bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of minor components on the crystallization of coconut oil
Authors: Gordon Michael H. , Rahman Ibrahim Abdul
Published: July 2007

Variations in the crystallization behavior of fats have important consequences for the processing of fatty foods.

This paper is concerned with the changes in the crystallization of coconut oil due to refining, and the effects of diacylglycerols, free fatty acids and phospholipids on oil crystallization.

The changes in coconut oil crystallization due to changes in oil composition have been studied by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bleaching or neutralization of crude coconut oil caused a dramatic reduction in the induction time before the onset of detectable crystallization at 15°C. The addition of oleic and lauric acid caused a large increase in the induction time of refined coconut oil whereas palmitic acid had a smaller effect. However, the changes in coconut oil crystallization during refining are not completely explained by the removal of free fatty acids. Dilaurin retarded the nucleation of coconut oil whereas diolein did not have any significant effect. Phosphatidylcholine also retarded the nucleation of coconut oil at 15°C, but this effect is not significant in practice for coconut oil because of the low levels of phospholipids present in the crude oil.
Preparation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentrate fromPorphyridium cruentum
Authors: Cohen Zvi , Cohen Simon
Published: July 2007

The polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has attracted increased attention due to its pharmaceutical properties. The main source is marine fish oil which contains approximately 15% EPA. However, pharmaceutical applications of EPA will probably require higher concentrations, perhaps as high as 90%. The red microalgaPorphyridium cruentum is a potential source, because its EPA content approaches 44.1% of the total fatty acids. Three methods were attempted for EPA concentration and arachidonic acid (AA) removal from the oil of this alga. Separation of the glycolipids, formation of a urea inclusion complex and reverse phase chromatography on C‐18 Sep‐Pak filters resulted in an EPA concentrate of 97% purity. Similar methods resulted in an AA concentrate of 80% purity.
Characteristic properties of cutting fluid additives derived from fatty alcohols
Authors: Watanabe S. , Fujita T. , Sakamoto M. , Kamaru H. , Kawahara H.
Published: July 2007

Many 3‐aminopropyl alkyl ethers were prepared and their characteristics as water‐based cutting fluids were examined. 3‐Aminopropyl octyl‐, decyl‐ and dodecyl ethers showed good lubricities and antimicrobial properties for a water‐based cutting fluid.
Liquid laundry detergents based on soap andα‐sulfo methyl esters
Authors: Drozd Joseph C. , Desai Dilip D.
Published: July 2007

It is well known that soap is one of the most effective cleaning agents in soft water. However, soap is equally notorious for some of its deficiencies, especially formation of soap scum due to the precipitation of calcium and magnesium soaps in hard water, low solubility in water, poor cleaning in cold water, greying of fabrics and dulling of hard surfaces such as ceramic tiles. Attributes of soap that should not be overlooked, especially in today’s environment, include an abundant and natural raw material supply (vegetable oils and fats) and excellent human and environmental safety profiles that are superior to most synthetic surfactants.
Electrolytic acetoxylation of methyl oleate
Authors: DeJarlais W. J. , Koritala S. , Selke E. , Bagby M. O.
Published: July 2007

The electrolysis of methyl oleate in acetic acid solution with LiClO4 as the supporting electrolyte was studied. Both stirred and pumped undivided cells were used with Pt electrodes. Constant current at 6, 8, 16 and 24 ma/cm2 current densities was used. The amount of acetoxyl substitution appeared to be independent of the current density. With 4 Faradays of charge, about 1.1 acetoxy groups were introduced/mole at a current efficiency (i.e., net chemical reaction/net charge) of 50 to 60%. The acetoxylated octadecenoates exhibit thermal instability upon molecular distillation with the formation of conjugated unsaturation by loss of acetic acid. Catalytic hydrogenation of the acetoxylated product yielded distillable acetoxylated methyl octadecanoates. The unsaturated acetoxylated products gave 25–47% undistillable material upon molecular distillation, while the saturated acetoxy derivatives had as little as 1%. From the corresponding alcohols of the unsaturated acetoxy products,t‐butyldimethylsilyl ethers were prepared and analyzed by mass spectrometry. This analysis supported the hypothesis that the principal points of acetoxyl substitution in the mono‐acetoxylated esters were at C‐8,9,10 and 11, while the acetoxylation in the poly‐acetoxylated esters was more widely dispersed.
Molecular weight averages as criteria for quality assessment of heated oils and fats
Authors: Husain Sajid , Sastry G. S. R. , Raju N. Prasada
Published: July 2007

A simple method for quality assessment of heated oils and fats is described. The proposed method involves precise determination of molecular weight averages (MWA)viz., the weight average molecular weight (), the number average molecular weight () and the Z‐average molecular weight () by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and their quantitative correlation to percent polar material obtained by column chromatography (CC). Change in MWA on heat treatment of fourteen different edible oils and fats at 180° ± 2°C for eight 8‐hr days is studied. Relative standard deviations and regression coefficients of correlation between MWA and their ratios (, {}, {}, {}, {} and {)vs percent polar material have been reported. Probable discard time was predicted for all the oils based on the above‐mentioned correlations and also from the percent of high molecular weight (H. Mwt) species formed. It was observed that the oils which are generally recommended for coronary patients deteriorated faster. A possibility of extending this methodology to the frying oils is suggested.
Microwave heating to prevent deterioration of cottonseed during storage
Authors: Conkerton E. J. , Schneider G. R. , Bland J. M. , Marshall H. F. , Goynes W. R.
Published: July 2007

Fuzzy cottonseed samples of 14.5% moisture and <1.0% free fatty acids (FFA) contents heated in a conventional, home‐style microwave oven at 700W and 2450 MHz for intervals up to 2.0 min. The 2.0‐min treatment reduced the moisture content to 13.1%. Examination of the seed immediately after microwave heating (MWH) indicated no differences in the proteins or in the quality or quantity of the cotton linters as compared with unheated seed. Neither the oil content of the seed nor the quality of the oil were affected by the microwave treatment. After nine weeks of storage at 50°C, the unheated seed had a FFA content of >3.0% while the FFA content of the 2.0‐min microwave‐heated seed remained <1.0%. During this storage period there was significant deterioration of the protein quality of the unheated seed. The 2.0‐min MWH treatment, however, maintained the integrity of the protein during storage.
Preparation of polyunsaturated phospholipids by lipase‐catalyzed transesterification
Authors: Totani Yoichiro , Hara Setsuko
Published: July 2007

Transesterifications were investigated to determine a means for preparing polyunsaturated phospholipids simply from soy phospholipid, sardine oil, and two kinds of microbial lipases originating fromCandida cylindracea andRhizopus delemar.

The optimum reaction conditions forCandida cylindracea lipase were: 4 g of sardine oil, 10 mL of water, 0.7 g of lipase, 10 mL of hexane, 48 hr of reaction time at 37°C for 3 g of soy phospholipid, for which the transesterification ratio reached approximately 45%. Recovery of phospholipid was low, because hydrolysis also occurred under these reaction conditions. However, hydrolysis could be suppressed by using glycerine instead of water, and the recovery of phospholipid increased to 47%, although the transesterification ratio was reduced to 32%.

Rhizopus delemar lipase has 1,3‐specificity for triglycerides, and the transesterification ratio was approximately 37% in the 1‐position of phospholipid. The resulting phospholipid was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and linoleic acid, while the total percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids incorporated was 18.4%. Therefore, polyunsaturated phospholipids can be prepared easily by transesterification of soy phospholipid with fish oil by means of commercial lipases.
Survey of quality of used frying oils from restaurants
Authors: Al‐Kahtani Hassan A.
Published: July 2007

Commercial frying practices and frying conditions at 62 restaurants or fast‐food outlets were investigated and the quality of their discarded frying oils was evaluated by several standard laboratory methods: total polar components (TPC), free fatty acids (%FFA), p‐anisidine and peroxide values, color, viscosity, C18:2/C16:0, absorbance at 232 and 268 nm, and five quick test methods (Foodoil sensor, Oxifrit (RAU‐Test), Fritest, Veri‐Fry‐TAM 150, and Veri‐Fry‐FFA 500). Frying techniques varied from primitive traditional practice at traditional shops to modern sophisticated frying procedures at some franchise restaurants. Discarded oils appeared to be heat‐damaged to a varying extent according to the degree of quality control applied by the corresponding restaurants. Test methods were shown to possess different statistical correlations. Highly significant correlations were found between TPC and Foodoil sensor (c.f=0.93) and between Oxifrit and Fritest (c.f=0.94), each of which were also correlated relatively well to the TPC. Peroxide value followed by %FFA did not significantly (p<0.05) correlate with the TPC. Significant linear relationships (p⊕0.05) were found between the TPC and each of the other indicators but %FFA and peroxide value.
Studies on glycolipids of kenaf, english walnut, myrobalan and manila tamarind seeds of the Vidarbha region (India)
Authors: Kulkarni A. S. , Khotpal R. R. , Bhakara H. A.
Published: July 2007

Studies on the glycolipid compositions of Kenaf, English walnut, Myrobalan and Manila tamarind seeds found in the Vidarbha region of Central India have been carried out by silicic acid column chromatography and thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). The total glycolipids have been separated into individual components such as monogalactosyldiglycerides 20–28%, digalactosyldiglycerides 40–41%, sterylgalactosides 15–18%, acylated sterylgalactosides 8–15% and unidentified components 0.8–2%. The fatty acid composition of total and component glycolipids as determined by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) showed the predominant fatty acids to be palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. Sugar in the component glycolipids was found to be exclusively galactose.
Seed oil determination without weighing and drying the seeds by combined free induction decay and spin‐echo nuclear magnetic resonance signals
Authors: Tiwari P. N. , Gambhir P. N.
Published: July 2007

The free induction decay (FID) and echo signals in a spin‐echo pulse sequence have been used for seed oil determination without weighing and drying the seeds with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) equipment that has a magnetic field of low homogeneity. Earlier known methods, based on use of the FID signal to determine seed oil, become inapplicable when the magnetic field homogeneity is poor, because the angular position of seed significantly affects the signal. The present method, which elegantly eliminates the angular dependence, involves sampling the FID signal at 10 µs after a 90° pulse and the subsequent echo signal at 100 µs formed by applying a 180° pulse at 50 µs. Such short pulse spacing in spin‐echo sequence produces almost a full oil signal. It also eliminates the effects of sample‐to‐sample variation inT2 and molecular diffusion on oil signal. The oil values obtained by this method are in good agreement (correlation for mustard: 0.952; linseed: 0.99; and for peanut: 0.912) with the values obtained by the well established and accurate pulsed NMR method, which is based on the measurement of the FID signal of oil in dried and weighed seeds.
The effect of free fatty acid on the reactivity of copper‐based catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: van de Scheur Frank Th. , Sai Guido U‐A , Bliek Alfred , Staal Leendert H.
Published: July 2007

In the synthesis of fatty alcohols by hydrogenolysis of fatty acid methyl esters, small amounts of free fatty acids in the feed negatively affect the reactivity of copper‐silica based catalysts. The effect of the acid was investigated in relation to the production of water, the nature of the inhibiting species, and the degree of reduction of the catalyst. Inhibition is reversible and not due to catalyst deactivation. Water is not the inhibiting species. Furthermore, formation of copper and zinc soaps was excluded. Lauric acid in the methyl ester feed reacts preferentially, but at a lower rate than the ester. Inhibition most likely stems from a preferential adsorption of the acid at the active sites of the catalyst. The consequences for practical applications are discussed.
Reaction rates of simultaneous dehydration and hydrogenation of castor oil
Authors: Vishwanadham B. , Khan A. A. , Bhagvanth Rao M.
Published: July 2007

The reaction rates of simultaneous dehydration and hydrogenation of castor oil to make tallow‐like hard fat were calculated through a simplified procedure which makes use of a new variable derived from the incremental change in hydrodxyl value and iodine value.
Oil content and fatty acid composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) from five northwestern locations in Argentina
Authors: Ayerza (h) Ricardo
Published: July 2007

Any new crop for which there is a market, and which appears to be adapted to the region, would be attractive to replace nonprofitable traditional crops in Northwestern Argentina. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is especially attractive because it can be grown to produce oil for both food and industry. The fatty acids of chia oil are highly unsaturated, with their main components being linoleic (17–26%) and linolenic (50–57%) acids. Seeds from a chia population harvested in Catamarca were sown in five Northwestern Argentina locations. The oil from the chia seeds produced under these five field conditions was measured. Linolenic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic fatty acid contents of the oil were determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The results showed variations in oil content, and the oleic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acid concentrations of the oil were significantly affected by location.
Relationship of peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value to development of undesirable flavor characteristics in fats
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Gregory R. L. , Van Giessen B.
Published: July 2007

The peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value were compared with the flavor score for a series of different types of fats, with and without added monoglyceride and with and without different stabilizers. The data indicated that the flavor score cannot be estimated for any given fat from either the peroxide value or the thiobarbituric acid value. Either can be used to follow the development of off flavors in a given product or formulation but the relative level may vary from product to product.
The kinetics of autoxidation of methyl linoleate. The effect of added antioxidants and a new method for the evaluation of antioxidants
Authors: Quencer R. M. , Buck P. A. , Mattick L. R.
Published: July 2007

A new method is described for the evaluation of antioxidants. Oxygen uptake by autoxidizing methyl linoleate both with and without antioxidants is measured in the Warburg apparatus and reaction orders, reaction rate constants, and length of induction periods determined. Tenox's BHT and BHA and Griffith's G‐16 are evaluated and compared.
Fatty acid composition of oils from 21 species of marine fish, freshwater fish and shellfish
Authors: Gruger E. H. , Nelson R. W. , Stansby M. E.
Published: July 2007

The fatty acid composition of body lipids was determined by GLC for 14 species of saltwater fish, three species of freshwater fish and four species of shellfish. In addition, liver lipids of two species and egg lipids of one species were analyzed for comparison with the fish body lipids. The various species ranged from lean to fatty and contained from 0.7~15.5% oil in the tissues. Certain major fatty acids were found to vary widely among the species, as follows: 1.6~8.0% myristic, 9.5~33.4% palmitic, 2.0~11.2% palmitoleic, 5.2~29.1% oleic, 0.7~10.5% eicosenoic, 5.0~21.5% eicosapentaenoic, 0.2~11.6% docosenoic and 5.9~26.2% docosahexaenoic acids. Analyses of two separate mullet‐oil samples illustrated the wide differences that are possible for a single species caught during different seasons. Significant differences in the amt of particular fatty acids were found in comparing freshwater‐fish analyses with analyses for marine fish. Oysters and scallops showed large amt of pentaenoic and hexaenoic acids in their oils.
Determination of the glyceride structure of fats: Anomalous features of the seed fat of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia)
Authors: Subbaram M. R. , Chakrabarty M. M. , Youngs C. G. , Craig B. M.
Published: July 2007

Glyceride composition of the seed fat ofMomordica charantia has been determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of oxidized esterifield glycerides. Stearodiunsaturated glycerides form ca. 80% of the total glycerides. Values obtained by the above method agree closely with those obtained by Youngs' (8) method. However, there is a wide variation between the present results and those calculated according to Vander‐Wal (5) from lipase hydrolysis data. Possible reasons for this anomalous glyceride pattern are discussed.
Effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on oilseed protein solubility
Authors: Jacks T. J. , Hensarling T. P.
Published: July 2007

Cucurbitin, a typical oilseed protein, was treated with 0‐30% H2O2, lyophilized after removal of H2O2, and then tested for its solubility in water. Its solubility increased linearly from virtual insolubility in the absence of H2O2 exposure to about 65 mg/ml after exposure to either 20% or 30% H2O2. These results indicated that H2O2 is effective in producing several ratios of soluble‐to‐insoluble protein preparations, as represented by cucurbitin. Obtaining desired solubilities of oilseed proteins with H2O2 could provide ways for the development of new oilseed products.
Isotopic effects during catalytic hydrogenation
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Selke E. , Rohwedder W. K. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

No isotopic discrimination is observed during catalytic reduction of methyl oleate with hydrogen‐tritium gas mixtures. One explanation may be that at atmospheric pressure and 40C the isotopic effect on solubility is small and the concentration of the dissolved hydrogen isotopes is rate limiting. Tritium in methyl 9‐octadecenoate‐9,10‐T is not released during saturation of the double bond but appears in the gaseous phase upon completion of hydrogenation, as indicated by an ion chamber. No isotopic discrimination is observed in the reduction of methyl oleate with mixtures of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium; however, a mass spectrometer indicates an increase in the hydrogen‐deuterium ratio during hydrogenation. Under the conditions described, tritium and deuterium may be used to study the mechanism of hydrogenation without significant isotopic effects.
Copolymerization of methyl esters of unsaturated C18 fatty acids
Authors: Mayo F. R. , Gould Constance W.
Published: July 2007

In order to assay the possibilities of making high polymers from linseed oil, the copolymerizations of styrene with the methyl esters of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and conjugated linolenic acids were studied at 60舑130C and copolymerizations of the last three esters with acrylonitrile were studied at 60C. Appropriate free radical initiators were employed in all cases. The esters without conjugated unsaturation show little tendency to enter a copolymer with styrene, but copolymers containing up to 40% by weight of conjugated linoleate can be obtained. Linoleic, linolenic, and conjugated linoleic esters copolymerize readily with acrylonitrile. Products containing up to 45 mole %, 80 wt %, of the conjugated ester can be made. However, methyl eleostearate, with three conjugated double bonds, inhibits the polymerization of both styrene and acrylonitrile. Quantitative comparisons of the behaviors of the esters are made through the copolymerization equation. The probable performance of these and other vinyl monomers in copolymerization with linseed oil is discussed.
Deuterium‐hydrogen exchange during the catalytic deuteration of methyl oleate
Authors: Rohwedder W. K. , Bitner E. D. , Peters Helen M. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

Extensive exchange of deuterium for carbonbonded hydrogen takes place during the catalytic reduction of methyl oleate with gaseous deuterium. Mass spectrometric analysis of the deuterated stearate shows that it is composed as follows: a small part of one molecular species contains no deuterium; the largest contains 1 atom of deuterium; nearly as much contains 2 atoms; and progressively smaller numbers of molecules contain 3,4,5, and up to 11 atoms of deuterium per molecule.

No appreciable exchange occurred with the hydrogen of methyl stearate in the presence of active palladium catalyst and deuterium.

Methyl oleate, containing up to 9 atoms of deuterium in one species and 11/2 moles of deuterium average per mole, has been separated from the partially deuterated ester. This octadecenoate has 60舑65% of its double bonds intrans configuration and only 18% of its double bonds in the original 9,10‐position.
Phospholipids of tuna white muscle
Authors: Shuster C. Yvonne , Fronines J. R. , Olcott H. S.
Published: July 2007

The composition of the lipids from the white muscle of five tuna fish has been determined. Total extractable lipid varied from 0.5%舑10.3% of the tissue wet weight; phospholipid content ranged from 0.3%舑0.6%. The separation of the phospholipid components was made by column chromatography with activated silicic acid and stepwise elution, with increasing concentrations of methanol in chloroform. The components were identified by chemical tests and infrared (IR) spectra. Tuna white musele contained an average of 0.5% phospholipid on wet weight basis; 23% was cephalin, 54% lecithin, 8% sphingomyelin, 2% phosphoinositide, with small amounts of unidentified components. Ten to 30% of the lecithin and cephalin fractions were in the form of plasmalogens. The gas‐liquid chromatographic analyses of the 12舑22 carbon fatty acids of the lecithin, cephalin, and neutral fractions are presented. The cephalins were characteristically high in stearie acid and low in palmitic acid, in contrast to the lecithins.
Nutritional effects of dihydroxystearic acid in rats
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Johnson Ruth Ellen
Published: July 2007

Two matching groups of weanling male albino rats were fed a purified diet containing 5% dihydroxystearic acid. All animals survived until they were killed; the first group was sacrificed at age 150 days and the second at 305 days. Fecal fat analyses showed that at least 80% of the ingested dihydroxystearic acid was not exereted. Growth was depressed during the first four weeks; this was followed by a period of rapid weight inerease. The weight of the epididymal fat pads indicated depression of neutral fat deposition. Livers and adrenals were relatively heavy in the group killed earlier and essentially normal in those killed later. This and the eventual weight increase showed that the rats adapted themselves to the intake of the material. Gas liquid chromatography carried out on the methyl ethers of the epididymal fat did not reveal the presence of dihydroxystearic acid. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of serum, kidney, liver and epididymal fat was determined on the methyl esters of the lipid extracts.
Dimer acid structures. The dehydro‐dimer from methyl oleate and Di‐t‐butyl peroxide
Authors: Paschke R. F. , Peterson L. E. , Harrison S. A. , Wheeler D. H.
Published: July 2007

The dehydro‐dimer of methyl oleate was prepared and its structure determined as a model of a non‐ring dimer for reference in studying the structure of other fatty dimer acids.

The dehydro‐dimer of methyl oleate is formed by the action of di‐t‐butyl peroxide on methyl oleate. The reaction is stoichiometric; one mole of DTBP producing one mole of dehydrodimer and two moles of t‐BuOH, when excess methyl oleate is used. The dimer was shown to contain two double bonds, and to be formed by carbon‐to‐carbon linkages predominantly and equally at the 8, 9, 10 and 11 carbons of the oleate monomer segments.

Unsaturation was determined by quantitative hydrogenation and far UV absorption. The points of linkage were established by diagnosis of the positions of the involved tertiary carbons of the hydrogenated dimer 1) by chemical oxidation, and 2) by mass spectrometry. Positions of the double bonds were determined by quantitative ozonization, reductive cleavage followed by gas chromatography of the aldehydes and aldehyde esters. Precise molecular weight of the hydrogenated dimer was determined from the parant mass peak at the expected m/e of 594, confirming the non‐ring structure. The unhydrogenated dimer showed a parent m/e peak at the expected value of 590.

The bridging at the 8 and 10 positions is explained as being due to coupling of radicals with limiting resonance structures resulting from loss of a hydrogen atom from the methylene at position 8. The bridging at the 9 and 11 positions is explained as due to coupling of limiting resonance structures resulting from loss of a hydrogen atom from the methylene at position 11.

Mass spectrometric data indicate that the dimerization is a coupling of the expected free radical forms, rather than attack by an oleate free radical on the double bond of an intact oleate molecule, with subsequent loss of hydrogen to form the second double bond in the dimer.

Coupling at the 2‐position (ॅ to COOCH3) occurs in not more than 5舑10% of the molecules. A small amount of cyclic dimer may be present.
Application of the ritter reaction toa‐olefins
Authors: Clarke T. , Devine J. , Dicker D. W.
Published: July 2007

By modification of the original Ritter conditions for making substituted amides by addition of nitriles of olefinic compounds, it is possible to apply the reaction to ॅ‐olefins. Results are given for addition of hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, cyanoacetic acid, and some chloronitriles to ॅ‐olefins in the range C10舑C18. Preliminary attempts to use diolefins containing the vinyl group were unsuccessful. Evidence is adduced to support the carbonium ion mechanism for the reaction.
Evaluation of fourBrassica germplasm collections for fatty acid composition
Authors: Auld D. L. , Mahler K. A. , LeTourneau D. J.
Published: July 2007

A total of 1116 accessions of cultivatedBrassica spp. from four collections were evaluated for fatty acid composition to identify variants which would be useful in plant improvement programs. The accessions included lines ofB. campestris L.,B. napus L.,B. oleracea L. andB. carinata Braun obtained from the USDA collections at Ames, IA, Pullman, WA, and Geneva, NY, as well as the Centre for Genetic Resources‐the Netherlands (CGN) at Wageningen, Netherlands. Fatty acid composition of each accession was determined by using gas chromatography. The range, mean, standard deviation and frequency distributions were calculated for the seven primary fatty acids found in the accessions from each collection.

Fatty acid profiles of the four species were very similar. Except for levels of erucic acid in the oilseed accessions ofB. campestris andB. napus, only limited economic variation in fatty acid composition was evident. These data suggest that in theseBrassica species the fatty acid profile has been tightly conserved. Estimated energy obtained by β‐oxidation of a high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil was 13.8% higher than for a low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil. The higher energy levels of oils containing high levels of erucic acid may have played a significant role in survival and adaptation of these extremely small seedBrassica species. This may explain why such limited variation in fatty acid composition was found in these extensive and diverse collections.
Synthesis of 12‐phosphonooleic acid and surfactant properties of its sodium salt
Authors: Neeta Kumari B. , Chandrasekhara Rao T. , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: July 2007

Methyl ricinoleate (9‐cis, 12‐hydroxyoctadecenoate) was transformed to 12‐bromo/iodo‐oleate via methyl 12‐mesyloxyoleate by homoallylic displacement reaction. The halooleate was reacted with triethyl phosphite to give methyl 12‐diethyl phosphonooleate via the Michaelis‐Arbuzov reaction under modified conditions. The phosphonooleate was hydrolyzed to 12‐phosphonoleic acid using conc. hydrochloric acid. The compounds were characterized by phosphorus estimation and a combination of IR,1H‐NMR and13C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques. The 12‐phosphonooleic acid was neutralized to its sodium salt, and the salt was then studied for its surfactant properties. The sodium phosphonooleate was found to be superior to sodium salts of sulfate and phosphate esters of castor oil, and comparable to sodium lauryl sulfate in wetting ability, emulsifying power and in lowering of surface tension. The sodium phosphonooleate, being a poor foamer, could be used for machine laundry washing, dish washing and cosmetics.
Argentation high performance liquid chromatography of methyl esters
Authors: Scholfield C. R.
Published: July 2007

The technique of argentation chromatography with silver ion on a macroreticular exchange resin has been applied to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate fatty methyl esters and their isomers. Elution of methyl linolenate from the column and more rapid separation of dienes are made possible by programming column temperature from 25 to 70 C. Samples from ca. 0.025 μ to 8 μl can be analyzed on a 2‐mm id x 61‐cm column. Two 7‐mm id x 61‐cm columns in series have been used to separate 100‐μl samples into fractions for further analysis by capillary gas chromatography. Various forms of argentation chromatography have been widely used for analysis and for separation of compounds from oils and fats including hydrogenated soybean oil. This paper describes the application of argentation procedures to modern HPLC to obtain faster, more efficient separations. It also describes the application of temperature programming to give more rapid separations and to extend our previous method to include methyl linolenate and its isomers.
A simple and quick determination of aldehydes in autoxidized vegetable and fish oils
Authors: Miyashita Kazuo , Kanda Kenji , Takagi Toru
Published: July 2007

A simple and quick method for the quantitative determination of aldehydes in oxidized oils was established. The analysis was based on the reaction of N,N‐dimethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (DPPD) with aldehydes in the presence of acetic acid. Reaction products were determined by visible absorption at wavelengths of 400, 460 and 500 nm. The errors of the DPPD method in the analyses of total aldehydes in authentic mixtures of various aldehydes were less than 5%, and this method could be used successfully to determine aldehyde contents in oxidized vegetable and fish oils. The reaction time of the DPPD method (10 min at 30°C) is much shorter than that of the conventional method that uses 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine as a reagent (30 min at 60°C). The simplicity of the procedure enables a quick determination of aldehyde contents in oxidized oil samples.
The removal of organic substances from water with nonvolatile edible solvents
Authors: Jandacek R. J. , Bohne R. L.
Published: July 2007

The use of nonvolatile, edible triglycerides for the removal of trace organic materials from water was investigated. All organic substances that were studied were readily removed from water by contact with triglycerides. Solvent extraction with liquid soybean oil reduced the concentrations of benzene and chloroform in water. A fixed bed filter of liquid soybean oil, hydrogenated palm oil and sand removed toluene and chloroform from water. Toluene was removed from water by adsorption with hydrogenated palm oil, a solid fat.
Partial argentation resin chromatography (PARC): I. Effect of percent silver on elution and separation of methyl octadecadienoate isomers
Authors: Adlof R. O. , Rakoff H. , Emken E. A.
Published: July 2007

Partial argentation resin chromatography (PARC) for the separation of octadecadienoate ester isomers was investigated. In comparison to saturated silver resin chromatography, the time necessary to elute methylcis,cis‐octadecadienaotes was dramatically shortened when columns containing sulfonic acid ion exchange resin silvered in the range of 60~90% of theoretical (meaning 60~90% of the sulfonic acid protons in the resin were replaced by silver ions) were used. Methods for preparation and silvering of the resin are discussed. The XN1010 resin (Rohm and Haas) was analyzed for total sulfonic acid groups and the amount of silver that can be incorporated by one or 2 treatments with silver nitrate was determined. A series of partially silvered resin columns was prepared and samples of methyl linoleate were eluted to study the effect of the percentage silvering on elution volumes and peak shapes. Twenty‐gram samples of mixtures ofcis,trans‐ andtrans,trans‐ and oftrans,cis‐ andcis,cis‐methyl 12,15‐octadecadienoates were separated on a 91% PARC (91% silvered) column.
Selective hydrogenation with copper catalysts: V. Kinetics and mechanism at high pressure
Authors: Koritala S.
Published: July 2007

The mechanism of hydrogenation at 900~950 psi with copper‐chromite catalyst was investigated with pure methyl esters as well as their mixtures. A comparison of double bond distribution intrans‐monoenes formed during hydrogenation of linoleate and alkali‐conjugated linoleate revealed that 85~95% of the double bonds in linoleate conjugated prior to hydrogenation. The mode of hydrogen addition to conjugated triene and diene at high pressure is similar to that at low pressure but positional and geometric isomerizations of unreduced conjugated esters were less at high pressure. Geometric isomerization of methyl linoleate and linolenate was considerable at high pressure whereas it was negligible at low pressure. The absence of conjugated products during hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters resulted from their high reactivity. Conjugated dienes are 12 times more reactive than the triene, methyl linolenate, and 31 times more reactive than the diene, methyl linoleate. The products of methyl linolenate hydrogenation were the same as those predicted by the conjugation mechanism.
A conversion factor to determine phospholipid content in soybean and sunflower crude oils
Authors: Chapman G. W.
Published: July 2007

The major phospholipids (PL) from soybeans and sunflowers were separated by 2‐dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the fatty acid composition of each PL was determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). PL from soybeans and sunflowers contained high percentages of linoleic and palmitic acids. Only phosphatidylinositol (PI) from both oilseeds were similar in fatty acid composition and the principal acid was palmitic acid. Sunflower phospholipids, except for PI, contained twice as much oleic acid as did those from soybeans. Sunflower PI contained very low but measurable quantities of heptadecanoic acid. The molecular weights (MW) of individual PL were based on their fatty acid composition. The MW found for soybeans and sunflower PL were quite similar even though their fatty acid compositions were different. The average MW of PL in crude soybean and sunflower oils was determined based on the MW of individual PL and their composition in the PL fraction. From that MW, a factor for converting phosphorous content in oil to its PL content was calculated. For both oils, the factor was 25.
Characteristics and composition ofAbutilon pannosum andHibiscus panduriformis seeds and oils
Authors: Kittur M. H. , Mahajanshetti C. S. , Rao K. V. S. A. , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: July 2007

The seeds ofAbutilon pannosum (Forst.) Schlecht., syn.A. muti cum (DC.) Sweet, andHibiscus panduriformis Burm. (Malvaceae), respectively, contained 13.4 and 15.4% oil, and 23.0 and 22.2% protein. The respective seed oil had iodine values of 118.4 and 132.4, and saponification values of 194.3 and 188.8. The fatty acid composition (wt %), as determined by gas liquid chromatography, was: palmitic, 21.3, 12.3; stearic, 2.8, 3.2;oleic, 11.7, 10.2; linoleic, 60.7, 74.3; malvalic, 2.2, trace; sterculic, trace, none; and dihydrocum sterculic, 1.3, none, respectively.
Total oil analysis of soybeans by simultaneous grinding and solvent extraction
Authors: Canessa C. E. , Snyder H. E.
Published: July 2007

A new, rapid method for total oil analysis of soybeans is proposed in which ground soybeans are mixed with solvent and further ground in a closed homogenizer until the oil is completely dissolved. A sample of the slurry can then be filtered and the oil content determined by evaporating the solvent from a measured amount of miscella. Parameters studied included times and speeds needed to produce sufficiently small particles so that all the oil was dissolved. The new analysis compared favorably with conventional Goldfisch extraction for total oil of soybeans. Preliminary experiments indicated that rapeseed could be extracted by the new procedure without preliminary grinding.
Deacidification of sulfur olive oil. I. Single‐stage liquid‐liquid extraction of miscella with ethyl alcohol
Authors: Turkay Selma , Civelekoglu Halidun
Published: July 2007

In this study, a systematic and detailed investigation on liquid‐liquid extraction of sulfur olive oil miscella in hexane with aqueous ethanol solutions was performed. Optimal extraction conditions for recovery of free fatty acids (FFA) with a minor loss of neutral oil were determined in bench‐scale single‐stage extractions. It was concluded that, to ensure deacidification with a low triglycerides loss, it is appropriate to extract the miscella with 30% or more dilute ethanol solutions. It was also noted that under these circumstances the free fatty acid percentage extracted is not affected by increases in contents of FFA and partial glycerides of sulfur olive oil, and the solvent must be saturated with hexane before extraction. Changing the oil:hexane ratio in miscella from 1:2 to 2:1 by weight did not have any significant effect on extraction results.
Preparation and surface‐active properties of the sodium soaps, mono‐ and diethanolamides and diol and triol sulfates of cycloaliphatic C21 Di‐ and C22 Tricarboxylic acids
Authors: Vijayalakshmi P. , Subbarao R. , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: July 2007

Cycloaliphatic C21 di‐ and C22 tricarboxylic acids were prepared by the Diels‐Alder reaction of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) fatty acids (containing 48% conjugated and 42% nonconjugated dienes) with acrylic and fumaric acids, respectively. The reaction temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and mole ratio of reactants were varied to get maximum yields of the di‐ and tricarboxylic acids. The unreacted DCO fatty acids were removed from the products by partition between aqueous methanol and n‐hexane. The products were converted to methyl esters and characterized as the substituted cyclohexene derivatives before and after dehydrogenation with Pd/C in xylene, hydrogenation with Pd/C in decalin and oxidation with periodate‐permanganate reagent and by mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The acids were converted to sodium soaps, mono‐ and diethanolamides and the corresponding diol and triol sulfates, and the resulting products were evaluated for their surface‐active properties. The sodium soaps showed better calcium tolerance and poorer foaming power than sodium oleate. The diethanolamides were inferior to lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting and emulsifying power. The monoethanolamides were better than the respective diethanolamides and lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting property. The diol and triol sulfates were poorer in wetting and emulsifying ability and better in calcium tolerance than sodium lauryl sulfate.
Phospholipid composition of lipid seed crystal isolates from ivory coast cocoa butter
Authors: Arruda Doris H. , Dimick Paul S.
Published: July 2007

Seed crystals isolated from Ivory Coast cocoa butter were shown to differ in chemical and thermal characteristics from solidified Ivory Coast butter. Higher concentrations of complex lipids in the seed crystals have led to speculation on the role these polar molecules play in lipid crystallization events. Phospholipids separated from lipid seed crystal isolates were twelve‐fold more concentrated than the original cocoa butter. Seed crystals contained 3.99% phospholipids while cocoa butter samples contained 0.34%. Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid were identified in cocoa butter with phosphatidylcholine (37.7%), phosphatidylglycerol (27.3%) and phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine (15.6%) being the major phospholipid constituents. Two phospholipids not previously reported in cocoa butter were identified as phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol based on co‐migration of standards. Cocoa butter and its seed crystals contained the same phospholipid entities; however, individual phospholipids differed significantly in concentration. Phosphatidylethanolamine (30.4%) and phosphatidylcholine (30.2%) were the major phospholipids in seed crystal samples. Fatty acid composition of cocoa butter and seed crystal phospholipids were found to be similar, with the exception of myristic, stearic and oleic acids. Myristic acid was three‐fold higher in phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine in the seed crystals, whereas stearic acid was significantly lower in the seed crystals when compared to the cocoa butter. Concentrations of oleic acid were twice as high in seed crystal phosphatidylethanol‐amine and almost four times as high in seed crystal phosphatidylcholine than in corresponding cocoa butter samples. The possible role phospholipids play in seed crystal development and in crystallization events is discussed.
Quality characteristics of edible vegetable oil blends
Authors: Nasirullah  , Ankaiah K. N. , Krishnamurthy M. N. , Nagaraja K. V.
Published: July 2007

Two edible oil blends, namely groundnut oil:rice‐bran oil and mustard oil:rice‐bran oil, were prepared in different proportions and stored for a period of three years. Their physicochemical characteristics were determined. The results agreed with expected values except for free fatty acid percents and butyrorefrac‐tometer readings, presumably due to rancidity. Fatty acid compositions of the blends were determined and ratios of characteristic fatty acids, like lignoceric to palmitic for groundnut oil:rice‐bran oil blends, and erucic to palmitic for mustard oil:rice‐bran oil blends, were calculated to identify individual oils in the blend.
Incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into CT‐26, a transplantable murine colonic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Gaposchkin Daniel P. , Zoeller Raphael A. , Broitman Selwyn A.
Published: July 2007

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that marine oils, with high levels of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20∶5n−3) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22∶6n−3), inhibit the growth of CT‐26, a murine colon carcinoma cell line, when implanted into the colons of male BALB/c mice. Anin vitro model was developed to study the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) into CT‐26 cells in culture. PUFA‐induced changes in the phospholipid fatty acid composition and the affinity with which different fatty acids enter the various phospholipid species and subspecies were examined. We found that supplementation of cultured CT‐26 cells with either 50 μM linoleic acid (LIN, 18∶2n−6), arachidonic acid (AA, 20∶4n−6), EPA, or DHA significantly alters the fatty acid composition of CT‐26 cells. Incorporation of these fatty acids resulted in decreased levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, while EPA and DHA also resulted in lower levels of AA. While significant elongation of both AA and EPA occurred, LIN remained relatively unmodified. Incorporation of radiolabeled fatty acids into different phospholipid species varied significantly. LIN was incorporated predominantly into phosphatidylcholine and had a much lower affinity for the ethanolamine phospholipids. DHA had a higher affinity for plasmenylethanolamine (1‐O‐alk‐1′‐enyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine) than the other fatty acids, while EPA had the highest affinity for phosphatidylethanol‐amine (1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine). These results demonstrate that,in vitro, significant differences are seen between the various PUFA in CT‐26 cells with respect to metabolism and distribution, and these may help to explain differences observed with respect to their effects on tumor growth and metastasis in the transplantable model.
Acid‐catalyzed conversion of epoxyesters to hydroxyesters
Authors: Maerker G. , Haeberer E. T. , Ault W. C.
Published: July 2007

Esters of 9,10‐epoxystearic aeid (epoxidized oleic acid), dissolved in 1,4‐dioxane, were treated at 15C, first with aqueoiis acid and then with water to convert them to 9,10‐dihydroxystearates in high yields. Ester functions remained intact. Glycidyl 9,10‐epoxystearate, ethylene glycolbis‐9,10‐epoxystearate and catecholbis‐9,10‐epoxystearate were converted to the corresponding tetrahydroxy esters by this method. Treatment of methyl 9,10‐epoxystearate with diluted (24%) fluoboric acid gave methyl 9,10‐dihydroxystearate in 89% yield. Under similar conditions glycidyl stearate did not react and the internal epoxy group of glycidyl 9,10‐epoxystea‐rate was hydrated preferentially. Hydration of methyl 9,10‐epoxystearate with coned H2SO4 led to the formation of considerable amt of byproducts, principally methyl 9(10)‐ketostearate. Side reactions were inhibited by diluting the acid‐catalyst.
Activation and specificity ofcrambe abyssinica seed lipase
Authors: Tookey H. L. , Wolff I. A.
Published: July 2007

The lipase ofCrambe abyssinica seed is not ac‐tive in crushed seeds stored at 5–7% moisture at room temp. Lipase activity is very low even at 10–15% moisture: free acids in the crambe oil increased 1.6% to a total of 4% in 6 weeks. At higher moisture levels the lipase is active, hy‐drolyzing the oil in 5–7 weeks. Oil in whole seed is resistant to lipolysis when stored air‐dry. These results indicate good stability of the oil during seed storage and the usual steps in seed processing. Crambe lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides in a nearly random fashion. The hydrolysis pattern indicates a small preference for the shorter chain acids (C16 and C18), but no specificity for position within the triglyceride is apparent.