bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Faunal Remains from Selected Contexts at the Shelby Mound Site (41CP71): Results from Mound Excavations
Authors: Schniebs LeeAnna , Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Additional faunal material from earlier mound deposits at the Titus phase Shelby Mound site (41CP71) on Greasy Creek in Camp County, Texas, total 459 faunal specimens, weighing 339.8 grams. Sixty-one (13.3%) bone fragments are identifiable, and 201 specimens are burned (43.8%). Standard zooarchaeological identification techniques have been employed in this analysis, using comparative skeletal collections. Attributes that have been examined for each of the bone fragments include taxon, element, and portion of that element, symmetry, burning, and weight. This analysis focuses on identifying general preferences of animal exploitation at this site during the Late Caddo Titus phase. Table 1 summarizes the results of analysis.
Caddo Ceramic Vessels from the Loftis and Pearl Smith Sites in Harrison County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Nelson Bo
Published: May 2019

The Loftis (HC-53) and Pearl Smith (HC-60) sites are ancestral Caddo sites that were investigated by Buddy Jones, probably in 1960, but those investigations were never published by Jones. The sites are along Clarks Creek in the Sabine River basin in southwestern Harrison County in East Texas; Loftis is about 3 km north of the Pearl Smith site. Jones excavated Caddo burials from both sites, and also conducted limited investigations in Caddo habitation deposits at the Loftis site.

There are two vessels from the Loftis site and one vessel from the Pearl Smith site in the Buddy Jones collection at the Gregg County Historical Museum. There are no notes or plans of the burial features excavated by Jones at either site. Burials had apparently been excavated by several people at the Loftis site, including Jones , and the burials ex
The Caddo Ceramics from Three Sites on Hawkins Creek in the Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Buddy Jones collected ceramic sherds from Caddo sites across the mid-Sabine River basin, in Gregg, Harrison, and Rusk counties, in the 1950s and 1960s. With only a few exceptions, however, did Jones complete analyses or publications on his collecting activities, and in most cases his general collections have not been fully inventoried or analyzed. In an attempt to remedy that, and in the process gather important information on the technological and stylistic character of Caddo ceramics found in Caddo settlements in the mid-Sabine River basin, this article discusses the ancestral Caddo ceramic assemblages from three sites in the Hawkins Creek drainage in central Gregg County, Texas. Hawkins Creek is a small and southern-flowing tributary to the river.
A Woodland Period Ceramic Assemblage from Rabbit Creek in the Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The GC-123 site was located and investigated by Buddy C. Jones during his years of archaeological work and surface collecting at numerous aboriginal sites in the mid-Sabine River basin in East Texas. The site is in south-central Gregg County, on Rabbit Creek (a northern-flowing tributary to the Sabine River), but only a few miles from the Sabine River valley.

The site is notable for its ceramic sherd assemblage. Based on characteristics of Woodland period ceramics from the mid-Sabine River basin, including sites such as 41HS231 and 41RK562 (see Dockall and Fields 2011; Dockall et al. 2008), Hawkwind (41HS915), Folly (41RK26), Herman Ballew (41RK222), and Resch (41HS16, the GC-123 site appears to be a single component Woodland period occupation.
The Clay Ball Site in the Upper Neches River Basin of East Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Nelson Bo
Published: May 2019

The Clay Ball site is an ancestral Caddo site believed to be located in the upper Neches River basin in East Texas. The site is notable for its series of small, square vessels with Frankston phase (ca. A.D. 1400- 1650) engraved motifs, as such vessel forms have not been previously documented in studies of Frankston or later Allen phase (ca. A.D. 1650-1830) vessel assemblages.

The unique ceramic vessels from the site were excavated by Buddy C. Jones, and although his main site collecting and excavation work was in the mid-Sabine River basin, he did excavate several sites in the upper Neches River basin in Anderson, Cherokee, and Smith counties. Unfortunately, Jones left no notes or records associated with the Clay Ball site that would allow us to either ascertain the contextual relationship of the various features at the site where they were excavated, nor for that matter even provide a locational description of the site.
Temporal Dynamics of East Texas Caddo Sites with Nine or Fewer Radiocarbon Dates
Authors: Selden Robert Z.
Published: May 2019

This article presents the specifics from the date combination process, and the subsequent production of summed probability distributions for radiocarbon (14C) assays from Caddo sites in East Texas. All 14C dates employed in this effort were collected from research and cultural resource management (CRM) reports and publications, were synthesized, and then recalibrated in version 4.2.2 of OxCal using IntCal09. These data are meant to augment those from previous analyses of radiocarbon samples from East Texas Caddo sites, assisting in refining these ideas further.
The Horton Site (41CP16) on Big Cypress Creek in the East Texas Pineywoods
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Horton site (41CP16) is primarily a Late Paleoindian (ca. 10,000 years B.P.) to ancestral Caddo site (ca. post-A.D. 800), although there is a small mid-19th-early 20th century component as well. This site is on an upland slope (320-350 ft. amsl) that once overlooked the Big Cypress Creek floodplain; the channel of the creek was ca. 100 m north from the site. The site is currently under the waters of Lake Bob Sandlin. Robert L. Turner, Jr. surface collected the site during the 1950s and 1960s, and the study of this substantial artifact assemblage is the subject of this article.

Dick Ping Hsu recorded the Horton site in September 1968 during the survey for then proposed Titus County Reservoir. He noted that the site was on the top of a hill, at 350 ft. amsl, and was marked by flakes and pottery sherds. When the site was re-visited and re-recorded by Southern Methodist University (SMU) in 1974 it was partially covered in pine and oak trees, as well as pecan and sweetgum. Part of the site also had an orchard and a cultivated field. Site size was estimated by SMU crews at 60 x 30 m, but Turner estimated the size of the site as approximately 1 acre.

Other investigations besides Turner’s at the Horton site include previously mentioned surface collections by Hsu and Sullivan prior to the construction of Lake Bob Sandlin, and by a private collector (David Laden) (Thurmond 1990:52). These collections indicated that the Horton site had a Late Paleoindian component marked by San Patrice, Dalton, and Plainview points, lithic debris from local ferruginous, quartzite, and petrified wood, as well as a ca. post-A.D. 800 Caddo component with plain and decorated sherds (red- and brown-slipped, incised, punctated, and engraved). Thurmond suggests the Caddo component dates to the Middle Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1200-1450).
Analysis of New Artifact Collections from Archaic to Ancestral Caddo Sites in the Saline Creek Basin in Northern Smith County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Thacker Mark
Published: May 2019

This article concerns the continued documentation of prehistoric and/or historic artifacts from four sites in the Saline Creek drainage basin in the Post Oak Savannah in northern Smith County, Texas. Perttula and Walters discussed an earlier analysis of a set of collections from these same sites. Saline Creek is a northward-flowing tributary to the Sabine River. The sites are ca. 10 km south of the confluence of Saline Creek with the Sabine River. Saline Creek enters into the Sabine River about 6 km east (downstream) of the confluence of another major tributary, Lake Fork Creek, with the river.
Documentation of Ceramic Vessels from an Early Caddo Period Feature at the Boxed Spring Site (41UR30) Site, Upshur County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Walters Mark
Published: May 2019

The Boxed Spring site (41UR30) is an ancestral Caddo mound center of apparent Early Caddo age (ca. A.D. 900-1200) on the Sabine River, situated on an upland landform a short distance upstream from the Sabine River’s confluence with Big Sandy Creek (Figure 1). The site is located in the modern East Texas Pineywoods, and is estimated to cover approximately 48 acres of a large and prominent upland ridge projection.

There are four mounds (A-D) at the site arranged around an open area or central plaza, and there were several habitation areas to the north and south of the sets of mounds. Mounds C and D are low structural mounds (i.e., mounds built over dismantled and destroyed house structures) with prepared clay floors at the southeastern and southwestern ends of the open area or plaza. Mound C was 10.7 x 13.4 m in size. Mound D had a 45 cm thick zone of sand as mound fill over a prepared clay floor to a structure. Mound A was a burial mound about 12 x 8 x 2 m in length, width, and height at the northwestern plaza edge, and Mound B was a flat-topped mound of unknown function at the northeastern end of the plaza.
Titus Phase Ceramic Vessels from the W. L. Willeford Farm, Upshur County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Walters Mark
Published: May 2019

The W. L. Willeford site (41UR5) is a Late Caddo period Titus phase cemetery of unknown size. It is in the Little Walnut Creek basin, and Little Walnut Creek is a southward-flowing tributary to Little Cypress Creek in the East Texas Pineywoods.

Some time prior to 1930, Caddo vessels had been exposed by erosion at the site, and other vessels were plowed up in 1930. University of Texas (UT) archaeologists led by B. B. Gardner excavated at the site in July 1931, but found no burials. The UT archaeologists purchased Caddo vessels from the landowner, along with three elbow pipes, two celts, and two arrow points. Those vessels (n=15) are documented in the remainder of this article.

During the UT excavations at the W. L. Willeford Farm site, a sizeable assemblage of plain (n=110) and decorated (n=108) ceramic sherds were recovered from apparent habitation contexts near to the locations where the burial vessels had been reported. The decorated sherds are from Ripley Engraved and Wilder Engraved vessels (n=32), red-slipped fine wares (n=6) and various utility wares. These are from brushed (n=28) and brushed-punctated (n=3) Bullard Brushed vessels, La Rue Neck Banded jars (n=5), as well as sherds from Cass Appliqued (n=3), Belcher Ridged (n=1), Killough Pinched (n=1), Maydelle Incised (n=23), punctated (n=5), and incised-punctated (n=1) vessels. The occurrence of both Cass Appliqued and Belcher Ridged vessel sherds in the assemblage suggests that the site was occupied sometime after ca. A.D. 1500/1550.
Caddo Ceramic Vessels from the Womack Site (41LR1), Lamar County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Walters Mark
Published: May 2019

The Womack site (41LR1) is an ancestral Caddo settlement situated on an alluvial terrace in a horseshoe bend of the Red River in north central Lamar County in East Texas. Harris completed the analysis and study of their 1938-mid-1960s investigations at the site, but the findings from the earlier archaeological investigations conducted at the site by the University of Texas (UT) in 1931 have only been recently published.
Some Ancestral Caddo Sites on Bayou Loco in the Angelina River Basin, Nacogdoches County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Archaeological research has been ongoing since the 1930s along Bayou Loco in the western part of Nacogdoches County in the East Texas Pineywoods. Bayou Loco is a southward-flowing tributary to the Angelina River.

Jackson note that it was the proposed construction of the Bayou Loco Reservoir (Lake Nacogdoches) in 1972 that led to an important surge in the extent of archaeological research along Bayou Loco, beginning with an archaeological survey, followed up by excavations at several sites that would be inundated by the lake, principally the Mayhew site (41NA21) and the Deshazo site (41NA13/27). The Deshazo site’s Caddo cemetery had been found and excavated by R. L. Turner, Sr. and R. L. Turner, Jr. in 1937, and successful University of Texas (UT) Field Schools led by Dr. Dee Ann Story in 1975 and 1976 uncovered substantial evidence of an historic Caddo farmstead at the expansive site along Bayou Loco.

The sites discussed herein are along Bayou Loco and they have been inundated by the waters of Lake Nacogdoches. They were either recorded by Thomas Mayhew, an art teacher at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas, or by Prewitt et al. (1972) during their survey of then proposed Lake Nacogdoches.
41SM32 on Little Saline Creek in Smith County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Thaker Mark
Published: May 2019

A review of early trinomial numbers for sites located in Smith County in East Texas indicated that between 1938 and 1943 Jack Hughes identified and collected from at least 37 sites listed on the Texas Historic Site Atlas. From 1938 to 1941 his site locations randomly occur throughout the County; interestingly there are no sites recorded in 1942. In 1943 he recorded about 14 sites along Black Fork Creek and its tributaries, this being mostly west of the City of Tyler.

The primary purpose in reviewing the available archaeological information about these early recorded sites was to re-visit selected sites if necessary and to update information that was recorded beginning almost 80 years ago. An entry contained on a Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas (TARL) site card indicated that Hughes collected artifacts from a site (41SM32) located on Little Saline Creek, near the much better known Alligator Pond site (41SM442) that had been recorded in 2011 by Mark Walters. The Alligator Pond site is on property owned by Thacker, a Texas Archeological Stewardship Network member.

41SM32 is a prehistoric archaeological site that was found and recorded in September 1940 by Jack Hughes, who later went on to a career as a professional archaeologist in Texas. The site is on Little Saline Creek, a northward-flowing tributary to the Sabine River about 10 km to the north, in the Post Oak Savannah of East Texas.
The Brooks-Lindsey Site (41CE293), a Probable Post-A.D. 1650 Caddo Site in the Neches River Basin, Cherokee County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Brooks-Lindsey site is a probable post-A.D. 1650 Caddo settlement in the Neches River basin in the East Texas Pineywoods. The site was brought to professional archaeological attention in 1986, when collectors who were working the site contacted archaeologists at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL), and allowed them to examine the ceramic vessel sherd collection they had assembled at that time from surface collections and various excavations.
The Stover Lake Site (41BW8) on the lower Sulphur River, Bowie County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Stover Lake site (41BW8) is an ancestral Caddo cemetery and habitation site on a natural alluvial rise in the Sulphur River floodplain, about 1.6 km east of the Lake Wright Patman dam. In 1961-1962, several collectors excavated at least 19 Caddo burials at the site and also gathered a collection of sherds from habitation contexts. Notes on the burials and their funerary offerings were provided by the collectors to the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL), and 390 ceramic sherds and one stone gorget from non-burial contexts were donated to TARL by one of the collectors, Janson L. McVay.
The Coker Mound (41CS1) in the Sulphur River Basin of East Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Coker Mound site (41CS1) in the lower Sulphur River basin in the East Texas Pineywoods is one of the few known earthen mounds constructed by ancestral Caddo peoples in the Sulphur River area. The site was first investigated by the University of Texas (UT) in 1932, then revisited in 1949 by archaeologists surveying the flood pool area for the then proposed Lake Texarkana (now Lake Wright Patman). In the 1990s, collectors began to excavate in a mound at the Coker site (there may be as many as four mounds at the site), where they encountered a number of Caddo burials and associated funerary offerings. Among the funerary offerings was a Haley Engraved bottle, and a single human vertebra from the burial deposit (obtained from one of the collectors) was eventually radiocarbon-dated by Beta Analytic, Inc. The 2 sigma calibrated age range of this sample (Beta-92919) is A.D. 1300-1435, with a calibrated intercept of A.D. 1405. The calibrated radiocarbon date and the Haley Engraved bottle are both indicative of use of the Coker Mound site during the Middle Caddo period.
An Examination of Six “Nutting Stones” from East Texas for Plant Phytoliths
Authors: Walters Mark , Bozarth Steven , Guderjan Thomas H.
Published: May 2019

In this article we report on an examination of six nutting stones from East Texas sites as well as an exploratory examination of their possible functions. “Nutting stones” have long been presumed to have been used prehistorically for crushing nuts such as hickory, etc. as foodstuffs. In fact Davis described them as being:

A small flat stone, usually made of limestone, sandstone or other sedimentary types of rock which could be carried by hand. The flat surface may have one or more ground or pecked cups of various sizes, shapes and depth. It is postulated that they were used for various purposes such as cracking nuts, mixing pigments, milling herbs and seeds, or as an anvil for flint knapping.

While Davis is an avocationalist and numerous professional archaeologists have dealt with nutting stones, we know of neither a more complete definition nor any other effort to empirically test for their function.
The Keasler site (41HS235), a Titus Phase Cemetery in the Little Cypress Creek Basin, Harrison County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Keasler site (41HS235) is a Late Caddo period, Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1430-1680) cemetery in the East Texas Pineywoods. The site was excavated by collectors in the late 1970s, including Red McFarland, one of the more active looters of Caddo burials in East Texas. Minimal records on the burials at the site, and their contents, were provided by McFarland to the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas (TARL).

The Keasler site is near Little Creek, a northward-flowing tributary to Little Cypress Creek. It is perhaps one of the easternmost-known Titus phase cemeteries in East Texas, in an area where few Titus phase sites or cemeteries have been identified or investigated by professional archaeologists.
Caddo Archaeological Sites on San Pedro Creek in Houston County, Texas: San Pedro de los Nabedaches
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Nabedache Caddo that lived on San Pedro Creek in Houston County in the East Texas Pineywoods were a prominent nation during the early years of European contact, from ca. A.D. 1687-1730. Their villages, hamlets, and farmsteads sat astride an aboriginal trail that came to be known as El Camino Real de los Tejas, and thus their community was a principal gateway to Europeans and other Native American tribes who came from the west in Spanish Texas to meet with the Tejas or Hasinai Caddo peoples. The first Spanish mission in East Texas was established amidst the Nabedache Caddo community.

The archaeology of the Nabedache Caddo, or that of their pre-A.D. 1542 ancestors, is not well understood, primarily because of the dearth of intensive investigations at a range of Nabedache Caddo sites. Work that has been completed, primarily on sites at Mission Tejas State Park, have included surveys and limited test excavations at a few sites that have Caddo material culture remains (sherds from ceramic vessels, chipped stone tools, etc.) and European trade goods, including glass beads, gunflints, lead balls and sprue, an iron hoe, an iron rowel, a possible strike-a-light, an iron gun cock, trigger plate, butt plate finial, and gun barrel fragments, iron cast iron kettle fragments, iron knife fragments, wrought iron nails, brass tinklers, and Spanish majolica sherds. In this article, I discuss the archaeological material culture remains from several Nabedache Caddo sites along San Pedro Creek that are in the collections of the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin.
The Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Catlinite and Redstone Pipes on Caddo Sites
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Catlinite and redstone pipes are widely distributed on post-A.D 1450 native American sites across eastern North America, including the Caddo area of the far Southeast. As Rodning indicates, however, catlinite pipes are much more widespread from the late seventeenth century to the early eighteenth century, where the smoking of catlinite pipes is associated with calumet ceremonialism, and the spread of calumet ceremonialism associated with the “spread of European colonists and colonialism.”

In this article, I discuss the temporal and spatial distribution of catlinite and redstone pipes on Caddo sites across the northern and southern Caddo areas. These pipes occur in both pre- and post-European contexts in Caddo sites, and take several forms (disk and elbow pipes), but their widest distribution is on sites that date from ca. A.D. 1690-1780 on Caddo sites in East Texas.

Catlinite and redstone pipes are made from argillite found in sources in the Great Plains and the upper Midwest, most notably at Pipestone National Monument in southwestern Minnesota. According to Rodning, the French “colonists are known to have imported argillite and perhaps catlinite from the Midwest or Plains… for the purpose of making calumet pipes to give as gifts to native American groups with whom the French sought alliances.”
Upper Sabine River Basin Caddo Mound Sites: The Seaton Bros. (41RA38) and Fruitvale (41VN35) Sites in Rains and Van Zandt Counties, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

There are a number of ancestral Caddo-constructed earthen mounds on sites in the upper Sabine River Basin in East Texas. Perhaps the best known are the multiple mound centers at the Early Caddo period Boxed Springs site (41UR30) and the Middle Caddo period Jamestown site (41SM54). The Seaton Bros. and Fruitvale sites are two of the least known ancestral Caddo mound sites in the upper Sabine River basin.

Both sites were recorded by Malone during the archaeological survey of the proposed Mineola Reservoir, but because the reservoir was not constructed, these mound sites were only investigated during cursory survey efforts. Neither mound site is situated in the Sabine River floodplain or associated alluvial terraces, but had been placed along tributary streams either north or south of the river.
The Lafitte Mound Site (41SY15) in the Middle Sabine River Basin, Shelby County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Lafitte site (41SY15) is an ancestral Caddo mound center in the middle Sabine River basin in the East Texas Pineywoods. It was identified and recorded in the early 1960s during the course of archaeological surveys of then proposed Toledo Bend Reservoir.
A Titus Phase Midden Mound at the Earl Jones Farm (41WD3) in the Lake Fork Creek Basin, Wood County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Earl Jones Farm site is one of a number of Late Caddo period, Titus phase (ca. A.D 1430-1680), sites along tributaries of Lake Fork Creek in the upper Sabine River basin in East Texas, nor far from Quitman, the county seat for Wood County. This includes sites such as J. H. Reese (41WD2), L. L. Winterbauer (41WD6), 41WD19, 41WD44, Pine Tree (41WD51), Burks (41WD52), and Steck (41WD529) with habitation features, midden deposits, and family cemeteries.
The Colony Church Site (41RA31): A Caddo Mound Center in the Upper Sabine River Basin, Rains County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Colony Church site (41RA31) is an ancestral Caddo mound center in the Post Oak Savannah of the upper Sabine River basin in East Texas; it is the westernmost Caddo mound site on the Sabine River. The site was recorded in the late 1960s, as part of an archaeological survey of the proposed Mineola Reservoir on the Sabine River. The reservoir was never constructed.
The R. L. Jaggers Site (41FK3): An Early Caddo Period Settlement and Cemetery in the Sulphur River Basin, Franklin County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The R. L. Jaggers site is an Early Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1000-1200) settlement and cemetery in the Sulphur River basin Post Oak Savannah in East Texas. The University of Texas (UT) completed archaeological investigations at the site in 1930. The site has received no professional archaeological investigations since that time. Thurmond has provided a short and cursory review of the funerary offerings recovered in the excavated burials at the site.
The Goss Farm Site (41FN12) on Bois d’Arc Creek, Fannin County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Goss Farm site (41FN12) is an ancestral Caddo settlement on an alluvial landform on the west side of Bois d’Arc Creek near its confluence with the Red River. The Sanders site (41LR2) lies east of the Goss Farm on Bois d’Arc Creek; the Goss Farm site is likely part of the same ancestral Caddo settlement as the Sanders site. The recovered artifacts from Goss Farm strongly suggest that the occupations there are culturally related to that of the Sanders site.

In August 1930, B. B. Gardner of the University of Texas conducted limited archaeological investigations at the site. He noted that the alluvial landform had midden deposits as well as burials, and he suggested that the site probably contained a large number of burials. In the work, a 15 cm thick ash feature was identified at ca. 76 cm bs; this may be evidence of extensive burning from hearths or the incinerated remains of a burned structure; the full extent of the feature was not defined by Gardner. Three burial features (Burials 1-3) were also excavated at the Goss Farm in 1930, two in close proximity (Burials 1 and 2) that were in flexed positions, were buried at depths of between ca. 45-76 cm bs, and had no associated funerary offerings. Burial 3 was 30 m south of the flexed burials, and was an adult with a cranially deformed skull (comparable to the skulls at the Sanders site) that was buried at a depth of ca. 30 cm bs in an extended position, with the head facing west. One shell-tempered bowl (14.0 cm in height and 14.5 cm in orifice diameter) was included as a funerary offering with Burial 3. The vessel was decorated with two sets of two appliqued nodes and two sets of three appliqued nodes. This decorative treatment is similar to Late Prehistoric Southern Plains shell-tempered decorated vessels (i.e., a variety of Nocona Plain) in the upper Brazos and Red River basins in North Central Texas.

The Goss Farm was periodically visited by members of the Dallas Archeological Society. Housewright excavated a child burial at the site that contained an extraordinary funerary offering of 260 disk-shaped turquoise beads and two turquoise pendants. Found also during the excavation of the burial was a single red-slipped sherd, likely from a Sanders Plain vessel.
The Bert W. Davis Site (41HP3) on the South Sulphur River in Hopkins County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Bert W. Davis site in the South Sulphur River valley in East Texas was investigated by archaeologists from the University of Texas (UT) in 1919 and 1934, because an aboriginal cemetery had been exposed by plowing and later looting. The UT work consisted of a reconnaissance by J. E. Pearce in September 1919 and trenching by A. T. Jackson and crew in July 1934. A small assemblage of artifacts were recovered by UT during this work, but the collection (now at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at UT) had never been fully studied or the results of the work published. This was unfortunate because it appears that the Bert W. Davis site is virtually a single component Woodland period site that was occupied during the early part of the period, from ca. 100 B.C. to A.D. 300. Such sites are rare in the East Texas archaeological record. In this article, I discuss the analysis of the site and its distinctive artifact assemblage.
Additional Radiocarbon Dates from East Texas Caddo Sites
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Selden Robert Z.
Published: May 2019

This article reports on two new radiocarbon dates obtained from ancestral Caddo sites in East Texas. These dates provide new information on the ages of Caddo occupations at the sites, and they contribute to the further expansion of the East Texas Caddo radiocarbon database.
The Harling Site (41FN1): An Ancestral Caddo Mound Site on the Red River in Fannin County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Harling site (41FN1), also earlier known as the Morgan Place, is a little-known ancestral Caddo mound site located on the first alluvial terrace of the Red River in the northeastern corner of Fannin County in East Texas. The only professional archaeological investigations at the Harling site took place in November-December 1960 by a University of Texas crew led by Dr. E. Mott Davis, in advance of proposed mound leveling by the landowner. Other than short summary articles by Davis, the results of the excavations and analyses of the recovered artifacts from the Harling site have not been previously published. The mound at the site was leveled in 1963 by the landowner, Mr. R. A. Harling.

The single mound at the site was approximately 70 x 52 x 2.1 m in length, width, and height. There was a borrow pit area at the southern end of the mound.

The mound at the Harling site appears to be the westernmost known of the more than 100 Caddo mounds that have been reported in East Texas. According to Davis (1996:463), the site is on the western frontier of Caddo communities in the Red River valley, and Caddo settlements are found at most only a few miles to the west of the site along the river, but are common to the east of the Harling mound. Based on the 1960 excavations of the mound and an examination at that time of the surrounding alluvial landforms—which were plowed—there was no substantial Caddo settlement at the Harling site, or any associated settlement cluster within ca. 2.5 km of the mound, although there were scattered artifacts from the surface dispersed both east and west of the mound.

When R. L. Stephenson, E. O. Miller, and Lester Wilson visited the Harling site in August 1950, however, they commented that artifacts were abundant in the plowed fields around the mound. In particular they noted that the ceramic sherds were mostly plain and grog-tempered, and some of the sherds had a red slip (i.e., Sanders Plain). R. King Harris also collected artifacts from the site, primarily from an area to the west of the mound and near the edge of the alluvial terrace . He collected from this area W Gary dart points, Alba arrow points, plain sherds, and one Coles Creek Incised rim with an incised lip line. In the fields east of the mound, Harris collected a number of small triangular arrow points, suggesting that this area was where the latest Caddo occupation had taken place.
The Caddo Ceramic Assemblage from the Hardin A Site (41GG69) on the Sabine River in Gregg County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Hardin A site (41GG69) is an ancestral Caddo settlement on a high alluvial terrace landform overlooking the Sabine River floodplain in Gregg County, Texas, a few miles west of Longview, Texas. The modern channel of the river is ca. 650 m to the south. The site, which is in the East Texas Pineywoods, has well preserved midden deposits, pit features, as well as a looted cemetery area.
The Sanders Site (41LR2): A Middle to Historic Caddo Settlement and Mound Center on the Red River in Lamar County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Nelson Bo , Walters Mark , Selden Robert Z.
Published: May 2019

The T. M. Sanders site (41LR2) is one of the more important (although still not well known or intensively studied) ancestral Caddo sites known in East Texas, primarily because of its two earthen mounds and the well-preserved mortuary features of Caddo elite persons buried in Mound No. 1 (the East Mound). Archaeological work began at the site in 1931 by The University of Texas at Austin, with sporadic work by members of the Dallas Archeological Society in the 1940s and 1950s. Archaeological and bioarchaeological interpretations of the findings from this work at the Sanders site began with Krieger’s analyses of the burial features and associated funerary objects (including marine shell gorgets, shell beads, arrow points, and ceramic vessels). These analyses and studies continue to the present day, and rely upon the reanalysis and reinterpretation of the archaeological and bioarchaeological materials recovered in the Pearce and Jackson and Jackson's work.

Although the Sanders site is not dated by radiocarbon analyses, the general consensus is that the main Caddo occupation took place around ca. A.D. 1100-1300, contemporaneous with related sites downstream along the Red River near its confluence with the Kiamichi River, and other sites in the Sabine River basin. A late 17th-early 18th century Caddo occupation is also present at the Sanders site, but remains poorly known. Harris and Harris commented that European “trade material is exceptionally scarce” at the Sanders site, but they do note that 478 glass beads had been found at the site. Harris had previously stated that several Caddo burials with European trade goods had been found along Bois d’Arc Creek south of Mound No. 2, the larger or West Mound.

According to Edward B. Jelks, an Historic Caddo area investigated by Lester Wilson (an avocational archaeologist from Wylie, Texas) was about 100 m south of the two mounds at the Sanders site. This may be one of the areas identified by Jackson between ca. 90-150 m south of the mounds where he noted concentrations of triangular arrow points, small end scrapers, flint awls, and other stone tools. A 1971 map in the TARL files drawn by Dee Ann Story locates the historic Caddo settlement east of Bois d’Arc Creek and south of Mound No. 2.
Syntheses of the Caddo Archaeological Record
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The pursuit of Caddo archaeological research over the last 100+ years has led to considerable gains during that time in the understanding of such research issues as settlement patterning, subsistence change and diet, health and adaptive efficiency, sociopolitical organization, ceremony and ritual, iconography, and exchange networks among the Caddo peoples and their past communities. Much of this has been the result of intensive cultural resource management investigations in southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana, eastern Oklahoma, and East Texas, along with focused archaeological research projects conducted by university archaeological programs and state and regional archaeological societies. The years ahead promise to continue to shed new light on the character and understanding of the ca. A.D. 850-1850s Caddo archaeological record.
The Caddo Ceramic Sherd Assemblage from the W. T. Robinson Farm (41AN4), Anderson County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The W. T. Robinson Farm site (41AN4) is one of a number of ancestral Caddo sites known in the Caddo Creek valley in the upper Neches River basin in East Texas. The site, about 2.5 miles northwest of Frankston, Texas, was investigated by archaeologists from the University of Texas (UT) in 1931 in an area where locals had reportedly excavated 15 Caddo vessels some 20 years earlier. The UT investigations found no Caddo burials or vessels, and recovered only a small assemblage of ceramic vessel sherds.
Prairie Caddo Sites in Coryell and McLennan Counties in Central Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Did ancestral Caddo peoples live and settle on the prairies of Central Texas in prehistoric times (i.e., before A.D. 1680)? Story had noted that there is little known about “the nature of the Caddo connections” in these sites, and she wondered what these settlements represented: “(1) groups from the east who occupied the area year round and/or seasonally; or (2) local groups who were interacting with Caddoans [sic] through trade, marriage, and visitations…?” In this article, I am concerned with the consideration of “Caddo connections” as expressed in the character of the ceramic assemblages from four sites in Central Texas that have been considered to have Caddo pottery and were occupied by Prairie Caddo peoples, Of particular importance are the stylistic (i.e., decorative methods and decorative elements) and technological (i.e., choice of temper inclusions) attributes of the sherds from the sites that are from utility ware and fine ware vessels. According to Shafer, the term “Prairie Caddo” refers to “Caddo groups [that] occupied portions of central Texas prairies in Late Prehistoric times,” from ca. A.D. 1000–1300.
Sam Whiteside’s Prairie Creek Sites in Smith County, Texas
Authors: Walters Mark , Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

During primarily the late 1950s Sam Whiteside investigated a slate of sites on the upper reaches of Prairie Creek in eastern Smith County, Texas. Archaeological investigations ranged from fairly extensive efforts at a couple of sites, including the Chapman site (41SM56), to fairly limited excavations at others based on the amount of recovered artifacts. Artifacts and notes from a number of the sites were donated by Sam Whiteside to the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin. However, artifacts and notes from other Prairie Creek sites were kept by the family and after Mr. Whiteside’s death were made available to the senior author. Other than the Chapman site, none of the archaeological findings from other sites has been published. This article makes that information available to the archaeological community in Texas.
Caddo Ceramic Vessels from the Sam Kaufman Site (41RR16) in the R. K. Harris Collection at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Over the years, R. King Harris and his Dallas Archeological Society colleagues excavated a number of ancestral Caddo burials (Burials 1-19) from cemeteries exposed along the eroding bank of the Red River at the Sam Kaufman site (41RR16) and have published their findings. These burials are from upper and lower cemeteries of McCurtain phase and Historic Caddo age both north and east of the principal mound at the Sam Kaufman site on the Red River.

During a 2005 documentation visit to the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution (NMNH), I had the opportunity, along with Bo Nelson, Mark Walters, Robert Cast, and Bobby Gonzalez, to examine vessels from the Sam Kaufman site in the R. King Harris collections. His collections included vessels from Burials 20, 21, 22, and 25 at the Sam Kaufman site, and information and images of these vessels (or for that matter, information about the burial excavations) have not been previously put on record. This article provides the available information on the eight vessels known to have been included as funerary offerings with these four burials; no information could be found for any vessels or other funerary offerings in Burials 23 and 24.
Radiocarbon Dates from the Pine Snake Site (41CE467), Cherokee County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Pine Snake site is a late 17th to early 18th century Caddo Indian archaeological site located on private land in the northwestern part of Cherokee County, Texas, in the valley of the westward-flowing Flat Creek, a tributary to the Neches River. This is an area of the Pineywoods of East Texas that contains extensive numbers of Caddo archeological sites along all major and minor streams. Post-A.D. 1400 Frankston phase and post-A.D. 1650 Historic Caddo Allen phase sites, especially cemeteries dating to either phase, are particularly abundant in this part of East Texas. However, not many of these sites in the upper Neches River basin have had radiocarbon assays obtained from charred plant remains in feature contexts, and consequently the absolute age of most of these ancestral Caddo components and phases are not well or definitively established. Fortunately, charred Carya sp. nutshells are abundant in feature contexts in habitation deposits at the Pine Snake site, and samples of these remains have been submitted to DirectAMS (Seattle, Washington) for radiocarbon dating.
Documentation of Artifacts from Sam Whiteside Collection from Sites in the Sabine and Neches River Basins, Upshur, Smith, and Cherokee Counties, Texas
Authors: Perttula TImothy K.
Published: May 2019

Sam Whiteside was an active avocational archaeologist in East Texas in the 1950s and early 1960s, and investigated a number of important ancestral Caddo sites in Smith and Upshur counties. Much of his collection of artifacts and notes has been donated to the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas, and there have been several published studies of the archaeological findings from these sites. In this article, I document select collections that have recently become available for study from sites in the Sabine and Neches River basin in Upshur, Smith, and Cherokee counties.
Caddo Ceramic Assemblages from Sites in the Ayish and Palo Gaucho Bayou Basins, San Augustine County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

In 1939 and 1940, G. E. Arnold recorded a number of archaeological sites in and around San Augustine, in East Texas, as part of a Works Progress Administration-funded (WPA) archaeological survey of East Texas. The eight sites of concern in this article are in either the Ayish Bayou or Palo Gaucho Bayou basins; the former is a southward-flowing tributary to the Angelina River, while the latter is a southeast-flowing tributary to the Sabine River.

In several instances, depending upon the circumstances, Arnold was able to collect substantial numbers of ancestral Caddo ceramic and lithic artifacts from several of these sites. The character of these ceramic sherds—and their stylistic and technological similarities or differences to the ceramic assemblages from the 1716-1719, 1722-1773 Mission Dolores de los Ais in San Augustine as well as other known sites on Palo Gaucho and Housen bayous and Attoyac Bayou are the primary focus of the analysis reported on herein, but other temporally diagnostic ceramic and lithic artifacts are discussed as well.
41SM150: A Middle Caddo Period Site in the Angelina River Basin, Smith County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Site 41SM150 is an ancestral Caddo settlement and cemetery in the headwaters of the Angelina River basin in East Texas. The site was recorded by Jan Guy in 1983 as part of a University of Texas at Austin Field School, when a collector who was working at the site shared information about what he, and others, had been finding there. Apparently the site had been worked by collectors for approximately 30 years by that time. The current condition of the site is not known.

The site, including both habitation and cemetery areas, is located just south of a large knoll on an alluvial terrace on the north side of the Kickapoo Creek valley. Kickapoo Creek is a westward-flowing tributary of Mud Creek in the Angelina River basin. The site area had been cultivated in the past, but in 1983 was overgrown, with weeds and pine trees.
Ceramics at Three Ancestral Caddo Sites in the Upper Neches River Basin, Smith County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The upper Neches River Basin in the Pineywoods and Post Oak Savannah of East Texas is one part of the southern Caddo area where populations of ancestral Caddo groups were notably higher during the Late Caddo period, ca. A.D. 1400-1680, than at other times over their ca. 1000 year settlement of the region. The Frankston phase is comprised of farmsteads, hamlets, and small villages in the Neches and Angelina river basins in East Texas. Other Frankston phase sites are represented by small residential settlements in dispersed agricultural communities, with small family and/or community cemeteries not used for long periods of time, such as at the Lang Pasture site (41AN38). Concentrations of Frankston phase sites in the upper Neches River basin seem to comprise base settlement clusters with middens, burials, and house structures, likely representing permanent settlements on streamside flats with fertile soils in the uplands. Other site types include scattered sherds, which perhaps are gathering stations in which pitted stones are found with a few sherds, and small campsites. The ceramic vessel sherds from three Frankston phase settlements in the upper Neches River basin are the subject of this article.
The Caddo Occupation of the L. B. Miller Farm (41HE4/55) in the Post Oak Savanna and Trinity River Basin in East Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The L. B. Miller Farm site (41HE4/55) is a Late Caddo period Frankston phase Caddo habitation site and small cemetery on an upland landform (400 ft. amsl) in the Coon Creek-Catfish Creek drainage in the Post Oak Savannah of the Trinity River basin. The ancestral Caddo artifact collections from the site at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL) include four vessels from a burial feature, sherds from two unreconstructed ceramic jars found in habitation contexts, and 178 ceramic sherds from midden deposits.
Caddo Ceramic Sherds from Leon River Valley Sites in Coryell County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

This article is concerned with the consideration of “Caddo connections” as expressed in the character of the ceramic assemblages from three sites in the Leon River valley in Central Texas that have been considered to have Caddo pottery and were occupied by Prairie Caddo peoples; these ceramic assemblages are in the collections of the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin (TARL). Of particular importance are the stylistic (i.e., decorative methods and decorative elements) and technological (i.e., choice of temper inclusions) attributes of the sherds from the sites that are from plain ware, utility ware, and fine ware vessels.