bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biogeochemical feedbacks may amplify ongoing and future ocean deoxygenation: a case study from the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone
Authors: Wallmann Klaus , José Yonss S. , Hopwood Mark J. , Somes Christopher J. , Dale Andrew W. , Scholz Florian , Achterberg Eric P. , Oschlies Andreas
Published: March 2022

A new box model is employed to simulate the oxygen-dependent cycling of nutrients in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Model results and data for the present state of the OMZ indicate that dissolved iron is the limiting nutrient for primary production and is provided by the release of dissolved ferrous iron from shelf and slope sediments. Most of the removal of reactive nitrogen occurs by anaerobic oxidation of ammonium where ammonium is delivered by aerobic organic nitrogen degradation. Model experiments simulating the effects of ocean deoxygenation and warming show that the productivity of the Peruvian OMZ will increase due to the enhanced release of dissolved iron from shelf and slope sediments. A positive feedback loop rooted in the oxygen-dependent benthic iron release amplifies, both, the productivity rise and oxygen decline in ambient bottom waters. Hence, a 1% decline in oxygen supply reduces oxygen concentrations in sub-surface waters of the continental margin by 22%. The trend towards enhanced productivity and amplified deoxygenation will continue until further phytoplankton growth is limited by the loss of reactive nitrogen. Under nitrogen-limitation, the redox state of the OMZ is stabilized by negative feedbacks. A further increase in productivity and transition to sulfidic conditions is only possible if the rate of nitrogen fixation increases drastically under anoxic conditions. Such a transition would lead to a wide-spread accumulation of toxic sulfide with detrimental consequences for fishery yields in the Peruvian OMZ that currently provides a significant fraction of the global fish catch.
Multilevel Monte Carlo estimators for elliptic PDEs with Lévy-type diffusion coefficient
Authors: Merkle Robin , Barth Andrea
Published: March 2022

General elliptic equations with spatially discontinuous diffusion coefficients may be used as a simplified model for subsurface flow in heterogeneous or fractured porous media. In such a model, data sparsity and measurement errors are often taken into account by a randomization of the diffusion coefficient of the elliptic equation which reveals the necessity of the construction of flexible, spatially discontinuous random fields. Subordinated Gaussian random fields are random functions on higher dimensional parameter domains with discontinuous sample paths and great distributional flexibility. In the present work, we consider a random elliptic partial differential equation (PDE) where the discontinuous subordinated Gaussian random fields occur in the diffusion coefficient. Problem specific multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) Finite Element methods are constructed to approximate the mean of the solution to the random elliptic PDE. We prove a-priori convergence of a standard MLMC estimator and a modified MLMC—control variate estimator and validate our results in various numerical examples.
Radiation therapy after radical prostatectomy is associated with higher other-cause mortality
Authors: Würnschimmel Christoph , Wenzel Mike , Chierigo Francesco , Flammia Rocco Simone , Horlemann Benedikt , Tian Zhe , Saad Fred , Briganti Alberto , Shariat Sharokh F. , Gallucci Michele , Suardi Nazareno , Chun Felix K. H. , Tilki Derya , Graefen Markus , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To test the association between external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) after radical prostatectomy (RP) vs RP only on rates of other-cause mortality (OCM) in men with prostate cancer (PCa).

Patients and methods

Within the 2004–2016 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, we identified 181,849 localized PCa patients, of whom 168,041 received RP only vs 13,808 who received RP + EBRT. Cumulative incidence plots displayed OCM between RP vs RP + EBRT after propensity score matching for age, PSA, clinical T- and N-stages, and biopsy Gleason scores. Multivariable competing risks regression models addressed OCM, accounting prostate cancer-specific mortality (CSM) as a competing event. Stratifications were made according to low- vs intermediate- vs high-risk groups and additionally according to age groups of ≤ 60, 61–70, and ≥ 71 years, within each risk group.

Results

In low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients, RP + EBRT rates were 2.7, 5.4 and 17.0%, respectively. After matching, 10-year OCM rates between RP and RP + EBRT were 7.7 vs 16.2% in low-, 9.4 vs 13.6% in intermediate-, and 11.4 vs 13.5% in high-risk patients (all p < 0.001), which, respectively, resulted in multivariable HR of 2.1, 1.3, and 1.2 (all p < 0.001). In subgroup analyses, excess OCM was recorded in low-risk RP + EBRT patients of all age groups (all p ≤ 0.03), but only in the older age group in intermediate-risk patients (61–70 years, p = 0.03) and finally, only in the oldest age group in high-risk patients (≥ 71 years, p = 0.02).

Conclusion

Excess OCM was recorded in patients exposed to RT after RP. Its extent was most pronounced in low-risk patients, decreased in intermediate-risk patients, and was lowest in high-risk patients.
Soil moisture and expectations regarding future climate: evidence from panel data
Authors: Stahlmann-Brown P. , Walsh P.
Published: March 2022

The literature on belief regarding climate is extensive, with results showing that both personal characteristics and personal experience with the effects of climate change strongly influence future expectations. The vast majority of studies rely on cross-sectional data, making it difficult to ascertain the durability of expectations regarding future climate or the effect of additional environmental cues on beliefs. A few panel studies of which we are aware exploit extreme weather events to find evidence of “confirmation bias”, in which additional environmental signalling reinforces existing beliefs. In contrast, we evaluate how normal fluctuations in soil moisture causally impact expectations of future drought using a panel of New Zealand farmers. We find that environmental cues such as soil moisture scarcely affect expectations of respondents who already expected future drought to increase but that soil moisture strongly influences respondents who did not. In particular, drier soils are associated with higher expectations of future drought among these former sceptics, whether they previously believed that future drought would decrease or simply would not change. Thus, as New Zealand moves toward IPCC forecasts of more frequent and more severe drought, farmers, foresters, and growers will increasingly agree with the scientific consensus, raising the likelihood of both farm-level and public action.
Using Probabilistic Zone Model Simulations to Investigate the Deterministic Assumptions of UK Residential Corridor Smoke Control Design
Authors: Hopkin Charlie , Spearpoint Michael , Hopkin Danny , Wang Yong
Published: March 2022

The modelling of common corridor smoke control systems in residential buildings is one of the most frequently undertaken performance-based assessments by fire engineers in the UK. However, there is limited understanding of how the deterministic assumptions provided in modelling guidance are derived, and to what extent these are representative of a range of possible outcomes. To place these assumptions into context, the Monte Carlo method is applied using the zone modelling software B-RISK for an exemplar residential arrangement. Distribution functions are adopted to inform inputs for fire parameters, sprinkler performance, and occupant behavioural characteristics. An output distribution for the corridor smoke clearance time is determined and compared to the clearance time of an equivalent set of deterministic simulations applying the assumptions of modelling guidance. The probabilistic study indicates that modelling guidance assumptions typically result in a scenario severity greater than the 99th percentile of possible outcomes. The work also considers the sensitivity of individual input parameters, ranking these based on their impact. These sensitivity analyses highlight the importance of occupant behavioural assumptions around the pre-evacuation time and door open time, and the significance of fire parameters including the elevation of the fuel bed, soot yield, and fire growth rate. Sprinkler parameters are shown to have a lesser impact on the corridor clearance time. The work therefore provides practitioners with an indication of which parameters are worth considering in greater detail when assessing scenario sensitivity.
Uncertainty quantification in fatigue crack-growth predictions
Authors: Giannella V.
Published: March 2022

The reliability of the damage tolerance approach to engineering design is affected by numerous sources of uncertainty that can lead to unsafe predictions, in turn jeopardizing the safety of structures. This work presents a robust stochastic framework for fatigue crack-growth predictions applied to a round bar under tension–compression loading conditions. Multi-source uncertainties were taken into account to derive the lifespan distribution for the bar in such a way to cover the uncertainties typically appearing in a structural integrity assessment. The sensitivity of each input variable was obtained and the influences of variables on the life predictions were derived and ranked accordingly.
Advancing combination treatment with glycyrrhizin and boswellic acids for hospitalized patients with moderate COVID-19 infection: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Gomaa Adel A. , Mohamed Hamdy S. , Abd-ellatief Rasha B. , Gomaa Mohamed A. , Hammam Doaa S.
Published: March 2022

Recent evidence points to a potential therapeutic role for glycyrrhizin(GR) and boswellic acids (BA) in the treatment of COVID-19 but conclusive evidence is lacking. Our aim is to investigate the efficacy of GR + BA versus placebo for the treatment of hospitalized patients with moderate SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 variants infection. The current study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center trial. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 variants diagnosed by PCR test who were admitted to Sohag University hospital were eligible if they were at least 18 years of age and had moderate symptoms. Patients were randomly assigned to receive oral GR capsule (60 mg) and BA (200 mg) twice daily for 14 days or a matching placebo. All patients also received treatment with the institutional protocol for COVID-19. The primary outcome was mortality and time to recovery. Secondary outcome was clinical status score, 14 days after receiving study drugs. Adverse events from use of study drugs have been evaluated for up to 14 days. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT04487964). During the 6-month enrollment period (June-November, 2021) only 50 patients (54% women; median age 60 years, IQR 54–65) met eligibility and were randomly assigned. Evaluation of the primary outcome at 14 days showed that there were five deaths in the placebo group and no deaths in the GR + BA group. With regard to recovery time, it was significantly shorter (p = 0.0001) in the group receiving GR + BA capsule compared to the placebo group (median 7.0; IQR 6.0–8.0 days vs. median 12.5; IQR 12–20 days). Clinical status on the ordinal score scale as a secondary outcome showed a significant difference between the GR + BA group (median (IQR) score, 2 [2–3]) and placebo groups (mean (IQR) score, 3 [3–5.5]). There was a significant decrease in CRB (p = 0.000041) in GR + BA compared with the placebo group. In conclusion, this safe, inexpensive, antiviral, immunomodulating and anti-inflammatory combination may be considered for use in mild to moderate infections of SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 variants. The study is limited by the small sample size; therefore, larger randomized trials are required.
The impact of human, social, and psychological capital on academic spin-off internationalization
Authors: Fernández-Alles Mariluz , Hernández-Roque Dara , Villanueva-Flores Mercedes , Díaz-Fernández Mirta
Published: March 2022

Academic spin-offs (ASOs) are companies with a strong international vocation for two main reasons: first, they market their products and services in global market niches to profit from their high investment in R&D, characteristic of the sectors in which ASOs operate; and second, as a consequence of the international training and experience and of the international networks that the founding academic entrepreneurs of these companies tend to enjoy, derived from their scientific activity. Despite this natural tendency to internationalize, ASOs and specifically the founding academic entrepreneurs of these companies present certain difficulties in accessing resources for internationalization and in achieving credibility in foreign markets due to their university origins. Based on the resource-based view (RBV), and network theory (NT), this work proposes that the human capital, the social capital, and the psychological capital of the academic entrepreneur could compensate for these obstacles, providing key resources for the internationalization of their companies. The results contribute to the RBV, NT, and academic entrepreneurship and internationalization literature since they show that human capital, in terms of the international experience and training of the academic entrepreneur, their networks of relationships with international academic agents, and their psychological capital, are all antecedents of the internationalization of ASOs. However, the networks of academic entrepreneur relationships with international market agents appear to be irrelevant in the process of international expansion of ASOs.
Improved Confidence in a Confirmatory Stage by Application of Item-Based Pharmacometrics Model: Illustration with a Phase III Active Comparator-Controlled Trial in COPD Patients
Authors: Llanos-Paez Carolina , Ambery Claire , Yang Shuying , Beerahee Misba , Plan Elodie L. , Karlsson Mats O.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The current study aimed to illustrate how a non-linear mixed effect (NLME) model-based analysis may improve confidence in a Phase III trial through more precise estimates of the drug effect.

Methods

The FULFIL clinical trial was a Phase III study that compared 24 weeks of once daily inhaled triple therapy with twice daily inhaled dual therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patient reported outcome data, obtained by using The Evaluating Respiratory Symptoms in COPD (E-RS:COPD) questionnaire, from the FULFIL study were analyzed using an NLME item-based response theory model (IRT). The change from baseline (CFB) in E-RS:COPD total score over 4-week intervals for each treatment arm was obtained using the IRT and compared with published results obtained with a mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) analysis.

Results

The IRT included a graded response model characterizing item parameters and a Weibull function combined with an offset function to describe the COPD symptoms-time course in patients receiving either triple therapy (n = 907) or dual therapy (n = 894). The IRT improved precision of the estimated drug effect compared to MMRM, resulting in a sample size of at least 3.64 times larger for the MMRM analysis to achieve the IRT precision in the CFB estimate.

Conclusion

This study shows the advantage of IRT over MMRM with a direct comparison of the same primary endpoint for the two analyses using the same observed clinical trial data, resulting in an increased confidence in Phase III.
Robust passage phenomenology probably does not explain future-bias
Authors: Latham Andrew J. , Miller Kristie , Tarsney Christian , Tierney Hannah
Published: March 2022

People are ‘biased toward the future’: all else being equal, we typically prefer to have positive experiences in the future, and negative experiences in the past. Several explanations have been suggested for this pattern of preferences. Adjudicating among these explanations can, among other things, shed light on the rationality of future-bias: For instance, if our preferences are explained by unjustified beliefs or an illusory phenomenology, we might conclude that they are irrational. This paper investigates one hypothesis, according to which future-bias is (at least partially) explained by our having a phenomenology that we describe, or conceive of, as being as of time robustly passing. We empirically tested this hypothesis and found no evidence in its favour. Our results present a puzzle, however, when compared with the results of an earlier study. We conclude that although robust passage phenomenology on its own probably does not explain future-bias, having this phenomenologyand taking it to be veridicalmay contribute to future-bias.
Missachtet und abgehängt
Authors: Maywald Jörg , Pergande Bianka
Published: March 2022

Obwohl Kinder in besonderer Weise von den Einschränkungen aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie betroffen sind, wurden ihre Rechte in der Krise nur mit großer Verzögerung und sehr unvollständig berücksichtigt. Um die Interessen von Kindern während zukünftiger Krisen nicht erneut zu missachten, ist die Verwirklichung eines Kinderrechtsansatzes auf allen Ebenen notwendig. Besonders wichtig ist dafür die Verankerung der Kinderrechte im Grundgesetz.
Efficient expansion of rare human circulating hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in steady-state blood using a polypeptide-forming 3D culture
Authors: Xu Yulin , Zeng Xiangjun , Zhang Mingming , Wang Binsheng , Guo Xin , Shan Wei , Cai Shuyang , Luo Qian , Li Honghu , Li Xia , Li Xue , Zhang Hao , Wang Limengmeng , Lin Yu , Liu Lizhen , Li Yanwei , Zhang Meng , Yu Xiaohong , Qian Pengxu , Huang He
Published: March 2022

Although widely applied in treating hematopoietic malignancies, transplantation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) is impeded by HSPC shortage. Whether circulating HSPCs (cHSPCs) in steady-state blood could be used as an alternative source remains largely elusive. Here we develop a three-dimensional culture system (3DCS) including arginine, glycine, aspartate, and a series of factors. Fourteen-day culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) in 3DCS led to 125- and 70-fold increase of the frequency and number of CD34+ cells. Further, 3DCS-expanded cHSPCs exhibited the similar reconstitution rate compared to CD34+ HSPCs in bone marrow. Mechanistically, 3DCS fabricated an immunomodulatory niche, secreting cytokines as TNF to support cHSPC survival and proliferation. Finally, 3DCS could also promote the expansion of cHSPCs in patients who failed in HSPC mobilization. Our 3DCS successfully expands rare cHSPCs, providing an alternative source for the HSPC therapy, particularly for the patients/donors who have failed in HSPC mobilization.
Tourism route optimization based on improved knowledge ant colony algorithm
Authors: Li Sidi , Luo Tianyu , Wang Ling , Xing Lining , Ren Teng
Published: March 2022

With the rapid development of tourism in the economy, popular demand for tourism also increases. Unreasonable distribution arises a series of problems such as reduction of tourist satisfaction and decrease of the income in tourist attractions. Based on consideration of tourism route planning, a mathematical model which takes the maximization of the overall satisfaction of all tourist groups as the objective function is established by taking the age and preferences of tourists, the upper limits of the tourist carrying capacity in various tourism routes, etc. as constraints. It aims to maximize income in tourist attractions while improving tourist satisfaction. Based on the tourist data of a travel agency, the statistical ideas of hierarchical clustering and random sampling are utilized to process the acquired data to obtain the simulation examples in the article. Aiming at this model, a knowledge-based hybrid ant colony algorithm is designed. On this basis, the mechanism of bacterial foraging algorithm is introduced. It improves the performance of the algorithm and avoids the generation of local optimal solution. At the same time, two knowledge models are in addition to improve the solution quality of the algorithm. Typical simulation indicates that the improved ant colony algorithm can find the optimal solution at a higher efficiency when solving the tourism route planning problem. The model can also satisfy the economic benefit of enterprises and achieves favorable path optimization effect under different optional routes, thus further verifying the effect liveness of the model.
Preventive drugs for Huntington’s disease: A choice-based conjoint survey of patient preferences
Authors: Parrish Marcus C. , Hanson-Kahn Andrea , Srinivasan V. , Grimes Kevin V.
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

This research examined the perspective of the Huntington’s disease (HD) community regarding the use of predictive biomarkers as endpoints for regulatory approval of therapeutics to prevent or delay the onset of clinical HD in asymptomatic mutation carriers.

Methods:

An online, choice-based conjoint survey was shared with HD community members including untested at-risk individuals, presymptomatic mutation carriers, and symptomatic individuals. Across 15 scenarios, participants chose among two proposed therapies with differing degrees of biomarker improvement and side effects or a third option of no treatment.

Results:

Two hundred and thirty-eight responses were received. Attributes reflecting biomarker efficacy (e.g., prevention of brain atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging, reduced mutant huntingtin, or reduced inflammation biomarkers) had 3- to 7-fold greater importance than attributes representing side effects (e.g., increased risk of heart disease, cancer, and stroke over 20 years) and were more influential in directing choice of treatments. Reduction in mutant huntingtin protein was the most valued attribute overall. Multinomial logit model simulations based on survey responses demonstrated high interest among respondents (87–99% of the population) for drugs that might prevent or delay HD solely based upon biomarker evidence, even at the risk of serious side effects.

Conclusion:

These results indicate a strong desire among members of the HD community for preventive therapeutics and a willingness to accept significant side effects, even before the drug has been shown to definitively delay disease onset if the drug improves biomarker evidence of HD progression. Preferences of the HD community should inform regulatory policies for approving preventive therapies.
Preserving Provenance: Ethical and Methodological Challenges Related to Leaked Documents
Authors: COSTIK LEAH
Published: March 2022

In the last decade or so, individuals such as Edward Snowden or Chelsea Manning have leaked classified documents to the public. These documents are now frequently drawn upon in published academic articles within political science journals. In his article in the American Political Science Review, Christopher Darnton asks how researchers, particularly those within political science’s subfield of international relations, should approach the “informational fall out” generated by such leaks and raises both the consequences and challenges that stem from the use of such sources.
DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS OF A FLOOR FUNCTION SET IN ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSIONS
Authors: YU YAHUI , WU JIE
Published: March 2022

Let
$[t]$
be the integral part of the real number t. We study the distribution of the elements of the set
$\mathcal {S}(x) := \{[{x}/{n}] : 1\leqslant n\leqslant x\}$
in the arithmetical progression
$\{a+dq\}_{d\geqslant 0}$
. We give an asymptotic formula
$$ \begin{align*} S(x; q, a) := \sum_{\substack{m\in \mathcal{S}(x)\\ m\equiv a \pmod q}} 1 = \frac{2\sqrt{x}}{q} + O((x/q)^{1/3}\log x), \end{align*} $$

which holds uniformly for
$x\geqslant 3$
,
$1\leqslant q\leqslant x^{1/4}/(\log x)^{3/2}$
and
$1\leqslant a\leqslant q$
, where the implied constant is absolute. The special case
$S(x; q, q)$
confirms a recent numerical test of Heyman [‘Cardinality of a floor function set’, Integers19 (2019), Article no. A67].
A Pirashvili-type theorem for functors on non-empty finite sets
Authors: Powell Geoffrey , Vespa Christine
Published: March 2022

Pirashvili’s Dold–Kan type theorem for finite pointed sets follows from the identification in terms of surjections of the morphisms between the tensor powers of a functor playing the role of the augmentation ideal; these functors are projective. We give an unpointed analogue of this result: namely, we compute the morphisms between the tensor powers of the corresponding functor in the unpointed context. We also calculate the Ext groups between such objects, in particular showing that these functors are not projective; this is an important difference between the pointed and unpointed contexts. This work is motivated by our functorial analysis of the higher Hochschild homology of a wedge of circles.
Relativistic non-thermal particle acceleration in two-dimensional collisionless magnetic reconnection
Authors: Uzdensky Dmitri A.
Published: March 2022

Magnetic reconnection, especially in the relativistic regime, provides an efficient mechanism for accelerating relativistic particles and thus offers an attractive physical explanation for non-thermal high-energy emission from various astrophysical sources. I present a simple analytical model that elucidates key physical processes responsible for reconnection-driven relativistic non-thermal particle acceleration in the large-system, plasmoid-dominated regime in two dimensions. The model aims to explain the numerically observed dependencies of the power-law index

$p$

and high-energy cutoff

$\gamma _c$

of the resulting non-thermal particle energy spectrum

$f(\gamma )$

on the ambient plasma magnetization

$\sigma$

, and (for

$\gamma _c$

) on the system size

$L$

. In this self-similar model, energetic particles are continuously accelerated by the out-of-plane reconnection electric field

$E_{\rm rec}$

until they become magnetized by the reconnected magnetic field and eventually trapped in plasmoids large enough to confine them. The model also includes diffusive Fermi acceleration by particle bouncing off rapidly moving plasmoids. I argue that the balance between electric acceleration and magnetization controls the power-law index, while trapping in plasmoids governs the cutoff, thus tying the particle energy spectrum to the plasmoid distribution.
Decision-making difficulties mediate the association between poor emotion regulation and eating disorder symptoms in adolescence
Authors: Francesconi Marta , Flouri Eirini , Harrison Amy
Published: March 2022

Background

The emergence of eating problems during childhood increases the risk for eating disorders (EDs) during young adulthood. Previous studies highlight a relationship between poor self-regulation and onset of eating pathology. In this study, we investigated whether this association is mediated by decision-making difficulties.

Methods

To test this hypothesis, we used data from the Millennium Cohort Study. Decision-making performance was assessed with the Cambridge Gambling Task at age 11. Principal components analysis was used to derive an index of ED symptoms at age 14. The trajectories of scores of two subscales of the Child Social Behaviour Questionnaire, Independence and Self-Regulation (ISR) and Emotional Dysregulation (EmotDy), were modelled from ages 3 to 7 years in a latent growth curve analysis. The individual predicted values of the intercept (set at baseline, 3 years) and the slope (rate of annual change) were then used in the mediation analysis.

Results

In our sample of 11 303 individuals, there was evidence for mediation by three measures of decision-making at age 11 (poor quality of decision-making, delay aversion and low risk-adjustment) in the association between EmotDy across ages 3–7 and ED symptoms at age 14 even after the adjustment for relevant covariates. We found no evidence of association between ISR and ED symptoms.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that emotion regulation processes during childhood may be relevant for the future onset of ED symptoms via their association with decision-making skills. These findings, obtained from a large, representative, sample, shed light on the relationship between self-regulation, decision-making and symptoms of EDs.
Golden-bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus chrysogaster) consume and share mammalian prey at LuiKotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: McLester Edward
Published: March 2022

Predator–prey dynamics are an important aspect of community ecology, but predation events are often difficult to observe. Among African primates, observations of mammal predation are particularly uncommon and generally restricted to a few ape and cercopithecoid species. I report five observations of mammal predation by golden-bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus chrysogaster) living in rainforest at the LuiKotale study site, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Over 46 all-day follows, mangabeys from one group caught and consumed four duikers (Cephalophinae spp.) and one Alexander’s cusimanse (Crossarchus alexandri). Individuals begged from the feeding individual in three of five observations. I observed one successful attempt at begging, which resulted in an adult female tolerating removal of blue duiker by a juvenile. These are the first detailed observations of mammal predation and food sharing by Cercocebus mangabeys and suggest mammals that feed alongside mangabeys may balance predation risk against social foraging benefits. Food sharing is rarely observed in most cercopithecine monkeys and could provide a useful metric to examine socio-ecological patterns of food acquisition.
Neutrality and Internationalism: The Russian Exiles in Spain, 1914–1920
Authors: Zoffmann Rodriguez Arturo
Published: March 2022

During the First World War, hundreds of exiles and refugees from across Europe arrived in neutral Spain. This article investigates the colony of Russian exiles that settled in the country and their interactions with the Spanish labour movement. It contends that the exiles played a prominent role as conveyors of information on the Russian Revolution, which served as an important source of inspiration during the social upheavals that rocked Spain in 1917–20. The authorities tried to sever the connection between local activists and the Russian exiles through persecution. The article concludes with reflections on the significance of neutral countries as safe havens for internationalists during the war, comparing the Spanish and the Mexican case studies. It contends that neutrality helped preserve transnational radical networks, while contact with exiles rendered the labour movement in these countries more cosmopolitan and knowledgeable of world events and ideological trends.
The Artist Is Not Present
Authors: brooks mayfield
Published: March 2022

After participating in the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, I felt hopeless because I wanted the capitalist death machine to collapse, but the protests eventually died out. I then learned about 400 pilot whales who died off the coast of Tasmania after being stranded there, and connected whale death to Black death and thought about how the whale bodies feed the ocean when they die.

mayfield brooks improvises while black and is based in Brooklyn, New York, on Lenapehoking, the homeland of the Lenape people. brooks is a movement-based performance artist, vocalist, urban farmer, writer, and wanderer. They are on the faculty at Movement Research NYC, Editor-in-Chief of Movement Research Performance Journal, and the 2021 recipient of the biennial Merce Cunningham Award from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts. brooks teaches and performs practices that arise from their life/art/movement work, Improvising While Black. www.improvisingwhileblack.com
Investigating Early Dramaturgy and Theatre Directing in the Shabih’khani of the Qajar Era
Authors: Kouchek-zadeh Reza , Azarm Milad
Published: March 2022

Scholarly research on shabih’khani, the Iranian traditional performance generally known as ta’ziyeh, has frequently portrayed creators of this theatrical form as religious devotees with little or no theatrical knowledge and expertise. Yet, newly discovered manuscripts from the Qajar era (1789 to 1925 CE/1168 to 1304 SH) contain annotations and stage directions that can be interpreted as directorial notes and dramaturgical enhancements.
Rapid Growth of Large Forest Fires Drives the Exponential Response of Annual Forest‐Fire Area to Aridity in the Western United States
Authors: Juang C. S. , Williams A. P. , Abatzoglou J. T. , Balch J. K. , Hurteau M. D. , Moritz M. A.
Published: March 2022

Annual forest area burned (AFAB) in the western United States (US) has increased as a positive exponential function of rising aridity in recent decades. This non‐linear response has important implications for AFAB in a changing climate, yet the cause of the exponential AFAB‐aridity relationship has not been given rigorous attention. We investigated the exponential AFAB‐aridity relationship in western US forests using a new 1984–2019 database of fire events and 2001–2020 satellite‐based records of daily fire growth. While forest‐fire frequency and duration grow linearly with aridity, the exponential AFAB‐aridity relationship results from the exponential growth rates of individual fires. Larger fires generally have more potential for growth due to more extensive firelines. Thus, forces that promote fire growth, such as aridification, have more potent effects on larger fires. As aridity increases linearly, the potential for growth of large fires accelerates, leading to exponential increases in AFAB.
An Optimal Precursor of Northeast Pacific Marine Heatwaves and Central Pacific El Niño Events
Authors: Capotondi A. , Newman M. , Xu T. , Di Lorenzo E.
Published: March 2022

The intensity of Northeast Pacific marine heatwaves (MHWs) has been related to local stochastic atmospheric forcing with limited predictability, but their evolution and persistence may be controlled by large‐scale climate influences. A Linear Inverse Model containing both sea surface temperature and sea surface height (SSH) anomalies is used to identify the “optimal” conditions for observed Northeast Pacific MHW events that developed two‐to‐four seasons later. These optimal initial conditions include SSH anomalies that are responsible for most of the MHW growth, suggesting the relevance of subsurface ocean dynamics. Moreover, Northeast Pacific MHW growth occurs as part of a basin‐scale dynamical mode that links the North Pacific to central equatorial Pacific El Niño events, whose subsequent development may lengthen MHW duration.
Ducted Chorus Waves Cause Sub‐Relativistic and Relativistic Electron Microbursts
Authors: Chen Lunjin , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Artemyev Anton , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Tsai Ethan , Wilkins Colin , Horne Richard B.
Published: March 2022

During magnetospheric storms, radiation belt electrons are produced and then removed by collisions with the lower atmosphere on varying timescales. An efficient loss process is microbursts, strong, transient precipitation of electrons over a wide energy range, from tens of keV to sub‐relativistic and relativistic energies (100s keV and above). However, the detailed generation mechanism of microbursts, especially over sub‐relativistic and relativistic energies, remains unknown. Here, we show that these energetic electron microbursts may be caused by ducted whistler‐mode lower‐band chorus waves. Using observations of equatorial chorus waves nearby low‐altitude precipitation as well as data‐driven simulations, we demonstrate that the observed microbursts are the result of resonant interaction of electrons with ducted chorus waves rather than nonducted ones. Revealing the physical mechanism behind the microbursts advances our understanding of radiation belt dynamics and its impact on the lower atmosphere and space weather.
On the Applicability of Single‐Spacecraft Interferometry Methods Using Electric Field Probes
Authors: Steinvall K. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Graham D. B.
Published: March 2022

When analyzing plasma waves, a key parameter to determine is the phase velocity. It enables us to, for example, compute wavelengths, wave potentials, and determine the energy of resonant particles. The phase velocity of a wave, observed by a single spacecraft equipped with electric field probes, can be determined using interferometry techniques. While several methods have been developed to do this, they have not been documented in detail. In this study, we use an analytical model to analyze and compare three interferometry methods applied on the probe geometry of the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft. One method relies on measured probe potentials, whereas the other two use different E‐field measurements: one by reconstructing the E‐field between two probes and the spacecraft, the other by constructing four pairwise parallel E‐field components in the spacecraft spin‐plane. We find that the potential method is sensitive both to how planar the wave is, and to spacecraft potential changes due to the wave. The E‐field methods are less affected by the spacecraft potential, and while the reconstructed E‐field method is applicable in some cases, the second E‐field method is almost always preferable. We conclude that the potential based interferometry method is useful when spacecraft potential effects are negligible and the signals of the different probes are very well correlated. The method using two pairs of parallel E‐fields is practically always preferable to the reconstructed E‐field method and produces the correct velocity in the spin‐plane, but it requires knowledge of the propagation direction to provide the full velocity.
Cooling Effects Revealed by Modeling of Wetlands and Land‐Atmosphere Interactions
Authors: Zhang Z. , Chen F. , Barlage M. , Bortolotti L. E. , Famiglietti J. , Li Z. , Ma X. , Li Y.
Published: March 2022

Wetlands are important ecosystems—they provide vital hydrological and ecological services such as regulating floods, storing carbon, and providing wildlife habitat. The ability to simulate their spatial extents and hydrological processes is important for valuing wetlands' function. The purpose of this study is to dynamically represent the spatial extents and hydrological processes of wetlands and investigate their feedback to regional climate in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America, where a large number of wetlands exist. In this study, we incorporated a wetland scheme into the Noah‐MP land surface model with two major modifications: (a) modifying the subgrid saturation fraction for spatial wetland extent and (b) incorporating a dynamic wetland storage to simulate hydrological processes. This scheme was evaluated at a fen site in central Saskatchewan, Canada and applied regionally in the PPR with 13‐year climate forcing produced by a high‐resolution convection‐permitting model. The differences between wetland and no‐wetland simulations are significant, with increasing latent heat and evapotranspiration while suppressing sensible heat and runoff in the wetland scheme. Finally, the dynamic wetland scheme was applied in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The wetlands scheme not only modifies the surface energy balance but also interacts with the lower atmosphere, shallowing the planetary boundary layer height and promoting cloud formation. A cooling effect of 1–3°C in summer temperature is evident where wetlands are abundant. In particular, the wetland simulation shows reduction in the number of hot days for >10 days over the summer of 2006, when a long‐lasting heatwave occurred. This research has great implications for land surface/regional climate modeling and wetland conservation, especially in mitigating extreme heatwaves under climate change.
A Simple Model Predicts Household Lead Exposure Risk
Authors: Scammell Alexandra
Published: March 2022

Using both sample data and crowdsourced science, a new model effectively identified houses at risk for higher concentrations of lead.
Iodine-Laden Desert Dust Is Eating at Ozone Pollution
Authors: Rocheleau Jackie
Published: March 2022

In a happy accident, scientists found a potential solution to an atmospheric chemistry mystery. Their findings could be a missing piece in the iodine cycle and in atmospheric models.
Fungal hyphae develop where titanomagnetite inclusions reach the surface of basalt grains
Authors: Lybrand Rebecca A. , Qafoku Odeta , Bowden Mark E. , Hochella Michael F. , Kovarik Libor , Perea Daniel E. , Qafoku Nikolla P. , Schroeder Paul A. , Wirth Mark G. , Zaharescu Dragos G.
Published: March 2022

Nutrient foraging by fungi weathers rocks by mechanical and biochemical processes. Distinguishing fungal-driven transformation from abiotic mechanisms in soil remains a challenge due to complexities within natural field environments. We examined the role of fungal hyphae in the incipient weathering of granulated basalt from a three-year field experiment in a mixed hardwood-pine forest (S. Carolina) to identify alteration at the nanometer to micron scales based on microscopy-tomography analyses. Investigations of fungal-grain contacts revealed (i) a hypha-biofilm-basaltic glass interface coinciding with titanomagnetite inclusions exposed on the grain surface and embedded in the glass matrix and (ii) native dendritic and subhedral titanomagnetite inclusions in the upper 1–2 µm of the grain surface that spanned the length of the fungal-grain interface. We provide evidence of submicron basaltic glass dissolution occurring at a fungal-grain contact in a soil field setting. An example of how fungal-mediated weathering can be distinguished from abiotic mechanisms in the field was demonstrated by observing hyphal selective occupation and hydrolysis of glass-titanomagnetite surfaces. We hypothesize that the fungi were drawn to basaltic glass-titanomagnetite boundaries given that titanomagnetite exposed on or very near grain surfaces represents a source of iron to microbes. Furthermore, glass is energetically favorable to weathering in the presence of titanomagnetite. Our observations demonstrate that fungi interact with and transform basaltic substrates over a three-year time scale in field environments, which is central to understanding the rates and pathways of biogeochemical reactions related to nuclear waste disposal, geologic carbon storage, nutrient cycling, cultural artifact preservation, and soil-formation processes.
Sow vaccination against virulent Glaesserella parasuis shapes the nasal microbiota of their offspring
Authors: Blanco-Fuertes Miguel , Correa-Fiz Florencia , López-Serrano Sergi , Sibila Marina , Aragon Virginia
Published: March 2022

Glaesserella parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease, a common pathology in the pork industry with higher prevalence in the postweaning period. Vaccination is one of the strategies to control this disease. Here, we investigated the effect that sow vaccination against virulent strains of G. parasuis had in the nasal microbiota of their offspring. Nasal swabs from fifteen days-old piglets from vaccinated (vs-P, n = 11) and unvaccinated sows (cs-P, n = 11) were obtained and DNA was extracted for 16S amplicon sequencing. Microbiota composition was different, with lower diversity in vs-P, and a strong clustering of the groups in beta diversity analysis. Among the 1509 sequences associated to either study group, all the sequences classified as G. parasuis (10 ASVs) had lower relative abundance in the vs-P group. A list of 32 inferred metabolic pathways were statistically different between groups. A distinctive structure of the two microbial networks was detected, with modules in the cs-P not conserved in the vs-P network. In conclusion, vaccination of the sows had a large effect in the microbiota composition of their offspring that went beyond the effect on the targeted pathogen. The mechanisms underneath these changes may include alteration of the microbiota network due to the elimination of the targeted pathogen and/or immunological changes.
From gaseous HCN to nucleobases at the cosmic silicate dust surface: an experimental insight into the onset of prebiotic chemistry in space
Authors: Santalucia Rosangela , Pazzi Marco , Bonino Francesca , Signorile Matteo , Scarano Domenica , Ugliengo Piero , Spoto Giuseppe , Mino Lorenzo
Published: March 2022

IR spectroscopy reveals the interaction of HCN gas with the surfaces of cosmic core dust forsterite prototype grains, showing the chemical evolution of HCN towards nucleobases already at low temperatures without external high-energy triggers.
Phase coherent excitation of SABRE permits simultaneous hyperpolarization of multiple targets at high magnetic field
Authors: Lindale Jacob R. , Eriksson Shannon L. , Warren Warren S.
Published: March 2022

New excitation strategies allow generation of hyperpolarization on multiple targets directly in a conventional NMR spectrometer.
Oxidation of europium with ammonium perfluorocarboxylates in liquid ammonia: pathways to europium(ii) carboxylates and hexanuclear europium(iii) fluoridocarboxylate complexes
Authors: Morsbach Florian , Klenner Steffen , Pöttgen Rainer , Frank Walter
Published: March 2022

This work introduces the first europium(ii) perfluorocarboxylate and the use of its class of compounds in the facile synthesis of octahedro-hexanuclear europium(iii) fluoridocarboxylates with interesting luminophoric properties.
Recent advances in biomass-derived platform chemicals to valeric acid synthesis
Authors: Pothu Ramyakrishna , Gundeboyina Raveendra , Boddula Rajender , Perugopu Vijayanand , Ma Jianmin
Published: March 2022

A perspective overview for levulinic acid and/or γ-valerolactone to valeric acid synthesis via thermocatalytic and electrocatalytic systems has been summarized.
High-efficiency photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine 6G by organic semiconductor tetrathiafulvalene in weak acid–base environment
Authors: Cui Yukun , Li Yi , Liu Yaru , Shang Denghui , Liu Yu , Xie Liangbo , Zhan Sihui , Hu Wenping
Published: March 2022

In weak acid–base environment, organic semiconductor tetrathiafulvalene was successfully applied to degrade rhodamine 6G in photocatalytic system. This work provides new ideas for the development of catalysts.
Mechanical twinning in organic crystals
Authors: Sasaki Toshiyuki
Published: March 2022

Various kinds of organic crystals can deform beyond their elastic limit, show unique mechanical properties, and switch directions of anisotropic functions by mechanical twinning based on stress-induced molecular movements.
A study of the dynamics and structure of the dielectric anomaly within the molecular solid TEA(TCNQ)2
Authors: Berlie Adam , Terry Ian , Szablewski Marek , Telling Mark , Apperley David , Hodgkinson Paul , Zeller Dominik
Published: March 2022

The high temperature dielectric transition within the organic functional material, TEA(TCNQ)2, is studied. Both the structure and dynamics of this transition has been mapped out.
Rhodium-catalyzed cascade C–H activation/annulation/1,6-acyl migration: direct construction of free N–H indoles under mild conditions
Authors: Thombal Raju S. , Aslam Mohammad , Mohandoss Sonaimuthu , Lee Yong Rok
Published: March 2022

Rh-Catalyzed regioselective cascade C–H activation/annulation/1,6-acyl migration of N-acetanilides with alkynes via C–C/C–N/C–O bond formation is developed.