bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Workaholic Leaders on Followers’ Continuous Learning
Authors: Li Quan , She Zhuolin
Published: September 2020

Leaders play an important role in guiding team members’ learning—expecting them to increase their skills and knowledge and giving them time to learn on the job. However, some leaders may unwittingly discourage followers’ desire to learn. This chapter draws on several theories to consider the effects leaders who are workaholics may have on followers’ learning on the job. Guided by resource theory, affective event theory, and social information processing theory, we propose that workaholic leaders may actually decrease their followers’ informal learning. Having a workaholic leader who expects team members to do the same may decrease their desire to go beyond the boundaries of their position to engage in learning activities that could result in an even higher work overload. This may depend on the followers’ core self-evaluation and job autonomy, such that followers who have a higher self-evaluation and feelings of job autonomy will be less influenced by their leader’s workaholic tendencies and will be less worried about limiting their learning that could expand their work load. The chapter contributes to the emerging theory on informal field-based learning and recognizes the effects that team leaders may have on their team members’ continuous learning. The authors conclude by suggesting what organizations can do to counteract the possible negative effects workaholic leaders may have on team members’ learning.
Models of Lifelong Learning
Authors: Fleming Ted
Published: September 2020

Lifelong learning is a familiar concept in ordinary conversation and in public policy discourses. Though the history and various meanings of lifelong learning are noble, it has in more recent times been identified with functional interests, economic goals, and one-dimensional interpretations. This chapter identifies the genesis and grounding of lifelong learning in psychology and adult education, disciplines that establish the foundations for our understanding of learning. Classical and current learning theories are outlined, including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism from psychology. Adult education learning theory contributes andragogy, self-directed learning, experiential learning, multiple intelligences, and transformative learning. Insights from critical pedagogy are added in order to suggest models of lifelong learning that transcend functional models. This more critical interpretation contributes to a better understanding of lifelong learning that has an interest in enhancing communities and society and promoting the democratic and emancipatory goals of education.
Volunteerism
Authors: McHeffey Tim , Brush John , Zanzarov Danielle , Browne Jennifer , McHeffey Caroline
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the relationship between the act of volunteering and the outcome of learning. Volunteering occurs in many different forms and at all ages across the life span. As such, this chapter is designed to explore the different stages of life and their relationship with and connection to volunteerism. At each stage, motivations, opportunities, and benefits are examined as the chapter moves from childhood volunteering to volunteering with family to employee volunteering and corporate initiatives and, finally, to volunteering in retirement. An examination of these various life stages uncovers the vast and diverse nature of volunteerism as well as the learning and growth opportunities contained within.
Trends and Directions for Lifelong Learning Programs and Research
Authors: London Manuel
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses several key ideas and issues that emerge from the contributors to this handbook, informing the overall understanding of learning needs and processes throughout the life span. In particular, this chapter examines four significant trends that are likely to drive lifelong learning programs and research during the coming years: (1) the need for continuous learning in light of economic and technological changes, (2) learning challenges for older workers, (3) concern about the readiness of students to enter the workforce and remain productive, and (4) technological advancements in delivering learning resources, including increased attention to experiential (project-based) and self-regulated learning.
University Education
Authors: Velázquez Suzanne L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter illustrates model student leadership development programs offered at institutions of higher education and discusses leadership competencies needed to succeed in today’s global job market and our diverse society. Highlighted programs are rooted in developmental theories, such as Chickering’s psychosocial theory; function within proven frameworks, including the social change model of leadership and leadership challenge; and include service-learning projects to optimize transformative learning and ethical leadership. The chapter concludes with areas for further research related to the sustainable impact of leadership development programs, as well as content and delivery methods of student leadership development programs that are tailored for diverse learners.
Christianity in Rus’ and Muscovy
Authors: Goldfrank David
Published: September 2020

The foundations of Russian Christianity—gradual conversion; absorption of church law; native ascetic monasticism (Kiev’s Monastery of the Caves) and cults (Boris and Gleb, the Vladimir Theotokos icon); characteristic architecture; and crafting of patriotic and didactic sermons (Ilarion), hagiography (Nestor), chronicles, and pilgrimage itinerary—all hearken back to pre-Mongol Rus’. Under Mongol protection, the Rus’ Church flourished; the anti-Catholic, the late Byzantine hesychastic devotional and artistic package, representing a distinct brand of Orthodoxy, arrived, and communal monasticism, spearheaded by Sergii of Radonezh, spread. From the mid-fifteenth century, autocephalous resistance to Church Union with Rome, and unification and expansion under Moscow accompanied Nil Sorskii’s hesychastic treatise, Iosif Volotskii’s theological–didactic–inquisitorial Enlightener, and his followers’ promotion of a Moscow-centred national historiography, sacred monarchy, and pious household guide. The newly established Moscow patriarchate (1589) aided survival and resurgence after civil war and foreign intervention (1604–1619), while the practical need for better-educated Orthodox clerics from (then Polish–Lithuanian) Ukraine and Belarus contradicted pretences of native purity. Would-be Orthodox reformers in the 1640s differed over how much Westernizing education and ritual flexibility were permissible to bring Russian Orthodoxy in line with Ukraine and the Greeks. Patriarch Nikon’s high-handed liturgical reforms (1655), more ruthlessly supported by church and state power after a synod deposed him for political overreach (1666), catalysed the variegated dissenting sectarians commonly called ‘Old Believers’. The century ended with a Moscow Academy (1687–) complementing Kiev’s (1632–) and conflicting, alterative Westernizing visions among Europe-oriented elites.
Vladimir Soloviev as a Religious Philosopher
Authors: Evtuhov Catherine
Published: September 2020

Vladimir Soloviev’s thought is so rich and protean almost to defy description; this chapter examines specifically the religious-philosophical dimensions of his work. While Soloviev’s fundamental idea postulating a universal Christianity remained constant throughout his life, it is possible to delineate three phases of engagement with this idea. These were, first, his evolution from a classic nineteenth-century struggle of faith and reason to a statement of the universality of Christ as Godman (until 1882); second, an engagement with Christian politics and the Universal Church (1882–1894); and finally, the formulation of a moral philosophy, part of whose pathos was a vehement opposition to Nietzsche (1894–1900). Soloviev’s unwavering commitment to Christianity’s most basic belief in Christ, combined with deep immersion in German philosophy, enabled him to articulate a universal Christianity that was distinctly modern.
God-Seeking, God-Building, and the New Religious Consciousness
Authors: Lippman Erich
Published: September 2020

While the Russian Orthodox Church provided a distinct and oppositional pole to Lenin’s atheistic materialism, the tension between religion and modernity played itself out more ambiguously among Russian intelligentsia circles. God-seekers, often adherents of what was at the time called the ‘New Religious Consciousness’ and what would later be reconstituted as the ‘Russian Religious Renaissance’, moved from secular vantage points to dialogue with, and (for some) acceptance of, a religious worldview. Meanwhile, a variety of Bolshevik luminaries, including Alexander Bogdanov, Anatolii Lunacharskii, and V. A. Rudnev (aka Bazarov), collected at Maksim Gor’kii’s villa on Capri and came to represent a more decidedly atheistic perspective. It employed heavy religious symbolism and reinterpretation and became known as God-building. These two perspectives emerged as competing interpretations of the interplay between religion and modernity before the revolution. Only later, during the post-revolutionary period, were they reified as antithetical positions—first by émigré philosophers, then by Cold War theorists. This trajectory followed Nikolai Berdiaev’s assertion that Russian revolutionary thought contained deeply religious roots. However, God-building and God-seeking can also be imagined as creative attempts to combine religion and modernity, which inhabit a spectrum between the poles of established religion and atheistic materialism.
‘Musical Metaphysics’ in Late Imperial Russia
Authors: Mitchell Rebecca
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses ‘musical metaphysics’, a utopian vision in which music was seen as a powerful force with the ability both to overcome the social, political, and ethnic divisions that threatened to tear the empire asunder, and to reawaken Russian spirituality. Combining Schopenhauer and Nietzsche’s metaphysical interpretations of music with Russian religious philosophy, musical metaphysics posited an influential image of music’s transformative power. Offering both a symbol of a new society (marked by social unity, spiritual depth, and moral uprightness), and a means through which to achieve this transfiguration, music was viewed as a potential tool in the re-spiritualization of the world, an interpretation that inspired musicians, poets and philosophers alike. While musical metaphysics ultimately promised more than it could offer (music, it turned out, could not transform reality), echoes of this worldview continued to shape interpretations of musical meaning well into the Soviet era.
Russian Religious Aesthetics in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Bychkov Victor V. , Bychkov Oleg V.
Published: September 2020

At the turn of the twentieth-century Russian culture experienced a spiritual-religious Renaissance, which was accompanied by a rise of religiously oriented aesthetics. Generally, this aesthetics amounted to an awareness of the highest role that aesthetic experience, and in particular art, plays in human life and culture. Within this aesthetics, beauty, the beautiful, art, artistic creativity and symbols, and the artist-creator were viewed in a spiritually heightened and almost sacred way. Beauty was considered as the highest value and often as an essential trait of God himself, Sophia, the Wisdom of God, the Holy Spirit, the Theotokos, or the Universal Church. Beauty was also considered to be the most important principle of the existence of the human race, or as an essential and divine foundation of culture and art. Art itself was conceptualized as divinely inspired creativity, and the artist as a divinely chosen conduit of spiritual ideas and images, which can be expressed exclusively in artistic forms; as a theurge, whose mind and hand are guided by divine powers. Finally, this aesthetics viewed artistic creativity as that ideal paradigm which, by providing aesthetic principles, serves as the foundation of human life, of the culture of the future, and of the final stage of the divine creation of the world—the creation of the Kingdom of God on earth—that will be taken over by artists-creators-theurges.
Furor Liturgicus: The Religious Concerns of Russian Poetry
Authors: Kelly Martha M. F.
Published: September 2020

In a now classic 1994 article Victor Zhivov counters the idea that the eighteenth-century quest to create a modern Russian literature represented a wholesale rejection of Russia’s previous literary tradition. He shows instead how poets appropriated elements of Orthodox liturgical tradition in a bid to adapt the classical notion of ‘furor poeticus’, marking it by the eruption of Church Slavonic norms into modern poetics. This chapter demonstrates how, as Zhivov contends, elements of Orthodox liturgical culture have continued to shape the modern Russian poetic tradition from the eighteenth century into the present. In particular, Russian poets have long presented poetry as uniquely able to transform the world by drawing on Orthodox imagery of theosis or divinization—the transfiguration of human life and thus the world, by the divine light and being. The liturgically inflected religious concerns of Russian poetry that sections address include prophecy, human co-creation with God, the problem of the body, and the role of silence.
The Liberalism of Russian Religious Idealism
Authors: Poole Randall A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the development of liberal theory among a group of Russian neo-idealist philosophers associated in the Moscow Psychological Society: Boris Chicherin, Vladimir Soloviev, Sergei Trubetskoi, Evgenii Trubetskoi, Pavel Novgorodtsev, and Sergei Kotliarevskii. They built a remarkably coherent body of liberal theory on the Kantian foundations of personhood, human dignity and rights, natural law, and human perfectibility (progress). This was a genuine innovation in Russian social thought, given the common association of idealism with religion and of religion with repression. They maintained that idealism offered a far more powerful defence of liberalism than positivism could. They did not shirk from their further conclusions that idealism, as a philosophical conception of human nature, entailed theism (hence their ‘religious idealism’) and that religion, if true to its highest principles, was itself liberal in the fundamental sense of promoting respect for human dignity. They were religious humanists. Their conception of liberalism rested on four main principles: personalism, freedom of conscience, natural law and justice, and human perfectibility or progress, the transcendent culmination of which the Russian neo-idealists imagined to be the Kingdom of God.
Theosis in Early Twentieth-Century Russian Religious Thought
Authors: Coates Ruth
Published: September 2020

The chapter argues that the Greek patristic doctrine of theosis (‘becoming god’ or ‘making god’) was a dominant theme of late imperial Russian religious thought, in which it served as a response to the acutely felt anticipation of the imminent collapse of the Russian political and social order. Theosis is defined as a metaphor for salvation that emphasizes the process, as much as the goal, of assimilation to God, and which can be viewed as a narrative encompassing the entire economy of salvation as well as a doctrine narrowly conceived. It is argued that lay Russian religious thinkers accessed the concept of theosis through diverse channels that included the patristic translation project and related scholarship of Russia’s Theological Academies, the still vital tradition of spiritual eldership and the pathway to personal transfiguration by the divine energies set out in the Dobrotoliubie, and the philosophy of divine humanity of the nineteenth-century religious philosopher Vladimir Solov’ev. Three seminal early twentieth-century treatments of theosis are analysed: Sergei Bulgakov’s Philosophy of Economy (1912), Nikolai Berdyaev’s Meaning of Creativity (1916), and Pavel Florensky’s The Pillar and Ground of the Truth (1914). These reveal the ‘modernist’ approach typical of the period, that is, engagement of theosis in dialogue with diverse intellectual contexts including German metaphysical idealism (Bulgakov), Symbolism and the theosophy of Jakob Böhme (Berdyaev), on the one hand, and, in the case of Florensky, engagement of the formal experimentalism of modernism in the service of a defence of Orthodox mystical asceticism.
Sergei Bulgakov’s Intellectual Journey, 1900–1922
Authors: Zwahlen Regula M.
Published: September 2020

By analogy to Kant’s question ‘how is knowledge possible?’, Sergei Bulgakov was driven by the following questions: how are history, economy, art, and religion possible? Bulgakov explored the ‘truths’ of modern thought—human dignity (humanism), human dependence on the material world (materialism), social equality (socialism), and striving for a better future (idealism)—that became the cornerstones of his religious worldview. In Vladimir Soloviev’s footsteps, Bulgakov developed a ‘synthetic philosophy’ that would reconcile faith and reason, metaphysics and science, and motivate Christians to engage in politics in order to build just societies. With a focus on the interplay of social and economic teachings with religious movements, his early works contribute to ‘post-secular’ reflections on the crucial role of religion in societies. The paradigm of the ‘return of the prodigal son’ motivated both Bulgakov’s personal and intellectual development: in his view, the radical departure from God in the age of modernity is an important, if not necessary step on humanity’s way back to its Father’s house, and faith is a double-sided God–human act of human religious thirst and God’s response. Thus, Bulgakov’s early works dwell on culture and history as God–human synergy within the framework of the concept of Sophia. The latter is Bulgakov’s answer to the question as to how God’s revelation, divine-human creativity, and the world’s salvation are possible.
Pavel Florensky: At the Boundary of Immanence and Transcendence
Authors: Schneider Christoph
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses four themes in the religious philosophy of Pavel Florensky (1882–1937): Georg Cantor’s mathematics, truth, philosophy of language, and the visual arts. Apart from Church doctrines, the key ideas that emerge in his work are ‘antinomy’, ‘discontinuity’, ‘actual infinity’ and ‘realism’. Deeply rooted in the Christian-Platonic tradition, Florensky is critical of rationalism, empiricism, Kantianism, and positivism. He anticipates postmodern insights in the sense that his worldview allows for synchronic difference as well as time and diachronic change. But unlike postmodern thought, which tends to interpret synchronic difference and the flux of time in terms of relativistic perspectivism and historicism, Florensky provides difference and change with a realist underpinning. And despite his emphasis on antinomicity and discontinuity in his conception of truth, he affirms the grandeur of reason and rejects irrationalism and fideism.
Alexei Losev
Authors: Obolevitch Sr. Teresa
Published: September 2020

Alexei Losev was among those few religious thinkers who remained in the USSR after the revolution. He was an advocate of the so-called onomatodoxy movement in the Russian Orthodox Church according to which the name of God is not something conventional, but God himself. It was Losev who elaborated the philosophical foundations of this teaching and built a sort of synthesis of Platonism (and Neoplatonism) and the thought of the Eastern Fathers of the Church, especially St. Gregory of Palamas. As an encyclopaedic man, Losev dealt with different branches of philosophy: philosophy of language, music, mathematics, aesthetics, etc. The common denominator of all works was the issue of symbol, which he considered to be an external expression of an internal content. In the context of onomatodoxy debates, it means that the name of God is nothing but His energy (using the term of the Greek Fathers of the Church), or manifestation of His unknowable essence in the world. Therefore, a symbol is primarily of an objective character and at the same time assumes the cooperation (synergy) between God and man.
The Tradition of Christian Thought in The History of Russian Culture
Authors: Evlampiev Igor I.
Published: September 2020

This chapter highlights the most important characteristics of Russian religiosity and briefly describes the development of Russian religious thought from Russia’s adoption of Christianity in the tenth century up through the twentieth. It is emphasized that Russian religiosity strives to unite the divine and the earthly, in the interests of imparting to earthly reality a divine perfection. The author develops his view that Russian religious philosophy has always inclined towards the Gnostic version of Christianity, which denies the idea of the Fall and admits that the individual, as well as humanity as a whole, can achieve perfection in earthly life (i.e. the ‘Kingdom of God on Earth’ is possible). This point of view, first expressed by Pyotr Chaadaev, later became known as the concept of Godmanhood. Such a view lies at the centre of the philosophical outlook of the most famous Russian thinkers: Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, and Vladimir Solovyov. The author argues that the main trend of twentieth-century Russian philosophy was to prove the crucial importance of Christianity for the proper development of civilization, while Christianity itself was understood by Russian thinkers (Nicolas Berdyaev, Semyon Frank, Lev Karsavin, Andrei Tarkovsky and others) as a teaching not so much about God as about the divine nature of man.
Petr Chaadaev and the Slavophile–Westernizer Debate
Authors: Hamburg G. M.
Published: September 2020

Petr Iakovlevich Chaadaev (1794–1856) was one the most important religious thinkers in Russia from the mid-1830s to the mid-1850s. This chapter begins by analysing Chaadaev’s Philosophical Letters (written from early 1829 to mid-1831) as a religious document exploring Orthodox Russia’s special path to fusion with God and to consciousness of ‘the absolute unity of things’. It traces the main themes of the Philosophical Letters: Russia and Europe, faith and philosophy, human and divine intelligence, Christian philosophy of history, and the kingdom of God. The article suggests that the Philosophical Letters reveal Chaadaev as an original religious thinker, a hybrid of three rare types: prophet (the first and last three letters combined the prophetic voice in denouncing Russia for its lack of identity, in admiring great prophets such as Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad, and in prophetically predicting the coming of God’s kingdom); mystic (letters two through five posited the fusion of human intelligence and divine knowledge, through theosis); and apocalyptic thinker (the ‘red thread’ running through all the letters is the coming of God’s kingdom, and this advent in the eighth letter is said to resemble a ‘moral cataclysm’, an ‘apocalyptic synthesis’). The remaining sections of the article assess Chaadaev’s influence on the Slavophiles and Westernizers, and suggest that his truest follower may have been the socialist Aleksandr Herzen.
Ethical Dimensions of Psychotherapy Side Effects
Authors: Linden Michael
Published: September 2020

Side effects are unwanted events caused by appropriate treatment. They must be discriminated from negative developments which are unrelated to treatment or which are caused by improper treatment. The assessment of side effects requires several professional but also value decisions: What is negative? What is proper treatment? What is treatment related? Scientifically there is a lack of generally accepted instruments and of guidelines on how to assess side effects in clinical trials. There is growing evidence that about 10 percent of psychotherapy patients experience relevant negative consequences of psychotherapy. Therapists should be aware of the possibility of side effects and inform patients. Acknowledgment of side effects can improve treatment and also advance the development of the field of psychotherapy.
Patient Information on Evidence and Clinical Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Authors: Blease Charlotte , Kelley John M. , Trachsel Manuel
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on what information should be provided to patients about the evidence base supporting the clinical effectiveness of psychotherapy. In particular, the authors consider whether research on the relative efficacy of different forms of psychotherapy should be provided to patients, as well as whether patients should be provided with information on the relative importance of common factors versus specific factors as the causal agents of clinical improvement. After a critical review and discussion of the relatively few scholarly papers that have previously addressed this question, the authors conclude that patients should be provided with an honest, transparent, and impartial summary of the evidence related to their treatment options including information about the common factors. The authors offer this conclusion even while acknowledging that considerable controversy persists about how to interpret the psychotherapy research evidence base. Finally, the authors strongly support continued research into these questions, especially given the relatively limited scholarly attention they have received to date.
The Scottish Labour Party
Authors: Hassan Gerry , Shaw Eric
Published: September 2020

Labour started in the dominant position politically in Scotland after devolution in votes, parliamentary seats, ideology, and values. Yet over the course of two decades, from the New Labour triumph in 1997 and establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, the party has managed to whittle away its impressive inheritance, first losing to the SNP in 2007, and subsequently relegated to third party status. This chapter addresses the evolution of Scottish Labour in recent decades and in particular over the devolution period. It looks at its organizational development, electoral performance, leadership, and political direction since the establishment of the Scottish Parliament, concluding with looking at the current state of the party. The thread of how the party has fallen from being the leading party of the country to third place, runs through the chapter, which ends with a brief assessment of its future prospects and choices.
Smaller Parties
Authors: Clark Alistair
Published: September 2020

Small parties in Scotland have played a number of roles in the post-devolution party system. In some areas they have been trailblazers for broader developments, whilst in others they have met some success but had little longer impact. Understanding this is crucial for a broader understanding of party competition and the Scottish party system. The first section of the chapter addresses thorny theoretical issues around what counts as a ‘small’ party, and the relation between smallness and relevance. The second section discusses key small parties that have had some level of success in Scotland. These include the Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, UKIP, Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party, and the ‘Others’ who have also been successfully elected in Scotland, including the Liberal Democrats, given their changing fortunes over time. The final section considers reasons for the rise of smaller parties, whilst examining the broader effect on the Scottish party system and putting Scotland into comparative perspective in relation to the role of small parties.
Devolution
Authors: Harvey Malcolm
Published: September 2020

The UK remains de jure a unitary state in the legal sense but de facto operates as a decentralized polity with a number of constraints on sovereign authority in the UK Parliament. This chapter assesses the role devolution has played on the development of this de facto reality. By placing Scottish devolution in context alongside developments in Northern Ireland and Wales, the chapter assesses some of the important aspects of devolution that have led to this new constitutional reality, such as the competencies of the Scottish Parliament and the Sewel Convention. The chapter also discusses the impact that Brexit is having on the UK territorial constitution.
Nationality and National Identity
Authors: McCrone David
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on different ways of measuring national identity, and examines the relationship between politics and national identity since the late 1990s. It concludes that this relationship is correlative rather than causal. Focusing on elections at Scottish and British levels, as well as the Independence referendum of 2014 and the Brexit referendum in 2016, it is clear that there is no simple relationship between ‘politics’ and national identity, which is best understood as a prism through which politics is refracted. The point is that ‘politics’ is not a passive process, simply the expression of social and cultural attitudes; nor does politics, in turn, determine such attitudes. Whilst in recent years there has been a tightening up of the relationship between politics and national identity—voting ‘Yes’ in 2014, for example, was strongly associated with ‘being Scottish’—these remain relatively autonomous. National identity is best thought of as a cultural prism through which ‘politics’ is interpreted, and helps to explain why political behaviour in Scotland and England has diverged in the last thirty years.
The Political Class in Scotland
Authors: Keating Michael , Cairney Paul , Intropido Stefano
Published: September 2020

In the period following the Second World War, Scottish MPs formed a distinct group. Scottish Labour MPs were more likely to be working class and Scottish Conservative MPs more upper class than their counterparts elsewhere in the UK. Over time, both groups became more middle class, but the differences between the nations remained. Devolution produced a step change, as Members of the Scottish Parliament were more likely to be drawn from the professional middle classes than MPs across the UK. This trend has continued. The new generation of Scottish Conservative MPs and MSPs following the Conservative revival after 2014 resemble their SNP and Labour counterparts in their background. There was an increase in female representation with the first generation of MSPs but progress has since stalled. In Scotland, as at Westminster, a notable feature has been the rise of the professional politician from a ‘politics-facilitating’ background.
Scotland and Europe
Authors: Hughes Kirsty
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyses how the Brexit process has unfolded in Scotland since the 2016 vote. With the UK as a whole voting to leave the EU whilst Scotland, and Northern Ireland, voted to Remain, political tension was inherent in the relationship between the Scottish and UK governments over Brexit from the start. This tension worsened during the subsequent two to three years as the Article 50 process got under way. Scottish support for remaining in the EU is compared to that across the UK, together with polling evidence on the subsequent evolution of support for Remain and for another EU referendum (a ‘people’s vote’). Political responses in Scotland are then considered, focusing in particular on the varying positions of the Scottish Government. The Scottish Government took a more strategic approach to Brexit in the initial weeks after the Brexit vote, which was then replaced by a more tactical emphasis on staying in the EU’s single market and defending the devolution settlement. This shifted again in autumn 2018 when the Scottish Government came out in favour of a people’s vote and put more emphasis on Remain over a ‘soft’ Brexit; this position was strengthened through 2019. How the politics of Brexit and the politics of independence have intertwined since 2016 is also briefly considered.
Positive Emotions
Authors: Tugade Michele M. , Devlin Hillary C. , Fredrickson Barbara L.
Published: September 2020

Positive emotions have long been studied as markers of people’s overall well-being or happiness, but looking at positive emotions as outcomes is just the beginning. This chapter focuses on the various facets of positive emotions, including how they are measured (behaviorally, psychologically, physiologically), their outcomes, and their subjective experience. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions is described, with empirical research described that supports both the broadening effects and the building effects that arise from experiences of positive emotions. Empirical research that investigates physiological and neurological connections and intervention studies that examine the effects of positive emotions on stress, health, and resilience are discussed. Finally, future directions that examine different models of positive emotion as well as the differentiation of positive emotions are discussed.
Dante and the Medieval City
Authors: Pike David L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the paradox that the most sustained and influential literary representation of the medieval city is set in the afterlife. The chapter begins with a discussion of Dante’s reproduction of the vertical Christian cosmos within the horizontality of everyday life in the city. It then looks at the place of hell within this city, the types of urban experience represented within it, and the relationship of the infernal city to the heavenly city as which Dante figures paradise. The final section of the chapter surveys the dissemination of this urban model into the diverse cityscapes of Boccaccio, Chaucer, François Villon, and Christine de Pizan. The chapter concludes that late medieval urban representations are characterized by the growing insistence on the city as a site of representational difference and local autonomy that remains nevertheless deeply embedded in the spatial dynamics of verticality.
The Romance of the Rose
Authors: Hult David F.
Published: September 2020

The Romance of the Rose occupies a unique position in the medieval French literary tradition, widely recognized as the most circulated and well-known French narrative poem across Europe, from the late thirteenth to the early sixteenth century. This chapter attempts to situate the two parts of the romance, attributed to two authors, within the production of verse narrative in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. By evoking the transition from orally-produced epic poetry to learned adaptations of Latin and Celtic narratives in the French vernacular, it attempts to articulate the profound impact of the Rose upon the establishment of the figure widely known as the clerkly narrator. The first author, Guillaume de Lorris, definitively developed the figure of the first-person narrator/lover figure, while the second, Jean de Meun, used the fictional ambiguity of dual authorship to create a paradigm of the deceptive narrator that will have a rich afterlife in late medieval literature.
Chaucer and the Textualities of Troy
Authors: Desmond Marilynn
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the transmission of the matter of Troy from its entrance into the textual traditions of the Latin West until Chaucer’s composition of Troilus and Criseyde. This tradition includes late antique Latin prose texts attributed to Dares and Dictys, the twelfth-century Roman de Troie composed by Benoît de Sainte-Maure, Boccaccio’s Filostrato, Guido delle Colonne, as well as the Histoire ancienne jusqu’à Cèsar. The narrator of Chaucer’s Troilus exhibits the poet’s self-conscious awareness of this complex textual network. The subject-position of Criseyde as a woman living within a city under siege is the product of this textual tradition. The second book of Chaucer’s House of Fame stages the poetic authority for the textual traditions on Troy.
Historiography
Authors: Akbari Suzanne Conklin
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses Chaucer’s chief model for the writing of universal history: the early fourteenth-century Anglo-Norman chronicle of Nicholas Trevet. The first section sketches out the overall nature of Trevet’s world history, indicating its scope and showing what view it presents of English national identity, especially in terms of genealogical descent and territorial claims. It then turns to the Constance narrative that provided a model for the Man of Law’s Tale, illustrating how Trevet’s version highlights the role of language in the establishment of national identity, and in the mediating of fundamental changes in that national identity. Selected other passages in Trevet’s work also illustrate the role of language in articulating the boundaries that separate nations and, sometimes, bring them together. The chapter closes by identifying what it is that Trevet’s historical vision offers readers of Chaucer’s histories, such as Troilus or the Knight’s Tale: namely, a capacious temporal scope that makes room for a plural vision of multiple historical contexts—biblical, apostolic, Trojan, Roman, Theban, British, Saxon, and English.
Medicine and Science in Chaucer’s Day
Authors: Harvey E. Ruth
Published: September 2020

Henry Daniel was an older contemporary of Chaucer, who lived, for at least part of his life, in or near London. He was a pioneer in medieval English science, who completed two large works in English: an exhaustive treatise on uroscopy and a very large herbal-cum-medical encyclopaedia. He put together and created a medical and scientific vocabulary in English, and wrote the first serious scientific textbook in the vernacular. His contribution to learning and medical history has been unaccountably neglected; and his contributions to our knowledge of Chaucer’s language and society have been largely ignored.
Chaucer’s Travels for the Court
Authors: Brown Peter
Published: September 2020

Chaucer travelled extensively in Britain and abroad as a representative of the court. His reading and cosmopolitan life in London meant that mainland Europe was a vivid part of Chaucer’s cultural awareness even before his visits there. There are records of fourteen trips overseas of varying duration and level of importance. Most were to Flanders and France but others were to Spain and Italy. Their purposes included war, marriage negotiations and financial transactions. Chaucer was at best an ancillary but his travelling companions and contacts included the kind of people who formed the audience for his poetry. He appears to have narrowly missed meeting other writers such as Machaut, Deschamps, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. Nevertheless Chaucer’s visits to Italy in the 1370s coincide with the onset of his interest in Italian literature.
Anti-Judaism/Anti-Semitism and the Structures of Chaucerian Thought
Authors: Kruger Steven F.
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the significance of medieval Christian anti-Judaism and anti-Semitism for Chaucer’s work, both for poems like the Prioress’s Tale that explicitly foreground Jews and for those where Jews are largely absent. Although there were no active Jewish communities in Chaucer’s England, from which Jews had been expelled in 1290, thinking about Jewishness remained central to late-medieval structures of thought. The chapter argues that anti-Jewish and anti-Semitic ideas are particularly salient for an understanding of Chaucer’s treatment of (1) questions about temporality and history, and specifically a dynamic in which the new (Christianity) supersedes the old (Judaism); (2) the metaphysical distinction between the spiritual and the corporeal, with the latter in its negative forms often associated with Jewishness; and (3) constructions of space, where Jewish presence is seen as threatening to a Christian hegemony.
Old Books and New Beginnings North of Chaucer
Authors: Higgins Iain Macleod
Published: September 2020

Starting from the claim that Chaucer’s profoundest legacy to his fifteenth- and sixteenth-century successors was his dynamic, dialogic use of literary form, this chapter shows how the two Scottish works that most fully respond to him (The Kingis Quair and Robert Henryson’s The Testament of Cresseid) use their textual frames to revise Chaucer’s unsettling modes of mediating a story. They do so in particular to shape new beginnings of and altered endings to familiar genres and stories. Adapting framing modes from Troilus, the Book of the Duchess, the Parliament, and even the Canterbury Tales, The Kingis Quair (attributed to James I of Scotland) remakes the Boethian dream vision as an optimistic celebration of faithful heterosexual love. Revising Chaucer negatively, Henryson’s Testament brings beginnings and ends together by inserting itself into a narrative gap in the final book of Troilus, audaciously framing itself ‘within’ and ideologically prying open a prior work.
Labour and Time
Authors: Robertson Kellie
Published: September 2020

Chaucer’s depictions of work in the Prologue to his Canterbury Tales have been considered from a variety of critical perspectives: as a parade of fourteenth-century London professions; as part of the long and ultimately conventional tradition of estates satire; and even as the deconstruction of the very idea of psychological self-revelation itself. Yet there is a phenomenological aspect to these representations that can be recovered as well: the pilgrims are creatures in time, their ‘selves’ the product not just of heterogeneous employment histories and professionalized jargon but also of changing cultural assumptions about how labouring bodies were defined with respect to naturalized regimes of time. This chapter explores the ways in which Chaucer exploits the intimate connection between work and time, between the labouring past and the perceiving present. His polytemporal depictions of manual, artisan, and religious livelihoods in the General Prologue suggest that his purpose was less to pass judgement on an individual pilgrim’s work than to reveal how his society’s expectations about labour were based on idealizing, aspirational, or outright fictionalized accounts of past labour practices.
The Role of the Scribe
Authors: Rust Martha
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the several roles of the scribe through the lens of the genius figure: the genius of antiquity and especially the character of Genius in Alan of Lille’s The Plaint of Nature. Like Alan’s Genius, scribes are responsible for giving abstract forms material and individualized substance. Like that Genius, Chaucer’s scribes also serve custodial and tutelary functions, assuring the continuity of his work with respect both to its written form in books and to its legibility to readers. Also like Alan’s Genius, these scribes function at times as a mirror or other self of the author whose work they produce. And finally, like the genii loci from which Alan’s Genius descends, the scribes of Chaucer’s work are associated with specific places: namely, the books of his oeuvre they worked to bring forth. In this way, these scribes function as the spirit of the locale each book encloses.
Musical Awakenings: The Experiences of a Queer Music Therapist in the Face of HIV and AIDS
Authors: Lee Colin Andrew
Published: September 2020

This article describes a gay music therapist’s experiences of working with clients living with HIV and AIDS through improvisation and performance. Sessions were held from 1988 to 1991 at London Lighthouse, a center for people facing the challenge of AIDS. Through descriptions of interactions with clients, as well as an audio extract from an actual session itself, the reader can enter into the realities of the music therapy process, which brings together music and loss. The article emphasizes the personal authenticity of the therapist and its meaning for the therapeutic process, and describes the beginnings of Aesthetic Music Therapy, a music-centered model of practice.
Reliability and Validity of the Boston Bedside Quantitative Sensory Testing Battery for Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Koulouris Alexandra E , Edwards Robert R , Dorado Kathleen , Schreiber Kristin L , Lazaridou Asimina , Rajan Sharika , White Jeffrey , Garcia Jenniffer , Gibbons Christopher , Freeman Roy
Published: September 2020

Objective

Recent studies suggest that sensory phenotyping may provide critical information for the diagnosis and management of patients with chronic neuropathic pain (NP). However, many formal quantitative sensory testing (QST) paradigms require expensive equipment, a dedicated location, and substantial time commitments on the part of patient and examiner, highlighting the need for a convenient and portable “bedside” QST battery. We developed and tested a bedside QST battery in a sample of patients with chronic NP.

Methods

Participants (N = 51) attended two in-person visits over approximately two weeks, during which they underwent QST using both laboratory-based equipment and simple, easily accessible bedside tools. Participants also completed questionnaires about their daily pain and NP symptoms.

Results

Test–retest reliability estimates were highly statistically significant and did not differ between bedside (mean r = 0.60) and laboratory-based (mean r = 0.72) QST. Bedside QST variables and corresponding laboratory-based QST variables were highly correlated, suggesting adequate criterion validity for the bedside tests.

Conclusions

Results from the present study may have important implications for the sensory phenotyping and subsequent management of patients with chronic NP. Implementation of a protocol that uses inexpensive, portable, and convenient tools may allow for the application of QST in variety of clinical settings and advance NP research.
Double-Adjusted Mutual Fund Performance
Authors: Busse Jeffrey A , Jiang Lei , Tang Yuehua
Published: September 2020

Mutual fund returns are significantly related to stock characteristics in the cross-section after controlling for risk via factor models. We develop a new double-adjusted approach that controls for both factor model betas and stock characteristics in one performance measure. The new measure substantially affects performance rankings, with a quarter of funds experiencing a change in their percentile ranking greater than 10. Double-adjusted performance produces strong evidence of persistence in relative performance. Inference based on the new measure often differs, sometimes dramatically, from that based on traditional performance estimates.

Received November 22, 2019; editorial decision June 28, 2020; Editor: Jeffrey Pontiff. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix,which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
A novel antibacterial biomaterial mesh coated by chitosan and tigecycline for pelvic floor repair and its biological performance
Authors: Liang Changyan , Ling You , Wei Feng , Huang Lijie , Li Xiaomao
Published: September 2020

The biomaterials composed of mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM) have a great potential in pelvic floor tissue repair and functional reconstruction. However, bacterial infection does cause great damage to the repair function of biomaterials which is the major problem in clinical utilization. Therefore, the development of biological materials with antimicrobial effect is of great clinical significance for pelvic floor repair. Chitosan/tigecycline (CS/TGC) antibacterial biofilm was prepared by coating CS/TGC nanoparticles on mammalian-derived ECM. Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, bacteriostasis circle assay and static dialysis methods were used to characterize the membrane. MTS assay kit and DAPI fluorescence staining were used to evaluate cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. The biocompatibility was assessed by subabdominal implantation model in goats. Subcutaneous antimicrobial test in rabbit back was used to evaluate the antimicrobial and repairing effects on the infected wounds in vivo. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the composite coating had been successfully modified. The antibacterial membrane retained the main structure of ECM multilayer fibers. In vitro release of biomaterials showed sustained release and stability. In vivo studies showed that the antibacterial biological membrane had low cytotoxicity, fast degradation, good compatibility, anti-infection and excellent repair ability.