bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Multifunctional β Ti Alloy Produced via Powder Metallurgy for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Goh F.C.W , Hodgson M.A. , Cao P.
Published: March 2012

Recent studies have revealed remarkable properties in β- Ti alloys, including low elastic modulus, high strength and superelasticity. The unique properties and potentials in engineering and biomedical applications have invoked many physicists, material scientists and metallurgists to study its phenomenon. The requirements of these alloys in biomedical applications restrict the usage of toxic or allergic elements in the alloy design. Only a few alloying elements are suitable for developing non-toxic β titanium alloys such as Nb , Ta and Zr . In this study a press-and-sinter process was used to consolidate the elemental powder mixture of Ti - Nb - Ta - Zr . Solid state sintering studies were established to investigate the effect of various green densities, sintering temperatures (i.e. 1650 °C – 1700 °C) and sintering atmosphere (i.e. Argon and Vacuum). PM near net shape process of showed a pathway to obtained a near dense part at sintered density of ~97 % with compaction pressure of 707 MPa at 1700°C. Majority of the sintered Ti -23 Nb -0.7 Ta -2 Zr (at.%) alloy's structure is β- austenite (bcc).
DEVELOPMENT OF WASTE REDUCTION SYSTEM OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS USING A MOSS: PRODUCTION OF USEFUL MATERIALS FROM REMAINDER OF A MOSS
Authors: FUMIHISA KOBAYASHI
Published: March 2012

Landfill leachate pollution presents a serious environmental problem. It would be valuable to develop a sustainable method, one that is inexpensive and requires little energy, to eliminate the pollution and dispose of the waste. In a previous study, we reported the results of a leachate treatment for landfills in which we relied on the moss, Scopelophia cataractae, to support a sustainable method of waste reduction. In this study, for the development of a waste reduction system of landfill leachate treatment, we attempted to produce zinc as useful metal and ethanol as fuel from the remainder of moss after wastewater treatment. Steam explosions, which were used as physicochemical pretreatments to expose the raw material to saturated steam under high pressure and temperature, were used to pretreat the moss. By electrolysis, zinc recovered, and the maximum zinc recovery after wastewater treatment was 0.504 at 2.0 MPa steam pressure (211 °C) and 5 min steaming time. After that time, by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using a Meicelase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae AM12, 0.42 g dm-3 of the maximum ethanol concentration was produced from 10 g dm-3 of exploded moss at 2.5 MPa steam pressure (223 °C) and 1 min steaming time.
THE EFFECTS ON HEAT TREATMENT OF SIC COATED / GRAPHITE PLATE BY RF SPUTTERING SYSTEM
Authors: MOON SEUNG-HYUN , YOON HAN-KI , MURAKAMI RI-ICHI , KIM TAE-GYU , CHO SEUNG-YON , YU IN-KYUN
Published: March 2012

Silicon carbide film was coated by RF sputtering system onto graphite plate substrate. Surface roughness of substrate was polished by wet polishing with sand paper, number of 3000. RF power was 200 W in 0.4 Pa of argon gas. Deposition holding time was 3hours in 600 °C temperature. Specimens were heat treated by 1200, 1400 and 1500 °C for 1 hour to research the effect of heat treatment on SiC coating layer. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was used to characterize the surface morphology and the Sq surface roughness. AFM was used to investigate the grain size and roughness of the surface of thin coating film. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used for detecting the coated SiC thin film by thin film mode. FE-SEM was used to characterize the microstructure of SiC coating film.
EFFECTS OF ADDITIVE ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO/PBS COMPOSITES
Authors: LEE YEON-HEE , YOON HAN-KI , TAKAGI HITOSHI , OHKITA KAZUYA
Published: March 2012

Compared with general composites which are produced from fossil fuel, biodegradable resins have received considerable attention as an environment-friendly material. Bamboo fiber has relatively high strength compared with other natural fibers. Therefore, the focus of this study is to produce bamboo fiber reinforced Poly butylene succinate (PBS) composites by injection molding and to study the effects of additive on mechanical properties of this bamboo/PBS composite. The injection-molding is a highly productive fabrication technique. Bamboo/PBS composites were examined by flexural test and Vickers hardness. Also we examined fracture surface and microstructure of the bamboo/PBS composites by microscope.
Immune Regulatory Function of B Cells
Authors: Mauri Claudia , Bosma Anneleen
Published: March 2012

B cells are regarded for their capacity to produce antibody. However, recent advances in B cell biology have capitalized on old findings and demonstrated that B cells also release a broad variety of cytokines. As with T helper cells, B cells can be classified into subsets according to the cytokine milieu that they produce. One functional B cell subset, regulatory B cells (Bregs), has recently been shown to contribute to the maintenance of the fine equilibrium required for tolerance. Bregs restrain the excessive inflammatory responses that occur during autoimmune diseases or that can be caused by unresolved infections. Pivotal to Breg function is interleukin-10 (IL-10), which inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and supports regulatory T cell differentiation. This review reports and discusses the factors that are important for Breg differentiation and for their effector function in both mouse and human.
The Microbiome in Infectious Disease and Inflammation
Authors: Honda Kenya , Littman Dan R.
Published: March 2012

The mammalian alimentary tract harbors hundreds of species of commensal microorganisms (microbiota) that intimately interact with the host and provide it with genetic, metabolic, and immunological attributes. Recent reports have indicated that the microbiota composition and its collective genomes (microbiome) are major factors in predetermining the type and robustness of mucosal immune responses. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of host-microbiota interactions and their effect on the health and disease susceptibility of the host.
Monogenic Autoimmunity
Authors: Cheng Mickie H. , Anderson Mark S.
Published: March 2012

Monogenic autoimmune syndromes provide a rare yet powerful glimpse into the fundamental mechanisms of immunologic tolerance. Such syndromes reveal not only the contribution of an individual breakpoint in tolerance but also patterns in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Disturbances in innate immunity, a system built for ubiquitous sensing of danger signals, tend to generate systemic autoimmunity. For example, defects in the clearance of self-antigens and chronic stimulation of type 1 interferons lead to the systemic autoimmunity seen in C1q deficiency, SPENCDI, and AGS. In contrast, disturbances of adaptive immunity, which is built for antigen specificity, tend to produce organ-specific autoimmunity. Thus, the loss of lymphocyte homeostasis, whether through defects in apoptosis, suppression, or negative selection, leads to organ-specific autoimmunity in ALPS, IPEX, and APS1. We discuss the unique mechanisms of disease in these prominent syndromes as well as how they contribute to the spectrum of organ-specific or systemic autoimmunity. The continued study of rare variants in autoimmune disease will inform future investigations and treatments directed at rare and common autoimmune diseases alike.
Adaptive Immunity to Fungi
Authors: Wüthrich Marcel , Deepe George S. , Klein Bruce
Published: March 2012

Only a handful of the more than 100,000 fungal species on our planet cause disease in humans, yet the number of life-threatening fungal infections in patients has recently skyrocketed as a result of advances in medical care that often suppress immunity intensely. This emerging crisis has created pressing needs to clarify immune defense mechanisms against fungi, with the ultimate goal of therapeutic applications. Herein, we describe recent insights in understanding the mammalian immune defenses deployed against pathogenic fungi. The review focuses on adaptive immune responses to the major medically important fungi and emphasizes how dendritic cells and subsets in various anatomic compartments respond to fungi, recognize their molecular patterns, and signal responses that nurture and shape the differentiation of T cell subsets and B cells. Also emphasized is how the latter deploy effector and regulatory mechanisms that eliminate these nasty invaders while also constraining collateral damage to vital tissue.
Chromatin Topology and the Regulation of Antigen Receptor Assembly
Authors: Bossen Claudia , Mansson Robert , Murre Cornelis
Published: March 2012

During an organism's ontogeny and in the adult, each B and T lymphocyte generates a unique antigen receptor, thereby creating the organism's ability to respond to a vast number of different antigens. The antigen receptor loci are organized into distinct regions that contain multiple variable (V), diversity (D), and/or joining (J) and constant (C) coding elements that are scattered across large genomic regions. In this review, we discuss the epigenetic modifications that take place in the different antigen receptor loci, the chromatin structure adopted by the antigen receptor loci to allow recombination of elements separated by large genomic distances, and the relationship between epigenetics and chromatin structure and how they relate to the generation of antigen receptor diversity.
Cancer and Inflammation: An Old Intuition with Rapidly Evolving New Concepts
Authors: Trinchieri Giorgio
Published: March 2012

Recent scientific advances have contributed much to the dissection of the complex molecular and cellular pathways involved in the connection between cancer and inflammation. The evidence for this connection in humans is based on the association between infection or chronic sterile inflammation and cancer. The decreased incidence of tumors in individuals who have used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is supportive of a role for inflammation in cancer susceptibility. The increased incidence of tumors in overweight patients points to a role for adipose tissue inflammation and energy metabolism in cancer. Energy metabolism, obesity, and genetic instability are regulated in part by the relationship of the organism with commensal bacteria that affect inflammation with both local and systemic effects. Different aspects of inflammation appear to regulate all phases of malignant disease, including susceptibility, initiation, progression, dissemination, morbidity, and mortality.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Lymphocyte Egress from Lymphoid Organs
Authors: Cyster Jason G. , Schwab Susan R.
Published: March 2012

Much has been learned about how cells enter lymphoid tissues. But how do they leave? Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has emerged over the past decade as a central mediator of lymphocyte egress. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how S1P promotes exit from the secondary lymphoid organs and thymus. We review what is known about additional requirements for emigration and summarize the mostly distinct requirements for exit from the bone marrow. Egress from lymphoid organs is limited during immune responses, and we examine how this regulation works. There is accumulating evidence for roles of S1P in directing immune cell behavior within lymphoid tissues. How such actions can fit together with the egress-promoting role of S1P is discussed. Finally, we examine current understanding of how FTY720, a drug that targets S1P receptors and is approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, causes immune suppression.
Reflex Principles of Immunological Homeostasis
Authors: Andersson Ulf , Tracey Kevin J.
Published: March 2012

The reasoning that neural reflexes maintain homeostasis in other body organs, and that the immune system is innervated, prompted a search for neural circuits that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. This elucidated the inflammatory reflex, a prototypical reflex circuit that maintains immunological homeostasis. Molecular products of infection or injury activate sensory neurons traveling to the brainstem in the vagus nerve. The arrival of these incoming signals generates action potentials that travel from the brainstem to the spleen and other organs. This culminates in T cell release of acetylcholine, which interacts with α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChR) on immunocompetent cells to inhibit cytokine release in macrophages. Herein is reviewed the neurophysiological basis of reflexes that provide stability to the immune system, the neural- and receptor-dependent mechanisms, and the potential opportunities for developing novel therapeutic devices and drugs that target neural pathways to treat inflammatory diseases.
Siglecs and Immune Regulation
Authors: Pillai Shiv , Netravali Ilka Arun , Cariappa Annaiah , Mattoo Hamid
Published: March 2012

Sialic acid–binding Ig-like lectins, or Siglecs, vary in their specificity for sialic acid–containing ligands and are mainly expressed by cells of the immune system. Many Siglecs are inhibitory receptors expressed in innate immune cells that regulate inflammation mediated by damage-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and PAMPs). This family also includes molecules involved in adhesion and phagocytosis and receptors that can associate with the ITAM-containing DAP12 adaptor. Siglecs contribute to the inhibition of immune cells both by binding to cis ligands (expressed in the same cells) and by responding to pathogen-derived sialoglycoconjugates. They can help maintain tolerance in B lymphocytes, modulate the activation of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and contribute to the regulation of T cell function both directly and indirectly. Siglecs modulate immune responses, influencing almost every cell in the immune system, and are of relevance both in health and disease.
Tolerance of Infections
Authors: Ayres Janelle S. , Schneider David S.
Published: March 2012

A host has two methods to defend against pathogens: It can clear the pathogens or reduce their impact on health in other ways. The first, resistance, is well studied. Study of the second, which ecologists call tolerance, is in its infancy. Tolerance measures the dose response curve of a host's health in reaction to a pathogen and can be studied in a simple quantitative manner. Such studies hold promise because they point to methods of treating infections that put evolutionary pressures on microbes different from antibiotics and vaccines. Studies of tolerance will provide an improved foundation to describe our interactions with all microbes: pathogenic, commensal, and mutualistic. One obvious mechanism affecting tolerance is the intensity of an immune response; an overly exuberant immune response can cause collateral damage through immune effectors and because of the energy allocated away from other physiological functions. There are potentially many other tolerance mechanisms, and here we systematically describe tolerance using a variety of animal systems.
Germinal Centers
Authors: Victora Gabriel D. , Nussenzweig Michel C.
Published: March 2012

Germinal centers (GCs) were described more than 125 years ago as compartments within secondary lymphoid organs that contained mitotic cells. Since then, it has become clear that this structure is the site of B cell clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, and affinity-based selection, the combination of which results in the production of high-affinity antibodies. Decades of anatomical and functional studies have led to an overall model of how the GC reaction and affinity-based selection operate. More recently, the introduction of intravital imaging into the GC field has opened the door to direct investigation of certain key dynamic features of this microanatomic structure, sparking renewed interest in the relationship between cell movement and affinity maturation. We review these and other recent advances in our understanding of GCs, focusing on cellular dynamics and on the mechanism of selection of high-affinity B cells.
Induced CD4+Foxp3+Regulatory T Cells in Immune Tolerance
Authors: Bilate Angelina M. , Lafaille Juan J.
Published: March 2012

Regulatory T lymphocytes are essential to maintain homeostasis of the immune system, limiting the magnitude of effector responses and allowing the establishment of immunological tolerance. Two main types of regulatory T cells have been identified—natural and induced (or adaptive)—and both play significant roles in tuning down effector immune responses. Adaptive CD4+Foxp3+regulatory T (iTreg) cells develop outside the thymus under a variety of conditions. These include not only antigen presentation under subimmunogenic or noninflammatory conditions, but also chronic inflammation and infections. We speculate that the different origin of iTreg cells (noninflammatory versus inflammatory) results in distinct properties, including their stability. iTreg cells are also generated during homeostasis of the gut and in cancer, although some cancers also favor expansion of natural regulatory T (nTreg) cells. Here we review how iTreg cells develop and how they participate in immunological tolerance, contrasting, when possible, iTreg cells with nTreg cells.
Innate Lymphoid Cells: Emerging Insights in Development, Lineage Relationships, and Function
Authors: Spits Hergen , Cupedo Tom
Published: March 2012

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are immune cells that lack a specific antigen receptor yet can produce an array of effector cytokines that in variety match that of T helper cell subsets. ILCs function in lymphoid organogenesis, tissue remodeling, antimicrobial immunity, and inflammation, particularly at barrier surfaces. Their ability to promptly respond to insults inflicted by stress-causing microbes strongly suggests that ILCs are critical in first-line immunological defenses. Here, we review current data on developmental requirements, lineage relationships, and effector functions of two families of ILCs: (a) Rorγt-expressing cells involved in lymphoid tissue formation, mucosal immunity, and inflammation and (b) type 2 ILCs that are important for helminth immunity. We also discuss the potential roles of ILCs in the pathology of immune-mediated inflammatory and infectious diseases including allergy.
The Response to and Repair of RAG-Mediated DNA Double-Strand Breaks
Authors: Helmink Beth A. , Sleckman Barry P.
Published: March 2012

Developing lymphocytes must assemble antigen receptor genes encoding the B cell and T cell receptors. This process is executed by the V(D)J recombination reaction, which can be divided into DNA cleavage and DNA joining steps. The former is carried out by a lymphocyte-specific RAG endonuclease, which mediates DNA cleavage at two recombining gene segments and their flanking RAG recognition sequences. RAG cleavage generates four broken DNA ends that are repaired by nonhomologous end joining forming coding and signal joints. On rare occasions, these DNA ends may join aberrantly forming chromosomal lesions such as translocations, deletions and inversions that have the potential to cause cellular transformation and lymphoid tumors. We discuss the activation of DNA damage responses by RAG-induced DSBs focusing on the component pathways that promote their normal repair and guard against their aberrant resolution. Moreover, we discuss how this DNA damage response impacts processes important for lymphocyte development.
Signaling by Myeloid C-Type Lectin Receptors in Immunity and Homeostasis
Authors: Sancho David , Reis e Sousa Caetano
Published: March 2012

Myeloid cells are key drivers of physiological responses to pathogen invasion or tissue damage. Members of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family stand out among the specialized receptors utilized by myeloid cells to orchestrate these responses. CLR ligands include carbohydrate, protein, and lipid components of both pathogens and self, which variably trigger endocytic, phagocytic, proinflammatory, or anti-inflammatory reactions. These varied outcomes rely on a versatile system for CLR signaling that includes tyrosine-based motifs that recruit kinases, phosphatases, or endocytic adaptors as well as nontyrosine-based signals that modulate the activation of other pathways or couple to the uptake machinery. Here, we review the signaling properties of myeloid CLRs and how they impact the role of myeloid cells in innate and adaptive immunity.
Synthesis and Screening of Substituted Thiadiazoles Against Gleophyllum Straitum
Authors: Zaidi M. G. H. , Zaidi Seema , Pandey I. P.
Published: March 2012

Cyclocondensation of a series of substituted phenoxy methylene carboxylic acids with thiosemoicarbazides afforded 2‐Amino‐5‐Aryloxy Methylene –1,3,4 Thiadiazoles (Ia‐Ie). The later were subsequently condensed with different phenoxymethylene carboxylic acid chlorides into 2‐ Aryloxy Methyleneamido‐5‐Aryloxy Methylene–1,3,4‐Thiadiazoloyl Amides. The wood preservation efficiency of the both class of compounds was evaluated against a wood rotting fungus Gleophyllum Straitum at different concentrations using food poison technique. In general phenoxy derivatives have shown more control over the growth of Gleophyllum Straitum than their corresponding aminothiadiazoles at 500 ppm. The chlorophenoxy‐substituted thiadiazoles among all have shown more activity then others against Gleophyllum Straitum.
Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Ni(II) Chelates of Substituted Chalcones
Authors: Mallikarjun K. G.
Published: March 2012

The thermal decomposition of Ni(II) complexes of 3‐(phenyl)‐1‐(2’‐hydroxy‐naphthyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐one (PHPO), 3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1‐(2’‐hydroxy‐naphthyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐one(CPHPO), 3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1‐(2’‐hydroxynapthyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐one (MPHPO), 3‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐1‐(2’‐hydroxynaphthyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐one(DMPHPO) was studied by thermogravimetry. Mathematical analysis of the data has allowed us to determine various parameters using Freeman‐Carroll equation, the integral method using the coats‐Redfern equation and the approximation method using the Horowitz‐Metzger equation. The trend of the kinetic parameters was found to be different from that of the thermal stability order. The low values of Z suggest the slow nature of the reaction.
High Performace Liquid Chromtographic Determination of Nicardipine Hydrochloride in Human Plasma
Authors: Krishnaiah Y. S. R. , Satyanarayana V. , Bhaskar P.
Published: March 2012

A sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the estimation of nicardipine hydrochloride in human plasma. Varying amount of nicardipine hydrochloride (2.5 to 150 ng/0.5 mL) and fixed quantity (100 ng/0.5 mL) of nifedipine (internal standard) was added to blank human plasma, and a single step extraction was carried out with ethyl acetate. The mixture was centrifuged, ethyl acetate layer separated, dried and reconstituted with 100 μL of acetonitrile. Twenty microliters of this solution was injected into a reverse phase C‐18 column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 4.0) in the ratio of 60:40 v/v and the eluents were monitored at 239 nm. The method was validated for its linearity, precision and accuracy. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 5‐150 ng/0.5 mL of plasma and the lower detection limit was 2.5 ng/0.5 mL of plasma. The intra‐ and inter‐day variation was found to be less than 2.5% indicating that the method is highly precise. The mean recovery of nicardipine hydrochloride from plasma samples was 89.6±2.60%. The proposed HPLC method was applied for the estimation of nicardipine hydrochloride in human plasma after oral administration of an immediate release nicardipine hydrochloride capsule (dose 30 mg) to 6 adult male volunteers. There was no interference of either the drug metabolites or other plasma components with the proposed HPLC method for the estimation of nicardipine hydrochloride in human plasma. Due to its simplicity, sensitivity, high precision and accuracy, the proposed HPLC method may be used for biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of nicardipine hydrochloride and its formulations in humans
Kinetics of Oxidation of Some Essential Amino Acids by N‐Chlorosaccharin in Aqueous Acetic Acid Medium
Authors: Farook N. A. Mohamed , Dameem G. A. Seyed , Murugesan A. , Kanagaraj M.
Published: March 2012

The kinetics of oxidation of some essential amino acids namely, valine, leucine and phenylalanine, (AA) by N‐chlorosaccharin (NCSA) in aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of perchloric acid have been investigated. The observed rate of oxidation is first order in [AA], [NCSA] and of inverse fractional order in [H+]. The main product of the oxidation is the corresponding aldehyde. The ionic strength on the reaction rate has no significant effect. The effect of changing the dielectric constant of the medium on the rate indicates the reaction to be of dipole‐dipole type. Hypochlorous acid has been postulated as the reactive oxidizing species. The reaction constants involved in the mechanism are derived. The activation parameters are computed with respect to slow step of the mechanism
Synthesis of Novel Heterocyclic 4‐Thiazolidinone Derivatives and their Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Mistry K. M. , Desai K. R.
Published: March 2012

4‐Thiazolidinones have been prepared by the reaction of various substituted Schiff bases 3 with Thioglycolic acid and Thiolactic acid. The intermediate Schiff bases 3 were synthesized by the condensation of various substituted 2‐amino benzothiazole 1 with 1‐(4′‐methyl Phenyl)‐3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone 2. The starting compound substituted 2‐amino benzothiazoles were prepared from various substituted amines via substituted phenyl thiourea. The structures of the compounds have been confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral analysis. The antibacterial activity of the compounds has also been screened against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Standardization Study of Ghritas
Authors: Shaila D. , Santosh M. K. , Chandrakumar T. , Rao I. Sanjeeva
Published: March 2012

The standardization of ghritas such as amritaprasa ghrita, brahmi ghrita, chagalyadi ghrita and phala ghrita has been studied. These ghritas are the important Ayurvedic formulations used for peri‐natal care of mother and child health. Standardization of ghritas were achieved by organoleptic study, physico‐chemical analysis, qualitative analysis, thin layer chromatography (TLC), UV ‐ visible spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) fingerprint studies. Qualitative analysis of alcoholic extracts of all the four ghritas shows the presence of glycosides and hexane extracts shows the presence of glycosides and steroids. TLC study of ghritas was carried out in toulene‐ethyl acetate solvent system. Hexane extracts of ghritas were used for UV‐ visible spectrophotometry and qualitative HPLC fingerprint study.
2D‐QSAR Analysis of Oxadiazole Substituted α‐Isopropoxy phenylpropionic Acids as PPAR‐α & PPAR‐λ Agonists
Authors: L. K. Soni , A. K. Gupta , S. G. Kaskhedikar
Published: March 2012

A quantitative structure activity relationship study on a series of oxadiazole substituted α‐isopropoxy phenylpropionic acids with activity on PPAR‐α and PPAR‐λ was made using combination of various physiochemical descriptors. Several statistical regression expressions were obtained using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. The best quantitative structure activity relationship model was further validated by leave one out cross validation method. Steric parameter (molar refractivity) was found to have significant correlationship with PPAR‐λ agonist activity and hydrophobic (Hansch substituent constant), electronic parameter (field effect) were found to have significant correlationship with PPAR‐α agonist activity. The increment in the number of carbon atom (indicative variable) between the oxadiazole tail and central phenoxy moiety increases the PPAR‐λ agonist activity whereas decreases the PPAR‐α agonist activity
Synthesis and QSAR Study of Some HDL Cholesterol Increasing Quinazolinone Derivatives
Authors: Deshmukh M. B. , Dhongade (Desai) Savita
Published: March 2012

We describe here an easy and efficient method to obtain S‐alkylated derivatives of thio‐quinazolinone using different alkylating agents via a solvent‐free microwave‐assisted method. The alkylated thio quinazolinones were further sequentially condensed with hydrazine hydrate and different aromatic aldehydes to get the hydrazones, which were studied for QSAR. The synthesized compounds were subjected to a prediction of biological activities. A software application (PASS) was used for this purpose. The relationship between structure and different biological activities was studied and the different derivatives were recommended for the screening of some specific activities like anti‐tuberculosic, anti‐mycobacterial and HDL cholesterol increasing activities.
The Gas‐Phase Heats of Formation of n‐Alkanes as a Function of the Electrostatic Potential Extrema on their Molecular Surfaces
Authors: Abu-Awwad Fakhr M.
Published: March 2012

The hybrid density functional B3LYP is employed to map the molecular electrostatic potentials on the surfaces of twenty normal alkanes, (Cn H2n+2), n = 1‐20. It is shown that gas‐phase heats of formation of the alkanes can be represented quantitatively in terms of the potential, where a general equation of the heat of formation is introduced as a function of potentials′ extrema, VS,min and VS,max with average absolute error of 0.028 kcal/mol and a standard deviation of 0.048 kcal/mol. This should be viewed as a success of the B3LYP functional and the molecular surface electrostatic potential as tools of chemistry. The predicted gas‐phase heats of formation of thirty normal alkanes (n = 21‐50) are reproduced and compared to their experimental counterparts when available.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Piperazine Derivaties Containing Aryl Sulfonyloxy Group
Authors: Patel H. S. , Desai H. D. , Mistry H. J.
Published: March 2012

Novel N‐substituted piperazine derivatives containing sulfonyloxy aniline moiety have been prepared. The various 4‐sulfonyloxy aniline (SA) derivatives (2a‐h) have been prepared by the condensation reaction of N‐Acetyl Sulfanilyl chloride (ASC) and sodium phenates followed by hydrolysis. The SA derivatives are then reacted with chloro acetyl chloride to give corresponding (N‐Chloroacetyl) derivatives (3a‐h). These derivatives are then reacted with N‐phenyl piperazine to yield the corresponding piperazine derivatives (4a‐h).
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Chalcones and Pyrimidine‐2‐ones
Authors: Parekh A. K. , Desai K. K.
Published: March 2012

Some new chalcones have been prepared by Claisen‐schmidt condensation of ketone and different aromatic aldehydes. These chalcones on condensation with urea in presence of acid gave Pyrimidine‐2‐ones. The synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectral data. They have been screened for their antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria B. subtillis & S. aureus and Gram negative bacteria E. coli & S. typhi.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Chromium in Water, and Pharmaceutical Samples Using 1‐Naphthol
Authors: Suvardhan K. , Ramanaiah S. , Kumar K. Suresh , Rekha D. , Bhagan Umayur , Naidu G. R. K. , Naidu G. Krishnamurthy , Sastry B. S. , Chiranjeevi P.
Published: March 2012

Facile and sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the determination of trace and ultra trace amounts of chromium (VI) are described. 4‐aminoantipyrine (APP) reacts with 1‐naphthol (NPL) in presence of oxidising agent potassium dichromate in acidic medium to produce red coloured product having λmax of 485 nm. The molar absorptivity and Sandell′s sensitivity were 2.07x104 l mol-1 cm-1 and 0.00240 μg/cm2 respectively. The colour is stable for more than 6 h. The system obeys Beer′s law in the range, 2‐18 μg for determination of chromium (VI). The detection limits of chromium (VI) is 0.048 μg mL-1. The method is highly reproducible and has been applied to the analysis of chromium in synthetic, natural water samples and pharmaceutical preparations and the results compared favourably with the reported method.
Facile and Sensitive Spectrophotometric Technique for the Determination of Carbofuran in its Formulations, Water and Grain Samples with Substituted Anilines
Authors: Harikishna V. , Naidu N. V. S.
Published: March 2012

Methods are described for the determination of carbofuran in its formulations, in water and grain samples by the diazotization coupling spectrophotometric technique, using substituted anilines such as 4‐bromoaniline, 4‐methylaniline and 4‐aminobenzaldehyde as the coupling agents. The orange red colour formed with 4‐bromoaniline shows maximum absorption at 478 nm, yellow colour obtained with 4‐methylaniline have maximum absorption at 465 nm whereas a red colour derivative formed with 4‐aminobenzaldehyde shows λmax at 472 nm. The methods could be successfully applied for the determination of carbofuran in its formulations, water and grain samples.
Studies on Some Physico‐Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Potable Water Used in Some Rural Areas of Surat District (Gujarat)
Authors: Patel S. R. , Desai K. K.
Published: March 2012

A physico chemical and microbiological study of the ground water of some villages of Surat district of Gujarat state (India) has been made. Physico chemical parameters such as colour, odour, taste, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, TS, TDS, total hardness, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride and silica were determined. In microbiological study, total coliforms, E. coli, sulfate reducing anaerobic bacteria, pseudomonas aeruginosa, yeast and mould were investigated. Samples were taken from ten sampling points in ten different villages viz. Parvat(S‐1), Kharvasa(S‐2), Bonand(S‐3), Vesu(S‐4) Amroli(S‐5), Kadodara(S‐6), Chalthan(S‐7), Variyav(S‐8), Gaviyar(S‐9) and Bhairav(S‐10). Samples were taken four times in year in the month of May, August, November and February to check the seasonal effects. In village Gaviyar, Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board has set up a treatment plant to supply good quality potable water in few surrounding coastal villages. In all other cases samples were taken from bore‐well. Here study reported is for samples taken in May‐2004 and August‐2004.For colour, iron, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride and silica, instrumental methods like spectrophotometry were used. “Hach‐Odyssey spectrophotometer” which has facility to store calibration curves and which can display the value for that parameter directly was used. In present study programmes of “Hach” with their reagents were used while some programmes were prepared by us using our reagents. This is an excellent instrument and results of this instrument are validated by USEPA. Sodium and potassium was determined using flame photometer. It was found that some water samples have higher TDS, chlorides, total hardness and total alkalinity than the permissible limits. In all cases samples were not found to contain significant quantities of bacteria and water was palatable from this point of view.
Mechanism of Oxidation of L‐Histidine by Heptavalent Manganese in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Jose Timy P. , Nandibewoor Sharanappa T. , Tuwar Suresh M.
Published: March 2012

The kinetics of oxidation of L‐histidine by manganese(VII) in aqueous alkaline medium at a constant ionic strength of 0.05 mol dm-3 was studied spectrophotometrically. The reaction between permanganate and L‐histidine in alkaline medium exhibits 2:1 stoichiometry (KMnO4: L‐histidine). The reaction is of first order in [KMnO4], less than unit order in [L‐histidine] and [alkali]. Decrease in the dielectric constant of the medium decreases the rate of reaction. Effect of added products and ionic strength of the reaction medium have been investigated. The main products were identified by spot test and I.R. A mechanism involving the free radical has been proposed. In composite equilibrium step L‐histidine binds to MnO4- species to form a complex(C). The reaction constants involved in the different steps of mechanism are evaluated. The activation parameters with respect to slow step of the mechanism are computed and discussed and thermodynamic quantities are also determined.
Isotropic Spin Trap EPR Spectra Simulation by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Authors: Laachir S. , Moussetad M. , Adhiri R. , Fahli A.
Published: March 2012

The detection and investigation of free radicals forming in living systems became possible due to the introduction of the method of spin traps. In this work, the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of DMPO/HO. and MGD‐Fe‐NO adducts are reproduced by simulation, based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The calculated spectral parameters as the hyperfine coupling constants, agree reasonably with the experimental data and the results are discussed.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones Catalyzed by Chlorosulfonic Acid
Authors: Tong-Shou Jin , Ying Zhao , Li-Bin Liu , Tong-Shuang Li
Published: March 2012

An efficient synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐ones (DHPMs) from the aldehydes, β‐ketoesters and urea in ethanol using chlorosulfonic acid as the catalyst is described. Compared with the classical Biginelli reaction conditions, this method has the advantage of excellent yields and short reaction time.
Ion Association Methods for the Determination of Fexofenadine in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Srinivas L. D. , Kumar P. Ravi , Sastry B. S.
Published: March 2012

Two simple and sensitive Visible spectrophotometric methods (A and B) for the determination of Fexofenadine (FEX) in bulk sample and pharmaceutical formulations are described. Methods A and B are based on the formation of ion‐association complex involving carboxylic acid group of FEX and the basic dyes, Safranin‐O (SFN‐O, method A), methylene blue (MB, method B). The results obtained in the above two methods are reproducible and are statistically validated and found to be suitable for the assay of Fexofenadine in bulk and its pharmaceutical formulations.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of p[n]arene Catalyzed by KOH
Authors: Baozhi Li , Gengliang Yang , Jinsong Zhang , Kefang Duan
Published: March 2012

The paper researched the synthesis of p‐methylcalix[6]arene and p‐tertbutylcalix[8]arene catalyzed by KOH in moderate yields under microwave irradiation. The effects of different factors on this condensation reaction have been discussed. Compared with classical method, this method had some merits such as easy obtaining the raw materials, short reaction route, simple and convenient aftertreatment, being beneficial to environmental protection.
Pinacol Coupling Reaction of Benzaldehyde Mediated by TiCl3‐Zn in Basic Media Under Ultrasound Irradiation
Authors: Shu-Xiang Wang , Ke Wang , Ji-Tai L
Published: March 2012

Pinacol coupling of benzaldehyde mediated by TiCl3‐Zn in basic media under ultrasound irradiation can lead to the corresponding pinacol rapidly. The optimum reaction condition is chosen.
Studies on Synthesis of Some Novel Heterocyclic Azlactone Derivatives and Imidazolinone Derivatives and their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Mistry Rakesh N. , Desai K. R.
Published: March 2012

p ‐ Methyl benzoic acid on reaction with phosphorus pentachloride gives p ‐ methyl benzoyl chloride derivative which on condensation with glycine gives p ‐ methyl benzoyl glycine derivative. Now, this p ‐ methyl benzoyl glycine derivative on condensation with various substituted aldehydes gives corresponding substituted 4 ‐ [aryl methylidine] ‐ 2 ‐ [p ‐ methyl phenyl] ‐ oxazole ‐ 5 ‐ one derivatives [1(a-j)]. Further, these derivatives [1(a‐j)] on condensation with 4 , 4’ ‐ diamino diphenyl sulphone gives corresponding substituted imidazolinone ‐ dibenzsulphone derivatives [2(a-j)], on condensation with 4 , 4’ ‐ diamino diphenyl methane gives corresponding substituted imidazolinone ‐ dibenzmethane derivatives [3(a-j)], on condensation with 4,4’‐ diamino benzanilide gives corresponding substituted imidazolinone ‐ benzanilide derivatives [4(a-j)] and on condensation with 2 ‐ amino pyridine gives corresponding substituted imidazolinone ‐ pyridine derivatives [5(a-j)] respectively. Structure elucidation of synthesised compounds has been made on the basis of elemental analysis, I.R. spectral studies and 1H N.M.R. spectral studies. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesised compounds has been studied against the cultures “Staphylococcus aureus”, “Escherichia coli” and “Candela albicans”.
Synthesis, Characterization and Glass ‐ Reinforced Composites of N,N′‐Dimethylolthiourea – m‐Aminophenol Resin
Authors: Patel K. D. , Morekar M. M. , Tilak Y. S.
Published: March 2012

N,N’‐Dimethylolthiourea (DMTU) resin having the methylol group ( –CH2 OH ) has been prepared and characterized. The condensation of DMTU resin with m‐aminophenol was carried out in the presence of alcoholic alkali catalyst at varying ratios of DMTU: mAP, namely 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2. The resultant DMTUmAP resin was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectral studies, number average molecular weight (
) estimated by non‐aqueous conductometric titration, and thermogravimetry. The curing study of DMTUmAP resin with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and kinetic parameters were evaluated. Glass‐reinforced composites based on the DMTUmAP‐HMTA system have also been prepared and characterized.
RP ‐ HPLC Method for Determination of Piperine from Piper longum Linn. and Piper nigrum Linn
Authors: Santosh M. K. , Shaila D. , Rajyalakshmi I. , Rao I. Sanjeeva
Published: March 2012

Piper longum Linn. and Piper nigrum Linn. are used as spices and medicines. Quantitative determination of piperine was undertaken to provide an easy and simple analytical method, which can be used as a routine quality control method. RP‐HPLC was performed using methanol and water as mobile phase. The detection and quantification was performed at a wavelength of 345 nm. Linearity of detector response for piperine was between the concentrations 0.005% to 0.1%. The correlation coefficient obtained for the linearity was 0.998. The assay value of piperine for fruit and root of P. longum was found to be 0.879% and 0.31%. The assay value of piperine for fruit of P. nigrum was 4.5%. The recovery value of standard piperine was 99.4%. Low value of standard deviation and coefficient of variation are indicative of high precision of the method.
Polarizability in Substituted Oxazoles: A PC‐Model Data Analysis
Authors: Harikrishna S. , Shrivastava S. P. , Rao J. T. , Limaye S. N.
Published: March 2012

A systematic investigation of various Oxazole derivatives has been subjected to a Polarized Continuums Model (PCM) for evaluation of their physico‐chemical parameters. The data thus obtained have been used to discuss the effect of substituents on polarizability of the oxazole aromatic ring and its possible dependence on the lipophilicity. In view of their biological activity a quantitative dependence of the physico‐chemical parameters of the oxazole derivatives with the π– lipophilicity distributive parameter [8] with respect to substituents on the oxazole aromatic ring, have been attempted. These physico‐chemical parameters showed a dependence with respect to their X1, X2 and X3 substituents as H, H, H < H, H,Ph < H,Ph < Ph, Ph, Ph The variations thuas obtained have been discussed in light of substitutions and their effect on the polarizability of the oxale ring.
Studies on Synthesis of Some New Chalcone and Pyrimidines and their Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Mistry Ketan , Desai K. R.
Published: March 2012

Pyrimidine‐2‐one derivatives, 2‐[2‐{1ʹ‐(p‐nitrophenyl)‐6ʹ‐(substituted‐phenyl)‐pyrimidine‐2ʹ‐one‐4ʹ‐yl}‐hydrazinomethyl]‐3‐(p‐methoxy phenyl)‐quina‐zoline‐4(3H)‐one [4a-j] have been synthesised by the condensation of p‐nitro phenylurea and various chalcones, 2‐(substituted phenylchalconylhydrazinomethyl)‐3‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)‐quinazoline‐4(3H)‐one [3a-j] in the presence of catalytic amount of conc. HCl. And this series of chalcones have been synthesised by the reaction of 2‐acetylhydrazinomethyl‐3‐(substitutedphenyl)‐quinazoline‐4(3H)‐one [2] with different substituted aldehydes in presence of a 2% NaOH solution. These products have been characterized by means of elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectrul studies and tested for antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Screening of Quinazolone Containing Novel Heterocyclic Schiff Base and Azetidinone by Niementowski Reaction
Authors: Desai A. R. , Roy R. U. , Desai K. R.
Published: March 2012

Several 2‐[2‐{(4‐substitutedbenzylidene)‐phenyl}vinyl]‐4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydroquinazolone‐6‐sulfonicacid 4(a-l) and 2‐[2‐{4‐(3‐chloro‐4‐substituedphenyl‐azetidin‐2‐one)‐phenyl}vinyl]‐4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydroqui‐nazolone‐6‐sulfonic acid 5(a-l) were synthesized by using conventional techniques and were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activity. The compounds showed good to moderate antimicrobial activity and were characterized on the basis of spectral analysis.
2‐Hydroxy‐4‐Methoxybenzophenone Oxime as an Analytical Reagent for Copper(II)
Authors: Krishna Purohit Miss , Desai K. K.
Published: March 2012

2‐Hydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzophenoneoxime (HMBO) was developed as a new analytical reagent for the gravimetric determination of Cu(II). In pH 2.5‐9.0 the reagent gives brown coloured precipitate with Cu(II). Spectrophotometric methods revealed that the stoichiometry of the complex is 1:2 (metal: ligand). Beer′s law is obeyed up to 31.75 ppm of Cu(II). Molar absorptivity and Sandell′s sensitivity at 400 nm were found to be 7.0×102 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.090 μg/cm2 respectively. The stability constant of Cu(II)‐HMBO complex is found to be 6.13×109. Gibb’s free energy change for complex formation reaction was found to be ‐13.93 Kcal/mol. The reagent can be used for the analysis of brass.
Studies of Binary Complexes of Tripodal Ligand cis,cis‐1,3,5‐tris(methylamino)cyclohexane with Cr(III) and Fe(III)
Authors: Muthu S. Esakki , Sahoo Suban K. , Baral Minati , Kanungo B. K.
Published: March 2012

The formation of binary complexes of Cr(III) and Fe(III) with a tripodal ligand cis,cis‐1,3,5‐tris(methylamino)cyclohexane (tmach) (L) has been investigated in solution. The overall stability constants of tmach with Cr(III) and Fe(III) were determined by potentiometric method at an ionic strength of 0.1 M NaClO4 at 25±1°C in aqueous medium. The formation of species like MLH25+, MLH4+, ML3+, ML(OH)2+ and ML(OH)3 were observed. Fe(III) was found to form more stable complexes than Cr(III). Molecular mechanics calculations were performed to explain the mode of coordination in solution.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 1,2,4‐Triazoles
Authors: Roy R. U. , Desai A. R. R. , Desai K. R.
Published: March 2012

Several 3‐(4′‐nitrophenyl)‐4‐(4"‐chloro benzamido)‐5‐substituted phenyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole (3a‐3e) and 3‐(4′‐nitrophenyl)‐4‐(4"‐methyl benzenesulphonamido)‐5‐substituted phenyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole (4a‐4e) have been synthesised. Representative compounds were screened for antibacterial, antifungal activity. Most of them showed significant antibacterial activity.
Cobalt and Nickel Complexes Bearing 2‐(2‐pyridyl)‐Benzimidazole: Synthesis and Ethylene Oligomerization
Authors: Du Jian-Long , Li-Jun-Li
Published: March 2012

A series of cobalt and nickel complexes MLX2 (M=Co or Ni, X=Cl) bearing 2‐(2‐pyridyl)benzimidazole ligands were synthesized. Treatment of the complexes with methylaluminoxane (MAO) leads to active catalysts for ethylene oligomerization. The oligomers were olefins from C2 to C6.