bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detention and its Alternatives under International Law
Authors: McGregor Lorna
Published: November 2023

Detention and Its Alternatives under International Law analyses the current state of the international law on detention and its alternatives as part of national laws and policies on armed conflict, counterterrorism, criminal justice, mental health, migration, public health, and social care. The book starts from the premise that, in theory, international law provides a clear framework for ensuring the exceptionality of detention by either characterising detention as inherently arbitrary or as a measure of last resort. However, through the study of major forms of detention, the book identifies common critiques stemming from the perception that international law prioritises procedural safeguards leaving the international law on the substantive legality, necessity, and proportionality of detention and its alternatives underdeveloped. The book identifies common shortcomings in how international law attends to structural inequality and discrimination; the breadth of accepted grounds for detention; the level of scrutiny applied to the evidence supporting decisions to detain, particularly risk determinations; and the availability, human rights compatibility, and proportionality of alternatives to detention, which can be net-widening tools. In all chapters, the book analyses the impact of new and emerging digital technologies on detention and its alternatives. Without seeking to conflate different forms of detention, the book proposes key pathways to securing the exceptionality of detention including by foregrounding human rights in the underlying policies which traditionally employ detention as a tool and preventing the emergence of alternative regimes falling just short of detention.
Introduction
Authors: McGregor Lorna
Published: November 2023

As the introduction to the book, this chapter first discusses the manifold human rights risks presented by all forms of detention to the person detained, their families, and the people they care for. From this premise, the chapter establishes the purpose of the book to provide a critical analysis of the adequacy and effectiveness of international law on detention and its alternatives. Without conflating detention regimes, it explains the rationale for examining the international law on detention and its alternatives holistically, and the contribution to existing scholarship and practice of doing so. Finally, the chapter charts the structure of the book and defines the key terms of detention, deprivation of liberty, and alternatives to detention.
Mental Health and Social Care Detention
Authors: McGregor Lorna
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the international law on detention pursuant to national mental health legislation (‘mental health detention’) and for the purposes of social care (‘social care detention’). It sets out the piecemeal origins of international law in both areas which either failed to recognise fact patterns as entailing detention or accepted the legitimacy of detention based on impairment, incapacity, or risk of harm to the person or to others. The chapter details the rejection of these approaches within the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which established a paradigm shift in international law in providing an absolute prohibition of detention on grounds of disability. However, it tracks and critiques the limited modifications made by other supranational bodies to their interpretation of the legality and legitimacy of mental health and social care detention since the adoption of the UNCRPD. The chapter argues that supranational bodies that seek to maintain the possibility of detention for so-called ‘hard’ cases need to critically reassess whether their current models are ever capable of realising this objective and engage meaningfully with the full UNCRPD framework and the scholarship and practice that surrounds it.
Detention on Grounds of Public Health
Authors: McGregor Lorna
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the legality and legitimacy of detention on grounds of public health in three contexts. First, it examines the very limited circumstances in which international law foresees the use of the criminal law to detain a person accused of actual and intentional spread of a disease, thus diverting a person into the criminal justice system. Second, the chapter discusses the international law on administrative detention for the purpose of isolation or quarantine, examining the prohibition on the use of measures such as isolation for people living with HIV, the limitations on the mandatory isolation of people with tuberculosis, and the developing international law on the employment of isolation and quarantine for infectious viruses and diseases that, at particular points in time, cannot be managed without some form of restriction to freedom of movement or deprivation of liberty, even if implemented within the community, such as within people’s homes, as emerged during the Covid-19 pandemic. Third, the chapter considers whether the spread of infectious disease imposes an obligation on states to release people who are already deprived of their liberty.
Conclusion: Commonalities and Differences in Detention and Its Alternatives under International Law
Authors: McGregor Lorna
Published: November 2023

In the final chapter, the book analyses the commonalities and differences in international law’s approach to detention and its alternatives. The chapter discusses the book’s identification of common shortcomings in how international law attends to structural inequality and discrimination; the breadth of accepted grounds for detention; the level of scrutiny applied to the evidence supporting decisions to detain, particularly risk determinations; and the availability, human rights compatibility, and proportionality of alternatives to detention, which can be net-widening tools. Without seeking to conflate different forms of detention, the chapter proposes key pathways to securing the exceptionality of detention including by foregrounding human rights in the underlying policies which traditionally employ detention as a tool and preventing the emergence of alternative regimes falling just short of detention.
Measures matter
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the ‘Electoral Candidates in Central and Eastern Europe’ (ECCEE) data set, and explains how it is used for the study of party and party system evolution in this book. The first part of the chapter discusses the nature of the data set and the methods and methodological innovations used for its analysis. The second part of the chapter outlines the measures of candidate turnover and congruence. It proposes two measures of turnover—weighted candidate novelty (WCN) and weighted candidate dropout (WCD)— that account for candidate prominence. The degree of candidate turnover varies between countries and individual elections but there is little evidence of increased stability since the early 1990s, except for the limited number of continuing parties. The final section discusses candidate congruence—a measure of overlap between candidates running in successive elections for pairs of slates (to use a common term for parties and electoral coalitions in a given election). Candidate congruences between slates reveal intricate details of party continuities and can be used to automatically construct nuanced evolutionary trees of party systems.
Old, new, and partially new parties
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines candidate turnover in entering and exiting parties as defined in five widely used data sets on volatility and new party entry. Genuinely new parties should rely on new candidates and genuinely exiting parties should take most of their candidates with them. While candidate novelty among entering parties is generally high, all data sets include prominent new parties with low levels of novelty. Several significant new parties had intermediate levels of novelty, defying binary classification as new or continuing. Complete exits are rare as almost all exiting parties leave behind many important candidates. The quantitative analysis of candidate turnover in this chapter is complemented by an in-depth discussion of the most important cases of new, exiting, and partially new parties.
Controlling Territory, Controlling Voters
Authors: Wahman Michael
Published: November 2023

Violence in election campaigns is common across the African continent and beyond. According to some estimations, most African elections contain some degree of violence and most of this violence happens before elections, during the campaign. Campaign violence distorts political competition by creating an uneven playing field tilted towards actors with repressive capacity. It also enhances political inequalities and deprives voters of a meaningful opportunity to participate in the electoral process. While campaign violence is a common problem, it affects citizens differently across localities. Some localities tend to experience little violence during election campaigns, while others have been deeply affected by violence during elections. When violence and intimidation become an integral part of election campaigns in a locality, it becomes a tool of subnational authoritarianism that may effectively dismantle local democracy. This book focuses on the political geography of election violence in Africa, building on one crucial observation: elections in many African countries are highly structured around regional cleavages, and the support for political parties is rarely nationalized. The book argues that in such environments, campaign violence becomes an important tool to control and regulate access to space. The book builds on a wealth of data and extensive fieldwork in Zambia and Malawi. Using a combination of electoral geography analysis, constituency-level election violence data collected from local election monitors, focus group interviews, archival material, and individual-level survey data, the book shows how campaign violence in both countries is used as a territorial tool, predominantly within party strongholds.
Introduction
Authors: Wahman Michael
Published: November 2023

The chapter introduces the book’s main research questions and central argument. The chapter situates the theoretical contribution within the literature on electoral manipulation and introduces a political geography theory of campaign violence. The main argument stresses how violence is used as a territorial tool in electoral systems where regionalism is the main political cleavage and parties compete to project local viability and advocacy. The chapter also introduces the case selection and argues the need to better understand the use of low-scale violence in contemporary African elections. In particular, the book focuses on geographically polarized electoral systems where low levels of subnational electoral competition are combined with high levels of national electoral competition.
Structural Chemistry of Group 15 Elements
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the topics for chemistry of Group 15 elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus and their compounds. σ-hole interaction in pnictogen compounds, triarylhalostibonium cations, and paddlewheel 1,2,4-diazaphospholide distibines are also included.
Structural Chemistry of Group 16 Elements
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the topics for chemistry of Group 16 elements such as oxygen and sulfur and their compounds, structural chemistry of selenium and tellurium, chalcogen bonding in chalcogenides, and crystalline solids assembled with chalcogen bonding.
Supramolecular Structural Chemistry
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the topics for hydrogen-bond directed assembly, supramolecular chemistry of the coordination bond, crystal engineering, organic frameworks, halogen-halogen interactions in supramolecular frameworks, synthetic molecular machines, supramolecular chemistry in materials science research.
Introduction
Authors: Kerr Jason A.
Published: November 2023

In the 200 years since its discovery in the State Paper Office, Milton’s De Doctrina Christiana has primarily been read as a repository of his doctrinal positions; this book proposes, instead, to read the treatise as an artifact of Milton’s theological process. That process comes into view through attention to several intertwined variables—literary genre, theology of scripture, preference for rhetorical rather than logical argumentation—that, together, impel Milton to think about the ecclesial processes whereby human speech might acquire scriptural authority. This chapter outlines a method for reading De Doctrina Christiana in order to draw out its theological process, inviting literary scholars to attend more closely to theological genres and their rhetorical modes, developing an approach to the scriptural citations that comprise half of the treatise, establishing Milton’s relationship with his nearest interlocutors, and offering a newly detailed account of the manuscript’s material state.
Scripture and Literary Form
Authors: Kerr Jason A.
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a taxonomy of literary forms in De Doctrina Christiana organized by different modes of appeal to Milton’s concepts of “external” and “internal” scripture. Although “internal scripture” might seem to be an ineffable concept, it manifests in the treatise as rhetorical prose, reflecting Milton’s ideas about the humanist practice of critical judgment and his awareness that appeals to the spirit risk tendentiousness. Consequently, “internal scripture” appeals to a collective judgment that Milton construes in ecclesial terms. Passages of the treatise become more “internal scriptural” the less deferential to “external scripture” they are and the more reliant they become on Milton’s own authority as an interpreter, as evidenced by his recourse to rhetorical argumentation instead of logical intuition. Reading the treatise requires careful attention to the subtle shifts in literary form that arise from these varied modes of appeal to scriptural authority.
Theology and the Church
Authors: Kerr Jason A.
Published: November 2023

Milton’s theology of renewal raises questions about how human speech becomes authoritative for others. These questions are ecclesial in nature, and Milton responds by conceptualizing the church as a forum for collectively testing human speech by the Holy Spirit. This ecclesiology provokes a methodological crisis for the treatise by revealing the limits of its founding assumption that using Ramist logic to organize scripture should eliminate the need for rhetorical human speech. Consequently, Milton redefines the rule of faith to emphasize the Spirit rather than scripture, laying a theological foundation for De Doctrina Christiana to shift generically toward human speech that aspires to express the spiritual “unwritten word,” mediated by a church in which any person with the Spirit can (and ought to) test what others say. By this means, Milton hopes to free the church of any coercive force and ground it in Christian liberty.
Interlude
Authors: Kerr Jason A.
Published: November 2023

This book’s treatment of De Doctrina Christiana thus far upends the traditional ways of reading it alongside Paradise Lost, where the treatise serves as a repository of propositional doctrinal content to be compared with the epic’s theology. Rather, I have argued that De Doctrina Christiana needs to be read as an artifact of a theological process that reflects on the foundations of theology. This way of reading produces tools for engaging with Milton’s reflections on the same topic in Paradise Lost—a point of continuity that explicitly makes room for divergence between the two texts. Consequently, even if Paradise Lost is more “successful” as an aesthetic object than is De Doctrina Christiana, the latter remains an intertext that might be profitably read alongside the former.
The Process of Paradise Lost
Authors: Kerr Jason A.
Published: November 2023

This chapter extends the preceding discussions of internal scripture and ecclesial process into Paradise Lost, arguing that Milton’s epic recasts these concepts in Aristotelian terms of actuality and potentiality. Accordingly, Milton’s account of substance that originated with God and that can become more or less refined offers a physical model of ecclesial testing, while the Son’s dialogues with the Father show the process of free human speech becoming scripture. Satan, meanwhile, adversarially reminds the church of its potential for tyranny, while Milton imagines “dregs” that get “downward purg’d” as instances of matter realizing its potential for negation. At stake in all of this is the actuation of God, from whom all matter originated, and the quality of freedom that underwrites the possibility of uncoerced community, whether material, human, or divine.
Rallying Together or Drifting Apart? Toward a Comparative Perspective on Institutional Topologies Underlying International Regime Complexes
Authors: Daßler Benjamin
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces a relational conceptualization of institutional topologies. Taking institutional complexes as a starting point, it argues that they are marked by different degrees of centralization. Building on the literature on institutional authority, the chapter subsequently develops a network-based conceptualization of institutional topologies that allows for structural comparisons across international regime complexes. It argues that the relations among institutions and states, and the allocation of recognition among international institutions reflects a complex’s underlying topology. To grasp the institutional topologies underlying regime complexes, the chapter proposes to assess the degree of recognition received by a specific institution in direct relation to the degree of recognition received by all other institutions of the complex.
Preparing the Ground
Authors: Daßler Benjamin
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the book’s general empirical strategy by laying out the network-based operationalization of institutional topologies, justifying the case selection, and elaborating on the observable implications that follow from the hypotheses developed in the previous chapter. The first section develops a conceptualization of institutional topologies underlying regime complexes. Drawing on concepts from social network analysis, it proposes to capture the (de-) centralization of institutional topologies from an interinstitutional, hence relation, perspective. To map the topologies underlying international regime complexes, the chapter proposes a conceptualization of them as social networks structured by the interaction of their constitutive actors, institutions, and states.
Coherence between Data Protection and Competition Law in Digital Markets
Authors: Majcher Klaudia
Published: November 2023

In digital markets, data protection and competition affect each other in diverse and intricate ways. Their entanglement has triggered a global debate on how data protection and competition law should interact to effectively address new harms and ensure that the digital economy flourishes. This book offers a blueprint for a more coherent approach towards these two areas of law for the benefit of society and the economy. By way of introduction, this book provides a comparative overview of EU data protection and competition law, focusing on their evolution, their underlying rationale, and their key features and concepts. Their touch points are explored by looking at their common objectives. In addition, a series of examples demonstrate how the same empirical phenomena in digital markets pose a common challenge for protecting personal data and promoting market competitiveness. A panoply of theoretical and empirical commonalities between these two fields of law, as this book shows, are barely mirrored in the legal, enforcement, policy, and institutional approaches in the EU and beyond, where the silo approach continues to prevail. Conceptually, the ideas that this book offers for a more synergetic path forward are anchored in the concept of ‘sectional coherence’. This new coherence-centred paradigm aspires to render the interpretation and enforcement of data protection and competition law mutually cognizant and reinforcing. The book also includes a reflection on the conceptual, practical, institutional, and constitutional implications of the transition towards coherence, and the relevance of its findings for other jurisdictions.
Introduction
Authors: Majcher Klaudia
Published: November 2023

The two areas of law that prove particularly relevant in the face of current challenges posed by personal data exploitation and power consolidation are data protection and competition law. Not only do they transform the markets, but also fundamentally shape the landscape of individual rights and freedoms. Important as data protection and competition law are individually, they also display plenty of intriguing points of interface in the context of the digital economy. The fact that the regulation of data protection affects markets, and that the regulation of market power and competitive conduct has a bearing on data processing and on fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals more broadly, is beyond doubt. As this introduction explains, the objective of this book is to bring to the fore the entanglements between data protection and competition law and offer a blueprint for their future interactions.
An Overview of EU Data Protection and Competition Law
Authors: Majcher Klaudia
Published: November 2023

This chapter offers an introductory overview of EU data protection and competition law. It provides insights into the evolutionary paths of these two areas of the law, their fundamental rationale, and their key features and concepts. The analysis of data protection law centres on the GDPR, whereas in the exposition of competition law the focus is placed on Article 102 TFEU which addresses abuses of a dominant position, and on the EU Merger Regulation (EUMR). This chapter concludes with a number of comparative reflections that illustrate how the evidently distinctive features of these two legal fields are matched with an equally prominent number of similarities that might not at first be apparent.
Common Objectives and the Triple Challenge
Authors: Majcher Klaudia
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a taxonomy of objectives and empirical challenges common to data protection and competition law. It demonstrates that there are a number of remarkably similar normative considerations shared by these two areas of law. Protecting the welfare of individuals, strengthening individual sovereignty, ensuring fairness, mitigating power asymmetries, as well as improving transparency and mitigating information asymmetries are the points of convergence that can be leveraged to formulate the presumption of normative proximity of data protection and competition law. Having discussed the normative commonalities, the chapter introduces the three-pronged empirical challenge that affects these two legal areas: the ‘datafication’ of the economy and society, the lack of competitive dynamism in digital markets, and the emergence of new technologies and new ways of interacting with technologies.
A Data Protection Law Perspective on Sectional Coherence
Authors: Majcher Klaudia
Published: November 2023

This chapter sheds light on how data protection law can contribute to sectional coherence. With this aim, it revisits the risk-based approach to data protection and various balancing mechanisms in order to establish how data protection assessments should consider the unprecedented power of technology firms. It also explores how data protection law, which places plenty of emphasis on the idea of individual empowerment, could refocus to better stimulate competition on data protection. In addition, it illustrates how data protection law can inadvertently contribute to further consolidation of the digital power of large companies, calling for closer scrutiny of unintended competition repercussions.
Ottoman realities
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Ottoman sources supply ample evidence that male–male sexual relations were commonplace, and widely known about. Typically, they were strictly age-differentiated, with an adult as the active partner and a teenaged boy as the passive one; the dividing-line between boyhood and adulthood was defined by the appearance of facial hair. Adult–adult relations were viewed as abnormal, with the passive adult male suffering intense disapproval. For a man to desire an attractive boy was seen as normal, even though acting on that desire was sinful, while it was assumed that full-grown masculinity would render a man obviously undesirable. Coercive sex with boys was a well-known phenomenon, especially with slaves. But some youths were willing partners; some were prostitutes; and some worked in businesses—taverns, coffee-houses, hamams (bathhouses)—where such sexual activity could be a concomitant of the job.
Contexts of sexual life
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Much of the male–male sex recorded in the Western Mediterranean evidence was merely transactional and opportunistic. Some youths worked as prostitutes, but it was also common for men to give gifts for sexual services rendered, without prostitution being implied; the boundary between gifts and payments is hard to establish. Taverns and inns were often venues for sex, whether paid or not; military life, on land and sea, was also a well-known context for such relations, which also occurred in gaols and monastic houses—so-called ‘total institutions’. Schoolmasters were sometimes prosecuted for sex with their pupils, though this phenomenon was rarer than might have been expected, perhaps because they were under almost systematic suspicion. Apprentices, servants and young male slaves were also targeted for sex by those who held power over them.
Typical and untypical
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Typically, male–male sex in the Western Mediterranean societies involved the adult penetrating the youth anally, though sometimes interfemoral intercourse (between the thighs) occurred instead. Most of these adults did not exhibit a special sexual orientation: they would also have sex with women, and would typically abandon sex with boys when, or not long after, they were married. An untypical minority of ‘inveterate’ sodomites, many of whom never married, continued to have sex with boys in their later decades. A very small minority of adults had sex with other adults. Those who were by preference passive adults sometimes exhibited effeminate behaviour. Mutual masturbation played only a minor role; evidence of group sex is very rare. A small minority of men felt a strong emotional commitment to the boys they had sex with; loving relationships between men of the same age were very rare.
Literary works
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Early modern Spanish literature touches only occasionally, and very negatively, on sodomy. Italian literature also offers very negative portrayals, beginning with Dante; but in Boccaccio such portrayals also contain elements of real human observation, depicting sodomites who had no desire for women. Some humanists wrote imitations of graphically homoerotic Roman poetry; but most humanist scholars preferred to bowdlerize or allegorize such elements of ancient texts. Exceptionally, two writers, Antonio Vignali and Antonio Rocco, produced (for private circulation) texts celebrating sodomy. But the most popular homoerotic works, in a genre derived from Florentine carnival songs and perfected by Francesco Berni, used a system of coded language to produce poems packed with doubles entendres. Some lyric poets, including Michelangelo, wrote love poems addressed to male youths, but without alluding to sexual relations. Finally, sexually explicit homoeroticism is also extremely rare in the visual arts of this period.
European colonial societies
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

The history of sodomy in European colonial societies reflects the differences between Southern and Northern Europe, while also raising other issues. Known cases in the English colonies of North America and the Dutch colonies of Indonesia were rare—even in Puritan New England, with its high levels of moral vigilance. The Iberian American colonies yield much larger totals. Some cases involved the exploitation of black slaves, or of the indigenous ‘Indians’. Male–male sex had already existed among many Indian cultures, where berdache boys, formally re-gendered, submitted to male sex; such traditions might partly explain the vibrant sodomitical subculture in Mexico City, exposed by a trial in 1657–8. The role of race in cases of interracial sodomy is difficult to assess, as it was often a concomitant of a difference in status and power; but some cases of non-Europeans taking the sexual initiative are also known.
France and the Netherlands after 1700
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Like London, Paris after 1700 saw a large increase in the recording of sodomy cases (or attempted ones), thanks to a change in policing practice. Agents provocateurs entrapped many men in the streets or public gardens. Most were released with a warning; some received punishment, though few were sent to the criminal courts. Police reports also described taverns where sodomites would gather for socializing and sex; there is some slight evidence of effeminate behaviour there, but not as the dominant style, and certainly not as a way of life. In the Netherlands a moral panic, triggered in 1730, led to many sodomy trials, revealing networks of sodomites in several towns. Some socializing in taverns or private houses, called lolhuizen, was also revealed, as well as much public ‘cruising’. The chapter concludes with a brief survey of changing attitudes to sodomy in 18th-century Northern Europe.
From the Attalids to Proconsular Administration, 133–88 bce
Authors: Jordan Bradley
Published: November 2023

Chapter 1 discusses the first five decades of the Roman province of Asia (133–90/89 bce), providing an assessment of the shape of the nascent administrative organization of the region under Roman hegemony. It briefly sketches the Attalid prehistory of the region, before discussing the concepts of civic ‘freedom’ and Roman ways of organizing provincial space. It then analyses the ambitions of Roman government until 90/89, with particular attention to the problems of jurisdiction, taxation, and coinage. Overall, the chapter argues that the early Roman administration in the region was neither intensive nor extensive: the Roman state did not seek to impose jurisdiction or heavy taxation upon most polis-communities prior to the First Mithridatic War.
Hegemony and the Discourse(s) of Power in Roman Asia
Authors: Jordan Bradley
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 emphasizes the disruption caused by the advent of Roman hegemony to existing frameworks through which cities negotiated their status with powerful figures. It considers the evidence for official communication in the early period of Roman hegemony, arguing that a new framework was needed to mediate between the Republic and individual communities, but that existing institutions hindered their establishment. It argues that an increasing emphasis on the personal benefactions granted to communities by powerful Romans, including Caesar, Octavian, and M. Antonius, emerges during the civil war period, even in documents issued by public institutions. Finally, it focuses on the presence of the Princeps in documents issued by other officials and bodies, such as the Senate and governors, arguing that Augustus’ pre-eminent position catalysed the development of new discursive framework of Roman governance.
Conclusions
Authors: Jordan Bradley
Published: November 2023

The Conclusion summarizes the overall argument that Roman hegemony was established incrementally, in a responsive fashion, and in continuous dialogue with local agents, over the course of a long first century (133 bce–14 ce). It explores the wider implications of the study for understanding the interplay between Roman imperialism and local agency, and the development of provincial administrative institutions during the late Republic, civil wars, and early Principate. Finally, it briefly looks forward to the imperial period and explores how the processes outlined here applied to later developments in Asia’s governance, particularly the koinon of Asia and provincial coinage.
Introduction
Authors: Allpress Roshan
Published: November 2023

During the eighteenth century, the word ‘philanthropy’ came to indicate a mode of social action in the world, especially in relation to the sufferings and needs of globalizing humanity. This shift occurred in the context of Britain’s increasing global economic and political prominence, was deeply informed by movements of religious renewal—especially that of Evangelicalism—and saw the emergence of a new vocational identity—that of the ‘philanthropist’. This introductory chapter outlines the layered approach of the book—overlaying personal narratives, maps of associational networks, organizational models, and intellectual and cultural collaborations—to build up a dense picture of what made philanthropic networks distinctive and effective, and how these can shed light on understanding societal order, the emergence of the non-profit organizational model, and the relationship between philanthropic networks and the national and imperial states.
Materializing Cacophony
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang
Published: November 2023

The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries witnessed the emergence of a new concept that treated noise as physical effects to be materialized, quantified, and manipulated in forms other than sound. Key to this change was the introduction of the phonograph, telephone, and radio. By the 1930s, “fidelity” to sound reproduction was a central concern among users, engineers, and businesses. Achieving fidelity was tantamount to reducing the unwanted physical effects in sound reproduction, which also linked noise to such effects. Chapter 3 examines Edison Phonograph Company’s treatments of “surface noise”—cracking sounds due to scratches on phonographic surfaces. In contrast to turning noise into quantifiable or mathematical entities, the Edison company sought to reduce surface noise via experimenting and tinkering with the materials of phonographic records.
Information, Cryptography, and Noise
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang
Published: November 2023

Chapter 12 focuses on Claude Shannon’s treatment of noise in his information theory in the contexts of wartime and postwar research on command, control, communication, and computing at Bell Labs. Shannon’s fundamental principle—the so-called “channel coding theorem” that stipulated the optimum rate of information transmission through a communication channel contaminated by stochastic noise—was built upon noise as a basic and unavoidable element of a communication process. To tackle “macroscopic” features of communication processes, Shannon came up with several original representations to conceptualize noise: the “fan diagram” to express equivocation, “sphere packing” to picture noise as regions of uncertainty surrounding signal points in a high-dimensional space, and the analogy of “water pouring” to advise how to allocate signal power on the spectrum. By introducing new notions and tools, Shannon’s approach extended the understanding of noise from its original physical, mathematical, and engineering contexts.
EU Justice and Home Affairs Law
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: November 2023

This book is a comprehensive description and analysis of every facet of EU Justice and Home Affairs Law regarding immigration and asylum – in particular EU law on asylum (definition of refugees, rights of asylum seekers), legal immigration (admission of labour migrants, students, and family reunion, and obtaining long-term residence), irregular immigration, visas, and border controls. It examines the human rights aspects of the issues, and discusses every piece of EU legislation and all EU court case law in the field, including proposed legislation in areas such as asylum, legal migration and expulsion, and the upcoming use of new or expanded EU border control databases.
Criminal Law
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes and analyses the EU law on jurisdiction over, and prosecution of, crime, in particular examining the rules on jurisdiction over specific offences such as terrorism and cybercrime, as well as criminal jurisdiction in general. In particular, it looks at when Member States must (or may) exercise criminal jurisdiction over acts which took place outside their territory, and what territorial jurisdiction means in the context of the Internet. The chapter examines the prospect of transferring proceedings between Member States and the extensive case law on double jeopardy (being tried twice in relation to the same events), which EU law applies to cross-border situations (and, to some extent, non-EU cases too). Finally it looks in detail at the powers of the EU prosecutors’ cooperation agency Eurojust and the newly established European Public Prosecutor’s Office, which has jurisdiction over fraud against the EU budget (including some VAT cases).
Energy Dependence and Supply Security
Authors: Boute Anatole
Published: November 2023

The disruption of Russian gas supplies in 2022 administered an unprecedented shock to the European and global energy markets. As gas prices surged to historically high levels, states responded with emergency interventions and initiated market reforms to limit the social and economic impact of the crisis. More fundamentally, the supply shock triggered a profound rethink of foreign supply and infrastructure dependencies, leading to the adoption of an important number of new legal initiatives, aimed at ensuring the resilience of clean energy supply chains. Energy geopolitics and supply security are firmly back at the centre of global energy policy. In this new geopolitical reality, a critical reassessment is needed of the role of energy law in the creation of dangerous dependencies, and its relevance in neutralizing the potential weaponization of energy dependencies. This book provides a legal analysis of the use of energy as a tool of geopolitical power, an issue that has so far predominantly been researched in the economic statecraft and energy geopolitics literature. The analysis shows how legal instruments of energy security have in reality contributed to creating the dependencies that allowed for the weaponization of energy. At the same time, the book warns, international energy, trade, and investment law may substantially constrain supply security measures. As new dependencies in the clean energy industry are the subject of increasing scrutiny, reforms are needed to allow states greater flexibility to ensure supply security, while still preserving the international collaboration that is needed to accelerate the clean energy transition.
Neutralizing Infrastructure Disruptions
Authors: Boute Anatole
Published: November 2023

To neutralize the risk of the weaponization of energy investments, states can nationalize critical assets controlled by investors from unfriendly jurisdictions and implement preventive measures, including ownership unbundling, national security reviews, and diversification programmes. However, these measures can conflict with the requirements of investment protection and non-discrimination under the international law of energy. How can states protect their supply security against the potential threat of the energy investment weapon, within the limits of international energy, investment, and trade law? The European experience shows the difficulty of designing policy measures that are both effective in addressing the security risks posed by foreign energy investments and compliant with international energy, investment, and trade law. Paradoxically, the international instruments of investment protection and open trade, promoted to achieve supply security based on market forces, can also constrain supply security strategies aimed at reducing dependencies through security reviews, diversification, and nationalization. To address these constraints, international reforms are needed to enable states to neutralize the energy investment weapon.
Energy Law and Supply Dependencies
Authors: Boute Anatole
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyses the role that energy law, including supply agreements and energy market liberalization, played in establishing and deepening the dominance of Russian gas supplies in Europe and Eurasia, allowing Russia to weaponize its energy exports. European energy law, and the international energy regime that the EU helped to establish, has been based on the necessity of facilitating cross-border energy supplies. However, this liberalization regime also facilitated the expansion of Russian gas in Europe. Building on the literature on trade, geopolitics, and economic imperialism, this chapter examines how trade instruments can be used to secure dependence and geopolitical control. Since Soviet times, energy geopolitics has had a profound influence on energy contracts, facilitating the dependence of the former Soviet states and Europe on Russian gas.
The Earth’s Laboratory
Authors: Gillin Edward J.
Published: November 2023

Having established that the escalation of the Earth’s interior heat was relative to depth, Cornish natural philosopher Robert Were Fox turned his attention to the question of metalliferous vein formation, these being the source of the region’s copper ore. Using mines as experimental sites, Fox claimed to have detected underground electrical currents that, he argued, caused veins to form. Excited by Michael Faraday’s experiments to produce electromagnetic rotation in 1821 and electromagnetic induction in 1831, Fox looked to connect the Earth’s magnetic and electrical phenomena within a grand vision of Nature. He supported this investigation with surveys of Cornwall’s miners, using local working knowledge to inform his account of the Earth’s internal working. But this work also involved measuring the planets’ magnetic phenomena in the challenging conditions of the mine. To do this, throughout the 1820s and 1830s Fox developed his own magnetic instruments. This chapter shows how it was the experience of experimentation in Cornwall’s mines that shaped Fox’s construction of dipping needles which would, later, become central to the British Magnetic Scheme on account of their perceived robustness.
A Bioweapons Taboo
Authors: Bentley Michelle
Published: November 2023

Chapter 1 questions current analytic definitions of ‘taboo’ within International Relations in order to argue that these conceptualizations are inadequate. The chapter challenges these available definitions as (1) having yet to fully articulate the normative characteristics of a taboo and (2) being too dependent—explicitly or implicitly—on compliance as the primary analytic standard. In response to these limitations, the chapter outlines an alternative and innovative model of taboo. The model establishes a set of three necessary and interrelated criteria which identify a taboo as a discrete classification of normative prohibition characterized by disgust, stigmatization, and fetishization. The chapter then applies the model directly to the issue of biowarfare to show precisely why actors find these armaments to be taboo.
The Place of the Philosophy of Language in Metaphysics
Authors: Hofweber Thomas
Published: November 2023

Although it is very plausible, and widely accepted, that one cannot draw metaphysical conclusions about what reality is like merely from how we represent reality, this chapter argues that this is mistaken: sometimes substantial synthetic conclusions about the world can be drawn simply from how we represent the world in thought or language. How this could possibly work must seem dubious, just as how substantial such conclusions could possibly be. The chapter tries to put such concerns to rest and hopes to show that we can indeed draw substantial, synthetic conclusions about reality in general merely from thinking about our own representations of reality. This supports a substantial role for the philosophy of language in metaphysics and with it a close cooperative relationship between metaphysics, the philosophy of language, and epistemology.
The Schmidentity Strategy
Authors: Speaks Jeff
Published: November 2023

This is a paper about a prominent style of argument in the philosophy of language, which Nathan Salmón has called ‘the schmidentity strategy.’ The style of argument has great intuitive force, and has been used to defend theses as diverse as the classical theory of the ‘is’ of identity, the Russellian analysis of definite descriptions, and the Millian theory of proper names. It is thus of considerable interest to determine whether the strategy is a good one, and how widely it can be employed.
Reflecting Creativity
Authors: Schaefer Stephan M.
Published: November 2023

This chapter broadens the perspective by discussing the significance of the socio-economic context for processes and practices of organizing creativity. It starts by distinguishing instrumental and humanist aims of creativity and their implications for organizations. An instrumental perspective views creativity as essential for economic growth, which becomes problematic considering the limits to growth and global problems of climate change and social alienation. Humanist creativity in contrast views creativity as a meaningful and fulfilling activity in itself which however tends to conflict with goals of corporate profit maximization. Based on the critical analysis of instrumental and humanist creativity and considering the re-emergence of craft as an alternative form of organizing the chapter then elaborates and discusses the concept of radical transformative creativity.
Rational Business Leadership
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret
Published: November 2023

An introduction to the rational type of leadership, which inspires followers with confidence through capable use of appropriate rational means of achieving the objective. The chapter explains the book's focus on a particular version of rational leadership, which develops business corporations. This version uses a set of six appropriate rational methods: rapid and innovative adaptation; quantitative and strategic calculation; and diverse and institutionalized deliberation. The six rational methods are described, along with variations in leaders’ selection/emphasizing of these methods of developing a corporation. (A section uses the example of Sheryl Sandberg at Facebook to illustrate the deliberative methods in action.) Plus, there is an introduction to the first eight chapters’ best-practice case studies, where rational leaders have developed iconic corporations. Leaders' autobiographical writings will give the cases a ‘leader’s-eye’ view and occasionally show a corporation being led by a dual-leadership team.