bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tympanometric and Acoustic Stapedius Reflex Measures in Older Adults: The Blue Mountains Hearing Study
Authors: Golding Maryanne , Doyle Kathryn , Sindhusake Doungkamol , Mitchell Paul , Newall Philip , Hartley David
Published: April 2008

Tympanometric peak pressure, peak compensated static acoustic admittance (peak Ytm) and acoustic stapedius reflex (ASR) thresholds were obtained for a representative sample of 1565 older Australians who were participants in the Blue Mountains Hearing Study (BMHS). No significant
age or gender effects were found for tympanometric peak pressure. Peak Ytm measures, however, decreased with age in the left ear only across all age groups and were consistently higher for men than for women. After allowing for hearing loss, the effect of age on ASR thresholds was
inconsistent. An increase in ASR thresholds with age was observed at selected frequencies but only when measured contralaterally, and these changes were not clinically significant. Overall, our findings suggest that current normative data for peak Ytm is too restricted for application
in the older population, but there is insufficient evidence to warrant alternative normative data for the ASR threshold range in this same population. Se obtuvo la presión timpanométrica pico, el pico de admitancia acústica estática compensada (pico Ytm)
y los umbrales de reflejo acústico estapedial (ASR), para una muestra representativa de 1565 australianos viejos que participaban en el Estudio Auditivo de las Montañas Azules (BMHS). No se encontraron efectos significativos de la edad o género en los picos de presión
timpanométrica. Las mediciones de pico Ytm, sin embargo, disminuyeron con la edad sólo en el oído izquierdo, en todos los grupos, y fue consistentemente mayor en hombres que en mujeres. Luego de corregir de acuerdo a la pérdida auditiva, el efecto de
la edad sobre los umbrales de los ASR fue inconsistente. Se observó un aumento con la edad en los umbrales de los ASR en frecuencias seleccionadas, aunque sólo cuando se medía contralateralmente, y estos cambios no fueron clínicamente significativos. Globalmente,
nuestros hallazgos sugieren que los datos normativos actuales para el pico Ytm son muy restrictivos para aplicar a las poblaciones más viejas, aunque existe evidencia insuficiente para garantizar datos normativos alternativos para el rango de umbrales de los ASR en esta misma
población.
How Competing Speech Interferes with Speech Comprehension in Everyday Listening Situations
Authors: Schneider Bruce A. , Li Liang , Daneman Meredyth
Published: April 2008

Listeners often complain that they have trouble following a conversation when the environment is noisy. The environment could be noisy because of the presence of other unrelated but meaningful conversations, or because of the presence of less meaningful sound sources such as ventilation
noise. Both kinds of distracting sound sources produce interference at the auditory periphery (activate similar regions along the basilar membrane), and this kind of interference is called "energetic masking." However, in addition to energetic masking, meaningful sound sources, such
as competing speech, can and do interfere with the processing of the target speech at more central levels (phonetic and/or semantic), and this kind of interference is often called informational masking. In this article we review what is known about informational masking of speech by competing
speech, and the auditory and cognitive factors that determine its severity. Las personas que escuchan a menudo tienen problema para seguir una conversación cuando el ambiente es ruidoso. El ambiente puede ser ruidoso por la presencia de otras conversaciones no relacionadas pero significativas,
o por la presencia de otras fuentes de ruido menos significativas, tales como ruidos de ventilación. Ambas fuentes de sonidos de distracción producen interferencia en la periferia auditiva (activan regiones similares a lo largo de la membrana basilar), y este tipo de interferencia
se la llama enmascaramiento energético. Sin embargo, además del enmascaramiento energético, otras fuentes significativas de sonido, tales como el lenguaje en competencia, pueden interferir, y de hecho interfieren con el procesamiento de un lenguaje meta a niveles más
centrales (fonético y/o semántico), y este tipo de interferencia se le llama enmascaramiento informacional. En este artículo revisamos lo que se conoce sobre enmascaramiento informacional del lenguaje por lenguaje competitivo, y los factores auditivos y cognitivos que
determinan su severidad.
The Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Low-Frequency Expansion in Wide Dynamic Range Compression Hearing Instruments
Authors: Lowery Kristy J. , Plyler Patrick N.
Published: April 2008

The effects of low-frequency expansion on the objective and subjective evaluation of four channel in-the-ear hearing instruments was investigated. Three expansion settings were programmed in each device: expansion off, expansion restricted to channel one, and expansion restricted to
channels one and two. Objective evaluations were conducted in quiet (Connected Speech Test) and in noise (Hearing in Noise Test) with speech levels fixed at 40 dB SPL. Subjectively, each participant rated expansion satisfaction in quiet and listening to low-level speech in a sound-treated
room then indicated the expansion condition preferred overall. Listeners performed significantly better in quiet and in noise for the Off and Channel 1 conditions than the Channels 1 and 2 condition; however, performance was similar between the Off and Channel 1 conditions. Expansion effects
on listener satisfaction ratings depended on the listening environment. Overall, listeners preferred expansion in Channel 1 to expansion in Channels 1 and 2; however, preference was not significantly different between the Channel 1 and Off conditions. Results indicate restricting expansion
to 1000 Hz overcomes speech-recognition deficits observed with expansion active across a broader spectrum without significantly reducing subjective benefit or preference. Se investigaron los efectos de la expansión en las frecuencias graves sobre la evaluación objetiva y subjetiva
de instrumentos auditivos intra-auriculares de cuatro canales. Se programaron cuatro ajustes de expansión en cada dispositivo: expansión apagada, expansión restringida al canal uno, y expansión restringida a los canales uno y dos. Se condujeron evaluaciones objetivas
en silencio (Prueba de Lenguaje Conectado) y en ruido (Prueba de Audición en Ruido) con los niveles de lenguaje fijos a 40 dB SPL. Subjetivamente, cada participante calificó la satisfacción en cuanto a la expansión en silencio y escuchando lenguaje a bajo volumen
en una cabina sono-amortiguada, y luego expresó la condición de expansión preferida sobre las demás. Los sujetos funcionaron significativamente mejor en silencio y en ruido para las condiciones de apagado y canal 1 que para la condición de canales 1 y 2;
sin embargo, el desempeño fue similar entre las condiciones de apagado y canal 1. Los efectos de la expansión sobre la calificación de la satisfacción de los sujetos dependieron del ambiente de escucha. Globalmente, los sujetos prefirieron la expansión en
el canal 1 y en los canales 1 y 2; sin embargo, la preferencia no fue significativamente diferente entre la condición de canal 1 y apagado. Los resultados indican que la restricción en la expansión a 1000 Hz compensa las deficiencias en el reconocimiento del lenguaje observada
con una expansión activa a lo largo de un espectro más amplio, sin reducir significativamente el beneficio subjetivo o la preferencia.
Risk Factors for Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions in Young Men with Normal Hearing
Authors: Torre Peter , Dreisbach Laura E. , Kopke Richard , Jackson Ron , Balough Ben
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of risk factors on distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in young adult men with normal hearing. Four hundred thirty-six United States Marine recruit men (mean age = 19.2 years ± 1.8 years; age range =
17 - 29 years) participated in this study. Questionnaires were given to each recruit to obtain demographic data and history of noise exposure, solvent exposure, smoking history, and hearing-related histories. Otoscopy, tympanometry, pure-tone air-conduction audiometry (2.0 – 8.0 kHz)
and DPOAEs (2.3 - 8.0 kHz) were measured. DPOAE levels were lower in Not Hispanic or Latino recruits, in heavy smokers, in recruits who reported loud live music exposure and ringing in their ears after noise exposure. These differences were not statistically significant at all frequencies.
Recruits with multiple risk factors had the lowest DPOAEs as compared to recruits with fewer, or no, risk factors; these differences were not statistically significant. Obtaining risk factor data as part of an audiometric evaluation is important even though the individual may have normal hearing.
El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los posibles efectos de los factores de riesgo sobre las emisiones otoacústicas por productos de distorsión (DPOAE) en hombres adultos jóvenes con audición normal. Cuatrocientos cuarenta y seis reclutas masculinos
de la Marina de los Estados Unidos (edad media de 19.2 años ± 1.8; rango de edad = 17 - 29 años) participaron del estudio. Los cuestionarios se entregaron a cada recluta para obtener datos demográficos e historias de exposición a ruido, exposición
a solventes, historia de fumado, e historias relacionadas con la audición. Se realizaron otoscopias, timpanometrías, audiometrías de tonos puros por vía aérea (2.0 – 8.0 kHz) y DPOAE (2.3 – 8.0 kHz). Los niveles de las DPOAE fueron más
bajos en reclutas no hispánicos o no latinos, en fumadores fuertes, en reclutas que reportaron exposición a música fuerte en vivo, y ruidos en los oídos después de exposición a ruido. Estas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas
en todas las frecuencias. Los reclutas con múltiples factores de riesgo tuvieron las DPOAEs más bajas, comparados con los reclutas con menos o ningún dato de factores de riesgo; estas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Obtener datos de factores
de riesgo como parte de una evaluación audiométrica es importante aunque los individuos tengan audición normal.
Effect of Increased IIDR in the Nucleus Freedom Cochlear Implant System
Authors: Holden Laura K. , Skinner Margaret W. , Fourakis Marios S. , Holden Timothy A.
Published: April 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the increased instantaneous input dynamic range (IIDR) in the Nucleus Freedom cochlear implant (CI) system on recipients' ability to perceive soft speech and speech in noise. Ten adult Freedom CI recipients participated. Two
maps differing in IIDR were placed on each subject's processor at initial activation. The IIDR was set to 30 dB for one map and 40 dB for the other. Subjects used both maps for at least one month prior to speech perception testing. Results revealed significantly higher scores for words (50
dB SPL), for sentences in background babble (65 dB SPL), and significantly lower sound field threshold levels with the 40 compared to the 30 dB IIDR map. Ceiling effects may have contributed to non-significant findings for sentences in quiet (50 dB SPL). The Freedom's increased IIDR allows
better perception of soft speech and speech in noise. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del rango dinámico aumentado instantáneo de ingreso (IIDR) en el sistema de implante coclear (IC) Nucleus Freedom, sobre la capacidad de sujetos implantados para percibir lenguaje
a bajo volumen y lenguaje en ruido. Diez sujetos implantados con el IC Freedom participaron. En la activación inicial, dos mapas con una diferencia en cuanto al IIDR se colocaron en el procesador de cada sujeto. El IIDR fue ajustado a 30 dB para un mapa y a 40 dB para el otro. Los sujetos
utilizaron ambos mapas por al menos un mes, antes de una evaluación de percepción del lenguaje. Los resultados revelaron puntajes significativamente más altos para palabras (50 dB SPL), para frases en balbuceo de fondo (65 dB SPL), y niveles umbrales en campo libre significativamente
más bajos con el mapa de IIDR de 40 comparado con el de 30. Efectos tope pueden haber contribuido a los hallazgos no significativos para frases en silencio (50 dB SPL). El IIDR aumentado para Freedom permite mejor percepción para el lenguaje a bajo volumen y el lenguaje en medio
de ruido.
Heterogeneous structure in gas–solid riser flows
Authors: You Jun , Zhu Chao , Du Bing , Fan Liang‐Shih
Published: April 2008

Recent measurements by electric capacitance tomography reveal that, under certain operating conditions, the solids concentration distribution in the dense and acceleration regimes of gas–solid riser flows exhibits a strong heterogeneous structure, with the solids concentration near the centerline much higher than that in the annular surrounding flows (except in the wall region) within the same cross‐section. This core–annulus–wall heterogeneous structure, significantly different from the commonly known “core–annulus (wall)” two‐zone structure in riser flows, becomes unstable with the increase in solids loading, which eventually leads to the occurrence of choking. In this study, we propose a mechanistic model to investigate the formation and distribution of these interesting heterogeneous structures in riser flows. The intrinsic mechanisms include (1) counterflow between back mixing solids and upward moving solids from entrance, (2) the radial migration of solid flow from the wall toward the centerline of riser, and (3) the nonuniform acceleration of solids across the cross‐section in the dense and acceleration regimes. The model, assuming one‐dimensional two‐phase flow in each zone along the riser, consists of a set of coupled ordinary‐differential equations developed from the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy of both gas and solids phases. The solving algorithm is based on the Runge‐Kutta method. Our model calculations show that the commonly known “core–annulus (wall)” flow structure occurs at low solids loadings and/or high gas velocities, whereas the core–annulus–wall flow structure is formed at moderate solids loading and/or at low gas velocities. With a high solids loading at low gas velocity, severe backflow results in a solid concentration peak formed in the core, which not only causes the flow instability but also possibly triggers the choking. Model simulations are validated by direct comparisons against measurements in solids concentrations as well as in the pressure drop along the riser, which shows a fairly good agreement. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Liquid–liquid equilibrium for ionic liquid systems using COSMO‐RS: Effect of cation and anion dissociation
Authors: Banerjee Tamal , Verma Kaushal Kishore , Khanna Ashok
Published: April 2008

Ionic liquids with their limitless combination of cations and anions can offer an optimal solvent for a specific purpose. But not all corresponding experimental studies are possible as they will be time consuming and expensive. A judicious screening of the various possible solvents is required to select the proper ionic liquid. Conductor‐like screening model (COSMO) along with its extension to real solvents can be used for these predictions. In this work, modified version COSMO_LL has been used to predict the liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE) for 32 ternary systems, available in literature, each having an ionic liquid. A complete dissociation of cations and anions of the ionic liquid has been assumed. The root mean square deviation for all these systems is ∼9% which is excellent when compared with ∼50% obtained for predictions using the nondissociated composite molecule. Additionally, experimental LLE data has been collected for four ternary systems, namely: (a) 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ethylsulphate [Emim] [EtSO4] – Ethanol‐Hexene, (b) 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ethylsulphate [Emim] [EtSO4] – Ethanol‐Heptene, (c) 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium ethylsulphate [E‐2,3‐dmim] [EtSO4] – Ethanol‐Hexene, and (d) 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium ethylsulphate [E‐2,3‐dmim] [EtSO4] – Ethanol‐Heptene. The tie lines have been estimated using NMR and these have been compared with COSMO_LL predictions giving an average rmsd of ∼6%. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Entanglement network and relaxation temperature dependence of single‐site catalyzed ethylene/1‐hexene copolymers
Authors: Vega J. F. , Martín S. , Expósito M. T. , Martínez‐Salazar J.
Published: April 2008

In this work, we investigate the linear viscoelastic response of high molecular weight ethylene/1‐hexene copolymers, characterized by a narrow molecular weight distribution and comonomer content in the range from 0 to 10 mol %. A variation in the entanglement plateau modulus has been found in agreement with the recently developed packing length model. The packing model applied to viscoelastic data suggests decreased values of the characteristic ratio, accordingly with recent computer simulation results. The flow activation energy increases as the side chain content increases. This feature is thought to be related to the mobility of the molecules. The presence of side branches due to the comonomer hinders the mobility of the molecules, and increases the thermal barrier for the segmental motion. Then in the comonomer content range studied, the increase of the flow activation energy goes parallel with a decrease in the characteristic ratio. This result suggests that more parameters than only the stiffness of the chain modulate the thermal dependence of viscoelastic properties. A more refined study is necessary combining experiments with computer simulations in order to elucidate these aspects. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Aims, challenges and progress of the Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Experiment (HEPEX) following the third HEPEX workshop held in Stresa 27 to 29 June 2007
Authors: Thielen Jutta , Schaake John , Hartman Robert , Buizza Roberto
Published: April 2008

Since several years, users of weather forecasts have begun to realize the benefit of quantifying the uncertainty associated with forecasts rather than relying on single value forecasts. At the same time, hydrologists and water managers have begun to explore the potential benefit of ensemble prediction systems (EPS) for hydrological applications. The Hydrologic Ensemble Prediction Experiment (HEPEX) is an international project that aims to foster the development of probabilistic hydrological forecasting and corresponding decision making tools. Since 2004, HEPEX has provided discussion opportunities for hydrological and meteorological scientists involved in the development, testing, and operational management of forecasting systems, and end users. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Oxidative stress during diabetic pregnancy disrupts cardiac neural crest migration and causes outflow tract defects
Authors: Morgan Sarah C. , Relaix Frédéric , Sandell Lisa L. , Loeken Mary R.
Published: April 2008

BACKGROUND: Maternal diabetes increases risk for congenital malformations, particularly cardiac outflow tract defects. Maternal diabetes inhibits expression of Pax3 in neuroepithelium through hyperglycemia‐induced oxidative stress. The neuroepithelium gives rise to the neural crest, and Pax3 expression in cardiac neural crest (CNC) is required for CNC migration to the heart and for outflow tract septation. Here we tested whether maternal diabetes, through hyperglycemia‐induced oxidative stress, before the onset of CNC delamination, impairs CNC migration and cardiac outflow tract septation. METHODS: CNC migration was mapped in mouse embryos whose mothers were diabetic, or transiently hyperglycemic, or in which oxidative stress was transiently induced, using reporters linked to Pax3 expression. CNC apoptosis was examined by TUNEL assay. Outflow tract septation was examined histologically and by gross inspection. RESULTS: Few, if any, migrating CNC cells were observed in embryos of diabetic mice, and this was associated with increased apoptosis along the path of CNC migration. Outflow tract defects were significantly increased in fetuses of diabetic mice. Notably, induction of hyperglycemia or oxidative stress on the day prior to the onset of Pax3 expression and CNC migration also impaired CNC migration, increased apoptosis, and caused outflow tract defects. However, antioxidants administered on the day prior to the onset of Pax3 expression and CNC migration prevented these effects of hyperglycemia or oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS: In diabetic pregnancy, oxidative stress, which inhibits expression of genes required for CNC viability, causes subsequent CNC depletion by apoptosis during migration, which leads to outflow tract defects. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced bioproduction of carvone in a two‐liquid‐phase partitioning bioreactor with a highly hydrophobic biocatalyst
Authors: Morrish Jenna L.E. , Brennan Emily T. , Dry Helen C. , Daugulis Andrew J.
Published: April 2008

The microbial biotransformation of (−)‐trans‐carveol to the flavor and fragrance compound (R)‐(−)‐carvone by Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 was carried out in a 3 L two phase partitioning bioreactor with an immiscible liquid second phase in an effort to improve upon the reactor performance achieved in a single aqueous phase system. The purpose of employing the liquid second phase is to minimize biotransformation rate inhibition due to the accumulation of the toxic substrate (cis‐carveol) and product (carvone) in the aqueous phase. 1‐Dodecene was chosen as the solvent for this application because it is biocompatible, non‐biodegradable and has a superior affinity for the target product (carvone) relative to the other solvents tested. However, when 1‐dodecene was used in the biotransformation, the extremely hydrophobic R. erythropolis DCL14 created an emulsion with the organic solvent with significant sequestering of the cells into the organic phase and negligible substrate conversion. To overcome these operational difficulties, silicone oil, which is considered a liquid polymer, was used with the aim of preventing emulsification and sequestration of cells in the non‐aqueous phase. Although some emulsification of the water‐silicone oil was again created by the cells, operability was improved and, in fed‐batch mode, the system was able to convert approximately 2½ times more carveol than a benchmark single aqueous phase system before substrate/product toxicity caused the biotransformation to stop. This study has demonstrated enhancement of a microbial biotransformation for the production of a high value nutraceutical compound via the use of a second partitioning phase, along with operational challenges arising from the use of a highly hydrophobic organism in such systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 768–775. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of enzymatic D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate synthesis
Authors: Shaeri Jobin , Wright Ian , Rathbone Elner B. , Wohlgemuth Roland , Woodley John M.
Published: April 2008

In this article we report on the characterization of the enzymatic synthesis of D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate using triosephosphate isomerase and transketolase. Two potential starting substrates are possible with this scheme. The data presented here allow a comparison of both routes for the synthesis, based on experimental information on reaction kinetics. Operational guidelines are proposed which should assist in the scale‐up of such syntheses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 761–767. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Der Jura in Deutschland. Tropische Meere – Land unter
Authors: Gregor Hans‐Joachim
Published: April 2008

Der Jura, eine Zeitspanne zwischen 195 und 135 Millionen Jahren, ist geprägt durch drei unterschiedliche Ablagerungszyklen: der Untere, Schwarze Jura mit Bitumen, Ichthyosauriern und Seelilien wird abglöst vom Mittleren, Braunen, eisenführenden Jura mit schnell evolutiv agierender Ammonitenfauna. Am Ende steht der Obere, Weiße Kalk‐Jura mit Fleckenriffen.

Benannt nach dem Gebirge des Schweizer Jura hat diese Zeitspanne in Europa Dinosaurier hevorgebracht, aber auch schon fliegende Urvögel und Flug‐, Fisch‐ und Krokodilsaurier. Farne und Nadelbäume beherrschten das Bild.

Solnhofen‐Eichstätt ist die Region einer landnahen Lagune, Gerstetten‐Nattheim die zugehörige Riffzone, beide in der Zeitspanne des Oberen Jura in Süddeutschland dominante Ökotope.
Überdüngung und Versalzung durch Katalysatoren? Nitrophile Moose und Flechten nehmen zu
Authors: Frahm Jan‐Peter
Published: April 2008

Die Zunahme nitrophiler Arten geht zumindestens bei Moosen und Flechten nicht direkt auf Emissionen von Stickoxiden zurück, sondern auf das kaum beachtete Ammoniak, das auch in Katalysatoren entsteht. Aus Ammoniak und Stickoxiden entsteht Ammoniumnitrat, was als trockene Deposition niedergeht und rund 50% des Feinstaubes ausmacht. Ammoniumnitrat ist jedoch ein Dünger und führt zur Eutrophierung. Da Ammoniumnitrat aber auch ein Salz ist, führt es zu einer Versalzung, wie an Autobahnrändern nachweisbar ist.
Sensibles Miteinander in der afrikanischen Savanne
Authors: Wendler Silke
Published: April 2008

Während bestimmte Ameisenarten Akazien vor Fressfeinden und Schädlingen schützen, sorgen die Pflanzen als Gegenleistung für zusätzliche Futterquellen und Wohnräume. Doch wer hätte gedacht, dass für ein reibungsloses Miteinander noch eine dritte Komponente nötig ist: große Pflanzenfresser wie beispielsweise Giraffen.
Mesosauria – neue Erkenntnisse über eine alte aquatische “Reptil”‐Gruppe
Authors: Karl Hans‐Volker , Gröning Elke , Brauckmann Carsten
Published: April 2008

Die Mesosauria sind ein typisches Faunen‐Element des Unter‐Perm von Gondwana, dem großen Südkontinent‐Komplex. Sie haben eine wesentliche Bedeutung als Argument für die Richtigkeit der Kontinentaldrift‐Theorie durch Alfred Wegener. Die ursprünglichen Mesosauria haben als erste unter den Landwirbeltieren deutliche Anpassungen an eine sekundär aquatische Lebensweise entwickelt. Ihre systematische Stellung ist noch unklar, aber Verwandtschaftsanalysen zeigen eine deutliche Beziehung zu den altertümlichen Stammreptilien, den “Captorhinida”. Einige morphologische Besonderheiten der bis knapp über 1 Meter lang werdenden Mesosauria konnten nun hinsichtlich ihrer systematischen Bedeutung neu bewertet werden.
Clinical inference: Critically weighing the evidence from trials and registries to make clinical decisions
Authors: Morrison Douglass
Published: April 2008

The results of even excellent randomized trials are applicable primarily to patients who would have met all of the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria, specified in the study protocol (generalizability or external validity). In addition, three important sources of potential systematic error, or bias, are as follows: selection bias, confounding, and information bias. Selection bias is relevant to nearly all randomized clinical trials in terms of external validity, or generalizability, of even internally valid results. Selection bias, confounding, and information bias can all limit the internal validity of prospective, registry data. Carefully reading the methods sections of both randomized trial and registry reports, with these potential limitations in mind, is the first step in critically using clinical research to help make more informed clinical decisions. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The IBUS Process – Lignocellulosic Bioethanol Close to a Commercial Reality
Authors: Larsen J. , Østergaard Petersen M. , Thirup L. , Wen Li H. , Krogh Iversen F.
Published: April 2008

Integrated Biomass Utilization System (IBUS) is a new process for converting lignocellulosic waste biomass to bioethanol. Inbicon A/S has developed the IBUS process in a large‐scale process development unit. This plant features new continuous and energy‐efficient technology developed for pretreatment and liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass and has now been operated and optimized for four years with promising results. In the IBUS process, biomass is converted using steam and enzymes only. The process is energy efficient due to very high dry matter content in all process steps and by integration with a power plant. Cellulose is converted to bioethanol and lignin to a high‐quality solid biofuel which supply the process energy as well as a surplus of heat and power. Hemicellulose is used as feed molasses but in the future it could also be used for additional ethanol production or other valuable products. Feasibility studies of the IBUS process show that the production price for lignocellulosic bioethanol is close to the world market price for fuel ethanol. There is still room for optimization – and lignocellulosic bioethanol is most likely a commercial alternative to fossil transport fuels before 2012.
New Unit for Clean Energy Production from Contaminated Biomass
Authors: Stehlík P. , Smejkal Q. , Štulíř R.
Published: April 2008

This article presents a new modern unit for energy production from contaminated biomass and/or alternative fuels, which is notable for its efficient integration of proven technological solutions. Its combustion chamber, heat utilization system, flue gas cleaning system and residual flue gas heat utilization are described in detail, together with the introduction of a reference full‐scale experimental unit.
ChemInform Abstract: New Oxyfluorotellurates(IV): MTeO3F (M: FeIII, GaIII and CrIII).
Authors: Laval Jean Paul , Boukharrata Nefla Jennene , Thomas Philippe
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Ca2Ln3Sb3O14 (Ln: La, Pr, Nd and Y): A Novel Variant of Weberite.
Authors: Au Y. S. , Fu W. T. , Ijdo D. J. W.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Complex Oxides Mg4‐xNixNb2O9, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
Authors: Tarakina N. V. , Nikulina E. A. , Hadermann J. , Kellerman D. G. , Tyutyunnik A. P. , Berger I. F. , Zubkov V. G. , Van Tendeloo G.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure, Optical Properties and Coloring Performance of Karrooite MgTi2O5 Ceramic Pigments.
Authors: Matteucci Francesco , Cruciani Giuseppe , Dondi Michele , Gasparotto Giorgio , Tobaldi David Maria
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Tb3+‐Activated Yttrium Indium Germanate Phosphor.
Authors: Chang Yee‐Shin , Lin Hui‐Jan , Li Yu‐Chun , Chai Yin‐Lai , Tsai Yeou‐Yih
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium(I) Tetraiodoaluminate, InAlI4.
Authors: Timofte Tudor , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Vinyl and Friedel—Crafts Alkylations with Trifluoroborate Salts.
Authors: Lee Sandra , MacMillan David W. C.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Versatile Building Blocks Through Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Functionalized Itaconic Acid Mono‐Esters.
Authors: Hekking Koen F. W. , Lefort Laurent , de Vries Andre H. M. , van Delft Floris L. , Schoemaker Hans E. , de Vries Johannes G. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dendritic Chiral Phosphine Lewis Bases‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aza‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction of N‐Sulfonated Imines with Activated Olefins.
Authors: Liu Ying‐hao , Shi Min
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Evaluation of Ligands for Ketone Reduction by Asymmetric Hydride Transfer in Water by Multi‐Substrate Screening.
Authors: Zeror Saoussen , Collin Jacqueline , Fiaud Jean‐Claude , Zouioueche Louisa Aribi
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes as Three‐Carbon Components in a [4 + 3] Cycloaddition Reaction with 1,3‐Diphenylisobenzofuran.
Authors: Ivanova Olga A. , Budynina Ekaterina M. , Grishin Yuri K. , Trushkov Igor V. , Verteletskii Pavel V.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fe(NO3)3×9H2O/Fe (HSO4)3: An Efficient Reagent System for the Oxidation of Alcohols, Thiols and Sulfides in the Absence of Solvent.
Authors: Shirini Farhad , Zolfigol Mohammad A. , Abri Abdol‐Reza
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Acetyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolidine: A Novel Organic Reductant for Transfer Hydrogenation.
Authors: Li Donghong , Zhang Yongbin , Zhou Guofu , Guo Wei
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis by Ionic Liquids: Significant Rate Acceleration with the Use of [pmIm]Br in the Three‐Component Synthesis of Dithiocarbamates.
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Saha Amit , Banerjee Subhash
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh(I)‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Ring Opening of Diazabicycles with Acyl Anion Equivalents.
Authors: Menard Frederic , Weise Christian Frederik , Lautens Mark
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrazidohydroxylation of Styrenes with N‐Acetylaminophthalimide Using Phenyliodine(III) Bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA).
Authors: Murata Kousuke , Tsukamoto Masato , Sakamoto Takeshi , Saito Setsuo , Kikugawa Yasuo
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Yielding Cleavage of (Aryloxy)acetates.
Authors: Spurg Anke , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Tertiary Amine/L‐Proline Cocatalyzed Enantioselective Morita—Baylis—Hillman (MBH) Reaction.
Authors: Tang Hongying , Zhao Guofeng , Zhou Zhenghong , Gao Peng , He Liangnian , Tang Chuchi
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Environmentally Friendly Chemoselective Oxidation of Primary Aliphatic Amines by Using a Biomimetic Electrocatalytic System.
Authors: Largeron Martine , Chiaroni Angele , Fleury Maurice‐Bernard
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Amidrazones with 1,4‐Diphenylbut‐2‐yne‐1,4‐dione.
Authors: El‐Din Ahmed M. Nour , Aly Ashraf A.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Atom‐Efficient Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Triarylbismuths with Acyl Chlorides under Pd(0) Catalysis.
Authors: Rao Maddali L. N. , Venkatesh Varadhachari , Banerjee Debasis
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Access to Medium‐ and Large‐Size Naphthalenacarbocycles via Lewis Acid Mediated Ring‐Expansion Reaction of Bicyclic Vinylidenecyclopropanes.
Authors: Huang Xian , Su Chenliang , Liu Qingyang , Song Yuetong
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of 1‐Arenesulfonylazetidines Through Reaction of 1‐Arenesulfonylaziridines with Dimethylsulfoxonium Methylide Generated under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Malik Sarika , Nadir Upender K.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Double Annulations of Dihydroxy‐ and Diacetoxydialkynylbenzenes. An Efficient Construction of Benzodifurans.
Authors: Liang Zhiqiang , Ma Shengming , Yu Jihong , Xu Ruren
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Product from the Reaction of 2‐Diazo‐1‐[5‐(4‐methoxybenzoyl)‐2,3‐dihydropyrrolizin‐1‐yl]ethanone with Rhodium (II) Acetate.
Authors: Cuevas‐Yanez Erick , Hernandez‐Ortega Simon , Fuentes‐Benites Aydee , Gonzalez‐Romero Carlos , Cruz‐Almanza Raymundo
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phthalimides as Exceptionally Efficient Single Electron Transfer Acceptors in Reductive Coupling Reactions Promoted by Samarium Diiodide.
Authors: Vacas Tatiana , Alvarez Eleuterio , Chiara Jose Luis
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiocarbonyl‐Induced Heterocumulenic Pauson—Khand‐Type Reaction: Expedient Synthetic Method for Thieno[2,3‐b]indol‐2‐ones.
Authors: Saito Takao , Nihei Hiroshi , Otani Takashi , Suyama Toshiyuki , Furukawa Naoki , Saito Masatoshi
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Aryl Azides and Alkynes.
Authors: Rasmussen Lars Kyhn , Boren Brant C. , Fokin Valery V.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Antimicrobial Studies of 2,4‐Dichloro‐5‐fluorophenyl Containing Oxadiazoles.
Authors: Karthikeyan Mari Sithambaram , Prasad Dasappa Jagadeesh , Mahalinga Manjathuru , Holla Bantwal Shivarama , Kumari Nalilu Suchetha
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrans via a Formal [3 + 3] Cycloaddition.
Authors: Hubert Claudie , Moreau Julie , Batany Jessika , Duboc Agathe , Hurvois Jean‐Pierre , Renaud Jean‐Luc
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd/C‐Catalyzed Alkynylation of β‐Chloroacroleins.
Authors: Bera Rabin , Swamy Nalivela Kumara , Dhananjaya G. , Babu J. Moses , Kumar P. Rajender , Mukkanti K. , Pal Manojit
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient One‐Pot Preparation of N‐Substituted 4‐Phenylpiperidines.
Authors: Asano Shigehiro , Ban Hitoshi
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Ring‐Closing Metathesis Approach to Cyclic α,β‐Dehydroamino Acids.
Authors: Hekking Koen F. W. , Waalboer Dennis C. J. , Moelands Marcel A. H. , van Delft Floris L. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Lanthanide Trichloride Hydrates, Prepared from Mischmetall, in the Biginelli Reaction.
Authors: Lannou Marie‐Isabelle , Helion Florence , Namy Jean‐Louis
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Attempts of the Cyano Group Reduction in Cyanoethyl 5‐Substituted Uracil Derivatives.
Authors: Boncel S. , Walczak K.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.