bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of target genes and pathways associated with chicken microRNA miR‐143
Authors: Trakooljul N. , Hicks J. A. , Liu H.‐C.
Published: January 2010

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a family of small regulatory RNAs that post‐transcriptionally regulate many biological functions including growth and development. Recently, the expression of chicken miRNA miR‐143 was identified by using a deep sequencing approach. In other vertebrate species, miR‐143 functions as a regulator of adipocyte differentiation and as a tumour suppressor. However, little is known about the biological function(s) of miR‐143 in chickens. To study the functions of chicken miR‐143, DNA microarray analysis and a dual luciferase reporter assay were employed to identify genes directly targeted by miR‐143 as well as other biologically relevant genes. Microarray analysis indicated that 124 genes were differentially expressed upon in vitro anti‐miR‐143 treatment in embryonic chick splenocytes (P‐value cutoff <0.01). Many of these genes are associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis and tumourigenesis. Six of the up‐regulated genes possess at least one potential miR‐143 binding site in their 3′UTRs, of these the binding sites of PYCR2, PSTPIP1 and PDCD5 were validated by an in vitro luciferase reporter assay. In addition, several potential targets with important biological functions were identified by the miRanda algorithm and experimentally confirmed. These targets include KLF5, MAP3K7, TARDBP and UBE2E3, which have conserved miR‐143 binding sites across multiple vertebrate species. Potential chicken specific miR‐143 target sites were also validated for LPIN1, PCK2, PYCR2, METTL14, SLC2A2 and TNFSF10. Overall, the current study suggests that miR‐143 is ubiquitously expressed among tissues and is likely to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Acute human parvovirus B19 infection and nephrotic syndrome in patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Quek Lynn , Sharpe Claire , Dutt Neelanjana , Height Sue , Allman Marlene , Awogbade Moji , Rees David C , Zuckerman Mark , Thein Swee Lay
Published: January 2010

Acute Human Parvovirus B19 (HPV B19) infection is the major cause of transient red cell aplasia (TRCA) and acute anaemia in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). We report three cases of patients who developed nephrotic syndrome (NS) with chronic sequelae after initially presenting with HPV B19‐associated TRCA. There was no correlation between evidence of HPV B19 infection and impaired renal function in our cohort of adult sickle cell patients. This is consistent with a view that although NS is potentially a rare complication of symptomatic acute HPV B19 infection, exposure to HPV B19 is not associated with an increased risk of renal disease.
The effect of Phelipanche ramosa infection on the quality of tomato fruit
Authors: LONGO A M G , LO MONACO A , MAUROMICALE G
Published: January 2010

Longo AMG, Lo Monaco A & Mauromicale G (2010). The effect of Phelipanche ramosa infection on the quality of tomato fruit. Weed Research50, 58–66.

The influence of the root holoparasite Phelipanche ramosa on the physical characteristics and chemical composition of greenhouse‐grown tomato fruits was studied over two growing seasons. The presence of the parasite significantly reduced fruit fresh and dry weight, mesocarp thickness, fruit colour, firmness and titratable acidity. The content of reducing sugars, soluble solids, ash and ascorbic acid was also reduced, but the number of seeds per fruit increased with the parasite. Since some of these traits are important determinants of fruit quality from the consumers’ point of view, it is clear that P. ramosa infection reduces the marketable value of tomato. The deterioration in fruit quality worsens over time and hence, by inference, with the intensity of the parasite infection.
Current statistical issues inWeed Research
Authors: ONOFRI A , CARBONELL E A , PIEPHO H‐P , MORTIMER A M , COUSENS R D
Published: January 2010

OnofriA, CarbonellEA, PiephoH‐P, MortimerAM & CousensRD (2010). Current statistical issues inWeed Research.Weed Research50, 5–24.

The correct design of experimental studies, the selection of the appropriate statistical analysis of data and the efficient presentation of results are key to the good conduct and communication of science. The last Guidance for the use and presentation of statistics inWeed Researchwas published in 1988. Since then, there have been developments in both the scope of research covered by the journal and in the statistical techniques available. This paper addresses the changes in statistics and provides a reference work that will aid researchers in the design and analysis of their work. It will also provide guidance for editors and reviewers. The paper is organised into sections, which will aid the selection of relevant paragraphs, as we recognise that particular approaches require particular statistical analysis. It also uses examples, questions and checklists, so that non‐specialists can work towards the correct approach. Statistics can be complex, so knowing when to seek specialist advice is important. The structure and layout of this contribution should help weed scientists, but it cannot provide a comprehensive guide to every technique. Therefore, we provide references to further reading. We would like to reinforce the idea that statistical methods are not a set of recipes whose mindless application is required by convention; each experiment or study may involve subtleties that these guidelines cannot cover. Nevertheless, we anticipate that this paper will help weed scientists in their initial designs for research, in the analysis of data and in the presentation of results for publication.
Polyphyletic distribution of bristle formation in Chlorellaceae: Micractinium, Diacanthos, Didymogenes and Hegewaldia gen. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Pröschold Thomas , Bock Christina , Luo Wei , Krienitz Lothar
Published: January 2010

In the traditional sense, several families of Chlorococcales sensu lato, such as Golenkiniaceae, Micractiniaceae, and Scenedesmaceae contained taxa with bristle formation, whereas the Chlorellaceae contained only genera without bristles. However, phylogenetic analyses of the small subunit (SSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences have shown that the genera Micractinium, Diacanthos (formerly Micractiniaceae) and Didymogenes (formerly Scenedesmaceae) are closely related to the genus Chlorella. The bristle formation within the Chlorella‐clade is originated independently in four lineages: Micractinium pusillum, Diacanthos belenophorus, Didymogenes anomala, and Micractinium parvulum (also known as Golenkinia minutissima). The latter species is to exclude from the genus Micractinium. Consequently, we proposed the new genus Hegewaldia and transferred M. parvulum to this genus. In contrast, Diacanthos belenophorus is closely related to Micractinium pusillum. As a result, the new combination (Micractinium belenophorum comb. nov.) is proposed. Comparisons of the secondary structure of ITS‐1 and ITS‐2 rDNA sequences among the strains of Didymogenes and Hegewaldia are provided to support the species concept in these genera.
First record ofPalisada maris‐rubri(Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from the Mediterranean Sea along with three proposed transfers to the genusPalisada
Authors: Serio Donatella , Cormaci Mario , Furnari Giovanni , Boisset Fernando
Published: January 2010

The first occurrence ofPalisada maris‐rubri(K.W. NametSaito) K.W. Nam (Ceramiales, Rhodomelaceae) from the Mediterranean Sea, is reported. To date the species was known only from tetrasporic specimens from the type locality (Ras Muhammed, Sinai, Egypt, Red Sea). Mediterranean thalli share nearly all vegetative and reproductive features with Red Sea specimens showing more robust thalli with axes to 3 mm broad and ultimate branchlets to 1000 µm broad, absence of intercellular spaces between medullary cells and epidermal cells in transverse section with a palisade arrangement. Male and cystocarpic thalli are recorded for the first time. Moreover, the analysis of characters of three species ofChondrophycuspreviously known from the Mediterranean Sea (C. patentirameus(Montagne) K.W. Nam,C. tenerrimus(Cremades) G. Furnariet al.andC. thuyoides(Kützing) G. Furnari) led us to conclude that they belong to the genusPalisada. The following new combinations are formally proposed:P. patentiramea(Montagne) Serioet al., P. thuyoides(Kützing) Serioet al., P. tenerrima(Cremades) Serioet al.
Seasonal variation of phlorotannin in sargassacean species from the coast of the Sea of Japan
Authors: Kamiya Mitsunobu , Nishio Takeshi , Yokoyama Asami , Yatsuya Kousuke , Nishigaki Tomokazu , Yoshikawa Shinya , Ohki Kaori
Published: January 2010

Variations in phlorotannin concentrations among the developmental stages of brown algae have been reported; however, the phlorotannin concentration plasticity associated with fluctuations in environmental factors make it difficult to determine the essential ontogenetic variation. The phlorotannin concentrations in five perennial sargassacean species where newly sprouted branches appear in summer and become fertile the following spring were examined every month during a year; and correlation with the developmental or seasonal environmental factors was determined. Although the phlorotannin fluctuated greatly throughout the year, the fluctuation patterns were relatively similar among the five species: phlorotannin showed a peak during July and August; gradually decreased in the winter; and increased in April. Performing a multiple regression analysis, the phlorotannin concentration did not correlate with thallus size in all species; and phlorotannin amounts were significantly affected by ambient abiotic factors in some species. The phlorotannin contents in newly sprouted branches were always higher than those in the long main branches during all seasons. When the phlorotannin contents were determined monthly for S. fulvellum (Turner) C. Agardh where the thalli were cultured from embryos in outdoor tanks, the phlorotannin concentrations were 3–4% of the dry matter (DM) in the juveniles and decreased to less than 1% of the DM in thalli >7.5 cm in length. However, the phlorotannin in these cultured thalli suddenly increased to 5.3% DM after being transplanted to the inshore coast; and then the concentration gradually decreased. The data show higher phlorotannin concentrations in younger sargassacean algae thalli and fluctuation of the phlorotannin amounts with extrinsic environmental factors.
Minimally invasive surgery using ablative modalities for the localized renal mass
Authors: Kimura Masaki , Baba Shiro , Polascik Thomas J
Published: January 2010

Due to a number of evolving devices and modalities to treat the small, localized renal mass, the physician and patient have the opportunity to choose an appropriate therapy from several treatment options. Minimally invasive surgery to ablate a localized renal tumor is an alternative strategy to nephron‐sparing surgery for the small renal mass. Even though partial nephrectomy has been established as an optimal technique for nephron‐sparing surgery, patients who have comorbidities and renal insufficiency would potentially benefit from less invasive treatment. With respect to those concerns, several articles are discussed here regarding thermal ablative therapy for the small renal mass along with oncological outcomes and complications among these modalities compared to conventional procedures. In this review, a comprehensive PubMed search was conducted. For the purposes of reviewing the current status of thermal ablative modalities for the small renal mass, only articles written in English published from 1992 to 2009 were considered. Cryoablation and radiofrequency ablation are the most utilized and potentially promising therapies that are evolving as nephron‐sparing minimally invasive surgery for patients with a localized renal tumor. High‐intensity focused ultrasound, a relatively new modality to treat the renal mass, needs further study. All modalities require long‐term follow up with unified reporting methods in terms of patient selection, pre‐ and post‐treatment evaluation, treatment description, and analysis of outcome.
Service user involvement in undergraduate mental health nursing in New Zealand
Authors: Schneebeli Carole , O'Brien Anthony , Lampshire Debra , Hamer Helen P.
Published: January 2010

This paper describes a service user role in the mental health component of an undergraduate nursing programme in New Zealand. The paper provides a background to mental health nursing education in New Zealand and discusses the implications of recent reforms in the mental health sector. The undergraduate nursing programme at the University of Auckland has a strong commitment to service user involvement. The programme aims to educate nurses to be responsive and skilful in meeting the mental health needs of service users in all areas of the health sector and to present mental health nursing as an attractive option for nurses upon graduation. We outline the mental health component of the programme, with an emphasis on the development of the service user role. In the second half of the paper, we present a summary of responses to a student satisfaction questionnaire. The responses indicate that the service user role is an important element of the programme and is well received by a substantial proportion of students. We consider the implications for nursing education and for recruitment into mental health nursing. Finally, we discuss some issues related to service user involvement in the development of new models of mental health service delivery.
Enhancing medication adherence in people with schizophrenia: An international programme of research
Authors: Gray Richard , White Jacquie , Schulz Michael , Abderhalden Christoph
Published: January 2010

This paper describes the development of an adherence therapy intervention in schizophrenia and synthesizes the results to date of a collaborative international programme of research. Sticking to treatment is essential to control symptoms and prevent relapse, but as with other long‐term conditions, medication adherence is poor. Adherence therapy seeks to facilitate a process of shared decision making, where both parties work towards agreed goals. Central is the theory that when patients make shared choices with a professional they are more likely to stick with them because they are personally owned and meaningful. The results of adherence therapy trials that seek to test this theory are mixed. Outcomes of trials might have been be affected by the point in the patient's illness cycle when therapy was delivered and by sampling bias. Authors of trials of medication management and alliance training packages that aim to equip mental health workers with adherence therapy competencies show considerable promise in improving clinical outcomes. Helping patients manage their medication is central to the work of mental health nurses. We argue that the potential benefits to patients are such that there is sufficient evidence to recommend that all mental health nurses receive medication management training.
Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin monotherapy compared with voglibose in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double‐blind trial
Authors: Iwamoto Y. , Tajima N. , Kadowaki T. , Nonaka K. , Taniguchi T. , Nishii M. , Arjona Ferreira J. C. , Amatruda J. M.
Published: January 2010

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin (a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor) and voglibose (an α‐glucosidase inhibitor) monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥6.5% and <10.0%) on diet and exercise.

Methods: In a multi‐center, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group study, 319 patients were randomized (1:1) to 12‐week treatment with sitagliptin 50 mg once daily or voglibose 0.2 mg thrice daily before meals. The primary analysis assessed whether sitagliptin was non‐inferior to voglibose in lowering HbA1c.

Results: After 12 weeks, sitagliptin was non‐inferior to voglibose for HbA1c‐lowering efficacy. Furthermore, sitagliptin was superior to voglibose, providing significantly greater reductions in HbA1c from baseline [least squares mean changes in HbA1c [95% confidence intervals (CI)] = −0.7% (−0.8 to −0.6) and −0.3% (−0.4 to −0.2), respectively; between‐group difference = −0.4% (−0.5 to −0.3), p < 0.001]. Sitagliptin was also superior to voglibose on other key efficacy endpoints, including change from baseline in 2‐h postmeal glucose (−2.8 mmol/l vs. −1.8 mmol/l, p < 0.001) and fasting plasma glucose (−1.1 mmol/l vs. −0.5 mmol/l, p < 0.001). After 12 weeks, the incidences of clinical adverse experiences (AEs), drug‐related AEs and gastrointestinal AEs in the sitagliptin group (48.5, 10.4 and 18.4%, respectively) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those in the voglibose group (64.7, 26.3 and 34.6%, respectively). The incidences of hypoglycaemia, serious AEs and discontinuations due to AEs were low and similar in both groups.

Conclusions: In Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes, once‐daily sitagliptin monotherapy showed greater efficacy and better tolerability than thrice‐daily voglibose over 12 weeks.
A population model evaluating the costs and benefits associated with different oral treatment strategies in people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: McEwan P. , Evans M. , Bergenheim K.
Published: January 2010

Aim: The attainment of near‐normal glycaemia is an important feature in reducing complications in people with type 2 diabetes. Current treatment pathways advocate a failure‐driven therapy algorithm for blood‐glucose lowering that leads to the sequential addition of therapies. The addition and combination of multiple blood‐glucose lowering agents may be associated with significant side effects, such as weight gain and hypoglycaemia, resulting in a detrimental quality of life. The objective of this study is to quantify the overall costs and quality‐adjusted life years (QALY) associated with therapy escalation via oral only treatment strategies with different adverse event profiles as a function of target HbA1c achievement.

Methods: A previously published model was adapted to run as a non‐terminating simulation model. The model is designed to evaluate the cost utility of treatment strategies in a population of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Model outputs include incidence of micro‐ and macrovascular complications, hypoglycaemia and diabetes‐specific and all‐cause mortality.

Results: The total number of vascular events predicted by the model varied little across the four treatment strategies because of the glycaemic profile associated with each therapy strategy being similar. The strategy with sequential addition of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and sulphonylureas (SUs) to metformin (MF) was associated with greatest predicted hypoglycaemia burden. The addition of SU and dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP‐4) inhibitors to MF was associated with the highest estimated QALYs.

Conclusions: A treatment strategy involving the sequential addition of SU and TZD to first‐line MF therapy is associated with the lowest cost and lowest gain across a population, whereas addition of TZD and SU sequentially to first‐line MF therapy resulted in the highest cost and incrementally less QALY gain when compared with treatment strategies involving the addition of a DPP‐4 inhibitor and SU to first‐line MF (irrespective of the treatment sequence) that were associated with both less cost and greatest QALY gain.
The effect of intensive glycaemic control on cardiovascular outcomes
Authors: Hill D. , Fisher M.
Published: January 2010

The relationship between glycaemia and cardiovascular disease remains controversial. For patients with type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, intensive glycaemic control reduced microvascular outcomes and, on longer term follow‐up, a significant reduction in macrovascular events was observed. For patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes, the findings in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study were similar; intensive glycaemic control reduced microvascular events during the intervention phase of the study, and a reduction in macrovascular events was observed on longer follow‐up. More recently, the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation study showed a microvascular benefit of more intensive blood glucose control in patients with longstanding diabetes, whereas the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes study showed harm if this was performed rapidly, with increase in weight, hypoglycaemia and mortality. Collectively, these studies suggest that slow and steady intensive control of glycaemia improves outcomes in people with diabetes, and that to reduce mortality this should be commenced early in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes.
The Impossibility of Natural Knowledge of God in T.F. Torrance's Reformulated Natural Theology
Authors: McMAKEN W. TRAVIS
Published: January 2010

T.F. Torrance's work on the relation of theology and science has been met with skepticism from other students of Karl Barth. One recent example of this has come from Paul Molnar. Molnar argues a number of ‘Barthian’ points against Torrance, but has failed to penetrate to the heart of Torrance's vision. Of central import is whether Torrance countenances any possibility of natural knowledge of God. I will argue that he does not. If one understands Torrance's rejection of natural knowledge of God, and approaches his reformulated natural theology in this light, Molnar's criticisms of, and concerns about, Torrance's position can be set aside.
On the global distribution and dissemination of knowledge
Authors: Stehr Nico , Ufer Ulrich
Published: January 2010

Our article centres on the question in the sense in which it may be possible to speak of global knowledge, in the first instance. Is it the necessary outcome and the intellectual mark of an age of globalising knowledge societies or is the global demand for the dissemination of knowledge systems trying to answer universally perceived problems? What changes occur to knowledge as it travels and for whom does its globalisation yield benefit or harm? Knowledge must be differentiated from mere information and its locally embedded nature poses serious challenges to opportunities and obstacles for its horizontal and vertical dissemination. Further, global worlds of knowledge raise questions over the ownership of knowledge. Intellectual property claims should be discussed with reference to opposing views, such as those concerning the thesis of knowledge's self‐protective character. Some political and certain idealistic conceptions regard knowledge as common property par excellence. While trade in services and products as well as the digital communications revolution are identified as major vehicles for the dissemination of knowledge, it is yet an open question as to whether they will result in the unhindered dissemination of knowledge or in concentrating it. The second section of the article overviews and introduces the articles in this volume.
Isolation of a new class of cysteine–glycine–proline‐rich beta‐proteins (beta‐keratins) and their expression in snake epidermis
Authors: Dalla Valle Luisa , Nardi Alessia , Alibardi Lorenzo
Published: January 2010

Scales of snakes contain hard proteins (beta‐keratins), now referred to as keratin‐associated beta‐proteins. In the present study we report the isolation, sequencing, and expression of a new group of these proteins from snake epidermis, designated cysteine–glycine–proline‐rich proteins. One deduced protein from expressed mRNAs contains 128 amino acids (12.5 kDa) with a theoretical pI at 7.95, containing 10.2% cysteine and 15.6% glycine. The sequences of two more snake cysteine–proline‐rich proteins have been identified from genomic DNA. In situ hybridization shows that the messengers for these proteins are present in the suprabasal and early differentiating beta‐cells of the renewing scale epidermis. The present study shows that snake scales, as previously seen in scales of lizards, contain cysteine‐rich beta‐proteins in addition to glycine‐rich beta‐proteins. These keratin‐associated beta‐proteins mix with intermediate filament keratins (alpha‐keratins) to produce the resistant corneous layer of snake scales. The specific proportion of these two subfamilies of proteins in different scales can determine various degrees of hardness in scales.
MKK6 binds and regulates expression of Parkinson’s disease‐related protein LRRK2
Authors: Hsu Cindy H. , Chan Diane , Greggio Elisa , Saha Shamol , Guillily Maria D. , Ferree Andrew , Raghavan Kesav , Shen Grace C. , Segal Lilach , Ryu Hoon , Cookson Mark R. , Wolozin Benjamin
Published: January 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 1593–1604.

Mutations in leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are prevalent causes of late‐onset Parkinson’s disease. Here, we show that LRRK2 binds to MAPK kinases (MKK) 3, 6, and 7, and that LRRK2 is able to phosphorylate MKK3, 6 and 7. Over‐expression of LRRK2 and MKK6 increased the steady state levels of each protein beyond that observed with over‐expression of either protein alone. Co‐expression increased levels of MKK6 in the membrane more than in the cytoplasm. The increased expression of LRRK2 and MKK6 requires MKK6 activity. The disease‐linked LRRK2 mutations, G2019S, R1441C and I2020T, enhance binding of LRRK2 to MKK6. This interaction was further supported by in vivo studies in C. elegans. RNAi knockdown in C. elegans of the endogenous orthologs for MKK6 or p38, sek‐1 and pmk‐1, abolishes LRRK2‐mediated protection against mitochondrial stress. These results were confirmed by deletion of sek‐1 in C. elegans. These data demonstrate that MKKs and LRRK2 function in similar biological pathways, and support a role for LRRK2 in modulating the cellular stress response.
An examination of αB‐crystallin as a modifier of SOD1 aggregate pathology and toxicity in models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Karch Celeste M. , Borchelt David R.
Published: January 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 1092–1100.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressively paralytic neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by mutations in Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Transgenic mice that over‐express mutant SOD1 develop paralysis and accumulate aggregates of mutant protein in the brainstem and spinal cord. The present study uses a cell culture model to demonstrate αB‐crystallin is capable of reducing aggregation of mutant SOD1. To test the role of αB‐crystallin in modulating SOD1 aggregation in vivo, αB‐crystallin deficient mice were bred to mice expressing two different SOD1 mutants (G37R and L126Z). Although completely eliminating αB‐crystallin reduced the interval to disease endstage by 20–30 days in mice expressing either mutant, there were no detectable changes in the levels of sedimentable, SOD1 aggregates in the spinal cord of symptomatic mice. Because αB‐crystallin is most abundantly expressed in muscle, we expected that the loss of this chaperone would leave this tissue vulnerable to mutant SOD1 aggregation. However, there was no evidence of mutant SOD1 aggregation in the muscle of mice lacking αB‐crystallin. Our findings indicate that a significant perturbation to the protein homeostasis network of muscle is not sufficient to induce the aggregation of misfolded mutant SOD1. These outcomes have implications regarding the role of chaperones in modulating the tissue specific accumulations of misfolded SOD1.
Joining the benefits: Combining epileptic seizure prediction methods
Authors: Feldwisch‐Drentrup Hinnerk , Schelter Björn , Jachan Michael , Nawrath Jakob , Timmer Jens , Schulze‐Bonhage Andreas
Published: January 2010

Purpose:  In recent years, a variety of methods developed in the field of linear and nonlinear time series analysis have been used to obtain reliable predictions of epileptic seizures. Because individual methods for seizure prediction so far have shown statistical significance but insufficient performance for clinical applications, we investigated possible improvements by combining algorithms capturing different aspects of electroencephalogram (EEG) dynamics.

Methods:  We applied the mean phase coherence and the dynamic similarity index to long‐term continuous intracranial EEG data. The predictive performance of both methods was assessed and statistically evaluated separately, as well as by using logical “AND” and “OR” combinations.

Results:  Used independently, either method resulted in a statistically significant prediction performance in only a few patients. Particularly the “AND” combination led to improved prediction performances, leading to an increase in sensitivity and/or specificity. For a maximum false prediction rate of 0.15/h, the mean sensitivity improved from about 25% for the individual methods to 43.2% for the “AND” and to 35.2% for the “OR” combination.

Discussion:  This study shows that combinations of prediction methods are promising new approaches to enhance seizure prediction performance considerably. It allows merging the individual benefits of prediction methods in a complementary manner. Because either sensitivity or specificity of seizure prediction methods can be improved depending on the needs of the desired clinical application, the combination opens a new window for future use in a clinical setting.
Meeting risk with resilience: high daily life reward experience preserves mental health
Authors: Geschwind N. , Peeters F. , Jacobs N. , Delespaul P. , Derom C. , Thiery E. , van Os J. , Wichers M.
Published: January 2010

Geschwind N, Peeters F, Jacobs N, Delespaul P, Derom C, Thiery E, van Os J, Wichers M. Meeting risk with resilience: high daily life reward experience preserves mental health.

Objective:  To examine prospectively whether high reward experience (the ability to generate positive affect boosts from pleasurable daily events) protects against affective symptoms and whether environmental or genetic risk factors moderate protective effects.

Method:  At baseline, 498 female twins participated in an experience sampling study measuring reward experience in daily life. They also completed questionnaires on childhood adversity and recent stressful life events (SLE). Affective symptoms were measured at baseline and at four follow‐ups using SCL‐90 anxiety and depression subscales. Co‐twin affective symptoms were used as indicators of genetic risk.

Results:  Baseline reward experience did not predict follow‐up affective symptoms, regardless of level of genetic risk. However, high reward experience was associated with reduced future affective symptoms after previous exposure to childhood adversity or recent SLE.

Conclusion:  High daily life reward experience increases resilience after environmental adversity; modification of reward experience may constitute a novel area of therapeutic intervention.
Oral traumatic granuloma: report of a case and review of literature
Authors: Joseph Bobby K. , BairavaSundaram Devipriya
Published: January 2010

Abstract –  Traumatic granuloma is an uncommon condition considered to be a benign, reactive lesion that usually affects the tongue. The exact pathogenesis implicated in the development of this lesion is not clear. However, trauma has been found to be a contributing factor in a majority of the cases. Clinically, it often presents as an ulceration or an indurated submucosal mass. Microscopically, it is characterized by a diffuse polymorphic cell infiltrate composed predominantly of eosinophils extending deep into the submucosa causing degeneration of the underlying muscle. Recognition of the lesion is important because it often mimics oral squamous cell carcinoma. But traumatic granuloma is self‐limiting and tends to resolve spontaneously. This paper describes a case of traumatic granuloma on the dorsal surface of tongue in a 62‐year‐old woman. The clinical aspects, pathogenesis and histopathology of this uncommon lesion are discussed with an emphasis on its benign, self‐limiting nature.
The effect of short dental trauma lecture on knowledge of high‐risk population: an intervention study of 336 young adults
Authors: Levin Liran , Jeffet Uziel , Zadik Yehuda
Published: January 2010

Abstract –  Aim: The purpose of this interventional study was to evaluate the effect of a short dental trauma lecture on knowledge of first‐aid management of dental avulsion among high‐risk population.

Methods:  A total of 336 army recruits were randomly assigned to two groups. To evaluate the level of knowledge, we used a structured questionnaire, adapted from Andersson et al. (Dent Traumatol, 22, 2006, 57) and translated to Hebrew. The control group (n = 137) answered the questionnaire. The intervention group (n = 199) received a 60‐min slides lecture by a (military) dental practitioner, regarding general concepts of body injuries, facial and oral injuries and practise first‐aid management of these injuries. The intervention group filled the same questionnaire following this lecture.

Results:  General knowledge of emergency treatment of injuries to other parts of the body was rather good for all participants; however, the level of knowledge was significantly higher in the intervention group (P < 0.05). General knowledge regarding tooth and avulsion was quite disappointing in the control group but was significantly higher in the intervention group (P < 0.001). The same was observed when interpreting the results regarding special knowledge of avulsion first‐aid management: How to clean the tooth before replantation, extra‐alveolar time and storage method and medium (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  The present study revealed excellent results following a short dental trauma instruction lecture. As raising the public awareness on the subject of dealing with dental trauma is important for the prognosis of the tooth, this way of improving knowledge to high‐risk populations should be further examined in long‐term studies.
Fracture resistance of tooth fragment reattachment: effects of different preparation techniques and adhesive materials
Authors: Pusman Esin , Cehreli Zafer C. , Altay Nil , Unver Bahtiyar , Saracbasi Osman , Ozgun Gungor
Published: January 2010

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the bond strengths of experimentally fractured human tooth fragments reattached with different adhesive materials and retentive techniques in vitro. Uncomplicated crown fractures were obtained on intact human mandibular permanent incisors by applying perpendicular load to the buccal aspect of tooth crowns. Fractured teeth were randomly assigned into one of three reattachment protocols: (i) Simple reattachment, (ii) Overcontour preparation, and (iii) Internal dentin groove. The first and second groups were divided into 10 subgroups, and the third group into five subgroups (n = 10 per group) with respect to five different adhesive systems (Prime&Bond NT, Adper Single Bond II, Adper Prompt L‐Pop, Clearfil S3 Bond, G Bond) used with or without a hybrid resin composite (Z250). Restored teeth were subjected to thermal cycling, and subsequently to the same loading protocol used for fracturing intact teeth. Fracture strength after reattachment procedures was recorded as a percentage of the original fracture strength. Both type of adhesive material and placement of an intermediate layer of resin composite affected the fracture resistance (P < 0.05). The highest fracture strength recovery was obtained using the internal dentin groove technique (54 ± 0.58%, P < 0.05), followed by the overcontour and simple reattachment protocols (49 ± 0.58% and 32 ± 0.82%, respectively, P < 0.05). Ultramorphological evaluation of bonded specimens revealed voids and microcracks along the adhesive interface, which might contribute to postadhesive failure.
Propolis as storage media for avulsed teeth: microscopic and morphometric analysis in rats
Authors: Mori Graziela Garrido , Nunes Daniele Clapes , Castilho Lithiene Ribeiro , Moraes Ivaldo Gomes de , Poi Wilson Roberto
Published: January 2010

Abstract –  The maintenance of the avulsed teeth in appropriate media for preserving the cellular viability has been important for repairing the periodontal ligament and preventing the root resorption after tooth reimplantation. Propolis is a substance capable of preserving cellular viability. This study aimed to analyze the propolis substance as a storage media for maintaining the avulsed teeth, besides to determine the ideal time period for keeping the tooth inside it. Thus, 60 maxillary right central incisors of rats were extracted and divided into five groups. In groups I and II, teeth were kept in propolis for 60 min and 6 h, respectively; in group III, teeth were kept in milk for 6 h; in group IV, teeth were kept dry for 60 min; and in group V, they were immediately reimplanted. All teeth had their root canals filled with calcium hydroxide paste. Following, teeth were reimplanted in their sockets. After 15 and 60 days, animals were killed and the obtained samples were processed in laboratory for microscopic and morphometric analyzing. The results showed that the occurrence of inflammatory resorption, dental ankylosis and the formation of the connective tissue parallel to the root surface were similar among groups. It could be verified a greater occurrence of replacement resorption in group IV when comparing to other groups. In groups I and IV, the presence of periodontal ligament‐like connective tissue was substantially smaller than the other groups. Regarding to the cementum amount over the root, it could be observed that this was present in smaller amount in groups I and IV. Group II was similar to groups III and IV. Therefore, according to the results of this study, the use of propolis as a storage media for maintaining avulsed teeth could be highlighted, and the 6‐h period was more appropriate than the 60‐min period.
Measuring enzyme activities under standardized in vivo‐like conditions for systems biology
Authors: van Eunen Karen , Bouwman Jildau , Daran‐Lapujade Pascale , Postmus Jarne , Canelas André B. , Mensonides Femke I. C. , Orij Rick , Tuzun Isil , van den Brink Joost , Smits Gertien J. , van Gulik Walter M. , Brul Stanley , Heijnen Joseph J. , de Winde Johannes H. , Teixeira de Mattos M. Joost , Kettner Carsten , Nielsen Jens , Westerhoff Hans V. , Bakker Barbara M.
Published: January 2010

Realistic quantitative models require data from many laboratories. Therefore, standardization of experimental systems and assay conditions is crucial. Moreover, standards should be representative of the in vivo conditions. However, most often, enzyme–kinetic parameters are measured under assay conditions that yield the maximum activity of each enzyme. In practice, this means that the kinetic parameters of different enzymes are measured in different buffers, at different pH values, with different ionic strengths, etc. In a joint effort of the Dutch Vertical Genomics Consortium, the European Yeast Systems Biology Network and the Standards for Reporting Enzymology Data Commission, we have developed a single assay medium for determining enzyme–kinetic parameters in yeast. The medium is as close as possible to the in vivo situation for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and at the same time is experimentally feasible. The in vivo conditions were estimated for S. cerevisiae strain CEN.PK113‐7D grown in aerobic glucose‐limited chemostat cultures at an extracellular pH of 5.0 and a specific growth rate of 0.1 h−1. The cytosolic pH and concentrations of calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur and magnesium were determined. On the basis of these data and literature data, we propose a defined in vivo‐like medium containing 300 mm potassium, 50 mm phosphate, 245 mm glutamate, 20 mm sodium, 2 mm free magnesium and 0.5 mm calcium, at a pH of 6.8. The Vmax values of the glycolytic and fermentative enzymes of S. cerevisiae were measured in the new medium. For some enzymes, the results deviated conspicuously from those of assays done under enzyme‐specific, optimal conditions.
Prevalence of intrinsic disorder in the hepatitis C virus ARFP/Core+1/S protein
Authors: Boumlic Anissa , Nominé Yves , Charbonnier Sebastian , Dalagiorgou Georgia , Vassilaki Niki , Kieffer Bruno , Travé Gilles , Mavromara Penelope , Orfanoudakis Georges
Published: January 2010

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) Core+1/S polypeptide, also known as alternative reading frame protein (ARFP)/S, is an ARFP expressed from the Core coding region of the viral genome. Core+1/S is expressed as a result of internal initiation at AUG codons (85–87) located downstream of the polyprotein initiator codon, and corresponds to the C‐terminal part of most ARFPs. Core+1/S is a highly basic polypeptide, and its function still remains unclear. In this work, untagged recombinant Core+1/S was expressed and purified fromEscherichia coliin native conditions, and was shown to react with sera of HCV‐positive patients. We subsequently undertook the biochemical and biophysical characterization of Core+1/S. The conformation and oligomeric state of Core+1/S were investigated using size exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, fluorescence, CD, and NMR. Consistent with sequence‐based disorder predictions, Core+1/S lacks significant secondary structurein vitro, which might be relevant for the recognition of diverse molecular partners and/or for the assembly of Core+1/S. This study is the first reported structural characterization of an HCV ARFP/Core+1 protein, and provides evidence that ARFP/Core+1/S is highly disordered under native conditions, with a tendency for self‐association.
Chitosan Iron(III) Reduces Phosphorus Levels in Alloxan Diabetes‐Induced Rats with Signs of Renal Failure Development
Authors: Schöninger Lisiane M. R. , Dall’Oglio Rafaela C. , Sandri Silvana , Rodrigues Clóvis A. , Bürger Cristiani
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  This study evaluates the effect of complex cross‐linked chitosan iron‐(III) (CH‐FeCL) polymer as phosphate binder in renal failure induced by alloxan (150 mg/kg, i.p.) in rats. The animals (male and female) were divided into four groups and received the treatment once a day for 15 days: (i) control group, which received a single injection of saline (3 ml/kg, i.p.) and normal diet; (ii) alloxan group, which received only a dose of alloxan and normal diet; (iii) phosphate (PO4) group, which received diet supplemented with phosphate 1.2%; and (iv) CH‐FeCL group, which received diet supplemented with phosphate 1.2% + CH‐FeCL 0.5% (0.054% Fe elemental). It was observed that the CH‐FeCL treatment did not alter body‐weight, relative weight of the organs and haematological parameters in the treated and control groups for both sexes. However, a decrease in serum phosphorus level of the CH‐FeCL group was observed after 15 days, compared with the phosphate group in both sexes. The serum iron concentration of the CH‐FeCL group did not differ from the control group in either sex. CH‐FeCL polymer decreases intestinal phosphate absorption in rats with renal failure and is promising for the treatment of phosphate retention in patients with renal failure.
Self-Excited Vibration of a Rotating Hollow Shaft Partially Filled with Liquid
Authors: Saito S. , Someya T.
Published: January 2010

The self-excited vibration of a rotating hollow shaft partially filled with viscous liquid is investigated. The motion of liquid and the liquid force is analyzed. The stability of the rotor system is calculated and the influences of factors on the stability are studied. Moreover, the mechanism causing the negative damping which is the reason for the instability is discussed.
Generating Ductile Iron Fatigue Date with a Calibrated Tuning Fork System
Authors: Warner R. J. , Pavelic V. , Taschner R. G.
Published: January 2010

This paper presents S-N data generated on a newly designed tuning fork system. The materials tested were four different specimen groups of ductile iron. The tuning fork was designed to continuously monitor reversed bending loads applied to the specimen. The main objective of the project was to develop S-N curves for four particular groups of ductile iron materials. The basic material was an SAE-D5506 ductile iron, tested in both an as-cast condition and with a machined surface finish. This same material was tested in a quenched and tempered state, (SAE-DQ&T, MS-612 Grade, 1000S) with both as-cast and machined finishes. In order to carry out these experiments a test apparatus had to be designed, assembled, and calibrated. The end result of this procedure was a versatile tuning fork fixture for the application of the required pure bending loads and a permenent monitoring system calibrated to the loads applied to the specimen. This monitoring system, once calibrated, eliminated the need to strain gage each of the many specimens to be tested. The paper concludes with discussion of the results obtained. The material S-N data presented includes comparative points for the four log-log lines as computed by linear regression techniques.
Analysis of Nonlinear Hunting Vibrations of Rail Vehicle Trucks
Authors: D’Souza A. F. , Caravavatna P.
Published: January 2010

Truck hunting of rail freight vehicles is investigated on a tangent (i.e., straight) track with the carbody moving at a certain constant forward velocity. The truck has three degrees of freedom in the lateral, yaw, and parallelogramming directions. The method of describing functions is employed for the investigation of hunting. The three nonlinear differential equations of motion are thus converted to a set of six coupled nonlinear algebraic equations which are solved to obtain the values of the frequency, three amplitudes and two phase angles when hunting exists. It is shown that when hunting begins to occur at the critical speed, the amplitudes are small enough that the flanges do not contact the rails. Flange contact occurs when the speed is increased to a value beyond the critical speed. It is shown that when hunting exists, the values of the frequency, amplitudes and phase angles are such that the energy input per cycle is exactly balanced by the energy dissipated. The orbital stability of limit cycles is investigated by employing the energy balance. The effects of the various parameters on hunting are investigated by parametric studies.
Study of a Vibratory Feeder with Repulsive Surface Which Has Directional Characteristic
Authors: Okabe S. , Yokoyama Y.
Published: January 2010

This paper treats the motion of a particle on a vibratory feeder whose track has directional characteristic in repulsive motion, for examples, obliquely bristled track, obliquely sliced track and so on. Under some assumptions, the practical equation for predicting the mean conveying velocity is shown and the relations between conveying condition and the mean conveying velocity are clarified theoretically. These relations are shown in various diagrams. Referring these diagrams, the optimum conveying conditions are discussed also. The theoretical results show that the mean conveying velocity is considerably larger than that of the ordinary feeder. The theoretical results are confirmed by experimental studies.
Identification of Bearing Defects by Spectral Analysis
Authors: Taylor J. I.
Published: January 2010

This paper describes procedures for identifying defects in antifriction bearings from analyses of the low frequencies (up to 2,000 Hz) generated by the moving parts in the bearing. Defects on bearing raceways, the cage, or rolling elements, as well as excessive clearance, turning on the shaft and loose housing, cause unique vibration signals. A unique signal is also generated when bearings need lubrication. The spectrum shape, frequency, amplitude, and sum and difference frequencies are useful in identifying combinations of defects and their size. Information as to whether the bearing is in a thrust or radial loaded condition is presented.