bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ОПЫТ НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОЙ ПОДГОТОВКИ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИХ КАДРОВ В СИСТЕМЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И ПОВЫШЕНИЯ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ
Authors: Shekhmirzova Andzhela Muharbievna , Meretukova Zara Kadyrovna , Chinazirova Aida Ramazanovna
Published: February 2018

В статье представлен опыт нормативно-правовой подготовки педагогических кадров в сфере высшего и дополнительного профессионального образования. Показаны результаты анализа фактического состояния системы нормативно-правовой подготовки педагогов. Анализируются проблемы формирования нормативно-правовой компетентности. Определена взаимосвязь совершенствование системы нормативно-правовой подготовки педагогических кадров с решением ряда проблем методологического характера. При этом, проблема концептуального моделирования эффективной педагогической системы нормативно-правовой подготовки педагогических кадров рассматривается в качестве стержневой, вокруг которого группируются другие в определенном соподчинении.С системных позиций показана необходимость создания эффективной системы подготовки педагогов к грамотному использованию в педагогической деятельности нормативно-правовых актов, к решению сложных проблем с учетом динамично обновляющегося законодательства. На основе выявленных методологических проблем нормативно-правовой подготовки педагогов представлена необходимость целостного представления о формировании нормативно-правовой компетентности в условиях непрерывного педагогического образования.Цель исследования – представление модели непрерывной нормативно-правовой подготовки педагогических кадров в сфере высшего и дополнительного профессионального образования на основе выявленных проблем методологического характера.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье представлен комплекс различных методов педагогического исследования: теоретических – анализ научно-педагогической литературы по проблеме исследования, изучение и анализ нормативно-правовой документации по рассматриваемой теме, теоретическое обобщение результатов исследования; эмпирических – опрос, анализ содержания педагогической документации и результатов деятельности, экспертная оценка, моделирование.Результаты: разработана модель непрерывной нормативно-правовой подготовки педагогических кадров в сфере высшего и дополнительного профессионального образования на основе выявленных проблем методологического характера.Область применения результатов: результаты проведенного исследования могут послужить основой управленческой стратегии образовательных организаций при разработке образовательной программы формирования нормативно-правовой компетентности педагогических кадров в сфере высшего и дополнительного профессионального образования с учетом требований новых стандартов.
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ КОНКОРДАНСА В ОБУЧЕНИИ АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ ДЛЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫХ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКИХ ЦЕЛЕЙ В НЕЯЗЫКОВОМ ВУЗЕ
Authors: Andyuseva Valentina Germanovna , Latynina Ekaterina Sergeevna , Polikarpova Svetlana Vital’evna , Shagalina Olga Veniaminovna
Published: February 2018

В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с использованием конкорданса в качестве ресурса для выбора лексических единиц при обучении академическому английскому языку для специальных целей в рамках системно-деятельностного подхода. Приводятся примеры использования данного ресурса для подготовки магистрантов и аспирантов неязыковых специальностей.Цель. Авторы статьи ставят целью показать возможности использования программы конкорданс в методике обучения иностранному языку для специальных целей в подготовке магистрантов и аспирантов неязыковых специальностей.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образуют теоретический анализ методической литературы, а также методы прогнозирования и обобщения.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что авторы показывают алгоритм работы с программой конкорданс для понимания значения слова в контексте, анализа его употребления в языке, для изучения грамматического строя языка, а также для использования корпуса с целью академической коммуникации.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены для обучения иностранному языку для специальных целей магистрантов и аспирантов в неязыковом вузе.
SPORTING EVENTS IN TERMS OF THEIR IMPACT ON THE BASE OF SUBURBAN LIFESTYLES OF STUDENTS
Authors: Васенков Николай , Vasenkov Nikolay , Фазлеева Елена , Fazleeva Elena , Рахимов Марат , Rakhimov Marat
Published: February 2018

Of great importance for the formation of the healthy way of life of students and educational process is organized in terms of country sports bases. Students are actively involved in pedagogical process organized in terms of country sports and health-improving base, in addition to learning motor skills, the development of the functionality of the organism, is the formation of motivational value aspect of personal physical culture student
Implementation of a Process for Initiating Naltrexone in Patients Hospitalized for Alcohol Detoxification or Withdrawal
Authors: Stephens John R. , Moore Carlton , Stepanek Kelly V. , Garbutt James C. , Starke Britta , Liles Allen , Jonas Daniel E.
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

Naltrexone trials have demonstrated improved outcomes for patients with alcohol use disorders. Hospital initiation of naltrexone has had limited study.

OBJECTIVES

To describe the implementation and impact of a process for counseling hospitalized patients with alcohol withdrawal about naltrexone.

DESIGN

A pre‐post study analysis.

SETTING

A tertiary academic center.

PATIENTS

Patients hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal.

INTERVENTIONS

(1) Provider education about the efficacy and contraindications of naltrexone and (2) algorithms for evaluating patients for naltrexone.

MEASUREMENTS

The percentages of patients counseled about and prescribed naltrexone before discharge and the percentages of pre‐ and postintervention patients with 30‐day emergency department (ED) revisits and rehospitalizations.

RESULTS

We identified 128 patient encounters before and 114 after implementation. The percentage of patients counseled about naltrexone rose from 1.6% preimplementation to 63.2% postimplementation (P < .001); the percentage of patients prescribed naltrexone rose from 1.6% to 28.1% (P < .001). Comparing preintervention versus postintervention groups, there were no unadjusted differences in 30‐day ED revisits (25.8% vs 19.3%; P = .23) or rehospitalizations (10.2% vs 11.4%; P = .75). When adjusted for demographics and comorbidities, postintervention patients had lower odds of 30‐day ED revisits (odds ratio [OR] = 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24‐0.94) but no significant difference in rehospitalizations (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.30‐1.92). In subgroup analysis, postintervention patients counseled versus those not counseled about naltrexone were less likely to have 30‐day ED revisits (9.7% vs 35.7%; P = .001) and rehospitalizations (2.8% vs 26.2%; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

The implementation of a process for counseling patients hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal about using naltrexone for the maintenance of sobriety was associated with lower 30‐day ED revisits but no statistically significant difference in rehospitalizations.
A joined-up approach to care
Authors: Oldman Crystal
Published: February 2018

Thriving community specialist practice programmes for nurse-led services in community and primary care is a welcome vision for the future health and wellbeing of our population, says Crystal Oldman.
Problem debt: How can health visitors help?
Authors: Noakes Amy
Published: February 2018

Financial pressures resulting from the inability to pay outstanding bills can negatively affect both physical and mental health. Amy Noakes looks at how supporting parents with reducing these pressures could have a positive effect on a family's wellbeing.
Families with autistic children deserve timely diagnosis and ongoing support
Authors: Povey Carol
Published: February 2018

Parents who raise concerns often wait more than a year before they get professional input, so it is vital that health visitors understand the basics of autism in children.
Enabling vs fixing: A perspective from a newly qualified Polish health visitor in a community in Scotland
Authors: Osiadacz Katarzyna
Published: February 2018

Working with minority ethnic groups whose language skills are limited brings significant difficulty in health visiting practice. People for whom English is not the first language find everyday communication difficult and, because of the language barrier, they often isolate themselves from society. This, in turn, can negatively affect their health and general wellbeing, leading to increased health care and human costs, which could be reduced by providing culturally sensitive early support, based on self-efficacy and enablement. A cultural competence model of care can be used to meet the challenges of providing a culturally responsive health visiting service to a constantly growing multi-ethnic society.
‘That's amazing’!
Authors: Drakes Malcolm
Published: February 2018

Simple, but effective, training and resources provided by Empiribox have transformed the teaching of science at Broadford Primary.
Finding your place
Authors: Davis John
Published: February 2018

Unlock the way that different number systems developed worldwide and help pupils understand how the use of the zero digit became essential for counting and calculation.
Moonlighting
Authors: Squires Frances H
Published: February 2018

An activity for elementary school children that simulates the moon’s cycle.  The activity explains the reasons why we see the moon at different times of the day and in different parts of the sky. The activity may also be used to demonstrate moon rise, moon set, and the phases of the moon.
Microstructural Evolution of Q12TM Alloy Irradiated in PWRs and Comparison with Other Zr Base Alloys
Authors: Doriot Sylvie , Verhaeghe Bénédicte , Soniak-Defresne Annie , Bossis Philippe , Gilbon Didier , Chabretou Valérie , Mardon Jean-Paul , Ton-That Marc , Ambard Antoine
Published: February 2018

Based on the M5®* alloy metallurgy, the Q12™ alloy (Zr-1Nb-0.5Sn-0.1Fe) was developed by AREVA NP for structural components, with ultra-low tin addition and slightly increased iron content. The behavior of this alloy was tested under irradiation in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) and has shown improvement in irradiation creep strength and similar free growth compared with M5. This paper provides results on dimensional stability and details the microstructural evolution of the Q12 alloy under neutron irradiation in PWRs.

The Q12 microstructural evolution under irradiation was studied for fast neutron fluences up to 13 × 1025 n/m2 (E > 1 MeV) with analytical transmission electron microscopy observations. We focused on radiation-enhanced needle-like particles, Laves phases, and the linear density of -component loops. These results are compared with other quaternary zirconium-niobium-tin-iron alloys and with M5. All these results allow a general discussion about microstructural evolution and behavior under irradiation of quaternary-type alloys compared to M5 alloy. This study, in agreement with previous works on Zr-1Nb and quaternary alloys, seems to show that increasing the iron content with the presence of niobium and tin will decrease the -component loop linear density and delay the growth breakaway.
Predicting the Flow Stress of Zircaloy-4 under In-Reactor Accident Conditions
Authors: Nguyen Chi-Toan , Romero Javier E. , Ambard Antoine , Preuss Michael , da Fonseca João Quinta
Published: February 2018

During loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) and reactivity-initiated accident (RIA), nuclear fuel rods experience high heating rates that change the microstructure and properties of zirconium cladding materials. We sought to determine how different fast heating rates affect the kinetics of transformation and whether their consequences on the material yield stresses in the dual-phase region could be predicted. Phase fraction and texture of cold-rolled Zircaloy-4 were thus measured at fast heating rates similar to those experienced during LOCA and RIA by in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction; the yield stress was also measured at different heating rates to the same dual-phase temperature by the electrical resistance method. A crystal plasticity finite-element model was used to simulate the flow stresses with the inputs of the measured phase fraction and texture. The model was calibrated using the flow stress at the heating rate of 10°C s−1 and used to predict the flow stress at the heating rate of 50°C s−1 at the same temperature. A significant shift of the β transus temperature was identified for fast heating rates in the range of 10 to 100°C s−1. There was great similarity in texture at different heating rates. In the dual-phase temperature region, the α texture was almost identical to the starting texture, and the β texture was nearly random. Yield stresses of cold-rolled Zircaloy-4 decreased at a faster heating rate at the same temperature of 920°C. A good agreement was found between the experimental and predicted flow stress at different heating rates, indicating this methodology can potentially be used to predict flow behavior in a fast transient regime.
Microbeam X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy of Alloying Elements in the Oxide Layers of Irradiated Zircaloy-2
Authors: Shivprasad Aditya P. , Motta Arthur T. , Kucuk Aylin , Yagnik Suresh , Cai Zhonghou
Published: February 2018

Hydrogen pickup of zirconium-based fuel cladding and structural materials during in-reactor corrosion can degrade fuel components because the ingress of hydrogen can lead to the formation of brittle hydrides. In the boiling water reactor (BWR) environment, Zircaloy-2 fuel cladding and structural components such as water rods and channels can experience accelerated hydrogen pickup, whereas Zircaloy-4 components exposed to similar conditions do not. Because the principal difference between the two alloys is that Zircaloy-2 contains nickel, accelerated hydrogen pickup has been hypothesized to result from the presence of nickel. However, an understanding of the mechanism by which this acceleration occurs is still lacking. We investigated the link between hydrogen pickup and the oxidation behavior of alloying elements when incorporated into the oxide layers formed on zirconium alloys when corroded in the reactor. Synchrotron radiation microbeam X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) at the Advanced Photon Source was performed on carefully selected BWR-corroded Zircaloy-2 water rods at an assembly-averaged burnup ranging from 32.8 to 74.6 GWd/MTU to determine the oxidation states of alloying elements, such as iron and nickel, within the oxide layers as a function of distance from the oxide-metal interface at high burnup. Samples were chosen for comparison based on having similar oxide thicknesses, processing, elevation, reactors, and fluences but different hydrogen pickup fractions. Examinations of the oxide layers formed on these samples showed that (1) the oxidation states of these alloying elements changed with distance from the oxide-metal interface, (2) these elements exhibited delayed oxidation relative to the host zirconium, and (3) nickel in Zircaloy-2 remained metallic in the oxide layer at a longer distance from the oxide-metal interface than iron. An analysis of these results showed an apparent correlation between the delayed oxidation of nickel and higher hydrogen pickup of Zircaloy-2 at high burnup.
Quantifying Irradiation Defects in Zirconium Alloys: A Comparison between Transmission Electron Microscopy and Whole-Pattern Diffraction Line-Profile Analysis
Authors: Balogh Levente , Long Fei , Yao Zhongwen , Preuss Michael , Daymond Mark R.
Published: February 2018

Irradiation-induced dislocations significantly affect the mechanical properties of zirconium alloys, altering slip and influencing creep and growth. Thus, the quantitative characterization of irradiation defects as a function of fluence, cold work, and/or thermal treatments is important for models that attempt to predict their impact on properties. Whole-pattern diffraction line-profile analysis (DLPA) is a well-established modern tool for microstructure characterization based on first-principle physical models for dislocation density measurements in plastically deformed materials. However, applying these DLPA methods directly to irradiated materials yields higher than expected dislocation density values compared with historical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements and past line-broadening analysis studies calibrated to TEM observations. In an effort to understand these differences, a new microstructural model was developed for DLPA to specifically address dislocation structures consisting of elliptical - and -component loops. To compare the refined DLPA method with TEM measurements, high-resolution neutron diffraction patterns on nonirradiated and irradiated Zr-2.5Nb samples were collected with the Neutron Powder Diffractometer instrument at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center and were evaluated. High-resolution TEM measurements were performed at the Reactor Materials Testing Laboratory, Queen’s University, for comparison with the DLPA results. The capabilities and inherent uncertainties of both the refined DLPA and TEM methods are compared and discussed in detail. We show that the differences between the density values provided by DLPA and TEM are inherent to the methods and can be reconciled with the interpretation of the data.
Behavior of Fuel with Zirconium Alloy Cladding in Reactivity-Initiated Accident and Loss-of-Coolant Accident
Authors: Fuketa Toyoshi , Nagase Fumihisa
Published: February 2018

Along with our colleagues at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) and Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), we have performed extensive research programs for more than 2 decades and have developed a better understanding of fuel behavior under accident conditions. Data and findings from these research programs have provided the technical basis directly and indirectly for regulatory criteria in Japan and other countries. This paper reviews and summarizes the major outcomes from the research programs performed at JAERI and JAEA facilities and identifies further research needs. The programs aim to generate data and models to (1) evaluate the adequacy of present safety criteria and safety margins; (2) create a database for the future regulation of higher-burnup UO2 and mixed-oxide (MOX) fuels, new cladding, and pellets; (3) provide adequately mechanistic computer codes for regulatory application; (4) promote a better understanding of phenomena that appear in high-burnup regions and MOX fuels, such as rim effect and an effect of plutonium agglomerates in MOX fuels, and to evaluate those effects on fuel behavior in accident conditions; and (5) to assess fuel behaviors with higher fuel duty, such as plant power uprates, longer operating cycles, and water chemistry changes. The programs comprise reactivity-initiated accident studies, including pulse-irradiation experiments in the Nuclear Safety Research Reactor, cladding mechanical tests, and the development and verification of RANNS; loss-of-coolant accident tests, including integral thermal shock tests, oxidation rate measurements, and cladding mechanical tests; development and verification of a computer code FEMAXI-6 that simulates high-burnup fuel behavior under normal operating and abnormal transient conditions; and studies on phenomena specific to high-burnup regions, including thermal property measurements, experimental and analytical simulation of rim structure formation, cladding mechanical tests on effects of hydrides, etc.
Strain-Path Change Tests and Physically Based Polycrystalline Modeling of the Behavior of Recrystallized Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Onimus Fabien , Bono Matthew , Garnier Jerome , Soniak-Defresne Annie , Limon Roger , Gilbon Didier , Bourlier Florent , Ambard Antoine
Published: February 2018

Zirconium alloys used as cladding tubes for the fuel of pressurized water reactors can undergo high applied stress during power transients. In these conditions, biaxial loading may lead to plastic deformation of the cladding. A comprehensive understanding of the material mechanical response during loading-path change tests is an important step toward predicting the behavior in these specific conditions. Using a nonstandard mechanical testing machine, we conducted loading-path change tests at 623 K on as-received recrystallized Zircaloy-4 tubes. These tests consisted of an axial tensile loading and unloading followed by an internal pressure (or pure hoop tension) loading and unloading. These tests examined the kinematic and isotropic hardening components of the strain hardening behavior of the thin cladding tubes. The isotropic hardening was attributed to dislocation multiplication and dislocation-dislocation interactions. The kinematic hardening was attributed to the interaction of the grains with each other. A polycrystalline model was also used and improved in order to simulate the tests. A good prediction of the isotropic and kinematic hardening was provided by the modeling.
Fracture Mechanics Methodology for Predicting Critical Flaw Sizes for the First Wall of a Fusion Reactor
Authors: Reuter Walter G. , Rahl Tom E. , Merrill Brad J.
Published: February 2018

An approach, based on fracture mechanics concepts, is presented for calculating the critical flaw size for a crack to penetrate the first wall of a fusion reactor when exposed to a plasma disruption superimposed on normal operating conditions. Initially, for the ductile start-of-life material, predictions are based on empirical equations developed for annealed stainless steel. For the end-of-life material embrittled due to irradiation to a fluence of nominally 7.7 × 1021 neutrons (n)/cm2 (E >14 MeV), an approach based on linear elastic fracture mechanics is presented. Unknowns associated with both approaches are identified and the need for future work is discussed.
Elasto-Plastic Fracture Mechanics Characterization of Type 316H Irradiated Stainless Steel up to 1 dpa
Authors: Bernard Jean , Verzeletti Guido
Published: February 2018

The subject of this research concerns a vast irradiation program of the stainless steel material that is used extensively in Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBRs) irremoveable primary circuit components. Irradiations covering the 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 2 displacements per atom (dpa) neutron damage have been planned. The results presented concern the nought, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 dpa irradiations. Irradiation and tests are conducted at 350°C and 550°C on plane-sided three-point bend bars. The Type 316H stainless steel has been considered in the base condition, the welded deposits, and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) material. To study the stable crack extension with rising loads behavior of this steel, crack-growth resistance curves have been elaborated using key curves. Consistent crack-growth resistance curves are obtained in all cases. The results indicate a low degradation with increasing fluence for the weld material at both temperatures. The base material has given indications of strongly decreasing toughness at 0.1 dpa and at the 1 dpa fluences at 550°C with respect to the results at 0 and 0.3 dpa. No significant alterations have been found at 35O°C and at all fluences. The HAZ material was studied too, and it was found that all J values corresponding to various crack advances fell within the base material results at 350°C as upper bound and the weld material at 55O°C as lower bound at corresponding fluence levels.
Fracture Predictions in Zircaloy Fuel Cladding
Authors: Khan Mansoor A. , Madsen Nels H. , Chin Bryan A.
Published: February 2018

Predictions of the maximum initial allowable temperature required to achieve a 40-year life in dry storage are made for Zircaloy clad spent fuel. Maximum initial temperatures of 360 to 405°C for irradiated spent fuel cladding (wet pool storage) are predicted.

The technique utilized in this work is based on the deformation and fracture map methodology. Maps are presented for temperatures between 50 and 850°C and stresses between 5 and 500 MPa. These maps are then combined with both the known temperature history (an exponentially decaying one) of Zircaloy fuel cladding in dry storage and a life fracture rule to predict the rupture life of the cladding in dry storage.

Predictions of the deformation and fracture map methodology are shown to be in good agreement with constant stress-constant temperature data.
Mechanical Properties of Cold-Worked Type 316 Stainless Steel During Thermal Transients
Authors: Cauvin Richard , Boutard Jean-Louis , Allegraud Georges
Published: February 2018

During in-pile incidents in fast breeder reactors, the cladding can experience higher temperatures than normal; it is necessary to know the mechanical properties of the cladding material during such thermal transients to predict the time and location of rupture.

Two types of tests have been developed. First, tension (constant strain rate) tests after a heating at a constant rate and, secondly, constant load tests where heating is performed until rupture occurs.

The tension tests clearly show the role of the heating rate: that is, the higher the heating rate, the lower the cold-work recovery.

Constant load tests were conducted with either uniaxial or biaxial (burst tests) loading. The same stress/failure temperature relationship is found in both types of loading using the Von Mises equivalent stress. To predict failure, the Larson Miller parameter is not adequate, as well as all parameters based on a time/temperature equivalence.

The yield stress measured in the two types of tests are very different probably due to a strain rate effect. Indeed, the tension tests are dynamic ones (ε = 50/s) to avoid thermal recovery during the test duration, while the strain rate measured in constant load tests ranges only from 10−5/s to 10−3/s, being an increasing function of heating rate (ranging from l°C/s to 100°C/s).
Low-Dose Irradiation Effects on Creep Properties of Type 304 Stainless Steel Weld Metal, Heat-Affected Zones, and Welded Joints
Authors: van der Schaaf Bob
Published: February 2018

The integrity of large non-replaceable primary reactor components of liquid metal fast breeders largely depends on the properties of weld metal and heat-affected zones. Safety authorities, involved in the licensing of the SNR-300, have required the measurement and interpretation of post-irradiation creep and creep rupture properties of DIN 1.4948 (Type 304) stainless steel weld metal and heat-affected zones.

For the present investigation, weld metal in as-deposited and stress-relieved condition has been subjected to tension and creep tests. The heat-affected zone structure was studied with specimens subjected to temperature cycles representative for different locations in the parent metal near the fusion zone. The specimens were irradiated in the HFR Petten at 823 K submerged in sodium to a total neutron fluence of 5 × 1024 n/m2.

Irradiation has no significant effect on creep and tensile properties of weld metal. The heat-affected zone is strongly affected by low-dose neutron irradiation: its 10 000-h creep strength is about 25 MPa lower than that of parent metal under similar conditions. The creep strength of welded joints is controlled by a strain limit criterion. In unirradiated condition, the weld metal has the lowest ductility and rupture occurs in the weld metal. In irradiated condition the heat-affected zone has the lowest ductility for the higher creep stresses (>175 MPa) and lower rupture times (<3000 h). For lower creep stresses, the weld metal, though not affected by irradiation, determines the creep strength.

Application of a stress relief treatment reduces the dislocation density and changes the carbide population in weld metal to such a degree that the ductility increases considerably with little loss of strength. The grain coarsening in the heat-affected zones, amplifying the irradiation embrittlement, can be suppressed by using low heat input welding techniques. By the improvements of the weld metal and heat-affected zone, the post-irradiation creep properties of welded joints could be improved.
Ring Ductility of Irradiated Inconel 706 and Nimonic PE16
Authors: Huang Fan-Hsiung , Fish Robert L.
Published: February 2018

The tensile ductility of fast neutron-irradiated, precipitation-hardened alloys, Inconel 706 and Nimonic PE 16, has been observed to be very low for certain test conditions. Explanations for the low ductility behavior have been sought by examination of broken tension specimens with microscopy and other similar techniques. A ring compression test provides a method of evaluating the ductility of irradiated cladding specimens. Unlike the conventional uniaxial tension testing in which the tension specimen is deformed uniformly, the ring specimen is subjected to localized bending where the crack is initiated. The ductility can be estimated through an analysis of the bending of a ring in terms of strain hardening.

Ring sections from irradiated, solution-treated Inconel 706 and Nimonic PE16 were compressed in the diametral direction to provide load-deflection records over a wide range of irradiation and test temperatures. Results showed that ductility in both alloys decreased with increasing test temperatures. The poorest ductility was exhibited at different irradiation temperatures in the two alloys—near 550°C for PE 16 and 460 to 520°C for Inconel 706. The ring ductility data indicate that the grain boundary strength is a major factor in controlling the ductility of the PE16 alloy.
Mechanical Properties at High Strain Rate of AISI Type 316L Stainless Steel Irradiated to 9.2 dpa
Authors: Albertini Carlo , Del Grande Angelo , Montagnani Mario
Published: February 2018

The effects of strain rate (10−2 to ~10−3/s) are reported on the mechanical properties at high temperature (400, 500, and 550°C) of AISI Type 316L austenitic stainless steel irradiated to 9.2 displacements per atom (dpa) at a temperature of 500°C in sodium. The main effects are:

1. a softening effect that appears at large deformations and at medium strain rate (~10/s),

2. reduction of ductility when strain rate increases from low (10−2/s) to medium strain rate, and

3. disappearance of both these effects at high strain rate (~600/s). The comparison of the mechanical properties of the same material irradiated to 2.2 dpa and 9.2 dpa revealed that while the “static” strength properties were practically unaffected by the increased dose, the dynamic softening at large deformations and the reduction of ductility at medium strain rate were enhanced.
Correlation of Yield Strength with Irradiation-Induced Microstructure in AISI Type 316 Stainless Steel
Authors: Simons Robert L. , Hulbert Laura A.
Published: February 2018

Improvements in the correlation of radiation-induced change in yield strength in AISI Type 316 stainless steel with microstructure were made by re-examining the role of short-range obstacles. Effects due to the size of the obstacles relative to their spacing and shape of the obstacles were applied. In addition, the concept of shearing the precipitates instead of bowing around them was used to explain the effects of precipitate hardening. In this analysis, it is concluded that large changes in yield strength may be produced in high swelling materials. Voids will dominate the hardening at high displacements per atom (dpa). The increase in hardening will depend on the diameter of the voids even though the swelling in the material is the same. Precipitate hardening at high fluence (>15 dpa) make a significant contribution for irradiation temperatures above 500°C.
Effects of Composition, Microstructure, and Temperature on Irradiation Hardening of Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Lucas Glenn E. , Odette G. Robert , Lombrozo Peter M. , Sheckherd J. William
Published: February 2018

As part of an overall effort to determine the fundamental mechanisms of neutron irradiation embrittlement of pressure vessel steels, four commercial alloys (two welds and two plates) and eight model alloys have been irradiated to a fluence of ~7 × 1018 neutrons (n)/cm2 (E > 1 MeV) at a flux of ~3 × 1012 n/cm2 · s and at four temperatures from 270°C to 315°C. The alloys had a range of copper and nickel concentrations and microstructures. Post-irradiation microhardness testing showed the following: radiation hardening systematically decreased, albeit modestly, with increasing irradiation temperature; radiation hardening increased nonlinearily with copper concentration, with decreasing incremental effect at high levels; radiation hardening was not influenced by nickel but was sensitive to microstructure. These results were found to be broadly consistent with a physically-based model in which the hardening is primarily due to an irradiation-enhanced copper precipitation with a secondary contribution from radiation-induced defect cluster formation.
Strain Aging and Neutron Scattering Studies on Irradiated PWR Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Little Edward A.
Published: February 2018

The combined effects of strain aging and elevated temperature (275 to 290°C) neutron irradiation to doses up to 3.1 × 1019 n/cm2 (>1 MeV) on the Charpy V-notch (Cv) impact properties of commercial A533-B/A508 pressure vessel steels have been investigated. Neutron irradiation suppresses Cv transition shifts associated with nitrogen strain aging, and it is inferred that free nitrogen in the steel is trapped by irradiation-induced point defects or defect clusters. The results imply that strain aging Cv transition shifts need not be regarded as additive to radiation embrittlement shifts in nuclear vessel safety assessments.

The technique of small-angle neutron scattering has been used to study the radiation hardening processes in copper and phosphorus-doped A533-B alloys. The presence of copper leads to the creation of scattering centers ≤1 nm in diameter by irradiation; the volume fraction of scattering centers increases with increasing copper level and is further enhanced by enrichment of bulk nickel content. Addition of 0.07% phosphorus induces radiation hardening and neutron scattering effects comparable with 0.35% copper.
Crack Arrest Behavior of Pressure Vessel Plates and Weldments as Influenced by Radiation and Copper Content
Authors: Marschall Charles W. , Rosenfield Alan R. , Landow Mark P. , Mager Thomas R. , Lott Randy G. , Tagart Samuel W.
Published: February 2018

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effects of fast-neutron irradiation on the crack-arrest behavior and other mechanical properties of four reactor-pressure-vessel materials, including both plates and weldments. Two of the materials were typical of early melting and welding practices and had copper contents of at least 0.20% by weight. The other two materials were typical of current melting and welding practices and had copper contents of no greater than 0.07% by weight. The principal objectives of the study were to: (1) determine the pre- and post-irradiation static crack-arrest toughness (KIa), and (2) evaluate and improve procedures for estimating radiation effects on KIa.

As was expected, irradiation of the higher copper materials to a neutron fluence of about 1.5 × 1019 neutrons (n)/cm2 (E ≥ 1 MeV) at 288°C produced relatively large increases in yield strength, Charpy V-notch transition temperature, and Jïia transition temperature, and sizable decreases in Charpy upper-shelf energy and 7ic values. For the lower copper materials, the effects of radiation on the preceding properties were more modest and no lowering of the Charpy upper-shelf energy was observed. Of various Charpy transition parameters examined, the radiation-induced shift in fracture-appearance transition temperature (FATT) provided the closest correlation with the observed shift in the KIa, transition curve— within 10°C for the high copper materials. Various empirical expressions to estimate radiation effects likewise were compared with observed shifts in the KIa transition curve. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulatory Guide 1.99 equation tended to overestimate the effect of radiation on the KIa transition, particularly at the higher copper levels, where the overestimate ranged from 55 to 80°C. The Metals Property Council (MPC) trend curve, on the other hand, while slightly nonconservative for low-copper materials, provided a reasonable, but conservative, estimate of the effect of radiation on the KIa-transition-curve shift for the higher-copper materials—within 20°C of that observed.

Based on these results, it appears that Regulatory Guide 1.99 is overly conservative in estimating radiation effects on the crack-arrest behavior of higher copper plates and weldments. Estimates of the KIa-transition-curve shift based on the Charpy FATT shift or on the MPC trend curve were found to be 45 to 70°C less conservative than were Regulatory Guide 1.99 estimates. Use of either of the more realistic estimation procedures would improve the ability to predict the arrest depth of a rapidly propagating crack in an irradiated pressure vessel.
Fracture Toughness Characterization of Irradiated Low Upper-Shelf Welds
Authors: Hiser Allen L. , Loss Frank J. , Menke Blaine H.
Published: February 2018

Some welds made with Linde 80 flux and containing a high copper impurity level have exhibited postirradiation Charpy upper-shelf energy levels below 68 J (50 ft · lb). The J-R curve behavior of seven such low upper-shelf welds has been characterized in the ductile upper-shelf regime in both the preirradiation and the postirradiation conditions with fluences of ~1 × 1019 neutrons (n)/cm2 (E > 1 MeV). With the single specimen compliance (SSC) technique, these J-R curves were determined from compact toughness (CT) specimens ranging from 12.7 to 101.6-mm thick, over a temperature range of 75°C to 288°C.

For these reactor vessel steels exhibiting low upper-shelf energy levels, the J-R curves were shown to follow a power-law relationship for small crack extensions, that is, less than 2 mm. In some cases, a possible size dependence of the J-R curve has been seen, but the results are inconclusive on this point.

Correlations between J-R curve parameters (JIc and average value of tearing modulus, Tavg) and Cv upper-shelf energy have been suggested at 200°C. These findings could enhance the significance of Cv reactor surveillance data with respect to structural integrity. However, JIc and Tavg have demonstrated an inverse relationship with temperature that is not reflected by the Cv upper-shelf trend. Therefore, correlations between Cv energy and J-R curve must be adjusted to account for temperature.
KETEN TOHUMU İLE ZENGİNLEŞTİRİLMİŞ ERİŞTELERİN FİZİKOKİMYASAL, DUYUSAL, PİŞME ÖZELLİKLERİ VE YAĞ ASİDİ KOMPOZİSYONUN BELİRLENMESİ
Authors: YÜKSEL Ferhat , AKDOĞAN Havva Buse , ÇAĞLAR Sümeyye
Published: February 2018

Bu çalışmanın amacı farklı konsantrasyonlarda (%
0-10-15-20) keten tohumu ile zenginleştirilmiş geleneksel ev tipi eriştelerin
yağ asidi bileşiminin yanında bazı fizikokimyasal, pişme ve duyusal
karakteristiklerini araştırmaktır. Zenginleştirilmiş erişte hamuruna şekil
verilmesini takiben örnekler kurutulmuş ve analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Örneklerin nem içerikleri % 8.81-12.93 aralığında değişmiş ve keten tohumu
ilavesiyle önemli bir azalma bulunmuştur (P< 0.05). % 20 keten tohumu
ile zenginleştirilmiş erişte ve kontrol örneğinde belirlenen maksimum ve
minimum α-linolenik yağ asidi içeriği sırasıyla % 53 ve % 2.3 tür. Keten tohumu
içeren erişte örneklerin tat/koku ve genel beğeni testleri arasında önemli bir
farklılık tespit edilmemişken (P> 0.05) kontrol örnek ve diğerleri
(keten tohumu içeren) arasında önemli bir farklılık belirlenmiştir (P< 0.05).
Örneklerin pişme süreleri keten tohumu artışı ile birlikte önemli oranda
azalırken (P< 0.05) suya geçen madde miktarı anlamlı bir biçimde
değişmemiştir (P> 0.05). Bu çalışma da keten tohumu kullanılarak daha
sağlıklı bir erişte üretilmiştir.
ÇİĞDEM (CROCUS BİFLORUS) YUMRULARINDAN PROTEAZ ENZİMİNİN SAFLAŞTIRILMASI VE SAFLAŞTIRILAN ENZİMİN KAZEİNİN KOAGÜLASYONUNDA KULLANILABİLİRLİĞİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI
Authors: YILDIRIM ÇELİK Safinur
Published: February 2018

Son yıllarda, hayvanlardan insanlara geçen bazı
hastalıklarda (SARS, deli dana, domuz ve kuş gribi) artış olduğu bilinmektedir.
Tüketicilerde, hayvansal proteazların gıda maddesi yapımında kullanımı bu
hastalıkların kendilerine bulaşacağına dair endişelere yol açmaktadır. Bu
nedenlerden dolayı bitkisel kaynaklı ürünlere bir talep artışı olmuştur.  Ticari olarak satılan enzimlerin ise sadece
az bir kısmının bitkisel kaynaklı olması, araştırmacıları ticari olarak da
kullanılabilecek yeni bitkisel proteaz kaynakları aramaya sevk etmiştir. Bu
çalışmada, ilk kez çiğdem (Crocus biflorus) yumrularından proteaz enzimi
saflaştırılmış ve bazı karakteristik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Enzim, amonyum
sülfat çöktürmesi ve iyon değişim kromatografisi ile 86 kat saflaştırılmıştır.
Proteaz enziminin optimum pH’sı 5.5 ve optimum sıcaklığı 50oC olarak
bulunmuştur. Vmax ve KM değerleri ise sırasıyla 47
mg/L.dak ve 0.9 g/L olarak hesaplanmıştır. Enzimin molekül ağırlığı SDS-PAGE
ile 35 kDa olarak hesaplanmıştır. Saflaştırılan enzimin, peynir yapımının ilk
basamağı olan kazeinin koagülasyonu işlemlerinde kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir.
Use of acetazolamide in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: a case report
Authors: Macau Ricardo A , da Silva Tiago Nunes , Silva Joana Rego , Ferreira Ana Gonçalves , Bravo Pedro
Published: February 2018

Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (Li-NDI) is a rare and difficult-to-treat condition. A study in mice and two recent papers describe the use of acetazolamide in Li-NDI in 7 patients (a case report and a 6 patient series). We describe the case of a 63-year-old woman with bipolar disorder treated with lithium and no previous history of diabetes insipidus. She was hospitalized due to a bowel obstruction and developed severe dehydration after surgery when she was water deprived. After desmopressin administration and unsuccessful thiazide and amiloride treatment, acetazolamide was administrated to control polyuria and hydroelectrolytic disorders without significant side effects. To our knowledge, this is the third publication on acetazolamide use in Li-NDI patients.

Learning points:

Treatment of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus might be challenging.

Vasopressin, amiloride and thiazide diuretics have been used in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus treatment.

Acetazolamide might be an option to treat lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus patients who fail to respond to standard treatment.

The use of acetazolamide in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus must be monitored, including its effects on glomerular filtration rate.
Severe bilateral adrenal hemorrhages in a newborn complicated by persistent adrenal insufficiency
Authors: Zessis Nicholas R , Nicholas Jennifer L , Stone Stephen I
Published: February 2018

Bilateral adrenal hemorrhages rarely occur during the neonatal period and are often associated with traumatic vaginal deliveries. However, the adrenal gland has highly regenerative capabilities and adrenal insufficiency typically resolves over time. We evaluated a newborn female after experiencing fetal macrosomia and a traumatic vaginal delivery. She developed acidosis and acute renal injury. Large adrenal hemorrhages were noted bilaterally on ultrasound, and she was diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency based on characteristic electrolyte changes and a low cortisol (4.2 µg/dL). On follow-up testing, this patient was unable to be weaned off of hydrocortisone or fludrocortisone despite resolution of hemorrhages on ultrasound. Providers should consider bilateral adrenal hemorrhage when evaluating critically ill neonates after a traumatic delivery. In extreme cases, this may be a persistent process.

Learning points:

Risk factors for adrenal hemorrhage include fetal macrosomia, traumatic vaginal delivery and critical acidemia.

Signs of adrenal hemorrhage include jaundice, flank mass, skin discoloration or scrotal hematoma.

Adrenal insufficiency often is a transient process when related to adrenal hemorrhage.

Severe adrenal hemorrhages can occur in the absence of symptoms.

Though rare, persistent adrenal insufficiency may occur in extremely severe cases of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage.

Consider adrenal hemorrhage when evaluating a neonate for shock in the absence of an infectious etiology.
Expression and function of Pdcd4 in mouse endometrium during early pregnancy
Authors: Zhang Yue , Ni Mingyun , Liu Na , Zhou Yongjiang , Chen Xuemei , Ding Yubin , He Junlin , Wang Yingxiong , Liu Xueqing , Geng Yanqing , Xie Liling
Published: February 2018

Embryo implantation is a complex process involving synchronised crosstalk between a receptive endometrium and functional blastocysts. Apoptosis plays an important role in this process as well as in the maintenance of pregnancy. In this study, we analysed the expression pattern of programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4), a gene associated with apoptosis in the mouse endometrium, during early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridisation, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that Pdcd4 was increased along with days of pregnancy and significantly reduced at implantation sites (IS) from day 5 of pregnancy (D5). The level of Pdcd4 at IS was substantially lower than that at interimplantation sites (IIS) on D6 and D7. In addition, Pdcd4 expression in the endometrium was reduced in response to artificially induced decidualisation in vivo and in vitro. Downregulation of Pdcd4 gene expression in cultured primary stromal cells promoted decidualisation, while upregulation inhibited the decidualisation process by increasing apoptosis. These results demonstrate that Pdcd4 is involved in stromal cell decidualisation by mediating apoptosis and therefore plays a role in embryo implantation in mice.
RELATIONSHIP OF INTERNET ADDICTION WITH DEPRESSION AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN INDIAN DENTAL STUDENTS
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Kumar Amit , Badiyani Bhumika , Singh Siddharth Kumar , Gupta Anjali , Ismail Mohammed B
Published: February 2018

Background and aims. Internet addiction (IA) has negative consequences on the mental health and affects daily activities. This study was conducted with the aim to assess the prevalence of Internet addiction among dental university students and to determine if there is any relationship of excessive Internet use with depression and academic performance among students.Methods. This was a cross sectional study which included 384 dental students from different academic years. A questionnaire was prepared that collected information on demographic characteristics, pattern of Internet use, duration of use, and most common mode of Internet access. Internet addiction was assessed using Youngs Internet Addiction test. Depression was assessed using Becks depression inventory [BDI-1].Results. The prevalence of Internet addiction and depression was found to be 6% and 21.5% respectively. The first year students showed the highest mean Internet addiction (17.42±12.40) score. Chatting was the main purpose for Internet use. Logistic regression analysis showed that individuals who were depressed (Odds Ratio=6.00, p value<0.0001*) and scored less than 60% marks (Odds Ratio=6.71, p value<0.0001*) were more likely to be addicted to Internet.Conclusion. The addiction to internet has negative impact on mental health and academic performance. These high risk group students should be identified and psychological counseling should be provided.