bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'ISTITUZIONALIZZAZIONE DEL GOVERNO
Authors: Calise Mauro
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il concetto di istituzionalizzazione continua ad avere un'accoglienza difficile negli studi politologici. Da Bentley a Easton, la scienza politica si è sviluppata contrapponendo la politica come processo alla politica come stato, e non v'è dubbio che le istituzioni rafforzino il versante strutturale di questa dicotomia. Parlare di istituzioni in scienza politica pone l'accento sul fatto che i comportamenti tendono a cristallizzarsi, le azioni si oggettivizzano. Fino a risollevare il vecchio dubbio che le istituzioni obbediscano a una propria logica autonoma, tant'è che gli analisti delle politiche pubbliche sono tornati a chiedersi «perché la forma dovrebbe seguire la funzione». In America, si è cominciato a parlare di «new institutionalism» per richiamare l'attenzione sulla perdurante importanza dei fattori organizzativi nella vita politica. In contrasto con gli assunti behavioristi, «la maggior parte degli attori principali nei moderni sistemi economici e politici sono organizzazioni formali, e le istituzioni della legge e della burocrazia occupano un ruolo dominante nella vita contemporanea». Il tentativo di Huntington, alla fine degli anni sessanta, di fondare sul concetto di istituzionalizzazione una teoria empirica dello sviluppo politico sembra dunque approdato alla riscoperta delle istituzioni come gabbia del mutamento.
LE TRASFORMAZIONI NELLA LEADERSHIP DEL PSI: LA DIREZIONE E I SUOI MEMBRI (1976-1984)
Authors: Massari Oreste
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'oggetto della presente ricerca è l'analisi del ruolo della Direzione e dei caratteri socio-politici dei suoi membri nell'arco di tempo che ha visto l'emergere, il rafforzamento e l'indubbio primato della leadership di Craxi prima all'interno del Partito Socialista Italiano (dal 1976) e, poi, all'interno del sistema politico nazionale come Presidente del Consiglio di un governo di coalizione (1983-1987).
IL REFERENDUM SULLA RESPONSABILITÀ CIVILE DEI MAGISTRATI
Authors: Cartocci Roberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'8 novembre 1987, per la quinta volta dal 1974, gli elettori italiani sono stati chiamati alle urne per decidere sull'abrogazione di cinque disposizioni di legge, tre relative alla costruzione delle centrali elettronucleari, una riguardante la commissione parlamentare inquirente, l'ultima sulla disciplina della responsabilità civile dei magistrati. Contrariamente ai referendum sul divorzio e sull'aborto o a quello sulla scala mobile, si trattava di temi di natura tecnica e istituzionale di grande complessità, tali da rendere incerte anche le conseguenze del successo delle tesi abrogazioniste. Gli schieramenti dei partiti che si sono pronunciati in favore dell'una o dell'altra alternativa sono risultati poi estremamente aggrovigliati: sui quesiti attinenti l'energia nucleare i liberali si sono schierati contro lo smantellamento delle centrali mentre erano stati tra i promotori del referendum sulla responsabilità civile dei magistrati. Su quest'ultimo le uniche forze a schierarsi per il «no» sono state il Pri e Dp, solitamente su posizioni antitetiche. Infatti sul nucleare si sono trovati su sponde opposte.
The solar—stellar connection: the relationship between flaring rates, flare power and quiescent X-ray background
Authors: Harrison Richard A. , Pearce Gillian , Skumanich Andrew
Published: May 2019

The nature of flare activity on dMc stars (red dwarfs with strong chromospheric IIα emission lines) has been the subject of many studies. Some years ago Lacy et al. (1976) demonstrated a relationship (see also Doyle et al., 1986) between mean flare power and quiescent luminosity, in the photometric U-band. This study was extended, independently, by Skumanich (1985, 1986) and Doyle and Butler (1985) to show that the time averaged U-band power-loss due to flaring is linearly related to a star's quiescent X-ray luminosity. Skumanich also showed an inverse relationship between a star's flaring-rate and its quiescent X-ray luminosity.
X-Ray Emission from Stellar Flares: Exosat Results
Authors: Pallavicini R. , Tagliaferri G.
Published: May 2019

We present an overview of recent observations of stellar X-ray flares obtained with the EXOSAT Observatory. We discuss a few examples of flares from M dwarf flare stars, from RS CVn and Algol-type binaries, from single late-type stars (including a G0 dwarf and an A-type visual binary), and from pre-main-sequence objects. We also draw some general conclusions from the pieliminary analysis of the EXOSAT data sample.
A correlation between Balmer and soft X-ray emission from stellar and solar flares
Authors: Butler C.J. , Rodono M. , Foing B.H.
Published: May 2019

Simultaneous optical spectroscopy and X-ray monitoring of stellar and solar flares shows that a well-defined linear correlation exists between the integrated Hγ and soft X-ray flux that extends over four orders of magnitude. The existence of this relationship implies a direct proportionality between the emission from the cooler and denser regions (T ≈ 104K) responsible for Balmer lines and the emission from the hot plasma (T ≈ 107K) responsible for soft X-rays. The consequences are considered for (a) several models which have been proposed for solar flares, and (b) the suggestion that the Balmer emission results from irradiation by soft X-rays.
Optical Chromospheric Spectral Lines in K and M Dwarf Stars
Authors: Robinson R.D. , Cram L.E.
Published: May 2019

Observations are reported of the Ca II resonance lines and II α in dK and dM stars, made with high S/N ratio and high spectral resolution. Ca II emission is found in all stars observed, and those having weak Ca II exhibit marked Hα absorption. It is found that the strengths of the two kinds of chromospheric, lines are not tightly correlated, an effect which can be shown to be independent of the effective temperature of the stars. The result implies that a one-parameter description (e.g. heating rate) of the chromospheres is not viable. While lateral inhomogeneities are likely to be an important second parameter, we also suggest that the Hα line may be formed in a region considerable higher that in which the Ca II lines are formed.
High Time Resolution Photometry of Red Dwarf Flare Stars I. A Search For Fine Structures on the Optical Light Curves of Flares
Authors: Beskin G.M. , Mitronova S.N. , Neizvestnyj S.I. , Plakhotnichenko V.L. , Pustil'nik L.A. , Shvartsman V.F. , Gershberg R.E.
Published: May 2019

A detailed analysis of 73 flares on UV Cet type stars observed at the 6 m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory with 3x10–7 s time resolution shows no fine structures on flare light curves with time scales from 10–6 to 10–1 s.
High Time Resolution Photometry of Red Dwarf Flare Stars II. The Shortest Flare Rise Time
Authors: Beskin G.M. , Plakhotnichenko V.L. , Pustil'nik L.A. , Shvartsman V.F. , Gershberg R.E.
Published: May 2019

We have studied the initial phases of 65 optical flares on UV Cet type stars with a time resolution of 3x10–7 s. Ninety per cent of these flares have rapid brightenings shorter than 10 s and several are shorter than 1 s. We detected on UV Cet the shortest flare observed to date with a total duration of 1.7 s and a rise time of 0.3 s. The shortest flare rise times on the observed stars fit the predictions of the gas-dynamic flare model by Katsova et al. (1981) and Katsova and Livshits 1986).
General Properties of Ultraviolet Flares in RS CVn Systems
Authors: Neff J. E. , Brown A. , Linsky J. L.
Published: May 2019

Approximately 10 very bright flares in RS CVn systems have been observed with the IUE. In several cases, high-resolution spectra of the Mg II k line profiles were obtained before, during, and after the flare. Such data permit us to measure the position and size of the flaring region, the amount of line broadening, and any systematic flow velocity. In two cases, several spectra were obtained during the flare decay, permitting us to study the change in these quantities during the flare decay.
Flare Stars in the ETA Tauri Fields Significant Long-Term Variations of their Flaring Activity
Authors: Szécsényi-Nagy G.
Published: May 2019

Photographic surveys completed during the past 30 years yielded data of about 600 flare stars in these fields. Although their average flare number is very low 17 of the stars produced 10… 120 flare ups. In order to investigate the possible long-term activity changes of these objects a new method - which is described below -was developed. Making use of it significant flare frequency variations were found at two out of three ‘active’ flare stars.
The Sun as a Flare Star: X-Ray Spatial and Plasma Properties Derived from a Solar Eclipse Observed by Goes
Authors: P. L. Bornmann
Published: May 2019

The size, location, and flux of four solar soft X-ray sources, including a flare, were derived from the disk-integrating GOES X-Ray Sensors during a solar eclipse. The fluxes were used to derive the temperatures and emission measures of these sources. If an incorrect amount of flux is attributed to the flare source, then the evolution of these derived plasma properties seems unphysical.
A statistical analysis of the soft X-ray profiles of solar flares
Authors: Pearce G. , Harrison R.A.
Published: May 2019

We undertake a statistical analysis of the soft X-ray (3.5 – 5.5 keV) profiles of solar flares as observed with the Hard X-ray Imaging Spectrometer on the SMM. The durations, maximum intensities and intensity profiles of the flares are examined. The properties of the “typical” solar flare are discussed. The distributions of the measured parameters with respect to one another reveal some interesting results. In common with past studies, we conclude that there is no evidence to suggest that more than one type of event is being viewed, despite a desire evident in the literature to place events into distinct groups. We also conclude that commonly held views about the relatonships between flare duration and intensity, profile asymmetries and intensity etc.. are in error. For more details of the flare events, the selection of data and the method of analysis, the reader is referred to Pearce and Harrison (1988).
Plasma Parameters and Structures of the X4 Flare of 19 May 1984 as Observed by SMM-XRP
Authors: Schmelz J.T. , Saba J.L.R. , Strong K.T.
Published: May 2019

The eruption of a large flare on the east limb of the Sun was observed by the X-Ray Polychromator (XRP) on board the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) on 19 May 1984. The XRP Flat Crystal Spectrometer (FCS) made polychromatic soft X-ray images during the preflare, flare and postflare phases. The XRP Bent Crystal Spectrometer (BCS) provided information on the temperature and dynamics of the hot (Te > 8 x 106K) coronal plasma from spectra integrated spatially over the whole region.
Solar Neutron Observations During the Coming Solar Maximum: A Plan on the Japan-China Collaborative Project
Authors: Sakurai Kunitomo
Published: May 2019

Neutrons are sometimes released from solar flares accompanied by generation of high energy protons and other nuclei and some of them occasionally reach the earth before they decay radioactively. Together with the satellite observations on gamma ray and neutron emissions associated with such flares, the ground-based observations of these neutrons give us a clue to understand the possible nuclear interactions of those protons and nuclei with gases ambient in the solar atmosphere. A review is given on the Japan-China collaborative program on the ground-based observations of these neutrons for the coming solar maximum, though there still remain obstacles to be resolved.
Model of Slowly Evolving Flare
Authors: Chiuderi Drago F. , Landini M. , Monsignori Fossi B.C.
Published: May 2019

A gradual rise and fall flare, with a duration of about one hour was observed on June 10, 1980 in the radio (Toyokawa and VLA), optical (Bing Bear) and XUV (SMM satellite) ranges of wavelengths. The flare developed as a large loop connecting two regions of opposite polarity in a pre-exisisting active region. A model of the differential emission measure of the loop observed at three different stage of the flare is deduced from the analysis of the XUV images in C IV (1549 A), O VIII (18.97 A), Ne IX (13.45 A), Mg XI (9.17 A) and Si XIII (6.65 A) emission lines. The differential emission measure as a function of temperature is controlled by the conductive flux via the temperature gradient; the evaluation of the divergence of the conductive flux is used in the energy balance to have information on the power deposition function.
September 7 1973 Two-Ribbon Flare
Authors: Doyle J.G. , Widing K.G.
Published: May 2019

The flare images show a compact, nearly cylindrical arcade centered along the filament channel and composed of 4 prominent loops. The loop systems of Fe XII (Te = 1.7 106K) and Fe XIV (Te = 2.3 106K) are smaller than, and lie nested within, the arcades of Fe XVI (Te = 3 106K) and Ca XVII (Te = 5 106K). The loop arcades at different temperatures, as well as different loops within a given arcade, show different expansion rates. These vary from 6 – 8 km s–1 for Fe XIV shortly after flare maximum to 0.5 – 1 km s–1 late in the decay phase. For hotter ions, such as Ca XVII, the velocities are approximately constant at 2 – 3 km s–1 daring the whole of the observations.
Chromospheric Downflows as a Diagnostic of Solar Flare Heating
Authors: Zarro Dominic M. , Canfield Richard C.
Published: May 2019

Using coordinated X-ray and Hα observations of five solar flares, we investigate the dynamics of chromospheric condensations formed during chromospheric evaporation. We show that the peak downflow velocity of condensations predicted by simple hydrodynamic compression of the chromosphere is in good agreement with empirical downflow velocities implied by impulsive phase Hα redwing Doppler shifts. This agreement indicates that the Hα wing redshift provides a useful diagnostic of the pressure excess in the evaporating region and, hence, the energy flux driving chromospheric evaporation.
Hα Impulsive Phase Flare Observations with-High Temporal Resolution
Authors: Wülser J-P. , Marti H. , Schanda E. , Magun A.
Published: May 2019

Hα observations with high temporal resolution allow a detailed analysis of the chromospheric response to thre primary energy release. The timing; relationship between Hα and hard X-rays gives information about the energy transport mechanism. Sites of massive injection of nonthermal electrons are identified by characteristic features in the the line profile (Canfield et al. 1984;. Canfield and Gayley 1987).
Dependence of Solar Line Bisectors on Equivalent Widths
Authors: Hanslmeier A. , Mattig W. , Nesis A.
Published: May 2019

Spectroscopic highly resolved solar granulation observations lead to intense line asymmetries for rising and sinking elements. In order to average several granules it is better to use equivalent widths than continuum intensities.
Heat Flux in a Non-Maxwellian Solar Coronal Plasma
Authors: Ljepojevic N.N. , MacNeice P.
Published: May 2019

We determine the electron distribution function within a hot coronal loop using a hybrid numerical scheme which couples the Spitzer-Härm method at low velocities with the solution to the high velocity form of the Landau-Fokker-Planck equation. From this we calculate the heat flux throughout the loop and compare it with the classical fourier law of Spitzer and Härm(1953).
Particle Acceleration and Plasma Heating at Collisionless Shocks in Solar Flares
Authors: Cargill Peter J. , Vlahos Loukas
Published: May 2019

Recent observations suggest that the energy release in solar flares may occur in many small bursts. If these bursts give rise to plasma heating, a large number of collisionless shocks will be generated. These shocks can individually heat plasma and accelerate particles, but the interaction of particles with many shocks as well, as of shocks with each other can give rise to further heating and acceleration.
Linear and non linear study of a possible mechanism for the generation of stellar radio bursts: The Synchrotron Maser Instability
Authors: Louarn P. , Le Queau D. , Roux A.
Published: May 2019

The emission mechanism studied here, the synchrotron maser instability is based on a gyroresonance of highly energetic electrons. Compared to the cyclotron maser, this mechanism has the great advantage to be a direct amplification process even if the ratio ωp/ωc is not very small; a situation relevant to stellar flares.The high efficiency of the process can be confirm by the non linear study of its saturation.
Propagation and Absorption of Electron Cyclotron Maser Emission during Solar Flares
Authors: McKean M. E. , Winglee R. M. , Dulk G. A.
Published: May 2019

The propagation and absorption of the maser radiation emitted during solar flares are examined through linear theory and electromagnetic particle simulations. While linear theory predicts complete absorption of the maser radiation at the second harmonic layer (where the local cyclotron frequency is roughly one-half the frequency of the maser radiation), particle simulations indicate that some radiation escapes clue to reemission of absorbed energy by the ambient plasma. Strong perpendicular heating of the ambient electrons occurs as well.
Computer Simulation of a Solar Microwave Burst
Authors: Bruggmann G. , Schanda E. , Magun A.
Published: May 2019

A simple impulsive event observed at microwave frequencies between 3.2 and 50 GHz is simulated with a homogeneous source model. Intensity and polarization of the 1984 April 26 event are shown in fig. 1a and 1b, respectively. The spectral maximum is close to the observing frequency of 11.8 GHz.

The time profiles of the intensity I and the circular polarization ρc at this frequency as well as the spectrum at different characteristic phases (rise, maximum and decay) are calculated and compared with the observation in order to deduce parameters of the microwave source.
A New Explanation for Flares on dMe Stars
Authors: Simnett G.M.
Published: May 2019

It has been proposed that non-thermal ions dominate the energy transfer at the onset of solar flares. Here we examine this hypothesis in the context of flares on dMe stars. If the magnetic field in the stellar corona is significantly larger than that in the solar corona, and if strong fields in the photosphere, analagous to active regions, are absent, then a self-consistent explanation of stellar flares may be formulated.
Chromospheric NLTE-Radiative-Transfer Modeling of dMe Stars
Authors: P.M.Panagi  , Houdebine E. , Butler C.J. , Rodonò M.
Published: May 2019

The formation of the Lyman and Balmer lines of Hydrogen at densities typical in dMe stars is shown to be very dependent on the atomic model used viz. the number of levels and line transitions. The effect of increasing the number of levels and line transitions on the line fluxes and ionization fraction is also discussed.
SMOOTHED QUANTILE REGRESSION PROCESSES FOR BINARY RESPONSE MODELS
Authors: Volgushev Stanislav
Published: May 2019

In this article, we consider binary response models with linear quantile restrictions. Considerably generalizing previous research on this topic, our analysis focuses on an infinite collection of quantile estimators. We derive a uniform linearization for the properly standardized empirical quantile process and discover some surprising differences with the setting of continuously observed responses. Moreover, we show that considering quantile processes provides an effective way of estimating binary choice probabilities without restrictive assumptions on the form of the link function, heteroskedasticity, or the need for high dimensional nonparametric smoothing necessary for approaches available so far. A uniform linear representation and results on asymptotic normality are provided, and the connection to rearrangements is discussed.
Dislocations in Deformed Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Zhang Z. , Wang Y.
Published: May 2019

A deformed aluminum-copper alloy was studied by X-ray diffraction. The 111 diffraction profile was found to consist of a main peak and a subpeak. They were separated by a numerical differential method combined with a non-linear least square profile fitting procedure. The subpeak could not be ascribed to the θ phase in the alloy since the intensity ratio of the subpeak to main peak is 20-30 times more than the volume ratio of the θ phase to die matrix. On the other hand, the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) micrographs showed clearly that there is a highly inhomogeneous dislocation distribution just like the cell structure in pure aluminum. The main X-ray peak was thus assumed to be due to diffraction from the cell interior while the subpeak is determined by the cell wall. After applying a series of standard data processing procedures based on Wilkens' theory and the Pearson VII-Voigt function, the dislocation densities in both the cell interior and wall were evaluated.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Study of NBS Fly Ash Standard Reference Materials
Authors: McCarthy Gregory J. , Johansen Diane M.
Published: May 2019

The fly ash Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) issued by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards have been studied by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Based on observations of large diffuse scattering maxima in their X-ray diffractograms, it was evident that all of the ashes had a high glass content. SRM 1633a and 2689, derived from the combustion of bituminous coal, contained different amounts of quartz, mullite, hematite and ferrite spinel (magnetite). SRM 2891, derived from subbituminous coal had quite a different chemical composition and a more complex crystalline phase assemblage, that included these four phases plus anhydrite, tricalcium aluminate, lime, periclase and minor phases. SRM 2690, also derived from subbituminous coal, had only quartz, mullite and ferrite spinel as detectable phases in its diffractogram. Analytical CaO is an important factor in determining the phase assemblage; SRM 2691 had 25.8 wt%, SRM-2690 had 8.0%, and the ash derived from bituminous coals had only 1.6-3.0%. The changing composition of the glass phases in the SRMs is detected in a shift in the position and shape of the diffuse scattering maximum in the diffractograms. Use of an internal intensity standard permitted quantitative comparisons of the relative amounts of crystalline phases among the four fly ash SRMs.
Limiting Factors for Diffraction in the Gandolfi X-Ray Camera
Authors: Canfield Dennis V. , Sundeen Daniel A.
Published: May 2019

A discrepancy was discovered between an experimental X-ray diffraction pattern of sodium acetate trihydrate collected with the Gandolfi camera and a calculated pattern based on a single crystal study of the same compound. The experimental d spacings matched those of the calculated pattern with the exception of the strongest reflection d = 3.002 Å (h k l = 40 − 2) which was missing in the experimental pattern. Another experimental Gandolfi pattern obtained from a powdered sample of sodium acetate trihydrate gave excellent agreement with the calculated d spacings and intensities.

The results of our investigation into this discrepancy show that the angle θ, crystal alignment, camera diameter, and the crystal system can affect diffraction in the Gandolfi camera. It is shown that all reciprocal lattice points with θ angles less then 10.08° would diffract in the film plane of the 114.6 mm Gandolfi camera and points with θ angles less then 20.49° would diffract in the film plane for the 57.3 mm camera regardless of the crystal system or alignment. However, reciprocal lattice points aligned along the spindle axis of the 114.6 mm Gandolfi camera having reciprocal lattice points with Z ≥ 0.35 reciprocal lattice units (r.l.u.) and X and Y ≤ Z-0.35 r.l.u. will not diffract into the recording plane of the Gandolfi camera. The reciprocal lattice points aligned along the spindle axis of the 57.3 mm Gandolfi camera with Z ≥ 0.70 r.l.u. and X and Y ≤ Z-0.70 r.l.u. will not diffract into the recording plane of the camera.
Powder Diffraction Data and Unit Cell of Kutnohorite
Authors: Farkas Laszlo , Bolzenius Beda H. , Will Georg
Published: May 2019

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit cell parameters and chemical data published previously for kutnohorite, the manganese-rich double carbonate mineral, are critically evaluated and compared with new measurements on a specimen from Chvaletice, Czechoslovakia with a composition Ca (Mn0.64Mg0.23Fe0.13)(CO3)2. Data were collected with a computer controlled diffractometer and analysed with profile analysis techniques. The new powder diffraction data set yields much better data and unit cell parameters than the earlier ones given for kutnohorite on PDF 11-345 (Powder Diffraction File, 1987). A least-squares evaluation resulted in ao = 4.8518(3)Å and co = 16.217(2)Å.
Popular Informational Priorities in Agricultural Extension
Authors: Moffitt L. Joe , Christensen Robert L. , Fleming Kent D.
Published: May 2019

Due to agriculture's increasingly complex technical and economic environment, the diversity of information required for competitive and profitable farming is growing as never before. With constant and, in some cases, reduced resources for agricultural programs, Extension must exercise special care in prioritizing informational efforts to best meet farm-client needs and retain an important base of public support. This paper presents a method of identifying popular informational priorities in Agricultural Extension. The method is illustrated by application to dairy programming in Massachusetts.
Economic Surpluses in the U.S. Sugar Market
Authors: Lopez Rigoberto A.
Published: May 2019

The objective of this article is to estimate historical economic surpluses for the subsectors involved in the U.S. sugar market. Annual producer and consumer surpluses were computed based on a five-equation model and 1958–87 data. In the last decade, the welfare position of cane- and beet-sugar producers has been roughly maintained, the domestic consumer surplus and the export quasi-rents to foreign countries have both declined, and quasi-rents of the corn-sweetener industry now surpass those that accrue to the cane industry and are about the same as those of the beet-sugar industry. Some policy implications are discussed.
Food Safety Policy Fights: A U.S. Perspective
Authors: Caswell Julie A.
Published: May 2019

Perspective is very important in understanding the area of food safety. This importance is illustrated by a favorite cartoon of mine that features an older, experienced mouse giving advice to a young mouse. The older mouse, in wrapping up, says to the younger, “… and stay away from scientists—they cause cancer.” Facing an avalanche of information on links between diet and health, consumers may, in frustration, sympathize with the mouse's view, and are having some difficulty sorting out which are the important cause-and-effect relationships. Government and industry also are struggling to develop a coherent approach to food safety and nutrition.
Assessing the Importance of Apple Attributes: An Agricultural Application of Conjoint Analysis
Authors: Manalo Alberto B.
Published: May 2019

The use of conjoint analysis in assessing consumers’ preferences for attributes is demonstrated with the apple as an example. Conjoint analysis may be used to estimate the importance of attributes and attribute levels through decomposition of consumers’ ranking of alternative attribute combinations. It is shown that conjoint analysis provides results that may not be obtained from a survey where respondents are asked to directly state their assessment of the importance of attributes.
Bentham on Temptation and Deterrence
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: May 2019

InIntroductionBentham considers a difficulty. If the immediate aim of punishment is to deter agents considering breaking the law, then the severity of the threat of punishment must increase if they are strongly tempted to offend. But it seems intuitively that some people who were strongly tempted to offend should be punished leniently. Bentham argues in response that all potential offenders capable of being deterred must be deterred. He makes three mistakes. (i) It is possible that it would produce the most happiness at t2 to punish an offender who could have been deterred at t1, but was not. (ii) The Principle of Utility might condemn the threats that would be needed to deter all potential offenders who can be deterred. (iii) Given the dispositions to reoffend of some strongly tempted offenders, their punishments should be relatively lenient. There is more room for leniency in Bentham's theory than he realized.
Wheat egg in vitro fusion with wheat and green bristlegrass sperm
Authors: Li Dong Xiao , Hu Hai Yan , Ru Zhen Gang , Tian Hui Qiao
Published: May 2019

Isolated gametes can be used to investigate fertilization mechanisms, and probe distant hybridization between different species. Pollen grains of wheat and Setaria viridis are tricellular, containing sperm cells at anthesis. Sperm from these plants were isolated by breaking open pollen grains in a osmotic solution. Wheat ovules were digested in an enzyme solution for 20 min, and then transferred to an isolation solution without enzymes to separate egg cells from ovules. The fusion of wheat egg cells with wheat and S. viridis sperm was conducted using an electro-fusion apparatus. Under suitable osmotic pressure (10% mannitol), calcium concentration of 0.001% (CaCl2·2H2O), and a 30–35 V alternating electric field for 15 s, egg cells and sperm adhered to each other and became arranged in a line. Electroporation of the plasma membrane of egg cells and sperm using a 300–500 V direct-current electric field (45 µs amplitude pulse) caused them to fuse.
Assessing the Strengths and Needs of Minority Parents
Authors: Strom Robert , Griswold Dianne , Collinsworth Pat , Strom Shirley
Published: May 2019

The Parental Strengths and Needs Inventory was administered to 60 Black mothers and their preadolescent children. Most of the mothers, despite a lower than average income, formal schooling and family stability enjoyed being parents, successfully performed the tasks expected of them, and effectively taught essential lessons about life. In the estimate of themselves and their children, these mothers qualify as good parents. Both generations identified similar and differing aspects of maternal behaviour that should be improved. Youngsters contradicted their mothers regarding how well the adults handled certain problems associated with childrearing. Significant differences between the groups were obtained for some of the inventory items, with children commonly assigning lower ratings to the mothers than mothers assigned to themselves. Becoming adequately informed about the growing up experience of individual sons and daughters was identified by both generations as the mothers’ most prominent weakness. The findings offer a generally favourable view of maternal competence in Black families and is being used to develop a suitable curriculum for mothers.
The Transition of Young People with Disabilities from School to Work and Adult Living
Authors: Parmenter Trevor R.
Published: May 2019

It is a singular honour for me to have been invited to deliver the inaugural Len Cosson Memorial Lecture. It is obvious that Len’s Stirling contribution to special education in New Zealand will endure. His ability to enthuse peers and students alike will live on and will affect for the better the quality of the lives of young people with disabilities. Despite his untimely death, his family and professional colleagues can be comforted by the knowledge that Len’s ideas and vision will remain a beacon for those who follow in his footsteps. He has provided some very real challenges for the New Zealand Special Education Association - challenges that will be met if you emulate the truly professional approach that he maintained throughout his illustrious career. He obviously lived to the full the values and precepts that many of us aspire to, but often fall short of. While I did not have the privilege of knowing Len, I feel enriched by being in the company of so many people whose lives he touched in such a profound way.

In the following presentation I wish to report the results of a study that examined the postschool experiences of 73 young people with a range of disabilities who left a special education facility in NSW in 1985. The roles that work, family support and friendship patterns played in their postschool experiences are analysed. The study points to the need for a more coordinated approach to the planning and delivery of transition education services to young people with disabilities.
Catheter ablation for lone atrial fibrillation in individuals aged under 35 years
Authors: Chen Jindong , Wang Hao , Zhou Mengmeng , Zhao Liang
Published: May 2019

Background:

To assess the effectiveness of radiofrequency catheter ablation for lone atrial fibrillation in young adults.

Methods:

This single-centre, retrospective, observational study enrolled 75 consecutive patients (86.7% men) under 35 (median, 30) years old with lone atrial fibrillation (68% paroxysmal, 26.7% persistent, and 5.3% long-standing persistent) without other cardiopulmonary diseases who underwent catheter ablation between April 2009 and May 2017. Procedural endpoints were circumferential pulmonary vein ablation for atrial fibrillation with pulmonary vein trigger, and target ablation or bidirectional block of lines and disappearance of complex fractionated atrial electrograms for atrial fibrillation with clear and unclear non-pulmonary vein triggers, respectively.

Results:

Main study outcome was rate of survival free from atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence, which at median 61 (range, 5–102) months follow-up was 62.7% (64.7 and 58.3% for paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, respectively) after single ablation, and 69.3% (68.6 and 70.8% for paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, respectively) after mean 1.2 ablations (two and three ablations in 11 and 2 patients, respectively). In multivariate analysis, non-pulmonary vein trigger was a significant independent predictor of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia (OR, 10.60 [95%CI, 2.25–49.96]; p = 0.003). There were no major periprocedural adverse events.

Conclusions:

In patients under 35 years old with lone atrial fibrillation, radiofrequency catheter ablation appeared effective particularly for atrial fibrillation with pulmonary vein trigger and regardless of left atrial size or atrial fibrillation duration or type. Atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence after multiple ablations warrants further study.
Luigi Caranti’s Kant’s Political Legacy
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: May 2019

Luigi Caranti seeks to find a foundation for a contemporary theory of human rights in Kant, as well as contemporary relevance for his project of perpetual peace and his teleology of political progress. I agree with much of what he says, but provide a different account of Kant’s foundations for morality in general and human rights in particular, and defend my critique of Kant’s conception of a guarantee of progress from Caranti’s defence of Kant.
The Internal Image: Mind and Brain in the Age of Charcot
Authors: Schultheiss Katrin
Published: May 2019

This article uses the work of French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot and his contemporaries to explore the central role played by internal or mental images in late nineteenth-century understandings of mental function. It argues that the assumed existence of internal images allowed scientists and clinicians of the time to integrate experimental psychological work on mental pathologies such as memory dysfunction, hysteria, hypnosis, and hallucination into contemporary research on brain physiology. The internal image—a general term that embraced concepts such as “memory images,” “sensory images,” and multi-faceted “language images”—linked older ideas about how memory, perception, and consciousness worked with new research on cerebral localization that dominated studies of the brain throughout Europe and the United States. For practitioners of the new physiological (also called experimental) psychology, internal images offered a physiological mechanism for explaining how sensory perceptions are transformed into memories, how memories create perceptions of the self, how the brain generates ideas, and how all these processes can go awry.
Key Role of the Kuroshio Current in the Formation of Frontal Structure of an Extratropical Cyclone Associated with Heavy Precipitation
Authors: Hirata Hidetaka , Kawamura Ryuichi , Yoshioka Mayumi K. , Nonaka Masami , Tsuboki Kazuhisa
Published: May 2019

In this study, the authors examined how the Kuroshio Current affected the frontal structure of an extratropical cyclone associated with heavy precipitation. We focused on an extratropical cyclone and related heavy precipitation on Miyake Island, which is situated near the Kuroshio Current, in January 2017. We first investigated the frontal structure and the attendant precipitation using observational data and objective analysis data. As the cyclone grew around the Kuroshio Current, a nonclassic front (outer front) intensified to the north of a warm front. A line‐shaped precipitation band developed along the outer front, contributing to the heavy precipitation on Miyake Island. The outer front lay along a sea surface temperature (SST) front associated with the Kuroshio Current in its early life stage. To clarify the impact of the SST front on the formation of the incipient outer front, we next conducted cloud‐resolving numerical experiments using SST distributions with and without the oceanic frontal structure. In the real SST experiment, sensible heat supply from the Kuroshio Current was large, while the amount from the ocean on the northern side of the warm current was small. This meridional difference in sensible heating caused frontogenesis along the SST front, which created the incipient front. Consequently, the real SST experiment reproduced the formation of the front. In contrast, the SST sensitivity experiments did not simulate such a sensible heating pattern or front formation. Thus, the Kuroshio Current played a key role in forming the incipient outer front and contributed to the heavy precipitation.
Efficient Determination of Cloud Drop Number Concentration Near the Cloud Base With Parameterization Based on Fundamental Theory and Parcel Model Simulations
Authors: Wang Li‐Jia , Chen Jen‐Ping
Published: May 2019

An effective parameterization scheme for determining the maximum cloud drop number concentration near the cloud base under given updraft speeds was developed based on a theoretical analysis of the supersaturation development equation with key factors determined from a binned microphysical parcel model. This scheme is mathematically quite straightforward and can be applied to condensation nuclei of any composition and size spectrum. The accuracy of this method is comparable with the most advanced schemes currently available, but it features considerably higher computational efficiency. Sources of error or uncertainty in our scheme are discussed in details.
Regional Widening of Tropical Overturning: Forced Change, Natural Variability, and Recent Trends
Authors: Staten Paul W. , Grise Kevin M. , Davis Sean M. , Karnauskas Kristopher , Davis Nicholas
Published: May 2019

The width of the tropical Hadley circulation (HC) has garnered intense interest in recent decades, owing to the emerging evidence for its expansion in observations and models and to the anticipated impacts on surface climate in its descending branches. To better clarify the causes and impacts of tropical widening, this work generalizes the zonal mean HC to the regional level by defining meridional overturning cells (RC) using the horizontally divergent wind. The edges of the RC are more closely connected to surface hydroclimate than more traditional metrics of regional tropical width (such as the sea level pressure ridge) or even than the zonal mean HC. Simulations reveal a robust weakening of the RC in response to greenhouse gas increases, along with a widening of the RC in some regions. For example, simulated widening of the zonal mean HC in the Southern Hemisphere appears to arise in large part from regional overturning anomalies over the Eastern Pacific, where there is no clear RC. Unforced interannual variability in the position of the zonal mean HC edge is associated with a more general regional widening. These distinct regional signatures suggest that the RCs may be well suited for the attribution of observed circulation trends. The spatial pattern of regional meridional overturning trends in reanalyses corresponds more closely to the pattern associated with unforced interannual variability than to the pattern associated with CO2 forcing, suggesting a large contribution of natural variability to the recent observed tropical widening trends.
The System Science Development of Local Time‐Dependent 40‐keV Electron Flux Models for Geostationary Orbit
Authors: Boynton R. J. , Amariutei O. A. , Shprits Y. Y. , Balikhin M. A.
Published: May 2019

At geosynchronous Earth orbit, the radiation belt/ring current electron fluxes with energies up to several hundred kiloelectron volts can vary widely in magnetic local time (MLT). This study aims to develop Nonlinear AutoRegressive eXogenous models using system science techniques, which account for the spatial variation in MLT. This is difficult for system science techniques, since there is sparse data availability of the electron fluxes at different MLT. To solve this problem, the data are binned from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) 13, 14, and 15 by MLT, and a separate Nonlinear AutoRegressive eXogenous model is deduced for each bin using solar wind variables as the inputs to the model. These models are then conjugated into one spatiotemporal forecast. The model performance statistics for each model varies in MLT with a prediction efficiency between 47% and 75% and a correlation coefficient between 51.3% and 78.9% for the period from 1 March 2013 to 31 December 2017.
Seismically Induced Soft‐Sediment Deformation Phenomena During the Volcano‐Tectonic Activity of Campi Flegrei Caldera (Southern Italy) in the Last 15 kyr
Authors: Vitale S. , Isaia R. , Ciarcia S. , Di Giuseppe M. G. , Iannuzzi E. , Prinzi E. P. , Tramparulo F. D. A. , Troiano A.
Published: May 2019

We report, for the first time, evidence of seismically induced soft‐sediment deformations in the central area of the active Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy). We analyzed the marine‐transitional and continental sequences located along the coastal La Starza cliffs and several stratigraphic logs exposed during the excavation of a 1‐km‐long tunnel in the Pozzuoli area. The successions host several soft‐sediment structures including sand dikes and sand volcanoes, which are largely dated within the 4.55‐ to 4.28‐kyr BP interval. The volcano‐sedimentary sequence, deposited within the Campi Flegrei caldera in the last 15 kyr, is schematically formed by the superposition of three layers with different rheological behaviors; from the base progressing upward we recognize (1) a massive tuff, (2) marine‐transitional sands of the La Starza unit, and (3) a dominance of continental volcanoclastics. We envisage that during unrest episodes of the volcano, which included ground deformation and seismic activity, the whole volcano‐sedimentary pile was deformed through brittle mechanisms with the formation of normal faults. However, the intermediate layer, when subject to seismic shaking, behaved locally as a viscous material facilitating liquefaction processes and lateral spreading deformation. Furthermore, new geophysical, stratigraphic, and structural surveys allowed us to model the deformation evolution of this area over the last 15 kyr. The evidence of seismically induced soft‐sediment deformation within the volcano‐sedimentary record suggests that moderate earthquakes could occur during future volcano‐seismic unrests. Consequently, liquefaction and related gravitational mass movements must be considered as a hazard during these unrest and volcanic crises.
Effect of Cumulative Surface on Pore Development in Chalk
Authors: Yang Y. , Hakim S. S. , Bruns S. , Uesugi K. , Stipp S. L. S. , Sørensen H. O.
Published: May 2019

Pore development in natural porous media, as a result of mineral dissolution in flowing fluid, generates complex microstructures. Although the underlying dynamics of fluid flow and the kinetics of the dissolution reactions have been carefully analyzed in many scenarios, it remains interesting to ask if the preferentially developed flow paths share certain general petrophysical properties. Here we combine in situ X‐ray imaging with network modeling to study pore development in chalk driven by acidic fluid flow under ambient condition. We show that the trajectory of a growing pore correlates with the flow path that minimizes cumulative surface—the overall surface area available to fluid within the residence time—calculated along streamlines. This correlation is not a coincidence because cumulative surface determines conversion of reactant and thus defines the position of dissolution front. Model simulations show that, as fluid channelizes, the growth of the leading pore in the flow direction is guided by migration of the most far‐reaching dissolution front, even in an ever‐changing flow field. In addition, we present a complete tomographic time series of microstructure erosion and show a good accord between the in situ observation and the model simulation. Our results suggest that the microscopic pore development is a deterministic process while being sensitive to stochastic perturbations to the migrating dissolution front.
Did a Volcanic Eruption in 1783 Change the Climate in Europe?
Authors: Shultz David
Published: May 2019

A new model of the Laki eruption in Iceland suggests that normal climate variability was to blame for the anomalously warm summer.
Brittle/Ductile Deformation of Eclogites: Insights From Numerical Models
Authors: Yamato P. , Duretz T. , Angiboust S.
Published: May 2019

How rocks deform at depth during lithospheric convergence and what are the magnitudes of stresses they experience during burial/exhumation processes constitute fundamental questions for refining our vision of short‐term (i.e., seismicity) and long‐term tectonic processes in the Earth's lithosphere. Field evidence showing the coexistence of both brittle and ductile deformation at high pressure‐low temperature (HP‐LT) conditions particularly fuels this questioning. We here present 2D numerical models of eclogitic rock deformation by simple shear performed at centimeter scale. To approximate the eclogite paragenesis, we considered the deformed medium as composed of two mineral phases: omphacite and garnet. We run a series of models at 2.0 GPa and 550 °C for different background strain rates (from 10−14 s−1 to 10−8 s−1) and for different garnet proportions (from 0% to 55%). Results show that whole rock fracturing can occur under HP‐LT conditions for strain rates larger than ~10−10 s−1. This suggests that observation of brittle features in eclogites does not necessarily mean that they underwent extreme strain rate. Care should therefore be taken when linking failure of eclogitic rocks to seismic deformation. We also explore the ranges of parameters where garnet and omphacite are deforming with a different deformation style (i.e., frictional vs viscous) and discuss our results in the light of naturally deformed eclogitic samples. This study illustrates that effective stresses sustained by rocks can be high at these P‐T conditions. They reach up to ~1 GPa for an entirely fractured eclogite and up to ~500 MPa for rocks that contain fractured garnet.