bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raman and infrared spectroscopic study of the molybdate‐containing uranyl mineral calcurmolite
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Čejka Jiří , Dickfos Marilla J.
Published: February 2008

Raman and infrared spectra of calcurmolite were recorded and interpreted from the uranium and molybdenum polyhedra, water molecules and hydroxyls point of view. UO bond lengths in uranyl and MoO bond lengths in MoO6 octahedra were calculated and OH…O bond lengths were inferred from the spectra. The mineral calcurmolite is characterised by bands assigned to the vibrations of the UO2 units. These units provide intense Raman bands at 930, 900 and 868 and 823 cm−1. These bands are attributed to the anti‐symmetric and symmetric stretching modes of the UO2 units, respectively. Raman bands at 794, 700, 644, 378 and 354 cm−1 are attributed to vibrations of the MoO4 units. The bands at 693 and 668 cm−1 are assigned to the anti‐symmetric and symmetric Ag modes of the terminal MO2 units. Similar bands are observed at 797 and 773 cm−1 for koechlinite and 798 and 775 cm−1 for lindgrenite. It is probable that some of the bands in the low wavenumber region are attributable to the bending modes of MO2 units. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of primary aromatic amines using precolumn derivatization by HPLC fluorescence detection and online MS identification
Authors: Zhao Xianen , Suo Yourui
Published: February 2008

2‐(2‐Phenyl‐1H‐phenanthro‐[9,10‐d]imidazole‐1‐yl)‐acetic acid (PPIA) and 2‐(9‐acridone)‐acetic acid (AAA), two novel precolumn fluorescent derivatization reagents, have been developed and compared for analysis of primary aromatic amines by high performance liquid chromatographic fluorescence detection coupled with online mass spectrometric identification. PPIA and AAA react rapidly and smoothly with the aromatic amines on the basis of a condensation reaction using 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐carbodiimide (EDC) as dehydrating catalyst to form stable derivatives with emission wavelengths at 380 and 440 nm, respectively. Taking six primary aromatic amines (aniline, 2‐methylaniline, 2‐methoxyaniline, 4‐methylaniline, 4‐chloroaniline, and 4‐bromoaniline) as testing compounds, derivatization conditions such as coupling reagent, basic catalyst, reaction temperature and time, reaction solvent, and fluorescent labeling reagent concentration have also been investigated. With the better PPIA method, chromatographic separation of derivatized aromatic amines exhibited a good baseline resolution on an RP column. At the same time, by online mass spectrometric identification with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source in positive ion mode, the PPIA‐labeled derivatives were characterized by easy‐to‐interpret mass spectra due to the prominent protonated molecular ion m/z [M + H]+ and specific fragment ions (MS/MS) m/z 335 and 295. The linear range is 24.41 fmol–200.0 pmol with correlation coefficients in the range of 0.9996–0.9999, and detection limits of PPIA‐labeled aromatic amines are 0.12–0.21 nmol/L (S/N = 3). Method repeatability, precision, and recovery were evaluated and the results were excellent for the efficient HPLC analysis. The most important argument, however, was the high sensitivity and ease‐of‐handling of the PPIA method. Preliminary experiments with wastewater samples collected from the waterspout of a paper mill and its nearby soil where pollution with aromatic amines may be expected show that the method is highly validated with little interference in the chromatogram.
Tetragonal YPO4 – a novel SRS-active crystal
Authors: Kaminskii A A , Bettinelli M , Speghini A , Rhee H , Eichler H J , Mariotto G
Published: February 2008

High-order Raman-induced Stokes and anti-Stokes generation was observed in tetragonal YPO4 crystal. The discovered nonlinear-laser properties of this orthophosphate material significant increase the possibilities for its practical application. The SRS-promoting modes derive both from stretching vibrations of the phosphate ion, and from combinations of these modes.
Consumers' waiting in queues: The role of first‐order and second‐order justice
Authors: Zhou Rongrong , Soman Dilip
Published: February 2008

Past research on queuing has identified social justice as an important determinant of consumers' waiting experiences. In queuing settings, people's perception of social justice is affected by whether the principle of first in and first out (FIFO) has been violated. However, even when service follows the FIFO principle, waiting time may still differ from one consumer to another for various reasons. For instance, a consumer who happens to arrive in the queue after a large group of people may have to wait longer than average. In this research, it is argued that, aside from and independent of the FIFO principle, consumers also care about whether everyone spends an approximately equal amount of time waiting before availing of the product or service. When consumers perceive that they have spent more time waiting than others and when they can attribute this injustice to the service provider, they will be less satisfied with the waiting experience. It is also proposed that adherence to the FIFO principle is a more salient concern to consumers (thus termed “first‐order” justice), and equal waiting time (”second‐order” justice) matters only when first‐order justice is not an issue. Three studies support the predictions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effectiveness of nonverbal symbolic signs and metaphors in advertisements: An experimental inquiry
Authors: DeRosia Eric D.
Published: February 2008

This research investigates the effectiveness of nonverbal symbolic signs and rhetorical metaphors in advertisements. Hypotheses are made based on appeals to both interpretive and psychological theoretical perspectives. In contrast to previous research that has assumed nonverbal ad elements are effortlessly and automatically processed, it is proposed here that consumers must devote a nontrivial level of cognitive effort if they are to comprehend nonverbal symbolic signs and metaphors. The hypotheses suggest boundary conditions for the effectiveness of nonverbal elements in advertising. An experiment is conducted as a test of the hypotheses, and the observations support the hypotheses. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aniline Oligomers – Architecture, Function and New Opportunities for Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Wei Zhixiang , Faul Charl F. J.
Published: February 2008

In this mini review, we strive to highlight the opportunities that exist for the use of aniline oligomeric species in functional materials by reviewing the current state‐of‐the‐art of the various synthetic strategies, as well as the growing number of publications where more complex block‐like architectures have been shown. Areas for further investigation and possible future development are highlighted as well.

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Accurate Prediction of θ (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) in Polymer Solutions Based on 3D Descriptors and Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Xu Jie , Chen Biao , Liang Hao
Published: February 2008

Quantitative structure‐property relationships were studied between descriptors representing the three‐dimensional structures of molecules and θ (LCST, lower critical solution temperature) in polymer solutions with a database of 169 data containing 12 polymers and 67 solvents. Feed‐forward artificial neural networks (ANNs) combined with stepwise multilinear regression analysis (MLRA) were used to develop the models. With ANNs, the squared correlation coefficient (R2) for θ (LCST) of the training set of 112 systems is 0.9625, the standard error of estimation (SEE) is 13.43 K, and the mean relative error (MRE) is 1.99%; in prediction of θ (LCST) using the test set of 57 systems, the MRE is 2.26%. With MLRA, the MREs for the training and test sets are 4.02% (R2 = 0.8739, SEE = 25.88 K) and 5.05%, respectively.

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Investigation into the onset and progression of transplant arteriosclerosis in a mice aortic retransplantation model
Authors: Steger Ulrich , Ensminger Stephan , Bushell Andrew , Wood Kathryn J.
Published: February 2008

Long‐term function of vascularized human organ grafts is often limited by transplant arteriosclerosis and can lead to graft failure. Here, we have analyzed the impact of an initial rejection episode on the later development of transplant arteriosclerosis. Following transplantation of allogeneic abdominal aortic segments in mice, aortic grafts were retransplanted into either immunodeficient or syngeneic recipients. Retransplantation of grafts from immunocompetent into immunodeficient mice as early as 2 days after the primary transplant resulted in intimal proliferation and obstruction of the graft lumen 30 days after the primary transplantat. In contrast, retransplantation of the grafts into donor syngeneic B10 recipients within 7 days did not result in the development of transplant arteriosclerosis. These data suggest that the adaptive immune system can induce intimal proliferation by an initial lethal hit that is sustained by the innate response. However our data demonstrate that development of chronic rejection can be inhibited, in this case by retransplantation into a syngeneic host. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2008.
On a model for electromagnetic processes inside and outside a ferromagnetic body
Authors: Brokate Martin , Eleuteri Michela , Krejčí Pavel
Published: February 2008

One‐dimensional Maxwell's equations are considered in a ferromagnetic body surrounded by vacuum. Existence and uniqueness of solution for the resulting system of partial differential equations with hysteresis on the whole real line is proved under suitable constitutive hypotheses. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The fractal finite element method for added‐mass‐type problems
Authors: Leung A. Y. T. , Fok A. S. L. , Dai H. , Su R. K. L.
Published: February 2008

The fractal finite element method (FFEM), originally developed for calculating stress intensity factors in fracture mechanics problems, has been extended to analyse fluid–structure interaction in the form of added‐mass‐type problems. These include the free vibration of a submerged spherical shell and the interaction between a dam and a reservoir. For the former problem, the numerical solution from the FFEM agrees well with the analytical solution, and the FFEM performed better than conventional finite elements and infinite elements in terms of efficiency. For the latter problem, the FFEM predicted an added mass profile that is different from that based on Westergaard's parabolic solution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell processing on polyimide surface patterned by rubbing
Authors: Matsumoto Norihiro , Hiruma Hitomi , Nagaoka Shoji , Fujiyama Koutarou , Kaneko Arata , Kawakami Hiroyoshi
Published: February 2008

In this study, we prepared a novel rubbed fluorinated polyimide film using a rubbing machine with a rubbing cloth and determined the surface properties of the rubbed film using an atomic force microscope and contact angle measurements. In addition, we evaluated the cell adhesion behavior on the rubbed polyimide film using a phase contrast microscope. Interestingly, a rubbed polyimide surface having a micrometer‐scale grooved pattern was prepared by the rubbing method, and the morphologies of rat primary hepatocytes and human liver cell lines attached to the rubbed surface were three‐dimensional multicellular spheroids, while the cells on an unrubbed surface showed two‐dimensional monolayers. This initial study indicates that the rubbing method without any chemical modification is simple and can easily produce large surface areas, suggesting that the rubbing may become a novel cell culture method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Myelofibrosis in a patient with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Friedman Gregory K. , Hammers Yuki , Reddy Vishnu , Pressey Joseph G.
Published: February 2008

We report a unique case of primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) detected in an infant who had bone marrow biopsies demonstrating myelofibrosis, a finding not previously reported in primary HLH. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:1260–1262. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging of optic nerve head coloboma
Authors: Righini Andrea , Avagliano Laura , Doneda Chiara , Pinelli Lorenzo , Parazzini Cecilia , Rustico Mariangela , Triulzi Fabio , Bulfamante Gaetano
Published: February 2008

Objective

Congenital optic nerve head coloboma represents an important cause of childhood visual impairment and blindness; it can be isolated or, more often, it can be associated with several syndromes. Ultrasound has limitations in depicting the posterior aspect of the fetal eye globe, so prenatal information about ocular coloboma are very scarce. The purpose of this paper was to report prenatal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of optic nerve head coloboma.

Methods

MR imaging at 1.5 Tesla was based on multiplanar single‐shot fast spin‐echo T2‐weighted 3–4 mm thick contiguous sections.

Results

Three fetal cases with optic nerve head coloboma and one with microphthalmos and colobomatous cyst are reported. Coloboma appeared as a focal bulging of ocular globe profile at the insertion of optic nerve.

Conclusion

Prenatal MR imaging allowed an accurate diagnosis to be obtained. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic insights into bipolar disease
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: February 2008

Genetic studies will enhance clinicians' and researchers' understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar disease. Genetic studies will also improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity associated with current medications, while raising the prospect of new treatments for this often‐devastating disease. Professor David Collier, from the Institute of Psychiatry in London, made these predictions during his lecture at the 6th LatestAdvances in Psychiatry Symposium held in London inApril 2007.Medical writer,Mark Greener,reports. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
Networks and conetworks of PIB‐based cyanoacrylate‐telechelic prepolymers: Synthesis, characterization, and properties
Authors: Jewrajka Suresh K. , Kennedy J. P.
Published: February 2008

Novel networks and conetworks were prepared by the instantaneous polymerization of cyanoacrylate‐telechelic three‐arm star polyisobutylene [Ø(PIB‐CA)3] and the copolymerization of Ø(PIB‐CA)3/2,4,4‐trimethylpentane cyanoacrylate (TMP‐CA) mixtures, respectively, by means of strong nucleophiles, such as NEt2‐telechleic linear or three‐arm star PIBs [Ø(PIB‐NEt2)2 or 3]. The reactants were combined in the bulk in double‐barrel syringes by reaction injection molding (RIM). The chemical and mechanical properties of products prepared in the bulk and by conventional solution techniques were characterized by various techniques (swelling, extractables, FTIR and NMR spectroscopies, Instron, microhardness, oxidative resistance, DSC, DMTA). Conditions for the preparation of rubbery materials for possible biomedical applications were developed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2612–2623, 2008
1‐Amino‐1‐hydrazo‐2,2‐dinitroethene – a Hazard Warning
Authors: Bellamy Anthony J. , Contini Alessandro E. , Latypov Nikolaj V.
Published: February 2008

1‐Amino‐1‐hydrazo‐2,2‐dinitroethene (2) has been observed to spontaneously decompose with considerable violence during storage. Its preparation and handling should be regarded as potentially hazardous.
Temperature‐dependent Raman scattering of natural and isotopically substituted PbS
Authors: Etchegoin P. G. , Cardona M. , Lauck R. , Clark R. J. H. , Serrano J. , Romero A. H.
Published: February 2008

Lead sulfide is an important semiconductor that has found technological applications for over a century. Raman spectroscopy, a standard tool for the investigation and characterization of semiconductors, has limited application to this material because of the forbidden nature of its first order scattering and its opacity to visible lasers. Nevertheless, useful vibrational spectra from two‐phonon processes are obtained with red lasers, probably because of a resonance in the concomitant electronic transitions. Herewith, we report temperature dependent Raman spectra covering the 10–300 K range, for two samples with different sulfur isotopic compositions. The results are analyzed by comparison with ab initio cal‐ culations of the lattice dynamics of PbS and the corresponding densities of one and two‐phonon states. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of the two phonon band centered at ∼430 cm–1. The combined use of ab initio calculations and an extended temperature range (compared to previous reports) allows an unequivocal identification of some of the main features in the second‐order Raman spectra. Our study also provides a much firmer background for the understanding of anomalous temperature dependences in the anharmonic shifts of second‐order Raman spectra in PbS. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Speciation of iron and sulphur in seasonal layers of varved lake sediment: an XPS study
Authors: Shchukarev Andrey , Gälman Veronika , Rydberg Johan , Sjöberg Staffan , Renberg Ingemar
Published: February 2008

Under specific conditions, annually‐laminated (varved) sediments are formed in lakes. Such lake sediments are rare, but of great interest to studies of past environmental conditions since they provide annual or even seasonal time resolution, and can be used to follow environmental changes over hundreds or thousands of years. The chemical composition of the varves and speciation of chemical elements reveal information on past conditions. The colour of sediment varves can vary between light brown to almost black, and it was hypothesised that black layers were deposited in seasons with oxygen deficit in the hypolimnion (summer and winter) and light layers were formed at spring and autumn over‐turn periods when oxygen‐rich water flow occurred near the lake bottom. We have tested this hypothesis by analyses of seasonal layers of varves formed in 1968 and 2005 using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy with fast‐frozen samples. We found that the organic (C, N, O, S) and inorganic (Al, Si, Ca, Fe, S) elemental composition was similar for all samples studied, but the chemical states of iron and sulphur differed remarkably depending on the season. The black colour of the summer layer was caused by the precipitation of inorganic FeS, while in the light layers only organic thiol (SH) and sulphate SO42− together with Fe(III) hydroxides were found. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the initial oxidation characteristics of uranium with pure oxygen below 100 °C by spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Lin Siqin , Lai Xinchun , Lv Xuechao , Zhang Houliang
Published: February 2008

In this work, the initial oxidation characteristics of uranium with pure oxygen was studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The samples used in experiments were depleted uranium, which were finely polished before experiments. In the study the surface of the uranium was sputtered to clean in vacuum by Ar+ gun firstly, and then n and k values of pure metallic uranium were measured within wavelength range 350–1000 nm. The series experiments were done by introducing oxygen into vacuum chamber to a pressure of 5000 Pa while the samples were under various temperatures (45, 65, 85, and 95 °C), and the thickness of the surface oxidation film with time was obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry under these conditions in situ. The results show that the oxidation process obeys the parabolic kinetics, which indicates that the reaction is controlled by oxygen diffusion. The reaction constants at these temperatures (45, 65, 85, and 95 °C) under 5000 Pa were calculated from experimental results, which depended obviously on temperature. From calculation, the activation energy is 73.7 kJ mol−1 for uranium below 100 °C at oxygen pressure 5000 Pa. Our study showed that spectroscopic ellipsometry is suitable for studying uranium oxidation at initial stage. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS analysis of food products: toward chemical functions and molecular compounds
Authors: Rouxhet P. G. , Misselyn‐Bauduin A. M. , Ahimou F. , Genet M. J. , Adriaensen Y. , Desille T. , Bodson P. , Deroanne C.
Published: February 2008

This contribution extends to typical food products the approach followed before to analyze microbial surfaces by XPS. Wheat‐flour‐based cakes with different formulations (absence of oil or egg products) and related nonbaked mixtures were analyzed by XPS. The C 1s, N 1s and O 1s peaks can be decomposed into 4, 2 and 3 components, respectively, with contributions that are due to well‐identified chemical functions, typical of classes of biochemical compounds: proteins, carbohydrates, phospholipids (PL) and neutral lipids (NL). These attributions are supported by the analysis of ingredients, and by the 1:1 relationships between concentrations of elements and/or functional groups which demonstrate the consistency of the information regarding carbohydrates, proteins and PL: C 1s (286.2 eV) and O 1s (532.4 eV) contributions due to alcohol and ether; uncharged nitrogen (399.6 eV), and C 1s (287.6 eV) or O 1s (532 eV) contributions due to amide; phosphorous and positively charged nitrogen (402.3 eV) which are markers for PL.

The concentrations of elements or functions ratioed to total carbon can be modeled on the basis of the known composition of model biochemical compounds, which leads to an evaluation of the surface composition expressed in wt% of these classes of compounds. Thereby, it was shown that surface accumulation, as compared to the bulk, increases in the order proteins < NL < PL. Moreover, the surface enrichment of PL compared to triglycerides was found to be increased after baking. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supporting CMMI Level 2 SAM PA with Non‐technical Features Catalogues
Authors: Carvallo Juan Pablo , Franch Xavier , Quer Carme
Published: February 2008

In the last decades, the use of methods and models for the evaluation and continuous improvement of software processes has become a common practice in software development organisations. This is not only due to the fact that software quality is becoming an increasing concern to both practitioners and researchers but also that the software market is becoming gradually more demanding in terms of development constraints, systems evolution and emerging business models. To cope with this reality, the adoption of Software Process Improvement Models such as capability maturity model integration (CMMI) is perceived by many software development organisations as a basic survival principle. However CMMI is not prescriptive; it provides instead a compendium of best practices which should be adopted by organisations usually after the development of several supporting assets. In this article, we propose the use of a unified catalogue of non‐technical features to support some of the activities of CMMI level 2, namely the ones in relation to Supplier Agreement Management (SAM). Non‐technical features included in the catalogue have been collected from the literature and also from our research and industrial experiences. We illustrate the approach with a software selection process carried out in a telecommunications company. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mating‐induced ovulation in loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta
Authors: Manire Charles A. , Byrd Lynne , Therrien Corie L. , Martin Kelly
Published: February 2008

Mating‐induced ovulation is common in mammals, but has been rarely described in other taxa. Observations of several mature female loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, held in captivity seemed to indicate that ovulation did not occur in the absence of a male. This study was designed to determine whether this was an effect of captivity or an effect of the absence of a male. Two mature female loggerheads were followed over six annual reproductive cycles. Ultrasound exams were performed approximately every 2 weeks to follow the development of follicles in the ovaries. During the first two seasons, no male was present, in the next two seasons, a mature male was present without mating, and in the final two seasons a mature male was present, mating with one or both females. When no male was present or when present without mating, ovarian follicles developed to full size, but ovulation did not occur and the follicles gradually began to decrease in diameter and undergo changes evident on ultrasound. In the fifth season, only one of the females mated, dropping two eggs after 7 days, and continued to oviposit throughout the following months (total 275 eggs). The unmated female did not ovulate, showing the same pattern as earlier seasons. In the final season, both females mated and ovulated, dropping eggs for the next four months (total 539 eggs). The following year, no males were present and neither female ovulated. This study provides clear evidence that ovulation in loggerhead sea turtles is induced by mating. Zoo Biol 27:213–225, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutrition assessment and management in children on peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Paglialonga Fabio , Edefonti Alberto
Published: February 2008

Protein-calorie malnutrition, otherwise known as cachexia, is a common problem in children undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) and is a frequent source of significant morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence suggests that the main factors involved in the pathogenesis are metabolic acidosis, a decreased response to anabolic hormones, and chronic inflammation, associated with hormonal imbalances and an increased metabolic rate. Given the complexity and multifactorial nature of cachexia, the assessment of nutritional status in children on PD requires a complete history and physical examination; assessment of dietary intake, biochemical indices, and anthropometry; and possibly bioimpedance analysis and combined score systems. Its management should likewise be multidisciplinary and include ensuring an adequate energy and protein intake; optimal metabolic control, with the correction of acidosis, anaemia, and hyperparathyroidism; an optimal (or at least adequate) dialysis dose; and, if necessary, prescription of specific drugs such as recombinant human growth hormone.
Preparation and Characterization of 4‐Methoxy Cinnamoyl Glycerol
Authors: Holser R. A. , Mitchell T. R. , Harry‐O’kuru R. E. , Vaughn S. F. , Walter E. , Himmelsbach D.
Published: February 2008

Glycerol was reacted with 4‐methoxy cinnamic acid to prepare the corresponding 4‐methoxy cinnamoyl glycerol. The reaction proceeded in toluene under reflux conditions with p‐toluenesulfonic acid catalyst. Reaction of equimolar amounts of reactants produced the monoester in 20% yield after 2 h. The product was isolated and characterized by FTIR, mass spectrometry, and NMR techniques. Results of mass spectrometry and NMR experiments showed that the ester linkage formed between the carboxylic acid and the primary hydroxyl of glycerol. The ester displayed strong absorbance between 250 and 350 nm and shows potential as a UV filter in formulations where hydrophilic compounds are advantageous.
Hydrodynamic limits: some improvements of the relative entropy method
Authors: Saint-Raymond Laure
Published: February 2008

The present paper is devoted to the study of the incompressible Euler limit of the Boltzmann equation via the relative entropy method. It extends the convergence result for well-prepared initial data obtained by the author in [L. Saint-Raymond, Convergence of solutions to the Boltzmann equation in the incompressible Euler limit, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 166 (2003) 47–80]. It explains especially how to take into account the acoustic waves and relaxation layer, and thus to obtain convergence results under weak assumptions on the initial data.

The study presented here requires in return some nonuniform control on the large tails of the distribution, which is satisfied for instance by the classical solutions close to a Maxwellian built by Guo [Y. Guo, The Vlasov–Poisson–Boltzmann system near Maxwellians, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 55 (2002) 1104–1135].

Cet article est consacré à l'étude – par la méthode d'entropie relative – de l'asymptotique de l'équation de Boltzmann conduisant aux équations d'Euler incompressibles. Il étend le résultat établi par l'auteur dans [L. Saint-Raymond, Convergence of solutions to the Boltzmann equation in the incompressible Euler limit, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 166 (2003) 47–80] pour des données bien préparées. Le problème est de prendre en compte les ondes acoustiques et la couche initiale de relaxation, pour obtenir un résultat de convergence sous des hypothèses peu contraignantes sur la donnée initiale.

L'étude présentée ici requiert en contrepartie un contrôle (non uniforme) sur la distribution des grandes vitesses, qui est satisfait par exemple par les solutions classiques construites par Guo dans [Y. Guo, The Vlasov–Poisson–Boltzmann system near Maxwellians, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 55 (2002) 1104–1135].
Exponential convergence for a periodically driven semilinear heat equation
Authors: Zygouras Nikos
Published: February 2008

We consider a semilinear heat equation in one space dimension, with a periodic source at the origin. We study the solution, which describes the equilibrium of this system and we prove that, as the space variable tends to infinity, the solution becomes, exponentially fast, asymptotic to a steady state. The key to the proof of this result is a Harnack type inequality, which we obtain using probabilistic ideas.

On considère une équation de chaleur semilinéaire dans l'espace unidimensionnel, avec une source périodique à l'origine. On étudie la solution qui décrit l'équilibre de ce système, et on montre que, si la variable spatiale tend vers l'infini, la solution devient asymptotiquement équivalente à une solution stationnaire à vitesse exponentielle. On utilise une inégalité de type Harnack, qu'on obtient par des méthodes probabilistiques.
Trauma: When There's No Time to Count
Authors: Murdock Darlene B.
Published: February 2008

TRAUMA IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH for people younger than age 45 in the United States. To help prevent death or disability, critically in jured trauma patients must reach definitive care within the “golden hour.”

OFTEN, THE PERIOPERATIVE TEAM has no more than 10 minutes to prepare the room before a patient who has suffered multiple, critical, traumatic injuries is rushed into the OR.

FOR THE TRAUMA PATIENT'S SAFETY, the perioperative team must be diligent and use creative measures to efficiently ensure that all surgical counts are completed. Foregoing surgical counts places the trauma patient at an increased risk for unintentionally retained foreign objects.
Nurses' Views on the Characteristics of an Effective Leader
Authors: Feltner Arta , Mitchell Barbara , Norris Elfi , Wolfle Clara
Published: February 2008

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP CAN PROMOTE a satisfying and productive work environment in which staff members positively contribute to the success of the organization.

NURSES AT A MAGNET HOSPITAL in Florida undertook a project to determine what staff nurses believed were the characteristics of an effective leader.

USING ONE‐ON‐ONE INTERVIEWS and surveys, the project team discovered that the most highly ranked qualities and characteristics of an effective leader included effective communication skills, fairness, and knowledge about staff members' jobs. AORN J 87 (February 2008) 363‐372. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Edwards
Authors: Stein Stephen J.
Published: February 2008

Long recognized as 'America's theologian', Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) is seen as instrumental in the Great Awakening of the 1740s that gripped much of New England and that laid the groundwork for an American Protestant religious identity. This Cambridge Companion offers a general, comprehensive introduction to Jonathan Edwards and examines his life and works from various disciplinary perspectives including history, literature, theology, religious studies, and philosophy. The book consists of seventeen chapters written by leading religious scholars, historians and literary critics on Edwards' life, work, and legacy. The Companion will be an invaluable aid to teachers and scholars and will be imminently accessible to those just encountering Edwards for the first time.
A Framework for the Study of Personality and Political Behaviour
Authors: MONDAK JEFFERY J , HALPERIN KAREN D
Published: February 2008

Variance in how citizens interact with the political world constitutes one of many classes of individual difference. Understanding the antecedents of this variance is the central objective for students of political behaviour, and researchers draw on numerous factors in addressing this task. Unfortunately, one potentially vital factor, personality, has received only sporadic attention in recent decades. Neglect of personality was understandable for many years, as psychological research on personality failed to produce concise taxonomies applicable to the study of politics. As the present analysis demonstrates, however, this situation has changed. Research on personality has gained new footing with the emergence of a series of five-factor models, and these frameworks hold great potential for the study of political behaviour. This thesis is advanced in a two-part analysis. First, we outline how and why our understanding of citizen politics may be improved through application of five-factor models of personality. In doing so, we focus on the components of one specific taxonomy, the Big Five lexical model. Secondly, using three datasets, we explore the link between the Big Five personality factors and a wide array of political attitudes and behaviours. Results reveal that all facets of personality captured by the Big Five framework matter for citizen politics, and that personality effects operate on virtually all aspects of political behaviour. These findings demonstrate the insight that can emerge with further application of broad-scale models of personality.
Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Iris hookeriana against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep
Authors: Tariq K.A. , Chishti M.Z. , Ahmad F. , Shawl A.S. , Tantray M.A.
Published: February 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of Iris hookeriana Linn. rhizome against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. A worm motility inhibition assay was used for in vitro study and a faecal egg count reduction assay was used for an in vivo study. The in vitro study revealed anthelmintic effects of crude aqueous extracts and crude ethanolic extracts on live Trichuris ovis worms (P ≤ 0.05) as evident from their paralysis and/or death at 8 h after exposure. The aqueous extracts of I. hookeriana resulted in a mean worm motility inhibition of 54.0%, while ethanolic extracts resulted in a mean worm motility inhibition of 84.6%. The mean mortality index of aqueous extracts was 0.55, while for ethanolic extracts it was 0.85. The lethal concentration 50 for aqueous extracts was 0.45 mg ml− 1 and for ethanolic extracts it was 0.15 mg ml− 1. The in vivo anthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of I. hookeriana in sheep naturally infected with mixed species of gastrointestinal nematodes demonstrated a maximum (45.62%) egg count reduction in sheep treated with ethanolic extracts at 2 g kg− 1 body weight on day 10 after treatment, closely followed by ethanolic extracts at 1 g kg− 1 body weight on day 10 after treatment (43.54% egg count reduction). The aqueous extracts resulted in a maximum of 31.53% reduction in faecal egg counts on day 10 after treatment with 1 g kg− 1 body weight. Thus ethanolic extracts exhibited greater anthelmintic activity under both in vitro and in vivo conditions; this could be due to the presence of alcohol-soluble active ingredients in I. hookeriana. From the present study it can be suggested that I. hookeriana rhizome exhibited significant anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and has the potential to contribute to the control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of small ruminants.
A serological and epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for toxocariasis in children in central Poland
Authors: Żarnowska Hanna , Borecka Anna , Gawor Jakub , Marczyńska Magdalena , Dobosz Sabina , Basiak Wojciech
Published: February 2008

The level of specific anti-Toxocara IgG was examined in 343 children from central Poland with suspected Toxocara infection. Based on the presence of specific IgG antibodies and clinical signs and symptoms, toxocariasis was confirmed in 249 patients. The serological results of diagnosed cases were analysed in connection with epidemiological data (contamination of soil around the children's homes and presence of a dog or a cat). A higher prevalence of soil contamination with Toxocara eggs was found in suburban and rural areas (30.9% and 24.6%, respectively) whereas it was lower in urban areas (10.3%). In about 40% of the children whose households were not contaminated, a decrease in the antibody level was observed 2 years after treatment for toxocariasis, while there was no such decline in those living in contaminated places. The logistic regression model employed to determine the correlation between seropositivity in the children and selected epidemiological risk factors showed a statistically significant relationship in connection only with dog ownership (P = 0.0238). The present results have demonstrated the high risk of toxocariasis for children from rural and suburban areas in Poland. The sero-epidemiological investigations indicated that re-infection might be the reason for persistence of seropositivity after treatment.
The English dative alternation: The case for verb sensitivity
Authors: HOVAV MALKA RAPPAPORT , LEVIN BETH
Published: February 2008

We challenge the predominant view of the English dative alternation, which takes all alternating verbs to have two meanings: a caused possession meaning realized by the double object variant and a caused motion meaning realized by thetovariant. Instead, we argue that verbs likegiveandsellonly have a caused possession meaning, while verbs likethrowandsendhave both caused motion and caused possession meanings. We show that the caused possession meaning may be realized by both variants. Concomitantly, we argue that verbs likegive, even in thetovariant, lack a conceptual path constituent, and instead have a caused possession meaning which can be understood as the bringing about of a ‘have’ relation. We reassess evidence for alternative approaches adduced from inference patterns and verb–argument combinations and demonstrate how our verb-sensitive analysis, when combined with an account of variant choice, provides a more insightful explanation of this data, while having wider coverage. Our investigation affirms proposals that a verb's own meaning plays a key role in determining its argument realization options. To conclude, we consider the crosslinguistic implications of our study, attempting to explain why so many languages lack a true dative alternation.
Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex depends on the catecholO-methyltransferase Val158Met gene polymorphism
Authors: Roussos P. , Giakoumaki S. G. , Rogdaki M. , Pavlakis S. , Frangou S. , Bitsios P.
Published: February 2008

Background

Recent evidence suggests that dopamine (DA) agonist-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI) depends on basal PPI values, in a manner that suggests an inverted U-shaped relationship between PPI and prefrontal DA levels. This is the first study to examine possible genetic determinants of PPI and the catecholO-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism, the main catabolic pathway of released DA in the prefrontal cortex (PFC).

Method

PPI was measured in 93 healthy males presented with 75-dB and 85-dB prepulses at 60-ms and 120-ms prepulse–pulse intervals. Subjects were grouped according to theirCOMTstatus into a Val/Val, a Val/Met and a Met/Met group.

Results

ANOVAs showed that at all prepulse and interval conditions, Val/Val individuals had the lowest PPI, Met/Met the highest, and Val/Met were intermediate.

Conclusions

These results suggest that PPI is regulated by DA neurotransmission in the PFC and its levels depend on theCOMTVal158Met gene polymorphism. These findings enhance the value of the PPI paradigm in examining individual variability of early information processing in healthy subjects and psychiatric disorders associated with changes in PFC DA activity and attentional deficits such as schizophrenia.
A new look at the crossed product of aC*-algebra by a semigroup of endomorphisms
Authors: EXEL RUY
Published: February 2008

Let G be a group and let $P \subseteq G$ be a subsemigroup. In order to describe the crossed product of a C*-algebra A by an action of P by unital endomorphisms we find that we must extend the action to the whole group G. This extension fits into a broader notion of interaction groups which consists of an assignment of a positive operator Vg on A for each g in G, obeying a partial group law, and such that (Vg,Vg−1) is an interaction for every g, as defined in a previous paper by the author. We then develop a theory of crossed products by interaction groups and compare it to other endomorphism crossed product constructions.
Pour une phonologie de corpus
Authors: LAKS BERNARD
Published: February 2008

Pour les sciences du langage, comme pour toutes les sciences, la question du rapport aux données est l'une des plus fondamentales qui soit. Les avancées technologiques récentes en matière d'analyse et de fouille de bases et de banques de données linguistiques ont donné à la question de la relation entre corpus et modèles une acuité nouvelle. Face aux constructions génératives qui voient la théorie comme fondamentalement sous déterminée par les données factuelles, de nouvelles approches ont été proposées qui mettent au premier plan les faits de langue observables et construisent l'analyse linguistique comme une modélisation des usages. Voir dans ce renversement de la relation entre données et modèles un simple effet des technologies nouvellement disponibles et défendre que les linguistiques de corpus ne sont rien d'autre que de simples dispositifs techniques au service d'une linguistique descriptive, empirique ou herméneutique, occulte les questions épistémologiques centrales qui commandent la relation de la science linguistique à ses observables. En réanalysant l'opposition classique entre sciences de l’exemplumet sciences dudatum, je montre ici que la linguistique, et singulièrement la phonologie, se sont construites, contre la grammaire, comme des sciences empiriques ayant pour objet la modélisation des observables linguistiques. La notion de corpus apparaît ainsi l'une des plus anciennes qui soient. Comprendre son ancienneté et construire son historicité permettent de saisir ce qui est en jeu dans son resourcement technologique récent et permet de voir le moment génératif comme une parenthèse, certes un temps productive, dans la longue confrontation du linguiste modélisateur à ses corpus d'observables. L'enjeu de la réanalyse de la notion de corpus en linguistique et en phonologie est donc considérable, contre la vulgate saussurienne qui doit si peu à la pensée du Maître genevois, il ne s'agit de rien de moins que frayer le chemin d'une linguistique de parole, conditionsine qua non, comme il l'a souvent dit, d'une linguistique de la langue.
Annotating an oral corpus using the Text Encoding Initiative. Methodology, problems, solutions
Authors: CARRUTHERS JANICE
Published: February 2008

The objective of this paper is to describe and evaluate the application of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Guidelines to a corpus of oral French, this being the first corpus of oral French where the TEI has been used. The paper explains the purpose of the corpus, both in creating a specialist corpus ofnéo-contagethat will broaden the range of oral corpora available, and, more importantly, in creating a dataset to explore a variety of oral French that has a particularly interesting status in terms of factors such asconception orale/écrite, réalisation médialeandcomportement communicatif(Koch and Oesterreicher 2001). The linguistic phenomena to be encoded are both stylistic (speech and thought presentation) and syntactic (negation, detachment, inversion), and all represent areas where previous research has highlighted the significance of factors such as medium, register and discourse type, as well as a host of linguistic factors (syntactic, phonetic, lexical). After a discussion of how a tagset can be designed and applied within the TEI to encode speech and thought presentation, negation, detachment and inversion, the final section of the paper evaluates the benefits and possible drawbacks of the methodology offered by the TEI when applied to a syntactic and stylistic markup of an oral corpus.
Tool-assisted analysis of interactional corpora: voilà in the CLAPI database
Authors: BERT MICHEL , BRUXELLES SYLVIE , ETIENNE CAROLE , MONDADA LORENZA , TRAVERSO VÉRONIQUE
Published: February 2008

The aim of this paper is to show how databases and computer tools can be used for archiving and browsing corpora of social interactions. The development of specific search engines allows for both qualitative analysis of naturally occurring interactions and for quantitative explorations of larger corpora. The paper is based on the CLAPI Workbench , an interfaced ensemble of analytic tools which operates on a consistent body of corpora to facilitate their description and theoretical reconstruction. The analytical part of the paper focuses on the uses of a discourse particle in French interaction:voilà.
Perianale Rötung beim Kind - Gruppe-A-Streptokokken?!
Authors: Greisser J. , Niederer-Loher, A. , Kernland Lang K.
Published: February 2008

Die perianale streptogene Dermatitis ist mit einer Prävalenz von bis zu 5% keine seltene Erkrankung. Bei typischem klinischem Bild mit perianaler Rötung, Pruritus, Defäkationsschmerzen, Obstipation und Blutauflagerungen auf dem Stuhl sollte der Erregernachweis mittels eines bakteriologischen Abstriches angestrebt werden. Die Therapie erfolgt mit einem Penicillinpräparat für mindestens 10 Tage. Nach weiteren Erkrankungsfällen innerhalb der Familie oder der näheren Umgebung sollte gesucht bzw. gefragt werden. Die Rezidivrate ist hoch, weshalb Nachkontrollen empfohlen werden. Bei häufigen Rezidiven kann ein Wechsel auf ein alternatives Präparat (z.B. 1.- oder 2.-Generation- Cephalosporin) sinnvoll sein.
Time‐dependent morphology of thaw lakes and taliks in deep and shallow ground ice
Authors: West J. J. , Plug L. J.
Published: February 2008

The shape and depth of thaw lake basins depends on lake age, on whether the talik (thaw bulb) is at steady state, and on the distribution of ice in the ground. To investigate implications of this broad hypothesis, we use a numerical model of conductive heat transfer, phase change, and thaw subsidence of ice‐rich sediment beneath a lake in cross section. For ground thermal properties with lake temperatures and dimensions consistent with measurements, modeled talik depth approximately increases withexcept in lakes in deep ground ice which deepen more rapidly because of consolidation on thawing. In deep ground ice environments, basins achieve depths of ≈20 m in ≈5 ka. Expanding lakes with disequilibrium taliks have deep basins with broad, 100+ m wide, inclined margins. In shallow ground ice settings (either original epigenetic ice or in permafrost that has reformed in drained basins), lakes are <3 m deep and flat bottomed. Unaffected by preexisting topography and ground ice variations, first‐generation lakes in deep ground ice are rounder and grow larger in area than later‐generation lakes. These predictions are consistent with GPS, sonar, and remote sensing measurements of bathymetry and plan view shape of first‐ and later‐generation lakes in substrates with deep syngenetic ground ice (Pleistocene loess, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska) and shallow epigenetic ice (Yukon Arctic coastal plain).