bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of TRMM rainfall estimates over a large Indian river basin (Mahanadi)
Authors: Kneis D. , Chatterjee C. , Singh R.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The paper examines the quality of satellite-based precipitation estimates for the Lower Mahanadi River Basin (Eastern India). The considered data sets known as 3B42 and 3B42-RT (version 7/7A) are routinely produced by the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) from passive microwave and infrared recordings. While the 3B42-RT data are disseminated in real time, the gage-adjusted 3B42 data set is published with a delay of some months. The quality of the two products was assessed in a two-step procedure. First, the correspondence between the remotely sensed precipitation rates and rain gage data was evaluated at the sub-basin scale. Second, the quality of the rainfall estimates was assessed by analyzing their performance in the context of rainfall-runoff simulation. At sub-basin level (4000 to 16 000 km2) the satellite-based areal precipitation estimates were found to be moderately correlated with the gage-based counterparts (R2 of 0.64–0.74 for 3B42 and 0.59–0.72 for 3B42-RT). Significant discrepancies between TRMM data and ground observations were identified at high intensity levels. The rainfall depth derived from rain gage data is often not reflected by the TRMM estimates (hit rate < 0.6 for ground-based intensities > 80 mm day−1). At the same time, the remotely sensed rainfall rates frequently exceed the gage-based equivalents (false alarm ratios of 0.2–0.6). In addition, the real time product 3B42-RT was found to suffer from a spatially consistent negative bias. Since the regionalization of rain gage data is potentially associated with a number of errors, the above results are subject to uncertainty. Hence, a validation against independent information, such as stream flow, was essential. In this case study, the outcome of rainfall–runoff simulation experiments was consistent with the above-mentioned findings. The best fit between observed and simulated stream flow was obtained if rain gage data were used as model input (Nash–Sutcliffe Index of 0.76–0.88 at gages not affected by reservoir operation). This compares to the values of 0.71–0.78 for the gage-adjusted TRMM 3B42 data and 0.65–0.77 for the 3B42-RT real-time data. Whether the 3B42-RT data are useful in the context of operational runoff prediction in spite of the identified problems remains a question for further research.
Horizontal soil water potential heterogeneity: simplifying approaches for crop water dynamics models
Authors: Couvreur V. , Vanderborght J. , Beff L. , Javaux M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Soil water potential (SWP) is known to affect plant water status, and even though observations demonstrate that SWP distribution around roots may limit plant water availability, its horizontal heterogeneity within the root zone is often neglected in hydrological models. As motive, using a horizontal discretisation significantly larger than one centimetre is often essential for computing time considerations, especially for large scale hydrodynamics models. In this paper, we simulate soil and root system hydrodynamics at the centimetre scale and evaluate approaches to upscale variables and parameters related to root water uptake (RWU) for two crop systems: a densely seeded crop with an average uniform distribution of roots in the horizontal direction (winter wheat) and a wide-row crop with lateral variations in root density (maize). In a first approach, the upscaled water potential at soil–root interfaces was assumed to equal the bulk SWP of the upscaled soil element. Using this assumption, the 3-D high resolution model could be accurately upscaled to a 2-D model for maize and a 1-D model for wheat. The accuracy of the upscaled models generally increased with soil hydraulic conductivity, lateral homogeneity of root distribution, and low transpiration rate. The link between horizontal upscaling and an implicit assumption on soil water redistribution was demonstrated in quantitative terms, and explained upscaling accuracy. In a second approach, the soil–root interface water potential was estimated by using a constant rate analytical solution of the axisymmetric soil water flow towards individual roots. In addition to the theoretical model properties, effective properties were tested in order to account for unfulfilled assumptions of the analytical solution: non-uniform lateral root distributions and transient RWU rates. Significant improvements were however only noticed for winter wheat, for which the first approach was already satisfying. This study confirms that the use of 1-D spatial discretisation to represent soil-plant water dynamics is a worthy choice for densely seeded crops. For wide-row crops, e.g. maize, further theoretical developments that better account for horizontal SWP heterogeneity might be needed in order to properly predict soil-plant hydrodynamics in 1-D.
De lo con-céntrico a lo des-centrado. Reflexiones sobre el lugar y el no-lugar en la arquitectura
Authors: Gallardo Frías Laura
Published: January 2014

Se propone, a través de la figura del círculo, abrir una reflexión sobre sus propiedades, su presencia y permanencia lo largo de la historia así como en nuestros días.Se invita al lector a un paseo por diferentes propuestas arquitectónicas y pensamientos para explorar el paso de lo con-céntrico a lo des-centrado, revisando las nociones de lugar, no-lugar y sus relaciones con la arquitectura. Poniendo de relieve la importancia del proyecto arquitectónico capaz de conformar centros donde el ser humano sea uno consigo mismo y lo que le rodea, produciendo una profunda resonancia.
De peine et de misère : structures sociales et souffrance au travail dans le capitalisme contemporain
Authors: Boudreau François
Published: January 2014

Il est possible d’étudier la souffrance au travail dans le but de remédier à une forme spécifique de souffrance dans le cadre d’un travail particulier. Mais si c’est la catégorie de travail qui est synonyme de souffrance pour la majorité de la population dans une société donnée, si c’est le sens de cette activité qui se soustrait à l’entendement, c’est qu’il y a un problème avec la nature du travail, avec sa conception et avec l’organisation du travail lui-même. Se soustraire à la souffrance au travail passe alors par l’évaluation du sens de l’activité travail « pour la société ».
Le mieux-être des travailleurs sociaux au travail
Authors: Larivière Claude
Published: January 2014

Les travailleurs sociaux sont sensibles au climat de travail dans lequel ils effectuent leurs interventions au sein des organismes. Au Québec, certains organismes réussissent à les soutenir alors que d’autres génèrent de l’insatisfaction. Cet article explore les facteurs qui influencent ces perceptions et fait état d’une démarche de l’Ordre des travailleurs sociaux et des thérapeutes conjugaux et familiaux du Québec.
L’autonomie et l’exercice du jugement professionnel chez les travailleuses sociales : substrat d’un corpus bibliographique
Authors: Richard Stéphane
Published: January 2014

Dans les écrits que nous avons consultés et qui visent à analyser les causes structuro-organisationnelles de la souffrance psychique et morale, les répercussions qui découlent des conditions de travail difficiles, voire les moyens auxquels les travailleuses sociales ont recours pour y faire face, les questions de l’autonomie et de l’exercice du jugement professionnel furent bien souvent abordées. En effet, et particulièrement depuis la reconfiguration de l’action publique amorcée par la nouvelle gestion publique à la fin des années 1980, la recension des écrits en Europe et en Amérique du Nord sur le sujet établit des liens entre la managérialisation des services de santé et des services sociaux et l’émergence d’un choc des épistémés capable d’interpeller les travailleuses sociales sur ce qu’elles font, sur ce qui a de l’importance pour elles, sur les responsabilités et les obligations qui sont les leurs dans leur travail. Il y aurait une tension de plus en plus vive entre les normes déontologiques et organisationnelles qui s’appliquent à départager la régulation des activités professionnelles des travailleuses sociales au travail. Pour ne pas devenir de simples exécutantes, les travailleuses sociales sont plus que jamais appelées à se mobiliser afin de préserver leur espace clinique, leur autonomie, bref, leur jugement professionnel.
Entre reconnaissance sociale et cohérence personnelle. Management des émotions chez les pompiers du Québec1
Authors: St-Denis Karine
Published: January 2014

Les interventions pénibles amènent les professionnels à articuler les exigences de la reconnaissance sociale à celles de leurs valeurs personnelles. Cet article s’intéresse à la stratégie collective qu’est le management des émotions. Nous y abordons d’abord sa matérialisation dans l’humour, une pratique collective fréquente chez les professionnels de l’urgence. Puis, nous exposons les failles de cette stratégie collective et ses conséquences négatives pour les professionnels et leurs institutions. La démonstration s’appuie sur la littérature scientifique et sur des travaux empiriques menés auprès de pompiers québécois.
Entre valeurs humanistes et modèles d’intervention : réflexions théoriques sur le sentiment de non-reconnaissance des travailleurs sociaux
Authors: Chouinard Isabelle
Published: January 2014

L’identité professionnelle constitue une source d’enjeux constants en travail social. Si les services sociaux tendent à être méconnus, voire dévalorisés, par la population (Stephensen, et collab., 2000), un sentiment de non-reconnaissance est fréquemment ressenti chez les travailleurs sociaux, allant jusqu’à provoquer un haut taux de détresse et de retrait au travail (Pelchat, et collab., 2004). Par-delà les contraintes externes qui pèsent sur elle, l’identité professionnelle relève néanmoins d’un enjeu plus fondamental au sein de la profession. Sa professionnalité se fondant sur une dimension relationnelle hautement abstraite, symbolique et complexe, la pratique professionnelle et les contributions propres au travail social demeurent difficilement compréhensibles pour plusieurs. Cet article s’attarde à problématiser la dimension relationnelle du travail social et à proposer quelques pistes de réflexion pouvant mieux cerner l’origine des difficultés qui y sont reliées.
News Discourse in Translation: Topical Structure and News Content in the Analytical News Article
Authors: Károly Krisztina
Published: January 2014

Topical structure in news translation has received relatively little attention despite its stated significance in discourse content and in producing functionally adequate translations. Journalists write news stories with a given structure, order, viewpoint and values, which are “transferred” in translation and affect the way topics are organized. This study explores how shifts in topical development in translation influence rhetorical structure and ultimately news content. Using Lautamatti’s Topical Structure Analysis and Bell’s Event Structure Model, the paper describes the translation strategies applied in (re)producing the source text’s topical and event structures in the target language in a corpus of Hungarian–English news texts (the summary sections of analytical news articles). Results show that while translators generally preserve the sources’ structure in translation, in some cases (e.g. sequential topic progression) significant changes occur, altering the status of some information as well as the event structure, thus producing modified news contents. The paper also examines whether the claim that news translation is influenced by norms similar to those regulating news production more generally applies to this news genre, too. Findings suggest that due to the stereotypical features of this genre, the data only partially support this claim.
La traducción al servicio de una línea editorial: la primavera árabe en el diario El País
Authors: Hernández Guerrero María José
Published: January 2014

Les rubriques d’opinion de la presse sont devenues de vraies tribunes, un lieu approprié pour le débat d’idées où se réunissent toute une série d’intellectuels qui débattent leurs opinions sur tout type de sujets d’actualité. Dans la presse espagnole, ces articles ne sont pas seulement signés par des figures nationales : une grande partie est rédigée par des personnalités étrangères dont les textes doivent être traduits pour leur nouveau public. L’objectif du présent travail est de découvrir de quelle manière la traduction fonctionne dans les rubriques d’opinion de la presse espagnole, comment elle est utilisée et dans quel but. Nous avons donc centré notre analyse sur la position adoptée par le quotidien espagnol El País, dans le cas d’un événement de grande retombée médiatique : le printemps arabe qui a commencé en janvier 2011. À l’aide d’une méthode descriptive, nous avons étudié le poids de la traduction dans le cadre des activités d’une entreprise journalistique afin d’établir ses axes d’action, de déterminer ses lignes de conduite et sa portée dans la culture cible.
Cultural Translation, Long-form Journalism, and Readers’ Responses to the Muslim Veil
Authors: Conway Kyle
Published: January 2014

This article examines, first, news translation as a form of cultural translation, and, second, readers’ responses to this mode of journalism. In particular, it examines the series Derrière le voile… des femmes, published in May 2010 by Radio-Canada.ca, through the lens of Hans-Georg Gadamer’s discussion of the I-Thou relationship, looking first at the stories in the series and then at readers’ comments. This series explained why some Muslim women chose to wear a niqab or veil, but the comments revealed that readers were largely unwilling to see the choice as one made freely. However, the comments also revealed that readers were willing to engage in conversation, pointing to one potential value of long-form interpretive journalism.
Political Routines in Press Translation
Authors: Kontos Petros , Sidiropoulou Maria
Published: January 2014

The paper aims at showing that the journalist-translators’ decision-making with respect to what is to be included or left out of a target text, in the limited space provided by target newspapers, is governed by background knowledge considerations which reveal awareness of current political routines – in addition to generic constraints, narrative priorities, language-specific preference, etc. This is a pragmatic level of meaning which contributes to realizing the intention of the text producer. The paper examines two source text/target text pairs of articles on Tony Blair’s premiership, fromThe GuardianandThe New York Times(2007), translated into Greek forΗ Καθημερινή(I Kathimerini) broadsheet newspaper. It presents an overview of linguistic/cultural shifts which ensure acceptability in the target text, and shows that information selection/reduction adheres – inter alia – to political theoretical background knowledge: in this case, it assumes perception of the notion of political representation, which may vary across cultures, and awareness of the features of presidentialism according to Heywood, which parliamentary executives’ conduct often exhibits. Findings underline the multi-faceted task of journalist-translators and call for a multidisciplinary approach to news translation, which would encompass political theory perspectives, in addition to linguistic and journalistic perspectives to variation.
Translating, Narrating and Constructing Images in Journalism with a Test Case on Representation in Flemish TV News
Authors: Van Doorslaer Luc
Published: January 2014

This contribution develops a framework for research dealing with translation and localization in the media. It is stated that the borderlines between translation, localization and rewriting have become very blurred in the context of news production. Parallel to transediting, a term coined earlier, the concept of the journalator is presented, i.e., an interventionist newsroom worker who makes abundant use of translation when transferring and reformulating or recreating informative journalistic texts. By reference to both narrative theory and imagology, it is shown that the creation of national and cultural images occupies a special position in the intersections between translation studies, journalism studies and image studies. In the last part, the framework is complemented by a test case dealing with the representation of neighboring countries in Dutch-language Belgian (i.e., Flemish) TV news. It indicates that particularly the coverage of Germany is marked by specific topics and image building that were hypothesized before the analysis of the corpus.
Television News Translation in the Era of Market-driven Journalism
Authors: Tsai Claire
Published: January 2014

Translation scholars have discussed the changing role of translation in the transmission of international news information and called for news translators to adapt to such changes. However, the previous discussion has neglected to address the emerging phenomenon of market-driven journalism and its implications for news translation. Ratings-conscious news stations are beginning to revise news agendas and editorial priorities with a view of competing for audiences. Translators who work in newsrooms also assume a role that is traditionally associated with journalists. The rise of market-driven journalism affords scholars the opportunity to consider how the changing ethos of journalism alters news translation strategies. Furthermore, this change forces a rethinking of some earlier assumptions regarding the nature of translation. Although the prevailing trend of market-driven journalism crosses over different media types, this paper primarily centers on the case of television journalism. By examining authentic broadcast news items that were collected from a commercial television news station in Taiwan and interviews with senior TV news translators, this paper unveils a new profile of television news translators in a news ecology that is defined by market values.
Unos baños altoimperiales en la villa romana de Casas de Luján, Segóbriga (Saelices, Cuenca)
Authors: Urbina Martínez Dionisio , Urquijo Álvarez de Toledo Catalina , Morín de Pablos Jorge
Published: January 2014

La villa romana de Casas de Luján se encuentra a 3km de Segóbriga, Cuenca, y se descubrió junto con otras cinco villas en 2010. Entre los restos encontrados se pudo identificar un taller alfarero, una almazara y parte de unos baños pertenecientes a la domus, sobre los que se centra la presente comunicación. Los baños cuentan con un praefurnium, un caldarium un tepidarium y una natatio que se pudieron excavar parcialmente. En la sala caliente se halló un mosaico bícromo, ya en parte amortizado, cuyas características nos permitirían fechar la primera construcción de estas estructuras en el primer cuarto del s. I d.C. Los restos excavados corresponden a los derrumbes de los edificios, acaecidos hacia finales del s. I d.C. al tiempo que se estaban realizando reformas, constatadas en la natatio. Estos baños constituyen uno de los escasos ejemplos hallados en la meseta central española.
Hàbitat en cova i espai pels ramats ca. 6200-6000 BP: la Cova Colomera (Prepirineu de Lleida) durant el neolític antic
Authors: Oms Arias Xavier , López-García Juan M. , Mangado Xavier , Martín Patricia , Mendiela Susana , Morales Juan I. , Pedro Mireia , Rodríguez Anna , Rodríguez-Cintas Àgata , Yubero María
Published: January 2014

En aquest treball es presenten les dades referents a la Cova Colomera (Sant Esteve de la Sarga, Pallars Jussà) durant el Neolític cardial final. A partir dels diferents sondejos duts a terme des de l’any 2005, s’ha pogut observar la varietat d’usos i funcionalitats del jaciment en moments potencialment sincrònics. Per una banda, una zona on predominen les estructures de caire domèstic (fogars, fosses i forats de pal) que ens mostren les dades entorn l’hàbitat al jaciment; i per altra banda, un gran sector de la cavitat dedicat a l’estabulació de ramats amb sediments de tipus fumier i probablement  també a l’emmagatzematge. Tot això succeeix en unes datacions d’entre 6180±40 i 6020±50 BP. Aquestes dades es contextualitzen amb les d’altres jaciments de la zona pirinenca, un àmbit que sempre ha estat definit en la bibliografia com un espai de pas entre diferents biòtops ecològics, de les planes fèrtils a les pastures d’estiu.
Antiguas noticias, nuevas interpretaciones: la ocupación campaniforme del Cerro del Castillo de Burgos
Authors: Carmona Ballestero Eduardo
Published: January 2014

El trabajo centra su interés en el registro arqueológico prehistórico procedente del Cerro del Castillo de Burgos. La información procede de la excavación llevada cabo a mediados de los años 80 por el equipo dirigido por José Luis Uribarri. En ella se documentaron evidencias campaniformes en el estrato más antiguo de una secuencia fundamentalmente protohistórica (nivel XII). Su presencia dio pie a interpretar tal estrato como un “nivel de ocupación” campaniforme. Una revisión de los materiales arqueológicos efectuada por el firmante mostraba discrepancias respecto de las consideraciones expresadas por el equipo de excavación. Puesto que el registro del Cerro del Castillo ha sido utilizado habitualmente por los investigadores en sus argumentaciones, era necesario llevar a cabo una actualización de la información arqueológica y, en consecuencia, formular una nueva propuesta sobre la naturaleza de la “ocupación” campaniforme del Cerro del Castillo.
La difusión de las emisiones ibéricas layetanas
Authors: G. Sinner Alejandro
Published: January 2014

Los hallazgos numismáticos cuya procedencia nos es conocida y resulta fiable permiten delimitar y evaluar, con bastante detalle, el territorio en el que la moneda objeto de estudio era conocida y utilizada. Las pautas de población y las vías de comunicaciones terrestres, marítimas y fluviales, son factores que condicionan la dispersión del numerario. No podemos olvidar que son las personas quienes trasportan la moneda, y éstas, por regla general, se desplazan mediante la utilización de una red viaria que une los centros donde se agrupan. Este trabajo pretende realizar un estudio sobre la difusión de la moneda ibérica layetana con la finalidad de analizar si, efectivamente, los factores anteriormente mencionados han dejado huella en el registro arqueológico y, en el caso que así sea, interpretarlos para conocer mejor el uso y las pautas de circulación de estas amonedaciones.
Interazioni artigianali e sviluppi della manifattura ceramica locale a S’Uraki (Sardegna) fra la prima età del ferro e il periodo punico
Authors: Roppa Andrea , Hayne Jeremy , Madrigali Emanuele
Published: January 2014

Questo contributo è focalizzato su manifattura e circolazione di manufatti ceramici presso il sito di S’Uraki (Sardegna centro-occidentale) attraverso lo studio di una selezione di reperti provenienti dagli scavi in corso. La cultura materiale recuperata sul sito testimonia che S’Uraki, un insediamento originariamente nuragico continuativamente insediato fra l’età del Bronzo e l’età romana imperiale, fu soggetto a profonde trasformazioni nel corso dell’età del Ferro, come conseguenza delle interazioni fra abitanti locali e migranti Fenici dall’ottavo secolo a.C. in poi.
UN FRAGMENT D’INSCRIPCIÓ DE LA VIL·LA ROMANA DEL CAMÍ DE VINAMARGO (CASTELLÓ DE LA PLANA)
Authors: Arasa Gil Ferran , Alfonso Llorens Joaquín , Miguélez González Ana
Published: January 2014

Estudi d'una nova inscripció.
Direct-current sputter epitaxy of Si and its application to fabricate n+-emitters for crystalline-Si solar cells
Authors: Yeh Wenchang , Tatebe Kyohei , Sugihara Keisuke , Huang Hsiangen
Published: January 2014

Direct-current sputter epitaxy of Si on a Si(001) substrate was realized at 175 °C at a growth rate of 3.3 nm·s−1 and was applied to form n+-emitters of crystalline-Si solar cells. A solar cell with a 50-nm-thick n+-emitter exhibited a short current density of 23.8 mA·cm−2 owing to an increased internal quantum efficiency at wavelengths between 400 and 600 nm. The improved efficiency was due to the step junction characteristics of the epitaxially grown n+-emitter exhibiting a better response at short wavelengths, a performance better than that of the graded junction formed by thermal diffusion.
Stereoselective Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Heterocyclic Monomers
Authors: Takeuchi Daisuke
Published: January 2014

Recent progress in stereoselective ring‐opening polymerization of heterocyclic monomers, especially polymerization and copolymerization of epoxides and lactones, is summarized. Zn, Al, Co, and Cr complexes promote stereospecific ring‐opening polymerization of epoxides as well as copolymerization of epoxides with carbon dioxide. Enantioselective polymerization of epoxide is also achieved to afford optically active polyethers. Cr and lanthanide complexes promote stereoselective polymerization of β‐butyrolactone. Stereospecific polymerization of lactide has been achieved by using varieties of metal catalysts, including Al, Ga, In, Mg, Ca, Sn, Zn, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ge, and rare earth metals. Organic catalysts such as carbenes and phosphazene bases are also utilized for the synthesis of stereoregular polylactide. By utilizing those stereoselective polymerizations, more stereogradient and stereoblock copolymers have been synthesized. Polylactides with high degree of stereoregularity show high melting points. One‐to‐one mixtures of isotactic poly(
l
‐lactide) and poly(
d
‐lactide) or stereoblock copolymer of
l
‐lactide and
d
‐lactide show higher melting points compared with the polymer of homochiral monomer, due to the formation of stereocomplex.
Smoke consequences of new wildfire regimes driven by climate change
Authors: McKenzie Donald , Shankar Uma , Keane Robert E. , Stavros E. Natasha , Heilman Warren E. , Fox Douglas G. , Riebau Allen C.
Published: January 2014

Smoke from wildfires has adverse biological and social consequences, and various lines of evidence suggest that smoke from wildfires in the future may be more intense and widespread, demanding that methods be developed to address its effects on people, ecosystems, and the atmosphere. In this paper, we present the essential ingredients of a modeling system for projecting smoke consequences in a rapidly warming climate that is expected to change wildfire regimes significantly. We describe each component of the system, offer suggestions for the elements of a modeling agenda, and provide some general guidelines for making choices among potential components. We address a prospective audience of researchers whom we expect to be fluent already in building some or many of these components, so we neither prescribe nor advocate particular models or software. Instead, our intent is to highlight fruitful ways of thinking about the task as a whole and its components, while providing substantial, if not exhaustive, documentation from the primary literature as reference. This paper provides a guide to the complexities of smoke modeling under climate change, and a research agenda for developing a modeling system that is equal to the task while being feasible with current resources.
Assessment of OMI near‐UV aerosol optical depth over land
Authors: Ahn Changwoo , Torres Omar , Jethva Hiren
Published: January 2014

This is the first comprehensive assessment of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) product retrieved from the near‐UV observations by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard the Aura satellite. The OMI‐retrieved AOD by the UV aerosol algorithm (OMAERUV version 1.4.2) was evaluated using collocated Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) level 2.0 direct Sun AOD measurements over 8 years (2005–2012). A time series analysis of collocated satellite and ground‐based AOD observations over 8 years shows no discernible drift in OMI's calibration. A rigorous validation analysis over 4 years (2005–2008) was carried out at 44 globally distributed AERONET land sites. The chosen locations are representative of major aerosol types such as smoke from biomass burning or wildfires, desert mineral dust, and urban/industrial pollutants. Correlation coefficient (ρ) values of 0.75 or better were obtained at 50% of the sites with about 33% of the sites in the analysis reporting regression line slope values larger than 0.70 but always less than unity. The combined AERONET‐OMAERUV analysis of the 44 sites yielded a ρ of 0.81, slope of 0.79, y intercept of 0.10, and 65% OMAERUV AOD falling within the expected uncertainty range (largest of 30% or 0.1) at 440 nm. The most accurate OMAERUV retrievals are reported over northern Africa locations where the predominant aerosol type is desert dust and cloud presence is less frequent. Reliable retrievals were documented at many sites characterized by urban‐type aerosols with low to moderate AOD values, concentrated in the boundary layer. These results confirm that the near‐UV observations are sensitive to the entire aerosol column. A simultaneous comparison of OMAERUV, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue, and Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) AOD retrievals to AERONET measurements was also carried out to evaluate the OMAERUV accuracy in relation to those of the standard aerosol satellite products. The outcome of the comparison indicates that OMAERUV, MODIS Deep Blue, and MISR retrieval accuracies in arid and semiarid environments are statistically comparable.
Individual aerosol particles in ambient and updraft conditions below convective cloud bases in the Oman mountain region
Authors: Semeniuk T. A. , Bruintjes R. T. , Salazar V. , Breed D. W. , Jensen T. L. , Buseck P. R.
Published: January 2014

An airborne study of cloud microphysics provided an opportunity to collect aerosol particles in ambient and updraft conditions of natural convection systems for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Particles were collected simultaneously on lacey carbon and calcium‐coated carbon (Ca‐C) TEM grids, providing information on particle morphology and chemistry and a unique record of the particle's physical state on impact. In total, 22 particle categories were identified, including single, coated, aggregate, and droplet types. The fine fraction comprised up to 90% mixed cation sulfate (MCS) droplets, while the coarse fraction comprised up to 80% mineral‐containing aggregates. Insoluble (dry), partially soluble (wet), and fully soluble particles (droplets) were recorded on Ca‐C grids. Dry particles were typically silicate grains; wet particles were mineral aggregates with chloride, nitrate, or sulfate components; and droplets were mainly aqueous NaCl and MCS. Higher numbers of droplets were present in updrafts (80% relative humidity (RH)) compared with ambient conditions (60% RH), and almost all particles activated at cloud base (100% RH). Greatest changes in size and shape were observed in NaCl‐containing aggregates (>0.3 µm diameter) along updraft trajectories. Their abundance was associated with high numbers of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and cloud droplets, as well as large droplet sizes in updrafts. Thus, compositional dependence was observed in activation behavior recorded for coarse and fine fractions. Soluble salts from local pollution and natural sources clearly affected aerosol‐cloud interactions, enhancing the spectrum of particles forming CCN and by forming giant CCN from aggregates, thus, making cloud seeding with hygroscopic flares ineffective in this region.
DyeIonogels: Proton‐Responsive Ionogels Based on a Dye‐Ionic Liquid Exhibiting Reversible Color Change
Authors: Xie Zai‐Lai , Huang Xing , Taubert Andreas
Published: January 2014

Transparent, ion‐conducting, and flexible ionogels based on the room temperature ionic liquid (IL) 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide [Bmim][N(Tf)2], the dye‐IL (DIL) 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium methyl orange [Bmim][MO], and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) are prepared. Upon IL incorporation the thermal stability of the PMMA matrix significantly increases from 220 to 280 °C. The ionogels have a relatively high ionic conductivity of 10−4 S cm−1 at 373 K. Most importantly, the ionogels exhibit a strong and reversible color change when exposed to aqueous or organic solutions containing protons or hydroxide ions. The resulting material is thus a prototype of soft multifunctional matter featuring ionic conductivity, easy processability, response to changes in the environment, and a strong readout signal, the color change, that could be used in optical data storage or environmental sensing.
Reversible Disorder in a Room Temperature Ferromagnet
Authors: Tomarken Spencer L. , Silevitch Daniel M. , Aeppli Gabriel , Brinkman Braden A.W. , Xu Jian , Dahmen Karin A. , Rosenbaum Thomas F.
Published: January 2014

Random magnetic fields, varying from site to site in a magnetic material, are a form of disorder that can determine the local architecture and stability of the magnetic state. In a ferromagnet, the application of an external magnetic field can amplify the effects of the internal random fields and, in principle, harden a magnetic domain, without changing temperature and only for as long as the external field is present. Here, the rare‐earth compound Nd2Fe14B, formed with a granular morphology of random‐packed, elongated grains, is an experimental realization of the Random Field Ising Model in a room temperature ferromagnet. The application of magnetic fields transverse to the easy axis tunes the coupling between the structural disorder and the magnetic pinning properties. This material both illuminates the intricacies of tunable disorder and serves as a guidepost along the way to developing increased‐density magnetic storage media.
Polymer‐Assisted Metal Deposition (PAMD): A Full‐Solution Strategy for Flexible, Stretchable, Compressible, and Wearable Metal Conductors
Authors: Yu You , Yan Casey , Zheng Zijian
Published: January 2014

Metal interconnects, contacts, and electrodes are indispensable elements for most applications of flexible, stretchable, and wearable electronics. Current fabrication methods for these metal conductors are mainly based on conventional microfabrication procedures that have been migrated from Si semiconductor industries, which face significant challenges for organic‐based compliant substrates. This Research News highlights a recently developed full‐solution processing strategy, polymer‐assisted metal deposition (PAMD), which is particularly suitable for the roll‐to‐roll, low‐cost fabrication of high‐performance compliant metal conductors (Cu, Ni, Ag, and Au) on a wide variety of organic substrates including plastics, elastomers, papers, and textiles. This paper presents i) the principles of PAMD, and how to use it for making ii) flexible, stretchable, and wearable conductive metal electrodes, iii) patterned metal interconnects, and d) 3D stretchable and compressible metal sponges. A critical perspective on this emerging strategy is also provided.
Epidemiologic features of male genital malformations and subtypes in Texas
Authors: Agopian A.J. , Langlois Peter H. , Ramakrishnan Anushuya , Canfield Mark A.
Published: January 2014

Although distinct categories of male genital malformations share some common risk factors, few studies have systematically compared epidemiologic features across phenotypes. We evaluated the relationship between several maternal and infant characteristics and five categories of male genital malformations: second‐ or third‐degree hypospadias, hypospadias (regardless of degree), small penis, cryptorchidism, and any male genital malformation. Data for 16,813 cases with isolated male genital malformations and 1,945,841 male live births delivered from 1999 to 2008 were obtained from the Texas Birth Defects Registry. For each phenotype category, 13 maternal and infant variables were assessed, and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated based on the same multivariable Poisson regression model. A significant negative association was observed between previous live births versus no previous live births and four phenotypes (e.g., adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] for any male genital malformation: 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75–0.81). The prevalence of 4 of the phenotypes was significantly higher among multiple versus singleton pregnancies (e.g., aPR for any male genital malformation: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.25–1.47). We also observed significant associations between multiple phenotypes and residential region at delivery, delivery year, month of conception, and maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, and birthplace, including significant associations for trends (maternal age, maternal education, and birth year modeled ordinally). Our results allow for comparison of characteristics across phenotypes and suggest that there may be some common risk factors for multiple male genital malformations (e.g., characteristics related to maternal estrogen levels), while other risk factors may be unique to specific defects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The smallest de novo deletion of 20q11.21–q11.23 in a girl with feeding problems, retinal dysplasia, and skeletal abnormalities
Authors: Posmyk Renata , Leśniewicz Ryszard , Gogiel Magdalena , Chorąży Monika , Bakunowicz‐Łazarczyk Alina , Sielicka Danuta , Vermeesch Joris , Nowakowska Beata Anna
Published: January 2014

We report on a de novo interstitial deletion of 20q11.21–q11.23 in a 2‐year‐old girl with a set of dysmorphic features, cleft palate, heart defect, severe feeding problems, failure to thrive, developmental delay, preaxial polydactyly (right thumb), and retinal dysplasia. Interstitial microdeletions of the long arm of chromosome 20 are rare. Exclusively rare are proximal microdeletions involving 20q11–q12 region. Our patient is the fourth described so far and has the smallest deleted region 20q11.21–q11.23 of 5.7 Mb. The defined clinical phenotype of our patient is very similar to previously published cases and confirms the existence of retinal dysplasia and skeletal abnormalities as a part of phenotypic spectrum for deletion 20q11–q12. Description of four similar patients, including two almost identical, suggests a new distinct, phenotypicaly recognizable microdeletion syndrome associated with the loss of 20q11–q12 region. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular characterization of distal 4q duplication in two patients using oligonucleotide array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (oaCGH) analysis
Authors: Thapa Monika , Asamoah Alexander , Gowans Gordon C. , Platky Kathryn C. , Barch Margaret J. , Mouchrani Patricia , Rajakaruna Cecilia , Hersh Joseph H.
Published: January 2014

Pure/direct duplications on the long arm of chromosome 4 represent an infrequent chromosomal finding. Description of clinical findings in 30 patients has resulted in defining the 4q‐associated phenotype. However, such duplications have not been molecularly or genomically characterized yet, limiting genotype–phenotype correlation. We report on the first two patients with a duplication involving the distal third of 4q that are characterized molecularly and genomically. Clinical features in our patients typical of 4q duplication syndrome included mild intellectual disability, cranial malformation, minor facial dysmorphism, and digital anomaly. Duplication of the segment 4q33–4q34, appears to be the critical region resulting in the phenotype associated with 4q duplication syndrome. The genes GLRA3, GMP6A that are invovled in neurogenesis and HAND2 in craniofacial development, within the duplicated region of 4q, may play a key role in the clinical phenotype. As more reporting on molecular characterization of 4q duplication becomes available, the role of these underlying genes may become clearer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hypoglycemia in Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Harrington Rena A. , Weinstein David A. , Miller Jennifer L.
Published: January 2014

Although mouse models of Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) suggest that hypoglycemia may be part of this syndrome, review of the literature shows little evidence that it is an issue in humans with PWS. Both adrenal and growth hormone deficiency can be seen in PWS, and both of these hormone deficiencies are associated with increased risk for hypoglycemia. We reviewed medical records for patients with PWS seen at the University of Florida Prader–Willi Program. Children were 2 months to 5 years of age. We recorded the presence, degree, and persistence of hypoglycemia, age of first occurrence, genetic diagnosis, and gestational age. Repeated hypoglycemia was determined if individuals had multiple blood glucose (BG) values <50 mg/dl before 1 month old, or BG levels <50 mg/dl once and additional BG values <70 mg/dl after 1 year of age. Of 95 patient charts reviewed, 12 (12.6%) had recorded hypoglycemia. Six of 12 patients with hypoglycemia had documented BG levels <40 mg/dl. Seven had their first episode of hypoglycemia within the first day of life. Of these seven individuals, five had BG <40 mg/dl. Repeated hypoglycemia was noted in 10 patients (83% of all patients with hypoglycemia). Only two with hypoglycemia had documented adrenal insufficiency. Our study suggests that infants with PWS may be predisposed to hypoglycemia from birth. Additional investigation is necessary to confirm our findings and define the cause of hypoglycemia. If the presence of hypoglycemia is confirmed, early detection and treatment may result in improved neurocognitive outcomes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monochorionic twins discordant for mosaic trisomy 14
Authors: He Mai , Pepperell John R. , Gundogan Fusun , De Paepe Monique E. , Maggio Lindsay , Lu Shaolei , Kostadinov Stefan , O'Brien Barbara , DeLaMonte Suzanne , Pinar Halit , Tantravahi Umadevi
Published: January 2014

Monochorionic‐diamniotic twins are usually monozygotic twins and known to be associated with adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Cases of discordant karyotype of monozygotic twins are rare and most involves sex chromosomes. We present the first case of monochorionic twins with discordant karyotype manifested as mosaic trisomy 14 in one twin (B) and a normal karyotype in the other (A). We describe the postmortem pathological and imaging findings of the trisomic twin and for the first time neuropathological findings of this entity. Metaphase chromosome analysis of twin B using fetal tissue showed a 47,XX, +14 karyotype. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) using fetal tissue revealed 38% mosaicism. CMA with placental tissue from both sides demonstrated normal karyotype and confirmed monozygosity, highlighting the value of array based testing on diagnosing mosaicism and zygosity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term observation of a patient with dominant omodysplasia
Authors: Gordon Barbara L. , Champaigne Neena L. , Rogers R. Curtis , Frias Jaime L. , Leroy Jules G.
Published: January 2014

We report on the natural history of a female with dominant omodysplasia, a rare osteochondrodysplasia with short stature, rhizomelia of the extremities (upper extremities more affected), and short first metacarpals. The proband had normal molecular analysis of the glypican 6 gene (GPC6), which was recently reported as a candidate for autosomal recessive omodysplasia. The findings in this patient were compared to other known and suspected cases of autosomal dominant omodysplasia. Mild rhizomelic shortening of the lower extremities has not been previously reported. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cooperative breeding and Aka children's nutritional status: Is flexibility key?
Authors: Meehan Courtney L. , Helfrecht Courtney , Quinlan Robert J.
Published: January 2014

Research suggests that nonmaternal caregivers (allomothers) offer essential assistance through caregiving and provisioning, helping to support lengthy child development. Here, we examine the role of allomothers and the broader social and sharing network on Aka forager children's anthropometrics. We hypothesize that nonmaternal investors strategically target their assistance when it is most needed and when it will have the greatest effect. We evaluate children's nutritional status using WHO standards [weight‐for‐age (WAZ), height‐for‐age (HAZ), and weight‐for‐height (WHZ)] during four periods of child development [early infancy (birth to <9 months), mobility to weaning (9 to <36 months), early childhood (36 to <72 months), and middle childhood (72 to <120 months);N = 127]. We explore the effects of allomothers and the social network across these different risk periods and examine whether the broader social network buffers the loss of a primary allomother. ANOVA results suggest that girls may be experiencing some growth faltering, while boys start smaller and remain small across these stages. We used OLS multiple regression models to evaluate the effects of sex, camp composition, risk periods, and allomothers' presence on WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ. Grandmothers are the most influential allomother, with their effect most evident during the 9 to <36 month period. Camp size was also associated with greater WAZ, suggesting that children residing in small camps may be disadvantaged. Our findings also indicate that, under specific residence patterns, cooperative child rearing networks buffer the loss of a grandmother. Overall, our results suggest the importance of social networks to children's nutritional status and that individuals target investment to critical phases. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:513–525, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sensing Acetylcholine and Anticholinesterase Compounds
Authors: Schena Alberto , Johnsson Kai
Published: January 2014

Acetylcholine is a key neurotransmitter, and anticholinesterase agents are essential compounds used as medical drugs, pesticides, and chemical warfare agents. A semisynthetic fluorescence‐based probe for the direct, real‐time detection of acetylcholine and anticholinesterase compounds is introduced. The probe possesses good sensitivity, tunable detection range, and can be selectively targeted to cell surfaces, thereby making it an attractive tool for applications in analytical chemistry and quantitative biology.
From Disilene (SiSi) to Phosphasilene (SiP) and Phosphacumulene (PCN)
Authors: Willmes Philipp , Cowley Michael J. , Hartmann Marco , Zimmer Michael , Huch Volker , Scheschkewitz David
Published: January 2014

The generation of heavier double‐bond systems without by‐ or side‐product formation is of considerable importance for their application in synthesis. Peripheral functional groups in such alkene homologues are promising in this regard owing to their inherent mobility. Depending on the steric demand of the N‐alkyl substituent R, the reaction of disilenide Ar2SiSi(Ar)Li (Ar=2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2) with ClP(NR2)2 either affords the phosphinodisilene Ar2SiSi(Ar)P(NR2)2 (for R=iPr) or P‐amino functionalized phosphasilenes Ar2(R2N)SiSi(Ar)P(NR2) (for R=Et, Me) by 1,3‐migration of one of the amino groups. In case of R=Me, upon addition of one equivalent of tert‐butylisonitrile a second amino group shift occurs to yield the 1‐aza‐3‐phosphaallene Ar2(R2N)SiSi(NR2)(Ar)PCNtBu with pronounced ylidic character. All new compounds were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and DFT calculations in selected cases.
Zn2+‐Regulated Self‐Sorting and Mixing of Phosphates and Carboxylates on the Surface of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Pezzato Cristian , Scrimin Paolo , Prins Leonard J.
Published: January 2014

Herein, we describe the self‐sorting of phosphate‐ and carboxylate‐containing molecules on the surface of monolayer‐protected gold nanoparticles. Self‐sorting is driven by selective interactions between the phosphate probe and Zn2+ complexes in one monolayer; these interactions force the carboxylate probe to move to a second type of nanoparticle. This process effectively separates the probes and causes their localization in well‐defined spaces surrounding the nanoparticles. The removal/addition of Zn2+ metal ions from the system is used to convert the system from an ordered to a disordered state and vice versa. The possibility to control the location and transport of populations of molecules in a complex mixture creates new perspectives for the development of innovative complex catalytic systems that mimic nature.