bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of isotope effects with the nuclear-electronic orbital approach
Authors: Reyes Andrés , Pak Michael V. , Hammes-Schiffer Sharon
Published: August 2005

This paper addresses fundamental issues that arise in the application of the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) approach to systems with equivalent quantum nuclei. Our analysis illustrates that Hartree-Fock nuclear wave functions do not provide physically reasonable descriptions of systems comprised of equivalent low-spin fermions or equivalent bosons. The physical basis for this breakdown is that the ionic terms dominate due to the localized nature of the nuclear orbitals. Multiconfigurational wave functions that include only covalent terms provide physically reasonable descriptions of these types of systems. The application of the NEO approach to a variety of chemical systems is presented to elucidate the isotope effects on the geometries and electronic wave functions. Deuteration of hydrogen halides, water, ammonia, and hydronium ion decreases the bond length and the magnitude of negative partial atomic charge on the heavy atom. These results are consistent with experimental spectroscopic data. Deuteration at the beta position for formate anion and a series of amines increases the magnitude of negative partial atomic charge on the protonation site for the unprotonated species. This observation is consistent with the experimentally observed increase in basicity upon deuteration at the beta position for carboxylic acids and amines.
Bound states and scattering resonances of OH(A)–He
Authors: Han Jiande , Heaven Michael C.
Published: August 2005

The OH–He complex has been observed using laser excitation of the AΣ+2-XΠ2 transition. The bands of the complex were close to the monomer rotational lines that terminate on the n=0, 1, and 2 levels of OH(A). The unresolved band associated with He·OH (A,n=0) was redshifted from the OH parent line by 1.6cm−1, providing a direct measurement of D0′−D0″. The complex features associated with n=1 and 2 were identified as scattering resonances. They have been assigned by comparison with resonance structures derived from close-coupling calculations. The ab initio potential energy surface of H.-S. Lee, A.B. McCoy, R.R. Toczylowski, and S.M. Cybulski, [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 5736 (2000)] was used in these calculations. The level of agreement between the observed and predicted resonances indicated that the ab initio surface is reasonably accurate.
Duration of nucleation process in supercooled halide melts
Authors: Demo P. , Sveshnikov A. M. , Nitsch K. , Rodová M. , Kožíšek Z.
Published: August 2005

We present a model allowing to estimate the so-called time lag of nucleating halide melts using electrical conductivity measurements. Due to the complex-forming nature of molten halide salts we suppose two basic types of charge carriers in the melt: complexes (playing the role of monomers—building units) and clusters of a newly forming solid phase. Within context of the nonstationary nucleation theory we determined a formula expressing the time dependency of electrical conductivity of such a system and compared this result with the experimental data obtained for the melts of PbBr2, PbCl2, and KPb2Cl5. In terms of this formula the time lag of nucleation may be estimated. This important quantity characterizing the moment from which the nucleated clusters only grow to the macroscopic sizes has been found to be approximately 75% of the total duration of the nucleation process itself.
Ferroelectric and dielectric properties of Ca0.28Ba0.72Nb2O6 single crystals of tungsten bronzes structure
Authors: Qi Y. J. , Lu C. J. , Zhu J. , Chen X. B. , Song H. L. , Zhang H. J. , Xu X. G.
Published: August 2005

Large Ca0.28Ba0.72Nb2O6 (CBN-28) single crystals exhibit saturated ferroelectric hysteresis loops under an electric field of 115kV∕cm along the [001] direction. Their spontaneous polarization, remanent polarization and coercive field are 35.3μC∕cm2, 32.2μC∕cm2, and 38.1kV∕cm, respectively. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss tanδ of the crystals are 195 and 0.32 at 10 kHz, respectively. A diffused dielectric anomaly with relaxor characteristic was observed in the range of 325-500 °C at low frequencies, while the CBN-28 crystals experienced a first-order normal-relaxor ferroelectric phase transition around 252 °C on heating. A broad dielectric loss peak appears around 120 °C and it is interpreted in terms of the migration of oxygen vacancies. The conductance activation energy was determined to be 1.33 eV in the high temperature regime (500–560 °C).
Resonant microwave power absorption and relaxation of the energy levels of the molecular nanomagnet Fe8 using superconducting quantum interference device-based magnetometry
Authors: Cage Brant , Russek Stephen E. , Zipse David , North J. Micah , Dalal Naresh S.
Published: August 2005

Energy levels and saturation of molecular nanomagnet Fe8 crystals were investigated using a 95 and 141 GHz electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique based on a standard superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The technique provides quantitative determination of the dc magnetic moment as a function of microwave power, magnetic field, and temperature.
Physical comparison of HfO2 transistors with polycrystalline silicon and TiN electrodes
Authors: Lysaght P. S. , Foran B. , Bersuker G. , Peterson J. J. , Young C. D. , Majhi P. , Lee B-H. , Huff H. R.
Published: August 2005

Transistor gate stack systems consisting of atomic layer deposited HfO2 with polycrystalline silicon or TiN gate electrodes have been characterized by analytical electron microscopy to elucidate underlying physical contributions to electrical performance differences. High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to determine film and interface thickness dimensions and chemical analysis depth profiling was obtained from electron energy loss spectra and energy dispersive x-ray spectra. The high-k gate dielectric film system is shown to be influenced by the choice of electrode material with the formation of an HfO2-poly-Si interface that increases the dielectric equivalent oxide thickness and may affect electron trapping characteristics.
Grass-tree (Xanthorrhoea semiplana, Liliaceae) facilitation of the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid (Caladenia syn. Arachnorchis behrii, Orchidaceae) varies in South Australia
Authors: Petit Sophie , Dickson Catherine Ruth
Published: August 2005

We examined the role of the grass-tree Xanthorrhoea semiplana F.Muell. canopy in the survival of the nationally endangered orchid Caladenia (syn. Arachnorchis) behrii Schltdl. at three sites in the northern Adelaide region. We compared grazing and pollination of the flowering orchids within and away from the grass-tree canopy. Grass-trees generally provided significant protection from grazing, but orchids protected by grass-trees experienced reduced pollination for 2 out of 5 years. The net effect of these interactions, as measured by seed set, varied across years. When grazing pressure is high, orchids may benefit from grass-tree protection (facilitation), but under low grazing pressure, it is more probable that orchids set seeds away from grass-trees than under their canopy. Grazing pressure probably does not decrease in view of habitat fragmentation the importance of fragments as wildlife refuges. Therefore, factors affecting the survival of grass-trees, such as Phytophthora cinnamomi, may also affect orchid survival. Kangaroos which are often assumed to be responsible for most grazing in the Adelaide Hills are not the only predators of orchids, and a culling program has so far not resulted in a decrease of grazing pressure for the orchids. Translocation and fencing programs should examine the role of facilitative plants and grazers before spending precious conservation resources.
Does lignum rely on a soil seed bank? Germination and reproductive phenology of Muehlenbeckia florulenta (Polygonaceae)
Authors: Chong Caroline , Walker Keith F.
Published: August 2005

Tangled lignum (‘lignum’) is a dioecious, multi-stemmed woody shrub that is common in flood-prone areas of inland Australia, including the Murray–Darling Basin. It is often leafless during dry periods, but maintains vegetative growth by stem layering, and responds rapidly to rainfall or flooding by production of shoots, leaves and flowers. This study considers the viability of lignum seeds (contained in achenes) under various conditions of temperature, light, moisture and storage or burial. The seeds are not innately dormant, and germinate within 14 days under ideal conditions. From 66 to 86% of fresh and dry-stored seeds germinate in fluctuating temperatures (15°C/5°C, 24°C/10°C, 31°C/15°C), and optimally at 24°C/10°C, given moisture and light. They also germinate in water (56% success), and remain buoyant for 5–25 days. Germination is inhibited by constant temperatures of 12 and 24°C (4.0–4.8% success) and continuous darkness (6.0–56.0% success), but increases on return to light. Seed viability is depressed by 10% after 70-day dry storage and by 48% after 92-day burial in soil over winter. In one year’s (2002) observations of a population on the River Murray floodplain near Morgan, South Australia, winter- and spring-seeding plants produced viable seeds 14–30 days after anthesis, and although rainfall in winter (July) produced a pulse of seedlings, none became established. Achenes were shed soon after maturation, but soil samples revealed very few germinable seeds. It therefore appears that the seeds do not persist for long on the mother plant or in the soil. The persistence of lignum in environments prone to erratic droughts and floods appears to depend mainly on its capacity to tolerate drought, maintain vegetative growth and respond quickly to watering.
Above- and below-ground biomass, and allometry, of four common northern Australian mangroves
Authors: Comley B. W. T. , McGuinness K. A.
Published: August 2005

Mangrove forests are an integral part of tropical coastal ecosystems, particularly in northern Australia. In the Northern Territory, studies have determined the extent and species diversity of these associations but little is known of biomass or productivity. We sampled the above- and below-ground biomass of the four most abundant species, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera exaristata, Ceriops australis and Rhizophora stylosa, developed allometric relationships and examined partitioning. Unlike many other studies, we sampled below-ground biomass, which constituted a substantial proportion (0.29–0.57) of the total dry weight. Our results should be valuable in modelling potential changes in carbon allocation resulting from small- and large-scale ecosystem changes.
Gene flow between introduced and native Eucalyptus species: crossability of native Tasmanian species with exotic E. nitens
Authors: Barbour R. C. , Potts B. M. , Vaillancourt R. E.
Published: August 2005

Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden has been extensively introduced to the island of Tasmania for plantation purposes. Natural hybridisation with two native species has already been confirmed and this study aimed to determine which other Tasmanian native species could potentially hybridise with E. nitens. Controlled and supplementary pollinations with E. nitens pollen were undertaken on all Tasmanian native species that are potentially at risk of exotic gene flow and hence genetic pollution. Across the seven species tested by using controlled pollinations, seed set per flower, following E. nitens pollinations, was significantly less than for intraspecific outcross pollinations. No significant differences were evident in the percentage of seed that germinated or the percentage of germinants that grew into healthy seedlings in the glasshouse. Hybridity was verified by morphometric analyses and F1 hybrid seedlings were clearly differentiated from parental species and generally intermediate in morphology. Supplementary E. nitens pollination of open-pollinated native flowers was conducted to simulate natural pollination where pollen competition would occur. Seven of the fifteen species tested produced F1 hybrids in this case; however, further crossing is required to verify failed cross combinations. Although E. nitens can potentially hybridise with many native species, the results from both supplementary and controlled pollinations suggest the presence of post-pollination barriers of varying strength that need to be considered in assessing the risk of exotic gene flow from plantations.
Why do evergreen trees dominate the Australian seasonal tropics?
Authors: Bowman D. M. J. S. , Prior L. D.
Published: August 2005

The northern Australian woody vegetation is predominantly evergreen despite an intensely seasonal climate and a diversity of deciduous species in the regional flora. From a global climatic perspective the dominance of evergreen rather than deciduous trees in the Australian savannas is apparently anomalous when compared with other savannas of the world. However, this pattern is not unexpected in light of existing theory that emphasises photosynthetic return relative to cost of investment between deciduous and evergreen species. (a) Climatically, monsoonal Australia is more extreme in terms of rainfall seasonality and variability and high air temperatures than most other parts of the seasonally dry tropics. Existing theory predicts that extreme variability and high temperatures favour evergreen trees that can maximise the period during which leaves assimilate CO2. (b) Soil infertility is known to favour evergreens, given the physiological cost of leaf construction, and the northern Australian vegetation grows mainly on deeply weathered and infertile Tertiary regoliths. (c) These regoliths also provide stores of ground water that evergreens are able to exploit during seasonal drought, thereby maintaining near constant transpiration throughout the year. (d) Fire disturbance appears to be an important secondary factor in explaining the dominance of evergreens in the monsoon tropics, based on the fact that most deciduous tree species of the region are restricted to small fire-protected sites. (e) Evolutionary history cannot explain the predominance of evergreens, given the existence of a wide range of deciduous species, including deciduous eucalypts, in the regional tree flora.
The failure of rational dilation on a triply connected domain
Authors: Dritschel Michael , McCullough Scott
Published: August 2005

For

R
R

a bounded triply connected domain with boundary consisting of disjoint analytic curves there exists an operator

T
T

on a complex Hilbert space

H

\mathcal H

so that the closure of

R
R

is a spectral set for

T
T

, but

T
T

does not dilate to a normal operator with spectrum in

B
B

, the boundary of

R
R

. There is considerable overlap with the construction of an example on such a domain recently obtained by Agler, Harland and Raphael using numerical computations and work of Agler and Harland.
Cluster formation in complex multi-scale systems
Authors: Gibbon J.D , Titi E.S
Published: August 2005

Based on the competition between members of a hierarchy of length scales in complex multi-scale systems, it is shown how clustering of active quantities into concentrated sets, like bubbles in a Swiss cheese, is a generic property that dominates the intermittent structure. The halo-like surfaces of these clusters have scaling exponents lower than that of their kernels, which can be as high as the domain dimension. Possible examples include spots in fluid turbulence and droplets in spin-glasses.
Evaluation of live feline immunodeficiency virus vaccines with modified antigenic properties
Authors: Broche-Pierre Sophie , Richardson Jennifer , Moraillon Anne , Sonigo Pierre
Published: August 2005

Live-attenuated viruses have typically been generated from pathogenic viruses by genetic modifications that modified their replicative capacity. The present study investigated whether modification of the antigenic properties of live-attenuated viruses might improve upon the protection that such vaccines afford against lentivirus infection. In a previous study, random amino acid substitutions were introduced into the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), within a highly conserved domain (principal immunodominant domain) bearing immunodominant B-cell epitopes. Amongst a wide set of mutants, mutations that modified antibody specificity without abolishing infectivity ex vivo were selected. In the present study, two such mutants, TN14 and TN92, were evaluated for their replicative capacities and pathogenic properties in vivo in comparison with the parental virus, FIV 34TF10. No significant differences in viral load were observed between mutant and parental viruses. After 1 year of infection, all animals were subjected to a heterologous intraclade superinfection with a primary strain of FIV. Whilst both parental and modified viruses protected cats from high viral loads after superinfection, the TN92 virus afforded a higher degree of protection (P=0·0079). Such improvement in protection might correlate with a decrease in the immunogenicity of a B-cell epitope potentially involved in antibody enhancement of infection.
Increase in infectivity of targeted Moloney murine leukemia virus-based gene-delivery vectors through lowering the threshold for fusion
Authors: Viejo-Borbolla A. , Thomas P. , Blair E. D. , Schulz T. F.
Published: August 2005

Many research groups have developed targeted vectors for gene therapy based on Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV). Despite proper binding of the targeted vector to the target molecule, little or no infectivity of human cells expressing the target molecule has been achieved in most studies. One of the reasons for this lack of infectivity may be steric hindrance within the targeted envelope glycoprotein (Env), impeding the conformational changes required for fusion and infection. Here, attempts were made to solve this problem by mutating key residues within Env of two targeted MoMLV-based vectors, MoMLV–E-Sel and MoMLV–FBP. Selection of key residues was based on an Env with reduced threshold for fusion, that of the CD4-independent human immunodeficiency virus type 2 isolate ROD/B. It was shown here that vectors bearing MoMLV–FBP Env with a V512M substitution had higher titres and faster kinetics of entry than vectors bearing parental targeted Env proteins. This could be due to the partial release of steric constraints that result in an Env with a reduced threshold for fusion.
Influence of the C161T but not Pro12Ala polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma on colorectal cancer in an Indian population
Authors: Jiang Jing , Gajalakshmi Vendhan , Wang Jingweng , Kuriki Kiyonori , Suzuki Sadao , Nakamura Seiichi , Akasaka Susumu , Ishikawa Hideki , Tokudome Shinkan
Published: August 2005

The aim of the present study was to investigate associations between Pro12Ala and C161T polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPAR‐γ) gene and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. We recruited 301 newly diagnosed CRC patients and 291 healthy control subjects at the Madras Cancer Institute in Chennai, India, from 1999 to 2001. Genotypes of the Pro12Ala and C161T polymorphisms were determined using the PCR‐RFLP method. After adjustment for age, sex, smoking habit, family history and family income, an increased risk of CRC was observed for the C/T + T/T genotype compared to the C/C genotype of the C161T polymorphism (odds ratio = 1.61, 95% confidence interval: 1.10–2.36), whereas no significant association was found for Pro12Ala (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% confidence interval: 0.70–1.61). Analysis with estimated haplotypes showed a significant difference in haplotype frequencies between cases and controls (χ2 = 11.62, P = 0.009, d.f. = 3). The relationship between the two polymorphisms and CRC risk was not significantly modified by dietary intake of fish. Although the biological mechanisms of the observed association remain to be elucidated, our findings suggest that the C161T polymorphism of the PPAR‐γ gene is related to risk of CRC. Further research is needed to investigate functional implications of polymorphisms of the PPAR‐γ gene in CRC development. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 507 –512)
Enhanced T‐cell response to mosquito extracts by NK cells in hypersensitivity to mosquito bites associated with EBV infection and NK cell lymphocytosis
Authors: Tokura Yoshiki , Matsuoka Hiroyuki , Koga Chizuko , Asada Hideo , Seo Naohiro , Ishihara Shigehiko , Adachi Atsuko , Ibe Masaaki
Published: August 2005

Hypersensitivity to mosquito bites is characterized by severe systemic as well as local symptoms, and associated with chronic active EBV infection and NK cell lymphocytosis. In this HEN disease, we investigated the response of PBMC to MSG extracts. PBMC were taken from three defined cases of HEN disease, three borderline cases, five individuals with simple exaggerated reactions to mosquito bites without systemic symptoms (simple responders), and eight healthy donors. PBMC, or purified CD4+, CD8+ or CD56+ cells, were cultured with MSG extracts prepared from each of five mosquito species to examine their proliferation and cytokine secretion. The patients with HEN disease had high stimulation indices with variations in responses to the extracts from Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles sinensis and Culex pipiens pallens. However, a non‐Japan‐habitant species Anopheles stephensi did not stimulate the patients’ PBMC. Some borderline or simple responders showed moderate proliferation, and healthy donors had no reactive PBMC. In HEN disease, both CD56+ NK cells (producing IFN‐γ) and CD4+ Th0 cells (producing IL‐4 and IFN‐γ) were increased in the blood. CD4+ cells, but not CD56+ NK cells or CD8+ cells, propagated in response to MSG extracts. However, this response of CD4+ cells and their IL‐4 production were strongly enhanced by coexisting CD56+ cells. We suggest that the CD4+ T cell serving as the primary responder to MSG antigen and the NK cell functioning as the enhancer are both pathogenic in the development of HMB. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 519 –526)
Breast cancer resistance protein: Molecular target for anticancer drug resistance and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics
Authors: Sugimoto Yoshikazu , Tsukahara Satomi , Ishikawa Etsuko , Mitsuhashi Junko
Published: August 2005

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is a half‐molecule ATP‐binding cassette transporter that forms a functional homodimer and pumps out various anticancer agents, such as 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin, topotecan, mitoxantrone and flavopiridol, from cells. Estrogens, such as estrone and 17β‐estradiol, have been found to restore drug sensitivity levels in BCRP‐transduced cells by increasing the cellular accumulation of such agents. Furthermore, synthetic estrogens, tamoxifen derivatives and phytoestrogens/flavonoids have now been identified that can effectively circumvent BCRP‐mediated drug resistance. Transcellular transport experiments have shown that BCRP transports sulfated estrogens and various sulfated steroidal compounds, but not free estrogens. The kinase inhibitor gefitinib inhibited the transporter function of BCRP and reversed BCRP‐mediated drug resistance both in vitro and in vivo. BCRP‐transduced human epidermoid carcinoma A431 (A431/BCRP) and BCRP‐transduced human non‐small cell lung cancer PC‐9 (PC‐9/BCRP) cells showed gefitinib resistance. Physiological concentrations of estrogens (10–100 pM) reduced BCRP protein expression without affecting its mRNA levels. Two functional polymorphisms of the BCRP gene have been identified. The C376T (Q126Stop) polymorphism has a dramatic phenotype as active BCRP protein cannot be expressed from a C376T allele. The C421A (Q141K) polymorphism is also significant as Q141K‐BCRP‐transfected cells show markedly low protein expression levels and low‐level drug resistance. Hence, individuals with C376T or C421A polymorphisms may express low levels of BCRP or none at all, resulting in hypersensitivity of normal cells to BCRP‐substrate anticancer agents. In summary, both modulators of BCRP and functional single nucleotide polymorphisms within the BCRP gene affect the transporter function of the protein and thus can modulate drug sensitivity and substrate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in affected cells and individuals. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 457–465)
Clinical utility of viral load measurements in individuals with chronic hepatitis C infection on antiviral therapy
Authors: Terrault N. A. , Pawlotsky J‐M. , McHutchison J. , Anderson F. , Krajden M. , Gordon S. , Zitron I. , Perrillo R. , Gish R. , Holodniy M. , Friesenhahn M.
Published: August 2005

Summary.  Both absolute viral load and log decline in viral load from baseline were found clinically useful in predicting sustained virological response and lack of sustained virological response (non‐sustained virological response, NSVR) to treatment. We assessed the clinical utility of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA quantitation and changes in viral load using the VERSANT® HCV RNA 3.0 Assay (bDNA) in 351 HCV‐infected individuals treated with interferon plus ribavirin. We show that viral load decision thresholds provided negative predictive values (NPVs) of >95% at week 4 using a 100 000 IU/mL cut‐off and at weeks 8 and 12 using 10 000 IU/mL cut‐offs. A 2‐log decline from baseline provided NPVs >95% at weeks 8 and 12. Combinations of absolute viral loads and changes in viral load from baseline did not enhance the performance of the decision rules for predicting NSVR. The positive predictive values (PPVs) at weeks 8 and 12 were 59.1 and 67.3%. This study highlights the critical importance of viral quantitation in gauging therapeutic response in patients with chronic HCV infection on antiviral therapy. Early changes in viral load, measured as absolute viral loads or change in viral load from baseline, are highly predictive of NSVR at 8 and 12 weeks. PPVs are modest but these data may provide encouragement to patients who are in the early phases of treatment when side effects are frequent. Additionally, we demonstrated the need for cautious interpretation of stopping rules when the values are at or near the decision thresholds.
Amantadine in treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection?
Authors: Lim J. K. , Wooten D. , Siegel R. , Cheung R. C.
Published: August 2005

Summary.  Treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) continues to be an important and growing challenge. As the response rate to FDA‐approved treatment improved over the past decade, we are facing increasing number of difficult‐to‐treat patients such as those who have failed prior anti‐viral therapy. The role of amantadine in the treatment of CHC remains unclear. Studies thus far have produced conflicting results, and type II error could not be excluded. This review summarized results published in the literature from 1997 to 2003, and reviewed the existing questions and controversies regarding the use of amantadine. Current literature suggests that amantadine is ineffective as monotherapy. Amantadine increased the sustained virologic response of certain treatment naïve patients when used in combination with interferon, and may be effective as an adjunct to interferon‐based combination therapy in some patients who have failed or relapsed on prior therapy. Factors such as small sample size, patient characteristics, and differences in treatment protocols including amantadine preparation and duration of therapy might explain the conflicting observations of various studies. Further investigations are needed to define optimal dosing and formulation of amantadine, and its appropriate role in management of CHC infection.
Interferon‐α suppresses liver cell proliferation in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Donato M. F. , Degott C. , Arosio E. , Martinot M. , Monti V. , Morabito A. , Marcellin P. , Colombo M.
Published: August 2005

Summary.  Interferon (IFN) therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis C, including virological nonresponders (NR). Whether IFN suppresses liver cell proliferation, i.e. the relevant risk factor for HCC, is unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of IFN therapy on liver cell proliferation in chronic hepatitis C.

The proliferating cell nuclear antigen‐labelling index (PCNA‐LI) was assessed prior to and at the end of therapy in the liver of 29 patients with chronic hepatitis C who received 3 MU IFN‐α2b thrice weekly for 24–48 weeks.

Overall, the median value of PCNA‐LI was significantly reduced from 2.6% to 1.1% at the end of therapy (P < 0.0001). At baseline, PCNA‐LI median values were similar in the 15 virological responders compared with the 14 NRs (2.3%vs 3.4%, P = 0.121) and at the end of therapy, median changes of PCNA‐LI (−1.4%vs−1.1%, P = 0.089) were also similar although there was a higher decline of the proliferation index in responders with respect to NRs at the end of therapy (0.7%vs 1.6%, P = 0.004). In the two groups, the rate of fibrosis score reduction was also similar (7%vs 20%, P = 0.326). In contrast, the histological activity index was more often reduced in responders than in NRs both at the ≥2 and ≥4 points reduction level (80%vs 36%, P = 0.02 and 53%vs 14%, P = 0.03, respectively).

The study showed a significant suppression of liver cell proliferation in IFN‐treated patients with chronic hepatitis C. Although the strongest IFN effect was observed in virological responders, a reduction of proliferative activity was also seen in virological NRs.
Occupational therapy in acute hospitals: The effectiveness of a pilot program to maintain occupational performance in older clients
Authors: Eyres Lisa , Unsworth Carolyn A.
Published: August 2005

Background:  Research evidence suggests that during acute hospitalisation, older people may experience reduced occupational performance, reduced quality of life, and an increased length of hospital stay. The aim of this study was to pilot a randomised controlled trial to determine whether an additional occupational therapy program could assist older adults to maintain their occupational performance.

Methods and Results:  A pilot study evaluated 15 clients on admission to and discharge from an acute hospital, using measures of level of independence in performing daily activities, quality of life, and confidence. Participants were randomly allocated to either the control group (those receiving current allied health management) or the experimental group (those receiving an additional program, which included daily self‐care, domestic and community activities). Although the differences between the groups on admission and discharge measures only approached statistical significance, several benefits of the program were noted by clinicians and clients, and are highlighted through the presentation of client case studies.

Conclusion:  This pilot has highlighted the need for future research on deconditioning, the timing and nature of occupational therapy interventions, and environmental and cultural influences in acute care for older people.
Podocyte biology in human disease
Authors: DE ZOYSA JANAK RASHME , TOPHAM PETER STEWART
Published: August 2005

SUMMARY:  The podocyte is a highly specialized cell that plays a key role in regulating the glomerular filtration barrier. A number of advances have been made in recent years, linked to the discovery of single‐gene defects in hereditary glomerular disease, which highlight the role of this cell in preventing proteinuria. This article reviews the molecular biology of the podocyte, focusing on known genetic abnormalities.
Different regional dynamics of end‐stage renal disease in Japan by different causes
Authors: KATO NOBUO , USAMI TAKESHI , FUKUDA MICHIO , MOTOKAWA MASAHIRO , KAMIYA YOSHINOBU , YOSHIDA ATSUHIRO , KIMURA GENJIRO
Published: August 2005

Background:  We recently showed that there were clear regional differences in the dynamics of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) within Japan, which has an ethnically homogenous population. We speculate on the reason for these regional differences by correlating the regional distributions in the incidence of ESRD due to each of the following individual causes of ESRD: chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), diabetic nephropathy (DMN) and polycystic kidney disease (PKD).

Methods:  The number of ESRD patients entering maintenance dialysis therapy due to individual causes of renal disease in each prefecture was reported annually for a 6‐year period by the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy. After combining data from several prefectures into 11 geopolitical regions in Japan, the mean annual incidence of ESRD across the 11 regions was correlated among the three causes of ESRD.

Results  There were significant regional differences in the incidence of ESRD due to CGN (P < 0.0001) and DMN (P = 0.0015), the distributions of which were similar to each other across the 11 regions. In contrast, no regional differences were found in the incidence of ESRD due to PKD (P = 0.6) as the major genetic disorder of the kidneys, suggesting that genetic backgrounds are relatively uniform throughout Japan. The regional distributions due to PKD were not correlated with those due to other causes: CGN and DMN.

Conclusion:  Risk factors common to nephropathy progression, rather than an underlying disease incidence and genetic predisposition, might contribute to regional differences in the overall ESRD incidence in Japan. Other possibilities such as the prevalence of underlying diseases, and acceptance or rejection rates into treatment programmes must be considered further for better explanations.
Renal ultrasound findings in an Australian Aboriginal population with high rates of renal disease
Authors: SINGH GURMEET R , WHITE ANDREW V , HOY WENDY E
Published: August 2005

Background:  Rates of albuminuria and haematuria are extremely high with haematuria prevalence as high as 30–50% in adults of some Aboriginal groups. Dipstick testing of urine is routinely carried out in Aboriginal communities and as part of school screening programmes. Evaluation of the many affected individuals has traditionally included renal ultrasound examination, which involves considerable expense and logistic problems in remote communities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasound in this setting.

Methods:  A population survey was conducted in a remote community. Urine dipstick analysis and the albumin : creatinine ratio (ACR; g/mol) were measured in 1440 people over 5 years of age (89% of the eligible population), and a detailed renal ultrasound examination was performed in a random subset of 647 people (41.1% of the whole group), 276 aged 5–19 years and 371 over 20 years of age.

Results:  Urine dipstick proteinuria (>1+) was present in 8.5% (23/271) of those aged 5–19 years and 37.9% (132/348) in those aged over 20 years; pathological albuminuria (ACR > 3.4) was present in 7.6% (21/276) and 54.7% (203/371), respectively, and isolated haematuria was present in 7.7% (21/273) and 11.5% (40/347), respectively. Eight ultrasound abnormalities were found. Ultrasound findings did not change the management of any individual.

Conclusion:  Renal ultrasound added little to the evaluation of people with asymptomatic proteinuria or haematuria in this setting. In this scenario, ultrasound examination could be reserved for the cases with an unusual presentation where findings are likely to influence the prognosis or treatment, or in preparation for a renal biopsy.
Management of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in hydroponic strawberry crops: using yellow sticky traps to determine action thresholds
Authors: Steiner Marilyn Y , Goodwin Stephen
Published: August 2005

Abstract  The relationship between western flower thrips (WFT) populations in flowers and catches on yellow sticky traps was investigated in a hydroponic strawberry crop in the Sydney area in 1999–2000. The thrips population was initially dominated by males, but by mid‐summer it was composed primarily of females. At a point when approximately 60–65% of WFT on traps were female (approximately 20–30 females per trap), the overall density of thrips on traps and in the crop increased rapidly, resulting in severe damage to immature fruit. The sex ratio of 0.60–0.65 females corresponded very closely to a mean of five adult WFT per flower at the start of the trapping week, which was an infestation level previously calculated as the action threshold to prevent damage to young green fruit.
Are German, Japanese and Anglo‐Saxon Strategic Decision Styles Still Divergent in the Context of Globalization?*
Authors: Carr Chris
Published: August 2005

abstract Issues of globalization and divergence in terms of national systems and cultures are equally contentious, yet equally important, in the context of increasing cross‐continental co‐operation. This article investigates comparative strategic decision styles in Britain, the USA, Germany and Japan. An industry at an advanced stage in terms of globalization, vehicle components manufacture, was selected in order to explore the extent of convergence and whether this has changed. Between 1989 and 1998, field case studies were made of 100 strategic investment decisions (SIDs) by manufacturers in these four countries. Longitudinal judgements were supplemented by earlier comparative strategy field research carried out in 60 suppliers between 1980 and 1983, and two longitudinal case studies, one from the UK and one from Japan, interviewed throughout both these periods and again in 2002. Two competing hypotheses, derived from rich research literatures, are investigated. The first (H1) suggests that national institutional and cultural factors exert profound differences, and should therefore be afforded more significance as globalization proceeds further. The second (H2) is apparently contradictory and emphasizes that institutions and organizations are likely to respond to convergence pressures, spurred by global capital markets and competition on the one hand, and a diffusion of ‘professional management’ practices on the other. Japanese firms generally, and German family firms in particular, were still found to exhibit deep‐rooted differences from the Anglo‐Saxon model, which appears to confirm H1. However study of German public companies reveals that their strategic approaches are far less divergent from what is now an increasingly consistent Anglo‐Saxon model than they were a decade ago, which appears to confirm the competing hypothesis H2.
Managing Task Interdependencies in Multi‐Team Projects: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Hoegl Martin , Weinkauf Katharina
Published: August 2005

abstract  In this article we examine project‐level and team‐level managerial functions aimed at managing inter‐team task interdependencies and investigate their effect on the performance of teams in a multi‐team product development project. We hypothesize that team interface management (a team‐level function) performed in the concept phase of a project, rather than the later development phase, is positively related to team performance at the project's conclusion (i.e. product quality, product cost, development budget, development time). Furthermore, we argue that project structuring and support (a project‐level function) is important in both the concept and the development phases. We test our hypotheses empirically based on a 36 months longitudinal study of a product development project in the European automotive industry comprising 39 teams. The results show that team interface management is particularly important during the concept phase of the project. Project structuring and support is most important in the development phase of the project, while hindering team performance in the concept phase. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Broadband videoconferencing as a tool for learner‐centred distance learning in higher education
Authors: Smyth Robyn
Published: August 2005

This paper outlines the possibilities for using broadband videoconferencing within the larger context of changing the focus for teaching from the teacher to the learners. It also explores opportunities that might be created by this technology to facilitate learner‐centred engagement in learning and to provide new opportunities for collaboration and support for students studying by the distance mode. As part of the wider discussion, it presents a decision‐making framework for teachers to consider when integrating videoconferencing into their curriculum. The bandwidths possible from broadband Internet connection rather than the integrated services digital network transmission increase the richness of videoconferencing to a much closer approximation of natural  communication,  thus  creating  opportunities  for  more  creative  uses for the medium. The outcomes of trials undertaken at the University of New England during the last two years provide the basis for predicting the usefulness of the technology for learner‐centered interactions when the majority of students are learning from locations quite remote from the main campus.
Effects of ICT group work on interactions and social acceptance of a primary pupil with Asperger's Syndrome
Authors: Lewis Lynda , Trushell John , Woods Pat
Published: August 2005

The aim of this study was to ascertain whether collaborative group work on a computer, facilitated by an adult, could provide a means for a primary schoolboy with Asperger's Syndrome (AS)—moderately‐highly affected in all areas of the “triad of impairments”—to develop appropriate task‐related interactions with his peers. Data were gathered before, during, and after group work sessions. A combination of interviews and questionnaires established background data and concerns of parent and teachers. Sociometric testing of classmates was used to determine social acceptance and friendship grouping among the child's immediate peer group. During the adult‐facilitated ICT sessions an interaction process schedule (IPS) was used to record interactions of the three children involved. The results indicate moderate improvements in the child's ability to interact with his peers, both in social and task‐related contexts, as well as a raised social profile among his classmates in general. Although this was a discrete setting, the findings are encouraging and this strategy may be replicated in schools to support mainstream inclusion for children with AS.
‘The visual helps me understand the complicated things’: pupil views of teaching and learning with interactive whiteboards
Authors: Wall Kate , Higgins Steve , Smith Heather
Published: August 2005

This study is one element of a government‐sponsored evaluation into the introduction of interactive whiteboards (IWBs) to Years 5 and 6 in English primary schools. This element of the research aimed to gather information regarding pupil views of IWBs and the impact these tools can have on teaching and learning. To extend current literature, the method targeted pupils’ views of how IWBs can impact on metacognition: thinking about learning. Using a template that has been developed by the Centre for Learning and Teaching at Newcastle University, pupils were encouraged to talk about learning in different contexts: this methodology and its rationale are described. The results show that overall comments from the pupils are positive, with the resulting themes encompassing how the IWB can facilitate and initiate learning and impact on preferred approaches to learning. The pupils describe how different elements of software and hardware can motivate, aid concentration, and keep their attention. On the negative side, pupils candidly describe their frustration when there are technical difficulties, their desire to use the board themselves and their perceptions of teacher and pupil effects. As IWBs are becoming more and more prevalent in schools, we discuss implications and make re‐commendations for teachers and manufacturers.
Income Taxation, Endogenous Factor Prices and Production Efficiency
Authors: Gaube Thomas
Published: August 2005

In an analysis of a two‐type income tax model with endogenous wages, this paper shows that production efficiency is violated in the optimum with (i) non‐linear and (ii) linear income taxation if and only if a distortionary tax schedule is implemented. These findings complement earlier results of the literature. In passing, it is also shown that optima with non‐linear redistributive income taxation cannot be identified with the redistributive regime if the assumption of endogenous wages is taken seriously.
Gender Matters? Exploring How Gender is Negotiated in Service Encounters
Authors: Forseth Ulla
Published: August 2005

This article argues that the service encounter is an important site for studying dimensions related to gender and power relations in front‐line service work. The shift from bureaucracy towards the market and from positional power to personal power has changed the circumstances of service work. Drawing on research from a Norwegian retail bank, this article illustrates the transformation of teller work into seller work. The written stories from the workers highlight how these women become personally responsible for solving the dilemmas related to the inherent contradictions in their organization. Given the emphasis on the pleasures of customer interaction in their accounts, it is interesting to note that most of the stories deal with what they perceived of as ‘difficult customers’. Especially at times of customer disillusionment, the women workers were not constituted as representatives of the bank, but as gendered personas. In turn, this activated gendered cultural scripts and symbols.
Front Line or All Fronts? Women's Trade Union Activism in Retail Services
Authors: Conley Hazel
Published: August 2005

This article draws on data from a case study of a trade union campaign to organize part‐time women workers in a large supermarket chain. The data indicate that combining paid work, work in the home and increased trade union participation means that the work of women activists and the resistance they encounter in its execution is broader than the customer/employee interface, or ‘front line’, that is the current focus in literature on service‐sector work and trade unionism. The findings are used to argue that established feminist literature, in which the location and recipients of women's work are conceptualized as multiple and shifting but inter‐related, still provide a useful analytical framework for service‐sector work. Therefore an ‘all fronts’ approach may better describe the lives of part‐time women workers and trade unionists in the sector. However it is argued that, far from simply being considered as an added burden, trade union activism was a powerful catalyst for change in the home and work lives of the working‐class women in the study.