bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cross-Sectional Study: Predicting Health Risks Among Female University Students
Authors: Muaidi Qassim I. , Ahsan Mohammad
Published: June 2020

Background:

Good health is very important in our lives and plays a significant role. Many health risks are associated with an unhealthy lifestyle. These risks are responsible for raising the risk of chronic heart diseases and other health complications. Females are not exempted from these issues.

Objective:

To identify the obesity-associated health risks of female students by using selected anthropometric measurements.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted including 300 females aged 20.82 ± 5.23 years from the college of applied medical sciences, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University. The anthropometric measurements (body mass index, percentage of body fat, visceral fat area, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio,and waist-height ratio) were taken with the help of an auto-calibrated bioelectric impedance device. The waist-height ratio was determined by dividing waist circumference with height. Cross tabulation was done to scrutinize the participant’s levels at risk and high risk. Linear regression analysis was done to see the relationship and prediction between selected anthropometric measurements.

Results:

The finding showed that BMI level was high in 55% of participants, Waist-height ratio over the average level was 46.67% and 21% of participants had a visceral fat area on risk. Linear regression analysis showed a strong association among body mass index, percentage of body fat, visceral fat area, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio,and waist-height ratio and statistically significant to each other at the 0.01 level.

Conclusion:

The selected anthropometric measurements can be used to identify health-related risks. Though, when any anthropometric measurement dichotomized as standard or high, BMI is the best measure to predict health risk.
Modeling of Random Selfish Behavior Attack Using Single-Sided Laplacian Distribution and Performance Evaluation for High Security Communications in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
Authors: Adoni Kirti A. , Tavildar Anil S. , Warhade Krishna K.
Published: June 2020

Background:

The performance of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks gets severely degraded due to
various attacks including the Selfish Behaviour attack. The detection of malicious nodes and avoidance
of such nodes for data forwarding is important to enhance the MANET’s performance.

Methods:

A probabilistic model based on Single-Sided Laplacian distribution for the random
ON/OFF switching time of this attack is proposed. The model is used to make appropriate
decisions regarding the assignment of trust levels to suspicious nodes. The proposed protocol,
based on this trust along with Confidence values of nodes, referred to as OLSRT-C protocol is
used to select the optimum path for data forwarding. Simulations are carried out using Network
Simulator NS-2.35.

Results:

The random behavior of the Selfish Behaviour attack is analyzed by considering all the
possible random parameters. The random deployment of mobile nodes, number of malicious
nodes, number of times the malicious nodes switch and timing instances at which these nodes
change their states are considered. From the results, it is observed that the OLSRT-C protocol
gives stable performance for Packet Delivery Ratio and Routing Overheads whereas, for OLSR
protocol, the Packet Delivery Ratio gradually reduces and Routing Overheads increase, for the
percentage of malicious nodes increases from 10% to 50%. For OLSRT-C protocol, Average
Energy Consumption per node increases marginally compared to the OLSR protocol.

Conclusion:

The proposed OLSRT-C protocol successfully mitigates the randomized Selfish
Behaviour attack with a marginal increase in the Average Energy Consumption per node. The
Protocol Efficacy for OLSRT-C protocol is much higher compared to the OLSR protocol.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Various Plant Extracts Against Clinically Important Skin Infectious Bacterial Strains
Authors: Kazmi Syeda K. , Kauser Naheed , Aman Ayisha , Idrees Aqsa , Zohra Rashida R. , Sohail Anoosha , Komal Saima
Published: June 2020

Background:

At present, skin problems need to be addressed seriously. Antibiotic resistance
development is very fast in skin infectious bacteria. For the prevention of all types of skin
infections, natural plant extracts can provide suitable defense lines because they contain active
compounds. Wrinkles, sunburn, itching, blackheads, whiteheads, and uneven tone of the skin are
some of the issues related to skin. Extensive use of antibiotics for skin diseases is restricted due to
the development of worse antibiotic resistance.

Objective:

In this study, the antibacterial potential of plant extracts was assessed against skin infectious
bacteria to get an alternative cure for skin diseases.

Methods:

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were isolated from clinical
samples and E.coli was used as a non-pathogenic control strain from the Jinnah University for
Women strain repository. Their antibacterial activity was performed against eight plant extracts
through a well diffusion method.

Results:

Among eight plant extracts, Neem (Azadirachta indica), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Sandalwood
(Santalum album), Shahtara (Fumaria parviflora), Chirayata (Swertia chirayita), and
commercially available mixed Citrus peel showed good inhibition of bacterial growth.

Discussion:

Natural sources such as fruits, herbs, minerals, leaves, flowers, roots, honey, and rose
water are now becoming part of skin care and treatment products because they possess antimicrobial
activities.

Conclusion:

Skin products with herbal ingredients are now evolving as suitable solutions to the
existing skin problems.
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is Present in Patients with CKD before Initiation of Maintenance Hemodialysis
Authors: Gamboa Jorge L. , Roshanravan Baback , Towse Theodore , Keller Chad A. , Falck Aaron M. , Yu Chang , Frontera Walter R. , Brown Nancy J. , Ikizler T. Alp
Published: June 2020

Background and objectives

Patients with CKD suffer from frailty and sarcopenia, which is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Skeletal muscle mitochondria are important for physical function and could be a target to prevent frailty and sarcopenia. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the severity of CKD. We also evaluated the interaction between mitochondrial function and coexisting comorbidities, such as impaired physical performance, intermuscular adipose tissue infiltration, inflammation, and oxidative stress.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Sixty-three participants were studied, including controls (n=21), patients with CKD not on maintenance hemodialysis (CKD 3–5;n=20), and patients on maintenance hemodialysis (n=22). We evaluatedin vivoknee extensors mitochondrial function using31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to obtain the phosphocreatine recovery time constant, a measure of mitochondrial function. We measured physical performance using the 6-minute walk test, intermuscular adipose tissue infiltration with magnetic resonance imaging, and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in plasma. In skeletal muscle biopsies from a select number of patients on maintenance hemodialysis, we also measured markers of mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission).

Results

We found a prolonged phosphocreatine recovery constant in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (53.3 [43.4–70.1] seconds, median [interquartile range]) and patients with CKD not on maintenance hemodialysis (41.5 [35.4–49.1] seconds) compared with controls (38.9 [32.5–46.0] seconds;P=0.001 among groups). Mitochondrial dysfunction was associated with poor physical performance (r=0.62;P=0.001), greater intermuscular adipose tissue (r=0.44;P=0.001), and increased markers of inflammation and oxidative stress (r=0.60;P=0.001). We found mitochondrial fragmentation and increased content of dynamin-related protein 1, a marker of mitochondrial fission, in skeletal muscles from patients on maintenance hemodialysis (0.86 [0.48–1.35] arbitrary units (A.U.), median [interquartile range]) compared with controls (0.60 [0.24–0.75] A.U.).

Conclusions

Mitochondrial dysfunction is due to multifactorial etiologies and presents prior to the initiation of maintenance hemodialysis, including in patients with CKD stages 3–5.
Рентгеновская и алмазная оптика. Новые материалы и приборы для технологического прорыва
Authors: Терентьев С.А.
Published: June 2020

20 марта Технологический институт сверхтвердых и новых углеродных материалов
отметил 25-летний юбилей. За прошедшее с момента основания время в институте были разработаны уникальные технологии получения искусственных алмазов, сверхтвердых материалов и элементов на их основе, множество приборов для оптической электроники и рентгеновской оптики, а также инструментов по измерениям и исследованиям сверхтвердых материалов, о которых уже сообщалось
в репортажах нашему журналу. О достижениях института, полученных результатах, популяризации науки и перспективах дальнейших исследований рассказывает директор института, кандидат технических наук Сергей Александрович Терентьев.

On March 20, the Technological Institute of Superhard and New Carbon Materials celebrated its 25th anniversary. Since then, the institute has
developed unique technologies for producing artificial diamonds, superhard materials and elements based on them, many instruments for optical electronics and X-ray optics, as well as instruments for measuring and researching superhard materials, which were already reported in our reports to the magazine. Director of the Institute, Candidate of Technical Sciences Sergey Alexandrovich Terentyev talks about the achievements of the Institute, the results achieved, the popularization of science and
the prospects for further research.
Инженер 2020: на стыке технологий, дизайна, предпринимательства. Онлайн-конференция по инженерному образованию
Authors: Алёшин А.Н.
Published: June 2020

В сложный период пандемии коронавируса и экономического кризиса особенно остро встает вопрос занятости специалистов и перспектив трудоустройства выпускников вузов. С одной стороны, мир уже давно перешел на технологические рельсы, где одну из главных ролей играет инженер, с другой стороны, неясно, будут ли востребованы на постпандемийном рынке труда как молодые, так и опытные инженеры. Кто такой современный инженер и что от него ждут российские работодатели? Более 20 ведущих экспертов технологических компаний и инженерных вузов собрались вместе, чтобы ответить на этот и многие другие вопросы в рамках первой российской онлайн-конференции по инженерному образованию CEE 2020, организованной АНО "еНано" и Фондом инфраструктурных и образовательных программ Группы РОСНАНО.

In the difficult period of the coronavirus pandemic and the economic crisis, the question of the employment of specialists and the prospects for employment of university graduates is especially acute. On the one
hand, the world has long passed over to technological rails, where an engineer plays one of the main roles, on the other hand, it is unclear whether both young and experienced engineers will be in demand in the
post-pandemic labor market. Who is a modern engineer and what do Russian employers expect from him? More than 20 leading experts from technology companies and engineering universities came together to
answer this and many other questions at the first Russian online conference on engineering education CEE 2020, organized by ANO eNano and the Fund for Infrastructure and Educational Programs of the RUSNANO Group.
Радиационная наноэлектроника: современный импульс для появления и развития новых направлений наноиндустрии
Authors: Герасименко Н.Н. , Турьянский А.Г. , Кулевой Т.В. , Запорожан О.А.
Published: June 2020

Представлены и обоснованы принципиальные особенности формирования нового физико-технического и технологического направления, отвечающего требованиям твердотельной электроники, развитию других направлений, включая медико-биологические.
Гидротермальный нанокремнезем в получении экологически чистой салатной продукции с заданными свойствами в условиях закрытой агробиотехносистемы
Authors: Зеленков В.Н. , Латушкин В.В. , Елисеевав Л.Г. , Леонова И.Б. , Потапов В.В. , Иванова М.И. , Верник П.А.
Published: June 2020

Экспериментально проверена возможность управления качеством салатной продукции в условиях закрытой агробиотехносистемы с регулируемыми условиями с помощью обработки кремнийсодержащими препаратами: комплексным препаратом гидротермального нанокремнезема с синтетическим аналогом фитогормона ауксина – крезацином, в соотношении его с кремнеземом, аналогичным с кремнийорганическим компонентом 1-хлорметилсилатраном, зарегистрированным в России регуляторе роста растений – препарате "Энергия М". Применение гидротермального нанокремнезема с синтетическим фитогормоном крезацином дает возможность целенаправленно изменять химический состав и получать продукцию заданного качества. Влияние нанокремнезема на качество продукции носит комплексный многосторонний характер: улучшаются органолептические свойства продукции, снижается содержание остаточных количеств нитратов и токсичного элемента свинца, повышаются доля сухих веществ, уровень антиоксидантной активности и накопление витамина С. Значительно (до 2-3 раз) увеличивается содержание в листьях витаминов группы В. Лежкоспособность продукции повышается за счет снижения потерь воды (обезвоживания) при хранении. Выявлен существенный стимулирующий эффект на тест-культуры Paramecium caudatum и Daphnia magna, что дает основание предполагать высокий уровень пищевой безопасности, а также эффект появления у салата новых свойств - проявление биологической активности, способствующей улучшению среды обитания для объектов биотестирования, что проявилось в повышении их жизненной активности и продуктивности. Полученные данные могут быть использованы в практических целях для выращивания салатной продукции с управляемым обогащенным химическим составом и повышенной пищевой и биологической ценностью.
Difusión investigativa y posición en el ranking SCImago de las universidades españolas
Authors: Rodríguez Pallares Miriam , Martín Quevedo Juan , Prieto-Gutiérrez Juan José
Published: June 2020

La medición y control de la actividad universitaria es cada vez más relevante y condiciona la imagen institucional. La proliferación de rankings internacionales así lo evidencia. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las acciones de apoyo que las universidades en España ofrecen a la comunidad científica para alcanzar la excelencia investigadora, categorizarlas y comparar, después, si existe una correlación entre estos servicios internos y la posición de las universidades españolas en el ranking SIR, con base en resultados externos. La metodología se fundamenta en el análisis de contenido. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian cierta similitud, aunque hay casos discordantes que permiten inferir que la actividad investigadora responde a iniciativas individuales y encuentra sinergias a partir del trabajo colaborativo entre diferentes instituciones. Además, se perciben niveles más elevados de fomento de la investigación en el caso de las universidades públicas.
Los talleres de ciencia recreativa y la retroalimentación acción-reflexión
Authors: Garcia-Guerrero Miguel , Lewenstein Bruce , Michel Sandoval Bertha , Esparza Viridiana
Published: June 2020

Los talleres de ciencia recreativa (TCR) son un medio de divulgación extraordinario: por su trabajo colectivo, por la capacidad de adaptarse en tiempo real a las condiciones de los participantes y, sobre todo, por integrar práctica y teoría (acción y reflexión) en procesos orientados a construir experiencias científicas gratificantes. Este medio de divulgación de la ciencia generalmente es promovido por grupos que funcionan como comunidades de práctica; lo cual implica también una combinación de acción y reflexión que permite que los miembros más nuevos aprendan de los experimentados, desarrollando habilidades en las herramientas clave para dar vida a los talleres. El presente trabajo aborda los TCR de forma integral: analizando su esencia, metodologías, sustentos teóricos y, finalmente, se presenta el caso de la comunidad mexicana de talleristas para plantear la necesidad de fortalecer la discusión teórica en la materia.
3-Hydroxyisobutyrate, A Strong Marker of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity That Modulates White and Brown Adipocyte Metabolism
Authors: Nilsen Mona S. , Jersin Regine Å. , Ulvik Arve , Madsen André , McCann Adrian , Svensson Per-Arne , Svensson Maria K. , Nedrebø Bjørn G. , Gudbrandsen Oddrun A. , Tell Grethe S. , Kahn C.R. , Ueland Per M. , Mellgren Gunnar , Dankel Simon N.
Published: June 2020

Circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) associate with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate (3-HIB) is a catabolic intermediate of the BCAA valine. In this study, we show that in a cohort of 4,942 men and women, circulating 3-HIB is elevated according to levels of hyperglycemia and established type 2 diabetes. In complementary cohorts with measures of insulin resistance, we found positive correlates for circulating 3-HIB concentrations with HOMA2 of insulin resistance, as well as a transient increase in 3-HIB followed by a marked decrease after bariatric surgery and weight loss. During differentiation, both white and brown adipocytes upregulate BCAA utilization and release increasing amounts of 3-HIB. Knockdown of the 3-HIB–forming enzyme 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase decreases release of 3-HIB and lipid accumulation in both cell types. Conversely, addition of 3-HIB to white and brown adipocyte cultures increases fatty acid uptake and modulated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in a time-dependent manner. Finally, 3-HIB treatment decreases mitochondrial oxygen consumption and generation of reactive oxygen species in white adipocytes, while increasing these measures in brown adipocytes. Our data establish 3-HIB as a novel adipocyte-derived regulator of adipocyte subtype-specific functions strongly linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.
Localized Immunosuppression With Tannic Acid Encapsulation Delays Islet Allograft and Autoimmune-Mediated Rejection
Authors: Barra Jessie M. , Kozlovskaya Veronika , Kharlampieva Eugenia , Tse Hubert M.
Published: June 2020

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease of insulin-producing β-cells. Islet transplantation is a promising treatment for T1D, but long-term graft viability and function remain challenging. Oxidative stress plays a key role in the activation of alloreactive and autoreactive immunity toward the engrafted islets. Therefore, targeting these pathways by encapsulating islets with an antioxidant may delay immune-mediated rejection. Utilizing a layer-by-layer approach, we generated nanothin encapsulation materials containing tannic acid (TA), a polyphenolic compound with redox scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects, and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPON), a biocompatible polymer. We hypothesize that transplantation of PVPON/TA-encapsulated allogeneic C57BL/6 islets into diabetic NOD mice will prolong graft function and elicit localized immunosuppression. In the absence of systemic immunosuppression, diabetic recipients containing PVPON/TA-encapsulated islets maintained euglycemia and delayed graft rejection significantly longer than those receiving nonencapsulated islets. Transplantation of PVPON/TA-encapsulated islets was immunomodulatory because gene expression and flow cytometric analysis revealed significantly decreased immune cell infiltration, synthesis of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory chemokines, cytokines, CD8 T-cell effector responses, and concomitant increases in alternatively activated M2 macrophage and dendritic cell phenotypes. Our results provide evidence that reducing oxidative stress following allotransplantation of PVPON/TA-encapsulated islets can elicit localized immunosuppression and potentially delay graft destruction in future human islet transplantation studies.
A single load of fructose attenuates the risk of exercise-induced hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes on ultra-long-acting basal insulin - a randomised, open-label, crossover proof-of-principle study
Authors: Kosinski Christophe , Herzig David , Laesser Céline Isabelle , Nakas Christos , Melmer Andreas , Vogt Andreas , Vogt Bruno , Laimer Markus , Bally Lia , Stettler Christoph
Published: June 2020

Objective

While the adjustment of insulin is an established
strategy to reduce the risk of exercise-associated hypoglycaemia for
individuals with type 1 diabetes, it is not easily feasible for those treated
with ultra-long acting basal insulin. The present study determined whether
pre-exercise intake of fructose attenuates the risk of exercise-induced
hypoglycaemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes using insulin degludec.

Research
design and method

Fourteen male adults with type 1 diabetes completed
two 60min aerobic cycling sessions with or without prior intake (30min) of 20g
of fructose, in a randomised two-period crossover design. Exercise was
performed in the morning in a fasted state without prior insulin reduction, and
after 48h of standardised diet. The primary outcome was time to hypoglycaemia
(plasma glucose ≤3.9mmol/L) during exercise.

Results

Intake of fructose resulted in one hypoglycaemic event
at 60min compared to six hypoglycaemic events at 27.5±9.4min of exercise in the
control condition, translating into a risk reduction of 87.8% (hazard ratio
0.12 [95% CI 0.02; 0.66]; p=0.015). Mean plasma glucose during exercise was 7.3±1.4mmol/L with fructose and 5.5±1.1mmol/L during
control (p<0.001). Lactate levels were higher at rest in the 30min following
fructose intake (p<0.001) but were not significantly different from control during
exercise (p=0.32). Substrate oxidation during exercise did not significantly differ
between the conditions (p=0.73 for carbohydrate and p=0.48 for fat oxidation). Fructose
was well tolerated.

Conclusions

Pre-exercise intake of fructose is an easily feasible,
effective and well-tolerated strategy to alleviate the risk of exercise-induced
hypoglycaemia whilst avoiding hyperglycaemia in individuals with type 1
diabetes on ultra-long acting insulin.
Yehudei amazonya: vivências, práticas religiosas e representações simbólicas
Authors: Rodrigues Donizete , Oliveira Liliane
Published: June 2020

No contexto social brasileiro, caracterizado pela enorme diversidade étnico-racial, cultural, religiosa e identitária, onde ocorre uma certa invisibilidade dos judeus na cultura nacional e, principalmente, na sociedade amazônica, é relevante reforçar os estudos sobre o judaísmo no Brasil. Como em outras partes do país, a Amazônia também foi marcada pela chegada desta comunidade étnica-religiosa. A compreensão da sua trajetória histórica, identidade, representações simbólicas, tradição e práticas religiosas exige uma abordagem multidisciplinar, envolvendo a história, sociologia, antropologia, teologia e as ciências da religião. A partir de uma revisão da literatura, o objetivo do trabalho é, por um lado, compreender a convivência, a articulação com a religiosidade local e o fortalecimento dos elementos culturais que permeiam a identidade judaica e, por outro, entender o sentido que as populações amazonenses atribuem à cultura, aos símbolos e aos ritos religiosos dos yehudei amazonya.
“Em busca de diamantes para a coroa do mestre”: história, discursos religiosos e missionarismo batista no Vale do Rio Tocantins
Authors: Almeida Vasni , Sabino Wedster Felipe Martins
Published: June 2020

O objetivo desse artigo é analisar os discursos produzidos por Lewis Mallen Bratcher, da Junta de Missões Nacionais (JMN), da Convenção Batista Brasileira (CBB), resultados de viagem realizada pelo missionário ao Vale do Rio Tocantins, na região amazônica, em 1925. A narrativa de Bratcher sobre a região é analisada na perspectiva teórica de Pierre Bourdieu sobre o campo religioso, segundo o autor, um espaço abstrato, eminentemente social, de produção, reprodução e consagração de práticas arbitrárias, associada à abordagem da história cultural das religiões. Nas palavras do missionário, divulgadas no “O Jornal Batista” (OJB), percebe-se não somente a cosmovisão religiosa evangélica, mas a incorporação de concepções de civilização em voga durante as primeiras décadas da República no Brasil.
Primeira palestra (trad. Pedro Rodrigues Camelo)
Authors: Müller Friedrich Max
Published: June 2020

Texto em domínio público, originalmente publicado em 1873. MÜLLER, Friedrich Max. First lecture. In: MÜLLER, Friedrich Max. Introduction to the science of religion: four lectures. Londres: Longmans, 1882. pp. 01-51.
A performance islâmica de luto: uma análise através do território religioso
Authors: Meneses Karina Arroyo
Published: June 2020

Neste artigo é analisada uma performance religiosa no contexto de uma celebração anual que ocorre, concomitantemente, ao redor do mundo, de acordo com o calendário islâmico. Essa expressão cultural apresentou particularidades relevantes e inéditas ao meu campo de estudos durante o doutorado na Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, resultando na proposta de uma nova abordagem sobre o conceito de território religioso, que só se tornou possível devido ao profundo estudo dessa performance religiosa islâmica, relacionando-a a um amplo debate conceitual geográfico. O objetivo deste artigo concentra-se em analisar uma performance religiosa relacionando-a ao conceito de território religioso, através do método etnogeográfico, tendo como orientação epistemológica a geografia cultural.
Population development and the public sector economy in Finland
Authors: Hjerppe Reino T , Summanen Kari
Published: June 2020

Väestöliitto has newly published a book dealing with the effects of current population trends on society and the life of the common people. The aim of Väestöliitto is to use this book to begin a discussion on population questions and to direct attention to the necessity for planning authorities and decision makers to take demographic aspects into consideration in their work. The book discusses the effects of population aging on the public economy, education, industry and commerce as well as on the economy of the municipalities. We are here reproducing an article concerning the effects of population aging on the public economy and social expenditures. In economic theory population trends are considered exogenous, or factors outside the economic models. The authors, both economists, examine the link between population development and economy, mainly the public economy. They also discuss possible ways to avoid unwanted economic development caused by population aging. We feel the article might also interest readers outside the Finnish borders.
Mortality trends in Finland and Latvia
Authors: Valkonen Tapani , Krumins Zvidrins , Peteris Zvidrins
Published: June 2020

This article compares the development of mortality in Finland and Latvia from the pre-World War II time to the 1980s. This comparison is particularly interesting, because both the socioeconomic conditions and the levels of mortality were relatively similar in these countries in the 1920s and 1930s. Since the Second World War the economic and social development of Finland has differed from that of Latvia, which was incorporated into the Soviet Union. The differences in mortality trends between Finland and Latvia may thus shed light on the effects of the Soviet regime on mortality. The detailed analysis of the post-war mortality in Latvia has been virtually impossible until recently. Up to the end of the 1950s there were practically no open publications on mortality. From the beginning of the 1960s to the mid-1970s the statistical yearbook of Latvia published only a few selected indicators of mortality and life expectancy. From the mid-1970s till the mid-1980s the publication of these data stopped altogether. Limited information was included in bulletins and statistical collections that were meant for restricted circulation. The situation changed radically in 1988— 1989 when institutions of statistics essentially broadened the scope and content of published data on mortality, including age-specific death rates and mortality by cause of death.
Consensual unions and their dissolution among Finnish women born in 1938-1969
Authors: Lindgren Jarl , Ritamies Marketta , Miettinen Anneli
Published: June 2020

The article presents some emprical data on the development of consensual unions in Finland, with emphasis on pattern of entering these unions as well as their dissolution. The main source has been a survey conducted in 1989 which, for the first time, gives an opportunity to get a profound overview of the typical features of the life cycle of those cohabiting without marriage. In the survey about 4 000 women aged 22—51 years were interviewed. The article starts with an overview on the development and the present situation of consensual union as a form of cohabiting. Then it deals with the age at entering first consensual union and with the frequency of consensual unions ending in marriage. Even data on the children born in consensual unions is presented. Lastly, the dissolution pattern among consensual unions is elucidated by the authors.
Time series analysis of three centuries of childbearing and fertility process in Finland
Authors: El-Khorazaty Nabil M.
Published: June 2020

A new time series data set of childbearing and fertility-inhibiting indices for Finland since 1722 is constructed. Calculation of these macro-level indices is accomplished by the application of new demographic and statistical methodologies, which require only knowledge of age-specific fertility rates, available for Finland since 1776, and the Box-Jenkins time series forecasting technique. The results depict that Finland passed through various childbearing patterns. These patterns are characterized by increasing ages at first and last birth in the eighteenth century to stabilization in the following century at high levels. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, ages at last birth declined dramatically while ages at first birth first increased, then declined in the 1940s and stayed at that low level later on. Increases in both indices have been witnessed since the mid-1970s.
How many lived to maturity?
Authors: Jutikkala Eino
Published: June 2020

Calculations have been made of the total child and adolescent mortality in Finland in the 1700s and 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s. The author examines the cohort mortality of children and adolescents in different periods, regions and social groups. He does this by using the family reconstruction method with the aid of genealogical tables. The study focuses on five populations. In these cases the common allegation that during preindustrial period half the children died before reaching maturity is somewhat exaggerated.
Change in the population structure in Finland
Authors: Karjalainen Elli
Published: June 2020

On an international scale, the number of aged people (65 years and older) in Finland is still relatively low but showing rapid increase. The primary reason is the strong decrease of fertility which leads to a decline in the share of the younger age groups. As the average life expectancy is on the increase, this will further contribute to the growing share of the aged population. Migration affects considerably the regional population structures: selective migration has distorted the age and sex structures especially in the rural areas. Population aging bring on new challenges in community planning and social policy.
Challenges facing future housing policy
Authors: Auvinen Riitta
Published: June 2020

Since World War II the housing policy in Finland has been effective enough to reach the minimum norm for family dwellings set by IUFO presuming that occupants have the use of one room per person. From now on Finland ought to concentrate the building resources on bigger and better quality housing. The remaining housing base including mainly small apartments could then be used for young people who can be defined “homeless” by the new standards of housing. There is a slight evidence that the birth rate could be raised by the housing policy because of an attitudinal readiness in Finland for raising the number of children and level of housing.
Cohort fertility changes and period fertility in 1960-1990 in Finland
Authors: Notkola Irma-Leena
Published: June 2020

In Finland, like in most European countries, the total fertility rate declined from a level of 2.5 births per woman in the middle of the 1960s below the replacement level of 2.1 births during the late sixties. This change has been called Europe’s second demographic transition. This paper aims to describe the changes in cohort fertility during and after this transition. The cohorts whose fertility is examined include the cohorts of women bom between 1923-24 and 1961-62. The cohort fertility data are from unpublished tables of Statistics Finland. Total fertility decreased from 2.6 births per woman in the cohort 1923-24 to the level of 1.8-1.9 births per woman in the cohorts 1943-44 and has stayed at this level in younger cohorts. The most prominent change in fertility behavior in recent years has been delaying births later in life. This transformation has been going on since the cohorts born in the middle of the 1940s. In calendar time this transformation started in the late sixties which suggests that the new contraception methods played an important role in it. Cohort fertility results are used in interpreting period fertility trends and variability in the last decades.
Recent population development and population projections up to 2010 in Nepal
Authors: Reijo Marie
Published: June 2020

This article describes the recent population development in Nepal and projects alternative population development trends to the year 2010 using the cohort component model. Projections are based on the assumptions of future fertility, mortality and migration which have been derived from assumed socioeconomic and environmental development and population policy development. The relatively rapid population growth will continue mostly because of high natural increase. Population growth can be delayed most efficiently by decreasing fertility to the replacement level and by decreasing mortality further.
In the frontline of the backwater? The Nordic countries and the global population drama
Authors: Egerö Bertil
Published: June 2020

Backed by a long history of domestic population statistics and analysis, Nordic social science -including demography - could well be in the forefront of international scientific attention to the global drama of population dynamics and development. But this appears not to be the case. The paper is devoted to a discussion of this state of affairs. Following a brief presentation of the current state of population dynamics, it offers a few examples to show the value of a wider social science approach to the analysis of population/development relations. Dramatic features in current development are contrasted against the relative lack of engagement of demographers and social scientists today.Finally, a case is made for the strengthening of links between demography and social science in general - indeed for “population studies” as a field of joint enquiry, combining the rigor of demographic methods and techniques with the theoretical substance of the social sciences.
How many people are involuntarily childless?
Authors: Noack Turid
Published: June 2020

The number of permanently childless women has fluctuated considerably among the Norwegian women bom in this century, from less than ten percent to twice that. Childlessness, especially involuntary childlessness, receives far more attention today than it did 15 to 20 years ago. Delayed childbearing and innovation developed in the field of modem reproduction technology have heightened interest in childlessness. Some people seem to believe that the incidence of reproduction problems has increased steadily and is well on its way to assuming epidemic proportions. Others make a point of childlessness by choice. Emphasis is attached to clarifying the terminology used to discuss different ways of distinguishing childlessness and types of childlessness. The data have been taken from two major interview surveys, the Fertility Survey 1977 (FS 77) and the Family and Occupation Survey 1988 (F&O 88). Our findings do not indicate that infecundity became more common during the decade covering the latter half of the 1970s and early half of the 1980s. The total percentage of permanently childless women shows signs of increasing slightly from its level of just less than ten percent. This increase is probably due as much to “voluntary” as involuntary childlessness.
The employment and income performance of immigrants in Sweden, 1970-1990
Authors: Bevelander Pieter , Scott Kirk
Published: June 2020

In recent decades, Sweden has suffered from a relatively low growth rate, while undergoing a transformation towards increased service sector employment and decreased industrial employment. Simultaneously with the economic changes, the constitution of immigration to Sweden has also changed significantly, shifting from European labor migrants to non-European refugees and tied movers. This Paper discusses the forces behind the decreasing labor market attachment among immigrants to Sweden in the period 1970-1990. Points of special interest here are employment rates and relative incomes of various immigrant nationalities. This is accomplished through the charting of labor force Participation rates and employment patterns of different immigrant groups over the period in question. The statistics in this paper are based on the five most recent Swedish censuses, from which we have data at the individual level regarding age, sex, country of origin, employment status, sector of employment, and immigration year.
New patterns of spatial distribution of the population in Kainuu, Finland
Authors: Heikkilä Elli
Published: June 2020

Migration is a process of long duration, which reflects the migrant’s needs and values. The causes of migration relate to the physical and social environments, and these factors can be described by push and pull theories. The probability of moving to a specific location depends on the differential attractiveness of the various regions available to the migrant. The rise of the turnaround phenomenon in migration in the developed countries has been explained by changes in the place-preference value system. Migration to the countryside has focused on areas within easy access of the main built-up areas in Kainuu, Finland.
Active and retirement life exptectancy in Finland
Authors: Hytti Helka
Published: June 2020

The main purpose of the study was to examine how retirement and active life time have changed in relation to the total life expectancy in the Finnish population over the period 1970-1993. The study also aimed at finding out how the ratio between pensioners and the active population w ill evolve, if the general aim of Finnish pension policy, to postpone retirement, is reached. Active and retirement life expectancies were calculated by the prevalence-based Sullivan method. The data consisted of official life tables and joint statistics on the share of pension recipients in the total population of Finland. The central finding was that the increase in life expectancy had almost exclusively lengthened the time spent in retirement. Active life expectancy at birth varied relatively little. Early retirement had increasingly concentrated in the population aged 55-64, while in the middle-aged population, those under 55, active years had increased more than total years of life. Prolonging active life expectancy at birth by one year per decennium from 1990 to 2020 would reduce the increase in the pensioner population by nearly one half compared with the growth projected on the basis of 1990 prevalence rates.
After Cairo and before (and after) Beijing: sexual and reproductive health as a part of the empowerment of teenage girls and women / Lindahl, Katarina (1996)
Authors: Lindahl Katarina
Published: June 2020

Empowerment of w omen in the perspective of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) are dealt within this article. The themes of the Cairo and Beijing conferences are related and the discussions and conflicts regarding the SRH field commented on. The Cairo conference was a step forward - seen from women’s aspects - for issues concerning sexual and reproductive health.
The regulation of fertility in pre-industrial populations: a local study from eighteenth century Finland
Authors: Moring Beatrice
Published: June 2020

The crude birth rate in Finland in the eighteenth century was more than 40 per thousand. At the same time there was considerable regional diversity. This study of a coastal population in southwestern Finland reveals that the fertility was well below that of the country as a whole and as low or even lower that that recorded for neighboring countries. A more detailed study of families in Houtskiir indicates that the pattern of fertility varied according to the socioeconomic standing of the family head. Differences in age at first marriage were a critical determinant of these variations but other important factors were birth spacing and the timing  of the last birth. A conscious attempt was made to limit family size.
Health and social consequences: linkages between parish registers and patient records as a source in social medical history
Authors: Lundberg Anna
Published: June 2020

Venereal diseases in the Sundsvall area in Sweden are studied in this article. By using linkages between between parish records and patient records it has been possible to find out what happened to a patient after the adission to a venereal ward. The linkage gives us enough information to form life and family biographies for these individuals. By investigating the life courses of 145 linked individuals it has been possible to give a closer presentation of the preliminary conclusions and problems of this research. The major problem has to do with their mobility. A life and family biography is truncated when the individual leaves the district of Sundsvall.

The individuals of the study were admitted to a venereal ward in the midst of their adult life. While carefully paying attention to the linked individuals’ tendency to leave the Sundsvall area, we have studied their age distribution rates for certain events in their lives and reached a few preliminary conclusions about the sample group. Even among those who stayed in the district for quite a long while, the marriage rates were quite low . Some of these individuals had up to eight children, but the average fertility among the sample group seemed to be quite low. Because more than 60 percent of the children bom within the sample group died before the age of 15, and a very high percentage of these died before their first birthday, seems to be a convincing proof that venereal disease had an important impact on the patients’ lives. The article shows that linkages between patient records and parish registrars can help medical historians and historical demographers to understand the way in which disease and medical care affected peoples’ lives in past time.
The social meaning of the age at second birth for third-birth fertility: a methodological note on the need to sometimes respectify an intermediate variable
Authors: Hoem Britta
Published: June 2020

In hazard regressions for a number of countries, including Sweden, more highly educated women have been found to have higher third-birth rates than other women. In this paper we show that this positive educational gradient disappears when age at second birth is respecified in order to better catch what age at second birth means to women at the various levels of education. Instead o f a conventional age grouping that is the same for all educational categories, we suggest that the age factor should be defined so as to reflect what is normal and unusual childbearing behavior for each educational level separately. Considerations of a similar nature can be equally important in other contexts.
Immobility in Sweden
Authors: Fischer Peter A. , Malmberg Gunnar
Published: June 2020

Traditional migration theory analyzes and explains why and when people migrate. However, most people do not move at all. We therefore discuss the explanation of immobility and suggest a new approach: the insider-advantage hypothesis. A new dataset allows us to investigate empirically (im-)mobility patterns between Swedish labor market regions. From an aggregate point of view, there seem to be significant differences in mobility patterns with respect to place of birth. People bom in Sweden are on average more immobile than those bom abroad. This is true also for those bom in Finland. The mobility of Persons bom in the Baltic countries, however, was only half as high as for those bom in Sweden. Are Balts thus especially immobile in Sweden? Our analysis ot the data suggests that distinct socio-demographic Profiles rather than any origin-specific behavioral particularities explain the different mobility patterns. People living in Sweden who were bom in the Baltic countries are on average older than Swedish natives. They are resident in the country for longer than most other groups of foreigners and cluster in the main metropolitan areas.
Teenagers' sexuality in Estonia and Finland in the 1990s
Authors: Papp Krista , Kontula Osmo , Kosunen Elise
Published: June 2020

The present study assessed adolescent knowledge of sexual issues and sexual behavior in Estonia and Finland. The Estonian survey was conducted among students in the final grade of comprehensive school in March 1994, with a questionnaire translated trom the Finnish KISS-92 study. The Estonian sample comprised 532 boys and 548 girls 15.0 years old on average; part of the Finnish KISS group of 1992, covering 680 boys and 687 girls 15.8 years old on average, served for comparison. Significance of difference was tested. Estonian adolescents were found to have significantly less sexual experiences than their Finnish counterparts. At the same time quite a large proportion of the Estonian adolescents were attitudinally ready to start sexual intercourse. From this point of view, it is alarming that knowledge of sexual issues was poor among Estonian adolescents: only one out of ten respondents had good and about one- half had poor knowledge of sexual issues. A good level of knowledge was five times more common among Finnish boys compared to Estonian boys. Among girls the difference was eightfold, respectively.
The population transition and seasonal fluctuations in infant mortality in Finland, Estonia and Russia
Authors: Turpeinen Oiva
Published: June 2020

ln explaining differences in infant mortality and its development in Finland. Russia and Estonia in regard to region, religious group and month of the year in the period 1750 - 1900, one can note the significance of breastfeeding. Wherever breastfeeding was common, infant mortality was low and there was no peak in infant mortality during the summer months. The basic reason for this was that breastfeeding was much more hygienic than other forms of feeding and, in addition. breast milk was a versatile source of nutrition. Economic reasons were of only secondary importance compared to thes eforms of feeding.
Living arrengements of older persons in Finland
Authors: Lindgren Jarl
Published: June 2020

This article presents some of the main results from the Finnish report of the project of the Dynamics of Population Aging in the ECE-countries, a project carried out by the Population Activities Unit of the Economic Commission for Europe. Living arrangement, income and household condition of senior citizens aged 60 and over are discussed. Living arrangement are studied in private household, according gender; marital status, and number of generations and kin present in the household. The economic situation is examined by economic activities, income size and income sources. Further, dwelling size and household amenities are reported. The Finnish report and this article illustrate the situation in Finland during the late 1980s and the early 1990s.