bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of the Dlutual Effect of Vitamin K and 3,3‘‐Methylene‐bis (4‐Hydroxycoumarin) on Prothrombin Formation.
Authors: GLAVIND JOHS. , JANSEN. KNUD F.
Published: December 2008

In experiments on K‐avitaminotic chickens with simultaneous administration of vitamin K and dicoumarin a mutual antagonism is shown to exist between the two substances in the prothrombin formation, and in a certain quantitative proportion this antagonism may eliminate the influence of both substances on the prothrombin formation.

It is further shown that this quantitative relation is not constant, so that a simple stoichionietric relation is out of the question. From this, the conclusion is drawn that the effect of dicoumarin can hardly be a direct inhibition of vitamin K, but is more probably a specific toxic effect which can be compensated in part by the stimulating effect of vitamin K on the prothrombin formation in the liver.
The Action of Adenosine Triphosphate and Related Compounds on Mammalian Skeletal Muscle.1
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , KAHLSON GEORG
Published: December 2008

Close arterial injection of relatively small amounts of adenosine triphosphate (BTP) in the tibialis anterior muscle of the cat releases a tetanus‐like contraction. The effective amounts range between 0.1–1.0 × 10‐‐6 mollg muscle, and the response increases steeply with the injected quantity.

The response to intra‐arterially applied acetylcholine is greatly augmented by previous application of ATP.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and ADY + orthophosphate likewise act as chemical stimuli, the effect of the latter being larger than with equal amounts of ADY alone.

Adenylic acid elicits a short tetanic contraction in amounts of 0.04–0.58 × 10‐‐6 mol/g muscle, while it has no effect on frog's muscle. Adenylic acid + pyrophosphate causes a protracted tetanic contraction.

Sodium tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate are highly active as chemical stimuli, while orthophosphate in amounts of 20 times; 10‐‐6 mol/ml (=1.7 × 10‐‐6 mol/g muscle) is ineffective. Pyrophosphate, however, reduces the excitability for all subsequent stimuli.

The active substances (apart from acetylcholine) evoke contraction also after complete curarisation of the muscle.
On Serum Choline Esterase Activity in Experimental Liver Injury
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR , VENNDT HELGE
Published: December 2008

It is found in experiments on dogs, that the serum choline esterase activity increases in experimental liver injury by chloroform poisoning. The simultaneous variations in serum albumin and icterus index are studied. The relation of the results to previous clinical work is discussed, and it is concluded that arguments previously adduced in favour of the assumption that the liver is the place of origin of choline esterase, may need revision in certain respects.
On the Activation of Pancreatic Lipase by Calcium Chloride at Varying pH
Authors: SCHØNHEYDER FRITZ , VOLQVARTZ KIRSTEN
Published: December 2008

The activating influence of calcium chloride on the hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase of several saturated triglycerides and triolein has been investigated at different pH.

1. With increasing number of carbon atoms in the fatty acids of the triglycerides the optimum pH for pancreatic lipase is displaced from 7 to 8.8.

2. Addition of CaCl2 does not alter the optimum pH for the enzymatic activity towards a triglyceride.

3. CaCl2 activates the hydrolysis of all triglycerides investigated in homogeneous as well as in heterogeneous systems and both in alkaline and acid medium.

4. In the presence of CaCl2 the pH‐activity range for the higher saturated triglycerides is widened one pH unit on the acid side.

5. The higher free fatty acids are supposed to depress the hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase in a high degree, and the pronounced activation by CaCl2 in experiments with higher triglycerides is explained by the removal of free acids as insoluble calcium soaps.

6. The experiments do not support WILLSTÄTTER'S theory of the activation of lipase by formation of complex adsorbates.
The Presence of a Gastric Secretory Excitant in the Human Gastric and Duodenal Mucosa
Authors: UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

A protein‐like gastric secretory principle is found in the human pyloric mucosa.
A Micromethod for the Estimation of Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine in Nerve Tissue
Authors: EDMAN P. V. , ÅQVIST S. E. G.
Published: December 2008

A method is given for the quantitative estimation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine in nerve tissue by the content of ethanolamine. An alcoholic extract of the tissue is hydrolyzed, ethanolamine is distilled off and estimated colorimetrically by the Berthelot reaction.

The method is applied to 0.4–1.5 mg quantities of phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
Studies on the Blood Supply to Certain Regions in the Lumbar Part of the Spinal Cord
Authors: KROGH ERIK
Published: December 2008

The paper deals with the special vascularization studied in the anterior horn of the medulla, mainly in rabbits.

In the first part it is shown that the cells in the periphery of the anterior horns are more resistant towards lack of oxygen produced by occlusion of the abdominal aorta than the central cells. Since this is true both for nerve cells and, after prolonged occlusion, also for glia cells the difference must be due to a difference in the blood supply.

In the second part of the paper it is shown by means of radio sodium that a very slow circulation takes place in the anoxaemic part of the medulla during occlusion. The exchange of blood in the capillaries normally requiring less than a minute now takes an hour or more.

In the third part of the paper it is shown by means of injection preparations that there is no difference in the density of the capillary network between the center and the periphery, but that the arteries split up into capillaries mainly at the periphery while the veins are formed mainly near the center.

The tissue best resisting the occlusion lies therefore close to the arterial ends of capillaries and the least resistant close to the venous ends, and with the extremely slow flow during occlusion the peripheral cells can appropriate most or all of the available oxygen.

The placement of a cell relative to the course of a capillary from the artery to the vein is essential for its oxygen supply when the circulation is much reduced by occlusion.

The experiments of EINARSON and RINGSTED on long standing lack of E vitamin in rats point to the conclusion that this relation may also be significant for rapidly diffusing substances of very low concentration at normal rates of circulation, since it is shown that the peripheral cells in the anterior horns of the medulla innervating extensors and supinators (anti‐gravity muscles) better resist an almost complete lack of E vitamin than the cells in the central part (adductor and flexor muscles).
Studies on the Capacity of Serum to Bind Iron. A contribution to our knowledge of the regulation mechanism of serum iron
Authors: HOLMBERG C. G. , LAURELL C. ‐B.
Published: December 2008

By development of colour by means of dipyridyl in serum after addition of ferrous iron we have found that serum can contain about 300 γ % iron in a firm binding. The authors propose the term saturation limit of serum for iron for this figure. The braking effect discussed by WALDENSTRÖM after intravenous injections of iron seems to be due to the fact that the iron which is not firmly bound rapidly leaves the blood stream. The toxic effect at intravenous administration of iron sets in in connection with the transgression of the saturation limit when the surplus iron leaves the blood stream. In untreated cases of pernicious anaemia the iron content of serum is often so high that its capacity to keep the iron in firmly bound form is completely used up. These cases also react toxically even on 1–2 mg iron intravenously.
Determintion of Blood Serum Citric Acid as Acetone
Authors: KROG PER W.
Published: December 2008

The principle of the method is to convert the citric acid into acetone through oxidation by potassium permanganate, the acetone then being distilled and quantitatively determined.
The Analgetic Action of Morphine, Eserine and Prostigmine Studied by a Modified Hardy‐Wolff‐Goodell Method.
Authors: FLODMARK SIGVARD , WRAMNER THURE
Published: December 2008

A slight modification of the Hardy‐Wolff‐Goodell method for measuring pain threshold on man is described.

Eserine raises the pain threshold.

Prostigmine raises the pain threshold.

Prostigmine greatly potentiates and prolongs the analgetic action of morphine.
A Search for Vagal Afferent Fibres Responding to an Increase of Pressure in the Central Veins.
Authors: GERNANDT BO , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE
Published: December 2008

Attempts have been made to record from the right vagus of cats and rabbits action potentials due to a sudden increase of the pressure within the central veins and the right auricle. The result was entirely negative.

This finding indicates that the nerve fibres serving as the afferent part of the BAINBRIDGE reflex are, if they really exist, of such a small diameter, that they cannot be recorded by the methods applied. This result is discussed in light of the previous experience of the BAINBRIDGE reflex presented in the literature.
Investigations on the Toxicity and Distribution in the Organism of the Copper (II) Ion in Respect of its Suitability as an Antidote against Hydrocyanic Acid.
Authors: CLEMEDSON CARL‐JOHAN , NORBERG BO
Published: December 2008

By means of copper analyses of blood and organs from rabbits that have been given intravenous injections of copper (II) salts in varying doses, and from rabbits that before this treatment have been poisoned to death with hydrocyanic acid, it has been shown 1. that the minimum lethal dose in the case of copper is over 2 mg per kg of body weight, 2. that copper is enriched in the liver and the blood corpuscles after copper‐treatment of hydrocyanic acid poisoning and 3. that the copper cyan‐complex has a lower toxicity than copper.

On the strength of these results it may be said that the use of copper (II) salts in a dose of 1 mg copper per kg body weight can safely be prescribed as an antidote against hydrocyanic acid according to AGNER'S technique (intravenous injection). The toxicity of the copper is presumed to be due to an inhibition of enzymesystems of vital importance to the organism. In the light of our experiments it is probable that the quantitatively most important mechanism of the hydrocyanic acid effect consists in an inhibition of catalase in blood corpuscles and liver.
Protein Metabolism of Tissue Cells in vitro.
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , FISCHER ALBERT , VOLKERT MOGENS
Published: December 2008

In continuation of our studies on the dialyzable substances required for the growth of animal tissue cells, extracts prepared from kidney, heart and blood corpuscles have been investigated. The experiments indicate that the active substances present in these extracts are not of the same character as the substances present in the genuine media, since the former cannot completely replace the latter.

Dialysates of blood serum are found to contain active components which cannot stand boiling. Similar substances are found in extracts of yeast and barley malt.

While the boiled extracts appear to contain a mixture of various nutrients, the active extracts of yeast and malt appear to contain only one or a few closely‐related substances which probably serve as activators for the utilization of the plasma proteins by the cells.

These thermolabile accessory growth substances appear to be of a highly hydrophilic character as their adsorption from an aqueous solution is difficult and they are insoluble in pure organic solvents. On the other hand, they are soluble in dilute alcohol. They are not precipitated by mereuric chloride at neutral reaction.

The significance of these findings to the understanding of the protein metabolism of the tissue cells is discussed.

The studies here reported have been carried out with the aid of grants from the National Association for the Control of Cancer, King Christian X's Foundation and Danmarks tekniske Højskoles Fond for teknisk Kemi.
Rate of Renewal of the Fish Skeleton
Authors: HEVESY G.
Published: December 2008

Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were kept for periods of up to one month in 3 litres of sea‐water containing labelled phosphate. A fish weighing 1 g was found to take up in the course of 16 days 1/40,000; part of the phosphorus present in the water, corresponding to 2.10‐5 mg P.

By comparing the specific activity of the skeleton P with that of the free liver P, figures for the degree of the renewal of the skeleton were obtained. At least 95 per cent of the skeleton were found to remain unchanged during the experiment. The rate of renewal of the fish skeleton is thus much lower than that of the mammalian skeleton.

The specific activity of the egg P being only slightly lower than that of the free liver P, we may conclude that the greater part of the P atoms present in the eggs was incorporated during the experiment.
The Purification of Aminopolypeptidase from the Hog's pyloric Mucosa. III.
Authors: AGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

Summary. A new method has been described for the purification 100 times of aminopolypeptidase from the hog's pyloric mucosa. The carbohydrate content of the enzyme was low. The presence and nature of the active group of the enzyme has been discussed.
Investigations into the Mechanism of the Liberation of Renin in Ischemic Kidneys.
Authors: BING JENS
Published: December 2008

The mechanism for the liberation of renin in totally ischemic kidneys was ascertained in investigations showing that, by perfusing the kidneys with various capillary‐injuring substances such as toluol, phenol, acetone, hypertonous salt solution and saponin, one obtains a liberation of renin which is best explained as a diffusion through injured capillaries and cell membranes, the permeability of which has been increased. This view is also borne out by examining the content in the perfusates of another renal enzyme, namely phosphatase. There is in fact a rather close relation between the content of renin and phosphatase. We must reckon with the possibility that the same mechanism is found in the abnormal liberation of renin in renally induced hypertension in man and animals.
Further Attempts to Isolate a Gastric Secretory Excitant from the Pyloric Mucosa of Pigs.
Authors: UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

A gastric secretory principle is isolated from the pyloric mucosa of pigs by isoelectrical precipitation. The secretory excitant stimulates the HCl‐glands but not the pepsin glands of the gastric mucosa. The possibility of the existence of an agent which stimulates the pepsin cells, and another which inhibits gastric secretion, is discussed.
Cellulose Sulfuric Acids as Anticoagulants
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , PIPER JØRGEN
Published: December 2008

The preparation and properties of a sulfuric acid ester of cellulose glycollic acid and of a cellulose sulfuric acid ester soluble in concentrated salt solutions are investigated.

The toxicity of the substances prepared are decreased considerably in comparison with the toxicity of the synthetic polysaccharide sulfuric acid esters previously investigated, while the anticoagulant activity is only moderately decreased.
Adrenaline Apnoea
Authors: GERNANDT B. , LILJESTRAND G. , ZOTTERMAN Y.
Published: December 2008

Adrenaline apnoea is increased by inhalation of oxygen. It can be decreased more or less, if the animal is breathing gas mixtures poor in oxygen or rich in carbon dioxide.

During the apnoea, the chemical impulses from the sinus nerve are greatly reduced in number. Respiration can be depressed or apnoea provoked if the vagi and the sinus nerves are cut within a short time of each other.

The results obtained cannot be reconciled with the hypothesis that adrenaline apnoea is due to a direct inhibition from the baroceptors of the sinus and aortic regions. In our opinion, adrenaline apnoea is the result of a reduction of the activity of the chemoreceptors.
Inulin as an Indicator for the Extracellular Space
Authors: KRUHØFFER POUL
Published: December 2008

A number of results are quoted from the literature, showing that the available volumes for Cl‐and Na+are larger than the extracellular volume; the author gives a tabulated summary of literature references to the size of the available volume for these substances and the volumes of distribution for these and SCN‐, Br‐, SO–4, sucrose and Mg++.

In 13 nephrectomized rabbits and one nephrectomized dog the decline in the concentrations of inulin and SCN‐in plasma was traced after intravenous injection of a single dose of inulin + NaSCN. It was found that:

 The experimentally determined curve of distribution for SCN‐(the volumes of distribution plotted against time) was found to be placed well above a theoretical curve of distribution for SCN‐, constructed from the assumptions that inulin and SCN are finally distributed in the same volume and that this distribution proceeded exclusively by diffusion. The quantity of fluid in the erythrocytes is entirely insufficient to explain this discordance; it its presumable that SCN‐penetrates other cells of the organism.

 The distribution after a very long experimental period (12 hours) suggests that the ultimate distribution in rabbits will be such that inulin distributes itself in slightly less than 20 % of the body weight and SCN– in a little over 30 %.

 In a few of the experiments, when the distribution of SCN‐and inulin was well advanced, 100–120 ml. isotonic sulphate solution was infused into the rabbits. From the resulting dilution of plasma‐chloride the author calculated the “volume of dilutable chlorides”; at a certain time after the sulphate infusion it was found to be less than the volume of distribution for SCN‐at the same period of time after the NaSCN injection.

 Whereas the available spaces for SCN‐and Cl‐must be supposed to be larger than the extracellular space, inulin must be assumed to distribute itself in a volume that is equal to the extracellular space. Tests showed that inulin is not excreted in rabbit bile, and experiments with blockade of the reticulo‐endothelial system seem to indicate that inulin is not stored by this system.

 Inulin's slow distribution, especially in sparsely vascularized tissue such as tendons, is, however, a serious drawback to its practical application for the determination of the extracellular space, even in nephrectomized animals.
Amino Acids and Related Compounds in the Haemolymph of Oryctes Nasicornis and Melolontha Vulgaris
Authors: USSING HANS H.
Published: December 2008

The haemolymph of the larvae of the beetle Melolontha vulgaris was found to contain between 280 and 450 mg% nonprotein amino nitrogen; in haemolymph from the related Oryctes nasicornis between 219 and 316 mg% was found.

 This amino nitrogen originates from three main sources, namely a) real amino acids, b) low peptides (di‐ and tripeptides) and c) amides (glutamine and asparagine).

 In Melolontha blood the presence of the following substances was established: lysine, arginine, histidine, tyrosin, leucine, valine, tryptophane and the amides asparagine (in some eases) and glutamine; the presence of hydroxyproline in an appreciable amount was indicated. Moreover a small amount of peptides and some dicarbonic amino acid or acids was present.

 In Oryctes blood hydroxyproline was identified; this substance and the basic amino acids play the most important part among the real amino acids. Low peptides are present in considerable amounts. Glutamine seems always to be present, whereas asparagine has not been met with.

 The non‐protein amino‐nitrogen in the content of the midgut of Melolontha has been examined. It was found that the concentration of all amino acids analyzed for was much lower in the gut than in the haemolymph.

 The variations in the amino‐N concentration of the haemolymph is briefly discussed.
The Influence of Anoxia on the Gastric HCl‐secretion
Authors: HARTIALA K. , KARVONEN M.
Published: December 2008

The aim of this investigation is to unravel, whether anoxia as such has – independent of the accompanying variations of the ion‐equilibrium of blood – any effect on the gastric HCl‐secretion.

 For this purpose test‐meals were given on three human subjects in a low pressure chamber, both after NH4Cl‐administration the day before, and without it, the O2‐pressures of 149, 87 and 69 mm existing in the inspired air, corresponding to the heights of 0, 4,000 and 5,500 metres.

 The following results were obtained:

 HCl‐secretion in 69 mm O2‐pressure was greatly reduced;

 HCl‐secretion was affected in 87 mm O2‐pressure too, but in a less degree and somewhat irregularly;

 HCl‐secretion in all the O2‐pressures was independent of the preceding NH4Cl‐administration.

 The answer to our question seems to be – basing on the results – that the decrease of the HCl‐secretion during severe O2‐deficiency is a consequence of anoxia, and happens independent of alkalosis produced by hyperventilation.
The Principle of Evacuation of the Sto mach in Infants and Prematures. A non‐roentgenologic study
Authors: VENDEL STEPHAN
Published: December 2008

By roentgen only the initial and final points of the evacuation curve of the stomach can be determined exactly enough. To follow the entire course of evacuation another technic was applied: the volume of gastric contents being measured at regular intervals by aspiration through a stomach tube. It was demonstrated that the stomach in infants empties with extreme regularity, following mostly a rectilinear curve, the emptying rate depending upon age and the constituents of the meal, and the variations tending to be much more confined than previously accepted.
The Fluorescence Microspectrographic Localization of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and Thiamin (Vitamin B1) in Tissue Cells
Authors: SJÖSTRAND FRITIOF
Published: December 2008

A method of fluorescence microspectrography has been elaborated for the localization of fluorescent substances normally occurring in the tissue cells.

The method has primarily been utilized for cytologic localization of riboflavin and thiamin. An earlier improved method of fluorescence microscopy (SJÖSTRAND 1944) has been employed in this connection.

 Riboflavin occurs in frogs' eyes localized to the choroid membrane.

 Thiamin is localized to the myelin sheaths in the peripheral nerves.
Solvent Water in the Human Erythrocytes
Authors: ØRSKOV S. L.
Published: December 2008

The distribution of 5 anelectrolytes, urea, malonamide, glycol, glycerol and glucose added to defibrinated blood has been examined. In some experiments the serum was exchanged with 0.9 % NaCl.

The methods used are described.

Urea, glycerol and glucose are found in a highier concentration in the watery phase of the erythrocytes than in serum. Glycol is found in a somewhat lower concentration in the erythrocytes than in serum and malonamide in the same concentration in both.

In experiments with 0.9 % NaCl in the outer solution, glycol as well as malonamide are found in higher concentration in the erythrocytes.

It is assumed that the substances can be adsorbed to the colloids of serum and the erythrocytes but in a varying degree.

The discrepancy between previous and the present experiments can partly be explained.
The Volume of the Erythrocytes at Different Osmotic Pressure. Further Experiments on the Influence of Lead on the Permeability of Cations
Authors: ØRSKOV S. L.
Published: December 2008

It is demonstrated as by other authors that the volume of the erythrocytes does not follow Boyle‐Mariotte's law. At hypotonic pressure the discrepancy is not considerable, but at hypertonic pressure it corresponds to 15–20 % of the cell water being “bound”.

The diffusion through the cell membrane of potassium, sodium and phosphate during the experiment is insignificant. The haematocrit values obtained are very reproduceable.

The intercellular fluid of the centrifuged blood cell mass is 1.7–3.8 % in normal blood, in hypotonic solutions it decreases and in hypertonic solutions it increases.

It was formerly shown by the author that lead makes the erythrocytes permeable to potassium. It is now shown that sodium can permeate as well, and that the two substances permeate with the same velocity. The potassium loss of the erythrocytes make them shrink considerably, and the haemoglobin concentration increases.

The osmotic pressure of the serum water and the cell water in normal blood and blood that has been poisoned is determined by K, Na, Cl and HCO3analysis. An excess of ions is found in serum and this is increased by lead poisoning, and more than the amount of cell water is decreased indicating that the higher haemoglobin concentration increases the “bound” water.

In order to explain the problem of “bound” water 4 hypotheses are advanced and discussed.
Determination of Potassium in Urine by Means of Periodic Acid
Authors: DAHR ELIAS
Published: December 2008

A procedure for the quantitative determination of potassium based upon the separation of this metal as a periodate was applied to biological materials. It was found to be of particular value in urological practice, since no preparative treatment of the urine was required. The precipitate holds certain by‐products which nevertheless do not interfere provided the determination is accomplished by means of iodometrical titration.

A procedure fitted for determination of the potassium content in urine samples of 2 ml was reported. The accuracy of this procedure was tested on the normal urine of man and certain mammals. Some control tests were published in Tables 1–3.
On the Influence of the Neurohypophyseal Principles on the Sodium Metabolism in the Axolotl (Amblystoma mexicanum)
Authors: JØRGENSEN C. BARKER , LEVI HILDE , USSING HANS H.
Published: December 2008

The active uptake of sodium from dilute solutions of sodium chloride by the axolotl has been studied with radio‐sodium. The mean rate of uptake was found to be 68.7 μequiv. per day. The daily excretion of starving animals was found to be somewhat higher, viz. 94.6 μequiv.

 Injection of Insipidin, a pressor preparation from the neurohypophysis, induces a net uptake of sodium and chlorine lasting for several days.

Studies with radio‐sodium revealed that the net uptake is due to an increased active uptake (the increase amounting to 200% of the normal sodium uptake), whereas the excretion is not depressed. Indeed, an increase in the excretion lasting for several hours after the injection was always seen.

 The oxytocic principle, represented by the preparation Pitupartin, induces a rapid net loss of sodium and chlorine lasting for 2–5 days. This loss was found to be due to an increased excretion, whereas the active sodium uptake was practically unaffected, apart from a short increase in the rate of uptake immediately after the injection.

 The injection into the animals of hypertonic sodium chloride solution calls forth an increase in the active uptake as well as in the excretion of sodium. After a few hours, both uptake and excretion as a rule returned to the normal level. The mere introduction of the injection needle produced a quite similar reaction. This pricking effect is easily distinguished from the pressor principle reaction on account of the short duration of the former.

 The results are discussed and it is concluded that the transient increase both in excretion after Insipidin and in uptake after Pitupartin may be due to the pricking effect, so that the pressor principle may be assumed to act upon the active salt uptake only, whereas the oxytocic principle mainly (or only) increases the rate of the salt excretion.
The Biological System Calcium — Phosphate — Citrate
Authors: STEINHARDT BRUNO
Published: December 2008

In the hitherto investigated concrements which contain calcium and citrate the author has now stated the presence also of phosphoric acid. It seems probable that the slight solubility of a complex containing Ca, citrate and phosphate here plays a part.
About the Pyrogen Activity of Dialyzed Casein Digest
Authors: WRETLIND K. A. J.
Published: December 2008

It has been shown that a preparation of dialyzed enzymatic casein digest contains no pyrogens. The pyrogen test was performed on rabbits by measuring the temperature elevation after the injection of the casein digests.
Variations in the Carbon Dioxide Tension in the Arterial Blood and the Electrocardiogram in Man1
Authors: CHRISTENSEN B. CHR.
Published: December 2008

On two subjects it is shown, that voluntary hyperventilation in atmospheric air brings about distinct electrocardiographic signs of myocardial hypoxaemia when the carbon dioxide tension in the alveolar air, and therefore also in the arterial blood, is reduced to about 20 mm Hg. It is pointed out that these findings may be of practical importance for the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency by the aid of electrocardiographic tracings after muscular work, or during respiration of a mixture of air poor in oxygen and carbon dioxide free, as these methods may cause an involuntary hyperventilation, and by this, a reduction of the carbon dioxide tension in the arterial blood.

Finally it is pointed out that these results argue in favour of using the hypoxaemia test and not the working electrocardiogram for the diagnosis of latent coronary insufficiency, and of using for the hypoxaemia test a mixture of air containing 2 or 3 per cent carbon dioxide in order to counteract the acapnia brought about by the hyperventilation.
On the Occurrence of Vitamin K in Plants.
Authors: DAM H. , GLAVIND J. , GABRIELSEN E. K.
Published: December 2008

The content of vitamin K, chlorophyll, carotin and xantho‐phyll was determined in the following plant organs: 1) leaves of closely related plants with different synthetization of chlorophyll, 2) leaves and roots of plants with iron deficiency chlorosis, 3) leaf areas of panached leaves, and 4) leaves in which the pigments were in various phases of break‐down. The results do not indicate that there is any simple correlation between the synthesis and break‐down of vitamin K and the various leaf pigments.
On the Removal of the Lymphoid Organs and its Effect on the Blood Count.
Authors: ANDREASEN ERIK , GOTTLIEB OLE
Published: December 2008

The authors have endeavoured to adapt the classical method of extirpation, for investigating the function of a tissue, to the lymphoid system. Operative technique for the removal of lymphoid organs is described for use on guinea‐pigs and rats.

In rats we found a pronounced lymphopenia lasting for three to six weeks in association with the operations. In the first days it was found to be unspecific, whereas during the remainder of the period it stands presumably in causal relation to the extirpation.
Free Amino Acids in Dialyzed Casein Digest.
Authors: WRETLIND K. A. J.
Published: December 2008

In a dialyzed casein hydrolysate (Aminosol), produced by the hydrolysis of casein with trypsin and erepsin 76 per cent of the peroral preparation and 67 per cent of the intravenous one is composed of free amino acids.

In this dialyzed casein digest the following amino acids occur in a free form viz. alanine, arginine, asparaginic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophane, tyrosine, valine.

The investigation showed that the ten esseltial amino acids, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophane, and valine, occur in the free form, a fact which, chemically speaking, proves that this dialyzed casein digest is an adequate source for the nitrogen needs of the body.
The Action of β‐dimethylaminoethyl Benzhydryl Ether Hydrochloride on Salivary Secretion.
Authors: ANDERSON DECLAN J. , EMMELIN NILS
Published: December 2008

Experiments on the cat show that β‐dimethylaminoethyl benzhydryl ether hydrochloride (2–10 mg/kg) depresses salivary secretion induced by chorda and sympathetic stimulation and by injection of acetylcholine and pilocarpine.
On the Refractive Index of the Retina.
Authors: AJO AARNI
Published: December 2008

1. As a rule the refractive index for dark adapted retinae of cows was 1.358.

2. In a material of 321 cases the light adapted retina's index was 1.3610 ± 0.0008.

3. The experiments carried out support the supposition expressed by Kühne Aand Ewald that visual purple exudes water when it is bleached. For this reason the value of the refractive index in light adapted retinae is higher than that in dark adapted ones.

4. The retinal refractive index in newly born calves in a material of 104 samples was 1.3621 ± 0.0012.

5. The refractive index for the retinae of pigs was 1.35733 ± ± 0.00167. The low index value possibly depends on the fact that the retina is poor in rods.

6. The refractive index in horses' eyes was as a rule 1.361.
On the Biological Assay of Gastrin.
Authors: JALLING OLAF , JORPES J. ERIK
Published: December 2008

Samples of gastrin were assayed on cats in urethane‐chloralose anaesthesia in accordance with the technique of previous authors, Komarov AND Uvnäs.

The secretory unit, S. U., i. e. the amount of gastrin producing 1 ml 1/10 n hydrochloric acid during one hour, was determined by injecting two different doses of the gastrin preparation, proportionality in the secretory response being demanded. Such proportionality appeared only within a narrow range, within which the first dose could not be more than doubled in a subsequent injection. In 60 per cent out of 110 cats good proportionality was obtained. In only 7 of the cats no explanation could be found why the secretory response failed. Some of the cats were in bad health and died early during the experiment. In most of the resistant cases, however, the lack of proportionality was due to exhaustion of the secretory mechanism following a previous large dose of gastrin.

A standard gastrin was used as reference substance. An amount of this, known to give 4–6 ml 1/10 n HC1 in one hour, was given in the first injection. In order to facilitate the evaluation of the response following the subsequent hourly injections of the unknown sample, and to control the secretory capacity of the animal during the experiment, the standard gastrin was given again in the sixth (or seventh) injection.

After a secretion larger than 10–12 ml during one hour an exhaustion of the secretory capacity was consistently seen during the next hours.

The variations in the individual response of different cats to one and the same dose of gastrin were demonstrated.
Protein Metabolism of Tissue Cells in vitro
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , EHRENSVAFD GÖSTA , FISCHER ALBERT , ØHLENSCHÄGER. VILH.
Published: December 2008

1. In a treatment of the problems concerning the growth substances acting upon animal tissue cells in vitro it is pointed out that it is necessary to distinguish between the nature and mode of action of the growth promoting substances, termed embryonin, which are high molecular protein fractions present in an embryo extract, and the accessory growth substances of low‐molecular nature present in a variety of biological systems. Both of these groups were found to be essential to the growth of tissue cells in vitro.

2. When studying the properties of the low‐molecular substances several difficulties are encountered which are inherent in the test method available and therefore unavoidable. The meaning of the term “accessory growth substances” for tissue cultures in vitro is discussed.

3. The purification of the barley malt extracts previously investigated was carried further with only partial success. The activity of the fractions diminish as the purification proceeds. In some cases completely inactive fractions result, which when mixed regain a considerable activity indicating the presence of at least two groups of accessory growth substances essential to the tissue cells.

4. From embryonic extracts it is possible to isolate as a stable dry powder purified preparation which is superior to the best malt extracts in producing normal growth and appearance of the tissue cultures.
Experiments on the Primary Acidity of the Gastric Juice
Authors: LINDE SVEN , TEORELL TORSTEN , ÖBRINK KARL JOHAN
Published: December 2008

1.The problem of the magnitude of the “primary acidity” of the parietal secretion of the stomach has been reinvestigated with a new, improved method. Its essential part consists in the utilization of the acid buffering power of glycocol combined with the employment of that substance as a “volume indicator”. With this method the acidity reducing diffusion processes are abolished and reliable volume measurements can also be carried out.

2.Experiments have been performed on cats and, in the main, on Heidenhain pouch dogs. In the latter case continuous, intravenous histamine injection has been used as a gastric acid stimulant which yields constant, controlable outputs of HC1 secretion.

3.The primary acidity (found by dividing the amount of titrable acid by the volume increment of an instilled, “isotonic” glycocol solution) has now been found to be variable and can be unexpectedly high. It ranges between 170 and about 350 mN. There is a definite relationship between the primary acidity value and the rate of secretion: The lower the secretion rate, the higher is the primary acidity.

4.The significance of the findings are discussed.
The Citric Acid Content of Older, especially Medieval and Praehistoric Bone Material.
Authors: THUNBERG T.
Published: December 2008

Citric acid can be observed not only in fresh bone specimens (Dickens) but also, in decreasing amounts, in bones which have been laying in the ground for thousands of years, exposed to the decomposing factors existing there.
Studies on the Effect of Salyrgan on the Absorption of Water and Colloid from Joints.
Authors: EDLUND T. , LINDERHOLM H.
Published: December 2008

The authors have found an increased absorption of colloid and particularly of water from the knee joints of normal rabbits treated with salyrgan during the first hour after the administration of the drug. Some possible explanations of this action of the drug are discussed, but the mechanism remains unapprehended.
An Instrument for Producing Brain Lesions in the Rat.
Authors: HILLARP NILS‐ÅKE
Published: December 2008

An instrument based on the pantograph principle for producing bilateral symmetrical brain lesions in rats is described.
On the Methylation of Ethanol Amine, Dimethyl Ethanol Amine, Guanidine Acetic Acid and Homocysteine
Authors: STEENSHOLT. GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

By means of the colorimetric method of MCCARTHY and SULLI‐VAN for the determination of methionine in biological mixtures, an investigation is made of the methylation of ethanol arnine, dimethyl ethanol amine, glycocyamine and homocysteine. The results extend and corroborate those of previous investigations.
The Elicitation of Viscero‐motor Reflexes
Authors: von EULER CURT , SJÖSTRAND. TORGNY
Published: December 2008

The elicitation of viscero‐motor reflex especially from the small intestine has been studied on the cat under light barbituric anesthesia or after decapitation.

On animals with good reflex irritability, the reflex can be elicited from the intestinal wall by mechanical, electrical, chemical and thermal stimuli without the involvement of the mesentery or of its connection with the intestine.

The effect of a stimulation of the intestinal wall is stronger the nearer the stimulus is placed to the mesenterial connection. This is explained by the fact that the densityof the nerve fibres must be greater here.

A cutano‐motor reflex is much stronger than a viscero‐motor reflex elicited by the same stimulus on an equal area of skin resp. intestinal wall.

No basis has appeared for the assumption that the intestinal wall should be supplied with pain nerve end‐organs, especially adapted for stretching or pulling, or which in any way should differ from the pain nerve end‐organs in the somatic innervated tissues. The principle difference between the visceral and somatic innervated organs probably is a quantitative, the density of riociceptive nerve fibres with end‐organs.
Some Investigations of Erythropoiesis in Human Bone‐Marrow Cultivated in Various Media
Authors: PLUM. CLAUS MUNK
Published: December 2008

Experiments have been performed on human sternal marrow kept alive in vitro in Locke's solution with and without the addi‐tion of different antipernicious anemia preparationsor of serum from either the same or from another person. These materials have been shown to maintain erythropoietic activity a t various levels.

The slight formation of red cells which takes place in Locke's solution comes to a standstill after 8–10 hours, but is resumed later when red cells are hemolyzed and presumably liberate nutri‐tive materials. Folk acid (0.1 yo) will increase the formation of red cells considerably and liver extract even more so. “Foreign” serum has about the same effect, but the subject's own serum causes most rapid erythropoiesis, thus pointing to the existence of a factor peculiar to each individual. A number of pathological cases were, investigated. The “spontaneous” production of the red cells was diminished in untreated pernicious anemia and leukemia, but was normal in various other conditions studied. I n most of the cases, the pathological inarrow responded quite as a normal marrow does when liver of folk acid is added to the nutrient fluid. Only in lymphogranulomatosis benigna was a significant decrease decrease below normal found in the product:on of red cells when these materials were used. Tyrosine increased the effect of liver extract in untreated pernicious anemia and in leukemia but had no added effect, on normal bone‐marrow.

The production of red cells from the pathological marrow nour‐ ished by normal serum is slightly decreased below normal in some of the pathological cases, especially in leukemia. I n this disease and in pernicious anemia there was a decreased total function of bone‐marrow plus “native” serum. All pathological marrows, however, were considerably activated by the addition of normal serum to the nutrient fluid. The use of pathological serum with normal marrow results in a significant decrease in red cell produc‐tion over that found when normal marrow is activated by “foreign” normal serum.

In patients in whom a decrease was observed in the activity of the bone marrow cells and of the serum, i. e. in pernicious anemia, effective therapy resulted in an increase in the amount of those substances n both cells and serum which activate the formation of red blood cells in the marrow cultures.

These results considered together with the results found in investigations of the ripening of the reticulocytes in vitro show that there are certain active principles in the serum, some being necessary for the production of red cells and some for the ripening of the reticulocytes. It appears that certain of these principles are necessary for both processes.

I extend my deep gratitude to the Carlsberg Foundation and to the King Christian the Tenth Pund for supporting these in‐vestigations.
The Effect of Atropine, Scopolamine and some Related Synthetic Drugs on the Insulin Induced Gastric Secretion of the Dog.
Authors: STRÖM GUNNAR , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

Methyl scopolamine is the most potent gastric secretory depressant of the atropine substitutes so far studied. The spasmolytic drugs syntropan and vagospasmyl depress the gastric secretion only if given in very high doses.
Recording Devices in Connection With Geiger—Müller Counters.
Authors: KYRRE. THORALF
Published: December 2008

The article gives a survey of various devices for recording the number of impulses received from a Geiger—Miiller tube when the latter is exposed to radiation from a radioactive preparation. It contains a description of an automatic machine capable of conveying up to 8 separate preparations successively under the G—M tube, once or several times, and for periods of variable length (from 2 to 60 minutes).
Über die Grösse der absoluten und der ihr nachfolgenden Reizschwellen von Momentanlichtempfindungen.
Authors: REENPÄÄ. YRJÖ
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassnng

1. Entsprechend der absoluten (der 1.) Schwellenempfindung (Bloch u. a.), sowie der ihr nachsten iiberschwelligen Empfindun‐gen von Momewtawlichtreizen gelten Eeizregeln von der bilinearen Form L.t= E, wo L die Reizintensitat, t die Reizzeitdauer und E die Energie des Reizes bedeuten.

2. Die den verschiedenen momentanen Empfindungsgrossen entsprechenden Reizenergiewerte E stehen in linearem Verhaltnis zu den Reizintensitaten, welche bei Dawerlichtreizen mit den vo rigen Empfindungsgrossen erlebnisaquivalent sind. Es gilt empirisch die Gleichung E = (m + 1) E1/2, wo Ex die Reizenergie der absoluten (der 1.) Momentanempfindungsschwelle ist und m eine Zahl bedeutet, die proportional der Reizintensitat des Dauer‐lichtes ist.

3. Es wird gezeigt, dass in der Nahe der absoluten Schwelle, also bei den untersten Sch.wellenordnungszah.len, sowohl die Bauer‐ (/JL8) wie die Momentanxeizschwellen {A˜ES) eine lineare Abhangigkeit von den entsprechenden Dauer‐ (Ls) bzw. Momen‐tangrundreizen (EJ zeigen.

4. Bei den Dauerreizschwellen steigen die Werte der Reiz‐scbwellen (gemessen in Lux) von Schwelle zu Schwelle, vom ersten Werte an. Bei den Momentanreizschwellen gilt dasselbe Verhalten, aber nur von der zweiten Schwelle an. Die erste Momentanreiz‐schwelle ist doppelt grosser als sie gemass dieser linear sich ver‐grossernden Reihenordnung sein sollte (Tabelle 2). Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Diskrepanz darauf beruht, dass die hier gebrauchte und ubliche Bestimmungsart der ersten Momentanlichtschwelle verschieden von der Bestimmungsart der Momentanlichtschwellen von hoherer Ordnungszahl ist. In dem Falle, dass die Bestim‐mungsmethoden der begrifflichen Reizgrossen in alien Fallen auf gleichartigen, ihnen implikativ entsprechenden phanomenalen Empfindungsgrossen basieren, bekommt man eine vom ersten Momentanreizschwellenwert an glatt anwachsende Serie von Reiz‐unterschiedsschwellen; die erste Momentanreizschwelle ist also bei dieser adaquaten Reizbestimmungsmethode die Halfte kleiner als sie bei der iiblichen Bestimmungsmethode ist.

5. Die empirische Bestatigung einer Konsequenz der theo‐retischen Auffassung des Zusammenhangs der begrifflichen Reizgrossen und der phanomenalen Empfindungsgrossen zeigt, un‐seres Erachtens, die Bedeutung der von uns in anderem Zusam‐menhang versuchten Analyse des Reizbegriffes.
Depressor and Pressor Activity of Extracts from the Aortic Wall of Cattle.
Authors: SCHMITERLÖW CARL Q.
Published: December 2008

The depressor and pressor activity of extracts from the aortic walls of cattle have been investigated, using the extraction method described by Euler.

The depressor action seems to a great extent to be due to the presence of histamine in the extracts.

The pressor action of the extracts is due to some substance which in most cases mimics the action of nor‐adrenaline but in some cases is more like adrenaline. This difference in the action of the extracts is not due to the presence of different pressor substances but to the presence of contaminating histamine. Traces of histamine, though masked in its action on the blood pressure by the pressor substance, may cause a liberation of adrenaline in the test‐animal itself.

The expenses of this investigation were defrayed by a grant from the Therese and John Andersson Memorial Foundation.