bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An alternative low-cost mobile LiDAR methodology for quantification of urban tree metrics
Authors: Blackman Raoul , Edmondson Jill , Densley-Tingley Danielle , Croft Holly
Published: March 2024

Urban trees provide a range of important ecosystem service benefits to society, including carbon storage and sequestration, flood mitigation and improving mental well-being. The delivery of these ecosystem services is largely dependent on the trees’ structural and functional traits. Manual surveys and allometric equations are commonly used to derive tree structural metrics (e.g., tree height, above-ground biomass); however, this approach is time-consuming and based on unsuitable allometric equations derived from rural trees, which will lead to uncertainty.This study uses a low-cost mobile LiDAR sensor (MLS) system to quantify key structural metrics of urban trees. Using a Velodyne VLP-16 LiDAR scanner and a low-cost GPS unit, 197 transects, totalling 20 miles, were completed in park and street environments in Sheffield, UK. The data was processed using Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms. Tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) values were extracted utilising rlas (v1.6.2) and conicfit (v1.04) R packages. Quantitative volume metrics were extracted using quantitative structure models (QSM). A total of 80 urban trees and 32 species totalling 430 DBH, height and volume measurements were extracted from the MLS data.MLS-derived results presented very strong agreement with manual field measurements (R2 = 0.93, p < 0.001 and R2 = 0.84, p < 0.001, for DBH and height, respectively). However, factors such as the slope of the terrain, occlusion and the distance from the tree contributed to varying levels of uncertainty in the results. Results using traditional allometric equations showed discrepancies with MLS-modelled above-ground biomass due to management controls on tree structure. Importantly, these findings point to the lack of transferability of rural allometry to urban trees and the importance of using techniques to repeatedly and accurately quantify the complete volumetric tree structure.
Understanding hydrothermal alteration pathways in active geothermal systems: a look from clay mineralogy on the Chilean Andes Nevados de Chillán Geothermal System
Authors: Morata Diego , Maza Santiago , Abad Isabel , Cuevas Cristóbal , Arancibia Gloria
Published: March 2024

Hot fluid-rock interactions in volcanic-hosted geothermal systems favour the presence of hydrothermal alteration patterns conforming the clay cap, dominated by argillic alteration, and the propylitic zone, currently related to the geothermal reservoir. Clay minerals are ubiquitous phases in these geothermal systems, being the reaction progress from trioctahedral smectite to chlorite, via chlorite/smectite (C/S), and dioctahedral smectite to illite, via illite to smectite (I/S), typical indicators of evolution from clay cap to reservoir conditions with increasing temperature. In fact, different geothermometers have been proposed using chlorite composition highlighting the relevance of clay minerals for a complete understanding of hydrothermal pathways in active geothermal systems.Here, we analyse clay minerals (petrography, XRD, SEM-EDX and HR-TEM-EDX) from a 1000.87 m deep exploration drill core in the active Nevados de Chillán Geothemal System (NChGS) in Southern Volcanic Zone (central Chile). Lithologies are dominated by andesitic lavas and volcaniclastic breccias. Based on hydrothermal mineral assemblages, a transition from argillic to sub-propylitic (c. 350 m deep), beginning the propylitic alteration zone at 680 m deep has been defined. In situ temperature measurements during drilling achieve values up to 200°C at the bottom of the well. Geophysical and geochemical approach suggest a geothermal reservoir at c. 1200 m deep, with temperatures around 250°C, hosted in fractured granitoids.XRD of clay minerals include C/S, corrensite, chlorite, I/S and illite, with a decrease of C/S and I/S with depth. Based on SEM morphologies and sizes, two types of chlorites have been defined: Chl-1, systematically present along all the core and paragenetic with quartz+albite+calcite, characterized by grain size (10-40 mm) and Chl-2, mostly observed as fine-grained flakes (average grain size ~4 mm), only identified in deeper samples, in association with laumontite+epidote±prehnite and rare Ca-garnet. SEM-EDX analyses in Chl-1 suggest an increase in Mg with depth, contrasting with the reverse observed pattern in Chl-2, which is Fe-richer compared with Chl-1. HR-TEM of selected samples at different depths confirms (1) the presence of the Fe-richest chlorites at the shallow levels and a general Mg increase with depth, and (2) the presence of C/S along the core. Cathelineau’s geothermometers using SEM-EDX data provides temperatures of 170-220°C for Chl-1 and 220-240°C for Chl-2, consistent with in situ measured temperatures. However, HR-TEM-EDX chlorite data with (K+Na+Ca)
Tectonic evolution of an Early Cambrian foreland basin in the northwest Yangtze Block, South China
Authors: Gu Zhidong , Jian Xing , Watts Anthony
Published: March 2024

The Ediacaran to Cambrian in the northwest Yangtze Block, has long been considered to be formed in a passive margin. Wells and seismic data, however, show that a Lower Cambrian thick siliciclastic rock succession occurs in the northwest Sichuan Basin, the provenance of which has not received attention from previous workers. In this study, we first propose that an Early Cambrian foreland basin was formed in the northwest Yangtze Block. Stratigraphic correlation shows a distinct stratigraphic absence from the Lower Cambrian to Devonian in the Bikou terrane, implying an orogeny might take place from NW to SE. A regional seismic profile shows a wedge stratigraphic geometry of the Lower Cambrian from NW to SE, further indicating a typical structure of a foreland basin. Field outcrops show an overall coarsening-upwards siliciclastic succession of the Lower Cambrian. The petrological analysis of siliciclastic rocks presents an immature feature implying a proximal source. Paleocurrent measurements of siliciclastic rocks point to dominant SE-vergent orientations. The age spectra of detrital zircon U-Pb dating of the Canglangpu Formation show a dominant Early Cambrian age of ca. 530 Ma, together with some positive ɛHf(t) values, indicating that the detrital zircon grains from the Lower Cambrian were derived from a northwest proximal juvenile continental arc and older crust. Therefore, the northwest Yangtze Block experienced a tectonic transition from an Ediacaran passive margin to an Early Cambrian foreland basin. The formation of the Early Cambrian foreland basin appears to have been strongly influenced by an orogenic loading northwestward. Here, this previously-overlooked orogenic event is named as the Motianling orogeny. The origin of the Early Cambrian orogeny may be related to subduction of the Proto-Tethys ocean beneath the northwest Yangtze Block, resulted in continental collision and uplift of northwest microterranes that provided siliciclastic sediments to fill the foreland basin southeastward.
Controlled drainage with subirrigation: automatic control to manage freshwater use
Authors: de Wit Janine A. , van Huijgevoort Marjolein , van Dam Jos , van den Eertwegh Gé , Bartholomeus Ruud
Published: March 2024

Climate change, weather extremes, economic growth, urbanization and increased food production, among other things, are making it more complex to guarantee sufficient freshwater in agricultural and economic sectors. Historically, the Dutch agricultural water management focused on water discharge, which makes it now more vulnerable to droughts. A change is needed to anticipate both wet and dry extremes. Current pipe drainage systems (existing in 34 % of the agricultural fields), installed to discharge water, could be modified to systems to retain and recharge water too. Doing so, so called controlled drainage with subirrigation (CD-SI) systems could be a viable measure to i) discharge water only when needed and ii) retain and iii) recharge water when possible. We show data (years 2017-2022) and process-based model output of four experimental sites at the Dutch Pleistocene uplands where CD-SI is applied. Results show that CD-SI could significantly raise the groundwater level at field scale and increase soil moisture availability to plant roots, leading to higher crop yields. Effects of subirrigation are strongly dependent to i) the geohydrological site characteristics, like a resistance layer to limit excessive downward seepage, ii) sufficiently high ditch levels to prevent fast drainage, and iii) the consideration of how much water is supplied relative to acceptance of drought stress (and thus crop yield). Field experiments show that the water supply for CD-SI could be very large. We show how to limit the required water supply, using automated and online control of CD-SI systems. We use actual field measurements on groundwater levels and soil moisture conditions, weather forecasts and field scale hydrological modeling (using the Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant model SWAP) to automatically control CD-SI systems. Doing so, required water supply and drainage level are managed daily, based on the actual and future hydrological conditions, and plant water and oxygen demand, including the acceptance of a percentage of crop’s drought stress.  Results show that significant reductions in water demand for CD-SI systems could be obtained, if only relatively minor reductions in crop yield are accepted.
A coupled model of glacier-ice dynamics, bed-hydrology and bedrock groundwater flow including heat-transfer
Authors: Zwinger Thomas , Råback Peter , Gladstone Rupert
Published: March 2024

Within the modelling framework of Elmer/Ice we have existing model components to compute the thermo-mechanical ice flow problem, using a full-stress approach as well as several model approaches for the bedrock hydrology, for instance the Glacier Drainage System model (GlaDS - Werder et al., 2013). Further, a thermodynamically consistent groundwater model including freezing (permafrost) and thawing of the pore-water  and the stress-induced deformation of the rock skeleton is implemented in Elmer. The real challenge lies within coupling those three components with mutual feedback, both, in mechanical and thermal aspects that mutually depend on each other, e.g. through a temperature and water-pressure dependent sliding law. The fact that all equations are implemented in the same Finite Element framework enables a consistent coupling of the equations solved on different domains (ice, water-sheet and sediment), in case of weakly coupling being able to use the residual to transfer loads. Along the lines of a synthetic glacier setup, we highlight the workflow of such a coupled simulation and point out the challenges of such a highly complex process model.
Is 3D modelling necessary for simulating long-duration urban flooding？
Authors: Yu Shuyue , Li Xuefang , Kitsikoudis Vasileios , Dellinger Guilhem , Dewals Benjamin
Published: March 2024

Urban flood modeling within complex urban environments demands sophisticated methodologies. While 2D computational models have historically served as foundational tools, their inherent limitations in capturing the intricate three-dimensional dynamics necessitate further exploration. Our research endeavors to expand this understanding by delving into 3D computational simulations, providing a more holistic perspective on urban flood dynamics.In the current research, we conducted 3D simulations to replicate urban flood processes, drawing comparisons with earlier 2D modeling results and experimental observations. The simulations were executed considering various urban layouts and turbulence closure models. The urban layouts include two groups, totaling 13 architectural models. These models feature varying numbers or positions of openings on their exterior walls to represent architectural elements such as doors and windows that could allow floodwaters to enter in the interior of the buildings. As for the turbulence equations, k-omega SST and k-epsilon were considered. By analyzing the surface velocity, flow depth, and flowrate distribution, preliminary findings indicate that 3D simulations offer enhanced accuracy in capturing intricate flow patterns within urban settings compared to their 2D counterparts. Moreover, the tested simulations from various turbulence models influence the 2D and 3D simulations in different ways. This direct comparison allowed us to dissect and understand the influence of turbulence modeling on the accuracy of 3D simulations, thereby enhancing the robustness of our findings.After obtaining the relevant results, we applied them to flood risk analysis. Compared to traditional 2D analyses, we derived some new insights to guide informed decision-making, enhancing the applicability of our approach. By integrating sophisticated modeling techniques and risk evaluations, this study paves the way for more resilient and adaptive urban planning strategies, ensuring safer and more sustainable urban environments in the face of increasing flood challenges.
Continuous Subsidence of Dallol Volcano (Danakil Depression) as a result of magmatic and hydrothermal interaction: Insights from InSAR Observation
Authors: Kebede Birhan , Pagli Carolina , Keir Derek , La Rosa Alessandro , Sigmundsson Freysteinn
Published: March 2024

Axial rift volcanoes characterised by an active magmatic and hydrothermal system offer a unique opportunity to study the interaction between these processes. The Dallol volcanic and hydrothermal area is situated in the Afar rift, on the axis of Erta Ale ridge, in a depressed salt plain. Dallol has been experiencing deformation at least since the first dike intrusion observed by InSAR in 2004. Here, we present the results of a new InSAR analysis of Dallol between 2014 and 2023, and inverse modelling of the observed deformation. We used SAR data from the ESA´s Sentinel 1A/B ascending (014) and descending (079) orbits to produce over 651 interferograms. Then we obtained InSAR average velocity maps revealing the presence of three closely spaced and concentric deformation signals of a range increase, consistent with subsidence, of up to 40 mm/yr in the satellite Line-of-Sight (LOS). The main deformation signal corresponds to the Dallol crater, while the two smaller maxima occur on the bishophite precipitating Black Mountain area south of Dallol and at the location of a circular pool at the edge of the salt plain, west of the crater. Our modelling results indicate that the deformation sources can be explained by contractions of three Okada tensile dislocation sources situated at different shallow depths, ranging between 0.7-1.7 km, with a length of 1-3 km and volume decrease of 1-3x10-4 km3/yr. Time series analysis also shows that the subsidence pattern was about linear while small seasonal fluctuation patterns are identified at the two smaller maximas. We interpret that the main subsidance at the Dallol crater is likely caused by the depressurisation of shallow sills, while a possible contribution to the defomration from the hydrothermal system due to seasonal flooding is envisaged for the other two maximas.
Geophysical Site Characterization and monitoring of CO2 mineralization in Basaltic Complexes, Helguvik, Iceland
Authors: Junker Jonas Simon , Obermann Anne , Zappone Alba , Maurer Hansruedi , Wiemer Stefan
Published: March 2024

In a pilot project (DemoUpStorage) in Helguvik, Iceland, CO2 is injected into basaltic strata using seawater instead of freshwater for CO2 dissolution. The aim is to obtain permanent storage of the CO2 by mineral carbonation. We aim to observe the precipitation of Mg and Fe carbonates in the porosity of the reservoir at depth. Additional to geochemical observations, we use geophysical methods (ERT, seismics) to monitor the mineralization process.Here, we present the overall project, the geophysical characterization of the site and the first time-lapse monitoring results. We performed a cross-hole seismic traveltime tomography and single-hole electrical resistivity (ERT) measurements to characterize the study site in the target depth of 150m to 400m and to record a geophysical baseline for the time-lapse measurements. The seismic and geoelectric data are in good agreement, highlighting multiple basaltic layers of tens of meters in thickness with sedimentary interlayers. With the CO2 injection starting in early 2024, we will also show the first results from the (daily) time-lapse ERT surveys.
Aerosol optical and radiative properties over Asia: Ground-based AERONET observations
Authors: Ansari Kamran , Srikanthan Ramachandran
Published: March 2024

Aerosols continue to contribute the largest uncertainty in quantifying Earth’s climate change. The uncertainty associated with aerosol radiative forcing is found to be higher over Asia. The simulation and future projection of aerosol impact on climate may not be highly accurate over Asia due to rapid changes in aerosol emissions, limitations in simulating the observed aerosol trends, and the non-availability of regional distribution of columnar aerosol parameters based on high-quality observational datasets on a seasonal scale. For the first time, this comprehensive study examines the spatial and regional variations of aerosol columnar optical and physical properties (aerosol optical depth (AOD), fine mode fraction (FMF), and single scattering albedo (SSA)) and their associated radiative effects (aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) and heating rate (HR)) using high-quality Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) datasets on seasonal and annual scales over Asia. This study is performed over a total of 44 selected AERONET observational sites covering different regions of Asia, e.g., Central, South, South-East, and East Asia. AOD, ARF at the surface and in the atmosphere, and aerosol-induced atmospheric HR are observed to be the highest over South Asia, followed by South-East, East, and Central Asia in each season. SSA is found to be lower over South and Central Asia compared to South-East and East Asia. The combined influence of both fine anthropogenic aerosol emissions (e.g., carbonaceous aerosols) from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion, and coarse mode dust aerosols from seasonal transport lead to higher AOD (0.6) and lower SSA (0.90), which overall result in higher ARF (~−70 Wm-2 at surface and 40 Wm-2 in atmosphere) and HR (0.80 Kday-1) over South Asia. South-East and East Asia are dominated by fine aerosols (higher FMF) due to higher contributions from forest fire and anthropogenic emissions, respectively, and relatively less dominance of dust aerosols compared to Central and South Asia. In addition, the seasonal aerosol optical and radiative parameters over Asia are also compared and contrasted with other regions of the globe, e.g., North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Australia, where aerosol emissions are significantly different and mostly lower than in Asia. These findings provide observational constraints that are crucial for the improvement in model simulations for accurately assessing the radiative and climatic impacts of aerosols over a global aerosol hotspot region, Asia, where the uncertainty associated with aerosol radiative forcing is found to be higher. Details of the spatiotemporal variations in aerosol characteristics over Asia will be presented, compared and contrasted with the rest of the world, and inferences will be drawn. 
On the question of when to settle for a target in the Comet Interceptor mission
Authors: Vigren Erik , Eriksson Anders I. , Edberg Niklas J. T. , Snodgrass Colin
Published: March 2024

The Comet Interceptor (CI) mission, planned for launch in 2029, will ideally involve a flyby of a dynamically new long period comet or an interstellar object passing through the inner solar system. Powerful ground based facilities like the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time will aid in the search for a potential target. The CI mission includes a parking phase at the Sun-Earth L2 point and the target may in fact still be unknown by the time of launch. The question on when to settle for a target is complex. For instance may arise the question of how long time it is motivated to await with a final decision given the chance that a better target may show up if just waiting a little bit longer. We present expectation value-based formalism that could aid in decision making of such kind.
Calving of floating ice shelves and icebergs in Antarctica triggered by internal ocean waves driven by marine ice-cliff
Authors: Guan Zhenfu , Liu Yan , Li Teng , Cheng Xiao
Published: March 2024

Ice calving around Antarctica has a significant impact on glacier dynamics, sea ice, and marine productivity, which in turn affect global sea level and climate.  However, there is limited documented knowledge of the causes of ice calving triggered by internal ocean processes throughout Antarctica, especially during the austral winter.  A total of 3708 iceberg calving events were observed along the circum-Antarctic coastline over a three-month winter period.  These events included the calving of ice cliffs, ice shelves, and icebergs, spanning seven orders of magnitude in spatial scale.  The results suggest that ice cliff calving is primarily driven by internal glacier stresses and is widespread along the Antarctic coast.  The frequency of calving is primarily controlled by glacier ice velocity.  About 70% of the calving in Antarctica occurs on the Antarctic Peninsula.  Internal waves generated by ice cliff calving cascade to small enough scales to induce shear that leads to near-field (~40 km) calving of floating ice shelves and icebergs in regions of high topographic relief.  This study presents a newly discovered mechanism for ice shelf and iceberg calving driven by oceanic forces.  The mechanism has broad applicability and can serve as a catalyst for calving modeling and the study of oceanic internal waves.
Assessing the Long-Term Leaching Behavior of Cadmium and Zinc in Soil Beneath a Smelter Site
Authors: Bak Juyong , Kim Chaeyoung , Lee Hosub , Choi Yongju , Nam Kyoungphile
Published: March 2024

In this study, we investigate the leaching behavior of heavy metals from soils beneath a smelter plant, with a focus on their migration to groundwater. Sequential extraction methods and traditional batch tests (e.g., SPLP, TCLP) often inadequately represent real-world leaching scenarios. We addressed this gap by conducting column experiments simulating long-term exposure to synthetic rainwater on soils heavily contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn). Soil samples were collected from ten random points at each of the two distinct sites, showing varied contamination levels (Site A: Cd: 546 mg/kg, Zn: 28,597 mg/kg; Site B: Cd: 82.3 mg/kg, Zn: 5,582 mg/kg). We predicted 30-years cumulative elution (I30yr) of Cd and Zn, extrapolating concentration and the rate parameters determined by column experiments with an accumulated liquid-solid ratio of 10 to a leaching model described in RIVM report (report no. 771402007). The results indicated a broad range of I30yr values both within and between sites (Cd: 10 - 458,274 mg/m²; Zn: 170 - 2,225,537 mg/m²), suggesting heterogeneous leaching behavior. Statistical analyses revealed that I30yr values did not correlate with the total metal concentration in soils, while exhibiting a weak correlation with the exchangeable fraction from sequential extractions. However, I30yr were strongly correlated with SPLP leachate concentrations, and the degree of correlation was higher in the subsoil than in the topsoil (Cd: r=0.867, p=0.001; Zn: r=0.990, p
The role of substrate attributes as a driver for benthic epifaunal communities investigated applying OBIA techniques and image analysis on the Norskebanken cold seep site (Arctic Ocean)
Authors: Hemmateenejad Fereshteh , Fallati Luca , Panieri Giuliana , Ribeiro Pedro A. , Fusca Chiara , Ferré Benedicte , Savini Alessandra
Published: March 2024

Cold seeps are hotspots of biodiversity and can deeply impact the local sediment geochemistry in marine environments (e.g., promoting the formation of authigenic carbonate crusts) throughout all the oceans. Natural gas seepage can lead to changes in sediment properties and nutrient cycling supporting unique benthic fauna living in or near the substrate, eventually promoting the establishment of chemosynthetic biological communities. In this study, a relatively shallow water area offshore northern Svalbard (located at roughly 150m of water depth), where evidence of gas seepage has been observed, is investigated using optical, high-resolution seafloor imagery, and OBIA (Object-Based Image Analysis) techniques. Visual data consists of two photomosaics assembled from frames extracted from videos acquired by means of a work-class Remotely Operated Vehicle (i.e. the ROV ÆGIR 6000), and processed by applying underwater Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry technique. The study aims to detect, classify, and count each single specimen representing benthic epifaunal communities at the seafloor and describe changes in seafloor substrates (i.e. sediment grain size and morphometric attributes) across all the photo-referenced datasets. ArcMap software and direct ROV-based video analysis were used to annotate all visible epibenthic fauna (more than 20,000 individuals), identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level based on discernible external morphological characteristics. In a further step, OBIA techniques (using Trimble eCognition® software) were applied on seafloor geomorphological characteristics, to provide quantitative and repeatable classification of the substrate into four distinct classes. Finally, annotated benthic epifauna and seafloor substrate classes’ data were combined to quantify patterns of community diversity, abundance, and structure in relation to seafloor morphometric parameters. Cluster analysis revealed substrate class similarities, as well as colonization preferences exhibited by the fauna, especially where methane-derived authigenic carbonates (MDAC) occur at the seafloor. All the fauna and substrate classification outcomes are reported in a catalogue which can be used as a bionomic guide for future studies. This work comprises data collected during the CAGE 20-7 cruise conducted in November 2020 as part of the Centre of Excellence for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE) at UiT – The Arctic University of Norway and within the framework of the INTPART-AKMA “Advancing Knowledge on Methane in the Arctic (AKMA)”.
Plant functional type and species determine elemental concentrations in boreal mire vegetation
Authors: Peura Sari , Saetre Peter , Ehnvall Betty , Nilsson Mats B. , Öquist Mats G.
Published: March 2024

Uptake of radionuclides into plants is a key process in radioecological modelling.  Typically, the uptake is incorporated into these models and in environmental impact assessments using an empirical soil-to-plant transfer factor (CR). The elemental concentration in plants is expected to vary with plant species and plant functional type (PFT), but also with soil concentration and elemental properties. Specifically, elements subject to regulated plant uptake (i.e. essential elements) are expected to be less related to soil concentrations than non-essential elements with no or limited biological function. Environmental conditions may also influence the CR value, and for assessment purposes, differential values are commonly listed for different soil types. In this study, we have addressed the impact of PFT and species as well as environmental factors to the CR of four peatland species (Andromeda polifolia, Vaccinium oxycoccus, Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex rostrata) representing two different PFTs (heathers and sedges).The results show that while plant species and PFT are the most important factors determining the CR value, environmental factors, such as pH and peat depth, also modify the CR. As expected, plant concentrations of essential elements were only weakly related to soil concentrations, whereas the correlation between soil and plants was stronger for non-essential elements.Based on our results, we verify that CR values may vary substantially between species and PFTs also in wetland environments.  Further, we suggest that since PFT may have a large impact on the exposure pathway to humans, it would be reasonable to differentiate between PFTs and to account for between-species variation in environmental impact assessment. Since CR varies systematically with several soil properties, CR values could also be adjusted to illustrate effects of expected future changes in the soil environment.
Intense precipitation events during polar winter over the Academic Vernadsky station: clouds, precipitation and temperature extremes
Authors: Chyhareva Anastasiia , Krakovska Svitlana , Gorodetskaya Irina , Palamarchuk Liudmyla
Published: March 2024

West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula are considered to be climate tipping point regions where climate change processes can cause irreversible impacts. The Antarctic Peninsula region has a unique ecosystem, which can be harmfully affected by these changes. In the past decades have from Pacific mid-latitudes and specifically atmospheric rivers, accompanied by mixed-phase clouds and precipitation, can lead to surface melt on both sides of the Antarctic Peninsula.This study focused on intense precipitation events during the winter in the Southern Hemisphere in 2022 in the Antarctic Peninsula observed during the Year of Polar Prediction targeted observing periods. Polar WRF (v. 4.5) simulation data with grid step 1km and temporal resolution 10 minutes were analysed for the region of Academic Vernadsky station, Antarctic Peninsula mountains and former glacier Larsen B bay.Distributions of clouds and precipitation were analysed, as well as their concentrations and phases in the cross-section of the mountains. Also, temperature profiles were examined in the cross-sections, specifically for the 2km profile.According to the simulations data, based on Thompson’s microphysical scheme found that mixed phased and liquid clouds and precipitation could occur up to 3km even in August, which is climatically the coldest month over the coastal areas and mountains. Maximum concentrations of ice crystals and liquid droplets could exceed 1g/kg. After the intense precipitation that occur on the western Antarctic Peninsula slopes, strong warming up to 6°C in a 2km layer is simulated for the eastern slopes of AP (Larsen B ice shelf embayment).Simulation results were compared with radiosounding data and instrumental measurements at the Akademic Vernadsky station. According to the radiosounding that were held during all events, Polar WRF underestimated the temperature in the lower troposphere (up to around 950hPa), which can impact the surface precipitation phase and temperature simulations. However, as far as Polar WRF simulations for wind speed, direction, temperature, and vertical movements are correlated with radiosounding data, we can assume that the distribution of considered microphysical and thermodynamical characteristics gained from Polar WRF simulations are trustable.  
Diffusive and non-diffusive behavior of electron interaction with quasi-coherent and quasi-parallel chorus emissions
Authors: Hanzelka Miroslav , Shprits Yuri , Wang Dedong , Haas Bernhard , Himmelsbach Julia , Santolik Ondrej
Published: March 2024

Numerical models used to study the Earth’s outer radiation belt dynamics are often based on the diffusive Fokker-Planck equation derived from the quasilinear theory of wave-particle interactions. However, this stochastic approach fails at short time scales due to nonlinear interactions with high-amplitude waves, which can result in a rapid directional transport of particles in the phase space. An example of strong waves that facilitate nonlinear transport is the chorus emission, which often forms discrete, rising-tone elements with a high degree of phase coherence.It is expected that after multiple resonant interactions of electrons with the chorus waves, the stochastic description of scattering becomes applicable. However, it is unclear how this convergence towards stochastic and diffusive behavior depends on the wave parameters. We, therefore, construct a realistic model of chorus elements parametrized by bandwidth, wave normal distribution, frequency range, and amplitude. With this model, we numerically investigate the evolution of electron pitch angle and energy over multiple bounces. We use the backward-in-time test-particle mapping of phase space density for each element separately, and obtain the long-term evolution with a variable train of chorus elements by combining the individual mappings. We analyze the onset of stochasticity in dependence on the wave parameters and compare the phase space density evolution with the VERB-2D (Versatile Electron Radiation Belt code) implementation of the diffusive Fokker-Planck equation.
Combined machine learning model of aeolian dust and surface soil moisture
Authors: Klingmüller Klaus , Arns Jodok , Martin Anna , Pozzer Andrea , Lelieveld Jos
Published: March 2024

Atmospheric mineral dust has significant impacts on climate, public health, infrastructure and ecosystems. To predict atmospheric dust concentrations and quantify dust sources, we have previously presented a hybrid aeolian dust model using machine learning components and physical equations. In this model, trained with dust aerosol optical depth retrievals from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer on board the MetOp-A satellite and using atmospheric and surface data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts fifth generation atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5), surface soil moisture is one of the most important predictors of mineral dust emission flux. Here we present the combination of the aeolian dust model with a deep learning model of surface soil moisture. The latter has been trained with satellite retrievals from the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative and provides results that are more consistent with these observations than ERA5. The combination of the two models is a step towards a comprehensive hybrid modelling system that complements and improves traditional process-based aeolian dust models.
Warming and cooling influences of North American boreal fires
Authors: van Gerrevink Max , Veraverbeke Sander , Cooperdock Sol , Potter Stefano , Zhong Qirui , Moubarak Michael , Goetz Scott J. , Mack Michelle C. , Randerson James T. , Turetsky Merritt R. , van der Werf Guido , Rogers Brendan M.
Published: March 2024

The Arctic-boreal region is warming rapidly, with consequences for northern ecosystems and global climate. Fires across the Arctic-boreal region are a major natural disturbance mechanism that initiate climate warming (positive) and cooling (negative) feedbacks. Understanding the net forcing effect from boreal fire on climate is crucial in managing and mitigating climate change impacts of boreal fires. Here we report radiative forcing estimates from boreal forest fires across Alaska and Western Canada (Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment-domain). Our results integrate the effect of greenhouse gas emissions (warming) and aerosols emission (net cooling) have through direct combustion, post-fire vegetation recovery sequestering carbon (cooling), fire-induced permafrost degradation emitting CO2 and CH4 (warming), and changes in surface albedo (cooling). Alaskan fires are on average climate warming (1.34±2.95 W/m2 per burned area) – uncertainty given as spatial standard deviation, while Canadian fires show on average a climate cooling (‑2.26±2.48 W/m2 per burned area) effect. The emissions from the combustion of organic soils and post-fire permafrost thaw dominate the positive feedback for Alaskan fires, whereas the cooling effect of post-fire changes in surface albedo because of prolonged spring snow cover dominate for the western Canadian fires. Our work demonstrates large-scale spatial variability in the climate feedbacks from North American boreal forest fires. Such fine-scale spatial information on the warming and cooling influences of forest fires could be useful in designing forest management and fire suppression activities informed by climate impacts.
Constructing a comprehensive numerical experiment to study biospheric-atmospheric feedbacks driving dry season cloud formation over the Amazon Basin 
Authors: de Feiter Vincent , de Haas Sebastiaan , Vilà-Guerau de Arellano Jordi , González Armas Raquel , Rikkers Daniël , Haytzmann Guido , Janssens Martin , Hartogensis Oscar , Benedict Imme , Machado Luiz , Quaresma Cléo
Published: March 2024

The Amazonian hydrological and carbon cycle are controlled by a complex, interconnected and interdependent myriad of surface and atmospheric processes. Improving our understanding and numerical representation of these cycles under a changing climate requires a deeper exploration of the biospheric-atmospheric coupling and the processes governing the formation and deepening of shallow cumulus clouds. Utilising a comprehensive set of surface and upper-air atmospheric measurements from the CloudRoots-Amazon22 campaign alongside an integrated hierarchy of models, we construct a numerical experiment to systematically study these processes throughout the dry season of 2022. The model hierarchy consists of a large eddy simulation resolving turbulence and shallow cumulus formation, a coupled rainforest-atmosphere mixed-layer model to map the sensitivity to surface and atmospheric observations and a moisture tracking model to identify and quantify moisture sources, sinks, and long-range transport. Individual days of observations were characterised into representative shallow convective and shallow-to-deep convective regimes. We accurately replicated the evolution of radiation and the asymmetrical exchange fluxes of energy, momentum, moisture, and carbon during the shallow convective regime. By analysing the diurnal variability of the state variables, we can determine how turbulent mixing controls the morning transition, from strong gradients to well-mixed conditions above the forest. Ongoing work involves improving the representation of in-canopy processes and simulating the shallow-to-deep convective regime by introducing thermodynamic forcings, such as moist air intrusion or increased wind sheared conditions, on the shallow convective experiment.  
Analysing open climate data - a case study using the MATLAB Integration for Jupyter on the ENES Data Space environment
Authors: Leptokaropoulos Kostas , Chakrabarti Shubo , Antonio Fabrizio
Published: March 2024

The increasing volume and complexity of Earth and environmental data requires an efficient, interdisciplinary collaboration between scientists and data providers. This can be achieved by utilising research infrastructures providing advanced e-services exploiting data integration and interoperability, seamless machine-to-machine data exchange and HPC/ cloud facilities.  In this contribution we will present a case study of geodata import, analysis and visualization, carried out on the ENES Data Space (https://enesdataspace.vm.fedcloud.eu), a cloud-enabled data science environment for climate data analysis built on top of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) Compute Platform. After joining the service by using an institutional or social media account, the site users can launch JupyterLab where they have access to a personal workspace as well as compute resources, tools and ready-to-use climate datasets, comprising past data recordings and future projections, mainly from the CMIP (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) international effort. In this example, global precipitation data from CMCC experiments will be used. The analysis will be carried out within the ENES workspace in two different ways:First, we will launch MATLAB Online from a web browser directly from the ENES Data Space JupyterLab where a Live Script (.mlx) will import, filter, and manipulate the data, create maps, compare results and perform hypothesis testing to evaluate the statistical significance of different outcomes. Live Scripts are notebooks that allow clear communication of research methods and objectives, combining data, hyperlinks, text and code and can include UI (User Interface) tools for point-and-click data processing and visualization, without the need for advanced programming skills.Second, we will demonstrate the same process running the MATLAB kernel from a Jupyter notebook (.ipynb) in the same JupyterLab.In both cases results can be exported in multiple formats (e.g., PDF, markdown, LaTeX, etc.), downloaded and shared with other researchers, students, and fellow educators. The entire process is carried out in MATLAB within the ENES Data Space environment with no need to install software or download data on the users’ local (non-cloud) devices.
Impact of the 2022 Hunga Tonga Volcano on Global Middle Atmosphere Water Vapour and Climate Implications
Authors: Bell Alistair , Stober Gunter , Hocke Klemens , Murk Axel
Published: March 2024

The 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai volcano eruption was a major global event, injecting a significant volume of water vapour into the stratosphere and contributing to an estimated 10% increase in global stratospheric water vapour. Due to the fact that water vapour is the most powerful greenhouse gas not directly controlled by anthropogenic activities, this has implications on the radiative heating at the surface and thus surface temperatures.Due to the elevated location of the water vapour anomaly, obtaining measurements of the mixing ratio of the anomaly is challenging. Employing two microwave radiometers, operated by the Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) in Bern, Switzerland, profiles of water vapour mixing ratio are presented at two locations: Switzerland and Svalbard. Analysis of data from these points, dating back to 2010, reveals the anomaly's characteristics and its influence on surface radiative heating.Our findings are contextualized with additional data from satellite observations, in-situ instruments, and other ground-based microwave radiometers. This comprehensive approach allows us to explore the wider implications of the Hunga Tonga eruption on the climate, particularly in relation to 2023, a year noted as the hottest on record.
Impact of aerosol and microphysical uncertainty on the evolution of a severe hailstorm
Authors: Kuntze Patrick , Miltenberger Annette , Hoose Corinna , Kunz Michael , Frey Lena
Published: March 2024

Forecasting high impact weather events is a major challenge for numerical weather prediction. Initial condition uncertainty plays an important role but so do uncertainties arising from the representation of subgrid-scale processes, e.g. cloud microphysics. Here, we investigate the impact of cloud microphysical parameter uncertainties on the forecast of a selected severe convective storm over South-Eastern Germany in 2019, which is generally referred to as the Munich hailstorm (Wilhelm et al., 2020).The storm is simulated using the ICON model (2-moment cloud microphysics, 1 km grid-spacing) with perturbed microphysical parameters related to graupel and hail formation. Combinations of parameter perturbations are chosen according to a Latin hyper cube design and one-at-a-time parameter perturbations for the smallest and largest parameter values. Important impacts on surface (hail) precipitation are found for parameters pertaining to (i) CCN and INP activation, (ii) diffusional growth of ice, and (iii) the mass-diameter and mass-fall velocity relations for graupel. The behavior of graupel particles are thereby controlled by their density.The one-at-a-time parameter perturbation simulations are used to track microphysical process rates. By closing the hydrometeor mass budgets we explore changes in precipitation formation pathways (based on the approach by Barrett and Hoose, 2023) arising from perturbations of the most impactful parameters. Preliminary results show a strong influence of graupel density on the hail particle size distribution as well as total precipitation, but less so on surface hail amount.The analysis allows us to draw conclusions about the most impactful cloud microphysical parameters for hail forecast uncertainty as well as the underlying mechanisms.
Integrating Satellite-Derived Data and Machine Learning Algorithm for Assessing Winter Wheat Evapotranspiration
Authors: Singh Priya , Kothari Kritika
Published: March 2024

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the loss of water from both the soil and plants, and it is an important component of the hydrologic cycle. In the recent decades, ET estimation has improved due to developments in remote sensing technologies, particularly in the agricultural domain. ET is affected by a variety of factors, including weather and crop conditions, which are difficult to estimate for larger regions at fine resolution. Therefore, the current study intends to employ the Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land (SEBAL) model using satellite images to estimate and provide spatial ET variation using crop growth biophysical parameters such as land surface temperature, albedo, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Leaf Area Index (LAI), net radiation, sensible heat flux, and soil heat flux. The pixel-based SEBAL technique was used for the Haridwar district (area = 2360 sq. km) of Uttarakhand, India. The study utilized 5 cloud-free harmonized Landsat 8 and sentinel 2 satellite data for winter wheat crop at the beginning, middle, and end of the season. The area of cultivated wheat fields was initially identified using a machine learning support vector machine technique based on time series-threshold values of NDVI. This showed a wheat area of 526.86 sq. km, while the observed wheat acreage was 446.44 sq. km. The results showed that, for the research region, the support vector machine produced a significantly accurate assessment, with a kappa coefficient of 0.89, producer accuracy of 0.89, user accuracy of 0.82, and overall accuracy of 0.84. The estimated mean actual ET values were found to be 3.7 mm/day, 3.0 mm/day,  4.1 mm/day, 0.6 mm/day, 0.8 mm/day, and potential ET calculated by FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method were 4.4 mm/day, 4 mm/day, 4.1 mm/day, 3.7 mm/day, 2.1 mm/day dated 14th and 6th March, 2023, 26th and 18th February 2023, 17th January 2023, respectively.  Based on the findings, ET maps and NDVI maps showing spatial variation were developed for the study area. These maps can be helpful for hydrological modeling, drought management, crop yield estimation, and irrigation scheduling.