bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin following intravenous, intramuscular, and intra‐articular administration in healthy horses
Authors: Newman J. C. , Prange T. , Jennings S. , Barlow B. M. , Davis J. L.
Published: March 2013

The objectives of this study were to examine the pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in the horse following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and intra‐articular (IA) administration. Six mares received 4 mg/kg tobramycin IV, IM, and IV with concurrent IA administration (IV+IA) in a randomized 3‐way crossover design. A washout period of at least 7 days was allotted between experiments. After IV administration, the volume of distribution, clearance, and half‐life were 0.18 ± 0.04 L/kg, 1.18 ± 0.32 mL·kg/min, and 4.61 ± 1.10 h, respectively. Concurrent IA administration could not be demonstrated to influence IV pharmacokinetics. The mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) after IM administration was 18.24 ± 9.23 μg/mL at 1.0 h (range 1.0–2.0 h), with a mean bioavailability of 81.22 ± 44.05%. Intramuscular administration was well tolerated, despite the high volume of drug administered (50 mL per 500 kg horse). Trough concentrations at 24 h were below 2 μg/mL in all horses after all routes of administration. Specifically, trough concentrations at 24 h were 0.04 ± 0.01 μg/mL for the IV route, 0.04 ± 0.02 μg/mL for the IV/IA route, and 0.02 ± 0.02 for the IM route. An additional six mares received IA administration of 240 mg tobramycin. Synovial fluid concentrations were 3056.47 ± 1310.89 μg/mL at 30 min after administration, and they persisted for up to 48 h with concentrations of 14.80 ± 7.47 μg/mL. Tobramycin IA resulted in a mild chemical synovitis as evidenced by an increase in synovial fluid cell count and total protein, but appeared to be safe for administration. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that tobramycin would be effective against bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 μg/mL for IV administration and 1 μg/mL for IM administration based onCmax:MIC of 10.
Stakeholder participation in lake management in Wisconsin (USA)
Authors: Thornton Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2013

The State of Wisconsin (USA) has 15 000 natural lakes. Many of these lakes are managed by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources pursuant to their mandate as the State's natural resources conservation agency. This level of management is primarily focused on issuance of hunting and fishing licences, boating licences and administration of relevant State regulations. Supporting this governmental function is a network of stakeholders who are organized under the auspices of various statewide programmes, such as the Citizen Lake Monitoring Network, or formed into local community‐based organizations. These organizations include special purpose units of government, principally public inland lake protection and rehabilitation districts, as well as private associations, some of which might be incorporated under Wisconsin law and/or granted federal non‐profit status. This article describes the various organizational options open to lake stakeholders and outlines the types of activities in which they engage. Lessons learned through this active programme of stakeholder participation are used to illustrate the value of this range of organizations.
River Basin Organization development in southeastern Wisconsin
Authors: Slawski Thomas M.
Published: March 2013

This report summarizes the role and function of river organizations in the southeast region of the State of Wisconsin (USA) by comparing the history of lake and river organization formation within the State and aspects of successful public involvement/engagement as examples in protecting and enhancing water resources in the southeastern region of the State. Review of the history of lake organization vs. river organization formation from years 1895 to 2011 demonstrates that Wisconsin has a long and stable history of stakeholder participation in watershed‐based resource management activities. The changes over time also demonstrate that lake association formation became consistent on an annual basis by about the mid‐1930s, followed by lake districts (special purpose units of government) in the early 1970s and river organization formation by the mid 1980s. Hence, the emergence of stream‐based watershed groups as partners in stream‐based watershed protection and management is a relatively new phenomenon statewide, as well as in the southeastern region, especially in the period since the year 1990 when these organizations exhibited the greatest increase in their rate of formation. Comparison of lake organization vs. river organization formation over time also exhibited similarities amongst the timing of formation, rates of development and peaks of formation at the State level that seems to be associated with, or partially explained by, ongoing state programmes and funding. This recent timing of increase in river group popularity in the southeastern region is coupled with an increase in understanding and importance of expanding the focus of management issues, beyond the specific surface water lake or river itself, to the watershed scale. This has set‐up an interesting dilemma amongst river and lake organizations, particularly within the Fox (Illinois) River watershed, as they attempt to identify their respective roles and work together to meet stakeholder demands into the future.
Local institutions and lake management
Authors: Snell Margaret , Bell Kathleen P. , Leahy Jessica
Published: March 2013

The emergence and behaviour of local institutions are of increasing interest as managers, policy‐makers and communities assess the potential for these institutions to supplement conventional resource management approaches. Lake associations are local organizations that address management issues using informal and voluntary strategies and stress stakeholder participation. Insights from theInstitutionalAnalysis andDevelopment (IAD)Framework are applied to advance our understanding of the capacity of these local institutions to contribute to lake management. The lake associations ofMaine,USA, are the focus of our empirical work. A database describing natural and human features of 2602Maine lakes was assembled to support a probit model of lake association presence/absence. The lake database was combined with a survey‐based database to develop ordered probit models of success at managing five issues. Lake association presence was positively correlated with resource characteristics, including prior lake impairment, presence of public boat launches and recreational fisheries, and lower levels of surrounding forest and agricultural land cover; and institutional characteristics, including multiple political jurisdictions and organized territories and participation in collaborative lake monitoring programs. Across multiple issues, lake association management success was positively correlated with the level of attention given to a specific issue. These results offer guidance on how to better integrate the informal approaches of local institutions with more formal, regional government‐based management approaches and reveal the need for further research of what issues these stakeholder‐engaged institutions are best suited to address.
Protecting in partnership: the Mukwonago River Basin Protection Plan
Authors: Thornton Jeffrey A. , Slawski Thomas M. , Olson Eric
Published: March 2013

The Wisconsin (USA) Lakes Partnership is a coalition of academic, advocacy and regulatory entities focused on ensuring effective conservation of the State's natural and water resources. This report summarizes a successful application of the Partnership concept through a case study describing the process that led to the development and implementation of a River Protection Plan for the Mukwonago River Watershed. In addition to the actions of individual landowners, a planning programme sponsored by special purpose units of government, funded in part by the State of Wisconsin and in part by non‐governmental organizations, and conducted by a regional planning authority in partnership with local universities and governmental agencies led to the development of the Mukwonago River Watershed Protection Plan, the contents of which were validated and guided by stakeholders through a Watershed Team and ad hoc Advisory Group. The Watershed Team secured and provided in part the necessary financial support for the conduct of the planning programme, while the Advisory Group identified concerns and validated recommended responses to address the shared issues of concern. The resulting watershed protection plan sets forth a strategy for the maintenance and protection of the high‐quality water resources of the Mukwonago River Basin.
Steep clines within a highly permeable genome across a hybrid zone between two subspecies of theEuropean rabbit
Authors: Carneiro Miguel , Baird Stuart J. E. , Afonso Sandra , Ramirez Esther , Tarroso Pedro , Teotónio Henrique , Villafuerte Rafael , Nachman Michael W. , Ferrand Nuno
Published: March 2013

Maintenance of genetic distinction in the face of gene flow is an important aspect of the speciation process. Here, we provide a detailed spatial and genetic characterization of a hybrid zone between two subspecies of the European rabbit. We examined patterns of allele frequency change for 22 markers located on the autosomes,X‐chromosome,Y‐chromosome and mtDNAin 1078 individuals sampled across the hybrid zone. While some loci revealed extremely wide clines (w ≥ 300 km) relative to an estimated dispersal of 1.95–4.22 km/generation, others showed abrupt transitions (w ≈ 10 km), indicating localized genomic regions of strong selection against introgression. The subset of loci showing steep clines had largely coincident centers and stepped changes in allele frequency that did not co‐localize with any physical barrier or ecotone, suggesting that the rabbit hybrid zone is a tension zone. The steepest clines were forX‐ andY‐chromosome markers. Our results are consistent with previous inference based onDNAsequence variation of individuals sampled in allopatry in suggesting that a large proportion of each genome has escaped the overall barrier to gene flow in the middle of the hybrid zone. These results imply an old history of hybridization and high effective gene flow and anticipate that isolation factors should often localize to small genomic regions.
The nematode Pristionchus pacificus as a model system for integrative studies in evolutionary biology
Authors: Sommer Ralf J. , McGaughran Angela
Published: March 2013

Comprehensive studies of evolution have historically been hampered by the division among disciplines. Now, as biology moves towards an ‘‐omics’ era, it is more important than ever to tackle the evolution of function and form by considering all those research areas involved in the regulation of phenotypes. Here, we review recent attempts to establish the nematode Pristionchus pacificus as a model organism that allows integrative studies of development and evo‐devo, with ecology and population genetics. Originally developed for comparative study with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, P. pacificus provided insight into developmental pathways including dauer formation, vulva and gonad development, chemosensation, innate immunity and neurobiology. Its subsequent discovery across a wide geographic distribution in association with scarab beetles enabled its evaluation in a biogeographic context. Development of an evolutionary field station on La Réunion Island, where P. pacificus is present in high abundance across a number of widespread habitat types, allows examination of the microfacets of evolution – processes of natural selection, adaptation and drift among populations can now be examined in this island setting. The combination of laboratory‐based functional studies with fieldwork in P. pacificus has the long‐term prospective to provide both proximate (mechanistic) and ultimate (evolutionary and ecological) causation and might therefore help to overcome the long‐term divide between major areas in biology.
The two‐component systems PrrBA and NtrYX co‐ordinately regulate the adaptation of Brucella abortus to an oxygen‐limited environment
Authors: Carrica Mariela del Carmen , Fernandez Ignacio , Sieira Rodrigo , Paris Gastón , Goldbaum Fernando Alberto
Published: March 2013

Brucella is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease brucellosis, which is endemic in many parts of the world. The success of Brucella as pathogen relies in its ability to adapt to the harsh environmental conditions found in mammalian hosts. One of its main adaptations is the induction of the expression of different genes involved in respiration at low oxygen tension. In this report we describe a regulatory network involved in this adaptation. We show that Brucella abortus PrrBA is a functional two‐component signal transduction system that responds to the redox status and acts as a global regulator controlling the expression of the regulatory proteins NtrY, FnrN and NnrA, which are involved in the adaptation to survive at low oxygen tension. We also show that the two‐component systems PrrBA and NtrYX co‐ordinately regulate the expression of denitrification and high‐affinity cytochrome oxidase genes. Strikingly, a double mutant strain in the prrB and ntrY genes is severely impaired in growth and virulence, while the ntrY and prrB single mutant strains are similar to wild‐type B. abortus. The proposed regulatory network may contribute to understand the mechanisms used by Brucella for a successful adaptation to its replicative niche inside mammalian cells.
The Wonder of Immanence: Merleau‐Ponty and the Problem of Creation
Authors: Nordlander Andreas
Published: March 2013

This article discusses two related concerns at the heart of Maurice Merleau‐Ponty's philosophical project, namely the belongingness of human beings within the world and their creative participation in the unfolding of meaning. Merleau‐Ponty's original development of these themes is proposed as a key resource for a theology desiring to affirm the wonder and value of immanence. It is then shown, however, that because Merleau‐Ponty understands theology to operate with a contrastive understanding of the relation between God and the world, he is led consistently to reject divine transcendence. In contrast, this article argues that the doctrine of creation ex nihilo does not in fact allow for a contrastive relation between divine transcendence and the immanence of the world, but rather ushers in an entirely different and unique distinction between them. Thus, rather than denying the wonder of immanence, as understood by Merleau‐Ponty, the doctrine of creation is seen to underwrite it.
Creation and the Glory of Creatures
Authors: Soskice Janet Martin
Published: March 2013

This article speaks in praise of the dignity of creatures. Arguing for a foundation of the nascent doctrine of creatio ex nihilo in the Psalms and inter‐testamental scriptures, Soskice points to the distinctiveness of the Jewish and Christian understanding of the Creator God, and its revolutionary entrance into the bloodstream of western metaphysics. She argues for a qualification on the over‐emphasis, when speaking of the historical origins of the doctrine, on the creation of matter. Wider principles of divine freedom and transcendence are at work as can be seen in the writings of Philo of Alexandria. The conviction that God is Being itself and the source of all being is the legacy not of ‘Greek philosophy’ simpliciter, as is often invoked by way of curt dismissal, but the product of Jewish and Christian middle‐platonic readings of the Book of Exodus. It is this elaboration of creatio ex nihilo which underscores the Christian theology of participation in which creatures are not diminished but made gloriously and truly themselves.
Similar and distinct roles of NADPH oxidase components in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata
Authors: Yang Siwy Ling , Chung Kuang‐Ren
Published: March 2013

The fungal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) complex, which has been implicated in the production of low‐level reactive oxygen species (ROS), contains mainly NoxA, NoxB (gp91phox homologues) and NoxR (p67phox homologue). Here, we report the developmental and pathological functions of NoxB and NoxR in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata. Loss‐of‐function genetics revealed that all three Nox components are required for the accumulation of cellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Alternaria alternata strains lacking NoxA, NoxB or NoxR also displayed an increased sensitivity to H2O2 and many ROS‐generating oxidants. These phenotypes are highly similar to those previously seen for the Δyap1 mutant lacking a YAP1 transcriptional regulator and for the Δhog1 mutant lacking a HOG1 mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase, implicating a possible link among them. A fungal strain carrying a NoxA NoxB or NoxA NoxR double mutation was more sensitive to the test compounds than the strain mutated at a single gene, implicating a synergistic function among Nox components. The ΔnoxB mutant strain failed to produce any conidia; both ΔnoxA and ΔnoxR mutant strains showed a severe reduction in sporulation. Mutant strains carrying defective NoxB had higher chitin content than the wild‐type and were insensitive to calcofluor white, Congo red and the fungicides vinclozolin and fludioxonil. Virulence assays revealed that all three Nox components are required for the elaboration of the penetration process. The inability to penetrate the citrus host, observed for Δnox mutants, could be overcome by wounding and by reacquiring a dominant Nox gene. The A. alternata NoxR did not influence the expression of NoxB, but negatively regulated NoxA. Importantly, the expression of both YAP1 and HOG1 genes, whose products are involved in resistance to ROS, was down‐regulated in fungi carrying defective NoxA, NoxB or NoxR. Our results highlight the requirement of Nox in ROS resistance and provide insights into its critical role in regulating both YAP1 and HOG1 in A. alternata.
incorporating quliaqtuavut (our stories): Bering Strait Voices in Recent Exhibitions
Authors: Chan Amy E.
Published: March 2013

The rise of cultural diplomacy within Alaska Native communities has led to a renegotiation of heritage displays within mainstream museums. This article critically examines the incorporation of Bering Strait voices within two recent exhibits: Gifts from the Ancestors: Ancient Ivories of Bering Strait and Living Our Cultures, Sharing Our Heritage: The First Peoples of Alaska. Cross‐cultural collaborations of exhibit planning and implementation are assessed through the review of museum records and commentary by Alaska Native and museum advisors. The processes of including Native voices and knowledge systems are analyzed in relation to exhibit spaces, websites, catalogues, and educational programming. With mixed efficacy, the exhibits push toward a new museology in which conventional exhibit practices are deconstructed and replaced according to indigenous, intellectual self‐determination. [Alaska Native, museums, exhibits, collaboration, indigenous knowledge]
making sense of a mélange: Representing Cultural Citizenship in Singapore's Asian Civilisations Museum
Authors: Stokes‐Rees Emily
Published: March 2013

Museums around the globe are increasingly being employed to expand the practice and experience of cultural citizenship, interpreting cross‐cultural connections as key to civic identity and pride. This article is an ethnographic case study of how two museums represent different visions of cultural citizenship in the ethnically diverse nation of Singapore. Viewing exhibitions as texts and drawing on interviews and interactions with museum staff, visitors, and community members as well as observations made within the museum environment, this research suggests that the two branches of Singapore's Asian Civilisations Museum—the new “Peranakan Museum” and the Empress Place Museum—can be seen as tools that are central to the promotion of government agendas of nation building and cultural citizenization in Singapore. In this article, I analyze them in terms of their embodiment of “traditional” versus “post” multicultural characteristics. [national museums, identity, postcolonialism, multiculturalism, Peranakans, Singapore]
is it a sin to sell a statue? Catholic Statues and the Traffic in Antiquities in Vietnam
Authors: Kendall Laurel , Hà Vũ Thị , Tâm Vũ Thị Thanh , Huy Nguyễn Văn , Hiền Nguyễn Thị
Published: March 2013

When antique wooden saints were offered for sale in a Hanoi shop window, they provoked uncomfortable responses from Catholic observers living outside Vietnam who could not imagine their co‐religionists voluntarily selling statues that had once been blessed. To explore this question—how things considered too sacred for commerce came to be sold—we bring together two usually discrete domains of research on material culture: object biographies that trace their movement from local sites of production and use into global markets, and studies on material religion that address how embodied and sensate encounters with the material world are productive of religious experiences and understandings. The social life of things collides with material religion at the place where statues and other religious paraphernalia are first transacted into artifact, art, folk art, or native handicraft. The bridge between these two domains of inquiry is the recognition that object biographies are propelled in part by notions of object agency that assume particular protocols for interactions between people and things. [Vietnam, Catholicism, material religion, circulation of goods, sacred objects, statues]
Glutamatergic reticulospinal neurons in the mouse: developmental origins, axon projections, and functional connectivity
Authors: Perreault Marie‐Claude , Glover Joel C.
Published: March 2013

Subcortical descending glutamatergic neurons, such as reticulospinal (RS) neurons, play decisive roles in the initiation and control of many motor behaviors in mammals. However, little is known about the mechanisms used by RS neurons to control spinal motor networks because most of the neuronal elements involved have not been identified and characterized. In this review, we compare, in the embryonic mouse, the timing of developmental events that lead to the formation of synaptic connections between RS and spinal cord neurons. We then summarize our recent research in the postnatal mouse on the organization of synaptic connections between RS neurons and lumbar axial motoneurons (MNs), hindlimb MNs, and commissural interneurons. Finally, we give a brief account of some of the most recent studies on the intrinsic capabilities for plasticity of the mammalian RS system. The present review should give an updated insight into how functional specificity in RS motor networks emerges.
Force‐sensitive afferents recruited during stance encode sensory depression in the contralateral swinging limb during locomotion
Authors: Hochman Shawn , Hayes Heather Brant , Speigel Iris , Chang Young‐Hui
Published: March 2013

Afferent feedback alters muscle activity during locomotion and must be tightly controlled. As primary afferent depolarization‐induced presynaptic inhibition (PAD‐PSI) regulates afferent signaling, we investigated hindlimb PAD‐PSI during locomotion in an in vitro rat spinal cord–hindlimb preparation. We compared the relation of PAD‐PSI, measured as dorsal root potentials (DRPs), to observed ipsilateral and contralateral limb endpoint forces. Afferents activated during stance‐phase force strongly and proportionately influenced DRP magnitude in the swinging limb. Responses increased with locomotor frequency. Electrical stimulation of contralateral afferents also preferentially evoked DRPs in the opposite limb during swing (flexion). Nerve lesioning, in conjunction with kinematic results, support a prominent contribution from toe Golgi tendon organ afferents. Thus, force‐dependent afferent feedback during stance binds interlimb sensorimotor state to a proportional PAD‐PSI in the swinging limb, presumably to optimize interlimb coordination. These results complement known actions of ipsilateral afferents on PAD‐PSI during locomotion.
Pre‐ and postsynaptic inhibitory control in the spinal cord dorsal horn
Authors: Bardoni Rita , Takazawa Tomonori , Tong Chi‐Kun , Choudhury Papiya , Scherrer Gregory , MacDermott Amy B.
Published: March 2013

Sensory information transmitted to the spinal cord dorsal horn is modulated by a complex network of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. The two main inhibitory transmitters, GABA and glycine, control the flow of sensory information mainly by regulating the excitability of dorsal horn neurons. A presynaptic action of GABA has also been proposed as an important modulatory mechanism of transmitter release from sensory primary afferent terminals. By inhibiting the release of glutamate from primary afferent terminals, activation of presynaptic GABA receptors could play an important role in nociceptive and tactile sensory coding, while changes in their expression or function could be involved in pathological pain conditions, such as allodynia.
The effects of endocannabinoid signaling on network activity in developing and motor circuits
Authors: Wenner Peter
Published: March 2013

Endocannabinoid signaling typically mediates a form of synaptic plasticity in which a postsynaptic cell acts retrogradely to reduce vesicle release from presynaptic terminals impinging on that cell. In the embryonic spinal cord, endocannabinoids inhibit spontaneously released glutamatergic vesicles in both a brief and ongoing tonic manner. Together these endocannabinoid‐mediated forms of synaptic regulation appear to play an important role in regulating the frequency of a form of spontaneous network activity (SNA) that is expressed in the embryonic spinal cord. Because of the importance of SNA to the maturation of the developing network, fetal exposure to drugs that influence endocannabinoid signaling may have profound effects on spinal maturation. In this review, endocannabinoid signaling in the embryonic spinal cord is described and compared to signaling in the mature lamprey spinal cord as well as in the developing hippocampal network, which expresses a form of SNA.
When Black Swans Aren't: On Better Recognition, Assessment, and Forecasting of Large Scale, Large Impact, and Rare Event Change
Authors: Werther Guntram Fritz Albin
Published: March 2013

The article discusses professional best practice implications stemming from differing varieties of thinking about black swans. The possibilities of rare event recognition in general, and the conforming limits on the forecasting art that arise from different views of possibilities is addressed. In particular, assessing how different philosophical groundings partner with methodological and practice implications to shape and limit practice possibilities is highlighted. Opportunities for securing comparative advantages—individual, organizational, and societal—are revealed by introducing holistic methods for better recognizing, assessing, and managing emerging large scale, large impact, rare events thought by most people to be unpredictable black swans. To achieve this, the article uses mainstream model and analyst failure dynamics to develop a way to better recognize and time large scale, large impact rare event emergence.

As part of this discussion, the article assesses the philosophical and factual bases of Nassim Taleb's famous book, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, and argues that strong‐version black swan perspectives (views that meaningful forecasting is not possible in an essentially chaotic world where rare black swans shape reality) are significantly responsible for placing unreal limits on the very possibilities of improving professional best practices, they being grounded in philosophical traditions that needlessly constrain better training, and competent risk assessment and futures forecasting.
Recent Research Developments Affecting Nonlife Insurance—The CAS Risk Premium Project 2011 Update
Authors: Eling Martin
Published: March 2013

This article summarizes the results of the 2011 Risk Premium Project (RPP) continual update. The aim of RPP is to review the actuarial and finance literature on the theory and empirics of risk assessment for property–casualty insurance. We find that behavioral insurance and new instruments of alternative risk transfer are popular fields of research in nonlife insurance. Capital allocation and enterprise risk management, too, are currently very important research topics. Moreover, the financial crisis has stimulated new work on corporate governance and insurance.
Open‐Market Stock Repurchases by Insurance Companies and Signaling
Authors: Huang Gow‐Cheng , Liano Kartono , Manakyan Herman , Pan Ming‐Shiun
Published: March 2013

The signaling hypothesis of share repurchases implies that management uses repurchases to signal either that their firm's future operating performance will improve or that shares of their stock are simply underpriced by the market. This study examines which of the two interpretations can better explain open‐market share repurchase programs announced by insurance companies. We find no evidence that future‐operating performance of insurers improves following the repurchase announcement. In addition, changes in future operating performance cannot explain the announcement‐period abnormal return. Instead, the stock undervaluation prior to the repurchase announcement can significantly explain the announcement‐period abnormal return, particularly for life insurers. Overall, our results suggest that the positive market reaction to insurers’ open‐market share repurchase announcements is due to the stock undervaluation by the market, but not due to positive information content about future operating performance conveyed in the repurchase announcement.
Personal Lines Risk Management and Insurance Simulation Game
Authors: Kerr Dana A. , Avila Stephen M.
Published: March 2013

This article examines the use of a Personal Lines Risk Management and Insurance Simulation Game in an introductory risk management and insurance (RMI) course. Business simulations and other case study teaching methods are a way to increase student engagement in the classroom, which can translate into a greater likelihood of higher learning outcomes. Because no one knows for sure what will happen in the future, there is a fundamental trade‐off that influences all RMI decisions: incur a known cost today in order to reduce risk in the future even though a loss may never materialize or refuse the immediate cost that would have reduced risk even though a future loss event might still occur. It is difficult to convince students of the consequences of such decisions because most realize that the individual likelihood of suffering an insurable loss is quite small. Students also fail to understand the complexity of making these trade‐off decisions multiple times in a given period for each different loss exposure they face. A description of the purpose of the game, innovative features, Smith Family Case Study, game specifics, and objectives and grading for the game have been provided. This article can be used as a step‐by‐step guide to implement this simulation in RMI courses at other universities to increase student engagement and enhance student learning.
The Role of Premigration Status in the Acculturation of Chinese–Vietnamese and Vietnamese Americans
Authors: Trieu Monica M.
Published: March 2013

Drawing from fifty in‐depth interviews, this research examines the role of existing parental language knowledge on the ethnic identity negotiation of two ethnically distinct children of immigrant groups—Vietnamese and Chinese–Vietnamese—whose families have emigrated from Vietnam to the Southern California region of the United States. While previous research focused primarily on the influence of premigration status on first‐generation immigrants, this article considers how a central aspect of premigration status (intranational ethnicity) applies specifically to the children of first generation immigrants. By taking the premigration approach of comparing the experiences of different ancestral‐origin groups from a single nation (theintranational ethnicityperspective), this analysis suggests that a family's premigration ethnic status shapes the 1.5 and second‐generation's ethnic self‐identification choices through the mediation of parental language knowledge. Specifically, for the children of immigrants with twice‐minority status (Chinese–Vietnamese Americans), parental language knowledge serves as an easy ethnic identity default during these children's early self‐identification process.
A novel HLA allele, HLA‐B*39:46, identified by sequence‐based typing in a Chinese volunteer bone marrow donor
Authors: Li D.‐M. , Shan X.‐Y. , Liu N. , Ni L. , Zhang Z.‐X.
Published: March 2013

The novel HLA‐B*39:46 differs from HLA‐B*39:01:01:01 by one base substitution at position 27(C>G) of exon 4.
Sequence‐based typing identified a new HLA‐B*40 allele, HLA‐B*40:124:02
Authors: Li D.‐M. , Shan X.‐Y. , Ni L. , Wang L. , Zhang Z.‐X.
Published: March 2013

The sequence of a novel allele, HLA‐B*40:124:02, differs from HLA‐B*40:42 by three‐nucleotide exchanges in exon 3.
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) for the control of dengue vectors: systematic literature review
Authors: Boyce R. , Lenhart A. , Kroeger A. , Velayudhan R. , Roberts B. , Horstick O.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To systematically review the literature on the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), when used as a single agent in the field, for the control of dengue vectors.

Method

Systematic literature search of the published and grey literature was carried out using the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, WHOLIS, ELDIS, the New York Academy of Medicine Gray Literature Report, Africa‐Wide and Google. All results were screened for duplicates and assessed for eligibility. Relevant data were extracted, and a quality assessment was conducted using the CONSORT 2010 checklist.

Results

Fourteen studies satisfied the eligibility criteria, incorporating a wide range of interventions and outcome measures. Six studies were classified as effectiveness studies, and the remaining eight examined the efficacy of Bti in more controlled settings. Twelve (all eight efficacy studies and 4 of 6 effectiveness studies) reported reductions in entomological indices with an average duration of control of 2–4 weeks. The two effectiveness studies that did not report significant entomological reductions were both cluster‐randomised study designs that utilised basic interventions such as environmental management or general education on environment control practices in their respective control groups. Only one study described a reduction in entomological indices together with epidemiological data, reporting one dengue case in the treated area compared to 15 dengue cases in the untreated area during the observed study period.

Conclusion

While Bti can be effective in reducing the number of immature Aedes in treated containers in the short term, there is very limited evidence that dengue morbidity can be reduced through the use of Bti alone. There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend the use of Bti as a single agent for the long‐term control of dengue vectors and prevention of dengue fever. Further studies examining the role of Bti in combination with other strategies to control dengue vectors are warranted.
Spaces of rational curves on complete intersections
Authors: Beheshti Roya , Kumar N. Mohan
Published: March 2013

We prove that the space of smooth rational curves of degree $e$ on a general complete intersection of multidegree $(d_1, \ldots , d_m)$ in $\mathbb {P}^n$ is irreducible of the expected dimension if $\sum _{i=1}^m d_i \lt (2n+m+1)/3$ and $n$ is sufficiently large. This generalizes a result of Harris, Roth and Starr [Rational curves on hypersurfaces of low degree, J. Reine Angew. Math. 571 (2004), 73–106], and is achieved by proving that the space of conics passing through any point of a general complete intersection has constant dimension if $\sum _{i=1}^m d_i$ is small compared to $n$.
Families of canonically polarized manifolds over log Fano varieties
Authors: Lohmann Daniel
Published: March 2013

Let $(X,D)$ be a dlt pair, where $X$ is a normal projective variety. We show that any smooth family of canonically polarized varieties over $X\setminus \,{\rm Supp}\lfloor D \rfloor $ is isotrivial if the divisor $-(K_X+D)$ is ample. This result extends results of Viehweg–Zuo and Kebekus–Kovács. To prove this result we show that any extremal ray of the moving cone is generated by a family of curves, and these curves are contracted after a certain run of the minimal model program. In the log Fano case, this generalizes a theorem by Araujo from the klt to the dlt case. In order to run the minimal model program, we have to switch to a $\mathbb Q$-factorialization of $X$. As $\mathbb Q$-factorializations are generally not unique, we use flops to pass from one $\mathbb Q$-factorialization to another, proving the existence of a $\mathbb Q$-factorialization suitable for our purposes.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Loss in Rectangular One-Side-Ribbed Channels With Different Aspect Ratios
Authors: Kunstmann Sébastien , Wolfersdorf Jens von , Ruedel Uwe
Published: March 2013

An investigation was conducted to assess the thermal performance of W-shaped, 2W-shaped and 4W-shaped ribs in a rectangular channel. The aspect ratios (W/H) were 2:1, 4:1, and 8:1. The ribs were located on one channel wall. The rib height (e) was kept constant with a rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio (e/Dh) of 0.02, 0.03, and 0.06. The rib pitch-to-height ratio (P/e) was 10. The Reynolds numbers investigated (Re > 90 000) are typical for combustor liner cooling configurations of gas turbines. Local heat transfer coefficients using the transient thermochromic liquid crystal technique and overall pressure losses were measured. The rib configurations were investigated numerically to visualize the flow pattern in the channel and to support the understanding of the experimental data. The results show that the highest heat transfer enhancement is obtained by rib configurations with a rib section-to-channel height ratio (Wr/H) of 1:1. W-shaped ribs achieve the highest heat transfer enhancement levels in channels with an aspect ratio of 2:1, 2W-shaped ribs in channels with an aspect ratio of 4:1 and 4W-shaped ribs in channels with an aspect ratio of 8:1. Furthermore, the pressure loss increases with increasing complexity of the rib geometry and blockage ratio.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Multiple Impingement Jet Arrays for an Active Clearance Control System
Authors: Andreini Antonio , Da Soghe Riccardo , Facchini Bruno , Maiuolo Francesco , Tarchi Lorenzo , Coutandin Daniele
Published: March 2013

The turbine blade tip clearances control in large aero-engines is currently performed by means of impinging fan air on the outer case flanges. The aim of the present study is to evaluate both the heat transfer coefficient and the adiabatic thermal effectiveness characteristics of an enginelike ACC system, and in particular, to comprehend the effects of the undercowl flow on the impingement jets. The considered geometry replicates the impingement tubes and the by-pass duct used in active control clearance systems. The tube's internal diameter is D = 12 mm, the cooling hole's diameter is d = 1 mm, and the span-wise pitch is Sy/d=12. In order to simulate the undercowl flow, the impingement arrays are inserted inside a tunnel that replicates the typical shape of a real engine by-pass duct. Tests were conducted varying both the mainstream Reynolds number and the jets Reynolds number in a range typical of real-engine operative conditions (Rej=2000-10000, β=1.05-1.15). Numerical calculations are finally proposed to point out if CFD is able to confidently reproduce the experimental evidences.
Numerical Characterization of Pressure Drop Across the Manifold of Turbine Casing Cooling System
Authors: Da Soghe Riccardo , Andreini Antonio
Published: March 2013

An array of jets is an arrangement typically used to cool several gas turbine parts. Some examples of such applications can be found in the impingement cooling systems of turbine blades and vanes or in the turbine blade tip clearances control of large aero-engines. In order to correctly evaluate the impinging jet mass flow rate, the characterization of holes discharge coefficient is a compulsory activity. In a previous work, the authors have performed an aerodynamic analysis of different arrays of jets for active clearance control; the aim was the definition of a correlation for the discharge coefficient (Cd) of a generic hole of the array. The developed empirical correlation expresses the (Cd) of each hole as a function of the ratio between the hole and the manifold mass velocity and the local value of the pressure ratio. In its original form, the correlation does not take in to account the effect of the hole length to diameter ratio (t/d) so, in the present contribution, the authors report a study with the aim of evaluating the influence of such parameter on the discharge coefficient distribution. The data were taken from a set of CFD RANS simulations, in which the behavior of the cooling system was investigated over a wide range of fluid-dynamics conditions (pressure-ratio = 1.01–1.6, t/d = 0.25–3). To point out the reliability of the CFD analysis, some comparisons with experimental data were drawn. An in depth analysis of the numerical data set has led to an improved correlation with a new term function of the hole length to diameter ratio.
Three-Dimensional Velocity and Scalar Field Measurements of an Airfoil Trailing Edge With Slot Film Cooling: The Effect of an Internal Structure in the Slot
Authors: Ling Julia , Yapa Sayuri D. , Benson Michael J. , Elkins Christopher J. , Eaton John K.
Published: March 2013

Measurements of the 3D velocity and concentration fields were obtained using magnetic resonance imaging for a pressure-side cutback film cooling experiment. The cutback geometry consisted of rectangular slots separated by straight lands; inside each of the slots was an airfoil-shaped blockage. The results from this trailing edge configuration, the “island airfoil,” are compared to the results obtained with the “generic airfoil,” a geometry with narrower slots, wider, tapered lands, and no blockages. The objective was to determine how the narrower lands and internal blockages affected the average film cooling effectiveness and the spanwise uniformity. Velocimetry data revealed that strong horseshoe vortices formed around the blockages in the slots, which resulted in greater coolant nonuniformity on the airfoil breakout surface and in the wake. The thinner lands of the island airfoil allowed the coolant to cover a larger fraction of the trailing edge span, giving a much higher spanwise-averaged surface effectiveness, especially near the slot exit where the generic airfoil lands are widest.
Impingement Heat Transfer Enhancement on a Cylindrical, Leading Edge Model With Varying Jet Temperatures
Authors: Martin Evan L. , Wright Lesley M. , Crites Daniel C.
Published: March 2013

Stagnation region heat transfer coefficients are obtained from jet impingement onto a concave surface in this experimental investigation. A single row of round jets impinge on the cylindrical target surface to replicate leading edge cooling in a gas turbine airfoil. A modified, transient lumped capacitance experimental technique was developed (and validated) to obtain stagnation region Nusselt numbers with jet-to-target surface temperature differences ranging from 60 °F (33.3 °C) to 400 °F (222.2 °C). In addition to varying jet temperatures, the jet Reynolds number (5000–20,000), jet-to-jet spacing (s/d = 2–8), jet-to-target surface spacing (ℓ/d = 2–8), and impingement surface diameter-to-jet diameter (D/d = 3.6, 5.5) were independently varied. This parametric investigation has served to develop and validate a new experimental technique, which can be used for investigations involving large temperature differences between the surface and fluid. Furthermore, the study has broadened the range of existing correlations currently used to predict heat transfer coefficients for leading edge jet impingement.
Influence of the Swirling Flow in the Side Cavities of a High-Pressure Centrifugal Compressor on the Characteristics of Excited Acoustic Modes
Authors: Petry N. , König S. , Benra F.-K.
Published: March 2013

Previous experimental investigations revealed the existence of acoustic modes in the side cavities of a high-pressure centrifugal compressor. These modes were excited by pressure patterns which resulted from rotor/stator-interactions (often referred to as Tyler/Sofrin-modes). The acoustic modes were significantly influenced by the prevailing flow in the side cavities. The flow field in such rotor/stator-cavities is characterized by a high circumferential velocity component. The circumferential velocity of the flow and the phase velocity of the acoustic eigenmode superimpose each other, so that the frequencies of the acoustic eigenmodes with respect to the stator frame of reference follow from the sum of both velocities. In the previous study the circumferential velocity was estimated based on existing literature and the phase velocities of the acoustic modes were calculated via an acoustic modal analysis. Based on these results the rotational speeds of the compressor, where acoustic modes were excited in resonance, were determined. The present paper is based on these results and focuses on the influence of the swirling flow and the coupling of the excited acoustic modes between the two side cavities. Such a coupling has been predicted in previous numerical studies but no experimental evidence was available at that time. In this study the circumferential velocities of the flow are determined by measuring the actual radial pressure distribution in the side cavities and assuming radial equilibrium. The determined values are directly used for the prediction of the rotational speeds at resonance. The values for the rotational speeds at resonance predicted that way are compared to the resonance speeds found in the experiments. Further on, simultaneously measured pressure fluctuations in the shroud and hub side cavities with respect to the rotor frame of reference give evidence about the coupling of the acoustic modes between the two side cavities in case of resonance. If the experimentally determined swirling flow velocity is accounted for in the prediction of acoustic resonances, the calculated rotational speeds of resonance are in good agreement with the experimental findings in most cases. Neglecting the flow in the cavities, however, leads to large deviations between calculated and experimentally determined rotational speeds. Varying the operating point of the compressor results in changes of the circumferential velocities in the side cavities and, therefore, in changes of the rotational speeds of resonance. Contrary to the acoustic modes calculated via a finite element analysis by the authors of this paper in previous studies the excited acoustic modes in the experiments are mostly not coupled between the two side cavities, but are localized to one of both cavities. This finding is assumed to be caused by the flow field in the compressor.