bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outpatient management of patients presenting with venous thromboembolism: Retrospective cohort study at 11 community hospitals
Authors: Khatib Rasha , Nitti Kara , McDowell Marc , Szymialis Rick , Blair Chris , Glowacki Nicole , Rhoades William
Published: November 2020

A gap exists between clinical practice guidelines and real-world practice. We aim to investigate hospital admissions among patients presenting to emergency departments of 11 hospitals with venous thromboembolism (VTE). Eligible patients’ first emergency department VTE visit were retrospectively collected between 2013 and 2018 from electronic medical records (EMR). Patients were categorized at low risk of VTE complications if they were diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the leg or if they were diagnosed with pulmonary embolism (PE) and had a PE score index < 85. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to measure the adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of hospital admissions before and after clinical practice guidelines were updated to recommend outpatient management of DVT and PE with low risk of complications. A total of 13,677 patients were included in the analysis, of which 55% were diagnosed with DVT. Mean age was 65  ±  17 years, 54% were females, and 62% were Caucasian. Overall, 9281 patients were categorized at low risk VTE complications, of whom 77% were admitted for in-hospital management. The rate of in-hospital management declined from 81% in 2013 to 73% in 2018. Patients visiting emergency departments between 2016 and 2018 (post-guidelines) were equally likely to be admitted compared to patients visiting the emergency departments between 2013 and 2015 (pre-guidelines; OR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.11). Results from this real-world study indicate that most low-risk VTE patients are admitted for in-hospital management, despite recommendations in clinical practice guidelines.
What Can Armstrongian Universals Do for Induction?
Authors: Peden William
Published: November 2020

David Armstrong (1983) argues that necessitation relations among universals are the best explanation of some of our observations. If we consequently accept them into our ontologies, then we can justify induction, because these necessitation relations also have implications for the unobserved. By embracing Armstrongian universals, we can vindicate some of our strongest epistemological intuitions and answer the Problem of Induction. However, Armstrong’s reasoning has recently been challenged on a variety of grounds. Critics argue against both Armstrong’s usage of inference to the best explanation and even whether, by Armstrong’s own standards, necessitation relations offer a potential explanation of this explanandum, let alone thebestexplanation. I defend Armstrong against these particular criticisms. Firstly, even though there are reasons to think that Armstrong’s justification fails as a self-contained defence of induction, it can usefully complement several other answers to Hume. Secondly, I argue that Armstrong’s reasoning is consistent with his own standards for explanation.
Real-time video fire/smoke detection based on CNN in antifire surveillance systems
Authors: Saponara Sergio , Elhanashi Abdussalam , Gagliardi Alessio
Published: November 2020

This work presents a real-time video-based fire and smoke detection using YOLOv2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in antifire surveillance systems. YOLOv2 is designed with light-weight neural network architecture to account the requirements of embedded platforms. The training stage is processed off-line with indoor and outdoor fire and smoke image sets in different indoor and outdoor scenarios. Ground truth labeler app is used to generate the ground truth data from the training set. The trained model was tested and compared to the other state-of-the-art methods. We used a large scale of fire/smoke and negative videos in different environments, both indoor (e.g., a railway carriage, container, bus wagon, or home/office) or outdoor (e.g., storage or parking area). YOLOv2 is a better option compared to the other approaches for real-time fire/smoke detection. This work has been deployed in a low-cost embedded device (Jetson Nano), which is composed of a single, fixed camera per scene, working in the visible spectral range. There are not specific requirements for the video camera. Hence, when the proposed solution is applied for safety on-board vehicles, or in transport infrastructures, or smart cities, the camera installed in closed-circuit television surveillance systems can be reused. The achieved experimental results show that the proposed solution is suitable for creating a smart and real-time video-surveillance system for fire/smoke detection.
Ethno-religious socialisation, national culture and the social construction of British Muslim identity
Authors: Timol Riyaz
Published: November 2020

This paper interfaces a specific theory of socialisation, derived from Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann’s influential bookThe Social Construction of Reality, with the empirical story of Muslim settlement in Britain. It makes a key distinction between the primary socialisation experiences of immigrants, which unfolded in their countries of origin, and that of their diaspora-born offspring whose identity is forged between an inherited ethno-religious culture and the wider British collective conscience. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork conducted with the Islamic revivalist movement Tablighi Jama’at, the paper explores the cultural embodiments of religion as it evolves over generations through an examination of identity markers such as language, dress and food. The analysis triangulates Berger and Luckmann’s concepts of primary and secondary socialisation with a tripartite model of British Muslim identity developed by Ron Geaves. It further argues, in light of Kwame Gyekye’s theory of nation-building, that recent government efforts to promulgate a set of fundamental British values in schools represent an essentially Durkheimian attempt to supply the ‘social glue’ that binds citizens together. While the article acknowledges the increasing salience of religion for many British-born Muslims, it argues for the ongoing influence of ethnicity and nationality in determining their lived experience.
A dynamic programming algorithm for solving the k-Color Shortest Path Problem
Authors: Ferone Daniele , Festa Paola , Fugaro Serena , Pastore Tommaso
Published: November 2020

Several variants of the classical Constrained Shortest Path Problem have been presented in the literature so far. One of the most recent is thek-Color Shortest Path Problem($$k$$k-CSPP), that arises in the field of transmission networks design. The problem is formulated on a weighted edge-colored graph and the use of the colors as edge labels allows to take into account the matter of path reliability while optimizing its cost. In this work, we propose a dynamic programming algorithm and compare its performances with two solution approaches: a Branch and Bound technique proposed by the authors in their previous paper and the solution of the mathematical model obtained with CPLEX solver. The results gathered in the numerical validation evidenced how the dynamic programming algorithm vastly outperformed previous approaches.
Numerical investigations regarding a novel process chain for the production of a hybrid bearing bushing
Authors: Behrens Bernd-Arno , Maier Hans Jürgen , Poll Gerhard , Wriggers Peter , Aldakheel Fadi , Klose Christian , Nürnberger Florian , Pape Florian , Böhm Christoph , Chugreeva Anna , Coors Timm , Duran Deniz , Thürer Susanne E. , Herbst Sebastian , Hwang Jae-Il , Matthias Tim , Heimes Norman , Uhe Johanna
Published: November 2020

This contribution deals with the numerical investigations to develop a novel process chain for hybrid solid components using Tailored Forming. For manufacturing a hybrid bearing bushing, co-extrusion is the first step to produce hybrid semi-finished workpieces followed by a die forging process, machining processes and hardening. Combining aluminium with steel, compounds with wear-resistant functional surfaces and reduced weight are realised. Numerical simulations are a decisive part of the process chain design, for example to determine suitable process parameters for the co-extrusion process and to predict the thickness of intermetallic phases in the joining zone using a macroscopic phenomenological model. A numerical design including a tool analysis of the die forging process was carried out taking the experimentally determined material properties and the temperature profile after inductive heating into account. Additionally, the damage and fatigue behaviour of the polycrystalline material of the joining zone are modelled at the microstructure level. Moreover, a new discretization scheme, namely the virtual element method, which is more efficient at grain level, is developed regarding a crystal plasticity framework. Numerical simulations are used to develop inductive heating strategies for the forming process and for the design of the inductive hardening of the functional surface at the end of the process chain. In order to investigate the performance of this hybrid machine element under application-oriented conditions, a contact simulation is linked with a statistical damage model to calculate the bearing fatigue. In this study, a general overview of the individual process steps is given and results of the respective models are presented.
Patients with pemphigus are at an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: a large-scale cohort study
Authors: Kridin Khalaf , Jones Virginia A. , Patel Payal M. , Zelber-Sagi Shira , Hammers Christoph M. , Damiani Giovanni , Amber Kyle T. , Cohen Arnon D.
Published: November 2020

Data regarding the association between pemphigus and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is inconclusive and yet to be firmly established. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the risk of developing RA during the course of pemphigus. A large-scale population-based longitudinal cohort study was conducted to evaluate the hazard ratio (HR) of RA among 1985 patients with pemphigus relative to 9874 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched control subjects. A multivariate Cox regression model was utilized. The incidence of RA was 1.07 (95% CI, 0.62–1.72) and 0.36 (95% CI, 0.24–0.52) per 1000 person-years among patients with pemphigus and controls, respectively. The lifetime prevalence of RA was 2.3% (95% CI, 1.7–3.1%) among cases and 1.8% (95% CI, 1.5–2.0%) among controls. Patients with pemphigus were more than twice as likely to develop RA as compared to control subjects (adjusted HR, 2.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31–4.92). The increased risk was robust to a sensitivity analysis that included only cases managed by pemphigus-related systemic medications (adjusted HR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.30–5.05). In conclusion, pemphigus is associated with an increased risk of RA. Physicians treating patients with pemphigus should be aware of this possible association. Further research is required to better understand the mechanism underlying this association.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Pulmonary Hypertension—an Update
Authors: Alabed Samer , Garg Pankaj , Johns Christopher S. , Alandejani Faisal , Shahin Yousef , Dwivedi Krit , Zafar Hamza , Wild James M , Kiely David G , Swift Andrew J
Published: November 2020

Purpose of Review

This article reviews advances over the past 3 years in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in pulmonary hypertension (PH). We aim to bring the reader up-to-date with CMR applications in diagnosis, prognosis, 4D flow, strain analysis, T1 mapping, machine learning and ongoing research.

Recent Findings

CMR volumetric and functional metrics are now established as valuable prognostic markers in PH. This imaging modality is increasingly used to assess treatment response and improves risk stratification when incorporated into PH risk scores. Emerging techniques such as myocardial T1 mapping may play a role in the follow-up of selected patients. Myocardial strain may be used as an early marker for right and left ventricular dysfunction and a predictor for mortality. Machine learning has offered a glimpse into future possibilities. Ongoing research of new PH therapies is increasingly using CMR as a clinical endpoint.

The last 3 years have seen several large studies establishing CMR as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool in patients with PH, with CMR increasingly considered as an endpoint in clinical trials of PH therapies. Machine learning approaches to improve automation and accuracy of CMR metrics and identify imaging features of PH is an area of active research interest with promising clinical utility.
Smoking-Related Social Control in Indonesian Single-Smoker Couples
Authors: Ayuningtyas DA , Tuinman Marrit , Prabandari Yayi Suryo , Hagedoorn Mariët
Published: November 2020

Background

The majority of Indonesian smokers are men and those who are married nearly always have a non-smoking wife (i.e. single-smoker couples). Previous studies have suggested that Indonesian women dislike smoking. However, contesting their husbands’ smoking could be seen as disrespectful. In this study, we examine whether, and if so how, wives employ social control tactics to change their husbands’ smoking and how the smokers perceive the tactics.

Method

In-depth interviews (N = 12) with five single-smoker couples (N = 10 individual interviews) and two non-smoking wives of smokers (N = 2) were conducted in Jogjakarta, Indonesia. We used a social control framework and thematic analysis approach to analyse the transcribed interviews.

Results

Three themes emerged from smokers and their wives: (1) although the wives know that smoking is bad, they have to tolerate it, (2) wives and their husbands find it important to maintain harmony and (3) their family’s needs serve as common ground. All the wives interviewed exerted social control to some degree, especially when they were pregnant or had children. Smokers reacted positively to social control and agreed to child-related house rules, but not to requests to give up smoking.

Conclusion

Wives do exert social control and smokers are willing to accommodate and adapt their smoking. However, wives’ influence on smoking may be limited in Indonesia, and focusing on managing their husbands’ smoking at home rather than overall smoking might be more fruitful.
Review, impact of land use/cover change on soil erosion in the Lake Tana Basin, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia
Authors: Bogale Alemsha
Published: November 2020

Lake Tana Basin is located in upper Blue Nile Basin which is comprises a total area of 15,096 km2of which 3063 km2is covered by the Lake which is the source of Blue Nile river. Lake Tana Basin and Blue Nile River provide various benefits also for downstream countries. The basin is highly degraded by different natural and manmade problems and it influence both Ethiopia and downstream countries. The main cause of basin degradation is inappropriate LULC. Huge area of cultivated land using without suitable management is the major basin problem. It is due to insure food security coming from unprecedented population growth rate. Forested land has encouraged the infiltration capacity and permeability of the land. It helps to increase the recharge capacity contribute to base flow whereas it is vice versa for cultivated land which is quick overland flow and significant soil erosion have observed. Besides, the soil erosion from agricultural land is the main source of nutrient enters to the lake which is the cause for eutrophication. To combat such problems both up and downstream countries should discuss together and design and implement appropriate basin management strategies to sustain the biodiversity and hydrological system of the basin.
Initial conceptual demonstration of control co-design for WEC optimization
Authors: Coe Ryan G. , Bacelli Giorgio , Olson Sterling , Neary Vincent S. , Topper Mathew B. R.
Published: November 2020

While some engineering fields have benefited from systematic design optimization studies, wave energy converters have yet to successfully incorporate such analyses into practical engineering workflows. The current iterative approach to wave energy converter design leads to sub-optimal solutions. This short paper presents an open-source MATLAB toolbox for performing design optimization studies on wave energy converters where power take-off behavior and realistic constraints can be easily included. This tool incorporates an adaptable control co-design approach, in that a constrained optimal controller is used to simulate device dynamics and populate an arbitrary objective function of the user’s choosing. A brief explanation of the tool’s structure and underlying theory is presented. To demonstrate the capabilities of the tool, verify its functionality, and begin to explore some basic wave energy converter design relationships, three conceptual case studies are presented. In particular, the importance of considering (and constraining) the magnitudes of device motion and forces in design optimization is shown.
Recovery of Silicon Dioxide from Waste Foundry Sand and Alkaline Activation of Desilicated Foundry Sand
Authors: Mashifana Tebogo , Sithole Thandiwe
Published: November 2020

This study was conducted to recover silica (desilication) as a valuable metalloid from waste foundry sand (WFS) by a leaching process and to find application for desilicated foundry sand (DFS). The leaching time applied was 5 h; 3 M of potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used as a leaching reagent. The agitation speed of 200 rpm and the liquid/solid ratio of 25 were found to be the best conditions for optimum leaching results. A geopolymer from DFS was developed by using NaOH as an alkaline activator. The results obtained showed that the optimum conditions for the synthesis of a geopolymer were 15 M NaOH, 150 µm DFS particle size, and a curing temperature of 80 ℃ for 72 h. The geopolymer strength development was due to the formation of Phillipsite and Kalsilite as new hydration products. At the optimum alkaline solution concentration, the highest unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of 4.8 MPa was achieved. The developed geopolymer met the minimum strength requirements for load bearing material. This study provides an innovative and novel solution for the beneficiation of spent foundry sand and the recovery of a valuable metalloid, resulting to zero waste generation.

Graphical Abstract
Der lange Schatten der Hyperinflation
Authors: Hüther Michael
Published: November 2020

Deutschland weist im Umgang mit finanziellen Fragen einige Besonderheiten auf. Dazu gehören die geringen Erträge der umfangreichen internationalen Anlagen dieser exportorientierten Volkswirtschaft, die auch Jahrzehnte nach dem ersten Befund unzureichende Bereitstellung von Risikokapital und die im Vergleich mit vielen vergleichbar entwickelten Volkswirtschaften sehr restriktive Regulierung öffentlicher Kreditaufnahme. Die drei Aspekte haben insofern ein gemeinsames Muster, als sie auf eine mangelnde Bereitschaft deuten, auf künftiges Wachstum zu setzen und damit auch eine Risikoakzeptanz deutlich zu machen. Wie kann diese hohe Präferenz für Sicherheit erklärt werden? Dafür wird in der Tradition von Geert Hofstede nach den prägenden kulturellen Haltungen gefragt und als historischer Hintergrund für Deutschland die zweifache Hyperinflationserfahrungen im 20. Jahrhundert identifiziert. Welche wirtschaftspolitischen Handlungsmöglichkeiten es trotz habitueller Fixierungen gibt, wird abschließend erörtert. Die Antwort liegt in einer Mobilisierung staatlicher Investitionen, einer Innovationsinfrastruktur und einem positiven Unternehmerbild.
Mandibular Advancement Devices for OSA: An Alternative to CPAP?
Authors: Francis Claire E. , Quinnell Tim
Published: November 2020

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition causing unrefreshing sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness. It has individual socioeconomic impacts and, through association with increased risk of road traffic accidents, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, OSA is a public health issue. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the first-line treatment for moderate-to-severe OSA. It is effective in improving excessive daytime sleepiness and quality of life. There is also evidence that CPAP therapy has cardiovascular benefits although nature and extent remain uncertain. Despite its benefits, a significant proportion of patients are unable to tolerate CPAP. There are also patients with mild but symptomatic disease, for whom CPAP is usually not available or appropriate, so there is a need for other treatment options. Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) offer an effective alternative to CPAP and can improve daytime symptoms and quality of life. There are many devices available, representing a range of complexity and cost. It is challenging to properly evaluate the effectiveness of this ever-evolving range. The more basic MADs are cheaper and more accessible but are less well tolerated. More complex devices are better tolerated and may be more effective. However, they are more expensive and often require dental expertise, so access is more limited. Efforts continue to try to improve accessibility to effective MAD therapy. Alongside increasing awareness, this may be facilitated by developing and refining devices that could be fitted by non-dental clinicians, and potentially by patients themselves. Research efforts need to focus on determining how to efficiently identify patients who are likely to respond to MAD therapy, so as to improve clinical and cost-effectiveness of OSA therapy overall.
Contribution of serotonin receptor subtypes to hallucinogenic activity of 25I-NBOMe and to its effect on neurotransmission
Authors: Herian Monika , Wojtas Adam , Sobocińska Małgorzata Katarzyna , Skawski Mateusz , González-Marín Alejandro , Gołembiowska Krystyna
Published: November 2020

Background

4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) is a potent serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonist with hallucinogenic properties. The aim of our research was to examine the role of the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A serotonin receptor subtypes in 25I-NBOMe hallucinogenic activity and its effect on dopamine (DA), 5-HT and glutamate release in the rat frontal cortex.

Methods

Hallucinogenic activity was investigated using the wet dog shake (WDS) test. The release of DA, 5-HT and glutamate in the rat frontal cortex was studied using a microdialysis in freely moving rats. Neurotransmitter levels were analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical detection. The selective antagonists of the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A serotonin receptor subtypes: M100907, SB242084 and WAY100635, respectively were applied through a microdialysis probe.

Results

The WDS response to 25I-NBOMe (1 and 3 mg/kg) was significantly reduced by local administration of M100907 and SB242084 (100 nM). The 25I-NBOMe-induced increase in glutamate, DA and 5-HT release was inhibited by M100907 and SB242084. WAY100635 had no effect on 25I-NBOMe-induced WDS and glutamate release, while it decreased DA and 5-HT release from cortical neuronal terminals.

Conclusion

The obtained results suggest that 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors play a role in 25I-NBOMe-induced hallucinogenic activity and in glutamate, DA and 5-HT release in the rat frontal cortex as their respective antagonists attenuated the effect of this hallucinogen. The disinhibition of GABA cells by the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist seems to underlie the mechanism of decreased DA and 5-HT release from neuronal terminals in the frontal cortex.
Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Female Sexual Dysfunction in a Sample of Saudi Women
Authors: Madbouly Khaled , Al-Anazi Mohammed , Al-Anazi Hanan , Aljarbou Abdullah , Almannie Raed , Habous Mohamad , Binsaleh Saleh
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a common health problem that is inadequately investigated in Saudi Arabia.

Aim

To assess the prevalence and predictors of FSD in a sample of Saudi women attending the primary care and gynecology clinics.

Methods

A cross-sectional clinic-based survey involved Saudi women attending primary care and gynecology clinics in a teaching hospital in Riyadh during the period from January to June 2019. Data were collected using a structured interview questionnaire. Female sexual function has been evaluated by the Arabic version of the Female Sexual Function Index.

Main outcome measures

The main outcome measure of this study was female sexual function using the Arabic version of the Female Sexual Function Index.

Results

200 Saudi women were included in this study. Their age ranged from 18 to 50 years. Most of the participants (88.5%) were fairly satisfied or satisfied with their spouse’s sexual ability and 120 (60%) had a risk of FSD. Participants with FSD reported the lowest scores for arousal and desire domains (3.03 ± 1.3 and 3.12 ± 1.1, respectively) followed by orgasm domain (3.48 ± 1.4). Predictive factors for risk of FSD in our participants were age greater than 40 years (P = .012), unemployment (P = .035), low/moderate family income (P = .014), dissatisfaction with the spouse’s sexual ability (P = .005), and higher weight (P = .010) and height (P = .043). Only age greater than 40 years (P = .041), low family income (P = .007), and dissatisfaction with spouse’s sexual ability (P = .011) sustained independent significance in a multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Conclusion

A high prevalence of FSD was encountered in our sample of Saudi women. Desire and arousal were the most significantly affected domains followed by orgasmic problems. Age greater than 40 years, low socioeconomic level, and dissatisfaction with the spouse’s sexual ability are the most significant predictors.
Hepatitis-Associated Aplastic Anemia
Authors: Alshaibani Alfadel , Dufour Carlo , Risitano Antonio , de Latour Regis , Aljurf Mahmoud
Published: November 2020

Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (HAAA) is a rare illness, characterized by onset of pancytopenia with a hypoplastic bone marrow that traditionally occurs within 6 months of an increase in serum aminotransferases. HAAA is observed in 1% to 5% of all newly diagnosed cases of acquired aplastic anemia. Several hepatitis viruses have been linked to the disease, but in many cases no specific virus is detected. The exact pathophysiology is unknown; however, immune destruction of hematopoietic stem cells is believed to be the underlying mechanism. HAAA is a potentially lethal disease if left untreated. Management includes immunosuppression with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
A new early-diverging sphenodontian (Lepidosauria, Rhynchocephalia) from the Upper Triassic of Virginia, U.S.A.
Authors: Sues Hans-Dieter , Schoch Rainer R.
Published: November 2020

A new taxon of sphenodontian reptile,Micromenodon pittinew genus new species is described from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) Vinita Formation of the Richmond basin of the Newark Supergroup in Virginia. It is diagnosed by a dorsoventrally deep facial process of the maxilla that extends for almost the entire anteroposterior length of the bone and by obtusely conical, strongly ribbed additional teeth in the maxilla that comprise a greatly enlarged tooth followed by smaller teeth posteriorly. Phylogenetic analysis foundMicromenodon pittin. gen. n. sp. as an early-diverging sphenodontian with fully acrodont tooth implantation. The maxillary dentition appears functionally suited for processing hard arthropod exoskeletons and snail shells.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/40ed7cb6-4867-464b-8bfb-db07febfe97c
Advancing AI for Earth Science: A Data Systems Perspective
Authors: Maskey Manil , Alemohammad Hamed , Murphy Kevin , Ramachandran Rahul
Published: November 2020

Tackling data challenges and incorporating physics into machine learning models will help unlock the potential of artificial intelligence to answer Earth science questions.
Can Climate Preparedness Mitigate Emerging Pandemics?
Authors: Hornyak Tim
Published: November 2020

Indonesians say being prepared for climate-related disasters helped blunt the impact of the coronavirus pandemic—and that lessons in resilience may mitigate the effects of climate crises in the future.
Creation of a Mixed‐Mode Fracture Network at Mesoscale Through Hydraulic Fracturing and Shear Stimulation
Authors: Schoenball Martin , Ajo‐Franklin Jonathan B. , Blankenship Doug , Chai Chengping , Chakravarty Aditya , Dobson Patrick , Hopp Chet , Kneafsey Timothy , Knox Hunter A. , Maceira Monica , Robertson Michelle C. , Sprinkle Parker , Strickland Christopher , Templeton Dennise , Schwering Paul C. , Ulrich Craig , Wood Todd ,   The EGS Collab Team
Published: November 2020

Enhanced Geothermal Systems could provide a substantial contribution to the global energy demand if their implementation could overcome inherent challenges. Examples are insufficient created permeability, early thermal breakthrough, and unacceptable induced seismicity. Here we report on the seismic response of a mesoscale hydraulic fracturing experiment performed at 1.5‐km depth at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. We have measured the seismic activity by utilizing a 100‐kHz, continuous seismic monitoring system deployed in six 60‐m length monitoring boreholes surrounding the experimental domain in 3‐D. The achieved location uncertainty was on the order of 1 m and limited by the signal‐to‐noise ratio of detected events. These uncertainties were corroborated by detections of fracture intersections at the monitoring boreholes. Three intervals of the dedicated injection borehole were hydraulically stimulated by water injection at pressures up to 33 MPa and flow rates up to 5 L/min. We located 1,933 seismic events during several injection periods. The recorded seismicity delineates a complex fracture network comprised of multistrand hydraulic fractures and shear‐reactivated, preexisting planes of weakness that grew unilaterally from the point of initiation. We find that heterogeneity of stress dictates the seismic outcome of hydraulic stimulations, even when relying on theoretically well‐behaved hydraulic fractures. Once hydraulic fractures intersected boreholes, the boreholes acted as a pressure relief and fracture propagation ceased. In order to create an efficient subsurface heat exchanger, production boreholes should not be drilled before the end of hydraulic stimulations.
El Niño‐Southern Oscillation Impacts on Global Wave Climate and Potential Coastal Hazards
Authors: Odériz I. , Silva R. , Mortlock T. R. , Mori N.
Published: November 2020

Wave direction and wave power are the main climate‐related drivers of large‐scale coastal morphological hazards on open sandy coastlines. El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the main climate driver affecting global wave climates on interannual timescales. Hence, a quantification of wave climate variability with ENSO would aid the characterization of coastal risk as a first‐pass assessment tool. However, no such data are available on the global scale at present. To address this, this work (1) quantifies ENSO impacts on global mean wave direction and wave power, and (2) classifies the global coast according to the ENSO wave climate hazard. The correlation coefficient (R) of the Multivariate ENSO Index between wave power and mean wave direction was calculated. Then, employing a multivariate technique, the resulting R values were used to classify the global coastlines. The results show that ENSO has distinct latitudinal impacts around the world. El Niño increases the wave power of swells generated in the extra‐tropics which propagate toward the tropics, a phenomenon which is particularly notable in the Pacific Basin, while the most significant rotations in wave direction with ENSO occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes. Based on this new information, the global coastline was classified into five distinct types, depending on the directional wave climate response to ENSO.
Kelvin‐Helmholtz Billow Interactions and Instabilities in the Mesosphere Over the Andes Lidar Observatory: 2. Modeling and Interpretation
Authors: Fritts David C. , Wieland Scott A. , Lund Thomas S. , Thorpe S. A. , Hecht James H.
Published: November 2020

A companion paper by Hecht et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021833) describes high‐resolution observations in the hydroxyl (OH) airglow layer of interactions among adjacent Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities (KHI). The interactions in this case were apparently induced by gravity waves propagating nearly orthogonally to the KHI orientations, became strong as Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) billows achieved large amplitudes, and included features named “tubes” and “knots” in early laboratory KHI studies. A numerical modeling study approximating the KHI environment and revealing the dynamics of knots and tubes is described here. These features arise where KH billows are misaligned along their axes or where two billows must merge with one. They bear a close resemblance to the observed instability dynamics and suggest that they are likely to occur wherever KHI formation is modulated by variable wind shears, stability, or larger‐scale motions. Small‐scale features typical of those in turbulence develop in association with the formation of the knots and tubes earlier and more rapidly than those accompanying individual billows, supporting an earlier conjecture that tubes and knots are commonly major sources of intense turbulent dissipation accompanying KHI events in the atmosphere.
Kinematic, Metamorphic, and Age Constraints on the Miyar Thrust Zone: Implications for the Eohimalayan History of the High Himalayan Crystalline of NW India
Authors: Robyr Martin , Lanari Pierre
Published: November 2020

NE‐vergent folds and thrust faults are an enigmatic feature of the High Himalayan Crystalline in the NW Indian Himalaya, as these structures are in marked contrast to the SW‐directed thrusts and fold vergences that predominate in the rest of the Himalaya since the continental collision between India and Asia. However, it is controversial whether these unusual NE‐vergent structures reflect local heterogeneities in strain during the main SW‐vergent deformation or whether they are associated with a postulated NE‐directed early Eocene deformation phase. In this study, microstructural analysis and monazite geochronology across the SW‐dipping Miyar Shear Zone (Miyar Valley, NW India) reveal that these NE‐verging structures result from a NE‐directed propagation of crustal deformation that was initiated before 40 Ma, likely slightly after continental collision at ca. 55 Ma. The new data presented in this study identify that the kinematic evolution of the High Himalayan Crystalline in NW India was initially controlled by an early Eocene NE‐directed crustal thickening phase. Consequently, the SW‐verging kinematic evolution widely accepted for the High Himalayan Crystalline in the central and eastern Himalayan sections should be reconsidered for the western part of the Indian Himalaya. In a broader sense, these results reveal that crustal shortening during the initial stage of continental subduction is not exclusively accommodated by foreland‐directed folding and thrusting but may also be adapted by deformation involving opposite‐directed vergence.
Long‐Term Coevolution of an Urban Human‐Water System Under Climate Change: Critical Role of Human Adaptive Actions
Authors: Li Bin , Sivapalan Murugesu
Published: November 2020

The impacts of climate change and human activities are challenging water sustainability in many cities around the world. Advanced understanding of the future long‐term coevolution of coupled urban human‐water systems is of considerable interest in this context. This study uses a previously developed sociohydrologic model to explore the coevolutionary trajectories of Beijing City's human‐water system over the 2015–2099 period under possible climate changes. The effects of multiple human adaptive actions under alternative climate scenarios are investigated in particular. Results show that there might be a recurrent competition for water between humans and the natural environment (e.g., groundwater aquifer) in the long‐term future, indicating that effective water management needs to ensure that this competition remains within a safe operating space. Three regimes of the human‐environment competition are revealed, including a sustainable development regime in which human society and groundwater aquifer are both safe throughout their coevolutionary trajectories, a regime that may lead to severe population loss due to overaggressive population control actions, and a regime that may cause aquifer depletion due to under‐perception of the drawdown of groundwater table. Results also show that relying too much on interbasin water diversion project might slacken human water conservation measures and eventually cause more severe aquifer depletion in the long run. Maintaining a high community sensitivity to drawdown of groundwater table and moderate measures to control population growth are keys to avoid unintended, negative consequences.
Damage-free highly efficient plasma-assisted polishing of a 20-mm square large mosaic single crystal diamond substrate
Authors: Liu Nian , Sugawara Kohki , Yoshitaka Naoya , Yamada Hideaki , Takeuchi Daisuke , Akabane Yuko , Fujino Kenichi , Kawai Kentaro , Arima Kenta , Yamamura Kazuya
Published: November 2020

Plasma-assisted polishing (PAP) as a damage-free and highly efficient polishing technique has been widely applied to difficult-to-machine wide-gap semiconductor materials such as 4H-SiC (0001) and GaN (0001). In this study, a 20-mm square large mosaic single crystal diamond (SCD) substrate synthesized by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was polished by PAP. Argon-based plasma containing oxygen was used in PAP to modify the surface of quartz glass polishing plate, and a high material removal rate (MRR) of 13.3 μm/h was obtained. The flatness of SCD polished by PAP measured by an interferometer was 0.5 μm. The surface roughness measured by both scanning white light interferometer (SWLI) (84-μm square) and atomic force microscope (AFM) (5-μm square) was less than 0.5 nm Sq. The micro-Raman spectroscopy measurement results of mosaic SCD substrate processed by PAP showed that residual stress and non-diamond components on the surface after PAP processing were below the detection limit.
Evolving evidence on a link between the ZMYM3 exceptionally long GA-STR and human cognition
Authors: Afshar H. , Khamse S. , Alizadeh F. , Delbari A. , Najafipour R. , Bozorgmehr A. , Khazaei M. , Adelirad F. , Alizadeh A. , Kowsari A. , Ohadi M.
Published: November 2020

The human X-linked zinc finger MYM-type protein 3 (ZMYM3) contains the longest GA-STR identified across protein-coding gene 5′ UTR sequences, at 32-repeats. This exceptionally long GA-STR is located at a complex string of GA-STRs with a human-specific formula across the complex as follows: (GA)8-(GA)4-(GA)6-(GA)32 (ZMYM3-207 ENST00000373998.5).ZMYM3was previously reported among the top three genes involved in the progression of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Here we sequenced theZMYM3GA-STR complex in 750 human male subjects, consisting of late-onset neurocognitive disorder (NCD) as a clinical entity (n = 268) and matched controls (n = 482). We detected strict monomorphism of the GA-STR complex, except of the exceptionally long STR, which was architecturally skewed in respect of allele distribution between the NCD cases and controls [F (1, 50) = 12.283; p = 0.001]. Moreover, extreme alleles of this STR at 17, 20, 42, and 43 repeats were detected in seven NCD patients and not in the control group (Mid-P exact = 0.0003). A number of these alleles overlapped with alleles previously found in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. In conclusion, we propose selective advantage for the exceptional length of theZMYM3GA-STR in human, and its link to a spectrum of diseases in which major cognition impairment is a predominant phenotype.
The surface modification and characterization of SiO2 nanoparticles for higher foam stability
Authors: Choi Mansoo , Choi Wang-Kyu , Jung Chong-Hun , Kim Seon-Byeong
Published: November 2020

The surfactant and colloidal nanoparticles has been considered for various applications because of interaction of both complex mixtures. The hydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticle could not be surface active behavior at the liquid/air interface. In this study, the SiO2 nanoparticles have been modified with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxy-silane (ICP), and the effect of foam stability has been investigated. The physical properties of surface modified SiO2 nanoparticle were analyzed by XRD, TGA, FT-IR, and SEM. After surface modification of SiO2 nanoparticles, the contact angle of SiO2 nanoparticle was also increased from 62° to 82° with increased ICP concentration. The experimental result has shown that SiO2 nanoparticle with ICP was positive effect and improved foam stability could be obtained at proper ICP concentration compared with un-modified SiO2 nanoparticle.
Apolipoprotein M inhibits proliferation and migration of larynx carcinoma cells
Authors: Xue Haixiang , Yu Miaomei , Zhou Ying , Zhang Jun , Mu Qinfeng , Chen Tongbing , Luo Guanghua , Liu Jisheng
Published: November 2020

Prior studies have shown that apolipoprotein M (APOM) is involved in the development of some cancers. Here we investigated the effects of APOM on larynx cancer (LC). 20 patients with vocal cord polyps and 18 patients with LC were included in this study. The protein and mRNA levels of the samples were analysed using the Wes-ProteinSimple system (or traditional Western blot) and PCR technology, respectively. APOM protein level in cancer tissues was lower than that in paracarcinomatous (P = 0.0003) and polyp tissues (P < 0.0001). APOM overexpression significantly inhibited TU686 cell proliferation (P < 0.0001) and migration (P < 0.01), and increased expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR, P < 0.0001) as well as nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 3 (NFE2L3, P = 0.0215). In addition, matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) mRNA level was significantly reduced in the APOM overexpression group (P = 0.0077). However, Western blot analysis showed that APOM overexpression did not change VDR, NFE2L3 and MMP-10 protein levels (P > 0.05). In summary, APOM inhibits the proliferation and migration of LC cells, but may not be related to VDR, NFE2L3 and MMP-10, which needs further study.
Publisher Correction: Diversity and function of terpene synthases in the production of carrot aroma and flavor compounds
Authors: Muchlinski Andrew , Ibdah Mwafaq , Ellison Shelby , Yahyaa Mossab , Nawade Bhagwat , Laliberte Suzanne , Senalik Douglas , Simon Philipp , Whitehead Susan R. , Tholl Dorothea
Published: November 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
The preparation of bifunctional hybrid nano-flowers and their application in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Helicobacter pylori detection
Authors: Wang Tiantian , Li Xiangguang , Chen Lili , Zhang Youhuan , Zheng Yujun , Yu Linjin , Ye Zhiyu , Wang Huaqian , Cui Xiping , Zhao Suqing
Published: November 2020

As the infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori, HP) remains for a lifetime and may induce diseases such as gastric cancer, it is vital to detect and diagnose it.
Sewage treatment at 4 °C in anaerobic upflow reactors with and without a membrane – performance, function and microbial diversity
Authors: Petropoulos Evangelos , Shamurad Burhan , Tabraiz Shamas , Yu Yongjie , Davenport Russell , Curtis Thomas P. , Dolfing Jan
Published: November 2020

In this study, we investigated the feasibility of anaerobic sewage treatment at extremely low temperatures (4 °C) using two reactor setups: Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASB) without and with (AnMBRUASB(UF)) a membrane.
Strength of stochastic fibrous materials under multiaxial loading
Authors: Deogekar S. , Picu R. C.
Published: November 2020

Numerical models are used to investigate the strength of stochastic fiber networks subjected to multiaxial loading. A relation linking network structural parameters with the multiaxial strength is developed.
Highly robust nanostructured carbon films by thermal reconfiguration of ionomer binding
Authors: Pyo Jae-Bum , Kim Ji Hun , Kim Taek-Soo
Published: November 2020

A dramatic improvement in the mechanical robustness of fragile carbon nanoparticle films formed by a network of ionomer binders.
Experimental assessment of winding inter‐turn short‐circuits fault signatures in six‐phase AC permanent magnet synchronous motors
Authors: Gritli Yasser , Mengoni Michele , Rossi Claudio , Tani Angelo , Casadei Domenico , Serra Giovanni
Published: November 2020

The interest for multiphase permanent magnet synchronous machines, in modern renewable power generation systems, is increasing rapidly due principally to their high efficiency and fault‐tolerant capability. To meet the high‐performance requirements, monitoring the stator winding state is a key item. The detectability of a stator winding inter‐turn short‐circuit (ITSC), for an asymmetrical six‐phase surface‐mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor, is analysed in this study. The impact of an ITSC on the stator back‐emfs, stator currents and voltages is examined by spectral analysis of the corresponding space‐vectors, in different α–β planes. In particular, the detectability of a stator ITSC, in closed‐loop operating conditions, is investigated using voltage and current signature analysis. The spectral fault signature is identified through 2D finite element analysis, and then confirmed by laboratory experimental tests.
Study on neutrosophic graph with application in wireless network
Authors: Fei Yao
Published: November 2020

A neutrosophic network is an extension of an intuitionistic fuzzy network that provides more precision compatibility and flexibility than an intuitionistic fuzzy graph in structuring and modelling many real‐life problems. The authors have explored the use of a neutrosophic network for modelling the passive optical network, mobile ad hoc network (MANET), and wireless sensor graph. They have presented the idea of strong arc, weak arc strong domination numbers, and strong perfect domination of neutrosophic network. They have described the method to find the values of strong and strong perfect domination of neutrosophic network. Finally, they use the idea of a strong arc strong domination number in MANET and wireless sensor graphs.