bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The “Pregnancy Zone” Protein and Fetal Welfare
Authors: Beckman G. , von Schoultz B. , Stigbrand T.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The “pregnancy zone” protein (PZ) was demonstrated in the sera of 311 out of 350 pregnant women at term (88.9%). The lack of demonstrable PZ was studied in relation to parameters reflecting fetal maturity (birth weight, placental weight and gestational age). Birth weight was significantly lower among infants of women lacking PZ, while for placental weight and gestational age no significant correlation was found with PZ. Furthermore no apparent correlation was found between the lack of PZ in maternal serum and maternal age, parity and previous abortion. The results indicate that lack of PZ in the serum of pregnant women at term is a normal phenomenon compatible with normal pregnancy.
Return of Ovulation During the Postpartum Period
Authors: Said Sami , Johansson Elof D. B. , Gemzell Carl
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The occurrence of ovulation was determined in 21 healthy women after full term delivery by quantitation of the serum progesterone, basal body temperature and cervical mucous ferning tests. The basal body temperature was recorded daily starting during the first week postpartum and serum progesterone estimations and cervical mucus ferning tests were performed at weekly intervals starting after the first month postpartum. All patients were followed until the first postpartum menstruation, and thereafter 18 women continued the study till the second menstruation. The women investigated breast‐fed their infants for periods ranging between one and 14 weeks. Ovulation during lactation occurred in none of the cases. After weaning, when menstruation was resumed, ovulation occurred less frequently in patients who lactated for a short period as compared to those who lactated for relatively longer. When the duration of postpartum amenorrhoea was short ovulation preceded the first menstruation less frequently than in women with relatively longer postpartum amenorrhoea. The incidence of ovulation before either the first or the second menstruation was lower in primiparae than in multi‐parae. None of 12 women aged 25 years or less ovulated before the first menstruation while 7 ovulated before the second menstruation. In women above 25 years of age, ovulation occurred in 6 out of 9 before the first menstruation and in 5 out of 6 before the second menstruation. The basal body temperature and the cervical mucous ferning tests were equally adequate to detect ovulation as the serum progesterone concentration.
A Comparative Study of Various Methods for the Detection of Spermatozoal Antibodies
Authors: Hansen Karl Brogaard
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Sera were tested using various methods for the detection of spermatozoal antibodies. It appeared that an indirect immunofluorescence technique, a gelatine‐agglutination test (Kibrick et al., 1952) and a micro‐agglutination method (Franklin & Dukes, 1964) revealed different antigen‐antibody systems. Sera showing a strong reaction in the gelatine‐agglutination test could immobilize spermatozoa, whereas this was not the case for sera with high titres by the indirect immunofluorescence technique or for sera which were positive by the micro‐agglutination test. No sera of women from infertile couples were positive by the gelatine‐agglutination test, and sera from this group of women produced exclusively head‐to‐head agglutination in the micro‐agglutination test and then only in a low titre. A few sera from men showing a reaction in the gelatine‐agglutination test produced a weak tail‐to‐tail agglutination in the micro‐agglutination test. The localization on or in the spermatozoa of the antigens with which the antibodies reacted in the various tests is discussed. The immunofluorescence technique with fixed spermatozoa appears to involve antigens in the structures under the cell membrane of the spermatozoon, whereas the other methods probably demonstrate reactions with antigens in the cell membrane.
The Effect of Oxytocin on Human Uterine Blood Flow Measured by Local Hydrogen Clearance
Authors: Klingenberg Inge
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Local myometrial and cervical uterine blood flow were measured repeatedly in 45 women by the hydrogen gas clearance method. Mean myometrial blood flow in the postmenopausal women was 57.5 ± 6.67 ml/min. 100 g and in the women of fertile age 105.5 ± 8.36 ml/min. 100 g. When oxytocin was given intravenously between measurements, no effect on myometrial blood flow was obtained in the postmenopausal women. In women of fertile age, myometrial blood flow was reduced to 18.9 ± 5.08% of controls in the proliferative phase and to 33.1 ± 7.62% in the secretory phase 2 minutes after injection of oxytocin, whereas cervical blood flow in both phases showed no or only a slight reduction.
Vacuum Aspiration in the Delivery Room
Authors: Rhen Kurt , Rönnberg Lars , Kannel Lauri
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A vacuum aspirator was used to remove retained fragments of placenta, membranes and hyperplastic decidua after delivery. No post‐partum endometritis occurred in the group of 60 patients so treated, whereas five infections were found in a control group of 50 patients. The difference is almost significant. Moreover, favourable experience has led to the use of the vacuum aspirator in the treatment of atonic uterine haemorrhage. No complications have been observed, and the risk seems to be less than that in conventional curettage, particularly as anaesthesia is unnecessary.
Morphology of Human Ovaries After Treatment with an Injectable Long‐Acting Oestrogen‐Progestogen Agent
Authors: Plesner Rolf
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Eight women of proven fertility received from 1–3 monthly injections each of Deladroxate®, a longacting oestrogen‐progestogen agent. The injections were administered on day 8 in the cycle, counted from first day of bleeding. Laparotomy with biopsies from both ovaries was performed on day 17–32 in the last treatment cycle. In 6 cases endometrial biopsies were also obtained. The numbers of primordial and secondary follicles were roughly estimated as normal. Maturing or mature follicles and follicular cysts were found in 5 of the patients. In one patient (with only one injection prior to laparotomy) a fresh corpus luteum was found. In one patient a slight degree of capsular fibrosis was seen, but stromal fibrosis was not seen in any case. Of the 6 endometrial biopsies obtained, 4 were of the secretory type, one was of the mixed phase type, and one was proliferative.
Endocrinological Aspects of Male Infertility
Authors: Furuhjelm Mirjam , Carlström Kjell , Jonson B.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In order to clarify to what extent a hormonal disturbance may cause infertility in men, a study was made of 98 infertile men aged 23–52 years. Their spermatogenesis was defective. Urinary excretion of total gonadotropins, LH, estrogens, 17‐ketogenic steroids, 17‐ketosteroids and fractionated 17‐ketosteroids was determined. The patient material was divided into 4 groups according to the excretion of total gonadotropins and estrogens in the urine. The groups were compared with a control group of 50 healthy males (aged 16–47 years) of proven fertility.

Group I had an elevated excretion of total gonadotropins and estrogens in the urine. No treatment was possible in this group. In group II, the excretion of total gonadotropins was <40 MU/litre, the excretion of LH was slightly elevated and the excretion of estrogens in the urine was higher than in the control group. A faulty testicular response to normal gonadotropin stimulation or an imbalance in the FSH/LH ratio might explain the increased estrogen excretion in the urine. In group III, the excretion of total gonadotropins and estrogens in the urine was normal and the excretion of 17‐ketogenic steroids was slightly diminished.

In group IV, there was a decreased excretion of steroids in the urine, which may support the diagnosis of pituitary hypofunction. This group is the only one in which treatment with gonadotropins might prove successful. The excretion of DHA was low in groups I and IV, probably depending on the condition of the germinal epithelium.

The conclusion is reached that the cause of infertility in males may occasionally be a hormonal disturbance depending on hypothalamus‐pituitary hypofunction. Only men who have a low excretion of gonadotropins and steroids in the urine may have a chance of becoming fertile after treatment with gonadotropic or releasing hormones.
Coincidence of Granulosa‐Cell Tumour of Ovary and Development of Carcinoma in Rectal Endometriosis
Authors: Reintoft Ingermarie , Lange Aksel P. , Skipper Arne
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A case is reported of the co‐existence of granulosa‐cell tumour in the ovary and endometrial cancer of the rectum in a 36‐year‐old woman. The endometrial cancer originated in the endometriotic tissue of the muscular layer of the rectum. Ovarian and pelvic endometriosis together with endometriosis of the small intestine had been diagnosed earlier. The patient had presented symptoms of endometriosis for several years. The simultaneous occurrence of granulosa‐cell tumour and malignant transformation of endometriotic tissue is considered by the authors as probably having a causal background, analogous to the development of hyperplasia of uterine endometrium or carcinoma of the endometrium in patients with hormone producing granulosa‐cell tumours.
Serial Maternal Serum α1‐Fetoprotein Concentration During Induced Abortions
Authors: Nørgaard‐Pedersen B. , Gæde Preben
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Serial maternal serum α1‐fetoprotein (AFP) quantitations were carried out in legal induced first and second trimester abortions by both a double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) and by a simple radioimmunoelectrophoretical (RIEP) technique. in seven cases of first trimester abortions carried out by suction curettage a marked immediate increase in maternal AFP was found in four cases. No change was observed in the remaining three. in six cases of legal second trimester abortions induced by instillation of 20 per cent sodium chloride solution a marked increase in maternal serum AFP was found in all cases. the increased AFP concentration found in induced second trimester abortions took place before death of the fetus and reached a maximum value a few hours after delivery of the fetus. As expected a rapid fall in the serum concentration of HPL and progesterone is seen when suction curettage is used. However, by instillation of a 20 per cent sodium chloride solution only a slight initial decrease is found for both HPL and progesterone.
Maternal Plasma Oestrogen Levels in Relation to Birth Weight and Sex
Authors: Fischer‐Rasmussen Wiggo
Published: December 2009

Abstract. So far no information is available as to whether a relationship exists between the concentration on the maternal plasma oestrogens and the birth weight of the newborn and its sex. Using a gaschroma‐tographic method (5) the maternal plasma concentrations of oestriol, oestrone and 17β‐oestradiol were measured in normal pregnancies. From their values the regression line for each oestrogen was calculated in the individual case. the hormone value on the regression line corresponding to the 40th week of pregnancy is correlated to the birth weight and the sex of the infant. the series comprises 20 normal pregnant women delivering 20 normal infants with birth weights ranging between 2700‐4100 g. As far as oestriol is concerned the series include a further 10 pregnancies, where nine of the babies born were small for dates. the correlation between plasma oestriol and birth weight is not statistically significant (0.10 > P >0.05). the relationship of plasma oestrone and 17β‐oestradiol to birth weight is far from being significantly correlated. Concerning the sex of the infants, the mean values of plasma oestriol and 17β‐oestradiol of 10 women with female fetuses do not differ from the mean values of 10 women with male fetuses. the mean value of plasma oestrone in the first group, however, is twice the value in the second group, yet the difference is not statistically significant (0.10 > P > 0.05).
Cervical Consistency in Women of Fertile Age Measured with a New Mechanical Instrument
Authors: Bakke Trygve
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A new instrument designed for the measurement of the cervical consistency has been used in an investigation of 100 non‐pregnant and 49 pregnant women. The instrument consists of a mechanism for control of the force used, enabling the examiner to exert the desired pressure on the uterine cervix, and another mechanism for recording the tissue consistency. Both mechanisms were calibrated before each measurement. During measurement the instrument was held horizontally and pressed lightly against the anterior lip of the cervix. The cervical consistency is characterized by the angle α between the walls of the impressed surface recorded on the indicator mechanism of the instrument. The highest values of α are found in the softest tissues. The results showed a highly significant inter‐individual difference (F= 7.355 > P, 90) between 30 of the non‐pregnant patients who had from 3 to 6 measurements performed in different menstrual cycles (intraclass correlation r = 0.612 ± 0.083). Variation about the individual mean is only 1/F—13.6%. In the non‐pregnant cervix a rise in the mean measured values was noted during the first phase of the menstrual cycle. The mean values for non‐pregnant women using a combined oral contraceptive were slightly higher. In normal pregnancies the measurements showed significantly different values in three different time intervals. The highest values were found near term. Within a few weeks after parturition the values fell and approached the “normal values” for non‐pregnant women.
Fetal Brain Damage Following Maternal Carbon Monoxide Intoxication: An Experimental Study
Authors: Ginsberg Myron D. , Myers Ronald E.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Techniques of fetal monitoring, including fetal blood sampling in utero, were employed to study the physiological effects of acute maternal carbon monoxide intoxication upon the fetal rhesus monkey. Nine term‐pregnant female monkeys were exposed to 0.1‐0.3 % inspired CO over 1‐3 hours. The mothers tolerated car‐boxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels exceeding 60 % without clinical sequelae. The fetuses promptly developed profound hypoxia upon exposure of the mothers to CO. However, the fetal COHb levels rose only gradually over the 1‐3 hours and thus contributed only slightly to the development of the early fetal hypoxia. Fetal hypoxia was associated with bradycardia, hypotension, and metabolic and, later, respiratory acidosis. A close correlation was noted between the severity of intrauterine hypoxia and the appearance of brain damage. Severe brain damage (brain swelling associated with hemorrhagic necrosis of the cerebral hemispheres) appeared only in those fetuses whose arterial O2 content had fallen below 2.0 ml/100 ml for at least 45 min during the maternal CO intoxication.
Total Hysterectomy with an Ample Vaginal Cuff
Authors: Johnsson J. E.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A combined vaginal and abdominal approach for simple, total hysterectomy, including an ample vaginal cuff, is described.
Amniotic Fluid Phospholipid Determinations by Bubble Stability Test and Quantitative Lipid Analysis
Authors: Lindback T. , Skjæraasen J. , Caicedo L.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Amniotic fluid surfactant content has been determined in 60 samples obtained throughout the last trimester, by the bubble stability test (BST) described by Clements et al. (3), and studied quantitatively by measuring lecithin and sphingomyelin. Forty samples obtained within one week of delivery were also studied in relation to gestational age and development of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Bubble stability is shown to be dependent on the lecithin concentration. Respiratory distress is shown to be associated with low levels of lecithin and a negative BST, although false negative BSTs may occur.
Lecithin‐Bound Palmitic Acid and Lecithin/Sphingomyelin‐Ratio of Amniotic Fluid in Relation to Fetal Maturity
Authors: Ekelund Laila , Arvidson Gösta , Åstedt Birger
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The proportion of lecithin‐bound palmitic acid and the lecithin/sphingomyelin‐ratio were determined in human amniotic fluid during the third trimester. All the cases studied terminated in the birth of healthy children. The proportion of palmitic acid in the lecithins increased with advancing gestational age until 39‐40 weeks, when it flattened off and then tended to decline slightly. The lecithin/sphingomyelin‐ratio also increased with advancing gestational age, but within each week there was a considerable variance. Complicated pregnancies did not differ from normal ones. The results indicate that determination of the proportion of lecithin‐bound palmitic acid in amniotic fluid might be an additional variable of clinical value in estimating foetal maturity.
Migration of Spermatozoa in Cervical Mucus from Women Using Copper Intrauterine Devices
Authors: Liedholm P. , Sjöberg N.‐O.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. It is widely believed that the contraceptive effect of the copper IUD is due to its inhibition of the penetration and motility of the spermatozoa in cervical mucus containing copper. This is based on in vitro studies on midcycle cervical mucus incubated with a copper wire. This could not be corroborated by the present investigation of cervical mucus from women using a copper IUD. Cervical mucus collected from these women at the time of ovulation showed no reduction in motility or penetration of the spermatozoa.
Successful Quadruplet Pregnancy Following Ovulation Induced with Human Menopausal Gonadotropin and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Authors: Lauersen Niels H. , Buchman Myron , Beling Carl G.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Induction of ovulation in anovulatory patients with gonadotropins has significantly increased the incidence of multiple gestations. A quadruplet gestation that occurred after induction of ovulation with human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is described. All infants have survived, and have developed normally. The management of multiple gestations creates special problems for the Obstetrician. Early diagnosis and correct management with complete bedrest and hospitalization of the patient are essential for a successful outcome. Control of the patient with urinary estriols, ultrasound and daily vital signs are most helpful. Organization of an alert perinatal staff composed of Obstetricians, Pediatricians, and Anesthesiologists contributes to fetal salvage. Problems during the antepartum and intrapartum care are discussed.
Ovarian Morphology in Early and Late Human Pregnancy
Authors: Starup Jørgen , Visfeldt Jakob
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Representative ovarian biopsies were obtained from 30 pregnant women aged 15 to 40. Group I consisted of 6 women with pregnancies of a gestational age of 9 to 18 weeks, and group II consisted of 24 women with pregnancies of a gestational age of 36 to 42 weeks.

The number of primordial follicles varied considerably in both groups, but seemed to be mainly dependent on the age of the individual woman. We did not examine the follicular development before the 9th week of pregnancy, but at least from that time a normal development of follicles up to the stage of Graafian follicles was observed in the great majority of women.

A typical decidual reaction in the ovarian cortex was found in all women in group II, but this reaction may also occasionally occur very early in pregnancy. For instance, we observed a marked decidual reaction in one woman in the 9th week of pregnancy. The decidual reaction was always located beneath or adjacent to the surface epithelium, and usually it was of the nodular form, but it might also occur as single cells or as more diffuse and confluent formations of decidual cells. In all cases of typical decidual reaction, the macroscopic appearance of the ovary was characteristic; the ovarian surface presented a gyriform appearance due to a network of thin, pale red ridges and small nodules. An interesting observation in group I was that the decidual reaction in all cases seemed to be preceded by the existence of nodules or more confluent areas characterized by a loose, proliferative connective tissue containing many fibroblasts and capillaries.

The most consistent finding in both groups was the proliferation and luteinization of the theca cells surrounding both the growing and atretic follicles. However, it should be emphasized that these luteinized theca cells were only found around antral and Graafian follicles and atretic follicles of similar size, but never around even the largest primary follicles.

We are not convinced of the significance of the previously described so‐called surface cell proliferation, even if similar changes were observed in 57% of the 30 women investigated. These changes were mainly observed in areas where the epithelium covered depressed or retracted parts of the ovarian stroma. On the other hand, the prominent decidual nodules were covered by a thin layer of flattened epithelial cells. We therefore believe that the changes in the surface epithelium is merely an unspecific phenomenon.
Placenta Praevia and Abruptio Placentae
Authors: Gustafson Hans , Nordlander Sverker , Westin Björn , Åsard Per‐Erik
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Placental scintigraphy with 113mIn (Indium) combined with cervical marking with a shielded 57Co (Cobalt) radioactive source is easy to perform and causes no harm to the patient. The radiation dose to mother (gonads, about 15 mrad) and fetus (about 10 mrad) is extremely low. A total of 111 patients have been examined. The method provides accurate results in localizing the placenta. Low implantation or placenta praevia were diagnosed in 45 patients. Scintigraphic evaluation of disturbances in placental blood flow has given promising results (16 patients). In a great number of cases it has been possible to avoid unnecessary and expensive hospitalization by excluding placenta praevia as cause of vaginal bleeding. It is a reliable method for localizing the placenta before diagnostic amniocentesis.
Transabdominal Isthmic Amniocentesis in RH‐Immunization with Particular Reference to Complications
Authors: Ekgren Josef , Moe Narve
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A retrospective examination has been made of 530 transabdominal isthmic amniocenteses performed on 231 Rh‐immunized women in the period from 1969 to 1973. Technique and complications are described. This study indicates the advantage of a transisthmic approach which offers a minimum risk for the fetus and a greater success in carrying out the procedure.
STUDIES OF DIETARY HABITS IN PREGNANCY‐WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INTAKE OF IRON
Authors: Svanberg Bernhard , Rossander Lena , Isaksson Björn
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The dietary habits of 94 pregnant women (median age 26 years) were studied by means of four‐day dietary records. Twenty‐seven women were followed longitudinally and were observed in the 10–15th, the 24–27th and the 34–37th week of gestation (L‐series). The remaining 67 women comprised the A‐series. of which 20, 32, and 15 made their records during the 10–15th. 24–27th, and 34–37th week of gestationt respectively. There were no significant differences between the results from these two series. The mean daily energy intake was 2360 kcal and remained unchanged during pregnancy, exceeding by 250 kcal the average intake in non‐pregnant women in Gothenburg, studied earlier.

The iron intake comprised 1–2 mg of haeme iron, about 10 mg of native non‐haeme iron and 5–6 mg of fortification iron. The mean iron intake was 7.2 mg/1000 kcal, which is below the recommendation, but it was distributed over the food groups in a manner more favourable for iron absorption than in the average Swedish population. Further effects to improve the diet so as to increase the content of iron and factors known to favour iron absorption are desirable. The results justify the normal practice of prescribing supplemental iron in late pregnancy.
Twin Pregnancy: A Clinical Study of 335 Cases
Authors: KAUPPILA A. , JOUPPILA P. , KOIVISTO M. , MOILANEN I. , YLIKORKALA O.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In order to study the complications and therapeutic outcome of (twin pregnancies, a retrospective survey was carried out in the University Central Hospital of Oulu. Twin deliveries during 1965‐1973 numbered altogether 335, and their relative frequency was 1.7%. The deliveries took place in the 37.2th gestational week on an average. The mean weights of the infants were 2590 g (A) and 2562 g (B). Perinatal mortality in the total series was 9.3% (A 9.0% and B 9.6%). Pregnancy terminated before the 37th week in 29.2% of the cases. Perinatal mortality in this group was 27.0%, while the corresponding value in the full‐term group was 1.7%. The perinatal mortality of primigravidas (14.1%) was about twofold compared with that of the multi‐paras (7.2 %). Twin pregnancies were complicated by hyperemesis gravidarum, pre‐ec‐lampsia, anaemia, pyelonephritis and hepatosis more often than were the single pregnancies. The complications which contributed towards an increase of perinatal mortality included uterine bleeding in early and late pregnancy, hydramnion and superimposed pre‐eclampsia.

The complications generally associated with twin pregnancies and the increased perinatal mortality involved require that mothers with twin pregnancy, particularly primigravidas, should be subjected to intensified follow‐up and treatment.
Twin Pregnancy: Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality
Authors: KOIVISTO M. , JOUPPILA P. , KAUPPILA A. , MOILANEN I. , YLIKORKALA O.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The neonatal morbidity and mortality rate of 335 twin pairs born during the years 1965‐1973 was investigated.

649 twins were born alive. 29 % of the twins were preterm. 31 % of the twins were small for date infants, and 41% weighed less than 2 500 g. Mean birth weight was 2 590 g in A twins and 2 560 g in B twins. The neonatal mortality (0‐ 28 days) was 7.1%. The most common causes of death were the respiratory distress syndrome, intracranial haemorrhage and anoxia.

Low one minute Apgar scores occurred more often in B twins than among A twins. Breech delivery gave low one minute Apgar scores more often than did spontaneous vertex delivery in both twins. Full term twins and infants weighing more than 2 500 g had fewer low one minute Apgar scores than the preterm infants and those with low birth weight.

Neonatal disorders were equally common in both twins except the birth asphyxia and/or aspiration syndrome, which were more frequent in the B twins. The respiratory distress syndrome was diagnosed in 8 % of A twins and 12% of B twins. Hypoglycaemia was recorded for 8%, and hyperbilirubinaemia exceeding 15 mg% for 7 %. Infections occurred in 6%. Transfusion syndrome was verified in 7% and malformations in 6%.

Although mortality in twin pregnancies has declined, neonatal morbidity is very high. Twin pregnancies thus form a high risk group for obstetricians and pediatricians.
Effect of Centrifugation on Amniotic Fluid Phospholipid Recovery
Authors: Lindback T. , Frantz T.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Amniotic fluid lecithin and sphingomyelin were determined quantitatively in 33 samples obtained throughout the last trimester. Each sample was divided into three parts and each part was centrifuged at different relative forces prior to extraction. It is shown that centrifugation always removes considerable amounts of both lecithin and sphingomyelin from the supernatant towards the end of pregnancy, but very little at the beginning of the last trimester. The fatty acid composition of amniotic fluid lecithin, studied by gas liquid chromatography, indicate that surface active lecithin is lost by centrifugation of the fluid prior to extraction.
Effects of Terbutaline on Human Uterine Motility at Term
Authors: Andersson K.‐E. , Ingemarsson I. , Persson C. G. A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract.The effects of the selective β2‐receptor stimulator terbutaline on the activity of gravid, human myometrium were investigated in vitro and in vivo, before and after administration of different β‐receptor blockers. Terbutaline, 0.2‐1.0 μg/ml, inhibited the spontaneous contractile activity of isolated strips of myometrium. This effect was unaffected by the selective β1‐receptor blockers practolol, 1 μg/ml, and H 93/26, 1 μg/ml. However, the non‐selective blocker propranolol, 0.1 μg/ml, completely inhibited the terbutaline effects. The in vitro effects of terbutaline could be correlated with findings in vivo. Intra‐uterine pressure was recorded in 4 pregnant women at term. Infusion of terbutaline, 10‐15 μg/min, for 20‐40 min, effectively inhibited both spontaneous and oxytocin‐stimulated uterine activity. There was a moderate increase in maternal heart rate, but no consistent effect on maternal blood pressure. Fetal heart rate was little affected. The uterine effects of terbutaline were not influenced by practolol, 5‐20 mg i.v., but completely inhibited by propranolol, 1‐2 mg i.v. The results suggest that terbutaline inhibits uterine motility by effects on uterine β2‐receptors and that it can be given in clinically effective doses without adverse circulatory effects on mother or fetus.
The Effect of a Copper IUD and “Inert” IUDS on the Incorporation of 3H‐Thymidine and 5‐3H‐Uridine Into the Endometrium of the Rabbit After Stimulation with Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Authors: Grundsell Hans , Håkansson Leif
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The present investigation studied the influence of different types of intra‐uterine devices (IUDs) especially that of a copper IUD, on the incorporation of 3H‐thymidine and 5‐3H‐uridine into the endometrium of the rabbit. “Inert” polyethylene IUDs had no effect on the incorporation of these labelled precursors. The effect of the copper IUD was always compared with that of an “inert” IUD. In non‐stimulated rabbits, the incorporation of 3H‐thymidine was increased in the copper influenced horn. The incorporation of 3H‐thymidine in control and Cu‐IUD‐containing horns reached a maximum at 48 hours after HCG stimulation, but was significantly lower in the copper‐containing horn than in the control horn. On the fifth day of pseudopregnancy, the incorporation of 3H‐thymidine was significantly higher in the copper IUD‐containing horn. The total amount of DNA in the endometrium increased during early pseudopregnancy, but this increase was markedly reduced in the presence of copper. The copper IUD had no influence on the rate of incorporation of 5‐3H‐uridine in non‐stimulated rabbits, whereas it caused a higher incorporation on the fifth day of pseudopregnancy.
Obstruction of the Upper Urinary Tract After Treatment of Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix
Authors: Ulmsten Ulf
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The frequency of obstruction of the upper urinary tract after treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix was assessed in an investigation of 100 consecutive patients. 64 of the women were treated surgically (Wertheim hysterectomy); the remaining 36, with Wertheim hysterectomy combined with radiotherapy (combined treatment). The patients were examined with isotope renography and with i.v. urography before, as well as 14 days, 2 months, 4‐6 months, and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years after, the operation. When necessary, these examinations were supplemented by retrograde pyelography, intravenous pyelography and selective renal function tests. Postoperatively 40.3% of the patients treated with surgery alone showed signs of ureteric obstruction whereas the figure for those treated with the combined treatment was 55%. Of the patients 25 developed in the early postoperative course mild ureteric obstruction which disappeared within half a year. Such mild obstruction was not regarded as a true complication of the treatment given. On the other hand, 21 patients developed obstinate ureteric obstruction. In 14 of these patients surgical intervention was necessary to save renal function. Most of the patients with serious ureteric obstruction had fairly advanced carcinoma (15 of stage 2 and 6 of stage 1). Radiotherapy had been given more often in this group (15 out of 21) than in the rest. In 4 of the patients the ureteric obstruction was due to a recurrence of a tumour. This means that the true frequency of postoperative ureteric obstruction was 17%. In the group given combined treatment urinary stasis persisted longer than in the group treated with surgery alone. Renography and urography were done on 682 occasions and the results did not agree in 14%.
Treatment of Pruritus in Cholestasis of Pregnancy with a New Anion Exchange Resin (Secholex®)
Authors: Samsioe G. , Johnson P. , Gustafson A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Anion exchange resins form a non‐absorbable complex with bile acids in the intestine, thus removing bile acids from the enterohepatic circulation and facilitating bile acid excretion in the faeces. A new bile acid sequestrant (PDX chloride, Secholex®) was evaluated for the relief of pruritus in cholestasis of pregnancy (CP) in 31 women. CP was verified by the presence of the abnormal lipoprotein X in serum and the clinical series was divided into two degrees of severity, pruritus gravidarum (PG) and hepatosis of pregnancy (HP) based on liver function tests. Eleven of 31 women discontinued treatment because of gastro‐intestinal side effects. Of the 20 women continuing the study for more than one week, all with a milder form of cholestasis, PG (n = 8), experienced relief of pruritus, while some relief was obtained in 75% of the women with HP. After up to 4 weeks administration of Secholex, no obvious interference with fat absorption was evident judging from the serum lecithin content of linoleic and arachidonic acids. A reduction in serum folic acid might indicate an interaction in folic acid absorption. An expected reduction in serum cholesterol levels which are characteristically increased in CP, was not achieved by the administration of Secholex.
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase in Pregnancy
Authors: Romslo Inge , Sagen Norvald , Haram Kjell
Published: December 2009

Abstract. 312 paired, serial estimations of total, L‐phenylalanine‐sensitive and heat‐stable alkaline phos‐phatase (at two temperatures, 56°C and 65°C) were performed on sera from 31 pregnant healthy women from 18 weeks to term. Heat‐stable alkaline phosphatase, determined at 65°C, enriched the serum in a smooth exponential course throughout the second and third trimester, whereas the other enzymic activities investigated showed more irregular increments. There was a slight, but significant correlation between total alkaline phosphatase activity of the placenta and serum heat‐stable alkaline phosphatase at term, whereas there was no correlation between the weight of the child at birth and heat‐stable alkaline phosphatase in the serum of the mother. It is concluded that to test the feto‐maternal unit, determination of serum alkaline phosphatase should be performed at 65°C with due regard to appropriate sampling and experimental design.
A Technique for Monitoring Endometrial or Decidual Blood flow with an Intra‐Uterine Thermistor Probe
Authors: Åkerlund Mats , Bengtsson Lars Philip , Carter Anthony M.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A technique is described for studying endometrial or decidual blood flow by introducing a thermistor, mounted in a flexible catheter, into the uterus. The technique was first tested in model experiments and in the pregnant rabbit and was then used to study the blood flow of the human uterus. In pregnant women, the thermistor was introduced between the decidua and fetal membranes, and in non‐pregnant women, it was applied to the endometrium of the fundus. Intra‐uterine pressure was recorded simultaneously. No complications were encountered in either pregnant or non‐pregnant patients. Decidual or endometrial blood flow remained steady over long periods. There were transient fluctuations about the mean level, usually associated with myometrial contractions, but these could easily be distinguished from changes in the level of blood flow evoked by administration of vasoactive drugs.
Methods of Calculating Uterine Blood Flow from the Wash‐Out Curves of Intra‐Arterial and Local Injections of 133Xenon
Authors: Forssman Lars
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The wash‐out curve from the human non‐pregnant uterus of intra‐arterially and locally injected 133Xenon can be broken down into two, sometimes three components. It has not been shown that these components are physiologically meaningful. However, if it is assumed that the uterus is composed of two or three compartments perfused in parallel, it is possible to calculate total blood flow per unit weight using relative weights of the compartments and compartment blood flows. Relative weights may be determined from the amount of isotope present in each compartment at the start of the wash‐out. The possibly false assumption of a certain number of compartments has in this study been avoided by evaluating curves after intra‐arterial injections according to the stochastic method of Zierler and a modified Zierler analysis, disregarding any elimination of isotope left after 20 minutes. After local injections initial slope analysis has been used. The equation for values according to Zierler as a function of compartment values is y=0.9772x‐0.5921, for modified Zierler analysis values y=1.2582x‐2.3993 and for initial slope values y=0.8679x‐1.3412. The conclusion is that compartment analysis may be a good alternative for calculation of mean blood flow, even if it has not been shown that individual compartment values are physiologically meaningful.
Intravascular Coagulation in Pregnancy‐Treatment with Heparin
Authors: Nilsson Inga Marie , Hedner Ulla , Åstedt Birger , Gennser Gerhard , Jacobson Lennart , Holmberg Lars , Ohrlander Sten
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Two pregnant women with a history of miscarriages or premature labour are described. In the 25‐27th week of pregnancy routine examinations showed high levels of FDP in serum. Subsequent extensive coagulation studies revealed a positive ethanol gelation test, low levels of fibrinogen, plasminogen, α2‐macroglobulin and P&P and high level of AHF related protein for the stage of pregnancy, i.e. findings in dicating abnormal proteolysis with activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic system. Continuous intravenous heparin treatment caused the coagulation system to return to normal throughout the rest of pregnancy. Both women gave birth to healthy babies without any complications. But the placenta showed numerous infarcts. The heparin treatment may have prevented later development of placental dysfunction.
Prevention of Premature Delivery in A Unicornuate Uterus by Cervical Cerclage
Authors: Wajntraub G. , Milwidsky A. , Weiss D.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A 26‐year‐old woman had two premature deliveries when 6 months pregnant. Neither produced a living child. A hysterosalpingogram was done, confirming a diagnosis of unicornuate uterus. When the patient became pregnant again, a third and fourth time, cervical cerclage was done in both cases. Pregnancies were terminated by cesarean section because of breech presentation and malformation of the uterus and in each case a healthy living child was delivered. In our view, in order to prevent premature deliveries, when a diagnosis of uterus malformations has been confirmed, a cerclage should be performed.
Plasma Levels of Progesterone and Oestrogens in Women Treated with an Oral Contraceptive of Low Oestrogen Content (Ovostat 1375)
Authors: Johansson Elof D. B.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The plasma levels of progesterone and oestrogens were measured during treatment with an oral contraceptive containing 37.5 μg of ethinyl oestradiol and 1 mg of lynestrenol (= 3‐desoxy‐17α‐ethinyl‐19‐nor‐testosterone) (Ovostat 1375, Organon, Oss, Holland). Blood samples were taken every other day during 9 complete cycles in 5 healthy women. The plasma levels of progesterone were in the range of those found during the early follicular phase of the normal women. No ovulation seemed to have occurred. The mean plasma levels of oestrogens (oestradiol and oestrone) during treatment were below those found during the early follicular phase of 34 normal cycles although overlapping of values occurred. The ratio between oestradiol and oestrone during treatment was 1:2 vs. 1:1 during the early follicular phase of the normal cycles. In two cycles treatment was started during the midcyclic rise of oestrogens. No rise of progesterone indicating corpus luteum formation was found.

Despite the low amount of oestrogen in the drug the ovaries appeared to secrete minimal amounts of sex steroids. The lynestrenol content is likely to be partly responsible for the inhibition of ovulation and the additional suppression of steroidogenesis.
Elevated Lymphocyte ATP‐ase Activity in Patients with Cancer of the Uterine Cervix
Authors: Ellegaard Jørgen , Traunberg Henrik , Esmann Viggo
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Elevated lymphocyte Adenosine Tri‐Phosphatase (ATP‐ase) activity was found in 23 och 28 patients with cervical uterine carcinomas of various stages. Treatment with external irradiation and radium insertion was followed by a decline in the lymphocyte ATP‐ase activity in 22 patients, while the activity remained unchanged in one patient. No correlation between the tumour stage and the lymphocyte ATP‐ase activity was demonstrated. In 24 patients the clinical effect of the treatment was well correlated with the decline in ATP‐ase activity. It is suggested that the determination of lymphocyte ATP‐ase activity could be valuable in screening for cervical carcinoma and for follow‐up after radical treatment.
Acid‐Base Relationship Between Mother and Fetus in Gestosis (Pre‐Eclampsia) and in Pregnant Women with a Labile Blood Pressure
Authors: Tervilä Leo , Vartiainen Eero
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Simultaneous blood microsamples were taken from the maternal ear and uterine cervix and the fetus of healthy pregnant women, those with labile hypertension, and those with severe gestosis (pre‐eclampsia). The Po2, PH, BE and Pco2 were studied. The fetuses showed no signs of asphyxia. The differences in BE values between the women with gestosis and their fetuses were significantly greater than in the cases of healthy pregnancy. No differences were seen between healthy and gestotic gravida groups in Po2, PH, and Pco2values. This favours the opinion that in gestosis of the mother the fetus has a tendency to metabolic acidosis, which apparently places it in a poorer position than the fetuses of healthy mothers, should acute asphyxia occur. At the time of study the Po2 of the fetuses of gravidas with a labile blood pressure was lower than that of fetuses of healthy gravidas.
The Significance of Oral Contraceptives in Causing Chromosome Anomalies in Spontaneous Abortions
Authors: Glenn Lauritsen Jørgen
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The significance of oral contraceptives in causing chromosome aberrations in the fetus was studied in 246 non‐selected spontaneous abortuses using Q‐banding technique. No significant difference in the frequency of abnormal karyotypes or in the sex ratio was found between 124 abortuses of women who had taken oral contraceptives in comparison with 122 abortuses of women who had never used oral contraceptives. The study did, however, show that women who had used oral contraceptives were significantly younger than women who had not used these pills. In addition, the gestational age of the chromosomally abnormal abortuses was on the average 6 days longer in the group of women who had used oral contraceptives than in the group who had not. The difference was significant only with regard to the karyotype 45, X.
Studies in Normal Pregnancy
Authors: Samsioe G. , Johnson P. , Gustafson A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Elevated serum lipids in normal pregnancy have been confirmed by the present study. In normal pregnancy the relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin was characteristically high in palmitic acid (16:0). From the present knowledge of lipid metabolism in pregnancy there is no obvious explanation for this finding. Furthermore, the serum lecithin relative fatty acid composition mirrored a possible dietary influence with a decrease in the essential fatty acid, linoleic (18:2) and arachidonic (20:4) acids and of the sum of the fatty acid of the linoleic acid series (n‐6). This expression for a relative deficiency in essential fatty acids might be due to changes in dietary habits during pregnancy, e.g. an increase in particularly refined carbohydrates. Reciprocal changes in oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids further support this suggestion. An expected increase in serum lecithin containing arachidonic acid (20:4)—due to estrogen influence on liver lecithin synthesis—could not be verified in week 34 of the normal pregnancy.
Phospholipids in Amniotic Fluid
Authors: Frantz T. , Lindback T. , Skjaeraasen J. , Graven S.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Amniotic fluid samples were extracted with chloroform and methanol for lipids. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to separate the phospholipids. Lecithin spots from the TLC were scraped and methylated for fatty acid (FA) analysis by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The FA composition of the lecithins from 61 samples of amniotic fluid were determined. These included 17 from diabetic mothers, 36 from Rh sensitized mothers and 8 from normal or pre‐eclamptic mothers at gestational ages from 26–42 weeks. The percentage of saturated FA increased from 58–70% at gestational ages of 26–31 weeks to 75–90% after 37 weeks gestation. Palmitic acid comprised 24–51%, myristic acid 0–4%, stearic acid 18–44% and oleic acid 16–32% of the lecithin FA between 26–31 weeks gestation. With increasing gestational age, the percentage of palmitic and myristic acids increased, while the percentage of stearic and oleic acid decreased. Five of 27 infants, delivered within seven days of obtaining the amniotic fluid samples and between 24–42 weeks gestation, developed RDS. The lecithins from the five patients with RDS had no myristic acid and decreased palmitic acid (4 of 5<60%) compared with healthy infants of similar gestational age. The amniotic fluid lecithin from the five infants with RDS had 16–35% stearic acid while only two of 22 healthy infants had >9% stearic acid (11 & 17%). The ratio of stearic acid to oleic acid (SA/OA) was >1.3 in all five infants with RDS, and <1.3 in all healthy infants. Amniotic fluid from infants born between 34 and 38 weeks gestation who develop RDS has not only decreased. Five of 27 infants, delivered within seven days characteristic FA patterns associated with decreased surfactant activity. The percentage of stearic acid more closely parallels pulmonary maturity than the concentration of lecithin or the L/S ratio.
Location of the Missing Intra‐Uterine Contraceptive Device
Authors: Jouppila P.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The present work is a comparison of use of the Beolocator® probe method and the ultrasonic B‐technique for location of IUCDs in 44 women whose markers were not visible. Ultrasonic examination indicated the IUCD to be present in the uterine cavity in 32 cases, and gave a negative result for 12 patients. In 2 of these cases the IUCD was correctly detected in the uterus in association with intrauterine pregnancies in the 7th and 10th weeks. On the other hand, one false‐negative result was obtained by ultrasound in the 12th week of pregnancy. Roentgenological control of the nongravidas revealed no false interpretations by ultrasonic examination. On the other hand, roentgenological or clinical control of the Beolocator® probe examination revealed three certain and three obviously false‐negative and two certain false‐positive interpretations of the intra‐uterine location of the IUCD. The disappearance of the IUCD markers is considerably more often due to retraction of the tail into the uterine cavity (75%) than to expulsion of the IUCD (25%).