bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtues as Perfections of Human Powers: On the Metaphysics of Goodness in Aristotelian Naturalism
Authors: Hacker-Wright John
Published: June 2020

The central idea of Philippa Foot’s Natural Goodness is that moral judgments belong to the same logical kind of judgments as those that attribute natural goodness and defect to plants and animals. But moral judgments focus on a subset of human powers that play a special role in our lives as rational animals, namely, reason, will, and desire. These powers play a central role in properly human actions: those actions in which we go for something that we see and understand as good. Many readers of Foot resolutely ignore what she says about the human good being sui generis and obstinately continue to read her as advocating a version of naturalism grounded in empirical study of human nature. One might wonder how else it could count as a naturalistic view unless we could square the view with nature as studied by the empirical sciences. In this paper, I propose a metaphysical response to this question: help can come from turning to recent defenses of Aristotelian essentialism. Foot’s naturalism can square with nature as interpreted through the lens of Aristotelian essentialism. On such a view, the virtues are perfections of human powers including reason, will, and desire.
A Philosopher of singular style and multiple modes
Authors: Haldane John
Published: June 2020

Elizabeth Anscombe was one of the most gifted and productive philosophers of the decades following the Second World War. Her writings present challenges to readers: some of them are very difficult to comprehend while others seem philosophically-minded yet situated outside of philosophy as such. There are also the issues of whether she had a philosophical method and of the influence of Wittgenstein on the manner of her approach. A summary and estimate of Anscombe’s enduring contributions is presented before exploring the style and aims of her philosophical work. Then two of her writings on religion are examined and their implications for her attitude to philosophy considered.
Alternative dispute resolution and access to justice in Australia
Authors: Noone Mary Anne , Ojelabi Lola Akin
Published: June 2020

In the last four decades, there has been a significant increase in the number and variety of appropriate dispute-resolution (ADR) institutions and processes in Australia as a critical aspect of improved access to justice. Although more people can get assistance to resolve their disputes, the issues of whether this access is shared equally within the community, how the disadvantaged fare in these processes and what type of justice is provided by the various ADR processes are explored. The relevance of legislative objectives of ADR fora and processes to justice outcomes is highlighted. It is argued that ADR processes need to be designed and implemented bearing in mind the type/nature of the dispute, parties involved and availability of resources, and to have an overarching objective of promoting access to justice for users. Additionally, improved access to justice requires ongoing and rigorous evaluation of ADR processes to ascertain whether justice objectives are being achieved.
Nature via Nurture, the Martin Way
Authors: Martin Hilary C.
Published: June 2020

I recount early formative experiences with my father, Nick Martin.
Nick Martin’s Contributions to Human Sexuality Research
Authors: Verweij Karin J. H. , Zietsch Brendan P.
Published: June 2020

Genetic research into human sexuality was scarce at the end of last century. In 1992 Nick developed a 12-page questionnaire to send to twins to investigate the underpinnings of sexuality. The questionnaire included items about sexual orientation, sociosexuality and sexual behavior, and was completed by almost 5000 twins. The resulting data, unique at the time, has been used to investigate many previously unexaminable research questions. Here we describe how Nick’s questionnaire contributed to our understanding of human sexuality and how we got involved in this endeavor.
Want to Work on Asthma Genetics?
Authors: Ferreira Manuel A. R.
Published: June 2020

Twins, data and emails. Some of the words that first come to mind when I think of Nick. Lots of twins. With lots of data. And short single-finger-typed emails. And great wine. Well, it works, there is no doubt. That’s how I ended up in Australia, working on asthma genetics.
Therapie mit Opioiden bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose
Authors: Krähenbühl Stephan
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. Für die Dosisangleichung bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose gibt es keinen verlässlichen endogenen Parameter, der die metabolische Aktivität und das Ausmass der portacavalen Shunts repräsentiert. Die Angleichung muss deshalb unter Beachtung der pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften der verabreichten Arzneistoffe erfolgen. Bei Arzneistoffen mit einem starken Abbau während der ersten Passage durch die Leber (first-pass Effekt) muss nach oraler Verabreichung mit einer Zunahme der Bioverfügbarkeit und verminderter Clearance gerechnet werden. Nach topischer, buccaler oder parenteraler Applikation spielt nur der Effekt auf die Clearance eine Rolle. Für Arzneistoffe mit einer hohen Bioverfügbarkeit (> 70 %) ist ebenfalls nur die hepatische Clearance entscheidend. In der Folge werden die in der Schweiz gebräuchlichen Opioide bezüglich pharmakokinetischer Eigenschaften und Konsequenzen bezüglich Dosisangleichung bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose besprochen. Buprenorphin, Fentanyl, Hydromorphon, Morphin, Naloxon und Tapentadol sind Arzneistoffe mit einem hohen first-pass Effekt, währenddem Methadon, Oxycodon und Tramadol eine Bioverfügbarkeit von > 70 % aufweisen.
Opioide in der Palliative Care
Authors: Späni Selina , Zobrist Christine
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. Palliative Care umfasst die Behandlung und Begleitung von unheilbar kranken und sterbenden Menschen und ihren Angehörigen. Es handelt sich oft um komplexe Patientensituationen mit grosser Symptomlast. Körperliche Beschwerden wie Schmerzen und Atemnot sollen erfasst und in Hinblick auf die bestmögliche Lebensqualität behandelt werden. Dazu nehmen Opioide einen wichtigen Stellenwert ein. Um den optimalen Nutzen zu erreichen und die Rate an unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkungen möglichst gering zu halten, muss die Indikationsstellung sowie die Wahl des Wirkstoffes, der Dosierung und der Applikationsform an die Patientensituation angepasst erfolgen. Neben den körperlichen Symptomen werden auch Bedürfnisse auf der psychischen, sozialen und spirituellen Ebene berücksichtigt. Die ganzheitliche Erfassung, Betreuung und Behandlung der Patienten ist von grösster Bedeutung. Die interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit von verschiedenen Berufsgruppen stellt in der Palliative Care deshalb ein tragendes Element dar.
Opioid-Agonisten-Therapie bei Opioidabhängigkeit
Authors: Köck Patrick , Strasser Johannes
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Indikation zur Durchführung einer Opioid-Agonisten-Therapie (OAT) ist einfach gestellt und orientiert sich einzig am Vorliegen eines Opioidabhängigkeitsyndroms gemäss ICD 10 (oder DSM-V). Für den Behandlungserfolg ist eine adäquate, individuelle Dosierung des Opioid-Agonisten entscheidend. Es stehen mehrere als gleichwertig zu betrachtende Opioide mit unterschiedlichen Nebenwirkungsprofilen zur Verfügung. Komorbide Erkrankungen sind häufig und haben Einfluss auf Lebensqualität sowie das Suchtverhalten. Sie sollten deshalb für die Behandlungsplanung und -umsetzung berücksichtigt und idealerweise ebenfalls behandelt werden. Im folgenden Artikel wird der State-Of-The-Art der OAT dargestellt, mit Fokus auf den deutschsprachigen Raum Europas. Er soll einen Überblick über Diagnostik, Behandlungsoptionen, Medikamente sowie spezifische Herausforderungen der OAT geben. Die Empfehlungen orientieren sich vorwiegend am Schweizer Modell. Somit muss die Behandlungsdurchführung gemäss der jeweiligen Landesgesetzgebung entsprechend modifiziert werden.
Zonal Similarity of Long‐Term Changes and Seasonal Cycles of Baseline Ozone at Northern Midlatitudes
Authors: Parrish David D. , Derwent Richard G. , Steinbrecht Wolfgang , Stübi René , Van Malderen Roeland , Steinbacher Martin , Trickl Thomas , Ries Ludwig , Xu Xiaobin
Published: June 2020

The lifetime of ozone in the troposphere is approximately 3 weeks. Prevailing westerly winds at northern midlatitudes can transport air around the globe in that time. Hence, within these latitudes zonal similarity is expected in long‐term changes and seasonal cycles of concentrations of baseline ozone. We quantify the degree of zonal similarity by examining eight in situ baseline ozone data sets near the west coasts of North America and Europe, that is, upwind of those continents and downwind of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, where the impacts of local and regional ozone sources have been largely mixed into the troposphere, giving the best‐defined baseline ozone signature. Zonal similarity is found in both long‐term changes and seasonal cycles. The decades‐long increase in Northern Hemisphere, midlatitude baseline mixing ratios (average ~0.60 ppb year−1 from 1980–2000), has ended, with a maximum reached in the mid‐2000s, followed by slow decrease (average = −0.09 ± 0.08 ppb year−1 from 2000 to the present). The year of the ozone maximum exhibits little if any statistically significant difference with location, altitude, or season. The ozone seasonal cycle differs markedly between sea‐level coastal stations representative of the marine boundary layer and the free troposphere sampled at elevated sites and by sondes and aircraft. However, within each of these broad tropospheric layers, the seasonal cycles are similar at all locations. Vertical profiles of the parameters that define the long‐term trends and the seasonal cycle are also similar between North America and Europe.
A Longer-Lived Magnetic Field for Mars
Authors: Barbuzano Javier
Published: June 2020

New research indicates Mars’s dynamo may have been active for millions of years longer than previously thought.
Numerical Modeling of Fracture Network Evolution in Organic‐Rich Shale With Rapid Internal Fluid Generation
Authors: Rabbel Ole , Mair Karen , Galland Olivier , Grühser Carina , Meier Tobias
Published: June 2020

When low‐permeability and organic‐rich rocks such as shale experience sufficient heating, chemical reactions including shale dehydration and maturation of organic matter lead to internal fluid generation. This may cause substantial pore fluid overpressure and fracturing. In the vicinity of igneous intrusions emplaced in organic‐rich shales, temperatures of several hundred degrees accelerate these processes and lead to intense fracturing. The resulting fracture network provides hydraulic pathways, which allow fluid expulsion and affect hydrothermal fluid flow patterns. However, the evolution of these complex fracture networks and controls on geometry and connectivity are poorly understood. Here, we perform a numerical modeling study based on the extended finite element method to investigate coupled hydromechanical fracture network evolution due to fast internal fluid generation. We quantify the evolution of different initial fracture networks under varying external stresses by analyzing parameters including fracture length, opening, connectivity, and propagation angles. The results indicate a three‐phase process including (1) individual growth, (2) interaction, and (3) expulsion phase. Magnitude of external stress anisotropy and degree of fracture alignment with the largest principal stress correlate with increased fracture opening. We additionally find that although the external stress field controls the overall fracture orientation distribution, local stress interactions may cause significant deviations of fracture paths and control the coalescence characteristics of fractures. Establishing high connectivity in cases with horizontally aligned initial fractures requires stress anisotropy with σV > σH, while the initial orientation distribution is critical for connectivity if stresses are nearly isotropic.
Increased Dust Aerosols in the High Troposphere Over the Tibetan Plateau From 1990s to 2000s
Authors: Feng Xingya , Mao Rui , Gong Dao‐Yi , Zhao Chun , Wu Chenglai , Zhao Chuanfeng , Wu Guangjian , Lin Zhaohui , Liu Xiaohong , Wang Kaicun , Sun Yijie
Published: June 2020

Dust aerosols are a major type of aerosol over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and influence climate at local to regional scales through their effects on thermal radiation and snow‐albedo feedback. Based on the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA‐2) aerosol data set, we report an increase of 34% in the atmospheric dust in the high troposphere over the TP during the spring season in the 2000s in comparison to the 1990s. This result is supported by an increase of 157% (46%) in the dust deposition flux in the Mugagangqiong (Tanggula) ice cores and an increase of 69% in the aerosol index (AI) from Earth Probe (EP) Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), as well as by increases of simulated dust aerosols over the TP derived from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The increased atmospheric dust over the TP is caused by two aspects: (1) There was a higher dust emission over the Middle East during the 2000s than during the 1990s, which is explained by less precipitation and 25.8% higher cyclone frequency over the Middle East. The increased cyclone frequency uplift more dust from the surface over the Middle East to the central Asia in the middle troposphere. (2) Enhanced midlatitude zonal winds help transport more dust in the middle troposphere from central Asia to Northwest China, and thereafter, an increase in northerly winds over Northwest China propels dust southward to the TP.
The CNRM Global Atmosphere Model ARPEGE‐Climat 6.3: Description and Evaluation
Authors: Roehrig Romain , Beau Isabelle , Saint‐Martin David , Alias Antoinette , Decharme Bertrand , Guérémy Jean‐François , Voldoire Aurore , Abdel‐Lathif Ahmat Younous , Bazile Eric , Belamari Sophie , Blein Sebastien , Bouniol Dominique , Bouteloup Yves , Cattiaux Julien , Chauvin Fabrice , Chevallier Matthieu , Colin Jeanne , Douville Hervé , Marquet Pascal , Michou Martine , Nabat Pierre , Oudar Thomas , Peyrillé Philippe , Piriou Jean‐Marcel , Salas y Mélia David , Séférian Roland , Sénési Stéphane
Published: June 2020

The present study describes the atmospheric component of the sixth‐generation climate models of the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM), namely, ARPEGE‐Climat 6.3. It builds up on more than a decade of model development and tuning efforts, which led to major updates of its moist physics. The vertical resolution has also been significantly increased, both in the boundary layer and in the stratosphere. ARPEGE‐Climat 6.3 is now coupled to the new version (8.0) of the SURFace EXternalisée (SURFEX) surface model, in which several new features (e.g., floodplains, aquifers, and snow processes) improve the water cycle realism. The model calibration is discussed in depth. An amip‐type experiment, in which the sea surface temperatures and sea ice concentrations are prescribed, and following the CMIP6 protocol, is extensively evaluated, in terms of climate mean state and variability. ARPEGE‐Climat 6.3 is shown to improve over its previous version (5.1) by many climate features. Major improvements include the top‐of‐atmosphere and surface energy budgets in their various components (shortwave and longwave, total and clear sky), cloud cover, near‐surface temperature, precipitation climatology and daily‐mean distribution, and water discharges at the outlet of major rivers. In contrast, clouds over subtropical stratocumulus decks, several dynamical variables (sea level pressure, 500‐hPa geopotential height), are still significantly biased. The tropical intraseasonal variability and diurnal cycle of precipitation, though improved, remained area of concerns for further model improvement. New biases also emerge, such as a lack of precipitation over several tropical continental areas. Within the CMIP6 context, ARPEGE‐Climat 6.3 is the atmospheric component of CNRM‐CM6‐1 and CNRM‐ESM2‐1.
Genetic architecture of Environmental Sensitivity reflects multiple heritable components: a twin study with adolescents
Authors: Assary Elham , Zavos Helena M. S. , Krapohl Eva , Keers Robert , Pluess Michael
Published: June 2020

Humans differ substantially in how strongly they respond to similar experiences. Theory suggests that such individual differences in susceptibility to environmental influences have a genetic basis. The present study investigated the genetic architecture of Environmental Sensitivity (ES) by estimating its heritability, exploring the presence of multiple heritable components and its genetic overlap with common personality traits. ES was measured with the Highly Sensitive Child (HSC) questionnaire and heritability estimates were obtained using classic twin design methodology in a sample of 2868 adolescent twins. Results indicate that the heritability of sensitivity was 0.47, and that the genetic influences underlying sensitivity to negative experiences are relatively distinct from sensitivity to more positive aspects of the environment, supporting a multi-dimensional genetic model of ES. The correlation between sensitivity, neuroticism and extraversion was largely explained by shared genetic influences, with differences between these traits mainly attributed to unique environmental influences operating on each trait.
CD137 costimulation enhances the antiviral activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells against influenza virus
Authors: Pei Yujun , Wen Kun , Xiang Zheng , Huang Chunyu , Wang Xiwei , Mu Xiaofeng , Wen Liyan , Liu Yinping , Tu Wenwei
Published: June 2020

Influenza epidemics and pandemics are constant threats to global public health. Although strategies including vaccines and antiviral drugs have achieved great advances in controlling influenza virus infection, the efficacy of these strategies is limited by the highly frequent mutations in the viral genome and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Our previous study indicated that boosting the immunity of human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells with the phosphoantigen pamidronate could be a therapeutic strategy to treat seasonal and avian influenza virus infections. However, one notable drawback of γδ-T cell-based immunotherapy is the rapid exhaustion of proliferation and effector responses due to repeated treatments with phosphoantigens. Here, we found that the expression of CD137 was inducible in Vγ9Vδ2-T cells following antigenic stimulation. CD137+ Vγ9Vδ2-T cells displayed more potent antiviral activity against influenza virus than their CD137− counterparts in vitro and in Rag2-/- γc-/- mice. We further demonstrated that CD137 costimulation was essential for Vγ9Vδ2-T cell activation, proliferation, survival and effector functions. In humanized mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CD137 costimulation with a recombinant human CD137L protein boosted the therapeutic effects of pamidronate against influenza virus. Our study provides a novel strategy of targeting CD137 to improve the efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based immunotherapy.
A chemogenomic approach to identify personalized therapy for patients with relapse or refractory acute myeloid leukemia: results of a prospective feasibility study
Authors: Collignon A. , Hospital M. A. , Montersino C. , Courtier F. , Charbonnier A. , Saillard C. , D’Incan E. , Mohty B. , Guille A. , Adelaïde J. , Carbuccia N. , Garnier S. , Mozziconacci M. J. , Zemmour C. , Pakradouni J. , Restouin A. , Castellano R. , Chaffanet M. , Birnbaum D. , Collette Y. , Vey N.
Published: June 2020

Targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) and ex vivo drug sensitivity/resistance profiling (DSRP) have laid foundations defining the functional genomic landscape of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and premises of personalized medicine to guide treatment options for patients with aggressive and/or chemorefractory hematological malignancies. Here, we have assessed the feasibility of a tailored treatment strategy (TTS) guided by systematic parallel ex vivo DSRP and tNGS for patients with relapsed/refractory AML (number NCT02619071). A TTS issued by an institutional personalized committee could be achieved for 47/55 included patients (85%), 5 based on tNGS only, 6 on DSRP only, while 36 could be proposed on the basis of both, yielding more options and a better rationale. The TSS was available in <21 days for 28 patients (58.3%). On average, 3 to 4 potentially active drugs were selected per patient with only five patient samples being resistant to the entire drug panel. Seventeen patients received a TTS-guided treatment, resulting in four complete remissions, one partial remission, and five decreased peripheral blast counts. Our results show that chemogenomic combining tNGS with DSRP to determine a TTS is a promising approach to propose patient-specific treatment options within 21 days.
Fires prime terrestrial organic carbon for riverine export to the global oceans
Authors: Jones Matthew W. , Coppola Alysha I. , Santín Cristina , Dittmar Thorsten , Jaffé Rudolf , Doerr Stefan H. , Quine Timothy A.
Published: June 2020

Black carbon (BC) is a recalcitrant form of organic carbon (OC) produced by landscape fires. BC is an important component of the global carbon cycle because, compared to unburned biogenic OC, it is selectively conserved in terrestrial and oceanic pools. Here we show that the dissolved BC (DBC) content of dissolved OC (DOC) is twice greater in major (sub)tropical and high-latitude rivers than in major temperate rivers, with further significant differences between biomes. We estimate that rivers export 18 ± 4 Tg DBC year−1 globally and that, including particulate BC fluxes, total riverine export amounts to 43 ± 15 Tg BC year−1 (12 ± 5% of the OC flux). While rivers export ~1% of the OC sequestered by terrestrial vegetation, our estimates suggest that 34 ± 26% of the BC produced by landscape fires has an oceanic fate. Biogeochemical models require modification to account for the unique dynamics of BC and to predict the response of recalcitrant OC export to changing environmental conditions.
A big data approach to improving the vehicle emission inventory in China
Authors: Deng Fanyuan , Lv Zhaofeng , Qi Lijuan , Wang Xiaotong , Shi Mengshuang , Liu Huan
Published: June 2020

Estimating truck emissions accurately would benefit atmospheric research and public health protection. Here, we developed a full-sample enumeration approach TrackATruck to bridge low-frequency but full-size vehicles driving big data to high-resolution emission inventories. Based on 19 billion trajectories, we show how big the emission difference could be using different approaches: 99% variation coefficients on regional total (including 31% emissions from non-local trucks), and ± as large as 15 times on individual counties. Even if total amounts are set the same, the emissions on primary cargo routes were underestimated in the former by a multiple of 2–10 using aggregated approaches. Time allocation proxies are generated, indicating the importance of day-to-day estimation because the variation reached 26-fold. Low emission zone policy reduced emissions in the zone, but raised emissions in upwind areas in Beijing's case. Comprehensive measures should be considered, e.g. the demand-side optimization.
Author Correction: Human activity recognition using magnetic induction-based motion signals and deep recurrent neural networks
Authors: Golestani Negar , Moghaddam Mahta
Published: June 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
RSPO3 impacts body fat distribution and regulates adipose cell biology in vitro
Authors: Loh Nellie Y. , Minchin James E. N. , Pinnick Katherine E. , Verma Manu , Todorčević Marijana , Denton Nathan , Moustafa Julia El-Sayed , Kemp John P. , Gregson Celia L. , Evans David M. , Neville Matt J. , Small Kerrin S. , McCarthy Mark I. , Mahajan Anubha , Rawls John F. , Karpe Fredrik , Christodoulides Constantinos
Published: June 2020

Fat distribution is an independent cardiometabolic risk factor. However, its molecular and cellular underpinnings remain obscure. Here we demonstrate that two independent GWAS signals at RSPO3, which are associated with increased body mass index-adjusted waist-to-hip ratio, act to specifically increase RSPO3 expression in subcutaneous adipocytes. These variants are also associated with reduced lower-body fat, enlarged gluteal adipocytes and insulin resistance. Based on human cellular studies RSPO3 may limit gluteofemoral adipose tissue (AT) expansion by suppressing adipogenesis and increasing gluteal adipocyte susceptibility to apoptosis. RSPO3 may also promote upper-body fat distribution by stimulating abdominal adipose progenitor (AP) proliferation. The distinct biological responses elicited by RSPO3 in abdominal versus gluteal APs in vitro are associated with differential changes in WNT signalling. Zebrafish carrying a nonsense rspo3 mutation display altered fat distribution. Our study identifies RSPO3 as an important determinant of peripheral AT storage capacity.
Orbitofrontal control of visual cortex gain promotes visual associative learning
Authors: Liu Dechen , Deng Juan , Zhang Zhewei , Zhang Zhi-Yu , Sun Yan-Gang , Yang Tianming , Yao Haishan
Published: June 2020

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) encodes expected outcomes and plays a critical role in flexible, outcome-guided behavior. The OFC projects to primary visual cortex (V1), yet the function of this top-down projection is unclear. We find that optogenetic activation of OFC projection to V1 reduces the amplitude of V1 visual responses via the recruitment of local somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons. Using mice performing a Go/No-Go visual task, we show that the OFC projection to V1 mediates the outcome-expectancy modulation of V1 responses to the reward-irrelevant No-Go stimulus. Furthermore, V1-projecting OFC neurons reduce firing during expectation of reward. In addition, chronic optogenetic inactivation of OFC projection to V1 impairs, whereas chronic activation of SST interneurons in V1 improves the learning of Go/No-Go visual task, without affecting the immediate performance. Thus, OFC top-down projection to V1 is crucial to drive visual associative learning by modulating the response gain of V1 neurons to non-relevant stimulus.
Four-dimensional surface motions of the Slumgullion landslide and quantification of hydrometeorological forcing
Authors: Hu Xie , Bürgmann Roland , Schulz William H. , Fielding Eric J.
Published: June 2020

Landslides modify the natural landscape and cause fatalities and property damage worldwide. Quantifying landslide dynamics is challenging due to the stochastic nature of the environment. With its large area of ~1 km2and perennial motions at ~10–20 mm per day, the Slumgullion landslide in Colorado, USA, represents an ideal natural laboratory to better understand landslide behavior. Here, we use hybrid remote sensing data and methods to recover the four-dimensional surface motions during 2011–2018. We refine the boundaries of an area of ~0.35 km2below the crest of the prehistoric landslide. We construct a mechanical framework to quantify the rheology, subsurface channel geometry, mass flow rate, and spatiotemporally dependent pore-water pressure feedback through a joint analysis of displacement and hydrometeorological measurements from ground, air and space. Our study demonstrates the importance of remotely characterizing often inaccessible, dangerous slopes to better understand landslides and other quasi-static mass fluxes in natural and industrial environments, which will ultimately help reduce associated hazards.
Publisher Correction: Atomically engineering activation sites onto metallic 1T-MoS2 catalysts for enhanced electrochemical hydrogen evolution
Authors: Huang Yichao , Sun Yuanhui , Zheng Xueli , Aoki Toshihiro , Pattengale Brian , Huang Jier , He Xin , Bian Wei , Younan Sabrina , Williams Nicholas , Hu Jun , Ge Jingxuan , Pu Ning , Yan Xingxu , Pan Xiaoqing , Zhang Lijun , Wei Yongge , Gu Jing
Published: June 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Learning excited states from ground states by using an artificial neural network
Authors: Kiyohara Shin , Tsubaki Masashi , Mizoguchi Teruyasu
Published: June 2020

Excited states are different quantum states from their ground states, and spectroscopy methods that can assess excited states are widely used in materials characterization. Understanding the spectra reflecting excited states is thus of great importance for materials science. However, understanding such spectra remains difficult because excited states have usually different atomic or electronic configurations from their corresponding ground states. If excited states could be predicted from ground states, the knowledge of the excited states would be improved. Here, we used an artificial neural network to predict the excited states of the core-electron absorption spectra from their ground states. Consequently, our model correctly learned and predicted the excited states from their ground states, providing several thousand times computational efficiency. Furthermore, it showed excellent transferability to other materials. Also, we found two physical insights about excited states: core-hole effects of amorphous silicon oxides are stronger than those of crystalline silicon oxides, and the excited-ground states relationships of some metal oxides are similar to those of the silicon oxides, which could not be obtained by conventional spectral simulation nor found until using machine leaning.
Single-administration, thermostable human papillomavirus vaccines prepared with atomic layer deposition technology
Authors: Garcea Robert L. , Meinerz Natalie M. , Dong Miao , Funke Hans , Ghazvini Saba , Randolph Theodore W.
Published: June 2020

Cold-chain requirements affect worldwide distribution of many vaccines. In addition, vaccines requiring multiple doses impose logistical and financial burdens, as well as patient compliance barriers. To address such limitations, we have developed new technologies to prepare thermostable, single-shot, prime-boost microparticle vaccines. Antigen/adjuvant formulations containing glass-forming polymers and trehalose first are spray-dried to form glassy microparticles that confer thermostability. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactions conducted in fluidized beds are then used to coat the microparticles with defined numbers of molecular layers of alumina that modulate the timed release of the internalized antigen and act as adjuvants. We have used a model HPV16 L1 capsomere antigen to evaluate the properties of these technologies. Thermostabilized powders containing HPV16 L1 capsomeres were prepared by spray-drying, coated by ALD with up to 500 molecular layers of alumina, and injected into mice. Antigen distribution was assessed by live-animal IR dye tracking of injected labeled antigen. Antibody responses were measured weekly by ELISA, and neutralizing antibodies were measured by pseudovirus neutralization assays at selected time points. Thermostability was evaluated by measuring antibody responses after incubating ALD-coated antigen powders for one month at 50 °C. Single doses of the ALD-coated vaccine formulations elicited a prime-boost immune response, and produced neutralizing responses and antibody titers that were equivalent or superior to conventional prime-boost doses of liquid formulations. Antibody titers were unaffected by month-long incubation of the formulations at 50 °C. Single-dose, thermostable antigen preparations may overcome current limitations in HPV vaccine delivery as well as being widely applicable to other antigens.
Author Correction: Fabrication of microfluidic device for Aflatoxin M1 detection in milk samples with specific aptamers
Authors: Kasoju Aruna , Shahdeo Deepshikha , Khan Azmat Ali , Shrikrishna Narlawar Sagar , Mahari Subhasis , Alanazi Amer M. , Bhat Mashooq Ahmad , Giri Jyotsnendu , Gandhi Sonu
Published: June 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Landscape of immune cell gene expression is unique in predominantly WHO grade 1 skull base meningiomas when compared to convexity
Authors: Zador Zsolt , Landry Alexander P. , Balas Michael , Cusimano Michael D.
Published: June 2020

Modulation of tumor microenvironment is an emerging frontier for new therapeutics. However in meningiomas, the most frequent adult brain tumor, the correlation of microenvironment with tumor phenotype is scarcely studied. We applied a variety of systems biology approaches to bulk tumor transcriptomics to explore the immune environments of both skull base and convexity (hemispheric) meningiomas. We hypothesized that the more benign biology of skull base meningiomas parallels the relative composition and activity of immune cells that oppose tumor growth and/or survival. We firstly applied gene co-expression networks to tumor bulk transcriptomics from 107 meningiomas (derived from 3 independent studies) and found immune processes to be the sole biological mechanism correlated with anatomical location while correcting for tumour grade. We then derived tumor immune cell fractions from bulk transcriptomics data and examined the immune cell-cytokine interactions using a network-based approach. We demonstrate that oncolytic Gamma-Delta T cells dominate skull base meningiomas while mast cells and neutrophils, known to play a role in oncogenesis, show greater activity in convexity tumors. Our results are the first to suggest the importance of tumor microenvironment in meningioma biology in the context of anatomic location and immune landscape. These findings may help better inform surgical decision making and yield location-specific therapies through modulation of immune microenvironment.
Substitution of warthog NF-κB motifs into RELA of domestic pigs is not sufficient to confer resilience to African swine fever virus
Authors: McCleary Stephen , Strong Rebecca , McCarthy Ronan R. , Edwards Jane C. , Howes Emma L. , Stevens Lisa M. , Sánchez-Cordón Pedro J. , Núñez Alejandro , Watson Samantha , Mileham Alan J. , Lillico Simon G. , Tait-Burkard Christine , Proudfoot Chris , Ballantyne Maeve , Whitelaw C. Bruce A. , Steinbach Falko , Crooke Helen R.
Published: June 2020

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a lethal, haemorrhagic disease in domestic swine that threatens pig production across the globe. Unlike domestic pigs, warthogs, which are wildlife hosts of the virus, do not succumb to the lethal effects of infection. There are three amino acid differences between the sequence of the warthog and domestic pig RELA protein; a subunit of the NF-κB transcription factor that plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infections. Domestic pigs with all 3 or 2 of the amino acids from the warthog RELA orthologue have been generated by gene editing. To assess if these variations confer resilience to ASF we established an intranasal challenge model with a moderately virulent ASFV. No difference in clinical, virological or pathological parameters were observed in domestic pigs with the 2 amino acid substitution. Domestic pigs with all 3 amino acids found in warthog RELA were not resilient to ASF but a delay in onset of clinical signs and less viral DNA in blood samples and nasal secretions was observed in some animals. Inclusion of these and additional warthog genetic traits into domestic pigs may be one way to assist in combating the devastating impact of ASFV.
Dynamics of porous and amorphous magnesium borohydride to understand solid state Mg-ion-conductors
Authors: Heere Michael , Hansen Anna-Lena , Payandeh SeyedHosein , Aslan Neslihan , Gizer Gökhan , Sørby Magnus H. , Hauback Bjørn C. , Pistidda Claudio , Dornheim Martin , Lohstroh Wiebke
Published: June 2020

Rechargeable solid-state magnesium batteries are considered for high energy density storage and usage in mobile applications as well as to store energy from intermittent energy sources, triggering intense research for suitable electrode and electrolyte materials. Recently, magnesium borohydride, Mg(BH4)2, was found to be an effective precursor for solid-state Mg-ion conductors. During the mechanochemical synthesis of these Mg-ion conductors, amorphous Mg(BH4)2 is typically formed and it was postulated that this amorphous phase promotes the conductivity. Here, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of as-received γ-Mg(BH4)2 and ball milled, amorphous Mg(BH4)2 confirmed that the conductivity of the latter is ~2 orders of magnitude higher than in as-received γ-Mg(BH4)2 at 353 K. Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of the local structure shows striking similarities up to a length scale of 5.1 Å, suggesting similar conduction pathways in both the crystalline and amorphous sample. Up to 12.27 Å the PDF indicates that a 3D net of interpenetrating channels might still be present in the amorphous phase although less ordered compared to the as-received γ-phase. However, quasi elastic neutron scattering experiments (QENS) were used to study the rotational mobility of the [BH4] units, revealing a much larger fraction of activated [BH4] rotations in amorphous Mg(BH4)2. These findings suggest that the conduction process in amorphous Mg(BH4)2 is supported by stronger rotational mobility, which is proposed to be the so-called “paddle-wheel” mechanism.
Transcriptome Analysis by RNA–Seq Reveals Genes Related to Plant Height in Two Sets of Parent-hybrid Combinations in Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum)
Authors: Howlader Jewel , Robin Arif Hasan Khan , Natarajan Sathishkumar , Biswas Manosh Kumar , Sumi Kanij Rukshana , Song Cheon Young , Park Jong–In , Nou Ill–Sup
Published: June 2020

In this study, two different hybrids of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum), obtained from two cross combinations, along with their four parents were sequenced by high–throughput RNA–sequencing (RNA–Seq) to find out differentially expressed gene in parent-hybrid combinations. The leaf mRNA profiles of two hybrids and their four parents were RNA–sequenced with a view to identify the potential candidate genes related to plant height heterosis. In both cross combinations, based to morphological traits mid–parent heterosis (MPH) was higher than high–parent heterosis (HPH) for plant height, leaf length, and number of flowers whereas HPH was higher than MPH for flowering time. A total of 4,327 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through RNA–Seq between the hybrids and their parents based on fold changes (FC) ≥ 2 for up– and ≤ –2 for down–regulation. Venn diagram analysis revealed that there were 703 common DEGs in two hybrid combinations, those were either up– or down–regulated. Most of the commonly expressed DEGs exhibited higher non–additive effects especially overdominance (75.9%) rather than additive (19.4%) and dominance (4.76%) effects. Among the 384 functionally annotated DEGs identified through Blast2GO tool, 12 DEGs were up–regulated and 16 of them were down–regulated in a similar fashion in both hybrids as revealed by heat map analysis. These 28 universally expressed DEGs were found to encode different types of proteins and enzymes those might regulate heterosis by modulating growth, development and stress–related functions in lily. In addition, gene ontology (GO) analysis of 260 annotated DEGs revealed that biological process might play dominant role in heterotic expression. In this first report of transcriptome sequencing in Easter lily, the notable universally up-regulated DEGs annotated ABC transporter A family member–like, B3 domain–containing, disease resistance RPP13/1, auxin–responsive SAUR68–like, and vicilin–like antimicrobial peptides 2–2 proteins those were perhaps associated with plant height heterosis. The genes expressed universally due to their overdominace function perhaps influenced MPH for greater plant height― largely by modulating biological processes involved therein. The genes identified in this study might be exploited in heterosis breeding for plant height of L. longiflorum.
Author Correction: Supervised deep learning for real-time quality monitoring of laser welding with X-ray radiographic guidance
Authors: Shevchik Sergey , Le-Quang Tri , Meylan Bastian , Farahani Farzad Vakili , Olbinado Margie P. , Rack Alexander , Masinelli Giulio , Leinenbach Christian , Wasmer Kilian
Published: June 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
The low density receptor-related protein 1 plays a significant role in ricin-mediated intoxication of lung cells
Authors: Falach Reut , Sapoznikov Anita , Gal Yoav , Elhanany Eytan , Evgy Yentl , Shifman Ohad , Aftalion Moshe , Ehrlich Sharon , Lazar Shlomi , Sabo Tamar , Kronman Chanoch , Mazor Ohad
Published: June 2020

Ricin, a highly lethal plant-derived toxin, is a potential biological threat agent due to its high availability, ease of production and the lack of approved medical countermeasures for post-exposure treatment. To date, no specific ricin receptors were identified. Here we show for the first time, that the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is a major target molecule for binding of ricin. Pretreating HEK293 acetylcholinesterase-producer cells with either anti-LRP1 antibodies or with Receptor-Associated Protein (a natural LRP1 antagonist), or using siRNA to knock-down LRP1 expression resulted in a marked reduction in their sensitivity towards ricin. Binding assays further demonstrated that ricin bound exclusively to the cluster II binding domain of LRP1, via the ricin B subunit. Ricin binding to the cluster II binding domain of LRP1 was significantly reduced by an anti-ricin monoclonal antibody, which confers high-level protection to ricin pulmonary-exposed mice. Finally, we tested the contribution of LRP1 receptor to ricin intoxication of lung cells derived from mice. Treating these cells with anti-LRP1 antibody prior to ricin exposure, prevented their intoxication. Taken together, our findings clearly demonstrate that the LRP1 receptor plays an important role in ricin-induced pulmonary intoxications.
Black widows as plastic wallflowers: female choosiness increases with indicators of high mate availability in a natural population
Authors: Scott Catherine E. , McCann Sean , Andrade Maydianne C. B.
Published: June 2020

Female choice is an important driver of sexual selection, but can be costly, particularly when choosy females risk remaining unmated or experience delays to reproduction. Thus, females should reduce choosiness when mate encounter rates are low. We asked whether choosiness is affected by social context, which may provide reliable information about the local availability of mates. This has been demonstrated in the lab, but rarely under natural conditions. We studied western black widow spiders (Latrodectus hesperus) in the field, placing experimental final-instar immature females so they were either ‘isolated’ or ‘clustered’ near naturally occurring conspecifics (≥10 m or ≤1 m, respectively, from a microhabitat occupied by at least one other female). Upon maturity, females in both treatments were visited by similar numbers of males, but clustered females were visited by males earlier and in more rapid succession than isolated females, confirming that proximity to conspecifics reduces the risk of remaining unmated. As predicted, isolated females were less choosy in staged mating trials, neither rejecting males nor engaging in pre-copulatory cannibalism, in contrast to clustered females. These results demonstrate that exposure of females to natural variation in demography in the field can alter choosiness of adults. Thus, female behaviour in response to cues of local population density can affect the intensity of sexual selection on males in the wild.
Biomagnification and body distribution of ivermectin in dung beetles
Authors: Verdú José R. , Cortez Vieyle , Ortiz Antonio J. , Lumaret Jean-Pierre , Lobo Jorge M. , Sánchez-Piñero Francisco
Published: June 2020

A terrestrial test system to investigate the biomagnification potential and tissue-specific distribution of ivermectin, a widely used parasiticide, in the non-target dung beetle Thorectes lusitanicus (Jekel) was developed and validated. Biomagnification kinetics of ivermectin in T. lusitanicus was investigated by following uptake, elimination, and distribution of the compound in dung beetles feeding on contaminated faeces. Results showed that ivermectin was biomagnified in adults of T. lusitanicus when exposed to non-lethal doses via food uptake. Ivermectin was quickly transferred from the gut to the haemolymph, generating a biomagnification factor (BMFk) three times higher in the haemolymph than in the gut after an uptake period of 12 days. The fat body appeared to exert a major role on the biomagnification of ivermectin in the insect body, showing a BMFk 1.6 times higher than in the haemolymph. The results of this study highlight that the biomagnification of ivermectin should be investigated from a global dung-based food web perspective and that the use of these antiparasitic substances should be monitored and controlled on a precautionary basis. Thus, we suggest that an additional effort be made in the development of standardised regulatory recommendations to guide biomagnification studies in terrestrial organisms, but also that it is necessary to adapt existing methods to assess the effects of such veterinary medical products.
High-purity recycling of hematite and Zn/Cu mixture from waste smelting slag
Authors: Huo Yang , Song Xiang , Zhu Suiyi , Chen Yu , Lin Xue , Wu Yaqiong , Qu Zhan , Su Ting , Xie Xinfeng
Published: June 2020

In this study, Zn/Cu-bearing smelting slag was recycled via an integrated acid dissolution and hematite precipitation method. The slag was dissolved in nitric acid to generate an acid solution containing 23.5 g/L Fe, 4.45 g/L Zn and 2.81 g/L Cu, which was subjected to hydrothermal treatment with the addition of levulinic acid (LA). More than 99.95% of the initial Fe content was removed as hematite particles with diameters of approximately 200 nm, and the residual Fe concentration in the acid was 0.43 mg/L. The generated hematite contained 97.3% Fe2O3, 0.64% ZnO and 0.58% CuO. Greater than 99% of the initial Zn and Cu was retained in the acid and further precipitated as Zn/Cu-bearing solids by adjusting the solution pH to 9. The precipitated Zn/Cu-bearing solids contained 33.6% Zn and 21.7% Cu, whereas the Fe content was less than 0.2%. This paper is the first report of an environmentally friendly approach for recycling smelting slag without generating any hazardous waste.
Real-time in-situ distributed fiber core temperature measurement in hundred-watt fiber laser oscillator pumped by 915/976 nm LD sources
Authors: Lou Zhaokai , Yang Baolai , Han Kai , Wang Xiaolin , Zhang Hanwei , Xi Xiaoming , Liu Zejin
Published: June 2020

In this manuscript, we studied the thermal properties of hundred-watt fiber laser oscillator by real-time in-situ distributed temperature measurement. Optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) was introduced to measure the temperature distribution of gain fiber core. The fiber laser oscillator operated at 1080 nm and the wavelength of detecting signal from OFDR was ~1550 nm. The maximum output power of this fiber oscillator was 100 W. The fiber core temperature distributions in experiment agree well with our theoretical simulation. The temperature measurement of gain fiber core in oscillator has always been a problem because the backward laser from the oscillator may reduce the signal-to-noise ratio in OFDR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first temperature distribution measurement of fiber core in hundred-watt oscillator. By the experimental measurement and theoretical model, we also analyzed the thermal properties of laser oscillator respectively pumped by 915 nm and 976 nm LD sources. We found fiber laser oscillator pumped by 976 nm LD sources experienced not only higher maximum thermal load but also higher average thermal load than that pumped by 915 nm LD sources at the same level output power. We also analyzed the fiber core temperature of other components in system, such as combiners and fiber Bragg gratings (FBG). These results are meaningful for us to improve the thermal design and management in fiber lasers.