bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lethal activity of beauvericin, a Beauveria bassiana mycotoxin, against the two‐spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch
Authors: Al Khoury Charbel , Guillot Jacques , Nemer Nabil
Published: August 2019

The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin is known to produce a broad range of secondary metabolites. Beauvericin, a cyclic hexadepsipeptide, is the best known mycotoxin produced by B. bassiana; however, reports discussing the insecticidal activity of beauvericin per se are limited. In this study, we assessed the lethal activity of beauvericin against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). In addition, screening for suitable application of the mycotoxin against T. urticae on greenhouse strawberries is discussed. Beauvericin was able to control successfully T. urticae where concentrations of 10, 100 and 1,000 µg/g recorded mortalities of 84%, 100% and 100%, respectively, against motile stages. Furthermore, beauvericin inhibited egg hatching up to 83.3%, 69.3% and 53.3%, respectively, using the same concentrations under laboratory conditions. Under greenhouse conditions, the efficacy recorded was 52.6%, 85.7%, 72.4% and 72.4% at 1, 3, 7 and 10 days post‐inoculation, respectively. Beauvericin was efficacious under greenhouse conditions since the application increased strawberry yields while showing no phytotoxicity and ecotoxicological risk. Resistance to beauvericin was not detected initially at the unselected strain of T. urticae. Yet, the laboratory selection of populations of T. urticae exposed to beauvericin resulted in relatively resistant T. urticae strain that displayed no cross‐resistance to cyflumetofen and bifenazate. The acaricidal activity of beauvericin documented in this study would increase the efficacy of integrated pest management strategies.
Molecular Characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Isolated from Tibetan Sheep and Tibetan Goats Under Natural Grazing Conditions in Tibet
Authors: Chang Yankai , Wang Yange , Wu Yayun , Niu Ziwen , Li Jiakui , Zhang Sumei , Wang Rongjun , Jian Fuchun , Ning Changshen , Zhang Longxian
Published: August 2019

In the present study, fecal samples from a total of 620 Tibetan sheep and 260 Tibetan goats from six counties in Tibet were examined by nested PCR. The results showed that the overall infection rates of Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were 0.8% (5/620) and 15% (93/620), respectively, in Tibetan sheep, and 0% (0/260) and 9.6% (25/260), respectively, in Tibetan goats. Based on sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA, tpi, bg, and gdh genes of G. duodenalis, only assemblage E was identified. Based on sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcriptional spacer (ITS) region of E. bieneusi, a total of 12 genotypes (three novel and nine known) were detected, and these clustered into two separate phylogenetic groups. Genotypes CHG19, EbpA, EbpC, H, PigEBITS5, and CTS3 clustered into Group 1 with high zoonotic potential, while genotypes BEB6, CHC8, CHG1, I, CTS1, and CTS2 fell within the host‐specific Group 2. Ten genotypes were detected in Tibetan sheep, and two genotypes were found in Tibetan goats. The current study indicated that E. bieneusi infections are widespread among these livestock, and Tibetan goats may play an important role as a reservoir of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes.
Electronic nose classification and differentiation of bacterial foodborne pathogens based on support vector machine optimized with particle swarm optimization algorithm
Authors: Bonah Ernest , Huang Xingyi , Yi Ren , Aheto Joshua H. , Osae Richard , Golly Moses
Published: August 2019

Rapid detection of bacterial foodborne pathogens is crucial in reducing the incidence of diseases associated with food contaminated with pathogens and toxins. This article presents a classification model of support vector machine (SVM) together with a metaheuristic framework using genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and grid searching (GS) optimization algorithms for bacterial foodborne pathogen classification and differentiation. LDA and SVM showed classification accuracies of training (90.3% and 91%) and prediction (89.5% and 90.6%), respectively using the Matlab classification learner app. Optimization of the modeling parameters c and g for SVM were performed to increase efficiency and classification accuracy. Simulated results show classification accuracies of 100% (training set) and 98.95% (prediction set) for five selected bacterial pathogens acquired using electronic nose dataset and PSO‐SVM model. Electronic nose recognition system made up of 12 metal oxide semiconductor sensors produced different distinctive response signals for each bacterial and could differentiate Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhimurium. PSO‐SVM algorithm can be efficiently used in bacterial discrimination at the species and strain level by electronic nose and has the good ability both in learning and in generalization.

Practical Applications

Existing microbial methods depend on traditional culture‐based methods which are time‐wise lengthy, require trained and qualified personnel, and are not suitable as point‐of‐use (POU) sensing devices. The application of electronic nose for the detection and classification of bacterial foodborne pathogens have shown great promise and proven to be effective with increasing sensitivity and selectivity as compared to traditional methods. The ability for E‐nose to discriminate between individual bacteria colonies at both species and strain level is of great public health importance since most bacteria have many strains. Virulence and pathogenicity are often associated with only a subset of these strains and it is essential for a method to be able to differentiate between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains during a foodborne outbreak.
Log jam formation at bridges and the effect on floodplain flow: A flume experiment
Authors: Okamoto Takaaki , Takebayashi Hiroshi , Sanjou Michio , Suzuki Ryuta , Toda Keiichi
Published: August 2019

During localized torrential rains, a large amount of driftwood can be entrained into the river leading to decreased discharge capacity and increased water levels. In August 2012, driftwood accumulated at the bridge in Shizugawa River in Uji, Japan and a house was washed away by the floodplain flow. For disaster prevention, it is important to know the flow characteristics of the flow floodplains. However, detailed information to accurately characterize the floodplain flow around bridges is usually not available. In this study, three kinds of flume experiments were performed. First, we conducted the driftwood accumulation and porous board tests at the model bridge to evaluate backwater rise and blockage ratio of driftwood accumulation (to further conduct PIV measurements). After a large amount of driftwood accumulated at the bridge, the water overflowed the banks and floodplain flow occurred. Next, we examined the effect of the surface hydraulics on driftwood accumulation process by PIV. Then, we measured the velocity of floodplain flow by PIV, in which the accumulation was modeled using a porous board. The results revealed the effect of driftwood accumulation on floodplain flow. The obtained velocity distribution of floodplain flow is useful to estimate the erosion damage location by floodplain flow.
Validation of a Multi–Sensor‐Based Kiosk for Short Physical Performance Battery
Authors: Jung Hee‐Won , Roh Hyunchul , Cho Younggun , Jeong Jinyong , Shin Young‐Sik , Lim Jae‐Young , Guralnik Jack M. , Park Jihong
Published: August 2019

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to validate a multi–sensor‐based kiosk (automatically measured Short Physical Performance Battery [eSPPB] kiosk) that can perform automated measurement of the SPPB.

DESIGN

Prospective, cross‐sectional study.

SETTING

Rehabilitation clinic of a tertiary‐care hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

Ambulatory outpatients, aged 65 years or older (N = 40).

MEASUREMENTS

The eSPPB kiosk was developed to measure the three components of the SPPB: standing balance, gait speed, and chair stand test with embedded sensors and algorithms. Correlations between the total and component‐specific scores of the eSPPB and manually measured SPPB (mSPPB), assessed by a physical therapist, were assessed. Further, correlations between SPPB parameters and geriatric functional measures were also evaluated.

RESULTS

This study included 40 participants with a mean age of 74.4 ± 6.5 years, a mean total eSPPB score of 10.1 ± 2.1, and a mean total mSPPB score of 10.2 ± 2.1. The intraclass correlation coefficient between the eSPPB and mSPPB total score was 0.97 (P < .001), and the κ agreement was 0.79 (P < .001). The intraclass coefficients between the components of eSPPB and mSPPB were 0.77 (P < .001), 0.88 (P < .001), and 0.99 (P < .001) for standing balance, gait speed, and chair stand test, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The newly developed kiosk might be a viable and efficient method for performing the SPPB in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2605–2609, 2019
Synuclein Meeting 2019: where we are and where we need to go
Authors: Outeiro Tiago Fleming , Mestre Tiago A.
Published: August 2019

The Synuclein Meetings are a series that has been taking place every 2 years for about 12 years. The Synuclein Meetings bring together leading experts in the field of synuclein and related human conditions with the goal of discussing and advancing the research. In 2019, the Synuclein Meeting is taking place in Ofir, a city in the outskirts of Porto, Portugal. The meeting is entitled ‘Synuclein Meeting 2019: Where we are and where we need to go’. It has now been 22 years since the initial report of the genetic and pathological association between alpha‐synuclein and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The field has grown and matured, and major advances have been made. We are witnessing exciting times, with the first clinical trials being conducted that target synuclein, and bring the hope of novel therapies for patients with PD and their families. However, we still face many challenges and need to address fundamental questions for the field to progress to where we need to go: having biomarkers and effective therapies for PD and other synucleinopathies. In this context, we have designed the Synuclein Meeting 2019 with a different format. The program will include sessions in the format of a round‐table discussion, to break away from the more rigid format of regular scientific meetings based on oral presentations. Our goal was to create opportunities for discussing the major questions in the field of synuclein and related human disorders, and challenge dogmatic ideas that require a critical revision in light of the most recent knowledge. In this issue, we assembled a series of comprehensive overviews of major topics, questions, and challenges in the field, that will be discussed in the meeting. We are confident that this special issue will be an instrumental reference for inspiring novel paths for future discoveries in the synuclein field and generate other discussions in the scientific community.

image

This is the Preface for the Special Issue “Synuclein”.

Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14520.
Dissecting maternal care: Patterns of maternal parenting in a prospective cohort study
Authors: Unternaehrer Eva , Cost Katherine T. , Bouvette‐Turcot Andrée‐Anne , Gaudreau Hélène , Massicotte Rachel , Dhir Sabine K. , Hari Dass Shantala A. , O'Donnell Kieran J. , Gordon‐Green Cathryn , Atkinson Leslie , Levitan Robert D. , Wazana Ashley , Steiner Meir , Lydon John E. , Clark Roseanne , Fleming Alison S. , Meaney Michael J. ,   the MAVAN Research Team
Published: August 2019

Parental care has a strong impact on neurodevelopment and mental health in the offspring. Although numerous animal studies have revealed that the parental brain is a highly complex system involving many brain structures and neuroendocrine systems, human maternal parenting as a multidimensional construct with cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components has not been characterised comprehensively. This unique multi‐method analysis aimed to examine patterns of self‐reported and observed parenting from 6 to 60 months postpartum in a cohort of 496 mothers (mean maternal age = 32 years). Self‐report questionnaires assessed motivational components of mothering, parenting stress, parenting‐related mood, maternal investment, maternal parenting style, mother‐child relationship satisfaction, and mother‐child bonding at multiple time points. Observed parenting variables included the Ainsworth Sensitivity Scales at 6 and 18 months, the Behavioral Evaluation Strategies Taxonomies at 6 months, an Etch‐A‐Sketch cooperation task at 48 months, and the Parent‐Child Early Relationship Assessment at 60 months. To examine whether different latent constructs underlie these measures of maternal parenting, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis. Self‐report measures of parenting correlated only weakly with behavioural observations. Factor analysis on a subsample (n = 197) revealed four latent factors that each explained from 7% to 11% of the variance in the data (32% total variance explained). Based on the loadings of the instruments, the factors were interpreted as: Supportive Parenting, Self‐Enjoyment Parenting, Overwhelmed Parenting, and Affectionate Parenting. These factor scores showed specific associations with maternal education and depressive symptoms, as well as with child outcomes, including maternally reported internalising and externalising behavioural problems, school readiness, and child‐reported symptoms of mental health. These findings parallel the complexity of the parental brain, suggesting that maternal parenting consists of multiple components, each of which is associated with different maternal characteristics and child outcomes.
Agreement between anatomical M‐mode and tissue Doppler imaging in the assessment of fetal atrioventricular annular plane displacement in uncomplicated pregnancies: A prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Zanardini Cristina , D'Antonio Francesco , Hvingel Bodil , Vårtun Åse , Prefumo Federico , Flacco Maria E. , Manzoli Lamberto , Acharya Ganesh
Published: August 2019

Aim

To evaluate the level of agreement between M‐mode and pulsed‐wave tissue Doppler imaging (PW‐TDI) techniques in assessing fetal mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and septal annular plane systolic excursion (SAPSE) in a low‐risk population.

Methods

This prospective longitudinal study included healthy fetuses assessed from 18 to 40 weeks of gestation. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, MAPSE and SAPSE were measured using anatomical M‐mode and PW‐TDI. The agreement between the two diagnostic tests was assessed using Bland–Altman analysis.

Results

Fifty fetuses were included in the final analysis. Mean values of TASPE were higher than that of MAPSE. There was a progressive increase of TAPSE, MAPSE and SAPSE values with advancing gestation. For each parameter assessed, there was an overall good agreement between the measurements obtained with M‐mode and PW‐TDI techniques. However, the measurements made with M‐mode were slightly higher than those obtained with PW‐TDI (mean differences: 0.03, 0.05 and 0.03 cm for TAPSE, MAPSE and SAPSE, respectively). When stratifying the analyses by gestational age, the mean values of TAPSE, MAPSE and SAPSE measured with M‐Mode were higher compared to those obtained with PW‐TDI, although the mean differences between the two techniques tended to narrow with increasing gestation. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, MAPSE and SAPSE measurements were all significantly, positively associated with gestational age (all P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Fetal atrioventricular annular plane displacement can be assessed with M‐mode technique, or with PW‐TDI as the velocity‐time integral of the myocardial systolic waveform. Atrioventricular annular plane displacement values obtained with M‐mode technique are slightly higher than those obtained with PW‐TDI.
Nostalgia proneness and empathy: Generality, underlying mechanism, and implications for prosocial behavior
Authors: Juhl Jacob , Wildschut Tim , Sedikides Constantine , Diebel Tara , Cheung Wing‐Yee , Vingerhoets Ad J. J. M.
Published: August 2019

Objective

Nostalgia is a sentimental longing for one's past. We examined the hypotheses (rooted in attachment theory and research) that nostalgia prone individuals, by virtue of their greater attachment security, are more empathic and enact more prosocial behavior.

Method

In five studies, testing 1,923 participants (Nrange = 132–823, 52.42% women, Agerange = 8–90 years), we measured nostalgia proneness and affective empathy. Additionally, we measured cognitive empathy in Study 3, attachment security in Studies 4–5, and prosocial behavior in Study 5.

Results

Nostalgia proneness was positively related to affective empathy among younger and older adults (Studies 1, 3–5) and among children (Study 2). This association was stronger for affective empathy than cognitive empathy (Study 3). Also, attachment security mediated the relation between nostalgia proneness and affective empathy (Studies 4–5). Finally, nostalgia prone individuals were more likely to engage in prosocial behavior, and this relation was serially mediated by attachment security and affective empathy (Study 5).

Conclusion

The findings establish the empathic and prosocial character of nostalgia prone individuals, and clarify their personality profile.
Family and neighborhood socioeconomic status and temperament development from childhood to adolescence
Authors: Strickhouser Jason E. , Sutin Angelina R.
Published: August 2019

Objective

Children differ in their temperament and these differences predict consequential outcomes, including mental health, peer relations, substance use, academic performance, and adult personality. Additionally, children's temperament develops over time in response to environmental factors, such as the socioeconomic status (SES) of their family and the neighborhood in which they are raised. However, there has been lack on research on the relation between neighborhood SES and the development of temperament or personality.

Method

Using data from two cohorts of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; N = 9,217) that followed children from 4 to 15 years old, the present analyses examined whether parent income, parent education, and neighborhood disadvantage were associated with three child temperament traits that are precursors to Five‐Factor Model (FFM) adult personality traits.

Results

Longitudinal hierarchical linear models (HLM) generally found that children with lower neighborhood SES or family SES tended to have lower sociability, higher reactivity, and lower persistence and these associations did not decrease over time.

Conclusions

This research demonstrates that both the neighborhood and the family SES in childhood are important for the development of temperament across childhood and adolescence.
Mitigating the Challenges of Partner Knowledge Diversity While Enhancing Research & Development (R&D) Alliance Performance: The Role of Alliance Governance Mechanisms
Authors: Choi Jeongho
Published: August 2019

This article explores the answers to the following unresolved research question: How do firms mitigate the collaboration challenges associated with partner knowledge diversity and enhance alliance performance? The study provides an alliance performance enhancing framework by identifying two types of partner knowledge diversity: (1) technology base diversity and (2) R&D process experience diversity, and links them with R&D alliance performance. Additionally, the moderating effects of the two types of alliance governance mechanisms (i.e., interactive and contractual mechanisms) were examined to investigate which alliance governance mechanism is conducive to mitigate the collaboration challenges and enhance alliance performance. Using a data set of 316 alliances in the biopharmaceuticals industry, the study found that a moderate degree (not too low or high) of technology base diversity between alliance partners contributes more to R&D alliance performance. Similarly, there was also an inverted U‐shaped relationship between R&D process experience diversity and alliance performance; too much diversity in R&D process experience may increase the likelihood of partner opportunism, and therefore negatively affect alliance performance. Additionally, the results showed that alliance governance mechanisms played different roles in alliance collaboration; while the contractual alliance mechanisms help reduce relational uncertainty (e.g., opportunism), the interactive mechanisms promoting a more intensive interaction between partners mitigates task difficulty and facilitates complex technology activities. These findings extend the knowledge‐based view (KBV) of strategic alliance and advance research on alliance governance design.
Prevalence and chemical composition of uroliths in fattening pigs in Belgium
Authors: Vrielinck Joris , Sarrazin Steven , Schoos Alexandra , Janssens Geert P. J. , Maes Dominiek
Published: August 2019

The present study investigated the prevalence of uroliths in fattening pigs and assessed the composition of these urinary tract concrements. In total, 2,432 urinary bladders were sampled in the slaughterhouse and checked for abnormal content. Urinary samples were analysed microscopically, and samples of the urinary bladder wall were tested for histological signs of inflammation. The composition of the concrements was examined by infrared spectrophotometry. Macroscopic and microscopic abnormalities were detected in 8.4% and 52.8% of the samples respectively. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD), calcium carbonate (calcite), calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and amorphous crystals were detected. Analysis of stones showed COD in all samples in different proportions. The calcium content of examined stones was always considerable (up to 34%), in contrast to the magnesium content which represented max 1.9%. Struvite was found in one third of the samples, but was never part of stones and grit. COD crystals were the second most common microscopic crystal. These COD crystals and some COD stones had a rectangular shape, and therefore, they can be harmful to the bladder mucosa. In conclusion, uroliths are present in a large proportion of male fattening pigs, and consequently, urinary concrements pose a life‐threatening risk for urethra obstruction in male pigs. Further research is warranted to identify potential risk factors for urolithiasis and microscopic crystals.
Effects of combined use of keratinolytic enzymes and sugarcane fibre on the hairball excretion in cats
Authors: Miltenburg Tânia Zóia , Peralta Rosane Marina , Oliveira Carlos Antônio Lopes de , Janeiro Vanderly , Pereira Edilenia Queiroz , Nicolau Julia Teodoro de Souza , Ribeiro Leonir Bueno , Vasconcellos Ricardo Souza
Published: August 2019

Grooming is a natural hygienic behaviour of cats that favours the formation of hairballs. Increased fibre concentration in the diets is a strategy to minimize hairball formation, but it is not fully effective. Because cat hair is formed mostly by keratin, the addition of keratinases in the diets might be an alternative for hairball control. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of the combined use of sugarcane fibre and a protease complex to reduce the hairball excretion in cats. Twenty‐four adult cats were divided into four treatment groups (n = 6 per treatment) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments were as follows: control diet (Control; containing low concentration of insoluble fibre, 5.34% of total dietary fibre), control diet plus enzyme (Co‐e), high‐fibre diet (HF; containing high amounts of insoluble fibre, 17.8% of total dietary fibre), and HF diet plus enzyme (HF‐e). Proteases from Bacillus licheniformis PWD‐1 were administered orally (5 mg/day) as gastro‐resistant capsules. Total collection of faeces was carried out to determine the number of excreted hairballs and the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibilities (CTTAD) of the diets. Separate addition of insoluble fibre (HF; p = .5947) or enzyme complex (Co‐e; p = .3633) had no effect on the hairballs excreted in the faeces. However, the combined use of insoluble fibre and enzymes (HF‐e) reduced (p = .0344) the total number of hairballs excreted. The size distribution of hairballs (small, medium, or large) was not affected by treatments (p = .3763). The CTTAD of crude protein was not affected by protease addition (p = .781) but was reduced by HF and HF‐e treatments. Sugarcane fibre associated to keratinolytic enzymes reduces the hairball excretion in cats. This strategy can be adopted for this purpose; however, methods for faecal hairball quantification must be improved.
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Different levels of selenomethionine on the meat quality and selenium deposition in tissue of finishing pigs
Authors: Silva Vanessa Avelar , Bertechini Antônio Gilberto , Clemente Alisson Hélio Sampaio , de Freitas Luis Filipe Villas Boas , Nogueira Bernardo Rocha Franco , de Oliveira Barbara Lopes , Ramos Alcinéia de Lemos Souza
Published: August 2019

The aim of the study was to verify the influence of selenomethionine (SM) supplementation on performance, carcass yield, characteristics of meat quality and Se tissue deposition of finishing pigs. A total of 128 hybrid pigs with an average weight of 76 kg were distributed in randomized blocks according to body weight in eight treatments and eight replicates. The experimental treatments were two Se levels from sodium selenite‐SS (0.3 and 0.6 ppm), four Se levels from SM (0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 ppm) and two combinations of SS with SM (SS 0.15 + SM 0.15 ppm and SS 0.3 + SM 0.3 ppm) providing 0.3 and 0.6 ppm Se in the diet respectively. The feeds were based on corn and soya bean meal. After 30 days on test, were analysed the performance indices and the pigs were slaughtered at commercial slaughterhouse. The cold carcass yield, the physicochemical characteristics of the loin meat and the Se content in muscle and liver were evaluated. There was no significant difference in performance indices (p > .05); however, there was a linear effect on the increase in pig carcass yield by increasing SM (p < .05). The use of SM solely or combined with SS provided higher Se deposition in muscle compared to SS (p < .05). The highest Se deposition in muscle occurred for SM at 0.4 ppm (p < .05). The SS provided higher Se deposition in liver (p < .05). The SM presented best results for meat quality compared to other sources (p < .05). The level of 0.4 ppm Se promoted the best results for the indices of yellow, luminosity, cooking loss and pH (p < .05). The use of SM at any level promotes higher oxidation stability of pig meat (p < .05). The supplementation of SM at a level of 0.4 ppm promotes better physicochemical characteristics and higher Se deposition on swine meat.
The effect of fructose supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and digesta retention time in Reeves’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi)
Authors: Przybyło Marcin , Clauss Marcus , Ortmann Sylvia , Kowalski Zygmunt M. , Górka Paweł
Published: August 2019

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of fructose supplementation in the diet on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and digesta retention time in Reeves's muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi), a browsing cervid. In Experiment 1, six adult males of Reeves's muntjac were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design and fed a diet consisting of dehydrated chopped lucerne (ad libitum), high‐fibre pellet (120 g/day) and wheat bran (30 g/day) without (F0) or with addition of 12 and 24 g fructose/day (F12 and F24, respectively). In Experiment 2, the same six adult muntjacs were used in crossover design and fed F0 or F12. Doses of supplemental fructose were set to increase intake of water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC; ≈40 g/day; ≈8% of WSC in consumed dry matter [DM]) by 25 and 50% relative to F0. Feed intake was controlled daily (Experiment 1 and 2) and total tract digestibility and digesta retention time were determined (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, DM intake of chopped dehydrated lucerne decreased with fructose supplementation (F0 vs. F12 and F24; p = .01) but was not different between F12 and F24 (p = .76). Total DM intake was also not different between treatments (p ≥ .13). In Experiment 2, DM intake of lucerne, total DM intake and nutrient digestibility was not affected by fructose supplementation (p ≥ .17), but mean retention time of long particles in the whole GIT tended to be longer for F12 compared to F0 (p = .09). Under conditions of the current study, additional fructose intake (resulting in a range of WSC content in consumed DM from 8.6% to 13%) had only minor impact on feed intake and investigated functions of the gastrointestinal tract of Reeves's muntjac.
Evaluation of a Chinese herbal supplement on equine squamous gastric disease and gastric fluid pH in mares
Authors: Munsterman Amelia S. , Dias Moreira Ana Sofia , Marqués Fernando J.
Published: August 2019

Background

Wei Le San (WLS) is a Chinese herbal formula comprised of 9 herbs selected for their putative anti‐inflammatory effects.

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of WLS administration in horses with nonglandular gastric ulcers.

Animals

Ten mixed breed mares (aged 7‐21 years, 401‐567 kg body weight).

Methods

Experimental design was a blinded, prospective, 2‐period crossover study. All horses received a placebo (25 mL dextrose‐based syrup; n = 10) and the treatment (WLS, 5 g in 25 mL dextrose‐based syrup; n = 10), administered twice daily. Horses underwent a 1‐week, alternating feed‐deprivation period to induce or worsen existing ulcers; treatment began on day 7. Gastroscopic examination was performed on d0, d6, and d35, with gastric fluid pH obtained on d6 and d35. Gastric ulcer scores assigned by 3 masked observers were averaged for each examination.

Results

Ulcer number scores for horses treated with WLS (median = 0; range, 0‐4) was not different from the untreated controls (median = 0.5; range, 0‐4;P= .81) by the end of the treatment period. Ulcer severity score for treated horses (median = 0; range, 0‐1) was also unchanged compared to the control group (median = 0.5; range, 0‐1;P= .85). Gastric pH was not altered by either treatment, with a median of 2.1 (range, 1.9‐4.1) for the horses treated with WLS and 2.8 (range, 1.6‐7.2) in the untreated controls (P= .46).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The experimental model used to induce gastric ulceration was unable to discern a difference between the herbal supplement and the placebo in normal horses.
Why Does Credit Growth Crowd Out Real Economic Growth?
Authors: Cecchetti Stephen G. , Kharroubi Enisse
Published: August 2019

We examine the negative relationship between the rate of growth in credit and the rate of growth in output per worker. Using a panel of 20 countries over 25 years, we establish that there is a robust correlation: the higher the growth rate of credit, the lower the growth rate of output per worker. We then proceed to build a model in which this relationship arises from the fact that investment projects that are more risky have a higher return. As their borrowing grows more quickly over time, entrepreneurs turn to safer; hence, lower return projects, thereby reducing aggregate productivity growth. We take this theoretical prediction to industry‐level data and find that credit growth disproportionately harms output per worker growth in industries that have either less tangible assets or are more R&D intensive.
Heme acquisition by Shu1 requires Nbr1 and proteins of the ESCRT complex in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Mourer Thierry , Brault Ariane , Labbé Simon
Published: August 2019

Assimilation of heme is mediated by the cell surface protein Shu1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Shu1 undergoes internalization from the cell surface to the vacuole in response to high concentrations of hemin. Here, we have identified cellular components that are involved in mediating vacuolar targeting of Shu1. Cells deficient in heme biosynthesis and lacking the polyubiquitin gene ubi4+ exhibit poor growth in the presence of exogenous hemin as a sole source of heme. Microscopic analyses of hem1Δ shu1Δ ubi4Δ cells expressing a functional HA4‐tagged Shu1 show that Shu1 localizes to the cell surface. Ubiquitinated Nbr1 functions as a receptor for the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) that delivers cargos to the vacuole. Inactivation of nbr1+, ESCRT‐0 hse1+ or ESCRT‐I sst6+ results in hem1Δ cells being unable to use exogenous hemin for the growth. Using lysate preparations from hemin‐treated cells, Shu1‐Nbr1 and Shu1‐Hse1 complexes are detected by coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Further analysis by immunofluorescence microscopy shows that Shu1 is unable to reach vacuoles of hemin‐treated cells harboring a deletion for one of the following genes: ubi4+, nbr1+, hse1+ and sst6+. Together, these results reveal that hemin‐mediated vacuolar targeting of Shu1 requires Ubi4‐dependent ubiquitination, the receptor Nbr1 and the ESCRT proteins Hse1 and Sst6.
Peroxisomes: versatile organelles with diverse roles in plants
Authors: Pan Ronghui , Liu Jun , Wang Saisai , Hu Jianping
Published: August 2019

Peroxisomes are small, ubiquitous organelles that are delimited by a single membrane and lack genetic material. However, these simple‐structured organelles are highly versatile in morphology, abundance and protein content in response to various developmental and environmental cues. In plants, peroxisomes are essential for growth and development and perform diverse metabolic functions, many of which are carried out coordinately by peroxisomes and other organelles physically interacting with peroxisomes. Recent studies have added greatly to our knowledge of peroxisomes, addressing areas such as the diverse proteome, regulation of division and protein import, pexophagy, matrix protein degradation, solute transport, signaling, redox homeostasis and various metabolic and physiological functions. This review summarizes our current understanding of plant peroxisomes, focusing on recent discoveries. Current problems and future efforts required to better understand these organelles are also discussed. An improved understanding of peroxisomes will be important not only to the understanding of eukaryotic cell biology and metabolism, but also to agricultural efforts aimed at improving crop performance and defense.
Fellowship of the rings: a saga of strigolactones and other small signals
Authors: Machin Darren C. , Hamon‐Josse Maxime , Bennett Tom
Published: August 2019

Strigolactones are an important class of plant signalling molecule with both external rhizospheric and internal hormonal functions in flowering plants. The past decade has seen staggering progress in strigolactone biology, permitting highly detailed understanding of their signalling, synthesis and biological roles – or so it seems. However, phylogenetic analyses show that strigolactone signalling mediated by the D14‐SCFMAX2‐SMXL7 complex is only one of a number of closely related signalling pathways, and is much less ubiquitous in land plants than might be expected. The existence of closely related pathways, such as the KAI2‐SMAX1 module, challenges many of our assumptions about strigolactones, and in particular emphasises how little we understand about the specificity of strigolactone signalling with respect to related signalling pathways. In this review, we examine recent advances in strigolactone signalling, taking a holistic evolutionary view to identify the ambiguities and uncertainties in our understanding. We highlight that while we now have highly detailed molecular models for the core mechanism of D14‐SMXL7 signalling, we still do not understand the ligand specificity of D14, the specificity of its interaction with SMXL7, nor the specificity of SMXL7 function. Our analysis therefore identifies key areas requiring further study.
Parents know it best: Prediction of asthma and lung function by parental perception of early wheezing episodes
Authors: Brick Tabea , Hose Alexander , Wawretzka Katharina , von Mutius Erika , Roduit Caroline , Lauener Roger , Riedler Josef , Karvonen Anne M. , Pekkanen Juha , Divaret‐Chauveau Amandine , Dalphin Jean‐Charles , Ege Markus J. ,   the PASTURE study group
Published: August 2019

Background

Childhood asthma is often preceded by early wheeze. Usually, wheezing episodes are recorded retrospectively, which may induce recall bias.

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate true‐positive recall of parent‐reported wheeze at 1 year of age, its determinants, and its implications for asthma and lung function at 6 years of age.

Methods

The PASTURE (Protection Against Allergy—Study in Rural Environments) study followed 880 children from rural areas in 5 European countries from birth to age 6 years. Wheeze symptoms in the first year were asked weekly. At age 6, parent‐reported asthma diagnosis was ascertained and lung function measurements were conducted. Correct parental recall of wheeze episodes at the end of the first year was assessed for associations with lung function, asthma, and the asthma risk locus on chromosome 17q21.

Results

Parents correctly recalled wheeze after the first year in 54% of wheezers. This true‐positive recall was determined by number of episodes, timing of the last wheeze episode, and parental asthma. Independently from these determinants, true‐positive recall predicted asthma at age 6 years (odds ratio 4.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.75‐14.16]) and impaired lung function (β = −0.62, 95% CI [−1.12; −0.13], P‐value = .02). Associations were stronger in children with asthma risk SNPs on chromosome 17q21.

Conclusion

Correct parental recall of wheezing episodes may reflect clinical relevance of early wheeze and its impact on subsequent asthma and lung function impairment. Questions tailored to parental perception of wheezing episodes may further enhance asthma prediction.
Mapping and analysis of QTLs related to seed length and seed width in Glycine max
Authors: Gao Huihui , Gu Yue , Jiang Hongwei , Li Yingying , Xin Dawei , Liu Chunyan , Zhu Rongsheng , Qi Zhaoming , Zhang Yong , Li Candong , Wang Jinxing , Hu Zhenbang , Wu Xiaoxia , Chen Qingshan
Published: August 2019

Both seed length and seed width are important traits for soybean yield. In the present study, 89 Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of seed length and 65 QTLs of seed width were collected from published papers and our study. QTLs in this study were evaluated by the soymap2, then totally 23 consensus QTLs were located on 17 linkage groups (LGs) through the meta‐analysis. The minimum confidence interval was 0.28 cM and the mean phenotypic variance (R2) was ranged from 5.33% to 23.36%. To optimize these QTLs based on statistic analysis, overview method was further used to narrow down CI, the number of QTLs was narrowed down to 84. Furthermore, 2,750 candidate genes were screened from the consensus QTL intervals by informatics, a total of 37 genes were found to be associated with seed size. All results could lay a foundation for MAS (Molecular Assisted Selection) and gene cloning.
Successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation transport of a 4‐month‐old brain‐dead infant for organ donation: A case report
Authors: Leblanc Claire , Genuini Mathieu , Deho Anna , Lodé Noëlla , Philippe‐Chomette Pascale , Hervieux Erik , Amblard Alain , Pracros Nancy , Léger Pierre‐Louis , Jean Sandrine
Published: August 2019

A 4‐month‐old infant was declared brain‐dead 2 days after being initiated on venoarterial ECMO for a refractory septic shock. All brain death diagnostic criteria were fulfilled according to French law, and parental consent was given for organ donation. The hospital where ECMO was initiated had no authorization for organ procurement, and the donor was then transferred to the local referral center for child organ recovery with our mobile ECMO team to maintain organ perfusion. The kidneys were recovered and successfully transplanted to a child who is now well and alive. Although the transport elements of this case report are of limited relevance to an international audience as no other country, to our knowledge, has this particular organization, it does show excellent collaboration between teams to realize the goal of organ donation for this family. This is the first case describing a successful inter‐hospital transport for organ procurement of a brain‐dead infant on ECMO. Brain‐dead pediatric patients undergoing ECMO can be considered as potential organ donors to expand the donor pool.
Integrin heterodimer α9β1 is localized on the surface of porcine spermatogonial stem cells in the undifferentiated state
Authors: Park Min Hee , Yun Jung Im , Lee Eunsong , Lee Seung Tae
Published: August 2019

A previous study found that undifferentiated porcine spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) did not adhere to tenascin C, indicating that the integrin α9 and β1 subunits are inactive on the surface of porcine SSCs. However, that study used recombinant tenascin C without FNIII‐like repeats. Therefore, this study re‐evaluated the existence of integrin α9β1 actively functioning on the plasma membrane of porcine SSCs using full‐length native tenascin C with FNIII‐like repeats. The localization and function of the integrin heterodimer were confirmed using immunocytochemistry, attachment and antibody inhibition assays. In undifferentiated porcine SSCs with integrin α9β1 on the cell surface, adhesion to native tenascin C was significantly higher compared with cells lacking native tenascin C and functional blocking of integrin α9β1 significantly inhibited the attachment to native tenascin C compared with no functional blocking. Accordingly, we confirmed that the integrin α9 and β1 subunits function as an active heterodimer on the surface of porcine SSCs in the undifferentiated state.
Evaluating and Visualizing the Economic Impact of Commercial Districts Due to an Electric Power Network Disruption
Authors: Garcia Tapia Andrea , Suarez Mildred , Ramirez‐Marquez Jose E. , Barker Kash
Published: August 2019

Critical infrastructure networks enable social behavior, economic productivity, and the way of life of communities. Disruptions to these cyber–physical–social networks highlight their importance. Recent disruptions caused by natural phenomena, including Hurricanes Harvey and Irma in 2017, have particularly demonstrated the importance of functioning electric power networks. Assessing the economic impact (EI) of electricity outages after a service disruption is a challenging task, particularly when interruption costs vary by the type of electric power use (e.g., residential, commercial, industrial). In contrast with most of the literature, this work proposes an approach to spatially evaluate EIs of disruptions to particular components of the electric power network, thus enabling resilience‐based preparedness planning from economic and community perspectives. Our contribution is a mix‐method approach that combines EI evaluation, component importance analysis, and GIS visualization for decision making.

We integrate geographic information systems and an economic evaluation of sporadic electric power outages to provide a tool to assist with prioritizing restoration of power in commercial areas that have the largest impact. By making use of public data describing commercial market value, gross domestic product, and electric area distribution, this article proposes a method to evaluate the EI experienced by commercial districts. A geospatial visualization is presented to observe and compare the areas that are more vulnerable in terms of EI based on the areas covered by each distribution substation. Additionally, a heat map is developed to observe the behavior of disrupted substations to determine the important component exhibiting the highest EI. The proposed resilience analytics approach is applied to analyze outages of substations in the boroughs of New York City.
The correlates of international financial‐center status
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , Shah Nachiket
Published: August 2019

We consider the correlates of international financial‐center status. Our estimates point to the flexibility, transparency, and stability of the economic and social environment as determinants of financial center‐status. They point also to roles for monetary and financial stability, financial openness, financial scale and development, technology and size of government. We draw out the implications of this analysis for the future prospects of actual and aspiring international financial centers such as London, New York, and Shanghai.
Counteracting Unemployment in Crises: Non‐Linear Effects of Short‐Time Work Policy*
Authors: Gehrke Britta , Hochmuth Brigitte
Published: August 2019

Short‐time work (STW) is a labor‐market policy that subsidizes working‐time reductions among firms in financial difficulty to prevent lay‐offs. Many OECD countries have used this policy in the Great Recession. In this paper, we show that the effects of STW are strongly time‐dependent and non‐linear over the business cycle. Discretionary STW policy might save up to 0.87 jobs per short‐time worker in deep economic crises. In expansions, the effects are smaller and might turn negative. We disentangle discretionary STW from automatic stabilization in German data using smooth‐transition vector autoregressions.
Use of the Columbia‐Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C‐SSRS) in a large sample of Veterans receiving mental health services in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Katz Ira , Barry Catherine N. , Cooper Samantha A. , Kasprow Wesley J. , Hoff Rani A.
Published: August 2019

Objective

To evaluate the associations of self‐reports of suicidal ideation and behavior using the Columbia‐Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C‐SSRS) in a survey of patients receiving mental health services in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) with reports of attempts documented in medical records and administrative data.

Method

The C‐SSRS was administered to 15,373 Veterans in the Veterans Outcome Assessment (VOA) survey. Concurrent validity was evaluated by comparing self‐reports from the past 3 months with VHA records. Predictive validity was evaluated by logistic regression models using attempts over the subsequent 3 months as the outcome.

Results

Tests of concurrent validity found strong associations between self‐reports and attempts documented in VHA records, but there were substantial numbers of discordant responses. In tests of predictive validity, area under the ROC curve for predicting future attempts was >0.8. There were differences in the distribution of responses and of psychometric properties across VHA mental health programs.

Conclusions

Findings support the value of screening and the validity of the self‐reports based on the C‐SSRS, but limitations in concordance with medical records and variability across programs suggest the need for clinical judgment in interpreting responses.