bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between conformation of polysaccharides ­in the dilute regime and their interaction with a phospholipid bilayer
Authors: Girod S. , Cara L. , Maillols H. , Salles J. P. , Devoisselle J. M.
Published: January 2005

Interactions between polysaccharides and phospholipid bilayers have already been demonstrated in the literature but little is known about the influence of macromolecule conformations related to the solvent characteristics (pH, ions, ionic strength). In this study we have investigated the conformation of iono‐ and thermo‐sensitive polysaccharides, iota‐ and kappa‐carrageenans, and their interaction with a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) model bilayer. The study was performed in two different media (NaCl 150 mmol/L, pH 6.5, and NaCl 300 mmol/L, pH 6.5). In the first part, the iota‐ and kappa‐carrageenan samples have been characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled with a multi‐angle laser light‐scattering detector (MALLS). The SEC–MALLS results clearly show polysaccharide chain association at high ionic strength. In the second part, the polysaccharide–membrane interaction has been studied, using fluorescent probes embedded in the membrane. The thermotropic properties of the membrane were investigated by fluorescence depolarization of 1‐(4‐trimethylammonium‐phenyl)‐6‐phenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene (TMA‐DPH). The membrane surface accessibility was evaluated by fluorescence quenching of 2‐(9‐anthroyloxy) stearic acid (2‐AS). Whatever the ionic strength tested, the polysaccharide presence notably enhances the membrane fluidity below the Tm. This sign of an interaction in the polar level of the membrane is more marked at low NaCl concentration. In contrast, the liposomes bilayer accessibility is drastically lowered when increasing the ionic strength. This is induced by macromolecular chain adsorption on the liposome surface, enhanced by the polysaccharide chain association. An ionic strength enhancement induces a conformational modification of the polysaccharide chains which modifies their ability to interact with the bilayer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploiting sensitive laser‐induced fluorescence detection on electrophoretic microchips for executing rapid clinical diagnostics
Authors: Ferrance Jerome , Landers James P.
Published: January 2005

Fluorescence is used as a sensitive detection technique for current clinical diagnostics procedures involving slab gel separations of DNA. In transferring electrophoretic separations to smaller formats, first capillaries and then microchips, the size of the sample being separated has decreased considerably, making it necessary to routinely detect a few hundred molecules of each component in the sample. Laser‐induced fluorescence detectors provide high sensitivity and can be employed in both direct and indirect modes to detect clinically relevant compounds. A number of examples show that there is no loss of clinical diagnostic capability in moving these analyses to microchip devices. Microchips also allow for parallel processing of samples by incorporating multiple channels in a single device, with a number of strategies possible for using LIF detection in these multiplex systems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic analysis of bacterial bioluminescence in water–organic media
Authors: Sukovataya I. E. , Tyulkova N. A.
Published: January 2005

The interaction of luciferases from two types of luminous bacteria, Photobacterium leiognathi and Vibrio harveyi, with their substrates [the photorecovered FMNH2 and long‐chain aldehydes—decanal (C10), dodecanal (C12) and tetradecanal (C14)] in water–organic media was analysed using kinetic graphical methods. Moderate concentrations of organic solvents have been demonstrated to activate the bioluminescence, while higher concentrations inhibit it. The interactions of these effectors with luciferases show different types of kinetics, which depend on concentrations of solvents, kinds of enzymes and substrates. The apparent value of the Michaelis constant, Km, for C14 of both luciferases and for C10 of luciferase V. harveyi is enhanced with increasing concentration of the organic solvent, but Km for C12 and C10 of luciferase P. leiognathi decreases. Obviously, at the specific binding of aldehydes with luciferases in the first case, hydrophobic interactions are realized, but in second, the electrostatic interactions are realized. The series of changes in parameters of bioluminescence reaction catalysed by different luciferases is obviously determined by their structural peculiarities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and synthesis of chemiluminescent substrates with high luminescent efficiency in an aqueous system: 5‐tert‐butyl‐4,4‐dimethyl‐2,6,7‐trioxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptanes bearing a 3‐hydroxy‐4‐(1‐iminoethyl)phenyl moiety at the 1‐position
Authors: Matsumoto Masakatsu , Sakuma Toshimitsu , Watanabe Nobuko
Published: January 2005

A CIEEL‐active dioxetane bearing a 4‐acetyl‐3‐hydroxyphenyl moiety has very recently been found to emit light effectively, even in an aqueous system, albeit with a very slow CIEEL decay rate. As an attempt to improve the CIEEL decay rate of this type of dioxetane, three dioxetanes, in which a carbonyl in the 4‐acetyl‐3‐hydroxyphenyl moiety was modified into an oxime, oxime O‐methyl ether, or semicarbazone, were synthesized. These three dioxetanes decomposed to emit light far more rapidly than the parent 4‐acetyl‐3‐hydroxyphenyl‐substituted dioxetane. Among them, a dioxetane bearing a 3‐hydroxy‐4‐(1‐methoxyiminoethyl) phenyl, namely an oxime O‐methyl ether derivative, gave high chemiluminescent efficiency. As for a semicarbazone derivative, decrease of the chemiluminescent yield was minimal, even in an aqueous system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemiluminescent acridan phosphate labelling compounds for detection in gels
Authors: Akhavan‐Tafti Hashem , DeSilva Renuka , Sugioka Katsuaki , Handley Richard S. , Schaap A. Paul
Published: January 2005

We have developed a chemiluminescent acridan phosphate labelling compound which produces a flash of light upon chemical triggering. Sequential treatment of the label with acid and a strong base, one of which contains a peroxide, initiates light emission as a rapid flash lasting 1–2 s. Labelling of analytes with these compounds permits their direct detection in a non‐enzymatic assay format. Representative compounds have been linked to BSA as a model protein analyte and detected by chemiluminescence assay. Light intensity correlated with the amount of BSA over six orders of magnitude, permitting the detection of 50 amol of protein in solution. We have also demonstrated for the first time that labelled proteins can be separated by electrophoresis without destruction of the label and that chemiluminescence can be produced and detected directly in the gel. The ease, speed and sensitivity of detection by this new method should enable the development of simpler assays for a wide variety of analytes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of carbon disulphide on hydroxyl radicals in the phenanthroline chemiluminescence system
Authors: Jian Le , Chiang Huai
Published: January 2005

We investigated the effects of carbon disulphide (CS2) on hydroxyl radical generation using the phenanthroline chemiluminescence system. The influence of CS2 on the phenanthroline chemiluminescence system without CuSO4 and vitamin C were tested. The results showed that CS2 enhanced the emission intensity of chemiluminescence and advanced the peak time of the chemiluminescence. There was a dose–effect relationship between CS2 concentrations (0–160 mg/ml) and chemiluminescence peak intensity (r = 0.955, R2 = 0.913, p = 0.003), as well as CS2 concentrations and peak time (r = −0.927, R2 = 0.860, p = 0.008). The enhanced chemiluminescence induced by CS2 could be inhibited by thiourea, and the inhibition rate gradually deceased along with increasing CS2 concentration (r = −0.816, R2 = 0.666, p = 0.048). When the system was free of CuSO4 and vitamin C, CS2 also induced the emission of chemiluminescence intensity. We conclude from these results that CS2 can induce the phenanthroline chemiluminescence system to generate hydroxyl radicals and advance the peak time, and that thiourea can inhibit the effect. The mechanism may be explained by a catalytic effect of CS2 directly on H2O2. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of common interferences with the forensic luminol test for blood
Authors: Quickenden T. I. , Creamer J. I.
Published: January 2005

A wide range of domestic and industrial substances that might be mistaken for haemoglobin in the forensic luminol test for blood were examined. The substances studied were in the categories of vegetable or fruit pulps and juices; domestic and commercial oils; cleaning agents; an insecticide; and various glues, paints and varnishes. A significant number of substances in each category gave luminescence intensities that were comparable with the intensities of undiluted haemoglobin, when sprayed with the standard forensic solution containing aqueous alkaline luminol and sodium perborate. In these cases the substance could be easily mistaken for blood when the luminol test is used, but in the remaining cases the luminescence intensity was so weak that it is unlikely that a false‐positive test would be obtained. In a few cases the brightly emitting substance could be distinguished from blood by a small but detectable shift of the peak emission wavelength. The results indicated that particular care should be taken to avoid interferences when a crime scene is contaminated with parsnip, turnip or horseradish, and when surfaces coated with enamel paint are involved. To a lesser extent, some care should be taken when surfaces covered with terracotta or ceramic tiles, polyurethane varnishes or jute and sisal matting are involved. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerobic biodegradation of N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by axenic bacterial strains
Authors: Sharp Jonathan O. , Wood Thomas K. , Alvarez‐Cohen Lisa
Published: January 2005

The water contaminant N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a probable human carcinogen whose appearance in the environment is related to the release of rocket fuel and to chlorine‐based disinfection of water and wastewater. Although this compound has been shown to be biodegradable, there is minimal information about the organisms capable of this degradation, and little is understood of the mechanisms or biochemistry involved. This study shows that bacteria expressing monooxygenase enzymes functionally similar to those demonstrated to degrade NDMA in eukaryotes have the capability to degrade NDMA. Specifically, induction of the soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) expressed by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, the propane monooxygenase (PMO) enzyme of Mycobacterium vaccae JOB‐5, and the toluene 4‐monooxygenases found in Ralstonia pickettii PKO1 and Pseudomonas mendocina KR1 resulted in NDMA degradation by these strains. In each of these cases, brief exposure to acetylene gas, a suicide substrate for certain monooxygenases, inhibited the degradation of NDMA. Further, Escherichia coli TG1/pBS(Kan) containing recombinant plasmids derived from the toluene monooxygenases found in strains PKO1 and KR1 mimicked the behavior of the parent strains. In contrast, M. trichosporium OB3b expressing the particulate form of MMO, Burkholderia cepacia G4 expressing the toluene 2‐monooxygenase, and Pseudomonas putida mt‐2 expressing the toluene sidechain monooxygenase were not capable of NDMA degradation. In addition, bacteria expressing aromatic dioxygenases were not capable of NDMA degradation. Finally, Rhodococcus sp. RR1 exhibited the ability to degrade NDMA by an unidentified, constitutively expressed enzyme that, unlike the confirmed monooxygenases, was not inhibited by acetylene exposure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RuII Complexes Incorporating Tetrathiamacrocycles: Synthesis and Conformational Analysis
Authors: Adams Harry , Amado A. M. , Félix Vitor , Mann Brian E. , Antelo‐Martinez Jorge , Newell Mike , Ribeiro‐Claro Paulo J. A. , Spey Sharon E. , Thomas James A.
Published: January 2005

The synthesis of a series of RuII complexes incorporating thiacrown ligands ([12]ane‐S4, [14]ane‐S4, [16]ane‐S4), as well as 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) or pyridine, is reported. Structural studies on these complexes have been carried out using a variety of techniques. Detailed 1H NMR spectroscopic studies on the previously reported [Ru([12]ane‐S4)(bpy)]2+ (1) reveal that—contrary to earlier reports—the observed fluxional 1H NMR behavior is not due to chemical exchange involving cleavage of the bpy RuN bond but is, in fact, due to lone‐pair inversion of coordinated macrocyclic sulfur donor atoms. This phenomenon is also observed for the [14]ane‐S4 and [16]ane‐S4 analogues of 1. For the first time, using a combination of X‐ray crystallography, more detailed 1H NMR experiments, and computational methods, an in‐depth study on the energetics and dynamics of invertomer formation and conversion for macrocyclic coordination complexes has been carried out. These studies reveal that the steric constraints of assembling each sulfur macrocycle and bpy ligand around the octahedral RuII center lead to close intramolecular contacts. These contacts are largely dependent on the orientation of the electron lone pairs of equatorial sulfur donor atoms and correlate with the comparative stability of the different invertomeric forms. Thus, the conformational preferences of the three macrocyles in [Ru([n]ane‐S4)(bpy)]2+ complexes are determined by steric rather than electronic effects.
Tuning Single Nucleotide Discrimination in Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs): Synthesis of Primer Probes Bearing Polar 4′‐C‐Modifications and Their Application in Allele‐Specific PCR
Authors: Gaster Jens , Marx Andreas
Published: January 2005

There are many methods available for the detection of nucleotide variations in genetic material. Most of these methods are applied after amplification of the target genome sequence by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Many efforts are currently underway to develop techniques that can detect single nucleotide variations in genes either by means of, or without the need for, PCR. Allele‐specific PCR (asPCR), which reports nucleotide variations based on either the presence or absence of a PCR‐amplified DNA product, has the potential to combine target amplification and analysis in one single step. The principle of asPCR is based on the formation of matched or mismatched primer–target complexes by using allele‐specific primer probes. PCR amplification by a DNA polymerase from matched 3′‐primer termini proceeds, whereas a mismatch should obviate amplification. Given the recent advancements in real‐time PCR, this technique should, in principle, allow single nucleotide variations to be detected online. However, this method is hampered by low selectivity, which necessitates tedious and costly manipulations. Recently, we reported that the selectivity of asPCR can be significantly increased through the employment of chemically modified primer probes. Here we report further significant advances in this area. We describe the synthesis of various primer probes that bear polar 4′‐C‐modified nucleotide residues at their 3′ termini, and their evaluation in real‐time asPCR. We found that primer probes bearing a 4′‐C‐methoxymethylene modification have superior properties in the discrimination of single nucleotide variations by PCR.
Synthesis of trans‐1, trans‐2, trans‐3, and trans‐4 Bisadducts of C60 by Regio‐ and Stereoselective Tether‐Directed Remote Functionalization
Authors: Sergeyev Sergey , Schär Michael , Seiler Paul , Lukoyanova Olena , Echegoyen Luis , Diederich François
Published: January 2005

The double Bingel reaction of fullerene C60 with bismalonates attached to a Tröger base derived tether afforded trans‐1, trans‐2, trans‐3, and trans‐4 bisadducts with excellent regioselectivity. In particular, enantiomerically pure bisadducts with inherently chiral trans‐2 or trans‐3 addition patterns were prepared starting from enantiomerically pure bismalonates. The absolute configuration of the trans‐2 and trans‐3 bisadducts was established from their CD spectra. The excellent diastereoselectivity in the double additions to give the trans‐2 bisadducts is particularly remarkable given the large distance between the two reacting bonds in opposite hemispheres of the fullerene that is spanned by the tether. Now, all inherently chiral double addition patterns are readily available by tether‐directed functionalization using appropriate chiral, nonracemic spacers.
Preparation of MoO3‐V2O5Nanowires with Controllable Mo/V Ratios inside SBA‐15 Channels Using a Chemical Approach with Heteropoly Acid
Authors: Yue Bin , Tan De‐Jun , Yan Shi‐Run , Zhou Yan , Zhu Ka‐Ke , Pan Jian‐Feng , Zhuang Ji‐Hua , He He‐Yong
Published: January 2005

A new approach was developed to fabricate nanowires of mixed oxides MoO3‐V2O5inside the channels of mesoporous silica SBA‐15. The method involves functionalization of the channel surface of SBA‐15 with aminosilane groups, immobilization of Keggin‐type molybdovanadophosphoric acids through an acid‐base interaction, and heat treatment. The immobilization of the heteropolyacid containing mixed addenda makes the molar ratio of the loaded components controllable. The formation of the MoO3‐V2O5nanowires inside the channels was monitored by variable temperaturein situXRD. The materials obtained by heat treatment at 400 °C for 5 h were characterized by TEM, N2‐sorption measurements, laser Raman spectra and UV‐Vis diffuse reflectance spectra. Further heat treatment of the MoO3‐V2O5nanowires inside the SBA‐15 channels at higher temperature (700 °C) destroys the framework integrity of SBA‐15 by complete sublimation of MoO3through the SBA‐15 channel walls.
Determination of Carbohydrazide and Kinetics of Condensation reaction of Carbohydrazide with Malachite Green by Spectrophotometry
Authors: Wu Tao , Zhang Tong‐Lai , Chen Hong‐Yan , Zhang Jian‐Guo
Published: January 2005

The kinetics of the condensation reaction of malachite green and carbohydrazide was studied by spectrophotometry in aqueous solution in the temperature range of 15.0–22.0 °C. The reaction was found to be second‐order overall, first‐order with respect to each reactant. The effect of ionic strength on the reaction has negative salt effect in the range of 0.2–1.0 mol˙L–1. A mechanism of the reaction between malachite green and carbohydrazide was proposed, and the rate equation derived from the mechanism can explain all experimental observations properly. Based on this reaction, a method of determining the content of carbohydrazide in the concentration range of (0.02–0.5)×10−3 mol·L−1 was proposed.
Study on the Interaction of Ternary Complex Pd(II)‐2,2′‐bipyridine‐L‐asparagic acid with DNA
Authors: Gao En‐Jun , Zhao Shu‐Min , Zhang Dan , Liu Qi‐Taob
Published: January 2005

The ternary complex Pd(II)‐2,2′‐bipyridine‐L‐asparagic acid was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR‐spectra and molar conductance. The formula of the complex is Pd(bipy)(L‐asp). The interaction of the complex with DNA has been studied by UV‐spectra, fluorescence spectra, CD‐spectra and gel electrophoresis. The results showed that the interaction of the complex with DNA performed mainly in intercalative mode and the extent of interaction was dependent on the concentration of the complex.
Fluorescence Study on the Interaction between Naproxen and Yeast DNA
Authors: Ye Bao‐Fen , Zhang Zhi‐Jie , Ju Huang‐Xian
Published: January 2005

The interaction between naproxen and yeast DNA was studied using fluorescence spectrometry and ultra‐violet (UV) spectrometry. The addition of yeast dsDNA to naproxen solution resulted in a strong fluorescence quenching. Both the Stern‐Volmer and the Scatchard plots of the fluorescence quenching showed a curve with two slopes and a threshold DNA concentration of about 100 µmol·L−1. The interaction between naproxen and the dsDNA was found to be a groove binding mode by UV spectra, the influence of ion strength and I− quenching effect. This mode was independent on DNA concentration. However, the increase in DNA concentration changed the binding constant K of naproxen to yeast dsDNA and the number of binding sites in DNA base pairs (n).
Concise Syntheses of Arabinogalactans with β‐(1→6)‐Linked Galactopyranosyl Backbone and α‐(1→3)‐Linked Arabinofuranosyl Side Chains
Authors: Li Ai‐Xiao , Kong Fan‐Zuo
Published: January 2005

4‐Methoxyphenyl glycoside of β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐[α‐L‐Araf‐(1→3)‐] β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐{β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐[α‐L‐Araf‐(1→3)‐]β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐}2β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐[α‐L‐Araf‐(1→3)‐]β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐Galp was synthesized with 2, 3, 4, 6‐tetra‐O‐benzoyl‐α‐D‐galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (1), 6‐O‐acetyl‐2, 3, 4‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐α‐D‐galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (11), 4‐methoxyphenyl 3‐O‐allyl‐2, 4‐di‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (2), isopropyl 3‐O‐allyl‐2, 4‐di‐O‐benzoyl‐1‐thio‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (12), 4‐methoxyphenyl 2, 3, 4‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (5), and 2, 3, 5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl trichloroacetimidate (8) as the key synthons.
Electrochemical Deposition and Properties of Nanometer‐structure Ce‐doped Lead Dioxide Film Electrode
Authors: Al Shi‐Yun , Li Jia‐Qing , Li Luo‐Ping , Peng Hui‐Qi , Yang Ya , Jin Li‐Tong
Published: January 2005

The effect of Ce(III) on the morphology and structure of deposited film of lead dioxide was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The results indicated that the Ce‐doped PbO2film consisted of a mixture ofα‐ andβ‐phase of PbO2. Ce doping changed the size of PbO2crystal grains and made the crystallite size on the electrode surface in the nanometer range. Owing to the formation of nanometer‐structured grains, the specific surface areas and activity sites of the electrode surface were increased, hence the catalytic activity of Ce‐doped PbO2electrode was evidently higher than that of undoped PbO2electrode.
Efficient Magnesium Bromide‐Catalyzed One‐pot Synthesis of Substituted 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ones Under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Salehi Hojatollah , Guo Qing‐Xiang
Published: January 2005

An efficient and environmentally friendly procedure for the one‐pot synthesis of tetrahydropyrimidinones from aldehydes,β‐diketones and urea/thiourea by using magnesium bromide as an inexpensive and easily available catalyst under solvent‐free conditions was described. Compared with the classical Biginelli reaction conditions, this new method has the advantage of good to excellent yields (74%–94%) and short reaction time (45–90 min). The structure of the Biginelli reaction product fromβ‐diketone, salicylaldehyde and urea has been proposed to possess an oxygen‐bridge by cyclization (intramolecular Michael‐addition).
Long‐term outcome after breast‐conservation treatment with radiation for mammographically detected ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast
Authors: Solin Lawrence J. , Fourquet Alain , Vicini Frank A. , Taylor Marie , Olivotto Ivo A. , Haffty Bruce , Strom Eric A. , Pierce Lori J. , Marks Lawrence B. , Bartelink Harry , McNeese Marsha D. , Jhingran Anuja , Wai Elaine , Bijker Nina , Campana Francois , Hwang Wei‐Ting
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is detected most commonly on routine screening mammography in the asymptomatic patient, and has a long natural history. The objective of the current study was to determine the long‐term outcome after breast‐conservation surgery followed by definitive breast irradiation for women with mammographically detected DCIS of the breast.

METHODS

In total, 1003 women with unilateral, mammographically detected DCIS of the breast underwent breast‐conserving surgery followed by definitive breast irradiation. These women were treated in 10 institutions in North America and Europe. The median follow‐up was 8.5 years (mean, 9.0 years; range, 0.2–24.6 years).

RESULTS

The 15‐year overall survival rate was 89%, and the 15‐year cause‐specific survival rate was 98%. The 15‐year rate of freedom from distant metastases was 97%. In total, there were 100 local failures (10%) in the treated breast. The 15‐year rate of any local failure was 19%, and the 15‐year rate of local only first failure was 16%. Patient age ≥ 50 years at the time of treatment and negative final pathology margins from the primary tumor excision both were associated independently with a lower risk of local failure in univariate analysis (P = 0.00062 and P = 0.024, respectively) and in multivariate analysis (P = 0.00057 and P = 0.0026, respectively). For favorable subgroups of patients age ≥ 50 years or with negative resection margins, the 10‐year risk of local failure was ≤ 8%.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results support the use of breast‐conserving surgery followed by definitive breast irradiation for the treatment of patients with mammographically detected DCIS of the breast. Patient age ≥ 50 years at the time of treatment and negative resection margins both were associated independently with a decreased risk of local failure. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Selecting patients for flexible sigmoidoscopy
Authors: Ramakrishnan Kalyanakrishnan , Scheid Dewey C.
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) is an effective method to prevent and reduce mortality from colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Incomplete depth of insertion (IDI) during FS may result in missed polyps and carcinomas. To determine whether it is possible to predict IDI, the authors analyzed factors that affected the depth of insertion in FS.

METHODS

For the current study, FS results were recorded prospectively over a 5‐year period. A questionnaire was administered to the patient by the investigator prior to FS to collect data, including age, gender, weight, comorbid illnesses, history of prior abdominal and pelvic surgeries, family history of colon carcinoma or polyps, and prior FS or colonoscopies. The depth of insertion of the flexible sigmoidoscope from the anal verge, which was defined as the reading on the outside of the instrument at its maximal insertion, was measured in centimeters. IDI was defined as a depth of insertion < 50 cm. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to develop a model that included variables predictive of IDI.

RESULTS

The best classification tree included gender, age < 69 years (in women), and a history of hysterectomy. Men had a < 5% risk of an IDI and women age < 69 years without a hysterectomy fared as well (6.6%). Older women and younger women who underwent hysterectomy had higher rates of IDI (29.2% and 22.3%, respectively.)

CONCLUSIONS

The authors developed a model based on age, gender, and hysterectomy status that, after further validation, may be useful for predicting which patients likely will have an incomplete examination. In those patients who have a high probability of IDI, the choice can be made to offer colonoscopy or perform FS under sedation, with analgesia, or with the help of distraction techniques. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Most peptide‐containing sensory neurons lack proteins for exocytotic release and vesicular transport of glutamate
Authors: Morris Judy L. , König Peter , Shimizu Toshihiko , Jobling Phillip , Gibbins Ian L.
Published: January 2005

We used multiple‐labeling immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to examine co‐expression of immunoreactivity for vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluTs), synaptic vesicle proteins, and soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins in peptide‐containing sensory neurons of guinea pigs, mice, and toads. Axon terminals in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord with immunoreactivity (IR) for both substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) lacked IR for synaptosome‐associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25), syntaxin, synaptotagmin, synaptophysin, and synapsin, although adjacent varicosities without neuropeptides had IR for these synaptic proteins. Similarly, peptide‐containing axon terminals in the superficial dorsal horn lacked IR for VGluT1 and VGluT2, despite the presence of VGluT2‐IR in nearby nonpeptide varicosities. VGluT3‐IR was sparse in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord and was not present in peptide‐containing axons. Most peripheral terminals of sensory neurons with both SP‐IR and CGRP‐IR in the skin, viscera, and autonomic ganglia of guinea pigs and mice also lacked IR for synaptic vesicle proteins, SNARE proteins, VGluT1, and VGluT2. In dorsal root ganglia from guinea pigs and mice, most small neurons with IR for both SP and CGRP lacked IR for SNAP‐25, VGluT1, and VGluT2. Thus, proteins considered essential for vesicular uptake and exocytotic release of glutamate are not expressed at detectable levels by most sensory neurons containing SP and CGRP in rodents and toads. These data raise the possibility that most peptide‐containing sensory neurons may not normally release glutamate as a transmitter. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:1–16, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A distinct preisthmic histogenetic domain is defined by overlap of Otx2 and Pax2 gene expression in the avian caudal midbrain
Authors: Hidalgo‐Sánchez Matías , Martínez‐de‐la‐Torre Margaret , Alvarado‐Mallart Rosa‐Magda , Puelles Luis
Published: January 2005

Correlative in situ hybridization of Otx2, Pax2, Gbx2, and Fgf8 mRNA probes in adjacent serial sections through the chicken midbrain and isthmus at early to intermediate stages of development served to map in detail the area of overlap of Otx2 and Pax2 transcripts in the caudal midbrain. The neuronal populations developing within this preisthmic domain made up a caudal part of the midbrain reticular formation, the interfascicular nucleus, and the magnocellular (pre)isthmic nucleus, plus the corresponding part of the periaqueductal gray. The torus semicircularis—the inferior colliculus homolog—expressed Otx2 in its ventricular lining exclusively, but it never expressed Pax2. The parvicellular isthmic nucleus, although placed inside the midbrain lobe, never expressed Otx2, and its cells rapidly down‐regulated an early transient Pax2 signal; this pattern is consistent with its reported isthmic origin and forward tangential translocation. This analysis reveals the existence of four distinct midbrain histogenetic domains along the longitudinal axis, at least for the alar plate. These presumably result from step‐like isthmic organizer effects on Otx2‐expressing midbrain neuroepithelium at different distances from a caudal FGF8 morphogen source (isthmic Fgf8‐positive domain). The final phenotypes of these domains are histologically diverse and make up the griseum tectale (rostrally), the optic tectum, the torus semicircularis, and the presently characterized preisthmic domain (lying closest to the isthmic organizer). Available comparative data for reptiles and mammals suggest the general validity of this scheme. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:17–29, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The interior of charged black holes and the problem of uniqueness in general relativity
Authors: Dafermos Mihalis
Published: January 2005

We consider a spherically symmetric, double characteristic initial value problem for the (real) Einstein‐Maxwell‐scalar field equations. On the initial outgoing characteristic, the data is assumed to satisfy the Price law decay widely believed to hold on an event horizon arising from the collapse of an asymptotically flat Cauchy surface. We establish that the heuristic mass inflation scenario put forth by Israel and Poisson is mathematically correct in the context of this initial value problem. In particular, the maximal future development has a future boundary over which the space‐time is extendible as a C0 metric but along which the Hawking mass blows up identically; thus, the space‐time is inextendible as a C1 metric. In view of recent results of the author in collaboration with I. Rodnianski, which rigorously establish the validity of Price's law as an upper bound for the decay of scalar field hair, the C0 extendibility result applies to the collapse of complete, asymptotically flat, spacelike initial data where the scalar field is compactly supported. This shows that under Christodoulou's C0 formulation, the strong cosmic censorship conjecture is false for this system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Java commodity grid kit
Authors: von Laszewski Gregor , Foster Ian , Gawor Jarek , Lane Peter
Published: January 2005

Developing advanced applications for the emerging national‐scale ‘Computational Grid’ infrastructures is still a difficult task. Although Grid services are available that assist the application developers in authentication, remote access to computers, resource management, and infrastructure discovery, they provide a challenge because these services may not be compatible with the commodity distributed‐computing technologies and frameworks used previously.

The Commodity Grid project is working to overcome this difficulty by creating what we call Commodity Grid Toolkits (CoG Kits) that define mappings and interfaces between Grid and particular commodity frameworks. In this paper, we explain why CoG Kits are important, describe the design and implementation of a Java CoG Kit, and use examples to illustrate how CoG Kits can enable new approaches to application development based on the integrated use of commodity and Grid technologies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HBench:Java: An application‐specific benchmarking framework for Java Virtual Machines
Authors: Zhang Xiaolan , Seltzer Margo
Published: January 2005

Java applications represent a broad class of programs, ranging from programs running on embedded products to high‐performance server applications. Standard Java benchmarks ignore this fact and assume a fixed workload. When an actual application's behavior differs from that included in a standard benchmark, the benchmark results are useless, if not misleading. In this paper, we present HBench:Java, an application‐specific benchmarking framework, based on the concept that a system's performance must be measured in the context of the application of interest. HBench:Java employs a methodology that uses vectors to characterize the application and the underlying Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and carefully combines the two vectors to form a single metric that reflects a specific application's performance on a particular JVM such that the performance of multiple JVMs can be realistically compared. Our performance results demonstrate HBench:Java's superiority over traditional benchmarking approaches in predicting relative performance of real applications and its ability to pinpoint performance problems, even with a simplified vector. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An OpenMP‐like interface for parallel programming in Java
Authors: Kambites M. E. , Obdržálek J. , Bull J. M.
Published: January 2005

This paper describes the definition and implementation of an OpenMP‐like set of directives and library routines for shared memory parallel programming in Java. A specification of the directives and routines is proposed and discussed. A prototype implementation, consisting of a compiler and a runtime library, both written entirely in Java, is presented, which implements most of the proposed specification. Some preliminary performance results are reported. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel application experience with replicated method invocation
Authors: Maassen Jason , Kielmann Thilo , Bal Henri E.
Published: January 2005

We describe and evaluate a new approach to object replication in Java, aimed at improving the performance of parallel programs. Our programming model allows the programmer to define groups of objects that can be replicated and updated as a whole, using reliable, totally‐ordered broadcast to send update methods to all machines containing a copy. The model has been implemented in the Manta highperformance Java system. We evaluate system performance both with microbenchmarks and with a set of five parallel applications. For the applications, we also evaluate ease of programming, compared to RMI implementations. We present performance results for a Myrinet‐based workstation cluster as well as for a wide‐area distributed system consisting of four such clusters. The microbenchmarks show that updating a replicated object on 64 machines only takes about three times the RMI latency in Manta. Applications using Manta's object replication mechanism perform at least as fast as manually optimized versions based on RMI, while keeping the application code as simple as with naive versions that use shared objects without taking locality into account. Using a replication mechanism in Manta's runtime system enables several unmodified applications to run efficiently even on the wide‐area system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel dynamic water supply scheduling in a cluster of computers
Authors: Damas M. , Salmerón M. , Ortega J. , Olivares G. , Pomares H.
Published: January 2005

The parallelization of complex planning and control problems arising in diverse application areas in the industrial, services and commercial environments not only allows the determination of control variables in the required times but also improves the performance of the control procedure as more processors are involved in the execution of the parallel program. In this paper we describe a scheduling application in a water supply network to demonstrate the benefits of parallel processing. The procedure we propose combines dynamic programming with genetic algorithms and time series prediction in order to solve problems in which decisions are made in stages, and the states and control belong to a continuous space. Taking into account the computational complexity of these applications and the time constraints that are usually imposed, the procedure has been implemented by a parallel program in a cluster of computers, an inexpensive and widely extended platform that can make parallelism a practical means of tackling complex problems in many different environments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personal mobility support in future service architectures
Authors: Demestichas P. P. , Tzifa E. C. , Louta M. D. , Liossis N. I. , Kaltabani A. K. , Anagnostou M. E.
Published: January 2005

Support for personal mobility will be among the key factors for success in the competitive communications market of the future. This paper proposes enhancements to the personal mobility support capabilities of service architectures. The TINA service architecture is used as a reference, even though our approach is applicable to other models as well. Our starting point is a business case that falls into the realm of personal mobility. The aim of the business case is to enable users that are found outside their home domain to access services by choosing the best visited retailer, i.e. the one offering adequate quality services in the most cost‐efficient manner. In the sequel the following key issues are addressed. First, the introduction of the additional functionality that is required for supporting the business case, and the realisation through appropriate service components. Second, the integration of the new service components in the standard TINA service architecture. Third, the detailed description of a version of the logic of the new components. In this last respect, we formally state, mathematically formulate and solve problems related to the visited retailer selection. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiac sympathetic innervation and blood flow regulation of the diabetic heart
Authors: Schnell Oliver
Published: January 2005

A key problem in ischemia‐induced impairment of the vascular performance of the diabetic heart is the often‐unrecognized cardiac sympathetic dysfunction. Advanced single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) using the radiopharmaceuticals, 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I‐MIBG) and 11C‐hydroxyephedrine (11C‐HED), have shown that dysfunction of cardiac sympathetic nerves is present to a large extent in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The pattern of sympathetic disturbances is heterogeneous with a predominant effect in the posterior myocardial region. Furthermore, myocardial blood flow assessment with PET has shown that endothelial‐dependent vasodilatation is reduced in proportion to the magnitude of cardiac sympathetic dysfunction. These mechanisms are currently proposed to lead from early changes to advanced impairment of cardiac function in diabetes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An examination of the relationship between dyslexia and offending in young people and the implications for the training system
Authors: Kirk Jane , Reid Gavin
Published: January 2005

A screening study was undertaken which involved 50 young offenders, serving sentences of various lengths, all from the largest young offenders' institution in Scotland. All 50 were screened for dyslexia and a number received a more detailed follow‐up assessment. The results of the screening showed that 25 of the young offenders (50%) were dyslexic to some degree. This finding has implications for professionals, particularly in respect of follow‐up assessment and support, and for politicians in relation to issues such as school experience, prison education and staff training. These issues are discussed here in relation to the background and results of the study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From inside prison
Authors: Cox Julian
Published: January 2005

Editorial note. Part One of this paper was written in 1994, when the author, Julian Cox, having partially recovered from the trauma of his conviction for murder, sought the help of Justice, an organization concerned with helping those whose convictions seemed unfair. The complete document is a very long one, and we have published only selected extracts.

After long delays, Julian's case came to the Court of Appeal in January 2000. It was unsuccessful. Apparently, it is not possible in law to reverse a jury's decision on issues of fact. His plea had, therefore, to be one of ‘diminished responsibility’, which was argued partly on psychiatric grounds and partly on the grounds of dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There was a brief mention of Julian's dyslexia in the Court of Appeal's judgement, but no understanding whatever of how it might have contributed to the original tragedy.

Part Two of the paper was written specifically for Dyslexia at the editor's invitation. There has been no editing of the spelling or style. In the case of Part One, as Julian explains, the editing was done for him. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvements of and Insights into the Isolation of Bismuth Polycations from Benzene Solution – Single‐Crystal Structure Determinations of Bi8[GaCl4]2 and Bi5[GaCl4]3
Authors: Lindsjö, Andreas Fischer Martin , Kloo Lars
Published: January 2005

The synthesis, crystal growth and structure are reported for the two salts Bi5[GaCl4]3 and Bi8[GaCl4]2. The compounds are prepared from a solution of BiCl3 and GaCl3 in benzene, using gallium metal as reducing agent. Bi8[GaCl4]2 contains a Bi82+ polycation that, essentially, adopts an ideal square antiprismatic geometry. The compound crystallizes in the P63 space group; a = 17.760(2) Å and c = 12.979(3) Å. Bi5[GaCl4]3 crystallizes in the R3c space group, a = 11.814(2) Å, c = 29.974(3) Å, and contains a Bi53+ cation adopting a trigonal‐bipyramidal geometry. The cation is slightly distorted from the ideal D3h symmetry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis, Structural and Magnetic Characterization of a New Scheelite Related Compound: Eu2Mo3O12
Authors: Boulahya Khalid , Parras Marina , González‐Calbet José M.
Published: January 2005

Polycrystalline Eu2Mo3O12 has been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray and electron diffraction, high resolution electron microscopy and magnetic measurements. This oxide shows a complex scheelite superstructure whose essential feature is the existence of isolated Mo tetrahedra. Each Mo atom has four oxygen neighbors at distances ranging from 1.75 to 1.91 Å, whereas each Eu atom has eight oxygen neighbors at 2.43 Å. The temperature dependence of the inverse magnetic susceptibility shows that Eu2Mo3O12 behaves as a Curie–Weiss paramagnet at high temperature (160–300 K), whereas in the range 100–20 K it shows Van Vleck paramagnetism. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The use of e‐mail in the identification of bulimia nervosa and its treatment
Authors: Robinson Paul H. , Serfaty Marc A.
Published: January 2005

Despite the great potential of new technologies, no systematic study of e‐mail therapy for subjects with eating disorders has been published. We recruited, using a single announcement made via e‐mail, from all 20 000 staff and students of a large college of the University of London, 23 individuals (all female) who appeared to fulfil diagnostic criteria for Bulimia Nervosa or Binge Eating Disorder (DSM IV). These women were offered on‐line therapy by one of two clinicians experienced in the treatment of eating disorders. At 3‐month follow‐up, 19 returned questionnaires and showed significant reductions in outcome scores. Significant correlations were found between word count, a measure of engagement with treatment, and outcomes. This pilot study suggests that the Internet may be a useful way to recruit and treat those with eating disorders. A randomized controlled trial is indicated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Addressing complex ethical issues in the treatment of children and adolescents with eating disorders: application of a framework for ethical decision‐making
Authors: Manley Ronald S. , Smye Vicki , Srikameswaran Suja
Published: January 2005

Ethically problematic situations frequently arise in the care of children and adolescents with eating disorders. The younger person with anorexia nervosa can often deteriorate quickly, therefore the child who is in denial with respect to the seriousness of her condition and/or markedly ambivalent regarding renourishment is at grave risk. Involuntary treatment is likely to be a consideration during such a medical crisis. In this paper we outline an ethical decision‐making framework that can assist the clinician in engaging the young patient and her family well in advance of a crisis, so that decisions can be made at a time when recourse to establishing incompetency or enforcing involuntary treatment are unnecessary. We have adopted a narrative approach in our application of the decision‐making framework, and safety is emphasized as the central concept underlying the application of this model. Finally, a number of recommendations are made regarding application of the ethical decision‐making framework with younger persons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.