bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IES Arrow-Dot Longitudinal Comparisons of Personality Development in Preschool Children
Authors: Goldberg Lois S.
Published: September 2011

19 preschool children were administered the IES Arrow-Dot test at the beginning and end of the school year and results compared with those based on a similar sample gathered the previous year. Trends for declining Impulsivity and Superego development were corroborated. Baselines for Impulsivity and Superego showed variation. Baselines and trends of rising Ego scores were supported. Results suggested suport for developmental trends of personality integration in preschool children.
Response Differences on Word-Naming and WISC Vocabulary
Authors: Morgan Patricia , Caldwell H. Stephen
Published: September 2011

The present study examined whether the symptom of defective attention and the strength of verbal fluency could be used to differentiate learning disabled boys from the normal and educable mentally handicapped learners. Using the WISC Vocabulary subtest and word-naming task, the response differences among groups of 10 learning disabled boys, 10 educable boys, and 15 normal controls were examined. Four discriminant function analyses indicated that the normal boys performed well on both tasks and the educable boys performed poorly, whereas, the learning disabled boys had a strength of verbal fluency that discriminated them from the educable boys and an attentional deficit that discriminated them from the normal controls.
Effects of Race and Sex on Field Dependence-Independence in Children
Authors: Perney Violet H.
Published: September 2011

Field dependence-independence is a possible social-psychological variable which contributes to inter-ethnic group differences. 40 Grade 6 children equally divided by race (Negro and white) and by sex were administered the Embedded-figures Test. High scores, indicating field dependence, of the black girls accounted for most of the significant differences due to race and sex.
Students' Perceptions of and Preferences for Cooperative and Competitive Learning Experiences
Authors: Johnson David W. , Johnson Roger T.
Published: September 2011

Percentages of responses to a specially constructed questionnaire showed the majority of 36 children in Grade 6 of a traditional school, 40 in an open school and 34 high school students in a traditional school suggested children perceived their schools as competitively structured but preferred cooperative experience.
Aggression and Autonomy as Correlates of the Space Response on Holtzman Inkblot Technique
Authors: Sanders Jeffrey L.
Published: September 2011

Through the innovative use of a special set of Holtzman inkblots, Aggression and Autonomy were shown to be correlates of the Space response for 15 male and 32 female undergraduates. A significant positive correlation was obtained between Space and Aggression, while a significant negative correlation was obtained between Space and Autonomy.
Correlates of Behavioral Rigidity
Authors: Rogers Richard , Ballering Laurence
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the correlations between measures of behavioral rigidity and aptitudes. Forty-two male institutionalized delinquents were tested on the Test of Behavioral Rigidity and the General Aptitude Test Battery. Significant but small correlations were found between most aptitudes and the Psychomotor and Composite scales of the Test of Behavioral Rigidity and suggest that greater rigidity appears to be related to lower aptitudes.
Interrelationships among Activity Variables in One-Year-Old Infants
Authors: Gottfried Allen W.
Published: September 2011

The interrelationships among three categories of objective measures of activity were investigated: (a) motor activity, (b) ambulatory activity, and (c) investigatory activity. Activities were assessed during a standardized free-play situation. A factor analysis of the activity measures yielded no unitary dimension of activity but rather multidimensional or specific components of activity. The results supported the theoretical position that activity should be viewed not as homogeneous but as a differentiated construct.
Copying and Reproduction from Memory Tasks in Differentiation of Brain-Damaged and Control Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Watson Charles G. , Benton Arthur L.
Published: September 2011

The capacities of 4 types of visual-motor test items to separate 32 brain-damaged from 32 control psychiatric patients were compared. The formats were (a) reproduction from memory, (b) copying, (c) multiple-choice recognition from memory, and (d) multiple-choice identification. Only one formar, reproduction from memory, showed promise.
Noise and Social Interaction as Simultaneous Stressors
Authors: Edsell Richard D.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated some of the combined effects of noise and stress of social interaction on group behavior and performance. Three independent groups of college students participated in the simulation game Starpower while exposed to different levels of noise. Intermittent white noise at 61 dB (A) and 75 dB (A) was used for the Noisy and Very Noisy conditions, respectively, and the ambient sound level of 51 dB (A) was used for Quiet. Tests were administered to each group several days prior to playing the game and again immediately after the game; changes in subject's scores were then calculated. The Self-evaluation Scale of Group Behavior, used as a measure of behavioral change, indicated that significant change had resulted from superimposing relatively low levels of noise on social interaction. Subjects in groups subjected to noisier environments perceived the behavior of others as more disagreeable, disorganized, and threatening. The combined stressors failed to produce decremental performance on the Digit Symbol test, which suggests, according to the Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908), that the stress level for optimum performance had not been exceeded in this relatively simple task.
Psychological Differentiation in Clinic Children
Authors: Goldstein Harris S. , Gershansky Ira
Published: September 2011

In a clinic population the relationship between children's perceptual differentiation as measured by the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT) and their self-concept differentiation as evidenced in their human figure drawings using a Body Sophistication Scale was studied. In addition, the WISC Vocabulary Subtest was employed. The Ss were children 8 to 15 yr. of age making an initial visit to a child guidance clinic. The relationship between perceptual differentiation and self-concept differentiation was significantly positive only for white females with a father present. Vocabulary and RFT were positively correlated for the black and white Ss while vocabulary and the body-sophistication scores were significantly related for black males and white females with a father present. Differentiation may then appear in a variety of patterns in different populations.
An Application of Repertory Grid Technique to Aesthetic Measurement
Authors: O'hare D. P. A. , Gordon I. E.
Published: September 2011

The repertory grid technique was used to measure the responses of three groups of subjects to slides of 12 paintings. Subjects in Groups I and II were then exposed to information relevant to the paintings. In Group III subjects received information which was not directly relevant to the paintings. Grids were then re-elicited. Various analyses of the grids showed that information can change subjects' responses to paintings but that such changes reflect alterations in use of constructs rather than in the actual perception of the paintings. It is argued that the repertory grid may be a valuable technique in experimental aesthetics as it can measure different aspects of the aesthetic response.
Motivational Effect of Simulated Videotaping on Performance
Authors: Elliott Gary , Bartee Horace H.
Published: September 2011

College students ( N = 165) did not earn differentially different bowling scores as a function of whether their performance was videotaped or not but boys scored much higher than girls.
Reactive Inhibition in Relation to Age and Personality
Authors: Evans Robert J.
Published: September 2011

This experiment examined the influence of reactive inhibition, Ie, defined as involuntary rest pauses, on the performance of a tapping task by aged extraverts and introverts. It was hypothesized that involuntary rests during mass practice would be more numerous for the aged extraverts. The Eysenck Personality Inventory was administered to 48 male Ss between the ages of 65 and 91 yr.; Ss' scores between 15 and 24 were called extraverted and those between 0 and 9 introverted. Performance on the tapping task was then recorded. The hypothesis was not supported. There was no significant difference in the number of involuntary rests taken by the two groups, which suggests that the differences between aged extraverts and introverts may not be explained using this measure of reactive inhibition.
A Further Correlate of Sensation Seeking: Achieving Tendency
Authors: Blankstein Kirk R. , Darte Edward , Donaldson Peter
Published: September 2011

Zuckerman's Sensation-seeking Scale and the Mehrabian Achieving-tendency Scale were administered to two independent samples of male ( ns = 40, 73) and female ( ns = 37, 71) college students. In the initial study correlations between sensation-seeking subscales and achievement motivation were, with one exception, positive, confirming the expectation that the individual who prefers more novel, intense, complex, and changing levels of stimulation tends also to be a high achiever. A significant negative relationship was found between a “swinger” type of sensation seeking and the achieving tendency measure for male subjects. A second study replicated the major finding of a moderate, positive relation between sensation seeking and achievement striving.
Relationship between Certain Personality Characteristics and Ability to Concentrate in Common Noise Situations
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Canter Francis M.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of college students ( ns = 17, 14, 15, and 16) performed a letter-cancelling task under quiet conditions. The quiet was suddenly interrupted for 6 min. by human, mechanical, or white noise; or there was no noise (control). Task efficiency was compared with scores on the Rotter Internal-External Control Scale and the Maudsley Personality Inventory. No significant relationships between personality characteristics, noise conditions, and task efficiency were found.
Comparison and Partial Validation of the Missouri Children's Picture Series on a Residential Deaf Population
Authors: Logue Patrick E. , Penrod John P. , Zackheim Marc A.
Published: September 2011

The Missouri Children's Picture Series, an objectively scored nonverbal personality inventory, was administered to 118 prelingually profoundly deaf residential students aged 9 to 14 yr. Norms tended to be consistent with earlier research as well as other research describing personality characteristics of deaf children. In general, scores higher than standardized population scores for the deaf group, particularly for deaf males, were obtained. Consistent differences in Activity Level, Aggression, and Maturity were noted. The Masculinity-Femininity scale discriminated between males and females, but T-score values for deaf males were lower than their hearing peers at all age levels with increasing differences as age increased. Maturity scale T-scores for both sexes were inversely related to chronological age. The Aggression scale was not related to teachers' ratings at a statistically significant level; however, no attempt was made to assess the reliability of those ratings. The Missouri Children's Picture Series appears useful in personality assessment of deaf children and practical for group administration with children of at least normal intelligence above Age 9.
Psychometric Test Scores and School Behavior of Girls Identified as Daydreamers by Their Teachers
Authors: Leviton Alan , Schulman Jane , Yaney Paula , Strassfeld Ruth
Published: September 2011

14 daydreaming Ss were compared to 14 nondaydreaming Ss according to the results obtained from psychometric tests and school questionnaires. The daydreamers' scores on the Bender-Gestalt test and on the performance section of the WISC were appreciably more variable than those of the nondaydreamers. This implies heterogeneity within the group of daydreamers. According to their classroom teachers, daydreamers were more likely to have problems with flexibility, distraction, ability to persist at a task, peer relations, and arithmetic. These findings suggest that daydreaming does not occur as an isolated entity.
Effects of Massed and Distributed Practice, Additional Monetary and Placebo Incentives, and Changes in Characteristics of Control Element during Learning of Human Motor Control
Authors: Adler Alon , Strasser Helmut , Müller-Limmroth Wolf
Published: September 2011

15 male Ss were tested in a pursuit tracking test with forcing functions of fixed and adaptively changing levels of difficulty. The influence of various factors during learning has been evaluated by a continuous scoring method (integrated absolute error). There was significantly better performance under distributed than massed practice, significantly positive influences of an additional monetary incentive, and deleterious effects of a change in the regime of practice. Over-all results give some hints for the limits of validity of time-invariant models of human control behavior.
Information Seeking vs Information Utilization in Children's Induction from Incomplete Pictures
Authors: Cox William F. , Fletcher Harold J.
Published: September 2011

By removing small squares which completely covered simple silhouette pictures, 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-yr.-old children gradually exposed information until they were able to induce, or identify, the whole picture. This method allowed differentiation between the development of information-seeking behavior (accuracy of removing only those squares which exposed the silhouette) and utilization of information (accuracy of identifying partially exposed silhouettes). Results indicated a monotonic development in information seeking but a plateau between ages 6 and 8 yr. in utilization of information.
Color Preference in the Gibbon
Authors: Wilson Glenn , Danco Jeff
Published: September 2011

Color preference was tested by showing 6 colored objects to one adult gibbon. The subject demonstrated both color and position preferences on a modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus. The blue object and, during some conditions, responses to the subject's right were most preferred.
Relationship between a Behavioral and Several Psychometric Measures of Test Anxiety
Authors: Smith Timothy W. , Komaki Judi
Published: September 2011

Behavioral time-sampling was compared with various paper-and-pencil, self-report measures of test anxiety in an examination of the utility of the behavioral measure as an in situo index of test anxiety. The behavioral measure was significantly and positively correlated 0.45 with a paper-and-pencil, self-report measure of “facilitative” test anxiety but not with measures of “debilitative” test anxiety ( r = —0.15) or general anxiety ( r = —0.33) for 12 male and 21 female undergraduates.
Conceptual Level Sorting in Young Children: Grouping on the Basis of Class Membership in the Presence of Stimulus Competition
Authors: Damrauer Beverly R.
Published: September 2011

The present study was concerned with whether young children could be trained to sort on the basis of class membership in the presence of stimulus competition. 60 children (mean age 5.2) were assigned to one of three training conditions. Those training conditions without stimulus competition produced a high number of class responders. When switched to a transfer task characterized by stimulus competition, Ss continued to respond on the basis of class membership at a high level. The stimulus competition training yielded significantly fewer class responders in training. When switched to a stimulus competition transfer task, class responding was significantly less than that found in training conditions without stimulus competition. The Zeaman and House position (1963) that dimensional responses transfer across problems is supported, while Birch and Bortner's stimulus competition hypothesis (1966) seems correct only in specified instances.
A Signal-Detection Determination of the Two-Point Supraliminal Difference Limen on Three Different Body Areas
Authors: Washington Donnell M. , Boyer William N. , Cross Henry A.
Published: September 2011

This investigation was designed to determine the relationship between the tactual two-point threshold and the two-point supraliminal difference limen. The yes/no method was employed and three localities were tested. The results confirmed the hypothesis that as the initial two-point threshold increases, the two-point supraliminal difference limen also increases. No significant differences were obtained between the right and the left sides of each body area tested and only on the hand was a reliable difference obtained between the first 9 and second 9 sessions. This difference was interpreted in terms of a peripheral fatigue phenomenon.
Effects of Practice and Positional Variables in Acquisition of a Complex Psychomotor Skill
Authors: Abrams Macy L. , Grice Jon K.
Published: September 2011

40 Navy subjects practiced a three-dimensional tracking task in two positions (the apparatus either in front of, or above, the subject) under distributed and massed practice schedules to determine the effects of these variables on acquisition of skill. Distributed and massed practice were defined in terms of trial (4 1/2 and 9 min.) and session (1 and 2 hr.) lengths with the subjects equally divided into these four groups: distributed trials, distributed sessions; distributed trials, massed sessions; massed trials, distributed sessions; and massed trials, massed sessions. Total training (practice and rest) time was identical for all groups. Results indicated that task position was a relevant variable in acquisition of skill, i.e., different practice schedules were optimal for the two positions studied.
Bibliography: Supplement to Piaget's Theory and Exceptional Children, 1963-1973
Authors: Warner Barbara J. , Williams Robert
Published: September 2011

A 59-item supplement to the bibliography which appeared in Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1975, 41, 255–261.
Visual Observing by Rhesus Monkeys: Influence of Potentially Threatening Stimuli
Authors: Haude Richard H. , Detwiler David H.
Published: September 2011

7 rhesus monkeys were afforded the opportunity to observe a series of projected color slides of other monkeys exhibiting five content categories of social-communicative behavior (submission, intense threat, mild threat, grooming, and neutral behavior) combined with two levels of familiarity (familiar vs unfamiliar) with reference to the animals depicted in the slides. Mean duration of observing was significantly influenced by the social-communicative content categories, while mean frequency of observing was significantly affected by the familiarity dimension. The data were discussed in terms of the threat potential or fear-arousing capacity of social stimuli in relation to visual observing.
Personality Dimensions Measured by Projective Techniques: A Formulation Based on Structural Analysis
Authors: Wagner Edwin E.
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that a better understanding and more effective use of projective techniques can be achieved by viewing each test in terms of the depth of personality assessed and its unique amalgamation of emotional and intellectual aspects of personality. With these considerations in mind, a refurbished definition of a projective test is presented and implications for the phenomenon of projection are discussed.
Lateral Onset Asynchrony in Left-Handers
Authors: Hatta Takeshi
Published: September 2011

Study of matching judgment was designed to demonstrate an effect of lateral onset asynchrony in left-handed subjects, 7 males and 8 females. Japanese Hirakana letters or random forms were presented to one visual field first and to the other visual field second. 15 left-handers were requested to judge whether the successively presented stimuli were “same” or “different.” The results showed that for both types of stimuli there are no differences in accuracy of matching judgment whether the standard stimulus was presented to the right visual field first or to the left. These results indicate that the left-handed subjects may have a tendency toward hemispheric equi-potentiality for recognition of both verbal and non-verbal materials.
Test-Retest Reliability and Interrelation among Three Locus of Control Measures for Children
Authors: Bachrach Riva , Peterson Rolf A.
Published: September 2011

Test-retest reliability was obtained for the Bialer Scale for Children, the Stanford Preschool I-E Scale and a TAT Locus of Control measure. Correlations between measures ranged from .06 to .26. Based on a lack of correlation between measures, high test-retest reliability for the Bialer, a grade effect on Bialer, and the results of previous studies, the Bialer was viewed as an adequate measure of locus of control for children.
Efficacy of the Visual Retention Test as a Group-Administered Instrument for Young Children
Authors: Bobele R. Monte
Published: September 2011

Group and individual administrations of the Revised Visual Retention Test to 84 primary-grade children, matched on chronological age and IQ, were demonstrated to be comparable. Form C of the test was used for memory and copy administrations, together with a multiple-choice version. No significant difference was obtained between treatments on memory, copy, or multiple-choice. The group testing procedure appears to provide a valid technique for screening intact classrooms for visual perception, memory, and constructive deficits. Further research with the various forms and administrations is suggested to determine the educational correlates of performance.
Body Perception upon Awakening
Authors: Fisher Seymour
Published: September 2011

12 male subjects were evaluated with a battery of body perception measures before sleep and just after awakening. Personality measures were also obtained. The results indicated a borderline, but not significant, trend at the time of awakening for the body boundary to be reduced in definiteness; and there were sensations that one's body is more dirty, that its openings are more blocked, and that its size is of less expansive proportions. There were also trends for the traits of stability and reflectiveness to predict bodily experiences upon awakening.
Heart-Rate Effects on Human Reaction Time
Authors: Surwillo Walter W.
Published: September 2011

Intra-subject rs between auditory RT and heart rate for 100 males ( Mage = 55 yr.) showed RT to be independent of heart rate determined from single beats, rs were of negligible magnitude though more than a chance number were significant.
An Exploratory Investigation of the Personality Correlates of Aging Using the Hand Test
Authors: Panek Paul E. , Sterns Harvey L. , Wagner Edwin E.
Published: September 2011

The Hand Test was administered to 27 older adults of both sexes ( Mage = 66.56) to investigate possible changes in personality concomitant with normal aging. To control partially for such factors as cultural influences and intelligence differences a matched-pair design was used in which the test protocols of the older adults were matched with those of their children of the same sex ( Mage = 36.44). Though the Hand Test has not been independently validated on older adults, results were consistent with past findings using projective techniques inasmuch as depletion and constriction of personality were noted. Criticisms of research on the clinical assessment of the elderly were discussed.
Poggendorff Illusion as a Function of Orientation of Transversal and Parallel Lines
Authors: Anton Barry S.
Published: September 2011

Adult human subjects (8 male, 8 female undergraduates) with normal vision were required to judge various orientations of the Poggendorff illusion. The transversal and parallel line-segments of the illusion were manipulated to produce the orientations to be judged. Minimum illusion occurred when the transversal line-segment was oriented 90° with respect to true vertical or true horizontal. Magnitude of illusion increased as the transversal line-segment deviated from these positions. The findings suggested that there is a stability of horizontal and vertical orientations. In addition, the hypothesis that visual acuity plays a role in the perception of the Poggendorff illusion was proposed.
A Post-Sleep Inventory
Authors: Webb Wilse B. , Bonnet Mike , Blume Ginger
Published: September 2011

A Post-sleep Inventory has been developed to permit an adequate description of subjective responses to a preceding sleep period. A factor analysis on a 2-wk. administration to 70 subjects is reported. Construct validity is assessed by demonstrating the scale's sensitivity in differentiating between subjectively designated “good” and “bad” nights of sleep and among three populations of individuals (“home sleepers,” college students, and an aged group). Construct validity is shown to be high.
Judgments of a Child Involved in Accidental Damage and Responding Differentially to Adult Reprimand
Authors: Aldrich Carlton C. , Mancuso James C.
Published: September 2011

72 first-grade and 72 sixth-grade boys viewed scenes showing a boy involved in accidental damage, then receiving and responding differentially to adult reprimand. Children, having viewed one of the films, recorded their attribution of goodness-badness and also predicted the potential good-bad conduct of the transgressor. Analyses support conclusions, consistent with Piaget's moral judgment theory, that (a) young children perceive an accidental transgressor more negatively than do older children; and (b) young children evaluate responses to reprimand in terms of whether they conform to adult command, whereas older children evaluate those responses in accordance with whether they are congruent with the principle of mutual respect. Piaget's theory requires reconsideration in light of the finding that older children predicted a preponderance of good behaviors for the boy who was shown responding in a manner that can be taken as a violation of the principle of mutual trust.
Influence of Auditory, Visual, and Audio-Visual Stimulus Presentation Methods on Estimates of Transition Probability in Speech
Authors: Schiavetti Nicholas , Burke John P.
Published: September 2011

Estimates of transition probability derived from auditory, visual, and audio-visual presentations of stimulus material (40 simple conversational sentences) were compared for 3 groups of 100 college students and found to be highly correlated.
Sex Differences in Perception of a Provocation, a Survey
Authors: Frodi Ann
Published: September 2011

A survey was conducted to examine what constitutes provocation for 70 women and 60 men respectively. Results indicated that women are most angered by condescending treatment regardless of the sex of the provoker, while men's hostile feelings are triggered by a man's physical or verbal aggression or a woman's condescending attitude.
Field Dependence and Facial Recognition
Authors: Hoffman Curt , Kagan Spencer
Published: September 2011

29 male and 28 female undergraduates were administered two measures of Witkin's field-dependence dimension—the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Group Embedded-figures Test—and a test of facial recognition. Field-independent males were significantly more accurate in the recognition of photographed human faces than field-dependent males. Field-independent females were also more accurate than field-dependent females, although the relation was nonsignificant. While it has often been claimed that field-dependent individuals remember faces better, the results of the present study, as well as others which have examined this relationship, support the opposite conclusion.
Cardiovascular Disease History and Behavior Patterns
Authors: Cohen Donna
Published: September 2011

Type A behavior has not been studied as a developmental behavior process in older persons. This study examined the relationship between ratings of overt behavior patterns and cardiovascular health history in 60 men and 58 women, 59 to 90 yr. of age.
Effect of Demand Characteristics on Heart Rate during a Behavioral Avoidance Test
Authors: Odom J. Vernon , Nelson Rosemery O.
Published: September 2011

A 2×2 experimental design utilized two levels of verbally reported snake fearfulness (high-low) and two levels of experimental demand (high-low) with 16 college student subjects during a behavioral avoidance test. Subjects given high-demand instructions for heart-rate increase increased their heart rate more than subjects given low-demand instructions. Results were specific to heart rate, as demand produced no effects on approach behaviors or fear ratings. Heart rate during the behavioral avoidance test was shown to be as susceptible to experimental demand as other studies have shown approach behaviors to be influenced.
Adults' Performance on Formal Operations: General Ability or Scientific Interest
Authors: Diamond Stephen R. , Keller Harold R. , Mobley Linda A.
Published: September 2011

Measures of performance on concrete and formal operations from 39 college students were inter-correlated with measures of fluid and verbal intelligence and of interest in physical science. Performance on concrete and formal operations correlated significantly with interest in physical science but did not correlate significantly with either of the measures of intelligence.
Cardiac Deceleration as an Indicator of Correct Performance
Authors: Carriero Nicholas John , Fite John
Published: September 2011

A within-subjects experiment involving 10 subjects was performed to examine the relationship between the accuracy of judgment of position and cardiac deceleration. The results supported the hypothesis that accurate (correct) performance is accompanied by greater cardiac deceleration than inaccurate performance for those subjects (9 out of 10) who exhibited cardiac deceleration to stimulus onset. The data indicated, however, that the relationship varied with time. Part of this variability appears related to the initial exploratory behavior in which subjects engaged and later reported during the post-experiment interview.
Conformity in the Rat: A Leader's Selection of Door Color versus a Learned Door-Color Discrimination
Authors: Konopasky Robert J. , Telegdy Gabor A.
Published: September 2011

An analogue for studying conformity in nonhuman species was developed. Rats trained to follow a leader, which discriminated between black and white doors in a Y-maze, learned to follow and to discriminate between the black and white doors. When the incorrect or unrewarded door color was selected by substitute leaders, followers conformed on 60% of the trials.
Capacity Sharing and Refractoriness in Successive Reactions
Authors: Kafry Ditsa , Kahneman Daniel
Published: September 2011

Subjects performed two rapidly successive tasks. They first pressed a key to stop a digital counter at one of three stopping times. The key-press was followed after a variable interval by the presentation of one of three lights, which required a choice response. 20 students and 20 flight cadets participated in the main experiment. Both responses showed impairment in the dual-task condition. The delay of the choice response was affected by the stopping time and by the interval between the key-press and the second stimulus. Complete refractoriness for a period of 200 msec. was observed only for the shortest stopping-time. In the other conditions, the delay of the second response decreased gradually with decreasing response-stimulus interval. The results do not support single-channel theory and are better explained by a capacity-sharing model on the assumption that preparation for a choice-response requires effort.
A Musical Conservation Problem
Authors: Roberts-Gray Cynthia , Yip Juli
Published: September 2011

7 piano pupils (8 to 16 yr.) judged which of two printed musical passages required more playing time. It was hypothesized that younger pupils would not conserve the indicated rhythm. Results support the hypothesis, showing that these children based their judgments on spatial/perceptual characteristics rather than on implied quantitative dimensions of the stimuli. Implications for developing non-traditional teaching methods are discussed.
Cross-Cultural Investigation of Conservation of Weight in Zambian Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Brekke Beverly W. , Williams John D. , Brekke Arne G.
Published: September 2011

The effect of cross-cultural factors in the acquisition of conservation of weight in adolescents and young adults was assessed. No significant differences were found between 25 Zambian female subjects and two control groups of U. S. high school ( n = 52) and university female subjects ( n = 34).
Vividness of Visual Imagery and Movement Percepts on the Rorschach
Authors: Hughes Richard L. , Fitzgerald Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether individuals showing vivid imagery would produce more Movement responses on the Rorschach, subjects high and low in visual imagery ( ns = 14) were compared. Contrary to previous reports, no positive relationships were found between visual imagery and Rorschach M.
Effects of Syosset's Developmental Learning Program on Self-Concept: Some Preliminary Data
Authors: Gearhart Wilson R. , Gentilcore Eileen , Rhinehart Bill R. , Simon William E. , Simon Marilyn G.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of a Developmental Learning Program upon self-concept of 40 children having trouble in school. While preliminary in nature, the results suggest that such a program may have a beneficial effect.
Sensory Feedback Does Not Cause Selective Adaptation of Human “Command Neurons”
Authors: Rosenbaum David A. , Radford Michael
Published: September 2011

It has been proposed that body movements are partly controlled by a neural hierarchy, with cells at successively higher levels controlling increasing numbers of muscles engaged in functionally equivalent responses. In addition to physiological support for the hypothesis, obtained from infrahuman species, evidence from human subjects has been obtained in the form of negative transfer between successive similar responses. This negative transfer has been attributed to selective adaptation of “command neurons” in the human motor system. The present experiment found no evidence for negative (or positive) transfer between passive and active movements, suggesting that selective adaptation of human command neurons is caused by efference rather than afference.
Wais Subtest Score Distributions of Institutionalized Retardates
Authors: Barclay Allan G. , Giray Erol F. , Altkin Warren M.
Published: September 2011

WAIS subtest scores for three samples of institutionalized retardates, from the East Coast ( n = 509), West Coast ( n = 436), and Midwest ( n = 113) were compared. The Midwest sample norms diverged most from the remaining two sets, but the most significant finding was the heterogeneity of the intrarest variance, suggesting the influence of exogenous factors related to the institutional setting.
Effect of Geometrical Structure on Perception of the Vertical in the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Nyborg Helmuth
Published: September 2011

Male and female subjects were selected on the basis of their unsigned deviation scores (USD) in the rod-and-frame test to be retested and scored by a new method. The new method analyzes performance on this task in terms of the effect of the tilt of the frame (φ), the constant deviation (μ), the starting position of the rod (ρ), and the response consistency (σ) of each subject. The geometrical structure of the frame was varied by changing the number of identical stimulus elements in it. Variations in the geometrical structure of the frame affected φ-scores primarily in subjects with significantly high φ-scores (frame-dependent subjects). Variations in the frame's geometrical structure did not affect μ or p. The relationship between USD-scores and the values for φ, μ, and ρ for each subject is discussed.
Foveal Threshold of One Eye When Illuminated by Contralateral Steady Light
Authors: Uemura Yasuko
Published: September 2011

The effect of luminance of the contralateral steady light upon the foveal threshold was examined in the situation where both test-field and contralateral background (or surround) appeared to be completely fused when both were exposed simultaneously. The relation between the test threshold (defined as log Lt/Lto) and the luminance of the contralateral background (or surround) ( I) was expressed by log ( Lt/Lto) = a(1 – e−b log 1), where a and b are constants.
Stimulus Complexity and Rate of Alternation in Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Rogers Richard L. , Rogers Stephen W. , Tootle John S.
Published: September 2011

Pairs of random figures representing four levels of complexity were presented in a binocular-rivalry situation to 12 student volunteer observers. The effect of different levels of complexity on the rate at which complete alternations of the rivalry stimuli occurred was assessed. Rate of alternation was significantly inversely related to the level of stimulus complexity.
Maintenance of Vigilance by Non-Task-Related Stimulation in the Monitoring Environment
Authors: Olmedo Esteban L. , Kirk Roger E.
Published: September 2011

The effects of non-task-related stimulation on the performance of a simple visual vigilance task were investigated. 40 subjects monitored a simulated CRT display for two 90-min. sessions. The independent variables were variable vs constant intensity lighting and variable vs constant intensity noise. Probability of detection was not significantly different for the noise conditions; however, probability of detection was significantly higher under variable than under constant intensity lighting.
Reliability of Children's Drawings in the Goodenough-Harris “Draw-a-Man Test”
Authors: Brown Eleese V.
Published: September 2011

During the collection of data for a study of 386 3- to 11-yr.-old children's artistic development using clay, it was decided to have the children draw two figures of a man, to test the reliability of the first products and to compare the children's development in two- and three-dimensional media. The first drawings made were reliable examples of what children would do when asked to draw the figure of a man, at least within a 2-wk. period.
Effect of Birth Order and Perceived Stress on Social Schemata
Authors: Jackson Thomas T. , Glynn Richard P. Mc
Published: September 2011

This experiment used the Felt Figure Technique developed by Kuethe in an attempt to investigate the relationship between birth order and the use of specific social schemata. Seven object sets were used, three two-figure sets and four three-figure sets. The results indicated that for the two-figure sets, firstborn individuals placed the figures closer together than laterborn individuals. For the three-figure sets, firstborn individuals under stress placed the figures closer together. The three-figure sets were also ordered in terms of the number of human figures in the object set. The results suggest that there is a measurable relationship between birth order and the social schemata used by an individual.
Novelty-Seeking, Fantasy, and Sensitization in Chronic Insomniacs
Authors: Coursey Robert D. , Frankel Bernard L.
Published: September 2011

13 chronic primary insomniacs and a matched group of normal sleepers were studied in terms of their level of novelty-seeking, ability to fantasize, and cognitive rumination. All-night electroencephalographic patterns confirmed insomniac-control sleep differences. Chronic insomniacs differed from normal sleepers on a measure of cognitive activity as a defense pattern (Byrne's Repression-Sensitization Scale) but did not differ on measures of need for cognitive stimulation (Pearson's Internal and External Cognition Scales), ability to fantasize (Betts' imagery task), or preference for fantasy (Pearson's Internal and External Sensation Scales).
Note on Measures of Association and Why They are Not Reported
Authors: Cowles M. P.
Published: September 2011

A brief examination of the reasons for the apparent resistance to the reporting of measures of association is presented. Including indices which refer to predictive power in experimental reports will remind researchers of its importance.
Orientation Bias in the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Pitblado Colin
Published: September 2011

Rod-and-frame data for a sample of 21 males and 25 females showed marked asymmetries in the magnitudes of the frame effects for left and right frame-tilt. These asymmetries are interpreted as an underlying tendency for individuals to set the rod systematically clockwise or counterclockwise of true vertical, independently of the influence of the visible frame, and the term “orientation bias” is used to describe this tendency. 14 males and 14 females demonstrated orientation biases significantly different from zero. In group comparisons males differed significantly from females, the mean bias for males as a group lying significantly left (counterclockwise) of vertical while the mean for females as a group did not differ from zero. Implications for conventional measures of field dependence are discussed. Possible diagnostic significance of orientation performance for brain injury is also considered, and an unusual individual performance is described.
Childhood Depression: An Explanation of a Behavior Disorder of Children
Authors: Brumback Roger A. , Weinberg Warren A.
Published: September 2011

Depression is an important cause of behavioral disturbances in children. Childhood depression is an episodic disorder characterized by 10 criteria, symptoms of dysphoric mood, self-deprecatory ideation, agitation, loss of energy, reduced socialization, altered school performance, altered school attitude, sleep disturbance, appetite disturbance, and somatic complaints persisting for at least one month. Diagnosis and appropriate treatment can successfully alleviate the symptomatology in depressed children.
Rem and Dreaming
Authors: Glaubman Hananyah , Lewin Isaac
Published: September 2011

4 subjects were awakened after long REM periods and 12 other subjects after short REM and after NREMs. The mean numbers of words, dream episodes, and spontaneous remarks about being interrupted in the middle of a dream were significantly different in the reports of the three groups. It is suggested that the present view of the relationship between REM and dreaming is not conclusive.
Selective Attention in Fast and Slow Learners
Authors: Hunt Dennis , Randhawa Bikkar S. , Fitzgerald Don
Published: September 2011

64 children aged 8 yr. were trained on a tactile simultaneous discrimination task. Selective attention was measured in terms of percentage contact time per trial to the relevant dimension. Inter- and intra-couplings per trial were also recorded. Multivariate analyses were carried out to examine the role of component factor scores, obtained from a component curve analysis of the percentage touching time per trial, and selected cognitive variables in differentiating between the fast and slow learner groups. Percentage touching time factor scores and a memory factor were significant, but there was no significant difference between the groups in the number of couplings made. As learning progressed the number of inter- and intra-couplings decreased.
Effect of Subliminal Pictorial Stimulation on Skin Resistance
Authors: O'Grady Michael
Published: September 2011

In a test of the hypothesis that a subliminally presented emotionally charged picture will elicit a greater deflection of skin resistance than a subliminally presented neutral picture, 24 subjects were stimulated subliminally at three standardized exposure times which were 3, 2, and 1 SDs shorter than their mean detection threshold. Mean deflections of skin resistance for 12 male and 12 female subjects, neutral and emotional stimuli, and the three exposure times were compared. The mean deflection for emotional stimuli was significantly larger than for neutral stimuli as hypothesized.
Effects of a Developmental Physical Activity Program on Children's Body Coordination and Self-Concept
Authors: Mauser Hans-Jürgen , Reynolds Ronald P.
Published: September 2011

Significant increases in body coordination, little change in self-concept, and moderate negative correlations between these variables were found after 12 children participated in an 8-wk. developmental physical activity program. Apparently, while body coordination might be improved by participation in activity programs of short duration, these improvements may not necessarily be accompanied by increases in self-concept.
Affective Predictors of Reading Comprehension
Authors: White William F. , Elam Kay
Published: September 2011

In a rural school in the Southeast, 60 fourth grade boys and girls were randomly chosen from the total population of 155 fourth graders. After the students read a 300-word passage from their basal readers, a Cloze test on the passage with 40 elisions of every fifth meaningful word was administered. Each child also rated five concepts about the story on the semantic differential with 15 adjective pairs. The evaluative and potency feelings about the concept of “story” and the evaluative feeling about the main character were significantly related to the Cloze test score.
Auditory Arousal in Recognition of Visual Stimuli
Authors: Wynn Danny M.
Published: September 2011

Previous research indicates that human performance in the presence of intermittent noise is superior to that in the presence of constant noise or in quiet. This increased performance was attributed to the arousing qualities of the intermittent noise. Other research has suggested that subjects are not immediately aroused upon perceiving a noise but rather after a short period of time has elapsed (approximately 0.4 sec.). This study examined both hypotheses and showed (1) that subjects ( n = 11) who heard a noise immediately before viewing each of 10 random shapes could later recognize more of those shapes than could subjects who either heard the noise during the visual display ( n = 11) or heard no noise at all ( n = 11), and (2) that the subjects who heard the noise during the visual display could perform no better than those who had heard no noise.
Evaluation of Attitudes toward Learning Resources in Higher Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

The study attempted to identify attitudes and practices related to the use of media-oriented resources in higher education. Responses of 519 faculty members on a 24-item questionnaire were correlated and factored. Six orthogonal factors were rotated and three were identified: Positive Attitude Toward Media Resources, Media Readiness, and Media Resource Usage. The findings may be used to develop scales for assessing impact of instructional programs and for identifying potential users.
Lateral Eye Movements during Verbal and Nonverbal Dichotic Listening
Authors: Lefevre Esther , Starck Richard , Lambert Wallace E. , Genesee Fred
Published: September 2011

A dichotic listening paradigm was used to study the relation of eye movement to cerebral lateralization. The eye movements of right-handed subjects were recorded during verbal and nonverbal dichotic-listening tasks. Subjects given a verbal dichotic-listening task made significantly more rightward than leftward eye movements and showed more accuracy and speed in processing information presented to the right than to the left ear. Subjects given a nonverbal dichotic-listening task made significantly more leftward eye movements and processed better information presented to the left ear. These findings suggest a potentially strong link between the direction of lateral eye movement during dichotic listening tasks and left- and right-ear advantages in performance on such tasks. They also suggest that both eye movement and ear performance may be related to cerebral laterality and when examined in combination both could provide valuable information for the further study of hemispheric specialization.