bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As Easy as Removing Tottenham Wood
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

By April 1659 the time had run out for Richard Cromwell’s Protectorate. On Thursday, April 21, when the capital’s attention would normally have turned to the warming weather that heralded spring, Cromwell requested his commander in-chief to appear at Whitehall to explain his and the army’s opposition. Charles Fleetwood, married to the Lord Protector’s sister, simply ignored the summons. Even Richard Cromwell could find a backbone when dealing with a man his father had likened to a “milksop.” He sent his bodyguard to bring the commander in by force. They too refused. It was a startling omen. When Cromwell on his own announced a rendezvous of loyal troops at Whitehall to counter one planned by Fleetwood, the men in the ranks would not obey their officers. Still committed to the Good Old Cause, the army was convinced that Cromwell was on the verge of disbanding them so the Stuarts could return and restore the monarchy. Though the young Lord Protector may have been irresolute, he was not stupid. Under pressure he agreed to dissolve Parliament. It was a military coup, pure and simple.
What Is a Man but His Mind?
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

In the middle of George Fox’s fifth decade, when he was forty-six, he underwent another one of those spells of depression that he struggled with throughout his life. Whether it was the worst one he ever experienced or whether simply more information survived regarding this episode, he reached the bottom in the fall and winter of 1670. Returning from a preaching mission in the counties around London, he arrived in Hornchurch east of the city and literally fell apart. He described himself as “so oppressed” he was unable to speak to a scheduled meeting and momentarily unable to hear or see. By the time he made it back to Stratford, where his condition worsened, he was thought to be near death. When his nurses refused to heed his call for his clothes, considered a sign he knew he was ready to die, he railed at them. He insisted on going to Enfield, northeast of London, where he lodged throughout the winter at a widow’s home, sometime site of the local meeting. His attending in-laws wrote to Swarthmoor about his “distemper,” a common term indicating a double derangement of mind and body, and the fevers that made his body shake as though invaded by malaria. In early October, stepdaughter-in-law Margaret Rous thought he was getting better, but in November he was too weak to be moved across London to her home in Kingston.
Discourse, Society, and the Individual
Authors: Johnstone Barbara
Published: November 2023

We all have our individual styles in conversation and considered address, and they are never the arbitrary and casual things we think them to be. There is always an individual method, however poorly developed, of arranging words into groups and of working these up into larger units. It would be a very complicated problem to disentangle the social and individual determinants of style, but it is a theoretically possible one. This book takes up the problem Sapir describes, namely, that of disentangling the linguistic from the social individual. As Sapir warns, the problem is complicated; the tangle is not the kind through which one can simply run a comb but one that takes picking and tugging at strands. In this Chapter I try to straighten out some strands in order to examine them carefully. My goal is to suggest some of the theoretical and methodological ramifications of thinking about language from the perspective of the individual speaker rather than, as we usually do, from the perspective of the social aggregate or the abstract linguistic system. The project has several parts. For one thing, I examine differences among individual language-knowers and language-users. In part, this involves demonstrating something we already know: no two people have the same knowledge of language or the same ways of speaking.
Riddles and Their Use
Authors: Øj Annikki Kaivola-Bregenh
Published: November 2023

Riddles are a genre of oral tradition familiar in most cultures. The rapid cultural change that has taken place in Western countries in the past few decades has either dealt a death blow to the traditional genres of oral folklore or challenged them to adapt to new values, new interests, and meanings. The contexts in which tradition is performed and used have also undergone a complete change. In many cultures “true riddles” have passed out of use, and their place has been taken by trick questions, jokes, and crazy riddles following fast on the heels of one another as fashions change. Even the walls between genres have been broken down: the present-day jest cast in the form of a question and answer often comes closer to a joke than to a riddle.
“I’ll Give You Three Guesses:” The Dynamics of Genre in the Riddle-Tale
Authors: Bauman Richard
Published: November 2023

Riddles and related enigmatic genres turn, characteristically, on ambiguity and multiplicity of meaning. Hence, it is scarcely surprising that these enigmatic forms are themselves generically ambiguous. Certainly, the definition and classification of such forms is notoriously problematic, as observed by Laurits B0dker in offering the rationale for his dictionary of riddle terms in the Nordic languages: The riddle is so short and concise that, unlike e.g. the ballad and the folktale, it is easy to handle. But as regards content, and very often form as well, it is at the same time so richly faceted and ambiguous that it easily lends itself to classification in any of several groups, a fact which is well-known to everybody who has tried to find a certain riddle in the published collections.
“Spinning Threads of Sand”: Riddles as Images of Loss in the Midrash on Lamentations
Authors: Hasan-Rokem Gaut
Published: November 2023

Loss and destruction are central themes in the Hebrew and Aramaic literature of Late Antiquity. The lives of individuals often become stories told about the cosmic destruction of the temple in Jerusalem, much as the story of the loss of the temple cannot be told but via the suffering of individuals. It may be considered a special stroke of genius, however, that these grim themes have been integrated in the literature of the rabbis into a playfully intricate design-the Midrash. Exegetically motivated, this textual practice weaves threads of mystical meditation, philosophical speculation, and most of all legendary, mythical, and fantastic narratives around the base text, the Hebrew biblical canon.
Texture and Authority: Telugu Riddles and Enigmas
Authors: Rao Velcheru Narayana
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about Telugu riddles; the data comes from Telugu sources from the south Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. In Telugu there are several native forms that correspond to the riddle. One of them-the closest to what folklorists call a true riddle-is pŏ,dupukatha. As in other cultures, it is used in a contest between two individuals. You hit (pŏducu) your opponent with a riddle which he/she has to resolve (vippu, “untie”). The participants are often young, aged ten to twelve, and the riddling sessions, if so they can be called (since they are not consciously organized), are almost exclusively theirs; no adults participate. Adults do have an interest in riddles, but they do not actively show it in a competitive context for fear of being considered childish. Adult interest in riddles of a different kind will be discussed later in this chapter.
Riddles in The Dream of the Red Chamber
Authors: Eber Irene
Published: November 2023

Historians and critics of Chinese literature generally agree that The Dream of the Red Chamber (Honglou meng) by Cao Xueqin (1716?-1763) is the greatest masterpiece of traditional Chinese fiction. Yet few of the many experts who have studied the novel in the past two hundred years agree on what the book is about. The Dream is a complex and many-layered work, its texture ri.ch and manifold, making it difficult to decide what the nature of this novel, in fact, is.
Squaring the Circle
Authors: Amit Ilan
Published: November 2023

Mathematical problems differ from traditional riddles in a number of ways. Some of these differences are discussed in the first section of this chapter. The second section deals with the phenomenon of mathematical problems that seem to migrate out of their original domain and into the general culture. Some common features between logical-mathematical problems and traditional narratives are associated with self¬ reference and the separation of levels. These are discussed in the third section.
Southern Churches Resurgent
Authors: Stowell Daniel W
Published: November 2023

To reinvigorate their sectional religious identity, white southerners had to reestablish their denominational organizations. In the late 1860s white congregations could barely sustain themselves, and they could do little for religious education or missions without uniting with other congregations. If southern denominations failed to reorganize themselves, local churches would either exist in isolation or be forced to accept an even worse fate—union with the northern denominational organizations. Fierce sectional loyalty insured that few churches or even individuals would choose the latter option. Revulsion at the idea of reunion with the haughty northern churches spurred white evangelicals to greater efforts to rebuild their religious institutions on an explicitly southern basis.
“A Pure and Loyal Gospel”
Authors: Stowell Daniel W
Published: November 2023

While black and white southerners implemented their plans for religious reconstruction, northern evangelicals supported a major missionary effort in the South. Determined to spread “a pure and loyal gospel” in this benighted region, as northerners deemed it, hundreds of missionaries and teachers traveled south under the banners of their denominations. According to northern Church leaders, God had issued His stem decree upon slavery and had crushed the government and armies that upheld it and had given northern evangelicals a vast mission field to occupy. They would be disregarding His manifest will if they failed to meet the challenge. Initially, northern Christians approached religious reconstruction with much confidence, but their aspirations increasingly clashed with the competing visions held by black and white southerners. Ultimately, they had to reevaluate their mission in the South and concentrate on a few more limited goals.
Voting the Bible
Authors: Stowell Daniel W
Published: November 2023

As with religious reconstruction, the three major groups of Christians had different attitudes toward political reconstruction in the aftermath of the Civil War. White southerners urged the rapid restoration of the antebellum patterns in southern political, as well as religious, life. The resumption of political “home rule,” they believed, would enhance the viability of their sectional religious organizations. White northerners believed that the sins of slavery and secession had corrupted southern political institutions as well as southern churches and deemed it necessary to rebuild the South politically to protect the reunited nation from further treasonous activities. A politically reconstructed South would protect the civil and religious liberties of the freed people, southern Unionists, and northerners who had immigrated into the South. Most freed people likewise felt that political reconstruction was crucial to the survival of their new freedoms, both civil and religious. Acquiring basic civil rights would allow them to protect the religious liberties they had gained through emancipation. Political activism was hardly a novel concept for American Christians in 1865.
Conclusion
Authors: Stowell Daniel W
Published: November 2023

When Stonewall Jackson lay mortally wounded near Chancellorsville in 1863, the religious life of the South was still immersed in the preoccupations of the antebellum era. By 1877 the foundations of southern faith had been shaken, both by the outcome of the war itself and by the emerging forces that the war unleashed. The failure of the Confederacy s bid for independence opened the South to new opportunities, though hardly ones that were welcomed by white southern evangelicals. Southern Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian organizations were by no means dead, and they all reasserted themselves as guardians of sectional identity and religious purity in the postwar period. The impulse was to return as quickly as possible to the old conventions and familiar issues, but circumstances required considerable readjustment.
“we Have No Kulaks Here”: Peasant Luddism, Evasion, and Self-Help
Authors: Viola Lynne
Published: November 2023

Thanks to Yakov Lukich’s example, men began slaughtering their cattle every night in Gremyachy. As soon as it grew dusk, one could hear the short muffled bleating of sheep, the death squeal of a pig piercing the stillness, the whimper of a calf. Both the peasants who had joined the collective farm and the individual farmers killed off their stock. They slaughtered oxen, sheep, pigs, even cows; they even slaughtered their breed animals. In two nights the head of cattle in Gremyachy was halved. Dogs began to drag offal about the streets, the grocery stall sold nearly two hundred poods of salt that had been lying on the shelves for eighteen months.
Civil War
Authors: Viola Lynne
Published: November 2023

A civil war culture was integral to the First Five-Year Plan revolution. It established the mobilization atmosphere and siege mentality so essential to Bolshevik fortress storming. It dehumanized the enemy and granted people permission to engage in acts that under normal circumstances would be defined as criminal or immoral. The policies of the Stalin revolution further enhanced this culture by pushing the enemy into a corner from which violence was frequently the only outlet. Violence fed on violence, state terror provoked and reacted to anti state terror, and a civil war mentality dominated the times.
Behind The Curve
Authors: Kamin by Leon J
Published: November 2023

The Bell Curve, with 400,000 copies in print just two months after its publication, has created an enormous stir. The authors unabashedly assert that scientific evidence demonstrates the existence of genetically based differences in intelligence among social classes and races. They maintain further that data from some 1 ,ooo publications in the social and biological sciences show that attributes such as employment, income, welfare dependence, divorce and quality of parental behavior are determined by an individual’s intelligence. These claims-another eruption of the crude biological determinism that permeates the history of IQ testing-lead Herrnstein and Murray to a number of social policy recommendations.
Opioids in the treatment of neuropathic pain: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials
Authors: Jadad Alejandro R
Published: November 2023

Neuropathic pain is a frequent problem and a great challenge for patients, clinicians, researchers, and policy makers. It is perhaps second only to low back pain as a cause for chronic nonmalignant pain. In a recent, large case series, neuropathic pain was present in 34% of cancer patients attending a pain clinic. Despite increasing evidence that neuropathic pain involves multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, adequate experimental methods to study, discriminate, and manipulate the putative abnormalities are lacking: Such limitations in the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for neuropathic pain hinder any effort to classify patients in the clinical setting. In addition, clinical trials have consistently failed to identify patient characteristics that could predict the response of neuropathic pains to particular treatments.
Practical Considerations in the Management of Anorexia/Cachexia: What Do We Say and What Do We Do?
Authors: Fainsinger Robin L
Published: November 2023

Cachexia and anorexia are both highly prevalent problems in advanced cancer patients. Anorexia generally refers to loss of appetite and a poor food intake, while cachexia refers to the weight loss suffered by these patients. Eighty to ninety percent of patients with advanced malignant disease have been reported to suffer from cachexia and anorexia. While the ideal clinical management would be to remove the underlying cause, this is clearly not possible with the majority of these patients.
Conflict Between Families and Staff: Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention
Authors: Jenkins Catherine , Bruera Eduardo
Published: November 2023

Almost half of the families of palliative patients are dissatisfied with some aspects of the care received1 and approximately 5% develop a conflict with staff. It is not known how frequently staff perceive families as interfering with care; however, anecdotally, family displeasure is a major stressor for staff. This chapter will examine both the causes and management of family-staff conflict. For the purposes of this chapter, “conflict” will be defined as an expressed dissatisfaction by either staff or family about the other’s care or concern towards the patient. This will include any situation where either (a) the family communicates that the staff are not acting in the best interest of the patient or (b) the staff let the family know that they are acting inappropriately. A secondary definition will include any situation in which the family expresses a belief that their needs are not being met.
Adams
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Adams began his Violin Concerto on 7 January 1993. The official completion date of the score was 1 November 1993, although some changes of detail continued to arrive for two or three weeks after that and a few were made during rehearsal. The work was a joint commission by the Minnesota Orchestra, the London Symphony, and the New York City Ballet. The first performance was given in Minneapolis on 19 January 1994 by Jorja Fleezanis with Edo de Waart and the Minnesota Orchestra. Partly in collaboration with the violinist Gidon Kremer, who had been chosen to give the first performance with the London Symphony, Adams made some further revisions after the first performance. Adams dedicated the work to the late David Huntley of the publishing firm Boosey & Hawkes: American composers in recent years had no better friend.
Barber
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

He had started writing songs at seven, and only a year after so urgently declaring his life intentions to Daisy Barber, he set Mother Goose verses to music and composed one act of an opera, The Rose Tree, with a libretto by Annie Sullivan, the family’s well-read cook. At fourteen, he was enrolled in the first class at the newly opened Curtis Institute in Philadelphia. As well as becoming a composer, he turned out to be a good singer and a fine pianist: bis recording, made at twenty-five, of his own setting of Matthew Arnold’s Dover Beach is a classic monument in phonographic history, and the one with Leontyne Price of his Hermit Songs attests to his finely honed skill at the keyboard.
Bartok
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Bartók the pianist is present in this music, much as the performing personalities of Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Rachmaninoff, and Copland are in their works for piano. Writing for himself, Bartók made tremendous demands on his own technical resources in matters of color, marksmanship, and stretch. His playing was firmly rooted in the nineteenth century: after all, his most celebrated repertory pieces were Liszt’s Sonata in B minor, Spanish Rhapsody, and Totentanz. Much of the playing of Bartók’s piano music in the first decades after his death was driving and percussive; however, Bartók’s own pianism, of which there is extensive recorded documentation, was flexible, colorful, and witty, and sometimes the hands of this contemporary of Rachmaninoff, Hofmann, Friedman, and Nyiregyhazi are not quite together. More recently, some members of what is now the middle generation of pianists, including Peter Serkin, Garrick Ohlsson, Zoltan Kocsis, Yefim Bronfman, and Andras Schiff, among others, have rediscovered the possibilities of the composer’s own not so aggressively “modern” approach.
Bridge
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Bridge began work on his Concerto elegiaco in the fall of 1929, completed the score on 25 May 1930, and was done with all revisions on 29 June that year. One of those revisions had to do with the title: to strengthen the point that he wished this composition to be understood as a protest against war, Bridge decided to call it Oration, with Concerto elegiaco to follow as subtitle in parentheses. The first performance was given in Using some material that goes back to 1854 and was originally intended for other purposes and designs, Brahms completed his Piano Concerto No. 1 early in 1858, but continued to tinker with details of the first movement even after the first performances. With Joseph Joachim conducting the Hanover Court Orchestra, where he had a royal appointment as concertmaster, Brahms played a reading rehearsal on 30 March 1858 and gave the first public performance with the same partners on 22 January 1859. No one should be deprived of the pleasure of knowing that the first performance in England (apparently an excellent one) was by a Miss Baglehole (first name not given).
Bruch
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Bruch’s G-minor Concerto, part of whose music goes back to 1857, was completed in 1866 and first performed on 24 April that year by Otto von Konigslow, with the composer conducting. Bruch substantially revised the Concerto with the help of Joseph Joachim, who reintroduced it in its present form on 5 January 1868 in Bremen, Karl Martin Rheinthaler conducting.
Dvorak
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Dvorak began the first movement of his Cello Concerto in New York on 8 November 1894. Unusually for him, he worked on sketches and the full score simultaneously, beginning the latter on 18 November. He completed the work “Thanks be to God on 9 February 1895, on the day of our [son] Otai ‘ek’s birthday, Saturday in the morning at half past eleven.” On the last page of the autograph there is a note in Dvorak’s hand: “I finished the Concerto in New York, but when I returned to Bohemia I changed the end completely to the way it stands here now. Pisek, 11 June 1895.” His wife’s sister, Josefina Kaunitzova, with whom he had once been deeply in love, had died, and the new sixty-measure coda, of which more below, was his response to her death. Dvorak intended his Cello Concerto for Hanus Wihan and dedicated it to him, but the first performance was given by Leo Stern with the London Philharmonic Society at Queen’s Hall, London, under the composer’s direction on 19 March 1896.
Elgar
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Elgar wrote the moderato theme of the first movement on 23 March 1918, immediately after returning home from the hospital, where he had undergone a tonsillectomy. He began concentrated work on the score that July and completed it on 3 August 1919. The first performance took place in Queen’s Hall, London, on 26 October 1919, the composer conducting the London Symphony and with Felix Salmond as soloist. The score is dedicated to two dear friends of Elgar’s , Sidney and Frances (misprinted Francis in the Novello score) Colvin, Sir Sidney then being Keeper of Prints and Drawings at the British Museum. Elgar authorized the violist Lionel T ertis to make a transcription of this work for viola and orchestra.
Grieg
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Grieg began his Piano Concerto in June 1868 and completed the score early the following year. Edmund Neupert was the soloist at the first performance, which took place in Copenhagen on 3 April 1869, with Holger Simon Paulli conducting the orchestra of the Royal Theater. Grieg revised the Concerto many times, in 1872, 1882, 1890, and 1895, sending his last set of changes (including the addition of third and fourth horns) to his publisher on 21 July 1907, six weeks before his death. What is generally heard nowadays is an edition prepared in 1917 by the Australian composer and pianist Percy Grainger that includes still further changes Grainger said had been authorized by Grieg; Grainger had studied the Concerto with Grieg, who declared that Grainger would play it better than anyone. Most of these revisions affect the orchestration and details of performance directions rather than the work’s shape or thematic material.
Hindemith
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Hindemith began this Concerto in the early summer of 1940 and completed its three movements on 30 June, 4 July, and 9 September that year, all at Lenox, Massachusetts. He was on the faculty of the Berkshire Music Center, which held its first session at Tanglewood that summer. With Serge Koussevitzky conducting the Boston Symphony, Gregor Piatigorsky gave the first performance at Sanders Theater, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 6 February 1941.
Lalo
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Lalo wrote the Symphonie espagrwle in 1874 for Pablo de Sarasate, who introduced the work in Paris on 7 February 1875, with Edouard Calonne conducting. Lalo’s family had been military people ever since moving from Spain to Flanders in the seventeenth century, and Desire-Joseph Lalo, who was decorated artistic credo; my independence both from the criteria of the traditional avantgarde and from those of fashionable post-modernism. The musical illusions so important to me are not pursued as an end in themselves, but rather form the foundation of my aesthetic considerations. I favor musical forms that are less process-like and more object-like. Music as frozen time, as an object in an imaginary space that is evoked in our imaginations through music itself. Music as a structure that, despite its unfolding in the flux of time, is still synchronistically conceivable, simultaneously present in all its moments. To hold on to time, to suspend its disappearance, to confine it in the present moment, this is my primary goal in composition.
Liszt
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Sketches for this Concerto go back to about 1830, and Liszt worked on the score in the late 1840s and again in 1853. Still more revisions of detail followed the premiere, which took place at Weimar on 17 February 1855 with the composer at the pianist and Hector Berlioz conducting. Liszt dedicated the work to the pianist, composer, and publisher Henry Litolff.
Lutoslawski
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Lutoslawski wrote his Cello Concerto in 1970 on commission from the Royal Philharmonic Society of London and the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. On 14 October 1970, in London, Mstislav Rostropovich gave the first performance, with Edward Downes conducting the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. The Concerto is dedicated to Rostropovich. Stravinsky’s death in 1971 brought about a huge change in the musical landscape. It was a tremendous loss for us to come to terms with. He was the last survivor of the generation of Schoenberg, Ives, Ravel, Bartók, Webern, and Berg, and among those who made up the new constellation of senior com- At the urging of the great Polish violinist Bronislaw Huberman and drawing on material from his film scores for Anthony Adverse and Another Dawn (both 1936), The Prince and the Pauper (1937), and Juarez (1939), Korngold composed his Violin Concerto in the summer of 1945, completing the orchestration that October. The first performance was given on 15 February 1947 by Jascha Heifetz with Vladimir Golschmann and the Saint Louis Symphony. The work is dedicated to Alma Mahler-Werfel.
Mendelssohn
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Felix Mendelssohn was the cherished crown prince in his cultured, prosperous, and seemingly happy family.1 It was the blessed lot of such well-to-do young men to be sent on an educational grand tour. Mendelssohn’s lasted a year and took him via Munich and Vienna to Italy (Venice, Florence, Rome, Naples, Rome again, Florence again, and Milan), Switzerland, Munich for a second time, Paris, London, and so home to Berlin.
Perle
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Nielsen completed this Clarinet Concerto, his last work for orchestra, on 15 August 1928. Aage Oxenvad, for whom he had written it, gave the first performance in Copenhagen on 2 October 1928 with the composer conducting. This concerto, of which it is hardly too much to say that it is a piece for an actor who happens to play the clarinet wonderfully, is altogether the generosity of Mrs. Paul L Wattis, this Concerto v,as commissioned for Richard Goode by the San Francisco Symphony. The commission was to honor Herbert Blomstedt, then the orchestra’s music director. Perle completed the composition on 20 May 1990 and finished the orchestration that fall. The first performance was given on 24 January 1991 by Richard Goode with David Zinman conducting the San Francisco Symphony. Last ten years showed that he could live that principle as well as write a great symphony about it. He died at sixty-six, hardworking to the end. His funeral was a great public event, like Verdi’s , but it would not be until after World War II that his music, so unlike any other in sound and personality, came to be known abroad.
Prokofiev
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Glazunov, the director, received copies of the score specially printed and bound for the occasion.

Prokofiev left Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution. He first came to America, then tried living in the Bavarian village of Ettal, and finally, in the early fall of 1923, settled in Paris. His return to his homeland was a slow process, beginning with a visit in 1927 and concluding when he and his family settled in Moscow in 1936. The success particularly of Romeo and Juliet and the Fifth Symphony made him a hero in his old/new country, but it did not protect him from brutal bullying at the hands of the Central Committee of the Soviet Party and Commissar Andrei Zhdanov in the last years of his life. He died a discouraged and broken man, worn out by several years of heart troubles, and just too soon to be able to rejoice in the news of Joseph Stalin’s death.
Ravel
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Joseph-Maurice Ravel was born in Ciboure near Saint-Jean-deLuz, Basses-Pyrenees, on 7 March 1875 and died in Paris on 28 According to the critic Gustave Samazeuilh, some of the music of the first and third movements of this Concerto originated about 1914 in an unfinished score for piano and orchestra titled Zaspiakbat (Basque for “the seven are one”). Ravel originally intended to play the Concerto itself on his 1928 American tour, but as things turned out, he only began work on the score in 1929. The next plan was for him to give the premiere in March 1931 with Willem Mengelberg and the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra, but the project was delayed when Ravel received and immediately got to work on a commission to write a concerto for piano lefthand for the Austrian one-armed pianist, Paul Wittgenstein. Only after that was accomplished in 1930 did Ravel return to “his” concerto, completing it Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff was born at Semyonovo, district of Starorusky, Russia, on 1 April 1873 and died in Beverly Hills, California, on 28 March 1943.
Reger
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Johann Baptist Joseph Maximilian Reger was born at Brand in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, on 19 March 1873 and died in Leipzig on 11 May 1916. Reger began work on his Piano Concerto at the beginning of June 1910. By the 30th of that month, the first movement was already being typeset and the second movement was complete in draft. The second movement was fully written out by 5 July, ready to go to the printer three days later. On 13 July the finale was “half finished,” had “prospered enormously” by the next day, and was completely finished on the 16th. Frieda Kwast-Hodapp, to whom the score is dedicated, gave the first performance on 15 December 1910 with the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra under Arthur Nikisch. There had been a public dress rehearsal the day before.
Saint-Saens
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Feel as though you must faint if they go on any longer and which are cut off just in time by a reviving forte; none of those arpeggios that titillate every nerve in your body; none of those fortissimi that shatter your arms and legs as though you had flung yourself headfirst into the breakers, of those writhings, that tossing of the head and shaking of the locks, all of which adulterate the purity of music with the sensuality of dance Saint-Saens had no trace of any of that in his playing. But it was regal. [A great actor’s ] gestures and voice are decanted with such delicacy, with both gold and dross so finely filtered, that we are left with the impression of pure water through which we can see perfectly. Saint-Saens’s playing has attained just that purity and transparency. We see Mozart’s concerto not through a stained-glass window or the by glow of footlights, but, as it were, through air separating us from our table or from a friend, an air so pure that we do not notice it.
Schoenberg
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Composer exploits these properties-he needs them, if you will--in working out his composition. His choice of ordering, therefore, is personal, not arbitrary. Composing in this way does not determine a sound or a style. Schoen berg does not sound like Berg, and neither one sounds like Webern or Sessions or Dallapiccola or Babbitt. Webern already was Webern and sounded like Webern before his first twelve-tone pieces, and Stravinsky continued to sound like Stravinsky after he began to use this way of inventing music.
Schumann
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Robert Schumann was born in Zwickau, Saxony, on 8 June 1810 and died, insane, at Endenich, near Bonn, on 29 July 1856. Some reference works give him a middle name, Alexander, but that is a fiction. Schumann composed his Cello Concerto, which he listed in his own catalogue as a ‘ ‘Concertstuck ‘ ‘ for cello and orchestra, between 1C and 24 October 1850, but the first performance was posthumous, given by Ludwig Ebert at the Leipzig Conservatory on 9 June 1860 at a concert in honor of the composer’s fiftieth birthday. In 1966 Dmitri Shostakovich arranged this work as a violin concerto; in 1986 a similar transcription by Schumann himself, presumably made for Joseph Joachim, came to light among the Joachim papers at the Prussian State Library, Berlin.
Sibelius
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Sibelius began his Violin Concerto in September 1902, completed the work in short score-that is, with the orchestration worked out but not written down in detail-in the fall of 1903, and finished the full score around New Year’s , 1904. The first performance was given at Helsingfors (Helsinki) on 8 February 1904, with Victor Novacek as soloist and the composer conducting the Helsingfors Philharmonic. Sibelius withdrew the work for revision, a task he accomplished in June 1905. In its new and present form, the work had its premiere in Berlin on 19 October 1905, with Karl Halir as soloist and Richard Strauss on the podium. his Violin Concerto in 1930 in Rome, continuing the following year at Lutjenberg, a resort on the Baltic Sea, and in Berlin and Hamburg. He wrote the second and third movements over the next two years, for the most part in Berlin, though he finished the third movement in Massachusetts.
Tchaikovsky
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born on 7 May 1840 at Votkinsk in the district of Viatka, Russia (now in the Udmurt Republic), some 700 miles east-northeast of Moscow, and died in Saint Petersburg on 6 November 1893. Tchaikovsky composed his Piano Concerto No. 1 in November and December 1874, completing the orchestration on 21 February 1875. He made some revisions in 1876 and 1889. Hans van Bulow gave the first performance at the Music Hall in Boston on 25 October 1875, B. J. Lang conducting. The orchestra was a freelance group, though largely carresponding to that of the Harvard Musical Association. The Boston Symphony Orchestra was founded six years later, and at various concerts in 1883 and 1885, B. J. Lang, the conductor of the premiere, was the first pianist to play the concerto with the new orchestra.
Zimmermann
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Zimmermann composed this work in 1954 on commission from the Northwest German Radio (now North German Radio), Hamburg. It was first performed in Hamburg, on 11 October 1955. The soloist was Adolf Scherbaum, and Ernest Bour conducted the Orchestra of the North German Radio. The score is dedicated to Ernest Frice. The face that looks out at us from my favorite photograph of the composer is friendly, sad, not without humor, a trifle quizzical. One is acutely aware of the shadows, and these are echoed in the dark patches that remain in the grizzled, thick, brush-cut hair and beard. Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Bazi to his friends, described himself as a typically Rhenish mixture of Dionysus and monk.
Reassessing the Cognitive Revolution
Authors: Shanker Stuart
Published: November 2023

The inspiration for this chapter-and in many ways, for the conference “Reassessing the Cognitive Revolution” that we held at York-was Jerome Bruner’s Acts of Meaning. Acts of Meaning is very much an act full of meaning, and, some will say, of hubris. In it Bruner denounces materialism, reductionism, physicalism, computationalism, and information-processing: in short, he repudiates artificial intelligence (Al) (see Bruner, 1990, pp. ixff., 4ff.). So concerned is he to combat what he sees as the “trivializing” effect that AI has had on psychology that he calls for a “renewing” and a “reorientation” of the cognitive revolution. To find one of the architects of cognitive science disavowing what so many of us had come to regard as the foundation of the discipline is an event worthy of more than just an article, or even a conference. It demands-as Bruner clearly intended-that we undertake a full review and reassessment of the cognitive revolution, and the dominating role AI so quickly came to play in it (see Shanker, 1992, 1993).
Promise and Achievement in Cognitive Science
Authors: Boden Margaret
Published: November 2023

Just over thirty years ago, only a few days after arriving in the United States, I was rummaging through secondhand books in a bookshop in Cambridge, Massachusetts. One of the volumes had an unpleasantly rough-textured binding, made of a hideous rust-brown fabric (coffee-stained to boot). Heavy underlining defaced almost every page. It was a most unattractive object. Why I picked it up, I shall never know. But it changed my life.
Is Cognitive Science a Discipline?
Authors: Ross Don
Published: November 2023

An explicit theme in “Reassessing the Cognitive Revolution” is the question of the autonomy of cognitive science from other disciplines. This is most often treated as a question about methodology: is there a distinctive approach to the study of mind that sets cognitive science apart from its ancestor and component disciplines; and, if so, what is that method? In the following discussion, I will provide reasons for answering “No” to the first question, and will offer some diagnosis as to why the second one has seemed to many to have an answer. I conceive of this as part of a defense of cognitive science, against both its enemies (such as Searle) who construe attacks on what they take to be canonical cognitive science methods as attacks on the possibility and aims of cognitive science, and also against certain ill-advised friends of cognitive science, who, in seeking unnecessarily firm foundations for the discipline, make its status hostage to every passing conceptual shift.
Embodied Connectionism
Authors: Bechtel William
Published: November 2023

Among the characteristics of the cognitive revolution, there are two that require careful consideration. The first is a tendency to think of cognitive activities as activities occurring exclusively within the mind/brain. The mind/brain might receive information from outside itself (stimuli) and generate outputs into the external world (behaviors), but cognitive activity consists in processing information within the system itself. My central objective in this chapter is to argue against this feature of the cognitive revolution. The tendency to localize cognitive activity inclusively within the mind/brain is encouraged by a second feature of the cognitive revolution, the tendency to focus principally on “higher” cognitive activities such as reasoning and problem solving. These are activities in which language frequently plays a central role. Generally, the problems themselves are posed linguistically. Moreover, solving the problems is often thought to require manipulation of linguistic symbols.
The Future of Cognitive Science An Ecological Analysis
Authors: Neisser Ulric
Published: November 2023

As the twentieth century draws to a close, cognitive science finds itself confronted by two strangely different adversaries. On the one side, clearly visible and looming ever larger, is the rapidly advancing body of fundamental knowledge about the brain. In principle there is a wide range of possible relations between brain science and the study of cognition, but in fact advances in neuroscience may soon make some forms of cognitive science obsolete. On the other side is a broad assortment of cultural critics-not only the occasional post-modernist who rejects all scientific claims a priori, but the many humanist scholars who believe that scientific accounts of human life are necessarily hostile to value and meaning. Neither side has much use for psychological research: one because real discoveries can only be made in the brain, the other because no discovery of science can be humanly important.
Language, Action, and Mind
Authors: Stenlund Soren
Published: November 2023

The philosophical claims of cognitive science are the subject matter of this chapter. I would like to discuss a few of the philosophical presuppositions that seem to be among the common assumptions underlying cognitive science, and which are still alive, despite recent attempts to reorientate cognitive science away from computationalism and naturalism. Some of these assumptions are explicitly stated by cognitive scientists, while others manifest themselves indirectly in certain characteristic features of their discipline’s established vocabulary and technical notions. They also manifest themselves in certain typical attitudes toward alternative views, and toward the scientific tradition in which cognitive scientists place themselves. My main concern will be with some of these tacit presuppositions that I find problematic.
Cognition as a Social Practice From Computer Power to Word Power
Authors: Shatter John
Published: November 2023

Over the last 25 years or so, academic psychology has undergone what many take to be a profound and exciting revolution, variously termed “the mind’s new science” (Gardner, 1987), “a major shift in metatheory” (Baars, 1986), or simply “the cognitive revolution” (Gardner, 1987; Baars, 1986). The traditional behaviorist paradigm has been almost wholly abandoned; talk of the mental is no longer scorned as “subjective” and “unscientific”; there is a revival of interest in “the mind.” Indeed, many see it as representing the gaining of a maturity that psychology has lacked until now. This is because, as Baars (1986) says in his characterization of this revolution: “It is only theory that gives a sense of unity to physics, chemistry, and the other mature sciences. If the major thesis of the book is correct, we may be moving today toward the first major shared theory for psychological science” (p. 395). Although psychology may not yet have a finally agreed theory of mind, there is now, seemingly, widespread agreement on the sphere of metatheory from which theoretical constructs should be drawn. Everyone seems to have something to say about “the mind” in terms of “information processing,” “representation,” “computational processes,” “memory,” “retrieval,” “encoding and decoding;’ “stages or levels;• “knowledge structures and organization,” “decision strategies,” “language structure ,”and so on.
Taking the Past Seriously How History Shows that Eliminativists’ Account of Folk Psychology Is Partly Right and Partly Wrong
Authors: Johnson David Martel
Published: November 2023

Not many years ago, it was common for people to suppose that any appeal to empirical considerations in the context of a philosophical argument was necessarily irrelevant, lacking force, and vulgar. For example, Bertrand Russell defended himself against such a charge of “empirical vulgarity” in his discussion of Kant’s epistemology (1945, p.716). But today this no longer is the case. On the contrary, most philosophers now claim, in the style of Karl Popper, they have as much right as any other investigators to employ all available facts and methods in their search for truth. (See Passmore, 1985, chapt. 1, esp. pp. I 0-11.) In fact, quite a few affirm the even more extreme Quinian view that “There is no first (i.e., pre-scientific) philosophy,” and, because of this, “Philosophy of science is philosophy enough.” The relatively new discipline of cognitive science provides a clear example of this idea (also accepted by the earliest Greek philosophers) that philosophy and the natural sciences are identical, or at least intimately blended and mutually supportive. More particularly, cognitive scientists maintain-consonant with Quine’s ideal of “naturalized epistemology”-that certain facts drawn from observational sciences like biology, physiology, and psychology not only are relevant to a proper understanding of mind, but play a crucially important role in this understanding.’
Some Operational Requirements for a Multi-Temporal 4-D GIS
Authors: Hazelton N W J
Published: November 2023

In a series of articles in recent years, numerous authors have discussed the need for a temporal GIS, as well as the form that this may take. It is now well established that there is a real requirement for development of temporal GISs (e.g., Langran, 1992a). The first commercial temporal GIS products are being developed or released by a number of vendors, for instance, Intergraph, IBM, Small world, and ESRI. These products allow limited operations involving time, but are a beginning for greater functionality. This chapter addresses some of the questions of that additional functionality and how to incorporate it into a suitable data model and software architecture.
The Relationship Between Geographic Scale, Distance, and Time as Expressed in Natural Discourse
Authors: Freundschuh Scott M
Published: November 2023

Spatial knowledge acquisition and its structuring have long fascinated geographers because of the explicit assumption that the knowledge people have about their environment plays a significant role in their spatial behavior. Spatial behavior in this context is the reflection of complex decision processes that result in what are termed spatial choices-choices about where to live, where to shop, and which routes to travel. These choices are heavily influenced by “spatial preferences” as well as “spatial opportunities” (Rushton, 1969). It has been suggested that the identification of these spatial preferences and opportunities might lead to useful spatial behavioral postulates-postulates that “describe the rules by which alternate locations are evaluated and choices consequently made” (Rushton, 1969, p. 392). Spatial choice models are but one realm of geographic research where behavioral postulates are derived, modified and explored.