bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding reproductive health among rural and urban adolescent girls
Authors: Saxena Somya , Gupta Veena , Shweta Kumari
Published: December 2022

Background: Menstruation is a biological event imbued with social, cultural and personal significance. Due to impact of social media and internet the incidence of indulging in unprotected sexual intercourse and unplanned pregnancies are rapidly increasing among teenagers. Objectives were to assess the knowledge regarding safe sex and contraceptive methods and compare the menstrual and sexual awareness among adolescent girls in rural and urban settings.Methods: The health questionnaire was prepared from WHO adolescent health manual as reference base. The adolescent survey was done.Results: In present study maximum number of girls had attained menarche between 12-15 years in both groups. The study showed lack of menstrual hygiene among rural girls in compare to urban girls where 79% girls use either sanitary pads or cotton and in comparison to urban girls, rural girls had more restrictions in going out.Conclusions: Education regarding proper physiology of menses and there should be open discussion regarding restrictions and taboos related to menses at the school level to minimise the false beliefs.
Community awareness and knowledge of cervical cancer screening and human papilloma virus vaccination among women at tertiary care centre
Authors: Singh Dibya
Published: December 2022

Background: Aim of the study was to study the knowledge and awareness of the women about human papilloma virus (HPV) and HPV vaccine to establish the need of more aggressive educational programmes.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at gynaecology OPD among 250 women in reproductive age group. A structured questionnaire was used to gather information regarding sociodemographic characteristics, awareness and knowledge toward cervical cancer and its screening. Results were assessed depending upon their scores.Results: Out of 250 participants, 62.8% (n=157) of them had previously heard about the disease. 36.8% of the participants answered “don’t know” when asked if HPV is sexually transmitted. 43.6 % (n=109) did not know whether HPV causes cancer. Only 10.4% (n=26) answered correctly that HPV infection occurs in both men and women. Although 78.8% (n=197) were aware of the fact that cervical cancer is very much responsible for the cancer related deaths in females, still only 48% of them knew about the screening facility available nearby.Conclusions: The knowledge of the participants in our study with respect to HPV and cervical cancer is not very high and their awareness related to HPV vaccination is relatively low. This study suggests that there is a need of advocating more aggressive educational and promotional activities on HPV and HPV vaccination in the community.
Assessment of distress in patients visiting pain and palliative out patient department of a tertiary care hospital in Assam
Authors: Borkotoky Priyakhi , Deka Arun , Dakua Dipankar , Das Shantana
Published: December 2022

Background: Distress is a multifactorial entity seen in patients battling with cancer. It is under-reported and under-managed posing a hurdle in providing holistic patient care. It has a negative effect on the treatment and treatment adherence in cancer patients.Methods:  A cross- sectional study was done in the pain and palliative outpatient clinic of State Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam. About 250 patients were screened for distress using a questionnaire consisting of national comprehensive cancer network (NCCN) distress thermometer (DT) and problem list over a span of 4 months after obtaining due consent. They were asked to mark their level of distress and the contributing factors for distress as enlisted in the NCCN DT problem list. Chi square test and Mann Whitney test were used to analyze statistical significance.Results: The distress levels were assessed based on the effects of the disease, treatment and other demographic variables and possible causes contributing to distress were determined. It was noted that out of 250 patients screened (n=250), 88 (35.2%) reported a distress score of 4 while 79 (31.6%) reported with a score of 6. Nature of the disease and current treatment received by the patient was significantly associated with distress while age, marital status and sex was not. Amongst physical, emotional and practical problems leading to distress, pain (45.2%), worry (49.2%) and transportation issues (45.1%) respectively were significantly reported as primary causes of distress.Conclusions: NCCN DT in an effective tool for assessment of distress in cancer patients of Assam. It helps in identification of probable causes of distress which aids in holistic patient care.
Assessment of carotid arteries in stroke patients by ultrasonography and color Doppler
Authors: Saifi Shenaz G. A. , Rustagi Vikash , Shetty Dev
Published: December 2022

Background: Prevalence and associated mortality and morbidity rates apprehend stroke as a major health concern worldwide. Atherosclerotic disease of carotid arteries is the most common source of stroke. Quick and effective diagnosis, management and treatment of stroke is essential. Conventional diagnostic imaging techniques lacks the efficacy to rapidly and accurately dragonize stroke. Current investigation is focused towards assessing carotid arteries in stroke patients by ultrasonography and color Doppler to study the locate and study the morphology of lesion in carotid artery and to grade severity and extent of stenosis.Methods: A prospective observational study was performed on stroke patients of more than 40 years of age. The study was conducted at the department of radio diagnosis in a tertiary care center for a period of 18 months. Varied color Doppler parameters were studied and optimized to assess the morphology and surface of plaques and to determine stenosisResults: Mean age of the patients with carotid lesion was observed to be 59.7±9.8 years and male patients outnumbered postmenopausal female patients. Hemiparesis was the most common clinical presentation. Majority of patients exhibited raised intimomedial thickness and single or multiple plaques commonly in carotid bulb. Plaques of type II with irregular surface were most commonly observed which exhibited mostly 50-69% stenosis.Conclusions: The carotid artery embolic occlusion stenosis is the primary cause of stroke. Doppler sonography provides a rapid, noninvasive, relatively inexpensive and accurate means of diagnosing carotid stenosis, to determine the degree of cervical carotid stenosis and plaque morphology.
México frente al exilio cubano, 1925-1940
Authors: Collado Herrera María del Carmen
Published: December 2022

Laura Beatriz Moreno Rodríguez, México frente al exilio cubano, 1925-1940, México, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, 2021, 418 pp.
An Evaluation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Process in Iraq
Authors: Al-Fatlawi Suad , Ibadi Mustafa , Goodhew Steve , Pan Wei
Published: December 2022

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is becoming more prevalent. However, compared to many jurisdictions in developed countries, the Middle East countries, including Iraq, have been relatively late in introducing and developing their environmental impact assessment systems. The Iraqi Protection and Improvement of the Environment Law of 2009 improved the EIA procedure established in 1997. Nonetheless, the current technique has severe drawbacks. The purpose of this study is to assess Iraq's present EIA system. The evaluation was carried out using a simple conceptual model created to meet the goal. The performance of the EIA process in Iraq is evaluated, and a list of recommendations for further enhancing the Iraqi EIA system is developed by key interviews. The findings show that Iraq's current EIA system fulfills seven of the fourteen assessment criteria developed and applied for this study's evaluation, partially meets four, and fails to satisfy three. This study aims to strengthen Iraq's EIA process by making recommendations such as allocating adequate funds for the EIA process, particularly for the Iraqi government's monitoring of environmental regulations, and providing capacity building and EIA training to individuals involved in the EIA process. These recommendations might help to enhance the EIA process and make it more accessible to developing countries. The results provide a national basis for analyzing EIA and should help other developing countries create, evaluate, and review EIA.
Transformation of Threats to Demographic Security and Sustainable Development of the Region Due to Increased Military Actions
Authors: Andriyiv Nataliya , Pushak Halyna , Petrukha Nina , Kokhan Vasyl , Shtangret Iryna
Published: December 2022

The main purpose of the article is to identify the main threats to demographic security and sustainable development of the region in the context of military actions. The methodology implies modern methods of hierarchical analysis and analysis methods. The reason for choosing this topic is accompanied by the fact that, because demographic factors significantly affect the stability and security of the development of the region, the problem of ensuring demographic security, in particular in terms of identifying and tracking changes in key threats, is relevant and important for the further restoration of human resources. According to the results of the study, the features of the transformation of the main threats to demographic security and sustainable development of a particular region were determined. A response level matrix was proposed for each of the identified threats in order to counteract the most impact and further reduce the pace of implementation of activities. Research has limitations. The fact that as a result of hostilities, a small number of regions can be the object of research. In the future, we should consider the demographic security and sustainable development of regions that do not have the influence of military actions and compare them with our research results.
Building an ontology of fundamental concepts based on a transdisciplinary approach
Authors:   VA Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences of RAS, Moscow, Russia, Fayans A.М.
Published: December 2022

The procedures for applying a transdisciplinary approach to the development of formulations of fundamental concepts and to the construction of the ontology of these concepts are described. The analysis of the terminological and content components necessary for such an application is carried out. The role of the state of harmony is established as a criteri- on for the presence of positive and negative trends in assessing the situation under consideration. The application of technology for formulating and building an ontology is shown on the example of the concept of "Love". It is noted that love is based on positive trends in a state of harmony, as well as a number of other essential features. The formulations of a number of concepts related to love are proposed. Based on the results obtained, the place of artificial intelligence systems in the formed integral construction was determined, the restrictions on the potential capabilities of such systems were indicated. The transdisciplinary technology is universal and applicable to all areas in which research is carried out, including in the field of ontologies. The article is intended for specialists interested in a holistic ontological picture at the level of fundamental concepts..
Transformation of the ontology of education: from the classroom lesson system to smart innovations
Authors:   Samara University (Samara National Research University named after academician S.P. Korolev), Samara, Russia, Solovov A.V. , Menshikova A.A. ,   Samara University (Samara National Research University named after academician S.P. Korolev), Samara, Russia
Published: December 2022

The world in the 21st century is changing both materially and mentally. Productive relations in education no longer correspond to the development of the productive forces of "smart" technologies. The purpose of this article is to analyze the social and didactic aspects of modern and future trends in the field of education from the point of view of its development from the ontological traditions of the classroom system to the ontology of smart education innovations. The main factors and needs leading to innovative changes in the education system are considered: the adequacy of technologies used in the economy, everyday life of people and in education; accessibility and comfort of educational processes; the need to move from the standards of the content of education to its variability, while maintaining basic training; removing the classes, a rigid schedule, horrifying stories about exams and strict limits on the duration of training; avoidance of multidiscipline; the primary role of the student; the emergence and development of new teacher functions; individualizations and personification of learning using artificial intelligence. It is shown that the totality of modern and promising innovations conditioned by social needs and technological factors leads to the evolution of the education system from the concepts of the traditional classroom system not only to smart tools of learning activities that improve the quality of the educational process, but also to a new promising educational paradigm of smart education.
Formalization of implicit knowledge based on educational competencies and background knowledge
Authors:   ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Balakshin P.V. , Mashina E.A. ,   Joint Stock Company BIOCAD, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Published: December 2022

The article is devoted to the discussion of the process of creating uniform approaches to the description of various com- ponents of corporate knowledge in a multidisciplinary information environment of the enterprise. A method for describing corporate knowledge based on the educational-competence-based approach using a separate assessment of educational competencies and background knowledge of employees is proposed. An example of using the proposed approach to solving the personnel management problems is given. As a methodological basis, the division of competencies of the company's employees according to the sources of its occurrence is used. The research is carried out based on an onto- logical approach and methods of studying texts created in natural languages. The paper shows that the employee's competencies can be uniformly determined based on a frequency analysis of documents texts that are more or less related to the employee. The novelty of the work lies in the creation of a uniform approach to the description of corporate knowledge of employees, which is based on the division of employee competencies into those obtained in the process of education, co-author activity, production experience, as well as contextual background knowledge. The possibility of creating software solutions for describing the employees' competencies, which are an integral part of corporate knowledge, is shown. The components of the methodology proposed in the article have passed the testing stage and are used to automate the functioning of enterprise services related to the management of personnel activities.
A blueprint for the short course "Selected Engineering Issues"
Authors:   Sobolev Institute of mathematics SB RAS, Omsk, Russia, Filimonov V.A.
Published: December 2022

It is proposed to supplement the existing university courses "Introduction to Engineering" with a brief overview of the author's project-based learning course "Selected engineering issues". As an example, a five-day course plan is given. The course is intended for a general understanding of the specifics, structure and problems of engineering activities, and, according to the plan, should improve the mastering of the material of the Introduction to Engineering courses. The course has the format of a collective educational and project process, which is implemented in the cognitive infrastruc- ture of the situation center on the resources available to the organizers. Such a center can be set up outside the class- room using participants' smartphones. The cognitive environment is ensured by the presence of a support team consist- ing of a coordinator, a methodologist, a tablet keeper and a game technician. The functions of the support team can be performed by one specially trained teacher capable of reflexive perception of the learning situation. A constructor of course options is proposed, which includes various types of implementation processes. A variant of a metaphorical cog- nitive engineering map as a set of pictures and comments to them is proposed. The need for separate consideration of the setting tasks stages, working on bugs and opportunities for students to quickly access network resources and team- work technologies is noted. The author's "4C" approach (collective, cognitive, configurative, convergent) is used in combination with a cross-technology system that provides multidisciplinarity. The concept of mutual adjustment of students' cognitive profiles and teaching formats of academic subjects (visual, audio, kinesthetic, tactile) is also used. The use of the listed author's tools ensures the originality of the proposed solutions.
Ontologies in educational process management
Authors:   HSE University, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Pleshkova A.Yu.
Published: December 2022

In the educational processes of universities, the ontological approach is used in the management of curricula, to describe the subject areas of the academic disciplines programs, to assess the knowledge of students. The article discusses the ways of using ontologies in teaching and provides an example of an ontological approach to managing the educational process. The process area "Preparation for the reporting event" was selected as part of the research seminar for graduate students. Based on the results of a three-year experiment, an update was proposed to the original domain model associated with the ―Teacher‖ entity. The resulting changes have a positive effect on the practice of the educational process both for the teacher (improving qualifications and motivation) and for students (increasing academic performance and involvement). Conclusions are formulated about the usefulness of the proposed method and its prospects, about the possibility of expanding the scope of the study by performing a further analysis of educational processes and using the results presented in the article.
Load-bearing structures design using topological optimization and additive manufacturing technologies
Authors:   Samara University (Samara National Research University named after academician S.P. Korolev), Samara, Russia, Tkachenko I.S. , Kurkin E.I. ,   Samara University (Samara National Research University named after academician S.P. Korolev), Samara, Russia, Lukyanov O.E. ,   Samara University (Samara National Research University named after academician S.P. Korolev), Samara, Russia, Kishov E.A. ,   Samara University (Samara National Research University named after academician S.P. Korolev), Samara, Russia, Galinzoga-Zamora J. ,   Samara University (Samara National Research University named after academician S.P. Korolev), Samara, Russia, Smelov V.G. ,   Samara University (Samara National Research University named after academician S.P. Korolev), Samara, Russia, Chertykovtseva V.O. ,   Samara University (Samara National Research University named after academician S.P. Korolev), Samara, Russia
Published: December 2022

The aim of the work is to create an integrated technology for designing load-bearing structures using topological optimization and additive manufacturing, as well as its approbation on the example of a specific task of designing and manufacturing an aerospace structure. The proposed methodology describes the main design stages for additive manufacturing. In the ANSYS system, the power scheme of the structure is designed based on topological optimization. To refine the dimensions and shape of the structural strength elements, a module was used that allows optimizing the geometric model of the structure by shifting the nodes of the design grid of the structure. The results of the verification calculation showed that the designed structure has a significantly lower mass compared to the prototype and is not inferior to it in terms of rigidity, strength and minimum values of natural vibration frequencies. The article describes the implementation of the production process for creating a workpiece using selective laser melting technology. The development of a 3D model of the design sample was carried out in the Siemens NX software. For the considered design, the method of residual stress compensation based on the optimization of heat sinks on the technological construction platform and the method of preliminary correction of the workpiece geometry in the SimufactAdditive software were applied. The results obtained in the work show the possibility of introducing additive manufacturing together with topological optimization in the design of spacecraft, including the load-bearing structures of their propulsion systems.
Improving the situational methodology for developing decision support systems for enterprises
Authors:   Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa, Russia, Antonov V.V. , Konev K.A. ,   Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa, Russia
Published: December 2022

The article proposes a technique for the development of a situational methodology for the development of decision support systems for organizational systems, taking into account the influence of the time factor. In the existing methodologies, insufficient attention is paid to the links between the organizational part of the model and the parametric method, with the help of which the choice of an acceptable solution is made, the assessment of the consequences of the decisions made is often ignored, and the application of these methodologies to solving practical problems is difficult. The main purpose of the article is to summarize the existing approaches to decision making based on an improved methodology for developing decision support systems, which is aimed at eliminating the identified problems. To achieve the goal, systemic and situational approaches, ontological engineering, structural analysis of systems, and methods for classifying complex objects were used. As a result, proposals were formed to improve the situational approach to creating decision support systems, including the definition of a hierarchy of decision-making process components, descriptions of transition methods between decision-making levels, with an emphasis on the level of choice of a parametric method for transforming a set of decision options into effective solution. The article concludes that the proposed methodology will simplify the process of designing decision support systems for enterprises.
Orígenes y desarrollo de la medicina tradicional: una cuestión ideológica
Authors: Menéndez Eduardo L.
Published: December 2022

La mayoría de los analistas reconocen tres fuentes básicas en el desarrollo de la medicina tradicional mexicana entre los siglos XV y XVIII (prehispánico, hispánico y afro), así como toda una serie de fuentes complementarias que se fueron incluyendo sobre todo entre los siglos XVIII y XXI. No obstante, gran parte de los principales especialistas consideran que el núcleo de la medicina tradicional es la medicina prehispánica, secundarizando lo hispánico y excluyendo lo afro. Incluso no reconocen o señalan superficialmente el papel de la biomedicina en la medicalización actual de la medicina tradicional. Si bien esta tendencia se observa desde las décadas de 1930 y 1940, se profundiza a partir de la década de 1970, para eclosionar en torno al Quinto Centenario de 1992, convirtiendo la cuestión de los orígenes y el desarrollo de la medicina tradicional en una cuestión básicamente ideológica.
Activization Factors of Foreign Economic Activities Development of Small and Medium Enterprises in Volgograd Region
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Azmina Yu.M.
Published: December 2022

Activization factors of foreign economic activities development of small and medium enterprises in Volgograd region are represented as a hole system. The author proposes the appraisal plan of Volgograd region export potential in modern economic situation of globalization and economic integration to the world economy.
Establishing a Traceability and Quality System for U.S. Ballistics Identification Using NIST SRM Standard Bullets and Cartridge Cases
Authors:   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Song J. , Thompson R. ,   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Vorburger T.V. ,   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Ballou S. ,   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Yen J. ,   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Renegar T. ,   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Zheng A. ,   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Silver R. ,   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Ols M. ,   Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, explosives (ATF)
Published: December 2022

Positive results of introduction of project NBIС conducted by NIST in conjunction with ATF. The project is designed to ensure the quality of ballistic identification ballistic laboratories in the USA.
Problematic Issues of Forensic Study of the Basic Parts of Firearms
Authors:   St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Korovkin D.S.
Published: December 2022

In the article shown that the actual task is to develop a forensic requirements and criteria which should satisfy the basic parts of firearms. Was shown that the condition of these parts should be such that they ensure the production of shot and normal interaction with other details of a particular model.
Prospects for the Development of Automatic Small Arms
Authors:   Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Cherny V. G.
Published: December 2022

Presented promising developments in the field of firearms and the main trends of its development. Shows the tactical and technical characteristics of a firearm.
Definition of Position of the Victim at the Moment of a Shot on Stains of Splashes of the Blood Which Have Been Beaten Out by a Bullet
Authors:   Educational and Scientific Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems of Saratov State University, Fedorenko V.A. , Tsarev O.A. ,   V. I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Nikitin V.V. ,   Investigation Department of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for the Chuvash Republic
Published: December 2022

This paper investigates the error in the determination of the victim the moment of firing by spots of blood spatter. It is shown that the position of the victim in a horizontal plane can be determined in some cases with an accuracy of ± 2.5 cm.
Is the AURKB Gene Involved in Aml Cell Proliferation Since It is Targeted by miR-34a-5p and let-7b-5p?
Authors: SUER Ilknur , KAYA Murat
Published: December 2022

Objective: The production of normal blood cells in the bone marrow is interrupted in AML, which is characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of leukemic blasts. Therefore, patients experience anemia and thrombocytopenia. When gene expression of Aurora kinases, which is reported to be highly expressed in AML, decreases, it may be possible to alleviate the clinical findings in AML. In this study, it was aimed to examine the relationship of AURKB with important miRNAs that have the potential to regulate gene expression.

Method: HL60 and NB4 cells were transfected with important tumor suppressor miRNAs miR-34a-5p and let-7b-5p mimics. Then, its effects on proliferation were examined with WST-8 technique and its effects on AURKB gene expression were examined with qRT-PCR.

Results: It was determined that these miRNAs negatively regulated proliferation in both AML cell lines and downregulated the expression level of the Aurora kinase B (AURKB) gene in the miRNA transfected group compared to the control group.

Conclusion: In conclusion, it was determined that miR-34a-5p and let-7b-5p could regulate AURKB expression in AML cells. Therefore, it was thought that these miRNAs may have an important potential as a therapeutic biomarker in preventing excessive cell division and poor prognosis in AML.
PRESSUPOSTOS EPISTEMOLÓGICOS SUBJACENTES À FORMAÇÃO NO CURSO DE PEDAGOGIA
Authors: Silva Adelson Ferreira da , Gomes Suzana dos Santos
Published: December 2022

As últimas décadas têm sido marcadas por reformas e pela implementação de projetos de formação distantes dos resultados de pesquisa, revelando um descompasso entre as lógicas que norteiam as reformas e o que dizem os pesquisadores sobre demandas emergentes no campo da formação de professores. Esse descompasso tem estimulado estudos sobre os pressupostos epistemológicos da formação docente, tendo em vista maior qualificação da análise sobre as propostas de formação que estão sendo implementadas em diferentes contextos. Em sintonia com os aspectos ora apresentados, este artigo apresenta resultados de uma tese de doutorado que investigou os pressupostos epistemológicos subjacentes à formação no Curso de Pedagogia em uma universidade pública estadual na região Nordeste do Brasil. Pretendeu-se analisar o efeito epistêmico das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Curso de Graduação em Pedagogia, licenciatura instituída pela Resolução do Conselho Nacional de Educação CNE/CP nº 1, de 15 de maio de 2006. Quanto à metodologia, utilizou-se: revisão de literatura com recorte a partir da segunda metade do século XX, explorando contribuições de autores de tendência crítico-progressista no campo da educação; pesquisa documental e empírica cuja coleta de dados envolveu aplicação de questionário; e entrevista semiestruturada. Os resultados evidenciaram o avanço da perspectiva conservadora político-ideológico e do neoliberalismo na educação, o esgotamento da tese da docência como base da formação do Curso de Pedagogia e, ainda, indicaram demandas para novos estudos sobre a problemática epistemológica presente na Ciência da Educação e no Curso de Pedagogia.
Testament rajcy łódzkiego Klemensa Czarnego z roku 1594
Authors: Szymczak Alicja , Szymczak Jan
Published: December 2022

Klemens Czarny należał do elity mieszczaństwa łódzkiego w drugiej połowie XVI w. Był ławnikiem w latach 1561–1572, w 1573 r. został rajcą i sprawował ten urząd do śmierci w 1594 r. Testament sporządził 10 lutego tegoż roku. Cztery córki: Dorota, Zofia, Katarzyna i Anna otrzymały posagi w pieniądzach – po 6 grzywien każda. Natomiast wszystkie grunty orne i ogrody otrzymali jego trzej synowie: Wojciech, Stanisław i Marek, z którym miał mieszkać aż do śmierci. Testament zawiera opis lokalizacji posiadłości Klemensa Czarnego i znanych imiennie jego sąsiadów, wymienia też wiele dawnych nazw topograficznych z terenu dzisiejszej Łodzi. Dodatkową wartość badawczą dokumentu stanowi miejscowy dialekt, w jakim został on spisany.
Kwestia nominacji Tadeusza Kościuszki na generała brygady armii amerykańskiej
Authors: Nawrot Dariusz
Published: December 2022

W artykule przedstawiono kwestię nominacji generalskiej dla Tadeusza Kościuszki jako nagrody za zasługi w wojnie o niepodległość Stanów Zjednoczonych. Przypomniano okoliczności kolejnych propozycji mianowania Kościuszki na stopień generała brygady, po zwycięstwie pod Saratogą w 1777 r. czy udziale w kampanii na południu Stanów Zjednoczonych w latach 1780–1781. Nominacji wówczas nie otrzymał, dlatego po zakończeniu wojny Kościuszko zabiegał o indywidualne wyróżnienie, które uhonorowałoby jego dotychczasową służbę. Kongres nie zamierzał jednak przyspieszać awansu Kościuszki, ponieważ przygotowywał w tym czasie uchwałę o awansowaniu wszystkich oficerów o jeden stopień, jeśli nie otrzymali oni promocji po 1 stycznia 1777 r. I w tej grupie awansowanych w 1783 r., ku swojemu rozczarowaniu, znalazł się ostatecznie polski oficer, co próbował załagodzić George Washington.
Obraz Portugalii w świetle „Pamiętnika Historyczno-Politycznego” (1782–1792)
Authors: Stroynowski Andrzej
Published: December 2022

Problemy Portugalii znajdowały się na marginesie głównych doniesień i analiz tego czasopisma. W rezultacie przedstawiony w nim obraz nie jest pełny, chociaż przekazywał szereg ważnych informacji o portugalskiej polityce międzynarodowej i wewnętrznej. W świetle lektury tego czasopisma wyłaniał się obraz Portugalii jako kraju bardzo zacofanego i biednego, co wynikało z braku aktywnej polityki państwa na rzecz jego unowocześnienia. Pozytywne oceny budziła tylko pokojowa polityka Portugalii, która pozwoliła jej w latach 1782–1792 zachować neutralność. Te oceny stanu Portugalii i jej polityki miały też służyć wskazywaniu wad i propagowaniu rozwiązań, które mogły być wykorzystane w Polsce.
Wojna hiszpańsko-amerykańska 1898 roku
Authors: Pastusiak Longin
Published: December 2022

Wojna hiszpańsko-amerykańska 1898 r. była świadectwem wzrostu tendencji ekspansjonistycznych w polityce amerykańskiej. W ostatniej dekadzie XIX w. obserwujemy proces szybkiego rozwoju ekspansji zagranicznej Stanów Zjednoczonych. Terytorium kontynentalne Stanów Zjednoczonych było już względnie zintegrowane. Umacniające się monopole nie zadowalały się jednak rynkiem wewnętrznym, szukając możliwości zwiększenia zysków w zagranicznej ekspansji. Tendencje te jeszcze bardziej umocnił kryzys 1893 r.
Ekspansja amerykańska kierowała się przede wszystkim ku Ameryce Łacińskiej. Tu jednak interesy amerykańskie nieuniknienie musiały zderzyć się z interesami kolonialnymi Anglii, Francji i Hiszpanii. Pod panowaniem Hiszpanii były m.in. wyspy Kuba i Portoryko.
W 1895 r. na Kubie wybuchło powstanie przeciw hiszpańskim kolonizatorom. Imperialistyczne koła w Stanach Zjednoczonych postanowiły wykorzystać tę sytuację zarówno w celu osłabienia pozycji Hiszpanii w tym rejonie świata, jak również umocnienia interesów amerykańskich.
Wojna hiszpańsko-amerykańska trwała niespełna cztery miesiące i zakończyła się zwycięstwem Stanów Zjednoczonych. Traktat pokojowy podpisano 10 grudnia 1898 r. Hiszpania zrzekła się Kuby, Filipin, Portoryko i Guam. W wyniku tej wojny Stany Zjednoczone zaczęły umacniać swoją pozycję międzynarodową.
Liga Narodów wobec aktów agresji (1919–1939)
Authors: Brzeziński Andrzej Maciej
Published: December 2022

Artykuł charakteryzuje działania Ligi Narodów (LN) wobec państw-agresorów. System bezpieczeństwa zbiorowego określony w Pakcie LN, powołanej z inicjatywy prezydenta USA Thomasa Woodrowa Wilsona, okazał się nieskuteczny w zderzeniu z realiami międzynarodowymi. Indolencja LN (bez członkostwa USA) w rozwiązywaniu konfliktów międzypaństwowych i utrzymaniu międzynarodowego bezpieczeństwa, uwidoczniona w latach trzydziestych minionego stulecia, wynikała w znacznej mierze z ogólnikowości artykułów tworzącego ją paktu. Istotną słabością Paktu LN był brak definicji agresora i systemu automatycznej pomocy ofierze napaści, co istotnie utrudniało stosowne działania Rady LN. W pierwszej połowie lat trzydziestych Rada LN wysyłała międzynarodowe komisje do skonfliktowanych państw (agresja Japonii w Chinach, konflikty Boliwii z Paragwajem i Kolumbii z Peru), aby na miejscu zapoznawały się z sytuacją, stwierdzały zaistnienie aktu agresji i przygotowywały raport dający podstawę do dalszych akcji. W następnych latach takich misji nawet nie zamierzono wysyłać. O zażegnaniu sporu decydowało wąskie grono mocarstw, niekiedy poza LN i bez wnoszenia sprawy na forum instytucji genewskiej. Od początku lat trzydziestych LN systematycznie traciła znaczenie w stosunkach międzynarodowych, okazując bezradność wobec agresji Japonii w Chinach i podboju Etiopii przez Włochy. Nie była w stanie ani powstrzymać aktów agresji, ani spowodować powrotu do stanu przed napaścią. Francja i Wielka Brytania, które odgrywały decydującą rolę w LN, prowadziły politykę ustępstw i ugody wobec agresorów – Japonii, Włoch, Trzeciej Rzeszy i Związku Sowieckiego. W końcu lat trzydziestych LN stała się bardziej obserwatorem aniżeli uczestnikiem dramatycznych wydarzeń prowadzących do wybuchu II wojny światowej.
Amerykański Kościół katolicki w pierwszej połowie XX wieku
Authors: Rusinowa Izabella
Published: December 2022

Artykuł dotyczy historii katolicyzmu w Stanach Zjednoczonych od 1919 r. do wyboru J.F. Kennedy’ego jako pierwszego katolickiego prezydenta zasiadającego w Białym Domu. Omawiane lata przyniosły zmiany zarówno wśród katolików, jak i w Stanach Zjednoczonych. W tym czasie katolicy, pod względem liczbowym potroili swe siły, wzrastając z 5 do 16% populacji. Uważali się za na tyle silnych, że wystawili swego kandydata w wyborach prezydenckich w 1928 r. Wówczas przegrali, wygrali dopiero w 1961 r. Katoliccy duchowni często wspomagali biednych, uczyli ich i prowadzili misje. Wykorzystywali prasę, radio i telewizję, aby zdobyć szerszy wpływ w społeczeństwie. Katolickie college stawały się coraz bardziej prestiżowe, a katolicyzm został zaakceptowany przez dużą część protestantów. W dużej mierze przyczynili się do tego sławni ludzie ze świata show biznesu, polityki i sportu (Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Stan Musial i John F. Kennedy). Wyborcze zwycięstwo Johna F. Kennedy’ego stało się przełomem w amerykańskiej mentalności.
Słów kilka o pamięci Brytyjczyków o Great War po II wojnie światowej do czasów współczesnych
Authors: Parafianowicz Halina
Published: December 2022

Ogromne straty i traumatyczne doświadczenia związane z Great War pozostawiły trwały ślad w życiu milionów Brytyjczyków i ich rodzin. Budowa pomników, cmentarzy wojennych i rytuały rocznicowe upamiętniające poległych w dużej mierze kształtowały pamięć o I wojnie światowej, szczególnie żywą po zakończeniu wojny i w latach międzywojennych. Artykuł niniejszy jest próbą spojrzenia na pamięć Brytyjczyków o Great War po doświadczeniach II wojny światowej i współcześnie, z okazji setnej rocznicy I wojny światowej. Postrzeganie Great War oraz kreowanie pamięci zbiorowej o niej ulegały znacznym przemianom w kolejnych dekadach po 1945 r. Szczególnie aktywną rolę w podtrzymywaniu pamięci o I wojnie światowej odegrali weterani i ich rodziny. Oral history, programy telewizyjne, wywiady z udziałem ostatnich weteranów, uczestników i świadków wojny wpłynęły na zwiększone zainteresowanie Great War w latach osiemdziesiątych XX w. i kolejnych dekadach. Uroczystości setnej rocznicy I wojny światowej, obchodzone w latach 2014–2018, liczne inicjatywy i sposoby upamiętniania wydarzeń sprzed wieku, odegrały ważną rolę w upowszechnieniu popularnego obrazu I wojny światowej wśród dzisiejszych Brytyjczyków, a także podtrzymywaniu pamięci o niej kolejnych pokoleń.
La multitud, las subsistencias y el trabajo: Lima de 1890 a 1920
Authors: Ruiz Zevallos Augusto
Published: December 2022

Este libro trata de un escenario —la ciudad de Lima y sus valles próximos entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX— y de unos actores sociales. Aquí se presentan obreros fabriles y simples jornaleros, maestros de taller y modernos industriales, agricultores de pan llevar y agroexportadores, amas de casa y comerciantes minoristas —italianos, chinos y peruanos— y por último, partidos oligarcas y masas amotinadas que buscan influir en las políticas del Estado. El énfasis ha sido puesto en el estudio de las clases populares nativas y en sus identidades más significativas —la de trabajador y la de consumidor—, en momentos en que protagonizaron revueltas en respuesta al desempleo y a la carestía de los alimentos.
Masculinidades: cambios y permanencias. Varones de Cuzco, Iquitos y Lima
Authors: Fuller Osores Norma J.
Published: December 2022

Los objetivos generales de este estudio son: contribuir a la comprensión de la manera en que se organizan las relaciones de género en la sociedad peruana y detectar los cambios en curso en este ámbito de la vida social y personal. Dentro de esta perspectiva general, he enfocado uno de los polos de las relaciones de género: el masculino. Es decir, intento aproximarme a la manera como un grupo de varones de tres ciudades del Perú (Cuzco, Iquitos y Lima) conciben la tarea de ser varones.
Delayed diagnosis of popliteal artery injury after traumatic knee dislocation in Korea: a case report
Authors: Lee Chung-Eun , Jang In-Seok , Song Sang-Yoon , Lim Jung-Woo , Kim Kun-Tae
Published: December 2022

The popliteal artery damage is present to range from 1.6% to 64% of patients with knee dislocation, and it is crucial to evaluate vascular damage even if there are no prominent ischemic changes in the distal area. The injury of the popliteal artery by high-energy forces around the knee caused by a fall or traffic accident is a potentially limb-threatening complication in traumatic knee dislocation. The popliteal artery injury by blunt trauma has a high risk of limb amputation because the initial symptoms can show normal vascular circulation without urgent ischemia or obvious vascular injury signs. Since the collateral branches can delay the symptoms of decisive ischemia or pulseless extremity, the vascular damage is a major cause of limb amputation. In the present study, we describe a rare case of delayed diagnosis of popliteal artery injury after traumatic knee dislocation, requiring urgent limb revascularization surgery. After revascularization of the occluded popliteal artery, graft interposition was performed, and successful restoration was confirmed. This case illustrates that, even if ankle-brachial index >0.9 or equal pedal pulse to the uninjured extremity, serial vascular evaluation is required if there are soft signs such as diminished pulses, neurologic signs, or high-energy damage such as multiple ligament ruptures since delayed diagnosis of artery injury can be the major cause of limb amputation. The clinicians need to regard high-energy trauma such as multiple ligament rupture around the knee as a hard sign, and immediate computed tomography angiography can be helpful for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Chemical Synthesis: Happy Birthday!
Authors: Su Bao-Lian
Published: December 2022

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Understanding The Effects Of Bank Rating On Stock Return In Indonesia
Authors: Subagyo Ilham Indro , Achsani Noer Azam , Sasongko Hendro
Published: December 2022

This study aims to analyze the development and soundness of banks from financial performance ratios in banking companies listed on the IDX in 2016-2021 using the RGEC approach; analyze the effect of the ratios used in RGEC on stock returns in banking companies listed on the IDX in 2016-2019 or before Covid19; analyzed the effect of the ratios used in RGEC on stock returns in banking companies listed on the IDX in 2020-2021 or during the Covid-19 pandemic. The sample consisted of the banking sub-sector listed on the IDX in the period 2016 to 2021. The data analyzed using the RGEC method. Based on the calculation of bank rating (bank soundness level), it can be seen that the key figures for the risk profile, GCG, earning and equity (RGEC) in the banking sub-sector listed on the IDX developed well in 2016-2021 in the banking sector on average from 39 banks studied. There are 11 Banks that are in Composite Rating 1 (Very Healthy), 25 Banks are on Composite Rating 2 (Healthy) and 3 Banks are on Composite Rating 3 (Sufficiently Healthy). Based on the results of panel regression tests in 2016-2019 (before Covid-19), bank rating (bank soundness level) which include risk profile (NPL and LDR), GCG, earnings (ROA and NIM) and equity (CAR) together have an effect of 28.89% of bank stock returns and 71.11% of stock returns are influenced by other factors outside the variables studied. However, based on the p-value results, the variables NPL, GCG, NIM and CAR have no significant effect on bank stock returns, while the LDR and ROA variables have a significant effect on stock returns. In general, the soundness of banks listed on the IDX is in a healthy condition. Whereas the results of panel regression tests in 2020-2021 (after Covid-19), bank rating (bank soundness level) which include risk profile (NPL and LDR), GCG, earnings (ROA and NIM) and equity (CAR) together have an effect of 4.93% of bank stock returns and 95.07% of stock returns are influenced by other factors outside the variables studied. However, based on the results of the p-value variables, NPL, LDR, GCG, ROA, NIM and CAR have no significant effect on bank stock returns. However, in general, the health level of banks listed on the IDX during the Covid-19 pandemic is in a healthy condition.
Combination Therapy of Irreversible Electroporation and Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells for Treating Mice Bearing Panc02 Pancreatic-Cancer Xenografts
Authors: Wang Baohua , Wang Huiyang , Yue Lan , Chen Qiang , Dong Junjie , Jiang Tian'an
Published: December 2022

The current study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects and potent mechanism of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells combined with irreversible electroporation (IRE) via an in vitro function assay in an in vivo Panc02 cell–bearing mouse model. We established an in vitro culture assay for CIK cells and determined the proportions of different peripheral lymphocytes. The antitumor effect of the combination of IRE and CIK cells in a Panc02 pancreatic-cancer (PC) subcutaneous-xenograft model was investigated; tumor size and mouse survival rates were recorded. We used flow cytometry (FCM) to analyze the proportion of intratumoral lymphocytes, the expression of chemokine receptors, and the proliferative activity of CIK cells. The proportion of cells that were positive for clusters of differentiation 3 and 8 (CD3+CD8+) and the proportion of CD3+CD56+ cells were both significantly increased after 21 days of in vitro culture. Combined IRE/CIK cell treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth and increased the survival rate of Panc02 cell–bearing mice. Furthermore, infiltration of lymphocytes into tumor tissue was significantly increased by this combination therapy compared with the untreated group or monotherapy group. In addition, IRE significantly enhanced the expression of chemokine receptors elicited by, and the proliferative activity of, CIK cells. In conclusion, IRE combined with CIK cells showed superior antitumor efficacy in a PC subcutaneous-xenograft model, which we attributed to the promotion of lymphocytic infiltration, as well as to upregulation of chemokine receptor expression and of regulators of CIK cell proliferation.
SERPINE1 as an Independent Prognostic Marker and Therapeutic Target for Nicotine-Related Oral Carcinoma
Authors: Guo Xiaopeng , Sun Zhen , Chen Huarong , Ling Junjun , Zhao Houyu , Chang Aoshuang , Zhuo Xianlu
Published: December 2022

Objectives. Nicotine is an ingredient of tobacco, and exposure to nicotine increases the risks of various cancers, including oral cancer. Previous studies have focused on the addictive properties of nicotine, but its carcinogenic mechanism has rarely been studied. We aimed to explore the key genes in the process through which nicotine promotes the occurrence and development of oral cancer via data mining and experimental verification.Methods. This study involved three parts. First, key genes related to nicotine-related oral cancer were screened through data mining; second, the expression and clinical significance of a key gene in oral cancer tissues were verified by bioinformatics. Finally, the expression and clinical significance of the key gene in oral cancer were histologically investigated, and the effects of its expression on cell proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance were cytologically assessed.Results. SERPINE1 was identified as the key gene, which was upregulated in nicotine-treated oral cells and may be an independent prognostic factor for oral cancer. SERPINE1 was enriched in various pathways, such as the tumor necrosis factor and apelin pathways, and was related to the infiltration of macrophages, CD4+T cells, and CD8+T cells. Overexpression of SERPINE1 was associated with N staging and may be involved in hypoxia, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Knockdown of SERPINE1 in oral cancer cells resulted in weakened cell proliferation and invasion ability and increased sensitivity to bleomycin and docetaxel.Conclusion. This study revealed SERPINE1 as a key gene for nicotine-related oral cancer, indicating that SERPINE1 may be a novel prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for oral carcinoma.