bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian analysis of additive epistasis arising from new mutations in mice
Authors: CASELLAS JOAQUIM , GIANOLA DANIEL , MEDRANO JUAN F.
Published: August 2014

The continuous uploading of polygenic additive mutational variability has been reported in several studies in laboratory species with an inbred genetic background. These studies have focused on the direct contribution of new mutations without considering the possibility of epistatic effects derived from the interaction of new mutations with pre-existing polymorphisms. In this work we focused on this main topic and analysed the statistical and biological relevance of the epistatic variance for 9 week body weight in two populations of inbred mice. We developed a new linear mixed model parameterization where founder-related additive genetic variability, additive mutational variability and the interaction terms between both sources of variation were accounted for under a Bayesian design and without requiring the inversion of a matrix of epistatic genetic covariances. The analyses focused on a six-generations data set from C57BL/6J mice (n = 3736) and a five-generations data set from C57BL/6Jhg/hgmice (n = 2843). The deviance information criterion (DIC) clearly favoured the model accounting for epistatic variability with reductions larger than 50 DIC units in both populations. Modal estimates for founder related, mutational and epistatic heritabilities were 0·068, 0·011 and 0·095 in C57BL/6J and 0·060, 0·010 and 0·113 in C57BL/6Jhg/hg, ruling out any doubt about the biological relevance of epistasis originating from new mutations in mice. These results contribute new insights on the relevance of epistasis in the genetic architecture of mammals and serve as an important component of an additional source of genetic heterogeneity for inbred strains of laboratory mice.
Organization for rare diseases India (ORDI) – addressing the challenges and opportunities for the Indian rare diseases' community
Authors: RAJASIMHA HARSHA KARUR , SHIROL PRASANNAKUMAR BASAYYA , RAMAMOORTHY PREVEEN , HEGDE MADHURI , BARDE SANGEETA , CHANDRU VIJAY , RAVINANDAN M. E. , RAMCHANDRAN RAMANI , HALDAR KASTURI , LIN JIMMY C. , BABAR IMRAN A. , GIRISHA KATTA M. , SRINIVASAN SUDHA , NAVANEETHAM DURAISWAMY , BATTU RAJANI , DEVARAKONDA RAJASHREE , KINI USHA , VIJAYACHANDRA KINNIMULKI , VERMA ISHWAR C.
Published: August 2014

In order to address the unmet needs and create opportunities that benefit patients with rare disease in India, a group of volunteers created a not-for-profit organization named Organization for Rare Diseases India (ORDI; www.ordindia.org). ORDI plans to represent the collective voice and advocate the needs of patients with rare diseases and other stakeholders in India. The ORDI team members come from diverse backgrounds such as genetics, molecular diagnostics, drug development, bioinformatics, communications, information technology, patient advocacy and public service. ORDI builds on the lessons learned from numerous similar organizations in the USA, European Union and disease-specific rare disease foundations in India. In this review, we provide a background on the landscape of rare diseases and the organizations that are active in this area globally and in India. We discuss the unique challenges in tackling rare diseases in India, and highlight the unmet needs of the key stakeholders of rare diseases. Finally, we define the vision, mission, goals and objectives of ORDI, identify the key developments in the health care context in India and welcome community feedback and comments on our approach.
YOUTH, MANHOOD, POLITICAL AUTHORITY, AND THE IMPEACHMENT OF THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM
Authors: KOABEL GREG
Published: August 2014

This article examines the attempted impeachment of the duke of Buckingham by parliament in 1626 through the lens of manhood, and specifically early modern definitions of youth. The parliamentary speeches of Buckingham's accusers and the reports of observers such as the Venetian ambassador are used to demonstrate how youth and inexperience were deployed as evidence of his insufficient manhood, and therefore legal justifications for Buckingham's removal from power. The attributes of youth – wilfulness, rashness, and being a prisoner to one's passions – provided a narrative in which Buckingham could be placed to discredit his political authority. Additionally, through personal correspondence with his allies, and Buckingham's own defence of himself before parliament, this article demonstrates that definitions of youth and its relationship with political authority were malleable in the early modern period. Buckingham's impassioned defence of both his political career, and himself as a man, point to an ongoing negotiation over the terms of manhood, and how men were judged as figures of legitimate political authority.
CITIZENSHIP, WAR, AND THE ORIGINS OF INTERNATIONAL ETHICS IN AMERICAN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, 1960–1975
Authors: FORRESTER KATRINA
Published: August 2014

This article examines a series of debates about civil disobedience, conscription, and the justice of war that took place among American liberal philosophers, lawyers, and activists during the civil rights movement and the Vietnam War. It argues that these debates fundamentally reshaped American political philosophy, by shifting the focus from the welfare state to the realm of international politics. In order to chart this transition from the domestic to the international, this article focuses on the writings of two influential political theorists, John Rawls and Michael Walzer. The turn to international politics in American political philosophy has its origins, in part, in their arguments about domestic citizenship. In tracing these origins, this article situates academic philosophical arguments alongside debates among the American public at large. It offers a first account of the history of analytical political philosophy during the 1960s and 1970s, and argues that the role played by the Vietnam War in this history, though underappreciated, is significant.
FRIEDRICH GENTZ'S TRANSLATION OF BURKE'SREFLECTIONS
Authors: GREEN JONATHAN ALLEN
Published: August 2014

In his influential work on German Romanticism, Isaiah Berlin suggested that Edmund Burke'sReflections on the Revolution in France(1790) catalysed the growth of the nineteenth-century counter-Enlightenment. This causal thesis, however, ignored the extent to which theReflections' German translator, Friedrich Gentz (1764–1832), altered the meaning of the text to suit his own philosophical agenda. Although Burke saw rationalism and revolution as natural allies, Gentz – a student of Immanuel Kant – used theReflectionsto articulate a conservative form of rationalism that, he believed, could stand up to thephilosophes' radicalism. Through his selective translation, numerous in-text annotations, and six long interpretive essays, Gentz pressed Burke'sReflectionsinto a Kantian epistemological paradigm – carving out a space for a priori right in the logic of the text, and demoting traditional knowledge from a normative to a prudential role. In Gentz's translation, Burke thus appeared as a champion, not a critic, of Enlightenment.
THE TREND IN AGE AT MENARCHE IN INDONESIA: BIRTH COHORTS 1944–1988
Authors: SOHN KITAE
Published: August 2014

Employing the Indonesian Family Life Survey, this paper depicts the trend in age at menarche in Indonesia for women born in 1944–1988. Mean age at menarche decreased from 14.39 years for birth year 1944 to 13.18 years for birth year 1988. Subsequently, this trend is related to the improvement in material conditions, measured by GDP per capita in childhood. The OLS results indicate that this decrease is largely explained by the improvement in material conditions. If age at menarche is considered an indicator of biological standard of living, these results suggest that the improvement in material conditions during the period converted to an improvement in biological standard of living.
CHILDLESSNESS AND INVESTMENT IN NIECES, NEPHEWS, AUNTS AND UNCLES IN FINLAND
Authors: TANSKANEN ANTTI O.
Published: August 2014

Kin selection theory predicts that individuals may increase their inclusive fitness by investing in their genetically related kin. In addition, according to the reproductive value hypothesis, individuals may increase their fitness more by investing in their kin in descending rather than ascending order. The present study uses the Generational Transmissions in Finland data collected in 2012 (n=601 women) and analyses whether childless younger women invest more in their kin than younger women with children. The study finds that childless women are more likely than mothers to invest in their nieces and nephews but not their aunts and uncles. Thus the results are in line with the reproductive value prediction.
Just undiscovered or invasive? The first record of a chiton (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the remote Ascension Island, southern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Schwabe Enrico , Tsiamis Konstantinos
Published: August 2014

During a recent expedition to Ascension Island in the southern Atlantic Ocean, a polyplacophoran of the genusAcanthochitonawas collected, corresponding to the first recorded species of this molluscan class from this remote island. A scanning electron microscope study reveals a close affinity toAcanthochitona subrubicunda, which was so far only known from the Cape Verde Archipelago. Due to the lack of comparable type material the new finding warrants a confirmed identification and is only tentatively attributed toAcanthochitona subrubicunda. It is hypothesized that the class Polyplacophora was either overlooked during earlier surveys or colonized the island in more recent time. If the latter scenario took place, a transport by ships is thinkable.
Impulsivity in disorders of food and drug misuse
Authors: Mole T. B. , Irvine M. A. , Worbe Y. , Collins P. , Mitchell S. P. , Bolton S. , Harrison N. A. , Robbins T. W. , Voon V.
Published: August 2014

Background.

Evidence suggests some overlap between the pathological use of food and drugs, yet how impulsivity compares across these different clinical disorders remains unclear. Substance use disorders are commonly characterized by elevated impulsivity, and impulsivity subtypes may show commonalities and differences in various conditions. We hypothesized that obese subjects with binge-eating disorder (BED) and abstinent alcohol-dependent cohorts would have relatively more impulsive profiles compared to obese subjects without BED. We also predicted decision impulsivity impairment in obesity with and without BED.

Method.

Thirty obese subjects with BED, 30 without BED and 30 abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects and age- and gender-matched controls were tested on delay discounting (preference for a smaller immediate reward over a larger delayed reward), reflection impulsivity (rapid decision making prior to evidence accumulation) and motor response inhibition (action cancellation of a prepotent response).

Results.

All three groups had greater delay discounting relative to healthy volunteers. Both obese subjects without BED and alcohol-dependent subjects had impaired motor response inhibition. Only obese subjects without BED had impaired integration of available information to optimize outcomes over later trials with a cost condition.

Conclusions.

Delay discounting appears to be a common core impairment across disorders of food and drug intake. Unexpectedly, obese subjects without BED showed greater impulsivity than obese subjects with BED. We highlight the dissociability and heterogeneity of impulsivity subtypes and add to the understanding of neurocognitive profiles across disorders involving food and drugs. Our results have therapeutic implications suggesting that disorder-specific patterns of impulsivity could be targeted.
How Has the Abolition of Agricultural Taxes Transformed Village Governance in China? Evidence from Agricultural Regions
Authors: Chen An
Published: August 2014

The abolition of agricultural taxes (AAT) (2005–2006) significantly changed the workload, finance, authority and functions of village governments. In agricultural regions, village cadres had their agendas reset, with the top priority switching to the search for new revenues through “attracting investment” (zhaoshang yinzi). This new agenda fits perfectly with the demands of township governments. Facing an even worse fiscal crisis, township governments attempted to cover up their deficits using village revenues. The shared stake in increasing revenue has resulted in the convergence of the functions of township and village authorities. However, the change in the function of village governments has increased the disengagement between cadres and villagers.
California State Hospital Violence Assessment and Treatment (Cal-VAT) guidelines
Authors: Stahl Stephen M. , Morrissette Debbi A. , Cummings Michael , Azizian Allen , Bader Shannon , Broderick Charles , Dardashti Laura , Delgado Darci , Meyer Jonathan , O’Day Jennifer , Proctor George , Rose Benjamin , Schur Marie , Schwartz Eric , Velasquez Susan , Warburton Katherine
Published: August 2014

Here we provide comprehensive guidelines for the assessment and treatment of violence and aggression of various etiologies, including psychotic aggression and impulsive aggression due to schizophrenia, mood disorders, ADHD, or trauma, and predatory aggression due to psychopathy and other personality disorders. These guidelines have been developed from a collection of prescribing recommendations, clinical trial results, and years of clinical experience in treating patients who are persistently violent or aggressive in the California Department of State Hospital System. Many of the recommendations provided in these guidelines employ off-label prescribing practices; thus, sound clinical judgment based on individual patient needs and according to institution formularies must be considered when applying these guidelines in clinical practice.
Transforming European Law: The Establishment of the Constitutional Discourse from 1950 to 1993
Authors: Boerger Anne , Rasmussen Morten
Published: August 2014

European Court of Justice – The nature of European law – European Law Academia – Costa v. E.N.E.L. and Van Gend & Loos – Legal Service of the European Commission – How the constitutional discourse became dominant
Constitutional Delay Influences the Auxological Response to Growth Hormone Treatment in Children with Short Stature and Growth Hormone Sufficiency
Authors: Gunn Katherine C. , Cutfield Wayne S. , Hofman Paul L. , Jefferies Craig A. , Albert Benjamin B. , Gunn Alistair J.
Published: August 2014

In a retrospective, population based cohort study, we examined whether constitutional delay was associated with the growth response to growth hormone (GH) in children with short stature and normal GH responses. 70 patients were treated with 21 GH iu/m2/week from 1975 to 2013 throughout New Zealand. Demographic and auxological data were prospectively collected and standard deviation scores (SDS) were calculated for height (HtSDS), yearly growth velocity (GV-SDS), body mass index (BMI-SDS) and predicted adult height (PAH-SDS) at time of the last available bone age. In the first year, GH was associated with marked increase in HtSDS (+0.46 (0.19, 0.76), p < 0.001) and GV-SDS (from −1.9 (−3.6, −0.7) to +2.7 (0.45, 4.2), p < 0.001). The increase in HtSDS but not in GV-SDS was greatest with younger patients and greater bone age delay, with no effect of sex, BMI-SDS or baseline HtSDS. PAH-SDS increased with treatment (+0.94 (0.18, 1.5)); increased PAH-SDS was associated with less bone age delay and greater initial increase in HtSDS. This study shows that greater bone age delay was associated with greater initial improvement in height but less improvement in predicted adult heights, suggesting that children with very delayed bone ages may show accelerated maturation during GH treatment.
Impact of uniaxial strain and doping on oxygen diffusion in CeO2
Authors: Rushton M. J. D. , Chroneos A.
Published: August 2014

Doped ceria is an important electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cell applications. Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to investigate the impact of uniaxial strain along the <100> directions and rare-earth doping (Yb, Er, Ho, Dy, Gd, Sm, Nd and La) on oxygen diffusion. We introduce a new potential model that is able to describe the thermal expansion and elastic properties of ceria to give excellent agreement with experimental data. We calculate the activation energy of oxygen migration in the temperature range 900–1900 K for both unstrained and rare-earth doped ceria systems under tensile strain. Uniaxial strain has a considerable effect in lowering the activation energies of oxygen migration. A more pronounced increase in oxygen diffusivities is predicted at the lower end of the temperature range for all the dopants considered.
Growth of metal-catalyst-free nitrogen-doped metallic single-wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Li Jin-Cheng , Hou Peng-Xiang , Zhang Lili , Liu Chang , Cheng Hui-Ming
Published: August 2014

Metal-catalyst-free N-doped metallic SWCNTs were synthesized by CVD using SiOx as a catalyst, which showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction and desirable sensing ability for dopamine detection.
Enhancing thermoelectric properties of a p-type Mg3Sb2- based Zintl phase compound by Pb substitution in the anionic framework
Authors: Bhardwaj A. , Misra D. K.
Published: August 2014

Pb substitution on anionic site of Mg3Sb2 structure enhances the power factor and simultaneously reduces the thermal conductivity which leads to a ZT ≈ 0.84 at 773 K for Mg3Sb1.8Pb0.2 alloy. The enhanced ZT of this system is comparable to bismuth telluride and selenide industrial materials which are toxic and expensive.
A rhodamine derivative as a highly sensitive chemosensor for iron(iii)
Authors: Wu Kaitian , Xiao Hongde , Wang Lele , Yin Gui , Quan Yiwu , Wang Ruiyong
Published: August 2014

A novel rhodamine-based fluorescent probe P1 was synthesized for the optical detection of Fe3+. This fluorescent probe was proved to be effective for detecting Fe3+ in living cells and zebrafish.
Introduction of an ordered porous polymer network into a ceramic alumina membrane via non-hydrolytic sol–gel methodology for targeted dynamic separation
Authors: Meng Minjia , Liu Yan , Zhang Min , Feng Yonghai , Yan Yongsheng
Published: August 2014

Highly selective composite imprinted alumina membrane (CIAM) for gentisic acid (GA) was successfully preparedvianon-hydrolytic sol–gel method to target separation.
Benzenediacrylates as organic battery electrode materials: Na versus Li
Authors: Mihali Viorica Alina , Renault Stéven , Nyholm Leif , Brandell Daniel
Published: August 2014

This paper discusses investigations of a novel Na-based organic battery electrode material, disodium benzenediacrylate (Na2BDA) in comparison with its Li-ion homologue.
Novel fluorescent chemosensing of CN− anions with nanomolar detection using the Zn2+–isonicotinohydrazide metal complex
Authors: Khairnar Nilesh , Tayade Kundan , Bothra Shilpa , Sahoo Suban K. , Singh Jasminder , Singh Narinder , Bendre Ratnamala , Kuwar Anil
Published: August 2014

A novel chemosensor based on the Zn2+–isonicotinohydrazide complex ‘(ZnL)’ was developed for the selective detection of cyanide (CN−) over other tested anions, such as HSO4−, F−, Cl−, Br−, I−, NO3−, PO43−, SO42−, SCN−, S2−, CH3COO− and H2PO4− in 100% aqueous medium.
Biomass-involved, facile and one-pot synthesis of N-aryl-2(3H)-benzoxazolones from methyl 3-dehydroshikimiate
Authors: Zhang Ensheng , Zhang Xuejing , Cai Yuchen , Wang Dejian , Xu Tianlong , Li Jun , Yan Ming , Zou Yong
Published: August 2014

A facile and efficient method for the construction of N-aryl-2(3H)-benzoxazolones using the consecutive reaction of methyl 3-dehydroshikimiate, anilines and bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate is described.
Hybrid approach using map‐based estimation and class‐specific Hough forest for pedestrian counting and detection
Authors: Chen Wei‐Gang , Wang Xun , Wang Hui‐Yan , Peng Hao‐Yu
Published: August 2014

The system proposed in this study deals with pedestrian counting and detection in intelligent video surveillance systems. It is a hybrid of map‐based and detection‐based approaches, and combines the advantages of both. After the foreground objects being segmented, the map‐based module, which implicitly compensates the perspective distortion by integrally projecting the features onto a given direction, is triggered to estimate the number of pedestrians in each foreground region. Then, a class‐specific Hough forest is employed to locate individuals. Experimental results have validated our strategy. The proposed map‐based module has the ability of accurately estimating the count for each region. Also, the estimation can speed up the process of locating individuals by providing cues like the number of targets and the approximate size of each target. The proposed detection‐based module not only locates pedestrians, but deals with enhancing the accuracy of the counting as well.
Fractal image coding algorithm using particle swarm optimisation and hybrid quadtree partition scheme
Authors: Xing‐Yuan Wang , Dou‐Dou Zhang , Na Wei
Published: August 2014

In this study, a novel fractal image coding algorithm using particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and hybrid quadtree partition (QP) scheme is proposed. A method called PSO strategy based on range block classification (PSO‐RC) is presented instead of utilising the PSO method in the whole range pool. This new idea can enhance the compression ratio significantly and speed up the encoder. Moreover, a PSO‐RC hybrid QP (PSO‐RCQP) scheme is adopted in order to improve the quality of the retrieved image further. Firstly, the range blocks are divided into two categories based on the standard deviation feature. Secondly, the range blocks are encoded using either the PSO approach or storing the average pixel values directly. Thirdly, the range blocks with large matching errors when using PSO scheme employ the proposed QP method. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can obtain good quality and higher compression ratio other than shorten the encoding time.
Electrical transport and resistance switching characteristics of BiFeO3/Nb:SrTiO3/GaAs heterostructure fabricated by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Huang W. , Yang J. J. , Gao G. Y. , Lei Y. , Zhu J. , Zeng H. Z. , Zheng F. G. , Hao J. H.
Published: August 2014

BiFeO3 thin films were epitaxially grown on (001) GaAs substrate by pulsed laser deposition with Nb doped SrTiO3 as a buffer layer. Piezoresponse force microscopy images exhibit effective ferroelectric switching of the heterostructure. The temperature-dependent current-voltage characteristics of the heterostructure reveal a resistance switching phenomenon and diode-like behavior with a rectifying ratio of 2 × 102 at the applied voltage of ±13.4 V. The electrical transport mechanism in the heterostructure has been illustrated by constructing the energy band structure. In addition, the resistance switching behavior in the heterostructure could be explained by the polarization modulation of the depletion region at the interface of the semiconductor and the ferroelectric layers.
Demonstration of improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio of Thomson scattering signal obtained by using a multi-pass optical cavity on the Tokyo Spherical Tokamak-2
Authors: Togashi H. , Ejiri A. , Hiratsuka J. , Nakamura K. , Takase Y. , Yamaguchi T. , Furui H. , Imamura K. , Inada T. , Kakuda H. , Nakanishi A. , Oosako T. , Shinya T. , Sonehara M. , Tsuda S. , Tsujii N. , Wakatsuki T. , Hasegawa M. , Nagashima Y. , Narihara K. , Yamada I. , Tojo H.
Published: August 2014

The multi-pass Thomson scattering (TS) scheme enables obtaining many photons by accumulating multiple TS signals. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) depends on the accumulation number. In this study, we performed multi-pass TS measurements for ohmically heated plasmas, and the relationship between SNR and the accumulation number was investigated. As a result, improvement of SNR in this experiment indicated similar tendency to that calculated for the background noise dominant situation.
Dynamics of femtosecond laser absorption of fused silica in the ablation regime
Authors: Lebugle M. , Sanner N. , Varkentina N. , Sentis M. , Utéza O.
Published: August 2014

We investigate the ultrafast absorption dynamics of fused silica irradiated by a single 500 fs laser pulse in the context of micromachining applications. A 60-fs-resolution pump-probe experiment that measures the reflectivity and transmissivity of the target under excitation is developed to reveal the evolution of plasma absorption. Above the ablation threshold, an overcritical plasma with highly non-equilibrium conditions is evidenced in a thin layer at the surface. The maximum electron density is reached at a delay of 0.5 ps after the peak of the pump pulse, which is a strong indication of the occurrence of electronic avalanche. The results are further analyzed to determine the actual feedback of the evolution of the optical properties of the material on the pump pulse. We introduce an important new quantity, namely, the duration of absorption of the laser by the created plasma, corresponding to the actual timespan of laser absorption by inverse Bremsstrahlung. Our results indicate an increasing contribution of plasma absorption to the total material absorption upon raising the excitation fluence above the ablation threshold. The role of transient optical properties during the energy deposition stage is characterized and our results emphasize the necessity to take it into account for better understanding and control of femtosecond laser-dielectrics interaction.
Dispersion corrected RPBE studies of liquid water
Authors: Forster-Tonigold Katrin , Groß Axel
Published: August 2014

The structure of liquid water has been addressed by ab initiomolecular dynamics simulations based on density functional theory. Exchange-correlation effects have been described by the popular PBE and RPBE functionals within the generalized gradient approximation as these functionals also yield satisfactory results for metals which is important to model electrochemical interfaces from first principles. In addition, dispersive interactions are included by using dispersion-corrected schemes. It turns out that the dispersion-corrected RPBE functional reproduces liquid water properties quite well in contrast to the PBE functional. This is caused by the replacement of the over-estimated directional hydrogen-bonding in the PBE functional by non-directional dispersive interactions.
The third-order algebraic diagrammatic construction method (ADC(3)) for the polarization propagator for closed-shell molecules: Efficient implementation and benchmarking
Authors: Harbach Philipp H. P. , Wormit Michael , Dreuw Andreas
Published: August 2014

The implementation of an efficient program of the algebraic diagrammatic construction method for the polarisation propagator in third-order perturbation theory (ADC(3)) for the computation of excited states is reported. The accuracies of ADC(2) and ADC(3) schemes have been investigated with respect to Thiel's recently established benchmark set for excitation energies and oscillator strengths. The calculation of 141 vertical excited singlet and 71 triplet states of 28 small to medium-sized organic molecules has revealed that ADC(3) exhibits mean error and standard deviation of 0.12 ± 0.28 eV for singlet states and −0.18 ± 0.16 eV for triplet states when the provided theoretical best estimates are used as benchmark. Accordingly, the ADC(2)-s and ADC(2)-x calculations revealed accuracies of 0.22 ± 0.38 eV and −0.70 ± 0.37 eV for singlets and 0.12 ± 0.16 eV and −0.55 ± 0.20 eV for triplets, respectively. For a comparison of CC3 and ADC(3), only non-CC3 benchmark values were considered, which comprise 84 singlet states and 19 triplet states. For these singlet states CC3 exhibits an accuracy of 0.23 ± 0.21 eV and ADC(3) an accuracy of 0.08 ± 0.27 eV, and accordingly for the triplet states of 0.12 ± 0.10 eV and −0.10 ± 0.13 eV, respectively. Hence, based on the quality of the existing benchmark set it is practically not possible to judge whether ADC(3) or CC3 is more accurate, however, ADC(3) has a much larger range of applicability due to its more favourable scaling of O(N6) with system size.
Resolving the controversy of a possible relationship between perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and the magnetic damping parameter
Authors: Shaw Justin M. , Nembach Hans T. , Silva T. J.
Published: August 2014

We use broadband ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy to systematically measure the Landau-Lifshitz damping parameter, perpendicular anisotropy, and the orbital moment asymmetry in Co90Fe10/Ni multilayers. No relationship is found between perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and the damping parameter in this material. However, inadequate accounting for inhomogeneous linewidth broadening, spin-pumping, and two-magnon scattering could give rise to an apparent relationship between anisotropy and damping. In contrast, the orbital-moment asymmetry and the perpendicular anisotropy are linearly proportional to each other. These results demonstrate a fundamental mechanism by which perpendicular anisotropy can be varied independently of the damping parameter.
Photoelectrical, optical, and transport properties of poly (3-hexylthiophene)-zinc sulfide hybrid nanocomposites
Authors: Singh Beerandra , Kaur Amarjeet
Published: August 2014

We have synthesized nanocomposites of poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) at 273 K and zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles at 353 K by the chemical route method. The synthesis of these nanocomposites is confirmed by UV-visible, high resolution transmission electron microscope, and Raman spectroscopy. We have measured photocurrent of P3HT using 50 W tungsten lamp. The photoconductivity increases with concentration of ZnS in P3HT-ZnS composite. Temperature dependent dc conductivity of P3HT and its nanocomposites have been thoroughly investigated in light of Mott's variable range hopping.
Synthesis and growth of HgI2 nanocrystals in a glass matrix: Heat treatment
Authors: Condeles J. F. , Silva R. S. , Silva A. C. A. , Dantas N. O.
Published: August 2014

Mercury iodide (HgI2) nanocrystals (NCs) were successfully grown in a barium phosphate glass matrix synthesized by fusion. Growth control of HgI2 NCs was investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Optical Absorption (OA), Fluorescence (FL), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). AFM images reveal the formation of HgI2 nanocrystals in host glass matrix. HgI2 NCs growth was evidenced by an OA and FL band red-shift with increasing annealing time. XRD measurements revealed the β crystalline phase of the HgI2 nanocrystals.
Quantum tunneling resonant electron transfer process in Lorentzian plasmas
Authors: Hong Woo-Pyo , Jung Young-Dae
Published: August 2014

The quantum tunneling resonant electron transfer process between a positive ion and a neutral atom collision is investigated in nonthermal generalized Lorentzian plasmas. The result shows that the nonthermal effect enhances the resonant electron transfer cross section in Lorentzian plasmas. It is found that the nonthermal effect on the classical resonant electron transfer cross section is more significant than that on the quantum tunneling resonant charge transfer cross section. It is shown that the nonthermal effect on the resonant electron transfer cross section decreases with an increase of the Debye length. In addition, the nonthermal effect on the quantum tunneling resonant electron transfer cross section decreases with increasing collision energy. The variation of nonthermal and plasma shielding effects on the quantum tunneling resonant electron transfer process is also discussed.
A pressure dependence model for the band gap energy of the dilute nitride GaNP
Authors: Zhao Chuan-Zhen , Wei Tong , Li Na-Na , Wang Sha-Sha , Lu Ke-Qing
Published: August 2014

The pressure dependence of the band gap energy of the dilute nitride GaNP is analyzed. It is found that the pressure dependence of the Г conduction band minimum (CBM) is stronger than that of the X CBM. We also find that the energy difference between the X CBM and the Г CBM in GaNP becomes large with increasing N content. In order to describe the pressure dependence of the band gap energy of the dilute nitride GaNP, a model is developed. Based on the model, we obtain the energy difference between the X CBM and the Г CBM in GaNP at standard atmospheric pressure. It agrees well with the results obtained by other method.
MoS2@ZnO nano-heterojunctions with enhanced photocatalysis and field emission properties
Authors: Tan Ying-Hua , Yu Ke , Li Jin-Zhu , Fu Hao , Zhu Zi-Qiang
Published: August 2014

The molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)@ZnO nano-heterojunctions were successfully fabricated through a facile three-step synthetic process: prefabrication of the ZnO nanoparticles, the synthesis of MoS2 nanoflowers, and the fabrication of MoS2@ZnO heterojunctions, in which ZnO nanoparticles were uniformly self-assembled on the MoS2 nanoflowers by utilizing polyethyleneimine as a binding agent. The photocatalytic activities of the composite samples were evaluated by monitoring the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB). Compared with pure MoS2 nanoflowers, the composites show higher adsorption capability in dark and better photocatalytic efficiency due to the increased specific surface area and improved electron-hole pair separation. After irradiation for 100 min, the remaining MB in solution is about 7.3%. Moreover, the MoS2@ZnO heterojunctions possess enhanced field emission properties with lower turn-on field of 3.08 V μm−1and lower threshold field of 6.9 V μm−1 relative to pure MoS2 with turn-on field of 3.65 V μm−1 and threshold field of 9.03 V μm−1.
Grazing primarily drives the relative abundance change of C4 plants in the typical steppe grasslands across households at a regional scale
Authors: Zhang Qing , Ding Yong , Ma Wenjing , Kang Sarula , Li Xin , Niu Jianming , Hou Xiangyang , Li Xiliang , Sarula
Published: August 2014

Increases in temperature and grazing intensity are believed to promote the relative abundance of C4 plants in grassland communities in Inner Mongolia. However, there is a lack of understanding as to which factor is the primary driver at the household scale. The relative abundance of C4 plants in grassland communities within 32 households was monitored over a 5-year period (2008–12) in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia. The relationships between the mean annual temperature, grazing intensity and their combinations on the patterns of the relative abundance of C4 plants across the land managed by these households were analysed. The results showed that (1) the herbage mass of the typical steppe grassland was mainly composed of C3 plants (87%); (2) the C4 plants were more sensitive to, and can be used as indicators of, environmental changes. These C4 species included Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.) Keng, Chenopodium glaucum Linn. and Salsola collina Pall.; (3) both increasing temperature and grazing intensity promoted the relative abundance of C4 plants. Grazing intensity was the primary driver of the change in relative abundance of C4 plants in this region. Not only did grazing change the micro-environment of the grasslands, but also the C3 species were preferentially grazed by the livestock. Comparison of the results with previous studies on the temporal variation in the abundance of C4 plants suggests that the relative importance of grazing and climatic factors depends on the spatial scales of the studies, with climate being of greater importance at the regional rather than the household scale.
Pyrogenic carbon: the influence of particle size and chemical composition on soil carbon release
Authors: Jenkins Meaghan E. , Bell Tina L. , Norris Jaymie , Adams Mark A.
Published: August 2014

In many countries, prescribed or planned burning is increasingly used as a management strategy to reduce the risk and negative effects of wildfires. As a by-product of this practice, ash, charcoal and partially charred material (referred to here as pyrogenic carbon, PC) is created. The amount and type of PC produced and fate of this form of carbon is uncertain. PC is often assumed to be resistant to chemical and microbial degradation and therefore potentially persistent in soils for hundreds or thousands of years. As a result, PC has been proposed as a sink for carbon and promoted for its storage potential in soil. We hypothesised that the differing components of PC would interact differently with soil processes and have varying potential for carbon storage. We analysed the chemical composition of PC produced by prescribed fire in a eucalypt forest and measured its effect on soil respiration. A laboratory incubation experiment showed that when PC of differing size fractions was added to soil, only the smallest size fraction (<1mm; ash) increased rates of soil respiration, whereas larger fractions (charcoal) had little effect. The carbon contained in charcoal was resistant to microbial degradation and had little effect on microbial processes such as respiration. In general, fires of greater intensity will produce greater proportional amounts of smaller size particles and will likely result in faster rates of respiration than fires of lesser intensity. Therefore, lower intensity fires may ultimately have a greater capacity for soil carbon sequestration than those of higher intensity.
A sequence-specific transcription activator motif and powerful synthetic variants that bind Mediator using a fuzzy protein interface
Authors: Warfield Linda , Tuttle Lisa M. , Pacheco Derek , Klevit Rachel E. , Hahn Steven
Published: August 2014

Significance

How transcription activators recognize their coactivator targets is a longstanding question and is important for understanding activator specificity and synergy. Most activators are not obviously related in sequence, but they recognize a common set of coactivators, raising the question of whether these interactions are sequence-specific. We show that the yeast transcription factor Gcn4 central activation domain works via a short sequence-specific motif that can be optimized to generate powerful synthetic activators. Like many natural activators, the synthetic derivatives have redundant sequence and bind the Mediator subunit Gal11 with high affinity using a “fuzzy” protein interface. Our results suggest a mechanism to explain how a subset of natural activators use redundant sequence motifs and great flexibility in the binding interface to target unrelated coactivators.
Modernity in material form? Mobile phones in the careers of Ghanaian market women
Authors: Burrell Jenna
Published: August 2014

Recent research on mobile phones in market exchange activities in the Global South has tended to dematerialise the phone, narrowing its application to accord with disciplinary concerns rather than to its full range of material possibilities. This article seeks to expand the model of the mobile phone in socio-economic development by examining its uptake and adaptation among Ghanaian market women. The analysis considers development in terms of market women's own self-defined notion of progress. Rather than leading to more impersonal and calculative trade relationships, their uses reflected deepening relations with trade partners and opportunities for enhanced affiliation at all levels.
Nucleoporin 75 Is Involved in the Ethylene-Mediated Production of Phytoalexin for the Resistance ofNicotiana benthamianatoPhytophthora infestans
Authors: Ohtsu Mina , Shibata Yusuke , Ojika Makoto , Tamura Kentaro , Hara-Nishimura Ikuko , Mori Hitoshi , Kawakita Kazuhito , Takemoto Daigo
Published: August 2014

Mature Nicotiana benthamiana shows stable resistance to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Induction of phytoalexin (capsidiol) production is essential for the resistance, which is upregulated via a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade (NbMEK2-WIPK/SIPK) followed by ethylene signaling. In this study, NbNup75 (encodes a nuclear pore protein Nucleoporin75) was identified as an essential gene for resistance of N. benthamiana to P. infestans. In NbNup75-silenced plants, initial events of elicitor-induced responses such as phosphorylation of MAPK and expression of defense-related genes were not affected, whereas induction of later defense responses such as capsidiol production and cell death induction was suppressed or delayed. Ethylene production induced by either INF1 or NbMEK2 was reduced in NbNup75-silenced plants, whereas the expression of NbEAS (a gene for capsidiol biosynthesis) induced by ethylene was not affected, indicating that Nup75 is required for the induction of ethylene production but not for ethylene signaling. Given that nuclear accumulation of polyA RNA was increased in NbNup75-silenced plants, efficient export of mRNA from nuclei via nuclear pores would be important for the timely upregulation of defense responses. Collectively, Nup75 is involved in the induction of a later stage of defense responses, including the ethylene-mediated production of phytoalexin for the resistance of N. benthamiana to P. infestans.
Manipulating flow separation: sensitivity of stagnation points, separatrix angles and recirculation area to steady actuation
Authors: Boujo E. , Gallaire F.
Published: August 2014

A variational technique is used to derive analytical expressions for the sensitivity of several geometric indicators of flow separation to steady actuation. Considering the boundary layer flow above a wall-mounted bump, the six following representative quantities are considered: the locations of the separation point and reattachment point connected by the separatrix, the separation angles at these stagnation points, the backflow area and the recirculation area. For each geometric quantity, linear sensitivity analysis allows us to identify regions which are the most sensitive to volume forcing and wall blowing/suction. Validations against full nonlinear Navier−Stokes calculations show excellent agreement for small-amplitude control for all considered indicators. With very resemblant sensitivity maps, the reattachment point, the backflow and recirculation areas are seen to be easily manipulated. By contrast, the upstream separation point and the separatrix angles are seen to remain extremely robust with respect to external steady actuation.
Integration, Desegregation and the Work of the Past
Authors: Balfour Lawrie
Published: August 2014

A masterful study of the entrenchment and disastrous consequences of post-civil rights era racial segregation, Elizabeth Anderson's The Imperative of Integration more than lives up to its title. This article highlights two contributions of Anderson's book: the way it models the work of non-ideal theorizing by offering an empirical account of the contemporary US that is grounded in close study of the most pressing social problems and the consequences of different remedies; and the way it re-conceives the argument for affirmative action. The article also raises two concerns about Anderson's approach. First, it contends that Anderson's argument depends too heavily on the cultivation of national identity and is insufficiently attentive to the dangers of such identification. Second, it demonstrates what is lost when segregation is approached as a problem to be solved. In conclusion, this article advocates a politics of de-segregation as an alternative that shares many of Anderson's ends without losing sight of the limitations of integration as an ideal.
Would We Know ‘Integration’ If We Were to See It? Measurement and The Imperative of Integration
Authors: Wong Cara
Published: August 2014

These comments in response to Elizabeth Anderson's The Imperative of Integration focus on the problems of measurement that arise from the next step of putting her theory of integration into practice. In fact, thinking about measurement helps us with the theory as well, since it highlights issues that may not have seemed as central or salient at first glance. Contemplating the units of analysis used in the measurement of segregation, how to measure integration, and what counts as diversity or integration in the minds of ordinary Americans forces us to think more concretely about what it means for a society to have integration, which is defined by Anderson as ‘the free interaction of citizens from all walks of life on terms of equality and mutual regard'. This article concludes with a couple of thoughts on political trade-offs that may be forced by integration.
Reply to Critics of The Imperative of Integration
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth
Published: August 2014

Lawrie Balfour, Benjamin Hertzberg, Jack Knight and Cara Wong offer comments on my book, The Imperative of Integration, that raise critically important questions about the ways a pragmatist methodology should treat ideals in non-ideal theory. In this article, I reply to their comments as well as provide some reflections on the proper level of abstraction in non-ideal theory and on what kinds of results we can expect from it.
The empire strikes back: War without war and occupation without occupation in the Russian sphere of influence
Authors: DUNN ELIZABETH CULLEN , BOBICK MICHAEL S.
Published: August 2014

Russia's recent actions in Ukraine constitute a new form of warfare distinctly suited for a 21st‐century battlefield. Through a comparative analysis of the political technologies it has deployed there and in two other conflict zones, Georgia and Moldova, we maintain that Russia is implementing a new political strategy that utilizes fear and intimidation to thwart a further eastward expansion of the European Union and NATO. By masking Russian “occupation without occupation” as humanitarian and as fulfilling a “responsibility to protect,” Vladimir Putin satirizes the moral and legal arguments used by Western states to justify their own international intervention. Ultimately, we argue that the pervasive fear created by Eurasia's frozen conflicts constitutes a new form of post‐Soviet liminality that challenges the norms of the international system.
Of power and laughter: Carnivalesque politics and moral citizenship in Lithuania
Authors: KLUMBYTĖ NERINGA
Published: August 2014

During Lithuania's 2008 parliamentary elections, National Resurrection Party members dressed up as vampires, insane people, criminals, and prostitutes to gain people's votes. They mocked the state and laughed at political elites and electoral politics. I argue that the 2008 electoral carnivalesque was a politics of becoming, a fluid and open‐ended process that engaged communities of despair and promoted moral citizenship through laughter. It was a form of political opposition, grounded in future‐oriented moral and affective reassemblages of social and political fields. This politics of becoming attracted new people to politics, reframed political debates, and challenged state policies, practices, and ideologies.