bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An exploration of the adaptation and development after persecution and trauma (ADAPT) model with resettled refugee adolescents in Australia: A qualitative study
Authors: McGregor Lucy S. , Melvin Glenn A. , Newman Louise K.
Published: May 2016

Refugee adolescents endure high rates of traumatic exposure, as well as subsequent resettlement and adaptational stressors. Research on the effects of trauma in refugee populations has focussed on psychopathological outcomes, in particular posttraumatic stress disorder. However this approach does not address the psychosocial and adaptive dimensions of refugee experience. The ADAPT model proposes an alternate conceptualization of the refugee experience, theorizing that refugee trauma challenges five core psychosocial adaptive systems, and that the impact on these systems leads to psychological difficulties. This study investigated the application of the ADAPT model to adolescents’ accounts of their refugee and resettlement experiences. Deductive thematic analysis was used to analyse responses of 43 adolescent refugees to a semistructured interview. The ADAPT model was found to be a useful paradigm to conceptualize the impact of adolescents’ refugee and resettlement journeys in terms of individual variation in the salience of particular adaptive systems to individuals’ experiences. Findings are discussed in light of current understandings of the psychological impact of the refugee experience on adolescents.
Unsteady mixed convection squeezing flow of nanofluid between parallel disks
Authors: Mohyud-Din Syed Tauseef , Khan Sheikh Irfan Ullah , Darus Maslina , Hassan Saleh M
Published: May 2016

In this article, mixed convection squeezing flow of a nanofluid between parallel disks is considered. The partial differential equations governing the flow problem are converted into coupled system of ordinary differential equation with the help of suitable similarity transforms. Homotopy analysis method is employed to solve the coupled system of ordinary differential equations. The influence of involved parameters, on velocity, temperature, and concentration profile, is presented graphically coupled with detailed discussion. The results for skin friction coefficient and Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are also a part of this study. Numerical solution is also obtained with the help of Runge–Kutta method of order 4. An excellent agreement is found between analytical and numerical solutions. From the results obtained, we observe that the skin friction coefficient decreases with increasing squeeze number for the case of injection and increases with increase in squeeze number for the case of injection at the walls. Furthermore, Nusselt number gets a rise with increment in squeeze number for the case of injection at the wall and a drop in Nusselt number for the case of suction at the wall is observed when there is suction at the wall. Sherwood number is seen to drop quite steeply with higher values of squeeze number for the injection case and a rise in Sherwood number for the suction is observed when there is suction at the wall.
Numerical simulation and experimental validation of aircraft ground deicing model
Authors: Chen Bin , Wang Li-wen , Gong Rui , Wang Shou-kun
Published: May 2016

Aircraft ground deicing plays an important role of guaranteeing the aircraft safety. In practice, most airports generally use as many deicing fluids as possible to remove the ice, which causes the waste of the deicing fluids and the pollution of the environment. Therefore, the model of aircraft ground deicing should be built to establish the foundation for the subsequent research, such as the optimization of the deicing fluid consumption. In this article, the heat balance of the deicing process is depicted, and the dynamic model of the deicing process is provided based on the analysis of the deicing mechanism. In the dynamic model, the surface temperature of the deicing fluids and the ice thickness are regarded as the state parameters, while the fluid flow rate, the initial temperature, and the injection time of the deicing fluids are treated as control parameters. Ignoring the heat exchange between the deicing fluids and the environment, the simplified model is obtained. The rationality of the simplified model is verified by the numerical simulation and the impacts of the flow rate, the initial temperature and the injection time on the deicing process are investigated. To verify the model, the semi-physical experiment system is established, consisting of the low-constant temperature test chamber, the ice simulation system, the deicing fluid heating and spraying system, the simulated wing, the test sensors, and the computer measure and control system. The actual test data verify the validity of the dynamic model and the accuracy of the simulation analysis.
Effect of positioning errors of frames on fuselage panel assembly deformation
Authors: Yan Weimiao , Bi Yunbo , Qiao Mingjie
Published: May 2016

In aircraft assembly, frames are usually used as the skeleton shape benchmarks of a fuselage panel to locate other parts accurately, thereby coordinating the relative position relationships between each part. In order to guarantee the assembly quality, a methodology for analyzing the effect of positioning errors of frames on fuselage panel assembly deformation is proposed. A finite element model of the fuselage panel is established first and then a mathematical model for representing the assembly deformation is derived. To contain more assembly deformation information, the optimal measurement point placement method is adopted to extract a set of finite element nodes as the measurement point locations from a large candidate set. Meanwhile, the mathematical relationship between the position errors of measurement points and the positioning errors of frames is also determined, which is then combined with the Monte Carlo simulation and the grey relational analysis to quantitatively analyze the impacts of the positioning error(s) generated by single or multiple frames on fuselage panel assembly deformation.
Cingulate GABA levels inversely correlate with the intensity of ongoing chronic knee osteoarthritis pain
Authors: Reckziegel Diane , Raschke Felix , Cottam William J , Auer Dorothee P
Published: May 2016

Background

This study aims to investigate the role of the mid-anterior cingulate cortex γ-aminobutyric acid levels in chronic nociceptive pain. The molecular mechanisms of pain chronification are not well understood. In fibromyalgia, low mid-anterior cingulate cortex γ-aminobutyric acid was associated with high pain suggesting a role of prefrontal disinhibition. We hypothesize that mid-anterior cingulate cortex GABAergic disinhibition may underpin chronic pain independent of the pain etiology and comorbid negative affect. Proton magnetic resonance spectra were acquired at 3T from the mid-anterior cingulate cortex in 20 patients with chronic painful knee osteoarthritis, and 19 healthy pain-free individuals using a point resolved spectroscopy sequence optimized for detection of γ-aminobutyric acid. Participants underwent questionnaires for negative affect (depression and anxiety) and psychophysical pain phenotyping.

Results

No differences in mid-anterior cingulate cortex γ-aminobutyric acid or other metabolite levels were detected between groups. Ratings of perceived intensity of ongoing osteoarthritis pain were inversely correlated with γ-aminobutyric acid ( r = −0.758, p < 0.001), but no correlations were seen for negative affect or pain thresholds. The pain γ-aminobutyric acid interrelation remained strong when controlling for depression ( r = −0.820, p < 0.001). Combined levels of glutamine and glutamate were unrelated to psychometric or to pain thresholds.

Conclusion

Our study supports mid-anterior cingulate cortex γ-aminobutyric acid as a potential marker of pain severity in chronic nociceptive pain states independent of negative affect. The findings suggest that GABAergic disinhibition of the salience network may underlie sensitization to averse stimuli as a mechanism contributing to pain chronification.
Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States
Authors: Scott Sydney E. , Inbar Yoel , Rozin Paul
Published: May 2016

Public opposition to genetic modification (GM) technology in the food domain is widespread (Frewer et al., 2013). In a survey of U.S. residents representative of the population on gender, age, and income, 64% opposed GM, and 71% of GM opponents (45% of the entire sample) were “absolutely” opposed—that is, they agreed that GM should be prohibited no matter the risks and benefits. “Absolutist” opponents were more disgust sensitive in general and more disgusted by the consumption of genetically modified food than were non-absolutist opponents or supporters. Furthermore, disgust predicted support for legal restrictions on genetically modified foods, even after controlling for explicit risk–benefit assessments. This research suggests that many opponents are evidence insensitive and will not be influenced by arguments about risks and benefits.
Homo Ignorans
Authors: Hertwig Ralph , Engel Christoph
Published: May 2016

Western history of thought abounds with claims that knowledge is valued and sought. Yet people often choose not to know. We call the conscious choice not to seek or use knowledge (or information) deliberate ignorance. Using examples from a wide range of domains, we demonstrate that deliberate ignorance has important functions. We systematize types of deliberate ignorance, describe their functions, discuss their normative desirability, and consider how they can be modeled. To date, psychologists have paid relatively little attention to the study of ignorance, let alone the deliberate kind. Yet the desire not to know is no anomaly. It is a choice to seek rather than reduce uncertainty whose reasons require nuanced cognitive and economic theories and whose consequences—for the individual and for society—require analyses of both actor and environment.
Income Mobility Breeds Tolerance for Income Inequality
Authors: Shariff Azim F. , Wiwad Dylan , Aknin Lara B.
Published: May 2016

American politicians often justify income inequality by referencing the opportunities people have to move between economic stations. Though past research has shown associations between income mobility and resistance to wealth redistribution policies, no experimental work has tested whether perceptions of mobility influence tolerance for inequality. In this article, we present a cross-national comparison showing that income mobility is associated with tolerance for inequality and experimental work demonstrating that perceptions of higher mobility directly affect attitudes toward inequality. We find support for both the prospect of upward mobility and the view that peoples’ economic station is the product of their own efforts, as mediating mechanisms.
No Absolutism Here
Authors: Gray Kurt , Schein Chelsea
Published: May 2016

Moral absolutism is the idea that people’s moral judgments are insensitive to considerations of harm. Scott, Inbar, and Rozin (2016, this issue) claim that most moral opponents to genetically modified organisms are absolutely opposed—motivated by disgust and not harm. Yet there is no evidence for moral absolutism in their data. Perceived risk/harm is the most significant predictor of moral judgments for “absolutists,” accounting for 30 times more variance than disgust. Reanalyses suggest that disgust is not even a significant predictor of the moral judgments of absolutists once accounting for perceived harm and anger. Instead of revealing actual moral absolutism, Scott et al. find only empty absolutism: hypothetical, forecasted, self-reported moral absolutism. Strikingly, the moral judgments of so-called absolutists are somewhat more sensitive to consequentialist concerns than those of nonabsolutists. Mediation reanalyses reveal that moral judgments are most proximally predicted by harm and not disgust, consistent with dyadic morality.
The physiological basis of therapies for cerebellar ataxias
Authors: Mitoma Hiroshi , Manto Mario
Published: May 2016

Cerebellar ataxias represent a group of heterogeneous disorders impacting on activities of daily living and quality of life. Various therapies have been proposed to improve symptoms in cerebellar ataxias. This review examines the physiological background of the various treatments currently administered worldwide. We analyze the mechanisms of action of drugs with a focus on aminopyridines and other antiataxic medications, of noninvasive cerebellar stimulation, and of motor rehabilitation. Considering the cerebellum as a controller, we propose the novel concept of ‘restorable stage’. Because of its unique anatomical architecture and its diffuse connectivity in particular with the cerebral cortex, keeping in mind the anatomophysiology of the cerebellar circuitry is a necessary step to understand the rationale of therapies of cerebellar ataxias and develop novel therapeutic tools.
Utilizing cell-based therapeutics to overcome immune evasion in hematologic malignancies
Authors: Sun Chuang , Dotti Gianpietro , Savoldo Barbara
Published: May 2016

Hematologic malignancies provide a suitable testing environment for cell-based immunotherapies, which were pioneered by the development of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. All types of cell-based therapies, from donor lymphocyte infusion to dendritic cell vaccines, and adoptive transfer of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, have been clinically translated for hematologic malignancies. The recent success of chimeric antigen receptor–modified T lymphocytes in B-cell malignancies has stimulated the development of this approach toward other hematologic tumors. Similarly, the remarkable activity of checkpoint inhibitors as single agents has created enthusiasm for potential combinations with other cell-based immune therapies. However, tumor cells continuously develop various strategies to evade their immune-mediated elimination. Meanwhile, the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells and the release of inhibitory factors contribute to the development of a tumor microenvironment that hampers the initiation of effective immune responses or blocks the functions of immune effector cells. Understanding how tumor cells escape from immune attack and favor immunosuppression is essential for the improvement of immune cell–based therapies and the development of rational combination approaches.
Toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cells: recognition and management
Authors: Brudno Jennifer N. , Kochenderfer James N.
Published: May 2016

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells can produce durable remissions in hematologic malignancies that are not responsive to standard therapies. Yet the use of CAR T cells is limited by potentially severe toxicities. Early case reports of unexpected organ damage and deaths following CAR T-cell therapy first highlighted the possible dangers of this new treatment. CAR T cells can potentially damage normal tissues by specifically targeting a tumor-associated antigen that is also expressed on those tissues. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), a systemic inflammatory response caused by cytokines released by infused CAR T cells can lead to widespread reversible organ dysfunction. CRS is the most common type of toxicity caused by CAR T cells. Neurologic toxicity due to CAR T cells might in some cases have a different pathophysiology than CRS and requires different management. Aggressive supportive care is necessary for all patients experiencing CAR T-cell toxicities, with early intervention for hypotension and treatment of concurrent infections being essential. Interleukin-6 receptor blockade with tocilizumab remains the mainstay pharmacologic therapy for CRS, though indications for administration vary among centers. Corticosteroids should be reserved for neurologic toxicities and CRS not responsive to tocilizumab. Pharmacologic management is complicated by the risk of immunosuppressive therapy abrogating the antimalignancy activity of the CAR T cells. This review describes the toxicities caused by CAR T cells and reviews the published approaches used to manage toxicities. We present guidelines for treating patients experiencing CRS and other adverse events following CAR T-cell therapy.
Efficient analysis of large datasets and sex bias with ADMIXTURE
Authors: Shringarpure Suyash S. , Bustamante Carlos D. , Lange Kenneth , Alexander David H.
Published: May 2016

Background

A number of large genomic datasets are being generated for studies of human ancestry and diseases. The ADMIXTURE program is commonly used to infer individual ancestry from genomic data.

Results

We describe two improvements to the ADMIXTURE software. The first enables ADMIXTURE to infer ancestry for a new set of individuals using cluster allele frequencies from a reference set of individuals. Using data from the 1000 Genomes Project, we show that this allows ADMIXTURE to infer ancestry for 10,920 individuals in a few hours (a 5 × speedup). This mode also allows ADMIXTURE to correctly estimate individual ancestry and allele frequencies from a set of related individuals. The second modification allows ADMIXTURE to correctly handle X-chromosome (and other haploid) data from both males and females. We demonstrate increased power to detect sex-biased admixture in African-American individuals from the 1000 Genomes project using this extension.

Conclusions

These modifications make ADMIXTURE more efficient and versatile, allowing users to extract more information from large genomic datasets.
Molecular and behavioral profiling of Dbx1-derived neurons in the arcuate, lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei
Authors: Sokolowski Katie , Tran Tuyen , Esumi Shigeyuki , Kamal Yasmin , Oboti Livio , Lischinsky Julieta , Goodrich Meredith , Lam Andrew , Carter Margaret , Nakagawa Yasushi , Corbin Joshua G.
Published: May 2016

Background

Neurons in the hypothalamus function to regulate the state of the animal during both learned and innate behaviors, and alterations in hypothalamic development may contribute to pathological conditions such as anxiety, depression or obesity. Despite many studies of hypothalamic development and function, the link between embryonic development and innate behaviors remains unexplored. Here, focusing on the embryonically expressed homeodomain-containing gene Developing Brain Homeobox 1 (Dbx1), we explored the relationship between embryonic lineage, post-natal neuronal identity and lineage-specific responses to innate cues. We found that Dbx1 is widely expressed across multiple developing hypothalamic subdomains. Using standard and inducible fate-mapping to trace the Dbx1-derived neurons, we identified their contribution to specific neuronal subtypes across hypothalamic nuclei and further mapped their activation patterns in response to a series of well-defined innate behaviors.

Results

Dbx1-derived neurons occupy multiple postnatal hypothalamic nuclei including the lateral hypothalamus (LH), arcuate nucleus (Arc) and the ventral medial hypothalamus (VMH). Within these nuclei, Dbx1
+ progenitors generate a large proportion of the Pmch-, Nesfatin-, Cart-, Hcrt-, Agrp- and ERα-expressing neuronal populations, and to a lesser extent the Pomc-, TH- and Aromatase-expressing populations. Inducible fate-mapping reveals distinct temporal windows for development of the Dbx1-derived LH and Arc populations, with Agrp+ and Cart+ populations in the Arc arising early (E7.5-E9.5), while Pmch+ and Hcrt+ populations in the LH derived from progenitors expressing Dbx1 later (E9.5-E11.5). Moreover, as revealed by c-Fos labeling, Dbx1-derived cells in male and female LH, Arc and VMH are responsive during mating and aggression. In contrast, Dbx1-lineage cells in the Arc and LH have a broader behavioral tuning, which includes responding to fasting and predator odor cues.

Conclusion

We define a novel fate map of the hypothalamus with respect to Dbx1 expression in hypothalamic progenitor zones. We demonstrate that in a temporally regulated manner, Dbx1-derived neurons contribute to molecularly distinct neuronal populations in the LH, Arc and VMH that have been implicated in a variety of hypothalamic-driven behaviors. Consistent with this, Dbx1-derived neurons in the LH, Arc and VMH are activated during stress and other innate behavioral responses, implicating their involvement in these diverse behaviors.
Impact of frequent cerebrospinal fluid sampling on Aβ levels: systematic approach to elucidate influencing factors
Authors: Van Broeck Bianca , Timmers Maarten , Ramael Steven , Bogert Jennifer , Shaw Leslie M. , Mercken Marc , Slemmon John , Van Nueten Luc , Engelborghs Sebastiaan , Streffer Johannes Rolf
Published: May 2016

Background

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides are predictive biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease and are proposed as pharmacodynamic markers for amyloid-lowering therapies. However, frequent sampling results in fluctuating CSF Aβ levels that have a tendency to increase compared with baseline. The impact of sampling frequency, volume, catheterization procedure, and ibuprofen pretreatment on CSF Aβ levels using continuous sampling over 36 h was assessed.

Methods

In this open-label biomarker study, healthy participants (n = 18; either sex, age 55 − 85 years) were randomized into one of three cohorts (n = 6/cohort; high-frequency sampling). In all cohorts except cohort 2 (sampling started 6 h post catheterization), sampling through lumbar catheterization started immediately post catheterization. Cohort 3 received ibuprofen (800 mg) before catheterization. Following interim data review, an additional cohort 4 (n = 6) with an optimized sampling scheme (low-frequency and lower volume) was included. CSF Aβ1–37, Aβ1–38, Aβ1–40, and Aβ1–42 levels were analyzed.

Results

Increases and fluctuations in mean CSF Aβ levels occurred in cohorts 1–3 at times of high-frequency sampling. Some outliers were observed (cohorts 2 and 3) with an extreme pronunciation of this effect. Cohort 4 demonstrated minimal fluctuation of CSF Aβ both on a group and an individual level. Intersubject variability in CSF Aβ profiles over time was observed in all cohorts.

Conclusions

CSF Aβ level fluctuation upon catheterization primarily depends on the sampling frequency and volume, but not on the catheterization procedure or inflammatory reaction. An optimized low-frequency sampling protocol minimizes or eliminates fluctuation of CSF Aβ levels, which will improve the capability of accurately measuring the pharmacodynamic read-out for amyloid-lowering therapies.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01436188. Registered 15 September 2011.
The scalp as a donor site for skin grafting in burns: retrospective study on complications
Authors: Roodbergen Dorota Teresa , Vloemans Adrianus Fredericus Petrus Maria , Rashaan Zjir Mezjda , Broertjes Jacob Cornelis , Breederveld Roelf Simon
Published: May 2016

Background

Split skin grafting (SSG) is the cornerstone in the treatment of deep burns and large skin defects. Frequently used donor sites are the thigh, abdomen and buttocks. The scalp is less common while considered as a reliable donor site. Advantages are a large surface area, rapid wound healing, cosmetically favourable results and multiple harvests from the same donor site. Complications include scab formation, chronic folliculitis and alopecia but have been recorded sporadically in previous studies. This article evaluates the complication rate of the scalp donor site in the treatment of deep burns in the Beverwijk Burn Centre.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed of all patients who received a skin graft from the scalp at the Beverwijk Burn Centre between January 2004 and December 2012. Data were collected from medical files of included patients, including gender, age, type of burn (scald, flame, other) and total body surface area (TBSA) burned at the time of first surgery. Postoperative variables were healing time of the donor site and incidence of complications. During follow-up, the incidence of late complications was reviewed.

Results

A total number of 105 grafts were analysed in 93 patients: 58 males (62 %) and 35 females (38 %), with a median age of 2 years and 3 months old. Of the patients, 30 (32 %) had flame burns and 57 (61 %) had scald burns. Eighty-seven percent of patients had a TBSA burned of 5 % or less. All donor sites healed within 14 days. No alopecia or scar hypertrophy developed at the donor sites. Two patients (2.2 %) developed folliculitis; one patient (1.1 %) showed scab formation.

Conclusions

The scalp as a donor site in our Burn Centre shows a comparable short-term complication rate to the previous literature, with quick healing and no long-term complications. Therefore, we propose the consideration of the scalp as a primary donor site, especially in young children, where the scalp offers a larger donor site area than the buttocks or thighs.
The role of antioxidant micronutrients in the rate of recovery of burn patients: a systematic review
Authors: Adjepong Mary , Agbenorku Pius , Brown Patricia , Oduro Ibok
Published: May 2016

Burn injury can be detrimental to the health of individuals, meanwhile victims lose proteins and micronutrients in wound exudates. Victims also experience extensive protein catabolism. These make them prone to malnutrition. Burn patients also suffer a lot of emotional trauma that reduce nutrient intake. The aim of this paper was to review primary evidence on the effect of antioxidant micronutrients on the recovery rate of burn patients. Electronic databases such as PubMed, BioMed, and Cochrane were systematically searched between January 1, 2014, and January 30, 2014. Keywords include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, ascorbic acid, zinc, copper, selenium, tocopherol, carotenoids, dietary intake, supplementation, wound healing, infection, recovery rate, and burn patients. The systematic search was done to retrieve all published data from 1990 to 2013. A total of 518 journal articles were obtained, and after the removal of duplicates, reviews, commentaries, and studies with non-human subjects, 11 papers were accepted for review. The review considered only papers that were published, and there might be some unpublished data that may have been omitted. Generally, the wound healing time and infection rates were reduced by the administration of the antioxidant micronutrients. The review revealed that there was no such published work in developing countries and children were excluded from most studies. It was also stated clearly that there was no uniformity in burn management; hence, there is a need for more studies on burn management in various populations.
On Relationality, on Blackness: A Listening Post
Authors: Feldman Keith P.
Published: May 2016

This introductory essay considers the critical purchase of “relationality” in current scholarly debates in Comparative Ethnic Studies and Comparative Literature. It foregrounds Blackness and/as incommensurability as they are treated in these fields' distinct and overlapping institutional locations, historical developments, and epistemic investments.
EPAC1 activation by cAMP stabilizes CFTR at the membrane by promoting its interaction with NHERF1
Authors: Lobo Miguel J. , Amaral Margarida D. , Zaccolo Manuela , Farinha Carlos M.
Published: May 2016

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) activates protein kinase A (PKA) but also the guanine nucleotide exchange factor ‘exchange protein directly activated by cAMP’ (EPAC1; also known as RAPGEF3). Although phosphorylation by PKA is known to regulate CFTR channel gating – the protein defective in cystic fibrosis – the contribution of EPAC1 to CFTR regulation remains largely undefined. Here, we demonstrate that in human airway epithelial cells, cAMP signaling through EPAC1 promotes CFTR stabilization at the plasma membrane by attenuating its endocytosis, independently of PKA activation. EPAC1 and CFTR colocalize and interact through protein adaptor NHERF1 (also known as SLC9A3R1). This interaction is promoted by EPAC1 activation, triggering its translocation to the plasma membrane and binding to NHERF1. Our findings identify a new CFTR-interacting protein and demonstrate that cAMP activates CFTR through two different but complementary pathways – the well-known PKA-dependent channel gating pathway and a new mechanism regulating endocytosis that involves EPAC1. The latter might constitute a novel therapeutic target for treatment of cystic fibrosis.
TOR complex 2 localises to the cytokinetic actomyosin ring and controls the fidelity of cytokinesis
Authors: Baker Karen , Kirkham Sara , Halova Lenka , Atkin Jane , Franz-Wachtel Mirita , Cobley David , Krug Karsten , Maček Boris , Mulvihill Daniel P. , Petersen Janni
Published: May 2016

The timing of cell division is controlled by the coupled regulation of growth and division. The target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling network synchronises these processes with the environmental setting. Here, we describe a novel interaction of the fission yeast TOR complex 2 (TORC2) with the cytokinetic actomyosin ring (CAR), and a novel role for TORC2 in regulating the timing and fidelity of cytokinesis. Disruption of TORC2 or its localisation results in defects in CAR morphology and constriction. We provide evidence that the myosin II protein Myp2 and the myosin V protein Myo51 play roles in recruiting TORC2 to the CAR. We show that Myp2 and TORC2 are co-dependent upon each other for their normal localisation to the cytokinetic machinery. We go on to show that TORC2-dependent phosphorylation of actin-capping protein 1 (Acp1, a known regulator of cytokinesis) controls CAR stability, modulates Acp1–Acp2 (the equivalent of the mammalian CAPZA–CAPZB) heterodimer formation and is essential for survival upon stress. Thus, TORC2 localisation to the CAR, and TORC2-dependent Acp1 phosphorylation contributes to timely control and the fidelity of cytokinesis and cell division.
The rebound of the body during uphill and downhill running at different speeds
Authors: Dewolf A. H. , Peñailillo L. E. , Willems P. A.
Published: May 2016

When running on the level, muscles perform as much positive as negative external work. On a slope, the external positive and negative works performed are not equal. The present study is intended to analyse how the ratio between positive and negative work modifies the bouncing mechanism of running. Our goals are (i) to identify the changes in motion of the centre of mass of the body associated with the slope of the terrain and the speed of progression, (ii) to study the effect of these changes on the storage and release of elastic energy during contact and (iii) to propose a model that predicts the change in the bouncing mechanism with slope and speed. Therefore, the ground reaction forces were measured on ten subjects running on an instrumented treadmill at different slopes (from −9° to +9°) and different speeds (between 2.2 and 5.6 m s−1). The movements of the centre of mass of the body and its external mechanical energy were then evaluated. Our results suggest that the increase in the muscular power is contained (1) on a positive slope: by decreasing the step period and the downward movements of the body, and by increasing the duration of the push, and (2) on a negative slope: by increasing the step period and the duration of the brake, and by decreasing the upward movement of the body. Finally the spring-mass model of running was adapted to take into account the energy added or dissipated each step on a slope.
Activation of C–S Bond by Group 10 Metal Complexes: Reaction of Phosphine Ligand Tethered with Three tert-Butylthiophenyl Groups with Group 10 Metal Compounds
Authors: Takeda Nobuhiro , Tanaka Yusuke , Oma Rin , Sakakibara Fumiaki , Unno Masafumi
Published: May 2016

A new PS3-type tripodal tetradentate ligand, P(2-t-BuSC6H4)3 (1b), was synthesized by reaction of PCl3 with 2-t-BuS(C6H4)Li. Reaction of ligand 1b with NiCl2·6H2O resulted in the elimination of t-BuCl to afford the corresponding 5-coordinate nickel complex, [NiCl{P(2-SC6H4)(2-t-BuSC6H4)2}] 6. In addition, ligand 1b reacted with [PdCl2(PhCN)2] and [PtCl2(cod)] to give 4-coordinate square planar palladium and platinum complexes, [MCl{P(2-SC6H4)(2-t-BuSC6H4)2}] (7: M = Pd, 8: M = Pt), respectively, via the elimination of t-BuCl. Further elimination of t-BuCl from palladium complex 7 proceeded by heating of 7 in CDCl3 at 100 °C for 4 h to form dipalladium complex, [Pd2{P(2-SC6H4)2(2-t-BuSC6H4)}2] (9). The isopropyl-substituted palladium and platinum complexes, [PdCl{P(2-i-PrSC6H4)3}]Cl (3a) and [PtCl2{P(2-i-PrSC6H4)3}] (5), also underwent the elimination of i-PrCl by the thermolysis in CDCl3 at 60 °C to afford the corresponding complexes, [MCl{P(2-SC6H4)(2-i-PrSC6H4)2}] (11: M = Pd, 12: M = Pt). The structures of these complexes were determined by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, and X-ray crystallography.
Activation of PKR by short stem–loop RNAs containing single-stranded arms
Authors: Mayo Christopher B. , Wong C. Jason , Lopez Prisma E. , Lary Jeffrey W. , Cole James L.
Published: May 2016

Protein kinase R (PKR) is a central component of the innate immunity antiviral pathway and is activated by dsRNA. PKR contains a C-terminal kinase domain and two tandem dsRNA binding domains. In the canonical activation model, binding of multiple PKR monomers to dsRNA enhances dimerization of the kinase domain, leading to enzymatic activation. A minimal dsRNA of 30 bp is required for activation. However, short (∼15 bp) stem–loop RNAs containing flanking single-stranded tails (ss-dsRNAs) are capable of activating PKR. Activation was reported to require a 5′-triphosphate. Here, we characterize the structural features of ss-dsRNAs that contribute to activation. We have designed a model ss-dsRNA containing 15-nt single-stranded tails and a 15-bp stem and made systematic truncations of the tail and stem regions. Autophosphorylation assays and analytical ultracentrifugation experiments were used to correlate activation and binding affinity. PKR activation requires both 5′- and 3′-single-stranded tails but the triphosphate is dispensable. Activation potency and binding affinity decrease as the ssRNA tails are truncated and activation is abolished in cases where the binding affinity is strongly reduced. These results indicate that the single-stranded regions bind to PKR and support a model where ss-dsRNA induced dimerization is required but not sufficient to activate the kinase. The length of the duplex regions in several natural RNA activators of PKR is below the minimum of 30 bp required for activation and similar interactions with single-stranded regions may contribute to PKR activation in these cases.
Development of Domestic Primary School in 20-30s of the Previous Century
Authors: Ханжина  , Khanzhina Tatyana
Published: May 2016

The article considers features of the domestic education content and organization of the pedagogical process in primary school in 20-30s of the

XX century. The main attention is paid to the features of the primary school functioning in Srednevolzhskiy Region. The educational process

orientation to the forming of schoolchildren pro-active attitude, development of self-dependence and initiativity, trust in bright future of the

country.
What does manual handling mean to you?
Authors: Clarke Clare
Published: May 2016

Despite increased awareness and training, musculoskeletal injuries within the nursing profession remain high. It has been recognised for many years that the handling and transporting of patients within the hospital environment causes problems for healthcare workers (World Health Organisation (WHO), 1983) and back injuries among hospital workers are a concern (Yassi et al, 2001).

This article will focus on questions raised on the training that is provided to protect staff and patients from musculoskeletal injury, and ask the question, why do staff seem to be apathetic towards the importance of training in safe manual handling? The introduction of work-based assessors (WBAs) within our hospital is increasing awareness, but has it reduced injuries within our area?
Inspiring confidence: helping a young ostomate return to sport
Authors: Sica Jo , Stebbing John
Published: May 2016

Jo Sica, Stoma Nurse Specialist, Hollister Ltd, and John Stebbing, Consultant Surgeon, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, demonstrate some of the more practical ways in which a young, active person with a stoma can be helped to resume to his or her active lifestyle, and to cope with additional stoma care needs.
Editorial
Authors: Henshaw Pete
Published: May 2016

The DfE must answer for the assessment chaos facing primary schools, but there is a wider debate – the sheer number of formal exams we force upon our young people. SecEd editor Pete Henshaw says it is time to scrap all exams up to and including GCSEs and go back to the drawing board…
Simulation of Road Traffic Applying Model-Driven Engineering
Authors: Fernández-Isabel Alberto , Fuentes-Fernández Rubén
Published: May 2016

Road traffic is an important phenomenon in modern societies. The study of its different aspects in the multiple scenarios where it happens is relevant for a huge number of problems. At the same time, its scale and complexity make it hard to study. Traffic simulations can alleviate these difficulties, simplifying the scenarios to consider and controlling their variables. However, their development also presents difficulties. The main ones come from the need to integrate the way of working of researchers and developers from multiple fields. Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) addresses these problems using Modelling Languages (MLs) and semi-automatic transformations to organise and describe the development, from requirements to code. This paper presents a domain-specific MDE framework for simulations of road traffic. It comprises an extensible ML, support tools, and development guidelines. The ML adopts an agent-based approach, which is focused on the roles of individuals in road traffic and their decision-making. A case study shows the process to model a traffic theory with the ML, and how to specialise that specification for an existing target platform and its simulations. The results are the basis for comparison with related work.
Lectura Musical en el ámbito digital; aplicaciones para tablets
Authors: Merchán Sánchez-jara Javier Félix
Published: May 2016

La lectura musical permite, a través de distintos procesos, habilidades adquiridas y experiencias previas, la recreación o interpretación del mensaje musical previamente codificado mediante cualquiera de los distintos sistemas de notación disponibles. De igual manera, mediante la lectura musical el músico experimentado es capaz de generar imágenes sonoras a nivel interno que permiten la representación silenciosa del mensaje cifrado. Se analizan las características y los procesos más genéricos dentro de la lectura musical, las formas y aplicaciones más comunes de estos modelos de lectura y se describen brevemente los sistemas de notación y los códigos más utilizados. En una segunda parte se analiza el desarrollo y uso de las nuevas aplicaciones para la lectura musical en dispositivos electrónicos. Se estudia el desarrollo y la penetración en la comunidad musical de este tipo de herramientas; la clasificación, tipologías más generalizadas y se refieren las características y funcionalidades básicas de las aplicaciones más representativas en torno a criterios como el ámbito y contexto de uso, la distribución por instrumentos y/o estilos musicales, plataformas, sistemas operativos o formatos. Se analizan, de igual manera, algunas soluciones desarrolladas para problemas históricos dentro de la lectura musical, como el paso de página.
Motivación y mejora académica utilizando realidad aumentada para el estudio de modelos tridimensionales arquitectónicos
Authors: Fonseca Escudero David , Redondo Domínguez Ernest , Valls Francesc
Published: May 2016

En el presente artículo discutimos los resultados de evaluar el grado de motivación, el perfil y el nivel de satisfacción de los estudiantes en flujos de trabajo que utilizan la visualización aumentada de modelos complejos en 3D. El estudio muestra los resultados de experimentos realizados con alumnos de grado a lo largo de los dos primeros cursos de Arquitectura y el actual grado de Ciencias y Tecnologías de la Construcción (antiguo grado español de Ingeniería de la Construcción, y con cuyo nombre se reconoce a nivel europeo). Hemos utilizado un método mixto que combina el uso de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas de evaluación de la respuesta del estudiante, con el fin de completar una visión más global del uso de nuevas tecnologías, dispositivos móviles y métodos visuales avanzados en campos académicos. Los resultados nos muestran cómo los estudiantes partícipes de dichos experimentos han mejorado sus resultados académicos y su implicación con la materia, un punto clave en el actual marco educativo compuesto por estudiantes nativos digitales y un gran número de aplicaciones y dispositivos para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje
Gamification: metodología para envolver y motivar alumnos en el proceso de aprendizaje
Authors: Araújo Inés
Published: May 2016

Gamification es un concepto reciente y se proyecta como una tendencia tecnológica para aplicar en las escuelas para el año 2017 (Johnson, Adams Becker carretera y Freeman, 2014a, 2014b, 2014c). Actualmente la mayoría de los ejemplos de aplicación de gamificación, incluyendo el contexto educativo, consiste en utilizar los botones / insignias, tablas de clasificación y puntuaciones. Varios autores (Burke, 2014; Deterding, 2014; Kapp, 2012; Zichermann, 2013) enfatizan que la gamificación no puede limitarse a la mera aplicación de estos mecanismos en el juego si quieren contextos gamificados. Es necesario conocer los intereses de la audiencia, sus necesidades, lo que puede motivar y planear una actividad gamificada que cumpla con estas expectativas. Por todas estas razones, se tienen que desarrollar estudios para comprender cómo este proceso podría implementarse con mayor eficacia en contextos educativos, lo que permite el desarrollo de herramientas adecuadas y las directrices que crean que pueden guiar a aquellos que quieren incluir gamificación en su práctica docente. Este artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre el concepto de gamificación, describiendo algunos ejemplos relevantes que hacen que sea más fácil de entender cómo se puede implementar, proponer preguntas para reflexionar sobre la hora de aplicar esta nueva metodología a los contextos educativos.
A comparison of strategies for immortalizing mouse embryonic fibroblasts
Authors: M. St. Amand Melissa , A. Hanover John , Shiloach Joseph
Published: May 2016

The genetically amenable mouse model has led to a large collection of genetically defined lines from which mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) have been derived. Despite their widespread use, MEFs are time consuming to generate and have a limited lifespan. Immortalizing primary MEFs with the desired genetic manipulations greatly reduces culture maintenance time, enables the generation of near limitless amounts of protein lysate, and facilitates biological replicates during experimentation. In this work, we have evaluated several approaches for MEF immortalization. When cultivated at 3% O2, some primary MEF lines could be proliferated for > 40 passages with a median doubling rate of 45 ± 55 h (n = 8). However, serial passaging at 3% O2 achieved spontaneous immortalization with varying success. If cultures seemed to be reaching their Hayflick limit when cultivated at 3% O2, supplementing the culture media with 5 µM ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 helped to extend proliferation and achieve spontaneous immortalization. MEFs immortalized via SV40 Ta infection reliably produced cell lines with a median doubling rate of 25 ± 9 h (n = 9) and viability greater than 90%. In addition to a discussion of the characteristics of cell lines generated with various immortalization strategies, pros and cons of each strategy are included as are recommendations for generating immortalized MEFs.
Design, fabrication and operation proposals for glued-laminated timber, based on measuring and modelling results - Chapter 2: Failure examinations and their results
Authors: VANYA Csilla , KÁNNÁR Antal , RABB Péter
Published: May 2016

A rétegelt-ragasztott fatartók egyre elterjedtebbé váltak az elmúlt 50 évben. A megfelelő minőségű anyagokból készített rétegelt-ragasztott tartók minőségi beszerelést és üzemeltetést követően időtállóak, azonban egyre több esetben fordul elő a rétegelt-ragasztott tartók károsodása és a károsodás miatt egész tetőszerkezetek életveszélyessé válása. Ebben a cikkben a rétegrepedések és tönkremenetelek okaihoz kapcsolódó mechanikai vizsgálatok és azok eredményei kerülnek bemutatásra.
 A mechanikai vizsgálatok célja, hogy próbatest szinten megállapítsuk a ciklikusan változó klimatikus környezet (hőmérséklet, páratartalom) hatását az RR tartók faanyagára és annak ragasztási síkjaira. Mivel a faanyag rostra merőleges húzószilárdsága és nyírószilárdsága csekély, a tartókon kialakult delamináció oka, ezen feszültségek szilárdságot meghaladó mértékében keresendők. Az elvégzett vizsgálatok is a két szilárdság meghatározására ill. a ciklikusan változó klimatikus környezet ezen szilárdságokra gyakorolt hatására irányultak.
The Cognitive Behavioral Physical Activity Questionnaire: A study of validity and reliability
Bilişsel Davranışçı Fiziksel Aktivite Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması
Authors: Eskiler Ersin , Küçükibiş Fatih , Gülle Mahmut , Soyer Fikret
Published: May 2016

In recent years, the obesity affected the public health significantly in a negative way in Turkey as in the world and this situation was known to be increased steadily especially among children and adolescents. Although there were different views on what caused the obesity, irregular and / or improper diet and the lack of physical activity was defined as two basic reasons for it. In this context, in order to put into practice the effective practices related to be directed or increased participation for physical activity, understanding and determining the attitudes and behaviors of young people towards regular exercise participation was so crucial. This research had been carried out to adapt Cognitive Behavioral Physical Activity Questionnaire (CBPAQ) to Turkish. 590 students (297 male/293 female), who are 13-17 years and living in Bursa, participated to the research. The sample was determined by easy sampling method. In analyzing the data, descriptive analysis, principal component factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used. According to the results, 15 items and 5-dimensional structure located in its original form was determined to be statistically verified.  It could be concluded that the Cognitive Behavioral Physical Activity Scale for the respective sample could be used as a reliable and valid measurement tool. ÖzetSon yıllarda Dünya genelinde olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de obezite önemli boyutlarda toplum sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkilemekte ve bu durumun özellikle çocuk ve gençler arasında giderek artış gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Obeziteye, nelerin neden olduğu konusunda farklı görüşler olmakla birlikte, en temel iki nedenin; düzensiz ve/veya yanlış beslenme ile fiziksel aktivite yetersizliği olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda gençlerin fiziksel aktiviteye yönlendirilmesi ya da katılımlarının arttırılmasına ilişkin etkin uygulamaların hayata geçirilebilmesi için, öncelikle gençlerin düzenli egzersiz katılımına yönelik tutum ve davranışlarını belirlemek ve anlamak hayati bir öneme sahiptir. Açıklamalar ışığında, bu araştırma; Bilişsel Davranışçı Fiziksel Aktivite Ölçeğini (Cognitive Behavioral Physical Activity Questionnaire; CBPAQ) Türkçe’ ye ve Türk popülasyonuna uyarlanmak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaya Bursa ilinde öğrenim gören 13-17 yaş aralığında 590 (297 erkek ve 293 kadın) kişi katılmış ve örnek kütle kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde, betimsel analizler, temel bileşenler faktör analizi (AFA) ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) kullanılmıştır. Bulgular ışığında ölçeğin orijinal formunda yer alan 15 ifade ve 5 boyutlu yapının istatistiksel olarak doğrulandığı belirlenmiştir. Nihai olarak, Bilişsel Davranışçı Fiziksel Aktivite Ölçeği’nin ilgili örneklem grubu için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.