bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards Sensor-Based Health Monitoring Systems for Bridge Decks: A Full-Depth Precast Deck Panels Case Study
Authors: Abudayyeh Osama Y. , Barbera Joseph , Abdel-Qader Ikhlas , Cai Hubo , Almaita Eyad
Published: February 2011

Traffic and variable loading conditions greatly influence the performance, durability, and safety of a bridge structure throughout its service life. Continuous monitoring can provide the basis for determining the deterioration rate and for estimating the remaining service life, thus assisting in making important decisions regarding bridge maintenance. This paper presents the design and implementation of a health monitoring system for condition assessment of full-depth precast concrete bridge deck, which was developed for the Parkview Bridge in Kalamazoo, Michigan. This system is composed of a remotely accessible on-site data acquisition system and a sensor network of vibrating wire strain gauges to monitor strain and temperature over given time increments. The system relies on the sensor network embedded in the bridge deck to gather static performance data under different loading conditions to provide condition assessment by collecting, storing, analyzing, and reporting relevant performance data over time. The paper presents a practical case study that mainly focuses on describing the initial steps in the development of the sensor network system, namely, the design (system architecture and data structures) and construction along with examples of how the data is acquired, organized, presented, and analyzed, keeping in mind that the bridge is still early in its life-cycle and has not yet experienced any structural problems.
Outlier-Resistant Orthogonal Regression via the Reformulation-Linearization Technique
Authors: Brooks J. Paul , Boone Edward L.
Published: February 2011

Assessing the linear relationship between a set of continuous predictors and a continuous response is a well-studied problem in statistics and data mining. -based methods such as ordinary least squares and orthogonal regression can be used to determine this relationship. However, both of these methods become impaired when influential values are present. This problem becomes compounded when outliers confound standard diagnostics. This work proposes an -norm orthogonal regression method (OR) formulated as a nonconvex optimization problem. Solution strategies for finding globally optimal solutions are presented. Simulation studies are conducted to assess the resistance of the method to outliers and the consistency of the method. The method is also applied to real-world data arising from an environmental science application.
Electrical Characterization of Proposed Transpositional Acupoints on the Urinary Bladder Meridian in a Rat Model
Authors: Han Hyun-Jung , Park Sang-Jun , Soh Kwang-sup , Myoung Hyoun-Seok , Lee Kyoung-Joung , Ogay Vyacheslav , Lee Yong-Heum
Published: February 2011

Specific electrical characteristicsof acupointswere investigated on the urinary bladder (BL) meridian in 14 rats. BL acupointsand non‐acupoints on the back were selected and their electrical voltages were measured by using aSPACsystem.The mean voltages of each point or each line were statistically analyzed by using the ANOVA test.The BL meridian showed voltages higher than those of the reference line (P < .05). Bilateral 1st BL lines presented higher voltages than bilateral 2nd BL lines (P < .05). Most BL acupoints had voltageshigher than those for the corresponding reference points (P < .05). In particular, theright BL16 exhibited the biggest difference from the reference point, followed by the left extra BL point‐2, the right BL27, the left BL17, and theleft BL45. Additionally, the distributions of neurofilamentsfor several points were investigated by using immunohistochemistry. There was a trend for the BL acupoints to have larger numbers of neurofilaments than the reference points, and that trend seemed to be directly proportional to the difference in voltage between the points.In conclusion, BL acupoints on the back in ratsexhibited specific electric and histologic characteristics. Therefore, those acupointsmay be utilized to investigate the efficacy of acupuncturewith laboratory animals.
Regulation of Ack-Family Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases
Authors: Prieto-Echagüe Victoria , Miller W. Todd
Published: February 2011

Ack family non-receptor tyrosine kinases are unique with regard to their domain composition and regulatory properties. Human Ack1 (activated Cdc42-associated kinase) is ubiquitously expressed and is activated by signals that include growth factors and integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Stimulation leads to Ack1 autophosphorylation and to phosphorylation of additional residues in the C-terminus. The N-terminal SAM domain is required for full activation. Ack1 exerts some of its effects via protein-protein interactions that are independent of its kinase activity. In the basal state, Ack1 activity is suppressed by an intramolecular interaction between the catalytic domain and the C-terminal region. Inappropriate Ack1 activation and signaling has been implicated in the development, progression, and metastasis of several forms of cancer. Thus, there is increasing interest in Ack1 as a drug target, and studies of the regulatory properties of the enzyme may reveal features that can be exploited in inhibitor design.
Asymptotically Pseudocontractions, Banach Operator Pairs and Best Simultaneous Approximations
Authors: Hussain N
Published: February 2011

The existence of common fixed points is established for the mappings where "Equation missing" is asymptotically "Equation missing"-pseudo-contraction on a nonempty subset of a Banach space. As applications, the invariant best simultaneous approximation and strong convergence results are proved. Presented results are generalizations of very recent fixed point and approximation theorems of Khan and Akbar (2009), Chen and Li (2007), Pathak and Hussain (2008), and several others.
Modulation of Cystatin A Expression in Human Airway Epithelium Related to Genotype, Smoking, COPD, and Lung Cancer
Authors: Butler Marcus W. , Fukui Tomoya , Salit Jacqueline , Shaykhiev Renat , Mezey Jason G. , Hackett Neil R. , Crystal Ronald G.
Published: February 2011

The cathepsin inhibitor Cystatin A (CSTA) has antiapoptotic properties linked with neoplastic changes in squamous cell epithelium, where it has been proposed as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of lung cancer. Notably, cystatin A is upregulated in dysplastic epithelium, prompting us to hypothesize that it might be modulated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a small airway epithelial (SAE) disorder that is a risk factor for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a subset of smokers. Here we report that genetic variation, smoking, and COPD can all elevate levels of CSTA expression in lung small airway epithelia, with still further upregulation in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), an NSCLC subtype. We examined SAE gene expression in 178 individuals, including healthy nonsmokers (n = 60), healthy smokers (n = 82), and COPD smokers (n = 36), with corresponding large airway epithelium (LAE) data included in a subset of subjects (n = 52). Blood DNA was genotyped by SNP microarray. Twelve SNPs upstream of the CSTA gene were found to associate with its expression in SAE. Levels were higher in COPD smokers than in healthy smokers, who, in turn, had higher levels than nonsmokers. CSTA gene expression in LAE was also smoking-responsive. Using publicly available NSCLC expression data we also found that CSTA was upregulated in SCC versus LAE and downregulated in adenocarcinoma versus smoke-exposed SAE. All phenotypes were associated with different proportional expression of CSTA to cathepsins. Our findings establish that genetic variability, smoking, and COPD all influence CSTA expression, as does SCC, supporting the concept that CSTA may make pivotal contributions to NSCLC pathogenesis in both early and late stages of disease development. Cancer Res; 71(7); 2572–81. ©2011 AACR.
Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Identifies CDK4 and FOXM1 Alterations as Independent Predictors of Survival in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Authors: Yu Jinsheng , Deshmukh Hrishikesh , Payton Jacqueline E. , Dunham Christopher , Scheithauer Bernd W. , Tihan Tarik , Prayson Richard A. , Guha Abhijit , Bridge Julia A. , Ferner Rosalie E. , Lindberg Guy M. , Gutmann Rebecca J. , Emnett Ryan J. , Salavaggione Lorena , Gutmann David H. , Nagarajan Rakesh , Watson Mark A. , Perry Arie
Published: February 2011

Purpose: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are highly aggressive sarcomas with variable patient survival and few known prognostically relevant genomic biomarkers. To identify survival-associated genomic biomarkers, we performed high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on a large set of MPNSTs.

Experimental Design: Candidate gene alterations identified by aCGH in 38 MPNSTs were validated at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels on these same tumors and an independent set of 87 MPNST specimens.

Results: aCGH revealed highly complex copy number alterations, including both previously reported and completely novel loci. Four regions of copy number gain were associated with poor patient survival. Candidate genes in these regions include SOX5 (12p12.1), NOL1 and MLF2 (12p13.31), FOXM1 and FKBP1 (12p13.33), and CDK4 and TSPAN31 (12q14.1). Alterations of these candidate genes and several others of interest (ERBB2, MYC and TP53) were confirmed by at least 1 complementary methodology, including DNA and mRNA quantitative real-time PCR, mRNA expression profiling, and tissue microarray-based fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Multivariate analysis showed that CDK4 gain/amplification and increased FOXM1 protein expression were the most significant independent predictors for poor survival in MPNST patients (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: Our study provides new and independently confirmed candidate genes that could serve as genomic biomarkers for overall survival in MPNST patients. Clin Cancer Res; 17(7); 1924–34. ©2011 AACR.
A Polymorphism in the Cytidine Deaminase Promoter Predicts Severe Capecitabine-Induced Hand-Foot Syndrome
Authors: Caronia Daniela , Martin Miguel , Sastre Javier , de la Torre Julio , García-Sáenz José Angel , Alonso Maria R. , Moreno Leticia T. , Pita Guillermo , Díaz-Rubio Eduardo , Benítez Javier , González-Neira Anna
Published: February 2011

Purpose: Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is one of the most relevant dose-limiting adverse effects of capecitabine, an oral prodrug of 5-fluorouracil used in the standard treatment of breast and colorectal cancer. We investigated the association between grade 3 HFS and genetic variations in genes involved in capecitabine metabolism.

Experimental Design: We genotyped a total of 13 polymorphisms in the carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) gene, the cytidine deaminase (CDD) gene, the thymidine phosphorylase (TP) gene, the thymidylate synthase (TS) gene, and the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) gene in 130 patients treated with capecitabine. We correlated these polymorphisms with susceptibility to HFS.

Results: We found an association of HFS appearance with rs532545 located in the promoter region of CDD (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.02–3.99, P = 0.039). Because we found no association between the rs532545 genotype and CDD mRNA expression in Epstein-Barr virus lymphoblastoid cells, we explored additional genetic variations across the CDD promoter. We found an insertion, rs3215400, in linkage disequilibrium with rs532545 (D′ = 0.92), which was more clearly associated with HFS (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.27–0.95, P = 0.028) in patients and with total CDD gene expression (P = 0.004) in lymphoblastoid cells. In silico analysis suggested that this insertion might create a binding site for the transcriptional regulator E2F. Using a SNaPshot assay in lymphoblastoid cells, we observed a 5.7-fold increased allele-specific mRNA expression from the deleted allele.

Conclusions: The deleted allele of rs3215400 shows an increased allele-specific expression and is significantly associated with an increased risk of capecitabine-induced HFS. Clin Cancer Res; 17(7); 2006–13. ©2011 AACR.
Diagnosis of Diaphragmatic Hernia with Associated Congenital Lung Lesions: Contribution of Fetal MRI
Authors: Costa Fabricio , Kaganov Helen , O’Mahony Edward , Ng Jessica , Fink A. Michelle , Palma-Dias Ricardo
Published: February 2011

This report describes 2 cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with associated congenital lung lesion which were diagnosed antenatally using ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We describe the antenatal imaging findings and the short-term postnatal outcome. Association of these fetal pathologies is rare and a challenging diagnosis. MRI supplements US in the evaluation of the lung parenchyma and its volume, in particular in the setting of distortion of the normal intrathoracic anatomy.
Morgagni Hernia with Massive Pericardial Effusion Diagnosed in the Second Trimester: Prenatal Diagnosis and Perinatal Management
Authors: Haino Kazufumi , Serikawa Takehiro , Itsukaichi Mina , Numata Masahiro , Kikuchi Akira , Takakuwa Koichi , Sakakibara Seiichi , Hirayama Yutaka , Tanaka Kenichi
Published: February 2011

Morgagni hernia is an extremely rare form of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Only 6 cases of this condition have been reported in the English literature, as diagnosed prenatally. The prognosis of the disease is determined by the severity of the pulmonary hypoplasia and associated anomalies. Here we report a case of Morgagni hernia with massive pericardial effusion diagnosed by ultrasonography and MRI during the second trimester, enabling planning of appropriate treatment in the pre- and perinatal periods.
Surgical Management of the Newborn with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Tsao KuoJen , Lally Kevin P.
Published: February 2011

Despite advances in the surgical treatment and medical management over the last 20 years, neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remain one of the most challenging patient groups for all clinicians. Treatment strategies have shifted from emergent surgical repair and maximum ventilatory support to delayed repair and preoperative hemodynamic stabilization with lung-sparing ventilation strategies and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Subsequently, overall survival has improved to as high as 80% in some centers. However, specific treatment criteria are vague and highly variable amongst centers. This lack of consensus of these treatment modalities remains elusive due to the heterogeneity in disease severity as well as heterogeneity in patient care amongst centers. As a result of the rare incidence of disease and limited experience of individual centers, the evidence for CDH is typically reported as a homogenous disease largely supported by case series and networked-based studies. To better evaluate the data and compare treatment strategies, a classification and stratification of disease and centers is needed.
Prenatal Anatomical Imaging in Fetuses with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Claus Filip , Sandaite Inga , DeKoninck Philip , Moreno Oscar , Cruz Martinez Rogelio , Van Mieghem Tim , Gucciardo Léonardo , Richter Jute , Michielsen Katrijn , Decraene Jonas , Devlieger Roland , Gratacós Eduard , Deprest Jan A.
Published: February 2011

The role of prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is reviewed. Topics include morphologic imaging and vascular assessment of the developing lung, the value of imaging parameters as prognostic predictors in CDH and the role of imaging following percutaneous fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion.
Is Conventional Urinary Cytology Still Reliable for Diagnosis of Primary Bladder Carcinoma? Accuracy Based on Data Linkage of a Consecutive Clinical Series and Cancer Registry
Authors: Turco Patricia , Houssami Nehmat , Bulgaresi Paolo , Troni Grazia Maria , Galanti Laura , Cariaggi Maria Paola , Cifarelli Paola , Crocetti Emanuele , Ciatto Stefano
Published: February 2011

Objective: Reported urine cytology accuracy, particular sensitivity, is highly variable. We evaluated the accuracy of urinary cytology for primary bladder cancer using population data linkage to provide valid estimates. Study Design: Consecutive cytology tests processed through a major service between January 2000 and December 2004 were linked to a regional population cancer registry (allowing outcome ascertainment). Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using different thresholds, based on standardized reporting categories (C1 = negative, C2 = reactive, C3 = atypical, C4 = suspicious, C5 = malignant, Cx = inadequate). Results: Cancer registry matching of 2,594 tests revealed 130 incident bladder cancers, of which 97 occurred within 12 months of cytology and were included in calculating accuracy. Sensitivity (C3–C5 considered positive) ranged between 40.2 and 42.3%, and specificity was 93.7–94.1%. If C3 results are counted as negative, sensitivity estimates reduced to 24.7–26.0%. The positive predictive value of a C3, C4 or C5 report was 11.7, 39.2, and 66.6%, respectively. High tumor grade was associated with significantly higher sensitivity compared to low and intermediate grades combined (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Urine cytology is highly specific but has intermediate sensitivity, indicating that it has a role in adjunct diagnosis, but not in screening for primary bladder cancer. C3 results should be considered ‘positive’ and further investigated, and all positive results should prompt further intervention.
Techniques in Pediatric Surgery: Congenital Hyperinsulinism
Authors: Barthlen Winfried , Mohnike Wolfgang , Mohnike Klaus
Published: February 2011

For surgery in congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), a distinct surgical strategy and technique is required for focal, diffuse and atypical CHI. In focal CHI, a confined, localized and parenchyma-sparing resection which is guided by the PET-CT is always indicated in order to cure the patient. In diffuse CHI, however, the results of surgical therapy are unpredictable and cure is an exception. Therefore, a strong tendency exists nowadays that medical therapy should be preferred in diffuse CHI. In atypical CHI the situation is more complex: if the focal lesion or the segmental mosaic are not too extensive, cure by resection should be possible. But care must be taken in atypical cases not to resect too much of the gland in order not to induce diabetes.
Multiprobe Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (UroVysion) for the Detection of Urothelial Carcinoma – FISHing for the Right Catch
Authors: Bubendorf Lukas
Published: February 2011

Urinary cytology has a well-established role in the detection and monitoring of urothelial carcinoma. The main strength of cytology is the high specificity for high-grade urothelial carcinoma and carcinoma in situ, but it has a low sensitivity for low-grade, non-invasive tumors. There are several other limitations of cytology. Cytology of the upper urinary tract and after intravesical therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin is notoriously difficult to interpret. In addition, there is a poorly defined but commonly used category of atypical cytology of uncertain significance. The UroVysion multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization has emerged as a helpful tool to address these limitations. It consists of fluorescently labeled DNA probes to detect increased copy numbers (polysomy) of the chromosomes 3, 7 and 17 and deletion of 9p21, the site of the P16 tumor suppressor gene. Multiple studies have shown that fluorescence in situ hybridization in voided urine and washing specimens can help in patient management due to its superior sensitivity over cytology in different situations. It can be particularly useful to clarify equivocal cytological findings. However, some aspects remain to be further addressed including cost efficiency, optimal cut-off values and the true performance under real-life conditions.
Sex Differences in the Dorsolateral Telencephalon Correlate with Home Range Size in Blenniid Fish
Authors: Costa Silvia S. , Andrade Rui , Carneiro Luis A. , Gonçalves Emanuel J. , Kotrschal Kurt , Oliveira Rui F.
Published: February 2011

Blenniid fish exhibit a polygynandric mating system with parental care restricted to males. Nest-holder males defend a breeding territory centered on their nest, usually a crevice or hole in a rocky substrate, to which they attract females to spawn. Females, on the other hand, must search for nests in order to spawn and usually are the choosy sex, producing several sequential egg batches and broods during the breeding season. Therefore, male blennies are more site-attached than females. This situation offers an opportunity to investigate potential neural correlates of intraspecific differences in selective pressures for different spatial abilities in these species. Since the dorsolateral telencephalon has been considered a teleost homologue of the mammalian hippocampus, we predicted that the spatial abilities required for females to locate and return accurately to nests of males may have produced a sex difference in the size of the telencephalic nuclei involved in spatial abilities, biased towards females. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the home ranges and measured the size of the dorsolateral telencephalon of both sexes during the breeding season in two blenniid species, the shanny (Lipophrys pholis) and the Azorean rock-pool blenny (Parablennius parvicornis). We chose these two species because they differ in the degree of chemical communication they use, and this could also lead to differences in telencephalic areas. As predicted, in both species females present considerably larger home ranges paralleled by larger dorsolateral ventral telencephalic nuclei (DLv) than males. Other telencephalic nuclei that were measured did not show any sex difference in size. These results suggest that the DLv is involved in spatial abilities in blenniid fish and that sexual selection may be promoting this divergence as already described for mammals and birds.
American Restaurants and Cuisine in the Mid–Nineteenth Century
Authors: Freedman Paul
Published: February 2011

The author discusses the food served at high-end restaurants in New England, New York, and beyond in the mid–nineteenth century. Based on menus of the period, he looks at taste, cuisine, and the setting and rules of dining out, a new form of socializing in America.
Benchmarking and assessing the performance of Arabic stemmers
Authors: Al-Kabi Mohammed N. , Al-Radaideh Qasem A. , Akkawi Khalid W.
Published: February 2011

Previous studies on the stemming of the Arabic language lack fair evaluation, full description of algorithms used or access to the source code of the stemmers and the datasets used to evaluate such stemmers. Freeing source codes and datasets is an essential step to enable researchers to enhance stemmers currently in use and to verify the results of these studies. This study laid the foundation of establishing a benchmark for Arabic stemmers and presents an evaluation of four heavy (root-based) stemmers for the Arabic language. The evaluation aims to assess the accuracy of each of the four stemmers and to show the strength of each. The four algorithms are: Al-Mustafa stemmer, Al-Sarhan stemmer, Rabab’ah stemmer and Taghva stemmer. The accuracy and strength tests used in this study ranked Rabab’ah stemmer as the first followed by Al-Sarhan, Al-Mustafa, and Taghva stemmers respectively.
Open- vs. Restricted-Domain QA Systems in the Biomedical Field
Authors: Olvera-Lobo María-Dolores , Gutiérrez-Artacho Juncal
Published: February 2011

Question answering systems (QA systems) stand as a new alternative for information retrieval systems. We conducted a study to evaluate the efficiency of QA systems as terminological sources for physicians, specialized translators and users in general. To this end we analysed the performance of two open-domain and two restricted-domain QA systems. The research entailed a collection of 150 definitional questions from WebMed. We studied the sources that QA systems used to retrieve the answers, and later applied a range of evaluation measures to mark the quality of answers. Through analysing the results obtained by asking the 150 questions in the QA systems MedQA, START, QuALiM and HONqa, it was possible to evaluate the systems’ operation through applying specific metrics (MRR, FHS, TRR, Precision, Recall). Despite the limitations demonstrated by these systems, it has been confirmed that these four QA systems are valid and useful for obtaining definitional medical information in that they offer coherent and precise answers.
Cross-cultural Differences in Compensation Level and Inequality across Occupations: A Set-theoretic Analysis
Authors: Greckhamer Thomas
Published: February 2011

Compensation level and compensation inequality, as central aspects of modern organizations, are vital for organization studies. Previous research has investigated various aspects of compensation systems, but few studies have taken a cross-cultural perspective. I address this need for cross-cultural research by studying compensation and culture utilizing a configurational approach, investigating combinations of cultural and macro-environmental attributes associated with differences in compensation level and compensation inequality. I apply fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to analyze country-level data encompassing four occupational groups (cleaners, secretaries, mid-level managers, and senior managers) from 44 countries. Findings show configurations of cultural dimensions, development, and welfare state that are sufficient for high compensation level and compensation inequality among these four occupations. Implications for future cross-cultural research on compensation are discussed.
Responses to Social Constructionism and Critical Realism in Organization Studies
Authors: Newton Tim , Deetz Stan , Reed Mike
Published: February 2011

In this paper, we address debate about social constructionism and critical realism by examining current concerns relating to the carbon economy, climate change and related ecological issues. At the same time, we consider the implications of our discussion for processes of governance. Following an introduction, we present three varied sets of argument by ourselves as Editors. We then conclude the paper by briefly introducing each of the papers included in this Themed Section.
Telling Tales of Relations: Appreciating Relational Constructionism
Authors: Hosking Dian Marie
Published: February 2011

The terms social constructionism and (social) constructivism are employed in the context of different problematics and different philosophical assumptions. This article presents ‘relational constructionism’ as a social science perspective. The perspective centres language-based relational processes as they (re)construct more or less local relational realities. The latter includes western individualism and its construction of the bounded, separately existing individual relating to a separately existing other where ‘other’ is everything which is not self; this has been called ‘hard’ self-other differentiation. The perspective of relational constructionism allows that ‘soft’ self-other differentiation also is possible — for example, in the practice of relationally engaged inquiry and change work. Relational constructionism, as outlined here, has a number of distinctive features: it clearly speaks about ontology and power (unlike many other constructionisms); it centres and gives ontology to construction processes (to how, rather than what) and sees persons and worlds as emerging in processes (rather than assuming individual minds and actions); it opens up the possibility of soft self-other differentiation (rather than assuming that ‘hard differentiation is ‘how it really is’); and it centres dialogical practices as ways of relating that can enable and support multiple local forms of life rather than imposing one dominant rationality on others.
Wittgenstein, Heidegger and Drawing Lines in Organization Studies
Authors: Holt Robin , Mueller Frank
Published: February 2011

We argue that when considering questions of ontology in organization studies, much can be gained by issuing reminders of the normative conditions by which meanings are fixed. In attempting to fix meaning and the conditions of meaning epistemologically, however, critical realist and social constructionist positions tend to eschew such normative considerations and assert instead how the fixity of meaning is related to causal powers on the one hand, or to discursive habit on the other. In both cases there is an urge to extend from, and somehow complete, organizational experience by drawing what we call general lines. The critical realists do this by distinguishing the necessary from the contingent, the social constructionists by arguing language goes all the way through making such a distinction impossible. Enlisting arguments and concepts from Heidegger and Wittgenstein, as well as discussing the illustrative case of the rights and wrongs of cigarette production, we suggest an alternative normative framing for questions of meaning in which necessity and contingency cohabit, something we liken to the drawing of local lines.
How do radical climate movements negotiate their environmental and their social agendas? A study of debates within the Camp for Climate Action (UK)
Authors: Schlembach Raphael
Published: February 2011

This is a case study of the Camp for Climate Action, which has held several high-profile protest events in the UK since its inception in 2006. It analyses the Camp as a contested space where different emphases on environmental and social priorities have to be negotiated by its activists. The article considers areas of contestation where concerns over climate change meet questions of social justice. These are structured around tangible issues of campaigning, such as opposition to new coal-fired power stations or to the third runway at Heathrow airport, some of which have put the Camp at odds with labour movement and class struggle activists. While some demand a drastic shift away from current levels of consumption, others question the discriminatory effects of self-imposed austerity politics. On a more abstract level, the article considers debates on the need for government solutions to the environmental crisis and their possible impacts on social equality. The article is structured around movement-internal debates and makes use of interviews, extensive fieldwork notes and continuous participant observation over the course of four years.
Social and environmental inequalities and injustice in the rural uplands of England
Authors: De Bruin Annemarieke , White Piran C.L. , Cinderby Steve , Huby Meg
Published: February 2011

Inequalities may lead to injustice, and are recognized increasingly as contributing to a wide range of social problems. The English uplands are characterized by low population densities, few services and low household incomes compared with other rural areas, giving rise to the potential for injustice. We use a dataset combining social, economic and environmental variables to develop a new integrative characterization of rural areas in England. We show that, despite lower income and fewer services, upland areas have some advantages compared with other rural areas, such as greater social and environmental ‘richness’, less pollution and less reported crime. For the more financially- and physically-mobile people living in upland areas, these benefits may outweigh the costs. However, for other sectors of society, such as the young, the old and the disabled, there may be a sense of injustice stemming from the lack of affordable housing, transport and other public services.
An assessment of positive illusions of the physical attractiveness of romantic partners
Authors: Barelds Dick P. H. , Dijkstra Pieternel , Koudenburg Namkje , Swami Viren
Published: February 2011

Positive illusions about a partner’s physical attractiveness occur when individuals’ ratings of their partner’s attractiveness are more positive than more objective ratings. Ratings that may serve as a’’reality benchmark’ include ratings by the partner him/herself and observer ratings. The present study compared the effects of using different reality benchmarks on the strength of positive partner physical attractiveness illusions ( n = 70 couples). Results showed that individuals positively biased both their own and their partner’s physical attractiveness. As a consequence, using a partner’s self-ratings as a reality benchmark results in an underestimation of positive illusions. Presenting participants with photographs had a small effect on physical attractiveness ratings provided by women, showing that photographs, to some extent, might constrain positive illusions.
When does spousal social control provoke negative reactions in the context of chronic illness? The pivotal role of patients’ expectations
Authors: Rook Karen S. , August Kristin J. , Stephens Mary Ann Parris , Franks Melissa M.
Published: February 2011

Spouses often monitor and seek to alter each other’s health behavior, but such social control attempts can provoke behavioral resistance and emotional distress. Expectations regarding spouses’ roles in their partners’ health may influence reactions to spousal social control, with resistance and hostility less likely to occur among people who believe spouses should be involved in their partners’ health. Evidence consistent with this idea emerged in a study of 191 patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients with greater expectations for spousal involvement (particularly females) generally reacted less negatively to spousal control. The findings help to clarify when people with a chronic illness are likely to resist and resent, rather than appreciate, spousal control.
Attitudes toward dating violence among Israeli and Thai youth
Authors: Pradubmook-Sherer Penchan , Sherer Moshe
Published: February 2011

The objectives of this research were to assess the prevailness and severity of attitudes toward dating violence among Jewish, Arabs, and Thai male and female adolescents. The random samples consisted 9th to12th grade pupils. The study assessed attitudes toward psychological, physical, and sexual dating violence. Jewish youth reflected lower endorsement of dating violence than Thai and Arab participants. The Thai youths held the highest support toward dating violence, with no difference between the Thai and Arab youths on psychological attitudes toward dating violence. While females reported less endorsement of dating violence than males, differences among the three female subgroups on attitudes toward dating violence were indicated. The discussion focuses on explanations for the differences between the three ethno cultural groups and genders, and presents the theoretical and practical implications of the study.
Mechanical and tribological behaviors of UHMWPE composites filled with basalt fibers
Authors: Shoufan Cao  , Hongtao Liu  , Shirong Ge  , Gaofeng Wu
Published: February 2011

In this article, the basalt fibers were used to fill the UHMWPE because of their outstanding mechanical and tribological performances. The UHMWPE composites with the filler content of 5—20 wt.% were prepared. Then, the mechanical and tribological performances of the composites were tested. Also, the wear mechanism was analyzed. The results indicated that the UHMWPE composites’ impact toughness was decreased when filled with the basalt fibers, but the strength, hardness, and anti-indentation creep of the UHMWPE composites were improved. Under the same experimental conditions, the friction coefficient of the UHMWPE composites filled with basalt fibers was decreased to some extent, and the wear loss of the composites was significantly reduced. The analysis showed that the wear type of the UHMWPE composites was changed when filled with the basalt fibers. So, the wear-resistant performance of the UHMWPE composites was effectively enhanced.
Effect of matrix modification on the mechanical properties of short carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites
Authors: Abu Bakar M.A. , Ahmad S. , Kuntjoro W.
Published: February 2011

Effects of matrix modification using liquid epoxidized natural rubber (LENR) on the mechanical behavior of short CFreinforced epoxy composite were investigated in this study. Composite samples were prepared in four different concentrations: 3, 5, 7, and 10 wt% fiber fractions. Flexural and fracture toughness tests were performed to observe the mechanical behavior of the samples. LENR improved the mechanical properties due to the plasticizing effect of rubber particles which increased the flexibility and led to a higher debonding strength. The results showed that the treated carbon had improved the flexural strength and flexural modulus by 77% and 21.8% at 7 wt% fiber loadings, respectively, while fracture toughness increased by 15% at 10 wt% fiber loadings compared to the neat epoxy.
Mechanical properties of thermoplastic natural rubber reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Tarawneh Mou'ad A. , Ahmad Sahrim Hj. , Yahya S.Y. , Rasid Rozaidi , Se Yong Eh Noum
Published: February 2011

This study investigated the mechanical properties of thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) nanocomposites reinforced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The TPNR nanocomposites were prepared using melt blending method from polypropylene, natural rubber, and liquid natural rubber as a compatibilizer, respectively, with 1—7 wt% of MWNTs. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus increased by almost 39% and 30%, respectively, at 3 wt% of MWNTs. The elongation at break decreased with increase in the percentage of MWNTs. The maximum impact strength was recorded at 5 wt% of MWNTs which was increased by 74% as compared with a pristine TPNR sample. The effect of MWNTs was also confirmed by DMA; it showed that the storage modulus E′, loss modulus E′′, and glass transition temperature (Tg) also increased for all MWNT reinforced samples. SEM micrographs confirm the effect of good dispersion of MWNTs and their interfacial bonding in TPNR.
The Great Divide: Economic Development Theory Versus Practice-A Survey of the Current Landscape
Authors: Currid-Halkett Elizabeth , Stolarick Kevin
Published: February 2011

As a scholarly field, economic development is a theoretical exploration with very real implications for place. As a practice, economic development is an essential component of local policy and governing and a perceived driver of success and vitality for cities and regions alike. The notable distinction between practice and theory may explain the lack of scholarly consensus and the ambiguity in effectiveness of the practice of development. Using a three-tiered approach, we undertake a comparative analysis of the way in which practitioners and scholars undertake economic development. Through a study of Economic Development Quarterly journal keywords and a review of nine cities’ economic development initiatives, we assess the most frequent topics and initiatives within the discipline. Using the International Economic Development Council best practice awards, we look at what is generally viewed as “successful.” We conclude with an assessment of the general development landscape, considering implications to our findings.
In-cylinder air motion characteristics with variable valve lift in a spark ignition engine. Part 1: swirl flow
Authors: Wang T-Y , Peng Z-J , Wang G-D
Published: February 2011

While variable valve actuation or variable valve lift (VVL) is used increasingly in spark ignition (SI) engines to improve the volumetric efficiency or to reduce the pumping losses, it is necessary to understand the impact of variable valve lift and timing on the in-cylinder gas motions and mixing processes. In this paper, the in-cylinder flow characteristics for reduced maximum valve lifts (MVLs) were examined in a modified four-valve optical SI test engine in which the combustion system is suitable for gasoline direct-injection (GDI) operations. Three different MVLs of 6.8 mm, 4.0 mm, and 1.7 mm were tested and particle image velocimetry was employed for the measurements. It is expected that the investigation will be helpful in understanding and improving GDI combustion when a VVL system is used. The results showed that a reduced MVL could significantly enhance the in-cylinder swirl motion in all three measured horizontal planes. By comparing the swirl ratios for different MVLs, it can be found that a reduced MLV can considerably increase the swirl ratio during the intake and compression processes. In general, the swirl centre induced by a lower MVL is more stable and can stay closer to the cylinder centre. In addition, the reduction in the MVL can also increase both the high-frequency fluctuating kinetic energy and the low-frequency fluctuating kinetic energy. These may contribute to an improvement in the air-fuel mixing but also to an increase in the cycle-to-cycle variation.
Numerical simulation and extended validation of two-phase compressible flow in diesel injector nozzles
Authors: Salvador F J , Hoyas S , Novella R , Martínez-López J
Published: February 2011

In this paper, the ability of a computational fluid dynamics code to reproduce cavitation phenomena accurately is checked by comparing data acquired by numerical simulations against those obtained from different experiments involving the mass flow, the momentum flux, and the effective injection velocity. Cavitation is modelled using a single-phase cavitation model based on a barotropic equation of state together with a homogeneous equilibrium assumption.

In the research reported in this paper, the ability to use the code for actual diesel injector nozzle geometries and conditions has been checked and validated. The main contribution of the present investigation and what makes it different from previous work in the literature is the consideration of extended experimental data for validation purposes: the mass flow, the momentum flux at the nozzle exit, and the effective injection velocity. These are unique features in contrast with other publications, which normally take into account at the most, if at all, the cavitation morphology or the mass flow. The results obtained and their comparison with available experimental data show how the model is able to predict the behaviour of the fluid in such conditions with a high level of confidence.
Calling controversy: assessing synthetic biology’s conflict potential
Authors: Torgersen Helge , Hampel Jürgen
Published: February 2011

Will synthetic biology elicit controversies similar to those of genetically modified crops before? Maybe, but where exactly are the analogies, and how can we gain substantial insights rather than mere guesses? We argue that as well as the intrinsic properties of the technologies at stake, the context of their implementation is decisive. To assess mechanisms of past and potential controversies, an investigative tool is presented. The Gate Resonance model, derived from older models of societal conflict, allows the identification of key elements of conflict generating processes. In monitoring the developing debate on synthetic biology using this model, analogies to the case of genetically modified crops appear less convincing. So far, there are only few indications that a controversy is imminent.
Synthetic biology in the view of European public funding organisations
Authors: Pei Lei , Gaisser Sibylle , Schmidt Markus
Published: February 2011

We analysed the decisions of major European public funding organisations to fund or not to fund synthetic biology (SB) and related ethical, legal and social implication (ELSI) studies. We investigated the reaction of public organisations in six countries (Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the UK) towards SB that may influence SB’s further development in Europe. We examined R&D and ELSI communities and their particular funding situation. Our results show that the funding situation for SB varies considerably among the analysed countries, with the UK as the only country with an established funding scheme for R&D and ELSI that successfully integrates these research communities. Elsewhere, we determined a general lack of funding (France), difficulties in funding ELSI work (Switzerland), lack of an R&D community (Austria), too small ELSI communities (France, Switzerland, Netherlands), or difficulties in linking existing communities with available funding sources (Germany), partly due to an unclear SB definition.
Irish clinicians’ views of interventions for children with autistic spectrum disorders
Authors: Ridge Katie , Guerin Suzanne
Published: February 2011

The current study investigated clinicians’ perspectives on the effectiveness of interventions designed to support the development of children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). Researchers developed a semi-structured interview which was administered to 11 clinicians involved in the assessment and treatment of ASDs (5 = clinical psychologists, 6 = psychiatrists). Content analysis of qualitative data revealed that Irish clinicians typically endorse an eclectic approach to treatment, combining facets of different methods of interventions in a complementary fashion. The process that clinicians engaged in when evaluating modes of treatment was assessed. Significant variation was observed in how clinicians merge clinical experience with empirical evidence. Challenges which clinicians face in assessing individuals on the autistic spectrum, such as the proliferation of misinformation on interventions, as well as the role of parents in treatment, were also discussed within the interviews. The implications of the findings for understanding the process of selecting interventions for children with ASDs are discussed.
An experiment of campaign effects during the YouTube election
Authors: Towner Terri L. , Dulio David A.
Published: February 2011

The 2008 US presidential election was called the ‘YouTube Election’. However, scholars know little about how the internet influences attitudes toward politics. To address this, we conduct an experiment to test the effects of exposure to the YouTube channel, ‘YouChoose’08’, on young adults during the 2008 US presidential election. We find that those exposed to YouChoose’08 exhibit more cynicism toward the US government, yet also had a heightened sense that they influence the political system. Exposure to YouChoose’08 had no influence on attitudes toward candidates or internet sources.
Self-Efficacy: Implications for Physical Activity, Function, and Functional Limitations in Older Adults
Authors: McAuley Edward , Szabo Amanda , Gothe Neha , Olson Erin A.
Published: February 2011

Attenuating the physical decline and increases in disability associated with the aging process is an important public health priority. Evidence suggests that regular physical activity participation improves functional performance, such as walking, standing balance, flexibility, and getting up out of a chair, and also plays an important role in the disablement process by providing a protective effect against functional limitations. Whether these effects are direct or indirect has yet to be reliably established. In this review, the authors take the perspective that such relationships are indirect and operate through self-efficacy expectations. They first provide an introduction to social cognitive theory followed by an overview of self-efficacy’s reciprocal relationship with physical activity. They then consider the literature that documents the effects of physical activity on functional performance and functional limitations in older adults and the extent to which self-efficacy might mediate these relationships. Furthermore, they also present evidence that suggests that self-efficacy plays a pivotal role in a model in which the protective effects conferred by physical activity on functional limitations operate through functional performance. The article concludes with a brief section making recommendations for the development of strategies within physical activity and rehabilitative programs for maximizing the major sources of efficacy information.