bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-Pressure Research in Chemical Engineering Department of Yale University
Authors: Dodge Barnett F.
Published: July 2022

This paper reviews only the “high lights” of research in this field which has been conducted since 1925 in our chemical engineering laboratory under the author’s direction. Work carried out prior to 1947 is given only passing mention and most of the paper is devoted to an outline of current work and some researches completed in the past 5 years.
Local Coefficients of Mass Transfer by Evaporation of Water Into an Air Jet
Authors: Spielman Maurice , Jakob Max
Published: July 2022

A previous paper dealt with the heat transfer in the flow of an air jet parallel to a plane plate. The present paper reports on experiments on evaporation from wet porous plates to such a jet. A satisfactory correlation of a modified Nusselt number with a Reynolds number and a starting-length function is presented. The influence of the starting points of hydrodynamic, thermal, and diffusional boundary layers is discussed, with reference to previous work on this subject.
Mechanical Design in Oil-Shale Retorting Plants
Authors: Brakel L. H.
Published: July 2022

For retorting of oil shale, the primary elements are handling of large quantities of crushed shale, in a satisfactory manner for good heat exchange, through a suitable retorting vessel; generation of the necessary heat at the temperatures required for retorting; controlled exchange of heat to the shale in the amount required for retorting; passage of a carrier fluid through the retorting shale to pick up the retorted oil; and further passage of this carrier fluid with the retorted oil through suitable equipment to separate and recover the oil from the fluid stream. Of the processes tested experimentally by the Bureau of Mines at Rifle, Colo., the gas-combustion process is most efficient and most economical in operation. No water is required. The simplicity of the design, the gravity flow of shale through the retort, the heat-exchange zones to keep all practicable heat within the retort, and the few simple mechanical devices make this retort both low in construction cost and most economical in operation.
Low-Temperature Insulation for Refinery Service
Authors: Martin W. L.
Published: July 2022

The problem confronting the refinery engineer in the selection, application, and maintenance of an insulation for low-temperature service involves consideration of factors that are, in general, of only minor significance in the high-temperature field. The principal basic factor in any insulation is, of course, conductivity. However, water absorption, upper-temperature limit, fire resistance, coefficient of expansion, and so on, also must be considered in selecting an insulant for particular service conditions. This paper presents a discussion of the more common insulating materials and the relative importance of the various properties and characteristics of these materials for low-temperature service in petroleum refineries. In addition to the care exercised in obtaining the proper insulating material, considerable attention must be devoted to the selection of accessory materials such as adhesives, vapor sealers, water and fireproof coverings, mechanical securement devices, and the like. These materials also will be discussed since they have a pronounced effect on the over-all effectiveness and life of the insulation.
The Determination of Local Forced-Convection Coefficients for Spheres
Authors: Cary John R.
Published: July 2022

The local heat-transfer coefficient on the surface of a sphere is investigated in the range of Reynolds numbers from 44,000 to 151,000. Correlation of experimental data is based on the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers, and two curves are presented for the relation between the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers as a function of the angle from the stagnation point.
Pressure Operation of Large Pulverized-Coal-Fired Boilers on the American Gas and Electric System
Authors: Bice G. W. , Yeknik W. M.
Published: July 2022

In 1946 a detailed study was made of the possibility of applying a special pressure-tight steel casing to the boilers for two projected 150,000 kw capability units, for the purpose of permitting operation with forced draft only. Factors influencing the decision to proceed with this type of construction are reviewed in detail. Operating histories, as affected by the pressurized construction, are reviewed for these two units and for four subsequent additional units of similar design. The principal difficulties which were encountered are enumerated and measures which were taken to overcome these difficulties are discussed. Static-pressure operating levels, auxiliary power, and thermal efficiency comparisons are given for pressure operation versus suction operation.
The Influence of Higher Rake Angles on Performance in Milling
Authors: Crawford J. H. , Merchant M. Eugene
Published: July 2022

This paper presents the results of research on the influence of rake angle on metal-cutting performance when using high-speed-steel cutters. A range of rake angles and cutting speeds was selected and studies made on cutter life and surface finish as a function of these variables. The effect of these variables on such basic quantities as forces, shear angle, chip friction, work done in cutting, and the calculated temperature on the chip-tool interface also was investigated. In several cases, excellent performance was obtained using higher rake angles (of the order of 25 deg to 40 deg) at higher cutting speeds. This observed performance is analyzed in relation to the basic factors.
Grinding and Lapping Stresses in Manganese Oil-Hardening Tool Steel
Authors: Letner H. R. , Snyder H. J.
Published: July 2022

The biaxial stress distributions resulting from grinding and lapping annealed manganese oil-hardening tool steel were determined by sectioning the stressed surface layers and following the changes in curvature of the test specimens by optical interferometry. Two methods of sectioning, lapping, and chemical etching were tested and evaluated. Results of the study show that the plastic deformation which gives rise to the residual stress is at least partially due to mechanical forces exerted upon the surface by the abrasive grains and cannot be explained by forces of thermal origin alone. Grinding stresses were found to fluctuate rapidly close to the surface, the highest stresses being confined to a surface layer about 0.0001 in. thick. Depth of stress penetration increased with depth of cut over the range tested. Lapping stresses were found to have a nearly constant compressive value throughout the surface layer affected which, for the conditions investigated, was about 0.0002 in. thick.
Furnace Heat Absorption in a Spreader-Stoker-Fired Steam Generator: 1—Furnace Heat-Absorption Efficiency as Shown by Enthalpy of Gases Leaving the Furnace
Authors: Myers J. W. , Corey R. C.
Published: July 2022

This paper is part of the fifth of a series of reports on investigations of heat absorption and distribution of heat transfer in large steam-boiler furnaces, sponsored by the ASME Special Research Committee on Furnace Performance Factors. The furnace heat absorption was determined from the temperature and composition of the furnace exit gases in fifteen tests on a steam generator rated at 165,000 lb per hr of steam at 915 psig and 740 F at the superheater outlet, and which is fired by a spreader stoker on a front-discharge traveling grate. The effect on furnace heat-absorption efficiency is shown for variation of (a) the heat available in the furnace, (b) the excess air, (c) the percentage of combustion air admitted over the fuel bed, and (d) the condition of the furnace walls with respect to ash deposits. Detailed data on the distribution of gas temperature and of excess air in the furnace are presented. The experimental values for the furnace heat-absorption efficiency did not compare favorably with values calculated by either the Stefan-Boltzmann or the Wohlenberg equations. There is evidence, however, that the performance of a spreader-stoker-fired furnace might be predicted by the Wohlenberg equation if it were modified to allow for heat transfer resulting from a combination of suspension and fixed-bed burning.
Laboratory Investigation of Superheater-Tubing Materials in Contact With Synthetic Combustion Atmospheres at 1350 F
Authors: Slunder C. J. , Hall A. M. , Jackson J. H.
Published: July 2022

A group of commercially available alloys was tested for resistance to synthetic combustion atmospheres at 1350 F, in controlled laboratory experiments, to determine their suitability for use as superheater-tubing materials. Variables in the corrosive environment included two concentration levels of sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and alkali-metal salts. Evaluation on the basis of resistance to both scaling and subsurface corrosion showed that alloys of the 25–12 and 25–20 types were superior. AISI 304 also behaved very well in these tests. These results verify the conclusions of the field tests in installations burning low-sulphur natural gas or coal. The conditions obtained in burning high-sulphur, high-vanadium oil were not included in the laboratory tests.
Resistance of Cast Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys to Corrosion in Oxidizing and Reducing Flue-Gas Atmospheres
Authors: Jackson J. H. , Slunder C. J. , Harder O. E. , Gow J. T.
Published: July 2022

Corrosion of iron-chromium-nickel castings by sulphur-bearing gases at 1800–2000 F has been investigated for the Alloy Casting Institute in a comprehensive series of tests. The sulphur was varied from 0 to 500 grains per 100 cu ft in both reducing and oxidizing flue gases. The effects of cyclic temperature fluctuations and alternately oxidizing and reducing atmospheres were also studied. Both metal loss and subsurface attack were considered in evaluating the alloys. A wide range of composition of the ternary system Fe–Cr–Ni was studied with the chromium varying from 11 to 36 per cent and the nickel from 0 to 70 per cent. Although the behavior of the present commercially important alloys deviated in specific instances, it was shown that, in general, the HE (28 per cent Cr, 9 per cent Ni), HK (26 per cent Cr, 20 per cent Ni), and the HH (26 per cent Cr, 12 per cent Ni) types had the best resistance under a variety of test conditions. The HW (12 per cent Cr, 60 per cent Ni) alloy was generally better than the HT (15 per cent Cr, 35 per cent Ni) alloy and both performed well until the sulphur content of the gas was raised to 100 grains per 100 cu ft. The HX (17 per cent Cr, 66 per cent Ni) and HU (19 per cent Cr, 39 per cent Ni) alloys were generally better than the HW and HT types; however, they too were inferior to the HE, HK, and HH types when sulphur contents were 100 grains per 100 cu ft or higher. The HF (20 per cent Cr, 10 per cent Ni) alloy originally designed for temperatures below 1600 F performed reasonably well in the tests, and at 1800 F in reducing atmosphere containing at least 100 grains of sulphur per 100 cu ft, the alloy was slightly superior to the HW and HT types. In general, corrosion in the higher-sulphur-bearing atmospheres was much less severe when the flue gas was oxidizing than when reducing.
Controlled Internal-Contour Shielded-Root Welds Without Backing Rings
Authors: Diehl Charles , Blumberg H. S. , Benz W. G.
Published: July 2022

Inert-gas arc welding of pipe and other weld-root beads supplemented by inert-gas inside shielding has improved greatly the deposited-metal quality and degree of penetration, but requires superlative operator skill to achieve reasonably uniform results. The process which is the subject of this paper through precise control of technique, physical dimension, and internal-shielding gas pressure, provides assurance of complete penetration, uniform root-bead inside surface free of undercutting, and desired degree of root-bead reinforcement, with only average operator proficiency. This process of controlled contour-shielded root welding designated as “K-Weld,” has been applied successfully to 9½ in OD × 1⅝ in. wall Type 347 ausfenitic utility main steam lines, and other difficult applications.
Contributions to Hydraulic Control: 4—Notes on the Hydraulic Wheatstone Bridge
Authors: Blackburn J. F.
Published: July 2022

Several devices based on the hydraulic analog of the Wheatstone bridge are discussed. These include bridges and derived configurations for which flow is proportional to pressure but independent of the viscosity of the liquid used, fluid sources with linear output resistances, and a bridge for the direct measurement of hydraulic conductance.
On the Evaluation of the Accuracy of the Coefficient of Discharge in the Basic Flow-Measurement Equation
Authors: Jorissen A. L.
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a discussion on “errors” and “tolerances” in fluid-flow measurement by means of pressure-difference devices, more particularly, by concentric orifice plates, flow nozzles, or venturi tubes.
Some Notes on Dust-Sampling Equipment and Technique
Authors: Holton W. C. , Schulz E. J.
Published: July 2022

Battelle was introduced to the problem of dust sampling in connection with research on the combustion of pulverized coal 20 years ago. The special techniques and equipment needed for stack sampling were first developed in connection with a research investigation on spreader stokers. Subsequently, it has been elaborated and refined in various research investigations where dust measurements were needed. The equipment described has been used for dust sampling of flue gas from spreader stokers, pulverized-coal burners, and locomotives and covers a wide range of sizes of plants. This paper summarizes the results of the work at Battelle, and is presented in the hope that others may be helped by a study of this experience. It is also hoped that desirable modifications in the equipment or technique may be suggested by those reading this paper.
An Analysis of the Dynamics of Hydraulic Servomotors Under Inertia Loads and the Application to Design
Authors: Gold Harold , Otto E. W. , Ransom V. L.
Published: July 2022

The servomotor dealt with in this paper is a power-amplifying positioning device of the type used in such applications as control-valve positioners, flight controls, and power steering devices. The experimental and analytical study of the dynamics of the hydraulic servomotor recently completed at the Lewis laboratory develops data demonstrating the nonlinear, discontinuous nature of the dynamic response of the servomotor and includes a derivation of the basic analytical expressions for describing the response.
Quick-Starting of High-Pressure Boilers—Discussion: Controlled Starting of Steam Turbines
Authors: Reynolds R. L.
Published: July 2022

In order to realize the full benefits from the controlled starting of central-station units, the design, control, and operation of boilers and turbines must be closely co-ordinated. Tests have been conducted on several units to observe conditions occurring during both slow and fast starts. This paper discusses the results of these tests and points out how proper design and operation of central-station steam turbine-generator units will accomplish a material saving in starting times without sacrifice in safety or reliability.
Electric Control of Air-Flow Porosity in Plastic Sheet Materials
Authors: Suran J. J.
Published: July 2022

In the application of plastic sheet materials to commercial uses, one of the serious objections which often arises is the impermeability of the material to fluid flow. It is thus desirable to devise a process which permits the control of porosity in sheet materials. Such a process, as a matter of fact, has been developed by the author’s company, and is commercially known as “electroventing.” Electroventing consists of passing electric sparks through the sheet material in such a manner as to produce a desired distribution of holes, and holes of a specified size. The combination of size of holes and number of holes will determine the fluid-flow characteristics of any material. This paper deals specifically with air flow through plastic sheet materials, together with an account of how the porosity may be controlled by electroventing.
Effect of Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene
Authors: Cheatham R. G. , Dietz A. G. H.
Published: July 2022

Extruded polystyrene rod was first annealed, and then stretched hot to elongations as high as 12,000 per cent. Tests were made in tension, flexure, and torsion at temperatures ranging from 0 to 80 C. Tests included creep and relaxation as well as tests at strain and load rates ranging as high as 1.0 in/in/min and 10,000 lb per min to determine the effect of orientation upon these mechanical properties. Tensile and flexural strengths increased two to threefold, depending upon rate and temperature; torsional strength decreased; and modulus of elasticity increased moderately. Fracture changed from a sharp break to a fibrous separation. Birefringence measurements revealed marked orientation of the material, but low-angle x-ray diffraction studies revealed no “crystalline” structure.
Some Aspects of Design and Economic Problems Involved in Safe Disposal of Inflammable Vapors From Safety Relief Valves
Authors: Chesler S. , Jesser B. W.
Published: July 2022

The problem of disposal of inflammable vapors released from safety relief valves in petroleum refineries and similar types of units is treated in this paper. Three approaches are presented which are being employed in the design of pressure-relieving systems with the objective of reducing costs without sacrificing safety: (a) Use of diffusion equations to determine maximum concentration of gas at grade when a given quantity is discharged from a safety relief valve into the atmosphere. The solution assists in determining whether an open or closed system should be used. (b) Procedure whereby in closed systems, the sizes of discharge piping may be reduced by setting the relief valve below vessel design pressure. (c) Application of special type of safety relief valve in closed systems, in order to eliminate or reduce effects of back pressure.
The Mamba Engines in the Apollo Aircraft
Authors: Slatter B. H.
Published: July 2022

The installation and operation of Mamba propeller-turbine engines in a civil aeroplane, such as the “Apollo,” involved a number of new problems, some of which were fully brought to light only as a result of experience with the engines in the aircraft. The paper describes these problems and the steps which were taken to overcome them either in the design stage or, subsequently, as a result of flight experience.
Recommended Practices for the Cleaning of Turbine Lubricating Systems After Service
Authors:   Joint ASTM-ASME Committee on Turbine Lubrication
Published: July 2022

Section I on Oil Systems of Turbines of Technical Committee C of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants sponsored the paper on “Recommended Practices for the Cleaning of Turbine Lubricating Systems Before Service” presented at the 1947 ASME Annual Meeting (ASME Trans. 1948, vol. 70, pp. 363–367). In 1950 it was agreed that Section I of Technical Committee C of ASTM Committee D-2 would function as a Joint ASTM-ASME Committee on Turbine Lubrication. The Joint Committee sponsored the paper on “Recommended Practices for the Cleaning of Turbine Lubricating Systems After Service” presented at the 1950 ASME Annual Meeting. Appendix I to this paper, prepared in March, 1951, by the Joint Committee, covers “Recommended Practice for the Purification of Turbine Oils.”
Distribution of Heat-Transfer Coefficients Around Circular Cylinders in Crossflow at Reynolds Numbers From 20 to 500
Authors: Eckert E. R. G. , Soehngen E.
Published: July 2022

An experimental investigation using the Zehnder Mach interferometer reveals the temperature field around heated cylinders in an air stream normal to the axis. From the temperature distribution the local distribution of the heat-transfer coefficient around the cylinder circumference is obtained. The thermal boundary layers are quite thick, especially for the lower Reynolds numbers investigated and the separation occurs farther downstream than at high Reynolds numbers. Accordingly, the contribution of the stagnant region at the downstream side of the cylinder to the over-all heat transfer is low (approximately 15 per cent), and the heat flow into the upstream side is much larger than into the downstream side.
Peculiar Behavior of Steel Beams Under Dead Loads That Produce Inelastic Strains
Authors: Corten H. T. , Clark M. E. , Sidebottom O. M.
Published: July 2022

Inelastic deformation in metals is known to be a time-dependent phenomenon; however, the theoretical relations between load and deformation do not, in general, include the effect of time. Most of the experimental data, confirming these theoretical relations, have been obtained using screw-powered or hydraulic testing machines in which the load “falls off” as inelastic deformation occurs. Furthermore, these tests have been made without regard to the length of time necessary for inelastic deformation to cease at any given load. This investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of testing members under dead load where each increment of load could be maintained on the member a sufficient length of time until equilibrium was attained. Five statically determinate beams, four mild-steel beams of various cross sections, and one rail-steel rectangular beam were tested in a dead-load testing machine. The load-deformation diagrams were found to have a stairstep appearance, unlike the smooth continuous curves usually reported. The ultimate load-carrying capacity of the mild-steel beams was found to be considerably below that predicted by theory, and time delays of appreciable magnitude were observed for the initiation of inelastic deformation at a given load. A more stable behavior was observed for the rail-steel beam under dead load, and the experimental results were found to correlate well with theory.
Notes on a Theoretical Basis for Design of Tube Sheets of Triangular Layout
Authors: Malkin I.
Published: July 2022

This paper offers an approximate analytical procedure for determination of the elastic surface of tube sheets under bending. The procedure derived has been used successfully for several years as a basis for design of tube sheets of the frequently applied triangular pitch. The design formulas developed in the paper underwent experimental tests recently with satisfactory results. A description and detailed discussion of the experimental work are given also.
Automatic Flight Control—Analysis and Synthesis of Lateral-Control Problem
Authors: Bretoi R. N.
Published: July 2022

The author presents a method which is useful in the analysis and synthesis of the aircraft lateral-control problem. Consideration is given to establishing autopilot requirements necessary to accomplish fast, stable, and co-ordinated (zero sideslip) response. Charts are derived whereby responses of the controlled variables are plotted as a function of dimensionless time for systems represented by a second-order (e.g., simplified roll or simplified one-degree-of-freedom-yaw response), or by a third-order (e.g., simplified-co-ordinated directional control) linear-differential equation. Included is the derivation of a method for establishing autopilot requirements necessary for dynamic and steady-state co-ordination. The use of the analog computer in aiding the analysis and the effects of control lags are discussed briefly. Comparisons are made between aircraft responses calculated by means of the simplified equations, aircraft responses obtained from simulated flight recordings on the analog computer, and aircraft responses recorded during flight tests.
Analysis of Some Hydraulic Components Used in Regulators and Servomechanisms
Authors: Dushkes S. Z. , Cahn S. L.
Published: July 2022

Hydraulic servomechanisms have come into wide use in recent years as a result of the low inertia of hydraulic servomotors compared to electric servomotors of the same power rating. This paper discusses the theory of operation, static characteristics, and dynamic characteristics of some hydraulic components that have been used for many years in regulator applications. Previously, the dynamics of these components were not of great importance because of the slowness of the processes controlled. The important considerations were static gain and static accuracy. The dynamic characteristics have been investigated more recently as a result of the high dynamic-performance demands of servomechanism applications. Dynamics are considered from the frequency-response approach.
The Development and Implementation of a Generation Program on the American Gas and Electric Company System: 1—System Fundamentals
Authors: Sporn Philip
Published: July 2022

The paper discusses the fundamentals considered in the development of an optimum power supply for the American Gas and Electric Company System. The recent rapid growth in electric-power demand on this system has required the construction of five new generating plants in less than seven years; emphasis in this paper is on the two most recent additions, Kanawha River Plant of Appalachian Electric Power Company and Muskingum River Plant of The Ohio Power Company. The paper describes the American Gas and Electric Company System, a review of the plant sites and the reasons for selecting these sites, as well as considerations involved in selecting equipment of very large unit size, all of which have been projected in terms of mass production of electric power, with strong emphasis placed on plant location, transmission, and fuel supply to provide a reliable system power supply at the lowest possible cost.
Effect of Temperature Variation on the Long-Time Rupture Strength of Steels
Authors: Robinson Ernest L.
Published: July 2022

This paper presents a method of computing the factor of safety of a structural member with reference to a stated life, when operating under stress at high temperature when the temperature varies or when the stress varies moderately according to some definite pattern. The formulas presented herein are based on the supposition that the expenditure of each particular fraction of the life span at elevated temperature is independent of and without influence upon the expenditure of all other fractions of the life to rupture. The author makes no claim that this assumption is wholly true. The suggested procedure is offered simply to provide a means for making engineering estimates with some greater validity than always to assume that the worst conditions are present all the time. The desirability of taking account of certain additional influences which may differ from one material to another is recognized.
Oil Flow, Key Factor in Sleeve-Bearing Performance
Authors: Wilcock D. F. , Rosenblatt Murray
Published: July 2022

The determination and understanding of the performance characteristics of cylindrical sleeve bearings is based upon three relationships. These are (a) the viscosity-temperature characteristic of the lubricant; (b) the bearing power consumption as a function of oil-film temperature; and (c) the oil flow through the bearing as a function of Sommerfeld number. The first two are well known, and this paper is concerned primarily with the nature and quantitative determination of oil flow, together with the simplified methods for the calculation of bearing performance made possible thereby. The discussion is restricted to those bearings having oil fed under pressure to their oil-distribution grooves. Oil flows from the ends of these bearings because of the pressure in the oil grooves and because of the pressures generated in the load-carrying portion of the oil film. The second type of flow is dependent upon shaft speed. Dimensionless parameters controlling both types of flow have been calculated, and experimental results on several bearing sizes confirm the theory. A detailed study of the circumferential flow of oil in the bearing shows that Petroff’s law is an excellent approximation of power loss up to an eccentricity of 0.7, and that the temperature variation in the oil film may be estimated with simple assumptions. Knowledge of bearing oil-flow characteristics permits the ready calculation of bearing performance by means of the “operating-line method.”
Pulsations in Gas-Compressor Systems
Authors: Chilton E. G. , Handley L. R.
Published: July 2022

This paper presents the causes of pulsation, their effects on the piping and the compressor, and the methods by which pulsations can be reduced. By means of an analogy to electrical networks, the interaction between the compressor and the piping can be visualized more easily, and the action of the system can be expressed in mathematical form. The resultant equations are not readily solvable but can be simplified and solved for the special cases which have a tank or filter close to the compressor. The results of the computations are compared with experiments on a laboratory compressor and a few large-size installations. They are expressed in the form of graphs which make it possible to select an appropriately sized surge tank or filter for any compressor and any allowable pulse magnitude.
Heat Transfer and Fluid Friction During Flow Across Banks of Tubes—IV: A Study of the Transition Zone Between Viscous and Turbulent Flow
Authors: Bergelin O. P. , Brown G. A. , Doberstein S. C.
Published: July 2022

The experimental results of a long-term research program on flow across tube banks have been extended from the zone of viscous flow through the transition zone and well into the zone of turbulent flow. Pressure drop and rate of heat transfer are reported for the flow of a light oil across five rectangular banks of ⅜-in-diam tubes. Equilateral triangle, staggered square, and in-line square arrangements on a 1.25 pitch ratio, and equilateral triangle and in-line square arrangements on a 1.50 pitch ratio are discussed. The flow rate of the oil covers a Reynolds number range of from 25 to 10,000. Heating, cooling, and isothermal tests are reported.
The Effect of High-Frequency Sound Waves on an Air-Propane Flame
Authors: Kippenhan C. J. , Croft H. O.
Published: July 2022

This paper describes measurements of normal flame velocity of propane-air mixtures by the “burner method.” The experimental burner was so arranged that high-frequency sound could be introduced into the burner and allowed to travel through the gas-mixture column and combustion zone. Experimental measurements indicate that high-frequency sound does not change the magnitude of the normal flame velocity. Visual observations disclose a change of combustion-zone configuration of sound-influenced flames from the usual “cone” to a flattened bowl shape for laminar flames, and to a suspended violently agitated zone in the case of turbulent flames, both possessing remarkable stability.
The Free-Piston Engine Development—Present Status and Design Aspects
Authors: London A. L. , Oppenheim A. K.
Published: July 2022

Three applications of free-piston engines are considered: (a) An internal-combustion engine air compressor combination where the useful output is compressed air for pneumatic purposes. (b) An air compressor combustion-chamber combination for the production of hot gases under pressure for use in a turbine to produce shaft work. (c) The compressor system as described in (a) together with a combustion chamber for internal-combustion heating of the compressed air and then a turbine to utilize the hot gases for the production of shaft work. Performance data for several existing free-piston systems are presented together with the results of cycle studies. The thermodynamic-dynamic design aspects are considered relative to the conventional crank-type reciprocating internal-combustion-engine system. The general conclusion reached is that the free-piston system has the prime advantages of excellent thermodynamic performance combined with mechanical simplicity. Consequently, a major development effort appears to be well warranted.
Investigations of Axial-Flow Compressors
Authors: Bowen J. T. , Sabersky R. H. , Rannie W. D.
Published: July 2022

An approximate theory of the general perfect fluid flow in axial turbomachines is presented. The validity of the simplifying assumptions of the theory is justified by comparison with flow patterns measured in a large, low-speed, axial-flow compressor. It is concluded that the theory is convenient to apply and is sufficiently accurate for most engineering purposes. Performance data on blading designed for two and three-dimensional flow show that the blade types have comparable efficiencies. It is suggested that the advantages of unconventional blade types be exploited by designers. The flow regions in which fluid viscosity is important are shown. Experimental studies of cascade losses in the compressor indicate these losses to be greater than those measured in a cascade test tunnel. Measurements show that the rate of growth of the wall boundary layer need not be unusually great in an axial-flow compressor.
Residual Stresses in Machined Surfaces
Authors: Henriksen E. K.
Published: July 2022

Experiments on measuring stresses in castings for precision equipment in the early 1930’s, led to an investigation of stresses formed by the cutting action. The stress-inducing effect of single-point tools working in steels with varying carbon content has been studied, and methods for computing the stresses induced have been developed. Highly concentrated stresses (up to 100,000 psi) are produced. In ductile materials, such as carbon steel, the stresses are, generally, tensile, in cast iron they are compressive. Methods of investigation are described and data are given for stresses produced in various materials, by various tools, and under various cutting conditions. The possible detrimental effects of the existence of these stresses are discussed.
New Technique for Obtaining Heat-Transfer Parameters of the Wall and Combustion Gas in a Rocket Motor
Authors: Ellion M. E.
Published: July 2022

The design of regeneratively cooled rocket motors has been hindered seriously by the lack of available data for the physical properties of both the propellants and alloys used in rocket-motor construction. Bell Aircraft has initiated a program to extend the accuracy and range of available data together with an attempt to broaden the fundamental basis for generalizing the heat-transfer analysis. The program includes a laboratory-test study of the heat transfer through liquid-coolant film, combustion-gas film, and rocket-motor wall. This paper is primarily concerned with the heat transfer through the rocket wall. A test method is discussed for obtaining gas side wall temperatures in a rocket motor in order to evaluate the suitability of various alloys for rocket-motor construction. Eight alloys have been studied by employing a thick-walled water-cooled nozzle into which cylindrical specimens could be inserted for tests. The heat flows and wall temperatures have been determined by employing the nozzle as a heat meter and by using a new calculation method that accounts for variable thermal properties with temperature. The thermal conductivities of all alloys tested have been determined accurately by the Institute of Research, Lehigh University. A modification of this technique is suggested for measuring the combustion-gas film coefficient in a rocket motor.
Phosphoric-Acid-Cleaning of Boilers
Authors: Purcell T. E. , Whirl S. F.
Published: July 2022

The demand for clean surfaces, the ability to reach otherwise inaccessible areas, and the speed of the process have been largely responsible for the acceptance of acid-cleaning of high-pressure, high-heat-input boilers. It provides a convenient method with a minimum of labor for removing rust and mill scale from new boilers and water-formed insoluble deposits from old ones. Despite its recognized undesirable features, inhibited hydrochloric acid is generally used for this purpose. Because of the limitations and adverse effects of hydrochloric acid, which were quite evident during the authors’ experience in the cleaning of two boilers, the possibility of using phosphoric acid for boiler cleaning was investigated in the laboratory. These experiments demonstrated that inhibited phosphoric acid is a good solvent without the unfavorable properties and characteristics of inhibited hydrochloric acid. Guided by the results of this study, inhibited phosphoric acid was used successfully for removing rust and mill scale from a new boiler.
Accurate Spring Counterbalancing
Authors: Rouverol W. S.
Published: July 2022

The design of spring counterbalances for commercial purposes customarily has involved a sacrifice in accuracy for the sake of simplicity and economy. Overhead garage doors, automobile trunks, pipe hangers, and many other such products are ordinarily provided with a simple form of spring loading which produces true equilibrium at some central position but 10 to 15 per cent over or under-balancing at the extreme positions. This paper shows that this compromise with real accuracy is unnecessary and describes a method for attaining perfect full-rotation counterbalancing by the proper connection of a standard helical spring.
On the Design of Rotor-Coil Support Rings
Authors: Ryan J. J.
Published: July 2022

The construction of large-capacity turbogenerators has placed greater importance upon the evenness of the distribution of the field coils under the rotor-coil support rings. This paper discusses the increase in stresses in the ring due to uneven distribution of the coils, describes a photoelastic investigation for the purpose of checking the theoretical analysis, and suggests that uniform distribution of the coils would reduce the stresses in the rotor-coil support ring.
Development and Testing of Brakes for High-Speed Railroad Equipment
Authors: Tack C. E.
Published: July 2022

The advent of the high-speed, lightweight train made it necessary to practically double braking capacity. Laboratory and road-test methods and facilities developed to meet these demands are described and discussed. Factors of brake performance are discussed with typical examples of test results which have been used as a guide to brake design.
Centrifugally Cast Bronze-Back Bearings for Heavy-Duty Operation
Authors: Tichvinsky L. M.
Published: July 2022

The art of centrifugally casting bronze-backed bearings for use in heavy-duty Diesel engines is only 4 to 5 years old and was introduced by the United States Navy at the end of the last war. Steel-backed bearing material will withstand any actually applied loads in operation without permanent deformation, because of adequate physical properties. However, sand-cast bronze-backed bearings did not operate satisfactorily when subjected to high cyclic loads. The introduction of centrifugally cast bronze for that purpose made it possible to use successfully bronze-backed bearings for heavy-duty application. This paper describes the performance and the salient points of manufacture of centrifugally cast bronze-backed bearings. Comparison of the sand-cast and of centrifugally cast bronzes are discussed and the advantages of the latter are mentioned. Methods of rational casting of bearing-back-bronze material are also discussed in detail and steps for the improvement of their physical properties are indicated.
Discharge Measurements by Means of Venturi Tubes
Authors: Jorissen A. L.
Published: July 2022

An attempt is made to present a comprehensive idea of the actual stage of development of the method of flow measurement by means of Venturi tubes. Use has been made here of (a) the latest available American and European Standards, published by the various national associations: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1937; Ente nazionale per l’Unificazione nell’ Industria, 1938; British Standards Institution, 1943; Verein deutscher Ingenieure, 1948; Association francaise de Normalisation, 1949. (b) The decisions taken at the international meetings of the Committees on Flow Measurement: ISA 30, Helsinki, 1939; ISO 30, Paris, 1948. (c) Published research reports. Both the nozzle-type and the Herschel-type Venturi are discussed from the viewpoints of discharge coefficient and pressure losses. The conclusions point out the need of further research and the necessity of an international standardization.
Furnace Heat Absorption in Pulverized-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Willow Island Station: Part II—Variation in Heat Absorption as Shown by Measurement of Surface Temperature of Exposed Side of Furnace Tubes
Authors: Ely F. G. , Twyman N. H.
Published: July 2022

During the month of June, 1949, a series of thirteen furnace tests were conducted at Willow Island Power Station, a new plant on the system of The Monongahela Power Company, located at Willow Island, West Va. The test program was carried out under the auspices of the ASME Special Research Committee on Furnace Performance Factors, and represents the third in a sequence of field investigations undertaken by the committee for direct measurement of operating performance of commercially important furnace types, previous tests having been conducted at Tidd Station in 1945, and at Paddy’s Run Station in 1947 and 1948. A companion paper describing the tests at Willow Island, deals with the measurement of over-all furnace heat absorption by heat-balance method. The present paper is concerned with supplementary and independent measurements of furnace heat absorption obtained from special thermocouples installed in the furnace wall tubes.
Nondimensional Study of Proportional-Plus-Reset Control of a Single-Capacity System
Authors: Hrones J. A. , Reswick J. B.
Published: July 2022

Many systems where the automatic regulation of one variable is an important problem may be considered single-capacity systems. In such systems the entire energy (nearly) stored can be expressed quantitatively in terms of a single variable. Some examples of such systems are shown in Fig. 1. As the dynamic behavior of all linear single-capacity systems can be described by the same relationships, a nondimensional study of the regulation of such a system is applicable to all single-capacity systems. To give physical reality to the discussion this study is developed around the problem of the speed governing of a rotating disk in the presence of viscous damping.
Collection and Burning of Locomotive Cinders
Authors: Boer E. J. , Allen J. M. , Landry B. A.
Published: July 2022

Standing tests of the Norfolk and Western Railway locomotive No. 1112 equipped with a cinder collector designed at Battelle were conducted to determine the percentage collected and the percentage burned when returned to the firebox. Results of the tests, which were sponsored by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., and the Norfolk and Western Railway, indicate that an average of 80 per cent of the cinders are separated from the flue gases and about half of the reinjected cinders are burned. By far the greater part of these burn in the bed, thereby releasing their ash on the grate. At the highest rate of burning used, the fuel consumption was reduced 10.5 per cent and the stack emission was reduced 55 per cent by collection and reinjection of cinders from the resultant-size coal. Substitution of a double-screened coal for the resultant size gave, with collection and reinjection, an over-all reduction in fuel consumption of 16.4 per cent and a reduction in stack emission of 65 per cent, as compared with the use of the resultant size without collection and reinjection.
A Summary of Viscosity and Heat-Conduction Data for He, A, H2, O2, N2, CO, CO2, H2O, and Air
Authors: Keyes F. G.
Published: July 2022

The available viscosity data in the literature have been collected, reduced to a uniform basis, and formulated by means of an empirical equation containing three constants. At very high temperatures, the equation approaches the form of the Sutherland formula. In the case of helium and argon, it was not found possible to represent the data over the whole temperature range of the available measurements with a single set of constants. Attention is called to the fact that the available viscosity data are in many instances known over a sufficiently long temperature range and with an accuracy which requires for its representation a more exact knowledge of the intermolecular field than can be obtained from the application in transport theory of a two-constant field representation. The question of the viscosity of mixtures is discussed briefly, and the use of a theoretical formula deduced by Enskog is illustrated by application to the binary mixtures, hydrogen-carbon dioxide and hydrogen-propane. The formulation of the available heat-conductivity data for the substances listed in the title has been carried out using an equation of the same general form applied for viscosities. A table of formula constants for the substances is given.
Measurements of the Heat Conductivity of Nitrogen–Carbon Dioxide Mixtures
Authors: Keyes F. G.
Published: July 2022

Measurements have been made of the heat conductivity at 0, 50, and 150 C for three mixtures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. At 50 C the conductivity of the pure compounds was measured over a range of pressure for constituents and mixtures. A discussion of the pressure effects is given, based upon a theoretical formula deduced by Enskog for pure gases, and it is found that to a good approximation the coefficients of p/T for the mixtures are a linear function of the composition. In the course of making the measurements on the mixtures a limit was observed of the pressures at which accurate results could be obtained. It is suggested in explanation of the phenomenon, that thermal diffusion causes a separation of the constituents in the temperature gradient of the apparatus. The conductivity cell employed was designed for measurements in the case of pure gases, to pressures far in excess of the pressures at which the effect was observed for the binary mixtures. The Enskog equation for the heat conductivity of binary mixtures at low pressure is applied to the heat-conductivity data for hydrogen-carbon dioxide at two temperatures and also to the new conductivity results for nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixtures. The comparison of observed and computed conductivities suggests the desirability of making new measurements on the hydrogen-carbon dioxide mixtures to determine whether or not the effect noted in making the new measurements has invalidated the older data.
Study of Linear-Resistance Flowmeters
Authors: Fleming F. W. , Binder R. C.
Published: July 2022

A linear or linear-resistance type of flowmeter can consist of a straight piece of pipe with a porous plug, or a resistance element, and a differential gage across the porous plug. In a certain flow range the volume rate of flow through the meter is directly proportional to the pressure drop across the plug. An investigation was made of linear flowmeters with cotton and steel-wool plug elements. The tests covered a range of pipe sizes, plug lengths, and plug specific weights. Typical characteristic curves are presented. A set of dimensionless ratios is proposed for a correlation of all the data for general application.
Viscosity and Density of Lubricating Oils from 0 to 150,000 Psig and 32 to 425 F
Authors: Bradbury Donald , Mark Melvin , Kleinschmidt R. V.
Published: July 2022

This is a summary of work done at Harvard University over the past two years under an ASME Grant, sponsored by the Special Research Committee on Lubrication. The studies involved obtaining data over a wide pressure and temperature range on the viscosity of a selected group of lubricants.
Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steel Valve Casting After 50,000 Hours of Service at 900 F
Authors: Armstrong T. N. , Greene R. J.
Published: July 2022

Extensive tests have indicated that nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel, conforming to the requirements of ASTM Specifications A-217 is very resistant to graphitization under conditions imposed in the laboratory in testing cast valves and fittings of this composition for steam temperatures up to 950 F. Through the co-operation of The Detroit Edison Company a cast-steel valve of approximately WC-4 composition that had been in service over 6 years was made available for study. The paper describes tests made on this valve and the results obtained.