bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies to Introduce n-Butanol in Gasoline Blends
Authors: Lapuerta Magín , Ballesteros Rosario , Barba Javier
Published: April 2017

The use of oxygenated fuels in spark ignition engines (SIEs) has gained increasing attention in the last few years, especially when coming from renewable sources, due to the shortage of fossil fuels and global warming concern. Currently, the main substitute of gasoline is ethanol, which helps to reduce CO and HC emissions but presents a series of drawbacks such as a low heating value and a high hygroscopic tendency, which cause higher fuel consumption and corrosion problems, respectively. This paper shows the most relevant properties when replacing ethanol by renewable n-butanol, which presents a higher heating value and a lower hygroscopic tendency compared to the former. The test matrix carried out for this experimental study includes, on the one hand, ethanol substitution by n-butanol in commercial blends and, on the other hand, either ethanol or gasoline substitution by n-butanol in E85 blends (85% ethanol-15% gasoline by volume). The results show that the substitution of n-butanol by ethanol presents a series of benefits such as a higher heating value and a greater interchangeability with gasoline compared to ethanol, which makes n-butanol a promising fuel for SIEs in commercial blends. However, the use of n-butanol in E85 blends substituting either gasoline or ethanol may cause cold-start problems due to the lower vapor pressure of n-butanol. For this reason, a combined substitution of n-butanol by both gasoline and ethanol is proposed so that n-butanol can be used without start problems.
An ESCO Business Model Using CER for Buildings’ Energy Retrofit
Authors: Yi Hyein , Lee Sanghyo , Kim Jaejun
Published: April 2017

This study proposes an Energy Service Company (ESCO) business model to which Certified Emission Reduction (CER) is applied mainly for guaranteed savings. To verify the effectiveness of this ESCO business model, option theory is used. Notably, along with call and put options, which are appropriate for profit structure evaluation of existing guaranteed savings contract, an up and knock-out option was used to analyze the option of securing profit from CER. Based on this analysis, the values of the guarantee acquired by an energy user from the change in the amount of energy savings and the values of an ESCO’s right to profit from energy savings and CER, were calculated. Through these valuations, the profit sharing ratio between energy users and the ESCO was estimated. When the model proposed in this paper was applied to a project case, the profit sharing ratio was 16.37%. The model proposed in this paper is useful for motivating ESCOs to save more energy during operating periods by effectively using profit from CER. Additionally, this model will contribute to the expansion of ESCO market and the effectiveness of energy performance projects in Korea.
The Role of Natural Gas and Renewable Energy in Curbing Carbon Emission: Case Study of the United States
Authors: Li Rongrong , Su Min
Published: April 2017

This paper adopts the vector auto-regression model (VAR) to study the dynamic effect of renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions. Our model is based on a given level of primary energy consumption, economic growth and natural gas consumption in the US, from 1990 to 2015. Our results indicate that a long-running equilibrium relationship exists between carbon emissions and four other variables. According to the variance decomposition of carbon dioxide emissions, the use of primary energy has a positive and notable influence on CO2 emissions, compared to other variables. From the Impulse Response Function (IRF) results, we find that the use of renewable energy would remarkably reduce carbon emissions, despite leading to an increase in emissions in the early stages. Natural gas consumption will have a negative impact on CO2 emissions in the beginning, but will have only a modest impact on carbon emission reductions in the long run. Finally, our study indicates that the use of renewable forms of energy is an effective solution to help reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The findings of our study will help policy makers develop energy-saving and emission-reduction policies.
Oncolytic Alphaviruses in Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Lundstrom Kenneth
Published: April 2017

Oncolytic viruses show specific targeting and killing of tumor cells and therefore provide attractive assets for cancer immunotherapy. In parallel to oncolytic viral vectors based on adenoviruses and herpes simplex viruses, oncolytic RNA viruses and particularly alphaviruses have been evaluated as delivery vehicles. Immunization studies in experimental rodent models for various cancers including glioblastoma, hematologic, hepatocellular, colon, cervix, and lung cancer as well as melanoma have been conducted with naturally occurring oncolytic alphavirus strains such as M1 and Sindbis AR339. Moreover, animals were vaccinated with engineered oncolytic replication-deficient and -competent Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vectors expressing various antigens. Vaccinations elicited strong antibody responses and resulted in tumor growth inhibition, tumor regression and even complete tumor eradication. Vaccination also led to prolonged survival in several animal models. Furthermore, preclinical evaluation demonstrated both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic alphavirus administration. Clinical trials in humans have mainly been limited to safety studies so far.
Assessment of Flood Frequency Alteration by Dam Construction via SWAT Simulation
Authors: Lee Jeong , Heo Jun-Haeng , Lee Jeongwoo , Kim Nam
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impacts of the upstream Soyanggang and Chungju multi-purpose dams on the frequency of downstream floods in the Han River basin, South Korea. A continuous hydrological model, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), was used to individually simulate regulated and unregulated daily streamflows entering the Paldang Dam, which is located at the outlet of the basin of interest. The simulation of the regulated flows by the Soyanggang and Chungju dams was calibrated with observed inflow data to the Paldang Dam. The estimated daily flood peaks were used for a frequency analysis, using the extreme Type-I distribution, for which the parameters were estimated via the L-moment method. This novel approach was applied to the study area to assess the effects of the dams on downstream floods. From the results, the two upstream dams were found to be able to reduce downstream floods by approximately 31% compared to naturally occurring floods without dam regulation. Furthermore, an approach to estimate the flood frequency based on the hourly extreme peak flow data, obtained by combining SWAT simulation and Sangal’s method, was proposed and then verified by comparison with the observation-based results. The increased percentage of floods estimated with hourly simulated data for the three scenarios of dam regulation ranged from 16.1% to 44.1%. The reduced percentages were a little higher than those for the daily-based flood frequency estimates. The developed approach allowed for better understanding of flood frequency, as influenced by dam regulation on a relatively large watershed scale.
The Impact of Integrated Aquifer Storage and Recovery and Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (ASRRO) on a Coastal Groundwater System
Authors: Ros Steven Eugenius Marijnus , Zuurbier Koen Gerardus
Published: April 2017

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) of local, freshwater surpluses is a potential solution for freshwater supply in coastal areas, as is brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) of relatively shallow groundwater in combination with deeper membrane concentrate disposal. A more sustainable and reliable freshwater supply may be achieved by combining both techniques in one ASRRO system using multiple partially penetrating wells (MPPW). The impact of widespread use of ASRRO on a coastal groundwater system was limited based on regional groundwater modelling but it was shown that ASRRO decreased the average chloride concentration with respect to the autonomous scenario and the use of BWRO. ASRRO was successful in mitigating the local negative impact (saltwater plume formation) caused by the deep disposal of membrane concentrate during BWRO. The positive impacts of ASRRO with respect to BWRO were observed in the aquifer targeted for ASR and brackish water abstraction (Aquifer 1), but foremost in the deeper aquifer targeted for membrane concentrate disposal (Aquifer 2). The formation of a horizontal freshwater barrier was found at the top of both aquifers, reducing saline seepage. The disposal of relatively fresh concentrate in Aquifer 2 led to brackish water outflow towards the sea. The net abstraction in Aquifer 1 enforced saltwater intrusion, especially when BWRO was applied. The conclusion of this study is that ASRRO can provide a sustainable alternative for BWRO.
Macondino : el nacimiento de un gentilicio
Authors: Seguí Augustin
Published: April 2017

L'article porte sur la naissance de l'adjectif macondino qui désigne l'habitant de Macondo, le célèbre village de Cent ans de solitude de Gabriel García Márquez. En critique littéraire, jusqu'en 1970, d'autres adjectifs étaient employés : macondiano, macondano, macondense. En 1970, macondino est attesté pour la première fois ; entre 1971 et 1973, il fait concurrence aux autres et, à partir de 1974, il finit par prédominer.
Onomástica personal de los vecinos de Pamplona (siglos XII-XIV)
Authors: Cierbide Martinena Ricardo
Published: April 2017

Le noyau de la ville de Pampelune au cours du Moyen Age était la vieille civitas de Pompaelo, ancienne cité fondée vers l'année 75 a. J.C.. Elle portait le nom de Navarreria parce qu'elle était peuplée de Navarrais - les autochtones qui parlaient le basque -, l'évêque et les chanoines au service de la Cathédrale et les seigneurs de Navarre. Aux pieds de celle-ci se trouvaient les deux bourgs médiévaux de Saint-Sernin et de Saint-Nicolas, qui appartenaient aux francs, originaires d'une part de l'Occitanie et d'autre part du reste de la France.

D'après la documentation des Archives Municipales de Pampelune, on observe que normalement les habitants de la Navarreria portent des noms de famille typiquement navarrais par les désignations des noms de lieu d'où ils sont originaires. Quant aux habitants des bourgs, nous avons quelques Navarrais et surtout des Occitans.

En quelque sorte, les prénoms et les noms de famille de la population de Pampelune (XIIe - XIV siècles) sont un reflet de la diversité d'origine et de langue de ses habitants.
La onomástica personal en Morón de la Frontera durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX
Authors: Roldán Sánchez Rosario del Pilar
Published: April 2017

L 'auteur étudie les prénoms donnés à la naissance et au baptême dans la ville de Morón de la Frontera , à quelque cinquante kilomètres au Sud-Est de Sévi lie. Les registres dépouillés concernent les années 1950, 1965, 1975, 1985 et 1994. Le corpus féminin est plus religieux et varié que le masculin, et la libéralisation du régime politique accompagnant la vague des modes anthroponymiques provoque après 1975 un bouleversement des coutumes nominales.
Solar Models in Light of New High Metallicity Measurements from Solar Wind Data
Authors: Vagnozzi Sunny , Freese Katherine , Zurbuchen Thomas H.
Published: April 2017

We study the impact of new metallicity measurements, from solar wind data, on the solar model. The “solar modeling problem” refers to the persisting discrepancy between helioseismological observations and predictions of solar models computed implementing state-of-the-art photospheric abundances. We critically reassess the problem, in particular considering the new set of abundances of von Steiger & Zurbuchen, determined through the in situ collection of solar wind samples from polar coronal holes. This new set of abundances indicates a solar metallicity

, significantly higher than the currently established value. The new values hint at an abundance of volatile elements (i.e., C, N, O, Ne) close to previous results of Grevesse and Sauval, whereas the abundance of refractory elements (i.e., Mg, Si, S, Fe) is considerably increased. Using the Linear Solar Model formalism, we determine the variation of helioseismological observables in response to the changes in elemental abundances, in order to explore the consistency of these new measurements with constraints from helioseismology. We find that for observables that are particularly sensitive to the abundance of volatile elements, in particular the radius of the convective zone boundary (CZB) and the sound speed around the radius of CZB, improved agreement over previous models is obtained. Conversely, the high abundance of refractories correlates with a higher core temperature, resulting in an overproduction of neutrinos and a huge increase in the surface helium abundance. We conclude that the “solar modeling problem” remains unsolved.
Ultra-diffuse and Ultra-compact Galaxies in the Frontier Fields Cluster Abell 2744
Authors: Janssens Steven , Abraham Roberto , Brodie Jean , Forbes Duncan , Romanowsky Aaron J. , van Dokkum Pieter
Published: April 2017

We report the discovery of a large population of ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) in the massive galaxy cluster Abell 2744 (z = 0.308) as observed by the Hubble Frontier Fields program. Since this cluster is ∼5 times more massive than Coma, our observations allow us to extend 0.7 dex beyond the high-mass end of the relationship between UDG abundance and cluster mass reported by van der Burg et al. Using the same selection criteria as van der Burg et al., A2744 hosts an estimated 1961 ± 577 UDGs, 10 times the number in Coma. As noted by Lee & Jang, A2744 contains numerous unresolved compact objects, which those authors identified predominantly as globular clusters. However, these objects have luminosities that are more consistent with ultra-compact dwarf (UCD) galaxies. The abundances of both UCDs and UDGs scale with cluster mass as a power law with a similar exponent, although UDGs and UCDs have very different radial distributions within the cluster. The radial surface density distribution of UCDs rises sharply toward the cluster center, while the surface density distribution of the UDG population is essentially flat. Together, these observations hint at a picture where some UCDs in A2744 may have once been associated with infalling UDGs. As UDGs fall in and dissolve, they leave behind a residue of unbound UCDs.
Prognostic Value of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A in the Prediction of the Tumor Aggressiveness in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Veselaj Fahredin , Manxhuka-Kerliu Suzana , Neziri Arber , Shahini Labinot , Xharra Shefki , Selmani Liridon , Kerliu Lloreta , Kavaja Floren
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is the most predominant renal tumour with unpredictable tumour behaviour. The aim of the study is to investigate the prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) expression in CCRCC and to correlate it with other histological parameters as well as with patient's survival.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Tumour blocks were taken from 40 patients with histopathology diagnosis of CCRCC and tissue block from 20 normal kidneys as a control group were examined using the immuno-histochemical staining for VEGF-A.RESULTS: The VEGF A expression in CCRCC was significantly higher than in the normal kidney tissues (Uâ€™ = 720, P < 0.0001). VEGF A expression values in CCRCC were positively correlated with Disease Free Survival (r = 0.335, P = 0.034) and the tumor necrosis degree (r = 0.181, P = 0.262). VEGF-A expression values in CCRCC did not correlate with CD 31 expression (r = -0.09, P = 0.549), and Progression Free Survival (r = -0.07, P = 0.838). VEGF A expression values in CCRCC were negatively correlated with the tumor nuclear grade (r = -0.161, P = 0.318); the pathological tumor stage (r = -0.371, P = 0.018); the tumor size (r = -0.361, P = 0.022); the degree of tumor hemorrhage (r = -0.235, P = 0.143); and Cancer Specific SurvivalÂ Â  (r = -0.207, P = 0.713).CONCLUSIONS: VEGF-A expression can be used to stratify advanced and metastatic CCRCC patients into low-benefit and high-benefit groups. Based on this study outcome it would be useful to perform IHC staining for VEGF-A expression in all patients with advanced and metastatic CCRCC.
« Envie de passion »
Authors: Guy Claude
Published: April 2017

La passion me semble être le paroxysme de l’envie réactualisant de façon radicale la haine, qui finit toujours par poindre et se déchaîner parfois jusqu’à la destruction. Souvent qualifiée de passion triste, l’envie est au cœur de la passion parce que, contrairement à ce qui se dit habituellement à son sujet, une passion se vit seul, même si l’autre est présent, et c’est précisément cette altérité en présence qui est insupportable, haïe. Dans la passion, on est dans l’envie d’une relation idéale qu’on aurait aimé vivre avec l’objet (car l’autre alors n’est au fond que pur objet de cette mise en acte) sans y parvenir jamais. Car toute passion est incestueuse, dans le sens où ceux qui vivent une passion amoureuse adultes ont eu à faire avec elle, enfants, dans leur rapport au premier objet d’amour, qu’elle ait été vécue réellement de leur fait ou, plus fréquemment, qu’elle ait été seulement souhaitée (et refoulée) pour sortir de la torpeur mortelle dans laquelle la relation affective avec lui (l’objet) s’était enlisée.
La psychanalyse à l’épreuve de l’homosexualité
Authors: Roudinesco Élisabeth
Published: April 2017

Penseur de l’émancipation, Freud a toujours eu une attitude libérale autant envers les femmes qu’envers les homosexuels. Freud ne classe pas l’homosexualité en tant que telle dans la catégorie des perversions sexuelles. Lacan réintroduit l’homosexualité dans la catégorie, non pas des perversions sexuelles, mais d’une structure perverse, pas éloigné de ce que seront plus tard les positions de Michel Foucault ou de Gilles Deleuze. Mais il existe une différence fondamentale entre Lacan et Foucault, le premier fait de la perversion une strucutre universelle de la personnalité.
Au-delà de toute identification : la liberté
Authors: Mitchélée
Published: April 2017

Le véritable totalitarisme de nos sociétés modernes ne consiste-t-il pas en cette frénésie de vouloir identifier, étiqueter, labelliser au détriment de ce Tétragramme vivant que nous sommes : irréductible, imprononçable, toujours intègre, que nous découvrons quand nous revenons à notre Nature profonde « l’Être » que Romain Rolland nommait le « sentiment océanique » et que Freud semblait méconnaître sauf peut-être au moment où il a écrit Malaise dans la civisilation .
La territorialisation de la politique rurale en Algérie, adaptation ou rupture ? Analyse à partir d’une étude de cas : la wilaya de Tizi Ouzou
Authors: Chenoune Ouarda , Pecqueur Bernard , Djenane Abdelmadjid
Published: April 2017

En Algérie, une politique faisant référence à un processus ascendant «  bottom up  » est mise en œuvre depuis 2004, visant la redynamisation des territoires ruraux. Son outil opérationnel est le projet de proximité de développement rural intégré (PPDRI). Après dix années de mise en œuvre, cet article s’interroge sur l’impact de ces politiques. Nous nous appuyons sur les résultats d’une étude de cas, la wilaya de Tizi Ouzou, pour analyser les processus organisationnels et de mise en œuvre des PPDRI, dans une perspective de développement territorial.
L’école de la guerre
Authors: Billard Jacques
Published: April 2017

C’est avec des enfants et des élèves que l’on fait des citoyens et des soldats. Faut-il les préparer à affronter l’ennemi de demain ? Et si oui, comment ?
Julien Gracq
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Yves
Published: April 2017

Notre idée de l’immortalité, ce n’est guère que la permission pour quelques uns de continuer à vieillir un peu une fois morts.
Quand le psychanalyste est témoin d’un crime
Authors: Sibony-Malpertu Yaelle
Published: April 2017

En séance, certains crimes sont révélés. Nous soulignons la difficulté que la pensée ne soit pas entravée par la fascination traumatique exercée par le crime et par la figure du criminel. Nous proposons certaines issues pour s’y soustraire, notamment par une certaine approche des thèses d’Hannah Arendt sur la « banalité du mal ». Enfin, nous donnons certaines précisions concernant l’écoute psychanalytique du réel traumatique, par rapport à celle des fantasmes, hors contexte criminel.
Déplacements meurtriers.
Authors: Bonnellier Roseline
Published: April 2017

Le Fils d’Arthur Schnitzler est une histoire de matricide. Avant de mourir, la mère avoue au médecin sa tentative autrefois de tuer son enfant et lui demande d’aller au tribunal en témoigner pour décharger son fils. L’intérêt de Theodor Reik pour cette nouvelle dans Arthur Schnitzler als Psycholog annonce son essai ultérieur sur la « compulsion d’aveu ». Mais la théorie de l’Œdipe appliquée est réductrice d’une « question du féminin » que posent les personnages de femmes chez Schnitzler.
Benefits of Being a Healthy Perfectionist: Examining Profiles in Relation to Nurses' Well-Being
Authors: Chang Yuhsuan
Published: April 2017

The aim of the current study was to examine perfectionism in relation to burn-out and depressive symptoms in nurses. The sample comprised 581 nurses from various medical units in several regional hospitals in Taiwan. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory–Human Service Survey, and Almost Perfect Scale–Revised were used to assess depressive symptoms, burnout, and perfectionism. Response data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, Pearson's product-moment correlation, cluster analysis, and one-way analysis of variance. Results showed that nurses in the healthy and unhealthy perfectionist groups reported higher personal standards and organization than nonperfectionists. In addition, the unhealthy and nonperfectionist groups reported higher levels of perceived personal failure than healthy perfectionists. The findings can be used to design psychoeducational programs that promote nurses' self-awareness of cognitive style in understanding perfectionism and to enhance mental health promotion at work. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 55
(4), 22–28.]
Evaluation of the True Wavefront Aberrations in Eyes Implanted With a Rotationally Asymmetric Multifocal Intraocular Lens
Authors: Akondi Vyas , Pérez-Merino Pablo , Martinez-Enriquez Eduardo , Dorronsoro Carlos , Alejandre Nicolás , Jiménez-Alfaro Ignacio , Marcos Susana
Published: April 2017

PURPOSE:

Standard evaluation of aberrations from wavefront slope measurements in patients implanted with a rotationally asymmetric multifocal intraocular lens (IOL), the Lentis Mplus (Oculentis GmbH, Berlin, Germany), results in large magnitude primary vertical coma, which is attributed to the intrinsic IOL design. The new proposed method analyzes aberrometry data, allowing disentangling the IOL power pupillary distribution from the true higher order aberrations of the eye.

METHODS:

The new method of wavefront reconstruction uses retinal spots obtained at both the near and far foci. The method was tested using ray tracing optical simulations in a computer eye model virtually implanted with the Lentis Mplus IOL, with a generic cornea or with anterior segment geometry obtained from custom quantitative spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in a real patient. The method was applied to laser ray tracing aberrometry data at near and far fixation obtained in a patient implanted with the Lentis Mplus IOL.

RESULTS:

Higher order aberrations evaluated from simulated and real retinal spot diagrams following the new reconstruction approach matched the nominal aberrations (approximately 98%). Previously reported primary vertical coma in patients implanted with this IOL lost significance with the application of the proposed reconstruction.

CONCLUSIONS:

Custom analysis of ray tracing–based retinal spot diagrams allowed decoupling of the true higher order aberrations of the patient's eye from the power pupillary distribution of a rotationally asymmetric multifocal IOL, therefore providing the appropriate phase map to accurately evaluate through-focus optical quality.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(4):257–265.]
Introduction of Two Novel Stiffness Parameters and Interpretation of Air Puff–Induced Biomechanical Deformation Parameters With a Dynamic Scheimpflug Analyzer
Authors: Roberts Cynthia J. , Mahmoud Ashraf M. , Bons Jeffrey P. , Hossain Arif , Elsheikh Ahmed , Vinciguerra Riccardo , Vinciguerra Paolo , Ambrósio Renato
Published: April 2017

PURPOSE:

To investigate two new stiffness parameters and their relationships with the dynamic corneal response (DCR) parameters and compare normal and keratoconic eyes.

METHODS:

Stiffness parameters are defined as Resultant Pressure at inward applanation (A1) divided by corneal displacement. Stiffness parameter A1 uses displacement between the undeformed cornea and A1 and stiffness parameter highest concavity (HC) uses displacement from A1 to maximum deflection during HC. The spatial and temporal profiles of the Corvis ST (Oculus Optikgeräte, Wetzlar, Germany) air puff were characterized using hot wire anemometry. An adjusted air pressure impinging on the cornea at A1 (adjAP1) and an algorithm to biomechanically correct intraocular pressure based on finite element modelling (bIOP) were used for Resultant Pressure calculation (adjAP1 – bIOP). Linear regression analyses between DCR parameters and stiffness parameters were performed on a retrospective dataset of 180 keratoconic eyes and 482 normal eyes. DCR parameters from a subset of 158 eyes of 158 patients in each group were matched for bIOP and compared using
t
tests. A
P
value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS:

All DCR parameters evaluated showed significant differences between normal and keratoconic eyes, except peak distance. Keratoconic eyes had lower stiffness parameter values, thinner pachymetry, shorter applanation lengths, greater absolute values of applanation velocities, earlier A1 times and later second applanation times, greater HC deformation amplitudes and HC deflection amplitudes, and lower HC radius of concave curvature (greater concave curvature). Most DCR parameters showed a significant relationship with both stiffness parameters in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS:

Keratoconic eyes demonstrated less resistance to deformation than normal eyes with similar IOP. The stiffness parameters may be useful in future biomechanical studies as potential biomarkers.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(4):266–273.]
Collagen Cross-linking With Photoactivated Riboflavin (PACK-CXL) for Bacterial Keratitis After Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)
Authors: Chan Tommy C.Y. , Chow Vanissa W.S. , Jhanji Vishal
Published: April 2017

PURPOSE:

To report a case of infectious keratitis after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) treated with collagen cross-linking with photoactivated riboflavin (PACK-CXL).

METHODS:

Case report and literature review.

RESULTS:

A patient presented with culture-proven bacterial keratitis 5 days after SMILE was treated with fortified topical antibiotics and PACK-CXL. Irrigation of the corneal cap–stromal bed interface, which can be difficult and affect visual outcomes, was not performed. Clinical improvement was seen shortly after treatment and resolution of keratitis was achieved at 2 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS:

This is the first reported use of PACK-CXL in the management of infectious keratitis after SMILE. PACK-CXL may help sterilize the infection and limit its spread within the interface.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(4):278–280.]
Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Outpatients Could Modify Their Attitude towards Misusing Medications in Northern Jordan
Authors: Haddad Mansour , Ebada Mohamed Elsaed
Published: April 2017

Background

Potentially inappropriate drug use, including prescribed and over-the-counter medications, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It also contributes to unnecessary expenditure on health services. This survey was undertaken to investigate the incidence of drug misuse and associated socioeconomic/demographic characteristics in Irbid, Jordan.

Design and Methods

The present cross section study was conducted using a validated 5-point Likert scale questionnaire to be self-reported by 480 outpatients visiting clinics in three major medical centres in Irbid, Jordan between 20th October 2015 and 27th November 2015. Descriptive analysis, chi-square tests and ordinal logistic regression models were performed.

Results

Patients demonstrated distinctive attitudes towards medication misuse (P<0.001). Whereas around 40% of patients sometimes stopped taking medications earlier than prescribed or doubled the dose in case of missing a dose, three quarters and two fifth of participants neither used expired drugs nor continued to take a drug when adverse drug reactions occurred, respectively. Also, there were significant associations (P<0.05) between patients’ attitudes towards misusing medications and characteristics like age, gender, income and marital status. For instance, senior patients (>45 years) tended to double a medication's dose in case of no improvement, and to use others’ leftover drugs without medical supervision. Further, male and female patients exhibited different attitude towards misusing medications. Unemployment and little earnings increased the risk for not using drugs properly. Furthermore, married patients were less likely to misuse medications. In particular, the educational level of patients was found to play a major role in modifying patients’ attitudes towards potentially inappropriate drug use. Patients holding one or more university degrees were at lower risk for using medications inappropriately.

Conclusions

This survey indicated that northern Jordanians inappropriately used medications to a great extent, suggesting that the current policies should be revised, and emphasising the importance of running public antidrug misuse awareness campaigns and establishing advanced educational/training events targeting healthcare professionals.
Combined depth and S1 maps from Rock-Eval 6/TOC data of the Canol Formation, northern Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories
Authors: Durbano A M , Hadlari T , Fallas K M , Jiang C
Published: April 2017

Previously published Rock-Eval 6/TOC pyrolysis data are used as a proxy to map the geographic distribution of hydrocarbons in the Canol Formation. Mainly from wells, S1 is interpolated with Kriging software. The contoured representation of both S1 and S1/TOC are
overlain by a depth map of the Canol Formation, which was generated from interpretations of seismic data and well logs and is contained within a subsurface zero edge determined from both subsurface data and bedrock maps. The Norman Wells area shows relatively high S1 and S1/TOC values and areas
structurally along strike also contain relatively high S1/TOC values.
Mapping water bodies using SAR imagery - an application over the Spiritwood valley aquifer, Manitoba
Authors: Li J , Wang S
Published: April 2017

Canada has over 2 million lakes covering a total area of 0.9 million km2. The inland water bodies play a critical role in water cycles, water resources, social economic including fisheries and recreation. However, these inland aquatic ecosystems are under
increasing pressure and big changes from increasing human activities and changing climate. To better understand the aquatic ecosystem dynamics and effectively manage the inland water bodies, it is essential to have up-to-date information of their spatial and temporal variability. Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR), unlike optical sensors, is able to penetrate cloud, haze and smoke, and hence observe the earth's surface in all weather conditions day and night. SAR imagery is an effective method for mapping water bodies. This open file details the algorithms and their implementations for a novel
method for mapping water bodies using SAR imageries. This method is completely automatic and less computational intensive, thus suitable for large-scale applications. A test of this method over the Spiritwood valley in Manitoba using Radarsat-2/SAR data shows a high accuracy in delineating water
bodies. This study provides a tool for mapping national scale inland water bodies and monitoring their dynamic changes in a near-real time environment.
Strengthening capacity for monitoring and evaluation through short course training in Kenya
Authors: Wao Hesborn , Onyango Rohin , Kisio Elizabeth , Njatha Moses , Onyango Nelson O.
Published: April 2017

Background: Weak monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems and limited supply of M&E human resources in Africa signal the need to strengthen M&E capacity.Objectives: This exploratory study evaluated the effect of short course training on professionals’ knowledge and skills in the areas of mixed methods research, systematic review and meta-analysis and general principles of M&E.Methods: A partially mixed concurrent dominant status design including quantitative (multilevel modelling and meta-analyses) and qualitative (thematic content analysis) components was employed to evaluate the impact of a 4-day short course training focusing on these areas.Results: Thirty-five participants participated in the training. Participants experienced an increase in knowledge in the three areas; however, average change in knowledge did not differ across participants’ employment settings. Participants’ self-stated objectives considered as SMART and belonging to a higher level in Bloom’s taxonomy were associated with change in knowledge. Based on comments made by participants, majority intended to apply what they learned to their work; clarity of content delivery was the most liked aspect of the training, and the use of more practical sessions was recommended as a way to improve the training.Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence of potential of the use of short course training as an approach to strengthening capacity in M&E in less-developed countries such as Kenya. It underscores the importance of participants’ self-stated objective(s) as an element to be considered in the enhancement of knowledge, attitudes and skills needed for acceptable capacity building in M&E.
Organisational learning capabilities as determinants of social innovation: An empirical study in South Africa
Authors: Urban Boris , Gaffurini Elena
Published: April 2017

Orientation: A critical reading of the human resource management (HRM) literature finds limited contributions to understanding the organisational determinants of social enterprises and how these may contribute to higher levels of social innovativeness. Although innovation is a key theme in organisational research it has been acknowledged that the field needs more theory-based examinations of different types of innovativeness.Research purpose: To determine how different organisational capabilities are related to social innovation.Motivation for the study: Many social enterprises in developing countries do not have the requisite capabilities to efficiently manage all their programmes, which presents a major threat to organisational sustainability.Research design, approach and method: The empirical analysis is a cross-sectional study based on primary survey data. Hypotheses are tested using correlational and regression analysis.Main findings: The results show that the organisational learning capabilities of knowledge conversion, risk management, organisational dialogue and participative decision-making all have a significant and positive relationship with social innovation.Practical/managerial implications: Managers and practitioners can leverage the different organisational learning capabilities to improve social innovations in their social enterprises.Contribution/value-add: The study is one of the first in an African market context to empirically investigate social enterprises in terms of social innovation and organisational learning perspectives.
An Early Assessment of the ACGME CLER Program: A National Survey of Designated Institutional Officials
Authors: Long Timothy R. , Doherty Julie A. , Frimannsdottir Katrin R. , Rose Steven H.
Published: April 2017

Background

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Clinical Learning Environment Review (CLER) is an innovative element of the ACGME's new accreditation system. To date, little information has been collected regarding the value of CLER.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to collect information on designated institutional officials' (DIOs') perspectives about the initial CLER visits conducted at their institutions.

Methods

The authors created and distributed a survey to DIOs about their initial CLER visits. Demographic data were compared across survey responses with Spearman's rank correlation and the Kruskal-Wallis test.

Results

The authors received responses from 63% of DIOs (186 of 297) at institutions that participated in the initial CLER visits, with 88% (164 of 186) having served as DIO during the visit. Seventy-two percent (114 of 158) reported institutional changes to address CLER focus areas prior to the visit, yet only 32% (51 of 157) reported that additional resources were allocated to these areas after the site visit. Sixty-five percent (102 of 156) reported institutional executive leadership was positive about participating in CLER; 85% (134 of 158) reported that ACGME conducted the visits efficiently; 84% (133 of 158) reported that the site visit accurately assessed the institution's performance in the CLER focus areas; and 60% (93 of 156) reported CLER provided high-value information.

Conclusion

Survey results from DIOs suggest that CLER is an effective mechanism to improve the learning environment. Common concerns included limited advance notice for the site visit and disruptions of clinical practice.
Global shocks and their impact on the Tanzanian economy
Authors: Haile Fiseha
Published: April 2017

Plummeting commodity prices, China’s economic slowdown and rebalancing, and global financial market turbulence have recently raised concerns about their effects on African economies. This paper investigates whether, and to what extent, these intertwined shocks spillover into the Tanzanian economy. The author finds that a 1 percentage point (ppts) drop in China’s investment growth is associated with a decline in Tanzania’s export growth of roughly 0.60 ppts. A 1 percent fall in commodity prices leads to 0.65 percent lower exports value. The results suggest that a hard landing of the Chinese economy to its ‘new normal’ would doubtless send shock waves through the Tanzanian economy by further driving down commodity demand and prices as well as lowering development finance. In contrast, financial market volatility has a fairly negligible impact on economic growth. The main results stand up well to a wide-array of robustness checks.
Sensitivity of sea-level forecasting to the horizontal resolution and sea surface forcing for different configurations of an oceanographic model of the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Bressan Lidia , Valentini Andrea , Paccagnella Tiziana , Montani Andrea , Marsigli Chiara , Tesini Maria Stefania
Published: April 2017

Abstract. At the Hydro-meteo-climate service of the Regional environmental agency of Emilia-Romagna, Italy (Arpae-SIMC), the oceanographic numerical model AdriaROMS is used in the operational forecasting suite to compute sea level, temperature, salinity and 3-D current fields of the Adriatic Sea (northern Mediterranean Sea). In order to evaluate the performance of the sea-level forecast and to study different configurations of the ROMS model, two marine storms occurred on the Emilia Romagna coast during the winter 2015–2016 are investigated. The main focus of this study is to analyse the sensitivity of the model to the horizontal resolution and to the meteorological forcing. To this end, the model is run with two different configurations and with two horizontal grids at 1 and 2 km resolution. To study the influence of the meteorological forcing, the two storms have been reproduced by running ROMS in ensemble mode, forced by the 16-members of the meteorological ensemble COSMO-LEPS system. Possible optimizations of the model set-up are deduced by the comparison of the different run outputs.
Water flow and preferential flow: A State-of-the-Art throughout the literature
Authors: Zhang Yinghu , Zhang Xiaoxia , Zhang Zhenming , Niu Jianzhi , Zhang Mingxiang
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Studies dealing with water flow and preferential flow are of typically importance because there are still many unresolved water security and scarcity problems. It may indeed be a valuable idea to provide a special review of the progress in the water flow and preferential flow for the applied water science community and to identify what is still missing or unresolved to improve predictions of surface water and groundwater quality within multiscale. This paper aims to review the state of the art on water flow and preferential flow published per year from 1995 to 2015, respectively, and to present a discussion of perspectives and some significant advances in the main themes of water flow and preferential flow that have emerged in recent years, with insights, some promising areas for future work, and suggestions also being provided regarding potential research trends, requirements and solutions. Recorded reports show that it is of general interest in water flow in the period 1995–2015 and also there are clear significant trends from physical hydrology and socio-hydrology perspectives. The future trend of water flow which is predicted in some way indicates a general increase. The term of preferential flow, its significance and progress in the period 1995–2015, shows that despite the increasing number of papers published on preferential flow, there has not been as much attention paid to this topic as we have expected, given its vital role in soil hydrology, water sustainability, slope stability and agricultural management. Finally, existing love-hate relationship between water flow and preferential flow pathways is reviewed.
The quantification and correction of wind-induced precipitation measurement errors
Authors: Kochendorfer John , Rasmussen Roy , Wolff Mareile , Baker Bruce , Hall Mark E. , Meyers Tilden , Landolt Scott , Jachcik Al , Isaksen Ketil , Brækkan Ragnar , Leeper Ronald
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Hydrologic measurements are important for both the short- and long-term management of water resources. Of the terms in the hydrologic budget, precipitation is typically the most important input; however, measurements of precipitation are subject to large errors and biases. For example, an all-weather unshielded weighing precipitation gauge can collect less than 50 % of the actual amount of solid precipitation when wind speeds exceed 5 m s−1. Using results from two different precipitation test beds, such errors have been assessed for unshielded weighing gauges and for weighing gauges employing four of the most common windshields currently in use. Functions to correct wind-induced undercatch were developed and tested. In addition, corrections for the single-Alter weighing gauge were developed using the combined results of two separate sites in Norway and the USA. In general, the results indicate that the functions effectively correct the undercatch bias that affects such precipitation measurements. In addition, a single function developed for the single-Alter gauges effectively decreased the bias at both sites, with the bias at the US site improving from −12 to 0 %, and the bias at the Norwegian site improving from −27 to −4 %. These correction functions require only wind speed and air temperature as inputs, and were developed for use in national and local precipitation networks, hydrological monitoring, roadway and airport safety work, and climate change research. The techniques used to develop and test these transfer functions at more than one site can also be used for other more comprehensive studies, such as the World Meteorological Organization Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (WMO-SPICE).
The effect of satellite-derived surface soil moisture and leaf area index land data assimilation on streamflow simulations over France
Authors: Fairbairn David , Barbu Alina Lavinia , Napoly Adrien , Albergel Clément , Mahfouf Jean-François , Calvet Jean-Christophe
Published: April 2017

Abstract. This study evaluates the impact of assimilating surface soil moisture (SSM) and leaf area index (LAI) observations into a land surface model using the SAFRAN–ISBA–MODCOU (SIM) hydrological suite. SIM consists of three stages: (1) an atmospheric reanalysis (SAFRAN) over France, which forces (2) the three-layer ISBA land surface model, which then provides drainage and runoff inputs to (3) the MODCOU hydro-geological model. The drainage and runoff outputs from ISBA are validated by comparing the simulated river discharge from MODCOU with over 500 river-gauge observations over France and with a subset of stations with low-anthropogenic influence, over several years. This study makes use of the A-gs version of ISBA that allows for physiological processes. The atmospheric forcing for the ISBA-A-gs model underestimates direct shortwave and long-wave radiation by approximately 5 % averaged over France. The ISBA-A-gs model also substantially underestimates the grassland LAI compared with satellite retrievals during winter dormancy. These differences result in an underestimation (overestimation) of evapotranspiration (drainage and runoff). The excess runoff flowing into the rivers and aquifers contributes to an overestimation of the SIM river discharge. Two experiments attempted to resolve these problems: (i) a correction of the minimum LAI model parameter for grasslands and (ii) a bias-correction of the model radiative forcing. Two data assimilation experiments were also performed, which are designed to correct random errors in the initial conditions: (iii) the assimilation of LAI observations and (iv) the assimilation of SSM and LAI observations. The data assimilation for (iii) and (iv) was done with a simplified extended Kalman filter (SEKF), which uses finite differences in the observation operator Jacobians to relate the observations to the model variables. Experiments (i) and (ii) improved the median SIM Nash scores by about 9 % and 18 % respectively. Experiment (iii) reduced the LAI phase errors in ISBA-A-gs but had little impact on the discharge Nash efficiency of SIM. In contrast, experiment (iv) resulted in spurious increases in drainage and runoff, which degraded the median discharge Nash efficiency by about 7 %. The poor performance of the SEKF originates from the observation operator Jacobians. These Jacobians are dampened when the soil is saturated and when the vegetation is dormant, which leads to positive biases in drainage and/or runoff and to insufficient corrections during winter, respectively. Possible ways to improve the model are discussed, including a new multi-layer diffusion model and a more realistic response of photosynthesis to temperature in mountainous regions. The data assimilation should be advanced by accounting for model and forcing uncertainties.