bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cryotherapy for Rehabilitation After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Liang Zhimin , Ding Zichuan , Wang Duan , Guo Yuchen , Zhu Ling , Luo Zeyu , Li Lingli
Published: October 2024

Objective

Despite being well‐studied and widely utilized, the efficacy of cryotherapy after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in enhancing early rehabilitation lacks consensus. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to investigate (1) whether cryotherapy is able to promote the rehabilitation of patients undergoing TKA and (2) whether continuous cold flow device has superior results than cold pack in cryotherapy.

Methods

A comprehensive trial searching was performed in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar electronic databases in May, 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing cryotherapy with no cryotherapy or comparing continuous cold flow device with cold pack after TKA were included. The primary outcome was visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, and secondary outcomes included opioid consumption, blood loss (hemoglobin decrease and drainage), range of motion (ROM), swelling, length of stay (LOS), and adverse event.

Results

A total of 31 RCTs were included in this meta‐analysis with 18 trials comparing cryotherapy with no cryotherapy and 13 trials comparing continuous cold flow device with cold pack. Pooled results showed cryotherapy group had significantly lower VAS scores than no cryotherapy group on postoperative day (POD) 1 (MD, −0.59 [95% CI, −1.14 to −0.04]; p = 0.04), POD 2 (MD, −0.84 [95% CI, −1.65 to −0.03]; p = 0.04), and POD 3 (MD, −0.86 [95% CI, −1.65 to −0.07]; p = 0.03). Cryotherapy group also showed reduced opioid consumption, reduced hemoglobin loss, decreased drainage, and improved ROM after TKA. Continuous cold flow device group had comparable VAS, opioid consumption, blood loss, ROM, knee swelling, and LOS with cold pack group.

Conclusion

Cryotherapy can effectively alleviate postoperative pain, reduce blood loss, improve ROM, and thus promote the postoperative rehabilitation for TKA patients, but the continuous cold flow device did not show better efficacy than cold packs. These findings support the routine use of cryotherapy for the rapid rehabilitation of TKA patients, and the traditional cold pack is still recommended.
Edited eukaryotic translation initiation factors confer resistance against maize lethal necrosis
Authors: Wen Zhengyu , Lu Fengzhong , Jung Mark , Humbert Sabrina , Marshall Lisa , Hastings Craig , Wu Emily , Jones Todd , Pacheco Mario , Martinez Ivan , Suresh L.M. , Beyene Yoseph , Boddupalli Prasanna , Pixley Kevin , Dhugga Kanwarpal S.
Published: October 2024

Maize lethal necrosis (MLN), which is caused by maize chlorotic mottle virus along with a potyvirus, has threatened the food security of smallholders in sub‐Saharan Africa. Mutations in eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs), which also facilitate virus genome translation, are known to confer variable resistance against viruses. Following phylogenetic analysis, we selected two eIF4E proteins from maize as the most likely candidates to facilitate MLN infection. A knockout (KO) of each of the corresponding genes in elite but MLN‐susceptible maize lines conferred only partial protection. Our inability to knockout both the genes together suggested that at least one was required for survival. When we edited (ED) the eIF4E genes in Mini Maize, however, the plants with the eif4e1‐KO became highly resistant, whereas those with the eif4e2‐KO remained susceptible. Neither of the causal viruses could be detected in the MLN‐inoculated eif4e1‐KO plants. The eIF4E2 cDNA in Mini Maize lacked the entire 4th exon, causing a 22‐amino acid in‐frame deletion, which shortened the protein to 198 amino acids. When we introduced mutations in the 4th exon of the eIF4E2 gene in two elite, MLN‐susceptible lines pre‐edited for an eif4e1‐KO, we obtained as strong resistance against MLN as in eif4e1‐KO Mini Maize. The MLN‐inoculated lines with eif4e1‐KO/eIF4E2‐exon‐4ED performed as well as the uninoculated wild‐type lines. We demonstrate that the C‐terminal 38 amino acids of eIF4E2 are dispensable for normal plant growth but are required for the multiplication of MLN viruses. Our discovery has wide applications across plant species for developing virus‐resistant varieties.
Utilizing Health Literacy to Empower Latino Adolescents
Authors: Sailsman Sonique , Johnson Robyn
Published: October 2024

Latinos are a minority population that experience many healthcare disparities that impact their access to health‐related services. Improvement of health literacy is one way that healthcare providers can positively influence health outcomes within this population. Changes in educational curriculum have limited student's exposure to health information and created a gap in knowledge. A presentation regarding health literacy and advocacy was created for a group of Latino adolescents at a metro area high school. The presentation was offered in English, providing education on how to obtain health information from reputable sources, best words to describe symptoms of illness, and tips to successfully advocate for family members who may have difficulty communicating in English. The overall experience of the students was positive and impactful based on engagement and anecdotal feedback. The hope is to continue to partner with community organizations and improve health literacy among Latino adolescents and their families.
Do we have a duty not to discriminate when we date?
Authors: Sommer Degn Simone , Midtgaard Søren Flinch
Published: October 2024

Many believe that we have a duty not to discriminate when we act in certain ‘public’ capacities, for example when it is our job to select among various candidates for a job. In contrast, they deny that we have duties of a similar kind in our private lives, for example in our romantic lives. In this paper, we challenge this well‐entrenched asymmetry. We do so primarily by canvassing and rebutting central arguments to the effect that acting discriminatorily, for example when we date, is something we have a right to, including arguments from: (1) freedom of association, (2) legitimate self‐interest, (3) power and (4) love versus duties. In this way, we challenge a common permissive view regarding private discrimination.
Effects of Different Cooking Methods on Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Climbing Perch (Anabas Testudineus)
Authors: Yusof Nurhayati , Mohd Rosdi Siti Nur Izzati , Yusof Norzaida , Wan Mokhtar Wan Mohd Fadli
Published: October 2024

Climbing perch, Anabas testudineus is a freshwater fish recognised for its distinct flavour, high nutritional content, and medicinal properties. This species can be found in almost every Asian country, including Malaysia. However, the cooking methods applied can change the nutritional value of the climbing perch. This study aims to investigate the effect of four different cooking methods for climbing perch, which are frying, grilling, steaming and air frying, on their cooking loss, texture, colour properties, proximate composition, free fatty acid, total phenolic contents and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The result showed that the physicochemical properties, proximate composition and antioxidant activity were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the cooking method. Fried climbing perch samples were significantly higher (P<0.05) for cooking loss and texture. The steamed sample has the lightest colour with 40.39, and the fried sample has the highest value in redness and yellowness with 6.76 and 11.40 respectively. Proximate composition showed the highest value in protein, fat and carbohydrate in fried samples. Furthermore, free fatty acid was highest in the steamed sample (1.98%) and the lowest in the fried sample (1.39%). Fried samples showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC), 1.23 mg GAE/g and DPPH scavenging activity was highest in steamed samples (69.62%). In conclusion, aside from frying, steamed method emerged as the effective cooking method for preserving the nutritional value of the fish, as it exhibited the highest values in most of the analyses conducted.
Spatio-Temporal Model to Forecast COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in High-Density Areas of Malaysia
Authors: Abd Rahman Nur Haizum , Muhammad Yusof Saidatul Nurfarahin , Che Ilias Iszuanie Syafidza , Gopal Kathiresan , Yaacob Hannuun , Mohammad Sham Noraishah
Published: October 2024

The coronavirus 2019 disease has spread across the world. The number of coronaviruses 2019 (COVID-19) cases throughout Malaysia is high in the densely populated state of Selangor. In assisting the early preventive measures, this study utilises time series methods to model and forecast the number of daily positive cases in three Selangor districts: Petaling, Hulu Langat, and Klang. Specifically, the study compares the effectiveness of the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), a univariate model and the Generalized Space-Time autoregressive integrated (GSTARI), a multivariate model. For the GSTARI model, uniform and inverse distance weights represent the relationship between locations. The analysed data are from January to August 2021, and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) is chosen as the best model. The results show GSTARI (1,1) with both spatial weights outperformed ARIMA (0,1,1) in Petaling and Klang but not in Hulu Langat. However, the average RMSE values show that the most accurate and effective for forecasting the number of daily confirmed positive cases in Selangor is using GSTARI. In conclusion, by utilising advanced time series methods such as spatial analysis, this study provides important insights into forecasting trends of infectious diseases like COVID-19 and can help in early preventive measures.
Evaluation of Annona muricata Linn Leaves Extracts from Maceration and Ultrasonic-Assisted Methods for Anticancer Activity on HLFa Cells
Authors: Mohamad Rosdi Mohamad Norisham , Husin Fitrien , Yaakob Harisun
Published: October 2024

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a deadly kind of cancer that contributes significantly to the global cancer mortality rate. It is distinguished by a significant level of malignancy and unfavourable prognosis. The molecular pathways responsible for tumour invasion and migration in NSCLC are not fully understood, despite their widespread occurrence and significant consequences.  Moreover, the ability of cancer cells to withstand the effects of chemical treatments presents a substantial obstacle in the creation of successful treatment approaches for NSCLC. Annona muricata Linn (A. muricata) is known to possess powerful anticancer bioactive components. A. muricata extracts have demonstrated significant therapeutic potential among a wide range of botanical compounds. However, the specific molecular interactions of the plant have not yet been revealed.  This study aims to evaluate the anticancer potential of A. muricata leaves extracts on the NSCLC cell line and compare the efficacy of two different extraction methods, namely maceration extraction (ME) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Results showed that ME demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant activity compared to UAE, with respective percentages of 81.4% and 29.4%. However, the UAE extract demonstrated more pronounced cytotoxic effects on the NSCLC cell line (HLFa) with an IC50 value of 139.6 µg/ml, indicating a stronger antiproliferative effect on cancer cell. Both ME and UAE extracts reduced nitrite release in HLFa cell supernatants, with the ME extract showing superior activity. Treatment with ME and UAE also resulted in the activation of Caspase3/7, indicating the induction of apoptosis in HLFa cells compared to the untreated control. The extracts and Cisplatin differ approximately 0.3-fold in caspase 3/7 activation though it was not statistically significant. This activation suggests that both extraction methods effectively initiate the apoptotic cascade which is crucial for the elimination of cancer cells. Furthermore, the UAE extract significantly reduced BCL-2 mRNA levels (p<0.05). The significant reduction in BCL-2, a protein that prevents apoptosis reflect the extract’ ability to modulate key apoptotic regulators with the most significant activity when UAE extracts were used. In summary, A.muricata leaves extracts obtained through both ME and UAE methods exhibited promising anticancer effects against NSCLC, with UAE extracts exhibiting superior activity. These findings pave the way for further investigations into the use of A.muricata in cancer treatment and the development of new therapeutic agents based on its properties.
Genus Zingiber: A Review on Botanical, Major Bioactivities and Genetic Diversity
Authors: Zoni Fasli Fatin Arina , Mat Hussin Nur Syamim Syahirah , Farinordin Farah Ayuni , Midin Mohd Razik , Ahmed Qareerah Najway Mohammed , Sulayman Ahmeedah Sideena Ateeyah , Ridzuan Raihana
Published: October 2024

Zingiberaceae is a perennial plant family that is found across the tropics, particularly in Southeast Asia from low land to hill forests. In Peninsular Malaysia, it is believed that 160 ginger species are widely distributed belonging to 18 genera. Most of the Zingiber species in Peninsular Malaysia are less investigated and less understood taxonomically, thus remaining as under-utilized crops. The description of their morphologies in parallel with phytochemicals and molecular information are crucial to provide valuable information for further discovery of potent compounds, identification of potential new sources of genetic variation, as well as to provide insight into the domestication and breeding of ginger. The majority of Zingiber species are perennial herbs with a fragrant scent, an upright stem, and a fibrous rhizome. The presence of volatile components such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpenoids and some non-volatile compounds like gingerols, shagaols, and zingerone have contributed to the strong scent of the ginger oils. Among the dominant components of Zingiber are α-zingiberene, geranial, neral, camphene, neral, neric acid, α-curcumene, and zerumbone. The crude extracts and essential oils of Zingiber have proven to show some biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-bacterial, insecticidal, larvicidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulceration, antioxidant, anti-fungal, immunomodulatory, and anti-nociceptive. Most Zingiber species are known to have 22 somatic chromosomes (2n=22) which is the lowest among genera in Zingiberaceae. This study underscores the crucial significance of breeding programs and germplasm conservation, specifically emphasizing the potential of common ginger as a prominent contributor.
Geometric Morphometric and Pattern Discrimination of Handwritten Numeral Characters Based on Local Ethnicities and Native Linguistic Disparities in Malaysia for Forensic Applications
Authors: Wan Mohd Taufek Wan Nurul Syafawani , Hadi Pritam Helmi Mohd , Mat Desa Nur Syuhaila , Ismail Dzulkiflee , Mahat Naji Arafat
Published: October 2024

Handwriting can be influenced by factors like culture and native language disparities; however, the specific research to discriminate handwritten numeral characters for forensic questioned document investigation involving the diverse ethnicities (Malay, Chinese and Indian) in Malaysian population remains unreported. Despite its application in forensic anthropology, utilization of the landmark based analysis using the Geometric Morphometric (GMM) technique for examining handwritten numeral character specimens appears sparse. Therefore, this present research that attempted to discriminate ethnicities background of 390 consenting adult participants in Malaysia based on the handwritten numeral characters (0-9) using GMM technique, merits forensic and scientific considerations. Results revealed that while there were universal ones, ethnic-specific handwritten numeral characters that may possibly be influenced by culture and native language (Malay, Chinese and Tamil languages) also prevailed. Significant differences (p < 0.0001) in ethnic-specific characters for the Malay, Chinese and Indian participants who attended the different national primary school settings in Malaysia were also observed. In conclusion, the discrimination of handwritten numeral characters for forensic examination of questioned documents among Malay, Chinese and Indian authors for the development of forensic intelligence is empirically supported.
Predictive Value of Multi-Phase CT Radiomics in Delineating Early and Advanced T Staging of Colon Cancer
Authors: Ma Kun , Shi Haobo , Tan Tian Swee , As'ari Muhammad Amir , Hum Yan Chai , Sheikh Jahanzeb , Huang Wei , Leong Kah Meng , Tiong Matthias Foh Thye , Sadia Madeeha , Wen Zhibo
Published: October 2024

This study leveraged the power of multi-phase CT radiomics, which extracts detailed features from multi-phase images, to explore the distinction between early (T1-T2) and advanced (T3-T4) colon cancer stages in each of multiple phases, providing valuable insights to healthcare professionals and enhancing their decision-making capabilities. A total of 191 patients with surgically confirmed primary colon cancer were retrospectively included, and multi-phase CT scans (non-enhanced contrast phase, arterial phase, portal venous phase, and delayed phase) were conducted within one week before surgery. Three-dimensional segmentation of colonic tumors was performed on the images of the four phases, and radiomics features of each colonic tumor were automatically extracted. Minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) was applied to features selection in each of the four phases. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression was conducted to determine the association between radiomics features and early (T1-T2) and advanced (T3-T4) stages of colon cancer. Additionally, diagnostic performance comparison was carried out in four phases. The mean (±SD) age of the 191 individuals was 61.87±13.137 years, with females comprising 43.5% of the cohort. The selected features for the non-enhanced, arterial, portal venous, and delayed phases numbered 7, 11, 6, and 10, respectively. In the test set, the AUC values for the on-enhanced, arterial, portal venous, and delayed phases were 0.86 (0.76-0.96), 0.84 (0.73-0.94), 0.82 (0.71-0.93), and 0.86 (0.75-0.97), with corresponding accuracies of 0.84, 0.80, 0.75, and 0.88, sensitivities of 0.73, 0.64, 0.86, and 0.68, and specificities of 0.91, 0.91, 0.68, and 1.00, respectively. DeLong's test revealed no statistically significant differences in the AUC values between the four phases within the test sets (P = 0.3233~ 0.9912). Multi-phase CT radiomics demonstrated substantial value in differentiating between early (T1-T2) and advanced (T3-T4) stages of patients with colon cancer.
Left ventricular unloading to facilitate ventricular remodelling in heart failure: A narrative review of mechanical circulatory support
Authors: Kayali Fatima , Tahhan Owais , Vecchio Guglielmo , Jubouri Matti , Noubani Judi M. , Bailey Damian M. , Williams Ian M. , Awad Wael I. , Bashir Mohamad
Published: October 2024

Heart failure represents a dynamic clinical challenge with the continuous rise of a multi‐morbid and ageing population. Yet, the evolving nature of mechanical circulatory support offers a variety of means to manage candidates who might benefit from such interventions. This narrative review focuses on the role of the main mechanical circulatory support devices, such as ventricular assist device, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Impella and TandemHeart, in the physiological process of ventricular unloading and remodelling in heart failure, highlighting their characteristics, mechanism and clinical outcomes. The outcome measures described include physiological changes (i.e., stroke volume or preload and afterload), intracardiac pressure (i.e., end‐diastolic pressure) and extracardiac pressure (i.e., pulmonary capillary wedge pressure). Overall, all the above mechanical circulatory support strategies can facilitate the unloading of the ventricular failure through different mechanisms, which subsequently affects the ventricular remodelling process. These physiological changes start immediately after ventricular assist device implantation. The devices are indicated in different but overlapping populations and operate in distinctive ways; yet, they have evidenced performance to a favourable standard to improve cardiac function in heart failure, although this proved variable for different devices, and further high‐quality trials are vital to assess their clinical outcomes further. Both Impella and TandemHeart are indicated mainly in cardiogenic shock and high‐risk percutaneous coronary intervention patients; at the time the literature was evaluated, both devices were found to yield a significant improvement in haemodynamics but not in survival. Nevertheless, the choice of device strategy should be based on individual patient factors, including indication, to optimize clinical outcomes.
Production of anti-rM14 and anti-rM42 antibodies and their application in the stidy of expression of metalloproteases M14 and M42 of keratinolytic strain of Bacillus paralicheniformis
Authors: Maduakhassova A. , Mussakhmetov A. , Akishev Zh. , Aktayeva S. , Khassenov B.
Published: October 2024

In the present study, two metalloproteases M14 and M42 from a Kazakh strain of Bacillus paralicheniformis T7 with high proteolytic activity were successfully cloned, expressed and purified. Protease genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers selected on the basis of full genome sequencing data of B. paralicheniformis strain N7 (GenBank accession #CP124861). The amplified fragments were cloned in the expression vector pET-28c(+). Recombinant analogs of the metalloproteases M14 and M42 were obtained by plasmid expression in Escherichia coli cells of the strain ArcticExpressRP(DE3). Using metal affinity chromatography, rM14 and rM42 proteins were purified and polyclonal antibodies were produced by immunization of rabbits. Using anti-rM14 and anti-rM42 antibodies, the expression level of native metalloproteases M14 and M42 in cell lysate and culture fluid of B. paralicheniformis T7 strain was examined after culturing the strain on keratin-containing media: chicken feather, horn, hoof, hide and wool of cattle. Substrate-dependent expression of metalloprotease genes of B. paralicheniformis strain T7 was established. The obtained results indicate the prospective use B. paralicheniformis strain T7 as a producer of metalloproteases M14 and M42.
Characteristics of Fuel-Borne Nitrogen Pollutants in Hydrogen–Ammonia Mixtures Using Argon–Oxygen Atmosphere Under Engine Conditions
Authors: Yan Yuchao , Yin Zibin , Yang Ruomiao , Ou Juan , Xie Tianfang , Liu Zhentao , Liu Jinlong
Published: October 2024

Amid climate change, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and transitioning to renewable energy sources is crucial. Ammonia, a carbon-free and renewable fuel, shows significant potential as an alternative energy source. By incorporating hydrogen as an additive, its flammability can be enhanced to suit existing spark-ignition engines. However, understanding the characteristics of nitrogen pollutant emissions (i.e., NOx, which includes NO and NO2, and N2O) from ammonia–hydrogen combustion is challenging due to contributions from both fuel-borne and air-borne nitrogen. However, understanding the characteristics of nitrogen pollutant emissions from ammonia–hydrogen combustion is challenging due to contributions from both fuel-borne and air-borne nitrogen. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of fuel-borne nitrogen pollutants during ammonia–hydrogen combustion is essential. This study focuses on investigating fuel-borne nitrogen pollutants in argon–oxygen atmosphere, thereby eliminating nitrogen from the oxidizer and its role in thermal NOx formation. The research examines the formation and evolution of fuel-borne nitrogen pollutants during ammonia–hydrogen combustion under engine-like conditions. Results indicate that fuel-borne nitrogen pollutants act as intermediates, potentially originating from chemical equilibrium. While fuel NO predominantly forms in the burning zone, it undergoes a reduction in the burned zone. N2O, absent in thermal NOx mechanisms, shows significant concentrations in the burning zone and is mostly converted to N2, leading to limited N2O in the final fuel-borne nitrogen pollutant concentration. Lean-burn conditions, hydrogen addition, and oxyfuel combustion promote fuel NOx formation. Additionally, the equivalence ratio affects the ammonia–hydrogen premixed flame structure due to the de-NOx effect of ammonia. Overall, these findings highlight that fuel-borne nitrogen pollutant mechanisms differ from thermal NOx mechanisms, necessitating specially designed reduction technologies for clean spark-ignition engines.
Influence of the Position of an Internal Heat Exchanger on the Performance of a Dual-Evaporator Ejector Refrigeration System
Authors: Boumaraf Latra , Abid Chérifa
Published: October 2024

Energy and exergy analyses were performed to assess the effect of the internal heat exchanger (IHX) position on the performance characteristics of a dual-evaporator refrigeration system using an ejector as an expansion device. Three positions were tested. The first one generates a superheating at the suction of the compressor, the second generates a superheating of the secondary fluid at the inlet of the ejector, and the third generates a superheating of the primary fluid at the inlet of the motive nozzle. The results of the simulation show that it is the second position that leads to the best increases in performance characteristics of the refrigeration system. With improvements in coefficient of performance (COP), volumetric cooling capacity, exergy efficiency, and refrigeration cooling capacity of 9.38%, 9.58%, 5.18%, and 19.12%, respectively, R1234yf is the best fluid. However, the use of IHX is not recommended for R717, especially in position 1. The results also show that the contribution of IHX to increasing system performance is greater the higher the degree of subcooling and the lower the IHX effectiveness. It was also noted that system performance increases with condensing and refrigeration temperatures and decreases with freezing temperature.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor shapes monocyte transcriptional responses to interleukin-4 by prolonging STAT6 binding to promoters
Authors: de Juan Alba , Tabtim-On Darawan , Coillard Alice , Becher Burkhard , Goudot Christel , Segura Elodie
Published: October 2024

Cytokines induce functional and metabolic adaptations in immune cells, typically through transcriptional responses that can be influenced by other extracellular signals and by intracellular factors. The binding of the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) to its receptor induces the phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor STAT6. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor activated by various endogenous and microbe-derived metabolites, modulates the responses of immune cells to danger signals or inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. Here, we investigated cross-talk between the AhR and signaling stimulated by IL-4 in human and mouse monocytes. AhR activation was required for a subset of IL-4–induced transcriptional responses and inhibited the IL-4–induced metabolic switch to fatty acid β-oxidation. The promoters of the genes that were induced by IL-4 in an AhR-dependent manner lacked canonical AhR binding sites, implying a nongenomic mechanism of AhR action. Mechanistically, AhR activation reduced the activity of SHP-1, a phosphatase that targets and inhibits STAT6, and prolonged STAT6 phosphorylation and binding to specific target loci, thus extending the duration of STAT6 activity. Our results identify AhR as a key player in the molecular control of responses to IL-4 in monocytes and suggest a nongenomic mechanism through which AhR ligands may influence the functional responses of cells to IL-4.
Antiviral mechanisms of guanylate-binding protein 5: versatile inhibition of multiple viral glycoproteins
Authors: Sauter Daniel , Kirchhoff Frank
Published: October 2024

Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are interferon-inducible cellular factors known to inhibit a wide variety of pathogens. Humans encode seven GBPs that have functionally diversified to provide broad protection against a variety of bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Here, we discuss recent data on the mechanisms underlying the broad antiviral activity of GBP5 (H. Veler, C. M. Lun, A. A. Waheed, and E. O. Freed, mBio e02086-24, 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02086-24
) and place them in the context of previous studies on the ability of this antiviral factor to impair the function of numerous viral envelope (Env) glycoproteins. We focus on the effects of GBP5 on the glycosylation, proteolytic processing, and anterograde transport of Env and discuss mechanistic interdependencies of these maturation steps. Understanding the induction and action of broadly acting immune factors, such as GBP5, may help develop effective immune-based strategies against numerous pathogens.
Supplemental Material: Petrogenetic relationship of the variably Ni–Cu–platinum-group element (PGE)-mineralized intrusions of the Thunder Bay North Intrusive Complex, Midcontinent Rift, Canada: Implications for mineral exploration in mafic–ultramafic complexes
Authors: Brzozowski Matthew J. , al. et
Published: October 2024

Text S1: Analytical methods. Figure S1: Downhole variation diagram through the Southeast Anomaly illustrating the variation in MgO, Al2O3, TiO2, and Cr (from Brzozowski et al., 2023a), plus images of representative samples of mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Current intrusion. Figure S2: Chondrite-normalized REE profiles for the mafic–ultramafic rocks of the TBNIC and the country rocks. Figure S3: Binary diagrams illustrating the variations in εNdt and 87Sr/86Sri as a function of Th/La for the mafic–ultramafic rocks of the TBNIC and a metasedimentary country rock sample. Figure S4: Binary diagrams illustrating the variations in λ1–λ2 of the mafic–ultramafic rocks of the TBNIC with MgO and λ0. Table S1: Bulk-rock geochemical data (raw) of mafic–ultramafic rocks of the TBNIC and associated country rocks. 
Novel cause of bilateral proptosis in a child: orbital extramedullary haematopoietic tissue due to iron deficiency anaemia
Authors: Botre Abhijeet Vilas , Verma Sarita , Mishra Ambrishkumar Dayashankar
Published: October 2024

Childhood proptosis is an emergency with prevalence of 1.2% in hospital admissions. It has a wide spectrum of aetiologies ranging from infective and inflammatory to neoplastic. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA)-induced extramedullary haematopoesis (EMH) is known to cause hepatosplenomegaly but proptosis is very rare. We describe a girl in middle childhood with subacute bilateral proptosis because of orbital EMH, secondary to chronic nutritional IDA. There was no hepatosplenomegaly. Haemogram depicted severe microcytic hypochromic anaemia with wide red cell distribution width. Red blood cell indices were suggestive of IDA, but serum ferritin was elevated. Bone marrow examination showed absent iron and MRI brain was suggestive of EMH tissue in the orbits. Red blood cell transfusion was given before attempting a biopsy after which the proptosis dramatically reduced and disappeared. IDA is a common entity that rarely can cause EMH at sites other than liver and spleen.
Microbial enzymes for the biodegradation of polylactic acid (PLA): molecular docking simulation and biodegradation pathway proposal
Authors: Lu Jiaxin , Zhang Luxi , Wang Jiancheng , Li Ge , Qiu Yizhan , Ren Lianhai , Wang Pan
Published: October 2024

Polylactic acid (PLA), as a biodegradable polymer, finds widespread utility across diverse sectors, encompassing transportation, agriculture, biomedicine, textiles, electronics, and food packaging. Nonetheless, its degradation kinetics exhibit significant environmental sensitivity, necessitating the development of novel biotechnological methodologies to investigate the microbial and enzymatic constituents implicated in PLA biodegradation. In this review, molecular docking simulations are discussed to analyze the enzymatic degradation of PLA using specific enzymes: proteinase K, PLA depolymerase, and lipase. The binding energy, binding affinity, and dimensions of PLA-binding sites within the enzyme cavities have been examined for each enzyme. The binding amino acid residues mainly include serine, histidine, and aspartate for all plastics, while the interactions involve Van der Waals forces, conventional hydrogen bonding, carbon-hydrogen bonding, and Pi-interactions. Based on our synthesis of the literature, a theoretical PLA biodegradation pathway that illustrates the interaction pattern between PLA and the enzymes, as well as the degradation mechanism is proposed. Our review indicates that in natural environments, enzymes work synergistically, utilizing their unique properties to facilitate an efficient sequential catalytic process for PLA degradation. This integrative approach elucidates the mechanistic underpinnings and metabolic cascades governing PLA degradation, enriching insights into enzymatic catalysis and microbial enzyme-mediated plastic biotransformation. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of these processes is paramount in optimizing biodegradation kinetics and enhancing the environmental performance of biodegradable polymers. This review provides a detailed framework for refining PLA management strategies and advancing sustainable polymer utilization.
Investigation of oceanic wave solutions to a modified (2+1)-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system
Authors: Oluwasegun Kayode , Ajibola Samuel , Akpan Udoh , Akinyemi Lanre , Şenol Mehmet
Published: October 2024

This paper explores the oceanic wave characteristics exhibited by a modified integrable generalized [Formula: see text]-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger system of equations through variable coefficients. Two newly modified methods, specifically the improved nonlinear Ricatti equation method and the improved sub-equation method, have been proposed to investigate the aforementioned nonlinear system. Through the utilization of these methods, we successfully obtain traveling and solitary waves solutions for this nonlinear system. We emphasize several constraint conditions that serve to guarantee the existence of these solutions. More comprehensive information about the physical dynamical representation of some of the solutions presented is illustrated through graphical depictions. The Mathematica software package is employed to produce both three-dimensional and their corresponding contour plots, thereby improving the visualization and comprehension of the solutions. This paper illustrates that the two proposed approaches provide straightforward and efficient means of acquiring various types of soliton, rational, trigonometric, hyperbolic and exponential solutions. Moreover, they present a more potent mathematical tool for addressing a variety of other nonlinear partial differential equations that hold significance in the field of applied science and engineering.
Photodynamic antimicrobial activity of indium(III) porphyrin complexes against foodborne pathogens
Authors: Murage Margaret W. , Amuhaya Edith K. , Mbatia Betty N. , Muge Edward K. , Derese Solomon
Published: October 2024

This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and biological application of indium(III) porphyrin complexes for in vitro photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) against foodborne pathogens Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, salmonella sp, and Clostridium perfringens. Three complexes P1 (5,10,15,20-tetra-(4-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin), P2 (5,10,15,20-tetra-(4-bromophenyl)porphyrin), and P3 (5,10,15,20-tetra-(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrin) were synthesized, and validated by FTIR, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. Photophysical studies revealed unique fluorescence emissions for each complex. P2 had the lowest fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF = 0.0002) attributed to bromine atoms inducing a heavier atom effect, enhancing intersystem crossing and reducing radiative decay, leading to higher singlet oxygen production (ϕΔ = 0.52 in DMF). P2 also demonstrated the highest bacterial photoinactivation in a dose-dependent manner, with IC[Formula: see text] values from 9.57 to 13.52 μM. Time studies showed a significant decrease in bacteria survival after 30 min of exposure, highlighting potent antimicrobial properties. Structural differences among P1, P2, and P3 influenced their interactions with bacterial cells and their antimicrobial activity. This study highlights the potential of indium(III) porphyrin complexes as promising candidates for PACT against foodborne pathogens and offers insights into structure-activity relationships for optimizing antimicrobial properties.
Spin-Polarized Antiferromagnetic Metals
Authors: Shim Soho , Mehraeen M. , Sklenar Joseph , Zhang Steven S.-L. , Hoffmann Axel , Mason Nadya
Published: October 2024

Spin-polarized antiferromagnets have recently gained significant interest because they combine the advantages of both ferromagnets (spin polarization) and antiferromagnets (absence of net magnetization) for spintronics applications. In particular, spin-polarized antiferromagnetic metals can be useful as active spintronics materials because of their high electrical and thermal conductivities and their ability to host strong interactions between charge transport and magnetic spin textures. We review spin and charge transport phenomena in spin-polarized antiferromagnetic metals in which the interplay of metallic conductivity and spin-split bands offers novel practical applications and new fundamental insights into antiferromagnetism. We focus on three types of antiferromagnets: canted antiferromagnets, noncollinear antiferromagnets, and collinear altermagnets. We also discuss how the investigation of spin-polarized antiferromagnetic metals can open doors to future research directions.
Multiple System Atrophy: Pathology, Pathogenesis, and Path Forward
Authors: Ndayisaba Alain , Halliday Glenda M. , Khurana Vikram
Published: October 2024

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by autonomic failure and motor impairment. The hallmark pathologic finding in MSA is widespread oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions rich in aggregated α-synuclein (αSyn). MSA is widely held to be an oligodendroglial synucleinopathy, and we outline lines of evidence to support this assertion, including the presence of early myelin loss. However, we also consider emerging data that support the possibility of neuronal or immune dysfunction as a primary driver of MSA. These hypotheses are placed in the context of a major recent discovery that αSyn is conformationally distinct in MSA versus other synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease. We outline emerging techniques in epidemiology, genetics, and molecular pathology that will shed more light on this mysterious disease. We anticipate a future in which cutting-edge developments in personalized disease modeling, including with pluripotent stem cells, bridge mechanistic developments at the bench and real benefits at the bedside.
Accidental Intrathecal Tranexamic Acid Injection During Caesarean Section: A Case Report
Authors: Samuel Raymond Oyugi , Adonicam Victoria , Mgaya Andrew Hans
Published: October 2024

Background: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is increasingly used in the management of haemorrhage during and after delivery and haemorrhage caused by other medical conditions due to its efficacy and safety. However, increasing report of fatal complications from inadvertent intrathecal TXA injection remains a cause of concern. The aim of this case report is to demonstrate clinical presentation and predictors of accidental intrathecal injection of TXA within the structure and processes of care in a health facility.

Case Description: A 37‐year‐old woman, multiparous woman presented with a diagnosis of obstructed labour and, therefore, was scheduled for emergency caesarean section. She was assigned the American Society of Anesthesiology II physical status. Spinal anaesthesia was performed at a sitting position through L4‐L5 interspace using a 25‐G spinal needle gauge. The anaesthetist injected 3 mL of an aesthetic agent that was prepared earlier as hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%. About 2 min after receiving the injection, the patient reported gluteal discomfort and itching and severe back pain. She subsequently developed progressive altered mentation followed by generalized tonic–clonic seizures. General anaesthesia was conducted with propofol (100 mg), pethidine (50 mg) and suxamethonium (100 mg). Episodes of tonic–clonic seizures continued despite treatment with multiple doses of diazepam (10 mg), propofol (100 mg) and phenytoin infusion (1 gm). Postoperatively, the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit with persistent tachycardia (125–138 beats per minute), hypertension (157/105–175/118 mmHg) and oxygen saturation of 90%–95%. She died due to cardiac arrest after 21 h of stay.

Conclusion: Medication error such as accidental intrathecal injection of TXA continues to jeopardise the safety of surgery under spinal anaesthesia.
The Level and Outcomes of Emotional Labor in Nurses: A Scoping Review
Authors: Feng Hanbo , Zhang Meng , Li Xueting , Shen Yang , Li Xiaohan
Published: October 2024

Aims: This scoping review aims to examine the level and outcomes of emotional labor in nurses.

Background: Nursing is a highly emotional profession that requires nurses to experience a wide range of emotions and control their emotional expressions in nursing practice. Chronic emotional labor and emotional burden not only impact nurses’ individual well‐being and professional performance but also their job satisfaction and turnover intention.

Evaluation: This scoping review was guided by a five‐stage scoping review framework and the PRISMA‐ScR checklist. Eight databases were searched and 41 studies were reviewed.

Key Issues: The Emotional Labor Scale and the Emotional Labor Scale for Nurses were the most commonly used instruments. Significant associations were found between emotional labor and 52 outcomes, which were categorized into two main themes: nurses’ personal well‐being and organizational well‐being. There were 19 mediators and 12 moderators between nurses’ emotional labor and 26 different outcomes.

Conclusions: While the level of emotional labor among nurses remains uncertain, its consequences are plentiful and intricate. Studies have shown an important relationship between nurses’ emotional labor and individual and organizational well‐being, which is crucial for nurse managers. There is a need to explore the positive effects of nurses’ emotional labor and its impact on patients. Additionally, validation studies of the instruments used to measure nurses’ emotional labor are necessary.

Implications for Nursing Management: The insights gained from this scoping review provided a more comprehensive understanding of emotional labor for nurse managers. This knowledge can be utilized to design training programs on emotional management and to explore different interventions aimed at alleviating the adverse impacts of nurses’ emotional labor.
Recurrent Anti‐NMDAR Encephalitis Necessitating Oophorectomy in an Adolescent Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Caroline Shadowen , Nidhi Agrawal , Alexa Fugina , Cole Messersmith , Laurne Terasaki , Hannah Allen , Aaron Goldberg , Lindsey Pflugner
Published: October 2024

Background: Anti‐NMDA receptor (A‐NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune condition often associated with ovarian teratoma. Surgical removal of the teratoma is generally curative, and recurrence is uncommon.

Case: A 14‐year‐old female presented with psychiatric symptoms and was ultimately diagnosed with A‐NMDAR encephalitis during a prolonged hospitalization. She was found to have bilateral ovarian teratomas, underwent laparoscopic bilateral ovarian cystectomy, and returned to neurologic baseline within 2 months. One year later, the patient was re‐presented with similar symptoms and was diagnosed with recurrent A‐NMDAR encephalitis. Initial imaging was negative for ovarian teratomas. After another prolonged hospitalization, repeat imaging ultimately demonstrated a suspected left ovarian teratoma. A left salpingo‐oophorectomy was performed, and the patient’s condition again fully recovered.

Conclusion: This case of A‐NMDAR encephalitis presented with many atypical features including neuropsychiatric presenting symptoms, bilateral teratomas, and severe recurrence of disease. While imaging is the recommended modality for investigation of etiology, no teratoma was identified on the second presentation, leading to an ethical and clinical conundrum in this adolescent patient. More research is needed to investigate other diagnostic methods for A‐NMDAR encephalitis without distinct teratoma on imaging in female patients.
Optimization of Feed Ration Size in Aquatic System According to the Optimal Control Approach: Implications of Using the von Bertalanffy Growth Model
Authors: Domínguez-May Roger , Poot-López Gaspar R. , Hernández Juan M. , Velázquez-Abunader Iván
Published: October 2024

Rationing aquaculture farming feed is challenging for producers due to high feed costs, representing 30%–60% of the total operating costs. Therefore, optimal timing of feeding could lead to improved economic returns from an aquatic system. An optimal dynamic feeding model has been determined considering the von Bertalanffy growth model. A bioeconomic model of tilapia production in Mexico for specific markets was used for numerical illustration. The von Bertalanffy growth model was parameterized with experimental data from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed four ration sizes (50%, 80%, 100%, and satiety), in order to determine different optimal rationing for different fish sizes (200, 300, and 400 g), market prices (Monterrey, Cancún, Mexico City, and On site), and optimal harvesting times (OHT), considering the time value of money. The results of the modeled optimal feeding trajectories show a continuous decrease from stocking to reach a minimum value and then slightly approaching the harvest size. This result contrasts with the recommendations of the feed suppliers and with those found when a potential growth model was used. The results in the case study showed that the Monterrey market presented the highest present value of the benefits in the OHT and the different market sizes. The implications of the Bertalanffy model for optimal rationing trajectories are presented in the discussion.
Submandibular Gland Invasion From a Metastatic Lymph Node in Patients With Buccal Mucosal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Bukawa Moeka , Yamagata Kenji , Fukuzawa Satoshi , Takaoka Shohei , Uchida Fumihiko , Ishibashi-Kanno Naomi , Bukawa Hiroki
Published: October 2024

This report presents a rare case of direct invasion from a metastatic submandibular lymph node (SMLN) to submandibular gland (SMG) in a resected specimen of neck dissection (ND) of buccal mucosal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The patient was an 82‐year‐old woman with a clinical diagnosis of the left buccal mucosal SCC (cT4bN2bM0, Stage IVB). The tracheostomy, modified radical neck dissection, buccal mucosal cancer resection including maxillary partial resection, mandibular segmentectomy, and reconstructive surgery with a plate and a free rectus abdominis flap were performed. Pathologically, the infiltrating SCC was observed in the SMG continuous with SMLN metastasis (pT4bN3bM0). No adjuvant therapy was performed for old age and oral intake dysfunction. Contrast CT detected the multiple lung and left scapula metastases at postoperative 5 months, which made the policy of best supportive care. Finally, she died 9 months after the surgery from distant metastases. SMG involvement from direct invasion from a metastatic SMLN is relatively rare. In our case, although the patient died from distant metastases, locoregional control was achieved through curative resection of the primary tumor and ND performed as one block with reconstructive surgery.