bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First Report of Papaya Fruit Rot Caused by Colletotrichum magna in Brazil
Authors: Nascimento R. J. , Mizubuti E. S. G. , Câmara M. P. S. , Ferreira M. F. , Maymon M. , Freeman S. , Michereff S. J.
Published: November 2010

Species of the genus Colletotrichum are commonly reported as pathogens of fruits in tropical regions. Papaya fruits (Carica papaya L.), cv. Golden, with typical lesions of anthracnose, chocolate spot, and/or stem-end rot were collected from 18 papaya-producing areas of northeast Brazil in 2007. One hundred and fifty-five isolates of Colletotrichum spp. were obtained from the fruit lesions and cultured on potato dextrose agar. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by placing a 20-μl drop of 105 conidia ml–1 suspension on a wounded area of two healthy fruits of cv Golden at the climacteric stage. Inoculated fruits were placed in a moist chamber at 26°C (±2) for 48 h. After this period, the plastic covers of the trays used to form the moist chamber were removed and the trays were kept at 26°C (±2) for 98 h when symptoms were assessed. The causal agents of fruit rot were recovered from inoculated fruits showing symptoms of anthracnose and chocolate spot. Conidia from fresh lesions were collected and measured. Conidia dimensions were 13.49 × 3.80 μm, length/width ratio = 3.55 μm. Conidia were predominantly cylindrical to bluntly rounded ends and slightly flattened. All isolates were morphologically similar to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz (1). Molecular analyses of the isolates were carried out with taxon-specific primers for C. acutatum J.H Simmonds and C. gloeosporioides (3). Only one amplicon was detected for eight isolates with the C. gloeosporioides primer. All isolates were genotyped using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. Three groups of isolates were found, one containing the eight C. gloeosporioides isolates, a second group comprised of 141 isolates, and a third contained six isolates. The second and third groups were more similar to each other than to the first C. gloeosporioides group. Thirty two representative isolates of the three ISSR groups were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and glutamine synthetase (GS) (GenBank Nos. HM163181 and HM015847) regions. With molecular phylogenetic analyses, two well-supported clades were formed, one with the C. gloeosporioides isolates and the other with sequences highly similar (99% similarity) to the two ITS sequences available in GenBank (DQ003310 and GU358453) and the GS region of G. magna Jenkins & Winstead (DQ792873). The latter was reported in the United States and Taiwan (2,4). Isolates of C. magna and C. gloeosporioides are morphologically similar and identification needs to be based on molecular analyses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. magna causing rot of papaya fruit in Brazil.

References: (1) P. F. Cannon et al. Mycotaxon 104:189, 2008. (2) M. Z. Du et al. Mycologia 97:641, 2005. (3) P. Talhinhas et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:2987, 2005. (4) J. G. Tsay et al. Plant Dis. 94:787, 2010.
Classifying nursing errors in clinical management within an Australian hospital
Authors: Tran D. T. , Johnson M.
Published: November 2010

Tran D.T. & Johnson M. (2010) Classifying nursing errors in clinical management within an Australian hospital. International Nursing Review57, 454–462

Background:  Although many classification systems relating to patient safety exist, no taxonomy was identified that classified nursing errors in clinical management.

Aims:  To develop a classification system for nursing errors relating to clinical management (NECM taxonomy) and to describe contributing factors and patient consequences.

Methods:  We analysed 241 (11%) self‐reported incidents relating to clinical management in nursing in a metropolitan hospital. Descriptive analysis of numeric data and content analysis of text data were undertaken to derive the NECM taxonomy, contributing factors and consequences for patients.

Results:  Clinical management incidents represented 1.63 incidents per 1000 occupied bed days. The four themes of the NECM taxonomy were nursing care process (67%), communication (22%), administrative process (5%), and knowledge and skill (6%). Half of the incidents did not cause any patient harm. Contributing factors (n = 111) included the following: patient clinical, social conditions and behaviours (27%); resources (22%); environment and workload (18%); other health professionals (15%); communication (13%); and nurse's knowledge and experience (5%).

Conclusion:  The NECM taxonomy provides direction to clinicians and managers on areas in clinical management that are most vulnerable to error, and therefore, priorities for system change management. Any nurses who wish to classify nursing errors relating to clinical management could use these types of errors. This study informs further research into risk management behaviour, and self‐assessment tools for clinicians. Globally, nurses need to continue to monitor and act upon patient safety issues.
Antimatter Atomic Physics
Authors: Walters H. R. J.
Published: November 2010

Positronium, the atom formed from an electron and a positron, is a gateway to very cold antihydrogen atoms and possibly a γ-ray laser.
Slew of Landslides Unmask Hidden Geological Hazards
Authors: Xin Hao
Published: November 2010

On 7 August, heavy rains in the mountains north of Zhouqu, in western China's Gansu Province, unleashed a torrent of mud, boulders, and rubble, most of which, researchers believe, had been deposited in two gullies north of town by landslides and rockfalls after a big earthquake in 1879. The findings suggested that debris flows could strike more than 100 years after a major quake.
Stopping the Drilling and the Filling: Regenerating Teeth with Soluble Human Tooth Proteins
Authors: Ng Kenneth W.
Published: November 2010

New research into human tooth proteins may lead to ways to regenerate tooth structures and treat tooth decay.
Exomes Take Center Stage
Authors: Damani Samir
Published: November 2010

Sequencing exomes identifies a new gene variant causing familial combined hypolipidemia.
Observation of a New Pattern in Serogroup-Related PCR Typing of
Listeria
monocytogenes
4b Isolates
Authors: Huang Bixing , Fang Ningxia , Dimovski Karolina , Wang Xian , Hogg Geoff , Bates John
Published: November 2010

Molecular serogroup-related PCR typing has made the determination of serotypes of
Listeria
monocytogenes
isolates easy and rapid. Amplification of selected lineage- and serotype-related genes can produce serotype patterns reflecting the four major serotypes, 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, and 4b. We found that four isolates in our routine testing had a pattern with the four bands
lmo0737
, ORF2110, ORF2819, and
prs
positive, a pattern which has not been previously reported in the literature. After testing with a lineage-specific PCR, hybridization, and conventional agglutination serotyping, the isolates with the new pattern were considered to be serotype 4b.
Evaluation of Multiplex Tandem Real-Time PCR for Detection of
Cryptosporidium
spp.,
Dientamoeba fragilis
,
Entamoeba histolytica
, and
Giardia intestinalis
in Clinical Stool Samples
Authors: Stark D. , Al-Qassab S. E. , Barratt J. L. N. , Stanley K. , Roberts T. , Marriott D. , Harkness J. , Ellis J. T.
Published: November 2010

The aim of this study was to describe the first development and evaluation of a multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assay for the detection and identification of 4 common pathogenic protozoan parasites,
Cryptosporidium
spp.,
Dientamoeba fragilis
,
Entamoeba histolytica
, and
Giardia intestinalis
, from human clinical samples. A total of 472 fecal samples submitted to the Department of Microbiology at St. Vincent's Hospital were included in the study. The MT-PCR assay was compared to four real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assays and microscopy by a traditional modified iron hematoxylin stain. The MT-PCR detected 28
G. intestinalis
, 26
D. fragilis
, 11
E. histolytica
, and 9
Cryptosporidium
sp. isolates. Detection and identification of the fecal protozoa by MT-PCR demonstrated 100% correlation with the RT-PCR results, and compared to RT-PCR, MT-PCR exhibited 100% sensitivity and specificity, while traditional microscopy of stained fixed fecal smears exhibited sensitivities and specificities of 56% and 100% for
Cryptosporidium
spp., 38% and 99% for
D. fragilis
, 47% and 97% for
E. histolytica
, and 50% and 100% for
G. intestinalis
. No cross-reactivity was detected in 100 stool samples containing various other bacterial, viral, and protozoan species. The MT-PCR assay was able to provide rapid, sensitive, and specific simultaneous detection and identification of the four most important diarrhea-causing protozoan parasites that infect humans. This study also highlights the lack of sensitivity demonstrated by microscopy, and thus, molecular methods such as MT-PCR must be considered the diagnostic methods of choice for enteric protozoan parasites.
Is transplanting an effective means of preserving vegetation?
Authors: Fahselt Dianne
Published: November 2010

Transplantation to new locations is used widely to propagate horticultural and agricultural species but is also promoted as a means of relocating whole communities that stand in the way of development. It may be used as well to move vegetation from the field for experimentation under controlled conditions. Transplantation has not in the past been considered a reliable means of conserving threatened species or reproducing functional characteristics of natural communities, and has been regarded by many as highly ineffective. However, its potential must now be re-examined because of the many recent transplant attempts as well as advances in related fields. Recent trials illustrate that individual endangered species are still particularly difficult to transplant and displaced multi-species sods are almost always changed in the process. Exact reconstruction of communities from individual components is next to impossible because the full complement of species, including critical microbial components, is almost never known. Owing to a limited understanding of phenology, reproduction, functional roles, and interrelationships among constituent microbes, cryptogams, vascular plants, and fauna, transplants may be placed into sites with both biological and physical insufficiencies. Genetic diversity may be lost or, if genotypes from diverse sources are mixed, outbreeding depression may result. Recent advances in soil science, microbial ecology, and population genetics have in some cases improved the effectiveness of transplantation, but new insights mainly permit a fuller appreciation of the causes of failure. Home-site advantage has been demonstrated, and habitat protection appears to be the best and perhaps only reliable way of preserving intact natural communities and rare species. Furthermore, experimentation with vegetational mats under controlled conditions may have little relevance to natural ecosystems.
Allocation and morphological responses to resource manipulations are unlikely to mitigate shade intolerance in Houstonia montana, a rare southern Appalachian herb
Authors: Euliss Amy C. , Fisk Melany C. , McCleneghan S. Coleman , Neufeld Howard S.
Published: November 2010

High light requirements limit the distribution of several rare plant species endemic to the southern Appalachian region. We studied the influence of light and nitrogen availability on carbon allocation and morphology in one of these species, Houstonia montana Small. Insights into growth and nutrition of H. montana are needed for predicting how it will respond to ongoing changes in its environment associated with atmospheric nitrogen deposition and resulting from succession and (or) management of grassy-bald habitats in which it occurs. We hypothesized that low light constrains belowground allocation, and that elevated N availability reduces limitations to aboveground growth at low light. We tested growth and mycorrhizal colonization of H. montana in response to interactions of light and N availability in a greenhouse experiment. Shade reduced plant biomass, root:shoot ratios, and mycorrhizal colonization, and increased specific leaf area (area/mass). Elevated N reduced root:shoot ratios and mycorrhizal colonization. Under low light, N addition increased specific root length (length/mass) and foliar chlorophyll. We found support for the hypotheses that low light and high N reduce belowground allocation in H. montana. However, we did not find that high N significantly alleviates limitation to plant growth in the shade, despite changes in allocation, morphology, and chemistry that were consistent with more efficient use of C for aboveground growth. Thus, variation in the soil N availability is unlikely to have a marked effect on the ability of H. montana to tolerate shade in its native habitat.
Growth of the gynophore of the peanut Arachis hypogaea. 1. Intact and decapitated gynophores
Authors: Shushu Deborah D. , Cutter Elizabeth G.
Published: November 2010

The origin and development of gynophores were studied in a two-seeded, bunch-type peanut ciltivar, Bukene No. 2. Plants were grown and experiments carried out in a greenhouse. An intercalary meristem is formed at the base of the fertilized ovary. When the gynophore is about 6 mm long, it responds positively to gravity, showing sigmoid growth. Marking experiments showed that the meristem extended to 6 mm proximal to the tip of the gynophore, the greatest growth occurring between 2 and 3 mm from the tip. Histoautoradiography showed that the greatest number of labelled nuclei occurred in segment 2; however, because of differences in cell length, the highest proportion of labelled to unlabelled nuclei occurred in segment 3, the region where the greatest overall extension occurred. Both cell division and cell elongation are involved in extension growth. Excision of the ovary resulted in cessation of elongation growth after 4 days or less, together with loss of meristematic features. Removal of the distal half of the ovary was less effective. It is postulated that the developing ovary provides growth factors necessary for maintenance of growth in the intercalary meristem of the gynophore.
Trichomycete gut fungi in New Zealand aquatic insect larvae
Authors: Williams Marvin C. , Lichtwardt Robert W.
Published: November 2010

New Zealand, like other regions of the world, has now been shown to have a diverse and rich assortment of Trichomycetes (Zygomycotina). Seven of the 14 species of Harpellales we found in aquatic insect larvae are known from other land areas. The remaining seven species, consisting of six Harpellales and one Amoebidiales, are new and possibly endemic. A new genus, Austrosmittium, from Chironomidae larvae is established, with two species, A. kiwiorum and A. norinsulare. The other new species are Glotzia plecopterorum (in Plecoptera), Paramoebidium bibrachium (Amoebidiales, in Ephemeroptera), Pennella asymmetrica (in Simuliidae), and Smittium rarum and Stachylina minima (in Chironomidae). All of the new species were found either on North Island or South Island, but not both. We also report the presence on South Island of two widespread species of marine trichomycetes (Eccrinales), Enteromyces callianassae and Taeniella carcini, in anomuran and brachyuran crustaceans.
Double-Dissociation of the Catecholaminergic Modulation of Synaptic Transmission in the Oval Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
Authors: Krawczyk Michal , Georges François , Sharma Robyn , Mason Xenos , Berthet Amandine , Bézard Erwan , Dumont Éric C.
Published: November 2010

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) is a cluster of nuclei within the extended amygdala, a forebrain macrostructure with extensive projection to motor nuclei of the hindbrain. The subnuclei of the BST coordinate autonomic, neuroendocrine, and somato-motor functions and receive robust neuromodulatory monoaminergic afferents, including 5-HT-, noradrenaline (NA)-, and dopamine (DA)-containing terminals. In contrast to 5-HT and NA, little is known about how DA modulates neuronal activity or synaptic transmission in the BST. DA-containing afferents to the BST originate in the ventral tegmental area, the periaqueducal gray, and the retrorubral field. They form a fairly diffuse input to the dorsolateral BST with dense terminal fields in the oval (ovBST) and juxtacapsular (jxBST) nuclei. The efferent-afferent connectivity of the BST suggests that it may play a key role in motivated behaviors, consistent with recent evidence that the dorsolateral BST is a target for drugs of abuse. This study describes the effects of DA on synaptic transmission in the ovBST. Whole cell voltage clamp recordings were performed on ovBST neurons in brain slices from adult rats in the presence or absence of exogenous DA and receptor-targeted agonists and antagonists. The results showed that DA selectively and exclusively reduced inhibitory synaptic transmission in the ovBST in a dose-dependent and D2-like dopamine receptor-dependent manner. DA also modulated excitatory synaptic transmission in a dose-dependent dependent manner. However, this effect was mediated by α2-noradrenergic receptors. Thus these data reveal a double dissociation in catecholaminergic regulation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the ovBST and may shed light on the mechanisms involved in neuropathological behaviors such as stress-induced relapse to consumption of drugs of abuse.
The impact of environmental temperature on larval development and metamorph body condition in the common toad, Bufo bufo
Authors: Reading Christopher
Published: November 2010

The dates when common toads first started to spawn (1980-2009) and when metamorphs first started to emerge from the natal pond (1984-2009) were recorded annually at a pond in southern England. Data loggers were used to record daily pond water temperatures between 1995-1999 and 2002-2009. The SVL and body mass of newly emerged metamorphs were recorded between 2003-2009. The dates of first spawn deposition varied between years by up to 60 days, from 28th January 2007 to 29th March 2006. The duration of the tadpole stage was negatively correlated with the date of first spawn deposition and with the mean pond water temperature during the tadpole stage. Although the duration of the tadpole stage was longer when spawning was early, compared to when it was late, metamorphs emerged from the pond up to 37 days earlier when spawning was early but with a lower body condition than when spawning was late. The body condition of newly emerged metamorphs was highly correlated with the temperature of the pond water they experienced as tadpoles. The potential benefit of early metamorphosis in providing a longer period of time for toadlet growth, before entering their first hibernation, may be counterbalanced by their poorer body condition when compared with later emerging metamorphs.
The Ossetian-Ingush Confrontation: Explaining a Horizontal Conflict
Authors: Rezvani Babak
Published: November 2010

Terrorist attacks in the North Caucasus and the eruption of many other ethnic conflicts in the post-Soviet space cause the fear that the old Ossetian-Ingush confrontation may also re-emerge. Ossetians are the only indigenous Christian ethnic group in the predominantly Sunni Muslim North Caucasus. They have fought a war with the Ingush over the Prigorodnyj district, which was part of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic inhabited mainly by the Ingush before they were deported by Stalin in the early 1940s. After their return, the punished Muslim Ingush have tried in vain to regain their territory, which has ultimately resulted in a bloody war in the early 1990s. Unlike the other wars in the former Soviet republics, this was not a vertical conflict. The present paper tries to analyse the historical background and roots of the antagonism between the two neighbouring North Caucasian peoples.
Wrapping BCR-ABL: it's in the bag
Authors: Melo Junia V. , Hewett Duncan R.
Published: November 2010

Leukemia, with its origin in a specific genetic abnormality, will only arise if the cell properly folds and processes the oncogenic protein encoded by the mutant gene. In this issue of Blood, Tsukahara and Maru describe a set of proteins that control the processing of the nascent BCR-ABL oncoprotein, providing new avenues for potential therapeutic intervention in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).
Regulation of CEACAM1 transcription in human breast epithelial cells
Authors: Gencheva Marieta , Chen Charng-Jui , Nguyen Tung , Shively John E
Published: November 2010

Background

Carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a transmembrane protein with multiple functions in different cell types. CEACAM1 expression is frequently mis-regulated in cancer, with down-regulation reported in several tumors of epithelial origin andde novoexpression of CEACAM1 in lung cancer and malignant melanoma. In this report we analyzed the regulation of CEACAM1 expression in three breast cancer cell lines that varied in CEACAM1 expression from none (MCF7) to moderate (MDA-MB-468) to high (MCF10A, comparable to normal breast).

Results

Usingin vivofootprinting and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments we show that theCEACAM1proximal promoter in breast cells is bound in its active state by SP1, USF1/USF2, and IRF1/2. When down-regulated theCEACAM1promoter remains accessible to USF2 and partially accessible to USF1. Interferon-γ up-regulates CEACAM1 mRNA by a mechanism involving further induction of IRF-1 and USF1 binding at the promoter. As predicted by this analysis, silencing of IRF1 and USF1 but not USF2 by RNAi resulted in a significant decrease in CEACAM1 protein expression in MDA-MB-468 cells. The inactiveCEACAM1promoter in MCF7 cells exhibits decreased histone acetylation at the promoter region, with no evidence of H3K9 or H3K27 trimethylation, histone modifications often linked to condensed chromatin structure.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that transcription activators USF1 and IRF1 interact to modulate CEACAM1 expression and that the chromatin structure of the promoter is likely maintained in a poised state that can promote rapid induction under appropriate conditions.
Changes in CD4+ cells’ miRNA expression following exposure to HIV‐1
Authors: Bignami F , Pilotti E , Bertoncelli L , Ronzi P , Gulli M , Marmiroli N , Magnani G , Pinti M , Mussini C , Lopalco L , Ruotolo R , Galli M , Cossarizza A , Casoli C
Published: November 2010

16‐17 July 2010, International AIDS Society’s Workshop “Towards a Cure”: HIV Reservoirs and Strategies to Control Them, Vienna, Austria
Aromatase Is Increased in Astrocytes in the Presence of Elevated Pressure
Authors: Gatson J. W. , Simpkins J. W. , Yi K. D. , Idris A. H. , Minei J. P. , Wigginton J. G.
Published: November 2010

After traumatic brain injury (TBI), a progressive injury and death of neurons and glia leads to decreased brain function. Endogenous and exogenous estrogens may protect these vulnerable cells. In this study, we hypothesized that increased pressure leads to an increase in aromatase expression and estrogen production in astrocytes. In this study, we subjected rat glioma (C6) cells and primary cortical astrocytes to increased pressure (25 mm Hg) for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Total aromatase protein and RNA levels were measured using Western analysis and RT-PCR, respectively. In addition, we measured aromatase activity by assaying estrone levels after administration of its precursor, androstenedione. We found that increased pressure applied to the C6 cells and primary cortical astrocytes resulted in a significant increase in both aromatase RNA and protein. To extend these findings, we also analyzed aromatase activity in the primary astrocytes during increased pressure. We found that increased pressure resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the conversion of androstenedione to estrone. In conclusion, we propose that after TBI, astrocytes sense increased pressure, leading to an increase in aromatase production and activity in the brain. These results may suggest mechanisms of brain estrogen production after increases in pressure as seen in TBI patients.
Can Anything Be Rescued by Defending It? Benjamin with Adorno
Authors: Richter Gerhard
Published: November 2010

This article pursues the possibility of a non-reified thinking in the act of “rescuing” through critique. If the objective of such thinking were to rescue something without thereby becoming affirmative, to retain something that is about to disappear for good without thereby becoming an instrument of apologia for the status quo, then what kind of relationship can be imagined to connect the sphere of vigilant thought, along with the critical writing that it sponsors, to the nonaffirmative rescuing of its elusive and nonself-identical objects? A reconsideration of the critical dialogue between Walter Benjamin and Theodor W. Adorno, in which the concept of “rescuing” plays a crucial role, along with a close reading of key passages from works including The Arcades Project and Negative Dialectics, provides significant insights into the centrality and difficulty of this question, both for the Frankfurt School and for critical thought more generally.
Bells and Spells: Gothic Repetition and Romantic Redundancy
Authors: Bernstein Susan
Published: November 2010

“Bells and Spells” suggests that the feature of repetition, so often linked in a deprecating way with Gothic, is shared by Romanticism. The article explores the frequent apparition of repetition in typically “high” Romantic texts and shows how repetition tends to render impotent the language of transcendence usually associated with Romanticism. Readings of Novalis, Lord Byron, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Edgar Allan Poe indicate the point of default at which repetition causes the language of unification to falter. The language of love fails to fuse its interlocutors in Novalis and instead devolves into an almost inane redundancy, while the proximity of Gothic and Romanticism in Byron's Manfred shows the dependence of the invocative power of language on the “other.” The figure of tolling bell in Keats, Poe, and Shelley shows the movement back and forth between repetition and redundancy, a movement through which language is pushed to its limits but falls back into the metonymy of syntax and finitude that it would transcend.
“The Necessity of Reading and Being Read”: Barbara Johnson and the Literary Politics of Narcissism
Authors: Solomon Samuel
Published: November 2010

This article traces some of the crossings of the literary, political, moral, and epistemological valences of “narcissism” in the work of literary critic Barbara Johnson, exploring how Johnson implicitly works within and against the view, as expounded by the Practical Criticism and others, of “morality” as a conduit between literature and politics. In contrast, Johnson works to read the differences within moral and epistemological schemas, betraying the pretenses of any moral “stance” without evading the necessity of holding political positions. The author follows Johnson's writings on Ovid, Heinz Kohut, and Nella Larsen, tracing the ways in which she articulates the relationship between literature and politics through narcissism as figure and reading practice that disrupts axiomatic conceptions of morality, finally reading narcissism as an “ethical” category in Johnson's work in the sense she draws from Paul de Man's readings of “allegory” in Rousseau. The “ethicality” of Johnsonian narcissism, the article argues, lies precisely in its undoing of the moralizing alignment of different evaluative schemas, and this is ultimately its political purchase as well.
Reviews
Authors: Loviglio Jason , Crisell Andrew
Published: November 2010

Radio's Revolution: Don Hollenbeck's CBS Views the Press, Edited and with an Introduction by Loren Ghiglione (2008) Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 188 pp., ISBN 978-0-8032-6758-9 (hbk), 40.

Key Concepts in Radio Studies, Hugh Chignell (2009)
London: Sage Publications, 191 pp. ISBN 978-1-4129-35166 (hbk), 60.00 ISBN 978-1-4129-35173 (pbk), 19.99
Internationale Kindesentführung
Authors: Finger Peter
Published: November 2010

Bei internationaler Kindesentführung ist das HKIndEntÜ 1981 sachliche und verfahrensrechtliche Grundlage, insoweit bei uns ergänzt durch die Regeln des IntFamRVG, für Rückführungsverlangen, dem Deutschland seit dem 1.12.1990 angehört; allerdings gelten seine Bestimmungen nur im Verhältnis der Mitgliedsstaaten untereinander. In Europa treten die Vorschriften des ESorgeÜ und der (Rechts-)VO Nr. 2201/2003 hinzu, die für die Staaten, die der europ. Gesetzgebung angehören, manche Besonderheiten mit sich bringen, also für die EU-Staaten außer Dänemark, während das Ver. Königreich und Irland im Einzelfall über ihre Mitwirkung entscheiden, sich aber bisher stets für sie ausgesprochen haben. Meine Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über neuere Entwicklungen, insbes. in der dt. (und teilweise Schweizer) Rechtsprechung.
Der Rechtsschutz gegen »verdeckte« strafprozessuale Grundrechtseingriffe
Authors: Glaser Michael
Published: November 2010

Das »Gesetz zur Neuregelung der Telekommunikationsüberwachung und anderer verdeckter Ermittlungsmaßnahmen sowie zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie 2006/24/EG« vom 21.12.2007 hat mit § 101 VII 2–4 StPO Vorschriften in die Strafprozessordnung eingeführt, die für alle in § 101 I StPO genannten »verdeckten« Ermittlungsmaßnahmen Regelungen für den nachträglichen Rechtsschutz enthalten. Der Beitrag setzt sich mit dem Regelungsgehalt der neuen Vorschriften, der bereits wiederholt Gegenstand der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung war, kritisch auseinander und skizziert Grundlinien für eine spätere legislative Ausgestaltung des Rechtsschutzes gegen alle grundrechtsintensiven Ermittlungsmaßnahmen.
Gradience in morphological decomposability: Evidence from the perception of audiovisually incongruent speech
Authors: Ali Azra N. , Ingleby Michael
Published: November 2010

Over the last three decades, priming and masking experiments and corpus frequency studies have dominated attempts to find ranking in the decomposability of words containing morphological affixes. Here we establish feasibility of using another experimental probe based on audiovisually incongruent speech stimuli. In response to such stimuli, a proportion of participants report percepts that differ in place of articulation from either the audio or the visual signal, typically reporting percept /t/ when receiving audio /p/ dubbed onto visual /k/. We study the systematic variation of this proportion, the McGurk fusion rate, using a small corpus with affixes
Adaptive cognition without massive modularity
Authors: Gibbs Raymond W. , Van Orden Guy C.
Published: November 2010

Massive modularity theory has replaced classic, Fodorian modularity as a major focus of research within cognitive science. The massive modularity thesis posits that there are a large number of knowledge and action stories, designed in a piecemeal fashion over evolutionary time to solve specific, adaptive problems. We criticize massive modularity as a general theory of human cognition, with particular attention to the issue of context-sensitive perception, thought, and language. First, the experimental methods used to uncover individual modules are notoriously inadequate and fail to meet reasonable standards by which modules may be dissociated from one another. Second, input criteria, by which modules are presumably defined, may be impossible to discover given the context-embedded nature of human performance. Third, catalogues of experimental effects that are assumed to demonstrate the presence of modules do not constitute a comprehensive theory of the acknowledged interaction of brain, body, and world in ordinary cognition. An alternative conception of cognitive performance, based on principles of self-organization, better explains the embedded, context-sensitive mechanisms of adaptive cognition.
Do classifiers predict differences in cognitive processing? A study of nominal classification in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Srinivasan Mahesh
Published: November 2010

In English, numerals modify nouns directly (two tables), but in Mandarin Chinese, they modify numeral classifiers that are associated with nouns (two flat-thing table). Classifiers define a system of categories based on dimensions such as animacy, shape, and function (Adams and Conklin 1973; Dixon 1986), but do these categories predict differences in cognitive processing? The present study explored possible effects of classifier categories in a speeded task preventing significant deliberation and strategic responding. Participants counted objects in a visual display that were intermixed with distractor objects that had either the same Mandarin classifier or a different one. Classifier categories predicted Mandarin speakers' search performance, as Mandarin speakers showed greater interference from distractors with the same classifier than did Russian or English speakers. This result suggests that classifier categories may affect cognitive processing, and may have the potential to influence how speakers of classifier languages perform cognitive tasks in everyday situations. Two theoretical accounts of the results are discussed.
La interpretación del Präteritum en la traducción al español
Authors: Elena Pilar
Published: November 2010

The systemic differences between German and Spanish verb forms, and their values and uses, often pose a problem in translation. This is the case of the interpretation of temporal meaning in the German Präteritum (in literary texts) for a correct selection of tense in Spanish. The contrastive study of temporal expression in the German Präteritum and the possible Spanish equivalents of pretérito perfect simple (simple past) and pretérito imperfecto (imperfect) reveal the need to study temporality from two perspectives: tenses as time expressions together with other textual elements, and tenses as morphosyntactic and semantic phenomena in the sentence.
Did Dublin's Ben Lang Ever Die?: On the revival of rhyming slang in modern Dublinese
Authors: Lillo Antonio
Published: November 2010

While much has been written on the linguistic and sociolinguistic features of rhyming slang, the literature on the subject remains remarkably silent on its socio-geographical distribution in Ireland. Building on the findings of an article published by the author in 2004, this new study moves the analysis on to consider the recent growth of rhyming slang in the language of the young generation living on the Southside of Dublin. More generally, this article seeks to demonstrate that, far from having disappeared from Dublin usage, this kind of slang is in fact gaining substantial ground in the speech of the capital.
Briefing: Queensway and Kingsway Tunnels, UK
Authors: Scales N.
Published: November 2010

When the 3·43 km long Queensway Tunnel under the River Mersey was built, it was described as an engineering feat without parallel. The cost was £8 million and, at the time, was said to be the biggest single municipal enterprise ever undertaken in Britain. In the summer of 2009, about 15 000 people took part in an ‘Under and Over the Mersey’ walkthrough to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the opening. Among them were two members of the original 1700 strong workforce who described their working conditions underground. About 1 200 000 t of rock and gravel were excavated during the building of Queensway Tunnel, much of which was later used to build the Otterspool Promenade on the banks of the River Mersey. Rock and gravel were replaced with 82 000 t of cast iron and 270 000 t of concrete. Working from both sides of the river, and despite what today might be considered primitive methods of excavation, when the two tunnels met mid-river there was a divergence of less than 25 mm.
An Amateur’s Raid in a World of Specialists?: The Swedish Essay in Contemporary Public Debate
Authors: Eldelin Emma
Published: November 2010

The point of departure of this paper is a lecture by Edward Said, in which he claimed it necessary for today’s intellectuals to respond to modern specialization by assuming an attitude of amateurism in public life. It can be argued that there is a historical connection between the public role of the learned amateur and the essay as a form of expression and communication. Among recent advocates of the essay, the decline of this genre in modernity has sometimes been explained by the increasing public confidence in experts and specialists. According to this view, the development of modern society has made it less legitimate for essayists to serve as generalist commentators on society and culture. However, the growing tension between amateurism and professionalism goes back at least to the nineteenth century, and it has marked the ambiguous relation of the essay and the essayist to academia and institutional discourse ever since. This paper discusses what has become of this public role of essayists in late modernity. Some examples of essayists and essayistic writing of later decades, chiefly from Sweden, serve as illustrations of a general line of argument, even though there are also comparisons between the essay in Sweden and in other countries. Among the examples of Swedish essayists put forward here are Kerstin Ekman and Peter Nilson. The reception of these writers suggests that the essayist, adopting the role as amateur, driven by devotion and interest for the larger picture, might still be a vital part of public culture today. However, it is also clear that writers like Ekman and Nilson have gained at least part of their authority from being acknowledged in other fields or genres – Ekman as a distinguished novelist and Nilson as a trained astronomer.
Effects of Changed Aircraft Noise Exposure on the Use of Outdoor Recreational Areas
Authors: Krog Norun Hjertager , Engdahl Bo , Tambs Kristian
Published: November 2010

This paper examines behavioural responses to changes in aircraft noise exposure in local outdoor recreational areas near airports. Results from a panel study conducted in conjunction with the relocation of Norway’s main airport in 1998 are presented. One recreational area was studied at each airport site. The samples (n = 1,264/1,370) were telephone interviewed about their use of the area before and after the change. Results indicate that changed aircraft noise exposure may influence individual choices to use local outdoor recreational areas, suggesting that careful considerations are needed in the planning of air routes over local outdoor recreational areas. However, considerable stability in use, and also fluctuations in use unrelated to the changes in noise conditions were found. Future studies of noise impacts should examine a broader set of coping mechanisms, like intra- and temporal displacement. Also, the role of place attachment, and the substitutability of local areas should be studied.
Phases I–III Clinical Trials Using Adult Stem Cells
Authors: Sanz-Ruiz Ricardo , Gutiérrez Ibañes Enrique , Arranz Adolfo Villa , Fernández Santos María Eugenia , Fernández Pedro L. Sánchez , Fernández-Avilés Francisco
Published: November 2010

First randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that stem cell therapy can improve cardiac recovery after the acute phase of myocardial ischemia and in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Nevertheless, some trials have shown that conflicting results and uncertainties remain in the case of mechanisms of action and possible ways to improve clinical impact of stem cells in cardiac repair. In this paper we will examine the evidence available, analyze the main phase I and II randomized clinical trials and their limitations, discuss the key points in the design of future trials, and depict new directions of research in this fascinating field.
Turnover of nursing employees in a Gauteng hospital group
Authors: Greyling Japie , Stanz Karel
Published: November 2010

Orientation: The South African nursing profession is in a crisis as professional nurses leave the country in search of lucrative work overseas.Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate individual determinants of voluntary turnover to identify a risk-group profile.Motivation for the study: Nursing employers should have a clearer understanding of the dynamics around nurses’ turnover behaviour and embark on strategies to retain their talent.Research design, approach and method: A survey measuring voluntary turnover was conducted among 262 professional and assistant nurses in three selected hospitals in Gauteng province using the McCarthy, Tyrrell and Cronin (2002) instrument. Pearson’s chi square with Yates’s continuity correction tested the relationship among the variables presented in a contingency table, in other words the risk group and each of the individual determinants.Main findings: Discontent with salaries was the major determinant of the nurses’ resignation. Organisational causes were nursing practices, the work environment, physical-emotional costs and employment opportunities after resignation.Practical/managerial implications: Hospital management could indeed establish a good rapport with nursing staff while facilitating respectful and ethical conduct by doctors towards nursing staff. Putting into place effective labour practices and business strategies could improve job satisfaction in the workplace.Contribution/value-add: This study contributed to a greater understanding of the personal and organisational determinants of the turnover of nurses in South African hospitals.
Solitary Granular Cell Tumor of Cecum: A Case Report
Authors: Znati Kaoutar , Harmouch Taoufiq , Benlemlih Amal , Elfatemi Hinde , Chbani Laila , Amarti Afaf
Published: November 2010

Granular cell tumor (GCT) was first described by Abrikossof in 1926. This tumor is a benign neoplasm of unclear histogenesis that is generally believed to be of nerve sheath origin. GCT is not common and most often affects the tongue, skin, and soft tissue, although it may occur anywhere in the body. Gastrointestinal tract involvement, and especially that of the colon, is very rare. This usually benign tumor appears as a submucosal nodule, measuring less than 2 cm in diameter and is often found incidentally during colorectal examinations. We describe the case of a 27-year-old man with a GCT in the cecum that was detected after a screening colonoscopy. Endoscopic examination revealed a yellowish submucosal tumor, 0.7 cm in diameter. An endoscopic mucosal polypectomy was done for histological confirmation and treatment.
Supporting Evidence-based Health Care in Crises: What Information Do Humanitarian Organizations Need?
Authors: Turner Tari , Green Sally , Harris Claire
Published: October 2010

In crisis situations, there is an enormous burden of disease and very limited resources. To achieve the best possible health outcomes in these situations and ensure that scarce resources are not wasted, knowledge from health research needs to be translated into practice. We investigated what information from health research was needed by humanitarian aid workers in crisis settings and how it could be best provided. Semistructured interviews were conducted by telephone with 19 humanitarian aid workers from a range of organizations around the world and the results analyzed thematically. Participants identified a clear and currently unmet need for access to high-quality health research to support evidence-based practice in crisis situations. They emphasized that research into delivery of health care was potentially more valuable than research into the effectiveness of particular clinical interventions and highlighted the importance of including contextual information to enable the relevance of the research to be assessed. They suggested that providers of health research information and humanitarian aid organizations work together to develop these resources.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:69-72)
Ecologies of Excess: An Excerpt from a 22nd‐Century Architecture History Class
Authors: Gilabert Eva Franch i
Published: November 2010

Written from the vantage point of the beginning of the 22nd century, Eva Franch i Gilabert looks back at the preceding century. Modernism and then sustainability have been surpassed by the Ecologies of Excess movement. Rather than seeking remediation for the natural environment and existing conditions, the excessive has become a foundational ground for design and sociopolitical change. Depicted projects are developed by Franch i Gilabert and the Ecologies of Excess research unit team at Rice University in Houston. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Well‐Cultivated House
Authors: Segal Rafi
Published: November 2010

The project to design a villa in Mongolia in China provided Rafi Segal with an opportunity to rethink the relationship between the natural and the built, blurring the boundaries between the agricultural and the domestic. The house and rural landscape are unified through the main roof structure, a furrowed surface that resembles a ploughed field planted with crops and local flora. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology of Sponge Spicules: Silicatein a Structural Protein for Bio‐Silica Formation
Authors: Wang Xiaohong , Wiens Matthias , Schröder Heinz C. , Hu Shixue , Mugnaioli Enrico , Kolb Ute , Tremel Wolfgang , Pisignano Dario , Müller Werner E. G.
Published: October 2010

Most forms of multicellular life have developed a calcium‐based skeleton, while only a few specialized organisms complement their body plan with silica, such as sponges (phylum Porifera). However, the way in which sponges synthesize their silica is exceptional. They use an enzyme, silicatein, for the polymerization/polycondensation of silica, and thereby form their highly resistant and stabile massive siliceous skeletal elements (spicules). During this biomineralization process (i.e., biosilicification), hydrated amorphous silica is deposited within highly specialized sponge cells, ultimately resulting in structures that range in size from micrometers to meters. This peculiar phenomenon has been comprehensively studied in recent years and by several approaches; the molecular background was explored to create tools that might be employed for novel bio‐inspired biotechnological and biomedical applications. Thus, it was discovered that spiculogenesis is mediated by the enzyme silicatein and starts intracellularly. The resulting silica nanoparticles fuse and subsequently form concentric lamellar layers around a central protein filament, consisting of silicatein and the scaffold protein silintaphin‐1. Once the growing spicule is extruded into the extracellular space, it gains its final size and shape. Again, this process is mediated by silicatein and silintaphin‐1, in combination with other molecules such as galectin and collagen. The molecular toolbox generated so far allows the fabrication of novel micro‐ and nanostructured composites, contributing to the economical and sustainable synthesis of biomaterials with unique characteristics.
Hybrid Nanorings: Magnetic Alloy Nanorings Loaded with Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications as Multimodal Imaging Contrast Agents (Adv. Funct. Mater. 21/2010)
Authors: Lu Yang , Shi Ce , Hu Ming‐Jun , Xu Yun‐Jun , Yu Le , Wen Long‐Ping , Zhao Yang , Xu Wei‐Ping , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: October 2010

Multicomponent Ni7Co3 alloy–Au nanorings can be facilely synthesized at room temperature using metallic Ni7Co3 alloy nanorings as both reducing agent and sacrificial template in water. These novel alloy–Au hybrid nanorings are well biocompatible due to coating with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and gold nanoparticles. When increasing the molar ratio of alloy to gold salt from 1:1 to 5:1, the number of the gold nanoparticles loaded on the surface of alloy nanorings were found to be decreased, and their morphology was transformed from rod to particle, remaining the ring‐like assemblies. Their saturation magnetization increased due to the ring‐like assemblies, resulting in the enhancement of the signal intensity in Spin–spin relaxation time (T2) weighted magnetic resonance imaging measurement. These alloy–Au hybrid nanocomposites can perform as multimodal imaging contrast agents for cancer cell diagnosis by two‐photon fluorescent imaging and T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, their potential application for photothermal therapy was preliminarily investigated.