bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavior and turbine avoidance rates of eagles at two wind farms in Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Hull Cindy L. , Muir Stuart C.
Published: March 2013

Understanding the interaction between eagles and wind farms is essential for the development of strategies to minimize collision risk, and to quantify avoidance rates for collision risk modeling. The purpose of our study was to measure the avoidance rates of Tasmanian wedge‐tailed eagles (Aquila audax fleayi) and white‐bellied sea‐eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster) using a new method, and to examine factors affecting these rates. We conducted eagle surveys at the Musselroe Wind Farm (undeveloped and used as a control); Studland Bay Wind Farm during commissioning and operational stages; and Bluff Point Wind Farm during the operational stage, all in northern Tasmania, Australia. Observers documented flight tracks and behavior of eagles over 875 days during the period 2006–2008. Both species demonstrated a distinct avoidance of the turbines, preferring to fly midway between them. Avoidance rates were 81%–97%, and differed significantly between species and sites, with white‐bellied sea‐eagles avoiding at a higher rate than wedge‐tailed eagles. Eagles at Bluff Point had a higher avoidance rate than those at Studland Bay, even though the sites were only 3 km apart. Both species altered their avoidance rates in response to stages in the wind‐farm development, but only the wedge‐tailed eagle altered its rate in response to weather conditions, demonstrating a higher avoidance rate during wet and windy conditions. Our study found that the interaction of eagles and wind turbines is complex, which highlights the need for further study of avoidance rates in species at different sites. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Birds and wind projects across the pond: A UK perspective
Authors: Langston Rowena H. W.
Published: March 2013

Wind‐energy generation is expanding globally, largely in response to climate change predictions, in an attempt to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels. The increasing demand for locations with suitable wind resource places pressure on bird species and sites of conservation importance. Our understanding of the effects of wind‐energy generation on birds is growing, but ambitious targets for wind‐energy production mean that we need to apply best available information in smarter ways now, refining our approaches as evidence accrues. This applies especially to the offshore “windrush,” which is taking place in Europe, notably the United Kingdom, which currently leads the world in installed capacity offshore. This paper presents UK experience and European studies, onshore and offshore, to consider lessons learned, especially in view of the fledgling offshore industry in the USA. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Habitat utilization in white‐tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the displacement impact of the Smøla wind‐power plant
Authors: May Roel , Nygård Torgeir , Dahl Espen Lie , Bevanger Kjetil
Published: March 2013

On average, 7.8 white‐tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) collide with wind turbines annually at the operating wind‐power plant on the island of Smøla off the coast of central Norway. To better understand the impact of this wind‐power plant on white‐tailed eagles, we investigated how habitat utilization affected displacement effects. We collected data on habitat utilization in non‐territorial subadult white‐tailed eagles using global positioning system satellite telemetry (2004–2009). From these data, we estimated utilization distributions using the Brownian bridge movement model and analyzed them using Resource Utilization Functions. Home ranges were circa 10–30% smaller for subadults hatched on skerries and islets farther from the wind‐power plant, and tended to be circa 40% larger during spring. Shallow sea, skerries, and islets were utilized extensively, as was marsh, heathland, and forest on the main island of Smøla. We noted lower selectivity for arable land and higher levels of differentiation in utilization among individuals for forest and islets. Females also had a nearly 4 times higher between‐individual variation, which was likely due to long‐ranging excursions. The within‐ and between‐individual variation among seasons showed an annual pattern, with increasing between‐individual variation toward summer. Displacement (indicated by an overall 40% proportional reduction in utilization) was more pronounced in the birds' second and third calendar year compared with their first calendar year, and during autumn–winter. Reduced displacement during spring coincides with the white‐tailed eagle pre‐breeding period with increased flight activity. This may, in part, explain increased collision risk during spring. Possible displacement effects in white‐tailed eagles may be avoided by siting wind‐power plants farther inland or offshore. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Corrosion Inhibition Study of a Novel Synthesized Gemini Nonionic Surfactant for Carbon Steel in 1 M HCl Solution
Authors: El‐Tabei A. S. , Hegazy M. A.
Published: March 2013

In this study, a gemini nonionic surfactant was synthesized as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1 M HCl. Surface properties of the synthesized gemini nonionic surfactant were determined by using surface tension. The results showed that the gemini nonionic surfactant has good surface active properties. The corrosion inhibition effect of the synthesized inhibitor on carbon steel was evaluated by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and weight loss methods. The characterization of the film formed on the steel surface was carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM) methods. The inhibitor molecules were adsorbed physically onto a carbon steel surface according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The results revealed that the inhibitor acted as a mixed‐type inhibitor. It was found that the inhibition efficiency increases with an increase in inhibitor concentration and decreases with increasing temperature. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated to elucidate the inhibitive mechanism.
Assessment of levator ani morphology and function in asymptomatic nulliparous women via static and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Cai Xiang‐Ran , Qiu Lin , Wu He‐Jia , Liu Si‐Run
Published: March 2013

Objective

To evaluate levator ani morphology and function in healthy nulliparous women using static and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging.

Methods

Eighty asymptomatic, healthy nulliparous Chinese women (mean age, 25.3 ± 3.5 years) volunteered for the present study. Static T2‐weighted fast spin‐echo images were employed to evaluate levator ani morphology; dynamic T2‐weighted fast imaging employing steady‐state acquisition was used to evaluate its function. A 2 samples t test was employed to compare groups.

Results

No morphologic abnormality was detected in the 80 healthy nulliparous women. However, 15% (12/80) of women had various degrees of pelvic organ descent below the pubococcygeal line. In these women, the width of the pubic portion of the levator ani was significantly reduced during straining, whereas the levator plate angle, the levator hiatus area, and the H and M line lengths were enlarged. These changes were associated with weakened levator ani function and pelvic floor laxity.

Conclusion

Functional abnormality of the levator ani muscle was noted in nulliparous women at static and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Further follow‐up investigation is needed to confirm whether women with functional abnormality are more likely to develop a prolapse after vaginal birth.
Role of Electrodiagnosis in Patients Being Considered for Epidural Steroid Injections
Authors: Annaswamy Thiru M. , Bierner Samuel M. , Avraham Ravid
Published: March 2013

Electrodiagnostic (EDX) evaluation, and, more specifically, electromyography (EMG), has a well‐established role in the diagnostic confirmation of cervical and lumbar radiculopathy. The role of EMG in prognostication, however, is less established and remains a topic of debate. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the diagnostic and prognosticating role of EMG in cervical and lumbar radiculopathies, and to assess the utility of EMG in predicting outcomes after epidural steroid injections (ESI). A review of the existing literature strongly supports a prognosticating role for EDX in predicting outcomes after lumbar ESI in lumbosacral radiculopathies (LSR). Although limited research regarding outcome prediction after cervical ESI in cervical radiculopathies has been performed, no study has specifically evaluated the utility of EMG in predicting outcomes for cervical ESI, and this topic requires further investigation. An EDX evaluation can provide clinicians with accurate and reliable diagnostic information (level I or level II evidence) in the evaluation of patients with lumbosacral radiculopathies, and can provide more valid prognostic information (level I evidence) regarding potential benefits of lumbar ESI. An EDX evaluation, therefore, can enhance a clinician's ability to advise patients on the most appropriate and efficacious evaluation and management plan for the treatment of painful radiculopathies.
Research in young people at ultra-high risk for psychosis: a review of the current evidence
Authors: O'Connor K.
Published: March 2013

Background

The past 15 years have seen a growing interest in early intervention and detection of psychosis before the onset of the first episode. Recent proposals to include a psychosis risk syndrome (PRS) in DSM 5 have focused attention on the evidence base achieved to date in this field.

Aims

This article aims to (1) review the underlying principles of early identification and intervention during the pre-psychotic phase, (2) summarise the naturalistic follow-up studies conducted to date in this ‘at-risk’ population, (3) discuss the identified clinical risk factors for transition to psychosis, (4) summarise the interventional studies both psychological and pharmacological completed to date and (5) briefly discuss the controversy around the proposed inclusion of the PRS in DSM 5.

Methods

Electronic databases EmBase, MedLine and PsychInfo were searched using the keywords ultra-high risk/at-risk mental state/risk syndrome/pre-psychotic/prodrome/prodromal and psychosis/schizophrenia.

Results

The evidence suggests that it is possible to identify individuals who may be at risk of developing psychosis. Results from intervention studies, mostly involving second-generation antipsychotics and cognitive behavioural therapy, are currently insufficient to make treatment recommendations for this group. The emerging research with regard to possible neuroprotective factors such as omega fatty acids is promising, but will require replication in larger cohorts before it can be recommended.
Release of EPA and DHA from salmon oil – a comparison ofin vitrodigestion with human and porcine gastrointestinal enzymes
Authors: Aarak K. E. , Kirkhus B. , Holm H. , Vogt G. , Jacobsen M. , Vegarud G. E.
Published: March 2013

In the present study, we hypothesised whetherin vitrodigestion of salmon oil would release different amounts of PUFA depending on the origin of the lipolytic enzymes used. For this purpose,in vitrodigestion of salmon oil (SO) was performed using human duodenal juice (HDJ) or a commercial enzyme preparation consisting of porcine pancreatin and bile (PB). The lipolytic effect was determined by measuring the release of fatty acids (FA) using solid-phase extraction and GC–flame ionisation detection, withdrawing samples every 20 min during digestion. The amount of FA released indicated that a plateau was reached after 80 min with approximately similar amounts of FA detected using both HDJ and PB (379 (sd18) and 352 (sd23) mg/g SO, respectively). However, the release of 18 : 2, EPA (20 : 5) and DHA (22 : 6) was significantly different duringin vitrodigestion. At 80 min, HDJ and PB released 43 and 33 % of 18 : 2, 14 and 9 % of EPA and 11 and 9 % of DHA, respectively. Both enzyme preparations released approximately the same amounts of the other FA analysed. The effect of the addition of bile salts (BS) was significantly different in the two enzyme systems, where porcine pancreatin highly responded to the increase in BS concentration, in contrast to HDJ.
Ethnicity, Violence, and Khmer-Vietnamese Relations: The Significance of the Lower Mekong Delta, 1757–1954
Authors: McHale Shawn
Published: March 2013

This essay argues that to understand twentieth-century Khmer-Vietnamese ethnic antagonism, the contest for the lower Mekong Delta (in today's Vietnam) since the mid-eighteenth century has been key. It argues, however, that while this pre-1945 background can explain antagonism, it cannot sufficiently explain the violence between Khmer and Vietnamese that occurred after 1945. For that, the First Indochina War (1945–54) and decolonization marked a turning point. This period saw the creation of a dynamic of violence between Khmer and Vietnamese that hardened ethnic antagonisms, shaped the character of the war, and affected arguments over sovereignty. This dynamic of violence also contributed, in the long run, to a common Cambodian antagonism to the Vietnamese, including that of the Khmer Rouge.
Individual growth of the squidIllex argentinusoff Brazil as reconstructed from the gladius microstructure
Authors: Schroeder R. , Perez J.A.A.
Published: March 2013

Individual growth histories of the shortfin squidIllex argentinuswere reconstructed in 1512 individuals obtained during seven years of commercial exploitation in southern-south-eastern Brazil. Growth increments were directly measured on the gladius dorsal surface from the anterior part to posterior end in two-thirds of the entire length. Gladius growth increments were deposited at the same rate as statolith rings and the daily nature of the growth increments was supported. Because gladius length is strongly related to mantle length, growth increments closely approximated mantle length growth rates, allowing the reconstruction of both size- and age-dependent growth. Individual reconstruction was possible between 4 and 347 mm of gladius length, almost the entire life cycle of the species. The variability of the acceleration in gladius growth evidenced four life history transitions where the most noticeable occurred between paralarval/juvenile stages, delimiting male/female size differentiation. The changes in acceleration in growth throughout the size-range may be influenced by the thermal gradients experienced by individuals during life history events transitions in Brazilian waters.
Clarification on the nomenclatural availability of the turtle barnacle genusChelolepas(Cirripedia: Balanomorpha: Coronuloidea), a corrigendum to Hayashi (2012)
Authors: Frick Michael G.
Published: March 2013

The validity of the turtle barnacle genusChelolepashas been challenged on the grounds that the publication in which the genus was formally described does not meet the requirements of a published work under theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The present note informs thatChelolepasis a valid name that satisfies the provisions of the Code and thatTubicinella cheloniaeis a synonym ofChelolepas cheloniae.
The larval development of the Russell's snapper,Lutjanus russellii(Teleostei: Lutjanidae) reared under laboratory conditions
Authors: Leu Ming-Yih , Liou Chying-Hwa
Published: March 2013

The larval development of the Russell's snapperLutjanus russelliiis described and illustrated for the first time. Fertilized eggs, with a mean diameter of 0.80 ± 0.04 mm and a range from 0.71 to 0.84 mm, were spherical, transparent, buoyant and unpigmented. Embryonic development lasted 26 hours 50 minutes at 24.7°C. Newly hatched larvae were 1.86 ± 0.10 mm in total length (TL) with 24 (10 + 14) myomeres and had an oil globule in the ventroanterior area of the yolk sac. Two days after hatching (DAH, 2.61 mm TL), the mouth opened. Early larvae had melanophores scattered on the head, body and yolk surface. Thirteen DAH (2.74 mm TL), the buds of the second dorsal and pelvic-fin spines had appeared. At 5.81 mm TL, the notochord was slightly flexed, and the hypural bones and caudal-fin rays had begun to develop. The ratios of the second dorsal and pelvic-fin spine lengths to TL attained their maximum, 40% and 36%, respectively. At 14.02 mm TL, all fins had the adult complement of rays and spines. The characteristic of this species, with four black stripes on the sides and with a round black spot on the upper back, was completed in juvenile of 23.1 mm TL. The larval habitat shifted from the surface and middle layers to the tank bottom. A statistical model:Y equals 2.18e0.06X, whereYis mean TL (mm) andXrepresents DAH, explained 99.34% of variation in growth (P< 0.001,R2= 0.9934).
Altered cingulate and amygdala response towards threat and safe cues in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Maier S. J. , Szalkowski A. , Kamphausen S. , Feige B. , Perlov E. , Kalisch R. , Jacob G. A. , Philipsen A. , Tüscher O. , van Elst L. Tebartz
Published: March 2013

Background

Emotional dysregulation is becoming increasingly recognized as an important feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, two experiments were conducted investigating the neural response to either verbally instructed fear (IF) or uninstructed (classically conditioned) fear (UF) using the skin conductance response (SCR) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Method

In the conditioning phase of the UF experiment (17 ADHD and 17 healthy controls), subjects experienced an unconditioned stimulus (UCS, unpleasant electrodermal stimulation) paired with a former neutral conditioned stimulus (CS+), whereas a control stimulus (CS−) was never paired with the UCS. In the subsequent test phase, only the CS+ and the CS− were presented. In the IF experiment (13 ADHD and 17 healthy controls), subjects were only told that an independently experienced UCS might occur together with the CS+ but not the CS− during testing. No UCS was presented.

Results

Groups did not detectably differ in SCR or neural responses to UF. In IF, ADHD patients showed a trend-line decreased SCR and significantly decreased activation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), a region prominently involved in fear responding, to the CS+. This was accompanied by higher amygdala activation to the CS−.

Conclusions

During IF, ADHD patients showed deficits in regions centrally involved in fear learning and expression in terms of diminished CS+-related dACC and increased CS−-related amygdala signals. This suggests an impaired processing of verbally transmitted aversive information, which is central for conveying fear information in social contexts. This result extends the growing literature on emotional alterations in ADHD.
Neural responses to fearful eyes in children with conduct problems and varying levels of callous–unemotional traits
Authors: Sebastian C. L. , McCrory E. J. , Dadds M. R. , Cecil C. A. M. , Lockwood P. L. , Hyde Z. H. , De Brito S. A. , Viding E.
Published: March 2013

Background

Children with conduct problems (CP) are a heterogeneous group. Those with high levels of callous–unemotional traits (CP/HCU) appear emotionally under-reactive at behavioural and neural levels whereas those with low levels of CU traits (CP/LCU) appear emotionally over-reactive, compared with typically developing (TD) controls. Investigating the degree to which these patterns of emotional reactivity are malleable may have important translational implications. Instructing participants with CP/HCU to focus on the eyes of fearful faces (i.e. the most salient feature) can ameliorate their fear-recognition deficits, but it is unknown whether this is mediated by amygdala response. It is also unknown whether focusing on fearful eyes is associated with increased amygdala reactivity in CP/LCU.

Method

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure neural responses to fearful and calm faces in children with CP/HCU, CP/LCU and TD controls (n = 17 per group). On half of trials participants looked for a blue dot anywhere within target faces; on the other half, participants were directed to focus on the eye region.

Results

Reaction time (RT) data showed that CP/LCU were selectively slowed in the fear/eyes condition. For the same condition, CP/LCU also showed increased amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC)/orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) responses compared with TD controls. RT and amygdala response to fear/eyes were correlated in CP/LCU only. No effects of focusing on the eye region were observed in CP/HCU.

Conclusions

These data extend the evidence base suggesting that CU traits index meaningful heterogeneity in conduct problems. Focusing on regulating reactive emotional responses may be a fruitful strategy for children with CP/LCU.
Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard , Otto Tim , Cohen Neal J.
Published: March 2013

There is considerable evidence that the hippocampal system contributes both to (1) the temporary maintenance of memories and to (2) the processing of a particular type of memory representation. The findings on amnesia suggest that these two distinguishing features of hippocampal memory processing are orthogonal. Together with anatomical and physiological data, the neuropsychological findings support a model of cortico-hippocampal interactions in which the temporal and representational properties of hippocampal memory processing are mediated separately. We propose that neocortical association areas maintain shortterm memories for specific items and events prior to hippocampal processing as well as providing the final repositories of long-term memory. The parahippocampal region supports intermediate-term storage of individual items, and the hippocampal formation itself mediates an organization of memories according to relevant relationships among items. Hippocampal-cortical interactions produce (i) strong and persistent memories for events, including their constituent elements and the relationships among them, and (ii) a capacity to express memories flexibly across a wide range of circumstances.
La Calidad Institucional En Argentina En El Largo Plazo
Authors: Araoz María Florencia
Published: March 2013

This paper presents a multidimensional indicator of institutional quality in Argentina for the period 1862-2008. Initially, it describes a set of variables that aim to measure issues related to the legal framework prevailing in Argentina and its implementation, such as changes in the Constitution and the provincial Constitutions, declarations of state of siege and federal interventions, freedom of press, central bank independence. The indicator is then constructed through the principal component analysis.

The results suggest that periods of high institutional quality in Argentina coincided with the most expansion and relative progress. In other words, poor institutional quality would not only be reflected in lower growth rates but also compromises the ability to follow those countries with the best performace.
THE EVIDENCE FOR LATE-ONSET PRE-ECLAMPSIA AS A MATERNOGENIC DISEASE OF PREGNANCY
Authors: FERRAZZI ENRICO , STAMPALIJA TAMARA , AUPONT JEAN EDGARD
Published: March 2013

It is our opinion that the evidence from epidemiological observations, clinical trials and biological studies is strong enough to support the view of different origin and phenotypes of pre-eclampsia: placental, which usually occurs (but not exclusively) early in pregnancy and is associated with poor early placentation of different severity with subsequent restriction of foetal growth, at different stages of gestation; and maternogenic, which generally occurs late in pregnancy and it is not related to placental insufficiency and foetal growth restriction.
RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT
Authors: Hoover Kevin D. , Young Warren
Published: March 2013

The transcript of a panel discussion marking the 50th anniversary of John Muth's “Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements” (Econometrica 1961). The panel consisted of Michael Lovell, Robert Lucas, Dale Mortensen, Robert Shiller, and Neil Wallace. The discussion was moderated by Kevin Hoover and Warren Young. The panel touched on a wide variety of issues related to the rational-expectations hypothesis, including its history, starting with Muth's work at Carnegie Tech; its methodological role; applications to policy; its relationship to behavioral economics; its role in the recent financial crisis; and its likely future.

The panel discussion was held in a session sponsored by the History of Economics Society at the Allied Social Sciences Association (ASSA) meetings in the Capitol 1 Room of the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Denver, Colorado.
Collection Development Policies in Law Firm Libraries: Do we Need Them?
Authors: Hollingum Jasmin
Published: March 2013

This article written by Jasmin Hollingum was adapted from her coursework that she submitted as part of an MSc in Library and Information Studies. It posits that whilst collection development policies (CDPs) are in widespread use in academic institutions, they are currently under-used in law firms. It considers what benefits a written CDP could deliver to a law firm library and identifies the problems that firm librarians face when developing such policies. Finally it seeks to establish ways in which they might be overcome.
Efficacy of dignity therapy for depression and anxiety in terminally ill patients: Early results of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Julião Miguel , Barbosa António , Oliveira Fátima , Nunes Baltazar , Carneiro António Vaz
Published: March 2013

Objective:

Dignity therapy (DT) is a short-term psychotherapy developed for patients living with a life-limiting illness. Our aim was to determine the influence of DT on symptoms of depression and anxiety in people with a life-threatening disease with high level of distress, referred to an inpatient palliative care unit.

Method:

This was an open-label randomized controlled trial. Sixty terminally ill patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: intervention group (DT+ standard palliative care [SPC]) or control group (SPC alone). The main outcomes were symptoms of depression and anxiety, measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, assessed at baseline, day 4, day 15, and day 30 of follow-up.

Results:

Of the 60 participants, 29 were randomized to DT and 31 to SPC. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. DT was associated with a significant decrease in depressive symptoms at day 4 and day 15 (mean = −4.46, 95% CI, −6.91–2.02, p = 0.001; mean= −3.96, 95% CI, −7.33 to −0.61; p = 0.022, respectively), but not at day 30 (mean = −3.33, 95% CI, −7.32–0.65, p = 0.097). DT was also associated with a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms at each follow-up (mean= −3.96, 95% CI, −6.66 to −1.25, p = 0.005; mean= −6.19, 95% CI, −10.49 to −1.88, p = 0.006; mean = −5.07, 95% CI, −10.22 to −0.09, p = 0.054, respectively).

Significance of results:

DT appears to have a short-term beneficial effect on the depression and anxiety symptoms that often accompany patients at the end of their lives. Future research with larger samples compared with other treatments is needed to better understand the potential benefits of this psychotherapy.
Symptoms overlooked in hospitalized cancer patients: Impact of concurrent symptoms on overlooked by nurses
Authors: Miyajima Kaya , Fujisawa Daisuke , Hashiguchi Saori , Shirahase Joichiro , Mimura Masaru , Kashima Haruo , Takeda Junzo
Published: March 2013

Objective:

Physical and psychological symptoms in cancer patients are frequently overlooked by medical staff. However, little is known regarding the potential impacts of concurrent physical and psychological symptoms on the overlooking of other symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of concurrent symptoms on the overlooking of other symptoms in cancer inpatients.

Method:

A total of 255 cancer inpatients in the general wards of one university hospital, who were referred to the palliative care team, were included. On the day of referral, nurses and patients were independently assessed for the presence of the following eight symptoms: pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, lack of appetite, dry mouth, sleep problems, and distressed feelings. The presence of delirium was also separately assessed by nurses and psychiatrists on the team. A total of nine symptoms detected by nurses and those reported by patients or psychiatrists were compared, and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the variables associated with the overlooking of these symptoms.

Results:

The most frequently reported symptom was pain (76.5%), followed by distressed feelings (49.8%), sleep problems (34.1%), and delirium (25.1%). The proportion of those overlooked was more than one quarter (25.0–63.6%) for all symptoms except pain (12.8%). Significant associations were found between the overlooking of shortness of breath and concurrent delirium (odds ratio [OR] = 110.9); the overlooking of sleep problems and concurrent lack of appetite (OR = 9.1); and the overlooking of distressed feelings and concurrent dry mouth (OR = 27.7). No patient demographic characteristic was associated with the overlooking of any other symptoms.

Significance of results:

The presence of some specific concurrent symptoms is likely to lead to the overlooking of other symptoms in cancer inpatients by nurses. Comprehensive assessments of physical and psychological symptoms in daily clinical practice are needed.
The lived experience of family caregivers who provided end-of-life care to persons with advanced dementia
Authors: Peacock Shelley , Duggleby Wendy , Koop Priscilla
Published: March 2013

Objective:

Dementia is a terminal illness, and family caregivers play a vital role in providing end-of-life care to their relative. The present study begins to address the paucity of research regarding end-of-life caregiving experience with dementia.

Method:

This study utilized Munhall's methodology for interpretive phenomenology. Seven women and four men were interviewed two to three times within a year of their relative's death; interviews were transcribed verbatim and hermeneutically analyzed.

Results:

Findings reveal two essential aspects of end-of-life dementia caregiving:being-withandbeing-there. Further findings are organized according to the existential life worlds. Examination of the life worlds demonstrates that 1)spatialityprovided a sense or lack of feeling welcome to provide end-of-life care; 2)temporalitywas an eternity or time melting away quickly, or the right or wrong time to die; 3)corporealityrevealed feelings of exhaustion; and 4)relationalitywas felt as a closeness to others or in tension-filled relationships.

Significance of results:

An understanding from bereaved caregivers’ perspectives will help healthcare practitioners better support and empathize with family caregivers. Further research is warranted that focuses on other places of death and differences in experience based on gender or relationship to the care receiver.
Where Art Thou, Adam Smith?
Authors: Hoffman Tom
Published: March 2013

The early years of the twenty-first century have not been good for global capitalism. An international credit crisis and a widespread recession, with all of their attendant anxieties and miseries, have unsurprisingly shaken public support for free-market processes—especially within many of capitalism's traditional strongholds. As a colorful token of this lost faith, The Socialist Economic Bulletin,published by London's leftist former mayor Ken Livingstone, reported in 2010 a “tenfold increase” in sales of Karl Marx'sDas Kapitalin Germany from the year prior. Meanwhile, from the other end of the ideological spectrum, in 2011The Economistreported that public support for free-market economics actually fared relatively well in Marx's native Germany, where it drew the highest level of support among the 25 national populations surveyed (just edging out nominally communist China). Indeed, support in both Germany and China was strong compared to capitalism's depressed standing in the United States. The percentage of American respondents willing to give at least qualified assent (i.e., to choose “somewhat agree” or better) to the claim that it is the “best” economic system fell from a leading 80% early in the millennium to just 59% by 2010.
Building the Judiciary: Law, Courts, and the Politics of Institutional Development. By Justin Crowe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. 328p. $80.00 cloth, $35.00 paper.
Authors: Popova Maria
Published: March 2013

Justin Crowe has written an accessible, thorough, and compelling history of the institutional development of the US Supreme Court and the federal judiciary it sits atop, from their inconspicuous inception in February 1790 to their current status as, perhaps, the most powerful judiciary in the world.
The Political Economy of Global Finance: A Network Model
Authors: Oatley Thomas , Winecoff W. Kindred , Pennock Andrew , Danzman Sarah Bauerle
Published: March 2013

Although the subprime crisis regenerated interest in and stimulated debate about how to study the politics of global finance, it has not sparked the development of new approaches to International Political Economy (IPE), which remains firmly rooted in actor-centered models. We develop an alternative network-based approach that shifts the analytical focus to the relations between actors. We first depict the contemporary global financial system as a network, with a particular focus on its hierarchical structure. We then explore key characteristics of this global financial network, including how the hierarchic network structure shapes the dynamics of financial contagion and the source and persistence of power. Throughout, we strive to relate existing research to our network approach in order to highlight exactly where this approach accommodates, where it extends, and where it challenges existing knowledge generated by actor-centered models. We conclude by suggesting that a network approach enables us to construct a systemic IPE that is theoretically and empirically pluralist.
The Politics of Inequality in the Face of Financial Crisis
Authors: Isaac Jeffrey C.
Published: March 2013

I entered college in September of 1975, a working class kid from Queens whose father, Hyman Isaac, was an unemployed linotype operator (I wonder how many of our younger readers even know what that is; it's a typesetter, a trade that no longer exists), and whose mother, Sylvia Isaac, was an office secretary. I thus enrolled at Queens College, the neighborhood school, part of the City University of New York which, in 1975, offered free tuition to all New York City high school graduates. A month later, on October 30, the New York Daily News carried one of the most famous newspaper headlines of the century: “Ford to the City: Drop Dead.” The Ford in question was Gerald Ford, the unelected President of the United States who had acceded to the office from the House of Representatives when first the Vice-President (Spiro Agnew) and then the President (Richard Nixon) resigned amid scandal and disgrace. And his “drop dead” to “the city”—New York City—was a strong declaration that the US government would not bail New York out of the severe fiscal crisis in which it was mired. That same autumn, the State of New York passed the New York State Financial Emergency Act of The City of New York, placing the city in receivership, under the fiscal control of a state-appointed Emergency Financial Control Board: EFCB. That acronym, and a second with which it was conjoined—MAC, or “Big MAC,” the Municipal Assistance Corporation, the bond authority led by Felix Rohatyn that became the veritable executive office of the city—is indelibly stamped on the psyches of all who lived in and around New York in those years. For me, a teenage college student, the most palpable effect of all of this was the abolition of tuition-free higher education in New York City in 1976—a sour note during that year's bicentennial celebration of American freedom.
Occupational functioning in early non-affective psychosis: the role of attributional biases, symptoms and executive functioning
Authors: Fornells-Ambrojo M. , Craig T. , Garety P.
Published: March 2013

Aims.

Occupational functioning is severely impaired in people with psychosis. Social cognition has recently been found to be a stronger predictor of functioning than neurocognition. This study is the first to investigate if externalizing attributional biases that are typically associated with psychosis play a role in the vocational pathways of people with early psychosis.

Methods.

A cross-sectional design was used. Fifty participants with early psychosis were recruited from a cohort of 144 participants of the Lambeth Early Onset randomized control trial at 18-month follow-up. Information on occupational functioning was obtained using case notes and interview. Severity of symptoms was assessed and participants completed measures on attributional style and executive functioning.

Results.

Although executive functioning and positive symptoms were associated with poor occupational functioning, an externalizing attributional style for failures and reduced engagement in occupational activities during the previous 18 months emerged as the only predictors of poor occupational functioning at 18-month follow-up.

Conclusions.

An externalizing attributional bias is associated with poor occupational functioning. Further research is needed to investigate the direction of this relationship and whether attributional biases mediate the impact of symptoms and cognitive impairment on functioning.
Telomere stability—Wnt it or lose it
Authors: Bauer Kerstin , Tao Si , Rudolph K Lenhard
Published: March 2013

Gilson and colleagues show in this issue of EMBO reports that β‐catenin directly controls TRF2 expression and that this is critical for telomere protection in cancer cells. These findings and their implications are discussed here.
A fluorescent reporter for mapping cellular protein‐protein interactions in time and space
Authors: Moreno Daniel , Neller Joachim , Kestler Hans A , Kraus Johann , Dünkler Alexander , Johnsson Nils
Published: March 2013

We introduce a fluorescent reporter for monitoring protein–protein interactions in living cells. The method is based on the Split‐Ubiquitin method and uses the ratio of two auto‐fluorescent reporter proteins as signal for interaction (SPLIFF). The mating of two haploid yeast cells initiates the analysis and the interactions are followed online by two‐channel time‐lapse microscopy of the diploid cells during their first cell cycle. Using this approach we could with high spatio‐temporal resolution visualize the differences between the interactions of the microtubule binding protein Stu2p with two of its binding partners, monitor the transient association of a Ran‐GTPase with its receptors at the nuclear pore, and distinguish between protein interactions at the polar cortical domain at different phases of polar growth. These examples further demonstrate that protein–protein interactions identified from large‐scale screens can be effectively followed up by high‐resolution single‐cell analysis.
A requirement for wild-type Ras isoforms in mutant KRas-driven signalling and transformation
Authors: Bentley Carolyn , Jurinka Stefanie S. , Kljavin Noelyn M. , Vartanian Steffan , Ramani Sree R. , Gonzalez Lino C. , Yu Kebing , Modrusan Zora , Du Pan , Bourgon Richard , Neve Richard M. , Stokoe David
Published: March 2013

The mutant forms of KRas, NRas and HRas drive the initiation and progression of a number of human cancers, but less is known about the role of WT (wild-type) Ras alleles and isoforms in cancer. We used zinc-finger nucleases targeting HRas and NRas to modify both alleles of these genes in the mutant KRas-driven Hec1A endometrial cancer cell line, which normally expresses WT copies of these genes. The disruption of either WT isoform of Ras compromised growth-factor-dependent signalling through the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) pathway. In addition, the disruption of HRas hindered the activation of Akt and subsequent downstream signalling. This was associated with decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis and decreased anchorage-independent growth in the HRas-disrupted cells. However, xenograft tumour growth was not significantly affected by the disruption of either NRas or HRas. As expected, deleting the mutant allele of KRas abolished tumour growth, whereas deletion of the remaining WT copy of KRas increased the tumorigenic properties of these cells; deleting a single copy of either HRas or NRas did not mimic this effect. The present study demonstrates that the WT copies of HRas, NRas and KRas play unique roles in the context of mutant KRas-driven tumours.
Vergleich verschiedener Heuschnupfen- Repertorien anhand konkreter Fälle
Authors: Zauner Bernhard
Published: March 2013

Drei, in der letzten Zeit erschienene Heuschnupfenrepertorien sollen anhand von Kasuistiken verglichen werden. Alle Werke erleichtern die Akutbehandlung des Heuschnupfens.
Epidemiological Trends of Spine Trauma: An Australian Level 1 Trauma Centre Study
Authors: Tee J. W. , Chan C. H. P. , Fitzgerald M. C. B. , Liew S. M. , Rosenfeld J. V.
Published: March 2013

Knowledge of current epidemiology and spine trauma trends assists in public resource allocation, fine-tuning of primary prevention methods, and benchmarking purposes. Data on all patients with traumatic spine injuries admitted to the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne between May 1, 2009, and January 1, 2011, were collected from the Alfred Trauma Registry, Alfred Health medical database, and Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry. Epidemiological trends were analyzed as a general cohort, with comparison cohorts of nonsurvivors versus survivors and elderly versus nonelderly. Linear regression analysis was utilized to demonstrate trends with statistical significance. There were 965 patients with traumatic spine injuries with 2,333 spine trauma levels. The general cohort showed a trimodal age distribution, male-to-female ratio of 2:2, motor vehicle accidents as the primary spine trauma mechanism, 47.7% patients with severe polytrauma as graded using the Injury Severity Score (ISS), 17.3% with traumatic brain injury (TBI), the majority of patients with one spine injury level, 7% neurological deficit rate, 12.8% spine trauma operative rate, and 5.2% mortality rate. Variables with statistical significance trending toward mortality were the elderly, motor vehicle occupants, severe ISS, TBI, C1–2 dissociations, and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) A, B, and C neurological grades. Variables with statistical significance trending toward the elderly were females; low falls; one spine injury level; type 2 odontoid fractures; subaxial cervical spine distraction injuries; ASIA A, B, and C neurological grades; and patients without neurological deficits. Of the general cohort, 50.3% of spine trauma survivors were discharged home, and 48.1% were discharged to rehabilitation facilities. This study provides baseline spine trauma epidemiological data. The trimodal age distribution of patients with traumatic spine injuries calls for further studies and intervention targeted toward the 46- to 55-year age group as this group represents the main providers of financial and social security. The study's unique feature of delineating variables with statistical significance trending toward both mortality and the elderly also provides useful data to guide future research studies, benchmarking, public health policy, and efficient resource allocation for the management of spine trauma.
Strain induced enhanced ferromagnetic behavior in inhomogeneous low doped La0.95Sr0.05MnO3+δ
Authors: Das S. , Amaral J. S. , De K. , Willinger M. , Gonçalves J. N. , Roy A. , Dhak P. , Giri S. , Majumder S. , Silva C. J. R. , Gomes M. J. M. , Mahapatra P. K. , Amaral V. S.
Published: March 2013

We report an unusual high-temperature ferromagnetic transition in bulk single-phase nanocrystalline La0.95Sr0.05MnO3+δ, achieved through localized strain and inhomogeneous Sr-doping. Magnetization measurements show a well defined transition at 290 K and a broad one at ∼150 K. HRTEM imaging reveals the strain on the highly crystalline nanometer sized grains and Sr-doping gradients, while oxygen homogeneity at the grain interfaces is confirmed by EELS-spectra. The magnetic behavior, far from the expected bulk phase diagram, shows how local doping and strain can strongly tune the macroscopic properties of a bulk material.
Microwave absorbing characteristics of flake-shaped FeNiMo/epoxy composites
Authors: Yang R. B. , Liang W. F.
Published: March 2013

Water atomized Fe16Ni82Mo2 (wt. %) alloy powder with spherical-like form was processed in a planetary mill for 2 h and 4 h, respectively. The complex permittivity (ε′−jε″) and permeability (μ′−jμ″) are measured using the transmission/reflection method in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz for FeNiMo/epoxy composites with 70 wt. % of magnetic fillers. The results show that all ε′, ε″, μ′, μ″ substantially increase due to the increase of aspect ratios. The magnetic susceptibility (μ′−1) of FeNiMo/epoxy absorber is negative above 5 GHz due to the natural magnetic resonance. The frequency dispersion of μ″ of flake-shaped FeNiMo composite shows a higher resonance frequency which exceeds the Snoek's limit in the gigahertz range as a result of large shape anisotropy. For composite absorbers with 2 mm thickness, the calculated reflection loss reaches −12.1 dB at 14.6 GHz without milling, −20.4 dB at 13.0 GHz for 2 h milling, and −13.1 dB at 11.0 GHz for 4 h milling.
Selective detection of tetrahedral units in amorphous GeTe-based phase change alloys using Ge L3-edge x-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy
Authors: Krbal M. , Kolobov A. V. , Fons P. , Mitrofanov K. V. , Tamenori Y. , Hegedüs J. , Elliott S. R. , Tominaga J.
Published: March 2013

Using Ge L3-edge x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) studies, we demonstrate a noticeable difference in local structure between amorphous and thermally crystallized GeTe-based phase change alloys. The pronounced change appears as a step-like feature at the absorption edge corresponding to a 2p → 5s (4d) electron transition. Comparison with ab initio XANES simulations suggest that the step-like feature is due to the presence of tetrahedrally coordinated Ge atoms in the as-deposited samples. The obtained results demonstrate that Ge L3-edge XANES can be used as a structural probe for the existence of tetrahedral Ge sites in GeTe-based phase change alloys.
About a new family of coherent states for some SU(1,1) central field potentials
Authors: Popov Dusan , Sajfert Vjekoslav , Pop Nicolina , Chiritoiu Viorel
Published: March 2013

In this paper, we shall define a new family of coherent states which we shall call the “mother coherent states,” bearing in mind the fact that these states are independent from any parameter (the Bargmann index, the rotational quantum number J, and so on). So, these coherent states are defined on the whole Hilbert space of the Fock basis vectors. The defined coherent states are of the Barut-Girardello kind, i.e., they are the eigenstates of the lowering operator. For these coherent states we shall calculate the expectation values of different quantum observables, the corresponding Mandel parameter, the Husimi's distribution function and also the P- function. Finally, we shall particularize the obtained results for the three-dimensional harmonic and pseudoharmonic oscillators.
Optical signatures of Ce related traps in GaN
Authors: Majid Abdul
Published: March 2013

Cerium ions were implanted into wurtzite GaN/sapphire thin films at doses 3 × 1014 and 2 × 1015 cm−2. The samples were annealed at 900 °C and studied using photoluminescence (PL), Raman, optical transmission spectroscopy and Hall measurement techniques. Near band emission signs were found absent for implanted samples and two new luminescence centers were recorded. Detailed temperature dependence PL measurements were carried out to find possible origin of these centers. The observed luminescence lines are assigned to the radiative recombination of electrons bound to the complex CeGa-VN and isoelectronic CeGa traps with holes from valance band.