bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Desirability, Defense Styles, and the Children's Role Inventory Scale
Authors: Randolph Daniel Lee , Anderson Christopher E. , Smith Penni L. , Shipley-Clark Molly A.
Published: August 2011

This investigation was designed to answer several research questions. First, using each participant's dominant score to place that individual into one of the four Children's Role Inventory categories, what would be the distribution of college students across the categories? Second, is there a relationship between scores on scales of the Children's Role Inventory and (a) on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and (b) on scales of the Defense Style Questionnaire? 236 undergraduate students at a southern university completed the above questionnaires. The distribution of participants over Children's Role Inventory categories was Hero 179, Mascot 41, Scapegoat 1, Lost Child 9, and Not Classified 6. After Bonferroni correction, significant positive but small correlations were reported between the Hero Scale of the Children's Role Inventory and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, as well as between the Hero Scale of the Children's Role Inventory and the Adaptive Scale of the Defense Style Questionnaire.
Cannonical [sic] Confusions, an Illusory Allusion, and More: A Critique of Haggbloom, et al.'s List of Eminent Psychologists (2002)
Authors: Black Stephen L.
Published: August 2011

The analysis by Haggbloom, et al. (2002) establishing a list of the most eminent psychologists of the 20th century contains significant errors. In one case the achievements of Walter B. Cannon are misattributed to W. Gary Cannon. Other errors are eponyms misattributed to Margaret F. Washburn, Morton Deutsch, Wolfgang Köhler, and G. Stanley Hall. A further mistake is to miscalculate the statistic for introductory psychology textbook citations for Hans J. Eysenck. These errors have consequences for the ranking of individuals on this list. Care must be taken to guard against such mistakes.
Effect of Two Warning Signs on Adult Supervision and Risky Activities by Children in Grocery Shopping Carts
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew
Published: August 2011

398 children, 1 to 6 years of age, and the adults accompanying them in two supermarkets were exposed to one of four treatments. Two experimental treatments featured variations on a warning sign, prompting adults to prevent their children from standing while in the cart seat and basket portions of shopping carts. The two control treatments exposed the adults to advertisements rather than warning signs. No effect was observed of either warning on standing while in cart seats, standing while in baskets, climbing on carts, or standing on the ends or sides of carts; nor was any effect noted on three measures of adult supervision. This lack of effect is attributed to adults' perceptions of the low risk of serious injury to children in carts, their familiarity with carts, the costliness of ensuring compliance with the warnings, and the lack of natural contingencies supporting the prompts. Risky activities by children were related to the child's location in the cart, child's sex, and adult supervision.
Safety of Children in Grocery Carts: Adults' Personal Health and Safety Habits
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew
Published: August 2011

Observations of 246 children and the adults accompanying them were carried out in supermarkets. Of those arriving and leaving by automobile ( n = 194), 36% of adults used safety belts, and 51.1% of children used safety belts or restraining seats. While shopping, 79% of adults lost sight of the children in their care at least once, and 73.2% were 10 feet or more from their children at least once. 48% of children climbed or attempted to climb from carts; 27% stood in carts, and 23.6% handled hazardous products. 24% of adults purchased tobacco products. Poor adult supervision of children was related to adult's nonuse of safety belts and the child's and adult's ages. Climbing from the cart was related in a logistic regression to both poor adult supervision and child's age. Tobacco purchases were related to handling of hazards by children and standing in carts. Child's age and adult's safety belt use related to the restraint of children in vehicles.
The Norelco Sport Fanatics Survey: Examining Behaviors of Sport Fans
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Friedman Kim , McHale Meredith , Jaffe Andrew
Published: August 2011

The Norelco Sport Fanatics Survey administered by Impulse Research to over 1,400 avid sport fans online assessed their support of and involvement with their teams, emotional responses prior to and subsequent to team performance, and the effect of their fandom on their family and social relations. Analysis yielded results which replicated past research and indicated that sport fandom was extremely important to the respondents, intensified affective reactions, and was perceived as a highly social activity with very few negative consequences for interpersonal relations.
Competing Hypotheses of Missing Data among Older Adults
Authors: Vance David , DeLaine Shermetra , Washington Natalie , Kirby-Gatto Robin
Published: August 2011

To explain missing data in a study of 83 older adults, hypotheses regarding fatigue and age were proposed, the former (fatigue) appearing more likely.
Missing Information Can Be More Persuasive
Authors: Chebat Jean-Charles , Gélinas-Chebat Claire , Dorais Suzie
Published: August 2011

A 2 ×2 experiment (low/high self-relevance and complete/incomplete information about an advertised service) was designed to test a set of hypotheses related to inference-making from advertisements providing no information on the uses of the advertised service. Findings show that under high self-relevance conditions, viewers have more positive attitudes toward the advertisements mentioning no use at all of the advertised service, whereas under low self-relevance conditions, viewers have more positive attitudes toward the advertisements mentioning all the possible uses of the advertised service. Similar relations are found for the attitudes toward the service. The absence of specific uses allows the viewers to complement the missing information with their own relevant information.
Mental Health Screening Results for Native American and Euro-American Youth in Oregon Juvenile Justice Settings
Authors: Graham Thomas L. Crofoot , Corcoran Kevin
Published: August 2011

Mental health needs of Native American youth in the Oregon juvenile justice system are compared to those of Euro-American youth. The comparison is between 109 Euro-American youth and 22 Native American youth drawn from two samples of youth adjudicated to community service and incarcerated. The youth completed a mental health history and indices of mental health and health status. Native American youth are disproportionately represented in the Oregon juvenile justice system. Mental health profiles of Native American youth reflect problems at least as severe as those of Euro-American youth, and both Native American and Euro-American youth in the juvenile justice system had profiles different from those of youth not referred for clinical services. More Native American youth .(42.5%) compared to Euro-American youth (27.5%) reported considering suicide in the past 12 months. Mental health screenings for both Native American and Euro-American youth are indicated.
Empathy and Frequency of Answers to Questions about Dreams after September 11th
Authors: Kroth Jerry , Bush Stephanie , Frost Jennifer , Paez Asceneth , Prakash Ronika , Raft May
Published: August 2011

The investigators sought to examine correlations for 31 men and women, counseling graduate students and residents of the San Francisco Bay Area and their relation to the attacks on the USA on September 11, 2001. Empathy and traumatic dream reports have been examined in studies primarily on relations between therapists and clients. Studies of the effects of traumatic events on empathy and on dreams have been minimal. It was hypothesized that highly empathic individuals might have reacted differently to these events than less empathic subjects. Using the KJP Dream Inventory and the Emotional Empathy Scale, rated empathy correlated significantly with reported frequency of dream occurrence (.39), frequency of repetitive traumatic dreaming (.38), and the frequency of dream discontentedness (.37).
The Health and Wellness Resource Center: A Database for Psychology?
Authors: Piotrowski Chris , Perdue Bob
Published: August 2011

Researchers in the field of psychology usually rely on PsycINFO as the sole bibliographic tool and tend to neglect other online resources. Such a mindset restricts the output of available reference citations during a literature review. The authors report on the usefulness of an adjutant database for social and behavioral scientists.
Associations of Self-Esteem with Communication Style
Authors: Giri Vijai N.
Published: August 2011

The study investigated the relation of scores on self-esteem and communication style using the Rosenberg Self-esteem scale and Communications Style Profile for 282 men and 133 women. Analysis showed the group with high self-esteem scores preferred a direct, straightforward, result-oriented, dominating, and assertive communication style, whereas those with low self-esteem preferred to have a warm, supportive, socially oriented, sharing, and expressive communication style. Men's and women's scores on self-esteem were not significantly different.
Depressive Symptoms in Relation to Alcohol and Tobacco Use in South African University Students
Authors: Peltzer Karl
Published: August 2011

A questionnaire was administered to 793 randomly chosen Black university students whose ages ranged from 18 to 25 years. Analysis of variance suggested the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use but not with tobacco use; however, alcohol and tobacco use were highly correlated. Regression analysis identified drinking status as predictor for depressive symptoms.
Effect on Survey Return Rates of Having a Signed or Unsigned Postcard as the Third-Wave Mailing
Authors: Price James H. , Akpanudo Sutoidem , Dake Joseph A. , Kleinfelder Joann
Published: August 2011

This study assessed differences in response rates to a three-wave mail survey when signed or unsigned postcards were the third wave of the mailing (after two mailings of the questionnaire). A total of 259 signed postcards and 259 unsigned postcards were mailed as the third-wave mailing. There were 34 signed postcards and 30 unsigned postcards returned, a not significantly different distribution by chi-square test.
Gender and the Charismatic Leader: More to Be Learned
Authors: Powell Gary N.
Published: August 2011

Suggestions for research inspired by Grinnell in 2002 on the relation of sex stereotypes and those of leaders, as well as evaluations of and behaviors of leaders are offered.
Event Valence and Unrealistic Optimism
Authors: Gold Ron S. , Martyn Kate
Published: August 2011

The effect of event valence on unrealistic optimism was studied. 94 Deakin University students rated the comparative likelihood that they would experience either a controllable or an uncontrollable health-related event. Valence was manipulated to be positive (outcome was desirable) or negative (outcome was undesirable) by varying the way a given event was framed. Participants either were told the conditions which promote the event and rated the comparative likelihood they would experience it or were told the conditions which prevent the event and rated the comparative likelihood they would avoid it. For both the controllable and the uncontrollable events, unrealistic optimism was greater for negative than positive valence. It is suggested that a combination of the ‘motivational account’ of unrealistic optimism and prospect theory provides a good explanation of the results.
Students' Use of Mass Media for Ideas about Romantic Relationships was Influenced by Perceived Realism of Presentations and Parental Happiness
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Lynch Teresa J. , Lewandowski Lisa , Hunt-Carter Erin
Published: August 2011

52 undergraduates between 18 and 24 years of age (34 women) answered a questionnaire about their use of mass media for ideas about romantic relationships and indicated how happy their parents' relationship seemed during the students' formative years. If sitcoms, dramas, magazine articles, or books were seen as realistic or presenting an ideal for which to strive in real life, students used ideas about romantic relationships presented more frequently, and they also more frequently explored sitcoms and dramas for ideas, but not magazines or books. If the parental relationship was seen as happy, students were more likely to use TV and magazines but not books for ideas; they evaluated sitcoms as more and books as less realistic.
Aspects of Meaning of Life in Different Subcultures in Peru
Authors: Baessler Judith , Oerter Rolf , Fernández Marisol Benavente , Romero Eberth Molina
Published: August 2011

The categorization system for perceptions of meaning of life developed by Ebersole, et al. was applied in four different Peruvian subsamples (middle/upper-class university students, lower-class night students, slum dwellers who had emigrated from the South Andes and settled in the capital, and Highland Indians), totaling 168 participants. Analysis showed most answers could be satisfactorily fitted into the eight categories, although slight modifications had to be made and two more categories had to be created. For middle/upper-class students, lower-class night students, and slum dwellers, Growth was the most important category followed by Relationships. In contrast, the major topic within the Indian sample of the South Andes was Relationships, whereas Growth turned out to be irrelevant. More educated subjects described meaning of life in a more abstract way than less educated subjects. The discrepancies between the subsamples suggest that individual concepts of meaning of life contain culture-specific as well as universal elements.
Relation between Machiavellianism and Job Satisfaction in a Sample of Turkish Physicians
Authors: Bakir Bilal , Özer Mustafa , Uçar Muharrem , Güleç Mahir , Demir Cesim , Hasde Metin
Published: August 2011

Job satisfaction is affected by many factors. A consistent negative correlation between Machiavellianism and Job satisfaction was shown by many previous studies. To estimate this association in a sample of Turkish people, 361 physicians were selected among the total number of 5,959 working in Ankara City Center. A self-administered questionnaire including the Mach IV scale and Job Satisfaction scale developed by Kasapoğlu was applied to the subjects. Student t test and Pearson correlation were used for analysis. The correlation of –.25 between Job Satisfaction and Machiavellianism scores was significant and consistent with the mean scores on Job Satisfaction between the Machiavellian and Nonmachiavellian groups. Although the present association is small, the inverse value is consistent for Mach IV scale scores with job satisfaction in the literature.
Hofstede's Measures of National Culture and Social Progress
Authors: Sharma Basu
Published: August 2011

Using measures of national cultures published by Hofstede in 1991, this study examined their effects on the weighted index of social progress of 50 countries around the world. Empirical findings indicated that individualism was negatively associated, while power distance was positively associated with the social progress of nations.
Differences in Cognitive Distortions between Problem and Social Gamblers
Authors: Joukhador Jackie , Maccallum Fiona , Blaszczynski Alex
Published: August 2011

The cognitive model of gambling argues that irrational beliefs and erroneous perceptions including illusions of control, superstitious beliefs, expectancies of winning, attributional biases, selective memory, and entrapment play a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of impaired control over patterns of gambling behaviours. Assessment strategies using self-report, behavioural inferences, and verbalizations produced by ‘thinking aloud’ techniques, and the effectiveness of treatment interventions designed to correct cognitive distortions have provided substantive empirical evidence supporting this model. However, research has yet to measure such differences between the quality, intensity, or conviction of specific dysfunctional beliefs held by problem in contrast to social gamblers. At the theoretical level, the absence of such demonstrable differences would undermine the validity of the cognitive explanatory model. Based on a review of the available literature, a preliminary measure to assess differences in irrational gambling beliefs was constructed and administered to a convenience sample of 56 problem gamblers and 52 social gamblers. In support of the cognitive model, analysis indicated that, compared to social gamblers, problem gamblers endorsed more irrational beliefs across all domains except for the variable of ‘denial’. Implications for research issues relevant to the identification of irrational beliefs that may be subjected to challenge within a cognitive therapy paradigm are mentioned.
Aggression on a Psychiatric Acute Ward: A Three-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Mellesdal Liv
Published: August 2011

The objectives of this 3-yr. prospective study of aggression on a Norwegian psychiatric acute ward serving a population of 170,000 were to monitor the rate and characteristics of aggressive behaviour, to identify possible interactional and situational precipitants to aggression, and to explore possible differences between aggressive and nonaggressive patients in terms of diagnosis, sex, age, numbers of admissions, admission type, and length of stay. Aggressive incidents were recorded on the Report Form for Aggressive Episodes (REFA). Severity of injuries was scored according to Fottrell's severity scale. Of the total 934 patients admitted, 98 (10.5%) accounted for a total of 981 aggressive episodes. About 55% of the aggressive incidents were assaults that resulted in 85 minor and 21 severe physical injuries. There was no evidence that diagnosis might be used to predict aggression in the clinical setting. Mean rate of admission per patient and length of stay was significantly higher in the aggressive group than in the nonaggressive group. However, several patients in the aggressive group also had admissions without being aggressive. About 13% of the aggressive patients accounted for nearly 50% of the aggressive incidents. There was no significant sex difference by total rate of aggression, but female patients tended to have higher rates of assaults and contributed to significantly more injuries than male patients. Nearly 20% of the aggressive episodes occurred during the first 24 hours of a stay and 54% during the first week. Limit setting, problems in communication, and physical contact, separately or in combinations, preceded nearly 90% of the aggressive episodes.
Psychometric Properties of Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal for a Sample of Education Majors
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Baloğlu Mustafa
Published: August 2011

Psychometric properties of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, Form A, were computed for 135 education majors. Analyses of reliability (internal consistency and split-half) and validity (concurrent and predictive) showed that the scale was reliable and valid measuring critical thinking abilities for students majoring in education. The best predictors of the Educational Psychology course grades were the Inference and Deduction subscale scores.
Organizational Tolerance as a Correlate of Sexual Harassment of Japanese Working Women
Authors: Kakuyama Takashi , Tsuzuki Yukie , Onglatco Mary Lou , Matsui Tamao
Published: August 2011

By use of modified index of organizational tolerance to avoid common method variance, this study found organizational tolerance as a correlate of sexual harassment for 161 Japanese working women.
Elements of Neuroticism in Relation to Items of Mental and Somatic Content
Authors: Kentle Robert L.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed relations of thinking with depression within Neuroticism items as suggested by Guilford. The sample of 600 university students were 300 men and 300 women. “Thinking” was measured by 12 items referring to mental or cognitive activity and contrasted with 11 items referring to somatic or physiological activity, selected from the Neuroticism scales of Forms A and B of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. “Depression,” in contrast to “nervousness,” was measured by a 10-item scale by Eysenck. A chi-square indicating scores on mentalistic and depressive items were significantly associated. Several items hinted that an absence of mentation may be associated with depression.
Birth Order, Family Environments, Academic and Affective Outcomes
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

Relations were examined among birth order, family social status, family learning environments, and a set of affective and academic outcomes, Data were collected as part of an Australian longitudinal study (4,171 females and 3,718 males). Analysis suggested that birth order continued to have small but significant associations with adolescents' self-concept and educational aspirations and with young adults' educational attainment, after taking into account differences in family social status and family learning environments.
Relating Sensation Seeking and the von Restorff Isolation Effect
Authors: Cimbalo Richard S. , Clark Douglas , Matayev Aleksandr I.
Published: August 2011

Sensation seeking was examined in a short-term memory task involving the serial recall of a 10-item list of consonants with (isolated) and without (nonisolated) a distinctively larger item in the fifth position. 126 students were given the Sensation Seeking Scale Form–V and 32 10-item lists to memorize in a 1 by 3 mixed design. Sensation seeking was a between-subject factor and Blocks (Trials 1–16 and 17–32), Isolation (isolated and nonisolated), and Duration (2 sec. and 10 sec.) were within-subject factors. Generally nonisolated lists and the larger letters (the von Restorff Isolation Effect) were better recalled, with the latter being stronger at the shorter duration. Only the high sensation-seeking group showed a Blocks effect for lists with an isolated item such that there was a greater number of items correct per list in Block 1 than in Block 2. This finding is consistent with the argument that higher scores on sensation seeking are associated with greater cortical arousal and better memory for newness and change. Students with high sensation-seeking scores showed superior memory for the isolated list when it contained an isolate if allowed more processing time. It is argued that high sensation-seeking scores were associated with more effective transfer of items from shorter to longer-term memory. A rapid nontime-dependent perceptual process was used to explain the isolation effect. The poorer overall list performance for the lists with the isolate was explained in terms of the intense nature of the isolate.
Linking Introversion and Extraversion to Guided Imagery
Authors: Honeycutt James M.
Published: August 2011

Introversion–Extraversion is measured in relation to characteristics of imagined interactions which are a type of mental imagery and daydreaming. Our findings indicate mental imagery measured as characteristics of imagined interactions predict introversion and extraversion.
Students' Performance in Accounting: Differential Effect of Field Dependence-Independence as a Learning Style
Authors: Bernardi Richard A.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the differential moderating effects associated with field dependence-independence and perceptions of stress on students' performance after controlling for SAT Mathematics and Verbal scores as well as students' actual effort on homework. The average performance of 178 third-year accounting majors over three examinations was used to evaluate their understanding of financial accounting. The students also took the Group Embedded Figures Test. While the data indicate that the most significant variables were students' effort, SAT Verbal scores, and their perceptions of stress, these variables were differentially associated with students' performance depending upon whether the student was classified as a field-independent or field-dependent learner.
Establishing Preference for Unreliable Reinforcement in Adults with Dual Diagnoses
Authors: Rehfeldt Ruth Anne , Randich Lisette
Published: August 2011

We evaluated the choice responding of three adults dually diagnosed with developmental and psychiatric disabilities using concurrent schedules of reinforcement. Specifically, participants were given a choice between a response option resulting in reliable reinforcement and a response option resulting in unreliable reinforcement. Our primary purpose was to shift preference from reliable to unreliable reinforcement via the systematic presentation of stimuli during delay intervals. A second purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of intervening stimuli in shifting preference at differing delay-to-reinforcement intervals. Preference for unreliable reinforcement was first examined in the absence of stimulus presentations during delays, at three different delay values. Next, we aimed to establish preference for unreliable reinforcement by presenting pictures of reinforcers during delays preceding unreliable reinforcement. Preference was again examined at three different delay values. In the absence of stimulus presentations during delays, participants were shown to prefer reliable reinforcement, particularly at the longer delay value. When stimuli were presented during the delays, two of the three participants preferred unreliable reinforcement, particularly the longer the delay value. These results suggest that the presentation of intervening stimuli during delays may help facilitate tolerance for unreliable reinforcement.
Significance of Violence in Stories of Young Children
Authors: McCarley Kelli , Johnson Dale L. , Baldwin Constance D. , McCormick David P.
Published: August 2011

Stories told by 72 5-yr.-old children were scored for themes of violence and correlated with their mothers' reports of aggressive or fearful behaviors. Values for the entire sample were not significant. However, when data for Hispanic children were removed from the sample the correlation of violent stories to ratings of children's aggression was significant ( r = .27) and for a count of violent words r = .30. The correlation of violent words to fearfulness was .28 and for girls only .35. The count of violent words was also correlated with African-American children's ratings of fearfulness ( r = .64).
A Cross-National Perspective on School Bullying in Northern Ireland: A Supplement to Smith, et al. (1999)
Authors: McGuckin Conor , Lewis Christopher Alan
Published: August 2011

There is great value in exploring the prevalence of school bullying from a cross-national perspective. Smith, Morita, Junger-Tas, Olweus, Catalano, and Slee in 1999 presented a cross-national perspective on the nature, prevalence, and correlates of school bullying that encompassed a wide range of countries. However, Northern Ireland was not included, despite potentially being an important country to include, given its volatile social, ethnic, and religious history—leading to the concern that the population has become somewhat habituated to low level aggression. Thus, the present paper provides a review of the current literature on school bullying in the Northern Ireland school system. Evidence presented suggests that the incidence of school bullying in Northern Ireland may be higher than that in the rest of Ireland and the United Kingdom.
Empirical Research and Logotherapy
Authors: Schulenberg Stefan E.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this paper was to outline suggestions for future logotherapy applications and research. Empirical studies are available on logotherapy constructs, but additional research is sorely needed. The psychometrics of logotherapy measures need to be expanded. Carefully conducted experimental studies may aid in refining long-standing logotherapy concepts and supporting or refuting new ones.
Identifying Careless Responses in Questionnaire Research: A Serendipitous Finding
Authors: Piferi Rachel L. , Jobe Rebecca L.
Published: August 2011

The present study describes a possible method by which potentially meaningless responses to questionnaires can be easily identified. Given an inadvertent mistake in the design of a questionnaire packet, we found that 10% of respondents provided invalid responses to items.
WAIS-III Matrix Reasoning: Instruction Effects on Task Perception and Performance
Authors: Knight Tracy A.
Published: August 2011

Instructions for the Matrix Reasoning subtest of the WAIS-III do not communicate to examinees that the subtest is untimed. The present study examined what percentage of participants (34 women, 26 men, M age = 20.1; 55 Caucasian, 3 African American, 2 Hispanic) made the assumption that Matrix Reasoning was timed, and its effect on examinees' scores. 55% of participants receiving standard instructions retrospectively reported assuming the subtest was timed, and those who did not assume Matrix Reasoning was timed scored significantly higher than participants who did. Participants receiving additional instructions that clarified the untimed nature of Matrix Reasoning scored significantly higher than those receiving standard instructions who believed the subtest was timed.
Workaholism Components among Employees Working Full- and Part-Time
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This exploratory study compared Spence and Robbins' self-reported workaholism components in two samples. Data were collected in two studies from Australian psychologists and Canadian managers and professionals holding MBA degrees. As few MBA graduates and male psychologists were working part time, the results should be treated with caution. Spence and Robbins' workaholism components (work involvement, feeling driven to work, joy in work) were appropriate to part-time employees. Full-time employees tended to score higher on feeling driven to work.
A Word-Association Technique as a Psychotherapeutic Tool
Authors: Johnson Edward E.
Published: August 2011

A way of using a word-association technique psychotherapeutically, although not experimental, has been employed as a shortcut “royal road” to understanding a presenting problem.
Combining Reliability Coefficients: Possible Application to Meta-Analysis and Reliability Generalization
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Formulae for combining reliability coefficients from any number of samples are provided. These formulae produce the exact reliability one would compute if one had the raw data from the samples. Needed are the sample means, standard deviations, sample sizes, and reliability coefficients. The formulae work for coefficient alpha, KR-20, retest, alternate-forms, split-half, interrater (intraclass), Gilmer-Feldt, Angoff-Feldt, validity, and other coefficients. They may be particularly useful for meta-analytic and reliability generalization studies.
Mutual Exclusivity and Taxonomic Bias in Combination Lead Preschoolers' Word Learning
Authors: Ishida Heraku , Kosugi Daisuke , Itakura Shoji
Published: August 2011

This study investigated preschoolers' use of two word-learning tendencies in combination. 22 Japanese preschoolers were tested on a task with three forced choices that demanded use of mutual exclusivity and taxonomic bias in the single trials. When presented an object whose label they had learned, an object from the same category as the learned object, and an object from another category, the children chose the third object, suggesting that they use the two constraints in combination. This tendency is discussed with respect to its specific application to word learning.
Appeal of Love Themes in Popular Music
Authors: Knobloch Silvia , Zillmann Dolf
Published: August 2011

The relationship between romantic satisfaction versus discontent and a preference for music celebrating versus lamenting love is explored. The satisfaction/discontent was ascertained in 60 college undergraduate women and men who later freely listened to music from a sampling of selections. The duration of their self-determined exposure to love-celebrating versus love-lamenting music was unobtrusively recorded by computer software. Romantically satisfied women and men showed a preference for love-celebrating music, whereas discontented women and men preferred love-lamenting music. Romantically discontent women and men preferred love-lamenting music presented by performers of their own sex. The findings indicate young adults' inclination to match emotions expressed in music about love with the emotions experienced in their own romantic situation.
Attitudes toward Preventing versus Assisting Suicide: A Correction to an Earlier Publication
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

A sample of 50 college students was more in favor of preventing suicide than assisting suicide. Support for assisting suicide was associated with judging-perceiving scores on the Keirsey-Bates Temperament Survey.
Assessment of Pathological Gamblers Who Use Slot Machines
Authors: González-Ibáñez A. , Aymamí M. N. , Jiménez S. , Domenech J. M. , Granero R. , Lourido-Ferreira M. R.
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was to classify pathological gamblers based on their psychopathology as related to the variable sensation-seeking, and to check possible differences between the groups on the sociodemographic variables. The sample was composed of 110 male pathological gamblers using slot machines who requested treatment at the Pathological Gambling Unit at the Ciutat Sanitària i Universitària de Bellvitge. It was observed that pathological gamblers comprise three clusters, differentiated with differing severity depression, psychoticism, somatization, impulsiveness, interpersonal sensitivity, and phobic anxiety. Cluster 1, representing 46.7% of the sample, showed mean scores higher than or equal to T = 63. On the subscales of Depression, Psychoticism, Interpersonal Sensidvity, Phobic Anxiety, and Obsessiveness–Compulsiveness the score was close to T = 63 (the clinical cut-off score). Cluster 2, representing 23.8% of the sample, scored higher than Cluster 1 on the following subscales: Depression, Phobic Anxiety, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Psychoticism, Obsessive–Compulsive, and Somatization. On Cluster 3 highest mean scores were observed on all SCL-90-R dimensions relative to the other two groups. What distinguished these subgroups is not symptomatology but the severity of the psychopathology. On the other hand, sensation seeking was similar for the three clusters, and the slight differences depended on the subjects' psychopathology.
Prediction of Readmission of Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Feigon Sarah , Hays J. Ray
Published: August 2011

Using demographic and episode-based variables this study attempted to predict which patients would require frequent psychiatric hospitalizations. Records of 943 patients were randomly selected from 14,649 admissions and examined for a 5-yr. period following initial admission. Sex, ethnicity, and age at first admission were not significantly related to readmission. Among the demographic variables, marriage was inversely related to readmission. Involuntary commitment and a longer length of stay at the original admission were associated with a higher rate of readmission. Despite the results being statistically significant, the small covariances of these effects indicate little clinical utility in the prediction of readmission for an individual patient.
Religion and Personality among Religious Studies Students: A Replication
Authors: Fearn Michael , Lewis Christopher Alan , Francis Leslie J.
Published: August 2011

To replicate the 1999 work of Francis and Fearn, 360 religious studies students between the ages of 16 and 18 years completed the abbreviated Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity. Analysis confirmed the results of Francis and Fearn and supported the general finding that scores on Psychoticism ( r = –.25), but neither those on Extraversion nor Neuroticism, were significantly associated with rated religiosity.
University Students' Approaches to Learning First-Year Mathematics
Authors: Alkhateeb Haitham M.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed reliability and validity of the Approaches to Learning Mathematics Questionnaire, for 218 university students. The study also identified the relationship between subscales. Internal consistency as Cronbach alpha was .77 for the Surface Approach to Learning scale and .88 for the Deep Approach to Learning scale. Principal components analysis yielded a two-factor solution accounting for only 34.6% of variance. The factors were interpreted as Surface Approach and Deep Approach to learning mathematics, as in Australia. The former subscale scores were negatively correlated –.2 with the latter subscale scores.
A Mediational Model of the Relationship Between Linguistic Acculturation and Polydrug use among Hispanic Adolescents
Authors: Epstein Jennifer A. , Doyle Margaret , Botvin Gilbert J.
Published: August 2011

Hispanic seventh and eighth graders ( N = 1,038) in 22 New York City middle or junior high schools completed self-report questionnaires with items related to drug use (cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and marijuana use), linguistic acculturation (language use with parents), perceived peer smoking norms, perceived peer drinking norms, and psychological distress. Students who spoke English with their parents and bilingual students who spoke English and Spanish with their parents engaged in greater polydrug use than those who spoke Spanish with their parents. Bilingual students perceived that a higher proportion of their peers drink than those who spoke Spanish with their parents, and this higher perception of their peers' drinking was associated with greater polydrug use controlling for linguistic acculturation. In the final model, linguistic acculturation was no longer significant and peer drinking norms predicted polydrug use, peer drinking norms mediated the relationship between linguistic acculturation and polydrug use, but not peer smoking norms and psychological distress.
Are Sex Differences in Sexual vs Emotional Jealousy Explained Better by Differences in Sexual Strategies or Uncertainty of Paternity?
Authors: Mathes Eugene W.
Published: August 2011

In a classic 1992 study, Buss, Larson, Westen, and Semmelroth reported that men were more distressed by the sexual infidelity of a partner and women were more distressed by a partner's emotional infidelity. Buss, et al. suggested that men are concerned about uncertainty of paternity, that is, the possibility of raising another man's child while believing that the child is his own. However, data can be explained in terms of men's greater preference for short-term sexual strategies. This research yielded support for the latter explanation for the samples in this present research.
Agreement among Readers on What is Relevant in Self-Help Psychology Books
Authors: Forest James J. , Del Ben Kevin , Toews Stuart B.
Published: August 2011

It was hypothesized that text marking in self-help psychology books would indicate that readers agree on which pages and lines contain relevant information. Previously owned copies of two self-help book tides ( n = 48, n = 38), all with marked text, were collected from second-hand book stores and scored for line and page marking. Chi-squares for goodness-of-fit yielded significant differences between observed and chance agreement in marking behavior. Intraclass and KR-20 correlations were significantly different from zero, suggesting that readers agreed on what information was relevant and irrelevant. Actual users of self-help books may have similar standards because of cultural values, social group relations, or common problem experiences.
Lifespan-Developmental Differences in Physiologic Reactivity to Loud Tones in Trauma Victims: A Pilot Study
Authors: Maercker Andreas , Karl Anke
Published: August 2011

Age at exposure to trauma has been identified as a risk factor for severity of trauma sequelae due to the developmental vulnerability of several brain structures involved in trauma processing. To investigate whether persons traumatized in adolescence show elevated arousal and startle reaction parameters, we studied persons traumatized by political imprisonment in the former East Germany either in their late adolescence or young adulthood (17–22 years, n = 9) or middle adulthood (35–50 years, n = 6). Physiological reactions (skin conductance, heart rate) to loud tones and self-report tests were measured. Covariance analysis yielded one significant difference, mean skin conductance response, with a higher mean for the younger group. Results are discussed in light of its limitations and further prospects.
PC versus Macintosh Users: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 287 students, Macintosh users had significantly greater anxiety about computers than PC users.
The Moderator Effect of Test Anxiety in the Relationship between Test Expectancy and the Retention of Prose
Authors: Minnaert Alexander E.
Published: August 2011

The effect of test expectancy and test anxiety on the retention of prose is not yet profoundly examined in an ecologically valid learning context. The influence of test expectancy, test anxiety, and differences in intelligence on the retention of prose was addressed in the hypothesis that test anxiety would act as a moderator between test expectancy and memory retention of prose. Also examined was whether this relation would still be valid if differences in general intelligence were controlled. University freshmen ( N = 292) participated. Analysis indicated that test anxiety acted as a moderator between test expectancy and prose memory performance, even after controlling for differences in general intelligence. The low and high test-anxious group expecting a retention test seemed to profit from positive arousal elicited by the expectedness of a retention test. The high test-anxious group not expecting a retention test performed in a rather detrimental way on a retention test given negative arousal elicited by the unexpectedness of a retention test. Implications for further research are elaborated and discussed.
Three Decades of Psychological Research in the Journal Cognitive Psychology (1979–1999)
Authors: Mestre V. , Tortosa F. , Samper P. , Nácher M. J.
Published: August 2011

We examined the journal Cognitive Psychology, as representative of the evolution of cognitive psychology during the last three decades (1979–1999). Analysis of changes in the impact factor defined according to the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) is an indication of the ranking of this journal both in the general classification of archival research journals as well as in relation to other periodicals in the area of cognitive psychology. This single quantitative measure of articles published in Cognitive Psychology indicates a change in the topics of interest. An analysis of the research topics and identification of the most productive authors identifies important indicators of the psychological topics of primary interest during this time.
Alexithymia and Incidental Learning of Emotional Words
Authors: Suslow Thomas , Kersting Anette , Arolt Volker
Published: August 2011

Alexithymia is thought to reflect a deficit in the cognitive capacity to process emotions. Prior research suggests that emotional valence has a memory enhancing effect in poor conceptual learning conditions. This study addressed the question of whether incidental learning of emotional words is a function of alexithymic tendencies. Incidental learning is unintentional learning that results from other activities. The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and measures of depression and verbal intelligence were administered to 30 nonclinical subjects (15 women, 15 men) whose mean age was 35.5 yr. ( SD = 8.6) along with a sequential word-word evaluation task. Partial correlations indicated that the TAS-20 subscale, Difficulties identifying feelings was negatively correlated with recall of positive distractor words but not with recall of neutral distractors or recall of positive or negative target words. Emotional valence appears to have less organizational power in the memory of individuals with difficulties in recognizing their feelings.
Preliminary Estimates of Effects of a Cognitive Behavioral Treatment System on Drop-out Rates in Exercise Programs at Three YMCA Facilities
Authors: Annesi James J. , Unruh Jennifer L. , Higgins Laura M. , Knight Carmel C.
Published: August 2011

The effect of a treatment system based on principles of social cognitive and cognitive behavioral theory was estimated through case studies conducted in three YMCA fitness facilities. Significant ( p < .05) reductions in drop-out rates of 23% (Georgia sample; n = 171), 27% (California sample; n = 159), and 21% (Florida sample; n = 83) were found for the new and returning exercisers over the 5- and 6-mo. study time frames. Age was not related to drop-out rates in the treatment groups. Findings were consistent with previous research on earlier versions of the present treatment system, conducted with larger sample sizes within different fitness and wellness venues in the USA, U.K., and Italy. Replication, more detailed assessment of outputs of exercise, and tests of further revisions of the protocol were suggested to extend this preliminary research.
Visual Perspective in Causal Attribution, Empathy and Attitude Change
Authors: Önder Özdem M. , Öner-özkan Bengi
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was to test the effect of visual perspective on the actor–observer bias. For this aim, we examined the effects of different visual perspectives on individuals' external and internal attributions. In addition to this, we examined the presence or absence of an attitude change toward the death penalty due to participants' visual perspective. One week before the experiment, we measured the participants' attitudes toward the death penalty. Then, during the experiment, films produced by one of the authors of this study were shown to two separate groups of participants. There were two films, each film constituting one of the two levels of visual perception. The content of each film was the memories of a person who was given the death penalty for the murder of his own brother. Level of visual perception was manipulated by using different camera perspectives, one from the actor's point of view and the other from the observer's point of view. At the end of the experiment, participants' attitudes toward the death penalty were measured again.
Appropriate Presentation of Skin Conductance Accuracy with the Guilty Knowledge Test
Authors: Elaad Eitan
Published: August 2011

It was suggested that, when the Guilty Knowledge Test uses two repetitions, these should be combined showing the contribution of the second repetition to the accuracy of the first. Also recommended were effect size statistics in addition to accuracy rates.
Parental Perfectionism and Children's Test Anxiety
Authors: Besharat Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the association between parental perfectionism and students' test anxiety, as measured on self-report questionnaires. A random sample of 90 students in their last two years of secondary schooling and their parents (81 mothers, 76 fathers), with approximately equal numbers of people from different socioeconomic backgrounds, were included. A significant contribution to anxiety associated with an examination was by maternal perfectionistic attitudes. Girls had higher scores on Test Anxiety than boys. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship of Test Anxiety to family variables, and directions for research are indicated.