bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reasonable People
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

When Charles Darwin was considering whether or not to propose to his cousin Emma Wedgwood, he divided a clean sheet of paper into two columns, noting on one side the benefits of marriage (delight of female society, the regular schedule of domestic life) and, on the other, the costs (loss of freedom to attend meetings of scientific colleagues, time wasted in frivolous family pursuits). Presumably, Darwin believed that noting these points explicitly would enable him to appreciate their relative value. And perhaps it did, for, in a far less careful and restrained hand, he scribbled at the bottom of the page “Marry! Marry! Marry!”
The Objectivity and the Rationality of Science
Authors: Nozick Robert
Published: November 2023

Facts and truths are termed “objective,” and so are beliefs. There are three strands to our ordinary notion of an objective fact or truth. First, an objective fact is accessible from different angles. It can be repeated by the same sense (sight, touch, etc.) at different times, and it can be repeated by different senses of one observer, and by different observers. The second mark of an objective truth, related to the first, is that there is or can be intersubjective agreement about it. And the third feature concerns independence. If p is an objective truth, then it holds independently of people’s beliefs, desires, hopes, and observations or measurements that p. A fourth and more fundamental characteristic of objective truths underlies and explains the first three features (to the extent that they hold): an objective fact is invariant under all admissible transformations. Which transformations are the admissible ones, for instance, Lorentz transformations, is discovered in the course of the history of scientific investigation.1
III
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

It was five in the morning, and Sao Romao awoke, opening its long rows of doors and windows. It was a joyous awakening after seven hours of heavy sleep. The last misty, indolent guitar notes from the night before still hovered in the air, dissolving in the dawn’ s golden light, tenuous as a sigh of longing lost in a far-off land. The clothes left to soak overnight made the air damp, filling it with the sour smell of cheap soap. The stones on the ground, bleached around the washtubs and spattered with indigo, looked gray and sad. Meanwhile, sleepy heads poked from doorways, mighty yawns were heard, people cleared their throats and spat, cups began to rattle, and the smell of hot coffee overwhelmed all others.
V
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

The next day, at seven in the morning, when the courtyard had already begun to seethe with toiling washerwomen, Jeronimo and his wife appeared, ready to move into the house they had rented the night before. The wife’ s name was Piedade de Jesus. She looked about thirty years old-tall, with firm and abundant flesh, thick, dark chestnut hair, teeth that, though discolored, were strong and well formed, and a round face. Everything about her breathed guileless goodwill, radiating from her eyes and mouth in a winning expression of simple and instinctive honesty. They were’ sitting beside the driver of a wagon that held all their earthly belongings. She was wearing a red serge skirt, a white cotton blouse, and a red kerchief around her head; her husband wore the same clothes as the day before.
VI
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

A beautiful April morning, crisp and cool, had dawned. The washtubs stood abandoned; there was no one on the bleaching ground. Baskets heaped with ironed garments left the little homes, mostly borne by the washerwomen’ s children, almost all dressed in clean clothes. Short jackets fluttered above brightly colored calico skirts. Straw hats and burlap aprons were scorned. Instead, the Portuguese women wore bright flowered kerchiefs around their heads, while the Brazilians had combed their hair and stuck two-vintem bouquets among their curls. The formers’ shoulders were wrapped in red woolen shawls, while the latter favored pale yellow crochet.
XV
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

There was a good-sized crowd at Bantam’ s Bar that night. Around a dozen rough-hewn, wooden tables covered with tin painted to resemble marble, sat groups of three or four men, almost all with their sleeves rolled up, smoking and drinking amid terrific din. The most popular beverages were local beer, new wine, straight rum, and rum flavored with orange peel. The floor was strewn with sand amid which one could spot an occasional cheese rind, scrap of liver, or fishbone, making it clear that people ate as well as drank there. And indeed, toward the back beside the bar and among the racks of unopened bottles, stood a table bearing a platter of roast beef and potatoes, a big ham, and several portions of fried sardines.
XX
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

They returned home at nine in the evening. Piedade’ s mood was as black as could be; she had n’ t uttered a word during their journey, and as soon as she had put the girl to bed, she leaned against the chest of drawers, sobbing uncontrollably. Everything was over! Over and done with! She fetched the bottle of rum and drank a few swigs. She wept some more, drank again, and went out into the courtyard, hoping to distract herself with her neighbors’ cheer. Das Dores was throwing a dinner party. Piedade could hear her laughter and her lover’ s voice, thick with wine, sometimes drowned out by Machona, who was quarreling with Agostinho. The sounds of singing and strummed guitars came from several spots.
XXI
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

Meanwhile, Joao Romao, in his bathrobe and slippers, paced to and fro in his new bedroom: a spacious chamber whose blue and white wallpaper was adorned with little golden flowers. There was a carpet at the foot of the bed and an alarm clock on the night table. The room was furnished for a married couple, since he had no intention of buying new furniture twice.
Afterword: Affonso Romano de Sant’Anna
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

And who is this Aluisio Azevedo, who was born in Sao Luis do Maranhao in 1857, moved to the capital (Rio de Janeiro) at age nineteen to study plastic arts, but ended up leaving his mark as the famed author of dozens of novels and plays? As a matter of fact, Azevedo’ s biography arouses some perplexity among scholars, because, although he lived exclusively from his writing for sixteen years and led an intense literary life, he then practically abandoned literature altogether upon entering the diplomatic service.
A New Platonist Epistemology
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

In chapter 2, I argued that in order to salvage their view, mathematical platonists have to explain how human beings can acquire knowledge of abstract mathematical objects, given that they are not capable of coming into any sort of contact with such objects, that is, receiving any information from such objects. In this chapter, I will explain how platonists can do this. In effect, I will be providing an epistemology of abstract objects, although I should say that it will not be a complete epistemology. I will only say enough to (a) motivate the claim that spatiotemporal creatures like ourselves can acquire knowledge of non-spatiotemporal mathematical objects and (b) provide a rough sketch of how this works. In short, I will provide enough of an epistemology to block the Benacerrafian epistemological objection to platonism, but I will not do any more than this; I will not go into any of the details of the epistemology that are irrelevant to the question of whether Benacerrafs objection can be answered.
Denying the Existence of Indispensable Applications Toward a Nominalization of Quantum
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

We saw in chapter 5 that fictionalism is the best version of anti-platonism, that if fictionalism cannot be made to work, then anti-platonism cannot be made to work. But we also saw that there is a very serious argument against fictionalism, namely, the Quine-Putnam indispensability argument, which maintains that fictionalism cannot be right, because it is incompatible with the fact that there are indispensable applications of mathematics to empirical science. Finally, we also saw in chapter 5 that there are two strategies fictionalists can use to try to rebut this argument: they can either (a) admit that there are indispensable applications of mathematics to empirical science and simply account for these applications from a fictionalist point of view, or else (b) argue that, in fact, there aren’t any indispensable applications of mathematics to empirical science. To the best of my knowledge, no one has ever attempted strategy (a) before, but I will argue in chapter 7 that it can be used to refute the Quine-Putnam argument.
The Unsolvability of the Problem and a Kinder, Gentler Positivism
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

We have considered the best arguments or what I have claimed are the best arguments—against platonism and anti-platonism, and we have found that none of them are cogent. More specifically, we have found that (a) there are no good arguments against FBP (although Benacerrafian arguments succeed in refuting all other versions of platonism); and (b) there are no good arguments against fictionalism (although Fregean arguments succeed in refuting all other versions of antiplatonism).1’2 Thus, we are left with exactly one viable version of platonism, namely, FBP, and exactly one viable version of anti-platonism, namely, fictionalism, but we don’t have any good reason for favoring one of these views over the other. (It might seem that this very situation that is, the fact that there seems to be a standoff here motivates an Ockham’s-razor-style argument for antiplatonism. But we just saw at the end of chapter 7 that this argument doesn’t work, that fictionalists cannot legitimately use Ockham’s razor against FBP.).
Justifying the Moral Rules The First Five
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter and the next I try to formulate in a precise and systematic way those moral rules that are implicitly or explicitly used when a person is making some moral decisions about how to act and making some moral judgments about how others have acted. These decisions and judgments are those that involve the kinds of actions that are required or prohibited. The seven moral rules presented as paradigms in chapter 5 are explicit rules that involve these kinds of actions, and in the next two chapters all seven of these rules will be discussed. However, these explicit rules do not account for all of the decisions and judgments about kinds of actions that are morally required or prohibited, so there must be some additional moral rules that are implicit. I shall make these rules explicit and attempt to provide a complete and nonredundant list of moral rules. I intend for this list to account for all of those kinds of actions and omissions that rational persons regard as making one liable to punishment.
Foundations of Activist Science: By Right or By Default?
Authors: Hardin Garrett
Published: November 2023

Arigorous discussion of the foundations of a subject is not everyone’s cup of tea. However, following any later proposal to derive action recommendations from knowledge, one should anticipate political attacks. There must be a justification of the application of the more basic principles to the problems of life.
The Stormy Marriage of Economics and Ecology
Authors: Hardin Garrett
Published: November 2023

How many times in a week do you see the word shortage in a newspaper or magazine? By comparison, when (if ever) have you seen the word longage in print? Most likely, never. The word shortage is welcomed because it gives growth-oriented producers (both manufacturers and philanthropists) all the excuse they need to expand productive facilities and profits. Longage, however, implies that we need to curb growth. The ostrich within us doesn’t want that.
1989–1990
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Say what you like about the quality of the plays, it certainly was an American season. Only four new British plays opened on Broadway, and only one of them (the star vehicle Lettice &Lovage) lasted very long. In contrast, the ten new American works on the Street provided five long runs. Nine of the ten Best Plays selections (including musicals) were native works, while American stars (a lot of them movie stars) dominated both new plays and revivals, even British revivals.
1991–1992
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

The death of Joseph Papp on October 31 seemed to cast a shadow over the season, both on and off Broadway. His passing not only raised questions about the future of the Public Theatre and the New York Shakespeare Festival, but it highlighted the precarious position of non-profit theatres. For example, the Negro Ensemble Theatre no longer offered an entire season, just a sole production when it could scrape up the money. Difficulties with the National Endowment for the Arts continued, threatening much-needed funds for many non-profit groups. The economically adventurous Broadway Alliance was tried again this season but came up only with one quick flop, Crazy He Calls Me.
1994–1995
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Any season that boasted new works by such established American playwrights as Neil Simon, David Mamet, Horton Foote, A. R. Gurney, Christopher Durang, and Sam Shepard, as well as new-generation writers Richard Greenberg, Donald Margulies, and Paul Rudnick, ought to have been memorable, but with very few exceptions these authors came up with second-class scripts. It was a season more notable for British imports and revivals (both native and foreign) than new American works. The eleven original entries and ten revivals on Broadway mirrored the previous season, but Off Broadway saw a slight increase with thirty-six new works and eight revivals. Off Broadway also saw a rise in commercial productions, and more turned a profit than in many a season previously.
Introduction
Authors: Bernstein Mark H
Published: November 2023

This is a work on moral patienthood. In it, I investigate what must be true of an individual so that it deserves moral consideration.1 After developing an account of patienthood, I argue that we—normal adult human beings—have unjustly disenfranchised some individuals from our moral domain. The argument in the book, then, is not merely “academic”; if it is essentially right-headed, the way in which most of us live our Eves ought to be dramatically altered. I hope this work will pave the conceptual groundwork for a detailed examination of the sorts of revisions that morality requires of us.
Contractualism and Animals
Authors: Bernstein Mark H
Published: November 2023

There is a popular philosophical theory of morality, comprising in part a theory of welfare, that, at least when typically developed, has serious negative implications for experientialism. If this theory is accepted in its usually proffered forms, one is committed to rejecting the capacity for sentient experience as being sufficient for moral patienthood. Such theorists, unlike those who advocate either the desire theory or perfectionism, do not deny that these exempted individuals lack good and bad ways of being, or, equivalently, that they can be both benefited and harmed. Furthermore, unlike the conceptual chauvinist desire theorists or other antiexperientialists, they concede that these individuals can have sentient experiences and that the enjoyment or suffering they experience respectively accounts for their being made better and worse off. What is strenuously denied, however, is that the possession of these qualities alone warrants membership into our moral community. Indeed, without other morally relevant attributes, such individuals cannot intelligibly be accorded moral standing.
Introduction
Authors: Morgan Gwyn
Published: November 2023

The Year of the Four Emperors is the label we attach to the 18-month period that opened with the suicide of Nero in June 68 and closed with the triumph of Vespasian in December 69. In the interim three other emperors held power, if only for a few months. There was Galba, officially declared emperor in June 68 and assassinated on 15 January 69. There was Otho, the man responsible for his murder. Having seized power by a coup in Rome, he committed suicide on 16 April, in the vain hope that his death would end the bloodshed. And there was Vitellius, hailed emperor by his troops on 3 January 69, recognized by the senate in Rome once they heard of Otho’s death, and cut down by Vespasian’s partisans on 20 December. Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian were usurpers, of course, whereas Nero had been the legitimate emperor, the last male member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty established by Augustus a century earlier. In retrospect it is easy to make Vespasian’s victory look inevitable. In fact, it owed an enormous amount to accident and luck. But Vespasian was a practical, hard-headed man, disinclined to look gift-horses in the mouth, and his dynasty, the Flavians, would rule the Roman world for 27 years.
The Fall of Nero and the Julio-Claudian House
Authors: Morgan Gwyn
Published: November 2023

Tacitus opens his account of the Year of the Four Emperors on 1 January 69, with the entry into the consulship of the emperor Servius Sulpicius Galba and his henchman Titus Vinius. Though he offers a brief survey of the overall situation, he refers to earlier events only in flashback, and as infrequently and tersely as possible. For what happened in the earlier year we must turn to Suetonius for the fullest account of Nero’s last days, to Dio for the only surviving narrative of the revolt of Julius Vindex, the man who set off the events that led to Nero’s fall, and to Plutarch for the most comprehensive report on Galba, the man who harvested the fruits of Vindex’s endeavors. So why does Tacitus write as he does? Because he was following—and exploiting—the rules for writing history in Rome. An account was organized around an annalistic or year-by-year framework (how smoothly the narrative flowed over or around these breaks depended on the literary skills of the writer), and it was taken for granted that the reader was familiar with the years prior to the chosen starting point or else knew where to find the details. From the starting point onward, each year began with the entry into office of the new consuls on 1 January, since they were—in theory—the highest magistrates or chief executives in the state. And using their names to mark the year had been the custom since that formative event in all Roman history, the foundation of the republic (509 B.C.).
The Opening of the Vitellian Offensive ( January and February)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn
Published: November 2023

While Otho horrified people by murdering Galba, Vitellius outraged their sensibilities by omitting to proclaim his respect for the constitutional proprieties. Whereas Otho called a senate meeting to secure legitimacy for his coup within a matter of hours, Vitellius and his supporters dispensed with appearances. So far as we can tell, there was no dispatch to the senate. There was no justification for his being hailed emperor by the armies on the Rhine. There was certainly no claim to be saving the state or ridding the world of a tyrant. And on his earliest coinage there was scarcely a reference to the senate and people of Rome. Some issues bore conventional legends like “Liberty restored” (Libertas Restitvta) or the “rebirth of Rome” (Roma Renascens). But these were outnumbered by those advertising the “agreement of the armies” (Consensvs Exercitvvm), the “loyalty of the armies” (Fides Exercitvvm), or—whether an example of wishful thinking or an attempt to reassure Vitellius’ own legions—the “praetorians’ readiness to make common cause” with the rebels (Concordia Praetorianorvm).1
The Reign of Vitellius (April to September 69)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn
Published: November 2023

Otho’s suicide ought to be treated—so some might think—as the last event in his reign. It was his final act as emperor and, since he ended his life before he heard the news of the surrender at Bedriacum, it also marked the high point of that reign, setting up the paradox over which both contemporaries and posterity would puzzle, that “nothing in his life became him like the leaving it.” Tacitus certainly reports it in this manner, but not only in this manner. He has already set a passage immediately after his obituary for Galba, in which he describes the reactions of Rome’s inhabitants—senators, knights, and common people—to the prospect of choosing between Otho and Vitellius. Nobody, he asserts, could see themselves going to the temples to pray for the safety of either man. They were the vilest of mortals, seemingly picked by the fates to destroy the empire. In fact, “the one thing you could expect to learn from a war between them was that the victor would be the worse.” This makes Otho’s suicide as much a beginning as an end, and Tacitus builds it up programmatically, to overshadow the reign of his successor, a man who, in Tacitus’ opinion, ought never to have become emperor.
The Opening of the Flavian Offensive August to October
Authors: Morgan Gwyn
Published: November 2023

The campaign conducted by the legions under Antonius Primus’ control falls naturally into two parts. Their initial moves, the subject of this chapter, established them firmly in northern Italy with the sack of Cremona, still the enemy’s main base in the area. Then came their more dilatory advance south toward Rome, culminating in the killing of Vitellius in late December. For the first stage Dio provides material on a few episodes; Suetonius skips over almost every event between September and November, referring explicitly to the sack of Cremona only in his Life of Vespasian; and Josephus contributes an interesting snippet or two. So Tacitus is our most detailed and our most reliable source. Not that all agree. A discrepancy has been discerned in Tacitus’ portrait of Antonius, a more heroic figure allegedly in the first stage of the campaign and in the second more of a villain. This supposed discrepancy in turn has been held to prove that Tacitus failed to combine two sources, one favorable to Antonius (no doubt the memoir by Vipstanus Messalla), and one to Vespasian whose plans Antonius wrecked so comprehensively. If we were to accept this thesis, we could impugn any detail we judged unsatisfactory on any ground and declare Tacitus wholly unreliable. But the thesis itself is misconceived. Tacitus may gloss over some of Antonius’ mistakes, but at base he presents us with a man who might show scruples when circumstances permitted, but showed none when they did not.
End Game (November and December)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn
Published: November 2023

The second half of the campaign that led to the overthrow of Vitellius was marked by three disasters, two major and one minor. The halfhearted attempt by Vespasian’s brother, Flavius Sabinus, to carry out a coup in Rome when Vitellius attempted his half-baked abdication led to the destruction of the temple of Jupiter Best and Greatest on the Capitol, the most sacred shrine in the city. Then Vitellius’ brother Lucius sacked Tarracina, a small town to the south, when he wiped out a group of renegades acting allegedly on Vespasian’s behalf. Finally there was an assault on Rome, which culminated in the storming of the praetorian camp amid another welter of blood and gore. For what happened at Tarracina Lucius Vitellius had to bear the blame. For the two major mishaps Antonius Primus was apparently made the principal scapegoat, on the ground that if he had advanced more speedily, he could have saved Sabinus and averted the need for battles in Rome. Tacitus rejects this interpretation, but once again he does not defend Antonius’ conduct. He holds that nobody emerged—or could emerge—from these events creditably.
Introduction
Authors: Danielson Peter
Published: November 2023

This collection began as a conference on Modeling Rational and Moral Agents that combined two themes. First is the problematic place of morality within the received theory of rational choice. Decision theory, game theory, and economics are unfriendly to crucial features of morality, such as commitment to promises. But since morally constrained agents seem to do better than rational agents - say by co-operating in social situations like the Prisoner’s Dilemma - it is difficult to dismiss them as simply irrational. The second theme is the use of modeling techniques. We model rational and moral agents because problems of decision and interaction are so complex that there is much to be learned even from idealized models. The two themes come together in the most obvious feature of the papers: the common use of games, like the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD), to model social interactions that are problematic for morality and rationality.’
Modeling Rationality: A Normative or Descriptive Task?
Authors: Sousa Ronald de
Published: November 2023

Suppose your friend, who is wholly committed to rationality, proposes to commit suicide. How - without moralizing or exhortation - might you try to dissuade her? The standard method, springing from the type of Bayesian decision theory propounded by Richard Jeffrey (1965) and others, goes something like this.
The Failure of Success: Intrafamilial Exploitation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma
Authors: Marinoff Louis
Published: November 2023

A recent n-pair computer tournament for the repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma (Marinoff 1992) amplifies and extends Axelrod’s (1980a, 1980b) results, and demonstrates the relative robustness of co-operative maximization of expected utilities. For empirical and analytical purposes, the twenty competing strategies in the tournament are grouped into five “families,” whose respective members share either common program structures, or similar conceptual functions. The five families are: the probabilistic family, the tit-for-tat family, the maximization family, the optimization family, and the hybrid family. Individual strategies or entire families can be selectively “bred” to exhibit (or to exclude) particular traits, or combinations of traits.
The Neural Representation of the Social World
Authors: Churchland Paul M
Published: November 2023

A crab lives in a submarine space of rocks and open sand and hidden recesses. A ground squirrel, in a space of bolt holes and branching tunnels and leaf-lined bedrooms. A human occupies a physical space of comparable complexity, but in our case it is overwhelmingly obvious that we live also in an intricate space of obligations, duties, entitlements, prohibitions, appointments, debts, affections, insults, allies, contracts, enemies, infatuations, compromises, mutual love, legitimate expectations, and collective ideals. Learning the structure of this social space, learning to recognize the current position of oneself and others within it, and learning to navigate one’s way through that space without personal or social destruction, is at least as important to any human as learning the counterpart skills for purely physical space.
Mutual Aid: Darwin MeetsThe Logic of Decision
Authors: Skyrms Brian
Published: November 2023

On June 18, 1862 Karl Marx wrote to Frederick Engels, “It is remarkable how Darwin has discerned anew among beasts and plants his English society ... It is Hobbes’ bellum omnium contra omnes.” Marx is being somewhat unfair to Darwin. But in 1888 “Darwin’s Bulldog,” Thomas Henry Huxley, published an essay entitled “The Struggle for Existence and its Bearing Upon Man,” which was close to Marx’s caricature: The weakest and the stupidest went to the wall, while the toughest and the shrewdest, those who were best fitted to cope with their circumstances, but not the best in any other way survived. Life was a continuous free fight, and beyond the limited and temporary relations of the family, the Hobbesian war of each against all was the normal state of existence. (Huxley 1888, p. 165).
Three Differences between Deliberation and Evolution
Authors: Sober Elliott
Published: November 2023

The title of this paper may seem absurd. Why bother to write about differences between two processes that are so obviously different? Next thing you know, somebody will write a paper about the distinction between square roots and albatrosses. Deliberation is something done by an organism that has a mind. The organism considers a range of alternative actions and chooses the one that seems to best advance the organism’s goals. Evolution, on the other hand, involves a population of organisms, who may or may not have minds. When the population evolves by natural selection, the organisms display different characteristics; the trait that evolves is the one that best advances the organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing.1 Deliberation involves a change that occurs in an individual; evolution effects a change in the composition of a population, the individual members of which need never change their traits at all.
Practical Reasoning
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: November 2023

I want to explore some basic questions about what practical reasoning is, or is sup posed to be, and what is special about it. Unfortunately, I do not get beyond a few fundamental issues. Even so, I get far enough to find myself at odds with what has often been said about them. Any wider implications for the proper understanding of action, reasons for action, and even morality, must be left for other occasions.
Ordering Selves
Authors: Cavell Marcia
Published: November 2023

The concept of the self as we think of it entered modern philosophy through Descartes and epistemology: self as mind, self as consciously thinking “I”sayer who in thinking knows for certain that he exists and knows also some of the contents of his own mind. Such knowledge is called self-reflexive: it is my knowledge that I exist that is certain; yet my knowing that Marcia Cavell exists is susceptible to doubt, for I might not after all be Marcia Cavell. And although my knowing that I am now thinking about self-knowledge is not indefeasible, it seems to enjoy a certain kind of authority.
Perspectives in Bartók Research
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott
Published: November 2023

Extensive work by many Bartók scholars, especially in the last two decades, has led to new perspectives into a musical world created by a composer of keen intuition, broad knowledge, and unwavering artistic convictions. As scholars continue to gain significant—though often isolated—insights into the complexities of Bela Bartók’s musical language, aesthetics, compositional process, and historical sources, it becomes increasingly evident that a complete understanding of his life and thought depends on a concerted effort toward a more integrated approach to the Bartók disciplines.
Bartók on Southslavic Epic Songs
Authors: Erdely Stephen
Published: November 2023

The appointment of Bela Bartók at Columbia University as visiting research associate in music, in 1941–42, enabled him to study Yugoslav heroic as well as lyric songs (so-called women’s songs) collected by Harvard professor Milman Parry in 1933–35. Bartók’s book Serbo-Croatian Folk Songs, with Albert Bates Lord as co-author, documents the results of his work. In the introductory chapters he summarizes his lifelong experiences in dealing with folk music, along with the methods of transcribing and organizing collected songs, and in the main body of the book he presents seventy-five lyric songs in meticulous transcription and with comparative notes, which are trademarks of his scholarship. Albert Lord’s contributions to the study are the transcriptions and translations of the folk song texts, comments on the songs, and an introductory essay.
Modal Transformation and Musical Symbolism in Bartók’s Cantata Projana
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott
Published: November 2023

In the increasingly repressive political atmosphere of the 1930s, Bartók composed one of several planned cantatas to express his ideal concerning the brotherhood of neighboring nations—Romania, Slovakia, and Hungary. While the Cantata Profana (1930) represents the most explicit embodiment of his philosophy and symbolizes his personal commitment to the principles of national independence and personal freedom, the broad evolution of his musical aesthetics represents a more general symbolization of his humanistic philosophy. The conjoining of these social concerns with his lifelong musical endeavors to synthesize divergent Eastern folk music modalities and Western art music sources came to full fruition in the Cantata. In a letter to Octavian Beu, dated January 10, 1931, Bartók summarized his philosophical attitude concisely:
Love and Anguish: Bartók’s Expressionism
Authors: Crawford Dorothy Lamb
Published: November 2023

Expressionism in any art is an eruption provoked by individual psychological crisis. The artist distorts objective reality to serve his or her subjective need and to transcend feelings of chaos, alienation, or despair. It is art of primal emotions and instinct, rather than formulations and technique.
Bartók’s Concerto for Orchestra (1943) and Janáček’s Sinfonietta (1926): Conceptual and Motivic Parallels
Authors: Porter James
Published: November 2023

Bartók’s life, work, and thought have often been measured against those of his contemporaries, especially those enculturated in Central or Eastern Europe in the later nineteenth century.1 One other major composer in Central Europe who bridged the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries found in folk music the inspiration for a series of masterpieces.
Bartók in North Africa: A Unique Fieldwork and Its Impact on His Music
Authors: Kárpati János
Published: November 2023

It is perhaps well known how Bartok eventually extended his trips to collect folk music in the territory of Greater Hungary, from the central Hungarian population to the Slovaks in the north and Romanians in the east.1 It is uncertain when he decided to extend his fieldwork to non-European regions. His intention to undertake a North African trip begins with his correspondence of 1911. On July 9, his letter to Mrs. Janos Bu itia from Munich states that he was en route to Paris, “in order to study Arab folk songs.”2 During his stay in Paris, July 11–23, he wrote to his wife, Marta, that he had already purchased an Arab-French dictionary and an Arabic grammar book but did not find any Arab folk song collections. In the same letter, he mentions the possibility of a journey to Africa: “It will be good for you to be carefully accustomed to the heat. Perhaps next summer we will go to such a place.”3
Bartók’s Notations in Composition and Transcription
Authors: Somfai László
Published: November 2023

Bela Bartók’s three major activities as composer, ethnomusicologist, and pianist, his habitual practice of revising the notation of his compositions and folk music transcriptions, and his goal of reaching ultimate perfection should have long ago made him a model case in studying the phenomenon of “perfect notation” in a broader context. Yet until now, mostly because of the limited availability of primary sources but also because Bartók research was not appropriately integrated into the mainstream of musicology, the study of the notation in his composed works and in the transcription of recorded folk songs and dances developed in more or less independent channels and produced modest results.
Correcting Printed Editions of Béla Bartók’s Viola Concerto and Other Compositions
Authors: Bartók Peter
Published: November 2023

In 1985—nearly forty years after my father’s death—the bulk of his manuscripts were turned over to me, following termination of a trust set up by his will. Having access to these manuscripts enabled the comparison of published editions of his works with the manuscript sources. I had been aware of my father’s remark, made in a casual conversation, lamenting the many errors that remained in his published music. Among my father’s papers are printed copies of some of his compositions with the note “Corrected copy” on the outside cover. He had once explained to me the procedure by which printed music could be made as free of errors as possible: engraving from the best manuscript source; correction of first proofs; verification and correction, if necessary of second proofs; “and then, when finally the work is printed, it still has some incorrect details.”
Degrees of Moral Rightness
Authors: Lockhart Ted
Published: November 2023

In his article, “Subjectivization in Ethics,” James L. Hudson argues, convincingly in my view, that subjective moral theories are more satisfactory than objective theories as sources of guidance for our action choices. By “subjective theory,” Hudson means a moral theory that “guarantees the agent’s ability to use … [it] … to guide her actions.” An example of a subjective theory is subjective (act) utilitarianism, which tells us to maximize expected utility. An “objective theory,” by contrast. does not guarantee the agent’s ability to apply the theory. An example is objective (act) utilitarianism, which says simply. “Maximize utility.” The subjective theory is more useful. Hudson claims, because, although we often do not know which action(s) would actually maximize utility, we always know which action(s) we would expect to maximize utility if they were chosen.
A Decision-Theoretic Reconstruction of Roe v. Wade
Authors: Lockhart Ted
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, we saw how a disagreement between two ethicists about a case in medical ethics might be resolved by moving the discussion from questions about the moral rightness of the alternatives to questions about their expected moral rightness. The disagreement would be resolved for practical purposes in that the disputants would be able to agree about what the decision-maker should, in the final analysis, do. In this chapter, we shall consider another case of decision-making under normative uncertainty-the U. S. Supreme Court’s decision in the Roe v. Wade abortion case.
The Projection Error as a Source of Moral Relativism
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

To see how easily one can slip into a relativistic view of morality, let us consider a case everyone is familiar with from popular discussions of relativism: the case of Eskimos leaving their old people to freeze to death. The argument, as we’ve all heard it, goes as follows: “People in our culture think this Eskimo practice cruel, and if one of us were to treat an aged parent like this, he would be prosecuted for murder. But the Eskimos see nothing wrong in leaving their old people to freeze to death. Even the old people themselves accept this practice. Obviously, then, they have a different morality from ours.”
What Is Morality?
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

Relativists think of their doctrine as a radical departure from the traditional theories of moral absolutists. In fact, however, moral relativism and absolutism are no more than variations on a common theme: Both derive from the idea that morality consists of moral rules or principles, that these constitute the bedrock of moral thought and reasoning. If there is a fundamental flaw in the relativists’ doctrine, it is that they fail to be radical enough, that they share with absolutists this underlying picture of morality and differ from absolutists only after they have, hand in hand, taken the fatal plunge. In this chapter we will consider more carefully their common conception of morality.
Problems in the Philosophical Description of Morality
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

The conception of morality shared by relativists and absolutists contains a number of ideas that deserve scrutiny: (i) It represents morality as being concerned only (or at least primarily) with actions. (ii) It describes morality as consisting of moral principles. (iii) It treats the words right, wrong, good, bad, and ought as the primary moral terms. (iv) It represents our (alleged) moral principles-on which our familiar moral comments (judgments) about people’s actions are “based”-as being “external, non-personal in their origin,” which implies that one’s role in morality is limited to that of following rules (or applying principles) which one had no hand in fashioning.
Enculturative Conditioning
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

How might someone get the idea that morality assigns to the individual a very minimal role, namely, that of following rules (or applying principles) which are imposed upon us from without? That is the question I should like to answer. It is disturbing to think that morality is nothing but the product of “enculturative conditioning” so that our capacity for moral thought is constrained by a cultural straightjacket. Yet there is something in this idea­ something I find difficult to describe-which makes me think it is not completely misguided.
Husserl: Subjectivity and Intentionality
Authors: Carr David
Published: November 2023

I begin our discussion of Husserl by asking the same question I asked about Kant: does his philosophy present us with a metaphysics of the subject? As with Kant, many interpreters-not just Heidegger would answer in the affirmative; indeed, the answer might be that if anything qualifies as a metaphysics of the subject, it is transcendental phenomenology. I want to argue against this interpretation and proposean alternative.
Animal Cloning: The Pet Paradigm
Authors: Klotzko Arlene Judith
Published: November 2023

Two years after the birth of Dolly the sheep, and eight months after Dr. Richard Seed—the eccentric physicist and would-be cloner of humans for cash—took his brief turn on the world stage, cloning returned to the news. Not with a bang or even with a bleat. This time it was a bark. Scientists at Texas A&M University announced that they were poised to clone—for a $2.3 million reward—a pet dog named Missy, an 11 year old border collie/husky mix, adopted from the pound by an adoring and very rich American couple who have zealously guarded their anonymity.
Ethical Aspects of Genetic Modification of Animals: Opinion of the Group of Advisers on the Ethical Implications of Biotechnology of the European Commission
Authors: Schroten Egbert
Published: November 2023

The opinion addresses the genetic modification of animals brought about by DNA technology, including transfer of genes (transgenesis) and the deletion of genes (“knock-out”).Genetic modification of animals is a developing technology which will add to rather than replace existing techniques.
Philosophy after Objectivity
Authors: Moser Paul K
Published: November 2023

Philosophers have traditionally sought objective knowledge: knowledge of things whose existence does not depend on one’s conceiving of them. Philosophy After Objectivity uses lessons from debates over objective knowledge to characterize the kinds of reasons pertinent to philosophical and other theoretical views. It argues that we cannot meet skeptics’ typical demands for non-question begging support for claims to objective truth, and that, therefore, we should not regard our supporting reasons as resistant to skeptical challenges.
Introduction: Objectivity and Relativity in Philosophy
Authors: Moser Paul K
Published: November 2023

Philosophers of all stripes have theories to offer, for better or worse. Sometimes the only theory offered is that philosophers cannot—or at least should not-propose theories. Even skeptics, of one ilk or another, occasionally offer theories. Skepticism is, at least for various skeptics, an epistemological theory, with many different theoretical manifestations. Theories in philosophy, whether good or bad, aim to explain something, to answer certain explanation-seeking questions. Why is there something rather than nothing? Why is there what does exist, instead of something else? Why is there experience, including our experience as it now is? What is being? What is thinking? What is knowledge? What are we? And so on, virtually without end. Rare is the philosopher with no theory whatever to offer. Such would be a philosopher without a philosophy, an obvious candidate for impossibility. Equally rare is the philosopher whose proposed theory meets with anything like widespread acceptance. Why is this? Even that question calls for a theory.
Reasons, Truth, and Relativism
Authors: Moser Paul K
Published: November 2023

Philosophers often pursue this issue: Where should we begin a philosophical effort to say what sorts of things actually exist or, more broadly, to say what in general is true rather than false? Part of this question’s difficulty comes from unclarity in its use of ‘should’ and ‘true’. We lack clear standards definitive of correct use of such terms, at least in many cases. If we specify the needed standards, we have done so from our conceptual standpoint—a standpoint that might not be shared by others. Our standards will seem, and perhaps even be, optional at best from certain other conceptual standpoints.
Physicalism, Action, and Explanation
Authors: Moser Paul K
Published: November 2023

Naturalism, construed broadly, states that whatever exists is part of the natural order of things. One common understanding of the natural order implies that whatever is natural is explainable, at least in principle, by the natural sciences. For reasons of methodological unity, many philosophers and psychologists seek to accommodate such naturalism in their explanatory projects.
Inductive Confirmability and Physical Necessity
Authors: Lange Marc
Published: November 2023

Suppose we are predicting whether a given actual F, heretofore unexamined for its Gness, is G. We may be in a position to make a justified prediction on the basis of having already discovered that it is a law that all Fs are G. But it is often maintained that we cannot make a justified prediction on the basis of having already discovered that it is an accident that all Fs are G, because we cannot be justified in believing it to be an accident that all Fs are G in advance of justly believing that we have already examined every F for its Gness.
Laws, Regularities, and Provisos
Authors: Lange Marc
Published: November 2023

It is typically taken for granted that laws are or are invariably associated with logically contingent regularities. (E.g., on a “Humean” account, laws just are regularities, whereas according to an account of laws as relations of “nomic necessitation” among universals, each law underwrites a regularity.) The key issue is then finding a way to distinguish the regularities associated with laws from the accidental regularities. But there is a prior issue: Is every law associated straightforwardly with a regularity? In section 2, I motivate this question by way of the “provisos” to various law-statements. These are clauses, often remaining implicit, that stipulate something like “ceteris paribus” or the absence of “disturbing factors.” It has proved difficult to see what provisos might mean, especially when we bear in mind that we are able to discover and to apply various laws—to recognize when there are no disturbing factors—even before we have ascertained all of the kinds of influences there are.