bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of the Release Reaction during Preparation and Storage of Platelet Concentrates
Authors: Snyder Edward L. , Hezzey Anne , Katz Alfed J. , Bock Jay
Published: March 2009

To determine the degree of damage occurring during preparation and storage of platelet concentrates, the percent release of B‐thromboglobulin (BTG) and percent leakage of the cytosolic protein lactic dehydrogenase was determined sequentially from phlebotomy to the end of storage for 72 h at 20–24°C. The effect of storage temperature, pH, and radiation was also evaluated. The results showed that during preparation of platelet concentrate a large degree of release was found after resuspension of the platelet button formed after the high‐speed centrifugation. During storage the percent BTG release increased from 18.1 to 40.2% (p<0.05). The percent release seen during storage at 4°C (72 h) was 19.2%, while that seen for platelets subjected to temperature cycling at 4–37 °C was 24.9%. Both of these values were significantly less (p<0.05) than that seen for concentrates stored at room temperature. A negative correlation between pH and BTG release was found (r=‐0.64). Irradiation to 10,000 rad did not induce the release reaction or lactic dehydrogenase leakage. We conclude that the degree of in vitro platelet release is dependent on the preparative manipulations, and gentler protocols for preparation and storage of platelets should be investigated.
Plateletpheresis Experience with the Haemonetics Blood Processor 30, the IBM Blood Processor 2997, and the Fenwal CS‐3000 Blood Processor1,2
Authors: Kurtz S.R. , McMican A. , Carciero R. , Melaragno A. , Abdu W. , Katchis R. , Valeri C.R.
Published: March 2009

Comparisons were made of the apheresis instruments Haemonetics Blood Processor 30, IBM Blood Processor 2997 and Fenwal CS‐3000, for collection of platelets from normal donors. With each instrument the mean recovery was at least 4times1011 platelets per procedure, and each instrument afforded a safe and reliable collection. The Haemonetics Blood Processor gave the lowest recovery of platelets per minute per procedure. The IBM Blood Processor 2997 required the longest time for set‐up and priming and processed 1.5 liters more donor blood per collection than the other instruments. The Fenwal CS‐3000, which is a computer‐controlled instrument, was the least time consuming. The donor suffered a significantly greater drop in platelet count after collection with the IBM Blood Processor 2997 (31%) than after collection with the other instruments (19%), and we were unable to account for this observation.
An Anti‐A Agglutinin Active only in the Presence of Borate
Authors: Strange C.A. , Cross J.
Published: March 2009

An anti‐A agglutinin was found in the serum of a patient of blood group A1 rhesus positive. The unusual feature of this antibody was the need for the presence of borate ions before activity could be demonstrated. No association of the occurrence of the antibody with a clinical disease was found.
Detection of Platelet‐Bound and Serum Antibodies in Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia by Enzyme‐Linked Assay
Authors: Hegde U.M. , Bowes A. , Powell D.K. , Joyner M.V.
Published: March 2009

Platelet antibodies were looked for in 47 patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia using a modification of the enzyme‐linked assay previously described. Surface‐bound antibodies measured as increased platelet‐associated IgG were found in 32 (68%) of the patients. After incubation in test sera, the platelet‐associated IgG of normal donor platelets was significantly increased in 27 of the 47 patients (57%), thus demonstrating the presence of platelet antibodies free in their sera. 6 patients had antibodies only in the serum without any elevation of their platelet‐associated IgG. When both tests are evaluated together no antibody was detected by either the direct or the indirect test in 9 of the 47 patients (19%) studied. The technique used is described and the interpretation of our results discussed.
Red Cell I Antigen as Immune Complex Receptor in Drug‐Induced Hemolytic Anemias
Authors: Duran‐Suarez J.R. , Martin‐Vega C. , Argelagues E. , Massuet L. , Ribera A. , Triginer J.
Published: March 2009

A survey of the results of laboratory investigations in 6 cases of drug‐induced hemolytic anemia showed that in 5 of them adsorption of immune complexes to red cells only occurred when the I antigen was expressed in the erythrocyte membrane.
The Lud Cold Agglutinin: A Further Antibody Recognizing N‐Acetylneuraminic Acid‐Determined Antigens not Fully Expressed at Birth
Authors: Roelcke D.
Published: March 2009

From a patient, a new type of human cold agglutinin, Lud, which reacts with a determinant involving N‐acetylneuraminic acid and which is not fully expressed at birth, is described. This antibody differs from a recently described cold agglutinin, Fl. The antigenic determinant recognized by antibody Lud is diminished after treatment of erythrocytes with proteases, whereas that recognized by Fl is not.
Fluorescent Bacterial Rosetting of Lymphocyte Subpopulations
Authors: Methodology I. , Niemetz A.H. , Mayr W.R.
Published: March 2009

Fluorochrome‐labelled bacteria were tested for their rosette‐forming properties with human lymphocytes in suspension. Acridine orange stained human buffy coat cells or isolated mononuclear cells are rosetted with tetramethyl‐rhodamine‐isothiocyanate (TRITC)‐labelled bacterial strains alone (mono‐bacterial rosetting test) or simultaneously with a TRITC‐labelled strain and a mutant or taxonomically different strain, labelled with fluoresceinisothiocyanate (double bacterial rosetting test [D‐BRT]). Suspensions are centrifuged, washed, finally counterstained with ethidium bromide and examined by fluorescence microscopy. The bacterial binding properties of B cells may be studied by using anti‐Ig pretreated mononuclear cells and TRITC bacteria (anti‐Ig/BRT). In this study the methodology for bacterial staining, mono‐, double‐ and anti‐Ig/BRT is given.

Estimation of rosette‐forming cells is very accurate, easy and quick due to the bright fluorescence of the bacterial ‘beads’. Furthermore, broad applicability of the bacterial rosetting phenomenon to study lymphocyte heterogeneity is gained with the fluorescent assay system.
Fluorescent Bacterial Rosetting of Lymphocyte Subpopulations: II. Identification of Human Lymphocyte Subpopulations
Authors: Niemetz A.H. , Mayr W.R.
Published: March 2009

In a previous study, fluorochrome‐labelled bacteria were found to be a very objective tool to investigate human lymphocyte heterogeneity with regard to bacterial rosette formation. The application of these assay systems (mono‐, double‐ and anti‐Ig/bacterial rosetting test) to identify lymphocyte subpopulations is given.
Incidence of Acetaminophen in Donated Blood
Authors: Sharon R. , Menczel J. , Kidroni G.
Published: March 2009

Acetaminophen levels were determined in 1,176 sera separated from donated blood. The analysis was performed by both a colorimetric method and by high performance liquid chromatography. 6.12% of the samples contained acetaminophen levels ranging from 18 to 58 μg/ml. The possible clinical significance of such a high incidence of this drug among healthy blood donors is discussed.
Treatment by Plasma Exchange of a Patient with Hyperlipidemia and Diabetic Ketoacidosis with Lesional Pulmonary Edema and Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Gérard A. , Schooneman F. , Guine J.M. , Roche G. , Canton P. , Dureux J.B. , Janot C. , Streiff F.
Published: March 2009

The authors report a case of severe hypertriglyceridemia (148.5 mmol/l) in a 27‐year‐old woman admitted for coma of unknown origin. Initial investigations revealed ketoacidosis, pancreatitis and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. The diabetes was unknown. Ketoacidosis was rapidly controlled. The hypertriglyceridemia was corrected by one course of plasma exchange (4,400 ml) during which the patient returned to consciousness. The patient recovered without any sequelae. Only 2 similar cases, treated by plasma exchange, have been reported in the literature until now.
Erythrocyte Autoantibodies, Autoimmune Haemolysis and Pregnancy
Authors: Sokol R.J. , Hewitt S. , Stamps Barbara K.
Published: March 2009

The clinical and serological records of 20 pregnant patients with erythrocyte autoantibodies were critically reviewed and analysed. This series, the largest reported, confirmed an association between erythrocyte autosensitization and pregnancy, and suggested that this occurred on an average of 1 in 50,000 pregnancies. The clinical presentation varied from severe haemolytic anaemia to serological abnormalities discovered during the routine testing of well patients; overt haemolysis was present in 7 cases. Treatment was only necessary in 3 patients where the haemolysis was severe. 3 infants were mildly affected with haemolytic disease due to the maternal autoantibodies crossing the placenta but no treatment was needed. The risks to the infant were increased when other active autoimmune conditions (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus) were present. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the outlook for mother and child is good.
Build‐Up and Maintenance of IgG Serum Concentrations with Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Patients with Primary Humoral Immunodeficiency
Authors: Morell A. , Schnoz M. , Barandun S.
Published: March 2009

6 patients with antibody deficiency disease had intravenous immunoglobulin substitution and their serum IgG levels were monitored for at least 6 months. After three IgG infusions of 6–12 g each at intervals of 3 or 4 weeks, the IgG serum concentrations were between 300 and 500 mg/dl in 3 patients. In the 3 other patients, higher serum levels were obtained after considerably more IgG infusions given at intervals of 8 days or less. Maintenance of subnormal levels was achieved by replacement of approximately 10 mg/kg body weight/day. In 1 patient, the serum IgG was kept at about 1,000 mg/dl by replacement of 54 mg/kg/day, i.e. by infusions of 9 g every 3–4 days.
Survival of Transfused Platelets Collected into New Formulation Plastic Packs
Authors: Archer G.T. , Grimsley P.G. , Jindra J. , Robson J.E. , Ribeiro A.
Published: March 2009

Platelet concentrates were prepared in plastic packs of polyvinyl chloride with tri‐(2‐ethylhexyl) trimellitate as plasticizer. They were stored, with gentle shaking, at room temperature for periods up to 7 days before labelling with isotope and reinfusing. In vivo survival studies, platelet counts, pH and electron microscopy indicated that platelet concentrates prepared in the new plastic were superior to those prepared in the standard pack currently in use. Oxygen was found to diffuse through the new pack more rapidly than through the standard pack. A shelf life of up to 1 week at room temperature seems possible for platelet concentrates prepared in the new plastic.
G6PD Varadero A New Variant of Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase Associated with Congenital Nonspherocytic Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Estrada M. , García M. , Gutiérrez A. , Quintero I. , González R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variant was studied in a mulatto patient with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. This variant has reduced activity, increased thermolability, a reduced Michaelis constant for glucose‐6‐phosphate, slightly increased electrophoretic mobility, a biphasic pH activity profile, high 2‐deoxy‐glucose‐6‐phosphate utilization, normal diamino nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate utilization and a peak of elution profile after G6PD B. The electrophoretic, kinetic, and chromatographic properties of this erythrocyte G6PD variant allow the conclusion that G6PD Varadero is probably a new variant.
Granulocyte Yields Using the Haemonetics 30
Authors: Blumberg N. , Shah I. , Katz A.J. , Morse E.E
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The factors of donor selection, corticosteroid drug choice, dose, timing and route of administration were studied to optimize granulocyte yield employing the Haemonetics Model 30 Blood Processor. Our data suggest that donors giving one excellent yield do not necessarily do so again. Donors with high initial granulocyte counts had only marginal increases in counts after taking corticosteroids. Selecting donors on the basis of high previous yield or granulocyte count is not a feasible strategy for improving granulocyte yields. Highest yields of granulocytes (16times1o9 total; 4.1times109/liter processed) were obtained with any of four split‐dose corticosteroid regimen. This increment is almost twice as large as the previously reported improvement using continuous‐flow centrifugation. The choice of steroid, the route of administration and the timing of the split doses are not critical.
IgG Subclass Levels in Malaria‐Infected Nigerians
Authors: Salimonu L.S. , Williams A.I.O. , Osunkoya B.O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. IgG class and subclass levels were measured in the sera of malaria‐infected patients who had high serum antibody titres (≥ 1 in 5,120) as well as in uninfected controls with low serum malaria antibody titres (< 1 in 320). The malaria‐infected patients had higher IgG and IgGI subclass levels than the uninfected controls (p< 0.005). There was a slight diminution in the mean IgG3 concentration in the malaria‐infected patients.
Structural and Biochemical Analysis of the McLeod Erythrocyte Membrane
Authors: Glaubensklee Carolyn S. , Evan Andrew P. , Galey William R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The abnormal erythrocyte of the McLeod phenotype displays a reduced Kell blood group expression, an abnormal morphology in about 30% of the total red blood cell population and a decrease in water permeability. These parameters have previously been shown to be independent of membrane lipid composition, microviscosity and electrolyte transport. Findings such as these seem to implicate the involvement of a defective membrane protein. The present study investigated membrane composition by utilizing two techniques: freeze‐fracture electron microscopy and discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic scans revealed no apparent band additions or deletions showing McLeod membrane protein composition to be normal. Freeze‐fracture electron microscopy did show a significant increase in intramembrane particle density. These findings may be resolved by proposing a dissociation of the band 3 glycoprotein. Unlinkage of this polypeptide, thought to be involved in water transport and intramembranous particle composition, could account for the decreased water transport and increased particle density seen in the McLeod erythrocyte membrane.
Antibody Spectrum and Anticomplementary Activity of a Plasmin‐Treated Human Immunoglobulin Preparation
Authors: Masuda K. , Makula M. F. , Okuyama K. , Ishiyama H. , Yasuda J.
Published: March 2009

A commercial plasmin‐treated human immunoglobulin was studied for its antibody spectrum and anticomplementary activity. Except for a decrease in anti‐vaccinia antibody titers in two of three paired samples collected before and after plasmin treatment, there was practically no fall in titers of diphtheria antitoxin and of antibodies to measles, rubella and mumps viruses. Among the three major fractions isolated from the preparation, the plasmin‐resistant 7S IgG fraction showed the highest anticomplementary activity when tested by our routine method described in the ‘Japanese Minimum Requirements’. The Fab fraction showed moderate anticomplementary activity which was thought to be due to the selective consumption of C3. On the contrary, the Fc fraction was not found to be anticomplementary in our test method. In some of the above‐mentioned features, the preparation seems to be different from the domestic product formerly studied by ourselves.
Platelet Concentrates Influence of Different Preparative Protocols on the in vitro Release Reaction1
Authors: Snyder Edward L. , Koerner Theodore A.W. , Hezzey Anne
Published: March 2009

To determine what effect different preparative protocols and different platelet storage bags have on in vitro release, platelet concentrates were prepared according to two different protocols (group I: 2,200 g for 3.5 min followed by 4,900 g for 5 min; group II: 1,000 g for 9 min and 3,000 g for 20 min). The storage bags used were either a standard polyvinyl chloride (PL‐146) or a polyolefin bag (PL‐732). The results for platelet concentrates stored in PL‐146 showed that while group I had undergone more alpha granule release at 24 and 48 h of storage than had group II, by 72 h both groups showed a similar degree of release. Results for platelets stored in PL‐732, however, did not show any significant difference in release between the two protocol groups at any storage time up to 120 h. We conclude that although the preparative protocol used may induce different degrees of platelet release in vitro, the platelet storage bag also has a significant influence on the degree of in vitro damage which occurs during subsequent storage.
Alloantibody‐Induced Impaired Neonatal Expression of a Red Blood Cell Antigen Associated with Maternal Alloimmunization
Authors: Ferguson S.J. , Blajchman M.A. , Guzewski H. , Taylor C.R. , Moulds J.
Published: March 2009

Animals genetically capable of making certain gene products have been shown to have the production of such products completely or partially suppressed by exposure in utero or neonatally to antibodies specific for that gene product. This alloantibody‐induced depression of expression of a specific antigenic determinant has yet to be shown to occur in man. The McCoya red blood cell antigen is reported to be well developed at birth. However, 2 children born to mothers with high‐titer McCoya antibodies in their serum, phenotyped as McCoy (a‐) at birth and, on retesting their red blood cells, 1 at 5 months and the 2nd at 11 months, both phenotyped as McCoy (a+). It is possible that this lack of expression of the McCoya antigen at birth represents a characteristic of an obligate heterozygote. However, on testing 50 random umbilical cord red blood cell samples with two potent McCoya antisera, only 1 was found to be negative. If the negative phenotpye were a characteristic of an obligate heterozygote at birth, then the neonatal incidence of the McCoy (a‐) phenotype should have been significantly (p<10‐4) higher in our random cord blood sample than observed (expected 11). The impaired expression of the McCoya antigen on the red blood cells of these 2 infants at birth, in conjunction with evidence of maternal alloimmunization, strongly suggests alloantibody‐induced antigenic suppression of the McCoya antigen as a probable cause.
Molecular Sieve Chromatography of Some Plasma Protein Products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Comparison of Quantitation by UV Absorption and Lowry Protein
Authors: Bertolini Maurice J.
Published: March 2009

Commercially prepared fraction V products (5 and 25% albumin and 5% plasma protein fraction) and immune serum globulins were subjected to analytical molecular sieve chromatography by high performance liquid chromatography. Quantitation was performed by UV absorbance and by the Lowry protein assay. The proteins eluting in the void volume from the immune serum globulin samples yield equivalent results by UV absorbance and by Lowry assay. Proteins eluting in the void volume from fraction V products indicate approximately twice as much protein by UV absorbance when compared to Lowry protein assay.
Leucocyte‐Depleted Blood: A Comparison of Cell‐Washing Techniques
Authors: Hughes Andrew , Mijović Valerie , Brozović B. , Daviesx T.D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Non‐haemolytic febrile transfusion reactions are common in multi‐transfused patients. It is generally accepted that the majority of these reactions occur when more than 0.5 times 109 leucocytes are transfused. Values equal to or lower than this threshold, which we have called for convenience the critical antigenic load for leucocytes (CALL), can be achieved by decreasing the leucocyte content in one unit of whole stored blood by about 80%. We have compared the efficiency of leucocyte depletion of whole stored blood, using fixed‐speed centrifugation (Haemonetics Model 15 and Model 115 cell washer), variable‐speed centrifugation (Dideco Progress 90 Cell Separator), and serial centrifugation (IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor). Fixed‐speed centrifugation was least effective in depleting leucocytes; a reduction of 25 and 60% was achieved using the Haemonetics Model 15 and Model 115, respectively. Variable speed and serial centrifugation produced more satisfactory results with leucocyte depletions of 82 and 89% using the Dideco Progress 90 Cell Separator and the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor, respectively. Platelet depletion of over 90% was achieved with all the cell washers, except the Haemonetics Model 15. Red cell losses varied from 3 to 30%. It seems unlikely that consistently high (over 90%) leucocyte depletion can be obtained using cell‐washing techniques without associated high red cell losses.
Species‐Specific Glycoproteins of the Human Red Cell Membrane
Authors: Hara Mitsuwo , Inoue Tokuji , Akiyama Kazuko , Tsuda Ryouichi , Shichijo Shigeki , Yokoyama M. Mitsuo
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Specific antiserum of human red cells was prepared from rabbit anti‐human red cell serum by absorption with red cells of horse, hog, dog and Japanese monkey. This antiserum proved specific for human red cells regardless of blood types ABO and MN as demonstrated by the hemagglutination test. Sialoglycoproteins were extracted with lithium diiodosalicylate and isolated through chromatographic procedures from human red cell membranes, and showed inhibitory activity for the specific antiserum as well as for anti‐M and anti‐N sera. The isolated glycoproteins corresponded to the sialoglycoproteins on the basis of SDS‐PAG electrophoresis. The inhibitory activity of the sialoglycoproteins for the specific antiserum was lost after the substance was treated with sialidase for 24 h. A moderate reduction of the inhibitory activity for anti‐M and anti‐N sera but not for the specific antiserum was seen after treatment for 1 h. These results showed that the receptors for the species‐specific antiserum were more resistant towards sialidase treatment.
Control of Large‐Scale Plasma Thawing for Recovery of Cryoprecipitate Factor VIII1
Authors: Foster Peter R. , Dickson Alan J. , McQuillan Thomas A. , Dickson Ida H. , Keddie Samuel , Watt John G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cryoprecipitation is commonly used as the primary step in the preparation of clinical factor VIII concentrates; yet recovery is usually very low. Much of this loss is due to poor temperature control and a process of continuous plasma thawing has been designed to overcome this. A substantial improvement has resulted, with an increase in both yield and purity of factor VIII: C of over 50% in comparison to a conventional batch thaw process.
Posttransfusion Viability of Rabbit Erythrocytes Preserved in a Medium Containing Inosine, Adenine, and Isoosmotic Sucrose
Authors: Nakuo Toshiko , Nugai Fumiko , Nakao Mukoto
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A sucrose medium containing relatively great amounts of adenine and inosine (AIS‐CPD) was more effective for maintaining adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3‐diphosphoglyceric acid (DPG) levels of human erythrocytes for more than 35 days at 4°C than control ACD‐packed cells, sucrose medium (S‐CPD), and sucrose medium containing a small amount of adenine. Then rabbit erythrocytes were used prior to in vivo test of human cells. (1) After storage for 5 weeks the ATP level (μmol/g Hb) was 3.25 in AIS‐CPD, 2.65 in AISNa‐CPD (AIS‐CPD containing NaCl plus sucrose instead of sucrose), 0.77 in S‐CPD, and 0.42 in CPD (fresh: 5.39; n = 4–10). (2) The DPG level (μmol/g Hb) was AIS‐CPD = fresh > AISNa‐CPD > S‐CPD ė CPD. (3) The mean corpuscular volume decreased gradually in AIS‐CPD. (4) The fragility of red cells decreased in AIS‐CPD. (5) The posttransfusion viability measured by the 51Cr method after storage of erythrocytes for 5 weeks was 84.5% in AIS‐CPD, 70.6% in AISNa‐CPD, 59.5% in S‐CPD, and 28.5% in CPD, 24 h after transfusion 14.9 in AIS‐CPD. 9.9 in AISNa‐CPD, 12.8 in S‐CPD, and 8.4 in CPD (fresh: 14.0; n = 7–8).
Two New Slow‐Moving Variants of Human Serum Albumin
Authors: Nishimukai Hiroaki , Kera Yoshio , Sano Yuji , Sakata Kiyoshi , Kitamura Hajime , Tsukamoto Kosuke , Yamasawa Kichihei
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Two new slow‐moving variants of human serum albumin were found in members of two unrelated Japanese families. These variants, different from each other and from the slow‐moving variants described previously, were designated albumin ‘Okinoerabu’ and albumin ‘Akasaka’. The mode of inheritance of each variant was consistent with an autosomal codominant trait. A very rare type, homozygote for a variant, albumin ‘Okinoerabu’, was also detected. The segregation data of albumin and Gc showed no discrepancy from the postulation of a linkage between these two loci.
Febrile Transfusion Reaction: What Blood Component Should Be Given Next?
Authors: Menitove Jay E. , McElligott Margaret C. , Aster Richard H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Reports of febrile, nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTR) occurring at hospitals served by a regional blood center supplying 99,658 units of blood during 1980 were analyzed to determine if leukocyte‐poor red blood cells prepared by the inverted centrifu‐gation technique (LP RBCs) were adequate to prevent subsequent reactions. FNHTR occurred following 0.5% of units transfused. The records of transfusions given to patients who had a FNHTR were reviewed in a subgroup of hospitals. Of 253 such patients, 161 received subsequent transfusions. 140 received red cells or LP RBCs without a reaction. The remaining 21 had a second reaction following transfusion of packed red cells. 12 of the 21 received further red cell transfusions. Only one experienced a third febrile reaction after receiving LP RBCs. We conclude that LP RBCs are adequate to prevent recurrence of FNHTR and question the need for costly saline‐washed, leukocyte‐poor red blood cells for this purpose.
Modulation of Complement Lysis of Human Erythrocytes by the Membrane Lipid Viscosity
Authors: Cohen A.M. , Shinitzky M.
Published: March 2009

Human red blood cells (H‐RBC), sensitized by specific rabbit antihuman hemolysin, showed a significant increase in susceptibility to complement lysis after rigidification of the membrane lipid layer by incorporation of cholesterol (p < 0.001). Conversely, fluidization of the membrane lipid layer by treatment with phosphatidylcholine for cholesterol depletion displayed increased tolerance to the complement lysis (p < 0.01). Antisera, obtained from 6 rabbits immunized with untreated H‐RBC, were tested separately. The average serum concentration, exerting 50% hemolysis, was 1.1 ± 0.4% for cholesterolenriched H‐RBC and 16.3 ± 7.5% for cholesterol‐depleted H‐RBC.
Survival of Homozygous Coa (Colton) Red Cells in a Patient with Anti‐Coa1
Authors: Kurtz S.R. , Kuszaj T. , Ouellet R. , Valeri C.R.
Published: March 2009

The in vivo survival of Co(a+b‐) red cells in a patient with anti‐Coa was studied using a small aliquot of 51Cr‐labeled red cells. The antibody reacted at room temperature without incubation and after completion of the antihuman globulin test with both reactions enhanced by ficin. Circulation of transfused cells was shortened with a T50 of 5 min. The patient's anti‐Coa titer rose following transfusion to 1:256. These data suggest that individuals with anti‐Coa should receive Co(a‐b+) red cells for transfusion.
The Hey Antigen and Antibody: A Second Family Study and the First Example of an IgG anti‐Hey
Authors: Strohm Patricia L.
Published: March 2009

A three generation family with 16 members shows that the Hey red blood cell antigen is not in the Rh, P or Kidd systems. The mother of the proband was found to have an IgG component in her anti‐Hey, probably the result of alloimmunization by her two Heypositive children. The wife of the proband who had 1 Hey‐positive child, and 4 recipients of a single unit of Hey‐positive blood did not have detectable anti‐Hey. The presence of the IgG component of the mother's anti‐Hey raises the possibility that both hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) and hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTR) could occur due to anti‐Hey.
Human Posttransfusion Graft‐versus‐Host Disease
Authors: Brubaker Daniel B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVDH) follows blood product transfusions in patients with deficient cell‐mediated immunity. The rate of mortality in this adverse effect of blood transfusions is between 90 and 100%. The historical; clinical and pathologic; and mechanism of acute and chronic GVHD are presented. The patients at risk, the clinical and pathologic features of posttransfusion GVDH have been presented in hopes that, with increased awareness of this usually fatal complication, clinicians and transfusion therapists may more intelligently advise and select patients who may need lymphocyte‐poor or irradiated blood products and may recognize the syndrome earlier.
Autologous Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction in Health and Disease States in Man
Authors: Gupta Sudhir
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In this review are discussed the nature of T cell subsets, defined with monoclonal antibodies, responding in T‐non‐T and T‐T autologous mixed‐lymphocyte reactions (AMLR) and antigens stimulating in AMLR, soluble products of AMLR and generation of suppressor, helper and cytotoxic functions. On the basis of these data a model of immunoregulation in vivo can be proposed. We believe that AMLR is a real phenomenon and not an artefact and perhaps represents a mechanism by which various immune functions are regulated, including feedback regulation of AMLR. The significance of AMLR is further supported by studies in various human and animal diseases.
Evaluating the Quality of Immunoglobulin G Preparations for Intravenous Therapy
Authors: Nydegger U.E.
Published: March 2009

The major function of immunoglobulins is recognition of the antigen that has caused their formation with subsequent antigen binding and removal through antigen nonspecific recognition systems of the body. Such clearance for detrimental antigens depends on a complex system of now clearly characterized single features of the immunoglobulin molecule, such as antigen‐binding capacity, viral neutralization, complement activation, fixation to receptors on the reticuloendothelial system, and maintenance of an optimal half‐life in circulation before antigen removal.

When gamma‐globulins are used therapeutically, the producer must choose a purification procedure that aims at fully maintaining these features. In fact, isolation of any protein from its natural plasma protein environment may induce subtle losses of function that do not appear when such variables as molecular weight or subunit size are applied as the only quality criteria.
A Multicenter European Trial of Intravenous Immune Globulin in Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Childhood
Authors: Imbach Paul
Published: March 2009

Since a pilot study of intravenous immune globulin showed it to induce a rapid rise of thrombocytes in immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) in childhood, a randomized study was started for acute, untreated ITP and a prospective study for acute and chronic, pretreated ITP in children. The results of the pilot study and preliminary data of the ongoing studies are presented. Although little is known of the effects of intravenous immune globulin, possible mechanisms of action are discussed.
Intravenous Gamma‐Globulin (Sandoglobulin®) Therapy in the Management of Four Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Blanchette Victor S.
Published: March 2009

We have used intravenous polyvalent intact gamma‐globulin concentrate (Sandoglobulin®‐immune globulin IV) in the management of 2 adults and 2 children with refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Excellent responses were obtained in 2 children with chronic ITP as compared to no response in 2 adults with long‐standing, severe ITP. The 2 adults who failed intravenous Sandoglobulin therapy had prolonged reticuloen‐dothelial system (RES) clearance of autologous antibody‐coated red blood cells before initiation of therapy as compared to normal RES clearance rates in the 2 children who responded to therapy. Blockade of the RES is one mechanism by which intravenous Sandoglobulin therapy may reverse thrombocytopenia in ITP — our observations suggest that patients who have impaired RES function before starting intravenous Sandoglobulin therapy may fail to respond to treatment. Continued studies are required to confirm these observations.
The Clinical Importance of Leukocyte Depletion in Regular Erythrocyte Transfusions
Authors: Sirchia G. , Rebulla P. , Mascaretti L. , Greppi N. , Andreis C. , Rivolta S. , Parravicini A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Antilymphocyte, antigranulocyte and antiplatelet alloantibodies, T lymphocyte subsets, expression of HLA‐DR antigens on T lymphocytes and NK cell function were determined in 11 homozygous β‐thalassemic children multitransfused ab initio with Erypur‐filtered leukocyte‐free red cell units (group A) and in 13 similar children multitransfused with standard packed red cell units (group B). No antibodies were found in group A patients, whereas 69% of group B patients were immunized. The two groups did not differ significantly with regard to the other test results. Considered together, thalassemia patients showed a percentage of T4+ cells and a NK cell function that were significantly lower than those found in a reference group of 16 healthy male blood donors. Thalassemics moreover showed a higher than normal percentage of T3+, T4+ and T8+ cells expressing HLA‐DR antigens.

The results indicate that leukocyte‐free red cells should be the treatment of choice for prospective recipients of multiple transfusions, since they are capable of preventing (or delaying) the production of alloantibodies against leukocytes and platelets. From the data of the present study, it does not seem that the transfusion of leukocyte‐free red cells is capable of preventing the abnormalities of some immunological tests that occur in some multitransfused patients. Further investigations, however, are needed to draw conclusions on this problem.
Anti‐HTLV‐III Screening of Blood Donors
Authors: Kühnl P. , Seidl S. , Holzberger G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a survey on 82,383 blood donor specimens from Hessen, West Germany, the observed percentage of repeatedly positive HTLV‐III/LAV antibody ELISA results was 0.2%, but only 0.018% were confirmed by Western blot, immunofluorescence assay or radioimmunoprecipitation assay. These data are consistent with larger epidemiological data compiled from other German blood banks and suggest a high degree of nonspecific false‐positive results; one of the causes for false‐positives are HLA‐DR4 antibodies, which react in the HTLV‐III/LAV test. Epidemiological data on 127 dialysis patients and 1,153 prison inmates are presented.
Plasmapheresis Technology
Authors: Gilcher Ronald O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Manual plasmapheresis is done worldwide on both paid donors, and to a much smaller extent on volunteer donors in order to generate source plasma to be fractionated into albumin, clotting factor concentrates, and gamma globulin. Automated technology has now been developed utilizing both centrifugal, and membrane separation devices (Haemonetics PCS centrifugal, Organon Teknika PLASMAPUR‐membrane, HemaScience Autopheresis‐C‐spinning membrane) and is much faster and safer than the manual techniques with regard to the donor. The single biggest difficulty with automated technology is the high cost of the software, making the cost of producing source plasma by this type of technology, in general, not cost efficient at this time. However, fresh frozen plasma can be generated by this technology, which is cost efficient and provides a single donor source of 500 ml plasma, making the product safer for those patients that do require fresh frozen plasma by reducing the number of donor exposures to the patient.
Technical Aspects of Different Donor Plasmapheresis Systems and Biological Results Obtained in Collected Plasma
Authors: Vezon G. , Piquet Y. , Manier C. , Schooneman F. , Mesnier F. , Moulinier J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Four plasmapheresis systems were comparatively studied: a centrifugation system (Haemonetics Model 50) and three filtration ones (Dideco BT 810, Organon Teknika PLASMAPUR and HemaScience Autopheresis Plasmacell). For each separator we studied the technical conditions for plasma separation, the biological characteristics of the collected plasma and the in vitro recovery of factor VIIIc after preparation of cryoprecipitates. Concerning the plasma extraction rate, the HemaScience apparatus was the most efficient but values were quite similar to those obtained with the Organon Teknika machine. Contaminating cells were only found in plasma separated with the Haemonetics. Total protein and immunoglobulin levels were higher in plasma collected with the Haemonetics and HaemaScience systems. Factor VIIIc activity was comparable in plasma separated by filtration or by centrifugation while fibrinopeptide A levels were higher in plasma collected by Haemonetics. Whatever the machine, no statistical difference was observed when in vitro recovery of factor VIII was studied.
Important Parameters in Plasma Fractionation
Authors: Lane R.S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Important parameters in plasma fractionation are derived from the needs of providing assured quality and the operational requirements of good manufacturing practice. There are many inputs to quality assurance, collectively described as the quality design of the manufacturing process. Quality design is an all‐embracing concept depending on selection of source plasma, proper production facilities and equipment systems and highest pharmaceutical operational standards. The scientific process must meet the requirements of safety and efficacy of product and balance the competing parameters of purity, potency and yield within an acceptable economic framework. The paper illustrates problems within the theory of quality design through current experience in the production of immunoglobulin and factor VIII fractions.
Automation in Blood Banking
Authors: Girard M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. During the past decade, automation took a major place in blood transfusion laboratories. Now many centers have purchased automated equipment and subsequently undertaken the computerization of their activities. The aim of this paper is to review the state of the art in the field of automation and to try to estimate future tendencies.
Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis: An Update
Authors: Hellings J.A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The definition of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis (NANB) is improved by further characterization of what it is not (like the delta agent or non‐A epidemic hepatitis) rather than by providing convincing evidence of isolation of the agent responsible for blood transfusion‐ or blood product‐related NANB or specific markers thereof. Yet, NANB research is in disquieting movement. Modern biotechnology yielded its blessings to the field. However, monoclonal antibodies and molecular probes will have to be evaluated with the same scrutiny that unmasked so many test systems and viral agents thus far. Recent victims appear to be published reports on NANB being identified as a retroviral agent and NANB virus being propagated in primary cultures of chimpanzee hepatocytes. Yet the application of these powerful new tools, together with the availability of cultured human and chimpanzee hepatocytes for propagation of the agent may improve the chances for substantial progress. Our finding of involvement of lymphocytes in transmission of the disease may add another approach to reach the ultimate goal of characterization of the causative agent and development of diagnostic methods to detect it in patients and biological materials derived from carriers of the disease.
Future Trends in Blood Component Preparation
Authors: van Aken W. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In the coming years, blood banking and transfusion medicine are expected to undergo a number of changes in areas such as the refinement of plasma fractionation, advanced pheresis techniques and in the improvement of safety of blood products. In addition, recombinant DNA technology is believed to hold much promise as an alternate source of plasma proteins and within 5–10 years will probably replace at least several plasma derivatives. Substitutes for red cells and platelets, although more difficult to develop, may also become available in the future. These developments will affect the need for and the supply of blood in times to come. It is expected that the traditional supply system will continue to function for many more years but will most likely have increasing difficulty to meet the enlarged demand for safe products and to compete with the progress of biotechnology.
Experience with Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment in Neonates and Pregnant Women
Authors: von Muralt Gaspard , Sidiropoulos D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Results of 2 methods to treat infection in the neonate are reported. One study demonstrates a decrease in mortality and recurrent infection when neonates with septicemia were given intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). In another study, IVIG was administered to pregnant women with symptoms of infection and at risk for preterm delivery. IVIG infused at high doses after 32 weeks of gestation significantly decreased infection in newborns without affecting term.
IgG Subclass Deficiencies
Authors: Hanson L.Å. , Björkander J. , Robbins J.B. , Schneerson R. , Söderström R. , Söderström T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. IgG subclasses differ not only in their biochemical and biologic properties, but also in their occurrence as selective deficiencies, alone and in combination. The normal range of IgG subclass concentrations in children and adults is compared with deficiencies found in individuals with repeated respiratory tract infections. Concomitant IgA deficiency is often noted. It is suggested that decreased IgG2 and IgG3 levels in IgA‐deficient individuals may increase the risk of recurrent respiratory infection and lung damage. Finally, the efficacy of immunoglobulin prophylaxis in reducing incidence of infection is anecdotally related.
Treatment of AB Deficiencies
Authors: Cunningham‐Rundles Charlotte
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The objective of this study was to compare serum immunoglobulin levels and the clinical status of patients with primary immune deficiency who received an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (pH 4.0) preparation for 1 year with results previously obtained when the same patients received intramuscular immunoglobulin (IMIG). During the IVIG treatment year, increased serum immunoglobulin levels, shorter duration of certain infectious disorders, reduced antibiotic use, ans improved rheumatoid symptoms were observed. The actual benefit of IVIG therapy could not be established until after the sixth months, since illness was even further reduced during the second 6 months of treatment. Other clinical observations are evaluated in the 2 groups.
Evaluation of HLA‐Haplotype Disparate Parental Marrow Grafts Depleted of T Lymphocytes by Differential Agglutination with a Soybean Lectin and E‐Rosette Depletion for the Treatment of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency1
Authors: O'Reilly R.J. , Brochstein J. , Collins N. , Keever C. , Kapoor N. , Kirkpatrick D. , Kernan N. , Dupont B. , Burns J. , Reisner Y.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The factors that impact upon successful bone marrow transplantation leading to immunologic reconstitution in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID), Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome, and in other lethal congenital immunodeficiencies are reviewed. Evidence is presented that graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) can be abrogated by the depletion of T cells, even from histoincompatible marrow grafts. However, graft resistance or restricted immune reconstitution has been observed with significant frequency. The bases for T cell reconstitution and limitations in B cell humoral immune recovery in the postgrafting period are reviewed, together with emerging evidence that pretransplant cytoreduction might obviate some of these problems.
ABH and Related Histo‐Blood Group Antigens; Immunochemical Differences in Carrier Isotypes and Their Distribution1
Authors: Clausen Henrik , Hakomori Sen‐itiroh
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This review summarizes present knowledge of the chemistry of histo‐blood group ABH and related antigens. Recent advances in analytical carbohydrate chemistry (particularly mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy) and the introduction of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) have made it possible to distinguish structural variants of histo‐blood group ABH antigens. Polymorphism of ABH antigens is induced by: (i) variations in peripheral core structure, of which four (type 1, 2, 3 and 4) are known in man; (ii) variation in inner core by branching process (blood group iI), leading to variation of unbranched vs. branched ABH determinants; (iii) biosynthetic interaction with other glycosyltransferases (Lewis, P. T/Tn blood systems) capable of acting on the same substrate as the ABH‐defined transferases, and finally (iv) the nature of the glycoconjugate (glycolipid, glycoprotein of N‐ or O‐linked type). ABH variants induced by item (i) above have been clearly distinguished qualitatively by MoAbs; e.g., at least six types of A determinants can be distinguished by qualitatively different classes of antibody. The variants induced by item (ii) create mono‐ vs. bivalent antigens which may be responsible for observed differences in antibody‐binding affinity.

Detailed studies of the chemistry of these antigens have increased our insight into blood groups, providing the basis for blood group iI and A subgrouping, as well as a relation between the ABH and Lewis, P, and T/Tn systems. A survey of the literature on distribution patterns of ABH variants is presented. It has been assumed that expression of histo‐blood group antigens is developmentally regulated. Relationships between histo‐blood group expression, development, differentiation and maturation, as well as malignant transformation, are discussed.