bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogeny of the fungus gnat subfamilies Sciophilinae and Leiinae (Mycetophilidae), with notes on Sciaroidea incertae sedis (Diptera: Bibionomorpha)
Authors: Burdíková Nikola , Kaspřák David , Kjærandsen Jostein , Tóthová Andrea Špalek , Ševčík Jan
Published: November 2023

The phylogeny of the subfamilies Sciophilinae and Leiinae (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) is reconstructed, based on three nuclear (18S, 28S, CAD) and three mitochondrial (16S, COI, Cytb) gene fragments. The analysis supports the monophyly of Sciophilinae in a strict sense, without the Paratinia Mik, 1874 genus group and genera Aneura Marshall, 1896 and Taxicnemis Tonnoir and Edwards, 1927, the latter two revealed as being the most plesiomorphic within Mycetophilidae. The subfamily Leiinae is found monophyletic, but only in much narrower sense than it was defined based on recent morphological analyses. The genus TaiwanosciaroidesSaigusa, 2018 synon. nov. is considered to be a junior synonym of DeimyiaKallweit, 2002. A new molecular phylogeny of Sciaroidea is presented, based on longer sequences of nuclear genes (18S, 28S, CAD) and three mitochondrial gene fragments (12S, 16S, COI), including 10 genera of the Sciaroidea incertae sedis group. Eight of them grouped together (ufboot2 = 93), including RangomaramaJaschhof and Didham, 2002 (family Rangomaramidae). Two outlier genera, Ohakunea Edwards, 1927 and HeterotrichaChandler, 2002, grouped within Sciophilinae and as the sister-taxon to Sciaridae, respectively. Our results spark a debate over how to interpret and combine molecular and morphological data, and we refrain from reclassifications at this point.
Increased Diversity of Citrus Tristeza Virus in Europe
Authors: Zindović Jelena , Čizmović Miroslav , Vučurović Ana , Margaria Paolo , Škorić Dijana
Published: November 2023

This study investigated the genetic diversity of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates from Montenegro and Croatia, European countries with the northernmost citrus-growing regions situated on the Eastern Adriatic coast. Fifteen complete or nearly complete CTV genomes were reconstructed by high-throughput sequencing of samples collected in distinct municipalities in Montenegro and Opuzen municipality in Croatia. Phylogenetic analyses assigned some of the sequences to VT and T30 strains, previously recorded in Europe, while remarkably other isolates were placed in S1 and RB groups, which have not been reported in Europe so far. In addition, a new phylogenetic lineage comprising only isolates from Montenegro was delineated and tentatively proposed as the MNE cluster. Recombination analysis revealed evidence of 11 recombination events in the sequences obtained in this study, between isolates of related strains, within isolates of the same strain, and between distant strains. These findings show that CTV diversity in Europe is higher than reported before and calls for the reevaluation of management strategies.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Core Needle Biopsies as an Alternative Source for Ex Vivo Expanded TIL for Adoptive Cell Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Coman Magdalena M. , Pusztai Lajos , Hooley Regina , Andreveja Liva , Kim Leah , Joshi Nikhil , Bersenev Alexey , Krause Diane , Park Tristen S.
Published: November 2023

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have produced long-term response in metastatic cancers. TILs have traditionally been expanded from surgically resected specimens. Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) is an alternative method that avoids the morbidity of surgery and have added benefits which may include patients not amenable to surgery as well as the potential to produce TILs from multiple lesions in the same patient. We assessed the ability to produce and expand TILs from primary triple-negative breast cancer tumors from CNB (n=7) and demonstrate comparable expansion, phenotype and cytokine secretion after phorbol myristate acetate-ionomycin stimulation to TILs expanded from surgery (n=6). T cell Receptor clonality and diversity were also comparable between the two cohorts throughout the TIL culture. CNB is a safe and feasible method to obtain tumor tissue for TIL generation in patients with triple-negative breast cancer.
The Missing Link: Lean Leadership
Authors: Mann David
Published: November 2023

People often equate “Lean” with the tools that are used to create efficiencies and standardize processes. However, implementing tools represents at most 20 percent of the effort in Lean transformations. The other 80 percent is expended on changing leaders' practices and behaviors, and ultimately their mindset. Senior management has an essential role in establishing conditions that enable 80 percent of the effort to succeed. Their involvement includes establishing governance arrangements that cross divisional boundaries, supporting a thorough, long-term vision of the organization's value-producing processes, and holding everyone accountable for meeting Lean commitments. This is accomplished through regular, direct involvement. When upper management sets the example, durable Lean success and an increasingly Lean leadership mindset follow.
Long COVID in Icelandic Children: A Matched Cohort Study of Nonspecific Symptoms Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Thors Valtyr , Bjornsdottir Kristin Lilja , Love Thorvardur Jon , Haraldsson Asgeir
Published: November 2023

Purpose:

Pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections are usually mild and the mortality rates are low, but concerns have been raised about long-term symptoms that may resemble other postinfectious syndromes. Studies with robust control groups and high response rates have been few.

Methods:

We obtained identifiers for all 837 Icelandic children diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 by PCR between March 2020 and June 2021 and contacted them by telephone. We asked about 10 physical and mental symptoms being present at least twice weekly for at least 2 months. Participants who reported symptoms were contacted again a year later. For each subject who completed the questionnaire, an age- and sex-matched comparator without SARS-CoV-2 infection was asked to complete the same questionnaire, and the risk difference was calculated.

Results:

Responses from 643 cases and 602 comparators were analyzed. Children who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 were more likely to report one or more symptoms, except for anxiety/depression and sleep disturbances. Fatigue and loss of concentration were evidently more common in cases among teenagers (risk difference: 15%; 95% CI: 7–22% and 15%; 95% CI: 7–23%, respectively). At the second follow-up, close to a third of Long COVID cases had resolved but some participants had developed new persistent symptoms.

Conclusion:

Symptoms of Long COVID in children are common and impact their quality of life. The importance of further unraveling the pathophysiology of acute and long-term symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is vital as well as potential preventive measures.
Maternal HIV Status and Risk of Infant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection as Measured by Tuberculin Skin Test
Authors: Mecha Jerphason , Escudero Jaclyn N. , Richardson Barbra A. , Maleche-Obimbo Elizabeth , Matemo Daniel , Kinuthia John , John-Stewart Grace , LaCourse Sylvia M.
Published: November 2023

Background:

The effect of maternal HIV on infant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection risk is not well-characterized.

Methods:

Pregnant women with/without HIV and their infants were enrolled in a longitudinal cohort in Kenya. Mothers had interferon gamma-release assays (QFT-Plus) and tuberculin skin tests (TST) at enrollment in pregnancy; children underwent TST at 12 and 24 months of age. We estimated the incidence and correlates of infant TST-positivity using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results:

Among 322 infants, 170 (53%) were HIV-exposed and 152 (47%) were HIV-unexposed. Median enrollment age was 6.6 weeks [interquartile range (IQR): 6.1–10.0]; most received Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (320, 99%). Thirty-nine (12%) mothers were TST-positive; 102 (32%) were QFT-Plus-positive. Among HIV-exposed infants, 154 (95%) received antiretrovirals for HIV prevention and 141 (83%) of their mothers ever received isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). Cumulative 24-month infant Mtb infection incidence was 3.6/100 person-years (PY) [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4–5.5/100 PY]; 5.4/100 PY in HIV-exposed infants (10%, 17/170) versus 1.7/100 PY in HIV-unexposed infants (3.3%, 5/152) [hazard ratio (HR): 3.1 (95% CI: 1.2–8.5)]. More TST conversions occurred in the first versus second year of life [5.8 vs. 2.0/100 PY; HR: 2.9 (95% CI: 1.0–10.1)]. Infant TST-positivity was associated with maternal TST-positivity [HR: 2.9 (95% CI: 1.1–7.4)], but not QFT-Plus-positivity. Among HIV-exposed children, Mtb infection incidence was similar regardless of maternal IPT.

Conclusions:

Mtb infection incidence (by TST) by 24 months of age was ~3-fold higher among HIV-exposed children, despite high maternal IPT uptake. Overall, more TST conversions occurred in the first 12 months compared to 12–24 months of age, similar in both HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed children.
Physician Assistant Student Attitudes About People With Serious Mental Illness
Authors: McQuillan Matthew A. , Wright Matthew , Zechner Michelle R. , Di Prospero Elizabeth , Karyczak Sean , Cimmino Meredith L. , Murphy Ann A.
Published: November 2023

Introduction

This study explored the attitudes of physician assistant (PA) students toward the future care of individuals with serious mental illness (SMI). Physician assistant student education offers a unique opportunity to confront and reduce bias toward individuals with SMI. However, no previous literature has documented PA student attitudes toward SMI.

Methods

Preclinical students (n = 7) from a single PA program were invited to participate in 2 focus groups exploring attitudes toward the future care of patients with SMI. The focus groups lasted approximately 60 minutes and were conducted by non-PA faculty using a question guide.

Results

Four themes emerged from interviews: perceptions about the population, knowledge of mental health conditions, approach to care, and program curriculum input.

Discussion

Several themes aligned with the participant's level of training. Participants demonstrated didactic knowledge yet lacked clinical exposure to provide context. Future studies should focus on developing interactive learning techniques to prepare students for patients with SMI.
Prediction of an impaired myocardial work using infarct size in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: He Xiao-Ting , Zhang Jie , Pan Yang , Yu Fan , Tang Ge , Zhu Li-Zhou , Qin Yi-Nan , Zheng Xiao-Zhi
Published: November 2023

Background

The relationship between myocardial infarct size (MIS) on late gadolinium-enhanced cardiac MRI (LGE MRI) and myocardial work (MW) indices assessed with MW echocardiography (MWE) has not been well characterized. This study aimed to determine an impaired MW using MIS in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Methods

Left ventricular (LV) two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography, MWE, and LGE MRI were performed in 33 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and in 30 age- and sex-comparable controls. LV global longitudinal strain (GLS), global work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), global wasted work (GWW), and global work efficiency (GWE) and MIS were acquired, respectively.

Results

MIS was negatively correlated with GWI (r = −0.60, P = 0.005), GCW (r =- 0.66, P = 0.002) and GWE (r = −0.71, P = 0.0004), but positively correlated with GLS (r = 0.68, P = 0.001). With the receiver operating characteristic curve, the cutoff value of MIS for the prediction of an impaired GLS was 16.5% [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.867)], an impaired GWI was 19.2% (AUC = 0.727), an impaired GCW was 19.2% (AUC = 0.725), an increased GWW was 15.8% (AUC = 0.656), an impaired GWE was 15.8% (AUC = 0.880).

Conclusion

MIS is a strong predictor of impaired MW. Timely reduction of infarct size is essential to improve myocardial function.
Early-onset scoliosis
Authors: Moreno Mateo Fernando , Bovonratwet Patawut , Peiró García Alejandro
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review

The aim of this review is to provide the reader with the most updated available information so that it can be helpful in the approach of patients with early-onset scoliosis (EOS).

Recent findings

While confirming the efficacy and safety of classic techniques for the treatment of EOS such as traditional growing rods or Mehta casting, recent research suggests that there is room for improvement with less invasive techniques.

The most important goal when treating patients with EOS should be to promote rib cage expansion and lung development. Different techniques have been described and may be used depending on the specific patient's characteristics.
Optimizing cardiac status in the preliver transplant candidate
Authors: Stachel Maxine W. , DePasquale Eugene C.
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review

Liver transplant is a widely accepted therapy for end-stage liver disease. With advances in our understanding of transplant, candidates are increasingly older with more cardiac comorbidities. Cardiovascular disease also represents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality posttransplant.

Recent findings

Preoperative cardiac risk stratification and treatment may improve short-term and long-term outcomes after liver transplant. Importantly, the appropriate frequency of surveillance has not been defined. Optimal timing of cardiac intervention in end-stage liver disease is likewise uncertain.

The approach to risk stratification of cardiovascular disease in end-stage liver disease is outlined, incorporating the AHA/ACC scientific statement on evaluation of cardiac disease in transplant candidates and more recent expert consensus documents. Further study is needed to clarify the ideal timing and approach for cardiovascular interventions.
Regulatory dendritic cell therapy in organ transplantation
Authors: Hadjiyannis Yannis , Thomson Angus W.
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review

Regulatory dendritic cells (DCregs; also ‘tolerogenic DCs’), innate immune cells that regulate the alloimmune response, are a novel cellular therapy for organ transplantation. Preliminary results from early-phase clinical trials in live donor kidney and liver transplantation are promising. This follows many years of research elucidating mechanisms of action and utility of DCregs. Herein, we review early-phase clinical trial observations and recent advances in the production, modification, and future-trajectory of DCreg in organ transplantation.

Recent findings

Preclinical work has demonstrated the ability of adoptively transferred DCreg to abrogate ischemia-reperfusion injury and promote long-term allograft survival. Good Manufacturing Practice-grade DCregs have been generated in adequate numbers for early-phase trials of autologous DCregs in kidney transplantation and donor-derived DCreg in liver transplantation. These trials have demonstrated feasibility and safety, with preliminary evidence of an influence on host immune reactivity. In both kidney and liver transplantation, reduced effector CD8+ T-cells have been noted, together with other changes that may be conducive to reduced dependence on immunosuppressive therapy.

Substantial progress has been made in bringing DCreg to clinical testing in organ transplantation. Additional clinical and mechanistic studies are now needed to further explore and garner the full potential of DCreg in organ transplantation.
Neurological and neuro-ophthalmological manifestations of snake bite: a systematic review
Authors: Pandit Kamal , Rawal Aastha , Maskey Himang Man Singh , Nepal Gaurav
Published: November 2023

Objective:

Snakebites, a major health concern in developing countries, affect rural farming communities. Venom, primarily neurotoxin, injected during a snake bite disrupts the nervous system, causing symptoms like muscle weakness, paralysis, altered sensation, and coordination issues. This review focuses on evaluating neurological and neuro-ophthalmological manifestations associated with snakebites.

Methods:

A database search was conducted in EMBASE and PubMed for studies published from 2000 to 2023. The investigation centered on examining neurological and neuro-ophthalmological symptoms and signs, treatment approaches, treatment outcomes, and long-term complications of snake bites.

Results:

Neurological and neuro-ophthalmological symptoms were common in both neurotoxic and hemotoxic snake bites, especially in neurotoxic cases. Ptosis was a prevalent manifestation across various snake bites, along with respiratory paralysis, limb weakness, dysphasia, and visual disturbances in some instances. However, most patients improved without residual neurological symptoms after treatment.

Conclusions:

Understanding patterns of neurological manifestations contributes valuable insights for the comprehensive management of snakebite.
Increasing the tolerance of mothers with children with autism: the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness – experimental research
Authors: Azizi Mojgan , Imannezhad Shima , Moradpoor Mahboobeh , Alaghbandian Erfan , Saeidi Parisa , Sobhani Mohammadreza , Maleki Mohammad Mehdi , Jahangiri Shima , Shojaei Behnaz , Mohammadi Yasaman
Published: November 2023

Introduction and importance:

Autism spectrum disorder significantly impacts the life and psychosocial health of the family, resulting in high levels of anxiety, stress, isolation, and indecisiveness among parents. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in increasing the tolerance of mothers of children with autism.

Case presentation:

The study used a semi-experimental pre-test–post-test design with a control group. The study population comprised mothers referred to autism centers in Tehran. Eighty mothers were randomly divided into two groups, with 40 in each group. The Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale was used to measure the level of tolerance in both groups in the pre-test and post-test stages. The experimental group underwent cognitive therapy group therapy based on mindfulness, comprising eight sessions of 120 min. On the other hand, the control group did not receive any intervention.

Clinical discussion:

The results of the study showed that the tolerance scores of the experimental group significantly increased after the intervention, in both the post-test and follow-up stages.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the results of this research emphasize the importance of using this intervention in increasing the tolerance of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder and creating new horizons in the clinical interventions of these people.
Prognostic Factors for Hyperglycemia in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
Authors: Kim Jiyeong , Lim Kyung Hee
Published: November 2023

Background

Approximately 10% to 30% of patients who receive chemotherapy experience hyperglycemia, which can affect the adverse reactions and treatment efficacy of chemotherapy. However, there is a paucity of research to explore the factors affecting hyperglycemia and include them in nursing interventions.

Objective

The aim of this study was to understand the prognostic factors of hyperglycemia in cancer patients on chemotherapy.

Methods

This retrospective, descriptive study included 134 adult patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy at Keimyeng University Dongsan Hospital in Daegu between July 1, 2021, and March 31, 2022. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, average, and standard deviation statistics and compared by t test, χ2 test, and logistic regression analysis.

Results

Logistic regression analysis revealed that sex (male) (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.24-745.49; odds ratio [OR], 73.48); education (95% CI, 4.02-201.59; OR, 28.46); exercise durations of 30 to 60 minutes (95% CI, 0.00-0.06; OR, 0.01), 60 to 90 minutes (95% CI, 0.00-0.05, OR = 0.01), and ≥90 minutes (95% CI, 0.00-0.42; OR, 0.03); exercise amount ≥ 2000 kcal/wk (95% CI, 0.01-0.77; OR, 0.06); and daily fat (95% CI, 1.02-1.14; OR, 1.08), protein (95% CI, 0.82-0.95; OR, 0.88), and seaweed (95% CI, 0.85-0.99; OR, 0.92) intake were significant predictors of hyperglycemia.

Conclusion

The prognostic factors of hyperglycemia should be included in nursing interventions to prevent and manage hyperglycemia, which in turn may help reduce adverse reactions related to chemotherapy and improve treatment efficacy.

Implications for Practice

To prevent and manage hyperglycemia in patients on chemotherapy, prognostic factors, including exercise and protein, fat, and seaweed consumption, should be considered in nursing interventions. Particularly, in men and patients with low education levels who are at a high risk of hyperglycemia, nursing interventions for diet and exercise should be individualized.
S100 Protein Expression in Primary and Metastatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Authors: Pepper Michael A. , Dulken Ben W. , Wang Yiwen , Zemek Allison J. , Martin Brock A. , Charu Vivek , Longacre Teri A.
Published: November 2023

Neuroendocrine neoplasms can arise in a wide variety of anatomic sites including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and lung, among others. Here, we report on the expression of S100 protein in a tissue microarray composed of 919 distinct primary and metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms from 548 patients. S100 protein is a commonly used marker in many laboratories for the identification of neural and melanocytic neoplasms and occasionally used in the workup for neuroendocrine neoplasms when the diagnosis of paraganglioma is being considered. We show that strong S100 protein expression is highly specific to well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin. This finding suggests potential diagnostic utility of this marker in cases of tumors of unknown origin, and emphasizes that S100 protein expression should not be an unexpected finding in neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin.
Cervical Adenoid Basal Carcinoma With High-grade Squamous Component
Authors: Talia Karen L. , McCluggage W.Glenn
Published: November 2023

Adenoid basal carcinoma (ABC) is a rare clinically indolent human papillomavirus–associated cervical neoplasm with uniformly bland morphology which in pure form does not metastasize. Many cases co-exist with a human papillomavirus–associated high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The ABC and high-grade squamous components may be clearly separate, albeit intermingled, and when the high-grade squamous component is invasive, the tumor is designated a mixed carcinoma, with clinical behavior determined by the non-ABC component. In other cases, discrete nests of high-grade atypical squamous cells are intimately admixed and incorporated within the ABC. These are more difficult to classify but are also usually reported as mixed carcinomas. Herein, we report a series of 9 cases of ABC in patients aged 33 to 89 years (mean age: 63 y) with a high-grade squamous component. In 7 cases, the high-grade squamous cells partly replaced and expanded the nests of ABC, sometimes with a residual cuff of ABC cells, while in the other 2 cases the ABC and SCC were clearly separate. We propose that the aforementioned 7 cases represent colonization of ABC by HSIL rather than mixed carcinomas; as far as we are aware, this concept has not been proposed before. In all cases which we feel represent colonization of ABC by HSIL, the tumors were confined to the cervix (stages IA1 [3 tumors], IA2 [2 tumors], IB1 [2 tumors]) and follow-up was unremarkable with no evidence of metastasis. One case with separate components of ABC and SCC was stage IVA at diagnosis and the patient died of disease. The other was stage IB1 at diagnosis and the patient died of unrelated causes at 13 months. We discuss the clinical implications of distinguishing true mixed carcinomas from colonization of ABC by HSIL and provide an approach to diagnosis. We also report a unique case of colonization of so-called cervical ectopic prostatic tissue by HSIL.
Perinatal HIV infection is associated with deficits in muscle function in children and adolescents in Zimbabwe
Authors: Gregson Celia L. , Rehman Andrea M. , Rukuni Ruramayi , Mukwasi-Kahari Cynthia , Madanhire Tafadzwa , Kowo-Nyakoko Farirayi , Breasail Mícheál Ó. , Jeena Lisha , Mchugh Grace , Filteau Suzanne , Chipanga Joseph , Simms Victoria , Mujuru Hilda , Ward Kate A. , Ferrand Rashida A.
Published: November 2023

Objectives:

To determine how muscle strength, power, mass, and density (i.e. quality) differ between children living with HIV (CWH) and those uninfected, and whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) regime is associated with muscle quality.

Design:

A cross-sectional study in Harare, Zimbabwe.

Methods:

The study recruited CWH aged 8–16 years, taking ART for at least 2 years, from HIV clinics, and HIV-uninfected children from local schools. Muscle outcomes comprised grip strength measured by hand-held Jamar dynamometer, lower limb power measured by standing long-jump distance, lean mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and muscle density (reflecting intramuscular fat) by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Linear regression calculated adjusted mean differences (aMD) by HIV status.

Results:

Overall, 303 CWH and 306 without HIV, had mean (SD) age 12.5 (2.5) years, BMI 17.5 (2.8), with 50% girls. Height and fat mass were lower in CWH, mean differences (SE) 7.4 (1.1) cm and 2.7 (0.4)kgs, respectively. Male CWH had lower grip strength [aMD 2.5 (1.1–3.9) kg, P < 0.001], long-jump distance [7.1 (1.8–12.5) cm, P = 0.006], muscle density [0.58 (0.12–1.05) mg/cm3, P = 0.018, but not lean mass 0.06 (−1.08 to 1.21) kg, P = 0.891) versus boys without HIV; differences were consistent but smaller in girls. Mediation analysis suggested the negative effect of HIV on jumping power in boys was partially mediated by muscle density (P = 0.032). CWH taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) had lower muscle density [0.56 (0.00–1.13)mg/cm3, P = 0.049] independent of fat mass, than CWH on other ART.

Conclusion: :

Perinatally acquired HIV is associated, particularly in male individuals, with reduced upper and lower limb muscle function, not mass. Intra-muscular fat (poorer muscle quality) partially explained reductions in lower limb function. TDF is a novel risk factor for impaired muscle quality.
Isolated Adrenal Metastases of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Topal Edanur , Has Simsek Duygu , Vatansever Sezai , Sanli Yasemin , Kuyumcu Serkan
Published: November 2023

We present isolated bilateral adrenal metastases successfully treated with 177Lu-PSMA in a 66-year-old man diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer. The patient had progression under chemotherapy as depicted by 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT showing intense bilateral PSMA uptake in the adrenal masses, and metastasis-directed therapies were considered as the first option for improving survival because the patient was oligometastatic. However, surgery and radiotherapy were not justifiable options due to the high risk of definitive adrenal insufficiency; therefore, the patient received 4 cycles of 177Lu-PSMA treatment. 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT showed near-complete response in bilateral adrenal metastases, and no sign of adrenal insufficiency was observed during follow-up.
Unraveling the Enigma: A Rare Case of Recurrent Idiopathic Gynecomastia in an Adolescent
Authors: Jabori Sinan K. , Hullfish Haley , Samaha Yasmina , Becker Hilton , Thaller Seth R.
Published: November 2023

Gynecomastia presents as abnormal hypertrophy of mammary tissue in males that is typically asymptomatic and usually does not require intervention. Gynecomastia responds well to medical and surgical treatment, when necessary, with low recurrence rates. The authors report an atypical case of recurrent idiopathic unilateral gynecomastia first presenting in an adolescent male. Physical examination, hormonal, and oncologic evaluations were normal. After subcutaneous mastectomy with liposuction and treatment with Tamoxifen at 19 years old, his unilateral gynecomastia recurred over the course of 3 years, requiring a second surgery. Furthermore, we review the literature for recurrent gynecomastia after surgical management to examine prevalence and risk factors.
Sacral Neuromodulation Versus Conservative Treatment for Refractory Idiopathic Slow-transit Constipation
Authors: Heemskerk Stella C.M. , Dirksen Carmen D. , van Kuijk Sander M.J. , Benninga Marc A. , Baeten Coen I.M. , Masclee Ad A.M. , Melenhorst Jarno , Breukink Stéphanie O.
Published: November 2023

Objective:

Assess the effectiveness of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) versus personalized conservative treatment (PCT) in patients with refractory idiopathic slow-transit constipation (STC).

Summary background data:

Evidence on SNM for idiopathic STC is conflicting and of suboptimal methodological quality.

Methods:

The No.2-Trial was a multicenter, open-label, pragmatic, randomized trial performed in two Dutch hospitals. Sixty-seven patients with idiopathic STC, a defecation frequency <3 per week and refractory (i.e. unresponsive) to maximal conservative (non-operative) treatment were included. Exclusion criteria included outlet obstruction, rectal prolapse, and previous colon surgery. Patients were randomized (3:2) to SNM (n=41) or PCT (n=26) with randomization minimization between Feb 21, 2017 and Mar 12, 2020. In SNM patients an implantable pulse generator was implanted after a successful four-week test stimulation. PCT patients received conservative treatment such as laxatives or retrograde colonic irrigation. The primary outcome was treatment success (defined as average defecation frequency ≥3 per week) after six months. Secondary outcomes included constipation severity, fatigue, quality of life (QOL) and adverse events. Analysis was according to intention-to-treat.

Results:

After six months, 22 (53.7%) patients were successfully treated with SNM versus 1 (3.8%) patient with PCT (odds ratio 36.4, 95% CI 3.4-387.5, P=0.003). At six months, SNM patients reported lower constipation severity and fatigue scores (P<0.001) and improved QOL compared with PCT (P<0.001). Eight serious adverse events (6 SNM, 2 PCT) and 78 adverse events (68 SNM, 10 PCT) were reported.

Conclusions:

SNM is a promising surgical treatment option in a homogeneous group of adults and adolescents with refractory idiopathic STC. No.2-Trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02961582.
Birds are better at regulating heat loss through their legs than their bills: implications for body shape evolution in response to climate
Authors: McQueen Alexandra , Barnaby Ryan , Symonds Matthew R. E. , Tattersall Glenn J.
Published: November 2023

Endotherms use their appendages—such as legs, tails, ears and bills—for thermoregulation by controlling blood flow to near-surface blood vessels, conserving heat when it is cold, and dissipating heat in hot conditions. Larger appendages allow greater heat dissipation, and appendage sizes vary latitudinally according to Allen's rule. However, little is known about the relative importance of different appendages for thermoregulation. We investigate physiological control of heat loss via bird bills and legs using infrared thermography of wild birds. Our results demonstrate that birds are less able to regulate heat loss via their bills than their legs. In cold conditions, birds lower their leg surface temperature to below that of their plumage surface, retaining heat at their core. In warm conditions, birds increase their leg surface temperature to above that of their plumage surface, expelling heat. By contrast, bill surface temperature remains approximately 2°C warmer than the plumage surface, indicating consistent heat loss under almost all conditions. Poorer physiological control of heat loss via bird bills likely entails stronger selection for shorter bills in cold climates. This could explain why bird bills show stronger latitudinal size clines than bird legs, with implications for predicting shape-shifting responses to climate change.
Embryonic exposure to artificial light at night impairs learning abilities and their covariance with behavioural traits in teleost fish
Authors: Lucon-Xiccato Tyrone , De Russi Gaia , Cannicci Stefano , Maggi Elena , Bertolucci Cristiano
Published: November 2023

The natural light cycle has profound effects on animals' cognitive systems. Its alteration owing to human activities, such as artificial light at night (ALAN), affects the biodiversity of mammalian and avian species by impairing their cognitive functions. The impact of ALAN on cognition, however, has not been investigated in aquatic species, in spite of the common occurrence of this pollution along water bodies. We exposed eggs of a teleost fish (the zebrafish
Danio rerio
) to ALAN and, upon hatching, we measured larvae’ cognitive abilities with a habituation learning paradigm. Both control and ALAN-exposed larvae showed habituation learning, but the latter learned significantly slower, suggesting that under ALAN conditions, fish require many more events to acquire ecologically relevant information. We also found that individuals' learning performance significantly covaried with two behavioural traits in the control zebrafish, but ALAN disrupted one of these relationships. Additionally, ALAN resulted in an average increase in larval activity. Our results showed that both fish's cognitive abilities and related individual differences are negatively impacted by light pollution, even after a short exposure in the embryonic stage.
The hydrodynamics and kinematics of the appendicularian tail underpin peristaltic pumping
Authors: Hiebert Terra C. , Gemmell Brad J. , von Dassow George , Conley Keats R. , Sutherland Kelly R.
Published: November 2023

Planktonic organisms feed while suspended in water using various hydrodynamic pumping strategies. Appendicularians are a unique group of plankton that use their tail to pump water over mucous mesh filters to concentrate food particles. As ubiquitous and often abundant members of planktonic ecosystems, they play a major role in oceanic food webs. Yet, we lack a complete understanding of the fluid flow that underpins their filtration. Using high-speed, high-resolution video and micro particle image velocimetry, we describe the kinematics and hydrodynamics of the tail in
Oikopleura dioica
in filtering and free-swimming postures. We show that sinusoidal waves of the tail generate peristaltic pumping within the tail chamber with fluid moving parallel to the tail when filtering. We find that the tail contacts attachment points along the tail chamber during each beat cycle, serving to seal the tail chamber and drive pumping. When we tested how the pump performs across environmentally relevant temperatures, we found that the amplitude of the tail was invariant but tail beat frequency increased threefold across three temperature treatments (5°C, 15°C and 25°C). Investigation into this unique pumping mechanism gives insight into the ecological success of appendicularians and provides inspiration for novel pump designs.
Parameter estimation for contact tracing in graph-based models
Authors: Okolie Augustine , Müller Johannes , Kretzschmar Mirjam
Published: November 2023

We adopt a maximum-likelihood framework to estimate parameters of a stochastic susceptible–infected–recovered (SIR) model with contact tracing on a rooted random tree. Given the number of detectees per index case, our estimator allows to determine the degree distribution of the random tree as well as the tracing probability. Since we do not discover all infectees via contact tracing, this estimation is non-trivial. To keep things simple and stable, we develop an approximation suited for realistic situations (contract tracing probability small, or the probability for the detection of index cases small). In this approximation, the only epidemiological parameter entering the estimator is
R
0
. The estimator is tested in a simulation study and is furthermore applied to COVID-19 contact tracing data from India. The simulation study underlines the efficiency of the method. For the empirical COVID-19 data, we compare different degree distributions and perform a sensitivity analysis. We find that particularly a power-law and a negative binomial degree distribution fit the data well and that the tracing probability is rather large. The sensitivity analysis shows no strong dependency of the estimates on the reproduction number. Finally, we discuss the relevance of our findings.
Strong attachment as an adaptation of flightless weevils on windy oceanic islands
Authors: Wang Lu-Yi , Lin Chung-Ping , Gorb Stanislav N. , Rajabi Hamed
Published: November 2023

Enhanced attachment ability is common in plants on islands to avoid potential fatal passive dispersal. However, whether island insects also have increased attachment ability remains unclear. Here we measured the attachment of a flightless weevil,
Pachyrhynchus sarcitis kotoensis
, from tropical islands, and compared it with documented arthropods from the mainland. We examined the morphology and material gradient of its attachment devices to identify the specific adaptive modifications for attachment. We find that the weevil has much stronger attachment force and higher safety factor than previously studied arthropods, regardless of body size and substrate roughness. This probably results from the specific flexible bases of the adhesive setae on the third footpad of the legs. This softer material on the setal base has not been reported hitherto and we suggest that it acts as a flexible hinge to form intimate contact to substrate more effectively. By contrast, no morphological difference in tarsomeres and setae between the weevil and other beetles is observed. Our results show the remarkably strong attachment of an island insect and highlights the potential adaptive benefits of strong attachment in windy island environment. The unique soft bases of the adhesive hairs may inspire the development of strong biomimetic adhesives.
Molecular details of the CPSF73-CPSF100 C-terminal heterodimer and interaction with Symplekin
Authors: Thore Stéphane , Raoelijaona Finaritra , Talenton Vincent , Fribourg Sébastien , Mackereth Cameron D.
Published: November 2023

Eukaryotic pre-mRNA is processed by a large multiprotein complex to accurately cleave the 3′ end, and to catalyse the addition of the poly(A) tail. Within this cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) machinery, the CPSF73/CPSF3 endonuclease subunit directly contacts both CPSF100/CPSF2 and the scaffold protein Symplekin to form a subcomplex known as the core cleavage complex or mammalian cleavage factor. Here we have taken advantage of a stable CPSF73-CPSF100 minimal heterodimer from
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
to determine the solution structure formed by the first and second C-terminal domain (CTD1 and CTD2) of both proteins. We find a large number of contacts between both proteins in the complex, and notably in the region between CTD1 and CTD2. A similarity is also observed between CTD2 and the TATA-box binding protein (TBP) domains. Separately, we have determined the structure of the terminal CTD3 domain of CPSF73, which also belongs to the TBP domain family and is connected by a flexible linker to the rest of CPSF73. Biochemical assays demonstrate a key role for the CTD3 of CPSF73 in binding Symplekin, and structural models of the trimeric complex from other species allow for comparative analysis and support an overall conserved architecture.
Effect of the loading condition on the statistics of crackling noise accompanying the failure of porous rocks
Authors: Szuszik Csanád , Main Ian G. , Kun Ferenc
Published: November 2023

We test the hypothesis that loading conditions affect the statistical features of crackling noise accompanying the failure of porous rocks by performing discrete element simulations of the tensile failure of model rocks and comparing the results to those of compressive simulations of the same samples. Cylindrical samples are constructed by sedimenting randomly sized spherical particles connected by beam elements representing the cementation of granules. Under a slowly increasing external tensile load, the cohesive contacts between particles break in bursts whose size fluctuates over a broad range. Close to failure breaking avalanches are found to localize on a highly stressed region where the catastrophic avalanche is triggered and the specimen breaks apart along a spanning crack. The fracture plane has a random position and orientation falling most likely close to the centre of the specimen perpendicular to the load direction. In spite of the strongly different strengths, degrees of ‘brittleness’ and spatial structure of damage of tensile and compressive failure of model rocks, our calculations revealed that the size, energy and duration of avalanches, and the waiting time between consecutive events all obey scale-free statistics with power law exponents which agree within their error bars in the two loading cases.
Reconstructing the feeding ecology of Cambrian sponge reefs: the case for active suspension feeding in Archaeocyatha
Authors: Gibson Brandt M. , Chipman Max , Attanasio Paolo , Qureshi Zaid , Darroch Simon A. F. , Rahman Imran A. , Laflamme Marc
Published: November 2023

Sponge-grade Archaeocyatha were early Cambrian biomineralizing metazoans that constructed reefs globally. Despite decades of research, many facets of archaeocyath palaeobiology remain unclear, making it difficult to reconstruct the palaeoecology of Cambrian reef ecosystems. Of specific interest is how these organisms fed; previous experimental studies have suggested that archaeocyaths functioned as passive suspension feeders relying on ambient currents to transport nutrient-rich water into their central cavities. Here, we test this hypothesis using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of digital models of select archaeocyath species. Our results demonstrate that, given a range of plausible current velocities, there was very little fluid circulation through the skeleton, suggesting obligate passive suspension feeding was unlikely. Comparing our simulation data with exhalent velocities collected from extant sponges, we infer an active suspension feeding lifestyle for archaeocyaths. The combination of active suspension feeding and biomineralization in Archaeocyatha may have facilitated the creation of modern metazoan reef ecosystems.
The evolution of cooperation in the unidirectional division of labour on a tree network
Authors: Nirjhor Md Sams Afif , Nakamaru Mayuko
Published: November 2023

Division of labour on complex networks is rarely investigated using evolutionary game theory. We investigate a division of labour where divided roles are assigned to groups on the nodes of a general unidirectional finite tree graph network. From the network’s original node, a task flows and is divided along the branches. A player is randomly selected in each group of cooperators and defectors, who receives a benefit from a cooperator in the upstream group and a part of the task. A cooperator completes their part by paying a cost and then passing it downstream until the entire task is completed. Defectors do not do anything and the division of labour stops, causing all groups to suffer losses due to the incomplete task. We develop a novel method to analyse the local stability in this general tree. We discover that not the benefits but the costs of the cooperation influence the evolution of cooperation, and defections in groups that are directly related to that group’s task cause damage to players in that group. We introduce two sanction systems, one of which induces the evolution of cooperation more than the system without sanctions, and promote the coexistence of cooperator and defector groups.
Comparing intervention measures in a model of a disease outbreak on a university campus
Authors: Best A. , Singh P.
Published: November 2023

A number of theoretical models have been developed in recent years modelling epidemic spread in educational settings such as universities, often as part of efforts to inform re-opening strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, these studies have had differing conclusions as to the most effective non-pharmaceutical interventions. They also largely assumed permanent acquired immunity, meaning we have less understanding of how disease dynamics will play out when immunity wanes. Here, we complement these studies by developing and analysing a general stochastic simulation model of disease spread on a university campus where we allow immunity to wane, exploring the effectiveness of different interventions. We find that the two most effective interventions to limit the severity of a disease outbreak are reducing extra-household mixing and surveillance testing backed-up by a moderate isolation period. We find that contact tracing only has a limited effect, while reducing class sizes only has much effect if extra-household mixing is already low. We identify a range of measures that can not only limit an outbreak but prevent it entirely, and also comment on the variation in measures of severity that emerge from our stochastic simulations. We hope that our model may help in designing effective strategies for universities in future disease outbreaks.
Mangrovimonas aestuarii sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment
Authors: Zhang Wenzhou , Chen Huanhuan , Lai Qiliang , Huang Zhaobin
Published: November 2023

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and light yellow-pigmented strain designated MBT5T was isolated from tidal flat sediment of an oyster farming area in Quanzhou Bay, PR China. Catalase activity and oxidase activity were positive. Flexirubin-type pigment was absent. Growth was observed at 10–40 °C (optimum, 35 °C), pH 6–9 (optimum, pH 7), and with 1–7 % NaCl (optimum, 2 %, w/v). The 16S rRNA gene of strain MBT5T had maximum sequence similarity values with

Meridianimaribacter flavus

NH57NT,

Mangrovimonas yunxiaonensis

LYYY01T and Mangrovimonas futianensis AS18T of 95.6, 95.4 and 94.9 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and 120 conserved concatenated proteins indicated that strain MBT5T was affiliated to the genus

Mangrovimonas

and formed a distinct monophyletic branch. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity values between strain MBT5T and the type strains of

Mangrovimonas

were estimated to be 17.3–18.7 %, 70.9–71.5 % and 66.4–68.2 %, respectively. The respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 1 G. The draft genome size was 2 952 053 bp with a DNA G+C content of 36.5 %. Based on phenotypic, physiological, phylogenetic and genomic data, together with chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain MBT5T represents a novel species, for which the name Mangrovimonas aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MBT5T (=MCCC 1K06186T=KCTC 92888T=GDMCC 1.3851T).