bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The National Pay-Your-Taxes Campaign: Advertising for Political Legitimacy During the Great Depression
Authors: Beito David T.
Published: October 2011

During the middle years of the Great Depression, urban taxpayers across the land became targets of a massive advertising campaign. This fact alone does not offer the historian much cause for surprise. Advertising, massive or otherwise, always has been common fare for American consumers. What made this particular campaign different from most others was its peculiar agenda: convincing Americans to pay taxes. The central players were the National Pay-Your-Taxes Campaign (NPYTC) and the Citizens' Councils for Constructive Economy (CCCE). Both began in 1933 and embodied the interests of a diverse coalition of good-government reformers, academics, bureaucrats, and investment bankers. Almost all the founding members had one thing in common: They depended heavily on the consumption of tax money.
Thinking Big: Can National Values or Class Factions Explain the Development of Social Provision in the United States?: A Review Essay
Authors: Skocpol Theda
Published: October 2011

Thinking big about the development of social policies in the United States has become fashionable. Until recently, occasional comprehensive histories of social provision in America focused on single periods of reform ferment, such as the Progressive Era, or the New Deal, or the Great Society. Then, James T. Patterson's 1981 bookAmerica's Struggle Against Poverty, 1900–1980, and Michael B. Katz's 1986 bookIn the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America, provided overviews of American attitudes toward poverty and attempts to do something about it from the nineteenth century to the present. These authors were clearly perplexed by the devolution of the antipoverty efforts of the War on Poverty and the Great Society into the political stalemates of the late 1970s and the conservative backlashes of the 1980s. Their books seem to be trying to use rich descriptive overviews of the past to gain some perspective on where American “welfare reforms” might go in the future.
The Eisenhower Administration and the Desegregation of Washington, D.C.
Authors: Mayer Michael S.
Published: October 2011

Liberal historians have traditionally played down or neglected the achievements of the Eisenhower administration in the area of civil rights. At the same time, they have overstated the contributions of liberal Democrats and understated the role congressional Democrats played in obstructing civil rights in the 1950s. The liberal bias of most historians has led to a distorted picture of the political dynamics affecting the struggle for black equality. The fact is that the Democrats, as a party, were not so liberal in the 1950s as they have often been portrayed, and the Republican party was not so conservative. The positions of the parties in fact were not so clear-cut as they became in the next decade. Neither party forcefully and openly advocated full equality for blacks; both reflected the dominant racism of white society. Granting that, however, the Eisenhower administration was not the obstructionist barrier to civil rights that historians have often portrayed.
Spending and Manpower in Four U.S. Mobilizations: A Macro/Policy Perspective
Authors: Horwich George , Bjornstad David J.
Published: October 2011

During the twentieth century the United States has called upon its economy to support a war effort four times: for World War I, World War II, the Korean conflict, and the Vietnam War. The experience of these four military buildups has led to a formal body of mobilization planning incorporating a number of implicit assumptions as to an appropriate mobilization posture. This article reviews the mobilization record of each war and traces the development of the accompanying mobilization doctrine.
Postmodernist Psychobabble: The Recovery Movement for Individual Self-Esteem in Mental Health Since World War II
Authors: Cravens Hamilton
Published: October 2011

By the middle 1990s the recovery movement for personal self-esteem and, thus, mental health for the individual, had reached a new level of penetration into American culture. Many commentators and interpreters of contemporary affairs judged the President of the United States, Bill Clinton, a potential recruit. As the archetypical adult child of an alcoholic parent—the product of a dysfunctional family if there ever was one, according to the movement's clerics-Clinton seemed lacking in selfesteem. His painful childhood was the culprit. And recovery was the solution. In a word, he was too anxious to please his critics—the classic trademark of the adult child of an alcoholic parent. Contemporary therapists taught that such persons were placaters of their critics because of the emotional abuse that their parents had inflicted on them, often for no apparent reason. The damaged child, regardless of his or her chronological age, could not, without appropriate therapy and personal “recovery,” ever get over such incidents, which were seared into their psychological and neurophysiological apparatus.
Why No National Health Insurance in the U.S.? The Limits of Social Provision in War and Peace, 1941–1948
Authors: Gordon Colin
Published: October 2011

Why, alone among its democratic capitalist peers, does the U.S. not have national health insurance? This question has invited a range of replies; some focusing on specific historical episodes, some invoking grand political or cultural or economic explanations for the peculiar trajectory American social policy. For the most part, the historical accounts have trouble climbing from narrative to explanation; little of the scholarship on the failure of health reform in 1920 or 1935 or 1948 or 1970 or 1994 makes any substantial contribution to our larger understanding of the American welfare state and its limits. And the theoretical accounts often stumble on the descent to historical context; the largely artificial debate between “state-centered” and economic explanations, for example, rests largely on abstractions which are either not unique to the American setting (capitalism, industrialism, liberalism) or which are offered in such broad strokes that they make little sense in specific historical contexts. In explaining this “hole” in the American welfare state, it is necessary to pursue two lines of inquiry; to consider both the relative success of other American social programs during the years in which health insurance was beating at the door, and the relative success of public health insurance in other national settings. Our understanding of the American health debate of the 1940s, in other words, must in part explain both the distinct trajectory of health policy during the formative years of Social Security, and the “exceptional” character of the American welfare state.
The Decline of Transit: A Corporate Conspiracy or Failure of Public Policy? The Case of Portland, Oregon
Authors: Bianco Martha J.
Published: October 2011

In his 1974 testimony before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly, Bradford Snell lay partial blame for the decline of mass transit in the United States on a targeted program, spearheaded by General Motors (GM), with the goal of “substitution of buses for passenger trains, streetcars and trolley buses; monopolization of bus production; and diversion of riders to automobiles.” Snell argued that General Motors and its subsidiary company National City Lines were responsible for “the destruction of more than 100 electric surface rail systems in 45 cities including New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, St. Louis, Oakland, Salt Lake City and Los Angeles.”
The Progressive Legacy and the Public Corporation: Entrepreneurship and Public Virtue
Authors: Tenenbaum Susan
Published: October 2011

Since its first widespread use during World War I, the public corporation has figured prominently as an instrument of government on the federal and state level. Its policy domain has progressively expanded from wartime financing and procurement to broadly defined developmental, lending, and investment activities. Functioning outside the regular structure of the executive branch, the public corporation operates as a separate legal entity invested with independent borrowing authority and the power to retain earnings derived from its activities. The institution's proliferating presence on the political landscape reflects the continuing appeal of its hybrid form, designed to wed market efficiency to the pursuit of public purposes.
Nixon's Administrative Presidency Revisited: Aberration or Watershed?
Authors: Seyb Ron
Published: October 2011

On 5 January 1973, one month after his reelection to a second term, Richard Nixon described for Congress a major restructuring of his cabinet and White House staff. Nixon began by emphasizing his determination to “revitalize and streamline the Federal Government in preparation for America's third century,” a reference to his effort of the preceding two years to replace seven domestic executive departments and several agencies with four “superdepartments”: a Department of Natural Resources, a Department of Community Development, a Department of Economic Affairs, and a Department of Human Resources. The failure of Congress to report out of committee any of the four bills Nixon submitted in March 1971 to create these superdepartments was now prompting the president to act unilaterally to “reorder … the timeworn and in many cases obsolete relationships among top staff and line officials” in an effort to realize “the broadening of policy perspectives on the part of top managers and advisers” and improvements in “managerial effectiveness” he had hoped to achieve through comprehensive reorganization of the executive branch.
Opium to Heroin: Restrictive Opium Legislation and the Rise of Heroin Consumption in Hong Kong
Authors: Traver Harold
Published: October 2011

Given our current preoccupation with conducting a war on drugs, we run the danger of forgetting that, once upon a time, the sale of opium was widely condoned and, in some Asian societies under colonial rule, even monopolized by the state. While this clearly encouraged the widespread use of opium in these societies, some have claimed that it at least served to keep more dangerous and addictive drugs at bay. Within Asia there is no question that the postwar era has seen a dramatic shift away from opium to other addictive drugs, in particular heroin, and that this has coincided with the introduction of anti-opium laws. Are we then justified in concluding that the success of the anti-opium movement in prohibiting opium has served to encourage the spread of heroin?
Tax Policy in Historical Perspective
Authors: Curtis James L.
Published: October 2011

Taxation is situated at the problematic intersection of two political constants: rulers need resources to govern, and the ruled are not eager to supply them. This dilemma is inherent in political organization and has engaged political leaders from despots to democrats; as a result, no policy area has a history longer than taxation. Despite this lengthy experience, however, an optimal strategy for resource extraction has not emerged. Across diverse countries and through time the essential goal of raising revenue has remained unchanged, but there is considerable disagreement about how to go about it. This poses a classic explanatory task for the student of public policy: the policy issue is a constant, but the policies vary—so what explains the variation? Why have policymakers made different choices at different times and places?
Refugees and the Asylum Dilemma in the West
Authors: Loescher Gil
Published: October 2011

In recent years, political asylum and refugees have become acute issues in public debate in Western Europe and North America. The debate has become especially heated since 1989 and the breaching of barriers between Eastern and Western Europe, with East Germans, Albanians, Romanians, and Yugoslavs all trying to move west. Most asylum-seekers continue to come from the Third World. Those who manage to enter the West face growing hostility, poverty, and even violent attacks. In France immigration has already shifted political discourse sharply to the right, testing the nation's tolerance toward foreigners and shaking its liberal foundations. Xenophobia and brutal physical attacks on foreigners by skinheads and extreme right-wingers throughout Germany have caused politicians in Bonn to reconsider their country's asylum provisions. Governments everywhere appear reluctant to open their doors when they are not sure how many will benefit from their hospitality and for how long. To many industrialized countries, asylum-seekers are perceived mostly as economic migrants in search of a better life. Actual migratory pressures from the South and perceived threats of exodus from the East have only served to reinforce this restrictive attitude to asylum. The refugee problem has reached such a critical point that the very institution of asylum is being threatened.
Why Were There No Poor Laws in Australia?
Authors: Dickey Brian
Published: October 2011

There were no paupers aboard the First Fleet, nor any poor laws. There were paid officials of the central state under the direction of the Home Office; there was a military force of Marines, some with their families; and there were convicts, state dependents who legally were no longer the responsibility of a parish but were under the control of the Home Office. The labor of the convicts, but not their persons, was assigned to Governor Phillip, who in turn would assign that labor as he thought fit in the colony, subject of course to instructions from his superiors. Who needed a poor law in a jail?
Electoral Bases of Policy Innovation in the Progressive Era: The Impact of Grass-Root Opinion on Roll-Call Voting in the House of Representatives, Sixty-third Congress, 1913–1915
Authors: McDonagh Eileen Lorenzi
Published: October 2011

The 1900–1920 decades of the Progressive Era constitute a seminal period in American political history, evinced by successful invocation of government authority to contend with consequences of life in an urban, industrial, multicultural society. Legislative precedents established at the state and national level used public power to meet the needs of citizens unable individually to defend themselves against social and economic problems stemming from the brutal, take-off stage of industrial capitalism in the United States. Many scholars view the political transition marking these decades as profoundly significant for the development of public policies, if not for the very creation of the modern American state. This research investigates the electoral bases of national policy innovation in the Progressive Era.
Are American Political Parties Pretty Much the Same as They Used to Be in the 1950s, Only a Little Different, or Are They Radically Different? A Review Essay
Authors: Wildavsky Aaron
Published: October 2011

In the last fifteen years or so I have found myself at odds with friends, colleagues, and other luminaries over whether the changes among political activists within the major political parties are real but modest in their impact or whether, as I believe, the changes are fundamental. Most commentaries on political parties by pundits and political scientists give no clue that anything fundamental has occurred. The Democratic party is described as if it were still the party of Harry Truman and Hubert Humphrey, and the Republican party is still conceived as tantamount to the party of Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. True, the presidency of Ronald Reagan led to discussions of a strong conservative trend; by and large, however, this trend is treated as an aberration, a product of Reagan's peculiar personality and popularity rather than an indicator of basic change within the Republican party.
Combined ideal and kinetic effects on reversed shear Alfvén eigenmodes
Authors: Gorelenkov N. N. , Kramer G. J. , Nazikian R.
Published: October 2011

A reversed shear Alfvén eigenmodes (RSAEs) theory has been developed for reversed magnetic field shear plasmas when the safety factor minimum, qmin, is at or above a rational value. The modes we study are known sometimes as either the bottom of the frequency sweep or the down sweeping RSAEs. We show that, strictly speaking, the ideal MHD theory is not compatible with the eigenmode solution in the reversed shear plasma with qmin above integer values. Corrected by a special analytic finite Larmor radius (FLR) condition, MHD dispersion of these modes nevertheless can be developed. Numerically, MHD structure can serve as a good approximation for the RSAEs.The large radial scale part of the analytic RSAE solution can be obtained from ideal MHD and expressed in terms of the Legendre functions. The kinetic equation with FLR effects for the eigenmode is solved numerically and agrees with the analytic solutions. Properties of RSAEs and their potential implications for plasma diagnostics are discussed.
Analytic first integrals for generalized Raychaudhuri equations
Authors: Valls Claudia
Published: October 2011

We consider a generalized Raychaudhuri equation which has appeared in modern string cosmology. This is a system of polynomial differential equations in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathbb R}^4$\end{document}R4 depending on four parameters. We study the existence of analytic first integrals of this model for all values of the parameters.
Ion temperature effects on the occurrence scattering time in dusty plasmas
Authors: Jung Young-Dae , Hong Woo-Pyo
Published: October 2011

The effects of ion temperature on the occurrence scattering time for the electron-dust grain collision are investigated in dusty plasmas. The Eikonal analysis is applied to obtain the scattering amplitude and occurrence scattering time for the electron-dust collision. It is found that the occurrence scattering time represents the oscillatory behavior. It is also found that the amplitude and oscillation interval of the occurrence scattering are enhanced with increasing collision energy. It is found that the ion temperature effect suppresses the occurrence scattering time in three-component dusty plasmas. It is also found that the density effect reduces the occurrence scattering time.
Recent progresses in the understanding of the elastic and anelastic properties of H-free, H-doped and H-contaminated NiTi based alloys
Authors: Mazzolai Giovanni
Published: October 2011

This review is focused on the influence of interstitial hydrogen and alloy compositional changes on the internal friction (IF) spectrum and elastic Young's modulus (E) of NiTi based shape memory alloys. In the martensitically transforming binary alloys Ni50+xTi50-x (x≤1.3) vacuum annealed and furnace cooled (H-free), besides the well known IF peak associated with the martensitic transition two additional non-thermally activated peaks (P150K and P200K′) are present due to some sort of second-order phase transitions. In martensitically transforming Ni50+xTi50-x and Ti50Ni50-yCuy alloys doped with hydrogen two thermally activated peaks, PTWH and PH, appear which originate from stress-assisted motions of H-twin boundary complexes and isolated H-elastic dipoles (Snoek effect), respectively. In a H-free martensitically non-trasforming alloy (x=2), besides the non-thermally activated peak P150K, a frequency dependent dip is observed in the E(T) curves at a temperature Tg. This dip is similar to that reported in the literature for two other non-transforming alloys (x=1.5 and x=2.5), which, however, were also found to exhibit a thermally activated IF peak just below Tg. Most likely, these two alloys were contaminated with hydrogen during the preliminary solubilization in argon atmosphere and subsequent water quenching treatments given to them. The Young's modulus dip and the lower temperature IF peak have been both attributed to a novel type of phase transition reported in the literature as “strain glass transition”. The introduction of hydrogen into the non-transforming alloy with x=2 enhances the Young's modulus dip and gives rise to the H-Snoek peak PH just below Tg, which clearly appears to be the counterpart of the peak observed in the alloys (x=1.5 and x=2.5) solubilized in argon atmosphere and water quenched. The conclusion was reached in the present work that this last peak is not related to the strain glass transition but is rather an H-Snoek relaxation.
Progress Towards Simple and Direct Detection of Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency in Human Urine
Authors: Lim Soojin , Lowry Mark , Strongin Robert M.
Published: October 2011

A rhodamine based boronic acid linearly responds to increasing 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAr) concentrations in human urine. This method is thus an advance in detecting adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency as AICAr is a model riboside for the ADSL substrates succinyladenosine (S-Ado) and succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICAr). ADSL deficiency is a rare but devastating disease of de novo purine synthesis in infants. Its diagnosis is also significant as it is one of the autism spectrum disorders.
Assessing WHAM/Model VII against field measurements of free metal ion concentrations: model performance and the role of uncertainty in parameters and inputs
Authors: Lofts Stephen , Tipping Edward
Published: October 2011

Environmental contextThe chemical speciation of metals in waters is of great importance in determining their transport, fate and effects in the environment. Modelling chemical speciation is valuable for making predictions about these effects. Here a model of metal speciation is tested against field data, and recommendations are made as to how both model and measurements might be improved in future. AbstractA key question in the evaluation of chemical speciation models is: how well do model predictions compare against speciation measurements? To address this issue, the performance of WHAM/Model VII in predicting free metal ion concentrations in field samples has been evaluated. A statistical sampling method considering uncertainties in input measurements, model parameters and the binding activity of dissolved organic matter was used to generate distributions of predicted free ion concentrations. Model performance varied with the metal considered and the analytical technique used to measure the free ion. Generally, the best agreement between observation and prediction was seen for aluminium, cobalt, nickel, zinc and cadmium. Important differences in agreement between model and observations were seen, depending upon the analytical technique. In particular, concentrations of free ion determined with voltammetric techniques were largely over-predicted by the model. Uncertainties in model predictions varied among metals. Only for aluminium could discrepancies between observation and model could be explained by uncertainties in input measurements and model parameters. For the other metals, the ranges of model predictions were mostly too small to explain the discrepancies between model and observation. Incorporating the effects of uncertainty into speciation model predictions allows for more rigorous assessment of model performance.
Robust RNAi-Based Resistance to Mixed Infection of Three Viruses in Soybean Plants Expressing Separate Short Hairpins from a Single Transgene
Authors: Zhang Xiuchun , Sato Shirley , Ye Xiaohong , Dorrance Anne E. , Morris T. Jack , Clemente Thomas E. , Qu Feng
Published: October 2011

Transgenic plants expressing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of virus origin have been previously shown to confer resistance to virus infections through the highly conserved RNA-targeting process termed RNA silencing or RNA interference (RNAi). In this study we applied this strategy to soybean plants and achieved robust resistance to multiple viruses with a single dsRNA-expressing transgene. Unlike previous reports that relied on the expression of one long inverted repeat (IR) combining sequences of several viruses, our improved strategy utilized a transgene designed to express several shorter IRs. Each of these short IRs contains highly conserved sequences of one virus, forming dsRNA of less than 150 bp. These short dsRNA stems were interspersed with single-stranded sequences to prevent homologous recombination during the transgene assembly process. Three such short IRs with sequences of unrelated soybean-infecting viruses (Alfalfa mosaic virus, Bean pod mottle virus, and Soybean mosaic virus) were assembled into a single transgene under control of the 35S promoter and terminator of Cauliflower mosaic virus. Three independent transgenic lines were obtained and all of them exhibited strong systemic resistance to the simultaneous infection of the three viruses. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of this very straight forward strategy for engineering RNAi-based virus resistance in a major crop plant. More importantly, our strategy of construct assembly makes it easy to incorporate additional short IRs in the transgene, thus expanding the spectrum of virus resistance. Finally, this strategy could be easily adapted to control virus problems of other crop plants.
Yellowing Disease in Zucchini Squash Produced by Mixed Infections of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus and Cucumber vein yellowing virus
Authors: Gil-Salas Francisco M. , Peters Jeff , Boonham Neil , Cuadrado Isabel M. , Janssen Dirk
Published: October 2011

Zucchini squash is host to Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), a member of the genus Crinivirus, and Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV), a member of the genus Ipomovirus, both transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Field observations suggest the appearance of new symptoms observed on leaves of zucchini squash crops when both viruses were present. When infected during controlled experiments with CYSDV only, zucchini plants showed no obvious symptoms and the virus titer decreased between 15 and 45 days postinoculation (dpi), after which it was no longer detected. CVYV caused inconspicuous symptoms restricted to vein clearing on some of the apical leaves and the virus accumulated progressively between 15 and 60 dpi. Similar accumulations of virus followed single inoculations with the potyvirus Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and plants showed severe stunting, leaf deformation, and mosaic yellowing. However, in mixed infections with CYSDV and CVYV, intermediate leaves showed chlorotic mottling which evolved later to rolling, brittleness, and complete yellowing of the leaf lamina, with exception of the veins. No consistent alteration of CVYV accumulation was detected but the amounts of CYSDV increased ≈100-fold and remained detectable at 60 dpi. Such synergistic effects on the titer of the crinivirus and symptom expression were not observed when co-infected with ZYMV.
The Alternative Three‐Factor Model: An Alternative beyond US Markets?
Authors: Walkshäusl Christian , Lobe Sebastian
Published: October 2011

We investigate the performance of the alternative three‐factor model across markets. The important US evidence of Chen et al. (2010) in favour of the alternative model does not translate to a test setting using data from 40 non‐US stock markets. The three‐factor model of Fama and French provides persistently a better description of average returns. Our analysis is robust across developed and emerging markets, robust to alternative measures of investment and profitability, to seasonality effects, to size‐segmented subsamples and subperiods, to various test assets, and to the two‐stage cross‐section regression approach to test for priced factors.
Report of the first nationally implemented clinical routine screening for fetal RHD in D− pregnant women to ascertain the requirement for antenatal RhD prophylaxis
Authors: Clausen Frederik Banch , Christiansen Mette , Steffensen Rudi , Jørgensen Steffen , Nielsen Christian , Jakobsen Marianne Antonius , Madsen Rikke Dyhrberg , Jensen Karina , Krog Grethe Risum , Rieneck Klaus , Sprogøe Ulrik , Homburg Keld Mikkelsen , Grunnet Niels , Dziegiel Morten Hanefeld
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: A combination of antenatal and postnatal RhD prophylaxis is more effective in reducing D immunization in pregnancy than postnatal RhD prophylaxis alone. Based on the result from antenatal screening for the fetal RHD gene, antenatal RhD prophylaxis in Denmark is given only to those D− women who carry a D+ fetus. We present an evaluation of the first national clinical application of antenatal RHD screening.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In each of the five Danish health care regions, blood samples were drawn from D− women in Gestational Week 25. DNA was extracted from the maternal plasma and analyzed for the presence of the RHD gene by real‐time polymerase chain reaction targeting two RHD exons. Prediction of the fetal RhD type was compared with serologic typing of the newborn in 2312 pregnancies, which represented the first 6 months of routine analysis.

RESULTS: For the detection of fetal RHD, the sensitivity was 99.9%. The accuracy was 96.5%. The recommendation for unnecessary antenatal RhD prophylaxis for women carrying a D− fetus was correctly avoided in 862 cases (37.3%), while 39 women (1.7%) were recommended for antenatal RhD prophylaxis unnecessarily. Two RHD+ fetuses (0.087%) were not detected, and antenatal RhIG was not given.

CONCLUSION: These data represent the first demonstration of the reliability of routine antenatal fetal RHD screening in D−, pregnant women to ascertain the requirement for antenatal RhD prophylaxis. Our findings should encourage the implementation of such screening programs worldwide, to reduce the unnecessary use of RhIG.
A repeated survey of sexual behavior among female university students in Sweden
Authors: TYDÉN TANJA , PALMQVIST MARIA , LARSSON MARGARETA
Published: October 2011

Objective. To investigate sexual behavior and use of contraceptives among female university students in 2009, and compare the results with surveys from 1999 and 2004. Design. Comparative, repeated cross‐sectional surveys. Setting. A Student Health Center in Sweden. Population. Female university students (n=350). Methods. Multiple‐choice waiting‐room questionnaire. Main outcome measures. Number of sexual partners, sexually transmitted diseases, contraceptive methods. Results. Mean age was 23.5 years and 57% (n=198) had a stable relationship. Almost all of the women, 99% (n=345), had had intercourse; 97% (n=328) had received and 94% (n=328) had given oral sex. The mean number of sexual partners had increased to 11.0, compared with 7.4 in 2004 and 5.4 in 1999. Sixty‐five percent had had ‘first‐date’ intercourse without using a condom, compared to 45% in 2004 and 37% in 1999. More than one‐third (39%) had experience of anal intercourse compared with 32% in 2004 and 27% in 1999. Experience of sexually transmitted infections had increased (29% in 2009, 21% in 2004, and 14% in 1999). Condoms were often used at very first intercourse (76%) and oral contraceptives were used at latest intercourse (54%). The use of emergency contraceptive pills had increased to 67%, compared with 52% in 2004 and 22% in 1999. Conclusions. The sexual lifestyle of female university students has become riskier and this might have serious consequences for their sexual and reproductive health in the future.
The Alfred Trauma Team Training Program in India and Sri Lanka
Authors: O'Reilly Gerard M , Fitzgerald Mark , Dewan Yashbir , Chou Kylie , Mathew Joseph , Peters Nitin
Published: October 2011

Injury is a major global health problem. India suffers more deaths from vehicle collisions than any other country. Since 2004 The Alfred Hospital in Melbourne, Australia has established strong linkages with Christian Medical College (CMC) in Ludhiana, the Punjab, India and Teaching Hospital Karapitiya (THK) in Galle, Sri Lanka, supporting trauma care capacity‐building. In response to the demand for a systematic approach to trauma care in India and Sri Lanka, The Alfred Trauma Team Training Program was developed, funded by the Australian Agency for International Development, The Alfred and its participating staff, CMC and THK. The aim of the programme was to enhance the understanding and skill in reception and resuscitation of critically injured patients in a cohort of providers of emergency care. Participants were selected from nine sites: CMC, five government hospitals across the Punjab, Delhi, THK and Teaching Hospital Peradeniya in Kandy, Sri Lanka. The programme was conducted at CMC, with follow‐up visits to THK and Teaching Hospital Peradeniya, and focused on team‐based scenarios. The faculty included emergency clinicians from The Alfred. Participants showed improvement in the knowledge and skills of trauma reception and resuscitation. Observed programme challenges included the variety of health systems from which the participants were sourced. The Trauma Team Training Program allowed Australian emergency clinicians to impart some skills towards improving the level of trauma reception and resuscitation by 26 participants from nine sites. The team‐based systematic approach to the delivery of emergency trauma care was valued by the participants.
The Impact of Prolonged Nomination Contests on Presidential Candidate Evaluations and General Election Vote Choice: The Case of 2008
Authors: DEWITT JEFF R. , ENGSTROM RICHARD N.
Published: October 2011

The fact that political parties hold competitive nomination contests that require voters to choose among multiple candidates leaves open the possibility that the contest itself could damage the prospects of an eventual nominee. In this study, we employ the American National Election Study panel survey data from the 2008 U.S. presidential election to assess the impact of the Democratic Party nomination process on candidate evaluations and general election vote preference. We find evidence that Barack Obama had greater difficulty uniting his party than his Republican counterpart due to the fact that Clinton voters were slow to coalesce around Obama. These supporters failed to report higher levels of favorability until Clinton conceded the race in the summer, while Huckabee and Romney voters were seen rallying to their party's nominee in the spring. In the end, many Clinton primary voters either abstained from voting in November or crossed over to support the Republican nominee.

El hecho de que los partidos políticos realicen contiendas de nominaciones competitivas que exijan a los votantes elegir entre múltiples candidatos crea la posibilidad de que la contienda en sí misma perjudique las expectativas del candidato ganador. En este estudio, empleamos datos de una encuesta de ANES sobre las elecciones presidenciales del 2008 en los Estados Unidos para determinar el impacto del proceso de nominación presidencial del Partido Demócrata en la evaluación de los candidatos y las preferencias electorales generales. Encontramos evidencia de que Barack Obama tuvo una mayor dificultad unificando su partido que su equivalente Republicano debido a que partidarios de Clinton fueron lentos en sumarse a Obama. Estos partidarios no reportaron altos niveles de apoyo hasta que Clinton confirió la contienda en el verano, mientras que partidarios de Huckabee y Romney se concentraron en el candidato de su partido desde la primavera. Al final, muchos votantes adeptos a Clinton se abstuvieron de votar en noviembre o decidieron apoyar al candidato Republicano.
Local Government Human Resource Management Past, Present, and Future: Revisiting Hays and Kearney's Anticipated Changes a Decade Later
Authors: FRENCH P. EDWARD , GOODMAN DOUG
Published: October 2011

Over a decade ago, Hays and Kearney published results from a survey of human resource managers who were members of the International Personnel Management Association and the Section on Personnel and Labor Relations of the American Society for Public Administration. This survey solicited members' opinions regarding the present and anticipated status of public personnel systems at that time. Our survey solicits the opinions of human resource management (HRM) professionals at the local government level a decade later to determine the importance of these same functions and activities to the practice of HRM today. Survey respondents are also requested to project the importance of these same concepts in 2019. This analysis shows that while the reinvention movement has generated several changes in the field of public HRM, many of the traditional functions and activities continue to remain as important at the local level of government.

Hace más de una década, Hays y Kearney publicaron los resultados de una encuesta de directores de recursos humanos que eran miembros del International Personnel Management Association y del Section on Personnel and Labor Relations of the American Society for Public Administration. Esta encuesta solicitó la opinión de los miembros acerca del estado presente y previsto de los sistemas de personal público de la época. Una década más tarde, nuestra encuesta pide la opinión de directores de recursos humanos profesionales a un nivel de gobierno local para determinar la importancia de esas mismas funciones y actividades de manejo de recursos humanos en la actualidad. También se le pidió a los participantes proyectar la importancia de estos mismos conceptos para el año 2019. Este análisis muestra que mientras que el movimiento de reinvención ha generado una gran cantidad de cambios en área de la administración pública de recursos humanos, muchas de las funciones y actividades tradicionales continúan siendo igual de importantes a un nivel de gobierno local.
The status of trauma registry systems in Chinese hospitals
Authors: Fitzharris Michael , Zhong Wang , Myburgh John , Xuezhong Yu , Yu James , Hammond Naomi , Finfer Simon R , Taylor Colman , Wu Yangfeng
Published: October 2011

Injuries are a major source of mortality and morbidity in China with approximately 66 million citizens requiring emergency medical care. Trauma registries provide the basis for quality assurance processes and inform the treatment of the injured patient. Against the backdrop of the recently established Chinese National Injury Surveillance System, the feasibility of establishing a multicentre trauma registry in a limited number of hospitals was examined. Seven hospital directors reported on a range of hospital characteristics including patient volume information and the types of patient information routinely collected. The findings indicate significant numbers of patients presenting due to injury, though little comparability in the type of information collected both between hospitals and with international trauma registry systems. The development of multicentre trauma registry is suggested as a way to monitor trauma system performance. The integration of clinical indicators into the National Injury Surveillance System in the long term is also recommended.
Otolith chemistry is more accurate than otolith shape in identifying cod species (genus Pseudophycis) in the diet of Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus)
Authors: Kemp Jodie , Swearer Stephen E. , Jenkins Gregory P. , Robertson Simon
Published: October 2011

Fine-scale shape variation and the added effect of partial digestion often limits accurate identification of different teleost prey species in marine diet studies using otoliths. We evaluated the use of fine-scale shape and trace element variation in digested otoliths to identify fish prey species from the diet of predators. Fourier analysis of otolith shape revealed significant variation between red cod ( Pseudophycis bachus ) and bearded rock cod ( Pseudophycis barbata ) otoliths. Incorporating otoliths that had been consumed by Australian fur seals ( Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus ) into a Fourier analysis discriminant model identified 73% of otoliths as those of red cod and 27% as those of bearded rock cod. However, in vitro digestion of red cod and bearded rock cod otoliths resulted in incorrect classification of both cod species otoliths to varying degrees when using Fourier analysis shape descriptors. There was significant variation between red cod and bearded rock cod otolith core chemistry. Incorporating otoliths consumed by the seals into an otolith core chemistry discriminant model identified all otoliths as those of red cod. Using otolith core chemistry to identify prey species was found to be successful, and there is great potential for this technique to have wider applications in investigating ecosystem trophic interactions.
Does fine sediment constrain salmonid alevin development and survival?
Authors: Louhi P. , Ovaska M. , Mäki-Petäys A. , Erkinaro J. , Muotka T.
Published: October 2011

We applied a randomized factorial design with three sedimentation treatments (high, low, and zero sediment addition) and two predation-risk levels (predator present or absent) to assess whether the survival and emergence of brown trout (Salmo trutta) alevins were affected by sedimentation and (or) chemical cues from a predatory fish (burbot, Lota lota). In this laboratory experiment, survival was only related to the finest organic sediment fraction (<0.074 mm), which decreased embryo survival, although only constituting less than 1.5% of all sediments. Control fish tended to postpone emergence when exposed to predator odour, whereas fish in the high-sedimentation treatment showed no response to predators. Alevins that received high sedimentation had larger yolk sacs at emergence compared with control fish. Sedimentation may thus have serious fitness consequences on salmonids, as fry with larger yolk sacs are poor swimmers and therefore more vulnerable to predation or downstream displacement. Fine-sediment deposition from the catchment or stream banks may cause a serious threat to salmonid populations, and more effective erosion control is needed to reduce inputs of fine sediments to river habitats.
A possible subcellular mechanism underlying the “French paradox”: the opening of mitochondrial KATP channels
Authors: Aiello Ernesto A. , Cingolani Horacio E.
Published: October 2011

A reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease has been associated to moderate red wine consumption. We tested whether a nonalcoholic red wine extract would open mitochondrial KATP channels in guinea pig myocytes. The opening of mitochondrial KATP channels was assessed by endogenous flavoprotein fluorescence. Red wine extract (100 μg·mL–1) increased flavoprotein oxidation (10.9% ± 1.2%, n = 20). This effect was prevented by the mitochondrial KATP channel blocker, 5-hydroxydecanoate (500 µmol·L–1; 0.3% ± 1.1%, n = 13), confirming the hypothesis that red wine extract opens mitochondrial KATP channels.
A single 1-h session of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise does not modify lipids and lipoproteins in normolipidemic obese women
Authors: Wooten Joshua S. , Biggerstaff Kyle D. , Ben-Ezra Vic
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of a single session of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins in women who were sedentary and obese. Women (n = 12) who were premenopausal, sedentary, and obese (body mass index, 30–40 kg·m–2; waist circumference > 88 cm) completed exercise and control trials in a randomly assigned order. Exercise consisted of a single session of treadmill walking at 70% maximum oxygen uptake until 500 kcal were expended, and the control protocol consisted of 60 min of seated rest. Fasting blood samples were collected immediately prior to, 24 h, and 48 h following the exercise and control sessions and analyzed for triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), HDL2-C, and HDL3-C concentrations, and mean LDL, HDL2, and HDL3particle size and cholesterol distributions. A 2 × 3 (trial × time) ANOVA with repeated measures revealed no significant (p > 0.05) changes in the lipid and lipoprotein variables 24 and 48 h following exercise. In contrast to previously published data in lean men and women, a single session of treadmill exercise at 70% maximum oxygen uptake that expended 500 kcal was insufficient to modify lipids and lipoproteins in women who were sedentary, normolipidemic, and obese.
Gastrin upregulates the prosurvival factor secretory clusterin in adenocarcinoma cells and in oxyntic mucosa of hypergastrinemic rats
Authors: Fjeldbo Christina Sæten , Bakke Ingunn , Erlandsen Sten Even , Holmseth Jannicke , Lægreid Astrid , Sandvik Arne K. , Thommesen Liv , Bruland Torunn
Published: October 2011

We show that the gastric hormone gastrin induces the expression of the prosurvival secretory clusterin (sCLU) in rat adenocarcinoma cells. Clusterin mRNA was still upregulated in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, although at a lower level. This indicates that gastrin induces clusterin transcription independently of de novo protein synthesis but requires de novo protein synthesis of signal transduction pathway components to achieve maximal expression level. Luciferase reporter assay indicates that the AP-1 transcription factor complex is involved in gastrin-mediated activation of the clusterin promoter. Gastrin-induced clusterin expression and subsequent secretion is dependent on sustained treatment, because removal of gastrin after 1–2 h abolished the response. Neutralization of secreted clusterin by a specific antibody abolished the antiapoptotic effect of gastrin on serum starvation-induced apoptosis, suggesting that extracellular clusterin is involved in gastrin-mediated inhibition of apoptosis. The clusterin response to gastrin was validated in vivo in hypergastrinemic rats, showing increased clusterin expression in the oxyntic mucosa, as well as higher levels of clusterin in plasma. In normal rat oxyntic mucosa, clusterin protein was strongly expressed in chromogranin A-immunoreactive neuroendocrine cells, of which the main cell type was the histidine decarboxylase-immunoreactive enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell. The association of clusterin with neuroendocrine differentiation was further confirmed in human gastric ECL carcinoids. Interestingly, in hypergastrinemic rats, clusterin-immunoreactive cells formed distinct groups of diverse cells at the base of many glands. Our results suggest that clusterin may contribute to gastrin's growth-promoting effect on the oxyntic mucosa.
Altered coronary vascular control during cold stress in healthy older adults
Authors: Gao Zhaohui , Wilson Thad E. , Drew Rachel C. , Ettinger Joshua , Monahan Kevin D.
Published: October 2011

Cardiovascular-related mortality increases in the cold winter months, particularly in older adults. Previously, we reported that determinants of myocardial O2 demand, such as the rate-pressure product, increase more in older adults compared with young adults during cold stress. The aim of the present study was to determine if aging influences the coronary hemodynamic response to cold stress in humans. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was used to noninvasively measure peak coronary blood velocity in the left anterior descending artery before and during acute (20 min) whole body cold stress in 10 young adults (25 ± 1 yr) and 11 older healthy adults (65 ± 2 yr). Coronary vascular resistance (diastolic blood pressure/peak coronary blood velocity), coronary perfusion time fraction (coronary perfusion time/R-R interval), and left ventricular wall stress were calculated. We found that cooling (via a water-perfused suit) increased left ventricular wall stress, a primary determinant of myocardial O2 consumption, in both young and older adults, although the magnitude of this increase was nearly twofold greater in older adults (change of 9.1 ± 3.5% vs. 17.6 ± 3.2%, P < 0.05, change from baseline in young and older adults and young vs. older adults). Despite the increased myocardial O2 demand during cooling, coronary vasodilation (decreased coronary vascular resistance) occurred only in young adults (3.22 ± 0.23 to 2.85 ± 0.18 mmHg·cm−1·s−1, P < 0.05) and not older adults (3.97 ± 0.24 to 3.79 ± 0.27 mmHg·cm−1·s−1, P > 0.05). Consistent with a blunted coronary vascular response, absolute coronary perfusion time tended to decrease ( P = 0.13) and coronary perfusion time fraction decreased ( P < 0.05) during cooling in older adults but not young adults. Collectively, these data suggest that older adults demonstrate an altered coronary hemodynamic response to acute cold stress.