bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network Approach to the Child With Primary Intestinal Failure
Authors: De Marco Giulio , Barabino Arrigo , Gambarara Manuela , Diamanti Antonella , Martelossi Stefano , Guarino Alfredo
Published: July 2006

Intestinal failure (IF) is a rare condition resulting from short gut and other heterogeneous intestinal diseases. Major centers in Italy merged in a national network to build common diagnostic and management approaches and to investigate the natural history of IF. Gastroenterological reference centers with specific expertise in intestinal morphology, diagnosis of autoimmune conditions, intestinal microbiology and parenteral nutrition were identified to act as consultants to the network. These centers of expertise provided specific diagnostic approaches while ensuring high technical standards. The approach allowed each center to learn from a larger cohort of patient samples. A database was set up to investigate etiology, epidemiology and natural history of IF. A common diagnostic algorithm for intractable diarrhea was designed. This process was largely based on electronic communication among centers and specimen shipping. Etiologic diagnosis was obtained in almost all cases of IF secondary to severe protracted diarrhea. The study of the natural history of IF showed a close association between etiology of IF and its outcome. The natural history of IF also provided the starting point for specific therapeutic approaches to its complications such as parenteral nutrition‐associated cholestasis and catheter‐related sepsis. The network approach to IF provides an effective model to optimize resources and prospectively investigate the natural history of IF, essential steps to design interventions, including intestinal transplantation and improve the outcome of IF.
The twoEscherichia colichromosome arms locate to separate cell halves
Authors: Wang Xindan , Liu Xun , Possoz Christophe , Sherratt David J.
Published: July 2006

DNA replication divides the circularEscherichia colichromosome into equal arms (replichores). Visualization of pairwise combinations of multiple genetic loci reveals that the two replichores occupy separate nucleoid halves, with the replication origin between; positions of loci on each replichore recapitulate the genetic map. Sequential replication–segregation regenerates the  structure by sequentially layering newly replicated replichore DNA to specific inner and outer edges of the developing sister nucleoids. Replication fork-dependent locus positions are imprinted, so that in most generations the  chromosome orientation in a mother cell is recreated as a  arrangement of sister chromosomes in daughter cells.
Dealing with complaints against the police: the resolution process adopted by the Queensland Police Service, Australia
Authors: Holland Robert C.
Published: July 2006

In 1993 Queensland Police Service, Australia changed the way they dealt with complaints against police officers. The type of system they chose recognized that the majority of complaints against police were of a minor nature, and most complainants generally sought an explanation, an apology, or an assurance that a senior officer would talk to the subject officer. After two years of operation the system is proving successful. Moreover, the system is providing mutually acceptable complaint outcomes and a process that is mostly satisfactory to all parties involved. In the following pages the disciplinary system is outlined and the extent of citizen and officer perceptions of satisfaction are discussed.
Development and progression of urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Kakizoe Tadao
Published: July 2006

Urothelial carcinomas are well known to feature multifocal development in the urinary tract, both synchronously and asynchronously. This phenomenon can be explained by either seeding of cancer cells in the urinary tract or field cancerization. As there are two characteristic morphological patterns of urothelial carinomas, papillary and nodular, published papers were here reviewed to understand the development and progression of urothelial carcinoma regarding multifocality due to seeding or field changes with reference to the type of urothelial carcinoma. From animal experiments using rats, mice and dogs treated with N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydoroxybutyl) nitrosamine, and from pathological observation of human cystectomy specimens on step‐sectioning and molecular analysis, nodular carcinomas appear to either develop via papillary carcinomas or de novo. Clinical aspects of multifocal tumor development are outside of the scope of this review, although an understanding of the mechanisms underlying multifocality and the papillary/nodular morphological relationship is important to determine follow‐up strategies for patients treated for primary urothelial carcinomas and for reconstruction of the urinary tract after cystectomy. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 821–828)
Cocaine‐ and Amphetamine‐Regulated Transcript is Overexpressed in the Anteroventral Periventricular Nucleus of Pregnant Rats
Authors: Valera A. G. , Cavalcante J. C. , Elias C. F. , Felício L. F.
Published: July 2006

The anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) is sexually dimorphic, presenting a higher neuronal density in females. The AVPV contains a dense collection of oestrogen and progesterone receptors and has been related to the modulation of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion and gene expression in response to circulating hormonal levels. It has been suggested that cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) is also related to reproductive control because CART immunoreactive fibres are in close apposition with GnRH neurones. A portion of these fibres originate in the AVPV but its role in mediating hormonal action needs to be better explored. We hypothesised that CART expression in the AVPV would be influenced by the reproductive state and, consequently, by hormonal levels. To test this hypothesis, we analysed CART expression in the AVPV of female rats in different reproductive states (pro‐oestrous, pregnancy and lactation). We found that, on the 19th day of pregnancy, female rats presented increased CART expression. Our findings indicate that AVPV CART expression is influenced by the reproductive state and that CART neurones in the AVPV may play a role in the hormonal mechanisms involved in the induction of maternal behaviour.
Mepartricin long‐term administration regulates steroid hormone and adrenergic receptor concentrations in the prostate of aged rats
Authors: BARBERO R. , BADINO P. , ODORE R. , GALMOZZI M. R. , CUNIBERTI B. , ZANATTA R. , RE G.
Published: July 2006

Mepartricin is a semi‐synthetic macrolide antibiotic developed as a drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in human patients. In the present study, aged rats are used as an experimental model to evaluate the effects of mepartricin on circulating hormone concentrations and prostate receptor concentrations, to compare these possible effects with clinical findings observed in long‐term treated dogs. Fifty‐six aged male rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups treated orally with 0 (group 1), 2 mg (group 2), 5 mg (group 3) and 20 mg (group 4) mepartricin/kg of body weight. for 28 days respectively. Serum oestradiol and testosterone concentrations were measured by radio‐immune‐assays methods. Binding assays were used to measure the prostate concentrations of oestrogen receptors (ER), androgen receptors (AnR),α1‐adrenergic receptor (α1‐AR), andβ‐adrenerergic receptor (β‐AR) subtypes. Mepartricin induced a significant reduction of prostate weight and serum oestradiol concentrations. Serum testosterone concentrations were unaffected. The treatment induced a significant down‐regulation of ER concentrations (P < 0.05) and a significant up‐regulation of AnR (P < 0.05) in rat prostate. Mepartricin induced a significant (P < 0.05) dose‐dependent up‐regulation ofα1‐AR andβ2‐AR. In contrast, the concentration ofβ3‐ARs was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in treated animals. The increase in prostateβ2‐AR concentrations observed in subjects treated with mepartricin may be a favourable element in the evolution of BPH, because of the role exerted by these receptors in the control of prostatic smooth muscle relaxation. Curiously,β3‐AR concentrations were significantly reduced in treated animals. Data collected suggest that the prostaticβ‐AR expression might be strongly influenced by oestrogen deprivation (mepartricin treatment); therefore, the combination of oestrogen suppression (mepartricin) and adrenergic suppression (α1‐AR blockers) may be proposed as a possible nonhormonal therapeutic strategy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in dogs.
state Lotteries and Crime
Authors: Mikesell John , Pirog‐Good Maureen A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The impact of having a state lottery on the rate of crime against property in that state is estimated. Arguments in the standard economic model of criminal activity employed here include the unemployment rate, real income per capita, presence of the death penalty in the state as a proxy for general severity of punishment, police officers per capita, the percentage of population between the ages of 5 and 24, and the presence of a state lottery. Because the decision of a state to operate a lottery may correlate with crime rates, a selectivity model was run to extract any bias, but no such bias was found. The analysis used data for the 50 states plus the District of Columbia from 1970 through 1984. The results suggest that presence of a state lottery is associated with a crime rate higher by about 3 percent, an effect both statistically significant and practically important.
The Use of Statistics: Bismarck, Sausages and Policy
Authors: Spirer Herbert F. , Spirer Louise
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Bismarck is supposed to have said that the making of neither policy, nor sausages, should be watched. Today, because the electronic media allow the public‐and statisticians‐to watch the Congresses it deliberates, the process of formulating policy is more open. The authors discuss two important bills and the differences in approach. In debating a bill on hate crimes, the Senate Judiciary Committee proposed a sensible data collection policy and analysis; in debating a bill on drug education, these same senators relied on opinion rather than on available data which might have provided valuable statistical input to the discussion and the eventual decisions the senators agreed upon. The authors ask why the policy‐makers chose to use such different approaches to data collection.
Shadows of the Past:
Authors: Gray David J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Sociologists have studied various forms of prejudice, but seldom their own. G. Wright Mills emphasis on the relationship of history, Social structure and biography encourages us to reflect on our own case. In the present instance, the attitudes and beliefs of a Welsh‐American are examined in social context. Three implicit themes are revealed: (1) the sociological perspective is essential in understanding self; (2) for self‐knowledge no biography is more important than one's own; (3) the examination of the origin of personal prejudices may aid in understanding, more than condemning, those of others.
Paradigms and Cultures:
Authors: Zupan Mark A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract.Self‐interest, start‐up costs, sunk costs and network externalities are mooted asfactorsinhibiting the introduction and adoption of new ways of thinking in economics and society. In spite of the possibility of Pareto improvements, even in the sort of doctoral research that is done, experimental evidence supports the view that once in place a paradigm or culture will tend to remain in place.
Church Ministry and the Free Rider Problem:
Authors: Wallis Joe L
Published: July 2006

AbstractQuestions raised by the theory ofcollective action atea point of departure for an analysis of the economic aspect of churchministryChurch ministry is the supply of meaning validated through membercommitmentChurches select the demand for meaning validation they make on their members on a continuum ranging from “strict exclusiveness” to “lenient mclusiveness” Tensions which arise may be resolved through modality and sodality structures in symbiotic relationship with each other Various solutions tofree riderproblems are reviewed with emphasis being given to the formation of second order volitions and the provision of “in process” benefits Sen's distinction between sympathy and commitment is used to ascertain the primary motivation underlying three levels ofgiving to churchesThe State can preserve a “free market” in religion through thedisestablishmentof churches
Defense Spending and Unemployment Rates:
Authors: Abell John D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Empirical evidence is provided, using vectorautoregressive techniques, that the employment impacts of defense spending are not equally distributed among racial and gender lines and across time. While increases in defense spending were generally found to be associated with increases in each of the unemployment rates, in the 1980s, it was observed that black males were most severely impacted by such spending, while white males were least severely impacted. It is hypothesized that this finding is consistent with a military industrial complex that has become increasingly complex and which focuses more on high tech weapons procurement than on personnel and maintenance concerns. In contrast, non‐defense spending increases were associated with unemployment rate decreases in all categories. However, in terms of the distribution of these “favorable” impacts, white males benefitted the most and black males benefitted the least.
The Endogenous Economist:
Authors: Gauci Bernard , Baumgartner Thomas
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In the social sciences there exist links of communication and influence between the scientists and the actors of the modelled social systems. Social scientists are therefore endogenous parts of the systems which they study. Theories and models shouid be self‐referential. The treatment of information in the rational choice models of the new classical theory, with its core assumption of rational expectations, has stopped short of extending the concept of endogeneity to the economists themselves. Economic theory proceeds on the assumption that it yields the true model and that the actors in the system share this same model even though economists have not yet agreed on this unique model. Moreover, it assumes that economists' disputes about the true model do not prompt the actors of the system to take positions and opt for one or the other of the discussed models. The use of a unique model perspective to interpret the response of financial markets to monetary announcements leads to inconclusive interpretations of the evidence. These findings are better interpreted as the result of multi model competition that has spilled over from academic science to the financial markets themselves.
Evolving Electric Utility Regulatory Policy
Authors: Michelfelder Richard A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract.Current electricutility pricingmethods understate themarginal social castsof electricity.Electricity pricesare set to cover the utility's average cost rather than the higher marginal social cost. This mispricing hides fromconsumersthe true cost their consumption imposes on society and, thereby, encourages them to ignore efficientconservationopportunities. Additionally, the conservation market suffers from a number of imperfections such as barriers to the acquisition of information, high upfront capital costs and the lack ofconservation equipmentavailability. The electricity and conservation multimarket equilibrium is not achieved. The result is that society overconsumes (excess demand) electricity, overinvests in electricgenerating plantsand underinvests (excess supply) in conservation resources. The large, yet uncertain, level of foregone conservation investment offers new opportunities forregulators and electric utility managersto improveeconomic efficiencywith regulatory and planning policies that appropriately encourage the cost effective use of conservation resources. In the absence of the most efficient policy,marginal social cost pricing, integrated resource planning(IRP) is being adopted as a potential second‐best regulatory policy and utility resource planning framework to improveenergy efficiency.IRP uses mathematical optimization methods to search among many alternate resource portfolios of electricity creating and saving technologies. These methods identify the mix that best meets society's needs with the leastsocial cost, where thesocial external costsand benefits of generating plant and conservation, respectively, are considered. Such a goal requires the choice of a resource portfolio that optimizes a complex objective function. As a result, the solution offers a resource action plan for electric utilities thatmaybe Pareto‐improving.
The Valuation of Household Production: Divorce, Wrongful Injury and Death Litigation
Authors: Fischer Charles C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. An important subject, that of placing an economic value on household production for divorce, wrongful injury and death litigation, is examined. Both theory and practice are explored, with emphasis given to the latter. National questionnaire data obtained by the author suggest that forensic economists generally take a conservative, perhaps overly narrow, approach in valuing household production. Possible reasons for this, implications, and future directions in forensic practice are discussed
The Eisenhower Administration and the Demise of GATT: Dancing with Pandora
Authors: Friman H. Richard
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Despite other policy successes, the Eisenhower presidency left a flawed legacy in the area of international trade. Faced with a dilemma of contending domestic and international pressures from 1955–57, it traded short‐run success for what would become the long‐run weakening of the international trade regime. Yet, this trade‐off hides the true irony of what scholars have termed the administration's “ideal solution.” The flawed leadership of both Dwight D. Eisenhower and John Foster Dulles helped to create the administration's very dilemma of being caught between contending pressures.
South Korean Labor Market Discrimination Against Women: Estimating Its Cost
Authors: Monk‐Turner Elizabeth , Turner Charlie G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. South Korean chaebols (large family owned firms) have extensive government ties which provide them with favorable treatment. In turn, the government obtains support from the chaebols. The chaebols have gained economic or excess profits through exploiting monopolistic power in the domestic South Korean product market and through exploiting monopsonistic power in the domestic factor market.

How a monopsonistic firm obtains excess profits is illustrated and related to the behavior of the chaebols as a whole. Major focus is on the labor market. The chaebols have discretionary power over how to exploit their monopsonistic position. The status of women in the South Korean work force in light of this discretionary power is considered. An estimate of the income loss involved is made.
Cooperation Within the Entity of the Firm:
Authors: NIX JOAN
Published: July 2006

Abstract.When the presence of unexploited/ree riding opportunities within organizations is considered a sign of cooperation among employees, a repeated prisoner's dilemma game may be used as an explanation. In this paper, arguments against sole reliance on the repeated prisoner's dilemma game for explaining cooperation within the firm are set forth. Some overlooked reasons for explaining cooperation are offered.
Potential Tax Revenue from a Regulated Marijuana Market A Meaningful Revenue Source
Authors: Caputo Michael R. , Ostrom Brian J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Dissatisfaction with current drug policy measures has led to a push for the regulation of drugs, especially marijuana. On the premise that such regulation is a real possibility, estimates of potential tax revenue from a regulation scheme and critical comments on other estimates of the size of the marijuana market are presented. For 1991, potential tax revenue is estimated to range from 2.55 to 9.09 billion dollars. The uncertainty surrounding the price elasticity of demand for marijuana, home cultivation of marijuana by individual users, and the extent to which purchases may still be made from the black market are discussed, as are their implications for potential tax revenue.
Henry George and Europe
Authors: Silagi Michael
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The basic ideas of Henry George, 19th century American economist and social philosopher, were not novel in Denmark, which had a tradition of land value taxation and free trade. But they had special appeal for its smallholder farmers. They demanded that George's principles be applied more fully, getting all tax revenues from the land's unimproved value, so that taxes on buildings, personal property and wages could be abolished. Viggo Ullman's Danish‐Norwegian translation of Progress and Poverty won the commitment of folk school movement leaders and the intelligentsia. In 1903 large landowners gained control of the Liberal Party and proceeded to abolish the traditional land tax, producer of up to 50 percent of State revenues. The Radical Liberals split and took over, to some extent carrying out George's taxation principles. In 1919 a Georgist party, the “Retsforbundet” was founded; it won the balance of power in 1957. But lack of finances and organizing ability and growing voter apathy ended its progress.
The Grameen Bank and Poverty alleviation in Bangladesh
Authors: Wahid Abu, N. M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The Grameen (grameen means rural) Bank of Bangladesh has innovated a mechanism under which credit can be provided to the poorest of the poor on a group liability basis instead of any collateral. Based on this principle, over the last decade, the bank has been successfully operating with an unprecedented loan recovery rate. Although from the point of view of profits, the Grameen Bank is not yet a viable institution, empirical evidence suggests that the bank's credit program has significantly improved the socioeconomic conditions of its borrowers. The Grameen Bank's success story in the alleviation of poverty in Bangladesh has resulted in widespread attempts of its replication in many other countries including the United States and Canada. The spread of the Grameen Bank idea around the world has drawn keen attention from researchers, policy makers and agencies interested in rural development.
Canada's Global Competitiveness Challenge
Authors: Ezeala‐Harrison Fidel
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Any conclusions regarding Canada's competitiveness must be based on the criteria of total factor productivity rather than trade performance. The use of available data on merchandise export/import balance is misleading because merchandise trade, for instance, precludes trade in services. While trade performance criteria is less than sufficient in judging the competitiveness of Canada, close study of the total factor productivity criteria does not find evidence for the alleged “crisis of Canadian loss of competitiveness.”
Henry George
Authors: Siemens Robert Peter
Published: July 2006

Abstract. It is contended in Part I that Henry George should be recognized as an original American social theorist. He was a pioneering postmodern contributor to social theory who criticized the linear idea of progress and anticipated Durkheim's concept of the “collective consciousness,” He recognized the fateful consequences of the separation of political economy into “economics” and “sociology.” These include the loss of moral considerations from political economy, and the rise of a sociology that culminates in the proliferation of meaningless abstractions because it is premised on amoral economic assumptions. His theory’ of speculative land value as the cause of civilizations’ decline is recapitulated and shown in a larger context. The congruence between George's and Weber's concerns and conceptions is detailed. Part 11 (in the April 1995 issue) concludes by tracing the tragic consequences for modern American social theory, from Spencer to Parsons, that result from confusing the value of commodities with the value of land, of private wealth with social value.
Henry George and Social Theory
Authors: Siemens Robert Peter
Published: July 2006

Abstract. It was contended in Part 1 (in the January, 1995 issue) that Henry George should be recognized as an original American social theorist. He was a pioneering postmodern contributor to social theory who criticized the linear idea of progress and anticipated Durkheim's concept of the “collective consciousness.”

He recognized the fateful consequences of the separation of political economy into “economics” and “sociology.” These include the loss of moral considerations from political economy, and the rise of a sociology that culminates in the proliferation of meaningless abstractions because it is premised on amoral economic assumptions. His theory of speculative land value as the cause of civilizations decline is recapitulated and shown in a larger context. The congruence between the concerns and conceptions of George and Weber is detailed.

Part II concludes by tracing the tragic consequences for modern American social theory, from Spencer to Parsons, that result from confusing the value of commodities with the value of land, of private wealth with social value.
Child Welfare Allocations: State‐level Estimates of Effective Guarantees
Authors: Gensler Howard
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Welfare grants in the United States very from year to year and from state to state. Actual grants are very different from stated nominal levels of support for two reasons. First, grants are reduced for income. Second, not all qualified families receive welfare. Some do not apply. Others are discouraged, wrongly denied, or poorly counselled. The actual level of welfare support per child is estimated herein at the state level for single female household heads for each year from 1979 to 1990. A tobit estimation technique is employed to account for the probability of not receiving welfare when otherwise qualified.
C. E. Ayres's Reliance on T. H. Huxley: Did Darwin's Bulldog Bite?
Authors: Jones Lamar B.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

In David Seckler's Thorstein Veblen and the Institutionalists, the proposition is advanced that “Ayres out‐Veblens Veblen and out Deweys Dewey”. This commonly held view of the intellectual orientation of the prominent American institutional economist, Clarence Edwin Ayres, places him as an intellectual descendent of philosopher John Dewey's pragmatism, and economist Thorstein B, Veblen's institutionalist economics. Certainly such an outlook is not incorrect, but it is also not adequate if one is to achieve an understanding of Ayres. A careful check of the indexes of Ayres's major works shows that his references preponderantly go not to Dewey and to Veblen, but to Adam Smith and Charles Darwin, Moreover, it is to the latter that Ayres turned in his effort to overturn the former. However, Ayres in interpreting Darwin relied not upon Dewey and Veblen, but rather upon Thomas Henry Huxley, the British physician turned scientist, who because of his outspoken advocacy of Darwin's evolutionary biology became known as “Darwin's bulldog.”
An International Carbon Tax to Combat Global Warming: An Economic and Political Analysis of the European Union Proposal
Authors: Herber Bernard P. , Raga Jose T.
Published: July 2006

Abstract An international carbon tax has been the subject of considerable recent discussion as an economic incentive instrument to combat the perceived threat of global warming lesuking, primarily, from the use of the carbon emitting fossils–coal, oil, and natural gas–in the production of energy. During 1991, the European Union proposed the adoption of such a tax to be imposed by each member nation. The economic merits as well as the problems associated with the proposed European carbon tax are discussed along with the political prospects for its adoption. It is concluded that even though early adoption of the tax is unlikely, the economic merits of this tax instrument for the alleviation of global warming accompanied by changing political parameters may lead to its adoption in the long run.
Emerging Social‐economic Institutions in the Venture Capital Industry:
Authors: Waddell Steven J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Nine venture capital organizations which are taking equity positions with socially guided as well as financial goals are investigated. The organizations are presented as new entrants to ihe financial industry, and are placed in the context of community development financial institutions and social investment funds. Four emerging models are identified; socially guided venture capital networks, socially guided private funds, Specialized Small Business Development Corporations and equity Community Development Corporations. Forty nine deals of six of the organizations are analyzed for financial and social outcomes. The paper concludes that the private venture funds have the most promising future, and predicts the emergence of publicly offered venture capital funds that incorporate social goals.
Thorstein Veblen's Analysis of German Intellectualism: Institutionalism as a Forecasting Method
Authors: Loader Colin , Tilman Rick
Published: July 2006

Abstract Veblen's critique of German intellectuals during World War I ran parallel to his overall critique of Imperial Germany. Elements from the modern West (liberal ideas or technology) were seen as grafted onto the German authoritarian structure in such a way as to temporarily strengthen that structure. Analysis of wartime writings by German academics verifies Veblen's assertions. Those writings presented the authoritarian state as a better protector of the interests of all the German people than was the type of constitutional state found in Britain. The shrill wartime writings of Werner Sombart wete of a different tone than those of the moderates, verifying Veblen's concerns over the explosiveness of the mixture of the modern and authoritarian, as well as its fascistic potential. Veblen's institutional forecastting can, with reservations, be rewarding in analyzing similar atavistic continuities today.
Socioeconomic Conditions and Property Crime:
Authors: Allen Ralph C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract.

A comprehensive review of the crime literature indicates varying and often opposing hypotheses of relationships between property crime and socioeconomic conditions such as poverty, business cycle conditions, demographics, criminal justice system actions, and family structure. Employing measures of each of the hypothesized factors, time‐series models for robbery, burglary, and vehicle theft are estimated from yearly and national Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data for the period 1959 through 1992 and are used to test these hypotheses' current empirical relevance. The empirical findings selectively confirm the importance of macroeconomic stability and criminal justice system actions in reducing property crime activity. In contrast, decreases in absolute poverty and general income inequality are associated with increased criminal activity; and age demographics and family/community structure apparently have little impact on any of the analyzed property‐crime trends, A reduction in inflation apparently decreases property crimes.
Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography
Authors: Mini Piero V.
Published: July 2006

Abstract.

D. E. Moggridge's perhaps too exhaustive biography is examined and some questions are raised relative to Keynes'views on theory and their source, and his views on German reparations and whether Britain should have accepted the original provisions of the agreement providing for establishment of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
The Authority Attainment of Women: Competitive Sector Effects
Authors: Hopcroft Rosemary L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Women receive better returns than men in authority in the competitive sector of the economy, all else being equal (including gender‐type of occupation and firm size). This finding supports a hypothesis drawn from organizations theory and Becker (1971) (1957). In addition, this analysis shows that while differences in education and hours worked per week do help explain the gender difference in authority in the workplace, gender differences in domestic responsibilities have little direct effect on authority attainment.
what Price Water Marketing?
Authors: Gaffney Mason
Published: July 2006

Abstract.We can multiply the value of output from limited natural water supplies by allocating them to higher uses. To this end we need a market in raw water, but existing markets work badly, for several reasons. Sellers are undermotivated, absent taxes or debt. Free groundwater subverts the pricing of surface water. Loss of elevation, and damage from effluents, and instream uses are not charged for. Obsolete subsidies abound; obsolete entitlements dominate allocation. Some trades extinguish public rights. Rent‐seeking distorts allocation. Needed public agencies have been subverted by organized land speculators. Recommendations are given.
On Henry George, the Austrians, and Neoclassical Choice Theory
Authors: Jonsson Petur O.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George and the Austrians disagreed on whether land is inherently different from other factors. Beyond this, they had much in common. The paper specifically argues that the similarities between George and the Austrians are derived from a similar underlying approach to choice. Both relied on a subjective choice framework which yields a foundation that is quite different from that of Walrasian neoclassical economics. As a result, George and the Austrians held similar views on innovation and progress. Moreover, these views are incompatible with neoclassical choice theory which is not really equipped to deal with innovation.
Unemployment and the Independent European System of Central Banks
Authors: Arestis Philip , Sawyer Malcolm
Published: July 2006

Abstract.This paper scrutinizes the case for an Independent European System of Central Banks (IESCB) Proposals for IESCB are based on some specific interrelated theoretical propositions upon which we cast some doubt The case for an IESCB is rejected on the grounds that it would worsen the performance of the real economy We propose different arrangements, which are focused on high levels of employment throughout the European Union as the prime objective Such a scenario, which emphasizes full employment and requires coordination among member countries in terms of economic policy, will avoid most, if not all, of the problems of the IESCB proposals. The alternative would thus be better able to tackle the unemployment problems of the European Union
Land Taxes in Agriculture
Authors: Wunderlich Gene
Published: July 2006

Abstract Farmland, which occupies two thirds of America's privately owned territory, provides more than food and fiber. Agricultural uses of land preserve open space, filter and store water, supfwrt wildlife, conserve rural resources, enlarge life style opportunities for an urban society. One instrument for preserving agricultural land from urban developmental pressures is the preferential assessment for real property tax, essentially a two rate tax favoring farming as a land use. Preferential assessment, administered typically at small, nonrollback differentials, has not deterred intensive land use changes. Indeed, it may have had the opposite effect. Changes in the tax on land and buildings are recommended as improvements in the preferential assessment of agricultural land.
The Shortage in Market‐Inalienable Human Organs: A Consideration of “Nonmarket” Failures
Authors: Thorne Emanuel D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. It is widely believed that if only we allowed a market in organs, supply would increase and shortages would disappear. However, there is considerable evidence that we have not wrung all the supply we can out of the donative system. This essay argues that shortages in organs are due to inadequate procurement effort rather than the inefficiency of appeals to donor altruism. The insufficiency of effort is ascribed to (1) ignorance of the regulatory authorities and the participants with respect to the nature of the production system in which they are engaged, (2) problems inherent in a production system that relies on exhorting donors, and (3) the well‐known limitations of the nonprofit organizations that are the key actors in this production system.
Jevons and Menger Re‐homogenized: Who Is the Real “Odd Man Out”?A Comment on Peart
Authors: Hébert Robert F.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Response to Sandra J. Peart, “Jevons and Menger Re‐homogenized?: Jaffé After 20 Years,” 1998. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 57(July): 307–325.
Rejoinder to Tomislav V. Kovandzic's Comment on Our Article “The Effectiveness of Gun Control Laws: Multivariate Statistical Analysis”
Authors: Kwon Ik‐Whan , Scott Bradley , Safranski Scott R. , Bae Muen
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In Professor Tomislav V. Kovandzic's “Comment on the Recent Work of Kwon, Scott, Safranski, and Bae: No, Your Evidence Doesn't Prove What You Think it Does!,” he makes several blanket and ill‐informed statements about our article appearing in the January 1997 issue of The American Journal of Economics and Sociology (pp. 41–50). We conclude that his comments have failed to generate any new revelations about our research and we stand by the published results.
The Economic Puzzle of Oskar Schindler:
Authors: Jones Ray
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT The popular film Schindler's List is a cinematic portrayal of Oskar Schindler, the German industrialist who rescued more than a thousand of his Jewish workers during the Holocaust. While the film has generated much debate over the character's motivations, the historical Oskar Schindler can be viewed as an economic actor who made several choices. Examined together, these various choices make an excellent case for amenity potential, a concept from the work of Harold Demsetz which explains how one's control over a firm's resources gives one opportunities to use those resources for whatever purposes one sees fit, subject to legal and market constraints. Applying amenity potential to the economic puzzle of Schindler's choices reveals how and why he was able to make various choices which followed the letter of the law in Nazi Society, while violating its spirit.
Discrimination by Black Males Revisited:
Authors: Riggs Gayle D. , Dwyer Lynn
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT In an earlier article on faculty salary discrimination at a Southern, historically black, public university (SHBU), the authors presented evidence of salary discrimination by black males against other race‐sex groups (Riggs and Dwyer 1995). The authors now contrast SHBU's salary model with the model of Riggs and Dwyer and apply the latter to new data to determine whether SHBU eliminated race and sex discrimination in faculty salaries. After equity adjustments, the evidence suggests that SHBU has eliminated the salary discrimination found by Riggs and Dwyer in their earlier study.
The Money Economy
Authors: Steele G. R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract A trustworthy monetary system is necessary to support the division of labor and extended trading relationships. In the context of classical economics and of Keynes’macroeconomics, the origin of pervasive economywide problems have been traced to monetary disturbances. The relevance (to interest rate theory) of the market for credit and of bond price speculation is critical to judging the plausibility of those rival theories.
Modal ontology Television:
Authors: Lundsten Lars
Published: July 2006

Abstract This article deals with the ontological and modal status of the things we watch on television. I apply Adolf Reinach's distinction between what he calls ‘simple objects’ and ‘states of affairs’ to the wider problem of distinguishing between ‘seeing as perception’ and ‘seeing as comprehension.’ These considerations lead me to conclude that those who produce and edit together a television story commit to a communicative act and there is no escape from this fact about television viewing. Television provides us with objects that have been actively created by other people.
Wicksell on the Classical Theories of Money, Credit, Interest and the Price Level:
Authors: Ahiakpor James C. W.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Knut Wicksell occupies a significant place in the history of monetary economics as the developer of the “cumulative process” by which deviations between the market and “natural” rates of interest cause the price level to change persistently. A more accurate version of the same argument is a part of classical monetary analysis but there the process originates from a change in base money or central bank credit while Wicksell's version may be initiated by banks capriciously setting their lending rates. Wicksell's version arises from his difficulties in correctly interpreting the classical quantity theory of money and interest rate determination from Hume down to Marshall, but has not been so noted in the literature.
Knut Wicksell and the Classical Economists on Money, Credit, Interest and Price Level: A Comment on Ahiakpor
Authors: Ebeling Richard M.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This is an invited response to James C. W. Ahiakpor, “Wicksell on the Classical Theories on Money, Credit, Interest and the Price Level.”American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58 (July); 435‐457. Wicksell's contribution was to introduce Böhm‐Bawerk's theory of capital into a monetary setting.
Wicksell vs the Classics on the Mechanics of the Quantity Theory: A Comment on Abiakpor
Authors: Gootzeit Michael J.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDid Wicksell misinterpret the classics ideas on monetary theory as Ahiakpor would have us believe or did he merely refine and add some original analysis based on this theory of the cumulative process? Regarding Marshall's ideas on money as the distillation of classical monetary theory: did Wicksell accuse Marshall (and therefore the classics) wrongly of assuming velocity constant during short period business fluctuations? Did Marshall neglect changes in velocity, focusing instead on movements in real income?
Dr. Martin Bronfenbrenner (1914‐1997): Scholar, Critic, Cynic, and Comrade‐in‐Arms
Authors: Bronfenbrenner June , Bronfenbrenner Urie , Fitzgerald Bruce , Goodwin Craufurd D. , Hollander Samuel , Matsuura Tamotsu , Samuels Warren J. , Sichel Werner , Weintraub E. Roy , Moss Laurence S.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Professor Martin Bronfenbrenner's mark on the economics profession was significant and worth remembering. He touched the lives of many as a father, cousin, teacher, scholar, expert referee, colleague, and judge of important contemporary debates. Of special interest is his unique personality. He was a specialist in self‐effacement, peppered with liberal shakes of cynicism and sarcasm. Despite all this, he managed to win the respect and hearts of individuals on several continents and across several generations. This essay brings a small but diverse part of the story together in one place.
An Alternative Tale of Two Tax Jurisdictions
Authors: Galles Gary M. , Sexton Robert L.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Cebula (1999) suggests that the success of California's Proposition 13 and Massachusetts’Proposition 2‐1/2 is better judged by their effects on the growth rates of real per capita revenues and expenditures rather than on the levels of those variables, which Galles and Sexton (1998) used to evaluate those measures. However, the data shows that virtually all of their effects, relative to the United States as a whole, arose during their implementation periods, and that there is no clear evidence of the “longer term success in terms of reducing the growth rate of real per capita revenues and expenditures” that Cebula cites.
Discursive Rationality and the Division of Labour
Authors: Hülsmann Jörg Guido
Published: July 2006

Abstract One of the great achievements of economic science is the explanation of the benefits of the division of labour in market economies. However, despite its merits this utilitarian explanation is insufficient as an account for the widespread division of labour. This insufficiency stems from the normative shortcomings of the harmony‐of‐interests doctrine, which cannot justify the respect of private‐property titles and. therefore, cannot explain on purely utilitarian grounds the fact that the division of labour is as widespread as it in fact is. Mariam Thalos has recently provided a partial solution to this problem by arguing that religious relief in God performs a public function that facilitates human co‐operation. In critical elaboration of her thesis, the division of labour is explained by taking into account a different aspect of human reason, namely, discursive rationality.
Slapping the Grasping Hand
Authors: Goldsmith Arthur A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract The international community is redoubling efforts to curb political corruption in the developing and transitional economies. The consensus now is that the abuse of public office stunts economic growth, replacing a formerly dominant view that the effect is neutral or positive. Corruption's political correlates, however, are seldom studied empirically. Using Transparency International's recently developed index of perceived corruption. this paper explores this issue by regression analysis in a sample of less‐developed countries. Economic liberalization, political democratization, and administrative centralization are associated with lower degrees of political corruption.
All's Fair
Authors: Anderson William L. , Little Derek W.
Published: July 2006

Abstract The authors examine divorce rates in the United States in the 20th century, looking especially at the effects that wars have had on those rates. Gary Becker's theories on the family arc the basis for analysis. Of particular interest to the authors is whether or not the scope of the war has an effect upon the rate of divorce. The authors also examine other social changes and events to see how they have affected those rates. Empirical tests show that World War II significantly increased divorce rates, but the rates did not significantly climb because of the Korean War and Vietnam War. World War I is also not significant, although had the United States been involved longer, the results may have been different.
Allocation of Time and Hateful Behavior
Authors: Medoff Marshall H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract This paper uses the rational‐choice economic approach to analyze hateful behavior. The theoretical model predicts that hateful activity decreases with increases in (i) the market wage rate, (ii) the value of time, (iii) age, and (iv) law enforcement activity. The theory is tested on U.S. state hate crime data and the empirical results provide convincing support for the model. Three other factors (urbanization, low occupational status, and downward social mobility) thought to be causes of hateful activity are found not to be statistically significant determinants of hateful activity.
Conceptualizing Professionalism
Authors: Roberts Jennifer , Dietrich Michael
Published: July 2006

Abstract The main argument presented here is that economics provides a necessary but not sufficient analysis of professionalism. A sufficient analysis can only be generated by recognizing the sociological significance of professionals, and in particular the institutionalization of a professional ethic. In this way we suggest that economics needs sociology to provide an effective conceptualization of professionalism as a form of organization and as a mode of behavior. Equally, however, sociology needs economics, because while the sociological context provides an explanation of the way power is institutionalized, an economic focus is necessary to maintain a role for individual agency. These arguments are illustrated with a discussion of the historical and institutional complexities of professional organization; we look particularly at nursing and certain routinized areas of legal work and accountancy.