bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Older African American women's lived experiences with depression and coping behaviours
Authors: Ward E. C. , Mengesha M. (M.) , Issa F.
Published: June 2013

Accessible summary

Little is known about older African American women's life experiences with depression. As a result, how they are dealing with depression is not known at this time.

This research examined older African American women's experiences with depression and how they are dealing with it.

Thirteen African American women aged 60 and older were interviewed about their experiences with depression.

Our findings show these older women think of depression as a normal reaction to difficult life situations, rather than an illness. As a result, the women did not see the need to get professional help for their depression.

Little is known about older African American women's lived experiences with depression. What does depression mean to this group? What are they doing about their depression? Unfortunately, these questions are unanswered. This study examined older African American women's lived experiences with depression and coping behaviours. The common sense model provided the theoretical framework for present study. Thirteen community‐dwelling African American women aged 60 and older (M = 71 years) participated. Using qualitative phenomenological data analysis, results showed the women held beliefs about factors that can cause depression including experiences of trauma, poverty and disempowerment. Results also indicated the women believed that depression is a normal reaction to life circumstances and did not see the need to seek professional treatment for depression. They coped by use of culturally sanctioned behaviours including religious practices and resilience. It appears these women's beliefs about depression and use of culturally sanctioned coping behaviours might potentially be a barrier to seeking professional mental healthcare, which could result in missed opportunities for early diagnosis and treatment of depression among this group. Implications for research, educational and clinical interventions are discussed.
A closer look at the species behind abundance–occupancy relationships
Authors: Eriksson Ove
Published: June 2013

Guedo & Lamb (), in this issue of theJournal of Vegetation Science, used a 35‐yr data series from two prairie communities to show that abundance–occupancy relationships change over time. Scrutinizing the details behind this finding, they show that species groups follow different trajectories during succession after disturbance. These results will inspire further species‐level studies unraveling mechanisms behind abundance–occupancy relationships.
Phylogeography of the shrimp Palaemon floridanus (Crustacea: Caridea: Palaemonidae): a partial test of meta‐population genetic structure in the wider Caribbean
Authors: Baeza Juan Antonio , Fuentes Maria Soledad
Published: June 2013

Marine organisms with a pelagic stage are often assumed to display minor population structure given their extended larval development and subsequent high long‐distance dispersal ability. Nonetheless, considerable population structure might still occur in species with high dispersal ability due to current oceanographic and/or historical processes. Specifically, for the wider Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, theoretical and empirical considerations suggest that populations inhabiting each of the following areas should be genetically distinct: Panama, Belize, Southwest Florida (Tampa), and Southeast Florida (Fort Pierce). This study tests the hypothesis of significant genetic differentiation in Palaemon floridanus populations across the wider Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Population level comparisons were conducted using sequences of the mtDNA COI. In agreement with predictions, AMOVA and pairwise FST values demonstrated population differentiation among most pairs of the studied populations. Only Panama and East Florida populations were genetically similar. An isolation‐with‐migration population divergence model (implemented in IMA2) indicated that population divergence with incomplete lineage sorting can be invoked as the single mechanism explaining genetic dissimilarity between populations from the east and west coast of Florida. Historical demographic analyses indicated demographic expansion of P. floridanus in some localities [recent in Panama and ancient in East Florida and the wider Caribbean (entire dataset)] but constant population in other localities (in Belize and West Florida). This study rejects the idea of panmixia in marine species with high long‐distance dispersal ability. Contemporary and historical processes might interact in a complex manner to determine current phylogeographic patterns.
The heating history of Vesta and the onset of differentiation
Authors: Formisano Michelangelo , Federico Costanzo , Turrini Diego , Coradini Angioletta , Capaccioni Fabrizio , De Sanctis Maria Cristina , Pauselli Cristina
Published: June 2013

In this work, we study the link between the evolution of the internal structure of Vesta and thermal heating due to 26Al and 60Fe and long‐lived radionuclides, taking into account the chemical differentiation of the body and the affinity of 26Al with silicates. We explored several thermal and structural scenarios differing in the available strength of energy due to the radiogenic heating and in the postsintering macroporosity. By comparing them with the data supplied by the HEDs and the Dawn NASA mission, we use our results to constrain the accretion and differentiation time as well as the physical properties of the core. Differentiation takes place in all scenarios in which Vesta completes its accretion in <1.4 Ma after the injection of 26Al into the solar nebula. In all those scenarios where Vesta completes its formation in <1 Ma from the injection of 26Al, the degree of silicate melting reaches 100 vol% throughout the whole asteroid. If Vesta completed its formation between 1 and 1.4 Ma after 26Al injection, the degree of silicate melting exceeds 50 vol% over the whole asteroid, but reaches 100 vol% only in the hottest, outermost part of the mantle in all scenarios where the porosity is lower than 5 vol%. If the formation of Vesta occurred later than 1.5 Ma after the injection of 26Al, the degree of silicate melting is always lower than 50 vol% and is limited only to a small region of the asteroid. The radiation at the surface dominates the evolution of the crust, which ranges in thickness from 8 to about 30 km after 5 Ma: a layer about 3–20 km thick is composed of primitive unmelted chondritic material, while a layer of about 5–10 km is eucritic.
Walking with insects: molecular mechanisms behind parasitic manipulation of host behaviour
Authors: van Houte Stineke , Ros Vera I. D. , van Oers Monique M.
Published: June 2013

Parasitic infections are often followed by changes in host behaviour. Numerous and exquisite examples of such behavioural alterations are known, covering a broad spectrum of parasites and hosts. Most descriptions of such parasite‐induced changes in host behaviour are observational reports, while experimentally confirmed examples of parasite genes inducing these changes are limited. In this study, we review changes in invertebrate host behaviour observed upon infection by parasites and discuss such changes in an evolutionary context. We then explore possible mechanisms involved in parasite‐induced changes in host behaviour. Genes and pathways known to play a role in invertebrate behaviour are reviewed, and we hypothesize how parasites (may) affect these pathways. This review provides the state of the art in this exciting, interdisciplinary field by exploring possible pathways triggered in hosts, suggesting methodologies to unravel the molecular mechanisms that lead to changes in host behaviour.
A Mathematical Framework for Quantifying and Optimizing Protective Actions for Civil Infrastructure Systems
Authors: Faturechi Reza , Miller‐Hooks Elise
Published: June 2013

This article provides a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing, categorizing, and quantifying system performance measures in the presence of uncertain events, component failure, or other disruptions/disasters with the potential to reduce system capacity/performance. The framework clarifies the interrelationships between notions of coping capacity, preparedness, robustness, flexibility, recovery capacity, and resilience, previously espoused as independent measures, and provides a single mathematical decision problem for quantifying these measures congruously and maximizing their values. Required solution methodologies are presented for use in evaluating system performance in terms of these measures and resulting solutions can be exploited to determine an optimal allocation of limited resources to preparedness and response options. A numerical‐transportation‐related example is provided to illustrate its application. Results of this application offer insights into these various performance measures, their relationships, and the relative importance of preparedness and response actions.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the mouse esophagus: focus on intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs)
Authors: Hübsch M. , Neuhuber W. L. , Raab M.
Published: June 2013

Background

IGLEs represent the only low‐threshold vagal mechanosensory terminals in the tunica muscularis of the esophagus. Previously, close relationships of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) immunopositive IGLEs and cholinergic varicosities suggestive for direct contacts were described in almost all mouse esophageal myenteric ganglia. Possible cholinergic influence on IGLEs requires specific acetylcholine receptors. In particular, the occurrence and location of neuronal muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in the esophagus were not yet characterized.

Methods

This study aimed at specifying relationships of VGLUT2 immunopositive IGLEs and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)‐immunopositive varicosities using pre‐embedding electron microscopy and the location of mAChR1‐3 (M1‐3) within esophagus and nodose ganglia using multilabel immunofluorescence and retrograde tracing.

Key Results

Electron microscopy confirmed synaptic contacts between cholinergic varicosities and IGLEs. M1‐ and M2‐immunoreactivities (‐iry; ‐iries) were colocalized with VGLUT2‐iry in subpopulations of IGLEs. Retrograde Fast Blue tracing from the esophagus showed nodose ganglion neurons colocalizing tracer and M2‐iry. M1‐3‐iries were detected in about 80% of myenteric ganglia and in about 67% of myenteric neurons. M1‐ and M2‐iry were present in many fibers and varicosities within myenteric ganglia. Presynaptic M2‐iry was detected in all, presynaptic M3‐iry in one‐fifth of motor endplates of striated esophageal muscles. M1‐iry could not be detected in motor endplates of the esophagus, but in sternomastoid muscle.

Conclusions & Inferences

Acetylcholine probably released from varicosities of both extrinsic and intrinsic origin may influence a subpopulation of esophageal IGLEs via M2 and M1‐receptors.
MR imaging in Crohn's disease: correlation of MR motility measurement with histopathology in the terminal ileum
Authors: Cullmann J. L. , Bickelhaupt S. , Froehlich J. M. , SZUCS‐FARKAS Z. , Tutuian R. , Patuto N. , Dawson H. , Patak M. A.
Published: June 2013

Background

The objective of the study was to correlate MR‐detectable motility alterations of the terminal ileum with biopsy‐documented active and chronic changes in Crohn's disease.

Methods

This IRB approved retrospective analysis of 43 patients included magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) and terminal ileum biopsies (<2 weeks apart). Motility was measured at the terminal ileum using coronal 2D trueFISP pulse sequences (1.5T MRI,TR 83.8,TE1.89) and dedicated motility assessment software. Motility grading (hypermotility, normal, hypomotility, complete arrest) was agreed by two experienced readers. Motility was compared and correlated with histopathology using two‐tailed Kruskal–Wallis test and paired Spearman Rank‐Order Correlation tests.

Key Results

Motility abnormalities were present in 27/43 patients: nine hypomotility and 18 complete arrest. Active disease was diagnosed on 15 biopsies: eight moderate and seven severe inflammatory activity. Chronic changes were diagnosed on 17 biopsies: 13 moderate and four severe cases. In four patients with normal motility alterations on histopathology were diagnosed. Histopathology correlated with presence (P = 0.0056 for hypomotility and P = 0.0119 for complete arrest) and grade (P < 0.0001; P = 0.0004) of motility alterations. A significant difference in the motility was observed in patients with active or chronic CD compared with patients without disease (P < 0.001; P = 0.0024).

Conclusions & Inferences

MR‐detectable motility changes of the terminal ileum correlate with histopathological findings both in active and chronic CD. Motility changes may indicate the presence pathology, but do not allow differentiation of active and chronic disease.
Will reducing sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption reduce obesity? Evidence supporting conjecture is strong, but evidence when testing effect is weak
Authors: Kaiser K. A. , Shikany J. M. , Keating K. D. , Allison D. B.
Published: June 2013

We provide arguments to the debate question and update a previous meta‐analysis with recently published studies on effects of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) on body weight/composition indices (BWIs). We abstracted data from randomized controlled trials examining effects of consumption of SSBs on BWIs. Six new studies met these criteria: (i) human trials, (ii) ≥ 3 weeks duration, (iii) random assignment to conditions differing only in consumption of SSBs and (iv) including a BWI outcome. Updated meta‐analysis of a total of seven studies that added SSBs to persons’ diets showed dose‐dependent increases in weight. Updated meta‐analysis of eight studies attempting to reduce SSB consumption showed an equivocal effect on BWIs in all randomized subjects. When limited to subjects overweight at baseline, meta‐analysis showed a significant effect of roughly 0.25 standard deviations (more weight loss/less weight gain) relative to controls. Evidence to date is equivocal in showing that decreasing SSB consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity. Although new evidence suggests that an effect may yet be demonstrable in some populations, the integrated effect size estimate remains very small and of equivocal statistical significance. Problems in this research area and suggestions for future research are highlighted.
Direct laryngoscopy after potential difficult intubation in children only predicts standard Cormack and Lehane view to within one grade
Authors: Chambers Neil A. , Hullett Bruce
Published: June 2013

Background

Some techniques used to achieve intubation in children predicted to have a difficult airway do not involve direct laryngoscopy or assessment of the laryngeal grade. Direct laryngoscopy may therefore be performed immediately after intubation to provide a record for future anesthetics. It is unknown whether this postintubation grade accurately reflects the standard laryngeal grade in this group.

Aim

The aim of the study was to identify those children who were predicted to be a difficult intubation and to perform direct laryngoscopy before and after intubation. We set out to ascertain if direct laryngoscopy performed after intubation could accurately predict the standard un‐intubated laryngeal grade in this group.

Methods

All children presenting for general anesthesia who were clinically predicted to be a difficult intubation were considered for this study and prospectively recruited. After induction of anesthesia, one study anesthetist performed direct laryngoscopy before and another study anesthetist then performed direct laryngoscopy after intubation. These laryngeal grades were then compared.

Results

A total of 21 children were successfully recruited and studied, and all patients were successfully intubated. Overall, the postintubation grade did not reliably reflect the standard grade, but did not differ by more than one grade in any patient. In one‐third of subjects, the postintubation grade was equal to the standard grade, in one‐third it was a grade ‘easier’ and in one‐third a grade ‘harder’.

Conclusion

Assessment and documentation of a postintubation laryngeal grade does not appear to provide reliable information for future anesthetics and may even have the potential to be misleading. Any such documentation should always refer to the presence of an endotracheal tube and be interpreted with caution.
Chrysanthemum expressing a linalool synthase gene ‘smells good’, but ‘tastes bad’ to western flower thrips
Authors: Yang Ting , Stoopen Geert , Thoen Manus , Wiegers Gerrie , Jongsma Maarten A.
Published: June 2013

Herbivore‐induced plant volatiles are often involved in direct and indirect plant defence against herbivores. Linalool is a common floral scent and found to be released from leaves by many plants after herbivore attack. In this study, a linalool/nerolidol synthase, FaNES1, was overexpressed in the plastids of chrysanthemum plants (Chrysanthemum morifolium). The volatiles of FaNES1 chrysanthemum leaves were strongly dominated by linalool, but they also emitted small amount of the C11‐homoterpene, (3E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene, a derivative of nerolidol. Four nonvolatile linalool glycosides in methanolic extracts were found to be significantly increased in the leaves of FaNES1 plants compared to wild‐type plants. They were putatively identified by LC‐MS‐MS as two linalool–malonyl–hexoses, a linalool–pentose–hexose and a glycoside of hydroxy–linalool. A leaf‐disc dual‐choice assay with western flower thrips (WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis) showed, initially during the first 15 min of WFT release, that FaNES1 plants were significantly preferred. This gradually reversed into significant preference for the control, however, at 20–28 h after WFT release. The initial preference was shown to be based on the linalool odour of FaNES1 plants by olfactory dual‐choice assays using paper discs emitting pure linalool at similar rates as leaf discs. The reversal of preference into deterrence could be explained by the initial nonvolatile composition of the FaNES1 plants, as methanolic extracts were less preferred by WFT. Considering the common occurrence of linalool and its glycosides in plant tissues, it suggests that plants may balance attractive fragrance with ‘poor taste’ using the same precursor compound.
Genetic linkage map of Chinese native variety faba bean (Vicia faba L.) based on simple sequence repeat markers
Authors: Ma Yu , Bao Shi‐ying , Yang Tao , Hu Jin‐guo , Guan Jian‐ping , He Yu‐hua , Wang Xue‐Jun , Wan Yu‐ling , Sun Xue‐lian , Jiang Jun‐ye , Gong Cui‐xiang , Zong Xu‐xiao
Published: June 2013

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker is a powerful tool for construction of genetic linkage map which can be applied for quantitative trait loci (QTL) and marker‐assisted selection (MAS). In this study, a genetic map of faba bean was constructed with SSR markers using a 129 F2 individuals population derived from the cross of Chinese native variety 91825 (large seed) and K1563 (small seed). By screening 11 551 SSR primers between two parents, 149 primer pairs were detected polymorphic and used for F2 population analysis. This SSR‐based genetic linkage map consisted of 15 linkage groups with 128 SSR. The map encompassed 1587 cM with an average genetic distance of 12.4 cM. The genetic map generated in this study will be beneficial for genetic studies of faba bean for identification of marker‐locus‐trait associations as well as comparative mapping among faba bean, pea and grasspea.
Metabolite analysis of the effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization on the association between tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) and its fungal symbiont Neotyphodium coenophialum
Authors: RYAN GERALDINE D. , RASMUSSEN SUSANNE , XUE HONG , PARSONS ANTHONY J. , NEWMAN JONATHAN A.
Published: June 2013

Atmospheric CO2 is expected to increase to between 550 ppm and 1000 ppm in the next century. CO2‐induced changes in plant physiology can have ecosystem‐wide implications and may alter plant‐plant, plant‐herbivore and plant‐symbiont interactions. We examined the effects of three concentrations of CO2 (390, 800 and 1000 ppm) and two concentrations of nitrogen fertilizer (0.004 g N/week versus 0.2 g N/week) on the physiological response of Neotyphodium fungal endophyte‐infected and uninfected tall fescue plants. We used quantitative PCR to estimate the concentration of endophyte under altered CO2 and N conditions. We found that elevated CO2 increased the concentration of water‐soluble carbohydrates and decreased the concentration of plant total amino acids in plants. Fungal‐derived alkaloids decreased in response to elevated CO2 and increased in response to nitrogen fertilization. Endophyte concentration (expressed as the number of copies of an endophyte‐specific gene per total genomic DNA) increased under elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization. The correlation between endophyte concentration and alkaloid production observed at ambient conditions was not observed under elevated CO2. These results suggest that nutrient exchange dynamics important for maintaining the symbiotic relationship between fungal endophytes and their grass hosts may be altered by changes in environmental variables such as CO2 and nitrogen fertilization.
Validating The Supporting Structure of A Parabolic Solar Collector Using Close Range Photogrammetry
Authors: Roca‐Pardiñas Javier , Ordóñez Celestino , García‐Cortés Silverio , Bello Antonio
Published: June 2013

The optical efficiency of parabolic trough collectors depends on their geometric agreement with the parabolic profile design which, in turn, largely depends on the structure supporting the collector. A method for assessing the degree of agreement between the measured geometry and the theoretical design surface is described, which takes into account uncertainty in the point coordinates and is based on kernel smoothing and bootstrapping methods. The technique was applied to a 12 m long parabolic trough collector module with a newly designed supporting structure. The analysis revealed that there were significant differences between the estimated and theoretical surfaces in several parts of the collector.
Optimal Selling Mechanism, Auction Discounts and Time on Market
Authors: Gan Quan
Published: June 2013

This article examines the optimal selling mechanism problem in real estate market using mean‐variance analysis and downside risk analysis. When sellers can choose between accepting the first offer above a reservation price or auctions (waiting an optimal and fixed time), sellers having higher risk aversion choose auctions and wait a fixed time while sellers having lower risk aversion choose an optimal reservation price and wait a random time. Positive auction discounts are compensated by reduced risks, and there exists a connection between liquidity risk and conditional auction discount. More (Fewer) sellers will choose to sell their houses through auctions in a hot (cold) market or when holding cost increases (decreases). When sellers choose auctions, sellers having higher risk aversion who have lower holding cost wait longer and obtain higher sale price. Loss‐averse sellers unanimously choose the mechanism of setting an optimal reservation price.
Pattern of sedimentary infilling of fossil mammal traps formed in pseudokarst at Cerro de los Batallones, Madrid Basin, central Spain
Authors: Calvo José P. , Pozo Manuel , Silva Pablo G. , Morales Jorge
Published: June 2013

Fossil mammal sites of late Miocene age (ca 9 Ma) occur in hourglass‐shaped, non‐interconnected cavities up to 15 m deep, hosted in mudstone (mostly sepiolite), chert and carbonate bedrock in Cerro de los Batallones. This paper provides a model for the sedimentary infilling of the cavities, which functioned as traps for vertebrate faunas and contain one of the richest and best preserved Neogene mammal assemblages of the Iberian Peninsula. Generation of the mammal‐bearing cavities started with the solution of underlying evaporites, which resulted in fissures that were subsequently enlarged by subsurface piping, a process rarely preserved in the ancient sedimentary record. The system of subterranean cavities evolved into a pseudokarst landscape, resulting in doline‐like shafts reaching the ancient land surface. The sedimentary infilling of the cavities comprises both clastic and carbonate lithofacies that were investigated by outcrop observation, standard and scanning electron microscope petrography, mineralogical analysis, and stable isotope geochemistry. Gravel and breccia talus deposits, clast and mud‐supported gravel, pebbly sandstone and mudstone are common detrital infill deposits mostly derived by overflow erosion of bedrock. The deposits containing the mammal bones are marls, and occur both in subsurface cavities and doline‐like depressions. In the underground cavities, marlstone was mainly of clastic origin and accumulated in ponds scattered over the floor of the cavity. In contrast, marlstone deposits in the surface dolines formed mostly as a result of biochemical carbonate deposition in small shallow lakes subjected to fluctuation of the water level. The δ18O and δ13C carbonate values indicate different origins for the two kinds of marls. During the final phases of pipe infill the doline marlstone sealed the mammal sites, usually off‐lapping the adjacent bedrock.
Trials and Tribulations: The ‘Use’ (and ‘Misuse’) of Evidence in Public Policy
Authors: Deeming Christopher
Published: June 2013

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are increasingly playing a central role in shaping policy for development. By comparison, social experimentation has not driven the great transformation of welfare within the developed world. This introduces a range of issues for those interested in the nature of research evidence for making policy. In this article we will seek a greater understanding of why the RCT is increasingly seen as the ‘gold standard’ for policy experiments in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), but not in the more advanced liberal democracies, and we will explore the implications of this. One objection to the use of RCTs, however can be cost, but implementing policies and programmes without good evidence or a good understanding of their effectiveness is unlikely to be a good use of resources either. Other issues arise. Trials are often complex to run and ethical concerns often arise in social ‘experiments’ with human subjects. However, rolling out untested policies may also be morally objectionable. This article sheds new light on the relationship between evidence and evaluation in public policy in both the global north and developing south. It also tackles emerging issues concerning the ‘use’ and ‘misuse’ of evidence and evaluation within public policy.
Understanding the Influence of Evidence in Public Health Policy: What Can We Learn from the ‘Tobacco Wars’?
Authors: Smith K. E.
Published: June 2013

Public health is overtly policy‐orientated and there is widespread support for the notion that health policies should be strongly informed by evidence. Despite this, studies consistently find that public health policies are not evidence‐based. This is often explained by reference to popular theories about research‐policy relations which highlight, amongst other things, the communicative gaps between academics and policymakers, the centrality of values (or politics) to decision‐making and the efforts by external interests to influence policy outcomes. Employing the ‘tobacco wars’ as a case study, with a particular focus on theUK, this article explores how tobacco control advocates and tobacco industry interests have attempted to influence policy and how, in so doing, each has sought to enrol evidence. Whilst accepting that evidence has played an important role in tobacco policy development, the article challenges claims that the implementation of tobacco control policies can be attributed to evidence. Turning to value‐orientated and network‐based approaches to conceptualizing policy development, the article demonstrates both the importance of values and the complex nature of coalitions. However, it argues that this approach needs to be supplemented by an ideational understanding of policy change, which pays attention to the ways in which arguments and evidence are constructed and framed. The article also suggests there are signs that the two ‘coalitions’ involved in the ‘tobacco wars’ may be unravelling. Overall, the ‘tobacco wars’ serve to highlight the complex relationship between evidence and policy, offering some insights for those interested in studying or improving the use of evidence in policy.
Public Opinion and Policy‐making
Authors: Pawson Ray , Wong Geoff
Published: June 2013

‘Evidence‐based policy’ often uses systematic reviews of existing research on the effectiveness of interventions to provide guidance for policymakers. When applied to gauging public support for interventions, there are two stumbling blocks – opinion data on contentious issues are volatile and prone to measurement error, and the barometer of public opinion should be set for the present rather than reflecting sentiments of other times. Despite these impediments, systematic reviews are a useful tool. Authoritative evidence to support policy is not a matter of taking contemporary, error‐free snapshots of public opinion but derives from building and testing explanation of how public attitudes arise. We make this case via a review of public support for legislation banning smoking in cars carrying children.
Understanding Employment Barriers for Lone Parents in GreatBritain: Research Gaps and Missed Opportunities
Authors: Haux Tina
Published: June 2013

A key feature of the previous Labour government inBritain was the large increase in government‐sponsored research as part of its wider commitment to evidence‐based policy‐making. This article focuses on one area of government‐sponsored research as a case study to examine the relationship between research evidence, policy ideas and programme evaluation. The case study chosen for this article is research on lone parents not in work commissioned by theDepartment forWork andPensions between 1997 and 2010. Following a brief review of the research, the main shortcomings in our understanding of the employment barriers for lone parents as well as the reasons for these shortcomings are identified and discussed. The reasons explaining the lack of progress are related to both the content of the research as well as the institutional set‐up of research commissioning in government. The article concludes by drawing lessons from this case study to improve the quality and potential usefulness of research for policy‐making in the short and medium term.
Comparative analysis of MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathway activation and inhibition in human and canine melanoma
Authors: Fowles J. S. , Denton C. L. , Gustafson D. L.
Published: June 2013

The lack of advanced animal models of human cancers is considered a barrier to developing effective therapeutics. Canine and human melanomas are histologically disparate but show similar disease progression and response to therapies. The purpose of these studies was to compare human and canine melanoma tumours and cell lines regarding MAPK and PI3K/AKT signalling dysregulation, and response to select molecularly targeted agents. Pathway activation was investigated via microarray and mutational analysis. Growth inhibition and cell cycle effects were assessed for pathway inhibitors AZD6244 (MAPK) and rapamycin (PI3K/AKT) in human and canine melanoma cells. Human and canine melanoma share similar differential gene expression patterns within the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. Constitutive pathway activation and similar sensitivity to AZD6244 and rapamycin was observed in human and canine cells. These results show that human and canine melanoma share activation and sensitivity to inhibition of cancer‐related signalling pathways despite differences in activating mutations.
Comparative anatomy of the ophthalmic rete and its relationship to ocular blood flow in three species of marine mammal
Authors: Ninomiya Hiroyoshi , Imamura Emi , Inomata Tomo
Published: June 2013

Objective

To examine the blood supply to the eyes of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), spotted seal (Phoca largha), and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Emphasis is placed on exploring the anatomic function in the context of aquatic life.

Procedure

Methyl methacrylate casts were prepared and studied using a scanning electron microscope. Infrared images of the eye were recorded using a thermocamera.

Results

In all three marine species, blood is supplied to the ophthalmic rete. The main source of blood supply to the rete is the basilar rete via the spinal rete in the dolphin and via the ophthalmic artery in the seal and sea lion. The retinal and choroidal arteries are derived from the rete. The dolphin rete showed a very well‐developed arterial network occupying most of the orbit. The rete in pinnipeds was less developed with several entwining arteries, unlike that in cetaceans. Thermographic examination revealed that the eye shows a higher degree of thermal emission than adjacent areas of the skin in these 3 species.

Discussion

The role of the rete in aquatic mammals appears to conserve ocular temperature so that the appropriate operating temperature for photoreceptors and ocular muscles can be maintained in a cold ambient temperature. Additionally, the rete might have a flow‐damping effect by maintaining resistance to blood flow in the orbit. This study highlights the special nature of ocular vascular anatomy and function that enabled the unique adaptation of aquatic mammals to life in aquatic habitats.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Lotus-Type Porous Metals
Authors: Muramatsu Kenshiro , Ide Takuya , Nakajima Hideo , Eaton John K.
Published: June 2013

Metal foams are of interest for heat transfer applications because of their high surface-to-volume ratio and high convective heat transfer coefficients. However, conventional open-cell foams have high pressure drop and low net thermal conductivity in the direction normal to a heated surface due to the fully random structure. This paper examines heat transfer elements made by stacking thin layers of lotus metal which have many small pores aligned in the flow direction. The reduction in randomness reduces the pressure drop and increases the thermal conduction compared to conventional metal foams. Experimental results are presented for the heat transfer performance of two types of lotus metal fins, one with a deterministic pattern of machined holes and one with a random hole pattern made by a continuous casting technique. The layer spacing, the hole diameter, the porosity, and the flow Reynolds number were all varied. The measurements show that spacing between fin layers and the relative alignment of pores in successive fins can have a substantial effect on the heat transfer performance.
Viscous Corrections for the Viscous Potential Flow Analysis of Rayleigh–Taylor Instability With Heat and Mass Transfer
Authors: Awasthi Mukesh Kumar
Published: June 2013

Viscous corrections for the viscous potential flow analysis of Rayleigh–Taylor instability of two viscous fluids when there is heat and mass transfer across the interface have been considered. Both fluids are taken as incompressible and viscous with different kinematic viscosities. In viscous potential flow theory, viscosity enters through a normal stress balance and the effects of shearing stresses are completely neglected. We include the viscous pressure in the normal stress balance along with irrotational pressure and it is assumed that this viscous pressure will resolve the discontinuity of the tangential stresses at the interface of the two fluids. It has been observed that heat and mass transfer has a stabilizing effect on the stability of the system. It has been shown that the irrotational viscous flow with viscous corrections gives rise to exactly the same dispersion relation as the dissipation method in which no pressure term is required and the viscous effect is accounted for by evaluating viscous dissipation using irrotational flow. It has been observed that the inclusion of irrotational shearing stresses has a stabilizing effect on the stability of the system.
Heat Transfer Performance for a Falling-Film on Horizontal Flat Tubes
Authors: Wang X. F. , Hrnjak P. S. , Elbel S. , Jacobi A. M. , He M. G.
Published: June 2013

Local and average heat transfer behavior for a falling film on horizontal flat tubes is explored through an experimental approach. Experiments are conducted using water, ethylene glycol, and their mixture (50% by volume) under different heat fluxes and tube spacing, with a range of flow rates that covers all flow modes. It is found that the local heat transfer coefficient decreases with distance from the top of the tube. The distribution of the heat transfer coefficient along the axial direction depends on the flow mode: it is constant for the sheet mode, shows small variations for the jet mode, and has variations as large as 20% for the droplet mode. Heat flux has almost no effect on the average Nusselt number within the experimental range. The average Nusselt number for the flat tube is close to that for round tubes in the droplet flow mode, however, in the jet and sheet modes the flat-tube Nusselt number is much larger than the round-tube Nusselt number. Boundary-layer theory is used to explain the local heat transfer coefficient distribution and the experimental data show good agreement with the boundary-layer theory for most cases. New curve fits for the average heat transfer coefficient for three flow modes at different tube spacing are provided and the maximum deviation of the data from the fit is less than 14%.
Mixed Convection Over a Horizontal Plate With Streamwise Non-Uniform Surface Temperature Distribution
Authors: Hasan Muhammad Noman , Saha Suvash C. , Gu Y. T.
Published: June 2013

Numerical investigation on mixed convection of a two-dimensional incompressible laminar flow over a horizontal flat plate with streamwise sinusoidal distribution of surface temperature has been performed for different values of Rayleigh number, Reynolds number and frequency of periodic temperature for constant Prandtl number and amplitude of periodic temperature. Finite element method adapted to rectangular nonuniform mesh elements by a nonlinear parametric solution algorithm basis numerical scheme has been employed. The investigating parameters are the Rayleigh number, the Reynolds number and frequency of periodic temperature. The effect of variation of individual investigating parameters on mixed convection flow characteristics has been studied to observe the hydrodynamic and thermal behavior for while keeping the other parameters constant. The fluid considered in this study is air with Prandtl number 0.72. The results are obtained for the Rayleigh number range of 102 to 104, Reynolds number ranging from 1 to 100 and the frequency of periodic temperature from 1 to 5. Isotherms, streamlines, average and local Nusselt numbers are presented to show the effect of the different values of aforementioned investigating parameters on fluid flow and heat transfer.
The Dynamics of Bubble Growth at Medium-High Superheat: Boiling in an Infinite Medium and on a Wall
Authors: Haustein Herman D. , Gany Alon , Dietze Georg F. , Elias Ezra , Kneer Reinhold
Published: June 2013

At high superheat, bubble growth is rapid and the heat transfer is dominated by radial convection. This has been found, in the case of a droplet boiling within another liquid and in the case of a bubble growing on a heated wall, leading to similar bubble growth curves. Based on an experimental parametric study for the droplet-boiling case, an empirical model was developed for the prediction of bubble growth, within the radial convection dominated regime (the RCD model) occurring only at high superheat. This model suggests a dependence of R∼t1/3—equivalent to a Nusselt number decreasing over time (Nu∼t−1/3), as opposed to R∼t1/2 —equivalent to a highly-unlikely constant Nusselt number, in most other models. The new model provides accurate prediction for both the droplet boiling and nucleate pool boiling cases, in the medium-high superheat range (0.26<Ste <0.41, 0.19<Ste<0.30, accordingly). By comparison, the new RCD model shows a more consistent prediction, than previous empirical models. However, in the nucleate boiling case, the RCD model requires the foreknowledge of the departure diameter, for which a reliable model still is lacking.
An Experimental Investigation of the Heat Transfer Performance of an Oscillating Heat Pipe With Copper Oxide (CuO) Microstructure Layer on the Inner Surface
Authors: Ji Yulong , Xu Chen , Ma Hongbin , Xinxiang Pan
Published: June 2013

This paper presents an experimental investigation of whether heat transfer performance in an oscillating heat pipe (OHP) would improve if the inner surface of the heat pipe was coated with a layer of copper oxide (CuO). The OHP had six turns and three sections, i.e., evaporator, condenser, and adiabatic section with lengths of 40 mm, 64 mm, and 51 mm, respectively. The cleaned copper tubing was chemically treated with a chemical solution and heated in a furnace. A microstructure layer of CuO was formed in the inner surface of the OHP with K2S2O8 and KOH. The working fluid in this study was water with filling ratios ranging from 40% to 70%. The experimental results show that the CuO microstructure layer is superhydrophilic and can enhance the OHP heat transfer performance. The investigation results in a new way to enhance the heat transfer performance of an OHP.
Magnetohydrodynamic Mixed Convection of a Cu-Water Nanofluid in a Vertical Channel
Authors: Raisi A. , Aminossadati S. M. , Ghasemi B.
Published: June 2013

This technical brief numerically examines the mixed convection heat transfer of a Cu-water nanofluid in a parallel-plate vertical channel that is influenced by a magnetic field. An upward flow of Cu-water nanofluid enters the channel at a relatively low temperature and a uniform velocity. It is found that the magnetic field has dissimilar effects on the heat transfer rate at different Richardson numbers. The increase of solid volume fraction results in an increase of the heat transfer rate especially at low Richardson numbers.
Developing and Fully Developed Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Through Concentric Annuli
Authors: Sefid Mohammad , Izadpanah Ehsan
Published: June 2013

Developing and fully developed laminar flows of power law fluid with forced convection heat transfer through a concentric annular duct are numerically analyzed. The results are presented for the following ranges: 0.2 ≤ n ≤ 1.8 (power law index), 10 ≤ Re ≤ 1000 (Reynolds number), and r* = 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 (aspect ratio). In addition, the influences of different thermal boundary conditions on the thermal performance are delineated. The effects of rheological parameter on the developing length, friction factor, temperature distribution, velocity profile, and Nusselt number along the channel length are investigated. The results are compared with earlier research and excellent agreement was observed.
Structure of the Repulsive Guidance Molecule (RGM)–Neogenin Signaling Hub
Authors: Bell Christian H. , Healey Eleanor , van Erp Susan , Bishop Benjamin , Tang Chenxiang , Gilbert Robert J.C. , Aricescu A. Radu , Pasterkamp R. Jeroen , Siebold Christian
Published: June 2013

RGM Proteins

Members of the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family of proteins can be secreted or reside on the surface of cells where they bind to the cell surface receptor, neogenin. The RGM proteins are named for their role in axon guidance for developing neurons, but their function is also linked to a range of human diseases, including inflammation, multiple sclerosis, and cancer.

Bell
et al.

(p.
77
) solved the crystal structures of the external portions of the RGMB protein with portions of neogenin. The structures revealed interactions of dimers of RGMB with neogenin in which ligand binding induced conformational changes that may initiate intracellular signaling from the receptor. RGM proteins contain a site of autocatalytic cleavage that affects secretion of the proteins, and some disease-associated mutations in RGM proteins were clustered at this site.
Varied Response of Western Pacific Hydrology to Climate Forcings over the Last Glacial Period
Authors: Carolin Stacy A. , Cobb Kim M. , Adkins Jess F. , Clark Brian , Conroy Jessica L. , Lejau Syria , Malang Jenny , Tuen Andrew A.
Published: June 2013

Borneo Paleohydrology

Climate records of the last glacial cycle provide a good picture of how climate changed at high and middle latitudes, but fewer records of the tropics are available.

Carolin
et al.

(p.
1564
, published online 6 June) present data from a suite of precisely dated stalagmites from Borneo that reveal how the western tropical Pacific region behaved between 100,000 and 15,000 years ago, a period during which many abrupt climate changes occurred in other parts of the world. While the hydroclimate of Borneo changed in response to precessional forcing, it responded only weakly to the forces that produced glacial-interglacial changes in global climate.
A Secreted PTEN Phosphatase That Enters Cells to Alter Signaling and Survival
Authors: Hopkins Benjamin D. , Fine Barry , Steinbach Nicole , Dendy Meaghan , Rapp Zachary , Shaw Jacquelyn , Pappas Kyrie , Yu Jennifer S. , Hodakoski Cindy , Mense Sarah , Klein Joshua , Pegno Sarah , Sulis Maria-Luisa , Goldstein Hannah , Amendolara Benjamin , Lei Liang , Maurer Matthew , Bruce Jeffrey , Canoll Peter , Hibshoosh Hanina , Parsons Ramon
Published: June 2013

PTEN Variations

The product of the tumor suppressor gene
phosphate and tensin homolog on chromosome ten
(
PTEN)
is a lipid and protein phosphatase that regulates important cellular processes, including growth, survival, and metabolism (see the Perspective by

Leslie and Brunton

). Though PTEN is best known for effects on the phosphatidylnositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, the PTEN protein is also found in the nucleus.

Bassi
et al.

(p.
395
) found that PTEN's presence in the nucleus was regulated in response to covalent modification of the protein by SUMOylation and phosphorylation. Cells lacking nuclear PTEN showed increased sensitivity to DNA damage and underwent cell death if the PI3K pathway was also inhibited.

Hopkins
et al.

(p.
399
, published online 6 June) discovered an alternative translation start site in human PTEN messenger RNA that allowed expression of a protein, PTEN-Long, with about 170 extra amino acids. The unusual enzyme was released from cells and then taken up into other cells. In a mouse tumor model, uptake of the enzyme inhibited the PI3K pathway and inhibited tumor growth.
Disturbance of motor development: a manifestation of stroke in early childhood
Authors: Oliveira R S , Nobre S , Antunes J , Campos J
Published: June 2013

Stroke has been recognised more frequently in children and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It usually has an acute presentation, characterised by focal neurological signs, headache, altered state of consciousness or seizures. We report the case of an 18-month-male child with motor development disturbance, gait difficulty and preferential use of the left arm with right hemiparesis at clinical exam. Brain MRI showed an extensive damage involving corona radiata, thalamus, posterior arm of the internal capsule and left lenticular nucleus with atrophic retraction of the adjacent cerebrospinal fluid pathways, suggesting old ischaemic injury of the middle cerebral artery territory. Causal research pointed out at methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T heterozygosity. He was referenced to physiotherapy and paediatric neurology consultation with favourable evolution and no recurrence of ischaemic events. Stroke is a relatively rare phenomenon in children; however, we have to consider it as a diagnosis in the presence of focal neurological deficits. MTHFR C677T mutation is considered a prothrombotic factor; however, in the absence of hyperhomocysteinaemia, no direct therapeutic approach is necessary.