bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alexander the Great in the Jerusalem Talmud and Genesis Rabbah: a critique of Roman power, greed and cruelty
Authors: Wilfand Yael
Published: May 2020

Tales and traditions about Alexander the Great were popular throughout the Greco-Roman world. These sources present wide-ranging accounts of Alexander and his character, with the aim of delivering messages on numerous subjects, including power and its limits. Rabbinic literature also presents more than one perspective on Alexander. The earliest rabbinic narratives about Alexander take the form of two passages in the Jerusalem Talmud: Avodah Zarah 3:1, 42c and Baba Metzi‘a 2:4, 8c. In this paper, I re-evaluate these two talmudic tales and Genesis Rabbah 33:1 to demonstrate that they use the figure of Alexander to criticize Rome, specifically to refute the Roman illusion of unlimited power and its claim to a superior legal system, which in practice it justified enriching the emperor’s coffers over protecting the lives of ordinary people. While scholars have viewed the mention of Alexander as a symbol of the Hellenistic world, and even the Greco-Roman world, the placement of these tales in a context that criticizes Rome is rarely considered.
Jewish books and Roman readers: censorship, authorship, and the rabbinic library
Authors: Dohrmann Natalie B.
Published: May 2020

In this essay I use the imperial library as a figure of the dynamic reading practices of an imperial elite and to frame the early rabbis’ own relationship to the book. The rabbis, like Aristeas and Josephus writing in Greek, I will argue, are significantly affected by the imagined imperial reader and his library. Their language, genres, media, and content are similarly created in relationship to them. Key elements distinguishing tannaitic literature from antecedent Jewish literatures are some of the very things that align them with Roman literary culture: (1) a heightened sense of the authority of the book, and a belated and deferential stance to the book-based knowledge manifested in careful attention to wording, precision, and citation as driving mode of creation/composition; (2) a sense of foreboding in the face of the proliferation of knowledge, and an attempt to manage it; and (3) the emergence of the real person from behind the pseudepigraph, and the concurrent elevation of the human scholar-expert, who curates and brokers knowledge, and functions in his person as a sort of walking library. In highlighting these parallels I hope to communicate that rabbis are not prima fascia an inversion of the imperial, an outlier, or special case. Indeed, they are facing down some of the same challenges that vex Pliny, and in this way they are fellow travellers. And yet even as they shape a Roman-inflected literacy, the rabbis curtail imperial logic, and move dramatically to thwart it. The primary gestures of this recusal are three: a contraction of the sacred library and a concomitant censorship of both Jewish and non-Jewish books; a refusal to trace non-Scriptural knowledge to books; and the refusal of authorship – they not only don’t depict themselves writing, but they do not attribute works to individual persons. In sum, the rabbis’ unusual focus on the book – the ways they reify the textuality of one small corpus, while stigmatizing the authorizing power of all others – deviates from the book-centered Jewish imagination that preceded them. Looking at the rabbinic project through the lens of the Roman book consumer, for whom the production and circulation of books was central to intellectual life, we might draw together a set of related aversions: in saying no to knowledge derived from books, no to writing, no to authorship, to Greek and Aramaic and most antecedent genres, the early rabbis create a literary cosmos that confronts the Roman reader/librarian with daunting barriers.
Roman power through Rabbinic eyes: tragedy or comedy?
Authors: Hayes Christine
Published: May 2020

This paper considers the impact of Roman power on the rabbinic perception of history. It argues that while many rabbis continued to view history as a divine comedy arcing towards a happy ending, some suspected that they were players in a dark tragedy. This tragic view, prompted by the encounter with Roman brutality, finds expression in Elisha ben Abuyah’s declaration that there is no moral order to the universe and no resurrection of the dead (p. Ḥag 2:1); in the ministering angels’ outrage over the execution of R. Akiva (b. Ber 61b); in God’s response to the same outrage expressed by Moses (b. Men 29b); and in Rav’s view of the ultimate fate of Rome and Persia (b. Yoma 10a). Interpreted through the lens of the ancient fraternal rivalry between Jacob and Esau, Roman power awakened a deep-seated fear that Esau’s alienated birthright was being restored at Jacob’s expense. Rabbinic anxiety over the identity of the chosen son and the blurred moral distinction between these twinned peoples, is featured in two eschatological fantasies: one in which God behaves like a cruel Roman tyrant (b. AvodZar 2a-3b) and another in which David – that most Roman of Israelite kings – is elevated, against all moral logic, over the pious heroes of old (b. Pes 119a).
"Christianity": a response to Roman-Jewish conflict
Authors: Vinzent Markus
Published: May 2020

The beginning of Christianity is often associated with biblical protagonists (Jesus, Paul, the Apostles etc.) and often linked to historical events taking place around the mid-1st century. This article takes a different view, beginning with the assumption that what was later called "Christianity" should not be anachronistically projected back onto the first century. Even though it built on gradual developments taking place over the course of 140 years, "Christianity" was a novel concept, no older than the end of the Bar Kokhba revolt (135 CE). As most of the early "Christian" writings cannot be dated with certainty, we do not know whether Jews started calling themselves "Christians" prior to this time. The first texts to report such self-descriptions are Marcion’s Antitheses from around the year 144 CE and Ignatius’ Letters (middle recension) which together, and supported by growing scholarship, I take to be from after the mid second century. Before this point, "Christian" texts describe the word as a deprecating exonym (Acts 26:28 attributes use of the term to a cynical Agrippa; 1 Peter 4:16 associates "Christian" with suffering and shame). In what follows I hope to show why and how Marcion created "Christianity" as a label for a third way between Jerusalem and Rome, an innovation which proved successful and was quickly picked up by a number of "apologists" in the late years of Hadrian and the early years of Antoninus Pius.
The realisation of the constitutional principles - the right to good administration and the right to legal remedy - in Hungary
Authors: Bekesi Nóra , Pollak Kitti
Published: May 2020

The paper aims to present the realisation of two procedural principles – the right to good administration and the right to legal remedy – regulated also in the Fundamental Law of Hungary, which entered into force on 1st January 2012. The right to legal remedy has been a constitutional principle since the change of regime (in 1989) and the right to good administration has been constitutionally named only by the Fundamental Law of Hungary. The actuality of the paper is the fact that in Hungary from the 1st of January 2018 completely new codes regulate the general public administrative procedures and the administrative justice. Based on these Acts, a new legal remedy system has been introduced regarding administrative decisions in which the judicial review procedures became – instead of the internal administrative appeal procedures – in most of the cases the firstly used legal remedy possibility regarding administrative decisions. After a short overview of the new legal remedy system which has been introduced regarding administrative decisions, the paper presents the constitutional basis of the right to good administration and the right to legal remedy. Finally, we analyse in detail the latest and most relevant decisions of the Constitutional Court of Hungary and some cases of the Curia of Hungary about the practice of the direct enforcement of the constitutional principles: the right to good administration and the right to legal remedy regarding administrative decisions.
Failure to repatriate funds in foreign currency from abroad and modern issues of currency regulation
Authors: Stepanov Oleg , Pechegin Denis
Published: May 2020

The monetary policy of the European Union has recently undergone changes that cannot but have an impact on national economies. Thus, starting in 2018, the new rules for calculating the liquidity of banks and the ratio of borrowed funds to assets will come into full force in the European Union. Several large banks in France, dissatisfied with the policy of the European Central Bank (ECB), even appealed to the European Court of Justice for a change in the rules. Meanwhile, this is another step towards establishing financial transparency and strengthening the banking system. Meanwhile, at the international level, uncertainty still remains over issues of currency and legal responsibility, which is largely due to various legal regulations. In most cases, companies that carry out foreign economic activity violate currency legislation. At the same time, civil measures may not be sufficient to protect the normal functioning and development of the domestic foreign exchange market.
General commercial terms and standard-form contracts in international business relations
Authors: Malacka Michal
Published: May 2020

The present paper discusses the importance of general commercial terms and business conditions as basis for the conclusion of commercial contracts. The paper describes the historical development of general commercial terms and the increasing importance of individually stipulated standard-form contracts as well as the influence of both legal sources on the contract practice in international trade. The notion “general commercial terms” (abbr. GCT) designates proposals for standard contracts as produced in many cases by neutral experts of national and international organizations, whereas the notions “terms of business” or “general terms of business” refer to standardform contracts which one party to a contract or both submit and which are accepted by the parties as basis of their negotiations. Subsequently, the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of general commercial terms on the one hand, and individually negotiated terms of business on the other will be identified. The paper also distinguishes general contract conditions according to their types and formations, both from the point of view of international law and with regard to Czech statute law, as it is established mainly in the Civil Code. However, this paper does not only present the legal issues affiliated with the employment of general commercial terms and “parties’ terms of business”, it also focuses on the economic aspects of the use of established contract forms and conditions. Likewise, the paper is working out the areas where general commercial terms are applied in international trade and it points at important international organizations that work with, or contribute to, general commercial terms, such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) etc. Thus, the work shall demonstrate the importance and indispensability of general contract terms and individually submitted and negotiated terms of business in the trade of goods, whether international or national.
A Commentary on the prohibition of alcohol advertising in Lithuania in relation to minors
Authors: Džačková Marianna
Published: May 2020

The Republic of Lithuania enacted new alcohol legislation, which includes many alcohol beverages control measures. One of the most controversial was the ban of alcohol advertising in mass media, which provoked negative reactions of alcohol market and foreign media. This rule triggered whole-society discussion about the positive impact on society, especially minors. The author analyses the enacted Lithuanian regulation and different opinions, as well as the comparison with the broadcasting regulation of alcohol advertising in the Slovak Republic which has similar world position in international drinking ratings.
Perspectives of use of a trust fund as a form of investment under legal and economic conditions of the financial market in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Katkovčin Maroš
Published: May 2020

An institute of a trust fund is not de lege lata in the legal conditions of the Slovak Republic regulated by law. This article focuses on the analysis of perspectives of use of the trust fund as a potential form of investment under specific legal and economic conditions of the financial market in the Slovak Republic in a context of prospected recodification of the Civil Code. The analysis is based on the comparative study of transformation of the traditional common law legal system institute ofthe trust fund into the legal order of the Czech Republic with particular focus on its use as a form of investment. The author identifies potentially problematic legal aspects of enactment of the pertinent institute to the legal order of the Slovak Republic and presents his views on potential of the trust fund to be used as a collective investment scheme.
Wither the social security and the welfare state in the 21st century - A relic or necessity?
Authors: Macková Zuzana
Published: May 2020

Article provides for an overview of core terms, definitions and recent developments in the area of social rights and social security in context of Central and Eastern Europe, with focus on Slovakia. It advocates for protection of social standards through the universalist, social-democratic model of welfare state, in order to uphold and enhance democracy and human rights in the region, with a view of their genuine, daily realisation and enjoyment by everyone and all.
Alf Ross and his legal philosophy
Authors: Meteňkanyč Olexij
Published: May 2020

The article has the ambition to present basic information of Alf Ross’s legal philosophy, focusing on his understanding of validity of law, concept of rights, coercion in law, as well as the purpose of the legal science from his point of view as a representative of Scandinavian Legal Realism. In addition, within the article principal facts concerning life of Alf Ross and also list of his most important publications are presented.
The Digital tax system in the light of GDPR
Authors: Daňko Martin , Žárská Petra
Published: May 2020

The digital tax system is becoming extremely essential in the modern world. As we look at the system itself as a great benefit for its users and states as well, we tend to forget the role of personal data within it. Personal data play crucial role in the errorless digital tax system. The new regulation of EU, General Data Protection Regulation is addressing processing of personal data within the state administration of EU member states. The aim of this article is to examine the effect of GDPR on the digital tax system and encourage wide academic and public discussion in relation to processing of personal data in the digital tax system.
The 2015 nationwide referendum in Poland memes
Authors: Marczewska Maria
Published: May 2020

The aim of the article is to analyze memes associated with the nationwide referendum of 6 September 2015 in Poland. The memes are treated as part of the media discourse. Media discourse encompasses part of public discourse. In the broad sense, we are dealing with a collection of statements functioning in the public space and concerning a specific problem or its scope. There will be analyzed memes connected such issues as the reason/reasons for ordering the referendum, referendum questions, the financial costs incurred, and the referendum turnout. The article is divided into two parts: 1) theoretical consists of mem and referendum definition; 2) practical consists of the 6 September 2015 referendum in Poland in memes analyse. In the course of the research such questions will be answered: whether the memes became part of the general overtone of the discourse; whether they presented the main themes of the discourse and how they did this; which elements of the discourse were emphasized in the memes and which were omitted. In the research process the main themes of the discourse were distinguished, which were reflected in the memes.
Attempt of classification of the publicisation of civil matters based on recent examples from Poland
Authors: Piszcz Anna
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this paper is to assess the phenomenon of the publicisation of civil matters in Poland against the background of the current legislation and the practice observed by the Author, as well as, based on the conducted analysis, to other a classification of the publicisation. The analysis is based on the following main elements. First, it attempts to provide an overview of what may be considered the most significant features for each of the examples of this phenomenon. Third, it looks at what the publicisation is driven by and whether there is a fiscal function provided for in its case. Fourth, it analyses available data to verify whether there are growing numbers of decisions taken in each category of the publicisation outlined in the paper.
Polish civil procedure: yesterday, today nad tomorrow-Some remarks about recent changes of procedural law in poland
Authors: Rylski Piotr
Published: May 2020

Polish civil procedural law is still the subject of numerous legislative changes. Only in recent years the Code of Civil Procedure has been amended over 30 times. These changes resulted from various reasons. Firstly, from the need of implementation of EU procedural law. Secondly, they were the result of the introduction of provisions aimed at adapting the code to modern technologies. Thirdly, changes aimed at speeding up the hearing of a civil case and at introducing some instruments to strengthen the protection of public interest in judicial proceedings. This article focuses on three selected examples and presents the discussion of the disputable issues that they have already arisen. Firstly, the topic of electronic process activities. It presents electronic pleadings, electronic delivery in trial, electronic judicial protocol and the possibility of presenting grounds of judgment in electronic form. Secondly, the new institution of a judgement rendered at closed session (in camera) was discussed. Thirdly, the article describes a new extraordinary complaint against final judgement, which can challenge any !nal judgment of a common court as a result of a prosecutor’s or other public-interest entity’s initiative.
Human History and Göbeklitepe
Authors: Bengisu Elif
Published: May 2020

Şanlıurfa is known as the lands of the dawn of civilization and is located in regions so called as “Fertile Crescent” in archeology literature. From primitive religions to monotheistic religions, all religions emerged in this region. The very first agricultural practices were performed in this region and writing was invented also in this region. The male sculpture, so called as “Urfa Man”, came across during the excavations made within the scope of “Balıklıgöl Landscape Project” in 1992 and sent to Urfa Museum, was dated back to circa 10.000 BC and recorded as the oldest naturalistic life-sized sculpture of a human in archeology literature. This sculpture proved that Balıklıgöl and surroundings in Urfa city center were settled toward the end of Paleolithic age about 12.000 years ago (10.000 BC). At the end of this age, humans left the hunter and nomadic lifestyle and passed into permanent settlements, they established the very first villages and initiated agricultural practices for the first time and became producer societies. This age is also known as the age in which primitive religions emerged for the first time. Therefore, Şanlıurfa has a great place in world culture in terms of history of religions, history of agriculture and faith tourism. In archaeological excavations conducted in Göbeklitepe close to city center under the chairmanship of Prof. Dr. Klaus Schmidt, the oldest temple of the world belonging to ends of Paleolithic Age dated back to 12.000 years ago (10.000 BC) was explored. Such an exploration proved that Şanlıurfa was the oldest center of the believers in the world. Before Göbekli Tepe, archaeological excavations were conducted in Nevali Çori of Hilvan Town and a square-planned temple of Neolithic Age dated back to 8.500-8.000 BC was explored. Therefore, Nevali Çori led up the Göbeklitepe excavations. In several archeological excavations conducted in Şanlıurfa region, schematic idols to which Chalcolithic and Old Bronze Age Societies worshipped were explored. Several violin-type idols depicting homiform gods explored in Titriş Höyük Necropolis of Bozova Town and exhibited in Şanlıurfa Museum.
Practice of Economic Integration of Small and Medium Enterprise in Manufacturing	Sector: The case of Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia
Authors: Abrehet Mehari  , Prof. Rovshan Guliev
Published: May 2020

This paper assesses the economic integration of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Tigray, Ethiopia. Focusing on strategies, enabling environment, competitiveness, and challenges of the economic integration of small and medium enterprises. The study was employed cross-sectional mixed approach method. The data were collected from sample of 148 SMEs selected based on proportional stratified sampling after a pilot test was conducted. Interviews with 15 leaders, 8 focus group discussions with SMEs council were conducted. The result indicates that SMEs contribution to create new job to citizens and change the living standard for others are insignificant. Lack of access to finance, work promising, market linkage, and quality and quantity input, problem of Peace and security among Region and outside, dependency mentality and rent seeking behavior of SMEs operators are challenges of SMEs. in addition, the commitment, attitude, and capacity of the leaders to support SMEs is weak. Thus, policies and strategies should review and adjust considering the current political situation and capacity building to operators and agency leaders are very critical. Finally, establishing special financial institutions and market supporting unit might help SME’s competitiveness. Work premises for production and market as well as infrastructure should be ready before the SMES established.
PROCESOS ADMINISTRATIVOS Y FINANCIEROS PARA LA PROVISIÓN DE LOS FONDOS DE JUBILACIÓN PATRONAL DE LA UNIVERSIDAD LAICA ELOY ALFARO DE MANABÍ
Authors: Barahona-Holguín Miguel Nemesio , Bello-Sabando Borisse
Published: May 2020

La jubilación patronal es un derecho de los trabajadores y una obligación de los empleadores, se encuentra normalizada en el Código de Trabajo en los artículos 216, 217, 218 y 219. En este sentido, las empresas e instituciones públicas y privadas deben garantizar un adecuado proceso de provisión de los fondos de jubilación. La Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí es un centro de educación superior, que como institución de carácter público prioriza los derechos de sus trabajadores y por lo tanto, desde esta IES se gestionan adecuadamente los recursos de los trabajadores sin afectar la disponibilidad financiera y los procesos administrativos sujetos a las normativas legales vigentes. Por otra parte, los informantes que participaron en la investigación mencionan que conocen el caso de varios ex trabajadores de la ULEAM que se jubilaron en la institución y han recibido su jubilación patronal a partir de los fondos destinados para estos fines. Además, en la revisión documental se demuestra que la Ley para la justicia laboral incide en las finanzas de las instituciones de educación de tercer nivel, debido a que con la nueva fórmula, el valor aportado por el empleador es mayor y el tiempo de servicio del trabajador disminuye.

Palabras clave: Administración, jubilación, seguridad social, finanzas, Ley.
Influences of gender and locale on teachers’ job satisfaction
Authors: Shrestha Milan
Published: May 2020

The gender and locale like personal attributes were associated with the Job satisfaction (JS) of school teachers.  This research examined the relationship between gender and JS across locale in school settings. This study followed a post-positivist paradigm with cross-sectional survey as the research design. The researcher used the survey questionnaire among 345 respondents by using cluster sampling and analyzed data with ‘t’ test. Meanwhile, social capital theory was incorporate to discuss the findings. Moreover, the female teachers from urban locale expressed high satisfaction in job than their male colleagues. In contrary, there is no difference in JS between male and female counterparts regarding rural locale except pay, incentive and benefits. However, this JS equipped teachers contribute to determine job effectiveness, high performances, and achievements.
Attitudes of secondary teacher trainees towards entrepreneurial education
Authors: Gairola Ravi Shankar
Published: May 2020

The present study aimed to analyze the attitudes of secondary teacher trainees towards entrepreneurial education. The sample of the present study comprised 100 Secondary teacher trainees from B.Ed. colleges of District Yamuna Nagar. In the present study for assessment of attitudes of secondary teacher trainees towards entrepreneurial educationquestionnaire was developed by the investigator himself. In order to accomplish the objectives of the present study, the descriptive survey method was considered appropriate for gathering data. t-test was used to analyze for comparing the attitudes of Teacher Trainee on basis of gender, social background, and academic discipline. The result revealed that thesecondaryteacher trainees almost exhibited better attitude towards entrepreneurial education.
Leveraging Technology to Promote Global Citizenship in Teacher Education in the United States and Brazil
Authors: Kopish Michael , Marques Welisson
Published: May 2020

With globalization and the increase of technology, collaborative work between institutions from different countries is a reality. Beginning in 2018, two teacher education programs, one in the United States and one in Brazil, developed a partnership to promote collaborative activities in curriculum and instruction, scholarship and research, and for student and faculty exchange. Critical pedagogy and social justice approaches to global citizenship education in teacher preparation guided the partnership’s collaborative activities toward the development of pre-service teachers’ global competencies and ability to integrate technologies as users and educators. This empirical research article presents an exploratory case study of a transnational, collaborative curricular project that leveraged technology in courses for pre-service teachers in the United States (n=12) and Brazil (n=10). The study explores the extent to which course content and activities facilitated pre-service teachers’ development of global competencies and ability to employ emerging technologies for learning and offers implications for practice.
Editorial: Technologization of Global Citizenship Education as Response to Challenges of Globalization
Authors: Rapoport Anatoli
Published: May 2020

Cultural, linguistic, and economic exchanges between communities, including nations, are as old as civilization itself, but only recently did such exchanges receive an appropriate and universally recognized name: globalization. Naming the process caused a significant shift in how globalization came to be perceived, and it has become an important issue in political agendas, economic policies, and cultural aspirations. In other words, globalization helped shape and refine debates about global interconnections and interdependence, universality of human rights, and the importance of economic and social justice.
ON QUASI NEWTON METHOD FOR SOLVING FUZZY NONLINEAR EQUATIONS
Authors: Omesa Umar A , Mamat Mustafa , Sulaiman Ibrahim M , Sukono Sukono
Published: May 2020

This paper presents Quasi Newton’s (QN) approach for solving fuzzy nonlinear equations. The method considers an approximation of the Jacobian matrix which is updated as the iteration progresses. Numerical illustrations are carried, and the results shows that the proposed method is very encouraging.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOME MODIFICATIONS OF CG METHODS UNDER EXACT LINE SEARCH
Authors: Salih Yasir , Mamat Mustafa , Sukono Sukono
Published: May 2020

Conjugate Gradient (CG) method is a technique used in solving nonlinear unconstrained optimization problems. In this paper, we analysed the performance of two modifications and compared the results with the classical conjugate gradient methods of. These proposed methods possesse global convergence properties for general functions using exact line search. Numerical experiments show that the two modifications are more efficient for the test problems compared to classical CG coefficients.
THE VALIDATION OF NEW FORMULA OF ISLAMIC HOME FINANCING AMONG FINANCE EXPERTISE’S
Authors: Binti Ghazali Puspa Liza , Syed Jaaffar Sharifah Arni binti
Published: May 2020

Islamic banks in Malaysia practiced a different type of shariah principle that may offer advantage and disadvantages to Islamic home financing’s customer. Instead of analyzing the percentage of acceptance to Barakah Model Islamic home financing among public, a set of questionnaires were distributed among Islamic financial expertise. Barakah model need to be validate as to check it is fit according to Islamic finance’s need or not. The Barakah model is designed to cater the lower income earners especially RM 3500 and below with extra benefit to protect the house owner if anything happens in future.
A GARCH APPROACH TO VaR CALCULATION IN FINANCIAL MARKET
Authors: Abdul Halim Nurfadhlina , Soeryana Endang , Kartiwa Alit
Published: May 2020

Value at Risk (VaR) has already becomes a standard measurement that must be carried out by financial institution for both internal interest and regulatory. VaR is defined as the value that portfolio will loss with a certain probability value and over a certain time horizon (usually one or ten days). In this paper we examine of VaR calculation when the volatility is not constant using generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH) model. We illustrate the method to real data from Indonesian financial market that is the stock of PT. Indosat Tbk.
STOCK PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS USING MARKOWITZ MODEL
Authors: Nur Safitri Indah Nur , Sudradjat Sudradjat , Lesmana Eman
Published: May 2020

A common problem that often occurs in investment is the selection of the optimal portfolio according to the wishes of investors. This thesis ueds the Markowitz Model as a basis to formed a model to choose the optimal portfolio that provided the lowest risk. Efforts to minimize risk were carried out by conducting a diversification strategy. After the selection of several companies with the criteria of capitalization value and DER (Debt Equity Ratio), a combination of stocks is formed to form a portfolio. The formed portfolio was then analyzed to determine the optimal proportion of each stock. Using the Markowitz model, which is then solved by Non Linear Programming, an optimal portfolio is obtained with the proportion of each stock minimizing risk. In general, the results of this analysis indicate that portfolios with more stocks will produce lower risks compared to portfolios with fewer stocks, thus providing optimal diversification solutions, namely portfolios with members of five stocks with optimal risk of 0.886%.
ბიზნეს-გარემოს რეგიონული ასპექტები: კონკურენტუნარიანობა და შესაძლებლობები
Authors: Tsinaridze Ramin , Mzhavanadze Nino
Published: May 2020

რამინ ცინარიძე
ბიზნესის მართვის დოქტორი
ბათუმის შოთა რუსთაველის ბათუმის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ასისტენტ-პროფესორი
ბათუმი, საქართველო
E-mail: ramin.tsinaridze@bsu.edu.ge
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0444-9740
 
ნინო მჟავანაძე
ბიზნესის ადმინისტრირების მაგისტრი
წმიდა ტბელ აბუსერისძის სახელობის სასწავლო უნივერსიტეტი
ბათუმი, საქართველო
E-mail: niniamzhavanadze@gmail.com
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7578-4733
 
მოკლე აღწერა
 
შესავალი. თანამედროვე სამყაროში ბიზნესს უდიდესი ად­გი­ლი უჭირავს, ვინაიდან მსოფლიო ეკონომიკა სწორედ ბიზნესზე დგას და ლოგიკურია, რომ ბიზნესი გახდა არამარტო კე­თილ­დღეობისა და ეკონომიკის განვითარების მნიშვნელოვანი და აუცილებელი წყარო, არამედ შესწავლის საგანი, რომელიც პროგ­რე­სით, სირთულეებითა და მუდმივი სიახლეებით ხასიათდება.
კვლევის ძირითადი მიზანია ბიზნესის განვითარების რეგ­ი­ო­ნული ასპექტების, კონკურენტუნარიანობისა და არსებული პოტენციალის, დარგთა თავისებურებებისა და მოქმედი ფაქტ­ო­რე­ბის გამოვლენა-გაანალიზება, ბიზნეს-სექტორის განვითარების ტენ­დენციების მიმოხილვა აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკის მაგ­ალითზე.
საკვლევი თემა ღირებული და საინტერესოა იმ თვალ­საზ­რი­სითაც, რომ როგორც ქვეყანა, ისე აჭარის ავტონომიური რეს­პუ­ბ­ლიკა კერძო სექტორის ჯერ კიდევ განვითარების ეტაპზეა, ბი­ზ­ნე­სი ჯერ კიდევ მუდმივ ცვლილებებთან შეგუების ეტაპს გადის და დინამიკის გარკვეულ ეტაპზე დგას (მაგ. საკანონმდებლო ცვ­ლი­ლებები, გლობალური კონკურენცია, ტექნოლოგიური ჩა­მორ­ჩე­ნილობა და ა.შ.). აქედან გამომდინარე, საკითხი აქტუალური და მნიშ­ვნელოვანია.
სწორედ აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა წარმოადგენს ბი­ზ­ნესის დაწყებისათვის ერთ-ერთ ხელსაყრელ გარემო პირობების მქ­ონე ადგილს, სადაც აშკარადაა გამოკვეთილი ბიზნეს სა­ქმ­ი­ა­ნო­ბის უპირატესობები. ბიზნესის განვითარების ტენდენციები და დღ­ევანდელი მდგომარეობით არსებული ვითარება რეგიონში, იძ­ლე­ვა შესაძლებლობას უფრო მეტი ინტერესი და ყურადღება იქნას გა­მოჩენილი ინვესტიციების მოზიდვაზე და რეგიონის ეკ­ონო­მი­კურ განვითარებაზე. მართალია რიგი საკითხები, რომლებიც ეხ­ე­ბა არსებულ ბიზნეს-გარემოს და მიმდინარე ეკონომიკურ პრო­ცე­სე­ბს აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა საკმაოდ გამოკვლეულია, თუ­მ­ცა ჯერ კიდევ ბოლომდე არ არის შესწავლილი, შესაბამისად ბიბ­ლიოგრაფიაში მიმოხილული ნაშრომები იძლევა შესაძ­ლე­ბლ­ო­ბას მიმოვიხილოთ აჭარის რეგიონის ზოგადი ბიზნეს-გარემო, გა­მოვ­კვეთოთ გარკვეული პრობლემები და  ტენდენციები.
კვლევისას გამოყენებულია თვისებრივი, რაოდე­ნო­ბ­რი­ვი და სტატისტიკური მეთოდები.  მონაცემების სი­ზუსტი­სა­თ­ვის ასე­ვე გამოყენებულ იქნა შეგროვებითი და შედარებითი მეთოდები. მო­ცემული კვლევის ბოლოს შე­მუ­შა­ვ­ებულია სათანადო და­­ს­­კვ­ნები და რეკომენდაციები.
 საკვანძო სიტყვები: რეგიონული ბიზნეს-გარემო, რე­გ­იო­ნული ასპექტები, აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა,  რეგიონული პოტენციალი, ბიზნესის განვითარების ტენდენციები
A Grand Delusion
Authors: Kienle Eberhard
Published: May 2020

The author argues in this text that the much-vaunted reform and liberalisation of Egypt's economy has been partial and selective, far from beneficial to all Egyptians. While the encouragement of the private sector has indeed benefited some, it has failed to improve the standard of living of others, in particular the lower middle classes and a large part of the landless rural population. Most importantly, economic reform and liberalisation have failed to produce a greater degree of political democracy: notions of political accountability, clean elections, a genuinely free press, the containment of police powers have turned out to be a great delusion which masks restrictions on political participation and civil liberties.
European anthropogenic AFOLU greenhouse gas emissions: a review and benchmark data
Authors: Petrescu Ana Maria Roxana , Peters Glen P. , Janssens-Maenhout Greet , Ciais Philippe , Tubiello Francesco N. , Grassi Giacomo , Nabuurs Gert-Jan , Leip Adrian , Carmona-Garcia Gema , Winiwarter Wilfried , Höglund-Isaksson Lena , Günther Dirk , Solazzo Efisio , Kiesow Anja , Bastos Ana , Pongratz Julia , Nabel Julia E. M. S. , Conchedda Giulia , Pilli Roberto , Andrew Robbie M. , Schelhaas Mart-Jan , Dolman Albertus J.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and removals from land, including both
anthropogenic and natural fluxes, require reliable quantification, including
estimates of uncertainties, to support credible mitigation action under the
Paris Agreement. This study provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview
of bottom-up anthropogenic emissions data from agriculture, forestry and
other land use (AFOLU) in the European Union (EU281). The data integrate
recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models
and summarize GHG emissions and removals over the period 1990–2016. This
compilation of bottom-up estimates of the AFOLU GHG emissions of European
national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs), with those of land carbon models
and observation-based estimates of large-scale GHG fluxes, aims at improving
the overall estimates of the GHG balance in Europe with respect to land GHG
emissions and removals. Whenever available, we present uncertainties, its
propagation and role in the comparison of different estimates. While NGHGI
data for the EU28 provide consistent quantification of uncertainty following
the established IPCC Guidelines, uncertainty in the estimates produced with
other methods needs to account for both within model uncertainty and the
spread from different model results. The largest inconsistencies between
EU28 estimates are mainly due to different sources of data related to
human activity, referred to here as activity data (AD) and methodologies
(tiers) used for calculating emissions and removals from AFOLU sectors. The
referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3662371 (Petrescu et al., 2020).
Hacking surveillance
Authors: Kaufmann Mareile
Published: May 2020

With the rise of ‘Internet behemoths’ and the surveillance of increasingly personal domains there is a trend toward questioning life online. This paper draws attention to hacking practices that engage with the diverse faces of online veillance. Current debates about hacking surveillance are introduced. Instead of portraying hacking as a digital counterculture, the article complicates dichotomies of power vs. resistance, online vs. off-line, and technological system vs. social practice. Based on qualitative interviews, it introduces the diverse, dialogical and ambiguous hacking practices that answer online surveillance. The article suggests using the concept of dispute to capture these multiplicities and to understand the ‘orders of worth’ at stake in online environments. The small, continuous and constitutive dynamics of disputing online surveillance not only create political momentum, but call for a re-thinking of the totality of surveillance metaphors used today.
Embodying the Web, recoding gender: How feminists are shaping progressive politics in Latin America
Authors: Lobato Luisa Cruz , Gonzalez Cristiana
Published: May 2020

This work takes the ambiguity of engaging politically in a Web interwoven with power and gender asymmetries as a starting point to emphasize the heterogeneities and multiplicities of digital politics. We engage with the idea that technology intervenes on women’s’ bodies to analyze how digital activism is deeply connected to corporeality (Daniels, 2009), looking at the Brazilian #EleNão campaign on Facebook to emphasize how the embodiment of feminist struggles in commercial platforms unveils deeply embodied misogynistic dispositions in social media, and to latin-american feminist infrastructures as challenging such dispositions. We argue that transgressing gender norms involves both engaging with social networks and creating alternative forms of coding women’s bodies, and that, beyond the dichotomy of enchantment/disenchantment with contemporary Internet politics, it might be useful to simply stay with the trouble, embrace and recognize the complexities of the many possible Web activisms experienced in Latin America.
Demoxie: Reflections on digital democracy in Dave Eggers' novel The Circle
Authors: Maurer Kathrin , Rostbøll Christian F.
Published: May 2020

The Circle is a novel written by the American author Dave Eggers (2013), and it tells the story about a powerful Internet company that works with highly developed surveillance technologies to monitor workers as well as the local and global community. In discussions and research this novel often has been seen in the tradition of a dystopic and totalitarian view of society as we know from Orwell’s 1984 or Huxleys Brave New World. However, this article critically investigates a vision of democracy that is suggested in The Circle. Circlers call this political model “demoxie”, which embraces the idea that everybody who has a Circle account is also a registered voter. That means, the voter directly votes on issues via his or her Internet platform (such as decisions on healthcare, company policies, as well as international politics issues). Based on this work of fiction as well as recent discussions about cyber democracy, this article opens up a discussion about the benefits and risks of Internet technologies and democracy.
Needs Assessment for Development of Primary School Administrators’ Attributes in 21st Century
Authors: Raksanakorn Kuljira , Chusorn Prayuth , Khemma Phra Honda , Chusorn Pramook
Published: May 2020

The objective of this research was to study the current condition, the desired condition, needs assessment, and guidelines of the development of primary school administrators’ attributes in the 21st century. This is descriptive research, and the research’s sample group consisted of 370 school administrators and teachers; they were selected using stratified random sampling. The research tools were semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, which have 0.98 of precision and 0.60-1.00 of IOC. The statistical measurements which were used in this research were frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation, and the value of needs assessment using the Priority Need Index (PNI_modified). The research found that the overall current conditions and conditions in each dimension were at a medium level, whereas the overall desired conditions were at the highest level, which later were analyzed for the needs assessment of the primary school administrators’ attributes in the 21st century in the following dimensions: 1) creativity and innovations, 2) visions, 3) being a desirable leader, 4) interpersonal relations, and 5) relations with work. Guidelines of the development of primary school administrators’ attributes in 21st century comprise of: 1) the development of creativity and innovations, 2) opportunity provision to reach the 21st century’s standards together in terms of the organization’s visions, 3) reinforcement of 21st century leadership’s attributes, 4) reinforcement of 21st century interpersonal relation’s attributes, and 5) increase of the effectiveness of services which relate to the work within the 21st century organizations.
Impact of Knowledge, Tendency and Perceived Threats of Climate Change on Adaptation Strategies: The Case of Tehran Architects
Authors: Irani Mazdak , Banihashemi Saeed
Published: May 2020

The consequences of climate change are observed in several ways in human settlements, one of which is the threat it poses to the physical elements and infrastructures of cities. To mitigate it, cities apply adaptation strategies. These strategies have proper effectiveness and are adapted according to local characteristics. This study applied the cross-sectional survey method and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess the possible relations between variables. The study population was the architects of Tehran metropolis with a sample size of 85. The study instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire consisting of four sections. Five hypotheses were assessed for relations of knowledge, tendency, perceived threats, and the adaptation strategies, all of which were proved by the study results. The results of the study showed that knowledge on the climate change significantly affects the perceived threats, tendency and the adaptation strategies. The adaptation strategies were also dependent on tendency and the perceived threats. The findings of this study can be helpful for planners and decision makers and the Architecture Society of Tehran to address the problem of climate change more adequately.
An Ethical Approach to the 21st Century Humanity in the Face of Globalization: Towards Redefining the Meaning of Humanity in the Modern Times
Authors: Abah George Ohabuenyi , Ogbodo Ignatius Ifeanyichukwu
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND: Historically, every century has a remarkable event for which it is known. These events, apart from giving a peculiar identity to a century, influences the religious, political, and socio-economic lives of the people. Apparently, the underlying element in the plurality of the world-views of the people of a century is the peculiar events of their time. In this light, the 21st century is identical with globalization.

METHODOLOGY: The study used a qualitative design. The methods used were historical, expository, and critical. The historical method was used to trace some centuries before the 21st century to examine their various understandings and approaches to the concept of humanity. The expository method was used to dissect the various anchors of humanity to see the relevance of a redefinition of humanity in the modern times. Finally, the critical method was used to access the 21st century humans to know the expediency for a paradigm shift on the concept of humanity in the modern times.

RESULT: This paper argues that aside the positive effects of globalization, there is an urgent need to redefine the meaning of humanity that is already defaced by its inherent activities.

CONCLUSION: This research recommends that an ethical redress in the understanding of humanity in the face of today’s globalization is expedient to promote reverence for human lives. This will help to avoid the collapse of this century into a game of exploitation of each other, the dead end of narcissism and invariably the dark age of a modern time.
How Not to Translate—the Untranslatable
Authors: Kamuf Peggy ,   DePaul University
Published: May 2020

This essay proceeds from the assertion that Derrida’s work has consistently been concerned with translation. This has been clearly evident since “Plato’s Pharmacy” (1968). This concern comes to the fore in Geschlecht III, where countless features of Heidegger’s language are underscored as untranslatable. This does not prevent Derrida from proposing re-translations, of doing what he describes as “harassing” Heidegger’s language “with wave after wave of touches, caresses, and blows.” Untranslatability, as he argues here and elsewhere, is simply a matter of economy, of the one-word-for-one-word principle, according to which standard every text is untranslatable. But translation is also for Derrida a touchstone for the broadest questions posed by or to philosophy. One such important question or problem is hospitality, which, as he asserts in his 1995–1996 seminar on the topic, is “basically the same problem” as translation. This confluence of the questions of hospitality and translation is particularly relevant for his reading of Heidegger’s essay on Trakl, “Die Sprache im Gedicht.”
In the News
Authors: Free David
Published: May 2020

Welcome to the May 2020 issue of C&RL News. Production of this issue is taking place during April 2020, at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, a time when academic and research libraries and library workers are adapting to (hopefully temporary) new ways of working.
Absentee Ballot Day in the library: Empowering students to vote
Authors: Reece Gwendolyn J.
Published: May 2020

On September 25, 2018, American University Library held its inaugural Absentee Ballot Day, helping 1,005 students request absentee ballots. The library partnered with student government, the alumni association, and the League of Women Voters of the District of Columbia to empower our students in exercising their fundamental right and responsibility as citizens in a democracy. This article describes the reasoning behind this initiative, the planning process, and the event itself. The hope is that many academic libraries will join in this effort for the 2020 general election. Resources for institutions wishing to hold their own Absentee Ballot Day are included.
Internet Reviews
Authors: Roberts Joni R. , Drost Carol A.
Published: May 2020

National Institute on Drug AbuseNewton ProjectYouGov