bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short-term feeding response of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus exposed to two different diets
Authors: Navarro Jorge M. , Fernández-Reiriz María José , Labarta Uxio
Published: October 2004

Argopecten purpuratus was exposed to two different diets which reflected short term variations in quantity and quality of the natural food supply typical in bays of southern Chile. No significant differences of clearance rate were observed over different time periods at either of two food concentrations. The scallop reduced its clearance rate significantly when it was exposed to the higher food concentration. Pseudofaeces production occurred only at this high diet and the time factor had no significant effect on this process. The organic content of pseudofaeces was significantly lower than the organic content of the food, suggesting a pre-ingestive selection mechanism. Based on this capacity for particle selection, A. purpuratus was able to compensate for the differences in food quality of the experimental diets and ingesting particulate material containing 38% organic matter as a result of the selection process when fed at the higher food concentration. Absorption efficiency was lower following exposure to the high food concentration, suggesting that the experimental time of 72 h was not sufficient to acclimate the digestive response to a food supply significantly different from that of its habitat of origin. Phytoplankton form the principal nutritional source for this epibenthic species, and resuspended detritus, although occurring in large quantities, may only be of importance once digestive processes become acclimated to processing them.
Archival tagging of a basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus, in the western North Atlantic
Authors: Skomal Gregory B. , Wood Grayson , Caloyianis Nick
Published: October 2004

A 6·1-m long female basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) was tagged 73 km east of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts on 27 September 2001 with a pop-up archival transmitting tag. The tag detached prematurely on 6 December 2001 in an area approximately 800 km south-west of the tag site off the coast of North Carolina. The basking shark was vertically active for the 71-d tracking period, moving through depths and temperatures ranging from the surface to 320 m and 5·8 to 21·0°C, respectively. The shark displayed temporal variation in its residence depth and exhibited a marked temperature preference, with 72% of the temperature observations between 15·0 and 17·5°C. This track provides evidence that the basking shark associates with the continental shelf and shelf edge off the south-eastern United States during autumn. Moreover, it corroborates previous studies indicating that the basking shark remains active and does not hibernate during autumn.
Growth pattern and reproductive strategy of the holocephalan Chimaera monstrosa along the Portuguese continental slope
Authors: Moura Teresa , Figueiredo Ivone , Machado Pedro Bordalo , Gordo Leonel Serrano
Published: October 2004

Data on age and reproduction of the rabbitfish at the Portuguese continental slope are presented. Ages were estimated based on transverse sections of the dorsal spine. Differences in growth patterns were detected between sexes—males grow slower and are smaller than females. The results from histological analysis of different development stages of testes indicated that the macroscopic scale used is well adapted to rabbitfish sampled in Portuguese waters. In females and excluding macroscopic Stage 4, which according to the adopted scale corresponds to an active phase, all the remaining stages were identified in the samples. Ovarian fecundity was estimated as 6·46±2·32 oocytes (females range: 45·0 to 70·0 cm pre-supra caudal fin length [PSCFL]). Length of first maturity in males (40·7 cm PSCFL) is lower than in females (45·9 cm PSCFL).
Factors influencing the diets of four morphologically divergent fish species in nearshore marine waters
Authors: Hourston M. , Platell M.E. , Valesini F.J. , Potter I.C.
Published: October 2004

The dietary compositions of Atherinomorus ogilbyi (Atherinidae), Sillago schomburgkii (Sillaginidae), Lesueurina platycephala (Leptoscopidae) and Ammotretis elongatus (Pleuronectidae) in three nearshore habitats on the lower west coast of Australia, which varied in their exposure to wave energy and the extent to which they contain sea grass, have been determined. The dietary compositions of these four abundant teleosts differed, reflecting marked differences between the location in the water column, head and mouth morphology and feeding behaviour of these species. Atherinomorus ogilbyi, which has a relatively high and large mouth, fed mainly on planktonic invertebrates in the water column, while S. schomburgkii ingested predominantly benthic prey, such as polychaetes and bivalves, which it extracted from the sediment using its downward-protruding mouth. Lesueurina platycephala employed its large mouth, cryptic coloration and ambush feeding to target relatively large teleosts and invertebrates, while the small mouth and flattened body of Ammotretis elongatus facilitated the ingestion of small crustacean prey, e.g. cumaceans and amphipods, which live on the substrate surface. Atherinomorus ogilbyi consumed predominantly calanoid copepods, cladocerans and insects during the day and mainly amphipods at night, when the latter taxon became abundant in the water column. The dietary composition of each species underwent a similar pattern of size-related change, being most pronounced in L. platycephala during the day. The diets of A. ogilbyi and S. schomburgkii, the two species for which the data were most comprehensive, differed among habitats and seasons, reflecting differences in the densities of their main prey. Comparisons between the day-time diets of the above four species with those recorded previously for a further four abundant species in the same habitats during the day, show that food resources are well distributed among the main fish species in nearshore waters along the lower west coast of Australia. This feature, together with the size-related changes in the diets of the different species, reduces the potential for inter- and intraspecific competition for food by fish species in this environment.
A new settled population of the lessepsian migrant Siganus luridus (Pisces: Siganidae) in Linosa Island—Sicily Strait
Authors: Azzurro Ernesto , Andaloro Franco
Published: October 2004

The lessepsian migrant Siganus luridus appeared along the shallower waters of the Pelagie Islands (central Mediterranean Sea). This is a new record of the species based on the capture of 40 specimens in Linosa Island during the summer of 2003. Some biological data are given and the relevance of this finding from the Sicily Strait is discussed.
Analysis of the stomach contents of the European conger eel Conger conger in Irish waters
Authors: O'Sullivan S. , Moriarty C. , Davenport J.
Published: October 2004

A study of Conger conger diet was carried out with 213 specimens from Irish inshore waters (0–200 m) collected from winter 1998 to spring 1999 and 96 from offshore waters (200–600 m) from spring to summer 2000. The primary diet in both areas was fish, with a complete species shift in diet between areas. The dominant species inshore were Merlangius merlangus and offshore Micromesistius poutassou. Decapod crustaceans and cephalopods were observed in stomachs, but contributed little to the overall diet.
First record of the muzzled blenny (Osteichthyes: Blenniidae: Omobranchus punctatus) from the Mediterranean, with remarks on ship-mediated fish introduction
Authors: Golani Daniel
Published: October 2004

The muzzled blenny Omobanchus punctatus is recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, collected among fouling organisms covering the frame of aquaculture cages at the entrance to the port of Ashdod, Israel. Its presence there is most likely due to accidental introduction attributed to ship-mediated transfer.
Pagrus pagrus or Pagellus erythrinus larvae?
Authors: Klimogianni A. , Kaspiris P.
Published: October 2004

A preliminary ontogenetic series of common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) larvae is presented showing that larvae of this species possess an occipital crest from 4 to 16 mm total length. Such a trait has been described as a diagnostic character of the larvae of another sparid fish, namely Pagrus pagrus, and has been erroneously considered as being absent in all other Sparidae species. This caused confusion and erratic identifications of the two species of larvae in Mediterranean ichthyoplankton investigations.
Strandings and feeding records of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) in south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Siciliano Salvatore , de Oliveira Santos Marcos César , Vicente André F.C. , Alvarenga Fernando S. , Zampirolli Émerson , Brito José Laílson , Azevedo Alexandre F. , Pizzorno José Luis A.
Published: October 2004

Information on Balaenoptera edeni strandings along the Brazilian south-east coast and feeding associations with other marine vertebrates are reported. A total of 19 strandings were observed from 1972 to 2003 along ≈1200 km of coast. Strandings were evenly distributed among seasons with no distinguishable peaks. Besides the stranding data, opportunistic observations on Bryde's whales engaged in feeding activities were reported from nine cruises along São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro State coasts (22–24°S). Bryde's whales were observed preying on Brazilian sardines (Sardinella brasiliensis) in at least three events, and possibly two others. Associations with other marine vertebrates were observed, and included dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus), little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus), unidentified sharks, terns (Sterna hirundinacea, Sterna spp.), brown boobies (Sula leucogaster), frigate birds (Fregata magnificens), parasitic jaeger (Stercorarius cf. parasiticus), albatrosses (Thalassarche spp.), and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Stranding data and on-board observations support the hypothesis that Bryde's whales are common in coastal waters of south-eastern Brazil.
On the occurrence of the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the northern Adriatic
Authors: Lipej Lovrenc , Dulčić Jakov , Kryštufek Boris
Published: October 2004

Twenty-three observations of 26 fin whales Balaenoptera physalus are documented for the northern Adriatic. Records were more common along the eastern coast and have increased over the last decades. The latter coincides with the increased presence of other planktivorous vertebrates (humpback whale, basking shark) and possibly follow changes in the zooplankton abundance.
Thriving populations of the native macroalga Codium tomentosum on Guernsey rocky shores
Authors: Trowbridge C.D. , Farnham W.F. , White L.F.
Published: October 2004

Since the incursions of the introduced green macroalgae Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides and ssp. atlanticum on European shores, the abundance and distribution of the native congeners C. tomentosum and C. vermilara have come under closer scrutiny. Hypotheses regarding the reported declines in the native(s) are largely speculative due to the paucity of quantitative information on the natives, the cryptic nature of the invaders and the unknown processes regulating Codium assemblages. As part of a field-based Codium study on north-eastern Atlantic shores, our surveys on Guernsey shores, Channel Islands, in September 2002 have revealed two unexpected and noteworthy results: (1) thriving populations of C. tomentosum are quite abundant on mid to low littoral shores; and (2) in marked contrast, sparse populations of C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides are restricted primarily to upper mid-littoral rock pools. Native Codium has not been displaced or eliminated from the southern end of the British Isles.
Highway or country road: algal recruitment with distance from an island reef
Authors: Goldberg Nisse , Kendrick Gary , Heine John
Published: October 2004

Subtidal macroalgal assemblages differed among islands within the Recherche Archipelago, Western Australia, with respect to species biomass. To investigate whether macroalgal populations were maintained locally, settlement plates were moored in 10 to 15 m depths at a reef sampled for macroalgal diversity, and 20, 50, 100, and 500 m away from the reef. Plates were retrieved after eight months and assemblage differences were compared with distance from the sampled reef. Macroalgal richness decreased with distance from an island assemblage and molluscan richness increased. At 500 m away, the number of algal recruits was negligible and the number of bivalves was relatively high.
Morpho-chronological variations and primary production in Posidonia sea grass from Western Australia
Authors: Pergent Gérard , Pergent-Martini Christine , Fernandez Catherine , Pasqualini Vanina , Walker Diana
Published: October 2004

The occurrence of morpho-chronological variations was demonstrated in three Australian species of phanerogams, Posidonia australis, Posidonia coriacea and Posidonia sinuosa, which are found living around Rottnest Island (Western Australia). Three chronological parameters were identified: the thickness of dead sheaths, the internodal distance and the regular presence of floral stalk remains. The foliar primary production for these three species, as estimated using the lepidochronology method, is very high since values of 1374, 1811 and 678 mg dw shoot−1 y−1 were recorded, respectively. Rhizome production values range from 70·6 and 376·7 mg dw shoot−1 y−1 for Posidonia coriacea and Posidonia australis respectively. The results obtained are very encouraging and confirm that these morpho-chronological variations are particularly well developed for the genus Posidonia.
Distance effects on short-term recolonization of Sargassum stenophyllum by mobile epifauna, with an analysis of gammarid life habits
Authors: Tanaka Marcel O. , Leite Fosca P.P.
Published: October 2004

We evaluated experimentally whether distance between patches of the brown alga Sargassum stenophyllum relative to the source of colonizers influenced colonization patterns by (1) mobile epifauna and (2) gammarid amphipods with distinct life habits. Amphipods were the dominant group, commonly dispersing to patches up to 8 m distant from the algal bed, with low densities of other faunal groups. Assemblage structure of both faunal groups and gammarid amphipods on defaunated algae generally converged to that of controls during the experiments in less than eight days. Gammarid amphipods were dominated by tube-dwellers, but free-living nestlers also colonized the available substrate, and both reached control densities during the study. The same pattern was observed for representative species within each group. Colonization rates were related to faunal densities on the algal bed for most groups, suggesting that mobile organisms disperse more to new habitat patches in high density conditions. Thus, species with direct development can rapidly establish new aggregations at favourable sites, and contribute to small-scale heterogeneity in faunal distribution.
Decline of butyltin levels in Caprella spp. (Crustacea: Amphipoda) inhabiting the Sargassum community in Otsuchi Bay, Japan from 1994 to 2001
Authors: Takeuchi Ichiro , Takahashi Shin , Tanabe Shinsuke
Published: October 2004

Caprella spp. (Crustacea: Amphipoda) inhabiting the Sargassum algal community in Otsuchi Bay near unpopulated areas of northern Japan, were collected from 1994 to 2001 and subjected to analysis of butyltin (BT) concentrations. The period from 1994 to 2001 corresponds to four to 11 years after legislation limiting the use of tributyltin (TBT) on small boats and aquaculture facilities was passed in Japan. Butyltin compounds including TBT, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) were detected in all samples of Caprella spp., although the three BTs were not detected in seawater samples collected from the same area between 1997 and 1999. The concentration of total BTs (BTs=MBT+DBT+TBT) in Caprella spp. significantly decreased from 84 ng BTs/g wet wt in 1994 to 7·4 ng/g wet wt in 2001. The concentrations of BTs in Caprella spp., which have a high bioconcentration factor for TBT, are thought to reflect the average concentrations of BTs in the surrounding seawater in the previous few months. The half-life of BTs and TBT in Caprella spp. was 2·38 years and 2·07 years, respectively, which are less than half of that of TBT in seawater based on the national survey of The Ministry of the Environment, Japan. Illegal usage of TBT near the studied area may have decreased due to monitoring of BTs.
Identification and taxonomy of soft-bodied hexacorals exemplified by Chilean sea anemones; including guidelines for sampling, preservation and examination
Authors: Häussermann Verena
Published: October 2004

The identification of most soft-bodied hexacorals requires morphological and histological examinations of preserved specimens and experience for correct interpretation of the observed features. Poorly preserved or damaged material resulting from improper sampling complicates identification. In many cases the characteristics of the preserved specimens alone do not lead to satisfying results. Living specimens, however, exhibit numerous characteristics which would often allow identification, even in the field. However, most of these characteristics get lost during preservation. Modern techniques and advances in sampling methods allow the acquisition and preservation of a lot of information on the living animal and its habitat.

Using Chilean sea anemone species, it is demonstrated how the work with specimens in situ and in vivo can help with identification and reveal important morphological–taxonomical, biological, and ecological information. Whenever possible, this information should be part of species descriptions and should be used to create detailed, reliable, tabular identification keys for the laboratory and field. The examples illustrate the urgent need for modern, comparable re-descriptions. In most parts the protocol also applies to other soft-bodied hexacorals.
Distichopora robusta sp. nov., the first shallow-water stylasterid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from the tropical eastern Pacific
Authors: Lindner Alberto , Cairns Stephen D. , Guzman Hector M.
Published: October 2004

Distichopora robusta, the first shallow-water stylasterid coral from the tropical eastern Pacific, is described from the west coast of Panama. The new species is distinguished from all species of Distichopora described thus far by having robust branches and poorly defined pore rows.
Assessment of monophyly and taxon affinities within the polychaete clade Terebelliformia (Terebellida)
Authors: Glasby Christopher J. , Hutchings Patricia A. , Hall Kathryn
Published: October 2004

A phylogenetic analysis of the polychaete clade Terebelliformia (Terebellida) was undertaken in order to test monophyly of families and subfamilies and to determine their affinities. Parsimony analyses of 41 terebelliform species with outgroup Owenia fusiformis and 46 morphological characters yielded 106–144 most parsimonious trees with length 250, consistency index=0·432, retention index=0·659 and rescaled consistency index=0·285. Monophyly was indicated for Alvinellidae, Ampharetidae, Terebellidae and Trichobranchidae and the terebellid subfamily Polycirrinae. Monophyly of Terebellidae is supported by the presence of a ridge-like tentacular membrane. Monophyly of Polycirrinae is supported by the loss of branchiae, trilobed upper lip, pinnate secondary notochaetae and ventro-lateral pads. Recognition of Polycirrinae renders taxa in the other terebellid subfamilies—Terebellinae and Thelepodinae—paraphyletic. Our results do not support previous classifications that placed Trichobranchidae as a subfamily of Terebellidae; rather it should be considered equal in rank with Alvinellidae, Ampharetidae, Terebellidae and Pectinariidae. The following relationships were obtained: (Trichobranchidae ((Alvinellidae, Ampharetidae) (Pectinariidae, Terebellidae))). This is the first time a Pectinariidae–Terebellidae sister group relationship has been found; it is supported by the synapomorphic presence of ventral glandular shields.
Morphological variation in Nereis (Neanthes) virens (Polychaeta: Nereididae) populations
Authors: Breton Sophie , Dufresne France , Desrosiers Gaston , Blier Pierre
Published: October 2004

The intraspecific variation in the number and distribution of paragnaths in ten populations of Nereis (Neanthes) virens collected throughout its range was examined. Significant differences among populations are found in the total number of paragnaths and in each paragnath group. The unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages cluster analysis revealed three distinct clusters separating Canadian populations, Europe/USA populations and the Japanese population, suggesting the implication of either restricted gene flow, selection on paragnath patterns or phenotypic plasticity. Comparison with a previous genetic study suggests that morphological variants represent ecotypes of the single, widely distributed N. virens species.
First record of the alien caprellid amphipod, Caprella mutica, for the UK
Authors: Willis K.J. , Cook E.J. , Lozano-Fernandez M. , Takeuchi I.
Published: October 2004

A large caprellid amphipod recently discovered at a salmon farm in the Lynne of Lorne near Oban, Scotland, has been identified as Caprella mutica, a species indigenous to north-east Asia. The caprellid population appears to have become established in the last four years at the site with a high abundance of animals occurring year round on the farm nets, mooring ropes and on artificial experimental structures located <10 m from the fish farm. This paper briefly describes C. mutica found in Scotland. Application of Chapman & Carlton's criteria for determining introduced species suggests that C. mutica is non-indigenous to the area.
First records of the oriental prawn Palaemon macrodactylus (Decapoda: Caridea), an alien species in European waters, with a revised key to British Palaemonidae
Authors: Ashelby Christopher W. , Worsfold Tim M. , Fransen Charles H.J.M.
Published: October 2004

This paper details the first recorded instance of the prawn Palaemon macrodactylus in Europe, at the Orwell estuary, Suffolk. The species is native to north-east Asia, including Japan and Korea, and has previously been introduced to other areas outside its natural range. Records of the abundance of caridean species, obtained from routine benthic trawl samples in the Stour and Orwell estuaries, provide a summary of P. macrodactylus' habitat preference in reduced-salinity waters. Consistent catches and records of ovigerous females provide evidence for the stability of the Orwell population. A revised key to British Palaemonidae is also provided.
First record of the alien gastropod Melibe fimbriata (Opistobranchia: Tethyidae) in the Taranto seas (Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Carriglio Danilo , Fanelli Giovanni , Rubino Fernando
Published: October 2004

The first occurrence of the alien gastropod Melibe fimbriata in the Taranto marine coastal area is reported. This mollusc was observed on muddy bottoms covered with dense algal beds mainly composed of Chaetomorpha linum, Gracilaria spp. and the invasive chlorophyta Caulerpa racemosa. Occasionally, M. fimbriata specimens were found in proximity to mussel farms. Most specimens of M. fimbriata were observed during diurnal foraging activity and associated with anaspideans species, like native Aplysia depilans and the lessepsian immigrant Bursatella leachii. Melibe fimbriata can be considered a definitively resident species in the opistobranch fauna of the Taranto seas.
Mitochondrial DNA sequence evidence supporting the recognition of a new North Atlantic Pseudostichopus species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)
Authors: Solís-Marín Francisco A. , Billett David S.M. , Preston Joanne , Rogers Alex D.
Published: October 2004

A new species of the synallactid sea cucumber genus Pseudostichopus is described, P. aemulatus sp. nov., based on genetic (DNA sequences of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase I [COI] gene) and morphological characters. A comparative molecular study with two other species of the same genus (P. villosus and P. mollis) and from a different family (Isostichopus fuscus) was carried out in order to clarify its taxonomic identity. The nucleotide distance between P. aemulatus sp. nov. and P. villosus and P. mollis is sufficient to support distinct species status. The estimated difference in the number of amino acids, coded for by a partially sequenced COI gene, within the species of the family Synallactidae ranged from 4 to 18. The phylogenetic analysis clearly supports separate species status of these sympatric morphotypes, as indicated by the morphological analysis.
First record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Pisces: Carcharhinidae) from the southern Tyrrhenian Sea
Authors: Consoli P. , Romeo T. , Florio G. , Perdichizzi F. , Greco S. , Vacchi M. , Rinelli P.
Published: October 2004

One juvenile specimen of the sandbar shark Carcharhinus plumbeus was recorded for the first time from the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. The specimen has been collected in an area of the Sicilian coast where trawling is banned except for scientific purposes. Morphometrics and meristics data are given.
First records of the subtropical fish Megalops atlanticus (Osteichthyes: Megalopidae) in the Cantabrian Sea, northern Spain
Authors: Arronte J.C. , Pis-Millán J.A. , Fernández M.P. , García L.
Published: October 2004

Meristic and morphometric data of a specimen of tarpon Megalops atlanticus caught off the Asturias coast, northern Spain, are reported. This is the first record of this species in Spanish waters.
First records of Hippocampus fuscus and Syngnathus rostellatus (Osteichthyes: Syngnathidae) from the Anatolian coast (Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Gokoglu Mehmet , Bodur Turker , Kaya Yasemin
Published: October 2004

Two new species belonging to Syngnatidae were newly recorded in the Gulf of Antalya, Turkish Mediterranean. These are reported for the first time from the Turkish Mediterranean (Anatolian coast) and for the second time the Mediterranean. These species are Hippocampus fuscus, immigrant from the Red Sea, and Syngnathus rostellatus, immigrant from the Atlantic Ocean.
Three sightings of Mesoplodon species in the Bay of Biscay: first confirmed True's beaked whales (M. mirus) for the north-east Atlantic?
Authors: Weir Caroline R. , Stokes Jonathan , Martin Clive , Cermeño Pablo
Published: October 2004

Three sightings of Mesoplodon beaked whales are reported from the Bay of Biscay, north-east Atlantic. All sightings comprised one or two animals, breaching repeatedly in proximity to the survey vessel, and occurred at between 2200 and 4100 m water depth. Descriptive and photographic data are compared with published accounts of Mesoplodon species in the north-east Atlantic, and the identification of the animals as True's beaked whale (Mesoplodon mirus) concurs with all observed features. Within the north-east Atlantic, True's beaked whale is the only Mesoplodon species that could produce the single, closely-spaced parallel-paired scar observed on one animal. Our observations are consistent with the first live sightings of True's beaked whale in the Bay of Biscay, and only the second documented record worldwide.
Sinews of Panic and the Nerves of Empire: the Imagined State's Entanglement with Information Panic, India c.1880–1912
Authors: CHOUDHURY D. K. LAHIRI
Published: October 2004

This is a narrative of events and panics in India in 1907: the fiftieth anniversary of 1857. After the East India Company's political ascendancy in 1757, the uprisings and insurrections of 1857 shook the very foundations of British rule in India. In the summer of 1907, several different strands of protest came together: the nearly all-India telegraph strike was barely over when a revolutionary terrorist network was unearthed, bringing the simmering political cauldron to the boil. The burgeoning swadeshi and boycott movement splintered, partly through the experience of Government repression, into political extremism within the Indian National Congress and revolutionary terrorism via secret societies. The growing radicalism within nationalist politics culminated in the split of the Congress at the meeting at Surat in 1907. Through this process the Indian National Congress changed from its constitutional and elite politics of reform into a more popular and mass-oriented organization. Though much has been written about this period of Indian politics, this paper delineates the larger international technological and informational entanglement through a case study of India, and in particular, Bengal.
Britain and Brunei, 1945–1963: Imperial Retreat and Royal Ascendancy
Authors: STOCKWELL A. J.
Published: October 2004

An organizing principle of Britain's pre-war empire was collaboration with indigenous monarchies. Secure on their thrones, they legitimated British rule as well as assisting it in practical ways. While friendly princes were assets, however, uncooperative ones could be liabilities; they might obstruct attempts to exploit their resources or to modernize their governments. After the Second World War, British priorities and strategies changed. With their backs to the wall they switched from supporting princes to accommodating politicians. There was no obvious role for them in new nation-states and in many dependencies indigenous monarchies were swept aside by the onrush of nationalism. Yet in Malaya and Brunei they survived: the rulers of the peninsular Malay states did so by adjusting to political change, whereas the Sultan of Brunei flourished by preventing it.
Political Monks: The Militant Buddhist Movement during the Vietnam War
Authors: MOYAR MARK
Published: October 2004

From November 1963 to July 1965, the militant Buddhist movement was the primary cause of political instability in South Vietnam. While the militant Buddhists maintained that they represented the Buddhist masses and were fighting merely for religious freedom, they actually constituted a small and unrepresentative minority that was attempting to gain political dominance. Relying extensively on Byzantine intrigue and mob violence to manipulate the government, the militant Buddhists practiced a form of political activism that was inconsistent with traditional Vietnamese Buddhism. The evidence also suggests that some of the militant Buddhist leaders were agents of the Vietnamese Communists.
Sanjhi: ‘Rang Sey Roshni’ From Colour to Light
Authors: GHOSE RUCHIRA
Published: October 2004

Along the river Jamuna in North India are two, virtually contiguous, towns—Mathura and Vrindavan—which are important centres of Hindu pilgrimage. The region around and containing these two towns, known traditionally as Vraja or Vrajabhoomi, is the legendary place of the god Krishna.
Der Topos der Prophetenverfolgung bei Paulus
Authors: HOPPE RUDOLF
Published: October 2004

Dem vieldiskutierten Problem des Verhältnisses von 1 Thess 2.15f. und Röm 11 wird hier unter dem Aspekt der Funktion des Topos vom verfolgten Propheten nachgegangen. Es zeigt sich, dass Paulus in den je verschiedenen konkreten Fragestellungen von 1 Thess 2.13–16 und Röm 11.1–10 das Motiv vom verfolgten Propheten einsetzt, um die Durchsetzungsfähigkeit des Evangeliums aufzuweisen. Die vermeintlichen Gegensätze zwischen 1 Thess 2.13–16 und Röm 11 sind dahingehend einander zuzuordnen, dass es Paulus sowohl im 1 Thess als auch im Röm primär um die Wirkmächtigkeit des Evangeliums geht, die die Behinderung der Rettung der Heiden überwindet (1 Thess) und Israel letztlich der Rettung zuführt (Röm 11).
Wilderness Apostasy and Paul's Portrayal of the Crisis in Galatians
Authors: WILSON TODD A.
Published: October 2004

J. Louis Martyn has identified perhaps the central question of Galatians: what time is it? This essay sheds fresh light on that question, however, by asking a corollary one: where are the Galatians? For Paul, it is argued, the Galatians are in the wilderness, somewhere between an Exodus-like redemption and the inheritance of the ‘kingdom of God’ (5.21). Paul utilises this narrative location as part of his rhetorical strategy to redress a developing crisis within his churches. The Galatians are on the verge of a wilderness apostasy, hence Paul colours his rebukes and warnings with language that evokes Israel's own tragic wilderness failings.
New Testament Studies: 2004-: Editor's Perspective
Authors: LIEU JUDITH M.
Published: October 2004

The editor of New Testament Studies is usually more than content to hide behind the impersonality of the role, protected by the corporate responsibility, if not identity, of the editorial board. For this, the 50th volume, however, an editorial postscript has been suggested, to balance the retrospective given by Professor C. K. Barrett at its start – although this is not designed to inspire more extensive searches for chiasms within the volume. It would take a braver, or more foolhardy, person than I, though, to label this a prospective, while it is, I must emphasise, written from a personal perspective and not as a signal of agreed editorial policy.
Correlation of structural development and differential expression of invasion-related molecules in schizonts ofPlasmodium falciparum
Authors: MARGOS G. , BANNISTER L. H. , DLUZEWSKI A. R. , HOPKINS J. , WILLIAMS I. T. , MITCHELL G. H.
Published: October 2004

During asexual developmentPlasmodiumschizonts undergo a series of complex biochemical and structural changes. Using tightly synchronized cultures of 2P. falciparumlines (clone C10 and strain ITO4) for light microscopy and fluorescence imaging we monitored the timing and sequence of expression of proteins associated with invasion-related organelles. Antibodies to rhoptry, micronemal and dense granule proteins (Rhoptry Associated Protein 1, Apical Membrane Antigen 1, Erythrocyte Binding Antigen 175, Ring-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen) and to pellicle-associated proteins (Merozoite Surface Protein 1, PfMyosin-A) were used. Clone C10 developed faster than ITO4; this difference was also found in the timing of protein expression seen by immunofluorescence. Light microscopic data were combined with transmission electron microscopic analysis using serial sectioning of ITO4 schizonts to determine nuclear number and organellar development. Thus a timetable of schizont structural maturation was established. Generally, the timing of organelle-specific antigen expression correlates well with the ultrastructural data. Rhoptries are formed mainly between second and fourth nuclear divisions, micronemes between the end of the fourth nuclear division and merozoite separation from the residual body, while dense granules are generated mainly after the micronemes. PfAMA-1 appears in micronemes before EBA-175, suggesting micronemal heterogeneity.
Characterization of excretory–secretory products from protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus and evaluation of their potential for immunodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis
Authors: CARMENA D. , MARTÍNEZ J. , BENITO A. , GUISANTES J. A.
Published: October 2004

This study describes, for the first time, the characterization of excretory–secretory antigens (ES-Ag) from Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces, evaluating their usefulness in the immunodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis. ES-Ag were obtained from the first 50 h maintenance of protoscoleces in vitro. This preparation contained over 20 major protein components which could be distinguished by 1-dimensional SDS–PAGE with apparent masses between 9 and 300 kDa. The culture of of protoscoleces from liver produced a greater variety of excretory–secretory protein components than those from lung. Determination of enzymatic activities of secreted proteins revealed the presence of phosphatases, lipases and glucosidases, but no proteases. These findings were compared to those obtained from somatic extracts of protoscoleces and hydatid cyst fluid products. Immunochemical characterization was performed by immunoblotting with sera from individuals infected by cystic echinococcosis (n=15), non-hydatidic parasitoses (n=19), various liver diseases (n=24), lung neoplasia (n=16), and healthy donors (n=18). Antigens with apparent masses of 89, 74, 47/50, 32, and 20 kDa showed specificity for immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis. The 89 and 74 kDa components corresponded to antigens not yet described in E. granulosus, whereas proteins of 41–43 kDa and 91–95 kDa were recognized by the majority of the non-hydatid sera studied.
Macrophages in the development of protective immunity against experimentalBrugia malayiinfection
Authors: GUPTA R. , BAJPAI P. , TRIPATHI L. M. , SRIVASTAVA V. M. L. , JAIN S. K. , MISRA-BHATTACHARYA S.
Published: October 2004

The present report compares the macrophage function in rodent hosts susceptible and resistant to the human lymphatic filariidBrugia malayi. Macrophages from both mastomys (resistant) and gerbil (susceptible) infected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the infective larvae (L3) ofB. malayiwere isolated from peritoneal lavage at different time-intervals and formation rate of NO, H2O2, O2−, TNF-α, glutathione peroxidase and reductase was assayed. NO release was found to be significantly increased in resistant mastomys as compared to gerbils and the release was markedly suppressed by i.p. administration of the NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG). The AG-treated mastomys also demonstrated significantly greater establishment of larvae which correlated well with suppressed formation of NO. Nitric oxide synergizes with superoxide to form peroxynitrite radical (potent oxidant), which is known to be more toxicper sethan NO. Results indicate the possible involvement of peroxynitrite in the rapid killing of larvae in the peritoneal cavity of mastomys. In contrast, the production of H2O2was found to be enhanced in both species indicating thatB. malayiL3could withstand the toxic effects of H2O2. The higher level of glutathione peroxidase and reductase, as observed in mastomys compared with the gerbil after larval introduction, possibly protects the cell against the injurious effect of H2O2. The TNF-α level remained virtually unchanged in both the hosts, suggesting an insignificant role for this cytokine in parasite establishment.
The effect of colostrum on pigs pre-natally or post-natally exposed toSchistosoma japonicum
Authors: TECHAU M. E. , JOHANSEN M. V. , LIND P. , ORNBJERG N.
Published: October 2004

Pre-natal infection ofSchistosoma japonicumin pigs may prove to be a useful model in shedding light on human pre-natal schistosomiasis. This study describes the effects of immune colostrum on worm burdens, tissue egg counts, liver pathology and crude worm or egg antigen-specific IgG and IgA responses, in groups of pigs pre-natally, pre-natally+post-natally or post-natally exposed toS. japonicum. Results suggest that pre-natal exposure and immune colostrum did not affect the establishment of a post-natal challenge infection. However, immune colostrum seemed to increase the levels of septal fibrosis in pre-natally exposed pigs. These findings indicate that further investigations will prove valuable, elucidating the influence of the parasitological and immunological status of the sow, on pre-natally exposed pigs, and on the ability of these pigs to develop resistance againstS. japonicumlater in life.
The relationship between IgA activity against 4th-stage larvae and density-dependent effects on the number of 4th-stage larvae ofTeladorsagia circumcinctain naturally infected sheep
Authors: STEAR M. J. , BAIRDEN K. , INNOCENT G. T. , MITCHELL S. , STRAIN S. , BISHOP S. C.
Published: October 2004

The number ofTeladorsagia circumcincta4th-stage larvae in naturally infected lambs from a single farm varied among lambs and among different years. Within each year the distribution of 4th-stage larvae among lambs was similar to that expected from a negative binomial distribution. The ratio of 4th-stage larvae to adultT. circumcinctawas low in two years with a low mean intensity of infection but high in two years with a higher mean intensity of infection. The negative binomial distribution is defined by the mean and byk, a parameter that measures dispersion;kwas low when mean infection intensity was low but higher when mean infection intensity was high. Askis an inverse index of overdispersion this indicated that the distribution of 4th-stage larvae was more overdispersed at low levels of infection. In a combined analysis, the number of adultT. circumcinctaand the plasma IgA activity against 4th-stage larvae were both associated with increased numbers of 4th-stage larvae. There was a statistical interaction between the number of adults and IgA activity that moderated their combined effect.
Dynamics of chemical mimicry in the social parasite waspPolistes semenowi(Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: LORENZI M. C. , CERVO R. , ZACCHI F. , TURILLAZZI S. , BAGNÈRES A.-G.
Published: October 2004

Chemical cues are so important in the recognition mechanism of social insects that most social parasites (which rely on hosts to rear their brood) have been documented as overcoming the mechanism by which colony residents recognize non-nestmates, by mimicking the odour of the usurped colony. We simulated in the laboratory the process by which the obligate social parasite,Polistes semenowi, invades nests of the host species,Polistes dominulus, in the field and analysed the epicuticular lipid layer before and after host nest usurpation. The experiment documents thatP. semenowisocial parasites have an epicuticular hydrocarbon pattern which is very similar to that of their host but, after entering host colonies, parasites mimic the odour of the colonies they invade, to the point that they perfectly match the hydrocarbon profile peculiar to the colony they entered. However, both before and after host nest invasion, parasites show a tendency to possess diluted recognition cues with respect to their hosts.
Biology of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) eyeworms in naturally infected definitive hosts
Authors: OTRANTO D. , LIA R. P. , BUONO V. , TRAVERSA D. , GIANGASPERO A.
Published: October 2004

Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) eyeworm causes ocular infection in carnivores and humans in the Far East; this infection has been recently reported also in Europe – northern and southern Italy – in dogs, cats and foxes. The natural vector/s of T. callipaeda is/are unknown and the development of the nematode in its definitive hosts is limited to an experimental trial on dogs. To contribute new insights into the development of T. callipaeda in the definitive host in field conditions, eyeworms were collected from naturally infected dogs from an area with a high prevalence of infection (up to 60·14%) in the Basilicata region of southern Italy, from January 2002 to December 2003. Conjunctival secretions were also collected and examined for the presence of immature stages. The presence of blastomerized eggs throughout the period – except for the months from May to November – indicates a seasonality in the reproductive activity of T. callipaeda, coinciding with the presence/absence of the vector. In fact, 1st-stage larvae were found in the lachrymal secretions of dogs in summer (June–July 2002 and 2003), ready to be ingested by flies feeding about the eyes. The evidence of 4th-stage larvae in March 2002 and April, July and October 2003 may be accounted for by the presence of flies that act as intermediate hosts of T. callipaeda from early spring to early autumn. The presence of immature stages in October indicates an overlapping generation of nematodes and a 2nd cycle of vector infection. This basic knowledge of the development of T. callipaeda will hopefully help future epidemiological studies to identify the intermediate hosts and define the likely risk for vectors in field conditions.
Stage-specific alternative splicing of the heat-shock transcription factor during the life-cycle of Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: RAM D. , ZIV E. , LANTNER F. , LARDANS V. , SCHECHTER I.
Published: October 2004

Stage-specific alternative splicing of the heat-shock transcription factor of Schistosoma mansoni (SmHSF) generates isoforms with structural diversity that may modulate the activity of SmHSF at different life-stages, and thus may regulate the expression of different genes at different developmental stages. RT-PCR, cloning and DNA-sequence analyses showed stage-specific alternative splicing inside the DNA-binding domain (DBD) involving introns I1 and I2, and beyond the DBD involving introns I4a and I7. Retention of introns I2 and I4a would inactivate SmHSF since they contain termination codons. Retention of intron I1 would add 11 amino acids inside the DBD and may change the DNA-binding specificity of SmHSF; intron I7 would add 13 amino acids to the effector region of HSF. Retention of introns was more pronounced in cercariae (larval stage living in water) than in adult worms (parasitic form in mammals). The isoforms were expressed in bacteria, but functional evaluation was not feasible, because only the isoform lacking introns was soluble while isoforms with introns were insoluble. However, stage-specific alternative splicing that changed HSF function in vivo was evidenced in intact cercariae. The cercarial SmHSF mRNA was enriched with introns I2 and I4a that contain termination codons. Therefore, translation of the SmHSF mRNA was impaired, and the SmHSF protein was undetectable. Consequently, the HSP70 gene could not be transcribed, and the HSP70 mRNA was missing. Alternative splicing was observed for short DNA segments (33–45 bp) bound by splice signals, located in the coding region. These are not bona fida exons since they are not flanked by introns. Yet, they are not regular introns since they are often found in mature mRNA. Alternative splicing of these DNA segments caused structural diversity that could modulate the function of the gene product.
Immunization with cytoplasmic repetitive antigen and flagellar repetitive antigen ofTrypanosoma cruzistimulates a cellular immune response in mice
Authors: PEREIRA V. R. A. , LORENA V. M. B. , GALVAO DA SILVA A. P. , COUTINHO E. M. , SILVA E. D. , FERREIRA A. G. P. , MIRANDA P. , KRIEGER M. A. , GOLDENBERG S. , SOARES M. B. P. , CORREA-OLIVEIRA R. , GOMES Y. M.
Published: October 2004

In previous studies, we demonstrated that CRA and FRA recombinant proteins, used for diagnosis of Chagas' disease, elicited a humoral immune response in susceptible and resistant mice. To understand better the immune response to these proteins, we have evaluated, the cellular immune response in CRA- and in FRA-immunized BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. A specific cellular lymphoproliferative response was observed in both strains of mice. Spleen cell cultures mainly from CRA-immunized C57BL/6 and FRA-immunized BALB/c mice produced high levels of IFN-γ, indicating the induction of a Type 1 immune response. Regarding the T cell subsets, CD4+T cells were the major source of IFN-γ in CRA- and FRA-immunized mice. These results suggest that CRA and FRA are important immunogens in inducing a Type 1 immune response and that they may be considered as potential vaccine antigens.
CORRIGENDUM “Questing height of nymphs of the bush tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, and its closely related species, H. mageshimaensis: correlation with body size of the host”
Authors: TSUNODA T. , TATSUZAWA S.
Published: October 2004

Published in Parasitology (2004), 128, 503–509.