Wavelength encoded single-shot high-spatiotemporal resolution all-optical probe
Authors: Yi You-Jian , Ding Fu-Cai , Zhu Ping , Zhang Dong-Jun , Liang Xiao , Sun Mei-Zhi , Guo Ai-Lin , Yang Qing-Wei , Kang Hai-Tao , Yao Xiu-Yu , Li Zhao-Liang , Xie Xing-Long , Zhu Jian-Qiang ,   Key Laboratory of High Power Laser and Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China,   Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,   School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China,   School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
Published: September 2023

The laser probe is one of the main techniques for capturing ultrafast dynamic processes and has extensive applications in fields such as plasma physics, photochemistry, and biomedical science. In this work, a time-wavelength encoded optical probe generation scheme is proposed, which uses cascaded frequency doubling crystals with different phase-matching angles and independent delay lines to achieve time-wavelength encoding. This method offers single-shot high-spatiotemporal resolution, high frame rate, and a wide range of adjustable time windows. The temporal resolution of the optical probe depends on the pulse width of the second harmonic, which can be adjusted by changing the phase-matching angle of the frequency-doubling crystal. The time window of the optical probe is only related to the change in the delay line, which can be adjusted by changing the length of the delay line. Therefore, the time resolution and time window of the optical probe are independent of each other. An optical probe generation system is constructed with 247 fs temporal resolution, 4 μm spatial resolution, 4.05 THz maximal frame rate, and an adjustable time window from sub-picosecond to 3 ns. The three-dimensional spatiotemporal evolution process of plasma filaments is captured within a single shot by using the optical probe. The experimental results show that the ionization front of the plasma propagates forward at a velocity of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ {\left(2.963\pm 0.024\right)\times 10}^{8}\;{\rm{m}}/{\rm{s}} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="22-20230727_M2.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="22-20230727_M2.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction. This demonstrates the feasibility of using the probe for capturing ultrafast events. In the part of discussion, we analyze that the key parameters of the optical probe can reach a maximum frame rate of 35.7 THz, a maximum time resolution of 28 fs, and a time window range that can be adjusted from hundreds of femtoseconds to tens of nanoseconds. Finally, the optimal design parameters of the optical probe are given for different application scenarios. The optical probe generation scheme has good scalability and versatility, and can be combined with any wavelength decoding device, diffraction imaging, holographic imaging, tomography scanning, and other technologies. The high spatiotemporal resolution of the optical probe and the independent adjustability of its parameters provide a feasible solution for single-shot high spatiotemporal resolution captures of ultrafast dynamic processes on a multiple time scale.