bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simple design to estimate time-lapse microgravity response due to shallow subsurface density redistribution caused by land subsidence
Authors: Wahyudi E J , Hafidza M H , Tahta M A
Published: November 2021

A simple design for modeling shallow subsurface density redistribution due to land subsidence is designed to obtain the time-lapse microgravity response. The subsurface model at each point of gravity observation is represented by a rectangular prism. A numerical example of computational modeling is performed to estimate the effect of land subsidence to the data of a time-lapse microgravity. Simple numerical simulations with an initial model that have flat topography, homogeneous density, and homogeneous compaction thickness are carried out in variations of geological and hydrological information that are often found in a study area. Additional algorithms to accommodate information on topographic variations, density variations, and compaction thickness variations in the horizontal direction also shown with illustration. Field data application for this study utilize rough estimation of the geology and the land subsidence rate in Bandung Basin. The estimation results with numerical simulations give time-lapse microgravity anomaly 0.78 to 28.61 μGal/m and field data application give an anomaly up to 10 μGal.
Kutei Basin oil bearing sand reservoirs mapping using integrated seismic methods
Authors: Easwara I M , Ambarsari D S , Sukmono S , Winardhi S , Septama E , Wardaya P D , Rossa V I , Murdianto B S , Raguwanti R
Published: November 2021

The Lower Kutei Basin which contains several giant oil and gas fields is located on the East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This paper discusses the identification and mapping of oil-filled reservoirs and their depositional facies by integrating seismic stratigraphy, attributes, and AI (Acoustic Impedance) inversion methods. The log data cross-plots show that AI can be used to distinguish oil-sands from wet sands and shale, and to derive the total porosity of the sands. However, AI and amplitude values are greatly affected by the oil, porosity and tuning effects, hence they cannot be used to identify the facies containing the oil-bearing sands. Therefore, to map the facies containing the oil-filled sands, the AI map is combined with the variance and sweetness maps. It can be seen clearly from the variance and sweetness maps that the oil-sands suggested by the AI map are contained in a narrow and elongate meander-like geometry which is typical of channel facies. The variance and sweetness maps suggest that there are two channels in the study area. To determine which channel is thicker, spectral decomposition RGB map was made. The result suggests that the right channel is more prospective as it associates with thicker sand deposits. The combination of variance, sweetness and RGB maps strongly indicate that the channels in the study area are in upper-slope environment, and the thicker oil-sands are located in the eastward of the study area.
Source reconstruction of the 1969 Majene, Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami: A preliminary study
Authors: Pranantyo I.R. , Cipta A. , Shiddiqi H.A. , Heidarzadeh M.
Published: November 2021

We studied the February 23rd, 1969 M7.0 Majene, Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami. It was followed by tsunami reported at five locations. At least 64 people were killed and severe damage on infrastructures were reported in Majene region. Based on damage data, we estimated that the maximum intensity of the earthquake was MMI VIII. Focal mechanisms, derived using first motion polarity analysis, indicated that the earthquake had a thrust mechanism. Furthermore, we built hypothetical earthquake scenarios based on a rectangular fault plane of 40 km × 20 km with a homogeneous slip model of 1.5 m. We run the Open Quake and the JAGURS code to validate the macroseismic and tsunami observation data, respectively. Our best-fitted earthquake model generates maximum intensity of 8+ which is in line with the reported macroseismic data. However, the maximum simulated tsunami height from all scenario earthquakes is 2.25 m which is smaller than the 4 m tsunami height observed at Pelattoang. The possibility of contribution of another mechanism to tsunami generation requires further investigation.
Initial Result of P Wave Tomography Model in Sunda-Banda Arc Transition using FMTOMO
Authors: Brilianti P T , Haolia  , Sulaiman M I , Angkasa S S , Widyanti S , Herawati I , Suhardja S K , Nugraha A D , Zulfakriza Z , Widiyantoro S , Ramdhan M
Published: November 2021

Our study area is located near island Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, West Timor, Indonesia and East Timor, popularly known as Sunda-Banda arc transition zone. The tectonic setting is mainly controlled by the movement of the oceanic lithosphere Indo-Australian plate subducting the Eurasian plate and Northward migration of Australian continental lithosphere into western Banda-arc in the region of Flores, Sumba and Timor island. We tried to image velocity structure beneath these regions using regional events and tomography inversion model. We collected 5 years of regional events from the Indonesian Agency of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics. In total, we reserved 3186 events recorded on 29 stations. For data processing, we used fast marching method as ray tracing between sources and receiver. We then employed subspace inversion as the tomography procedure to estimate the best velocity model representing the tectonic model in the region. Hypocenter data distribution is concentrated on shallow parts of the region and along the Benioff zone down to a maximum depth of 400 km. One of challenge of this study is that although events are abundance, the stations used are mostly located onshore and does not extend in the south-north direction that leads us to under determined problem in the inversion process. However, checker-board models show most our target area can be retrieved to its initial model with sign of smearing effects shown start from a depth of 50 km. After six iteration and optimized selection of damping and smoothing parameters, we observed low velocity anomaly under Bali, Lombok, Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara at shallow depth that may be related with volcanic activity. Deeper low anomaly can also be seen that may be related with partial melting process. A band of fast velocity is clearly seen that goes deepen to the north depicting subducting slabs own to a depth of 300 km. We also observed a possible of fast velocity in the northern part of our stations at shallow depth that we believe may represent the back arc thrust.
Comparison of P-Wave Tomography Model in Sunda-Banda Arc by Using Data from BMKG and ISC
Authors: Brilianti P T , Haq M S , Haolia  , Sulaiman M I , Nugroho R P , Oka A S B , Pranowo W , Suhardja S K , Nugraha A D , Zulfakriza Z , Widiyantoro S , Ramdhan M
Published: November 2021

The tectonic setting of our study area is located between the Island of Java and Timor Leste. The complexity of this region is started with two different plates, The Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate that move with different orientations and convergence rate. This area also shows active seismic activity and has a series of active volcanoes as a product of subduction and collision. To deepen understand this area, we perform delay time tomography using FMTOMO package that includes 3-D finite-difference based ray tracing and sub-space inversion procedure. We used two different sets of data, the first one is 4 years data catalog from the Indonesian Agency of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics, and the second one is 47 years of data from the International Seismological Centre. Data from the local Indonesian show agency shows a fewer number of events but more focus clusters. Meanwhile, the data from ISC catalog has more events and evenly distributed data. However, we also noticed that data from ISC has cluster events located at the same depth that can be improved with events relocation for better depth estimation. The Checkerboard models from both data set show a comparable result, though data from ISC show a better recovered model at a deeper depth and shallow part in the eastern area. The checkerboard from the local Agency shows slightly better results in the shallow part. Next, we invert delay time for each data set using we optimized damping and smoothing parameters. Final tomogram models show that data from the local Agency show a more continuous fast velocity band representing a downgoing subducting slab and possible back-arc thrust while results from the ISC data show a more detached fast velocity band that could be contributed from fixed depth problem in the data set. However, we noticed that data from ISC show a higher amplitude low-velocity anomaly especially in the shallow depth
Preliminary Results of Automatic P-Wave Regional Earthquake Arrival Time Picking using Machine Learning with Kurtosis and Skewness as The Input Parameters
Authors: Lumban Gaol Y H , Lobo R K , Angkasa S S , Abdullah A , Madrinovella I , Widyanti S , Priyono A , Suhardja S K , Nugraha A D , Zulfakriza Z , Widiyantoro S , Hakim M Luqman , Palgunadi K H , Mujihardi B
Published: November 2021

The traditional method in determining first arrival time of earthquake dataset is time consuming process due to waveform manual inspection. Additional waveform attributes can help determine events detection. One of the widely used attribute is The Short Term Averaging/Long Term Averaging (STA/LTA) which is simply division moving average of waveform amplitude between short time and longer time. Alternatively, waveform attribute can also be built using kurtosis and skewness. The kurtosis attribute is defined as sharpness of data distribution. By definition, the maximum signal should be at or close to the P wave arrival. The skewness is typically used to show normal distribution of the data. The uniqueness of this method is that it has an ability to determine whether the first P wave arrival has positive of negative number. The skewness calculation is similar to kurtosis but it uses the power of 3 instead of 4. With the objective of generating efficient scheme to pick first time arrival, we explore use artificial neural network and a combination of kurtosis and skewness attributes. We use a collection of magnitude events with moment magnitude larger than 3 located close to Moluccas island, Indonesia. We collected all events information from the Indonesian Agency of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics. The process is started with manually pick all P wave arrivals using manual inspection. Next, we trained the artificial neural network with attributes numbers as inputs and arrival time we manually picked as the output. In total we used 100 regional events that has clear P wave phases. Then, we validated the results until reaching 0.99 accuracy. In the last step, we tested the once trained procedures on new waveforms contained events. Current result shows an average of 0.4s different between manual pick and trained picked from machine learning. The accuracy can be improved by applying a band pass 0.1-2 Hz filtering with an average of 0.2s.
Rapid Estimation of Earthquake Magnitude using GNSS Data
Authors: Susilo  , Meilano Irwan , Hardy Thomas , Kautsar Muhammad Al , Sarsito Dina A. , Efendi Joni
Published: November 2021

Earthquake parameters such as the hypocenter location and the magnitude size are important in the development of reliable Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) and Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS). The Global Navigation Satellitte System (GNSS) data have been used to estimate the earthquake parameters rapidly over the last 15 years. In this study, we present the result and analysis of the scaling properties of Peak Ground Displacement (PGD) as measured by high-rate (sampled at 1 Hz or higher) GPS recordings from Lombok earthquake on August 05
th
, 2018. The earthquake magnitude from the kinematic solution of CMAT GNSS station is equal to Mw 6.8. This value is achieved between 15 - 20 seconds after the origin time of the earthquake. Our result shows that the displacements from kinematic GNSS data can be used to rapidly determine the earthquake magnitude, typically within the first minute of rupture initiation. Rapid earthquake magnitude determination will be very useful to support EEW and TEWS.
Preliminary Results of Regional P and S Wave Tomography at Seram, Indonesia
Authors: Subakti P A , Sulaiman M I , Faimah D Y , Madrinovella I , Herawati I , Lubis H M , Suhardja S K , Priyono A , Widiyantoro S , Ramdhan M , Sembiring A S , Nugraha A M S
Published: November 2021

The Seram Trough is located in the northern part of Indonesia and has a complex tectonic setting. The uniqueness of these regions lies in the U-shape subduction system. Several models have been proposed in this region, such as one subduction system that has been rotated 90° or 180°, two subduction systems, and one subduction that having a slab roll-back that causes extension systems. In this study, we try to invert velocity and seismicity using double-difference tomography with the target of better imaging the sub-surface structure in the region. We use data catalogue collection from the Indonesian Agency of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics. The length of data is 4 years from January 2015 to December 2019 from 16 permanent stations. Earthquake relocations show a focused hypocenter distribution at shallow depth, and we interpreted some of these shallow depth events are related to the magmatic activity. Event distribution also displays a steep angle of seismicity pattern that represents the dipping subduction slab. Inverted Tomography models show a band of faster velocity models that dip from North to South, suggesting a subductions slab. We also observe a possibility of a tear in the slab from the seismicity pattern and tomogram model. The slower velocity perturbation is seen at shallow depth that may associate with magmatic and frequent shallow seismicity. A possibility of partial melting is also seen with low-velocity zone at a depth of 70 km next to the fast dipping velocity.
Early Results of Eastern Indonesia P-wave Tomography Study Using Regional Events
Authors: Sulaiman M I , Subakti P A , Haolia  , Fatimah D Y , Madrinovella I , Abdullah A , Zaky D A , Oka A S B , Lubis M H M , Suhardja S K , Priyono A , Widiyantoro S , Ramdhan M , Nugraha A M S
Published: November 2021

The tectonic system of Eastern Indonesia is controlled by several major and minor plates, such as Indo-Australian, Australian plate, and Pacific plates. This area is known for its complexity, and high seismic activity. This study tries to image the complex structures beneath this region by employing regional events data and seismic tomography methods. We used five years of regional events catalog provided by the Indonesian Agency of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics. We have sorted 7336 events recorded between 120° – 136° longitude and 0° – 13°(-) latitude consisting of 46446 P and 15467 S wave arrival data. Relocated hypocenter map shows a better constrain location on seismicity along outer Bandar Arc. A dipping pattern of seismicity is seen that is going deeper to the Banda Sea. The seismicity map also images a steep angle pattern of seismicity that could be related to the subduction slab roll-back model at North of Wetar island. Interestingly, we spotted a seismicity gap in West Seram that could be linked with slab tear zone. The checker-board test suggests a proper resolution is still reliable to a depth of 200 km with a less interpretable model at a depth of 300 km. P-wave tomographic models image the high velocity dipping down going slab. The Banda slab is seen to subduct from south Timor Island to the north, from east Tanimbar and Aru Island to west part, and from north Seram Island to south. We observed the down-going slab meet from all directions at about 300 km beneath the Banda sea. P wave tomogram also shows the Timor Island slab has a steeper dip that agrees with the seismicity pattern. Near the Seram island, we identify a low-velocity anomaly zone infiltrate the Banda slab beneath the shallow part of West Seram, which was previously interpreted as slab tear zone. This study also noticed a higher velocity tomogram model at North of Wetar island that might indicate a back-arc thrust. Lastly, a low-velocity band is also exposed at a shallow depth close to the volcano chain along that Banda volcanic arc.
Pull-Up Effect Correction and Oil In Place Sensitivity Test by Comparing Velocity Model Method in JAX-Field, Offshore North West Java
Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad Yusuf , Normansyah  , Lestari Wien , Mariyanto Mariyanto
Published: November 2021

The pull-up effect is the condition of lithology elevated in seismic imaging because of rapid seismic wave propagation through carbonate build-up on it. Pull-up effect conditions can lead to misinterpretation, so it needs to be corrected until the actual geological conditions are obtained. This research was conducted in the JAX-field working area of PT Pertamina Hulu Energi ONWJ. The target reservoirs of this study are in the Main (Upper Cibulakan) Formation under the Carbonate Parigi Formation. The reflectors of the target reservoirs show pull-up effect in time domain seismic data. Thus, building a velocity model for velocity anomaly correction is needed to reduce uncertainty for structure maps and oil in place calculation. The method of correcting the pull-up effect in this study uses three variations of the velocity model: variation structurally controlled model, variation RMS velocity with well control, variation calibrated RMS velocities model. The three variations of the velocity model result can correct the pull-up effect on JAX-Field. Velocity model with variation RMS velocity with well control had the lowest error with 17,31 feet average of depth difference with actual depth from well. Based on three velocity models, the value of original oil in place on the JAX-32 reservoir surface had a range of 59,14-84,59 mmbo, while on the JAX-35A surface has a range of 27,77-31,23 mmbo. These values can be considered in reserve calculation sensitivity.
Utilization of Gravity Satellite Data to Imaging Subsurface Conditions, Case Study: Lake Toba, North Sumatera
Authors: Abdurrahman Dadi , Setianingsih  , Alawiyah Susanti , Kadir Wawan Gunawan A. , Santoso Djoko , Dahrin Darharta , Gunawan Indra
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study is to utilize satellite gravity data for free to interpret subsurface conditions. The data can be obtained from the topex site with a latitude range is +/-80,738. The author tries to interpret the gravity data for Lake Toba, North Sumatra. The area is attractive because it has a sizeable geological object in the form of a large lake and a fault called the Sumatran fault. This gravity data is processed like ordinary gravity processing so that Complete Bouguer Anomaly (CBA) is obtained, then regional-residual separation is carried out using a moving average. From CBA, it can be seen that there are two closures just below Lake Toba. There are two possible chambers under Lake Toba, namely the central and southern parts. In addition, it is also clear that the lineament of the Sumatran fault is also visible, as well as three other lineaments which may be faults that are not identified from the surface. So, we can take advantage of this free gravity satellite data for interpretation of sizeable geological objects that can be applied to other areas. It is helpful to know the general picture of regional geology before conducting a more detailed survey.
Analysis of Tectonic Plate Velocity Variations in the Sunda Strait Based on GPS Time-series Data
Authors: Dhira Y , Meilano I , Dudy D W
Published: November 2021

Indonesia is an earthquake-prone country located in the junction of four tectonic plates, namely the Indo-Australian, Eurasian, Philippine, and Pacific. The convergent boundary between tectonic plates is also called a subduction zone that can produce great earthquakes in the future. One of the subduction zones in Indonesia is the Sunda Strait subduction zone which predicted can release a M7.8 earthquake. Previous research stated that there is a change in tectonic plate velocity after an earthquake ruptured. It is likely that this could happen in the Sunda Strait area which has experienced several large earthquakes. In this study, we conducted research to find out the information on the tectonic plate velocity changes in the Sunda Strait. We used Global Positioning System (GPS) time-series data provided by Indonesia Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). The time series data is used to calculate the earthquake displacement, the changes in GPS velocity of before and after earthquake, and the changes in velocity of each time interval. Our results show that the horizontal displacement due to the earthquake at all GPS stations ranged from 3.34 mm to 7.36 mm in the north-south direction and -27.45 mm to 0.18 mm in the east-west direction. Furthermore, the result of the changes in GPS velocity before and after an earthquake ranged from 2.25 mm/year to 12.60 mm/year and 1.80 mm/year to 13.35 mm/year. The pattern of change in velocity is likely due to post-seismic deformation from the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake, the 2016 Sumatra earthquake, and also other tectonic factors.
Vulnerability Analysis of Earthquake Hazards in Tasikmalaya City Using Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) Method
Authors: Lianza Bakri Najla Insyirah , Yudistira Tedi , Sopyan Yayan
Published: November 2021

Tasikmalaya City is one of the regions in West Java Province that is often hit by earthquakes due to its location near the Indo-Australian Plate subduction zone towards the Eurasian Plate. The surface deposits in this city are alluvium and weakly consolidated step deposits which can cause wave amplification during an earthquake. As a mitigation effort, seismic zoning needs to be carried out to map the areas that will experience heavy damage when an earthquake occurs. This study uses the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method which is applied to the microtremor recording data to obtain spatial variations in the predominant frequency and amplification values that can explain the characteristics of the geological layer beneath the surface. Based on the obtained results, the predominant frequency ranging from 0.7 to 9.5 Hz with the lowest frequency distribution in the eastern and northwestern parts, which indicates a thicker sediment layer. Amplification ranging from 1.2 to 12.6 with the distribution of higher values in the eastern, southeastern, and northwestern parts. The inversion of the HVSR curves was carried out to determine the value of shear wave velocity (V

s
) in order to obtain a more detailed subsurface geological structure that can be used to determine the level of vulnerability of earthquake hazards. The Neighborhood Algorithm is used to find an optimum model. Based on the results of the inversion process, the V

s
ranging from 150 - 3054 m/s with lower V

s
values in the eastern, southeastern, and northwestern parts at depth of about 25 meters. The average value of shear wave velocity at a depth of 30 meters (V

s

30) can also be used to determine the type of soil for geotechnical study. From the obtained V

s

30data, the types of soil in the research area are classified into moderate soil, hard soil, and rocks.
Multi frequency Ground-Penetrating Radar method for mapping underground pipes and man-made objects
Authors: Parnadi W W , Warsa W , Laesanpura A , Santoso D
Published: November 2021

Mapping of subsurface infrastructure such as pipelines, pipe ducts as well as man-made objects located below the earth surface is a difficult task in geotechnical engineering due to the need to direct contact to the object. Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) method as one of geophysical methods is an appropriate technique to solve such problems due to its capability to effectively provide the existence, the location and the depth of buried shallow objects. Despite many advantages, the application of GPR method is limited by achieved depth and resolution range that is frequency dependent. To overcome such problems, the so-called multi-frequency compositing method with Optimal Spectral Whitening (OSW) technique is studied and applied on real data acquired in the Muarakarang Combined Cycle Power Plant area located in the Northern part of Jakarta, the Capitol of Indonesia. Datasets from GPR measurement with 100 MHz and 250 MHz was used. Each radargram from the same path was processed individually and then joined to become multiple composite radargram. The resulted composite radargram from a GPR line we studied has shown clearer image for interpretation rather than individual interpretation. The applicability of this multi-frequency compositing recommend further study to solve some facing problems in geotechnical engineering.
Sanding Wells on The Island of Lombok due to Earthquake Vibrations
Authors: Nurhandoko Bagus Endar B. , Rizka Asmara Hadi M. , Triyoso Kaswandhi , Martha Rio K. , Widowati Sri , Sukrisna Bakti , Syamsuddin  , Romli Nur Isnaini
Published: November 2021

The Lombok earthquake in 2018 was unique, the shocks occurred sequentially. Several major earthquakes were followed by thousands of aftershocks. The earthquake caused a devastating disaster which destroyed many homes, buildings including wells as the main fresh water supply in the Lombok Island. The focal mechanism of main earthquake shows a thrust fault mechanism. Lombok Island is originally a volcano Island which is still growing actively. Therefore surface of Island is dominated by volcanic materials, such as: volcanic rock, volcanic ash, pumice. This paper describes the phenomenon of sanding wells in Lombok, including the physical mechanisms among rock’s grains when vibrating earthquake waves. These earthquake waves can eliminate static friction between grains and reduce cohesion between grains of rock. Some subsurface images shows a strong correlation between damage grade and the existence of loose sand and hard rock.
Support Vector Machine for Land Cover Classification using Lidar Data
Authors: Hariyono M I , Rokhmatuloh  , Tambunan M P , Dewi R S
Published: November 2021

The Lidar technology is widely used in various studies for mapping needs. In this study was to extract land cover using Lidar data by incorporating a support vector machine (SVM) approach. The study was located in the city of Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Image extraction was performed on single wavelength Lidar data to produce intensity and elevation (Digital Surface Model) features. Feature extraction of Lidar data was implemented by using a pixel-based approach. The extracted features used as an attribute for training data to generate the SVM prediction model. The prediction model to predict the types of land cover in the study area such as buildings, trees, roads, bare soil, and low vegetations. For accuracy assessment purposes, we used topographic map available in shapefile format as the reference map and estimated the accuracies of the resulted classifications. In this study, land cover classification used combination bands which improved the overall accuracy by approximately 20%. The use of the intensity data in this band combination was the reason for the increasing accuracy.
Hypocenter Determination of Volcano-Tectonic (VT) Earthquake around Agung Volcano in Period October-December 2017 Using a Non-Linear Location Method: A Preliminary Result
Authors: Rahsetyo P P , Sahara D P , Nugraha A D , Syahbana D K , Zulfakriza  , Ardianto  , Martanto  , Afif H , Baskara A W , Hermawan I B , Sasongko A D
Published: November 2021

Agung is one of active volcanoes in Indonesia, located on island of Bali. Since 1963, Agung has not had significant activity, until in September 2017 the volcano was active again which was marked by increased seismic activity and eruptions in November 2017. Therefore, to analyze the dynamics and processes of active volcanic eruptions requires an understanding of the structure of the volcano, especially the position of the magma reservoir and its path. The depiction of the structure of this volcano can be analyzed by determining the location of the earthquake due to volcanic activity, especially Volcano-Tectonic (VT) earthquake. In this study, we determined the location of the hypocenter around the Agung using the non-linear location method. VT earthquakes have similar characteristics to tectonic earthquakes so this method can be used to determine the initial hypocenter. The data used in this study came from 8 PVMBG seismographs from October to December 2017. We manually picking arrival time of P- and S-waves from the 3948 VT events found. Pair of P and S wave phases with 18741 P-wave phases and 17237 S-wave phases, plotted in a wadati diagram resulting in a vp/vs ratio of 1.7117. We use 1D velocity models derived from Koulakov with the assumption that the geology of the study area is not much different from the volcanoes in Central Java. The resulting hypocenter distribution shows a very random location and has uncertain X, Y, and Z directions from a range of 0 to 91 km. This study limits this uncertainty to 5 km resulting in a more reliable earthquakes distribution of 3050 events. The results indicate 2 clustered events, a swarm of VT events that occur every month at a depth of 8 to 15 km and there are 2 paths that lead to the top of Agung and SW of that swarm. These preliminary results will be used to update 1D velocity model and relocate the events beneath Agung region for further studies.
Urban landscape for birdwatching activities
Authors: Kurnia I , Arief H , Mardiastuti A , Hermawan R
Published: November 2021

Urban landscapes are usually dominated by built spaces and human-made vegetation, which different from natural landscapes. This difference will affect the composition of birds that can be found in the urban landscape. For birdwatchers, birds are the main object in birdwatching activities. The objectives of this paper were to analyze the feasibility of urban landscapes for birdwatching activities and find out the characteristics of urban landscapes favored by birdwatchers in four cities in Java (Bogor, Sukabumi, Bandung, and Surabaya). Birdwatchers’ site preference and perception were surveyed through online questionnaires in February through May 2020 (n=1,247 respondents). Surveyed data revealed that birdwatching sites’ size varied between 0.05 and 76.82 ha, mainly urban forests and city parks. Most of the urban landscape was habitat to various bird species typical of the urban landscape (e.g., Eurasian tree-sparrow, Cave swiftlet, Black-headed Bulbul). Raptors (e.g., Black-thighed Falconet) are found in several locations. Among the respondents, 25 % (n=309) had previously conducted birdwatching activities in urban landscapes, while 72.0% (n=808) expressed their interest in birdwatching in urban landscapes, indicating that urban landscapes was feasible for birdwatching. The most favorite locations were the Bogor Botanical Gardens, Darmaga Research Forest (both in Bogor), Merdeka Field Park, Cikundul Agrotourism Area (Sukabumi), Bandung Zoo, Babakan Siliwangi City Forest (Bandung), Bungkul Park, and Flora Park (Surabaya). Characteristics of sites favored by birdwatchers were a shady area, not noisy location, and any facilities for birdwatching. The diversity of bird species did not became the main reason.
The role and importance of plant purification systems in the ecological approach to landscape design
Authors: Dika I R , Rimac M
Published: November 2021

The continuous city expansion and use of various impermeable pavement materials greatly hinder the rainwater surface runoff by conventional drainage systems, especially during heavy and extreme precipitation, which is occurring more frequently. Also, mostly as a rule, natural watercourse discontinuity and/or their canalization results in more frequent floods in cities. An additional problem is rainwater pollution, which, with conventional drainage systems, ends up in natural watercourses, rivers, lakes and seas often without any or even minimal treatment. These are some of the main reasons why rainwater management is becoming an increasingly more important and indispensable segment of contemporary sustainable city development. Among many other approaches, it also includes conventional rainwater drainage systems replacement and the application of biological rainwater treatment systems as much as possible. The positive impact of sustainable and environmentally friendly rainwater treatment systems has already been widely recognized. However, their application is still slightly limited compared to the problems that occur in modern cities. The aim of this paper is to present biological rainwater treatment systems (basic categories and characteristics) and to analyze their implementation possibilities in urban green areas. Their ecological and aesthetic values will be considered, and how users generally perceive structures of ‘natural’ characteristics within designed landscapes will be discussed. The analysis of fourteen recently constructed parks will be carried out to determine the ways of integrating biological purifier systems in the park, the possibilities of their use, and the degree of biological purification systems influence on the overall park design concept. Criteria or guidelines that should be taken into account when designing biological rainwater purification systems will be proposed in order to simultaneously meet their basic function and other roles of such structures within the city park.
Response of bird community to gradual landscape transformation in Darmaga campus, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
Authors: Nugroho S P A , Mardiastuti A , Mulyani Y A , Rahman D A
Published: November 2021

When a landscape gradually transforms, the bird community that inhabits the landscape will also adapt and change accordingly. Long-term data on the bird-habitat relationship, however, is still lacking in the sub-urban tropical areas. The objective of this paper was to analyze the response of bird community along with the gradual transformation of the landscape. Darmaga Campus of IPB University (± 2.67 km2) was selected as the study area due to its landscape transformation for campus development/construction, and the availability of bird monitoring data. Data on landscape transformation were gathered from the IPB building construction book published in 2017, and bird community (1982-2020) were gathered from published reports and papers. During the observed period, Darmaga Campus that initially consisted mostly of old rubber plantation has been gradually transformed into various academic-related uses, such as some areas for buildings dan field laboratories. From 1982 to 2020, the cumulative bird species in the study area at least was 124 species. During the observed years, the bird community was highly dynamics (bird species number in 1982 = 41 species, 1985 = 39 species, 1986 = 68 species, 1991 = 68 species, 2001 = 39 species, 2003 = 72 species, 2013 = 52 species, 2020 = 99 species). New incoming species were Chestnut-winged Cuckoo, Asian Brown Flycatcher, Tiger Shrike, and babblers (e.g., Black-capped Babbler); Brown Shrike, White-rumped Shama, Oriental Magpie-Robin and Green Junglefowl have not been observed or have become increasingly rare in the last ten years. Meanwhile, Red-breasted Parakeet, Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker, Sunda Pygmy Woodpecker, Black Drongo, and Sooty-headed Bulbul are always present species. Bird species such as Orange-headed Thrush, White-rumped Shama, White-browed Shortwing, and Velvet-fronted Nuthatch are species that entered to rarely found species. Gradual landscape transformation, from an old rubber plantation into a mosaic of small patches of human-made ornamental plants, shrub, and tree plantation, turns out to be beneficial for some bird species, but could also disadvantageous for others, causing a dynamic bird community composition.
Spatial development of Russia and international transport corridors
Authors: Tulokhonov A K , Mikheeva A S , Batomunkuev V S , Boldanov T A
Published: November 2021

The article analyses the current system of transportation, which is mainly focused on raw material exports. The structure of Russian railways transportation and the volume of raw material supplies to China have been discussed. It is noted that the coming decades will bring a reduction in hydrocarbon power generation and a transition to a green economy, which will inevitably reduce global demand for Russian hydrocarbons. Plans for the development of Russian transport systems and their place in international transport corridors, risks and limitations of major transport flows through the Suez Canal and the Northern Sea Route have been presented. We propose to consider opportunities to optimise freight traffic and reduce the cost of new transport construction, primarily by reducing empty runs and reducing international transport competition.
Territorial analysis of structural and sectoral shifts in the steppe Russian-Kazakh cross-border region
Authors: Sokolov A A , Rudneva O S
Published: November 2021

The most important aspect for sustainable development of cross-border territories is a balanced sectoral structure of the economy. At the current stage of development, processes of transformation and restructuring of the economy occur in the Russian-Kazakh cross-border region, resulting in structural and sectoral shifts that expand the spatial division of labour and shape the further specialization of the region. This paper studies transformation of the sectoral structure of the Russian and Kazakh border regions by the main types of economic activity, including various components of the productive and non-productive sectors (manufacturing, mining, energy, trade, transport, agriculture, etc.). As a result, we found a structural and sectoral restructuring of the economy in the transboundary regions, affecting a wide range of different industries, while at the same time the regional economy experienced a catching-up phase, the share of the non-productive sector was growing, and the share of industry and agriculture, although declining, remained high.
The multi-dimensional nature of Tatarstan’s entry into the trans-continental transport corridor
Authors: Samigullina G S
Published: November 2021

The aim of the article is to reveal the problems of the Republic of Tatarstan’s entry into the transcontinental transport corridor, taking into account the infrastructural potential of the republic. The following factors provide opportunities for integrating Tatarstan into the global transport network: positioning the republic as a globally competitive and sustainable region with a favourable investment climate, a national tourist rating, a favourable physical, economic and geographical location, a significant share of transport services in the gross domestic product, and the availability of logistics centres and terminal and warehouse complexes. The construction of the transport corridor Europe – Western China – part of Russia – Kazakhstan – China section will allow Tatarstan to be included in transcontinental transportation. The article also touches on environmental issues, recognising the importance of people living in harmony with nature. There are about 30 settlements in the route’s area, some of them will be divided, it is necessary to consider nature conservation areas: rivers, woodlands, natural zoological (hunting) reserves and natural monuments of regional importance, emission load factor of chemical carcinogens in atmosphere and level of traffic load.
Assessment and mapping of demographic potential of urbanized territories of the Baikal-Mongol region
Authors: Vorobyev N V , Vorobyev A N
Published: November 2021

This article provides an assessment of the demographic potential of the Baikal-Mongolian region, which unites the adjacent territories of the two countries. The cores of the research site are the urbanized territories of Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude and Ulan-Bator, and communications are railways and highways connecting the main centres. The demographic potential is characterized by the level and possibilities for the development of demographic processes and population structures, and mainly numerous quantitative characteristics of the population of the territory are used. The authors limited themselves to using quantitative characteristics of the demographic potential according to statistical data for 2019–2020 within the territories of the municipal districts and urban districts of the Irkutsk region, the Republic of Buryatia and aimags of Mongolia. Data on density and proportion of urban population reflect the size of the main urban areas. Data on demographic processes reflect the characteristics of the natural and migration movement of the population. Demographic structures are represented by the age structure and the demographic load of the working-age population, which is minimal throughout Mongolia and in the suburbs of Russian regional centres. Generalizing characteristics of demographic potential calculated from the average sum of individual indicators.
Assessment of the geomorphological safety of the Daurian region for the purpose of effective nature management
Authors: Bazhenova O I , Tyumenseva E M , Tukhta S A
Published: November 2021

The risk assessment of the dangerous geomorphological processes development in the Dauria steppes in conditions of pronounced cyclical fluctuations in climate and high dynamism of geomorphological systems is carried out on a five-point scale. The analysis of the spatial and temporal structure of fluvial and aeolian processes for the purposes of nature management is fulfilled. The role of extreme geomorphological events is shown, which are a serious limiting factor of conflict-free nature management in the Daurian region. The revealed catastrophic manifestations of fluvial and aeolian processes require careful planning of economic activities and serious environmental protection measures. The result of the assessment is the zoning of the Dauria territory according to the degree of geomorphological risk. The types of economic activities that do not violate the stability of the regime of geomorphological systems, and, on the other hand, are undesirable, increasing the risk of critical natural situations, are indicated.
Impact of the mining industry on surface waters in the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Authors: Ksenofontova M I
Published: November 2021

The article presents the results of hydrochemical studies of northern rivers of the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). It was revealed that the background hydrochemical composition of surface waters in the study area is diverse: from hydrocarbonate-sodium waters in the North-West and hydrocarbonate-sulphate waters in the North-East of Yakutia. During the study of the microelement composition of surface waters in the Arctic zone, high concentrations of total iron, manganese, and copper are found everywhere, indicating their natural origin. In places where groundwater influence is observed we found that the characteristic elements are lithium, strontium and barium. Analysing the research results, we can say that each mining enterprise has its own specific effect on surface waters, which makes its own adjustments to the chemical composition of surface waters.
Some peculiarities of functional zoning in specially protected natural territories: case study of the Tunkinsky National Park, Russia
Authors: Budaeva D G , Sharaldaeva V D , B-Zh Maksanova L
Published: November 2021

As the global ecosystem protection agenda continuous to unfold, the topic of functional zoning of protected areas’ remains the subject of intensive discussions. The paper discusses the essence, specific features, key factors and actions taken to improve the functional zoning of national parks in Russia. On the example of the national park “Tunkinsky” it is shown how the functional zoning has changed since its creation and what factors influenced this process. The paper presents analysis of natural, historical, cultural, socio-economic, tourist-recreational and organizational conditions for functional zone allocation in the Tunkinsky National Park, as well as changes in the composition, naming, and area of the functional zones in the national park. Using the data from geolocation services, such as photos with a given geolocation posted by tourists in social networks, and GPS tracks of tourist routes, the authors prove the validity of changes in the functional zoning of the National Park, with an increase in the recreational zone, providing an optimal combination of nature conservation, tourist and recreational and economic functions was proved.
Navigational Atlas of the Selenga River section within Mongolian People’s Republic, 1925
Authors: Batotsyrenov E A
Published: November 2021

The article provides information on the manuscript atlas of the Selenga and Orkhon rivers within the Mongolian People’s Republic (MPR), compiled on the basis of data from 1924-1925. It was developed for the Selenga Technical Section of the Ministry of the River Fleet to guide navigation along the rivers of Mongolia. The shooting was carried out on a steam boat “Shilka”. The atlas is of interest for the dynamics of river channel processes in northern Mongolia. The materials provide information on where and how to carry out technical work to improve navigation. In addition to information on navigation, it provides economic and geographical information on the north of Mongolia in the 1920s.
Air pollution in the cities in Asian Russia: problems and prospects
Authors: Tsydypov V E , Gomboev B O , Motoshkina M A
Published: November 2021

in this article, we look at the issue of air pollution in cities in the Asian part of Russia, which are the industrial centres of the regions. Air pollution is shaped by a number of factors, including natural ones. In recent years, studies have been carried out in Russia and in foreign countries to determine the impact of pollutants emitted into the atmospheric air. There is a direct correlation between the state of public health and the amount of pollutants in the atmospheric air. Exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations in the air of territories threatens the life and health of people living in them. We have looked at the level of air pollution in cities, including the most polluted ones, and the measures taken by the government and large companies to mitigate the negative effects.
Historical-cultural education functions of geosystems of specially protected nature areas on the example of the Pribaikalsky National Park
Authors: Myadzelets A V
Published: November 2021

The paper considers the role of historical-cultural objects in the forming educational functions of geosystems. This task is essential for specially protected nature areas, where educational ecotourism activity is implemented. A model area is the Pribaikalsky National Park. We studied historical peculiarities of formation of the local natural complexes, socio-cultural and other anthropogenic processes that influenced the modern configuration of the park landscapes. The research revealed that various relief forms, geographic object location and vegetation have the primary role in determining the historical-cultural functions of geosystems. Modern socio-economic and tourist infrastructure, in contrast to old settlements, gravitates towards the local historical-cultural sites. The created geoinformation database includes different characteristics of the local historical-cultural objects. These are a type, location, availability, approximate historical time age and significance for educational tourism development. In the result we also presented a fragment of the schematic map of the historical-cultural, archaeological and other object significance for educational tourism on the one of the key plots of the Pribaikalsky National Park. The determining the historical-cultural functions of geosystems is important for assessment of the recreational potential of the territory and further mapping recreational and educational activity goals for national parks.