bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viewing comprehension: an educational experience interpreting television sports from Brazil
Authors: Daolio Jocimar , Lopes-da-Silva Cinthia
Published: March 2010

This paper discusses the educational experience as a privileged social practice for the comprehension of the meaning of sport in television. We base our socio-cultural approach on a pedagogical action carried out with future Physical Education teachers from Brazil. They identified, through the reading of the television broadcast of a women's basketball championship, the play on meanings spread by the Brazilian television, thus influencing the construction of certain ethics and aesthetics of the present-day sports phenomenon. In such a process, the students were able to identify the transformation of sport into a «TV-show» and to comprehend the process of signification of cultural elements by the media.

Este trabajo discute la experiencia de enseñanza como práctica social privilegiada para la comprensión de los significados atribuidos al deporte por la televisión. Parte referencial sociocultural para fundamentar una acción pedagógica realizada con futuros profesores de Educación Física de Brasil. Por la lectura de la transmisión televisiva de un campeonato de baloncesto femenino fue identificado el «juego» de significados difundidos por la televisión brasileña, influenciando la construcción de cierta ética y estética del fenómeno deportivo contemporáneo. En ese proceso, los alumnos pudieron identificar la transformación del deporte en tele-espectáculo y comprender la significación de los elementos de cultura por los medios de comunicación.
Audiovisual education to promote multiple competences
Authors: Luna María del Rosario
Published: March 2010

One of the ways to include the audiovisual teaching within the compulsory education system is perhaps to provide arguments consistent with the theoretical framework used by the authorities which draw up educational policies. Lately, the valuation of the teaching process has turned on the notion of competence. This work aims to reflect on some of the competences which are developed through the teaching of audiovisual production.

Uno de los caminos para lograr la inclusión de la enseñanza audiovisual en el sistema educativo obligatorio es tal vez el brindar argumentos consonantes con los marcos teóricos utilizados por las autoridades que diseñan las políticas educativas. En los últimos tiempos la valorización de las enseñanzas se ha efectuado en torno al concepto de competencias. De esta manera, el trabajo pretende reflexionar sobre algunas de las competencias que se desarrollan a través de la enseñanza en realización audiovisual.
TV is our business
Authors: Vicente-Encinas Josefa
Published: March 2010

Three characteristics of the TV language justify the need for media literacy: the emotional nature of images, the stories, which are written to draw the attention of the viewer, and the high speed of rhythm in most of the stories. These characteristics generate replies from the emotion rather than from reflection which makes media literacy necessary in order to improve the children´s capacity to keep at a distance from the messages received and to be critical and creative as TV viewers. The tools offered to achieve these objectives bring get them a new way of enjoyment: the possibility of taking the keys to the TV messages for themselves and producing their own new messages.

Tres características del medio televisivo justifican la necesidad de educar la mirada frente a la TV: la naturaleza emotiva de la imagen, la creación de historias que atrapan por su interés y el ritmo acelerado de la mayor parte de las narraciones. Estas características, que generan respuestas asociadas más a los sentimientos que a la reflexión, requieren un acompañamiento educativo que desarrolle en los chicos la capacidad de tomar distancia de los mensajes para ser televidentes críticos y propositivos. Las herramientas que se ofrecen conducen a ello introduciendo un nuevo elemento de disfrute: la posibilidad de «apropiarse» de las claves de lectura de los mensajes televisivos y ser protagonistas en la elaboración de nuevos mensajes.
Educating the sight and the audiovisual writing
Authors: Soto-Romero Marisol
Published: March 2010

Audiovisual language keeps on improving. Images reign, and represent us. Furthermore, the technological development already allows global interactive communication. In this context, educating the sight and the audiovisual writing comes to be the key. “Emotions x Minute” is a workshop for audiovisual communication which is presented as a game and starts from the wish of expressing. It is based on two ideas: the personal experience and learning by practicing. Once finished, the participants declare two important things: first, they now watch television in a different way, and second, they finish keeping something in their hands, their minute.

El lenguaje audiovisual continúa ganando terreno. Las imágenes imperan y nos representan. Además, el desarrollo tecnológico ya nos permite la comunicación interactiva a escala mundial. En este contexto, educar la mirada y la escritura audiovisual viene a ser la clave. «Emociones x Minuto» es un taller en comunicación audiovisual que se plantea como un juego, que parte del deseo de expresar, de la experiencia personal y de que se aprende haciendo. Al terminar, los participantes comentan dos cosas importantes: que ya ven la televisión de otra forma y que acaban con algo en las manos, su minuto.
Image as a daily learning opportunity
Authors: Ubreva-Amor Ángela
Published: March 2010

Image must become a basic way towards knowledge. This paper proposes to search for shocking TV images that illustrate and define cultural and scientific concepts. Audiovisual itineraries for students are provided for students. They are based on the relationship between word and image, and the architectonic forms that surround us: buildings. Educating the sight implies an education through images, an education to learn how to see, and how to live the reality.

La imagen tiene que llegar a ser una vía básica para el conocimiento. Se propone la búsqueda en televisión de imágenes impactantes que ilustren y definan conceptos culturales y científicos. Se aportan itinerarios audiovisuales para el alumnado apoyados en la relación, palabra e imagen, y en las formas arquitectónicas que nos rodean: los edificios. Educar la mirada implica una educación en imágenes, una educación para aprender a ver y vivir la realidad.
Portuguese RTP2 and the promotion of media education
Authors: Borges Gabriela
Published: March 2010

Media education is one of the obligations of Portuguese public television. In the last few years, RTP2 has shown great concern about the quality of its programmes, mainly those addressed to children and teenager audiences. This paper focuses on the communicative and educational strategies used by television programmes «Kulto» and «Pica» and discusses if they contribute to teach children and teenagers to watch television, thus enhancing their media literacy.

La educación para los medios de comunicación es una de las obligaciones del servicio público de la televisión portuguesa. La RTP2 ha demostrado, a lo largo de los años, una fuerte preocupación por la calidad de los programas que ofrece, principalmente para el público infantil y juvenil. Considerando eso, este artículo enfoca las estrategias de comunicación y educación de los programas «Kulto» y «Pica» y discute en qué medida los programas contribuyen en la enseñanza a niños y jóvenes a ver televisión, mejorando así la competencia mediática.
Teaching to watch TV is our business
Authors: Méndez-Garrido Juan Manuel
Published: March 2010

In this work, we reflect on the presence of the television in people’s lives and the need to promote the regularization of television programmes, as well as the literacy of our children and youth so that they acquire the necessary competences to develop an intelligent, active and critical consumption of the television. The role of the administrations, families, educators and TV viewers themselves is also outlined.

En este trabajo, se realiza una reflexión sobre la presencia de la televisión en las vidas de las personas y la necesidad de promover la regularización de los programas televisivos, así como la alfabetización de nuestros niños y jóvenes para que adquieran las competencias necesarias para realizar un consumo del medio televisivo de una manera inteligente, activa y crítica. También se destaca el papel de las administraciones, las familias, los educadores y los propios medios.
TV and strategies to promote consumption among young girls
Authors: Gordillo-Álvarez Inmaculada , Ramírez-Alvarado María del Mar
Published: March 2010

This article seeks to deepen, on the one hand, into the development of new marketing strategies using TV as platform and aimed at promoting consumption among young girls. We will first look into the case of such companies as Disney, which have re-released public leading characters of all-time stories for the infant female public with great commercial success, now united as a generic sisterhood of «princesses». On the other hand, we will also study other characters that television and other AV outlets have made known and the elements offered in this kind of products geared towards reinforcing consumption by means of promoting sexual and cultural stereotypes.

La comunicación que se propone pretende ahondar, por una parte, en el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias de mercado orientadas a fomentar el consumo en las niñas y que utilizan la televisión como plataforma. En primer término, se profundizará en el caso de empresas como Disney, que han relanzado para el público infantil femenino, con un gran éxito comercial, las protagonistas de los cuentos de siempre unidas en la hermandad genérica de las «princesas». También se estudiarán otras figuras que la televisión y otros soportes audiovisuales han hecho conocidas y los elementos que se ofrecen en este tipo de productos que orientan y refuerzan el consumo fomentando a su vez estereotipos sexuales y culturales.
University television and public service
Authors: Aguaded Ignacio , Macías-Gómez Yolanda
Published: March 2010

The mass media, increasingly more present in the society, seem to be losing their social sense and their function of citizenship formation, for the benefit of business logic and market. The public use of television is becoming blurred, so there is an urgent need to promote channels of civic vocation that recovers the social and formative role of media. The University television is a wonderful way for the promotion of this television. In this article an analysis of the Spanish situation is done and proposals for a University television of public utility are carried out.

Los medios de comunicación, cada vez más presentes en la sociedad, parecen estar perdiendo el sentido social y de formación de la ciudadanía de éstos, en beneficio de la lógica empresarial y el mercado. Cada vez se desdibuja más el servicio público de la televisión y urge potenciar canales de vocación ciudadana que recuperen el papel social y formativo de los medios. La televisión universitaria es una magnífica vía para el fomento de esta televisión. En esta comunicación se hace un análisis de la situación española y se realizan propuestas para una televisión universitaria de servicio público.
Public service models in European TV: a comparative analysis of TVE and BBC
Authors: Walzer-Moskovic Alejandra , Retis-Rivas Jéssica
Published: March 2010

This paper analyzes the models of Public Television in Spain (TVE) and Great Britain (BBC), within the different contexts in which both entities are created and developed. We understand that the features adopted by cultural industries do not obey to immovable determinations but are the result of political, economic and cultural circumstances. The discourse of professionals working in these two media -obtained trough in-depth interviews- will allow us to infer the concept of public service inspiring their work.

En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar los modelos de televisión pública estatal española (TVE) y británica (BBC), partiendo de los diferentes contextos en los que cada una de estas entidades nace y se desarrolla. Entendemos que las características que adoptan las industrias culturales no responden a determinaciones inapelables, sino que constituyen el resultado de circunstancias políticas, económicas, culturales, etc. A su vez, el discurso de los profesionales de estos medios obtenido de entrevistas en profundidad mantenidas con ellos nos permitirá conocer la concepción de servicio público que inspira su labor.
Creative analysis of publicity in virtual environments
Authors: Spectus Grupo
Published: March 2010

Television and publicity were never two independent screens as the second sustains the first, but since the end of the nineties Internet has become a meta-screen that feeds back, spreads and generates audio-visual and multimedia consumable contents. In spite of many institutional campaigns blessing the ICTs, we maintain that the concretion that publicity and the Internet have in the classroom is really scarce, at the same time that their presence in the street is enormous. This is our proposal: publicity keeps being a first school of models for our students, the Internet can be a channel for the exhibition, distribution, analysis and communication in the classroom in which publicity becomes an object of analysis and creative consumption.

La televisión y la publicidad nunca fueron dos pantallas independientes dado que la segunda sustenta la primera, pero desde finales de los años noventa Internet se ha conformado como metapantalla que retroalimenta, difunde y genera contenidos de consumo audiovisual y multimedia. A pesar de muchas campañas institucionales bendiciendo las TIC, entendemos que la concreción que la publicidad e Internet tienen en el aula es muy escasa, cuando su presencia en la calle es enorme. La publicidad sigue siendo una primera escuela de modelos para nuestro alumnado, Internet puede ser un canal de exhibición, distribución, análisis y comunicación en el aula, en el que la publicidad se convierta en objeto de análisis y consumo creativo, ésta es la propuesta.
Helicobacter pylori-Induced Th17 Responses Modulate Th1 Cell Responses, Benefit Bacterial Growth, and Contribute to Pathology in Mice
Authors: Shi Yun , Liu Xiao-Fei , Zhuang Yuan , Zhang Jin-Yu , Liu Tao , Yin Zhinan , Wu Chao , Mao Xu-Hu , Jia Ke-Ran , Wang Feng-Jun , Guo Hong , Flavell Richard A. , Zhao Zhuo , Liu Kai-Yun , Xiao Bin , Guo Ying , Zhang Wei-Jun , Zhou Wei-Ying , Guo Gang , Zou Quan-Ming
Published: March 2010

CD4+ T cell responses are critical for the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. The present study evaluated the role of the Th17 subset in H. pylori infection. H. pylori infection induced significant expression of IL-17 and IFN-γ in mouse gastric tissue. IL-23 and IL-12 were increased in the gastric tissue and in H. pylori-stimulated macrophages. Cell responses were examined by intracellular staining for IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17. Mice infected with H. pylori developed a mixed Th17/Th1 response; Th17 responses preceded Th1 responses. Treatment of mice with an anti–IL-17 Ab but not a control Ab significantly reduced the H. pylori burden and inflammation in the stomach. H. pylori colonization and gastric inflammation were also lower in IL-17−/− mice. Furthermore, administration of recombinant adenovirus encoding mouse IL-17 increased both H. pylori load and inflammation. Further analysis showed that the Th1 cell responses to H. pylori were downregulated when IL-17 is deficient. These results together suggest that H. pylori infection induces a mixed Th17/Th1 cell response and the Th17/IL-17 pathway modulates Th1 cell responses and contributes to pathology.
Langerhans Cells Prime IL-17–Producing T Cells and Dampen Genital Cytotoxic Responses following Mucosal Immunization
Authors: Hervouet Catherine , Luci Carmelo , Rol Nicolas , Rousseau Déborah , Kissenpfennig Adrien , Malissen Bernard , Czerkinsky Cecil , Anjuère Fabienne
Published: March 2010

Langerhans cells (LCs) are dendritic cells (DCs) localized in stratified epithelia, such as those overlaying skin, buccal mucosa, and vagina. The contribution of LCs to the promotion or control of immunity initiated at epithelial sites remains debated. We report in this paper that an immunogen comprising OVA linked to the B subunit of cholera toxin, used as delivery vector, was efficient to generate CTLs after vaginal immunization. Using Lang-EGFP mice, we evaluated the contribution of distinct DC subsets to the generation of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. We demonstrate that the vaginal epithelium, unlike the skin epidermis, includes a minor population of LCs and a major subset of langerin− DCs. Intravaginally administered Ag is taken up by LCs and langerin− DCs and carried up to draining lymph nodes, where both subsets prime CD8 T cells, unlike blood-derived DCs, although with distinct capabilities. LCs prime CD8 T cells with a cytokine profile dominated by IL-17, whereas Lang− DCs induce IFN-γ–producing T cells. Using Lang-DTR-EGFP mice to ensure a transient ablation of LCs, we found that these cells not only are dispensable for the generation of genital CTL responses but also downregulate these responses, by a mechanism that may involve IL-10 and IL-17 cytokines. This finding has implications for the development of mucosal vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies designed for the targeting of DCs.
The Protein Moiety of Brucella abortus Outer Membrane Protein 16 Is a New Bacterial Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern That Activates Dendritic Cells In Vivo, Induces a Th1 Immune Response, and Is a Promising Self-Adjuvanting Vaccine against Systemic and Oral Acquired Brucellosis
Authors: Pasquevich Karina A. , García Samartino Clara , Coria Lorena M. , Estein Silvia M. , Zwerdling Astrid , Ibañez Andrés E. , Barrionuevo Paula , Oliveira Fernanda Souza de , Carvalho Natalia Barbosa , Borkowski Julia , Oliveira Sergio Costa , Warzecha Heribert , Giambartolomei Guillermo H. , Cassataro Juliana
Published: March 2010

Knowing the inherent stimulatory properties of the lipid moiety of bacterial lipoproteins, we first hypothesized that Brucella abortus outer membrane protein (Omp)16 lipoprotein would be able to elicit a protective immune response without the need of external adjuvants. In this study, we demonstrate that Omp16 administered by the i.p. route confers significant protection against B. abortus infection and that the protective response evoked is independent of the protein lipidation. To date, Omp16 is the first Brucella protein that without the requirement of external adjuvants is able to induce similar protection levels to the control live vaccine S19. Moreover, the protein portion of Omp16 (unlipidated Omp16 [U-Omp16]) elicits a protective response when administered by the oral route. Either systemic or oral immunization with U-Omp16 elicits a Th1-specific response. These abilities of U-Omp16 indicate that it is endowed with self-adjuvanting properties. The adjuvanticity of U-Omp16 could be explained, at least in part, by its capacity to activate dendritic cells in vivo. U-Omp16 is also able to stimulate dendritic cells and macrophages in vitro. The latter property and its ability to induce a protective Th1 immune response against B. abortus infection have been found to be TLR4 dependent. The facts that U-Omp16 is an oral protective Ag and possesses a mucosal self-adjuvanting property led us to develop a plant-made vaccine expressing U-Omp16. Our results indicate that plant-expressed recombinant U-Omp16 is able to confer protective immunity, when given orally, indicating that a plant-based oral vaccine expressing U-Omp16 could be a valuable approach to controlling this disease.
Impaired Germinal Center Responses and Suppression of Local IgG Production during Intracellular Bacterial Infection
Authors: Racine Rachael , Jones Derek D. , Chatterjee Madhumouli , McLaughlin Maura , MacNamara Katherine C. , Winslow Gary M.
Published: March 2010

Germinal centers (GCs) are specialized microenvironments in secondary lymphoid organs that facilitate the development of high-affinity, isotype-switched Abs, and immunological memory; consequently, many infections require GC-derived IgG for pathogen clearance. Although Ehrlichia muris infection elicits a robust expansion of splenic, IgM-secreting plasmablasts, we detected only very low frequencies of isotype-switched IgG-secreting cells in mouse spleens, until at least 3 wk postinfection. Instead, Ag-specific IgG was produced in lymph nodes, where it required CD4 T cell help. Consistent with these findings, organized GCs and phenotypically defined splenic GC B cells were found in lymph nodes, but not spleens. Ehrlichial infection also inhibited spleen IgG responses against a coadministered T cell-dependent Ag, hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl (NP)-conjugated chicken γ globulin in alum. NP-specific B cells failed to undergo expansion and differentiation into GC B cells in the spleen, Ab titers were reduced, and splenic IgG production was inhibited nearly 10-fold when the Ag was administered during infection. Our data provide a mechanism whereby an intracellular bacterial infection can compromise local immunity to coinfecting pathogens or antigenic challenge.
Dendritic Cells and Stat3 Are Essential for CD137-Induced CD8 T Cell Activation-Induced Cell Death
Authors: Zhang Benyue , Zhang Yuanyuan , Niu Liguo , Vella Anthony T. , Mittler Robert S.
Published: March 2010

Agonistic anti-CD137 mAbs either positively or negatively regulate T cell function. When administered at the beginning of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Armstrong infection anti-CD137 induced immunosuppression and T cell deletion, and in the case of influenza infection led to increased mortality. In contrast, 72 h delay in anti-CD137 treatment led to an enhanced virus-specific CD8 T cell response and rapid viral clearance. Virus-specific CD8 T cells in anti-CD137–injected mice rapidly upregulate Fas expression, and although necessary, was insufficient to induce CD8 T cell deletion. Strikingly, CD137 signaling in T cells was found to be insufficient to induce suppression or deletion. Rather, immunosuppression and T cell deletion was only observed if CD137 signals were provided to T cells and dendritic cells (DCs). In vitro CD137 crosslinking in DCs led to phosphorylation of Stat3, and importantly, anti-CD137 treatment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Armstrong infected Stat3 conditional knock-out mice induced neither immune suppression or T cell deletion. Taken together, these data suggest that CD137 signaling in DCs can regulate CD8 T cell survival through a Stat3 and Fas-mediated pathway.
Alterations in Ceramide Concentration and pH Determine the Release of Reactive Oxygen Species by Cftr-Deficient Macrophages on Infection
Authors: Zhang Yang , Li Xiang , Grassmé Heike , Döring Gerd , Gulbins Erich
Published: March 2010

We recently demonstrated that the accumulation of ceramide in Cftr-deficient epithelial cells is important for the pathophysiology of CF. However, the role of ceramide in other lung cells, particularly lung macrophages, requires definition. In this study, we report that ceramide is accumulated in Cftr-deficient lung macrophages. Alveolar macrophages contain a vesicle population, which is stained with LysoSensor probes but not by tetramethylrhodamine dextran. These vesicles, presumably secretory lysosomes, exhibit a higher pH in Cftr-deficient macrophages than the corresponding vesicles in lung macrophages isolated from wild-type (WT) mice. Alkalinization of these vesicles in Cftr-deficient macrophages correlates with a failure of the macrophages to respond to infection with various Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains by acutely activating acid sphingomyelinase, releasing ceramide, forming ceramide-enriched membrane platforms that serve to cluster gp91phox, and, most importantly, releasing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, these events occur rapidly in WT lung macrophages postinfection. Inhibiting ROS in WT macrophages prevents the killing of P. aeruginosa. These findings provide evidence for a novel pH-controlled pathway from acid sphingomyelinase activation via ceramide and clustering of gp91phox to the release of ROS in lung macrophages.
Characterizing the Specificity and Cooperation of Aminopeptidases in the Cytosol and Endoplasmic Reticulum during MHC Class I Antigen Presentation
Authors: Hearn Arron , York Ian A. , Bishop Courtney , Rock Kenneth L.
Published: March 2010

Many MHC class I-binding peptides are generated as N-extended precursors during protein degradation by the proteasome. These peptides can subsequently be trimmed by aminopeptidases in the cytosol and/or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to produce mature epitope. However, the contribution and specificity of each of these subcellular compartments in removing N-terminal amino acids for Ag presentation is not well defined. In this study, we investigated this issue for antigenic precursors that are expressed in the cytosol. By systematically varying the N-terminal flanking sequences of peptides, we show that the amino acids upstream of an epitope precursor are a major determinant of the amount of Ag presentation. In many cases, MHC class I-binding peptides are produced through sequential trimming in the cytosol and ER. Trimming of flanking residues in the cytosol contributes most to sequences that are poorly trimmed in the ER. Because N-terminal trimming has different specificity in the cytosol and ER, the cleavage of peptides in both of these compartments serves to broaden the repertoire of sequences that are presented.
Estradiol Suppresses NF-κB Activation through Coordinated Regulation of let-7a and miR-125b in Primary Human Macrophages
Authors: Murphy Amy J. , Guyre Paul M. , Pioli Patricia A.
Published: March 2010

Previous findings suggest that 17β-estradiol (estradiol) has a suppressive effect on TNF-α, but the mechanism by which estradiol regulates TNF-α expression in primary human macrophages is unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that pretreatment of human macrophages with estradiol attenuates LPS-induced TNF-α expression through the suppression of NF-κB activation. Furthermore, we show that activation of macrophages with LPS decreases the expression of κB-Ras2, an inhibitor of NF-κB signaling. Estradiol pretreatment abrogates this decrease, leading to the enhanced expression of κB-Ras2 with LPS stimulation. Additionally, we identified two microRNAs, let-7a and miR-125b, which target the κB-Ras2 3′ untranslated region (UTR). LPS induces let-7a and inhibits miR-125b expression in human macrophages, and pretreatment with estradiol abrogates these effects. 3′UTR reporter assays demonstrate that let-7a destabilizes the κB-Ras2 3′UTR, whereas miR-125b enhances its stability, resulting in decreased κB-Ras2 in response to LPS. Our data suggest that pretreatment with estradiol reverses this effect. We propose a novel mechanism for estradiol inhibition of LPS-induced NF-κB signaling in which κB-Ras2 expression is induced by estradiol via regulation of let-7a and miR-125b. These findings are significant in that they are the first to demonstrate that estradiol represses NF-κB activation through the induction of κB-Ras2, a key inhibitor of NF-κB signaling.
Premature Terminal Exhaustion of Friend Virus-Specific Effector CD8+ T Cells by Rapid Induction of Multiple Inhibitory Receptors
Authors: Takamura Shiki , Tsuji-Kawahara Sachiyo , Yagita Hideo , Akiba Hisaya , Sakamoto Mayumi , Chikaishi Tomomi , Kato Maiko , Miyazawa Masaaki
Published: March 2010

During chronic viral infection, persistent exposure to viral Ags leads to the overexpression of multiple inhibitory cell-surface receptors that cause CD8+ T cell exhaustion. The severity of exhaustion correlates directly with the level of infection and the number and intensity of inhibitory receptors expressed, and it correlates inversely with the ability to respond to the blockade of inhibitory pathways. Friend virus (FV) is a murine retrovirus complex that induces acute high-level viremia, followed by persistent infection and leukemia development, when inoculated into immunocompetent adult mice. In this article, we provide conclusive evidence that FV infection results in the generation of virus-specific effector CD8+ T cells that are terminally exhausted. Acute FV-induced disease is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of virus-infected erythroblasts, leading to massive splenomegaly. Most of the expanded erythroblasts strongly express programmed death ligand-1 and MHC class I, thereby creating a highly tolerogenic environment. Consequently, FV-specific effector CD8+ T cells uniformly express multiple inhibitory receptors, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), T cell Ig domain and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3), lymphocyte activation gene-3, and CTLA-4, rapidly become nonresponsive to restimulation and are no longer reinvigorated by combined in vivo blockade of PD-1 and Tim-3 during the memory phase. However, combined blockade of PD-1 and Tim-3 during the priming/differentiation phase rescued FV-specific CD8+ T cells from becoming terminally exhausted, resulting in improved CD8+ T cell functionality and virus control. These results highlight FV’s unique ability to evade virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses and the importance of an early prophylactic approach for preventing terminal exhaustion of CD8+ T cells.
Notch2 Signaling Is Required for Potent Antitumor Immunity In Vivo
Authors: Sugimoto Koji , Maekawa Yoichi , Kitamura Akiko , Nishida Jun , Koyanagi Akemi , Yagita Hideo , Kojima Hidefumi , Chiba Shigeru , Shimada Mitsuo , Yasutomo Koji
Published: March 2010

CD8+ T cells play a central role in cancer immunosurveillance, and the efficient induction of CTLs against tumor Ags is required for successful immunotherapy for cancer patients. Notch signaling directly regulates the transcription of effector molecules in CTLs. However, it remains unclear whether Notch signaling in CD8+ T cells is required for antitumor CTL responses and whether modulation of Notch signaling can augment antitumor CTL responses. In this study, we demonstrate that signaling by Notch2 but not Notch1 in CD8+ T cells is required for antitumor CTL responses. Notch2flox/flox mice crossed with E8I-cre transgenic (N2F/F-E8I) mice, in which the Notch2 gene is absent only in CD8+ T cells, die earlier than control mice after inoculation with OVA-expressing EG7 thymoma cells. In contrast, Notch1flox/flox mice crossed with E8I-cre transgenic mice inoculated with EG7 cells die comparable to control mice, indicating that Notch2 is crucial for exerting antitumor CTL responses. Injection of anti-Notch2 agonistic Ab or delta-like 1-overexpressing dendritic cells augmented the antitumor response in C57BL/6 mice inoculated with EG7 cells. These findings indicate that Notch2 signaling in CD8+ T cells is required for generating potent antitumor CTLs, thus providing a crucial target for augmenting tumor immune responses.
Activation of Naive NK Cells in Response toListeria monocytogenesRequires IL-18 and Contact with Infected Dendritic Cells
Authors: Humann Jessica , Lenz Laurel L.
Published: March 2010

The mechanisms for NK cell activation during infection by intracellular bacterial pathogens are not clearly defined. To dissect how Listeria monocytogenes infection elicits NK cell activation, we evaluated the requirements for activation of naive splenic NK cells by infected bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). We found that NK cell activation in this setting required infection of BMDCs by live wild type bacteria. NK cells were not activated when BMDCs were infected with a live hemolysin deficient (Δhly) strain. Neutralization of IL-12, TNF-α, or caspase-1 each dramatically reduced NK cell IFN-γ production in response to live wt L. monocytogenes infection. Addition of recombinant IL-18, but not IL-1β, reversed the effects of caspase-1 inhibition. Recombinant IL-18 also restored NK cell activation by BMDCs infected with Δhly L. monocytogenes, which produced IL-12 but not IL-18. IL-18 acted on NK cells because MyD88 expression was required in responding NK cells, but not infected BMDC. However, secreted cytokines were not sufficient for activation of naive NK cells by infected BMDCs. Rather, NK cell activation additionally required contact between infected BMDCs and NK cells. These data suggest that the activation of NK cells during L. monocytogenes infection requires both secreted cytokines and ligation of NK activating receptors during direct contact with infected DCs.
IL-17 Enhancement of the IL-6 Signaling Cascade in Astrocytes
Authors: Ma Xiangyu , Reynolds Stephanie L. , Baker Brandi J. , Li Xingang , Benveniste Etty N. , Qin Hongwei
Published: March 2010

Astrocytes have important physiological roles in CNS homeostasis and serve as a bridge between the CNS and immune system. IL-17 and IL-6 are important in many CNS disorders characterized by neuroinflammation. We examined the role of IL-17 on the IL-6 signaling cascade in primary astrocytes. IL-17 functioned in a synergistic manner with IL-6 to induce IL-6 expression in astrocytes. The synergistic effect involved numerous signaling pathways including NF-κB, JNK MAPK, and p38 MAPK. The NF-κB pathway inhibitor BAY-11, JNK inhibitor JNKi II, and p38 inhibitor SB203580 suppressed the synergistic effect of IL-6 and IL-17 on IL-6 expression. IL-17 synergized with IL-6 to enhance the recruitment of activated NF-κB p65, c-Fos, c-Jun, and the histone acetyltransferases CREB-binding protein and p300 to the IL-6 promoter in vivo to induce IL-6 transcription. This was accompanied by enhanced acetylation of histones H3 and H4 on the IL-6 promoter. Moreover, we elucidated an important role for suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3 in IL-17 enhancement of IL-6 signaling in astrocytes. SOCS3 small interfering RNA knockdown and SOCS3 deletion in astrocytes augmented the synergistic effect of IL-6 and IL-17 due to an enhancement of activation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. These results indicate that astrocytes can serve as a target of Th17 cells and IL-17 in the CNS, and SOCS3 participates in IL-17 functions in the CNS as a negative feedback regulator.
Evidence for a TCR Affinity Threshold Delimiting Maximal CD8 T Cell Function
Authors: Schmid Daphné A. , Irving Melita B. , Posevitz Vilmos , Hebeisen Michael , Posevitz-Fejfar Anita , Sarria J-C. Floyd , Gomez-Eerland Raquel , Thome Margot , Schumacher Ton N. M. , Romero Pedro , Speiser Daniel E. , Zoete Vincent , Michielin Olivier , Rufer Nathalie
Published: March 2010

Protective adaptive immune responses rely on TCR-mediated recognition of Ag-derived peptides presented by self-MHC molecules. However, self-Ag (tumor)-specific TCRs are often of too low affinity to achieve best functionality. To precisely assess the relationship between TCR–peptide–MHC binding parameters and T cell function, we tested a panel of sequence-optimized HLA-A*0201/NY–ESO-1157–165–specific TCR variants with affinities lying within physiological boundaries to preserve antigenic specificity and avoid cross-reactivity, as well as two outliers (i.e., a very high- and a low-affinity TCR). Primary human CD8 T cells transduced with these TCRs demonstrated robust correlations between binding measurements of TCR affinity and avidity and the biological response of the T cells, such as TCR cell-surface clustering, intracellular signaling, proliferation, and target cell lysis. Strikingly, above a defined TCR–peptide–MHC affinity threshold (KD < ∼5 μM), T cell function could not be further enhanced, revealing a plateau of maximal T cell function, compatible with the notion that multiple TCRs with slightly different affinities participate equally (codominantly) in immune responses. We propose that rational design of improved self-specific TCRs may not need to be optimized beyond a given affinity threshold to achieve both optimal T cell function and avoidance of the unpredictable risk of cross-reactivity.
Assessment of Reference Values for Copper and Zinc in Blood Serum of First and Second Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: Spolders Markus , Höltershinken Martin , Meyer Ulrich , Rehage Jürgen , Flachowsky Gerhard
Published: March 2010

The influence of different copper and zinc contents in rations on blood serum concentrations in dependence on feeding (Groups A and B) and lactation (Lactation 1 and 2) was tested in a feeding trial with 60 German Holstein cows. All animals received a diet based on maize and grass silage ad libitum. 30 cows received a concentrate supplemented with copper and zinc as recommended (Group A), whereas the other 30 animals were offered a concentrate with roughly double the amount of copper and zinc (Group B). Blood samples were taken several times during the lactation to analyse serum concentrations of copper and zinc. Copper serum concentration was influenced neither by the different feeding (11.7 mol/L in Group A and 12.3 mol/L in Group B) nor by the lactation (12.0 mol/L in Lactation 1 and 12.1 mol/L in Lactation 2). Zinc serum concentration was significantly influenced as well as by feeding (14.1 mol/L in Group B and 12.5 mol/L in Group A) and lactation (14.2 mol/L in the second lactation and 12.8 mol/L for first lactating cows). For an exact diagnosis of trace element supply, blood serum is a not qualified indicator; other sources (feedstuffs, liver, hair) must also be investigated.
Postmortem Evaluation of Left Flank Laparoscopic Access in an Adult Female Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)
Authors: Pizzi R. , Cracknell J. , Dalrymple L.
Published: March 2010

There are still few reports of laparoscopy in megavertebrates. The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is the tallest land mammal, and the largest ruminant species. An 18-year-old multiparous female hybrid giraffe, weighing 650 kg, was euthanized for chronic health problems, and left flank laparoscopy was performed less than 30 minutes after death. Safe primary access was achieved under visualisation using an optical bladed trocar (Visiport Plus, Tyco healthcare UK Ltd) without prior abdominal insufflation. A left paralumbar fossa approach allowed access to the spleen, rumen, left kidney, and intestines, but did not allow access to the reproductive tract which in nongravid females is intrapelvic in nature.
A model for incorporating specialist nurse education into a university context. Part 1: Methodological perspectives
Authors: Bruce Judith C. , Klopper Hester C.
Published: March 2010

The education of nurses for specialist practice takes place mainly in nursing colleges. In view of ongoing debates about the future positioning of nursing education, an investigation regarding the incorporation of college-based specialist nurse education into universities was needed. The purpose of the study was to develop and describe a model for specialist nurse education in a university. The objectives were set in two phases: Phase 1 objectives were designed to enable the identifcation of concepts in relation to university education and Phase 2 objectives, to enable the development of a model for specialist nurse education in a university context. This paper gives an account of only the methodology used to meet the research purpose and objectives. It outlines the objectives of Phases 1 and 2, including a detailed description of the research design. In discussing the research design, particular attention was given to theory development. The research methods were described with reference to data collection methods and procedures, study samples and sampling methods, data analysis methods and processes, to ensure the trustworthiness of the study. The model is described in Part 2 of the article.OpsommingDie onderrig van verpleegkundiges in gespesialiseerde verpleegpraktyk vind hoofsaaklik in verpleegkolleges plaas. In die lig van die voortslepende debat rondom die toekomstige posisionering van verpleegonderrig is ondersoek na die inkorporering van spesialis vepleegopleiding aan universitieite as noodsaaklik geag. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die model vir gespesialiseerde vepleegopleiding aan universitiete te ontwikkel en te beskryf. Die navorsingsdoelwitte is geformuleer aan die hand van twee fases. Die doelwitte in Fase 1 was ontwerp om die konsepte betreffende universiteitsopleiding te identifseer. Die doelwitte in Fase 2 was op die ontwikkeling van ’n model vir die onderrig in gespesialiseerde verpleegkunde aan ’n universiteit gerig. Hierdie artikel gee ’n oorsig oor slegs die metodiek wat gebruik is om die doel en navorsingsdoelwitte te bereik. Dit verskaf ’n oorsig oor Fase 1 en 2 en sluit ’n omvattende beskrywing van die navorsingsontwerp in. In die bespreking van die navorsingsontwerp word spesifeke aandag aan teoriegenerering gewy. Die navorsingsmetodes word beskryf met verwysing na data insamelingsmetodes-en-prosedures, die steekproef, en steekproefmetodes, data analiseringsmetodes-en-prosedures wat die betroubaarheid van die studie verseker het. Die model word in Deel 2 van die artikel beskryf.
The Geographical Mobility, Preferences and Pleasures of Prolific Punters: A Demonstration Study of the Activities of Prostitutes’ Clients
Authors: Soothill Keith , Sanders Teela
Published: March 2010

Clients of prostitutes have been traditionally neglected in the study of prostitution. This demonstration study suggests that the Internet, particularly one prominent website for patrons of commercial sex in Britain, can assist in learning more about the activities of prostitutes’ clients, their patterns of behaviour and the organisation of commercial sex in contemporary society. The specific focus here is on the geographical locations of the paid sexual encounters of the ten most prolific authors who contribute to a popular website. It reveals 105 different locations identified in the reports with some punters travelling extensively for their pleasures. The study then focuses on a comparison of the activities of two of these punters showing how they both largely inhabit different worlds of the sex industry but also share some experiences. This paper contributes additional knowledge about prostitution at several levels: first, a microanalysis of a small sample of clients’ purchasing patterns highlights the habits of some prolific patrons; second, alongside these patterns, the website offers a window onto the hidden world of prostitution in late modernity which in turn reveals some organisational features of prostitution; and third, the use of the Internet as a qualitative data source is explored.
Applying Ragin's Crisp and Fuzzy Set QCA to Large Datasets: Social Class and Educational Achievement in the National Child Development Study
Authors: Cooper Barry
Published: March 2010

The paper explores the use of Charles Ragin's Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) in both its crisp and fuzzy set versions in the study of the relations between social class origin, sex, ‘ability’ and subsequent educational achievement. The work reported is part of a larger ongoing project which is employing QCA to compare these relations within two birth cohorts. Here data are used from the British National Child Development Study, i.e. from children born in 1958. The paper has a methodological focus, bringing out the strengths but also the difficulties that arise when employing QCA with a large dataset of this type. In particular, the problem of calibrating membership in fuzzy sets in a context where detailed case knowledge is not available is illustrated. It is also shown how the use of gradually increasing thresholds with Ragin's fs/QCA software can bring out the relative importance of various factors in accounting for achievement. The QCA-based analysis suggests that the processes of educational attainment can, at best, only be seen as partly falling under a ‘meritocratic’ description. It is also hoped that this paper will serve as a useful introduction to the potential of QCA for readers not yet familiar with it.
Users and Social Science Research: Policy, Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Rappert B.
Published: March 2010

Recent times have seen a significant reorientation in public funding for academic research across many countries. Public bodies in the UK have been at the forefront of such activities, typically justified in terms of a need to meet the challenges of international competitiveness and improve quality of life. One set of mechanisms advanced for further achieving these goals is the incorporation of users’ needs into various aspects of the research process. This paper examines some of the consequences of greater user involvement in the UK Economic and Social Research Council by drawing on both empirical evidence and more speculative argumentation. In doing so it poses some of the dilemmas for conceptualizing proper user involvement.
Patriots of the Future? A Critical Examination of Community Cohesion Strategies in Contemporary Britain
Authors: McGhee Derek
Published: March 2010

This paper focuses on four inter-related areas of recent public policy in Britain associated with community cohesion, asylum and immigration, the Strength in Diversity consultation strategy and counter-terrorism. This paper comprises of a critical examination of the various reports, speeches and strategies associated with these areas of public policy. The central concern of the paper is to explore the relationship between these areas of public policy through illuminating the extent of the ‘policy tropes’ common to each, for example, (1) the problematisation of the weakness of ‘citizenship’ in contemporary Britain and the strategy for revitalizing it, common to all four policy areas; (2) the emphasis on ‘the material’ over ‘the cultural’ in the explanations of ‘weak integration’ in these policy areas; and (3) the ethnic and religious minority focus in all four areas. The relationship exposed between these policy tropes is then used in the paper to suggest that the focus on ethnic and minority communities (especially young Muslims) within this discursive formation, belies a barely repressed risk consciousness that informs the wider rhetoric of building community cohesion in twenty-first century Britain.
Pervasive Uncertainty in Second Modernity: An Empirical Test
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter
Published: March 2010

Recent discussion of social change implies that, for a number of reasons, to do with globalisation, shifts in family life styles and labour markets, more critical attitudes toward the authority of officials and experts and greater awareness of possibilities and options, social life is more strongly affected by a sense of uncertainty. It also implies that uncertainty is pervasive and not specifically linked to fears about specific contingencies. It is associated with an orientation towards self-direction and a rejection of tradition and conformity. This thesis has been widely discussed, but rarely tested using quantitative data. This paper uses data from a recent national survey carried out by the ESRC Social Contexts and Responses to Risk network to show that uncertainty and security concerns are strong, but are in fact linked to traditionalism and conformity rather than to a critical and reflexive awareness. A high value is attached to self-direction, but this is linked to privileged social status rather than attitudes of pervasive social uncertainty. In general the values posited by recent discussion seem to be associated more closely with immediate social position than with the society-wide impact of social change.