bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endogenous morphine‐6‐glucuronide (M6G) is present in the plasma of patients: Validation of a specific anti‐M6G antibody for clinical and basic research
Authors: Laux‐Biehlmann Alexis , Chung Hélène , Mouheiche Jinane , Vérièpe Julie , Delalande François , Lamshöft Marc , Welters Ingeborg D. , Soldevila Stéphanie , Bazin Hervé , Lamarque Laurent , Dorsselaer Alain Van , Poisbeau Pierrick , Schneider Francis , Goumon Yannick , Garnero Patrick
Published: July 2013

Endogenous morphine and its derivatives (morphine‐6‐glucuronide [M6G]; morphine‐3‐glucuronide [M3G]) are formed by mammalian cells from dopamine. Changes in the concentrations of endogenous morphine have been demonstrated in several pathologies (sepsis, Parkinson's disease, etc.), and they might be relevant as pathological markers. While endogenous morphine levels are detectable using enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was, so far, the only approach to detect and quantify M6G. This study describes the preparation of a specific anti‐M6G rabbit polyclonal antibody and its validation. The specificity of this antibody was assessed against 30 morphine‐related compounds. Then, a M6G‐specific ELISA‐assay was tested to quantify M6G in the plasma of healthy donors, morphine‐treated, and critically ill patients. The antibody raised against M6G displays a strong affinity for M6G, codeine‐6‐glucuronide, and morphine‐3‐6‐glucuronide, whereas only weak cross‐reactivities were observed for the other compounds. Both M6G‐ELISA and LC‐MS/MS approaches revealed the absence of M6G in the plasma of healthy donors (controls, n = 8). In all positive donors treated with morphine‐patch (n = 5), M6G was detected using both M6G‐ELISA and LC‐MS/MS analysis. Finally, in a study on critically ill patients with circulating endogenous morphine (n = 26), LC‐MS/MS analysis revealed that 73% of the positive‐patients (19 of 26), corresponding to high M6G‐levels in M6G‐ELISA, contained M6G. In conclusion, we show that endogenous M6G can be found at higher levels than morphine in the blood of morphine‐naive patients. With respect to the interest of measuring endogenous M6G in pathologies, we provide evidences that our ELISA procedure represents a powerful tool as it can easily and specifically detect endogenous M6G levels. © 2013 BioFactors, 40(1):113–120, 2014
Interaction study of acetylcholinestrase inhibitors on pharmacokinetics of memantine in rat plasma by HPLC‐fluorescence method
Authors: Hassan Mohamed G. , Ikeda Rie , Wada Mitsuhiro , Kuroda Naotaka , Abdel‐Wadood Hanaa M. , Mohamed Horria A. , Nakashima Kenichiro
Published: July 2013

The present study aims to investigate the possibility of interaction of donepezil (DP) and galantamine (GAL) as acetylcholinestrase inhibitors, on memantine (MT) hydrochloride in rat plasma by HPLC‐fluorescence detection. The separation of MT was achieved within 12 min without interference of DP and GAL on the chromatogram. MT levels in rat plasma with a single administration of MT (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and those with a co‐administration of DP (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and GAL (3 mg/kg, i.p.) were monitored. MT concentrations determined in rat plasma ranged from 10.0 to 245.6 ng/mL. Significant difference was observed in the behavior of MT with a co‐administration of DP, while no significant difference was observed with a co‐administration of GAL. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation and visualization of resolution theorems in self modeling curve resolution (SMCR) methods
Authors: Akbari Mahsa , Abdollahi Hamid
Published: July 2013

Different approaches have been proposed during recent years to improve the solutions obtained by multivariate curve resolution methods, among them studies on circumstances that result in unique answers are of particular importance. Three so‐called resolution theorems proposed by Rolf Manne comprehensively discuss and survey these conditions. Despite the importance of these theorems, they have not attracted much attention in the literature. In this work, we have returned to the resolution theorems by using visualization tools for calculation and demonstration the area of feasible solutions in a simulated three component system. The effect of selectivity and local rank constraints on rotational ambiguity in the results of self modeling curve resolution methods is the focus. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Note
Authors: Sorochinsky Alexander E. , Katagiri Toshimasa , Ono Taizo , Wzorek Alicja , Aceña José Luis , Soloshonok Vadim A.
Published: July 2013

This work demonstrates that self‐disproportionation of enantiomers via achiral chromatography can be recommended as inexpensive and general method for optical purifica‐ tion of enantiomerically enriched compounds. In particular, the advantage of this approach over conventional recrystallization is that it can be used for both crystalline as well as liquid com‐ pounds. Chirality, 25:365–368, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monosynaptic convergence of chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal afferents onto ascending relay neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract: A high‐resolution confocal and correlative electron microscopy approach
Authors: Corson James A. , Erisir Alev
Published: July 2013

Physiological studies suggest convergence of chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal afferent axons onto single neurons of the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNTS), but anatomical evidence has been elusive. The current study uses high‐magnification confocal microscopy to identify putative synaptic contacts from afferent fibers of the two nerves onto individual projection neurons. Imaged tissue is revisualized with electron microscopy, confirming that overlapping fluorescent signals in confocal z‐stacks accurately identify appositions between labeled terminal and dendrite pairs. Monte Carlo modeling reveals that the probability of overlapping fluorophores is stochastically unrelated to the density of afferent label, suggesting that convergent innervation in the rNTS is selective rather than opportunistic. Putative synaptic contacts from each nerve are often compartmentalized onto dendrite segments of convergently innervated neurons. These results have important implications for orosensory processing in the rNTS, and the techniques presented here have applications in investigations of neural microcircuitry with an emphasis on innervation patterning. J. Comp. Neurol. 521: 2907–2926, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mapping SAGE questionnaire to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
Authors: Raggi Alberto , Quintas Rui , Russo Emanuela , Martinuzzi Andrea , Costardi Daniela , Frisoni Giovanni Battista , Franco Maria Grazia , Andreotti Alessandra , Ojala Matti , Peña Sebastián , Perales Jaime , Chatterji Somnath , Miret Marta , Tobiasz‐Adamczyk Beata , Koskinen Seppo , Frattura Lucilla , Leonardi Matilde
Published: July 2013

The collaborative research on ageing in Europe protocol was based on that of the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) project that investigated the relationship between health and well‐being and provided a set of instruments that can be used across countries to monitor health and health‐related outcomes of older populations as well as the strategies for addressing issues concerning the ageing process. To evaluate the degree to which SAGE protocol covered the spectrum of disability given the scope of the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), a mapping exercise was performed with SAGE protocol. Results show that the SAGE protocol covers ICF domains in a non‐uniform way, with environmental factors categories being underrepresented, whereas mental, cardiovascular, sensory functions and mobility were overrepresented. To overcome this partial coverage of ICF functioning categories, new assessment instruments have been developed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Mapping exercises are valid procedures to understand the extent to which a survey protocol covers the spectrum of functioning.

The mapping exercise with SAGE protocol shows that it provides only a partial representation of body functions and activities and participation domains, and the coverage of environmental factors is poor.

New instruments are therefore needed for researchers to properly understand the health and disability of ageing populations.
Failure of centrosome migration causes a loss of motile cilia in talpid3 mutants
Authors: Stephen Louise A. , Davis Gemma M. , Mcteir Katie E. , James John , Mcteir Lynn , Kierans Martin , Bain Andrew , Davey Megan G.
Published: July 2013

COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Electron microscopy image of ependymal cells of the telencephalic ChP. From Failure of centrosome migration causes a loss of motile cilia in talpid3 mutants, Louise A. Stephen, Gemma M. Davis, Katie E. McTeir, John James, Lynn McTeir, Martin Kierans, Andrew Bain, Megan G. Davey, Developmental Dynamics 242:923–931.
Treatment of wastewaters from phosphate fertilizer industry
Authors: Gouider Mbarka , Feki Mongi , Sayadi Sami
Published: July 2013

The phosphate (P) fertilizer industry generates a highly hazardous and acidic wastewater. The present study reports the evaluation of an integrated precipitation and Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) process for the treatment of fertilizer plant wastewater and effluent detoxification, assessed by microtoxicity and seed germination tests. Effluent samples were collected from a local P fertilizer industry and were characterized by their high fluoride and P content. First, the samples were pre‐treated by precipitation of P and fluoride ions using hydrated lime. The resulting low‐fluoride and phosphorus effluent was then treated with the EBPR process to monitor the simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Phosphorus removal included a two‐stage anaerobic/aerobic system operating under continuous flow. Pre‐treated wastewater was added to the activated sludge and operated for 160 days in the reactor. The operating strategy included increasing the organic loading rate from 0.3 to 1.2 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L day. The stable and high removal rates of COD, NH4+‐N, and PO43−‐P were then recorded. The mean concentrations of the influent were approximately 3600 mg COD/L, 60 mg N/L and 14 mg P/L, which corresponded to removal efficiencies of approximately 98%, 86%, and 92%, respectively. The microtoxicity of the treated wastewater was then monitored by LUMIStox and its phytotoxicity was investigated on cress, tomato, wheat, maize, ryegrass, and alfalfa seed germination. LUMIStox tests showed that treatment allowed a significant toxicity removal. Moreover, the untreated wastewater inhibited the species germination even when diluted 10 times, whereas a positive effect of treated wastewater was noticed. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 463–471, 2014
Life cycle analysis of an alternative to the haber‐bosch process: Non‐renewable energy usage and global warming potential of liquid ammonia from cyanobacteria
Authors: Razon Luis F.
Published: July 2013

The production of ammonia via the Haber‐Bosch process consumes large amounts of fossil fuels and releases large amounts of greenhouse gases. Ammonia has many important applications including fertilizer for crops and for microalgae‐derived biofuel systems. Aquatic cyanobacteria fix nitrogen from the air and have been mass‐cultured for many uses. This study analyzes, on a life cycle basis, a process to culture the cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047, in open ponds; harvest the biomass and exopolysaccharides and convert these to biogas; strip and convert the ammonia from the biogas residue to ammonium sulfate; dry the ammonium sulfate solution to ammonium sulfate crystals; transport the ammonium sulfate and convert it to liquid ammonia and concentrated sulfuric acid. When compared to the ammonia produced via the Haber‐Bosch process, savings of about 1.0 × 105 MJ of non‐renewable energy and 3100 kg CO2 equivalent of global warming potential per 1000 kg of liquid ammonia might be possible. The results are robust and are not sensitive to the model parameters. The proposed system, if implemented, might have a significant impact on many important global issues such as global warming, fossil fuel depletion, and food security. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 618–624, 2014
The water temperature prediction of a double exposure solar cooker
Authors: Çakmak Gülşah
Published: July 2013

This article presents an experimental and theoretical examination of solar box type cooker. In the experimental work, conventional and double‐exposure cookers have been compared. For experimentation, a new design was developed for solar cooker. Additional reflectors were installed on the lower part of the developed cooking room and experiments were conducted in Turkey (36–42 N and 26–45 E) in July for 0.5, 1, and 1.5 L of water. In theoretical examination, artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multiple linear regression (MLR) were used for modeling the temperature of water in the cooker and the adaptation abilities of models were compared. Rootsquare of mean square error, mean absolute error and correlation coefficient were used for comparison. When these models were compared according to the mentioned criteria, it has been observed that ANN model provided better adaptation to prediction of water temperatures used in this study compared to linear multiple regression model. Therefore, it has been concluded that ANNs could provide an alternative method to regression analysis. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 629–635, 2014
Plasma concentrations of organohalogenated pollutants in predatory bird nestlings: Associations to growth rate and dietary tracers
Authors: Bustnes Jan O. , Bårdsen Bård J. , Herzke Dorte , Johnsen Trond V. , Eulaers Igor , Ballesteros Manuel , Hanssen Sveinn A. , Covaci Adrian , Jaspers Veerle L.B. , Eens Marcel , Sonne Christian , Halley Duncan , Moum Truls , Nøst Therese Haugdal , Erikstad Kjell E. , Ims Rolf Anker
Published: July 2013

The extent to which persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with different physicochemical properties originated from the food (dietary input) was assessed in raptor nestlings. Lipophilic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 153, 1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and protein-bound perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), were measured repeatedly in blood plasma of individual goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) nestlings, 1 to 3 wk after hatching and near fledging. Maternally derived POPs dilute as nestlings grow (growth dilution), and increasing plasma concentrations would indicate dietary input. First, plasma concentrations given no dietary input were estimated, and concentrations of p,p'-DDE, HCB, and notably PFOS were significantly higher than predicted from a growth-dilution scenario (approximately 1.5-fold to 2.5-fold higher; p < 0.001). In contrast, PCB 153 declined in both species, although concentrations were still higher than predicted in white-tailed eagle nestlings (p < 0.05). Second, the relationships between plasma POP concentrations and trophic position (δ15N) and dietary carbon source (δ13C) were analyzed, controlling for growth rate. Both δ15N and δ13C (measured in body feathers) were significantly associated to the accumulation of most POPs, except PFOS. In conclusion, pollutant data acquired in plasma of nestling raptors should be interpreted and further investigated in the light of individual feeding ecology, and the use of raptor nestlings as sentinels for POP monitoring could be optimized by correcting for different factors such as body condition, brood size, and age. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2520–2527. © 2013 SETAC
Formulation and nutritional evaluation of weaning food processed from cooking banana, supplemented with cowpea and peanut
Authors: Bassey Francisca I. , Mcwatters Kay H. , Edem Christopher A. , Iwegbue Chukwujindu M. A.
Published: July 2013

The possibility of processing a ready‐to‐eat nutrient‐rich weaning food (WF) for infants within the age group of 0.5–0.9 years from cooking banana fortified with popular and affordable legumes (cowpea and peanut) was investigated with the aid of computer software and available technology in Nigeria. A composite of 47% cowpea, 40% ripe banana, and 13% peanut was processed, analyzed to compare the actual nutrient composition to that predicted by the software and that of two popular commercial WFs produced by Gerber Products Company: rice with banana (RB) and oats with banana (OB). Proximate composition was determined by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods, in vitro digestibility by the pH drop method, and amino acid was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Essential amino acid values were comparable to the predicted values. Protein and oil contents had values of 16.89% and 8.38%, 6.9% and 1.10%, and 12.03% and 3.16% for WF, RB, and OB, respectively. Octadecenoic (oleic) acid had the highest value of 3.65% followed by octadecadienoic (linoleic) acid with a value of 2.64% amounting to 76.69% of the total fatty acid. Total sugar content of WF was recorded as 15.96 g/100 g, with fructose having the highest value of 8.07 g/100 g, followed by dextrose with a value of 7.66 g/100 g. In vitro‐digestibility was in the order OB>WF>RB. The results show that it is feasible to produce precooked WF which has the potential to meet the nutritional needs of an infant, from local staples using computer‐assisted technique and inexpensive technology available in Nigeria.
Numerical modeling of a historic storm: Simulating the Blizzard of 1888
Authors: Michaelis Allison C. , Lackmann Gary M.
Published: July 2013

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) is used to explore the feasibility of high‐resolution simulation of a historic extratropical cyclone event: The New England Blizzard of 1888. Using the 20CR as initial and lateral boundary conditions for the Weather Research and Forecasting model, a reasonable depiction of the cyclone is obtained, albeit displaced significantly to the north of the observed cyclone during the later stages of the event. Despite the position error, the simulated storm produces heavy snowfall over parts of New England and intense offshore cyclogenesis.
Abnormalities of cortical thickness, subcortical shapes, and white matter integrity in subcortical vascular cognitive impairment
Authors: Jin Thong Jamie Yu , Du Jia , Ratnarajah Nagulan , Dong Yanhong , Soon Hock Wei , Saini Monica , Tan Ming Zhen , Tuan Ta Anh , Chen Christopher , Qiu Anqi
Published: July 2013

Subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (sVCI) is caused by lacunar infarcts or extensive and/or diffuse lesions in the white matter that may disrupt the white matter circuitry connecting cortical and subcortical regions and result in the degeneration of neurons in these regions. This study used structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) techniques to examine cortical thickness, subcortical shapes, and white matter integrity in mild vascular cognitive impairment no dementia (VCIND Mild) and moderate‐to‐severe VCI (MSVCI). Our study found that compared to controls (n = 25), VCIND Mild (n = 25), and MSVCI (n = 30) showed thinner cortex predominantly in the frontal cortex. The cortex in MSVCI was thinner in the parietal and lateral temporal cortices than that in VCIND Mild. Moreover, compared to controls, VCIND Mild and MSVCI showed smaller shapes (i.e., volume reduction) in the thalamus, putamen, and globus pallidus and ventricular enlargement. Finally, compared to controls, VCIND Mild, and MSVCI showed an increased mean diffusivity in the white matter, while decreased generalized fractional anisotropy was only found in the MSVCI subjects. The major axonal bundles involved in the white matter abnormalities were mainly toward the frontal regions, including the internal capsule/corona radiata, uncinate fasciculus, and anterior section of the inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus, and were anatomically connected to the affected cortical and subcortical structures. Our findings suggest that abnormalities in cortical, subcortical, and white matter morphology in sVCI occur in anatomically connected structures, and that abnormalities progress along a similar trajectory from the mild to moderate and severe conditions. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2320–2332, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuroimaging of resilience to stress: current state of affairs
Authors: van der Werff Steven J. A. , Pannekoek J. Nienke , Stein Dan J. , van der Wee Nic J. A.
Published: July 2013

Resilience is defined as a dynamic, multidimensional process encompassing positive adaptation within the context of significant adversity. The complex nature of this construct makes it a difficult topic to study in neuroimaging research; however, in this article, we propose ways to operationalize resilience. The limited amount of structural and functional neuroimaging studies specifically designed to examine resilience have mainly focused on investigating alterations in regions of the brain involved in emotion and stress regulation circuitry. In the future, neuroimaging of resilience is expected to benefit from functional and structural connectivity approaches and the use of novel imaging task paradigms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low frequency variability on the continental slope of the southern Weddell Sea
Authors: Jensen Mari F. , Fer Ilker , Darelius Elin
Published: July 2013

One‐year long records of temperature, salinity, and currents show seasonally varying, energetic oscillations with a dominant period of approximately 35 h on the upper continental slope of the southern Weddell Sea. The data set is sampled by five moorings deployed on the slope of the Crary Fan, east of the main outflow site of the Filchner overflow plume. The characteristics of the observed oscillations are compared to idealized coastal trapped waves inferred from a numerical code. The variability at 35 h period is identified as mode 1 waves with wavelengths less than 200 km and group velocity opposing the phase speed, indicating energy propagation toward east. Filchner Depression and the nearby ridges on the slope are suggested as the generation site where the dynamics associated with the overflow plume can force the variability. Historical time series at the overflow site are revisited to identify the source of previously reported variability at 3 and 6 day time scales. Mode 2 waves at wavelengths of about 100 and 1000 km were found to bear resemblance to the 3 day and 6 day variability, respectively. The seasonal variation in the energy in the 35 h band shows small but significant correlation with the low frequency easterly winds. The presence of coastal trapped waves along the continental slope of the Weddell Sea can increase the heat exchange across the shelf break and affect the dense water production rates.
Upscaling terrestrial carbon dioxide fluxes in Alaska with satellite remote sensing and support vector regression
Authors: Ueyama Masahito , Ichii Kazuhito , Iwata Hiroki , Euskirchen Eugénie S. , Zona Donatella , Rocha Adrian V. , Harazono Yoshinobu , Iwama Chie , Nakai Taro , Oechel Walter C.
Published: July 2013

Carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from a network of 21 eddy covariance towers were upscaled to estimate the Alaskan CO2 budget from 2000 to 2011 by combining satellite remote sensing data, disturbance information, and a support vector regression model. Data were compared with the CO2 budget from an inverse model (CarbonTracker). Observed gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RE), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were each well reproduced by the model on the site scale; root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs) for GPP, RE, and NEE were 0.52, 0.23, and 0.48 g C m−2 d−1, respectively. Landcover classification was the most important input for predicting GPP, whereas visible reflectance index of green ratio was the most important input for predicting RE. During the period of 2000–2011, predicted GPP and RE were 369 ± 22 and 362 ± 12 Tg C yr−1 (mean ± interannual variability) for Alaska, respectively, indicating an approximately neutral CO2 budget for the decade. CarbonTracker also showed an approximately neutral CO2 budget during 2000–2011 (growing season RMSE = 14 g C m−2 season−1; annual RMSE = 13 g C m−2 yr−1). Interannual CO2 flux variability was positively correlated with air temperature anomalies from June to August, with Alaska acting as a greater CO2 sink in warmer years. CO2 flux trends for the decade were clear in disturbed ecosystems; positive trends in GPP and CO2 sink were observed in areas where vegetation recovered for about 20 years after fire.
An alternative and robust synthesis of [13C4]Baraclude® (entecavir)
Authors: Easter John A. , Burrell Richard C. , Bonacorsi Samuel J.
Published: July 2013

Stable isotope‐labeled [13C4]entecavir (1) was prepared in 11 steps. Commercially available [13C]guanidine hydrochloride and diethyl[1,2,3‐13C3]malonate were condensed to yield 2‐amino[2,4,5,6‐13C4]pyrimidine‐4,6‐diol (8). This was converted to the desired purine (7) in five steps. Introduction of the chiral epoxide was followed by subsequent deprotection to give [13C4]entecavir (1), in an overall yield of 5.7% from labeled precursors. The chemical purity of the title compound was determined to be >99% by HPLC. The isotopic distribution was determined by mass spectrometry to be 282[M + 4], 98.4%; 281[M + 3], 1.6%; and 278[M + 0], <0.1%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodistribution (as determined by the radiolabelled equivalent) of a gold(III) bis(pyrrolide‐imine) Schiff base complex: a potential chemotherapeutic
Authors: Akerman Matthew P. , Munro Orde Q. , Mongane Modisenyane , van Staden Johan A. , Rae William I. D. , Bester Cornelius J. , Marjanovic‐Painter Biljana , Szucs Zoltan , Zeevaart Jan Rijn
Published: July 2013

The biodistribution of an N2N2′ tetradentate gold(III) chelate, which is known to be cytotoxic towards a range of human cancer cell lines, was determined by a radiolabelled equivalent of the compound. The 198Au‐labelled gold(III) chelate of a bis(pyrrolide‐imine) Schiff base ligand with a three‐carbon di(azomethine) linkage was successfully synthesised with a high radiochemical yield of 73% and radiochemical purity of >95%. The high energy γ‐ray emitted by the 198Au nucleus was used to follow the biodistribution of the compound in vivo in six male Sprague Dawley rats on a gamma camera. The log Po/w value of the natAu analogue, −1.92(2), showed that the compound is hydrophilic and therefore likely to largely remain in the blood pool. This was confirmed by the biodistribution study, which showed 21% of the injected dose (ID) remained in the blood pool 4.5 h after injection. This decreased to 10.8% over a 24‐h period. The activity measured in the lungs, 1.48%ID/g, remained relatively constant over a 24‐h period suggesting that the complex had accumulated in the lungs in the form of particulates, and could not be cleared by the test subjects. The t½ for the heart and lungs was greater than 24 h. Excretion of the test compound is seemingly via the kidneys, but is slow with approximately 30% of the ID excreted within 24 h.
Gain stabilization in a quantum‐dot semiconductor optical amplifier using tapered waveguide structure
Authors: Mohadesrad Ehsan , Abedi Kambiz
Published: July 2013

In this paper, transient gain of a quantum‐dot semiconductor optical amplifier (QD‐SOA) is studied. Waveguide of the QD‐SOA is considered to have a tapered structure in which width of the waveguide increases along the QD‐SOA. It is observed that by employing tapered waveguide, gain as the key feature of the device acquires more stability, investigated by studying the impact of a powerful optical pulse on the gain as it passes through the amplifier. Thus, by gradually increasing the width of the waveguide along QD‐SOA active region, drop in the gain, caused by the strong pulse, decreases. Transient gain of the device is obtained for several outputs to input width ratios. It is demonstrated that as the width ratio increases, gain stability improves drastically; as for width ratio of 10, stability increases over 10 times compared with the generic QD‐SOA. In addition to the gain, cross‐gain modulation as a nonlinear process, which depends on the gain instability imposed by strong pulses, is studied. In this paper, the rate equations are employed for modeling tapered waveguide QD‐SOA. MATLAB ODE (MathWorks, MA, USA) along with the finite difference method is used for studying and simulating the device. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Improved Thermal Properties of Hydroxyl‐Containing Polymers via Modification by Benzoxazine Groups
Authors: Chiou Kevin , Hollanger Erin , Agag Tarek , Ishida Hatsuo
Published: July 2013

Isocyanate functional benzoxazine (NCO‐4HBA‐a) is used for coupling with hydroxyl‐group‐containing molecules. Glycerol is used in a model reaction to study the urethane bonds formed between the NCO‐4HBA‐a and the glycerol's hydroxyl groups. The model supports a reaction between NCO‐4HBA‐a and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), which leads to an improved char yield, determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Glycerol‐based benzoxazine is also an attractive benzoxazine synthesized from the products of biofuel production. Upon functionalization with benzoxazine and subsequent thermal treatment, the hydroxyl‐containing polymer gains thermal stability shown by improved char yield of polybenzoxazine cross‐linked PVA.

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Urodynamic effects of dutasteride add‐on therapy to alpha‐adrenergic antagonist for patients with benign prostatic enlargement: Prospective pressure‐flow study
Authors: Wada Naoki , Kita Masafumi , Hashizume Kazumi , Matsumoto Seiji , Kakizaki Hidehiro
Published: July 2013

Aims

We prospectively investigated the effect of dutasteride on clinical and urodynamic parameters in patients with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE).

Materials and Methods

A prospective study was conducted in consecutive 52 patients with BPE who had not been satisfied with alpha‐adrenergic antagonist monotherapy. Inclusion criteria were prostate volume (PV) ≥30 ml and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) ≥8 or QOL index ≥3 under administration of an alpha‐adrenergic antagonist without anticholinergic agent. Before and 24 weeks after dutasteride (0.5 mg daily) add‐on treatment with preceding alpha‐adrenergic antagonist, we assessed IPSS, uroflowmetry (UFM), filling cystometry, and pressure‐flow study (PFS).

Results

Dutasteride add‐on treatment significantly improved IPSS (from 18.4 ± 7.5 to 13.8 ± 7.3) and maximum flow rate (from 11.4 ± 5.6 to 13.0 ± 6.8 ml/sec). Maximum cystometric capacity on filling cystometry did not change significantly by dutasteride add‐on treatment (221 ± 97 and 240 ± 104 ml before and after dutasteride add‐on, respectively). All of the 41 patients with detrusor overactivity (DO) before dutasteride add‐on treatment showed apparent reduction in the amplitude of involuntary detrusor contraction after dutasteride add‐on treatment, including seven in whom DO disappeared. Dutasteride significantly reduced PV from 66.4 ± 31.9 to 47.6 ± 26.1 ml. In PFS, detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate (PdetQmax) significantly decreased from 71.5 ± 30.1 to 59.1 ± 24.9 cmH2O after dutasteride add‐on treatment. Bladder outlet obstruction index (BOOI) also decreased significantly from 55.2 ± 31.9 to 42.3 ± 27.9, and obstruction grade assessed by the Schäfer nomogram significantly improved.

Conclusions

Dutasteride can improve lower urinary tract symptoms by improving storage bladder function and relieving obstruction. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32:1123–1127, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Excavation and Study of Skeletal Remains from a World War I Mass Grave
Authors: Gaudio D. , Betto A. , Vanin S. , De Guio A. , Galassi A. , Cattaneo C.
Published: July 2013

This study presents the excavation and multidisciplinary analysis of seven skeletons recovered in a World War I Mass Grave on the mountains of the Veneto Region, Italy. While it is not a rare phenomenon to these mountainous areas involved in the First Conflict, it is exceptional, on these mountains, to find a mass grave with soldiers in primary burials. Stratigraphic excavation was the mean used for recovery, along with 3D laser scanning documentation. Every skeleton but one was found complete and in anatomical connection. Four soldiers lay in the prone position; two subjects were lying on their side. Identification of the nationality was performed for two of the subjects, who both of whom had personal effects such as a badge for military vaccinations and religious medals. What remained of their uniforms gave clues about their Italian nationality. The entomological analysis conducted on fly puparia discovered close to the bones revealed that the bodies had not been buried immediately.

The skeletons were biologically profiled by sex, age, height and ancestry. An accurate study of pathology and stress markers was carried on, as well as on skeletal trauma in order to establish the type of trauma and ammunition involved. The remains belonged altogether to seven Italian male soldiers ages between 18 and 35. Various kinds of stress markers revealed occupational (enthesopathies) and metabolic stress: several signs of cribra cranii and of cribra orbitalia were registered. The study of the injuries revealed a surprising variety of types of lesions, mostly lethal: a few subjects were struck by a shrapnel grenade; one soldier was killed by a grenade explosion. Two of the soldiers were probably executed, instead: this conclusion reached on the basis of gunshot holes (9 mm) in their skulls, and by the position of the injuries. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles Depends on Their Uptake by Cells and Thus on Their Surface Chemistry
Authors: Caballero‐Díaz Encarnación , Pfeiffer Christian , Kastl Lena , Rivera‐Gil Pilar , Simonet Bartolome , Valcárcel Miguel , Jiménez‐Lamana Javier , Laborda Francisco , Parak Wolfgang J.
Published: July 2013

A set of three types of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are prepared, which have the same Ag cores, but different surface chemistry. Ag cores are stabilized with mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) or with a polymer shell [poly(isobutylene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) (PMA)]. In order to reduce cellular uptake, the polymer‐coated Ag NPs are additionally modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Corrosion (oxidation) of the NPs is quantified and their colloidal stability is investigated. MUA‐coated NPs have a much lower colloidal stability than PMA‐coated NPs and are largely agglomerated. All Ag NPs corrode faster in an acidic environment and thus more Ag(I) ions are released inside endosomal/lysosomal compartments. PMA coating does not reduce leaching of Ag(I) ions compared with MUA coating. PEGylation reduces NP cellular uptake and also the toxicity. PMA‐coated NPs have reduced toxicity compared with MUA‐coated NPs. All studied Ag NPs were less toxic than free Ag(I) ions. All in all, the cytotoxicity of Ag NPs is correlated on their uptake by cells and agglomeration behavior.
Assurance calculations for planning clinical trials with time‐to‐event outcomes
Authors: Ren Shijie , Oakley Jeremy E.
Published: July 2013

We consider the use of the assurance method in clinical trial planning. In the assurance method, which is an alternative to a power calculation, we calculate the probability of a clinical trial resulting in a successful outcome, via eliciting a prior probability distribution about the relevant treatment effect. This is typically a hybrid Bayesian‐frequentist procedure, in that it is usually assumed that the trial data will be analysed using a frequentist hypothesis test, so that the prior distribution is only used to calculate the probability of observing the desired outcome in the frequentist test. We argue that assessing the probability of a successful clinical trial is a useful part of the trial planning process. We develop assurance methods to accommodate survival outcome measures, assuming both parametric and nonparametric models. We also develop prior elicitation procedures for each survival model so that the assurance calculations can be performed more easily and reliably. We have made free software available for implementing our methods. © 2013 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential‐Dependent Surface‐Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy at Nanostructured TiO2: A Case Study on Cytochrome b5
Authors: Han Xiao Xia , Köhler Christopher , Kozuch Jacek , Kuhlmann Uwe , Paasche Lars , Sivanesan Arumugam , Weidinger Inez M. , Hildebrandt Peter
Published: July 2013

Nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO2) electrodes, prepared by anodization of titanium, are employed to probe the electron‐transfer process of cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) by surface‐enhanced resonance Raman (SERR) spectroscopy. Concomitant with the increased nanoscopic surface roughness of TiO2, achieved by raising the anodization voltage from 10 to 20 V, the enhancement factor increases from 2.4 to 8.6, which is rationalized by calculations of the electric field enhancement. Cyt b5 is immobilized on TiO2 under preservation of its native structure but it displays a non‐ideal redox behavior due to the limited conductivity of the electrode material. The electron‐transfer efficiency which depends on the crystalline phase of TiO2 has to be improved by appropriate doping for applications in bioelectrochemistry.
Multinational transfer pricing: A transaction cost and resource based view
Authors: Cecchini Mark , Leitch Robert , Strobel Caroline
Published: July 2013

Transfer pricing stands at the heart of a MNE management control system. We review the theories of TCE and RBV and develop antecedents and consequences of transfer prices based on these theories. We propose viewing transfer pricing decisions through a TCE and RBV value chain framework. We review a sample of transfer pricing literature based on this theoretical perspective and show how it fits within our framework. Our framework suggests that setting transfer pricing policy is indeed a complex problem that includes many factors and has many consequences, some of which may be at odds with each other. We give some suggestions for future research based on this framework.
The outcome effect – A review and implications for future research
Authors: Mertins Lasse , Salbador Debra , Long James H.
Published: July 2013

This paper synthesizes the extant research on the outcome effect in the accounting domain, focusing primarily on the context of performance evaluation. It reviews the current state of our knowledge about this phenomenon, including its underlying cognitive and motivational causes, the contexts in which the outcome effect is observed, the factors that influence its various manifestations, and ways in which undesirable outcome effects can be mitigated. It also considers various perspectives about the extent to which outcome effects represent undesirable judgmental bias, and whether this distinction is necessary to motivate research on this topic. The paper is intended to motivate and facilitate future research into the effects of outcome knowledge on judgment in the accounting context. Therefore, we also identify important unanswered questions and discuss opportunities for future research throughout the paper. These include additional consideration of instances in which the outcome effect is reflective of bias, how this bias can be effectively mitigated, ways in which outcome information influences judgment (regardless of whether this influence is considered normative), and how the underlying causes of the outcome effect operate singly and jointly to bring about the outcome effect. We also consider ways that future research can contribute to practice by determining how to encourage evaluators to retain and incorporate the relevant information conveyed by outcomes, while avoiding the inappropriate use of outcome information, and by enhancing external validity to increase the generalizability of experimental results to scenarios frequently encountered in practice.
A literature synthesis of experimental studies on management earnings guidance
Authors: Han Jun
Published: July 2013

Researchers have long been interested in understanding why and how corporate managers issue earnings guidance and the effect of such guidance on stakeholders’ (investors’ and managers’) behavior. Several recent studies have employed the experimental approach to address these issues. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and synthesize the literature on experimental studies of management earnings guidance. Consistent with the literature, I organize the synthesis to reflect (a) whether, why and how management issues guidance; (b) investors’ reactions to guidance; (c) the effect of guidance on management behavior. In addition, I provide institutional information (e.g., nature and timing of guidance) about guidance as well as provide several directions for future research. The synthesis reveals that the experimental studies have made a unique contribution to this literature by (i) providing evidence on process variables that underlie some empirical associations, (ii) directly measuring managers’ personal attributes and, (iii) closing the causality gap in the guidance literature.
Existence of immersed spheres minimizing curvature functionals in non-compact 3-manifolds
Authors: Mondino Andrea , Schygulla Johannes
Published: July 2013

We study curvature functionals for immersed 2-spheres in non-compact, three-dimensional Riemannian manifold

(M,h)

without boundary. First, under the assumption that

(M,h)

is the euclidean 3-space endowed with a semi-perturbed metric with perturbation small in

C^{1}

norm and of compact support, we prove that if there is some point

\bar x \in M

with scalar curvature

R^{M}(\bar x) > 0

then there exists a smooth embedding

f:\mathbb{S}^{2}↪M

minimizing the Willmore functional

\frac{1}{4}\int |H|^{2}

, where

H

is the mean curvature. Second, assuming that

(M,h)

is of bounded geometry (i.e. bounded sectional curvature and strictly positive injectivity radius) and asymptotically euclidean or hyperbolic we prove that if there is some point

\bar x \in M

with scalar curvature

R^{M}(\bar x) > 6

then there exists a smooth immersion

f:\mathbb{S}^{2}↪M

minimizing the functional

\int (\frac{1}{2}|A|^{2} + 1)

, where

A

is the second fundamental form. Finally, adding the bound

K^{M}⩽2

to the last assumptions, we obtain a smooth minimizer

f:\mathbb{S}^{2}↪M

for the functional

\int (\frac{1}{4}|H|^{2} + 1)

. The assumptions of the last two theorems are satisfied in a large class of 3-manifolds arising as spacelike timeslices solutions of the Einstein vacuum equation in case of null or negative cosmological constant.
Using case reports to determine when liver bleeding occurs during disease progression in HELLP syndrome
Authors: Darby Marie , Martin James N. , Mitchell Sarah Q. , Owens Michelle Y. , Wallace Kedra
Published: July 2013

Background

Hepatic hemorrhage occurs in less than 5% of patients with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets (HELLP) syndrome but it is a profound cause of maternal/perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Objectives

To determine when liver bleeding occurs during the development of HELLP syndrome.

Search strategy

The English literature was searched for all reports of HELLP syndrome associated with liver bleeding.

Selection criteria

Eighty‐seven case summaries of liver bleeding in the setting of HELLP syndrome were included. The standard definition of HELLP syndrome was used with expansion into the Mississippi classification system, supplemented by patients with partial HELLP syndrome.

Data collection and analysis

Demographic and clinical data were collected and recorded in an Excel database.

Main results

Liver bleeding was detected in 18 (20.7%) patients with class 1 HELLP syndrome, 24 (27.6%) with class 2 HELLP syndrome, and 12 (13.8%) with class 3 or partial HELLP syndrome. In 33 (37.9%) patients, the exact class of HELLP syndrome at the time liver bleeding was detected could not be determined from the published descriptions.

Conclusions

Liver bleeding can occur early during HELLP syndrome development, not only in patients with advanced, class 1 illness.
Effectiveness of cryotherapy for histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 1 and 2 in an Indian setting
Authors: Wesley Ramani S. , Muwonge Richard , Sauvaget Catherine , Thara Somanathan , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy
Published: July 2013

Objective

To describe the effectiveness of cryotherapy for treating women who were histologically confirmed to have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in India.

Methods

Data were analyzed retrospectively from screening projects that collected data from January 2001 to May 2008 in Trivandrum, India. Women with CIN were appropriately treated with cryotherapy by a trained nurse or physician and followed up for cure, adverse events, and complications. Cure was defined as absence of CIN during any follow‐up visit at least 1 year after treatment.

Results

Among 236 women identified with CIN and appropriately treated with cryotherapy, 173 (81.6%) were followed up (158 CIN 1 and 15 CIN 2 cases). The percentage cure for CIN 1 and 2 lesions was 93.0% and 86.7% respectively. An odds ratio of 0.2 (95% confidence interval, 0.0–0.9) was observed for treatment received more than 2 months after screening as compared with treatment received within 2 months. Complications were observed in 1.2% of treated women and adverse events (discharge and mild pain) in 26.6%.

Conclusion

The study affirms that trained mid‐level providers can appropriately perform cryotherapy in primary healthcare services and that expanding such services in low‐resource settings would increase the availability and accessibility of precancer treatment.
Patterns of Game Animal Attacks on Hunters in Croatia Over a 13-Year Period
Authors: Šprem Nikica , Škavić Petar , Krupec Ivan , Budor Ivica
Published: July 2013

Hunter-game animal conflicts are occasionally reported from various parts of the world. This case series comprises all 7 game animal attacks on hunters reported to the Croatian Hunting Association over a period of 13 years (1999–2011), covering the entire Croatian territorial area. Seasonally, attacks occurred most frequently in the winter time, when the hunting season is at its peak. The most common attacking animal, representing 5 of 7 cases (71.4%), was the wild boar, and the majority of the attacks happened in the morning. All of our victims were male, with an average age of 51 years (range 26 to 69 years). Six victims sustained a bite wound or wounds and 1 was rammed by the animal. Almost all of our patients (5 of 7, with one unknown) recovered completely and without significant complications.