bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiclassifier combinatorial proteomics of organelle shadows at the example of mitochondria in chromatin data
Authors: Kustatscher Georg , Grabowski Piotr , Rappsilber Juri
Published: October 2015

Subcellular localization is an important aspect of protein function, but the protein composition of many intracellular compartments is poorly characterized. For example, many nuclear bodies are challenging to isolate biochemically and thus remain inaccessible to proteomics. Here, we explore covariation in proteomics data as an alternative route to subcellular proteomes. Rather than targeting a structure of interest biochemically, we target it by machine learning. This becomes possible by taking data obtained for one organelle and searching it for traces of another organelle. As an extreme example and proof‐of‐concept we predict mitochondrial proteins based on their covariation in published interphase chromatin data. We detect about ⅓ of the known mitochondrial proteins in our chromatin data, presumably most as contaminants. However, these proteins are not present at random. We show covariation of mitochondrial proteins in chromatin proteomics data. We then exploit this covariation by multiclassifier combinatorial proteomics to define a list of mitochondrial proteins. This list agrees well with different databases on mitochondrial composition. This benchmark test raises the possibility that, in principle, covariation proteomics may also be applicable to structures for which no biochemical isolation procedures are available.
Lending industrial experience through reactive hazard examples in university safety instruction
Authors: Dixon David J. , Kohlbrand Henry T.
Published: October 2015

Past serious reactive chemical accidents have had a profound impact on the chemical industry and the approaches taken toward process safety. Much of this knowledge has been picked up and presented as a part of the chemical engineering educational curriculum. However, the T2 Laboratories Inc., runaway reaction incident in 2007 provided the catalyst to spur AIChE and ABET to formally introduce a “process safety” education requirement into the accreditation program criteria. One of the areas that must become an integral part of the education of future chemical engineers is the understanding and recognition of reactive hazards. University professors have a key role in this education, and while some have had exposure to reactive hazards through industry experiences, it makes sense to invite industrial professionals to lend their expertise to the classroom. In this article, we describe a section on reactive hazards that has been developed and presented in the senior design classes in the Chemical and Biological Engineering Department at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. This section has been developed and presented jointly by university faculty and an engineer from industry. Hands‐on exercises and homework examples were developed to provide students with opportunities to apply important principles. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 360–367, 2015
Dependence of plasmonic enhancement of photocurrent in a‐Si:H on the position and thickness of SiNx spacer layers
Authors: Saleh Zaki M. , Nasser Hisham , Özkol Engin , Bek Alpan , Turan Raşit
Published: October 2015

Plasmonic interfaces integrated to the front, back and both surfaces of photovoltaic thin films show different degrees of enhancement of light trapping. Enhancements in the spectral dependence of photocurrent normalized to the power of excitation light are used as an indicator of enhanced light trapping. In a previous study, we obtained enhancement in the spectral range of 600‐700 nm by integrating 100‐nm Ag nanoparticles to the back surface of a‐Si:H with a critical dependence on the SiNx spacer layer thickness. In this study, we compare the enhancement in photocurrent due to plasmonic interfaces integrated to the front, back and both front and back surfaces of the a‐Si:H absorber. Interfaces integrated to the back result in the largest enhancement in photocurrent while those integrated to the front give the lowest. The marginal enhancements due to two interfaces appear to be mainly due to the back interface. While plasmonics effects may not account for the total enhancement in photocurrent, it explains the relative enhancement in the spectral range of 550‐700 rather well. For all configurations, the enhancement in the spectral dependence of photocurrent is accompanied by broadening into the red of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PV outdoor tests and 12 years of Muğla experiences
Authors: Eke Rustu
Published: October 2015

In this paper, the electricity yield of photovoltaic power plant applications in the main campus of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey is presented. There are four small scale grid connected photovoltaic power plants installed in the main campus. They are installed on the top of Menteşe Library of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, on the roof of Turkevi Student Cafeteria, on the façade and on the east and west towers of Staff's Block of the Building of Education Faculty and two double axis tracking systems. The systems are installed in 2001, 2003, 2008 and 2009 with rated powers between 10 kWp and 40 kWp. There are also several lamp‐posts at the campus in various locations. All power plants are monitored from the start up and the collected data are analysed in several conference proceedings and papers individually. This paper summarizes the electricity yield and the performance of photovoltaic power plants by the way that indicator of system quality which is called performance ratio (PR) and efficiency for each photovoltaic power plants, after their installation and also their presentation is itemized. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A seamless weather–climate multi‐model intercomparison on the representation of a high impact weather event in the western Mediterranean: HyMeX IOP12
Authors: Khodayar S. , Fosser G. , Berthou S. , Davolio S. , Drobinski P. , Ducrocq V. , Ferretti R. , Nuret M. , Pichelli E. , Richard E. , Bock O.
Published: October 2015

High Impact Weather (HIW), particularly Heavy Precipitation Events (HPE), are common phenomena affecting the western Mediterranean (WMED) especially in the autumn period. Understanding and evaluating the capability to adequately represent such events in model simulations is one of the main goals of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) and the main motivation of this investigation.

In order to gain a better knowledge of the model representation of HPE and related processes we perform a seamless multi‐model intercomparison at the event scale. Limited‐area model runs (grid spacing from 2 to 20 km) at weather and climate time‐scales are considered, four with parametrized and five with explicit convection. The performance of the nine models is compared by analysing precipitation, as well as convection‐relevant parameters. An Intensive Observation Period (IOP12) from the HyMeX‐SOP1 (Special Observation Period) is used to illustrate the results. During IOP12, HPE affected the northwestern Mediterranean region, from Spain to Italy, as a consequence of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) which initiated and intensified in the area of investigation.

Results show that: (i) the timing of the maximum precipitation seems to be linked to the representation of large‐scale conditions rather than differences among models; (ii) Convection Permitting Models (CPMs) exhibit differences among each other, but better represent the short‐intense convective events. All four convection‐parametrized models produce a large number of weak and long‐lasting events. Regional Climate Models (RCMs) capture the occurrence of the event but produce notably lower precipitation amounts and hourly intensities than CPMs and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models with parametrized convection; (iii) these differences do not seem to come from mean moisture or Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) which are in the same range for all models, but rather from differences in the variability and vertical distribution of moisture and the triggering of deep convection.
Spontaneous deposition of Pt‐nanoparticles on HOPG surfaces
Authors: Arroyo Gómez José J. , García Silvana G.
Published: October 2015

Pt nanoparticles were spontaneously generated by immersion of a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite substrate in a 1 mM H2PtCl6 + 0.05 M H2SO4 plating solution using different immersion times, modifying both size and density of the deposits. Atomic force microscopy images show Pt particles distributed preferentially on surface defects of the electrode, increasing their size and density with deposition time. Scanning electronic microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy images confirmed the formation of Pt deposits after 2 h immersion, forming irregular agglomerates with different sizes distributed over the surface. The open circuit potential studies showed potentials close to the corresponding PtCl62−/Pt and PtCl42−/Pt couples, which would indicate that some of these processes took place at the interface. The voltammetric response of the supported Pt nanoparticles showed an increase in current density towards the hydrogen evolution reaction being more pronounced for deposits formed after an immersion time of 2 h. In this case, the voltammetric behavior was similar to polycrystalline Pt. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intuitive Dilation?
Authors: Hart Casey , Titelbaum Michael G. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2015

Roger White objects to interval-valued credence theories because they produce a counterintuitive “dilation” effect in a story he calls the Coin Game. We respond that results in the Coin Game were bound to be counterintuitive anyway, because the story involves an agent who learns a biconditional. Biconditional updates produce surprising results whether the credences involved are ranged or precise, so White’s story is no counterexample to ranged credence theories.
Advancing cell wall inhibitors towards clinical applications
Authors: Maffioli Sonia I , Cruz João C S , Monciardini Paolo , Sosio Margherita , Donadio Stefano
Published: October 2015

Natural products represent a major source of approved drugs and still play an important role in supplying chemical diversity. Consistently, 2014 has seen new, natural product-derived antibiotics approved for human use by the US Food and Drug Administration. One of the recently approved second-generation glycopeptides is dalbavancin, a semi-synthetic derivative of the natural product A40,926. This compound inhibits bacterial growth by binding to lipid intermediate II (Lipid II), a key intermediate in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Like other recently approved antibiotics, dalbavancin has a complex history of preclinical and clinical development, with several companies contributing to different steps in different years. While our work on dalbavancin development stopped at the previous company, intriguingly our current pipeline includes two more Lipid II-binding natural products or derivatives thereof. In particular, we will focus on the properties of NAI-107 and related lantibiotics, which originated from recent screening and characterization efforts.
A Critical Use of Foucault’s Art of Living
Authors: Huijer Marli
Published: October 2015

Foucault’s vocabulary of arts of existence might be helpful to problematize the entwinement of humans and technology and to search for new types of hybrid selves. However, to be a serious new ethical vocabulary for technology, this art of existence should be supplemented with an ongoing critical discourse of technologies, including a critical analysis of the subjectivities imposed by technologies, and should be supplemented with new medical and philosophical regimens for an appropriate use of technologies.
Interaction Between Ionic Liquids and Gemini Surfactant: A Detailed Investigation into the Role of Ionic Liquids in Modifying Properties of Aqueous Gemini Surfactant
Authors: More Utkarsh , Kumari Pallavi , Vaid Zuber , Behera Kamalakanta , Malek Naved I.
Published: October 2015

Tuning physicochemical properties of aqueous surfactant solutions comprised of normal or reverse micelles by external additives is of utmost importance due to the enormous application potential of surfactant‐based systems. Unusual and interesting properties of environmentally benign ionic liquids (IL) make them suitable candidates for this purpose. To understand and establish the role of IL in modifying properties of aqueous gemini surfactants, we studied the effect of the IL, 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide ([Hmim][Br]) and 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide ([Omim][Br]) on the properties of the aqueous cationic gemini surfactant 1,6‐hexanediyl‐α,ω‐bis(dimethyltetradecyl)ammonium bromide (14‐6‐14,2Br−). The behavioral changes were investigated by measuring the critical micelle concentration (CMC) using electrical conductance, surface tension, dye solubilization and fluorescence probe measurements at 298.15 K. It was observed that the CMC of 14‐6‐14,2Br− gemini surfactant decreases with addition of IL, thus favoring the micellization process. An increase in micellar size was observed at lower IL concentration using dynamic light scattering, with a decrease in aggregation number (Nagg) determined from fluorescence probe quenching measurements. It is noteworthy that the extent of modulation of the micellar properties is different for both the IL due to their structural differences. IL behave like electrolytes at lower concentrations and cosurfactants at higher concentrations and form mixed micelles with the cationic gemini surfactant showing an increase in Nagg.
Hempseed Products Fed to Hens Effectively Increased n‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Total Lipids, Triacylglycerol and Phospholipid of Egg Yolk
Authors: Neijat M. , Suh M. , Neufeld J. , House J. D.
Published: October 2015

Hempseed products represent potential alternative feed ingredients for poultry. However, their usage is not currently approved due to a lack of data to support their safety and efficacy. In this regard, the current study was conducted to assess the impact of dietary concentration of hempseed (HS) products and duration of their feeding to hens on the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of egg yolk lipids. In the current study, 48 Lohmann LSL‐Classic hens were individually housed in metabolism cages, in a completely randomized design, and provided one of six diets (wheat‐barley‐soybean‐based) containing either HS (10, 20 and 30 %), hempseed oil (HO; 4.5 and 9.0 %) or no hempseed product (control) over 12 weeks. Increasing alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) intake via increasing dietary hempseed product inclusion, significantly (p < 0.0001) increased the n‐3 PUFA contents of yolk total lipid. The values of ALA increased by 12‐fold (152 ± 3.56 and 156 ± 2.42 mg/yolk) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by twofold to threefold (41.3 ± 1.57 and 43.6 ± 1.61 mg/yolk) over the control, for the highest levels of HS and HO inclusion, respectively. Increasing levels of hemp products in laying hen diets proved effective in manipulating the fatty acid profile of the total lipid, triacylglycerol (TAG) and total phospholipid (PL) fractions of yolks, enhancing the n‐3 fatty acids and reducing the n‐6/n‐3 ratio. The latter benefit was achieved within 4 weeks of feeding hens either HS‐ or HO‐containing diets.
ARGUING ABOUT INTERVENTION: A COMPARISON OF BRITISH AND FRENCH RHETORIC SURROUNDING THE 1882 AND 1956 INVASIONS OF EGYPT
Authors: THOMAS MARTIN , TOYE RICHARD
Published: October 2015

This article compares the rhetorical justifications surrounding two landmark instances of Western imperialism. In 1882, the British occupied Egypt, ousting indigenous proto-nationalist forces that supposedly threatened British and other foreign interests. The consequences of this intervention were still being worked out in 1956 when, in the wake of the Cairo regime's nationalization of the Suez Canal, the British again invaded. France participated on this occasion, with serious but differing political consequences for both. We suggest that comparing how the British and French argued about these issues, and also examining how the rhetoric of the later crisis contrasted with the earlier one, offers useful insights into the two nations' respective imperial cultures. Specifically, we suggest that the latter-day imperialists Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet couched their actions in internationalist rhetoric reminiscent both of the Gladstone government's justifications for intervention in 1882 and of French official explanations for their takeover in Tunisia a year earlier. Each claimed their actions were taken both to uphold better standards of governance and to restore regional order, itself a highly loaded concept. The language of imperial domination was eschewed; but the ends of empire were served by the use of this rhetoric of ‘liberal order’.
GROUP HUNTING: RELIGION, POLITICS, AND IDEOLOGY IN LATER STUART BRITAIN
Authors: SOWERBY SCOTT
Published: October 2015

Early modern groups did not necessarily proclaim themselves. When they did, they were not necessarily groups. The historian must decide when to analyse people as separate individuals and when their commonalities were great enough that they should be considered together. These judgements have been the source of frequent debate. At times, the disagreement has been over the proper label for a group – whether, for instance, ‘puritans’ should instead be called ‘the godly’. In other cases, the very existence of a group has been called into question, with some doubting whether there was a ‘Ranter’ movement in the 1650s. Often, historians debate the coherence of a group, with one prominent scholar questioning whether the first whigs in the late 1670s were organized enough to deserve the appellation of a ‘party’. The vigour of these debates suggests that some of our most important intellectual labours are done when we assign people to groups.
EDUCATIONAL TRAVEL IN PROTESTANT FAMILIES FROM POST-RESTORATION IRELAND
Authors: ANSELL RICHARD
Published: October 2015

This article examines travel within a group of Protestant families from Ireland over three generations after the Restoration. It offers both a case-study through which to reassess continental educational voyages, exploring a neglected period between the royalist exile of the 1650s and the mid-eighteenth-century heyday of the Grand Tour, and a contribution to current work on Irish elite formation. Histories of travel often begin as undifferentiated Englishmen or Britons arrive on the French or Dutch coast, but this study is the first to prioritize where travellers came from. Backgrounds, outlooks, and networks from home shaped experiences abroad. The article uses manuscript journals, letters, and financial accounts to locate travel within family educational strategies and to reconstruct preparations and advice. It explores how connections and identifications from home informed interactions with fellow travellers, expatriate communities, and foreign hosts. Travellers pursued two-sided interactions with hosts and destinations, returning with objects, accomplishments, and connections that fed into Irish elite formation. Continental links often feature in explanations of how Catholic Ireland survived, but this article shows that European encounters also contributed to Protestant hegemony. It demonstrates the importance of origins, as well as destinations, to understandings and experiences of educational travel.
A revised check-list of the seaweeds of Britain
Authors: Brodie Juliet , Wilbraham Joanna , Pottas Jane , Guiry Michael D.
Published: October 2015

A revision of the check-list of the red (Rhodophyta), green (Chlorophyta) and brown (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) seaweeds of Britain has been compiled and revealed 644 taxa, mostly at species level but including infraspecific taxa: 348 reds, 110 greens and 186 browns. There were 30 additions to the list, notably five newly described species and five new non-native additions. In addition to the check-list, an updated list of non-native species was compiled based on a stringent review of the available evidence. We have listed 31 non-native species (~5% of the flora), although the numbers may be considerably higher and probably include species that are effectively naturalized and perceived to be part of the indigenous flora. The check-list is discussed in relation to the impact of molecular techniques on the identification, taxonomy and phylogeny of species, and points to the need for a comprehensive, in-depth study on the identity and relationships of the seaweeds of Britain.
Psammonema kuriani (Nematoda: Desmodoroidea), a novel species from the margin of the north-eastern Arabian Sea
Authors: Jacob Jini , Anilkumar P.R. , Philip Rosamma , Rayaroth Damodaran
Published: October 2015

A novel species of nematode belonging to the rare genus Psammonema Verschelde & Vincx, 1995 is described from the continental margin of the north-eastern Arabian Sea (214 m). Psammonema kuriani sp. nov. shows a different position of the lateral alae compared with the original genus diagnosis, hence an emended genus diagnosis is given. The genus Psammonema was previously described from the estuarine sediments of Indian Ocean region and the present study reports the genus from the deep sea for the first time.
Family size and old-age wellbeing: effects of the fertility transition in Mexico
Authors: DÍAZ-VENEGAS CARLOS , SÁENZ JOSEPH L. , WONG REBECA
Published: October 2015

The present study aims to determine how family size affects psycho-social, economic and health wellbeing in old age differently across two cohorts with declining fertility. The data are from the 2012 Mexican Health and Ageing Study (MHAS) including respondents aged 50+ (N = 13,102). Poisson (standard and zero-inflated) and logistic regressions are used to model determinants of wellbeing in old age: psycho-social (depressive symptoms), economic (consumer durables and insurance) and health (chronic conditions). In the younger cohort, having fewer children is associated with fewer depressive symptoms and chronic conditions, and better economic wellbeing. For the older cohort, having fewer children is associated with lower economic wellbeing and higher odds of being uninsured. Lower fertility benefited the younger cohort (born after 1937), whereas the older cohort (born in 1937 or earlier) benefited from lower fertility only in chronic conditions. Further research is needed to continue exploring the old-age effects of the fertility transition.
Influence of current – conducting inserts in a drift tube on transportation of a pulsed electron beam at gigawatt power
Authors: Kholodnaya G.E. , Sazonov R.V. , Ponomarev D.V. , Remnev G.E. , Vikanov A.A.
Published: October 2015

This paper describes the results of experimental research on the influence of the current-conducting inserts in a drift tube on transportation of a pulsed electron beam at gigawatt power and nanosecond duration. The experimental investigation was conducted using a TEU–500 laboratory-pulsed electron accelerator (parameters of the accelerator: Up to 550 keV; output electron current: 11.5 kA; pulse duration (at half-height): 60 ns; pulse frequency: 5 pulses/s; pulse energy: Up to 280 J). Air was chosen as the propagation medium. The pressure in the drift tube is 50 Torr. It is revealed that the pulsed electron beam transport depends on the geometry of the current-conducting inserts in a drift tube. The direction of the pulsed electron beam propagation can be regulated by changing the geometry of the current-conducting insert. The experimental research was verified by theoretical calculations.
Relativistic-ponderomotive effects on cross-focusing of hollow Gaussian laser beams in plasma
Authors: Sharma Prerana
Published: October 2015

The present work aims to study the influence of relativistic–ponderomotive effects on cross-focusing of two co-propagating high-power hollow Gaussian laser beams [high-power laser beams (HGLBs)] in collisionless plasma. The effective dielectric constant has been derived on account of relativistic–ponderomotive nonlinearity. The phenomenon of cross-focusing for higher-order modes of HGLB is compared for the case when only relativistic nonlinearity is operative in the system and it is seen that the relativistic–ponderomotive effects make the focusing much stronger and relatively faster. The critical curves for various order of HGLB is discussed and compared with the case when only ponderomotive nonlinearity is present and it reveals that in the case of relativistic–ponderomotive case the spot size reduces effectively. The higher-order modes of propagation of HGLB are also found to be governed by the parameter of another propagating HGLB. The present study is useful in determining the propagation dynamics of HGLB.
Powder X-ray diffraction of 1-(4-aminophenyl)-5,6-dihydro-3-(4-morpholinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, C15H19N3O2
Authors: Wang Qing , Li Ya Ping , Li Shan Shan , Tang Bin , Li Hui
Published: October 2015

X-ray powder diffraction data for 1-(4-aminophenyl)-5,6-dihydro-3-(4-morpholinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, C15H19N3O2, are reported [a = 14.877(4) Å, b = 5.893(6) Å, c = 18.984(3) Å, α = 90°, β = 122.298(3)°, γ = 90°, unit-cell volume V = 1406.86 Å3, Z = 4, and space group P21/c]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21/c space group. No detectable impurities were observed.
The conservation theorem for differential nets
Authors: PAGANI MICHELE , TRANQUILLI PAOLO
Published: October 2015

We prove the conservation theorem for differential nets – the graph-theoretical syntax of the differential extension of Linear Logic (Ehrhard and Regnier's DiLL). The conservation theorem states that the property of having infinite reductions (here infinite chains of cut elimination steps) is preserved by non-erasing steps. This turns the quest for strong normalisation (SN) into one for non-erasing weak normalisation (WN), and indeed we use this result to prove SN of simply typed DiLL (with promotion). Along the way to the theorem we achieve a number of additional results having their own interest, such as a standardisation theorem and a slightly modified system of nets, DiLL∂ϱ.
Common pulmonary vein atresia: report of three cases and review of the literature
Authors: Perez Michael , Kumar T. K. Susheel , Briceno-Medina Mario , Alsheikh-Ali Mohammed , Sathanandam Shyam , Knott-Craig Christopher J.
Published: October 2015

Common pulmonary vein atresia is a rare and usually fatal congenital anomaly, in which the pulmonary veins come together to form a confluence that does not connect to the left atrium. We report our experience with three cases of common pulmonary vein atresia and review the literature on this anomaly. The diagnosis of common pulmonary vein atresia must be entertained in any newborn that presents with cyanosis, refractory acidosis, and decreased systemic perfusion within the first 48 hours of life. Echocardiography is a useful screening tool, but cardiac catheterisation is the preferred diagnostic tool. Common pulmonary vein atresia can be fatal without surgical intervention, but survival after surgery continues to be poor.
Insights revealed by rodent models of sugar binge eating
Authors: Murray Susan M. , Tulloch Alastair J. , Chen Eunice Y. , Avena Nicole M.
Published: October 2015

Binge eating is seen across the spectrum of eating disorder diagnoses as well as among individuals who do not meet diagnostic criteria. Analyses of the specific types of foods that are frequently binged upon reveal that sugar-rich items feature prominently in binge-type meals, making the effects of binge consumption of sugar an important focus of study. One avenue to do this involves the use of animal models. Foundational and recent studies of animal models of sugar bingeing, both outlined here, lend insight into the various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that may participate in or be altered by this behavior. Further, several preclinical studies incorporating sugar bingeing paradigms have explored the utility of pharmacological agents that target such neural systems for reducing sugar bingeing in an effort to enhance clinical treatment. Indeed, the translational implications of findings generated using animal models of sugar bingeing are considered here, along with potential avenues for further study.
The evolution of war: theory and controversy
Authors: Lopez Anthony C.
Published: October 2015

The use of evolutionary theory for explaining human warfare is an expanding area of inquiry, but it remains obstructed by two important hurdles. One is that there is ambiguity abouthow to build an evolutionary theoryof human warfare. The second is that there is ambiguity abouthow to interpret existing evidencerelating to the evolution of warfare. This paper addresses these problems, first by outlining an evolutionary theory of human warfare, and second by investigating the veracity of four common claims made against the use of evolutionary theory for explaining warfare. These claims are: (1) ancestral warfare was not frequent or intense enough to have selected for psychological adaptations in humans for warfare; (2) the existence of peaceful societies falsifies the claim that humans possess adaptations for fighting; (3) if psychological adaptations for warfare exist, then war is an inevitable and universal component of the human condition; (4) modern warfare and international politics is so qualitatively different from ancestral politics that any adaptations for the latter are inoperative or irrelevant today. By outlining an evolutionary theory of war and clarifying key misunderstandings regarding this approach, international relations scholars are better positioned to understand, engage, and contribute to emerging scholarship on human warfare across the social and evolutionary sciences.
Adult male mice conceived byin vitrofertilization exhibit increased glucocorticoid receptor expression in fat tissue
Authors: Simbulan R. K. , Liu X. , Feuer S. K. , Maltepe E. , Donjacour A. , Rinaudo P.
Published: October 2015

Prenatal development is highly plastic and readily influenced by the environment. Adverse conditions have been shown to alter organ development and predispose offspring to chronic diseases, including diabetes and hypertension. Notably, it appears that the changes in glucocorticoid hormones or glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels in peripheral tissues could play a role in the development of chronic diseases. We have previously demonstrated thatin vitrofertilization (IVF) and preimplantation embryo culture is associated with growth alterations and glucose intolerance in mice. However, it is unknown if GR signaling is affected in adult IVF offspring. Here we show that GR expression is increased in inbred (C57Bl6/J) and outbred (CF-1× B6D2F1/J) blastocysts followingin vitroculture and elevated levels are also present in the adipose tissue of adult male mice. Importantly, genes involved in lipolysis and triglyceride synthesis and responsive to GR were also increased in adipose tissue, indicating that increased GR activates downstream gene pathways. The promoter region of GR, previously reported to be epigenetically modified by perinatal manipulation, showed no changes in DNA methylation status. Our findings demonstrate that IVF results in a long-term change in GR gene expression in a sex- and tissue-specific manner. These changes in adipose tissues may well contribute to the metabolic phenotype in mice conceived by IVF.
The Value of International Law in Combating Transnational Organized Crime in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: OBOKATA Tom
Published: October 2015

This paper explores the value of international law in combating transnational organized crime in the Asia-Pacific, with particular reference to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. It begins by highlighting the definitions of organized crime under national and international law. It then analyzes the extent to which states in the Asia-Pacific have implemented the Convention, focusing on harmonization of national criminal laws and procedures, mutual recognition of law enforcement decisions and measures, as well as provision of technical assistance. The paper also touches upon the protection of the human rights of victims and perpetrators of organized crime. The main conclusion reached is that, although the implementation of international instruments pertinent to transnational organized crime has not been an easy task in the Asia-Pacific, they are slowly but surely making a difference on the ground. Therefore, their value should not be dismissed completely.
Kognitive Interferenz während einer Aufgabenbearbeitung
Authors: Gieselmann Annika , Jong-Meyer Renate de , Pietrowsky Reinhard
Published: October 2015

Zusammenfassung. Der Cognitive Interference Questionnaire (CIQ) ist das am häufigsten verwendete Messinstrument zur Erfassung kognitiver Interferenz während einer Aufgabenbearbeitung. Ziel war, die psychometrischen Kennwerte des CIQ zu bestimmen. Hierzu wurden die 22 übersetzten Items 269 Studierenden nach Selbsteinschätzung, 206 dysphorisch Herabgestimmten und 109 Studierenden nach einer Aufgabenbearbeitung vorgelegt. Zur Überprüfung seiner Änderungssensitivität wurde er 37 Studierenden nach einer Belastungsmanipulation vorgelegt. Der CIQ zeigte gute interne Konsistenz und Änderungssensitivität. Faktorenstruktur, Schwierigkeit und Trennschärfe waren abhängig von Stichprobe und zuvor bearbeiteter Aufgabe, da der Fragebogen zu Bodeneffekten neigt. Die Faktorenstruktur wurde am besten bei dysphorisch Herabgestimmten und mit Einschränkungen bei Studierenden nach Selbsteinschätzung repliziert. Hier wurden die Skalen aufgabenbezogene und aufgabenirrelevante Interferenz abgebildet. Beide Skalen korrelierten positiv mit Depression, Lageorientierung und Rumination, nicht jedoch mit Distraktion. Nach dem Lösen von Anagrammen ließ sich lediglich die Skala aufgabenbezogene Interferenz replizieren. Der CIQ scheint also dann reliabel und valide zu messen, wenn Bodeneffekte vermieden werden.
Donors Can Help AGU Climb to Greater Heights
Authors: Borchardt Jeff
Published: October 2015

The American Geophysical Union appeals for stepped-up giving to better support members' work, careers, and efforts to solve global problems.
NBR1 is dispensable for PARK2-mediated mitophagy regardless of the presence or absence of SQSTM1
Authors: Shi J , Fung G , Deng H , Zhang J , Fiesel F C , Springer W , Li X , Luo H
Published: October 2015

Degradation of malfunctional mitochondria by mitophagy is a pivotal component of mitochondrial quality control to maintain cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial clearance through the PINK1/PARK2 pathway is mediated by autophagic adaptor proteins. Previous studies revealed a significant involvement, but not an absolute requirement for SQSTM1 in PARK2-dependent mitophagy, suggesting that the existence of redundant adaptor proteins may compensate for the loss of SQSTM1. Here we investigated whether NBR1, a functional homolog of SQSTM1, has a role in PARK2-mediated mitophagy, either alone or as a compensatory mechanism. We showed that NBR1 does not appear to be required for mitochondrial clustering following mitochondrial depolarization. Moreover, we demonstrated that deletion of NBR1 alone or in combination with SQSTM1 does not prevent the degradation of damaged mitochondria. Our data suggest that NBR1 is dispensable for PARK2-dependent mitophagy and additional autophagic adaptor proteins, other than NBR1, are responsible for mitochondrial degradation in cells depleted of SQSTM1.
Immunomodulation of endothelial differentiated mesenchymal stromal cells: impact on T and NK cells
Authors: El Omar Reine , Xiong Yu , Dostert Gabriel , Louis Huguette , Gentils Monique , Menu Patrick , Stoltz Jean‐François , Velot Émilie , Decot Véronique
Published: October 2015

Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (WJ‐MSCs) are promising candidates for tissue engineering, as their immunomodulatory activity allows them to escape immune recognition and to suppress several immune cell functions. To date, however, few studies have investigated the effect of differentiation of the MSCs on this immunomodulation. To address this question, we sought to determine the impact of differentiation toward endothelial cells on immunoregulation by WJ‐MSCs. Following differentiation, the endothelial‐like cells (ELCs) were positive for CD31, vascular endothelial cadherin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and able to take up acetylated low‐density lipoproteins. The expression of HLA‐DR and CD86, which contribute to MSCs immunoprivilege, was still weak after differentiation. We then co‐cultured un‐ and differentiated MSCs with immune cells, under conditions of both direct and indirect contact. The proliferation and phenotype of the immune cells were analyzed and the mediators secreted by both ELCs and WJ‐MSCs quantified. Interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β, prostaglandin E2 and in particular indoleamine‐2,3‐dioxygenase expression were upregulated in ELCs on stimulation by T and NK cells, suggesting the possible involvement of these factors in allosuppression. ELCs co‐cultured with T cells were able to generate CD25+ T cells, which were shown to be of the CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory subset. Direct contact between NK cells and ELCs or WJ‐MSCs decreased the level of NK‐activating receptor natural‐killer group 2, member D. Moreover, direct co‐culturing with ELCs stimulates CD73 acquisition on NK cells, a mechanism which may induce adenosine secretion by the cells and lead to an immunosuppressive function. Taken together, our results show that ELCs obtained following differentiation of WJ‐MSCs remain largely immunosuppressive.
A timeline demarcating two waves of clonal deletion and Foxp3 upregulation during thymocyte development
Authors: Hu Daniel Y , Yap Jin Y , Wirasinha Rushika C , Howard Debbie R , Goodnow Christopher C , Daley Stephen R
Published: October 2015

Thymocytes that bind strongly to self‐antigens are prevented from becoming naive T cells by several mechanisms. They undergo clonal deletion at two stages of development; wave 1 in immature thymocytes lacking the medulla‐homing chemokine receptor, CCR7, or wave 2 in more mature CCR7+ thymocytes. Alternatively, self‐reactive thymocytes upregulate Foxp3 to become T‐regulatory cells. Here, we describe the differential timing of the two waves of deletion and Foxp3 upregulation relative to the immature proliferating stage. Proliferating thymocytes were pulse‐labeled in normal C57BL/6 mice with 5‐ethynyl‐2'‐deoxyuridine (EdU). Thymocytes progressed into wave 1 (CCR7−) and wave 2 (CCR7+) of clonal deletion ~2 and 5 days after proliferation, respectively. Foxp3 upregulation occurred between 4 and 8 days after proliferation, predominantly in thymocytes with a Helios+ CCR7+ phenotype. These findings establish a timeline that suggests that wave 1 of clonal deletion occurs in the thymic cortex, whereas wave 2 and Foxp3 upregulation both occur in the thymic medulla.
POH1 deubiquitylates and stabilizes E2F1 to promote tumour formation
Authors: Wang Boshi , Ma Aihui , Zhang Li , Jin Wei-Lin , Qian Yu , Xu Guiqin , Qiu Bijun , Yang Zhaojuan , Liu Yun , Xia Qiang , Liu Yongzhong
Published: October 2015

Hyperactivation of the transcriptional factor E2F1 occurs frequently in human cancers and contributes to malignant progression. E2F1 activity is regulated by proteolysis mediated by the ubiquitin–proteasome system. However, the deubiquitylase that controls E2F1 ubiquitylation and stability remains undefined. Here we demonstrate that the deubiquitylase POH1 stabilizes E2F1 protein through binding to and deubiquitylating E2F1. Conditional knockout ofPoh1alleles results in reduced E2F1 expression in primary mouse liver cells. The POH1-mediated regulation of E2F1 expression strengthens E2F1-downstream prosurvival signals, including upregulation of Survivin and FOXM1 protein levels, and efficiently facilitates tumour growth of liver cancer cells in nude mice. Importantly, human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) recapitulate POH1 regulation of E2F1 expression, as nuclear abundance of POH1 is increased in HCCs and correlates with E2F1 overexpression and tumour growth. Thus, our study suggests that the hyperactivated POH1–E2F1 regulation may contribute to the development of liver cancer.
Correction: Corrigendum: BMP signalling differentially regulates distinct haematopoietic stem cell types
Authors: Crisan Mihaela , Kartalaei Parham Solaimani , Vink Chris S. , Yamada-Inagawa Tomoko , Bollerot Karine , van IJcken Wilfred , van der Linden Reinier , de Sousa Lopes Susana M. Chuva , Monteiro Rui , Mummery Christine , Dzierzak Elaine
Published: October 2015

Nature Communications 6: Article number: 8040 (2015); Published: 18 August 2015; Updated: 29 October 2015 In the original version of this Article, the middle initial of the author Chris S. Vink was omitted from the author information. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Erratum: Quantitative analysis of magnetic spin and orbital moments from an oxidized iron (1 1 0) surface using electron magnetic circular dichroism
Authors: Thersleff Thomas , Rusz Jan , Rubino Stefano , Hjörvarsson Björgvin , Ito Yasuo , Zaluzec Nestor J. , Leifer Klaus
Published: October 2015

Understanding the ramifications of reduced crystalline symmetry on magnetic behavior is a critical step in improving our understanding of nanoscale and interfacial magnetism. However, investigations of such effects are often controversial largely due to the challenges inherent in directly correlating nanoscale stoichiometry and structure to magnetic behavior. Here, we describe how to use Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to obtain Electron Magnetic Circular Dichroism (EMCD) signals as a function of scattering angle to locally probe the magnetic behavior of thin oxide layers grown on an Fe (1 1 0) surface. Experiments and simulations both reveal a strong dependence of the magnetic orbital to spin ratio on its scattering vector in reciprocal space. We exploit this variation to extract the magnetic properties of the oxide cladding layer, showing that it locally may exhibit an enhanced orbital to spin moment ratio. This finding is supported here by both spatially and angularly resolved EMCD measurements, opening up the way for compelling investigations into how magnetic properties are affected by nanoscale features.
Genetic analysis of Indian tasar silkmoth (Antheraea mylitta) populations
Authors: Chakraborty Saikat , Muthulakshmi M , Vardhini Deena , Jayaprakash P , Nagaraju J , Arunkumar K. P.
Published: October 2015

Indian tasar silkmoth, Antheraea mylitta is an economically important wild silkmoth species distributed across India. A number of morphologically and ethologically well-defined ecotypes are known for this species that differ in their primary food plant specificity. Most of these ecotypes do not interbreed in nature, but are able to produce offspring under captive conditions. Microsatellite markers were developed for A. mylitta and out of these, ten well-behaved microsatellite loci were used to analyze the population structure of different ecoraces. A total of 154 individual moths belonging to eight different ecoraces, were screened at each locus. Hierarchical analysis of population structure using Analysis of MOlecular VAriance (AMOVA) revealed significant structuring (FST = 0.154) and considerable inbreeding (FIS = 0.505). A significant isolation by distance was also observed. The number of possible population clusters was investigated using distance method, Bayesian algorithm and self organization maps (SOM). The first two methods revealed two distinct clusters, whereas the SOM showed the different ecoraces not to be clearly differentiated. These results suggest that although there is a large degree of phenotypic variation among the different ecoraces of A. mylitta, genetically they are not very different and the phenotypic differences may largely be a result of their respective ecology.
High efficacy vasopermeability drug candidates identified by screening in an ex ovo chorioallantoic membrane model
Authors: Pink Desmond , Luhrs Keith A. , Zhou Longen , Schulte Wendy , Chase Jennifer , Frosch Christian , Haberl Udo , Nguyen Van , Roy Aparna I. , Lewis John D. , Zijlstra Andries , Parseghian Missag H.
Published: October 2015

The use of rodent models to evaluate efficacy during testing is accompanied by significant economic and regulatory hurdles which compound the costs of screening for promising drug candidates. Vasopermeation Enhancement Agents (VEAs) are a new class of biologics that are designed to increase the uptake of cancer therapeutics at the tumor site by modifying vascular permeability in the tumor to increase the therapeutic index of co-administered drugs. To evaluate the efficacy of a panel of VEA clinical candidates, we compared the rodent Miles assay to an equivalent assay in the ex ovo chicken embryo model. Both model systems identified the same candidate (PVL 10) as the most active promoter of vasopermeation in non-tumor tissues. An ex ovo chicken embryo system was utilized to test each candidate VEA in two human tumor models at a range of concentrations. Vasopermeation activity due to VEA was dependent on tumor type, with HEp3 tumors displaying higher levels of vasopermeation than MDA-MB-435. One candidate (PVL 10) proved optimal for HEp3 tumors and another (PVL 2) for MDA-MB-435. The use of the ex ovo chicken embryo model provides a rapid and less costly alternative to the use of rodent models for preclinical screening of drug candidates.
Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti
Authors: Govindaraj Periyasamy , Nizamuddin Sheikh , Sharath Anugula , Jyothi Vuskamalla , Rotti Harish , Raval Ritu , Nayak Jayakrishna , Bhat Balakrishna K. , Prasanna B. V. , Shintre Pooja , Sule Mayura , Joshi Kalpana S. , Dedge Amrish P. , Bharadwaj Ramachandra , Gangadharan G. G. , Nair Sreekumaran , Gopinath Puthiya M. , Patwardhan Bhushan , Kondaiah Paturu , Satyamoorthy Kapaettu , Valiathan Marthanda Varma Sankaran , Thangaraj Kumarasamy
Published: October 2015

The practice ofAyurveda, the traditional medicine of India, is based on the concept of three major constitutional types (Vata, Pitta and Kapha) defined as “Prakriti”. To the best of our knowledge, no study has convincingly correlated genomic variations with the classification ofPrakriti.In the present study, we performed genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis (Affymetrix, 6.0) of 262 well-classified male individuals (after screening 3416 subjects) belonging to threePrakritis.We found 52 SNPs (p ≤ 1 × 10−5) were significantly different betweenPrakritis, without any confounding effect of stratification, after 106permutations. Principal component analysis (PCA) of these SNPs classified 262 individuals into their respective groups (Vata, Pitta and Kapha) irrespective of their ancestry, which represent its power in categorization. We further validated our finding with 297 Indian population samples with known ancestry. Subsequently, we found thatPGM1correlates with phenotype of Pitta as described in the ancient text of Caraka Samhita, suggesting that the phenotypic classification of India’s traditional medicine has a genetic basis; and itsPrakriti-based practice in vogue for many centuries resonates with personalized medicine.