bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selling Anonymity: The Market for Secrecy Around Illegitimate Births
Authors: Sjöberg Johanna , Sköld Johanna
Published: March 2022

Giving birth out of wedlock was associated for centuries with shame, economic burden, and secrecy. Unmarried pregnant women could escape stigma by travelling away from home and purchasing a confinement elsewhere. They could hide there when the pregnancy started to show, give birth, have their children adopted or sent to foster care, and then return home. This article explores the social economy of this stigma by investigating the market for anonymous births in Sweden through newspaper advertisements addressing unmarried pregnant women during the period 1905–1935. It shows that unmarried pregnant women risked exploitation when entering this market, in which private midwives, private maternity homes and individuals offering accommodation and employment were all operating.
Dexamethasone Enhances Achilles Tendon Healing in an Animal Injury Model, and the Effects Are Dependent on Dose, Administration Time, and Mechanical Loading Stimulation
Authors: Dietrich-Zagonel Franciele , Aspenberg Per , Eliasson Pernilla
Published: March 2022

Background:

Corticosteroid treatments such as dexamethasone are commonly used to treat tendinopathy but with mixed outcomes. Although this treatment can cause tendon rupture, it can also stimulate the tendon to heal. However, the mechanisms behind corticosteroid treatment during tendon healing are yet to be understood.

Purpose:

To comprehend when and how dexamethasone treatment can ameliorate injured tendons by using a rat model of Achilles tendon healing.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

An overall 320 rats were used for a sequence of 6 experiments. We investigated whether the drug effect was time-, dose-, and load-dependent. Additionally, morphological data and drug administration routes were examined. Healing tendons were tested mechanically or used for histological examination 12 days after transection. Blood was collected for flow cytometry analysis in 1 experiment.

Results:

We found that the circadian rhythm and drug injection timing influenced the treatment outcome. Dexamethasone treatment at the right time point (days 7-11) and dose (0.1 mg/kg) significantly improved the material properties of the healing tendon, while the adverse effects were reduced. Local dexamethasone treatment did not lead to increased peak stress, but it triggered systemic granulocytosis and lymphopenia. Mechanical loading (full or moderate) is essential for the positive effects of dexamethasone, as complete unloading leads to the absence of improvements.

Conclusion:

We conclude that dexamethasone treatment to improve Achilles tendon healing is dose- and time-dependent, and positive effects are perceived even in a partly unloaded condition.

Clinical Relevance:

These findings are promising from a clinical perspective, as the positive effect of this drug was seen even when given at lower doses and in a moderate loading condition, which better mimics the load level in patients with tendon ruptures.
Dual functions of epigallocatechin gallate surface-modified Au nanorods@selenium composites for near-infrared-II light-responsive synergistic antibacterial therapy
Authors: wu Bingbing , Shao Yuyan , Zhao Wei , Zheng Yunfang , Wang yunsheng , Sun Dongdong
Published: March 2022

Diseases caused by bacterial infections pose ever-increasing threats to human health, making it important to explore alternative antibacterial strategies. Herein, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) surface-modified Au nanorods@selenium composites (ASE NPs) were developed for synergistic NIR-II light-responsive antibacterial therapy. In vitro antibacterial experiments demonstrated the improved antibacterial effect of ASE NPs against Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) compared with EGCG alone. In addition, in vivo studies demonstrated that ASE NPs cured skin wound infections and sepsis in mice caused by S. aureus. Au nanorods with excellent photothermal conversion realized synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT) in the NIR-II biowindow with an improved penetration depth at a low power density. More importantly, toxicity analysis showed that the composites had no toxic effects on major organs. Thus, the EGCG surface-modified Au nanorods@selenium composites with an NIR-II light-responsive synergistic activity hold great promise for the effective treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections.
Preparation of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide microcapsules and its effect and mechanism on skin wound healing in rats
Authors: Yang Mingjun , Jin Yongming , Yang Jumei , Wang Chenliang , Wang Xinjian , Wang Yonggang
Published: March 2022

In this study, after optimizing the extraction process of CPP ( Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides), CPPM (CPP microcapsules) were prepared. Subsequently, the structural characteristics and physicochemical properties were studied. The results showed that CPPM is a hollow sac-like structure with rough folds and protuberances and comes in spherical or ellipsoidal shapes with uniform particle size. CPPM has certain swelling degree, low hardness, good adhesion, and stability. Then, the effect of CPPM on wounds repair was investigated by a rat model. The results showed that CPPM could improve the wound healing rate. Histological evaluation showed CPPM could promote neovascularization and fibroblast proliferation. By investigating the healing mechanism, it was found that CPPM increased the hydroxyproline content in granulation tissue and had an excellent antioxidant ability, and then inhibited lipid peroxidation, in addition, it significantly increased the transcript levels of VEGF and miRNA-21 genes, indicating that CPPM play an influential role in vascular remodeling during wound healing by up-regulating the expression of VEGF and miRNA-21 genes.
Measuring the “Clothing Mountain”: Action Research and Sustainability Pedagogy to Reframe (Un)Sustainable Clothing Consumption in the Classroom
Authors: Jestratijevic Iva , Hillery Julie L.
Published: March 2022

This study's purpose is to support the practice of transformative learning by reporting on a class project which examined unsustainable clothing consumption behaviors using action research and the holistic principles of the Burns Sustainability Pedagogy. The study has three objectives: to engage students in action research in which students were asked to measure the clothing volumes bought, used, and discarded during one school semester; to reflect on their unsustainable clothing consumption practices through facilitated peer discussion; and to use educational intervention as a pedagogical tool to expand students' awareness of unsustainable clothing consumption behaviors to cultivate learners capable of effecting holistic sustainable change. The “clothing mountain” was assessed among 755 students, who purchased 10,931 garments for a total of $754,239. The findings provide a baseline for improving the textile and apparel scholarship on sustainability teaching and learning, particularly in the areas of responsible clothing purchases, wear, and disposal.
Partisanship, Messaging, and the COVID-19 Vaccine: Evidence From Survey Experiments
Authors: Golos Aleksandra M. , Hopkins Daniel J. , Bhanot Syon P. , Buttenheim Alison M.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To investigate partisanship in COVID-19 attitudes, and assess partisan or scientific messaging effects on COVID-19 vaccination intentions.

Design

Two-wave survey with two-arm randomized experiment.

Setting

Recruited Pennsylvania residents online.

Sample

2037 (May 2020) and 1577 (October 2020) Pennsylvania residents, aged 18–94 years.

Intervention

Respondents saw messaging that presented either President Trump or scientists endorsing the vaccine, then reported their vaccination intentions.

Measures

Likert scale items measuring COVID-19 attitudes (May), including mask wearing and vaccination intentions (May and October).

Analysis

Partisan differences in attitudes were analyzed by chi-square; differences in support for mask wearing and vaccination intentions were also analyzed by Mann–Whitney U. The messaging experiment was analyzed by chi-square, Mann–Whitney U, and survey-weighted multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Significant partisan differences were found in all attitudes. The partisan split in support for mask wearing increased from May to October, whereas the split in vaccination intentions decreased. Compared to partisan messaging, scientific messaging increased overall odds of intending to vaccinate by 32% in May (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-1.65), and increased odds among Democrats by 142% in October (AOR = 2.42, CI = 1.29-4.55). Scientific messaging had no significant effect on independents or Republicans.

Conclusion

Partisan COVID-19 attitudes were widespread and persistent. Partisan endorsement of the vaccine positively influenced those with congruent beliefs, while scientific messaging produced consistent effects across political affiliation.
An experimental investigation into single point incremental forming of glass fiber-reinforced polyamide sheet with different fiber orientations and volume fractions at elevated temperatures
Authors: Emami Rezvan , Mirnia Mohammad Javad , Elyasi Majid , Zolfaghari Abbas
Published: March 2022

Recent studies have proven the possibility of polymer sheet forming by incremental sheet forming (ISF) process, while there are limited studies on ISF of polymer matrix composites. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) are significantly useful in industries due to their unique properties. In the current study, owing to the merits of ISF and the wide applicability of FRP, single point incremental forming (SPIF) of polyamide 6 (PA6) sheets reinforced by glass fibers (GF) is taken into account at various forming temperatures. In this regard, a fixture equipped with a ceramic infrared heating element was designed. The effect of some important parameters such as the volume fraction and orientation of fibers and the forming temperature on the formability, the thickness distribution, and the dimensional accuracy of PA6 and PA6/GF sheets is investigated. According to the results, an improvement in the formability of the composite sheet can be obtained using SPIF by increasing the forming temperature and decreasing the volume fraction of fibers. The formability of the composite sheet with the fiber orientation of [0/90] is far less than the one with unidirectional fibers. In the most of the successfully formed samples, the transverse compaction and the fracture of fibers at the part bottom, the buckling of fibers at the edge of the backing plate, and the draw-in of the sheet along the main direction of fibers can be detected. The thinning of the composite sheet is most affected by the volume fraction and orientation of fibers, while the forming temperature has the least effect. Moreover, the feasibility of SPIF of a circular flange with a wall angle of 90° from the composite sheet is assessed at elevated temperature.
Walkable Neighborhoods and Cognition: Implications for the Design of Health Promoting Communities
Authors: Sylvers Dominique L. , Hicken Margaret , Esposito Michael , Manly Jennifer , Judd Suzanne , Clarke Philippa
Published: March 2022

Objective: This study seeks to examine neighborhood characteristics, physical activity, and health status and their roles in promoting healthy cognitive aging. Methods: Using data from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Difference in Stroke (REGARDS) study ( N=10,289, mean age=73.4 years), we used multilevel linear regression to examine the relationships between walkable neighborhoods (both objectively measured and subjective perceptions), walking behavior, physical activity, health status, and cognitive function. Results: Engaging in any moderate physical activity (β=0.47, p < 0.001), having better health status (β=0.02, p < 0.001), living in neighborhoods with greater street connectivity (β=0.15, p < 0.05), and positive perceptions of neighborhood traffic ( p < 0.01) and parks ( p < 0.05), were associated with higher cognitive function. Residence in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods (β=−0.01, p < 0.01) was negatively associated with cognitive function. Discussion: Both perceived and objective features of walkable environments may have consequences for cognitive health, and can inform the development of health promoting communities.
Removal of hydrochlorothiazide from drinking and environmental water: Hydrolysis, direct and indirect photolysis
Authors: Uzelac Maria M. , Srđenović Čonić Branislava , Kladar Nebojša , Armaković Stevan , Armaković Sanja J.
Published: March 2022

Diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) has been detected in drinking and environmental water. Since HCTZ exhibited some toxic effects on the environment, it is essential to propose safe and economical ways of its removal. The influence of water quality on the removal efficiency of HCTZ from the environment was observed. The stability of HCTZ was investigated in ultrapure (UPW), tap, and two different environmental waters, by hydrolysis, photolysis, and indirect photolysis under simulated solar irradiation (SSI) and UV irradiation. Also, experiments were conducted at temperatures of (5  ±  1) °C and (25  ±  1) °C, in the dark. Comprehensive experimental and computational analysis was performed to examine the stability and reactivity. The results show that HCTZ is susceptible to hydrolysis. Photolysis and indirect photolysis were efficient under UV irradiation, wherein HCTZ was entirely degraded after 180 min of irradiation in UPW. Chloride ions, carbonates, calcium, and magnesium ions present in natural waters inhibited the degradation of HCTZ. This diuretic has significant interaction with •OH radicals. A 4-amino-6-chlorobenzene-1,3- disulfonamide (ABSA) was observed as a stable degradation product, and ABSA formation's degradation mechanism was proposed. Mineralization of HCTZ was above 50% in H2O2/UV system in UPW after 180 min of irradiation.
Recent developments and issues of small-scale wind turbines in urban residential buildings- A review
Authors: Aravindhan N. , Natarajan M. P. , Ponnuvel S. , Devan P.K.
Published: March 2022

To address the future growth in energy demands, complete renewable power generation from environmental assets demands unique methodologies from every investigator. Wind energy harvesting in residential areas is one such approach. But the urban landscape and the physical challenges restrict the erection of small-scale wind turbines. Further, a significant degree of uncertainty leads to a lack of awareness of how dispersion in urban environments impacts turbine performance. This research looks into the potential productivity of wind turbine installations in urban areas, considering turbulence. These unique ambient conditions prevailing in a dynamic environment compared to flat terrains have made the harnessing of wind energy very difficult. Many researchers are still trying to find an effective methodology in these constrained circumstances. Since the characteristics of small-scale wind turbine models are undetermined, large-scale turbines fared well compared to small-scale wind turbine models. The feasibility and success of small and medium turbines in community homes were investigated in this study. The origins of the very uncertain nature of atmospheric boundary layer limitations are discussed in this work and subsequent successful developments by different researchers.
Thirty years of welfare chauvinism research: Findings and challenges
Authors: Careja Romana , Harris Eloisa
Published: March 2022

The term ‘welfare chauvinism’ has achieved a certain currency in social science research and is used widely. Yet, the concept is not without its critics, who claim that welfare chauvinism is ‘loaded’ or ‘ambiguous’. This article reviews empirical studies of welfare chauvinism, from the 1990s to the present day, drawing primarily from party politics and attitudes research. We identify differences in how the concept is used, defined, operationalized and measured. We emphasize the importance of a unified language, operationalization and measurement, and identify promising directions for future research.
New insight into pattern divergence of the Indian summer monsoon during the Holocene
Authors: Zhang Yuwei , Xu Baiqing , Xu Wanlong , Hou Mei
Published: March 2022

As one of the paramount components of Asian monsoon and global atmospheric circulation system, the ISM (Indian summer monsoon) plays a vitally important role in the natural environment, ecological balance, and cultural development. Moreover, understanding the ISM could provide valuable insights into global hydrological, atmospheric, and carbon cycles. In recent decades, many ISM records based on different archives have been established within the Holocene, however, issues still remain: the TP (Tibetan Plateau) and the Indian subcontinent are often analyzed separately, despite the both are strongly influenced by the ISM, impeding comprehensive understanding of the monsoon and its object relationship with the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). Here, covering the both regions, 65 published paleoclimate records within the Holocene have been collected, and conclusions are drawn as follow: (1) There are two evolution patterns of the ISM during the Holocene. The first pattern with the Holocene Optimum (HO) at ~10–6 ka BP, mainly distributing in the Arabian Sea and its surrounding areas, the Indian subcontinent, western central TP, northern TP, and southern China. The second pattern with the HO at ~8–3 ka BP, mainly distributing in the Bay of Bengal and its surrounding areas and southern TP. (2) The delay between the optimum of the second pattern and insolation maximum may be caused by the variation of high-latitude ice cover, although the underlying mechanism concerning the spatial distribution of the two patterns is still unclear. (3) The ISM and the EASM evolve synchronously, and share similar pattern divergence. Arguments over this issue mainly owe to the selected records originating from different patterns. This study makes up the gap in the pattern divergence of monsoon evolution, deepening the understanding of the ISM, even entire Asian monsoon system, and therefore is of great significance for future climate prediction.
Quasi-Experimental Study Comparing CBT, MBCT, Activity-Based Supportive Counselling for Hong Kong Delinquent Youth
Authors: Wong Daniel Fu Keung , Cheung Yves Cho Ho , Huang Yu-Te , Tam Cherry Hau Lin , Chan Wilson Man Ho , Yeung Kenneth Kin Wa
Published: March 2022

Purpose:

This study compared Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), and Activity-based Supportive Counselling (treatment-as-usual; TAU) for reducing delinquency, psychological risk factors, mental health symptoms, and improving the quality of life among at-risk youths in Hong Kong outreaching social services. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, non-custodial youths with delinquency and mental health issues underwent eight sessions of CBT ( n = 24), MBCT ( n = 30), or TAU ( n = 61). Results: Dependent-sample t-test showed CBT reduced mental health symptoms and delinquency. TAU reduced mental health symptoms and improved quality of life. MBCT resulted in no significant change. Time x group ANCOVA underscored TAU in improving quality of life. Hierarchical linear regression showed decreases in delinquency and mental health symptoms mediated by decreases in psychological risk factors. Discussion: Results suggest that outreaching social service agencies in Hong Kong could enhance their intervention by augmenting the sports and leisure activities of TAU with structured CBT programs.
Community pharmacists preparedness and barriers for cancer health promotion in North Cyprus
Authors: Bosah Dubem Henry , Birand Nevzat , Başgut Bilgen , Abdi Abdikarim
Published: March 2022

Introduction

The role of a community pharmacist is well recognized in the literature as the most accessible health care provider that promotes health wellness and disease prevention. Evidence supports their role in cancer health promotion though this is not seen yet in practice. The aim of the study was to assess community pharmacists’ preparedness in terms of knowledge, role perception and barriers for providing cancer health promotion in North Cyprus.

Methods

A cross-sectional face-to-face questionnaire-based study was carried among a randomly selected representative sample of community pharmacists in North Cyprus between June 2020 and August 2020. A pre-validated 31-item questionnaire tool was revised by an expert panel and adopted for purpose of this study.

Results

200 (64.5%) out of 310 approached community pharmacists’ have accepted and responded to the questionnaire of which 183 were fully answered. The community pharmacists’ awareness of cancer was moderate, as 70% answered correctly. Most respondents (93.4%) agree that pharmacists should be involved in cancer health promotion. Most respondents (> 90%) agree that pharmacist's lack of interest in oncology, lack of educational material and pharmacist's hesitancy about their knowledge of cancer are respectively the most important barriers for cancer health promotion.

Conclusion

The study shows that community pharmacist well perceives their role in cancer health promotion despite moderate awareness of cancer related facts and hesitancy of their knowledge necessary for assuming their role. Lack of interest, motivation and cancer educational materials availability are also major barrier to address.
Data Conferencing in Health Care
Authors: Liu Gaofeng , Lemaire Edward
Published: March 2022

Data conferencing is a computing technique that helps people to communicate in realtime and to share information with others simultaneously. The T. 120 standard provides a base for: (1) multipoint data sharing; (2) interoperability; (3) reliable data transfer; (4) scalability, transparency and independence; (5) platform independence; (6) application independence. A review of the health-care data-conferencing literature identified 25 articles. Ten articles provided detailed information about data-conferencing applications. Of these, eight focused on application sharing, seven on whiteboards, two on chat and one on screen sharing. Articles published before the year 2000 typically focused on the use of NetMeeting and Intel ProShare with low-bandwidth network connections. After 2000, high-speed Internet connections became more popular and Web-based multimedia data conferencing became feasible. While there are undoubted benefits of data conferencing, more research and evaluation are required before the technique is widely implemented in health care.
A Comparison of Teledermatology using Store-and-Forward Methodology Alone, and in Combination with Web Camera Videoconferencing
Authors: Baba Mete , Seçkin Deniz , Kapdağli Serhan
Published: March 2022

We compared the diagnostic accuracy of conventional asynchronous teledermatology (‘store-and-forward’ [SAF]) with a combined technique, in which SAF methodology was used first, followed by a videoconference using low-cost Web cameras. The study involved 228 patients with 242 lesions. For each case, two independent teledermatologists (A and B) evaluated digital images and clinical information by the conventional SAF method and gave a single diagnosis. Then, each communicated with the patient via Web cameras and gave a single diagnosis (combined method). Finally, teledermatologist A performed a face-to-face examination of each patient and established the gold standard diagnosis. With the conventional SAF method, the diagnostic accuracy of teledermatologist A was 81%, while that for teledermatologist B was 75%. With the combined method, the corresponding values were 90% and 82% ( P<0.001 for both). There was no significant difference in the interobserver agreement between the two methods. Use of Web camera videoconferencing improved patient satisfaction with teledermatology. This method of teledermatology may be a useful alternative to the SAF method alone.
Successfully Developing a Telemedicine System
Authors: Yellowlees Peter M
Published: March 2022

Successfully developing telemedicine systems is primarily about effective change management. The literature suggests that certain principles are likely to increase the chances of success in developing a telemedicine system. These are: (1) telemedicine applications and sites should be selected pragmatically, rather than philosophically; (2) clinician drivers and telemedicine users must own the systems; (3) telemedicine management and support should follow best-practice business principles; (4) the technology should be as user-friendly as possible; (5) telemedicine users must be well trained and supported, both technically and professionally; (6) telemedicine applications should be evaluated and sustained in a clinically appropriate and user-friendly manner; (7) information about the development of telemedicine must be shared. If telemedicine is to realize its full potential, it must be properly evaluated and the results of any evaluations published, whether the results are positive or negative. Since telemedicine is about communication with colleagues and patients across large distances, it should be possible for those involved in it to do the same with their experiences.
To what extent are foreign language anxiety and foreign language enjoyment related to L2 fluency? An investigation of task-specific emotions and breakdown and speed fluency in an oral task
Authors: Bielak Jakub
Published: March 2022

The relationship between foreign language anxiety (FLA) and foreign language enjoyment (FLE) experienced during a creative collaborative oral English-as-a-foreign-language task, and the relationships between FLE/FLA and task speech fluency were investigated. The task was performed by mid-intermediate/high-intermediate English learners ( N = 43) in groups and culminated in 2-minute monologues by every participant, the breakdown (the ratio and length of mid- and end-AS unit pauses) and speed (mean length of run, articulation rate, and phonation time ratio) utterance fluency of which was measured. The relationship between FLA and FLE fluctuated between task parts, form negligible to medium-strong negative. There were numerous negative links between FLA and fluency, and less numerous positive links between FLE and fluency of various strength. These lend support to earlier claims that FLA is associated with impaired second language (L2) outcomes and positive emotions may facilitate L2 learning/performance. The links between fluency and FLA and FLE experienced during collaborative L2 processing/practice preceding the monologue the fluency of which was examined were more frequent and stronger than links with the emotions during the monologue, pointing to the possible depletion and improvement of L2 processing caused respectively by FLA and FLE especially during this stage. The emotions were linked especially with fluency indices associated with speech formulation/encoding. In regression analyses, proficiency was the strongest predictor of fluency, followed by much weaker predictive power FLA and then FLE, which may be related to participants’ relatively high L2 advancement. The results imply that L2 teachers exploit the emotional impact of learning tasks and attend to the emotional atmosphere of L2 classes, especially their enjoyability.
Parent and staff perspectives on the benefits and barriers to communication with infants in the neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Romeo Rachel , Pezanowski Regina , Merrill Kassie , Hargrave Sarah , Hansen Anne
Published: March 2022

Exposure to high quantity and quality of language in the neonatal period is critical to neurocognitive development; however, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) environments may contribute to language deprivation. Using qualitative thematic content analysis, this study aimed to characterize the knowledge and attitudes of NICU staff and patient families toward the importance of early language experience, the current NICU language environment, and the benefits and barriers of communication in the NICU. Results revealed that all respondents recognized the importance of communication for optimal cognitive development, though few understood why. Staff and family members alike recognized the role of nurses as coaches and role models in promoting communication at the bedside. Nurses generally felt that family members communicate less with their babies than family members themselves perceived, and that cell phone use has fewer communicative advantages than parents perceive. Respondents reported that patient illness, lack of time, and intimidating equipment all raise barriers to communication. These findings yield important considerations for developing educational interventions to improve NICU language environments, including a synergistic, dual focus on both staff and families. Communication in the NICU is a low cost, feasible, and accessible target with aims of ensuring optimal neurocognitive development for at-risk children.
The synergistic effect of hybridizing and aligning graphene oxide nanoplatelets and multi-walled carbon nanotubes on mode-I fracture behavior of nanocomposite adhesive joints
Authors: Radshad Hossein , Khoramishad Hadi , Nazari Roohollah
Published: March 2022

The synergistic effect of hybridizing and aligning graphene oxide nanoplatelet (GONP) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) on the mode-I fracture response of glass fiber/epoxy nanocomposite adhesive was studied. Different mixtures of nanofillers with aligned and random orientations and different mixing ratios and weight percentages were used for fabricating the reinforced nanocomposite adhesive joints. The results showed that the hybridization of MWCNTs and GONPs can considerably enhance the fracture behavior of nanocomposite adhesive joints providing that the appropriate hybrid ratio and weight percentage (wt%) were employed. It was found out that hybridizing one-third GONPs and two-thirds MWCNTs with 0.3 total nanofiller wt% caused 90% further improvement in the fracture energy of adhesive compared to the adhesive reinforced with merely MWCNTs at the same total nanofiller wt%. Furthermore, aligning nanofillers with electrical field resulted in more than twice the higher enhancement in the fracture energy of adhesive. Moreover, assessing the fracture surfaces of the unreinforced and reinforced specimens revealed that the type of reinforcement can affect the failure pattern of the adhesive joints.
Optimising microscopic spray characteristics and particle emissions in a dual-injection spark ignition (SI) engine by changing GDI injection pressure
Authors: Li Xiang , Li Dayou , Pei Yiqiang , Peng Zhijun
Published: March 2022

Regarding reducing particle emissions from dual-injection spark ignition engines, most of the existing research focused on the benefits of using alcohol fuels. However, a comprehensive study of the effects of fuel injection pressure on microscopic spray characteristics and particle emissions in dual-injection spark ignition engines fuelled with gasoline has not been reported before. In this paper, with the assistance of phase Doppler particles analyser system and fast particle analyser, a study of optimising microscopic spray characteristics and particle emissions in a dual-injection spark ignition engine fuelled with gasoline by changing GDI injection pressure was conducted. The results show that by increasing injection pressure from 5.5 to 18 MPa, both normal and tangential components of droplet velocity increase, but the possibility of spray impingement would not increase a lot. Higher injection pressure would increase the probability of small droplets, and more droplets would collapse with a mode of continuous ripping or break down abruptly. From jet’s central axis to sides, Sauter mean diameter increases first, then reduces outside the spray boundary. Increasing injection pressure from 5.5 to 18 MPa reduces total particle number concentration, which is 53.98% and 45.44% at 2 bar and 10 bar, respectively. Meanwhile, the peak of particle number distribution curve decreases from 3.01 × 106 to 1.43 × 106 at 2 bar, whilst reducing from 1.08 × 106 to 5.33 × 105 at 10 bar. Overall, this paper comprehensively analyses the effects of fuel injection pressure on microscopic spray characteristics and particle emissions, whilst offering a practical approach to reduce particle emissions in dual-injection SI engines fuelled with gasoline.
Bayesian modelling of integer-valued transfer function models
Authors: Pingal Aljo Clair , Chen Cathy W. S.
Published: March 2022

External events are commonly known as interventions that often affect times series of counts. This research introduces a class of transfer function models that include four different types of interventions on integer-valued time series: abrupt start and abrupt decay (additive outlier), abrupt start and gradual decay (transient shift), abrupt start and permanent effect (level shift) and gradual start and permanent effect. We propose integer-valued transfer function models incorporating a generalized Poisson, log-linear generalized Poisson or negative binomial to estimate and detect these four types of interventions in a time series of counts. Utilizing Bayesian methods, which are adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms to obtain the estimation, we further employ deviance information criterion (DIC), posterior odd ratios and mean squared standardized residual for model comparisons. As an illustration, this study evaluates the effectiveness of our methods through a simulation study and application to crime data in Albury City, New South Wales (NSW) Australia. Simulation results show that the MCMC procedure is reasonably effective. The empirical outcome also reveals that the proposed models are able to successfully detect the locations and type of interventions.
Image reconstruction for endoscopic photoacoustic tomography including effects of detector responses
Authors: Sun Zheng , Sun Huifeng
Published: March 2022

In photoacoustic tomography (PAT), conventional image reconstruction methods are generally based on the assumption of an ideal point-like ultrasonic detector. This assumption is appropriate when the receiving surface of the detector is sufficiently small and/or the distance between the imaged object and the detector is large enough. However, it does not hold in endoscopic applications of PAT. In this study, we propose a model-based image reconstruction method for endoscopic photoacoustic tomography (EPAT), considering the effect of detector responses on image quality. We construct a forward model to physically describe the imaging process of EPAT, including the generation of the initial pressure due to optical absorption and thermoelastic expansion, the propagation of photoacoustic waves in tissues, and the acoustic measurement. The model outputs the theoretical sampling voltage signal, which is the response of the ultrasonic detector to the acoustic pressure reaching its receiving surface. The images representing the distribution map of the optical absorption energy density on cross-sections of the imaged luminal structures are reconstructed from the sampling voltage signals output by the detector through iterative inversion of the forward model. Compared with the conventional approaches based on back-projection and other imaging models, our method improved the quality and spatial resolution of the resulting images.
Doppler Ultrasonography Derived Maximal Systolic Acceleration: Value Determination With Artificially Induced Stenosis
Authors: Brouwers Jeroen J. W. M. , van Doorn Louk P. , Pronk Laurie , van Wissen Rob C. , Putter Hein , Schepers Abbey , Hamming Jaap F.
Published: March 2022

Background

In diagnosing peripheral arterial disease (PAD), medial arterial calcification (MAC) hampers arterial compression and could lead to unreliable ankle brachial index (ABI), toe brachial index (TBI) and toe pressure (TP). Doppler ultrasonography (DUS) derived maximal systolic acceleration (ACCmax) might be more accurate to diagnose PAD. In an in vitro study, a strong correlation between ACCmax and the severity of stenotic disease was determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the ACCmax in correlation with conventional non-invasive diagnostics in an in vivo setting. Methods: In twelve healthy individuals, an arterial stenosis was mimicked by compression on the common femoral artery by an ultrasounds probe, creating a local stenosis of 50%, 70% and 90%. The ABI, TBI, TP and several DUS parameters (including ACCmax) were assessed at the ankle during these different degrees of stenosis. All DUS parameters were measured separately by two observers to determine the interobserver variability. Results: Overall the ABI, TBI, TP, ACCmax, ACCsys and PSV decreased significantly when the degree of stenosis increased. The ACCmax showed the highest correlation with the degree of stenosis (r −.884), compared to ABI (r −.726), TBI (r −.716) and TP (r −.758). Furthermore, the interobserver variability of ACCmax was excellent, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of .97. Conclusion: ACCmax is an accurate non-invasive DUS parameter to diagnose and assess the severity of a mimicked arterial stenosis in healthy individuals. Further prospective assessment of the clinical value of ACCmax and its potential benefits in patients with PAD is needed.
“As We Have Always Done”: Decolonizing the Tomaquag Museum’s Collections Management Policy
Authors: Spears Lorén , Thompson Amanda
Published: March 2022

As Executive Director of the Tomaquag Museum, an Indigenous-led organization currently located in Exeter, Rhode Island, Lorén Spears (Narragansett-Niantic) continues the work of reimagining how museums represent and serve Indigenous communities begun by the Indigenous women who held that role before her. Today, we might identify these practices as “decolonizing,” but, to invoke Leanne Betasamosake Simpson (Michi Saagiig Nishnaabeg), it is “as [they] have always done.” For over sixty years, the Tomaquag Museum has engaged Indigenous Belongings from its collection in conjunction with cultural knowledge shared by Indigenous peoples to educate the public on Native history, culture, arts, and Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of Southern New England. This essay highlights the Tomaquag Museum’s praxis for decolonizing its collections management policy, led by Spears’ intellectual labor. It alternates Spears’ words, excerpted from a conversation with scholar and museum professional Amanda Thompson (non-Native), with selections from the in-progress collections management policy. This format creates a narrative which highlights the history of the museum and its ongoing decolonizing practice and illustrates how policy language can be integral to the work of empowering Native people and transforming museum structures.
Museums and Renewed Relations: Choctaw-French Nations of the Eighteenth Century and Present
Authors: Byram Jennifer , Baker Megan A.
Published: March 2022

In a recent exhibit, the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, Musée du quai Branly-Jacques Chirac, and Bibliothèque Municipale de Versailles worked together to learn more about the museum’s royal Americas collection which features items from numerous Indigenous communities. Collected by French explorers during the eighteenth century and later displayed in royal curiosity cabinets, these items have not been seen by Choctaw communities since they left the continent. This collaboration has culminated in the “La Curiosité d’un Prince” exhibit, which features a room curated by Choctaw Nation. This article shows how a joint initiative to study the collection gave voice to the relationships and material histories inherent in the items. Reflecting on this less-known historical period, this collaboration has reinvigorated Choctaw-French relations and allowed Choctaw Nation to showcase the richness and complexity of its sovereignty—which is often narrowly understood through its relationship with the United States. By providing an example of true collaboration that has spurred new research and writing on both the cultural and political knowledge contained in the objects held in France, we demonstrate the potential for relationships and knowledge inherent in museum collections to act as a platform for new expressions of Indigenous sovereignty.
Evaluation of an Ecological Interface Design–Driven Augmentative and Alternative Communication Interface
Authors: Shea Kaela , St-Cyr Olivier , Chau Tom
Published: March 2022

This study evaluated the change in usability, mental workload and information transfer rate associated with an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) interface designed through ecological interface design (EID). The design and development process is detailed in Shea et al. (2021) . Digital AAC interfaces are considered high-tech interventions for individuals who experience complex communication needs (e.g., from etiologies such as cerebral palsy) and enable users to select language options from a visual display. Interface usability, mental workload and information transfer rate collectively influence users’ communication. Ten AAC-naïve participants engaged in three semi–scripted conversations (verbal, AAC-mediated commercial interface, and EID interfaces) with an actor. Augmentative and alternative communication interfaces were accessed through a single switch pathway. Information transfer rate, error rate, heart rate variability and subjective workload performance measures were recorded for every trial. During AAC-mediated trials, interface interactions were also documented. The EID AAC interface presented improved communication in 5 out of 7 performance measures ( p < .05). The EID AAC interface was associated with a significantly higher information transfer rate, lower error rate, less time elapsed between switch activations, less switch activation per word communicated and lower subjective workload. The application of EID to an AAC interface can lead to a significantly improved communication experience.
Finite strip-Riccati transfer matrix method for buckling analysis of tree-branched cross-section thin-walled members
Authors: Zhou Hua-qing , An Yi , He Bin , Qi Hao-nan
Published: March 2022

Thin-walled components are gaining wide application in the field of modern engineering structures. The buckling analysis of thin-walled structures has thus become an important research topic. Here, we developed a new method named as finite strip-Riccati transfer matrix method (Riccati FSTMM) for buckling analysis of tree-branched cross-section thin-walled members. The method integrates Riccati transfer matrix method (Riccati TMM) for tree multi-body system with semi-analytical finite strip method (SA-FSM). Compared to SA-FSM, Riccati FSTMM features a smaller matrix and higher calculation efficiency, with no need for global stiffness matrix. In addition, by arranging uniformly distributed middle nodal lines inside strip elements, we developed the high order finite strip-Riccati transfer matrix method (Riccati HFSTMM) for buckling analysis of tree-branched cross-section thin-walled members. This method further improves the efficiency and accuracy of Riccati FSTMM. We tested the two proposed methods with two numerical examples, and demonstrated their superior reliability and efficiency over the finite element method (FEM).
An overview of solid and liquid materials for adsorption-based atmospheric water harvesting
Authors: Wasti Tanzeela Z , Sultan Muhammad , Aleem Muhammad , Sajjad Uzair , Farooq Muhammad , Raza Hafiz MU , Khan Muhammad U , Noor Shazia
Published: March 2022

Thermally driven adsorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is becoming an emerging technology to provide potable water. In this regard, various adsorbent materials including solid (MOFs, silica-gels, and zeolites), liquid (CaCl2 and LiCl), and composite adsorbents are explored in the literature. This study reviews recent advancements in adsorbent materials based on their water production capacity at different conditions that is air temperature and relative humidity (RH). The MOF of type MIL-101(Cr) shows water production capacity of 3.10 L/m2/day at RH ranging from 10% to 40%. Similarly, Zr-MOF-808 possesses water production capacity of 8.60 L/m2/day at RH more than 50%. Among the studied silica-gels, mesoporous silica-gel shows highest water production capacity that is 1.30 L/m2/day at RH ranging from 10% to 40%. The zeolite yielded water production capacity of 0.94 L/m2/day at RH ranging from 10% to 40%. On the other hand, liquid adsorbents like CaCl2 + cloth, K-LiCl showed water production capacity of 3.02 L/m2/day, and 2.9 g/g/day, respectively at RH of about 70%. Composite adsorbent modified with binary salts and functionalized carbon nanotubes resulted water production capacity of 5.60 g/g at RH of about 35%. The study will be useful to identify the energy-efficient adsorbent for the development of sustainable AWH device.
Advances in mechanical metamaterials for vibration isolation: A review
Authors: Al Rifaie Mohammed , Abdulhadi Hasanain , Mian Ahsan
Published: March 2022

The adverse effect of mechanical vibration is inevitable and can be observed in machine components either on the long- or short-term of machine life-span based on the severity of oscillation. This in turn motivates researchers to find solutions to the vibration and its harmful influences through developing and creating isolation structures. The isolation is of high importance in reducing and controlling the high-amplitude vibration. Over the years, porous materials have been explored for vibration damping and isolation. Due to the closed feature and the non-uniformity in the structure, the porous materials fail to predict the vibration energy absorption and the associated oscillation behavior, as well as other the mechanical properties. However, the advent of additive manufacturing technology opens more avenues for developing structures with a unique combination of open, uniform, and periodically distributed unit cells. These structures are called metamaterials, which are very useful in the real-life applications since they exhibit good competence for attenuating the oscillation waves and controlling the vibration behavior, along with offering good mechanical properties. This study provides a review of the fundamentals of vibration with an emphasis on the isolation structures, like the porous materials (PM) and mechanical metamaterials, specifically periodic cellular structures (PCS) or lattice cellular structure (LCS). An overview, modeling, mechanical properties, and vibration methods of each material are discussed. In this regard, thorough explanation for damping enhancement using metamaterials is provided. Besides, the paper presents separate sections to shed the light on single and 3D bandgap structures. This study also highlights the advantage of metamaterials over the porous ones, thereby showing the future of using the metamaterials as isolators. In addition, theoretical works and other aspects of metamaterials are illustrated. To this end, remarks are explained and farther studies are proposed for researchers as future investigations in the vibration field to cover the weaknesses and gaps left in the literature.
Randomization: Beyond the closurization principle
Authors: Moulton Lawrence H
Published: March 2022

Many cluster randomized trials have relatively few numbers of clusters to be randomized. When baseline cluster-level covariates are available prior to randomization, the set of potential allocations can be restricted so as to ensure balance across study arms. This article discusses why and how restrictions can be made, and the ramifications of so doing. The Fisher–Bailey validity is explained, and examples are given regarding the tradeoff between balance and validity.