bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meals on wheels service: Knowledge and perceptions of health professionals and older adults
Authors: WILSON Amanda , DENNISON Kaye
Published: June 2011

Aim:  To investigate health professionals' and older adults' knowledge and perceptions of the meals on wheels service in Auckland, New Zealand.

Methods:  Thirty‐eight health professionals participated in a survey on their knowledge and perceptions of the meals on wheels service. Sixty‐one older adults, with the majority between 66 and 75 participated in a questionnaire and 42 of those also completed focus groups to discuss their knowledge, perceptions and barriers to utilisation.

Results:  Health professionals' knowledge of the service and their interpretation and information to clients varied widely. The majority of health professionals stated the current menu did not meet the cultural needs of older adults in South Auckland. Twenty‐one per cent of the older adults had never heard of meals on wheels. Poor knowledge associated strongly with non‐New Zealand Europeans. Thirty‐three per cent of older adults were familiar with the service and 45% reported they first heard about it from friends. Positive perceptions were the social contact with delivery and high nutritional value. Negative perceptions were the repetitive menu cycle and the similarity to unattractive hospital meals. The main barriers to using the service were lack of knowledge, feelings of embarrassment and loss of independence. Confusion over eligibility and having no choice available on the menu was a barrier especially for ethnic and religious groups.

Conclusion:  Further research is needed to review if the New Zealand meals on wheels service is meeting the needs of the older adult population.
Social Mechanisms in the Establishment of the European Economic and Monetary Union
Authors: CERAMI ALFIO
Published: June 2011

This article investigates the reasons, the transformative processes, and the social mechanisms involved in the establishment of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Contrary to commonly accepted theories used to explain institutional change, it argues that the establishment of the EMU has not simply been the product of historical paths, the rational choices of actors, or social construction of new economic ideas and preferences, but also it has been the product of self‐fulfilling prophecies that have facilitated and accelerated the process of institutional change. This article also discusses the role of context‐bounded rationality, embodied institutions, reflexivity, and double contingency.

Este estudio investiga las razones, el proceso de transformación y los mecanismos sociales involucrados en la implementación de la unión monetaria y económica Europea (UME). Contrario a teorías comúnmente aceptadas para explicar cambios institucionales, en este artículo se argumenta que la creación de la UME no es simplemente el producto de un trayecto histórico, la elección racional de los actores, o la construcción social de nuevas ideas y preferencias económicas, sino también ha sido el producto de profecías autorrealizadas que han facilitado y acelerado el proceso de cambio institucional. Además, este artículo analiza el rol de la racionalidad limitada por el contexto, instituciones incorporadas, reflexividad y doble contingencia.
Bill Preference: The Continued Relevance of the Congressional Black Caucus
Authors: KING, JR. MARVIN P.
Published: June 2011

How does the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) distinguish itself from the Democratic caucus? Will distinguishing itself lead to the CBC introducing legislation that is significantly different from the rest of the Democratic caucus? Will CBC members behave just as other Democrats with similar ideological temperaments? This article seeks to place the role of the contemporary CBC within the larger Democratic caucus. By tapping into bill introduction, I conclude that in most ways, the CBC is remarkably similar to the rest of the Democratic caucus, and in only small ways, is there a demonstrable difference. CBC representation ensures constituents an increased likelihood that their congressperson will introduce legislation related to the government but not in Civil Rights or Community Development. Thus, the value to liberal black voters in electing black representatives to Congress is largely in the liberal voting behavior of black representatives, not the value they bring to bill introduction.

¿Qué distingue a la Cámara del Congreso Afroamericana (CCA) de la Cámara Demócrata? ¿Puede la autodistinción hecha por la (CCA) conducir a la introducción de legislaciones que son significativamente diferentes a aquellas de la Cámara Demócrata? ¿Acaso los miembros de la (CCA) se comportan de la misma manera que otros Demócratas con un temperamento ideológico similar? Este artículo busca ubicar el rol de la CCA actual dentro de la Cámara Demócrata. Analizando la introducción de proyectos de ley, concluyo que la CCA es notablemente similar al resto de la Cámara Demócrata, y solo en pequeños detalles hay una diferencia significativa. La representación a través de la CCA garantiza a los constituyentes una mayor probabilidad de que su congresista introducirá legislaciones relacionadas al gobierno, pero no sobre derechos civiles o desarrollo de la comunidad. Por lo tanto, para el electorado negro la importancia de elegir representantes negros para el Congreso es en gran medida en el liberalismo del comportamiento electoral de los representantes afroamericanos y no en su importancia para introducir proyectos de ley.
Single Cell Responses to Spatially Controlled Photosensitized Production of Extracellular Singlet Oxygen
Authors: Pedersen Brian W. , Sinks Louise E. , Breitenbach Thomas , Schack Nickolass B. , Vinogradov Sergei A. , Ogilby Peter R.
Published: June 2011

The response of individual HeLa cells to extracellularly produced singlet oxygen was examined. The spatial domain of singlet oxygen production was controlled using the combination of a membrane‐impermeable Pd porphyrin‐dendrimer, which served as a photosensitizer, and a focused laser, which served to localize the sensitized production of singlet oxygen. Cells in close proximity to the domain of singlet oxygen production showed morphological changes commonly associated with necrotic cell death. The elapsed postirradiation “waiting period” before necrosis became apparent depended on: (1) the distance between the cell membrane and the domain irradiated, (2) the incident laser fluence and, as such, the initial concentration of singlet oxygen produced and (3) the lifetime of singlet oxygen. The data imply that singlet oxygen plays a key role in this process of light‐induced cell death. The approach of using extracellularly generated singlet oxygen to induce cell death can provide a solution to a problem that often limits mechanistic studies of intracellularly photosensitized cell death: it can be difficult to quantify the effective light dose, and hence singlet oxygen concentration, when using an intracellular photosensitizer.
Sun Protecting and Sun Exposing Behaviors: Testing Their Relationship Simultaneously with Indicators of Ultraviolet Exposure Among Adolescents
Authors: Williams Melinda , Caputi Peter , Jones Sandra C. , Iverson Don
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to build on existing understanding of adolescent sun‐related behavior by combining sun protecting and sun exposing behaviors and testing their relationship simultaneously with indicators of ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Data were collected for 692 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years. General linear modeling was undertaken to test the relationship of sun‐related behaviors with indicators of UV exposure. Overall, the combined sun protection and sun exposing behaviors accounted for 13.8% of the variance in the number of sunburns, 28.1% of the variance in current tan and 57.5% of the variance in desired tan, respectively. Results indicated that having a strong desire for a tan was significantly associated with spending time tanning, delaying the use of sun protection, wearing brief clothing and using no sun protection; whereas the number of sunburns was significantly associated with sunscreen use, avoiding peak hours and delaying sun protection. Current tan was significantly associated with wearing sunglasses, shade use and time spent tanning. In examining sun‐related behaviors among adolescents, consideration needs to be given to both sun exposing and sun protecting behaviors. This research has important implications for conceptualizing outcomes in programs designed to reduce UV exposure.
Sources, Characteristics and Effects of Mass Media Communication on Science: A Review of the Literature, Current Trends and Areas for Future Research
Authors: Schäfer Mike S.
Published: June 2011

A significant amount of science coverage can be found nowadays in the mass media and is the main source of information about science for many. Accordingly, the relation between science and the media has been intensively analyzed within the social scientific community. It is difficult to keep track of this research, however, as a flurry of studies has been published on the issue. This article provides such an overview. First, it lays out the main theoretical models of science communication, that is, the ‘public understanding of science’ and the ‘mediatization’ model. Second, it describes existing empirical research. In this section, it demonstrates how science’s agenda‐building has improved, how science journalists working routines are described, how different scientific disciplines are presented in the mass media and what effects these media representations (might) have on the audience. Third, the article points out future fields of research.
Media/Crime/Millennium: Where Are We Now? A Reflective Review of Research and Theory Directions in the 21st Century
Authors: Brown Sheila
Published: June 2011

This paper aims to provide a reflective – and selective – review of key developments in media and crime research and theory from the vantage point of the new century. Writing primarily as a criminologist, though with a background in sociological theory and research, information studies, and cultural analysis, I will seek to identify some of the turning points and questions that emerge from what is a recently rejuvenated and expanding field. For the last decade media/crime research has been able to draw on an exciting array of multi‐disciplinary sources of inspiration in a way that has not happened before, and suggests new – intellectually complex – challenges for future work.
‘My Name is Norval?’: The Revision of Character Names in John Home's Douglas
Authors: McGINLEY KEVIN J.
Published: June 2011

John Home's Douglas has often been analysed as providing an ahistorical and depoliticised image of Scottish culture. However, a look at the textual transformations that Douglas underwent as it was composed, staged and printed provides a stronger focus on the material contexts of the play's textual production. Examining changes that Home made to character names and possible motivations for these changes enables one to perceive how the text of Douglas is closely bound up with the material circumstances in which it is produced, in response to concerns over its reception by different interest groups in different social and cultural contexts.
A New Darwinopterid Pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Western Liaoning, Northeastern China and its Ecological Implications
Authors: LÜ Junchang , XU Li , CHANG Huali , ZHANG Xingliao
Published: June 2011

A new species of Darwinopterus, D. robustodens sp. nov. is described and named. Based on the new specimen, the diagnostic characters of Darwinopterus are amended and include: rostral dentition composed of well‐spaced, spike‐like teeth; the longest teeth are confined to the anterior half of the tooth row; tooth alveoli have raised margins; nasoantorbital fenestra confluent; inclined quadrate; elongate cervical vertebrae with low neural spine and reduced or absent ribs; long tail of more than 20 caudals partially enclosed by filiform extensions of the pre‐ and postzygapophyses; short metacarpus less than 60 per cent length of humerus, fifth toe with two elongate phalanges and curved second pedal phalanx of the fifth toe with the angle between the proximal and distal segments about 130 degrees. The complete specimen of the new pterosaur D. robustodens sp. nov. provides much more osteological information. The differences in tooth morphologies between Darwinopterus modularis and D. robustodens sp. nov. suggest that they filled different ecological niches. The hard integument‐bearing Coleoptera may have been the main food source of Darwinopterus robustodens.
Sumixam maximus gen. and sp. nov., a New Pennsylvanian Species of Archaeorthoptera (Neoptera; Indiana, USA)
Authors: BÉTHOUX Olivier , GROSSMANN Christin
Published: June 2011

A new Mazon‐Creek‐type fossil specimen is described as Sumixam maximus gen. and sp. nov., assigned to the taxon Archaeorthoptera Béthoux and Nel, 2002 (composed of Orthoptera and some fossil relatives): it exhibits one of the diagnostic character states of this taxon, which is the fusion of CuA (emerging from M + CuA) with CuP, or a branch of it. A more precise taxonomic assignment is out of reach. The new taxon exhibits a fusion of the anterior branch of MA with RP, and a point of divergence of MA and MP located near the point of divergence of CuA (from M + CuA), but lack a branching of CuPa. This unique combination of character states is probably derived with respect to a number of contemporaneous species. Sumixam maximus gen. and sp. nov. is most likely the closest known relative of the panorthopterans, which include all the recent Archaeorthoptera.
Measurement and Analysis of Thermal Conductivity of Rocks in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China
Authors: LIU Shaowen , FENG Changge , WANG Liangshu , LI Cheng
Published: June 2011

As a parameter that describes heat transmission properties of rocks, thermal conductivity is indispensable for studying the thermal regime of sedimentary basins, and retrieving high‐quality data of thermal conductivity is the basis for geothermal related studies. The optical scanning method is used here to measure the thermal conductivity of 745 drill‐core samples from the Tarim basin, the largest intermontane basin with abundant hydrocarbon potential in China, and water saturation correction is made for clastic rock samples that are of variable porosity. All the measured values, combined with previously published data in this area, are integrated to discuss the distribution characteristics and major controlling factors that affect the thermal conductivity of rocks in the basin. Our results show that the values of thermal conductivity of rocks generally range from 1.500 to 3.000 W/m·K with a mean of 2.304 W/m·K. Thermal conductivity differs considerably between lithological types: the value of a coal sample is found to be the lowest as being only 0.249 W/m·K, while the values for salt rock samples are the highest with a mean of 4.620 W/m·K. Additionally, it is also found that the thermal conductivity of the same or similar lithologic types shows considerable differences, suggesting that thermal conductivity cannot be used for distinguishing the rock types. The thermal conductivity values of mudstone and sandstone generally increase with increasing burial depth and geological age of the formation, reflecting the effect of porosity of rocks on thermal conductivity. In general, the mineral composition, fabric and porosity of rocks are the main factors that affect the thermal conductivity. The research also reveals that the obvious contrast in thermal conductivity of coal and salt rock with other common sedimentary rocks can induce subsurface temperature anomalies in the overlying and underlying formations, which can modify the thermal evolution and maturity of the source rocks concerned. This finding is very important for oil and gas resources assessment and exploration and needs further study in detail. The results reported here are representative of the latest and most complete dataset of thermal conductivity of rocks in the Tarim basin, and will provide a solid foundation for geothermal studies in future.
Seismic Evidence for Plume and Subducting Slab in West Yunnan, Southwestern China
Authors: HE Chuansong
Published: June 2011

Western Yunnan is located within a gigantic Tethys erogenic zone between Gondwana and Laurasia. Magmatic activity records of the associated Wilson orogenic cycle show that the causes of plate spreading in the region might have been related to sub‐mantle plume. Tectonics, geophysics, sedimentary strata, tectonic evolution of the lithosphere and other research results indicate that there is geological evidence for mantle plume magmatic activities in West Yunnan. Tomography also supports the idea that there is a subducting slab near the Red River fault and an upwelling mantle plume in West Yunnan. Here our research presents seismic evidence for upwelling mantle plume, which is a main cause leading to subducting slab in West Yunnan. The analysis is based on compressional‐to‐shear (P‐to‐S) converted seismic phases, recorded on seismograph stations in the Sichuan‐Yunnan seismic network, and made a study on 410‐km and 660‐km discontinuities, as well as on three sections of CCP stacking.
Chronological Link Between the Abrupt Change of the Loess Grain Size Sequence and the Formation of River Terraces on the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau Since the Late Early‐Pleistocene
Authors: LIU Dongyan , QIAO Yansong , LI Weiran , XIE Ruihuang , PENG Shasha
Published: June 2011

Based on the study of magnetostratigraphy, magnetic susceptibility and grain size of Garzê A section on the southeastern margin of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau since the late early‐Pleistocene, the basal age of Garzê loess is located at ∼1.16 MaBP and a series of abrupt paleoclimatic changes is detected. The times of abrupt changes are of distinct series features, and the interval between each two adjacent abrupt changes is ∼50 kyr or ∼100 kyr. The most significant abrupt changes occur at around 1.06, 0.85, 0.6, 0.46, 0.39 and 0.14 MaBP. There is a chronological link between the abrupt changes of paleoclimate and the formation of river terraces and it is almost simultaneous with a strengthening trend of neotectonic activities. Therefore, maybe the climatic transition controll the timing of terrace formation, and the tectonic uplift originate potential energy and has a direct effect on channel incision, both the climatic transition and the tectonic uplift are important. Terraces are the products of the interaction of instable climatic variations and tectonic uplift. Like the loess‐paleosol sequences, river terrace sequences are also controlled by the climate‐tectonic coupling system and are ruled by climate‐tectonic gyration with a ∼100 kyr paracycle, which may be the short eccentricity period of the earth.
Regulatory enforcement with competitive endogenous audit mechanisms
Authors: Gilpatric Scott M. , Vossler Christian A. , McKee Michael
Published: June 2011

This article adds to the regulatory compliance literature through the theoretical development and experimental testing of two endogenous audit mechanisms that use contemporaneous relative comparisons, based on disclosed information or imperfect signals of compliance effort, to generate a compliance competition among agents. This type of audit mechanism has some advantages over the more widely studied dynamic audit mechanisms that condition an agent's audit probability on past compliance, and provides an alternative explanation for the stylized fact, in many settings, that most agents are compliant most of the time even though audit rates and expected penalties are low.
Paying for observable luck
Authors: Feriozzi Fabio
Published: June 2011

This article examines why CEOs are rewarded for luck, namely for observable shocks beyond their control. I propose a simple hidden action model where the agent has implicit incentives to avoid bankruptcy. After signing the contract, but before acting, the agent observes a signal on future luck. Implicit incentives are weaker after good news, and call for higher pay‐for‐performance sensitivity in good times. As a result, managerial pay is tied to luck. The model is also consistent with recent evidence of asymmetric pay for luck, that is, a larger exposure of managerial pay to good luck than to bad.
Influence of implant abutment angulations on the fracture resistance of overlaying CAM‐milled zirconia single crowns
Authors: Ellakwa A , Raj T , Deeb S , Ronaghi G , Martin FE , Klineberg I
Published: June 2011

Background:  An in vitro study was performed to assess the effect of three implant abutment angulations and three core thicknesses on the fracture resistance of overlaying computer‐aided manufacturing (CAM) milled zirconia (Cercon® system) single crowns.

Methods:  Three groups, coded A to C, with different implant abutment angulations (group A/0°, group B/15° and group C/30° angulation) were used to construct 15 crowns for each angulation. Forty‐five overlay restorations were milled using the Cercon® system with zirconium core thicknesses of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mm using five crowns for each angulation. The final restorations were prepared and stored in distilled water at mouth temperature (37 °C) for 24 hours prior to testing. The restorations were cemented using Temp Bond®. The load required to break each crown and the mode of failure were recorded. All the results obtained were statistically analysed by the ANOVA test (level of significance p < 0.05). Tested crowns were examined using a stereomicroscope at 40X and selected crowns (five randomly selected from each group were further examined by scanning electron microscopy) to reveal the zirconia–ceramic interface and to determine the fracture origin.

Results:  Implant abutment angulations significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the fracture resistance of overlaying CAM‐milled zirconia single crowns. The fracture loads of Cercon® crowns cemented onto abutment preparations with a 30° angulation were the lowest of the groups tested. The core thickness (0.4 to 0.8 mm) did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the fracture resistance of the CAM‐milled zirconia single crowns. SEM showed that the origin of the fracture appeared to be located at the occlusal surfaces of the crowns and the crack propagation tended to radiate from the occlusal surface towards the gingival margin.

Conclusions:  The implant angulation of 30° significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the fracture resistance of overlaying CAM‐milled zirconia single crowns. Reducing the core thickness from 0.8 mm to 0.4 mm did not affect (p > 0.05) the fracture resistance of overlaying CAM‐milled zirconia single crowns.
Oral rehabilitation with dental implants after cancer treatment
Authors: Barrowman RA , Wilson PR , Wiesenfeld D
Published: June 2011

Background:  Patients who undergo surgical management of oral cancer may greatly benefit from an implant‐supported prosthesis. This study reports on the clinical experience of dental implant placement in patients following resection of oral cancer over a 15‐year period. Controversies including the use of dental implants in irradiated tissues, and hyperbaric oxygen treatment will also be discussed.

Methods:  Thirty‐one patients who had dental implants placed as part of their oral rehabilitation between 1992 and 2007 were investigated. Demographic data and factors including implant survival, type of prosthesis provided, radiotherapy and the hyperbaric oxygen therapy were analysed.

Results:  In this retrospective study, there was a retention rate of 110 implants from a total of 115 implants placed. A high rate of implant retention was found, with 5 implant failures from a total of 115 implants placed. The 5 failed implants occurred in free flap bone that had been irradiated.

Conclusions:  Dental implants provide an important role in the oral rehabilitation of oral cancer patients. There may be an increased risk of implant failure in free flap bone that has been irradiated.
Tricalcium silicate induced mineralization for occlusion of dentinal tubules
Authors: Dong Z , Chang J , Deng Y , Joiner A
Published: June 2011

Background:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the dentinal tubule occluding ability of tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5 or C3S) in vitro.

Methods:  Dentine discs were prepared from extracted caries‐free human third molars and etched with 0.02 M citric acid (pH 4) for 3 minutes in order to produce patent dentinal tubules. Tricalcium silicate pastes of different viscosities were applied to the surface of the dentine specimens for 3 minutes and then removed with a swab followed by deionized water rinse. The dentine specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for 7 days. The tubule occlusion, sealing depth and chemical composition of the dentine specimens and bonding force between the dentine matrix and mineralized layer were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis and a nanoscratch test.

Results:  A homogeneous layer of mineral crystals was precipitated onto the dentine surface and caused significant occlusion of the dentinal tubules. The dentine permeability and sealing depth of the C3S increased with the decrease of viscosity of the paste. With a proper viscosity of C3S pastes, the interface between the mineralized layer and the dentine matrix bonded well.

Conclusions:  This study suggests that C3S may be an effective agent for the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity.
The evaluation of bacterial flora in progress of peri‐implant disease
Authors: Sato J , Gomi K , Makino T , Kawasaki F , Yashima A , Ozawa T , Maeda N , Arai T
Published: June 2011

Background:  Cumulative interceptive supportive therapy (CIST) is currently used as a guideline for treating peri‐implant diseases. The objectives of this study were to determine the detection rate and measure the number of periodontopathic bacteria in lesions of different CIST levels and thereby characterize peri‐implant disease from a bacteriological viewpoint.

Methods:  This study included 105 patients who had both residual natural teeth and implants with peri‐implant disease. A total of 105 implants were divided into levels A, B, C and D according to the CIST classification. Bacterial samples were collected from peri‐implant pockets and four periodontopathic bacteria were measured by PCR and PCR‐Invader assay.

Results:  The number of periodontopathic bacteria increased in line with CIST level, and the detection rate was also associated with CIST level. However, no difference was found in the bacterial detection rate of P. gingivalis and T. denticola between CIST‐B and CIST‐C. There was a higher detection rate of all periodontopathic bacteria for CIST‐D.

Conclusions:  The number of periodontopathic bacteria and detection rate increased as peri‐implant disease advanced. However, there were no major differences in the detection rate between CIST‐B and CIST‐C. On the other hand, a higher detection rate of periodontopathic bacteria was seen for CIST‐D.
Maxillary tuberosity fracture: a life‐threatening haemorrhage following simple exodontia
Authors: Bertram AR , Rao ACA , Akbiyik KM , Haddad S , Zoud K
Published: June 2011

Maxillary tuberosity fracture is a potential complication of routine exodontia of posterior maxillary teeth. On rare occasions, such a complication can result in torrential haemorrhage due to the close proximity of significant vessels to the area. We present a case of life‐threatening haemorrhage complicating a tuberosity fracture during simple extraction of a maxillary posterior tooth. The local anatomy of the region is discussed and we provide guidelines for general dental practitioners for the management of the complication of a tuberosity fracture during routine exodontia.
Précis of The Situated Self
Authors: ISMAEL JENANN
Published: June 2011

The riddle posed by the double nature of the ego certainly lies beyond [the limits of science]. On the one hand, I am a real individual man, born by a mother and destined to carrying out real and psychical acts (far too many, I may think, if boarding a subway during an hour). On the other hand, I am “vision” open to reason, a self‐penetrating light, immanent sense‐giving consciousness, or how ever you may call it, and as such unique. (Weyl, Address, 3)
“50 Percent Wasted”: Insights to Improve Packaging Success Rates and ROI
Authors: Young Scott
Published: June 2011

Perception Research Services assesses hundreds of new packaging systems annually and, yes, has found that roughly 50 percent of them succeed and are recommended for introduction. What metrics can you use to gauge the chances of success for yours?
Maximizing Design Investment
Authors: Dawton Deborah
Published: June 2011

The UK's Design Business Association is the only organization that honors effective design on the basis of commercial data. In this way, it hopes to underline the fact that design is an investment and not a cost. Here's how they do it.
Evaluating Design: Understanding the Return on Investment
Authors: Whicher Anna , Raulik‐Murphy Gisele , Cawood Gavin
Published: June 2011

In 2009, a European Commission survey asked about serious barriers to the use of design and received two main answers–lack of understanding of design among policymakers, and lack of knowledge and tools to evaluate the rate of return on design investment. This article provides an overview of current practice in design evaluation.
Measuring Design's Contribution to Business Success: A Three‐Tier Approach
Authors: Viladàs Xènia
Published: June 2011

The central problem of estimating a design investment, and then the return on that investment, revolves around this question: How does one apportion the results of that one project into all the functions that have contributed to it? This author suggests a system that may finally quantify return on design investment.
Cisapride in the prophylaxis of equine post operative ileus
Authors: GERRING E. L. , KING J. N.
Published: June 2011

Cisapride and domperidone were both effective in restoring electrical and mechanical activity, coordination between gastric and small intestinal activity cycles and the stomach to anus transit time in three ponies in which post operative ileus was induced experimentally. Cisapride (0.1 mg/kg bodyweight intramuscularly) for three to eight doses prevented idiopathic post operative ileus in 22 clinical cases requiring colic surgery. The only side effects after cisapride were increased bowel sounds and slight, transient sounds of discomfort. No adverse side effects were seen in 16 cases following anastomosis or enterotomy. Cisapride appears safe and effective in the prophylaxis of equine post operative ileus.
Gastric ulcers in horses: a comparison of endoscopic findings in horses with and without clinical signs
Authors: MURRAY M. J. , GRODINSKY CAROLYN , ANDERSON C. W. , RADUE P. F. , SCHMIDT G. R.
Published: June 2011

Gastroendoscopic examinations were performed on 187 horses, ranging from one to 24 years. Eighty‐seven horses had clinical problems including chronic, recurrent colic for seven or more days (25), one or more episodes of colic within the previous seven days (13), or acute colic (10), diminished appetite (53), poor bodily condition (40), and/or chronic diarrhoea (9). One hundred horses that had no signs of gastrointestinal problems were examined as part of a gastroendoscopic survey. Lesions observed in the squamous fundus, squamous mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus along the greater curvature, glandular fundus, and the squamous mucosa along the lesser curvature were scored on a scale of 0–4, with 0 representing no lesions and 4 representing the most severe lesions. The mean endoscopic scores for the squamous fundus, margo plicatus and lesser curvature were significantly greater (P<0.001) in horses with clinical signs than those without signs. This was because of the greater number of horses with lesions in the symptomatic group (80/87) compared to those without signs (52/100), and the greater severity of lesions in the horses with clinical signs. Of the horses, 74 were in race training. There was a significantly (P<0.01) greater prevalence and severity of lesions at all sites except the glandular fundus in horses in training compared to those not in training, and in the horses in training with clinical signs (n = 37) compared to those in training without clinical signs (n = 37).
A retrospective survey of anaesthesia in horses with colic
Authors: TRIM CYNTHIA M. , ADAMS JENNIFER G. , COWGILL LARI M. , WARD SHERRY L.
Published: June 2011

The purpose of this survey was to identify complications occurring in horses with colic during anaesthesia and recovery from anaesthesia; and to determine any relationships between these complications and drugs used for induction or maintenance of anaesthesia. Two hundred and thirty nine horses were anaesthetised on a total of 250 occasions for colic surgery between January 1985 and May 1987. Of these, 189 recovered from 200 anaesthetic episodes. Most horses received xylazine and guaifenesin with either thiobarbiturate (68 per cent) or ketamine (24 per cent) and anaesthesia was maintained with either halothane (51 per cent), isoflurane (43 per cent), or first halothane then isoflurane (6 per cent). Sixty nine per cent also received an opioid. Hypotension or tachycardia were recorded in 15 and 13 per cent of anaesthesias, respectively. Arterial P02 was less than 13.3 kPa in 17 per cent of 175 anaesthesias. None of these complications was associated with a specific anaesthetic agent. Hypertension was recorded in 11.5 per cent of anaesthesias and occurred more frequently during isoflurane anaesthesia (P<0.05). The mean duration of anaesthesia was 126 mins (range, 50–270 mins), and was not different for horses receiving thiobarbiturate or ketamine, halothane or isoflurane. The time taken to stand after anaesthesia recorded on 149 occasions and was 63 ± 24 mins (range, 15–135 mins). This was not different for the different anaesthetic agents. Horses that were excited or had difficulty standing up during recovery had a significantly longer duration of anaesthesia (165 ± 51 mins) (P<0.05) but no specific anaesthetic agent was involved. Of the 189 horses, 148 (75 per cent) survived and were discharged from the hospital. Horses that did not survive had a significantly increased prevalence of anaesthetic complications, and longer durations of anaesthesia.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the healing of ventral midline abdominal incisions in the horse
Authors: WILSON D. A. , BADERTSCHER R. R. , BOERO M. J. , BAKER G. J. , FOREMAN J. H.
Published: June 2011

Ultrasonography was used to evaluate the ventral midline incisions of 21 ponies following exploratory laparotomy. The incisions were evaluated before surgery and at weekly intervals from one to seven weeks after surgery. Both 5.0 and 7.5 MHz linear array and 7.5 MHz sector transducers were used for the evaluations. The incisional complications observed were drainage, oedema, suture sinus formation, suture abscess, superficial dehiscence and incisional hernia. Ultrasonographic imaging of the ventral midline incision was an easy, reliable and objective method for detecting and monitoring the progression of incisional complications in a non‐invasive manner.
Rectal packing as initial management of grade 3 rectal tears
Authors: BAIRD A. N. , TAYLOR T. S. , WATKINS J. P.
Published: June 2011

Grade 3 rectal tears were created in 14 horses. Epidural anaesthesia was maintained in all horses for 8 h post injury. In seven horses with cotton filled stockinette packing the rectum, neither gross faecal contamination nor progression of the rectal tear occurred. Seven horses without rectal packing developed faecal contamination of the rectal tear with formation of a faeces filled serosal or mesorectal diverticulum.
A study of the effect of isoflurane anaesthesia on equine skeletal muscle perfusion
Authors: GOETZ T. E. , MANOHAR M. , NGANWA D. , GUSTAFSON R.
Published: June 2011

The effects of 1.1, 1.5 and 1.8 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) isoflurane‐02 anaesthesia on skeletal muscle blood flow, 02 delivery and vascular resistance were studied in the non‐dependent region of seven healthy normothermic, isocapnoeic ponies. Muscle blood flow was determined with 15 um diameter radionuclide labelled microspheres that were injected into the left ventricle. Muscle blood flow during anaesthesia was compared to unanaesthetised (control) measurements. Isoflurane administration caused a dose dependent decrease in mean aortic pressure, and skeletal muscle (temporalis, triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis) blood flow. However, in the masseter, triceps brachii at 1.1 and 1.5 MAC, and longissimus dorsi lumborum at 1.1 MAC anaesthesia, blood flow values were not different from the control value. Vascular resistance did not change significantly in any of the muscles with any concentration of isoflurane. With the exception of the masseter muscle, isoflurane anaesthesia also decreased skeletal muscle 02 delivery. There were no significant differences in the muscle parameters studied between the three concentrations of isoflurane. Because skeletal muscle vascular resistance was unchanged throughout the study, it is possible that there may be an interference of ‘autoregulation’ in the skeletal muscle vascular beds of isocapnoeic ponies during isoflurane‐02 anaesthesia.
Cost analysis for reimbursement-rate setting of hospital pharmaceutical services in Thailand
Authors: Riewpaiboon Arthorn , Kumluang Suthasinee ,   Pharmacy Cost Study Group
Published: June 2011

Objectives

This study aimed to develop a hospital pharmaceutical service model, together with a costing template for unit cost analysis and to analyse unit costs of hospital pharmaceutical services.

Methods

The study was designed on the basis of activity-based costing. A model of the services was set up by consensus of the working group. Pharmaceutical services among the study hospitals were standardised. A Microsoft Excel-based costing template was developed. Finally, the costing template was used for the unit cost analysis. Sensitivity analysis and descriptive statistics were used for further analysis.

Key findings

Four general and seven regional hospitals participated in the study. Hospital pharmaceutical services were divided into nine supporting activities and nine patient-service activities. Unit costs of drug dispensing per prescription by regional hospitals were approximately double that of general hospitals. In contrast, the cost of aseptic dispensing per item in regional hospitals was lower than those in general hospitals. In comparing the unit costs from standard labour costs with those from actual labour costs, both increases and decreases were found.

Conclusions

Costing and the use of Microsoft Excel can be applied to the development of a costing template for unit cost analysis of hospital pharmaceutical services. This programme can provide accurate unit costs for services. The results can be used when considering pharmacy service reimbursement, efficiency and service development.
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) and the origins of psychology as an experimental and social science
Authors: Farr Robert M.
Published: June 2011

Some of the inadequacies and inaccuracies in the historical accounts of Wundt's life and work which are currently available in English are identified and discussed. The reasons which led Wundt to separate his social from his experimental psychology are examined in some detail and the nature and significance of his Völkerpsychologie (1900–1920) is briefly reviewed. Attention is drawn to Wundt's influence on the development of social sciences other than psychology with special reference being made to his influence on Durkheim and to the nature of the relationship between his Völkerpsychologie and the social psychology of G. H. Mead.
The emergence of social psychology in Vienna: An exercise in long‐term memory*
Authors: Jahoda Marie
Published: June 2011

For the reconstruction of the past eyewitnesses are as important as they are suspect. What happened, what one thought and felt more than half a century ago, is, in part, irrevocably lost; what remains alive in memory are kaleidoscopic, discontinuous and egocentric images. What really happened appeared differently to different participants even then; all the more so now. Going beyond the images to a coherent presentation requires a contemporary reconstruction, inevitably influenced by intervening events, by the well‐known vicissitudes of long‐term memory (selectivity, importation, distortion and repression), and by the purpose of a presentation. My aim here is to describe the atmosphere of those long‐ago years as faithfully as I can. Two other accounts of the emergence of an empirically based social science in Vienna had somewhat different intentions. Paul Lazarsfeld (1968), the dominant mind in this development, and Hans Zeisel (1968) have recalled these early beginnings in relation to their own subsequent work and achievements. The following remarks are complementary to theirs. Since they take off from memory images, they will inevitably be less systematic and more personal than theirs, though there are, of course, considerable overlaps as well as some differences in interpretation.
Strategic use of preference confirmation in group decision making: The role of competition and dissent
Authors: Toma Claudia , Gilles Ingrid , Butera Fabrizio
Published: June 2011

The present research investigates the moderating role of goal interdependence and dissent on individual preference confirmation in hidden‐profile tasks. We propose that preference confirmation can be used strategically to deal with competition and dissent likely to arise in group decision making. In two studies, participants first received incomplete information about a car accident investigation, and then read a fictitious discussion with two other participants containing full information. The interaction with the fictitious participants was presented either as cooperative or competitive. We predicted and found preference confirmation to be higher in competition than cooperation, when initial preferences were dissenting (Studies 1 & 2), but to be higher in cooperation than in competition, when initial preferences were consensual (Study 2). Also, the increased versus decreased preference confirmation in competition with, respectively, dissent and no dissent were found to be predicted by self‐enhancement strategies (Study 2). These findings contribute to a better understanding of the boundary conditions of preference confirmation in hidden profiles and shed a new light on the role of motivated information processing in these tasks.
Novel events in the molecular regulation of muscle mass in critically ill patients
Authors: Constantin Despina , McCullough Justine , Mahajan Ravi P. , Greenhaff Paul L.
Published: June 2011

Non‐technical summary A clinical trait of critically ill patients following trauma, surgical complications and/or sepsis is the presence of a marked skeletal muscle wasting, which severely compromises muscle function, especially the respiratory muscles, and clinical outcomes such as morbis, mortality and the length of hospitalization. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this are largely unresolved. In this paper we provide novel and interesting translational data that show how the muscle mass is regulated during critical illness. The present observations also show that the muscle signalling pathways are not only important for the size of muscle mass, but could also play a significant role in the whole body glucose control. This is extremely important and relevant to the clinical setting as uncontrolled blood glucose concentrations in critically ill patients impact on clinical outcome. From a clinical perspective, the present data suggest therapeutic strategies to preserve muscle mass and metabolic function in critical illness.
Alternative splicing determines mRNA translation initiation and function of human K2P10.1 K+ channels
Authors: Staudacher Kathrin , Baldea Ioana , Kisselbach Jana , Staudacher Ingo , Rahm Ann‐Kathrin , Schweizer Patrick A. , Becker Rüdiger , Katus Hugo A. , Thomas Dierk
Published: June 2011

Non‐technical summary The resting membrane potential of excitable cells such as neurones and cardiac myocytes depends on the distribution of potassium ions across the cell membrane. Specialized membrane proteins called K2P10.1 ion channels pass potassium ions and stabilize membranes of excitable cells at hyperpolarizing potentials below the threshold for action potential firing. Alternative mRNA translation initiation (ATI) contributes to K2P10.1 protein diversity: Ribosomal synthesis of K2P10.1 channel proteins harbouring different N‐terminal domains initiated from two downstream mRNA start codons regulates K2P10.1 function. We now demonstrate that splicing determines translation start sites of human K2P10.1 mRNA via recombination of short nucleotide signalling sequences preceding the first start mRNA codon, revealing a novel biological mechanism. Our study suggests that tissue‐specific K2P10.1 ion channel mRNA splicing and translation initiation determines the resting membrane potential and contributes to electrophysiological plasticity of neuronal and cardiac cells.
A Numerical Investigation into Residual Stress Characteristics in Laser Deposited Multiple Layer Waspaloy Parts
Authors: Kamara A. M. , Marimuthu S. , Li L.
Published: June 2011

This paper reports an investigation into the residual stress generated with the laser direct metal deposition (LDMD) process and particularly that which arises from the deposition of a multiple-layer wall of Waspaloy on an Inconel 718 substrate. These Ni-based superalloys possess excellent strength and creep resistance at relatively high temperatures. These are attributes contributing to their extensive utilization in various applications in modern industry and particularly in the aerospace sector. Depending on its magnitude and nature (i.e., whether tensile or compressive), the residual stress generated in the combined use of these materials in an LDMD process affect interfacial bonding and structural integrity during the process, and it can also cause unpredicted in-service failures. Prediction of its distribution in the deposited structure is vital toward enhancing process optimization that could lead to its control. Using the ANSYS finite element package, this study investigated the residual stress characteristics in a 6 mm wide and 14 mm high Waspaloy wall that was built from the deposition of 20 layers each consisting of 6 parallel tracks. The predicted results were validated by published experimental data and showed very good agreement. The results indicated that irrespective of the position in the height of the wall, the stress along the length of the wall oscillates about a stress-free state. Along the height of the wall, the stress was found to vary with position. The wall is near stress-free close to the substrate, while, at positions close to the free surface, the stress was uniaxially tensile. The largely tensile stress in the beam scanning direction in the deposited wall increases with number of layers while the stress in the build-up direction in the wall is close to zero.