bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Harmonic Minor Scale Provides an Optimum Way of Reducing Average Melodic Interval Size, Consistent with Sad Affect Cues
Authors: Huron David , Davis Matthew
Published: June 2016

Small pitch movement is known to characterize sadness in speech prosody. Small melodic interval sizes have also been observed in nominally sad music––at least in the case of Western music. Starting with melodies in the major mode, a study is reported which examines the effect of different scale modifications on the average interval size. Compared with all other possible scale modifications, lowering the third and sixth scale tones from the major scale is shown to provide an optimum or near optimum way of reducing the average melodic interval size for a large diverse sample of major-mode melodies. The results are consistent with the view that Western melodic organization and the major-minor polarity are co-adapted, and that the structure of the minor mode contributes to the evoking, expressing or representation of sadness for listeners enculturated to the major scale.
A method for testing synchronization to a musical beat in domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus)
Authors: Bregman Micah R. , Iversen John R. , Lichman David , Reinhart Meredith , Patel Aniruddh D.
Published: June 2016

According to the “vocal learning and rhythmic synchronization hypothesis” (Patel, 2006), only species capable of complex vocal learning, such as humans and parrots, have the capacity to synchronize their movements to a musical beat.  While empirical research to date on a few species (e.g., parrots and monkeys) has supported this hypothesis, many species remain to be examined. Domestic horses are particularly important to study, as they are vocal non-learners who are occasionally reported to move in synchrony with a musical beat, based on informal observations. If these reports are substantiated by scientific experiments, this would refute the vocal learning hypothesis and provide a new species for the comparative study of musical rhythm.  Here we present a new method for testing whether horses can synchronize their trotting to a musical beat, including an illustration of data analysis based on data collected from one horse.
Aaron L. Berkowitz, The Improvising Mind: Cognition and Creativity in the Musical Moment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Authors: Matyja Jakub
Published: June 2016

Book review
If horses entrain, don’t entirely reject vocal learning: An experience-based vocal learning hypothesis
Authors: Schachner Adena
Published: June 2016

Bregman and colleagues describe methods for testing whether horses entrain their actions to an auditory beat. If horses can entrain, does this necessarily imply that there is no causal relationship between vocal learning and entrainment? I propose an alternative way in which vocal learning may relate to entrainment – one that is consistent with entrainment in some vocal non-learning species. Due to engaging in the developmental process of vocal learning, there may be early experiences common to vocal learners, but rare in vocal non-learning species. It is possible that it is these experiences that are critical for entrainment – not vocal learning itself, nor related genes. These experiences may result in critical changes in neural development, leading to the development of cognitive mechanisms necessary for both vocal learning and entrainment. This hypothesis changes the causal story from one of genetic change to one of changes in experience, and from a focus on evolution to a focus on individual ontogeny. Thus, if horses can entrain, we should not immediately reject the idea of a relationship between vocal learning and entrainment: First, we should consider whether some unusual aspect of the horses’ experience effectively replicates the unusual experiences of vocal learning animals.
A commentary on Micah Bregman et al.: A method for testing synchronization to a musical beat in domestic horses (Equus ferus caballus)
Authors: Venneman Sandy
Published: June 2016

This commentary provides additional information related to equines and suggestions for strengthening the proposed protocol for testing synchronization to a musical beat in this species.
The Need for a Cross-Cultural Empirical Musicology
Authors: Leman Marc
Published: June 2016

The paper by Lara Pearson shows that a case study based on qualitative description may reveal interesting aspects about the co-occurrence of hand gestures and singing in a particular music culture. However, above all the paper lets us dream about what could be possible if forces from cultural studies and music cognition research were to be combined. A cross-cultural empirical musicology holds the promise of scientific work that goes far beyond qualitative descriptions.
Expressivity and Musical Shape in Turntablism: Response to Greasley and Prior
Authors: Hansen Kjetil Falkenberg
Published: June 2016

This commentary to Greasley and Prior’s paper “Mixtapes and turntablism: DJs’ perspective on musical shape” extends the findings of the study by looking at the turntablism perspective. First, a general discussion on the study’s method and background is given. Then, the role of turntables as musical instruments in creating musical shape is outlined. Finally, some relationships between turntablism techniques, expressive performances and musical shape are presented. In general, the findings in the study support previously published studies in this insufficiently researched area.
Response to Alinka E. Greasley & Helen M. Prior: Mixtapes and Turntablism: DJs’ Perspectives on Musical Shape
Authors: Montano Ed
Published: June 2016

This commentary responds to some of the debates and issues raised by Alinka Greasley and Helen Prior’s paper on DJing and musical shape. In particular, I focus on the use of technology by DJs, and how shifts within this domain are redefining the concept and associated skills of DJing. Technological change is having a significant impact on music production and distribution within contemporary electronic dance music culture. Tangible formats and their playback platforms are increasingly fading into the history of DJ culture, and have been replaced with computers and software. In the process, the physicality of DJing, and the values of authenticity this physicality informs, have been reframed and renegotiated in the discourse that circulates within dance music culture. I suggest that Greasley and Prior’s work provides a solid foundation for further investigations into not only the specifics of DJing and shape, but also the broader technological, social and cultural contexts of DJing as a contemporary artistic practice.
Musical Shaping Gestures: Considerations about Terminology and Methodology
Authors: King Elaine
Published: June 2016

Fulford and Ginsborg’s investigation into non-verbal communication during music rehearsal-talk between performers with and without hearing impairments extends existing research in the field of gesture studies by contributing significantly to our understanding of musicians’ physical gestures as well as opening up discussion about the relationship between speech, sign and gesture in discourse about music. Importantly, the authors weigh up the possibility of an emerging sign language about music. This commentary focuses on three key considerations in response to their paper: first, use of terminology in the study of gesture, specifically about ‘musical shaping gestures’ (MSGs); second, methodological issues about capturing physical gestures; and third, evaluation of the application of gesture research beyond the rehearsal context. While the difficulties of categorising gestures in observational research are acknowledged, I indicate that the consistent application of terminology from outside and within the study is paramount. I also suggest that the classification of MSGs might be based upon a set of observed physical characteristics within a single gesture, including size, duration, speed, plane and handedness, leading towards an alternative taxonomy for interpreting these data. Finally, evaluation of the application of gesture research in education and performance arenas is provided.
Introduction to Special Issue on Music and Shape
Authors: Leech-Wilkinson Daniel , K Mats B.
Published: June 2016

N/A
Aesthetic Challenges of Sonified Video Gestures
Authors: Filimowicz Michael
Published: June 2016

This commentary responds to Jensenius and Godøy’s paper, “Sonifying the shape of human body motion using motiongrams.” Here I outline key aesthetic challenges to be addressed in future research in the sonification of video and gesture.
Principles for Shape Sonification
Authors: Hermann Thomas
Published: June 2016

This commentary starts with a critical reflection on Jensenius and Godøy’s sonomotiongrams as a sonification technique to represent movement shapes. Based on this we propose alternative mappings that require less information reduction. Furthermore, design criteria such as invariance, convergence, and stability are presented and applied to sonomotiongrams. Finally, we formulate necessary conditions for sonifications of movement shapes to support the perception and categorization of shapes, and we propose an experimental procedure to assess and compare movement shapes from auditory representations.
The Interpretive Shaping of Embodied Musical Structure in Piano Performance
Authors: Buck Bryony , MacRitchie Jennifer , Bailey Nicholas J.
Published: June 2016

Research has indicated that the magnitude of physical expressive movements during a performance helps to communicate a musician's affective intent. However, the underlying function of these performance gestures remains unclear. Nine highly skilled solo pianists are examined here to investigate the effect of structural interpretation on performance motion patterns. Following previous findings that these performers generate repeated patterns of motion through overall upper-body movements corresponding to phrasing structure, this study now investigates the particular shapes traced by these movements. Through this we identify universal and idiosyncratic features within the shapes of motion patterns generated by these performers. Gestural shapes are examined for performances of Chopin’s explicitly structured A major Prelude (Op. 28, No. 7) and are related to individual interpretations of the more complex phrasing structure of Chopin’s B minor Prelude (Op. 28, No. 6). Findings reveal a universal general embodiment of phrasing structure and other higher-level structural features of the music. The physical makeup of this embodiment, however, is particular to both the performer and the piece being performed. Examining the link between performers' movements and interpreted structure strengthens understanding of the connection between body and instrument, furthering awareness of the relations between cognitive interpretation and physical expression of structure within music performance.
The Interpretive Shaping of Music Performance Research
Authors: Rink John
Published: June 2016

In their study of nine pianists Buck, MacRitchie and Bailey observe a universal embodiment of phrasing structure and other higher-level structural features of the music, the physical makeup of which is nevertheless particular to both the individual performers and the pieces they are performing. Such a conclusion invites renewed consideration of assumptions in the literature on musical performance about the nature and role of structure and about performers’ ‘interpretations’ thereof. The findings also raise interesting questions about the musical viability of empirical research on performance and its capacity to shed light on how performers shape the music they play, their motivations in doing so, and how those listening to them might in turn be affected by this.
The Kinematics of Musical Expression in the Spatiotemporal Dimension
Authors: Livingstone Steven
Published: June 2016

During performance, musicians are known to move their bodies in rhythmic and expressive displays. Buck, MacRitchie, and Bailey’s intriguing article aims to show that these visual gestures reflect a musician’s expressive interpretation of the composition and underlying phrasal structure. I briefly discuss three issues that may be taken into account when interpreting musicians’ reported movements. First, performers’ movements were interpreted as reflecting ancillary movements that are not associated with sound generation. However, these movements may not be as dissociable from sound-producing motor movements as is suggested. Second, differences in performers’ movements may be interpreted in the context of individual differences in expressive timing of expert musicians. Third, the periodic nature of performers’ motion profiles may lend themselves to frequency-based analyses that may reveal an underlying musical ‘pulse’ or pulses of the performer.
Quantifying Shapes: Mathematical Techniques for Analysing Visual Representations of Sound and Music
Authors: Noyce Genevieve L. , K Mats B. , Sollich Peter
Published: June 2016

Research on auditory-visual correspondences has a long tradition but innovative experimental paradigms and analytic tools are sparse. In this study, we explore different ways of analysing real-time visual representations of sound and music drawn by both musically-trained and untrained individuals. To that end, participants’ drawing responses captured by an electronic graphics tablet were analysed using various regression, clustering, and classification techniques. Results revealed that a Gaussian process (GP) regression model with a linear plus squared-exponential covariance function was able to model the data sufficiently, whereas a simpler GP was not a good fit. Spectral clustering analysis was the best of a variety of clustering techniques, though no strong groupings are apparent in these data. This was confirmed by variational Bayes analysis, which only fitted one Gaussian over the dataset. Slight trends in the optimised hyperparameters between musically-trained and untrained individuals allowed for the building of a successful GP classifier that differentiated between these two groups. In conclusion, this set of techniques provides useful mathematical tools for analysing real-time visualisations of sound and can be applied to similar datasets as well.
Review of Noyce, Küssner and Sollich: Quantifying Shapes
Authors: M Daniel
Published: June 2016

This review discusses the original contributions and strengths of the target article by Noyce, Küssner and Sollich and also suggests a few points for consideration to maximize the usefulness of their analytical approach for the music psychology research community.
A Commentary on Noyce, Küssner and Sollich: Quantifying Shapes
Authors: Hennig Christian
Published: June 2016

This review focuses on the statistical aspects of "Quantifying Shapes". A number of decisions made by the authors are discussed regarding the choice of methods and how exactly they are applied and their results interpreted. Most space is devoted to issues of cluster analysis and low dimensional embedding, with further remarks concerning GP regression and classification.
Shaping and Co-Shaping Forms of Vitality in Music: Beyond Cognitivist and Emotivist Approaches to Musical Expressiveness
Authors: Kim Jin Hyun
Published: June 2016

Over the last three decades, there has been an increasing number of empirical studies on how music conveys and induces emotional expressiveness, revolving around both the longstanding discourse over compositional and performance features related to recognized or felt emotions, and more recent interest in (neuro)psychological mechanisms underlying emotions induced by music. However, the question of how expressive forms of music are shaped and co-shaped within the ongoing process of music-making and music perception has received little investigation. This paper focuses on the expressive forms of music that the developmental psychologist Daniel N. Stern refers to as ‘forms of vitality’, discussing how they are (co)shaped and give rise to aesthetic experience of music. The aim is the development of a theoretical framework allowing for a new research perspective on musical expressiveness—taking into account the aesthetic experience of music—in relation to the process of (co)shaping forms of vitality in music. Further, a hypothesis for and methodologies of empirical research fitting into this theoretical framework are considered, expanding the schema beyond cognitivist and emotivist approaches to musical expressiveness.
Empirical Aesthetics, Computational Cognitive Modeling, and Experimental Phenomenology: Methodological remarks on “Shaping and Co-Shaping Forms of Vitality in Music: Beyond Cognitivist and Emotivist Approaches to Musical Expressiveness” by Jin Hyun Kim
Authors: Seifert Uwe
Published: June 2016

The core ideas of the proposed framework for empirical aesthetics are interpreted as focusing on processes, interaction, and phenomenological experience. This commentary first touches on some methodological impediments to developing theories of processing and interaction, and emphasizes the necessity of computational cognitive modeling using robots to test the empirical adequacy of such theories. Further, the importance of developing and integrating phenomenological methods into current experimental research is stressed, using experimental phenomenology as reference. Situated cognition, affective computing, human-robot interaction research, computational cognitive modeling and social and cultural neuroscience are noted as providing relevant insight into the empirical adequacy of current theories of cognitive and emotional processing. In the near future these fields will have a stimulating impact on empirical aesthetics and research on music and the mind.
Cross-Cultural Representations of Musical Shape
Authors: Athanasopoulos George , Moran Nikki
Published: June 2016

In cross-cultural research involving performers from distinct cultural backgrounds (U.K., Japan, Papua New Guinea), we examined 75 musicians’ associations between musical sound and shape, and saw pronounced differences between groups. Participants heard short stimuli varying in pitch contour and were asked to represent these visually on paper, with the instruction that if another community member saw the marks they should be able to connect them with the sounds. Participants from the U.K. group produced consistent symbolic representations, which involved depicting the passage of time from left-to-right. Japanese participants unfamiliar with English language and western standard notation provided responses comparable to the U.K. group’s. The majority opted to use a horizontal timeline, whilst a minority of traditional Japanese musicians produced unique responses with time represented vertically. The last group, a non-literate Papua New Guinean tribe known as BenaBena, produced a majority of iconic responses which did not follow the time versus pitch contour model, but highlighted musical qualities other than the parameters intentionally varied in the investigation, focusing on hue and loudness. The participants’ responses point to profoundly different ‘norms’ of musical shape association, which may be linked to literacy and to the functional role of music in a community.
Visual Representations of Music in Three Cultures: Commentary on Athanasopoulos and Moran
Authors: Tan Siu-Lan
Published: June 2016

Athanasopoulos and Moran (2013) examined visual representations of brief melodic sequences (solo synthesized flute playing rising, falling, peak, and valley pitch contours) by British participants familiar with western standard notation, Japanese participants familiar with Japanese standard notation, and participants from the BenaBena tribe in Papua New Guinea who were unfamiliar with any literary or notational script. This commentary discusses the method, analysis, and implications of the findings, within the context of a multidirectional gain/loss perspective of the acquisition of skills in human development, as applied to musical notation.
Musical Objects, Cross-Domain Correspondences, and Cultural Choice: Commentary on “Cross-Cultural Representations of Musical Shape” by George Athanasopoulos and Nikki Moran
Authors: Eitan Zohar
Published: June 2016

The target article illustrates deep cross-cultural gaps, involving not only the representation of musical shape but also the notion of a musical object itself.  Yet, numerous empirical findings suggest that important cross-modal correspondences involving music and visual dimensions are inborn or learned at infancy, prior to the acquisition of language and most culture-specific behavior. Drawing on recent empirical work, the commentary attempts to reconcile this apparent disparity.
Tonality: The Shape of Affect
Authors: Doantan-Dack Mine
Published: June 2016

The last decade has witnessed an increasing interest in studying music as it relates to human evolution, leading to the establishment of so-called evolutionary musicology as a new field of enquiry. Researchers in this field maintain that music indeed played as crucial a role as the development of language in the evolution of humankind. The most frequently cited musical phenomena in relation to various adaptive functions include rhythm, meter, and melodic contour. In this connection, the universal phenomenon of tonal organisation of pitch in musical systems received no attention. This article provides a hypothesis regarding the evolutionary origins of tonality as a system for the dynamic shaping of affect, and establishes further connections between music and affective states by proposing a link between the emergence of tonality and of the human capacity to regulate inter-subjective dynamics by shaping the course of affect towards stable states. The article also proposes that tonality provides an archetypal psychological space within which the human ability to shape different paths towards stable affective states could evolve.
Tonality and the Cultural
Authors: Leech-Wilkinson Daniel
Published: June 2016

The emphasis in this response to Mine Doğantan-Dack’s ‘Tonality: The Shape of Affect’ is on the cultural construction of tonality and the ways in which that may encourage Western musicians to understand tonality as a fundamental psychological process. An alternative hypothesis is proposed in which tonality assists in the effective musical modelling of hunting, offering a means to relive the experience in social groups.
From Speech to Song: A Response to Johnson, Huron and Collister on the Interaction of Music and Lyrics
Authors: Wickham Edward
Published: June 2016

This commentary addresses some of the methodological difficulties inherent in studying intelligibility in sung text.  It provides observations which complement and critique some of the authors’ hypotheses and conclusions, and offers a caveat to further ‘bottom-up’ studies of text intelligibility in music.
Expectations Evoked on Hearing a Piece of Music for the First Time: Evidence from a Musical Savant
Authors: Grundy Ruth , Ockelford Adam
Published: June 2016

This study investigates expectations in music evoked during the course of hearing a piece for the first time, particularly those which stem from recently appearing groups of notes (Ockelford, 2006). A prodigious musical savant (Derek Paravicini) attempted to reproduce a novel composition on the piano at the same time as hearing it. The piece was designed to minimise the impact of the more general expectations that arise from tonality, whereby different pitch transitions are felt to occur with different probabilities according to their level of past exposure. The design of the study was informed by ‘zygonic’ theory (Ockelford, 2009, 2012b), which holds that structural regularities in music suggest future continuations, whose perceived likelihood of occurrence is proportional to the number of ways in which their existence is implied in what has gone before. Using this principle, a ‘strength of implication’ factor was calculated for each note of the stimulus piece (following the first). It was hypothesised that the higher the implication factor, the more likely Derek would predict its occurrence (and therefore play it correctly at the appropriate point in time). Data gathered from Derek’s performance support the principles of the zygonic model, although they also suggest certain refinements.
Studying Musical Savants: A Commentary on Grundy and Ockelford (2014)
Authors: Poulin-Charronnat B
Published: June 2016

On the basis of the ‘zygonic’ theory (Ockelford, 2006), Grundy and Ockelford (2014) investigate musical expectations evoked during the course of hearing a piece for the first time in a prodigious musical savant (Derek Paravicini). Overall, the results provided by Derek support the principles of the zygonic theory, especially that the higher the implication factor of a note, the more likely Derek would predict its occurrence. My commentary first raises the question of the use of such special individuals as musical savants to generalize findings to the general population, and second I will address the issue of the task and the stimuli used.
Expressive Timing, Musical Tension, and Listener-Performer Synchronicity: Commentary on Ohriner
Authors: Gingras Bruno
Published: June 2016

Ohriner (this volume) empirically investigated the ability of listeners to rhythmically entrain to performances of Chopin’s mazurkas and suggested that performers can manipulate listeners’ expectations and influence their perceived musical tension by using eccentric or unpredictable patterns of tempo variation. In this commentary, I attempt to situate Ohriner’s research in a broader context, while elaborating on his findings and proposing alternative interpretations in some cases. I suggest that, although mazurkas are particularly suitable for a study of entrainment due to their clear metrical structure, it would be appropriate to study musical genres in which the metrical structure is obscure or even absent. I also question Ohriner’s interpretation of a lack of synchronicity as being predominantly associated with negative emotions. Furthermore, in order to examine more rigorously the influence of synchronicity on perceived musical tension, I present a controlled experimental design to disentangle the effects of tempo and rubato, which would involve measuring both entrainment and musical tension while asking participants to rate the perceived eccentricity of the performances.
Empirically Assessing Rhythmic Entrainment: A Re-analysis of Ohriner’s “Listener-Performance Synchronicity in Recorded Performances of Chopin’s Mazurkas”
Authors: Goebl Werner
Published: June 2016

This text comments on Ohriner’s (2014) paper and undertakes a brief quantitative re-analysis of Ohriner’s tapping data generously provided by the author. The aim here is to briefly test two hypotheses brought forward in the original paper in a quantitative way by proposing an alternative way of data processing and analysis. Future extensions of this promising stream of work are discussed.
Clasp Together: Composing for Mind and Machine
Authors: Whalley J. Harry , Mavros Panagiotis , Furniss Peter
Published: June 2016

This paper will explore questions of agency, control and interaction and the embodied nature of musical performance in relation to the use of human-computer interaction (HCI), through the experimental work Clasp Together (beta) [1] for small ensemble and live electronics by J. Harry Whalley. This practice-led research is situated at the intersection of music neurotechnology for sound synthesis and brain-computer interfaces (BCI, a subdomain of HCI), and explores the use of neural patterns from Electroencephalography (EEG) as a control instrument. The composition departed from the traditional composer/performer paradigm by using both non-instrumental physical gestures and cognitive or emotive instructions integrated into the score.
Ecological Constraints of Timescales, Production, and Perception in Temporal Experiences of Music
Authors: God Rolf Inge
Published: June 2016

In trying to structure our discussions of temporal experience in music, it could be useful to have a look at some basic ecological constraints of timescales, produc­tion, and perception of music. This may hopefully help us to distinguish between on the one hand readily perceived features of sound and music-related body motion, i.e. con­crete sonic, kinematic, and proprioceptive features, and on the other hand, more generic, amodal, and abstract elements in musical discourse, manifest in various symbolic representa­tions such as notation, numbers, and diagrams. Given easily accessible music tech­nologies, it is actually possible to experiment with different editions of musical works, i.e. concatenate fragments in different order and then evaluate the emergent contex­tual effects in listening experiments. Also, given the faculties of musical imagery (de­fined as our ability to mentally re-experience musical sound and body motion in the ab­sence of physically present sound and body motion), we can at will recombine chunks of music in our minds and mentally scan through large musical works. The contention here is that such recombination in actual re-editing of musical sound or in musical im­agery, will still be related to the basic ecological constraints of the timescales, production and perception in music.
Toward Extended Music Cognition: Commentary on Music and Cognitive Extension
Authors: Matyja Jakub Ryszard
Published: June 2016

In his paper, Luke Kersten (2014) argues that since music cognition is part of a locationally wide computational system, it can be considered as an extended process. Overall I sympathize with Kersten’s (2014) view. However, in the present paper I underline those issues that need to be, in my opinion, developed in a more detailed and cautious way. Extended music perception is the idea that “it ain’t all in the head”, but rather involves the exploitation of non-neural body and musical environment. In order to push the debate further, I suggest situating Kersten’s views within a broader context of recent research, thus strengthening the theoretical importance of his proposal.
The Context-Dependency of the Experience of Auditory Succession and Prospects for Embodying Philosophical Models of Temporal Experience
Authors: Kon Maria
Published: June 2016

Recent philosophical work on temporal experience offers generic models that are often assumed to apply to all sensory modalities.  We show that the models serve as broad frameworks in which different aspects of cognitive science can be slotted and, thus, are beneficial to furthering research programs in embodied music cognition.  Here we discuss a particular feature of temporal experience that plays a key role in such philosophical work: a distinction between the experience of succession and the mere succession of experiences.  We question the presupposition that there is such an evident, clear distinction and suggest that, instead, it is context-dependent.  After suggesting a way to modify the philosophical models of temporal experience to accommodate this context-dependency, we illustrate that these models can fruitfully incorporate research programs in embodied musical cognition.  To do so we supplement a philosophical model with Godøy’s recent work that links bodily movement with musical perception.  The Godøy-informed model is shown to facilitate novel hypotheses, refine our general notion of context-dependency and point towards possible extensions.
Brain Musics: History, Precedents, and Commentary on Whalley, Mavros and Furniss
Authors: Ortiz Miguel , Grierson Mick , Tanaka Atau
Published: June 2016

Whalley, Mavros and Furniss (this issue) explore questions of agency, control and interaction, as well as the embodied nature of musical performance in relation to the use of human-computer interaction through the work Clasp Together (beta) for small ensemble and live electronics. The underlying concept of the piece focuses on direct mapping of a human neural network (embodied by a performer within the ensemble) to an artificial neural network running on a computer. With our commentary, we contextualize the work by offering a brief history of music that uses brainwaves. We review the use of EEG signals for musical performance and point at precedents in EEG-based musical practice. We hope to more clearly situate Clasp Together (beta) in the broad area of Brain Computer Musical Interfaces and discuss the challenges and opportunities that these technologies offer for composers.
A Discussion of the Effect of Musical Context on Perception of Succession of Musical Events, and its Relevance for Philosophical Models of Temporal Experience
Authors: Phillips Michelle Elizabeth
Published: June 2016

The article reviewed in this commentary takes philosophical models of temporal experience as its starting point, in an exploration of how an "experience of succession" may be distinguished from a mere "succession of experience". It is proposed that context is the important factor in differentiating the two experiences, rather than duration. Context is accounted for in broad terms, with specific discussion of gesture, performance environment, and mental imagery. The discussion may usefully pave the way for future collaboration between philosophers and psychologists. However, there are multiple fundamental findings in music cognition research, vital to any consideration of the context in which musical experiences occur (e.g. meter, tonality, expectation, familiarity), that could be factored into this discussion. The ideas discussed could be developed with greater consideration of recent empirical studies in music perception. Perhaps then a theoretical model of the experience of succession of musical events could give rise to experimental hypotheses, which may then be tested in order to further refine such models.
Music: Specialized to Integrate?
Authors: Andrade Paulo Est , Bhattacharya Joydeep
Published: June 2016

In her paper Schaefer (2014) provides a relevant amount of behavioral and neuroimaging evidence within and outside the realm of music favoring the notion that predictive processing plays a prominent role in the coupling of perception, cognition and action and, further, that imagery and active perception are closely associated to each other. Central to this review is that research into music imagery is exceptionally suitable and informative since prediction has a prominent role in music processing. In this commentary we suggest that it could be useful to investigate the role of working memory in this context since imagery and memory are inextricably associated processes. In addition to neuroimaging we also highlight that anthropological and developmental evidence could be relevant in showing that music is possibly unique in the coupling of perception, cognition and action. However, we believe that more cautions are needed on the author’s assumption that perception and interpretation of music is uniquely determined by listening biography of the listener.
Why Apply a Hierarchical Predictive Processing Framework to Music Perception and Performance?
Authors: Michael John , Wolf Thomas
Published: June 2016

In this commentary, we examine Schaefer’s proposal to apply a hierarchical predictive processing (HPP) framework to research on music perception and music performance. As we shall see, this proposal raises the possibility of enriching this research area with new theoretical and empirical resources from further afield. In order to tap the potential of such a project, it will be important to work towards the formulation of hypotheses that are uniquely generated by the HPP framework. We attempt to contribute to this project by specifying explanatory resources within the HPP framework that are well-suited to formulating such hypotheses, by articulating several novel questions that are generated by the attempt to apply the HPP framework to musical perception and performance, and by identifying potential challenges for such a project to address. We also provide reasons to expect that the HPP framework may be especially fruitful in the context of joint (musical) action.
Diseño y comunicación.
Authors: Vinasco Ñustes Fabio Andres
Published: June 2016

La comunicación es un elemento fundamental de la cultura humana. A través
de ella se transmiten los conocimientos acumulados, se interpreta el contexto y
se toman las decisiones que guían nuestras vidas. Si bien el lenguaje hablado (o su
transcripción gráfica en forma de escritura) ha sido el mecanismo principal de la comunicación,
asistimos a un incremento de formas no verbales, de múltiples medios,
utilizando la experiencia como guía de interpretación.
Consumo de alcohol y factores asociados en estudiantes de instrumentación quirúrgica en una universidad de Bogotá, 2014
Authors: Caro Ángela
Published: June 2016

Objetivo: Establecer la frecuencia y los factores asociados al consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de Instrumentación Quirúrgica de una institución universitaria privada de Bogotá en el 2014. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 176 estudiantes del Programa de Instrumentación Quirúrgica. Se obtuvo información sobre características sociodemográficas; sobre la frecuencia de consumo de alcohol alguna vez en la vida, en el último año, en el último mes, en la última semana y sobre la bebida alcohólica más consumida; y también sobre factores de riesgo tales como el nivel de escolaridad de los padres, ingreso familiar mensual, trabajo, consumo de alcohol de los familiares y motivación personal para el consumo. Resultados: El 96% de los estudiantes habían consumido alcohol alguna vez en la vida, el 41,5% lo habían hecho en la última semana y el 33,5% en el último mes. El 81,8% de los encuestados eligieron la cerveza como la bebida que más consumen, el 40,6% dijeron haber ingerido más de cuatro tragos la última vez que consumieron y el lugar más frecuente de consumo fueron los bares y/o discotecas (82,3%). Los factores asociados al consumo del alcohol fueron el consumo por parte de familiares (OR=3,9) y que los amigos los inciten a tomar (OR=2,6), así como el nivel de escolaridad de bachillerato de los padres (OR=0,5). Conclusión: A pesar de ser una muestra constituida principalmente por mujeres, los resultados coinciden con la tendencia que han mostrado otros estudios respecto a la alta frecuencia de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas en estudiantes universitarios
Violencia Interpersonal: Abordajes implementados y nuevas perspectivas de análisis del fenómeno
Authors: Munar Jiménez Edgar Fernando
Published: June 2016

La violencia y sus diferentes formas de expresión se han convertido en un problema de Salud Pública para muchos gobiernos, tanto locales como nacionales. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar algunas cifras oficiales de la violencia interpersonal en Colombia y los diferentes enfoques de abordaje del fenómeno de la violencia interpersonal que se han utilizado en la vertiente de la Salud Pública. Así mismo, se plantea la necesidad de revisar otras vertientes teóricas para comprender el fenómeno y dilucidar alternativas de solución a esta problemática social. Tal es el caso de las ciencias de la complejidad, las cuales han permitido abordar fenómenos interdisciplinariamente, estudiando los efectos o consecuencias del problema y no las causas del mismo. Por último, se hace un llamado a las diferentes entidades estatales y equipos de salud pública, para que presten atención a un problema que se incrementa año tras año en todas las ciudades del país. Un fenómeno que se cree estudiado y comprendido en su totalidad, pero que solo nos ha permitido entender que tenemos más inquietudes que al inicio del abordaje del problema.
Elementos para una política pública en materia de regulación, planificación y gestión de dispositivos médicos desde la perspectiva internacional
Authors: Giacometti Luis Fernando
Published: June 2016

El presente trabajo se centra en el análisis de los elementos más relevantes, documentados mediante una revisión de la literatura científica relacionada con los principales aspectos de la formulación de una política pública para la regulación, planificación, gestión y evaluación de la tecnología biomédica y, más específicamente, para los dispositivos médicos de uso en el medio hospitalario. Esta revisión permite identificar algunos elementos clave, como son los aspectos de regulación, planificación sectorial, relacionamiento con la industria y evaluación económica de nuevas tecnologías, entre otros, que han sido de utilidad para la actualización y modernización de las políticas públicas en este campo y que, en conclusión, afectan de manera importante la sostenibilidad financiera de los sistemas, así como la valoración de la eficacia clínica de las intervenciones, la calidad de la atención y la seguridad del paciente. Estos aspectos, en su conjunto, deben ser considerados en el momento de formular una política pública para la regulación de este tipo de tecnologías biomédicas.
The reform and their health: trends and challanges after 20 years
Authors: Santos Nelson Rodrigues dos
Published: June 2016

Neste texto busca-se identificar questões relevantes nas raízes e estrutura do financiamento, do modelo de gestão e nos decorrentes fluxos dos gastos públicos, que compelem a um modelo de atenção à saúde que não aquele definido pelos princípios e diretrizes da Constituição / 1988, com base no pacto social construído na época. Busca-se alertar contra uma lógica e rumos hegemônicos, que constroem outro sistema público de saúde, ao mesmo tempo em que identifica os avanços conquistados e seus nichos geradores, contra-hegemônicos, em permanente resistência e construindo nos limites do possível como se preparando para o futuro e para ele apontando. Em função das questões levantadas, expõe reflexões sobre as trajetórias da democratização do Estado e da Reforma Sanitária.
Promoción de la salud en Cuba
Authors: Díaz Elena
Published: June 2016

El texto refiere los antecedentes de la situación de la salud en Cuba, presentando la caracterización del sistema actual de salud, con los niveles que lo integran, en particular la atención primaria, y los ajustes que se han introducido; también destaca lapresencia de cuatro programas priorizados, de los cuales se presentan algunos de sus rasgos mas significativos. Estos son la atención materno infantil, el control de enfermedades trasmisibles, incluyendo el programa para prevenir el VIH; el control de enfermedades no trasmisibles, y el programa de atención al adulto mayor. Se hace referencia al marco conceptual sobre Atención Primaria y Promoción de salud, enfatizando la plataforma social que permite instrumentar en Cuba las políticas universales simultáneamente a las focalizadas basadas en cuatro fortalezas de la sociedad: la tendencia a garantizar la equidad y la justicia social, las bases creadas del acceso a la educación, la interrelación del desarrollo del conocimiento científico y su aplicación a la salud de la población, y la promoción permanente de valores éticos solidarios. Finalmente, se hace referencia a los modelos de formación que se instrumentan en la actualidad
Projeto quem é quem na saúde ambiental brasileira: uma ferramenta para o fortalecimento da participação intersetorial
Authors: Schutz Gabriel E. , Freitas Carlos Machado de , Bertolini Valéria A. , Netto Francisco F. , Peixoto Jovismar Assumpção
Published: June 2016

O projeto ‘Quem é quem na Saúde Ambiental Brasileira’ tem como objetivo fortalecer a área da Saúde Ambiental através da identificação e caracterização de Grupos de Pesquisas e Organizações da Sociedade Civil em condições de contribuir tanto à consolidação de suas bases técnicas e científicas, quanto para o diálogo intersetorial participativo. Neste artigo descreve-se a construção da base de dados do projeto, apresenta-se uma análise dos principais resultados do levantamento e, na sequencia, explica-se como foi desenhada a página Web que dará livre acesso essa base de dados por meio da internet. A disponibilização em Internet de informações sistematizadas sobre atores sociais envolvidos com a construção de ambientes saudáveis potenciará notavelmente o diálogo e a interação na área da Saúde Ambiental; também permitirá a identificação de expertises multidisciplinares e áreas temáticas prioritárias em relação aos determinantes da saúde no Brasil, em especial, aqueles que dizem respeito à cidadania, aos ecossistemas e aos modos de produção e trabalho.
Um relato do projeto de extensão “construindo ambientes saudáveis”: entendendo as diferentes casas que nos abrigam.
Authors: Fleischer Soraya , Carneiro Fernando
Published: June 2016

No mês de agosto de 2008, a Universidade de Brasília deu início a mais um campus, dentro da perspectiva multicêntrica que vem sendo promovida em várias universidades federais brasileiras na década atual. Além de contar com dezenas de cursos, institutos e infra-estrutura no campus Darcy Ribeiro, na Asa Norte, e na Faculdade de Planaltina, na cidade homônima, a partir de então, a UnB passava a se desenvolver também na cidade de Ceilândia, maior região administrativa localizada dentro do Distrito Federal, e, logo em seguida, na cidade do Gama.
Decentralisation strategies and municipalisation of the response to aids in Brazil: implications to health authorities and non governmental organisations
Authors: Grangeiro Alexandre , Escuder Maria Mercedes , Gianna Maria Clara , Castilho Euclides Ayres Castilho , Teixeira Paulo Roberto
Published: June 2016

O processo de construção da resposta nacional à aids é descrito e analisado sob a ótica das políticas de descentralização, utilizando como fonte de dados documentos e estudos realizados sobre o tema. A trajetória dos processos de descentralização é descrita em três fases: a constituição de uma resposta essencialmente descentralizada baseada na atuação de Estados, Municípios e Organizações não Governamentais (ONG), nos anos de 1980; a concentração do poder decisório e de financiamento no nível federal, nos anos de 1990, que ocorre, paradoxalmente, em conjunto com o fortalecimento dos Estados e Municípios e a expansão da resposta por todas as regiões brasileiras; e a implantação de políticas de descentralização que visam a transferir para o nível local atribuições e recursos financeiros federais, nos anos 2000. Essas políticas possibilitaram ampliar a resposta nacional e contribuíram para aumentar a oferta de serviços e reduzir o número de casos de aids. Limitações observadas na implantação da política levaram à indução de respostas mais restritas em parte das secretarias e à redução das ações de ONG. Considerar experiências exitosas e medidas organizacionais podem aprimorar o processo.
Analyzing STD and Aids control policies among brazilian indigenous population
Authors: Santos Vera Lopes dos , Bemúdez Ximena Pamela , Toledo Luciano Medeiros de , Cruz Marly Marques , Moreira Elizabeth
Published: June 2016

By consulting secondary data and official information from the Department of STD, AIDS, and Viral Hepatitis of the Ministry of Health, this article analyses the National Health Policy of Indigenous People, particularly, the national health policy that has been implemented regarding STD/HIV/ AIDS control within the Indigenous Special Health Districts. Even though the relevant improvement regarding featuring the epidemic scenario among the indigenous people, the most urgent challenge today is the harmonization of public policies in health with cultural forms of life of these different ethnic groups, its vulnerabilities and the comprehension of the singularities due to cultural alterity.