bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic instability in multiple myeloma: Evidence for jumping segmental duplications of chromosome arm 1q
Authors: Sawyer Jeffrey R. , Tricot Guido , Lukacs Janet L. , Binz Regina Lichti , Tian Erming , Barlogie Bart , Shaughnessy John
Published: October 2004

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder characterized by complex karyotypes and chromosome 1 instability at the cytogenetic level. Chromosome 1 instability generally involves partial duplications, whole‐arm translocations, or jumping translocations of 1q, identified by G‐banding. To characterize this instability further, we performed spectral karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization with probes for satII/III (1q12), BCL9 (1q21), and IL6R (1q21) on the karyotypes of 44 patients with known 1q aberrations. In eight patients, segmental duplication of 1q12–21 and adjacent bands occurred on nonhomologous chromosomes. In five cases, the 1q first jumped to a nonhomologous chromosome, after which the 1q12–21 segment again duplicated itself 1–3 times. In three other cases, segmental duplications occurred after the 1q first jumped to a nonhomologous chromosome, where the proximal adjacent nonhomologous chromosome segment was duplicated prior to the 1q jumping or inserting itself into a new location. These cases demonstrate that satII/III DNA sequences are not only associated not only with the duplication of adjacent distal chromosome segments after translocation, but are also associated with the duplication and jumping/insertion of proximal nonhomologous chromosome segments. We have designated this type of instability as a jumping segmental duplication. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IL‐1‐regulated responses in astrocytes: Relevance to injury and recovery
Authors: John Gareth R. , Lee Sunhee C. , Song Xianyuan , Rivieccio Mark , Brosnan Celia F.
Published: October 2004

In the central nervous system (CNS), the cellular processes of astrocytes make intimate contact with essentially all areas of the brain. They have also been shown to be functionally coupled to neurons, oligodendrocytes, and other astrocytes via both contact‐dependent and non‐contact‐dependent pathways. These observations have led to the suggestion that a major function of astrocytes in the CNS is to maintain the homeostatic environment, thus promoting the proper functioning of the neuronal network. Inflammation in the CNS disrupts this process either transiently or permanently and, as such, is thought to be tightly regulated by both astrocytes and microglia. The remarkable role that single cytokines, such as TNF and IL‐1, may play in this process has now been well accepted, but the extent of the reprogramming of the transcriptional machinery initiated by these factors remains to be fully appreciated. With the advent of microarray technology, a more comprehensive analysis of this process is now available. In this report we review data obtained with this technology to provide an overview of the extent of changes induced in astrocytes by the cytokine IL‐1. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The cytokine IL‐1β transiently enhances P2X7 receptor expression and function in human astrocytes
Authors: Narcisse Leontine , Scemes Eliana , Zhao Yongmei , Lee Sunhee C. , Brosnan Celia F.
Published: October 2004

Extracellular nucleotide di‐ and triphosphates such as ATP and ADP mediate their effects through purinergic P2 receptors belonging to either the metabotropic P2Y or the ionotropic P2X receptor family. The P2X7R is a unique member of the P2X family, which forms a pore in response to ligand stimulation, regulating cell permeability, cytokine release, and/or apoptosis. This receptor is also unique in that its affinity for the ligand benzoyl‐benzoyl ATP (BzATP) is at least 10‐fold greater than that of ATP. Primary human fetal astrocytes in culture express low‐levels of P2X7R mRNA and protein, and BzATP induces only a slight influx in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i, with little demonstrable effect on gene expression or pore formation in these cells. We now show that, following treatment with the proinflammatory cytokine IL‐1β, BzATP induces a robust rise in [Ca2+]i with agonist and antagonist profiles indicative of the P2X7R. IL‐1β also induced the formation of membrane pores as evidenced by the uptake of YO‐PRO‐1 (375 Da). Quantitative real‐time PCR demonstrated transient upregulation of P2X7R mRNA in IL‐1β‐treated cells, while FACS analysis indicated a similar upregulation of P2X7R protein at the cell membrane. In multiple sclerosis lesions, immunoreactivity for the P2X7R was demonstrated on reactive astrocytes in autopsy brain tissues. In turn, P2X7R stimulation increased the production of IL‐1‐induced nitric oxide synthase activity by astrocytes in culture. These studies suggest that signaling via the P2X7R may modulate the astrocytic response to inflammation in the human central nervous system. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental study on heat and fluid flow in LNG tank heated from the bottom and the sidewalls
Authors: Kanazawa Takuya , Kudo Kazuhiko , Kuroda Akiyoshi , Tsui Nobuhiko
Published: October 2004

Heat and fluid flow in a layer heated from the bottom and the sidewalls simulating an underground LNG tank is experimentally studied under high Rayleigh number (7.5×1010<Ra<1.5×1013) conditions by electrochemical mass transfer technique. The experiment yielded the following results. When sidewalls are heated, the heat transfer along the bottom surface is reduced. Heat transfer along sidewalls is independent of bottom heating, and is modeled by an equation for laminar natural convection flow even for Ra>109. Convective flow pattern in the tank is visualized by the Schlieren technique. The results, combined with local mass transfer measurement, show that Sh of the bottom surface is reduced in the area where impinging downward flow exists. It is caused by the suppression of thermal plume formation by the downward flow. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(7): 417–430, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20031
Ectopic bone formation using osteogenic protein‐1 carried by a solution precipitated hydroxyapatite
Authors: Zhang Renwen , Xu Dazhong , Landeryou Tracy , Toth Carol , Dimaano Nena , Berry Jenny , Evans Julie , Hawkins Monica
Published: October 2004

Solution precipitation of calcium and phosphate is a technique to generate hydroxyapatite [Peri‐Apatite™ (PA), Stryker Orthopaedics, Mahwah, NJ] on metal substrate. This study was carried out to determine the capacity of PA to adsorb osteogenic protein‐1 (OP‐1) and the time course of release, and to determine the osteoinductive activity of OP‐1. The adsorption and release studies were conducted with 125I‐labeled OP‐1– and PA‐coated titanium alloy disks. The results indicate that the adsorption of OP‐1 on the PA‐coated disks is linear with the concentration of OP‐1 up to 5 mg/mL. There is an initial release of 75% to 80% of adsorbed OP‐1 within the first hour, and 92% of OP‐1 is released in 3 days. The osteoinductive activity of OP‐1 was determined in the rat intramuscular ectopic bone formation assay. A total of 24 titanium alloy disks were evenly divided into 3 groups with different treatments for implantation, plain disks (group A), disks coated with PA (group B), and disks coated with PA plus 40 μg OP‐1 (group C). Osteogenic protein‐1, 40 μg in solution, was injected into the muscle pouch in animals of group D (n = 8). The rats were sacrificed 3 weeks postoperatively and the implants were retrieved. Ectopic bone formation was evaluated with radiography and histology. Results demonstrated that OP‐1 induced ectopic bone in all the animals of group C and group D. The titanium alloy disks were surrounded by trabecular bone and marrow tissue. None of the animals of group A or group B showed any evidence of osteoinduction. Our findings indicate that PA can deliver OP‐1 directly to titanium alloy implants and maintain the osteoinductive activity of OP‐1. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 71A: 412–418, 2004
Theoretical studies of structures and stabilities of a new odd‐numbered fullerene dimer: C141
Authors: Gao Xingfa , Yuan Hui , Chen Zhenling , Zhao Yuliang
Published: October 2004

The possible isomers of a newly synthesized C141 molecule are calculated using MNDO, AM1, PM3, B3LYP/3‐21G, and B3LYP/6‐31G(d) methods. The geometry optimizations showed that the isomer 8‐8 has the lowest total energy in all 64 possible structures of C141. Unlike those of C130, C140, etc., the C141 8‐8 shows a new structure: two C70 side cages open [6.6] ring junctions located at the equator (instead of cap) area to create new chemical bonds for the bridge atom. Theoretical measurements of the average length of the long and short axes of C70 side cages in the C141 molecule reveal that when two C70 cages are connected with each other at the equators, their geometric shapes become more spherical compared with the pristine C70; this leads to a reduction of the molecular polarizability. Analysis of the local and global strain indicates that the global strain of C70 monomer in the C141 8‐8 is greatly reduced compared to the pristine C70. The stable C70 derivatives that are formed with reacted CC bonds in the equator area may put new insights into fullerene chemistry, in particular, for C70 to react with a large molecule. The results are discussed together with the experimental data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 2023–2030, 2004
A hybrid method of molecular dynamics and harmonic dynamics for docking of flexible ligand to flexible receptor
Authors: Tatsumi Rie , Fukunishi Yoshifumi , Nakamura Haruki
Published: October 2004

We have developed a new docking method to consider receptor flexibility, a hybrid method of molecular dynamics and harmonic dynamics. The global motions of the whole receptor were approximately introduced into those of the receptor in the docking simulation as harmonic dynamics. On the other hand, the local flexibility of the side chains was also considered by conventional molecular dynamics. We confirmed that this new method can reproduce the fluctuations of the whole receptor by making a comparison of the directions and amplitudes of the global fluctuations. Then this method was applied to the docking of HIV‐1 protease and its ligand. As a result, we observed a docking process where the ligand enters into the binding pocket well, which implies that this method is effective enough to reproduce a molecular complex formation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1995–2005, 2004
Evolution and features of global land June–August dry/wet periods during 1920–2000
Authors: Shi Neng , Chen Luwen
Published: October 2004

Dry/wet features for the globe and the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are investigated in terms of 1920–2000 June–August (JJA) global land precipitation data. The weighted mean JJA precipitation anomaly index and the weighted mean JJA dry/wet area index are used to describe the extent of global dryness/wetness. It is pointed out that 1988 (1930) was the globally wettest (driest) year in 1920–2000, and 1954 (1976) was the second wettest (driest). The dryness/wetness of the globe and Northern and Southern Hemispheres has shown distinctive interdecadal changes: during the 1920s, global dryness occurred in JJA frequently; from the 1920s to the 1940s global wetness occurred infrequently in JJA; the 1950s–1960s was a period of frequent global JJA wetness; and the 1970s to 2000 was a period of frequent global JJA dryness/wetness, with the number of dry years greater than that of wet years. The dry/wet features of the Northern Hemisphere are comparatively consistent with those of the globe, but there is no obvious relation between JJA mean precipitation anomalies of the two hemispheres. The analyses of the simultaneous and last winter sea‐surface temperature anomalies of global dry/wet years reveal that there is clear correlation of JJA global dry/wet change with sea‐surface temperature variations and El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) events. Global JJA dryness occurs when the summer ENSO (El Niño) is weaker, and global JJA wetness occurs when the summer ENSO is strong. The largest difference between the last winter sea‐surface temperature fields for global dry and wet years is that the sea‐surface temperature in the North Pacific and North Atlantic for wet years is substantially higher than that for dry years. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
A new analysis of variability and predictability of seasonal rainfall of central southern Africa for 1950–94
Authors: Mwale Davison , Yew Gan Thian , Shen Samuel S. P.
Published: October 2004

Using wavelet analysis and wavelet‐based empirical orthogonal function analysis on scale‐averaged‐wavelet power and individual scale power, we identified the non‐stationary sea‐surface temperature (SST) fields of the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans that are associated with coherent regions of rainfall variability in central southern Africa (CSA). The dominant mode of CSA rainfall is out of phase between the coastal areas and the centre of CSA and has been decreasing consistently since 1970. The frequencies associated with this mode are between 2–2.4 and 5.6–8 years. The Benguela ocean current SSTs form the dominant spatial pattern of the South Atlantic Ocean, and the Brazil and Guinea ocean current SSTs form the second leading mode. The Benguela spatial patterns were found to migrate seasonally between Africa's west coast and South America's east coast. The northern Indian Ocean SST forms the leading mode of variability, followed by the south Indian Ocean SST. Using predictor fields identified from both oceans, we achieved encouraging results of predicted CSA rainfall using a non‐linear statistical teleconnection artificial neural network–genetic algorithm model. At 3 month lead time, correlations of between 0.8 and 0.9, root‐mean‐square errors of between 0.4 and 0.9 and Hansen Kuipers skill scores of between 0.4 and 0.8 were obtained between observed and predicted CSA rainfall. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The effect of concurrent sea‐surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic on Caribbean rainfall
Authors: Spence Jacqueline M. , Taylor Michael A. , Chen A. Anthony
Published: October 2004

Singular value decomposition (SVD) techniques are used to deduce a relationship between rainfall over the Caribbean basin and oppositely signed sea‐surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific and Atlantic. The analysis is done for four 3 month seasons. The first two seasons: November–January (NDJ) and February–April (FMA) encompass the Caribbean dry period, and the other two, May–July (MJJ) and August–October (ASO), include the early and late Caribbean rainy seasons. The first SVD mode for all seasons represents variability due to El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) and, with the exception of the later wet season, the second SVD mode represents variability due to tropical North Atlantic sea‐surface temperatures. ENSO has the greatest impact during the late rainfall season (ASO) and the early dry season (NDJ), whereas the tropical Atlantic controls variability in the early rainfall season (MJJ). The configuration of concurrent but oppositely signed sea‐surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic basins is only associated with rainfall modification in the late Caribbean rainfall season (ASO) and the early Caribbean dry season (NDJ). Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Interdecadal and interannual variations of annual and extreme precipitation over central‐northeastern Argentina
Authors: Penalba Olga C. , Vargas Walter M.
Published: October 2004

Long, annual precipitation time series from central‐northeastern Argentina are analysed with special attention to interdecadal and interannual variations. The results show a variability that is highly nonstationary. The most outstanding feature is the difference in annual precipitation before and after the 1950s. The interdecadal variability is particularly well defined in the west, and there is a significant linear trend in the study area. Negative anomalies of the areal‐averaged annual precipitation can be observed in all the areas around 1910 and 1930 or 1940. In the western zone there are two better‐defined negative periods around 1950 and 1970, and a gradual increase can be observed in the eastern zones starting in the 1950s. The interdecadal and interannual variations affect the behaviour of extreme precipitation on the annual scale and during the months with maximum precipitation in the region. In support of these conclusions, different representation methods are used (running means, power spectrum analysis, and wavelet transforms). The variations in the annual cycle of extreme precipitation under different conditions are analysed by applying harmonic analysis. The wettest years are represented by an annual and semi‐annual cycle, whereas dry years need the input of lower frequency cycles. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Characteristics, evolution and mechanisms of the summer monsoon onset over Southeast Asia
Authors: Zhang Zuqiang , Chan Johnny C. L. , Ding Yihui
Published: October 2004

Based on the 1979–95 mean pentad reanalysis data from the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction, the climatological characteristics and physical mechanism of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) onset are investigated. Special focus is given to whether the ASM onset starts earlier over the Indochina Peninsula than over the South China Sea (SCS) and why the ASM is established the earliest over Southeast Asia.

An examination of the composite thermodynamic and dynamic quantities confirms that the ASM onset commences earliest over the Indochina Peninsula, as highlighted by active convection and rainfall resulting from the convergence of southwesterly flow from the Bay of Bengal (BOB) vortex and easterly winds associated with the subtropical anticyclone over the SCS. Two other important characteristics not previously noted are also identified: the earliest reversal of meridional temperature gradient throughout the entire troposphere and the corresponding establishment of an easterly vertical wind shear, which are due to upper level warming caused by eddy (convective) transport of latent heat.

These changes in the large‐scale circulation suggest that, in addition to rainfall, a reversal in the planetary‐scale circulation should be included in determining the timing of the ASM onset. With such a consideration, the climatological ASM onset occurs first over southeastern BOB and southwestern Indochina Peninsula in early May, and then advances northeastward to reach the SCS by the fourth pentad of May (16–20 May). The monsoon then covers the entire Southeast Asia region by the end of May. Subsequently, a similar onset process begins over the eastern Arabian Sea, India and western BOB, and the complete establishment of the ASM over India is accomplished in mid June. In the process of the onset of each ASM component, the reversal of the upper level planetary‐scale circulation depends strongly on that of the meridional temperature gradient. Over the Indochina Peninsula, the seasonal transition of upper level temperature results from convection‐induced diabatic heating, whereas over western Asia it is attributed to subsidence warming induced by the active ascending motion over the former region.

The steady increase in surface sensible heating over the Indian subcontinent and the latent heating over the tropical Indian Ocean in April to early May appear to be the major impetus for the development of the cyclonic vortex over the BOB. A similar enhancement over the Arabian Peninsula and the surrounding regions is also identified to be crucial to the development of the so‐called onset vortex over the Arabian Sea, and then ultimately to the ASM onset over India. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The near‐surface wind field over the Antarctic continent
Authors: van Lipzig N. P. M. , Turner J. , Colwell S. R. , van Den Broeke M. R.
Published: October 2004

A 14 year integration with a regional atmospheric model has been used to determine the near‐surface climatological wind field over the Antarctic ice sheet at a horizontal grid spacing of 55 km. Previous maps of the near‐surface wind field were generally based on models ignoring the large‐scale pressure‐gradient forcing term in the momentum equation. Presently, state‐of‐the‐art atmospheric models include all pressure‐gradient forcing terms. Evaluation of our model output against in situ data shows that the model is able to represent realistically the observed increase in wind speed going from the interior to the coast, as well as the observed wind direction at South Pole and Dumont d'Urville and the bimodal wind distribution at Halley. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Peculiarities of mode competition in a double-mode diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Yermachenko V M , Karle R A , Petrovskiy V N , Protsenko E D
Published: October 2004

The mode competition in a double-mode diode-pumped
Nd:YAG laser is studied theoretically and experimentally. In
particular, the influence of various laser parameters on the
steady-state double-mode regime for parallel and
orthogonal polarization of the modes is studied. It is shown that
the establishment of steady-state double-mode lasing is
accompanied by relaxation oscillations more complicated than for
single-mode lasing. It is found that the scanning rate of the
cavity modes influences the character of the relaxation
oscillations.
Large-core-area hollow photonic-crystal fibers
Authors: Konorov S O , Fedotov A B , Mel'nikov L A , Shcherbakov A V , Zheltikov A M
Published: October 2004

We demonstrate hollow-core photonic-crystal fibers
(PCFs) with a core diameter of 45 μm and a period of the
photonic-crystal cladding of 7 μm. These fibers are shown to
allow a waveguide delivery of 4-mJ 15-ns pulses of 1.06-μm
radiation of a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser. Hollow PCFs reported in
this work help to bridge the gap between standard, solid-cladding
hollow fibers and hollow PCFs in terms of effective guided-mode
areas, offering attractive solutions for high-field physics, laser
technologies, and ultrafast photonics.
Measurement of small oscillations with the help of a femtosecond laser
Authors: Baklanov E V , Denisov V I , Beverini N , Carelli G
Published: October 2004

The possibility of measuring small harmonic surface
oscillations with the help of a femtosecond laser is analyzed. It
is shown that the large number of laser radiation modes allows a
considerable increase in the signal-to-noise ratio. The
potentialities of the method make possible to increase this ratio
by a factor of N, where N is the number of laser radiation modes.
The sensitivity improvement provides a decrease of the measurement
time, which is important in many practical applications.
Phase- and amplitude-dependent inversionless gain of the probe field
controlled by a three-level closed loop system
Authors: Wang H H , Liu Z H , Wu J H , Kang Z H , Gao J Y
Published: October 2004

In order to achieve the phase-sensitive probe gain
without population inversion, we investigate a four-level atomic
system, where the probe field is controlled by a three-level
closed loop subsystem. In the case of three-photon resonance,
large steady-state inversionless probe gain can be obtained. Owing
to the quantum interference, the probe gain is sensitive to the
relative phase of the three-level closed loop subsystem. The
intensities of the fields of the three-level closed loop subsystem
are also important factors that can result in different gain
behaviors of the probe field.
Novel methods of automated structure elucidation based on 13C NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Meiler Jens , Köck Matthias
Published: October 2004

Three new approaches for automated structure elucidations of organic molecules using NMR spectroscopic data were introduced recently. These approaches apply a neural network 13C NMR chemical shift prediction method to rank the results of structure generators by their agreement of the predicted and experimental chemical shifts. These three existing implementations are compared using realistic example molecules. The applicability and reliability of such approaches is addressed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circulant preconditioners for solving singular perturbation delay differential equations
Authors: Jin Xiao‐Qing , Lei Siu‐Long , Wei Yi‐Min
Published: October 2004

We consider the solution of singular perturbation delay differential equations (SPDDEs) by using boundary value methods (BVMs). These methods require the solution of some nonsymmetric, large and sparse linear systems. The GMRES method with the Strang‐type block‐circulant preconditioner is proposed for solving these linear systems. We prove that if anA,‐stable BVM is used for solving a system of SPDDEs, then our preconditioner is invertible and the eigenvalues of the preconditioned system are clustered. When the GMRES method is applied to the preconditioned systems, the method would converge fast. Numerical results are given to show the effectiveness of our methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virtual microscopy for learning and assessment in pathology
Authors: Kumar Rakesh K , Velan Gary M , Korell Sami O , Kandara Madan , Dee Fred R , Wakefield Denis
Published: October 2004

Virtual slides are high‐magnification digital images of tissue sections, stored in a multi‐resolution file format. Using appropriate software, these slides can be viewed in a web browser in a manner that closely simulates examination of glass slides with a real microscope. We describe the successful implementation of teaching microscopic pathology with virtual slides and, for the first time, their use in summative assessment. Both students and teaching staff readily adapted to the use of virtual microscopy. Questionnaire feedback from students strongly indicated that virtual slides solved a number of problems in their learning, while providing good to excellent image quality. A deliberate policy of allocating two students per workstation promoted collaboration and helped to maintain interest in microscopic pathology. The use of a secure browser facilitated assessment using virtual slides, with no technical or security issues arising despite high peak demand. The new Medicine programme at the University of New South Wales will exclusively utilize virtual microscopy for the study of both histology and histopathology. We believe that the use of high‐quality learning resources such as virtual slides can ensure that microscopic examination of tissues remains both meaningful and interesting. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abnormal PcG protein expression in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Relation with E2F6 and NFκB transcription factors
Authors: Sánchez‐Beato Margarita , Sánchez Esther , García Juan F , Pérez‐Rosado Alberto , Montoya María C , Fraga Mario , Jesús Artiga M , Navarrete Mercedes , Abraira Víctor , Morente Manuel , Esteller Manel , Koseki Haruhiko , Vidal Miguel , Piris Miguel A
Published: October 2004

The Polycomb group (PcG) of proteins comprises a family of repressors of homeobox genes that play key roles in body formation, haematopoiesis and cell cycle control. In this study, a large‐scale analysis of PcG protein expression (BMI1, MEL18, PH1, RNF2, RING1, and RYBP) was performed in 321 Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) biopsies and in reactive lymphoid tissues using tissue microarrays. The relevance of PcG proteins in HL was also investigated by the simultaneous analysis of PcG and other proteins involved in the control of cell cycle, transcription machinery and lymphoid differentiation. The analysis revealed increased expression of a set of PcG proteins (particularly RYBP and BMI1) in tumour cells in comparison with reactive lymphoid tissue. One of the most striking findings was anomalous RYBP expression in 55% of classical HL cases associated with an unfavourable response to treatment and shorter survival. The data obtained in this study also show an association of PcG proteins with E2F6 and NFκB transcription factors. The statistical relationship between PcG and NFκB activation was further explored in HL‐derived cell lines treated with curcumin, an NFκB inhibitor, and TNFα. Up‐ or downregulation of MEL18 was paralleled by loss or gain of activated NFκB, which suggests that NFκB may regulate expression of this protein. Investigation of the relationship between E2F6 and RING1 by immunofluorescence and confocal analysis, in HL cell lines and paraffin sections, revealed co‐expression of both proteins in the same tumour cells. These results allow us to propose that the formation of transcription complexes with E2F6 may modify the functional status of PcG proteins in HSR cells. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual enantioselective Diels–Alder process in the cyclization of chiral acrylamide with dienes
Authors: Jung Doo Young , Park Doo Han , Kim Sung Han , Kim Yong Hae
Published: October 2004

Diels–Alder cycloadditions of chiral acrylamides with cyclopentadiene or 2, 3‐dimethyl butadiene proceed with high diastereofacial selectivity. Either endo‐R or endo‐S products have been obtained depending upon the structures of acrylamides and Lewis acids used. The endo form was exclusively obtained over the exo form. The dependence of the mechanism of formation of opposite configurations of endo‐R or endo‐S products on the Lewis acids is discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atom transfer radical polymerization initiated by N‐bromosuccinimide
Authors: Jiang Jianguo , Zhang Keda , Zhou Hong
Published: October 2004

N‐Bromosuccinimide (NBS) was used as the initiator in the atom transfer radical polymerizations of styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). The NBS/CuBr/bipyridine (bpy) system shows good controllability for both polymerizations and yields polymers with polydispersity indexes ranging from 1.18 to 1.25 for St and 1.14 to 1.41 for MMA, depending on the conditions used. The end‐group analysis of poly(MMA) and polystyrene indicated the polymerization is initiated by the succinimidyl radicals formed from the redox reaction of NBS with CuBr/bpy. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5811–5816, 2004
Magnetic poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres prepared by dispersion polymerization in the presence of electrostatically stabilized ferrofluids
Authors: Horák Daniel , Benedyk Nataliya
Published: October 2004

Fine magnetite nanoparticles, both electrostatically stabilized and nonstabilized, were synthesized in situ by precipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) salts in alkaline medium. Magnetic poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) microspheres with core‐shell structure, where Fe3O4 is the magnetic core and PGMA is the shell, were obtained by dispersion polymerization initiated with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA), or ammonium persulfate (APS) in ethanol containing poly(vinylpyrrolidone) or ethylcellulose stabilizer in the presence of iron oxide ferrofluid. The average microsphere size ranged from 100 nm to 2 μm. The effects of the nature of ferrofluid, polymerization temperature, monomer, initiator, and stabilizer concentration on the PGMA particle size and polydispersity were studied. The particles contained 2–24 wt % of iron. AIBN produced larger microspheres than APS or ACVA. Polymers encapsulating electrostatically stabilized iron oxide particles contained lower amounts of oxirane groups compared with those obtained with untreated ferrofluid. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5827–5837, 2004
Fluorescent poly(aryl ether)s containing benzo[g]phthalazine and benzo[g]isoquinoline moieties
Authors: Kang Ning , Hlil Antisar R. , Hay Allan S.
Published: October 2004

2,3‐Bis(4‐fluorobenzoyl)naphthalene was synthesized, and poly(aryl ether)s were prepared through a reaction with various bisphenols in the solvent N,N‐dimethylacetamide in the presence of potassium carbonate. Through a reaction with hydrazine or benzylamine, the corresponding benzo[g]phthalazine or benz[g]isoquinoline was formed. The conversion into heterocyclic structures resulted in a significant straightening of the chains, and the glass‐transition temperatures, inherent viscosities, and apparent molecular weights from size exclusion chromatography were significantly increased, whereas the solubilities decreased. The diketone‐containing polymers were colorless, and the benzo[g]phthalazine‐ and benz[g]isoquinoline‐containing polymers were yellow. The diketone polymers showed strong UV absorption maxima up to 350 nm, with fluorescence emission maxima around 475 nm. The heterocyclic polymers had broad absorptions up to around 450 nm, with strong emission maxima around 550 nm. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5745–5753, 2004
Analytic Solution for Diffusional Filtration across Granular Beds in Low Knudsen Number Regime
Authors: Jung Chang H. , Lee K. W.
Published: October 2004

The collection efficiency of aerosols in the low Knudsen number region was studied using a system of multiple spheres. Kuwabara's free vorticity model was expanded to include the effects of gas slip at the collector surface, with the collection efficiency due to diffusion obtained analytically and compared with existing experimental results. The results showed that the diffusional collection efficiency increases as the Knudsen number increases due to gas slippage at the collector surface. The obtained analytical solution converged to the existing collection efficiency of a solid sphere system with a Knudsen number of zero, and that of a bubble with an infinite Knudsen number. The comparison of the experimental results with analytic solution in this study shows that the trends agree well. Therefore, this study is a subsequent expansion of the collection efficiency in the finite Knudsen number region, and can be used for a broad range of collector sizes, pressures and temperatures.
The Control of Polymer Addition to Raw Waste Sludge Using Electrical Resistance Tomography – a Preliminary Study
Authors: Dai Yunfeng , Pachowko Antonio D. , Wang Mi
Published: October 2004

This paper presents the application of a monitor technique using electrical resistance tomography (ERT) for controlling the optimum polymer dosage for sludge dewatering. The content starts from introduction for characterization of a raw sewage sludge sample, including particle size distribution and volumetric solids concentration, and the conductivity properties of the sludge and the polymer used. The experimental results demonstrate that the different polymer doses mixed with raw sludge leads to a change of floc size and distribution, and further these changes can be monitored using ERT. The result of ERT measurement can be applied in determining the optimum polymer dosage in the water treatment, as a potential new technique.
Direct injection of solid‐phase extraction eluents onto silica columns for the analysis of polar compounds isoniazid and cetirizine in plasma using hydrophilic interaction chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Austin C. , Junga Heiko , Shou Wilson Z. , Bryant Matthew S. , Jiang Xiang‐yu , Naidong Weng
Published: October 2004

Isoniazid and cetirizine do not retain well on reversed‐phase columns due to their high polarity. Silica columns, when operated under hydrophilic interaction conditions, do provide excellent retention of these compounds. We have developed simple and proof of concept analytical methods for the analysis of isoniazid and cetirizine in animal and human plasma, respectively. Both methods employed the approach of direct injection of solid‐phase extraction (SPE) organic eluents onto silica columns for analysis, thus eliminating evaporation and reconstitution steps that are typically needed for reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic analysis. Isoniazid was extracted from animal plasma samples using a Waters Oasis HLB 96‐well plate and then eluted with acetonitrile, while cetirizine was extracted from human plasma with a Waters MCX μ‐Elute plate and then eluted with acetonitrile containing 5% concentrated ammonium hydroxide. The direct injection of the SPE eluent onto the analytical column was necessary since significant loss of isoniazid was found during the evaporation and reconstitution steps. The method for isoniazid also enabled ultra‐fast analysis due to the relatively low back‐pressure exhibited by silica columns even under high flow conditions. Both methods show good linearity, accuracy and precision covering the range of 10–2000 ng/mL of isoniazid, and 1–1000 ng/mL of cetirizine in plasma. Substantial time savings were realized as a result of both the elimination of the evaporation and reconstitution steps and the fast chromatographic analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presentation system of still picture teaching material using the implant‐JPEG
Authors: Yonezawa Nobuyoshi , Sasaki Hitoshi , Otsuki Zenju , Ukigai Masahiro , Miyadera Youzou , Okunuki Takashi , Yoshihara Shoji , Kamei Takateru
Published: October 2004

The authors developed a presentation system for still image teaching materials, which enables various image information embedded in still images on the World Wide Web to be displayed while synchronizing that information with audio explanations and also enables other related image information to be referenced interactively. This paper presents an overview of the presentation system and reports on a creation tool for still image teaching materials, which supports the creation of still image teaching materials to be used in the presentation system. The presentation system's viewer, which is provided to enable the user to accurately understand the image information, has functions not only for changing the display of the image that was pointed to so that the indicated image can be differentiated from other images but also for displaying explanatory text for the image and displaying additional information such as information for other related images. In addition, the system's search function enables the user to find a high‐level concept to which the image information belongs and easily retrieve other picture information having the same high‐level concept. The presentation data can be easily maintained and managed by putting together and distributing the information for the still image and each partial still image in an implant‐JPEG format file called a capsule. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 96–105, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10042
Robust spoken document retrieval methods for misrecognition and out‐of‐vocabulary keywords
Authors: Nishizaki Hiromitsu , Nakagawa Seiichi
Published: October 2004

This paper describes a Japanese spoken document retrieval system that is robust for Out‐of‐Vocabulary (OOV) words. A standard approach to spoken document retrieval is to automatically transcribe spoken documents into word sequences, which can be directly matched against queries. In this approach, the documents including OOV words and words misrecognized as other words cannot be retrieved. To avoid this problem, we propose a novel method of spoken document retrieval considering OOV keywords. One approach we use is to create an index from multiple recognizer outputs to deal with transcribed documents including misrecognized words. The index becomes better to use multiple recognizers which have different characteristics from one another. The other is to use both word‐based indexing for in‐vocabulary keywords and syllable‐based indexing for OOV keywords, then switch them according to in‐vocabulary/OOV keywords in the query. Evaluation results clearly show that this approach benefits from the advantages of both indexing methods and that the proposed technique is quite effective in robustly retrieving spoken documents. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 44–53, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10697
Location and pose estimation for active vision using panoramic edge histograms
Authors: Wang Caihua , Tanahashi Hideki , Satoh Yutaka , Hirayu Hidekazu , Niwa Yoshinori , Yamamoto Kazuhiko
Published: October 2004

In this paper, the authors propose a new technique for robust location and pose estimation for an active vision sensor using images obtained by a camera system (omnidirectional sensor) that can acquire panoramic information of the environment. The proposed technique first calculates a panoramic edge histogram in advance from images obtained by the omnidirectional sensor at several reference points in the environment. To estimate the sensor location and pose, dynamic programming (DP) is extended to two‐pass DP, and the current location is matched with the panoramic edge histogram at the reference points to obtain the edge shift magnitude at each direction angle. These shift magnitudes have the same periodicity as a sine curve, the sensor rotation corresponds to the offset of the sine curve, and its movement direction corresponds to the 0‐phase of the sine curve. In the current research, the sensor's movement direction and rotation angle are efficiently estimated by independently fitting the offset and the 0‐phase of its period from these edge shift magnitudes. Finally, the exact location is calculated from the movement directions for the two closest reference points. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is shown by experiments in an actual environment. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 32–43, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10699
3D adaptive motion vector coding integrated with block‐based adaptive interpolation filter
Authors: Kimata Hideaki , Kitahara Masaki , Yashima Yoshiyuki
Published: October 2004

Since fractional pixel accuracy motion compensation precisely expresses the motion information, it is widely used for improving coding efficiency in the International Standard video coding methods for the MPEG and H.26x series. When the motion accuracy is ascertained more precisely, motion information becomes more exact, and consequently, prediction efficiency can be improved. The problem, however, is that the amount of bits for expressing large motion increases. Accordingly the adaptive interpolation filter (AIF) method, which changes the filter characteristics for half‐pixel positions on quarter‐pixel motion compensation, was proposed. This technique also changes the image at quarter‐pixel positions and makes the motion accuracy more precise. In conventional studies, the AIF method was used per frame or macroblock that was not the motion compensation block, because the overhead problem of filter indication has never been resolved. In this paper, we propose the 3D motion vector coding technique with the block‐based adaptive interpolation filter. This method integrates filter indication into motion vector coding and predicts the filter indication adaptively, so that it reduces the overhead of filter indications. In this method, the filter is changed per motion compensation block so that the prediction efficiency is improved per motion compensation block. We also demonstrate in simulations that this method achieves higher coding efficiency than the normal H.264 coding method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 10–20, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20125
Influence of compaction and surface roughness on low‐energy ion scattering signals
Authors: Jansen W. P. A. , Knoester A. , Maas A. J. H. , Schmit P. , Kytökivi A. , Denier v.d. Gon A. W. , Brongersma H. H.
Published: October 2004

Investigation of the surface composition of powders often requires compaction. To study the effect of compaction on surface analysis, samples have been compacted at various pressures ranging from 0 Pa (i.e. no compaction) up to 2000 MPa (2 × 104 kg cm−2) Low‐energy ion scattering (LEIS) was used to determine the composition of the outermost atomic surface layer. Using scanning electron microscopy, changes in the morphology due to compaction have been detected in the SiO2 test samples. The LEIS yield of a compacted silica powder is found to be independent of the applied pressure during compaction between 2 MPa and 2000 MPa (2 × 104 kg cm−2). Analysis of a submonolayer of Ta2O5 on a silica support shows that the composition of the outermost atomic layer is not changed after compaction up to a pressure of at least 300 MPa. When compaction is applied, the absolute LEIS yield appears to be independent of the specific surface area of silica supports in the range 50–380 m2 g−1. A minor difference in LEIS signals is observed between compacted silica supports and flat quartz samples. In order to determine the surface roughness factor independently, and to study the material dependence of the surface roughness factor, angle‐dependent LEIS measurements have been carried out on oxidized silicon, gallium and gold surfaces. The results on the oxidized silicon confirm the small influence of surface roughness for silica particles, whereas measurements on the more closely packed metallic gallium and gold surfaces indicate a significant surface roughness effect. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of functionalized precipitated silica SYLOID® 244 using ionic liquids as modifiers
Authors: Jesionowski Teofil , Pokora Monika , Sobaszkiewicz Kinga , Pernak Juliusz
Published: October 2004

Studies were performed on the chemical modification of SYLOID® 244 (Grace) precipitated silica using ionic liquids. The unmodified and ionic‐liquid‐functionalized silica were subjected to a comprehensive physicochemical and dispersive evaluation. Particle size, polydispersity and specific surface area (BET) and porous structure were examined. Moreover, stability of the colloids obtained was evaluated by estimation of isoelectric points. The extent of modification and its type were defined using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 29Si‐cross‐polarization/magic angle spinning/nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.

The modification was not observed to deteriorate the dispersive properties of the silica. The silicas obtained exhibited a restricted tendency to form larger accumulations of particles, i.e. aggregates and agglomerates. Moreover, application of ionic liquids with a heptyloxymethyl or octyloxymethyl substituent resulted in complete hydrophobization of the silica surface. Tested powders manifested the highest stability within a pH range of 10–12. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photodegradation of poly(ether sulphone) Part 1. A time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry study
Authors: Norrman K. , Kingshott P. , Kaeselev B. , Ghanbari‐Siahkali A.
Published: October 2004

An extensive study of the surface chemical changes to poly(ether sulphone) (PES) ultrafiltration membranes is made for the first time by the use of time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) after photoirradiation at 254 nm with irradiances varying from 10 to 300 mJ cm−2 in a nitrogen atmosphere. Complementary information is provided by analysis with x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR). The versatility, superior specificity and sensitivity of using ToF‐SIMS to investigate degradation phenomena are highlighted. The combined results demonstrate that photoirradiation causes a number of chemical changes to the surface: incorporation of oxygen; degradation of the benzene rings and formation of oxidized carbon species; depletion of carbon; reduction of SO2 to some extent; formation of OH, CO and SO3H groups; and probable formation of C6H4OC6H5 end‐groups. In addition, no OSO3H groups are formed and no formation of SO2 is detected. Also, it is shown that chain scission dominates below an irradiation dose of ∼200 mJ cm−2 (at 254 nm in a nitrogen atmosphere). At higher doses, cross‐linking becomes dominant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.