bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intensity and Structure Changes during Hurricane Eyewall Replacement Cycles
Authors: Sitkowski Matthew , Kossin James P. , Rozoff Christopher M.
Published: June 2011

A flight-level aircraft dataset consisting of 79 Atlantic basin hurricanes from 1977 to 2007 was used to develop an unprecedented climatology of inner-core intensity and structure changes associated with eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs). During an ERC, the inner-core structure was found to undergo dramatic changes that result in an intensity oscillation and rapid broadening of the wind field. Concentrated temporal sampling by reconnaissance aircraft in 14 of the 79 hurricanes captured virtually the entire evolution of 24 ERC events. The analysis of this large dataset extends the phenomenological paradigm of ERCs described in previous observational case studies by identifying and exploring three distinct phases of ERCs: intensification, weakening, and reintensification. In general, hurricanes intensify, sometimes rapidly, when outer wind maxima are first encountered by aircraft. The mean locations of the inner and outer wind maximum at the start of an ERC are 35 and 106 km from storm center, respectively. The intensification rate of the inner wind maximum begins to slow and the storm ultimately weakens as the inner-core structure begins to organize into concentric rings. On average, the inner wind maximum weakens 10 m s−1 before the outer wind maximum surpasses the inner wind maximum as it continues to intensify. This reintensification can be quite dramatic and often brings the storm to its maximum lifetime intensity. The entire ERC lasts 36 h on average.

Comparison of flight-level data and microwave imagery reveals that the first appearance of an outer wind maximum, often associated with a spiral rainband, typically precedes the weakening of the storm by roughly 9 h, but the weakening is already well under way by the time a secondary convective ring with a well-defined moat appears in microwave imagery. The data also show that winds beyond the outer wind maximum remain elevated even after the outer wind maximum contracts inward. Additionally, the contraction of the outer wind maximum usually ceases at a radius larger than the location of the inner wind maximum at the start of the ERC. The combination of a larger primary eyewall and expanded outer wind field increase the integrated kinetic energy by an average of 28% over the course of a complete ERC despite little change in the maximum intensity between the times of onset and completion of the event.
Difference Scores From the Point of View of Reliability and Repeated-Measures ANOVA
Authors: Thomas D. Roland , Zumbo Bruno D.
Published: June 2011

There is such doubt in research practice about the reliability of difference scores that granting agencies, journal editors, reviewers, and committees of graduate students’ theses have been known to deplore their use. This most maligned index can be used in studies of change, growth, or perhaps discrepancy between two measures taken on the same sampling unit. The most commonly stated problem with difference scores is the supposed associated increase in unreliability of difference scores. In this article, the authors examine difference scores from the point of view of reliability and repeated-measures ANOVA. The authors demonstrate that when the focus of difference scores is data analysis of aggregate models, their use should not be assessed in terms of reliability, and that the complete abolition of difference scores in research practice is unwarranted.
Better knowledge on vitamin D and calcium in older people is associated with a higher serum vitamin D level and a higher daily dietary calcium intake
Authors: Oudshoorn Christian , Hartholt Klaas A , van Leeuwen Johannes PTM , Colin Edgar M , van der Velde Nathalie , van der Cammen Tischa JM
Published: June 2011

Objective: The objective of the present study was to examine knowledge on vitamin D and calcium in a cohort of older adults and to test the association between health knowledge, vitamin D status and dietary calcium intake.

Methods: The participants of this cross-sectional survey consisted of 426 individuals (≥65 years), living in residential homes. Participants were tested for their knowledge on vitamin D and calcium using a standardized questionnaire. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) levels and dietary calcium intake were measured.

Results: The mean serum 25(OH)D3 level was 39.1 (±21.4) nmol/l and the mean daily dietary calcium intake was 826 (±242) mg/day. Of the participants, only 38 per cent indicated that they knew or had heard of vitamin D. Participants overestimated their daily calcium intake. Better knowledge on vitamin D and calcium was associated with both higher vitamin D levels ( P < 0.0001) and a higher daily dietary calcium intake ( P < 0.0001).

Conclusion: Given the poor knowledge on vitamin D and calcium and the observed associations, improving health knowledge could be a possible intervention to improve vitamin D status and calcium intake in older people. Further studies are needed to assess whether education will indeed lead to improvement of vitamin D levels and calcium intake in this age group.
An intervention to improve the oral health of residents in an aged care facility led by nurses
Authors: Blinkhorn FA , Weingarten L , Boivin L , Plain J , Kay M
Published: June 2011

Introduction: The growing population of elderly people is impacting on overstretched dental services in many countries, as many individuals are retaining natural teeth and may have dentures or implants, all of which influence the way in which the oral cavity must be cared for. A major difficulty for older residents is their decreasing level of motor and cognitive functioning to adequately self-care for their mouths. Hence, the role of the nurse is crucial. However, staff shortages, time factors and lack of awareness can lead to neglect of the mouth in this population. The loss of function is often exacerbated in individuals with mental health problems.

Objectives: To improve the oral health of residents in an aged care mental health unit through the introduction of an innovative nursing intervention.

Methods: Firstly, utilizing focus groups, nursing staff identified the main barriers to delivery of oral hygiene to residents as follows: lack of proper equipment; no protocol in place; lack of knowledge. Staff knowledge of oral health and hygiene was measured using a structured questionnaire before and after the intervention. A training program was devised by a dentist, dietician and nurse working in the unit. A multidisciplinary team met on several occasions to design a suitable vehicle and process to deliver oral hygiene. Oral health examinations were conducted at baseline, three months and 12 months.

Interventions: Design and production of oral hygiene trolley; development of protocol for oral hygiene; staff education in oral health.

Results: The program was successful in improving the oral health of residents with reductions in plaque scores, gingivitis and pocket depths. The oral hygiene protocol was positively accepted into a daily routine and the knowledge of staff in matters relating to oral health increased.

Conclusions: A simple oral health intervention utilizing qualified nurses and a purpose-built oral hygiene trolley made significant improvements to the oral health of aged care residents.
Fashion Versus Perception: The Impact of Surface Lightness on the Perceived Dimensions of Interior Space
Authors: Oberfeld Daniel , Hecht Heiko
Published: June 2011

Objectives: We compare expert opinion with perceptual judgment regarding the influence of color on the perceived height and width of interior rooms.

Background: We hypothesize that contrary to popular belief, ceiling and wall lightness have additive effects on perceived height, whereas the lightness contrast between these surfaces is less important. We assessed the intuitions of architectural experts as to which surface colors maximize apparent height and compared these intuitions with psychophysical height and width estimates for rooms differing in ceiling, floor, and wall lightness.

Method: Experiment 1 was a survey of architectural experts and nonexperts. Experiments 2 and 3 presented virtual rooms varying in physical height, physical width, and surface lightness.

Results: In Experiment 1, both experts and nonexperts erroneously assumed that the lightness contrast between ceiling and walls influences perceived height. Experiment 2 showed that the lightness contrast does not determine apparent height but that ceiling and wall lightness have additive effects. Experiment 3 demonstrated a decrease in perceived width with physical height, whereas the perceived height was not related to physical width. Apparent width was unaffected by ceiling lightness.

Conclusion:: Light ceiling and light walls make a room appear higher, whereas floor color has a weaker effect. We also found evidence for an asymmetric interaction between height and width.

Application: The question of how to color walls and ceiling to maximize the apparent size of a room can be answered empirically. Aesthetic considerations may interfere with the correct assessment of the effects of color in experts.
Fostering Creativity in Product and Service Development: Validation in the Domain of Information Technology
Authors: Zeng Liang , Proctor Robert W. , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: June 2011

Objective: This research is intended to empirically validate a general model of creative product and service development proposed in the literature.

Background: A current research gap inspired construction of a conceptual model to capture fundamental phases and pertinent facilitating metacognitive strategies in the creative design process. The model also depicts the mechanism by which design creativity affects consumer behavior. The validity and assets of this model have not yet been investigated.

Method: Four laboratory studies were conducted to demonstrate the value of the proposed cognitive phases and associated metacognitive strategies in the conceptual model. Realistic product and service design problems were used in creativity assessment to ensure ecological validity.

Results: Design creativity was enhanced by explicit problem analysis, whereby one formulates problems from different perspectives and at different levels of abstraction. Remote association in conceptual combination spawned more design creativity than did near association. Abstraction led to greater creativity in conducting conceptual expansion than did specificity, which induced mental fixation. Domain-specific knowledge and experience enhanced design creativity, indicating that design can be of a domain-specific nature. Design creativity added integrated value to products and services and positively influenced customer behavior.

Conclusion: The validity and value of the proposed conceptual model is supported by empirical findings.

Application: The conceptual model of creative design could underpin future theory development. Propositions advanced in this article should provide insights and approaches to facilitate organizations pursuing product and service creativity to gain competitive advantage.
Prevalence and social determinants of suicidal behaviours among college youth in India
Authors: Nath Yogini , Paris Joel , Thombs Brett , Kirmayer Laurence
Published: June 2011

Background:

Little is known about the prevalence of and factors associated with suicide ideation and suicide attempts among college youth in India.

Aims:

The aims were to estimate the prevalence of suicidal behaviours among Indian college students and identify potential risk factors for suicide ideation and attempts.

Method:

The study surveyed 1,817 undergraduate college students aged 18–24 years in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, with a questionnaire that assessed suicidal behaviours as well as stressful situations and life events. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess risk factors.

Results:

The prevalence of lifetime suicide ideation and lifetime suicide attempts was 11.7% and 4.0%, respectively. Suicide ideation was predicted by female gender, odds ratio ( OR) = 1.41, 95% CI 1.01, 1.97, economic stress, OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.11, 1.24, stress due to life events involving religious violence in the community, OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.15, 1.78, and life events involving caste conflicts or caste discrimination, OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.13, 1.46. Female gender and caste-related life events were not significantly associated with suicide attempts but economic stress and stressful experience of religious conflict continued to be significantly associated with lifetime suicide attempt, OR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.08, 1.31, and OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.14, 2.17, respectively.

Conclusions:

In this sample, college students from low socioeconomic classes who faced economic difficulties, and students who experienced distress as a result of caste discrimination or caste conflict, and communal unrest, were at a higher risk for suicidal behaviour.
Rethinking Religion in Music Education
Authors: Hoffman Adria R.
Published: June 2011

A great deal of discussion of religious music in schools has been generated in our field. As we become increasingly sensitive to the diverse interests of the multiple stakeholders in public schools, issues of political correctness and pedagogical goals are raised. The author poses questions about religion and music education. To generate a different dialogue on this topic, four vignettes and alternate interpretations of the situations as well as possible unintended consequences are examined. The author describes alternative approaches to music-learning contexts and offers questions to wrestle with while keeping in mind the goal of music for all.
Do You Hear What I’m Sayin’?
Authors: Hoffman Adria R.
Published: June 2011

There is a substantial body of literature on music education in urban settings; however, few resources are available to music educators working in other increasingly diverse school districts across the United States. This article offers a discussion of language barriers and miscommunications between music teachers and students whose cultural backgrounds differ. Through an understanding of the ways cultural differences might lead to miscommunications and frustrations, music educators can begin to better serve the students who are often made invisible in our suburban as well as urban school districts. Included are samples of words and phrases commonly used by students and misunderstood by teachers. The article also suggests ways in which teachers can help students better navigate school music programs.
Demystifying Differentiation for the Elementary Music Classroom
Authors: Hillier Erin
Published: June 2011

Many music educators struggle with adapting buildingwide professional development initiatives into their own curriculum and teaching practice while still maintaining the integrity of the musical experiences they bring to the classroom. One vastly popular trend in instructional strategies, differentiated instruction, is both accessible to the music educator and a practice that is already going on in many music classrooms across the United States. This article explores the principles behind differentiated instruction as well as its practical applications for a variety of music classrooms.
For a Realistic Assessment
Authors: Bajpai Vikas , Saraya Anoop
Published: June 2011

The Government of India set up the ‘Health Survey and Development Committee’, popularly known as the ‘Bhore Committee’ in 1943 to draw up the scheme of health services for the newly emerging independent India. The recommendations made by the committee remain a landmark in the development of health services in the country and continue to inspire the health workers in the country in their struggle for developing pro-people health system. This article makes an attempt to analyse the positives and the negatives in the recommendations of the committee by tracing their roots in the social and political conditions, nationally and internationally, at the time of the deliberations of the committee. An attempt has also been made to trace the consequences of these recommendations and draw appropriate lessons for health policy formulation in the country. The article identifies the continuance of the colonial governance paradigm even after 1947 as the biggest threat to evolving and implementing a health policy framework favourable to the interests of the poor masses of the country.
Decision-making and Fertility Behaviour
Authors: Das Bhaswati , Tarai Deepshikha
Published: June 2011

Women’s decision-making power in India is a much researched issue among the feminist social scientists. In the literature decision-making is frequently used synonymously as women’s status, women’s position in a society and in a household. Women’s decision-making play an important role in determining her reproductive health and fertility behaviour. National Family Health Survey (NFHS) incorporated some mobility and finance-related decision-making indicators to grossly quantify the level of decision-making. This article is an attempt to explore the relationship between women’s decision-making and fertility behaviour among married scheduled caste and scheduled tribe women of 15–49 years in Odisha based on NFHS-3. Results using different statistical techniques indicate that level of women’s decision-making is not influencing significantly the fertility behaviour in both the study communities. This calls for further debate and discussions on the questions put by NFHS in their nationwide survey.
Expropriation of Land and Cultures
Authors: Sahu Subrat Kumar , Dash Mamata
Published: June 2011

In a state such as Odisha in which Dalit and tribal groups comprise about 40 per cent of the total population, the issue of ‘access’ to land and resources has apparently been central to all conflicts. For traditional communities, ‘access’ is directly linked to civilizational paradigms and cultural ethos, which rather decide their ‘economics’, and not the other way round that may be true for modern, techno-centric civilizations. Most mainstream discourses of history have, however, tried to locate the crisis in the ‘absence of state interventions’. But, a dig into the social history points to deeper roots of the crisis, which rather intensified after the entry of the ‘welfare’ State. The article attempts to establish linkages between marginalization of traditional communities (often to the extent of cultural genocide) and the growing political articulation of the same groups in myriad ways and methods, keeping in the heart of the argument the less-talked-about processes of ‘cultural appropriation’.
Land Distribution Programmes in Odisha—A Social Audit in Nuapada
Authors: Deo Fanindam
Published: June 2011

The land distribution operations of the Government of Odisha has been a place of Shelter, as well as a productive resource for Adivasis and Dalits. But in the last three decades, schemes like ceiling surplus for the landless, bhudan land distribution and the basundhar scheme have failed to yield the desired result because of the lack of actual physical possession by the beneficiary, unavailability of records of rights and poor land quality.
Changes in Norms Regarding Work in Israel over the Course of Time
Authors: Sharabi Moshe , Harpaz Itzhak
Published: June 2011

This article presents a longitudinal study of changes in norms regarding work among the same individuals over a 12-year period. A control group made it possible to examine whether the normative changes that occurred were due to period effect, or life-course effect, or cohort effect. In Israel there were fewer acceptances of norms of ‘obligation’ and ‘entitlement’ in the 1990s than in the 1980s, principally due to cohort effect. In the 1990s young generation expressed fewer acceptances of obligation norms (expressing collectivistic and altruistic values) and of entitlement (expressing social welfare values) than did the young people of the 1980s. Life-course effect had to be taken into consideration too, since with maturity obligation norms are increasingly accepted. Gender proved to have no effect on agreement with expressions of either norm, while higher education contributed to a decrease in acceptance of statements of obligation norms. The changes in norms were compared with trends in the US and Germany. It seems that Israel of the 1990s resembled the US of the 1980s, and this change in norms arose principally from cohort effect.
Capacity Building for Resettlement Management
Authors: Dubey Muchkund
Published: June 2011

Beacuse of the pressure of development, displacement of people from project sites has become an ubiquitous phenomenon. Relatively high rate of growth of the Indian economy has added new dimensions and diversity to project-related displacement. Development projects call for acquisition of land which, undertaken on a large scale and without consultation with the owners of land, have led to agitation and public protests. A proper resettlement policy is a key to dealing with this problem. However, before moving to resettlement, various means can be adopted for redesigning and implementing projects without causing or minimising the magnitude of displacement. Moreover, when displacement is inevitable, resettlement should become a principal component of the project design and implementation. Adequate resources and trained and dedicated manpower should be provided for this purpose both by the government and companies.
Extraterrestrials and Generic Social Processes
Authors: Parrotta Kylie L. , Rusche Sarah Nell
Published: June 2011

In this article, the authors describe a class activity that uses a combination of strategies to overcome obstacles students face when learning about the reproduction of inequality in everyday life. Based on Schwalbe et al.’s (2000) piece on “generic social processes,” and following the idea of “making the strange familiar and the familiar strange,” the authors had students pretend to be aliens to investigate how generic social processes are used in the United States to both maintain privilege and cope with oppression. The activity facilitates students’ understanding of how inequality is reproduced through interaction rather than by “social forces.” The activity provides students with a hands-on way to grasp the reproduction of inequality from a social-psychological perspective. It also encourages students to see how valuable qualitative research is for helping sociologists understand how inequality is reproduced across contexts.
Juvenile Sexual Offenders
Authors: Carpentier Julie , Leclerc Benoit , Proulx Jean
Published: June 2011

The aim of the study was to identify the factors associated with age of onset of sexual aggression, and variety and desistance of criminal activity, among adolescent sexual aggressors. The sample consisted of 351 adolescents ( M age = 15.8 years, SD = 1.8) who were assessed in an outpatient psychiatric clinic between 1992 and 2002. Recidivism data were collected after a mean follow-up period of 8 years. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses demonstrated that some variables related to childhood and adolescent development discriminated among participants who went on to follow different criminal activity trajectories. Indices of early antisocial behaviors (aggressive behavior, antisocial traits) were associated with early activation of a pattern of sexual offending as well as a polymorphic criminal career in adolescence. Findings supported previous research indicating that most adolescent sexual offenders who persist in a criminal career commit a variety of offenses and do not specialize in sexual crimes.
The Effects of Loading History and Manufacturing Methods on the Mechanical Behavior of High-Density Polyethylene
Authors: Dusunceli Necmi , Aydemir Bulent
Published: June 2011

This article describes a series of experiments conducted to determine the effects of loading history and manufacturing techniques on mechanical behavior of high- density polyethylene (HDPE). The main reason for undertaking the research was to investigate multiple creep, multiple relaxation, and cyclic loading on uniaxial tension. The samples used for tensile tests were obtained from extruded pipe and compression-molded sheets. The stress—strain responses of both samples under uniaxial tensile were found to be independent of the loading history. It was observed that the compression-molded specimens exhibit greater deformation ratio than the extruded specimen. Understanding the deformation behavior under different loading can offer the designer of high-density polyethylene products reliable data relevant to practical applications.
The Impact of Immigration Policies on Transnational Filipino Immigrant Women
Authors: Cristaldi Flavia , Darden Joe T.
Published: June 2011

This article examines how different immigration policies and practices have influenced transnational Filipino immigrant women who chose Italy and Canada as their country of destination. The article focuses specifically on how the different immigration policies and practices have influenced the degree of incorporation of Filipino immigrant women into the social and spatial structure of the two metropolitan areas of Rome and Toronto. Data to assess the extent of incorporation were obtained from government policies and census reports. The spatial structure was analyzed by determining the level of residential segregation of the Filipino population from the majority population. The results show that one country (Canada) provides a greater avenue for social mobility, permanent residence, and citizenship than the other (Italy). Immigration policy remains one of the most important factors in understanding transnational migration.
Not the Prologue of John
Authors: Williams P.J.
Published: June 2011

This article considers the history of the transmission of the opening verses of the Fourth Gospel and the ways in which the text was divided or not divided into segments by commentators (e.g. Ptolemy, Heracleon, Irenaeus, Cyprian, Chrysostom, Augustine, Cyril, Philoxenus), liturgical systems and the scribes of early manuscripts (e.g. Arabic, Armenian, Coptic, Ethiopic, Georgian, Greek, Latin, Syriac). There is then investigation of the division of the text in the period of print from 1495 (the first printing of Jn 1.1-14) to the present. It is found that systems that regarded Jn 1.1-5, 1-14, or 1-17 as a unit preceded those that regarded 1.1-18 as a unit and that these earlier analyses each have distinct exegetical advantages over the common modern position of viewing 1.1-18 as a unit. The reasons for the currently preferred division and its exegetical consequences are explored with the conclusion that Jn 1.1-18 should not be regarded as the prologue of the Fourth Gospel.
‘Who Can Forgive Sins but God Alone?’ Human and Angelic Agents, and Divine Forgiveness in Early Judaism
Authors: Johansson Daniel
Published: June 2011

Was forgiveness of sins viewed as a divine prerogative, uniquely reserved for the God of Israel in early Judaism? While some scholars think this was the case, others have questioned or qualified such a view, arguing that other figures, such as priests, prophets, various messianic figures, or angels, could forgive sins in the place of God. This article surveys and critiques the main evidence that has been put forward to demonstrate this. The outcome is mainly negative. With the possible exception of one or two passages which may ascribe the authority to pardon sin to the Angel of YHWH, no firm evidence can be found which demonstrates that other figures than God forgave sins. Various strands of early Judaism conceived of human and angelic agents who interceded on behalf of others, expiated sin and mediated forgiveness from God, but they all seem to have shared the view that forgiveness is divine prerogative.
Exploring the Sense-scape of the Gospel of Mark
Authors: Lawrence Louise
Published: June 2011

This article attempts to address a certain lack of interest in the senses in New Testament studies by conducting a sensory survey of the Gospel of Mark. Informed by cross-cultural anthropology of the senses, the Gospel of Mark is revealed as an audio-centric text in which hearing is the pre-eminent sense and deafness the gravest sensory impairment. Mark’s ambivalence surrounding the faculty of sight is viewed as a resistance to the pre-eminence of the visual within imperial propaganda.
Stoic Physics and the Christ-event: A Review of Troels Engberg-Pedersen, Cosmology and Self in the Apostle Paul: The Material Spirit (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)
Authors: Barclay John M.G.
Published: June 2011

This review of Engberg-Pedersen’s important new book questions its thesis that Paul, like the Stoics, understood the pneuma to be a physical substance characteristic of the heavenly bodies in the cosmos. For all their similarities in numerous details, there seem to be substantial differences between Pauline and Stoic theology concerning the relationship between God and the world, as seen in the way Paul articulates the character of the ‘new creation’ instituted by the Christ-event.
Paul’s Body: A Response to Barclay and Levison
Authors: Engberg-Pedersen Troels
Published: June 2011

A rejoinder to the articles of Barclay and Levison reviewing Cosmology and Self in the Apostle Paul: The Material Spirit.
Paul in the Stoa Poecile: A Response to Troels Engberg-Pedersen, Cosmology and Self in the Apostle Paul: The Material Spirit (Oxford, 2010)
Authors: Levison John R.
Published: June 2011

Troels Engberg-Pedersen offers ‘a coherent reading of Paul that reflects the best available conceptual tools for understanding the world, both his and ours’ (6). These tools include ancient Stoicism, which illuminates the material character of pneuma, and the writings of contemporary theorists Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu, which provide heuristic keys to the interpretation of Paul. This response offers sustained analysis followed by three substantive critiques of Engberg-Pedersen’s use of Stoicism to explain Pauline pneumatology. (1) The Stoic models he constructs do not adequately explain Pauline pneumatology. (2) Stoic models that do not align with his conception of pneuma in Stoicism are neglected. (3) Neglected as well are key texts from Paul’s Jewish heritage—Hebrew Bible, Septuagint and the Dead Sea Scrolls—though in principle Engberg-Pedersen acknowledges the indispensability of this heritage.
Viral system algorithm: foundations and comparison between selective and massive infections
Authors: Cortés Pablo , García José M , Muñuzuri Jesús , Guadix José
Published: June 2011

This paper presents a guided and deep introduction to viral systems (VS), a novel bio-inspired methodology based on a natural biological process taking part when the organism has to give a response to an external infection. VS has proven to be very efficient when dealing with problems of high complexity. The paper discusses on the foundations of VS, presents the main pseudocodes that need to be implemented and illustrates the methodology application. A comparison between VS and other metaheuristics, as well between different VS approaches is presented. Finally, trends and new research opportunities are presented for this bio-inspired methodology.
Overcoming language barriers: Interfaces between disciplines
Authors: Van Horne Amanda J. Owen
Published: June 2011

This commentary highlights the advantages of examining the interactions between domains of language, the language environment, and the individual. The findings of these articles address questions of current interest in both linguistics and cognitive science but may find a broader audience if the value of innateness, modularity, and assumptions about the role of frequency and the input are more carefully questioned. The strengths of working at the interface between linguistic subsystems include precise specification of the problem space, consideration of task effects, and extra-linguistic factors that might influence the results observed. The relative contribution of the input according to the different authors is considered and measures for incorporating input into studies are discussed. Implicit definitions of innateness and modularity assumed by the articles are highlighted.
Clitics in L1 bilingual acquisition
Authors: Larrañaga Pilar , Guijarro-Fuentes Pedro
Published: June 2011

Data from two bilingual Basque–Spanish children are analysed with respect to the grammatical domain of clitic drop, involving the interface between pragmatics and syntax. Basque Spanish allows for clitic drop in referential contexts, an option that does not exist in standard Spanish. The data suggest that the early high rate of clitic drop is most probably due to two factors: first, cross-linguistic influence from Basque because Basque lacks clitics – and hence the complement position is either occupied by a DP or pro – and both children studied in the present article drop more clitics in Spanish than the monolinguals reported in the literature (Fujino & Sano, 2002); and second, because children seem to have a notion of topic that equals information recoverability.
Eventivity effects in early grammar: The case of non-finite verbs
Authors: Hyams Nina
Published: June 2011

During the Root Infinitive (RI) stage children produce both stative and eventive finite verbs, but their non-finite verbs are restricted to eventive predicates (Hoekstra & Hyams, 1998; Wijnen, 1997). This Eventivity Constraint (EC) holds cross-linguistically – for RIs in Dutch, German, French, and Russian, ‘bare perfectives’ in Greek, bare participles (participles without an auxiliary) in Italian, French, and German – but not for English bare verbs. Hyams (2007) proposes the ‘aspectual anchoring hypothesis’ (AAH), which requires that non-finite root clauses be temporally anchored via the aspectual system. This article demonstrates that without any additional stipulations the AAH also accounts for the EC and the lack of such an effect in English bare verbs.
Coping strategies and perceived effectiveness in fourth through eighth grade victims of bullying
Authors: Tenenbaum Laura S. , Varjas Kris , Meyers Joel , Parris Leandra
Published: June 2011

Victimization resulting from bullying affects millions of school children worldwide each year (e.g. Nansel et al., 2001; Sapouna, 2008; Smokowski & Kopasz, 2005). These children face the fear and humiliation of verbal, physical, and relational aggression and as a result, often suffer psychological ill effects (e.g. Kochenderfer-Ladd, & Skinner, 2002). This study examined the coping strategies of victims of bullying using qualitative research methodology. One-hundred-and-two fourth through eighth grade students participated in group interviews discussing the topics of bullying and coping with victimization. A coping model emerged from this study that included the primary categories of problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping, and eight subcategories, self-defense, stand up to the bully, seeking social support, distancing, internalizing, tension-reduction/externalizing, focus on the positive, and self-blame. Results revealed that problem-focused coping was the type of coping most often used by victims of bullying. Externalizing and seeking social support were the most commonly reported problem-focused coping strategies used by victims. Boys discussed using externalizing strategies with greater frequency than girls, whereas girls reported seeking social support more often than boys. Results also indicated that children generally found their implemented strategies to be ineffective in resolving their problem. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Friends can hurt you: Examining the coexistence of friendship and bullying among early adolescents
Authors: Wei Hsi-Sheng , Jonson-Reid Melissa
Published: June 2011

Friendship is typically assumed to be a protective factor for victims of school bullying, so the possibility of victimization by friends is rarely explored. This study examines the prevalence of positive affiliation between the victims and aggressors in verbal and physical bullying. Peer nomination inventories were used to assess the friendship and dyadic bullying tendency among 237 Taiwanese middle school 7th graders. A total of 1,084 incidents of dyadic verbal bullying and 1,327 incidents of physical bullying were reported by the respondents. Friendship nominations among aggressors and victims could be unilateral (a peer nominates someone who does not in turn nominate them) or reciprocal (both the aggressor and the victim nominate each other as friends). Reciprocal nominations between victims and aggressors occurred in approximately 8% of cases of verbal bullying incidents and about 12% of physical bullying incidents. About 8% of victims of verbal or physical bullying unilaterally nominated the aggressor as a friend, with 9% and 12% of aggressors nominating victims as friends in the two cases. The self-reported strength of friendships was high among the reciprocal friends. Implications for the existence of bullying within friendship dyads for research and practice are discussed.
How South Korean teachers handle an incident of school bullying
Authors: Yoon Jina , Bauman Sheri , Choi Taesan , Hutchinson Alisa S.
Published: June 2011

With school-level variables receiving increasing attention for their role in the maintenance of bullying behaviors, this study examined teacher responses to a hypothetical bullying situation among a sample of South Korean teachers. Using an online survey method, school-level variables (anti-bullying policy and anti-bullying program) and individual characteristics (anti-bullying training and years of teaching experience) were also collected. Factor analyses indicated a two-factor solution in teacher responses: Ignore and Action. The Action scores differed significantly by gender and by years of teaching experience, but not by school-level variables or anti-bullying training. The implications for teacher training are discussed.
Definitions of school bullying in Taiwan: A comparison of multiple perspectives
Authors: Cheng Ying-Yao , Chen Li-Ming , Ho Hsiao-Chi , Cheng Chih-Ling
Published: June 2011

Investigating teachers’ and students’ different definitions of school bullying is important for necessary prevention and effective intervention. This study compared definitions of bullying from the perspectives of bystanders, bullies, victims, and educators. A total of 1,558 secondary educators and students in Taiwan participated in this research, including 967 students (537 bystanders, 217 bullies, and 213 victims) and 591 educators. Participants wrote their answers to the open-ended question, ‘What is bullying in your opinion?’. The grounded theory method was employed to analyse the collected qualitative data. Results indicated that educators’ and students’ conceptions of bullying in Taiwan included features of intentionality, power imbalance, assaults, and negative results. Educators tended to refer to the characteristic of repetition, which was rarely mentioned by the students. The bullies were likely to regard bullying as unintended acts, while intentionality was more likely to be identified by the educators. This study categorized aggressive behaviour into three patterns: Playful teasing, bullying, and severe bullying. The bullies thought that they were merely joking, when actually their behaviour was considered bullying from the bystanders’ and the victims’ points of view. This study finally discussed characteristics and categories of school bullying and the implications for interventions.
Two to Tango
Authors: Minson Julia A. , Liberman Varda , Ross Lee
Published: June 2011

Four studies examined dyadic collaboration on quantitative estimation tasks. In accord with the tenets of “naïve realism,” dyad members failed to give due weight to a partner’s estimates, especially those greatly divergent from their own. The requirement to reach joint estimates through discussion increased accuracy more than reaching agreement through a mere exchange of numerical “bids.” However, even the latter procedure increased accuracy, relative to that of individual estimates (Study 1). Accuracy feedback neither increased weight given to partner’s subsequent estimates nor produced improved accuracy (Study 2). Long-term dance partners, who shared a positive estimation bias, failed to improve accuracy when estimating their performance scores (Study 3). Having dyad members ask questions about the bases of partner’s estimates produced greater yielding and accuracy increases than having them explain their own estimates (Study 4). The latter two studies provided additional direct and indirect evidence for the role of naïve realism.
Mood and Multiple Source Characteristics: Mood Congruency of Source Consensus Status and Source Trustworthiness as Determinants of Message Scrutiny
Authors: Ziegler Rene , Diehl Michael
Published: June 2011

This research deals with the interplay of mood and multiple source characteristics in regard to persuasion processes and attitudes. In a four-factorial experiment, mood (positive vs. negative), source consensus status (majority vs. minority), source trustworthiness (high vs. low), and message strength (strong vs. weak) were manipulated. Results were in line with predictions of a mood-congruent expectancies perspective rather than competing predictions of a mood-as-information perspective. Specifically, individuals in both moods evinced higher message scrutiny given mood-incongruent (vs. mood-congruent) source characteristics. That is, across source trustworthiness, positive (negative) mood led to higher message scrutiny given a minority (majority) versus a majority (minority) source. Furthermore, across source consensus, positive (negative) mood led to higher message scrutiny given an untrustworthy (trustworthy) versus a trustworthy (untrustworthy) source. Additional analyses revealed that processing effort increased from doubly mood-congruent source combinations (low effort) over mixed-source combinations (intermediate effort) to doubly mood-incongruent combinations (high effort). Implications are discussed.
Influence of Vitamins, Trace Elements, and Iron on Lipid Peroxidation Reactions in All‐in‐One Admixtures for Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Grand Anaïs , Jalabert Anne , Mercier Grégoire , Florent Maurice , Hansel‐Esteller Sylvie , Cambonie Gilles , Steghens Jean‐Paul , Picaud Jean‐Charles
Published: June 2011

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamins, trace elements, or iron on lipid peroxidation in all‐in‐one parenteral nutrition (PN) admixtures for preterm neonates. Methods: Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were analyzed over a 24‐hour period (H1‐H24) in lipid‐containing PN solutions that have a composition identical to that used in the routine clinical care of preterm infants. Six different solutions were prepared and evaluated when exposed to ambient light and light‐protected conditions as follows: control (without vitamins [Vit], trace elements [TE], or iron [Fe] [Vit−TE−Fe−]), solution 1 (Vit+TE+Fe−), solution 2 (Vit+TE−Fe−), solution 3 (Vit−TE+Fe−), solution 4 (Vit−TE−Fe+), and solution 5 (Vit+TE+Fe+). Results: MDA concentrations in PN solutions were significantly higher at H24 than at H0 when they contained multivitamins (P < .001), trace elements (P = .002), or iron saccharate (P = .018). MDA concentration was particularly high when all 3 micronutrients were present (P < .001) or when the solutions were exposed to ambient light. In solutions containing iron, MDA concentrations were elevated at H0, and levels did not change whether protected from (P < .001) or exposed to (P < .001) from light. Conclusions: The addition of vitamins and trace elements to PN solutions induces a significant increase in peroxidation products, which are lowered when admixtures are protected from light. Iron should not be included in these solutions, even if solutions are light‐protected. By following these conditions it is possible to use all‐in‐one admixtures in the nutrition management of preterm infants.
Locating Excellence and Enacting Locality
Authors: Lorenz-Meyer Dagmar
Published: June 2011

This article notes that research policy and early laboratory studies resonate in foregrounding the laboratory as an important place and agent in producing valued research output but tend to gloss over the complex processes by which laboratories are built and sustained over time as well as the significance of non-Western histories. Drawing on multisited ethnography in laboratories located in the geopolitical East of Europe, it examines the articulations and tensions between performing laboratories as locales and as locations of scientific excellence across a range of heretofore underexamined online and offline sites, including group seminars and institutional Web pages. By drawing attention to enterprising modes of performing achievement and lab organization, the article shows how the laboratory is also a policy actor and reproduces Westward-oriented knowledge geographies. Pointing to care as a mode of ordering, it further explores different forms of material and affective labor that are obfuscated in such performances but build and sustain the lab as local–global assemblage. The article concludes by discussing the policy implications of making this labor visible.
Normal Anatomy and Histology of the Adult Zebrafish
Authors: Menke Aswin L. , Spitsbergen Jan M. , Wolterbeek Andre P. M. , Woutersen Ruud A.
Published: June 2011

The zebrafish has been shown to be an excellent vertebrate model for studying the roles of specific genes and signaling pathways. The sequencing of its genome and the relative ease with which gene modifications can be performed have led to the creation of numerous human disease models that can be used for testing the potential and the toxicity of new pharmaceutical compounds. Many pharmaceutical companies already use the zebrafish for prescreening purposes. So far, the focus has been on ecotoxicity and the effects on embryonic development, but there is a trend to expand the use of the zebrafish with acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity studies that are currently still carried out with the more conventional test animals such as rodents. However, before we can fully realize the potential of the zebrafish as an animal model for understanding human development, disease, and toxicology, we must first greatly advance our knowledge of normal zebrafish physiology, anatomy, and histology. To further this knowledge, we describe, in the present article, location and histology of the major zebrafish organ systems with a brief description of their function.
Potential of an Electric Prosthesis for Dynamic Facial Reanimation
Authors: Griffin Garrett R. , Kim Jennifer C.
Published: June 2011

Chronic facial paralysis is a devastating condition with severe functional and emotional consequences. The current surgical armamentarium permits the predictable reestablishment of a protective blink as well as good resting symmetry. Yet the ultimate goal of symmetric, spontaneous emotional expression remains elusive despite significant progress in the areas of peripheral nerve grafting and free tissue transfer. This commentary explores the possibility of an implantable electrical prosthesis for facial reanimation. It reviews animal studies supporting this concept as well as recent human data suggesting that such an implant could rescue denervated facial musculature, thus overcoming a major hurdle for existing reanimation techniques.