bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The disaster—media—relief nexus
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: July 2008

This guest editorial reviews the now well recognized interdependence of aid and journalism, especially television, and the ubiquity of marketing considerations for humanitarian agencies in their drive for profile and funds. The potentially democratizing technologies of the internet and the mobile phone, as well as noticeable advances in non‐Western communications media, have been hailed by some commentators as heralding a radical change. It is argued here, however, that the tensions exposed in the 1970s by the Unesco‐sponsored MacBride Report, and in the associated campaign for a‘New World Information Order’, were never resolved and remain deep‐seated. The article draws on Sidney Mintz's classic historical study of the production and consumption of sugar to propose that, in the political economy of disasters and relief aid, a continuous export flow of disaster imagery is processed by media organizations for consumption in the North, which reciprocates through the Southwards provision of aid. The banana industry, a market‐led oligopoly, is adduced as a provocative metaphor. Finally it is suggested that transnational NGOs and their anthropological advisers could now have a major role in challenging the dominant market‐oriented model of a global information society.
Remembering natural disaster: Politics and culture of memorials in Gujarat and Sri Lanka
Authors: Simpson Edward , De Alwis Malathi
Published: July 2008

This article explores some of the memorial practices to have emerged after an earthquake in Gujarat during 2001 and along the eastern and southern coasts of Sri Lanka following the tsunami of 2004. In both locations, acts of memorialization have been inseparable from reconstruction initiatives and broader political currents. In the Gujarat case, this has tied memorials firmly to the politics of religious communalism, regionalism and mainstream Hindu nationalism. In the case of Sri Lanka, memorials have emerged as localized expressions of the more general patterns of ethnic conflict in the country. In both cases, politics of all kinds, and at all levels of collective representation, have influenced the ways in which memorials have been designed, located and inaugurated. Through this material we show that memorials can, somewhat paradoxically, have an uneasy relationship to memory (in any conventional sense of the term). By treating memorials as products of cultural compromise rather than as the epitomes of culture, we wish to direct the discussion away from the objects themselves towards the processes that allow memorial objects to exist.
The Muslim, the Jew and the African American: America and the production of alterity in Borat
Authors: Neofotistos Vasiliki P.
Published: July 2008

In this paper, I draw on the work of literary critic Wolfgang Kayser and his concept of the grotesque to analyze the recently released film “Borat”. I argue that the film is an allegory of America and some of its Others, including the Muslim, the Jew, and the African American.
Distinct patterns of grey matter abnormality in high‐functioning autism and Asperger’s syndrome
Authors: McAlonan Gráinne M. , Suckling John , Wong Naikei , Cheung Vinci , Lienenkaemper Nina , Cheung Charlton , Chua Siew E.
Published: July 2008

Background:  Autism exists across a wide spectrum and there is considerable debate as to whether children with Asperger’s syndrome, who have normal language milestones, should be considered to comprise a subgroup distinct other from high‐functioning children with autism (HFA), who have a history of delayed language development. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of autism are in disagreement. One possible reason is that the diagnosis of autism takes precedence over Asperger’s syndrome and a distinction in language acquisition is rarely made. We therefore planned to examine a whole brain hypothesis that the patterns of grey matter differences in Asperger’s syndrome and HFA can be distinguished.

Methods:  We used voxel‐based computational morphometry to map grey matter volume differences in 33 children with either Asperger’s syndrome or high‐functioning autism compared to 55 typical developing control children balanced for age, IQ, gender, maternal language and ethnicity.

Results:  Children with HFA had significantly smaller grey matter volumes in subcortical, posterior cingulate and precuneus regions than the Asperger’s group. Compared to controls, children with HFA had smaller grey matter volumes in predominantly fronto‐pallidal regions, while children with Asperger’s had less grey matter in mainly bilateral caudate and left thalamus. In addition we found a significant negative correlation between the size of a grey matter cluster around BA44 language area and the age of acquisition of phrase speech in the children with HFA. When the groups were combined we confirmed a mixed picture of smaller grey matter volumes in frontal, basal ganglia, temporal and parietal regions.

Conclusions:  Our study suggests that the underlying neurobiology in HFA and Asperger’s syndrome is at least partly discrete. Future studies should therefore consider the history of language acquisition as a valuable tool to refine investigation of aetiological factors and management options in pervasive developmental disorders.
Constructive and destructive marital conflict, emotional security and children’s prosocial behavior
Authors: McCoy Kathleen , Cummings E. Mark , Davies Patrick T.
Published: July 2008

Background:  This study addresses the gaps in understanding the relationship between constructive and destructive marital conflict and children’s prosocial behavior from a process‐oriented perspective.

Method:  Data were drawn from a three‐wave study of 235 families with children ages 5–7 at wave 1. Relations between constructive and destructive marital conflict, children’s emotional security, warm parenting and children’s prosocial behavior were examined through the use of structural equation modeling.

Results:  Even after controlling for prior levels of children’s prosocial behavior at wave 1, children’s emotional security acted as an intervening variable between both constructive and destructive marital conflict and children’s prosocial behavior over time.

Conclusions:  These findings advance the relationship between marital conflict and children’s adjustment by focusing on children’s prosocial behavior and highlight the need to further investigate the impact of positive dimensions of marital conflict on dimensions of children’s positive social functioning.
Evidence for lekking in chiru
Authors: Buzzard P. J. , Bleisch W. V. , Xü D. , Zhang H.
Published: July 2008

Lek‐breeding or lekking is the clustering of small mating territories, which females visit primarily for mating. Although lekking is widespread in the animal kingdom, it is less commonly reported in ungulates. In this paper, we present data for the presence of lekking in another ungulate, the chiru or Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii. We drove 340 km of vehicle transects and observed chiru for a total of 249 scan samples and 22 h of ad libitum observations in the winters of 1998, 1999 and 2005 at the Arjin Mountain Nature Reserve in Xinjiang, China. We documented aggregations of chiru, courtship behaviour between males and females, dominance behaviours among males, time budgets for females at lekking aggregations as well as vegetational resources on and off the aggregations. Ninety‐two per cent (n=617) of individuals in mixed‐sex groups were at aggregations, and at these aggregations, chiru males attempted to maintain harems in small closely spaced territories despite harassment by other males. Females spent a large amount of time feeding, but the vegetation analyses showed that these territories did not contain any resources to make them especially attractive to females, and the chiru mating system can justifiably be called lekking by multiple definitions. We discuss possibilities for future work to clarify the adaptive reasons for lekking in chiru.
Repeated exposure to cocaine alters the modulation of mesocorticolimbic glutamate transmission by medial prefrontal cortex Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors
Authors: Xie Xiaohu , Steketee Jeffery D.
Published: July 2008

Repeated cocaine exposure enhances glutamatergic output from the medial prefrontal cortex to subcortical brain regions. Loss of inhibitory control of cortical pyramidal neurons may partly account for this augmented cortical glutamate output. Recent research indicated that repeated cocaine exposure reduced the ability of cortical Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors to modulate behavioral and neurochemical responses to cocaine. Thus, experiments described below examined whether repeated cocaine exposure alters metabotropic glutamate receptor regulation of mesocorticolimbic glutamatergic transmission using in vivo microdialysis. Infusion of the Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist LY341495 into the medial prefrontal cortex enhanced glutamate release in this region, the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area in sensitized animals, compared to controls, following short‐term withdrawal but not after long‐term withdrawal. Additional studies demonstrated that vesicular (K+‐evoked) and non‐vesicular (cystine‐evoked) glutamate release in the medial prefrontal cortex was enhanced in sensitized animals, compared to controls, that resulted in part from a reduction in Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor modulation of these pools of glutamate. In summary, these findings indicate that the expression of sensitization to cocaine is correlated with an altered modulation of mesocorticolimbic glutamatergic transmission via reduction of Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor function.
Late stage treatment with arimoclomol delays disease progression and prevents protein aggregation in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS
Authors: Kalmar Bernadett , Novoselov Sergey , Gray Anna , Cheetham Michael E. , Margulis Boris , Greensmith Linda
Published: July 2008

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motoneuron degeneration, resulting in muscle paralysis and death, typically within 1–5 years of diagnosis. Although the pathogenesis of ALS remains unclear, there is evidence for the involvement of proteasome dysfunction and heat shock proteins in the disease. We have previously shown that treatment with a co‐inducer of the heat shock response called arimoclomol is effective in the SODG93A mouse model of ALS, delaying disease progression and extending the lifespan of SODG93A mice (Kieran et al. 2004). However, this previous study only examined the effects arimoclomol when treatment was initiated in pre‐ or early symptomatic stages of the disease. Clearly, to be of benefit to the majority of ALS patients, any therapy must be effective after symptom onset. In order to establish whether post‐symptomatic treatment with arimoclomol is effective, in this study we carried out a systematic assessment of different treatment regimes in SODG93A mice. Treatment with arimoclomol from early (75 days) or late (90 days) symptomatic stages significantly improved muscle function. Treatment from 75 days also significantly increased the lifespan of SODG93A mice, although treatment from 90 days has no significant effect on lifespan. The mechanism of action of arimoclomol involves potentiation of the heat shock response, and treatment with arimoclomol increased Hsp70 expression. Interestingly, this up‐regulation in Hsp70 was accompanied by a decrease in the number of ubiquitin‐positive aggregates in the spinal cord of treated SODG93A mice, suggesting that arimoclomol directly effects protein aggregation and degradation.
Is there more assimilation in Catalonia than in the Basque Country? Analysing dynamics of assimilation in nationalist contexts
Authors: DE LA CALLE LUIS , JEFFREY MILEY THOMAS
Published: July 2008

This article builds on recent attempts in political science to illuminate the ‘micro‐level’ mechanisms of identity formation. It analyses the dynamics of assimilation in two similar contexts with extremely salient regional‐nationalist movements: Catalonia and the Basque Country. It poses the question: In which of the two regions has there been more assimilation of demographically significant, internal‐immigrant segments of the population? It tests whether there has been more assimilation in Catalonia – a result expected from the allegedly more ‘civic’ nature of the nationalist movement there. To do so, it draws on and goes beyond the tools provided by David Laitin for operationalising assimilation. It uses existing public opinion surveys to construct and present assimilation indices for both regions. The authors show that though rates of ‘linguistic adaptation’ are higher in Catalonia, such adaptation correlates weakly with assimilation into feelings of subjective identification and the espousal of nationalist views and aspirations more generally. The article goes on to demonstrate that rates of assimilation, when measured using several more robust proxies for the feeling of national identity, are actually lower in Catalonia. The authors then proceed to provide a theoretical explanation for their surprising empirical results. The explanation stresses the causal role of institutional pressures – themselves the product of nationalist coalition‐building strategies – in accounting for patterns of linguistic adaptation and of cultural assimilation. Furthermore, it emphasises the relevance of ‘cultural demography’, particularly among natives/insiders, in accounting for the different nationalist strategies and the different intensity as well as different types of institutional pressures faced by immigrants/outsiders in the two regions.
Key Role of European Rabbits in the Conservation of the Western Mediterranean Basin Hotspot
Authors: DELIBES‐MATEOS MIGUEL , DELIBES MIGUEL , FERRERAS PABLO , VILLAFUERTE RAFAEL
Published: July 2008

Abstract: The Mediterranean Basin is a global hotspot of biodiversity. Hotspots are said to be experiencing a major loss of habitat, but an added risk could be the decline of some species having a special role in ecological relationships of the system. We reviewed the role of European rabbits(Oryctolagus cuniculus)as a keystone species in the Iberian Peninsula portion of the Mediterranean hotspot. Rabbits conspicuously alter plant species composition and vegetation structure through grazing and seed dispersal, which creates open areas and preserves plant species diversity. Moreover, rabbit latrines have a demonstrable effect on soil fertility and plant growth and provide new feeding resources for many invertebrate species. Rabbit burrows provide nest sites and shelter for vertebrates and invertebrates. In addition, rabbits serve as prey for a number of predators, including the critically endangered Iberian lynx(Lynx pardinus)and Spanish Imperial Eagle(Aquila adalberti).Thus, the Mediterranean ecosystem of the Iberian Peninsula should be termed “the rabbit's ecosystem.” To our knowledge, this is the first empirical support for existence of a multifunctional keystone species in a global hotspot of biodiversity. Rabbit populations have declined drastically on the Iberian Peninsula, with potential cascading effects and serious ecological and economic consequences. From this perspective, rabbit recovery is one of the biggest challenges for conservation of the Mediterranean Basin hotspot.
Use of Population Viability Analysis to Evaluate CITES Trade‐Management Options for Threatened Marine Fishes
Authors: CURTIS JANELLE M. R. , VINCENT AMANDA C. J.
Published: July 2008

Abstract: Achieving multiple conservation objectives can be challenging, particularly under high uncertainty. Having agreed to limit seahorse(Hippocampus)exports to sustainable levels, signatories to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) were offered the option of a single 10‐cm minimum size limit (MSL) as an interim management measure for allHippocampusspecies (≥34). Although diverse stakeholders supported the recommended MSL, its biological and socioeconomic implications were not assessed quantitatively. We combined population viability analysis, model sensitivity analysis, and economic information to evaluate the trade‐off between conservation threat to and long‐term cumulative income from these exploited marine fishes of high conservation concern. We used the European long‐snouted seahorse(Hippocampus guttulatus)as a representative species to compare the performance of MSLs set at alternative biological reference points. Our sensitivity analyses showed that in most of our scenarios, setting the MSL just above size at maturity (9.7 cm inH. guttulatus) would not prevent exploited populations from becoming listed as vulnerable. By contrast, the relative risk of decline and extinction were almost halved—at a cost of only a 5.6% reduction in long‐term catches—by increasing the MSL to the size reached after at least one full reproductive season. On the basis of our analysis, a precautionary increase in the MSL could be compatible with sustaining fishers' livelihoods and international trade. Such management tactics that aid species conservation and have minimal effects on long term catch trends may help bolster the case for CITES trade management of other valuable marine fishes.
Optimal Marking of Threatened Species to Balance Benefits of Information with Impacts of Marking
Authors: McCARTHY MICHAEL A. , PARRIS KIRSTEN M.
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Marking animals so that they are uniquely identifiable provides information that may assist conservation efforts. Nevertheless, some methods used to mark animals can be harmful. We used mathematical methods to assess the trade‐off between the impact of marking threatened species and the value of the information gained. We considered the case where 2 management strategies, each aiming to improve a species' survival rate, are implemented in an experimental phase. The results of the experiment were applied in a postexperimental management phase. We expressed the expected number of survivors in both phases mathematically, accounting for any mortality caused by the experiment, and determined the proportion of animals to mark to maximize this number. The optimal number of animals to mark increased with the number of individuals available for the experiment and with the number of individuals to be managed in the future. The optimal solution was to mark only 25% of the animals when there were 1000 individuals available for the experiment, the results were used to manage 2000 individuals, and marking caused mortality of 1%. Fewer animals were marked when there were fewer animals in either phase or when marking caused higher mortality. In the case of the Helmeted Honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix), the optimal proportion to mark was <1 if the mortality rate was >0.15%–1%, with the threshold depending on the number of animals in the experimental and postexperimental phases. The trade‐off between gaining more information about a species and possibly harming individuals of that species by marking them is difficult to assess subjectively. We show how to determine objectively the optimal proportion of animals to mark to enhance the management of threatened species.
Surgical and Conservative Management of Bilateral Dynamic Laryngeal Collapse Associated with Poll Flexion in Harness Race Horses
Authors: FJORDBAKK CATHRINE T. , STRAND ERIC , HANCHE‐OLSEN SIV
Published: July 2008

Objective—To test the hypothesis that in bilateral dynamic laryngeal collapse associated with poll flexion, vocal fold collapse (VFC) is the initial abnormal event that induces further laryngeal collapse, and that racing performance would therefore be substantially improved after bilateral ventriculocordectomy in affected individuals.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Twenty‐six horses.

Methods—Medical records (1998–2006) of harness racehorses admitted for high‐speed treadmill videoendoscopy (HSTV) that had bilateral dynamic laryngeal collapse associated with poll flexion were reviewed. Race records, owner interviews, and follow‐up HSTV were used to evaluate outcome after either surgical treatment including bilateral ventriculocordectomy or conservative management.

Results—Bilateral dynamic laryngeal collapse, defined as bilateral VFC with concurrent arytenoid cartilage collapse (ACC), was identified in 26 horses. Norwegian Coldblooded Trotters (NCT) were overrepresented. Sixteen horses had surgical treatment and 10 were treated conservatively. Return to racing and racing performance was not improved within or between groups after the treatment. On follow‐up HSTV of 6 surgically treated horses, there was no residual soft tissue collapse in the ventral portion of the rima glottidis; however, ACC and other abnormalities were still evident.

Conclusion—Bilateral ventriculocordectomy resolved VFC, but failed to stabilize the arytenoid cartilages or to significantly improve racing performance.

Clinical Relevance—Bilateral dynamic laryngeal collapse associated with poll flexion is a serious performance‐limiting upper respiratory tract disorder that is overrepresented in NCT racehorses. Our results suggest that VFC is not the initiating event in this complex obstructive airway disorder for which there is currently no consistently effective treatment.
Locking Compression Plates for Pancarpal Arthrodesis in a Thoroughbred Filly
Authors: CARPENTER RYAN S. , GOODRICH LAURIE R. , BAXTER GARY M. , JOYCE JOLYNN , WALLIS TYSON W.
Published: July 2008

Objective— To report treatment of a comminuted ulnar carpal (UC) bone fracture associated with carpal instability by pancarpal arthrodesis using 2 locking compression plates (LCP).

Study Design— Case report.

Animals— A 2‐year‐old Thoroughbred filly.

Methods— An UC fracture and luxation of the proximal row of carpal bones was diagnosed radiographically. Pancarpal arthrodesis was performed with 2 LCP positioned dorsolaterally and dorsomedially and centered over the carpus through a single skin incision. The filly was maintained in a full limb cast for 15 days, followed by a tube cast for 14 days, and subsequently a full limb bandage with caudal splint for 21 days.

Results— Two LCP provided appropriate carpal stability resulting in a pasture sound horse 6 months after surgery. The filly was discharged from the hospital 63 days after surgery, walking well with only a slight mechanical lameness.

Conclusion— Use of 2 LCP applied on the dorsomedial and dorsolateral aspect of the carpus can provide carpal stability for pancarpal arthrodesis.

Clinical Relevance— Excellent stability of the carpal joints can be achieved with 2 LCP.
Cervical Spinal Locking Plate in Combination with Cortical Ring Allograft for a One Level Fusion in Dogs with Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
Authors: BERGMAN ROBERT L. , LEVINE JONATHAN M. , COATES JOAN R. , BAHR ANNE , HETTLICH BIANCA F. , KERWIN SHARON C.
Published: July 2008

Objective—To evaluate use of a surgical technique commonly used in humans for treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) in dogs.

Design—Prospective case series.

Animals—Dogs with CSM (n=10).

Methods—Dogs weighing >30 kg that had CSM at 1 vertebral articulation were eligible for inclusion. Dogs had vertebral column distraction/fusion performed using a cortical ring allograft, cancellous autograft, and a spinal locking plate. Dogs were evaluated temporally by repeat neurological examinations and by client perception of postsurgical outcome, determined by telephone interview.

Results—Nine dogs survived the immediate postoperative period. Seven of 8 dogs had moderate to complete improvement without recurrence (mean follow‐up, 2.48 years). The most common postsurgical complications were screw loosening (n=4) and plate shifting (2), neither of which required surgical revision. One dog had pseudoarthrosis that may have negatively impacted outcome.

Conclusion—Treatment of single level CSM in dogs with ring allograft and a spinal locking plate system may lead to successful outcomes. The major problems encountered with included cost of the implants and adjusting the system designed for humans to fit the vertebral column of a dog.

Clinical Relevance—For dogs with CSM at a single level, the use of a spinal locking plate in combination with a cortical ring allograft can be an effective surgical treatment. Costs of the implants as well as anatomic differences in dogs make this type of surgery less appealing.
Effect of Preoperative Erythromycin or Dexamethasone/Vitamin C on Postoperative Abomasal Emptying Rate in Dairy Cows Undergoing Surgical Correction of Abomasal Volvulus
Authors: WITTEK THOMAS , TISCHER KATJA , KÖRNER IMKE , SATTLER TATJANA , CONSTABLE PETER D. , FÜRLL MANFRED
Published: July 2008

Objective—To determine the effects of preoperative erythromycin or combined dexamethasone/vitamin C treatment on postoperative abomasal emptying rate in cows undergoing surgical correction of abomasal volvulus (AV).

Study Design—Prospective, controlled, clinical study using a convenience sample.

Animals—Lactating Holstein–Friesian cows (n=45) with AV were alternately assigned to 3 groups (n=15): group C: untreated (control); group E: erythromycin (10 mg/kg intramuscularly [IM]); group D: dexamethasone (0.02 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) and vitamin C (10 mg/kg IV).

Methods—Drugs were administered 1 hour before surgical correction of AV.d‐xylose solution (50%, 0.5 g/kg body weight) was injected into the abomasal lumen during surgery. Jugular venous blood samples for determination of serumd‐xylose concentration were periodically obtained. Time to maximal serumd‐xylose concentration (Tmax‐model) was pharmacokinetically determined.

Results—Abomasal emptying rate was significantly (P<0.05) faster in group E (Tmax‐model=182±69 min; mean±SD) than in group C cows (Tmax‐model=237±64 min). Abomasal emptying rate was similar in group D (Tmax‐model=196±47 min) and group C. Both treatments improved postoperative milk yield within 1 day after surgery.

Conclusion—Preoperative injection of erythromycin (10 mg/kg IM) is an effective method for ameliorating postoperative abomasal hypomotility in cows with AV.

Clinical Relevance—Parenteral erythromycin can be recommended for preoperative treatment of cows with AV.
Assessment of Humeral Length in Dogs After Repair of Salter–Harris Type IV Fracture of the Lateral Part of the Humeral Condyle
Authors: LEFEBVRE JEAN‐BENOIT G. N. G. , ROBERTSON THOMAS R. A. , BAINES STEPHEN J. , JEFFERY NICHOLAS D. , LANGLEY‐HOBBS SORREL J.
Published: July 2008

Objective—To evaluate the effect of fracture and subsequent repair on future bone growth of the humerus after Salter–Harris type IV fracture of the lateral part of the humeral condyle (LPHC).

Study Design—Prospective study.

Animals—Dogs (n=11).

Methods—Dogs that had LPHC fracture and an open distal humeral physis repaired (1992–2006) were re‐examined and radiographed at ≥12 months of age and humeral length was measured.

Result—Measurements from 11 dogs showed a significant (P=.02) increase in length of the humeral diaphysis of the affected leg compared with that of the intact limb (median, 1.2%; range, 1.3–3.4%). Condylar deformity secondary to growth disturbance was not observed.

Conclusion—Shortening or growth deformity was not observed after fracture and repair even if a transcondylar screw was placed through the distal humeral growth plate. A mild overgrowth of the humeral diaphysis was observed, although likely considered clinically unimportant.

Clinical Relevance—Fracture of the LPHC and subsequent repair in dogs >3 months of age do not impair growth of the humeral diaphysis. A transcondylar humeral screw placed through the humeral physis will not result in shortening of the humeral diaphysis. Implant removal to allow for further growth is therefore not indicated.
Evaluation of Continuous Infusion of Lidocaine on Gastrointestinal Tract Function in Normal Horses
Authors: RUSIECKI KAREN E. , NIETO JORGE E. , PUCHALSKI SARAH M. , SNYDER JACK R.
Published: July 2008

Objective— To determine the effect of continuous infusion of lidocaine on fecal transit time in normal horses.

Study Design— Experimental randomized cross‐over study.

Animals— Healthy horses (n=6).

Methods— Barium‐filled microspheres were administered to horses by nasogastric intubation and feces were collected every 2 hours for 4 days. A bolus of 2% lidocaine (1.3 mg/kg) was administered randomly, followed by a continuous infusion of lidocaine (0.05 mg/kg/min) for 3 days or an equivalent volume of saline. The washout period was 10 days. Variables assessed included defecation frequency, weight of feces produced, intestinal transit time (number of microspheres observed on radiographs), fecal moisture content, borborygmus score, heart and respiratory rate, and signs of lidocaine toxicity (e.g., ataxia, CNS depression).

Results— During the first 24 hours of lidocaine administration, mean (±SD) fecal output (10.8±6.9 kg) was decreased compared with controls (15±4.9 kg). Mean (±SEM) time for passing 50% of the barium‐filled microspheres was shorter in controls (42±1.13 hours) compared with the lidocaine group (50±1.32 hours).

Conclusions— Continuous infusion of lidocaine increases the transit time of feces in normal horses.

Clinical Relevance— Clinicians need to be aware of the effects of using a continuous infusion of lidocaine on the transit time of feces in normal horses, with a potential for exacerbating those effects when combined with drugs that decrease motility and in horses with medical colic (e.g., impaction) or where a diagnosis has not been made.
Mandibular Osteodistraction for Correction of Deep Bite Class II Malocclusion in a Horse
Authors: VERWILGHEN DENIS , VAN GALEN GABY , VANDERHEYDEN LAURENT , BUSONI VALERIA , SALCICCIA ALEXANDRA , BALLIGAND MARC , SERTEYN DIDIER , GRULKE SIGRID
Published: July 2008

Objective— To describe a technique for, and outcome after, mandibular osteodistraction in the horse.

Study Design— Clinical report.

Animals— Warmblood horse.

Methods— A half ring external fixator was applied on both sides of an osteotomy site performed on the mandible of a colt. A bite plate was placed on the upper incisors creating occlusion between lower and upper jaw. After a 5‐day latency period, distraction was applied (1 mm/day) until the overjet was judged normal.

Results— Mandibular elongation and correction of brachygnathia was obtained without major complications. Six months after the procedure the overjet reduction was considered stable.

Conclusions— Mandibular osteodistraction can be considered for treatment of severe brachygnathia in yearlings.

Clinical Relevance— Distraction osteogenesis has the advantage of progressive elongation of the mandible, allowing concurrent bone remodeling and soft tissue adaptation. Severe mandibular incisor malocclusion in horses outside the maximal growth phase can be corrected using this technique.
In Vitro Model for Testing Novel Implants for Equine Laryngoplasty
Authors: CHEETHAM JON , WITTE THOMAS H. , SODERHOLM LEO V. , HERMANSON JOHN W. , DUCHARME NORM G.
Published: July 2008

Objective—To develop an in vitro laryngeal model to mimic airflow and pressures experienced by horses at maximal exercise with which to test laryngoplasty techniques.

Study Design—Randomized complete block.

Sample Population—Cadaveric equine larynges (n=10).

Methods—Equine larynges were collected at necropsy and a bilateral prosthetic laryngoplasty suture was placed with #5 Fiberwire™suture to achieve bilateral maximal arytenoid abduction. Each larynx was positioned in a flow chamber and subjected to static flow and dynamic flow cycling at 2 Hz. Tracheal pressure and flow, and pressure within the flow chamber were recorded at a sampling frequency of 500 Hz. Data obtained were compared with the published physiologic values for horses exercising at maximal exercise.

Results—Under static flow conditions, the testing system produced inspiratory tracheal pressures (mean±SEM) of −33.0±0.98 mm Hg at a flow of 54.48±1.8 L/s. Pressure in the flow chamber was −8.1±2.2 mm Hg producing a translaryngeal impedance of 0.56±0.15 mm Hg/L/s. Under dynamic conditions, cycling flow and pressure were reproduced at a frequency of 2 Hz, the peak inspiratory (mean±SEM) pharyngeal and tracheal pressures across all larynges were −8.85±2.5 and −35.54±1.6 mm Hg, respectively. Peak inspiratory flow was 51.65±2.3 L/s and impedance was 0.57±0.06 mm Hg/L/s.

Conclusions—The model produced inspiratory pressures similar to those in horses at maximal exercise when airflows experienced at exercise were used.

Clinical Relevance—This model will allow testing of multiple novel techniques and may facilitate development of improved techniques for prosthetic laryngoplasty.
In the Shadows of Vanity: Religion and the Debate Over Hierarchy
Authors: Hammond J. Daniel
Published: July 2008

Abstract.  Sandra Peart and David Levy emphasize the role of economists in their excellent history of the debate between philosophers and scientists and economists and evangelicals over race and hierarchy in 19th‐century Britain. Evangelical Christians have a role as allies with economists, and also Jews, but as a racial rather than a religious group. Religion, which has much to say about what it means to be human, remains in the shadows of Peart and Levy's account. The purpose of this paper is to make a start at casting light on the role of religion in the debate over race and hierarchy in 19th‐century England.
Observations on The “Vanity of the Philosopher”
Authors: McCann, Jr. Charles R.
Published: July 2008

Abstract.  The purpose of this essay is to identify certain points at which the presentation in Vanity appears incomplete or in error, especially as regards the interpretations of Mill and Spencer. It is shown that, while the authors have stated their case well, certain mischaracterizations, misstatements, and omissions seem to allow an alternative overall interpretation. However, another look suggests that, despite these discrepancies, the given interpretation is quite valid.
Sharing culture or selling out? Developing the commodified persona in the heritage industry
Authors: Bunten Alexis Celeste
Published: July 2008

Native American professionals in the heritage industry often describe their work as “sharing culture” when they are involved in processes of transforming features of their cultures into alienable products for consumption. Participation in the heritage industry can be a powerful catalyst for local cultural reproduction, but it also poses a danger to those aspects of culture that Natives consciously protect from commodification. Drawing from a case study of a Native American–owned cultural‐tourism business in Alaska, I explore the ways that tourism workers respond to this threat through the construction of what I call a “commodified persona.”[cultural commodification, representation, Northwest Coast, tourism]
Tradition in fragments: Inherited forms and fractures in the ethics of south India
Authors: PANDIAN ANAND
Published: July 2008

“Tradition” is a vital concept for anthropology, framing cultural and ethical life in the present as a field of inherited possibilities. The work of Alasdair MacIntyre yields useful means for understanding the concept, but certain of his postulates concerning the necessary coherence of moral traditions may be queried and loosened. I explicate this argument with evidence drawn from a fragmentary tradition of moral virtue in south India, one that persists through scattered forms of moral argumentation, rival narratives and images of a moral selfhood, and diverse domains of ethical practice through which such arguments and narratives find articulation. [tradition, ethics, selfhood, fragment, narrative, practice, India]
Dielectric, Piezoelectric, and Elastic Properties of Cement‐Based Piezoelectric Ceramic Composites
Authors: Xing Feng , Dong Biqin , Li Zongjin
Published: July 2008

The material properties, including piezoelectric, dielectric, and elastic properties of cement‐based piezoelectric ceramic composites are measured in our study. Different kinds of diphase composite models are proposed to explain the material properties. The modified cube model with chemical reaction is adopted because of the chemical reaction existing between lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic particles and cement grains. The experimental results match the model very well. Moreover, the influence of volume fraction of PZT ceramic on the material properties of composites is also discussed in detail. The results show that the material properties of cement‐based piezoelectric ceramic composite can be tuned to a compatible value to match the requirement of structure materials, i.e. concrete.
Aqueous Gelcasting Process for β‐Si4Al2O2N6 Ceramics
Authors: Ganesh Ibram , Thiyagarajan Natarajan , Jana Dulal C. , Mahajan Yashwant R. , Sundararajan Govindan
Published: July 2008

Dense β‐Si4Al2O2N6 ceramics were obtained from α‐Si3N4, α‐Al2O3, AlN, and Y2O3 upon sintering (for 4 h at 1675°C) green bodies consolidated by an aqueous gelcasting and a conventional dry‐powder processing route. The as‐purchased AlN powder was treated with H3PO4 and Al(H2PO4)3 and dispersed in aqueous‐organic premix solution along with α‐Si3N4, α‐Al2O3, and Y2O3 powder with the help of a commercial amino alcohol‐based cationic (Dolapix A88) dispersing agent to obtain suspensions with 45–50 vol% solids loading for gelcasting purpose. The gelcat β‐Si4Al2O2N6 exhibited superior hardness (1423±6 Hv), fracture toughness (3.95±0.3 MPa·m1/2), and coefficient of thermal expansion (3.798 × 10−6/°C between 30° and 1000°C) in comparison with the ceramic consolidated by conventional dry‐powder pressing route, which exhibited only 1317±5 Hv, 3.30±0.2 MPa·m1/2 and 3.532 × 10−6/°C between 30° and 700°C.
The impact ofN‐nitrosomelatonin as nitric oxide donor in cell culture experiments
Authors: Berchner‐Pfannschmidt Utta , Tug Suzan , Trinidad Buena , Becker Maria , Oehme Felix , Flamme Ingo , Fandrey Joachim , Kirsch Michael
Published: July 2008

Abstract: N‐Nitrosomelatonin (NOMela) is well‐known for its capabilities of transnitrosating nucleophiles such as thiols and ascorbate, thereby generating nitric oxide (NO)‐releasing compounds. It is unknown, however, whether NOMela can be successfully applied as a precursor of NO in a complex biological environment like a cell culture system. NO donors may be useful to induce the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1), which coordinates the protection of cells and tissues from the lack of oxygen (hypoxia). In this study, the effects of NOMela in an in vitro cell‐free assay [NO‐release, inhibition of prolylhydroxylase1 (PHD1)] and in living cells (upregulation of HIF‐1, reduction of HIF‐1 hydroxylation, upregulation of the HIF‐1‐target gene PHD2) were compared with those of the frequently applied NO donorS‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In contrast to GSNO, NOMela released NO in a predictable manner and this release in vitro was found to be independent of the composition of the buffer system. The NOMela‐mediated effects in oxygenated cells were in all cases comparable to the hypoxic response, whereas unphysiological strong effects were observed with GSNO. Probably, because of the antioxidative power of the NOMela‐dependent formation of melatonin, cells were completely protected against the attack of reactive nitrogen oxygen species, which are generated by autoxidation of NO. In conclusion, NOMela had to be an excellent NO precursor for cells in culture and potentially tissues.
Neonatal cerebral oxygenation is not linked to foetal vasculitis and predicts intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants
Authors: Sorensen Line C , Maroun Lisa L , Borch Klaus , Lou Hans C , Greisen Gorm
Published: July 2008

Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the cerebral tissue oxygenation index (c‐TOI) measured by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in infants with and without foetal vasculitis.

Methods: Twenty‐four infants with placental signs of a foetal inflammatory response (FIR), foetal vasculitis, were compared with 39 controls. NIRS examination was done within the first 24 h.

Results: Infants with FIR had a significant lower gestational age (26.8 ± 2.4 vs. 29.8 ± 2.4 weeks' gestation; p < 0.01), Hb (9.4 ± 1.2 vs. 10.9 ± 1.5 mM; p < 0.01) and blood PCO2 (5.5 ± 0.8 vs. 6.3 ± 1.1 kPa, p < 0.01) compared to controls. There was no significant difference in arterial blood pressure, inspiratory oxygen content, needs of mechanical ventilation or c‐TOI (73.6 ± 8.1% vs. 73.9 ± 8.1% (p = 0.9)). The effect of FIR on c‐TOI was −0.3% (95% CI −3.9 to 4.5%). This result was not affected by inclusion of potential confounders in the analysis.

Eight infants subsequently developed intra/periventricular haemorrhage: four with minor lesions and four with severe lesions. There was a significant negative correlation between the severity of the intraventricular haemorrhage and the cerebral oxygenation (p = 0.002).

Conclusion: Cerebral oxygenation was not affected in the first day of life in preterm infants born with foetal vasculitis, while cerebral oxygenation in infants that later developed intraventricular haemorrhage was impaired.
Women with non‐Swedish speaking background and their children: a longitudinal study of uptake of care and maternal and child health
Authors: Fabian Helena , Rådestad Ingela , Rodriguez Alina , Waldenström Ulla
Published: July 2008

Aim: To study uptake of care at the antenatal and child health clinic (CHC), and maternal and child health up to 5 years after the birth, as reported by mothers with a non‐Swedish speaking background (NSB).

Methods: A sample of 300 women with a NSB, 175 originated from a poor country and 125 originated from a rich country, were compared with a reference group of 2761 women with a Swedish speaking background. Four postal questionnaires were completed: during pregnancy, and 2 months, 1 year and 5 years after the birth.

Results: Mothers with a NSB from a poor country of origin did not differ from the reference group of mothers with a Swedish speaking background regarding number of clinic visits, but they had a lower attendance rate at antenatal and postnatal education classes. Depressive symptoms, parental stress and poor self‐rated health were more common in these women, and they reported more psychological and behavioral problems in their 5‐year olds. Women with a rich country origin did not differ from the reference group regarding maternal and child health, but had a lower uptake of all out‐patient care, except parental classes after the birth.

Conclusion: Women originating from a poor country seem to be under great stress during pregnancy and the child's first years.
Wanting Nothing: imitation and production in the economy of desire
Authors: Daniels John
Published: July 2008

Desire is examined here with a view to informing a theological response to capitalism. The notion of mimetic desire offered by René Girard is used as a starting point, Girard's ideas being brought into critical engagement with, first, other intersubjective accounts, namely those offered by Alexandre Kojève and by psychoanalysis in its Freudian and Lacanian variants; and then the account of desire as productive becoming offered by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, in which the link to capitalism is explicit. It is suggested that both mimetic desire and its productive counterpart can be understood as asserting the priority of desire itself over both subject and object. The possibilities for framing a coherent theological account of desire which is both mimetic and productive are then assessed with reference to Bernard of Clairvaux, Aquinas and Augustine, noting that accepting a metaphysics of participation makes plausible a productive desire which is nonetheless coded as a mimesis of the divine precedent. Such a conclusion brings into relief the inevitable difficulty of reconciling Christian and capitalist economies of desire.
On Getting First Things First: Assessing Claims for the Primacy of Christ
Authors: Habets Myk
Published: July 2008

Adopting modal logic the doctrine of the primacy of Christ is defined and defended in relation to the Thomistic – Scotistic debates over the primary and efficient causes of the incarnation. This leads to a defence of the Scotistic thesis and a reserved affirmation for the Scotistic hypothesis that there would have been an incarnation irrespective of the fall. This hypothesis is tested by reference to the work of four recent theologians, Thomas Weinandy O.F.M. cap., Karl Barth, Jürgen Moltmann, and Thomas Torrance. Finally, a sketch describing another possible‐world incarnation that builds upon the Scotistic hypothesis is provided.
The Hidden Story of Jesus
Authors: O'Collins Gerald
Published: July 2008

On Christmas Day 2007, Channel Four took its viewers for two hours on an alleged search for ‘the real Jesus’. The programme largely failed to introduce any real experts; there were errors and painful gaps in the ‘information’ provided; there was hardly any recognition that, over and over again, there was another side to the positions being presented. Among the fantasies once again trotted out was Jesus’ supposed life and death in India, a ‘thesis’ that was invented without a shred of evidence in the 1890s. The presenter repeatedly pushed theories about early followers of Jesus reworking beliefs and practices from Gnostic and other sources. St Paul was portrayed as the ‘real’ founder of Christianity, without a word being said about this view being proposed and long ago refuted. The poor quality of this programme was astounding. One expects something much better, especially on Christmas Day.
Ethics and Religion
Authors: Sia Santiago
Published: July 2008

Recent debate on the relationship between morality and religious belief has tended to cast the role of religion in a negative light. While there are certain facts that may support this view, a philosophical investigation of the link between ethics and religion can contribute to the debate by focusing on certain fundamental issues. Noting the importance of the debate and showing the implications of whichever side one takes, this article argues that the claims for a purely humanistic ethics can be supported by an empirical observation, a philosophical argument and even on theological grounds. At the same time, however, it defends the view that religious belief in a personal God can have a positive contribution to morality by way of vision and motivation.
The End of the Law: The Messianic Torah in the Pseudepigrapha
Authors: Tait Michael
Published: July 2008

Like the Messianic Banquet, the Messianic Torah is a concept frequently encountered among New Testament scholars. It seems to be presupposed as a category well known to first century Judaism and, therefore, to be a yardstick against which Jesus’ ‘legislative’ activity could and can be measured. An examination of this concept begins with the tension in Jewish thought between the eternity of the Mosaic Law and the various strategies designed to supplement its inadequacy to deal with contemporary situations. Given that the unique circumstances of the Messianic Age involve a further complication, the relevant texts are reviewed for their contributions to the problem. The Old Testament writers look to a deepening of observance of the Mosaic Law in the eschatological times. The Pseudepigrapha offer little more apart from a hint of Messianic legislation in Psalms of Solomon 17. Even the gospels do not show us a Jesus who fits readily into the model of a Messianic legislator. In fact St John probably pictures him as the embodiment of the Torah, the Word made flesh. The conclusion is that, whatever the later rabbinic teaching on the subject, the idea of the Messianic Torah is a scholarly construct as far as the New Testament is concerned.