bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of platelet count and plateletcrit with nerve conduction function and peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Qian Yuqin , Zeng Yaying , Lin Qingxia , Huang Huanjie , Zhang Wanli , Yu Huan , Deng Binbin
Published: March 2021

Aims/Introduction

Diabetes has been considered as a ‘pro‐thrombotic state’ with enhanced platelet reactivity. Abnormality in platelet aggregation has been found in patients with its most common chronic complication – diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential association of platelet indices with nerve conduction function and the presence of DPN in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods

This study involved a total of 211 inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 55 healthy individuals for whom nerve conduction studies were carried out. DPN was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association recommendation. Clinical data were retrospectively collected.

Results

Patients with diabetes in whom neuropathy developed had lower levels of platelet count (PLT) and plateletcrit (PCT) than healthy controls (P < 0.05). Statistically significant associations of low PLT and PCT levels with the reduction of summed amplitude/velocity Z‐score, and the prolongation of F‐wave minimum latency in nerve conduction studies were found. Furthermore, after multivariate adjustment, logistic regression analysis showed that low levels of PLT (odds ratio 2.268, 95% confidence interval 1.072–4.797; P < 0.05; PLT <226 vs PLT ≥226) and PCT (odds ratio 2.050, 95% confidence interval 1.001–4.201; P < 0.05; PCT <0.222 vs PCT ≥0.222) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were risk factors for the presence of DPN.

Conclusions

Lower PLT and PCT levels are closely associated with poorer peripheral nerve conduction functions and the presence of neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which suggests that PLT and PCT might be potential biomarkers for showing DPN.
Vibrational playbacks and microscopy to study the signalling behaviour and female physiology of Philaenusspumarius
Authors: Avosani Sabina , Franceschi Pietro , Ciolli Marco , Verrastro Vincenzo , Mazzoni Valerio
Published: March 2021

The meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius, vector of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, relies on vibrational communication to accomplish mating: the female calls to establish a duet with a male. A deeper knowledge of the species’ reproductive biology and behaviour would provide useful information for developing control techniques based on principles of ‘biotremology’, which studies the vibrational behaviour of animals. Playback tests were conducted on single females and male–female pairs of P. spumarius from June to October 2018, and the features of the recorded calling signals were analysed using a wavelet decomposition. Dissections were performed on females to evaluate the relationship between calling activity and ovarioles development. From August onwards, females started to emit calling signals and to develop ovarioles. Female calling activity, duration of their chirps and their responsiveness to mating increased as the season progressed, and they were correlated with ovarioles’ development and presence of mature eggs. Hence, the ovarian maturation represents a key factor in association with the development of the sexual behaviour of P. spumarius females. Conversely, males produced advertisement signals soon after adult eclosion in May, but these signals were not involved in the pair formation process. Mating was achieved only when males produced courtship signals in response to female calling signals and established with them vibrational duets starting from August. Here, we provide new information regarding the P. spumarius’ ethology and hypothesize that potential mating disruption techniques should consider the insect physiology and be applied when both sexes are responsive to mating signals.
Efficacy of dietary interventions in individuals with substance use disorders for illicit substances or illicit use of pharmaceutical substances: A systematic review
Authors: Whatnall Megan C. , Skinner Janelle , Pursey Kirrilly , Brain Katherine , Collins Rebecca , Hutchesson Melinda J. , Burrows Tracy L.
Published: March 2021

Background

Disordered eating habits, poor dietary intake and nutritional status, and altered body composition are highly prevalent among individuals with substance use disorders. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dietary interventions in adults with substance use disorders for illicit substances or illicit use of pharmaceutical substances.

Methods

Eight scientific databases were searched using predetermined text word and subject heading (MeSH) searches for experimental studies published up to March 2020 that evaluated interventions aiming to improve dietary intake in adults with substance use disorders for illicit substances or illicit use of pharmaceutical substances, which included dietary intake outcomes.

Results

Of 9299 articles identified, five studies were included. Three studies (60%) were conducted in outpatient/community clinic settings and two studies (40%) were conducted in inpatient/residential treatment centres. Dietary interventions ranged in duration from 5 weeks to 24 months. These included education and behaviour change advice for nutrition and other lifestyle behaviours (n = 3 studies), nutrition education and provision of healthy food choices within the residential treatment centre (n = 1 study), and polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation (n = 1 study). Three studies (60%) reported small but significant change in one or more dietary outcome at post‐intervention, including reductions in sweets, fast food or caffeine intake, as well as increases in fruit and vegetable intake.

Conclusions

This review has identified a small number of studies, despite the strong evidence that dietary intervention is needed in substance use rehabilitation. More research is needed to determine the most effective intervention approaches for this group, including robust study designs.
Exploring the diversity of plant proteome
Authors: Chen Yanmei , Wang Yi , Yang Jun , Zhou Wenbin , Dai Shaojun
Published: March 2021

The tremendous functional, spatial, and temporal diversity of the plant proteome is regulated by multiple factors that continuously modify protein abundance, modifications, interactions, localization, and activity to meet the dynamic needs of plants. Dissecting the proteome complexity and its underlying genetic variation is attracting increasing research attention. Mass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomics has become a powerful approach in the global study of protein functions and their relationships on a systems level. Here, we review recent breakthroughs and strategies adopted to unravel the diversity of the proteome, with a specific focus on the methods used to analyze posttranslational modifications (PTMs), protein localization, and the organization of proteins into functional modules. We also consider PTM crosstalk and multiple PTMs temporally regulating the life cycle of proteins. Finally, we discuss recent quantitative studies using MS to measure protein turnover rates and examine future directions in the study of the plant proteome.
Testing an Online Training Session on Couples’ Perinatal Sexual Changes Among Health Care Professionals and Paraprofessionals
Authors: de Pierrepont Catherine , Brassard Audrey , Lessard Isabelle , Gingras Anne‐Sophie , Péloquin Katherine
Published: March 2021

Introduction

During and after pregnancy, couples have to adapt to sexual changes. Although many couples have questions and preoccupations regarding those changes, they are rarely addressed by professionals and paraprofessionals in perinatal health care, mainly because of lack of knowledge and training. An online training session that addressed couples’ perinatal sexual changes tailored for health care perinatal professionals (nurses and midwives) and paraprofessionals (doulas) was developed, implemented, and evaluated.

Methods

Participants completed 4 steps: (1) a baseline online questionnaire assessing training needs and measures on knowledge, attitudes, and perceived counseling skills regarding couples’ perinatal sexual changes; (2) a 2‐hour online training session on the topic with theoretical and practical content; (3) an online post‐training satisfaction questionnaire; and (4) a one‐month follow‐up assessment using the same measures as at baseline.

Results

Of the 74 participants (20 nurses, 20 midwives, 34 doulas) who completed the study, 37.8% had previous training in sexuality and 18.9% in perinatal sexuality. Results showed pre‐ to post‐training significant increases in knowledge and attitudes toward couples’ perinatal sexual changes, characterized by more positivity, flexibility, openness, and sense of competence regarding the topic. There were also significant pre‐ to post‐training increases in perceived utility, comfort, intention, and sense of self‐efficacy related to counseling skills regarding couples’ perinatal sexual changes. After training, more participants discussed couples’ sexual changes with couples during and after pregnancy. After training, significantly fewer participants reported lack of knowledge, lack of training, and lack of discomfort as barriers to discussions on couples’ perinatal sexual changes, whereas more reported lack of time as a barrier. Global satisfaction with the training was high.

Discussion

This training can help foster more discussions on the topic from perinatal professionals and paraprofessionals to better meet couples’ needs for information and support.
Tracking the pulse of a city—3D real estate price heat maps
Authors: Agarwal Sumit , Fan Ying , McMillen Daniel P. , Sing Tien Foo
Published: March 2021

This paper proposes the use of a semiparametric model based on a locally weighted approach that controls for dynamic agglomeration and diffusion effects in constructing localized housing price indices. Based on residential transaction records in Singapore, we create three‐dimensional interactive heat maps that allow for better measurement and visualization of spatial variations and heterogeneity in price appreciation. The heat map captures regional variations and temporal dispersions in price appreciation rates in the business cycle. Our methodology provides high‐resolution information about price dynamics that could aid individual buyers, investors, and policy makers in making objective and informed decisions.
Self‐affirmation and test performance in ethnically diverse schools: A new dual‐identity affirmation intervention
Authors: Celeste Laura , Baysu Gülseli , Phalet Karen , Brown Rupert
Published: March 2021

Lower ethnic minority achievement (relative to national average achievement levels) remains a concern in many countries, and affirmation interventions offer a promising approach to help reduce the relative achievement gap. We compared the effects of a conventional self‐affirmation intervention with a dual‐identity affirmation on test performance in a super‐diverse school that primarily served students from ethnic and cultural minority backgrounds (56% Black), in London, UK (N = 179, Mage = 12.29). A randomized design consisted of a new dual‐identity condition, a traditional self‐affirmation condition, and two control conditions—a “one‐group” condition and a non‐affirmation control condition. Teachers implemented the interventions in class, and test performance was the outcome measure. As expected, Black pupils outperformed non‐Black pupils when they undertook a dual‐identity affirmation exercise, while non‐Black pupils outperformed Black pupils in the traditional self‐affirmation condition. Stereotype threat partially mediated this effect: dual‐identity was less threatening for Black pupils than for non‐Black pupils, increasing the test performance of Black pupils. We propose dual‐identity affirmation as a promising affirmation intervention to reduce threat and improve the academic performance of lower achieving ethnic minorities in ethnically diverse settings. Implications for teachers as key players in affirmation interventions are discussed.
Does the law recognize legal socialization?
Authors: Justice Benjamin , Meares Tracey
Published: March 2021

Since its emergence as a coherent field of study a half century ago, legal socialization has moved to the forefront of conversations about legal reform across multiple fields. Amidst all this work, however, there is surprisingly little scholarship on an obvious, but understudied question: Does the law itself recognize legal socialization? Knowing whether, and how, American law recognizes its need to legally socialize the citizenry toward democratic norms is a critical step for bridging the divide between legal socialization scholarship and social policy reform. For this essay, we consider all 50 state constitutions, including all previous versions. Our analysis focuses on several specific areas where the text explicitly or implicitly addresses the law as a socializing agent. What we find is a diverse landscape of state law that ranges from silence to indirect and direct endorsement of legal socialization as a purpose of law, an obligation of the state, and a right of the individual citizen. Yet we also find that these acknowledgments are complex and at times contradictory, reflecting deep fissures between the law's commitments to democratic republicanism and its anti‐democratic commitments to the maintenance of privilege and overt oppression.
Mitochondrial function is controlled by melatonin and its metabolites in vitro in human melanoma cells
Authors: Bilska Bernadetta , Schedel Fiona , Piotrowska Anna , Stefan Joanna , Zmijewski Michal , Pyza Elżbieta , Reiter Russel J. , Steinbrink Kerstin , Slominski Andrzej T. , Tulic Meri K. , Kleszczyński Konrad
Published: March 2021

Melanoma is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment for some patients, resistance towards therapy and unwanted side effects remain a problem for numerous individuals. Broad anti‐cancer activities of melatonin are recognized; however, additional investigations still need to be elucidated. Herein, using various human melanoma cell models, we explore in vitro the new insights into the regulation of melanoma by melatonin and its metabolites which possess, on the other side, high safety profiles and biological meaningful. In this study, using melanotic (MNT‐1) and amelanotic (A375, G361, Sk‐Mel‐28) melanoma cell lines, the comparative oncostatic responses, the impact on melanin content (for melanotic MNT‐1 melanoma cells) as well as the mitochondrial function controlled by melatonin, its precursor (serotonin), a kynuric (N1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine, AFMK) and indolic pathway (6‐hydroxymelatonin, 6(OH)MEL and 5‐methoxytryptamine, 5‐MT) metabolites were assessed. Namely, significant disturbances were observed in bioenergetics as follows: (i) uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), (ii) attenuation of glycolysis, (iii) dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (mtΔΨ) accompanied by (iv) massive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and (v) decrease of glucose uptake. Collectively, these results together with previously published reports provide a new biological potential and make an imperative to consider using melatonin or its metabolites for complementary future treatments of melanoma‐affected patients; however, these associations should be additionally investigated in clinical setting.
Dissecting the developmental roles of Pol II‐associated proteins through the stomatal pores
Authors: Zhou Zimin , Lau On Sun
Published: March 2021

This article is a Commentary on Chen et al. (2021), 230: 171–189.
Earthworm invasion causes declines across soil fauna size classes and biodiversity facets in northern North American forests
Authors: Jochum Malte , Ferlian Olga , Thakur Madhav P. , Ciobanu Marcel , Klarner Bernhard , Salamon Jörg‐Alfred , Frelich Lee E. , Johnson Edward A. , Eisenhauer Nico
Published: March 2021

Anthropogenic pressures alter the biodiversity, structure and organization of biological communities with severe consequences for ecosystem processes. Species invasion is such a human‐induced ecosystem change with pronounced impacts on recipient ecosystems. Around the globe, earthworms invade habitats and impact abiotic soil conditions and a wide range of above‐ and belowground organisms. In northern North America, where earthworms have been largely absent since the last glaciation period and most earthworm species present today have only been (re‐)introduced a few hundred years ago, invasion impacts have been intensively studied. However, despite several studies assessing impacts of invasive earthworms on soil fauna, studies have rarely investigated the simultaneous responses of different soil‐fauna size groups and biodiversity facets which might respond differently to earthworm invasion and independently affect ecosystem processes. Our study goes beyond previously‐established knowledge on earthworm‐invasion effects by simultaneously assessing differences in four biodiversity facets, namely the abundance, biomass, richness and Shannon index of soil invertebrate macro‐, meso‐ and microfauna communities between high‐ and low‐invasion status plots (n = 80) and in relation to invasion intensity measured as earthworm biomass across four northern North American forests sampled between 2016 and 2017. Across forests and soil‐fauna groups, we found reduced abundance (−33 to −45%) and richness (−18 to −25%) in high compared to low‐invasion status areas. Additionally, meso‐ (−14%) and microfauna biomass (−38%) and macro‐ (−7%) and microfauna Shannon index (−8%) were reduced. Higher invasion intensity (earthworm biomass) was additionally related to reduced soil‐fauna biodiversity. While the studied biodiversity facet was important for the soil fauna response, soil‐fauna size group was comparably unimportant. Given the global ubiquity of earthworm invasion and the importance of soil fauna for key ecosystem processes, our observational results help to assess future impacts of this invasion and the consequences for anthropogenically‐altered ecosystem functioning.
Donald Trump and the Norms of the Presidency
Authors: Pfiffner James P.
Published: March 2021

Donald Trump was the first person to come to the presidency with no experience in government or the military. Thus, he did not absorb the values of public service or military discipline and respect for the Constitution. Most behavior that is considered central to the presidency is not spelled out in the Constitution, which lays out the formal authority of the presidency. This article begins with common civility and other customs of the presidency, then turns to major political and civil institutions of the American polity, and concludes with Trump’s unprecedented undermining of national security institutions (the military and intelligence communities).
Polls and Elections Accuracy and Bias in the 2020 U.S. General Election Polls
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas
Published: March 2021

This report examines accuracy and bias in national and state‐level preelection polls conducted during the 2020 U.S. general election cycle. Overall, national and statewide polls in 2020 were considerably less accurate than in 2016. In fact, there is evidence the final, national presidential preelection polls were less accurate than in any cycle since 1996. Polls across the board underestimated Republican support in the presidential, U.S. Senate, and gubernatorial races. The results show the pro‐Democratic biases reflected in the final 2020 preelection polls were systematic.
The expanding repertoire of immune‐related molecules with antimicrobial activity in penaeid shrimps: a review
Authors: Aweya Jude Juventus , Zheng Zhihong , Zheng Xiaoyu , Yao Defu , Zhang Yueling
Published: March 2021

Shrimps live in a complex aquatic ecosystem with numerous other biotic and abiotic factors, especially pathogenic microorganisms, which require the adaptation of prudent protective and survival strategies. As invertebrates, shrimps reply on humoral and cellular innate immune response mechanisms for protection against pathogens. One integral part of the humoral innate immune defence mechanism involves many biomolecules that are constitutively expressed or induced by pathogens. Shrimps, therefore, produce various biomolecules and secondary metabolites for physiological and pathophysiological purposes, most of which also act as effector molecules in immune‐related functions. A growing number of molecules have been identified as essential constituents of the immune arsenal of biomolecules in penaeid shrimps. This review provides a synthesis of important information on penaeid shrimp‐encoded immune‐related molecules with antimicrobial activities, their molecular regulation and importance in shrimp innate immune response. Research gaps would be identified and proposed research themes emphasized for future studies.
The Paradox of Constrained Well‐being: Childhood Autonomy, Surveillance and Inequality*
Authors: Dinsmore Brooke , Pugh Allison J.
Published: March 2021

With some exceptions, children’s lives in the United States and other developed nations have become more intensely surveilled over the last 30 years, thanks to the intensification of parenting, the spread of surveillance technology in schools, and increased restrictions upon children’s use of public space. Yet childhood scholars argue that children’s autonomy and self‐efficacy are important not just as basic human rights, but also because they help children improve coping skills, learn better, and, and become trusting and trustworthy. Existing scholarship, then, might predict that trends of heightened surveillance negatively impact children’s well‐being. Instead, contemporary children are doing better, as measures of abuse and assault, physical health, educational achievement, and other outcomes attest. Given childhood studies scholarship, how do we understand children’s decreasing autonomy and increasing well‐being? We call this puzzle the “paradox of constrained well‐being.” We explore four possible explanations: stratification of childhood, safe bondage/risky freedom, mental‐health‐as‐SOS‐signal, and mental‐health‐as‐harbinger. Presenting evidence, we evaluate the capacity of each to explain the paradox of constrained well‐being. We conclude by suggesting all four have considerable purchase, and that our penchant for easily measurable and reportable metrics blinds us to the costs of constraints on children’s agency, liberty, mental health, and equity.
A mechanism‐based approach to the comparison of national pension systems in Vietnam and Sri Lanka
Authors: Kuhlmann Johanna , Nullmeier Frank
Published: March 2021

The article argues that a mechanism‐based approach is a promising way for comparative analyses of social policy developments, as it allows to focus on specific sequences within broader processes, and to draw inspiration from elements of different theoretical approaches to explain these sequences. The article analyses the developments of the social insurance pension system in Vietnam and the national provident fund in Sri Lanka, which present two variants of a contribution‐based pension system. Despite different starting points and institutional and economic backgrounds, the article reveals that both countries are characterised by maintenance and expansion of their pension systems on the policy level, and limitations in expanding effective coverage on the implementation level. We identify three causal mechanisms that are crucial for understanding these developments: The policy‐areas‐interdependence mechanism explains how, in an integrated political system, policies are being maintained despite dysfunctions, because they have important stabilizing functions for other policy areas. The evasion mechanism explains how national policy actors on the surface follow International Organisations' recommendations and support further cooperation, while conducting reforms in line with national political considerations. The limited‐compliance mechanism explains how reforms that are being adopted on the policy level are not being implemented.
Blood perfusion in hypertrophic scars and keloids studied by laser speckle contrast imaging
Authors: Yang Yuting , Liu Lan , Yang Ruxi , Ding Xiaobing , Li Ying , Liu Hongjun , Yan Hong
Published: March 2021

Background

This study used laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) to evaluate the difference in blood perfusion between hypertrophic scars and keloids.

Materials and Methods

A total of 30 keloids, 21 early hypertrophic scars, 20 proliferative hypertrophic scars, 20 regressive hypertrophic scars, and 20 mature hypertrophic scars were enrolled into this study. Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was assessed by a plastic surgeon. LSCI was used to evaluate perfusion of the whole (W), marginal (M), central (C) regions, and surrounding normal skin of the scars, and ratios (M/N, C/N) were calculated.

Results

The perfusion of the marginal region in the keloid was significantly higher than that of the central region. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in perfusion between the central and marginal regions in the early, proliferative, regressive, and mature hypertrophic scars. The degree of perfusion and perfusion ratio in the marginal region of keloid was similar to that of proliferative hypertrophic scars, and the degree of perfusion and perfusion ratio in central region of keloid group was similar to that of early and regressive hypertrophic scars.

Conclusions

The difference in perfusion distribution in keloids and hypertrophic scars may provide ideas for their identification. LSCI may be a useful method for differentiating between keloids and hypertrophic scars.
Validation of a flow cytometric assay to detect intraerythrocytic reactive oxygen species in horses
Authors: Serpa Priscila B.S. , Woolcock Andrew , Taylor Sandra D. , Pires dos Santos Andrea
Published: March 2021

Background

Oxidative stress refers to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Most assays for ROS detection are costly, laborious, and usually use indirect markers. The use of 2’,7’‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) is a possible alternative. This substance becomes a fluorochrome when oxidized by ROS, with the resultant fluorescence proportional to ROS concentration. Erythrocytes are highly exposed to ROS, resulting in cell damage and consequently impaired oxygen delivery. The effects of this exposure in physiologic and pathologic conditions necessitate an improvement in ROS detection methods.

Objective

We aimed to validate intraerythrocytic ROS detection by flow cytometry using DCHF‐DA in healthy horses.

Methods

Erythrocytes from 31 healthy horses were isolated, incubated with DCFH‐DA, and either left unstimulated or stimulated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). For specificity, each cellular component of blood was separated and plotted according to its size and complexity. Samples were run in triplicate for intra‐assay precision and five consecutive times for inter‐assay repeatability. Stability was determined by analyzing the same sample up to 48 hours after blood collection. The acceptable coefficient of variation (CV) was ≤20%.

Results

The intra‐assay CV was 1.7% and 13.3%, and the inter‐assay CV was 4.8% and 17.8% for unstimulated and stimulated samples, respectively. Unstimulated and stimulated samples were stable for up to 48 and 24 hours, respectively. Stimulated samples had greater fluorescence than unstimulated samples (P < .0001).

Conclusions

This flow cytometric assay demonstrated adequate specificity, precision, and stability and is, therefore, a promising technique with multiple applications for studying oxidative stress in horses.
A Method of Calculating Energy Losses During Impact
Authors: Zener C. , Feshbach H.
Published: March 2021

When an elastic sphere collides with another perfectly elastic body, part of the initial kinetic energy is lost in starting elastic waves in the two bodies. The energy thus dissipated can be calculated by previous analytical methods only when it is a small fraction of the initial kinetic energy. This paper develops an approximate analytical method for this calculation which is applicable even when the greater part of the energy is dissipated. Thus in a particular case where the energy dissipated is 90 per cent of the original kinetic energy, an error of only 0.7 per cent is made. The new element in this analysis is the introduction of a “normalized” interaction force which is necessarily quite insensitive to one’s ignorance of the exact interaction force.

The powerfulness of the method is illustrated by a complete survey of the problem of impact of spheres with beams fixed at each end. Graphs are constructed showing the variation of the coefficient of restitution with the length of the beam and the mass of the sphere. Impacts with multiple blows are excluded. It is found that when the mass of the sphere is kept constant, the coefficient of restitution has a minimum for a certain optimal beam length, and is independent of the beam length for values greater than twice the optimal length. The coefficient is a minimum when the period of the fundamental mode of vibration is approximately equal to 2.4 times the time of contact.

The method is also applied to the impact of spheres with large thin plates. The semiempirical formula of Raman is derived.

Although this analytical method cannot be applied to impacts with multiple blows, it nevertheless gives the conditions for such multiple blows.
The Spring Clutch
Authors: Wiebusch C. F.
Published: March 2021

The mathematical theory is developed for the spring clutch which consists of two coaxial cylinders placed end to end and coupled torsionally by a coil spring fitted over them. Relations are derived whereby it is possible to design spring clutches in terms of the requirements and the constants of the spring material. Experimental verification of the relations is given. The theory of residual and active stresses as applied to the springs is discussed.
Solution of Rectangular Clamped Plate With Lateral Load by Generalized Energy Method
Authors: Pickett Gerald
Published: March 2021

The author gives formulas by which the energy method may be readily applied for obtaining the moments and deflections for any lateral load on a clamped rectangular plate. He not only gives mathematical computations illustrating the application of the formulas, but also discusses the accuracy of the method compared to others, and points out its limitations.
A Theoretical Investigation of Plastic Torsion in an I-Beam
Authors: Christopherson D. G.
Published: March 2021

The distribution of stress in an I-beam in torsion is investigated by a method of successive approximation, and the regions of initial yielding are determined for several values of the angle of twist. Formulas are given for elaborating the methods of Southwell (1) and of Shortley and Weller (2) in order to facilitate this determination.

The value of the stress-concentration factor in the fillets is found to agree well with results obtained by soap-film tests, and regions of plastic flow approximate closely those observed by MacGregor and Hrones (3) by the use of the etching method.
Stress-Concentration Factors Around a Central Circular Hole in a Plate Loaded Through Pin in the Hole
Authors: Frocht M. M. , Hill H. N.
Published: March 2021

This paper deals with factors of stress concentrations in plates of finite width with central circular holes loaded through pins or rivets. Two sets of results are presented, one from oversize aluminum specimens in which the stresses were determined from strain-gage measurements, the other, from photoelastic tests with small bakelite models. The two investigations were conceived and executed independently. The tests involving the use of strain gages were made at Aluminum Research Laboratories and the photoelastic tests were made at the Photoelastic Laboratory of the Carnegie Institute of Technology.

While most of the tests involved plates loaded through a single pin in a hole on the longitudinal center line of the plate, several tests were made on plates loaded through two pins symmetrically situated about the center line of the plate. Numerical values for the stress-concentration factor k are given for ratios of hole diameter to width of plate (2r/D) ranging from 0.086 to 0.76.
A Rational Representation of the Flow Performance of Reaction Steam-Turbine Blading
Authors: Egli Adolf
Published: March 2021

This paper gives a condensed method of representing flow performance of reaction-type turbine blading which is applicable to an extensive range of flow conditions including those widely different from the conditions of maximum efficiency. The method is of particular value in analyzing flow in by-pass blade groups of central-station turbines or of mixed-pressure or bleeder turbines. It is based on dimensional analysis and empirical data are presented in the condensed form suggested by the analysis.
Analysis of Clamped Rectangular Plates
Authors: Young Dana
Published: March 2021

This paper attempts to solve the problem of the bending action of rectangular plates clamped at all four edges and subjected to lateral loading. Analytical in nature, the author’s investigation is based upon the ordinary theory of bending of thin plates as treated in Lagrange’s equation of the middle surface. The superposition method is used and applied to a number of loadings not hitherto studied.
Upstream Film Cooling on the Contoured Endwall of a Transonic Turbine Vane in an Annular Cascade
Authors: Salinas Daniel A. , Ullah Izhar , Wright Lesley M. , Han Je-Chin , McClintic John W. , Crites Daniel C. , Riahi Ardeshir
Published: March 2021

The effects of mainstream flow velocity, density ratio (DR), and coolant-to-mainstream mass flow ratio (MFR) on a vane endwall in a transonic, annular cascade were investigated. A blow down facility consisting of five vanes was used. The film cooling effectiveness was measured using binary pressure-sensitive paint (BPSP). The mainstream flow was set using isentropic exit Mach numbers of 0.7 and 0.9. The coolant-to-mainstream density ratio varied from 1.0 to 2.0. The coolant-to- mainstream MFR varied from 0.75% to 1.25%. The endwall was cooled by 18 discrete holes located upstream of the vane passage to provide cooling to the upstream half of the endwall. Due to the curvature of the vane endwall, the upstream holes provided uniform coverage entering the endwall passage. The coverage was effective leading to the throat of the passage, where the downstream holes could provide additional protection. Increasing the coolant flowrate increased the effectiveness provided by the film cooling holes. Increasing the density of the coolant increases the effectiveness on the endwall while enhancing the lateral spread of the coolant. Finally, increasing the velocity of the mainstream while holding the MFR constant also yields increased protection on the endwall. Over the range of flow conditions considered in this study, the binary pressure-sensitive paint proved to be a valuable tool for obtaining detailed pressure and film effectiveness distributions.
SOX9 is required for kidney fibrosis and activates NAV3 to drive renal myofibroblast function
Authors: Raza Sayyid , Jokl Elliot , Pritchett James , Martin Katherine , Su Kim , Simpson Kara , Birchall Lindsay , Mullan Aoibheann F. , Athwal Varinder S. , Doherty Daniel T. , Zeef Leo , Henderson Neil C. , Kalra Philip A. , Hanley Neil A. , Piper Hanley Karen
Published: March 2021

Loss of the transcription factor SOX9 reduces experimentally induced kidney fibrosis in mice.
G-Quadruplex Structures in Bacteria: Biological Relevance and Potential as an Antimicrobial Target
Authors: Yadav Puja , Kim Nayun , Kumari Monika , Verma Shalini , Sharma Tarun Kumar , Yadav Vikas , Kumar Amit
Published: March 2021

DNA strands consisting of multiple runs of guanines can adopt a noncanonical, four-stranded DNA secondary structure known as G-quadruplex or G4 DNA. G4 DNA is thought to play an important role in transcriptional and translational regulation of genes, DNA replication, genome stability, and oncogene expression in eukaryotic genomes.
Supplemental Material: Maturation experiments reveal bias in the chemistry of fossil melanosomes
Authors: Rossi Valentina , al. et
Published: March 2021

Supplemental text and discussion, figures of scanning electron microscope photos of untreated and matured melanosomes, analysis of thickness, multichannel analysis of X-ray fluorescence, and datasets with melanosome geometry and chemistry.
Immediate effects of variable durations of pressure release technique on latent myofascial trigger points of the levator scapulae: a double-blinded randomised clinical trial
Authors: Pecos-Martin Daniel , Ponce-Castro Manuel José , Jiménez-Rejano José Jesús , Nunez-Nagy Susana , Calvo-Lobo César , Gallego-Izquierdo Tomás
Published: March 2021

Objective:

Latent myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) of the levator scapulae have a high prevalence and may influenceconditions of the neck and shoulder. The pressure release technique is one of the most recommended manual therapy techniques. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of varying durations of the pressure release technique application on latent MTrPs of the levator scapulae.

Methods:

In a three-arm (1:1:1 ratio), double-blinded, parallel, randomised clinical trial, 60 healthy university students (23 men, 37 women) with a mean±SD age of 20.0±2.67 years were recruited. Subjects were assigned to receive pressure release in one latent MTrP of the levator scapulae lasting 30s (T30s; n=17), 60s (T60s; n=22) or 90s (T90s; n=21). Active cervical range of movement (CROM), strength, pressure pain threshold (PPT) and neck pain intensity at full stretch were measured immediately before and after treatment.

Results:

Mixed-model analyses of variance showed statistically significant differences for PPT (P=0.045; partial Eta2=0.103), comparing T60s versus T30s (P=0.009; Cohen’s d=1.044) and T90s versus T30s groups (P=0.001; Cohen’s d=1.253), and for left side bending strength (P=0.043; partial Eta2=0.105), comparing T90s versus T30s (P=0.023; Cohen’s d=0.907). The rest of the comparisons did not present any significant differences (P⩾0.05).

Conclusions:

The 60 s and 90 s applications of the pressure release technique may be recommended to increase PPT and strength, respectively, in latent MTrPs of the levator scapulae in the short term.

Trial registration number:

NCT03006822.
Hyperreactio luteinalis following frozen embryo transfer managed by fetal reduction
Authors: Rajesh Hema , Natarajan Lalitha , Panicker Seetha , Mithraprabhu Srisaranya
Published: March 2021

We report a rare case of hyperreactio luteinalis (HL) which developed in association with triplet pregnancy in a 27-year-old woman who underwent assisted reproductive technology treatment for primary infertility. She had undergone frozen embryo transfer 2 months after ovarian retrieval. She presented in the first trimester with abdominal pain and distension associated with ovarian enlargement and did not respond to conservative management. Fetal reduction was done from triplets to twins which resulted in good symptomatic relief for the patient. Fetal reduction may be an effective approach in such situations when conservative strategies fail in HL.
Prostate cancer metastasis to the testis: an unexpected presentation of a solitary recurrence
Authors: McCann Conor , Doherty Anna , Flynn Ciaran , Mulholland Colin
Published: March 2021

A 74-year-old man with a history of prostate cancer was referred to the urology team with a new left sided testicular lump. He had a background of prostate cancer 4 years previous which had been treated with external beam radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy, both of which had been completed. Concurrently, he also had evidence of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer with a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA). He underwent a left radical orchidectomy. Following histopathological analysis, this was found to be metastatic spread from his prostate cancer. Subsequent staging showed no evidence of metastatic spread elsewhere. The patient made a good recovery following surgery and his PSA levels returned to undetectable levels. He received no further treatment for metastatic prostate cancer.
Vaginal foreign body insertion in a patient with emotionally unstable personality disorder
Authors: Dunphy Louise , Sheridan Gemma
Published: March 2021

Insertion of foreign objects into one or more bodily orifice, otherwise known as polyembolokoilamania, occurs as a result of a variety of psychosocial and psychiatric states. Such behaviour exposes the affected individual to the complications of object insertion, surgical removal and its adverse sequelae such as a colovesical fistula. Foreign body insertion into the vagina mainly involves children and can be associated with premenarchal vaginal discharge or sexual abuse. The gynaecological literature describes cases involving adults and can be associated with drug smuggling or sexual gratification. Commonly retrieved foreign bodies from the vagina includes tampons, hair pins, buttons, seeds, toy parts, objects used in foreplay, forgotten pessaries, pen caps, toilet tissue and illicit drugs for trafficking. There is a relative dearth of cases reported in the psychiatric literature. Management of deliberate foreign body insertion [DFBI) in borderline personality disorder patients is challenging, often repetitive and the potential for further self-harm and complex emotional issues may elicit strong countertransference from medical staff. Although there are well-established guidelines for acute medical and surgical management of DFBI, none provide an overview of the management of repeat presentations or consider the role of secondary gain or provide reinforcement strategies for managing this complex patient cohort. The authors present the case of a 23-year-old woman with an emotionally unstable personality disorder presenting to the emergency department after inserting objects in her vagina. This paper will provide an overview of the presentation, investigations and management of individuals presenting after inserting foreign objects into the vagina. In the majority of cases, a carefully obtained history and physical examination will render the diagnosis, although imaging modalities may be required to locate the misplaced objects. Individuals may present with bleeding, blood stained or foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Prompt management can prevent morbidity and mortality resulting from complications.
A case of ramucirumab-induced renal failure with nephrotic-range proteinuria and its pathological findings
Authors: Nakano Yuta , Kumagai Jiro , Nagahama Kiyotaka , Fujisawa Hajime
Published: March 2021

Ramucirumab-induced renal dysfunction is rarely reported. The pathology of ramucirumab-associated nephropathy in past reports primarily shows thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) lesions but podocytopathy is not yet known. We report a case of kidney injury induced by ramucirumab in a 71-year-old man with cecal cancer. He was referred to our department for increasing serum creatinine (Cr) levels from 1.08 mg/dL to 2.56 mg/dL after changing anticancer drugs from bevacizumab to ramucirumab. He showed nephrotic-range proteinuria (12.1 g/gCr). A renal biopsy revealed endothelial cell injuries, such as TMA and podocytopathy with epithelial cell hyperplasia, which looked like a crescent. After discontinuing ramucirumab, his renal function and proteinuria improved, as seen by his Cr levels and proteinuria which decreased to 1.74 mg/dL and 1.21 g/gCr, respectively, in 3 months. Unlike previous reports, we found that ramucirumab caused podocyte injuries.
Resolution of warfarin-induced alopecia with conversion to apixaban
Authors: Hull Katherine Leigh , Gooding Richard , Burton James O
Published: March 2021

Warfarin is frequently prescribed as a long-term anticoagulant in patients with end-stage kidney disease as direct oral anticoagulants undergo renal excretion. Anticoagulation is a rare cause of alopecia in adults and is thought to be due to the promotion of the ‘resting phase’ of hair follicles. In this case report, a prevalent haemodialysis female patient required long-term anticoagulation following a complex pulmonary embolus and dialysis access complications. After commencing warfarin therapy, the patient reported generalised loss and thinning of her hair. All other potential causes were excluded. Cessation of warfarin therapy and conversion to apixaban with close monitoring alleviated the hair loss. Warfarin therapy is a rare cause of alopecia but should be considered in patients on long-term anticoagulation when other diagnoses have been excluded. Hair loss has a profoundly negative impact on patient quality of life and should prompt investigation to determine the underlying cause.
Tension band suture technique for the fixation of a displaced posterolateral acromion process fracture with subacromial impingement
Authors: Yu Jiakun , Wynell-Mayow William , Tang Quen , Babu Victor
Published: March 2021

An adult old cyclist presented to our hospital and was referred to the orthopaedic department with a left shoulder posterolateral acromion avulsion fracture and subacromial impingement demonstrated on X-ray and CT. This highly unusual fracture pattern was treated by open reduction and internal fixation with cannulated screws and a tension band suture technique. This fracture went onto successful union with full range of motion and good patient-reported outcome measures by the Oxford Shoulder Score at 3 months. Informed consent was taken for the following case report.
Assessing the costs and outcomes of control programmes for sexually transmitted infections: a systematic review of economic evaluations
Authors: Bloch Sonja C M , Jackson Louise J , Frew Emma , Ross Jonathan D C
Published: March 2021

Objective

To identify economic evaluations of interventions to control STIs and HIV targeting young people, and to assess how costs and outcomes are measured in these studies.

Design

Systematic review.

Data sources

Seven databases were searched (Medline (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), Web of Science, PsycINFO, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, NHS Health Technology Assessment and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects) from January 1999 to April 2019. Key search terms were STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis) and HIV, cost benefit, cost utility, economic evaluation, public health, screening, testing and control.

Review methods

Studies were included that measured costs and outcomes to inform an economic evaluation of any programme to control STIs and HIV targeting individuals predominantly below 30 years of age at risk of, or affected by, one or multiple STIs and/or HIV in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Data were extracted and tabulated and included study results and characteristics of economic evaluations. Study quality was assessed using the Philips and BMJ checklists. Results were synthesised narratively.

Results

9530 records were screened and categorised. Of these, 31 were included for data extraction and critical appraisal. The majority of studies assessed the cost-effectiveness or cost-utility of screening interventions for chlamydia from a provider perspective. The main outcome measures were major outcomes averted and quality-adjusted life years. Studies evaluated direct medical costs, for example, programme costs and 11 included indirect costs, such as productivity losses. The study designs were predominantly model-based with significant heterogeneity between the models.

Discussion/Conclusion

None of the economic evaluations encompassed aspects of equity or context, which are highly relevant to sexual health decision-makers. The review demonstrated heterogeneity in approaches to evaluate costs and outcomes for STI/HIV control programmes. The low quality of available studies along with the limited focus, that is, almost all studies relate to chlamydia, highlight the need for high-quality economic evaluations to inform the commissioning of sexual health services.