bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les structures ontologiques de l’éditorial socio-politique : une approche socio-cognitive
Authors: Topa-Bryniarska Dominika
Published: July 2015

Ontologic structures in a socio-political editorial – a socio-cognitive approachThe aim of the present study is to analyze the conceptualization of ontological structures in a special type of journalistic writing represented by a socio-political editorial. According to the socio-cognitive approach (Goffman, Langacker), the author discusses the problem of discursive mechanisms related to the persuasive function of language and classification. Therefore, in basis of the gathered linguistic corpus, which constitutes of forty French editorials, treating about university and public service pension reforms, culled from the web pages of different journals and magazines (2007–2008), the author intends to describe the distribution of two semantic roles such as agent and patient (by means of the synthetic scheme presented in this paper) in the context of the persuasiveness of media communication. The way of constructing the semantic roles of participants both influences and modifies the readers’ opinions and their perception of the world.
Z zagadnień leksyki ekspresywnej – pilch
Authors: Kucharzyk Renata
Published: July 2015

From the issues of expressive lexis – pilchThe object of this article is the description and interpretation of the semantic development of the pilch lexeme. In its basic meaning this word means a mammal from the Gliridae family. Pilch has already been known in pre-Slavic language and is also confirmed in the historical dictionaries of the Polish language. The historical material documents only the zoological meaning of the lexeme, while in the local dialects one can observe the semantic development of this unit. Pilch, next to indicating various animals, occurs also as a word describing 1. a mean person 2. a bad-natured person, 3. little child. Pilch is an interesting example of a lexical unit that primarily denominates an animal but which extended its meaning and became a personal expressivism as a result of connotations occurring in the folk culture.
Złudne odpowiedniki białorusko-polskie
Authors: Kaleta Radosław
Published: July 2015

False equivalents in Belarusian-Polish linguisticsThe paper reviews false equivalents (in a broad sense of the term) in two Slavic languages: Polish and Belarusian. There are not many materials concerning Belarusian-Polish false equivalents, let alone a dictionary. Various types of Belarusian-Polish false equivalents are described and compared on the basis of examples taken from dictionaries and books. The analysis shows that false equivalents in Belarusian-Polish linguistics are a topic worth exploring that is yet to be described in a good monograph.
Słowiańskie nazwy ‘pleców’ i ‘ramienia’ w świetle materiałów gwarowych i źródeł historycznych
Authors: Siatkowski Janusz
Published: July 2015

Slavic names of ‘the back’ and ‘the shoulders’ in the light of dialectal materials and historic sourcesThe meaning of the names of ‘the back’ and ‘the shoulders’ are very ambiguous, which is also characteristic of the other names of the parts of the body. Certain names of ‘the back’ often refer to only their upper or lower part, as well as to ‘the spinal column’, while certain names of ‘the shoulders’ also mean ‘the shoulder’, ‘the upper part of the arm, however, below the elbow’ or ‘the whole arm to the palm’. In the plural form, this causes the confusion between ‘the back’ and ‘the shoulders’.‘The back’ and ‘the shoulder’ have only one group of common indigenous names: *pletji, *pletj-E and several word-forming derivates. In the both meanings, one form – *pletji – occurred, which was characterized by an obvious territorial difference. In addition, in the names of ‘the back’, the names: spina and formations *χrьbьtъ, *χribьtъ, connected with the root *gъrb-, *lędvьje and *zada cover wide territories. The remaining ones are extremely rare.In the names of ‘the shoulders’, however, apart from the lexemes connected with the root *pletj-, names derived from the root *orm-, exhibiting a great morphological differentiation, occur. Lack of information in OLA records about grammatical forms somewhat complicates their interpretation. The clarification of complicated morphological transformations of these forms is made easier only by materials derived from beyond OLA. Historical materials prove that in eastern Slavic languages originally the names derived from the root *orm- were unknown.
Współczesne losy liczebnika polskiego i rosyjskiego w ujęciu konfrontatywnym
Authors: Sosnowski Wojciech
Published: July 2015

Contemporary Polish and Russian numerals. A contrastive studyNumerals have always been a matter of great interest among linguists, because since pre-Slavic times this lexical category and its inflections have undergone many changes, which has usually meant simplification. Contrastive studies of Polish and Russian numerals have shown that this grammatical category is one of the most difficult categories to acquire and master. Numerals are the only category that has undergone such profound unifications in its declension paradigm. Currently, there are many innovations regarding the grammatical forms of numerals occurring in the language use as well as in descriptive norms. Among these changes, the following are the most significant: the grammatical forms of cardinal numerals have replaced these of ordinal numerals; numeral inflections are gradually disappearing; collective numerals have dropped their inflections. What is more, difficult case inflections are being supplanted by “simple” inflections, and the initial parts of collective numerals are no longer inflected. Another tendency observed is that syntactic placements characteristic for inflected numerals are being replaced by ones characteristic for other “simple” inflections. The abovementioned innovations are present in the synthetic linguistic systems of Polish and Russian to a different extent. The changes exhibit strong analytic tendencies in both languages. These changes manifest themselves predominantly in the lack of inflection in most forms, which is characteristic for analytic languages.
Kolejna socjologiczna utopia
Authors: Sztompka Piotr
Published: July 2015

Another sociological utopia The polemics between Piotr Sztompka and Michael Burawoy was originally published in Contempo­rary Sociology. A Journal of Reviews no 40/4 as Debate on International Sociology. The starting point of discussion between Piotr Sztompka and Michael Burawoy was the publication entitled Facing an Unequal World: Challenges for a Global Sociology (Volume One: Introduction, Latin America and Africa, 316 pp.; Volume Two: Asia, 362 pp.; Volume Three: Europe, and Concluding Reflections, 296 pp.), edited by Michael Burawoy, Mau-kuei Chang and Michelle Fei-yu Hsieh (Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Sociology at Academia Sinica, Council of National Associations of the International Sociological Association & Academia Sinica, 2010). Kolejna socjologiczna utopiaPrezentowana niżej polemika pt. Debata o socjologii międzynarodowej ukazała się w „Contemporary Sociology. A Journal of Reviews” 40, nr 4. Punktem wyjścia do dyskusji między Piotrem Sztompką i Michaelem Burawoyem była książka z 2010 roku Facing an Unequal World: Challenges for a Global Sociology (t. 1: Introduction, Latin America and Africa, ss. 316; t. 2: Asia, ss. 362; t. 3: Europe, and Conclu­ding Reflexions, ss. 296), pod redakcją Michaela Burawoya, Mau-kuei Changa i Michelle Fei-yu Hsieh, wydana w Tajpej przez Institute of Sociology at Academia Sinica, Council of National Associations of the International Sociological Association & Academia Sinica.
Recenzja książki Andrzeja Draguły: Bluźnierstwo. Między grzechem a przestępstwem
Authors: Dąbrowski Jakub
Published: July 2015

Andrzej Draguła Bluźnierstwo. Między grzechem a przestępstwem (Blasphemy: between sin and offence) – a book review by Jakub DąbrowskiThe text is a review of the book Bluźnierstwo. Między grzechem a przestępstwem by Andrzej Draguła, a priest and Doctor of Theology. He reflects on the conflict between Catholic orthodoxy and liberal social practices in the domains of art and visual culture. Apart from the theological interpretation of blasphemy, the book presents numerous examples of controversial and iconoclastic works of art and commercials. The author also attempts to analyse in detail the features of criminal offences which are in­sulting for the feelings of religious believers (Par. 196 of Polish Criminal Code) – a contemporary, secular equivalent to blasphemy. Recenzja książki Andrzeja Draguły: Bluźnierstwo. Między grzechem a przestępstwemTekst jest recenzją książki Bluźnierstwo. Między grzechem a przestępstwem autorstwa Andrzeja Dra­guły, w której autor – ksiądz i doktor habilitowany teologii – rozważa problem konfliktu między katolicką or­todoksją a liberalnymi praktykami społecznymi w dziedzinie sztuki i kultury wizualnej. Oprócz teologicznego ujęcia kwestii blasfemii w książce zostały omówione liczne przykłady kontrowersyjnych, obrazoburczych dzieł sztuki oraz reklam. Autor podjął się również detalicznej analizy znamion przestępstwa obrazy uczuć religij­nych (art. 196 k.k.), które jest współczesnym, świeckim odpowiednikiem dawnego przestępstwa bluźnierstwa.
Aleksander Lednicki i los jego środowiska, Polonii w Rosji, na przełomie XIX i XX wieku jako zwierciadło przemian polskiego pola władzy
Authors: Zarycki Tomasz
Published: July 2015

Aleksander Lednicki and the fate of his milieu of the Polish community in Russia at the turn of the 20th cent. as a mirror of the transformations of the Polish field of powerThe paper deals with the phenomenon of waning memory of the Polish economic elite in the late Russian Empire. It is related to the disappearance of the memory of the liberal political movement of the Polish political scene before the First World War. Mechanisms of these processes of forgetting are related to the theory of Pierre Bourdieu, in particular it is argued that the liberal Polish elite of the Russian Empire could be defined as economic-capital-based elite. Its rivals, both socialists led by Piłsudski and National-Democrats led by Dmowski, classical intelligentsia figures, could be seen as leaders of the cultural capital-based elites. As it is argued, the intelligentsia was in many ways a benefactor of the Bolshevik Revolution, which deprived the Polish economic elite of most of their capitals and led to its political marginalization. In effect the intelligentsia was able to impose its values and social hierarchies on the modern Polish national identity, which ever since is defined in terms largely unrelated to the economic logic. These mechanisms privilege memory of the intellectual figures and freedom-fighters in the mainstream canons of Polish history. A closer look at the forgotten economic and political Polish elite of the late Russian Empire allows to point out to several arbitrary elements in the dominant readings of the Polish and Russian history in contemporary Poland. They are illustrated in the paper on the example of the biography of Aleksander Lednicki, a prominent politician and lawyer, leader of the Polish community in Moscow until 1918.
Kronika polska Galla Anonima w kontekście kształtowania się polskiej świadomości narodowej
Authors: Lisiecki Marcin
Published: July 2015

Gallus Anonymus’ gesta principium polonorum in the context of the formation of Polish national consciousnessThis paper is an attempt at a reconstruction of sources of Polish national consciousness, with its political and cultural components. It should be emphasized that cultural determinants are most important for consolidating national identity. In the Polish case, one of the most interesting and also most often reproduced Polish cultural motifs is the legend of Piast and Popiel. For reasons outlined above, this article will attempt to analyze legends of the first ruler in Poland and references to them in the contemporary Polish culture. For clarity of analysis, the essay is divided into two parts. The first is connected with the myth of richness and the fertile, as well as powerful Poland. The significance of this part is for the processes of creating Polish national identity around utopian visions, and also their presence in the literature. Furthermore, this myth is related with belief that the ruler must be just for his people. The second part includes the analysis of the presence of this myth in popular culture, on the example of children’s literature and in the social space.
Sytuacja mniejszości boszniackiej w Sandżaku – wyzwania i problemy
Authors: Mikucka-Wójtowicz Dominika
Published: July 2015

The situation of the Bosniak minority in Sandzak – challenges and problemsAccording to the Population Census 2002, Bosniaks (as Bosnian Muslims have usually been called since 1993), constitute the second largest ethnic minority group in Serbia (136,000 people). They mostly inhabit the south-western end of the country, unofficially named Sandzak. The article focuses on the basic problems relating to how the Bosniak minority is functioning in this area. First of all, these issues include strong political and religious divisions (often sustained, and even inspired, by the central authorities), as well as, the dangers, as yet infrequent, resulting from the activity of organizations representing radical Islamic sects (the so-called Wahabis). An important part of the article is devoted to the issue of the lack of respect for the legally guaranteed cultural rights of the Bosniaks and the politicizing of problems under consideration, both by local elites, and by the central authorities. The author also briefly discusses the origin of the ethnonym Bosniak and the arguments concerning the name of the region inhabited by this minority.
Źródła terroryzmu międzynarodowego na tle procesów migracyjnych społeczeństw świata islamu w Europie
Authors: Stankiewicz Wojciech
Published: July 2015

Sources of international terrorism vs. the world of Islam in EuropeThe article argues that general views regarding the matters of cultural globalization do not apply as far as Muslim countries are concerned. The dichotomy between the two worlds does not allow for an inter-cultural dialogue. This blockage could be stopped by specific modernization of history by Muslim societies and the way of thinking of the Islamic communities.The essence of the defensive nature of both the European and Muslim cultural identities can be applied to war against terrorism. Both cultures are currently undergoing a search phase. The positive attitude of the intercultural community towards other cultures and the changes brought about by the process of globalization are extremely important in this process which can lead to the cooperation and development of the comprehensive culture. Due to a deeply rooted unwillingness to collaborate, a multicultural community is impossible to originate.Terrorism does not result from fanatics’ misinterpretations of the role of religion and in fact is stimulated by global processes. The attempt to build truly civil societies in countries that readily accept immigrants along with all the freedoms that go along with them, as well as ensuring complete involvement in social and political life should be regarded as a specific point of reference in the prevention of the formation of Muslim fundamentalist organizations.
Thermodynamic Phase and Ice Cloud Properties in Northern Hemisphere Winter Extratropical Cyclones Observed by Aqua AIRS
Authors: Naud Catherine M. , Kahn Brian H.
Published: July 2015

Ice cloud properties in Northern Hemisphere winter extratropical cyclones are examined using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), version 6, cloud products. The cloud thermodynamic phase product indicates that warm frontal clouds are dominated by ice, liquid-phase clouds occur outside of the warm frontal region, and supercooled or mixed-phase clouds are found in the southwestern quadrant of the cyclones. Stratiform ice clouds populate the warm frontal region and portions of the cold sector while convective ice clouds populate southeastern portions of the warm front and the southeastern quadrant. Total cloud cover is smaller in land cyclones than in ocean cyclones, especially in the southwestern quadrant and the warm frontal region. Ice cloud cover is less over land in the warm frontal region, because land cyclones are generally weaker and drier than ocean cyclones. The impact of cyclone average precipitable water (PW) and the magnitude of 850-hPa vertical ascent ω850 on the thermodynamic phase, occurrence of stratiform or convective ice cloud, ice particle effective diameter, optical thickness, and cloud-top temperature are discussed. When comparing land and ocean cyclones with similar PW and ω850, ice cloud coverage is found to be greater over land. Convective ice cloud occurs more often and is deeper over land. Supercooled cloud appears to persist to colder temperatures over ocean than over land, especially in the warm frontal region. These results suggest that, over land, ice cloud formation in warm fronts is possibly more efficient because of a greater aerosol amount from local or regional sources.
An Examination of the Thermodynamic Impacts of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones on Their Tropical Tropospheric Environment
Authors: Schenkel Benjamin A. , Hart Robert E.
Published: July 2015

The present study examines the tropospheric thermodynamic anomalies induced by western North Pacific tropical cyclone (TC) passage using storm-relative composites. Negative moist static energy (MSE) anomalies containing embedded westward-propagating anomalies generally occur only following larger TCs for two months following TC passage in a region extending from the domain center to ~3000 km to its west. Larger TCs force negative MSE anomalies likely because of feedbacks from stronger, broader TC-induced negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and the excitation of TC-induced Rossby waves to the southeast of the TC. The negative MSE anomalies are composed of lower- and midtropospheric negative latent energy anomalies with smaller contributions from boundary layer and upper-tropospheric negative sensible heat anomalies. The lower- and midtropospheric negative MSE anomalies are forced by the TC, whereas the upper-tropospheric negative MSE anomalies are forced by the Madden–Julian oscillation. Vertically integrated MSE budgets at the domain center reveal negative MSE tendencies that are primarily forced by surface latent heat flux anomalies resulting from the TC-induced negative SST anomalies. Smaller negative MSE tendencies are due to 1) zonal and meridional advection of MSE anomalies by the Rossby waves and 2) enhanced top-of-the-atmosphere longwave radiative flux anomalies potentially associated with a reduction in the greenhouse gas effect of water vapor. The budget analysis in the west region is generally similar except that all terms are comparable in magnitude and relatively weaker. These results conservatively suggest that larger TCs can anomalously cool and dry their synoptic-scale environment for ~40 days following TC passage.
Air–Sea Relationship Associated with Precipitation Anomaly Changes and Mean Precipitation Anomaly over the South China Sea and the Arabian Sea during the Spring to Summer Transition
Authors: Wu Renguang , Hu Wenting
Published: July 2015

The period from April to June is the time of transition from spring to summer over the north Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. Analysis shows that precipitation anomaly changes from April to June may indicate summer (June–August) mean precipitation anomalies over the South China Sea and the Arabian Sea. This study documents and compares the evolution of precipitation, surface wind, and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies during the spring to summer transition corresponding to April–June precipitation anomaly changes and April–June mean precipitation anomalies over the South China Sea and the Arabian Sea. Over the South China Sea, a clear signal of local air–sea interaction is identified corresponding to the precipitation anomaly change, as indicated by a sequence of less precipitation, higher SST, more precipitation, and lower SST. In contrast, the mean precipitation anomaly features a response to remote SST forcing and a local forcing of atmosphere on the ocean. The evolution of surface heat flux anomalies supports the air–sea interaction over the South China Sea during the transition season. Over the Arabian Sea, local SST forcing contributes to both precipitation anomaly changes and mean precipitation anomalies through modulating atmospheric stability. A local negative feedback of atmosphere on SST is observed in the Arabian Sea as in the South China Sea. The surface heat fluxes make a large contribution to local SST change before May in the South China Sea but a small one in the Arabian Sea. Surface heat fluxes are important for local SST change after May in both the South China Sea and the Arabian Sea.
Biases in Thorpe-Scale Estimates of Turbulence Dissipation. Part I: Assessments from Large-Scale Overturns in Oceanographic Data
Authors: Mater Benjamin D. , Venayagamoorthy Subhas K. , St. Laurent Louis , Moum James N.
Published: July 2015

Oceanic density overturns are commonly used to parameterize the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy. This method assumes a linear scaling between the Thorpe length scale LT and the Ozmidov length scale LO. Historic evidence supporting LT ~ LO has been shown for relatively weak shear-driven turbulence of the thermocline; however, little support for the method exists in regions of turbulence driven by the convective collapse of topographically influenced overturns that are large by open-ocean standards. This study presents a direct comparison of LT and LO, using vertical profiles of temperature and microstructure shear collected in the Luzon Strait—a site characterized by topographically influenced overturns up to O(100) m in scale. The comparison is also done for open-ocean sites in the Brazil basin and North Atlantic where overturns are generally smaller and due to different processes. A key result is that LT/LO increases with overturn size in a fashion similar to that observed in numerical studies of Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) instabilities for all sites but is most clear in data from the Luzon Strait. Resultant bias in parameterized dissipation is mitigated by ensemble averaging; however, a positive bias appears when instantaneous observations are depth and time integrated. For a series of profiles taken during a spring tidal period in the Luzon Strait, the integrated value is nearly an order of magnitude larger than that based on the microstructure observations. Physical arguments supporting LT ~ LO are revisited, and conceptual regimes explaining the relationship between LT/LO and a nondimensional overturn size are proposed. In a companion paper, Scotti obtains similar conclusions from energetics arguments and simulations.
Prophylactic Antibiotics for Prevention of Cholangitis in Patients With Biliary Atresia Status Post-Kasai Portoenterostomy
Authors: Decharun Katawaetee , Leys Charles M. , West Karen W. , Finnell S. Maria E.
Published: July 2015

Purpose. To determine effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics in preventing cholangitis, we conducted a systematic review comparing cholangitis occurrence in biliary atresia patients after Kasai portoenterostomy (KP) with and without antibiotics. Methods. We searched online bibliographic databases from April 1, 2013, using search terms “biliary atresia” OR “cholangitis” AND “antibiotics,” selecting studies with control group data. Results. Four of 509 titles met inclusion criteria, yielding a total of 319 patients from 3 countries. Three studies were retrospective cohorts and one was a randomized clinical trial. Two cohort studies concluded that prophylactic antibiotics reduced incidence of cholangitis and one did not. The randomized clinical trial supported prophylaxis after comparing the prospective randomized groups to a historical control group. Conclusion. Few published studies measure the effect of prophylactic antibiotics after Kasai portoenterostomy. We identified 4 studies and they presented contradictory results. Prospective research is needed.
Leadership competencies for a global public service
Authors: Mau Tim A.
Published: July 2015

The notion of a global public service has been put forth in the literature as a means of addressing a number of policy issues that can no longer be addressed by a nation-state in isolation. This article sets out to address whether it is possible to formulate and implement a leadership competency model that could be used to select, develop and reward these global public servants and, if so, what leadership competencies they would require. Evidence will be drawn from both the literature on the competencies required for global managers/leaders as well as various public sector leadership competency models. It is argued that more thought needs to be given to how a leadership competency framework might be fruitfully employed to buttress such a cadre of individuals.

Points for practitioners

Public services around the world have been embracing the use of leadership competency models as part of their human resources management frameworks for the past few decades. This research examines a number of the various models that have been employed with the intent of identifying key competencies that would be more universal in nature. Additional research needs to be conducted to ensure that such models reflect the distinctiveness of the public sector.
Debating the End Times with Bede
Authors: Chazelle Celia
Published: July 2015

This article explores the discussions of world chronology and eschatology by the Venerable Bede (672/673–735) and what they reveal about the spectrum of ‘millenarian’ and other eschatological ideas at his monastery of Wearmouth-Jarrow and in its Northumbrian milieu. Two works in which he comments on ideas he rejected lie at the initial centre of inquiry: his letter of 708 to Plegwin and The Reckoning of Time, completed in 725. Early medieval millenarianism is commonly linked not simply with the belief that the timing of the End can be foreknown but with the apocalyptic notion that it is imminent. This was probably the expectation of certain of Bede’s brethren, yet he hints that he was also aware of fellow monks or clergy who speculated that both the Second Coming and the Eschaton lay in the remote future, long after their lives would have ended. Their assumption that Christ would not return soon, he seems to have feared, risked undermining moral will.
Operative and Cooperative Grace and the Question of Justification by Faith: A Contemporary Transposition
Authors: Ormerod Neil
Published: July 2015

The categories of operative and cooperative grace are rarely used today, but the problems are still evident in various ecumenical dialogues. This paper will argue that the category of ‘autonomous spiritual procession,’ developed by Robert Doran in the context of his recent work in trinitarian theology, may shed light on the question of cooperation. The article will then apply this insight to the tensions between Lutheran and Catholic positions on justification by faith.
Effects of hybrid yarn preparation technique and fiber sizing on the mechanical properties of continuous glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: Merter N Emrah , Başer Gülnur , Tanoğlu Metin
Published: July 2015

In this study, hybrid yarns were developed by commingling the continuous polypropylene and glass fibers using air jet and direct twist preparation techniques. The non-crimp fabrics were obtained with ± 45 ° fiber orientation from these hybrid yarns. The fabrics were prepared with fiber sizings that are compatible and incompatible with polypropylene matrix to investigate the effect of interfacial adhesion on the properties of the thermoplastic composites. Composite panels were produced from the developed fabrics by hot press compression method and microstructural and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. It was found that type of the hybrid yarn preparation technique and glass fiber sizing applied on the glass fibers have some important role on the properties of the composites. Composites made of fabrics produced by air jet hybrid yarn preparation technique exhibited better results than those produced by direct twist covering (single or double) hybrid yarn preparation techniques. The highest flexural properties (99.1 MPa flexural strength and 9.55 GPa flexural modulus) were obtained from the composites manufactured from fabric containing compatible sizing, due to better adhesion at the interface of glass fibers and polypropylene matrix. The composite fabricated from fabric with polypropylene compatible sizing also exhibited the highest peel resistance (interlaminar peel strength value of 5.87 N/mm). On the other hand, it was found that hybrid yarn preparation technique and type of the glass fiber sizing have insignificant effect on the impact properties of the glass fiber/polypropylene composites.
Paths to intervention
Authors: Binder Martin
Published: July 2015

Over the past two decades, the United Nations Security Council has responded more strongly to some humanitarian crises than to others. This variation in Security Council action raises the important question of what factors motivate United Nations intervention. This article offers a configurational explanation of selective Security Council intervention that integrates explanatory variables from different theories of third-party intervention. These variables are tested through a comparison of 31 humanitarian crises (1991–2004) using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. The analysis shows that a large extent of human suffering and substantial previous involvement in a crisis by international institutions are the key explanatory conditions for coercive Security Council action, but only when combined with negative spillover effects to neighboring countries (path 1) or with low capabilities of the target state (path 2). These results are highly consistent and explain 85% of Security Council interventions after the end of the Cold War. The findings suggest that the Council’s response to humanitarian crises is not random, but follows specific patterns that are indicated by a limited number of causal paths.
“Knowing Their World”
Authors: Shaw Julia T.
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this collective case study was to explore how successful urban choral educators use contextual knowledge to inform pedagogical practice. With choirs in nine of a large midwestern city’s demographically varied residential neighborhoods, a children’s choir organization provided a research setting that offered a unique view of urban teachers’ contextual knowledge. The study’s ethnically diverse participants taught in multiple classrooms each week, providing opportunities to explore how the same teacher responded to more than one demographic setting. Participants relied upon knowledge of learners, knowledge of context, and personal practical knowledge to successfully navigate the urban environment. Findings were interpreted in light of Geneva Gay’s five essential elements of culturally responsive teaching to illustrate how the teachers enacted contextual knowledge through culturally responsive practice. Implications for music teacher education are discussed based on the findings.
Designing for Game-Based Learning: The Effective Integration of Technology to Support Learning
Authors: Alaswad Zina , Nadolny Larysa
Published: July 2015

The use of games and game structures in educational contexts is growing in popularity. An increasing number of technologies have been developed to meet the needs of designing a course as a game. This article discussed the design process in game-based learning and reviewed the research on structuring a course with a focus on feedback, goals, and interaction. In addition, we presented the best practices and technologies to support the integration of badges and leaderboards into game-based learning. With the intentional and systematic design of game-based learning, instructors and designers will increase the impact of game attributes and elements on student achievement and motivation. Further investigation of game-based learning attributes and elements is needed to provide detailed knowledge on the compatibility with current technological tools.
Berlin Kompass: Multimodal Gameful Empowerment for Foreign Language Learning
Authors: Kallioniemi Pekka , Posti Laura-Pihkala , Hakulinen Jaakko , Turunen Markku , Keskinen Tuuli , Raisamo Roope
Published: July 2015

This article presents an innovative, gameful, multimodal, and authentic learning environment for training of oral communication in a foreign language—a virtual adventure called Berlin Kompass. After a brief presentation of the pedagogical and technological backgrounds, the system is described. Central results of a series of pilots in autumn 2013 with around 100 upper secondary pupils are described and further steps are discussed. The results are highly promising, and the concept was highly appreciated by the pupils regardless of some technical problems that the prototype had during the pilots. The researcher observations and the questionnaire results show that the concept manages to create a new motivating collaborative learning context with clear added value compared with equal tasks realized in a typical classroom approach.
Capability Stretching in Product Innovation
Authors: Wang Tang , Chen Yan
Published: July 2015

Product innovation is conventionally treated as a mechanism for organizations to renew their product portfolios. In this paper, we suggest that product innovation not only enables organizations to introduce new products to the market but also challenges organizations to renew their technological capabilities. Capability stretching is the degree to which an organization extends its technological capabilities to bridge the gap between what it has already known and what the development of a new product requires it to know. Capability stretching can be challenging because it involves the acquisition and assimilation of new and distant knowledge. Drawing on a longitudinal study of product introductions in the workstation industry, we find that capability stretching reduces the chance of new product survival. Furthermore, we also find that organizational boundaries moderate the negative relationship between capability stretching and product survival: Vertical integration exacerbates this negative relationship, whereas horizontal boundary mitigates this negative relationship. However, capability stretching can also be rewarding, as it renews technological capabilities and therefore facilitates adaptation to technological changes. We draw implications for the linkages between product innovation and capability development.
Accuracy of a Tablet Audiometer for Measuring Behavioral Hearing Thresholds in a Clinical Population
Authors: Thompson Gregory P. , Sladen Douglas P. , Borst Becky J. Hughes , Still Owen L.
Published: July 2015

Objective

To examine the validity of a tablet computer–based audiometer for measuring hearing thresholds in a moderately noisy environment.

Study Design

A prospective single‐cohort repeated measures study.

Setting

Tertiary care institution providing hearing health care to a diverse population.

Subjects and Methods

Subjects included 49 participants (44 adults, 5 children) with all degrees of hearing sensitivity. Potential participants were excluded if they were <4 years old or had cognitive deficits or ear drainage. Participants were tested with established audiometric tests and a tablet audiometer. Threshold values were measured for both ears using various stimuli (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz). Testing with the tablet audiometer was conducted in a non‐sound‐treated room; room properties were characterized by ambient noise level and reverberation testing. Calibration assessment of the tablet audiometer was performed on 3 occasions.

Results

Within the test thresholds for hearing level, results from the tablet device were within 10 dB of those determined by conventional audiometry for 164 of 172 hearing levels and did not show proportional bias over the testing range. Calibration assessment showed accurate proximity between output and target values, though crosstalk and linearity failed initial assessments.

Conclusion

The tablet‐based automated audiometer presents a new method for threshold hearing assessment outside conventional sound booths.
Does Nasal Surgery Improve OSA in Patients with Nasal Obstruction and OSA? A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Ishii Lisa , Roxbury Chris , Godoy Andres , Ishman Stacey , Ishii Masaru
Published: July 2015

Objective

To perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis to determine if isolated nasal surgery in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and nasal airway obstruction improves obstructive sleep apnea.

Data Sources

Computerized searches were performed in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library through October 2014. Manual searches and subject matter expert input was also solicited.

Review Methods

A search protocol was defined a priori, and 2 independent investigators performed the data extraction, focusing on relevant data, including quality data polysomnography data, and taking note of methodological quality and risk for bias.

Results

The 10 studies meeting criteria included a total of 320 patients. There were 2 randomized controlled trials, 7 prospective studies, and 1 retrospective study. There was a significant improvement in the pooled results of both Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS; difference 3.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.64, 6.23]) and Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI; 11.06, 95% CI [5.92, 16.19]) scores with isolated nasal surgery. There was no significant improvement in the Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) in the random effects model (4.83, 95% CI [–1.6, 11.62]).

Conclusions

The pooled results showed that isolated nasal surgery for patients with nasal obstruction and obstructive sleep apnea improved some sleep parameters, as shown by significant improvements in ESS and RDI, but had no significant improvements on AHI. Future controlled studies with larger groups are needed to confirm the benefits of isolated nasal surgery in this patient population.
Engagement and skill development through an innovative classroom music program
Authors: Richmond James , McLachlan Neil M. , Ainley Mary , Osborne Margaret
Published: July 2015

Rates of music participation are low in developed nations. This may be attributed in part to the failure of school music to engage children sufficiently to motivate them to continue learning and participating in music. We tested the Harmonix program of classroom music education, which is currently being designed to maximize engagement in music learning. The program employs a set of new, harmonically tuned percussion instruments, using cyclical, self-cuing patterns, and hierarchical rhythmic structures that match complexity with ability. Graphical scores reduce cognitive load, and assist students to compose music from the first class. Cooperative learning activities consolidate learning and further stimulate engagement through personal and group expression. Using a combination of timely self-report and objective measurement, we found that student learning and skill acquisition increased over the six-week program while high engagement was maintained. Engagement measures also increased within each session. Over the six weeks of the program no significant changes were observed in attitudes toward music.
Combination of factor Xa inhibition and antiplatelet therapy after stenting in patients with iliofemoral post-thrombotic venous obstruction
Authors: Langwieser Nicolas , Bernlochner Isabell , Wustrow Isabel , Dirschinger Ralf J , Jaitner Juliane , Dommasch Michael , Bradaric Christian , Laugwitz Karl-Ludwig , Ibrahim Tareq
Published: July 2015

Objectives

Studies addressing optimal postprocedural pharmacological management after endovascular stenting of iliofemoral post-thrombotic venous obstruction are lacking. We report our early clinical experience with a combination of rivaroxaban and clopidogrel in patients after iliofemoral post-thrombotic venous obstruction stenting.

Methods

Demographic, procedural, and follow-up data of nine patients (seven women; mean age of 32 ± 11 years) undergoing 10 procedures for iliofemoral post-thrombotic venous obstruction performed between August 2012 and January 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. After endovascular intervention, all patients were administered 20 mg rivaroxaban once daily (s.i.d.) and 75 mg clopidogrel s.i.d. or every second day depending on the individual drug responsiveness for at least six months. The adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation (platelet aggregation, in aggregation units × min) was assessed on a Multiplate analyzer. Patency was verified venographically at procedure end and was evaluated with duplex ultrasound in regular follow-ups.

Results

Iliofemoral venous flow was successfully re-established by percutaneous endovascular angioplasty and stent implantation in nine left-sided and one bilateral iliofemoral post-thrombotic venous obstruction. Under dual treatment strategy of rivaroxaban and clopidogrel with platelet aggregation control (median (range): 285 aggregation units × min (192; 402)), none of the patients experienced restenosis or stent thrombosis, respectively. After a median follow-up of 14 months (range: 6–26 months), the primary patency rate was 100% and no in-stent restenosis, stent occlusion or relevant minor or major bleeding occurred.

Conclusion

Combined factor Xa inhibition and tailored antiplatelet therapy after stenting of iliofemoral post-thrombotic venous obstruction were safe and performed favorably in terms of vessel patency.
YouTube as a source of information on varicose veins
Authors: Güneş Tevfik , Serinken Mustafa , Alur İhsan , Beydilli Halil , Karcioglu Ozgur , Eken Cenker
Published: July 2015

Background

There has been little investigation of videos related to varicose veins in Internet media. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and scientific accuracy of the videos related to varicose veins which were uploaded to the youtube.com website.

Methods

The YouTube site was searched in October 2014 using the keywords varicose vein, varicose veins, and varicosis with no filter. The contents of the reviewed videos were assigned to three groups as useful, partly useful, and not useful by using the criteria including the scientific contents of the videos, contemporariness and accuracy of the insight, and presentation of the data particularly regarding the visual features. The statistical analysis was based only on the videos rated as ‘useful.’

Results

In total, 1519 (84.4%) of 1800 videos evaluated were excluded. Many of the sources uploading videos to the website were healthcare professionals (32.7% n = 92). Regarding the source of the upload, those from official institutions/associations were viewed statistically significantly more often than videos uploaded by all others ( p = 0.001). The rated usefulness was significantly higher for videos uploaded by official institutions/associations (100%) than those uploaded by others ( p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Official institutions/associations should be encouraged to produce and upload videos including up-to-date and comprehensive information regarding the disease. Likewise, additional search tools would be useful to locate videos uploaded by academic figures and institutions.
Children’s Coping With Academic Failure
Authors: Raftery-Helmer Jacquelyn N. , Grolnick Wendy S.
Published: July 2015

There is little consensus on how to conceptualize coping after perceived failure and less is known about the contextual resources that may support or undermine the use of specific coping strategies. This study examined parenting in relation to coping using the framework of self-determination theory and examined the motivational processes through which parenting, specifically parental structure, autonomy support, and involvement, may be associated with coping. Findings showed that the relations between parental structure and parental autonomy support and defensive coping were mediated by perceived control; however, there were also direct effects of structure and autonomy support, unmediated by this motivational resource. Findings also suggest that parent involvement directly predicts mastery coping.
The Potential for Community-Directed Interventions
Authors: Brieger William R. , Sommerfeld Johannes U. , Amazigo Uche V. ,   CDI Network
Published: July 2015

Community-directed interventions (CDIs) have the potential for fulfilling the promise of primary health care by reaching underserved populations in various settings. CDI has been successfully tested by expanding access to additional health services like malaria case management through local effort in communities where ivermectin distribution is ongoing. The question remains whether the CDI approach has potential in communities that do not have a foundation of community-directed treatment with ivermectin. The UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program of Research and Training in Tropical Diseases commissioned three sets of formative studies to explore the potential for introducing CDI among nomads, urban poor, and rural areas with no community-directed treatment with ivermectin. This article reviews their findings. Community and health system respondents identified a set of mainly communicable diseases that could be adapted to CDI as well as participatory mechanisms like community-based organizations and leaders that could form a foundation for local organizing and participation. It is hoped that the results of these formative studies will spur further research on CDI among peoples with poor health-care access.
Longitudinal Associations Between Executive Functions and Intelligence in Preschool Children
Authors: Rahbari Noriyeh , Vaillancourt Tracy
Published: July 2015

Executive functions (EFs) and intelligence were examined concurrently and longitudinally in 126 preschool children. EF was assessed using the Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST) and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Preschool Version (BRIEF-P). Children’s intelligence was assessed using the Verbal and Performance subtests from Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Third Edition (WPPSI-III). Results showed a significant association between verbal and nonverbal intelligence with both the FIST and the BRIEF-P. The BRIEF-P working memory scale showed the strongest relation with EF and intelligence at both time points. Results are discussed in terms of differential association between intelligence and components of EF.
Two Hundred Thirty-Six Children With Developmental Hydrocephalus: Causes and Clinical Consequences
Authors: Tully Hannah M. , Ishak Gisele E. , Rue Tessa C. , Dempsey Jennifer C. , Browd Samuel R. , Millen Kathleen J. , Doherty Dan , Dobyns William B.
Published: July 2015

Few systematic assessments of developmental forms of hydrocephalus exist. We reviewed magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and clinical records of patients with infancy-onset hydrocephalus. Among 411 infants, 236 had hydrocephalus with no recognizable extrinsic cause. These children were assigned to 1 of 5 subtypes and compared on the basis of clinical characteristics and developmental and surgical outcomes. At an average age of 5.3 years, 72% of children were walking independently and 87% could eat by mouth; in addition, 18% had epilepsy. Distinct patterns of associated malformations and syndromes were observed within each subtype. On average, children with aqueductal obstruction, cysts, and encephaloceles had worse clinical outcomes than those with other forms of developmental hydrocephalus. Overall, 53% of surgically treated patients experienced at least 1 shunt failure, but hydrocephalus associated with posterior fossa crowding required fewer shunt revisions. We conclude that each subtype of developmental hydrocephalus is associated with distinct clinical characteristics, syndromology, and outcomes, suggesting differences in underlying mechanisms.