bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASPECTS OF FRUCTOSE METABOLISM IN NORMAL MAN
Authors: Bergström J. , Fürst P. , Gallyas F. , Hultman E. , Nilsson L. H:son , Roch‐Norlund A. E. , Vinnars E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.In normal subjects infusion of fructose (1 g/kg/hr) for 4 hrs resulted in an increase in the glycogen content of them. quadriceps femorisof 3.3 g/kg wet muscle (muscle samples obtained by needle biopsy). This was equal to the amount of glycogen formed after a glucose infusion of the same magnitude. In muscle depleted of glycogen by exercise, infusion of glucose resulted in twice as much glycogen formed, as did a fructose infusion. Formation of liver glycogen was much higher after fructose than after glucose infusion (liver samples obtained by Menghini biopsy). Studies by hepatic vein catheterization indicated that glucose formation by the liver was insufficient to account for the synthesis of muscle glycogen, which presumably occurred directly from fructose taken up by the muscle.

The occurrence of high lactic acid concentrations in blood resulting from infusion of fructose could be partly abolished by simultaneous infusion of amino acids, thus lessening the risk of lactic acidosis.
HEPATIC ACCUMULATION OF METABOLITES AFTER FRUCTOSE LOADING
Authors: Woods H. F.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.The changes in the metabolite content in freeze‐clamped livers of fed rats occurring on perfusion with 10 mM D‐fructose have been examined under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. During aerobic perfusion the main effects of fructose were an accumulation of fructose 1‐phosphate, as already known, up to 8.7 μmol/g of liver within 10 min, a loss of total adenine nucleotides (up to 35 % after 40 min) with a decrease in the ATP content to 23 % within 10 min, a seven‐fold rise in the concentration of IMP to 1.1 μmol/g and an eight‐fold rise of a‐glycerophosphate to 1.1 μmol/g. There was a transient decrease in Pifrom 4.2 to 1.7 μmol/g. Within 40 min the Picontent recovered to the normal value. The content of lactate increased to 4.3 μmol/g at 80 min; pyruvate also increased and the [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio remained within physiological limits. The concentration of free fructose within the liver remained much below that in the perfusion medium, indicating that the rate of penetration of fructose into the tissue was lower than the rate of utilisation. The fission of fructose 1‐phosphate by liver aldolase is inhibited by several phosphorylated intermediates, especially by IMP. This inhibition is competive with a Kiof 0.1 mM. The maximal rates of the enzyme synthesising and splitting fructose 1‐phosphate are about equal. The accumulation of fructose 1‐phosphate on fructose loading is due to the inhibition of the fission of fructose 1‐phosphate by the IMP arising from the degradation of the adenine nucleotides. When the conditions were anaerobic fructose was readily converted to lactate and the fructose 1‐phosphate content of the liver after 40 min rose to 5.5 μmol/g. The total adenine nucleotide content decreased to 1.74 μmol/g. The contents of a‐glycerophosphate and lactate were 4.3 μmol/g and 5.6 μmol/g respectively, the [lactate]/[pyruvate] increased to 53.
DOES DIETARY FRUCTOSE AFFECT THE CONTROL OF DIABETES IN CHILDREN?
Authors: Äkerblom H. K. , Siltanen Irmeli , Kallio Anna‐Kaarina
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The purpose of the study was to find out whether fructose can be used as a dietetic sweetener for diabetic children.

Acute effects of ingested fructose were studied in 26 hospitalized diabetic children by giving fructose, 1.0 g/kg, at breakfast, and by comparing 3 hours postcibal blood glucose to that of control days, when a corresponding amount of calories was given as a regular breakfast. Postcibal hyperglycemia from 30 to 120 min was significantly less on fructose days as compared with control days. The differences between blood glucose on control and fructose days were significantly greater from 30 to 120 min than the chance variations on two control days.

The effects of more prolonged use of dietary fructose on diabetes were studied in 16 patients at home for four weeks by alternating between one week periods on diets which included 1.5 g/kg/day of fructose and control weeks of regular isocaloric sugar‐free diets. Glucosuria, recorded twice daily by Clinitest®, and once a week by measuring 24‐hour glucose excretion, was similar during control and fructose weeks. Ketonuria was infrequent during either diet. Fructose did not elevate serum triglycerides.

Because dietary fructose, given in substantially larger amounts did not impair the control of diabetes, it is concluded that fructose can be used by diabetic children at a rate of 0.5 g/kg/day without negative effect so long as the patient otherwise adheres to a quantitative diet, includes fructose on an isocaloric basis, and only patient's mother administers the compound.
Chapter V BLOOD PRESSURE IN A POPULATION SAMPLE OF WOMEN AND IN WOMEN WITH ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
Authors: Bengtsson Calle
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Women with myocardial infarction had hypertension, were on antihypertensive treatment, and had a family history of hypertension significantly more often than women in the general population. The distribution of blood pressure values in women with angina pectoris did not differ significantly from that in the general population of women. Hypertensives were significantly over‐represented among women with ECG changes suggestive of ischaemic heart disease. This might be interpreted either as a sign that “coronary ECG” as defined is often a pre‐symptomatic manifestation of ischaemic heart disease in hypertensives, or that these ECG changes are not specific for ischaemic heart disease.
Chapter VI SERUM CHOLESTEROL AND SERUM TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS IN A POPULATION SAMPLE OF WOMEN AND IN WOMEN WITH ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
Authors: Bengtsson Calle , Björntorp Per , Tibblin Elisabeth
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The serum cholesterol levels of women who had suffered myocardial infarction were not higher than in the general population of women, nor the serum cholesterol levels of women with angina pectoris or ECG changes suggestive of ischaemic heart disease. The serum triglyceride values were significantly higher in women who had had myocardial infarction, and in women with ECG changes suggestive of ischaemic heart disease. There was no significant over‐representation of high serum triglyceride values in women with angina pectoris.
Chapter VII SMOKING HABITS IN A POPULATION SAMPLE OF WOMEN AND IN WOMEN WITH ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
Authors: Bengtsson Calle
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Smoking was more common in younger than in older women in the general population as found from a population study of women aged 38–60. Almost half of the women aged 38 were smokers as compared to about 20% of those aged 60. There was no over‐representation of smokers in women who had angina pectoris or ECG changes suggestive of ischaemic heart disease. Women who had an acute attack of myocardial infarction were significantly more often smokers than women in the general population. In addition, cigarette consumption was significantly higher among female smokers who had MI than among female smokers in the general population.
THE EFFECT OF LONG‐TERM ADMINISTRATION ON THE ABSORPTION OF METHYLSCOPOLAMINE IN MAN
Authors: Beermann Björn , Hellström Kjell , Rosén Anders
Published: August 2010

Abstract14C‐methylscopolamine (15 mg) and the nonabsorbable marker polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been given orally to six healthy subjects who had received oral doses of 10–25 mg of the drug for 10–14 days prior to the experiments. With this treatment the subjects experienced dryness in the mouth. Compared to untreated subjects studied previously in the same way, the passage of PEG through the small intestine appeared to be retarded. The absorption of the labelled compound—as evidenced by the concentration of radioactivity per unit marker in gastrointestinal aspirates, the blood levels, and the urinary, faecal and biliary excretion of label—was the same whether the subjects were pretreated with methyl‐scopolamine or not.
FIRST DEGREE HEART BLOCK AFTER DC COUNTERSHOCK
Authors: Wester P. O. , Helmers C.
Published: August 2010

Abstract During 2 1/2 years 131 patients with atrial arrhythmias have been treated with DC countershock on 146 occasions. In 31 cases first degree heart block (AV‐I) was observed after conversion to sinus rhythm. Different clinical parameters are discussed in relation to the development of postconversion AV‐I. Three out of four patients who developed circulatory arrest during the postconversion period had had AV‐I after conversion. Careful observation of patients who develop postconversion AV‐I is recommended.
BUMETANIDE, A NEW POTENT DIURETIC
Authors: Olesen Knud H. , Sigurd Bjarne , Steiness Eva , Leth Arne
Published: August 2010

AbstractBumetanide, a new compound with diuretic action, has been evaluated in 106 patients with congestive heart failure. Bumetanide was found to be a very potent natriuretic and diuretic agent with a rapid onset and a short duration of action. Bumetanide natriuresis was associated with an increased urinary output of potassium and chloride and a trend to development of hypokalemia, hypochloraemia and metabolic alkalosis. Bumetanide was able to decrease renal‐diluting and renal‐concentrating abilities and has apparently a site of action in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. In comparative short‐term and long‐term studies bumetanide proved to be equipotent with furosemide at one‐fortieth of its molar dosage. On continued daily administration for several months and with supplements of potassium chloride or spironolactone, bumetanide produced effective diuresis with minimal changes in blood chemistry, haematological status or liver function. Like other saluretics it caused a tendency to hyperuricaemia, but it did not provoke gouty arthritis or diabetes mellitus. Bumetanide is very well tolerated and is one of the most potent diuretics available to‐day.
HYPERVISCOSITY IN COLD ENVIRONMENT CAUSED BY A 6.5 S CRYOGLOBULIN IN A PATIENT WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Wiltink W. F. , Esseveld M. R. , Gerbrandy J. , van Eijk H. G.
Published: August 2010

Abstract A case of hyperviscosity in cold environment in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and cryoglobulinemia is reported. Ulcers and vascular disturbances (livedo reticularis) of the legs were possibly caused by a hyperviscosity syndrome in cold environment due to the presence of the 6.5 S cryoglobulin.
SERUM PHOSPHATE AND CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE EXCRETION AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SERUM CALCIUM IN HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: Wibell Lars , Werner Ivar
Published: August 2010

Abstract The excretion of phosphate and calcium and the level of serum phosphate have been compared and related to different levels of serum calcium in 73 cases of verified hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Variations in the dietary regimen over short periods had little influence on the reuslts. The phosphate parameters were fairly closely related to the degree of hypercalcemia. Patients with pronounced hypercalcemia had more hypercalciuria than those with moderate elevations, but pronounced hypercalciuria was also found in the group of normocalcemic HPT. These patients are easily mistaken for “essential hypercalciuria”.
EFFECT OF ALPRENOLOL ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
Authors: Castenfors Jan , Johnsson Hans , Orö Lars
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn 17 patients with essential hypertension on chlorthalidone treatment alprenolol was given in double‐blind crossover trial. The effect on blood pressure (BP), plasma renin activity (PRA) and blood volume was studied. During chlorthalidone treatment PRA was increased and blood volume decreased. Alprenolol induced a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic BP and PRA. The alprenolol‐induced decreases in BP and PRA were significantly correlated. Alprenolol did not influence the decreased blood volume during chlorthalidone treatment. The effect of β‐adrenergic blocking agents on the renin release from the kidney and its possible role in the hypotensive effect of these agents are discussed.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL EVENTS IN A CORONARY CARE UNIT
Authors: Theorell T. , Wester P. O.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Thirty‐six consecutively admitted patients of both sexes aged 45–83 years have been interviewed during their stay at the coronary care unit at the Serafimerlasarettet. The interviewers were not aware of the patients' clinical diagnoses nor their frequency of ventricular arrhythmias. Information was collected concerning number of visits by relatives and kind and number of disturbing items at the ward during the 24‐hour period which followed the initial 8–18 hours after admission. This information was analysed in relation to the kind and frequency of ventricular arrhythmias. The number of disturbing items was similarly distributed in the two diagnostic groups (definite or suspect myocardial infarction, N = 17, and observation cases, N = 19). The number of relatives' visits was higher in the infarction group during the studied period (p <0.01). In both diagnostic groups, which were similar with regard to age and sex, a tendency was observed for patients with potentially more serious arrhythmias to have more visits by relatives. This could not be explained by the relatives' knowledge of the medical condition of the patient. A tendency was also observed for patients in both groups with more ventricular arrhythmias to report more disturbing items not related to their coronary care at the ward. The findings are discussed against the background of findings of levels of free fatty acids in the blood, which were elevated in both diagnostic groups (to a similar extent), and of known effects of catecholamines in stressful conditions.
ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION OCCURRING DURING CONTINUOUS ECG RECORDING
Authors: Mogensen L. , Orinius E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Ten hours after admission to a coronary care unit because of accelerating angina on effort a 60‐year‐old woman experienced prolonged chest pain. S‐T segment elevations, sinus and nodal bradycardia and ventricular tachyarrhythmias occurred within minutes, and pathologic Q waves appeared within one hour. Serial transaminase estimations and ECGs confirmed the development of transmural anterior myocardial infarction. Cases like this may fill the gap in our knowledge about the earliest phase of myocardial infarction in man.
THE DUODENAL MICROFLORA IN RELATION TO VARIOUS SYMPTOMS AND MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY DISEASE
Authors: Engström Jörgen , Hellström Kjell
Published: August 2010

Abstract The study comprised 93 patients who had or had previously had some form of extrahepatic disease. Duodenal aspirates from 23 of the patients (class 1) contained more than 103 of aerobic colonic microorganisms per ml. No growth or less than 103 of such organisms and less than 103 of common pharyngeal species per ml of the aspirate (a “normal” microflora, class 2) was encountered in 48 cases. A pharyngeal flora defined as more than 105 of common pharyngeal species per ml of the aspirate was found in 22 patients (class 3). The incidence of present or previous abnormalities of the common bile duct (choledocholithiasis, stenosis and dilation) was 56% in class 1, and 13 and 23% in classes 2 and 3, respectively. The mean age in classes 1, 2 and 3 was 68.2, 48.3 and 59.1 years, respectively. On the basis of a previous study it was anticipated that most of the patients in class 1, a considerable part of those in class 3 but almost none of those in class 2 harboured microorganisms in the liver and/or the biliary tract. As reflected by laboratory tests and the histology of the liver biopsy specimens, the incidence of liver disease appeared to be unrelated to the type of microflora in the upper small intestine. The incidence of an ESR above 30 mm/hour, fever episodes unrelated to a common cold, urinary tract infection and concomitant diseases appeared to be higher in class 1 than in class 2. The significance of these findings with regard to a possible relationship between the duodenal microflora and the existence of an infectious process is discussed.
THE DUODENAL MICROFLORA AND THE INCIDENCE OF MALABSORPTION IN NON‐ICTERIC PATIENTS WITH EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY DISEASE
Authors: Engström Jörgen , Hellström Kjell
Published: August 2010

Abstract The study comprised 93 patients who were cholecystectomized and/or showed some form of extrahspatic biliary disease. An abnormal proliferation of aerobic colonic or pharyngeal microorganisms in the upper small intestine was encountered in 23 and 22 patients, respectively. Minor amounts of unconjugated bile acids were detected in duodenal bile of 3 patients with an aerobic colonic microflora. On the basis of the incidence of malnutrition, diarrhoea, steatorrhoea and abnormal indicanuria it was concluded that the proliferation of bacteria in the upper small intestine had minor effects on the absorption of fat and proteins.
EFFECTS OF ALPRENOLOL AND ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE IN ANGINA PECTORIS
Authors: Keyriläinen Olavi , Nyberg Gunnar , Uusitalo Arto J.
Published: August 2010

AbstractSeventeen patients suffering from exertional angina pectoris according to their records, and confirmed by exercise testing, have been subjected to a 40‐week study (including a 13‐week pretrial period) for assessing the effects of placebo, isosorbide dinitrate (ISD) 5 mg q.i.d. orally, and alprenolol (ALP) (an adrenergicβ‐blocker) 100 mg q.i.d. Variables measured were nitroglycerin consumption, scale rating of subjective symptoms, casual exercise testing, and step counter readings of daily activity. These variables were used to calculate a “severity index” and a “total response index”. ISD was found to have some, possibly a transient, beneficial effect, which was related to a decrease in systolic BP. The effect of ALP was significantly better in 14 of 17 patients responding to the drug, both with regard to nitroglycerin consumption, severity index, total response index and exercise testing. Placebo tablets reduced nitroglycerin consumption by about 25% over 10 weeks, but the severity of angina was not influenced. Side‐effects were few on all drugs. Only headache was reported significantly more often during ISD therapy. The methodology of testing treatment efficacy in angina over prolonged periods is discussed, and the severity index is compared with conventional variables such as attack counting, subjective rating and casual exercise testing. The severity index correlates well with the total response index. It is concluded that the severity index, although theoretically the most suitable variable, is in practice difficult to determine, and that a total response index probably is as sensitive, and easier to obtain on the basis of conventional variables.
STUDIES ON URINARY INFECTIONS IN DIABETICS
Authors: Vejlsgaard René
Published: August 2010

Abstract A material consisting of 132 non‐selected pregnant diabetics has been investigated, employing two consecutive urine cultures giving > 105 colonies of the same micro‐organisms/ml urine as a criterion of the presence of urinary infection. The findings were as follows: 1) Significant bacteriuria at more than 1 investigation was present in 18.2% of the patients (24 out of 132). Twenty‐one of the patients presented with significant bacteriuria, three developed bacteriuria later in pregnancy. 2) The occurrence of urinary infection could not be correlated to increasing age. 3) On the other hand there was a significantly increasing incidence of urinary infections in patients with duration of diabetes. 4) A statistically significant correlation was found between the presence of diabetic angiopathy, expressed as the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy, and the incidence of urinary infection. No attempt was made to correlate the incidence of significant bacteriuria to other forms of angiopathy, as the material was too small and the criteria inadequate. 5) Urinary infections occurred with significantly greater incidence in White's groups D and F than in A, B and C (18 out of 57 against 6 out of 75). 6) Of the cases with demonstrated urinary infection 62.5% were asymptomatic and ran an asymptomatic course throughout pregnancy. 7) Approximately 25% of the patients with dysuria and pollakisuria did not have significant bacteriuria. 8) The relationship between urinary infection and diabetic angiopathy appears to have been further emphasized. The desirability is pointed out of an investigation of the possible relationship between subclinical neuropathy of the bladder and significant bacteriuria.
A CASE OF SYNCOPE ON SWALLOWING SECONDARY TO DIFFUSE OESOPHAGEAL SPASM
Authors: Alstrup Poul , Pedersen Svend Arne
Published: August 2010

Abstract A case of secondary vagal syncope elicited from the oesophagus is reported. Radiography and manometry revealed changes characteristic of diffuse oesophageal spasm. The intake of a granulate, which in the patient's experience could induce the attacks in a mild form, was found to elicit precordial pain, an abnormally high intraluminal pressure in the oesophagus, and atrio‐ventricular block. After being treated by oesophagomyotomy plus repair of a hiatal hernia the patient has not for 6 months had any pain from syncopal attacks.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIURETICS ON ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE AND SERUM POTASSIUM
Authors: Degnbol Bjarne , Dorph Sven , Marner Torben
Published: August 2010

Abstract A material of 22 patients with essential benign hypertension has been submitted to a double‐blind investigation, in which each patient received hydrochlorothiazide 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg daily, clopamide 10 and 20 mg daily, cyclothiazide 2 mg daily, and a placebo. Each of these dosages was administered for at least 6 weeks. The mean blood pressure and serum electrolyte values during administration of the placebo and the changes in these values during treatment are accounted for. The dose effect curve of hydrochlorothiazide is characterized by a considerable fall in BP following administration of the lowest dose. When the dosage is increased, the fall in BP is linear and relatively slight. As the reduction in serum potassium during treatment showed the same pattern, it could be demonstrated that, in the material as a whole, and within the range investigated, there was a direct proportionality between the fall in BP and the reduction in serum potassium. Clopamide and cyclothiazide in equipotent doses resulted in the same degree of hypokalaemia as did hydrochlorothiazide.
MUSCLE TRIGLYCERIDES
Authors: Fröberg Sven O.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Muscle tissue from the lateral vastus of the femoral muscle was taken by needle biopsy from 59 healthy fasting men 20–61 years of age and analysed for triglycerides, phospholipids and glycogen. The mean muscle triglyceride concentration increased with age and was 10.2 ± 0.9, 12.8 ± 1.6, 15.9 ± 1.0 and 16.2 ± 1.0 μmole/g for men in the third, fourth, fifth and sixth decades, respectively, while no consistent change was found in the mean concentration of phospholipids and glycogen. The concentration of phospholipids and glycogen was higher in subjects who reported “increased amounts of habitual physical activity” than in those reporting “normal” level. The muscle triglyceride concentration was apparently not influenced by the level of “physical activity”. The concentration of triglycerides in muscle was positively correlated to age and to the plasma triglyceride concentration. The correlation between the triglyceride concentration in muscle and plasma remained when the influence of age on these variables was eliminated by partial regression analysis. The possibility is discussed that the plasma triglycerides are of importance for the muscle triglyceride metabclism by supplying fatty acids for the triglyceride synthetizing system in the muscle tissue. No correlation was found between the concentration of triglycerides and glycogen in muscle. The standard deviation for differences in the triglyceride concentration between duplicate muscle samples was 2.4 μmole/g for subjects 20–39 years of age, 6.4 μtnole/g for subjects above 40 years of age. The corresponding values for the phospholipid concentration were similar in all age groups with a mean of 0.8 mg/g for all subjects.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELIABILITY OF SCREENING TESTS FOR BACTERIURIA
Authors: Alwall Nils
Published: August 2010

Abstract In a screening programme 1 488 persons inoculated dip‐slides (Inculator®) in their homes and posted them to a central laboratory, where they were read after incubation in a thermostat for 18 hours at 37°C. A high frequency of significant bacteriuria was recorded. Despite published statements to the contrary, there were reasons to presume that bacterial growth during the transport at the current outside temperature created a large number of false positive results. At the medical examination of the same persons a few weeks later the inoculated dip‐slides were incubated in a thermostat without delay. The prevalence of significant bacteriuria was reduced by 50–50%. Computer analysis showed that, in many cases, initial non‐significant bacteriuria probably increased during the transport and became significant, thus giving false positive results. This presumption was borne out by the results of the laboratory tests, at which series of inoculated dip‐slides were read after immediate incubation in a thermostat and after storage for 24–72 hours at room temperature, with subsequent incubation in a thermostat, respectively. The number of false positives increased with the duration of storage at room temperature before incubation. The laboratory study also showed that storage of inoculated dip‐slides for 24 hours at room temperature gives a smaller number of positive results than does incubation in a thermostat for 18 hours (false negatives). The literature contains conflicting data on this point. A technique has been elaborated to provide a solution to the problem of transporting inoculated dip‐slides.
HYPOTHYROIDISM FOLLOWING LITHIUM TREATMENT
Authors: Edhag O. , Swahn Å. , Wester P. O.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Three patients with hypothyroidism, who were treated with lithium at the time their disease was discovered, are presented. The possible connection between their hypothyroidism and lithium medication is discussed.
DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN HALF‐LIFE IN MAN AND ITS INHIBITION BY PHENYLBUTAZONE: THE ROLE OF GENETIC FACTORS
Authors: Andreasen Per Buch , Frøland Anders , Skovsted Lis , Andersen Steffen Aas , Hauge Mogens
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe diphenylhydantoin serum half‐life (DPHT/2) has been determined in 14 pairs of healthy young male twins, 7 identical and 7 fraternal. The mean intrapair variance was significantly less in identical than in fraternal twins, indicating that the individual variability in DPHT/2 is mainly due to genetic factors. A daily dose of 100 mg phenylbutazone for 5 or 6 days to 11 pairs of the twins greatly prolonged the DPHT/2. A significant correlation between the prolongation of the DPHT/2 and the serum phenylbutazone levels was found (r= + 0.586,p<0.01). Nevertheless large individual variations in the prolongation of DPHT/2 at identical phenylbutazone levels were demonstrated. There was, however, no difference in the mean intrapair variance of identical and fraternal twins and we conclude that the individual variability in the extent of impairment of DPH metabolism by phenylbutazone cannot be attributed to genetic influence.
THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE DURING MODERATE HYPERGLYCEMIA IN NORMAL MAN
Authors: Brøchner‐Mortensen J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.At ten examinations the renal clearances of inulin and51Cr‐EDTA have been determined before, during and after hyperglycemia induced in nine normal young men. The blood glucose concentration was kept moderately elevated for a period of 2 to 3 hours by a combined oral and i.v. administration of glucose. During the hyperglycemia the inulin and51Cr‐EDTA clearances showed a highly significant increase averaging 14 and 13%, respectively. The urinary sodium excretion rate was reduced during the hyperglycemia. Five subjects were examined during a water load. No significant change occurred in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). A possible explanation of the effect on the GFR of a glucose load could be an interaction between the glucose and sodium transport in the kidney combined with a moderate increase in the plasma volume.
HUMAN GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Westberg N. Gunnar , Michael Alfred F.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was isolated from human kidneys obtained at autopsy or nephrectomy in preparation for transplantation. Kidneys from 22 patients were used: 10 patients without a history of diabetes mellitus or kidney disease and with normal kidney morphology, 5 with a short history of diabetes and minimal pathological changes in the kidneys, and 7 with very advanced diabetic nephropathy. The GBM preparations were individually analysed for amino acids, carbohydrates, phospholipids and cholesterol. The cystine concentration was found to be lower both in early diabetic nephropathy and advanced diabetic nephropathy than in normal kidneys. In advanced diabetic nephropathy a significant decrease in the content of sialic acid was found. Contrary to other reports there was no increase in the amounts of hydroxylysine or glucosyl‐galactosyl‐hydroxylysine. The influence of technical factors on the chemical composition of GBM preparations is discussed.
HUMAN GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND PYELONEPRITIS
Authors: Westberg N. Gunnar , Michael Alfred F.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The chemical composition of glomerular basement membrane (GBM), isolated from 18 kidneys in advanced stage of renal disease, has been studied. On the basis of morphological changes and clinical observations 7 kidneys from 7 patients were classified as showing chronic pyelonephritis, including interstitial nephritis, 5 as chronic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, 2 as idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis, and 4 as chronic glomerulonephritis of unspecified type. Ten normal kidneys were included as controls. For several constituents obvious differences were found between GBM isolated from diseased and normal kidneys, most pronounced for the chronic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis groups. The differences could not be explained solely by contamination of the diseased kidney GBM with collagen. More than one simultaneous process may have contributed to the observed changes in the biochemical composition of diseased GBM.
THE INFLUENCE OF PHENFORMIN ON LACTATE METABOLISM IN DIABETIC PATIENTS IN RELATION TO HYPOXIA AND EXERCISE
Authors: Hermann L. S. , Nathan Eva , Ebbesen Ingrid
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The influence of phenformin therapy for 2 days on lactate metabolism has been examined in 10 stable diabetics and 1 obese non‐diabetic with a family history of diabets in relation to hypoxia and exercise. Phenformin significantly increased the basal lactate and pyruvate production and augmented the production of lactate after hypoxia. During severe exercise and hypoxia phenformin had no additional effect, but the elimination of accumulated lactate, pyruvate and excess lactate was significantly decreased 60–90 min after cessation of the exercise and hypoxia. The effect was most evident in exhausted an untrained individuals, especially two females. The observed effect of phenformin is regarded as an integrated part of the antidiabetic, hypoglycemic effect with relation to the decreased ability of the diabetic organism to eliminate accumulated lactate by increasing gluconeogenesis. It is also regarded as a potentially toxic effect contributing to hyperlactatemia when other predisposing factors are present.
GASTRIC ACID SECRETORY RESPONSE TO PENTAGASTRIN INFUSION IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Langer L. , Walan A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. In order to study the secretory sensitivity, which could be a measure of the cholinergic activity in the acid secretory glands, response curves to graded doses of intravenously infused pentagastrin have been recorded for 11 patients with diabetes mellitus and 7 control subjects. ED50, i.e. that dose which gives 50% of the maximal response, was calculated. In some patients of the diabetic group the dose response curve is shifted to the right with an elevated ED50. These findings are interpreted as reflecting reduced cholinergic influences of the stomach.
DISODIUM CROMOGLYCATE IN BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Authors: Georg Johan , Hansen Ib , Pedersen‐Bjergaard Jens
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Twenty patients suffering from pronounced and stable bronchial asthma have been treated with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and placebo in a double‐blind crossover trial. Significant improvement was obtained in subjective scores as well as in the lung function measured by vital capacity and forced expiratory volume (1 sec) during treatment with DSCG compared to placebo. Toxic effects on the heart, bone marrow, liver or kidneys were not demonstrated. The effect of DSCG was generally modest, but in a few patients the drug had a considerable and clinically relevant effect.
THE SPECTRUM OF PLASMA INSULIN RESPONSES IN MIDDLE‐AGED AND OLD NON‐OBESE DIABETICS WITH VARIOUS DEGREES OF METABOLIC DERANGEMENT
Authors: Johansen Klaus
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The plasma insulin responses of newly diagnosed, untreated, non‐obese, middle‐aged and old diabetics constitute a wide spectrum of responses varying with the metabolic state. The insulin response pattern after oral glucose in the mildest degree of glucose intolerance is characterized by a sustained rise in the plasma insulin concentration and a delayed decline towards the fasting level with a plasma insulin level higher than normal during the later part of the oral tests. The initial plasma insulin release in the mildest degree of glucose intolerance is, however, quite normal. In patients with more pronounced glucose intolerance the initial insulin response is proportionally more sluggish, and in severe glucose intolerance an overall diminishing of the insulin response obtains. After i.v. glucose and tolbutamide largely the same pattern is seen. The initial plasma insulin release in the mildest degree of glucose intolerance is normal. In patients with more pronounced glucose intolerance the initial insulin response is delayed, while only small changes occur during the later part of the insulin response. In the diabetics a significant positive correlation is found between the fasting plasma insulin and the fasting blood glucose concentration. A significant negative correlation is found in the diabetics between the fasting blood glucose and the increment from fasting to 15‐min and 2‐hour plasma insulin concentration in the oral tests and the increment from fasting to the 10‐min insulin value in the i.v. tests. There is, however, no correlation between the fasting plasma insulin and the 2‐hour plasma insulin concentrations in the oral tests in the diabetics. In the i.v. glucose tolerance test a significant inverse correlation exists in the diabetics between the fasting plasma insulin concentration and the increment from fasting to the 10‐min plasma insulin value, while such a correlation between the same parameters does not exist in the i.v. tolbutamide test.
THE SIMULATION OF THE ELIMINATION PROCESS FOR A SUBSTANCE INJECTED INTO THE BLOOD STREAM
Authors: Hallberg Dag , McLean Alan
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The elimination process of a substance from the blood stream has been analysed in physical and biochemical terms taking into consideration both the enzyme‐substrate reaction, the possibility of pinocytosis or diffusion and the uneven distribution of the receptor sites in the body. The elimination process was expressed in mathematical terms and simulated in a computer. The elimination curve was studied by changes of different parameters in the equations. It was found that at high substrate concentrations, when the enzyme capacities were saturated, there was a linear elimination rate. The slope of that part of the curve was depending on the enzyme activities. At low concentration the elimination was exponential. The slope of this part of the curve was influenced by changes of the blood flow to the receptor sites. The pinocytotic model was more effective than the enzymatic models under similar conditions, a fact which may be of importance in a biological evolution with competition between different systems.
TRYPTOPHAN MALABSORPTION IN LEVODOPA‐TREATED PARKINSONIAN PATIENTS
Authors: Lehmann Jörgen
Published: August 2010

Abstract.Subnormal serum tryptophan (Try) response has been measured in parkinsonian patients receiving oral Try loads while under levodopa treatment, indicating malabsorption of Try in the gut. Other amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine and glutamic acid) also depressed the absorption of Try. If levodopa was excluded during Try loading, nearly normal serum Try values were measured. Similar tests in a normal subject revealed normal absorption of Try. An explanation of these observations is discussed and an insufficiency (degeneration?) of amino acid carriers in the intestinal mucosa, and possibly also in other membranes, is suggested in parkinsonian patients. Mental disturbances were observed in cases with extremely low serum Try values and were presumed to be correlated with an insufficient synthesis of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in the brain secondary to a decreased influx of Try. In two cases a considerable improvement of mental symptoms was noted after i.v. and oral Try medication, and in one case a regeneration of the ability to absorb Try during levodopa treatment was noted. A prophylactic Try or protein treatment during levodopa treatment was recommended.
BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF LOW DOSE OF UROKINASE IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Gormsen Johs. , Tidstrøm B. , Feddersen C. , Ploug J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. A low dose of urokinase (UK) has been tested in a double‐blind study in the coronary care unit for fibrinolytic response in 14 patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction less than 24 hours old, whereas 14 similar patients received a placebo. The initial UK dose was around 74 500 CTA units (50 000 Ploug units) and the sustained dose 37 250 CTA units/h (25 000 Ploug units) for 22 hours. Total dose 890 000 CTA units (600 000 Ploug units). The biochemical response was tested by measurements of fibrinogen, fibrinogen‐related antigens (F.R.A.), plasminogen, euglobulin clot lysis time (ELT), plasma thrombin time, α1‐antitrypsin, α2‐macroglobulin, partial thromboplasm time, platelet count, platelet aggregation, and furthermore of CPK, GOT and LDH in serum, and by ECG recordings. The initial dose produced a small but significant enhancement of ELT, which was maintained only in a few patients by the sustained dose. Plasminogen dropped to around 75% within 24 hours. The fibrinogen concentrations dropped in 4 of 14 patients receiving UK, but increased in all in the placebo group within the first 24 hours. The statistical treatment showed significant differences between the course of the fibrinogen concentrations within the 72‐hour period. The initial dose increased significantly F.R.A. in serum samples without EACA, whereas normal levels were found in the placebo group. The highest values were found after 6 hours. α1‐antitrypsin and α2‐macroglobulin patterns appeared identical within the two groups. No influence on enzymic or ECG patterns was seen. It is suggested that the sustained dose is too low.
INTRAATRIAL AND ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION DISTURBANCES IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Christiansen Ib , Amtorp Ole , Haghfelt Torben
Published: August 2010

Abstract. In a prospective study of 171 patients with confirmed acute myocardial infarction (AMI) intraatrial disturbances of conduction have been demonstrated in 20. The mortality among these patients was 10%. Six patients later developed atrioventricular (AV) conduction disturbances, of considerable severity in five. First degree AV block was recorded in 18 patients, 5 of whom showed subsequent progression to higher degrees of AV block. Second degree AV block was observed in 16 patients, with a 31% mortality. In 7 of the patients progression to third degree AV block was subsequently observed. There was no connection between the site of the infarction and the mortality or progression to higher degrees of AV block. Third degree AV block was recorded in 21 patients. Of 12 with infarctions of the anterior wall 5 died. Of 9 with infarctions of the posterior wall 2 died. In 21 patients with third degree AV block regression to sinus rhythm occurred in 16.
THE PROGNOSIS OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION TREATED WITH TRANSVENOUS ELECTRICAL PACING OF THE HEART
Authors: Edhag O. , Lundman T. , Mogensen L. , Nyquist O. , Sjogren A. , Wester P. O.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Thirty‐one (7%) of 404 patients with acute myocardial infarction (450 consecutive admissions) had a temporary transvenous pacemaker electrode inserted and were artificially paced. The indications for electrical stimulation of the heart were complete heart block in 28 patients, AV block II in two, and extreme sinus bradycardia and nodal bradycardia in one patient. The 31 paced patients were followed up for 2 years or more (mean follow‐up time 33 months). Twelve (39%) died during their stay in hospital and another 10 (32%) during the follow‐up period. In 21 of these 22 patients the cause of death could be determined; 12 died suddenly. The cumulative survival rate after 25–36 months for the non‐paced patients was 53% and for the paced patients 25%; a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01). Age differences between the paced and the non‐paced patients were small and could not explain the differences. The prognosis for the temporarily paced patients in this report was poor. Even if most of them died suddenly, it is doubtful whether the prognosis could be significantly improved by long‐term cardiac pacing, as the myocardial damage was found to be extensive in the autopsied cases.
THE INFLUENCE OF KIDNEY FUNCTION, BODY SIZE AND AGE ON PLASMA CONCENTRATION AND URINARY EXCRETION OF DIGOXIN
Authors: Falch D.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.The influence of renal function, body size and age on the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of digoxin in 53 hospitalized patients on a maintenance dose of 0.25 mg has been studied. The mean plasma concentration was 1.01 ng/ml (S.D. 0.42); 64% of the patients were underdigitalized (plasma values ≤ 1.00 ng/ml). The plasma level was strongly influenced by kidney function when this was reduced at least 50% (glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow), and to a minor degree by age. Studies on the effect of body size on the plasma digoxin level gave equivocal results, but this factor was of minor importance compared to that of kidney function. The urinary excretion of digoxin (on average 35.9% of the administrated dose) was significantly reduced as kidney function decreased. Variations in body size did not affect the excretion, nor was an increased urinary output observed during regular maintenance administration of diuretics (furosemide, thiazides).
ABNORMALITIES IN LIVER FUNCTION TESTS DURING LONG‐TERM DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN THERAPY IN EPILEPTIC OUT‐PATIENTS
Authors: Andreasen P. Buch , Lyngbye J. , Trolle Elli
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Fifty‐one epileptic out‐patients on long‐term anticonvulsant treatment with diphenylhydantoin (DPH) alone or a combined regimen have been investigated and compared with a group of 250 control patients. The epileptics had significantly raised serum alkaline phosphatases, serum alanine aminotransferase, and plasma prothrombin time. Serum albumin was significantly decreased, as well as serum calcium and serum bilirubin. In male epileptics significantly raised serum phosphate concentrations were found. There was no significant correlation between the clearance rate of DPH and the liver tests. It is suggested that the inducing effect of DPH and other anticonvulsant drugs may explain the abnormalities in liver function tests and calcium metabolism. The possibility remains, however, that prolonged administration of these drugs to humans may eventually result in liver damage.
THE EFFECT OF ANTICOAGULANTS ON POSTOPERATIVE FIBRINOGEN METABOLISM
Authors: Davies J. W. L. , Forsberg K. , Liljedahl S.‐O. , Mårtensson O. , Reizenstein P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Studies of the effects of dicoumarol and heparin on the metabolism of radioactively labelled fibrinogen given to elderly injured patients subjected to reparative surgery showed that: 1) The actual amount of labelled protein (mg/kg) synthesized and catabolized per day was approximately three times normal, irrespective of whether therapy included or excluded dicoumarol or heparin. The increased rate of synthesis of fibrinogen leads to the observed increased plasma concentrations of fibrinogen. 2) The amount of radioactivity outside the active circulation was increased both in the patients treated with dicoumarol or heparin and in those given no anticoagulants. Similarly, the radioactivity in the operated legs was often higher than in the uninjured legs irrespective of whether anticoagulant had been administered or not. The radioactivity outside the active circulation had a longer biological half‐life than that of the plasma fibrinogen, suggesting that at least some of the non‐circulating radioactivity was attached to fibrin even in the patients receiving heparin. The increased rate of synthesis of fibrinogen leads to the observed increased plasma concentrations of fibrinogen.
COAGULATION STUDIES IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH DEFIBRASE
Authors: Egberg Nils
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Coagulation studies have been carried out on 33 patients who were anticoagulated by induced hypofibrinogenemia, by using Defibrase, a purified thrombinlike enzyme from the venom of Bothrops atrox. Patients were given 50–150 μl Defibrase/kg b.wt./day, maintaining fibrinogen concentrations around 0.7 mg/ml plasma for 4–21 days. Soluble fibrin appeared in the circulation during the initial phase of treatment. Though not demonstrable in plasma an increased fibrinolytic activity was indicated by an increased amount of fibrin(‐ogen) degradation products in the serum and a partial depletion of the plasma concentration of plasminogen and α2‐macroglobulin. The degree of plasminogen depletion was correlated to the degree of defibrination. During Defibrase treatment the concentration of factor XIII fell, whereas no reduction was observed for the concentrations of coagulation factors II, V, VIII, X and XII or for the prothrombin‐proconvertin test and Normotest values. The concentration of antithrombin III was unaffected by the Defibrase treatment. A sensitivity reaction was suspected in one patient, but in none of the patients was an increased capacity to neutralize Defibrase demonstrated. The results are discussed with regard to hemostasis and anticoagulant effect. It is concluded that Defibrase treatment is comparable to other common anticoagulant treatments.
THE EFFECT OF BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE ON TOTAL, ULTRAFILTRABLE AND IONIZED CALCIUM IN SERUM IN NORMOCALCAEMIC RENAL STONE FORMERS AND IN HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: Jørgensen F. Schønau , Transbøl Ib , Binder Chr.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.The effect of orally administered bendroflumethiazide, 10 mg/24 h, on total, ultrafiltrable and ionized calcium in serum has been studied in 10 hyper‐parathyroid patients and 10 normocalcaemic renal stone formers to evaluate the usefulness of thiazide administration in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. An increase in total calcium parallel to an increase in serum proteins was seen in both groups but without any change in either ultrafiltrable or ionized calcium. Thus the thiazide provocative test appears to be of no use in our hands. The disproportionate increase in total calcium, which has been noticed occasionally in hyperparathyroidism by some investigators, is discussed.