bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Not an ancient relic: the endemicLivistonapalms of arid central Australia could have been introduced by humans
Authors: Kondo Toshiaki , Crisp Michael D. , Linde Celeste , Bowman David M. J. S. , Kawamura Kensuke , Kaneko Shingo , Isagi Yuji
Published: March 2012

Livistona mariaeis an endemic palm localized in arid central Australia. This species is separated by about 1000 km from its congenerL. rigida, which grows distantly in the Roper River and Nicholson–Gregory River catchments in northern Australia. Such an isolated distribution ofL. mariaehas been assumed to have resulted from contraction of ancestral populations as Australia aridified from the Mid-Miocene (ca15 Ma). To test this hypothesis at the population level, we examined the genetic relationships among 14 populations ofL. mariaeandL. rigidausing eight nuclear microsatellite loci. Our population tree and Bayesian clustering revealed that these populations comprised two genetically distinct groups that did not correspond to the current classification at species rank, andL. mariaeshowed closest affinity withL. rigidafrom Roper River. Furthermore, coalescent divergence-time estimations suggested that the disjunction between the northern populations (withinL. rigida) could have originated by intermittent colonization along an ancient river that has been drowned repeatedly by marine transgression. During that time,L. mariaepopulations could have been established by opportunistic immigrants from Roper River about 15 000 years ago, concurrently with the settlement of indigenous Australians in central Australia, who are thus plausible vectors. Thus, our results rule out the ancient relic hypothesis for the origin ofL. mariae.
Efficacy of homologous inositol hexaphosphate‐loaded red blood cells in sickle transgenic mice
Authors: Bourgeaux Vanessa , Aufradet Emeline , Campion Yannick , De Souza Geneviève , Horand Françoise , Bessaad Amine , Chevrier Anne‐Marie , Canet‐Soulas Emmanuelle , Godfrin Yann , Martin Cyril
Published: March 2012

Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) can present several severe symptoms during their lifetime, including painful events due to vascular occlusion (VOC). Even though multiple factors are involved in VOC, hypoxia is the most important triggering factor. Inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) reduces the oxygen‐haemoglobin affinity thus improving the oxygen release in the blood stream and in the tissues. Thus, IHP‐loaded homologous red blood cells (IHP‐RBCs) could be able to reduce disorders in SCD. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed in two types of SCD transgenic mice (BERK and SAD). The administration of four repeated injections of IHP‐RBCs in BERK mice resulted in an improved survival rate and brain development, prevention of severe anaemia and a greatly lowered risk of VOC. After one injection of IHP‐RBCs, SAD mice were subjected to acute hypoxic stress. Analysis of the lungs revealed significantly decreased mRNA levels of molecules involved in intravascular disorders. Our results showed that transfusion of homologous IHP‐RBCs, by increasing the oxygen delivery, reduces SCD disorders in sickle transgenic mice.
Attachment insecurity predicts child active resistance to parental requests in a compliance task
Authors: Kok R. , van IJzendoorn M. H. , Linting M. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg M. J. , Tharner A. , Luijk M. P. C. M. , Székely E. , Jaddoe V. W. V. , Hofman A. , Verhulst F. C. , Tiemeier H.
Published: March 2012

Aim  We studied the effects of early mother–child relationship quality and child temperament on the development of child compliance and active resistance in a large population‐based cohort study (n= 534).

Background  Parenting and the quality of the parent–child relationship can either hamper or support the development of child compliance directly or in interplay with child temperament.

Methods  Mother–infant dyads were observed at 14 and 36 months and maternal and child behaviours were independently coded. The quality of compliance was assessed at 36 months in a clean‐up task. Child behaviour was coded using a system differentiating between two dimensions: Compliance and Active Resistance.

Results  Controlling for concurrent maternal sensitivity, child temperament, and gender children with a more insecure attachment relationship showed higher levels of active resistance during Clean‐Up than more securely attached children. The effect was stronger for boys than for girls and mainly driven by attachment avoidance.

Conclusions  Early attachment is an important contributor to child socialization of moral behaviour.
Evidence of hypoxic foraging forays by yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and potential consequences for prey consumption
Authors: ROBERTS JAMES J. , GRECAY PAUL A. , LUDSIN STUART A. , POTHOVEN STEVE A. , VANDERPLOEG HENRY A. , HÖÖK TOMAS O.
Published: March 2012

1. Previous studies in a variety of ecosystems have shown that ecologically and economically important benthic and bentho‐pelagic fishes avoid hypoxic (<2 mg O2 L−1) habitats by moving vertically or horizontally to more oxygenated areas. While avoidance of hypoxic conditions generally leads to a complete shift away from preferred benthic prey, some individual fish continue to consume benthic prey items in spite of bottom hypoxia, suggesting complex habitat utilisation and foraging patterns. For example, Lake Erie yellow perch (Perca flavescens) continue to consume benthic prey, despite being displaced vertically and horizontally by hypolimnetic hypoxia.

2. We hypothesised that hypolimnetic hypoxia can negatively affect yellow perch by altering their distribution and inducing energetically expensive foraging behaviour. To test this hypothesis, we used drifting hydroacoustics and trawl sampling to quantify water column distribution, sub‐daily vertical movement and foraging behaviour of yellow perch within hypoxic and normoxic habitats of Lake Erie’s central basin during August‐September 2007. We also investigated the effects of rapid changes in ambient oxygen conditions on yellow perch consumption potential by exposing yellow perch to various static and fluctuating oxygen conditions in a controlled laboratory experiment.

3. Our results indicate that, while yellow perch in general avoid hypoxic conditions, some individuals undertake foraging forays into hypoxic habitats where they experience greater fluctuations in abiotic conditions (pressure, temperature and oxygen concentration) than at normoxic sites. However, laboratory results suggest short‐term exposure to low oxygen conditions did not negatively impact consumption potential of yellow perch.

4. Detailed understanding of sub‐daily individual behaviours may be crucial for determining interactive individual‐ and ecosystem‐level effects of stressors such as hypoxia.
Meiofaunal responses to nutrient additions in a Mediterranean stream
Authors: GAUDES A. , OCAÑA J. , MUÑOZ I.
Published: March 2012

1. The effects of a moderate addition of nutrients (twofold N and threefold P) were examined during a 2‐year period to determine the response to nutrient addition in a meiofaunal community inhabiting sandy patches in a Mediterranean stream.

2. The pattern of meiofaunal assemblages exhibits a high degree of intra‐ and interannual variability. This pattern alternates between periods of hydrological stability and disturbances, such as floods and droughts, which is a characteristic of Mediterranean systems.

3. A before–after–control–impact (BACI) design was used to determine the outcome of the addition by comparing an upstream non‐enriched reach with an enriched downstream reach. Analysis of the study data by means of a nonparametric permutational procedure (permanova) showed that fertilisation had a significant effect. Density and biomass values increased in the most abundant meiofaunal groups, including microcrustaceans, oligochaetes and chironomids. Microcrustaceans were the dominant group in the permanent meiofauna.

4. We also examined differences in microcrustacean secondary production in both reaches. Ostracods and cyclopoid copepods increased their secondary production in the impacted reach as a result of the nutrient addition.

5. Our study demonstrated that moderate nutrient enrichment can affect the biomass and production of stream meiofauna, but it is still unclear whether this effect was because of autotrophic or heterotrophic pathways.
Life history traits and abundance can predict local colonisation and extinction rates of freshwater mussels
Authors: VAUGHN CARYN C.
Published: March 2012

1. A critical need in conservation biology is to determine which species are most vulnerable to extinction. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionacea) are one of the most imperilled faunal groups globally. Freshwater mussel larvae are ectoparasites on fish and depend on the movement of their hosts to maintain connectivity among local populations in a metapopulation.

2. I calculated local colonisation and extinction rates for 16 mussel species from 14 local populations in the Red River drainage of Oklahoma and Texas, U.S. I used general linear models and AIC comparisons to determine which mussel life history traits best predicted local colonisation and extinction rates.

3. Traits related to larval dispersal ability (host infection mode, whether a mussel species was a host generalist or specialist) were the best predictors of local colonisation.

4. Traits related to local population size (regional abundance, time spent brooding) were the best predictors of local extinction. The group of fish species used as hosts by mussels also predicted local extinction and was probably related to habitat fragmentation and host dispersal abilities.

5. Overall, local extinction rates exceeded local colonisation rates, indicating that local populations are becoming increasingly isolated and suffering an ‘extinction debt’. This study demonstrates that analysis of species traits can be used to predict local colonisation and extinction patterns and provide insight into the long‐term persistence of populations.
The relative contributions of diet and associated microbiota to the accumulation of UV‐absorbing mycosporine‐like amino acids in the freshwater copepod Boeckella antiqua
Authors: PÉREZ A. PATRICIA , FERRARO MARCELA A. , ZAGARESE HORACIO E.
Published: March 2012

1. Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are ubiquitous compounds in aquatic organisms that are usually considered sunscreens that protect them from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Given that virtually all animals lack the metabolic pathways to synthesise MAAs de novo, they must acquire them either from their diet or from microorganisms living in close association. In freshwater copepods, accumulation of MAAs is stimulated by exposure to ultraviolet and/or visible radiation.

2. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was performed to assess the contributions of dietary and microbial sources of MAAs in the freshwater copepod Boeckella antiqua. The treatments consisted of two different diets: an MAA‐free diet, including only Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and an MAA‐rich diet, including both C. reinhardtii and Peridinium inconspicuum, crossed with two antibiotic treatments, with and without chloramphenicol. Treatment with chloramphenicol was intended to inhibit the development of bacteria associated with the copepods.

3. MAA concentration in B. antiqua was affected by the experimental conditions: (i) exposure to artificial PAR + UVR stimulated the accumulation of several MAAs (up to 62% increase in total MAA concentration with respect to the initial concentration); (ii) the presence of chloramphenicol in the culture media reduced the MAA concentration in copepods fed an MAA‐free diet; (iii) in the absence of chloramphenicol, copepods fed the MAA‐rich diet had significantly higher total MAA concentration than those fed the MAA‐deficient diet; but (iv) dietary supplementation with an MAA‐rich algae in the presence of chloramphenicol failed to significantly increase total MAA concentration.

4. Analysis of profiles from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that the prokaryotic community associated with the copepods was affected by chloramphenicol. Dendograms constructed from digitalised DGGE images consistently grouped the antibiotics treatments separately from the initial samples and the treatments without antibiotics. Two band positions were exclusive to treatments without antibiotics.

5. We conclude that when offered an MAA‐rich diet, B. antiqua may accumulate a proportion of MAAs from diet. However, we suspect that in the absence of an MAA‐rich dietary source (as in its natural habitat), virtually all MAAs present in B. antiqua are produced by copepod‐associated prokaryotes.
Burnout and quality of life among Spanish healthcare personnel
Authors: SUÑER‐SOLER R. , GRAU‐MARTÍN A. , FONT‐MAYOLAS S. , GRAS M. E. , BERTRAN C. , SULLMAN M. J. M.
Published: March 2012

Accessible summary

This study investigates the quality of life in healthcare personnel and the relationship to burnout syndrome.

The health‐related quality of life reported by healthcare personnel from five Spanish hospitals was lower than the reference population.

The results showed that perceived health, especially mental health, was worse amongst personnel that reported a high level of burnout.

The results highlight the need to prevent burnout through organizational strategies and programmes to promote occupational health.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between perceived quality of life and levels of burnout among healthcare personnel. A sample of 1095 participants (nurses, physicians, nursing assistants and orderlies) from five hospitals in the province of Girona (Spain) were studied (78% women, mean age = 36.6 years, SD = 8.8) using the 36‐item short‐form health questionnaire (SF‐36) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The results showed that health‐related quality of life reported by this sample of healthcare personnel was lower than the reference population values, especially in those SF‐36 dimensions that comprise the mental component. In comparing the dimensions of the SF‐36 by profession, we found that physicians had better perceived health in the dimensions of the physical component than nurses and other professionals (P < 0.01). No statistical differences were observed between profession and the dimensions of the mental component (P > 0.05). Moreover, perceived health was worse among those that reported a high level on any of the components of burnout. These results should be taken account when designing a burnout prevention programme in the workplace.
Health system barriers to implementation of collaborative TB and HIV activities including prevention of mother to child transmission in South Africa
Authors: Uwimana J. , Jackson D. , Hausler H. , Zarowsky C.
Published: March 2012

In South Africa, the control of TB and HIV co‐infection remains a major challenge despite the availability of international and national guidelines for integration of TB and HIV services. This study was undertaken in KwaZulu‐Natal, one of the provinces most affected by both TB and HIV, to identify and understand managers’ and community care workers’ (CCWs) perceptions of health systems barriers related to the implementation of collaborative TB/HIV activities, including prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). We conducted 29 in‐depth interviews with health managers at provincial, district and facility level and with managers of NGOs involved in TB and HIV care, as well as six focus group discussions with CCWs. Thematic analysis of transcripts revealed a convergence of perspectives on the process and the level of the implementation of policy directives on collaborative TB and HIV activities across all categories of respondents (i.e. province‐, district‐, facility‐ and community‐based organizations). The majority of participants felt that the implementation of the policy was insufficiently consultative and that leadership and political will were lacking. The predominant themes related to health systems barriers include challenges related to structure and organisational culture; management, planning and power issues; unequal financing; and human resource capacity and regulatory problems notably relating to scope of practice of nurses and CCWs. Accelerated implementation of collaborative TB/HIV activities including PMTCT will require political will and leadership to address these health systems barriers.
Local infiltration analgesia with levobupivacaine compared with intrathecal morphine in total hip arthroplasty patients
Authors: RIKALAINEN‐SALMI R. , FÖRSTER J. G. , MÄKELÄ K. , VIROLAINEN P. , LEINO K. A. , PITKÄNEN M. T. , NEUVONEN P. J. , KUUSNIEMI K. S.
Published: March 2012

Background

Recently, local infiltration analgesia (LIA) has been promoted for pain control after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We hypothesized that LIA would offer equal analgesic efficacy but less adverse effects, e.g., nausea and vomiting, when compared with an established regimen [intrathecal morphine (it‐M)] after THA.

Methods

This randomized controlled trial comprised 60 patients undergoing THA under spinal anaesthesia. For LIA, the surgeon administered levobupivacaine, ketorolac and epinephrine at the surgical site intraoperatively. LIA patients received a LIA top‐up through a wound catheter on the morning of the 1st post‐operative day (POD). In group it‐M, 0.1 mg morphine was given together with the spinal anaesthetic. Study parameters included pain scores, vital parameters and side effects, e.g., post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Besides, levobupivacaine plasma concentrations were determined in 10 LIA patients.

Results

The median (25th/75th percentiles) rescue oxycodone demand differed significantly with LIA 15 (10/25) mg vs. 8.5 (1.5/15) mg with it‐M (P < 0.006) during the day of surgery, but not anymore on 1st or 2nd POD. The LIA top‐up had no effect. However, both analgesic regimens resulted in comparable pain scores and patient satisfaction. PONV incidence and medication did not vary significantly. LIA offered certain advantages regarding early post‐operative mobilization. Maximum levobupivacaine plasma concentrations (229–580 ng/ml) remained under the toxic level.

Conclusions

While LIA might enable earlier mobilization after THA, it was not associated with less nausea as compared with it‐M. Less rescue oxycodone was given early after it‐M, but urinary retention was more common in that group.
A newly developed scavenging system for administration of nitrous oxide during labour: safe occupational use
Authors: VAN DER KOOY J. , DE GRAAF J. P. , KOLDER Z. M. , WITTERS K. D. , FITZPATRICK E. , DUVEKOT J. J. , DONS‐SINKE I. J. J. , STEEGERS E. A. P. , BONSEL G. J.
Published: March 2012

Objective

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is routinely used as an analgesic in obstetrics during labour. Epidemiological studies have linked chronic occupational exposure to N2O to specific health problems, including reproductive risks. Occupational exposure limits (OELs) allow the use of N2O once appropriate preventive and safety measures have been taken. We assessed the effectiveness of a scavenger system (Anevac P‐system®, Medicvent Heinen & Löwestein Benelux, Barneveld, the Netherlands) applied in N2O administration during labour in a midwifery‐led birthing centre in the Netherlands.

Methods

After informed consent, non‐pregnant midwives were trained to administer N2O. N2O was delivered as a 50 : 50 mixture with oxygen and was self administered by the patient. The scavenging device, containing a double mask and a chin mask, was connected to the local evacuation system vented outside the building. Data on the 8‐h time‐weighted average (8‐h TWA) as well as the 15‐min TWA (15‐min TWA) were obtained.

Results

Thirteen patients were included. Six patients were included in the first study period. In this period the 8‐h TWA was not exceeded, however, in all patients, the 15‐min TWA occasionally exceeded the OELs. After four additional measures, seven patients were included. After implementation of these measures, the 8‐h TWA and 15‐min TWA never exceeded the OELs. System leakage was not observed during both study periods.

Conclusion

The Anevac P‐scavenging system during N2O analgesia in labour prevents exceeding OELs in professional workers. The scavenging system appeared acceptable and effective, and can be considered in hospital settings that use N2O as analgesic during labour.
Sleep disturbances in critically ill patients in ICU: how much do we know?
Authors: BOYKO Y. , ØRDING H. , JENNUM P.
Published: March 2012

Sleep disturbances in the intensive care unit (ICU) seem to lead to development of delirium, prolonged ICU stay, and increased mortality. That is why sufficient sleep is important for good outcome and recovery in critically ill patients. A variety of small studies reveal pathological sleep patterns in critically ill patients including abnormal circadian rhythm, high arousal and awakening index, reduced Slow Wave Sleep, and Rapid Eye Movement sleep. The purpose of this study is to summarise different aspects of sleep‐awake disturbances, causes and handling methods in critically ill patients by reviewing the underlying literature. There are no studies of level 1 evidence proving the positive impact of the tested interventions on the critically ill patients’ sleep pattern. Thus, disturbed sleep in critically ill patients with all the severe consequences remains an unresolved problem and needs further investigation.
Reduced brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression and presence of BDNF‐immunoreactive granules in the spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) cerebellum
Authors: Takahashi Makoto , Ishikawa Kinya , Sato Nozomu , Obayashi Masato , Niimi Yusuke , Ishiguro Taro , Yamada Mitsunori , Toyoshima Yasuko , Takahashi Hitoshi , Kato Takeo , Takao Masaki , Murayama Shigeo , Mori Osamu , Eishi Yoshinobu , Mizusawa Hidehiro
Published: March 2012

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is an autosomal‐dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a small expansion of tri‐nucleotide (CAG) repeat encoding polyglutamine (polyQ) in the gene for α1A voltage‐dependent calcium channel (Cav2.1). Thus, this disease is one of the nine neurodegenerative disorders called polyQ diseases. The Purkinje cell predominant neuronal loss is the characteristic neuropathology of SCA6, and a 75‐kDa carboxy‐terminal fragment (CTF) of Cav2.1 containing polyQ, which remains soluble in normal brains, becomes insoluble in the cytoplasm of SCA6 Purkinje cells. Because the suppression of the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression is a potentially momentous phenomenon in many other polyQ diseases, we implemented BDNF expression analysis in SCA6 human cerebellum using quantitative RT‐PCR for the BDNF mRNA, and by immunohistochemistry for the BDNF protein. We observed significantly reduced BDNF mRNA levels in SCA6 cerebellum (n = 3) compared to controls (n = 6) (Mann–Whitney U‐test, P = 0.0201). On immunohistochemistry, BDNF protein was only weakly stained in control cerebellum. On the other hand, we found numerous BDNF‐immunoreactive granules in dendrites of SCA6 Purkinje cells. We did not observe similar BDNF‐immunoreactive granules in other polyQ diseases, such as Huntington's disease or SCA2. As we often observed that the 1C2‐positive Cav2.1 aggregates existed more proximally than the BDNF‐positive granules in the dendrites, we speculated that the BDNF protein trafficking in dendrites may be disturbed by Cav2.1 aggregates in SCA6 Purkinje cells. We conclude that the SCA6 pathogenic mechanism associates with the BDNF mRNA expression reduction and abnormal localization of BDNF protein.
Screening for depression: integrating training into the professional development programme for low vision rehabilitation staff
Authors: Rees Gwyneth , Holloway Edith E , Craig Graeme , Hepi Niky , Coad Samantha , Keeffe Jill E , Lamoureux Ecosse L
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Background:  To describe the integration of depression screening training into the professional development programme for low vision rehabilitation staff and report on staff evaluation of this training.

Design:  Pre‐post intervention study, in a single population of low vision rehabilitation staff.

Participants:  Three hundred and thirty‐six staff from Australia's largest low vision rehabilitation organization, Vision Australia.

Methods:  Staff completed the depression screening and referral training as part of a wider professional development programme. A pre‐post‐training questionnaire was administered to all staff.

Main Outcome Measures:  Descriptive and non‐parametric statistics were used to determine differences in self‐reported knowledge, confidence, barriers to recognition and management of depression between baseline and post training.

Results:  One hundred and seventy‐two participants completed both questionnaires. Following training, participants reported an increased knowledge of depression, were more likely to respond to depression in their clients and reported to be more confident in managing depression (P < 0.05). A range of barriers were identified including issues related to the client (e.g. acceptance of referrals); practitioners (e.g. skill, role); availability and accessibility of psychological services; time and contact constraints; and environmental barriers (e.g. lack of privacy). Additional training incorporating more active and ‘hands‐on’ sessions are likely to be required.

Conclusions:  This training is a promising first step in integrating a depression screening tool into low vision rehabilitation practice. Further work is needed to determine the barriers and facilitators to implementation in practice and to assess clients' acceptability and outcomes.
Proteomic analysis of ophthalmic disease
Authors: Jay Narelle L , Gillies Mark
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Proteomics, a highly sophisticated way to study the protein profile of various biological tissues or fluids, has hitherto had a relatively limited role ophthalmic science. Of the few proteomic studies that have been performed, liquid chromatography, electrophoresis gel separation and mass spectrometry have been utilized to investigate the proteome of several different eye structures and fluids from both humans and animal models. Ophthalmic proteomic studies have so far attempted to identify proteins unique to the eye, to investigate protein changes due to the onset of various diseases and to identify proteins that could act as markers of disease. Proteomics has the potential to improve the way in which eye disease is diagnosed and potentially even treated by identifying novel pathogenic pathways that may be susceptible to therapeutic manipulation. The aim of this review is to give an overview the current and potential application of proteomic science to ophthalmic research.
A goal‐directed spatial navigation model using forward trajectory planning based on grid cells
Authors: Erdem Uğur M. , Hasselmo Michael
Published: March 2012

A goal‐directed navigation model is proposed based on forward linear look‐ahead probe of trajectories in a network of head direction cells, grid cells, place cells and prefrontal cortex (PFC) cells. The model allows selection of new goal‐directed trajectories. In a novel environment, the virtual rat incrementally creates a map composed of place cells and PFC cells by random exploration. After exploration, the rat retrieves memory of the goal location, picks its next movement direction by forward linear look‐ahead probe of trajectories in several candidate directions while stationary in one location, and finds the one activating PFC cells with the highest reward signal. Each probe direction involves activation of a static pattern of head direction cells to drive an interference model of grid cells to update their phases in a specific direction. The updating of grid cell spiking drives place cells along the probed look‐ahead trajectory similar to the forward replay during waking seen in place cell recordings. Directions are probed until the look‐ahead trajectory activates the reward signal and the corresponding direction is used to guide goal‐finding behavior. We report simulation results in several mazes with and without barriers. Navigation with barriers requires a PFC map topology based on the temporal vicinity of visited place cells and a reward signal diffusion process. The interaction of the forward linear look‐ahead trajectory probes with the reward diffusion allows discovery of never‐before experienced shortcuts towards a goal location.
Smoking behaviours among young people in custody in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: INDIG DEVON , HAYSOM LEIGH
Published: March 2012

Introduction and Aims. Despite smoking prevalence reductions in the general community, rates remain high among socially disadvantaged populations. This study describes the prevalence and predictors for smoking among young people in custody.

Design and Methods. The 2009 NSW Young People in Custody Health Survey was conducted in nine juvenile detention centres. This paper reports on findings from the baseline questionnaire which included questions about smoking behaviours. Chi‐squared statistics were used to compare the smoking characteristics by gender and Aboriginality. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of smoking behaviours.

Results. The baseline questionnaire included 316 participants with a response rate of 83%. The sample was 88% male, 48% Aboriginal, with an average age of 17 years (range 13–21 years). Nearly all (94%) participants had ever smoked tobacco, with 79% reporting smoking daily prior to custody. Predictors of heavy smoking (20 or more cigarettes per day) prior to custody included being female, high psychological distress and conduct disorder. Predictors for being a current smoker included being on remand, risky drinking and most or all friends as smokers. Predictors of being an aspirational smoker (will smoke on release) included using illicit drugs at least weekly prior to custody, and having most or all friends as smokers

Discussion and Conclusions. Rates of smoking in young people entering custody are exceptionally high. Many young people continue to smoke during their incarceration, with an increasing aspiration to smoke upon release. Effective programs are needed that address these smoking behaviours in young people in custody.[Indig D, Haysom L. Smoking behaviours among young people in custody in New South Wales, Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:631–637]
Linking Theory and Context: ‘Strategy Research in Emerging Economies’ after Wright et al. (2005)
Authors: Xu Dean , Meyer Klaus E.
Published: March 2012

abstract

Emerging economies provide a laboratory for investigating the interaction between firm strategies and local contexts. Mike Wright and colleagues have shaped this research agenda by creating legitimacy for this line of research, and by outlining how research in four types of strategy contexts can advance theories. We assess how this agenda has progressed in eight leading journals in the past decade, particularly during the five years following their review, with the aims to identify broad trends of theorizing, and to outline future research challenges. Emerging economy contexts challenge some of the assumptions of theories originally developed for markets that are relatively stable and efficient. Researchers have advanced several theoretical perspectives by addressing these challenges. Wright and colleagues focused on institutional theory as a major foundation for such work, and we find it continuing to be the most popular theoretical perspective. In addition, new perspectives have emerged, focusing on learning, relationships, real options, and spillovers as focal concepts for theorizing.
Near Optimal Prediction from Relevant Components
Authors: HELLAND INGE S. , SAEBØ SOLVE , TJELMELAND HA˚KON
Published: March 2012

Abstract. The randomxregression model is approached through the group of rotations of the eigenvectors for thex‐covariance matrix together with scale transformations for each of the corresponding regression coefficients. The partial least squares model can be constructed from the orbits of this group. A generalization of Pitman's Theorem says that the best equivariant estimator under a group is given by the Bayes estimator with the group's invariant measure as the prior. A straightforward application of this theorem turns out to be impossible since the relevant invariant prior leads to a non‐defined posterior. Nevertheless we can devise an approximate scale group with a proper invariant prior leading to a well‐defined posterior distribution with a finite mean. This Bayes estimator is explored using Markov chain Monte Carlo technique. The estimator seems to require heavy computations, but can be argued to have several nice properties. It is also a valid estimator whenp>n.
Gender Wage Differentials in Mexico: A Distributional Approach
Authors: Popli Gurleen K.
Published: March 2012

The paper examines the gender wage differentials in both the formal and the informal sectors of the economy, in Mexico from 1996 to 2006. To estimate and understand the gender wage gap, the paper considers the entire distribution of wages, taking into account the probability of employment into the wage sector. The main findings of the paper suggest that the gender wage gap differs by the sector of employment. Unlike the raw gender wage differentials, the selection-adjusted gender wage differentials are higher in the formal sector, relative to the informal sector. The unexplained gender wage gaps also vary by sector of employment with the unexplained component being higher in the formal sector relative to the informal sector. Although the average unexplained gender wage gap has decreased over time (from 1996 to 2006) in both sectors, there is some evidence of a glass ceiling in the formal sector, with the unexplained gender wage gap being higher in the upper tail.
Annual Research Review: Progress in using brain morphometry as a clinical tool for diagnosing psychiatric disorders
Authors: Haubold Alexander , Peterson Bradley S. , Bansal Ravi
Published: March 2012

Brain morphometry in recent decades has increased our understanding of the neural bases of psychiatric disorders by localizing anatomical disturbances to specific nuclei and subnuclei of the brain. At least some of these disturbances precede the overt expression of clinical symptoms and possibly are endophenotypes that could be used to diagnose an individual accurately as having a specific psychiatric disorder. More accurate diagnoses could significantly reduce the emotional and financial burden of disease by aiding clinicians in implementing appropriate treatments earlier and in tailoring treatment to the individual needs. Several methods, especially those based on machine learning, have been proposed that use anatomical brain measures and gold‐standard diagnoses of participants to learn decision rules that classify a person automatically as having one disorder rather than another. We review the general principles and procedures for machine learning, particularly as applied to diagnostic classification, and then review the procedures that have thus far attempted to diagnose psychiatric illnesses automatically using anatomical measures of the brain. We discuss the strengths and limitations of extant procedures and note that the sensitivity and specificity of these procedures in their most successful implementations have approximated 90%. Although these methods have not yet been applied within clinical settings, they provide strong evidence that individual patients can be diagnosed accurately using the spatial pattern of disturbances across the brain.
Higher Education Finance in the UK*
Authors: Dearden Lorraine , Goodman Alissa , Wyness Gill
Published: March 2012

The introduction of top‐up fees for home‐domiciled undergraduate tuition in England from 2006–07 – and their planned increase in 2012–13 – raises important issues for university funding in Scotland, since it abolished tuition fees for Scottish and EU students in 2000–01. This paper focuses on what the increase in resources directed at English universities arising from top‐up fees means for the relative funding of English and Scottish undergraduates. Widely‐used funding‐per‐head figures do not provide an accurate picture of home‐ and EU‐domiciled undergraduate funding, as they include funding for research, postgraduate degrees and overseas students. The empirical work of this paper focuses on creating a consistent series of funding per full‐time equivalent undergraduate over time for England and for Scotland, stripping out funding for research, non‐EU students and postgraduate degrees to create a more accurate picture of the funding gap between the two countries. It also takes into account the different composition of undergraduate degree subjects taken in England and Scotland. The findings indicate that the apparent historical advantage in funding per head in Scottish institutions compared with English ones has been largely driven by compositional differences: Scotland has a high proportion of medical, science and engineering undergraduates – subjects that command greater funding due to their relative complexity to teach. The top‐up fee introduced in 2006–07 brought funding per head in England to a level similar to that experienced in Scotland, and the future increase will result in funding per head in England outstripping that in Scotland by some magnitude. This suggests that the funding of Scottish students will fall significantly behind that of English students unless additional new sources of public or private funding for nScottish universities are found.
Sponsoring Civil Society: State and Community Movement in Taiwan*
Authors: Ho Ming‐sho
Published: March 2012

This article contributes to the growing literature on the synergic production of civil society in newly democratized countries. State sponsorship can be effective when clientelism, as a form of social dominance, continues to frustrate purposive organization from below. Three elements are necessary for this scenario. First, a group of reform‐minded officials must be able to pursue an independent agenda that deviates from local elites. Second, reformers have to create new institutional avenues to channel resources downward by bypassing local politicians. Lastly, civil society organizations must be capable of effectively responding to the initiatives from above. I use Taiwan’s community movement to understand the logic and consequences of sponsoring civil society. State endorsement is critical to legitimatize community organizations’ presence in local politics. With a detailed analysis of a local case, the Qiaodou community movement, I argue that state sponsorship is critical for the growth of civil society organizations. Sponsored movement activism maintains its political independence by leveraging the incoherence in bureaucratic division of labor, and its professional expertise offers an advantageous bargaining position when facing officials.
An Evaluation of the Short‐Term Progress of Restoration Combining Ecological Assessment and Public Perception
Authors: Petursdottir Thorunn , Aradottir Asa L. , Benediktsson Karl
Published: March 2012

Ecological restoration centers on the reestablishment of ecological processes and the integrity of degraded ecosystems, but its success also depends on public acceptance and support. In this study, we evaluated the short‐term ecological effects of different restoration treatments in Iceland. Furthermore, we tested the public perception of aesthetic and recreational values of these revegetated areas. Predefined soil and vegetation indicators were measured, and a survey, based on a questionnaire and photographs of the different areas, was used for gauging public perception. Our results indicate that different restoration treatments triggered different succession trajectories. The vegetation composition of areas seeded with grasses seemed to be on a trajectory toward relatively undisturbed reference ecosystems, whereas areas seeded with nonnative lupine seemed to be developing a novel ecosystem. Results of the survey demonstrated that people valued the appearance of revegetated areas higher than that of the eroded control areas, with the exception of areas seeded with lupine. The visual perception of each restoration treatment corresponded well with the ecological factors and revealed both a social and an ecological rationale against the use of lupine in land restoration. The results indicate that the design of restoration projects should be based on both an analysis of sociocultural priorities and an understanding of possible trajectories of ecosystem development associated with the available restoration methods to avoid results that are neither socially acceptable nor ecologically feasible.
Ekklesia in the Midst of Public Outrage Today
Authors: Bloomquist Karen L.
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  How are recent widespread movements of public outrage a wake‐up call to churches? Where are there similarities between these movements and what the church is called to be about? How can false gods, hopes, and desires be exposed pastorally? How can the “subversive remembering” of Word and sacrament bring depth to accompany these movements and meaning to the downturns or betrayal of the” American dream” that people are experiencing?
Social Ethics between Universality and Specificity: Outline of a Chalcedonian Social Ethic1
Authors: Nissen Ulrik Becker
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  In Lutheran ethics the Chalcedonian notion of the communication of properties (communicatio idiomatum) plays an important role in understanding the paradoxical relation between the reality of God and the reality of the world. This motif also plays an important role for Martin Luther and Dietrich Bonhoeffer. In a contemporary context the Chalcedonian understanding substantiates a differentiated unity between universality and specificity with regard to the foundation of a Lutheran social ethic.
Sharing the colonial burden: Treaty‐making and reconciliation in Hul’qumi’num territory
Authors: Egan Brian
Published: March 2012

This article explores different understandings of reconciliation within the context of modern treaty making in British Columbia, focusing on the role of the BC treaty process in resolving the longstanding dispute between Aboriginal Peoples and the Crown over rights to land. Although the treaty process was created to reconcile competing interests in the land, Crown and Aboriginal negotiators often have contradictory understandings of how this reconciliation is to take place. Drawing on a case study of the Hul’qumi’num Peoples, a group of Coast Salish First Nations, I examine how different understandings and approaches to reconciliation impede progress at the treaty table. I conclude that progress towards treaty and reconciliation in this case will require coming to terms with the Hul’qumi’num territory's colonial history and geography, something that the current treaty process actively avoids, plus the crafting of a treaty agreement that allows for a more equal sharing of the burden that colonialism has created in this place. More particularly, meaningful reconciliation will require a fuller recognition of Aboriginal title and rights across the breadth of the territory and a commitment to meaningful compensation of Hul’qumi’num Peoples for the wrongful taking of their lands.
Bien‐être, attitudes et comportements au travail des travailleurs temporaires en Europe et en Israël
Authors: GRACIA Francisco J. , RAMOS José , PEIRÓ José María , CABALLER Amparo , SORA Beatriz
Published: March 2012

Cette étude empirique sur quatre types de travailleurs temporaires (et un groupe de travailleurs permanents aux fins de comparaison) utilise une typologie innovante basée sur la préférence pour le travail temporaire et la perception de l'employabilité. Sur un échantillon de 1 300 salariés de six pays, et au moyen de variables comprenant des caractéristiques démographiques et relatives à l'emploi, le comportement et l'insécurité, les auteurs observent des différences significatives entre les quatre types, mais pas sur la satisfaction personnelle et le bien‐être. Ils argumentent contre l'idée reçue du travail temporaire affectant des travailleurs peu qualifiés incapables de trouver un travail permanent, et soulignent l'intérêt de recherches plus fines sur les politiques de flexicurité.
Travail décent et réseaux de production mondiaux: construire le débat politique
Authors: BARRIENTOS Stephanie , MAYER Frederick , PICKLES John , POSTHUMA Anne
Published: March 2012

Cet article liminaire au dossier intitulé«Le travail décent et les réseaux de production mondiaux» (RPM), publié dans ce numéro de la Revue internationale du Travail, passe en revue les défis lancés à la recherche par ces réseaux, qui modifient la structure des échanges, de la production et de l'emploi dans l'économie mondialisée. Les auteurs définissent les concepts de régression et progrès économique et social utilisés dans les autres contributions pour explorer les effets des RPM. Ils concluent par une discussion des initiatives prises par les gouvernements et autres acteurs face au «manque de gouvernance mondiale» et à la pénurie de travail décent induits par l'expansion des RPM.
Progrès économique et social dans les réseaux de production mondiaux: problèmes de théorie et de mesure
Authors: MILBERG William , WINKLER Deborah
Published: March 2012

Le développement économique devient synonyme de «progrès économique» au sein des réseaux de production mondiaux (RPM). Toutefois, si ce progrès, associéà la croissance économique et à la performance du commerce international, a fait l'objet de nombreuses recherches, il y a eu moins d'analyses sur ce qu'il signifie pour le «progrès social»: salaires, conditions de travail, droits, égalité des sexes et sécuritééconomique des travailleurs dans les RPM. Les auteurs examinent la façon dont on mesure le progrès économique et social, notamment dans les pays en développement, et analysent la relation théorique entre ces deux dimensions du progrès. Ils concluent par une brève discussion sur les implications politiques.
Conciliation entre travail et vie de famille en Iran
Authors: Mehdizadeh Narjes
Published: March 2012

Dans les pays en développement, on a, jusqu'ici, porté moins d'attention à l'équilibre entre travail et vie de famille que dans les pays développés. Pourtant, les tensions entre ces deux pôles s'y accentuent aussi. Partant, l'auteur examine la répartition de l'emploi des femmes en Iran et considère ses déterminants, sachant que leur taux d'activité n'était que de 12,5 pour cent en 2006. S'appuyant sur une enquête menée auprès de 800 mères ayant un niveau d'instruction élevé, elle met en évidence le besoin crucial de meilleurs services de garde des enfants pour améliorer la conciliation entre travail et vie de famille et augmenter le taux d'activité des femmes. Elle plaide pour une approche combinant modalités de garde formelles et informelles, et une réglementation du temps de travail.
Facteurs d'évolution de la réglementation du temps de travail aux Etats‐Unis et en Europe
Authors: Dembe Allard E.
Published: March 2012

En Grande‐Bretagne au XIXe siècle, les premières réglementations sur le temps de travail étaient motivées par des préoccupations humanitaires concernant les femmes et les enfants travaillant dans les usines. Aux Etats‐Unis, les lois sur le temps de travail ont initialement été introduites en réponse aux revendications syndicales et aux conflits sociaux. Durant le XXe siècle, les décideurs politiques ont adopté des lois réduisant le nombre d'heures de travail afin de répartir le travail disponible et résorber ainsi le chômage. Avec l'adoption de la Directive européenne sur le temps de travail, les vingt années écoulées ont reflété un mouvement vers l'intégration sociale et politique, les pressions politiques continues dans la lutte contre le chômage, et l'acceptation croissante de l'ergonomie et des méthodes d'organisation du travail comme composantes de la réglementation internationale sur la sécurité.