bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The chemical composition of HIP 34407/HIP 34426 and other twin-star comoving pairs
Authors: Ramírez I , Khanal S , Lichon S J , Chanamé J , Endl M , Meléndez J , Lambert D L
Published: October 2019

We conducted a high-precision elemental abundance analysis of the twin-star comoving pair HIP 34407/HIP 34426. With mean error of 0.013 dex in the differential abundances (Δ[X/H]), a significant difference was found: HIP 34407 is more metal rich than HIP 34426. The elemental abundance differences correlate strongly with condensation temperature, with the lowest for the volatile elements like carbon around 0.05 ± 0.02 dex, and the highest up to about 0.22 ± 0.01 dex for the most refractory elements like aluminium. Dissimilar chemical composition for stars in twin-star comoving pairs is not uncommon, thus we compile previously published results like ours and look for correlations between abundance differences and stellar parameters, finding no significant trends with average effective temperature, surface gravity, iron abundance, or their differences. Instead, we found a weak correlation between the absolute value of abundance difference and the projected distance between the stars in each pair that appears to be more important for elements that have a low absolute abundance. If confirmed, this correlation could be an important observational constraint for binary star system formation scenarios.
Testing for directionality in the Planck polarization and lensing data
Authors: Ghrear Majd , Bunn Emory F , Contreras Dagoberto , Scott Douglas
Published: October 2019

In order to better analyse the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), which is dominated by emission from our Galaxy, we need tools that can detect residual foregrounds in cleaned CMB maps. Galactic foregrounds introduce statistical anisotropy and directionality to the polarization pseudo-vectors of the CMB, which can be investigated by using the $\mathcal {D}$ statistic of Bunn and Scott. This statistic is rapidly computable and capable of investigating a broad range of data products for directionality. We demonstrate the application of this statistic to detecting foregrounds in polarization maps by analysing the uncleaned Planck 2018 frequency maps. For the Planck 2018 CMB maps, we find no evidence for residual foreground contamination. In order to examine the sensitivity of the $\mathcal {D}$ statistic, we add a varying fraction of the polarized thermal dust and synchrotron foreground maps to the CMB maps and show the per cent-level foreground contamination that would be detected with 95 per cent confidence. We also demonstrate application of the $\mathcal {D}$ statistic to another data product by analysing the gradient of the minimum-variance CMB lensing potential map (i.e. the deflection angle) for directionality. We find no excess directionality in the lensing potential map when compared to the simulations provided by the Planck Collaboration.
A likely inclination dependence in the non-linear variability of quasi-periodic oscillations from black hole binaries
Authors: Arur K , Maccarone T J
Published: October 2019

We present a systematic analysis of the effects of orbital inclination angle on the non-linear variability properties of type-B and type-C quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) from black hole binaries. We use the bicoherence, a measure of phase coupling at different Fourier frequencies for our analysis. We find that there is a likely inclination-dependent change in the non-linear properties of type-C QPOs as the source transitions from a hard intermediate state to a soft intermediate state. High inclination (edge-on) sources show a change from a ‘web’ to a ‘cross’ pattern, while the low inclination (face-on) sources show a change from a ‘web’ to a ‘hypotenuse’ pattern. We present a scenario of a moderate increase in the optical depth of the Comptonizing region as a possible explanation of these effects. The bicoherence of type-B QPOs do not exhibit any measurable inclination dependence.
A catalogue of stellar diameters and fluxes for mid-infrared interferometry★
Authors: Cruzalèbes P , Petrov R G , Robbe-Dubois S , Varga J , Burtscher L , Allouche F , Berio P , Hofmann K-H , Hron J , Jaffe W , Lagarde S , Lopez B , Matter A , Meilland A , Meisenheimer K , Millour F , Schertl D
Published: October 2019

We present the Mid-infrared stellar Diameters and Fluxes compilation Catalogue (MDFC) dedicated to long-baseline interferometry at mid-infrared wavelengths (3–13 $\mu$m). It gathers data for half a million stars, i.e. nearly all the stars of the Hipparcos-Tycho catalogue whose spectral type is reported in the SIMBAD data base. We cross-match 26 data bases to provide basic information, binarity elements, angular diameter, magnitude and flux in the near and mid-infrared, as well as flags that allow us to identify the potential calibrators. The catalogue covers the entire sky with 465 857 stars, mainly dwarfs and giants from B to M spectral types closer than 18 kpc. The smallest reported values reach 0.16 $\mu$Jy in L and 0.1 $\mu$Jy in N for the flux, and 2 microarcsec for the angular diameter. We build four lists of calibrator candidates for the L and Nbands suitable with the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) sub- and main arrays using the MATISSE instrument. We identify 1621 candidates for L and 44 candidates for N with the Auxiliary Telescopes (ATs), 375 candidates for both bands with the ATs, and 259 candidates for both bands with the Unit Telescopes (UTs). Predominantly cool giants, these sources are small and bright enough to belong to the primary lists of calibrator candidates. In the near future, we plan to measure their angular diameter with 1 per cent accuracy.
How drag force evolves in global common envelope simulations
Authors: Chamandy Luke , Blackman Eric G , Frank Adam , Carroll-Nellenback Jonathan , Zou Yangyuxin , Tu Yisheng
Published: October 2019

We compute the forces, torque, and rate of work on the companion-core binary due to drag in global simulations of common envelope (CE) evolution for three different companion masses. Our simulations help to delineate regimes when conventional analytic drag force approximations are applicable. During and just prior to the first periastron passage of the in-spiral phase, the drag force is reasonably approximated by conventional analytic theory and peaks at values proportional to the companion mass. Good agreement between global and local 3D ‘wind tunnel’ simulations, including similar net drag force and flow pattern, is obtained for comparable regions of parameter space. However, subsequent to the first periastron passage, the drag force is up to an order of magnitude smaller than theoretical predictions, quasi-steady, and depends only weakly on companion mass. The discrepancy is exacerbated for larger companion mass and when the inter-particle separation reduces to the Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton accretion radius, creating a turbulent thermalized region. Greater flow symmetry during this phase leads to near balance of opposing gravitational forces in front of and behind the companion, hence a small net drag. The reduced drag force at late times helps explain why companion-core separations necessary for envelope ejection are not reached by the end of limited duration CE simulations.
SDSS J0159 as an outlier in the MBH–σ space: further clues to support a central tidal disruption event?
Authors: Zhang Xue-Guang , Bao Min , Yuan QiRong
Published: October 2019

In this Letter, properties of black hole (BH) mass are well checked for the interesting object SDSS J0159, a changing-look active galactic nuclei and also a host galaxy of a tidal disruption event (TDE). Through spectral absorption features, the stellar velocity dispersion of SDSS J0159 can be well measured as $\sigma \sim 81~{\rm km\, s}^{-1}$, leading to SDSS J0159 being an apparent outlier in the MBH–σ space, because of the BH mass estimated through the MBH–σ relation about two magnitudes lower than the reported virial BH mass of about 108 M⊙. After considerations of contributions of stellar debris from the central TDE to broad line emission clouds, the overestimated virial BH mass could be well explained in SDSS J0159. Therefore, overestimated virial BH masses through broad-line properties in the MBH–σ space could be treated as interesting clues to support central TDEs.
You Will Never Walk Alone: Codispersal of JC Polyomavirus with Human Populations
Authors: Forni Diego , Cagliani Rachele , Clerici Mario , Pozzoli Uberto , Sironi Manuela
Published: October 2019

JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is one of the most prevalent human viruses. Findings based on the geographic distribution of viral subtypes suggested that JCPyV codiverged with human populations. This view was however challenged by data reporting a much more recent origin and expansion of JCPyV. We collected information on ∼1,100 worldwide strains and we show that their geographic distribution roughly corresponds to major human migratory routes. Bayesian phylogeographic analysis inferred a Subsaharan origin for JCPyV, although with low posterior probability. High confidence inference at internal nodes provided strong support for a long-standing association between the virus and human populations. In line with these data, pairwise FST values for JCPyV and human mtDNA sampled from the same areas showed a positive and significant correlation. Likewise, very strong relationships were found when node ages in the JCPyV phylogeny were correlated with human population genetic distances (nuclear-marker based FST). Reconciliation analysis detected a significant cophylogenetic signal for the human population and JCPyV trees. Notably, JCPyV also traced some relatively recent migration events such as the expansion of people from the Philippines/Taiwan area into Remote Oceania, the gene flow between North-Eastern Siberian and Ainus, and the Koryak contribution to Circum-Arctic Americans. Finally, different molecular dating approaches dated the origin of JCPyV in a time frame that precedes human out-of-Africa migration. Thus, JCPyV infected early human populations and accompanied our species during worldwide dispersal. JCPyV typing can provide reliable geographic information and the virus most likely adapted to the genetic background of human populations.
Chromatin Assembly Factor 1 (CAF-1) facilitates the establishment of facultative heterochromatin during pluripotency exit
Authors: Cheng Liang , Zhang Xu , Wang Yan , Gan Haiyun , Xu Xiaowei , Lv Xiangdong , Hua Xu , Que Jianwen , Ordog Tamas , Zhang Zhiguo
Published: October 2019

Establishment and subsequent maintenance of distinct chromatin domains during embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation are crucial for lineage specification and cell fate determination. Here we show that the histone chaperone Chromatin Assembly Factor 1 (CAF-1), which is recruited to DNA replication forks through its interaction with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) for nucleosome assembly, participates in the establishment of H3K27me3-mediated silencing during differentiation. Deletion of CAF-1 p150 subunit impairs the silencing of many genes including Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog as well as the establishment of H3K27me3 at these gene promoters during ESC differentiation. Mutations of PCNA residues involved in recruiting CAF-1 to the chromatin also result in defects in differentiation in vitro and impair early embryonic development as p150 deletion. Together, these results reveal that the CAF-1-PCNA nucleosome assembly pathway plays an important role in the establishment of H3K27me3-mediated silencing during cell fate determination.
GLP-catalyzed H4K16me1 promotes 53BP1 recruitment to permit DNA damage repair and cell survival
Authors: Lu Xiaopeng , Tang Ming , Zhu Qian , Yang Qiaoyan , Li Zhiming , Bao Yantao , Liu Ge , Hou Tianyun , Lv Yafei , Zhao Ying , Wang Haiying , Yang Yang , Cheng Zhongyi , Wen He , Liu Baohua , Xu Xingzhi , Gu Luo , Zhu Wei-Guo
Published: October 2019

The binding of p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) to damaged chromatin is a critical event in non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ)-mediated DNA damage repair. Although several molecular pathways explaining how 53BP1 binds damaged chromatin have been described, the precise underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here we report that a newly identified H4K16 monomethylation (H4K16me1) mark is involved in 53BP1 binding activity in the DNA damage response (DDR). During the DDR, H4K16me1 rapidly increases as a result of catalyzation by the histone methyltransferase G9a-like protein (GLP). H4K16me1 shows an increased interaction level with 53BP1, which is important for the timely recruitment of 53BP1 to DNA double-strand breaks. Differing from H4K16 acetylation, H4K16me1 enhances the 53BP1–H4K20me2 interaction at damaged chromatin. Consistently, GLP knockdown markedly attenuates 53BP1 foci formation, leading to impaired NHEJ-mediated repair and decreased cell survival. Together, these data support a novel axis of the DNA damage repair pathway based on H4K16me1 catalysis by GLP, which promotes 53BP1 recruitment to permit NHEJ-mediated DNA damage repair.
A Survey of Neurological Surgery Residency Program Mentorship Practices Compared to Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Resident Outcome Data
Authors: Khan Nickalus R , Derstine Pamela L , Gienapp Andrew J , Klimo Paul , Barbaro Nicholas M
Published: October 2019

Mentorship can be a powerful and life-altering experience during residency training, but there are few articles discussing mentorship models within neurosurgery. In this study, we surveyed US neurosurgical department mentorship practices and linked them to resident outcomes from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), including resident survey responses, board pass rates, and scholarly activity.

A 19-question survey was conducted from October to December 2017 with the assistance of the Society of Neurological Surgeons. De-identified data were then obtained from the ACGME and correlated to these results. Out of 110 programs, 80 (73%) responded to the survey and gave informed consent. The majority (65%) had a formal mentorship program and assigned mentor relationships based on subspecialty or research interest. Barriers to mentorship were identified as time and faculty/resident “buy-in.” Mentorship programs established for 5 or more years had superior resident ACGME outcomes, such as board pass rates, survey results, and scholarly activity. There was not a significant difference in ACGME outcomes among programs with formal or informal/no mentorship model (P = .17). Programs that self-identified as having an “unsuccessful” mentorship program had significant increases in overall negative resident evaluations (P = .02).

Programs with well-established mentorship programs were found to have superior ACGME resident survey results, board pass rates, and more scholarly activity. There was not a significant difference among outcomes and the different models of formal mentorship practices. Barriers to mentorship, such as time and faculty/resident “buy-in,” are identified.
Risk Factors for Seizure Worsening After Epilepsy Surgery in Children and Adults: A Population-Based Register Study
Authors: Bjellvi Johan , Edelvik Tranberg Anna , Rydenhag Bertil , Malmgren Kristina
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Increased seizure frequency and new-onset tonic-clonic seizures (TCS) have been reported after epilepsy surgery.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze potential risk factors for these outcomes in a large cohort.

METHODS

We studied prospectively collected data in the Swedish National Epilepsy Surgery Register on increased seizure frequency and new-onset TCS after epilepsy surgery 1990-2015.

RESULTS

Two-year seizure outcome was available for 1407 procedures, and data on seizure types for 1372. Increased seizure frequency at follow-up compared to baseline occurred in 56 cases (4.0%) and new-onset TCS in 53 (3.9%; 6.6% of the patients without preoperative TCS). Increased frequency was more common in reoperations compared to first surgeries (7.9% vs 3.1%; P = .001) and so too for new-onset TCS (6.7% vs 3.2%; P = .017). For first surgeries, binary logistic regression was used to analyze predictors for each outcome. In univariable analysis, significant predictors for increased seizure frequency were lower age of onset, lower age at surgery, shorter epilepsy duration, preoperative neurological deficit, intellectual disability, high preoperative seizure frequency, and extratemporal procedures. For new-onset TCS, significant predictors were preoperative deficit, intellectual disability, and nonresective procedures. In multivariable analysis, independent predictors for increased seizure frequency were lower age at surgery (odds ratio (OR) 0.70 per increasing 10-yr interval, 95% CI 0.53-0.93), type of surgery (OR 0.42 for temporal lobe resections compared to other procedures, 95% CI 0.19-0.92), and for new-onset TCS preoperative neurological deficit (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.32-5.01).

CONCLUSION

Seizure worsening is rare but should be discussed when counseling patients. The identified risk factors may assist informed decision-making before surgery.
Comparison of Intraoperative 3-Dimensional Fluoroscopy With Standard Computed Tomography for Stereotactic Frame Registration
Authors: Peng Terrance , Kramer Daniel R , Lee Morgan B , Barbaro Michael F , Ding Li , Liu Charles Y , Kellis Spencer , Lee Brian
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Three-dimensional fluoroscopy via the O-arm (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) has been validated for intraoperative confirmation of successful lead placement in stereotactic electrode implantation. However, its role in registration and targeting has not yet been studied. After frame placement, many stereotactic neurosurgeons obtain a computed tomography (CT) scan and merge it with a preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to generate planning coordinates; potential disadvantages of this practice include increased procedure time and limited scanner availability.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether the second-generation O-arm (O2) can be used in lieu of a traditional CT scan to obtain accurate frame-registration scans.

METHODS

In 7 patients, a postframe placement CT scan was merged with preoperative MRI and used to generate lead implantation coordinates. After implantation, the fiducial box was again placed on the patient to obtain an O2 confirmation scan. Vector, scalar, and Euclidean differences between analogous X, Y, and Z coordinates from fused O2/MRI and CT/MRI scans were calculated for 33 electrode target coordinates across 7 patients.

RESULTS

Marginal means of difference for vector (X = −0.079 ± 0.099 mm; Y = −0.076 ± 0.134 mm; Z = −0.267 ± 0.318 mm), scalar (X = −0.146 ± 0.160 mm; Y = −0.306 ± 0.106 mm; Z = 0.339 ± 0.407 mm), and Euclidean differences (0.886 ± 0.190 mm) remained within the predefined equivalence margin differences of −2 mm and 2 mm.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that O2 may emerge as a viable alternative to the traditional CT scanner for generating planning coordinates. Adopting the O2 as a perioperative tool may offer reduced transport risks, decreased anesthesia time, and greater surgical efficiency.
The “Gay Voice” and “Brospeak”: Toward a Systematic Model of Stance
Authors: Kiesling Scott F.
Published: October 2019

Taking Elinor Ochs’s (1992) notion of indirect indexicality as a starting point, this chapter explores the significance of stance for studies of sexuality. Stance helps organize identity registers and is thus central in the creation and display of sexuality. After defining stance and reviewing ways in which it has been used in studies of language and sexuality, the chapter analyzes representations of two sexual identity registers: a “gay voice” homosexual identity and a “brospeak” heterosexual identity. The analysis reveals how these representations are based on different configurations of stances that in turn constitute the differential enregisterment of personae or characterological figures. The chapter concludes with an outline of the ways that the concept of stance may be used in further research, especially with respect to the analysis of sexuality in interaction.
Preadolescence: Social Status and the Heterosexual Market
Authors: Eckert Penelope
Published: October 2019

Preadolescence is a passage from a normatively asexual childhood to a normatively heterosexual adolescence. This is a collective passage, in which the gender binary is reinscribed in the age cohort as part of a larger construction of a peer-based social order. Same-sex friendship groups merge into male and female constituencies, creating a “popular crowd” aiming to lead their peers into adolescent practices. Central to these practices is the development of a “heterosexual market” in which individuals accrue value as a function of their participation in heterosexual practice and in the vast indexical activity that supports it. Based on ethnographic work in two very different elementary schools in Northern California, this chapter examines the selective adoption of variation tied to sound change in progress as cultural capital in this market. Among other things, it shows that the nature of the market and of the indexical practice is articulated by difference in class and ethnicity across the cohort.
Nag Hammadi and Related Literature
Authors: McGuire Anne
Published: October 2019

This essay examines the imagery of gender and sexuality in four documents from the Nag Hammadi library. The selected works share a religious emphasis on the saving power of religious knowledge or gnōsis, but represent distinct literary genres and differing religious perspectives on gender, sexuality, and divine–human relations. The essay analyzes each text’s uses of gender imagery in literary context and in relation to key religious ideas, such as the relation of the divine and human; social relations between individuals or groups; and the experiential domain of ritual, religious experience, and/or sexual relations. It also considers the ways these four texts illustrate some of the distinctive ways in which Nag Hammadi literature employs the imagery of gender and sexuality to articulate distinctive conceptions of difference and to engender salvation among their knowing readers and hearers.
Parenting and Prosocial/Moral Development in Asians and Asian Immigrants to the United States
Authors: Main Alexandra
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses theoretical and empirical approaches to studying moral development (particularly the development of empathy-related responses and prosocial behavior) in Asians and Asian immigrants to the United States, including processes of acculturation. Individuals of Asian origin make up roughly 60 percent of the world’s population, but connections between moral development and parenting in this population are poorly understood. In reviewing the available research, this chapter emphasizes an understanding of risk and protective factors and within-culture approaches to understanding links between parenting and prosocial development in Asians and Asian Americans. Recommendations for future research are outlined, including understanding the functions of prosociality and parenting through a cultural lens, the need for more research on the heterogeneity of the experience of Asian and Asian American subgroups, and a greater appreciation of the multifaceted nature of moral development and parenting in theory and empirical research with these populations.
Parenting and Prosocial Moral Behavior in Predominantly Muslim Countries
Authors: Kumru Asiye , Bugan Burcu , Gulseven Zehra
Published: October 2019

This chapter aims to examine how parenting relates to prosocial moral behavior in predominantly Muslim countries. First, we briefly define two theoretical approaches to explain prosocial behavior across cultures. Next, we present a discussion of Islam, its sects (Sunni, Shi‘a, and Khawarij), basic teachings, rites, rules, and beliefs, and how all these factors are associated with prosocial and moral behavior in Islamic families. After reviewing the literature on different aspects of parenting and prosocial behavior in these majority Muslim countries, it is concluded that examining of prosocial behaviors in different ethnic and cultural groups in Muslim populations reveals both cultural specificity and universality. Future studies should focus on the analysis of contextual factors as well as parenting to help us to better understand which settings are most appropriate for interventions to promote different types of prosocial moral behaviors in different Muslim societies.
Traditional and Culture-Specific Parenting of Prosociality in US Latino/as
Authors: Carlo Gustavo , Bolanos L. Diego Conejo
Published: October 2019

This chapter provides an overview of theory and research on parenting and moral development in US Latino/a populations, including acculturation and enculturation, ethnic identity, and exposure and responses to discrimination and culture-related stress experiences. First, we briefly review traditional theories on the influence of parents in children’s prosocial development. Second, broad ecological and developmental theories that speak to the role of culture-related processes are covered. The third section presents a brief history of US Latino/as and highlights cultural values and characteristics relevant to understand the role of parents in US Latino/a children’s prosocial development. The fourth section presents an integrative cultural stress-based model of US Latino prosocial development and summarizes supporting research. Finally, the authors identify gaps in the existing literature and directions for future research.
Early Moral Development and Attachment Theory
Authors: Thompson Ross A.
Published: October 2019

Attachment theory has provided a seminal orientation to understanding the early development of parent-child relationships and their enduring influence. Is attachment theory also a moral development theory? This chapter examines research on the association of secure attachment with morally relevant behaviors and dispositions. This review reveals that secure attachment is associated with greater social problem-solving skills and conflict avoidance with peers, enhanced emotion understanding and empathy, and more advanced conscience development, and there is limited evidence that it is also associated with prosocial behavior. Moreover, parental sensitivity and responsiveness are associated not only with secure attachment, but also with conscience development, empathy, prosocial motivation, and distress upon wrongdoing. In addition, findings suggest that secure attachment is associated with characteristics of parenting that are likely to contribute to an early developing premoral sensibility. Although attachment theory does not provide a comprehensive account of how secure attachment contributes to morally relevant conduct, it offers a perspective on moral development that is important to the field. The chapter concludes with an outline of what an attachment perspective to early moral development might look like.
Domains of Socialization
Authors: Grusec Joan E.
Published: October 2019

This chapter surveys how behavior, affect, and cognition with respect to parenting and moral development have been conceptualized over time. It moves to a discussion of domains of socialization; that is, different contexts in which socialization occurs and where different mechanisms operate. Domains include protection where the child is experiencing negative affect, reciprocity where there is an exchange of favors, group participation or learning through observing others and engaging with them in positive action, guided learning where values are taught in the child’s zone of proximal development, and control where values are learned through discipline and reward. Research using narratives of young adults about value-learning events suggests that inhibition of antisocial behavior is more likely learned in the control domain, and prosocial behavior more likely in the group participation domain. Internalization of values, measured by narrative meaningfulness, is most likely in the group participation domain.
Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito
Authors: Benson Hugh H.
Published: October 2019

This chapter presents a reading of Plato’s Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito. These dialogues, in which Plato depicts the weeks leading up to Socrates’s last day, are replete with various philosophical explorations. Among those explorations is the question of how to live our lives. On the one hand, Socrates is clear and straightforward. We should live the examined life—making logoi and examining ourselves and others in order to determine whether we are as wise as we think we are, and we should live the virtuous life. This is how Socrates lives his life. On the other hand, the examined life undercuts, or at least should undercut, the confidence with which he seeks to live the virtuous life. It may help bring some stability to the general principles by which he lives his life, but it can do so only defeasibly and without certainty.
Plato in his Time and Place
Authors: Schofield Malcolm
Published: October 2019

This chapter attempts to situate Plato’s philosophizing and literary production in its historical context. The evidence external to the dialogues that such an enterprise can rely on is either scrappy or suspect, or both. Thus, what is offered here is a series of snapshots that follow a chronological sequence, from Plato’s relationship with Socrates and the Athens that executed him; through his momentous first visit to Italy and Sicily and its impact on his thinking about politics and philosophy; to the founding of the Academy, Plato’s rivalry with Isocrates, and the birth of the theory of Forms; and ending with the worlds of the late dialogues.
Reward Hypersensitivity in Bipolar Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Nusslock Robin , Glazer James , Ng Tommy H. , Titone Madison K. , Alloy Lauren B.
Published: October 2019

The behavioral approach system (BAS)/reward hypersensitivity model of bipolar disorder proposes that risk for bipolar disorder, in particular hypo/manic episodes, is characterized by a hypersensitivity to goal- and reward-relevant cues. This hypersensitivity can lead to an excessive increase in approach-related affect and motivation to positive or rewarding life events, which, in the extreme, is reflected in hypo/manic symptoms. By contrast, multiple other psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and anxiety, appear to be characterized by reduced or unaffected reward processing. This suggests that elevated reward processing may be unique to bipolar disorder and thus important for understanding the differential risk for bipolar symptoms and the pathophysiology of hypo/manic episodes. The objective of the present chapter is four-fold. First, the literature on reward processing and reward-related neural activation in bipolar disorder is reviewed, in particular risk for hypomania/mania. Second, it is proposed that reward-related neural activation reflects a unique biological marker of risk for bipolar disorder that may help facilitate psychiatric assessment and differential diagnosis. Third, the pharmacological and psychosocial treatment implications of research on reward-processing and reward-related neural activation in bipolar disorder are addressed. Finally, new and novel directions of research on reward processing in bipolar disorder are discussed, including an integrated reward and circadian rhythm dysregulation model of bipolar symptoms and our neuroimmune network hypothesis of abnormalities in reward processing across mood-related disorders.
Neurobiological Reward-Related Abnormalities Across Mood Disorders
Authors: Whitton Alexis E. , Treadway Michael T. , Ironside Manon L. , Pizzagalli Diego A.
Published: October 2019

This chapter provides a critical review of recent behavioral and neuroimaging evidence of reward processing abnormalities in mood disorders. The primary focus is on the neural mechanisms underlying disruption in approach motivation, reward learning, and reward-based decision-making in major depression and bipolar disorder. Efforts focused on understanding how reward-related impairments contribute to psychiatric symptomatology have grown substantially in recent years. This has been driven by significant advances in the understanding of the neurobiology of reward processing and a growing recognition that disturbances in motivation and hedonic capacity are poorly targeted by current pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. As a result, numerous studies have sought to test the presence of reward circuit dysfunction in psychiatric disorders that are marked by anhedonia, amotivation, mania, and impulsivity. Moreover, as the field has increasingly eschewed categorical diagnostic boundaries in favor of symptom dimensions, there has been a parallel rise in studies seeking to identify transdiagnostic neural markers of reward processing dysfunction that may transcend disorders. The thesis of this chapter is twofold: First, evidence indicates that specific subcomponents of reward processing map onto partially distinct neurobiological pathways. Second, specific subcomponents of reward processing, including reward learning and effort-based decision-making, are impaired across different mood disorder diagnoses and may point to dimensions in symptom presentation that possess more reliable behavioral and neural correlates. The potential for these findings to inform the development of prevention and treatment strategies is discussed.
Don’t Worry, Be Happy
Authors: Jazaieri Hooria , Morrison Amanda S. , Gross James J.
Published: October 2019

It has widely been acknowledged that many psychological disorders involve difficulties with emotion regulation. However, the majority of this work has focused on difficulties regulating negative emotion. Using the process model of emotion regulation as a guiding framework, this chapter illustrates the regulation of positive emotional experience in social anxiety disorder. For many people, interpersonal situations are some of the most meaningful and pleasurable in life. However, for individuals with social anxiety disorder, interpersonal situations often are more stressful and terrifying than they are meaningful and pleasurable. As a consequence, individuals with social anxiety disorder have poorer relationships and fewer social connections. This chapter first briefly reviews general features of emotion regulation and then considers emotion and emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder specifically. We then summarize the role of positive emotion and the regulation of positive emotional experience in social anxiety disorder. The chapter also discusses implications for assessment and treatment.
Pursuing Positive Emotion
Authors: Ford Brett Q.
Published: October 2019

Experiencing positive emotion is often linked with greater psychological health and lower psychopathology. However, a growing body of research suggests a surprising paradoxical effect: in spite of the benefits of experiencing positive emotion, there may be important downsides to pursuing positive emotion. This chapter reviews current findings on the paradoxical effects of pursuing positive emotion (often focusing on the specific emotion of happiness), discusses possible mechanisms to explain these paradoxical effects, and suggests methods to avoid these effects. Specifically, the chapter outlines three key mechanisms for the paradoxical effects of pursuing happiness: First, as people pursue happiness, they tend to set high standards for their happiness which can result in disappointment. Second, when people are inaccurate about how to achieve happiness, they may engage in activities that are counterproductive for achieving happiness and psychological health. Third, as people pursue happiness, they may monitor their experience of happiness which can directly interfere with the experience of happiness. These processes, in turn, may create risk for psychopathology. Fortunately, these three mechanisms also suggest how to avoid paradoxical effects of pursuing happiness: by removing impossibly high standards, disappointment can be avoided; by engaging in productive happiness pursuits, people can attain more sustainable happiness; and by automatizing the process of pursuing happiness, the ill-effects of monitoring can be avoided. Although pursuing happiness can paradoxically lead to reduced happiness and greater psychopathology, by understanding the mechanisms underlying this paradox, we can obtain valuable insights into effective ways to achieve happiness and avoid psychopathology.
Reward Dysregulation in Sexual Function
Authors: Prause Nicole
Published: October 2019

Sexual responses are some of the strongest primary rewards used in research and, arguably, in nature. Sexual response often is considered only in isolation as a reflection of good general health or relevant solely for reproduction. Yet, altered responsiveness to sexual rewards is evident in a number of affective disorders not limited to sexual difficulties. Sexual stimulation has been neglected for its potential to treat a range of general physical and mental health problems. Relative to other emotion sciences, sexual psychophysiology is underdeveloped. The chapter reviews how sexual responses are affected in general emotional disorders, then attempts to distinguish these, often unsuccessfully, from related sexual difficulties.
Pleasant Emotions and Psychopathology
Authors: Berenbaum Howard , Chow Phillip I.
Published: October 2019

Researchers have devoted a great deal of attention to examining how emotions are associated with psychopathology. The vast majority of this research has focused on the ways in which emotions are experienced and expressed. For example, researchers typically measure things such as how happy someone reported feeling or how much the person smiled. A growing body of research, however, is exploring meta-emotion: the ways in which people understand and think about emotions. People vary in the degree to which they pay attention to and are clear about their emotions. They also vary in the degree to which they think emotions are desirable/undesirable and useful. The two central theses proposed in this chapter are that (a) the impact/meaning of experiencing and expressing pleasant emotions depends on the degree to which those emotions are attended to, understood, and considered desirable on both hedonic and utilitarian grounds; and consequently, (b) the relation between pleasant emotion and psychopathology is significantly moderated by the degree to which those emotions are attended to, understood, and considered desirable.
A Neuroscientific Hypothesis Concerning Poor Memory for Positive Material in Depression
Authors: Dillon Daniel G.
Published: October 2019

Depression can disrupt episodic memory; stress and excessive negative emotion associated with depressive illness are largely to blame. The tendency of depressed adults to repeatedly retrieve and elaborate on emotionally negative memories is well documented and figures prominently in the disorder’s cognitive models. Focusing exclusively on enhanced memory for negative material, however, misses the fact that depression impairs memory for emotionally positive material. The neural mechanisms responsible for this positive memory deficit are not well understood, but data from nonhuman animals and healthy adults suggest a simple hypothesis. Confronted daily with innumerable inputs, the brain has evolved signals that distinguish information to retain from information to safely discard. Dopamine release is such a signal. When dopamine impinges on receptors in the hippocampus, it triggers a sequence of molecular processes that strengthen the connection between synapses, solidifying memory for the events proximal to dopamine release. Because dopamine neurons fire robustly in response to unexpected, rewarding events (i.e., highly arousing, positive experiences), this mechanism should support lasting memories for positive experiences. A growing literature links depression to stress-induced inhibition of midbrain dopamine neurons. The chapter proposes that the positive memory deficit in depression reflect failure of the aforementioned mechanism: Positive events do not elicit robust dopamine responses in depressed adults, leading to weak activation of hippocampal dopamine receptors, compromised synaptic strengthening, and—ultimately—poor memory. The chapter presents this proposal in detail to evaluate its promise as an explanation for positive memory deficits in depression.
Accounting for Complex Survey Designs
Authors: Hartman Erin , Levin Ines
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on methods for analyzing data from Internet surveys with complex survey designs in order to draw inferences that can be generalized to a target population of interest. We first review the central design issues and approaches for dealing with representativeness challenges that researchers commonly face when using online polling for persuasion research. Then, using data from a survey experiment on support for immigration reform, we demonstrate the importance of the careful choice of auxiliary information used when constructing weights for ensuring the generalizability of findings from non-representative Internet surveys.
Two Worlds
Authors: Norris Stephen M.
Published: October 2019

This article analyzes the political cartoons of Boris Efimov, one of the most significant Soviet propagandists, and how they helped to construct a Soviet way of seeing the world. Published in major newspapers and journals, Efimov’s caricatures, along with those of his fellow political cartoonists, attempted to create a sense of belonging by fostering an “emotional truth,” one conveyed through key symbols and concepts that would be repeated across the Soviet century. Efimov’s rendering of “two worlds”—one safe, strong, and masculine; one decrepit, weak, and scheming—served as a powerful means to construct Soviet sensibilities and Soviet truths.
The Visitation of the Idea
Authors: Kalyan Rohan
Published: October 2019

This article discusses the life and work of the French philosopher Alain Badiou in the context of a broader meditation on the relationship between film, philosophy, and communism. It draws in large part from the author’s own experiences codirecting and coproducing a feature-length documentary film about this octogenarian communist philosopher. It further juxtaposes this film with several other films on communism, as well as their analyses by Badiou himself and other leftist critics. Ultimately, by foregrounding the historical intersection between film, communism, and critical thought, the article argues that in the process of making the documentary Badiou, the author became an ambivalent participant in the production of late-communist visual culture.
Socialist Domestic Infrastructures and the Politics of the Body
Authors: Stătică Iulia
Published: October 2019

This article discusses the role of domestic infrastructure in the constitution of subjectivities through the concrete examples of two socialist cities: Bucharest and Havana. This comparative study investigates the manner in which socialist ideological intentions materialized explicitly and in nuanced ways through the physical transformation of domestic space. The domestic revolution initiated by Khrushchev is interpreted as a narrative that both cities share, generating—through the implementation of state socialism—a common archaeology of the politics of domesticity that goes back to the programs of the 1920s Russian avant-gardes. The article proposes that this manifold archaeology of domesticity reveals that the political agenda, manifested in both contexts as an aesthetic project, entered the sphere of private life, transforming the home into a vehicle through which the body was politically shaped.
Humanism and Humor
Authors: Feltmate David
Published: October 2019

This chapter provides conceptual tools for mapping the role of humor in humanist communities. First, it sets parameters for the study, emphasizing humanist organizations’ self-definitions, a theory of humor based in current research, and atheist standup comedy as a data set to explore. Broadly, the chapter follows the International Humanist and Ethical Union’s 2002 “Amsterdam Declaration,” which sees humanism as ethical, rational, and supporting of democracy and civil rights; insists that personal liberty must be combined with social responsibility; is a response to the widespread demand for an alternative to dogmatic religion; values artistic creativity and imagination; and is a life stance aiming at maximum possible fulfillment. Next, it investigates the role of humor in the construction of atheist identity and communities. Finally, it suggests some other ways of looking at standup comedy to rethink and expand the boundaries of what constitutes humanist humor.
Comparative Perspectives on Communication in Human and Non-Human Primates
Authors: Nielsen Alan K.S. , Rendall Drew
Published: October 2019

Comparative research on communication systems in human and non-human primates has struggled to find a common language for comparisons. Research has too often either embraced application of linguistic constructs to animal signals, or eschewed them altogether, with the result being either uncritical acceptance of continuity between human and animal communication, or wholesale dismissal of it. This chapter attempts to better align the discussion of communication in the two groups by highlighting the importance of low-level features of communication indisputably common to both. From this common starting point, the authors of this chapter invoke functional deployability as a critical pressure influencing signal structure and use, emphasizing conserved perceptuocognitive mechanisms as common targets of signal action. In recognizing these foundational building blocks, many productive avenues for future research open up. In particular, the authors suggest that perceptual and cognitive biases that promote certain types of signal-meaning mappings provide a natural, biosemantic substrate on which more robust communicative systems can be built.
Linking Vocal Learning to Social Reward in the Brain
Authors: Carouso Peck Samantha , Goldstein Michael H.
Published: October 2019

The social environment plays an important role in vocal development. In songbirds, social interactions that promote vocal learning are often characterized by contingent responses of adults to early, immature vocalizations. Parallel processes have been discovered in the early speech development of human infants. Why does contingent social feedback facilitate vocal learning so effectively? Answers may be found by connecting the neural mechanisms of vocal learning and control with those involved in processing social reward. This chapter extends the idea of Newman’s social behaviour network, a tightly interconnected system of limbic areas across which social behaviour and motivation are distributed, to an avian social/vocal control network. It explores anatomical and functional overlaps between song circuitry and social-motivational circuitry, describing how circuitry linking basal ganglia with cortical areas serves to integrate social reward with vocal control and may underlie socially guided vocal learning. In species that have evolved socially guided vocal learning, a unique link has been forgedbetween social circuitry and vocal learning systems, such that learning is driven by social motivation.