bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE STRUCTURAL ROLE OF USER CLASS IN CHAT INTERACTIONS ON TWITCH
Authors: Cahill Tiernan
Published: July 2020

Twitch.tv has become an important platform for video streaming, especially of games, with more than 100 million monthly users. The structure of content on the platform, which merges live video feeds with chat rooms for user feedback, problematizes existing theoretical frameworks for understanding the roles and hierarchies of different types of users. Combined with efforts to monetize user engagement for the benefit of both platform owners and user-generators of content, there is a need for greater understanding of the new interaction paradigm introduced by the platform. The present study introduces a framework for systematic, quantitative analysis of user interactions in the chat rooms associated with Twitch channels, as well as a preliminary data set. Social network analysis techniques are used to analyse the centrality and homophily of different classes of users, and the theoretical significance of these observations is briefly discussed.
STUDYING 'LIVE' CROSS-PLATFORM CIRCULATION OF IMAGES WITH A COMPUTER VISION API: AN EXPERIMENT BASED ON A SPORTS MEDIA EVENTd'Andréa, Carlos Frederico de Brito (Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil)
Authors: D'Andréa Carlos Frederico de Brito , Mintz André Goes
Published: July 2020

Considering the importance of cross-platform circulation of web contents for digital methods-oriented research, in this study we aim to expand the types of digital objects used as ‘traffic tags’ by focusing on static images as traces of online associations. We pursue this goal through a methodological experiment with Google Cloud Vision API, a computing framework for visual content analysis. Its Web Detection module pairs typical computer vision operations with Google’s search mechanism, partly performing as a more specialized batch reverse image search engine. This feature thus allows to potentially retrieve images’ spread across the web. We discuss the implications of this non-verbal methodological approach by tracking the 'live' cross-platform circulation of images shared on Twitter in the context of 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Draw ceremony, held on December 2017. Following a novel methodological protocol, we ran several iterations of Vision API processing, thus generating a time series of URLs pointing to pages in which images matching the ones being processed were found. The study analyses in depth the circulation of four popular images about the broadcasted media event, observing their ‘live’ spreading dynamics as well as the computer vision API performance. Among the findings, we point out the adoption of images as 'traffic tags' for cross-platform analysis as a promising approach to study web circulation beyond language barriers and mainstream platforms. Also, we find relevant data to discuss the specificities of the API’s algorithms and its opacity as inherent issues of the digital methods approach.
MEMORY OF THE FUTURE? DIGITAL ARCHIVES IN PUBLIC SERVICE MEDIA
Authors: Eberwein Tobias , Gerard-Wenzel Corinna
Published: July 2020

Archives by public service media (PSM) are often regarded as an ideal instrument for creating a collective 'cultural memory', which is essential in the individualized, differentiated and polarized societies of today. Technological innovations and digitization open up new possibilities in this regard, as data can be stored and made accessible more easily. In their daily work, however, PSM archives encounter various obstacles. How do PSM across Europe deal with the digitization of audiovisual archives and what exactly are the problems and challenges that accompany this process? To answer this question, the authors conducted problem-centered interviews with journalists, members of audience relations departments, legal departments, archivists and archive managers in selected European countries (Austria, Finland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom). In addition, selected examples of the publicly accessible archived content were analyzed and evaluated. The paper highlights tensions between personal rights and collective interests in the process of creating cultural memory: One of the main transformations in archiving that digitization has brought about is the way in which the material is publicly accessed and the proportion of the material that is publicly accessible. However, digitization has also caused significant risks, particularly with regard to the legal and ethical challenges it causes. The paper concludes with proposals for media policy.
EXAMINING THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF EMERGING SOCIAL NEWS OUTLETS AND THEIR ADVOCACY JOURNALISM IN THE 2017 AUSTRALIAN SAME-SEX MARRIAGE POSTAL SURVEY
Authors: Hurcombe Edward Flipo
Published: July 2020

This paper examines emerging news forms and journalistic practices within Australia that are native to social media. It argues that these shared forms and practices constitute a new genre of ‘social news’. Social news embodies specific kinds of platform vernaculars and pop-cultural sensibilities, and challenges journalistic norms of ‘objectivity’ and ‘balance’ by consistently adopting an overtly positioned perspective. Three Australian-based outlets are studied through this conceptual lens: BuzzFeedOz News, Junkee Media, and Pedestrian.tv. Using digital tools alongside manual methods, this paper investigates the role and significance of these outlets on Twitter and Facebook during the August-November 2017 same-sex marriage postal survey. The survey was commissioned by the incumbent conservative Liberal-National Australian government to gauge nationwide support for same-sex marriage. During the survey, social news outlets played an advocacy and activist role. These outlets refrained from publishing provocative ‘No’ op-eds, and Junkee Media and Pedestrian.tv actively encouraged readers to enrol and vote ‘Yes’. Preliminary findings indicate that social news outlets were moderately-to-highly visible on Twitter during the postal survey period. On Facebook, advocacy posts received low-to-moderate levels of engagement. These findings indicate a shifting but not yet transformed Australian news ecology. In addition, social news’ eschewing of ‘balance’ indicates a challenge from emerging outlets to traditional journalistic norms in Australia. Significantly, in this case the challenge comes from outlets that intelligently critique the value in publishing both sides. Overall, this research highlights that disruptions from social media platforms and cultures can be sources of positive potential for news and journalistic practice.
‘DEEP-FRIED’ AND DENATURALIZED: CRITIQUING MEMETIC META- ONTOLOGIES
Authors: Kowalchuk Saskia
Published: July 2020

In this paper, I have sought to introduce and outline the trend in Internet meme-making know as 'deep-frying' and explain its significance as a method of user critique within a naturalized medium. How do images that confuse and repel the casual viewer through profanity, enthusiastic emoji usage, over-saturation, repeated compression, bubbling/ warping, and excessive lens flaring effectively question the memetic paradigm? Firstly, by understanding memes as Hito Steryl's transgressive 'poor images' that circulate to produce communities of content creators and consumers that stand in opposition to the state-sponsored rich image making complex. Further, through the application of work by Rolande Barthes, Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver, Scott Contreras-Kotterbay & Łukasz Mirocha, and Rosa Menkman, I have produced a critical examination of the formal practices that elucidate this phenomenon, on the level of the linguistic & iconic message, noise level, and redundancy. Lastly, I propose an orientation of these works within a diverse corpus across various major social media as a networked art practice in keeping with the tenants of the New Aesthetic.
FROM YOUTUBE TO TV, AND BACK AGAIN: VIRAL VIDEO CHILD STARS AND MEDIA FLOWS IN THE ERA OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Authors: Leaver Tama , Abidin Crystal
Published: July 2020

While talk shows and reality TV are often considered launching pads for ordinary people seeking to become celebrities, we argue that when children are concerned, especially when those children have had viral success on YouTube or other platforms, their subsequent appearance(s) on television highlight far more complex media flows. At the very least, these flows are increasingly symbiotic, where television networks harness preexisting viral interest online to bolster ratings. However, the networks might also be considered parasitic, exploiting viral children for ratings in a fashion they and their carers may not have been prepared for. In tracing the trajectory of Sophia Grace and Rosie from viral success to The Ellen Show we highlight these complexities, whilst simultaneously raising concerns about the long-term impact of these trajectories on the children being made increasingly and inescapably visible across a range of networks and platforms.
MEDIATED DEATH AND DIGITAL MARTYRDOM: ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR VISUAL SOCIAL MEDIA RESEARCHERS
Authors: Lewis Kelly Marie
Published: July 2020

The digital mediation of visual content depicting death and martyrdom as a trope of resistance and contestation is increasingly employed within social media platforms by transnational activist cultures and popular social movements. I refer to this phenomenon as ‘digital martyrdom’. The emergence of digital martyrdom, and its memetic circulation within visual social media platforms, points to the materialisation of a new, affective and ritualised protest dynamic. Through which posthumous visuals become diffused, reappropriated and politicised within global publics. This raises new ethical implications and moral dilemmas for digital and visual social media researchers, and requires more reflexive and critical thought beyond established ethical considerations. Necessarily, this paper raises ethical questions and provocations for digital and visual social media researchers in relation to the design, collection, presentation and publishing of academic work in the context of death and posthumous imagery online. The questions presented in this paper have emerged out of a systematic study of this phenomenon, with a particular focus on case studies drawn from the Middle East, the United States and Europe. This paper argues that digital and visual social media research in this field merits specific ethical considerations and amplified scholarly deliberation. This is of particular importance for visual social media research that extends beyond a Western context and considers the cross-cultural, transnational dimensions of digital activism.
APP IMPERIALISM: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE CANADIAN APP STORE
Authors: Nieborg David , Young Chris , Joseph Daniel
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we introduce the notion of app imperialism by exploring the political economy of the Canadian iOS App Store. Building on Dal Yong Jin's concept of "platform imperialism", we argue that US companies dominate global app stores through the systematic acquisition of capital resources. App imperialism marks the outsized economic footprint and influence of US companies in national app stores. Using a longitudinal financial dataset, we qualitatively coded the top-50 of revenue-generating game apps in April 2015 and 2016. Distinguishing between value creation (generating revenue) and value capture (appropriating profit) allowed us to determine the plight of Canadian app developers. While the Canadian App Store exhibits a large degree of source diversity, featuring a high number of active app developers, we found the ability of Canadian developers to both create and capture value negligible. US owned developers, publishers, parent-organizations, and intellectual properties, on the other hand, were overrepresented. These initial findings suggest that any potential growth in the Canadian app economy will be increasingly captured by US-owned companies. These results question the effectiveness of Canadian cultural policy frameworks, which have been particularly proactive in supporting Canada-based game studios. While our initial analysis offers just a temporal and regional snapshot of the App Store's political economy, it gestures towards broader critical material issues related to platform capitalism and app diversity.
FEELING THE RHYTHMS OF CODE
Authors: Saariketo Minna
Published: July 2020

This presentation examines how the softwarization of everyday life is experienced. The point of embarkation is the observation that despite the proliferation computation in the everyday, people pay little attention to the conditions of software and its role in shaping their mundane time-spaces. I will discuss results from a case study that used Henri Lefebvre’s rhythmanalysis (1992/2004) to shed light on how the rhythms of code-based technology are experienced. The research design of the intervention was inspired by the idea of privacy mirrors (Ngueyn and Mynatt 2002). Research participants (n=13), who described their relation to their devices as intense, used tracking software (RescueTime, ManicTime, App Usage or RealizD) in their ICTs and kept media diaries. These were used as artefacts in the interviews to enable reflection on the role of ICTs in daily life. The results from the rhythmanalysis show how the complex intertwinement of digital devices and applications in the everyday evokes manifold feelings. Simultaneously, technology is perceived as an aid in organizing and managing the daily life, but it also induces feelings of losing control, chaos, and burden. The results suggest that although people might take for granted the infrastructural conditions of technology, such as data mining, they still actively negotiate their relation to devices and applications vis-à-vis temporality. Outcomes from the intervention encourage developing further research designs that use the means of softwarization itself (e.g. tracking and digital traces) to enable critical reflection.
EXPLORING THE RURAL DIGITAL LANDSCAPE: LIBRARIES, EQUITY, AND SCALE
Authors: Strover Sharon , Schrubbe Alexis
Published: July 2020

As community anchors and public spaces, libraries are in unique positions to serve emerging 21st century information needs for the unconnected. Some libraries have extended their technology offerings beyond basic computers and Internet to include mobile hotspot lending, which allows patrons to "take home" the Internet from the library. The research in this project examines hotspot lending programs undertaken by the Maine State Library and the Kansas State Library across 24 different libraries in small and rural communities. In the United States, rural areas tend to have lower Internet adoption because many communities face considerable barriers to competitive and fast Internet service, exacerbated by the fact that rural communities tend to be older, of lower-income, and less digitally skilled. This research examines the role of library hotspot lending and how free and mobile-based Internet connects rural communities and serves their information needs. Through qualitative and quantitative assessments this research details the scope and efficacy of programs to reach publics, the impact that rural hotspots have in communities, and the larger information and communications ecosystem in these rural communities in Maine and Kansas.
POLITICAL FANDOMS AND SUPERPARTICIPANTS IN POLITICAL CONVERSATIONS ON TWITTERTwitter, social network analysis, political polarization, fandoms
Authors: Zago Gabriela , Recuero Raquel , Soares Felipe
Published: July 2020

In this proposal, we discuss the role of superparticipants in political conversations on Twitter. Our hypothesis is that these highly active users show a clear political position and intentionally act to give visibility to some topics and to reduce the visibility of others, practices that are similar to those observed among fans in popular culture. In terms of methods, we use social network analysis metrics to identify the modularity of the network and users that receive more attention than others (higher indegree) or mention more other users (higher outdegree). We collected tweets related to the impeachment of the Brazilian ex-president Dilma Rousseff in 2016 in three critical dates of the process. By observing the users with higher outdegree in each network, we noticed some patterns and behaviors that can characterize those users as political fans. Our main finding is that the superparticipants with higher outdegree helped to shape the polarized networks by retweeting like-minded accounts, and thus are important and influence the study of polarized political networks on Twitter.
VOICES EMPOWERED: IRANIAN WOMEN AND WEBLOGS
Authors: Zargarian Tannaz
Published: July 2020

Access to the Internet in 1998 created a unique sphere encompassing both public and private characteristics while offering a new form of communication, identity, and political participation (Rheingold 2000). As a result, access to the Internet provided women with an alternative way of defying the traditional masculine culture through "connection and communication" and "identity transformation" (Nouraei-Simon 2005). The Internet ameliorated Iranian women's ability to contribute to the accelerating development of an online culture that offers a significant change to the definition of empowerment as it shifts the boundaries of the public and private realms, allowing Iranian women to seek self-determination despite Islamic ideology (Jones, 1997). This work shows how the weblog has become one of the key tools to challenge social barriers in the quest for Iranian women's rights (Sreberny & Khiabany, 2010). This paper will critically examine the use of weblogs by some Iranian women to break the gender oriented restrictive rules imposed upon them by the patriarchal elements in higher education by exploring how and in what ways women advocate for their own and others' rights and equality? This paper incorporates a critical textual analysis of primary and secondary academic sources. It integrates a critical feminist approach and have collected data from the work of female scholars, activists, bloggers, and filmmakers and have brought forth the unheard experiences of some Iranian women in higher education.
ACQUIRED ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE MUTATIONS UPON TREATMENT FAILURE IN HIV-1 INFECTED PEDIATRIC PATIENTS IN CENTRAL BRAZIL
Authors: Albuquerque Maly , Martins Marques Solomar , Vieira Teles Filho Ricardo , Sergio Sucasas Costa Paulo
Published: July 2020

Antiretroviral drug-resistance mutations compromise the successful treatment of children and adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We describe the clinical, virological, and immunological follow-up of a cohort of children and adolescents perinatally infected with HIV-1 treated at Hospital Estadual de Doenças Tropicais Dr. Anuar Auad – HDT, in Central Brazil, after therapeutic failure related to drug resistance mutations.We analyzed the results of the genotypic test (protease codons 1–99 and reverse transcriptase codons 1–325) performed from 2003 to 2015. The ARV susceptibility profile was analyzed according to Stanford HIV drug resistance database. A total of 65 patients (median age of 10 years; range, 18 m–18 y) with therapeutic failure (after a median of 55 months of follow up; range, 9 m–13 y) and plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA greater than 1,000 copies/mL which were included and demonstrated mutations in: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), 98.5%; non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 75.4%; and protease inhibitors (PI), 44.6%. The most frequent NRTI mutations were found in codon T215 (83.1%) with a predominance of T215Y (56.9%), followed by M184V (69.3%). In the NNRTI class, mutations K103N (36.9%) and 190A (23.1%) were predominant, and, in the protease, mutations 54VL (35.4%) and 82ASTL (32.3%) were found in approximately the same proportion, with a predominance of the M54V mutation. These results demonstrate the high levels of resistance to different classes of antiretrovirals in HIV-infected children and adolescents and the importance of genotypic resistance tests in this population.KEY WORDS: HIV; drug resistance; genotypes; child; adolescent.
Antecedents of Employees’ Entrepreneurial Orientation: The role of Organizational Culture and the Enabling Environment
Authors: Hashmi Kulsoom Arif , Siddiqui Danish Ahmed
Published: July 2020

There is an abundant literature on Entrepreneurship within organization, but the evidence on how it is caused, is still dispersed. Moreover, it still lacks a proper theoretical framework. Brettel et al., (2015) used Competing Values Model in explaining the effect of organisational culture on Entrepreneurial Orientation. We modified this model, including enabling environment factors, as well as more enriched dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation. Hence we hypothesized that organizational culture (Clan, Hierarchical, Developmental, Rational, and Open Culture), and enabling environment (Flexibility/ support, Open Communication, External Orientation, and Team Work) affect Employees’ Entrepreneurial Orientation measured by new product innovation, new organizational practice, proactivity, and risk-taking. We applied this model by conducted a survey using likert scale type questionnaire. The data was collected from 325 employees working in various organizations in Karachi. Data was analyzed utilizing corroborative factor analysis and organized equation modeling. The results disclosed that new product innovation was positively influenced by Rational Culture, Open Culture, Flexibility, and External Orientation. And negatively affected by Clan Culture. Similarly, risk taking ability is positively influenced by Developmental Culture, External Orientation, and Team Work. Proactivity is positively affected by Rational Culture, and External Orientation. Unlike Innovation, which was negatively affected by Clan culture, New Organizational Practice got positively affected along with Open Communication.
Social Value Chain Analysis: The Case of Tuna Value Chain in Three South Central Provinces of Vietnam
Authors: Thu Nguyen Dang Hoang , Quyen Cao Le , Hang Le Thi Minh , Thi Nang Thu Tran , Lebailly Philippe
Published: July 2020

This paper presents the outputs of a Ministry of Science and Technology-funded national research project on fisheries value chain entitled “Developing Feasible and Comprehensive Policies for Sustainable Fisheries Development in Vietnam” completed in 2019. It was carried out to map the Vietnamese tuna value chain in terms of value chain description, including actors, material flows, volume, knowledge and information, relationships, linkages and trust, and values at different levels of the chain. The point of entry for undertaking this analysis was to identify specific income increasing interventions for fishers to achieve the project objective of better management of tuna fisheries and to improve socio-economic conditions of tuna fishing communities in Vietnam. Three South Central provinces of Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa were chosen for the investigation of the tuna value chain. This study was completed in four main phases, which consist of interview surveys, focus group discussions, individual key informant interviews, and a validation workshop. Four hundreds fishers, nineteen middlemen and traders, five processors, three wholesalers, and eight retailers were interviewed in the three investigated provinces during 2018. Several policy recommendations to increase the income and improve the position of fishers in the tuna value chain were proposed, which include (i) the collaboration among fishers to take advantage of purchasing input materials; (ii) the improvements on the handling and maintenance of tuna quality to increase fishers’ income; (iii) the establishment of tuna auction center to decrease financial detriment to fishers, increase their access to public and transparent market information, and strengthen their position in the chain; (iv) the formulation of savings, credit, and microfinance schemes to diversify forms of capital access for fishers; (v) the suggestion on a fair share of profits among shipowners, captains and cruise workers to reduce the vulnerability of the poor and increase the incentive for properly managing the tuna fisheries in Vietnam.
Modelling Theory of Planned Behavior on Health Concern and Health Knowledge towards Purchase Intention on Organic Products
Authors: Photcharoen Chomsaeank , Chung Rebecca , Sann Raksmey
Published: July 2020

Organic products have been gaining popularity among consumers worldwide due to the environmental and health benefits they are associated with. As a result of this trend, organic industries have been flourishing and have been able to expand into a variety of consumer product/service categories. Looking to explore purchasing behavior related organic coconut cosmetic products, this study attempted to apply the theory of planned behavior (TPB), which is a method of predicting consumer behavior that has been used extensively in a variety of research areas in recent years. Based upon the literature review, an extended TPB model that incorporates health concerns and health knowledge, in addition to attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior control was examined in this study. For the data collection, an online survey was issued to residents of Bangkok, Thailand; with a total of 613 respondents retuning the questionnaires. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the data using SPSS AMOS 24. The results showed that attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control and health concerns positively affect purchase intention; however, health knowledge did not influence purchase intentions related to the organic coconut cosmetic products. Similar to the findings in most extant literature, attitude was found to exert the most influence on the purchase behavior in this study.
Group of Isometries of Niederreiter-Rosenbloom-Tsfasman Block Space
Authors: Panek L. , Panek N. M. P.
Published: July 2020

Let P = ({1, 2, ..., n}, ≤) be a poset that is an union of disjoint chains of the same length and V = F^N_q be the space of N-tuples over the ﬁnite ﬁeld Fq. Let Vi = F^{k_i}_q , with 1 ≤ i ≤ n, be a family of ﬁnite-dimensional linear spaces such that k_1 + k_2 + ... + k_n = N and let V = V_1×V_2×...×V_n endow with the poset block metric d_(P,π) induced by the poset P and the partition π = (k_1, k_2, ..., k_n), encompassing both Niederreiter-Rosenbloom-Tsfasman metric and error-block metric. In this paper, we give a complete description of group of isometries of the metric space (V, d_(P,π)), also called the Niederreiter-Rosenbloom-Tsfasman block space. In particular, we reobtain the group of isometries of the Niederreiter-Rosenbloom-Tsfasman space and obtain the group of isometries of the error-block metric space.
Numerical Simulation of Two-Phase Flows in Heterogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Carneiro I. , Borges M. , Malta S.
Published: July 2020

In this work,we present three-dimensional numerical simulations of water-oil ﬂow in porous media in order to analyze the inﬂuence of the heterogeneities in the porosity and permeability ﬁelds and, mainly, their relationships upon the phenomenon known in the literature as viscous ﬁngering. For this, typical scenarios of heterogeneous reservoirs submitted to water injection (secondary recovery method) are considered. The results show that the porosity heterogeneities have a markable inﬂuence in the ﬂow behavior when the permeability is closely related with porosity, for example, by the Kozeny-Carman (KC) relation.This kind of positive relation leads to a larger oil recovery, as the areas of high permeability(higher ﬂow velocities) are associated with areas of high porosity (higher volume of pores), causing a delay in the breakthrough time. On the other hand, when both ﬁelds (porosity and permeability) are heterogeneous but independent of each other the inﬂuence of the porosity heterogeneities is smaller and may be negligible.
Management and treatment of bronchial asthma in adults and children on the basis of new guidelines
Authors: Książkiewicz Anna , Kwilosz Edyta , Fornal Rafał , Dworzańska Ewa
Published: July 2020

Bronchial asthma is the most common chronic disease in children and adults under 40 years of age. Characteristic symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness of the chest and a cough varying in time and intensity. The disease usually begins in childhood and lasts a lifetime, with periods of exacerbation and remission. Asthma can occur at any age, but in approximately 80% of cases the first asthma attack occurs before the age of 5. Over the past
several years, progress in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with asthma has been
made. In addition to the long-established objective assessment methods, such as functional
tests, rapid asthma control questionnaires recommended for use in daily practice and noninvasive
methods for assessing inflammation have been introduced. The availability of these
methods and their degree of use in routine practice are variable. Taking careful history with
the child and parents is very important. A detailed history is the first and primary step of
asthma recognition. While in the case of adults, the observation period and available methods
usually allow us to make reliable diagnosis of the disease, in younger children the diagnosis is
associated with difficulties resulting from the inability to use some diagnostic tools. The paper
discusses the currently available diagnostic methods and those used for monitoring the disease,
especially the most current ones used in the youngest children. Medications used in asthma
treatment have been characterized, including new therapeutic options, especially biological
treatment. Particular attention was paid to the education of the patient and caregivers, which,
apart from well-established treatment, determines good asthma control.
On para-penal evolution of administrative tax sanctions
on the example of additional tax liability and default
interests (Polish and Italian comparative analysis)
Authors: Gryziak Bartosz
Published: July 2020

In recent decades administrative tax penalties in Italy evolved in para-penal direction. This means they have
acquired some of the principles and features typical for criminal law. In the meantime administrative tax penalties
in Poland were developed significantly and, so, doubts on mutual relation of criminal and administrative sanctions
emerged. Comparative analysis in terms of the phenomenon noted in Italy might help to solve this problem. So
far, the Polish administrative tax penalties have not evolved in para-penal direction as Italian ones. Yet, there are
signs of similar tendencies.
New tax reporting obligation Mandatory Disclosure
Rules (MDR)
Authors: Ney Jan
Published: July 2020

The aim of the article is to discuss new legal regulations of the MDR and to draw attention to some issues raising
doubts regarding the social acceptance of the provisions of the Act (reporting tax schemes as aggressive tax
optimization vs general obligation to report tax events) or violating the principle of non-retroactivity, as well as
violation provisions regarding the competence of the executive.
Human gait structure on stable and unstable surfaces
Authors: Bukowska Joanna , Krawczyński Marcin , Jaszczur-Nowicki Jarosław
Published: July 2020

The aim of the study was to analyze the gait of physically active on stable and unstable surfaces of sports active individuals (canoeists and board sailors). The basic research idea was to identify possible differences in the analysis of the structure of traffic in conditions of stable and unstable surfaces.
Materials and Methods
The study included n = 18 people of school age. The condition for inclusion in the study was regular sports training. The test was conducted in Sports School in Mragowo, in April 2019, in the field, on a stable (pavement) and unstable (beach volleyball court) surface. Measurements were performed with the InBody 270 body composition analysis device and Wiva® Science sensorimotor device for scientific tracking. The results were processed statistically in Excel and Statistica programs.
Results
The results were regarded as statistically significant at p<0.05. The study revealed that surface type plays a very important role in gait analysis. Significant differences were observed in the analyzed gait parameters on unstable ground, including cadence (p=0.003), gait rhythm (p=0.02), step length (p=0.007), lift height (p=0.002), left step length (p=0.0006) and right step length (0.024) in unstable conditions, the differences are statistically significantly different from gait in stable surface.
Conclusions
The analyzed parameters can influence training goals. These factors could be taken into account by sports instructors when designing training programs. Further thorough research into the biomechanics of human gait on unstable surfaces will contribute vital knowledge in various areas of human activity, including sports, rehabilitation and physiotherapy.
Recruiting and retaining general practitioners in rural practice: systematic review and meta‐analysis of rural pipeline effects
Authors: Ogden Jessica , Preston Scott , Partanen Riitta L , Ostini Remo , Coxeter Peter
Published: July 2020

Objective

To synthesise quantitative data on the effects of rural background and experience in rural areas during medical training on the likelihood of general practitioners practising and remaining in rural areas.

Study design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effects of rural pipeline factors (rural background; rural clinical and education experience during undergraduate and postgraduate/vocational training) on likelihood of later general practice in rural areas.

Data sources

MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, Informit Health Collection, and ERIC electronic database records published to September 2018; bibliographies of retrieved articles; grey literature.

Data synthesis

Of 6709 publications identified by our search, 27 observational studies were eligible for inclusion in our systematic review; when appropriate, data were pooled in random effects models for meta‐analysis. Study quality, assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa scale, was very good or good for 24 studies, satisfactory for two, and unsatisfactory for one. Meta‐analysis indicated that GPs practising in rural communities was significantly associated with having a rural background (odds ratio [OR], 2.71; 95% CI, 2.12–3.46; ten studies) and with rural clinical experience during undergraduate (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.48–2.08; five studies) and postgraduate training (OR, 4.57; 95% CI, 2.80–7.46; eight studies).

Conclusion

GPs with rural backgrounds or rural experience during undergraduate or postgraduate medical training are more likely to practise in rural areas. The effects of multiple rural pipeline factors may be cumulative, and the duration of an experience influences the likelihood of a GP commencing and remaining in rural general practice. These findings could inform government‐led initiatives to support an adequate rural GP workforce.

Protocol registration

PROSPERO, CRD42017074943 (updated 1 February 2018).
La "arquitectura" de la COVID-19
Authors: Pernas Galí Francesc
Published: July 2020

La pandemia que afecta a buena parte del planeta es motivo de reflexión en todos los ámbitos. La arquitectura y el planeamiento están sin duda entre ellos. La situación de emergencia sanitaria ha causado una presión muy fuerte en los sistemas y las infraestructuras sanitarias. Los hospitales han respondido bien, gracias al el esfuerzo e imaginación de los profesionales que los utilizan. El personal es el único recurso que no se puede fabricar, ni construir. Para apoyar y proporcionar más espacio a los hospitales ya establecidos se ha recurrido a la reutilización de edificios y nuevas instalaciones de todo tipo. Algunos medios han empleado el término “arquitectura” para definir estas actuaciones. En el curso de una tragedia es imprescindible habilitar soluciones de emergencia, imprescindibles para sobrevivir, pero no disponen de ninguna de las cualidades de la arquitectura hospitalaria actual, ni para los pacientes, ni para quienes trabajan allí. Serían, en palabras de Nikolaus Pevsner, “cobertizos para bicicletas”.La emergencia debe ser la excepción. Hay que trabajar para mejorar la respuesta cuando se produce, y la experiencia obtenida en cada uno de sus episodios se debe utilizar para avanzar, aún con más rapidez, en las líneas de investigación ya abiertas en la arquitectura sanitaria. La “arquitectura” de la COVID-19 no ha venido para quedarse. No se puede hacer una arquitectura para cada enfermedad. Eso corresponde a siglos pasados. La arquitectura, los hospitales también le pertenecen, forma parte de la cultura de un país, debe preservarse, y en momentos como este no debe olvidarse.

The COVID-19 pandemic, which affects a large part of the world, promotes reflection in all areas. Architecture and Planning are undoubtedly among them. The public health emergency placed a strong pressure on the healthcare system and infrastructures. Hospitals responded well due to the effort and creativity of the healthcare professionals. Healthcare personnel is the only resource that cannot be manufactured or built. The reuse of buildings and the addition of new facilities of all kinds was used to support and provide more space to hospitals. Some media use the term “architecture” to define these actions. During critical situations, it is essential to activate emergency solutions for survival. However, these solutions do not meet any of the qualities of today’s healthcare architecture, neither for patients nor for those who work there. These solutions are, as Nikolaus Pevsner would say, “bicycle sheds”. The emergency must be the exception. We must work to improve our ability to respond in critical situations and use these experiences to advance, even faster, in the current lines of research of the healthcare architecture. The COVID-19 “architecture” is not here to stay. You cannot even have a building for every disease. That is something of past centuries. Architecture, including healthcare architecture, is part of a country’s culture. It must be preserved and, in times like these, it should not be forgotten when building health facilities.
Diagonal ZeroZero: forma y técnica
Authors: Masip Bosch Enric
Published: July 2020

La fundamentación conceptual de la forma ha sido un tema recurrente en la historia de la arquitectura. Más allá del cariz que en cada momento y desde cada posicionamiento se le quiera dar a esta fundamentación, existe la insoslayable necesidad de construir la arquitectura para que pueda desplegar sus cualidades. La tradición de las escuelas politécnicas combina la reflexión proyectual con la reflexión técnica como uno de los elementos clave para definir la forma arquitectónica. La complejidad de nuestro momento aboca al arquitecto a definir esta forma en diálogo o negociación con otros agentes. Un caso de estudio es la Torre Diagonal ZeroZero en Barcelona la cual, a partir de una concepción previa integral de la forma y la técnica del edificio, se desarrolló en una estrecha colaboración arquitectura-ingeniería.

The conceptual foundation of form has been a recurring theme in the history of architecture. Beyond the aspect that at each moment and from each position one wants to give to this foundation, there is the unavoidable need to build architecture so that it can display its qualities. The tradition of polytechnic schools combines project reflection with technical reflection as one of the key elements to define the architectural form. The complexity of our time leads the architect to define this form in dialogue or negotiation with other agents. A case study is the Diagonal ZeroZero Tower in Barcelona which, based on a comprehensive prior conception of the shape and technique of the building, was developed in close architecture-engineering collaboration.
New reasons
Authors: Obiol Cordon Cecilia
Published: July 2020

English credits
Sobre espacio público y su proyecto urbano
Authors: Roca Blanch Estanislao , Martí Casanovas Miquel
Published: July 2020

Barcelona ha sido desde principios de los años ochenta un excepcional

laboratorio para el estudio de la renovación del espacio público,

especialmente a través de los procesos de reurbanización y de

proyectos urbanos estratégicos. Al mismo tiempo, desde la Escuela

Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Barcelona se ha vinculado

estrechamente la docencia y la investigación con la transformación

urbanística de la ciudad, dando lugar a una rica reflexión, tanto a través

de asignaturas, como de publicaciones sobre el proyecto urbano. Fruto

de este marco de reflexión fueron unas primeras tesis doctorales

dedicadas al tema del espacio público, tanto a la recuperación de los

espacios más tradicionales en las ciudades compactas, cómo sobre el

potencial de nuevas formas de espacios libres en el contexto

metropolitano. A partir de éstas, se impulsó una línea específica de

investigación sobre el espacio público, que ha propiciado la realización

de una investigación sobre políticas de espacio público en ciudades

europeas y el arranque de otras investigaciones sobre los espacios

públicos: los espacio colectivos en artefactos del ocio, los nodos

infraestructurales en redes metropolitanas, los grandes espacios libres

de corredores fluviales, los espacios híbridos en ciudades asiáticas o los

significados cívicos de los espacios de encuentro.

Barcelona has been since the beginning of the eighties an

exceptional laboratory in order to study the public space renewal,

through both redesign processes and strategic urban projects.

Meanwhile, the Architectural School of Barcelona has tied its

teaching and research to the urban transformation of the city,

which has produced a rich reflection on urban projects, through

courses and publications. A result of this theoretical framework

were some PhD dealing with public space, some of them

concerning the recovering of more traditional public space in the

compact city, some others studying new forms of open space in

the metropolitan context. Following these first doctoral

researches, a specific line on public space research was created.

A comparative study on public space policies in European cities

has been carried on and several PhD on current issues about

public space have been started. Some of the studied subjects are:

collective spaces in leisure artefacts, infrastructural nodes in

metropolitan networks, large open spaces in river valleys, hybrid

spaces in Asian cities, civic meaning of contemporary social

spaces…
Los espacios híbridos en Hong Kong
Authors: Rossini Francesco
Published: July 2020

En las últimas décadas la ciudad de Hong Kong se ha consolidado

como un importante centro financiero y de producción, aspirando a

convertirse en una de las ciudades globales del nuevo milenio.

Hong Kong representa un caso ejemplar donde la permeabilidad de

la estructura urbana permite recorrer la ciudad de una manera intensiva,

disfrutando diferentes niveles de utilización y donde los edificios

constituyen parte de la complejidad de los flujos que diariamente la

atraviesan. Esta complejidad, lleva a la creación de espacios híbridos, o

sea aquellos que no son ni propiamente públicos ni privados y que

representan un aspecto distintivo de la conformación de la ciudad.

En Hong Kong los límites entre espacio público y privado suelen

desvanecer. La falta de límites, no se refiere necesariamente a la

diferencia entre espacios abiertos y cubiertos, sino espacios públicos

que se encuentran dentro de las propiedades privadas, áreas grises

donde es difícil entender que tipología de espacios atravesamos. En

muchos distritos de la ciudad, la mayoría de los espacios se utilizan para

fines comerciales, dejando en segundo plano la función propia del

espacio público, que de elemento estructurante ha pasado a ser residual

o, incluso, a desaparecer por la pérdida de su rol o por la sustitución

por otros espacios más funcionales para los requerimientos

económicos actuales.

In recent decades the city of Hong Kong has become one of the

most important financial center and production of the world, and

has established itself as one of the new millennium's global

cities.

Hong Kong represents an interesting case study where the

permeability of the urban structure, allows to explore the city in

an intensive way, enjoying different levels of use and where the

buildings are part of the flows that crossing the city every day.

This complexity allows the creation of “hybrid spaces” spaces

that are neither public nor private and represent a distinctive

aspect of this amazing city.

In Hong Kong usually the boundaries between public and

private space are not so clear. We are not referring to the

difference between open and covered spaces, but of public spaces

that are within private properties, gray areas where it is difficult

to understand which type of space we are crossing.

In many districts of the city, most spaces are used for

commercial purposes, leaving on the background the proper role

of public space. In the city the Public space isn't more a

structural element but has become a residual space, or even is

going to disappear for the loss of his role or for the substitution

with other spaces most suitable for the economy's requirements.
Dinàmiques urbanes dels barris sub i periurbans de Maputo: reflexions sobre l'espai col·lectiu generat
Authors: Prendergast Arwen
Published: July 2020

Maputo és una jove capital del sud-est de l’Àfrica subsahariana

que té impresa en la seva trama la polarització socio-espacial

amb una hibridació i informalitat que domina l’esfera de la vida

urbana. Teixits i funcionaments interns, amb graus de complexitat

més elevats del que es percep a priori, i que, junt a les

influències internacionals, les pressions de mercat i una manca de

recursos bàsics, dificulta la gestió i transformació positiva de la

ciutat. Tenint en compte els comuns denominadors urbans del

continent no ens podem oblidar que les especificitats històriques,

político-econòmiques i socio-culturals de cada territori també determinen

una forma de viure i fer ciutat pròpia. Dins d’aquesta

urbanitat apareix l’espai col·lectiu, clau per entendre unes estratègies

de supervivència i formes pròpies de socialitzar de la

massa crítica. Espais vitals, font de múltiples sinergies urbanes,

els quals és necessari integrar en el pensar de la ciutat en pro

d’una vida comunitària, més justa i inclusiva, sense oblidar les diversitats

i escenaris mutants.

Maputo is a young capital city in south-eastern Africa with a socio-spatial

polarisation imprinted in its network, and where the

sphere of urban life is dominated by hybridisation and informality.

The fabric of the city and its internal functioning have a

greater degree of complexity than is apparent at first sight, and

this, together with international influences, market pressures and

a lack of basic resources, hinders the management and positive

transformation of the city. While bearing in mind the common

denominators of urban Africa, we should not ignore the specific

historical, political-economic and socio-cultural factors of each

territory which determine a way of living and of creating each

city. Within the urbanity of Maputo there is the collective space,

which is central to an understanding of the survival strategies and

specific forms of social interaction of the critical mass of the population.

These living spaces are the source of multiple urban

sinergies, and need to be integrated into our way of thinking

about the city, in favour of a juster, more inclusive community life,

while, at the same time, not ignoring diversity and ongoing

change.