bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for progression in frontal cortical pathology in late‐stage Huntington's disease
Authors: Selemon Lynn D. , Rajkowska Grazyna , Goldman‐Rakic Patricia S.
Published: December 2003

Atrophy of the cerebral cortex in Huntington's disease is regionally heterogeneous and progressive, involving the entire cerebral mantle in terminal stages. Here, two areas (9 and 46) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were analyzed in 11 late‐stage (grades 3 or 4) Huntington's diseased patients and 8 normal control subjects. We used a 3‐dimensional cell counting method to assess laminar cell density, number, and width. Reductions in overall cortical thickness in areas 9 (26%) and 46 (23%) were comparable. Area 9 exhibited loss of projection neurons in layers III (16%), V (31%), and VI (37%); these same layers were also reduced in width (25%, 34%, and 46%, respectively). In area 46, reductions in cortical width in layers II (18%) and VI (35%) were not accompanied by neuronal loss. Glial density was increased in deeper layers, reaching significance in layer VI (68%) of area 9 and in layer V (75%) of area 46; glial number was not altered. Thus, area 46 exhibited marked cortical thinning without apparent neuronal degeneration, whereas in area 9 neuronal loss was pronounced, consistent with an advanced phase of cortical pathology. Prominent involvement of corticothalamic neurons is discussed in the context of striatal loop circuitry and a possible pathologic cascade of cortical degeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:190–204, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal and spatial regulation of chondroitin sulfate, radial glial cells, growing commissural axons, and other hippocampal efferents in developing hamsters
Authors: Braga‐de‐Souza Suzana , Lent Roberto
Published: December 2003

We investigated the time and space relationship between growth of hippocampal efferents, particularly those forming the hippocampal commissure, and expression of extracellular matrix components related to radial glial cells. Developing hamster brains from embryonic day (E) 13 to postnatal day (P) 7 had 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) crystals implanted into the hippocampus or were processed for fluorescent immunohistochemistry against chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The first, pioneer fibers from the hippocampus were seen crossing the midline at E15 and arriving at the contralateral hippocampus 24–48 hours later (P1), followed closely by a thick front of growing fibers. Before E15, CS expression was preceded by septal fusion and was concomitant with formation of the commissural tract. On E15, CS expression formed a U‐shaped border below the fimbria. From E15 to P3, CS became expressed between the hippocampal commissure and the third ventricle and at the caudal borders of the fornix columns. As the hippocampal commissure expanded, CS expression became gradually lighter to virtually disappear by P7. On E15 and P1, GFAP‐positive radial glial cells were present caudal (but not rostral) to the commissure at the midline, partially overlapping CS expression. Similar cells were present dorsal to the fimbria, extending their processes perpendicularly over the growing axons. The data reveal that CS and radial glial cells form a tunnel surrounding the developing fimbria and a border at the midline caudal to the hippocampal commissure. It is suggested that these cellular and molecular borders play a role in guidance of hippocampal efferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:217–232, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dye coupling without gap junctions suggests excitatory connections of γ‐aminobutyric acidergic neurons
Authors: Meek Johannes , Kirchberg Gaby , Grant Kirsty , Von Der Emde Gerhard
Published: December 2003

After injections of the low‐molecular‐weight tracer neurobiotin into the preeminential nucleus of the brain of the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii, we observed that retrogradely labeled, large fusiform projection neurons (LFd cells) of the deep granular layer of the electrosensory lobe (ELL) were surrounded by 30–50 labeled satellite granular cells. More superficially located projection cells, including large fusiform cells in the superficial granular layer (LFs) and large ganglionic (LG) cells in the ganglionic layer, were never surrounded by labeled satellites. LFd‐satellite cells have a small soma (diameter 5–8 μm), a few small dendrites, and an apical axon that terminates in the plexiform and ganglionic layers of the ELL. They contact LFd projection neurons with dendrodendritic, dendrosomatic, and somatodendritic puncta adhaerentia‐like appositions, designated here as “neurapses.” In the electron microscope, these contacts resemble synapses without presynaptic vesicles. Because no gap junctions were found between LFd and satellite granule cells, we suggest that the neurapses allow the passage of neurobiotin, though not biocytin or biotinylated dextran amine. These contacts may provide the intermediate substrate for the postulated, but so far unknown, excitatory connection between primary afferent input and LFd projection neurons, via γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic granular cells. We suggest that certain puncta adhaerentia‐like contacts might not be only adhesive structures and that LFd‐satellite granular cells might both excite LFd projection cells via neuraptic contacts of their dendrites and cell bodies and inhibit more superficial LF and LG cells via their GABAergic axonal synapses. Our results suggest that puncta adhaerentia‐like contacts could be responsible in some cases for the electrical coupling found electrophysiologically in local inhibitory circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:151–164, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calbindin‐containing interneurons are a target for VIP‐immunoreactive synapses in rat primary somatosensory cortex
Authors: Staiger Jochen F. , Masanneck Carmen , Schleicher Axel , Zuschratter Werner
Published: December 2003

Inhibitory interneurons in cerebral cortex are morphologically and physiologically extremely heterogeneous. This greatly interferes with an understanding of their functions. Progress has been made by classifying these neurons with the aid of molecular markers, e.g., neuropeptides or calcium‐binding proteins, which are reliably expressed by certain subpopulations. We have used this approach to demonstrate an output of a subpopulation of cortical interneurons which express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). By double immunostaining and correlated light and electron microscopy, we show that calbindin (CB)‐containing interneurons located in layers II–VI of rat barrel cortex are targets of symmetric VIP‐immunoreactive synapses. All CB‐immunoreactive interneurons showed numerous contacts of VIP boutons on proximal and distal dendritic segments. A great majority of CB‐immunoreactive interneurons (214/222) displayed such close appositions with VIP boutons on their soma as well. Quantification revealed that the number of VIP‐immunoreactive boutons on CB‐immunoreactive somata and dendrites of specified order is comparable for the different cortical layers. In conclusion, all calbindin‐containing cortical interneurons seem to be under direct influence of other GABAergic interneurons expressing the peptide VIP. An indirect functional consequence of this may be disinhibition of pyramidal cells, which are considered the major target of calbindin interneurons. However, since the examined types of interneurons are intricately embedded in networks of yet different interneurons, the outcome of these multiple inhibitory interactions is likely to be less simplistic. It may be related to the timing of pyramidal cell discharge within and across layers of cortical columns. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:179–189, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The temporal sequence of morphological and molecular changes in axotomized feline motoneurons leading to the formation of axons from the ends of dendrites
Authors: MacDermid Victoria E. , Neuber‐Hess Monica S. , Rose P. Ken
Published: December 2003

At 8–12 weeks post axotomy, unusual distal processes (UDPs) with axon‐like structural (uniform diameter, tortuous) and molecular (growth‐associated protein [GAP]43, absence of microtubule‐associated protein [MAP]2a/b immunoreactivity) features emerge from distal motoneuron dendrites (Rose et al. [2001] Eur J Neurosci 13:1166–1176). In this study, we determine the time course of molecular and morphological changes associated with the formation of axons from dendrites. Motoneurons innervating neck muscles in the adult cat were permanently axotomized for 2, 4, 20, or 35 weeks and intracellularly stained with Neurobiotin. Computer‐assisted reconstructions were used to map the location of MAP2a/b and GAP‐43 immunoreactivity. At 2 and 4 weeks post axotomy, all UDPs had short appendages, giving them an arboreal appearance. They were immunoreactive for GAP‐43 and lacked immunostaining for MAP2a/b. Axon‐like UDPs were not seen until 8–12 weeks post axotomy. By 20 and 35 weeks post axotomy, some axon‐like UDPs acquired morphological features of axons with synaptic connections (right‐angled branching, bouton‐like specializations). GAP‐43 immunoreactivity was not detected in any axotomized motoneurons by 20 weeks post axotomy, whereas all UDPs remained devoid of MAP2a/b immunoreactivity even at 35 weeks post axotomy. These molecular changes accompanied structural modifications to proximal regions of “dendrites” giving rise to UDPs. The distance from the ends of the UDPs to the soma did not change. Thus, all UDPs begin as simple, arboreal structures with molecular features of growing axons, but over a period of 35 weeks, some UDPs slowly acquire morphological and molecular features of motoneuron axons with synaptic connections. These results suggest a new modus operandi for axonal growth and the establishment of new synaptic connections after injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:233–250, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor and serotonin 3 receptor subunit A (5‐HT3A) are co‐expressed in GABA neurons in the rat telencephalon
Authors: Morales Marisela , Wang Shwun‐De , Diaz‐Ruiz Oscar , Hyun‐Jin Jho Diana
Published: December 2003

Among all described serotonin (5‐HT) receptors in mammals, the type three (5‐HT3) is the only ligand‐gated ion channel receptor for serotonin. By using double in situ hybridization histochemistry, we found co‐expression of the functional 5‐HT3A subunit of the 5‐HT3 receptor and the central CB1 cannabinoid receptor in neurons of the rat telencephalon. Double‐labeled 5‐HT3A/CB1 neurons were found in the anterior olfactory nucleus, superficial and deep layers of the cortex, hippocampal formation (hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum, and entorhinal cortex) and amygdala. Analysis of the proportion of neurons co‐expressing 5‐HT3A and CB1 receptors in the cortex and amygdala showed that, depending on the brain region, 37–53% of all neurons expressing the 5‐HT3A subunit also expressed CB1 transcripts; 16–72% of the total population of neurons expressing CB1 mRNA co‐expressed the 5‐HT3A subunit. By using a combination of double in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that 5‐HT3A/CB1‐expressing neurons contained the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). These results imply that in distinct regions of the telencephalon, GABA neurons that react to cannabinoids may also be responsive to serotonin through 5‐HT3 receptors. Cellular coexistence of 5‐HT3A and CB1 transcripts in interneurons of the cortex, hippocampal formation, and amygdala suggest possible interactions between the cannabinoid and serotonergic systems at the level of GABA neurotransmission in brain areas involved in cognition, memory, and emotion. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:205–216, 2004. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dorsal striatopallidal system in anurans
Authors: Endepols Heike , Roden Katja , Luksch Harald , Dicke Ursula , Walkowiak Wolfgang
Published: December 2003

The dorsal striatopallidal system of tetrapods consists of the dorsal striatum (caudate‐putamen in mammals) and the dorsal pallidum. Although the existence of striatal and pallidal structures has been well documented in anuran amphibians, the exact boundaries of these structures have so far been a matter of debate. To delineate precisely the dorsal striatopallidal system of anurans, we used quantitative analysis of leucine‐enkephalin immunohistochemistry (in Bombina orientalis, Discoglossus pictus, Xenopus laevis, and Hyla versicolor), retrograde neurobiotin tracing studies (injections in the central and ventromedial thalamic nuclei in H. versicolor), and double‐labeling tracing studies (injections in the lateral forebrain bundle and the caudal striatum in B. orientalis). Immunohistochemistry revealed that enkephalin‐positive neurons are located mainly in the rostral and intermediate striatum. Neurobiotin tracing studies demonstrated that neurons projecting to the central and ventromedial thalamic nuclei are found in the intermediate and caudal striatum. Double‐labeling studies revealed that the population of neurons in the rostral and intermediate striatum innervating the caudal striatum is separated from neurons projecting into the lateral forebrain bundle. Neurons that project to both the caudal striatum and the lateral forebrain bundle are found only in the dorsal part of the intermediate striatum. Taken together, our results suggest that the rostral striatum of anurans is homologous to the striatum proper of mammals, whereas the caudal striatum is comparable to the dorsal pallidum. The intermediate striatum represents a transition area between the two structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:299–310, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A realistic mobility pattern generator for the performance evaluation of mobile computing mechanisms
Authors: Kyriakakos M. , Frangiadakis N. , Hadjiefthymiades S. , Merakos L.
Published: December 2003

A platform for the simulation of mobility functions (e.g. protocols, application architectures) is presented. This platform, named RMPG, is based on the assumption that real humans exhibit considerable spatial and temporal regularity in their moves. We base our simulation environment on the random way‐point algorithm incorporated in the ns tool. We review other approaches, simulation tools and mobility models. Through the RMPG, that has been implemented in Java, we performed a series of simulations by considering a path prediction algorithm as a mobility function scheme. We present our results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine‐needle aspiration of superficial and deeply seated lymph nodes on patients with and without a history of malignancy: Review of 439 cases
Authors: Schafernak Kristian T. , Kluskens Larry F. , Ariga Reshma , Reddy Vijaya B. , Gattuso Paolo
Published: December 2003

This study addresses the utility of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in assessing lymphadenopathy in patients with and without a previous history of malignancy. We reviewed the FNAs of superficial and deeply seated lymph nodes performed at our institution over a period of 18 yr (1983–2001). Where applicable, we also reviewed and report here the results of subsequent surgical excisional biopsies. We analyzed data from 439 patients, who ranged in age from 1 to 90 yr. The neck and retroperitoneum were the most frequently sampled sites (47% and 25%, respectively). Among the 439 FNAs, adequate material was obtained in 421 cases (96%); the remaining 18 were unsatisfactory (4.1%). Malignant diagnoses were rendered in 330 cases (75% of 439), four were suspicious for lymphoma (0.9%), and 87 were read as reactive lymph nodes or granulomas (20%). The most common malignant cytologic diagnoses from these lymph node FNAs were adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and lymphoma. We compared results between two major groups: patients with a history of malignancy and those without. FNA showed malignancy in 87% of patients with a history of cancer and 41% without such a history. Thirty‐three or 10% of patients with a history of malignancy were given a benign diagnosis and follow‐up surgical excisional biopsies were performed in nine of these cases. Four of the nine showed low‐grade lymphoma. Of the 18 nondiagnostic FNAs, nine came from patients with a history of malignancy and in six of these nine who had a follow‐up surgical excisional biopsy the lymph nodes were positive for malignancy. Of the other nine, who had no history of malignancy, only two had follow‐up biopsies and both of these were negative. Patients with a history of malignancy are more than twice as likely to show malignancy on lymph node FNA compared to those without such a history (87% vs. 41%). Knowing whether a patient has a history of malignancy provides the appropriate level of suspicion for ordering ancillary investigations or even recommending excisional biopsy for further evaluation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;29:315–319. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology vs. core biopsy in the diagnosis of breast lesions
Authors: Berner Aasmund , Davidson Ben , Sigstad Eva , Risberg Bjørn
Published: December 2003

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an established, highly accurate method for diagnosing breast lesions. However, in recent years there has been increased use of core biopsy (CB) in this setting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of FNAC and compare the quality assessment parameters of FNAC and CB in palpable and nonpalpable breast lesions. Data regarding FNAC, CB, and excision biopsy (EB) diagnoses were retrieved from the archives of our department. A total of 4,367 FNAC samples from the years 1999–2001 was reviewed. Of these, corresponding histology results were available for 1,275 lesions, of which 1,248 were primary breast epithelial lesions (788 EB, 199 CB, 261 EB+CB). All cases were analyzed for sensitivity and specificity of FNAC. Cases with both FNAC and CB were compared and quality assessment parameters were calculated using the methodology detailed in the National Health Service Breast Screening Program guidelines. High specificity and sensitivity, as calculated for satisfactory specimens, were achieved with the use of both FNAC and CB. False‐positive and false‐negative diagnoses were seen in 7/404 (1.7%) and 45/635 (7.1%) of biopsy‐proven specimens sampled by FNAC. The corresponding values for CB were 0% and 5.7%, respectively. Inadequate sampling (15.1%) with use of FNAC was particularly seen in collagenous lesions and in submitted specimens sampled by physicians lacking experience with the FNAC procedure. FNAC is a valuable method, although moderately less sensitive than CB. CB is the preferred method for preoperative diagnosis when sampling FNAC provides scarce material and suspicion of a fibrotic and collagenous lesion such as lobular carcinoma and radial scar arises. FNAC is most accurate when experienced cytologists are available and when immediate assessment by professionals is performed for evaluation of material adequacy, so that additional aspirations can be done when needed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;29:344–348. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ergonomics and cytotechnologists: Reported musculoskeletal discomfort
Authors: Thompson Sophie K. , Mason Eileen , Dukes Stephanie
Published: December 2003

Analysis of this survey of 244 responding cytotechnologists shows that a high percentage still suffer from musculoskeletal disorders commonly associated with poor ergonomic design in the workplace, despite the variety of ergonomically designed microscopes that have been introduced into the market. Although Kalavar and Hunting surveyed a small group of cytotechnologists in the Washington, DC, area in 1996, no broad‐based study has focused specifically on these professionals. The landmark study of microscope ergonomics, published by Soderberg in 1980, documented widespread musculoskeletal complaints in the electronics industry. This article identifies and discusses the types of musculoskeletal discomforts experienced by cytotechnologists. We propose that both practicing and student cytotechnologists receive training in ergonomic principles and appropriate interventions, such as improved work practices, proper ergonomic aids, well‐designed workstations, and ergonomically designed equipment. More than 85% of respondents reported some musculoskeletal discomfort. Among the symptoms presented are headache, neck pain and stiffness, pain of the lower and upper back, and upper‐extremity discomfort. Neurological symptoms, such as numbness, tingling, and/or pain in the hand and fingers, are often associated with repetitive motion. More than one‐third reported numbness, tingling, and/or pain in the left‐hand fingers, usually used for the fine‐focus control knob. Almost one‐half of respondents reported such symptoms for the right hand and fingers, normally used to manipulate the mechanical stage controls. Only 9% of the respondents were left‐handed. Most (91%) were right handed. Although just over one‐third (34.4%) of respondents worked for an employer with an ergonomics program, ergonomic assessments had been performed for only about one‐half (17.6%) of these. In addition, approximately 10% of respondents indicated that ergonomics assessments had been performed on their workstations, even though the employer did not have an ergonomics program. Because of the high prevalence of reported symptoms, we recommend that all cytologists be trained in basic ergonomic principles and the proper use of ergonomic aids. These interventions should reduce the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort in medical microscopists. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;29:364–367. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elastofibroma dorsi has distinct cytomorphologic features, making diagnostic surgical biopsy unnecessary: Cytomorphologic study with clinical, radiologic, and electron microscopic correlations
Authors: Domanski Henryk A. , Carlén Birgitta , Sloth Maja , Rydholm Anders
Published: December 2003

Elastofibroma dorsi (EFD) is a relatively rare soft tissue mass, probably of reactive nature. The lesion is typically located near the inferior margin of the scapula or between the inferior part of scapula and the chest wall in elderly women. Although location of the tumor together with the age/sex of the patients and radiologic findings is often suggestive of the diagnosis, tissue examination has been considered necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Although the histologic features of EFD are well known, there are only four single case reports of the cytologic findings in the English language literature. We describe the cytologic features of EFD in five patients with correlations to clinical, radiologic, histologic, and electron microscopic findings. The current study suggests that the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) features are highly diagnostic, permitting a firm diagnosis of EFD in a typical clinical setting and eliminating the need for preoperative histologic examination. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;29:327–333. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostatic epithelial polyp diagnosed in a bladder wash
Authors: Sarwar Syeda F. , Lorusso Giovanni D. , Sarma Deba P.
Published: December 2003

Prostatic epithelial polyps, also known as adenomatous polyps or papillary adenomas with prostatic type epithelium, are uncommon lesions. These lesions typically involve the adult male urethra, trigone, or bladder dome. Diagnosis is usually made by biopsy. Presence of clusters of benign columnar cells in urine cytologic material can suggest the presence of such polyps and must be included in the differential diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;29:356–357. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytological diagnosis of nonulcerative penile neoplasms: Report of two cases
Authors: Harish K. , Alva N. Kishore , Arun Kumar S.P. , Mangala Gouri S.R.
Published: December 2003

Nonulcerative penile mass lesions are rare. Pathological diagnosis of these lesions would traditionally be a biopsy. We report two such primary penile lesions which were diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Both lesions were present in the shaft and were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The first patient had a recurrence on the penile stump of partial amputation without any ulceration. The second had a primary urethral carcinoma on the terminal penile shaft infiltrating the corpora cavernosa dorsally. Open biopsies were avoided in both cases. FNAC was associated with very little and tolerable discomfort. There were no complications. The aspirate yield was sufficient for cytological diagnosis. FNAC of nonulcerated penile lesions is safe, well tolerated, and capable of providing a cytological diagnosis. Hence, it is a very useful outpatient procedure and could be the procedure of choice for diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;29:358–359. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequence confirmation of the EWS‐WT1 fusion gene transcript in the peritoneal effusion of a patient with desmoplastic small round cell tumor
Authors: Chiu L.L. , Koay E.S.C. , Chan N.H. , Salto‐Tellez M.
Published: December 2003

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare undifferentiated neoplasm. The prognosis is poor, even if therapy is instituted promptly, and thus it is important to differentiate it from other histologically and cytologically similar‐looking malignancies of the young adult. We present a case of DSRCT in a 17‐yr‐old male with disseminated peritoneal disease and peritoneal effusion. The cytology sample showed a malignant small round cell tumor, the classical cytological features of DSRCT, and immunohistochemistry performed in the prepared cell block exhibited an antibody expression profile in keeping with DSRCT. Further material from the effusion was prepared for RNA extraction, following which a reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and sequencing of the t(11;22)(p13;q11 or q12) were carried out. The result showed the presence of the reciprocal translocation and thus confirmed the diagnosis of DSRCT. This case shows how molecular techniques (including sequencing) can be applied to cytology in clarifying and confirming certain difficult diagnosis of undifferentiated neoplasms, DSRCT in this particular case. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;29:341–343. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Similarities in affiliation and aggression between cross‐fostered rhesus macaque females and their biological mothers
Authors: Maestripieri Dario
Published: December 2003

In female‐bonded primate species, there is cross‐generational consistency in female affiliative and aggressive behavior. This consistency could be the result of maternal effects, offspring learning, shared environment, and/or direct genetic inheritance of behavioral or psychological traits. In this study, I investigated possible similarities in affiliation and aggression between cross‐fostered rhesus macaque females and their biological mothers. Ten female infants were cross‐fostered at birth, and selected aspects of their affiliative and agonistic behavior over the course of their first 3 years of life were compared to the behavior of their foster and biological mothers. Average offspring rates of social contact and aggression across the 3 years, and in particular in Years 2 and 3, resembled those of their biological mothers whereas no clear behavioral similarities between offspring and foster mothers were observed at any age. Heritable variation in female social behavior may be maintained by natural selection and leads to adaptation to different socioecological niches within macaque populations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 43: 321–327, 2003.
Oral compression activity on a surrogate nipple in the newborn rat: Nutritive and nonnutritive sucking
Authors: Kozlov Andrey P. , Petrov Evgeniy S. , Kashinsky Wayne , Nizhnikov Michael E. , Spear Norman E.
Published: December 2003

Newborn rats, 3 hr after birth and before any experience in suckling, were exposed for 10 min to a surrogate nipple providing milk. One hour later, they were exposed to an empty nipple for another 10‐min period. The basic characteristics of oral behavior (oral compression activity, OCA) were assessed by recording intranipple pressure during the pups' first attachment to a nipple. The peculiarities of milk‐induced changes of OCA were examined with three modes of milk delivery (milk infusions, and intermittent and continuous milk deliveries). The pattern of OCA exerted by the newborn pups on a surrogate nipple consisted of rhythmic oscillations within a frequency range of 0.4 to 1.0 Hz, superimposed on slow (frequency < 0.2 Hz), irregular intranipple pressure fluctuations. Oral behavior during the first minute after oral capture of the nipple differed significantly from that during any subsequent 1‐min interval in terms of frequency content of OCA. The pattern of OCA changes induced by milk infusions or intermittent milk delivery included an abrupt rise in intranipple pressure, accompanied or followed by a burst of fast nipple compressions (bites). Our data suggest that newborn rats attached to a surrogate nipple demonstrate patterns of oral behavior that simulate, in terms of basic frequency characteristics, patterns of nutritive and nonnutritive suckling observed in more mature pups on the maternal nipple. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 43: 290–303, 2003.
A neuroimaging method for the study of threat in adolescents
Authors: Monk Christopher S. , Grillon Christian , Baas Johanna M. P. , McClure Erin B. , Nelson Eric E. , Zarahn Eric , Charney Dennis S. , Ernst Monique , Pine Daniel S.
Published: December 2003

Little is understood about the brain basis of anxiety, particularly among youth. However, threat paradigms with animals are delineating the relationship between anxietylike behaviors and brain function. We adapted a threat paradigm for adolescents using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The aim was to examine amygdala activation to fear. The threat was an aversive air blast directed to the larynx. Participants were explicitly informed that they might receive the air blast when viewing one stimulus (threat condition) and would not receive the blast when viewing the other stimulus (safe condition). Participants provided fear ratings immediately after each trial. Based on the relatively mild nature of the air blast, we expected participants to report varying degrees of fear. Those who reported increased fear showed right amygdala activation during the threat condition and left amygdala activation in the safe condition. These procedures offer a promising tool for studying youth with anxiety disorders. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 43: 359–366, 2003.
Left‐ventricular diastolic dysfunction may be prevented by chronic treatment with PPAR‐α or ‐γ agonists in a type 2 diabetic animal model
Authors: Kim Soo Kyung , Zhao Zheng Shan , Lee Yong Jik , Lee Kwang Eun , Kang Seok Min , Choi Donghoon , Lim Sung‐Kil , Chung Namsik , Lee Hyun Chul , Cha Bong Soo
Published: December 2003

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine whether the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) ligands could prevent left‐ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in rats with advanced diabetes. In addition, this study examined whether the activity of malonyl‐CoA decarboxylase (MCD), which is an enzyme related to the degradation of malonyl‐CoA that is known to regulate the fatty acid metabolism, is changed by the diabetic state itself or by treatment with the PPAR ligands.

Methods

Male Otsuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a model of type 2 diabetes, aged 28 weeks, were divided into 3 groups: the untreated, pioglitazone‐treated (10 mg/kg/d), and fenofibrate‐treated (150 mg/kg/d) groups. The rats were treated for 10 weeks. Male Long‐Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats were used as nondiabetic control. Doppler echocardiography and measurements of the MCD activity at the myocardium were performed.

Results

At the age of 38 weeks, the OLETF rats treated with either pioglitazone or fenofibrate showed an improvement in the plasma glucose levels after glucose loading as well as an improvement in the fasting plasma insulin, triglyceride, and FFA levels compared to the untreated OLETF rats. The untreated OLETF rats showed a prolonged deceleration time of the E‐wave (DTE) (74.3 ± 3.7 vs LETO, 56.3 ± 3.8 ms, P < 0.05) and a reduced ratio of the peak early diastolic velocity wave to the late diastolic wave (E/A ratio) (1.25 ± 0.06 vs LETO 1.54 ± 0.08, P < 0.05). Pioglitazone treatment in the OLETF rats improved the DTE (51.6 ± 1.7 ms, P < 0.05), and the fenofibrate treatment also improved the DTE (61.4 ± 4.3 ms, P < 0.05) and E/A ratio (1.57 ± 0.05, P < 0.05) compared to the untreated OLETF rats. The parameters related to the systolic function did not change among the groups at both pre‐ and post‐treatments. The MCD activity of the myocardium was remarkably lower in the OLETF rats compared to the LETO rats (3.26 ± 0.38 vs 7.76 ± 0.84 nmol/min/mg protein, P < 0.05). The pioglitazone and fenofibrate treatments resulted in an increase in the MCD activity compared to that in the untreated rats (7.20 ± 0.74 and 8.33 ± 0.83 nmol/min/mg protein, P < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusions

The PPAR‐α or ‐γ agonists prevented LVDD in the advanced diabetic rat hearts, possibly through an improvement in the fatty acid metabolism in the myocardium or a correction of the hyperglycemia and/or hyperlipidemia. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of phospholipase D in Glut‐4 translocation
Authors: Huang Ping , Frohman Michael A.
Published: December 2003

Insulin‐stimulated Glut‐4 translocation is regulated through a complex pathway. Increasing attention is being paid to the role undertaken in this process by Phospholipase D, a signal transduction‐activated enzyme that generates the lipid second‐messenger phosphatidic acid. Phospholipase D facilitates Glut‐4 translocation at potentially multiple steps in its outward movement. Current investigation is centered on Phospholipase D promotion of Glut‐4‐containing membrane vesicle trafficking and vesicle fusion into the plasma membrane, in part through activation of atypical protein kinase C isoforms. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cranial expression of class 3 secreted semaphorins and their neuropilin receptors
Authors: Chilton John K. , Guthrie Sarah
Published: December 2003

The semaphorin family of chemorepellents and their receptors the neuropilins are implicated in a variety of cellular processes, including axon guidance and cell migration. Semaphorins may bind more than one neuropilin or a heterodimer of both, thus a detailed knowledge of their expression patterns may reveal possible cases of redundancy or mutual antagonism. To assess their involvement in cranial development, we cloned fragments of the chick orthologues of Sema3B and Sema3F. We then carried out mRNA in situ hybridisation of all six class 3 semaphorins and both neuropilins in the embryonic chick head. We present evidence for spatiotemporal regulation of these molecules in the brainstem and developing head, including the eye, ear, and branchial arches. These expression patterns provide a basis for functional analysis of semaphorins and neuropilins in the development of axon projections and the morphogenesis of cranial structures. Developmental Dynamics 228:726–733, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles of the Nkx3.1 homeobox gene in prostate organogenesis and carcinogenesis
Authors: Shen Michael M. , Abate‐Shen Cory
Published: December 2003

Although it is often presumed that the molecular pathways that underlie normal organogenesis are similar to those perturbed during carcinogenesis, few examples exist of tissue‐specific regulatory genes that play central roles in both processes. In the case of the prostate gland, molecular genetic analyses have demonstrated that the Nkx3.1 homeobox gene plays an important role in normal differentiation of the prostatic epithelium and that its loss of function is an initiating event in prostate carcinogenesis. Thus, the Nkx3.1 homeobox gene provides a paradigm for understanding the relationship between normal differentiation and cancer, as well as a model for studying the roles of homeobox genes in these processes. Here, we review recent findings concerning the biological as well as biochemical function of this central regulator of prostate development and carcinogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 228:767–778, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of BOIP, a novel cDNA highly expressed during spermatogenesis that encodes a protein interacting with the orange domain of the hairy‐related transcription factor HRT1/Hey1 in Xenopus and mouse
Authors: Van Wayenbergh Reginald , Taelman Vincent , Pichon Bruno , Fischer Andreas , Kricha Sadia , Gessler Manfred , Christophe Daniel , Bellefroid Eric J.
Published: December 2003

Hairy‐related transcription factor (HRT/Hey) genes encode a novel subfamily of basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factors related to the Drosophila hairy and Enhancer‐of‐split (E(spl)) and the mammalian HES proteins that function as downstream mediators of Notch signaling. Using the yeast two‐hybrid approach, a previously uncharacterized protein was identified in Xenopus that interacts with XHRT1 (originally referred to as bc8), one member of the HRT/Hey subclass. This protein is evolutionarily conserved in chordates. It binds to sequences adjacent to the bHLH domain of XHRT1 known as the Orange domain and has been named bc8 Orange interacting protein (BOIP). BOIP shows a rather uniform subcellular localization and is recruited to the nucleus upon binding to XHRT1. In Xenopus, XBOIP mRNA is detected by RNase protection analysis throughout embryogenesis. In the adult, the strongest expression is detected in testis. In the mouse, high levels of BOIP mRNA are also found in adult testis. No expression is detected in the embryo and in any of the other adult organs tested. In situ hybridization revealed that BOIP transcripts were detected almost exclusively in round spermatids and that this expression overlaps with that of Hey1 (HRT1), which is expressed throughout spermatogenesis. In view of the importance of the Orange domain for HRT/Hey function, the newly identified BOIP proteins may serve as regulators specifically of HRT1/Hey1 activity. Developmental Dynamics 228:716–725, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterotrimetallic Complexes [{Pt(RNH2)2(μ‐NHCOtBu)2}2M](ClO4)n (M = Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn, n = 2; M = In, n = 3), [{Pt(NH3)(μ‐DACHCOtBu)(μ‐NHCOtBu)}2Ni](ClO4)2, and [{Pt(RNH2)2(NHCOtBu)2}3Ag3](ClO4)3 Bridged by Amidate Ligands: A Novel Amidate−Amine Interligand Reaction During the Pt−Ni Bond Formation
Authors: Chen Wanzhi , Liu Fenghui , Nishioka Takuya , Matsumoto Kazulo
Published: December 2003

The neutral square‐planar complexes [Pt(NH2CH2CH2OCH3)2(NHCOtBu)2], [Pt(DACH)(NHCOtBu)2] (DACH = trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane), and [Pt(NH2CH2CH2NMe2)(NHCOtBu)2] have been prepared by hydrolysis of the corresponding [Pt(RNH2)2(NCtBu)2](ClO4)2 with NaOH. Reactions of [Pt(RNH2)2(NHCOtBu)2] with metal ions afforded Pt−M−Pt clusters [{Pt(RNH2)2(μ‐NHCOtBu)2}2M](ClO4)n (M = Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn, and In; n = 2 or 3) and [{Pt(NH2CH2CH2NMe2)(μ‐NHCOtBu)2}2M](ClO4)2 (M = Co, Ni). The Pt2M (M = Mn, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, and In) complexes consist of a linear Pt−M−Pt core bridged by four pivalamidate ligands. The Pt−M−Pt angles are 180° or nearly so. The central metal ions with an octahedral geometry are coordinated by four equatorial amidate oxygen atoms and two platinum atoms occupy the axial site. One of the two t‐BuCO group shifts to the neighboring nitrogen atom of DACH (DACH = trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane) in the reaction of [Pt(DACH)(NHCOtBu)2]·4H2O with Ni2+ to generate the unexpected [{Pt(NH3)(DACHCOtBu)(μ‐NHCOtBu)}2Ni](ClO4)2. The central Cd ion in [{Pt(RNH2)2(μ‐NHCOtBu)2}2Cd](ClO4)2 is trigonal‐bipyramidal and the Pt−Cd−Pt is bent. Treatment of [Pt(NH2CH2CH2OCH3)2(NHCOtBu)2] with an equimolar amount of AgClO4 yielded the Pt4Ag3 cluster consisting of alternate Pt and Ag atoms either doubly or singly bridged by amidate ligands. The spectroscopic and electrochemical studies show that the metal−metal interactions between platinum and the heterometal ions are very weak. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Thermal Analysis and Magnetic Behavior of a Novel One‐Dimensional Polymeric Pyridinium Chlorocuprate(II): (Hpy)2[Cu3Cl8(H2O)2]
Authors: Bhattacharya Rahul , Ghosh Ashutosh , Ray Mau Sinha , Righi Lara , Bocelli Gabriele , Chaudhuri Siddhartha , Willett Roger D. , Clemente‐Juan Juan M. , Coronado Eugenio , Goméz‐Garcia Carlos J.
Published: December 2003

A one‐dimensional polymeric pyridinium chlorocuprate (HPy)2[Cu3Cl8(H2O)2], an intermediate between (HPy)CuCl3 and CuCl2·2H2O, has been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray analysis [monoclinic, P21/c, a = 7.8950(10), b = 14.144(2), c = 9.921(10) Å, β = 99.20(2)°]. The structure contains [Cu3Cl8(H2O)2]n2n− chains in which both square‐pyramidal and octahedral CuII exist. The chains are composed of linked [Cu2Cl6]2− dimers and CuCl2(H2O)2 monomeric units. On being heated in the solid state the compound undergoes dehydration followed by dehydrohalogenation to produce a pyridine complex of CuII: [Cu3Py2Cl6]. Other compounds, (HPy)2[CuCl4], CuPyCl2 and CuPy2Cl2, also produce [Cu3Py2Cl6] as an intermediate on thermal analysis. Magnetic studies reveal ferromagnetic coupling within the chains with an intradimer exchange coupling of 12.1 cm−1 and a dimer‐monomer exchange coupling of 1.34 cm−1. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Ruthenium(III) Complexes with a Phenolate‐O, Imine‐N, and Amide‐O Coordinating Ligand: Syntheses, Structures, Properties, and Protonation Studies of Coordinated Amide
Authors: Pal Satyanarayan , Pal Samudranil
Published: December 2003

The reaction of cis‐[RuCl2(dmso)4], N‐(acetyl)‐N′‐(salicylidene)hydrazine (H2acs), and KOH (1:2:2 molar ratio) in methanol under aerobic conditions produces a ruthenium(III) complex, [Ru(acs)(Hacs)]·H2O. Addition of one mol equivalent of HClO4 to this complex in methanol affords [Ru(Hacs)2]ClO4. On the other hand, reaction of one mol equivalent of KOH with [Ru(acs)(Hacs)]·H2O in methanol produces K[Ru(acs)2]. All three complexes have been characterised by elemental analyses, magnetic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques. In solution, except for [Ru(acs)(Hacs)]·H2O, the other two complexes are 1:1 electrolytes. Solid state magnetic moments (at 298 K) of the complexes are in the range 1.91−2.15 μB. These values reflect a spin state S = 1/2 and hence low‐spin ruthenium(III) within each complex is observed. X‐ray structures of [Ru(acs)(Hacs)]·H2O and the tetraphenylphosphonium salt of [Ru(acs)2]− have been determined. In both complexes, the ligands bind to the metal ion meridionally through the phenolate‐O, the imine‐N and the amide‐O atoms. In [Ru(acs)(Hacs)]·H2O, the amide functionality of one of the ligands is protonated, and in [PPh4][Ru(acs)2] the amide functionalities of both ligands are deprotonated. Electronic spectra of the complexes display ligand‐to‐metal charge‐transfer bands in the range 626−699 nm. Cyclic voltammetry reveals a RuIII ⇄ RuIV oxidation change in the potential range of 0.56−0.84 V (vs. SCE) for these complexes. The charge‐transfer band positions and the oxidation potentials are significantly influenced by the protonation state of the O‐coordinating amide functionality present in each ligand. The pKa values of the coordinated amide functionalities have been determined by spectrophotometric titration. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Triphosphane Ligands Combining Planar, Phosphorus, and Carbon Chirality: Application to Asymmetric Reduction of Trifluoroacetophenone
Authors: Barbaro Pierluigi , Bianchini Claudio , Giambastiani Giuliano , Togni Antonio
Published: December 2003

Dichloro‐, bis(acetonitrile)chloro‐, and tris(acetonitrile)ruthenium(II) complexes with the triphosphane ligands (R)C‐(S)Fe‐(S)P‐P3Chir and (R)C‐(S)Fe‐(R)P‐P3Chir, combining planar, phosphorus, and carbon chirality, were prepared and structurally characterized in solution. The complexes were tested as catalyst precursors for the reduction of trifluoroacetophenone to (R)‐α‐(trifluoromethyl)benzyl alcohol by either hydrogenation or hydrogen transfer from iPrOH. The best conversion and enantioselectivity was obtained with the tris(acetonitrile) precursor [{(R)C‐(S)Fe‐(S)P‐P3Chir}Ru(CH3CN)3](PF6)2 in hydrogen‐transfer conditions using a basic co‐catalyst. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
X‐ray Crystal Structure of a Sodium Salt of [Gd(DOTP)]5−: Implications for Its Second‐Sphere Relaxivity and the 23Na NMR Hyperfine Shift Effects of [Tm(DOTP)]5−
Authors: Avecilla Fernando , Peters Joop A. , Geraldes Carlos F. G. C.
Published: December 2003

The X‐ray structure of the sodium salt of [Gd(DOTP)]5− shows two different chelates, [Gd(1)(DOTP)]5− and [Gd(2)(DOTP)]5−, bound at either surface of a sheet formed by a cluster of hydrated Na+ ions. Each [Gd(1)(DOTP)]5− anion binds directly to four Na+ ions of this cluster through the free oxygen atoms of the phosphonate groups of the adjacent ligand, while each [Gd(2)(DOTP)]5− unit is connected to the cluster via hydrogen bonds only. The Gd3+ ions in the two moieties do not have any inner‐sphere water molecules, and are eight‐coordinate. Their coordination polyhedra are twisted square antiprisms, with slightly different twist angles. These m′ isomers are found in the crystal structure as racemic mixtures of enantiomers. Only one set of NMR resonances is observed in aqueous solution, corresponding to an averaged m′ isomer. In this crystal structure, the Na+ ions bind the phosphonate oxygen atoms of the [Gd(1)(DOTP)]5− anion at positions far removed from the main symmetry axis. This is significantly different from the binding mode(s) previously proposed to be occurring in solution between Na+ and [Tm(DOTP)]5−, based on the interpretation of solution paramagnetic 23Na NMR shifts. This could arise as a result of the effects of the cluster of hydrated Na+ ions that are present, which may hinder axial binding modes and distort lateral binding modes. Further, in the crystal structure, both types of Gd3+ centers have four second‐sphere water molecules that are located at distances (4.2−4.5 Å) significantly longer than those previously proposed from the analysis of the NMRD data of [Gd(1)(DOTP)]5−. This is a result of the coordination of Na+ by these water molecules, thus preventing their direct interaction with the phosphonate oxygen atoms. However, in solution such second‐sphere water molecules can interact strongly with the phosphonate ligand oxygen atoms, resulting in efficient relaxation if their binding has relatively long lifetimes (> 50 ps). Rotational immobilization will amplify this contribution, thus making it similar to outer‐sphere relaxation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Di‐ and Trinuclear Ruthenium and Osmium Bis(2‐pyridyl) Ketone Oximate Derivatives
Authors: Cabeza Javier A. , del Río Ignacio , Riera Víctor , Suárez Marta , Álvarez‐Rúa Carmen , García‐Granda Santiago , Chuang Shih Hsien , Hwu Jih Ru
Published: December 2003

Treatment of [Ru3(CO)12] with bis(2‐pyridyl) ketone oxime (Hdpko) in refluxing THF leads to a separable mixture of [Ru3(μ,η3‐dpko‐N,N,O)2(CO)8] (1) and [Ru2(μ,η3‐dpko‐N,N,O)2(CO)4] (2). In both complexes, two Ru atoms are doubly bridged by two dpko ligands, which are attached to a Ru atom through the oximate O atom while chelating the other Ru atom through the N atoms of a pyridyl group and the oximate fragment. While the Ru−Ru distance of the bridged edge of complex 1 is very long [3.5388(9) Å], that of complex 2 is very short [2.620(1) Å]. The acetonitrile complexes [M3(CO)10(MeCN)2] (M = Ru, Os) react with Hdpko in THF at room temperature to give [M3(μ‐H)(μ,η3‐dpko‐N,N,O)(CO)9] [M = Ru (3) Os (4)], in which the dpko ligand behaves in the same way as in 1 and 2. The thermal reaction of 3 with Hdpko leads to a mixture of 1 and 2, while an analogous treatment of complex 4 gives [Os3(μ,η3‐dpko‐N,N,O)2(CO)8] (5), which is isostructural with complex 1. Compounds 1 and 3 are the first examples of ruthenium clusters containing oximate ligands. These oximate complexes display low activity as DNA cleavage agents, requiring high complex concentrations, long incubation times, and the use of UV light as a trigger. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)