bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ganoderma Lucidum and Krestin on Subset T-cell in Spleen of γ-irradiated Mice
Authors: Chen Wang-Chi , Hau Dou-Mong , Wang Chih-Chung , Lin I-Hsin , Lee Shiuh-Sheng
Published: November 2004

Effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Gl) and Krestin (PSK) extracts on spleen, thymus and splenocytes in γ-irradiated mice were investigated in this study. ICR strain male mice were divided into five groups. Group A was the normal control. Group B, the experimental control, was treated with Gl. Group C, the radiation treatment control, was treated with whole body exposure to 4 Gy γ-irradiation (RT). Group D was treated with RT and Gl. Group E was treated with RT and PSK. The dosage of Gl was 400 mg/day/kg body weight and PSK was 500 mg/day/kg body weight. Our results indicated that the relative thymus weight in groups D and E were higher than group C on day 28 after γ-irradiation. Group D was the highest in all the experimental groups. CD4 and CD8 splenocytes in group D were higher than group C on days 7 and 28. Gl was better than PSK in repairing the damage of subset T-cells in the spleen of γ-irradiated mice.
Histological Study on Crude, Drugs Pai-wei, Pai-chein and Indigenous Species of Cynanchum in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Chun-Ching , Yen Ming-Hong , Wu Yueh-Wern , Xu Guo-Jun
Published: November 2004

The botanical origins of Cynanchum species (Cynanchum spp.) on the Taiwan market have been established by histological studies in the present paper. The results showed that the Chinese crude drug Pai-wei on the Taiwan market was derived from the dried roots of Cynanchum atratum Bunge; that of Pai-chein was derived from the dried roots of C. stauntonii (Decne.) Hand.-Mazz.; and the Wan-ling-shu used locally in Taiwan was derived from the dried roots of C. taiwanianum Yamazaki.
Si-Jun-Zi-Tang Regulate Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Secretion by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Tseng Jerming , Li Tsui-Li
Published: November 2004

Si-Jun-Zi-Tang is one of the widely used Chinese herbal medicines. In this study, human peripheral blood monocytes were treated in vitro with 50% hot ethanol extract of Si-Jun-Zi-Tang and its four major ingredients (Dangshen, Baizhu, Gancao and Fuling). The concentration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSP) in the culture supernatant at 3 hours and 18 hours were measured using an ELISA. Dangshen and Gancao significantly suppressed GM-CSP secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Baizhu showed no statistically significant effect on GM-CSP secretion 18 hours after in vitro drug-treatment. Fuling, by contrast, significantly augmented GM-CSP secretion in a dose dependent manner after 18 hours of drug treatment. Si-Jun-Zi-Tang showed a suppressive effect on GM-CSP secretion at 3 hours but significantly augmented GM-CSP secretion when the cells were treated with 8 mg/ml of the drug for 18 hours. The data suggested that Si-Jun-Zi-Tang might modulate hematopoiesis and immune response via regulating GM-CSP secretion, and the presence of Fuling in Si-Jun-Zi-Tang could counteract the suppressive effect of Dangshen and Gancao on GM-CSP secretion.
Protective Effects of Gynostemma Pentaphyllum in γ-irradiated Mice
Authors: Chen Wang-Chi , Hau Dou-Mong , Chen Kung-Tung , Wang Mu-Ing , Lin I-Hsin
Published: November 2004

Radiation protective effects of Gynostemma Pentaphyllum (Gp) were investigated in γ-irradiated mice. Animals were sacrificed on days 5, 15, 25 and 35 after γ-irradiation. GOT, GPT, serum IgG and leukocyte counts were measured. Proliferation of splenocytes stimulated by mitogens, such as PHA, Con A, and LPS were detected and compared. The results showed that all parameters measured in this study were decreased and proliferation of splenocytes stimulated by mitogens were repressed in γ-irradiated mice. Gp helped to recover the decreased leukocyte counts, GOT, GPT and IgG in serum and the proliferation of splenocytes stimulated by PHA, LPS and Con A in the γ-ray irradiated mice.
Cordyceps sinensis as an Immunomodulatory Agent
Authors: Kuo Yuh-Chi , Tsai Wei-Jem , Shiao Ming-Shi , Chen Chieh-Fu , Lin Ching-Yuang
Published: November 2004

Effects of various fractions of methanol extracts from fruiting bodies of Cordyceps sinensis on the Iymphoproliferative response, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production on human mono-nuclear cells (HMNC) were studied. Two of the 15 column fractions (CS-36-39 and CS-48-51) significantly inhibited the blastogenesis response (IC50 =; 71.0 ± 3.0 and 21.7 ± 2.0 μg/ml, respectively), NK cell activity (IC50 =; 25.0 ± 2.5 and 12.9 ± 5.8 μg/ml, respectively) and IL-2 production of HMNC stimulated by PHA (IC50 =; 9.6 ± 2.3 and 5.5 ± 1.6 μg/ml, respectively). TNF-α production in HMNC cultures was also blocked by CS-36-39 and CS-48-51 (IC50 =; 2.7 ± 1.0 and 12.5 ± 3.8 μg/ml, respectively). These results indicated that neither CS-36-39 nor CS-48-51 was cytotoxic on HMNC, and that immunosuppressive ingredients are contained in Cordyceps sinensis.
Hachimi-jio-gan Extract Protects the Kidney from Hypertensive Injury in Dahl Salt-sensitive Rat
Authors: Hirawa N. , Uehara Y. , Kawabata Y. , Numabe A. , Takada S. , Nagoshi H. , Gomi T. , Ikeda T. , Omata M.
Published: November 2004

We investigated whether the Chinese herbal remedy, Hachimi-jio-gan extract, attenuates the renal injury seen in salt-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) rats. Administration of this extract for 5 weeks dose-dependently decreased systolic blood pressure in Dahl S rats fed with a high-salt (2% NaCI) diet. This blood pressure reduction was associated with a decrease in cardiac mass and in thickness of the aortic wall. Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 was increased and glomerular filtration rate was improved with this treatment. Glomerulosclerosis and arterial injury in the kidney were morphologically improved. These data suggest that Hachimi-jio-gan extract exhibits an antihypertensive effect, which is associated with partial resolution of renal injury in salt-induced hypertension.
Schisandra Chinensis-dependent Myocardial Protective Action of Sheng-Mai-San in Rats
Authors: Li P. C. , Poon M. K. T. , Ko K. M.
Published: November 2004

Sheng-Mai-San (SMS), a traditional Chinese formulation used for the treatment of coronary heart disease, is comprised of Radix Ginseng, Fructus Schisandrae and Radix Ophiopogonis. Pretreatment with a lignan-enriched SMS (17 g/kg/day × 3, p.o.) was found effective in protection against isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats, and in ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated perfused hearts prepared from pretreated animals. Results obtained from pretreatment studies using extracts prepared by mixing various combinations of the three component herbs indicate that the major myocardial protective component in SMS is the lignan-enriched extract of Fructus Schisandrae.
Pulse Spectrum Analysis of Hospital Patients with Possible Liver Problems
Authors: Lu W.A. , Cheng C.H. , Wang Y.Y. Lin , Wang W.K.
Published: November 2004

Pulse diagnosis were performed on 85 patients who came to the hospital for liver and gall-bladder problems. Correlation between liver tests, which include T-Bil, D-Bil, SGOT, SGPT, ZTT, Alp, γ-GT, Cho, Alb and ultra sound scanning, and pulse diagnosis were analyzed. 77 out of 85 subjects showed abnormal liver tests. We used the following 5 criteria for pulse diagnosis as liver abnormality to test the correlation: (1) C1 ≥ 3 + and C1 + C4 ≥ 4 + or C1 + C6 ≥ 4 (in intensity); (2) C1 ≤ 3 (in intensity); (3) C6 ≥ 3 and C1 + C6 ≥ 4 (in intensity); (4) C6 ≤ - 2 (in intensity) and C6 ≤ - 2 (in the phase) and (5) C1 ≥ 2 C3 ≤ - 2 (in intensity) or C3 ≤ - 2 (in the phase). For C1 (liver) every 5% above normal was given one "+," every 5% below nor0mal was given one "-." For C3 (spleen), C4 (lung), C6 (gall-bladder), every 10% above normal was given one "+," every 10% below normal was given one "-." For the phase, every 10% delay in the traveling speed was given one "-." When considering only the "+" and "-" states and neglecting the quantity of "+" and "-," there are 211 (from intensity) × 211 (from phase), which equal 2048 × 2048 possible states in the pulse analysis. We considered only 5 criteria for liver abnormality; the correlation was still very high, p < 0.0002, Kappa = 0.64. It strongly suggests that meridian theory and pulse diagnosis have physiological and pathological importance.
ETERNAL CHAOTIC INFLATION
Authors: LINDE A.D.
Published: November 2004

It is shown that the evolution of the universe in the chaotic inflation scenario has no end and may have no beginning. According to this scenario, the universe consists of an exponentially large number of different mini-universes inside which all possible metastable vacuum states and all possible types of compactifications are realized.
A SHELL MODEL INTERPRETATION OF THE OBSERVED O(6) AND O(5) SCALES OF DEGENERACY BREAKING IN O(6) NUCLEI
Authors: CASTEN R.F. , FENG D.H. , GINOCCHIO J.N. , WU C.-L.
Published: November 2004

Empirical manifestations of the O(6) symmetry, in Pt and the A=130 region, both display the same specific relationship between the O(6) and O(5) scales of degeneracy breaking. This particular relationship also appears in the Consistent Q Formalism of the IBA. A microscopic interpretation is provided in terms of a fermion shell model Hamiltonian with quadrupole interactions which carries SO(8) symmetry.
SUPERCONDUCTING DOUBLE-BETA NUCLEI AND NEUTRINO DETECTION
Authors: PACHECO A.F.
Published: November 2004

The essentials of a neutrino-less double-beta experiment employing superconducting granules of 124Sn are discussed. The use of other superconducting double-beta nuclei as a neutrino detector is also analyzed. Granules of 100Mo might be useful to detect solar p-p neutrinos.
INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE IN SUPERSTRING THEORIES
Authors: MYUNG Y.S. , CHO B.H. , KIM YONGDUK , PARK YOUNG-JAI
Published: November 2004

We show that there are two non-equilibrium regions due to the inhomogeneous massive modes of the closed strings. The first region (T0<T<Tc) is more viscous and is dominated by the bulk viscosity. The second region (Te≤T≤T0) is less viscous and is described by the shear viscosity. In the less viscous region, considering the shear viscosity due to the transport of gravitational radiation, the large entropy may be produced owing to the inflation of 3-dimensional space and collapse of internal space.
SCINTILLATION PROPERTIES OF UNACTIVATED CALCIUM FLUORIDE CRYSTAL
Authors: ZHU Y.C. , LU J.G. , YOU K. , SHAO Y.Y. , SUN H.S. , ZHENG Z.P. , YE M.H. , CUI F.Z. , YU C.J. , JIANG G.J.
Published: November 2004

This paper presents scintillation properties of unactivated calcium fluoride exposed to X-rays and γ-rays from 6 keV to 662 keV. The relative pulse heights and linearity response have been measured. The photoelectron yields have been obtained. A clear full energy photopeak for Cs137 (662 keV) γ-rays has been observed.
GLOBAL ANOMALIES IN SIX DIMENSIONS
Authors: BERGSHOEFF E. , KEPHART T.W. , SALAM ABDUS , SEZGIN E.
Published: November 2004

Applying Witten’s formula for global gauge and gravitational anomalies to 6-dimensional supergravities, we find: (a) The perturbatively anomaly free N=4 chiral supergravity coupled to 21 tensor multiplets is global anomaly free for any choice of space-time manifold with vanishing third Betti number (b3); (b) The perturbatively anomaly free matter coupled N=2 chiral super-gravities with arbitrary number of tensor multiplets, whose Yang-Mills gauge groups do not include G2, SU(2), or SU(3) are free of global anomalies if the theory is formulated on S6. In the case of 9 tensor multiplets coupled to supergravity, this result holds for any space-time with vanishing b3. (c) The N=6 chiral supergravity has perturbative gravitational anomalies and therefore the global anomalies need not be considered in this case.
SUPERFIELDS AND CANONICAL METHODS IN SUPERSPACE
Authors: DE AZCÁRRAGA J.A. , LUKIERSKI J. , VINDEL P.
Published: November 2004

We consider the “supersymmetric roots” of the Heisenberg evolution equation as describing the dynamics of superfields in superspace. We investigate the superfield commutators and their equal time limits and exhibit their noncanonical character even for free superfields. For simplicity, we concentrate on the D=1 case, i.e., the superfield formulation of supersymmetric quantum mechanics in the Heisenberg picture and, as a soluble example, the supersymmetric oscillator. Finally, we express Noether’s theorem in superspace and give the definition of the global conserved supercharges.
RAPIDITY DISTRIBUTION AND DUALITY OF A PHASE-SPACE BRANCHING MODEL FOR MULTIPARTICLE PRODUCTION
Authors: HWA RUDOLPH C. , LAM C.S.
Published: November 2004

A branching model is developed for the description of multiparticle production processes at high energy. The starting point is the essential phenomenological validity of approximate KNO scaling. A quasirapidity variable is introduced, in terms of which the exclusive distribution of the produced particles can be calculated. The model is then described in the context of s- and t-channel duality. The dual picture lends itself to a physical interpretation of the model, the contrast of which from dual topological unitarization is pointed out.
SPONTANEOUS COMPACTIFICATION IN 6-DIMENSIONAL EINSTEIN-LANCZOS-MAXWELL THEORY
Authors: MIGNEMI S.
Published: November 2004

The mass spectrum and the stability of a 6-dimensional gravity coupled to a U(1) Maxwell field is analyzed. The gravitational Lagrangian is taken to be a generalization of the Einstein one, containing a particular combination of terms quadratic in the Riemann tensor.
TESTING THE BARYON NUMBER OR HYPERCHARGE INTERACTION WITH A NEUTRON INTERFEROMETRIC DEVICE
Authors: BERTOLAMI ORFEU
Published: November 2004

The effect of an intermediate range interaction that couples to baryon or neutron number is considered on the quantum gravity experiment of Collela, Overhauser and Werner. A relation between the strength and the range of the interaction is obtained and discussed.
COSMOLOGICAL BARYOGENESIS IN SUPERSTRING MODELS WITH STABLE PROTONS
Authors: CAMPBELL B.A. , ELLIS J. , NANOPOULOS D.V. , OLIVE K.A.
Published: November 2004

We discuss cosmological baryogenesis in phenomenological low-energy models inspired by the superstring which have an unobservably long baryon lifetime. The Affleck-Dine mechanism of baryogenesis in a cold (≲104 GeV ) universe is shown to be feasible, with a large baryon density being produced by the decays of large expectation values for squark and slepton fields after inflation. We catalogue the gauge-invariant quartic scalar operators in the low-energy effective action which could appear once supersymmetry is broken, show that the D-terms in the potential can vanish, and discuss the possibility that the F-terms have flat directions allowing large values for these scalar fields.
HAMILTONIAN FORMULATION OF THE NAMBU STRING IN THE CENTER-OF-MASS GAUGE
Authors: DROZ-VINCENT PHILIPPE
Published: November 2004

We fix completely a parametrization of the free string without giving up relativistic invariance. Canonical formulation is carried out in this gauge.
SEARCHING FOR AN INTERMEDIATE MASS HIGGS BOSON AT LARGE ENERGY e+e− LINEAR COLLIDERS
Authors: ALTARELLI G. , FRANCO E.
Published: November 2004

Production and detection via its quark-antiquark decay mode of a Higgs boson with mass MW<mH<300 GeV in e+e− reactions with [Formula: see text] is studied. Contrary to the case of p-p large energy colliders we find that for realistic values of the experimental resolution the signal over background ratio is sufficient for detection in most cases.
IS KNO SCALING REALLY DEAD?
Authors: AZIZ T.
Published: November 2004

Studying negative binomial regularity for full inelastic sample of events at FNAL-ISR energies it is argued that although KNO scaling may be violated for diffractive and nondiffractive class of events separately, it need not be violated for full inelastic sample of events even at collider energies.
SCALE OF SEESAW MECHANISM AND NOVEL PREDICTIONS ON MASSIVE NEUTRINOS IN SO(10)
Authors: KANG KYUNGSIK , SHIN MICHAEL
Published: November 2004

We present results on the observable parameters relevant to the massive neutrinos in SO(10) grand unified models with Yukawa couplings suggested by the observed Kobayashi-Maskawa (KM) angles. The results are: mv1 = O(10-5-10-2)eV , mv2 = O(1) eV , mv3 = O(102) eV , θeμ≃ 0.04–0.09, θeτ ≃ 0.001–0.01, and θμτ ≥ 0.01. The 0νββ decay parameter  is estimated to be O(10−3−10−1)eV. The scale of seesaw mechanism is argued to be that of the invisible axion. A crucial test for the model would be to observe νμ−ντ oscillation with mixing angle θμτ≥0.01.
POSSIBILITY OF A LIGHT, SPIN-ONE BOSON PRODUCED ELECTROMAGNETICALLY IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS
Authors: BARSHAY SAUL
Published: November 2004

We suggest that if the correlated positron-electron peaks seen in superheavy-ion collisions arise from the decay of a new neutral particle with a mass of about 1.7 MeV, its spin-parity is 1−. We show that it then can be produced by the interaction of three photons, with a large cross section and with an amplitude for being at rest in the c.m. system which is not dynamically suppressed. We obtain a lifetime of 10−13−10−14 s. The new particle must also have a measurable decay mode into three photons.
UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE AND THE QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS OF THE SCHWARZSCHILD LIGHT CONES
Authors: PADMANABHAN T. , SESHADRI T.R. , SINGH T.P.
Published: November 2004

We consider the gravitational field of a point mass and show that the application of the uncertainty principle leads to (i) an uncertainty relation for the metric and its conjugate momentum and (ii) finite fluctuations of the light-cone at the event horizon.
CURRENT ALGEBRA AND SUPERSYMMETRY
Authors: SHORE G.M. , VENEZIANO G.
Published: November 2004

The implications of supersymmetry and chiral Ward identities in supersymmetric gauge theories are explored using current algebra methods, and a critical assessment is made of the relative merits of the current algebra and effective Lagrangian approaches. Using the Ward identities directly, simple derivations are given of several important properties of the condensates in supersymmetric QCD, and of the generalized Dashen formulae. The corrections to these results in the presence of explicit, soft supersymmetry breaking are calculated. A concise formula is presented for the mass splittings within pseudo Goldstone multiplets induced by soft supersymmetry breaking terms. It is shown that if this supersymmetry breaking is the θ=0 component of a chiral superfield, the supertrace of the pseudo Goldstone masses vanishes. Using current algebra reduction formulae, the pseudo Goldstone masses are calculated in supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, and supersymmetric QCD for NF<NC and NF=NC. Some differences are found between the current algebra and effective Lagrangian predictions, and their possible origins are discussed.
INFRARED ANOMALOUS INTERACTIONS AS A SIGNAL FOR ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY BREAKING BY COLOR SEXTET QUARKS
Authors: BRAATEN ERIC , WHITE ALAN R. , WILLCOX CHARLES R.
Published: November 2004

We study the possibility that electroweak symmetry breaking occurs dynamically as a consequence of a chiral condensate of color sextet quarks. New (but conventional) leptons are used to cancel gauge anomalies. An effective Lagrangian with a Wess-Zumino term is used to describe “sextet pion” interactions and associated chiral anomalies. We show that the gauge-invariant effective Lagrangian which describes infrared interactions of the physical W± and Z0 vector bosons contain axial-vector chiral anomalies generated by lepton loops. Lepton-induced anomalous interactions would therefore be a signal of this form of dynamical symmetry breaking.
STABILITY OF SCHWARZSCHILD BLACK HOLE IN THE MASSIVE BRANS-DICKE THEORY
Authors: KWON O.J. , KIM Y.D. , MYUNG Y.S. , CHO B.H. , PARK Y.J.
Published: November 2004

For the nontachyonic mass (c<0, µ2<6), we have found that all nonstatic perturbations (odd-, even-parity and scalar perturbations) allow only the real values of frequency k. This means that the black hole in the massive Brans-Dicke theory is classically stable. However, for the tachyonic mass of scalar field (c>0, µ2>6), we find that the massive Brans-Dicke theory is classically unstable. We also emphasize that the potential forms of odd-parity perturbations is simply given by the pure-gravitational perturbations. For the even-parity case, we obtain the same potential just as Zerilli’s case by combining the even-parity gravitational wave and scalar wave. For static perturbations (k=0) and c>0, only the odd- and even-parity cases with L=0, 1 is allowed to avoid exponentially growing modes.
A MONTE CARLO STUDY OF SPONTANEOUS CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKING IN LATTICE GAUGE THEORIES
Authors: CRAIGIE N.S. , KATZNELSON E. , MAHMOOD S.
Published: November 2004

Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in lattice QCD is studied by calculating special four fermion correlation functions using the Monte Carlo method. In the continuum theory in the limit of short distance and small mass these functions are related to the order parameter [Formula: see text]. We found a range of quark mass for which the predicted relations approximately hold, using the Susskind formulation of fermions. However, we encountered a theoretical problem in the latter formulation concerning the short distance behavior of the correlation functions of different spin and flavor. This may cast some doubt on the interpretation of spin and flavor in this formulation.
A NEW SCALING IN THE RAPIDITY DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLES PRODUCED IN HIGH ENERGY HADRONIC COLLISIONS
Authors: AZIZ T.
Published: November 2004

An examination of the recent CERN-SPS collider data and earlier data on rapidity, Y, distributions of particles produced in high energy hadronic collisions has indicated a new scaling in these distributions. With [Formula: see text], and ξ=Y/Y0, the data plotted in the form [Formula: see text] versus ξ fall on a single curve, independent of energy. This interesting behavior can be very useful in understanding detector acceptances at very high energies.
THE HIGH TEMPERATURE RESISTIVITY OF Ba2YCu3O7−x
Authors: XINGKUI ZHANG , SHINING ZHU , HAO WANG , SHIYUAN ZHANG , SU YE , NINGSHEN ZHOU , ZIRAN XU
Published: November 2004

The high temperature resistivity (ρ), thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) have been used to characterize superconductor Ba2YCu3O7−x (BYCO) in O2, air and N2. The resistivity is linear from room temperature to 350°C and then deviate from linearity with oxygen evolution, the derivative of resistivity dρ/dT increases abruptly near orthorhombic to tetragonal phase transition. These phenomena can give good explanations for a two-band Drude model.
MICROSCOPIC THEORY OF THE CONCENTRATION FLUCTUATIONS IN HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors: CRISAN M.
Published: November 2004

We considered the influence of the concentration fluctuations of the electrons due to the doping, on the occurrence of the high temperature superconductivity. A microscopic model has beeen given and the influence of the concentration fluctuation on the attractive electron-electron interaction and on the Fermi energy was discussed.
FERMI-BOSE TRANSMUTATIONS INDUCED BY GAUGE FIELDS
Authors: POLYAKOV A.M.
Published: November 2004

We show that in (2+1) -dimensional abelian gauge theory with the Chern-Simons term in the action, charged particles reverse their statistics.
CYTOTOXICITY OF POLYAMINE ANALOGS IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THEIR DNA AFFINITY AS DETERMINED BY POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL COELECTROPHORESIS (PACE) METHOD
Authors: BHATTACHARYA SUBHRA , SARKAR APARAJITA , FRYDMAN BENJAMIN , BASU HIRAK S.
Published: November 2004

Polyamines are essential for cell growth. Polyamine analogs that can replace intracellular polyamines inhibit tumor cell proliferation both in culture as well as in animal models. The positively charged polyamines interact with the negatively charged DNA backbone both in a nonspecific manner, as well as sequence specifically through direct or water mediated hydrogen bonds. Therefore, it is difficult to ascertain the exact interactions that regulate the biological functions of polyamines. Several attempts have been made to determine the thermodynamic parameters of polyamine-DNA interactions with conflicting results. Here, we report a simple method of determining the apparent association constants for polyamine-DNA interaction by using polyacrylamide gel coelectrophoresis (PACE). We have used several cytotoxic polyamine analogs of different conformations and chain lengths. We observed that polyamine analogs with higher charge density or with conformational restrictions, which are absent in the naturally occurring polyamines, interact with DNA more strongly than do natural polyamines. A comparison of the cytotoxicities of the polyamine analogs against human tumor cell lines with their DNA affinities revealed that the higher the DNA affinity the more the cytoxicity of the analogs. The direct correlation between DNA affinities and cytotoxities provides a novel method for a rational design of therapeutically effective cytotoxic polyamine analogs.
MODELING THE SPREADING OF HIV IN HOMOSEXUAL POPULATIONS WITH HETEROGENEOUS PREVENTIVE ATTITUDE
Authors: PIQUEIRA JOSÉ ROBERTO C. , CASTAÑO MARCOS CASADO , MONTEIRO LUIZ HENRIQUE ALVES
Published: November 2004

A model for HIV transmission in homosexual populations is proposed taking into consideration different preventive attitudes, blood screening and effects of social networks. The equilibrium points of the system are calculated with and without blood screening and their stabilities are analyzed. By using these analytical results and numerical simulations, some evolving aspects of the epidemic are discussed.
CURVATURE EFFECT OF INTERLAYER VAN DER WAALS FORCES ON AXIAL BUCKLING OF A DOUBLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE
Authors: FENG J. T. , XU K. Y. , RU C. Q.
Published: November 2004

The curvature effect of interlayer van der Waals (vdW) forces on an axially compressed double-walled carbon nanotube is studied. Unlike existing models which assume that the interlayer vdW pressure at any point between the inner and outer tubes depends merely on the difference of their deflections at that point, the present model considers the dependence of the interlayer vdW pressure on the curvature of the difference of deflections at that point. A simple formula is derived for the critical axial strain, which clearly indicates the role of the interlayer vdW forces affected by the curvature of deflection. In particular, the critical axial strain predicted by the present model is higher than or equal to that given by the existing models without the curvature effect provided that the coefficient for the curvature dependence of the interlayer vdW pressure is negative. Furthermore, the curvature effect on the critical axial strain is more significant for buckling modes of smaller wavelengths. These results indicate that the curvature effect, which has been neglected in all existing models, could play a significant role in various buckling problems especially for multi-walled carbon nanotubes of smaller radii.
A Scalable Vertical Model for Mining Association Rules
Authors: Rahal Imad , Ren Dongmei , Perrizo William
Published: November 2004

Association rule mining (ARM) is the data-mining process for finding all association rules in datasets matching user-defined measures of interest such as support and confidence. Usually, ARM proceeds by mining all frequent itemsets — a step known to be very computationally intensive — from which rules are then derived in a straight forward manner. In general, mining all frequent itemsets prunes the space by using the downward closure (or anti-monotonicity) property of support which states that no itemset can be frequent unless all of its subsets are frequent. A large number of papers have addressed the problem of ARM but not many of them have focused on scalability over very large datasets (i.e. when datasets contain a very large number of transactions). In this paper, we propose a new model for representing data and mining frequent itemsets that is based on the P-tree technology for compression and faster logical operations over vertically structured data and on set enumeration trees for fast itemset enumeration. Experimental results presented hereinafter show big improvements for our approach over large datasets when compared to other contemporary approaches in the literature.
EXPLICIT FORM OF THE EVOLUTION OPERATOR OF TAVIS–CUMMINGS MODEL: THREE AND FOUR ATOMS CASES
Authors: FUJII KAZUYUKI , HIGASHIDA KYOKO , KATO RYOSUKE , SUZUKI TATSUO , WADA YUKAKO
Published: November 2004

In this letter the explicit form of the evolution operator of the Tavis–Cummings model with three and four atoms is given. This is an important progress in quantum optics or mathematical physics.
A LINK BETWEEN p-BRANES, NAMBU–POISSON STRUCTURE AND MATROIDS
Authors: GUHA PARTHA
Published: November 2004

Recently Nieto has proposed a link between oriented matroid theory and the Schild type action of p-branes. This particular matroid theory satisfies the local condition, i.e., the degenerate form must be closed. This allows us to explain the dynamics of p-branes in terms of Nambu–Poisson structure. In this paper using an infinitesimal canonical transformation of Nambu brackets we show that the helicity is conserved in the dynamics of p-branes. Applying Filippov algebra (or quantum Nambu bracket) we define a generalized Yang–Mills action in 4k space. We show that this action is equivalent to Dolan–Tchrakian type action.
UNCERTAINTY RELATION AND BLACK HOLE ENTROPY OF TOROIDAL SPACETIME
Authors: HU SHUANG-QI , REN ZHAO
Published: November 2004

By using the method of quantum statistics and via the new equation of state density motivated by the generalized uncertainty relation in the quantum gravity, we avoid the difficulty of solving wave equation, and directly derive the partition functions of bosonic and fermionic field in Toroidal black hole. Then we calculate the entropies of bosonic and fermionic field near the black hole horizon on the background of a black hole. In our result, the divergent logarithmic term and ultraviolet cutoff in the original brick-wall method by which the black hole entropy was derived no longer exist. It is shown that the entropy of the black hole is proportional to the area of the horizon. These results are similar to that in the black hole with horizon topology S2.
THE GRIBOV CONCEPTION OF QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS
Authors: Dokshitzer Yuri L. , Kharzeev Dmitri E.
Published: November 2004

▪ Abstract  Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which describes hadrons and their interactions, is a non-Abelian gauge theory. The salient property of QCD is color confinement, quantitative understanding of which still remains a challenge. Major contributions to understanding quantum dynamics of non-Abelian fields are due to V.N. Gribov, both in the framework of pure gluodynamics (Gribov copies, Gribov horizon) and in the quest for confinement in the presence of light quarks (supercritical confinement scenario). We discuss Gribov's approach to the confinement problem and review some recent developments that are motivated, directly or indirectly, by his ideas.
DIRECT DETECTION OF DARK MATTER
Authors: Gaitskell Richard J.
Published: November 2004

▪ Abstract  This article reviews the astrophysics and cosmological evidence for nonbaryonic dark matter (DM). It covers historical, current, and future experiments that look for direct evidence of particle DM. In addition, it surveys the underlying particle theories that provide some guidance about expected event rates, and the future prospects for the discovery of DM. A number of recent theoretical papers, making calculations in SUSY-based frameworks, show a spread of many (>5) orders of magnitude in the possible interaction rates for models consistent with existing cosmological and accelerator bounds. Within this decade, it seems likely that DM searches will be successful, or at the very least rule out a broad class of the currently most favored DM models.
BACKGROUNDS TO SENSITIVE EXPERIMENTS UNDERGROUND
Authors: Formaggio Joseph A. , Martoff C.J.
Published: November 2004

▪ Abstract  We summarize residual background sources encountered in experiments conducted deep underground. Physical mechanisms of production and methods of estimation for the dominant sources are considered, and comparisons of the calculations with underground measurements are discussed. Principal background sources discussed include primary interactions of cosmic rays, mechanisms of neutron production by cosmic rays and low energy backgrounds from neutrons, primordial and anthropogenic radionuclides, and secondary radioactivity from spallation.
GENERALIZED PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Ji Xiangdong
Published: November 2004

▪ Abstract  This review explains why generalized parton distributions and the related quantum phase-space distributions are useful in exploring the quark and gluon structure of the proton and neutron. It starts with the physics of form factors and parton distributions. Then quantum phase-space distributions and their offspring are discussed. The properties of generalized parton distributions are described. In particular, I elucidate the relation to the spin structure of the nucleon. Finally, various methods to determine the new distributions are explained.
AT2 receptors cross talk with AT1 receptors through a nitric oxide- and RhoA-dependent mechanism resulting in decreased phospholipase D activity
Authors: Andresen Bradley T. , Shome Kuntala , Jackson Edwin K. , Romero Guillermo G.
Published: November 2004

ANG II activation of phospholipase D (PLD) is required for ERK and NAD(P)H oxidase activation, both of which are involved in hypertension. Previous findings demonstrate that ANG II stimulates PLD activity through AT1 receptors in a RhoA-dependent mechanism. Additionally, endogenous AT2 receptors in preglomerular smooth muscle cells attenuate ANG II-mediated PLD activity. In the present study, we examined the signal transduction mechanisms used by endogenous AT2 receptors to modulate ANG II-induced PLD activity through either PLA2 generation of lysophosphatidylethanolamine or Gαi-mediated generation of nitric oxide (NO) and interaction with RhoA. Blockade of AT2 receptors, Gαi and NO synthase, but not PLA2, enhanced ANG II-mediated PLD activity in cells rich in, but not poor in, AT2 receptors. Moreover, NO donors, a direct activator of guanylyl cyclase and a cGMP analog, but not lysophosphatidylethanolamine, inhibited ANG II-mediated PLD activity, whereas an inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase augmented ANG II-induced PLD activity. AT2 receptor- and NO-mediated attenuation of ANG II-induced PLD activity was completely lost in cells transfected with S188A RhoA, which cannot be phosphorylated on serine 188. Therefore, our data indicate that AT2 receptors activate Gαi, subsequently stimulating NO synthase and leading to increased soluble guanylyl cyclase activity, generation of cGMP, and activation of a protein kinase, resulting in phosphorylation of RhoA on serine 188. Furthermore, because AT2 receptors inhibit AT1 receptor signaling to PLD via modulating RhoA activity, AT2 receptor signaling can potentially regulate multiple vasoconstrictive signaling systems through inactivating RhoA.
Stagnation zones of ideal flows in long and narrow bands
Authors: Miklyukov V. M. , Chow S.-S. , Solovjov V. P.
Published: November 2004

We investigate stagnation zones of flows of ideal incompressible fluid in narrow and long bands. With the bandwidth being much less than its length, these flows are almost stationary over large subdomains, where their potential functions are almost constant. These subdomains are called s‐zones. We estimate the size and the location of these s‐zones.
In Vitro Angiogenic Effects of Pancreatic Bile Salt-Dependent Lipase
Authors: Rebaï Ouafa , Le Petit-Thevenin Josette , Bruneau Nadine , Lombardo Dominique , Vérine Alain
Published: November 2004

Objective—

Bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL), a lipolytic enzyme secreted in the duodenum by pancreatic acinar cells, has been detected in the serum of all patients and in atheromatous plaque, suggesting its potential implication in vascular pathophysiology.

Methods and Results—

In vitro pancreatic BSDL evokes human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and chemotactic migration. BSDL at mitogen concentration is capable to heal wounded HUVEC monolayer and to promote capillary network formation. HUVEC proliferation depends on the displacement of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor from the extracellular matrix and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and focal adhesion kinase signaling pathways.

Conclusion—

For the first time to our knowledge, it is suggested that circulating BSDL could be involved in pathophysiological angiogenesis.
Adenovirus-Mediated Intraarterial Delivery of PTEN Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia
Authors: Huang Jianhua , Niu Xi-Lin , Pippen Anne M. , Annex Brian H. , Kontos Christopher D.
Published: November 2004

Objective—

Phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) responses necessary for neointimal hyperplasia. We recently demonstrated that the inositol 3-phosphatase PTEN is expressed in VSMCs and that its overexpression inhibits these cellular responses. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of adenovirus-mediated overexpression of PTEN on neointimal hyperplasia in vivo in the rat carotid injury model.

Methods and Results—

Rat carotid arteries were balloon-injured and treated with a recombinant control adenovirus (AdEV) (n=6), an adenovirus encoding wild-type PTEN (AdPTEN) (n=8), or phosphate-buffered saline (sham) (n=5). Injured vessels demonstrated PTEN overexpression by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry after AdPTEN treatment. Neointimal hyperplasia was assessed 2 weeks after balloon injury and adenovirus administration. Compared with controls, AdPTEN treatment significantly decreased neointimal area and percent stenosis. To investigate the mechanisms of action of AdPTEN, vessels were harvested 3 days after balloon injury and virus infection. AdPTEN significantly increased medial cell apoptosis while decreasing proliferation of the remaining viable cells.

Conclusions—

PTEN overexpression potently inhibits neointimal hyperplasia through induction of apoptosis and inhibition of medial cell proliferation. These findings suggest that modulation of PTEN expression or activity may be a viable approach to treat neointimal hyperplasia.
Genome-Wide Scan for Japanese Familial Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Yamada Shigeki , Utsunomiya Maki , Inoue Kayoko , Nozaki Kazuhiko , Inoue Sumiko , Takenaka Katsunobu , Hashimoto Nobuo , Koizumi Akio
Published: November 2004

Background—

Genetic factors have an important role in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm (IA). The results of previous studies have suggested several loci.

Methods and Results—

From 29 IA families with ≥3 individuals affected by IA, we used nonparametric (model-free) methods for linkage analyses, using GENEHUNTER and Merlin software. Genome-wide linkage analyses revealed 3 regions on chromosomes 17cen (maximum nonparametric logarithm of the odds score [MNS] = 3.00, nominal
P
=0.001), 19q13 (MNS=2.15, nominal
P
=0.020), and Xp22 (MNS=2.16, nominal
P
=0.019). We tested 4 candidate genes in these regions: the microfibril-associated protein 4 gene (
MFAP4
) and the promoter polymorphism of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene (
NOS2A
) on chromosome 17cen, the epsilon genotypes of the apolipoprotein E gene (
APOE
) on chromosome 19q13, and the angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 gene (
ACE2
) on chromosome Xp22. Associations of their polymorphisms with IA were evaluated by a case-control study (100 cases: 29 probands from IA families and 71 unrelated subjects with IAs, 100 unrelated control subjects [unaffected members with IAs and absence of family history of IAs]). However, the case-control study showed that none of the polymorphisms of the examined genes had associations with IA.

Conclusions—

A genome-wide scan in 29 Japanese families with a high degree of familial clustering revealed 1 suggestive linkage region on chromosome 17cen and 2 potentially interesting regions on chromosomes 19q13 and Xp22. These regions were consistent with previous findings in various populations.
Angiotensin II Induces Neutrophil Accumulation In Vivo Through Generation and Release of CXC Chemokines
Authors: Nabah Yafa Naim Abu , Mateo Teresa , Estellés Rossana , Mata Manuel , Zagorski John , Sarau Henry , Cortijo Julio , Morcillo Esteban J. , Jose Peter J. , Sanz Maria-Jesus
Published: November 2004

Background—

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is implicated in the development of cardiac ischemic disorders in which prominent neutrophil accumulation occurs. Ang II can be generated intravascularly by the renin-angiotensin system or extravascularly by mast cell chymase. In this study, we characterized the ability of Ang II to induce neutrophil accumulation.

Methods and Results—

Intraperitoneal administration of Ang II (1 nmol/L) induced significant neutrophil recruitment within 4 hours (13.3±2.3×10
6
neutrophils per rat versus 0.7±0.5×10
6
in control animals), which disappeared by 24 hours. Maximal levels of CXC chemokines were detected 1 hour after Ang II injection (577±224 pmol/L cytokine-inducible neutrophil chemoattractant [CINC]/keratinocyte-derived chemokine [KC] versus 5±3, and 281±120 pmol/L macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP-2] versus 14±6). Intravital microscopy within the rat mesenteric microcirculation showed that the short-term (30 to 60 minutes) leukocyte–endothelial cell interactions induced by Ang II were attenuated by an anti-rat CINC/KC antibody and nearly abolished by the CXCR2 antagonist SB-517785-M. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or human pulmonary artery media in culture, Ang II induced interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA expression at 1, 4, and 24 hours and the release of IL-8 at 4 hours through interaction with Ang II type 1 receptors. When HUVECs were pretreated with IL-1 for 24 hours to promote IL-8 storage in Weibel-Palade bodies, the Ang II–induced IL-8 release was more rapid and of greater magnitude.

Conclusions—

Ang II provokes rapid neutrophil recruitment, mediated through the release of CXC chemokines such as CINC/KC and MIP-2 in rats and IL-8 in humans, and may contribute to the infiltration of neutrophils observed in acute myocardial infarction.
Effects of Ghrelin Administration on Left Ventricular Function, Exercise Capacity, and Muscle Wasting in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Nagaya Noritoshi , Moriya Junji , Yasumura Yoshio , Uematsu Masaaki , Ono Fumiaki , Shimizu Wataru , Ueno Kazuyuki , Kitakaze Masafumi , Miyatake Kunio , Kangawa Kenji
Published: November 2004

Background—

Ghrelin is a novel growth hormone–releasing peptide that also induces vasodilation, inhibits sympathetic nerve activity, and stimulates feeding through growth hormone–independent mechanisms. We investigated the effects of ghrelin on left ventricular (LV) function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).

Methods and Results—

Human synthetic ghrelin (2 μg/kg twice a day) was intravenously administered to 10 patients with CHF for 3 weeks. Echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, dual x-ray absorptiometry, and blood sampling were performed before and after ghrelin therapy. A single administration of ghrelin elicited a marked increase in serum GH (25-fold). Three-week administration of ghrelin resulted in a significant decrease in plasma norepinephrine (1132±188 to 655±134 pg/mL;
P
<0.001). Ghrelin increased LV ejection fraction (27±2% to 31±2%;
P
<0.05) in association with an increase in LV mass and a decrease in LV end-systolic volume. Treatment with ghrelin increased peak workload and peak oxygen consumption during exercise. Ghrelin improved muscle wasting, as indicated by increases in muscle strength and lean body mass. These parameters remained unchanged in 8 patients with CHF who did not receive ghrelin therapy.

Conclusions—

These preliminary results suggest that repeated administration of ghrelin improves LV function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with CHF.
Chronic Kidney Disease, Cardiovascular Risk, and Response to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Tokmakova Mariya P. , Skali Hicham , Kenchaiah Satish , Braunwald Eugene , Rouleau Jean L. , Packer Milton , Chertow Glenn M. , Moyé Lemuel A. , Pfeffer Marc A. , Solomon Scott D.
Published: November 2004

Background—

Persons with end-stage renal disease and those with lesser degrees of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk of death after myocardial infarction (MI) that is not fully explained by associated comorbidities. Future cardiovascular event rates and the relative response to therapy in persons with mild to moderate CKD are not well characterized.

Methods and Results—

We calculated the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the 4-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease method in 2183 Survival And Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial subjects. SAVE randomized post-MI subjects (3 to 16 days after MI) with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% and serum creatinine <2.5 mg/dL to captopril or placebo. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the relative hazard rates for death and cardiovascular events associated with reduced eGFR. Subjects with reduced eGFR were older and had more extensive comorbidities. The multivariable adjusted risk ratio for total mortality associated with reduced eGFR from 60 to 74, 45 to 59, and <45 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
(compared with eGFR ≥75 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
) was 1.11 (0.86 to 1.42), 1.24 (0.96 to 1.60) and 1.81 (1.32 to 2.48), respectively (
P
for trend =0.001). Similar adjusted trends were present for CV mortality (
P
=0.001), recurrent MI (
P
=0.017), and the combined CV mortality and morbidity outcome (
P
=0.002). The absolute benefit of captopril tended to be greater in subjects with CKD: 12.4 versus 5.5 CV events prevented per 100 subjects with (n=719) and without (n=1464) CKD, respectively.

Conclusions—

CKD was associated with a heightened risk for all major CV events after MI, particularly among subjects with an estimated glomerular filtration rate <45 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
. Randomization to captopril resulted in a reduction of CV events irrespective of baseline kidney function.
Selective Silencing of Angiotensin Receptor Subtype 1a (AT
1a
R) by RNA Interference
Authors: Vázquez Jorge , de Adjounian María F. Correa , Sumners Colin , González Aaron , Diez-Freire Carlos , Raizada Mohan K.
Published: November 2004

Angiotensin II exerts its physiological effects by activating multiple subtypes of its receptor such as AT
1a
-, AT
1b
-, and AT
2
-receptors. Because of a high degree of similarity among these G-protein–coupled receptors, it has been difficult to assign diverse physiological actions of angiotensin II through these receptor subtypes. We have developed small interfering RNAs to selectively inhibit the expression of the AT
1a
receptor (AT
1a
R) subtype. A dsRNA, AT
1
47, was found to be highly selective and efficient in reducing the levels of AT
1a
R subtype. Transfection of AT
1a
R-expressing CHO cells with dsRNA AT
1
47 resulted in an 80% decrease in the AT
1a
R expression. In contrast, dsRNA AT
1
47 showed no significant effects on both AT
1b
R and AT
2
R subtypes. Thus, AT
1
47 provides us with a powerful tool to selectively silence this subtype of receptor to investigate its role in cardiovascular physiology.