bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interrater Agreement on the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS)
Authors: Kurokawa Nancy K. S. , Weed Nathan C.
Published: March 2007

The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) is a 48-item self-report inventory designed to measure three basic coping styles: Task Oriented, Emotion Oriented, and Avoidance Oriented coping. The psychometric properties of this inventory are promising, but CISS scores have not yet been shown to reflect behavioral variation in response to stress. This study was designed as a first step toward this end by examining the relationship between selfand peer-report on the CISS. One hundred and sixty-three pairs of friends completed the CISS, a peer form of the CISS, and a friendship questionnaire. Positive but modest correlations were found for each construct. Higher correlations were obtained when comparing scores across forms completed by the same informant, indicating that examinees believe their friends cope as they do themselves. Actual friend similarity was apparent only on Avoidance Oriented coping. Neither depth of relationship nor item observability moderated peer-self agreement.
Factor Structure of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Middle-Aged Men and Women
Authors: Forgays Deborah Kirby , Spielberger Charles D. , Ottaway Scott A. , Forgays Donald G.
Published: March 2007

Recently, Forgays, Forgays, and Spielberger (in press) reported the first exploratory factor analysis of the total 44-item State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) by gender. The analyses were based on a sample of over 700 male and female university students and identified quite well six of the original STAXI scales and subscales. In addition, a seventh factor, "Feel-Like-Expressing-Anger," emerged for women. In the present study, we examined the STAXI responses from a middle-aged adult population. Exploratory factor analyses replicated the majority of the original structure of the STAXI measure including a Feel-Like-Expressing-Anger factor for men and women. In addition, we employed confirmatory factor analyses and cross-validation procedures to test the validity of Spielberger's (1988) AHA! model. Based on these procedures, we found (a) that a seven-factor model provided a better fit than a six-factor solution for each gender and (b) evidence of robust gender differences for two factors: Feel-Like-Expressing Anger and State Anger. These gender differences are consistent with the social costs for anger expression in women and the social benefits for men.
Personality Subtypes, Coping Styles, Symptom Correlates, and Substances of Choice among a Cohort of Substance Abusers
Authors: Quirk Stuart W. , McCormick Richard A.
Published: March 2007

To explore the use of normal personality measures in clinical populations, we investigated the usefulness of the Five-Factor personality domains measured by the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) in identifying subtypes among a cohort of 3,256 substance abusers. Three groups were reliably identified across clustering methods and the groups differed in reported coping style, psychopathological symptoms, and pattern of substance choice. The largest differences between group members' personality dimensions were found for measures of neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Members of groups characterized by elevated levels of neuroticism demonstrated low levels of conscientiousness and agreeableness. The more extreme the group members' levels on these personality dimensions, the higher their reported levels of depressive symptoms, aggressive/hostile cognitions, impulsiveness, maladaptive coping styles, and likelihood of abusing more than one substance. Results support the use of measures of normal domains of personality in identifying meaningful subtypes of substance abusers.
MMPI-A Patterns Related to the Endorsement of Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Archer Robert P. , Slesinger David
Published: March 2007

This study focused on the relationship between the occurrence of specific Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) basic scale profile patterns and the frequency of endorsement of three items related, in varying degrees, to suicide ideation (MMPI-A Items 177, 283, and 399). The research sample consisted of adolescents (n = 348) with diagnoses of depression, conduct disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Significant relationships were found for the overall MMPI-A basic scale profile, several MMPI-A single scale high points, and specific two-point codetype groupings. Findings revealed higher basic clinical scale profiles for those adolescents endorsing suicidal ideation. Further results revealed lower frequencies of item endorsement for spike 4 and spike 9 profiles, and higher item endorsement frequencies for Scale 2, Scale 8, and for the two-point codetypes of 4-8/8-4, 8-919-8 and 6-8/8-6. Issues are discussed related to the clinical usefulness and limitations of the MMPI-A in the assessment and prediction of suicidal ideation and behavior in adolescents.
Internal and Temporal Reliability Estimates for Informant Ratings of Personality Using the NEO PI-R and IAS
Authors: Kurtz John E. , Lee Patricia A. , Sherker Jennifer L.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the internal consistency and temporal stability of informant ratings from two widely used instruments for normal personality assessment, the revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and the Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS). Wellknown adult targets were selected by 109 undergraduate students and rated on two occasions separated by a 6-month interval. With few exceptions, estimates of internal consistency are adequate to good for both instruments. NEO PI-R domain scores yield coefficient alphas ranging from .89 to .96, with a median of .80 for the 30 facet scales. 1AS octant scales show coefficient alphas ranging from .83 to .92. Retest Pearson correlations are above .70 for each of the NEO PI-R domain scores and both IAS axis coordinates, and intraclass correlations are above .60 for all scales from both instruments. Score changes were small but statistically significant for three of the five NEO PI-R domains at retest. The retest stability of IAS type classifications varies as a function of the extremity of the associated octant scores.
Review : Single-Cell mRNA Amplification: Implications for Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
Authors: Eberwine James , Crino Peter , Dichter Marc
Published: March 2007

The application of molecular biological techniques to the study of single cells has provided a unique window for exploring the mechanisms that underlie integrated cellular function. Analysis of gene expression in indi vidual cells of the central nervous system is critical to understanding how distinct cell populations with differing chemical and anatomic phenotypes respond to pharmacological agents or are altered in disease states. Quantification of mRNA by single-cell analysis gives a high-resolution picture of changes in gene expression within individual cells, whereas more conventional types of mRNA analysis may obscure subtle changes in gene expression because of a lack of change in surrounding cells that are included in the mRNA sample. In addition, the sensitivity for detecting low levels of mRNA is enhanced when individual versus groups of cells are analyzed. With the advent of various mRNA amplification strategies, it is now possible to determine the mRNA composition or "expression profile" of individual cells. Information about relative levels of different mRNAs, the subcellular localization of mRNAs, and insight into cell-specific RNA splicing and RNA editing can be obtained. When these molecular data are combined with electrophysiological, morpho logical, immunohistochemical, and anatomical analyses, a detailed portrait of neuronal functioning can be obtained. Moreover, alterations in cellular functioning induced by physiological manipulation, drug adminis tration, or disease state can be monitored by combining these approaches. This precise cellular information may be useful in developing pharmaceuticals designed to alter mRNA levels or protein levels in a predictable manner (transcript-aided drug design) to elicit specific physiological states. The Neuroscientist 1:200-211, 1995
Axon Resealing: Filling in the Holes
Authors: Fern Robert
Published: March 2007

When a nerve fiber is transected, the proximal stump must reseal before the processes of axon sprouting and axon regrowth can begin. Studies have shown that the open end of a cut axon rapidly constricts as the intracellular compartment becomes exposed to Ca 2+ and other ions in the extracellular fluid. Until recently, it was thought that a functional seal was subsequently produced by fusion of the axon membrane at the point of con striction. Such an event, however, has never been observed. In contrast to this simple hypothesis, a recent study indicates that the cut ends of squid and earthworm giant nerve fibers only partially close after transection, leaving significant holes that prevent functional resealing. In the giant myelinated axon of the earthworm, the hole is plugged by densely packed vesicles made within the axon shortly after transection. Because earthworm giant axons, like mammalian axons, are capable of regrowing after transection, this phenomena may provide a model of nerve fiber resealing in mammals. The Neuroscientist 1:253-254, 1995
REVIEW ■ : Regulation of Gene Expression by Neural Signals
Authors: Hyman Steven E.
Published: March 2007

Regulation of gene expression by extracellular signals is a ubiquitous biological mechanism controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, homeostasis, and adaptation to the environment. This article will focus on one set of issues within the broad topic of regulated gene expression: mechanisms by which neurotransmitters and neural activity regulate genes within the mature nervous system. The regulatory actions of growth factors, cytokines, and other types of extracellular signals are complex matters deserving separate review. This article proceeds from a basic overview of transcriptional regulation to a more specific discussion of the actions of two families of transcriptional regulators, the CREB family and the AP-1 family. These families of proteins are discussed because they play a central role in the regulation of gene expression by neurotransmitters and also because they exemplify many general principles of extracellular signal-regulated gene expression. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:217-224, 1996
Review : The Neurobiological Basis of Anxiety and Fear: Circuits, Mechanisms, and Neurochemical Interactions (Part I
Authors: Charney Dennis S. , Grillon Christian , Bremner J. Douglas
Published: March 2007

There have been tremendous advances in our knowledge of the neurobiological basis of human anxiety and fear. This review seeks to highlight how specific neuronal circuits, neural mechanisms, and neuromod ulators may play a critical role in anxiety and fear states. It focuses on several brain structures, including the amygdala, locus coeruleus, hippocampus, and various cortical regions and the functional interactions among brain noradrenergic (NE), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA). Particular attention is directed toward results that can lead to a better understanding of the constellation of the symptoms associated with two of the more severe anxiety disorders, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the persistence of traumatic memories, and the effects of stress, particularly early life adverse experiences, on brain function and clinical outcome. NEUROSCIENTIST 4: 35-44, 1998
Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis: A New Tool for Psychiatric Genetics
Authors: Brodkin Edward S. , Nestler Eric J.
Published: March 2007

This update provides a brief overview of the principles underlying quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis and of the usefulness of this analysis as a new tool for psychiatric ge netics. We review the criteria by which inbred rodent strains are chosen for QTL analysis; the various breeding protocols that may be used in QTL analysis; the principles underlying the phenotyping and genotyping of animals; the statistical analysis by which genetic loci are identified; and, finally, the challenge of discovering the specific genes within the identified loci that affect the trait of interest. QTL analysis offers promise for advancing our understanding of the genetics of mammalian behavior and, ultimately, of the etiology of psychiatric disorders. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:317-323, 1998
■ REVIEW : Computer Models of Stroke Recovery: Implications for Neurorehabilitation
Authors: Lytton William W. , Stark Jeanne M. , Yamasaki Dawayne S. , Sober Samuel J.
Published: March 2007

The persistence of cortical plasticity in the adult can help explain functional recovery after stroke. Computer modeling tools developed to explain the process of early development of sensory systems can be extended to help us relate cortical plasticity to both behavior and to underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. Computer modeling results suggest a two-phase recovery process, involving immediate alterations in activity patterns caused by the loss of the infarcted neurons ("dynamic plasticity"), followed by true plastic changes as the new activity alters synaptic weights between neurons. Recognition of these two phases suggests that timing of physiotherapy and pharmacotherapy may play an important role in their efficacy. NEURO SCIENTIST 5:100-111, 1999
Gene Expression in Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation
Authors: Dudek Serena M. , Fields R. Douglas
Published: March 2007

Recent work on hippocampal LTP has focused on gene expression induced with high frequency stimulation, as well as the signal transduction cascades responsible for the induction of these genes. Many scenarios for LTP lasting for greater than 5 hours include some or all of the following processes: 1) tagging of potentiated synapses, possibly by phosphorylation; 2) signaling to the nucleus; 3) kinase cascades and transcription factors in the nucleus;, 4) expression of immediate-early genes and/or synaptic proteins; and, finally, 5) targeting of newly synthesized proteins (or RNAs) to the potentiated synapses (and not to the unpotentiated synapses). Unfortunately, most scenarios proposed for the late-phase expression of LTP are still highly speculative at this time. A critical review of the literature relating to the role of gene expression in hippocampal LTP and a discussion of recent work on the subject will be presented. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:275-279, 1999
Dopaminergic Dysfunction in Parkinsonism: New Lessons from Imaging
Authors: Marek Kenneth
Published: March 2007

In recent decades, identification of the dopaminergic deficit in Parkinson's disease has spawned an explo sion of research in the molecular neurobiology of the basal ganglia. In vivo imaging has provided a tool to bridge developments in basic neuroscience and clinicial neurology. Imaging studies have opened a unique window on the neurochemical pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease and more specifically on the onset, progression and physiology of the degenerative process. As we are poised on the brink of new protective and restorative therapies for Parkinson's disease, the potential of imaging to teach us about in vivo brain neurochemistry offers both promise and challenge. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:333-340, 1999
Methodological Challenges in Research with Vulnerable Families
Authors: Horowitz June Andrews , Ladden Maryjoan D. , Moriarty Helene J.
Published: March 2007

Researchers studying vulnerable families can face formidable impediments. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of methodological challenges commonly encountered in research with vulnerable family units or members and to suggest problem-solving strategies. The following issues are examined: (a) obstacles to identifying, accessing, recruiting, and retaining vulnerable families as research participants; (b) responsibilities of researchers concerning unanticipated health care crises, informed consent, and participant and researcher safety; and (c) issues in training clinicians as research team members. Examples are drawn from the literature as well as from family and family-related research studies conducted by the authors that involve both quantitative and qualitative designs, along with various family situations.
The Family Health System Approach to Family Systems Nursing
Authors: Anderson Kathryn Hoehn
Published: March 2007

This article explores the Family Health System (FHS) approach, which offers a holistic perspective in examination, assessment, and care delivery for families. It demonstrates that other theoretical models can be integrated to offer family systems nursing in comprehensive assessment and care delivery to families with health issues. Two phenomena are described: the assessment of families using the FHS approach to determine areas of concern and strengths according to the five realms of family health, and the development of a nursing care plan documenting family outcomes and family nursing interventions. The goals of this methodology include improved family health or well-being, family management of illness conditions or transitions, and achievement of health outcomes related to the family areas of concern. A case example is presented to demonstrate the FHS approach to advanced practice family nursing care.
Post-Breast Cancer Lymphedema and the Family: A Qualitative Investigation of Families Coping With Chronic Illness
Authors: Radina M. Elise , Armer Jane M.
Published: March 2007

The number of women who experience breast cancer is increasing. Meanwhile there have been improvements in technologies used for detection and intervention. As a result, more women are living as breast cancer survivors who are now dealing with issues of quality of life related to the aftereffects of treatments. For about one third of women who have treatments involving the removal of and/or irradiation of the axillary lymph nodes, secondary lymphedema of the arm is likely to develop. We take a qualitative approach to investigating how lymphedema affects these women and their families in terms of task completion and family functioning. The Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response (FAAR) Model is used to interpret findings. These indicate that families who are more flexible in modifying daily tasks and who have preexisting resources for coping with stressors have more positive outcomes than do those families who are rigid and cope with stressors poorly.
The Family Assessment Measure III Dyadic Relationships Scale: Comparative Psychometric Evaluation of the French and English Versions
Authors: Polomeno Viola , Goulet Celine , Harel Franqois
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this article are to present the reliability and validity analyses of the French version of the Family Assessment Measure III Dyadic Relationships Scale (DRS) and to compare its psychometric properties with the English version. The assessment offamilyfunctioning remains an immense challenge for both family researchers and clinicians. The availability of instruments in several languages is of the utmost importance to advance cross-cultural research. The DRS was used to measure family functioning from the perspective of the pregnant woman. Analyses from principal component analysis with varimax rotation (N = 271) reveal that the DRS contains two components with 21 items within each component instead of the proposed seven subscales. One component represents the positive side of the dyadic relationship; the other represents the negative. Though the DRS demonstrates both internal consistency and stability reliability, the involvement subscale has lower stability results. Issues relating to the use of the raw score or the standard score in the classification of normalfamily processes are addressed. Both the French and English versions of the DRS have similar reliability and validity qualities. We believe that the DRS can be used for research purposes to measure family functioning; however, the internal theoretical structure of the instrument needs to be reconceptualized.
The Meaning of Launching a Child
Authors: Jezek Kenda K.
Published: March 2007

Phenomenological inquiry resulted in a description of midlife mothers' lived experience of launching a child. The purposive sample comprised 14 midlife mothers who had launched a child within 5 months to 3 years of the interview. Data were elicited through interviews and analysis proceeded in a manner suggested by Colaizzi (1978). Criteriafor scholarly rigor were demonstrated. Salient theme clusters included (1) the mother's own launching, (2) maturational imperative, (3) the breaking of the branch, (4) letting go, (5) family ties, and (6) a mother's metamorphosis. Launching spans a prolonged developmental period of mother and child and involves the child's progression through a series of events eventually culminating in his or her adult status. However, events are merely the external markers of launching. Launching is more precisely an internal process achieved through considerable pain, which paradoxically leads to a mother's sense of rebirth.
Grief-An Invitation to Inertia: A Narrative Approach to Working with Grief
Authors: Moules Nancy J. , Amundson Jon K.
Published: March 2007

Grief is a complex, compelling, and profound life experience that is a normal and healthy response to the death of a significant other. Personal experiences of grief, when juxtaposed against the cultural and health care discourses that see grief as a process that eventually results in a resolution characterized by the absence of grieffeelings, can sponsor constraining and limiting experiences of life after loss. A narrative approach offers one wayfor nurses and other health care professionals to view grief and grief's possible "problem" states. Narrative invites the bereaved into seeing and storying their experiences in a more accepting and facilitative fashion. This article outlines a narrative approach to a particular problem state found in grief: a problem state of inertia. Implicationsforfamily nursing are discussed.
Report: Science in an Uncertain Millennium
Authors: ROGERS CAROL L.
Published: March 2007

More than 140 scientific symposia, a number of plenary and topical lectures, an award ceremony and other special events, poster sessions, and exhibits were only some of the activities that drew several thousands scientists, engineers, policymakers, and others interested in science, as well as hundreds of science journalists, to Washington, D.C., 17-22 February 2000, for the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Included in this report are some highlights of the meeting.
Rationality and Use of Information in Policy Decisions
Authors: RICH ROBERT F. , OH CHEOL H.
Published: March 2007

In the field of knowledge acquisition, dissemination, and utilization/impact, few studies have examined the appropriateness of rational actor theories as a theoretical framework. Rather, the rational actor perspective has been simply taken for granted as a relevant analytical tool for explaining the use of information in policymaking. This article singles out one major set of assumptions imbedded in rational actor theories, those dealing with information acquisition and processing in individual decisionmaking, and empirically examines to what extent the assumptions are realistic. It then puts forward an organizational interest and a communications perspective as alternative explanations for information processing in individual and organizational decisionmaking. The findings of this article show that decisionmakers' behavior does not conform to the assumptions put forward by the rational actor theorists. Instead, the organizational interest perspective is far more promising in accounting for the actual behavior of individuals in processing information in making policy decisions.
Report: Building the Future through Science, Engineering, and Technology
Authors: ROGERS CAROL L.
Published: March 2007

From 15-20 February 2001, several thousand scientists, engineers, and others interested in science plus several hundred science journalists gathered in San Francisco for the 2001 Annual Meeting and Science Innovation Exposition of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Included in this report are some of the highlights of the meeting.
Misplaced Faith
Authors: PRIEST SUSANNA HORNIG
Published: March 2007

Science communicators and the broader scientific community often expect media information campaigns to mold attitudes about science and technology in predictable ways. But resistance to technology is not always based on ignorance, and the ability of media-based education to directly shape opinions is actually quite limited. This article uses data from a recent U.S. national survey on opinions about biotechnology to argue that trust in institutional actors is a bigger factor than genetic knowledge in predicting encouragement for specific applications of biotechnology. The results have implications for the practice of science, as well as for the practice of science communication.
Notions of Validity in Qualitative Research Methodology
Authors: Ratcliffe John W.
Published: March 2007

This essay has two objectives. The first is to argue, from both philosophical and empirical perspectives, that all approaches to inquiry are inherently qualitative in nature. The second is to demonstrate that the evolution of inquiry systems has progressed through five distinct stages, each of which can be distinguished by a particular set of assumptions and procedures that inform the inquiry process. Each evolutionary stage also possesses its own characteristic guarantor of validity, that is, a key rule or set of rules meant to insure that the given approach to inquiry indeed measures that which it purports to measure. Implications for knowledge creation and utilization are discussed in some detail.
Analyzing What Change Facilitators Do
Authors: Hall Gene E. , Hord Shirley M.
Published: March 2007

The data base from a series of qualitative and quantitative field studies of the implementation of educational innovations has been used to develop an Intervention Taxonomy. In the Intervention Taxonomy, various levels of interventions have been identified and defined. In subsequent research, this intervention classification system has been used to analyze the interventions made by school principals and other changefacilitators. One outcome of this application was further refinement of the Intervention Taxonomy level definitions and development of an initial conceptual framework. In the conceptual framework, hypotheses about the interrelationships between the various categories and levels of interven tions are explored. The refined Intervention Taxonomy and the conceptualframework are presented in this article.
Implementation of a Curriculum Innovation in Australian Schools
Authors: Marsh Colin J.
Published: March 2007

Using Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM) procedures, the author studied the implementation of a new geography curriculum m public and private secondary schools in one Australian state. The results indicated that the majority of geography teachers had attained "routine"levels of use but that few were mvolved in collaborating with others or experimenting with alternatrves to produce more effective levels of implementation. The data highlight the need for carefully differentiated staff development programs.
The Multiple and Ambiguous Roles of Professionals in Public Policymaking
Authors: Knott Jack H.
Published: March 2007

The policy literature contains two conflicting views of the role of professionals in public policymaking. One view sees professionals as relatively noninfluential because decision makers ignore professional knowledge and professionals do not tailor their research to practical policy concerns. The other view depicts professionals as dominating the policy process through professional "issue networks" in and out of government that have replaced the old, special-interest pressure groups. The analysis presented here accepts neither of these views as adequately portraying the professional role in policymaking. Rather, professionals play multiple roles in the policy process, making it difficult to delimit a singular pattern of professional influence. To develop a more differentiated concept of professional roles, the article examines the different forms of knowledge employed by professionals, the different kinds of professionals involved in policy, and the political contexts in which professionals make policy decisions Illustrations of these different professional roles are taken from previous studies of economic and budgetary decisions making in the United States and West Germany.
Income Maintenance Experimentation and Welfare Policy
Authors: Rogers James M.
Published: March 2007

The Seattle and Denver income maintenance experiment culminated the most ambitious policy analytic experiment undertaken in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. After 12 years of research and $110 million spent, the Carter Administration sat down to reform welfare policy with the initial experimental findings in hand. Its experience underscores the difficulty of using analysis for policymaking when the policy arena exhibits high value conflict. In such contexts analysis becomes primarily a symbolic or forensic tool that has little impact on policy. Value conflict and several dimensions of individual belief systems—development and intensity—mediate the utilization and impact of analysis. Regardless of the effect of analysis on policy, it generally influences the decision process, shapes thinking, legitimates partisan positions, and is a vehicle for substantial material gain. All of these impacts of analysis are relevant to the conceptualization and understanding of ulilization.
Participation and Indigenous Knowledge in Rural Development
Authors: Awa Njoku E.
Published: March 2007

Much has been written about the role of "participation " in rural development (e g , Uphoff & Esman, 1974; Cohen & Uphoff, 1977; Creighton, 1981, Esman & Uphoff, 1984; Salmen, 1987). Some writers have focused on program design, others on program planning and implementation, and still others on evaluation, but all acknowledge the value of a broadly participatory development strategy in intervention programs There has been little empirical work, and even less agreement, on what constitutes 'participation " in the development enterprise; nonetheless, most practitioners believe that indigenous knowledge is crucial to the success of most such enterprises This article examines the relationship between participation and indigenous knowledge and the role of the latter in rural development.
Research and Practice
Authors: Klein Susan S.
Published: March 2007

Knowledge synthesis is an important strategy for helping educators benefit from federal and other investments in research and development. This article describes federal R&D efforts to make more effective use of knowledge syntheses. It concludes with research-based "Guidelines for Knowledge Synthesis in Education" formatted as a checklist to help educators in the development and evaluation of synthesis documents.
Response
Authors: Kennedy Mary M.
Published: March 2007

This paper uses changes in smoking behavior as an example of a highly successful dissemination effort. It analyzes the nature of changes that have occurred and the dissemination activities that contributed to those changes and then tries to draw out implications for educational disseminators. It argues that educational disseminators spend too much time disseminating techniques and not enough time disseminating ideas.
Influence of the Public on a Scientific Revolution
Authors: Gregory Geoff
Published: March 2007

The course of research into sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is traced. In the early 1970s there was a revolution in the underlying philosophy of the research community working on SIDS. This coincided with both a marked change in composition of this community and a large injection of funds for research resulting from political action by public pressure groups of SIDS parents. Reciprocal influences of knowledge creation and diffusion, on the one hand, and public communication and political action, on the other, are described. It is concluded that this scientific revolution was greatly influenced by pressure from the public. Researchers and public were carried along by shared optimism about the usefulness of breathing momtors in their research and as a SIDS preventive, respectively. However, subsequent research doubts about the relevance of monitors to SIDS have not been so readily accepted by the public but have tended to make researchers cautious over further public comment while not destroying their faith in a respiratory pathway for SIDS.
Charting the Education Dissemination System
Authors: Klein Susan S. , Gwaltney Margaret K.
Published: March 2007

This article uses comparcsons to the transportation system to draw attention to the need for more effective federal leadership in the dissemination of education knowledge. The authors chart the current education dissemination system by discussing the dissemination functions of "spread" or proactive sharing often through public information vehicles, "choice" or responsive dissemination as carried out by libraries and clearinghouses, "exchange" or interactive dissemination, includingfeedbacksystems, and "implementation" or knowledge use. The authors view the chart as lacking coordination among federal discretionary Programs (such as compensatory and special education) and the more general purpose education dissemination Programs (such as the ERIC, the Regional Educational Laboratories, and the National Diffusion Network). The conclusion contains suggested goals and operating principles to use in developing a national education dissemination system that would be orchestrated by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement in the U.S. Department of Education.
Systems of Organization and Allocation of National Resources for Scientific Research
Authors: Weiss Charles , Passman Sidney
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes the science policies offive countries with free-market economies (the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, the Republic of Korea, and the United States of America) that have successfully applied science and technology to increase their industrial competitiveness in world markets. The article describes the historical and cultural differences affecting how resources for pure and applied research have been organized and allocated, and it details the different ways in which government intervention is used to increase the contribution of research to technological competitiveness. It poses lessons for decision makers wanting to modify their own country's approach to science policy, especially those of the new market economies of Eastern Europe. Detailed descriptions of each country studied are given in appendixes.
The Leadership Role of the U.S. Department of Education in Creating and Supporting a National Education Dissemination System
Authors: Miles Matthew B. , Haughey Charles F.
Published: March 2007

This overview of federal dissemination efforts over the last 30 years introduces a set of articles intended to stimulate thinking about certain basic issues of dissemination of education research knowledge and the roles that the federal government can play in that dissemination. The overview traces some of the history of federal dissemination efforts in education to provide a context in which to consider the articles that follow, especially their attention to the main ideas underlying federal dissemination planning for education.
Disseminating Research Information to Multiple Stakeholders
Authors: Blasiotti Ellen Liberti
Published: March 2007

The U.S. Department of Education is considering the development of a uniform dissemination system for its component bureaus. The National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR), although a part of the Department, is more closely tied to medical research and less involved with the traditional state and local education audiences of the other parts of the department. This article describes lessons learned by NIDRR in its various dissemination activities that might be useful to an overall system.
Implicit Models of Social Knowledge Use
Authors: Boggs James P.
Published: March 2007

Many studies tacitly view social knowledge use as a transaction between knowledge producers (social scientists) and decision makers (bureaucratic managers, judges), thus framing analysis within an implicit bipolar model of use. Although rarely explicit, such models do entail choices at different levels; they entail (1) methodological choices, (2) conceptual choices regarding how one will view social science's role in public decision making, and (3) choices among broader social philosophies. The choices at each level involve scientific as well as ethical judgments. This article explores an approach to evaluating such judgments. Suggestions for a broader definition of applied social science as praxis emerge from the analysis.
Contemporary Art as Aesthetic Innovation
Authors: Lievrouw Leah A. , Pope Janice T.
Published: March 2007

As a model of the creation and dissemination of knowledge, diffusion of innovation theory should be as applicable to the emergence of new art and artists as it is to new tehcnologies and scientific discoveries. However, the art world has rarely been used as a context for the study of the communication of new ideas, either by sociologists of art seeking to understand its social structures, or by communication scholars concerned with the movement of information within social networks. Therefore, in this article we explore the applicability of the diffusion model to communication processes in art, with a special emphasis on wheter contemporary artwork fits the characteristics of an aesthetic innovation.
A Multimethod Analysis of Knowledge Use in Social Policy
Authors: HUTCHINSON JANET R.
Published: March 2007

Several large-scale studies focusing on the use and non-use of social science research have reported findings supporting the view that knowledge is socially constructed and based on the knower's experience and interpretation of events. However, the methods on which these findings are based are incongruent with the constructivist perspective the researchers espouse. The results of the multimethod approach demonstrate that it has greater explanatory power, as evidenced by the increased coefficient of determination (R2) when traditional and constructivist methods are combined.
Plant Breeders' Rights in Latin America
Authors: VAN WIJK JEROEN , JAFFÉ WALTER
Published: March 2007

Many Latin American countries are currently introducing intellectual property protection legislation for plant varieties. This process is the result both of foreign pressure and of domestic demands from firms which aim at enhanced participation in global technological cooperation. This article concludes that the introduction of plant breeders' rights legislation may improve access to those plant genetic resources which are concentrated with foreign private firms. However, exploitation of these resources may be restricted by the right holder, especially when it substitutes for existing exploitation in the main (foreign) markets.
The Contribution of Longitudinal Studies for Understanding Science Communication and Research Utilization
Authors: TYDÉN THOMAS
Published: March 2007

Any estimate of the extent and impact of communication between scientists and practitioners is fraught with methodological problems, especially for application to the social sciences. In medicine and in the natural and physical sciences, research utilization can sometimes be measured by the actual use of different techniques. But the word “utilization” implies some association to instruments and tools and, for social science research, utilization can be more complex, varying from modification (knowledge creep), nonuse, or whole use, to use of the results in a different way than the sender intended. This article describes a longitudinal, in-depth study of municipal-level environmental and health officers in Sweden, showing that there is more communication between practitioners and the world of research than other studies imply.
Supplemental Insurance: Medicare’s Accidental Stepchild
Authors: Atherly Adam
Published: March 2007

The majority of Medicare beneficiaries supplement the basic Medicare benefit package with additional insurance. This article reviews the literature on Medicare supplemental insurance. Supplemental insurance plays a significant role in protecting Medicare beneficiaries from financial risk. The two major sources of coverage for beneficiaries—former employers and individual purchase—differ in benefit structure and characteristics of policy holders. Employer-sponsored policies tend to provide broader coverage with more cost sharing than individually purchased policies, and holders of employer policies tend to be younger, wealthier, healthier, and better educated. Supplemental insurance policies have been shown to be associated with higher Medicare expenditures, but there is no consensus on the cause of the higher expenditures. Some studies attribute the increase to adverse selection of policies; other studies point to the moral hazard effect of insurance.
CEO Perceptions of Competition and Strategic Response in Hospital Markets
Authors: Alexander Jeffrey A. , Burns Lawton R. , Morrisey Michael A. , Johnson Victoria
Published: March 2007

Physician-organization integration (POI) has emerged as a key issue for hospitals and health systems seeking to improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of care. Although competition and managed care are often cited as primary market drivers of the adoption of POI strategies, prior research has shown only weak associations between these market attributes and POI. This article argues that the role of key organizational decision makers has not been adequately accounted for in explaining strategic change. The study examines the role of hospital CEO perceptions of competition in predicting the adoption of five different approaches to POI. CEO perceptions of general market competition are explained by a combination of market and organizational attributes. Furthermore, when controlling for objective characteristics of the environment and organization, CEO perceptions of competition have consistent, statistically significant associations with four of five measures of POI examined.
Changing Patterns of Physician Services Utilization in Ontario, Canada, and their Relation to Physician, Practice, and Market-Area Characteristics
Authors: Hurley Jeremiah , Woodward Christel , Brown Judy
Published: March 2007

In both the United States and Canada, the environment in which physicians practice is becoming increasingly constrained. The understanding of how physicians respond to economic incentives is still relatively crude. In this article, the authors use physician-specific data for physicians in four specialties in the province of Ontario, Canada, to examine utilization trends during the 1983-1990 period and relate these utilization changes to physician, practice, and market-area characteristics. The analysis of trends in utilization reveals marked variation across specialties in the degree of change, its distribution among physicians within each specialty, and the way in which utilization growth was achieved. The physician, practice, and market-area characteristics explained a substantial amount of variation in the levels of utilization across physicians and over time; they were less able to explain year-to-year changes in utilization.
The Relationship between Familism and Child Maltreatment in Latino and Anglo Families
Authors: Coohey Carol
Published: March 2007

Familism, or familismo, refers to attitudes, behaviors, and family structures operating within an extended family system and is believed to be the most important factor influencing the lives of Latinos. Because of the complexity of the construct, this article begins by separating out and defining each dimension of familism, and then clarifies its relationship to the broader literature on social networks, social support, and child maltreatment. The analysis tests whether each dimension of familism is related to child maltreatment within and between 35 abusive Latino, 35 nonabusive Latino, 51 abusive Anglo, and 51 nonabusive Anglo families. Nonabusing Latinas appear to have a higher level of familism than the other three groups of mothers. However, when intraethnic comparisons were made, nonabusive Anglos, compared with abusive Anglos, had higher levels of familism on several variables. Hence, familism seems to characterize families—Latino and Anglo—who do not maltreat their children.
Subgroup Differences in the Modus Operandi of Adolescent Sexual Offenders
Authors: Kaufman Keith L. , Hilliker Daniel R. , Daleiden Eric L.
Published: March 2007

The current investigation examined the predictability of adolescent sexual offenders' modus operandi based upon differences in victim, perpetrator, and offense characteristics. Questionnaires regarding modus operandi and history of victimization were completed by 179 male adolescent sexual offenders. Subgroups of perpetrators were delineated based upon their history of sexual abuse, as well as the gender, age, and relatedness of offenders' child victims. Results indicated that a history of sexual abuse was related to the selection of male victims and younger victims. Furthermore, subgroups of offenders differed significantly in the strategies they employed to build victims' trust, gain compliance with illicit sexual activity, and maintain victims' silence following the onset of sexual abuse. Implications are discussed for child sexual abuse theory and prevention, as well as for victim and offender treatment.
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: An Intensive Dyadic Intervention for Physically Abusive Families
Authors: Urquiza Anthony J. , McNeil Cheryl Bodiford
Published: March 2007

A designated priority in the field of child maltreatment is the development of empirical approaches for treating abusive families. This article describes parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), an intervention that has been shown to be effective for helping parents manage young children with severe behavioral problems. The potential application of this treatment program to the child maltreatment field is examined by (a) providing a social learning perspective to explain the development and stability of some physically abusive parent-child relationships, (b) outlining the effectiveness of PCIT with similar populations, and (c) discussing the unique benefits that PCIT may offer the field of child maltreatment. The limitations of PCIT with physically abusive families are also discussed.
Pharyngeal Perforation as a Manifestation of Child Abuse
Authors: Reece Robert M. , Arnold James , Splain James
Published: March 2007

Three cases of inflicted hypopharyngeal perforation, an unusual manifestation of child physical abuse, are presented here. The extant literature on abusive pharyngeal injuries is reviewed with a discussion of the features that distinguish inflicted from unintentional etiologies. A glossary of medical terminology is provided at the end of the article.
Writing the "Wrongs" of Fieldwork: Confronting Our Own Research/ Writing Dilemmas in Urban Ethnographies
Authors: Fine Michelle , Weis Lois
Published: March 2007

Inspired by Laurel Richardson's (1995) call for "writing stories," the authors of this essay struggle with how to produce scholarly texts drawn from narratives of over 150 poor and working-class men and women—White, African American, Latino, and Asian American. They unveil a set of knotty, emergent ethical and rhetorical dilemmas they have encountered in their attempt to write for, with, and about poor and working-class informants at a time when their lives and moralities are routinely maligned in thepopular media; when the very problematic policies that may once have "assisted" them are being abandoned; and when the leverage of and audience for progressive social researchers and policy makers has grown foggy, and weak in the knees. Writing with a desire to create a conversation about ethics, writing, and qualitative research, the authors worry about the contemporary role of qualitative social researchers.