical identity and occupancy from experimental density maps
Authors: Wang Jimin
Published: October 2017

Three basic electronic properties of molecules, electron density (ED), charge density (CD), and electrostatic potentials (ESP), are dependent on both atomic mobility and occupancy of components in the molecules. Small protein subunits may bind large macromolecular complexes with a reduced occupancy or an increased atomic mobility or both due to affinity‐based functional regulation, and so may substrates, products, cofactors, ions or solvent molecule to the active sites of enzymes. A quantitative theory is presented in this study that describes the dependence of atomic functions on atomicB‐factor in Fourier transforms of the corresponding maps. An application of this theory is described to an experimental ED map at 1.73‐Å resolution, and to an experimental CD map at 2.2‐Å resolution. All the three density functions are linearly proportional to occupancy when the structure factorF(000) term of Fourier transforms of experimental density maps is included. Upon application of this theory to both experimental CD and ESP maps recently reported for photosystem II‐light harvesting complex II supercomplex at 3.2‐Å resolution, the occupancy of two extrinsic protein subunits PsbQ and PsbP is determined to be 20.4 ± 0.2%, and the negative mean ESP value of vitreous ice displaced by the supercomplex on electron scattering path is estimated to be 3% of the mean ESP value of protein α‐helices.
Comparative Oral Absorption of Curcumin in a Natural Turmeric Matrix with Two Other Curcumin Formulations: An Open‐label Parallel‐arm Study
Authors: Gopi Sreeraj , Jacob Joby , Varma Karthik , Jude Shintu , Amalraj Augustine , Arundhathy C.A. , George Robin , Sreeraj T.R. , Divya C. , Kunnumakkara Ajaikumar B. , Stohs Sidney J.
Published: October 2017

Curcuminoids are the major bioactive molecules in turmeric, and poor bioavailability deters them from being the major components of many health and wellness applications. This study was conducted to assess the bioavailability of a completely natural turmeric matrix formulation (CNTMF) and compare its bioavailability with two other commercially available formulations, namely, curcumin with volatile oil (volatile oil formulation) and curcumin with phospholipids and cellulose (phospholipid formulation) in healthy human adult male subjects (15 each group) under fasting conditions. Each formulation was administrated orally as a single 500‐mg dose in capsule form, and blood samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry at various time intervals up to 24 h. The ingestion of the CNTMF was very well absorbed and resulted in a mean curcuminoids plasma Cmax of 170.14 ng/mL (Tmax = 4 h) compared with 47.54 ng/mL and 69.63 ng/mL for the volatile oil (Tmax = 3 h) and phospholipid (Tmax = 2.25 h) formulations, respectively. The extent of absorption of total curcuminoids in the blood for the CNTMF was 6× greater than volatile oil formulation and 5× greater than phospholipids formulation. The results of this study indicate that curcumin in a natural turmeric matrix exhibited greater bioavailability than the two comparator products. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Birth‐weight discordance and neonatal morbidity in twin pregnancy: analysis of STORK multiple pregnancy cohort
Authors: D'Antonio F. , Thilaganathan B. , Laoreti A. , Khalil A. ,   the Southwest Thames Obstetric Research Collaborative (STORK)
Published: October 2017

Objectives

To investigate the relationship between weight discordance and neonatal morbidity in twin pregnancy progressing to at least 34 weeks of gestation. The secondary aim was to determine the predictive accuracy of different weight discordance cut‐offs in predicting neonatal morbidity in twin pregnancy.

Methods

This was a retrospective multicenter cohort study of all twin pregnancies booked for antenatal care at four hospitals in the Southwest Thames region of London Obstetric Research Collaborative (STORK) over a period of 10 years. Ultrasound data were obtained by a search of each hospital's obstetric ultrasound computer database, while outcome details were obtained from the computerized maternity and neonatal records. The primary outcome was incidence of composite neonatal morbidity in twin pregnancy with birth‐weight discordance. Logistic regression was used to identify and adjust for potential confounders, while a receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to determine predictive accuracy.

Results

Nine hundred and thirty‐nine twin pregnancies (760 dichorionic, 179 monochorionic) were included. Gestational age at birth and birth‐weight decile were significantly lower in pregnancies complicated by neonatal morbidity compared with those which were not (P < 0.001 for both). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, gestational age at birth (P < 0.001), birth‐weight decile (P = 0.029) and birth‐weight discordance (P = 0.019), but not chorionicity (P = 0.477) or presence of at least one small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) twin (P = 0.245), were associated independently with the risk of neonatal morbidity. There was a progressive increase in the risk of neonatal morbidity with increasing birth‐weight discordance. Despite this association, birth‐weight discordance showed an overall poor predictive accuracy for neonatal morbidity, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.58 (95% CI, 0.53–0.63) with an optimal cut‐off of 17.6%, showing sensitivity and specificity of 35.2% (95% CI, 27.8–43.2%) and 83.2% (95% CI, 80.4–85.8%), respectively.

Conclusion

Intertwin birth‐weight discordance is associated independently with the risk of neonatal morbidity in twins born after 34 weeks' gestation, irrespective of chorionicity or diagnosis of SGA in either twin. However, its predictive accuracy for neonatal morbidity is poor. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PER1, GUP1 and CWH43 of methylotrophic yeast Ogataea minuta are involved in cell wall integrity
Authors: Xu Xin‐Xin , Komatsuzaki Akiko , Chiba Yasunori , Gao Xiao‐Dong , Yoko‐o Takehiko
Published: October 2017

In eukaryotes, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) modification of many glycoproteins on the cell surface is highly conserved. The lipid moieties of GPI‐anchored proteins undergo remodelling processes during their maturation. To date, the products of the PER1, GUP1 and CWH43 genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been shown to be involved in the lipid remodelling. Here, we focus on the putative GPI remodelling pathway in the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea minuta. We found that the O. minuta homologues of PER1, GUP1 and CWH43 are functionally compatible with those of S. cerevisiae. Disruption of GUP1 or CWH43 in O. minuta caused a growth defect under non‐permissive conditions. The O. minuta per1Δ mutant exhibited a more fragile phenotype than the gup1Δ or cwh43Δ mutants. To address the role of GPI modification in O. minuta, we assessed the effect of these mutations on the processing and localization of the O. minuta homologues of the Gas1 protein; in S. cerevisiae, Gas1p is an abundant and well‐characterized GPI‐anchored protein. We found that O. minuta possesses two copies of the GAS1 gene, which we designate GAS1A and GAS1B. Microscopy and western blotting analysis showed mislocalization and/or lower retention of Gas1Ap and Gas1Bp within the membrane fraction in per1Δ or gup1Δ mutant cells, suggesting the significance of lipid remodelling for GPI‐anchored proteins in O. minuta. Localization behaviour of Gas1Bp differed from that of Gas1Ap. Our data reveals, for the first time (to our knowledge), the existence of genes related to GPI anchor remodelling in O. minuta cells.
Non-local continuum modelling of steady, dense granular heap flows
Authors: Liu Daren , Henann David L.
Published: October 2017

Dense granular heap flows are common in nature, such as during avalanches and landslides, as well as in industrial flows. In granular heap flows, rapid flow is localized near the free surface with the thickness of the rapidly flowing layer dependent on the overall flow rate. In the region deep beneath the surface, exponentially decaying creeping flow dominates with characteristic decay length depending only on the geometry and not the overall flow rate. Existing continuum models for dense granular flow based upon local constitutive equations are not able to simultaneously predict both of these experimentally observed features – failing to even predict the existence of creeping flow beneath the surface. In this work, we apply a scale-dependent continuum approach – the non-local granular fluidity model – to steady, dense granular flows on a heap between two smooth, frictional side walls. We show that the model captures the salient features of both the flow-rate-dependent, rapidly flowing surface layer and the flow-rate-independent, slowly creeping bulk under steady flow conditions.
Added mass: a complex facet of tidal conversion at finite depth
Authors: Brouzet C. , Ermanyuk E. V. , Moulin M. , Pillet G. , Dauxois T.
Published: October 2017

This paper revisits the problem of tidal conversion at a ridge in a uniformly stratified fluid of limited depth using measurements of complex-valued added mass. When the height of a sub-marine ridge is non-negligible with respect to the depth of the water, the tidal conversion can be enhanced in the supercritical regime or reduced in the subcritical regime with respect to the large depth situation. Tidal conversion can even be null for some specific cases. Here, we study experimentally the influence of finite depth on the added mass coefficients for three different ridge shapes. We first show that, at low forcing frequency, the tidal conversion is weakly enhanced by shallow depth for a semi-circular ridge. In addition, added mass coefficients measured for a vertical ridge show strong similarities with the ones obtained for the semi-circular ridge. Nevertheless, the enhancement of the tidal conversion at low forcing frequency for the vertical ridge has not been observed, in contrast with its supercritical shape. Finally, we provide the experimental evidence of a lack of tidal conversion due to the specific shape of a ridge for certain depth and frequency tuning.
A neural network approach for the blind deconvolution of turbulent flows
Authors: Maulik R. , San O.
Published: October 2017

We present a single-layer feed-forward artificial neural network architecture trained through a supervised learning approach for the deconvolution of flow variables from their coarse-grained computations such as those encountered in large eddy simulations. We stress that the deconvolution procedure proposed in this investigation is blind, i.e. the deconvolved field is computed without any pre-existing information about the filtering procedure or kernel. This may be conceptually contrasted to the celebrated approximate deconvolution approaches where a filter shape is predefined for an iterative deconvolution process. We demonstrate that the proposed blind deconvolution network performs exceptionally well in the a priori testing of two-dimensional Kraichnan, three-dimensional Kolmogorov and compressible stratified turbulence test cases, and shows promise in forming the backbone of a physics-augmented data-driven closure for the Navier–Stokes equations.
Transient torque in stirred tanks
Authors: Steiros K.
Published: October 2017

The transient dynamics of stirred tanks whose impeller speed undergoes smooth or step changes is investigated. First, a low-order model is developed, linking the impeller torque with the ‘extent’ of the solid-body rotation in the tank, derived from an angular momentum balance in a control volume around the impeller. Utilisation of this model enables the prediction of the torque ‘spike’ appearing after an impulsive change of the shaft speed, and of the torque evolution during a quasi-steady transition. For the case of a small impulsive change in the shaft speed, a characteristic spin-up time is also proposed. Torque measurements performed in an unbaffled stirred tank show considerable agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Surfing the edge: using feedback control to find nonlinear solutions
Authors: Willis A. P. , Duguet Y. , Omel’chenko O. , Wolfrum M.
Published: October 2017

Many transitional wall-bounded shear flows are characterised by the coexistence in state space of laminar and turbulent regimes. Probing the edge boundary between the two attractors has led in the last decade to the numerical discovery of new (unstable) solutions to the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. However, the iterative bisection method used to compute edge states can become prohibitively costly for large systems. Here we suggest a simple feedback control strategy to stabilise edge states, hence accelerating their numerical identification by several orders of magnitude. The method is illustrated for several configurations of cylindrical pipe flow. Travelling waves solutions are identified as edge states, and can be isolated rapidly in only one short numerical run. A new branch of solutions is also identified. When the edge state is a periodic orbit or chaotic state, the feedback control does not converge precisely to solutions of the uncontrolled system, but nevertheless brings the dynamics very close to the original edge manifold in a single run. We discuss the opportunities offered by the speed and simplicity of this new method to probe the structure of both state space and parameter space.
GUIDE TO CUBAN LAW AND LEGAL RESEARCH
Authors: Grant Julienne E. , Florén-Romero Marisol , Stone Sergio D. , da Costa Steven Alexandre , Louis-Jacques Lyonette , Kellett Cate , Pratter Jonathan , Miguel-Stearns Teresa M. , Colón-Semidey Eduardo , Lee Jootaek , Kraft Irene , Morais Yasmin
Published: October 2017

Recent developments in U.S-Cuba relations have resulted in a proliferating global interest in Cuba, including its legal regime. This comprehensive Guide aims to fill a noticeable void in the availability of information in English on this enigmatic jurisdiction's legal order, and on how to conduct research related to it. Covered topics include “The Constitution,” “Legislation and Codes,” “The Judiciary,” “Cuba in the International Arena,” and “The Legal Profession.” A detailed section on “Cuban Legal Materials in U.S. and Canadian Libraries” is also featured. Although the Guide emphasizes sources in English and English-language translation, materials in Spanish are likewise included as English-language equivalents are often unavailable. The Guide's 12 authors are members of the Latin American Law Interest Group of the American Association of Law Libraries’ Foreign, Comparative, and International Law Special Interest Section (FCIL-SIS).
Pieter van Musschenbroek on laws of nature
Authors: DUCHEYNE STEFFEN , PRESENT PIETER
Published: October 2017

In this article, we discuss the development of the concept of a ‘law’ (of nature) in the work of the Dutch natural philosopher and experimenter Petrus van Musschenbroek (1692–1761). Since Van Musschenbroek is commonly described as one of the first ‘Newtonians’ on the Continent in the secondary literature, we focus more specifically on its relation to Newton's views on this issue. Although he was certainly indebted to Newton for his thinking on laws (of nature), Van Musschenbroek's views can be seen to diverge from Newton's on crucial points. We show, moreover, how his thinking on laws of nature was shaped by both international and local factors. We start with a brief discussion of Newton's concept of ‘laws of nature’ in order to set the stage for Van Musschenbroek's. We then document the development of Van Musschenbroek's views on laws of nature in chronological order. We demonstrate how his thinking on laws of nature was tied to institutional, theological and scientific factors. We conclude by pointing to the broader significance of this case study for our understanding of the development of the concept ‘law of nature’ during the eighteenth century.
Impurity transport and bulk ion flow in a mixed collisionality stellarator plasma
Authors: Newton S. L. , Helander P. , Mollén A. , Smith H. M.
Published: October 2017

The accumulation of impurities in the core of magnetically confined plasmas, resulting from standard collisional transport mechanisms, is a known threat to their performance as fusion energy sources. Whilst the axisymmetric tokamak systems have been shown to benefit from the effect of temperature screening, that is an outward flux of impurities driven by the temperature gradient, impurity accumulation in stellarators was thought to be inevitable, driven robustly by the inward pointing electric field characteristic of hot fusion plasmas. We have shown in Helander et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 118, 2017a, 155002) that such screening can in principle also appear in stellarators, in the experimentally relevant mixed collisionality regime, where a highly collisional impurity species is present in a low collisionality bulk plasma. Details of the analytic calculation are presented here, along with the effect of the impurity on the bulk ion flow, which will ultimately affect the bulk contribution to the bootstrap current.
Task Assignment and Path Planning of a Multi-AUV System Based on a Glasius Bio-Inspired Self-Organising Map Algorithm
Authors: Zhu Daqi , Liu Yu , Sun Bing
Published: October 2017

For multi-Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (multi-AUV) system task assignment and path planning, a novel Glasius Bio-inspired Self-Organising Map (GBSOM) neural networks algorithm is proposed to solve relevant problems in a Three-Dimensional (3D) grid map. Firstly, a 3D Glasius Bio-inspired Neural Network (GBNN) model is established to represent the 3D underwater working environment. Using this model, the strength of neural activity is calculated at each node within the GBNN. Secondly, a Self-Organising Map (SOM) neural network is used to assign the targets to a set of AUVs and determine the order of the AUVs to access the target point. Finally, according to the magnitude of the neuron activity in the GBNN, the next AUV target point can be autonomously planned when the task assignment is completed. By repeating the above three steps, access to all target points is completed. Simulation and comparison studies are presented to demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can overcome the speed jump problem of SOM algorithms and path planning in the 3D underwater environments with static or dynamic obstacles.
Free Markets, State Involvement, and the WTO: Chinese State-Owned Enterprises in the Ring
Authors: MAVROIDIS PETROS C. , JANOW MERIT E.
Published: October 2017

Issues surrounding the operation of state-owned enterprises in the international trading system is an understudied area and yet one of increasing importance, particularly given the size and significance of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs). We start by situating the SOEs within the GATT and WTO frameworks and then summarize the main findings of a set papers prepared for an advanced law and policy seminar on SOEs held at Columbia Law School in the fall 2016.
WTO and SOEs: Article XVII and Related Provisions of the GATT 1994
Authors: MASTROMATTEO ANDREA
Published: October 2017

By acting as a trader, a government may influence the direction of international trade through its purchases and sales decisions without resort to other more direct means of trade regulation. The GATT recognizes that governments may choose to participate in international commerce in competition with private firms, but it does not leave them with a free hand when it comes to carrying out trading operations. The core rules regulating a State's trading activities are found in Article XVII and related provisions of the GATT. In the 70 years since their adoption, developments in both the GATT 1947 and the WTO have delineated a set of relatively limited disciplines rooted in the principle of non-discrimination, raising doubts about their effectiveness to address the kinds of problems caused by ‘State trading’ today. It remains true, however, that while State trading enterprises continue to operate across the world, and fundamental questions about the full reach and scope of the existing disciplines endure, opportunities to clarify their role in the modern trading system may well arise in the future practice of WTO Members.
Competition Policy and State-Owned Enterprises in China
Authors: KOVACIC WILLIAM E.
Published: October 2017

The Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) of China came into effect in August 2008. In less than a decade, China has made remarkable strides to enforce this law; no other jurisdiction with a competition law system – over 130 to date – comes close to matching China's accomplishments in the first decade of its competition regime. However, China's progress in implementing competition policy remains uncertain.
Ansung Housing Co., Ltd. v. People's Republic of China
Authors: Chatterjee Deepaloke
Published: October 2017

On 9 March 2017, an International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) tribunal chaired by Professor Lucy Reed, with co-arbitrators Dr. Michael Pryles (Ansung's appointee) and Professor Albert Jan van den Berg (China's appointee) (the Tribunal), issued its award in Ansung Housing Co., Ltd. v. People's Republic of China (the Award). The dispute arose out of Ansung's investment in a golf course and condominium development project in Sheyang-Xian, China. The Award dismissed Ansung's claim and ordered Ansung to pay 75% of China's legal fees and expenses, as well as the direct costs of the proceeding.