bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Hierarchical Co/MgO Catalyst for Enhanced CO2 Reforming of CH4 in a Fluidized‐Bed Reactor
Authors: Li Jun , Li Jianwei , Zhu Qingshan , Peng Wencai , Li Hongzhong
Published: August 2018

This work reports facile fabrication of fluidizable hierarchical Co–MgO particles with high dispersion of Co nanoparticles (NPs) and high surface oxygen vacancies for matching with the fluidized‐bed reactor. The hierarchical Co–MgO catalyst exhibits higher activity and thermal stability for CH4–CO2 reforming than the conventional impregnation Co/MgO catalyst. The enhanced prevention of Co NPs sintering of the hierarchical Co–MgO catalyst is attributed to the multilayer structure and the exposed MgO (111) face, which creates high surface oxygen vacancies, induces high Co dispersion to restrain Co NPs sintering, and supplies high resistance to graphite carbon deposition. A formation mechanism for the hierarchical MgO structure is also proposed. This formation of incomplete rhombohedron MgO particles with an exposed octahedral MgO (111) face is attributed to the electrostatic interaction of OH−. The proposed approach to improving catalytic activity by creation of hierarchical MgO particles can be expanded to other metal oxide catalysts. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 120–131, 2019
RNAseq‐based transcriptome assembly of Clostridium acetobutylicum for functional genome annotation and discovery
Authors: Ralston Matthew T. , Papoutsakis Eleftherios T.
Published: August 2018

Accurate genome annotations are essential in modern biology and biotechnology, yet they are still largely based on genome sequencing and comparative analyses. We show that the Clostridium acetobutylicum genome annotation can be markedly improved by integrating bioinformatic predictions with RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data. Samples were acquired under butanol, butyrate, and unstressed treatments across various growth conditions. Analysis of an initial assembly revealed errors due to background signals and limitations of assembly algorithms. Hurdles for RNAseq transcriptome mapping include optimizing library complexity and sequencing depth, yet most studies report low sequencing depth and ignore the effect of ribosomal RNA abundance. An integrative analysis was developed to combine motif predictions, single‐nucleotide resolution sequencing depth, and library complexity to resolve difficulties in assembly curation. This minimized false positive error and determined gene boundaries, in some cases, to the exact base‐pair of prior studies. This is the first strand‐specific transcriptome assembly in a Clostridium organism. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 4271–4280, 2018
Computational and Experimental Studies of Flexible Fiber Flows in a Normal‐Stress‐Fixed Shear Cell
Authors: Guo Y. , Buettner K. , Lane V. , Wassgren C. , Ketterhagen W. , Hancock B. , Curtis J.
Published: August 2018

Flow properties of flexible fibers are poorly understood compared to those of rigid particles. In this study, a Schulze ring shear tester is used to measure the flow properties of fibers made of cut fishing wire and cut rubber cord, which have different levels of flexibility. For a comprehensive study, the discrete element method is employed to simulate flexible fiber flows. The simulations are validated by comparing with the experimental measurements. Studies show that an increase in fiber bending modulus leads to a reduction in the deformation and solid volume fraction, but it has no effect on the shear stress with the same normal stress. An increase in fiber‐fiber friction coefficient, below a critical value of 0.8, can augment the angle of internal friction. The contact stiffness, contact damping coefficient, and bond damping coefficient only have limited impact on the shear flow behavior in the ranges considered. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 64–74, 2019
Hollow monocrystalline silicalite‐1 hybrid membranes for efficient pervaporative desulfurization
Authors: Pan Fusheng , Li Weidong , Zhang Ye , Sun Jie , Wang Meidi , Wu Hong , Jiang Zhongyi , Lin Ligang , Wang Baoyi , Cao Xingzhong , Zhang Peng
Published: August 2018

Hollow monocrystalline silicalite‐1 (HMS) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and firstly incorporated into poly(ether‐block‐amide) (Pebax) to prepare hybrid membranes. The uniformly dispersed HMS in Pebax matrix interrupt the crystalline region and optimize the free volume property. The micropores on the HMS shell enhance the selectivity because of sieving effect, whereas the inner cavity benefits the rapid diffusion of penetrant and elevates the flux. When the content of HMS (200 nm) is 20 wt %, the hybrid membrane possesses a permeation flux of 20.63 kg/(m2 h) and an enrichment factor of 6.11 (82% and 23% higher than that of Pebax membrane, respectively), which surpass the upper bound of the state‐of‐the‐art reported polymeric membranes. Moreover, the hybrid membranes display the remarkable antiswelling and long‐term operation stability. This is a step forward in fabricating the hybrid membranes with superior separation performance by incorporating porous fillers with hollow structure. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 196–206, 2019
Evaluation of no evidence of progression or active disease (NEPAD) in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis in the ORATORIO trial
Authors: Wolinsky Jerry S. , Montalban Xavier , Hauser Stephen L. , Giovannoni Gavin , Vermersch Patrick , Bernasconi Corrado , Deol‐Bhullar Gurpreet , Garren Hideki , Chin Peter , Belachew Shibeshih , Kappos Ludwig
Published: August 2018

Objective

No evidence of progression or active disease (NEPAD) is a novel combined endpoint defined by the absence of both progression and inflammatory disease activity in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). In the placebo‐controlled phase III ORATORIO study (NCT01194570), we investigated the effect of ocrelizumab on this comprehensive outcome and its components in a post‐hoc analysis.

Methods

The proportion of patients with NEPAD (no evidence of progression [NEP; no 12‐week confirmed progression of ≥1/≥0.5 points on the Expanded Disability Status Scale if the baseline score was ≤5.5/>5.5 points, respectively; no 12‐week confirmed progression of ≥20% on the Timed 25‐Foot Walk test and 9‐Hole Peg Test], no brain magnetic resonance imaging activity [no new/enlarging T2 lesions and no T1 gadolinium‐enhancing lesions], and no protocol‐defined relapse) from baseline to week 120 was determined in ocrelizumab‐ (600 mg; n = 465) and placebo‐treated (n = 234) patients.

Results

The majority of ORATORIO study patients with PPMS experienced clinical progression or evidence of disease activity. From baseline to week 120, 29.9% and 42.7% ocrelizumab‐treated compared to 9.4% and 29.1% placebo‐treated patients maintained NEPAD (relative risk [95% confidence interval {CI}], 3.15 [2.07–4.79]; p < 0.001) and NEP (relative risk [95% CI], 1.47 [1.17–1.84]; p < 0.001), respectively. Effects on the individual components of both measures were consistent with the compound outcomes.

Interpretation

Compared to placebo, ocrelizumab enhanced 3‐fold the proportion of PPMS patients with no evidence of either progression or inflammatory disease activity. NEPAD may represent a sensitive and meaningful comprehensive measure of disease control in patients with PPMS. Ann Neurol 2018;84:527–536
Back to Basics: Autologous Tissue
Authors: Spruce Lisa
Published: August 2018

Perioperative personnel manage autologous tissue when they care for patients undergoing procedures requiring the use of bone, soft tissue, or other autologous tissue to repair or replace defects. Use of autologous tissue can minimize the risk of rejection, disease transfer, and infection compared with the use of artificial materials. There are important steps to follow when handling autologous tissue to ensure it is safe for replantation and does not become contaminated. This Back to Basics article provides strategies for managing some types of autologous tissue, including bone flaps, parathyroid tissue, skin grafts, and veins. Tissue management strategies include creating strict documentation policies, standardizing processes and communication, and implementing routine audits to assess compliance.
Assessing Perceptions of Teamwork Quality Among Perioperative Team Members
Authors: Müller Patrick , Tschan Franziska , Keller Sandra , Seelandt Julia , Beldi Guido , Elfering Achim , Dubach Brigitte , Candinas Daniel , Pereira Diana , Semmer Norbert K.
Published: August 2018

Successful surgery depends on collaboration and mutual trust among interdisciplinary team members. We compared teamwork quality as perceived by surgeons, anesthesia care providers, and perioperative nurses using two surveys in the same hospital. The general survey sent to the homes of the OR personnel revealed teamwork climate scores in the medium to high range. Attending surgeons were significantly more satisfied than perioperative nurses and resident surgeons; anesthesiologists were significantly more satisfied than perioperative nurses. A second single‐item survey administered immediately after elective open abdominal surgical procedures also showed relatively high satisfaction with teamwork. Results of the second survey, however, showed that attending surgeons were significantly less satisfied than the members of all the other professions, and perioperative nurses were significantly more satisfied than the members of all the other professions. We conclude that general surveys about teamwork quality among members of surgical teams may not necessarily reflect teamwork quality during actual surgical procedures.
An innovative approach for the chemical structural characterization of poly(styrene 4‐vinylpyridine) copolymers by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Montaudo M. S. , Puglisi C. , Battiato S. , Zappia S. , Destri S. , Samperi F.
Published: August 2018

ABSTACT

Poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) random copolymers with different molar composition were synthesized by nitroxide‐mediated controlled‐radical polymerization using 2,2,5‐trimethyl‐4‐phenyl‐3‐azahexane‐3‐nitroxide (TIPNO) as a mediator. We record the matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) spectra under various conditions, and we find (at last) that they show mostly intact ions [using 2(‐4‐hydroxyphenylazo‐)benzoic acid as MALDI matrix]. Spectra are highly resolved, and thus they allow for the determination of all end‐groups, even some less‐abundant ones. Spectra are dominated by intact “dormant” copolymer chains terminated with TIPNO at one end and with (4‐Bromo‐phenyl)ethyl group (starting fragment) at the other one. Applying the mass analysis of copolymers (MACO) statistical model to the spectra, we show that the MACO/MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry (MS) analysis can be successfully applied to copolymers having a difference between the mass of the comonomers as small as 1 g mol−1 (the styrene and 4‐vinylpyridine units are 104.15 and 105.15 g/mol, respectively), which results in overlapping isotopic patterns. The results are accurate: chemical composition evaluated by means of MS agrees with that calculated by 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance, for all copolymers investigated. This analytical method allows to extract detailed information on the composition of the copolymer samples and their structure. Glass transition temperatures of copolymers were also determined by differential scanning calorimetry. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46976.
Chiral Supramolecular Assemblies from an Achiral Naphthalene Diimide Bearing a Urea Moiety
Authors: Shaikh Dada B. , Bhosale Rajesh S. , La Duong Duc , Al Kobaisi Mohammad , Bhosale Sidhanath V. , Bhosale Sheshanath V.
Published: August 2018

The ordering of organic molecules in a supramolecular self‐assembly determines their physical, chemical, and photonic properties. Here, we report the aggregation of two achiral naphthalene diimides (NDIs), in which phenyl moieties are linked to the NDI core via a urea subunit, leading to chiral supramolecular assemblies in THF/methylcyclohexane. Circular dichroism spectroscopic analysis of twisted ribbons deposited from solutions indicated a mixture of left‐ and right‐handed nanostructures for one NDI, whereas only left‐handed structures were observed for the other one. Furthermore, this study also shows the effect of large atoms such as iodine on the self‐assembly process, which governs and controls the helicity of the produced microstructures. The supramolecular assemblies were characterized by UV/Vis, fluorescence emission, CD, SEM, and XRD techniques.
Ornamentation of Triskelion Peptide Nanotori to Produce Gold Nanoparticle (AuNP)‐Embedded Peptide Nanobangles
Authors: Gupta Shradhey , Singh Ramesh , Kumar Vikas , Shukla Prashant , Joshi Khashti Ballabh
Published: August 2018

We report the formation of gold nanoparticle (AuNP)–biotinylated triskelion peptide hybrid nanostructures. These structures were created by using self‐organization and mimicking strategies to develop AuNP‐ornamented peptide nanobangles with predetermined properties on biocompatible surfaces. Such intelligent and fascinating nanomaterials can be used for several bio‐nanotechnological applications.
Interdisciplinary Approach to Treat Patients With Tooth Agenesis: A Case Report
Authors: Lin I. Ping , Kumchai Hattanas , AlRejaye Najla , Sun Arthur F. , Drizen Kenneth , Liu Jess Li‐Je
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Tooth agenesis is a type of dental anomaly in which individuals are missing teeth due to developmental failure as a result of genetic or environmental factors. With approximately one fourth of the population missing ≥1 third molar, tooth agenesis is considered a common dental anomaly. However, the severity of tooth agenesis can range from a missing single tooth to multiple teeth. When suffering from severe tooth agenesis, the patient's health and social relationships are often affected.

Case Presentation

The patient in this report congenitally lost 11 teeth and suffered from compromised esthetics and impaired chewing function. In such a severe tooth agenesis case, interdisciplinary treatments involving orthodontics, periodontics, and prosthodontics were engaged to reconstruct the ideal biology, function, and esthetics for the patient. With an interdisciplinary approach, the periodontist played an important role in the rehabilitation of the edentulous regions with implants in combination with various hard and soft tissue augmentation procedures. In addition, the patient with severe tooth agenesis presented with additional dental anomalies. The periodontist, therefore, had to collaborate with other specialists to provide early detection and intervention to avoid future complications, such as the management of infraoccluded ankylosed deciduous molars and aberrant frenum.
The patient at the end of treatment had a good occlusion with improved function and esthetics.

Conclusion

This case report describes the interdisciplinary treatment approach used and points out the role of periodontists in the treatment of a patient with severe tooth agenesis.
Treatment of Furcation Involvement Using Autogenous Tooth Graft With 1‐Year Follow‐Up: A Case Series
Authors: Upadhyay Preeti , Blaggana Vikram , Tripathi Pragya , Jindal Manika
Published: August 2018

Introduction

The objective of this study was to clinically evaluate an autogenous tooth graft (ATG) as a novel bone graft material in the treatment of Class II furcation defects. ATG is prepared at chairside from a freshly extracted tooth to be used immediately for bone regeneration. It has an advantage over the autogenous and other bone graft materials as it is non‐immunogenic, inexpensive, easily available, and lacks donor‐site morbidity.

Case Presentation

This study was conducted on three middle‐aged (35 to 55 years) male patients, who had at least one mandibular molar with Class II furcation involvement (a total of 5 sites) and one tooth that required extraction because of poor prognosis and was not endodontically treated. At 9 and 12 months, the mean reductions in horizontal probing depth were (1.40 ± 0.57 mm) and (1.52 ± 0.59 mm), respectively, and the mean gains in linear bone‐fill were (3.90 ± 0.15 mm) and (5.33 ± 0.10 mm), respectively.

Conclusions

Within the limitation of this study, ATG exhibited ideal properties for alveolar bone regeneration. In addition, this study outlines the chairside method to prepare a graft and highlights the improvement in clinical and radiographic parameters at 9 and 12 months.
Antinociceptive Activity of Phloroglucinol Derivatives Isolated from Southern Brazilian Hypericum Species
Authors: Bridi Henrique , Dischkaln Stolz Eveline , Maikon Corrêa de Barros Francisco , Elingson da Silva Costa Bianca , Guerini Letícia , Maris Kuze Rates Stela , Lino von Poser Gilsane
Published: August 2018

The south Brazilian Hypericum species have revealed the presence of a series of biologically active phloroglucinol derivatives. In this study, a mixture of japonicine A and an isomer with an unreported structure, named japonicine E, was isolated from the roots of H. polyanthemum. Additionally, uliginosin A from H. myrianthum, isouliginosin B from H. polyanthemum, hyperbrasilol B and isohyperbrasilol B from H. caprifoliatum and cariphenone A from H. carinatum were also isolated. The structures were elucidated using 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments and by comparison with previously reported data. The compounds japonicines A/E, uliginosin A, isouliginosin B, hyperbrasilol B and cariphenone A exhibited antinociceptive activity in the mice hot‐plate test and did not induce motor impairment in the rotarod apparatus.
Highly Efficient Photo‐Reduction of p‐Nitrophenol by Protonated Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets
Authors: Qian Jiajia , Yuan Aili , Yao Chengkai , Liu Jiyang , Li Benxia , Xi Fengna , Dong Xiaoping
Published: August 2018

Photocatalytic reduction of p‐nitrophenol to p‐aminophenol is important because of the high toxicity of p‐nitrophenol and the wide application of p‐aminophenol. Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) is an excellent photocatalyst for various photo‐reduction reactions, but inefficient for photo‐reduction of p‐nitrophenol due to the electrostatic exclusion. In this work, we control the morphology and surface property of g‐CN and achieve significantly enhanced activity. The obtained protonated g‐CN nanosheet (pg‐CNNS) material has positively charged surface that can adsorb p‐nitrophenolate anions, therefore facilitating the transfer of photo‐generated electrons from catalyst to p‐nitrophenol. Its reaction rate is 1626 times higher than that of the pristine g‐CN. Besides the surface charge, the morphology of photocatalyst also has important effect on activity, which is demonstrated by the relatively low activity of protonated g‐CN in comparison to pg‐CNNS. The pg‐CNNS photocatalyst has an excellent stability and superior catalytic universality for photo‐reduction of various nitroaromatic compounds. This work does not only expand the application of a well‐known material, but also highlights the importance of understanding photocatalytic mechanism for designing photocatalyst.
Multiclass partial least squares discriminant analysis: Taking the right way—A critical tutorial
Authors: Pomerantsev Alexey , Rodionova Oxana
Published: August 2018

Vityaz at the Crossroads by Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov, 1882.

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Vityaz at the Crossroads by Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov, 1882.

Decision making is an important part of our lives, and chemometrics contributes to making choices more purposeful. Sometimes choosing the wrong way can lead to serious trouble. As written on the stone in the illustration, “If you ride to the left, you will lose your horse, if you ride to the right, you will lose your head.” Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) is an enormously popular method in various scientific areas: genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and in food and pharmaceutical sciences. In this paper, we provide a detailed PLS‐DA theory that could be used as an itinerary in this perilous world. A distinct feature of this theory is that it does not utilize the PLS scores but is entirely based on the predicted dummy responses. We demonstrate that the results of the direct multi‐class PLS‐DA can be presented in a straightforward way by projecting the response matrix on the “super‐score” space by means of Principal Component Analysis. Two approaches to discrimination are considered: the hard and the soft way of allocation. Correspondingly, two versions of PLS‐DA are presented: the conventional hard PLS‐DA and the newly introduced soft PLS‐DA that seems to be a novel approach in chemometrics. The quality of classification is assessed using figures of merit (sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency). It is shown how these characteristics are used for the selection of the model complexity. A number of practical problems are scrutinized, such as unbalanced sizes of classes, comparison of discriminant and class‐modeling approaches, and authentication by the “one against all” strategy. The paper is illustrated by real‐world and simulated examples.
Light‐Induced Activation of c‐Met Signalling by Photocontrolled DNA Assembly
Authors: Chen Shan , Li Jingying , Liang Hong , Lin Xia‐Hui , Li Juan , Yang Huang‐Hao
Published: August 2018

Optical manipulation appears to be a powerful tool for spatiotemporally controlling a variety of cellular functions. Herein, a photocontrolled DNA assembly approach is described which enables light‐induced activation of cellular signal transduction by triggering protein dimerization (c‐Met signalling in this case). Three kinds of DNA probes are designed, including a pair of receptor recognition probes with adaptors and a blocker probe with a photocleavable linker (PC‐linker). By implementing PC‐linkers in blocker probes, the designed DNA probes response to light irradiation, which then induces the assembly of receptor recognition probes through adaptor complementing. Consequently, light‐mediated DNA assembly promotes the dimerization of c‐Met receptors, resulting in activation of c‐Met signalling. It is demonstrated that the proposed photocontrolled DNA assembly approach is effective for regulating c‐Met signalling and modulating cellular behaviours, such as cell proliferation and migration. Therefore, this simple approach may offer a promising strategy to manipulate cell signalling pathways precisely in living cells.
Visible Light‐Promoted Three‐Component Carboazidation of Unactivated Alkenes with TMSN3 and Acrylonitrile
Authors: Yang Bo , Ren Xiang , Shen Xuzhong , Li Tongtong , Lu Zhan
Published: August 2018

A novel difunctionalization of unactivated alkenes has been reported via visible light‐promoted three‐component carboazidation using TMSN3 and acrylonitrile as partners without any stoichiometric oxidants. This protocol is operationally simple for straightforward access to azido derivatives with good functional group tolerance from readily available starting materials. A facile azido radical‐catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of vinylcyclopropane with acrylonitrile was also observed to deliver a multi‐substituted cyclopentane.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Radical Cascade Cyclization: Synthesis of (20S)‐Camptothecin, SN‐38 and Irinotecan
Authors: Yuan Yao , Dong Wuheng , Gao Xiaoshuang , Xie Xiaomin , Curran Dennis P. , Zhang Zhaoguo
Published: August 2018

(20S)‐Camptothecin, irinotecan and SN‐38 were successfully synthesized by a photocatalyzed radical cascade cyclization from an N‐propargyl iodopyridinone and an arylisonitrile under visible light with a ruthenium catalyst. This synthetic method provided a useful entry into composing camptothecin family of antitumor agents in good yields under mild reaction conditions without the use of heavy metal reagents.
Alternative splicing of the Caenorhabditis elegans lev‐11 tropomyosin gene is regulated in a tissue‐specific manner
Authors: Watabe Eichi , Ono Shoichiro , Kuroyanagi Hidehito
Published: August 2018

Tropomyosin isoforms contribute to generation of functionally divergent actin filaments. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, multiple isoforms are produced from lev‐11, the single tropomyosin gene, by combination of two separate promoters and alternative pre‐mRNA splicing. In this study, we report that alternative splicing of lev‐11 is regulated in a tissue‐specific manner so that a particular tropomyosin isoform is expressed in each tissue. Reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of lev‐11 mRNAs confirms five previously reported isoforms (LEV‐11A, LEV‐11C, LEV‐11D, LEV‐11E and LEV‐11O) and identifies a new sixth isoform LEV‐11T. Using transgenic alternative‐splicing reporter minigenes, we find distinct patterns of preferential exon selections in the pharynx, body wall muscles, intestine and neurons. The body wall muscles preferentially process splicing to produce high‐molecular‐weight isoforms, LEV‐11A, LEV‐11D and LEV‐11O. The pharynx specifically processes splicing to express a low‐molecular‐weight isoform LEV‐11E, whereas the intestine and neurons process splicing to express another low‐molecular‐weight isoform LEV‐11C. The splicing pattern of LEV‐11T was not predominant in any of these tissues, suggesting that this is a minor isoform. Our results suggest that regulation of alternative splicing is an important mechanism to express proper tropomyosin isoforms in particular tissue and/or cell types in C. elegans.
Ancillary tests in the diagnosis of liver and pancreatic neoplasms
Authors: Misdraji Joseph , Centeno Barbara A. , Pitman Martha B.
Published: August 2018

Ancillary tests in the diagnosis of liver and pancreatic neoplasms include a wide array of immunostains and molecular diagnostic tests, and the selection of tests is based on the differential diagnosis. This review discusses ancillary tests in the diagnosis of liver tumors, including benign and malignant primary tumors as well as metastatic tumors to the liver. In addition, ancillary tests for the diagnosis of both solid and cystic pancreatic neoplasms, including molecular tests in these lesions are also reviewed.
Ancillary molecular testing of indeterminate thyroid nodules
Authors: Rossi Esther Diana , Larocca Luigi Maria , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: August 2018

Cytological specimens from thyroid nodules are increasingly being adopted as the first available material for cost effectively managing patients in the era of personalized medicine. Cytology aspirates not only play a central role in providing accurate diagnoses, but are also being collected for ancillary molecular testing. Molecular analysis, including the evaluation of somatic mutations and other genomic alterations, has accordingly become well integrated in the cytological workup of thyroid lesions. Appropriately handled thyroid cytology preparations provide well‐preserved and adequately cellular material with improved DNA/RNA quantity. The recent publication of the 2nd edition of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology and the American Thyroid Association guidelines confirm the relevant role of molecular testing in the management of the different subcategories of indeterminate thyroid lesions. This review discusses the role of molecular testing for indeterminate thyroid nodules, including the recent introduction of the noninvasive, encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC), known also as noninvasive follicular neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features (NIFTP).
Lymph node cytopathology: Essential ancillary studies as applied to lymphoproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Jin Ming , Wakely Jr Paul E.
Published: August 2018

Ancillary testing is absolutely integral to the correct recognition and classification of lymphoid neoplasms as procured with the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy technique. In patients with a newly diagnosed lymphoid neoplasm, immunophenotyping with flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, or both is a standard that is currently expected by oncologists before any form of therapy is initiated. This is often the case also for patients with recurrent/relapsed disease. The cellular material obtained with FNA is perfectly suited to meet this demand. That said, the exceptional complexity of modern‐day lymphoma classification often precludes definitive subclassification in a subset of lymphomas for a variety of reasons with the FNA biopsy technique, even with the application of ancillary tests. These include a requirement for definitive knowledge of the nodal architecture (eg, Hodgkin lymphoma), of the histologic grade via the counting of cells per microscopic field (follicular lymphoma), and of molecular findings (often unobtainable because of limitations of cellularity). The application of molecular tests to lymph node aspirates continues to evolve but is still largely confined to specialized medical centers. The intent of this article is to briefly review the diagnostic approach and algorithm for handling lymph node aspirates at the authors' own laboratory. This article highlights what the authors and others consider to be essential ancillary tests and discusses their respective advantages and shortcomings. It lists limited and extended antibody panels and molecular tests that the authors have found helpful not only for correctly recognizing lymphoma with FNA cytopathology but also for subtyping lymphomas whenever possible.
“Green Medicine”: The Past, Present, and Future of Botanicals
Authors: Paine Mary F. , Roe Amy L.
Published: August 2018

Botanicals are plant‐derived products that have been consumed by humans for centuries. Today, the marketing and use of botanicals for health and wellness benefits continues to thrive worldwide, with consumers projected to spend more than $140 billion globally by 2024 (Global Analysis, Inc). However, research on the quality and safety of these products has lagged behind sales. Because of this divergence, opportunities abound for collaborations amongst scientists from industry, academia, and government to address these unmet public health needs. Clinical pharmacologists and toxicologists from all of these sectors play critical roles in developing harmonized approaches to achieve the common goal of ensuring botanical products with superior quality and safety.
State of knowledge: Four decades of victim‐offender mediation research and practice: The evidence
Authors: Hansen Toran , Umbreit Mark
Published: August 2018

This paper provides an overview of 40 years of victim‐offender mediation evaluation research. This research demonstrates that victims and offenders are more satisfied with the process and outcomes than with the courts, they are more likely to draft and complete restitution agreements, they derive psychosocial benefits, the process is less expensive, crime victims are more likely to receive apologies from offenders, and offenders are less likely to recidivate. These benefits are not necessarily uniformly distributed. This “first wave” research provides a platform for the second wave, currently underway. To contextualize these findings, current and future victim‐offender mediation practices are outlined.
Long noncoding RNAs: A new player in the prevention and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy?
Authors: Ma Chao , Luo Huan , Liu Bing , Li Feng , Tschöpe Carsten , Fa Xianen
Published: August 2018

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) can cause extensive necrosis of the heart muscle by metabolic disorders and microangiopathy, with subclinical cardiac dysfunction, and eventually progress to heart failure, arrhythmia, and cardiogenic shock; severe patients may even die suddenly. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of nonprotein‐coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides. They have critical roles in various biological processes, including gene expression regulation, genomic imprinting, nuclear‐cytoplasmic trafficking, RNA splicing, and translational control. Recent studies indicated that lncRNAs extensively participate in the development of diverse cardiac diseases, such as cardiac ischaemia, hypertrophy, and heart failure. Little is known about lncRNA in DCM. In this review, we summarize the current literature on lncRNAs in DCM studies, aiming to provide new methods for DCM's future prevention and treatment strategies.
A basic study for estimation of occlusal force using an ear wearable sensor
Authors: Taniguchi Kazuhiro , Kurosawa Mami , Kimura Yutaka , Nishikawa Atsushi
Published: August 2018

We aim to develop earphone type wearable devices for measuring occlusal force. In this article, we investigated the correlation between occlusal force and the movement of the ear canal as a basic study to estimate the occlusion force. The proposed estimation method uses the least squares method and the weighted average. We developed an experimental device for simultaneously measuring occlusal force and the movement of the ear canal. This device primarily consists of an occlusal force sensor and a wearable ear sensor, and converts analog signals from both sensors into digital signals using an analog‐to‐digital (AD) converter, then records the data as signals associated with measurement time. The experiment involved six subjects, who performed chewing of the occlusal force sensor five times, for 2 seconds. The occlusal force sensor was placed at the right second molar, with the wearable ear sensor placed on the right ear. Through the experiment, the occlusion and the ear canal movement were found to have a strong correlation. The average correlation coefficients consistently exceeded 0.89 for all subjects.
Restoring historical forest conditions in a diverse inland Pacific Northwest landscape
Authors: Johnston James D. , Dunn Christopher J. , Vernon Michael J. , Bailey John D. , Morrissette Brett A. , Morici Kat E.
Published: August 2018

A major goal of managers in fire‐prone forests is restoring historical structure and composition to promote resilience to future drought and disturbance. To accomplish this goal, managers require information about reference conditions in different forest types, as well as tools to determine which individual trees to retain or remove to approximate those reference conditions. We used dendroecological reconstructions and General Land Office records to quantify historical forest structure and composition within a 13,600 ha study area in eastern Oregon where theUSDAForest Service is planning restoration treatments. Our analysis demonstrates that all forest types present in the study area, ranging from dry ponderosa pine‐dominated forests to moist mixed conifer forests, are considerably denser (273–316% increase) and have much higher basal area (60–176% increase) today than at the end of the 19th century. Historically, both dry pine and mixed conifer forest types were dominated by shade‐intolerant species. Today, shade‐tolerant tree cover has increased in dry pine stands, while mixed conifer stands are now dominated by shade‐tolerant species. Federal managers in eastern Oregon are currently required to retain all live trees >53 cm diameter at breast height in the course of forest management activities because this size class is assumed to be under‐represented on the landscape relative to historical conditions. However, we found the same or greater number of live trees >53 cm today than in the late 19th century. Restoring historical conditions usually involves removing shade‐tolerant trees that established since Euro‐American management significantly altered natural disturbance regimes. We evaluated a wide range of tree morphological and environmental variables that could potentially predict the age of grand fir and Douglas‐fir, the most abundant shade‐tolerant species found within the study area. We describe several morphological characteristics that are diagnostic of tree age and developed decision trees that predict the approximate age of trees using morphological characteristics that are easy to measure in the field such as height to live foliage or height to dead branches. Information about structural and compositional change over time combined with tree‐age prediction tools provides a flexible framework for restoring historical conditions and meeting other resource management objectives.
Hybrid datasets: integrating observations with experiments in the era of macroecology and big data
Authors: Benedetti‐Cecchi Lisandro , Bulleri Fabio , Dal Bello Martina , Maggi Elena , Ravaglioli Chiara , Rindi Luca
Published: August 2018

Understanding how increasing human domination of the biosphere affects life on earth is a critical research challenge. This task is facilitated by the increasing availability of open‐source data repositories, which allow ecologists to address scientific questions at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales. Large datasets are mostly observational, so they may have limited ability to uncover causal relations among variables. Experiments are better suited at attributing causation, but they are often limited in scope. We propose hybrid datasets, resulting from the integration of observational with experimental data, as an approach to leverage the scope and ability to attribute causality in ecological studies. We show how the analysis of hybrid datasets with emerging techniques in time series analysis (Convergent Cross‐mapping) and macroecology (Joint Species Distribution Models) can generate novel insights into causal effects of abiotic and biotic processes that would be difficult to achieve otherwise. We illustrate these principles with two case studies in marine ecosystems and discuss the potential to generalize across environments, species and ecological processes. If used wisely, the analysis of hybrid datasets may become the standard approach for research goals that seek causal explanations for large‐scale ecological phenomena.
Why the path to polycentricity matters: evidence from fisheries governance in Palau
Authors: Carlisle Keith M. , Gruby Rebecca L.
Published: August 2018

Polycentricity, a complex form of governance characterized by multiple centers of semiautonomous decision‐making, has been embraced by commons scholars for the governance of complex natural resource systems. In this context, several benefits are commonly ascribed to polycentric governance systems, including enhanced adaptive capacity, mitigation of risk and provision of good institutional fit. We examine the functioning of a polycentric governance system through a qualitative case study of the governance of small‐scale fishing in the Northern Reef region of Palau where fishery resources have been declining in recent decades. By engaging a theoretical model of a functional polycentric governance system, we identify deficiencies in institutional features that partly explain why functionality is not fully achieved. Analysis of the historical transition of the governance system from community‐based to polycentric reveals that the path to polycentricity and contextual conditions constitute additional distal explanations of deficiencies in functionality. The findings suggest that transitioning from community‐based to polycentric governance risks producing conditions conducive to crowding‐out and erosion of rule compliance where the form of polycentricity assumed entails primarily higher‐level government decision‐makers with insufficient capacity for rule implementation. The case underlines the need for more refined theory concerning the emergence and functionality of different forms polycentric governance systems in various contexts.
Somatic mutation load and spectra: A record of DNA damage and repair in healthy human cells
Authors: Saini Natalie , Gordenin Dmitry A.
Published: August 2018

Somatic genome instability is a hallmark of cancer genomes and has been linked to aging and a variety of other pathologies. Large‐scale cancer genome and exome sequencing have revealed that mutation load and spectra in cancers can be influenced by environmental exposures, the anatomical site of exposures, and tissue type. There is now an abundance of data favoring the hypothesis that a substantial portion of the mutations in cancers originate prior to carcinogenesis in stem cells of the healthy individual. Rapid advances in sequencing of noncancer cells from healthy humans have shown that their mutation loads and spectra resemble cancer data. Similar to cancer genomes, mutation profiles of healthy cells show marked intra‐individual variation, thus providing a metric of the various factors—environmental and endogenous—involved in mutagenesis in these individuals. This review focuses on the current methodologies to measure mutation loads and to determine mutation signatures for evaluating the environmental and endogenous sources of DNA damage in human somatic cells. We anticipate that in future, such large‐scale studies aimed at exploring the landscapes of somatic mutations across different cell types in healthy people would provide a valuable resource for designing personalized preventative strategies against diseases associated with somatic genome instability. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:672–686, 2018. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
In Vivo genotoxicity of a commercial C.I. Disperse Red 1 dye
Authors: Fernandes Fábio Henrique , Botasso‐Nasciutti Mrio Otvio , Svio Andr Luiz Ventura , Souza Leonardo da Cunha Menezes , Fernandes‐Cal Jhennifer Rebecca , Cardoso Fbio Florena , Fontes Marcos Roberto de Mattos , Albuquerque Anjana Fernandes , Munari Carla C. , Kummrow Fbio , Umbuzeiro Gisela de Aragão , Salvadori Daisy Maria Fvero
Published: August 2018

Color Index (C.I.) Disperse Red 1 (DR1) is a widely used textile azo dye found in rivers. As it may not be completely removed by conventional treatments, humans can be exposed through drinking water. Studies have supported in vitro toxicity and mutagenicity of commercial DR1. This study aimed to investigate the mutagenic and toxicogenomic effects of commercial DR1 in multiple tissues/organs of Swiss male mice. For that, animals were orally exposed to the dye (by gavage), at single doses of 0.0005, 0.005, 0.5, 50, or 500 mg/kg bw. The two lowest doses were equivalent to the ones found in two Brazilian rivers receiving influx of textile discharges. Cytotoxicity, micronucleated cell frequencies (for all doses tested), primary DNA damage (comet assay), and gene expression profiling of (0.0005 and 0.005 mg/kg of bw) were investigated 24 hr after animal exposure to commercial DR1. Data showed increased frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow cells after treatment with 0.5 and 50 mg/kg bw. At 0.005 mg/kg bw, commercial DR1 induced an increase of primary DNA damage in liver, but not in kidney cells. Additionally, upregulation of genes involved in the inflammatory process (IL1B) (0.0005 and 0.005 mg/kg bw) and cell‐cycle control (CDKN1A) in liver cells, and apoptosis (BCL2 and BAX) in leukocytes (0.005 mg/kg bw) were also detected. In conclusion, the commercial DR1 was genotoxic (chromosome aberrations and primary DNA damage) and modulated gene expression in mice, and such effects were dependent on the doses and tissues analyzed. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:822–828, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Psychological Approach to Human Capital
Authors: Kell Harrison J. , Robbins Steven B. , Su Rong , Brenneman Meghan
Published: August 2018

The concept of human capital originated in economics over 200 years ago. The current paper takes a novel approach to human capital by interpreting it from a psychological perspective. We divide human capital into 2 domains: traditional and nontraditional. The traditional domain consists of the constructs that have been historically classified as human capital: the cognitive skills and knowledge associated with educational success and measured by high‐stakes tests. The nontraditional domain consists of constructs that have not historically been associated with human capital: personality traits, vocational interests, and psychosocial and academic‐related factors. Both traditional and nontraditional human capitals are important predictors of school and work success. Science, however, is concerned with developing explanations in addition to making accurate predictions, and we move beyond a descriptive taxonomy of human capital constructs by providing a psychological process‐based account of human capital grounded in the cognitive–affective processing system (CAPS) developed by Mischel and Shoda. To practically illustrate the power of this approach for explaining how human capital is manifested in individuals' actions, we offer a CAPS‐based model of student help‐seeking behavior—a type of behavior that is an important facilitator of positive educational outcomes.
Oxytocin enhances the pain‐relieving effects of social support in romantic couples
Authors: Kreuder Ann‐Kathrin , Wassermann Lea , Wollseifer Michael , Ditzen Beate , Eckstein Monika , Stoffel‐Wagner Birgit , Hennig Juergen , Hurlemann René , Scheele Dirk
Published: August 2018

Social support plays a vital role in physical and mental well‐being. The neuropeptide hormone oxytocin (OXT) has been implicated in modulating pair‐bonding and affiliative behaviors, but whether OXT contributes to the analgesic effects of a romantic partner's touch remains elusive. In the present randomized placebo‐controlled, between‐group, functional magnetic resonance imaging study involving 194 healthy volunteers (97 heterosexual couples), we tested the effects of intranasal OXT (24 IU) on handholding as a common mode of expressing emotional support in romantic couples. We scanned the subjects while brief electric shocks were administered. The subjects assumed that they received social support from either their romantic partner or an unfamiliar person. Unbeknown to the subject, in the partner and stranger support conditions, the same male experimenter always held the subject's left hand. Partner support was most effective in reducing the unpleasantness of electric shocks, and OXT further attenuated the unpleasantness across conditions. On the neural level, OXT significantly augmented the beneficial effects of partner support, as evidenced by a stronger decrease of neural responses to shocks in the anterior insula (AI), a stronger activity increase in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and a strengthened functional coupling between the AI and MFG. Our results support the notion that OXT specifically modulates the beneficial effects of social support in romantic couples by concomitantly reducing pain‐associated activity and increasing activity linked to cognitive control and pain inhibition. We hypothesize that impaired OXT signaling may contribute to the experience of a lack of partner support.