bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peer Educators and Close Friends as Predictors of Male College Students' Willingness to Prevent Rape
Authors: Stein Jerrold L
Published: March 2007

Astin's (1977, 1991, 1993) input-environment-outcome (I-E-O) model provided a conceptual framework for this study which measured 156 male college students' willingness to prevent rape (outcome variable). Predictor variables included personal attitudes (input variable), perceptions of close friends' attitudes toward rape and rape prevention (environment variable), as well as exposure to sexual assault peer educators (environment variable). A hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that both input and environment variables significantly influenced male college students' willingness to prevent rape. Results from this study may help campus leaders develop programs and practices that engage men in rape prevention, which may subsequently reduce incidents of sexual violence on their campuses.
Space and Place in Paradise Lost
Authors: Gillies John
Published: March 2007

What did it mean for a scientifically educated poet of the seventeenth century to have imagined extramundane "places" such as heaven and hell in a Copernican epic for which such places must have lost much of their traditional character and force, to say nothing of their location? Why indeed does Milton invest so much poetic capital in the notion of "place" at all when in the words of William Gilbert, "place is nothing, has no force, does not exist," or when for Descartes "place" had become a property of the perceiving subject rather than the attested object (res extensa)? This essay suggests that Milton counters the challenge of the "new philosophy" by rethinking the relation of "place" to "space" via a median term, "room," whereby place is elaborated in terms of the body rather than the mind, so anticipating a post-Kantian phenomenology in which "place" was eventually to be reintroduced to philosophy.
Kaleidoscopic Vision and Literary Invention in an "Age of Things": David Brewster, Don Juan and "A Lady's Kaleidoscope"
Authors: Groth Helen
Published: March 2007

David Brewster's Kaleidoscope caused a sensation in early nineteenth-century London and introduced a new and potent visual metaphor which still animates modern parlance. Yet the kaleidoscope's considerable cultural impact has received scant critical attention, partly because it lacks the uncanny proto-cinematic verisimilitude of the diorama, the panorama, or the stereoscope. This article reconstructs this overlooked reception history, moving back in time from recent theoretical engagements with the kaleidoscope to David Brewster's own account of his invention and its contemporary reception by both consumers and writers. This history reveals a sustained interrogation of the concept and experience of a unique form of visual transformation that never allows the eye to rest.
The Uneasy Orthodoxy of St. Erkenwald
Authors: Sisk Jennifer L
Published: March 2007

The central crux of the alliterative St. Erkenwald is what it means for a hagiographic miracle to coincide with the performance of one of the Church's sacraments. A consideration of the poem's representation of baptism reveals a tension between the story the poet tells and the poem's genre and status as representational art. Many critics have highlighted the poem's orthodoxy; this essay argues instead that while the poem registers an awareness of religious controversies current in late medieval England, it remains deeply unresolved on contemporary theological and ecclesiological questions.
Warm Feet: An Interview with Cheryl Ware
Authors: Elza Stacey , Ware Cheryl
Published: March 2007

According to Cheryl Ware, the author of Flea Circus Summer, Catty-Cornered, and Venola in Love, what makes books successful with children isn't so different from what makes them successful with adults: humor, attention to detail, and compelling characters. This article focuses on Ware's writing process. She draws inspiration from places as varied as scrapbooks, journals, estate sales, and her own family. The article also discusses how Ware broke into print. Why she loves writing for children, and how she was affected when Flea Circus Summer (then known as Sea Monkey Summer) was pulled from store shelves.
An Interview with Phyllis Reynolds Naylor
Authors: Henshon Suzanna E , Naylor Phyllis Reynolds
Published: March 2007

Phyllis Reynolds Naylor writes for both children and adults, and is the author of over a hundred twenty-five books and 2,000 articles and stories. She combines productivity with literary acclaim, culminating in a Newbery Award Medal for Shiloh (1992). Naylor is also well known for the popular Alice series, which presents conflicts between boys and girls in a humorous way. She was born in Anderson, Indiana, and has also lived in Illinois and Minnesota. Naylor published her first book, The Galloping Goat and Other Stories, in 1965. She currently makes her home in Bethesda, Maryland.
Better a Bridesmaid than a Bride: Nuptial Sisterhood in Maud Hart Lovelace's Betsy's Wedding
Authors: Sweeney Meghan M
Published: March 2007

Sweeney examines the final novel in the popular Betsy-Tacy series by Maud hart Lovelace: Betsy's Wedding. She argues that while the book is part of the mid-twentieth-century marriage mystique, it also challenges normative gender roles. In many books of this period, weddings isolate romantically entwined couples from their family and friends in order to emphasize their dependence upon one another. In Betsy's Wedding, however, weddings actually expand notions of fidelity and intimacy to include the female friends so important to the eponymous Betsey Ray throughout the series. By reworking the tropes of coupledom, Lovelace presents her readers with a new way of characterizing relationships that Sweeny terms "nuptial sisterhood."
Improved visualization of breast lesions with gadolinium‐enhanced magnetization transfer MR imaging
Authors: Schreiber Wolfgang G. , Brix Gunnar , Knopp Michael V. , Heß Thomas , Lorenz Walter J.
Published: March 2007

A pulse sequence with magnetization transfer as the main contrast mechanism (MT‐FLASH) was developed for improved imaging of breast lesions that requires neither fat suppression nor postprocessing. After optimization of the sequence in phantom and volunteer studies, a clinical pilot study with 14 patients was performed. In carcinomas the relative signal increase after Gd‐DTPA administration was on average 34% in MT‐FLASH images compared with 169% in conventional T1 weighted (T1W) three‐dimensional FLASH images. In MT‐FLASH images, all lesions demonstrated a signal intensity higher than that of fat; in T1W images, all lesions have a lower signal intensity. The average postcontrast carcinoma‐to‐fat contrast‐to‐noise ratios were +11.6 and −14.2, respectively. The conspicutty of 12 of 13 carcinomas was improved in postcontrast MT‐FLASH images compared with postcontrast T1w images. Thus, MT‐FLASH imaging enables excellent visualization of Gd‐DTPA‐enhancing breast lesions.
Algorithms for extracting motion information from navigator echoes
Authors: Wang Yi , Grimm Roger C. , Felmlee Joel P. , Riederer Sephen J. , Ehman Richard L.
Published: March 2007

Algorithms to reliably detect motion in navigator echoes are crucial to many MRI motion suppression techniques. The accuracy of these algorithms is affected by noise and deformation of navigator echo profile caused by physiologic motion. This study compared the performance of algorithms based on correlation and least squares for extracting displacement information from motion‐monitoring navigator echoes, using computer simulation and in vivo imaging. The least squares algorithm was determined to be of higher accuracy than the correlation algorithm against errors caused by noise and profile deformation.
A new adiabatic inversion pulse
Authors: Rosenfeld Daniel , Zur Yuval
Published: March 2007

Adiabatic pulses play an important role in magnetization inversion in the presence of RF field inhomogeneity. In this work the authors present an efficient adiabatic inversion pulse that is able to selectively invert magnetization over a large frequency bandwidth in a short time. The pulse is constructed in two steps: (i) the optimal trajectory is determined and (ii) the optimal rate of motion along that trajectory is determined. The resulting pulse enables separately controlling and trading off the pulse duration against the transition width. The superiority of this pulse over the well known sech/tanh adiabatic pulse is demonstrated in a scenario where a large bandwidth should be inverted at a short time using limited B1 amplitude.
Adult Reading Practices for Work and Leisure
Authors: Kirsch Irwin S. , Guthrie John T.
Published: March 2007

Apparent reading deficiencies among entering workers, combined with increasing demands for highly skilled workers, have led business and industry to increase their training and education efforts. One aspect of this effort requires understanding the reading demands people in various occupations are likely to encounter. Using case studies and structured interviews, this study examines the reading practices of 99 adults across various occupational categories. Individual reading practices were characterized in terms of contents, materials, and uses for reading. Analyses of variance were conducted to examine the reading practices of those in different occupations and settings. It was found that reading volume for specific contents, materials, and uses were each significantly influenced by the occupational categories and settings in which reading occurred. The educational importance of accounting for this diversity in reading is discussed.
An Investigation Into the Structure, Validity, and Reliability of Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale
Authors: Field Lawrence
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the structure, validity, and reliability of Guglielmino's self-directed learning readiness scale (SDLRS). It begins by reviewing claims made in the literature that the scale is sound, valid and reliable, and attempts to trace the source of these claims. This leads to scrutiny of Guglielmino's original thesis, which is found to be marred by both conceptual and methodological problems. The paper then reports data derived from an administration of the scale to students undertaking diplomas in vocational teaching or training. These data reveal a number of problems in the wording of the scale and show that the scale appears to measure a homogeneous construct that does not appear to be associated with readiness for self-directed learning. The paper concludes that the scale is structurally unsound and invalid.
Adult Education History and the Issue of Gender: Toward A Different History of adult Education In America
Authors: Hugo Jane M.
Published: March 2007

Adult education history suffers from gender bias. Historians of the field have marginalized or written women out of the historical narrative. Arguing for the inclusion of gender as a category of historical analysis, this paper first compares the visibility of women in the historical research literature with their visibility in field-sponsored publications drawn mainly from the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. Second, it identifies mechanisms within the field that fostered women's invisibility in adult education histories. To move toward a more inclusive historiography, historical researchers can take a compensatory approach to women's marginalization or a critical approach that makes the interplay of gender and education problematic and thus the source of new research questions.
Standardization at Cronk and Carrier Mfg. Co., Canton, Ohio
Authors: Schmidt F.A.
Published: March 2007

It was desired to include in this volume an illustration of standardization through out a medium-sized plant. This article concerning the standardization work of the Swineford Division of the Cronk and Carrier Mfg. Co. fills this need. The Cronk and Carrier Mfg. Co. is composed of three divisions: Montour Falls, Potter Department and Swineford Division at Canton, Ohio, formerly the G. A. Swineford Company. This article relates to the standardization work at the latter plant. The product of this company includes steel goods, pliers, pruning shears, garden sets, snow shovels, tools, hedge shears, trowels and haying tools.—EDITOR.
Work Patterns of Americans in India
Authors: Useem John
Published: March 2007

The Indo-American third culture, defined as patterns generated by Indians and Americans working to gether in shared transnational enterprises and sustaining a common social life, is the setting for work-role definition of Americans representing the United States or sections thereof in India. Modern co-ordinate third cultures emerged with Indian Independence in 1947, when they replaced the super ordinate-subordinate third culture of colonialism. The per vasive themes of the post-Independence third cultures are that relationships between members should be co-ordinate, rational, developmental, and modern-oriented. Generations of the third culture are distinguished not by age but by degree to which they have incorporated third-cultural patterns: first- time-outers are persons new to transsocietal ventures; the ex perienced are those who have come to terms with a third cul ture either in India or elsewhere; old hands are those socialized to an earlier version of the third culture who have to learn the newer patterns. Americans in India are highly educated pro fessionals, technological specialists, and skilled administrators. Eleven per cent function as system-builders of the third cul ture; one fourth generate innovations on a more limited scale; and half fulfill their work roles either as defined ahead of entry or as worked out after arrival in India. The third culture serves as one link between societies and functions as a pattern for men-in-the-middle from the two societies to relate to each other.
Some Minor Pathologies in the American Presence in India
Authors: Lambert Richard D.
Published: March 2007

Americans in India differ both cross-sectionally and longitudinally in their positive and negative sentiments about their host country. First-time-outers may experience a cycle of adjustment in part induced by their learning to live with their own national identity. Enclaving and a subculture hostile to the host country may result. Host attitudes toward individual Americans and items of Americana differ from those felt toward America and Americans as a whole. The distinc tion between attitudes toward individual Americans and toward Americans in general is discussed with reference to mission aries, businessmen, and scholars. To the extent that corporate evaluations become predominant, the climate of receptivity for individual Americans will become more ambivalent than at present.
Civilian Sanctuary and Target Avoidance Policy in Thermonuclear War
Authors: Stillman Edmund O.
Published: March 2007

Examining traditional concepts of civilian war fare, the author finds that civilians have not normally been con sidered appropriate targets of violence and that civilian productivity and home-front morale are largely irrelevant in conditions of thermonuclear war, in which only forces in being are likely to be used and command and control are separate from the population at large. Under the circumstances, there are thus important moral and practical reasons for adopting "open cities" and sanctuary policies to spare civilians and re duce over-all deaths. Three cases are examined in detail: open cities and sanctuary policies to be enunciated now and at the time of a hypothetical war with the USSR; with respect to the Soviet Union's presumably reluctant Warsaw Pact al lies; and finally in the event of a future war, again hypotheti cal, with mainland China.
Women and American Higher Education
Authors: Roby Pamela
Published: March 2007

This article traces the history of the develop ment of higher educational opportunities f or women in the United States. The first part shows that the development of higher education for women has been closely related to the economy's need for female workers with particular skills and to the financial needs of colleges and universities. Secondly, it documents that neither the difference between the educa tional resources offered to men and women, nor the gap be tween the income going to men and women with the same level of educational attainment, has been significantly reduced. The second half of the article illustrates how institutions of higher education have generally been characterized by the competitive, egotistical, and entrepreneurial culture to which men have been socialized. It then portrays an alternative culture, a culture of cooperation, community, and creativity. The history of women's higher education sketched in this paper suggests that neither educational equality for women nor a cooperative hybrid model of social relations is likely to be realized within the present economic structure. Persons who want academia or any other sphere of life to be charac terized by cooperative, egalitarian social relations need to actively concern themselves with questions regarding the nature of the economy and its influence on every aspect of human life and social relations within our society.
Committees in the Senate
Authors: Brock Bill
Published: March 2007

Senators are dependent on groups of their peers—committees—for consideration of Senate business. In addition, committees are both vital to the legislative process and varied in their structure. In this paper, attention is focused on some of the major problems: committee organization, procedure, activities and realignment. The framework for discussion of the Senate committee system is colored by what has been called the Constitutional balance approach to government. Reforms in the committee system must promote both coequal status of the branches of government and committee responsibility in decision making. If Congress is to assume its proper Constitutional role, it must regain the authority which it has abdicated to the executive branch and must exercise influence in ways which are now neglected by all government. Committee reform can be an important means for achieving this objective; the time for committee reform is now. A strong committee system means a strong Congress.
Assessing the Congressional Committee System: Contributions from a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Nelson Garrison
Published: March 2007

The study of American congressional committees has flourished in recent years, but two major perceptual problems have limited the utility of this research for students of legislatures. One problem—the Washington bias—which deems Congress, and Congress alone, as the only legislature worthy of study has led to an overemphasis on minor inter-committee differences and away from an examination of the entire committee system as it relates to other institutions of the government. The other problem—the bifocal inference—has resulted in American political scientists focussing on only two elements in the legislative process, the committees and the parties, and concluding from the atypical American and British experience that their power positions are inversely related. Both problems can be alleviated through a comparative perspective which enables us to see that the American congressional committee system is the most powerful one in the world and that it derives part of its strength from the weakness of American legislative parties. While there is no necessary connection between party weakness and committee strength, this is the case in the United States, and it provides Congress with the protective mechanism which it needs to overcome the often fatal combination of an exertive presidential executive and a nonarticulative party system.
American Influences in the Occupation of Germany
Authors: Merritt Richard L.
Published: March 2007

In its occupation policy toward Germany in 1945-1949, the United States and its allies pursued two main goals. The first sought to eradicate the remnants of Nazism and ensure that the new German government would be both demo cratic and peaceable. The second, pursued more ardently by the United States than Britain and France, was to "democratize" the German people. With the deepening of the Cold War and the division of Germany came a deemphasis on active efforts to change perspectives and practices in its western portions, and the beginnings of a policy designed to strengthen West Germany as an ally in the Western defense system. Democ ratization policies, in particular, sprang from an American idealism inherent in its own Revolution and Constitution: a conviction that other peoples, freed from tyranny and able to make their own choice, would adopt a set of principles and practices that had proved successful in the United States. American realism nonetheless made it clear that occupation officials could not force their own brand of democracy down Germans' throats and that ultimately their best strategy was to help Germans choose their own path to democratic govern ance. Such decisions made a significant contribution to demo cratic growth in postwar West Germany.
Administrative Advocacy and Black Urban Administrators
Authors: Henderson Lenneal J.
Published: March 2007

Black administrators are part of the new thrust for greater black participation in urban governance. This essay examines the extent to which they can and do advocate the interests of black communities through civic, community and professional organizations. The concept of advocacy is discussed and distinguished from concepts of representation, in order to focus more on the advocacy behavior of black urban administrators. Advocacy behaviors are also identified and organized into a civic/community advocacy index and a professional advocacy index. These indices generate scores which suggest the presence and the intensity of advocacy behavior among administrators in the study. A control group of white administrators was selected with which to compare the advocacy inclinations of black urban administrators. Administrators from Washington, St. Louis, New Orleans, and San Francisco participated in the study. Survey research was used not only to examine the advocacy behavior of administrators but also to generate social and occupational data which could be related to advocacy scores. The major finding of this study is that, although black urban administrators appeared more inclined to advocate civic, community, and professional interests than white administrators, the majority of both black and white administrators are generally not advocacy prone.
Teaching, Research, and Role Theory
Authors: Faia Michael A.
Published: March 2007

The issue of publish-or-perish is essentially a matter of the complementarity (or lack thereof) of teaching and research roles. Role complementarity is a traditional concern of social psychology, and theories of role complementarity are applicable to the teaching-research relationship. While available evidence shows little objective incompatibility of teaching and research roles, it is possible that misperceptions of incompatibility may act as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Those concerned about incompatibility of teaching and research should find ways of heading off this process. Some ways are suggested.
Government Regulations and their Impact on the Economy
Authors: CHRISTAINSEN GREGORY B. , HAVEMAN ROBERT H.
Published: March 2007

The performance of the American economy during the 1970s was distinctly inferior to the record of the previous decade. A prominent hypothesis is that oppressive government regulation was largely responsible for the poor performance of the 1970s. This article examines that hypothesis with respect to a key marcoeconomic indicator: the rate of productivity growth.
Multinational Corporations and Foreign Investment: Current Trends and Issues
Authors: LITTLE JANE SNEDDON
Published: March 2007

Surely multinational corporations (MNCs) symbolize the internationalization of America for the U.S. public. The United States is the world's leading home and host country for these global firms. However, while our MNCs have considerable weight in some foreign countries, by most measures, foreign-owned businesses do not loom very large in the U.S. economy. Although the free flow of foreign direct investment promotes economic efficiency and world welfare, from a national viewpoint MNCs appear threatening. In particular, the U.S. public is concerned that our MNCs export U.S. jobs and that foreign MNCs can use U.S. resources to undercut our national goals. These fears are largely unfounded. On the whole, the traditional U.S. “open door” to foreign investment has served this country well. Nevertheless, many foreign governments are now trying to channel foreign investment flows to maximize their own national advantage. To protect our interests, the U.S. government is being urged to adopt similar regulations. The United States has no need for such measures; however, U.S. and world interests would be well served by an international agreement limiting efforts to distort foreign investment decisions. Because U.S. investment flows are huge by world standards but have a relatively small impact on our own economy, the United States has a unique ability to help form an international consensus on acceptable foreign investment policies.
The Catholic Bishops' Concern with Nuclear Armaments
Authors: KROL JOHN CARDINAL
Published: March 2007

The bishops' concern with nuclear armaments is an exercise in religious leadership and responsible citizenship. As religious leaders they speak with the conviction that God is the creator of the universe, and of all in it; that God has given us a blueprint for the successful operation of the world; that human life is sacred; that human dignity and rights are inalienable gifts of God; and that the build-up of weapons of massive, indiscriminate destruction are not in accord with God's plan. The bishops are obliged to articulate the growing concern in the world that nuclear arms and their use exceed the limits of legitimate self-defense, and that any war in which innocent noncombatants are massively destroyed is a crime against God and man, and merits unequivocal condemnation. The bishops are bound to teach that love of God and neighbor are indispensable requisites for true peace. Peace in our time will find its realization as peace with God, peace in our heart, and peace among men.
Arms Control Developments
Authors: SPECTER SENATOR ARLEN
Published: March 2007

Interplay between the public, the press, Congress, and the executive branch helps shape American arms control policy. Presidential initiatives set the stage for the negotiating process; the senator cites President Kennedy's 1963 speech at American University, and President Reagan's April 1983 decisions to end the ban on long-term grain sale agreement with the Soviet Union, and to withhold charging the Soviet Union with violations of the SALT Treaty. Such signals may imply a readiness to reach accommodation and may induce a reciprocal signal. Moreover, the senator advocates an early summit of the superpowers. For President Reagan, who in 1984 will be a candidate for either reelection or retirement, 1983 will be the most productive time. A Senate resolution urging a prompt summit was reintroduced by the senator in April 1983. Finally, discussions between individual senators and top officials can affect the direction, tone, and pace of arms control efforts; the senator describes his own discussions with the president and National Security Adviser Clark on the nomination of Kenneth Adelman to head the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and on the MX missile.
Ideological Trends in American Public Opinion
Authors: ROBINSON JOHN P. , FLEISHMAN JOHN A.
Published: March 2007

Data from four national survey organizations indicate a growing trend toward more conservative ideological identification in the public over the last decade. At the same time, however, the public is becoming increasingly liberal on many issues, particularly racial tolerance and women's rights. Since the election of Ronald Reagan the public seems divided also on welfare issues: while support is found for increased government spending on current social programs, the public increasingly opposes expanded government programs of additional services. Correlational analyses suggest that ideological identification is no more strongly related to specific issues than previously. Nonetheless, ideological identification continues to be a significant predictor of party identification and of voting in presidential elections.
Polling and the Presidential Election
Authors: LEVY MARK R.
Published: March 2007

The role and influence of political pollsters in presidential politics have grown enormously in recent years. Once little more than behind-the-scenes technicians, presidential pollsters are now highly visible campaign decision makers and strategists. Surprisingly, there is only a handful of presidential pollsters, Republican and Democratic survey takers with recent experience in all phases of presidential campaigning. Still, despite their small number, these latter-day oracles often have considerable campaign clout. Based on survey data and political judgment, presidential pollsters identify strategic campaign themes and concepts, determine key campaign issues, and help target groups of voters. Using sophisticated polling techniques and other tools of political communication research and analysis, campaign pollsters provide the numbers that in large part determine how and where candidates will campaign, where campaign resources will be spent, and how candidates will conduct themselves for critical events such as conventions and debates.
The Changing Work Place
Authors: LEVITAN SAR A. , JOHNSON CLIFFORD M.
Published: March 2007

Contrary to popular prophecies of doom, the work place will undergo no cataclysmic transformation in the next decade. The labor force will continue to grow, as women and immigrants flock to work in increasing numbers. Computerized technologies will alter the content of many jobs, but they will neither force millions out of work nor result in dramatically different skill requirements in the labor market. Despite the flurry of interest in labor-management cooperation in the early 1980s, American industrial relations will also continue to be characterized by traditional adversarial roles. Workers will be more educated than in prior generations, jobs will shift increasingly into the service sector, and both displaced workers and declining geographic areas will struggle with the U.S. economy's gradual evolution. For unions, the greatest challenges posed by the changing work place will be to meet the expectations of more affluent and educated workers in a period of slow economic growth, to reconcile concerns for job security and improved productivity, to expand their organizing efforts in growing occupations, industries, and regions, and to sustain their longstanding commitment to social justice.
The Disability of Mind Doctrine
Authors: FINGARETTE HERBERT
Published: March 2007

Much of the controversy surrounding the insanity defense arises because the modern defense is not based on fundamental analysis and because it has developed in isolation from other modern mentaldisability defenses. Unrelated doctrines, arising out of different early cases, have become increasingly unrealistic. Confusion and frustration ensue.

The Disability of Mind (DOM) doctrine resulted from the attempt to identify the fundamental legal and moral issues in mental-disability defenses. Several moral-legal intuitions emerged that underlie the legal concept of a mental-disability excuse, whether based on mental disease, intoxication, trauma, organic damage, or some other condition. These intuitions were developed into a coherent legal doctrine intelligible, in its essentials, to juries and the public. This doctrine covers all mental-disability excuses in the law. The doctrine, key concepts, and some practical consequences that should build public confidence in the DOM defense are explained here.
The Changing Nature of Poverty
Authors: HILL MARTHA S.
Published: March 2007

Since the beginning of the War on Poverty, the poverty rate has fluctuated widely, and at the same time the poverty population has undergone many changes, some mirroring the changing stereotypes of the poor and others less pronounced than the changing stereotypes would lead us to believe. A feminization of poverty has occurred, with many more of the poor now in households headed by women. Interestingly, aging of the poverty population has not occurred despite growth in the elderly segment of the overall population. Concerning turnover in the poverty population, we find that despite poverty theories emphasizing persistence, recurrent poverty is relatively rare and poverty is not generally passed from one generation to the next. Poverty prevention has come from both economic growth and government transfers; however, inequality in economic growth has contributed to poverty. With the proportion of elderly and female-headed households likely to continue at a high level into the future, poverty rates are also likely to remain high unless government transfers are increased.
The Insanity Defense: Problems and Prospects for Studying the Impact of Legal Reforms
Authors: STEADMAN HENRY J. , MORRISSEY JOSEPH P.
Published: March 2007

Cries for reform of insanity defense statutes are often associated with notorious cases involving heinous offenses. In fact, little research exists on the reforms sparked by such cases. Reforms initiated without data on their likely impacts may lead to illusory or unintended results. A strategy to assess such changes, and any other type of insanity defense reform, is articulated in this article. This approach is substantially different from the approaches of any published reports. It rests upon a multistate scope, a systemic focus, an assessment of impacts on the entire criminal process, and a longitudinal data base. Some of the impediments to implementing such research designs and ways by which they can be overcome are discussed.
Political Financing and the Constitution
Authors: WINTER RALPH K.
Published: March 2007

The author examines the various arguments and legislative proposals offered in support of the regulation of campaign financing in light of the need for a democracy to protect free political communication and of current First Amendment doctrine. He concludes that the arguments advanced either lack a sufficient logical or empirical basis or are founded on ideas that are at odds with a system of free expression. Examination of the legislative proposals leads to the conclusion that they either limit political speech, disadvantage challengers seeking to unseat incumbents, or are too remotely related to valid legislative goals.
Money in Politics
Authors: BOLLING RICHARD
Published: March 2007

There is one basic problem undermining the ability of Congress to address all other issues effectively. That problem is the corrosive, pervasive, and too often invisible influence of special interest money. Most damaging to Congress is the recent explosion in campaign finance contributions from political action committees. There are other forms of special interest money that are also increasingly corroding the integrity of Congress, such as speaking fees and undisclosed multimilliondollar lobbying efforts. All of this special interest money is threatening the ability of Congress to govern. We must look for ways to make it easier for congressional candidates to say no to political action committees, say no to the interest groups offering honoraria, and say no to hidden lobbying pressures. The best way we can help Congress to say no is to provide some form of public financing for congressional campaigns.
Toward an Understanding of the Informal Economy
Authors: GAUGHAN JOSEPH P. , FERMAN LOUIS A.
Published: March 2007

After surveying some of the typical content of the informal economy, the authors argue that the most substantial amount of activity in this sector is based on family and community and may not involve an immediate expectation of financial return. It would include local barter, mutual aid and self-help networks as well as other activities such as light construction and repair work. Reliance on such networks, common in preindustrial economies, continues to serve specific needs in industrial and postindustrial societies, filling in where the conventional economy falls short or fails. By its very definition, informal activity is difficult to investigate and monitor and raises questions about the legitimate concerns of government.
The Role of Unesco in International Scientific Communication
Authors: TOCATLIAN JACQUES
Published: March 2007

By its constitution, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (Unesco) is concerned with information matters. Under its programs known as UNISIST and the General Information Program, it assists the flow of scientific and technical information across national boundaries, facilitates access to published information and data, and enhances member states' capacity to store, exchange, and use information needed for their development. The main thrust of Unesco's action is along five lines: development of internationally agreed-upon methods, standards, and tools to facilitate systems interconnection and exchange of information; the application of new technologies and the creation of data bases; the establishment of regional cooperative schemes, information programs, and networks; support for the creation of national information policies and infrastructures; and the development of specialized labor.
The Luxembourg Income Study: The Use of International Telecommunications in Comparative Social Research
Authors: RAINWATER LEE , SMEEDING TIMOTHY M.
Published: March 2007

A computerized telecommunications network, the BITNET-EARN-NETNORTH system, has made it possible for some 588 universities worldwide to efficiently access large-scale statistical data sets stored at one central facility. There are practical and traditional difficulties in comparative international research projects, and the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) seeks to overcome them. The advantages and disadvantages of housing a statistical data base such as LIS in one place are outlined. Advantages such as building an expert staff who thoroughly understand the data base and securing the privacy and confidentiality guarantees required before nations will grant access to official income statistics are contrasted with the disadvantages of time, cost, and user distance from the data base. The BITNET-EARN-NETNORTH system plus the LIS user package reconciles costs and benefits and allows access by researchers at any BITNET-EARN-NETNORTH site. The challenge for realizing the social research potential of centralized data sets and scholarly colleagueship now lies in creating payment mechanisms and funding consortia based upon principles that can facilitate international research collaboration.
Anti-Americanism in the Southern Cone of Latin America
Authors: ROETT RIORDAN
Published: March 2007

Anti-Americanism is strongest in the parts of Latin America geographically closest to the United States. Mexico and the countries of Central America and the Caribbean remain highly dependent on their giant neighbor to the north. Their resentment of this fact is often reflected in sharp expressions of anti-American feeling. In contrast, in the Southern Cone of Latin America, criticism of the United States has, over the last twenty years, become less strident and more pragmatic. This change in views follows a shift in the balance of power in favor of the Southern Cone and away from the United States. As these countries have grown more independent, they have grown less resentful of U.S. power. There may, however, be a resurgence of anti-Americanism in the Southern Cone if the debt-trade crisis is not resolved quickly and equitably.
The Changeable Soviet Image of America
Authors: SHLAPENTOKH VLADIMIR
Published: March 2007

Perceptions of America in Soviet society are very changeable under the influence of domestic political developments, even if cultural traditions exert significant influence on them. In the 1970s, the image of the United States in the Soviet Union was strongly influenced by Russophile ideology, which held the upper hand over liberal ideology and which coalesced with the official ideology in its attitudes toward the United States. Unlike the previous period, in the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s, the focus was not so much on the capitalistic nature of American society but on the American style of life. The average American was portrayed as completely absorbed with material interests and as insensitive to cultural values and the plight of others. Denouncing Americans for consumerism and vanity, the Soviets during this period themselves demonstrated a growing interest in material comfort and prestige. The image of Americans became a part of the mythological level of the Soviet mentality, which, with the claim to cultural superiority over Americans, was intended to rationalize the growing economic and technological gap between the two countries.
The President's Veto Power
Authors: WATSON RICHARD A.
Published: March 2007

Drawing upon experiences with legislatively dominated government at the state and national levels in the post-Revolution period, the Founders granted the president the power to veto bills passed by Congress. An analysis of all vetoes cast by modern presidents in office from 1933 to 1981, beginning with Franklin Roosevelt and ending with Jimmy Carter, indicates that Roosevelt used the power most frequently. If, however, one focuses on public bills of national significance and takes into account the number of years each of these presidents served, Gerald Ford was the most significant vetoer of the period. Harry Truman vetoed more major bills than any of the other modern presidents and was also overridden most frequently by Congress on such bills. Most vetoed bills are eventually passed and signed by the president in a different form. The president can also affect legislation by threatening to veto proposed bills: such action may prevent their passage at all or may influence Congress to put them in a form that is acceptable to him.
The Logic of Workfare: the Underclass and Work Policy
Authors: MEAD LAWRENCE M.
Published: March 2007

Much of today's entrenched poverty reflects the fact that poor adults seldom work consistently. The problem cannot be blamed predominantly on lack of jobs or other barriers to employment, as the chance to work seems widely available. More likely, the poor do not see work in menial jobs as fair, possible, or obligatory, though they want to work in principle. Government has evolved policies explicitly to raise work levels among the poor. Workfare programs, linked to welfare, show the most promise but still reach only a minority of employable recipients. Welfare reform should, above all, raise participation in these programs, as the share of clients involved largely governs their impact. Welfare should also cover more nonworking men to bring them under workfare. While work enforcement may seem punitive, the poor must become workers before they can stake larger claims to equality.
The Underclass: Issues, Perspectives, and Public Policy
Authors: WILSON WILLIAM JULIUS
Published: March 2007

This article critically reviews the other articles in this volume and integrates some of their major arguments. Attention is given to the substantive arguments advanced by each author and how they relate to the points raised by the other authors. In conclusion, the policy recommendations put forth in several of the articles are assessed.
Gender and Distance Learning
Authors: BRUNNER CORNELIA
Published: March 2007

This article examines distance learning from a gender perspective. In any new area of enterprise, expectations have an important effect on planning, implementation, and evaluation. When it comes to distance learning, a variety of images of what this exciting new technology will look like and what it can empower us to achieve will determine how we develop it. In a study about technological experts' expectations and desires for their own technologies, the fantasies articulated by women and men are different in important and predictable ways. Women wish for small, appealing objects that allow them to collaborate, to create, to share their work, and to integrate their work and home lives. Men wish for magic wands that give them enormous power, fabulous speed, and infinite wisdom. This culturally sanctioned difference in technological expectations has real implications for the future of distance learning. Both perspectives are needed if distance-learning technology is to be successfully integrated into our school system.
Real Foreign Investment in Perspective
Authors: EISNER ROBERT , PIEPER PAUL J.
Published: March 2007

Much concern regarding recent negative net foreign investment of the United States is misguided. It has frequently reflected misunderstanding of the nature of foreign investment and of misleading official measures. The extent of negative net foreign investment and, all the more so, its sum over the years, which is the presumed debt of the United States to the rest of the world, have been exaggerated. Correctly measured, which means taking into account changes in the value of the U.S. assets abroad that are usually ignored, they are not and do not threaten to be large relative to total income and wealth. Net foreign investment in the long run reflects relative growth and portfolio choices among nations. If the monetary authority does not prevent the fall of interest rates and exchange rates, rates of foreign investment can be expected, within a reasonable time, to be self-adjusting. They will then reflect underlying preferences and economic forces, interference with which is likely to do more harm than good.
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States and U.S. Trade
Authors: LIPSEY ROBERT E.
Published: March 2007

Foreign-owned manufacturing firms' shares of U.S. trade grew from almost nothing in the 1960s to 7 or 8 percent of trade in manufactured goods by the 1980s. It has changed little in the past decade, except for fluctuations related to changing U.S. exchange rates. The foreign affiliates' comparative advantage relative to U.S. parent firms and U.S. firms in general is concentrated in chemicals and metals industries. The trade of the foreign-owned firms, as measured by exports-sales and imports-sales ratios and by export-import ratios, fluctuates more than that of U.S. firms. In particular, foreign affiliates seem to be more responsive than U.S. parents to exchange rate changes, shifting their export production and sources of imports as the value of the dollar rises and falls.
Conflict and Resolution: Contest, Cost, and Change
Authors: ZARTMAN I. WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

Regional conflicts can be thought of in three different ways, each suggesting a different approach to their resolution. One is as a clash of conflicting unilateral solutions, which then require a formula for a joint or multilateral outcome satisfactory to both parties. A second is as a succession of opposing policies based on cost-benefit calculations, which then require a ripe moment—comprising specific components of mutually hurting stalemate, impending catastrophe, and a formula for a way out—for resolution. A third is an an event in a process of change, requiring the negotiation of a new regime to replace an old one that previously embodied certain expectations and behaviors. These different notions are illustrated with many examples of regional conflicts and their attempted—and sometimes successful—resolution.