bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homoeopathic treatment of HPV infections previously treated by other methods
Authors: Queralt Gimeno Lluïsa
Published: September 2006

Fourteen patients with recurring HPV (human papillomavirus) infections in the form of genital and/or cervical condyloma diagnosed on examination, by cytology, PAP and biopsy, and in most cases associated with CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) were assessed. All had been previously treated with a variety of microsurgical procedures with the infection recurring. They attended the homoeopathic clinic for treatment.

The aim of this paper is to collect the results obtained with this chronic disease and to carry out a survey of different strategies in the administration of homoeopathic treatment, according to the different conventional treatments used.
August Bier and German homoeopathy in the early 20th century
Authors: Ernst E.
Published: September 2006

At the end of the last century, debate on the pros and cons of homoeopathy was lively in Germany. By 1920 it had died down almost entirely and homoeopathy seemed to have gone into a decline. In 1925 the prominent surgeon August Bier published a paper which immediately revived the discussion and helped homoeopathy become a prevalent form of treatment again in Germany. His paper and the at times emotional exchanges that followed were directly responsible for a change of climate in the discussion between homoeopaths and representatives of the conventional school, a number of clinical investigations into the question of clinical efficacy and the creation of a university chair of homoeopathy in 1929. Reading this story one can hardly help being impressed and amused by similarities between then and now.
Cervical spondylosis—a clinical study
Authors: Jayalakshmi C. , Devi A.L. Meena , Mohan G.R.
Published: September 2006

About 300 cases of confirmed cervical spondylosis of both sexes and different age groups were included in the trial. Group A (n = 154) were mostly unilateral with few symptoms. Calcarea fluorata (Calc-f) was given in various potencies, clinical improvement was 60.38%. Group B (n = 54) with many characteristic mental and physical generals were repertorized (Kent); clinical improvement was 48%. In Group C (n = 86) the condition was mostly associated with other diseases, with frequently changing symptoms. Drug selection was on the totality of symptoms, and clinical improvement was 12.8%. Calc-f given on the basis of pathological prescription gave good results.
Homoeopathic treatment of malaria in Ghana
Authors: Van Erp Veronique M.A. , Brands Martien
Published: September 2006

In a clinic in Tamale (Ghana, Northern Region) patients with malaria were treated with homoeopathic drugs in an open study (n=75), of whom 90.7% (n=68) showed clinical improvement.

Subsequently in a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial, one group (n=30) received homoeopathic drugs, of which 83.3% improved clinically, whereas the other group (n=25) received chloroquine with improvement in 72% patients. This difference is not statistically significant due to the limited samples. The results do, however, suggest further research with larger groups.
Sectarian identity and the aim of integration
Authors: Wolff Eberhard
Published: September 2006

Basic information on the history of vaccination and anti-vaccinationism in the US and Germany is followed by discussion of the various opportunities for homeopaths to assess vaccination and the different assessments made in the early history of homoeopathy. Attitudes to vaccination are explored in American homoeopathic publications (books, selected journals, family medical guides). American homoeopathy is shown to have tended toward integration with conventional medicine rather than criticism of and opposition to it. Late 19th century American homoeopathy is shown to have been influenced by non-homoeopathic ideas. It did, however, have some characteristic ways of focusing on diseases, especially chronic diseases and their treatment in a specifically homoeopathic way, with homoeopathic physicians thinking in terms of ‘constitution’ and showing therapeutic optimism.
A possible characterization of the homoeopathic effect
Authors: Vega Guadalupe Ruiz , Torres José-Leonel
Published: September 2006

Electrical signals from a photoelectric plethysmograph are used to test peripheral blood circulation as a source of a homoeopathically relevant parameter that will vary in a reproducible and systematic way following exhibition of specific medicines in homoeopathic doses. Mathematical treatment of the signals gives a Fourier power spectrum with an approximately linear profile (in a log-log plot) at the lowest frequencies. The gradient of this line seems to meet the above requirements of reproducible and systematic variation under a homoeopathic stimulus, and this is our basis to propose an analogous treatment for other electrical signals from the body, especially those from the heart and brain.
Homoeopathic Arnica and Rhus toxicodendron for delayed onset muscle soreness
Authors: Jawara N. , Lewith G.T. , Mullee M.A. , Smith C. , Vickers A.J.
Published: September 2006

We intend to develop a simple, reproducible, clinical model to test the null hypothesis thatthe effects of ultramolecular homoeopathic preparations are always equivalent to placebo. A pilot of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the effects of Arnica and Rhus tox 30c on delayed onset muscle soreness. 50 healthy volunteers undertook a standard bench-stepping exercise, with outcome assessed using a validated soreness scale. Though the results of the trial favoured homoeopathy, differences between groups were small and did not reach statistical signficance (p>0.2). A sub-group analysis of subjects who did not take vigorous exercise and who would therefore be expected to be more responsive to treatment showed clinically but not statistically significant differences between groups (p>0.2). A second trial is currently under way in an attempt to replicate these findings.
Homoeopathic effect on the sleep pattern of rats
Authors: Torres José-Leonel , Ruiz Guadalupe
Published: September 2006

The effect of Nux vomica on the EEGs of rats during sleep was quantified in terms of suitable statistical parameters that showed systematic changes after the homoeopathic stimulus. Our results are consistent with a decrease in the coherence of the brain signal compared to results obtained by using either the solvent on its own or pure water, and can be interpreted in terms of irritation of the animals' central nervous system due to the applied stimulus. This coincides with the effect Nux vomica has on healthy humans and suggests a means of characterizing the homoeopathic effect in physicochemical terms, based on parameters similar to those found appropriate in this study, calculated for physiological data from animal models for specific conditions. It also lends scientific support to ongoing attempts to extend Hahnemann's principles of similitude and potentiation beyond their original context, into the realm of veterinary medicine.
Good homoeopathic provings
Authors: Wieland Frank
Published: September 2006

The intention of this paper is to show that a scientific standard for good homoeopathic drug provings is needed, comparable to the Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines. A minimum standard for homoeopathic drug proving protocols is presented that takes account of the substantially different approaches of clinical trials and homoeopathic drug provings.
Homoeopathy in theatres of war, 1914–18
Authors: Leary Bernard
Published: September 2006

During the Great War of 1914–18 homoeopathic hospitals were deployed in France and financed voluntarily. An account of their work is given together with that reported by individual homoeopathic medical officers.
Electric measurement of ultra-high dilutions—a blinded controlled experiment
Authors: Asseldonk Tedje Van , Bourkas Pericles , Delinick Alexandra , Ives Galen , Karragiannopoulos Costas , Lüdtke Rainer , Wassenhoven Michel van , Witt Claudia , Walach Harald
Published: September 2006

This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis put forward by P. Bourkas, A. Delinick and C. Karragiannopoulos of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) that Ultra High Succussed Dilutions (UHSD) can be distinguished from control solutions by an Electric Measurement Device (EMD), developed by the NTUA team. A pre-formulated experimental protocol was followed, measuring in random sequence test solutions of double-distilled and deionised water (aqua injectabile), potentised water (6 cH, 30 cH), Natrum muriaticum (Nat mur) potentised in aqua injectabile (6 cH, 30 cH), either blind or open. The number of measurements was determined by a power analysis based on open pilot readings. While the open pilot trial performed by the NTUA team showed a large difference in readings for the controls and test-solutions, the experimental blind test was negative. The only significant difference observed was between Nat mur 6 cH and Nat mur 30 cH, and the direction of the difference was in the opposite direction from that predicted by theory and found in the pilot experiment. No differences were found between any other conditions, and in particular Nat mur 30 cH and aqua 30 cH could not be distinguished. It was suggested that the failure to detect a difference in the main trial resulted from a different brand of water being used in the main trial; the likelihood of this, and other alternative explanations, is discussed. It was concluded that the EMD is a highly sensitive apparatus for measuring impurities in water. As yet there is no obvious link between the measurement of impurities in water and the purported alteration of solvent in the process of homoeopathic potentisation.
The heresy of homoeopathy
Authors: Ernst Edzard
Published: September 2006

Criticism of homoeopathy started in Germany as soon as this new form of medicine became widely known-and has not stopped since. Early criticism came from non-homoeopaths and centred around the theme that homoeopathy's basic assumptions were not supported by demonstrable facts. Simultaneously, criticism from within homoeopathy attacked some of the rigid, dogmatic rules set out by Hahnemann. Today's opponents of homoeopathy argue predominantly that the efficacy of homoeopathic remedies beyond that of placebo has not been established. Polemic and emotive as this historical debate has been, much of it makes sense to the outside observer. Homoeopaths, it seems, would be well advised to take the reasoned elements of this criticism seriously. They might even attempt to turn seemingly unfair attacks into constructively working towards determining the truth.
IN THIS ISSUE
Authors: MORGAN CRAIG
Published: September 2006

This issue contains two reviews, one on the aetiology of depression and one on outcome studies of first-episode psychosis. Other sets of papers examine further aspects of depression and psychosis, and four individual papers examine a variety of topics.
Psychophysical assessment of magno- and parvocellular function in
schizophrenia
Authors: DELORD SANDRINE , DUCATO MARIA GIOVANNA , PINS DELPHINE , DEVINCK FRÉDÉRIC , THOMAS PIERRE , BOUCART MURIEL , KNOBLAUCH KENNETH
Published: September 2006

Recently developed psychophysical techniques permit the biasing of the
processing of the stimulus by early visual channels so that responses
reflect characteristics of either magno- or parvocellular pathways
(Pokorny & Smith, 1997). We used such
techniques to test psychophysically whether the global magnocellular
dysfunction reported in schizophrenia also affects early processes. Seven
schizophrenic patients and 19 normal controls participated. The task was a
four-alternative forced-choice luminance discrimination, using a 2 ×
2 configuration of four 1-deg squares. Target luminance threshold was
determined in three conditions: the stimulus, including the target, was
pulsed for 17 ms (pulse paradigm); the target was presented on a
steady background of four squares (steady paradigm), or the
target was presented alone (no background paradigm). We
replicated previous results demonstrating magnocellular and parvocellular
signatures in control participants. No evidence for an early magnocellular
deficit could be detected as the thresholds of all schizophrenic observers
were higher both in the steady paradigm (presumed magnocellular mediation)
and in the pulse paradigm (presumed parvocellular mediation).
Magnocellular dysfunction, if present in schizophrenia, must concern more
integrated processes, possibly at levels at which parvocellular and
magnocellular paths interact.
Achromatic parvocellular contrast gain in normal and color defective observers: Implications for the evolution of color vision
Authors: LUTZE MARGARET , POKORNY JOEL , SMITH VIVIANNE C.
Published: September 2006

The PC pathway conveys both chromatic and achromatic information, with PC neurons being more responsive to chromatic (L−M) than to achromatic (L+M) stimuli. In considering the evolution of color vision, it has been suggested that the dynamic range of chromatic PC-pathway processing is tuned to the chromatic content of the natural environment. Anomalous trichromats, with reduced separation of their L- and M-cone spectral sensitivities, have diminished chromatic input to PC-pathway cells. Dichromats, with absent L or M cones, should have no chromatic input to PC-pathway cells. Therefore, the PC-pathway dynamic range of color defectives should be released from any constraint imposed by the chromatic environment. Here we ask whether this results in compensatory enhancement of achromatic PC-pathway processing in color defectives. This study employed a psychophysical method designed to isolate PC-pathway processing using achromatic stimuli. In a pulsed-pedestal condition, a four-square stimulus array appeared within a uniform surround. During a trial, one of the test squares differed from the other three, and the observer's task was to choose the square that was different. A four-alternative, forced-choice method was used to determine thresholds as a function of the contrast of the four-square array to the surround. Seven color defective and four normal observers participated. Results showed no systematic differences between normals and color defectives. There was no enhancement of achromatic processing as compensation for reduced chromatic processing in the PC-pathway system in color defectives. From physiological recordings, PC-pathway achromatic contrast gains of dichromatic and trichromatic New World primates and trichromatic Old World macaques have also been shown to be similar to each other. Our study and the animal studies imply that PC-pathway contrast gain parameters were regulated by factors other than the environmental chromaticity gamut, and may have arisen in a nontrichromatic common ancestor to both Old and New World primates.
A whiter shade of pale, a blacker shade of dark: Parameters of
spatially induced blackness
Authors: BIMLER DAVID L. , PARAMEI GALINA V. , IZMAILOV CHINGIS A.
Published: September 2006

The surface-mode property of “blackness” is induced by
simultaneous contrast with an adjacent, more luminant surround. As
numerous studies have shown, the degree of blackness induced within an
achromatic test field is a function of the relative luminance of the
adjacent chromatic inducing field, but not of its hue. But in the converse
case of chromatic test fields, susceptibility to blackening has been
reported to vary with wavelength. The present study investigates this
possibility, that some wavelengths are more susceptible. We also
questioned whether “white” and “black” sensory
components function as opposites in blackness appearance. We recorded the
appearance of a central monochromatic test field of constant luminance (10
cd/m2), with wavelength ranging across the visible
spectrum, while a broadband white annulus was set to six luminance levels
ranging across three log steps. Three color-normal observers followed a
color-naming technique. All six opponent-hue names and their combinations
were response options; blackness and whiteness in the test field could
therefore be reported independently. Of primary interest were the
achromatic responses. When represented within a multidimensional space,
these revealed the “white-to-black” dimension but in addition
a quality (dimension) of “desaturation.” Compared against
chromatic properties of the test field, the results provide evidence that
blackness is a function of inducing field brightness (not luminance). This
result is in accord with observations made by Shinomori et al. (1997) using a different procedure. We conclude that
blackness induction occurs at a stage of visual processing subsequent to
the origin of the brightness signal from a combination of opponent-process
channels.
An urn model of the development of L/M cone ratios in human and macaque retinas
Authors: KNOBLAUCH KENNETH , NEITZ MAUREEN , NEITZ JAY
Published: September 2006

A model of the development ofL/Mcone ratios in the Old World primate retina is presented. It is supposed that during gestation, the cone cycles randomly between states in which it transcribes eitherLorMopsin. The current state determines and increases the probability that it will transcribe the same opsin in future cycles. These assumptions are sufficient to formalize the process as a Markov chain that can be modeled as an urn containing two types of balls,LandM. Drawing one ball results in the increase of its species and the decrease of the other. Over the long run, the urn will become populated with a single type of ball. This state corresponds to the photoreceptor adopting a fixed identity for its lifetime. We investigate the effect of the number of states and the rule that regulates the advantage of transition toward one cone type or another on the relation between fetal and adultL/Mcone ratios. In the range of 100 to 1000 states, small variations of the initialL/Mratio or the transition advantage can each generate large changes in the finalL/Mratio, in qualitative accord with the variation seen in human adult retinas. The time course to attain stableL/Mratios also varies with these parameters. If it is believed that the cycling follows a circadian rhythm, then finalL/Mcone ratios would be expected to stabilize shortly after birth in the human being and the macaque.
A novel mutation in the short-wavelength-sensitive cone pigment gene
associated with a tritan color vision defect
Authors: GUNTHER KAREN L. , NEITZ JAY , NEITZ MAUREEN
Published: September 2006

Inherited tritan color vision deficiency is caused by defects in the
function of the short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones. This heterozygous
group of disorders has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Amino
acid variations of the S cone opsin are rare and all that have been
identified thus far are associated with inherited tritan color vision
defects. Here we report the identification of a 30-year-old male who made
errors on standard color vision tests consistent with the presence of a
mild tritan color vision deficiency. We tested the hypothesis that his
color vision impairment was due to a mutation in the S cone photopigment
gene. He was found to be heterozygous for a mutation that caused the amino
acid proline to be substituted in place of a highly conserved leucine at
amino acid position 56 in the S cone opsin. This mutation was absent in
564 S cone photopigment genes from 282 subjects who did not make tritan
errors. Thus, we conclude that this mutation disrupts the normal function
of S cones.
Anomalous trichromats' judgments of surface color in natural scenes under different daylights
Authors: BARAAS RIGMOR C. , FOSTER DAVID H. , AMANO KINJIRO , NASCIMENTO SÉRGIO M.C.
Published: September 2006

Deuteranomalous trichromacy, which affects medium-wavelength-sensitive cones, is more common than protanomalous trichromacy, which affects long-wavelength-sensitive cones. The aim of the present work was to test the extent to which these two kinds of anomalous trichromacy affect surface-color judgments in the natural world. Simulations of 18 natural scenes under different daylight illuminants were presented on a high-resolution color monitor to 7 deuteranomalous, 7 protanomalous, and 12 normal trichromatic observers, who had to discriminate between reflectance and illuminant changes in the images. Observers' ability to judge surface color was quantified by a standard color-constancy index. Deuteranomalous trichromats performed as well as normal trichromats, but protanomalous trichromats performed more poorly than both. The results are considered in relation to the spectral coverage of cones, rod intrusion, and the characterization of anomalous trichromacy by the Rayleigh match.
Cone opponency in the near peripheral retina
Authors: MURRAY I.J. , PARRY N.R.A. , McKEEFRY D.J.
Published: September 2006

Changes of color perception in the peripheral field are measured using
an asymmetric simultaneous matching paradigm. The data confirm previous
observations in that saturation changes can be neutralized if the test
target is increased in size. However, this compensation does not apply to
hue shifts. We show that some hues remain unchanged with eccentricity
whereas others exhibit substantial changes. Here the color shifts are
plotted in terms of a second-stage cone opponent model. The data suggest
that the S-L+M channel is more robust to increasing eccentricity than the
L-M channel. Observations are interpreted in terms of the known underlying
morphological and physiological differences in these channels.
Psychophysical estimation of the best illumination for appreciation of Renaissance paintings
Authors: PINTO PAULO D. , LINHARES JOÃO M.M. , CARVALHAL JOÃO A. , NASCIMENTO SÉRGIO M.C.
Published: September 2006

A variety of light sources are used in museum environments where the main concern is to prevent damaging effects of the light on paintings. Yet, the visual impression of an artistic painting is strongly influenced by the intensity and spectral profile of the illumination. The aim of this work was to determine psychophysically the spectral profile of the illumination preferred by observers when seeing paintings dated from the Renaissance époque and to investigate how their preferences correlate with the color temperature of the illumination and with the chromatic diversity of the paintings. Hyperspectral images of five oil paintings on wood were collected at the museum and the appearance of the paintings under five representative illuminants computed. Chromatic diversity was estimated by computing the representation of the paintings in the CIELAB color space and by counting the number of nonempty unit cubes occupied by the corresponding color volume. A paired-comparison experiment using precise cathode ray tube (CRT) reproductions of the paintings rendered with several illuminant pairs with different color temperatures was carried out to determine observers' preference. The illuminant with higher color temperature was always preferred except for one pair where no clear preference was expressed. The preferred illuminant produced the larger chromatic diversity, and for the condition where no specific illuminant was preferred the number of colors produced by the illuminant pair was very similar, a result suggesting that preference could have been influenced by chromatic diversity.
An adaptation of the Cambridge Colour Test for use with animals
Authors: MANCUSO KATHERINE , NEITZ MAUREEN , NEITZ JAY
Published: September 2006

Recently, molecular biological techniques have presented new opportunities for addressing questions concerning the neural mechanisms involved in color coding, thereby rousing renewed interest in animal color vision testing. We have modified a computer-based assessment tool, the Cambridge Colour Test, to make it suitable for use with animals. Here, the validity and reliability of the testing method were evaluated using squirrel monkeys. Because the chromatic stimuli and the achromatic backgrounds of the test consist of dots that vary in lightness, the stimulus parameters can be adjusted so that animals are not able to use luminance differences to make correct discriminations. Thus, in contrast to methods used previously, this test does not require that time be spent equating the luminance of each chromatic stimulus examined. Furthermore, the computer video-display based design of the testing apparatus can be easily replicated and adapted for use with many species in a variety of settings. In the present experiments, the squirrel monkeys' behavioral results agreed with the predictions for their color vision based on genetic analysis and electroretinography (ERG) spectral sensitivity data. Repeated measurements were highly consistent. Thus, an adaptation of the Cambridge Colour Test provides a valid and reliable method for testing color vision in animals.
Convergence of experimental multiple Rayleigh matches to peak L- and
M-photopigment sensitivity estimates
Authors: VIÉNOT FRANÇOISE , SERREAULT LUCILE , FERNANDEZ PEDRO PARDO
Published: September 2006

Shift in the wavelength of peak sensitivity of the cone photo pigments
is a major cause of inter-individual variations in the Rayleigh match.
Normal color observers performed multiple Rayleigh matches (i.e., a series
of seven Rayleigh-type color matches using various sets of test and
primary lights) in order to derive estimates of the M- and L-photo pigment
wavelengths of maximum absorbance. We predicted the ratio of incident
radiances Pr/Pg for a range of
plausible values in terms of wavelength of the peak sensitivity of the
M-cone and L-cone. An algorithm allowed us to adjust the values of the
peak wavelength of the cone photo pigments in order to minimize the sum of
squared differences between predicted and real results of matches. To
create candidate M-cone and L-cone photo pigments that best predict the
set of equation values, we used the low density spectral absorbance curves
of the M-cone and L-cone photo pigments respectively, as tabulated by
Stockman and Sharpe (2000), and shifted each
template along a logarithmic wavelength scale. For all observers, the
system of seven Rayleigh-like equations converges to a unique solution. M-
and L-cone photo pigments are estimated separately. The distribution of
the wavelength of maximum sensitivity of the photo pigments includes a
cluster. Only a few women's results lie outside the cluster. The
choice of the template has a considerable influence on the convergence of
the algorithm.
Color space distortions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: FEITOSA-SANTANA CLAUDIA , OIWA NESTOR N. , PARAMEI GALINA V. , BIMLER DAVID , COSTA MARCELO F. , LAGO MARCOS , NISHI MAURO , VENTURA DORA F.
Published: September 2006

Color vision impairment was examined in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) without retinopathy. We assessed the type and degree of distortions of individual color spaces. DM2 patients (n= 32), and age-matched controls (n= 20) were tested using the Farnsworth D-15 and the Lanthony D-15d tests. In addition, subsets of caps from both tests were employed in a triadic procedure (Bimler & Kirkland, 2004). Matrices of inter-cap subjective dissimilarities were estimated from each subject's “odd-one-out” choices, and processed using non-metric multidimensional scaling. Two-dimensional color spaces, individual and group (DM2 patients; controls), were reconstructed, with the axes interpreted as the R/G and B/Y perceptual opponent systems. Compared to controls, patient results were not significant for the D-15 and D-15d. In contrast, in the triadic procedure the residual distances were significantly different compared to controls: right eye,P= 0.021, and left eye,P= 0.022. Color space configurations for the DM2 patients were compressed along the B/Y and R/G dimensions. The present findings agree with earlier studies demonstrating diffuse losses in early stages of DM2. The proposed method of testing uses color spaces to represent discrimination and provides more differentiated quantitative diagnosis, which may be interpreted as the perceptual color system affected. In addition, it enables the detection of very mild color vision impairment that is not captured by the D-15d test. Along with fundoscopy, individual color spaces may serve for monitoring early functional changes and thereby to support a treatment strategy.
Introduction
Authors: HORNE JOHN
Published: September 2006

International trials of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide are currently a matter of considerable interest – legal, political and human. The work of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda (ICTY and ICTR), set up respectively in 1993 and 1994, and the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) at the Hague in 2002, have focused attention on the practice and value of such juridical processes both as forms of law and in terms of the events they address. The unexpected death of Slobodan Milosevic during his trial at the ICTY has only intensified the controversy aroused by such proceedings. Politics, history, memory, mourning, reparation and even reconciliation are inescapably part of the legal process, often in an explicit and even formal manner. This means that scholars in disciplines other than legal science and people from many backgrounds are interested in the work of such international tribunals and in the types of ‘truth’ that they seek to establish.

Such trials are not new. The idea stems directly from the intersection of military violence and humanitarian impulses in the 19th century. Geneva law, emanating from the International Red Cross (founded after the main war of Italian unification), dealt with the humane treatment of wounded and prisoners. Hague law, which codified the conduct of belligerents towards non-combatants, grew from the Lieber Code devised by the Union during the American Civil War and from the attempts by European powers to regulate military conduct after the Franco-Prussian War, culminating in the Hague conferences of 1899 and 1907.
International Justice for International Crimes: An Idea whose Time Has Come
Authors: SCHABAS WILLIAM A
Published: September 2006

International criminal justice really began at Nuremberg in 1945, after an inauspicious start at Versailles in 1919. But little happened during the Cold War, and only in the 1990s, driven by a human rights movement that had refocused its energy on the rights of victims and concerns about impunity and accountability, did the efforts revive. The United Nations pioneered the activity, with three ad hoc tribunals. In 2002, a permanent institution, the International Criminal Court, began its operations. Concerns about the fairness of such proceedings have featured since the earliest days. In balance, both Nuremberg and its modern-day successors deliver acceptable judgments from a due process standpoint, although problems remain. Also troubling is an emphasis on convictions based upon paradigms that approach vicarious liability. This enhances the probability of conviction, but weakens the stigma of guilt and ultimately compromises the historical legacy. There is also a recent tendency to focus upon non-state actors, prosecuting rebels and terrorists rather than crimes of state.
Beyond ‘Realism’ and Legalism: A Historical Perspective on the Limits of International Humanitarian Law
Authors: BLOXHAM DONALD
Published: September 2006

There are powerful limits to international humanitarian law. With reference to theories of international relations and to empirically observable patterns, this article shows the inability of legal norms and structures to influence the behaviour of the world's most powerful states and their allies. There are also restrictions on the capacity of trials conducted according to humanitarian law to fulfil the social functions increasingly attributed to them, including the re-education of populations complicit in mass crimes, some measure of catharsis for the victims of such crimes, and the reintegration of erstwhile ‘victim’ and ‘perpetrator’ communities.
Individual and Collective Guilt: Post-War Japan and the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal
Authors: FUTAMURA MADOKA
Published: September 2006

It is a popular view that international war crimes tribunals are a tool for social transformation and reconciliation after conflicts. According to advocates, one of their strengths in this regard is the individual punishment of criminals, which is said to achieve justice for victims while avoiding the collectivization of guilt. This is also said to have the effect of endorsing the transformation of the nation by freeing it from the burden of collective guilt while detaching those responsible for war crimes from the society concerned and eliminating their political influence. Does individual criminal punishment achieve these? And is the de-collectivization of guilt through international trials desirable for post-conflict social transformation and reconciliation? This article addresses these questions by focusing on the impact of the Tokyo International Military Tribunal, which is analyzed through the ways in which it has been perceived in post-war Japan. It argues that the Tribunal's punishment of wartime leaders produced an ambiguous effect on the Japanese people's sense of war guilt and responsibility, which in turn became an obstacle for the nation to achieve reconciliation not only with its former victims but also with its own past. The article questions the assumption that international criminal justice can promote social transformation and reconciliation.
France and the ‘Anglo-Saxon’ Model: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives
Authors: JENNINGS JEREMY
Published: September 2006

Beginning with a discussion of current debate in France about its own ‘social model’, this articles analyses French interpretations of the ‘Anglo-Saxon’ model in both a contemporary and historical context. It argues specifically that present-day criticisms of what is taken to be Britain's liberal, free-market model are nothing new and find distinct echoes in a literature that dates back to the late 17th century. Even for its French admirers, England was seen as a country of inequality, whilst for its critics inequality was a reflection of a broader system of poverty and misery inflicted upon the mass of the population. In brief, the parameters of the debate – inequality compared with the virtues of equality, commerce against the claims of justice, individual liberty contrasted with solidarity, the market versus the State – have not changed significantly for over two centuries. The article concludes by referring to current misconceptions in France of policies pursued by the current Labour government.

In memory of Andre Prochasson
Funding the Millennium Development Goals: A Challenge for Global Public Finance
Authors: ATKINSON A. B.
Published: September 2006

The UN commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 poses a major challenge. It is, first and foremost, a political challenge to wealthy countries, to provide the necessary transfer of resources, and to developing countries, to make effective use of these transfers. But it is also an intellectual challenge, to economists and other scientists, to better understand the processes by which the MDGs can be achieved. This article focuses on two aspects. On the substantive side, it examines how we can achieve increased funding for development, particularly via new methods of finance, such as global taxes. On the intellectual side, it describes how a new branch of economics is developing – global public finance – that can contribute to the analysis of new sources of funding for the MDGs and of the working of the global economy.
The attenuation of auditory neglect by implicit cues
Authors: COLEMAN A. RAND , WILLIAMS J. MICHAEL
Published: September 2006

This study examined implicit semantic and rhyming cues on perception
of auditory stimuli among nonaphasic participants who suffered a lesion of
the right cerebral hemisphere and auditory neglect of sound perceived by
the left ear. Because language represents an elaborate processing of
auditory stimuli and the language centers were intact among these
patients, it was hypothesized that interactive verbal stimuli presented in
a dichotic manner would attenuate neglect. The selected participants were
administered an experimental dichotic listening test composed of six types
of word pairs: unrelated words, synonyms, antonyms, categorically related
words, compound words, and rhyming words. Presentation of word pairs that
were semantically related resulted in a dramatic reduction of auditory
neglect. Dichotic presentations of rhyming words exacerbated auditory
neglect. These findings suggest that the perception of auditory
information is strongly affected by the specific content conveyed by the
auditory system. Language centers will process a degraded stimulus that
contains salient language content. A degraded auditory stimulus is
neglected if it is devoid of content that activates the language centers
or other cognitive systems. In general, these findings suggest that
auditory neglect involves a complex interaction of intact and impaired
cerebral processing centers with content that is selectively processed by
these centers (JINS, 2006, 12, 649–656.)
Motor learning in children with spina bifida: Intact learning and performance on a ballistic task
Authors: DENNIS MAUREEN , JEWELL DERRYN , EDELSTEIN KIM , BRANDT MICHAEL E. , HETHERINGTON ROSS , BLASER SUSAN E. , FLETCHER JACK M.
Published: September 2006

Learning and performance on a ballistic task were investigated in children with spina bifida meningomyelocele (SBM), with either upper level spinal lesions (n= 21) or lower level spinal lesions (n= 81), and in typically developing controls (n= 35). Participants completed three phases (20 trials each) of an elbow goniometer task that required a ballistic arm movement to move a cursor to one of two target positions on a screen, including (1) an initiallearningphase, (2) anadaptationphase with a gain change such that recalibration of the ballistic arm movement was required, and (3) alearning reactivationphase under the original gain condition. Initial error rate, asymptotic error rate, and learning rate did not differ significantly between the SBM and control groups. Relative to controls, the SBM group had reduced volumes in the cerebellar hemispheres and pericallosal gray matter (the region including the basal ganglia), although only the pericallosal gray matter was significantly correlated with motor adaptation. Congenital cerebellar dysmorphology is associated with preserved motor skill learning on voluntary, nonreflexive tasks in children with SBM, in whom the relative roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia may differ from those in the adult brain. (JINS, 2006,12, 598–608.)
The role of the basal ganglia in the control of automatic visuospatial attention
Authors: FIELDING JOANNE , GEORGIOU-KARISTIANIS NELLIE , WHITE OWEN
Published: September 2006

Cognitive impairments in patients with basal ganglia dysfunction are primarily revealed where performance relies on internal, voluntary control processes. Evidence suggests that this also extends to impaired control of more automatic processes, including visuospatial attention. The present study used a non-predictive peripheral cueing paradigm to compare and contrast visuospatial deficits in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with those previously revealed in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) (Fielding et al., 2006a). Compared to age-matched controls, both PD and HD patients exhibited increased distractibility or poor fixation, however only PD patients responded erroneously to cue stimuli more frequently than control subjects. All subjects demonstrated initial facilitation for validversusinvalid cues following the shorter stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs) and a performance decrement at the longer SOAs (inhibition of return), although there was a clear differentiation between these groups for immediate SOAs. Unlike both control and PD subjects, where IOR manifested between 350 and 1000 msec, IOR was evident as early as 150 msec for HD patients. Further, for PD patients, spatially valid cues resulted in hyper-reflexivity following 150 msec SOAs, with saccadic latencies shorter than those generated in response to un-cued targets. Thus contrasting deficits were revealed in PD and HD, emphasizing the important contribution of the basal ganglia in the control of more automatic behaviors (JINS, 2006,12, 657–667.)
The Iowa gambling task as a measure of decision making in women with bulimia nervosa
Authors: BOEKA ABBE GAYLE , LOKKEN KRISTINE LEE
Published: September 2006

Persistent chaotic feeding behavior (i.e., bingeing and purging), despite consequent adverse health and psychosocial consequences, is central to the definition and diagnosis of bulimia nervosa (BN). Repeatedly choosing immediate short-term gratification when long-term consequences are deleterious may reflect deficits in decision-making ability. However, to date, there has been no systematic examination of decision-making ability in individuals diagnosed with BN. In the present study, 20 undergraduate women with minimal bulimic symptoms (Control Group) and 20 with a diagnosis of BN (BN Group) were administered the Iowa Gambling Task (GT). Results indicated that the BN Group performed significantly worse on the GT in comparison to the Control Group and GT performance was negatively correlated with bulimic symptomatology. The presence of BN symptoms also predicted GT performance above and beyond demographic variables and depressive symptoms. These findings provide evidence for the presence of decision-making deficits in individuals with BN (JINS, 2006,12, 741–745.)
Everyday actions are activities of daily living
Authors: DE JONGHE JOS F.M.
Published: September 2006

Giovannetti and co-authors (Giovannetti et al., 2006) highlight the importance of measuring activities
of daily living (ADL) and Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)
for the diagnosis of dementia. The method used, Naturalistic Action Test
(NAT), is performance based. Study rationale was that “the relevance
of diagnosis to everyday functioning has gone largely unexplored.”
However, this statement seems to be invalid: cognitive impairment
interfering with daily/social functioning is one of the DSM-IV
dementia criteria. Secondly, many different ADL/IADL scales exist and
are used in dementia research, including those that are performance based
(Burns et al., 2004). Authors should have
reviewed these scales more thoroughly and present a rationale for
introducing a new one. NAT items model household chores and preparing a
simple meal only. These activities are quite different from and perhaps
easier to perform than using the telephone, handling finances, and similar
instrumental activities. Simple activities or ADL may not be useful in
differentiating dementia from normality, especially in the early stages of
dementia.
Ocean carbon cycling in the Indian Ocean: 2. Estimates of net community production
Authors: Bates Nicholas R. , Pequignet A. Christine , Sabine Christopher L.
Published: September 2006

The spatiotemporal variability of ocean carbon cycling and air‐sea CO2 exchange in the Indian Ocean was examined using inorganic carbon data collected as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) cruises in 1995. Several carbon mass balance approaches were used to estimate rates of net community production (NCP) in the Indian Ocean. Carbon transports into and out of the Indian Ocean were derived using mass transport estimates of Robbins and Toole (1997) and Schmitz (1996), and transoceanic hydrographic and TCO2 sections at 32°S and across the Indonesian Throughflow. The derived NCP rates of 749 ± 227 to 1572 ± 180 Tg C yr−1 (0.75–1.57 Pg C yr−1) estimated by carbon mass balance were similar to new production rates (1100–1800 Tg C yr−1) determined for the Indian Ocean by a variety of other methods (Louanchi and Najjar, 2000; Gnanadesikan et al., 2002). Changes in carbon inventories of the surface layer were also used to evaluate the spatiotemporal patterns of NCP. Significant NCP occurred in all regions during the Northeast Monsoon and Spring Intermonsoon periods. During the Southwest Monsoon and Fall Intermonsoon periods, the trophic status appears to shift from net autotrophy to net heterotrophy, particularly in the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and 10°N to 10°S zones.
Acoustic transmission in the cold eddy in the southern East China Sea
Authors: Lü Lian‐Gang , Qiao Fangli , Chen Hong‐Xia , Yuan Ye‐Li
Published: September 2006

An acoustic transmission experiment with the hydrological observation was carried out in the southern East China Sea (ECS) in summer 2003. The experiment site was located at a northwestern position of a cold eddy. The comb‐structure of multipath signals, a feature of the acoustic transmission in the typical shallow water with thermocline, is received by the receiver positioned in the mixed layer. The formation of the comb‐structure is explained with the normal modes in a depth‐mode‐number space, combined with modal group velocities (GVs). The cold eddy has influence on the mode patterns and the modal GVs, and the multipath structure of received signals.
Satellite‐based assessment of marine low cloud variability associated with aerosol, atmospheric stability, and the diurnal cycle
Authors: Matsui Toshihisa , Masunaga Hirohiko , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , Pielke Roger A. , Tao Wei‐Kuo , Chin Mian , Kaufman Yoram J.
Published: September 2006

This study examines variability in marine low cloud properties derived from semiglobal observations by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, as linked to the aerosol index (AI) and lower‐tropospheric stability (LTS). AI is derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (Terra MODIS) sensor and the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transportation (GOCART) model and is used to represent column‐integrated aerosol concentrations. LTS is derived from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and represents the background thermodynamic environment in which the clouds form. Global statistics reveal that cloud droplet size tends to be smallest in polluted (high‐AI) and strong inversion (high‐LTS) environments. Statistical quantification shows that cloud droplet size is better correlated with AI than it is with LTS. Simultaneously, the cloud liquid water path (CLWP) tends to decrease as AI increases. This correlation does not support the hypothesis or assumption that constant or increased CLWP is associated with high aerosol concentrations. Global variability in corrected cloud albedo (CCA), the product of cloud optical depth and cloud fraction, is very well explained by LTS, while both AI and LTS are needed to explain local variability in CCA. Most of the local correlations between AI and cloud properties are similar to the results from the global statistics, while weak anomalous aerosol‐cloud correlations appear locally in the regions where simultaneous high (low) AI and low (high) LTS compensate each other. Daytime diurnal cycles explain additional variability in cloud properties. CCA has the largest diurnal cycle in high‐LTS regions. Cloud droplet size and CLWP have weak diurnal cycles that differ between clean and polluted environments. The combined results suggest that investigations of marine low cloud radiative forcing and its relationship to hypothesized aerosol indirect effects must consider the combined effects of aerosols, thermodynamics, and the diurnal cycle.