bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of cortisol and salinity acclimation on Na+/K+/2Cl–- cotransporter gene expression and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the gill of Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, fry
Authors: Khodabandeh Saber , Mosafer Saeedeh , Khoshnood Zahra
Published: October 2009

Na+, K+-ATPase activity and Na+/K+/2Cl–- cotransporter (NKCC) gene expression in the gills of Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, fry (2-3 g, 3.30-8.12 cm total body length) in freshwater (control group), diluted Caspian Sea water (5 ppt) and after treatment with cortisol in freshwater were studied. Na+, K+-ATPase activity was lower in the 5 ppt-acclimated fish (1.07±0.05 _mol Pi/mg protein/h) than in the control fish (1.19±0.05 μmol Pi/mg protein/h) but this difference was not significant. nKCC gene expression in the 5 ppt-acclimated fish (1.6±0.07) was significantly higher than in the control fish (0.8±0.00). In the cortisol treated fish, Na+, K+-ATPase activity (1.91±0.05 μmol Pi/mg protein/h) and NKCC gene expression (3.2±0.1) were significantly higher than in the control group. our results show that Persian sturgeon fry (2-3 g) can tolerate 5 ppt salinity by changing their enzymatic content and activity, and that exogenous cortisol application can increase the osmoregulatory capacity of fry before release into brackish water and can reduce their mortality.
What can size distributions within cohorts tell us about ecological processes in fish larvae?
Authors: Folkvord Arild , Fiksen Øyvind , Høie Hans , Johannessen Arne , Otterlei Erling , Vollset Knut Wiik
Published: October 2009

Marine fish larvae are subject to variable environments, which is probably reflected in their growth and survival rates. Mortality rates are generally high and size-dependent. At the species level, these mortality rates are usually accompanied by correspondingly high growth rates. Here we provide examples from experimental studies with Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) larvae, in which multiple cohorts were followed over time. Body size, prey concentrations, and temperature are shown to influence growth rates. We present a method based on cumulative size distributions (CSDs) for visualizing variability of sizes within cohorts over time. Analysis of CSDs revealed size-selective mortality and variations among populations in size- and temperature-dependent growth throughout ontogeny. We found that cod larvae consistently exhibit higher growth rates than herring larvae. While cod larvae may have an advantage over herring larvae when food availability is high, herring were more able to survive at low food concentrations than cod. Cod and herring seem to represent two growth strategies: cod larvae are relatively small at hatching and a high growth rate appears to be a prerequisite for success, whereas herring larvae are initially large, but grow more slowly.
Co-occurrence of European sardine (Sardina pilchardus), anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus) larvae in southern North Sea habitats: Abundance, distribution and biochemical-based condition
Authors: Kanstinger Philipp , Peck Myron A.
Published: October 2009

Spawning populations of European sardines (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) have become re-established in the southern North Sea after a ~30-year absence and now co-occur with sprat (Sprattus sprattus). Consequently, little is known concerning potential interactions among these three species in this region. Based upon parallel cruises conducted in June/July 2005, we compared the larval abundance, size-distributions and biochemical-based condition of these species among 1) nearshore (Wadden Sea) areas and offshore (German Bight) areas that were 2) vertically mixed, 3) frontal zones, or 4) stratified waters. In general terms, larval condition (RNA:DNA) was relatively high at all stations. Although fronts clearly acted to concentrate larvae, larval condition was not necessarily higher. For example 9% of sardines captured at the tidal mixing front were categorised as starving, while no starving larvae were sampled in the stratified water masses. Habitats of sardine and sprat larvae were similar, whereas anchovies were primarily restricted to nearshore areas. This is the first study examining the potential role of near- and offshore habitats as nursery areas and the extent to which resource (habitat) partitioning exists among the larvae of sprat and newly established anchovy and sardine in the North Sea.
Use of biochemical indices for analysis of growth in juvenile two-spotted gobies (Gobiusculus flavescens) of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Frommel Andrea , Clemmesen Catriona
Published: October 2009

Multiple biochemical measurements were evaluated as an indirect measure of juvenile fish growth rate. Juvenile two-spotted gobies, Gobiusculus flavescens (Fabricius), caught in the Kiel Bight, were incubated in a temperature gradient table at 7 different temperatures ranging from 9 to 22.7°C for up to 28 days and sampled weekly. RNA/DNA ratios (RNA/DNA), protein and lipid amounts were measured in whole fish homogenates and compared with calculated weight-based growth rates of the individuals. RNA/DNA values were not significantly correlated with weight-specific growth rates. Lipid- and protein-based growth rates, on the other hand, were highly correlated with weight-specific growth (R2 of 0.4-0.5) and lipid-based growth rate explained 45.8% variability of weight-based growth in a linear growth model. Weight-based growth rates showed a dome-shaped relationship to temperature with a maximum around 16°C, a trend mirrored in lipid-based growth rates. The results indicate a stage-dependent shift in energy storage and metabolism with a decoupling of RNA/DNA as an index of weight-based growth rate as the juvenile gobies mature and lipids become the main determinant of weight-based growth in these fish.
Development and allometric growth patterns during early larval stages of the spotted sand bass Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (Percoidei: Serranidae)
Authors: Peña Renato , Dumas Silvie
Published: October 2009

We describe the allometric growth patterns of Paralabrax maculatofasciatus larvae raised under culture conditions. From hatching to day 30, ten to fifteen larvae were sampled each day and measured using digital photograph software. Morphometric measurements included total length, head length, body length, tail (post anal) length, head depth, body depth, muscle height, tail depth, mouth length and eye diameter. Allometric growth was modeled by a power function and patterns in allometry were described by the growth coefficient (power function exponent). Based on the changes in the growth coefficients we can infer changes in ontogenetic priorities related to developmental stages of the spotted sand bass. During the yolk sac and preflexion stages (TL interval = 1.57 to 4.38 mm) there is an evident priority to enhancing the feeding and swimming capabilities by promoting accelerated growth in the head and tail length. During the flexion stage (TL interval = 4.89 to 7.54 mm), there is a major decrease in the growth coefficients, indicating a change in growth priorities. At the end of the postflexion stage there is an evident tendency to isometry for all the growth coefficients. The present results support the hypothesis of differential growth patterns for primary functions during early ontogeny.
Salt incorporated diets for enhancing growth performance and survival in gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L. juveniles reared in low saline brackish water
Authors: Appelbaum Samuel , Jesuarockiaraj Antonysiluvai
Published: October 2009

Following previous observations, this study was undertaken to determine the level of salt required in the diet of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles in order to enhance growth performances and survival when rearing in inland brackish water with a salinity of 2.9‰ TDS (Total Dissolved Salts). The juveniles were reared for 10 weeks in twelve rearing tanks, each stocked with 65 fish. Four different test diets were prepared: a control diet without added salt, and three diets with 12%, 14% and 16% added salt. Fish were fed by hand ad libitum three times daily. All diets were accepted equally well. The highest growth rate (p < 0.05) was achieved in fish fed the 12% diet followed by the 14% diet, the control diet, and finally the 16% diet. The 12% diet produced the best specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. The highest survival was achieved in fish fed the 12% diet (88%) and the lowest in fish fed the 16% diet (80%) and the control diet (80%). This study demonstrates that growth performance and survival in gilthead sea bream reared in water of low salinity can be significantly improved by adding 12% salt to their diet.
The Gene History of Zebrafish tlr4a and tlr4b Is Predictive of Their Divergent Functions
Authors: Sullivan Con , Charette Jeremy , Catchen Julian , Lage Christopher R. , Giasson Gregory , Postlethwait John H. , Millard Paul J. , Kim Carol H.
Published: October 2009

Mammalian immune responses to LPS exposure are typified by the robust induction of NF-κB and IFN-β responses largely mediated by TLR4 signal transduction pathways. In contrast to mammals, Tlr4 signal transduction pathways in nontetrapods are not well understood. Comprehensive syntenic and phylogenetic analyses support our hypothesis that zebrafish tlr4a and tlr4b genes are paralogous rather than orthologous to human TLR4. Furthermore, we provide evidence to support our assertion that the in vivo responsiveness of zebrafish to LPS exposure is not mediated by Tlr4a and Tlr4b paralogs because they fail to respond to LPS stimulation in vitro. Zebrafish Tlr4a and Tlr4b paralogs were also unresponsive to heat-killed Escherichia coli and Legionella pneumophila. Using chimeric molecules in which portions of the zebrafish Tlr4 proteins were fused to portions of the mouse TLR4 protein, we show that the lack of responsiveness to LPS was most likely due to the inability of the extracellular portions of zebrafish Tlr4a and Tlr4b to recognize the molecule, rather than to changes in their capacities to transduce signals through their Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domains. Taken together, these findings strongly support the notion that zebrafish tlr4a and tlr4b paralogs have evolved to provide alternative ligand specificities to the Tlr immune defense system in this species. These data demonstrate that intensive examination of gene histories when describing the Tlr proteins of basally diverging vertebrates is required to obtain fuller appreciation of the evolution of their function. These studies provide the first evidence for the functional evolution of a novel Tlr.
Targeting to Static Endosome Is Required for Efficient Cross-Presentation of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Resident Oxygen-Regulated Protein 150-Peptide Complexes
Authors: Kutomi Goro , Tamura Yasuaki , Okuya Koichi , Yamamoto Takashi , Hirohashi Yoshihiko , Kamiguchi Kenjiro , Oura Jun , Saito Keita , Torigoe Toshihiko , Ogawa Satoshi , Hirata Koichi , Sato Noriyuki
Published: October 2009

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as Hsp70, gp96, and Hsp90 have been shown to elicit intriguing, efficient CTL responses by cross-presentation via an as yet entirely unknown mechanism. Oxygen-regulated protein 150 (ORP150), also known as grp170, is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident HSP and is up-regulated by hypoxia. It has been demonstrated that ORP150 binds tumor-associated Ag peptides within cancer cells. Immunization with an ORP150-tumor Ag complex has been shown to generate tumor-specific CTLs. Most recently, it has been shown that exogenous ORP150 induces cross-presentation of a chaperoned Ag, thereby stimulating Ag-specific CTLs. However, the mechanism underlying this efficient cross-presentation is still unsolved. In this study, we show that the ORP150-precursor peptide complex can elicit CTL response through cross-presentation as well as the CD4+ T cell response by dendritic cells. Furthermore, we observed that the internalized ORP150-peptide complex, but not OVA protein, which was not cross-presented, was sorted to the Rab5+, EEA1+ static early endosome, followed by translocation to a recycling endosome, where the ORP150-chaperoned peptide was processed and bound to MHC class I molecules. Moreover, we observed that immunization of mice with ORP150-peptide complexes elicited strong peptide-specific CTLs and antitumor effects in vivo. Our data indicate that targeting of the Ag to a “static” early endosme by ORP150 is required for the efficient cross-presentation.
Encephalitogenicity of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant Relative to CpG Is Linked to Induction of Th17 Cells
Authors: Tigno-Aranjuez Justine T. , Jaini Ritika , Tuohy Vincent K. , Lehmann Paul V. , Tary-Lehmann Magdalena
Published: October 2009

For decades, CFA has been the classic adjuvant for the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Its encephalitogenic activity has been originally linked to the induction of Th1 responses. CpG, which is also a potent Th1 inducer, has been suggested by some studies to be comparably encephalitogenic. In this study, using the SJL proteolipid protein (PLP) 139–151 peptide EAE model, we show that active immunizations using CFA but not CpG 1826/IFA as an adjuvant induced disease. Passive induction of EAE resulted in severe disease when cells were transferred from PLP in CFA-primed mice but resulted in only a mild, transient disease when cells originated from PLP in CpG 1826/IFA-primed mice. In accordance with these findings, immunizations using CFA but not CpG 1826/IFA as an adjuvant elicited a delayed-type hypersensitivity response. ELISPOT analysis revealed that CFA promoted the differentiation of much higher levels of PLP-specific, IL-17-secreting cells compared with CpG 1826/IFA. Both adjuvants induced comparable frequencies of PLP-specific, IFN-γ-secreting cells and also induced Ag-specific proliferation to the same extent. The severity of EAE in PLP in CFA-immunized mice was reduced when IL-17 was neutralized in vivo, demonstrating the crucial role of this cytokine in disease induction. The data show that immunizations using the autoantigen in CpG 1826/IFA result in very low frequencies of Ag-specific IL-17 cells, suggesting a lower risk of Th17-mediated pathology when using this adjuvant.
Src Homology 2-Domain Containing Leukocyte-Specific Phosphoprotein of 76 kDa Is Mandatory for TCR-Mediated Inside-Out Signaling, but Dispensable for CXCR4-Mediated LFA-1 Activation, Adhesion, and Migration of T Cells
Authors: Horn Jessica , Wang Xiaoqian , Reichardt Peter , Stradal Theresia E. , Warnecke Nicole , Simeoni Luca , Gunzer Matthias , Yablonski Deborah , Schraven Burkhart , Kliche Stefanie
Published: October 2009

Engagement of the TCR or of chemokine receptors such as CXCR4 induces adhesion and migration of T cells via so-called inside-out signaling pathways. The molecular processes underlying inside-out signaling events are as yet not completely understood. In this study, we show that TCR- and CXCR4-mediated activation of integrins critically depends on the membrane recruitment of the adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adapter protein (ADAP)/Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein of 55 kDa (SKAP55)/Rap1-interacting adapter protein (RIAM)/Rap1 module. We further demonstrate that the Src homology 2 domain containing leukocyte-specific phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP76) is crucial for TCR-mediated inside-out signaling and T cell/APC interaction. Besides facilitating membrane recruitment of ADAP, SKAP55, and RIAM, SLP76 regulates TCR-mediated inside-out signaling by controlling the activation of Rap1 as well as Rac-mediated actin polymerization. Surprisingly, however, SLP76 is not mandatory for CXCR4-mediated inside-out signaling. Indeed, both CXCR4-induced T cell adhesion and migration are not affected by loss of SLP76. Moreover, after CXCR4 stimulation, the ADAP/SKAP55/RIAM/Rap1 module is recruited to the plasma membrane independently of SLP76. Collectively, our data indicate a differential requirement for SLP76 in TCR- vs CXCR4-mediated inside-out signaling pathways regulating T cell adhesion and migration.
Transgenic Expression of Hsc70 in Pancreatic Islets Enhances Autoimmune Diabetes in Response to β Cell Damage
Authors: Alam Masih-ul , Harken Julie A. , Knorn Anna-Maria , Elford Alisha R. , Wigmore Kip , Ohashi Pamela S. , Millar Douglas G.
Published: October 2009

Inflammation following tissue damage promotes lymphocyte recruitment, tissue remodeling, and wound healing while maintaining self tolerance. Endogenous signals associated with tissue damage and cell death have been proposed to initiate and instruct immune responses following injury. In this study, we have examined the effects of elevated levels of a candidate endogenous danger signal, heat shock cognate protein 70 (hsc70), on stimulation of inflammation and autoimmunity following cell damage. We find that damage to pancreatic β cells expressing additional cytosolic hsc70 leads to an increased incidence of diabetes in a transgenic mouse model. Steady-state levels of activated APC and T cell populations in the draining lymph node were enhanced, which further increased following streptozotocin-induced β cell death. In addition, proinflammatory serum cytokines, and lymphocyte recruitment were increased in hsc70 transgenic mice. Islet Ag-specific T cells underwent a greater extent of proliferation in the lymph nodes of mice expressing hsc70 following β cell damage, suggesting elevated Ag presentation following release of Ag in the presence of hsc70. These findings suggest that an elevated content of hsc70 in cells undergoing necrotic or apoptotic cell death can increase the extent of sterile inflammation and increase the susceptibility to autoimmunity.
Demonstration of entrapment in a totally occluded popliteal artery-a case report
Authors: Gupta A K
Published: October 2009

A case of intermittent claudication in a young male patient with short segment occlusion of popliteal artery is presented. Entrapment of the artery was recognised during attempted angioplasty by demonstration of extrinsic impression on the inflated balloon during forced plantar flexion. The importance of identifying this condition for definitive surgical management is stressed.
Tolosa hunt syndrome: A case report
Authors: Khera P S , Singh S , Chowdhury V , Dixit R
Published: October 2009

Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a painful ophthalmoplegia caused by nonspecific inflammation of the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure. We present a case of THS disease evaluated on a 1.5 Tesla MR scanner.
Tumor markers in clinical practice: General principles and guidelines
Authors: Sharma S
Published: October 2009

Tumor markers are assuming a growing role in all aspects of cancer care, starting from screening to follow-up after treatment, and their judicious application in clinical practice needs a thorough understanding of the basics of pathophysiology, techniques of identification or testing, reasons for out-of-range levels of tumor markers, as well as the knowledge of evidence of their role in any given malignancy. These are, at the most, just an adjunct to diagnosis, and establishing a diagnosis on the basis of tumor markers alone (especially a single result) is fraught with associated pitfalls because of the problem of nonspecificity. In reality an ideal tumor marker does not exist. Detection can be done either in tissue or in body fluids like ascitic or pleural fluid or serum. Clinical uses can be broadly classified into 4 groups: screening and early detection, diagnostic confirmation, prognosis and prediction of therapeutic response and monitoring disease and recurrence. In addition to variable sensitivity and specificity, the prevalence of a particular malignancy may be a major determinant in the application of a particular test as a screening tool. Serum levels, in certain situations, can be used in staging, prognostication or prediction of response to therapy. Monitoring disease is, perhaps, the most common clinical use of serum tumor markers. Rising trend in serum levels may detect recurrence of disease well before any clinical or radiological evidence of disease is apparent ("biochemical recurrence"). Sampling should ideally be repeated after 5-6 half-lives of the marker in question (or the marker with the longest half-life if multiple markers are being considered); but if found elevated, the next sampling after 2-4 weeks, for additional evidence, may be justified.
Adrenocortical carcinoma with skeletal metastases in a postmenopausal woman
Authors: Mitra Shila , Roy Suparna Ghosh , Sur Prabir Kumar
Published: October 2009

Adrenocortical cancer is a very rare tumor with a poor prognosis. About half of them are hormone-secreting tumors. In most cases, hormonal investigations reveal an excess secretion of steroids, mostly cortisol and androgens. A 54-year-old lady presented with history of pain in left shoulder and leg for 6 months and features of virilization. CT-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of an abdominal mass revealed the presence of a carcinoma of the left adrenal cortex. A whole-body radionuclide bone scan revealed increased uptake in the left clavicle and left femur. The patient has received palliative radiotherapy for the skeletal lesions and 3 cycles of palliative chemotherapy at present.
Primary transitional cell carcinoma of the Fallopian tube in a premenopausal woman: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Babu Manoj R , Haji Altaf Gauhar , Chitrathara K , Vijaykumar D K , Samanta Jayeeta , Hiran K H
Published: October 2009

Transitional carcinomas are extremely rare in the fallopian tube. A 41-year-old premenopausal lady presented with colicky abdominal pain and was found to have a left-sided pelvic mass on examination. In view of the elevated CA-125 and imaging findings suggestive of ovarian mass, she underwent staging laparotomy. Pathological examination confirmed a primary transitional cell carcinoma of the left fallopian tube. Review of available literature suggested that the primary transitional cell carcinoma is probably less aggressive compared to classical adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube, and it has to be distinguished from the recently recognized entity, parafallopian tube transitional cell carcinoma.
Thymic seminoma
Authors: Kannan J , Karkuzhali P , Lakshminarasimhan S
Published: October 2009

Thymic seminoma is a rare clinical entity. We report a case of an 18-year-old male patient who presented with chest pain, dyspnea, dysphagia of 1-month duration. Contrast-enhanced computer tomogram of chest showed an anterior mediastinal mass. He was subjected to thoracotomy and excision of the mass. Histopathology examination revealed seminoma of thymus. He failed to follow up for a period of 8 months post-surgery as he was asymptomatic. He then presented with a recurrence of the tumor locally, along with metastases to the lung, para-aortic and peri-aortic lymph nodes. He was kept on cisplatin, bleomycin and etoposide.
General Characterization of Systematic and Stochastic Errors
Authors: Halaj Martin
Published: October 2009

The basic definitions and the nature of systematic and random errors are stated. General sources of systematic and random errors are mentioned, being documented by examples of their four main error sources. Basic information on probability distribution and statistical description of random errors behavior is presented. The nature of systematic and random errors is compared and their effect on probability distribution is shown. The relationship between errors and measurement results is shown and some examples are given.
Errors in Digital Signal Systems
Authors: Mari Luca P.
Published: October 2009

Characteristic of the concept of digital coding is the hypothesis that the physical signals are simply carriers of symbols with the physical transformations of signals being part of data processing operations. Correspondingly, measurement systems that use digital signals are metrologically characterized by identifying the main sources of uncertainty/error found in the data acquisition and the data processing subsystems.
Uncertainty Determination
Authors: McGhee Joseph
Published: October 2009

Uncertainty is the correct way of considering how untrue a measurement is; error description should not be used. The general principles of the uncertainty concept are presented, that introduction allowing the methods of uncertainty determination to be explained along with how it is expressed.
Legal Liability Issues for Designers—
A
Case Study
Authors: Sweet Christopher
Published: October 2009

When designing, making, and using measuring systems, there are many legal issues about which those involved should be aware. This article presents a role study highlighting the key issues to be allowed for with respect to legal liability.
Executing a Measuring System Design
Authors: Sydenham Peter H.
Published: October 2009

On the basis of the appreciation of System Thinking, it is possible to carry out a system design using the tenets of System Engineering. Identifying the type of system being designed, defining the system in closed‐loop design terms, specifying the need, requirements generation, partitioning, interface issues, test and evaluation, and applying SE principles to a project are covered in this article.
Phases of System Life Cycle
Authors: Fowler Kim R.
Published: October 2009

The life cycle encompasses all of the phases of a product or system from its concept to disposal. It is the framework for all the processes and steps that combine to conceive, design, develop, deliver, install, operate, replenish, maintain, repair, and finally remove and recycle the product.
Principle of Concept of Operations (
Con
Ops
)
Authors: Ring Jack
Published: October 2009

Successful design and development of any measurement system is enhanced by first authoring a Concept of Operations (ConOps). The ConOps serves to clarify how the contemplated measurement system will be used, converge diverse opinion about system value versus capabilities and provide a basis for stating the measures of effectiveness by which the system will be judged.

Too often system designers rush to solicit requirements for system function, feature, performance, and price without sufficient understanding of the opportunities for, and limitations of, the ways the system can generate added value in actual operation. The ConOps helps ensure due process and avoid delays, overruns, and failures in measurement system development projects.
Requirements Allocation
Authors: Kusiak Andrew , Qin Fang
Published: October 2009

Design is information‐processing activity resulting in the creation of an object. In the early conceptual design phase, design requirements are transformed into a functional and then into a physical description. This activity, called
requirements allocation
, is covered in this article.
Measuring System Design Methodologies
Authors: Finkelstein Ludwik
Published: October 2009

The block outlines the methodologies of measuring systems design. The outline is based on a model of a measuring system. The methodologies are based on a systems approach. The design process is briefly discussed in terms of a model. Methods of generating design concepts are discussed and the main features of the main approaches are presented.
Modeling Methodology
Authors: Sydenham Peter H.
Published: October 2009

Designers will invariably need to build some form of model of the system or service being developed or operated. A primer on model building is presented to familiarize the reader with the nature and characteristics of models. This general knowledge will assist in the choice and use of the many modeling tools available.
Differential Pressure (
DP
) Flowmeters
Authors: Reader‐Harris Michael
Published: October 2009

Differential pressure (DP) flowmeters are the most common type of flowmeter. They have the advantage of good standards. Orifice plates in particular can be used over a very wide range of Reynolds number, but very rarely require calibration as long as they are manufactured in accordance with the standards. DP flowmeters normally have no moving parts, but can suffer from aging. They require quite substantial upstream lengths, but have the advantage that the required lengths are fairly well known.
Flowmeter Selection and Application
Authors: Reader‐Harris Michael
Published: October 2009

No single flowmeter is equally good for all applications, and given the large number of flowmeters that are commercially available, choosing the right flowmeter for a particular application can be difficult. The advantages and limitations of the 10 different classes of flowmeter are discussed, and factors that should be taken into account when considering the installation of a flowmeter are considered.
Calibration and Standards in Flow Measurement
Authors: Paton Richard
Published: October 2009

The article covers the general principles of flowmeter calibration and gives an overview of the most common methods currently employed for both liquid and gas meters.
Displacement and Angle Sensors Performance and Selection
Authors: Eren Halit
Published: October 2009

Displacement is a broad term associated with the motion of an object or the change in its position. In colloquial terms, a change in the position of the object can be small (which can be measured in micrometers and nanometers) or it can be very large (which can be measured in meters, kilometers, and light‐years). However, in measurement systems, when the term displacement is used, it usually implies that change in the relative position is very small, within meters to micrometers or less. Displacement is basically a vector quantity representing the change in position of a body with respect to a reference point or change from one stable point to another one. Since displacement is a fundamental concept in many measurement systems, many devices have been developed on the basis of different principles. The measurement ranges of these devices can vary from a few meters to nanometers.

It is important to mention that most sensors discussed in this article are manufactured as integrated circuit (IC) sensors that include most of the necessary signal processing circuits on board the chip.
Strain Sensors
Authors: Sydenham Peter H.
Published: October 2009

The thin‐foil strain gauge is the basis of many sensors. The strain variable is first discussed and how its measurement is influenced by temperature and other parameters. The general principles of the installation and calibration of strain gauges are outlined. Metallic and semiconductor gauges are discussed, as is their compensation for thermal error. Signal processing is then covered. A brief introduction is provided on how to investigate strains with nonelectrical methods.
Specialty Displacement and Angle Sensors
Authors: Eren Halit
Published: October 2009

Displacement sensors can be classified as contact types and noncontact types. Typical examples of contact type displacement sensors are resistive or potentiometric, capacitive, magnetic, and piezoelectric sensors. Some capacitive and magnetic sensors, optical, radio frequency (RF) and microwave sensors, sonic displacement sensors constitute the noncontact types. In this article, unusual and less‐used displacement sensors are explained; however, the basic underlying principles are the same as the common displacement sensors.
M
etallic
R
esistance
T
emperature
D
etectors (
RTDs
)
Authors: Hofmann Dietrich
Published: October 2009

Understanding a process begins by identifying all of the important factors and responses. Temperature measurement is one of the most applied methods for acquiring original knowledge about the performance of industrial and nonindustrial processes. The aim of the article is to give an overview about fundamental principles, characteristics, and applications of resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). For further information, the numerous cited Web addresses are recommended.
Calibration and Standards in Temperature Measurement
Authors: White D. R.
Published: October 2009

The ITS‐90 temperature scale is essentially a recipe for manufacturing thermometers that indicate temperatures close to the thermodynamic temperature scale. The dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature distinguishes three calibration regimes. Below 150 K, material properties change quickly with temperature, and above 350°C, thermal conductivity is dominated by electromagnetic radiation. The thermal physics and reference thermometers available influence the techniques employed in the calibration of other thermometers.
Theory of Vibration Measurement
Authors: Sydenham Peter H.
Published: October 2009

Vibration is the term given to a bracket of mechanical measurands, acceleration being the prime use as its determination allows displacement, velocity, motion, and jerk to be generated. General principles of vibration as a variable are presented along with the mathematical description that enables vibration behavior to be understood.
Acceleration Measurement
Authors: Sydenham Peter H.
Published: October 2009

The main vibration parameter measured is acceleration. The piezoelectric form of the accelerometer is discussed. Also given is the use of seismic sensor theory to indicate regions of operation. The many setup requirements for faithful measurement are outlined. Microforms of accelerometers are introduced. Finally, shock measurements using accelerometers are introduced.
Genetic deficiency of carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (slc22a5) is associated with altered tissue distribution of its substrate pyrilamine in mice
Authors: Kato Sayaka , Kato Yukio , Nakamura Tadakatsu , Sugiura Tomoko , Kubo Yoshiyuki , Deguchi Yoshiharu , Tsuji Akira
Published: October 2009

Carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) recognizes various cationic compounds as substratesin vitro, but information on its pharmacokinetic rolein vivois quite limited. This paper demonstrates altered tissue distribution of the OCTN2 substrate pyrilamine in juvenile visceral steatosis (jvs) mice, which have a hereditary defect of theoctn2gene. At 30 min after intravenous injection of pyrilamine, the tissue‐to‐plasma concentration ratio (Kp) in the heart and pancreas was higher, whereas theKpin kidney and testis was lower injvsmice compared with wild‐type mice. Pyrilamine transport studies in isolated heart slices confirmed higher accumulation, together with lower efflux, of pyrilamine in the heart ofjvsmice. The higher accumulation in heart slices ofjvsmice was abolished by lowering the temperature, by increasing the substrate concentration, and in the presence of other H1antagonists or another OCTN2 substrate, carnitine, suggesting that OCTN2 extrudes pyrilamine from heart tissue. On the other hand, the lower distribution to the kidney ofjvsmice was probably due to down‐regulation of a basolateral transporter coupled with OCTN2, because, injvsmice, (i) theKpof pyrilamine in kidney assessed immediately after intravenous injection (∼1 min) was also lower, (ii) the urinary excretion of pyrilamine was lower, and (iii) the uptake of pyrilamine in kidney slices was lower. The renal uptake of pyrilamine was saturable (Km∼236 µM) and was strongly inhibited by cyproheptadine, astemizole, ebastine and terfenadine. The present study thus indicates that genetic deficiency ofoctn2alters pyrilamine disposition tissue‐dependently. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Properties of Multiferroic BiFeO3 under Hydrostatic Pressure.
Authors: Belik Alexei A. , Yusa Hitoshi , Hirao Naohisa , Ohishi Yasuo , Takayama‐Muromachi Eiji
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Insight into Ramsdellite Li2Ti3O7 and Its Proton‐Exchange Derivative.
Authors: Orera Alodia , Azcondo M. Teresa , Garcia‐Alvarado Flaviano , Sanz Jesus , Sobrados Isabel , Rodriguez‐Carbajal Juan , Amador Ulises
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spectroscopic Fingerprint of Phase‐Incoherent Superconductivity in the Underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ.
Authors: Lee Jhinhwan , Fujita K. , Schmidt A. R. , Kim Chung Koo , Eisaki H. , Uchida S. , Davis J. C.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Transport Behavior of Nanocrystalline Nd0.67A0.33MnO3 (A: Ca, Sr, Pb and Ba).
Authors: Krishna D. C. , Lakshmi Y. Kalyana , Sreedhar B. , Reddy P. Venugopal
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ce1‐xRuxO2‐δ (x = 0.05, 0.10): A New High Oxygen Storage Material and Pt, Pd‐Free Three‐Way Catalyst.
Authors: Singh Preetam , Hegde M. S.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: How to Overcome Coulomb Explosions in Labile Dications by Using the [B12Cl12]2‐ Dianion.
Authors: Knapp Carsten , Schulz Christoph
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetism of a Polyoxometalate with Coordinatively Unsaturated d‐Electron‐Transition Metal Centers.
Authors: Luo Zhen , Koegerler Paul , Cao Rui , Hill Craig L.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ag13I4(AsO4)3: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Ionic Conductivity.
Authors: Pitzschke Dragan , Curda Jan , Jansen Martin
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Amidation of Alkynyl Bromides: A Facile Route for the Preparation of Ynamides.
Authors: Yao Bangben , Liang Zunjun , Niu Tianmin , Zhang Yuhong
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrosilylation of Ketone and Imine over Poly‐N‐heterocyclic Carbene Particles.
Authors: Tan MeiXuan , Zhang Yugen , Ying Jackie Y.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: C—C Bond Formation via C—H Bond Activation Using an in situ Generated Ruthenium Catalyst.
Authors: Martinez Remi , Simon Marc‐Olivier , Chevalier Reynald , Pautigny Cyrielle , Genet Jean‐Pierre , Darses Sylvain
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Isomerization of 1‐Alkenes to (E)‐2‐Alkenes with Dimethylphenylsilylmethylmagnesium Chloride and Its Application to the Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐Alkenylsilanes.
Authors: Kobayashi Tsuneyuki , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐(Disilylallenyl) α‐Amino Acid Derivatives from the Claisen Rearrangement of Propargyl Glycinates.
Authors: Mohamed Mustafa , Brook Michael A.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sustainable Radical Reduction Through Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions (CHAT‐Reactions).
Authors: Gansaeuer Andreas , Otte Matthias , Piestert Frederik , Fan Chun‐An
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino Acid Based Synthesis of Trifluoromethylalkene Dipeptide Isosteres by Alcohol‐Assisted Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation and Organozinc—Copper‐Mediated SN2′ Alkylation.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuya , Narumi Tetsuo , Oishi Shinya , Ohno Hiroaki , Fujii Nobutaka
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Ring‐Opening of Oxiranes by H2O2 Catalyzed by Phosphomolybdic Acid.
Authors: Li Yun , Hao Hong‐Dong , Wu Yikang
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of 1,1′‐Disubstituted Bis‐cyclopropanes by the Reaction of Substituted Propargyl Alcohols with CH2I2—R3Al.
Authors: Ramazanov Ilfir R. , Yumagulova Alsu V. , Dzhemilev Usein M. , Nefedov Oleg M.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiol Addition to t‐Butyl Methyl Squarate. Efficient Synthesis of Novel Sulfur‐Linked Squaryl Group‐Containing Glutamate Analogues.
Authors: Shinada Tetsuro , Yamasaki Atsuko , Kiniwa Yu‐ichi , Shimamoto Keiko , Ohfune Yasufumi
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Supramolecular Copper(II) Complexes for Henry and Aza‐Henry Reactions.
Authors: Zhang Guoqi , Yashima Eiji , Woggon Wolf‐D.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of Samarium Enolates, a Novel Alternative in the Addition Reactions to Imines. Synthesis of 3‐Amino Esters, Amides and Enantiopure 3,4‐Diamino Esters.
Authors: Concellon Jose M. , Rodriguez‐Solla Humberto , Simal Carmen
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Interesting Nickel‐Catalyzed 1,2‐Addition to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes with Arylborates.
Authors: Sakurai Fumie , Kondo Kazuhiro , Aoyama Toyohiko
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Fast Synthesis of New Axially Chiral Bipyridine N,N′‐Dioxides for Highly Enantioselective Allylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Kadlcikova Aneta , Hrdina Radim , Valterova Irena , Kotora Martin
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Organocatalytic syn‐ and anti‐Aldol Reactions in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Raj Monika , Parashari Gopal S. , Singh Vinod K.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple System for Cleavage of Alkene C—C Bond Using Aqueous Sodium Paraperiodate.
Authors: Telvekar Vikas N. , Mishra Sanket J. , Patel Dharmeshkumar J.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.