bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘IMAGINE YOU'RE CLEVER’
Authors: Hartley Robert
Published: December 2006

Abstract— A series of four studies was conducted to investigate the influence of role enactment on problem‐solving in 6–10 yr old children from a disadvantaged background. It was hypothesized that asking the child to enact someone ‘clever’ (and in one instance someone ‘not clever’), would modify the child's performance on the Matching Familiar Figures test as against performance under standard administrative conditions. Apart from the 6 yr old sample, the findings supported the experimental hypothesis. In addition, the speech of 7 and 8 yr old impulsive and reflective children, and children previously administered reflectivity training schemes, was analyzed in terms of a classification scheme of reflexivity. No differences were found between these groups on the measures of reflexivity used in speech. The implications of these findings and this approach for disadvantaged children are discussed.
THE ONE‐QUESTION CONSERVATION EXPERIMENT RECONSIDERED
Authors: Porpodas Costas D.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The “extraneous reason” hypothesis, proposed as an explanation of failure in the traditional two‐question conservation task, wan re‐examined. Two experiments were conducted involving 372 Greek children, 6–8 years old. The experiments provided evidence that the children's successful performance in the conservation task does not depend on asking them one or two question. but is causally related to their efficiency in carrying over information from the pre‐transformation ii On the basis of these results, the “verbal interference hypothesis” was considered as a supplementary explanation for the children's erroneous performance in the two‐question conservation task.
PATTERN FEND PROGRESSION OF DRAG USE AMONG HYPERACTIVES AND CONTROLS: A PROSPECTIVE SHORT‐TERM LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Authors: Hartsough C. S. , Lambert N. M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The pattern and progression in drug use across a 1‐year interval was investigated for 54 hyperactives and 47 controls aged 13–18. Initiation and Use rates between groups at Time I and Time 2 also were studied Patterns of drug usage differed slightly between hyperactives and Controls, with the hyperactives showing greater involvement with cigarettes, As well, the data for progression in use across the I ‐year interval showed that hyperactives were by‐and‐large less predictable than controls in the progression of their drug use.Implications of these findings for future research arc discussed.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS IN PSYCHOTIC AND OTHER PSYCHIATRICALLY DISTURBED CHILDREN
Authors: Bettes B. A. , Walker E.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The positive and negative symptom distinction has been found to be valid in research on schizophrenia in adulthood. The present study examined age‐related changes in the occurrence of positive and negative symptoms in psychiatric ally disturbed children who were receiving psychiatric treatment for the first time The effect of age on the manifestation of positive and negative symptoms was significant; positive symptoms increased linearly with age, while negative symptoms were most frequent in early childhood and late adolescence. This finding held for the entire sample of children, as well as the subsample of children with psychotic diagnoses. There were few sex differences in the rate of symptoms, although age trends varied somewhat by sex. Examination of the relation between symptomatology and IQ revealed that high‐IQ children showed greater positive and fewer negative symptoms than low‐IQ children. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of examining developmental differences in positive and negative symptoms.
HALLUCINATIONS IN CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS ADMITTED TO BETHLEM ROYALHOSPITAL IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND THEIR POSSIBLE RELEVANCE TO THE INCIDENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Wilkins R.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The case notes of 1069 children and teenagers admitted to Bethlem Royal Hospital, (“Bedlam”), in the nineteenth century were analysed with particular reference to the frequencies and types of hallucinations. There was a significant increase (P < 0.001) in the frequencies of auditory and visual hallucinations from 1830 to the end of the century. The presence of auditory hallucinations of people, when they occurred in males, significantly worsened the prognosis (P < 0.025)compared to females. Thefindings are considered with special reference to the incidence and aetiology of schizophrenia in the last century.
CLASSIFICATION OF DYSPRAXIA IN HEARING‐IMPAIRED CHILDREN USING THEQ‐TECHNIQUE OF FACTOR ANALYSIS
Authors: Aplin D. Y.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Identification of hearing‐impaired children with the additional language‐learning difficulty of dyspraxia, defined by Van Uden(1981, 1983), is explored. Results from 12 diagnostic sublets obtained by Van Uden's sample of profoundly deaf children and a Manchester sample with wider ranges of age and hearing loss were analysed by the Q‐technique of fatter analysis. Comparison of Q profiles revealed a dyspraxic/eupraxic profile for Van Uden's sample, but a linguistic/non‐linguistic profile for the Manchester Sample. Two Manchester children who fulfilled the specified criteria and showed the dyspraxic profile had no known additional language‐learning difficulties. Usefulness of the Q‐technique for the profile analysis of hearing‐unpaired children is discussed, and comparisons made with the results from cluster analyses.
A COMPANION OF CHILD AND PARENT RATINGS OF DEPRESSION FOR NORMAL AND CLINICALLY REFERRED CHILDREN
Authors: Mokros H. B. , Poznanski E. , Grossman J. A. , Freeman L. N.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Child and parent ratings of 14 items of the Children's Depression Rating Scale‐Revised are compared for a non‐clinical and clinical sample Four hypotheses are tested: (1) children and parents differ in riling depressive symptoms; (2) children rate depressions less severely than parents; (3) parents report greater severity for behavioral and children for ideational symptoms; and (4) the relationship between child and parent ratings does not differ between samples. The first hypothesis was supported in the non‐clinical sample and the second in the clinical sample. Support for the third hypothesis was equivocal. Finally, the fourth hypothesis was rejected. Implications of these results for the diagnosis of depression in childhood are discussed.
THE APPLICATION OF TEMPERAMENT QUESTIONNAIRES TO A BRITISH SAMPLE: ISSUES OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
Authors: Gibbs M. V. , Reeves D. , Cunningham C. C.
Published: December 2006

Abstract One hundred and five mothers of British children aged 1–5 years completed the EASI‐1 Temperament Survey and the age appropriate version of the Carey questionnaire (Toddler Temperament Stale or Behavioural Style Questionnaire). Detailed statistical analyses revealed psychometric weaknesses in all three instruments, most notably in the Carey questionnaires. Neither factor analysis nor item‐to‐scale correlations provided clear support for the nine NYLS dimensions incorporated within the TTS and BSQ. Mothers' opinions of their child's temperament constellation differed considerably from those resulting from the questionnaire, analysis for the STWU and Difficult constellations. Issues of reliability and validity ape discussed.
RESEARCH NOTE: THE USE OF THE BIRLESON DEPRESSION SCALE WITH A NON‐CLINICAL SAMPLE OF BOYS
Authors: FIRTH M. A. , CHAPLIN L.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Attempts have been made in develop self‐rating stales to assess depression in children. One of these scales, the Birleson Self‐rating Scale, was administered to a non‐clinical sample of boys which was larger, and covered a wider age‐range, than Birleson's own non‐clinical group. A comparison is made with Birleson's findings, and in addition data from the administration of the scale to a group of boys aged 13 to 18 years is presented.
REHABILITATING SEVERELY HEAD‐INJURED ADOLESCENTS: THREE CASE REPORTS
Authors: McCabe R. J. R. , Green D.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The case reports of 3 severely bead‐injured adolescents, who developed psychiatric sequelae after (he trauma, are presented. All 3 cases displayed various socially disinhibited behaviours. Individually tailored treatment programmes helped these young people manage their maturational tasks of adolescence. Several issues, central to this rehabilitative work, are discussed, including the personal significance of the adolescent's injury, identity issues and defence mechanisms; a family perspective on coping with (he injured adolescent and the components of a therapeutic package.
THE SALIENCE OF FACIAL EXPRESSION FOR AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Authors: Weeks S. Jane , Hobson R. Peter
Published: December 2006

Abstract Autistic and non‐autistic retarded children who were matched for verbal ability Were shown ‘standard’ pairs of photographs of people who differed in three, two or one of the following respects: sex, age, facial expression of emotion, and the type of hat they were wearing. When given similar photographs to son, the majority of non‐autistic children sorted according lo people's facial expressions before they sorted according to type of hat, but roost autistic children gave priority to sorting by type of hat, and many neglected the facial expressions altogether. It is suggested that these results reflect autistic children's insensitivity to other people's facial expressions of emotion.
RESEARCH NOTE: A LEARNING DISABILITY INDEX (LDI) DERIVED FROM THE WISC‐R: AGE DIFFERENCES IN REFERRED CHILDREN
Authors: Tittemore J. A. , Lawson J. S. , Inglis James
Published: December 2006

Abstract A learning disability index (LDI) based on a principal components analysis of the WISC‐R normative data has been developed to depict verbal or nonverbal deficits on that test. This index was calculated far the individual test performance of a total of 1371 children referred to a school‐board psychology service because of educational difficulties These children, categorised by sex and age, returned mean scores on this index that were reliably different from the scores of the normative population only after the age of 8 years in the case of the boys, and 7 years in the girls. This cross‐sectional age effect was confirmed by longitudinal data obtained from the test‐retest scores of a subset of these children.
PERCEPTION OF PARENTAL PUNITIVENESS TOWARD AGGRESSION AS INFLUENCED BY SEX AND SOCIO‐ECONOMIC CLASS IN EKPOMA, BENDEL STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Efoche G. B.
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study examines the perception of parental punitiveness toward aggression by juveniles in secondary schools in Ekpoma in Bendel Stale, Nigeria with the aid of a modified version of a Parental Punitiveness Scale (P.P.S.) with reliability figures of 0.93 and 0.92 (Pearson product‐moment correlation) for the father and mother versions respectively. The P.P.S. was originally designed by Epstein and Komorita (1965).

The results of a one‐way analysis of variance used to test the hypotheses in this study, show that (a) male and female adolescents differ significantly in their perceptions, (b) the socio‐economic class variable has no significant effect on the subjects' perception of parental punitiveness towards aggression.
STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF CHILDHOOD PERSONALITY: PREDICTION OF LATER SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Sigvardsson Sören , Bohman Michael , Cloninger C. Robert
Published: December 2006

AbstractFour hundred and thirty‐one children (233 boys, 198 girls) born in Stockholm, Sweden had detailed behavioral assessments at 11 and 13 yrs of age, including a detailed interview with their school teachers and at age 27 yrs were revaluated to identify convictions for violent or property crimes. Three dimensions of childhood personality variation were identified and rated without knowledge of later outcome. These three dimensions (novelty‐seeking, harm‐avoidance and reward‐dependence) were largely uncorrelated with one another and each was moderately predictive of later personal and social adjustment, including type of adult criminality. Factor and correlational analyses confirmed predictions that the number and structure of personality dimensions based on teacher ratings throughout childhood is similar to that observed in self‐reports by adults.
The Development of Normal Fear: A Review*
Authors: Marks I.saac
Published: December 2006

Abstract This review synthesizes literature on how human and other mammalian young develop fear. After an early attachment period there is a rise and fall of certain fears in an ontogenetic sequence. Observation and experiment show how experiential, maturational and genetic factors interact in fears of heights, novelty, strangers and separation.
EARLY ONSET RAPID CYCLING BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER
Authors: Jones Peter M. , Berney T. P.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Four cases of rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder are described; the diagnosis being made by DSM(III) criteria. All are children, aged between 11 and 12 at the onset of the illness and all arc of low intelligence. The follow‐up has ranged from three to five years. The clinical symptoms and their response to treatment are described and the implications of this unusual presentation are discussed.
BREASTFEEDING AND SUBSEQUENT SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT IN SIX‐ TO EIGHT‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN
Authors: Fergusson D. M. , Horwood L. J. , Shannon F. T.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The relationship between breastfeeding practices and measures of conduct disorder was examined, prospectively, in a birth cohort of New Zealand children studied up to the age of eight years. While there were significant associations between the duration of breastfeeding and maternal and teacher ratings of conduct disorder obtained at six, seven and eight years, these correlations appeared largely spurious arising from the effects of errors of measurement and confounding factors which were correlated with both breastfeeding and conduct disorder measures. When errors of measurement and confounding factors were accounted for the correlations between breastfeeding and measures of conduct disorder tended to become both small and statistically non‐significant. The study provides no evidence to suggest that breastfeeding makes a major contribution to the subsequent social adjustment of children.
CHILDREN'S CONCEPTION OF THE CONTINUITY OF PARENTHOOD FOLLOWING DIVORCE
Authors: McGurck H. , Glachan M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— By means of doll play children aged between 4 and 14 years were interviewed to establish whether they believed that parentEil status continued beyond divorce. Three levels of understanding were identified: (1) unquestioned assertion, without justification, of the inviolate nature of parenthood; (2) belief that continuity of parenthood, following divorce, was conditional upon place of residence, positive affect toward the children involved or subsequent marital status; (3) recognition of the permanence of parental relationships accompanied by differentiation of relationship and role. Children whose parents were known to be divorced tended to show more mature levels of understanding than children from intact nuclear families.
THE CHILD ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE: PARENT‐CHILD ACREEMENT AND VALIDITY MEASURES
Authors: Verhulst F. C. , Althaus M. , Berden G. F. M. G.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Parents' and children's reports of behavioural‐emotional problems in 116 children assessed by the Child Assessment Schedule developed by Hodges et al. (Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 468–473, 1982) and the Graham & Rutter Parent Interview (British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 581–592, 1968), both semi‐structured interviews, revealed relatively high agreement compared with studies using highly structured assessment procedures. The majority of disagreements could be attributed to higher parents's cores. Only fears were reported more often by children, especially by the better‐functioning children, suggesting that children's reports of fears may be related to a higher level of adaptive functioning rather than a higher level of psychopathology. Although the child interview may be crucial to obtain information often not reported by parents such as fears and anxiety, it was found that information from the child contributed only little to overall clinical judgeament based on information already available from the parents.
CONVERGENCES AND DISCREPANCIES, AMONG MOTHERS' AND PROFESSIONALS' ASSESSMENTS OF DIFFICULT NEONATAL BEHAVIOUR
Authors: James‐Roberts Ian St. , Wolke Dieter
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe idea that difficult newborn behaviour reflects an inborn disposition was tested by comparing measures from different circumstances, occasions and observers. Correlations between researcher measures from separate settings and occasions were statistically significant but modest, indicating a “rudimentary” constitutional trait contribution to difficult newborn behaviour. Little evidence of a discrete subgroup of particularly difficult newborns was obtained. Maternal assessments were internally consistent but weakly explained by baby constitutional factors or nurses' reports. The importance of contextual and development variables is discussed. Alternative methodological strategies for studying constitutional and social‐developmental contributions to difficult behaviour are needed.
BLOOD LEAD, INTELLIGENCE, READING ATTAINMENT, AND BEHAVIOUR IN ELEVEN YEAR OLD CHILDREN IN DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Silva Phil A. , Hughes Pauline , Williams Sheila , Faed James M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract A study of blood lead levels and intelligence, reading, and behaviour problems was carried out using a sample of 579 Dunedin 11‐yr‐old children. The results suggested that when account was taken of social, environmental, and background factors, raised blood lead is associated with a small but statistically significant increase in children's general behaviour problems as reported by both parents and teachers. These results applied especially to the more specific problems of inattention and hyperactivity.
A TWIN STUDY OF BANNATYNE'S “GENETIC DYSLEXIC” SUBTYPE
Authors: Ho Hsiu‐Zu , Gilger Jeffrey W. , Decker Sadie N.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Bannatyne's proposed “genetic dyslexic” subtype of reading disability (RD) was evaluated using data obtained from 60 (30 monozygotic and 30 dizygotic) pairs of affected twins (in which at least one member of each pair has a reading disorder) and 60 pairs of control twins. The predicted spatial > conceptual > sequential pattern of means was found to be reliable and specific to the RD sample. While this study does not provide conclusive evidence on the genetic etiology of the proposed subtype, our results do indicate that individuals with this particular profile may constitute a specific subtype of reading disability.
ERRORS IN COMPUTATION OF WISC AND WISC‐R INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS FROM RAW SCORES
Authors: Beasley Martin G. , Lobasher Mary , Henley Sue , Smith Isabel
Published: December 2006

Abstract Twenty‐four per cent of 457 sequential IQ assessments contained errors in the calculation of verbal, performance or full scale IQ's from the raw scores; in 2% the errors were large enough to cause a difference in full scale IQ of more than 5 points.
PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF PARENTS OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN: A CONTROLLED STUDY
Authors: Wolff Sula , Narayan Sukhdev , Moyes Barbara
Published: December 2006

Abstract Parents of 21 autistic children and of 21 children with other handicaps, matched for sex, age, IQ and father's occupation, were interviewed with a schedule known to discriminate between schizoid and non‐schizoid people. Ratings were reliable and the interviewers remained “blind”. Parents of autistic children, especially fathers, were significantly more often rated as having schizoid traits. They were also more intellectual.
A COMPARISON OF THE OUTCOME OF DAY‐CARE AND INPATIENT TREATMENT OF PAEDIATRIC SURGICAL CASES
Authors: Scaife Joyce M. , Campbell Ian
Published: December 2006

Abstract The outcome of day‐care versus inpatient surgery for two equivalent groups of children is examined. Ratings were made of medical outcome, behaviour change in the children at 1 week and 3 mths post‐discharge from a pre‐admission criterion, convenience and subjective anxiety for parents, and relative costs of the two procedures.

Results showed trends in favour of the day‐care procedure. Argument is made that day‐care should be the preferred option for minor surgery in young children.
RESEARCH NOTE: TEMPERAMENT AND BEHAVIOURAL ADJUSTMENT IN HEARING IMPAIRED CHILDREN
Authors: Prior Margot R. , Glazner Judith , Sanson Ann , Debelle Geoffrey
Published: December 2006

Abstract Temperament and behavioural adjustment were assessed in 26 hearing impaired pre‐school children. By comparison with normally hearing children the clinical group was rated by their mothers as having a more difficult temperament, but no greater level of behaviour problems. Teachers of these children rated them as less well adjusted overall and specifically, more anxious compared with a normative group. Mothers of hearing impaired children showed elevated levels of anxiety, depression and overall problem scores on the General Health Questionnaire and the latter variable was the best predictor of rated behaviour problems in their children. Teacher rating of behaviour problems was best predicted by their rating of the child's temperament. Greater support for mothers of hearing impaired children is suggested as important in preventing behavioural maladjustment in this handicapped group.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HEMISPHERIC LATERALIZATION, SEX HORMONES, QUALITY OF PARENTING AND ADJUSTMENT IN 47,XXY MALES PRIOR TO PUBERTY
Authors: Netley C.
Published: December 2006

Abstract This paper reports findings of a study examining the degree to which intelligence, levels of sex‐steroids and gonadotropins, quality of parenting and laboratory‐based measures of left and right hemispheric specialization are associated with individual differences in psychosocial functioning in pre‐pubertal 47, XXY males. The results indicate that activity level and freedom from tendencies towards withdrawal in these subjects are best predicted by the normality of their left hemispheric functioning.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF CHILDHOOD HYPERACTIVITY A U.S.‐U. K. CROSS‐NATIONAL STUDY OF DSM—III and ICD‐9
Authors: Prendergast M. , Taylor E. , Rapoport J. L. , Bartko J. , Donnelly M. , Zametkin A. , Ahearn M. B. , Dunn G. , Wieselberg H. M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The unequal prevalence of hyperactivity in Britain and the U.S. was investigated with a cross‐national diagnostic study. Case histories of 6–11‐yr‐old boys were evaluated by British and American research teams as well as British and American clinician panels using both ICD‐9 and DSM‐III.

Interrater agreement was acceptably high only for the specially trained research teams. ICD‐9 generated fewer diagnoses of Hyperkinetic Syndrome than did DSM‐III of Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity. The difference was greatest for U.K. clinicians. Diagnostic scheme and clinician training both contribute to the difference in reported rates.
SALIVARY CORTISOL HYPERSECRETION IN JUVENILE DEPRESSION
Authors: Foreman D. M. , Goodyer I. M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Thirty depressed inpatients aged 7–16 yrs were compared for salivary hypercortisolism with a control group of 16 inpatients of mixed diagnosis matched for age and sex. Four cortisol samples were taken over a 48 hr period: 8 a.m. and 11 p.m. on the first day; then, with 1mg of dexamethasone given immediately after the second sample, at 4 p.m. and 11 p.m. on the second day. All except the 8 a.m. value were significantly greater (P < 0.03) in the depressed group. A 4 nmol/1 cutoff for the 4 p.m. sample gave 48% sensitivity and 91 % specificity for discriminating depressed cases (P= 0.03). The results indicate that the salivary method for estimating cortisol levels in children and adolescents with depression warrants further study.
DELIBERATE SELF‐POISONING IN CHILDHOOD AND EARLY ADOLESCENCE
Authors: Kerfoot Michael
Published: December 2006

Abstract One hundred children under 16 yrs of age, who were admitted to hospital following an episode of deliberate self‐poisoning, were compared with 50 psychiatric, non‐suicidal controls, proportionally matched for age and sex. The self‐poisoners showed more delinquency, school problems, previous self‐poisoning, running away, and previous experience of “Care” than did the psychiatric controls. Their families showed more evidence of marital failure, previous psychiatric disorder, self‐poisoning, and delinquency, than was present in control families. Their presentation was often acute, though usually within the setting of long‐term, chronic difficulties, and emphasises the need for skilled and careful assessment.
CHILDREN WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM AND DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREMORBID ADJUSTMENT, ONSET PATTERN AND SEVERITY OF IMPAIRMENT
Authors: Rosenbaum Asarnow Joan , Ben‐Meir Sharon
Published: December 2006

Abstract Premorbid adjustment, onset patterns, and severity of impairment were examined in 66 child psychiatric inpatients with diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder, major depression, and dysthymic disorder. When compared to children with depressive disorders, schizophrenic and schizotypal children showed poorer premorbid adjustments, lower IQs, greater impairment at hospitalization, and more chronic dysfunctions. Similar developmental patterns were found for children with schizophrenic and schizotypal disorders, and for children with major depression and dysthymic disorders. The findings underscore the severe impairment in social adaptation shown by schizophrenic and schizotypal children and the relatively good premorbid adjustments of most depressed children.
ASPECTS OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF MATERNAL TALK WITH INFANTS
Authors: Elias Gordon , Hayes Alan , Broerse Jack
Published: December 2006

Abstract Content of maternal talk in six mothers infant dyads was used to determine whether mothers timed their talk to infants as they would when conversing with an adult. Results indicated that maternal talk of an informative nature (Type 1 acts) tended to follow a brief intervening interval of silence, while maternal talk containing little or no information (Type 2 acts) tended to occur when the mothers “talked with” (covocalized with) their infants. In addition, there was a significant trend for the overall proportion of Type 1 acts to increase over infant age. These findings support the view that, during mother‐infant engagements, mothers behave like sophisticated conversational partners.
LATERAL PREFERENCES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN: A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Longoni A. M. , Orsini L.
Published: December 2006

Abstract A performance battery for the assessment of hand, foot, eye and ear preference was administered to a sample of 271 4‐,5‐ and 6‐yr‐old children. Results indicate that right side preferences are present for all the indexes, though to different extents. Analysis of congruency between indexes shows a significant concordance between hand‐foot and eye‐ear. No age or sex differences were obtained, indicating that lateral preferences are well established at the age of 3 and that no association between lateral preference and sex is to be found.
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF DENTINE LEAD LEVELS, INTELLIGENCE, SCHOOL PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Fergusson D. M. , Fergusson J. E. , Horwood L. J. , Kinzett N. G.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Dentine lead levels were obtained for a sample of 996 children who were participants in a longitudinal study of child development. Mean dentine lead levels were just over 6μ mUg g1 and had a log normal distribution.

The relationship between dentine lead values and a number of variables (social background, residence in old weatherboard housing, residence on busy roads, pica) describing exposure to sources of lead was analysed. This showed that all factors made small but statistically significant contributions to variations in dentine lead values and that collectively these factors explained 10% of the variance in lead values. The implications of these results are discussed.
COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF CRANIAL IRRADIATION IN LEUKAEMIA: A SURVEY AND META‐ANALYSIS
Authors: Cousens P. , Waters B. , Said J. , Stevens M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis involving cranial irradiation has frequently been found to result in cognitive deficits in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The existence of this effect is still controversial, however, as is the question of factors that might affect its severity. The literature is surveyed and a meta‐analysis undertaken on 30 IQ comparisons, which shows a substantial average decrement in irradiated subjects. The effect is larger when radiation is administered at a younger age and appears to be progressive. The effect may comprise two elements, one common to young cancer patients and one specific to CNS prophylaxis.
VALIDATION OF THE CHILDREN'S DEPRESSION SCALE AND THE CHILDREN'S DEPRESSION INVENTORY IN A PREPUBERTAL SAMPLE
Authors: Knight D. , Hensley V. R. , Waters B.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The validity of the Children's Depression Scale (CDS), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and their respective parent report versions was assessed in a sample of outpatient and normal control prepubertal children. Scores from the child and parent versions of both scales significantly discriminated between children independently diagnosed as depressed and those with nondepressive disorders. Both measures also distinguished depressed and dysphoric children. Contrary to the findings of earlier studies, a significant rate of agreement was found between the reports provided by the children and their parents. The results suggest that the influence of the child's age and clinical status on reporter correspondence patterns should be considered more exhaustively in future research.
A COMPARISON OF SYNDROMES DERIVED FROM THE CHILD BEHAVIOR CHECKLIST FOR AMERICAN AND DUTCH GIRLS AGED 6–11 AND 12–16
Authors: Verhulst F. C. , Achenbach T. M. , Althaus M. , Akkerhuis G. W.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Child Behavior Checklists completed by parents of 1848 clinically referred American and Dutch girls aged 6–11 and 12–16 were subjected to principal components analyses with varimax rotations. For the 6–11 yr age group, seven of the nine empirically derived syndromes showed cross‐national correlations ranging from 0.80 to 0.98. For 12–16‐yr‐old girls, all eight of the American syndromes were firmly replicated for Dutch girls with correlations ranging from 0.84 to 0.97. Furthermore, cross‐national similarities in the distribution of scores for normative samples supported the use of the same syndrome scales by clinicians and researchers in the two countries.
RESEARCH NOTE: RECURRENT HEADACHES AND STOMACHACHES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Stevenson Jim , Simpson Jean , Bailey Veira
Published: December 2006

Abstract Data are presented on headaches and stomachaches in a sample of 189 3‐year‐old children obtained as part of community based study. These data provide a partial replication of an earlier study on a separate sample of children [Zuckerman, B., Stevenson, J. and Bailey, V. (1987), Stomachaches and headaches in a community sample of preschool children. Pediatrics, 79, 677–682]. The results supported the previous findings of a link between family factors and recurrent stomachache, and a less strong association with headaches. The conclusions reinforce the notion that these two somatic symptoms should be considered separately in preschool children.
EFFECT OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION (IUGR) ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF PRETERM CHILDREN AT PRESCHOOL AGE
Authors: Matilainen Riitta , Heinonen Kirsti , Siren‐Tiusanen Helena
Published: December 2006

Abstract– The present paper forms part of a larger prospective study and reports on the psychological performance of preterm children (n= 68) and fullterm control children (n= 36) at preschool age. Intelligence quotients (IQs) of intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) preterm children were lower than those of appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (AGA) preterm children or fullterm controls at preschool age. Specific deficiencies (visuomotor, language) were found in 30 % of the IUGR group and in 9 % of the AGA group. When measuring general intellectual capacity, specific areas of intellectual function should be included by means of appropriate psychological tests, because a child may have a normal IQ but still show specific deficiencies.
THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL CONTEXT AND VERBAL SKILL ON THE STEREOTYPIC AND TASK‐INVOLVED BEHAVIOUR OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Authors: Dadds Mark , Schwartz Steven , Adams Tracey , Rose Susan
Published: December 2006

Abstract– Twelve autistic children's rates of Stereotypy, Task Involvement and Non Involvement were observed in three settings representing levels of interpersonal contact: Individual Attention, Group Attention and Play. The children were assigned in two groups reflecting high and low verbal skills and overall level of autistic disturbance was used as a covariate. Results showed that the highest levels of Task Involvement and the lowest levels of Stereotypy and Non Involvement were associated with the highest level of interpersonal contact. Verbal skill level predicted higher rates of prosocial behaviour overall, and interacted with the setting measures for Stereotypic behaviours, indicating that the low verbal children tended to self‐stimulate most when no demands were made on their behaviour. Implications for further research and educational practice are briefly discussed.
Correlates, Associated Impairments and Patterns of Service Utilization of Children with Attention Deficit Disorder: Findings from the Ontario Child Health Study
Authors: Szatmari Peter , Offord David R. , Boyle Michael H.
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to report on the correlates of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH), the associated impairments of ADDH children, and to describe briefly their utilization of services. Our results suggest that household, family, parental, and developmental variables are associated with this disorder. However, children I red, rather than psychosocial, variables emerge as important if one controls for the presence of other disorders. Compared to children without any disorder, ADDH children art‐ also impaired in their relationships with others, their school performance, and competence in extra‐curricular activities. ADDH children utilized mental health, social, and special education services more than non‐ADDH children. Nevertheless, it was found that only a minority of ADDH children had received specialized mental health or social services in the past 6 months.
Responding to Anger in Aggressive and Nonaggressive Boys: a Research Note
Authors: Klaczynski Paul A. , Cummings E. Mark
Published: December 2006

Abstract Responding lo adults' behavior was examined in +0 first‐ through third‐grade boys. Boys were divided into aggressive, nonaggressive and control groups. In the experimental conditions, hoys were exposed to laboratory simulations of prosocial and angry interactions between adults. Following each simulation, boys were interviewed. Aggressive boys reported greater aggressiveness towards a hypothetical peer following exposure to anger and, across several indices, reported being mote highly aroused. Based on reports of arousal, a high responding category of reacting to anger was treated. High responders were more likely than other boys to have been from (he aggressive group and reported more aggression towards a hypothetical peer.
The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1987 Childhood Markers for Adult Disorders
Authors: Venables Peter H.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The paper is concerned with examining some indices, measured in childhood, that may be considered 10 be “vulnerability” or “genetic” markers for later adult disorder, The disorders of prime interest in this instance are schizophrenia and criminality, The source of data for the paper is a longitudinal study carried out in Mauritius, which started in 1972 with the examination of a total population of 3‐yr‐olds. While these subjects are not yet at an age when a sufficient number have developed schizophrenia to allow definitive statements to be made, sufficient data are available In indicate that indices employed as markers at age 3 predict later patterns of behaviour that are in line with studies in the literature as being characteristic Bf those who later become schizophrenic, The age 3 index which is employed is hyper‐ or hypo‐activity of the elect rode and system. Later work has made particular use of smooth pursuit eye‐movement, which has become a particularly strong candidate as a genetic marker for schizophrenia. Also reported is material that suggests that electrodermal activity may also be used to predict later delinquent patterns of behaviour.
A Twin Study of Autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden
Authors: Steffenburg Suzanne , Gillberg Christopher , Hellgren Lars , Andersson Lena , Gillberg I. Carina , Jakobsson Gun , Bohman Michael
Published: December 2006

Abstract The Nordic countries were screened for the occurrence of cases of autism with a same‐sexed twin under age 25 years. Twenty‐one pairs (11 monozygotic and 10 dizygotic) of twins and one set of identical triplets were found and extensively examined. The concordance for autism by pair was 91% in the monozygotic and 0% in the dizygotic pairs. The corresponding concordances for cognitive disorder were 91% and 30% respectively. In most of the pairs discordant for autism, the autistic twin had more perinatal stress. The results lend support for the notion that autism sometimes has a hereditary component and that perinatal stress is involved in some cases.
Person Perception in Children with Conduct Disorders
Authors: Matthys W. , Walterbos W. , Njio L. , van Engeland H.
Published: December 2006

Abstract In his object‐relations theory, O. Kernberg discerns different levels of personality organization. From a structural point of view these are described with respect to the object‐relations. So, according to Kernberg, the antisocial personality is more primitively organized (so‐called borderline) than most patients with neurotic disorders, as manifested by his object‐relations. We hypothesize that this also applies to children with conduct disorders in comparison with emotionally disturbed children. In this explorative study, we investigated whether suppositions concerning the object/Self representations (i.e. the internal object‐relations) of children with conduct disorders can be tested using a research method from empirical psychology. We chose the method of the free (written) description of persons. which in the psychology of social cognitions is used to study person perception. The results indicate that person perception (i.e. the conscious pan of the object/self representations) in children with conduct disorders differs characteristically from that in a normal age‐and intelligence‐matched control group.
Referral to Child Psychiatry: Parent and Doctor Motives and Expectations
Authors: Bailey D. , Garralda M. E.
Published: December 2006

Abstract We studied general practitioner and parental attitudes towards the referral to child psychiatric clinics of 65 children aged 7–12 yrs. The doctors gave parental request and anxiety and the seriousness of the child's condition as the most common reasons for the referral. Their expectations of it were well in line with current psychiatric practice. There was a wide variety of parental motivations in attending the surgery, and the expectations of the referral were similarly diverse, Most prominent though were help for the child and a need to know underlying reasons. Although three‐quarters of parents were satisfied with the general practitioner intervention, the majority said that they had not been given information about die psychiatric assessment process, nor knew what to expect from it, and three‐quarters of the children were referred after only one consultation.
Facial Perception in Autism
Authors: Volkmar Fred R. , Sparrow Sara S. , Rende Richard D. , Cohen Donald J.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Disturbances in gaze and patterns of facial interaction are prominent aspects of Social dysfunction in autism; the nature of tilts disturbance has up to the present been unclear. This study examined the ability of autistic subjects to use the human face as a source of information. Autistic and age‐ and MA‐matched retarded control subjects assembled a series of puzzles displaying photographs of human faces; puzzles differed in complexity, familiarity of the faces and configuration (normal vs scrambled faces). Significant effects of all three factors, but not of diagnostic group, were observed. The autistic subjects did not exhibit specific deficits in perception of faces.
Psychometric Scatter in Retarded, Autistic Preschoolers as Measured by the Cattell
Authors: McDonald Mary Alice , Mundy Peter , Kasari Connie , Sigman Marian
Published: December 2006

Abstract To determine whether psychometric scatter is characteristic of the developmental profile of young autistic children, the performance of 38 autistic children, as measured by the Cattell, was compared with the performance of MA matched samples of normal, Down's Syndrome and non‐Down's Syndrome children with mental retardation. Results indicated significantly more psychometric scatter in die autistic group than in the other groups. Similarly, 66% of the autistic‐children vs 13, 26 and 32% of the normal, Down's and non‐Down's samples, respectively, had significant scalier, Further analyses revealed that autistic children showed consistent relative strength in non‐language and weakness in language.
Comparative Studies of Conversion Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Steinhausen Hans‐Christoph , Aster Matthias v. , Pfeiffer Ernst , Göbel Dietmar
Published: December 2006

Abstract In a syndrome validation study, four groups of patients suffering from conversion disorders, anxiety states, obsessive‐compulsive disorder and emotional disorders, as well as a healthy control group, were compared. The following Findings emerged: besides female preponderance and greater age, a higher rate of low SES subjects and social migration patients suffering from conversion disorders displayed a greater proportion of psychiatric and medical diseases in their parental heritage.
Parent‐Child Dyadic Gaze Patterns in Fragile X Males and in Non‐fragile X Males with Autistic Disorder
Authors: Cohen Ira L. , Vietze Peter M. , Sudhalter Vicki , Jenkins Edmund C. , Brown W. Ted
Published: December 2006

Abstract Parent‐child dyadic gaze patterns were examined in fragile X [fra(X)] males and in non‐fra(X) autistic males across three age groups‐early childhood, middle childhood and adolescence. Absolute probabilities of social gaze did not significantly differ across diagnostic groups. Event lag sequential analyses indicated that fra(X) males were sensitive to social gaze initiation by their parents but found eye contact aversive. Non‐fra(X) autistic males, by contrast, were insensitive to parent‐initiated social gaze, and did not find eye contact aversive. Implications for research on the social characteristics of fra(X) and autistic children are discussed.
Recognition and Expression of Emotional Cues by Autistic and Normal Adults
Authors: Macdonald Hope , Rutter Michael , Howlin Patricia , Rios Patricia , Conteur Ann Le , Evered Christopher , Folstein Susan
Published: December 2006

Abstract High‐functioning autistic adults were compared with normal adults using a battery of tests devised lo assess the recognition and expression of emotional cues in both facial and vocal modalities. The autistic subjects were relatively impaired in both the appreciation and production of emotional expressions. Although no one test provided a clear‐cut separation of the groups at the individual level, composite scores did separate (he groups quite well. It is suggested that this battery of tasks may have some value in family generic studies of autism that need to identify subclinical deficits that might be aetiologically linked with autism.
Differentiation of Motor Activity of Normally Active and Hyperactive Boys in Schools: Some Preliminary Results
Authors: Cammann Rainer , Miehlke Ariane
Published: December 2006

Abstract All non‐task‐related body movements during school hours were listed in 11 normally active and 12 hyperactive boys. The mean number of movements was 48±7 per 45 minutes in the normal active and 79±16 per 45 minutes in the hyperactives. The rather monotonous increment and decrement of motor activity during the 4‐hr registration period was noticed only in hyperactive boys. These results could be a consequence of a circadian rhythm, as there was independence of type of school hours and of teacher personality. The cyclical level of activity in hyperactive boys was sometimes in the range of the normal actives.
Methodologic Note for Child Epidemiological Surveys: The Effects of Instructions on Estimates of Behavior Prevalence
Authors: Woodward Christel A. , Thomas Helen B. , Boyle Michael H. , Links Paul S. , Offord David R.
Published: December 2006

Abstract This paper examines the effects of a change in the wording of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) instructions for the 0 category on the reported prevalence of behaviors among normal children by their parents. Convenience samples of parents were randomly allocated to complete CBCL items using either the standard instructions “not true” or “never or not true” to describe the 0 category. Adding the word “never” to describe the 0 category decreased parents’ use of that category and increased their use of the adjacent, 1, category. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Maternal Psychological State and Infant Development with Mothers under Twenty: A Research Note
Authors: Melhuish E. C.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Data were used from a longitudinal study of mothers under 20 and their firstborn children to investigate some factors possibly associated with the developmental progress of the children at 21 mths of age. Developmental progress was considered as a function of whether other adults lived with the mother and child, whether it was a dual parent household, maternal age, aspects of maternal psychological state, child gender and cooperation. Child gender and cooperation and the woman's satisfaction with motherhood were related to children's developmental progress. Possible reasons for the observed interrelationships are discussed.
Thinking about Thinking: How does it Develop?
Authors: Baron‐Cohen Simon
Published: December 2006

Developing Theories of Mind. By J. W. Astington, P. L. Harris and D. R. Olson (Eds).
Agreement Between Parents' and Teachers' Ratings of Behavioral/Emotional Problems of Children aged 4–12.
Authors: Verhulst Frank C. , Akkerhuis Grard W.
Published: December 2006

Parents' and teachers' reports of behavioral/emotional problems in 1 161 children aged 4–12 from the general population and assessed via the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist were compared. Low to moderate agreement was found, with parents reporting more problems than teachers. Agreement was higher for externalizing problems than for internalizing problem and higher for children receiving special education than for those receiving regular education, Agreement was slightly higher for older than younger children. Sex of the child did not influence parent‐teacher agreement. Teachers scored higher on problems related to peer relations and on problems interfering with academic functioning, whereas parents scored their children higher on problems associated more strongly with externalizing than with internalizing syndromes.