bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving biodiversity monitoring
Authors: LINDENMAYER DAVID B. , GIBBONS PHILIP , BOURKE MAX , BURGMAN MARK , DICKMAN CHRIS R. , FERRIER SIMON , FITZSIMONS JAMES , FREUDENBERGER DAVID , GARNETT STEPHEN T. , GROVES CRAIG , HOBBS RICHARD J. , KINGSFORD RICHARD T. , KREBS CHARLES , LEGGE SARAH , LOWE ANDREW J. , MCLEAN ROB , MONTAMBAULT JENSEN , POSSINGHAM HUGH , RADFORD JIM , ROBINSON DOUG , SMALLBONE LISA , THOMAS DAVID , VARCOE TONY , VARDON MICHAEL , WARDLE GLENDA , WOINARSKI JOHN , ZERGER ANDRE
Published: October 2011

Effective biodiversity monitoring is critical to evaluate, learn from, and ultimately improve conservation practice. Well conceived, designed and implemented monitoring of biodiversity should: (i) deliver information on trends in key aspects of biodiversity (e.g. population changes); (ii) provide early warning of problems that might otherwise be difficult or expensive to reverse; (iii) generate quantifiable evidence of conservation successes (e.g. species recovery following management) and conservation failures; (iv) highlight ways to make management more effective; and (v) provide information on return on conservation investment. The importance of effective biodiversity monitoring is widely recognized (e.g. Australian Biodiversity Strategy). Yet, while everyonethinksbiodiversity monitoring is a good idea, this has not translated into a culture of sound biodiversity monitoring, or widespread use of monitoring data. We identify four barriers to more effective biodiversity monitoring in Australia. These are: (i) many conservation programmes have poorly articulated or vague objectives against which it is difficult to measure progress contributing to design and implementation problems; (ii) the case for long‐term and sustained biodiversity monitoring is often poorly developed and/or articulated; (iii) there is often a lack of appropriate institutional support, co‐ordination, and targeted funding for biodiversity monitoring; and (iv) there is often a lack of appropriate standards to guide monitoring activities and make data available from these programmes. To deal with these issues, we suggest that policy makers, resource managers and scientists better and more explicitly articulate the objectives of biodiversity monitoring and better demonstrate the case for greater investments in biodiversitymonitoring. There is an urgent need for improved institutional support for biodiversity monitoring in Australia, for improved monitoring standards, and for improved archiving of, and access to, monitoring data. We suggest that more strategic financial, institutional and intellectual investments in monitoring will lead to more efficient use of the resources available for biodiversity conservation and ultimately better conservation outcomes.
Community mental health nurses, caseloads, and practices: A literature review
Authors: Happell Brenda , Hoey Wendy , Gaskin Cadeyrn J.
Published: October 2011

Deinstitutionalization, and more recently, earlier discharges from psychiatric inpatient units, have created and intensified the need for case management in community mental health. Nurses have been at the forefront of providing this case management. This literature review provides a synthesis of research and policy on the contribution of mental health nurses to community case management. The focus of this review is on the proportion of case management that mental health nurses undertake, the caseloads of case managers, and the interventions that mental health nurses most frequently perform in the community. The professional compositions of mental health case management workforces have been associated with economic imperatives, professional priorities, and the choice of case management models. The influence of mental health nurses in the case management workforce is particularly strong in the UK and Australia, but less so in the USA where social workers and people without mental health qualifications perform similar roles. Although heavy caseloads seem to be common among case managers, the research in this area is quite weak. The interventions that mental health nurses perform most often include case management (e.g. coordinating care), counselling, and medication management. Caring for the physical health of consumers might often be overlooked.
Cutaneous afferent input does not modulate motor intracortical inhibition in ageing men
Authors: Smith Ashleigh E. , Ridding Michael C. , Higgins Ryan D. , Wittert Gary A. , Pitcher Julia B.
Published: October 2011

Afferent input has been shown to be a powerful modulator of cortical inhibition. Such modulation is likely to be important for the control of ongoing movement, but may also play a role in facilitating neuroplastic reorganisation. Human motor control and neuroplasticity both decline with ageing, whereas the efficacy of short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) appears not to. We examined if ageing alters the efficacy of afferent modulation of SICI. Previously, electrical cutaneous stimulation of a finger has been shown to reduce SICI in the motor cortices of young adults. Paired‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess SICI in the cortical representation of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. SICI was assessed separately under two conditions: with and without prior afferent input from electrical cutaneous stimulation of the index finger. Fifteen ‘young’ (20.1 ± 2.1 years) and 15 ‘old’ male humans (65.5 ± 3.9 years) were studied. SICI did not differ when young and old males were compared. However, when preceded by electrical cutaneous finger stimulation, SICI was reduced in young men but not old men. Reflex testing indicated preservation of the afferent volley to the cortex. These findings suggest that a contributing factor in the decline of motor function, and possibly neuroplasticity, with ageing is loss of SICI modulation, probably due to altered cortical sensorimotor integration of afferent input.
Opposite function of dopamine D1 and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors in striatal cannabinoid‐mediated signaling
Authors: Daigle Tanya L. , Wetsel William C. , Caron Marc G.
Published: October 2011

It is well established that the cannabinoid and dopamine systems interact at various levels to regulate basal ganglia function. Although it is well known that acute administration of cannabinoids to mice can modify dopamine‐dependent behaviors, the intraneuronal signaling pathways employed by these agents in the striatum are not well understood. Here we used knockout mouse models to examine the regulation of striatal extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling by behaviorally relevant doses of cannabinoids. This cellular pathway has been implicated as a central mediator of drug reward and synaptic plasticity. In C57BL/6J mice, acute administration of the cannabinoid agonists, (−)‐11‐hydroxydimethylheptyl‐Δ8‐tetrahydrocannabinol (HU‐210) and delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC), promoted a dose‐ and time‐dependent decrease in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in dorsal striatum. Co‐administration of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist N‐(Piperidin‐1‐yl)‐5‐(4‐iodophenyl)‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide(AM251) with HU‐210 prevented ERK1/2 inactivation, indicating a requirement for activation of this receptor. In dopamine D1 receptor knockout animals treated with HU‐210, the magnitude of the HU‐210‐dependent decrease in striatal ERK1/2 signaling was greater than in wild‐type controls. In contrast, HU‐210 administration to N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor knockdown mice was ineffective at promoting striatal ERK1/2 inactivation. Genetic deletion of other potential ERK1/2 mediators, the dopamine D2 receptors or β‐arrestin‐1 or ‐2, did not affect the HU‐210‐induced modulation of ERK1/2 signaling in the striatum. These results support the hypothesis that dopamine D1 receptors and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors act in an opposite manner to regulate striatal CB1 cannabinoid receptor signal transduction.
Anticipation of meals during restricted feeding increases activity in the hypothalamus in rats
Authors: Verhagen Linda A. W. , Luijendijk Mieneke C. M. , de Groot Jan‐Willem , van Dommelen Linda P. G. , Klimstra Anne G. , Adan Roger A. H. , Roeling Tom A. P.
Published: October 2011

Rats exposed to timed restricted meals develop anticipation of food. They increase their activity levels in the hours preceding food access; this has been described as food‐anticipatory activity (FAA). In the present study, we show the involvement of regions of the hypothalamus [arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) and lateral hypothalamus] in the early development of FAA in rats exposed to the activity‐based anorexia (ABA) model. We thereby used two different paradigms, rats exposed to the ABA model (ABA‐normal) and rats exposed to the same restraint in food access but on a random feeding schedule (ABA‐random). The latter group of rats were not able to anticipate food. We found a strong correlation between the expression of food anticipation measured by running‐wheel activity and Fos expression levels in the DMH of ABA‐normal rats, whereas no correlation was found in ABA‐random rats. In contrast, in the randomly fed ABA rats only, a strong negative correlation was found between the neuronal activity in the hypothalamic area and the percentage body weight loss. Interestingly, these results imply that anticipation of meals during food restriction more strongly affects activation in the hypothalamus than negative energy balance alone. We conclude that during the early stages of development of FAA, the DMH plays a role in anticipation of food during periods of negative energy balance.
The role of GLP‐1 mimetics and basal insulin analogues in type 2 diabetes mellitus: guidance from studies of liraglutide
Authors: Barnett A. H.
Published: November 2011

In people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the incretin effect is reduced, but the recent advent of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 agonists/analogues has enabled restoration of at least some of the function of the incretin system, with accompanying improvements in glycaemic control. Two GLP‐1 receptor agonists/analogues are currently approved for the treatment of T2DM—exenatide (Byetta®, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN, US) and liraglutide (Victoza®, Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark); a once‐weekly formulation of exenatide (Bydureon®, Eli Lilly & Co.) has also been approved by the European Medicines Agency. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has recently published guidance on the use of liraglutide in T2DM, based on evidence from the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD) Phase III trial programme, which compared liraglutide with existing glucose‐lowering therapies, such as exenatide and insulin glargine. The LEAD programme reported HbA1c reductions from 0.8 to 1.5% with liraglutide (1.2 and 1.8 mg), accompanied by low rates of hypoglycaemia and some weight loss; side effects were primarily gastrointestinal in nature (e.g. nausea and diarrhoea). Based on the findings of the LEAD studies and the NICE recommendation, liraglutide now represents an important therapy widely available in the UK for certain patient groups, including those with a body mass index (BMI) ≥35.0 kg/m2, and patients with a BMI <35 kg/m2 who are considered unsuitable for insulin and are failing to meet targets for glycaemic control with oral agents. NICE guidelines still suggest that most patients without considerable obesity (BMI <35 kg/m2) are probably best managed using insulin therapy. Evidence also suggests a future role for GLP‐1 mimetics in combination with basal insulin.
Adiponectin elevation by telmisartan ameliorates ischaemic myocardium in zucker diabetic fatty rats with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Rinaldi B. , Di Filippo C. , Capuano A. , Donniacuo M. , Sodano L. , Ferraraccio F. , Rossi F. , D'Amico M.
Published: November 2011

Aim: This study investigated whether telmisartan, a selective angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist and gamma peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR‐γ) partial agonist, reduces myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome.

Methods: Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats were treated for 3 weeks with telmisartan at doses of 2, 7 and 12 mg/kg/day. After treatment, rats were subjected to a 25‐min occlusion of the left descending coronary artery followed by 2‐h reperfusion (I/R).

Results: Telmisartan reduced the extension of the infarct size in a dose‐dependent fashion and decreased the levels of plasma troponin I, a specific marker of myocardial damage. Telmisartan also caused a dose‐dependent increase in adiponectin both in plasma and cardiac tissue of infarcted ZDF rats. These levels were minimally increased (p < 0.05 vs. vehicle) by telmisartan 7 mg/kg/day and reached the maximum values with the highest dose of 12 mg/kg/day (p < 0.01 vs. vehicle). In contrast, within the infarcted tissue telmisartan decreased the expression of markers of inflammation such as the transcription factor NF‐κB, the toll‐like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 as well as TNF‐α cytokine. Nitrosative stress was maximal in vehicle‐treated infarcted hearts as evidenced by increased expression of iNOS, which was almost abolished after treatement with telmisartan.

Conclusions: Treatment of ZDF rats for 3 weeks with telmisartan, a dual angiotensin II receptor antagonist and partial PPAR‐γ receptor agonist, resulted in a significant reduction of myocardial damage induced by I/R and was assocciated with increased adiponectin and a decrease in inflammatory markers.
Use of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and adjustable gastric banding for suboptimally controlled diabetes in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong S. K. H. , Kong A. P. S. , So W. Y. , Tsung B. Y. S. , Yau P. Y. P. , Chan J. C. N. , Ng E. K. W.
Published: November 2011

Bariatric surgery has recently been considered as an option for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We assessed the effect of laparoscopic gastric banding and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in a cohort of 39 T2DM Chinese patients with body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m2. Their mean body weights and BMI before surgery were 108 kg and 40 kg/m2, respectively, and 18 patients (46%) had suboptimal diabetic control (HbA1c >7%). After a mean follow‐up of 27 months, 4 of 11 insulin‐dependent patients (36%) were able to stop their insulin therapy, and 18 patients (46%) achieved remission of T2DM (HbA1c <6.5% without the use of medication). Glycaemic control remained poor in only nine other patients (27%). Logistic regression analysis showed that a short history of T2DM and high BMI could predict remission of diabetes after restrictive procedures. Our results suggest that restrictive surgery can significantly improve glycaemic control in obese T2DM patients.
Death rate of residents with diabetes in nursing homes
Authors: Gadsby R. , Barker P. , Sinclair A.
Published: November 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 829–830 (2011)
Development of Big Five Domains and Facets in Adulthood: Mean‐Level Age Trends and Broadly Versus Narrowly Acting Mechanisms
Authors: Soto Christopher J. , John Oliver P.
Published: November 2011

Data from a cross‐sectional sample (N = 601 men and women) and a longitudinal sample (N = 125 women) were used to test hypotheses about the development of Big Five domains and facets from early adulthood through middle age. Analyses of mean‐level age trends indicated that overall Agreeableness and Conscientiousness increased with age and that several facets showed distinctive trends that replicated across the samples. Cross‐sectional analyses of trait intercorrelations and covariances indicated that interrelations between the Big Five domains, and between their more specific facets, were quite similar at older versus younger ages. Finally, longitudinal analyses of individual‐level changes indicated that (a) different people's personalities changed in markedly different ways; (b) these changes were predominantly independent, rather than correlated, across Big Five domains; and (c) the pattern of change correlations between Big Five facets could be explained by the facets’ interrelations at the first assessment time. Taken together, these results suggest that a complete understanding of personality development requires consideration of facet‐level traits and that adult personality development is predominantly influenced by narrowly acting mechanisms that each affect a single Big Five domain, or a small cluster of related facets, rather than by broadly acting mechanisms that simultaneously affect previously independent traits.
Toward a Tripartite Model of Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Carbonneau Noémie , Vallerand Robert J. , Lafrenière Marc‐André K.
Published: November 2011

Intrinsic motivation (IM) refers to engaging in an activity for the pleasure inherent in the activity. The present article presents a tripartite model of IM consisting of IM to know (i.e., engaging in an activity to experience pleasure while learning and trying to understand something new), IM toward accomplishment (i.e., engaging in an activity for the pleasure experienced when attempting task mastery), and IM to experience stimulation (i.e., engaging in an activity for feelings of sensory pleasure). The tripartite model of IM posits that each type of IM can result from task, situational, and personality determinants and can lead to specific types of cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes. The purpose of this research was to test some predictions derived from this model. Across 4 studies (Study 1: N = 331; Study 2: N = 113; Study 3: N = 58; Study 4: N = 135), the 3 types of IM as well as potential determinants and consequences were assessed. Results revealed that experiencing one type of IM over the others depends in part on people's personality styles. Also, each type of IM was found to predict specific outcomes (i.e., affective states and behavioral choices). The implications of the tripartite model of IM for motivation research are discussed.
Reconciling MacCormick: Constitutional Pluralism and the Unity of Practical Reason
Authors: WALKER NEIL
Published: November 2011

This article begins by assessing the ways in which the life and work of Neil MacCormick exemplified a dual commitment to the local and particular—especially through his advocacy of nationalism—and to the international and the universal. It then concentrates on one of the key tensions in his work which reflected that duality, namely the tension between his longstanding endorsement of constitutional pluralism—and so of the separate integrity of different “local” constitutional orders—and his belief in some kind of unity, and so community, residing in the moral and rational properties of all law. The article continues by considering a number of ways in which this tension may be resolved. It concludes, with particular reference to MacCormick's late work on ethics, that the answer may be found through the idea of a general unity of practical reason which undergirds the various special orders of practical reason by which particular legal systems are distinguished.
Who is Afraid of Radical Pluralism? Legal Order and Political Stability in the Postnational Space*
Authors: KRISCH NICO
Published: November 2011

Constitutional pluralism has become a principal model for understanding the legal and political structure of the European Union. Yet its variants are highly diverse, ranging from moderate “institutional” forms, closer to constitutionalist thinking, to “radical” ones which renounce a common framework to connect the different layers of law at play. Neil MacCormick, whose work was key for the rise of constitutional pluralism, shifted his approach from radical to institutional pluralism over time. This paper reconstructs the reasons for this shift—mainly concerns about political stability that also underlie many others' skepticism vis‐à‐vis radical pluralist ideas. It then seeks to show why such concerns are likely overdrawn. In the fluid, contested space of postnational politics, a common, overarching frame is problematic as it might inflame, rather than tame, tensions. Leaving fundamental issues open along radical pluralist lines may help to work around points of highly charged contestation and provide opportunities for resistance from less powerful actors.
Legislative Intent inLaw's Empire*
Authors: EKINS RICHARD
Published: November 2011

This article considers Dworkin's influential argument against legislative intent in chapter 9 ofLaw's Empire. The argument proves much less than is often assumed for it fails to address the possibility that the institution of the legislature may form and act on intentions. Indeed, analysis of Dworkin's argument lends support to that possibility. Dworkin aims to refute legislative intent in order to elucidate his own theory of statutory interpretation. That theory fails to explain plausibly legislative action. Dworkin's argument does not refute legislative intent but instead suggests there is reason to think that the legislature is capable of intentional action.
Modelling and Predicting Temporal Frequency of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Cases in Countries with Endemic Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Choi Young Ku , Johnson Wesley O. , Jones Geoff , Perez Andres , Thurmond Mark C.
Published: November 2011

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects a variety of cloven-hoofed animals. It spreads rapidly and results in considerable economic loss for agriculture in regions where the disease occurs. The main objective of this study is to develop statistical models that will reasonably predict temporal FMD case counts in endemic regions or countries, and which will also perform well under sporadic epidemic phases that increase FMD counts beyond background endemic circumstances. We used FMD data from Iran to develop correlated data models for predicting the number of FMD cases at future times and to assess the statistical importance of risk factors for increased frequency of FMD. Model selection and validation are accomplished by using the deviance information criterion and the mean absolute prediction error.
A Versatile Method for Confirmatory Evaluation of the Effects of a Covariate in Multiple Models
Authors: Pipper Christian Bressen , Ritz Christian , Bisgaard Hans
Published: October 2011

Modern epidemiology often requires testing of the effect of a covariate on multiple end points from the same study. However, popular state of the art methods for multiple testing require the tests to be evaluated within the framework of a single model unifying all end points. This severely limits their use in applications where there are different types of end point, e.g. binary, continuous or time to event. We use an asymptotic representation of parameter estimates to combine multiple models without additional constraints. This result enables the use of established tools for multiple testing to provide a fine-tuned control of the overall type I error in a wide range of epidemiological experiments where in reality no other useful alternative exists. The methodology proposed is applied to a multiple-end-point study of the effect of neonatal bacterial colonization on development of childhood asthma.
Group Testing in Heterogeneous Populations by Using Halving Algorithms
Authors: Black Michael S. , Bilder Christopher R. , Tebbs Joshua M.
Published: October 2011

Group (pooled) testing is often used to reduce the total number of tests that are needed to screen a large number of individuals for an infectious disease or some other binary characteristic. Traditionally, research in group testing has assumed that each individual is independent with the same risk of positivity. More recently, there has been a growing set of literature generalizing previous work in group testing to include heterogeneous populations so that each individual has a different risk of positivity. We investigate the effect of acknowledging population heterogeneity on a commonly used group testing procedure which is known as ‘halving’. For this procedure, positive groups are successively split into two equal-sized halves until all groups test negatively or until individual testing occurs. We show that heterogeneity does not affect the mean number of tests when individuals are randomly assigned to subgroups. However, when individuals are assigned to subgroups on the basis of their risk probabilities, we show that our proposed procedures reduce the number of tests by taking advantage of the heterogeneity. This is illustrated by using chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening data from the state of Nebraska.
Early‐stage cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease and the influence of dopamine replacement therapy
Authors: Miah I. P. , Olde Dubbelink K. T. , Stoffers D. , Deijen J. B. , Berendse H. W.
Published: October 2011

Background and purpose:  The aim of this study was to establish the cognitive profile of newly diagnosed untreated (de novo) patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and more advanced, treated patients, and to determine the effects of dopamine (DA) replacement therapy.

Methods:  A cohort of 23 de novo patients, 55 mild to moderately advanced, medicated PD patients and 21 healthy controls participated. Cognitive tests included the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders and a battery of neuropsychological tests taken from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery and the Vienna Test System.

Results:  De novo patients with PD were more impaired in working memory strategy use than healthy controls and treated patients with PD. Furthermore, the generation of random motor behaviour was more impaired in both de novo and treated PD patients than in healthy controls. Correlation analysis revealed that in treated patients with PD, ascending doses of dopaminergic medication were associated with poorer performance on a pattern recognition task.

Conclusion:  Selective impairments in strategy use and the generation of random motor behaviour are a very early feature of PD and might be of predictive value in further frontal cognitive deterioration. Furthermore, DA replacement therapy seems to improve frontal lobe function (strategy use) and worsen temporal lobe function (visual memory).
Long‐pulsed Nd : YAG laser: does it give clinical benefit on the treatment of resistant telangiectasia?
Authors: Lee J.H. , Na S.Y. , Choi M. , Park H.S. , Cho S.
Published: November 2011

Background  Long‐pulsed Nd : YAG laser has been used in treating larger and deep‐seated leg veins.

Objective  This study investigated the effectiveness and safety of long‐pulsed Nd : YAG laser to treat alae nasae and nasal tip telangiectasia.

Methods  Twelve patients were evaluated in a prospective IRB approved study. They had a history of previous unsatisfactory treatments with pulsed dye laser and/or intense pulsed light for their telangiectases on alae nasae and tip (4–12 times, average 5.8 times). All patients underwent a single treatment session using long‐pulsed Nd : YAG laser. Photographic images were taken. At 12‐week follow‐up, two independent physicians evaluated the percentage of vessels cleared, and patients were asked to rate their satisfaction with the procedure.

Results  Five men and seven women were enrolled (aged 43 ± 5.8 years). Total clearance of vessels was 78.3%. The number of vessels in diameter of 0.1 mm was reduced by 61.1% and that of vessels in diameter of 0.2–0.3 mm decreased by 92.2% on the average at 12‐week follow‐up. Eleven of 12 patients were very satisfied with the clinical results. One patient rated as ‘satisfied’ due to hyperpigmentation after the treatment, which improved at 12‐week follow‐up.

Conclusion  Long‐pulsed Nd : YAG laser can be considered as another effective and safe treatment modality for stubborn telangeictasia even on face, if applied cautiously.
Interpersonal Sources of Conflict in Young People with and without Mild to Moderate Intellectual Disabilities at Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood
Authors: Larkin P. , Jahoda A. , MacMahon K. , Pert C.
Published: November 2011

Background  Interpersonal conflict is a source of stress and contributes to poor mental health in people with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities. Understanding the contexts in which conflict typically occurs can better equip services to help people with such difficulties. However, existing studies into the contexts of conflict have included participants with wide‐ranging ages and may not reflect the experiences of young adults in particular.

Materials and Methods  Twenty‐six young adults (16–20 years) with intellectual disabilities and 20 non‐disabled young adults completed a semi‐structured interview about a recent experience of interpersonal conflict. Participants were asked to describe their beliefs and feelings about the event and their subsequent response.

Results  Participants with intellectual disabilities were more likely to encounter conflict with strangers or peers outside their friendship group and to describe incidents of aggression than non‐disabled participants. They were also more likely to characterize the other person globally as ‘bad’ and to perceive the other’s actions as being personally directed at them. Young women with intellectual disabilities were less likely to describe responding aggressively to incidents.

Conclusions  Findings suggest that young adults with intellectual disabilities are often the target of overt aggression from those outside their inner social sphere, while their non‐disabled peers are more likely to experience conflict with people close to them. Young adults with intellectual disabilities may also be more likely to feel victimized by interpersonal conflict. Implications of these findings and limitations of the study are discussed.
Relationship of brines in the Kinnarot Basin, Jordan‐Dead Sea Rift Valley
Authors: MÖLLER P. , SIEBERT C. , GEYER S. , INBAR N. , ROSENTHAL E. , FLEXER A. , ZILBERBRAND M.
Published: October 2011

Element ratios and water stable isotopes reveal the presence of only two independent deep brines in the Kinnarot Basin, Israel: the evaporite dissolution brine of Zemah‐1 and the inferred Ha’on mother brine (HMB) with low and high Br/Cl ratios, respectively. HMB is considered to be a representative of the Late Pliocene evaporated Sedom Sea. The freshwater‐diluted evaporation brine emerges as Ha’on brine on the eastern shore of Lake Tiberias and is also identified in the pore water of lake sediments. HMB is converted into Tiberias mother brine (TMB) by dolomitization of limestones and alteration of abundant volcanic rocks occurring along the western side of the lake. The Ha’on and Tiberias brines, both characterized by high δD and δ18O values, are similar in Na/Cl and Br/Cl ratios but are dissimilar in Br/K ratios because these brines were subjected to different degrees of interactions with rocks and sediments. Excepting the brine from KIN 8, all brines from the Tabigha area including the nearby off‐shore Barbutim brine are related to the TMB. The brine KIN 8 and all brines from the Fuliya and Hammat Gader areas are related to the HMB. The brine encountered in wildcat borehole Zemah‐1 is generated by halite‐anhydrite/gypsum dissolution and is independent from the HMB system.
Nation‐freezing: images of the nation and the migrant in citizenship packages
Authors: SUVARIEROL SEMIN
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT.New nationalism differs from classical nationalism in terms of its content and focus. Whereas classical nationalism distinguishes itself from other nation‐states in defining its national identity, new nationalism distinguishes the ‘native’ national identity from that of its current and prospective citizens of migrant origin. The terms of integration thus become conditions of membership in the national community. Citizenship and integration policies emerge as central arenas where the discourse of new nationalism unfolds. This study looks into the discourses of cultural citizenship by studying the content of the official ‘citizenship packages’ – materials designed to welcome newcomers and assist them in their integration – in three Western European countries: The Netherlands, France and the UK. What images are depicted of the nation‐state and the migrant in citizenship packages, and (how) do these images freeze the nation?
Religion and nationalism: four approaches*
Authors: BRUBAKER ROGERS
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT.Building on recent literature, this article discusses four ways of studying the relationship between religion and nationalism. The first is to treat religion and nationalism, along with ethnicity and race, asanalogousphenomena. The second is to specify ways in which religion helpsexplainthings about nationalism – its origin, its power or its distinctive character in particular cases. The third is to treat religion aspartof nationalism, and to specify modes of interpenetration and intertwining. The fourth is to posit a distinctively religiousformof nationalism. The article concludes by reconsidering the much‐criticised understanding of nationalism as a distinctively secular phenomenon.
Inhibition of NADPH oxidase promotes alternative and anti‐inflammatory microglial activation during neuroinflammation
Authors: Choi Sang‐Ho , Aid Saba , Kim Hyung‐Wook , Jackson Sharon H. , Bosetti Francesca
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 292–301.

Like macrophages, microglia are functionally polarized into different phenotypic activation states, referred as classical and alternative. The balance of the two phenotypes may be critical to ensure proper brain homeostasis, and may be altered in brain pathological states, such as Alzheimer’s disease. We investigated the role of NADPH oxidase in microglial activation state using p47phox and gp91phox‐deficient mice as well as apocynin, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor during neuroinflammation induced by an intracerebroventricular injection of LPS or Aβ1–42. We showed that NADPH oxidase plays a critical role in the modulation of microglial phenotype and subsequent inflammatory response. We demonstrated that inhibition of NADPH oxidase or gene deletion of its functional p47phox subunit switched microglial activation from a classical to an alternative state in response to an inflammatory challenge. Moreover, we showed a shift in redox state towards an oxidized milieu and that subpopulations of microglia retain their detrimental phenotype in Alzheimer’s disease brains. Microglia can change their activation phenotype depending on NADPH oxidase‐dependent redox state of microenvironment. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase represents a promising neuroprotective approach to reduce oxidative stress and modulate microglial phenotype towards an alternative state.
Role of ion channels in sepsis‐induced atrial tachyarrhythmias in guinea pigs
Authors: Aoki Yuta , Hatakeyama Noboru , Yamamoto Seiji , Kinoshita Hiroyuki , Matsuda Naoyuki , Hattori Yuichi , Yamazaki Mitsuaki
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, are occasionally observed in patients suffering from sepsis. Modulation of cardiac ion channel function and expression by sepsis may have a role in the genesis of tachyarrhythmias.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Sepsis was induced by LPS (i.p.; 300 µg·kg−1) in guinea pigs. Membrane potentials and ionic currents were measured in atrial myocytes isolated from guinea pigs 10 h after LPS, using whole cell patch‐clamp methods.

KEY RESULTS In atrial cells from LPS‐treated animals, action potential duration (APD) was significantly shortened. It was associated with a reduced L‐type Ca2+ current and an increased delayed rectifier K+ current. These electrophysiological changes were eliminated when NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) or S‐ethylisothiourea was given together with LPS. In atrial tissues from LPS‐treated animals, Ca2+ channel subunits (Cav1.2 and Cav1.3) decreased and delayed rectifier K+ channel subunits (Kv11.1 and Kv7.1) increased. However, L‐NAME treatment did not substantially reverse such changes in atrial expression in LPS‐treated animals, with the exception that Kv11.1 subunits returned to control levels. After LPS injection, inducible NOS in atrial tissues was up‐regulated, and atrial NO production clearly increased.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In atrial myocytes from guinea pigs with sepsis, APD was significantly shortened. This may reflect nitration of the ion channels which would alter channel functions, rather than changes in atrial expression of the channels. Shortening of APD could serve as one of the mechanisms underlying atrial tachyarrhythmia in sepsis.
Preclinical and clinical characterization of the selective 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist DU‐125530 for antidepressant treatment
Authors: Scorza MC , Lladó‐Pelfort L , Oller S , Cortés R , Puigdemont D , Portella MJ , Pérez‐Egea R , Alvarez E , Celada P , Pérez V , Artigas F
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The antidepressant efficacy of selective 5‐HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and other 5‐HT‐enhancing drugs is compromised by a negative feedback mechanism involving 5‐HT1A autoreceptor activation by the excess 5‐HT produced by these drugs in the somatodendritic region of 5‐HT neurones. 5‐HT1A receptor antagonists augment antidepressant‐like effects in rodents by preventing this negative feedback, and the mixed β‐adrenoceptor/5‐HT1A receptor antagonist pindolol improves clinical antidepressant effects by preferentially interacting with 5‐HT1A autoreceptors. However, it is unclear whether 5‐HT1A receptor antagonists not discriminating between pre‐ and post‐synaptic 5‐HT1A receptors would be clinically effective.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We characterized the pharmacological properties of the 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist DU‐125530 using receptor autoradiography, intracerebral microdialysis and electrophysiological recordings. Its capacity to accelerate/enhance the clinical effects of fluoxetine was assessed in a double‐blind, randomized, 6 week placebo‐controlled trial in 50 patients with major depression (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01119430).

KEY RESULTS DU‐125530 showed equal (low nM) potency to displace agonist and antagonist binding to pre‐ and post‐synaptic 5‐HT1A receptors in rat and human brain. It antagonized suppression of 5‐hydroxytryptaminergic activity evoked by 8‐OH‐DPAT and SSRIs in vivo. DU‐125530 augmented SSRI‐induced increases in extracellular 5‐HT as effectively as in mice lacking 5‐HT1A receptors, indicating a silent, maximal occupancy of pre‐synaptic 5‐HT1A receptors at the dose used. However, DU‐125530 addition to fluoxetine did not accelerate nor augment its antidepressant effects.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS DU‐125530 is an excellent pre‐ and post‐synaptic 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist. However, blockade of post‐synaptic 5‐ HT1A receptors by DU‐125530 cancels benefits obtained by enhancing pre‐synaptic 5‐hydroxytryptaminergic function.
Reversed binding of a small molecule ligand in homologous chemokine receptors – differential role of extracellular loop 2
Authors: Jensen PC , Thiele S , Steen A , Elder A , Kolbeck R , Ghosh S , Frimurer TM , Rosenkilde MM
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The majority of small molecule compounds targeting chemokine receptors share a similar pharmacophore with a centrally located aliphatic positive charge and flanking aromatic moieties. Here we describe a novel piperidine‐based compound with structural similarity to previously described CCR8‐specific agonists, but containing a unique phenyl‐tetrazol moiety which, in addition to activity at CCR8 was also active at CCR1.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Single point mutations were introduced in CCR1 and CCR8, and their effect on small molecule ligand‐induced receptor activation was examined through inositol trisphosphate (IP3) accumulation. The molecular interaction profile of the agonist was verified by molecular modeling.

KEY RESULTS The chemokine receptor conserved glutamic acid in TM‐VII served as a common anchor for the positively charged amine in the piperidine ring. However, whereas the phenyl‐tetrazol group interacted with TyrIV:24 (Tyr172) and TyrIII:09 (Tyr114) in the major binding pocket (delimited by TM‐III to VII) of CCR8, it also interacted with TrpII:20 (Trp90) and LysII:24 (Lys94) in the minor counterpart (delimited TM‐I to III, plus TM‐VII) in CCR1. A straightening of TM‐II by Ala‐substitution of ProII:18 confirmed its unique role in CCR1. The extracellular loop 2 (ECL‐2) contributed directly to the small molecule binding site in CCR1, whereas it contributed to efficacy, but not potency in CCR8.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Despite high ligand potency and efficacy and receptor similarity, this dual‐active and bitopic compound binds oppositely in CCR1 and CCR8 with different roles of ECL‐2, thereby expanding and diversifying the influence of extracellular receptor regions in drug action.
Relationship between colour fastness and colour strength of polypropylene fabrics dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide: effect of chemical structure in 1,4‐bis(alkylamino)anthraquinone dyestuffs on dyeing performance
Authors: Miyazaki Keisuke , Tabata Isao , Hori Teruo
Published: November 2011

A series of 1,4‐bis(alkylamino)anthraquinone dyestuffs were applied for supercritical fluid dyeing of unmodified polypropylene fabric, which is known to be difficult to dye in a conventional aqueous system. A marked tendency was shown that the dyeability improved as the carbon number of alkyl substituents on the anthraquinone chromophore increased. By evaluating the build‐up curves of the dyestuff, it was found that the carbon number of optimum alkyl chain length for 1,4‐bis(alkylamino)anthraquinone was 8–12. From the relationship between the build‐up curve and the colour fastness, it was concluded that the upper limit of dyeing depth for good colour fastness was 40 mmol/kg of fibre.
Stabilization of Juxta‐Physeal Distal Tibial and Fibular Fractures in a Juvenile Tiger Using a Hybrid Circular–Linear External Fixator
Authors: Coomer Alastair R. , Lewis Daniel D. , Wiedner Ellen , Isaza Ramiro , Winter Matthew D. , Aloisio Fabio , Pool Roy
Published: October 2011

Objective

To report stabilization of closed, comminuted distal metaphyseal transverse fractures of the left tibia and fibula in a tiger using a hybrid circular–linear external skeletal fixator.

Study Design

Clinical report.

Animal

Juvenile tiger (15 months, 90 kg).

Methods

From imaging studies, the tiger had comminuted distal metaphyseal transverse fractures of the left tibia and fibula, with mild caudolateral displacement and moderate compression. Multiple fissures extended from the fractures through the distal metaphyses, extending toward, but not involving the distal tibial and fibular physes. A hybrid circular–linear external skeletal fixator was applied by closed reduction, to stabilize the fractures.

Results

The fractures healed and the fixator was removed 5 weeks after stabilization. Limb length and alignment were similar to the normal contralateral limb at hospital discharge, 8 weeks after surgery. Two weeks later, the tiger had fractures of the right tibia and fibula and was euthanatized. Necropsy confirmed pathologic fractures ascribed to copper deficiency.

Conclusion

Closed application of the hybrid construct provided sufficient stability to allow this 90 kg tiger's juxta‐articular fractures to heal with minimal complications and without disrupting growth from the adjacent physes.
Goodness‐of‐Fit Diagnostics for Bayesian Hierarchical Models
Authors: Yuan Ying , Johnson Valen E.
Published: November 2011

Summary This article proposes methodology for assessing goodness of fit in Bayesian hierarchical models. The methodology is based on comparing values of pivotal discrepancy measures (PDMs), computed using parameter values drawn from the posterior distribution, to known reference distributions. Because the resulting diagnostics can be calculated from standard output of Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms, their computational costs are minimal. Several simulation studies are provided, each of which suggests that diagnostics based on PDMs have higher statistical power than comparable posterior‐predictive diagnostic checks in detecting model departures. The proposed methodology is illustrated in a clinical application; an application to discrete data is described in supplementary material.
Generation of Referring Expressions: Assessing the Incremental Algorithm
Authors: Deemter Kees van , Gatt Albert , Sluis Ielka van der , Power Richard
Published: October 2011

A substantial amount of recent work in natural language generation has focused on the generation of ‘‘one‐shot’’ referring expressions whose only aim is to identify a target referent. Dale and Reiter's Incremental Algorithm (IA) is often thought to be the best algorithm for maximizing the similarity to referring expressions produced by people. We test this hypothesis by eliciting referring expressions from human subjects and computing the similarity between the expressions elicited and the ones generated by algorithms. It turns out that the success of the IA depends substantially on the ‘‘preference order’’ (PO) employed by the IA, particularly in complex domains. While some POs cause the IA to produce referring expressions that are very similar to expressions produced by human subjects, others cause the IA to perform worse than its main competitors; moreover, it turns out to be difficult to predict the success of a PO on the basis of existing psycholinguistic findings or frequencies in corpora. We also examine the computational complexity of the algorithms in question and argue that there are no compelling reasons for preferring the IA over some of its main competitors on these grounds. We conclude that future research on the generation of referring expressions should explore alternatives to the IA, focusing on algorithms, inspired by the Greedy Algorithm, which do not work with a fixed PO.
Quantity Recognition Among Speakers of an Anumeric Language
Authors: Everett Caleb , Madora Keren
Published: November 2011

Recent research has suggested that the Pirahã, an Amazonian tribe with a number‐less language, are able to match quantities > 3 if the matching task does not require recall or spatial transposition. This finding contravenes previous work among the Pirahã. In this study, we re‐tested the Pirahãs’ performance in the crucial one‐to‐one matching task utilized in the two previous studies on their numerical cognition, as well as in control tasks requiring recall and mental transposition. We also conducted a novel quantity recognition task. Speakers were unable to consistently match quantities > 3, even when no recall or transposition was involved. We provide a plausible motivation for the disparate results previously obtained among the Pirahã. Our findings are consistent with the suggestion that the exact recognition of quantities > 3 requires number terminology.
The Effect of Sonority on Word Segmentation: Evidence for the Use of a Phonological Universal
Authors: Ettlinger Marc , Finn Amy S. , Hudson Kam Carla L.
Published: November 2011

It has been well documented how language‐specific cues may be used for word segmentation. Here, we investigate what role a language‐independent phonological universal, the sonority sequencing principle (SSP), may also play. Participants were presented with an unsegmented speech stream with non‐English word onsets that juxtaposed adherence to the SSP with transitional probabilities. Participants favored using the SSP in assessing word‐hood, suggesting that the SSP represents a potentially powerful cue for word segmentation. To ensure the SSP influenced the segmentation process (i.e., during learning), we presented two additional groups of participants with either (a) no exposure to the stimuli prior to testing or (b) the same stimuli with pauses marking word breaks. The SSP did not influence test performance in either case, suggesting that the SSP is important for word segmentation during the learning process itself. Moreover, the fact that SSP‐independent segmentation of the stimulus occurred (in the latter control condition) suggests that universals are best understood as biases rather than immutable constraints on learning.