bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
M
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

MAB: the fairies’ midwife, employed by them to deliver man’s brain of dreams. When Romeo says, “I dreamed a dream tonight,” then Mercutio replies, “Oh, then I see Queen Mab hath been with you.”When Mab is called queen it does not mean sovereign, because *Titania, as wife of King *Oberon, was queen of the fairies, but means simply “female.” Shakespeare gives an excellent description of Mab in Romeo and Juliet, act 1, scene 4; Ben *Jonson, Robert *Herrick, and Michael Drayton also describe Mab well.
Too Much of the Wrong Kind of Data: Implications for the Practice of Micro-Scale Spatial Modeling
Authors: O’Sullivan David
Published: November 2023

Writing at the end of the northern hemisphere’s summer of 2001, in the wake of market “corrections” and the consequent subsidence of millennial excitement about a “new economy,” it is easier now than it would have been even a year ago to suggest that everything has not changed utterly. Distance is still alive and kicking; personal data assistants are just electronic notebooks; and a computer is just another tool.
Chastity
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

When she was nine, Wendy Shalit’s parents arranged that during sex education classes at her school, she would be permitted to go to the library instead of hearing about masturbation. When she was fourteen, she went to pursue an argument about political economy with her twenty-four-year-old counselor at debate camp, in his room, at one in the morning, but fled when he began to stroke her hair-the impulse of chastity following hard upon the first stirrings of sexual arousal. A few years later she went to Williams College and was disgusted to find that she had to use unisex bathrooms in the coed dorms. She wrote an article about it for Reader’s Digest, and after she graduated in 1997 the college changed the policy. Now she offers herself as the prophet of a sexual counterrevolution.
Cohen on Inequality
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

If You’re an Egalitarian, How Come You’re So Rich? is an unusual book, a remarkably successful blend of autobiography, intellectual history, and moral philosophy that reflects the author’s distinctive outlook and background. It is the published result of the Gifford Lectures delivered in 1996 by G. A. Cohen, a lapsed Marxist who is Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at Oxford. Cohen’s historically self-conscious reflection on the ideal of social and economic equality-and on the form in which that ideal can survive once its Marxist version is recognized to be morally, politically, and economically bankrupt-presents, I believe, the most important contemporary challenge to the egalitarian form of liberalism found in the work of John Rawls and others. The questions he asks are the ones we should all be worrying about.
Raz on Liberty and Law
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Liberalism of one kind or another is the dominant political tradition of Western culture; that is why it is under such constant attack. But while the conflicts between liberalism and various authoritarian, repressive, radical, romantic, or theocratic alternatives produce a good deal of excitement on a world scale, a quieter and intellectually more demanding argument has gone on within the tradition about the best way to interpret liberalism, both theoretically and in application to concrete social and political problems.
Waldron on Law and Politics
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Jeremy Waldron’s assertive and engaging book The Dignity of Legislation has a chip on its shoulder-hence the title. In the academic culture of legal theory that Waldron partly inhabits, legislatures come in for a lot of distrust, or even contempt, in comparison with courts. Courts are widely thought to arrive at their results by reasoning, whereas legislatures are thought to operate by the crude clash of partisan interests.
Exposure
Authors: White G Edward
Published: November 2023

The exposure of Alger Hiss as a Communist and a Soviet agent began with a story about Hiss told by his accuser Whittaker Chambers. In 1952 Chambers produced a long, polished version of that story in his memoirs, Witness. He was at that time a celebrity, the star prosecution witness at the 1949 and 1950 perjury trials of Hiss, whom Chambers had accused of being in a Communist cell with him, and passing him stolen government documents, in the 1930s. Chambers admitted to having been a member of the Communist Party of the United States and an under-cover Soviet agent, but stated that he had broken with the Soviets in 1938 and become a rabid anti-Communist.
Prison
Authors: White G Edward
Published: November 2023

On March 22, 1951, Alger Hiss surrendered to federal marshals at the Foley Square courthouse in New York to begin a five-year jail sentence. His appeal from his January 1950 conviction on two counts of perjury had been unanimously denied by a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on December 7, 1950, and on March 12, 1951, the Supreme Court of the United States had denied his petition for certiorari. Ten days later Hiss’s tenure as a federal prisoner began. He had been sentenced to five years on both counts of perjury, with the prosecution recommending, and Judge Goddard agreeing, to have the counts run concurrently. A statute provided that if he maintained good behavior in prison he would be released in 44 months.
Victoria Reid And The Politics Of Identity
Authors: Casas María Raquel
Published: November 2023

Sometime in September 1836, the widow Victoria Bartolomea married Hugo Reid at the San Gabriel mission, located near the small town of Los Angeles, California. After the ceremony, the couple attended to their landholdings, became part of the small San Gabriel community, and raised Victoria’s four children from her previous marriage. Socially and culturally, little distinguished this couple from their neighbors, except for race. Victoria Bartolomea, a Comicrabit Indian, was born near the San Gabriel mission and raised as a neophyte under the authority of the Catholic fathers. Hugo Reid was born in Scotland, lived in Mexico for several years, and then migrated to California.
Teresa Urrea: Curandera and Folk Saint
Authors: Perales Marian
Published: November 2023

Teresa Urrea’s fame as a folk saint and curandera (folk healer) preceded her. She dedicated her life to providing medical and spiritual sustenance to those in need. Her reputation, like the fluid and permeable nature of the border, crossed over international boundaries. It began in northwest Mexico in the 1880s, and in the early 1900s it spread into the United States. Notoriety accompanied her as she journeyed from the interior of Sonora to Nogales, Arizona, and later to El Paso, Texas. The Porfiriato, or the Porfirio Diaz presidency, was in full swing by the time she came of age.
Pura Belpré: The Children’s Ambassador
Authors: González Lisa Sánchez
Published: November 2023

Pura Teresa Belpré, one of the most admired figures of twentieth-century Puerto Rican history, was a storyteller, folklorist, children’s librarian, and advocate for low-income, Spanish-speaking children in New York City. During her lifetime, she traveled widely, performing stories, writing chil- dren’s books, and contributing to the fields of library science and bilin- gual children’s bibliography. Literary critics and historians have only recently recovered Belpré’s body of work. In light of her contributions to children’s literature, writing, researching, and translations of Puerto Rican legends and myths for bilingual audiences, she has been dubbed the island’s folkloric “ambassador” to the United States.
Antonia Pantoja And The Power Of Community Action
Authors: Korrol Virginia Sánchez
Published: November 2023

All eyes were riveted on the petite, gray-haired senior citizen at the podium. In September 2001, scholars, politicians, community organizers, educators, and students filled the auditorium precisely because she had organized the symposium on New York Puerto Rican history. Many came because she was a legendary figure, regarded as the most influential community activist since the 1950s; some had never met her but knew her history; and others wondered why she had returned to the city after an absence of over two decades.
Introduction
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

On a June evening in 1989, Philip Traficonda chased his wife, Terry, across their yard to a neighbor’s house, where she took refuge with their infant son. Philip had been drinking all afternoon. He approached the modified mobile home to which his wife had escaped, peered through a window, walked around the house several times, and then burst through the screen door into the kitchen. “Get the f—k home,” he ordered. When Terry failed to move, Philip grabbed their son from her arms, carried the boy to his pickup truck, and peeled out of the driveway. Terry called 911. By the time Philip went on trial for her murder, police had “lost” the tape of Terry’s call. But the neighbor testified that Terry told the dispatch operator her husband had “kidnapped” their child, was drunk, and was driving at a dangerous rate of speed and that she wanted the child returned. Two officers were sent to the address.
The Revolution Stalled
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

The domestic violence revolution far surpassed initial expectations. But it has gone as far as current strategies can take it. In 1977, during one of the many incidents when Mickey Hughes assaulted his wife, Francine, their 12-year-old daughter, Christy, called police. When the police arrived, Mickey threatened to kill Francine. But this seemed like “idle talk,” an officer testified. “He hadn’t killed her before, he wouldn’t do so now.” After the police left, Francine set fire to the bed in which her husband was sleeping and he was fatally burned. Things have changed dramatically since 1977. Mickey was never arrested, though he had raped Francine on several occasions and assaulted her dozens of times. Not until 1979, as the result of lawsuits in a number of cities were police required to replace their arrest-avoidance strategy. Marital rape was not a crime in 1977 and in New York and a number of other states was not even considered grounds for divorce. In several states, Francine could have gotten an injunction, though police had no role in enforcing these orders, and only if she was married, and only pursuant to a divorce. Farrah Fawcett portrayed Francine in a TV film version of The Burning Bed. In the mid-1990s, when her boyfriend slammed Fawcett to the ground and choked her after an argument at a restaurant, he was arrested, tried, and convicted. By this time, most states had abolished the marriage rape exemption and mandated police to presumptively arrest if they had probable cause to believe domestic violence had occurred. Around the globe, courts provided a range of new protections for abuse victims. On the two occasions when Francine left Mickey to return to her parents, he stalked and harassed her without consequence.
The Proper Measure Of Abuse
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

No sooner had the first shelters opened than a consensus emerged about what brought women through their doors. However much advocates and mainstream academics disagreed, it seemed self-evident that violence was our central concern. Twenty-five years have passed. A woman’s face is prominently displayed on a poster in Marshall’s Department Store. Her eyes are blackened, and her cheeks swollen. Without him being pictured, everyone understands that the woman’s husband or boyfriend is responsible. “There’s No Excuse for Abuse,” reads the market-tested slogan at the bottom of the poster. A sign tells us a portion of what we spend goes to domestic violence services, though not what portion or which services. The New York Times identifies a similar woman, whose bruised face appears on the cover of its Sunday Magazine, as a victim of “Bad Love.”
Up To Inequality
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

This section reopens inquiry into the nature of women’s oppression in personal life by broadening the current focus on violence to encompass a class of harms that bears directly on individual liberty, the chance for equal personhood, and the political bonds that join free and equal persons in a democratic community. Revisioning these harms changes everything about how we understand and respond to the abuse of women by male partners. This chapter gives the perpetrators and victims of woman battering what Yiddish writer Isaac Beshevis Singer calls a “historical address.” It tracks the evolution of abuse from wife beating in traditional patriarchal societies to wife torture during the transition from industrial to modern corporate societies, and then to coercive control, the emerging strategy of choice for men who seek to dominate female partners in liberal democratic societies
Munich 1667-1688
Authors: Timms Colin
Published: November 2023

Munich must have made an immediate impression on the thirteen-year-old Steffani.Founded in the twelfth century by Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, who fortified an ancient monastic settlement (‘Mönche’ [Ger.]: monks) that had grown up on the banks of the River Isar, the city had been the seat of the ruling Wittelsbach dukes for more than four hundred years and capital of Bavaria for over a century. The elevation of the duchy to an electorate—the eighth in the so-called Holy Roman Empire—in 1623 had made the Wittelsbachs one of the most powerful dynasties in Europe (an elector was one of the small number of German princes entitled to take part in the election of the emperor). The prestige of the Wittelsbachs was displayed in the splendid buildings of the electoral residence (‘Residenz’: Fig. 2.1), which were enlarged and improved in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and housed a magnificent library and art collection. Music at the court had flourished in the later sixteenth century under Orlande de Lassus, with whom both Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli had come to work, but the establishment had been reduced on the accession of Maximilian I in 1597.
The Operas,I: General Survey
Authors: Timms Colin
Published: November 2023

The composition and performance of opera occupied Steffani during the major portion of his musical career. The première of his first opera, Marco Aurelio, to a libretto by his brother Ventura Terzago, took place at Munich in January 1681, the month in which he was promoted to director of chamber music there. He set three more Terzago librettos for Munich—Solone (1685), music lost; Audacia e rispetto (1685), a tourney, music lost; and Servio Tullio (1685)—and two by Luigi Orlandi: Alarico il Baltha (1686) and Niobe, regina di Tebe (1687. His appointment that year as Kapellmeister at Hanover was a central part of Duke Ernst August’s plan to establish Italian opera there and enhance his standing in the eyes of German electors and dukes. Between 1689 and 1695 Steffani composed six three-act operas for Hanover to librettos by Ortensio Mauro—Henrico Leone (1689), La superbia d’Alessandro (1691, Orlando generoso (1692), Le rivali concordi (1693), La libertà contenta (1695), and I trionfi del fato (1689); in addition he probably wrote the two one-act operas performed there during that period—La lotta d’Hercole con Acheloo (1689) and Baccanali (1695). By the time he moved to Düsseldorf Steffani was active mainly in political and ecclesiastical spheres, yet he is credited with three of the operas produced at that court—Arminio (1707), a pasticcio to a libretto by Stefano Benedetto Pallavicini; Amor vien dal destino (1709, but composed at Hanover to a libretto by Mauro); and Tassilone (1709; Pallavicini).
The Operas,II: Case Studies
Authors: Timms Colin
Published: November 2023

Alaric I (ca. 370-410) king of the Visigoths, was the subject of at least three Italian opera librettos in the 1680s. His popularity may have been related to the publication of Emmanuele Tesauro’s Del regno d’Italia sotto i barbari Epitome, cited by Luigi Orlandi as a source of his version for Steffani. This historical account of the ‘barbarian’ kings in Italy first appeared at Turin in 1686; that the British Library also has editions of 1667and 1672, and a German translation (Nuremberg, 1686, suggests that it was well known. The earliest libretto about Alaric was Bartolomeo Groppi’s Alarico in Roma (Padua, 1680; composer unknown), but the most familiar version is the anonymous Alarico, re de’ Goti of which Bassani’s setting was performed in 1680 (Ferrara) and 1685 (Ferrara, Bologna, and Dresden).Orlandi’s libretto could conceivably be based on Groppi’s, which is dedicated to an ‘abbate Alessandro De Lazara de conti del Palù Maggiore’,but not on the other one.
Symptoms of Mood Disorders: Recognizing Biological Depression
Authors: Klein Donald F , Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

The Names of the “mood disorders” have changed repeatedly, and the layperson is generally confused about their meaning. The mood disorders we will discuss are: depression or unipolar depression, manic-depression or bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. There are two major types of depression. In the first, depression or unipolar depression, the patient’s mood varies between being either normal or depressed; he or she never becomes excessively elated. In the second, manic-depression or bipolar illness, the patient’s mood varies between being depressed (as in unipolar depression) and being “high” or “euphoric.”
What Happens to the Depressive or: Manic-Depressive Individual Over Time?
Authors: Klein Donald F , Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

Before Discussing the course of depression and manic-depression (bipolar disorder), we want to comment on the frequency of these illnesses. For reasons that are incompletely understood, depression has become increasingly common in recent times. That is, the rates of depression were lower for people born in 1900 than for those born in 1920, and lower for the 1920 group than for those born in 1940.
What Causes Depression and Manic-Depression?
Authors: Klein Donald F , Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

The Majority of cases of depressive and manicdepressive illness appear to be genetically transmitted and chemically produced. Stated differently, the disorders seem to be hereditary, and what is inherited is a tendency toward abnormal chemical functioning (sometimes called a “chemical imbalance”) in the brain. Antidepressant medications apparently have a compensating effect, correcting the imbalances that are believed to cause depressive and manic-depressive illness.
Illnesses Related to Depression
Authors: Klein Donald F , Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

The Four Sections of this chapter deal with panic disorder, which involves a set of symptoms that frequently accompanies depression, and three varieties of depressive illness.
How to Get Help
Authors: Klein Donald F , Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

One Of The Confusing problems that a person with a depression or related illness faces is finding the right kind of therapist. Because therapy for various kinds of emotional disorders is offered not only by psychiatrists but also by psychologists, social workers, nurses, and pastoral counselors, it is difficult for the potential patient to decide who can best evaluate his needs, help him to plan treatment, and carry it out.
Distribution and Diversity of Grasses in the Yécora Region of the Sierra Madre Occidental of Eastern Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Devender Thomas R Van , Reeder John R , Reeder Charlotte G , G. Ana Lilia Reina
Published: November 2023

Howard Gentry’s Río Mayo Plants (1942) was a major contribution to the knowledge of the flora of north western Mexico. His Río Mayo Re-gion included a broad area in southern Sonora and adjacent Chihuahua in the Río Fuerte, Río Mayo, and Río Yaqui drainages. Beginning in the 1970s, a new network of roads provided access to many new areas (Búrquez et al. 1992). A revision of the Río Mayo flora by Martin et al. (1998) recorded 2835 taxa and incorporated the Chihuahuan treat-ments for the plants of the Cascada de Basaseachi (Spellenberg et al. 1996) and Nabogame (Laferriére 1994).
Historical and Ecological Biogeography of the Terrestrial Herpetofauna of Northern Baja California
Authors: Grismer L Lee , Mellink Eric
Published: November 2023

After traveling along the entire length of the Baja California peninsula in 1837, the German naturalist F. Deppe described it as having very little wild-life, especially reptiles and insects (Lichtenstein 1839). As it turned out, Deppe’s impression of the regional herpetofauna was not borne out by subsequent research. A large body of studies during the twentieth century has revealed relatively few amphibian species but a fairly high diversity of reptiles, especially among lizards and snakes (for a comprehensive overview see Grismer 2002). This is hardly a surprise, given that the diversity of habitats occurring in Baja California is among the highest in North America.
Limits of Independence in the Colonial Economy
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

In the early settlements of seventeenth-century America, only one group of women—domestic servants—could properly be called wage earners. By the end of the colonial period, the stage had been set for women to take their places in the nineteenth-century movement of people into the wage labor force. Women’s transition from paid and unpaid family-centered roles to wage labor of all kinds began early in the American past. Separated from the European soil, and facing dramatically different conditions in the organization and availability of land and labor, the colonists might have reconsidered the roles of women. They had plenty of land, and in the early years they were desperately short of workers. But the colonists chose to create conditions of women’s work that resembled those of Europe more closely than they departed from them. European traditions and expectations regulated women’s access to apprenticeship and thus to the most lucrative skills. And in this new world, patterns of land distribution quickly confirmed old assumptions about women’s place. Together, women’s relationship to the land and to saleable skills permanently influenced their economic possibilities.
From Household Manufactures to Wage Work
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

The American Revolution and the period that followed it offered both ideological and economic lessons to those who cared to listen. Alongside grand expostulations about individual liberty and freedom from tyranny lay challenges posed by more developed industrial nations. Britain and France threatened to flood the new nation with goods that would stifle American economic initiative and create permanent dependence. A way had to be found to create an economic foundation sturdy enough to protect citizens from both the armed might and the insidious trading pressures of other nations. To do this, Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton felt that the United States had to develop a balanced economy. In a society still almost totally agrarian, still rooted in the conviction that land was the basis of an independent republic, such views meant convincing an unwilling populace that nonagricultural production was desirable and necessary. No one wanted to threaten the society’s agrarian base, or to deprive the land of the labor that would both extend America’s borders and coax from it maximal yields. And no one wanted to reproduce the poverty and degradation of English industrialism. But there were many who, with Hamilton and his ally, manufacturing promoter Tench Coxe, believed the new nation could avoid the evils of industrialization and yet derive the benefits of national self-sufficiency. Industrial growth, they believed, would complement and support a rich agricultural production and an independent national economy.
Industrial Wage Earners and the Domestic Ideology
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

“The rest of us have moved here to Nashville,” Jemima Sandborn wrote to her brother Richard Bennett in 1843, “thinking they (the girls and Charles) would probably work in the Mill but we have had bad luck getting them in—only Jane has got in yet.”1 The halcyon days when women seemed to be able to determine their own destinies were gone forever. The depression of 1837-39, the first major downturn of the industrializing nation, was the turning point. It threw as many as one-third of New York City’s working population out of work. Thousands of New England factory operatives returned to their homes until the panic subsided. In the meantime, savings were withdrawn, pauperism grew dramatically, a sense of insecurity about possibilities for work spread. ‘Women could no longer rely on the assurance of readily available jobs, and all workers faced the necessity of accepting reduced wages. The depression marked the development of a market economy characterized by increasing dependence on wage labor and attempts to organize work in central locations. It revealed the difficulty women would have in sustaining a partnership between wage work and the home, where they could not rely on paid work.
Protective Labor Legislation
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

In various incarnations the search for protection extends over an astonishingly long period of time—longer than the battle for woman suffrage itself. Its origins encompass laws that applied to all workers, male and female, as well as to women and children and to children alone. Legislation based on women’s special position derived directly from the search for general protection and was alternately rejected, then supported, then rejected again by the organized women’s movement as well as by wage-earning women. Positions fluctuated with the changing meaning of “protection” as well as with changing labor force circumstances. Because the idea of “protection” appeared in different guises at different times, it drew support from new coalitions of supporters on each occasion. It pitted working women against working men, and employers against legislators. Just as often, it aligned unionists with manufacturers and set women in unions against those outside them.
Hidden Failures: The Role of the Protection System in Major Disturbances in Power Systems
Authors: Thorp James S , Chen Jie
Published: November 2023

The bulk power system is of current popular interest because of deregulation and some of the resulting regional problems. It is also important to note that inexpensive and reliable power has been a foundation of economic growth for decades. Indeed, the National Academy of Engineering found that the electrification of the country was the greatest engineering accomplishment of the twentieth century. The power industry is large, with annual revenues of $220 billion, and keeps growing. It was the largest man-made system prior to the Internet.
Official Negligence, Medical Incompetence, or Another False Alarm? (January-May 1771)
Authors: Alexander John T
Published: November 2023

The disease at the Vvedenskie Hills annex baffled officials in Petersburg as much as it did the physicians and people of Moscow. In response, the imperial government publicly announced precautions for all of European Russia and, mindful of the plague’s possible revival, investigated additional countermeasures. Still, the abrupt subsidence and limited incidence of the outbreak combined with the onset of intense cold to muffle most apprehensions. Like Dr. Rinder, many wondered whether plague had caused the alarm in the first place. So when disease stealthily revived in Moscow in early 1771 nobody discerned the fact until it became too menacing to ignore or conceal. Extra alarming as a result, this second outbreak galvanized frantic reactions in Moscow and Petersburg, reactions that energized broader precautions under new administrative and medical leadership. The disease and the weather continued their eccentric behavior, however, regenerating controversy in both capitals.

Confirmation of the epidemic at the Vvedenskie Hills reached Petersburg by 27 December 1770, when the council approved Saltykov’s recently instituted precautions and recommended further safeguards for the rest of the empire, Petersburg especially. An empire-wide announcement should urge people to adopt the countermeasures that the government had begun implementing covertly 4 months earlier. On 30 December, Count Nikita Panin reviewed the proposed proclamation, which the council endorsed and Catherine signed the following day. Printed on 3 January 1771, the imperial proclamation was distributed to all government and Church institutions for announcement to the public.
The Plague Riot (September 1771)
Authors: Alexander John T
Published: November 2023

The plague raced through Moscow in early September 1771. Twice delayed since the epidemic’s start in late 1770, pestilence finally overtook the metropolis and prepared its collapse. Thus the first 2 weeks of September witnessed the climax of a deadly competition among the swiftly accelerating epidemic, the frenzied efforts of Muscovites to escape it, and the attempts of local authorities to buy time in the hope that cooler weather would slow the onrushing cataclysm. Try as Eropkin and his associates might to contain the competition, they faced terrible odds against the combined forces of rampant confusion and capricious weather, catastrophic pestilence and incipient panic. Events occurred so rapidly that the Petersburg authorities, several days and several hundred miles removed from the action, could only react to the results. In fact, the crisis proved that the Moscow authorities knew the city and its people better than did Catherine and her councilors.

By early August, the Moscow authorities foresaw violence if popular horror of pestilence impeded the delivery of necessities. Their fears worsened throughout August as the metropolitan economy rapidly disintegrated. To forestall a subsistence crisis, Eropkin and his colleagues began modifying the regime of compulsory quarantines, providing for workers idled by the closure of manufactories, and allowing masses of people to leave the city. On 31 August, the day after the senate reiterated grave apprehensions in its proposals to Catherine, it heard distressing confirmation from Chief of Police Bakhmetev. He discounted Governor Yushkov’s report of crowding at Moscow’s markets and rejected his proposal to establish special exchange points beyond the city limits—even farther away, that is, than Catherine’s plan to locate them outside the Zemlianoi Val.
Landon’s Library
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

It is Sabine Hall on a day or an evening, of uncertain date. Landon is bending over a book. Perhaps he already feels the eyestrain he later lamented. The book is one of his volumes of the mixture of facts and fables assembled by the early Greek historian Herodotus. This author is one of the great ancients; he is indeed a “classic,” but that does not ensure respect.
Contests at Home
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

In the first almanac diaries of the 1760s, there were only occasional and brief notices of waywardness in Landon’s eldest son, Robert Wormeley Carter, who after his marriage lived with his father at Sabine Hall. The presence of Robert’s wife, Winifred, was becoming an added source of conflict between father and son. One sample reveals the tone. Mrs. Carter was not well Robin was from home at his diversions.... His father, the old Slave doing a kind of duty in taking care of everybody.
Posture
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Regardless of the performance medium, it is neither possible nor desirable to hold to a rigid, static body posture. In fact, there are no physical movements or body positions that a stage director may request that cannot be accommodated (unless bizarre contortion is required at high vocal climaxes). However, because the relationship between breath management and phonation is fundamental to solid technique, physical alignment must become standardized procedure.
Sleep–Wake Disorders
Authors: Endeshaw Yohannes W
Published: November 2023

Sleep–wake disturbances are common among residents of long-term care (LTC) facilities (Cohen et al., 1983; Fetveit & Bjorvatn, 2002; Jacobs et al., 1989; Rao et al., 2005; Voyer et al., 2006). In fact, sleep–wake disturbance may be one of the major factors that inLuenced relatives to place their loved one in an LTC facility (Pollak, 1991). Nighttime sleep disturbance (commonly referred to as insomnia) manifests as persistent dif1culty with sleep initiation and/or maintenance that occurs despite adequate time and opportunity for sleep and results in impairment of daytime activities (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005a); daytime wake problems manifest as excessive daytime sleepiness.
Mental Retardation
Authors: Henderson C Michael
Published: November 2023

This chapter will introduce nursing home clinicians to the patient population that has mental retardation (MR). Although MR is not a psychiatric disorder, patients with MR by de1nition have impairment of intellectual ability and therefore may present with atypical rates or presentations of medical/psychiatric conditions and challenges. Clinical problems may arise directly from intellectual impairment in persons with MR via limited language skills to report symptoms, or can occur due to associated syndromic disorders or other developmental disabilities. These clinical problems, along with philosophies of care and legal/regulatory issues that pertain to people with MR, make the relatively small number of nursing home patients with MR an important and well-de1ned population.
Insight-Oriented, Interpersonal, and Integrative Psychotherapy
Authors: Zweig Richard A , Marino, Patricia , Hinrichsen Gregory A
Published: November 2023

For most older adults, long-term-care placement represents the culmination of a series of traumatic psychological experiences. Their physical integrity has been undermined by chronic illnesses and decline in physical functioning. Their psychological integrity has been severely challenged by an onslaught of stresses, emotional upheaval, and often impairment of the very cognitive abilities that undergird the experience of selfhood. Their social integrity has been fragmented by dislocation from familiar environments, loss of social networks, and the alienating effects of institutionalization. To long-term-care staff, the treatment of these individuals may be overwhelming—all systems appear in decline, yet are complexly interdependent. Interventions to help these patients seem only partially effective and outcomes are rarely certain. Not surprisingly, older long-term-care residents experience higher levels of psychological distress than any other group of elderly (Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life, NIH, 1991). Paradoxically, psychological treatment for these residents is rarely commensurate with their distress. Despite documentation of the ef1cacy of psychological treatments, particularly psychotherapy, for community dwelling elderly (Blazer, 2003; Borson et al., 1989; Gatz et al., 1998; Newton & Lazarus, 1992; Scogin & McElreath, 1994), these treatments remain underutilized in long-term-care settings (Herst & Moulton, 1985; Lichtenberg & Duffy, 2000; Ruckdeschel & Katz, 2004; Shea et al., 1992).
Introduction: “I see the President”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew
Published: November 2023

“I See The President Almost Every Day,” Noted Poet Walt Whitman In An entry from his wartime journal, dated Wednesday, August 12, 1863. “I saw him this morning about 8 1/2 coming in to business.” Whitman, who visited the wounded at Union hospitals and lived on L Street in Washington during part of the conflict, observed that Abraham Lincoln, “somewhat rusty and dusty,” along with an “unornamental cortège” of twenty-five or thirty cavalry troops, made absolutely “no sensation” on the city’s streets. The Long Island native was less immune to the routines of the nation’s capital and maintained a careful vigil over the president’s daily commute while he lived in the city. He reported that in their brief encounters, Lincoln’s “dark brown face” with its “deep-cut lines” was often plainly visible to him, adding wistfully that there was a “deep latent sadness” evident in his eyes. The close scrutiny apparently did not go unnoticed. “We have got so that we exchange bows,” Whitman claimed, “and very cordial ones.” This striking portrait of President Lincoln heading to work raises a provocative question. Where was he spending his nights if not at the White House? Most Americans, and even some scholars, have been unaware that Lincoln maintained a wartime retreat from 1862 to 1864, spending over a quarter of his presidency in residence there, usually each year from early summer to late autumn.
“Am I to have no rest?”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew
Published: November 2023

The Decisive Seven Days’ Battles Were The Bloodiest Of The War To That Point. In a single week the Union lost more men—over 16,000—than had been in uniform at the outset of the conflict. Confederate losses were even ghastlier, but the inability of Federal troops to dislodge Rebel positions around Richmond signaled strategic failure for the Union cause. The springtime had been a hopeful period for the North, as Federal troops had scored a series of victories in the Mississippi Valley and as McClellan’s Army of the Potomac had finally maneuvered into fighting position. Consequently, the impact of the bitter news from the Virginia peninsula threatened to devastate what had been rising northern morale. In this period of renewed crisis, President Lincoln grasped nervously for solutions.
Poetic origins and final phases
Authors: Bloom Harold
Published: November 2023

Strong poets are infrequent; our own century, in my judgment, shows only Hardy and Stevens writing in English. Great poets—even Yeats and Lawrence, even Frost—may fail of continuous strength, and major innovators—even Pound and Williams-may never touch strength at all. Browning, Whitman, Dickinson are strong, as are the High Romantics, and Milton may be taken as the apotheosis of strength. Poetic strength comes only from a triumphant wrestling with the greatest of the dead, and from an even more triumphant solipsism. Enormous gifts, the endowment of a Coleridge, or of a lesser but still considerable talent like Eliot, do not avail where strength is evaded, or never attained. Poetic strength, in this sense, rises only from a particular kind of catastrophe—as ordinary consciousnesses must regard the terrible incarnation that can lead to a poet like the very old Hardy or the very old Stevens. This chapter will move from the primal catastrophe of poetic incarnation on to a description of the relation of poetic strength to poetic influence, and then to the final phases of Hardy and Stevens.
The map of misprision
Authors: Bloom Harold
Published: November 2023

The New Testament purports to “fulfill” the Old. Blake came, he sometimes thought, to “correct” Milton. Eduard Bernstein, founder of the modern sense of “revisionism,” anticipated many after him by supposedly seeking both to fulfill and to correct Marx, a double quest since undertaken with respect to Freud by Jung and many heresiarchs after him. All revisionists, however irreligious, are anagogists, though frequently shallow in their anagogy. Spiritual uplift too frequently is exposed as the drive towards power over the precursors, a drive fixed in its origins and wholly arbitrary in its aims. Nietzsche ‘s critique of interpretation is both a de-mystification of revisionism and another self-serving instance of revisionism, rising in Nietzsche out of his hatred of the perniciousness of his own belatedness.
In the shadow of the shadows: for now
Authors: Bloom Harold
Published: November 2023

I have been tracing the visionary company that inhabits two shadows of influence, the Miltonic tradition that goes from the poets of Sensibility to its culmination in Yeats, and the Emersonian tradition from Whitman to its completion in the last phase of Stevens. This final chapter, a brief speculation on contemporary poetry, will center on interpretative problems presented by what seems to me a revival of the transumptive mode in recent American verse, notably a significant late phase of Robert Penn Warren’s work and extensions of the current phases of John Ashbery and A. R. Ammons.

Stevens’ revival of transumptive allusion, as opposed to the conspicuous allusion of Pound, Eliot and their school, has its parallel in Warren’s recent work, despite Warren’s descent from the rival school of Eliot. Warren’s Audubon: A Vision, like his work in progress, confirms the development over forty years of another strong poet to take the place left vacant by the deaths of the major American poets of this century.
Facilitating Practitioner Use Of Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Mullen Edward J
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses ways to support social work practitioners in their attempts to use evidence-based practice to assess, intervene with, and better understand clients. Although social work practitioners report little use of evidencebased practices, many express a desire to use methods that are considered to be valid (Drake et al., 2001; Mullen, Bacon, 2000, 2003; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999). There is an emerging literature addressing implementation of evidence-based practices in organizations, but little attention has been given to how individual practitioners can be helped to use evidence-based practice (Addis, Krasnow, 2000; Torrey et al., 2001). While implementation strategies that seek system change by focusing on specific service delivery systems or organizations are important, there are limitations to such efforts. The sheer number of organizations defies any attempt to change them one by one. Also, many practitioners provide services outside such organizational settings, such as in private practice. Accordingly, in addition to implementation strategies directed at service systems and organizations, attention needs to be paid to how practitioners themselves can be helped to implement evidence-based practices. This is the focus of this chapter. This chapter describes evidence-based practice, approaches to dissemination and implementation of best practices that can be of benefit to practitioners, organizational and environmental supports needed for practitioners to function as evidencebased practitioners, and suggestions for training social work practitioners in evidence-based practice.
Evidence-Based Life Skills Interventions For Pregnant Adolescents In School Settings
Authors: Harris Mary Beth , Franklin Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Practitioners working with adolescents in schools are confronted with many problems that these youths face. Common difficulties encountered by practitioners include violence, behavioral problems, substance abuse, HIV infection, pregnancy, and homelessness. Practice guidelines and interventions that facilitate change or that can counter or reverse these life trends are needed. This chapter examines current practice trends and guidelines for cognitive-behavioral life skills interventions-a type of cognitivebehavioral group intervention-that are being delivered to adolescents in a school setting. This chapter also offers guidance to practitioners for developing and using evidence-based, cognitivebehavioral life skills interventions in schools. Considerations for program interventions in school settings are discussed, including points that apply to psychiatric and behavioral settings, court systems, and other youth-serving institutions. Finally, the chapter presents an example of a life skills intervention that was developed in a school setting. The intervention discussed is the school-based group for adolescent mothers known as the Taking Charge curriculum. Discussion of the intervention in this chapter includes the theoretical frame, curriculum content, and evaluation. This curriculum serves as one example of an evidence-based, cogmnvebehavioral intervention that is being developed for at-risk student populations in schools.
Why depression?
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E
Published: November 2023

Depression is a killer. It kills dreams, marriages, and people. As the history of reinventing depression unfolds, and as we recount the serendipitous discoveries and cultural conventions surrounding this illness, we do not wish to minimize the suffering that depression causes. No part of this history suggests that depression and emotional problems are not important public health concerns. To highlight the importance of depression from the very outset of this book, we first review recent information about both its global and its personal impact. We then present a general model for the causes of depression and outline the current treatment model for depression in primary care. The goal of this chapter, therefore, is to summarize the experience of depression in our communities.
The Myth Of The Old-Time Doctor
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E
Published: November 2023

Many people hold to common myths that doctors today have substantially lost their humanistic qualities and that prescribing psychoactive medications is a new approach to treating emotional disorders. In this chapter, we debunk these myths because they distract science and society from confronting more important problems in treating emotional disorders. There are two reasons to paint an accurate picture of primary-care doctors in the period before researchers developed the current model of depression treatment. First, some critics of the current treatment model suggest that doctors from a bygone era were more likely to treat emotional symptoms with time, empathy, and understanding rather than a reflexive reach for drugs. In this chapter, we demonstrate that data from this earlier time collected specifically to document these factors do not support such a contention. Second, some of the supporters of the current treatment model portray the treatment of emotional symptoms with psychoactive medications as a revolutionary approach. In this chapter, we demonstrate that drug therapy for emotional distress is long-standing.
The Myth Of The Old-Time Patient
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E
Published: November 2023

When public health experts address the limitations of the current model for treat- ing depression in primary care, they sometimes contend that people living 50 years ago had more intestinal fortitude and were less likely to seek medical solutions for their emotional and social problems than people are today. In their view, community resources both prevented and treated emotional symptoms in a manner that rendered these symptoms less disabling. They also contend that these old-time patients were less likely to seek drugs and that patients today are too ready to seek care from physicians for the most minor complaints, including minor emotional symptoms. The goal of this chapter is to counter these myths by describing how often people suffered from emotional disorders at mid-century, how often they sought care, and what types of care they expected to receive from their doctors.
A More Accurate Picture Of Primary Care At Mid-Century
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E
Published: November 2023

This chapter uses the data presented in Chapters 1, 2, and 3 to paint a composite picture of what primary-care practice was like in 1950. When we look too narrowly at the care of emotional disorders, we artificially simplify the complexity of primary care, as well as the challenges that primary-care doctors and patients face when they determine the best approach to treatment. Espousing a romanticized picture of patients and providers at mid-century keeps us from reinventing depression in a useful way because it assumes capacities, talents, and resources that did not exist.