bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of On-board Heat Loss Prediction Model and Polytropic Index Prediction Model for CI Engines Using Measurements of Combustion Chamber Wall Heat Flux
Authors: Ichiyanagi Mitsuhisa , Liu Zhiyuan , Chen Haoyu , Asano Koki , Otsubo Koki , Yilmaz Emir , Suzuki Takashi
Published: November 2023

Diesel engines need to optimize the fuel injection timing and quantity of each cycle in the transient operation to increase the thermal efficiency and reduce the exhaust gas emissions through the precise combustion control. The heat transfer from the working gas in the combustion chamber to the chamber wall is a crucial factor to predict the gas temperature in the combustion chamber to optimize the timing and quantity of fuel injection. Therefore, the authors developed both the heat loss and the polytropic index prediction models with the low calculation load and high accuracy. In addition, for the calculation of the heat loss and the polytropic index, the wall heat transfer model was also developed, which was derived from the continuity equation and the energy equation. The present study used a single cylinder diesel engine under the condition of engine speed of 1200 and 1500 rpm, and measured the local wall temperature and the local heat flux of the combustion chamber. The measured data were compared with the prediction results of the heat loss and the polytropic index and evaluated the prediction accuracy of those models. The average relative errors for the heat loss and the polytropic index prediction models were evaluated to be 6.6% and 0.3%, respectively.
Development of Laser Welding Pressed-frame for Small Scooters Considering High Production Efficiency
Authors: Kawano Sunao , Kobayashi Takeru
Published: November 2023

The laser-welded pressed-steel frame made of the high-tensile-strength steel sheet and suitable for high efficiency production has been developed for small scooters. In majority of the conventional designs, the frame of small scooters is composed of a large number of steel pipes and stamped parts complexly welded together, requiring a number of welded joints. As a result, since the welding length increase and the dimensional error of the frame body after welding tends to be large, a correction operation in a post process is required. This has been one of the factors preventing further enhancement of production efficiency. In an attempt to cope with this issue, we have chosen to apply the pressed-steel frame construction using the high-tensile-strength steel sheet, which has been applied to small motorcycles, to small scooters. In addition, we replaced the spot welding with more efficient laser welding to further enhance productivity. The optimum cross section design taking advantages of the pressed-steel frame construction permits more gradual changes of cross sectional area than the conventional steel pipe frame, allowing dispersing of stresses in the frame. Consequently, the frame reinforcement members are reduced while maintaining the same or higher strength as the steel pipe frame, realizing a 39% reduction of number of parts and 10.7 kg reduction of frame weight. The torsional stiffness is also increased by 4% from the conventional design, contributing to the riding comfort and the steering stability. The production time per frame is reduced by 43% from the conventional steel pipe frame.
Analysis of Cycle-to-Cycle Variation in a Port Injection Gasoline Engine by Simultaneous Measurement of Time Resolved PIV and PLIF
Authors: HARAMIISHI Santa , WATANABE Takahiro , IIDA Minoru , HOKIMOTO Satoshi , KUBOYAMA Tatsuya , MORIYOSHI Yasuo
Published: November 2023

Cycle-to-cycle variation (CCV) of combustion in low load operation is a factor that may cause various problems in engine operation. Variable valve timing and variable ignition timing are commonly used as a means to reduce this variation. However, due to mountability and cost constraints, these methods are not feasible for use in motorcycle engines. Therefore, development of an engine with minimal CCV without utilizing complicated mechanisms or electronic control is required. CCV of combustion may be caused by fluctuations in in-cylinder flow, air-fuel mixture, temperature, residual gas and ignition energy. In this study, the relationship between CCV of combustion, in-cylinder flow fluctuation and air-fuel mixture fluctuation was the primary focus. In order to evaluate in-cylinder flow fluctuation, Time Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (TR-PIV) technique was utilized. In addition, Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) technique was used to measure spatial distribution of the mixture. These two visualization techniques were used together to measure continuous combustion cycles. The fluctuation of net IMEP can be explained by the fluctuation of Turbulence Kinetic Energy (TKE) and fuel concentration. In most cycles, net IMEP was correlated with TKE. In the remaining cycles, net IMEP was correlated with fuel concentration. The contribution of each factor towards net IMEP is to be discussed. It has been also confirmed that TKE fluctuation is caused by fluctuation in the tumble vortex structure, as shown in the authors' previous study [2] [13].
Effect of Two-point Ignition on Knocking in Spark-assisted HCCI Combustion using an Optically Accessible Engine
Authors: Yoshida Kojiro , Furusho Takuma , Abe Yosuke , Iimura Masaya , Imai Takafumi , Hoshi Kazutoshi , Iijima Akira
Published: November 2023

This study investigated the effect of the ignition positions in a two-point ignition system on homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion. Focus was put on controlling the ignition timing, and changes in combustion behavior due to the ignition positions were observed on the basis of in-cylinder combustion visualization and pressure analysis. Experimental results showed that misfire occurred under a condition where the temperature rise time was short and combustion became unstable. In contrast, combustion was stable under a condition where the rise time was sufficiently long and autoignition developed along the cylinder wall. As a result, knocking intensity was reduced by stable combustion.
Prediction of Air Temperature Distribution around Rider on Idling Motorcycle by CFD Using DES Model
Authors: Fujita Yuzo , Tatsumi Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

In this study, we investigated how to calculate and predict the air temperature distribution around the rider of a stationary motorcycle with the engine at idle. To analyze the air temperature distribution of an idling motorcycle, we needed to accurately predict the mixing of the forced convection air from the radiator fan and the natural convection air caused by the air temperature difference. For the calculation, we used two types of turbulent flow models: realizable k-ε (RKE) and detached eddy simulation (DES). First, in view of the mixing of the radiator exhaust with outside air, we made three-dimensional measurements of the air temperature distribution around the vehicle body to evaluate the accuracy of calculations made by the two models. We then used the models to predict the air temperature distribution around the rider for different air outlet duct configurations as well as for two motorcycles with different displacement values. The results showed that, although the RKE model effectively reproduced the qualitative trend of the air temperature distribution, it showed poorer prediction accuracy than the DES model. On the other hand, the DES model successfully reproduced the trends for different air outlet duct configurations, and the prediction error of air temperature around the rider was within 5°C of the actual measurements for the two different motorcycles. Although the DES computation time of 72 hours was seven times that of RKE, it was still considered practicable even for the model of the largest scale. Therefore, from the above, we can conclude that the DES model used in this study can effectively predict the air temperature distribution around the rider of an idling motorcycle.
Research on Method of Sensor Fault Detection for OBD-II Compliant Motorcycles Based on Temperature Estimation
Authors: Watanabe Atsushi
Published: November 2023

On-Board Diagnostics II (OBD II), which will be to be introduced into motorcycles in Europe and India, requires that the engine oil and cooling water temperatures be monitored in a rational manner. The rationality of the sensors for engine oil and coolant temperatures (TW sensors) is derived from the ability to detect failure modes such as offset or fixation of unintended output voltage in addition to circuit continuity checks such as sensor harness disconnection and short circuit.

The OBD II technology for 4-wheeled vehicles cannot be easily converted to motorcycles with their multiple cooling systems (air-cooled and water-cooled) and multiple heat dissipation structures (full fairings, naked structures, etc.). In previous studies, failures of the TW sensor were detected by estimating the water temperature with high accuracy based on the calorific value of the engine and the amount of heat dissipated. However, in studies considering the implementation of electronic control units (ECUs), it has been reported that such estimations are vulnerable to disturbance (especially from a heater or blower) because it was difficult to estimate water temperature based on accurate heat removal. In addition, since the motorcycle has a heat-dissipating structure that facilitates cooling, it is necessary to consider heat removal in any environment.

In this study, in order to detect a failure in the TW sensor, the temperature increase is estimated based on the amount of fuel injected during the engine operation and the temperature change characteristics of the TW sensor corresponding to the engine load, in the coldest environment in which the vehicle is used. The proposed method has a feature that it does not require re-correction of parameters for normal temperature or high temperature environments. Firstly, the parameters required to estimate an increase in temperature in the TW sensor during operation are discussed. In the preliminary test, in order to understand the detection characteristics for temperature increase of the TW sensor, an engine heating value test was conducted under a predetermined low-temperature environment during engine operation. Next, the detection performance in the simulation environment was confirmed using fault detection logic based on the above. This fault detection logic was implemented in an ECU, and vehicle tests were conducted under various temperature load conditions on a low-temperature chassis dynamometer to confirm the usefulness of the proposed method.
Study on Robust Fuel Performance with Differing Fuel Types in a 2-Stroke CAI Combustion Engine
Authors: Kurata Mashu , Okubo Masami , Yamada Yoshikazu , Kitano Sho
Published: November 2023

This study sought to achieve robust combustion with the differing fuel types and levels of fuel quality that are present in various areas of the world. The tests used the 2-stroke controlled auto ignition (CAI) engine from our earlier report [1], which was proven to have potential as an efficient, clean engine for diesel fuel. This study verified whether efficient, clean CAI combustion of gasoline fuel could be achieved with the same basic structure and engine system.

Diesel and gasoline have very different volatility, viscosity and ignition characteristics, all of which significantly affect combustion in an engine. It is particularly necessary in CAI combustion to adjust the ignition timing according to the fuel used, as the difference in auto-ignition temperature from gasoline and diesel affects the CAI ignition timing. This issue was addressed by conducting experiments with a test engine to determine how the ignition timing is affected by the equivalent ratio, compression ratio and in-cylinder flow, and the ideal solution was verified.

The results indicated that the ignition timing for CAI combustion can be effectively adjusted by changing the shape of the scavenging port to alter the in-cylinder flow. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis confirmed that the change in the scavenging port shape increased the in-cylinder flow velocity and the turbulence kinetic energy at the compression end. This indicates that the in-cylinder flow during the compression stroke affects the ignition timing for CAI combustion.

The results produced by this study also indicated that equivalent thermal efficiency and emission levels can be achieved for both diesel and gasoline by setting an appropriate equivalent ratio, compression ratio, in-cylinder flow and exhaust valve lift profile for each type of fuel.

In conclusion, this study confirmed that 2-stroke CAI is a combustion process with extremely robust fuel performance and the potential to be suitable for various fuel types with significantly different properties.
Impact of Intake Port Water Injection Timing on Mitigating the Tradeoff between Performance and NO
x
Emissions for a Naturally Aspired Micro-CHP-Engine
Authors: Beltaifa Youssef , Kettner Maurice , Eilts Peter , Klaissle Markus
Published: November 2023

Small natural gas cogeneration engines usually operate with lean mixture and late combustion phasing to comply with NOx emission standards, leading to significant losses in engine efficiency. Owing to water evaporation heat and high specific heat capacity of the water vapor, leads the water injection to cooling the combustion chamber charge, which enables earlier combustion phasing, higher compression ratio and thus higher engine efficiency. Therefore, water injection enables mitigating the tradeoff between NOx emissions and engine performance, without loss in engine efficiency. The intake port injection represents, because of the low required injection pressure and the simple injector integration, a cost-effective way to introduce water into the engine. Hence, the purpose of this work is to adapt the intake port water injection timing to the charge mixture flow conditions in the intake port.

For this purpose, a variation of the injection timing was experimentally carried out on the engine test bench. The combustion phasing and the NOx emissions were kept constant. At the same time, the engine power, engine efficiency, temperatures in the intake port and mass flow rates were recorded. To gain a deeper insight into the complex processes in the intake port, such as spray-flow interaction, wallfilm formation and evaporation, 3D CFD simulations were conducted for three selected cases with different injection timings. For the 3D CFD Simulations, the spray model used, was tuned with help of spray pictures, taken on the spray test bed.

Experimental investigations have shown that an injection close to the intake valve opening allows an increase in engine performance at constant NOx emissions without loss of engine efficiency. In fact, early injection allows effective cooling of the intake port mixture and allows part of the injected water to enter the combustion chamber as liquid and to vaporize there. A disadvantage of an injection close to the intake port opening, shown by the 3D CFD simulations, is that the water vapor is distributed homogeneously in the combustion chamber with a slightly higher concentration in the prechamber area, which could lead to a significant slowdown of the combustion speed, if the injected amount of water is increased.
Motorcycle Out-Of-Plane Dynamics Estimation: An Approach Based on Sharp 71 Model
Authors: Winkler Alexander , Haas Sandra , Grabmair Gernot
Published: November 2023

This paper presents a study on the state estimation of out-of-plane dynamics of motorcycles based on the Sharp 71 model. The Sharp 71 model is a linear time-variant system that describes the out-of-plane dynamics of a motorcycle. Comparisons with multi-body simulations and measurement data show that this relatively simple model is capable of principally representing the lateral dynamics of the motorcycle. Two relevant variables of out-of-plane dynamics are the roll angle and the tire lateral forces. The structure of the Sharp 71 model offers the possibility of estimating these two variables model-based with the aid of corresponding measured output variables. The input variable is the steering torque, which obviously cannot be measured with reasonable effort. Therefore, an unknown-input observer is used to estimate the states. This state estimator allows a systematic consideration of the unknown input variable. The unknown-input observer is designed for different sets of outputs and the corresponding effects on the results are considered. The sensors used include gyroscope, acceleration sensor and steering angle sensor. The longitudinal velocity as time-variant parameter considers the coupling of the out-of-plane model with longitudinal dynamics. The implementation is achieved with gainscheduling of the observer feedback. The implemented concept is evaluated regarding its performance and convergence. Simulation studies are used as well as an evaluation based on measurement data. The simulation test was carried out with the help of a multi-body simulation. A comparison with a purely IMU-based roll angle estimator is presented for the handling course test. The results are of great interest, since in modern driver assistance systems, knowledge of the current dynamic vehicle condition is essential. With the aid of turn rate and acceleration sensors, important parameters such as roll angle are already recorded. The use of comprehensive physical motorcycle models is a pursued approach to further detail the vehicle state estimates. In combination with modern control engineering methods, other important driving dynamics variables can be calculated, such as the lateral forces of the tyres in this case. The results based on the simple Sharp 71 model already yields stable estimates of the essential state variables. The results also give information about the necessary level of detail of the used physical model and allow a principal assessment of the observer convergence during high dynamic maneuvers.
Influence of the Kind of Fuel Kind in the Ignition of Diesel Dual Fuel Operation with Introduced Natural Gas Combining EGR and Supercharging
Authors: Yoshimoto Yasufumi , Kinoshita Eiji , Otaka Takeshi
Published: November 2023

A number of studies in diesel dual fuel (DDF) operation which introduces natural gas from the intake pipe and ignites it by a diesel fuel injection in the combustion chamber have been conducted using conventional diesel engines. The present study investigated the influence of the ignition fuel on engine performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions with a combination of EGR and supercharging in DDF operation. The experiments employed iso-pentanol blended fuels for the ignition. Isopentanol is a next generation bio-alcohol fuel produced from cellulosic biomass, and actual use can be expected. The experiments were conducted at two CNG supply rates, 0% (ordinary diesel operation) and at a 40±4% (DDF operation) energy basis, and with EGR rates varied from 0 to 26%. The boost pressure was set at two conditions, 100 kPa (naturally aspirated, N/A) and 120 kPa (supercharged, S/C) with a supercharger. Four kinds of ignition fuels were used, JIS No.2 diesel fuel as a reference, neat methyl laurate (LME) which is a major component of coconut oil biodiesel, and two iso-pentanol blended fuels with 30% mass ratios, DiP30 (70% diesel and 30% iso-pentanol) and LiP30 (70% LME and 30% iso-pentanol). The results showed that regardless of the ignition fuel, the DDF operation with EGR and also supercharging resulted in substantial reductions in NOx and smoke emissions. However, the brake thermal efficiency decreased with increasing EGR rates, and with much longer ignition delays this tendency was more pronounced for the two iso-pentanol blends.
Dynamic implicit analysis of valve train with cylinder head assembly
Authors: Venkatesan Prasanth , Sreenivasulu T , Karthik S , Giles Rod
Published: November 2023

Transient dynamic behaviour of the valve train system at constant engine speed is simulated with an implicit time integration method. The Interference fit between the valve guide, valve seat to cylinder head and preload between cam housing to cylinder head has been modelled as initial loads in the valve train. The cylinder head and cam housing have been modelled to consider the mounting stiffness on dynamics of the valve train. The temperature from steady-state CFD simulation has been mapped to the valve train, cylinder head and cam housing assembly. The expansion of the whole system has been considered, due to an increase in temperature. The cam has been rotated at specified engine speed for 360 degrees. The change in valve to guide clearance, Contact Pressure and Contact Status between valve to seat for both hot and cold condition has been compared and plotted from the simulation. Valve guide & valve seat distortion have been plotted to compare the cold and hot effects. The stress from the simulation has been used to predict the fatigue life of the valves.
Piston Durability Analysis including Side-Thrust Loads
Authors: Balaji Ashwin , Kute Sangam Laxman , Sreenivasulu T , Giles Rod
Published: November 2023

The Piston is one of the most arduously loaded components in an IC engine. It is subjected to multiple loads simultaneously such as cylinder pressure, temperature loads, inertial loads & side-thrust loads. The durability of the Piston can be modelled accurately, only by accounting all the loads acting on the Piston. The challenge is, this approach requires information from multiple disciplines such as temperatures from CFD, Piston secondary forces from Multi-Body Dynamics (MBD) analysis and P-theta (Pressure vs Crank angle) curve from the experimental measurements. In this study, the life of the Piston and the damage location is predicted by using temperature dependent material properties and the above-mentioned loads.
Effects of positive or negative dwell times of split injection on diesel spray development and mixture formation processes
Authors: Kim Jaeheun , Kakami Shinichi , Nishida Keiya , Ogata Yoichi
Published: November 2023

An investigation on the effect of dwell time of split injection on a diesel spray evolution and mixture formation process was carried out. A commercial 7-hole injector were used in the experiment to eliminate the possible discrepancies on the spray with single-hole research injector. Laser absorption scattering (LAS) technique was implemented for the measurement of the temporal evolution of fuel evaporation and mixture concentration. The diesel surrogate fuel consists of n-tridecane and 2.5% of 1-methylnaphthalene in volume basis was used. The total amount of fuel injected was initially fixed to 5.0 mg/hole. A split ratio of 9: 1 in mass basis was selected according to the results obtained from a previous study. The dwell time was varied from 120 µs to a negative value of −50 µs. The effects of negative dwell time was not ideal for lean mixture formation when compared to zero or positive dwell time conditions. The collision of the spray tail of the first injection and the head of the second injection created locally rich pockets at the vicinity of the nozzle. Finally, injection rate shaping through modulating the pulses consisted of several injections of negative dwell times was investigated. This rate shaping strategy which showed a gradual decrease of the injection rate at the EOI (end-of-injection) timing yielded positive effect on mixture formation. It also exhibited faster lean mixture formation than that of single injection.
EFFECT OF DEAN NUMBER ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS FOR SQUARE CHANNEL HELICAL COIL SUB-COOLED CONDENSER
Authors: Singh Hardeep , Washiashi Junya , Liu Jun , Ichiyanagi Mitsuhisa , Suzuki Takashi
Published: November 2023

Attribute to high heat transfer rate and less complexity, the Helical coil sub-cooled condenser (HCSCC) can provide the most innovative and unique application for the air conditioning system. In the case of automobiles, reduction in air-conditioning load may diminish the vehicular emission, and power consumption as the air-conditioning load is the most power-consuming components after the engine load. Moreover, to solve the problem, we focus on the helical type heat exchanger. It may play a vital role in reducing the weight and increase the performance of the small engine because of the compact structure and lighter weight. The compressor unit is the most vital component of the refrigeration cycle, but the condenser unit is also one of the most critical devices, and the author tried to reduce the power consumption by enhancing the performance of the condenser. The crucial point of this study is to use HCSCC, which exemplify the effect of subsequent flow generation inside the fluid, and it is known as the Dean's effect. This effect leads to the heterogenous temperature distribution along the square cross-sectional channel of the HCSCC. Experimentally, two different square cross-section of HCSCC has been analyzed and then compared with CFD investigation. During the analysis, various Dean numbers were evaluated at different flow rates of refrigerant as well as the varying cross-sectional area of the channel. From the result of the study, it is found that the Dean number plays a significant role in enhancing the heat transfer coefficient.
Numerical Studies on Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Equivalence Ratio in Diesel Combustion Using Large Eddy Simulation
Authors: Zhou Beini , Yamada Shotaro , Adachi Takayuki , Kusaka Jin
Published: November 2023

To identify ways of achieving good mixture formation and heat release in diesel spray combustion, we have performed Large Eddy Simulation (LES) using a detailed chemical reaction mechanism to study the temporal and spatial distribution of the local equivalence ratios and heat release rate. Here we characterize the effect of the fuel injection rate profile on these processes in the combustion chamber of a diesel engine. Two injection rate profiles are considered: a standard (STD) profile, which is a typical modern common rail injection profile, and the inverse delta (IVD) profile, which has the potential to suppress rich mixture formation in the spray tip region. Experimental data indicate that the formation of such mixtures may extend the duration of the late combustion period and thus reduce thermal efficiency. Analyses of the heat release per unit fuel mass and unit entrained O2 mass under the two injection regimes indicate that IVD injection reduces the density of the fuel-air mixture in the spray tip region, increases the leanness of the spray core region, and enhances O2 entrainment, improving the heat release process.
Effect of Fuel Composition in Bio-syngas on NOx in Emission with SI-ICE
Authors: Iwai Shota , Fukadu Kazushi , Enomoto Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

In recent years, effective methods of utilizing power generation using biomass have been studied a biomass power generation with an internal combustion engines. It is able to be used even on small scale. In addition, by using the ICE, it is possible to make the efficiency relatively high. The compact downdraft type gasifier was manufactured. It generates bio-syngas from biomass. A small spark ignition ICE (SI-ICE) was drove using bio-syngas as fuel. NO is included in the emission of the ICE. Due to NO is said that it pollute the atmosphere and destroy the ozone layer, it must be reduced. Many researcher study NO in emission with synthetic gas of CH4 mixed with H2. Their result is NO increased as H2 ratio increased. However, experiments with actual syngas is few. And, combustible gases in bio-syngas produced by our equipment are CO, H2 and CH4. Previous studies with synthetic gas of mixed CO, H2 and CH4 is few. Therefore, experiments are performed with actual syngas. Also, H2 and city gas (13 A) is added to syngas for the purpose of changing the combustible gas composition. Also, thermal efficiency and operational stability were compared. COV-IMEP was used for operation stability. H2 and 13A were mixed in 2 inch hose. The experiment was conducted with same IMEP and excess air ratio. The experiment result was compared with syngas, syngas added H2 and syngas added CH4. It was that NO with bio-syngas was higher than 13A. NO in the emission was thermal NO. The maximum incylinder temperature and the heat release ratio increased when H2 was added. And initial and main combustion duration decreased. When CH4 was added, the result was the opposite of when H2 was increased. It is expected from this experiment that when bio-syngas is used, there will be the combustion duration in which the balance of NO emission and thermal efficiency is best.
The Combustion Characteristic of Fuel Additives with Diesel–Ethanol Fuel blends on Engine Performance
Authors: Theinnoi Kampanart , Sawatmongkhon Boonlue , Wongchang Thawatchai , Sukjit Ekarong , Chuepeng Sathaporn
Published: November 2023

Reducing carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) is one of the most important drivers to promote biofuels. Fuel from biomass has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can gradually reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. However, fuel properties can differ significantly from standard diesel fuel and this will affect exhaust emissions and environmental pollution. Diesel – ethanol fuel blends development and specification are currently driven by the engine technology, existing fossil fuel specification and availability of feedstock. Thus, the aims of this study to investigate the effects of fuel additives with diesel–ethanol fuel blend under steady-state conditions. In the present study, the additives were palm diesel, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP). The ratio of conventional diesel fuel to ethanol fuel to fuel additive are 80:15:5 by volume of fuel blends. The comparative studies on the effects of fuel additives in the engine performance and phase separation in diesel–ethanol blends. The effects of engine performance included exhaust gas emissions with different fuel additives on small diesel engine are also investigated under different engine conditions in order to considering the engine speed and engine load comparison with conventional diesel. The study found that all the additives are enhanced the stabilities in diesel–ethanol fuel blends and phase separation has not be found under the room temperature. The diesel–ethanol fuel blend with DTBP can improved the highest thermal efficiency with lower exhaust gas emission (e.g. carbon-monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and soot) compare with conventional diesel with another fuel additives. However, the break specific fuel consumption is higher (>4%) than conventional diesel which could be acceptable range. The results suggest that significant benefits can derive from the use of di-tert-butyl peroxide as fuel additive for diesel and ethanol fuel blends as the alternative fuel for compression ignition engine in terms of engine performance, exhaust gas emissions, after treatment system performance and environmental pollution in the near future.
Study for Higher Efficiency and Lower Emissions in Turbo Charged Small Gas Engine Using Low Caloric Biomass Model Gas
Authors: Shiomi Kenta , Kato Ryogo , Matsumura Eriko , Senda Jiro , Hagiwara Ryoichi , Watanabe Yuta , Nakazono Toru
Published: November 2023

In recent years, depletion of energy resources and increasing CO2 emission have been concerned. As this solution, the use of biofuels from garbage is focused. In this research, higher efficiency and lower emissions in the gas engine for power generation using biomass gas are aimed. However, the biomass gas is low caloric value and the output is low and the combustion is unstable. Therefore, a turbocharged spark ignition gas engine is used as the test institution. As a result, it is found that combustion stability and high efficiency of biomass gas can be realized.
Preparation and Characterization of Hollow Glass Microspheres Reinforced Carbon-Epoxy Composite
Authors: K Tejasvi , Ranga K. V S , S Gurusideswar , Singh P. Sundar
Published: November 2023

The uses of fillers in composites are creating new opportunities in the composite industry. Hollow Glass Microspheres (HGM) are Soda-lime-borosilicate glass hollow spheres with thin walls used as low-density filler material which can reduce final part weight by up to 15% or more without compromising the mechanical integrity. Glass bubbles take up 20 times the space of normal mineral filler, lowering the cost per unit volume; hence, the need for weightless and high-strength materials for state-of-the-art engineering applications may be met by HGM reinforced composites. Epoxy being a key structural material for marine, automotive and aerospace applications, is known for its brittle nature, poor mechanical and thermal properties and to date, not much work has been done on hollow glass microspheres reinforced carbon epoxy composites, however few systematic studies showing the influence of reinforcements on mechanical and thermal properties of carbon epoxy/HGM composites were conducted. Moreover research on Carbon/Epoxy - Hollow Glass Microsphere composites is limited, this study focuses on it. To study the ramification of low density fillers on physical, thermal and mechanical properties of composites, laminates with Epoxy resin and Carbon fiber reinforcement along with various percentages of the HGM’s 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 wt. % were fabricated using a 3-axis filament winding machine and cured. The test specimens were cut according to ASTM standard from the unidirectional laminated sheets. The microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties of CE/HGM composites was studied by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and tensile experiment. Microscopic observation indicated agglomerations and some HGM particles stop participating. This restricted the CE/HGM matrix stress transfer and reduced the tensile strength of the composites and also reduced the adhesion interface between the filler and the matrix thereby resulting in low flexural strength. The results indicated that the density decreased with the HGMs content increasing. Hence it can be concluded that, although raw HGM’s were used without any modification, the HGM’s play an far-reaching role in improving the Carbon-Epoxy composites properties, thus showing the suitability of CE/HGM composites as an promising material for defence, aerospace, automobile, applications.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Laser Cutting Process on Al 7075 Metal Matrix Composites for Automobile Applications
Authors: Leela Prasanna Lakshmi S. , Prahlada Rao K
Published: November 2023

Aluminum is preferred as a material for matrix composites due to its high technical characteristics and low density. Due to its stiffness, specific strength, and wear resistance, MMCs are being widely used in various automotive applications. Due to its high strength and toughness, Al 7075 is a widely used heat treatable aluminum alloy. It is also used in the car and aerospace industries. B4C is a highly attractive reinforcing material due to its thermal and chemical stability. Compared to other reinforcements such as SiC and Al2O3, B4C has a higher hardness and lower density. The proposed technique is based on the L27 orthogonal array design of Taguchi. The laser cutting process was designed to optimize the input parameters of the given process, such as the cutting speed, pulse width, and frequency. The two response parameters, the surface roughness and the MRR, were then analyzed using the ANFIS technique. It was also used to find the optimal set of parameters while dealing with the uncertainty of the data.
Evolution of Regression and Neural Network Models on Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of Nickel Based Superalloy
Authors: Natarajan Manikandan , Pasupuleti Thejasree , Katta Lakshmi Narasimhamu , Kiruthika Jothi , Silambarasan R , Kotapati Gowthami
Published: November 2023

In addition to traditional methods, there are also non-traditional techniques that can be used to overcome the challenges of conventional metal working. One such technique is wire electrical discharge (WEDM). This type of advanced manufacturing process involves making complex shapes using materials. Utilizing intelligent tools can help a company meet its goals. Nickel is a hard metal to machine for various applications such as nuclear, automobile and aerospace. Due its high thermal conductivity and strength, traditional methods are not ideal when it comes to producing components using this material. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the various steps in the development of a neural network model for the manufacturing of Inconel 625 alloy which is used for specific applications such as exhaust couplings in sports motor vehicle engines. The study was conducted using a combination of computational and experimental methods. It was then used to develop an index that measures the correlation between various process variables. After analyzing the results of the study, a set of equations was then created to forecast the future performance of a manufacturing process. The parameters used in the study were then updated to create a new multi-performance index prediction model. The results of the study were then used to develop an equation set that can be utilized to forecast the future performance. A comparative analysis was performed between the two sets of equations. After analyzing the results, the neural network model was found to perform better than the multi-performance index.
Development of Artificial Neural Network Model for CNC Drilling of AA6061 with Coated Textured Tool for Auto Parts
Authors: Katta Lakshmi Narasimhamu , Pasupuleti Thejasree , Natarajan Manikandan , Siva Rami Reddy Narapureddy , Somsole Lakshmi Narayana
Published: November 2023

With the progress of manufacturing industries being critical for economic development, there is a significant requirement to explore and scrutinize advanced materials, particularly alloy materials, to facilitate the efficient utilization of modern technologies. Lightweight and high-strength materials, such as aluminium alloys, are extensively suggested for various applications requiring strength and corrosion resistance, including but not limited to automotive, marine, and high-temperature applications. As a result, there is a significant necessity to examine and evaluate these materials to promote their effective use in the manufacturing sectors. This research paper presents the development of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for Computer Numerical Control (CNC) drilling of AA6061 aluminium alloy with a coated textured tool. The primary aim of the study is to optimize the drilling process and enhance the machinability of the material. The ANN model utilizes spindle speed, feed rate and Coolant type as input parameters, while the surface roughness, Material removal rate and temperature are the output parameters. A coated textured tool is chosen due to its exceptional performance over conventional drilling tools drilling. The textured surface helps in efficient chip evacuation, which reduces friction and heat generation during machining, while the coating on the tool improves its wear resistance and prolongs its lifespan. Experimental data obtained from CNC drilling of AA6061 with the coated textured tool is used to train and test the ANN model. The results demonstrate that the ANN model provides accurate predictions of the output performance of the machined hole under different drilling conditions.
Design and Fabrication of FDM Adapter Head Setup for CNC Milling Machine
Authors: Deepan Kumar Sadhasivam , S Balakrishnan , Saminathan Sathiskumar , Arun Raj V , Dhayaneethi Sivaji , E Soundrapandian , Veath Prakash B
Published: November 2023

The 3D printing technology is an Additive Manufacturing process which is capable of producing the complex shapes. At present there is no other technologies integrating the 3D printing and the CNC machine, thus we adapting a new design of 3D printing setup for CNC machine with some special feature as extruder, it is based on the Fusion Deposition Modelling (FDM) process with the help of the parts like Extruder, Heat Bed, Arduino boards where we are going to design a head of the printer which is to be attached with the BT40 commonly used Tool holder for the CNC milling machines. This extruder plays a vital role in this CNC milling machine for producing 3D printed components of different material and different colour. And this setup is capable of printing high resolution and complex shapes with different material and different colour by means of the heated filament. The post processing process like milling and surface finish can also be done by the CNC Machine. This setup is cost effective.
Experimental Investigation of Efficiency Enhancement of Manual Transmission Gearbox Synchronizer Rings for the Enrichment of Gearshift Quality
Authors: K Barathi Raja , K Jibin Paul
Published: November 2023

In developing countries, manual transmissions are leading the market due to their efficiency and low cost. In a manual transmission, the synchronizers play a vital role in defining the gear shift quality. Manual transmission vehicles are getting refined for a pleasant driving experience. The gear shift quality is one of the unique selling points for the vehicle, so the automakers are focusing on the reduction of the gear shift forces. In a manual transmission, the synchronizers are used to match the speed difference between the upstream and downstream inertia for the gear-shifting process. The synchronizers have conical friction surfaces to generate friction and cone torque. The increase in cone torque reduces the gear shift impulse. The cone torque can be increased with mismatch tolerance in the frictional surfaces. In this technique, two cone angles are used for the frictional surfaces. The applied force on the synchronizer tooth compresses the synchronizer ring and closes the non-uniform clearance between the frictional surfaces. This generates uniform surface pressure and increases the cone torque. The design is validated for the increase in cone torque using the synchronizer test rig. The mismatch tolerance increases the cone torque and reduces the synchronization time. Due to the mismatch, after the synchronization, the synchronizer ring tries to come back to its original position. This avoids the sticking of the synchronizer ring over the gear cone. This quickly reduces the gear shift forces after synchronization. The gear shift quality is validated on the vehicle using the Gear Shift Quality Analyzer. The results confirm that the mismatch tolerance enhances the gear shift quality more than the conventional method of tolerancing of the frictional surfaces.
Performance Investigation of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Characteristics Fuelled with Ternary Blends and Additive as Ethanol
Authors: P Selvan , Kandasamy Sudalaiyandi , Dharmaraj Jones Joseph Jebaraj
Published: November 2023

This study aims to examine the effectiveness and environmental impact of using linseed and jatropha oil as biodiesels in combination with diesel. These oils were transformed through a process called trans-esterification, and three blends of ethanol, biodiesel, and diesel were prepared in E10-B20, E15-B20, and E20-B20 configurations. Ethanol was added to improve the combustion properties. The performance of these novel blends was tested in a computerized single-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine to measure brake power and emissions. It was found that the ternary biodiesel mixtures produced lower NOx and CO emissions than regular diesel fuel. In terms of performance, the E10-B20 blend reduced brake-specific fuel consumption and increased brake thermal efficiency by 6.1% to diesel. The E15-B20 blend showed a significant reduction of about 50% in unburnt hydrocarbons when compared to regular diesel at heavy load conditions. Additionally, the NOx value also decreased by 28.15% compared to the E15-B20 blend with regular diesel at heavy load conditions. These ternary blends have superior emission characteristics while maintaining comparable performance, making their use highly recommended.
A Comprehensive Exergy Analysis of CI Engines with Hydrogen Injection for Enhanced Performance
Authors: V Praveena , Stephen Deborah , R Rajarajeswari , J S Phavan Kumaar
Published: November 2023

This study aims to investigate the effect of hydrogen injection on the performance and emissions of a compression ignition (CI) engine running on biodiesel. The tests are performed on a single-cylinder CI engine cooled by water, operating at a consistent speed of 1500 rpm. The torque load range varies from 0.01 kg to 18 kg, and hydrogen injection rates range from 4 litres per minute (lpm) to 10 lpm. The study focuses on evaluating the impact of hydrogen injection on various performance metrics, including exergetic efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and exhaust gas temperature. The findings reveal that hydrogen injection significantly improves the performance of the biodiesel-run CI engine. The highest improvement is observed at a hydrogen injection rate of 10 lpm, which results in a 5% decrease in BSFC, a 6% increase in brake thermal efficiency, and an exergetic efficiency of 25.3%. Furthermore, exergy analysis is conducted to assess the contribution of different components, such as shaft work, cooling water, exhaust gas availability, and entropy generation. The results demonstrate that hydrogen injection can be an effective strategy for enhancing the performance and sustainability of CI engines powered by biodiesel. Overall, this research provides information about the potential advantages of hydrogen injection for CI engines powered by biodiesel. The findings of this study will be useful for future investigations and creation of sustainable engine technologies.
Effect of Soft Reinforcement Particles on Microstructural, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Sintered Copper-Based Brake Composite Friction Material
Authors: P Raja , Ramkumar Penchaliah
Published: November 2023

The main objective of the work is to investigate the friction and wear behavior of sintered copper-based brake composite friction material with a change in the volume percentage of soft reinforcement particles namely MoS2 by pin-on-disc tribometer for medium-duty automotive applications. The composite brake friction material contains copper (Cu) as a matrix, tin (Sn) as an additive, silicon carbide (SiC) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as hard and soft reinforcement particles and barium sulfate (BaSO4) as filler. These hybrids copper-based brake composite friction (pin) samples are successfully prepared by a change in compositions of MoS2 from 0 to 5 vol. % in the step of 1 vol. % and the characterizations of friction samples are studied to understand the physical and mechanical properties such as density, hardness, and compressive strength. Finally, the dry sliding friction and wear test is conducted against grey cast iron material (disc) at constant load and sliding speed of 50 N and 5 m/s respectively using pin-on-disc equipment under room atmosphere. Based on the analysis of the result, the developed copper-based brake composite friction sample with 2 vol. % of MoS2 has shown better mechanical and tribological properties among other compositions. Further, post-test analysis on the worn-out sample surfaces using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) revealed that change in wear mechanisms from abrasion to adhesion as an increase in the volume percentage of MoS2.