bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stochastic and sinusoidal electrical stimuli increase the irregularity and gain of Type A and B medial vestibular nucleus neurons, in vitro
Authors: Stefani Sebastian P. , Pastras Christopher J. , Serrador Jorge M. , Breen Paul P. , Camp Aaron J.
Published: September 2021

Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) has been shown to improve vestibular function potentially via stochastic resonance, however, it remains unknown how central vestibular nuclei process these signals. In vivo work applying electrical stimuli to the vestibular apparatus of animals has shown changes in neuronal discharge at the level of the primary vestibular afferents and hair cells. This study aimed to determine the cellular impacts of stochastic, sinusoidal, and stochastic + sinusoidal stimuli on individual medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons of male and female C57BL/6 mice. All stimuli increased the irregularity of MVN neuronal discharge, while differentially affecting neuronal gain. This suggests that the heterogeneous MVN neuronal population (marked by differential expression of ion channels), may influence the impact of electrical stimuli on neuronal discharge. Neuronal subtypes showed increased variability of neuronal firing, where Type A and B neurons experienced the largest gain changes in response to stochastic and sinusoidal stimuli. Type C neurons were the least affected regarding neuronal firing variability and gain changes. The membrane potential (MP) of neurons was altered by sinusoidal and stochastic + sinusoidal stimuli, with Type B and C neuronal MP significantly affected. These results indicate that GVS‐like electrical stimuli impact MVN neuronal discharge differentially, likely as a result of heterogeneous ion channel expression.
Neuroimmunological complications arising from chemotherapy‐induced gut toxicity and opioid exposure in female dark agouti rats
Authors: Bajic Juliana Esma , Howarth Gordon Stanley , Mashtoub Suzanne , Whittaker Alexandra Louise , Bobrovskaya Larisa , Hutchinson Mark Rowland
Published: September 2021

Cancer patients may experience symptom clusters, including chemotherapy‐induced (CI) gut toxicity (CIGT) and cognitive impairment. Analgesic selection for pain associated with CIGT is difficult as opioids induce glial reactivity and unwanted side effects. This study quantified central glial reactivity and proinflammatory effects in rats with CIGT using three mechanistically different analgesics. Regional adaptations were indicative of immune‐to‐brain signaling routes. Utilizing a 5‐fluorouracil‐induced GT (5IGT) rat model and analgesic intervention (carprofen (CAR), buprenorphine (BUP), and tramadol (TRAM)), spinal and brain neuroimmune modulation was examined via microglial, astrocyte, and proinflammatory (cluster of differentiation molecule 11b; CD11b, glial fibrillary associated protein; GFAP, and interleukin‐1 beta; IL1β) reactivity marker expression changes by western blot analysis. 5IGT significantly increased thoracic GFAP (p < 0.05) and IL‐1β (p < 0.0001) expression, CAR and BUP ameliorated these effects. BUP and TRAM with 5‐FU synergistically increased hippocampal GFAP expression. CAR administered with 5IGT significantly elevated hippocampal and thoracic CD11b expression levels (p < 0.05). The neuroimmune responses observed in this study suggest activation of peripheral‐to‐central immune signaling pathways. We speculate that the opioid‐induced hippocampal changes inferred a humorally mediated mechanism, whereas thoracic neuroimmune modifications indicated activation of an indirect neural route. Although TRAM ameliorated 5IGT‐intestinal inflammation, this opioid presents complications relating to bodyweight and regional glial dysregulation (neuroinflammation) and may not be optimal in the management of pain associated with 5IGT. The chemotherapy‐induced gut‐derived neuroimmune consequences observed suggest a potential mechanistic contribution to central components of the cancer symptom cluster experience, while the opioid‐related glial changes have implications for optimal pain management in this setting warranting further investigation.
Differential perturbations of gut microbial profiles and co‐occurrence networks among phases of methamphetamine‐induced conditioned place preference
Authors: Wang Yinan , Zhang Jianbo , Deji Cuola , Fan Jingna , Miao Xinyao , Li Shuaicheng , Zeng Xiaofeng , Guan Fanglin
Published: September 2021

The gut–brain axis provides a pathway for the interaction between gut microbiota and methamphetamine (METH) addiction. However, the gut microbial signatures during different phases of METH use remain unclear. In the present study, we established models of acquisition, extinction, and reinstatement of METH‐induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male mice and detected the gut microbiome profiles of the fecal samples at the three phases by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results revealed that the richness of the gut microbiome increased following repeated METH administration, and it decreased after 4 weeks of abstinence. The microbial richness remained at a low level after one METH challenge at the reinstatement phase. The abundance of several genera including Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus differentially altered among phases of METH‐induced CPP. The co‐occurrence networks of the gut microbiome became weaker and more unstable during the development of METH‐induced CPP at the extinction and reinstatement phases. Notably, the predicted gene functions of short‐chain fatty acid metabolism, which were correlated with the abundance of Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus, were found differentially enriched among phases of METH‐induced CPP. Our findings highlight a potential association between perturbations of the gut microbiome and different phases of METH use.
Differences in multi‐model ensembles of CMIP5 and CMIP6 projections for future droughts in South Korea
Authors: Song Young Hoon , Shahid Shamsuddin , Chung Eun‐Sung
Published: September 2021

This study quantified the uncertainties of future drought projections in the South Korea case by means of the reliability ensemble averaging (REA) of 10 GCM equivalents of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phases 5 and 6 (CMIP5 and CMIP6). Two meteorological drought indices, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5 of CMIP5 and Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 of CMIP6 were considered. The GCMs' performances for the historical period were evaluated, and their biases were corrected using quantile mapping. The multi‐model ensemble (MME) means of the GCMs were generated using the entropy and TOPSIS methods. The results showed that the TOPSIS MME estimated more intense droughts than the entropy MME. The levels of SPI and SPEI severity estimated using the entropy MME were higher than those from the TOPSIS MME. The SPI and SPEI outcomes of RCP4.5 were much more robust than those of SSP2‐4.5. The projected drought severity in the near future was much greater than in the far future, while the reliability of drought projections in the far future was much higher than in the near future. The reliability levels of drought projections for the SSP scenarios were higher than for the RCPs for most durations. This study can support planning and management of future droughts considering uncertainty variables.
Normal anthropometry does not equal normal body composition in pediatric intestinal failure
Authors: Yanchis Dianna , Belza Christina , Harrison Debra , Wong‐Sterling Sylvia , Kean Penni , So Stephanie , Patterson Catherine , Wales Paul W. , Avitzur Yaron , Courtney‐Martin Glenda
Published: September 2021

Background

Published reports on abnormal body composition in pediatric patients with intestinal failure have been in patients with poor growth. The goal of the current study is to report the body composition of normally growing patients with intestinal failure.

Methods

Children 8–18 years old with a dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) between January 1, 2013, and July 15, 2018, were included in the study. Data were retrospectively collected from the medical charts and included demographics, residual bowel anatomy, nutrition support, height, and weight. DXA data, including total body less head bone mineral density (BMD), fat mass (FM), and fat‐free mass (FFM), were collected and compared with published literature controls matched for age and sex.

Results

Thirty‐four children met inclusion criteria. Mean age at the time of DXA was 9.6 ± 1.8 years. Weight‐ and height‐for‐age z‐scores were −0.4 ± 0.9 and −0.5 ± 1.0, respectively. Mean BMD z‐score was −1.0 ± 1.3. Twenty‐six percent of patients (n = 9) had reduced BMD. Patients with intestinal failure had higher FM (P = .02) and lower FFM (P = .02) compared with controls.

Conclusions

These data show that, despite reference range z‐scores for height and weight, children with intestinal failure are at risk for abnormal body composition. Body composition should be routinely measured in children with intestinal failure to direct nutrition interventions.
Bench tests for microscopic theory of Raman scattering in powders of disordered nonpolar crystals: Nanodiamonds and beyond
Authors: Yashenkin Andrey G. , Utesov Oleg I. , Koniakhin Sergei V.
Published: September 2021

Recent Raman data on nanocrystallite arrays are revised within the microscopic theory for Raman peaks positions and broadening (linewidth). The theory combines the elasticity theory‐like approach for optical phonons used in order to evaluate the Raman peaks structure and the Green's function method applied for the phonon lines broadening. These theories are supported by the atomistic calculations within the dynamical matrix method for optical phonons and by the bond polarization model used to calculate the Raman intensities. The experimental data on four various nanopowders are analyzed with the use of this theory. The large width of the Raman peak in nanoparticles as compared with the corresponding peak in bulk materials and the width inverse dependence on the particle size previously observed by other researchers are explained within the framework of the theory. It is shown that the theory is capable to extract confidently from the Raman data four important microscopic characteristics of the nanopowder including the mean particle size, the variance of the particle size distribution function, the strength of intrinsic disorder in the particle, and the effective faceting number that parameterizes the particle shape.
Synthesis and surface‐active properties of novel cleavable gemini surfactants
Authors: Gilbert Elangeni Ana , Guastavino Javier Fernando , Murguía Marcelo César
Published: September 2021

A novel series of quaternary ammonium gemini compounds having a butynylene spacer and different hydrocarbon chain lengths (CGBu8‐16) were prepared. Carbonate group inserted between the hydrocarbon chains and the polar heads make these compounds hydrolyzable. The degradation under hydrolysis of these novel series will lead to the generation of fatty alcohols and readily degradable compounds. The reagents used are biodegradable, renewable, or reusable. The surface activities and foamability in aqueous solution of the cleavable gemini compounds containing n‐octyl, n‐decyl, and n‐dodecyl chains meet the criteria for being good surfactants and showed stable foams even at low concentrations.
Assessment of gelatinolytic proteinases in chilled grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets: characterization and contribution to texture softening
Authors: Shen Jiandong , Jiang Qixing , Zhang Wei , Xu Yanshun , Xia Wenshui
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Texture softening is always a problem during chilling of grass carp fillets. To solve this problem and provide for better quality of flesh, understanding the mechanism of softening is necessary. Gelatinolytic proteinases are suspected to play an essential role in the disintegration of collagen in softening of fish flesh. In the present study, the types and contribution of gelatinolytic proteinases in chilled fillets were investigated.

RESULTS

Four active bands (G1, 250 kDa; G2, 68 kDa; G3, 66 kDa; G4, 29 kDa) of gelatinolytic proteinases were identified in grass carp fillets by gelatin zymography. The effect of inhibitors and metal ions revealed that G1 was possibly a serine proteinase, G2 and G3 were calcium‐dependent metalloproteinases and G4 was a cysteine proteinase. The effect of the inhibitors phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), l‐3‐carboxy‐trans‐2,3‐epoxy‐propionyl‐l‐leucine‐4‐guanidinobutylamide (E‐64) and 1,10‐phenanthroline (Phen) on chilled fillets revealed that gelatinolytic proteinase activities were significantly suppressed. Collagen solubility indicated that metalloproteinase and serine proteinase played critical roles in collagen breakdown during the first 3 days, and cysteine proteinase revealed its effect after 3 days. Meanwhile, during chilled storage for 11 days, the final values of shear force increased 19.68% and 24.33% in PMSF and E‐64 treatments when compared to control fillets respectively, whereas the increase after Phen treatment was 49.89%.

CONCLUSION

Our study concluded that the disintegration of collagen in post‐mortem softening of grass carp fillets was mainly mediated by metalloproteinase and to a lesser extent by serine proteinase and cysteine proteinase. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Shifts in biochemical and physiological responses by the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Triticum aestivum growing under drought conditions
Authors: Tereucán Gonzalo , Ruiz Antonieta , Nahuelcura Javiera , Oyarzún Paulina , Santander Christian , Winterhalter Peter , Ademar Avelar Ferreira Paulo , Cornejo Pablo
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

A decrease in rainfall is one of the main constraints on wheat production, although the association of wheat with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may be an alternative for crop production under drought conditions. In the present study, we used three wheat cultivars (Purple, Ilustre and Maxi Baer) inoculated with two AMF strains, one obtained from the hyperarid Atacama Desert (northern Chile; Fm) and the other obtained from southern Chile (Cc). Plants were maintained under two irrigation conditions (normal irrigation and drought) and the physiological behaviour and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities in the shoots were determined. In addition, the phenolic compounds were identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐dioide array detection‐electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry and quantified.

RESULTS

AMF colonization produced higher levels of efficiency of photosystem II and photosynthetic pigments. High values of catalase in Purple‐Cc, ascorbate peroxidase in Purple‐Cc, glutathione reductase in Maxi‐Cc and superoxide dismutase in Purple‐Cc, all under stress, were registered. Of the inoculated cultivars, Purple‐Cc showed the highest flavonoid levels, whereas hydroxycinnamic acids were higher in Maxi‐Fm without drought, with apigenin and luteolin being the most abundant. High levels of phenols were present in the Ilustre‐Fm plants without drought. Under normal irrigation, high levels of antioxidant activity were registered in the AMF treatments, whereas, under stress conditions, in general, high values were observed under the Fm inoculation.

CONCLUSION

Our results showed that the greatest antioxidant activity and phenolic content occurred in wheat plants inoculated with AMF, indicating their influence on coping with water stress, which is of importance in vast areas where global climate change is resulting in diminished rainfall. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Impact of preoperative transcatheter rectal arterial chemoembolization with concurrent chemoradiotherapy on surgery and prognosis of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer
Authors: Meng Wenjun , Yang Bo , Huang Bin , Chen Chuan , Zhu Jianwu , Jian Dan , Zhong Li , Wang Dong , Li Chunxue , Bai Lian
Published: September 2021

Background and Objectives

To analyze and evaluate the impact of preoperative transcatheter rectal arterial chemoembolization (TRACE) with concurrent chemoradiotherapy on surgery and prognosis of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC).

Methods

A total of 118 patients with LARC were enrolled in this nonrandomized prospective study. They were assigned into the experimental group receiving preoperative TRACE with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (TRACE‐CRT group, N = 60) and the control group receiving only neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT group, N = 58). All patients underwent surgery after their preoperative treatments.

Results

All patients successfully completed the surgical operation. No significant differences were found in sphincter preservation rate and R0 resection rate between TRACE‐CRT group and CRT group (p > 0.05). No significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of the perioperative indicators and postoperative complications except mean operation time (165.8 vs. 196.6 min, p < 0.001). Local recurrence occurred in 8 and 5 patients, respectively (p > 0.05). Distant metastasis occurred in 5 and 11 patients, respectively (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Adding TRACE in the preoperative standard treatment for LARC did not increase perioperative complications. In addition, it has the potential advantage of preventing distant metastasis. It is worthy of further application and promotion in clinical practice.
Boundary values of binding constants determined by affinity capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Sursyakova Viktoria V. , Rubaylo Anatoly I.
Published: September 2021

This study shows that the upper limit of binding (stability) constants determined by mobility shift affinity capillary electrophoresis can be increased from 104 to 106–109 L/mol if the lowest possible analyte concentration in samples is used (for example, the concentration that gives electrophoretic peaks with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 10) and the effective electrophoretic mobility of the analyte is calculated via the parameter a1 of the Haarhoff‐Van der Linde function. The equation to calculate the boundary values of binding constants for 1:1 complexes was derived for the case when the constants cannot be calculated in the usual way. These values are obtained from the inequality: the difference between the ionic mobility of the analyte‐ligand complex and the effective electrophoretic mobility of the analyte determined at the lowest ligand concentration in the background electrolyte at which the analyte appears as an undistorted peak in electropherograms is less than or equal to the absolute error in mobility measurements. The application of the equation was illustrated by the example of electrophoretic data for a complex between betulin 3,28‐diphthalate and (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐γ‐cyclodextrin. An algorithm to determine the binding constants for strong complexation by mobility shift affinity capillary electrophoresis was suggested.
A retrospective analysis of surgery in prestyloid parapharyngeal tumors: Lateral approaches vs transoral robotic surgery
Authors: Virós Porcuna David , Pardo Muñoz Laura , Viña Soria Constanza , Nicastro Viviana , Palau Viarnès Mar , Pollán Guisasola Carlos
Published: September 2021

Objective

Surgery is the standard treatment for most tumors in the prestyloid parapharyngeal space (PPS) but it can be a challenging procedure because of the anatomical complexity of the area. Prestyloid surgery can be performed with various lateral approaches or with a medial approach using transoral robotic surgery (TORS)—either alone or in combination with a transcervical incision. We have retrospectively compared our center's results with lateral and medial approaches.

Methods

Between 2015 and 2020, 28 patients with prestyloid PPS tumors underwent surgery at our center: 14 with lateral approaches, including transcervical, transcervical‐parotid, and transcervical‐mandibular, and 14 with medial approaches (12 with TORS and two with TORS plus a transcervical incision). We compared surgical time, postsurgical complications, length of hospital stay, need for feeding tube, and relapse‐free survival in the two patient groups.

Results

Pleomorphic adenoma was the most frequent tumor and 60.7% of the tumors were benign. Tumor volume and maximum length were similar in the two groups of patients. Intraoperative image guidance and ultrasound were used in 33% of TORS. TORS was associated with less surgical time, fewer complications, and shorter hospital stays. Recurrence rates were similar in the two groups.

Conclusion

The medial approach by TORS offers superior results in prestyloid tumors than the open lateral approach and can be refined by intraoperative guidance.

Level of Evidence: 4
Artificial Melanogenesis by Confining Melanin/Polydopamine Production inside Polymersomes
Authors: Meyer Claire E. , Schoenenberger Cora‐Ann , Wehr Riccardo P. , Wu Dalin , Palivan Cornelia G.
Published: September 2021

Melanin and polydopamine are potent biopolymers for the development of biomedical nanosystems. However, applications of melanin or polydopamine‐based nanoparticles are limited by drawbacks related to a compromised colloidal stability over long time periods and associated cytotoxicity. To overcome these hurdles, a novel strategy is proposed that mimics the confinement of natural melanin in melanosomes. Melanosome mimics are developed by co‐encapsulating the melanin/polydopamine precursors L‐DOPA/dopamine with melanogenic enzyme Tyrosinase within polymersomes. The conditions of polymersome formation are optimized to obtain melanin/polydopamine polymerization within the cavity of the polymersomes. Similar to native melanosomes, polymersomes containing melanin/polydopamine show long‐term colloidal stability, cell‐compatibility, and potential for cell photoprotection. This novel kind of artificial melanogenesis is expected to inspire new applications of the confined melanin/polydopamine biopolymers.
Aggregation Behavior of Asymmetric Diblock Polyampholyte in Aqueous Solution over a Wide Range of pH and Ionic Strength
Authors: Trindade Suelen G. , da Silveira Nádya P. , Loh Watson
Published: September 2021

The aggregation behavior of the asymmetric diblock polyampholyte poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐block‐poly(acrylic acid) (PDMAEMA86‐b‐PAA24) is studied by static and dynamic light scattering techniques (S/DLS) in aqueous solutions. The molecular assemblies formed by this copolymer are monitored in pure water and over a wide pH range. At pH 5.5, where both blocks are ionized, spherical polymer micelles with hydrodynamic radius (RH) around 124 nm are detected. These micelles are composed of a large and highly hydrated core formed by the electrostatic complexation between the oppositely charged blocks, and a corona formed by the uncompensated cationic PDMAEMA chains. By combining the results of light scattering, small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and cryogenic transmission eletron microscopy (Cryo‐TEM) techniques and the predictions of theoretical models from the literature, an aggregation model is proposed, similar to already described crew‐cut micelles. These aggregates display resistance to high ionic strengths, suggesting a transition from electrostatic to hydrophobic intermolecular interactions accounting for micelle formation, which is confirmed by the increased incorporation of a hydrophobic probe. The persistence of the aggregates even in conditions at which one of the blocks displays no charge (at extreme pH values) or with high salt concentration, is attributed to remaining hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions that contribute to the core formation.
Polymeric Blatter's Radical via CuAAC and ROMP
Authors: Saal Adrian , Friebe Christian , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: September 2021

A Blatter radical‐containing polymer backbone is synthesized via copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and consecutive ring‐opening metathesis polymerization. For this, an alkyne‐functionalized Blatter radical is synthesized and used for the described CuAAC, yielding a polymerizable derivative of the radical. The resulting polymer is electrochemically investigated in cyclic voltammetry experiments, paving the way for the possible utilization of triazinyl radicals in all‐organic polymer batteries. Furthermore, the simple modification of the alkyne bond makes further derivatization easily accessible.
Co‐Self‐Seeding Approach toward Uniform Fiber‐Like Comicelles: Regulating Length and Distribution of Corona‐Forming Chains of Comicelles by Metal Ions
Authors: Wang Zhiqin , Ma Chen , Huang Xiaoyu , Lu Guolin , Feng Chun
Published: September 2021

Co‐self‐seeding has emerged as a versatile approach toward obtaining uniform fiber‐like comicelles with controlled length and morphology. The critic dissolution temperature (Tc) of seed micelles is one of the most important factors dictating the length and morphology of resulting comicelles. To vary the length and morphology of comicelles generated via co‐self‐seeding approach, one usually needs to use a new block copolymer (BCP) with different core‐forming and/or corona‐forming segment, which requires tedious synthesis. Herein, a postmodification strategy is reported to tune the Tc of seed micelles by using metal ions as additives, rather than varying the chemical structure of BCPs. A pair of BCPs of OPV5‐b‐P2VP42 and OPV5‐b‐PNIPAM49 (OPV = oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene), P2VP = poly(2‐vinylpyridine), PNIPAM = poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide), subscripts are the number of repeat unit for each block) as models. The Tc of seed micelles of OPV5‐b‐P2VP42 is significantly enhanced by adding Cu2+ ions, owing to the coordination of pyridyls to Cu2+ ions, whereas the Tc of seed micelles of OPV5‐b‐PNIPAM49 is hardly affected by Cu2+ ions with the presence of P2VP chains. In this way, the length and distribution of corona‐forming chains of resulting fiber‐like comicelles can be easily tuned by the addition of Cu2+ ions.
Development and Challenges of Thermal Interface Materials: A Review
Authors: Yuan Zhenye , Ma Haoqi , Hussien Mohammed A. , Feng Yakai
Published: September 2021

With the development of electronic equipment components in the direction of integration, miniaturization, and intelligence, their increasingly high heat dissipation requirements pose a high challenge to the thermal conductivity (TC) of thermal interface materials (TIMs). Polymer‐based composite materials with high TC have gradually been favored because of their good processing performance, low cost, and low density. It is important to summarize the relationship between the problems of low heat conduction and their solutions in relation to polymer‐based composite materials. For this purpose, this review comprehensively discusses the basic mechanisms of heat transfer inside polymer‐based TIMs, the current challenges, and future prospects for improving TC. Strategies involving surface modification and network construction can reduce interfacial thermal resistance and enhance heat conduction.
Excellent Polyimide Dielectrics Containing Conjugated ACAT for High‐Temperature Polymer Film Capacitor
Authors: Wu Zhiqiang , Guo Qiang , Liu Yang , Zhou Huihui , Zheng Hua , Lei Xingfeng , Gong Lei , Chen Yanhui , Liu Zhenguo , Zhang Qiuyu
Published: September 2021

In order to meet the requirements of polymer dielectric materials for high thermal stability and excellent dielectric properties in the application of high‐temperature film capacitors, a series of polyimide (PI) films are fabricated by introducing a self‐synthesized aniline trimer (ACAT) with a conjugated structure in this work. Since the conjugated ACAT in the main chains of PI improves the electron polarization and carrier mobility of the PI molecular chains, the dielectric constant of the ACAT‐PI films is greatly enhanced (4.4–7.4). Meanwhile, the dissipation factor does not increase apparently (0.002–0.013). The dielectric properties are stable even when the temperature is up to 200 °C, the thermal degradation temperature is as high as 450 °C, and the mechanical properties are also excellent (70–105 MPa). Among all the films, the PI film with 5 mol% ACAT exhibits the maximal energy density of 3.6 J cm−3 under the field of 426 kV mm−1, the high tensile strength (90 MPa) and the excellent thermal stability (Td5 = 515 °C). The work paves the way to prepare high‐temperature polymer dielectric film materials with high energy storage density.
A Message to the New Manager in 2021
Authors: Wich Scott
Published: September 2021

If you could step into a time machine and go back to the mid‐20th century, how might you see yourself? You might be a fresh college graduate, newly minted as part of the GI Bill. You would be in a nation that is still recovering from World War II and entering a business environment that was predominantly based in manufacturing. Some employment laws, such as the National Labor Relations Act and Fair Labor Standards Act, would still be relatively new. Others, such as the employment discrimination protections of Title VII, would still be a decade or so in the future.
Theory of Y‐ and Comb‐Shaped Polymer Brushes: The Parabolic Potential Framework
Authors: Lebedeva Inna O. , Zhulina Ekaterina B. , Leermakers Frans A.M. , Sheiko Sergei S. , Borisov Oleg V.
Published: September 2021

The parabolic approximation for self‐consistent molecular potential is widely used for theoretical analysis of conformational and thermodynamic properties of polymer brushes formed by linear or branched macromolecules. The architecture‐dependent parameter of the potential (topological coefficient) can be calculated for arbitrary branched polymer architecture from the condition of elastic stress balance in all the branching points. However, the calculation routine for the topological coefficient does not allow unambiguously identifying the range of applicability and the accuracy of the parabolic approximation. Here the limits of applicability of parabolic approximation are explored by means of numerical self‐consistent field method for brushes formed by Y‐shaped and comb‐like polymers. It is demonstrated that violation of the potential parabolic shape can be evidenced by appearance of multimodal distribution of the end monomer unit in the longest elastic path of the macromolecule. The asymmetry of branching of Y‐shaped polymers does not disturb the parabolic shape of the potential as long as the degree of polymerization of the root segment remains sufficiently large. The same applies to comb‐shape polymers with sufficiently long main chain and large number of branching points. For short comb‐like polymers multiple modes in the distribution of the end monomer unit of the main chain are observed and related to deviation from the parabolic shape of the potential.
Far and wide: Exploring provider utilization of remote service provision for genome‐wide sequencing in Canada
Authors: Enns Emily A. , Wainstein Tasha , Dragojlovic Nick , Kopac Nicola ,   GenCOUNSEL Study, Lynd Larry D. , Elliott Alison M.
Published: September 2021

Background

In Canada, funding for genome‐wide sequencing (GWS; exome and whole genome) is provincially regulated. We characterized the uptake of GWS by genetics health professionals (GHPs) across Canada and describe how they use remote technologies for patient access to GWS and genomic counseling.

Methods

We distributed a survey to 574 Canadian GHPs addressing: GWS use, remote technologies (e.g., telephone, videoconferencing) for GWS and provider opinions regarding these technologies. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Associations between variables were evaluated using Chi‐square and Fisher's Exact tests for categorical data, and t‐tests or Mann–Whitney U tests for continuous data.

Results

Of 116 GHPs, 50% reported using GWS in the last year and 57% of GWS users reported using remote technologies. Clinical geneticists who did not use GWS reported lack of provincial funding as the principal reason. Remote technologies were most commonly used for informed consent and results, and rarely used for initial consultations. Average wait times for a GWS appointment were shorter for remote appointments (mean 44.2 (SD 40.2) weeks) than for in‐person (mean 58.2 (SD 42.9), p = 0.036).

Conclusion

The use of GWS varied across Canada, professional designation, and discipline. Funding remains a barrier to GWS access. Remote technologies increase patient access with reduced wait times.
Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome: Clinical, histopathological and molecular study of two Tunisian patients and review of literature
Authors: Sassi Hela , Elaribi Yasmina , Jilani Houweyda , Rejeb Imen , Hizem Syrine , Sebai Molka , Kasdallah Nadia , Bouthour Habib , Hannachi Samia , Beygo Jasmin , Saad Ali , Buiting Karin , H’mida Ben‐Brahim Dorra , BenJemaa Lamia
Published: September 2021

Background

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a rare overgrowth syndrome characterized by congenital malformations and predisposition to embryonic tumors. Loss of methylation of imprinting center 2 (IC2) is the most frequent alteration and rarely associated with tumors compared to paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 11 (UPD(11)pat) and gain of methylation of imprinting center 1.

Methods

Our study aimed to describe the clinical, histopathological and genetic characteristics of two patients and establish genotype‐phenotype correlations. The clinical diagnosis was based on the criteria defined by the international expert consensus of BWS. Molecular study of 11p15.5 methylation status was assessed using methylation‐specific‐multiplex ligation probe amplification (MS‐MLPA).

Results

Patients were aged 12 months and 3 months and fulfilled the clinical score of BWS. MS‐MLPA showed molecular alterations consisting of loss of methylation in IC2 (IC2‐LOM) at the maternal allele for one patient and a mosaic UPD(11)pat for the second patient in whom follow‐up at 6months revealed adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) with low grade of malignancy. Molecular subtypes guide the follow‐up and tumor surveillance, our major concern.

Conclusion

We have to take into account the psychological impact of a possible tumor whatever the underlying mechanism is. Nevertheless, the tumor risk remains high for UPD(11)pat. Our study extended the phenotype of BWS with absence of macrosomia in Tunisian patients, contrasting with literature, and added a supplementary case of ACC in the tumor spectrum of BWS patients with UPD(11)pat.
An accurate and exact clustering algorithm for next generation sequencing metagenomic sequences
Authors: Bhat Ashaq Hussain , Nguyen Tu N. , Cengiz Korhan , Prabhu Puniethaa
Published: September 2021

Clustering algorithms are the essential tools in the target metagenomics, used to perform the taxonomic profiling of microbial communities. In the present study, an algorithmic tool called hash‐based exact alignment (HBEA) clustering algorithm is presented, which uses exact pairwise global alignment algorithm to improve the cluster quality and creates a hash table for extraction of cluster representatives. The algorithm is de novo based and uses the general de facto 97% sequence similarity score to cluster the sequences. Our experimental investigation on various types of datasets with distinct parameters and attributes showed that HBEA produces better operational taxonomic unit (OTU) clusters and computational complexity than other algorithms.
On Laplace transforms with respect to functions and their applications to fractional differential equations
Authors: Fahad Hafiz Muhammad , Rehman Mujeeb ur , Fernandez Arran
Published: September 2021

An important class of fractional differential and integral operators is given by the theory of fractional calculus with respect to functions, sometimes called Ψ‐fractional calculus. The operational calculus approach has proved useful for understanding and extending this topic of study. Motivated by fractional differential equations, we present an operational calculus approach for Laplace transforms with respect to functions and their relationship with fractional operators with respect to functions. This approach makes the generalised Laplace transforms much easier to analyse and to apply in practice. We prove several important properties of these generalised Laplace transforms, including an inversion formula, and apply it to solve some fractional differential equations, using the operational calculus approach for efficient solving.
Influence of Poisons Originating from Chemically Recycled Plastic Waste on the Performance of Ziegler–Natta Catalysts
Authors: Pernusch Daniel Christian , Spiegel Gunnar , Paulik Christian , Hofer Wolfgang
Published: September 2021

Chemically recycled monomer feed streams from postconsumer plastic packaging waste are expected to contain impurities that act as catalyst poisons. This work investigates the impact of such impurities on a commercial fourth‐generation Ziegler–Natta catalyst system. A recycled monomer feed stream in two different procedures by adding representative catalyst poisons (pyridine and n‐butanol) in various quantities to the reactor setup is simulated. Measuring catalyst activity and molecular weight distribution (MWD) and performing kinetic and MWD deconvolution modeling, the impact of the catalyst poisons on polymer product properties at the microstructural level is evaluated. The results demonstrate that, beyond a certain concentration (120 ppm), catalyst poisons have a substantial impact on the activity levels of the catalyst system tested. MWD deconvolution modeling shows an influence of the poisons on the composition of the resulting polymer product in the form of a shift toward lower or higher molecular weights (depending on the procedure). This microstructural analysis highlights the importance of purifying chemically recycled monomer feed streams.
A sparse domain decomposition method for parallel computing of a four‐dimensional lattice spring model
Authors: Fu Meng , Zhao Gao‐Feng
Published: September 2021

In this work, an improved domain decomposition method is developed to address workload imbalance when implementing the parallel computing of a four‐dimensional lattice spring model (4D‐LSM) to solve problems in rock engineering on a large scale. A cubic domain decomposition scheme is adopted and optimized by a simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) to minimize the workload imbalance among subdomains. The improved domain decomposition method is implemented in the parallel computing of the 4D‐LSM. Numerical results indicate that the proposed domain decomposition method can further improve the workload balance among processors, which is helpful to supersede the limit of computational scale when solving large‐scale geotechnical problems and decrease the runtime of the parallel 4D‐LSM by at most 40% compared to the original cubic decomposition method. This shows the practicability of the proposed method in parallel computing. Two types of target functions of SAA are tested, and their influence on the performance of the parallel 4D‐LSM is investigated. Finally, a computational model with one billion particles for one actual engineering application of using 4D‐LSM is realized, and the result shows the advantages of parallel computing.
Second‐order design sensitivity analysis using diagonal hyper‐dual numbers
Authors: Endo Vitor Takashi , Fancello Eduardo Alberto , Muñoz‐Rojas Pablo Andrés
Published: September 2021

Although sensitivity analysis provides valuable information for structural optimization, it is often difficult to use the Hessian in large models since many methods still suffer from inaccuracy, inefficiency, or limitation issues. In this context, we report the theoretical description of a general sensitivity procedure that calculates the diagonal terms of the Hessian matrix by using a new variant of hyper‐dual numbers as derivative tool. We develop a diagonal variant of hyper‐dual numbers and their arithmetic to obtain the exact derivatives of tensor‐valued functions of a vector argument, which comprise the main contributions of this work. As this differentiation scheme represents a general black‐box tool, we supply the computer implementation of the hyper‐dual formulation in Fortran. By focusing on the diagonal terms, the proposed sensitivity scheme is significantly lighter in terms of computational costs, facilitating the application in engineering problems. As an additional strategy to improve efficiency, we highlight that we perform the derivative calculation at the element‐level. This work can contribute to many studies since the sensitivity scheme can adapt itself to numerous finite element formulations or problem settings. The proposed method promotes the usage of second‐order optimization algorithms, which may allow better convergence rates to solve intricate problems in engineering applications.
Four almost unexplored species of Brazilian Connarus (Connaraceae): Chemical composition by ESI‐QTof‐MS/MS–GNPS and a pharmacologic potential
Authors: Nunes Alves Paim Luís Fernando , dos Santos Paulo Roberto , Patrocinio Toledo Cássio Augusto , Minello Luana , Lima da Paz Joicelene Regina , Castro Souza Vinicius , Salvador Mirian , Moura Sidnei
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Species of Connaraceae are globally used in traditional medicines. However, several of these have not been studied regarding their chemical composition, and some are even at risk of extinction without proper studies. Therefore, the chemical composition and pharmacological potential of Connarus blanchetii Planch., Connarus nodosus Baker, Connarus regnellii G. Schellenb., and Connarus suberosus Planch., which were previously unknown, were analyzed.

Objective

This work aims to investigate the pharmacological potential of these four Connarus species. The chemical composition of different extracts was determined by high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), with subsequent analysis by the GNPS platform and competitive fragmentation modeling (CFM).

Materials and methods

Leaf extracts (C. blanchetii, C. nodosus, C. regnellii, and C. suberosus) and bark extracts (C. regnellii and C. suberosus) were obtained by decoction, infusion, and maceration. LC/HRMS data were submitted to the GNPS platform and evaluated using CFM in order to confirm the structures.

Results

The HRMS–GNPS/CFM analysis indicated the presence of 23 compounds that were mainly identified as phenolic derivatives from quercetin and myricetin, of which 21 are unedited in the Connarus genus. Thus, from the analyses performed, we can identify different compounds with pharmacological potential, as well as the most suitable forms of extraction.

Conclusion

Using HRMS–GNPS/CFM, 21 unpublished compounds were identified in the studied species. Therefore, our combination of data analysis techniques can be used to determine their chemical composition.
Identification of multiple proteins whose interaction with mannitol dehydrogenase is induced by salicylic acid: Implications for unconventional secretion
Authors: Ho Tricia C. , Blackburn R. Kevin , Goshe Michael B. , Williamson John D.
Published: September 2021

Although protein secretion was previously believed to be solely via ER/Golgi pathways, Golgi‐independent secretion has now been described in both animals and plants. Secretion of the mannitol catabolic enzyme mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) in response to the endogenous pathogen response signal salicylic acid (SA) was one of the first reports of unconventional protein secretion in plants. To begin assessing potential secretion‐associated MTD protein interactors, we present here high‐quality databases describing changes in MTD‐interacting proteins following SA treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana cells expressing MTD.
Reliability and validity of subjective radiologist reporting of temporal changes in lumbar spine MRI findings
Authors: Hancock Mark J. , Maher Chris G. , Jarvik Jeffrey G. , Battié Michele C. , Elliott James M. , Jensen Tue S. , Panagopoulos John , Jenkins Hazel , Pardey Margery C. , McIntosh Jeffery , Magnussen John
Published: September 2021

Background

The importance of lumbar findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains controversial. Changes in lumbar MRI findings over time may provide important insights into the causes of low back pain. However, the reliability and validity of temporal changes are unknown.

Objective

To (1) investigate the interrater reliability of subjective radiologist reporting of temporal changes in lumbar spine MRI findings and (2) determine how commonly temporal changes are reported when two scans are conducted 30 minutes apart (considered false positives).

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Radiology clinic.

Participants

Forty volunteers (mean age 40; 53% female) with current (n = 31) or previous (n = 9) low back pain underwent initial lumbar MRI on a single 3T scanner. Participants then lay on a bed for 30 minutes before undergoing an identical MRI. In addition, we purposely selected five participants from a previous study with repeat lumbar MRI scans where temporal changes were reported in at least one MRI finding (1–12 weeks after initial scan) and another five participants where no temporal change was reported. The 10 participants were included in analyses for aim 1 only.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Two blinded radiologists reported on temporal changes between the baseline and repeat scan for 12 different MRI findings (eg, disk herniation, annular fissure) at five levels.

Results

The interrater reliability of subjective reporting of temporal changes was poor for all MRI findings based on Kappa values (≤ 0.24), but agreement was relatively high (≥ 90.8%). This is explained by the low prevalence of temporal changes as demonstrated by high values for Prevalence and Bias Adjusted Kappa (≥ 0.82). “False positive” temporal changes were reported by at least one radiologist for most MRI findings, but the rate was generally low.

Conclusions

Caution is required when interpreting temporal changes in lumbar MRI findings owing to low reliability and some false positive reporting.
Decisional capacity determination and serious mental illness in oncology: Implications for equitable and beneficent care
Authors: McFarland Daniel C. , Voigt Louis , Alici Yesne
Published: September 2021

Background

Patients with Serious Mental Illness (SMI) have worse survival compared to cancer patients without SMI after controlling for delayed diagnosis. Decision‐making capacity (DMC) may be impaired in both populations (cancer or SMI). DMC may be further impaired based on coupled vulnerability factors that challenge Shared Decision Making (SDM) for patients with cancer and SMI.

Methods

Psychiatric consultations for DMC in hospitalized patients with cancer (n = 97) were consecutively evaluated across a single institution cancer center. SMI data, demographic, and cancer‐related variables were obtained from the medical record. Descriptive data were contrasted in patients with and without DMC and used for logistic regression modeling.

Results

Overall, 42% had DMC with no significant differences based on SMI (χ2 = 2.60,p = 0.11). Patients with SMI were younger, receiving anticancer treatment, and were less likely facing end of life issues. Age (OR 1.03,p = 0.05) and no recent anticancer treatments (OR 0.34,p = 0.02) were associated with decisional incapacity. At 3 months post discharge, almost two‐thirds were dead with no difference based on SMI (χ2 = 0.01,p = 0.91). But End of Life (EOL) concerns were documented in 63% of non‐SMI patients and only 36% of SMI patients (χ2 = 5.63,p = 0.02). Healthcare proxy (16%), four determinates of DMC (22%), and repeated psychiatric DCM assessments (35%) were documented with no differences based on SMI.

Conclusion

SDM is not equitable for cancer patients with SMI. Advanced directives and a robust effort to provide value‐congruent care for patient with SMI who develop cancer may lessen this health inequity for cancer patients with SMI.