bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public School Special Classes for Disturbed Children
Authors: Asselstine J. L.
Published: April 2017

Segregated classes in public school systems for emotionally disturbed children have had an increasing vogue in the recent past. There is evidence to suggest that special classes are not the most effective or practical way to meet the needs of school-age children who are having serious difficulties in the regular school system because of behavioural handicaps. A Special Placement Class for emotionally disturbed children which operated in the Winnipeg City Schools for a period of twelve years is referred to as a case in point.

It is suggested that a special class may try to provide for two general groups of disturbed children. There are those who could be registered in regular school classes provided individual or small group instruction is made available in the same school for the core subjects. Adequate child guidance clinic services would be required to meet the consultant needs of the school personnel as well as the treatment needs of the child. A segregated special class may fail to meet the educational and therapeutic needs of these children to a comparable degree.

The second group are those children who basically require medical care. They should receive their schooling as part of the program of a comprehensive psychiatric centre for children. Their academic work should be given in individual or very small group tutoring sessions. For these children a special class in the regular school is an attempt to provide a day-care program without the necessary facilities.
Neuroleptiques Et Effets Extra-Pyramidaux: Correlation Entre Les Proprietes Antipsychotiques Et Extra-Pyramidales
Authors: Tetreault LÉon , Filotto Jean , Bordeleau Jean-Marc
Published: April 2017

Data obtained in two comparative controlled studies of neuroleptics were used to ascertain if there were some correlation between the degree of improvement in the mental state and the severity of extrapyramidal symptoms induced in patients receiving one or other of the following neuroleptics: trifluperidol, trifluoperazine, T.P.S.-23 and chlorpromazine. In this study patients are used as experimental units. For each trial, the importance of psychiatric symptoms has been measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the neurological syndrome with the “Bilan extra-pyramidal” (Extrapyramidal Rating Scale).

It has been impossible to find a correlation between the antipsychotic and extrapyramidal-inducing properties of the neuroleptics we have studied.
Essai Clinique De La Mesoridazine (TPS-23) Chez Des Patients Psychotiques
Authors: Marquis P.-A. , Bury J.-A. , Pomerleau Guy
Published: April 2017

Mesoridazine (TPS-23), a derivative of thioridazine, has been tried on twenty male psychotic patients with doses varying from 125 to 600 mg per day for a period of about two months. Modified BPRS and global clinical impression were our basis for evaluation of results. The improvement consisted mainly in a reduction of anxiety and symptoms related to it, particularly affective participation to delusions, also better attitude of the patient to his interviewers and other patients, considering that the most distinct symptoms of schizophrenic dissociation were not affected. Secondary effects were frequent, but moderate; frequency of extra-pyramidal effects impressed us, contrarily to most preceding researches.

N.B.—Among twenty patients treated, ten had been receiving a neuroleptic medication for ten years without noticeable improvement.
Impressions Psychiatriques D'Un Sejour a Dakar
Authors: Ellenberger H. F.
Published: April 2017

The author relates some impressions drawn from a two-week sojourn in Dakar, Senegal, on the occasion of the Second Pan-African Psychiatric Conference. One much discussed problem was whether there exists an 'African psychopathology'. The consensus was that the basic pathogenic factors are the same among mankind, but that culturally determined pathoplastic factors determine the symptomatology of reactive conditions and neuroses, as well as the themes of hallucinations and delusions. A more difficult problem was to explain the great frequency, in Senegal, of what French clinicians call the bouffées délirantes (a condition somewhat similar to acute paranoid schizophrenia). Socio-cultural hypotheses were proposed by professor H. Collomb and his associates.

Professor Collomb and the psychiatric group in Dakar-Fann have made a special study of the African techniques of psychotherapy, and devised a kind of group therapy which combines African traditions with modern Western experiences. Some of the difficulties met by the European psychiatrists working in an African setting are recounted.

The author also gives an account of his visit to the Dakar jails and reform institutions and of the type of criminality met in a developing country.

The paper is concluded with a description of the Nit-ku-bon child; in certain families one of the children is considered a 'marvelous child', he is supposed to be possessed by a spirit or to be the reincarnation of an ancestor, and as such he enjoys special privileges, though the attitude of the family toward him is mostly ambivalent. The author had the opportunity of examining a Nit-ku-bon child, and feels that this child would fit into our category of 'early autism'.
Psychotherapy
Authors: Solyom L. , Kenny F. , Ledwidge B.
Published: April 2017

Forty phobic patients were treated with reciprocal inhibition by aversion relief. The development and modification of this technique are described. The patients were divided into two groups, agoraphobic (N = 3 1) and non-agoraphobic (N = 9) and their symptomatology was assessed in psychiatric interviews and on various psychological questionnaires and rating scales, before and after treatment. The mean age of the agoraphobic patients was higher, their illness lengthier, their anxiety score higher and their fears more numerous. They had an average of 28.5 half-hour treatment sessions while the non-agoraphobic patients had 23.6. The majority of patients were followed up for a mean period of 9.9 months for agoraphobics and 14.8 for non-agoraphobics. The results indicate that 75% of agoraphobic patients and 89% of non-agoraphobic patients were rated recovered or much improved at termination of therapy, and at follow up, 63% of agoraphobic patients and 75% of non-agoraphobic patients were rated recovered or much improved. Differences between the two groups and factors important to the treatment paradigm are discussed.
A Critical Appraisal of Some Aspects of Outpatient Care
Authors: Hirsch Solomon , Rosenberg Edwin M. , Hirsch Doris
Published: April 2017

The literature describing the development of community psychiatry is briefly reviewed with special emphasis on the application of its ideas to the lower socio-economic group.

Characteristics of lower class patients are described with some specific problems inherent in their outpatient care. A home visiting program is briefly described.

Situational factors and personal characteristics of lower class patients are considered to be more important in affecting therapy unfavourably than are biases in the therapist and communication problems.
ÉTude Comparative De L'énanthate De Fluphénazine, Du Bichlorhydrate De Fluphénazine Et Du Placebo Chez Le Schizophrène Chronique
Authors: Tetreault Léon , Bordeleau Jean-Marc , Albert Jean-Marie , Rajotte Paul
Published: April 2017

A comparative study of fluphénazine enanthate, a long-acting neuroleptic, fluphénazine bichlorhydrate and placebo was made on 28 chronic schizophrenics. The double-blind technique was possible by giving to the patients one of the three following treatments: the long-acting neuroleptic by injection every fortnight and placebo tablets daily, the standard neuroleptic (tablets) daily and regular injection of sesame oil or the two inactive substances in a similar way. Dosage of fluphénazine enanthate was 25, 50 or 75 mg every fortnight and of bichlorhydrate 10, 20 or 30 mg. daily after a fixed schedule.

Antipsychotic action of the drugs was evaluated according to three types of measures: 1) IMPS; 2) NOSIE and 3) need for chlorpromazine given p.r.n. (indirect measure).

Results of this study indicate that both fluphénazine salts are superior to placebo and possess significant antipsychotic properties as demonstrated by the indirect measure. No significant difference was found between enanthate and bichlorhydrate of fluphénazine.

Some methodological aspects of psychopharmacological research are also discussed.
Changing Characteristics of Psychiatric Consultation in a University Hospital
Authors: Whybrow Peter C. , Spencer Roger F.
Published: April 2017

Fifty-seven patients were referred for psychiatric consultation during a two-month period. One year later adequate follow-up data were obtained on 46 persons. The study evaluated the outcome of the original psychiatric disturbance in these patients, the accuracy of prediction by the psychiatric consultants and the factors influencing outcome. The recommendations most frequently followed are noted and the implications of the study for the future psychiatric care of general medical patients are discussed.
Prochlorperazine — A Review of the Literature since 1956*
Authors: Lapierre Jean , Amin Mohammed , Hattangadi Sunder
Published: April 2017

The pertinent literature on prochlorperazine has been reviewed. Prochlorperazine appears to be a useful drug in maintaining psychiatric patients in the community, following discharge from the mental hospital.
Chemotherapy in Aged Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Lehmann H. E. , Ban T. A.
Published: April 2017

The psychopathology of organic brain syndromes and functional psychiatric disorders in the aged has been outlined, and the various specific and non-specific physical therapies for psychiatric disorders occurring in this age group have been discussed. The indications for electroconvulsive therapy are restricted to depressions, particularly first and acute depressions in this population. Various drug therapies are successfully employed in numerous geriatric conditions.

Pharmacotherapy is discussed under six headings: Substitution or replacement therapy —whenever there is a break-down of metabolic processes due to deficiency of an important factor in the complex chain of metabolism; Anticoagulants and Vasodilators — when there is sufficient evidence to believe that decreased brain metabolism plays an important role in the causation of impaired behavioural functioning and inertness; Sedatives (minor tranquillizers) — to control restlessness, tension, anxiety and insomnia; Neuroleptics (major tranquillizers) — for the treatment of psychotic symptoms, e.g. hallucinations, delusions and manneristic behaviour; and Anti-depressants — for the treatment of various depressions.

It must be remembered that the general indications for these treatments are the same in geriatric as in younger patients, but the geriatric patient is often more sensitive to drugs and to the side effects they may produce.
La Psychiatrie Infantile Au Canada
Authors: Lazure Denis
Published: April 2017

The author reports on a recent nationwide survey concerning various aspects of child psychiatry in Canada: services, manpower, training and research.

Only 150 (out of 1500) psychiatrists devote most of their clinical time and interest to children: the scarcity of manpower and services is found to be more serious for young patients than for adults.

Child psychiatry is a well-recognized specialty in the U.S.A. and in most European countries, with its own training requirements and certification criteria. The Canadian Psychiatric Association has endorsed the proposal of its own Section on Child Psychiatry and Mental Retardation, that child psychiatry be considered by the various accreditating bodies (for example The Royal College of Physicians) as a sub-specialty with its own certification mechanisms.

Most areas of Canada are now in a position to provide very adequate training in child psychiatry and the present number of annual graduates (25) could easily be increased if an official status and recognition could be granted to those colleagues whose careers will be dedicated to the care of children.

Canadian child psychiatrists form a rather eclectic and heterogeneous group as their sources of training have been quite diversified including mainly the academic centres of three countries: U.S.A., Great Britain and France. Such a diversity has proved to be beneficial and has contributed to the dynamic development of this sub-group (if not, sub-specialty) among our psychiatric fraternity.
Variables Affecting Wolpean Systematic Desensitization
Authors: Jameson John S. , Vernon Penny
Published: April 2017

Many variables influence the treatment course and outcome of desensitization under relaxation.

1) Relaxation is a significant aspect of desensitization. The optimum degree of relaxation necessary to this technique is unknown.

2) Hypnosis and suggestibility play a nebulous role, influencing speed of progress, relaxation and imagery.

3) The ability to evoke anxiety to imagined stimuli is essential to in vitro desensitization.

4) Interview-induced emotional responses, although demonstrated to have a significant affect upon desensitization, are not essential.

5) Interpretation, confrontation and insight are not significant aspects of psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition.

6) Patients with a history of a conditioning process, a specific stimulus antecendent for anxiety and minimal free-floating anxiety, benefit most from desensitization.

7) The positive influence an understanding of the reciprocal inhibition theory has on patients' motivation, attitude and expectancy may be related to primary suggestibility.
Consideration Dynamique De La Formation Et De L'adaptation D'une Equipe Psychiatrique Multidisciplinaire*
Authors: Solomon Martin L. , Morel-Navon Annemarie , Laflamme Louise
Published: April 2017

This paper presents an analysis of group formation and adaptation in a multidisciplinary psychiatric team, working in the Child Psychiatry Out-patient Services of Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal.

The team is examined within the framework of small group theory. Emphasis is placed on the double orientation of work groups — goal achievement and adaptation to external demands (adaptive-instrumental problems), and internal integration and the expression of emotional tensions (integrative - expressive problems). There follows a description of the team, the community it serves and the political superstructure, as well as a statement of team policy for Community Psychiatry. The team's experiences, leading to its maturation as a cohesive unit, are reported in terms of its oscillation between community-oriented activity and team-oriented activity, the differentiation of roles and the delineation of a power struggle. The sequence of team integration, important aspects of the team leader's role, and a consideration of team equilibrium are presented in the discussion.

It is postulated that flexibility of informal role behaviour results in a continuing dialogue which is essential for the resolution of conflicts and the working through of the many paradoxes inherent in multidisciplinary teams.
Psychodynamics of Interethnic Marriage
Authors: Saucier Jean-Francois
Published: April 2017

A short review of the literature on motivations for intermarriage is presented, stressing the fact that the most recent papers, by Beigel and Lehrman, had the advantage studying a large number of cases. The present investigation, besides having obtained a series of fifteen white, Catholic, English Canadian — French Canadian intermarried neurotic couples in the Montreal area, has also studied a control group of homogamous white, Catholic, all French Canadian couples.

When the frequency of five basic motivations to marry was tested in both groups, no significant difference was found. However, it was discovered that significantly more intermarried subjects had been raised in a family where the father was weak and the mother was strikingly domineering concerning the decisions to be taken at home and the discipline of children. Moreover, more females than males were found mentally sick in the heterogamous group, and more females in the same group were having severe difficulties with their own children. A few of these women had a compulsion to intermarry in early adolescence. Finally, a psychodynamic picture of the intermarried females is given, stressing their deep pregenital conflict with their domineering mother, the stimulation and later the repression of an incestuous attraction towards their father, their severe problem of identification with the feminine and the maternal roles, the searching in late adolescence for an ideal mate outside their own ethnic group to escape from an intolerable conflict with their mother, the later disillusionment with their husbands after marriage and their severe difficulties in the performance of the maternal role with their children. The reader is reminded that this picture is obtained in mentally disturbed intermarried subjects, and cannot be applied to other persons.
Lithium Carbonate
Authors: Leung Albert S. H.
Published: April 2017

The pertinent literature on lithium has been reviewed. It appears that in recent years there is renewed interest in the drug, its general and specific usage, its toxic effects and its research. It seems to have been generally accepted as specifically effective in the treatment of acute manic psychosis, and also it is believed to be useful as a prophylactic agent in selected cases of recurrent affective disorders.
Le Devenir de la Recherche Psychiatrique
Authors: Bordeleau Jean-Marc
Published: April 2017

Ten years ago, Professor Cleghorn wrote a paper about the hazards and hindrances in psychiatric research. Are we now entitled to state that the situation has greatly improved? The future of psychiatric research can only parallel the development of psychiatry itself. As in any other specialty of medicine, teaching, clinical work and research are but three aspects of the same goal; one must not be overemphasized to the detriment of the other.

Before Freud, psychiatry was mainly a description of clinical observations; after Freud the stress was put upon dynamic psychopathology, thus creating a gap between neurological sciences and psychiatry. Social psychiatry and institutional psychotherapy, two offspring of the psychoanalytic movement, are now becoming predominant. These new trends, made possible by psychopharmacology, call for multi-disciplinary teams of ‘human’ scientists. In so doing, the distance from classical medicine widens and one wonders if some day there will not be a complete separation. Although the separation is not desirable, if it ever happens, psychiatric research will become essential to preserve clinical traditions.
Some Approaches to the Evaluation of Milieu Therapy
Authors: Lewis David J. , Beck P. R. , King Hinda , Stephen Lyn
Published: April 2017

Milieu therapy is an increasingly popular approach to the treatment of psychiatric patients and a model of general application. It places emphasis on social and group interaction, on the sharing of responsibility and decision-making, on the freeing of communication on both vertical and horizontal planes and on dealing with the realities of the here-and-now. Its introduction has been accompanied by considerable enthusiasm and a sense of ‘rightness’ which parallel the existence of comparable movements in society as a whole. Partly because of this fervour, and mainly because of the methodological problems involved, intensive scientific evaluation of this mode of therapy has been difficult, though necessary.

This paper describes the beginnings of a number of ongoing multidisciplinary studies, conducted on six wards in three institutions - the purpose being to provide a definition of milieu therapy, to describe its methods and objectives and to establish means of evaluation.

The broad areas of the research project are: a statistical review of patients discharged before and following the adoption of milieu therapy; an in-depth analysis of the structure and functions of each of the units in the research setting; and a comparative study of the process and thera. peutic results of the six wards including two wards of other collaborating hospitals. Several constituent pilot projects have been reviewed. The advantages of an ongoing inhospital research consortium are discussed, and it is suggested that every sizeable unit should have one in the interests of the assessment of service. All that may be required is the mobilization of already existing personnel and volunteers, summer students and petty funds.
Etude Cytogenetique De 440 Patients Institutionalises Pour Retard Psychomoteur*
Authors: Dussault R. , Destiné M. L. , Dallaire L.
Published: April 2017

The authors did chromosomal studies on four hundred and forty patients in an institution for the mentally retarded. Among the eighty-eight patients who had Down's syndrome, five had a reciprocal translocation, for a frequency of 5.6 per cent. The parents of four of these children had a normal chromosomal pattern. Among the remaining three hundred and fifty-two patients, two had a gonosomal anomaly and three had an autosomal anomaly, for a frequency of 1.4 per cent. These data are compatible with the nature of the psychomotor defects observed and the mean age of the patients who constituted a heterogeneous group of mentally retarded individuals.
Neurology and Sleep Research
Authors: Broughton Roger
Published: April 2017

This brief review documents some of the important contributions of recent sleep research to the understanding of a number of neurological conditions. Narcoleptic attacks have been shown to be either episodes of NREM or REM sleep; and cataplexy, sleep paralysis and vivid hypnagogic hallucinations consist of dissociated or inappropriate REM sleep. Important relationships of the hypersomnias and various comas to sleep mechanisms are being increasingly elucidated. Various types of epileptic seizures have been found to be affected differentially by the two types of sleep and by arousal from them; and sleep deprivation may activate or perpetuate epilepsy. Finally, some miscellaneous conditions, such as dyskinesias, cerebrovascular accidents, migraine, and memory and repair functions have been considered. As well as being of pathophysiological interest, much of this new knowledge has a direct diagnostic and therapeutic relevance.
Neurophysiological Findings concerning Sleep and Psychoanalytic Theory
Authors: Berger David
Published: April 2017

A conceptual framework using the psychoanalytic model has been presented to describe the REM/non-REM phenomenon. Waking life and sleeping life have been compared in terms of ego control and ego regression. The REM/non-REM cycle has been presented as representative of an archaic periodic form of functioning, the REM bursts suggesting peaks of psychic energy. The conceptual framework has been examined ontogenetically and phylogenetically, and psychoanalytic theory has been examined in the light of the neurophysiological findings. Finally, several models have been reviewed regarding the function or functions of the REM/non-REM cycle.
Implications of Recent Dream Research
Authors: Jameson J. S. , Salvendy J. T.
Published: April 2017

This paper indicates the relevance of recent dream research findings to some of Freud's psychoanalytic contentions on dreaming. The historical development in this field is reviewed, along with recent pertinent laboratory findings. Theories concerning the nature of sleep and experimental work on this are discussed. Some characteristics of the REM and NREM states, along with the phenomena of dream deprivation, have been critically evaluated. The present theories of the biology of dreaming are analysed.

Finally, the significance of dream research findings to pertinent psychoanalytic concepts has been examined. Although the research findings partly negate some of Freud's theories about the function and mechanism of dreams, they have not entirely disproved his understanding of the dream work and its relevance to the latent and manifest dream content.
A Clinical Study of Post-Traumatic Amnesia
Authors: Schwartz O. , Sisler G. C.
Published: April 2017

Fifteen consecutive patients with head injuries, admitted to the neurosurgical services of the Winnipeg General and St. Boniface hospitals, were given two memory tests within 24 hours following recovery of consciousness. The first test concerned immediate recall of a series of digits, presented orally. The second was a paired-associates test which involved learning and retaining pairs of stimuli and also required that when one stimulus of the pair is given the subjects correctly respond with the other associated stimulus. Fifteen control subjects admitted to hospital for acute episodes other than head injury were tested. The controls were matched with the head-injured subjects for age and education. During the eight-minute retention interval a distraction stimulus was administered randomly to six of the head-injured subjects and to six matched controls. No defect was found in immediate (a few seconds) memory of the head-injured group. The distracting stimulus had no significant influence on retention. Verbal learning, as defined by the number of trials to reach a criterion score on a memory test, was impaired and verbal retention, tested by recall at one hour after the initial learning period, was also impaired. These findings suggest that head-injured patients have at least a temporarily decreased ability to form lasting memory traces.
Object Concept and Object Relations in Childhood Psychosis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Gratton L.
Published: April 2017

The two master theories of human development, the Freudian and Piagetan, have evolved in parallel fashion without ever meeting. The advent of ‘ego metapsychology’ brought the two systems closer together, to be finally correlated by Anthony, Wolff, et al.

The role of the mother is primordial in both cognitive and psychoanalytic systems. As already shown experimentally by Gouin-Décarie the two systems are interconnected in that a failure or fixation in the libidinal development is accompanied by an ‘adherence’ in the cognitive sphere.

The aim of this pilot study was to verify the hypothesis that any condition accompanied or caused by a severe disturbance in the mother-child relationship will result in severe mental retardation or arrest in cognitive development within the sensorio-motor stage. The sample was composed of twenty randomly selected children (age range: 3 to 9 years), divided into a psychotic sub-group and a non-psychotic one, the latter serving as control. These children were attending the Pride of Judea Day School in New York City. All had a complete psychiatric and psychological evaluation, plus a detailed developmental history, carried out independently of this research. The Piagetan Test of Sensorio-Motor development elaborated by Gouin-Décarie was administered to both groups.

The results showed that an ‘adherence’ of cognitive development to the sensorio motor stage was positively correlated with Early Infantile Autism and Mental Retardation. In order to further clarify this correlation the subjects' early development in their first two years of life was scrutinized using a check list of autistic signs. A statistically highly significant correlation could then be established between the arrest of cognitive development in the sensorio motor stage and an autistic type of development within the first two years of life, irrespective of diagnosis.

In view of these findings it seems pointless to apply interpretative psychotherapies to these children or to submit them to standard kindergarten techniques when they lack the very rudiments for abstract thinking.
A Controlled Study of the Aversion Relief Treatment of Phobias
Authors: Solyom L. , Heseltine G. , Mcclure D. J. , Ledwidge B. , Kenny F.
Published: April 2017

The first two parts of a long-term study to clarify the mechanism of action, the effectiveness and the indications for the aversion relief treatment of phobias are reported. Aversion relief, therapy was first compared with a pseudoconditioning technique. After twelve hours of aversion relief treatment, phobias, depressive and obsessive symptoms were significantly improved according to psychiatrists' assessment and there was also a significant reduction in scores on the Wolpe-Lang Fear Survey Schedule (FSS). Improvements following pseudoconditioning were non-significant. However, differences between the two groups did not reach significance.

A comparison of the effect of twenty-five aversion relief therapy hours with twenty-five hours of systematic desensitization revealed no significant difference between the groups. Significant differences after twelve and twenty-five therapy hours were noted in the psychiatrists' and self-rating of phobias for the Aversion Relief Group and in the psychiatrists' rating of phobias on the FSS scores of the Systematic Desensitization Group. Extinction, transference and experimenter bias are discussed as therapeutically active alternatives to the reciprocal inhibition concept.
Autocastration by a Male Transsexual
Authors: Lowy Frederick H. , Kolivakis Thomas L.
Published: April 2017

In recent years psychiatrists increasingly have been asked to evaluate patients who demand medical and surgical sex alteration procedures. Most psychiatrists do not welcome this challenge for which they are not properly trained, and conclusions in the recent literature are contradictory and confusing.

An unusual case is reported which illustrates many of the difficulties in the diagnosis and the management of transsexuals. A schizoid, thirty-five year-old man with long standing gender identity problems performed successful autocastration after he repeatedly failed to obtain adequate psychiatric and medical treatment. Like most transsexuals described in the recent literature, he demonstrated an apparently unalterable conviction that he was a feminine being trapped in a male body from which he felt alienated and which he repudiated. Dressing in feminine clothes reduced his anxiety and made him feel ‘right’ but was not associated with sexual excitement. His background reveals a chaotic childhood, characterized by a close attachment to an overly permissive, possibly disturbed mother and the absence of a stable father-figure with whom he could identify. Unlike most transsexuals this patient also shows many features which support a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations are discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Management is complicated by the fact that the patient is persistent and insistent in his demand for sex change while the physician struggles with ethical and practical problems. A cautious but open-minded approach is advocated which involves an initial trial of supportive psychosocial rehabilitation and then a readiness to consider medical and even surgical sex change procedures if there is good evidence that the patient cannot otherwise be helped.
Enquete Sur L'humanitarisme ou L'autoritarisme des Employes D'un Grand Hopital Psychiatrique
Authors: Tetreault Léon , Pelletier Paul , Panaccio Lucien , Bordeleau Jean-Marc
Published: April 2017

The staff of a large psychiatric hospital were investigated concerning their attitude toward mental patients. This was done by means of a stochastic transversal survey. A random sample (15%), stratified according to professional activity, was reached by one interviewer using a French translation and adaptation of the “Composite Mental Illness and Social Attitudes Scales.” With analyses of variance and analyses of correlation significant factors influencing attitudes were identified: age, education, type of work, marital and social status. For the whole population the humanitarian index was found predominant over the custodial index.
L-Dopa in Parkinson's Disease: Results of a Co-Operative Study in the Montreal Area
Authors: Mars Harold , Libman Israel , Schwartz Arthur M. , Gillo-Joffroy Lise , Barbeau André
Published: April 2017

Over a two-year period one hundred and sixty-two patients with Parkinson's disease have been treated with L-DOPA in a cooperative study involving four hospitals in the Montreal area. The clinical results for the first consecutive one hundred patients treated for longer than three months are reviewed. These observations warrant the conclusion that L-DOPA is by far the best currently available treatment for Parkinson's disease. Some potentially troublesome side effects still exist and these require further investigations.
Psycho-Cultural Aspects of Naming Children
Authors: Seeman Mary V.
Published: April 2017

Given names are a product of prevailing customs, family tradition and the personal significance which the name or its component sounds have for the namer. Once given, the name is formative and acts as a template for the development of self-image.
Article
Authors: Lalonde Pierre
Published: April 2017

The methods of evaluating programs, residents and teachers are all interrelated. Although this may appear to be an over-inclusive statement, good training programs designed by competent teachers will produce competent residents. These residents in turn will become good teachers and clinicians. It is therefore in the interest of both residents and teachers to constantly evaluate each other and the programs.

The goal of residency training is to promote the acquisition of both theoretical and clinical skills. The final examination evaluates the resident's theoretical knowledge, but his clinical skills can only be evaluated in his day-to-day practice.

Recommendations: combine these evaluations at the end of training, allowing 50 per cent for the final theoretical examination and 50 per cent for his clinical work during his training.

Some steps to minimize the subjectivity of this clinical assessment follow:

1) Use the average of ratings from a number of supervisors.

2) The criteria to be evaluated should include theoretical knowledge, therapeutic abilities, interpersonal relations and initiative.

3) Periodic evaluations at regular intervals.

4) Feedback to the resident regarding his evaluation.

Taking into account the right and the duty of the teacher to evaluate his residents, and considering its aforementioned difficulties, it is essential that the resident also evaluate his teachers. This is a delicate but necessary task.

Criteria for evaluating teachers are:

1) Theoretical knowledge.

2) Clinical skills.

3) Interpersonal relationships.

4) Ability to communicate knowledge, both theoretical and clinical.

5) Motivation to teach.

6) Ability to inspire (‘feu sacre’).

7) Availability.

This continual evaluation by the residents of the department in which they are working will act as a constant stimulus for the improvement of programs, especially if it is assumed that the resident has a choice in determining his assignment.

To justify the assigning of 50 per cent of the assessment as clinical skills, a uniformity in the quality of training is necessary. This is seen as a uniformity in quality while maintaining differences in approach, and leads to the criteria for accreditation of hospitals.

Recommendations:

a) Formation of an autonomous committee responsible for accrediting the programs in various universities.

b) Plan for continuing research.
The Present Status of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Deficiency in Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Shulman Ralph
Published: April 2017

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Among the many causes of organic psychoses are a number of processes which may be cured or arrested by the right treatment and by early recognition. This includes deficiency of vitamin B12. There is, therefore, a temptation to carry out sophisticated tests for vitamin B12 deficiency in all psychiatric patients. However, until cheaper and fully-automated techniques become available, routine vitamin B12 assays cannot be justified in psychiatric patients. At the present time a hemoglobin estimation and a careful inspection of the peripheral blood film by an experienced hematologist appear to be the most economic primary screening test for vitamin B12 deficiency. Nevertheless, psychiatrists should be alert to the possibility of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with unexplained fatigue and in those with confusional states or dementia of unknown origin. Another presentation may be impotence which sometimes precedes other neurological manifestations of the disease. Even in patients who are not anemic or have no blood film abnormalities (which is uncommon) the possibility of missing cases of hypovitamin B12 deficiency can be further diminished by doing serum B12 assays in patients who are clinically at risk. For example, this includes post-gastrectomy patients, those with a familial history of pernicious anemia and those with an associated auto-immune disorder, such as thyroid disease.

Folic Acid Deficiency

The available evidence linking folate deficiency with psychiatric disorders is inconclusive. It is probable that the observed excess of folic acid deficiency in psychiatric patients can be explained on the basis of malnutrition, chronic physical illness, alcoholism or other drug usage. An important exception is brain damage and mental retardation in infants with inborn errors of folic acid metabolism. Further evaluation of folate deficiency is indicated, particularly in the affective disorders and in ambulatory, non-institutionalized, epileptic patients receiving anticonvulsant medication.
Conditioned Reflex Analysis of Chronic Schizophrenias
Authors: Ananth J.V. , Ban T.A. , Lehmann H.E.
Published: April 2017

The results of a psychophysiological (conditioning) analysis of chronic schizophrenia are presented, and a relationship between the level of psychophysiological performance and differential drug withdrawal effects is revealed.

Regression from a higher to a lower level of organization, for example, from integrational to skeletomuscular or from skeletomuscular to autonomic functional systems, and dissociation within a functional system or between the different functional systems tested, were shown to be prevalent in schizophrenic patients.
Remands for Psychiatric Examination in Ontario, 1969–70
Authors: Greenland Cyril , Rosenblatt Ellen
Published: April 2017

This study of 787 men and women remanded for psychiatric examination in Ontario, 1969-1970, was undertaken to explore the clinico-legal pathways which result in people being categorized as patients or offenders. It was also anticipated that the study would provide data on the variations between hospitals in psychiatric diagnosis and recommendations, as well as the extent to which such recommendations were accepted by the Courts.

The data on the 707 men revealed that inpatient treatment was recommended by psychiatrists in 175 cases (25 per cent). This recommendation was accepted by the Courts in 84 per cent of cases. Outpatient treatment, recommended in 245 cases (35 per cent) was accepted by the Courts in only one-third. No psychiatric recommendations were made in 287 (40 per cent).

It can be concluded that many of these remands to hospital were unnecessary and that the lack of understanding between some of the Courts and some of the psychiatric hospitals results in injustice to patients and misuse of scarce psychiatric resources.
Psychiatric Morbidity and Utilization of Insured Health Services
Authors: Cassell Wilfred A. , Fraser Howard N. , Spellman Anthony
Published: April 2017

This project examined the relationship between three measures of psychiatric morbidity and the utilization of insured health services. The criteria used to define psychiatric morbidity were as follows:

• Self-ratings on the Cornell Medical Index of a randomly selected sample of the population.

• Medical care insurance diagnosis of psychiatric illness by the community's physicians.

• Psychiatric diagnosis by a psychiatrist.

In all instances psychiatric morbidity was related to ‘high utilization’ of insured services, using dollar expense as the criteria. The significance of this is discussed.
Problems of Institutional Change: The Development of a Therapeutic Community and Teaching Unit on One Ward of a Provincial Mental Hospital
Authors: Dawson David F. , Phillips John
Published: April 2017

This paper describes the early phase of development of a therapeutic community and teaching unit on one ward of a large mental hospital. Some of the changes accomplished in the ward and some of the difficulties experienced are analysed in sociological terms in order to comprehend the reaction which occurred in the hospital ‘employee culture’. Some factors in the success of the program are discussed. Generally, the problems which arose were similar to those mentioned by other investigators of institutional change, and they may be considered to be predictable, comprehensible and usually soluble.
Dreams and Demography
Authors: Winget Carolyn , Kramer Milton , Whitman Roy M.
Published: April 2017

This survey makes two contributions to the study of man. The first deals with the subject of dreams per se and the careful examination of these dreams leading to establishing norms pertinent for a generalized population. This can be seen as complementary to the earlier studies of Hall and Van de Castle which established norms for a limited population. The second contribution concerns the insights into current societal preoccupations which the dream reveals.

Making a direct translation of manifest dream content into sociological factors is fraught with difficulty. Nevertheless, it is tempting to describe this middle city of the United States as reflecting the larger situation of America and perhaps of western urban culture. In this respect, human beings are seen as coping with death anxiety as they grow older, accentuated by such conditions as widowhood. Blacks and whites are seen as essentially similar in their preoccupations, aggressions and good fortunes. We see a reaffirmation that anatomy is destiny, for the single most important factor in determining dream themes is the sex into which one is born.

How much this difference is biological and how much cultural is unknown. At the present time in the United States and as exemplified by a recent book (37), being a woman involves less striving for achievement, more involvement with interpersonal relations and in general a more passive role in the aggressive themes of life. Attention to inner processes and inner space would seem to be biologically based although certainly reinforced by the cultural substrate in which the woman operates.

This study deals with two of the three great themes of life — birth, marriage and death. In terms of marriage it can be observed that the single person seems happier but suffers the greatest misfortunes. Women are preoccupied with marriage and personal relationships and men with work. Death overshadows both men and women and age and death are partners.
Thiopental Activation and Spontaneous Sleep and Dream Patterns of Resistant Schizophrenics
Authors: Saletu B. , Itil T. M.
Published: April 2017

Thiopental-activated EEGs, spontaneous sleep EEGs and dream patterns were studied in forty-eight chronic schizophrenic patients who were retrospectively divided into a therapy resistant and responsive group in terms of therapeutic outcome. Using an analogue frequency analyser it was found that therapy-resistant subjects exhibited more power in the slow frequency bands and less power in the fast frequency bands than did responsive subjects during both resting recordings and thiopental post-narcotic sleep. The spontaneous all-night sleep investigations yielded similar findings. Digital computer sleep prints demonstrated that resistant schizophrenics had longer periods of deep sleep and fewer awakening states than did responsive patients, whereas responsive patients exhibited more REM activity. Evaluation of the digital computer period analysis measurements during all-night sleep revealed that 0–8 cps activity appeared to a greater extent in therapy resistant schizophrenics, while over 8 cps activity was pre-dominant in the responsive group of patients. The clinical significance of these findings was discussed, with the conclusion that quantitative electroencephalography may be a valuable instrument in predicting the therapy-responsiveness of a schizophrenic population.
Gestational Schizophrenia
Authors: Schorer C. E.
Published: April 2017

A group of thirty-eight mothers with an onset of schizophrenia related to gestation and delivery of a child was studied to see if the sex determines whether the onset would be during the first trimester or the puerperium, if this would be particularly true of ‘process’ schizophrenics and whether the sex of subsequent children would lead to subsequent remissions or exacerbations.

No difference was found in the influence of fetal sex on precipitation, remission or exacerbation of either ‘process’ or ‘reactive’ schizophrenia.

A tendency to have subsequent children either all male or all female was noted and discussed.
Reduction of Fear: Towards a Unifying Theory
Authors: Marks Isaac M.
Published: April 2017

In recent years many new methods which alleviate phobic disorders have been introduced. These include desensitization, operant shaping, flooding (implosion), prolonged exposure, paradoxical intention, modelling, cognitive rehearsal and intravenous short-acting sedatives. Different theories have been invoked to explain the action of these procedures, and these are often contradictory. Current evidence suggests that the same therapeutic principle is responsible for the efficacy of most of these methods, this being the continued exposure to the phobic situation until anxiety and avoidance responses are extinguished. This exposure is greatly facilitated when carried out in real life rather than in phantasy. The conditions for successful exposure are explored and other possible therapeutic elements are discussed.