bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Core‐needle biopsy versus repeat fine‐needle aspiration for thyroid nodules initially read as atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance
Authors: Choi Young Jun , Baek Jung Hwan , Suh Chong Hyun , Shim Woo Hyun , Jeong Boseul , Kim Jae Kyun , Song Dong Eun , Kim Tae Yong , Chung Ki‐Wook , Lee Jeong Hyun
Published: October 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of core‐needle biopsy (CNB) by comparing the results of CNB and repeat fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) for thyroid nodules that are initially read as atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) on FNA.

Methods

Among 2631 initial AUS/FLUS FNA results, 505 consecutive nodules (295 repeat FNAs and 210 CNBs) were retrospectively analyzed. The primary outcome was inconclusive (ie, nondiagnostic or AUS/FLUS). The secondary outcomes included inconclusive results of the subcategory, risk factors for inconclusive results, and diagnostic performance.

Results

CNB demonstrated significantly fewer inconclusive results than repeat FNA for the overall nodules (40.9% vs 63%; p < .001). Repeat FNA and group FLUS were significant risk factors for inconclusive results (odds ratio = 1.92; p =.001 and odds ratio = 2.08; p <.001, respectively). All diagnostic performances using CNB were higher than repeat FNAs.

Conclusion

CNB is more useful than repeat FNAs for reducing inconclusive results and improving the diagnostic performance of thyroid nodules with initial AUS/FLUS FNA results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 361–369, 2017
High‐dose intravenous steroid regimen for radiation‐induced hypoglossal nerve palsy
Authors: McDowell Lachlan J. , Jacobson Marlene C. , Levin Wilfred
Published: October 2016

Background

Hypoglossal nerve palsies are infrequent complications of head and neck radiotherapy. Treatments focus on maintaining function and prevention of abnormal airway‐related swallowing events.

Methods

A patient with longstanding cranial neuropathies, including bilateral hypoglossal involvement, secondary to chemoradiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, experienced repeated episodes of life‐threatening complications. Initially, 2 courses of 2 weekly 24‐hour intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) infusions were administered 2 years apart. We report the results of a third course comprising 5 weekly cycles.

Results

Patient‐reported outcomes revealed significant improvement in swallowing function, speech, and psychosocial status. Airway invasion during swallowing and pharyngeal retention were assessed videofluoroscopically and evaluated using the Penetration‐Aspiration Scale (PAS) and a residue rating scale, respectively. PAS ratings after infusions 2 and 5, improved dramatically from baseline and were maintained at 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusion

High doses of IVMP may improve radiation‐induced neuropathies. Further testing in similar patients is needed to prove reproducibility. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: E23–E28, 2017
Versatility of the facial artery myomucosal island flap in neopharyngeal reconstruction
Authors: Frisch Thomas
Published: October 2016

Background

The facial artery myomucosal (FAMM) island flap is a cheek flap, pedicled on the facial artery and suitable for small to medium‐sized reconstructions of the oral cavity and neighboring areas. A novel transposition of the flap to the hypopharynx after laryngectomy is presented in this report.

Methods

A 58‐year‐old man, previously irradiated, was laryngopharyngectomized because of a new supraglottic carcinoma. An unexpected need for a flap was solved by tunneling a FAMM island flap lateral to the mandible. The reach and size of the flap were sufficient to close the defect.

Results

Vitality of the flap was ascertained by fiber endoscopy. No donor‐site morbidity was seen. Postoperatively, the patient had a minor stomal fistula with spontaneous healing.

Conclusion

The pedicled FAMM island flap may be considered for smaller reconstructions of the upper hypopharynx. Accessibility, low donor‐site morbidity, and recipient tissue similarity count among the advantages. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: E29–E33, 2017
Retracted: FLT3: beyond good and evil
Authors: Lagunas‐Rangel Francisco Alejandro , Cortes‐Penagos Carlos , Viveros‐Sandoval Martha Eva
Published: October 2016

The above article, published online on 29 July 2016 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the Journal Editor in Chief, Journal Production Manager, and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to 48% similar significant between this article and an article published in Nature Reviews Cancer journal.
Subordinate‐Superior Upward Communication: Power, Politics, and Political Skill
Authors: Kamal Kumar Kunal , Kumar Mishra Sushanta
Published: October 2016

A multiphase study involving 1,285 respondents was conducted to answer an important yet overlooked question: for a job requiring frequent informal communication with superiors, should an organization focus more on selecting employees with higher trait‐like willingness to communicate or on providing an environment where the flow of communication is easy and aided? We found support for the latter. Further, we observed that subordinates alter their communication behaviors based on the perception of superior's power, politics in the organization, and their own political skills. The study contributes to a better understanding of how situational variables affect subordinate‐superior upward communication. Implications of the study are also discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“We want the world and we want it now”: Materialism, time perspectives and problem spending tendency of Chinese
Authors: Ku Lisbeth , Wu Anise M. S. , Lao Angie K. P. , Lam Kerwin I. N.
Published: October 2016

Chinese consumers' spending has been expanding rapidly in the past decade, and along with it household and credit card debt. The present research collected evidence to triangulate the contention that materialism is positively related with Chinese's problem spending tendency (PST), and that present‐time‐perspective (PTP) and future‐time perspectives (FTP) interact systematically with materialism to affect PST. A survey of the general population in Macao, China (Study 1; N = 239) confirmed that materialism was positively correlated with PST. An interaction between materialism and PTP intensified the relationship, whereas an interaction with FTP weakened the relationship. Another survey with a sample of university students (Study 2; N = 223) again found positive relationships among PST, materialism, and PTP, as measured by temporal discount rate. But further exploration showed that PST was only related with temporal discounting among high materialists, but not among low materialists. Study 3 experimentally examined the causal effects of materialism and FTP on PST. When being primed of an orientation towards materialism (n = 33), the participants' planned consumption doubled that of the control group (n = 31). A FTP prime interacted with materialism prime and put a “damper” on participants' planned spending (n = 29), compared to their counterparts who were not primed of such a time perspective.
Higher‐order structure of the 30‐nm chromatin fiber revealed by cryo‐EM
Authors: Zhu Ping , Li Guohong
Published: October 2016

Genomic DNA is hierarchically packaged into chromatin in eukaryotes. As a central‐level chromatin structure between nucleosomal arrays and higher order organizations, 30 nm chromatin fiber, and its dynamics play a crucial role in regulating DNA accessibility for gene transcription. However, despite extensive efforts over three decades, the higher‐order structure of the 30 nm chromatin fiber remains unresolved and controversial. We have recently reconstituted the 30 nm chromatin fibers from 12 nucleosomal arrays in vitro in the presence of linker histone H1, and determined their cryo‐EM structures at resolution of 11 Å (Song et al., Science 344, 376–380). Here, we briefly reviewed the higher‐order structure studies of chromatin fibers, mainly focusing on the insights from the cryo‐EM structures we recently solved. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(11):873–878, 2016
Programming a randomized dependent group contingency and common stimuli to promote durable behavior change
Authors: Cariveau Tom , Kodak Tiffany
Published: October 2016

Low levels of academic engagement may impede students’ acquisition of skills. Intervening on student behavior using group contingencies may be a feasible way to increase academic engagement during group instruction. The current study examined the effect of a randomized dependent group contingency on levels of academic engagement for second‐grade participants receiving small‐group reading and writing instruction. The results showed that a randomized dependent group contingency increased the academic engagement of primary participants and several of the other participants during small‐group instruction. The findings also showed that high levels of academic engagement were maintained when common stimuli were present and the dependent group contingency was withdrawn.
Staphylococcus aureusandEscherichia colidual‐species biofilms on nanohydroxyapatite loaded with CHX or ZnO nanoparticles
Authors: Barros Joana , Grenho Liliana , Fontenente Sílvia , Manuel Cândida M. , Nunes Olga C. , Melo Luís F. , Monteiro Fernando J. , Ferraz Maria P.
Published: October 2016

Implant‐associated infections are caused by surface‐adhering microorganisms persisting as biofilms, resistant to host defense and antimicrobial agents. Given the limited efficacy of traditional antibiotics, novel strategies may rely on the prevention of such infections through the design of new biomaterials. In this work, two antimicrobial agents applied to nanohydroxyapatite materials—namely, chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles—were compared concerning their ability to avoid single‐ or dual‐species biofilms ofStaphylococcus aureusandEscherichia coli. The resulting biofilms were quantified by the enumeration of colony‐forming units and examined by confocal microscopy using both Live/Dead staining and bacterial‐specific fluorescentin situhybridization. The sessile population arrangement was also observed by scanning electron microscopy. Both biomaterials showed to be effective in impairing bacterial adhesion and proliferation for either single‐ or dual‐species biofilms. Furthermore, a competitive interaction was observed for dual‐species biofilms whereinE. coliexhibited higher proliferative capacity thanS. aureus, an inverse behavior from the one observed in single‐species biofilms. Therefore, either nanoHA‐CHX or nanoHA‐ZnO surfaces appear as promising alternatives to antibiotics for the prevention of devices‐related infections avoiding the critical risk of antibiotic‐resistant strains emergence. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 491–497, 2017.
Enhancing the osteoblastic differentiation through nanoscale surface modifications
Authors: Silva‐Bermudez Phaedra , Almaguer‐Flores Argelia , Garcia Victor I. , Olivares‐Navarrete Rene , Rodil Sandra E.
Published: October 2016

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) showed larger differentiation into osteoblasts on nanoscale amorphous titanium oxide (TiO2) coatings in comparison to polycrystalline TiO2 coatings or native oxide layers. In this article, we showed that the subtle alterations in the surface properties due to a different atomic ordering of titanium oxide layers could substantially modify the osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs. Amorphous (a) and polycrystalline (c) TiO2 coatings were deposited on smooth (PT) and microstructured sandblasted/acid‐etched (SLA) Ti substrates using a magnetron sputtering system. The surface roughness, water contact angle, structure, and composition were measured using confocal microscopy, drop sessile drop, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The ∼70‐nm‐thick coatings presented a well‐passivated and uniform TiO2 (Ti4+) surface composition, while the substrates (native oxide layer) showed the presence of Ti atoms in lower valence states. The polycrystalline TiO2‐coated surfaces (cPT and cSLA) showed the same cell attachment as the uncoated metallic surfaces (PT and SLA), and in both cases, it was lower on the rough than on the smooth surfaces. However, attachment and differentiation were significantly increased on the amorphous TiO2‐coated surfaces (aPT and aSLA). The amorphous coated Ti surfaces presented the highest expression of integrins and production of osteogenic proteins in comparison to the uncoated and crystalline‐coated Ti surfaces. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 498–509, 2017.
A silicone fiber coating as approach for the reduction of fibroblast growth on implant electrodes
Authors: Dencker Folke , Dreyer Lutz , Müller Dietrich , Zernetsch Holger , Paasche Gerrit , Sindelar Ralf , Glasmacher Birgit
Published: October 2016

In cochlear implant (CI) patients, an increase in electrode impedance due to fibrotic encapsulation is frequently observed. Several attempts have been proposed to reduce fibroblast growth at the electrode contacts, but none proved to be satisfactory so far. Here, a silicone fiber coating of the electrode contacts is presented that provides a complex micro‐scale surface topography and increases hydrophobicity to inhibit fibroblast growth and adhesion. A silicone fiber electrospinning process was developed to create a thin and porous fiber mesh. Fiber coatings were applied on graphite specimen holders, glass cover slips and CI electrode contacts. For characterization of the coating's pore distribution, water contact angle and electrical impedance were analyzed. Cytotoxicity and in vitro fibroblast growth were evaluated to assess biological efficacy of the coatings. It could be shown that the silicone fiber mesh itself had only minor influence on electrode impedance. A uniform, hydrophobic fiber coating could be achieved that decreased fibroblast growth without showing toxic effects. Finally, CI electrode contacts were successfully coated in order to present this promising approach for a long‐term improvement of CI electrodes. We are one of the first groups that could successfully adapt the electrospinning technique on the utilization of silicone. Silicone was chosen because of its high hydrophobicity, chemical stability and excellent biocompatibility and as it is one of the biomaterials already used in CIs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2574–2580, 2017.
Investigation of the anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects of chlorogenic acid
Authors: Choi Jun‐Hui , Kim Seung
Published: October 2016

Thrombosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Thrombolytic agents are important for both the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. Fibrin clot and turbidity assays revealed that it was able to inhibit the formation of fibrin clot. Chlorogenic acid degraded blood clot and inhibited the enzymatic activity of procoagulant proteases, thrombin, activated factor X (FXa), and activated factor XIII (FXIIIa). Chlorogenic acid was found to delay activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time. PFA‐100 assays showed that it prolonged the closure time of citrated whole human blood. It demonstrated the antithrombotic effect in collagen and epinephrine‐induced acute thromboembolism mice model. These antithrombotic profiles together with its anticoagulant and platelet disaggregation properties, and lack of toxicity to NIH‐3T3 and 3T3‐L1 cells, make it a potential agent for thrombotic treatment and prevention.
Human immunodeficiency virus associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, a clinical conundrum
Authors: Warner Nathaniel C. , Vaughan Leroy B. , Wenzel Richard P.
Published: October 2016

HIV complicates the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), prompting debate in the literature regarding the benefit of plasma exchange versus simple plasma infusion. Herein we present a case of HIV‐TTP, initially treated conservatively with plasma infusion but because of progressive neurologic decline, required urgent plasma exchange for resolution of hematologic derangements and neurologic sequelae. Based on the available literature, there appears to be a spectrum of HIV‐associated TTP disorders. Patients with advanced HIV disease and opportunistic infections who present with thrombotic microangiopathy tend to respond to simple plasma infusion, while patients with less progressive HIV disease tend to behave like those with idiopathic TTP, requiring plasma exchange rather than simple plasma infusion. This article illustrates that in patients with HIV‐TTP who do not respond to plasma infusion, early escalation to plasma exchange may help avoid life‐threatening complications such as seizures and even death.
Prediction of Clearance in Neonates and Infants (≤ 3 Months of Age) for Drugs That Are Glucuronidated: A Comparative Study Between Allometric Scaling and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling
Authors: Mahmood Iftekhar , Ahmad Tasneem , Mansoor Najia , Sharib S. M.
Published: October 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive performances of allometric models and a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) to predict clearance of glucuronidated drugs in neonates (≤ 3 months of age). From the literature, clearance values for 9 drugs (glucuronidated) for neonates and adults were obtained. Three allometric models were used to predict clearances of these glucuronidated drugs. A PBPK model was developed using the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and metabolic properties together with known pediatric physiology and enzymatic ontogeny. The model was first developed for adult subjects and then verified using external data and then applied to simulations in neonates. The predictive performances of allometric and PBPK models were evaluated by comparing the predicted values of clearance with the observed clearance values in the neonates. For 9 drugs, there were 13 age groups (preterm and term neonates) for which prediction error in mean clearance values within 0.5‐ to 1.5‐fold was observed in 10 and 11 age groups by 2 allometric models and a PBPK model, respectively. The proposed allometric methods can predict mean clearances of glucuronidated drugs in preterm and term neonates (≤ 3 months of age) with reasonable accuracy (within 0.5‐ to 1.5‐fold or 50% error) and are of practical value during neonatal drug development. The predicted mean clearance values of glucuronidated drugs in neonates ≤ 3 months of age by 2 allometric methods were comparable with the PBPK model.
Cancer anorexia: hypothalamic activity and its association with inflammation and appetite‐regulating peptides in lung cancer
Authors: Molfino Alessio , Iannace Alessandro , Colaiacomo Maria Chiara , Farcomeni Alessio , Emiliani Alessandra , Gualdi Gianfranco , Laviano Alessandro , Rossi Fanelli Filippo
Published: October 2016

Background

Energy homeostasis is mediated by the hypothalamus, whose inflammation‐induced functional derangements contribute to the onset of anorexia in cancer. By using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we determined the patterns of hypothalamic activation after oral intake in anorexic (A), non‐anorexic (NA) cancer patients, and in controls (C).

Methods

Lung cancer patients were considered. Hypothalamic activation was recorded in A and NA patients and in C by fMRI, before (T0), immediately after (T1) the administration of an oral nutritional supplement, and after 15 min (T2). The grey of the hypothalamus and Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) intensity were calculated and normalized for basal conditions. Interleukin (IL)‐1, IL‐6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, ghrelin, and leptin plasma levels were measured. A statistical parametric mapping was used.

Results

Thirteen lung cancer patients (7 M, 6 F; 9A, 4NA) and 2 C (1 M, 1 F) were enrolled. Controls had the lowest BOLD intensity. At all‐time points, anorexic patients showed lower hypothalamic activity compared with NA (P < 0.001) (T0: 585.57 ± 55.69 vs. 667.92 ± 33.18, respectively; T1: 536.50 ± 61.70 vs. 624.49 ± 55.51, respectively; T2: 556.44 ± 58.51 vs. 615.43 ± 71.50, respectively). Anorexic patients showed greater BOLD signal reduction during T0–T1 than NA (−8.5% vs. −6.80%, P < 0.001). Independently from the presence of anorexia, BOLD signals modification before and after oral challenge correlated with basal values of IL‐1 and ghrelin (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Hypothalamic activity in A cancer patients is reduced respect to NA and responds differently to oral challenges. This suggests a central control of appetite dysregulation during cancer anorexia, before, and after oral intake.
Tannin‐immobilized cellulose microspheres as effective adsorbents for removing cationic dye (Methylene Blue) from aqueous solution
Authors: Pei Ying , Wu Xingjun , Xu Gaoqiang , Sun Zhenjie , Zheng Xuejing , Liu Jie , Tang Keyong
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Tannin‐immobilized cellulose (T/C) microspheres were fabricated by a facile homogeneous reaction in a water/oil (W/O) emulsion for the removal of cationic dye from aqueous solution. The microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Zeta potentials test. Setting methylene blue (MB) as a cationic dye model, the adsorption isotherms, kinetics and effect factors of MB adsorption were investigated to evaluate the effectiveness for dye removal.

RESULTS

The microspheres exhibited porous structure. Cellulose contributed to provide a support for the porous structure, and immobilized tannins acted as adsorbent sites which combined with MB by electrostatic attraction, resulting in the attractive adsorption ability of T/C microspheres. Microspheres exhibited rapid adsorption rate even when the initial MB concentration was 1500 mg L−1. The pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order and intraparticle diffusion models were used to fit adsorption data in the kinetic studies. Results indicated that the adsorption kinetic was more accurately described by the pseudo‐second‐order model. It has been demonstrated that the better agreement was with the Langmuir isotherm with correlation coefficient >0.9996. Regeneration experiments showed that T/C microspheres can be reused at least three times without obvious loss of their original adsorption capacity.

CONCLUSION

The results revealed that the T/C microspheres can be considered as a stable and effective adsorbent for cationic dye removal from industrial effluents. Tannin immobilization and material forming were simultaneously implemented by a facile homogeneous reaction in W/O emulsion, providing a new pathway to fabricate tannin‐immobilized materials for water treatment. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Macroalgal biomass hydrolysis using dicationic acidic ionic liquids
Authors: Malihan Lenny B , Mittal Neha , Nisola Grace M , Weldemhret Teklebrahan G , Kim Hern , Chung Wook‐Jin
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Macroalgae has high potential as a bio‐fuel feedstock due to its high carbohydrate content. Conventional aqueous systems require a huge amount of energy to catalyze depolymerization and hydrolysis of macroalgae. Recently various task‐specific ionic liquids (ILs) successfully depolymerized different biomasses, but were thermally unstable. A variety of dicationic acidic ILs (DAILs) connected by oligo‐ethylene glycol (EG) chains bearing hydrogen sulfate (HSO4−) anions were synthesized with better thermal stability and utilized in hydrolysis of macroalgal biomass, Gelidium amansii.

RESULTS

The structures of DAILs were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR as well as FT‐IR. EG‐linker chain lengths and dicationic structure increased the thermal stability of DAILs and influenced their catalytic performance for G. amansii hydrolysis. DAILs linked with short oligo‐EG chains afforded higher sugar yields and exhibited faster hydrolysis rates compared with those linked by long oligo‐EG chains (i.e. PEG400 and PEG600). A maximum sugar yield of 67.45 wt% was recovered from G. amansii using [Tri‐EG‐(MIm)2] 2HSO4 DAIL, after 3 min at 120 °C.

CONCLUSION

The synthesized DAILs showed dual properties as catalyst and reaction medium for hydrolysis of macroalgae in solvent‐less conditions. Shorter oligo‐EG chain linked DAILs exhibited faster reaction rates with higher sugar yields. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of molybdate anions from contaminated waters by brown algae biomass in batch and continuous processes
Authors: Carnevale Betina , Blanes Patricia , Sala Luis F , Bellú Sebastián E
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the discharge of heavy metal ions in natural waters has become a serious problem. Among the various techniques that have been employed for heavy metal removal, adsorption is highly effective and economical because low‐cost adsorbents can be employed. Brown algae are a potential biosorbent because of their high uptake capacities for various heavy metal ions. Petalonia fascia biomass immobilized in an agar matrix was tested as a new removal agent of MoVI from contaminated waters.

RESULTS

Sorption studies were performed in batch and continuous systems. Petalonia fascia has a high adsorption capacity (1376 ± 2 mg g−1) at 20 °C and pH 1.0. Participation of hydroxyl and carboxylate functional groups in the adsorption of molybdate anions was confirmed by FT‐IR analysis. SEM images showed that morphological surface changes happen after MoVI sorption. Mean free energies of sorption and activation parameters demonstrate that the sorption mechanism was chemical sorption. MoVI sorption onto brown seaweed surface was spontaneous and exothermic. Petalonia fascia has an energetically heterogeneous surface. Continuous sorption data were best fitted by a modified dose–response model. Scale‐up of the sorption processes was achieved applying a bed depth service time (BDST) model. The critical bed depth, Z0 was 1.7 cm.

CONCLUSIONS

Petalonia fascia biomass is a good adsorbent material for MoVI and it can be used in fixed bed columns for the purification of MoVI contaminated effluents. The high value of qmax and the low cost of this seaweed make this biomass a good sorbent for use in continuous treatment of groundwater and effluents contaminated with molybdate anions. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Selecting Effective Examples to Train Students for Peer Review of Open‐Ended Problem Solutions
Authors: Verleger Matthew A. , Rodgers Kelsey J. , Diefes‐Dux Heidi A.
Published: October 2016

Background

Students conducting peer review on open‐ended problem solutions require training. For that training, the selection of training examples is critical.

Purpose

This study explored how the characteristics of five example solutions used in training and their associated expert evaluations affected students' abilities to score peer team solutions on a model‐eliciting activity (MEA).

Design/Method

For this training, individual students reviewed a randomly selected example solution to an MEA. They were then asked to compare their review and an expert's review. Students were then assigned a peer team solution to review. An expert later rated the five training examples and 147 team solutions that had been peer reviewed. Differences between the scores assigned by the expert and a student to a training example and a peer team solution were used to compute the student's improvement as reviewer from training to peer review. ANOVA testing with Tukey's post hoc analysis identified differences in improvement based on the training example students saw during training.

Results

Statistically significant differences were found in the number of errors students made during peer review depending on the quality of the example they reviewed in training. Specifically, a low‐quality example and associated expert evaluation resulted in more accurate scoring during peer review.

Conclusions

While students typically ask to see exemplar solutions, this research suggests that there is likely greater value, for the purpose of training for peer reviewing, in having students see expert evaluations of lower‐quality examples.
Mass spectrometric monitoring of oxidation of aliphatic C6–C8 hydrocarbons and ethanol in low pressure oxygen and air plasmas
Authors: Usmanov Dilshadbek T. , Chen Lee Chuin , Hiraoka Kenzo , Wada Hiroshi , Nonami Hiroshi , Yamabe Shinichi
Published: October 2016

Experimental and theoretical studies on the oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons (n‐hexane, cyclohexane, n‐heptane, n‐octane and isooctane) and ethanol in 28 Torr O2 or air plasma generated by a hollow cathode discharge ion source were made. Ions corresponding to [M + 15]+ and [M + 13]+ in addition to [M − H]+ and [M − 3H]+ were detected as major ions where M is the sample molecule. The ions [M + 15]+ and [M + 13]+ were assigned as oxidation products, [M − H + O]+ and [M − 3H + O]+, respectively. By the tandem mass spectrometry analysis of [M − H + O]+ and [M − 3H + O]+, H2O, olefins (and/or cycloalkanes) and oxygen‐containing compounds were eliminated from these ions. Ozone as one of the terminal products in the O2 plasma was postulated as the oxidizing reagent. As an example, the reactions of C6H14+• with O2 and of C6H13+ (CH3CH2CH+CH2CH2CH3) with ozone were examined by density functional theory calculations. Nucleophilic interaction of ozone with C6H13+ leads to the formation of protonated ketone, CH3CH2C(=OH+)CH2CH2CH3. In air plasma, [M − H + O]+ became predominant over carbocations, [M − H]+ and [M − 3H]+. For ethanol, the protonated acetic acid CH3C(OH)2+ (m/z 61.03) was formed as the oxidation product. The peaks at m/z 75.04 and 75.08 are assigned as protonated ethyl formate and protonated diethyl ether, respectively, and that at m/z 89.06 as protonated ethyl acetate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cholinergic regulation of fear learning and extinction
Authors: Wilson Marlene A. , Fadel Jim R.
Published: October 2016

Cholinergic activation regulates cognitive function, particularly long‐term memory consolidation. This Review presents an overview of the anatomical, neurochemical, and pharmacological evidence supporting the cholinergic regulation of Pavlovian contextual and cue‐conditioned fear learning and extinction. Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons provide inputs to neocortical regions and subcortical limbic structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala. Pharmacological manipulations of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors support the role of cholinergic processes in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex in modulating the learning and extinction of contexts or cues associated with threat. Additional evidence from lesion studies and analysis of in vivo acetylcholine release with microdialysis similarly support a critical role of cholinergic neurotransmission in corticoamygdalar or corticohippocampal circuits during acquisition of fear extinction. Although a few studies have suggested a complex role of cholinergic neurotransmission in the cellular plasticity essential for extinction learning, more work is required to elucidate the exact cholinergic mechanisms and physiological role of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in these fear circuits. Such studies are important for elucidating the role of cholinergic neurotransmission in disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder that involve deficits in extinction learning as well as for developing novel therapeutic approaches for such disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multisite bias correction of precipitation data from regional climate models
Authors: Hnilica Jan , Hanel Martin , Puš Vladimír
Published: October 2016

The characteristics of precipitation in regional climate model simulations deviate considerably from those of the observed data; therefore, bias correction is a standard part of most climate change impact assessment studies. The standard approach is that the corrections are calibrated and applied separately for individual spatial points and meteorological variables. For this reason, the correlation and covariance structures of the observed and corrected data differ, although the individual observed and corrected data sets correspond well in their statistical indicators. This inconsistency may affect impact studies using corrected simulations.

This study presents a new approach to the bias correction utilizing principal components in combination with quantile mapping, which allows for the correction of multivariate data sets. The proposed procedure significantly reduces the bias in covariance and correlation structures, as well as that in the distribution of individual variables. This is in contrast to standard quantile mapping, which only corrects the individual distributions, and leaves the dependence structure biased.
Optimization of polyphenol removal from kiwifruit juice using a macroporous resin
Authors: Gao Zhenpeng , Yu Zhifang , Yue Tianli , Quek Siew Young
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

The separation of polyphenols from kiwifruit juice is essential for enhancing sensory properties and prevent the browning reaction in juice during processing and storage.

RESULTS

The present study investigated the dynamic adsorption and desorption of polyphenols in kiwifruit juice using AB‐8 resin. The model obtained could be successfully applied to predict the experimental results of dynamic adsorption capacity (DAC) and dynamic desorption quantity (DDQ). The results showed that dynamic adsorption of polyphenols could be optimised in a juice concentration of 19 °Brix, with a feed flow‐rate of 1.3 mL min−1 and a feed volume of 7 bed volume (BV). The optimum conditions for dynamic desorption of polyphenols from the AB‐8 resin were an ethanol concentration of 43% (v/v), an elute flow‐rate of 2.2 mL min−1 and an elute volume of 3 BV. The optimized DAC value was 3.16 g of polyphenols kg−1 resin, whereas that for DDQ was 917.5 g kg−1, with both values being consistent with the predicted values generated by the regression models. The major polyphenols in the dynamic desorption solution consisted of seven compositions.

CONCLUSION

The present study could be scaled‐up using a continuous column system for industrial application, thus contributing to the improved flavor and color of kiwifruit juice. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of browning ratio in an image analysis of apple slices at different stages of instant controlled pressure drop‐assisted hot‐air drying (AD‐DIC)
Authors: Gao Kun , Zhou Linyan , Bi Jinfeng , Yi Jianyong , Wu Xinye , Zhou Mo , Wang Xueyuan , Liu Xuan
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Computer vision‐based image analysis systems are widely used in food processing to evaluate quality changes. They are able to objectively measure the surface colour of various products since, providing some obvious advantages with their objectivity and quantitative capabilities. In this study, a computer vision‐based image analysis system was used to investigate the colour changes of apple slices dried by instant controlled pressure drop‐assisted hot air drying (AD‐DIC).

RESULTS

The CIE L* value and polyphenol oxidase activity in apple slices decreased during the entire drying process, whereas other colour indexes, including CIE a*, b*, ΔE and C* values, increased. The browning ratio calculated by image analysis increased during the drying process, and a sharp increment was observed for the DIC process. The change in 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) and fluorescent compounds (FIC) showed the same trend with browning ratio due to Maillard reaction. Moreover, the concentrations of 5‐HMF and FIC both had a good quadratic correlation (R2 > 0.998) with the browning ratio.

CONCLUSION

Browning ratio was a reliable indicator of 5‐HMF and FIC changes in apple slices during drying. The image analysis system could be used to monitor colour changes, 5‐HMF and FIC in dehydrated apple slices during the AD‐DIC process. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid and sensitive determination of major polyphenolic components inEuphoria longanaLam. seeds using matrix solid‐phase dispersion extraction and UHPLC with hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
Authors: Rathore Atul S. , Sathiyanarayanan L. , Deshpande Shreekant , Mahadik Kakasaheb R.
Published: October 2016

A rapid and sensitive method for the extraction and determination of four major polyphenolic components inEuphoria longanaLam. seeds is presented for the first time based on matrix solid‐phase dispersion extraction followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Matrix solid‐phase dispersion method was designed for the extraction ofEuphoria longanaseed constituents and compared with microwave‐assisted extraction and ultrasonic‐assisted extraction methods. An Ultra high performance liquid chromatography with hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion‐trap mass spectrometry method was developed for quantitative analysis in multiple‐reaction monitoring mode in negative electrospray ionization. The chromatographic separation was accomplished using an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) column with gradient elution of 0.1% aqueous formic acid and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The developed method was validated with acceptable linearity (r2> 0.999), precision (RSD ≤ 2.22%) and recovery (RSD ≤ 2.35%). The results indicated that matrix solid‐phase dispersion produced comparable extraction efficiency compared with other methods nevertheless was more convenient and time‐saving with reduced requirements on sample and solvent volumes. The proposed method is rapid and sensitive in providing a promising alternative for extraction and comprehensive determination of active components for quality control ofEuphoria longanaproducts.
Comparing resource selection and demographic models for predicting animal density
Authors: Street Garrett M. , Rodgers Arthur R. , Avgar Tal , Vander Vennen Lucas M. , Fryxell John M.
Published: October 2016

Habitat‐based prediction of population density relies on relationships between landscape configuration (i.e., abundance of land‐cover types) and equilibrium density. This may be accomplished by estimating resource selection probability functions (RSPFs) based on presence–absence data, or by relating carrying capacity to landscape covariates. We used RSPFs for moose (Alces alces) from 2 study sites and carrying capacities from 34 wildlife management units across northern Ontario, Canada, to create 2 estimators of moose density. We compared the predictions of both models to moose density in a novel site obtained via aerial census. We also projected the RSPF across 34 management units and compared predicted density to estimated carrying capacity of each unit. The RSPF and carrying capacity models predicted moose equilibrium densities that were statistically indistinguishable from the estimated density of moose at the novel study site, but the carrying capacity model generated uninformatively broad prediction intervals. The RSPF failed to predict carrying capacities in management units across Ontario; however, the differences between RSPF estimates and carrying capacities varied predictably with differences in covariates related to forage availability, suggesting habitat selection strength and RSPF transferability vary with landscape quality. Estimating densities using RSPFs relies on a consistent relationship between habitat selection and animal density; thus, RSPF applicability across space will depend heavily on similarity between the novel and original sites. Demographic projection benefits from broad spatiotemporal datasets that improve reliability but that are relatively rare and subject to broad error. Our findings suggest that selection‐based population estimation is preferable to demographically based models because of increased precision of estimates, the immediacy of available data (e.g., single survey or radio‐telemetry in multiple sites vs. many generations of population estimates in a time series across space), and the capacity to predict fine‐scale patterns of distribution and abundance. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
A Two‐Step Method for Transferring Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes onto a Hydrogel Substrate
Authors: Imaninezhad Mozhdeh , Kuljanishvili Irma , Zustiak Silviya Petrova
Published: October 2016

Carbon nanotube (CNT)‐hydrogel nanocomposites are beneficial for various biomedical applications, such as nerve regeneration, tissue engineering, sensing, or implant coatings. Still, there are impediments to developing nanocomposites, including attaining a homogeneous CNT‐polymer dispersion or patterning CNTs on hydrogels. While few approaches have been reported for patterning CNTs on polymeric substrates, these methods include high temperature, high vacuum or utilize a sacrificial layer and, hence, are incompatible with hydrogels as they lead to irreversible collapse in hydrogel structure. In this study, a novel two‐step method is designed to transfer CNTs onto hydrogels. First, dense CNTs are grown on quartz substrates. Subsequently, hydrogel solutions are deposited on the quartz‐grown CNTs. Upon gelation, the hydrogel with transferred CNTs is peeled from the quartz. Successful transfer is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and indirectly by cell attachment. The efficient transfer is attributed to π‐interactions pregelation between the polymers in solution and the CNTs.

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Fabrication of Thermally Stable Polysulfone Microcapsules Containing [EMIm][NTf2] Ionic Liquid for Enhancement of In Situ Self‐Lubrication Effect of Epoxy
Authors: Li Haiyan , Wang Qing , Wang Huaiyuan , Cui Yexiang , Zhu Yanji , Wang Baohui
Published: October 2016

Microcapsules containing an ionic liquid (IL) are potential candidate materials for preparing in situ self‐lubricating composites with excellent tribological properties. 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl]imide ([EMIm]NTf2) IL encapsulated polysulphone microcapsules are synthesized. The mean diameter and wall thickness are about 128 μm and 10 μm, respectively. Microcapsules have excellent thermal stability, with a thermal degradation onset temperature of 440 °C compared to traditional lubricants‐loaded microcapsules. In situ self‐lubricating composites are prepared by incorporating the IL‐encapsulated microcapsules into epoxy matrix. When the concentration of the IL microcapsules is 20 wt%, the frictional coefficient and specific wear rate of composites are reduced by 66.7% and 64.9% under low sliding velocity and middling applied load conditions, respectively, as compared to the neat epoxy. The tribological behavior of the self‐lubricating composites is further assessed in different applied load and sliding velocity conditions. The in situ self‐lubricating mechanism of composites is proposed.

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Minimally clinically important decline in the parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy
Authors: Krismer Florian , Seppi Klaus , Wenning Gregor K. , Abler Victor , Papapetropoulos Spyridon , Poewe Werner
Published: October 2016

Introduction

We provide the first characterization of the minimally clinically important difference on the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale in patients with the parkinsonian variant of early MSA.

Methods

Data from a randomized controlled trial of rasagiline were analyzed using clinical global impression as an anchor. Because too few patients improved with treatment, analyses were limited to defining scale cutoffs that discriminated between minimal worsening and no change.

Results

Based on receiver operating characteristic curves, minimally clinically important differences were 1.5 points on the activities of daily living scale, 1.5 points on the motor scale, and 3.5 points on the total scale.

Conclusions

Appreciation of the minimally clinically important difference is important when deciding if statistically significant effects should influence practice. For the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale, further work is required to establish cutoffs for improvement, extend relevance to cerebellar‐predominant disease, and characterize progression rates at different disease stages. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Increased basal ganglia binding of 18F‐AV‐1451 in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Smith Ruben , Schain Martin , Nilsson Christer , Strandberg Olof , Olsson Tomas , Hägerström Douglas , Jögi Jonas , Borroni Edilio , Schöll Michael , Honer Michael , Hansson Oskar
Published: October 2016

Background

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is difficult to diagnose accurately. The recently developed tau PET tracers may improve the diagnostic work‐up of PSP.

Methods

Regional tau accumulation was studied using 18F‐AV‐1451 PET in 11 patients with PSP and 11 age‐matched healthy controls in the Swedish BioFinder study.

Results

18F‐AV‐1451 standard uptake volume ratios were significantly higher in the basal ganglia in PSP patients when compared with controls (globus pallidus 1.75 vs 1.50; putamen 1.51 vs 1.35). Retention in the basal ganglia was correlated with age in both groups (r = .43–.78, P < .05). In PSP, we observed a significant correlation between clinical deterioration measured with the PSP rating scale and standard uptake volume ratios in the globus pallidus (r = .74, P < .05). However, no 18F‐AV‐1451 retention was observed in the cerebral cortex or white matter of either PSP patients or controls, and autoradiography did not reveal any specific binding of AV‐1451 to PSP tau aggregates.

Conclusion

We found higher 18F‐AV‐1451 retention in the basal ganglia of PSP patients when compared with healthy elderly controls, but also increases with age in both controls and patients. As a result of the overlap in retention between diagnostic groups and the age‐dependent increase present also in controls, 18F‐AV‐1451 PET might not reliably distinguish individual patients with PSP from controls. However, further studies are needed to evaluate whether 18F‐AV‐1451 PET might be useful as a progression marker in clinical PSP trials. © The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Donor nerve sources in free functional gracilis muscle transfer for elbow flexion in adult brachial plexus injury
Authors: Nicoson Michael C. , Franco Michael J. , Tung Thomas H.
Published: October 2016

Background

With complete plexus injuries or late presentation, free functional muscle transfer (FFMT) becomes the primary option of functional restoration. Our purpose is to review cases over a 10‐year period of free functioning gracilis muscle transfer after brachial plexus injury to evaluate the effect of different donor nerves used to reinnervate the FFMT on functional outcome.

Methods

A retrospective study from April 2001 to January 2011 of a single surgeon's practice was undertaken. During this time period 22 patients underwent FFMT at Washington University in St Louis, Missouri for elbow flexion.

Results

Thirteen patients for whom FFMT was performed for elbow flexion met all of the requirements for inclusion in this study. Average time from injury to first operation was 12.8 months (range 4–60), and average time from injury to FFMT was 29 months (range 8–68). Average follow‐up was 31.8 months (range 11–84). The nerve donors utilized included the distal accessory nerve, intercostal with or without rectus abdominis nerves, medial pectoral nerves, thoracodorsal nerve, and flexor carpi ulnaris fascicle of ulnar nerve. Functional recovery of elbow flexion was measured using the MRC grading system which showed 1 M5/5, 5 M4, 4 M3, and 3 M2 outcomes.

Conclusion

Intraplexal donor motor nerves if available will provide better transferred muscle function because they are higher quality donors closer to the muscle and can be done in one stage without a nerve graft. Otherwise, intercostal, rectus abdominis, or the distal accessory nerve should be used in a staged fashion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:377–382, 2017.