bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specific Purification of Lymphocyte Populations on a Digestible Immunoabsorbent
Authors: Schlossman Stuart F. , Hudson Leslie
Published: December 2022

A new method utilizing an enzyme digestible immunoabsorbent has permitted fractionation and purification of lymphoid cells according to their surface properties. Spleen cells filtered through Sephadex anti-Fab columns were specifically depleted of immunoglobulin-bearing B cells. Passed cells, on the other hand, were enriched both in T and null staining cells. Ninety-eight per cent of the absorbed B cells could be recovered in a functionally viable state after solubilization of the immunoabsorbent with dextranase.
Evolution of the Immune Response to Type III and VIII Pneumococcal Polysaccharides
Authors: Chen Francis W. , Strosberg A. Donny , Haber Edgar
Published: December 2022

The variability of the immune response of 30 rabbits to the type III and of 40 rabbits to the type VIII pneumococci was studied. Sixty-seven out of 70 animals produced, at one time or another, antibodies of restricted electrophoretic mobility, but no general pattern could be defined. One animal produced a single antibody species throughout the six months of immunization. The homogeneity of this antibody population was evidenced by a unique amino acid sequence of the N-terminal part of the light chain. Only an interplay of several competing and cooperating mechanisms could account for the very diverse nature of the immune response observed in these experiments.
Monoclonal IgA and IgM in the Serum of a Single Patient (SC)
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David
Published: December 2022

High concentrations of apparently monoclonal IgA and IgM were found in the serum of a single individual (SC). Both proteins had κ light chains of Inv-3 allotype. Rabbit antisera against the isolated SC IgA or SC IgM revealed that the two proteins share identical individually specific antigenic (ind) determinants, indicating the presence of common antigenic regions in the variable portions of SC IgA and SC IgM in spite of their differences in the class-specific constant portions. The common ind determinants were found on the Fab fragments, but not on the separated heavy or light chains. The ind determinants were restored when the separated component chains were recombined.
Adjuvant Effect of Endotoxin; Antibody Response to Sheep Erythrocytes in Mice After Transfer of Syngeneic Lymphoid Cells Treated with Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide in Vitro
Authors: Nakano Masayasu , Uchiyama Takehiko , Saito Kazuhisa
Published: December 2022

When the cells from various lymphoid tissues from normal mice were treated with bacterial endotoxin (LPS) in vitro and transferred to syngeneic mice, the plaque-forming cell (PFC)-response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in the recipients' spleen was markedly enhanced. The enhanced PFC-response of the recipients was attained even after transfer of macrophage-deprived spleen cells. Similar results obtained in heavily x-irradiated recipient mice indicate that the LPS-treated donor cells could account for the enhanced response of the recipients. Enhanced immune response to SRBC in the heavily x-irradiated recipients was also attained when thymus or bone marrow cells were treated with LPS and transferred together with the other. These results suggest that, in its adjuvancy, LPS affects both thymus-derived “antigen reactive cells” and bone marrow-derived “antibody-producing cell precursors,” and facilitates the cell cooperation in the anti-SRBC antibody response.
Reactions of Murine Lymphoma Cells with Infectious Mononucleosis Sera
Authors: Malavé Inés , Kano Kyoichi , Milgrom Felix
Published: December 2022

Reactions of infectious mononucleosis sera with murine lymphoma cells were studied by means of complement-mediated cytolysis and agglutination tests. Most experiments were performed with L5178Y lymphoblastic cell line of DBA/2 mouse origin, but similar results were obtained with three other murine lymphomas. All infectious mononucleosis sera with heterophile antibodies gave positive results with murine lymphoblasts. Cytolytic titers were considerably higher than agglutinating titers. Absorption experiments showed that the observed reactions were produced by heterophile antibodies combining with an antigen of murine lymphoblasts which is identical with or closely related to the heterophile antigen of bovine and sheep erythrocytes.
Differential Sensitivity of Bone Marrow and Thymus Cells to Actinomycin D in the in Vivo Response of Mice to Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Kaufman Stephen J. , Radovich Jevrosima , Talmage David W.
Published: December 2022

Three cell types required for the hemolytic antibody response have been defined based upon their differential sensitivities to treatment with actinomycin D: a) the thymus-derived cell that is insensitive to treatment with 1.0 µg/ml of actinomycin; b) the antibody-forming precursor cell, of bone marrow origin, that is inhibited by 0.1 to 1.0 µg/ml of actinomycin and c) an auxiliary cell that is extremely sensitive to treatment with 0.01 µg/ml of actinomycin. Utilizing these sensitivities to actinomycin we determined the repopulation of each of the three cell types in the irradiated mouse spleen.
Studies of Complement-Mediated Membrane Damage: The Influence of Erythrocyte Storage on Susceptibility to Cytolysis
Authors: Gaither Thelma A. , Frank Michael M.
Published: December 2022

The effect of storage on the susceptibility of sheep erythrocytes to complement-mediated lysis was examined systematically. Hemolysin titers of IgG and IgM anti-Forssman antibodies rose as cells were stored as did whole complement titers (CH50) of fresh human and guinea pig serum. The rise in titers was most marked during the first 8 days of storage. This rise was not explained by an inability of fresh cells to absorb complement-fixing antibody since the Cla fixation and transfer test demonstrated equal numbers of complement-fixing sites on cells of all ages.

Cl titer was unaffected by length of cell storage but storage caused a marked increase in the titer of C4 and subsequent components in the complement sequence. The increased titer of C4 was not accompanied by an increase in the binding of C4 molecules to the cell membrane, and was due to an increase in the lytic efficiency of bound C4. One explanation for these observations is that location of membrane-bound complement components is critical in determining their ability to mediate cell lysis. Cell aging is associated with a loss of membrane substance and this offers more sites where membrane-bound complement may produce lysis.
Infection of Thymus Cells in Vivo and in Vitro with a Guinea Pig Herpes-Like Virus and the Effect of Antibody on Virus Replication in Organ Culture
Authors: Tenser R. B. , Hsiung G. D.
Published: December 2022

Infection of thymus cells with a guinea pig herpes-like virus was studied in monolayer cultures, organ cultures, and experimental animals. 1) In monolayer cultures thymus fibroblast-like cells appeared to be less sensitive to GPHLV infection than kidney epithelial cells. 2) Animals inoculated intrathymically with the virus showed high titers of infectious virus in both thymus and spleen immediately after inoculation. The virus titer in the thymus gradually decreased, but the titer in the spleen increased after a 1-week lag period. 3) One week after i.p. inoculation of virus, a moderate amount of virus was found in the spleen, but only a very small amount was present in the thymus. Four to 5 weeks after infection, the virus titer in the thymus increased but was always slightly lower than that in the spleen. Administration of cortisone had little effect on virus yields and no effect on antibody titers. After cortisone treatment moderate atrophy was seen in the thymus but none was seen in the spleen. 4) A simplified submerged organ culture system was developed for thymus and spleen tissues. Although virus inclusions could not be found in sections of infected tissues, such inclusions were seen in infected tissue pieces maintained as organ cultures for 8 to 15 days. Specific GPHLV antibody in the organ culture medium inhibited the development of inclusions which, however, appeared when the antibody was removed.
Neonatal Thymectomy Increases Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Authors: Welch Peter , Rose Noel R. , Kite Joseph H.
Published: December 2022

Neonatal thymectomy of Obese strain chickens significantly increased the severity of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis, assessed by histologic study at the end of 4 weeks. The effect is not due to surgical trauma to the thyroid gland. A balance between bursal function (which promotes the autoimmune disorder) and thymic function (which suppresses it) is thus apparent.
The Relationship between Sedimentation Value and Immunogenic Activity of Mycobacterial Ribonucleic Acid
Authors: Youmans Anne S. , Youmans Guy P.
Published: December 2022

In a series of papers Youmans and Youmans (1–8) have reported that ribosomal or ribonucleic acid (myc. RNA)2 preparations obtained from living cells of the attenuated H37Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were as immunogenic in CF-1 mice as viable cells of the H37Ra strain. This comparison was based upon the amount of RNA present in each vaccine. The immunity engendered by these preparations is specific and long lasting.

The RNA preparations also have certain nonspecific activities of particular interest. For example, this material can act as a potent adjuvant for the production of antibody to bovine γ globulin (BGG) in mice, being as active in this respect as complexes of poly-adenylic and poly-uridylic acids (poly A:U) (9). In addition, the myc. RNA can serve as an effective adjuvant for the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs (10).

Insofar as immunogenic activity against tuberculous infection is concerned, apparently the myc.
Concentration of Cross-Reacting Idiotypic Specificities in Unrelated Mouse Immunoglobulins
Authors: Pawlak Laura L. , Wang Ai-Lan , Nisonoff Alfred
Published: December 2022

Myeloma proteins and populations of antibody molecules from individual donors possess unique antigenic (idiotypic) determinants (1–3). Gell and Kelus (4) first proposed that a given idiotypic specificity is characteristic of a clone of cells, i.e., of cells descended from a common precursor. It has been suggested, however, that certain idiotypic specificities might actually reflect the presence of unique antigenic determinants in certain subgroups of polypeptide chains, selected by the antigen (5). If this were the case nonspecific immunoglobulin populations would be expected to exhibit various idiotypic specificities in low concentrations. The present experiments define upper limits for the concentrations of idiotypic specificities of mouse antihapten antibodies in normal IgG and in mouse antibodies of unrelated specificity.

The antibodies used to elicit antiidiotypic (anti-D)2 antibodies were prepared in strain A/J mice by immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-p-azophenylarsonate or KLH-p-azobenzoate (6). Anti-D antibodies directed to the antihapten antibodies were prepared and were quantified by an indirect precipitation method, as described elsewhere (6).
In Vitro Assay of Cellular Immunity to Tumor-Specific Antigen(s) of Virus-Induced Tumors by Macrophage Migration Inhibition
Authors: Blasecki John W. , Tevethia Satvir S.
Published: December 2022

It has been well established that transformation of cells by oncogenic DNA viruses leads to the expression of virus-specific antigens, among which are the tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA)4 (1–6). While the immune response to these antigens can be detected in vivo by transplantation rejection (1, 2), the procedure is time-consuming, requires a great deal of material and large numbers of animals and is difficult to quantitate.

Inhibition of macrophage migration has been a useful tool for in vitro studies of delayed hypersensitivity (7). It has been used to study this phenomenon in guinea pigs, rats, mice, hamsters and man (8, 9). Earlier studies with this technique detected reactivity against tuberculin, other microbial antigens, pure protein antigens, viral antigens, and normal tissue alloantigens (8). The test has also been used to measure cellular immunity in mice to antigens associated with Moloney sarcoma virusinduced tumors (10) and spontaneous mammary carcinoma (11), as well as to detect tumor-specific antigens of tumors induced by chemical carcinogens (12–15).
A Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity Rebound Phenomenon Induced by Enhancing Sera
Authors: Debray-Sachs Monique , Soucy Paul E. , Hamburger Jean
Published: December 2022

Lewis rats were used to study the development of humoral and cell-mediated cytotoxic reactions, as measured against fibroblast colonies of August rats, after (L×A)F1 skin allografts. Unmanipulated Lewis recipients were compared with Lewis recipients having received an enhancing Lewis anti-August serum along with the graft. The development of serum cytotoxicity was barely modified. Lymphoid cell cytotoxicity, on the contrary, was markedly delayed, but this was followed by a late rebound of this cell-mediated cytotoxicity, soon after the disappearance of any detectable serum cytotoxic antibodies.
Anti-C3a, Anti-C3B (Anti-B) and Their Reaction with the Anaphylatoxic Fragment C3a
Authors: Molenaar J. L. , ten Velde A. , Pondman K. W.
Published: December 2022

Specific antisera against the third human complement component (C3) and its fragments (C3a, C3c and C3d) were raised in rabbits.

The reactions of anti-C3B (anti-B) with the anaphylatoxic fragment C3a were investigated by means of line electrophoresis, agglutination inhibition and Prausnitz-Küstner type reactions.

C3a could not absorb anti-C3B antibodies, so C3B (B) determinants could not have been present on C3a and anti-C3a is not identical to anti-C3B.

Anti-C3B antibodies did not react with the fragments C3a, C3b, C3c or C3d. Only with native C3 and activated C3 on the erythrocyte surface were reactions demonstrable.
Anti-p-Azobenzenearsonate Antibody of Restricted Heterogeneity
Authors: Winfield John B. , Mage Rose G. , Alexander Cornelius B.
Published: December 2022

Anti-idiotype antisera were obtained by immunizing allotype-matched rabbits with anti-p-azobenzenearsonate antibody (anti-ars) from an individual rabbit after each of four courses of immunization. These sera were used to study the relationship between anti-ars produced over a span of 33 months. Antibodies of limited heterogeneity produced 21 months apart had very similar idiotypes. Components with related idiotypes were also demonstrated to be present in the more heterogeneous earlier and later antibodies.
Cellular Analysis of Immunosuppression to Synthetic Polypeptide Immunogens Induced by a Murine Leukemia Virus
Authors: Shearer G. M. , Mozes Edna , Haran-Ghera Nechama , Bentwich Zvi
Published: December 2022

Adult SJL/J mice were injected intraperitoneally with a leukemogenic virus (that causes lymphatic leukemia in SJL/J mice) prepared from irradiated syngeneic donors. One month later, the animals were either immunized with the multichain synthetic polypeptide poly(LTyr, LGlu)-polyLPro-polyLLys, abbreviated (T,G)-Pro-L, or were used as donors of spleen, thymus, and/or bone marrow cells in transfer experiments. The virus-treated mice exhibited reduced anti-(T,G)-Pro-L titers compared to the responses of control animals. The immunosuppressive effects of the leukemogenic agent were strain-specific, since a radiation leukemia virus preparation from C57BL/6 mice had no effect in SJL/J animals. The suppressed responses of the virus-treated mice were not affected by injection of either poly adenylic: poly uridylic acid or thioglycolate, although they were abolished by complexing the immunogen to methylated bovine serum albumin.

Results of the transfer experiments indicated that the immunosuppressive effects were expressed at the immunocompetent cell level, and that the virus affected both the thymus- and marrow-derived populations of immunocytes. The immunosuppressive effects on marrow cells independent of any contribution by helper cells of thymic origin were verified with a thymus-independent synthetic polypeptide composed of D amino acids.
Common Enterobacterial Antigen
Authors: Johns Margaret A. , Whiteside R. E. , Baker E. E. , McCabe W. R.
Published: December 2022

Common enterobacterial antigen (CA) was isolated from extracts of Salmonella typhosa 0:901 by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and by electrophoresis. Purified CA inhibited passive hemagglutination of erythrocytes coated with crude CA preparations and could be demonstrated in agar gel precipitin reactions. The purified CA preparations failed to sensitize erythrocytes for hemagglutination and were not immunogenic in rabbits. A pyrogenic response was observed with large quantities (250 and 500 µg) of CA. CA was detected in Ra, Rb and Rc mutants of Salmonella minnesota, but not in Rd and Re mutants. Preliminary chemical analyses indicate that carbohydrate is the major constituent of CA but the absence of heptose, phosphate and ketodeoxyoctonate indicate that CA is not related to the inner core of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide.
Resistance of Irradiated F1 Hybrid and Allogeneic Mice to Bone Marrow Grafts of NZB Donors
Authors: Lotzová Eva , Cudkowicz Gustavo
Published: December 2022

Heavily irradiated mice of several inbred and F1 hybrid strains were classified as resistant or susceptible to allogeneic or parental grafts of 106 NZB bone marrow cells depending on the 5-day hemopoietic repopulation of host spleens. Several strains did not support the growth of donor cells despite the total-body irradiation. NZW × NZB F1 mice resisted the growth of as many as 4 × 107 parental cells, the strongest barrier ever observed in mice for marrow transplants. The failures of growth were due to host-anti-graft reactions depressible by pretreatment of recipients with cyclophosphamide or horse anti-mouse thymocyte serum. Analysis of the progeny of two separate backcrosses of F1 mice to NZB indicated that two non-linked autosomal genes controlled resistance. One of these genes was in linkage group IX, 31.42 crossing-over units away from the D end of H-2, specifying or controlling the expression of alloantigen-like components of hemopoietic cells (Hh-gene). The second gene had an epistatic effect, probably by regulating the recognition of, or the reactivity to, Hh-gene products.
Regulation of Lymphocyte Responses in Vitro
Authors: Folch H. , Yoshinaga M. , Waksman B. H.
Published: December 2022

Depletion of adherent cells causes decreased synthesis of DNA by normal rat lymph node cells (LNC) stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Purified peritoneal (PE) macrophages restore normal reactivity to low doses of PHA but depress the reaction at higher PHA levels or at higher macrophage concentrations (5%). With spleen cells, removal of adherent cells results in a marked increase of the response, and the addition of PE macrophages does not return it to the normal level. Spleen cells also show a clear-cut inhibition of thymidine incorporation at cell concentrations greater than 1 × 106/ml. This “suppressor” effect disappears when adherent cells are removed, resulting in a linear dose-response curve with increasing cells similar to that of LNC. The existence of an adherent suppressor cell distinct from the macrophage is therefore postulated.
Recovery of Large Amounts of Antibody from Immunized Rabbits by Multiple Non-Surgical Exchange Transfusions
Authors: Greenblatt Jay J. , Bernstein David , Bokisch Viktor A. , Kindt Thomas J. , Krause Richard M.
Published: December 2022

A non-surgical blood exchange transfusion technique has been developed to obtain large amounts of antibody from individual rabbits immunized with groups A and C streptococci. Twenty-six of 30 rabbits survived one or more transfusions with blood from matched donors. Total yield of antibody to streptococcal polysaccharides from a single rabbit was between 2 and 21 g. Antibody levels were diminished as much as 90% by an exchange transfusion. Return of antibody levels to 50 to 100% of pre-transfusion levels was observed within 48 to 72 hr. Survival is not impaired by the use of non-matched blood in the transfusion procedure, although for immunologic reasons, matched blood is preferable.

When it is not desirable to transfuse donor blood into the immunized rabbit, plasmaphoresis rather than exchange transfusion was employed. Plasmaphoresis, for example, was used for rabbits that produced high concentrations of 7S and 19S anti-IgG. In this way, possible cross-reactions between the recipient's anti-IgG and the serum IgG of the donor were avoided.
Site of Action of Cortisol in Cellular Immunity
Authors: Weston William L. , Claman Henry N. , Krueger Gerald G.
Published: December 2022

Cell-mediated immunity reactions involve antigen-sensitive lymphocytes and monocytemacrophages. These reactions are inhibited by cortisol. To elucidate the site of inhibition by cortisol, we used an in vitro test of cellular immunity, the macrophage aggregation factor (MAF) assay. 10-3 M cortisol did not prevent sensitized lymphocytes from manufacturing and releasing MAF, but did prevent nonimmune macrophages from responding to MAF.

The location of inhibition of cortisol in cell-mediated immune responses is between the lymphokine and the monocyte-macrophage.
Antibody-Dependent Lymphoid Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity: Role of Lymphocytes Bearing a Receptor for Complement
Authors: Van Boxel John A. , Paul William E. , Frank Michael M. , Green Ira
Published: December 2022

It has been shown previously that the destruction of antibody-coated burro erythrocytes in vitro can be caused by lymphoid cells from nonimmune donors. Furthermore, thymus-derived lymphocytes are not required for such lysis. In this report we provide evidence that a subclass of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes bearing a Mg++-independent complement receptor is largely responsible for the cytotoxic activity of mouse spleen cell populations. Thus, removal of complement receptor lymphocytes (CRL) by rosetts formation and subsequent sedimentation by density gradient ultracentrifugation diminishes the lytic activity of the remaining cells. Moreover, recovery and dissociation of these rosettes yields a purified population of CRL which have heightened cytotoxic activity.

Nonetheless, not all CRL are equally active. Thus, although the frequency of CRL in lymph node cell populations is approximately one-half that of spleen cell populations, lymph node cells have very little activity. Furthermore, passage of spleen cells over rayon fiber columns diminishes cytotoxic activity by approximately 75% although the CRL frequency is diminished by only 30%.

In the mouse spleen the cell type primarily involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated lysis therefore appears to be a member of a subset of the complement receptor bearing bone marrow-derived lymphocytes.
Affinity Chromatography of RNA-Containing Preparations of Au Antigen
Authors: Jóźwiak Władysław , Kościelak Jerzy
Published: December 2022

Presence of RNA in some preparations of Australia antigen has been demonstrated by several groups of investigators (1–3). Evidence was also presented that this RNA was enclosed in a lipid-protein coat which suggested that it was a part of Au particle (1). A direct proof as to the linkage of RNA to Au-specific protein was, however, lacking.

This paper describes experiments on the isolation of Au antigen by affinity chromatography. We showed that Au specific protein always fractionated with RNA which indicated that both were parts of a single structure.

Materials and Methods. Preparations of Australia antigen (Au)1 antigen were obtained from sera of Au-positive blood donors. The sera were centrifuged in 10-ml portions in superspeed 50 MSE ultracentrifuge for 4 hr at 120,000 × G. The bottom layers of four tubes which contained Au antigen were pooled and separated on 2.8- × 100-cm columns loaded with Sephadex G-200 in 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 in 0.9% NaCl (PBS).
Cell Surface Antigen Movement: Induction in Hepatoma Cells by Antitumor Antibody
Authors: Leonard Edward J.
Published: December 2022

After guinea pig hepatoma cells were equilibrated in the cold with rabbit antibody against tumor-specific antigen, and then with fluorescein-conjugated anti-rabbit serum, incubation at 37°C led to aggregation and possibly to extrusion of the antigen double antibody complex. The aggregation reaction required viable cells and successive equilibration with both antibodies. Antigen reappeared on the cell surface within 4 hr after the antibody-induced loss.
Immunohistologic Studies of Human Lacrimal Gland: Localization of Immunoglobulins, Secretory Component and Lactoferrin
Authors: Franklin Rudolph M. , Kenyon Kenneth R. , Tomasi Thomas B.
Published: December 2022

Studies of normal human lacrimal glands were performed by utilizing fluorescent antibody and ultrastructural techniques in order to examine immunoglobulin production and localization within the gland, and to investigate mechanisms of transport of these immunoglobulins from the gland.

Throughout the interstitium of each gland, clusters of cells having the morphologic characteristics of plasma cells were evident. Fluorescent antibody staining showed these cells to contain predominantly IgA, with IgG or IgM occasionally present, and IgE only rarely demonstrable. Extracellular IgA staining was seen along basement membranes of acini, between acinar epithelial cells, and occasionally within acinar lumina. IgA was also occasionally seen intracellularly throughout acinar epithelial cells. IgG was diffusely evident throughout the interstitium but appeared particularly concentrated along the acinar basement membranes. Secretory component and lactoferrin were localized to the acinar epithelial cells, and secretory component could also be found in acinar intercellular spaces.

The larger numbers of IgA-containing plasma cells relative to other immunoglobulin-specific plasma cells are consistent with the known proportions of immunoglobulins in tears, and suggest their local production within the lacrimal gland. A secretory mechanism involving intracellular transport of immunoglobulins by acinar epithelial cells is proposed.
Heterogeneity among Rheumatoid Factors for Complement Fixation
Authors: Tesar Joseph T. , Schmid Frank R.
Published: December 2022

Complement fixation by rheumatoid factor (RF) was found to vary among 36 individual sera in that, after the quantity of RF had been equalized, those sera with high original RF agglutination titers fixed severalfold the amount of complement than did other sera with low original RF agglutination titers. Thus, not only did high agglutination sera have a greater quantity of RF but also fixed more complement per unit concentration of RF. This phenomenon could not be attributed to differences in the proportion of the various immunoglobulin classes within the RF preparation. When tested on an equal weight basis the IgM-RF fraction paralleled the total mixture of immunoglobulin classes in its ability to fix complement. IgG-RF could not be studied as an isolated fraction due to self-aggregation, but indirect evidence suggested complement-fixing activity. Precipitation of aggregated IgG antigen by RF antibody was greater with strong complement-fixing preparations only in large antigen excess. Since high titered RF sera are associated with vasculitis and other manifestations of severe rheumatoid disease, these data lend support to the view that certain types of RF may act to promote complement dependent inflammation induced by immune complexes.
Local Antibody Response to Poliovaccine in the Human Female Genital Tract
Authors: Ogra Pearay L. , Ogra Swtantarta S.
Published: December 2022

Antibody response to poliovirus type I in serum, the nasopharynx, and the secretions of the genital tract was studied in human volunteers after intravaginal, intrauterine, nasopharyngeal, or intramuscular immunization with inactivated poliovaccine. The techniques of radioimmunodiffusion and autoradiography with P32 labeled poliovirus as the antigen were employed to determine antibody activity in the major classes of immunoglobulin in serum and secretions. Intravaginal and intrauterine immunization consistently resulted in the appearance of secretory antibody to poliovirus in the genital tract. The vaginal response was predominantly of γA immunoglobulin, while the response in the uterus was essentially limited to γG immunoglobulin. Intramuscular immunization resulted in a delayed appearance of γG response in the genital tract, which could be correlated with the highest γG antibody titers in the serum. No genital γA response was observed, however, after such immunization. These observations provide evidence for local synthesis of poliovirus antibody in the genital tract, and its implication may be applicable to other genital infections.
Antigen-Induced Depression of DNA Synthesis in Mouse Spleen
Authors: Zatz Marion M. , Goldstein Allan L.
Published: December 2022

Depression of DNA synthesis was demonstrated in mouse spleen after intravenous administration of sheep erythrocytes, Salmonella typhi H antigen, or keyhole limpet hemocyanin. This depression was maximal when antigen preceded injection of the DNA precursor IUDR-125I by 6 hr, and varied with the dose of antigen administered. Antigen-induced depression of DNA synthesis was not affected by adrenalectomy, but was abolished 4 weeks after adult thymectomy, and could not be elicited by thymus-independent antigens. The possible mechanisms whereby a labile thymus-derived cell population exhibits a suppressor function in response to antigen are considered.
Lymphoid Cell Dependence of Eosinophil Response to Antigen
Authors: Ponzio Nicholas M. , Speirs Robert S.
Published: December 2022

Priming induced at least two distinct types of memory cells as determined by their capacity after adoptive transfer to elicit secondary type eosinophil or antitoxin responses to a challenging injection of tetanus toxoid. Thymic depletion prevents the formation of both types of memory cells, and injection of thymic cells 1 week before priming restores the capacity of these animals to respond. Memory cells involved in eosinophil responses are formed earlier and become more widely distributed in the blood and lymphatic tissues than do memory cells involved in antitoxin responses. Beginning on or about 6 days after priming and in all periods examined thereafter, eosinophil responses were obtained with cell suspensions of all lymphatic tissues tested. Inflammatory exudates obtained from the peritoneal cavity 7, 11, and 13 days after subcutaneous priming contained cells capable of augmenting the cellular responses but not the secondary type antitoxin responses. Memory cells capable of inducing antitoxin responses were detected in the regional lymph node suspensions 10 days after priming. At 17 days the regional lymph node and, to a lesser extent, other lymph nodes and the spleen induced antitoxin responses. By 30 days all lymphatic tissues tested except the thymus gave good responses.

We discuss the possible role of eosinophils in immunologic reactions and suggest that eosinophils are an integral component of the anamnestic responses to antigen.
Polymerized Ragweed Antigen E
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M. , McIntire Floyd C.
Published: December 2022

Glutaraldehyde treatment of partially purified ragweed AgE was done to provide cross-linked proteins of this material. The ragweed preparation contained a high concentration of antigen E. The glutaraldehyde treatment produced aggregates of ragweed antigen E that were fractionated through Sepharose 6B, 4B and Sephadex G-200 to prepare polymers of two molecular weight ranges, the first approximately 0.2 to 4 million and the second 4 to 20 million. These materials reacted completely with antibody against ragweed antigen E but required higher concentrations to neutralize antibody as the molecular weight of polymerized ragweed increased. The polymerized ragweed did not show antigenic deletion nor were new antigenic determinants definitively shown. The polymerized ragweed was at least as antigenic in animal studies as ragweed antigen E and the polymerized ragweed antigen with a molecular weight range of approximately 0.2 to 4 million showed evidence of possibly greater antigenicity than the monomeric ragweed antigen E.
Polymerized Ragweed Antigen E
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M. , Pruzansky Jacob J. , Zeiss C. Raymond
Published: December 2022

Further studies of two polymerized preparations of ragweed antigen containing large amounts of ragweed antigen E were done. The results demonstrated that the rate of absorption of the polymerized materials from skin sites was diminished. The disappearance of the monomer and polymers from the vascular compartment was also different with the monomer appearing most rapidly in the urine, the high molecular weight polymer in the liver and spleen and the lower molecular weight polymer being retained the longest in the circulation. The polymerized ragweed preparations elicited histamine release from human peripheral blood leukocytes but required significantly higher concentrations for the same degree of release. An even larger comparative dose of the polymerized preparations was necessary to elicit cutaneous reactivity. The polymerized ragweed preparations reacted with the neutralized IgE antibody against ragweed antigen E in vitro requiring somewhat different weight ratios of the polymerized forms. The results demonstrate characteristics of these preparations which suggest potential usefulness in immunotherapy of ragweed pollenosis.
The Antibody-Antigen Reaction: A Visual Observation
Authors: Giaever Ivar
Published: December 2022

Rothen and Mathot (1) and later Vroman and Adams (2) have shown that the antibody-antigen reaction will take place at a liquid-solid interface, and that the results of this interaction can be detected by the use of an ellipsometer. This optical instrument measures the adsorption and rotation of plane polarized light incident on the surface in question and has a limiting sensitivity of much less than a monolayer of adsorbed protein. I have used this technique to study the adsorption of protein from a solution onto various surfaces, such as Nb, Ta, Ni, Au, In, and Si, and further to observe the kinetics of the subsequent reaction with antibodies (Giaver, I., in preparation). These studies confirm earlier findings that the adsorption of a globular protein such as bovine serum albumin (BSA)1 and ovalbumin (OA) results in a monolayer about 30Å thick while the reaction with appropriate antibodies increases the thickness of the layer to approximately 100Å.
Effects of Carrageenan and High Serum Dilution on Synergistic Cytotoxicity to Tumor Cells
Authors: Pollack Sylvia , Nelson Karen
Published: December 2022

Neither the C1 inhibitor carrageenan nor extensive dilution of the test sera (to 1:2560) abolished the specific killing of tumor cells in the presence of nonsensitized lymphoid cells and sera from tumor-bearing mice (i.e., synergistic cytotoxicity). The two lines of evidence indicate that conventional complement-dependent cytotoxicity does not play a role in synergistic cytotoxicity to tumor cells.
Site of Deposition of C3 in Arthus Reactions of C4 Deficient Guinea Pigs
Authors: Frank Michael M. , Ellman L. , Green I. , Cochrane Charles G.
Published: December 2022

The site of C3 deposition in the direct Arthus reaction induced in a strain of guinea pigs with a nonoperative classical complement pathway but a functional alternate complement pathway (C4 deficient animals) was examined. The area of hemorrhage, induration, and erythema was identical in these animals and controls. The lesions in homozygous C4 deficient animals showed normal infiltration of neutrophils and normal deposition of C3 by immuno-fluorescent visualization; thus the alternate complement pathway could successfully mediate this inflammatory event.
C3 Split Products Inhibit the Binding of Antigen-Antibody-Complement Complexes to B Lymphocytes
Authors: Eden Aline , Bianco Celso , Nussenzweig Victor , Mayer Manfred M.
Published: December 2022

The interaction between EAC and bone marrow derived, thymus independent lymphocytes depends on the amount of C3 present on the EAC and is inhibited by split products of C3.
Antibodies to Tric Agents in Matched Human Tears and Sera
Authors: Hanna Lavelle , Jawetz Ernest , Briones Odeon , Ostler H. Bruce , Keshishyan Hermine , Dawson Chandler R.
Published: December 2022

In matched specimens of tears and serum from trachoma patients, antibodies were measured against six TRIC antigens. Antibodies were found in the serum of 78% and in the tears of 59% of Tunisian children aged 6 to 9, suffering from severe trachoma. Serum or tear antibodies were found in only 6% of Navajo Indian children aged 7 to 12 with mild trachoma. Although 48% of Navajo students aged 13 to 20 with mild trachoma had antibodies in serum, antibodies in tears were exceedingly rare. Of Samoan adults living in San Francisco, with moderately severe trachoma, 86% had antibodies in serum and 29% in tears. The antibodies in tears were usually of lower titer than in serum, showed similar reactivity with specific TRIC antigens, and seemed to parallel the degree of clinical activity. Most antibodies in tears appeared to be derived from serum, and not to be produced locally.
Histamine and Basophils in Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Goldman Maury A. , Simpson Blanche A. , Dvorak Harold F.
Published: December 2022

It has been known for some years that delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in several species contain increased concentrations of histamine but the cellular localization of this amine is unknown. Recent studies have revealed that cellular hypersensitivity itself is not a homogeneous entity and that several forms of delayed-onset, lymphocyte-mediated hypersensitivity in animals and man are characterized by substantial infiltrations of basophilic leukocytes. These basophil-rich reactions to several protein, viral and tissue antigens and to contact allergens have been designated cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) to distinguish them from true delayed hypersensitivity (DH) in which basophils are relatively infrequent. The possibility that basophils might account for the increased histamine in cell-mediated reactions was therefore considered. DH reactions to several protein antigens contained increased concentrations of histamine and a modest infiltration of basophils at 24 to 72 hr after skin test. CBH reactions to the same and other antigens including a contact allergen contained much higher concentrations of histamine and numerous basophils. In combined data obtained from CBH and DH reactions and from freeze-injured skin, a correlation coefficient of 0.62 ± 0.09 was found between the percentage of infiltrating basophils and the ratio of histamine concentration in experimental as compared with control skin. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that basophils account for the elevated histamine observed in cellular hypersensitivity reactions but do not exclude a lesser contribution by mast cells or possibly by other infiltrating or fixed tissue cells.
Immunity to Chlamydial Infections of the Eye
Authors: Murray Edward S. , Charbonnet Laura T. , MacDonald A. Bruce
Published: December 2022

Different types of immunologic stimuli were given to two separate groups of guinea pigs. One group received active conjunctival infection with live guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (gp-ic) organisms, another, formalin-killed gp-ic organisms intraperitoneally. Neutralizing complement-dependent serum antibodies were produced by both stimuli. However, immunity to conjunctival infection rechallenge developed only in those guinea pigs originally infected conjunctivally with live organisms. The latter animals were also the only ones to develop specific gp-ic secretory IgA antibodies in eye secretions. These studies cast doubt on the importance of specific serum antibodies in resistance to gp-ic conjunctival infection. The role of specific gp-ic secretory IgA antibodies as well as of cellular immunity in resistance to gp-ic infection is discussed.
Release of Surface Receptors from Lymphocytes
Authors: Jones G.
Published: December 2022

Mouse thymocytes were iodinated by the lactoperoxidase technique. On subsequent culture approximately 90% of the labeled surface material was released into the culture medium within 1 hr. Specific binding sites for phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A could be detected in the medium by coprecipitation techniques with specific antisera to the mitogens. Treatment of surface-labeled cells with mitogen increased the release of surface material on culture, and indicated that some of the specific binding sites were released as complexes with the mitogen. These findings suggest a promising approach to the isolation and characterization of antigen-specific receptors from lymphocytes.
Acute Destruction by Humoral Antibody of Rat Skin Grafted to Mice
Authors: Baldamus Conrad A. , McKenzie Ian F. C. , Winn Henry J. , Russell Paul S.
Published: December 2022

Rat skin grafted onto mice whose immune responses had been suppressed by thymectomy and treatment with rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte serum survived for 23 to 62 days. About 2 weeks after transplantation, when the grafts had become well vascularized and were in excellent condition, some of the recipients were injected with antiserum that had been made by injecting rat tissues into mice or rabbits.

Signs of inflammation were evident in the grafts within 10 min after intravenous administration of mouse anti-rat serum. These consisted of edema and erythema which increased in intensity over the next few hours and were followed by hemorrhage and necrosis. Many of the grafts were completely destroyed at 24 hr and most of them had been sloughed by the end of the 2nd day. Microscopic examination of fixed tissues revealed the occurrence of edema and the margination of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as early as 5 to 10 min after injection of antiserum. These leukocytes rapidly increased in number and migrated into the interstitial spaces. Small vessels became greatly dilated and congested and fibrin thrombi became evident at 4 to 6 hr. At this time many vessels were ruptured, and hemorrhage was widespread. In a small percentage of cases the grafts recovered from the early inflammation and were actively rejected by their hosts 2 to 10 weeks later.

The reactions observed after injections of antiserum intraperitoneally were essentially the same as those described above, but they began later and developed more slowly in the early stages.

Both macroscopic and microscopic features of these reactions induced by anti-rat serum were similar to those described for Arthus reactions and other forms of immune vasculitis.

Rabbit anti-rat serum also caused destruction of rat skin that had been grafted onto mice, suggesting that this experimental system may be useful in studying the effects of different antisera on tissues from a variety of species.
Mechanism of Allograft Rejection in New Zealand Mice
Authors: Gelfand Michael C. , Steinberg Alfred D.
Published: December 2022

Skin allograft rejection was studied in young (1 month) and old (8 months) female NZB/W, DBA/2, and Swiss mice. Old NZB/W mice rejected C57BL/6 skin grafts significantly more slowly than did young NZB/W mice. This disparity was not observed in DBA/2 or Swiss animals. Splenectomy did not prolong graft survival in old NZB/W mice, but did in the other groups, suggesting a deficiency in the spleen cell population of old NZB/W mice.

Normal graft rejection could be restored in splenectomized old NZB/W mice by injection of large numbers of syngeneic young spleen cells (>;50 × 106). Intact old NZB/W mice were restored by as few as 5 × 106 young NZB/W spleen cells, suggesting cooperation between young and old spleen cell populations. This cooperation was demonstrated by studies in splenectomized old NZB/W mice in which the combination of 5 × 106 young and 45 × 106 old NZB/W spleen cells led to normal skin graft rejection, whereas neither young nor old alone was effective. Both young and old synergizing populations were found to require thymus derived (T) cells. One subpopulation of T cells consisting of recirculating and both antithymocyte serum- and corticosteroid-sensitive cells was deficient in old mice. This subpopulation was present in young NZB/W mice and synergized with a population of relatively steroid-resistant T spleen cells in skin graft rejection.
Masking of Cellular Histocompatibility Antigens with Phytomitogens
Authors: Ray Prasanta K. , Simmons Richard L.
Published: December 2022

Lymph node cells from normal C3H/HeJ mice were incubated with Concanavalin A (ConA) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and extensively washed. Pre-incubation with these mitogens interfered with the cytotoxic activity of C57 anti-C3H antibody (anti H-2b) and complement compared to lysis of untreated control lymph node cells by this antibody. ConA- or PHA-treated C3H cells used to absorb the C57 anti-C3H serum indicated that these cells removed less anti-C3H antibody than the amount of antibody removed by absorption of the serum with untreated, control lymph node cells. These mitogens interfere with the binding and/or expression of cytotoxic activity of murine allo-antisera by unknown mechanisms.
Rapid Identification of Beta Hemolytic Streptococci by Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Dajani Adnan S. , Taube Zaiga
Published: December 2022

Rapid identification of beta hemolytic streptococci as to specific groups can be achieved by the use of the counterimmunoelectrophoresis method. No cross-reactions among the various groups occur, and no false positive results have been noted. This inexpensive technique enables the identification of the various streptococcal groups from culture plates within an hour.
Induction of Tolerance to a Hapten
Authors: Fidler John M. , Golub Edward S.
Published: December 2022

A single injection of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induces a state of immunologic tolerance to the trinitrophenyl (TNP) hapten, which is specific and dose dependent. multiple injections of TNBS induce a longer lasting state of unresponsiveness than single injections. Escape from tolerance is characterized by the production of only 2-mercaptoethanol (ME)-sensitive (19S) anti-TNP antibody whether tolerance is induced by single or multiple injections. multiple injections of hapten-carrier conjugate (TNP-sheep erythrocytes) extend the duration of the tolerance induced by multiple injections of TNBS. The anti-TNP response of animals escaping from tolerance induced by multiple TNBS injections and extended by multiple hapten-carrier challenges consisted entirely of ME-sensitive (19S) antibody. Substitution of carrier for hapten-carrier conjugate in the initial challenge injection resulted in a normal anti-TNP response pattern in terms of class and temporal sequence of antibody produced during escape from tolerance. TNBS treatment had no effect upon the “accelerated” response to carrier induced by low-dose carrier priming, and TNBS treatment induced tolerance to TNP in low-dose carrier-primed mice.