bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attempt to Synthesize Carbon Nanotube by a Thermal Reduction of Ether
Authors: Wang Yong Tian
Published: January 2010

Thermal reduction process has been employed for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), during which ether was used as carbon source and metallic sodium play a role of reducing agent. The obtained CNTs have a diameter range of 50 nm and length range of 200-1000 nm. The as-prepared product was characterized by X-ray powder di.raction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED).
Controlling Mechanism of Soluble Phosphates during CaCO3 Whiskers Synthesis
Authors: Li Li Xia , Han Yue Xin , Bai Li Mei
Published: January 2010

CaCO3 whiskers were synthesized with soluble phosphates by one-step carbonization method, controlling mechanisms were investigated via XRD and FTIR, and it has been indicated that the most stable calcium phosphates in thermodynamics, hydroxyapatite was formed through the reaction of soluble phosphates and Ca(OH)2 in advance before CO2 was introduced, and then [CO32-(OH)] entered the crystal lattices of hydroxyapatite to replace partially [PO43-] to yield B-carbonate hydroxyapatite in the early stage of blowing CO2, which induced aragonite to heterogeneously nucleate as nucleation center and grew into calcium carbonate whiskers by the continuous stack of Ca2+ and CO32-, while other HA selectly adsorbed onto the flanks of CaCO3 to control crystal morphology.
Effect of Crystal Contolling Agents on Shapes of Nanometer Calcium Carbonate
Authors: Bai Li Mei , Han Yue Xin , Li Li Xia , Xiao Ri , Dai Shu Juan
Published: January 2010

In laboratory, there polymorphs’ nano-calcium carbonates were synthesized through adding on different crystal controlling agents by the bath-type carburizing reagent in the given conditions. When selecting addition J as the crystal controlling agent, lamellar nano-calcium carbonate products with average size about 150×110×15 nm were synthesized. When selecting annexing agent I as the crystal controlling agent, rod nano-calcium carbonates were synthesized, which average grain diameter was 90 nm, average length was 944 nm, and aspect ratio was 10.5. When selecting annexing agent G as the crystal controlling agent, chain nano-calcium carbonate with average grain size 20~30nm, aspect ratio 10~15nm were synthesized.
The Effect of Ion Implantation on ISFET-Sensing Membrane
Authors: Piyananjaratsri Rungtawee , Bunjongpru Win , Chaowicharat E. , Trithaveesak O. , Saeteaw K. , Hruanun C. , Poyai Amporn
Published: January 2010

This research studied the effect of ion implantation on electrical properties of ISFETs. In
the experiments the sensing membrane area were implanted with 3 types of ions (Boron(B),
Phosphorus(P), and Arsenic(As)). After the implantation without annealing, the IV-characteristics
of Source/Drain (P-N junction) of ISFET were performed and compared with the behaviour before
implantation. In addition, the response to acid-alkaline (sensitivity) of ISFET were also studied.
From the results the leakage current of source-drain, P-N junction like, decreases significantly after
the implantation. However, this process damaged the devices so that the response to acid-alkaline
are lost.
Fabrication of Porous Polyethylene by Two-Stepped Heat Treatment and Powder Printing Technique
Authors: Suwanprateeb Jintamai , Wasoontararat Kitiya , Suvannapruk Waraporn
Published: January 2010

In this study, a combination of powder printing technique and two-stepped heat treatment was utilized as a mean to prepare porous high density polyethylene structure. Physical and mechanical properties of the resulting structure were then characterized by porosity measurement and monotonic tensile test. It was found that the relationship between structure and properties was strongly influenced by processing conditions including compositions, treatment times and treatment temperatures. This process could increase the properties of porous high density polyethylene significantly over the single-stepped heat treatment without destroying porous structure. Porous high density polyethylene bodies having a porosity ranging from 46-58 percents with tensile strength up to approximately 4 MPa could be successfully prepared in this study.
The Effect of Glass Fiber Aspect Ratio on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of PU/GF Foam Composites
Authors: Hararak Bongkot , Prakymoramas Natcha , Rungseesantivanon Wuttipong , Thamumjitr Dumrong
Published: January 2010

In this study Polyurethane (PU)/glass fiber (GF) foam composites have been produced. The PU matrix consisted of Polyol and Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate (MDI). A long glass fiber (GF) at different aspect ratio (L/D ratio) was used to study the effect of reinforcement content on their properties such as; mechanical properties (flexural modulus, stress and strain at break, hardness, impact strength) and thermal properties (heat distortion temperature, HDT). It is found that the mechanical properties such as the flexural properties (strength, strain, and modulus) and impact strength increase as increasing GF aspect ratio and optimum at aspect ratio = 7.05. However, GF aspect ratio has a slight effect on the composites hardness due to GF contents and PU densities of PU/GF foam composites are not different, significantly. And the heat distortion temperature slightly increases as GF aspect ratio.
Comparison of TiO2/RH-MCM-41 and TiO2/TEOS-MCM-41 Hybrid Catalysts in Characteristics and Photodegradation of Tetramethylammonium
Authors: Artkla Surachai , Choi Won Yong , Wittayakun Jatuporn
Published: January 2010

This work compared properties and catalytic performance of two hybrid photocatalysts, TiO2/RH-MCM-41 and TiO2/TEOS-MCM-41 prepared by loading nanoparticles of TiO2 (10 wt.%) on MCM-41 synthesized with rice husk silica and tetraethyl orthosilicate respectively. The supports and catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, transmission electron microscopy and zeta potential. The photocatalytic activities of the TiO2/RH-MCM-41 and TiO2/TEOS-MCM-41 for the degradation of tetramethylammonium (TMA) in aqueous slurry were similar with a complete conversion after irradiation time of 90 min at pH 7.
Synthesis and Characterizations of Strontium Substituted Hydroxyapatite Thin Films
Authors: Hongthong B. , Hodak Satreerat K. , Tungasmita Sukkaneste
Published: January 2010

Strontium substituted hydroxyapatite(SrHAp) were fabricated both in the form of powder as reference and thin film by using inorganic precursor reaction. The sol-gel process has been used for the deposition of SrHAp layer on stainless steal 316L substrate by spin coating technique, after that the films were annealed in air at various temperatures. The chemical composition of SrHAp is represented (SrxCa1-x)5(PO4)3OH, where x is equal to 0, 0.5 and 1.0. Investigations of the phase structure of SrHAp were carried out by using X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). The results showed that strontium is incorporated into hydroxyapatite where its substitution for calcium increases in the lattice parameters, and Sr3(PO4)2 can be detected at 900°C. The SEM micrographs showed that SrHAp films exhibited porous structure before develop to a cross-linking structure.
Charge Transfer Mechanism in Organic Memory Device
Authors: Onlaor Korakot , Khantham S. , Tunhoo B. , Thiwawong T. , Nukeaw J.
Published: January 2010

In this paper, the conduction mechanism in organic bistable memory device was investigated by both experimental and theoretical method. The current voltage (J-V) characteristics showed the electrical bistable properties between an initial low-conductivity state and a high-conductivity state upon application of an external electric field at room temperature. The current transition exhibited a very narrow voltage range that causes an abrupt increase of current. The on-state and the off-state were proposed by space-charge-limited current and thermionic emission model, respectively. That supported by the experimental data to explained the charge transfer mechanism in organic memory device.
Effects of La-Dopant on Phase, Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of Bi4Ti3O12 Ceramics
Authors: Siriprapa Pasinee , Watcharapasorn Anucha , Jiansirisomboon Sukanda
Published: January 2010

Bi4-xLaxTi3O12 (where x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1) powders and ceramics were prepared using conventional solid state reaction and sintering procedures. The calcination was carried out at 750 °C for 4 h and sintering was done at 1150 °C for 4 h. The density of all ceramics was found to be comparable regardless of La concentration. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that preferred orientation of ceramic grains was reduced with addition of La ions. This reduced preferred orientation was accompanied by a decrease in grain size. The temperature dependence of dielectric constant showed a decrease in Tc with increasing La concentration.
Novel Modified Aromatic Polyamides and Polyimides Derived from a Diphenyl Ether-Based Diamine Containing Laterally-Attached Phenoxy Phenylene Groups
Authors: Behniafar Hossein , Khosravi-Borna Saeed , Boland Parvaneh
Published: January 2010

In this research a new structurally-modified monomer, 2,2'-bis[(p-phenoxy phenyl)]-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (PPAPE) was synthesized by a three-step manner starting from 4,4'-dinitrodiphenyl ether. Novel classes of wholly aromatic polyamides and polyimides were prepared from PPAPE through the conventional polycondensation reactions including triphenyl phosphate-activated phosphorylation method for the preparation of the polyamides and cyclodehydration of in situ-formed polyamic acid precursors for the preparation of the polyimides. n and w values were determined by GPC measurements. Crystallinity, organosolubility, and qualitative film characteristics of the resulting aromatic polyamides and polyimides were investigated. A low crystallinity extent was only observed using their wide-angle X-ray diffractograms. All polymers had excellent organosolubility in common polar solvents such as DMAc, DMF, DMSO, and NMP. The resulting well-designed polymers could also be cast into transparent and flexible films.
Properties and Photocatalysis of Nanostructured Titania Prepared by Sol-Gel Method for Solar Hydrogen Production
Authors: Tipparach Udom , Limsuwan Pichet
Published: January 2010

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices based on Fe-doped and Pt-loaded nanostructured- TiO2 films acting as working electrodes were fabricated for solar hydrogen production. Anatase nanocrystalline titania (nano-TiO2) thin films were deposited on glass slides and Ti metal sheet substrates by a sol-gel dip-coating method. The sol-gel of nano-TiO2 was prepared in nitrogen atmosphere using a home-made nitrogen dry box and titanium tetraisopropoxide Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4 was used as a precursor. The effects of annealing temperatures on the crystallite size and the phase transformation also were investigated. The diameters of the particles in the rage of 12 nm were obtained in different methods of making the sol-gels and different annealing temperatures. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices consist of the Fe-doped and Pt-loaded TiO2 films as working electrodes, Pt as counter electrodes, 1.0 M KOH as electrolyte, and Nafion Perfluorinated membrane as a proton exchange membrane. The maximum photocurrent density occurred of 0.80 mA/cm2 without an external applied bias potential under irradiation of 100 mW/cm2 corresponding with photoconversion efficiency of 0.98 %. Impurity and undesired phases may be the cause of electron-hole recombination that results in lowering photocatalytic activity.
Photo-Catalytic Activity of Quencher Impurity Doped ZnS Nanocrystals
Authors: Chitkara Mansi , Singh Karamjit , Bansal Tinu , Sandhu I.S. , Bhatti H.S.
Published: January 2010

Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor nanocrystals seem to be good candidates for modern era optoelectronic and photo-catalytic applications due to their size tunable photo-physical and photo-chemical properties. In the present investigation, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) capped quencher impurity (Ni) doped ZnS nanocrystals have been synthesized using facile bottom-up synthesis technique; colloidal chemical co-precipitation method. Crystallographic and morphological characterization of synthesized nanomaterials have been carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. Photo-catalytic activity of the synthesized nanomaterials has been studied using methylene blue (MB) dye as a test contaminant. Photo-catalytic behavior dependence on dopant concentration, UV radiation curing and annealing of synthesized semiconductor nanomaterials have been studied in detail under sun light exposure.
Improving Malaria Diagnosis via Latex Immunoagglutination Assay in Microfluidic Device
Authors: Thiramanas Raweewan , Wanotayan Rujira , Rahong Sakon , Jangpatarapongsa Kulachart , Tangboriboonrat Pramuan , Polpanich Duangporn
Published: January 2010

Attempt to improve latex immunoagglutination assay, a rapid method in medical diagnostics, reporting as quantitative results was interested in this study by using microfluidic device. Sensitized latex was produced by physical adsorption of human polyclonal IgG antibody to Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite onto carboxylated polystyrene particle. Conventional latex agglutination assay was firstly performed to verify specific interaction of antibody on the bead surface versus antigen in malaria plasma. The agglutinate size around 30 µm was observed under optical microscope. The proportion of the plasma and the particle was optimized, and an appropriate ratio was applied in microfluidic device. Three patterns of the device were used with the agglutinate size comparison after 10 min as followed: rapid mixing > U-shaped loop > straight capillary Y-junction patterns. However, compared with patient plasma, small agglutinates were also observed when using normal serum.
The Spectroscopic Analysis of Iron-Doped Soda-Lime-Silica Glass by Spectrophotometer and ESR Spectrometer
Authors: Ruangtaweep Yotsakit , Kittiauchawal T. , Kaewkhao Jakrapong , Thamaphat Kheamrutai , Limsuwan Pichet
Published: January 2010

In this work, soda-lime-silica glass has been selected for coloring as base glass. The glass composition in mol% is (65-x) SiO2: 25Na2O: 10CaO: x Fe2O3, where x is 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, 0.30, and 0.50. Optical absorption and electrons spin resonance spectroscopy were conducted for five different doping rates. The optical spectra of Fe2O3 doped glasses show three absorption bands at 380, 420 and 435 nm. These peaks correspond to Fe3+ ions. The ESR spectra of all glasses doped with Fe2O3, they show three strong ESR absorption peaks at the g = 2.0050.003, 4.2910.008 and 7.1240.008. The intensity of these peaks is increased when the Fe2O3 concentration is increased.
Characterization of Aluminium Titanium Nitride Thin Films Deposited by Reactive Magnetron Co-Sputtering
Authors: Buranawong Adisorn , Chaiyakhun Surasing , Limsuwan Pichet
Published: January 2010

Nanocrystalline aluminium titanium nitride (AlTi3N) thin films were deposited on Si (100) wafers and grids by reactive magnetron co-sputtering technique using titanium and aluminium targets. The films were sputtered in Ar and N2 mixture at a constant flow rate under different conditions of deposition time ranging from 15 to 60 minutes. The crystal structure was characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and microstructure was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that the formation of polycrystalline AlTi3N with the orthorhombic structure and the development of crystal structure was observed by varied the deposition time. The microstructure of films was good according to the XRD results. On the other hand, after annealed the films at 500OC in the air for 1 hour, the crystal structure did not change that exposed the stable structure of AlTi3N films.
Dense Manganese Doped Biphasic Calcium Phosphate for Load Bearing Bone Implants
Authors: Sopyan Iis , Ahmad Nawawi Natasha , Shah Qasim Hussain
Published: January 2010

Dense pure biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and Mn-doped BCP ceramics were fabricated via uniaxial pressing using the sol-gel derived powders. The compacted discs were sintered in air atmosphere with temperatures ranging from 1000 °C to 1400 °C. All powders have been proved to show HA and β-TCP phases only. Manganese doping improves the densification in the BCP structure as the relative density increased with Mn doping and also sintering temperature. Considerable grain growth has been observed at 1300 °C for Mn-doped BCP samples compared to the pure BCP. 15 mol% Mn showed the maximum hardness value of 6.66 GPa at 1400 °C compared to pure BCP of only 2.89 GPa. Similarly, the Mn-doped BCP has superior fracture toughness where it attained maximum values of 1.05 MPam1/2 at 1400 °C compared to 0.72 MPam1/2 at 1300 °C of pure BCP. In a nutshell, Mn doping has successfully brought improvement in the mechanical properties of the BCP.
Porous Alumina through Protein Foaming-Consolidation Method: Effect of Stirring Time and Drying Temperature on the Physical Properties
Authors: Fadli Ahmad , Sopyan Iis
Published: January 2010

The porous alumina ceramics were fabricated through protein foaming-consolidation method using egg yolk as pore creating agent. The influence of stirring time and drying temperature on the physical properties of the porous bodies was investigated. The porosity of the 3 h stirring time’s sample was 42% and it increased to 71% at 24 h stirring time. As the drying temperature increased, the pores became interconnected with less dense and thinner pore and were found in the range of 100-650 µm. The density of 180°C drying temperature’s sample was 1.5 g/cm3 and it increased to1.9 g.cm-3 when dried at 100°C. An alumina-to-yolk ratio of 1.4 in weight was found to be optimum composition to give porous bodies with higher compressive strength. The compressive strength of the porous bodies increased from 3.7 MPa at 61.1% porosity to 7.7 MPa at 42.5% porosity, showing that the compressive strength is strongly dependent on porosity.
Preparation of Polypropylene Graft Maleic Anhydride (PP-g-MA) via Twin Screw Extrusion
Authors: Pruthtikul Rittirong , Liewchirakorn Pitcha
Published: January 2010

Polypropylene (PP) samples grafted with Maleic Anhydride (MA) were prepared by reactive blending via co-rotating twin screw extrusion. The PP was functionalized in the presence of an optimized amount of precursor, Dicumyl Peroxide (DCP) and MA. The amounts of MA grafted on PP were checked by standard test method for acid number. Maleated PP as a compatibilizer with the highest acid number was added to PP/Polyamide 6 (PA6) and blended in the twin screw extrusion. It was found that the PP-g-MA enhanced tensile properties as well as the izod impact properties of notched samples of PP/PA6/PP-g-MA blends compared to neat polypropylene. The scanning electron microscope confirmed the good adhesion of PA6 on PP matrix.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Polyaniline as Ethylene Gas Sensor
Authors: Pattananuwat Prasit , Aht-Ong Duangdao
Published: January 2010

The aim of this work is to fabricate an ethylene gas sensor based on polyaniline (PANi). The conductive layer of emeraldine base PANi was prepared by electrochemical synthesis. The aqueous aniline solution in sulfuric acid was electrolyzed by repeating potential cycling between -0.4 and 1.0 V relative to the silver reference electrode and platinum counter electrode. The conductive layers of PANi were deposited on patterned interdigited gold substrate. The numbers of repeated potential cycles on the amount of deposited layers of PANi were investigated for ethylene gas detection. The morphology of PANi films was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The ethylene gas sensing of PANi-H2SO4 was evaluated based on the changes in conductivity of PANi-H2SO4. The results revealed that the magnitude sensing provided a good sensitivity against ethylene with concentration in the parts per million (ppm) ranges. The effect of amount of deposited layer of PANi on ethylene gas sensing will be presented.
Synthesis of SrTiO3 Nanoparticles by a pH-Varying Sol-Gel Process
Authors: Yongvanich N. , Visuttipitukkul P.
Published: January 2010

SrTiO3 is one of the most technologically important dielectric ceramics. In this paper, SrTiO3 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple sol-gel route using NaOH to adjust the pH of the system. Three different strontium-containing starting precursors (Sr(NO3, SrCl2.6H2O and Sr(CH3COO)2.0.5H2O) were employed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed complete decomposition of organics at approximately 800°C; this temperature was chosen as a calcination temperature. At 800°C, 6 hours, only the nitrate route with pH = 10 gives single-phase SrTiO3. Other conditions yield various impurities, most likely due to the incompletion of the reaction although they still contain very broad XRD peaks corresponding to SrTiO3, signifying the probable phase formation capability at these conditions. The obtained SrTiO3 powders are in the nanoscale range of 10 to 40 nm with isotropic morphology.
In Situ Silica Filled Styrene Grafted Natural Rubber by the Sol-Gel Process
Authors: Sittiphan Torpong , Prasassarakich Pattarapan , Poompradub Sirilux
Published: January 2010

In situ silica filling of styrene grafted natural rubber (ST-g-NR) was carried out by using sol-gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The effects of concentration of catalyst and reaction temperature on the in situ silica content were investigated. ST-g-NR was synthesized via an emulsion polymerization using cumene hydroperoxide (CHPO) and tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA) as initiators. The synthesized ST-g-NR was characterized by a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H NMR). The content of in situ silica generated in ST-g-NR matrix was determined by Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA). In situ silica up to 50 parts per hundred rubbers by weight (phr) was successfully filled in the ST-g-NR matrix. The silica content increased with the increase of n-hexylamine concentration. However, the effect of reaction temperature was insignificant to silica content.
Effect of pH on the Formation of a Bovine Serum Albumin Layer on a Poly(stryren-co-maleic Acid) Surface
Authors: Hongkachern Tippavan , Champreda Verawat , Srikhirin Toemsak , Wangkam Thidarat , Osotchan Tanakorn
Published: January 2010

The layer formation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on a poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) (PSMA) surface was investigated by using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique at various pH values. The formation of a BSA surface was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). To study the effect on the layer formation, the pH of solution was varied from 2 to 7.4 while the concentration of BSA was in the range of 0.01 to 5 mg/ml during the layer absorption. It was found that the BSA adsorption strongly depends on the pH of solution, and the concentration of BSA. The absorption layer occurred maximum at the pH value of 3.5 which resulted from the charge of PSMA and BSA molecules. The layer formation reached the saturate value at the concentration higher than 3 mg/ml. The molecular packing of the BSA layer at different pH values was determined by AFM and total mass change of QCM.
Performance of a Micro Pump Driven by Conducting Polymer Soft Actuator Based on Polypyrrole
Authors: Fuchiwaki Masaki , Naka Yoshitaka , Tanaka Kazuhiro
Published: January 2010

Micro pumps are essential components of micro-fluidic systems and bio-sensing systems. In particular, the micro pump used for -TAS transports fluids at a micro flow rate with high precision. This micro pump is also used to transport high-viscosity fluids because there are various types of drugs to be transported. We developed a micro pump driven by a conducting polymer soft actuator that opens and closes. Although the developed micro pump contains no valve, the micro pump can transport fluids in one direction without backflow. A newly developed micro pump driven by a conducting polymer soft actuator can transport fluids in one direction without backflow by the opening and closing of two soft actuators.
The Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Emulsion as UV Blocking
Authors: Panyatanmaporn Thammarat , Kruenate Jittiporn , Aumnate Chuanchom , Sooksomsong Thammarak
Published: January 2010

The solar light consists of ultraviolet, visible and infrared ray. The ultraviolet and infrared rays, unlike visible ray, are not benefit to photosynthesis. Inorganic ultraviolet absorbing materials are mostly in crystallised phase such as TiO2, ZnO and CeO2 which caused lower transmittion in visible range. As known that, the commercial organic UV absorbers can absorb only the appointed UV wavelength. TiO2 emulsion for ultraviolet blocking was synthesized in this project in order to overcome such poor transmittion behavior. The preparative TiO2 emulsion can absorb UV completely without interfering the visible light transmittance. This is because the synthesized TiO2 via emulsion method was mainly an amorphous phase. The obtained composite film containing amorphous phase of TiO2 shows 80-90% transmittance of the visible light, 20-70% absorbance of ultraviolet A and 70-95 % absorbance of ultraviolet B.
The Superconducting Magnetic Properties of YBCO Effect on the Inductance of Coil
Authors: Chuamuangphan Pipat , Chuamuangphan C. , Treechairusme Kamchai
Published: January 2010

The effect of the magnetic properties of YBCO superconductors on the inductance of coil were studied in order to the dependence on temperature of effective penetration depth and the variation potential difference for damped oscillation in RLC series circuit. In this work, The samples of YBa2Cu3-xAgxO7- were prepared by solid state reaction in air at 950 ๐C for 24 hr. serves as the core of solenoids. The inductance of solenoids changes up with the increasing of temperature from boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K) to room temperature had been measured. Then we calculated to the effective penetration depth. We found that there were increase correspond with the increasing of temperature and the critical temperature decreased and then increased with the increase in Ag2O concentration of x = 0.1 and 0.2 , respectively. The variation potential difference for damped oscillation in RLC series circuit. We found that the decreasing of amplitude per cycle of the samples at superconducting state larger than those at normal state and phases shift in the damping oscillattion of RLC circuit at superconducting state are less than that at normal state, discussed as in inductance, the magnetic flux entering through the samples at superconducting state are less than that at normal state.
Product of Modified Rice Starch (Era-Gel®) and its Utilization in Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Vongsurakrai Varatus , Varavinit Saiyavit
Published: January 2010

Pregelatinized rice starch (Era-Gel ® ) was prepared by physical modification. The degree of pregelatinization was controlled to an appropriate level. With the addition of small amount of pregelatinized rice starch , a slightly sticky, damped mass was obtained. Pregelatinized rice starch was tested for a potential use as a tablet filler or binder in wet granulation process. Two hydrochlorothiazide formulations were compared. One formulation comprised HCTZ and PRS; the powder mixture was damped with water. The other formulation contained HCTZ, lactose as filter, corn starch as binder and also as tablet disintegrant. In the later case, the powder mixture was damped with starch paste. Both granulations were compressed on an instrumented tablet press. The tablets were evaluated for their hardness, friability, disintegration, and also dissolution. The results indicated that both formulations were comparable in all aspects. It dissolution was found to exceed the USP requirement. It was demonstrated that three components, i.e. , lactose, corn starch paste, and disintegrant could be replaced with only one single material, PRS. It was also found that PRS could perform well in acetaminophen tablet formulation which was a high-dose drug and tended to cap; however, small amount of extra binder and disintegrant were needed. It could be seen that PRS had a great potential use in wet granulation process.
Effect of pH on Zinc Oxide Powder Prepared by a Chemical Co-Precipitation Method
Authors: Pookmanee Pusit , Attaveerapat Issara , Kittikul Jiraporn , Phanichphant Sukon
Published: January 2010

Zinc oxide powder was prepared by a chemical co-precipitation method. Zinc nitrate and ammonium hydroxide were used as the starting precursors. The white precipitated powder was formed after adding ammonium hydroxide until the pH of final solution was 7-9. The powder was filtered and dried at 100 °C for 24h. The phase of zinc oxide powder was studied by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Hexagonal single phase of zinc oxide was obtained without calcination step. The morphology of zinc oxide powder was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The particle was irregular in shape and highly agglomerated with an average particle size of 0.1 µm. The chemical composition of zinc oxide powder was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDXS). The elemental composition of zinc oxide showed the characteristic X-ray energy value as follows: zinc of Lα = 1.012 keV, Kα = 8.630 keV and Kβ = 9.570 keV and oxygen of Kα = 0.525 keV, respectively.
The Effects of Composition and Sintering Conditions on Zirconia Toughened Alumina (ZTA) Nanocomposites
Authors: Esfahani H. , Nemati Ali , Salahi E.
Published: January 2010

Zirconia Toughened Alumina (ZTA) Nanocomposites were prepared using Nano sized Zirconia (ZrO2) powders doped with 3% mol of yttria (Y2O3) nanopowders. Diffusion of α-alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles as well as yttria into the Zirconia lattice network drives monoclinic – tetragonal martensitic transformation. Zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) composites containing different amount of partially stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) 5, 10, 15 and 20% mol, were prepared via wet mixing and axial pressing. After sintering at different temperatures,1450, 1550 and 1650 °C, phase change in the samples were monitored. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that at constant composition, tetragonal zirconia was increased by temperature increasing due to intensification of diffuse coefficient of alumina and yttria in the system. At constant temperature, remained monoclinic zirconia was increased with Zirconia content increasing.
Nd:YAG Laser Perforation of Plastic Films for Enhanced Breathability
Authors: Winotapun Charinee , Kerddonfag Noppadon , Chinsirikul Wannee
Published: January 2010

This study focused on investigating the Nd:YAG laser perforation process of several common plastic films including biaxially-oriented polypropylene (BOPP), biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BOPET) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) films. Films were perforated under various pulse energies of 50, 150 and 250 mJ and with pulse duration of ~10 ns and pulse repetition of 1 Hz. It was found that, BOPP, BOPET and LDPE films could be perforated using our developed Nd:YAG laser perforating system. Perforation width or diameters of all films increased with increasing pulse energies. Observed perforations were different among the three film types. For instance, at the pulse energy of 150 mJ, average microperforation diameters of BOPP, BOPET, and LDPE were 51.9, 57.5, and 31.0 microns, respectively. Overall results clearly demonstrated that a Nd:YAG laser perforation process used in this study was effective in developing breathable packaging films with tailored oxygen permeation property. Commercial BOPP films containing 200-1,400 micro-perforations/m2 (average perforation diameter of  50 µm) showed a significant improvement in oxygen transmission rates (OTR) of 25-700% over that of the regular BOPP. Very high OTR films of 16,000 cc/m2.day could be effectively produced for the micro-perforated BOPP, where OTR values of close to 20,000 cc/m2.day was obtainable in the case of BOPET films.
The History, Challenges and the Future of Biodegradable Metal Implants
Authors: Witte F. , Eliezer Amir , Cohen S.
Published: January 2010

New interest in magnesium alloys as temporary biomaterials was reborn in the recent years. Especially metals based on physiological trace elements seem to be promising as an alternative to current biodegradable implant materials in cardiovascular and musculoskeletal applications. First clinical reports can be dated back before 1900. Magnesium alloys were used by surgeons of different clinical background in cardiovascular, neural, skin, general and musculoskeletal surgery. All patients have benefited from the treatment with magnesium alloys, although rapid corrosion caused sometimes painless subcutaneous gas cavities. These reports encouraged researchers to study and invent new magnesium alloys which aim to provide more uniform and slow corrosion rates. The most challenging part was to analyze the corrosion of implanted magnesium alloys in-vivo, since the magnesium alloys interlock with the surrounding tissue during corrosion. Therefore, the implanted samples could not be retrieved without damaging the fragile implant-tissue interface. Synchrotron-radiation based microtomography (SRµCT) was introduced as a solution to this challenge. SRµCT enables to measure non-destructively the in-vivo corrosion rates of magnesium alloys as well as their corrosion morphology. Based on these data, it was concluded that suitable magnesium implants should provide small grains, which are distributed very homogenously and should be produced with highest purity. The future of biodegradable magnesium alloys might be directed towards implant areas where high ductility, maximal tensile strength as well as high compression strength is needed and the properties of current biodegradable implant-materials are exceeded by the properties of magnesium alloys.
The Relation between Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of New Mg-Al-X Alloys for Transportation Application
Authors: Ben-Hamu Guy , Eliezer D. , Shin Kwang Seon
Published: January 2010

New die cast magnesium alloys have increasingly been developed in recent years for the automotive industry due to their high potential as structural materials for low density and high strength/weight ratio demands. However, their poor mechanical properties and low corrosion resistance have led to a search for new kinds of magnesium alloys with better strength, ductility, high temperature behaviour and high corrosion resistance. The main objective of this research is to investigate the corrosion behaviour of new die cast magnesium alloys: Mg-Al-Ca, Mg-Al-Sr. AC and DC polarization tests were carried out on the new alloys. Microstructure was examined using optical and electron microscopy (SEM) and EDS. The additions of Sr and Ca affected the corrosion behaviour. These results can be explained by the effects of alloying elements on the microstructure of Mg alloys such as grain size and precipitates caused by the change in precipitation.
Stabilization of Microstructures in Mg-Based Alloys: Modeling and Processing
Authors: Katsman A. , Bamberger Menachem
Published: January 2010

Extensive research work was devoted to Mg-based alloys strengthened by precipitation hardening. In this framework, the Mg-Zn-Sn system was considered a promising candidate for a creep resistant Mg-alloy. Small additions of alloying elements forming high temperature phases (HTP) were used to improve the structural stability of the Mg-Zn-Sn alloy. Phase formation during solidification was analyzed using thermodynamic calculations. The influence of HTP-particles on stabilization of sub-grain boundary structure was found to be of great importance in improving structural stability of the alloys at elevated temperatures. Mechanisms of precipitation hardening were investigated using the modified Langer-Schwartz model calibrated for Mg-Zn-Sn alloys.
Nitrification in Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands with Different Substrate and COD: N Ratio
Authors: Han Xiao Li , Hai Re Ti , Wang Wen Xin
Published: January 2010

In this paper, the effect of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the influent on nitrification in CWs with different substrate (peaty soil and turfy soil) was investigated. The results indicate that the influence of the substrate is insignificant but the COD: N ratio in the influent affects nitrification mainly.
Polyurethane MicroPCMs Containing N-Octadecane Applied in Building Materials Synthesized by Interfacial Polycondensation: Thermal Stability and Heat Absorption Simulation
Authors: Su Jun Feng , Wang Sheng Bao , Huang Zhen , Liang Jin Sheng
Published: January 2010

Polyurethane microcapsules containing phase change materials (microPCMs) of n-octadecane applied in building materials were successfully synthesized by an interfacial polymerization in aqueous styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) dispersion with diethylene triamine (DETA) as a chain extender reacting with toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate (TDI). FTIR and SEM morphologies results confirmed that the shell of microcapsules was polyurethane. Thermal stability and heat absorption simulation were investigated by TGA, DSC and an environmental simulation apparatus. TGA data showed that the decomposition of the microcapsules began at approximately 339oC at 2oC/min of increasing temperature and 320oC under 20% humidity, respectively. Shell structure was affected by environmental changes including temperature and humidity. The microcapsules will be compact and service longer time in practical application under gentle environmental changes. Also, the thermal absorption characterization was performed on a self-made design to improve the understanding of the thermal properties of dried microcapsules in practical application.
Chemical Reaction Characteristics of HDTMA+ Cations in Interlayer Space of Vermiculite Crystal Layers
Authors: Peng Tong Jiang , Sun Hong Juan , Sun Jin Mei , Liu Hai Feng
Published: January 2010

Hydrophlogopite, a regular interstratified mineral with 1:1 ratio of vermiculite and phlogopite crystal layers, was modified with sodium and organically intercalated with HDTMAB, and then the samples were examined with XRD. Based on the theoretical geometric dimensions of organic cations, the structure and arrangement model of HDTMA+ cation in the interlayer space of vermiculite crystal layers were studied, the reaction mechanism of organic intercalation was also discussed. The results show that HDTMA+ cations enter into the interlayer space of vermiculite crystal layers only without exchange with the cations in the interlayer space of phlogopite crystal layers, and that the arrangement models of HDTMA+ cations in the interlayer space of vermiculite crystal layers varies with the added amount of HDTMAB. When the added amount is small, the arrangement model of HDTMA+ cations in the interlayer space of vermiculite crystal layers is lateral-bilayer, and when the added amount is larger, the arrangement model is paraffin-type monolayer.
Serotype Identification and Drug Sensitive Test of the Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Zhang Tie , Wang Chun Guang , Han Wei , Zhu Dong Bin , Zhao Xing Hua , Xin He , Zhong Xiu Hui
Published: January 2010

Thirty-eight isolates of Escherichia coli (E.coli) were isolated from chickens either ill or dead suspected with E.coli. These chickens come from chicken breeding farms in the districts of Baoding, Qinhuangdao and Beijing of China. The results of the antibiotics sensitivity test in the thirty-eight isolates to twenty-four kinds of antibiotics show that all isolates have presented antibiotic resistance disparately as well as multiresistance. All isolates are sensitive to Cephalosporins antibiotics and Aminoglycosides antibiotics such as Amikacin, Cefazolin, Cefradine, Cefoperazone and Ceftriaxone. Thirty-eight isolates are extremely resistant to Penicillins antibiotics, Lincomycins antibiotics, Tetracyclines antibiotics and Macrolides antibiotics such as Midecamycine, Lincomycin, Carbenicillin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin. Antibiotics sensitivity test provides a guidance for antibiotic application and scientific research on poultry farms.
Surface Physicochemical Properties of Easy-Cleaning Ceramic
Authors: Wang Li Juan , Liang Jin Sheng , Xu Wen Bo , Qin Xue Huan
Published: January 2010

A series of surface physicochemical properties were studied which could provide theory basis for the research of easy-cleaning ceramic. The crystal structure and microstructure were characterized by x–ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The surface morphology was observed by atom force microscope (AFM). Static contact angle measurements were used to calculate surface free energy SFE and its components with a Dataphysics OCA-30 contact angle analyzer. The results showed that SFE and its components varied with such chemical composition as the ratio of silica to alumina, and fusing agent. The lower adhesion work of oil under water on the glaze surface with higher surface free energy and polar component, the better the cleanability. The AFM and SEM results showed that the easy-cleaning glaze surface was smoother and the section was denser and less porous. The far-infrared radiance of easy-cleaning ceramic was 92.7%
TiO2 Supported on Crude Sepiolite by Liquid Phase Method
Authors: Wang Xiao Yan , Ji Zhi Jiang , Wang Jing , Li Hai Jian
Published: January 2010

TiO2 was supported on crude sepiolite by boiling reflux method. According to the X-ray diffraction, TiO2 is rutile-anatase mixing type while the composite prepared by the same method is rutile crystal. Scanning electron microscope study shows that TiO2 balls grow onto fibrous sepiolite like strings of grapes. The binding energy of Ti2p becomes 0.2eV lower in the composite. The photocatalytic performances are evaluated through studying the ability of generating hydroxyl radical（•OH）by electron spin resonance(ESR), and the decomposition rate of methyl orange in aqueous solution. It is found that the quantity of hydroxyl radical increases and the photocatalytic activity is enhanced for TiO2/sepiolite composite under natural light.
Composite Lithium Ionization for Natural MnO2
Authors: Cheng Yan Hong , Liang Guang Chuan , Wang Li
Published: January 2010

Aimed at the problem of low purity and poor electrochemical activity of natural MnO2, acid-treatment was applied to pre-treat natural MnO2. Three factors, such as H2SO4 concentration, bathing temperature and reaction time, were accessed. The best acid treatment conditions of natural MnO2 were determined through an orthogonal experiment of 3 factors and 3 levels, using the initial discharge capacity at 0.2C rate as an index, that is, H2SO4 concentration 2mol•L-1, bathing temperature 30oC, reaction time 4h. Lithiated manganese dioxide-Li0.3MnO2 was prepared by melt-impregnation method using the MnO2 pre-treated under the optimal acid-treatment conditions, which showed an initial discharge capacity of 186.7 mAh•g-1 at 0.2C rate and little capacity degradation after 300 cycles at 20%DOD.
Effects of Wastewater of Dyeing-Printing on the Combustion of Coal Powder
Authors: Wang Ya Nan , Liang Jin Sheng
Published: January 2010

Treated coal powder is prepared by dipping dyeing-printing wastewater into coal powder from DaTong, China. Effects of the amount of wastewater on heat value, combustion efficiency and activation energy of these samples were investigated. The results showed that the addition of dyeing-printing wastewater improved the combustion performances, which reached the best when the ratio of wastewater to sample was 4%. That is, the heat value increased by 2.3% and kindling point, activation energy and CO content in the smoke decreased by 6°C, 22.2% and 20%, respectively. At the same time, the recycling of wastewater was also achieved
Adsorption Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Lipoic Acid on Three Types of Resin
Authors: Wei Rui Xia , Chen Jin Long , Yang Cai Ling
Published: January 2010

Study on adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of Lipoic acid by NG-16, NDA-100 and ND-90 resin was carried out through static experiments. The results showed that the adsorption of Lipoic acid on NG-16 resin is Langmuir monolayer, and the adsorption rate appears to be the first order kinetics. The adsorption date of Lipoic acid on NDA-100 and ND-90 resin also were described well by the Langmuir isotherm, which was caused by the capillary condensation and the volume filling of micropores besides monolayer adsorption. When the concentration of Lipoic acid is higher than 400mg/L, the capillary condensation and the volume filling of micropores act the main part. The adsorption of Lipoic acid on NDA-100 and ND-90 resin pass through two phases: macropores, mespores area and micropores area. And the adsorptions in micropores area are described well by the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm. The adsorption rates of the two phases are the first order kinetics.
Performance of Non-Crimp Fabric Composites in Shear
Authors: Joffe Roberts
Published: January 2010

Experimental results of performance of non-crimp fabric composites are presented in this paper. In order to characterize in-plane shear properties of these composites, tensile and compression tests of [±452]S specimens were carried out. Two directions of loading are considered: warp (Shear warP: SP) and weft (Shear wefT: ST). This corresponds to laminates with the following lay-up: SP = [+45/-45/+45/-45]S; ST = [-45/+45/-45/+45]S. Although both types of laminates are cut from the same plate, mechanical performance in tension is rather different: laminate cut in weft direction exhibit higher shear modulus, shear strength and shear strain at failure than samples cut in warp direction. Fractography showed that different behavior of the materials is caused by much earlier damage initiation and accumulation in SP laminates. Analysis of images obtained from optical microscopy indicated that premature failure is most likely caused by stitches that prevent free rotation of bundles (shear deformation).
Study on Dynamic Equation of Cut-In Contact for the Waved-Edge Milling Insert with 3D Complex Groove
Authors: Wang Zhi Gang , Zhao Ping , Li Zhen Jia
Published: January 2010

Cut-in disrepair of milling inserts are closely related to dynamic equation of cut-in contact. According to the problem of serious cut-in disrepair, dynamic equation of cut-in contact for the waved-edge milling insert with 3D complex groove is studied. Rake face function of 3D complex groove waved-edge milling inserts is founded. Rake face equation of 3D complex groove inserts is founded. Rake face motion equation of 3D complex groove inserts is deduced. Appearance equation of workpiece machining region is deduced. Contact line (LM) equation is deduced, which is the contact line between rake face and workpiece cut-in side surface when rake face moving. Intersection line (C1D1) equation is deduced, which is the intersection line of cutting surface and side surface of workpiece. All the production above are the theory foundation for further researching the relationship between the cut-in style and cut-in disrepair, cut-in style optimization, 3D complex groove insert optimization.
Simulation of Yarn Tension Control System Based on Simulink
Authors: Chang De Gong , Xiao Zhi Juan , Liu Y.H. , Li H.
Published: January 2010

Based on the analyses of the yarn tension and the mathematical model of the magnetic powder brake, the digital simulation of the yarn tension fuzzy control system was performed by using MATLAB Simulink. The relationship between the structure parameters and the system dynamic performance was then obtained, and the system scheme was justified.