bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High frequency un-mixing of soil samples using a submerged spectrophotometer in a laboratory setting—implications for sediment fingerprinting
Authors: Lake Niels F. , Martínez-Carreras Núria , Shaw Peter J. , Collins Adrian L.
Published: November 2021

Purpose

This study tests the feasibility of using a submersible spectrophotometer as a novel method to trace and apportion suspended sediment sources in situ and at high temporal frequency.

Methods

Laboratory experiments were designed to identify how absorbance at different wavelengths can be used to un-mix artificial mixtures of soil samples (i.e. sediment sources). The experiment consists of a tank containing 40 L of water, to which the soil samples and soil mixtures of known proportions were added in suspension. Absorbance measurements made using the submersible spectrophotometer were used to elucidate: (i) the effects of concentrations on absorbance, (ii) the relationship between absorbance and particle size and (iii) the linear additivity of absorbance as a prerequisite for un-mixing.

Results

The observed relationships between soil sample concentrations and absorbance in the ultraviolet visible (UV–VIS) wavelength range (200–730 nm) indicated that differences in absorbance patterns are caused by soil-specific properties and particle size. Absorbance was found to be linearly additive and could be used to predict the known soil sample proportions in mixtures using the MixSIAR Bayesian tracer mixing model. Model results indicate that dominant contributions to mixtures containing two and three soil samples could be predicted well, whilst accuracy for four-soil sample mixtures was lower (with respective mean absolute errors of 15.4%, 12.9% and 17.0%).

Conclusion

The results demonstrate the potential for using in situ submersible spectrophotometer sensors to trace suspended sediment sources at high temporal frequency.
Utilization of Maternal Health Care Among Immigrant Mothers in New York City, 2016–2018
Authors: Maru Sheela , Glenn Lily , Belfon Kizzi , Birnie Lauren , Brahmbhatt Diksha , Hadler Max , Janevic Teresa , Reynolds Simone
Published: November 2021

Immigrant women represent half of New York City (NYC) births, and some immigrant groups have elevated risk for poor maternal health outcomes. Disparities in health care utilization across the maternity care spectrum may contribute to differential maternal health outcomes. Data on immigrant maternal health utilization are under-explored in the literature. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the population-based NYC Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System survey, using 2016–2018 data linked to birth certificate variables, to explore self-reported utilization of preconception, prenatal, and postpartum health care and potential explanatory pathways. We stratified results by maternal nativity and, for immigrants, by years living in the US; geographic region of origin; and country of origin income grouping. Among immigrant women, 43% did not visit a health care provider in the year before pregnancy, compared to 27% of US-born women (risk difference [RD] = 0.16, 95% CI [0.13, 0.20]), 64% had no dental cleaning during pregnancy compared to 49% of US-born women (RD = 0.15, 95% CI [0.11, 0.18]), and 11% lost health insurance postpartum compared to 1% of US-born women (RD = 0.10, 95% CI [0.08, 0.11]). The largest disparities were among recent arrivals to the US and immigrants from countries in Central America, South America, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Utilization differences were partially explained by insurance type, paternal nativity, maternal education, and race and ethnicity. Disparities may be reduced by collaborating with community-based organizations in immigrant communities on strategies to improve utilization and by expanding health care access and eligibility for public health insurance coverage before and after pregnancy.
Continuous dependence and convergence for a Kelvin–Voigt fluid of order one
Authors: Straughan Brian
Published: November 2021

It is shown that the solution to the boundary - initial value problem for a Kelvin–Voigt fluid of order one depends continuously upon the Kelvin–Voigt parameters, the viscosity, and the viscoelastic coefficients. Convergence of a solution is also shown.
Effect of Alloying Additions on Microstructure, Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of Rapidly Cooled Bulk Fe-B-M-Cu (M = Ti, Mo and Mn) Alloys
Authors: Hasiak Mariusz , Tkaczyk Marzena , Łaszcz Amadeusz , Olszewski Jacek
Published: November 2021

The influence of alloying additions on the microstructure, mechanical, and magnetic properties of bulk Fe79B20Cu1, Fe79B16Ti4Cu1, Fe79B16Mo4Cu1 and Fe79B16Mn4Cu1 (at. pct) alloys was investigated. Nanocrystalline samples in the form of 3 mm rods were prepared directly by suction casting without additional heat treatment. Mössbauer spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies confirmed that the investigated alloys consist α-Fe and Fe2B nanograins embedded in an amorphous matrix. The addition of alloying elements, such as Ti, Mo and Mn to Fe79B20Cu1 alloy increases the amount of amorphous phase and decreases the presence of Fe2B phase in all examined alloys. The mechanical properties of the samples, such as hardness, elastic modulus, and elastic energy ratio, were analysed by an instrumented indentation technique performed on a 12 × 12 nanoindentation grid. These tests allowed to characterise the mechanical properties of the regions observed in the same material. For the Fe79B20Cu1 alloy, the hardness of 1508 and 1999 HV, as well as Young’s modulus of 287 and 308 GPa, were estimated for the amorphous- and nanocrystalline-rich phase, respectively. The addition of Ti, Mo, and Mn atoms leads to a decrease in both hardness and elastic modulus for all regions in the investigated samples. Investigations of thermomagnetic characteristics show the soft magnetic properties of the studied materials. More detailed studies of magnetisation versus magnetic field curves for the Fe79B20−x
M
x
Cu1 (where x = 0 or 4; M = Ti, Mo, Mn) alloy, recorded in a wide range of temperatures, followed by the law of approach to magnetic saturation revealed the relationship between microstructure and magneto-mechanical properties.
Astrocytes in depression and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Liao Yang , Xing Qu , Li Qianqian , Zhang Jing , Pan Ruiyuan , Yuan Zengqiang
Published: November 2021

Astrocytes are an abundant subgroup of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play a critical role in controlling neuronal circuits involved in emotion, learning, and memory. In clinical cases, multiple chronic brain diseases may cause psychosocial and cognitive impairment, such as depression and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). For years, complex pathological conditions driven by depression and AD have been widely perceived to contribute to a high risk of disability, resulting in gradual loss of self-care ability, lower life qualities, and vast burden on human society. Interestingly, correlational research on depression and AD has shown that depression might be a prodrome of progressive degenerative neurological disease. As a kind of multifunctional glial cell in the CNS, astrocytes maintain physiological function via supporting neuronal cells, modulating pathologic niche, and regulating energy metabolism. Mounting evidence has shown that astrocytic dysfunction is involved in the progression of depression and AD. We herein review the current findings on the roles and mechanisms of astrocytes in the development of depression and AD, with an implication of potential therapeutic avenue for these diseases by targeting astrocytes.
Activation of Three Major Signaling Pathways After Endurance Training and Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Kiss Bimbova Katarina , Bacova Maria , Kisucka Alexandra , Galik Jan , Zavacky Peter , Lukacova Nadezda
Published: November 2021

We aimed to investigate the effects of endurance training on expression of growth factors (GFs) and stimulation of neurotrophin-dependent signaling pathways (PI3k/Akt, PLCγ/PKC, PLCγ/CAMKII, Ras-Erk1/2 and Rac1-Cdc42) responsible for neuroplasticity, neuroregeneration, survival and growth after spinal cord injury (SCI). Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (i) intact controls; (ii) 6 weeks of endurance training; (iii) SCI; (iv) pre-training + SCI. The animals survived for 6 weeks after SCI. Firstly, endurance training markedly upregulated mRNA expression and protein levels (up to four times) of growth factors (BDNF, GDNF) and their receptors (TrkB, Gfrα) in low thoracic segments (Th8–Th10) compared to levels in untrained animals. Secondly, we found that spontaneous neuroplasticity seen in the SCI alone group was GF-specific and was activated through both PLCγ-PKC and PLC-CAMKII signaling pathways. In addition, training prior to SCI markedly increased the activity of PLCγ-PKC signaling at both transcript and protein levels at and around the lesion site. Similar effects were seen in expression of PI3k/Akt and Ras/Erk1/2 signaling responsible for cell survival and regeneration. Thirdly, rats which underwent physical activity prior to SCI were more active and had significantly better neurological scores at the 14th and 42nd days of survival. These results suggest that regular physical activity could play an important role after SCI, as it maintains increased expression of GFs in spinal cord tissue 6 weeks post-SCI. The BDNF- and/or BDNF + GDNF-dependent signaling pathways were significantly affected in pre-trained SCI animals. In contrast, GDNF-dependent Rac1-Cdc42 signaling was not involved in training-affected SCI response.
Intrasalivary Thymic Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Kunc Michał , Kamieniecki Alexandra , Walczak Grzegorz , Nowicki Tomasz , Wasąg Bartosz , Mikaszewski Bogusław , Stodulski Dominik , Biernat Wojciech
Published: November 2021

Ectopic thymic carcinomas are rarely diagnosed in the thyroid gland, let alone in extrathyroid tissues. In the currently available literature, only five cases of extrathyroidal malignancies with thymic differentiation have been reported as arising in the major salivary glands. A 69-year-old female presented with a slow-growing palpable mass in the left parotid gland. Fine needle aspiration biopsy suggested metastatic cancer, whereas core needle biopsy revealed high-grade squamous cell carcinoma. The patient underwent left radical parotidectomy with selective ipsilateral lymph node dissection and subsequent radiation therapy. The surgical specimen was taken for histopathological examination. Microscopically, the tumor resembled thymic carcinoma. It was composed of large nests of squamoid cells with smooth contours, focally with a syncytial growth pattern, and accompanied by abundant lymphocytes with reactive lymphoid follicles. This appearance resembled a micronodular thymic carcinoma with lymphoid hyperplasia. Moreover, the tumor displayed expression of squamous markers (p40 and p63) and markers of thymic carcinoma (CD5 and CD117). Therefore, the final diagnosis of intrasalivary thymic carcinoma was rendered. The molecular analysis including next-generation sequencing demonstrated no variants of the strong, potential, or unknown clinical significance. The patient remains disease-free at 1-year follow-up. In the current case, we comprehensively present a clinical, microscopic, molecular, and radiological picture of CD5-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid. We postulate that similar cases should be designated as intrasalivary thymic carcinoma analogically to similar thyroid tumors. Our case and the limited literature data indicate they should be distinguished from conventional squamous cell carcinoma of major salivary glands due to their rather favorable prognosis.
Weak UVB Irradiation Promotes Macrophage M2 Polarization and Stabilizes Atherosclerosis
Authors: Li Xin-Yun , Qin Tao , Zhang Peng-Fei , Yan Wen-jiang , Lei Ling-Li , Kuang Jiang-Ying , Li Hao-Dong , Zhang Wen-Cheng , Lu Xiao-Ting , Sun Yuan-Yuan
Published: November 2021

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic cardiovascular disease endangering human health and is one of the most common causes of myocardial infarction and stroke. Macrophage polarization plays a vital role in regulating plaque stability. As an important component of sunlight, ultraviolet B (UVB) has been proven to promote vitamin D and nitric oxide synthesis. This research used an AS model in ApoE−/− mice to study the effects of UVB on macrophage polarization and atherosclerotic plaque stability. In vitro, UVB irradiation increased arginase-I (Arg-I, M2 macrophage) and macrophage mannose receptor (CD206) expression, while the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (M1 macrophage) and CD86 was decreased. UVB promoted Akt phosphorylation in vitro. In vivo, UVB irradiation promoted the stabilization of atherosclerotic lesion plaques, while the phenotype of M2 macrophages increased. Our research provides new evidence for UVB in preventing and treating atherosclerosis.
Hermeneutics, Practical Wisdom, and Cognitive Poetics
Authors: Zheng Yi
Published: November 2021

It may seem trivial to stress that our background knowledge is essential for literary interpretation, but what about practical wisdom, theinarticulablebackground knowledge? Can we articulate all the things that we know and are able to do in literary interpretation? Are we fully aware of all the assumptions behind our literary arguments? Instead of generally reflecting the status of hermeneutics at a macro-level, this essay argues that one way for hermeneutics to remain meaningful today is not to be tried as a theoretical whole, but as a source of sporadic inspiring arguments. To show that, at a micro-level, we can evaluate the strength of these arguments case by case without generalizing, we analyze from a cognitive perspective Gadamer’s argument that practical wisdom is crucial for literary interpretation. Using cognitive science to provide insights for literary study does not make the latter subservient to the former. Rather, cognitive poetics is a two-way street where each field complements the other by providing hypotheses and functioning as a testing ground. By demonstrating that we know more than we can tell in literary interpretation and that the three features Aristotle and Gadamer attribute to practical wisdom (contingent, inarticulable, and only learnable through experience) are at least tentatively empirically justified, this essay argues that hermeneutics has offered a noteworthy example for the two-way street of cognitive poetics.
Information Geometry of Reversible Markov Chains
Authors: Wolfer Geoffrey , Watanabe Shun
Published: November 2021

We analyze the information geometric structure of time reversibility for parametric families of irreducible transition kernels of Markov chains. We define and characterize reversible exponential families of Markov kernels, and show that irreducible and reversible Markov kernels form both a mixture family and, perhaps surprisingly, an exponential family in the set of all stochastic kernels. We propose a parametrization of the entire manifold of reversible kernels, and inspect reversible geodesics. We define information projections onto the reversible manifold, and derive closed-form expressions for the e-projection and m-projection, along with Pythagorean identities with respect to information divergence, leading to some new notion of reversiblization of Markov kernels. We show the family of edge measures pertaining to irreducible and reversible kernels also forms an exponential family among distributions over pairs. We further explore geometric properties of the reversible family, by comparing them with other remarkable families of stochastic matrices. Finally, we show that reversible kernels are, in a sense we define, the minimal exponential family generated by the m-family of symmetric kernels, and the smallest mixture family that comprises the e-family of memoryless kernels.
Optimized Runge-Kutta Methods with Automatic Step Size Control for Compressible Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Ranocha Hendrik , Dalcin Lisandro , Parsani Matteo , Ketcheson David I.
Published: November 2021

We develop error-control based time integration algorithms for compressible fluid dynamics (CFD) applications and show that they are efficient and robust in both the accuracy-limited and stability-limited regime. Focusing on discontinuous spectral element semidiscretizations, we design new controllers for existing methods and for some new embedded Runge-Kutta pairs. We demonstrate the importance of choosing adequate controller parameters and provide a means to obtain these in practice. We compare a wide range of error-control-based methods, along with the common approach in which step size control is based on the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) number. The optimized methods give improved performance and naturally adopt a step size close to the maximum stable CFL number at loose tolerances, while additionally providing control of the temporal error at tighter tolerances. The numerical examples include challenging industrial CFD applications.
Study on Horizon Scanning by Citation Network Analysis and Text Mining: A Focus on Drug Development Related to T Cell Immune Response
Authors: Fujii Erika , Takata Takuya , Yamano Hiroko , Honma Masashi , Shimokawa Masafumi , Sasaki Hajime , Shikano Mayumi
Published: November 2021

Certain innovative technologies applied to medical product development require novel evaluation approaches and/or regulations. Horizon scanning for such technologies will help regulators prepare, allowing earlier access to the product for patients and an improved benefit/risk ratio. This study investigates whether citation network analysis and text mining of scientific papers could be a tool for horizon scanning in the field of immunology, which has developed over a long period, and attempts to grasp the latest research trends. As the result of the analysis, the academic landscape of the immunology field was identified by classifying 90,450 papers (obtained from PubMED) containing the keyword “immune* and t lymph*” into 38 clusters. The clustering was indicative of the research landscape of the immunology field. To confirm this, immune checkpoint inhibitors were used as a retrospective test topic of therapeutics with new mechanisms of action. Retrospective clustering around immune checkpoint inhibitors was found, supporting this approach. The analysis of the research trends over the last 3 to 5 years in this field revealed several candidate topics, including ARID1A gene mutation, CD300e, and tissue resident memory T cells, which shows notable progress and should be monitored for future possible product development. Our results have demonstrated the possibility that citation network analysis and text mining of scientific papers can be a useful objective tool for horizon scanning of life science fields such as immunology.
Study on Horizon Scanning with a Focus on the Development of AI-Based Medical Products: Citation Network Analysis
Authors: Takata Takuya , Sasaki Hajime , Yamano Hiroko , Honma Masashi , Shikano Mayumi
Published: November 2021

Horizon scanning for innovative technologies that might be applied to medical products and requires new assessment approaches to prepare regulators, allowing earlier access to the product for patients and an improved benefit/risk ratio. The purpose of this study is to confirm that citation network analysis and text mining for bibliographic information analysis can be used for horizon scanning of the rapidly developing field of AI-based medical technologies and extract the latest research trend information from the field. We classified 119,553 publications obtained from SCI constructed with the keywords “conventional,” “machine-learning,” or “deep-learning" and grouped them into 36 clusters, which demonstrated the academic landscape of AI applications. We also confirmed that one or two close clusters included the key articles on AI-based medical image analysis, suggesting that clusters specific to the technology were appropriately formed. Significant research progress could be detected as a quick increase in constituent papers and the number of citations of hub papers in the cluster. Then we tracked recent research trends by re-analyzing “young” clusters based on the average publication year of the constituent papers of each cluster. The latest topics in AI-based medical technologies include electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms (ECG/EEG), human activity recognition, natural language processing of clinical records, and drug discovery. We could detect rapid increase in research activity of AI-based ECG/EEG a few years prior to the issuance of the draft guidance by US-FDA. Our study showed that a citation network analysis and text mining of scientific papers can be a useful objective tool for horizon scanning of rapidly developing AI-based medical technologies.
Circular Approaches in Small-Scale Food Production
Authors: Schneider Petra , Rochell Vincent , Plat Kay , Jaworski Alexander
Published: November 2021

Globally, food production is one of the main water and energy consumers. Having in view the growing population on global scale, a higher efficiency of food production is needed. Circular approaches offer a large potential to enhance the efficiency of food production and have a long tradition in the food production process of mankind. However, industrial farming has interdicted traditional cycle-closed farming approaches leading to a variety of environmental challenges. The contribution illustrates the basics of traditional gardening and farming approaches and describes how their characteristics are adapted in innovative modern farming systems like aquaponic, permaculture, urban farming, as well as recovered traditional farming systems. The approach to combine traditional farming methods with modern ones will provide multiple benefits in the future to ensure food security. There is to be underlined that such a strategy holds a substantial potential of circular flux management in small scale food production. This potential could be transposed to a larger scale also, particularly in terms of agroforestry and integrated plant and animal husbandry or integrated agriculture and aquaculture. In this way, small-scale food production holds a large potential for the future implementation of the water-energy-food security nexus.
The Principle of Reason's Self-Preservation in Kant's Essay on the Pantheism Controversy
Authors: BAGHAI FARSHID
Published: November 2021

In his 1786 essay on the pantheism controversy, ‘What Does It Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking?’, Kant implies that ‘the maxim of reason'sself-preservation [Selbsterhaltung]’ is reason's first principle for orienting itself in thinking supersensible objects. But Kant does not clearly explain what the maxim or principle of reason's self-preservation is and how it fits into his larger project of critical philosophy. Nor does the secondary literature. This article reconstructs Kant's discussion of the principle of reason's self-preservation in ‘What Does It Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking?’ It suggests that this principle is best understood as the discipline of pure reason. The principle of reason's self-preservation performs the same methodological function that Kant assigns to the discipline of pure reason. This principle establishes the rule of law in reason and subjects reason to its own laws. In so doing, it prevents reason's dialectical errors and also grounds reason's faith(Vernunftglaube), which in turn systematically conditions the practical use of reason.
Asymptotic behavior of projections of supercritical multi-type continuous-state and continuous-time branching processes with immigration
Authors: Barczy Mátyás , Palau Sandra , Pap Gyula
Published: November 2021

Under a fourth-order moment condition on the branching and a second-order moment condition on the immigration mechanisms, we show that an appropriately scaled projection of a supercritical and irreducible continuous-state and continuous-time branching process with immigration on certain left non-Perron eigenvectors of the branching mean matrix is asymptotically mixed normal. With an appropriate random scaling, under some conditional probability measure, we prove asymptotic normality as well. In the case of a non-trivial process, under a first-order moment condition on the immigration mechanism, we also prove the convergence of the relative frequencies of distinct types of individuals on a suitable event; for instance, if the immigration mechanism does not vanish, then this convergence holds almost surely.
Development and validation of food frequency questionnaire for food and nutrient intakes of adults in Butajira, Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Regassa Ilili F. , Endris Bilal S. , Habtemariam Esete , Hassen Hamid Y. , Ghebreyesus Seifu H.
Published: November 2021

We developed a culturally-specific Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to the Ethiopian context and evaluate its validity in comparison to two 24-h dietary recalls (24-HRs) of food and nutrient intake. To evaluate the validity of a culturally-specific FFQ against two 24-HRs, we used a pairedt-test, Wilcoxon-signed-rank test, Correlation coefficients, cross-classification,κand Bland-Altman analysis. The FFQ was obtained 15 d after the second 24-HR was completed. A total of 105 adults, of which 43 (41 %) were men and 62 (59 %) women, aged 20–65 years participated in this present study. Mean energy and macronutrient intake obtained from the FFQ were significantly higher than those obtained from the mean of two 24-HRs. For energy and nutrient intakes, the crude correlation ranged from 0⋅05 (total fat) to 0⋅49 (vitamin B1). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from to 0⋅10 (total fat) to 0⋅80 (vitamin A). For the majority of food groups, no significant difference was observed in the median intake of food and nutrients. Crude correlation for food groups ranged from 0⋅12 (egg) to 0⋅78 (legumes). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from 0⋅24 (egg) to 1⋅00 (meat/poultry/fish and dairy). The FFQ is valid to assess and rank individuals in terms of intake of most food groups according to high and low intake categories.
Using food fortification to improve vitamin D bioaccessibility and intakes
Authors: McCourt A. F. , O'Sullivan A. M.
Published: November 2021

Vitamin D intakes and status are low in many countries due to seasonal UVB exposure variation and the fact that few foods are naturally vitamin D rich. Data modelling studies show that vitamin D intakes increase with food fortification, and countries with mandatory fortification policies have higher vitamin D intakes and status compared to countries without. While many foods can be vitamin D fortified, vitamin D bioavailability differs depending on fortification methods, food structure and composition. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) report that vitamin D2bioavailability varies between foods, whereas vitamin D3is bioavailable from many foods.In vitrostudies suggest that altering the lipid composition of fortified foods increases vitamin D3absorption. Olive oil increased vitamin D3absorption duringin vitrodigestion compared to other dietary oils. Additionally, when vitamin D3was incorporated into micelles formed fromin vitrodigestion of olive oil, more vitamin D3was absorbed compared to other dietary oils. However, in a human postprandial study, a preformed vitamin D3micelle dairy drink did not increase vitamin D3absorption, and a vitamin D3olive dairy drink increased vitamin D3absorption in vitamin D insufficient participants only. Action is urgently needed to improve vitamin D intakes and status worldwide. Food fortification improves vitamin D intakes; however, fortification strategies unique to each country are needed. This review will synthesise the literature describing data modelling and intervention trials that assess the safety and efficacy of vitamin D fortification strategies, and those manipulating food composition to alter vitamin D bioavailability from fortified foods. Additionally, RCT examining the impact of vitamin D fortification strategies on vitamin D intakes and status over time are reviewed.
Impact of comorbidity on family genetic risk profiles for psychiatric and substance use disorders: a descriptive analysis
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Ohlsson Henrik , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina
Published: November 2021

Background

– Comorbidity between psychiatric disorders is extensive but, from a genetic perspective, still poorly understood. Modern molecular genetic approaches to this problem are limited by a reliance on case–control designs.

Methods

– In 5 828 760 individuals born in Sweden from 1932–1995 with a mean (s.d.) age at follow-up of 54.4 (18.1), we examined family genetic risk score (FGRS) profiles including internalizing, psychotic, substance use and developmental disorders in 10 pairs of psychiatric and substance use disorders diagnosed from population registries. We examined these profiles in three groups of patients: disorder A only, disorder B only and comorbid cases with both disorders.

Results

– The most common pattern of findings, seen in five pairings, was simple and quantitative. Comorbid cases had higher FGRS than both non-comorbid cases for all (or nearly all) disorders. However, the pattern was more complex in the remaining five pairings and included qualitative changes where the comorbid cases showed no increases in FGRS for certain disorders and in a few cases significant decreases. Several comparisons showed an asymmetric pattern of findings with increases, in comorbidity compared to single disorder cases, of the FGRS for only one of the two disorders.

Conclusions

– The examination of FGRS profiles in general population samples where all disorders are assessed in all subjects provides a fruitful line of inquiry to understand the origins of psychiatric comorbidity. Further work will be needed, with an expansion of analytic approaches, to gain deeper insights into the complex mechanisms likely involved.
A seal of Solomon son of Azariah, “son of the exilarch of all Israel”
Authors: Zellmann-Rohrer Michael
Published: November 2021

Publication of a seal of rock crystal in London (British Museum), with an inscription in Aramaic and Hebrew naming the bearer, one Solomon b. Azariah, as grandson (or perhaps son) of an exilarch. An identification of the bearer as Solomon, son of the Jewish exilarch Azariah b. Solomon (c. 975) and grandson of the exilarch Solomon b. Josiah (c. 951–3), is considered, as is the alternative possibility that the grandfather was the exilarch Solomon b. Hisdai (c. 730–58).
Effect of the First Wave of the Belgian COVID-19 Pandemic on Physician-Provided Prehospital Critical Care in the City of Antwerp (Belgium)
Authors: Lavigne Tina , De Tavernier Brecht , Van Regenmortel Niels , De Tavernier Wouter , Christiaen Jan , Hubloue Ives , Anseeuw Kurt
Published: November 2021

Introduction:

There is evidence to suggest that patients delayed seeking urgent medical care during the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A delay in health-seeking behavior could increase the disease severity of patients in the prehospital setting. The combination of COVID-19-related missions and augmented disease severity in the prehospital environment could result in an increase in the number and severity of physician-staffed prehospital interventions, potentially putting a strain on this highly specialized service.

Study Objective:

The aim was to investigate if the COVID-19 pandemic influences the frequency of physician-staffed prehospital interventions, prehospital mortality, illness severity during prehospital interventions, and the distribution in the prehospital diagnoses.

Methods:

A retrospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted on prehospital charts from March 14, 2020 through April 30, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019, in an urban area. Recorded data included demographics, prehospital diagnosis, physiological parameters, mortality, and COVID-status. A modified National Health Service (NHS) National Early Warning Score (NEWS) was calculated for each intervention to assess for disease severity. Data were analyzed with univariate and descriptive statistics.

Results:

There was a 31% decrease in physician-staffed prehospital interventions during the period under investigation in 2020 as compared to 2019 (2019: 644 missions and 2020: 446 missions), with an increase in prehospital mortality (OR = 0.646; 95% CI, 0.435 – 0.959). During the study period, there was a marked decrease in the low and medium NEWS groups, respectively, with an OR of 1.366 (95% CI, 1.036 – 1.802) and 1.376 (0.987 – 1.920). A small increase was seen in the high NEWS group, with an OR of 0.804 (95% CI, 0.566 – 1.140); 2019: 80 (13.67%) and 2020: 69 (16.46%). With an overall decrease in cases in all diagnostic categories, a significant increase was observed for respiratory illness (31%; P = .004) and cardiac arrest (54%; P < .001), combined with a significant decrease for intoxications (-58%; P = .007). Due to the national test strategy at that time, a COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result was available in only 125 (30%) patients, of which 20 (16%) were positive.

Conclusion:

The frequency of physician-staffed prehospital interventions decreased significantly. There was a marked reduction in interventions for lower illness severity and an increase in higher illness severity and mortality. Further investigation is needed to fully understand the reasons for these changes.
Frequency analysis of load modulation networks for asymmetric Doherty power amplifiers in GaN
Authors: Seidel Andres , Wagner Jens , Ellinger Frank
Published: November 2021

This paper investigates the frequency response of load modulation networks for asymmetric Doherty power amplifiers (ADPA) with an output back-off power level larger than 6 dB and a power ratio of peak to main amplifier (N − 1) larger than 1. The influence of the main path impedance transformer (IT) on the Doherty impedances at main and peak path as well as on the ADPA's efficiency is analyzed. Scaling of the main IT's characteristic impedance via ξ indicates a maximum broadband matching for an input voltage Vin of ξ · Vin,max. By weighting the frequency- and ξ-dependent efficiency curves using a probability density function (PDF), an optimum is obtained for ξ = 1/N. To verify the theory, three ADPAs with different ξ-scaled ITs are designed, measured, and compared. For the design at 3.6 GHz, a gallium nitride (GaN) transistor is used. By means of the intrinsic node matching technique, matching at the current source plane is obtained. In laboratory measurements, the ADPA with ξ = 1/N achieves a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 63% at 42 dBm output power and a PDF-weighted average PAE of 38.8% within 400 MHz bandwidth for 8 dB peak-to-average power ratio. Comparison with similar state-of-the-art ADPAs in GaN technology shows highest PAE and operation power gain GP for center frequencies larger than 3.0 GHz.
ICF-basiertes Training in der Neurorehabilitation
Authors: Lotter Karin
Published: November 2021

Physiotherapeutische Rehabilitation in der Neurologie mit der ICF führt hin zu einer hohen Lebensqualität der Patient_innen auch bei funktionaler und struktureller Beeinträchtigung.

ICF in der Neurorehabilitation
Die International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) der WHO stützt sich auf das bio-psycho-soziale Modell: Es orientiert sich an der Frage, wie Patient_innen und Klient_innen trotz und mit Beeinträchtigungen eine hohe Lebensqualität und Wohlbefinden gewinnen. Damit setzt sie einen neuen Maßstab in der Gesundheitsversorgung und erklärt die funktionale Gesundheit des Menschen, seine Teilhabe und Umweltbedingungen zum Schwerpunkt der professionellen Dienste der Gesundheitsberufe.
Das Fachbuch stellt ein ICF-basiertes Training als Konzept für die physiotherapeutische Therapieplanung vor, evidenzbasiert auf Erkenntnissen der neurologischen Rehabilitation. Es verortet die Beschwerden neurologischer Patienten in die Struktur der ICF und unterstützt die Auswahl geeigneter Instrumente zur Messung und Befundung (Assessments), damit sie differenziert und umfassend erhoben werden können. Daran schließt sich die Auswahl und Anwendung der therapeutischen Maßnahmen an. Es bietet daher ein weites Spektrum für das professionelle Handeln der Physiotherapie und unterstützt die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit. Zur Struktur des Inhalts:

• Grundlagen der ICF für die Neurorehabilitation
• ICF-basiertes Training: Assessment, Diagnostik, Planung, Therapieziele, Behandlung
• Fallbeispiele und Erkrankungen: Schlaganfall, Multiple Sklerose, Ideopathisches Parkinson-Syndrom (IPS), Querschnittsläsion (QS)
Herausforderung angenommen!
Authors: Wissmann Peter , Steinauer Leo Beni , Könemann Rolf
Published: November 2021

Das Leben leben - jenseits von Demenz

„Herausforderung angenommen!“ ist ein Sachbuch über das Leben zweier Menschen, von denen der einer, Beni an Demenz erkrankt ist und seinem Ehemann und Lebenspartner Rolf. Beide beschreiben, unterstützt von Peter Wißmann, wie die Demenz ihren Alltag verändert hat, aber nicht ihr Leben ausmacht und bestimmt.
Im Mittelpunkt steht das Leben und der Alltag von Beni und Rolf. Sie beschreiben, wie sie sich kennengelernt, geheiratet und gemeinsame Reise genossen haben. Eindringlich schildern sie, wie sich die Demenz erstmalig bemerkbar machte und wie sie fortan ihr Leben und ihr Beziehung verändert hat. Klar benennen sie, was sie im Leben weiterbringt, wie gute Freunde, Familie, Haustiere, Selbsthilfegruppen, Reisen, Gesang, Musik, Neugier und Offenheit. Aber auch, was verzichtbar wäre, wie Halluzinationen, Sorgen, Lewy-Body, Trauer und Zukunftsängste. Zu all dem noch die Corona-Pandemie, die es für Menschen mit Demenz erschwert, die Gesichtern von Mitmenschen hinter Masken zu erkennen und zu lesen. Beeindruckend berichten sie, wie sie als Botschafter in eigener Sache ihre Erfahrungen mit anderen Menschen teilen und offen mit Benis kognitiver Behinderung umgehen.
Die Texte sind verständlich geschrieben, knapp gehalten und wirken authentisch durch viele O-Töne und Zitate. Zwei Gesprächen zwischen Peter, Beni und Rolf sowie Auszüge aus einer Talkrunde ergänzen den Text. Infoboxen liefern Hintergründe zu zentralen Themen im Leben von Beni und Rolf, die von Kreativität über Homosexualität, Pflegezeiten und Spiritualität bis hin zu Vorsorge und Wohngemeinschaften reichen.
Assessments and Corrections of GLDAS2.0 Forcing Data in Four Large Transboundary Rivers in the Tibetan Plateau and Northeast China
Authors: Qi Wei , Liu Junguo , Yang Hong , Chen Deliang , Feng Lian
Published: November 2021

GLDAS2.0 provides long‐term fine resolution gridded hydrometeorological data sets, which are necessary for water‐related studies, particularly in some transboundary rivers that are partially without observation. Yet, GLDAS2.0 has only been validated at limited locations, and few studies have been conducted to develop approaches to correct the GLDAS2.0 data for transboundary rivers. This work assessed the GLDAS2.0 data and developed approaches to correct their uncertainties for studies in large transboundary rivers in the Tibetan Plateau and Northeast China (NC). To achieve these goals, observational data from 1982 to 2010 and a water and energy budget‐based distributed hydrological model including biosphere after calibration and validation were employed. We find that the GLDAS2.0 data (except for wind speed) can reasonably replicate observed seasonal variations. However, its specific humidity and wind speed have large uncertainty, and precipitation has large uncertainty in summer. In NC, the trends of its precipitation, air temperature, downward longwave radiation, and wind speed are consistent with the observations. In the Yarlung Tsangpo, Lancang, and Nu Rivers, the trends of all GLDAS2.0 data reproduce the observation very well, that is, wetting, warming, and dimming trends. Validations show that the corrections are effective and the corrected forcing data can be successfully used in hydrological simulation with improved performance than the raw GLDAS2.0 data, which demonstrates the usefulness of the methodology and corrected forcing data to hydrometeorological studies in transboundary rivers in China as well as in other nearby regions/countries.
Ion Convection as a Function of Distance to the Neutral Sheet in Earth's Magnetotail
Authors: Chong Ghai Siung , Pitkänen T. , Hamrin M. , Schillings A.
Published: November 2021

We utilized 33 years of data obtained by the Geotail, THEMIS, Cluster and MMS missions to investigate the slow (<200 km/s) ion flows perpendicular to the magnetic field in Earth's magnetotail plasma sheet. By using plasma β as a proxy of distance to the neutral sheet, we find that the ion flow patterns vary systematically within the plasma sheet. Particularly, in regions farther from the neutral sheet, earthward (tailward) flows exhibit a strong tendency to diverge (converge) quasi‐symmetrically, with respect to the midnight meridional plane. As the distance becomes closer toward the neutral sheet, this tendency to diverge and converge gradually weakens. Moreover, duskward flows become the dominant components in both the earthward and tailward flows. These variations in ion flow patterns with distance to neutral sheet are hemispherically independent. We suggest that the spatial profiles of the electric and diamagnetic drift vary with distance to the neutral sheet and are therefore responsible for the varying ion flow patterns.
Active Role of Sea Surface Temperature Changes Over the Kuroshio in the Development of Distant Tropical Cyclones in Boreal Fall
Authors: Fujiwara Keita , Kawamura Ryuichi
Published: November 2021

This study examined the active role of sea surface temperature (SST) changes over the Kuroshio in the development of distant tropical cyclones (TCs) approaching Japan in October, using a cloud‐resolving model. We designed a real SST experiment and SST sensitivity runs by adding and subtracting SST anomalies equivalent to a spread of year‐to‐year October‐mean Kuroshio's SST changes. Under a synoptic environment that low‐level northeasterlies prevailed over the Kuroshio, systematic differences in TC intensity between the real and modified SST runs were simulated despite the developing TCs being far away from the modified SST areas. In the warm (cool) SST runs, active (inactive) moisture import from the Kuroshio increased (decreased) the equivalent potential temperature within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in the inner core, thereby enhancing (weakening) the latent eyewall heating and the associated secondary circulation. The differences in the secondary circulation led to those in the inward advection of absolute angular momentum in the PBL, affecting a vortex spin‐up in the inner core. We also found that the surface heat and moisture supply from the Kuroshio facilitated the warming and moistening processes of midlatitude air parcels traveling over the underlying current, causing further reinforcement of the moisture import into the distant TC. These thermodynamic processes were more and less apparent in the warm and cool SST runs, respectively. Since the synoptic environment in this study often arises in boreal fall, the Kuroshio's SST warming in recent decades may influence the intensities of TCs approaching Japan in fall.
Point and Interval Forecasting of Groundwater Depth Using Nonlinear Models
Authors: Guo Tianli , Song Songbai , Ma Weijie
Published: November 2021

This study focuses on the development of a new model that can be used not only to forecast the groundwater depth but also to quantify the uncertainty of forecasts. Therefore, we built a hybrid of Self‐Exciting Threshold Autoregressive‐Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity model, namely SETAR‐GARCH model to obtain point and interval forecasts of groundwater depth. In addition, single SETAR model and a hybrid of SETAR and Kernel Density Estimation model, referred as SETAR‐KDE, were compared. Two average monthly groundwater depth of Xi'an and Baoji cities in Shaanxi, China, were used to evaluate the models. The study results demonstrate that the SETAR‐GARCH model achieves satisfactory point and interval forecasting performance and reduces the uncertainty of interval forecasting. Furthermore, we found and proved a significant finding that the GARCH model does not have any influence on the point forecasting, but it can achieve superior performance of interval forecasting by combined with SETAR model. This study may provide a new idea for nonstationary and nonlinear groundwater depth prediction and further provide a reference for the design and management of water systems in the changing environment.
Model Choice Impacts the Quantification of Seasonal Hyporheic Exchange Depths and Fluxes
Authors: Schmitgen Lara‐Maria , Bierl Reinhard , Schuetz Tobias
Published: November 2021

Direction and depths of hyporheic exchange fluxes at the groundwater ‐ surface water interface are drivers of biogeochemical processes influencing nutrient cycling and water quality. Model concepts on the dynamic relationship between hyporheic exchange fluxes and exchange depth are typically based on the assumption of a linear relationship between both measures. Here, we quantify seasonal and episodic variations of hyporheic exchange fluxes and hyporheic exchange depths with methods of heat tracing. Numerically (FLUX‐BOT) and analytically (VFLUX; method based on temperature amplitude dampening developed by Hatch et al., 2006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr004787) working program scripts were used to solve the one‐dimensional conduction‐advection‐dispersion equation and compute hyporheic flux rates from three vertical sediment water temperature profiles recorded continuously in a small low mountain creek between 2011 and 2017. By comparing the behavior of two differing water temperature‐based modeling approaches, dissimilarities in the sensitivity to sediment thermal properties were identified. Besides the differences in parameter responsivity differences in how the temperature data is incorporated, explain deviating behavior of the models regarding exchange flux and depth calculations. We show that the vertical extension of hyporheic exchange depth has a distinctive seasonal pattern over seven years, which differs according to the positioning in the riffle‐pool‐sequence. Surface water levels, groundwater levels and stream discharges show significant correlations with both flux direction and hyporheic zone extension. Temperature derived flux data allowed for establishing a significant relationship between hyporheic exchange fluxes and hyporheic exchange depths.
Bak instead of Bax plays a key role in metformin-induced apoptosis s in HCT116 cells
Authors: Chen Hongce , Sun Beini , Sun Han , Xu Lingjun , Wu Guihao , Tu Zhuang , Cheng Xuecheng , Fan Xuhong , Mai Zihao , Tang Qiling , Wang Xiaoping , Chen Tongsheng
Published: November 2021

Metformin (Met) exhibits anticancer ability in various cancer cell lines. This report aims to explore the exact molecular mechanism of Met-induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells, a human colorectal cancer cell line. Met-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase and ROS-dependent cell death accompanied by plasma membrane blistering, mitochondrial swelling, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and release of cytochrome c. Western blotting analysis showed that Met upregulated Bak expression but downregulated Bax expression. Most importantly, silencing Bak instead of Bax inhibited Met-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating the key role of Bak in Met-induced apoptosis. Live-cell fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis showed that Met unlocked the binding of Mcl-1 to Bak, and enhanced the binding of Bim to Bak and subsequent Bak homo-oligomerization. Western blotting analysis showed that Met enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and Bim expression, and compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, inhibited Met-induced Bim upregulation. Although Met increased the expression of Bcl-xL, overexpression of Bcl-xL did not prevent Met-induced apoptosis. In summary, our data demonstrate for the first time that Met promotes ROS-dependent apoptosis by regulating the Mcl-1-Bim-Bak axis.