bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Uses and Risks of Adaptation
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

When my wife Joan and I were newly married, we lived in a north Jersey suburb not far from the New York state line. Every weekday morning we drove down the Palisades Interstate Parkway to the George Washington Bridge and crossed the Hudson River to Manhattan, where I taught and Joan was a graduate student. The parkway runs along the Palisades, a magnificent, igneous bluff that flanks the west bank of the Hudson and faces, on the far shore, Yonkers, the Riverdale section of the Bronx, and Manhattan. Wooded parkland extends on both sides of the road for its entire length until just before the approach to the bridge, where many lanes of superhighway converge on the toll booths.
When Machines Replace People
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

I used to enjoy listening to the National Weather Service forecasts on my shortwave weather radio. An endlessly repeated taped message updated every few hours might be less than thrilling, but the voices of the half-dozen or so forecasters made it come alive. Each one had an weather reporters there are real humans. Every now and then, I try the weather radio again, hoping that the synthetic announcers have disappeared, but they never have. One thought consoles me, however: I can still go outdoors to see and feel what the weather is like.
Obsolescence
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

At the end of the Cretaceous period, the last dinosaurs disappeared from the earth, setting off an evolutionary jubilee among the Milquetoastlike mammals that survived them, and preparing the ground for what was to become, sixty-five million years later, a permanent source of gainful occupation for scientists whose job it is to wonder why the dinosaurs died out. Scores of reasons have been given for this remarkable concatenation of extinctions. Global climate and sea level were changed by a city-sized asteroid striking the earth near what is now the Yucatán, or by a massive set of volcanic eruptions, or by the solar system passing through the core of a giant molecular cloud, perhaps colliding with a supercomet loosened from the Oort cluster, which orbits the Sun beyond Pluto.
Scientific Discoveries and Nature’s Mysteries
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

One of the joys of science is its steady production of wonderful discoveries. At irregular but not intolerable intervals, it throws out to the waiting world findings that add spice to a thousand morning newspapers and enliven the conversations of countless barbers and taxi drivers. Some branches of science are especially fruitful in their production of wonders: physics doles out an inexhaustible supply of elemental particles with clever, memorable names like quark. Medicine provides powerful antibiotics freshly isolated from weird sources such as exotic muds and frog skin, arraying them against an equally fresh crop of antibiotic-resistant microbes.
Strangers in Our Own Land
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

Something odd is happening in the suburbs. I’ve been vaguely aware of it for a while, but it first became clear to me during a conversation with my colleague Jim Applegate, six or seven years ago. We taught graduate field ecology together and were driving a university van full of students back from an October field trip. It was twilight, and at one point we passed a small cluster of deer grazing on a suburban lawn in a development of middle-income houses. Jim, an avid outdoorsman who feeds his family much of the time on the vegetables he grows, the fish he catches, and the game he hunts, glanced at them in passing.
Linear Algebraic Equations
Authors: Pozrikidis C
Published: November 2023

It is not an exaggeration to say that the vast majority of problems in computational science and engineering are reduced to solving a system of linear algebraic equations. Depending on the appli-cation, the system size can be small, large, or huge. Small systems can be solved easily by standard methods, whereas large and huge systems require efficient algorithms. Both cases will be discussed in this chapter.
Nonlinear Algebraic Equations
Authors: Pozrikidis C
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3, we discussed numerical methods for solving systems of linear algebraic equations. The algorithms we developed provide us with a basis for solving systems of nonlinear algebraic equations discussed in this chapter. We will see that, with a few exceptions, the solution of nonlinear equations must be found by iteration, where each iteration requires solving linear equations. Our main goal is to develop methods that ensure the convergence of the iterations for a reasonable initial guess.
Numerical Integration
Authors: Pozrikidis C
Published: November 2023

Numerical computation of integrals arises in various applications of mathematical physics and engineering. In some cases, the integrals represent the cumulative action of distributed force fields and other potentials. In other applications, integrals arise from the implementation of boundary-element and finite-element methods for solving ordinary and partial differential equations, as discussed in chapters 14 and 15. An extensive arsenal of numerical methods are available for computing integrals over one-, two-, and three-dimensional domains in terms of given or a priori unknown data.
Finite-Difference Methods for the Poisson and Laplace Equations
Authors: Pozrikidis C
Published: November 2023

The Poisson and Laplace equations are the steady-state versions of their inclusive unsteady diffiusion– reaction equation discussed in chapter 11, expressing physical or mathematical equilibrium. Numer-ical solutions can be found by straightforward reformulations of finite-difference methods for the unsteady diffiusion equation discussed in chapter 11, in Cartesian or curvilinear grids. The imple-mentation typically results in large systems of linear algebraic equations for the nodal values of an unknown function.
Finite-Element Methods for Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Pozrikidis C
Published: November 2023

In section 10.5, we discussed the fundamental concepts underlying the formulation and implementation of the Galerkin finite element method for ordinary diffierential equations. In this chapter, we illustrate the methodology for partial differential equations. The discourse will demonstrate one of the most powerful features of the finite element method, which is the ability to readily accommodate solution domains with arbitrary geometry.
The Decay of Civilization
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: November 2023

We are living today under the sign of the collapse of civilization. The situation has not been produced by the war; the latter is only a manifestation of it. The spiritual atmosphere has solidified into actual facts, which again react on it with disastrous results in every respect. This interaction of material and spiritual has assumed a most unhealthy character. Just below a mighty cataract we are driving along in a current full of formidable eddies, and it will need the most gigantic efforts to rescue the vessel of our fate from the dangerous side channel into which we have allowed it to drift, and bring it back into the main stream, if, indeed, we can hope to do so at all.
Patients Speak
Authors: Phillips Katharine A
Published: November 2023

This is incredibly embarrassing,” Jennifer began. “It’s really hard for me to talk about this. I don’t want to be here.” She had in fact canceled her first two appointments with me and had finally agreed to come to see me only at her mother’s insistence.
Compulsive Behaviors: Mirror Checking, Grooming, Camouflaging, Dieting, and Others
Authors: Phillips Katharine A
Published: November 2023

Amanda grew up in a family where appearance didn’t really matter. “So I don’t know why I worry so much about it,” she said. “But I do.” Amanda thought that overall she looked acceptable, but disliked her hair, which she thought stuck out and “looked bizarre.” She was also overly concerned about a faint scar on her face and thought her neck was too large.
Types of Crises
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Single-episode crisis events encompass a wide variety of life experiences, including natural disasters, auto accidents, surgeries, crimes, and loss of loved ones. Although single episodes may require intervention, research indicates that a single shocking event exposure need not lead to an overwhelming experience for those experiencing the event. The reason for this is the individual response to each event is based on each individual’s adaptive coping mechanisms combined with the type of event. Events involving criminal violence, where one individual inflicts trauma on another (e.g., robbery, rape, and assault), have a greater psychological impact on the victim than events such as auto accidents, surgeries, or natural disasters.
Psychophysiological Reactions to a Crisis
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

An individual’s normally effective coping skills can be overwhelmed in the face of severely stressful, sudden, or unusual events. Physical and mental reactions to such events are normal and are part of the process of recovering from the stress of loss or a critical incident. The following is a list of normal reactions to a traumatic event: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO A CRISIS 25 In addition, a period of mild to moderate depression is sometimes experienced following exposure to a stressful event or tragic loss (Kaplan & Sadock, 1998). Symptoms of depression include the following: These are normal reactions and are part of the process of recovering from a loss or critical incident stress. Although there is little anyone can do to take away these uncomfortable feelings, there are several things individuals who have experienced a crisis or stress situation can do to speed up the recovery process (Jobes & Berman, 1996; Roberts, Yeager, & Streiner, 2004; Weishaar, 2004):
Crisis Intervention With Violent Crime Victims
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Within crisis intervention, there is a specific focus specifically on victimology. Victimology is the scientific study of the physical, mental, and financial harm and injury people suffer because of criminal activities. Victimologists study the prevalence of victimization, the public’s reactions to the plight of victims, the impact of the injuries and losses inflicted by offenders, and the handling of victims by the criminal justice system.
Crisis Intervention With Abused Children
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Family crises are not unusual events in the field of child protection. A child’s disclosure of sexual molestation, the birth of a drug-addicted infant, the discovery of a teenager’s dependence on drugs, a parent’s arrest for violent behavior, the threat of a family’s eviction from public housing, or a parent overwhelmed with the needs of a child illustrate just some of the crises experienced by families. Although the state of crisis is short lived, generally lasting 4–6 weeks, it is a period of heightened family vulnerability and imbalance that requires a carefully planned response. Of course, not all families in crisis have incidents of child abuse. However, substance abuse, family dynamics, and other stressors can cause adults to act out in abusive ways toward children.
Crisis Intervention With Persons Diagnosed HIV Positive
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

The latest estimates indicate that at the end of 2003, HIV prevalence—the total number of persons with HIV—was roughly 1 million (estimated range between 1,039,000 and 1,185,000) (CDC, 2008). Approximately one-fourth (24%–27%) of HIV-infected persons are believed to be unaware of their infection, underscoring the need to expand opportunities for HIV testing.
Crisis Intervention With Children in the Aftermath of School Violence
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Schools have received much focus regarding the need to develop response to crisis events at all levels, beginning in elementary schools and progressing through institutions of higher learning. When a tragedy strikes a school, both the students and the community are impacted by the loss of life or other form of devastation. Crisis within school settings range from loss of life to disease, automobile accidents, home fires, natural disasters, progressing to complex cases of home- and community-based violence, including homicide. Finally, crisis within schools have progressed to violence and homicide within the school itself. In 1991, the School Crisis Response Initiative was formed to address how schools might best prepare for crisis. The organizing group was made up of representatives from the fields of education, pediatric medicine, psychology, social work, and police. The group set three initial goals: and social service providers (Chemtob, Nakashima, & Carlson, 2002; Lichtenstein, Schonfeld, Kline, & Speese-Linehan, 1995; Schonfeld, Kline, & Members of the Crisis Intervention Committee, 1994).
Hurricanes, Earthquakes, Floods
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

The Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters defines a disaster as ‘‘a situation or event which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to a national or international level for external assistance.’’ This is the case in natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornados, blizzards, and tsunamis. Given this expanded definition of disaster, for purposes of this section we will consider disasters as events placing survivors at increased risk of experiencing intense reactions to natural or human created devastation and destruction, including loss of human life.
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Model
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Since the late 1970s and early 1980s, the victim assistance movement has received more positive attention than ever, and has gained tremendous momentum with the passage of state and federal legislation designed to provide resources and services to those who are physically or emotionally traumatized or victimized (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001; Young, 1994). Debriefing is a specific technique designed to assist others in dealing with the physical or psychological symptoms that are generally associated with trauma exposure. Debriefing allows those involved with the incident to process the event and reflect on its impact.
Positions
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Another important factor in maintaining the mental wellness of crisis and disaster relief workers is to provide structure by maintaining a consistent environment of care for the crisis/disaster relief worker. The following are suggestions for mental health staff for management of stress while working on a disaster operation.
When Maintaining Energy Balance Becomes a Challenge
Authors: Epstein Susan J
Published: November 2023

The diagnosis of a chronic, often disabling, disease can present many challenges in light of the everyday struggles in life. A new diagnosis could almost be compared to a new marriage or a new baby. Wouldn’t it be nice if these challenges came with an instruction book? Instructions on how to manage life after a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS), heart disease, stroke, or any other chronic illness are available only in theory not practice. There is a wealth of information about the specific disease itself, the prognosis, and the progression, but no hands-on approach for practicing the steps of daily living. A specific nutritional and exercise plan or a prescription for weight control may be available, but is nothing but words on a page unless behavior change is addressed. I often tell my patients that if they practiced the principles I have taught them at a spa resort, where the environment and calories are controlled, each would most likely reach their goal. But what happens when you are back home faced with the usual daily demands of life? The challenge is in learning how to practice healthy behaviors to decrease stress, maintain a healthy bodyweight, maximize energy, and participate in physical activity.
Developing Health Behaviors Using a Psychological Model
Authors: Epstein Susan J
Published: November 2023

Lifestyle change begins with you and your willingness to try something new. Having an open mind will help you acquire new skills to reduce your health risks, reduce aches and pains, improve your strength and mobility, and in general, just feel better. However, an open mind is only the appetizer. Given the complexity of behavior change and the difficulty many people have in adhering to the “rules” of treatment, an understanding of factors that influence behavior change is needed. The goal is to master the necessary tools to develop behaviors that will make you a healthy individual.

Understanding the basis of a behavioral program will provide a solid foundation for the use of the methods presented. The brain is the basis of all behavior. How we act, think, learn, and live take place in the brain. Almost everything we do is learned through practice, time, and experience.
The Dangers of Running on Empty
Authors: Epstein Susan J
Published: November 2023

If only I had tracked the numbers during my competitive running days, I may have realized my “tank” was nearly empty. My complaints as an elite athlete were similar to that of a patient with a chronic illness: fatigue, depression, and muscle pain. Looking at the records would have quickly identifled the caloric deficit I was building. I was consuming about 1600 calories a day, but expending close to 1000. In other words, I was relying on 600 calories to provide me with the energy my body needed to function throughout the rest of the day when I was not running. In short, I was “running on empty.”

Most multiple sclerosis (MS) patients report similar symptoms of fatigue. The question is whether the fatigue is a symptom of the disease, poor nutrition, or a result of some other unrelated illness. Fatigue certainly can be related to “running on empty.” When the body is denied calories and is underfed, metabolism naturally slows down to protect energy stores. So instead of burning an average of 10–15 calories per pound of bodyweight, you may be burning 8–10 calories per pound. This results in you needing fewer calories to maintain current bodyweight. This then translates into eating less and compromising nutrition.
Avoiding Calorie Pitfalls
Authors: Epstein Susan J
Published: November 2023

Have you ever overdrawn your bank account? Your checkbook says $500, but the bank says $50. Guess who wins? Generally, you have to review all of your checks and balances, withdrawals, and deposits, until you find the error. Through scrutinizing eyes you discover you dropped a few zeros when figuring the math or neglected to record that last minute ATM withdrawal. What happens when the scale does not match up with your estimated weight loss or weight gain? I monitor weight loss in four-week blocks, not on a daily basis. This allows bodyweight fluctuations to stabilize. The scale does not measure fluctuations in body water just like it cannot discriminate between shifts in fat. For many the scale can be the biggest “pitfall” and the reason for detours with attempts at dieting. The person who is working very hard at losing weight will become discouraged if the scale is the only means of reinforcement. When the math just doesn’t add up, and you feel you have been working hard to lose excess pounds, but the scale says otherwise, refer to the following facts.
Thinking about Yoga or Tai Chi?
Authors: Epstein Susan J
Published: November 2023

Using a mind–body approach to illness, stress, and even during athletic competition is a common practice today. In recent years, yoga and Tai Chi have become popular alternatives to traditional fitness activities, such as weight lifting and aerobics. As an individual with multiple sclerosis (MS), whose mobility and strength are limited, one of these Eastern arts may be the right exercise program for you. Many sports and aerobic activities cause body temperature to rise, which may temporarily worsen your symptoms. Concern over current conditioning combined with fatigue, spasticity, weakness, or poor balance may prevent a person from even considering any activity that uses the body to perform postures. This chapter should dispel any myths of whether these activities are appropriate for the MS patient.

Yoga’s emphasis is on feeling your body and controlling your breathing. Living with MS or any disease can take away the sense of control of your body, leaving you with muscles that don’t always work when you want them to and a mind that can be filled with constant worries about the deficits that plague your body. The practice of yoga was not something I caught onto quickly.
Communicating Scientific Information: The Scientific Paper
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

The basic parts of the scientific paper are familiar to most people: introduction, methods, results, discussion. Other items, such as the title, abstract or summary, acknowledgments, references cited, and sometimes appendices, may be less prominent but nevertheless need a great deal of thought. The parts of scientific papers have evolved as a result of much experience grappling with the problem of how to communicate sometimes complex concepts and results in a clear, economical fashion. The goal is a paper that is easy to read; the problem is that such papers are hard to write.
Other Means of Scientific Communication
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

We have used our best scientific intuition to discern the important question, we have designed the best possible way to test the question, we have used innovative ways to do the needed measurements, and we have excellent data; at some point in our scientific lives we will surely have to give the dreaded oral presentation. The first point to make about talks is that even experienced speakers have some apprehension at the prospect. The second point is that giving talks is theater. What makes for successful theater? A good story line, for starters.
Case Studies of Graphical Data Presentation
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

In chapter 9 we discussed reasonably good examples of the various types of graphics. Choice of graphics is to some extent up to the author, but it is easy to graph data in ways that impair graphical perception. I have always found it difficult, however, to learn from exhortations such as “Make good graphics!” Instead, I think that it is easier to learn what to avoid by examining examples of imperfect design. As practice in graphic design, in this chapter we encounter some examples of different graphics as they appeared in print, briefly critique the design, and discuss suggestions that, at least in my opinion, will improve communication of the data. As we go through this “Bestiary of Graphical Misdesign,” keep in mind that the purpose of graphics is to allow a clear, untrammeled, truthful, and perhaps attractive view of the information.
Perceptions and Criticisms of Science
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

We live at a time in which science and technology are moving forward at dizzying rates; knowledge—although perhaps not wisdom—is being generated so fast that today in one year we are accumulating more information than was acquired in the first 50 years of the twentieth century. This information avalanche results from the enormous increase in scientific activity: perhaps 90% of the scientists who have ever lived are alive today. New discoveries challenge long-held beliefs, ideas, and facts, and there are too many new findings to assimilate. The blizzard of scientific revelations becomes incomprehensible, threatening to our sense of place in the world, and perhaps even irrelevant. Science is regarded by many, perhaps as Jehovah was by the Israelites, with respect, fear, and utter incomprehension (Tuomey 1996); we might add skepticism to that list.
On The Translation
Authors: Golder Herbert , Pevear Richard
Published: November 2023

The dialogues in this version of the Aias are composed in sprung rhythm, with three stresses to a line. There is no set pattern in which the stresses fall and no rule governing the number of unstressed syllables in the line. The stresses may be single or doubled. This system allows for lines as brief as to be read as prosodically equivalent. Sprung rhythm is the natural rhythm of speech heightened by the formal constraint of a fixed number of stresses and the ear’s perception of regularity behind the irregularity. Keeping the number of stresses in mind will also help the reader (or actor) to hear how the lines should be spoken.
Notes
Authors: Golder Herbert , Pevear Richard
Published: November 2023

The wooden stage building (skene) represents Aias’ camp; the central, double doors, or gates, lead to his quarters. Two side entrances, one of which was probably used to represent the ‘‘Greek’’ side, that is, the side leading to and from the Greek camp, and the other the side by which Aias and those close to him come and go, visually reenforce the play’s thematic polarities. As the tracking scene suggests, the time is very likely dawn, the traditional starting time of the day’s first play. Since the Theater of Dionysos was open, the dramatist made ‘‘the world’’ his stage. The reader should try to visualize the effect: day dawns as the strange tracks leading to Aias become clear. By involving the natural world in his drama, Sophocles creates an immediate sense of the cosmic scope of Aias’ tragedy. (Cf. Aeschylus’ use of dawning light to dramatize the world-dimension of his Agamemnon.)
Introduction
Authors: Williams C K , Dickerson Gregory W
Published: November 2023

Mutability; uncertainty; a universe of precipitous change: these are at the heart of three of the seven surviving tragedies of Sophocles. In Ajax the hero confronts abrupt changes in human values and relationships, recognizes them as part of the pattern of universal flux, and escapes submission by self-destruction. In Oedipus sight is annulled by blindness, illusion by truth, intellect by irrationality. But nowhere have these themes been elaborated with more urgency or austerity than in Women of Trachis. There are no gradual alterations in this tragedy, no subtle shifts of fortune, but stunning and total reversals, moving forward with the relentlessness of a turning wheel: thesis, crushing antithesis, and—at the moment of transformation—violence and destruction. This pattern of opposition and cyclicity prevails throughout the play. Things occur, occur again, in another form, to another person, until, by the end, characters, images, past and present, all seem to have fused under a single mask of human helplessness, of subjugation to time and change, of bitterness and defiance.
Introduction
Authors: Carson Anne , Shaw Michael
Published: November 2023

The long siege of Troy, a city on the coast of Asia Minor, is one of the major events in the world of Greek myth. The first surviving work of Greek literature, the Iliad of Homer, is largely concerned with it. The Iliad itself is about an event in the ninth year of that siege, a quarrel in the Greek camp between Agamemnon, the leader of the Greek rulers, and Achilles, their best warrior, that leads to Achilles’ withdrawal. This in turn leads to a series of events that end with the death of the Trojans’ best warrior, Hektor. But in the course of that story, Homer tells us much of the earlier history of the war and reveals that after Hektor’s death Troy’s fall will inevitably follow.
Notes
Authors: Phillips Carl , Clay Diskin
Published: November 2023

1–178 / 1–134 Prologue 3 / 2 Lemnos An island in the northern Aegean just under Mt. Athos, which looms to the north. It is a stage on the way from mainland Greece to the Tread. In Sophocles’ time it was an important and inhabited island, and its two main cities (Myrrhine and Hephaistia) were virtually Attic demes. Remarkably, Sophocles makes it an uninhabited island, despite its description in the Iliad as being well populated and the realm of the son of Jason and Hypsipyle (Iliad 7.467 and 21.40).
The Balkans: Nomen
Authors: Todorova Maria
Published: November 2023

As befits the obsession of present Western academic culture with language, the Balkan specter that haunts it is not a character but a name, a signifier. In a Ferdinand de Saussurean system of thought, the signifier is directly related to the signified, as both are elements of a unity. While insisting on their distinction, Ferdinand de Saussure emphasized the precarious balance between the two, the reassuring equilibrium and correspondence between propositions and reality. Post structuralism introduced a hierarchy by conferring the dominant part to the signifier. For someone like Derrida, there can never occur a coincidence between word and thing or thought.
Patterns of Perception until 1900
Authors: Todorova Maria
Published: November 2023

While travel literature became a fashionable genre and produced a significant body of writings all over Europe, its widest and most welcome market was Britain, which had the strongest opportunity to disseminate particular attitudes to a comparatively large audience. It is impossible to compare the travel literature of different countries fairly, but there is no doubt that in Britain travelers’ accounts were the preferred reading after novels in the course of several centuries, and “although the literature of travel is not the highest kind, . . . yet a history of English literature rightly as- signs a space apart to such books, because this kind of writing, perhaps more than any other, both expresses and influences national predilections and national character.”
From Discovery to Invention, from Invention to Classification
Authors: Todorova Maria
Published: November 2023

By the beginning of the twentieth century, an image of the Balkans had already been shaped in European literature; moreover, it was almost exclusively under the name Balkan that it was further elaborated. Although far from being unanimous, it held many features in common. The geographic discovery was going hand in hand with a simultaneous invention of the region; the two processes are, in fact, insepa-rable. A travel narrative, like any other, “simultaneously presents and represents a world, that is, simultaneously creates or makes up a reality and asserts that it stands indepen- dent of that same reality.” The discovery of the Balkans falls within the general ru-bric of how people deal with difference.
Chapter 1
Authors: Chatterji Bankimchandra
Published: November 2023

“O Peee—Peepee—Prafulla—Wretch,” mother called affectionately. “Coming mother.” The daughter went up to her mother and said, “Yes, mother?” “Why don’t you go to the Ghosh’s house and ask them for an eggplant?” asked her mother coaxingly.
Chapter 1
Authors: Chatterji Bankimchandra
Published: November 2023

The seventh day of the bright half of May had come, but no effort had been made to pay the debt owed to Queen Debi. Haraballabh himself was now clear of debt. If he had wanted he could easily have collected the money to pay Debi off, but he was quite unconcerned about that. When Brajesvar saw that Haraballabh had done nothing at all about the matter, he raised the topic several times but each time Haraballabh had stopped him with some excuse. The seventh day of the bright half of May was almost upon them—there were only a few days left. When Brajesvar began to press his father about the money, Haraballabh replied, “All right, don’t worry. I’m off to get the money. I’ll be back on the sixth day.” So Haraballabh set off from home in a sedan-chair, with a Brahmin cook, retainers and two lathials (or guards) in tow.
Chapter 1
Authors: Chatterji Bankimchandra
Published: November 2023

VARIANTS

“Peepee”: DCsv has “Pip” instead.

* “but Prafulla grabbed the basket . . .”: DCsv has instead: “but Prafulla took the basket from her and threw away the little rice that remained. Astonished, her mother asked, “What are you doing? You’ve thrown away even the little we had?” Her mother wiped the tears from her eyes and said, “You’ve everything you could wish for, my dear” etc.

* “She cooked whatever rice there was . . .”: DCsv has instead: “Then she borrowed some rice and cooked it, but Prafulla wouldn’t eat a thing” etc.

* “ ‘No, leave it as it is,’ said Prafulla”: DCsv adds: “Let them see the state they’ve kept me in,” then concludes with the last sentence of the standard text: “Then both left the house” etc.
Chapter 1
Authors: Chatterji Bankimchandra
Published: November 2023

“In those days, the Collector was also a keeper of the peace”: apparently the same Richard Goodlad encountered earlier (see Part I, ch.8). In the job-description quoted in the endnotes to that chapter, we have seen how policing his District was a necessary part of the Collector’s duties.
The Text and Translation
Authors: Herrman Judson
Published: November 2023

The Funeral Oration was one of the first examples of Greek literature rediscovered on papyrus in the middle of the nineteenth century. It was found near Egyptian Thebes and brought to London in late 1856 by H. Stobart. The first editor, Churchill Babington, arranged the fifteen fragments into fourteen columns. This arrangement is clearly confirmed by the texts on both sides of the papyrus, and quickly won wide assent. Friedrich Blass made one important modification when he recognized that the fragments Babington had classified as the first two columns in fact join to form one column. One additional small piece of the papyrus (my fragment 1a) has not been placed; it must come from the right half of col. 11 or from an additional section of the papyrus, otherwise lost, that came after col. 13.
A multidimensional problem
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we lay out a set of interrelated phenomena: Women are underrepresented in math-intensive STEM fields; they are also underrepresented at the extremes of the spatial cognition and mathematic aptitude distributions; and there is some evidence that spatial cognition is a causal agent in mastering complex math. Finally, there is evidence that those who succeed in math-intensive fields come from the outer right tails of the mathematics and spatial cognition distributions—the top 1% or higher. Putting these pieces together has led some scholars to the following causal interpretation.
Opening arguments: Environment
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we delve into the nonbiological and noncognitive factors that have been touted by some researchers as causes of the underrepresentation of women in math-intensive STEM fields. The discussion will focus on claims about the influences of early experiences, preferences, parental and teacher biases, societal stereotypes, and claims of discrimination. We begin with some snapshots of research showing environmental influences (or failing to show biological influences) on sex differences in STEM careers.
Opening arguments: Biology
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we review evidence for the alleged role of biology in producing sex differences in math-intensive fields, to parallel what we did in Chapter 2 for the alleged role of the environment. Here we will describe findings on brain organization, hormones, and putative evolutionary influences. We will also delve into differences in early spatial skills that show up prior to the onset of schooling, which suggest biological rather than environmental origin—at least to many researchers.
General Principles of Expression continued
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

We will now consider our second principle, that of antithesis.* Certain states of the mind lead, as we have seen in the last chapter, to certain habitual movements which were primarily, or may still be, of service; and we shall find that when a directly opposite state of mind is induced, there is a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of movements of a directly opposite nature, though these have never been of any service. A few striking instances of antithesis will be given, when we treat of the special expressions of man; but as, in these cases, we are particularly liable to confound conventional or artificial gestures and expressions with those which are innate or universal, and which alone deserve to rank as true expressions, I will in the present chapter almost confine myself to the lower animals.
Disdain Contempt Disgust Guilt Pride, Etc. Helplessness Patience Affirmation and Negation
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

Scorn and disdain can hardly be distinguished from contempt, excepting that they imply a rather more angry frame of mind. Nor can they be clearly distinguished from the feelings discussed in the last chapter under the terms of sneering and defiance. Disgust is a sensation rather more distinct in its nature, and refers to something revolting, primarily in relation to the sense of taste, as actually perceived or vividly imagined; and secondarily to anything which causes a similar feeling, through the sense of smell, touch, and even of eyesight. Nevertheless, extreme contempt, or, as it is often called, loathing contempt, hardly differs from disgust. These several conditions of the mind are, therefore, nearly related; and each of them may be exhibited in many different ways. Some writers have insisted chiefly on one mode of expression, and others on a different mode. From this circusstance M. Lemoyne has argued that their descriptions are not trustworthy. But we shall immediately see that it is natural that the feelings which we have here to consider should be expressed in many different ways, inasmuch as various habitual actions serve equally well, through the principle of association, for their expression.
Ancestral Curses
Authors: West Martin
Published: November 2023

But it is not as simple as that. Already in Homer we can see a distinction between a simple prayer for someone’s harm and the curse proper. When, at the outset of the Iliad, Chryses prays to Apollo that the Danaans may pay the price for the distress they have caused him by taking his daughter, we cite this as a fine illustration of Greek prayer form, and we do not at all think of it as a curse. It stands in clear contrast to the two parental cursings recalled in book 9: the one where Phoenix’s father Amyntor invoked the Erinyes to see to it that Phoenix should never have a son, and his prayers were answered by Zeus of the Underworld and Persephone;1 and the other where Meleager’s mother prayed to the gods for his death, crouching and sobbing and beating the earth with her hands as she called upon Hades and Persephone, and the pitiless Erinys heard her prayer from Erebos. In both these cases the Erinyes, the powers of vengeance, and the gods of the Underworld are involved.
The Mausoleum Friezes before 1855
Authors: Cook B F
Published: November 2023

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum on the south-west coast of Turkey) owed its place among the seven wonders of the world partly to its size and extraordinary architecture, and partly to the enormous quantity of sculpture that embellished it. Architecturally it was very influential: its form was widely imitated and developed during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and has been echoed in more recent buildings. Its very name acquired a generic use in Latin and later languages as the word for a monumental tomb.
Introductio
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R
Published: November 2023

When we think of Attic writing we think first of the inscriptions on stone, which appear in quantity after the Persian Wars. But these inscriptions give a very one-sided, not to say distorted, picture of the art of writing as it must have been practised on papyrus and wax tablets, and as it is reflected in painted and scratched inscriptions on various materials from the beginning of the introduction of the alphabet.
Introduction
Authors: Reyes A T
Published: November 2023

IN 1948, the archaeologist Einar Gjerstad, director of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition from 1927 to 1931, published the results of his expedition’s research on Iron Age Cyprus. In doing so, he provided a historical framework upon which subsequent accounts of the island’s past have relied.1 Prior to 1948, the work of Oberhummer, Myres, and Hill had served as the basis for all general surveys of Cypriot archaeology and history.
Cyprus and Egypt
Authors: Reyes A T
Published: November 2023

I was reminded of India—Eastern customs, Eastern dress, Eastern smells! The narrow street of this particular bazaar was roofed over with pieces of cloth or other material which had been slung across as a protection against the heat of the sun. Moslems and Greeks were here in numbers sitting outside their little shops or by their stalls of vegetables, fruit, or other commodities, some carrying on bargains, others merely enjoying a gossip. I noticed a board outside one of the little shops advertising the inevitable Singer sewing machines, without which no Eastern bazaar seems complete. I had seen these sewing machines in every village I visited in Egypt; they were even to be found in proud display at the desert oasis of Faiyum. It was not surprising therefore to find they had also invaded the bazaars of Cyprus.
The Sylloge Parisina
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

S is contained in one manuscript of the thirteenth century (Paris. suppl. gr. 352). But there is also one fourteenth-century manuscript (Paris. gr. 1630) that contains what appears in the main to be a rearranged excerpt from S, generally known as B. S has 114 epigrams, B 53 of which 9 are absent from S. Coincidence in error where they overlap removes any possibility of doubt: B is an excerpt from a fuller version of S. Its additional poems, consisting mainly of oracles and problems, have been discussed above. In general, however, the order of the poems in B is too much disturbed to render it of any independent value for study of the poems preserved in S. But it does prove what should already have been inferred from the structure of S itself: that S is incomplete.
The Suda
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

The Suda is a lexicon compiled some time probably during the second half of the tenth century, a product of the antiquarianism and research that characterized the age of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. In the matter of epigrams the contrast with the mid-ninth-century lexicon of Photius is striking. There are a mere five quotations from epigrams in Photius, three of which are absent from the Cephalan tradition. The fourth appears in a different form as AP ix. 700 and the fifth as AP xiii. 29. In the Suda, by contrast, there are 1,076 epigram quotations, from 430 different epigrams, all of which appear in AP. In addition, the Suda quotations reflect exactly the same wide and idiosyncratic range of poets as all the other Cephalan derivatees discussed in the preceding chapters: both the Garlands, the Cycle, Rufinus, the Diogenes Laertius sequence (vii. 83 f.), the Anacreon and Simonides sequences (vi. 134 f., 212 f.), even vi. 322 by the Emperor Hadrian.
Arethas and Cephalas
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

Much the best documented library of the age belonged to Arethas of Patras, archbishop of Caesarea from 902 or 903 to the early 93os.
AP xv, Constantine the Rhodian, and J
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

There remains the collection of epigrams on pp. 664—706 of the Palatine MS misleadingly known as AP xv. Misleadingly, because there can be no question of it actually forming a part of Cephalas’ anthology. Contrary to what printed editions imply, it does not even follow AP xiv. The central epigrammatic corpus of AP is preceded and followed by some notable specimens of early Byzantine ecphrastic poetry. On pp. 1—48 stand two ecphraseis by Paul the Silentiary and some poems of Gregory Nazianzen; on pp. 643—64. 20, following AP xiv, John of Gaza’s ecphrasis of the world map in the winter baths at Gaza. It is not till p. 664. 24 f. that AP xv begins. Whatever we decide about AP i—iv, it seems clear that, for the Palatine scribes at least, xv had nothing to do with the main epigrammatic books v—xiv. Add to this the facts that it lacks a ‘Cephalan’ preface, consists disproportionately of ninth- and tenth-century rather than classical epigrams, and contains one poem (xv. 15) written if not (as commonly supposed) after the death of Leo the Wise, at any rate not before 908, and so after the appearance of Cephalas (before 907), and the conclusion is inescapable that xv is not Cephalan.
Homeric Soundings
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

This book combines the exploration of the`ethics' of the Iliad with its poetic and narrative techniques, which extend all the way from touches of phrasing to the shaping of whole scenes and the interaction between scenes, often separated by thousands of lines. These two approaches to the Iliad through ̀content̀ and through ̀form̀—are found to be inextricably worked together, which is why the book consists of ̀soundingś, or sample explorations, where larger arguments branch out from noticing details in the formation of particular passages. Homer was an archaic poet, and even if he could write he surely created the poems to be heard. Far from making all this intricate complexity, the discoveries of many rereadings, inapposite, this book maintains the contrary position: the kind of artistry uncovered, especially the long-distance interconnections, would be more rather than less accessible if perceived aurally. Furthermore, if the form and timing of the long sessions are arranged by the performer, then this opens up further opportunities for shapings, patterns that would be far more apparent when heard in real time than when inside the uniform format of printed pages. These `soundings' should interest those experienced in other literatures and cultures. All quotations of Greek are also given in translation.
The Past Beneath the Present
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

The Iliad is much too good to begin at the beginning (or to end at the end). It begins at an exact time, the day that Chryses comes to the ships; but an extraordinary amount about the past is filled in by piecemeal reconstruction, especially during the first three and a half books. It is not, of course, blocked out in chronological order; and it is conveyed by a wide variety of narrative techniques, ranging from direct narration, to symbolic re-enactment, to passing allusions fitting the ’jig-saw’ as it has been pieced together so far. Always the poet controls the sequence and the developing picture perceived by his hearers.
Sophistic Display: The Florida
Authors: Harrison S J
Published: November 2023

The version of Apuleius’ Florida transmitted by the manuscript tradition, containing some forty pages of modern text, is evidently a collection of excerpts; the more than twenty sections distinguished in modern texts within these forty pages are dearly disparate extracts rather than a continuous whole, extracts which vary in length from six or seven lines (Flor. 5) to six or seven pages (Flor. 9, 16, and 18). This chapter will consider the transmission and title of the collection, analyse its contents with a view to establishing links with the literary culture of the Roman empire in the second century AD, especially Greek sophistic texts, and finally suggest the principles upon which it was excerpted. There is as yet no published commentary on the Florida, remarkable given its literary quality and cultural interest, though there has been much useful work.; for reasons of space, this account cannot offer an extensive commentary, especially on the longer pieces, but will aim to give the reader some idea of the character of the work and of each extract. The reader is assumed to have Vallette’s Budé text (1924) to hand (references are to its sections).