bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relevance of academic writing in design education: academic writing as a tool for structuring reasons
Authors: Hggstrm Cecilia
Published: June 2008

This paper focuses on the current function of academic writing for design education within Sweden. It argues that in its present form academic writing is used to explain the final result by accounting for the process, but it would be much more useful to designers if the form were modified
to fit the purpose of justifying a design solution. Interpretations of the academic report as chronologically telling about the process have, in Swedish design education, resulted in muddled texts where the final results are absent or hidden in the lengthy description of the process. The academic
report fulfils its function because it is a logical construction. Its form includes explication of the research-process because this process determines the reliability and/or validity of the new knowledge arrived at. An excellent design-process does not, however, guarantee excellent
design: a design-solution is justified only by solving the problem. Adjusted to this purpose, academic writing could become a useful tool, helping students to grasp which explicit reasons and grounds may support their definition of the problem, outline how their design may be a solution to
it, and also show where reasons and grounds may prove to be poor. Writing, in a modified academic form, can become a useful and integrated tool in design education, primarily if the intellectual skill developed through this writing is useful also for the practitioner.
Review
Authors: Lockheart Julia
Published: June 2008

Metadesign Workshop
29 February and 1 March 2008, Pines Calyx
Detached signifiers, dead babies and demon dwarves: Bieito's Dutchman
Authors: McKechnie Kara
Published: June 2008

The Catalan director Calixto Bieito is a successful opera director, critically acclaimed for his often violent and confrontational concepts. He has worked mainly on German stages in the last decade, where audiences have often been scandalized by the explicit imagery and radical re-interpretations
in Bieito's work. This reactive review critiques his production of The Flying Dutchman for Stuttgart State Opera (2008), applying mainly semiotic and some phenomenological analysis. It also contextualizes Regietheater (director's theatre) with audience expectation. The context
of the production and the impact of using an earlier (1841) version of the opera is examined with reference to direction, scenography and conceptual updating of The Flying Dutchman.
Hear Jane sing: narrative authority in two musical versions of Jane Eyre
Authors: Napolitano Marc
Published: June 2008

Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre focuses heavily on the development of the protagonist's voice, as the reader can trace the young Jane's transition from a vulnerable gothic heroine to an authoritative autobiographical narrator. Film adaptations of the novel often fail to convey this
transition due to the inability of the film-maker to successfully incorporate Jane's narration into the piece. Two recent musical versions of Jane Eyre present interesting solutions to this problem; the ability to layer voices through song, along with the potential for musical commentary
as opposed to voice-over, allows for innovative approaches to rectifying the problems regarding Jane's narration in other media. However, although the stage musical version by John Caird and Paul Gordon and the chamber opera adaptation by Michael Berkeley and David Malouf both attempt to preserve
Jane's narrative authority, the writers are unable to fully capture the novelistic nuances of the heroine's development from abused orphan to omniscient storyteller.
Emancipation or exploitation? Gender liberation and adult musicals in 1970s New York
Authors: Wollman Elizabeth L
Published: June 2008

Because the 1960s sexual revolution preceding the gay and women's liberation movements was largely defined by straight men, the increased sexual freedom that came with liberation often translated, especially for women, into the substitution of one kind of exploitation for another. The
adult musicals (musicals featuring nudity and simulated sex) that were faddish off-Broadway in the 1970s grappled with the country's changing sexual mores, and many reflected contemporary struggles for gender equality. Yet because of the strong sexual content of adult musicals, messages of
liberation were often lost on audiences who were simply interested in vicariously experiencing reverberations of the sexual revolution. This article examines the ways adult musicals translated messages championed by the women's and gay liberation movements, as well as the ways that actors
in musicals like Let My People Come and Oh! Calcutta!, as well as their audiences, negotiated interconnected messages of sexual freedom and exploitation.
Representation of Clytemnestra and Cassandra in Taneyev's Oresteia
Authors: Belina Anastasia
Published: June 2008

Sergei Taneyev (18561915) was a Muscovite, a piano virtuoso, music theorist, composer, and pedagogue. He was a pupil and later a close friend of Tchaikovsky, and a teacher of Rachmaninov, Scriabin, Medtner, Glier and Gretchaninov, among a host of other Russian composers. Taneyev was also known for his passionate interest in Greek antiquity, in the early music of the Netherlands, and in counterpoint. The choice for the subject of his one and only opera Oresteia (1894),1 based on the eponymous tragedy by Aeschylus, perplexed its critics and audiences.2 While Aeschylus made a number of changes in his The Oresteia that challenged the established perception of its characters, Taneyev's changes and additions were necessary in order to combat his listeners' lack of familiarity with the tragedy and its storyline. This article concentrates on Taneyev's treatment of women's roles and explores the ways in which Taneyev's Clytemnestra and Cassandra are similar to, and different from their counterparts in the original source. The important changes and additions made by Taneyev are analysed and set in the context of the nineteenth-century Russian operatic scene.

1The title of Aeschylus'The Oresteiaappears in Russian asOresteia, because the definite article does not exist in Russian. This article will therefore refer to Taneyev's opera asOresteia, and the original work of Aeschylus asThe Oresteia.

2For a detailed discussion of antiquity in Russian literature, music and art, see Korabelnikova 1986: 101109, and Korabelnikova 1979: 8392. 
Trends bei der Entwicklung von Normalen für die Mikro- und Nanomesstechnik: Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze (Trends in Development of Standards for Micro- and Nanometrology: Chances and Challenges)
Authors: Weckenmann Albert , Wiedenhöfer Thomas , Büttgenbach Stephanus , Krah Thomas , Fleischer Jürgen , Buchholz Ivesa , Viering Benjamin , Kranzmann Axel , Ritter Martin , Krüger-Sehm Rolf , Bakucz Peter , Schmitt Robert , Koerfer Friedel
Published: June 2008

Im Bereich der Mikrometer- und Nanometer-Messtechnik werden immer neue Normale benötigt und bereitgestellt. Bei deren Design, Herstellung und Einsatz werden zum Teil neue Wege beschritten, um den Anforderungen und Randbedingungen der Mikro- und Nanotechnik gerecht zu werden. Im Folgenden werden diese Aspekte und Entwicklungen anhand ausgewählter Beispiele verdeutlicht.
Virtuelle Messgeräte: Definition und Stand der Entwicklung (Virtual Measuring Instruments: Definition and Development Status)
Authors: Schmitt Robert , Koerfer Friedel , Sawodny Oliver , Zimmermann Jan , Krüger-Sehm Rolf , Xu Min , Dziomba Thorsten , Koenders Ludger , Goch Gert , Tausendfreund Andreas , Patzelt Stefan , Simon Sven , Rockstroh Lars , Bellon Carsten , Staude Andreas , Woias Peter , Goldschmidtböing Frank , Rabold Martin
Published: June 2008

Die Mikro- und Nanotechnologie gehört zu den Schlüsseltechnologien des 21. Jahrhunderts mit hohen Wachstumsprognosen, wie auch die im Auftrag des BMBF durchgeführte Studie “Nanotechnologie als wirtschaftlicher Wachstumsmarkt” von 2004 ausführlich darstellt. Aus diesem Trend resultiert ein steigender Bedarf an Messsystemen, die Nanostrukturen prozessnah bzw. im Fertigungsprozess charakterisieren können. Virtuelle Messgeräte liefern Erkenntnisse zur Entwicklung neuartiger Messsysteme, Analyse und Optimierung bestehender Verfahren sowie die Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit und modellbasierten Korrektur systematischer Fehler. Der virtuelle Messprozess umfasst neben dem Messmittel auch die Probe und die Wechselwirkungen zwischen beiden. In diesem Beitrag werden virtuelle Messgeräte vorgestellt sowie deren Anwendung diskutiert.
Tastsysteme für die Mikro- und Nanomesstechnik: Nanometeraufgelöste Oberflächenerfassung (Probing Systems for Micro and Nano Metrology: Nanometer-Resolved Surface Detection)
Authors: Hoffmann Jörg
Published: June 2008

Grundlage jeder dimensionellen Messung ist die Erfassung der Oberfläche des Messobjekts bzw. ausgewählter Punkte darauf mit Hilfe von Tastsystemen. Vor allem im Bereich der Mikro- und Nanomesstechnik steht bisher kein universelles Tastsystem zur Verfügung, welches eine adäquate Bearbeitung zumindest einer Vielzahl mikromesstechnischer Aufgaben ermöglicht. Systeme basierend auf optischen, taktilen, elektrischen und weiteren Wechselwirkungen mit der anzutastenden Oberfläche werden heute angeboten. Der Beitrag gibt eine Übersicht über den Stand der Technik und die Herausforderungen bei der nanometeraufgelösten Oberflächenerfassung.
Rückführbare Koordinatenmesstechnik für Mikrobauteile: Grundlagen und Beispiele (Traceable Coordinate Metrology for Microparts: Basic Principles and Examples)
Authors: Härtig Frank , Neuschaefer-Rube Ulrich
Published: June 2008

Der Artikel beschreibt die Rückführung von Mikrobauteilen in der Koordinatenmesstechnik. Mikrobauteile sind dabei 1D- bis 3D-Objekte, die Geometrien mit Abmessungen von wenigen μm bis ca. 1 mm aufweisen. Es werden Messgeräte, Sensoren und Normale beschrieben sowie Hinweise auf zukünftige Entwicklungen gegeben.
Erfassung von Standardgeometrieelementen im Mikrometerbereich: Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze (Characterization of Standard-Geometry Micro Structures: Chances and Challenges)
Authors: Fleischer Jürgen , Buchholz Ivesa , Peters Jochen , Viering Benjamin , Goch Gert , Patzelt Stefan , Tausendfreund Andreas , Mehner Jan , Dötzel Wolfram , Shaporin Alexey , Neuschaefer-Rube Ulrich , Hilpert Uwe , Simon Sven , Tutsch Rainer , Herbst Christian , Weckenmann Albert , Hoffmann Jörg , Krämer Philipp
Published: June 2008

Die industrielle Produktion von mikro- und nanostrukturierten Bauteilen und Systemen erfordert die Entwicklung einer adäquaten Messtechnik zur Qualitätssicherung, da die Ist-Ausprägungen von Standardgeometrieelementen eine wesentliche Entscheidungsgrundlage für eine zuverlässige Funktionsbeurteilung und effiziente Regelung von Fertigungsprozessen bilden. In diesem Zusammenhang beschäftigt sich der Beitrag mit der Gegenüberstellung von unterschiedlichen Messverfahren für standardgeometrische Messaufgaben im Mikrometerbereich. Die Ergebnisse von zwei durchgeführten Ringvergleichen werden in diesem Artikel vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Wavelet-Filterung von fraktalen Oberflächen (Wavelet Filtering of Fractal Surfaces)
Authors: Bakucz Peter , Krüger-Sehm Rolf , Schröder Sven , Duparré Angela , Tünnermann Andreas
Published: June 2008

Streulichtbasierte Messverfahren eignen sich prinzipiell sehr gut zur anwendungsnahen Charakterisierung von Oberflächen-Nanostrukturen. Kenngrößen wie die rms-Rauheit oder das Rauheitsspektrum lassen sich direkt bestimmen. Speziell bei der Anwendung auf Mikroflächen führt jedoch die Betrachtung sehr kleiner Oberflächenbereiche zu statistischen Fluktuationen der Streuverteilung und damit des Rauheitsspektrums. Durch geeignete Filterverfahren kann trotzdem das globale Rauheitsspektrum geschätzt werden, das das gesamte Ensemble gleichartiger Oberflächen repräsentiert.
Praxisgerechte Messunsicherheitsermittlung bei Messungen mit dem Weißlichtinterferometer (Practice-Oriented Evaluation of the Uncertainty of Measurements with White-Light Interferometer)
Authors: Tan Özgür , Hoffmann Jörg
Published: June 2008

Messergebnisse sind die fundierte Grundlage von Entscheidungen in der Industrie. Für das Treffen richtiger Entscheidungen ist daher die Güte der Messergebnisse essenziell. Für Messverfahren der Mikro- und Nanotechnologie fehlen bislang praxisgerechte Handlungsanweisungen zur konkreten Ausgestaltung des abstrakten Vorgehens nach dem ISO-“Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” (GUM) zur Berechnung des Güteparameters “Messunsicherheit”. Im Gegensatz zum GUM bietet die Fähigkeitsanalyse den Vorteil praxisgerechter, konkreter Handlungsanweisungen. Im Artikel wird eine auf Methoden der Fähigkeitsanalyse basierende Messunsicherheitsanalyse für Stufenhöhenmessungen mit dem Weißlichtinterferometer dargestellt.
The Anomalous Effects of Biased Mutation Revisited: Mean–Optimum Deviation and Apparent Directional Selection Under Stabilizing Selection
Authors: Zhang Xu-Sheng , Hill William G
Published: June 2008

Empirical evidence indicates that the distribution of the effects of mutations on quantitative traits is not symmetric about zero. Under stabilizing selection in infinite populations with normally distributed mutant effects having a nonzero mean, Waxman and Peck showed that the deviation of the population mean from the optimum is expected to be small. We show by simulation that genetic drift, leptokurtosis of mutational effects, and pleiotropy can increase the mean–optimum deviation greatly, however, and that the apparent directional selection thereby caused can be substantial.
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen and ASF1 Modulate Silent Chromatin inSaccharomyces cerevisiaevia Lysine 56 on Histone H3
Authors: Miller Andrew , Yang Bo , Foster Tiaunn , Kirchmaier Ann L
Published: June 2008

The formation and stability of epigenetically regulated chromatin is influenced by DNA replication and factors that modulate post-translational modifications on histones. Here we describe evidence that PCNA can affect silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by facilitating deposition of H3 K56ac onto chromosomes. We propose that PCNA participates in this process through a pathway that includes replication factor C, the chromatin assembly factor Asf1p, and the K56-specific acetyltransferase Rtt109p. We show that mutation of POL30 or loss of K56-acetylation in rtt109 and histone H3 mutants enhances silencing at the crippled HMR locus HMRae** via restoring Sir binding and that pol30 mutants with silencing phenotypes have reduced levels of H3 K56ac. Although loss of acetylation on H3 K56 was generally compatible with silencing, mutations at this residue also led to defects in silencing an ADE2 reporter at HMR and abolished silencing when combined with cac1 or pol30-8. These silencing phenotypes are analogous to those in asf1 mutants or pol30-6 and pol30-79 mutants with defects in ASF1-dependent pathways. On the basis of these findings, we propose that mutations in DNA replication factors alter acetylation of H3 K56. We show that this defect, in turn, contributes to misregulation of epigenetic processes as well as of cellular responses to DNA damage.
Kernel-Based Association Test
Authors: Yang Hsin-Chou , Hsieh Hsin-Yi , Fann Cathy S J
Published: June 2008

Association mapping (i.e., linkage disequilibrium mapping) is a powerful tool for positional cloning of disease genes. We propose a kernel-based association test (KBAT), which is a composite function of “P-values of single-locus association tests” and “kernel weights related to intermarker distances and/or linkage disequilibria.” The KBAT is a general form of some current test statistics. This method can be applied to the study of candidate genes and can scan each chromosome using a moving average procedure. We evaluated the performance of the KBAT through simulation studies that considered evolutionary parameters, disease models, sample sizes, kernel functions, test statistics, window attributes, empirical P-value estimations, and genetic/physical maps. The results showed that the KBAT had a well-controlled false positive rate and high power compared to existing methods. In addition, the KBAT was also applied to analyze a genomewide data set from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Important genes associated with alcoholism dependence were identified. In summary, the merits of the KBAT are multifold: the KBAT is robust against the inclusion of nuisance markers, is invariant to the map scale, and accommodates different types of genomic data, study designs, and study purposes. The proposed methods are packaged in the user-friendly software, KBAT, available at http://www.stat.sinica.edu.tw/hsinchou/genetics/association/KBAT.htm.
Independent Origin of Sex Chromosomes in Two Species of the Genus Silene
Authors: Mrackova Martina , Nicolas Michael , Hobza Roman , Negrutiu Ioan , Monéger Françoise , Widmer Alexander , Vyskot Boris , Janousek Bohuslav
Published: June 2008

Here we introduce a new model species, Silene colpophylla, that could facilitate research of sex chromosome evolution and sex-determining systems. This species is related to the well-established dioecious plant model Silene latifolia. Our results show that S. colpophylla is, similarly to S. latifolia, a male heterogametic species, but its sex chromosomes have evolved from a different pair of autosomes than in S. latifolia. The results of our phylogenetic study and mapping of homologs of S. latifolia X-linked genes indicate that the sex determination system in S. colpophylla evolved independently from that in S. latifolia. We assert that this model species pair will make it possible to study two independent patterns of sex chromosome evolution in related species.
Phylogeographic Evidence of Crop Neodiversity in Sorghum
Authors: de Alencar Figueiredo L F , Calatayud C , Dupuits C , Billot C , Rami J-F , Brunel D , Perrier X , Courtois B , Deu M , Glaszmann J-C
Published: June 2008

Sorghum has shown the adaptability necessary to sustain its improvement during time and geographical extension despite a genetic foundation constricted by domestication bottlenecks. Initially domesticated in the northeastern part of sub-Saharan Africa several millenia ago, sorghum quickly spread throughout Africa, and to Asia. We performed phylogeographic analysis of sequence diversity for six candidate genes for grain quality (Shrunken2, Brittle2, Soluble starch synthaseI, Waxy, Amylose extender1, and Opaque2) in a representative sample of sorghum cultivars. Haplotypes along 1-kb segments appeared little affected by recombination. Sequence similarity enabled clustering of closely related alleles and discrimination of two or three distantly related groups depending on the gene. This scheme indicated that sorghum domestication involved structured founder populations, while confirming a specific status for the guinea margaritiferum subrace. Allele rooted genealogy revealed derivation relationships by mutation or, less frequently, by recombination. Comparison of germplasm compartments revealed contrasts between genes. Sh2, Bt2, and SssI displayed a loss of diversity outside the area of origin of sorghum, whereas O2 and, to some extent, Wx and Ae1 displayed novel variation, derived from postdomestication mutations. These are likely to have been conserved under the effect of human selection, thus releasing valuable neodiversity whose extent will influence germplasm management strategies.
Cooperative Interactions Between Pairs of Homologous Chromatids During Meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Mell Joshua Chang , Komachi Kelly , Hughes Owen , Burgess Sean
Published: June 2008

We report a novel instance of negative interference during Saccharomyces cerevisiae meiosis, where Cre-mediated recombination between pairs of allelic loxP sites is more frequent than expected. We suggest that endogenous crossover recombination mediates cooperative pairing interactions between all four chromatids of a meiotic bivalent.
Aneuploidy: Cells Losing Their Balance
Authors: Torres Eduardo M , Williams Bret R , Amon Angelika
Published: June 2008

A change in chromosome number that is not the exact multiple of the haploid karyotype is known as aneuploidy. This condition interferes with growth and development of an organism and is a common characteristic of solid tumors. Here, we review the history of studies on aneuploidy and summarize some of its major characteristics. We will then discuss the molecular basis for the defects caused by aneuploidy and end with speculations as to whether and how aneuploidy, despite its deleterious effects on organismal and cellular fitness, contributes to tumorigenesis.
Early Induction of Spawning of Tautogs and Comparison of Growth Rates of Larvae from Early and Normally Spawned Broodstocks
Authors: Perry Dean M , Klein-MacPhee Grace , Keller Aimee
Published: June 2008

A reliable broodstock of spawning fish must be available year-round for finfish aquaculture to be a commercially viable venture. Two independent laboratory trials were conducted at Milford, Connecticut, and Narragansett, Rhode Island, to investigate spawning adult tautogs Tautoga onitis outside their normal spawning season by manipulating temperature and photoperiod. The spawning date for adult tautogs was successfully advanced by 2 months in each trial. Egg production rates were similar between the two trials, the peak numbers of eggs produced per day occurring between 5 and 8 d after spawning began. Although the methods used were slightly different at each laboratory, the results were similar, viable embryos being successfully hatched and cultured in each trial. Larval growth from the Rhode Island early-spawned fish was similar to that of larvae from fish spawned during the normal spawning season. The results of both trials indicate the possibility of maintaining multiple broodstocks and inducing them to breed at different times throughout the year.
Field Collection, Handling, and Refrigerated Storage of Sperm of Red Snapper and Gray Snapper
Authors: Riley Kenneth L , Chesney Edward J , Tiersch Terrence R
Published: June 2008

Red snapper Lutjanus campechanus and gray snapper L. griseus support valuable sport and commercial fisheries. Because of their high market value and limited commercial harvests, these species are prime candidates for aquaculture and stock enhancement. Development of culture techniques for snapper species has been attempted over the past 30 years, but use of gonadotropic hormones with mature, wild-caught red snapper remains the most reliable method for inducing ovulation and producing eggs that can be fertilized. In this study, procedures for sperm collection, handling, and refrigerated storage were developed to improve strip-spawning techniques for these snapper species. Use of refrigerated sperm allows efforts to be focused on maintaining female broodstock, monitoring of ovarian development, and increasing efficiency during the strip-spawning process. Sperm were collected from male red snapper (n = 199) and gray snapper (n = 83) captured in the recreational fishery during the summers of 2000 and 2001. Sperm were diluted 1:4 with calcium-free Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS), placed in 4-L plastic bags, and transported to the laboratory on ice. Osmotic pressure (mean ± SE) of seminal plasma was 428 ± 15 milliosmoles (mOsm) per kilogram for red snapper (n = 19) and 411 ± 5 mOsm/kg for gray snapper (n = 13). Blood plasma osmolality was 440 ± 7 mOsm/kg for red snapper and 421 ± 7 mOsm/kg for gray snapper. Activation studies of red and gray snapper sperm indicated that sperm motility was suppressed by decreasing the osmotic pressure of artificial seawater to a level less than 400 mOsm/kg. Refrigerated storage experiments demonstrated that sperm samples suspended in 200-mOsm/kg HBSS retained motility for 10 d when refrigerated at 4°C. These results show that red snapper and gray snapper sperm can be stored for short-term repeated use in a hatchery.
Effects of Freezing, Drying, Ultraviolet Irradiation, Chlorine, and Quaternary Ammonium Treatments on the Infectivity of Myxospores of Myxobolus cerebralis for Tubifex tubifex
Authors: Hedrick Ronald P. , McDowell Terry S. , Mukkatira Kaveramma , MacConnell Elizabeth , Petri Brian
Published: June 2008

The effects of freezing, drying, ultraviolet irradiation (UV), chlorine, and a quaternary ammonium compound on the infectivity of the myxospore stage of Myxobolus cerebralis (the causative agent of whirling disease) for Tubifex tubifex were examined in a series of laboratory trials. Freezing at either −20°C or −80°C for a period of 7 d or 2 months eliminated infectivity as assessed by the absence of production of the actinospore stage (triactinomyxons (TAMs)) from T. tubifex cultures inoculated with treated myxospores over a 4–5-month period. Myxospores retained infectivity when held in well water at 5°C or 22°C for 7 d and when held at 4°C or 10°C d for 2 months. In contrast, no TAMs were produced from T. tubifex cultures inoculated with myxospores held at 20°C for 2 months. Drying of myxospores eliminated any evidence of infectivity for T. tubifex. Doses of UV from 40 to 480 mJ/cm2 were all effective for inactivating myxospores of M. cerebralis, although a few TAMs were detected in one replicate T. tubifex culture at 240 mJ/cm2 and in one replicate culture at 480 mJ/cm2. Treatments of myxospores with chlorine bleach at active concentrations of at least 500 mg/L for 15 min largely inactivated myxospore infectivity for T. tubifex. Likewise, there was no evidence of TAMs produced by T. tubifex inoculated with myxospores treated with alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) at 1,500 mg/L for 10 min. Treatments of myxospores with 1,000-mg/L ADBAC for 10 min reduced TAM production in T. tubifex cultures sevenfold relative to that in cultures inoculated with an equal number of untreated myxospores. These results indicate that myxospores of M. cerebralis demonstrate a selective rather than broad resistance to selected physical and chemical treatments, and this selective resistance is consistent with conditions that myxospores are likely to experience in nature.
Detecting the Response of Fish Assemblages to Stream Restoration: Effects of Different Sampling Designs
Authors: Baldigo B. P. , Warren D. R.
Published: June 2008

Increased trout production within limited stream reaches is a popular goal for restoration projects, yet investigators seldom monitor, assess, or publish the associated effects on fish assemblages. Fish community data from a total of 40 surveys at restored and reference reaches in three streams of the Catskill Mountains, New York, were analyzed a posteriori to determine how the ability to detect significant changes in biomass of brown trout Salmo trutta, all salmonids, or the entire fish community differs with effect size, number of streams assessed, process used to quantify the index response, and number of replicates collected before and after restoration. Analyses of statistical power (probability of detecting a meaningful difference or effect) and integrated power (average power over all possible α-values) were combined with before–after, control–impact analyses to assess the effectiveness of alternate sampling and analysis designs. In general, the more robust analyses indicated that biomass of brown trout and salmonid populations increased significantly in restored reaches but that the net increases (relative to the reference reach) were significant only at two of four restored reaches. Restoration alone could not account for the net increases in total biomass of fish communities. Power analyses generally showed that integrated power was greater than 0.95 when (1) biomass increases were larger than 5.0 g/m2, (2) the total number of replicates ranged from 4 to 8, and (3) coefficients of variation (CVs) for responses were less than 40%. Integrated power was often greater than 0.95 for responses as low as 1.0 g/m2 if the response CVs were less than 30%. Considering that brown trout, salmonid, and community biomass increased by 2.99 g/m2 on average (SD = 1.17 g/m2) in the four restored reaches, use of two to three replicates both before and after restoration would have an integrated power of about 0.95 and would help detect significant changes in fish biomass under similar situations.
Setting River Restoration Priorities: A Review of Approaches and a General Protocol for Identifying and Prioritizing Actions
Authors: Beechie T. , Pess G. , Roni P. , Giannico G.
Published: June 2008

Implicit in the question, “How should I prioritize restoration actions?” is often the unstated question, “What should I restore?” Distinguishing between these questions helps clarify the restoration planning process, which has four distinct steps: (1) identify the restoration goal, (2) select a project prioritization approach that is consistent with the goal, (3) use watershed assessments to identify restoration actions, and (4) prioritize the list of actions. A well-crafted restoration goal identifies the biological objective of restoration, addresses underlying causes of habitat change, and recognizes that social, economic, and land use objectives may constrain restoration options. Once restoration goals are identified, one of six general approaches can be selected for prioritizing restoration actions: project type, refugia, decision support systems, single-species analysis, multispecies analysis, and cost effectiveness. Prioritizing by project type, refugia, or a decision support system requires the least quantitative information, and each approach is relatively easy to use. Single-species, multispecies, and cost effectiveness approaches require more information and effort but often most directly address legal requirements. Watershed assessments provide most of the information used to identify and prioritize actions and should be explicitly and carefully designed to support the goals and prioritization scheme. Watershed assessments identify causes of habitat degradation, habitat losses with the greatest effect on biota and ecosystems, and local land and water uses that may limit restoration opportunities. Results of assessments are translated into suites of restoration options, and analysis of land use and economic constraints helps to evaluate the feasibility of various options. Finally, actions are prioritized based on assessment results and the selected prioritization scheme. In general, we recommend the use of simple decision support systems for cases in which watershed assessments provide incomplete information; the cost effectiveness approach is recommended for cases in which watershed assessments identify (1) restoration actions needed to restore riverine habitats, (2) biological benefits associated with each action, and (3) costs of restoration actions.
More Sites or More Years? Optimal Study Design for Monitoring Fish Response to Watershed Restoration
Authors: Liermann Martin , Roni Phil
Published: June 2008

Every year in the Pacific Northwest, hundreds of stream restoration projects are implemented at great expense in the hope that they will increase salmonid abundance. Our understanding of how salmonids interact with their freshwater habitat has steadily improved, but we are still a long way from being able to reliably predict population-level effects of individual projects. To determine whether these projects are in fact increasing salmonid abundance, we will need to implement restoration at the watershed scale, monitor the populations after the freshwater portion of their life history is completed, and replicate the experiment across multiple watersheds to produce results that can be generalized. Although there has been some progress in this direction, it has largely consisted of independent efforts at a relatively small scale. In this paper, we use smolt counts of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch from streams in western Washington and Oregon, along with approximate restoration and monitoring costs, to estimate the most cost-effective way of allocating monitoring effort between years and watersheds to allow detection of an average response to watershed-scale restoration. We show that it is generally preferable to spread the available effort across more watershed pairs, unless the one-time cost of adding a watershed pair is very high (e.g., when the cost of restoration is included). These results are sensitive to plausible changes in temporal and spatial variability and may change with different assumptions about response type, but they are derived using a logical, transparent process that incorporates available information.
Response of Fish Populations to Natural Channel Design Restoration in Streams of the Catskill Mountains, New York
Authors: Baldigo Barry P. , Warren Dana R. , Ernst Anne G. , Mulvihill Christiane I.
Published: June 2008

Many streams and rivers throughout North America have been extensively straightened, widened, and hardened since the middle 1800s, but related effects on aquatic ecosystems have seldom been monitored, described, or published. Beginning in the early 1990s, reach-level restoration efforts began to base projects on natural channel design (NCD) techniques and Rosgen's (1994b, 1996) river classification system in an effort to duplicate or mimic stable reference reach geomorphology. Four reaches in three streams of the Catskill Mountains, New York, were restored from 2000 to 2002 using NCD techniques to decrease bed and bank erosion rates, decrease sediment loads, and improve water quality. The effects of restoration on the health of fish assemblages were assessed through a before–after, control–impact (BACI) study design to quantify the net changes in population and community indices at treatment reaches relative to index changes at unaltered reference reaches from 1999 to 2004. After restoration, community richness and biomass at treatment reaches increased by more than one-third. Changes in fish communities were caused mainly by shifts in dominant species populations; fish community biomass and total fish abundance were generally dominated by daces or daces and sculpins before restoration and by one or more salmonid species after restoration. Density and biomass of eastern blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus, longnose dace R. cataractae, and slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus did not change appreciably, whereas net salmonid density and biomass increased substantially after restoration. These changes were driven primarily by large increases in populations of brown trout Salmo trutta. The findings demonstrate that the structure, function, and ultimately the health of resident fish populations and communities can be improved, at least over the short term, through NCD restoration in perturbed streams of the Catskill Mountains.
Adult Coho Salmon and Steelhead Use of Boulder Weirs in Southwest Oregon Streams
Authors: Roni Phil , Van Slyke Dan , Miller Bruce A. , Ebersole Joseph L. , Pess George
Published: June 2008

The placement of log and boulder structures in streams is a common and often effective technique for improving juvenile salmonid rearing habitat and increasing fish densities. Less frequently examined has been the use of these structures by adult salmonids. In 2004, spawner densities and redd counts of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in seven Oregon streams were compared between 10 reach pairs: reaches with artificially placed boulder weir structures (treatment) and reaches without weirs (control). In addition, based on annual spawner survey data collected from 2001 to 2005, redd density of steelhead O. mykiss and spawner and redd densities of coho salmon were examined to assess differences among main-stem reaches with boulder weirs, main-stem reaches without weirs, and tributary reaches without weirs throughout one basin (West Fork of the Smith River (WFS)). Numbers of coho salmon spawners and peak redd counts were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in treatment reaches than in control reaches in the first study. In contrast, no differences existed in coho salmon spawner counts or steelhead redd counts among reaches within WFS. Coho salmon redd densities differed significantly among the three reach types in WFS; redd densities in tributary reaches were higher than those in main-stem reaches either with or without boulder weirs. Both spawner density and redd density were positively correlated with percent gravel. Results from these two related studies suggest that the placement of boulder weirs in bedrock channels leads to localized increases in spawner abundance, although other factors (e.g., amount of spawning area or gravel) appear to influence coho salmon and steelhead spawner abundance and redd construction at a watershed scale. This also suggests that gravel sources are an important factor to consider when placing boulder weirs or other instream structures designed to improve spawning habitat.
Carbon Sources for Lake Sturgeon in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin
Authors: Stelzer Robert S. , Drecktrah H. Gene , Shupryt Michael P. , Bruch Ronald M.
Published: June 2008

Because lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens, like other sturgeon species, are threatened or endangered in many aquatic ecosystems, it is imperative that we increase our understanding of their role in food webs. Our main objective was to determine the carbon sources for lake sturgeon in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, which contains one of the largest populations of lake sturgeon in North America. Gut content analysis revealed that gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and Chironomus plumosus larvae (56% and 33% by gut content mass, respectively) were the primary prey items for lake sturgeon in the winter. Larger lake sturgeon were more piscivorous than smaller individuals. A mixing model using δ13C and δ15N suggests that Chironomus contributes 49% and gizzard shad 37% to the carbon assimilated by lake sturgeon. We estimated the carbon half‐life in lake sturgeon to be about 0.6‐3.0 years based on a model incorporating metabolism and growth. Thus, the stable isotope results integrate over a considerably longer time period than the gut content analysis. Our results provide critical baseline information about the carbon sources for lake sturgeon that can be used to assess how their role in food webs may change after perturbations such as the introduction of exotic species and changes in land use.
Optimizing Horizontal Completions in the Cleveland Tight Gas Sand
Authors: Samuelson M. L. , Akinwande T. , Connell R. , Grossman R. , Strickland B.
Published: June 2008

This paper describes an efficient multistage horizontal openhole completion technique as an alternative to conventional openhole or cemented and perforated lateral completions. The application focuses on openhole (OH) completions in the Cleveland tight gas sand of the Texas panhandle. Horizontal wells have been drilled extensively in this low permeability gas reservoir to enhance productivity.(5) While the increased contact area offers a potential for enhancing well productivity and overall well economics, additional stimulation is usually required. Conventional OH or cemented and perforated completion alternatives have had various operational and logistic issues that have minimized efficiency and production impact. The system applied involves the use of a series of mechanical openhole packers deployed on the production liner with a frac port located between each set of packers and a process of subsequent multistage stimulation of the entire interval. The multistage OH completions have resulted in better connection to the reservoir compared to conventional cased-hole staged completions. Significantly increased completion efficiencies have been realized in all areas of the Cleveland tight gas sand, resulting in reduced completion costs and reduced overall completion timeframes.
Investigation of Underground Gas Storage in a Partially Depleted Gas Reservoir
Authors: Azin Reza , Nasiri Amir , Entezari Ali Jodeyri , Montazeri Gholam Hossein
Published: June 2008

Underground Gas Storage (UGS) is a means of installing peak shaving capacity during high-demand seasons worldwide. In this work, studies of the UGS were performed on a partially depleted gas reservoir through compositional simulation. Prediction of reservoir fluid phase behavior and history match was done by utilizing detailed reservoir information. The performance of UGS with different scenarios of reservoir depletion, gas injection, and aquifer strength was analyzed. The injection capacity and deliverability of reservoir was set to 350 MMSCF/D (6 months) and 420 MMSCF/D (5 months), respectively. Based on different scenarios and the anticipated target rate, the optimum pressure for converting this reservoir to UGS was found to be about 1600 psia. Also, it was found that if the reservoir is depleted to a lower pressure, it contains insufficient base gas reserve and may not meet the target withdrawal rate. It was found that this problem can be overcome by injecting higher volume of gas in the first cycle. Furthermore, simulation studies showed that an active aquifer can lead to irreversible reservoir shrinkage, increase in water-gas ratio, and pressure rise in reservoir. Another source of pressure rise during the UGS operations is the difference between z-factors of injected and reservoir fluids. It was found that injecting lean gas with high z-factor into a reservoir containing fluid of lower z-factor results in pressure rise at the end of each cycle. At successive cycles, composition of reservoir fluid approaches that of the injected gas because of continual mixing. Theoretically, composition of reservoir fluid will approach to the injected fluid after infinite cycles, provided complete mixing occurs in reservoir. Under these conditions, difference between z-factors of injected and reservoir fluids become smaller, and reservoir pressure stabilizes.
Discussion on Dynamic Reserves Estimation of Multilayer Gas Reservoir With Material Balance Method
Authors: Hedong Sun , Yujin Wan , Shimin Zhong , Liangren Liu
Published: June 2008

In recent years, more and more multilayer gas reservoirs were discovered in the world. Forecasting the dynamic reserve of multilayer producer is a major challenge for reservoir engineering. Material Balance Equation (p/z plot) is one of the fundamental methods for reserve estimation. It is usually used in single layer gas reservoir.

In this paper, the applicability of multilayer gas reservoir material balance equation for reserve estimation is studied by single well numerical simulation. There are several parameters which influence reserve estimation of multilayer gas reservoir, such as the connectivity between layers of gas reservoir, the difference between formation pressures of the layers, the difference between permeability of the layers.

Results of numerical simulation show that vertical permeability is the main factor that influences reserve estimation. Reserve estimation has a large accuracy when vertical permeability is larger than 1E-4mD. Reserve estimation value tends to be smaller than the true value when the vertical permeability is smaller than 1E-4mD, and the more non-homogeneous layer, the larger the deviation is.

The results of numerical simulation show that difference between the permeability of the layers is another main factor in reserve estimation. For a larger non-homogeneity between layers, calculated dynamic reserve decreases as increase of non-homogeneity between layers, and the dynamic reserve of the layer with low permeability is low.
The Use of Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe in Oil and Gas Gathering and Produced Water Pipelines
Authors: Conley J. , Weller B. , Slingerland E.
Published: June 2008

Reinforced thermoplastic pipe (RTP) is an alternative to traditional pipelining materials. It consists of three basic layers including a thermoplastic liner, helically wrapped continuous high-strength fiber reinforcement and an external thermoplastic jacket. The liner acts as a bladder, the fiber reinforcements provide strength, and the jacket protects the load-bearing fibers. Applications include oil and gas gathering and produced water transfer.

A study was conducted to verify the operational performance of RTP. This study consisted of testing and inspection of cut-out samples of previously operated RTP to determine if any significant level or form of degradation had occurred as a result of normal operation.

Thirty samples of Flexpipe Line Pipe (FPLP) RTP were cut out from different pipelines for inspection and testing. The service fluids included gas, oil emulsion and produced water in both sweet and sour service. The operating pressures ranged from 51 psi to 720 psi and the operating temperatures ranged from 37°F to 104°F. The duration of operation prior to the removal of the samples ranged from twelve to forty-one months.

The average burst pressure after service was found to be 99.7% of the average burst pressure measured at the time of manufacture. Dissection and inspection of the liner of the cut-out samples found no signs of blistering, swelling, cracking or collapse. The fiber reinforcements did not display any signs of discoloring, fraying, breaks, cuts, buckling, reorientation or other damage. The jacket was free of cracks, penetrations and ballooning. Tensile testing of fiber reinforcement and liner material from four of the cut-out samples found that the material properties remained close to typical values measured at the time of manufacture.

The test results demonstrate that FPLP RTP did not degrade after being exposed to a wide range of normal gas, oil emulsion, and produced water applications with operation durations ranging from twelve to forty-one months. This finding supports the results of the qualification testing that has been performed on this product in accordance with API RP 15S and CSA Z662-07.
Optimizing Glycol Dehydration System for Maximum Efficiency: A Case Study of a Gas Plant in Nigeria
Authors: Arubi I. M. T. , Duru U. I.
Published: June 2008

In optimizing glycol dehydration system for natural gas, several critical parameters exist, which can be varied to achieve, a specified dew point depression. This paper studies the effect of varying the glycol flow rate, number of stages or height of the packing column in the contactor, re-boiler temperature, and striping gas rate on the glycol dehydration unit of a gas plant in Nigeria using HYSYS. Process simulator.

An HYSYS model of the plant was developed and used to investigate the important design parameters. The results were then used to provide an analysis of the dehydration effectiveness at a variety of common operating variables. Emissions control in the glycol regenerator and the flash tank were also presented.

The investigation revealed that the design of the triethylene glycol (TEG) system is adequate to condition the gas to achieve a water dew point of 5°C at 95bar. However, either the lean glycol cooler operation is not optimized or that it is undersized for the duty it is currently subjected to.

In today's competitive economy, the Engineer must become as productive as possible. One means of increasing this productivity is to use process simulation packages. Hence this paper seeks to proffer solution options for optimizing the gas plant dehydration process using HYSYS.
Examples of Fractured Carbonate Reservoir Rocks of Russia, and Relationship Between Porosity and Permeability in Carbonate Rocks
Authors: Chilingar George V. , Haroun Muhammad R. , Bagrintseva K. I.
Published: June 2008

New methodology (cubic cores) of studying fractured carbonate reservoirs is presented in this paper. Several examples of Russian carbonate reservoirs are given including: Orenburg Gas-Condensate Field, Urmansk Oilfield and Vuktyl'skiy Gas-Condensate Field.

A correlation between porosity and permeability was established, which is of vital importance in carbonate reservoir rock characterization.

On considering two additional variables (irreducible fluidI saturation and specific surface area, which is a measure of degree of fracturing), very good correlation was obtained between porosity and permeability. Without considering these two variables, the coefficient of correlation is commonly very low.

The authors believe that the century-old problem of correlation between porosity and permeability of carbonate rocks has been finally solved. Similar studies should be carried out elsewhere, for example, Asmari Limestone of Middle East.