bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rheological Model of the Full Flow Curve of Highly Viscous and Solidifying Oil at Starting and Steady-State Mode Conditions
Authors: Karimov R M , Tashbulatov R R , Rabaev R U
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the need of taking into account the thixotropic properties of oils when oil pipeline starts after a long stop, as well as to calculation of the time of its safe stop. To evaluate the parameters of thixotropy, it is proposed to use the results of laboratory experiments of oil samples on a rotary viscometer. Typical properties of the rheological flow curves of thixotropic oils for the starting flow mode are determined. The use of the wave equation of damped vibrations is proposed to describe the rheological flow curve of the forward course of measurements of a rotational viscometer, characterized by the presence of ascents and descents of shear stresses. This equation, supplemented by a model of nonlinear-visco-plastic liquids, allows accurately finding the areas of appearance of thixotropic properties of oils. The article presents the results of experimental studies of the manifestation of thixotropic properties of two oil samples at a lower temperature. The wave equation of damped vibrations allows describing mathematically the ascents and descents of shear stresses observed at low oil temperatures. Experiments have shown that the wave properties of thixotropic oil do not change with a decrease in temperature except for the amplitude of maximum vibrations and are invariant properties of the studied liquid. The presented explanation of the physical mechanism for the manifestation of wave properties based on the hardening of the supramolecular paraffin crystal lattice characteristic of thixotropic oils explains the invariance of the frequency change function and the attenuation coefficient during starting processes at the beginning of the movement of the movable cylinder of a rotary viscometer. The result of laboratory studies allows determining the nature of changes in the contours of the zones of manifestation of thixotropic oil properties as a dependence on the temperature and shear rate.
A Machine Learning Model to Successfully Predict Future Diagnosis of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia With Retrospective Electronic Health Records Data
Authors: Hauser Ronald G , Esserman Denise , Beste Lauren A , Ong Shawn Y , Colomb Denis G , Bhargava Ankur , Wadia Roxanne , Rose Michal G
Published: April 2021

Background

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a clonal stem cell disorder accounting for 15% of adult leukemias. We aimed to determine if machine learning models could predict CML using blood cell counts prior to diagnosis.

Methods

We identified patients with a diagnostic test for CML (BCR-ABL1) and at least 6 consecutive prior years of differential blood cell counts between 1999 and 2020 in the largest integrated health care system in the United States. Blood cell counts from different time periods prior to CML diagnostic testing were used to train, validate, and test machine learning models.

Results

The sample included 1,623 patients with BCR-ABL1 positivity rate 6.2%. The predictive ability of machine learning models improved when trained with blood cell counts closer to time of diagnosis: 2 to 5 years area under the curve (AUC), 0.59 to 0.67, 0.5 to 1 years AUC, 0.75 to 0.80, at diagnosis AUC, 0.87 to 0.92.

Conclusions

Blood cell counts collected up to 5 years prior to diagnostic workup of CML successfully predicted the BCR-ABL1 test result. These findings suggest a machine learning model trained with blood cell counts could lead to diagnosis of CML earlier in the disease course compared to usual medical care.
Autogenous Fat Transplantation and Botulinum Toxin Injection Into the Masseter Muscle to Create an Ideal Oval Face
Authors: Zheng Zhifang , Hao Yongsheng , Yin Junfeiyang , Lei Xiaoxuan , Cheng Biao , Huang Wenhua
Published: April 2021

Background

East Asian faces vary in shape but only oval faces seem to be considered attractive. Many patients with wide faces seek removal of part of the mandibular angle and/or zygoma to achieve an ideal facial contour, but the procedure is high risk and the recovery period is relatively protracted.

Objectives

We sought to achieve ideal facial contours through the use of autologous fat grafting (AFG) combined with masseter botulinum toxin (BTX) injection for patients with wide faces and masseter hypertrophy.

Methods

Fourteen patients with wide faces underwent AFG of the forehead, temporal region, cheeks, zygomatic body, nose, nasolabial fold, tear trough, and chin; and BTX injection into the masseter muscles. Each patient was photographed more than 6 months after the operation. The pre- and postoperative ratios pertaining to the facial aesthetics of the face were calculated. The Hollowness Severity Rating Scale (HSRS) and Ricketts’s E-line were used to evaluate the photographs. Patient satisfaction was also investigated.

Results

All patients received AFG and 1 to 3 BTX injections. The face length:bizygomatic breadth, bigonial breadth:bizygomatic breadth, and lower-face height:middle-face height ratios improved greatly after treatment. The mean HSRS score decreased from 2.214 preoperatively to 1.071 postoperatively. The chin and nose became more prominent than before. Facial swelling persisted for an average of 11.929 days. All patients were satisfied with the treatment outcome.

Conclusions

A combination of AFG and BTX injection was able to achieve an ideal oval face in East Asian patients with wide faces and masseter hypertrophy, with very few complications. Recovery was rapid and patient satisfaction was high.

Level of Evidence: 4
Breast Implant–Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL): Are You Covered?
Authors: Ha Michael , Ngaage Ledibabari M , Zhu Kevin , Hricz Nicholas , Slezak Sheri , Rasko Yvonne M
Published: April 2021

Background

Breast implant–associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a locally aggressive T-cell lymphoma that can develop following breast implantation. In 2017, and updated in 2019, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommended total capsulectomy with implant removal as definitive therapy.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the US insurance coverage for the management of BIA-ALCL and compare it to the NCCN recommendations.

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis of US insurance policies for coverage of BIA-ALCL treatment was conducted. Insurance companies were selected based on their market share and state enrollment. Medical necessity criteria were abstracted from the publicly available policies.

Results

Of the 101 companies assessed, only 30 (30%) had a policy for the management of BIA-ALCL. Of those policies, all (n = 30, 100%) provided coverage of the implant removal of the breast diagnosed with BIA-ALCL. For the contralateral breast implant, 20 policies (67%) covered their removal, but significantly fewer did so if the implant was placed for cosmetic reasons vs medically necessary (n = 13 vs n = 20, 43% vs 67%; P = 0.0026). Twenty-one policies (70%) covered an implant reinsertion, but fewer would do so if the implant was cosmetic rather than medically necessary (n = 5, 17% vs 70%; P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

There was notable intercompany variation in the coverage of BIA-ALCL treatment, some of which is unnecessarily based on whether the original reason for the breast implant was cosmetic or medically necessary. This variability may significantly reduce access to definitive treatment in patients with a BIA-ALCL diagnosis.
Aspiration Revisited: Prospective Evaluation of a Physiologically Pressurized Model With Animal Correlation and Broader Applicability to Filler Complications
Authors: Moon Hyoung-Jin , Lee Won , Kim Ji-Soo , Yang Eun-Jung , Sundaram Hema
Published: April 2021

Background

Aspiration testing before filler injection is controversial. Some believe that aspiration can help prevent inadvertent intravascular injection, whereas others cite false-negative results and question its value given that the needle position always changes somewhat during injection procedures.

Objectives

The authors sought to test the relation of false-negative results to the viscosity of the material within the needle lumen and determine whether a less viscous material within the needle lumen could decrease the incidence of false-negative results.

Methods

In vitro aspiration tests were performed utilizing 30-G and 27-G needle gauges, 2 cross-linked hyaluronic acid fillers, normal saline bags pressurized at 140 and 10 mmHg to mimic human arterial and venous pressures, and 3 needle lumen conditions (normal saline, air, and filler). Testing was repeated 3 times under each study condition (72 tests in total). For in vivo correlation, aspiration tests were performed on femoral arteries and central auricular veins in 3 rabbits (4–5 aspirations per site, 48 tests in total).

Results

In vitro and in vivo testing utilizing 30-G needles containing filler both showed false-negative results on aspiration testing. In vitro and in vivo testing utilizing needles containing saline or air showed positive findings.

Conclusions

False-negative results from aspiration testing may be reduced by pre-filling the needle lumen with saline rather than a filler. The pressurized system may help overcome challenges of animal models with intravascular pressures significantly different from those of humans. The adaptability of this system to mimic various vessel pressures may facilitate physiologically relevant studies of vascular complications.
Isolation and characterization of neuroprotective lignans from salted Aconiti lateralis Radix Praeparata
Authors: Ma Qinge , Chen Lihua , Wei Rongrui
Published: April 2021

Six lignans (1-6) were isolated from salted Aconiti lateralis Radix Praeparata for the first time. These isolates were elucidated as hedyotisol-A (1), (7″R,8″R)-8″-syringaresinol-4″-hydroxy-3″,5″-dimethoxyphenyl-7″,9″-propanediol (2), lariciresinol-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3),(7S,8S)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-7,8-(2′,1′-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl)phenyl-propanetriol (4), (+)-isolariciresinol (5), and (+)-lyoniresinol (6) by analyzing extensive and comprehensive spectral data and compared with the data described in the literature, respectively. Compounds (1-6) were evaluated for their neuroprotective activities against corticosterone-induced cell death in PC12 cells with desipramine as the positive control drug. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate neuroprotective activities, which increased the survival rates of PC12 cells from 45.50 ± 2.23% to 65.98 ± 1.29%, 58.19 ± 2.94% at 10 µm, respectively.
MetaFusion: a high-confidence metacaller for filtering and prioritizing RNA-seq gene fusion candidates
Authors: Apostolides Michael , Jiang Yue , Husić Mia , Siddaway Robert , Hawkins Cynthia , Turinsky Andrei L , Brudno Michael , Ramani Arun K
Published: April 2021

Motivation

Current fusion detection tools use diverse calling approaches and provide varying results, making selection of the appropriate tool challenging. Ensemble fusion calling techniques appear promising; however, current options have limited accessibility and function.

Results

MetaFusion is a flexible metacalling tool that amalgamates outputs from any number of fusion callers. Individual caller results are standardized by conversion into the new file type Common Fusion Format. Calls are annotated, merged using graph clustering, filtered and ranked to provide a final output of high-confidence candidates. MetaFusion consistently achieves higher precision and recall than individual callers on real and simulated datasets, and reaches up to 100% precision, indicating that ensemble calling is imperative for high-confidence results. MetaFusion uses FusionAnnotator to annotate calls with information from cancer fusion databases and is provided with a Benchmarking Toolkit to calibrate new callers.

Availability and implementation

MetaFusion is freely available at https://github.com/ccmbioinfo/MetaFusion.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Extracellular histones are a target in myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Shah Mohammed , He Zhenhe , Rauf Ali , Beikoghli Kalkhoran Siavash , Heiestad Christina Mathisen , Stensløkken Kåre-Olav , Parish Christopher R , Soehnlein Oliver , Arjun Sapna , Davidson Sean M , Yellon Derek
Published: April 2021

Aims 

Acute myocardial infarction causes lethal cardiomyocyte injury during ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R). Histones have been described as important Danger Associated Molecular Proteins (DAMPs) in sepsis. The objective of this study was to establish whether extracellular histone release contributes to myocardial infarction.

Methods and results 

Isolated, perfused rat hearts were subject to I/R. Nucleosomes and histone-H4 release was detected early during reperfusion. Sodium-β-O-Methyl cellobioside sulfate (mCBS), a newly developed histone-neutralizing compound, significantly reduced infarct size whilst also reducing the detectable levels of histones. Histones were directly toxic to primary adult rat cardiomyocytes in vitro. This was prevented by mCBS or HIPe, a recently described, histone-H4 neutralizing peptide, but not by an inhibitor of TLR4, a receptor previously reported to be involved in DAMP-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, TLR4-reporter HEK293 cells revealed that cytotoxicity of histone H4 was independent of TLR4 and NF-κB. In an in vivo rat model of I/R, HIPe significantly reduced infarct size.

Conclusion 

Histones released from the myocardium are cytotoxic to cardiomyocytes, via a TLR4-independent mechanism. The targeting of extracellular histones provides a novel opportunity to limit cardiomyocyte death during I/R injury of the myocardium.
CANNUSE, a database of traditional Cannabis uses—an opportunity for new research
Authors: Balant Manica , Gras Airy , Gálvez Francisco , Garnatje Teresa , Vallès Joan , Vitales Daniel
Published: April 2021

Cannabis is one of the most versatile genera in terms of plant uses and has been exploited by humans for millennia due to its medicinal properties, strong fibres, nutritious seeds and psychoactive resin. Nowadays, Cannabis is the centre of many scientific studies, which mainly focus on its chemical composition and medicinal properties. Unfortunately, while new applications of this plant are continuously being developed, some of its traditional uses are becoming rare and even disappearing altogether. Information on traditional uses of Cannabis is vast, but it is scattered across many publication sources in different formats, so synthesis and standardization of these data are increasingly important. The CANNUSE database provides an organized information source for scientists and general public interested in different aspects of Cannabis use. It contains over 2300 entries from 649 publications related to medicinal, alimentary, fibre and other uses from different geographical areas and cultures around the world. We believe this database will serve as a starting point for new research and development strategies based on the traditional knowledge.

Database URL: http://cannusedb.csic.es
Association of patient gender and gastroenterologists’ diagnosis and management choices in gastroesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Krigel Anna , Lebwohl Benjamin , Yadlapati Rena , Jodorkovsky Daniela
Published: April 2021

Symptom severity and prevalence of erosive disease in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) differ between genders. It is not known how gastroenterologists incorporate patient gender in their decision-making process. We aimed to evaluate how gender influences the diagnosis and management recommendations for patients with GERD. We invited a nationwide sample of gastroenterologists via voluntary listservs to complete an online survey of fictional patient scenarios presenting with different GERD symptoms and endoscopic findings. Patient gender for each case was randomly generated. Study participants were asked for their likelihood of a diagnosis of GERD and subsequent management recommendations. Results were analyzed using chi-square tests, Fisher Exact tests, and multivariable logistic regression. Of 819 survey invitations sent, 135 gastroenterologists responded with 95.6% completion rate. There was no significant association between patient gender and prediction for the likelihood of GERD for any of the five clinical scenarios when analyzed separately or when all survey responses were pooled. There was also no significant association between gender and decision to refer for fundoplication, escalate PPI therapy, or start of neuromodulation/behavioral therapy. Despite documented symptomatic and physiologic differences of GERD between the genders, patient gender did not affect respondents’ estimates of GERD diagnosis or subsequent management. Further outcomes studies should validate whether response to GERD treatment strategies differ between women and men.
Successful surgical treatment of a long ingrowing intra-coronary septic vegetation
Authors: Umeda Yukio
Published: April 2021

A 39-year-old man was referred to our hospital as infective endocarditis with multiple organ failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. Transoesophageal echocardiography and coronary computed tomography angiography revealed a long ingrowing vegetation into the right coronary artery. Emergency surgical resection of the vegetation and aortic valve replacement was performed successfully without distal embolism of the vegetation.
Comparison of 2-D and 3-D full waveform inversion imaging using wide-angle seismic data from the Deep Galicia Margin
Authors: Boddupalli Bhargav , Minshull Tim A , Morgan Joanna , Bayrakci Gaye , Klaeschen Dirk
Published: April 2021

Full waveform inversion (FWI) is a data-fitting technique capable of generating high-resolution velocity models with a resolution down to half the seismic wavelength. FWI is applied typically to densely sampled seismic data. In this study, we applied FWI to 3-D wide-angle seismic data acquired using sparsely spaced ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) from the Deep Galicia Margin west of Iberia. Our data set samples the S-reflector, a low-angle detachment present in this area. Here we highlight differences between 2-D, 2.5-D and 3-D-FWI performances using a real sparsely spaced data set. We performed 3-D FWI in the time domain and compared the results with 2-D and 2.5-D FWI results from a profile through the 3-D model. When overlaid on multichannel seismic images, the 3-D FWI results constrain better the complex faulting within the pre- and syn-rift sediments and crystalline crust compared to the 2-D result. Furthermore, we estimate variable serpentinization of the upper mantle below the S-reflector along the profile using 3-D FWI, reaching a maximum of 45 per cent. Differences in the data residuals of the 2-D, 2.5-D and 3-D inversions suggest that 2-D inversion can be prone to overfitting when using a sparse data set. To validate our results, we performed tests to recover the anomalies introduced by the inversions in the final models using synthetic data sets. Based on our comparison of the velocity models, we conclude that the use of 3-D data can partially mitigate the problem of receiver sparsity in FWI.
On the instability, nonexistence and spatial behaviour of the one-dimensional response of a new class of elastic bodies
Authors: Quintanilla R , Rajagopal K R
Published: April 2021

In this note we consider 1D problems within the context of a new class of elastic bodies. Under suitable conditions on the constitutive equations we prove instability and nonexistence of solutions similar to those in place for the linearized theory. The last section is devoted to describing the spatial behavior of the solutions.
The Association Between Weight Gain, Sex, and Immune Activation Following the Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Bares Sara H , Smeaton Laura M , Scott Sarah E , Smith Beth A , Godfrey Catherine , McComsey Grace A
Published: April 2021

Background

Immune activation persists despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) and may be affected by sex or body composition. We explored these relationships in a subset of participants who initiated ART in two large randomized trials.

Methods

Purposeful sampling selected participants who achieved virologic suppression on ART and either maintained weight within ± 0.5 kg/m2 or gained 2.6–6.4 kg/m2 from baseline to 96 weeks. We measured 7 markers of inflammation and immune activation at weeks 0 and 96. Multivariable linear regression explored associations of weight gain, sex, and pre-ART BMI with pre-ART and changes in biomarker concentrations.

Results

340 participants were selected; median pre-ART age 42 years, CD4+ cell count 273 cells/mm3, HIV-1 RNA 4.7 log10 copies/mL; 49% were women, 33% white, 42% black, and 24% Hispanic. Among participants with a normal pre-ART BMI, higher pre-ART levels of IL-6, sTNF-RI and RII, CXCL-10, sCD163 and hsCRP were associated with weight gain. Association of weight gain with week 96 changes of these biomarkers differed by sex; women who gained weight had smaller declines in most measured biomarkers compared to men who gained.

Conclusions

Among women, weight gain is associated with attenuated decline in several immune activation markers following ART initiation.

Clinical Trials Registration. NCT 00811954 and NCT 00811954.
Thiocillin and micrococcin exploit the ferrioxamine receptor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for uptake
Authors: Chan Derek C K , Burrows Lori L
Published: April 2021

Background

Thiopeptides are a class of antibiotics that are active against Gram-positive bacteria and inhibit translation. They were considered inactive against Gram-negative bacteria due to their inability to cross the outer membrane. However, we discovered previously that a member of this class, thiostrepton (TS), has activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii under iron-limiting conditions. TS hijacks the pyoverdine siderophore receptors of P. aeruginosa to cross the outer membrane and synergizes with iron chelators.

Objectives

To test other thiopeptides for antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa and determine their mechanism of uptake, action and spectrum of activity.

Methods

Eight thiopeptides were screened in chequerboard assays against a mutant of P. aeruginosa PA14 lacking both pyoverdine receptors. Thiopeptides that retain activity against a pyoverdine receptor-null mutant may use alternative siderophore receptors for entry. Susceptibility testing against siderophore receptor mutants was used to determine thiopeptide mechanism of uptake.

Results

The thiopeptides thiocillin (TC) and micrococcin (MC) use the ferrioxamine siderophore receptor (FoxA) for uptake and inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa at low micromolar concentrations. The activity of TC required the TonB-ExbBD system used to energize siderophore uptake. TC acted through its canonical mechanism of action of translation inhibition.

Conclusions

Multiple thiopeptides have antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, countering the historical assumption that they cannot cross the outer membrane. These results demonstrate the potential for thiopeptides to act as antipseudomonal antibiotics.
Development of an electronic conversation aid to support shared decision making for children with acute otitis media
Authors: Anderson Jana L , Oliveira J e Silva Lucas , Brito Juan P , Hargraves Ian G , Hess Erik P
Published: April 2021

Objective

The overuse of antibiotics for acute otitis media (AOM) in children is a healthcare quality issue in part arising from conflicting parent and physician understanding of the risks and benefits of antibiotics for AOM. Our objective was to develop a conversation aid that supports shared decision making (SDM) with parents of children who are diagnosed with non-severe AOM in the acute care setting.

Materials and Methods

We developed a web-based encounter tool following a human-centered design approach that includes active collaboration with parents, clinicians, and designers using literature review, observations of clinical encounters, parental and clinician surveys, and interviews. Insights from these processes informed the iterative creation of prototypes that were reviewed and field-tested in patient encounters.

Results

The ear pain conversation aid includes five sections: (1) A home page that opens the discussion on the etiologies of AOM; (2) the various options available for AOM management; (3) a pictograph of the impact of antibiotic therapy on pain control; (4) a pictograph of complication rates with and without antibiotics; and (5) a summary page on management choices. This open-access, web-based tool is located at www.earpaindecisionaid.org.

Conclusions

We collaboratively developed an evidence-based conversation aid to facilitate SDM for AOM. This decision aid has the potential to improve parental medical knowledge of AOM, physician/parent communication, and possibly decrease the overuse of antibiotics for this condition.
Annotation and initial evaluation of a large annotated German oncological corpus
Authors: Kittner Madeleine , Lamping Mario , Rieke Damian T , Götze Julian , Bajwa Bariya , Jelas Ivan , Rüter Gina , Hautow Hanjo , Sänger Mario , Habibi Maryam , Zettwitz Marit , Bortoli Till de , Ostermann Leonie , Ševa Jurica , Starlinger Johannes , Kohlbacher Oliver , Malek Nisar P , Keilholz Ulrich , Leser Ulf
Published: April 2021

Objective

We present the Berlin-Tübingen-Oncology corpus (BRONCO), a large and freely available corpus of shuffled sentences from German oncological discharge summaries annotated with diagnosis, treatments, medications, and further attributes including negation and speculation. The aim of BRONCO is to foster reproducible and openly available research on Information Extraction from German medical texts.

Materials and Methods

BRONCO consists of 200 manually deidentified discharge summaries of cancer patients. Annotation followed a structured and quality-controlled process involving 2 groups of medical experts to ensure consistency, comprehensiveness, and high quality of annotations. We present results of several state-of-the-art techniques for different IE tasks as baselines for subsequent research.

Results

The annotated corpus consists of 11 434 sentences and 89 942 tokens, annotated with 11 124 annotations for medical entities and 3118 annotations of related attributes. We publish 75% of the corpus as a set of shuffled sentences, and keep 25% as held-out data set for unbiased evaluation of future IE tools. On this held-out dataset, our baselines reach depending on the specific entity types F1-scores of 0.72–0.90 for named entity recognition, 0.10–0.68 for entity normalization, 0.55 for negation detection, and 0.33 for speculation detection.

Discussion

Medical corpus annotation is a complex and time-consuming task. This makes sharing of such resources even more important.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, BRONCO is the first sizable and freely available German medical corpus. Our baseline results show that more research efforts are necessary to lift the quality of information extraction in German medical texts to the level already possible for English.
Thyroid metastasis from adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lung: a case report and literature review
Authors: Montecamozzo Giulio , Cammarata Francesco , Pennacchi Luca , Yakushkina Al’ona , Carsana Luca , Zerbi Pietro , Danelli Piergiorgio
Published: April 2021

Both adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and thyroid metastasis are quite peculiar clinical presentations. ACC is a malignant salivary gland-type tumour mostly found in the head and neck district, but that can arise from different organs. Due to its rarity, it can pose problems in the diagnostic and therapeutic management.

A 72-year-old woman presented for a persistent non-productive cough. A computed tomography showed a lung mass. She underwent lung surgery, and the lesion was an ACC primitive of the lung. She developed hoarseness and ultrasound and cytology confirmed metastatic involvement of left thyroid lobe from ACC. A total thyroidectomy was performed, followed by radiotherapy.

The present case highlights the need to be aware of possible metastatic thyroid localization of ACC originating in lower airways. This is a very rare event, and clinical and cytological findings must be carefully examined. It represents an opportunity to consider the current knowledge about ACC metastasis to thyroid.
A case report of a retained interventricular septal bullet after gunshot wound
Authors: Smith Brandon M , Loomis Elisabeth , Erz Logan , Shaub Ted F , Espinal Eric , Shenoy Rathna
Published: April 2021

Cardiac gunshot injuries herald a universally grim prognosis. We present an exceedingly unique case of a patient surviving multiple gunshot wounds with two bullet fragments lodged in the interventricular septum.

A 25-year-old male sustained four gunshot wound injuries to the upper body. Two cardiac interventricular septal bullet fragments were identified during his recovery. Management included serial echocardiographic surveillance and a two-month regimen of empiric colchicine for prophylaxis against post-traumatic pericarditis.

Pursuing non-operative management especially in asymptomatic or stable patients should be evaluated against surgical extraction and possible sequelae of complications. The consideration of scheduled colchicine for pericarditis prophylaxis is warranted as well as interval echocardiogram.

Retained myocardial bullets are exceedingly rare clinical events with scant literature available to guide clinical decisions. Management requires intricate decision-making and close consideration of risk benefit analysis weighing surgical extraction against non-operative management.
Rapid-Acting Antidepressants
Authors: Kadriu Bashkim , Subramanian Subha , Deng Zhi-De , Henter Ioline D. , Park Lawrence T. , Zarate Carlos A.
Published: April 2021

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent and debilitating illness and closely linked to suicide risk. Currently available antidepressants take weeks to work and have low remission rates; indeed, about a third of individuals with MDD fail to fully remit in response to these agents. Novel therapies that target the glutamatergic system, such as ketamine, offer rapid antidepressant effects as well as high remission rates, making them attractive therapeutic options. This chapter reviews the evidence for the antidepressant efficacy of several novel therapeutics (ketamine, esketamine, nitrous oxide, scopolamine, GLYX-13, and buprenorphine) as well as interventional techniques such as sleep deprivation. Notably, ketamine and esketamine also rapidly reduce suicidal thoughts, making them attractive solutions in an emergency setting. Because studying the rapid onset of antidepressant effects associated with these agents has also improved our understanding of the neurocircuitry and neural signaling systems underlying MDD, some pivotal drug trials using rodents, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological studies are also reviewed.
Therapeutic Mindfulness and Depression
Authors: Collins Evan , Segal Zindel
Published: April 2021

There is growing interest in mindfulness as a therapeutic intervention for a variety of physical and mental health conditions, including depression. A major contribution has been the growing evidence base of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for prevention of depressive relapse in those with recurrent unipolar depression, as well as MBCT’s application to other mood disorders, special populations, and mental diagnoses. In addition, other mindfulness-based interventions, including mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), dialectical behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and mindfully informed psychotherapies, are being used to target depression in both groups and individuals. This chapter explores the various applications of mindfulness for depression; its growing evidence base, with emphasis on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and inclusion in treatment guidelines; its putative mechanisms of action and potential mediators and moderators; and future directions.
Depression in Older Adults
Authors: Oughli Hanadi Ajam , Karp Jordan F. , Lenze Eric J.
Published: April 2021

Late-life depression (LLD) is relatively common in older adults. It is associated with deleterious health outcomes, exacerbates frailty and functional decline, and contributes to all-cause mortality. LLD tends to have a chronic course, with frequent recurrences and relapses. This chapter reviews the clinical presentation, assessment, and etiologies of LLD. The chapter also focuses on therapeutic targets of LLD, which include pharmacotherapy, neurostimulation, and psychosocial treatment. An antidepressant treatment algorithm based on a summary of current data, clinical evidence and expert opinion is included to help guide physicians. Additionally, psychotropic medications with novel mechanisms of action are discussed with some directions for further research.
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Newlands Carrie , Kerawala Cyrus
Published: April 2021

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is the fully updated third edition of the essential guide for all of those working towards the Intercollegiate Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery exit exam or the Diploma of Membership of the Faculty of Dental Surgery assessment, as well as a handy quick reference for consultants working in the field. Providing a concise and structured overview of the current oral and maxillofacial practice, the handbook covers the diagnosis and surgical treatment of diseases affecting the mouth, jaws, face, and neck. Including a combination of clinical photographs and line drawings to aid understanding, the text has been bought in line with new evidence, practice, and revised guidelines, while maintaining the clear, user-friendly layout and expert tips of the previous editions.
On the kinetic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect as an observational probe for halo spin bias
Authors: Montero-Dorta Antonio D , Artale M Celeste , Abramo L Raul , Tucci Beatriz
Published: April 2021

We explore the potential of the kinetic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (kSZ) effect as the cornerstone of a future observational probe for halo spin bias, the secondary dependence of halo clustering on halo spin at fixed halo mass. Using the IllustrisTNG magnetohydrodynamical cosmological simulation, we measure both the rotational component of the kSZ and the thermal SZ (tSZ) effects produced by the baryonic content of more than 50 000 haloes within the halo mass range $11 \lt \log _{10} ({\rm M_{vir}}/ h^{-1} \, {\rm M_{\odot }}) \lesssim 14.5$. First, we confirm that the magnitude of both effects depends strongly on the total gas and virial mass of the haloes, and that the integrated kSZ signal displays a significant correlation with the angular momentum of the intra-halo gas, particularly for massive haloes. Second, we show that both the integrated kSZ signal and the ratio of the integrated kSZ and tSZ signals trace total halo spin, even though significant scatter exists. Finally, we demonstrate, with high statistical significance, that, in the absence of observational and instrumental uncertainties, these SZ-related statistics can be used to recover most of the underlying IllustrisTNG halo spin bias signal. Our analysis represents the first attempt to develop a future observational probe for halo spin bias, bringing forward alternative routes for measuring the secondary bias effects.
H i intensity mapping with the MIGHTEE survey: power spectrum estimates
Authors: Paul Sourabh , Santos Mario G , Townsend Junaid , Jarvis Matt J , Maddox Natasha , Collier Jordan D , Frank Bradley S , Taylor Russ
Published: April 2021

Intensity mapping (IM) with neutral hydrogen is a promising avenue to probe the large-scale structure of the Universe. In this paper, we demonstrate that using the 64-dish MeerKAT radio telescope as a connected interferometer, it is possible to make a statistical detection of H i in the post-reionization Universe. With the MIGHTEE (MeerKAT International GHz Tiered Extragalactic Exploration) survey project observing in the L-band (856 MHz < ν < 1712 MHz, z < 0.66), we can achieve the required sensitivity to measure the H i IM power spectrum on quasi-linear scales, which will provide an important complementarity to the single-dish IM MeerKAT observations. We present a purpose-built simulation pipeline that emulates the MIGHTEE observations and forecasts the constraints that can be achieved on the H i power spectrum at z = 0.27 for k > 0.3 $\rm {Mpc}^{-1}$ using the foreground avoidance method. We present the power spectrum estimates with the current simulation on the COSMOS field that includes contributions from H i, noise, and point-source models constructed from the observed MIGHTEE data. The results from our visibility-based pipeline are in qualitative agreement to the already available MIGHTEE data. This paper demonstrates that MeerKAT can achieve very high sensitivity to detect H i with the full MIGHTEE survey on quasi-linear scales (signal-to-noise ratio >7 at k = 0.49 $\rm {Mpc}^{-1}$) that are instrumental in probing cosmological quantities such as the spectral index of fluctuation, constraints on warm dark matter, the quasi-linear redshift space distortions, and the measurement of the H i content of the Universe up to z ∼ 0.5.
A tale of two tails: insights from simulations into the formation of the peculiar dwarf galaxy NGC 1427A
Authors: Mastropietro M , De Rijcke S , Peletier R F
Published: April 2021

We present a scenario for the formation and the morphology of the arrow-shaped dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 1427A in the Fornax Cluster. This galaxy shows intriguing stellar and gaseous tails pointing in different directions for which alternative but not conclusive formation scenarios have been proposed in the literature. We performed N-body/SPH simulations of dwarf galaxies falling into a model of the Fornax cluster, exhibiting a jellyfish-like appearance while undergoing ram-pressure stripping. We noted that some of our models show interesting tail morphologies similar to that of NGC 1427A. In this way, the peculiar NGC 1427A structure can be studied using models whose stellar and neutral gas photometry and kinematics are in good agreement with the observed ones, without the need of invoking an interaction with a nearby galaxy. Thanks to the tails, we can identify the requirements for a galaxy to expose such a structure and assess the possible position and velocity of the galaxy in the cluster. This puts constraints on the orbit of the galaxy, its position in the cluster and the time since its pericentre passage. From the statistics of identified snapshots following our modelling, we found that the most likely position of the galaxy is around 200 kpc in front of the cluster centre, travelling towards the cluster with a velocity angle with respect to the line-of-sight direction of around 50 deg. This analysis can be useful in future observations of similar galaxies in clusters to characterize their position and velocity in the cluster and their formation.
Tree-ring structure of Galactic bar resonance
Authors: Chiba Rimpei , Schönrich Ralph
Published: April 2021

Galaxy models have long predicted that galactic bars slow down by losing angular momentum to their postulated dark haloes. When the bar slows down, resonance sweeps radially outwards through the galactic disc while growing in volume, thereby sequentially capturing new stars at its surface/separatrix. Since trapped stars conserve their action of libration, which measures the relative distance to the resonance centre, the order of capturing is preserved: the surface of the resonance is dominated by stars captured recently at large radius, while the core of the resonance is occupied by stars trapped early at small radius. The slow down of the bar thus results in a rising mean metallicity of trapped stars from the surface towards the centre of the resonance as the Galaxy’s metallicity declines towards large radii. This argument, when applied to Solar neighbourhood stars, allows a novel precision measurement of the bar’s current pattern speed $\Omega _{\rm p}= 35.5 \pm 0.8 \, {\rm km}\, {\rm s}^{-1}\, {\rm kpc}^{-1}$, placing the corotation radius at $R_{\rm CR}= 6.6 \pm 0.2 \, {\rm kpc}$. With this pattern speed, the corotation resonance precisely fits the Hercules stream in agreement with kinematics. Beyond corroborating the slow bar theory, this measurement manifests the deceleration of the bar of more than $24{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ since its formation and thus the angular momentum transfer to the dark halo by dynamical friction. The measurement therefore supports the existence of a standard dark-matter halo rather than alternative models of gravity.
Testing the effect of resolution on gravitational fragmentation with Lagrangian hydrodynamic schemes
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuyoshi , Okamoto Takashi , Saitoh Takayuki R
Published: April 2021

To study the resolution required for simulating gravitational fragmentation with newly developed Lagrangian hydrodynamic schemes, meshless finite-volume method (MFV) and meshless finite-mass method, we have performed a number of simulations of the Jeans test and compared the results with both the expected analytical solution and results from the more standard Lagrangian approach: smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). We find that the different schemes converge to the analytical solution when the diameter of a fluid element is smaller than a quarter of the Jeans wavelength, λJ. Among the three schemes, SPH/MFV shows the fastest/slowest convergence to the analytical solution. Unlike the well-known behaviour of Eulerian schemes, none of the Lagrangian schemes investigated displays artificial fragmentation when the perturbation wavelength, λ, is shorter than λJ, even at low numerical resolution. For larger wavelengths (λ > λJ), the growth of the perturbation is delayed when it is not well resolved. Furthermore, with poor resolution, the fragmentation seen with the MFV scheme proceeds very differently compared to the converged solution. All these results suggest that, when unresolved, the ratio of the magnitude of hydrodynamic force to that of self-gravity at the sub-resolution scale is the largest/smallest in MFV/SPH, the reasons for which we have discussed in detail. These tests are repeated to investigate the effect of kernels of higher order than the fiducial cubic spline. Our results indicate that the standard deviation of the kernel is a more appropriate definition of the ‘size’ of a fluid element than its compact support radius.
Scale invariance, horizons, and inflation
Authors: Maeder Andre , Gueorguiev Vesselin G
Published: April 2021

Maxwell equations and the equations of general relativity are scale invariant in empty space. The presence of charge or currents in electromagnetism or the presence of matter in cosmology are preventing scale invariance. The question arises on how much matter within the horizon is necessary to kill scale invariance. The scale-invariant field equation, first written by Dirac in 1973 and then revisited by Canuto et al. in 1977, provides the starting point to address this question. The resulting cosmological models show that, as soon as matter is present, the effects of scale invariance rapidly decline from ϱ = 0 to ϱc, and are forbidden for densities above ϱc. The absence of scale invariance in this case is consistent with considerations about causal connection. Below ϱc, scale invariance appears as an open possibility, which also depends on the occurrence of inflation in the scale-invariant context. In the present approach, we identify the scalar field of the empty space in the scale-invariant vacuum context to the scalar field φ in the energy density $\varrho = \frac{1}{2} \dot{\varphi }^2 + V(\varphi)$ of the vacuum at inflation. This leads to some constraints on the potential. This identification also solves the so-called ‘cosmological constant problem’. In the framework of scale invariance, an inflation with a large number of e-foldings is also predicted. We conclude that scale invariance for models with densities below ϱc is an open possibility; the final answer may come from high redshift observations, where differences from the ΛCDM models appear.
Stellar evolution models with entropy-calibrated mixing-length parameter: application to red giants
Authors: Spada Federico , Demarque Pierre , Kupka Friedrich
Published: April 2021

We present evolutionary models for solar-like stars with an improved treatment of convection that results in a more accurate estimate of the radius and effective temperature. This is achieved by improving the calibration of the mixing-length parameter, which sets the length scale in the 1D convection model implemented in the stellar evolution code. Our calibration relies on the results of 2D and 3D radiation hydrodynamics simulations of convection to specify the value of the adiabatic specific entropy at the bottom of the convective envelope in stars as a function of their effective temperature, surface gravity, and metallicity. For the first time, this calibration is fully integrated within the flow of a stellar evolution code, with the mixing-length parameter being continuously updated at run-time. This approach replaces the more common, but questionable, procedure of calibrating the length scale parameter on the Sun, and then applying the solar-calibrated value in modelling other stars, regardless of their mass, composition, and evolutionary status. The internal consistency of our current implementation makes it suitable for application to evolved stars, in particular to red giants. We show that the entropy calibrated models yield a revised position of the red giant branch that is in better agreement with observational constraints than that of standard models.
Particle acceleration and non-thermal emission in colliding-wind binary systems
Authors: Pittard J M , Romero G E , Vila G S
Published: April 2021

We present a model for the creation of non-thermal particles via diffusive shock acceleration in a colliding-wind binary. Our model accounts for the oblique nature of the global shocks bounding the wind–wind collision region and the finite velocity of the scattering centres to the gas. It also includes magnetic field amplification by the cosmic ray induced streaming instability and the dynamical back reaction of the amplified field. We assume that the injection of the ions and electrons is independent of the shock obliquity and that the scattering centres move relative to the fluid at the Alfvén velocity (resulting in steeper non-thermal particle distributions). We find that the Mach number, Alfvénic Mach number, and transverse field strength vary strongly along and between the shocks, resulting in significant and non-linear variations in the particle acceleration efficiency and shock nature (turbulent versus non-turbulent). We find much reduced compression ratios at the oblique shocks in most of our models compared to our earlier work, though total gas compression ratios that exceed 20 can still be obtained in certain situations. We also investigate the dependence of the non-thermal emission on the stellar separation and determine when emission from secondary electrons becomes important. We finish by applying our model to WR 146, one of the brightest colliding wind binaries in the radio band. We are able to match the observed radio emission and find that roughly 30 per cent of the wind power at the shocks is channelled into non-thermal particles.