bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Genome Analysis of Scutellaria Baicalensis and Scutellaria Barbata Reveals the Evolution of Active Flavonoid Biosynthesis
Authors: Xu Zhichao , Gao Ranran , Pu Xiangdong , Xu Rong , Wang Jiyong , Zheng Sihao , Zeng Yan , Chen Jun , He Chunnian , Song Jingyuan
Published: November 2020

Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) and Scutellaria barbata (S. barbata) are common medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family. Both produce specific flavonoid compounds, including baicalein, scutellarein, norwogonin, and wogonin, as well as their glycosides, which exhibit antioxidant and antitumor activities. Here, we report chromosome-level genome assemblies of S. baicalensis and S. barbata with quantitative chromosomal variation (2n = 18 and 2n = 26, respectively). The divergence of S. baicalensis and S. barbata occurred far earlier than previously reported, and a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event was identified. The insertion of long terminal repeat elements after speciation might be responsible for the observed chromosomal expansion and rearrangement. Comparative genome analysis of the congeneric species revealed the species-specific evolution of chrysin and apigenin biosynthetic genes, such as the S. baicalensis-specific tandem duplication of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chalcone synthase, and the S. barbata-specific duplication of genes encoding 4-CoA ligase. In addition, the paralogous duplication, colinearity, and expression diversity of CYP82D subfamily members revealed the functional divergence of genes encoding flavone hydroxylase between S. baicalensis and S. barbata. Analyzing these Scutellaria genomes reveals the common and species-specific evolution of flavone biosynthetic genes. Thus, these findings would facilitate the development of molecular breeding and studies of biosynthesis and regulation of bioactive compounds.
Repair of anal stenosis using a prolapse and hemorrhoids (PPH) stapler procedure: A case report with excellent results
Authors: Warsinggih  , Dani Iwan M. , Kusuma Ihwan M. , Labeda Ibrahim , Uwuratuw Julianus Aboyaman , Faruk Muhammad
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Anal stenosis post stapled hemorrhoidectomy is a rare but serious complication of anorectal surgery. Stenosis is uncomfortable, where there is a narrowing of the anal canal. A loose fibrous tissue replaces healthy tissue due to stapler manipulations, causing pain at the time of defecation.

Presentation of case:

Here, we report the case of a 67-year-old male patient complaining of difficulties and pain when defecating. There was a history of stapler hemorrhoidectomy for 4th-grade hemorrhoids. On investigation, we found 3rd-degree anal stenosis. We performed repair of anal stenosis using a PPH Stapler No. 33. Defecation had improved by the fifth-day post-repair.

Conclusion:

The PPH Stapler technique has the potential to be a promising procedure to treat anal stenosis.

Highlights:
A cross-sectional study on the postoperative analgesic-associated side effects and clinical parameters following partial mastectomy
Authors: Alizadeh Reza , Aghsaeifard Ziba , Alavi Nasrin , Abbasvandi Fereshteh , Khanigarabadi Ali
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:

Lumpectomy (partial mastectomy) is associated with a severe postoperative pain that can lead to chronic pain. The use of analgesia is common for this pain management, however, can impose a number of side effects.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to evaluate side effects following postoperative analgesia use and the impact of clinical factors among partial mastectomy patients.

Method:

This cross-sectional study was conducted at (XXX) center for breast cancer that included patients undergoing lumpectomy. Following the surgery, patients were given morphine 1 mg/ml with 50 mg diclofenac at every 8-h for 3 days for the management of pain. The visual analogue scale was used to measure pain. Postoperative nausea and vomiting, dizziness and vertigo was evaluated in these patients. The effects of these events on pulse rate, blood pressure and incision size were then analyzed using standard package in R software.

Result:

Of 136 partial mastectomy patients, an average of 41% of the patients were presented with nausea and vertigo, respectively, 9% had dizziness and 29% had vomiting. The results from our study indicated that clinical parameters (blood pressure, pulse rate and incision size) were not significantly associated with postoperative pain and dizziness p > 0.1. However, blood pressure and pulse are significantly associated with postoperative nausea and vertigo.

Conclusion:

The findings from our study indicate that hemodynamic variations are likely to be associated with analgesia-associated side effects. Future studies involving other parameters and risk factors can provide detailed outcomes.

Highlights:
Great Judgments of the European Court of Justice
Authors: Phelan William
Published: November 2020

Great Judgments of the European Court of Justice presents a new approach to understanding the landmark decisions of the European Court of Justice in the 1960s and 1970s. By comparing the Court's doctrines to the enforcement and escape mechanisms employed by more common forms of trade treaty, it demonstrates how the individual rights created by the doctrine of direct effect were connected to the practical challenges of trade politics among the European states and, in particular, to the suppression of unilateral safeguard mechanisms and inter-state retaliation. Drawing on the writings and speeches of French Judge and President of the Court, Robert Lecourt, it demonstrates that one of the Court's most influential judges shared this understanding of the logic of direct effect. This book offers a distinctive interpretation of the Court of Justice's early years, as well as of the purpose of the fundamental principles of European law.
The Cosmos in Ancient Greek Religious Experience
Authors: Boutsikas Efrosyni
Published: November 2020

In this book, Efrosyni Boutsikas examines ancient Greek religious performances, intricately orchestrated displays comprising topography, architecture, space, cult, and myth. These various elements were unified in a way that integrated the body within cosmic space and made the sacred extraordinary. Boutsikas also explores how natural light or the night-sky may have assisted in intensifying the experience of these rituals, and how they may have determined ancient perceptions of the cosmos. The author's digital and virtual reconstructions of ancient skyscapes and religious structures during such occurrences unveil a deeper understanding of the importance of time and place in religious experience. Boutsikas shows how they shaped emotions, cosmological beliefs, and ritual memory of the participants. Her study revolutionises our understanding on ancient emotionality and cognitive experience, demonstrating how Greek religious spaces were vibrant arenas of a shared experience of the cosmos.
Strategic testing plan for ambulatory surgery centers after the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Naidu Ramana , Sheth Samir , Chaturvedi Rahul , Chakravarthy Krishnan
Published: November 2020

As the curve continues to flatten during the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, and more physicians resume outpatient clinical work, the question arises of how to ensure the safety of the patients and staff while performing cases. Many institutions and health-care offices have turned to screening questionnaires to determine the likelihood of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positivity. However, screening questionnaires are woefully inadequate as studies have shown that roughly 6.4% to 50% of patients may spread this virus without any symptoms. In this study, we have outlined a proposal to restart elective procedures after the curve has flattened in a certain locale, particularly for ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). Until additional data are collected for specific sensitivity and specificity values for PCR testing, we recommend performing 2 consecutive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to minimize false negative rates. The algorithm described in this study can help ASCs begin their practices and provide local public health officials with valuable data that can help establish true sensitivity and specificity rates for these tests.
A Swift and Dynamic Strategy to Expand Emergency Department Capacity for COVID-19
Authors: Barten Dennis G. , Kusters Renske W.J. , Peters Nathalie A.L.R.
Published: November 2020

Emergency departments (EDs) worldwide struggled to prepare for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient surge and to simultaneously preserve sufficient capacity for “regular” emergency care. While many hospitals used costly shelter facilities, it was decided to merge the acute medical unit (AMU) and the ED. The conjoined AMU-ED was segregated into a high-risk and a low-risk area to maintain continuity of emergency care. This strategy allowed for a feasible, swift, and dynamic expansion of ED capacity without the need for external tent facilities. This report details on the technical execution and discusses the pearls and potential pitfalls of this expansion strategy. Although ED preparedness for pandemics may be determined by local factors, such as hospital size, ED census, and primary health-care efficacy, the conjoined AMU-ED strategy may be a potential model for other EDs.
The effects of surgery on plasma/serum vitamin C concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Travica N. , Ried K. , Hudson I. , Scholey A. , Pipingas A. , Sali A.
Published: November 2020

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin with an array of biological functions. A number of proposed factors contribute to the vitamin’s plasma bioavailability and ability to exert optimal functionality. The aim of this review was to systematically assess plasma vitamin C levels post-surgery compared with pre-surgery/the magnitude and time frame of potential changes in concentration. We searched the PUBMED, SCOPUS, SciSearch and the Cochrane Library databases between 1970 and April 2020 for relevant research papers. Prospective studies, control groups and true placebo groups derived from controlled trials that reported means and standard deviations of plasma vitamin C concentrations pre- and postoperatively were included into the meta-analysis. Data were grouped into short-term (≤7 d) and long-term (>7 d) postoperative follow-up. Twenty-three of thirty-one studies involving 642 patients included in the systematic review were suitable for meta-analysis. Pooled data from the meta-analysis revealed a mean depletion of plasma vitamin C concentration of −17·99 µmol/l (39 % depletion) (CI −22·81, −13·17) (trial arms = 25, n 565, P < 0·001) during the first postoperative week and −18·80 µmol/l (21 % depletion) (CI −25·04, −12·56) (trial arms = 6, n 166, P < 0·001) 2–3 months postoperatively. Subgroup analyses revealed that these depletions occurred following different types of surgery; however, high heterogeneity was observed amongst trials assessing concentration change during the first postoperative week. Overall, our results warrant larger, long-term investigations of changes in postoperative plasma vitamin C concentrations and their potential effects on clinical symptomology.
Assessing Three Elements of “Canadian” International Relations
Authors: Murphy Michael P. A. , Heffernan Andrew
Published: November 2020

This research note addresses the ongoing debate over the existence of a “Canadian” International Relations (IR) by interrogating the university setting, the professoriate and important institutions of IR in the Canadian context. We not only contribute an update to the data but also enrol a larger number of Canadian universities and a wider sample of journals and conferences. Our analysis is structured around three existing groupings of institutions: the three most “Americanized” departments (the BMT)—University of British Columbia, McGill University and University of Toronto; the four most “critical” departments (the Four Nodes)—McMaster University, University of Ottawa, University of Victoria and York University; and the four largest French-language institutions (the FLIs)—Université de Montréal, Université du Québec à Montréal, Université Laval and Université de Sherbrooke. The characteristic openness often taken to define IR in Canada is more often found at the Four Nodes, the FLIs or unclassified schools than at the BMT schools, which are not only more Americanized in training but also isolated from other Canadian institutions.
Effect of environmental factors on survival and population growth of ciliated parasite,Mesanophryssp. (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatia) infectingPortunus trituberculatus
Authors: Perveen Summia , Lei Yuhua , Yin Fei , Wang Chunlin
Published: November 2020

Mesanophryssp. is a newly identified parasitic ciliate infecting farmed swimming crab. To demonstrate the correlation between parasite development and environmental conditions, this study aimed to investigate the effect of temperature, salinity, pH and frequency of passage of parasite on survival, growth and body size ofMesanophryssp.in vitro. The results revealed that survival, population density and growth rate of the parasite were highest at 12°C and decreased with increasing temperature from 16 to 26°C. In addition, the survival, population density and growth rate ofMesanophryssp. were high at 20‰. When salinity was adjusted to levels lower (0–10‰) and higher (40–60‰) than 20‰, the parasite's survival and growth rate gradually declined. The optimal pH for parasite survival was 8.0, whereas its survival was inhibited at <4.5 or >9.5. Our result also showed that parasite body proportions (length:width) were significantly smaller at the highest temperature compared to the lower temperature, whereas different salinities had no significant effect. Furthermore, we introduced dynamic parasite culture systemsin vitrowhereMesanophryssp. was cultured in medium-containing culture plates through continually reducing and halving the old medium into fresh. Application of this optimized dilution timing technique with fresh medium and sub-cultured enabled a continuous culture of parasites. Under this optimized condition, the highest population density and exponential growth rate of the parasite were achieved than that of a control group. This study will help to understand the ciliated parasite infection dynamics and provides new possibilities forin vitroparasite-associated studies.
Generalising About Ovid
Authors: Hinds Stephen
Published: November 2020

The aim of this essay is to confront some ageing generalisations about Ovid which seem to have survived the latest close readings of his poetry intact. Most of the critics who have recently been casting new light on particular poems and passages have been too cautious to use their very specific findings to call explicitly into question long-established overviews of the Ovidian oeuvre. However, an attempt of some kind should be made. Today's generalisation is nothing more than an accretion of yesterday's particular readings; and reassessment of it can come only when it is tested against a new generation of particular readings. My focus, therefore, will be on specifics, but with an untimid eye towards overviews.

A like absence of timidity will also be found in my specifics themselves. Writers of ‘general’ articles tend to eschew difficult or controversial interpretations of particular passages, lest some overall balance in their presentation of an author be upset. I shall have few such qualms: one of my aims is precisely to destabilise — however slightiy — the terms of reference within which Ovidian poetry is usually read. Indeed, I shall risk beginning with what will probably be the most controversial reading in my essay.
Phenomenology and the Actor's Breath: In Memory of Phillip Zarrilli
Authors: GARNER STANTON B.
Published: November 2020

When I last heard from Phillip Zarrilli in August 2019, he was going through the page proofs of what would be his final monograph, (Toward) A Phenomenology of Acting. He and I had been in regular contact with each other while writing books about theatre phenomenology; he from the performer and director's point of view, and I from the spectator's. As it turned out, his book came out a year after mine did, and by the time I was able to read it I had lost the chance to tell him how good I thought it was.
For Phillip: Remembering a Friend
Authors: BHARUCHA RUSTOM
Published: November 2020

It is going to take some time for me to fully accept that Phillip Zarrilli is no more. Phillip, as I knew him as a friend, continues to live in my mind's eye with memories of ceaseless conversations, exchanges of letters and interactions in different parts of the world. Just three months before his death on 28 April 2020, we had met in Kerala, his second home, in the town of Kunnamkulam, where we had watched a high-voltage, virtuoso performance of the Kathakali play Duryodhanavadham (The Killing of Duryodhana) by the Kerala Kalamandalam troupe, which we thoroughly relished. I have rarely seen Phillip more relaxed and happy as I remember him in Kunnamkulam. While he was, in all probability, aware that this was going to be his last trip to Kerala, he was making the most of it, reminding us that he had come full circle by returning to the state which had nurtured his initiation into the martial arts tradition of kalarippayyattu.
TLR9 Rs352140 polymorphism contributes to a decreased risk of bacterial meningitis: evidence from a meta-analysis
Authors: Xue Haiyi , Peng Huan , Li Jiaoming , Li Mingming , Lu Song
Published: November 2020

Some studies have suggested that the Toll-like receptor 9 polymorphism (TLR9 rs352140) is closely related to the risk of bacterial meningitis (BM), but this is subject to controversy. This study set out to estimate whether the TLR9 rs352140 polymorphism confers an increased risk of BM. Relevant literature databases were searched including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) up to August 2020. Seven case-control studies from four publications were enrolled in the present meta-analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to estimate associations between BM risk and the target polymorphism. Significant associations identified were allele contrast (A vs. G: OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.59–0.75, P = 0.000), homozygote comparison (AA vs. AG/GG: OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.49–0.78, P = 0.000), heterozygote comparison (A vs. G: OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61–0.91, P = 0.005), recessive genetic model (AA vs. AG/GG: OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.65–0.93, P = 0.006) and dominant genetic model (AA vs. AG/GG: OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57–0.85, P = 0.000). The findings indicate that, in contrast to some studies, the TLR9 rs352140 polymorphism is associated with a decreased risk for BM.
Dynamic quarantine: a comparative analysis of the Chilean public health response to COVID-19
Authors: Grebe Gonzalo , Vélez Javier A. , Tiutiunnyk Anton , Aragón-Caqueo Diego , Fernández-Salinas Javier , Navarrete Mónica , Laroze David
Published: November 2020

In this study, an analysis of the Chilean public health response to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 is presented. The analysis is based on the daily transmission rate (DTR). The Chilean response has been based on dynamic quarantines, which are established, lifted or prolonged based on the percentage of infected individuals in the fundamental administrative sections, called communes. This analysis is performed at a national level, at the level of the Metropolitan Region (MR) and at the commune level in the MR according to whether the commune did or did not enter quarantine between late March and mid-May of 2020. The analysis shows a certain degree of efficacy in controlling the pandemic using the dynamic quarantine strategy. However, it also shows that apparent control has only been partially achieved to date. With this policy, the control of the DTR partially falls to 4%, where it settles, and the MR is the primary vector of infection at the country level. For this reason, we can conclude that the MR has not managed to control the disease, with variable results within its own territory.
Solar system exposure to supernova γ radiation
Authors: Brakenridge G. Robert
Published: November 2020

Planetary habitability may be affected by exposure to γ radiation from supernovae (SNe). Records of Earth history during the late Quaternary Period (40 000 years to present) allow testing for specific SN γ radiation effects. SNe include Type Ia white dwarf explosions, Type Ib, c and II core collapses, and many γ burst objects. Surveys of galactic SNe remnants offer a nearly complete accounting for this time and including SN distances and ages. Terrestrial changes in records of the cosmogenic isotope 14C are here compared to SN-predicted changes. SN γ emission occurs mainly within 3 years; average per-event total emissions of 4 × 1049 erg are used for comparison of close events There are 18 SNe ≤ 1.5 kpc, and brief 14C anomalies are reported for eight of the closest. Four are notable (BP is year before 1950 CE): the older Vela SNR and an abrupt 30‰ del 14C rise at 12 740 BP; S165 and a 20‰ rise at 7431 BP; Vela Jr. and a 14‰ rise at 2765 BP; and HB9 and a 9‰ rise at 5372 BP. Rapid-increase anomalies in 14C production have been attributed to cosmic rays from exceptionally large solar flares. However, the proximity and ages of these SNe, the probable size and duration of their γ emissions, the predicted effects on 14C, and the agreement with 14C records together support SNe causation. Also, the supposed solar-caused 14C anomalies at CE 774 and 993 may instead have been caused by the SNe associated with the G190.9-2.2 and G347.3-00.5 remnants. Both are of appropriate age and distance.
“WHITENESS” IN CONTEXT
Authors: Ballinas Jorge , Bachmeier James D.
Published: November 2020

Using data from the 2008–2016 American Community Survey, we compare the racial identification responses of the Mexican-origin population residing in California to their counterparts in Texas, the two states with the largest and most established Mexican-origin populations. We draw on existing theory and research in order to derive a theoretical account of state-level historical mechanisms that are likely to lead to varying patterns of racial identification within the two states and a set of propositions predicting the nature of this variation. Results indicate that the Mexican-origin population in Texas is substantially more likely to claim White racial identification than their counterparts in California, even after accounting for factors related to racial identity formation. Further analysis indicates that this result is robust and buffets the notion that the historical development of the racial context in Texas has engendered a present-day context in which “Whiteness” carries a distinctive social value, relative to California’s ethnoracial context, and that this social value is reflected in the ways in which individuals of Mexican origin respond to race questions on U.S. Census surveys.
Buckhorn plantain (Plantago lanceolata) resistant to 2,4-D in Pennsylvania and alternative control options
Authors: Russell Travis R. , Lulis Tim T. , Aynardi Brian A. , Tang Kaiyuan T. , Kaminski John E.
Published: November 2020

Buckhorn plantain populations purportedly resistant to 2,4-D were identified in Pennsylvania following long-term, continual applications of the active ingredient to turfgrass. The research objectives of this study were to 1) confirm 2,4-D resistance with dose-response experiments, 2) confirm field resistance of buckhorn plantain to 2,4-D in Pennsylvania, and 3) evaluate alternative herbicides for 2,4-D-resistant buckhorn plantain. Greenhouse dose-response experiments evaluated the sensitivity of buckhorn plantain biotypes that were resistant or susceptible to 2,4-D, and to halauxifen-methyl, two synthetic auxin herbicides from different chemical families. The resistant biotype was ≥11.3 times less sensitive to 2,4-D than the susceptible biotype and required a 2,4-D dosage ≥4.2 times greater than the standard application rate to reach 50% necrosis. No cross-resistance was observed to halauxifen-methyl because both resistant and susceptible populations demonstrated similar herbicide sensitivity. Field experiments confirmed previous reports of ineffectiveness (≤30% reduction) with 2,4-D and other phenoxycarboxylic herbicides in potentially resistant buckhorn plantain biotypes. Treatments containing halauxifen-methyl resulted in a ≥70% reduction in resistant biotypes. This is the first known report of synthetic auxin herbicide resistance in any weed species in Pennsylvania and highlights emerging herbicide resistance challenges in turfgrass systems.
Efficacy of increasing application rates and combination of herbicides and mowing at different growth stages of common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
Authors: Daddario Juan F. F. , Tucat Guillermo , Fernandez Osvaldo A. , Bentivegna Diego J.
Published: November 2020

Common teasel is a troublesome invasive weed in North and South America. Additional information on the efficacy of herbicide application and mowing at different growth stages will help in common teasel management. First, an outdoor pot experiment was performed to assess the effects of increasing application rates and combinations of glyphosate and 2,4-D amine when applied at the 4-leaf, rosette, and bolting stages. Second, field experiments were performed to evaluate the impact of time of cutting on invasive common teasel height, head number, and head length. Finally, germinability of seeds collected from naturally growing plants was determined to evaluate the feasibility of mowing invasive common teasel after flowering. Only glyphosate applied at 1.08 kg ae ha−1 at the 4-leaf stage provided adequate control (>90%). Although control was not satisfactory (<90%) when applying glyphosate at 2.16 kg ae ha−1 at the rosette and bolting stages, and 2,4-D at 1.75 kg ai ha−1 at 4-leaf stage, significant injury and biomass decline were observed. Glyphosate and 2,4-D combinations did not improve common teasel control compared with single applications of each. Cutting rosettes strongly reduced inflorescence production (34%–49%) and cutting flowering plants prevented total regrowth. Germination of seeds averaged 14% when harvested 10 d after flowering, and maximum seed germination (>90%) occurred 30 d after flowering. Glyphosate applied alone at the recommended commercial rate early in the growing season, together with cutting at the flowering stage, may be the most beneficial way of controlling invasive common teasel.
Linking the Fit Between Achievement Goal Orientation and Learning Opportunities With Employee Well-Being and Absenteeism
Authors: van Dam Arjan , Noordzij Gera , Born Marise Ph.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. We examined the effects of a (mis)match between learning opportunities and individuals’ mastery goal orientation (GO; approach and avoidance) on well-being (i.e., job satisfaction, task enjoyment, need for recovery, and absenteeism). Data from a sample of 212 employees of an organization that provides guardianship for youngsters were collected and analyzed by means of polynomial regression and surface plot analysis. Our results indicate that a person's mastery GO enhances the positive effects of perceived learning opportunities. Hence, to foster employee well-being, organizations should not only provide ample learning opportunities but also foster a mastery GO. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Statistical Study of Chorus Modulations by Background Magnetic Field and Plasma Density
Authors: Xia Zhiyang , Chen Lunjin , Li Wen
Published: November 2020

In this study, we use observations of THEMIS and Van Allen Probes to statistically study the modulations of chorus emissions by variations of background magnetic field and plasma density in the ultra low frequency range. The modulation events are identified automatically and divided into three types according to whether the chorus intensity correlates to the variations of the magnetic field only (Type B), plasma density only (Type N), or both (Type NB). For the THEMIS observations, the occurrences of the Types B and N are larger than Type NB, while for the Van Allen Probes observations, most events are of Type N. The chorus intensity is mostly correlated to the magnetic field strength negatively and plasma density positively. The chorus intensity tends to increase when the magnitude of the magnetic field perturbation increases, but little dependence on plasma density perturbation amplitude is found.
Earthquake Rupture Through a Step‐Over Fault System: An Exploratory Numerical Study of the Leech River Fault, Southern Vancouver Island
Authors: Li Ge , Liu Yajing
Published: November 2020

The Leech River fault (LRF) zone located on southern Vancouver Island is a major regional seismic source. We investigate potential interactions between earthquake ruptures on the LRF and the neighboring Southern Whidbey Island fault (SWIF), which can be interpreted as a step‐over fault system. Using a linear slip‐weakening frictional law, we perform 3‐D finite‐element simulations to study rupture jumping scenarios from the LRF (source fault) to the SWIF (receiver fault), focusing on the influences of the offset distance, fault initial stress level, and fault burial depth. We find a smaller offset distance, a higher initial stress level on either fault, or a shallower fault burial depth will promote rupture jumping. Jumping scenarios can be interpreted as the response of the receiver fault to stress perturbations radiated from the source fault rupture. We demonstrate that the final rupture jumping scenario depends on various parameters, which can be collectively quantified by two keystone variables, the time‐averaged over‐stressed zone (where shear stress exceeds static frictional strength on the receiver fault) size
and the receiver fault initial stress level. Specifically, a smaller offset distance, a higher initial shear stress level, or a shallower burial depth will lead to a larger
. The seismic moment on the receiver fault increases with increasing
. When
reaches the threshold dependent on the receiver fault initial stress level, the rupture becomes breakaway.
Equation of State of hcp Fe‐C‐Si Alloys and the Effect of C Incorporation Mechanism on the Density of hcp Fe Alloys at 300 K
Authors: Pamato M. G. , Li Y. , Antonangeli D. , Miozzi F. , Morard G. , Wood I. G. , Vočadlo L. , Brodholt J. P. , Mezouar M.
Published: November 2020

Si and C are cosmochemically abundant elements soluble in hcp Fe under pressure and temperature and could therefore be present in the Earth's inner core. While recent ab initio calculations suggest that the observed inner core density and velocities could be matched by an Fe‐C‐Si alloy, the combined effect of these two elements has only recently started to be investigated experimentally. We therefore carried out synchrotron X‐ray diffraction measurements of an hcp Fe‐C‐Si alloy with 4 at% C and 3 at% Si, up to ∼150 GPa. Density functional theory calculations were also performed to examine different incorporation mechanisms. These calculations suggest interstitial C to be more stable than substitutional C below ~350 GPa. In our calculations, we also find that the lowest‐energy incorporation mechanism in the investigated pressure range (60–400 GPa) is one where two C atoms occupy one atomic site; however, this is unlikely to be stable at high temperatures. Notably, substitutional C is observed to decrease the volume of the hcp Fe, while interstitial C increases it. This allows us to use experimental and theoretical equations of state to show unambiguously that C in the experimental hcp Fe‐C‐Si alloys is not substitutional, as is often assumed. This is crucial since assuming an incorrect incorporation mechanism in experiments leads to incorrect density determinations of ~4%, undermining attempts to estimate the concentration of C in the inner core. In addition, the agreement between our experiments and calculations supports Si and C as being light elements in the inner core.
Scattering and Attenuation Characteristics at Volcanoes Inferred From Envelope Widths of Natural and Active Seismic Sources
Authors: Kumagai Hiroyuki , Torres Roberto , Maeda Yuta
Published: November 2020

Seismic scattering and attenuation at volcanoes, thought to be strongest on the Earth, can be used to map volcanic feeding systems. We systematically analyzed high‐frequency (5–10 Hz) seismograms of volcano‐tectonic earthquakes at Galeras volcano (Colombia) and active sources at Kirishima, Unzen, Bandai, and Iwate volcanoes (Japan) to investigate their scattering and attenuation characteristics. The envelope widths estimated from these seismograms were compared with those calculated by Monte Carlo envelope simulations for 1D layered models parameterized by the scattering mean free path and the quality factor of medium attenuation for S waves. Our results indicated a surficial, highly heterogeneous, and attenuative layer up to around 1 km thickness at all studied volcanoes. The strongest heterogeneities at volcanoes thus exist in a thin surface layer, likely comprising unconsolidated and/or highly fractured materials. Using the space‐weighting function for diffusive wavefields, we mapped the residuals between observed envelope widths and those calculated with our estimated 1D models at Kirishima, Unzen, Bandai, and Iwate. These maps showed spatial distributions of the envelope‐width residuals were unique to each volcano and correlated with P wave velocity tomographic images. Areas of positive residuals correspond to low‐velocity anomalies and thus to heterogeneous, strongly scattering rocks, whereas areas of negative residuals correspond to high‐velocity anomalies and thus less heterogeneous volcanic or basement rocks. Our results demonstrate that envelope widths can improve the characterization of scattering and attenuation structures beneath volcanoes.
Mg and Zn Isotope Evidence for Two Types of Mantle Metasomatism and Deep Recycling of Magnesium Carbonates
Authors: Liu Sheng‐Ao , Wang Ze‐Zhou , Yang Chun , Li Shu‐Guang , Ke Shan
Published: November 2020

To test the ability of Mg and Zn isotopes in discriminating between different types of mantle metasomatism and identifying deep carbon cycling, here we present a comparative study on two types of Cenozoic lavas in SE Tibet, that is, K‐rich (potassic‐ultrapotassic) lavas and Na‐rich alkali basalts. The contrasting bulk rock chemical compositions, Sr‐Nd isotopic ratios, and olivine chemistry between them suggest distinct sources in the lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere, respectively. The K‐rich lavas have mantle‐like δ26Mg, slightly lighter δ66Zn relative to global oceanic basalts, high 87Sr/86Sr, and low 143Nd/144Nd, indicating source metasomatism by recycled siliciclastic sediments. By contrast, the alkali basalts possess remarkably lighter δ26Mg and heavier δ66Zn values relative to the mantle that are typically characterized by carbonates. The coupling of high δ66Zn with high‐Zn contents and Zn/Fe ratios further suggests a pyroxenite source containing recycled Zn‐rich magnesium carbonates. This is strongly corroborated by the similarity in major elements between the alkali basalts and experimental partial melts of pyroxenite + CO2. Thus, mantle silicate and carbonate metasomatism contributed to the origin of K‐rich and Na‐rich lavas in SE Tibet, respectively. Notably, the occurrence of the alkali basalts is spatially consistent with a stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone (410–660 km), the latter of which is interpreted to represent the deeply subducted oceanic slab. These observations provide evidence for recycling of carbonates into the deep mantle, which represents a long‐term circulation of subducted carbon compared with that of arc‐trench systems and has crucial significance for global deep carbon cycling.
Long‐Term Observations of Galactic Cosmic Ray LET Spectra in Lunar Orbit by LRO/CRaTER
Authors: Looper M. D. , Mazur J. E. , Blake J. B. , Spence H. E. , Schwadron N. A. , Wilson J. K. , Jordan A. P. , Zeitlin C. , Case A. W. , Kasper J. C. , Townsend L. W. , Stubbs T. J.
Published: November 2020

The Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) has been orbiting the Moon since 2009 aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). From this vantage point, it samples the interplanetary energetic particle population outside the shielding of the Earth's magnetosphere. We report the sensor's observations of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) over a complete solar activity cycle. CRaTER is designed primarily to measure not the spectra of GCR particles outside the sensor but rather their effects on matter, and in particular, it measures the linear energy transfer (LET) or energy‐deposit spectrum in its silicon detectors. We have used the Geant4 radiation‐transport code to devise a background‐rejection algorithm to improve these measurements of LET under 9.9 g/cm2 of shielding, and the resulting observations show the changing radiation effects of GCRs as their intensity and spectrum vary with solar modulation. As of 2020 this intensity, after declining during solar maximum activity, has recovered to a level that exceeds by a few percent the historically high values seen during the deep solar minimum at the start of the LRO mission in 2009.
Heterogeneous Exhumation of the Mount Isa Orogen in NE Australia After 1.6 Ga Nuna Assembly: New High‐Precision40Ar/39Ar Thermochronological Constraints
Authors: Li Jiangyu , Pourteau Amaury , Li Zheng‐Xiang , Jourdan Fred , Nordsvan Adam R. , Collins William J. , Volante Silvia
Published: November 2020

The circa 1.60 Ga Isan Orogeny in NE Australia has been ascribed to the collision of Australia and Laurentia (North America), marking the final assembly of the Proterozoic supercontinent Nuna. However, details regarding the tectonic evolution of the orogen remain poorly constrained. To investigate the late orogenic to postorogenic thermal evolution and exhumation history,40Ar/39Ar dating on hornblende, muscovite, and biotite was conducted in the Mount Isa Inlier, NE Australia, where intense crustal imbrication occurred during the Proterozoic continental collision. Published thermochronological results were recalculated using the current decay constant. Petrological examination and calculation of sample‐specific40Ar/39Ar closure temperatures and cooling rates were used to reconstruct the pressure‐temperature evolution of individual structural domains. Diachronous cooling histories are revealed between western, central, and eastern belts through ~525–330°C, mainly between 1.53 and 1.48 Ga. Contrasting cooling across postmetamorphic fault zones records the reactivation of inherited normal (i.e., early basinal) and reverse (i.e., orogenic) faults. Estimated exhumation rates are generally low (< ~0.5 mm yr−1), pointing to a modest local relief of < ~1,000 m which is comparable to modern analogs, and suggest a “soft” collision with limited crust thickening. Exhumation shortly following orogenesis was contemporaneous with felsic magmatism (1.55–1.48 Ga) in the eastern belt. Magmatism transitioning from trondhjemitic to A‐type granitoids over this period suggests progressive heating of the orogen base, ascribed to lower crust delamination. Thus, thermochronological data reveal a regionally heterogeneous exhumation history controlled by orogenic collapse‐related extensional faulting following the final assembly of the supercontinent Nuna.
Upper gastrointestinal tract involvement is more prevalent in Korean patients with pediatric Crohn’s disease than in European patients
Authors: Kim Eun Sil , Kwon Yiyoung , Choe Yon Ho , Kim Mi Jin
Published: November 2020

In pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) patients, it is important to define the disease phenotype at diagnosis for stratifying risk. In this retrospective study, we aimed to assess the disease phenotype compared to EUROKIDS registry and analyze disease outcome of pediatric CD patients according to upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement. A total of 312 patients were included. The median age at diagnosis was 13.7 years and 232 patients (74.4%) were identified to have upper GI involvement at diagnosis. In Korean pediatric CD patients, there were significant differences in male predominance (72.8% vs. 59.2, p < 0.001), proportion of upper GI involvement (74.4% vs. 46.2%, p < 0.001), and perianal disease (62.1% vs. 8.2%, p < 0.001) compared to data in the EUROKIDS registry. Younger age (OR 2.594, p = 0.0139) and ileal involvement (OR 2.293, p = 0.0176) at diagnosis were associated with upper GI involvement. There were no significant differences in disease outcomes between patients with and without upper GI tract involvement. This study revealed that upper GI involvement is more prevalent in Korean patients with pediatric Crohn’s disease than in European patients, and the disease outcome did not appear to differ according to upper GI tract involvement.
Reanalysis of putative ovarian follicles suggests that Early Cretaceous birds were feeding not breeding
Authors: Mayr Gerald , Kaye Thomas G. , Pittman Michael , Saitta Evan T. , Pott Christian
Published: November 2020

We address the identity of putative ovarian follicles in Early Cretaceous bird fossils from the Jehol Biota (China), whose identification has previously been challenged. For the first time, we present a link to the botanical fossil record, showing that the “follicles” of some enantiornithine fossils resemble plant propagules from the Jehol Biota, which belong toCarpolithes multiseminalis. The botanical affinities of this “form-taxon” are currently unresolved, but we note thatC. multiseminalispropagules resemble propagules associated with cone-like organs described asStrobilites taxusoides, which in turn are possibly associated with sterile foliage allocated toLiaoningcladus.Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence imaging furthermore reveals different intensities of fluorescence of “follicles” associated with a skeleton of the confuciusornithidEoconfuciusornis zhengi, with a non-fluorescent circular micro-pattern indicating carbonaceous (or originally carbonaceous) matter. This is inconsistent with the interpretation of these structures as ovarian follicles. We therefore reaffirm that the “follicles” represent ingested food items, and even though the exact nature of theEoconfuciusornisstomach contents remains elusive, at least some enantiornithines ingested plant propagules.
Systems evaluation reveals novel transporter YohJK renders 3-hydroxypropionate tolerance in Escherichia coli
Authors: Nguyen-Vo Thuan Phu , Ko Seyoung , Ryu Huichang , Kim Jung Rae , Kim Donghyuk , Park Sunghoon
Published: November 2020

Previously, we have reported that 3-hydroxypropionate (3-HP) tolerance in Escherichia coli W is improved by deletion of yieP, a less-studied transcription factor. Here, through systems analyses along with physiological and functional studies, we suggest that the yieP deletion improves 3-HP tolerance by upregulation of yohJK, encoding putative 3-HP transporter(s). The tolerance improvement by yieP deletion was highly specific to 3-HP, among various C2–C4 organic acids. Mapping of YieP binding sites (ChIP-exo) coupled with transcriptomic profiling (RNA-seq) advocated seven potential genes/operons for further functional analysis. Among them, the yohJK operon, encoding for novel transmembrane proteins, was the most responsible for the improved 3-HP tolerance; deletion of yohJK reduced 3-HP tolerance regardless of yieP deletion, and their subsequent complementation fully restored the tolerance in both the wild-type and yieP deletion mutant. When determined by 3-HP-responsive biosensor, a drastic reduction of intracellular 3-HP was observed upon yieP deletion or yohJK overexpression, suggesting that yohJK encodes for novel 3-HP exporter(s).
Online quantitative partial discharge monitor based on interferometry
Authors: Xue Liang , Zhu Yueyue , Yang Chuankai , Kumarawadu Sisil
Published: November 2020

Interferometry-based online partial discharge (PD) monitor presented in this paper can detect the occurrence of PD sensitively, evaluate the peak value of the discharge inception voltage with random waveform and the damage extent relatively cost effectively. The interferograms affected by the PD are collected online. By extracting the phase information of the interference fringes quantitatively, the peak value of the discharge inception voltage with random waveform can be retrieved real-time. Merits of the proposed method as an online quantitative PD monitor are validated via theoretical analysis as well as experimentations by the use of an artificially localized PD source. Furthermore, the proposed method can capture the light signal emitted by the discharge. Quite in contrast to many commonly used sensor-based methods, our approach avoids the need of amplifying the light signal strength making its practical implantation much convenient. The proposed method promises strong potential for field application.
Alterations of the gut bacterial microbiota in rhesus macaques with SIV infection and on short- or long-term antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Siddiqui Summer , Bao Duran , Doyle-Meyers Lara , Dufour Jason , Wu Yuntao , Liu Yao-Zhong , Ling Binhua
Published: November 2020

Gut dysbiosis and microbial translocation are associated with chronic systemic immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection. However, the extent of restoration of gut microbiota in HIV-1 patients with short or long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unclear. To understand the impact of ART on the gut microbiota, we used the rhesus macaque model of SIV infection to characterize and compare the gut microbial community upon SIV infection and during ART. We observed altered taxonomic compositions of gut microbiota communities upon SIV infection and at different time points of ART. SIV-infected animals showed decreased diversity of gut microbiome composition, while the ART group appeared to recover towards the diversity level of the healthy control. Animals undergoing ART for various lengths of time were observed to have differential gut bacterial abundance across different time points. In addition, increased blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels during SIV infection were reduced to near normal upon ART, indicating that microbial translocation and immune activation can be improved during therapy. In conclusion, while short ART may be related to transient increase of certain pathogenic bacterial microbiome, ART may promote microbiome diversity compromised by SIV infection, improve the gut microbiota towards the healthy compositions and alleviate immune activation.