bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Мы ищем то, чего не теряли": советские "дикари" в поисках места под солнцем
Authors: Попов Алексей
Published: September 2012

The article analyzes the "wild tourism" in the post-1950s' Soviet Union as a cultural, lifestyle, and economic phenomenon. It scrutinizes the social, economic, and psychological reasons for the spread of "wild" vacations at Soviet resorts. Individual accounts and official documents are analyzed together with popular Soviet films such as 3+2, Be My Husband , and Sportlotto-82 . The author studies infrastructural policies in the Crimea that emerged in response to the growing tourist and vacation boom, on the one hand, and values, aspirations, and strategies of accommodation and communication of different groups of "wild" travelers to popular Soviet resorts, on the other. The article also deals with the official Soviet ideological discourse of care and control of the population, and offers information on different official strategies directed at decreasing the number of uncontrolled "wild tourists." The metaphor of nomadism provides a general framework for discussing the multifaceted phenomenon of Soviet "wild tourism."
Wandering Greeks: How Repin Discovers the People
Authors: Brunson Molly
Published: September 2012

In the summer of 1870, the painter Ilya Repin, who, in his words, "did not like travel or excursions of any kind," goes against his nature and embarks on a several-month trip down the Volga River, in search of models and inspiration for what would become his first major work Barge haulers on the Volga . In this article, Molly Brunson proposes that this trip and the spatial realities of the journey as such are what define the expressive contours and produce the formal peculiarities of what is perhaps Repin's most widely known realist masterpiece. Examining Repin's sketches and memoiristic writing in the context of an extended visual engagement with the painting itself, Brunson considers how the artist's unique orientation as both an outsider and a participant - manifest in the painting's push and pull between distance and proximity, the epic and the contemporary, the aesthetic and the ideological - enacts a refinement of the progressive image of the "people." Having sought out the authentic burlak, Repin discovers instead the complex and often paradoxical nature of the "people," a concept that becomes more a composite projection of Repin's own experience than a reflection of any exterior reality. Ultimately, Brunson argues for a nuanced understanding of Repin's realism, one that disrupts the mode's supposed commitment to verisimilitude and ideological content with the spatiotem­poral and social disjunctions wrought, in the case of Barge haulers on the Volga , by the experience of travel.
Летом 1870 г. художник Илья Репин, вопреки своей нелюбви к путешествиям и экскурсиям, отправился в длительную поездку по Волге в поисках образов для своей первой большой работы "Бурлаки на Волге" (1870-1873). В публикуемой статье Молли Брансон показы­вает, как это путешествие и его пространственные реалии определили выразительные приемы и формальные особенности самого известного реалистического шедевра художника. Автор рассматривает репинские наброски и мемуарные заметки непосредственно в связи с его худо­жественной техникой. Амбивалентная позиция Репина как аутсайдера и участника проявляется на картине в динамике дистанцирования и приближения, эпики и современности, эстетизации и идеологизации и приводит к усложнению прогрессивного образа "народа". Отправ­ляясь на поиски аутентичного бурлака, Репин открывает сложную и часто парадоксальную природу "народа", и это открытие в большей степени отражает его собственный опыт, нежели какую-то внешнюю реальность. Брансон призывает к более тонкому пониманию репин­ского реализма, не сводимого только к идеологическому содержанию, но учитывающему пространственно-временные и социальные сме­щения, которые в случае с "Бурлаками на Волге" проявлялись в ходе путешествия художника.
Цирк – культура на колесах
Authors: Буренина-Петрова Ольга
Published: September 2012

In this article, circus is treated outside the context of art. It is understood as a nomadic-type cultural phenomenon. On the one hand, circus nomadism is a transgression of spatial, ethnic, national, and social borders as well as the borders of meanings. On the other hand, circus nomadism presupposes a fundamental plasticity and changeability of the very subject and of his roles: in cultural terms, a circus actor functions not only as an artist but also as an image of a live, constantly transforming and recording structure, a sign of a potential code that enables permanent metamorphoses of a human being and his environment. In addition, a circus is a transmedial art that enables constant translation from one system of signs into another and is capable of representing different media.
Entrapping History in Space: On Tuundra and Its Masters
Authors: Ventsel Aimar
Published: September 2012

In this article, the author discusses landownership among the seminomadic Dolgan in the Republic of Sakha. Despite their nomadic lifestyle, the Dolgan have developed a complicated landownership system based on biographical and ancestral narratives linked to particular territories. The article shows how these narratives make "wilderness" into "inhabited" land and are essential for the "appropriation of nature." Aimar Ventsel seeks an answer to the question of why informal clan-based landownership has been so vital and still today regulates the use of the tundra's resources. The concept of the "narrative of the land" is so strong that even formal administrative structures cannot ignore this form of landownership. Moreover, the post-Soviet dismantling of state structures for controlling the use of environmental resources makes the concept of the "narrative of land" more instrumental for monitoring the use of resources in the Russian Arctic. Ventsel's hypothesis is that informal landownership or "moral possession" is constructed through a complex set of tangible and intangible objects that support each other in creating emotional bonds to a territory and thus establishing a family's right to control a territory's resources. В статье рассматривается институт и культурный комплекс землевладения полуномадической народности долган в Республике Саха. Несмотря на номадический образ жизни, долгане создали сложную систему владения землей, которая основывается на биографических нарративах и рассказах о предках, связанных с определенными территориями. Автор показывает, как с помощью нарративов, играющих ключевую роль в освоении природы, "дикие" земли становятся населенными. Он предлагает объяснение живучести неформальной системы землевладения, основанной на клановом родстве продолжающей регулировать использование ресурсов тундры. Авторитет "нарратива земли" столь непререкаем, что формальные административные структуры не могут игнорировать эту форму землевладения. Автор проводит гипотезу, согласно которой неформальное землевладение, или "моральное владение", конструируется посредством сложного сочетания материальных и нематериальных объектов, поддерживающих друг друга и создающих эмоциональную привязку к территории.
Навстречу утренней заре: странствия в поисках настоящего
Authors: Рожанский Михаил
Published: September 2012

Mikhail Rozhanskii's article focuses on the notion of geographical mobility in the late Soviet period. Although Soviet notions of mobility were directly opposed to nomadism in that they required a clear and determined path, in the late Soviet period, "joining the historical process" entered into a dialogue with the poetics and practices of nomadism. Rozhanskii builds his study on a wide range of sources gathered during fieldwork in "young" cities of Siberia, where young people were seen as creating their own "difficult happiness" through participating in the construction projects of late socialism. Some joined these construction projects as they emerged from the Stalinist concentration camps and were looking for a "clean slate." Others were driven by a sense of historical mobilization. Today's memory of these projects often focuses on the shared experiences of euphoria and collectivism. Due to the geographical and social liminality of these Siberian construction sites, people experienced estrangement of the ideological system of late socialism. Rozhanskii argues that in parallel to the socialist construction sites, people created social worlds on the micro level. Finally, Rozhanskii analyzes songs of the late Soviet period and illustrates how nomadism and the search for difficult happiness emerged as a social and collective movement that allowed people to realize themselves within the confines of the Soviet modernization project.
Spiritual Nomadism and Central Asian Tablighi Travelers
Authors: Nasritdinov Emil
Published: September 2012

This article employs the concept of spiritual nomadism as a lifestyle and a regular traveling practice to portray and understand the contemporary religious practices of participants in the Tablighi Jamaat movement, which originated in India and today has become truly global. In the late 1990s the movement reached Central Asia and Russia and found fruitful ground in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. The article builds on an analysis of the traditional role of travel in Islam and on a more contemporary interpretation of spiritual travel in Tablighi ideology and practice. Its main ethnographic elements are drawn from the author's forty-day Tablighi travel from Kyrgyzstan to India as part of a group of Kyrgyz, Kazakh, and Russian Tablighi and it is structured around six main themes discussed from the viewpoint of spiritual nomadism: personal transformation, knowledge and experience, new perspectives on worldly matters, socialization, correction of belief, and travel metaphors. It argues that active and regular participants in the movement acquire elements of a nomadic lifestyle and can be called spiritual nomads of the twenty-first century and that in some places in the world, such as Central Asia, Tablighi practice effectively uses the already existing nomadic practices of historically nomadic peoples such as the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. В статье концепция духовного номадизма используется для опи­сания стиля жизни и регулярных путешествий участников движения джамаата Таблиги. Зародившееся в Индии, сегодня это движение до­стигло глобальных масштабов, распространившись в конце 1990-х гг. в том числе в России и в Средней Азии и завоевав особенно прочные позиции в Киргизстане и Казахстане. Автор начинает с рассмотрения традиционной роли путешествий в исламе и интерпретаций духовных путешествий в идеологии и практиках Таблиги. Этнографическая часть исследования представляет собой материалы, собранные Эмилем На­сритдиновым в ходе его 40-дневного путешествия из Киргизстана в Индию совместно с другими таблиги из Киргизии, Казахстана и Рос­сии. В статье рассматриваются такие аспекты номадических практик Таблиги, как личное преображение, новый взгляд на мир, знание и опыт, социальные сети, укрепление веры и роль метафор как важного компо­нента нарратива Таблиги. Как показывает автор, активные участники движения практикуют элементы кочевого образа жизни, а в некоторых регионах, таких как Средняя Азия, они опираются на исторические практики номадизма, характерные для этого региона.
A Springboard to a Wider World: Reactive Nationalism as an Ideology of Survival
Authors: Mikhaylova Marina
Published: September 2012

Lithuania has the highest rate of emigration within the European Union, yet the conception of the Lithuanian nation is often reinforced as a result of transnational mobility. This article examines reactive nationalism by tracking how migrants construct ideas about national belonging and ethno-national difference in response to exclusions they encounter. The article draws on interviews with Lithuanian migrants in the United Kingdom to show how ideas about nationhood mediate individuals' interactions with England's residents and other migrants, their interpretations of mobility, and their orientation to the Lithuanian state. Литва демонстрирует самые высокие показатели эмиграции в Европейском Союзе, однако эта транснациональная мобильность часто работает на концепцию литовской нации. Марина Михайлова рассматривает этот феномен реактивного национализма, анализируя, как мигранты в ответ на исключения и ограничения, с которыми они сталкиваются, конструируют представления о национальной принадлежности и этнонациональных отличиях. В основу статьи положены интервью литовских мигрантов в Великобритании. Автор показывает, как представления о национальной принадлежности опосредуют их взаимодействия с британцами и другими мигрантами, а также интерпретации мобильности и ориентацию на литовское государство.
On Body-Crossing: Interbody Movement in Eurasian Buddhism
Authors: Bernstein Anya
Published: September 2012

The article by Anya Bernstein is based on field research conducted in post-Soviet Buryatia, focused on the history of the cohort of Buryat monks who left Buryatia in 1920 to achieve positions as grand lamas in Tibet. The author traces the lives of this cohort, which were complicated by reincarna­tion and tantric discipleship to the point of "return" of the cohort to post-Soviet Buryatia. Based on this research, the article attempts to conceptualize the institutions of Buddhist reincarnation and discipleship as practices of a certain kind of corporeal motion, which includes not only traversing vast Inner Asian territories, but also journeys and relationships between bodies across multiple lifetimes. The movements and relationships between two or more bodies produced by Buddhist corporeal technologies constitute extensive transnational somatic networks, where the meaning of individual bodies is shaped through their relationship with other bodies in the network. The author argues that such religiously inspired interbody movement has subversive implications that go beyond esoteric religious practices, as they challenge biopolitical regimes of mobility imposed by nation-states on their indigenous populations, complicating the issues of allegiances and loyal­ties. This article thus contributes to the growing field of studies of religion, transnationalism, and globalization by considering a previously neglected type of mobility – that between bodies and bodily substances – and its role and effects in transnational religiopolitical movements. В статье Ани Бернштейн рассматривается феномен буддистской реинкарнации и тантрического ученичества. Авторский подход совмещает исследование религиозного верования с историей телесности и транстелесности (мобильности) в разных социальных и культурных контекстах XX в. В основе статьи лежит история исхода буддистских послушников бурятского происхождения из советской Бурятии в Тибет в 1920-х гг., где они стали ламами и заняли высокие посты в духовной иерархии. Автор прослеживает процесс реинкарнации и тантрического перехода этой группы бурятских лам в истории тибетской религиозной иерархии и в контексте Юго-Восточной Азии, их вполне реальное возвращение в постсоветскую Бурятию и влияние на развитие буддизма в этой республике. История "возвращения" бурятских лам в постсоветскую Бурятию позволяет автору проследить, как "номадические" практики, укорененные в буддистских верованиях, становятся инструментами распространения буддизма, сопротивления границам гражданства и биополитики современного государства и переопределения национальной идентичности на постсоветском пространстве.
Nomadic Nationhood: Cinema, Nationhood, and Remembrance in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan
Authors: Norris Stephen M.
Published: September 2012

This article examines the new Kazakh nation-state's attempt to provide a history to its people and how this attempt functions as a sort of "nomadic nationhood": an ongoing, vibrant process of building both a sense of national identity and a sense of historical remembrance that center on nomads. The state has taken the lead in this nation-building exercise, and Kazakh films, often relying on state support, have also played a starring role. Surveying a number of recent Kazakh films, the author argues that Kazakh filmmakers, responding to President Nursultan Nazarbayev's calls to create national narratives, have turned to nomads and the nomadic past as the source for Kazakh nationhood and remembrance. The reception among Kazakh citizens has produced a mixed bag: many audience members have celebrated what they see as a "new Kazakh patriotism" articulated onscreen. Others have criticized certain aspects of the onscreen nomadic nationhood, particularly the Kazakh state's role in promoting it and Kazakh filmmakers' adaptation of Hollywood techniques. Still others have stayed away from Kazakh films entirely, choosing instead to check out the latest Hollywood blockbusters. As a result, Nazarbayev declared in late 2009 that Kazakh filmmakers should start to pay more attention to the present and not just the past, but the cinematic nomadic nationhood has not stopped. The May 2012 film Myn Bala [A Thousand Boys] mines the same historical territory as 2005's The Nomad , the film that in many ways initiated the new Kazakh cinema's turn to the nomadic past.
В статье рассматривается политика истории в современном Казах­стане, который продвигает концепцию "кочевой национальности". Стивен Норрис понимает эту политику как живой процесс строи­тельства национальной идентичности и формирования исторической памяти, в центре которой кочевое прошлое. Казахский кинематограф, располагающий государственной поддержкой, играет в этом проекте национального государства важнейшую роль. В статье анализируется несколько недавних казахских фильмов, авторы которых отозвались на призыв президента Нурсултана Назарбаева создать национальный казахский нарратив. Они обращаются к кочевникам и кочевому прошлому как к источнику казахской национальности и памяти. Норрис анализирует образный язык и идеологическое послание этих фильмов и их восприятие аудиторией. Автор реконструирует диапазон оценок от восторженно-патриотических до умеренно критических и откровенно индифферентных и делает вывод о функционировании концепции "кочевой национальности" в современном казахстанском обществе.
Номадическое православие: О новых формах религиозной жизни в современной России
Authors: Кормина Жанна
Published: September 2012

In contemporary Russian Orthodoxy, alternative regimes of religiosity are developing alongside traditional modes of organizing religious life within the framework of parishes. All alternative regimes are united by a common ideology of Orthodox nomadism that caters to the demands and habits of the urbanized Orthodox majority. Those who compose this ma­jority prefer pilgrimages and visits to Russian Orthodox fairs to a regular religious life in their local Orthodox communities. Thus, they try to evade a premodern structure inscribed in the very concept of a church parish with its strong control over the parish's members and explicit hierarchy. The article by Zhanna Kormina offers an in-depth analysis of different forms of such avoidance and escape. It is based on the author's long-term sociological-anthropological study carried out in the regions of the Russian Northwest and Sverdlovsk.
Империя команчей введение: Колониализм наоборот
Authors: Хямяляйнен Пекка
Published: September 2012

This is the Russian translation of the Introduction to the book about American empire that, according to conventional historiography did not exist. The author tells the familiar tale of expansion, resistance, conquest and economic domination but with a reversal of usual historical roles: it is a story in which Indians dominate and prosper, and European colonists resist, retreat, and struggle. The author discusses how and why in the mid-eighteenth century Comanches reinvented themselves as a hegemonic people who grew increasingly powerful and prosperous at the expense of the surrounding so­cieties. He problematizes the momentum when in the Southwest, European imperialism not only stalled in the face of indigenous resistance, but it was eclipsed by indigenous Imperialism of the former nomadic society.
From a Real Home to a Nation's Brand: On Stationary and Traveling Yurts
Authors: Krebs Melanie
Published: September 2012

Even though the yurt almost completely lost its relevance as a home for most of the Kyrgyz people during the twentieth century, it is still a central part of today's nation-branding in the Kyrgyz Republic. The article outlines how the yurt and the life of yurt makers changed with the decline of nomadism as an everyday way of life during the Soviet Union and the increasing interest in yurts as symbols in a national as well as a transnational representation (and often romanticization) of Central Asian nomadism. Хотя в течение XX в. юрта практически потеряла свое значение дома для большинства киргизов, она остается важнейшим элементом наци­онального брендинга в современной Республике Киргизстан. В статье показывается, что сама юрта и жизнь ее производителей изменились с упадком номадизма как образа жизни в советской Киргизии. Автора также интересует возникновение постсоветского интереса к юрте как символу, использующемуся в национальной и транснациональной репрезентации, а также тенденция к романтизации юрты и центральноазиатского номадизма в целом.
Recuperative Autobiography and the Politics of Life Writing: Lineage, Inheritance, and Legacy in the Writings of the Marquise de La Ferté-Imbault
Authors: Boon Sonja
Published: September 2012

In this article I consider the intersections between the legal last will and testament of Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin d'Estampes, marquise de La Ferté-Imbault, and her epistolary testament, a series of twelve intimate letters written by the marquise to a close friend. I examine the concepts of lineage, legacy, and inheritance; demonstrate how the marquise challenged these concepts; and suggest the possibility of a politics of what I have termed "recuperative autobiography," through which the marquise was able to use the various resources she had at her disposal to craft an alternative legacy founded not on traditional understandings of kinship, but rather, on the principles of moral justice.
Family and Feminism in the French Revolution: The Case of Rosalie Ducrollay Jullien
Authors: Parker Lindsay A. H.
Published: September 2012

The debate over whether women had a French Revolution is a spirited one. Limited sources, however, have frustrated our efforts to learn how women described their experience of the Revolutionary decade. This article introduces readers to a new female voice, the bourgeois Parisian, Rosalie Jullien. In her remarkable collection of over eight hundred private letters, we seek evidence of change in her descriptions of women and the family and her gendered self. We argue that the Revolution led gradually to a more republican understanding of family dynamics and a politicization of femininity. However, we also see that new ideas about women's independence mixed ambiguously with traditional notions of gender hierarchy. This insight into the private life and thoughts of an unknown citoyenne demonstrates how ordinary and obscure women could be profoundly influenced by Revolutionary discourse and experience, even if they rarely expressed those changes beyond private writings and interactions.
A Disease of Passion: The "Self-Iconizing" Project of an Eighteenth-Century Chinese Woman Poet, Jin Yi (1769-1794)
Authors: Yang Binbin
Published: September 2012

Recent studies on women's history in late imperial China have revealed much about the talented, beautiful, yet ill-fated women as "icons" for complicated sentiments of the male literati. This article calls attention to what has been left out of our knowledge of the creation of these "icons," namely, the efforts of a woman to negotiate her ways into the cultural memory of her time precisely by writing herself into an "icon." I argue that, in the case of the woman poet Jin Yi (1769-1794), writing a fatal disease into a myth about romantic passion served as her "self-iconizing" project. Above all, I argue that her conscious appropriation of the prevailing male discourses of her time to the best advantage of her self-creation may open an alternative way of looking at women's efforts of seeking a voice of their own.
Science and Whiteness as Property in the Dutch Atlantic World: Maria Sibylla Merian's Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (1705)
Authors: Kinukawa Tomomi
Published: September 2012

Through rereading the artist, naturalist, and entrepreneur Maria Sibylla Merian's work on nature in Surinam, this article argues that private entrepreneur-naturalists like Merian, both men and women, participated in the capitalist exploitation of colonial natural resources and reinforced the racial ideology that the critical race theorist Cheryl I. Harris has called "whiteness as property." Entrepreneur-naturalists defined whiteness and white privilege through constructing the domestic sphere as a colonial institution for science. By promoting the culture of curiosity at home, Merian's publication increased the gendered racial stratification of intellectual and manual labor, making white labor hypervisible and slave labor invisible. Contrary to leading historians' interpretations that reduce the entrepreneur-naturalists' colonization projects to a sum of private and allegedly apolitical domestic enterprises, this article proves the naturalists constructed key concepts in the development of modern science, such as empiricism, curiosity, the domestic sphere, and the public, as highly political gendered racial ideologies.
Marion Cave Rosselli and the Transnational Women's Antifascist Networks
Authors: Richet Isabelle
Published: September 2012

In July 1929, Marion Cave Rosselli was arrested by the Italian fascist police after the spectacular escape of her husband Carlo Rosselli from the prison island of Lipari. Her arrest unleashed a powerful campaign in Great Britain by feminist and antifascist groups who succeeded in obtaining her release. This campaign offers us the opportunity to study the particular forms taken by women's antifascist activities at a time when they were not accepted as equal political partners by the male-dominated antifascist organizations in exile. From Marion Cave's entry into Florentine antifascism to the formation of several women's antifascist networks in Britain, this article highlights women's agency in the fight against Mussolini and broadens our understanding of the antifascist struggle.
"If We Can Nominate Her, She is a Cinch to Elect": Helen Gahagan Douglas and the Gendered Politics of Accommodation, 1940-1944
Authors: Van Ingen Linda
Published: September 2012

Democrat Helen Gahagan Douglas of California is widely remembered for her senatorial loss to Richard Nixon and his red-baiting tactics in 1950. She is also remembered for her extraordinary rise to Congress in 1944. While not disputing her talents, this article explores the gendered politics of accommodation that shaped her initial success. Douglas established political credibility by accommodating male partisans at some cost to local women leaders and she benefitted from an incumbent effect not unlike congressional widows. The Democratic Party, in turn, accommodated Douglas in a winnable district because of her symbolic value as a woman who could stand up against Republican women in Congress. By examining Douglas's campaign at both local and national levels and analyzing the accommodation politics that this campaign reveals, this article adds to the integrationist and separatist interpretations of women's partisan history and sheds new light on women's electoral success in a male-dominated political system.
The role of lexical frequency in syntactic variability: Variable subject personal pronoun expression in Spanish
Authors: Erker Daniel , Guy Gregory R.
Published: September 2012

Much recent work argues that lexical frequency plays a central explanatory role in linguistic theory, but the status, predicted effects, and methodological treatment of frequency are controversial, especially so in the less-investigated area of syntactic variation. This article addresses these issues in a case study of lexical frequency effects on variable subject personal pronoun (SPP) expression in Spanish. Prior studies of Spanish SPP use revealed significant constraints including formal and semantic properties of the verb, and discourse factors such as a switch reference. These constraints appear to be confirmed in our analysis of 4,916 verbs from a spoken corpus of Spanish, as is a powerful role for lexical frequency. But the frequency effect—best configured as a discrete rather than continuous variable—is complex; statistically, it has no independent direct effect, but operates entirely through interaction with other constraints. All other constraints on SPP use are amplified in high-frequency forms, and some disappear at low frequencies. Frequency thus acts as a 'gatekeeper' and potentiator: above some frequency threshold, significant linguistic constraints on SPP use emerge; below the threshold they do not. We propose that this reflects experience and acquisition: speakers cannot formulate hypotheses about individual lexical items until they have sufficient evidence; the threshold is the level at which speakers have enough experience with a form to do so. These results have important theoretical and methodological implications. They require rich lexical representations incorporating frequency and collocational information. Methodologically they indicate the need for careful quantitative explorations of frequency, because its role as an enabler of other constraints produces unstable statistical results.
Detecting the Late Stages of Syntactic Change: The Loss of V-to-T in Faroese
Authors: Heycock Caroline , Sorace Antonella , Hansen Zakaris Svabo , Wilson Frances , Vikner Sten
Published: September 2012

While all of the Scandinavian languages have verb-second order in main clauses, they vary in the word order in subordinate clauses: in Icelandic the finite verb appears in a high position, to the left of negation and sentence-medial adverbs, while in all of the standard Mainland Scandinavian languages it remains in a low position, to the right of these elements. This order in Mainland Scandinavian is known to be the result of a historical change, and has frequently been tied to the loss of agreement morphology. Faroese has been argued to be currently undergoing a change of the same type, but it has proved difficult to establish a sound empirical footing for the various claims about the syntax of this language. In this article we present data from three experimental investigations of acceptability, supplemented with a study of available texts, that show that the language is very close to completing the change in the loss of the high position for the verb, but that its syntax is still distinct in this respect from that of Danish, the mainland Scandinavian language with which it is in most contact. In addition to establishing a firmer empirical basis for theories of verb movement, our study also makes the methodological point that grammaticality-judgment tasks can yield extremely fine-grained results even in cases where variability is at issue.
The course of actualization
Authors: De Smet Hendrik
Published: September 2012

Actualization is traditionally seen as the process following syntactic reanalysis whereby an item's new syntactic status manifests itself in new syntactic behavior. The process is gradual in that some new uses of the reanalyzed item appear earlier or more readily than others. This article accounts for the order in which new uses appear during actualization. Five corpus-based case studies are presented involving reanalysis and actualization in different functional domains of grammar. These include the reanalysis of all but, far from , and Dutch verre van to adverbial downtoners, and the reanalysis of fun and key from nouns to adjectives. It is shown that actualization proceeds from one environment to another on the basis of similarity relations between environments. The similarity relations may involve broad syntactic generalizations but also superficial similarities to existing patterns, including even an item's uses prior to reanalysis. Because actualization is guided by local and global analogies to existing uses, one determinant of the course of actualization is the locus of reanalysis, as it defines the first uses of an item under change, on which subsequent uses can be modeled. It also follows that the course of actualization is both item-specific and language-specific. The findings presented challenge the concept of reanalysis, which appears less abrupt than usually assumed. Further, it is argued that the findings fit best with usage-based models of language, which attribute a prominent role to similarity-based organization in grammar, and in which an item's use can be subject to multiple, potentially conflicting generalizations.
Paradigmatic Chaos in Nuer
Authors: Baerman Matthew
Published: September 2012

The case-number suffixes of the Western Nilotic language Nuer (Frank 1999) display a remarkable combination of formal simplicity and distributional complexity, which is manifested in: (i) a seemingly erratic form-function mapping that precludes attributing a consistent meaning to the suffixes, and (ii) a wealth of inflection classes only barely differentiated from each other. The suffixes looks as if they were rule-generated, but behave as if they were memorized. I advance a model of inflection combining principal parts, implicational rules, and default inheritance, in which the bulk of the complexity is attributed to the lexical stem, revealing the underlying systematicity behind suffix assignment.
Subjects in Acehnese and the nature of the passive
Authors: Legate Julie Anne
Published: September 2012

This article reexamines a controversial construction in Acehnese (Lawler 1977 versus Durie 1988). I demonstrate that the construction is a passive, even though a verbal prefix bears the features of the agent rather than the surface subject. I analyze the prefix as a morphological realization of the functional head that introduces the external argument; the features borne by this head are not agreement, but rather interpretable features that restrict the external argument position. Important consequences are that Acehnese does not counterexemplify the universality of grammatical relations (contra Durie 1988 and subsequent), and that Acehnese provides clear morphological evidence for the presence in passives of the functional head that introduces the external argument.*
Feasibility of Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Plus Thermal Swing Adsorption (TSA) Technology For Odorant Separation - A Process Design Approach
Authors: Ker Yaw-Bee , Chyau Charng-Cherng , Wang Hui-Er , Chen Kuan-Chou , Peng Robert Y.
Published: September 2012

PSA (pressure swing adsorption) has been a well known commercialized process in the petroleum refining engineering. With the consideration that the volatiles, odorants or essential oils in a variety of plants and herbs may be separated taking the advantage of PSA, we present in this article a newly designed process: PSA plus TSA (thermal swing adsorption). As the odorants or essential oils are unlike the volatile components in the petroleum, being characteristic with higher boiling points and able to become liquefied during the PSA treatment, thereby a TSA technique is necessarily incorporated, so that the whole process can be operated in an entirely gaseous phase to facilitate the separation.
A New Method for Static Voltage Stability Assessment based on The Local Loadability Boundary
Authors: Nguyen Thang Van , Nguyen Y. Minh , Yoon Yong Tae
Published: September 2012

This paper proposes a new method for assessing static voltage stability based on the local loadability boundary or P- Q curve in two dimensional power parameter space. The proposed method includes three main steps. The first step is to determine the critical buses and the second step is building the local loadability boundary or the saddle node bifurcation set for those critical buses. The final step is assessing the static voltage stability through the distance from current operating point to the boundary. The critical buses are defined through the right eigenvector by direct method. The boundary obtained by the proposed method that is combining a variation of standard direct method and Thevenin equivalent model of electric power system is a quadratic curve. And finally the distance is computed through the Euclid norm of normal vector of the boundary at the closest saddle node bifurcation point. The advantage of the proposed method is that it keeps the advantages of both efficient methods, the accuracy of the direct method and simple of Thevenin Equivalent based method. Thus, the proposed method holds some promise in terms of performing the real time voltage stability assessment of power system. Test results of New England 39 bus system are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Hot water extracted wood fiber for production of wood plastic composites (WPCs)
Authors: Pelaez-Samaniego Manuel Raul , Yadama Vikram , Lowell Eini , Amidon Thomas E. , Chaffee Timothy L.
Published: September 2012

Undebarked ponderosa pine chips were treated by hot water extraction to modify the chemical composition. In the treated pine (TP), the mass was reduced by approximately 20%, and the extract was composed mainly of degradation products of hemicelluloses. Wood flour produced from TP and unextracted chips (untreated pine, UP) was blended with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) and was extruded into wood plastic composites (WPCs). Formulations for WPCs consisted of 58% pine, 32% plastic, and 10% other additives. WPC based on HDPE+TP and PP+TP absorbed 46–45% less water than did WPC based on HDPE+UP and PP+UP, respectively. Thickness swelling was reduced by 45–59%, respectively, after 2520 h of immersion. The diffusion constant decreased by approximately 36%. Evaluation of mechanical properties in flexure and tension mode indicated improvements in TP-WPC properties, although the data were not statistically significant in all cases. Results showed that debarking of ponderosa pine is not required for WPC production.
Ancient Admixture in Human History
Authors: Patterson Nick , Moorjani Priya , Luo Yontao , Mallick Swapan , Rohland Nadin , Zhan Yiping , Genschoreck Teri , Webster Teresa , Reich David
Published: September 2012

Population mixture is an important process in biology. We present a suite of methods for learning about population mixtures, implemented in a software package called ADMIXTOOLS, that support formal tests for whether mixture occurred and make it possible to infer proportions and dates of mixture. We also describe the development of a new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array consisting of 629,433 sites with clearly documented ascertainment that was specifically designed for population genetic analyses and that we genotyped in 934 individuals from 53 diverse populations. To illustrate the methods, we give a number of examples that provide new insights about the history of human admixture. The most striking finding is a clear signal of admixture into northern Europe, with one ancestral population related to present-day Basques and Sardinians and the other related to present-day populations of northeast Asia and the Americas. This likely reflects a history of admixture between Neolithic migrants and the indigenous Mesolithic population of Europe, consistent with recent analyses of ancient bones from Sweden and the sequencing of the genome of the Tyrolean “Iceman.”
Blood Alcohol Levels for American Indian Mothers and Newborns
Authors: Kvigne Valborg L. , Randall Brad , Simanton Edward G. , Brenneman George , Welty Thomas K.
Published: September 2012

Very little is known about the alcohol elimination rates of newborns who have had chronic alcohol exposure in utero. In these case reports, blood alcohol levels were taken immediately before delivery, at delivery, and postdelivery for 2 mothers who drank alcohol during their pregnancies and 3 single-birth newborns. Newborn A1 of Mother A had no physical characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). The initial blood alcohol level for this newborn was 38.4 mg/dL 129 minutes after birth, with a subsequent blood alcohol level of 5.5 mg/dL 304 minutes after delivery, resulting in an alcohol elimination rate of 11.3 mg/dL per hour. The blood alcohol level for Mother A was 87.4 mg/dL 66 minutes before delivery. Newborn A2 of mother A had FAS. Sixty minutes after delivery, the blood alcohol level for this newborn was 39.5 mg/dL, and the alcohol level of the mother was 42.1 mg/dL. Newborn B1 of mother B had FAS. At 67 minutes after birth, newborn B1 had a blood alcohol level of 246.5 mg/dL, which dropped to 178.7 mg/dL 302 minutes after birth, resulting in an alcohol elimination rate of 17.3 mg/dL per hour. This alcohol elimination rate is within the metabolism range (15–49 mg/dL per hour) of adults with alcoholism. The maternal blood alcohol level was 265.9 mg/dL 27 minutes before delivery. Blood alcohol levels drawn on both the mother and newborn at delivery and 2 or 3 hourly follow-up levels can provide evidence that fetal alcohol dehydrogenase activity is induced by chronic maternal alcohol use.
Beliefs and Expectations of Canadian Parents Who Bring Febrile Children for Medical Care
Authors: Enarson Mark C. , Ali Samina , Vandermeer Ben , Wright Robert B. , Klassen Terry P. , Spiers Judith A.
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVES:

The purpose of this survey was to study the beliefs, expectations, and satisfaction of Canadian parents regarding fever and the treatment of their febrile children.

METHODS:

A survey was developed exploring caregiver beliefs and treatment strategies, as well as expectations and satisfaction with medical care. Some items were modeled after previous studies to allow comparison. Caregivers with febrile children were recruited from 2005 to 2007 at 3 urgent care centers and emergency departments in Edmonton, Canada: a pediatric emergency department (n = 376), an urban urgent care center (n = 227), and a suburban urgent care clinic (n = 173).

RESULTS:

High and rapidly rising temperature, as well as physical symptoms associated with fever, caused concern in most parents surveyed. Seventy-four percent of parents felt that the elevated temperature from fever was dangerous and 90.3% always try to treat it. Forty degrees Celsius was the most commonly sited threshold for danger. Identifying the cause (80.6%) and seriousness (87.4%) of fever were the most com-mon stressors identified. Caregivers expected to receive information about the child’s illness and appropriate treatment. The parents most often wanted information about febrile seizures and the potential dangers of febrile illness. Only 16.7% of caregivers expected anti-biotics. Nearly 92% of subjects were usually satisfied with medical care.

CONCLUSIONS:

Fever phobia continues to be a significant issue for Canadian parents. As a result, they treat fever aggressively and often seek medical attention. Good communication is important for medical staff caring for febrile children and typically leads to satisfied parents.
Acute Bacterial Osteoarticular Infections: Eight-Year Analysis of C-Reactive Protein for Oral Step-Down Therapy
Authors: Arnold John C. , Cannavino Christopher R. , Ross Mindy K. , Westley Ben , Miller Thomas C. , Riffenburgh Robert H. , Bradley John
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND:

One of the most important decisions in the treatment of osteoarticular infections is the time at which parenteral therapy can be changed to oral therapy. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute inflammatory indicator with a half-life of 19 hours and thus can be helpful in assessing the adequacy of therapy for bacterial infections. At our institution, a combination of CRP and clinical findings is used to determine the transition to oral therapy.

METHODS:

A search of 8 years of electronic records identified children with osteoarticular infections. Only children with culture-positive acute bacterial arthritis (ABA) or acute bacterial osteomyelitis (ABO) were studied further. A primary chart review of demographic and clinical data was conducted, and a secondary chart review of complicated outcomes was performed.

RESULTS:

Of 194 total patients, complicated outcomes occurred in 40, of which 35 were prolonged therapy. Only 1 microbiologic failure occurred, presumably due to a retained intra-articular fragment of infected bone. CRP was highest initially among patients with simultaneous ABO + ABA and among those with complicated outcomes, and was lower at the transition to oral therapy in the complicated outcome group (1.5 vs 2.1 mg/dL; P = .012).

CONCLUSIONS:

The combination of clinical findings and CRP is a useful tool to transition children with osteoarticular infections to oral therapy. Complicated outcomes were associated with higher early CRP at diagnosis and lower CRP at the end of parenteral therapy, suggesting that clinicians were more conservative with prolonged initial parenteral therapy in this group.
Comparison of Mortality and Morbidity of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Between Canada and Japan
Authors: Isayama Tetsuya , Lee Shoo K. , Mori Rintaro , Kusuda Satoshi , Fujimura Masanori , Ye Xiang Y. , Shah Prakesh S. ,   the Canadian Neonatal Network and the Neonatal Research Network of Japan
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE:

To compare neonatal outcomes of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants admitted to NICUs participating in the Canadian Neonatal Network and the Neonatal Research Network of Japan.

METHODS:

Secondary analyses of VLBW infants in both national databases between 2006 and 2008 were conducted. The primary outcome was a composite of mortality or any major morbidity defined as severe neurologic injury, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, or severe retinopathy of prematurity at discharge. Secondary outcomes included individual components of primary outcome and late-onset sepsis. Logistic regression adjusting for confounders was performed.

RESULTS:

A total of 5341 infants from the Canadian Neonatal Network and 9812 infants from the Neonatal Research Network of Japan were compared. There were higher rates of maternal hypertension, diabetes mellitus, outborn, prenatal steroid use, and multiples in Canada, whereas cesarean deliveries were higher in Japan. Composite primary outcome was better in Japan in comparison with Canada (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79–0.96). The odds of mortality (AOR 0.40, 95% CI 0.34–0.47), severe neurologic injury (AOR 0.57, 95% CI 0.49–0.66), necrotizing enterocolitis (AOR 0.23, 95% CI 0.19–0.29), and late-onset sepsis (AOR 0.22, 95% CI 0.19–0.25) were lower in Japan; however, the odds of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (AOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.10–1.42) and severe retinopathy of prematurity (AOR 1.98, 95%CI 1.69–2.33) were higher in Japan.

CONCLUSIONS:

Composite outcome of mortality or major morbidity was significantly lower in Japan than Canada for VLBW infants. However, there were significant differences in various individual outcomes identifying areas for improvement for both networks.