bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Purple versus green‐leafed Ocimum basilicum: Which differences occur with regard to photosynthesis under boron toxicity?
Authors: Landi Marco , Remorini Damiano , Pardossi Alberto , Guidi Lucia
Published: October 2013

This study was undertaken to investigate how different cultivars of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) responded to boron (B) excess. Two purple‐leafed and eight green‐leafed cultivars were hydroponically grown for 20 d with 0.2 or 20 mg L–1 B in the nutrient solution. Leaf B concentration, gas exchanges, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and oxidative stress were determined at the end of the treatment along with the severity of leaf necrosis. A range of tolerance to B toxicity was found: the green cultivars were more susceptible than the purple‐leafed ones characterized by a higher constitutive anthocyanin concentration. In all the genotypes B excess resulted in oxidative stress as determined by accumulation of malondialdehyde by‐products (MDA), reduced photosynthesis, and the occurrence of leaf burn. A close correlation was found between leaf B accumulation and oxidative stress, as well as between oxidative stress and the severity of leaf burn. Net photosynthesis (Pn) was reduced due to both stomatal and nonstomatal limitations in the green cultivars whereas the reduction of Pn in the purple leaves was only attributable to stomatal factors. Chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed a decrease in the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) and in the electron transport rate (ETR) in plants grown with B excess although less reduction was observed in the purple genotypes. The quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) decreased as a result of B toxicity only in the green cultivars. It is concluded that anthocyanins are involved in attenuation of the negative effects of B toxicity.
Effects of biochars produced from different feedstocks on soil properties and sunflower growth
Authors: Alburquerque José Antonio , Calero Juan Manuel , Barrón Vidal , Torrent José , del Campillo María Carmen , Gallardo Antonio , Villar Rafael
Published: October 2013

The use of biochar as a soil amendment is gaining interest to mitigate climate change and improve soil fertility and crop productivity. However, studies to date show a great variability in the results depending on raw materials and pyrolysis conditions, soil characteristics, and plant species. In this study, we evaluated the effects of biochars produced from five agricultural and forestry wastes on the properties of an organic‐C‐poor, slightly acidic, and loamy sand soil and on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth.

The addition of biochar, especially at high application rates, decreased soil bulk density and increased soil field capacity, which should impact positively on plant growth and water economy. Furthermore, biochar addition to soil increased dissolved organic C (wheat‐straw and olive‐tree‐pruning biochars), available P (wheat‐straw biochar), and seed germination, and decreased soil nitrate concentration in all cases. The effects of biochar addition on plant dry biomass were greatly dependent upon the biochar‐application rate and biochar type, mainly associated to its nutrient content due to the low fertility of the soil used. As a result, the addition of ash‐rich biochars (produced from wheat straw and olive‐tree pruning) increased total plant dry biomass. On the other hand, the addition of biochar increased the leaf biomass allocation and decreased the stem biomass allocation. Therefore, biochar can improve soil properties and increase crop production with a consequent benefit to agriculture. However, the use of biochar as an amendment to agricultural soils should take into account its high heterogeneity, particularly in terms of nutrient availability.
Poly(ethylene glycol) Grafting to Poly(ether imide) Membranes: Influence on Protein Adsorption and Thrombocyte Adhesion
Authors: Neffe Axel T. , von Ruesten‐Lange Maik , Braune Steffen , Luetzow Karola , Roch Toralf , Richau Klaus , Jung Friedrich , Lendlein Andreas
Published: October 2013

The chain length and end groups of linear PEG grafted on smooth surfaces is known to influence protein adsorption and thrombocyte adhesion. Here, it is explored whether established structure function relationships can be transferred to application relevant, rough surfaces. Functionalization of poly(ether imide) (PEI) membranes by grafting with monoamino PEG of different chain lengths (Mn = 1 kDa or 10 kDa) and end groups (methoxy or hydroxyl) is proven by spectroscopy, changes of surface hydrophilicity, and surface shielding effects. The surface functionalization does lead to reduction of adsorption of BSA, but not of fibrinogen. The thrombocyte adhesion is increased compared to untreated PEI surfaces. Conclusively, rough instead of smooth polymer or gold surfaces should be investigated as relevant models.
Crosslinked Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels with Degradable Phosphamide Linkers Used as a Drug Carrier in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhang Lidong , Jeong Young‐Il , Zheng Sudan , Kang Dae Hwan , Suh Hongsuk , Kim Il
Published: October 2013

A series of degradable, water‐swellable PEGs are prepared using crosslinking between primary amines of N,N′,N″‐tris(2‐aminoethyl)phosphoric triamide (TAEPT) and diglycidyl ether of epichlorohydrin‐modified PEGs (EMPs). In the crosslinking process, the glycidyl ether is mainly consumed by the –NH2 of TAEPT and the hydroxyl generated from the opened glycidyl ethers (C–OH), producing degradable phosphonyl‐amide frameworks as crosslinked points, and ether bonds as short branches, respectively. Studies on anticancer drug entrapment, chemoimmunotherapy agent delivery, degradation, and biological cytotoxicity in vitro suggest that the generated hydrogels have great potential as biomaterials in biomedical applications.
Customer Preferences for Frontline Employee Traits: Homophily and Heterophily Effects
Authors: Streukens Sandra , Andreassen Tor W.
Published: October 2013

Although previous research has underscored the significance of the personality traits of frontline employees (FLEs) in employee service behaviors, knowledge about customer preferences for FLE personality traits is lacking. This study responds to this gap in the literature, empirically assessing customers’ preferences for FLE personality traits. The main research objective is to investigate whether and how these preferences vary with the customer's own personality. The study proposes and tests a conceptual framework that reconciles two opposing theoretical perspectives—homophily and heterophily. The existing research in interpersonal psychology has only given limited support to the heterophily effect, whereas it has consistently evidenced the homophily effect. Moderator analyses indicate these effects are largely invariant across customer and service characteristics. Notwithstanding this, post hoc tests show that the level of preferred FLE traits is positively related to the level of customer traits. Equity theory helps explain these seemingly conflicting results.
Fast Optical Healing of Crystalline Polymers Enabled by Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Hongji , Fortin Daniel , Xia Hesheng , Zhao Yue
Published: October 2013

A general method for very fast and efficient optical healing of crystalline polymers is reported. By loading a very small amount of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in either poly(ethylene oxide) (Tm ≈ 63 °C) or low‐density polyethylene (Tm ≈ 103 °C), the heat released upon surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption of 532 nm light by AuNPs can melt crystallites in the interfacial region of two polymer pieces brought into contact; and the subsequent recrystallization of polymer chains on cooling merges the two pieces into one. The fracture strength of such repaired sample can reach the level of the undamaged polymer after 10 s laser exposure. Moreover, in addition to an ability of long‐distance remote and spatially selective healing, the optical method also works for polymer samples immersed in water.

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Protein carbonylation and muscle function in COPD and other conditions
Authors: Barreiro Esther
Published: October 2013

Skeletal muscle, the most abundant tissue in mammals, is essential for any activity in life. Muscle dysfunction is a common systemic manifestation in highly prevalent conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer cachexia, and sepsis. It has a significant impact on exercise tolerance, thus worsening the patients' quality of life and survival. Among several factors, oxidative stress is a major player in the etiology of skeletal muscle dysfunction associated with those conditions. Whereas low levels of oxidants are absolutely required for normal cell adaptation, high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) alter the function and structure of molecules such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. Specifically, protein carbonylation, a common variety of protein oxidation, was shown to alter the function of key enzymes and structural proteins involved in muscle contractile performance. Moreover, increased levels of ROS may also activate proteolytic systems, thus leading to enhanced protein breakdown in several models. In the current review, the specific modifications induced by carbonylation in protein structure and function in muscles have been described. Furthermore, the potential role of ROS in the activation of proteolytic systems in skeletal muscles is also discussed. The review summarizes the effects of protein carbonylation on muscles in several models and conditions such as COPD, disuse muscle atrophy, cancer cachexia, sepsis, and aging. Future research should focus on the elucidation of the specific protein sites modified by ROS in these muscles using redox proteomics analyses and on the assessment of the consequent alterations in protein function and stability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 33: 219–236, 2014.
Patients' Expectations, Experiences and the Determinants of Satisfaction related to Metacarpophalangeal Arthroplasty
Authors: Sharrock Caryn , Kennedy Donna , Spencer Sherril
Published: October 2013

Purpose

Most previous research has used quantitative patient‐rated outcome measures to identify patients' perceptions related to metacarpophalangeal (MCP) arthroplasty. However, little is known about the lived experience of this procedure. The present study aimed to gain an in‐depth understanding of patients' expectations and experiences, and the determinants of satisfaction related to MCP arthroplasty and postoperative rehabilitation.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with six participants from two London hospitals at four months to three years post‐surgery. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using descriptive phenomenological analysis.

Results

Participants' reasons for surgery varied considerably and their expectations were informed by previous surgical experience and information from healthcare professionals. Diverse, and occasionally ambivalent, perceptions of various aspects of postoperative treatment were expressed and all participants emphasized the importance of reassurance and understanding by the healthcare team. When describing the effect of surgery on their lives, all experienced a period of ‘frustrating dependence’ and adopted a variety of psychological and practical coping mechanisms. Experience of recovery and long‐term outcome was influenced by factors extraneous to MCP arthroplasty, including medical condition and disease at adjacent joints. Factors influencing satisfaction included participants' evaluation of the extent to which goals and preoperative expectations had been met and the impact of surgery on their lives.

Conclusions

Joint goal‐setting is essential for understanding patients' unique reasons for undergoing MCP arthroplasty and facilitating realistic expectations. Education on all aspects of postoperative care is vital. Patients should be made aware of variability in outcome and the potential for deterioration due to the chronic nature of rheumatoid arthritis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic programming models for scheduling airlift operations
Authors: Midler J. L. , Wollmer R. D.
Published: October 2013

This article describes an analytic approach to flight scheduling within an airlift system. The model takes explicit account of the uncertainty present in cargo requirements or demands. For computational feasibility, the approach consists of two related models: (1) a monthly planning model that produces an initial schedule, and (2) a daily model for making periodic changes in the schedule. Both are formulated as two‐stage stochastic linear programs. A detailed mathematical description of each model and its physical interpretation is given.

The monthly model determines the number of flights each type of aircraft in the fleet. Excess demands on certain routes are assumed to be met, at least in part, by spot procurement of commerical lift from outside the system. The flight assignment is determined by minimizing the expected total system cost, which consists of operating costs, costs of reallocating aircraft to different routes, spot commercial procurement costs, and other penalty costs of excess demand. The model accounts for limitations on the number of flying hours and the carrying capacities of various aircraft in satisfying demands.

In the daily model the number of aircraft of each type to switch from one route to another and the number of commercial flights on spot contract to add on the current day are the principal decision variables. These are determined by balancing operating, procurement, and redistribution costs against the expected costs of additional cargo delay. The current state of the system — the amount of unmoved cargo on various routes andathe position of aircraft throughout the system — plays a role in determining these decisions.

A description of two variants of an algorithm recently developed for this class of problems is presented. Both versions, which use ideas from convex programming, make extensive use of linear programming codes for the brunt of the calculations. The models may thus be solved by augmenting existing linear programming routines.
A branch‐bound algorithm for the capacitated facilities location problem
Authors: Davis P. S. , Ray T. L.
Published: October 2013

This paper discusses a mixed integer programming method for solving the Facilities Location Problem with capacities on the facilities. The algorithm uses a Decomposition technique to solve the dual of the associated continuous problem in each branch‐bound iteration. The method was designed to produce the global optimum solution for problems with up to 100 facilities and 1,000 customers. Computational experience and a complete example are also presented in the appendix.
Body composition analysis by air displacement plethysmography in normal weight to extremely obese adults
Authors: Hames Kazanna C. , Anthony Steven J. , Thornton John C. , Gallagher Dympna , Goodpaster Bret H.
Published: October 2013

Objective

To compare body composition parameters estimated by air displacement plethysmography (ADP) to dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) in body mass index (BMI) classifications that include extremely obese (BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2), and to examine if differences between analyses were influenced by BMI.

Methods

Fat‐free mass (FFM, kg), fat mass (FM, kg), and body fat (BF, %) were analyzed with both technologies.

Results

All outcome measures of ADP and DXA were highly correlated (r ≥ 0.95, P < 0.001 for FFM, FM, and BF), but Bland–Altman analyses revealed significant bias (P < 0.01 for all). ADP estimated greater FFM and lower FM and BF (P < 0.01 for all). BMI explained 27% of the variance in differences between FFM measurements (P < 0.001), and 37 and 33% of the variances in differences between FM and BF measurements, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Within normal weight and overweight classifications, ADP estimated greater FFM and lower FM and BF (P < 0.001 for all), but the opposite occurred within the extremely obese classification; ADP estimated lower FFM and greater FM and BF (P < 0.05 for all).

Conclusions

Body composition analyses by the two technologies were strongly congruent, but systematically different and influenced by BMI. Caution should be taken when utilizing ADP to estimate body composition parameters over a wide range of BMI classifications that include extremely obese.
Simultaneous optimization of the mechanical properties of postconsumer natural fiber/plastic composites: Phase compatibilization and quality/cost ratio
Authors: Toupe Jean Luc , Trokourey Albert , Rodrigue Denis
Published: October 2013

In this work, a simultaneous optimization by phase compatibilization of four mechanical proprieties (flexural and tensile moduli, impact strength, and tensile stress at yield) of natural fiber/plastic composites was performed with respect to raw materials cost. In particular, a recycled resin of postconsumer origin (blend of high density polyethylene and polypropylene) with flax fibers was extruded with an additives package: a coupling agent (maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene) and an impact modifier (maleic anhydride grafted ethylene octene metallocene copolymer) to improve the interface between each phase. Then, the compounds were injection molded and tested. The analysis was performed according to a Box‐Behnken experimental design to study the effect of fiber concentration, total additives concentration, and impact modifier fraction in the additives package. The optimization process required three steps: to model the relationships between mechanical properties and selected factors by a multiple linear regression analysis, to identify the potentially optimum conditions using the desirability function approach (Derringer–Suich and Ch'ng et al.), and to determine the best composite composition (optimum condition) by a comparative analysis of the material quality/cost ratios. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:730–746, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Rapid evaluation of thermal aging of a carbon fiber laminated epoxy composite
Authors: Fan Wei , Li Jia‐lu
Published: October 2013

This study concentrated on the thermal aging mechanism and lifetime of a carbon fiber laminated epoxy composite. Samples of the laminated composite and the neat resin (as a contrast) were exposed in air circulating ovens set at 90, 120, and 150°C for various periods of time up to 13 days. The flexural properties combining with FTIR, weight loss, DSC, SEM, and surface morphology analyses were performed on the unaged and aged samples. The flexural strength of the composite deteriorated by a factor of 3 as a result of weight loss, microcrack formation, and chain scissions. The two‐way ANOVA results indicated that the aging time had significant effect on the flexural strength of the composite and the aging temperature had no significant effect on it. Two statistical models were established to predict the residual flexural strength and lifetime of this composite. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:975–984, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation, characterization and copolymerization of the 12‐membered cyclic diamide 1,6‐diazacyclododecane‐2,5‐dione
Authors: Kaya Ethem , Tarkin‐Tas Eylem , Osborn Scott , Ayotte Roger , Manning Steven , Mathias Lon J.
Published: October 2013

A 12‐membered cyclic diamide monomer for nylon 64 was successfully synthesized in fairly high yield (∼45%). The synthesis conditions were varied to see the effect of the diamine and succinyl chloride reactants on yield. Threefold excess of 1,6‐hexamethylenediamine (HDA) gave the highest yield, while further increasing the amount of HDA decreased the yield. Using N,N‐diisopropylethylamine as acid scavenger resulted in the formation of two different cyclic amides, which were fully analyzed by 1H and 13C solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and mass spectrometry. Copolymerization of cyclic amides with ε‐caprolactam via an anionic route gave a block copolyamide with a two distinct endotherms in the differential scanning calorimetry analysis. However, copolymerization by the hydrolytic route gave only nylon 6 with terminal 64 units. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 96–103
RAFT/MADIX copolymerization of vinyl acetate and 5,6‐benzo‐2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane
Authors: d'Ayala Giovanna Gomez , Malinconico Mario , Laurienzo Paola , Tardy Antoine , Guillaneuf Yohann , Lansalot Muriel , D'Agosto Franck , Charleux Bernadette
Published: October 2013

The synthesis of well‐defined degradable poly(vinyl acetate) analogues is achieved by RAFT copolymerization of 5,6‐benzo‐2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (BMDO) and vinyl acetate (VAc) using methyl (ethoxycarbonothioyl)sulfanyl acetate (MEA) as controlling agent. Several monomer mixtures with low BMDO contents (<30 mol %) are employed to prepare different copolymers. In all the cases, the evolution of molar masses and the dispersity values (<1.26) confirm the controlled feature of the polymerization. The livingness of the obtained chains is demonstrated by successful chain extension experiments with VAc, although the presence of dead chains is also shown. The introduction of ester groups into the main chain of these P(VAc‐co‐BMDO) copolymers allows their degradation when treated with a mixture of KOH/MeOH in reflux during 2.5 h. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 104–111
Structure of human peptidyl‐prolyl cis–trans isomerase FKBP22 containing two EF‐hand motifs
Authors: Boudko Sergei P. , Ishikawa Yoshihiro , Nix Jay , Chapman Michael S. , Bächinger Hans Peter
Published: October 2013

The FK506‐binding protein (FKBP) family consists of proteins with a variety of protein–protein interaction domains and versatile cellular functions. It is assumed that all members are peptidyl‐prolyl cis–trans isomerases with the enzymatic function attributed to the FKBP domain. Six members of this family localize to the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Four of them, FKBP22 (encoded by the FKBP14 gene), FKBP23 (FKBP7), FKBP60 (FKBP9), and FKBP65 (FKBP10), are unique among all FKBPs as they contain the EF‐hand motifs. Little is known about the biological roles of these proteins, but emerging genetics studies are attracting great interest to the ER resident FKBPs, as mutations in genes encoding FKBP10 and FKBP14 were shown to cause a variety of matrix disorders. Although the structural organization of the FKBP‐type domain as well as of the EF‐hand motif has been known for a while, it is difficult to conclude how these structures are combined and how it affects the protein functionality. We have determined a unique 1.9 Å resolution crystal structure for human FKBP22, which can serve as a prototype for other EF hand‐containing FKBPs. The EF‐hand motifs of two FKBP22 molecules form a dimeric complex with an elongated and predominantly hydrophobic cavity that can potentially be occupied by an aliphatic ligand. The FKBP‐type domains are separated by a cleft and their putative active sites can catalyze isomerazation of two bonds within a polypeptide chain in extended conformation. These structural results are of prime interest for understanding biological functions of ER resident FKBPs containing EF‐hand motifs.
Mapping the intramolecular signal transduction of G‐protein coupled receptors
Authors: Lee Yoonji , Choi Sun , Hyeon Changbong
Published: October 2013

G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), a major gatekeeper of extracellular signals on plasma membrane, are unarguably one of the most important therapeutic targets. Given the recent discoveries of allosteric modulations, an allosteric wiring diagram of intramolecular signal transductions would be of great use to glean the mechanism of receptor regulation. Here, by evaluating betweenness centrality (CB) of each residue, we calculate maps of information flow in GPCRs and identify key residues for signal transductions and their pathways. Compared with preexisting approaches, the allosteric hotspots that our CB‐based analysis detects for A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR) and bovine rhodopsin are better correlated with biochemical data. In particular, our analysis outperforms other methods in locating the rotameric microswitches, which are generally deemed critical for mediating orthosteric signaling in class A GPCRs. For A2AAR, the inter‐residue cross‐correlation map, calculated using equilibrium structural ensemble from molecular dynamics simulations, reveals that strong signals of long‐range transmembrane communications exist only in the agonist‐bound state. A seemingly subtle variation in structure, found in different GPCR subtypes or imparted by agonist bindings or a point mutation at an allosteric site, can lead to a drastic difference in the map of signaling pathways and protein activity. The signaling map of GPCRs provides valuable insights into allosteric modulations as well as reliable identifications of orthosteric signaling pathways. Proteins 2014; 82:727–743. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Very thin, highly‐conductive ZnO:Al front electrode on textured glass as substrate for thin‐film silicon solar cells
Authors: Neubert Sebastian , Ring Sven , Welker Florian , Götzendörfer Stefan , Ruske Florian , Stannowski Bernd , Schlatmann Rutger , Rech Bernd
Published: October 2013

A very thin (250 nm), highly conductive (annealed), non‐texturized DC‐sputtered aluminum‐doped zinc oxide layer (ZnO:Al) deposited on a textured glass is used as substrate for thin‐film silicon solar cells. Compared to the classical approach, where wet‐chemically texturized ZnO:Al on planar glass is used, this approach allows a reduction in the as‐deposited ZnO:Al thickness of almost 70% while at the same time, thanks to the good light trapping capability of the glass texture the efficiency of the cells was maintained at the high level of 10.9%.

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(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simultaneous Experimentation as a Learning Strategy: Business Model Development Under Uncertainty
Authors: Andries Petra , Debackere Koenraad , van Looy Bart
Published: October 2013

Ventures operating under uncertainty face challenges defining a sustainable value proposition. Six longitudinal case studies reveal two approaches to business model development: focused commitment and simultaneous experimentation. While focused commitment positively affects initial growth, this commitment and lack of variety jeopardize long‐term survival. Simultaneous experimentation implies lower initial growth levels, but facilitates long‐term survival by enacting variety in a resource‐effective manner. This article enriches organizational learning theory by demonstrating that not only distant search but also simultaneous experimentation results in variety. Moreover, simultaneous experimentation implies effectual behavior and reconciles the apparent juxtaposition between ‘action’ and ‘planning.’ Copyright © 2013 Strategic Management Society.
Marginal structural models for skewed outcomes: identifying causal relationships in health care utilization
Authors: Héroux Julie , Moodie Erica E.M. , Strumpf Erin , Coyle Natalie , Tousignant Pierre , Diop Mamadou
Published: October 2013

Evaluating the impacts of clinical or policy interventions on health care utilization requires addressing methodological challenges for causal inference while also analyzing highly skewed data. We examine the impact of registering with a Family Medicine Group, an integrated primary care model in Quebec, on hospitalization and emergency department visits using propensity scores to adjust for baseline characteristics and marginal structural models to account for time‐varying exposures. We also evaluate the performance of different marginal structural generalized linear models in the presence of highly skewed data and conduct a simulation study to determine the robustness of alternative generalized linear models to distributional model mis‐specification. Although the simulations found that the zero‐inflated Poisson likelihood performed the best overall, the negative binomial likelihood gave the best fit for both outcomes in the real dataset. Our results suggest that registration to a Family Medicine Group for all 3 years caused a small reduction in the number of emergency room visits and no significant change in the number of hospitalizations in the final year. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface Chemistry Engineering of Protein‐Directed SnO2 Nanocrystal‐Based Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries with Improved Performance
Authors: Wang Lei , Wang Dong , Dong Zhihui , Zhang Fengxing , Jin Jian
Published: October 2013

A novel uniform amorphous carbon‐coated SnO2 nanocrystal (NCs) for use in lithium‐ion batteries is formed by utilizing bovine serum albumin (BSA) as both the ligand and carbon source. The SnO2–carbon composite is then coated by a controlled thickness of polydopamine (PD) layer through in situ polymerization of dopamine. The PD‐coated SnO2–carbon composite is finally mixed with polyacrylic acid (PAA) which is used as binder to accomplish a whole anode system. A crosslink reaction is built between PAA and PD through formation of amide bonds to produce a robust network in the anode system. As a result, the designed electrode exhibits improved reversible capacity of 648 mAh/g at a current density of 100 mA/g after 100 cycles, and an enhanced rate performance of 875, 745, 639, and 523 mAh/g at current densities of 50, 100, 250, and 500 mA/g, respectively. FTIR spectra confirm the formation of crosslink reaction and the stability of the robust network during long‐term cycling. The great improvement of capacity and rate performance achieved in this anode system is attributed to two stable interfaces built between the active material (SnO2–carbon composite) and the buffer layer (PD) and between the buffer layer and the binder (PAA), which effectively diminish the volume change of SnO2 during charge/discharge process and provide a stable matrix for active materials.
Avoiding a Global Carbon Crisis: Learning from the Financial Crisis
Authors: Shrivastava Paul , Busch Timo
Published: October 2013

The global financial crisis originated in the subprime mortgage market in the United States in 2008 and its effects spread to all of the world's major financial markets. Only governmental programs and subsidies have prevented an outright crash of the world economy. What can the financial crisis teach us about the impending carbon crisis? What is needed to move the global economy toward sustainability, using renewable energy regimes, and low carbon consumption and production? This paper provides a nontechnological response to these questions by highlighting six key sociocultural lessons and suggesting two key recommendations in how to overcome the current carbon lock‐in. Firms should establish proactive climate strategies. Policymakers can facilitate this by developing farsighted governance mechanisms and setting the right incentives and boundary conditions. We conclude that a mix of both is required to prevent the global carbon crisis from becoming a reality. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of an (Intumescent flame retardant)‐montmorillonite combination on the thermal stability and fire‐retardant properties of LDPE/EVA nanocomposites
Authors: Chen Suqing , Sun Baishen , Huang Guobo , Guo Haichang , Wang Shuqu
Published: October 2013

The combined effects of an organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) and an intumescent flame retardant, poly (piperazine spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate) (PPSPB), in (low‐density polyethylene)/[ethylene‐(vinyl acetate) copolymer] (LDPE/EVA) nanocomposites were observed. The results from X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies showed that exfoliated LDPE/EVA/PPSPB/OMMT nanocomposites were formed. Thermal stability and flammability properties were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimeter tests. The combination of PPSPB and montmorillonite improved thermal stability and reduced significantly the flammability, including peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release, average mass loss rate, etc. The PHRR of LDPE/EVA/PPSPB/OMMT was reduced by about 50% compared to that of an LDPE/EVA blend. The morphology and composition of the residues generated by cone calorimeter tests were investigated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis. The results of SEM showed that a compact and dense intumescent char was formed from the LDPE/EVA/PPSPB/OMMT nanocomposite upon combustion. The results of EDX examination revealed that the carbon content of this char was increased significantly by the combined effect of PPSPB and montmorillonite. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 19:285–292, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of Organic Dicarboxylates with Different Rigidity on the Construction of Cobalt(II) Complexes with a Semi‐rigid Tripyridyl‐bis‐amide Ligand
Authors: Wang Xiu‐Li , Chen Nai‐Li , Liu Guo‐Cheng , Huang Jing‐Jing , Luan Jian , Qu Yun
Published: October 2013

Three coordination compounds with dimensions from 0D to 2D, namely, [Co(bppdca)2(HL1)2] (1) [Co(bppdca)(L2)(H2O)]·2H2O (2) and [Co(bppdca)(L3)]·3H2O (3) [bppdca = N,N′‐bis(pyridine‐3‐yl)pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxamide, H2L1 = 2,5‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid, H2L2 = 4,4′‐oxybisbenzoic acid, H2L3 = 2‐carboxymethylsulfanyl nicotinic acid] were hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that complex 1 is a discrete 0D complex, in which the bppdca ligand and the H2L1 act as the terminal groups to coordinate with the CoII ions. In coordination polymer 2, two bppdca ligands coordinate in anti configuration with two CoII ions to generate a 28‐membered Co2(bppdca)2 loop, which is further extended into 1D ladder‐like double chain by pairs of L2 ligands. In 3, the CoII ions are linked by bppdca ligands to generate 1D wave‐like chain, which is further connected by the L3 to form a 2D network. Finally, the coordination compounds 1–3 are extended into 3D supramolecular frameworks through the hydrogen bonding interactions. The CoII ions and the bppdca ligands in the title coordination compounds exhibit different coordination characters and conformations. The effect of organic dicarboxylates with different rigidity and length on the structures of CoII coordination compounds was investigated. In addition, the fluorescence and electrochemical behaviors of coordination compounds 1–3 were reported.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of (1,3‐Diammoniumpropane)3[V4W9O40]·H2O
Authors: Hinz Michael , Näther Christian , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: October 2013

The new compound (1,3‐diammoniumpropane)3[V4W9O40]·H2O was synthesized under solvothermal conditions. The main structural motif is a vanadium rich Keggin anion. The central tetrahedron is solely occupied by VV, while the remaining metal atom positions are statistically occupied by VVand WVI. Between the anion and the diprotonated amine molecules a pronounced hydrogen bond network is observed. Upon heating the compound decomposes in three steps.
Two Anhydrous Salts of Tetrafluoroterephthalic Acid (H2tF‐­BDC): K2tF‐BDC and Rb2tF‐BDC
Authors: Werker Melanie , Dolfus Benedikt , Ruschewitz Uwe
Published: October 2013

Two new anhydrous salts of tetrafluoroterephthalic acid (H2tF‐BDC), namely K2tF‐BDC (1) and Rb2tF‐BDC (2), were synthesized and structurally characterized. The crystal structure of 1 (I2/m, Z = 2) was solved and refined from X‐ray single crystal data. K+ (CN = 8) is coordinated by six oxygen atoms of five different tF‐BDC2– linkers and two fluorine atoms of two of these linkers, which connect the KO6F2 polyhedra to a 3D network. The crystal structure of 2 (P$\bar{1}$, Z = 1) was refined from X‐ray powder diffraction data. It crystallizes in a structure type already known from Tl2tF‐BDC. Rb+ (CN = 8) is also coordinated by six oxygen and two fluorine atoms. But six tF‐BDC2– linkers are involved in the coordination. Again, a 3D network is formed. Both compounds can be obtained as single‐phase samples. They are not porous and stable in air. The thermal stability was investigated by DTA/TG measurements. The decomposition starts at approx. 200 °C (1) and 230 °C (2). Their good solubility in water makes them interesting starting materials for the synthesis of new MOFs with the perfluorinated linker tF‐BDC2–.
Characterization of the sugar alcohol-producing yeast Pichia anomala
Authors: Zhang Guoqiang , Lin Yuping , He Peng , Li Lin , Wang Qinhong , Ma Yanhe
Published: October 2013

Sugar alcohols have been widely applied in the field of food and medicine for their unique properties. Compared to chemical production, microbial production of sugar alcohol has become attractive for its environmental and sustainable pattern. In this study, a potential yeast isolated from soil of Beijing suburbs was identified as Pichia anomala TIB-x229, and its key enzyme of d-arabitol dehydrogenase for microbial production of sugar alcohols was functionally characterized. This yeast could simultaneously produce d-arabitol, xylitol, and/or ribitol from a different ratio of sugar substrates at a high efficiency by bioconversion, and no glucose repression happened when mixed sugars of xylose and glucose were used as the substrates during the bioconversion. This yeast could also efficiently convert complicated feedstock such as xylose mother liquor to d-arabitol, xylitol, and ribitol with 55 % yields. To elucidate the conversion relationship of the sugar alcohols, especially d-arabitol and xylitol, the key d-arabitol dehydrogenase gene from P. anomala was cloned, expressed and purified for further in vitro characterization. The results showed that this d-arabitol dehydrogenase could catalyze arabitol to xylulose further, which is significant for xylitol production from glucose. Our study laid the foundation for improving the production of sugar alcohols by metabolic and fermentation engineering strategies.
Plant-derived compounds as natural antimicrobials to control paper mill biofilms
Authors: Neyret Christophe , Herry Jean-Marie , Meylheuc Thierry , Dubois-Brissonnet Florence
Published: October 2013

Biofilms can cause severe problems in industrial paper mills, particularly of economic and technological types (clogging of filters, sheet breaks or holes in the paper, machine breakdowns, etc.). We present here some promising results on the use of essential oil compounds to control these biofilms. Biofilms were grown on stainless-steel coupons with a microbial white water consortium sampled from an industrial paper mill. Five essential oil compounds were screened initially in the laboratory in terms of their antimicrobial activity against planktonic cells and biofilms. The three most active compounds were selected and then tested in different combinations. The combination finally selected was tested at the pilot scale to confirm its efficiency under realistic conditions. All the compounds tested were as active against biofilms as they were against planktonic cells. The most active compounds were thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol, and the most efficient combination was thymol–carvacrol. At a pilot scale, with six injections a day, 10 mM carvacrol alone prevented biocontamination for at least 10 days, and a 1 mM thymol–carvacrol combination enabled a 67 % reduction in biofilm dry matter after 11 days. The use of green antimicrobials could constitute a very promising alternative or supplement to the treatments currently applied to limit biofilm formation in the environment of paper mill machines.
Engaging, interacting and connecting with our learners and teachers
Authors: Jaarsma A. D. C.
Published: October 2013

None
Polychlorinated biphenyls impair dibutyryl cAMP‐induced astrocytic differentiation in rat C6 glial cell line
Authors: Adornetto Annagrazia , Pagliara Valentina , Renzo Gianfranco Di , Arcone Rosaria
Published: October 2013

In the central nervous system, alteration of glial cell differentiation can affect brain functions. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental chemical contaminants that exert neurotoxic effects in glial and neuronal cells. We examined the effects of a commercial mixture of PCBs, Aroclor1254 (A1254) on astrocytic differentiation of glial cells, using the rat C6 cell line asin vitromodel. The exposure for 24 h to sub‐toxic concentrations of A1254 (3 or 9 μM) impaired dibutyryl cAMP‐induced astrocytic differentiation as showed by the decrease of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) protein levels and inhibition in change of cell morphology toward an astrocytic phenotype. The A1254 inhibition was restored by the addition of a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide (bis), therefore indicating that PCBs disturbed the cAMP‐induced astrocytic differentiation of C6 cells via the PKC pathway. The phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is essential for cAMP‐induced transcription of GFAP promoter in C6 cells. Our results indicated that the exposure to A1254 (3 or 9 μM) for 24 h suppressed cAMP‐induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Moreover, A1254 reduced cAMP‐dependent phosphorylation of STAT3 requires inhibition of PKC activity. Together, our results suggest that PCBs induce perturbation in cAMP/PKA and PKC signaling pathway during astrocytic differentiation of glial cells.
TRUSTWORTHINESS AND TRUTH: THE EPISTEMIC PITFALLS OF INTERNET ACCOUNTABILITY
Authors: Frost-Arnold Karen
Published: October 2013

Since anonymous agents can spread misinformation with impunity, many people advocate for greater accountability for internet speech. This paper provides a veritistic argument that accountability mechanisms can cause significant epistemic problems for internet encyclopedias and social media communities. I show that accountability mechanisms can undermine both the dissemination of true beliefs and the detection of error. Drawing on social psychology and behavioral economics, I suggest alternative mechanisms for increasing the trustworthiness of internet communication.
Sheet-like and plume-like thermal flow in a spherical convection experiment performed under microgravity
Authors: Futterer B. , Krebs A. , Plesa A.-C. , Zaussinger F. , Hollerbach R. , Breuer D. , Egbers C.
Published: October 2013

We introduce, in spherical geometry, experiments on electro-hydrodynamic driven Rayleigh–Bénard convection that have been performed for both temperature-independent (‘GeoFlow I’) and temperature-dependent fluid viscosity properties (‘GeoFlow II’) with a measured viscosity contrast up to 1.5. To set up a self-gravitating force field, we use a high-voltage potential between the inner and outer boundaries and a dielectric insulating liquid; the experiments were performed under microgravity conditions on the International Space Station. We further run numerical simulations in three-dimensional spherical geometry to reproduce the results obtained in the ‘GeoFlow’ experiments. We use Wollaston prism shearing interferometry for flow visualization – an optical method producing fringe pattern images. The flow patterns differ between our two experiments. In ‘GeoFlow I’, we see a sheet-like thermal flow. In this case convection patterns have been successfully reproduced by three-dimensional numerical simulations using two different and independently developed codes. In contrast, in ‘GeoFlow II’, we obtain plume-like structures. Interestingly, numerical simulations do not yield this type of solution for the low viscosity contrast realized in the experiment. However, using a viscosity contrast of two orders of magnitude or higher, we can reproduce the patterns obtained in the ‘GeoFlow II’ experiment, from which we conclude that nonlinear effects shift the effective viscosity ratio.
Phase trapping and slipping in a forced hydrodynamically self-excited jet
Authors: Li Larry K. B. , Juniper Matthew P.
Published: October 2013

In a recent study on a coupled laser system, Thévenin et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 107, 2011, 104101) reported the first experimental evidence of phase trapping, a partially synchronous state characterized by frequency locking without phase locking. To determine whether this state can arise in a hydrodynamic system, we reanalyse the data from our recent experiment on a periodically forced self-excited low-density jet (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 726, 2013, pp. 624–655). We find that this jet exhibits the full range of phase dynamics predicted by model oscillators with weak nonlinearity. These dynamics include (i) phase trapping between phase drifting and phase locking when the jet is forced far from its natural frequency and (ii) phase slipping during phase drifting when it is forced close to its natural frequency. This raises the possibility that similar phase dynamics can be found in other similarly self-excited flows. It also strengthens the validity of using low-dimensional nonlinear dynamical systems based on a universal amplitude equation to model such flows, many of which are of industrial importance.
Generation of an acoustic-gravity wave by two gravity waves, and their subsequent mutual interaction
Authors: Kadri Usama , Stiassnie Michael
Published: October 2013

The nonlinear triad interaction of two opposing gravity waves with almost identical frequencies and one much longer acoustic-gravity wave is studied for non-resonance, as well as for exact resonance conditions. For non-resonance conditions the previously known results for a ‘bound’ acoustic-gravity wave are recovered. For resonance, or near-resonance conditions, where all three waves are ‘free waves’, the interaction is recurrent and the amplitude of the free acoustic-gravity wave turns out to be much larger than that known for the bound wave. The results for the recurrent evolution are given analytically, in terms of Jacobian elliptic functions and elliptic integrals.
The conquest of vitalism or the eclipse of organicism? The 1930s Cambridge organizer project and the social network of mid-twentieth-century biology
Authors: PETERSON ERIK
Published: October 2013

In the 1930s, two concepts excited the European biological community: the organizer phenomenon and organicism. This essay examines the history of and connection between these two phenomena in order to address the conventional ‘rise-and-fall’ narrative that historians have assigned to each. Scholars promoted the ‘rise-and-fall’ narrative in connection with a broader account of the devitalizing of biology through the twentieth century. I argue that while limited evidence exists for the ‘fall of the organizer concept’ by the 1950s, the organicism that often motivated the organizer work had no concomitant fall – even during the mid-century heyday of molecular biology. My argument is based on an examination of shifting social networks of life scientists from the 1920s to the 1970s, many of whom attended or corresponded with members of the Cambridge Theoretical Biology Club (1932–1938). I conclude that the status and cohesion of these social networks at the micro scale was at least as important as macro-scale conceptual factors in determining the relative persuasiveness of organicist philosophy.
New perspectives on ancient marine reptiles
Authors: KEAR BENJAMIN P. , BUDD GRAHAM E.
Published: October 2013

Amniotes first invaded saline lagoons and coastal seaways towards the end of the Palaeozoic (Early Permian, ~ 280 Ma: Piñeiro et al. 2012), but by the dawn of the Mesozoic (Early–Middle Triassic, ~ 250–235 Ma: Rieppel, 2002; McGowan & Motani, 2003) they had achieved a diversity of specialized body-forms requisite for an obligate oceanic lifestyle. Such an explosive ecomorphological radiation paved the way for amniote dominance of large-bodied aquatic carnivore/omnivore niches over the next 185 Ma, with some lineages (e.g. dyrosaurid crocodylomorphs and bothremydid turtles: Gaffney, Tong & Meylan, 2006; Barbosa, Kellner & Sales Viana, 2008) even persisting on into the Palaeogene (until ~ 50 Ma), and diversifying (i.e. chelonioid sea turtles: Hirayama, 1997) alongside emergent marine mammals through the Neogene (from ~ 23 Ma) and up until today.