bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonomic study on the wild plants of AlGalabat Area, Al-Gadarif State, Sudan
Authors: Ismail Ismail Mirghani
Published: October 2024

The present study was aimed to document the present flora of the Al-Galabat Area, AlGadarif State, Sudan, and consequently to contribute to the updating of Sudan's flora. This study was identified 151 species belonging to 121 genera and 43 families, including one new record to the flora of Sudan. The flora is comprised of a variety of different growth forms. Most are herbs 51%, trees 20%, grasses 14%, and shrubs 13%; the remaining are woody climbers and parasitic plants. The majority of the plant species have important economic uses.
The causes of Clinical and Subclinical Pathogenic Mastitis and anti-bacterial Resistance in Milk of Dairy Cows in and around Shahat, Libya
Authors: Altalhy Ahmad , Othman Hamzah
Published: October 2024

: من إجمالي 200 عينة حليب جمعت في الفترة ما بين يناير 2018 إلى مارس 2020 تم عزل 126 عينة مصابة بالتهاب بكتيري بنسبة (63٪. (مقسمة كالتالي: كأكبر عامل مسبب لالتهاب الضرع السريري وهي:
Escherichia coli 46 (36.5%), Streptococcus pyogens 31 (24. 6%), and positive staphylococcus aureus 19 (15 %). بينما  Streptococcus dysgalactiae(15.079. 21%) كانت المسبب الأكبر في التهاب الضرع الإكلينيكي. مع ذلك، وفي كلا النوعين من التهاب الضرع، تم أيضًا عزل 4 حالة إيجابية من عوامل بكتيرية أخرى والتي كانت بنسبة منخفضه، وبالتالي  لا يمكن اعتبارها مهمة مثل Klebsiella spp أو غير معدية مثل Corynebacterium spp.وكانت مقاومة البكتريا للمضادات الميكروبية معتدلة في إجمالي العينات إلا penicillin وكذلك tetracycline في Streptococci وفي Staphylococci النسبة وإن كانت ليست عالية إلا أنها تهدد الصحة العامة ويرجع أهمية هذه المضادات الحيوية إنها تستخدم في علاج البشر بالإضافة إلى أنه يجب التنويه إلى أن المعلومات حول مشكلة التهاب الضرع في ليبيا ضعيفة.
تقدير معدل الجرعة المحفزة من سماد كبريتات الأمونيوم لتثبيت النيتروجين حيوياً بواسطة Rhizobium Bacteria في نبات الفول تحت الظروف المحلية
Authors: الحديدي هدى أحمد , بن عامر فاطمة أبراهيم
Published: October 2024

أجريت الدراسة لتحديد الجرعة المحفزة من سماد كبريتات الأمونيوم وذلك بإضافة المعدلات [0 – 20 – 25 – 50 – 100] كجم ن/هـ مع صنفين من نبات الفول المتداول محليا [ الصنف المغربي، والصنف المصري] ، وقد تفاوتت استجابة الصنفين عند إضافة لقاح Rhizobium المعزول والمعدّ محليا مع المعدلات المحددة من النيتروجين، وكان التجانس في النتائج ملحوظا في[النسبة المئوية للنيتروجين في النبات، وزن العقد البكتيرية، عدد العقد البكتيرية، وزن الجذور] والذي كان متفقا مع نتائج العديد من الدراسات السابقة سواء في النبات المعامل وغير المعامل، مع وجود فروق معنوية عند مستوى معنوية 0.01 في النبات المعامل بلقاح Rhizobium المعدّ محليا  في هذه الدراسة تحت مسمى [F2k22]، وقد أوضحت النتائج المتحصل عليها من التجربة قيد الدراسة لموسميين متتالين أن أنسب معدل محفز وأفضل معاملة لكل العوامل المدروسة هي إضافة [25 كجم ن/هـ] في وجود لقاح Rhizobium، وهذا يؤكد أن معدل الجرعة المتعارف عليها 20 كجم ن/هـ غير كافية وغير فعالة  لتثبيت النيتروجين حيوياً تحت الظروف المحلية.
Histopathological Changes in Kidney Tissues of Mice as Result of an Ibuprofen Drug Treatment
Authors: Guseibat Tarek. A. , Elturshani Omelaz  A. M. , Mohamed Fatma A. , Eltarhouni Amal  A.
Published: October 2024

Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is frequently prescribed in children for diverse therapeutic indications, including fever, postoperative pain, tumors, and inflammatory disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes that may occur in kidney tissue in association with prolonged administration and overdose treatment of Ibuprofen. 20 female albino mice were used. They were divided into four groups, group (I) included 5 animals and served as a control group, group (II) included 10 animals and received daily recommended therapeutic dose of Ibuprofen 2.75ul/kg body weight for ten weeks, group (III) included 10 animals and received a daily overdose of Ibuprofen 5.5ul/kg body weight for ten weeks and group (IV) included 10 animals and treated exactly as a group (II) then the animals were left for recovery for six weeks. At the end of each period, the animals were sacrificed and kidneys were excised. The drug-induced many histopathological changes in kidneys included inflammatory cellular infiltration, cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration, hemorrhage, dilatation and congestion of blood vessels, and fibers deposition. The study concluded that Ibuprofen treatment may cause different injuries in the renal tissue of mice. After six weeks of recovery, the renal changes persist, animals may need a longer period for complete recovery.
Metoda oceny narażenia na hałas z zastosowaniem techniki mikrofonu umieszczonego w uchu pracownika
Authors:   Rafał Młyński, Kozłowski Emil ,   Jan Radosz
Published: October 2024

W artykule przedstawiono metodę oceny narażenia na hałas z zastosowaniem techniki mikrofonu umieszczonego w uchu pracownika w przypadku, gdy źródłem hałasu jest zestaw słuchawkowy. Potrzeba opracowania takiej metody wynika z faktu, że obecnie stosowane metody pomiaru hałasu w przypadku tego rodzaju źródła ograniczają się do wyznaczania równoważnego poziomu dźwięku A. Ponadto stosowanie tych metod wiąże się z koniecznością wyznaczania poziomu ciśnienia akustycznego z użyciem korekcji w 1/3-oktawowych pasmach częstotliwości. Zaproponowana w artykule metoda uwzględnia dwa pozostałe, niezbędne do oceny hałasu na stanowisku pracy parametry, tj. maksymalny poziom dźwięku A i szczytowy poziomu dźwięku C. Metoda pozwala na wyznaczenie parametrów hałasu z wykorzystaniem korekcji jednoliczbowej, co umożliwia zastosowanie mniej zaawansowanej technicznie aparatury pomiarowej. Artykuł zawiera procedurę pomiarową przedstawiającą tryb postępowania przy wyznaczaniu parametrów hałasu generowanego przez zestaw słuchawkowy.
Tense in Texts
Authors: Weinrich Harald
Published: October 2024

Tenses are not primarily indicators of time. The method of text linguistics, that considers utterances in context rather than in isolation, attends to obstinately repeated signs that condition stretches of speech or writing and to supervening changes in stance or “register.” There are two tense groups in the western European languages: narrative tenses that report information, whether fictional or real, and discussion tenses that communicate attitudes and positions with which multiple speakers interact.
Tense Metaphors
Authors: Weinrich Harald
Published: October 2024

Text linguistics defines a metaphor as “a linguistic sign in a heterogeneous context which generates an unexpected, a counter-determining effect,” such as the so-called “historiographic future” that introduces a perspective angle on past occurrences. Other usages include the conditional of politeness, the past or imperfect of modesty, often associated with modal verbs, and the imperfect of restricted validity. Conditional tenses can communicate real conditions or counterfactuals; the broader textual context is typically needed to determine the nuance. The chapter provides examples of these usages from the historian Jacques Bainville, from the physiologist Claude Bernard, from newspapers, and from literary and personal texts by Gide, Racine, Camilo José Cela, and Proust.
Other Languages—Other Tenses?
Authors: Weinrich Harald
Published: October 2024

Whereas highlighting in French and Italian is a feature of narration only, the progressive tenses in Spanish and, especially, English allow for highlighting within discussion as well. Finite verb tenses in Ancient Greek observe highlighting only in narration, but its semi-finite forms also enable highlighting in discussion. The situation of Latin is more complicated: Cicero’s usage shows that the perfect tense inclines toward narrative in active verbs and develops into the Romance simple past tenses, whereas the perfect in middle and passive verbs inclines toward discussion and develops into the compound perfect tenses. Benjamin Whorf’s studies of Hopi verbs describe a contrasting metaphysics of time that is very comparable to the time sense of Oswald Spengler and that may perhaps be understood as an instantiation of the registers of discussion and narration. Another example is the Capanahua language, which was described by the linguist Eugene Loos as having conversational and narrative registers, which appear to be similar to the Romance registers but not identical.
The Niqab and the Other
Authors: De Féo Agnès
Published: October 2024

This chapter continues to develop the reasons women have for wearing the niqab, paying particular attention to how niqab wearers situate themselves in relation to others. It dwells on the paradox of modesty inherent in the garment, which still possesses an aesthetic element. It also discusses the relationships many niqab wearers have with men and the way wearing the niqab shapes or is shaped by these relationships, detailing the Salafi practice of religious marriages. Outside of the relationship between the sexes, the chapter also discusses the relationship between women who wear the niqab and their opponents, noting the violence often inflicted on niqab wearers by the police (including in cases where the women’s children are present) as well as abuse suffered by vigilante attacks and harassment from fellow civilians, especially women. Many examples of this are given from De Féo’s interviews.
The Niqab: Refuting Common Ideas
Authors: De Féo Agnès
Published: October 2024

The book concludes with a list of fourteen common stereotypes or clichés that have been applied to women who wear the niqab in France, with De Féo’s refutation of each stereotype or cliché. These include ideas about the relationship between the niqab and French society; the relationship between the niqab and the religion and community of Islam in and outside of France; the position of most women who wear the niqab towards the men in their lives and male authority in general; and the act of wearing the niqab in relation to questions of feminism, autonomy, free will, and freedom.
Prologue
Authors: Whalen Robert Weldon
Published: October 2024

The Prologue argues that the enormous popularity of Casablanca is largely due to the fact that, to quote Rick, "it's true." The film's themes, that is, ring true both for the 1940s and for subsequent generations.
Exile
Authors: Whalen Robert Weldon
Published: October 2024

This first chapter notes that exile is central to the film; it is also central to the work of Hannah Arendt, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, and Albert Camus. The senses of "being home" or "being not at home" also seem to be recurring human experiences.
“Lourdes of the Southwest”
Authors: Ambrose Adrienne Nock
Published: October 2024

In 1941, a group of missionary priests established a new Marian shrine on the outskirts of San Antonio. The site, a replica of the famous Lourdes shrine in France, was intended as a devotional anchor for the inhabitants of that growing city. What the site’s founders overlooked, however, was the power of San Antonio Catholics’ devotion to La Virgen de Guadalupe, a devotion which had existed in that borderlands city since its founding. It was the Guadalupan devotion, rather than the Eurocentric piety, that established the site and ultimately ensured its survival. This essay will trace the way in which Guadalupe’s regional influence, along with a cluster of mid-century developments—including World War II and a change in Church leadership—led to the site’s transformation and, ultimately, to its endurance.
“Guadalupe Represents La Cultura ”
Authors: Barba Lloyd
Published: October 2024

In Lamont, a Latinx-majority agricultural town deep in the heart of California’s Kern County, an unsanctioned mural-shrine to the Virgin of Guadalupe quickly became a center of devotion. The muralist, Jorge Guillén, initially set out to touch up and complete an image of Guadalupe, one of the most ubiquitous figures in the Americas. But beyond Guillén’s intention, his artwork assumed a new life, that of a shrine complete with a regular cycle of observers and devotional objects. This chapter situates Guillén’s work in the broader historical context of Chicano muralism in California, drawing out the politics of space claiming which animates the mural. It then suggests that the acts of devotion at the mural transcend the mural’s intended purpose, leaving observers to see how it constitutes a mural-shrine. Neither merely a shrine nor just another mural, the street corner mural-shrine, as suggested by Guillén, represents la cultura.
The Battle of Bayside
Authors: Laycock Joseph P.
Published: October 2024

In the 1970s a Marian seer named Veronica Lueken began holding vigils in the quiet residential neighborhood of Bayside Queens. As thousands of pilgrims flocked to the neighborhood, they were met by angry homeowners. Escalating tensions drew church authorities and police into the conflict, culminating in a period known as “The Battle of Bayside.” This chapter applies Robert Orsi’s hermeneutic of cityscapes as realms of competing religious topographies to interpret the Battle of Bayside and its historic significance. This conflict over Marian pilgrims praying on public spaces was, in many ways, a struggle over the very categories that urban dwellers use to understand themselves: insider/outsider, Catholic/not Catholic, religion/madness. Bayside Hills was not just where people lived and prayed but part of a cartography that rendered these categories meaningful. Lueken and her pilgrims threatened a re-ordering of those categories.
The National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Fatima
Authors: Park Karen E.
Published: October 2024

The National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Fatima was built in the early 1960s in Lewiston, New York, near Niagara Falls. This region was, during the mid-twentieth century, an epicenter of US military development and Cold War/nuclear preparedness. The shrine itself, a giant plexiglass dome with a 13-foot statue of Our Lady of Fatima on top is visually arresting. It stands as both a manifestation of the cosmic fears/preoccupations of the generation who built it, and as a model of the futuristic tourist aesthetic of 1960s Niagara Falls. While the intervening years have seen the shrine deteriorate physically, there is now evidence that new generations of Catholic immigrants from Lebanon, Vietnam, and Korea are marking out this once semi-abandoned space and claiming it, and Mary, for themselves.
Our Lady of the Underpass
Authors: Selka Stephen
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines devotional practices around and representations of a Marian apparition site on the north side of Chicago. In 2005, an image formed by salt runoff that resembled the Virgin Mary appeared on the wall of the I-90 and Fullerton Avenue underpass. Since then, devotees have maintained the space below and around the image as a makeshift shrine. Drawing on sources that include news reports, theatrical performances, and my own observations, it explores the story of the apparition against the backdrop of the rapidly changing neighborhood around the underpass. I argue that the site makes certain forms of devotion publicly visible, while also putting immigration, homelessness, and gentrification on display. I approach this site as a place where boundaries are continually negotiated and contested, including those between neighborhoods and nations, the sacred and the profane, and between what is and what is not American religion.
Introduction: Prolegomenon to Inter-American Philosophy
Authors: Carter Jacoby Adeshei
Published: October 2024

The introduction describes the scope and aim of the book. The concept of Inter-American philosophy is introduced and some of its key features are discussed. The unique method and contribution of the text is explained.
The 1812 Constitution of Cádiz: From Colonialism to Independence
Authors: Estévez Hernando A.
Published: October 2024

The political and social force of the independence movements and the different causes that promoted and incited the transition from colony to independent state in Latin America was influenced by the elaboration of the 1812 Constitution of Cádiz and the participation of Americans in the discussions and debates which served as a preamble for an independent political ideology, which in turn began to corrode colonial institutions. The most important and influential political decision made by the 1812 Constitution of Cádiz for the Latin America political situation was the establishment of political representation and the division of power. These decisions not only redefined the concept of power in Spain as well as in the Spanish territories, but they also reestablished the nation’s sovereignty and the individual’s legitimacy before the institutions while creating the conditions for a possible change in the individual’s political position.
Latin American Philosophy Has No Quine, So What?
Authors: Nuccetelli Susana
Published: October 2024

Some major recurrent questions of Latin American philosophy have focused on its existence and quality. Most answers, whether old or new, have been skeptical. In the USA, such skepticism underlines the question of why the discipline has produced no major philosophical figure so far. This essay shows that metaphilosophical skepticism about Latin American philosophy, whether old or new, presupposes that there is something intrinsically wrong with Latin American philosophy. But the problems facing its development concern external factors involving certain historical, economic, and cultural contingencies.
The Menstruating Body Politic: José Martí, Gender, and Sexuality
Authors: Berruz Stephanie Rivera
Published: October 2024

The chapter critically examines the philosophy of Cuban intellectual Jose Martí with an eye toward his most widely disseminated ideas on the social construction race. Martí’s conceptualization of race is constructed against the backdrop of an exclusionary and homogenizing notion of nationhood. In response, the chapter argues that gender and sexuality are truncated into Martí’s ideas about political life in a way that reify coloniality. In this context, gender is essentialized and buttressed by heteronormativity by the mechanisms of nation formation that presume that participation in the development of “nuestra” America holds only to the extent that one can participate in heterosexual dimorphic social reproduction.
The “Saint” of Urakami
Authors: Diehl Chad R.
Published: October 2024

Chad R. Diehl traces how Nagai Takashi became the representative voice after the bombing for his community and the city as a whole. Nagai’s approach to remembering the bombing supported his fellow Urakami Catholics, and his books on the significance of the bombing coincided with the interests of municipal officials and American occupation leaders alike. Early postwar Nagasaki, through the lens of Nagai, reveals a convergence of the interests of various groups of stakeholders, such as the Urakami Catholic community, the municipal government, and the Allied occupation, which led to both Nagai’s rise as the representative voice of the atomic experience of the city, as well as the endurance of the Christian image of ground zero. The story of Nagai elucidates the concrete ways in which the Catholic past of the city became so easily linked to its atomic present and determined discourse on Nagasaki for decades.
Faith, Family, Earth, and the Atomic Bomb in the Art of Nagai Takashi
Authors: Haynes Anthony Richard
Published: October 2024

Anthony Haynes looks at the life of Nagai Takashi beyond being a medical doctor and writer to provide a fuller picture of his theological and artistic explorations through a lifelong passion for drawing. Haynes identifies themes in Nagai’s drawings, including Catholic faith, dedication to and love for family, and themes of what he calls earthiness, which influenced and informed Nagai’s artistic depictions of the atomic bombing, such as a mushroom cloud carrying his wife who died in the bombing to heaven, or as a martyred Jesus with the flame of the sacred heart replaced with the mushroom cloud. Haynes’ chapter helps us better understand the theological origins and explanations of the atomic bombing as Providence.
Lambs of God, Ravens of Death, Rafts of Corpses
Authors: Diehl Chad R.
Published: October 2024

Chad R. Diehl looks at the poetry written by hibakusha, which was the preferred medium of artistic expression for their trauma, to understand how they represented their atomic experience. The chapter specifically takes up the tanka and free-verse poetry written by hibakusha, including Nagai Takashi, but with a significant focus on two other survivor-poets, Yamada Kan and Yamaguchi Tsutomu, and with mention of others. Diehl shows how these hibakusha poets all used their artistic form as a way to process their trauma and grief, and also how Yamada, Yamaguchi, and another hibakusha-poet named Fukuda Sumako additionally saw their poetry as a vehicle for social, political, and memory-activism. The memory-activism component of their poetry spoke in response to municipal policies that seemed to ignore their plight, and in many cases directly confronted the dominance of Nagai Takashi in the memory and memoryscapes of the city.
Breaking New Ground in Nagasaki
Authors: Mason Michele M.
Published: October 2024

Michele M. Mason delves into the relatively recent works of atomic-bombing literature by Seirai Yūichi, who is a second-generation hibakusha (nisei hibakusha) and a long-time public servant of Nagasaki’s municipal government. Seirai has spoken publicly of his “sense of duty” to grapple with and depict the manifold truths of the city. Notably, this award-winning writer proposes a new form of atomic-bombing literature. In his collection of stories, called, Ground Zero: Nagasaki (Bakushin, 2006), Seirai uses physical space to deftly entangle the reader within fraught emotional terrain, a feature which helps us conceptualize his vision for a so-called ground zero literature.
Introduction
Authors: Green Hilary N.
Published: October 2024

The introduction summarizes the events of George Floyd’s murder and its aftermath during the summer of 2020, including protests, monument removal, and the federal response led by President Donald Trump. Instead of the summer of 1968, the introduction places the essays in the larger context of the Civil War and Reconstruction era and the themes explored.
Abaline Miller and the Struggle for Justice against the Employer Police State after Slavery
Authors: Horne William
Published: October 2024

The chapter explores Abaline Miller's experience post-emancipation, emphasizing her escape from a brutal assault by her employer, John J. Pringle, shortly after the Thirteenth Amendment's ratification. Miller's ordeal exemplifies the continuation of systemic oppression despite legal emancipation, as white elites like Pringle used violence and legal manipulation to maintain control over Black labor. This post-emancipation exploitation mirrored antebellum practices, where alliances between white plantation owners and working-class whites enforced racial capitalism through surveillance, policing, and economic coercion. Miller and other Black Louisianans challenged and reshaped the institution of slavery from within, negotiating labor contracts during the Civil War that laid the groundwork for emancipation. However, after the war, despite having verbal agreements for wages, employers like Pringle resorted to violence and legal intimidation to avoid payment and maintain economic dominance. The chapter connects Miller's plight to contemporary issues of racial injustice and police brutality, arguing that the same systems of oppression persist today. It critiques the carceral landscape that perpetuates racial inequality and mass incarceration, highlighting the ongoing struggles of Black Americans for economic and social justice. It underscores the need for systemic reform and societal accountability to dismantle racial capitalism and ensure true equality and freedom for all.
“Moving History”
Authors: Marshall Anne E.
Published: October 2024

Louisville, Kentucky’s Confederate monument first caught my scholarly interest nearly twenty-five years ago because of its context. As I researched my dissertation on Kentucky’s post-Civil War Confederate identity, I paid special attention to the monument as a paeon to the rebel cause in what was, during the Civil War, a decidedly Union city. The monument’s story has become even more complicated, as has my own view of it in the years since I first investigated the circumstances surrounding its construction. In the last twenty years, Kentuckians have historically contextualized, removed, relocated, and re-contextualized the monument. In the short essay that follows, I explore the shifting contexts of the monument, and what it might (and might not) mean in light of renewed public consciousness of the connection between Confederate symbols and racial injustice.
Introduction
Authors: Roeber A. G.
Published: October 2024

Debates over the “rights revolution” in the United States have rarely included the perspectives of Orthodox Christians. The introduction sketches a brief history of the Orthodox arrival in North America to its present composition of First Peoples, descendants of Orthodox immigrants, and converts. By examining questions put to the Orthodox by non-Orthodox scholars of law and religion, the introduction provides a survey of literature and a historical analysis of Orthodox debates about a variety of rights claims in modern society. It also examines the claims for rights and privileges within the Church itself, especially those that have pitted hierarchical versus parish claims concerning rights and governance. The introduction locates the book’s purpose and profile by providing acknowledgements of colleagues who have aided in its completion.
Deferential Society and Church? Protestant to Orthodox Social Ethos
Authors: Roeber A. G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides the Anglo-American Protestant context over legal, religious, and constitutional rights that the Orthodox first encountered in the early nineteenth century. Only by understanding what the American Founders intended and where they failed to deal with slavery, polygamy, and the social ethos created by Scottish Common Sense philosophy can the Orthodox struggle with such issues be made clear.
The Nineteenth-Century Orthodox Confrontation with Rights
Authors: Roeber A. G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter details the confrontation between Orthodox defense of indigenous rights and the demands made by Presbyterian Sheldon Jackson for connection definitions of civilization and citizen rights to property and contract. The struggle in Alaska paralleled in some degree the attempts by the Ottoman Empire to re-define citizen rights under the Tanzimat Reform and the attack by Raphael Hawaweeny on the abuse of the rights of Arab-speaking Orthodox Christians. By 1900, the Orthodox in North America had learned how to deal with various rights understandings but remained unclear about the rights of their own bishops, clergy, and laity.
Pluralism and the Rights of Freedom of Speech and Expression
Authors: Roeber A. G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explains the struggle of both Russian and Greek Orthodox with American understandings of democratic civil, religious, legal, and constitutional rights. In a pluralist society, their inherited focus on the rights of bishops to govern came under scrutiny both within their own church and by non-Orthodox Americans. The Greek-American and Russian-American Orthodox seized upon the rights of freedom of religious expression for themselves, but the Greek-American bishop Iakovos, in attempting to support the American civil rights movement in the 1960s, met with opposition from his own Greek-American clergy and laity at the beginning of the American rights revolution.
The Poetics of Apology: FEPOW Narratives
Authors: McKay Daniel
Published: October 2024

Can a literary genre that is prone to cultural essentialism outgrow this heritage, so as to recall wartime atrocities more meaningfully? This chapter argues that such renewal is not only possible but imperative to the continuation of literary writings associated with Far East prisoners of war (“FEPOW”). It opens with a broad literary history of the genre, so as to make clear the moral vectors that structure the best-known works, as well as the moral conundrums with which writers have grappled. A close reading of New Zealand author Peter Wells’ novel Lucky Bastard (2007) reveals the importance of oral histories, both as a resource for the novelist and as a motif that can reshape the genre. Jim Lehrer’s novel The Special Prisoner (2000), on the other hand, is less concerned with acts of testimony than it is with the politics of apology and recollections of the 1995 bicentennial commemorations of the Second World War. Neither Wells nor Lehrer reinstate a captivity narrative as the genre’s mainstay, preferring instead to address the ways in which the FEPOW experience has been (mis)represented or marginalized by subsequent generations.
No Pets, No Drunks, No Children
Authors: Marshall Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2024

“No Pets, No Drunks, No Children” examines intoxicated animals in animated shorts and films, including Felix the Cat in “Woos Whoopee,” Mickey Mouse in “Gallopin’ Gaucho,” Dumbo in Dumbo, and the Drunk Stork in Warner Bros. Merry Melodies cartoons. In the make-believe universe of animation, drunkenness fuels highly visual slapstick humor that provides a safe outlet for the expression of fears about rebellious children and child-like Others. Cartoon animals, children, and intoxication offer cover for expressions of violence and aggression. Slapstick humor about dismemberment played for laughs with animated animals is a permissible outlet for adult fantasies of violence.
The Capital Enemy
Authors: Rogozinski Jacob , Razavi Sephr , Ginzburg Carlo
Published: October 2024

The goal is to describe the construction of the figure of the absolute enemy as a counter-figure to sovereignty by a power apparatus. What allows us to discover the various aspects of this enemy, his "incorrigible" character, his dissimulation, and his bestialization? It becomes then necessary to analyze the phenomena of incorporation and disincorporation of the collective bodies which generate these various figurations of the Enemy and to wonder what motivates voluntary servitude, the submission of the multitudes to the apparatuses of sovereign power.
Worse Than Death
Authors: Rogozinski Jacob , Razavi Sephr , Ginzburg Carlo
Published: October 2024

To better understand the passage from exclusion to persecution, we examine the case of lepers in the medieval West. Since they were considered to be both abject and sacred, the breakdown of this ambivalence made them the target of an extermination apparatus, and a similar process was repeated in the case of the Jews. By also calling upon anthropology, we must then identify the schemes and phantasms that underlie such processes, particularly those that bring into play the ambivalent value of blood.
“Dont give up my Son”
Authors: Wilson Keith P.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 3 discusses how Benjamin became an officer in a Black regiment while he was serving in Kentucky. Motivated by his desire to advance his military career and to fulfill his family’s abolitionist beliefs, Benjamin used his contact with a family friend, Chaplain Benjamin F. Crary, Superintendent of Contrabands at Columbus, to secure a lieutenant’s position in the 2nd Tennessee Colored Heavy Artillery. Although he firmly believed slavery had corrupted the African American’s character, he also believed that the Union Army could be used as a vehicle to raise male African Americans to manhood and self-reliance. But governed by essentially racist attitudes, Benjamin had great difficulty training his men and he found his first major tour of duty as a recruitment officer at Fort Pillow, Tennessee, very challenging. Plagued by bouts of fever and demands from his parents to find an African American servant for his recently widowed sister, Margaret, Benjamin fell into fits of depression. The fact that he was so ethnically prejudiced that he had difficulty serving with the increasing number of officers of Hungarian descent who were joining his regiment compounded his parent’s concern for his welfare.
“Kind acts went directly to their hearts”
Authors: Wilson Keith P.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 5 discusses Martha working on the home front as a member of the Red Wing Ladies’ Soldiers Aid Society. While this work provided her with new opportunities to be more active in civic affairs, much of her charity work remained home based. While she was at the forefront, helping to organize charity concerts, and soliciting refreshments, she expected the recipients of her charity to express their gratitude in mannered appreciation that upheld community standards. Her war work revealed some of the fractions in her community and the different levels of commitment to the Union cause. She was quick to condemn shirkers and called residents who did not freely provide aid “Copperheads.” She supported her brothers by regularly sending gifts and letters containing family news and gossip. However, fearful of the corrupting impact of army life, she packed her letters with moral advice. Although she enjoyed the new social and civic opportunities afforded by the war, she also felt frustrated and disillusioned. She was disturbed by being unable to vote for Lincoln, and like her colleague Miss Dewey, who corresponded with Daniel, she felt the women’s war effort needed to be expanded and more widely acknowledged.
“Move the camp down to the grave yard”
Authors: Wilson Keith P.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 8 discusses the impact of discriminatory army policies on Daniel’s regiment. Daniel believed that the main reason for the high death rate in his regiment was the army’s refusal to supply adequate shelter. He also complained that excessive fatigue duty undermined the men’s health and reinforced a new form of servitude. He also found the excessively harsh inspection routine oppressive. Often carried out during the winter months, these inspections damaged the men’s health and sapped their morale. Because his regiment was supplied with inferior uniforms and denied opportunities for drill and training, invariably it was marked down by the inspectors and classified as an inferior unit. Perhaps the most damaging accusation Daniel made against the Memphis military authorities was that their policies undermined the soldiers’ transition from slavery to freedom and potential citizenship. To prove this, he cited how General Dana had arbitrarily moved his men from the camp they had carefully constructed and sent them to Fort Pickering, a location Daniel categorized as a rubbish dump. Despite all the difficulties, Daniel followed orders and did his duty. His complaints secured empathy from his family, but no redress from the military authorities.
Humanitarian Fictions
Authors: Paustian Megan Cole
Published: October 2024

Humanitarianism has a narrative problem. Far too often, aid to Africa is envisioned through a tale of Western heroes saving African sufferers. While labeling white savior narratives has become a familiar gesture, it doesn’t tell us much about the story as story. Humanitarian Fictions aims to fill that gap. While the subfield of literature and human rights has seen expansive growth, the particularities of humanitarian literature have received little comment. Overlapping but distinct from human rights, humanitarianism centers on a relationship of assistance, focusing less on rights than on needs, less on legal frameworks than moral ones, less on the problem than on the nonstate solution. Tracing the white savior narrative back to religious missionaries of the nineteenth century, Humanitarian Fictions reveals the influence of religious thought on seemingly secular institutions and uncovers a spiritual, collectivist streak in the discourse of humanity. The humanitarian model of care transcends the boundaries of the state, and its networks touch much of the globe; Humanitarian Fictions thus redraws the boundaries of literary classification based on a shared problem space rather than a shared national space, mapping a transnational vein of Anglophone literature about Africa that features missionaries, humanitarians, and their so-called beneficiaries. Putting humanitarian thought in conversation with postcolonial critique, this book brings together African, British, and U.S. writers typically read within separate traditions. The novel—with its profound sensitivity to narrative—can enrich the critique of white saviorism while also imagining alternatives that give African agency its due.
Introduction
Authors: Paustian Megan Cole
Published: October 2024

Humanitarianism’s model of care is undermined by the white savior narrative through which it frames its task. Based on that premise, Humanitarian Fictions makes three primary arguments. First, humanitarianism has a narrative problem, and literature can help us assess the implications. Second, the origin of this problem lies in colonial-era Christian missions, which developed and popularized a discourse of African salvation by Western means. Third, the novel can play a valuable role in imagining and articulating alternatives, emphasizing African agency in the global ethics of care. Rather than focusing on state power, Humanitarian Fictions foregrounds the nonstate and situates its literary archive in the third sector, which is nongovernmental and nonprofit. The introduction defines the humanitarian Atlantic as a framework for interpreting this literature. Readings of Kony 2012, Graham Greene’s The Heart of the Matter, and NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New Names illustrate the stakes and range of humanitarian narratives.
The Universal Human
Authors: Paustian Megan Cole
Published: October 2024

Chapter 3 envisions an ethical form of community that extends beyond the state and beyond the rhetoric of salvation. The concept of universal humanity—the idea that human beings are, in some ways, all the same, and that we can therefore know and act upon others’ needs—underpins the white savior narrative and produces its imperialist tendencies. Yet it is a point of cautious attraction within this literature. Analysis of Zakes Mda’s The Heart of Redness reveals the risks of identification across difference as well as the importance of universal standards for equality. Readings of When Rain Clouds Gather and A Question of Power by Bessie Head theorize a postcolonial, critical humanism that re-orients the ethical compass of humanitarians as well as their critics. These authors demonstrate the hollowness of the existing international community and reimagine it as a genuinely inclusive foundation from which to confront global inequity.
The Closure of Historicism; or, History in Deconstruction
Authors: Mendoza-de Jesús Ronald
Published: October 2024

Part II develops the concept of transcendental historicism that lies at the center of Catastrophic Historicism. It does so obliquely at first, namely, by retelling a series of encounters with the thinking of Walter Benjamin, Werner Hamacher, and Frank Ankersmit, thanks to which the author comes to the realization that the realist concept of historicism needs to be discarded. Part II then presents the notion of dangerous historicity, understood as the modality of a non-historicist experience of the past, by developing the modal intuitions implicit in Benjamin’s motif of historical danger with the help of Jacques Derrida’s conception of ipseity.
What Artistic Activism Does
Authors: Duncombe Stephen
Published: October 2024

There are many, many ways to think about the social impact of art. Starting with an expanded canon of theorists, I generate a dozen or so analytic categories, or “ideal types,” of ways of thinking about art’s social impact. I add to these theories insights gleaned from my interviews with practitioners, generating further and overlapping analytic categories. Faced with this plethora of theories, I then systematize and simplify these categories, drawing on typologies created by leaders and scholars in the field to move closer to discovering THE authoritative theory of how art and, by extension, artistic activism works. My march toward consolidation comes to a halt with a moment of doubt, followed by an epiphany that the millennium-long search for a definitive answer is blinding us to the glaring reality that there is no consensus as to how art works and there never will be. This multiplicity is not a problem to be solved but a reality that needs to be reckoned with.
Formulas and Rainbows
Authors: Duncombe Stephen
Published: October 2024

The book concludes with a consideration of what is at stake with artistic activism. Without some sort of method of evaluation, artistic activism will be, at best, a blind gesture toward social change and, at worst, an empty farce. In response, a (somewhat farcical) formula is suggested as a sort of shorthand for thinking about the essentials of assessment. Artistic activism is also full of surprises. It is forever producing affects and effects that we did not predict or even desire; one could even argue that this is its strength. In the end, we may never know definitively whether artistic activism works, yet evaluation—by demanding rigorous reflection on artistic aims and activist goals, audiences, ethics, and impact—will make it work better.
Census: New Hebrides/Vanuatu, 1967
Authors: Widmer Alexandra
Published: October 2024

Presenting material from the first official census in the New Hebrides (a British/French colonial endeavor in the South Western Pacific of over 80 inhabited islands), the text shows how planners struggled to find adequate categories to account for people’s varying degrees of participation in the cash economy. With the use of the category “subsistence economy,” indigenous people living in the New Hebrides were rendered on paper as active participants in economy, rather than impoverished or lazy. The new categorization and the actuality that most people were also participating in the cash economy meant that the islanders escaped the usual colonial stereotypes of exotic Pacific subjects who eschewed work.
EMES Sonochron: Federal Republic of Germany, 1986
Authors: Schlünder Martina
Published: October 2024

Through the material object of an alarm clock, this entry explores temporalities of plans (and counter-plans) as much as different forms and scales of planning. It studies how counter plans intersected in the very materiality of a clock that was often used in the 1980s as a time fuse in bombs planted by cells of feminist urban guerrillas (Red Zora/Rote Zora) as they sought to take the struggle of the liberation movements of the decolonized South to the metropoles of the North. The German Federal Bureau of Investigation (BKA) used the same clock for tracking these groups by setting up the clock as a material trap. Following different sociomaterial enactments of an alarm clock the essay explores post / colonial planning as a messy, material process, as a web of heterogenous actors, nonhumans and humans alike embroiled in a chain of distributed agency.
Fertility Survey Workforce: Puerto Rico, 1949
Authors: López Raúl Necochea
Published: October 2024

Fertility surveys aimed to uncover the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of people regarding sexuality and family planning throughout the Third World during the Cold War era. Rather than focus on the policies that flowed from these variegated surveys, I am interested in the surveyors who carried out the research on behalf of project directors in the world’s first fertility survey: the Puerto Rico Family Life Study of 1949. The FLS did not just pull social science into the sphere of population policymaking: it also created the need for a new workforce in the Third World, one that could mediate research patrons’ thirst for quantifiable evidence and the wariness of people asked to bare details about their sexual and reproductive lives.
Fertilizer: South Korea, 1952
Authors: DiMoia John
Published: October 2024

“Made in Korea” now refers to the products manufactured and exported by South Korea since the 1970s, especially consumer items such as flat screen televisions, electronics, and cars. However, the history of the phrase bears an ideological weight. In the 1950s, “Made in Korea” was mobilized in the context of post-Korean War era and referred to basic commodities. Here I examine that era following the case of chemical fertilizer.
Orangutans: Borneo, 1962
Authors: Parreñas Juno Salazar
Published: October 2024

This essay compares the experimental rearing of orphaned orangutans as conducted by the nineteenth century colonial-era explorer Alfred Russel Wallace and the decolonizing era’s Barbara Harrisson and G.S. de Silva a century later. It argues that the difference of these approaches does not lie in periodization and historical eras, but instead differ in relation to colonial domination and the opening of other possibilities following liberation from colonial rule.
Riverbed: South Korea, 2008
Authors: Jeon Chihyung
Published: October 2024

The Four Rivers Restoration Project (2008–2012) was one of the largest engineering projects in Korean history. The government and those who supported the plan claim that it “revived the rivers” by giving them due maintenance and creating spaces for leisure, while the critics say that it was simply an “environmental disaster” that “killed the rivers” by blocking water flow with numerous weirs. The most visible component of this contested plan was “dredging,” which meant removing sand and mud from the riverbeds. But the project ended up dredging not just the rivers but the nation itself, bringing out mud and rubbish as well as conflicting visions of development, conservation, and restoration. Undoing the consequence of dredging would require not only technical ingenuity but also political will, which can initiate a great deal of planning that is both scientific and democratic.
Seeds: German East Africa, 1892
Authors: Nadim Tahani
Published: October 2024

This entry recounts a story of plants, colonial travels, and undisciplined timings. Much of the development and maintenance of the imperial state rested on the cultivation of crops in colonies for economic gain and independence from imports. In their extensive journeys, plants and seeds intersect with plans that at times pursue different objectives and follow different schedules. In this telling of the story of sisal it is suggested that seeds can work as “shifty relics” bringing into relief moments where things escape their designated times and histories and are dragged into presents. Using the notion of return and returning, the text attends to the elliptical moves necessitated by sisal seeds that at once describe a coming back and a falling short. Like the seeds, the story, and by extension the plan, rarely ends well but is marked by continuations and ongoingness.
Weeds: Laos, 2006
Authors: McAllister Karen
Published: October 2024

Weeds are ambiguous plants that disrupt farmers’ territorial plans for a good crop, yet weeds are a necessary component of swidden agriculture systems. In Laos and other parts of Southeast Asia, resilient weeds challenge state plans to compel highland swidden farmers to intensify and “modernize” their traditional agricultural systems. Swidden farmers both inhabit and create ecologically and socially complex weedy forest-farm landscapes, that are often legally designated as “state forests.” State policies map forest resources to clarify and formalize village resource rights to attempt to restructure the relationship between citizens and natural resources. This paper examines how ongoing local practices of property and agriculture uproot, transform, and resist government plans of legibility and control, much like weeds disrupt and transform farmers’ cultivated fields.
Snake Women of the East: Staging Freedom and Invisible Unfreedoms
Authors: Szabari Antónia
Published: October 2024

Chapter 3 explores the esoteric performance of animal agency in an Orientalist tragedy by Étienne Jodelle performed in 1553. It argues that Cleopatra is made “white” to garner greater visibility for French male artists. It also explores the invisible roles played by unfree people in theater and court ceremonies.