bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-covalent interactions involving
π
effect between organic cations in low-dimensional organic/inorganic hybrid perovskites
Authors: Yan Liang , Gloor Camryn J. , Moran Andrew M. , You Wei
Published: June 2023

Low-dimensional organic/inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) are a promising class of materials with a wide range of potential applications in optoelectronics and other fields since these materials can synergistically combine individual features of organic molecules and inorganics into unique properties. Non-covalent interactions are commonly observed in OIHPs, in particular, π-effect interactions between the organic cations. Such non-covalent interactions can significantly influence important properties of the low-dimensional OIHPs, including dielectric confinement, bandgap, photoluminescence, quantum efficiency, charge mobility, trap density, stability, and chirality. This perspective reviews recent studies of non-covalent interactions involving the π systems of organic cations in low-dimensional OIHPs. The analysis of crystal structures of low-dimensional OIHPs offers significant insight into understanding such non-covalent interactions and their impacts on specific properties of these OIHPs. The developed structure–property relationships can be used to engineer non-covalent interactions in low-dimensional OIHPs for applications.
The role of electron extinction in the breakdown strength of nanocomposite capacitors
Authors: Bordo V. G. , Ebel T.
Published: June 2023

A first-principles theory of electrical breakdown in nanocomposite capacitors, which considers the trapping and scattering (extinction) of electrons originating from the presence of nanoinclusions in the polymer matrix, is developed. The breakdown strength relative to its value for a neat polymer is expressed in terms of two parameters, one of which is determined by the volume density of the nanoinclusion polarizability and the other one is proportional to the electron trap surface density around an inclusion, while the effect of electron scattering is shown to be insignificant. A comparison of the theoretical predictions with diverse experimental data demonstrates an excellent agreement and suggests an effective tool for the design of nanocomposite capacitors.
A relativistic two-stream instability in an extremely low-density plasma
Authors: Koide Shinji , Takahashi Masaaki , Takahashi Rohta
Published: June 2023

A linear analysis based on two-fluid equations in the approximation of a cold plasma, wherein the plasma temperature is assumed to be zero, demonstrates that a two-stream instability occurs in all cases. However, if this were true, the drift motion of electrons in an electric current over a wire would become unstable, inducing an oscillation in an electric circuit with ions bounded around specific positions. To avoid this peculiar outcome, we must assume a warm plasma with a finite temperature when discussing the criterion of instability. The two-stream instability in warm plasmas has typically been analyzed using the kinetic theory to provide a general formula for the instability criterion from the distribution function of the plasma. However, the criteria based on the kinetic theory do not have an easily applicable form. Here, we provide an easily applicable criterion for the instability based on the two-fluid model at finite temperatures, extensionally in the framework of special relativity. This criterion is relevant for analyzing two-stream instabilities in low-density plasmas in the universe and in Earth-based experimental devices.
Highly sensitive biosensor based on IGZO thin-film transistors for detection of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Li Tongzheng , Xu Tongying , Yao Zhengyang , Ding Yanan , Liu Guoxia , Shan Fukai
Published: June 2023

α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a major biomarker of Parkinson's disease (PD). Concentration detection of α-Syn in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients are used as a clue for early PD detection. Herein, we propose a thin-film transistor (TFT) biosensor based on an indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) thin film fabricated by the sol-gel method. The IGZO TFT biosensor is used for the early detection of PD after surface functionalization for α-Syn. The surface functionalization worked on the surface of the extended gate indium tin oxide sensing platform instead of the channel layer of TFT. Depending on concentrations of α-Syn in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, we diluted six different concentrations of α-Syn for detection, ranging from 1 pg ml−1 to 100 ng ml−1. The result shows that the biosensor exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity for α-Syn, a reliable sensing performance with a sensitivity of 189.9 mV dec−1, and a coefficient of determination R2 of 99.7% between 10 pg ml−1 and 100 ng ml−1.
CAD Modeling method of the electrospun membrane under multifractal dimension optimization control
Authors: Yang Ming-Dai , Leng Xiao-Long , Ko Tae Jo
Published: June 2023

Based on an analysis of large sample data, this paper improves the calculation method of the fractal dimension in an electrospun membrane and proposes a method to generate a computer-aided design (CAD) model of an electrospun membrane under the control of fractal dimension. Fifteen electrospun membrane samples of PMMA and PMMA/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) materials were prepared under similar concentrations and voltage parameters, and 525 SEM images of the surface morphology with a resolution of 2560 × 1920 were taken as a dataset. The feature parameters, such as fiber diameter and direction, are extracted from the image. Second, based on the minimum value of the power law behavior, the pore perimeter data were preprocessed to calculate the fractal dimensions. A 2D model was reconstructed randomly based on the inverse transformation of the characteristic parameters. The genetic optimization algorithm adjusts the fiber arrangement to realize the control of characteristic parameters, such as the fractal dimension. Based on the 2D model, a long fiber network layer with a thickness consistent with the depth of the SEM shooting is generated in ABAQUS software. Finally, a solid CAD model of the electrospun membrane with realistic thickness was constructed by combining multiple fiber layers. The result shows that the improved fractal dimension exhibits multifractal characteristics and distinct sample differences, which are more similar to the experimental results. The proposed 2D modeling method of the long fiber network can allow the control of various characteristic parameters, including the fractal dimension, and can generate the required model quickly.
The effect of ion shape and concentration on tunable wetting of water droplets on graphite surfaces
Authors: Verduzco Axel
Published: June 2023

We study the wetting behaviors of aqueous NaCl and NaNO3 electrolyte nano-droplets on graphite surfaces by molecular dynamics simulations. Despite the same ion charge and similar Stokes radii, while the contact angle increases with NaCl concentration up to 3 M, the contact angle decreases with NaNO3 concentration up to 3 M. We show that while the liquid/vapor surface tension increases with both NaCl and NaNO3 concentrations, the solid/liquid interfacial tension varies with NaCl and NaNO3 concentrations oppositely. The Cl− ions are depleted from the first dense water layer at the graphite/water interface, leading to an increasing interfacial tension and an increasing contact angle with ion concentration. Beyond 3 M NaCl, the ionic double layer at the interface counteracts the depletion of ions at the immediate graphite/water interface. Therefore, the contact angle saturates beyond around 3 M NaCl. By contrast, the planar NO3− ions are adsorbed in the dense water layer at the immediate graphite/water interfaces, conform to the interface, and form excessive hydrogen bonds with water at the interface. Consequently, the interfacial tension is decreased with increasing NaNO3 concentrations, leading to a decreasing contact angle up to around 3 M NaNO3. At NaNO3 concentrations beyond 3 M, the interfacial tension no longer decreases, likely due to the saturation of NO3− in the dense region; therefore, the contact angle slightly increases with NaNO3 concentration due to the increasing liquid/vapor surface tension. Our research sheds light on the mechanisms of the effect of ion shape and concentration on droplet wetting on solids.
Nonspecific eddy current heating in magnetic field hyperthermia
Authors: Kwok Martin K. Y. , Maley Cliona C. J. , Dworkin Asher , Hattersley Simon , Southern Paul , Pankhurst Quentin A.
Published: June 2023

In this Perspective article, we explore the definition and use of clinical tolerability metrics associated with nonspecific eddy current heating in magnetic field hyperthermia (MFH). We revisit the origins of the “Brezovich criterion,” Hof ≤ 485 MA m−1s−1, as it is applied to axial time-varying magnetic fields H (t) = Ho sin(2πft) and the human torso. We then consider alternative metrics, including the “maximal specific absorption rate” (SARmax) of eddy-current-induced power absorbed per unit mass of tissue. With reference to previously published clinical data and the results of two volunteer studies in our laboratory, we show that the SARmax metric is both suitable and reliable. We also show how it may be extracted from in silico finite element models to cope with confounding effects such as anatomical hot spots and non-axial-field geometries. We note a parallel with a standardized metric, the “local SAR” used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We suggest that the limits established in clinical MRI (that the local SAR, averaged over 10 g of tissue and 6 min of treatment, should not exceed 20 mW g−1 in the torso or head, and 40 mW g−1 in the limbs) might be regarded as a good starting point for the design of MFH interventions. We conclude with the recommendation that the SARmax metric is adopted for future use in the development of clinically safe and tolerable MFH equipment.
Investigation on a coaxial HPM generator with low magnetic field
Authors: Tan Weibing , Chen Changhua , Li Xiaoze , Teng Yan , Zhang Ligang , Zhu Xiaoxin , Yang Dewen
Published: June 2023

A Ku band coaxial high power microwave generator with a low magnetic field was investigated without mode competition in this paper. Mode competition is avoided physically by adopting a two-cavity extractor instead of a three-cavity extractor to eliminate the resonance between the modulation slow wave structure and the extractor slow wave structure at any unexpected frequency except the working frequency. Moreover, the efficiency of the device increases due to the separation process of energy extraction and electron collection by adopting the inner conductor collecting structure. Particle simulation results showed that when the magnetic flux density is 0.6 T, the diode voltage is 560 kV, and the diode current is 8 kA, we get 1.55 GW microwaves with an efficiency of 35% and a frequency of 14.7 GHz. Experimental investigation is carried out based on the physical design and simulation results. 1.0 GW microwaves are obtained, and the frequency is 14.8 GHz in the experiment when the magnetic flux density is 0.64 T, the diode voltage is 590 kV, and the diode current is 8.5 kA. No obvious hint of electron emission or bombardment is observed at the surface of the generator after 10 thousand pulses, and the advantage of this kind of generator working in a low magnetic field is proved.
Tangential stretching rate analysis of DRGEP-based automated target species selection dynamic adaptive chemistry method
Authors: Li Renwen , Yang Congling , Bai Ying , Nie Wansheng , He Bo
Published: June 2023

Automated target species selection dynamic adaptive chemistry (automated DAC) based on the directed relation graph with error propagation is a dynamic mechanism reduction method that can alleviate the huge computational overhead of high-precision large eddy simulations. However, the accuracy of this algorithm is often assessed based on the temperature and ignition delay time, which are a posteriori results and do not reflect the physicochemical nature. Because of this, we proposed a new criterion based on the tangential stretching rate (TSR) value to study the automated DAC method from the perspective of chemical reactions, which can characterize the most energetic reaction mode. First, we tested the new criterion by applying it to the analyses of the simulations adopting the detailed mechanism and automated DAC. The results verified the performance of the new criterion and showed that a new TSR value oscillation error phenomenon was discovered by it. This error is caused by the inappropriate cut-off of the important species and chemical reactions in the DAC-generate skeleton mechanisms. Second, we studied the measures to eliminate this newly emerged error. We found that reducing the search threshold, increasing the number of target species of the automated DAC method, and modifying the automated DAC to the time-correlated automated DAC by adding a time correlation term can alleviate this TSR value oscillation error. In addition, constant pressure autoignition simulations of methane/air were implemented to support this study. The TSR-computational singular perturbation participation indices were also introduced for assistance.
Machine learning techniques for β/γ discrimination in phoswich detectors
Authors: Li Chengqian , Lu Jingbin , Qu Huan , Wang Haodi , Li Ruopu , Gao Tianjiao , Zhang Yuehui , Ren Zhen , Yuan Xinxu
Published: June 2023

Particle discrimination technology is widely used in multiple fields. Phoswich detectors are detectors based on pulse shape discrimination technology that combine two or more scintillators with different time characteristics to achieve particle discrimination. This study focuses on a phoswich detector composed of BGO/EJ-260 and uses machine learning algorithms to classify pulses to achieve β/γ classification. Experiments were conducted using the 137Cs radioactive source and three different models were trained: Gaussian mixture model, support vector machine, and convolutional neural network. The classification capabilities of the three models were tested and the results were discussed. The calculation results show that all three models achieved pulse data classification and accurately marked most pulses to the correct category. The classification ability of low-amplitude pulses by the Gaussian mixture model and support vector machine is limited by data processing, while the convolutional neural network model avoids this problem. For higher amplitude pulses, all three models showed that high classification accuracy, with the convolutional neural network model achieving a classification accuracy of 96.1% in the training set, achieves the expected goal.
Modulation of xanthophyll cycle impacts biomass productivity in the marine microalga
Nannochloropsis
Authors: Perin Giorgio , Bellan Alessandra , Michelberger Tim , Lyska Dagmar , Wakao Setsuko , Niyogi Krishna K. , Morosinotto Tomas
Published: June 2023

Life on earth depends on photosynthetic primary producers that exploit sunlight to fix CO
2
into biomass. Approximately half of global primary production is associated with microalgae living in aquatic environments. Microalgae also represent a promising source of biomass to complement crop cultivation, and they could contribute to the development of a more sustainable bioeconomy. Photosynthetic organisms evolved multiple mechanisms involved in the regulation of photosynthesis to respond to highly variable environmental conditions. While essential to avoid photodamage, regulation of photosynthesis results in dissipation of absorbed light energy, generating a complex trade-off between protection from stress and light-use efficiency. This work investigates the impact of the xanthophyll cycle, the light-induced reversible conversion of violaxanthin into zeaxanthin, on the protection from excess light and on biomass productivity in the marine microalgae of the genus
Nannochloropsis.
Zeaxanthin is shown to have an essential role in protection from excess light, contributing to the induction of nonphotochemical quenching and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. On the contrary, the overexpression of zeaxanthin epoxidase enables a faster reconversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin that is shown to be advantageous for biomass productivity in dense cultures in photobioreactors. These results demonstrate that zeaxanthin accumulation is critical to respond to strong illumination, but it may lead to unnecessary energy losses in light-limiting conditions and accelerating its reconversion to violaxanthin provides an advantage for biomass productivity in microalgae.
Turing, von Neumann, and the computational architecture of biological machines
Authors: Al-Hashimi Hashim M.
Published: June 2023

In the mid-1930s, the English mathematician and logician Alan Turing invented an imaginary machine which could emulate the process of manipulating finite symbolic configurations by human computers. His machine launched the field of computer science and provided a foundation for the modern-day programmable computer. A decade later, building on Turing’s machine, the American–Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann invented an imaginary self-reproducing machine capable of open-ended evolution. Through his machine, von Neumann answered one of the deepest questions in Biology: Why is it that all living organisms carry a self-description in the form of DNA? The story behind how two pioneers of computer science stumbled on the secret of life many years before the discovery of the DNA double helix is not well known, not even to biologists, and you will not find it in biology textbooks. Yet, the story is just as relevant today as it was eighty years ago: Turing and von Neumann left a blueprint for studying biological systems as if they were computing machines. This approach may hold the key to answering many remaining questions in Biology and could even lead to advances in computer science.
Detecting dipolarity of the geomagnetic field in the paleomagnetic record
Authors: Lhuillier Florian , Shcherbakov Valeriy P. , Sycheva Natalia K.
Published: June 2023

Recovering the geomagnetic field strength in the past is key to understanding deep Earth dynamics and detecting potential geodynamo regimes throughout the history of Earth. To better constrain the predictive power of the paleomagnetic record, we propose an approach based on the analysis of the dependency between geomagnetic field strength and inclination (angle made by the horizontal with the field lines). Based on the outcomes of statistical field models, we show that these two quantities should correlate for a wide range of Earth-like magnetic fields, even with enhanced secular variation, persistent nonzonal components, and severe noise contamination. Focusing on the paleomagnetic record, we show that the correlation is not significant for the Brunhes polarity chron, what we ascribe to inadequate spatiotemporal sampling. In contrast, the correlation is significant for the 1 to 130 Ma interval, whereas it only marginally succeeds prior to 130 Ma when strict filters on both paleointensities and paleodirections are applied. As we cannot detect significant variations in the strength of the correlation over the 1 to 130 Ma interval, we conclude that the Cretaceous Normal Superchron may not be associated with enhanced dipolarity of the geodynamo. The strong correlation obtained prior to 130 Ma when strict filters are applied indicates that the ancient field may not be on average so different from the present-day field. If long-term fluctuations nevertheless existed, detecting potential geodynamo regimes during the Precambrian is currently impeded by the sparsity of high-quality data passing strict filters in both paleointensities and paleodirections.
Cascaded orbital–oriented hybridization of intermetallic Pd
3
Pb boosts electrocatalysis of Li-O
2
battery
Authors: Zhou Yin , Gu Qianfeng , Yin Kun , Tao Lu , Li Yiju , Tan Hao , Yang Yong , Guo Shaojun
Published: June 2023

Catalysts with a refined electronic structure are highly desirable for promoting the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics and reduce the charge overpotentials for lithium–oxygen (Li-O
2
) batteries. However, bridging the orbital interactions inside the catalyst with external orbital coupling between catalysts and intermediates for reinforcing OER catalytic activities remains a grand challenge. Herein, we report a cascaded orbital–oriented hybridization, namely alloying hybridization in intermetallic Pd
3
Pb followed by intermolecular orbital hybridization between low-energy Pd atom and reaction intermediates, for greatly enhancing the OER electrocatalytic activity in Li-O
2
battery. The oriented orbital hybridization in two axes between Pb and Pd first lowers the d band energy level of Pd atoms in the intermetallic Pd
3
Pb; during the charging process, the low-lying 4d
xz/yz
and 4d
z
2
orbital of the Pd further hybridizes with 2π* and 5σ orbitals of lithium superoxide (LiO
2
) (key reaction intermediate), eventually leading to lower energy levels of antibonding and, thus, weakened orbital interaction toward LiO
2
. As a consequence, the cascaded orbital–oriented hybridization in intermetallic Pd
3
Pb considerably decreases the activation energy and accelerates the OER kinetics. The Pd
3
Pb-based Li-O
2
batteries exhibit a low OER overpotential of 0.45 V and superior cycle stability of 175 cycles at a fixed capacity of 1,000 mAh g
−1
, which is among the best in the reported catalysts. The present work opens up a way for designing sophisticated Li-O
2
batteries at the orbital level.
Hepatitis E virus infection remodels the mature tRNAome in macrophages to orchestrate NLRP3 inflammasome response
Authors: Li Yunlong , Zhang Ruyi , Wang Yining , Li Pengfei , Li Yang , Janssen Harry L. A. , de Man Robert A. , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. , Ou Xumin , Pan Qiuwei
Published: June 2023

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has been shown to activate NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain–containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in macrophages, a key mechanism of causing pathological inflammation, but the mechanisms regulating this response remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the mature tRNAome dynamically responds to HEV infection in macrophages. This directs IL-1β expression, the hallmark of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, at mRNA and protein levels. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of inflammasome activation abrogates HEV-provoked tRNAome remodeling, revealing a reciprocal interaction between the mature tRNAome and the NLRP3 inflammasome response. Remodeling the tRNAome results in improved decoding of codons directing leucine- and proline synthesis, which are the major amino acid constituents of IL-1β protein, whereas genetic or functional interference with tRNAome-mediated leucine decoding impairs inflammasome activation. Finally, we demonstrated that the mature tRNAome also actively responds to lipopolysaccharide (a key component of gram-negative bacteria)-triggered inflammasome activation, but the response dynamics and mode of actions are distinct from that induced by HEV infection. Our findings thus reveal the mature tRNAome as a previously unrecognized but essential mediator of host response to pathogens and represent a unique target for developing anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
Olfaction is essential for nest recognition in solitary Hymenoptera
Authors: Vandenabeele Sylvie P. , Schmitt Thomas
Published: June 2023

Flying insects are believed to rely primarily on visual cues for orientation, with chemical cues often being overlooked. In the case of solitary bees and wasps, being able to return successfully to their nests and provision their brood cells is paramount for the survival of the species. While vision has been shown to be involved in pinpointing the nest location, our results confirm that olfaction is important in nest recognition. The large diversity in nesting strategies observed among solitary Hymenoptera makes them an excellent model to comparatively study the use of olfactory cues from the nesting individual for nest recognition. We have analyzed the chemical profiles of three nesting bees (
Osmia
spp.) and one wasp (
Sceliphron curvatum)
and that of their nest entrances. A striking match in the identified chemicals was revealed between each nest and its occupant. When the chemicals were removed from the nest, a clear behavioral response could be observed for
Osmia cornuta
. This shows the importance of olfactory cues in complementing visual orientation for precise homing in a solitary species, thereby opening up various promising biological questions in the fields of sensory perception and complementation, or the trade-offs of nest aggregation and associated costs.
EMI and its sociolinguistic entanglement with local languages
Authors: De Soete Alexander
Published: June 2023

Against the backdrop of inter-institutional competition and transnational ambitions, the prevalence of
English-medium instruction (EMI) programs in higher education and their relative distribution across various national, regional,
and institutional contexts is rapidly growing. When studying the increasingly globalized phenomenon of EMI, there is a tendency to
adopt macro-pedagogical perspectives, with comparatively little attention being devoted to disciplinary differences which may
warrant intra-institutional differentiation through situationally adaptable approaches to EMI policy and implementation
strategies. The present study attempts to further enhance and nuance our understanding of the influence of disciplinary knowledge
structures and literacies on lecturers’ and students’ linguistic needs in EMI courses. This article reports on linguistic
ethnographic fieldwork at a Belgian higher education institution in which graduate students in international bio-science
engineering and industrial design engineering programs were observed during the 2021–2022 academic year. Differences in
disciplinary knowledge structures and literacies are explored through means of survey, interview, and classroom observation
data. Results corroborate earlier findings on the interplay between disciplinary knowledge structures and attitudes towards EMI.
Additionally, the data illustrate how the active inclusion of local languages alongside English can be considered disciplinarily
relevant in certain programs.
Inverse problems for mean field games
Authors: Liu Hongyu , Mou Chenchen , Zhang Shen
Published: June 2023

The theory of mean field games (MFGs) studies the limiting behaviors of large systems where the agents interact with each other in a certain symmetric way. The running and terminal costs are critical for the agents to decide the strategies. However, in practice they are often partially known or totally unknown for the agents, while the total cost is known at the end of the game. To address this challenging issue, we propose and study several inverse problems for MFGs. When the Lagrangian is a kinetic energy, we first establish unique identifiability results, showing that one can recover either the running cost or the terminal cost from knowledge of the total cost. If the running cost is limited to the time-independent class, we can further prove that one can simultaneously recover both the running and the terminal costs. Finally, we extend the results to the setup with general Lagrangians.
Relative estimation of scattering noise and electronic noise of a radiation detector
Authors: Kumari Kajal , Goswami Mayank
Published: June 2023

This study investigates two unavoidable noise factors: electronic noise (EN) and radiation scattering, associated with detectors and their electronics. This study proposes a novel methodology to estimate electronic and scattering noise separately. It utilizes mathematical tools, namely, Kanpur theorem-1 (KT-1), standard deviation, similarity dice coefficient parameters, and experimental computerized tomography technique. Four types of gamma detectors: CsI (Tl),

LaB

r

3

Ce

, NaI (Tl) and HPGe are used with their respective electronics. A detector with integrated circuit electronics imparts significantly less (∼33% less) EN in data than detectors with distributed electronics. KT-1 signature is proposed as a scattering error estimate. The developed empirical expression shows that scattering noise depends strongly on the mass attenuation coefficients of detector crystal material and weakly on their active area. The difference between predicted and estimated relative scattering is 14.6%. The methodology presented in this study will assist the related industry in selecting the appropriate detector of optimal diameter, thickness, material composition and hardware as per requirement.
Robust solution of coordinate transformation parameters with a high breakdown point
Authors: Liu Zhonghe , Li Zongchun , He Hua , Fu Yongjian , Ran Jiahuan
Published: June 2023

Because the M estimation method may lead to poor robustness or even failure owing to excessive outliers, a robust algorithm with a high breakdown point was proposed and applied to the estimation of coordinate transformation parameters. Firstly, the sampling method was used to calculate multiple sets of model parameters, and some sampling results were sifted according to posterior information. Then, the samples were sorted according to their number in the sampling results, and the F-test was adopted to screen and reserve valid information. Finally, the initial values of the reliable parameters were computed using the valid information, and the final parameters were obtained by the Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics III scheme. Monte Carlo method was adopted for the simulation test, and a case analysis was chosen for verification. The results show that the proposed method can identify and process outliers more accurately than those of Rousseeuw and Hubert (2011 Wires Data Min. Knowl.
1 73–79) and Tao et al (2016 Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin.
45 297–301). When the proportion of outliers exceeded 50%, the proposed algorithm maintained a strong robustness and had a high breakdown point.
Normalized solutions of L
2-supercritical NLS equations on noncompact metric graphs with localized nonlinearities
Authors: Borthwick Jack , Chang Xiaojun , Jeanjean Louis , Soave Nicola
Published: June 2023

In this paper we are concerned with the existence of normalized solutions for nonlinear Schrödinger equations on noncompact metric graphs with localized nonlinearities. In a L
2-supercritical regime, we obtain the existence of solutions for any prescribed mass. This result is obtained through an approach which could prove successful to treat more general equations on noncompact graphs.
Deep learning enhanced ultra-fast SPECT/CT bone scan in patients with suspected malignancy: quantitative assessment and clinical performance
Authors: Qi Na , Pan Boyang , Meng Qingyuan , Yang Yihong , Feng Tao , Liu Hui , Gong Nan-Jie , Zhao Jun
Published: June 2023

Objectives. To evaluate the clinical performance of deep learning-enhanced ultrafast single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) bone scans in patients with suspected malignancy. Approach. In this prospective study, 102 patients with potential malignancy were enrolled and underwent a 20 min SPECT/CT and a 3 min SPECT scan. A deep learning model was applied to generate algorithm-enhanced images (3 min DL SPECT). The reference modality was the 20 min SPECT/CT scan. Two reviewers independently evaluated general image quality, Tc-99m MDP distribution, artifacts, and diagnostic confidence of 20 min SPECT/CT, 3 min SPECT/CT, and 3 min DL SPECT/CT images. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and interobserver agreement were calculated. The lesion maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) of the 3 min DL and 20 min SPECT/CT images was analyzed. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structure similarity index measure (SSIM) were evaluated. Main results. The 3 min DL SPECT/CT images showed significantly superior general image quality, Tc-99m MDP distribution, artifacts, and diagnostic confidence than the 20 min SPECT/CT images (P < 0.0001). The diagnostic performance of the 20 min and 3 min DL SPECT/CT images was similar for reviewer 1 (paired X
2 = 0.333, P = 0.564) and reviewer 2 (paired X
2 = 0.05, P = 0.823). The diagnosis results for the 20 min (kappa = 0.822) and 3 min DL (kappa = 0.732) SPECT/CT images showed high interobserver agreement. The 3 min DL SPECT/CT images had significantly higher PSNR and SSIM than the 3 min SPECT/CT images (51.44 versus 38.44, P < 0.0001; 0.863 versus 0.752, P < 0.0001). The SUVmax of the 3 min DL and 20 min SPECT/CT images showed a strong linear relationship (r = 0.991; P < 0.0001). Significance. Ultrafast SPECT/CT with a 1/7 acquisition time can be enhanced by a deep learning method to achieve comparable image quality and diagnostic value to those of standard acquisition.
Ion current density on the substrate during short-pulse HiPIMS
Authors: Oskirko V O , Kozhevnikov V Y , Rabotkin S V , Pavlov A P , Semenov V A , Solovyev A A
Published: June 2023

A probe method for measuring the ion current density and theoretical calculations of the dynamics of neutral and charged plasma particles using the ionization region model (IRM) is used to study short and ultra-short pulse high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). This paper studies reasons for the increase in the average ion current density on the substrate at shorter pulses, when the average discharge power does not change. HiPIMS pulses are applied to the copper target at constant values of average discharge power (1000 W) and peak current (150 А), respectively, while the pulse time of the discharge voltage ranges from 4 to 50 µs. A power supply with low output inductance is designed to generate ultra-short pulses. It is shown that shorter discharge pulses lead to a multiple growth (from 2 to 7 mA cm−2) in the average ion current density on the substrate and a growth in the peak intensity of Ar+, Cu+ and Cu2+ recorded by optical emission spectroscopy. A theoretical model of this effect is based on the spatially averaged IRM, which considers afterglow effects. According to theoretical calculations, the increase in the average ion current density on the substrate is determined by the plasma dissipation in the ionized region after the pulse ends. Also, a decrease in the copper deposition rate from 180 to 60 nm min−1 with decreasing pulse time from 40 to 4 µs is explored. A comparison of experimental data with those obtained earlier shows that the suggested dependences of the ion current density and deposition rate on the HiPIMS pulse time are typical for discharge systems with different cathode materials and configurations, i.e., for single- and dual-magnetron systems. This indicates a common nature of the phenomena observed and additionally confirms the results obtained.
A note on the entanglement entropy of primary fermion fields in JT gravity*
Authors: Guo Chang-Zhong , Gan Wen-Cong , Shu Fu-Wen
Published: June 2023

In this paper we analyze and discuss 2D Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity coupled to primary fermion fields in asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetimes. We obtain a particular solution of the massless Dirac field outside the extremal black hole horizon and find the solution for the dilaton in JT gravity. As two dimensional JT gravity spacetime is conformally flat, we calculate the two point correlators of primary fermion fields under the Weyl transformations. The primary goal of this work is to present a standard technique, called resolvent, rather than using CFT methods. We redefine the fields in terms of the conformal factor as fermion fields and use the resolvent technique to derive the renormalized entanglement entropy for massless Dirac fields in JT gravity.
Daily Activities of Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Curiak Island, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan
Authors: Ciu Reinhard Marchiano , Jadi Arvendi Rachma , Kusindarta Dwi Liliek , Widayanti Rini , Wijayanto Hery
Published: June 2023

This study aimed to determine the natural daily activity of proboscis monkeys in the Curiak Island, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. The observed behaviors include 1) rest, 2) eat, 3) groom, 4) agonistic, 5) vocalize, 6) play, and 7) movement. The observation method used was one of the Altmann method, named instantaneous scan sampling, each individual is observed with a short duration of 30-60 seconds followed by other individuals. The observation was divided into two times, morning and day, each time had 4,5 hours observed duration. The results showed highest activity of proboscis monkeys recorded during the six-day observation was resting, and the lowest was agonistic. The activity of proboscis monkeys was strongly influenced by the availability of food, protected trees, and threats on Curiak Island.
A Case Study of Pig Diseases in the Special Region of Yogyakarta
Authors: Kristianingrum Yuli Purwandari , Sutrisno Bambang , Widyarini Sitarina , Sugiyono
Published: June 2023

This report represented of pig diseases from the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia during 2018-2019. This research was done to describe the incidence rate of pig diseases and aimed to treat, prevent and control the pig diseases so as not to cause deaths, economic losses and prevention of disease to human (zoonoses). This study have been based on disease cases in Pathology Laboratory of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gadjah Mada (FKH UGM), the Special Region of Yogyakarta since 2018-2019. A total of 80 cases of pig diseases have been examined at the Pathology Laboratory of FKH UGM since 2018-2019. The result of data analysis showed that the highest infection was caused by bacterial infections, 48/80 (60%). The bacteria included Pasteurella sp., Salmonella sp., Bordetella sp., E.coli, and Actinobacillus sp.. Beside of bacteria, The infections were caused by parasite and viral infection. The case of parasite infection was 30/80 (37.5%), as Trichuris sp., Metastrongylus sp., Ascaris sp., and Eimeria sp. There was only two cases of viral infection, Clasical Swine Fewer. Generally, clinical signs of pigs were respiratory disorder, nasal discharge, cough, and weak. Pathological changes in cases of the disease included rhinitis, tracheitis, pneumonia, enteritis, and hepatitis. The conclusion of this study showed that the highest cases of pigs diseases in the Special Region of Yogyakarta was bacterial and parasitic infections. They caused pathological changes in various organs such as lung, intestine, nasal sinuse, trachea and hepar.
Development and Application of a Triplex PCR Assay for Detection of Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) Gene Infected Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Novita H , Jannah S N , Rukmi I , Setiadi  , Mutafariqoh A N , Sumiati T
Published: June 2023

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) has been responsible for worldwide KHV disease (KHVD) outbreaks, resulting in high mortality rates, and has been reported in Cyprinus carpio cultivation. A Triplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (T-PCR) was developed for the detection of KHV gene to improve the diagnosis of KHV infection. Three sets of primers were designed targeting specific sequences of KHV gene which were frequently used in PCR assay for detecting KHV (modifications primer by Yuasa,290 bp; Gilad 484 bp, and TK, 409 bp) in once PCR running. The validity test was conducted by verified using DNA sample of Aeromonas hydrophila. Sensitivity test of singleplex and Triplex conducted by dilution. The result showed that T-PCR method using these pairs of primers is at 55 annealing temperature with consistency of T-PCR method has been repeated in triplicates, and with the same results. The validity test found that no band detected with A. hydrophila. This Triplex PCR-based assay may have useful for the clinical diagnosis tool of KHV disease.
Multiplex PCR detection of the classical enterotoxin genes of Staphylococcus aureus in humans and animal isolates
Authors: Purwanasari HN , Fitria N , Kusuma D , Aziz F , Widayanti R , Salasia S I O
Published: June 2023

Staphylococcus aureus is a prevalent bacterial causative agent of bovine mastitis and human food illness by secreting enterotoxins. This study aims to identify the seven classic Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes (SEA to SEH) isolated from humans and animals. A total of 173 human isolates and 14 mastitis (goat and cow) isolates were amplified with a 23S rRNA genes. The presence of classical enterotoxins genes (sea-seh) was amplified using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR). Amplification of the SEs genes singly and in combination was observed from both isolates. Of 173 human isolates, the sec genes showed the highest prevalence of 112 isolates (65%), followed by the seh gene were 89 isolates (51%), 61 (35%) for seg gene and one (1%) for sea and see genes. The two genes in combination were also detected se (c, h), se (c, g), se (g, h)] and the three combination genes were se (c, g, h). Furthermore, all 14 animal isolates were positive for seh gene (100%), 11 (78%) for sec gene and 11 (78%) for combination se (c, h). Five classical enterotoxin genes (seh, sea, seg, sec, see) isolated from Staphylococcus aureus in humans were identified. Still, only seh and sec genes were identified from the animal origin. In the present study, identifying the genes encoding SE will contribute to recognize the prevalent of enterotoxins distribution among Staphylococcus aureus strains in samples of animals and human origin.
Nematode and Coccidia Infections in Singing Birds Kept in Bird Stalls
Authors: Salsabila N , Bekti N S , Widiyono I
Published: June 2023

Singing birds are adored by so many people in the Special Region of Yogyakarta because of their beautiful voices. Even so, these birds have the possibility to carry endoparasitic infections, namely nematode and coccidia. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of nematode and coccidia infection in singing birds traded in bird stalls in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The singing birds were categorized into five feeding guilds, consisting of 19 herbivores, 19 granivores, 31 omnivores, 20 insectivores, and five carnivores. Thirty-seven birds kept in colony cages (eg. 4-6 birds of the same species in one cage) and 57 birds kept in individual cages were used in this study. Fresh faeces was sampled and transported in ice box to the laboratory for parasitological examination.Whitlockmethod was used to assess the presence of endoparasites. The incidence of endoparasites infection was analyzed descriptively. The result showed that 5.32% of the birds were infected by nematode and 30% by coccidia. Based on the cage systems, the incidence of nematode infection in the birds kept in the colony cage was 10.8%, whereas those in the individual cage was at the lower level of 1.8%. The incidence of coccidia infection in birds kept in colony and in individual cages was 35% and 26%, respectively. Based on the feeding guild categories, nematode infection was found in herbivores (10.5%), granivores (10.5%), and omnivores (3.2%). The coccidia infection was observed in herbivorous (47.4%), omnivorous (41.9%), granivorous (15.7%), and insectivorous (15%) birds. Maintenance management needs to be considered to prevent and eradicate endoparasites infection in singing birds kept individually or in colonies.
Aggressivity level of LTM (Macaca Fascicularis) and visitors’ perception in Tlogo Muncar Kaliurang, Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi After Two Years of COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Anugrah G Y , Kusindarta D L , Budipitojo T , Wijayanto H
Published: June 2023

Long-tailed macaque/LTM (Macaca fascicularis) has good interaction and adaptation ability, as we found in the Tlogo Muncar area, Kaliurang, Yogyakarta, which is accustomed to visitors. Often food provision by visitors allegedly increases the aggressiveness of LTMs. Three groups of macaques identified at Tlogo Muncar are Waterfall, Joglo Trubus, and Mushola group. The study aimed to understand visitors’ perceptions and the aggression level of LTM at Tlogo Muncar area, Merapi Mount National Park (Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi/TNGM) after two years of closure of the site caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic. Observations were conducted using the scan sampling method and continued by focal sampling. According to Wijayanto (2015), the aggressiveness of LTM is divided into four categories, aggressive level 1: dare to approach, potentially attack physically and steal goods or food from the front; aggressive level 2, steal goods or food from behind or side, aggressive level 3, steal goods or food when the visitor is off guard; and aggressive level 4, dare to approach when fed and only look for food waste in the dump. Observing visitors’ perceptions was conducted by randomly distributing questionnaires to 100 respondents. The result showed that aggressive behaviour level 1 is generally carried out by adult male LTMs. However, aggressive behaviour observed is mainly aggressivity level 4. The questionnaire results indicate decreasing respondents’ understanding of the disease transmission from long-tailed monkeys to humans compared to the 2021 questionnaire result. However, most visitors agreed that the interaction between humans and LTMs should be limited to a specific location within the area.
The Benefit of Enrichment Application on Animals in Captivity
Authors: Kusumaningsih P , Rosiana I W
Published: June 2023

The application of enrichment in captive animals is important to concern, because it is related to health status. Boredom, lack of activity and stress are often found in captive animals. This situation creates unbalancing in the regulation of metabolism, hormones, and the immune system. This imbalance results in behavioral changes, reproductive disorders and diseases. This condition is certainly bring loss to captivity, especially for conservation purposes. Enrichment can be applied in feeding, social interactive and olfactory activities. All activities are made similar as their habitat and behavior in nature. Giving enrichment will makes transformation in behavior and activities such as sniffing, rolling, scratching, chewing and using their mind to search for food and recognize smells. This activity will prevent obesity, abnormal nail growth and dental caries. Prevents the animals from licking their fur which can cause digestive and skin disorders. Prevents plugging, aggressive behavior, repetitive behavior, regurgitation, and re-ingestion. In conclusion, the application of enrichment in captive animals will reduce cortisol secretion which is associated with stress levels that can affect to reproductive and the immune system.