bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate Change Is Happening—How the Electric Industry Should Adapt
Authors: Balentine Howard W.
Published: November 2013

Climate and weather are not the same thing. Weather is what is happening now. Climate is the long‐term average of multiple years of weather events. The long‐term weather average is called the climate normal and is typically computed over a period of 30 years or more.
Environmental Regulation: Recent Experience With Greenhouse Gas BACT Gives Valuable Guidance
Authors: Jordan David R.
Published: November 2013

January 1, 2011, marked the beginning of one of the most significant changes to the scope of New Source Review (NSR) rules since their enactment. As a result of greenhouse gases (GHGs) becoming a regulated pollutant under the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that such pollutants must now be addressed as a part of Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) reviews. Although no air quality analysis is required for such pollutants, sources must address best available control technology (BACT) for GHG emissions as a part of a complete PSD application.
The Relationship Between Line Manager Behavior, Perceived HRM Practices, and Individual Performance: Examining the Mediating Role of Engagement
Authors: Alfes Kerstin , Truss Catherine , Soane Emma C. , Rees Chris , Gatenby Mark
Published: November 2013

This article examines the role played by line managers in the link between HRM practices and individual performance outcomes. Drawing on social exchange theory, the authors test a mediated model linking perceived line manager behavior and perceived human resource management practices with employee engagement and individual performance. The study focuses on two self‐report measures of individual performance; task performance and innovative work behavior. Two studies with a total of 1,796 participants were conducted in service‐sector organizations in the United Kingdom and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The data reveal that perceived line manager behavior and perceived HRM practices are linked with employee engagement. In turn, employee engagement is strongly linked to individual performance and fully mediates the link between both perceived HRM practices and perceived line manager behavior and self‐report task performance (study 1), as well as self‐report innovative work behavior (study 2). The findings show the significance of the line manager in the HRM‐performance link, and the mediating role played by employee engagement. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenotypic differences between diabetes‐prone BB rat sublines cosegregate with loci on chromosomes X and 10
Authors: Klöting Ingrid , Kovacs Peter
Published: November 2013

BB rat sublines, all developing an insulin‐dependent diabetes, differ in several phenotypic traits and in the genotype. To study the genetic basis of phenotypic differences diabetic BB/OK and BB/Mol rats characterized by significantly different frequency and age at onset of diabetes were reciprocally crossed. F1 females of both crosses were backcrossed onto diabetic BB/Mol rats resulting 94 BC1 hybrids which were analyzed for 30 polymorphic microsatellite markers on 14 chromosomes. For the first time it is shown that a diabetes protective locus on chromosome X and a gene around the D10Mit9 locus on chromosome 10 can explain the low frequency (ca. 50%) and the late age at onset of diabetes (ca. 130 days) in the BB/OK rat subline, respectively.
Enzymatic methylation of recombinant TIS21 protein‐arginine residues
Authors: Lim Kyoung , Park Tae‐Jun , Kim Sangduk , Lee Hyang Woo , Paik Woon Ki
Published: November 2013

Recombinant TIS21 protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli harboring the expression vector plasmid pQE‐30 carrying the TIS21 cDNA coding sequence containing an extra 120 nucleotides upstream. Employing this protein consisting of 158 amino acid residues of the main chain plus 40 residues of the fusion peptide, It was found that one of the protein methylase I group [S‐adenosylmethionine:nuclear protein/histone‐arginine N‐methyltransferase; EC 2.1.1.23; J. Biol. Chem., 269, 1075 (1994)] methylated this protein. The methylation products were identified as guanidino‐N‐methylated arginines. Some of the kinetics of the reaction are described.
Reversible regulation of SHP‐1 tyrosine phosphatase activity by oxidation
Authors: Cunnick Jess M. , Dorsey Jay F. , Mei Lin , Wu Jie
Published: November 2013

Increasing evidence indicates that redox regulation is an important signaling mechanism. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) are sensitive to oxidative inactivation and are potential targets of redox regulation. In this study, we analyzed the reversibility of oxidative inactivation of the PTPase SHP‐1, which negatively regulates protein tyrosine kinase signaling. H2O2 inactivated SHP‐1 in vitro. Incubation of the H2O2‐inactivated SHP‐1 with dithiothreitol recovered 44–99% of the PTPase activity, depending on the H2O2 concentrations used to inactivate SHP‐1. Glutathione and N‐acetylcysteine also reactivated H2O2‐treated SHP‐1. Stimulation of SHP‐1‐transfected HeLa cells with H2O2 rapidly decreased SHP‐1 activity, which was completely reversed within 15 min. Thus, oxidative inactivation of SHP‐1 is a reversible process.
Effect of angiotensin convertase inhibitors on lipid peroxidation and peroxyl radical‐trapping capacity in rats with experimental diabetes
Authors: Kȩdziora‐Kornatowska K. , Luciak M.
Published: November 2013

Effect of two angiotensin convertase inhibitors, enalapril and captopril, on blood plasma and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation and plasma peroxyl radical‐trapping capacity was studied in rats with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes. A progressive increase in blood erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) level was observed in diabetic rats after 6 and 12 weeks. Blood plasma MDA level increased while plasma peroxyl radical‐trapping capacity was decreased after 12 weeks. Captopril (2 mg/kg body weight) augmented the diabetes‐induced changes in MDA content after 6 weeks and prevented them after 12 weeks increasing also the peroxyl radical‐trapping capacity. Enalapril (1 mg/kg body weight) counteracted the diabetes‐induced changes in MDA content after both 6 and 12 weeks but did not affect the plasma peroxyl radical‐trapping capacity. These results suggest a possibility of a therapeutic use of angiotensin convertase inhibitors to attenuate the effects of oxidative stress in diabetes.
Kinetics of inactivation of Penaeus Penicillatus acid phosphatase during inhibition by N‐bromosuccinimide
Authors: Yang Pei‐Zheng , Chen Qing‐Xi , Li Ying , Chen Su‐Li , Zhou Hai‐Meng
Published: November 2013

In the present investigation, the inactivation by N‐bromosuccinimide of acid phosphatase from penaeus penicillatus has been studied using the kinetic method of the substrate reaction during modification of enzyme activity as previously described by Tsou [(1988, Adv. Enzymemol. Related Areas Mol. Biol. 61, 381–436]. The results show that inactivation of the enzyme by N‐bromosuccinimide is a slow, reversible reaction. The results also clearly show that the modification of the tryptophan residues of penaeus penicillatus acid phosphatase by high concentrations of N‐bromosuccinimide led to the complete inactivation of the enzyme. The microscopic rate constants were determined for the reaction of the inactivator with the free enzyme and with the enzyme‐substrate complex. Comparison of the obtained microscopic rate constants indicates that the presence of the substrate offers marked protection of the enzyme against inactivation by N‐bromosuccinimide. The above results suggest that the tryptophan residue is essential for activity and may be situated at the active site of the enzyme.
Immunocytochemistry suggests that the prevalence of a sub‐type of beta‐proteins determines the hardness in the epidermis of the hard‐shelled turtle
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo
Published: November 2013

The corneous layer of the epidermis in hard‐shelled turtles largely derives from the accumulation of beta‐proteins as indicated by microscopic, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemical and Western blotting analysis. The expression of mRNAs of one of the most common type of beta‐proteins shows higher expression in upper spinosus and pre‐corneous keratinocytes of growing scutes. Two beta‐proteins of 14–16 kDa, indicated as Tu2 and Tu17 and representing two subtypes of beta‐proteins co‐accumulate in the thick corneous layer of the epidermis in hard‐shelled turtle. The two beta‐proteins apparently mix in differentiating and mature corneocytes although Tu2 appears more prevalent than Tu17. The specific role of the different subtypes in the formation of the hard corneous material of the carapace and plastron is not clear. It is hypothesized that the relative amount of beta‐proteins belonging to the two subclasses in relation to the alpha‐keratin meshwork present in keratinocytes contributes to the formation of a variably resistant and inflexible corneous layer. Tu17 may have a more globular structure than Tu2 and is likely present in denser areas of the corneous layer containing also alpha‐keratin. The increase of cysteine–glycine‐rich beta‐proteins in the matrix located among alpha‐keratin filaments may allow the formation of a hard corneous material, probably through increase of cross‐bridge formation and hydrophobicity. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 54–63, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of fore‐ and hindlimb muscles in frogs: Morphogenesis, homeotic transformations, digit reduction, and the forelimb–hindlimb enigma
Authors: Diogo Rui , Ziermann Janine M.
Published: November 2013

Here we provide the first detailed description, based on immunohistochemistry and dissections, of the limb muscle development in the direct developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui. We compare E. coqui with other tetrapods and discuss our results in a broad evolutionary and developmental context to address some major questions concerning the origin, evolution, and ontogeny of the tetrapod limbs. Our observations and comparisons: (1) support the “in–out” developmental mechanism of the appendicular pectoral muscles; (2) show that the protractor pectoralis and its amniote derivatives trapezius and sternocleidomastoideus clearly develop, anatomically, from the branchial muscles; (3) corroborate that the similarity between the forearm/hand and the leg/foot muscles in tetrapods is due to derived homoplasic events that occurred during the fins‐limbs transition and not due to serial homology; (4) lend some support for the hypothesis that the morphological transformation of the anuran tibiale and fibulare represents a distal shift in the zeugo‐autopodial border; (5) provide evidence that the identity of the tetrapod hand and foot muscles is mainly related to the topological position of the digits to which they attach; and (6) for the first time, show that apart from a proximo‐distal morphogenetic gradient there is also an ulno‐radial/fibulo‐tibial gradient within the development of the fore‐ and hindlimb muscles and a dorsoventral gradient within the ontogeny of the hindlimb (but not forelimb) muscles of the frog E. coqui; the two latter gradients are seen in the ontogeny of amniotes such as chickens but are markedly different to those seen in axolotl regeneration and ontogeny. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 86–105, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Indan‐1‐one Enamines across Arylnitrile Oxides Leading to Novel Cyclic Isoxazoline Derivatives
Authors: Jelizi Hanene , Wannassi Nadia , El Baker Rammah Mohamed , Ciamala Kabula , Knorr Michael , Rousselin Yoann , Kubicki Marek M. , Strohmann Carsten , Enescu Mironel
Published: November 2013

Synthesis of a series of cyclic fused‐isoxazolines has been accomplished by regioselective and diastereoselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of 3‐methylindan‐1‐one enamines (1a, 1b, 1c) and 3‐phenylindan‐1‐one enamines (2a, 2b, 2c) to arylnitrile oxides (3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h). The structure of the cycloadducts was elucidated by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The proposed regio‐ and stereochemistry of fused‐compounds (4) and (5) has also been corroborated by two single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies carried out on 4‐methyl‐8b‐morpholinyl‐3‐(p‐tolyl)‐4H‐3a,8b‐dihydroindeno[2,3‐d]isoxazoline (4be) and 3‐(p‐anisyl)‐4‐phenyl‐8b‐pyrrolidinyl‐4H‐3a,8b‐dihydroindeno[2,3‐d]isoxazoline (5af) and by means of density functional theory calculations.
An Environmentally Benign Multicomponent Synthesis of Some Novel 2‐Methylthio Pyrimidine Derivatives Using MCM‐41‐NH2 as Nanoreactor and Nanocatalyst
Authors: Rostamizadeh Shahnaz , Nojavan Masoomeh
Published: November 2013

Some novel 4‐amino‐6‐aryl‐2‐methylthio pyrimidine‐5‐carbonitrile derivatives were synthesized through a one‐pot three‐component reaction of an aldehyde, malononitrile, and S‐methylisothiouronium iodide, using MCM‐41‐NH2 as nanoreactor and nanocatalyst. This protocol has some advantages including application of readily available and nonhazardous materials, benign reaction conditions (ambient temperature, solvent‐free, and one‐pot approach), easy work‐up, and high overall yields of the products.
SOUTH–SOUTH TRADE LIBERALISATION AS A WAY OF REDUCING THE IMPACT OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS? AN EXPLORATORY CGE SIMULATION
Authors: Mold Andrew , Prizzon Annalisa
Published: November 2013

Since 1990, South–South (S–S) trade has been growing much faster than overall world trade. The global financial crisis has, if anything, accentuated this trend, with S–S trade flows proving much more resilient than North–North flows. This has occurred despite the fact that developing countries still apply much higher tariffs to S–S trade than they do on trade with the North. On the basis of a computable general equilibrium model, we simulate reductions of tariff levels on S–S trade and find that the welfare gains are almost double those achievable through a similar reduction in applied tariffs between northern and southern countries. This suggests scope for instilling even more dynamism in S–S trade flows through further reduction of barriers to S–S trade. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Piezoelectric tuning fork probe for atomic force microscopy imaging and specific recognition force spectroscopy of an enzyme and its ligand
Authors: Makky Ali , Viel Pascal , Chen Shu‐wen Wendy , Berthelot Thomas , Pellequer Jean‐Luc , Polesel‐Maris Jérôme
Published: November 2013

Piezoelectric quartz tuning fork has drawn the attention of many researchers for the development of new atomic force microscopy (AFM) self‐sensing probes. However, only few works have been done for soft biological materials imaging in air or aqueous conditions. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the efficiency of the AFM tuning fork probe to perform high‐resolution imaging of proteins and to study the specific interaction between a ligand and its receptor in aqueous media. Thus, a new kind of self‐sensing AFM sensor was introduced to realize imaging and biochemical specific recognition spectroscopy of glucose oxidase enzyme using a new chemical functionalization procedure of the metallic tips based on the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salt. This scanning probe as well as the functionalization strategy proved to be efficient respectively for the topography and force spectroscopy of soft biological materials in buffer conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating differential cell‐matrix adhesion by directly comparative single‐cell force spectroscopy
Authors: Dao Lu , Gonnermann Carina , Franz Clemens M.
Published: November 2013

Tissue‐embedded cells are often exposed to a complex mixture of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, to which they bind with different cell adhesion receptors and affinities. Differential cell adhesion to ECM components is believed to regulate many aspects of tissue function, such as the sorting of specific cell types into different tissue compartments or ECM niches. In turn, aberrant switches in cell adhesion preferences may contribute to cell misplacement, tissue invasion, and metastasis. Methods to determine differential adhesion profiles of single cells are therefore desirable, but established bulk assays usually only test cell population adhesion to a single type of ECM molecule. We have recently demonstrated that atomic force microscopy‐based single‐cell force spectroscopy (SCFS), performed on bifunctional, microstructured adhesion substrates, provides a useful tool for accurately quantitating differential matrix adhesion of single Chinese hamster ovary cells to laminin and collagen I. Here, we have extended this approach to include additional ECM substrates, such as bifunctional collagen I/collagen IV surfaces, as well as adhesion‐passivated control surfaces. We investigate differential single cell adhesion to these substrates and analyze in detail suitable experimental conditions for comparative SCFS, including optimal cell‐substrate contact times and the impact of force cycle repetitions on single cell adhesion force statistics. Insight gained through these experiments may help in adapting this technique to other ECM molecules and cell systems, making directly comparative SCFS a versatile tool for comparing receptor‐mediated cell adhesion to different matrix molecules in a wide range of biological contexts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A green approach toward antibody purification: a sustainable biomimetic ligand for direct immobilization on (bio)polymeric supports
Authors: Barroso Telma , Lourenço Anita , Araújo Marco , Bonifácio Vasco D. B. , Roque Ana C. A. , Aguiar‐Ricardo Ana
Published: November 2013

This paper presents a sustainable strategy for improving the capture of antibodies by affinity chromatography. A novel biomimetic ligand (4‐((4‐chloro‐6‐(3‐hydroxyphenoxy)‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)oxy)naphthalen‐1‐ol) (TPN‐BM) was synthesized using a greener and simple protocol to overcome solubility limitations associated with ligand 22/8, known as artificial protein A. Furthermore, its subsequent immobilization on chitosan‐based monoliths induced by plasma surface activation allowed the design of a fast and efficient chromatographic platform for immunoglobulin G (IgG) purification. The TPN‐BM functionalized monoliths exhibited high‐binding capacity (160 ± 10 mg IgG per gram of support), and a selective capture of monoclonal antibodies directly from mammalian crude extracts in 85 ± 5% yield and 98% of purity. The synthesis of ligand TPN‐BM and the routes followed for monoliths preparation and functionalization were inspired in the green chemistry principles allowing the reduction of processing time, solvents and purification steps involved, turning the integrated system attractive from an economical and chemical point of view. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability in the precore and core promoter region of the hepatitis B virus genome
Authors: Nordin Maria , Ingman Mikael , Lindqvist Beata , Kidd‐Ljunggren Karin
Published: November 2013

There is increasing evidence that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections with different genotypes and subgenotypes differ in response to treatment and long‐term prognosis. The differences emerge from variability within the genomes that leads to structural deviations at the pregenomic level and to changes at the translational level. Naturally occurring HBV strains covering the four major genotypes A–D were obtained from 393 patients and part of the genome was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequenced, and analyzed for mutational differences in the precore and core promoter regions. The study confirmed that core promoter and precore mutations occur at key positions (A1762T, G1764A, G1896A, and G1899A), and that the proportions of strains with seroconvertion in patients differ between the four HBV genotypes. A rare double mutation (C1857T together with G1897A) was observed, and C1856T was found together with the emerging G1898A mutation, which itself was found to be more widespread geographically than previously described. We found a novel mutation (T1850C), never before observed in human HBV strains but known from woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). A novel association of mutation C1773T with G1764T, C1766A, and G1757A was also found within a site already suggested to be a putative binding site for HNF‐3. This novel association is proposed by us to be of importance for additional binding of HNH‐2 to this site and is a better indicator of the emergence of the double mutation G1764T and C1766A than the G1757A mutation proposed previously. J. Med. Virol. 86:437–445, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MicroRNA‐196A‐2 polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Kim Hwi Young , Yoon Jung‐Hwan , Lee Hyo‐Suk , Cheong Jae Youn , Cho Sung Won , Shin Hyoung Doo , Kim Yoon Jun
Published: November 2013

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNA (miR)‐196a‐2 have been suggested to contribute to susceptibility to various human cancers. The aim of this study was to determine whether polymorphisms of miRNA‐196a‐2 affect the clinical outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Korean patients. Genotyping was performed for 1,439 Korean patients with either past or present HBV infection, including 404 control subjects who underwent spontaneous recovery and 1,035 subjects with chronic HBV (313 cases of chronic hepatitis B, 305 cases of cirrhosis of the liver, and 417 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]). Genotyping results revealed that the polymorphism rs12304647A>C, which lies in the pri‐miRNA region of miR‐196a‐2, has a significant minor allele frequency (0.210). Logistic analysis revealed that the rs12304647A>C SNP was associated with a significant protective effect against HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.70, P = 0.005 in a codominant model; OR = 0.73, P = 0.03 in a dominant model; OR = 0.31, P = 0.004 in a recessive model), and in the patients with cirrhosis (OR = 0.63, P = 0.0009 in a codominant model; OR = 0.66, P = 0.01 in a dominant model; OR = 0.25, P = 0.001 in a recessive model). A Cox relative hazards model with adjustments for age, gender, HBeAg status, and cirrhosis revealed that rs12304647A>C retained its association with HCC in a codominant model (relative hazards [RH] = 1.14, P = 0.05) and in a recessive model (RH = 1.44, P = 0.03). However, the miR‐196a‐2 rs12304647A>C SNP had no association with HBV clearance. In conclusion, the miR‐196a‐2 rs12304647 CC genotype had a protective effect against development of HCC in comparison to the AA or AC genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. J. Med. Virol. 86:446–453, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Programmed hepatocytes cell death associated with FLIP downregulation in response to extracellular PreS1/2
Authors: Rojas Masyelly D. , Peterson Darrell L. , Barboza Luisa , Terán‐Ángel Guillermo , Labastida‐Moreno Cesar A. , Berrueta Lisbeth , Salmen Siham
Published: November 2013

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection involves liver damage resulting in continuous cell injury and death. During HBV infection, hepatocytes exhibit changes in death receptor expression and in their susceptibility to death. These changes are observed not only in infected cells but also in bystander cells. Because excess viral surface protein (HBsAg) is secreted in large amounts as soluble particles containing preS proteins, the role of soluble preS1/2 in hepatocyte (HepG2) death modulation is an important issue to be explored. An increase of cell death induced by preS1/2 was observed. Also, cell death was associated with the down‐regulation of FLIP and activation of caspase 8, caspase 9, and BID. Additionally, hepatocytes exhibited a sensitization to death mediated by the Fas receptor. These results, may contribute to understanding the role of envelope proteins (preS1/2) in the pathogenesis of HBV infection. J. Med. Virol. 86:496–504, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the role of budget sufficiency, cost efficiency, and uncertainty in species management
Authors: Post van der Burg Max , Bly Bartholomew B. , Vercauteren Tammy , Grand James B. , Tyre Andrew J.
Published: November 2013

Many conservation planning frameworks rely on the assumption that one should prioritize locations for management actions based on the highest predicted conservation value (i.e., abundance, occupancy). This strategy may underperform relative to the expected outcome if one is working with a limited budget or the predicted responses are uncertain. Yet, cost and tolerance to uncertainty rarely become part of species management plans. We used field data and predictive models to simulate a decision problem involving western burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) using prairie dog colonies (Cynomys ludovicianus) in western Nebraska. We considered 2 species management strategies: one maximized abundance and the other maximized abundance in a cost‐efficient way. We then used heuristic decision algorithms to compare the 2 strategies in terms of how well they met a hypothetical conservation objective. Finally, we performed an info‐gap decision analysis to determine how these strategies performed under different budget constraints and uncertainty about owl response. Our results suggested that when budgets were sufficient to manage all sites, the maximizing strategy was optimal and suggested investing more in expensive actions. This pattern persisted for restricted budgets up to approximately 50% of the sufficient budget. Below this budget, the cost‐efficient strategy was optimal and suggested investing in cheaper actions. When uncertainty in the expected responses was introduced, the strategy that maximized abundance remained robust under a sufficient budget. Reducing the budget induced a slight trade‐off between expected performance and robustness, which suggested that the most robust strategy depended both on one's budget and tolerance to uncertainty. Our results suggest that wildlife managers should explicitly account for budget limitations and be realistic about their expected levels of performance. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
A simplified laser treatment planning system: Proof of concept
Authors: Reinisch Lou , Garrett C. Gaelyn , Courey Mark
Published: November 2013

Introduction

The physician using a laser in medicine should have treatment planning software available that will help him or her to better understand the full effects of the laser radiation on the patient, similar to that of a radiation oncologist. Combining this software with imaging scans from the patient, treatments can be optimized for individual patients.

Methods

Using off‐the‐shelf computers and software, we put together a simple system that is able to calculate thermal profiles from laser irradiation using an algorithm that runs in real time on a laptop computer with commercial software. The tissues used in these studies are simulated. We use realistic parameters and add some random blood vessels to the simulated tissue.

Results

We demonstrate in the simulations the temperature profile in tissue after laser irradiation. We can see build up of temperature in tissue irradiated with multiple pulses at 2 Hz repetition rate. The simulations show how the volume of the tissue is important in calculating thermal relaxation times. We also show how temperature relaxes away from small volumes in a short time and longer durations are needed for larger volumes of tissue.

Discussion

The importance of understanding how a laser interacts fully with the tissue will allow the surgeon to better determine when a laser is appropriate and which laser is optimal for a patient. The results show how these calculations can be made in a simplified fashion. Ultimately, it would be convenient to combine such software with imaging systems for careful laser treatment planning. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:679–685, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Processing Activities and Differentiation of Bird Utilization During the Late Holocene in the Beagle Channel Region (Southern South America)
Authors: Tivoli A. M.
Published: November 2013

Recent research into prehistoric subsistence among the sea nomad societies of the Beagle Channel region of southern South America have shown that there were temporal changes in the utilization of animal resources between the Middle and the Late Holocene. A relative increase in the utilization of fish and birds has been noted in the Late Holocene, together with changes in the selection of bird and fish taxa. The most important change was the appearance of sites in high topographic locations where special activities were recorded that were related to the intensive exploitation of Phalacrocoracidae and the increase in the utilization of Procellariiformes.

In this paper, we examine the characteristics of these later assemblages in order to explore possible explanations for the changes in the use of birds. The cut marks on the bones were distinguished in order to differentiate the activities involved. The results indicate that in the Late Holocene there was no differential pattern of cormorant butchering between those sites where special tasks took place and general activity sites. It was also shown that the increase in Procellariiformes was linked mainly to subsistence rather than technological factors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the androgen receptor: New approaches to treating metastatic prostate cancer. Report of the 2013 Prouts Neck Prostate Cancer Meeting
Authors: Pienta Kenneth J. , Walia Guneet , Simons Jonathan W. , Soule Howard R.
Published: November 2013

INTRODUCTION

The Prouts Neck Meetings on Prostate Cancer began in 1985 through the efforts of the Organ Systems Branch of the National Cancer Institute to stimulate new research and focused around specific questions in prostate tumorigenesis and therapy.

METHODS

These meetings were think tanks, composed of around 75 individuals, and divided equally between young investigators and senior investigators. Over the years, many new concepts related to prostate cancer resulted from these meetings and the prostate cancer community has sorely missed them since the last one in 2007.

RESULTS

We report here the first of a new series of meetings. The 2013 meeting focused on defining how the field of treatment for metastatic prostate cancer needs to evolve to impact survival and was entitled: “Beyond AR: New Approaches to Treating Metastatic Prostate Cancer.” As castrate resistant prostate cancers escape second generation anti‐androgen agents, three phenotypes/genotypes of CRPC appear to be increasing in prevalence and remain resistant to treatment: NeuroEndocrine Prostate Cancer, Persistent AR—Dependent Prostate Cancer, and Androgen Receptor Pathway Independent Prostate Cancer.

DISCUSSION

It is clear that new treatment paradigms need to be developed for this diverse group of diseases. The Prouts Neck 2013 Meeting on Prostate Cancer helped to frame the current state of the field and jumpstart ideas for new avenues of treatment. Prostate 74:314–320, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distributed clustering of ubiquitous data streams
Authors: Rodrigues Pedro Pereira , Gama João
Published: November 2013

Nowadays information is generated and gathered from distributed streaming data sources, stressing communications and computing infrastructure, making it hard to transmit, compute, and store. Knowledge discovery from ubiquitous data streams has become a major goal for all sorts of applications, mostly based on unsupervised techniques such as clustering. Two subproblems exist:clustering streaming data observationsandclustering streaming data sources. The former searches for dense regions of the data space, identifying hot spots where data sources tend to produce data, while the latter finds groups of sources that behave similarly over time. In order to better assess the current status of this topic, this article presents a thorough review on distributed algorithms addressing either of the subproblems. We characterize clustering algorithms for ubiquitous data streams, discussing advantages and disadvantages of distributed procedures. Overall, distributed stream clustering methods improve communication ratios, processing speed, and resources consumption, while achieving similar clustering validity as the centralized counterparts.WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov2014, 4:38–54. doi: 10.1002/widm.1109

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Machine Learning

Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Synthesis and Performance of Allyl Dimethyl Dehydroabietyl Ammonium Chloride
Authors: Pei Li‐jun , Cai Zhao‐sheng , Shang Shi‐bin , Song Zhan‐qian
Published: November 2013

Allyl dimethyl dehydroabietyl ammonium chloride (ADMDHA), as a cationic quaternary ammonium polymerizable antibacterial surfactant, was synthesized from dehydroabietylamine and 3‐chloropropene. The structure of ADMDHA was characterized by FT‐IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of ADMDHA and the surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) in aqueous solution were about 2.51 × 10−4 mol L−1 and 28.5 mN m−1 at 25 °C, respectively. The emulsion consisting of benzene and water with ADMDHA as an emulsifier maintained its stability for 2 days. Meanwhile, the antimicrobial activities of ADMDHA against Escherichia aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were much stronger than those of ampicillin sodium and bromogeramine against the same bacteria.
Wanderungsmuster junger Frauen im ländlichen Sachsen-Anhalt – Implikationen für zielgruppenorientierte Regionalentwicklungsstrategien
Authors: Wiest Karin , Leibert Tim
Published: November 2013

In many regions of Europe pronounced disparities between the proportions of women and men in younger age groups can be observed. While cities tend to display a surplus of young women, sparsely populated rural areas are often characterised by a surplus of young men. Rural areas in the new federal states (former East Germany) are especially affected by a striking “lack” of women. This paper analyses the causes of this demographic imbalance using the example of Saxony-Anhalt and investigates its implications for regional development. In-depth interviews with young women, a questionnaire for school pupils both male and female, and the analysis of demographic data provide a basis for demonstrating how a specific path of demographic development has been generated by the crisis of social and economic transformation that followed reunification, the regional economic structure and the emergence of a culture of migration in rural Saxony-Anhalt. The primary factors that explain the migration of young women are long ongoing difficulties on the labour market, negatively perceived career opportunities, and a low level of identification with the region of origin. The findings of the investigation show that the analysis of the phenomenon of unbalanced gender proportions not only draws attention to gender-specific realms but also always touches upon the question of equivalent living conditions and spatial discourses.
Te Waka Oranga: An Indigenous Intervention for Working with Māori Children and Adolescents with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Elder Hinemoa
Published: November 2013

Background: Application of salient cultural knowledge held by families following child and adolescent traumatic brain injury (TBI) has yet to be documented in the literature. While the importance of the family is a well-established determinant of enhanced outcomes in child and adolescent TBI, the emphasis to date has been on the leading role of professional knowledge. The role of whānau (extended family) is recognised as an essential aspect of hauora (wellbeing) for Māori, who are overrepresented in TBI populations. However, whānau knowledge systems as a potent resource for enhancing recovery outcomes have not previously been explored. This paper describes the development of an indigenous intervention, Te Waka Oranga.

Method: Rangahau Kaupapa Māori (Māori determined research methods) theory building was used to develop a TBI intervention for working with Māori. The intervention emerged from the findings and analysis of data from 18 wānanga (culturally determined fora) held on rural, remote and urban marae (traditional meeting houses).

Results: The intervention framework, called Te Waka Oranga, describes a process akin to teams of paddlers working together to move a waka (canoe, vessel) in a desired direction of recovery. This activity occurs within a Māori defined space, enabling both world views, that of the whānau and the clinical world, to work together. Whānau knowledge therefore has a vital role alongside clinical knowledge in maximising outcomes in mokopuna (infants, children, adolescents and young adults) with TBI.

Conclusion: Te Waka Oranga provides for the equal participation of two knowledge systems, that of whānau and of clinical staff in their work in the context of mokopuna TBI. This framework challenges the existing paradigm of the role of families in child and adolescent TBI rehabilitation by highlighting the essential role of cultural knowledge and practices held within culturally determined groups. Further research is needed to test the intervention.
Receptivity of a supersonic boundary layer to solid particulates
Authors: Fedorov Alexander V.
Published: November 2013

Laminar–turbulent transition in the boundary layer at supersonic speeds can be initiated by small solid particles present in the free stream. Particulates interacting with the boundary-layer flow generate unstable wavepackets related to Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves. The latter grow downstream and ultimately break down to turbulent spots. This scenario of TS-dominated transition is modelled using the Mack amplitude method. A theoretical model describing the receptivity mechanism is developed to predict the initial spectrum of TS waves. With these initial conditions the downstream growth of TS instability is calculated using the linear stability theory. The transition onset is associated with the point where the disturbance amplitude reaches a threshold value. As an example, calculations are carried out for a 14° half-angle sharp wedge flying in the standard atmosphere at altitude 20 km, Mach number 4 and zero angle of attack. It is shown that spherical particles of radius from $10$ to $20~\unicode[.5,0][STIXGeneral,Times]{x03BC} \mathrm{m} $ and density ${\geqslant }1~\mathrm{g} ~{\mathrm{cm} }^{- 3} $ can cause transition onset corresponding to the amplification factor $N= 9{\unicode{x2013}} 10$, which is in the empirical range of flight data. This indicates that atmospheric particulates may be a major source of TS-dominated transition on aerodynamically smooth surfaces at supersonic speeds. The receptivity model provides a foundation for further treatments of different cases associated with transition in dusty environments. It can also be used for predictions of particle-induced transition at subsonic and hypersonic speeds.
THE SEMANTICS OF ‘PEACE’ IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND
Authors: Withington Phil
Published: November 2013

This paper begins to consider the meanings of a word that was ubiquitous in early modern culture, but which has been surprisingly neglected by historians. Focusing on printed sources and taking advantage of recent advances in digital technology, it outlines the changing uses of ‘peace’ between 1500 and 1700 and its predominant meanings at particular moments in time. The paper suggests that while these meanings were clearly derived from Christian and civic republican sources, the political conflicts of the seventeenth century saw the term politicised, appropriated and popularised in new and unexpected ways. It also argues that the semantic confusion which often attended ‘peace’ – most evident, perhaps, in its capacity to legitimise and sanction violence after 1640 – stemmed from its simultaneous role as a descriptor of society and self, and of spiritual and civil life. As a result, who should define, police and enforce peace became deeply contested issues of the course of the period. In tracing the semantics of the term in this way, the article serves as a contribution to the burgeoning historical literature on the paradigmatic vocabularies of the early modern era. It also illuminates the complicated relationship between words and concepts and the importance of both in motivating and legitimising social and political action.
THE RE-OPENING OF DUBINS AND SAVAGE CASINO IN THE ERA OF DIVERSIFICATION
Authors: Meilijson Isaac
Published: November 2013

In Dynamic Programing, mixed strategies consist of randomizing the choice of actions. In some problems, such as portfolio management, it makes sense to diversify actions rather than choosing among them purely or randomly. Optimal betting in casinos and roulette by a gambler with fixed goal was studied by Dubins and Savage [9] and their school without the element of diversification (betting simultaneously on different holes of the roulette), once it was proved (Smith's theorem - Smith [16], Dubins [8] and Gilat and Weiss [10]) that diversification does not increase the probability of reaching the goal. We question the scope of this finding, that was based on the assumption that the holes on which gamblers can bet are disjoint, such as 1 and BLACK in regular roulette. A counter example is provided in which holes are nested, such as 1 and RED. Thus, it may be rational for gamblers with a fixed goal to place chips on more than one hole at the table.

This note is related to a joint work with Michèle Cohen on the preference for safety in the Choquet Expected Utility model.
BUILDING RANDOM TREES FROM BLOCKS
Authors: Gopaladesikan M. , Mahmoud H. , Ward M.D.
Published: November 2013

Many modern networks grow from blocks. We study the probabilistic behavior of parameters of a blocks tree, which models several kinds of networks. It grows from building blocks that are themselves rooted trees. We investigate the number of leaves, depth of nodes, total path length, and height of such trees. We use methods from the theory of Pólya urns and martingales.
The Work of the British School at Athens, 2012–2013
Authors: Morgan Catherine
Published: November 2013

The School's archaeological programme in 2012–2013 included fieldwork, museum studies (notably a project led by Robin Barber to complete the publication of material from early 20th-century excavations at Phylakopi now held in the National Museum in Athens) and many individual and group projects housed at Knossos and in the Fitch Laboratory. Following the success of the conference Interpreting the Seventh Century BC, in December 2011, a further workshop in December 2012 on Thessalian sanctuaries and cults, organized in collaboration with the University of Oxford, brought together 24 speakers, including many colleagues from Thessalian ephoreias and the University of Thessaly, to present new data and reflections. Maria Stamatopoulou comments further on material presented at this meeting in her contribution to this year's AG below. In London, collaboration with colleagues in the British Museum's Department of Greece and Rome resulted in a very popular study day on Knossos: from Labyrinth to Laboratory in November 2012 (now published online at www.bsa.ac.uk). This will soon be followed (on 2 November 2013) by a further collaboration in a British Museum Classical Colloquium on Archaeology Behind the Battle Lines: Macedonia 1915–1919, also in partnership with the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki.

Among our ongoing field projects, I begin with discussion of the excavation at Koutroulou Magoula in Thessaly directed by Nina Kyparissi-Apostolika (Director Emerita, EPSNE) and Yannis Hamilakis (Southampton), which in 2012 sought to clarify activity in the area of two Neolithic buildings uncovered in 2011 (Fig. 2). One of these buildings had been mostly destroyed in later periods, although evidence of outdoor activity includes hearths and in situ deposits.
Antioxidant systems in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds as affected by priming
Authors: Bailly Christophe , Benamar Abdelilah , Corbineau Françoise , Côme Daniel
Published: November 2013

Priming treatment of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., cv Briosol) seeds for 7 days at 15°C with a polyethylene glycol solution at −2.0 MPa strongly improved their subsequent germination at 15°C on water. This stimulatory effect of priming remained after drying back the seeds at 20°C for 3 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured in control unprimed seeds, primed seeds, seeds primed then dried, and after 3 and 6 hours of imbibition of controland dried primed seeds in order to determine whether the cell antioxidant systems were involved in the beneficial effect of priming. The osmotreatment resulted in a strong increase in SOD and CAT activities but did not markedly affect MDA and GR activity. Following the 3 days of drying, MDA increased and the enzyme activities became similar to those measured in dry unprimed seeds, although the stimulatory effect of priming on germination remained. Imbibition of control dry seeds was associated with an increase in MDA and a decrease in CAT and GR activities, whereas reimbibition of dried primed seeds resulted in a decrease in MDA and an increase in SOD, CAT and GR activities. Isoform patterns on native gels showed no difference between treated (priming with or without subsequent drying) and control seeds for SOD (7 isoforms) and GR (5 isoforms), but the osmotreatment did induce a second isoform of CAT. The results obtained indicate that the CAT isoform pattern might be used as an indicato of the priming treatment that promotes germination. Involvement of theantioxidant systems in seed vigour is discussed
Career Opportunities: the Ones That Never Knock
Authors: Haines Mark
Published: November 2013

With job hunters seemingly now outnumbering vacancies in the legal information field by some margin, recruiters currently have plenty of choice in front of them when seeking to fill a post with the right candidate. In the current market, the applicants themselves need to do everything they can to maximise their chances of selection. The general aspects of good and bad practice in job hunting and recruiting should be obvious to everybody of a professional status. But are they? We're all supposed to know the textbook dos and don'ts of recruitment and selection; but how much attention are employers and candidates in the information sector really paying to the detail? Through his role as Library Manager in the London branch of a national network of law schools, Mark Haines has sat on the recruitment and interview panels for over thirty posts over the past six years. He has also been job hunting himself during this time; applying for more than fifty posts over the past two years, and attending more than a dozen interviews. As a result of these experiences, he has witnessed countless examples of good and bad practice. Employers and applicants may all be aware of what they should be doing, but in this paper he will be discussing his experiences of what they're really doing; and most importantly, what can be done to improve performance in the light of this.
Trading control: national fiefdoms in international organizations
Authors: Kleine Mareike
Published: November 2013

According to principal-agent theory, states (the principals) delegate the implementation of a legalized agreement to an international organization (the agent). The conventional wisdom about states’ capacity to control international organizations is that differences among the member states impede control and consequently enhance the agent's autonomy, whereas agreement allows for effective control and limited autonomy. Contrary to this conventional wisdom, this article argues that conflicts among states need not always impede effective control. On the contrary: if an international organization comprises a sufficient number of policies, there are gains from the exchange of control over its portfolios that are of special sensitivity to different member states. As a result, international organizations exhibit informal spheres of national control, or national fiefdoms. The article demonstrates the theory's plausibility using the example of the European Union and other international organizations. It has implications for the literature on delegation and informal governance.