bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory investigation of Accuracy of Impression Materials for Border Molding
Authors: Shopova Dobromira , Slavchev Diyan
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Border molding of the edge of the individual impression tray is an important stage of prosthetic treatment of edentulous jaws, which often depends on the final result of the treatment. Classical thermoplastic impression materials for border molding have positive qualities that make them preferable by clinicians for their hardness, unlimited manipulation time and high impression sharpness. Modern silicone impression materials for border molding have long manipulating time and appropriate viscosity to allow dentists to perform functional tests.

Aim: To determine the accuracy of different impression materials for border molding of individual impression trays.

Materials and methods: Four impression materials for border molding were laboratory tested: Kerr impression compound green sticks and thermoplastic GC Iso functional sticks, additive type silicone Detaseal function and condensation type silicone sta-seal f. A modified individual impression tray designed by authors was used, allowing for laboratory load and stability. Ten impressions were taken and their formed edges were measured at 10 points three times - immediately after hardening/elasification, and 24 hours and 48 hours after hardening/elasification.

Results: The results were analysed using ANOVA repetition analysis, where a statistically insignificant difference in the accuracy of three of the impression materials for border molding was established, except the C-type of silicone.

Conclusions: Good manipulative qualities and measured accuracy in laboratory tests define these materials as very good for border molding procedures.
Therapeutic approaches in locked-in syndrome
Authors: Papadopoulou Soultana L. , Dionyssiotis Yannis , Krikonis Konstantinos , Lаgopati Nefeli , Kamenov Ivaylo , Markoula Sophia
Published: September 2019

Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a neuropsychological condition, in which patients present with quadriplegia, lower cranial nerve paralysis, and mutism. Diagnosis of LIS is difficult because of the similarities with other related syndromes, but it is of crucial importance to establish precise and early diagnosis in order to make the appropriate decisions according to the intervention and treatment planning. Access to a multidisciplinary, specialized team provides opportunity for continued improvement. 

Individualized treatment improves long-term management. Assistive technology and advanced communication aids may help people with disabilities to regain more independence and take part in everyday life. Technological achievements, such as brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) may potentially be of significant practical value to patients with LIS. Advancements in medical care, rehabilitation, and communication technology have focused on leading LIS patients to live meaningful lives in the society with the involvement of their families.
Probabilistic dietary based estimation of the burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma among adult Malawians
Authors: Matumba L. , Kimanya M. , Chunga-Sambo W. , Munthali M. , Ayalew A.
Published: September 2019

The risk of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among adults (average body weight of 60 kg) in Malawi was assessed based on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure through groundnut and maize consumption, by Monte Carlo simulation. The risk (cases per year per 100,000 people) of aflatoxin-induced HCC was estimated based on the AFB1 exposures estimated by this study and hepatitis B virus infection prevalence published for Malawi. AFB1 exposures were estimated by probabilistically combining data of AFB1 contamination in 338 groundnut and 604 maize samples with data of per capita groundnut and maize consumption in 274 households. Aflatoxins in the samples were analysed using validated LC-MS/MS, HPLC and VICAM based methods. The groundnut and maize consumption survey was based on household expenditure technique. The simulated mean AFB1 exposures through consumption of groundnuts, maize, and combination thereof were 28±65, 42±174, and 71±211 ng/kg. body weight (bw)/day, respectively. The estimated HCC risks were 1.26±2.72, 1.86±6.66 and 3.10±6.85 cases per 100,000 persons per year, respectively. Further, hypothetical eradication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reduced the risk of HCC by 78%. This reaffirms the need for integrating HBV vaccination in the fight of aflatoxin induced HCC.
Assessment of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct in serum of infant population of the Huasteca Potosina, México – a pilot study
Authors: de León-Martínez L. Díaz , Solis-Mercado J. , Rodríguez-Aguilar M. , Díaz-Barriga F. , Ortíz D. Guzmán , Flores-Ramírez R.
Published: September 2019

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins considered to be highly toxic and produce adverse effects on human health. These compounds, mainly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), have been classified as human carcinogens, due to its association with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In Mexico, the study of aflatoxins has been focused on the evaluation of products of the basic basket, particularly on maize, which is the basis of the Mexican diet. On the other hand, most of these studies have been conducted in urban areas. Indigenous populations may be exposed to a higher risk than urban ones due to the high consumption of tortillas, the harvest and the storage conditions of their food; hence, AFB1 is frequently found contaminating maize, which is the main food source for Mexicans. There is scarce evidence of exposure in vulnerable populations, such as children. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to conduct a pilot study for the evaluation of exposure to AFB1 through the AFB1-lys adduct in 31 serum samples of children from indigenous communities in Mexico. AFB1-lys was measured by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD), with limits of detection and quantification of 3.5 and 4.7 pg/ml, respectively. Results from this pilot study revealed that 13% of children were of short stature, 9.7% presented overweight and 6.5% obesity. 45% of the children presented detectable concentrations of AFB1-lys adduct, with a median (minimum-maximum) of 5.6 (4.8-6.5) pg of AFB1-lys adduct/mg of albumin. The AFB1-lysine exposure biomarker is an important tool for the surveillance of aflatoxins and their effects on health, so, following this intervention, it would be necessary to monitor the exposure of vulnerable populations to aflatoxins, especially in rural areas where foods are more contaminated.
The Use of Discriminant Function Analysis to Predict Student Success on the NCLEX-RN
Authors: Haas Richard E. , Nugent Katherine E. , Rule Rebecca A.
Published: September 2019

Predicting whether a student will be successful on the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN
®
) has been an important endeavor for faculty in schools of nursing for the past 2 decades. Extensive documentation exists in the literature concerning research aimed at exploring the academic and nonacademic predictors of success on the NCLEX-RN. Reviews of the findings of these studies indicate that various factors emerge as academic predictors of success. The results of this study suggest that first-time success on the NCLEX-RN can be predicted with a high level of accuracy using existing student data. The findings also support the belief that it is possible to identify students who may be at risk for unsuccessful first time performance on the NCLEX-RN. Early identification of at-risk students will promote timely intervention strategies to optimize the students' potential for success.
Sleep, Nutrition, Disordered Eating, Problematic Tobacco and Alcohol Use, and Exercise in College Students With and Without Diabetes
Authors: Cockroft Marianne Channas , Bartlett T. Robin , Wallace Debra C.
Published: September 2019

The purpose of the current study was to examine the health behaviors of college students with diabetes and compare behaviors to college students without diabetes. This descriptive study used the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II and included 1,216 students between ages 18 and 24. Health behaviors related to sleep, nutrition, disordered eating, problematic tobacco and alcohol use, and exercise were examined. Students with diabetes (
n
= 528) reported a higher frequency of meeting exercise recommendations and less healthy behaviors related to nutrition and problematic tobacco and alcohol use. Both groups of students reported inadequate sleep. Students with diabetes reported more academic problems due to sleep difficulties, disordered eating, and problematic alcohol use. Health behaviors in both groups showed similar needs for improvement. Nurses are in a position to guide new, prospective, and continuing college students with diabetes in practicing behaviors associated with positive health outcomes. Opportunities for interventions are numerous. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57
(12), 23–32.]
A unique variant of a right persistent hypoglossal artery arising from the common carotid artery with complex cardiovascular anomalies in a female neonatal patient
Authors: Miller Paul A , Oberg Kerby C. , Sun Alex , Achiriloaie Adina
Published: September 2019

Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery is a carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomosis, which commonly arises from the internal carotid artery at the level of the C (cervical) 1-3 vertebrae. We describe a unique case of a female infant patient with this anomaly that has an unusually low origin from the distal common carotid artery just below the bifurcation at the level of roughly C5 and supplies the entire vertebrobasilar system. Additional cardiovascular anatomical variations were present: Tetralogy of Fallot and a right-sided aortic arch with mirror image branching. These singular variations are rare in the general population, but even rarer when combined. Awareness of these unusual vascular variants is clinically significant, as they may predispose the patients to early ischemic injury, hemorrhage, aneurysm formation, and can be essential in surgical planning. Therefore, radiographic imaging is of importance in proper diagnosis of such variants.
Potentials of Fog Computing in Higher Education
Authors: Raman Arumugam So
Published: September 2019

This paper is documenting the potential of Fog Computing in Education. First, this study explores the difference between cloud computing and Fog Computing. Then the features of computing explained briefly. A tremendous increase in Internet usage among the people does not allow the sustainability to continue depending on Cloud Computing as a centralized web server, due to the truth that Cloud Computing system allows access to internet data as well as therefore making it feasible for users to availability, share along with store information in remote servers. With Fog Computing, multiple users, gadgets such as automobiles, wearable gizmos, sensing units, wise gadgets, an organization can accept one another utilizing their very own Fog facilities. In the educational sector, Fog computing technology boosts educational operations and provides a platform with agility, versus slowing them down or quitting them. Fog computing is a modern technology that is set for high development in the future, as well as will substantially improve day-to-day procedures for many sectors, including education. Finally, security issues and challenges of implementation Fog computing discussed.
ImALeG: A Serious Game for Amazigh Language Learning
Authors: Tazouti Yassine , Boulaknadel Siham , Fakhri Youssef
Published: September 2019

At present, serious games are experiencing a growing popularity and popularity, with areas of application that extend not only to education, but also to other sec-tors such as the military, health and business sectors, among others. Since video games facilitate the learning of complex processes, their associated benefits have been reoriented principally to the educational, training and information processes.

This paper presents of "ImALeG" project, a 3D serious game, whose objective is to develop and auto evaluate competencies of Amazigh language learning in a vir-tual environment. ImALeG is a serious language game designed for all age groups who want to learn Tifinaghe in an interactive way. The game leverages the use of virtual reality developed with Unity 3D game engine to implement immer-sive learning as well as a multi-agent system to ensure game interactivity.
Applying Protection Motivation Theory To Understand Generation Z Students Intention To Comply With Educational Software Anti Piracy Law
Authors: Miraja Bobby Ardiansyah , Persada Satria Fadil , Prasetyo Yogi Tri , Belgiawan Prawira Fajarindra , Redi A.A.N Perwira
Published: September 2019

The negative effects of the usage of illegal software, especially in educational settings, concerns not only software developers but also educational institutions. This research papers investigated the factors contributing to the behavioral intention of Generation Z students' to comply with educational software anti-piracy laws. Using a framework that analyzes fear appeals, this research found that self-efficacy and response efficacy has a significant relationship with the behavioral intention of Generation Z's intention to comply with educational software anti-piracy laws. Several insights from practical and managerial perspectives are dis-cussed. Supporting the anti-piracy behavior will help the education field to be better in the future.
Situational Cognition of College English Education Based on Image Block Gain Optimization in Pseudo-haze State
Authors: Lou Hongli
Published: September 2019

Situational cognition can help students to construct their knowledge to a great extent. In order to solve the problem of lack of situational cognition in College English teaching, this paper studies the validity of students' situational cognition in College English teaching based on the method of image block gain optimization. First, this paper analyses the general situation of situational cognition capacity in College English teaching in China at present, and puts forward the function of device image in constructing situational cognitive competence in teaching. Then, it divides device image into blocks under pseudo-haze conditions, and proposes the optimization method of block gain. Finally, on the basis of block gain, it makes an empirical test of situational cognitive competence in College English teaching. The empirical results show that image block gain optimization can effectively improve the construction of situational cognition capacity in College English teaching. With the help of this study, some new and useful ideas can be traced for the development of computer science and college English teaching, and also stimulate the further improvement of College English education in China.
A Study on “Double-subject” Teaching Mode of Sport Statistics Course
Authors: Wu Junmao , Zhang Chengxue
Published: September 2019

Sport Statistics is an important applied subject in physical education field. Traditional teaching cannot meet its teaching demand. As a result, teachers are difficult in teaching and students are difficult in learning. Thus, it is very necessary to combine Sport Statistics with network teaching. In this study, the students of sports specialty were chosen as the objects of study, and “double-subject” teaching mode was used to teach Sport Statistics. Sport Statistics was combined with network course, and a new Web-based online courseware making platform system was applied. Besides, a network course quality evaluation model was constructed, and the evaluation was conducted from 7 aspects: teaching content U1, teaching design U2, course resource U3, page design U4, technical force U5, teacher as the subject U6 and user experience U7. It is found that “double-subject” teaching mode can significantly improve the teaching effect of Sport Statistics, motivate students’ learning interest, promote students’ oral expression ability, generalization and summarization ability, and self-learning ability, and enhance students’ ability to analyze and solve problems.
ICTs as a Distinct Detection Approach for Dyslexia Screening: A Contemporary View
Authors: Drigas Athanasios S. , Politi-Georgousi Stratigoula
Published: September 2019

In contemporary times, various studies have been conducted around the world, researching the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) on dyslexia screening in all ages. Screening procedure constitutes the first vital step to investigate the kind of these experiencing difficulties, which sets the foundations for a well-designed intervention. Thus, ICTs is becoming an emerging unique supplementary strategy, using cost-effective and easy to access advanced tests for gaining in-depth knowledge about students’ learning profiles. The purpose of this literature review is to present an indicative number of digital assessment tools (e.g. computerized systems, software, applications etc.) for detecting dyslexia, that have been designed or have been implemented on dyslexic population during the last thirteen years (2005-2018). The classification of proposed papers has been carried out according to the life stage, each of whom analyzed.
Effects of Flow Properties of Lithium Soap Greases on Bearing Torque
Authors: Miyanaga Norifumi , Nihei Mitsumi , Tomioka Jun
Published: September 2019

This study describes the influence of flow properties of lithium soap greases on torque of small ball bearings. Three types of greases with different worked penetration were tested in this study. Their rheological properties are revealed by a cone plate type rheometer. Shear stresses under various shear rates are fitted with the Herschel-Bulkley equation. In addition, viscoelastic behaviors of the greases are measured by small amplitude oscillatory shear. The crossover stress that means the shear stress at G’=G” is obtained for the greases. Then, the bearing torque when three types of greases are used as a lubricant is measured. As the results, the grease with higher crossover stress shows the lower bearing torque regardless of that it has larger apparent viscosity. On the other hand, the grease with lower crossover stress shows the higher bearing torque regardless of that it has lower apparent viscosity. These results imply that the channeling state appears in the grease with higher crossover stress while the churning state appears in the grease with lower crossover stress.
Effect of Silica Nanoparticles on Wear Mechanism of Alginate-Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Matrix as a Load-Bearing Biomaterial
Authors: Arjmandi Mohammadreza , Ramezani Maziar
Published: September 2019

Hydrogels’ promising biocompatibility and biomimetic lubrication mechanism have led to widespread biomedical applications. To be eligible for load-bearing applications, such as cartilage reconstruction, they must be highly wear-resistant and induce ultra-low friction, once being implanted in vivo. In this study, Scanning Electron Microscopy was utilized on the worn surface of silica-nanoparticle reinforced Alginate-Polyacrylamide nanocomposite hydrogels (NCHs), as well as unmodified hydrogel as control samples, as a means of wear mechanism investigation, which is quite under-explored for these materials. Our results showed adhesion was the most prevalent wear mechanism in both NCHs and unmodified hydrogel matrix, while fatigue wear was observed in the form of surface pitting under highest load and highest test period conditions. Nevertheless, Si-NP was found to improve the wear-resistance of hydrogel matrix, as less severe surface deformation and pitting was inspected on the surface of NCHs.
Effects of Phosphorus-Based Additives on EP Performance of PAG Base Oil and Different Materials
Authors: Lin Yuan Ching , Chen Yu Chia , Guo Yi Cheng
Published: September 2019

This study investigates the extreme pressure performance of phosphorus-based additives mixed with polyalkylene glycol (PAG) oil lubricant via a four-ball test, using an AISI 52100 hardened steel and a ceramics (ZrO2) ball, separately. According to the experimental results, PAG oil lubricant has a good tribological performance for small loads at room temperature. However, when the load or temperature was raised, the extreme pressure performance and anti-wear performance of the PAG oil lubricant declined significantly. Mixing phosphorus-based additives with PAG in appropriate ratios is expected to improve the tribological performance of the oil. Moreover, the ZrO2 four-ball test revealed an atypical wear behavior causing serious wear scar due to the sintering of the ZrO2 ball. Nevertheless, the study demonstrates that phosphorus-based additives in the PAG oil lubricant can reduce the sintering of the ZrO2 ball.
The Influence of Surface Texture on Abrasive Wear
Authors: Hu Yu Tong , He Yong Yong , Wang Wei
Published: September 2019

Friction happens everywhere. Abrasives generated in tribological process will result in secondary wear. Abrasive wear is a kind of rather common but harmful wear, which is the main reason for the damage of fifty-percent mechanical components by friction. Surface texturing is an effective method to improve the tribological and lubricating performance of tribo-pairs. In this paper, with different-size diamond particles added into the lubricant and a surface of the tribo-pairs textured by different parameters (diameter and depth) with femtosecond laser, the relationship between the surface texture and the abrasive wear was researched, and the influence of the texture on the abrasive wear was analyzed. The friction experiments were carried out on UMT3. The microstructures were tested and analyzed by SEM, microscope and White Light Interferometer respectively. The experimental results showed that the size of the surface texture, compared with that of abrasives, is the main factor which determines the friction coefficient. As the size of the surface texture is much bigger than that of the abrasives, the texture can accommodate the abrasives efficiently, and thus the friction coefficient is reduced efficiently.
Influence of Zr Doping on the Tribological Properties of Amorphous Carbon-Nitride Coating
Authors: Su Yen Liang , Yao Sun Hui , Lai Yu Chen , Wu Huang Ming
Published: September 2019

This study aimed to understand the influence of small amount of Zr doping of amorphous carbonitride (a-CN) coatings on the structure, and mechanical and tribological behavior. The coatings were prepared using a four-target close-field unbalance magnetron sputtering system; two graphite, one Ti and one Zr targets were used. GDOS, SEM, XRD and XPS were used. A surface profilometer, a nanohardness tester, and a pin-on-disk wear tester were used. It was found the Zr doping resulting in the formation of ZrC and ZrN phases within the coating and the increase in the sp3 bonding fraction. The nanohardness was increased and the wear performance was largely improved.
Elasto-Plastic Contact Stress Analysis of Hardened Elements under Repeated Contact Loading
Authors: Kuo Chang Hung
Published: September 2019

An elastic-plastic contact stress analysis is presented to study cyclic plastic deformation of surface hardened rolling elements under repeated contacts. The rolling contact is simulated by a Hertz contact loading moving across an elastic-plastic half-space. An exponential model with hardness varying with depth is employed for the surface hardened components, and the Chaboche nonlinear hardening rule is used to model cyclic plastic behavior of contact elements. Numerical results show that the hardened layer can effectively reduce the plastic deformation near contact surface. The contact elements with sufficient surface hardness may reach elastic shakedown state under repeatedly rolling contact. As the hardened layer reaches a certain depth, e.g. two times of half contact length, however, the effects of case depth on plastic strain and residual stress become negligible after hundred contact cycles.
Big Torelli groups: generation and commensuration
Authors: Aramayona Javier , Ghaswala Tyrone , Kent Autumn E. , McLeay Alan , Tao Jing , Winarski Rebecca R.
Published: September 2019

For any surface

\Sigma

of infinite topological type, we study the
Torelli subgroup

\mathcal I(\Sigma)

of the mapping class group MCG

(\Sigma)

, whose elements are those mapping classes that act trivially on the homology of

\Sigma

. Our first result asserts that

{\mathcal I}(\Sigma)

is topologically generated by the subgroup of MCG

(\Sigma)

consisting of those elements in the Torelli group which have compact support. Next, we prove the abstract commensurator group of

{\mathcal I}(\Sigma)

coincides with MCG

(\Sigma)

. This extends the results for finite-type surfaces [9, 6, 7, 16] to the setting of infinite-type surfaces.
Building large free subshifts using the Local Lemma
Authors: Bernshteyn Anton
Published: September 2019

Gao, Jackson, and Seward [12] proved that every countably infinite group

\Gamma

admits a nonempty free subshift

X \subseteq 2^\Gamma

. Here we strengthen this result by showing that free subshifts can be "large" in various senses. Specifically, we prove that for any

k \geq 2

and

h < \log_2 k

, there exists a free subshift

X \subseteq k^\Gamma

of Hausdorff dimension and, if

\Gamma

is sofic, entropy at least

h

, answering two questions attributed by Gao, Jackson, and Seward to Juan Souto [13]. Furthermore, we establish a general lower bound on the largest "size" of a free subshift

X'

contained inside a given subshift

X

. A central role in our arguments is played the Lovász Local Lemma, an important tool in probabilistic combinatorics, whose relevance to the problem of finding free subshifts was first recognized by Aubrun, Barbieri, and Thomassé [3].
No Tits alternative for cellular automata
Authors: Salo Ville
Published: September 2019

We show that the automorphism group of a one-dimensional full shift (the group of reversible cellular automata) does not satisfy the Tits alternative. That is, we construct a finitely-generated subgroup which is not virtually solvable yet does not contain a free group on two generators. We give constructions both in the two-sided case (spatially acting group

\mathbb Z

) and the one-sided case (spatially actingmonoid

\mathbb N

, alphabet size at least eight). Lack of Tits alternative follows for several groups of symbolic (dynamical) origin: automorphism groups of two-sided one-dimensional uncountable sofic shifts, automorphism groups of multidimensional subshifts of finite type with positive entropy and dense minimal points, automorphism groups of full shifts over non-periodic groups, and the mapping class groups of two-sided one-dimensional transitive SFTs. We also show that the classical Tits alternative applies to one-dimensional (multi-track) reversible linear cellular automata over a finite field.
Invariant measures for the two-dimensional averaged-Euler equations
Authors: Symeonides Alexandra
Published: September 2019

We define a Gaussian invariant measure for the two-dimensional averaged-Euler equation and show the existence of its solution with initial conditions on the support of the measure. An invariant surface measure on the level sets of the energy is also constructed, as well as the corresponding flow. Poincaré recurrence theorem is used to show that the flow returns infinitely many times in a neighborhood of the initial state.
The universal bound property for a class of second order ODEs
Authors: Abdelli Mama , Haraux Alain
Published: September 2019

We consider the scalar second order ODE

u'' + |u'|^{\alpha}u' + |u|^\beta u=0

, where

\alpha, \beta

are two positive numbers and the non-linear semi-group

S(t)

generated on

\mathbb{R}^2

by the system in

(u, u')

. We prove that

S(t)\mathbb{R}^2

is bounded for all

t > 0

whenever

0 < \alpha < \beta

and moreover there is a constant

C

independent of the initial data such that

\forall t>0,\,\,\,\ u'^2(t) +|u(t)|^{\beta +2}\leq C \max \{t ^{- \frac {2}{\alpha}}, \,\, t^{-(\alpha+1)(\beta + 2)(\beta -\alpha}\}.
Morte digna para quem? O direito fundamental de escolher seu próprio fim
Authors: Dadalto Luciana
Published: September 2019

O presente artigo objetiva discutir o conceito de morte digna e a conformação deste ao ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. A fim de alcançar o objetivo, apresenta e discute as nomenclaturas mais utilizadas na doutrina brasileira e estrangeira no tratamento do tema, analisa como os institutos afetos à morte digna são tratados pelo ordenamento jurídico pátrio e por alguns países estrangeiros e, por fim, problematiza a aplicação do conceito de morte digna e a necessidade de reconhecer a existência do direito à morte digna, em toda a sua extensão, no Brasil, sob pena de continuar-se a reduzir o tema à interpretações que servem a instituições e crenças e não protegem o sujeito – verdadeiro destinatário das normas.
Physicochemical, functional and antinutritional properties of starches from Caladium bicolor and Dioscorea dumentorum
Authors: Uwem Ifiok Nseobong , Ita Basil Nse
Published: September 2019

Starch samples from the wild species of cocoyam (Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent.) and three leaf yam (Dioscorea dumentorum (Kunth) Pax.) found abundantly in the south and eastern regions of Nigeria, were characterized for their physicochemical, functional and antinutrient properties. C. bicolor had higher amylose (17.68%), carbohydrate (83.57%) and ash (2.85%) than D. dumentorum. Moisture, crude lipid, protein and fibre ranged between 7.56 to 10.29%, 0.12 to 0.15%, 0.11 to 0.13%, and 2.85 to 3.39%, respectively. The starches exhibited promising functional properties with D. dumentorum having higher dispersibility (64.85%), solubility (73.99%) and oil absorption capacity (2.15 g/g). Onset (To), midpoint (Tm), and conclusion (Tc) gelatinization temperatures ranged between 63 to 79 °C. Peak, breakdown and setback viscosity were higher in D. dumentorum than C. bicolor. Moisture sorption behavior indicated increased hygroscopy with exposure time. The starches had high antinutrient levels, with D. dumentorum having higher levels of HCN and oxalates. In addition, infrared (IR) spectra of both starches were similar. Taken together, these properties suggest the suitability of these starches for non-food applications due to their high antinutrient contents.
Distinct diurnal variation of organic aerosol hygroscopicity and its relationship with oxygenated organic aerosol
Authors: Kuang Ye , He Yao , Xu Wanyun , Sun Yele , Zhao Pusheng , Cheng Yafang , Zhao Gang , Tao Jiangchuan , Ma Nan , Su Hang , Zhang Yanyan , Sun Jiayin , Cheng Peng , Yang Wenda , Zhang Shaobin , Wu Cheng , Zhao Chunsheng
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The hygroscopicity of organic aerosols (OA) is important for investigation of its climatic and environmental impacts. However, the hygroscopicity parameter κOrg remains poorly characterized, especially in the relatively polluted environment on the North China Plain (NCP). Here we conducted simultaneous wintertime measurements of bulk aerosol chemical compositions of PM2.5 and PM1 and bulk aerosol hygroscopicity of PM10 and PM1 on the NCP using a capture vaporizer time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ToF-ACSM) and a humidified nephelometer system which measures aerosol light scattering enhancement factor f(RH). A method for calculating κOrg based on f(RH) and bulk aerosol chemical composition measurements was developed. We found that κOrg varied in a wide range with significant diurnal variations. The derived κOrg ranged from almost 0.0 to 0.25 with an average (± 1σ) of 0.08 (± 0.06) for the entire study. The derived κOrg was highly correlated with f44 (fraction of m/z 44 in OA), an indicator of oxidation degree of OA (R = 0.79), and the relationship can be parameterized as κOrg = 1.04 × f44 − 0.02. On average, κOrg reached the minimum (0.02) in the morning near 07:30 and then increased rapidly reaching the peak value of 0.16 near 14:30. The diurnal variations of κOrg were highly and positively correlated with those of mass fractions of oxygenated OA (R = 0.95), indicating that photochemical processing played a dominant role for the increase of κOrg in winter on NCP. Results in this study demonstrate the potential wide applications of humidified nephelometer system together with aerosol composition measurements for investigating the hygroscopicity of OA in various environments, and highlight that the parameterization of κOrg as a function of OA aging processes needs to be considered in chemical transport models for better evaluating the impacts of OA on cloud formation, atmospheric chemistry and radiative forcing.
Particulate organic nitrates in eastern China: variation characteristics and effects of anthropogenic activities
Authors: Zhang Jun , Wang Xinfeng , Li Rui , Dong Shuwei , Zhang Yingnan , Zheng Penggang , Li Min , Chen Tianshu , Liu Yuhong , Xue Likun , Nie Wei , Ding Aijun , Tang Mingjin , Zhou Xuehua , Du Lin , Zhang Qingzhu , Wang Wenxing
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Particulate organic nitrates (PONs) constitute a substantial fraction of secondary organic aerosols and have important effects on the reactive nitrogen budget and air quality. Laboratory studies have revealed the non-negligible influence of the interactions between anthropogenic pollutants and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) on the formation of PONs. In this study, the contents of specific PONs, including monoterpene hydroxyl nitrate (MHN215), pinene keto nitrate (PKN229), limonene di-keto nitrate (LDKN247), oleic acid keto nitrate (OAKN359), oleic acid hydroxyl nitrate (OAHN361), and pinene sulfate organic nitrate (PSON295), in fine particulate matters at four rural and urban sites in eastern China were determined, and the variation characteristics of PONs and the impacts of human activities on PONs formation were investigated. The average concentration of PONs ranged from 116 to 548 ng m−3 at these four sites. PONs were present in higher levels in summer than in other seasons, owing to the high emissions of precursors and intensive photochemical activities in this hottest season. Among the six species of PONs, MHN215 was dominant. In addition, the proportion of OAKN359 in PONs in urban areas was much higher than that in the rural site, indicating that OAKN359 primarily originated from anthropogenic activities. Slight diurnal differences existed in the concentration and secondary formation of specific PONs and varied with locations, seasons, and precursor VOCs. The measurement results showed that PONs in North China were clearly influenced by coal combustion and biomass burning, while meteorological conditions and biogenic emissions were the dominant contributing factors in the South China. Biomass burning significantly enhanced the formation of PONs due to the elevated concentrations of ozone and the released BVOCs. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emitted from coal combustion was able to react rapidly with Criegee intermediates, the reaction products of BVOCs with ozone, to produce PONs at high rates, suggesting that there is a substantially greater role played by SO2 in organic nitrate chemistry than has previously been assumed.
The conclusive impact of aerosols vertical structure on low-atmosphere stability and its critical role in aerosol–PBL interaction
Authors: Su Tianning , Li Zhanqing , Li Chengcai , Li Jing , Han Wenchao , Shen Chuanyang , Tan Wangshu , Guo Jianping
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Aerosol-planetary boundary layer (PBL) interaction was proposed as an important mechanism to stabilize atmosphere and exacerbate surface air pollution. Despite the tremendous progress made in understanding this process, its magnitude and significance still bear large uncertainties and vary largely with aerosol distribution and meteorological conditions. In this study, we particularly focus on the role of aerosol vertical distribution on thermodynamic stability and PBL development by jointly using the micropulse lidar, sun-photometer, and radiosonde measurements over Beijing. Despite complex aerosol vertical distributions, the cloud-free aerosol structures can be classified into three types: well-mixed, decreasing with height, and the inversed. Under these different aerosol vertical structures, the aerosol-PBL relationships and the diurnal cycles of the PBLH and PM2.5 show distinct characters. The vertical distribution of aerosol radiative forcing differs drastically with strong heating in the lower, mid, and upper PBL respectively. Such a discrepancy in heating rate affects the atmospheric buoyancy and stability differently in the three distinct aerosol structures. Absorbing aerosol have a weak effect of stabilizing the low-atmosphere under the decreasing structure than under the inverse structure. As a result, the aerosol–PBL interaction can be strengthened by the inverse aerosol structure and can be potentially neutralized by the decreasing structure. Moreover, aerosols can both enhance and suppress the PBL stability, leading to both positive and negative feedback loops. This study attempts to improve our understanding of aerosol–PBL interaction, which shows the importance of the observation constraint of aerosol vertical distribution for simulating the interaction and consequent feedbacks.
Light availability modulates the effects of warming in a marine N2 fixer
Authors: Yi Xiangqi , Fu Fei-Xue , Hutchins David A. , Gao Kunshan
Published: September 2019

Abstract. As a group of photosynthetic N2 fixers (diazotrophs), Trichodesmium species play an especially important role in the marine biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and carbon, especially in oligotrophic waters. How ongoing ocean warming may interact with light availability to affect Trichodesmiumis not yet clear. We grew Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS 101 at three temperature levels of 23, 27 and 31 °C under two growth limiting and saturating light levels of 50 and 160 μmol quanta m−2 s−1, respectively, for at least 10 generations, and then measured physiological performances. Light availability significantly modulated the growth response of Trichodesmium to temperature, with the specific growth rate peaking at ~ 27 °C under the light–saturating conditions, while growth of light–limited cultures was non–responsive across the temperature range of 23–31 °C. When the acclimation of N2 fixation to growth temperatures was evaluated by short–term temperature norms, the optimum temperature (Topt) for N2 fixation increased by 0.6–1.4 °C in the cells grown under high levels of temperature and light, and the susceptibility to supra–optimal temperatures (deactivation energy, Eh) was decreased by 56 %–61 %. However, light limitation decreased the Topt by 0.5–1.8 °C and increased the supra–optimal temperature susceptibility by 33 %–71 %. This made all light–limited cultures unable to sustain N2 fixation during short–term exposure to higher temperatures (33–34 °C) that are not lethal for cultures grown under light–saturating conditions. Our results imply that Trichodesmium spp. growing under low light levels while distributed deep in the euphotic zone or under cloudy weather conditions might be more susceptible to ocean warming.
Djankuat glacier station in the North Caucasus, Russia: a database of glaciological, hydrological, and meteorological observations and stable isotope sampling results during 2007–2017
Authors: Rets Ekaterina P. , Popovnin Viktor V. , Toropov Pavel A. , Smirnov Andrew M. , Tokarev Igor V. , Chizhova Julia N. , Budantseva Nadine A. , Vasil'chuk Yurij K. , Kireeva Maria B. , Ekaykin Alexey A. , Veres Arina N. , Aleynikov Alexander A. , Frolova Natalia L. , Tsyplenkov Anatoly S. , Poliukhov Aleksei A. , Chalov Sergey R. , Aleshina Maria A. , Kornilova Ekaterina D.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. This study presents a dataset on long-term
multidisciplinary glaciological, hydrological, and meteorological observations
and isotope sampling in a sparsely monitored alpine zone of the North
Caucasus in the Djankuat research basin. The Djankuat glacier, which is the
largest in the basin, was chosen as representative of the central North
Caucasus during the International Hydrological Decade and is one of 30
“reference” glaciers in the world that have annual mass balance series
longer than 50 years (Zemp et al., 2009). The dataset features a
comprehensive set of observations from 2007 to 2017 and contains yearly
measurements of snow depth and density; measurements of dynamics of snow and ice melting; measurements of water runoff, conductivity, turbidity, temperature, δ18O,
δD at the main gauging station (844 samples in total) with an hourly
or sub-daily time step depending on the parameter; data on δ18O
and δ2H sampling of liquid precipitation, snow, ice, firn, and
groundwater in different parts of the watershed taken regularly during
melting season (485 samples in total); measurements of precipitation amount, air
temperature, relative humidity, shortwave incoming and reflected radiation,
longwave downward and upward radiation, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed and
direction – measured at several automatic weather stations within the basin
with 15 min to 1 h time steps; gradient meteorological measurements to
estimate turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture, measuring three components
of wind speed at a frequency of 10 Hz to estimate the impulse of
turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat over the glacier surface by the
eddy covariance method.
Data were collected during the ablation period
(June–September). The observations were halted in winter. The dataset is
available from PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894807, Rets et al., 2018a) and will be
further updated. The dataset can be useful for developing and verifying
hydrological, glaciological, and meteorological models for alpine areas, to
study the impact of climate change on hydrology of mountain regions using
isotopic and hydrochemical approaches in hydrology. As the dataset includes
the measurements of hydrometeorological and glaciological variables during
the catastrophic proglacial lake outburst in the neighboring Bashkara valley
in September 2017, it is a valuable contribution to study lake outbursts.
RECOGNITION OF URBAN FUNCTIONAL REGIONS AT STREET SCALE BASED ON LJ1-01 NIGHT-TIME LIGHT REMOTE SENSING AND MOBILE BIG DATA
Authors: Zhou Q. , Zhang Y. , Gao D. , Sun B.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Night-time light (NTL) remote sensing data has been widely used in the analysis of human activities at night for a large extent, such as light pollution monitoring and recognition of urban functional regions. In most previous studies, the spatial resolutions of NTL remote sensing data are rather low (e.g., 500 m or coarser). Besides, remote sensing classification of land use rather than land cover types is often a hard task. Due to the reasons, it is difficult to meet the demand of urban refined management. In this study, mobile big data and Luojia1-01 (LJ1-01) NTL remote sensing satellite data with higher spatial resolution are adopted for extracting urban functional regions at the street-level scale. Taking Shenzhen city as a case, mobile big data (i.e., the volume of mobile devices) with the accuracy of approximate 150 m (i.e., 7-bit GeoHash encoding format) is integrated with NTL remote sensing data. After a hot spot analysis, the correlation between the two types of data are analysed. The typical supervised classification algorithms including KNN, SVM and random forest are used to distinguish urban functional regions, which are represented by five types, namely residential, business and commercial, industrial, transportation and other areas. The results show the effectiveness in extracting land use types in cities by combination of Luojia1-01 night-time light remote sensing and mobile big data. This study provides a basis for monitoring night light pollution of residential area, urban planning and the construction of smart cities.
A REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS ON EXTENDING SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS FOR SUPPORTING TIME-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES
Authors: Chaturvedi K. , Kolbe T. H.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Semantic 3D City Models are used worldwide for different application domains ranging from Smart Cities, Simulations, Planning to History and Archeology. Well-defined data models like CityGML, IFC and INSPIRE Data Themes allow describing spatial, graphical and semantic information of physical objects. However, cities and their properties are not static and change with respect to time. Hence, it is important that such semantic data models handle different types of changes that take place in cities and their attributes over time. This paper provides a systematic analysis and recommendations for extensions of Semantic 3D City Models in order to support time-dependent properties. This paper reviews different application domains in order to identify key requirements for temporal and dynamic extensions and proposes ways to incorporate these extensions. Over the last couple of years, different extensions have been proposed for these standards to deal with temporal attributes. This paper also presents an analysis to which degree these extensions cover the requirements for dynamic city models.
IMPROVING GPS TRAJECTORIES USING 3D CITY MODELS AND KINEMATIC POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Dehbi Y. , Lucks L. , Behmann J. , Klingbeil L. , Plümer L.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Accurate and robust positioning of vehicles in urban environments is of high importance for many applications (e.g. autonomous driving or mobile mapping). In the case of mobile mapping systems, a simultaneous mapping of the environment using laser scanning and an accurate positioning using GNSS is targeted. This requirement is often not guaranteed in shadowed cities where GNSS signals are usually disturbed, weak or even unavailable. Both, the generated point clouds and the derived trajectory are consequently imprecise. We propose a novel approach which incorporates prior knowledge, i.e. 3D building model of the environment, and improves the point cloud and the trajectory. The key idea is to benefit from the complementarity of both GNSS and 3D building models. The point cloud is matched to the city model using a point-to-plane ICP. An informed sampling of appropriate matching points is enabled by a pre-classification step. Support vector machines (SVMs) are used to discriminate between facade and remaining points. Local inconsistencies are tackled by a segment-wise partitioning of the point cloud where an interpolation guarantees a seamless transition between the segments. The full processing chain is implemented from the detection of facades in the point clouds, the matching between them and the building models and the update of the trajectory estimate. The general applicability of the implemented method is demonstrated on an inner city data set recorded with a mobile mapping system.
Evaluating health hazard of bathing waters affected by combined
sewer overflows
Authors: Locatelli Luca , Russo Beniamino , Martinez Montse
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO) affect bathing water quality of receiving water bodies by bacterial contamination. The aim of this is study is to assess the health hazard of bathing waters affected by CSOs. This is useful for bathing water managers, for risk assessment purposes and for further impact and economical assessments. Contaminant hazard was evaluated based on two novel indicators proposed in this study: the mean duration of insufficient bathing water quality (1) over a period of time (i.e. several years) and (2) after single CSO/rain events. Particularly, a novel correlation between the duration of sea water contamination and the event rainfall volume was developed. Contaminant hazard was assessed through a state-of-the-art coupled urban drainage and sea water quality model that was developed, calibrated and validated based on local observations. Furthermore, hazard assessment was based on a novel statistical analysis of continuous simulations over a 9 year period using the coupled model. Finally, a validation of the estimated hazard is also shown. The health hazard was evaluated for the case study of Badalona (Spain) even though the methodology presented can be considered generally applicable to other urban areas and related receiving bathing water bodies.