bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Novel Therapeutic Effect of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-γ Inhibitor AS605240 in Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Azzi Jamil , Moore Robert F. , Elyaman Wassim , Mounayar Marwan , El Haddad Najib , Yang Sunmi , Jurewicz Mollie , Takakura Ayumi , Petrelli Alessandra , Fiorina Paolo , Ruckle Thomas , Abdi Reza
Published: March 2012

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains a major health problem worldwide, with a steadily rising incidence yet no cure. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ), a member of a family of lipid kinases expressed primarily in leukocytes, has been the subject of substantial research for its role in inflammatory diseases. However, the role of PI3Kγ inhibition in suppressing autoimmune T1D remains to be explored. We tested the role of the PI3Kγ inhibitor AS605240 in preventing and reversing diabetes in NOD mice and assessed the mechanisms by which this inhibition abrogates T1D. Our data indicate that the PI3Kγ pathway is highly activated in T1D. In NOD mice, we found upregulated expression of phosphorylated Akt (PAkt) in splenocytes. Notably, T regulatory cells (Tregs) showed significantly lower expression of PAkt compared with effector T cells. Inhibition of the PI3Kγ pathway by AS605240 efficiently suppressed effector T cells and induced Treg expansion through the cAMP response element-binding pathway. AS605240 effectively prevented and reversed autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice and suppressed T-cell activation and the production of inflammatory cytokines by autoreactive T cells in vitro and in vivo. These studies demonstrate the key role of the PI3Kγ pathway in determining the balance of Tregs and autoreactive cells regulating autoimmune diabetes.
Following the Fate of One Insulin-Reactive CD4 T cell
Authors: Fousteri Georgia , Jasinski Jean , Dave Amy , Nakayama Maki , Pagni Philippe , Lambolez Florence , Juntti Therese , Sarikonda Ghanashyam , Cheng Yang , Croft Michael , Cheroutre Hilde , Eisenbarth George , von Herrath Matthias
Published: March 2012

In diabetic patients and susceptible mice, insulin is a targeted autoantigen. Insulin B chain 9-23 (B:9-23) autoreactive CD4 T cells are key for initiating autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice; however, little is known regarding their origin and function. To this end, B:9-23–specific, BDC12-4.1 T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (Tg) mice were studied, of which, despite expressing a single TCR on the recombination activating gene–deficient background, only a fraction develops diabetes in an asynchronous manner. BDC12-4.1 CD4 T cells convert into effector (Teff) and Foxp3+-expressing adaptive regulatory T cells (aTregs) soon after leaving the thymus as a result of antigen recognition and homeostatic proliferation. The generation of aTreg causes the heterogeneous diabetes onset, since crossing onto the scurfy (Foxp3) mutation, BDC12-4.1 TCR Tg mice develop accelerated and fully penetrant diabetes. Similarly, adoptive transfer and bone marrow transplantation experiments showed differential diabetes kinetics based on Foxp3+ aTreg’s presence in the BDC12-4.1 donors. A single-specificity, insulin-reactive TCR escapes thymic deletion and simultaneously converts into aTreg and Teff, establishing an equilibrium that determines diabetes penetrance. These results are of particular importance for understanding disease pathogenesis. They suggest that once central tolerance is bypassed, autoreactive cells arriving in the periphery do not by default follow solely a pathogenic fate upon activation.
Deep Resequencing Unveils Genetic Architecture of ADIPOQ and Identifies a Novel Low-Frequency Variant Strongly Associated With Adiponectin Variation
Authors: Warren Liling L. , Li Li , Nelson Matthew R. , Ehm Margaret G. , Shen Judong , Fraser Dana J. , Aponte Jennifer L. , Nangle Keith L. , Slater Andrew J. , Woollard Peter M. , Hall Matt D. , Topp Simon D. , Yuan Xin , Cardon Lon R. , Chissoe Stephanie L. , Mooser Vincent , Morris Andrew D. , Palmer Colin N.A. , Perry John R. , Frayling Timothy M. , Whittaker John C. , Waterworth Dawn M.
Published: March 2012

Increased adiponectin levels have been shown to be associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. To understand the relations between genetic variation at the adiponectin-encoding gene, ADIPOQ, and adiponectin levels, and subsequently its role in disease, we conducted a deep resequencing experiment of ADIPOQ in 14,002 subjects, including 12,514 Europeans, 594 African Americans, and 567 Indian Asians. We identified 296 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 30 amino acid changes, and carried out association analyses in a subset of 3,665 subjects from two independent studies. We confirmed multiple genome-wide association study findings and identified a novel association between a low-frequency SNP (rs17366653) and adiponectin levels (P = 2.2E–17). We show that seven SNPs exert independent effects on adiponectin levels. Together, they explained 6% of adiponectin variation in our samples. We subsequently assessed association between these SNPs and type 2 diabetes in the Genetics of Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland (GO-DARTS) study, comprised of 5,145 case and 6,374 control subjects. No evidence of association with type 2 diabetes was found, but we were also unable to exclude the possibility of substantial effects (e.g., odds ratio 95% CI for rs7366653 [0.91–1.58]). Further investigation by large-scale and well-powered Mendelian randomization studies is warranted.
Adoptive Transfer With In Vitro Expanded Human Regulatory T Cells Protects Against Porcine Islet Xenograft Rejection via Interleukin-10 in Humanized Mice
Authors: Yi Shounan , Ji Ming , Wu Jingjing , Ma Xiaoqian , Phillips Peta , Hawthorne Wayne J. , O’Connell Philip J.
Published: March 2012

T cell-mediated rejection remains a barrier to the clinical application of islet xenotransplantation. Regulatory T cells (Treg) regulate immune responses by suppressing effector T cells. This study aimed to determine the ability of human Treg to prevent islet xenograft rejection and the mechanism(s) involved. Neonatal porcine islet transplanted NOD-SCID IL2rγ−/− mice received human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with in vitro expanded autologous Treg in the absence or presence of anti-human interleukin-10 (IL-10) monoclonal antibody. In addition, human PBMC-reconstituted recipient mice received recombinant human IL-10 (rhIL-10). Adoptive transfer with expanded autologous Treg prevented islet xenograft rejection in human PBMC-reconstituted mice by inhibiting graft infiltration of effector cells and their function. Neutralization of human IL-10 shortened xenograft survival in mice receiving human PBMC and Treg. In addition, rhIL-10 treatment led to prolonged xenograft survival in human PBMC-reconstituted mice. This study demonstrates the ability of human Treg to prevent T-cell effector function and the importance of IL-10 in this response. In vitro Treg expansion was a simple and effective strategy for generating autologous Treg and highlighted a potential adoptive Treg cell therapy to suppress antigraft T-cell responses and reduce the requirement for immunosuppression in islet xenotransplantation.
A Fully Human, Allosteric Monoclonal Antibody That Activates the Insulin Receptor and Improves Glycemic Control
Authors: Bhaskar Vinay , Goldfine Ira D. , Bedinger Daniel H. , Lau Angela , Kuan Hua F. , Gross Lisa M. , Handa Masahisa , Maddux Betty A. , Watson Susan R. , Zhu Shirley , Narasimha Ajay J. , Levy Raphael , Webster Lynn , Wijesuriya Sujeewa D. , Liu Naichi , Wu Xiaorong , Chemla-Vogel David , Tran Catarina , Lee Steve R. , Wong Steve , Wilcock Diane , White Mark L. , Corbin John A.
Published: March 2012

Many patients with diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2) require therapy to maintain normal fasting glucose levels. To develop a novel treatment for these individuals, we used phage display technology to target the insulin receptor (INSR) complexed with insulin and identified a high affinity, allosteric, human monoclonal antibody, XMetA, which mimicked the glucoregulatory, but not the mitogenic, actions of insulin. Biophysical studies with cultured cells expressing human INSR demonstrated that XMetA acted allosterically and did not compete with insulin for binding to its receptor. XMetA was found to function as a specific partial agonist of INSR, eliciting tyrosine phosphorylation of INSR but not the IGF-IR. Although this antibody activated metabolic signaling, leading to enhanced glucose uptake, it neither activated Erk nor induced proliferation of cancer cells. In an insulin resistant, insulinopenic model of diabetes, XMetA markedly reduced elevated fasting blood glucose and normalized glucose tolerance. After 6 weeks, significant improvements in HbA1c, dyslipidemia, and other manifestations of diabetes were observed. It is noteworthy that hypoglycemia and weight gain were not observed during these studies. These studies indicate, therefore, that allosteric monoclonal antibodies have the potential to be novel, ultra-long acting, agents for the regulation of hyperglycemia in diabetes.
Motivational Orientations and Task Autonomy Fit: Effects on Organizational Attraction
Authors: Wu Yu-Chi
Published: March 2012

The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is congruence between applicant needs (i.e., motivational orientations) and what is available (i.e., task autonomy) from an organizational perspective based on the fit between needs and supply. The fit between work motivation and task autonomy was examined to see whether it was associated with organizational attraction. This experimental study included two phases. Phase 1 participants consisted of 446 undergraduate students, of whom 228 were recruited to participate in Phase 2. The fit relations between task autonomy and intrinsic motivation and between task control and extrinsic motivation were characterized. Findings indicated that the fit between work motivation and task autonomy was positively associated with organizational attraction. Based on these results, it may be inferred that employers should emphasize job characteristics such as autonomy or control orientations to attract individuals, and focus on the most suitable work motivations for their organizations.
Reading Times and Adaptive Styles among Patients Diagnosed with Psychosis as Assessed by the Serial Color-Word Test
Authors: Jansson Jan-Åke , Johansson Håkan , Johnsson Per , Rohner Jean-Christophe
Published: March 2012

The present study focuses on how patients diagnosed with psychosis deal with a conflicting situation. In the study, two groups of patients were assessed. One group consisted of patients diagnosed with psychosis ( n = 41), while the comparison group ( n = 135) consisted of inpatients diagnosed either with anorexia nervosa or with bulimia nervosa. The groups were assessed using the Serial Color Word Test (S–CWT), designed for studying an individual's successive adaptation over time to a conflicting situation. The S–CWT differentiated the two groups regarding both reading time and adaptive styles. Patients diagnosed with psychosis had longer reading times and an adaptive style that was deviant throughout the test, indicating poorer cognitive functioning and more serious psychopathology. These problems may in turn influence functioning in work or study and daily living, all of which are important in treatment planning.
Psychometric Analysis of Five Measures of Spatial Ability
Authors: Hogan Thomas P.
Published: March 2012

This study analyzed psychometric properties of five measures of spatial ability on 96 young adults, with supplementary analysis for three of the measures on another sample of 71 young adults. Two measures were taken from the widely cited Kit of Factor-Referenced Cognitive Tests and three other measures were taken from a relatively new source originally intended as laboratory demonstrations. Previous research provided limited information on the psychometric properties of the measures. All five measures yielded adequate reliability and loaded on a single factor. Three measures yielded markedly skewed distributions. Two measures showed clear sex differences with men scoring higher but this difference seemed contaminated by a speed factor; three measures did not show a sex difference. Recommendations for use of the measures in future studies are provided.
Cognitive Style in Attainment of an Upside-Down Posture in Water with and without Vision
Authors: Counil Lou , Kerlirzin Yves , Dietrich Gilles
Published: March 2012

It is well known that adopting a posture required by the central nervous system takes into account a frame of reference. This frame of reference is built on sensory information and, more particularly, on vision, which is often considered to be the main input. The contribution of vision varies by participant and defines their cognitive style. This study investigates the contribution of visual information and cognitive style to postural strategy and, more precisely, to the construction of an upside-down posture in an underwater condition. Eight synchronized swimmers performed the Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT) to assess their cognitive style and practiced upside-down posture in water to measure their body inclination. The Rod-and-Frame Test scores did not distinguish the participants, as the results of the test showed that most of them were visual-field independent. However, in a closed-eyes condition, participants achieved a more precise vertical position than when using translucent goggles.
Inhibitory Control Differentiates Rare Target Search Performance in Children
Authors: Li Hongting , Cheung Sui-Yin , Chan John S-Y. , Yan Jin H.
Published: March 2012

Age-related differences in rare-target search are primarily explained by the speed-accuracy trade-off, primed responses, or decision making. The goal was to examine how motor inhibition influences visual search. Children pressed a key when a rare target was detected. On no-target trials, children withheld reactions. Response time (RT), hits, misses, correct rejection, and false alarms were measured. Tapping tests assessed motor control. Older children tapped faster, were more sensitive to rare targets (higher d'), and reacted more slowly than younger ones. Girls outperformed boys in search sensitivity but not in RT. Motor speed was closely associated with hit rate and RT. Results suggest that development of inhibitory control plays a key role in visual detection. The potential implications for cognitive-motor development and individual differences are discussed.
College Students' Style of Language Usage: Clues to Creativity
Authors: Kim Kyungil , Lee Yoonhyoung , Lee Chang H.
Published: March 2012

The current study aimed to provide initial quantitative data on the relationship between college students' style of language usage and their creativity. Correlation coefficients between Alternative Use Test creativity scores and Korean Linguistic Inquiry and Word Counts were calculated from 157 college students' stream of consciousness writings. The results showed that people who scored as more creative also used more content words to express their thoughts, and they did so in a more straightforward manner. The results also showed that these people used a greater number of concepts that were more abstract, had a more individualistic perspective, and thought in less conventional ways. This study provides reference data for future studies on the relationship between creativity and language usage.
Racism in Soccer? Perception of Challenges of Black and White Players by White Referees, Soccer Players, and Fans
Authors: Wagner-Egger Pascal , Gygax Pascal , Ribordy Farfalla
Published: March 2012

This experiment investigated challenge evaluations in soccer and their relation to prejudice: more precisely, whether skin colour may influence judgments of soccer tackles. Three groups of participants (soccer players, referees, and soccer fans) were asked to evaluate challenges, featuring Black and White players as aggressors and victims in a mixed-design study. Results showed that participants made some differentiations between Black and White players in a challenge evaluation task. Participants were more likely to consider within-group challenges as fouls and were faster to consider challenges made by Black players as fouls. On the other hand, fouls made by White players were seen as more severe. There were no major differences between the participating groups, suggesting that the observed effects were independent of how good players were or whether the participants were referees or not.
Visual Skills and Playing Positions of Olympic Field Hockey Players
Authors: Wimshurst Z. L. , Sowden P. T. , Cardinale M.
Published: March 2012

Many sports require fine spatiotemporal resolution for optimal performance. Previous studies have compared anticipatory skills and the decision-making process in athletes; however, there is little information on visual skills of elite athletes, particularly hockey players. To assess visual skills of Olympic hockey players and analyze differences by playing position, and to analyze improvement of visual skills after training, 21 Olympic field hockey players were pre- and post-tested on 11 visual tasks following a 10-wk. visual training program consisting of computer-based visual exercises. There were no mean differences at pre-test between players of different positions, suggesting that performance on these visual skills was independent of playing position. However, after training, an improvement was seen in all players (when scores were averaged across all 11 visual tasks) with goalkeepers improving significantly more than any other position. This suggests the possibility of improving visual skills even in an elite population.
Sex Differences in Young Gymnasts' Postural Steadiness
Authors: Milosis Dimitrios C. , Siatras Theophanis A.
Published: March 2012

The present study examined the differences between male and female gymnasts in bipedal standing position, back standing scale, and stork standing scale testing. 29 young gymnasts (13 boys, 16 girls; ages 12 to 15 years) participated. A portable posturographic digital platform was used to record foot pressure (Foot Checker, Comex SA). Barefoot sole area (cm2), maximal pressure (kPa), center of foot pressure (CoP), sway area (mm2), and CoP linear distance displacement (mm) were analyzed in an integrated software module (Foot Checker, Version 4.0). The intra-class correlation coefficient and the coefficient of variation supported the reliability of the measurements. Results indicated no differences between boys and girls on height, weight, and Body Mass Index. Differences indicated better performance by girls compared to boys in back standing and stork standing.
A Comparison of Ultra-Endurance Cyclists in a Qualifying Ultra-Cycling Race for Paris-Brest-Paris and Race across America—Swiss Cycling Marathon
Authors: Knechtle Beat , Wirth Andrea , Knechtle Patrizia , Rüst Christoph Alexander , Rosemann Thomas
Published: March 2012

Ultra-endurance events test the adaptation of human physiology to extreme physical and mental demands, high levels of training, motivation, and physical conditioning among participants. To understand basic differences among participants according to the severity of the race, participants in qualifying events for two ultra-endurance cycling races, differing in length and intensity, were compared on measures of anthropometry, training, and support. One race was four times longer, required supporting teams, and racers typically had little sleep, which should lead to the qualifiers being substantially more highly trained than those from the shorter race. The qualifiers in the longer race had greater intensity in training while the qualifiers in the shorter race relied more on training volume. Different strategies and types of training reflected the different demands of the races. Future studies should evaluate personality and motivational differences in ultra-endurance events and between these athletes and athletes in other sports.
Physical Activity among Postpartum Adolescents: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Behrens Timothy K. , Bradley Jo E. , Kirby Jessica B. , Nanney Marilyn S.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the levels and correlates of physical activity among a sample of overweight postpartum adolescents. Postpartum adolescents were recruited from a university-based teen mother program and local school districts. Adolescents ( N = 21) aged 16 to 19 years, with a child between 6 and 12 months of age, volunteered. Participants wore a pedometer and reported their physical activity for seven consecutive days. Descriptive statistics and relationships between steps/day and self-reported physical activity, demographic, and psychosocial characteristics were calculated. Results indicated that participants were insufficiently active. Self-reported walking and pre-pregnancy BMI were moderately associated with steps/day. The findings of this preliminary study suggest that these postpartum adolescents were insufficiently active to attain substantial health benefits from physical activity. Postpartum adolescents represent an understudied population that may need to be a priority population for physical activity interventions.
Trichotomous Goals of Elementary School Students Learning English as a Foreign Language: A Structural Equation Model
Authors: He Tung-Hsien , Chang Shan-Mao , Chen Shu-Hui Eileen , Gou Wen Johnny
Published: March 2012

This study applied structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques to define the relations among trichotomous goals (mastery goals, performance-approach goals, and performance-avoidance goals), self-efficacy, use of metacognitive self-regulation strategies, positive belief in seeking help, and help-avoidance behavior. Elementary school students ( N = 105), who were learning English as a foreign language, were surveyed using five self-report scales. The structural equation model showed that self-efficacy led to the adoption of mastery goals but discouraged the adoption of performance-approach goals and performance-avoidance goals. Furthermore, mastery goals increased the use of metacognitive self-regulation strategies, whereas performance-approach goals and performance-avoidance goals reduced their use. Mastery goals encouraged positive belief in help-seeking, but performance-avoidance goals decreased such belief. Finally, performance-avoidance goals directly led to help-avoidance behavior, whereas positive belief assumed a critical role in reducing help-avoidance. The established structural equation model illuminated the potential causal relations among these variables for the young learners in this study.
Development and Use of a Computerized Test, MATH—CPT, to Assess Attention
Authors: Luf Dubi , Fichman Nadav
Published: March 2012

The present research describes the development of a new measure of attention, the Mathematics Continuous Performance Test (MATH–CPT), which uses a sequence of simple mathematical questions projected onto a computer screen as visual stimuli. A new approach to testing was developed: it has more complicated stimuli and has an open reaction time allowing participants to react according to individual pace. The development of reliability and validity of the MATH–CPT is described. Discriminant function analysis of 240 normal control participants compared with 63 individuals with ADHD showed correct classification of 91.6% of participants in both groups. The MATH–CPT diagnosed a sample of participants with ADHD better than another CPT-type test, the Test of Variables of Attention. This is an initial step in developing a new measure of attention and to assist with the diagnosis of adolescents and young adults with ADHD.
Asymmetrical Drawing Patterns on the Temples by Left-Handers
Authors: Mori Kazuo
Published: March 2012

Twenty-three Japanese genuine left-handers were selected by a Laterality Quotient scale and asked to draw the letter S on their own temples and foreheads. The way they drew on the temples showed an asymmetry that was the mirror reversal of that of right-handers, as found in a previous study. Left-handers drew a reversed letter S on their right temple much more often than on the left temple, whereas right-handers drew them in reverse more often on the left temple. They also drew it in reverse on the forehead irrespective of their handedness.
Effects on Modeling Sequential Body Movements When Viewed from the Front or Rear
Authors: Ishikura Tadao
Published: March 2012

This study investigated the effect of having a model demonstration viewed from the rear and/or front on the subsequent acquisition of sequential gross-movement patterns, and further examined how participants who observed the bi-angle model directed their attention toward the rear view or the front view in mirror. The movement pattern consisted of seven pauses. A total of 36 participants was divided into three groups: the rear-angle group, which observed the rear view; the front-angle group, which observed from the front view and had to change the motions into their mirror opposites; and the bi-angle group, which observed the rear view and the front view in the mirror. The results showed that (1) all groups acquired the movement pattern, (2) the bi-angle and the rear-angle groups reproduced the demonstrated movement more accurately than the front-angle group, and (3) the bi-angle group tended to focus gaze on viewing the model from the rear. These results suggest that rear viewing was more effective than front viewing, because the participants could simply copy the motion, the bi-angle group members directed their visual attention to the view from the rear without any instruction about observational strategy, and modeling effect was the same for the rear-angle group and the bi-angle group.
Monte Carlo analysis of polymer translocation with deterministic and noisy electric fields
Authors: Valenti Davide , Denaro Giovanni , Adorno Dominique , Pizzolato Nicola , Zammito Salvatore , Spagnolo Bernardo
Published: March 2012

Polymer translocation through the nanochannel is studied by means of a Monte Carlo approach, in the presence of a static or oscillating external electric voltage. The polymer is described as a chain molecule according to the two-dimensional “bond fluctuation model”. It moves through a piecewise linear channel, which mimics a nanopore in a biological membrane. The monomers of the chain interact with the walls of the channel, modelled as a reflecting barrier. We analyze the polymer dynamics, concentrating on the translocation time through the channel, when an external electric field is applied. By introducing a source of coloured noise, we analyze the effect of correlated random fluctuations on the polymer translocation dynamics.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Supported Nanostructures
Authors: Schneider Wolf-Dieter
Published: March 2012

Recent advances in low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) have provided new opportunities for the investigation of the local geometric, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of nanostructures. This review focuses on the presentation and discussion
of single molecules, supramolecular assemblies, and other nanostructures; all research results obtained in our laboratory. The emphasis is directed to the observation of new effects, where the properties of matter at the nanoscale differ from those at the mesoscopic or macroscopic scale: small
is different. This fact is illustrated for the conservation of chirality in a hierarchical supramolecular assembly of organic molecules and for local light emission from supported molecules. The latter indicates a possible route towards an optical spectroscopic analysis on the scale of single
molecules.
Modifying the STM Tip for the ' Ultimate ' Imaging of the Si(111)-7×7 Surface and Metal-supported Molecules
Authors: Wang Ye-liang , Cheng Zhi-hai , Deng Zhi-tao , Guo Hai-ming , Du Shi-xuan , Gao Hong-jun
Published: March 2012

We report on high-resolution STM measurements with modified probe tips. First, both the rest atoms and adatoms of a Si(111)-7×7 surface are observed simultaneously. The visibility of rest atoms is dependent upon the sample bias voltage (less than –0.7 V) and is enhanced
by sharpening the tip, which is rationalized by first-principles calculations. Second, a tip with a perylene molecule adsorbed at its apex is used to discriminate the molecular states and the metal states of the underlying Ag(110) surface, which is attributable to a mismatch between the energy
levels of the functionalized tip and the adsorbates on silver. Lastly, high-resolution images of iron phthalocyanine (FePc) and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) molecules on Au(111) are obtained by using an O2-terminated tip, and the images reveal rich intramolecular features arising
from molecular orbitals that are not observed when using clean metallic tips.
The Art of Catching and Probing Single Molecules
Authors: Zandvliet Harold J. W.
Published: March 2012

Probing the electronic properties of an individual molecule is a far from trivial task. In order to measure, for instance, the conductance of a single molecule, the molecule must be contacted by two nanoscopic electrodes. Here we will give two examples of how a single molecule can be
caught between two metallic electrodes. In the first example the conductance of a single octanethiol molecule is measured by trapping the molecule between an atomic Pt chain on a semiconductor surface and the apex of a scanning tunneling microscope tip. In the second example a Cu-phthalocyanine
molecule is caught between two adjacent nanowires on a semiconductor surface. In this 'bridge' adsorption configuration the core of the CuPc molecule, i.e. the Cu atom, is fully decoupled from the underlying substrate. The electronic properties of the core of Cu-phthalocyanine molecule are
probed with scanning tunneling spectroscopy.
Deltoid Ligament Abnormalities in Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Crim Julia R. , Beals Timothy C. , Nickisch Florian , Schannen Andrew , Saltzman Charles L.
Published: March 2012

Background: Treatment of patients with repeated ankle sprains and chronic lateral ankle instability tends to focus on the lateral collateral ligaments. We reviewed records to ascertain the prevalence of abnormalities of the deltoid ligament in this population. Methods: Retrospective review of MR images and surgical reports was performed for all patients during a 3-year period that underwent surgical treatment of chronic ankle instability at a single institution. Forty-seven ankles (46 patients) met inclusion criteria. None had medial ankle pain. Results: On MRI, all patients had anterior talofibular ligament tear, plus injury to one or more additional ligaments. Ninety-one percent had injury of calcaneofibular ligament. Injury to the posterior talofibular ligament was less common (49%). Deltoid ligament injuries were seen in 72% of cases (23% superficial deltoid only, 6% deep deltoid only, 43% both superficial and deep components). Of patients with injury to the superficial deltoid, 32% had an intact deep deltoid ligament. MRI correlated well to surgical findings. Conclusion: Deltoid ligament injuries were common in patients with lateral ankle instability who underwent reconstruction.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Osteochondral Talar Allograft for Large Osteochondral Defects: Technique Tip
Authors: Dragoni Massimiliano , Bonasia Davide E , Amendola Annunziato
Published: March 2012

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Total Ankle Replacement in Obese Patients: Component Stability, Weight Change, and Functional Outcome in 118 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Barg Alexej , Knupp Markus , Anderson Andrew E. , Hintermann Beat
Published: March 2012

Background: Obesity is a growing problem in Europe and the United States. While obesity has been linked to poor outcomes after total knee or hip replacement, there are no data addressing outcomes in obese patients who underwent total ankle replacement (TAR). Methods: This retrospective chart review included 118 patients (123 ankles) with a minimum body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 who underwent TAR between May 2000 and June 2008. There were 61 male (51.7%) and 57 female (48.3%) patients with a mean age of 59.8 ± 11.6 years (range, 25.4 to 85.0). All patients were evaluated pre- and postoperatively (mean followup 67.7 ± 27.0 months; range, 29 to 126). Radiological outcomes were assessed using standardized weight-bearing radiographs. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot scale. Results: There were nine intraoperative complications. All patients experienced significant pain relief (VAS change from 7.0 ± 1.7 to 1.4 ± 1.1, p < 0.001) and functional improvement (AOFAS score change from 35.4 ± 14.9 to 75.4 ± 9.6, p < 0.001; total ROM change from 26.9 ± 13.7 to 35.3 ± 8.1 degrees, p ± 0.001). BMI measured preoperatively, and at 1 and 2 years postoperatively was 32.9 ± 2.5 (range, 30.0 to 40.0) kg/m2, 32.4 ± 2.4 (range, 28.6 to 41.0) kg/m2, and 32.2 ± 2.4 (range, 28.6 to 40.5) kg/m2, respectively. Gender had a significant effect on weight loss, but not age or postoperative sports activity. Revision surgery was performed in six patients, resulting in a 6-year survivorship of 93%. Conclusion: Our findings confirm that TAR gives significant pain relief and functional improvement. In this study, the survivorship of the prosthesis components was comparable to the results obtained in non-obese patients.

Level of Evidence: IV, Therapeutic Case Series
Long-Term Results Following Keller Resection Arthroplasty for Hallux Rigidus
Authors: Schneider Wolfgang , Kadnar Georg , Kranzl Andreas , Knahr Karl
Published: March 2012

Background: We assessed the long-term results following Keller resection arthroplasty for the treatment of hallux rigidus. We then compared them with alternative surgical methods like cheilectomy, arthrodesis and joint replacement. Methods: Eighty-seven cases of Keller resection arthroplasty for hallux rigidus were reviewed with mean followup of 23 years. Their mean age at time of surgery was 50 years. Analysis included personal clinical evaluation with the AOFAS Hallux Score, quality-of-life assessment using the SF-36, radiographic assessment, pedobarographic evaluation and analysis of the patients' charts to detect any postoperative complications. Results: At the time of followup only five (5%) feet had undergone revision surgery. For all other cases we calculated a mean AOFAS score of 83 points. Sixty-nine of 73 unrevised patients (94%) would opt for this operation again under the same circumstances. SF-36 parameters showed age related normal values. Pedobarographic assessment revealed only moderate weightbearing alterations. Our long-term results compare favorably with published results following arthrodesis, cheilectomy or joint replacement for the treatment of painful hallux rigidus. Clinical results and subjective assessments were very good and complication rates were low compared to competing methods. Conclusion: Keller resection arthroplasty remains a valuable surgical option for the treatment of advanced stages of hallux rigidus with high patient satisfaction, moderate weightbearing alterations and comparable low complication rate in our experience.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Incidence of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus in the United States Military
Authors: Orr Justin D. , Dawson Laura K. , Garcia E'Stephan J. , Kirk Kevin L.
Published: March 2012

Background: Osteochondral lesion of the talus (OCLT) is frequently described as an uncommon diagnosis; however, little is known of its incidence. In light of increased awareness combined with the continued evolution of radiologic and treatment modalities, more attention has been given to this diagnosis. Serving a young, athletic population with unique occupational requirements, we have perceived an increase in the diagnosis of OCLTs. The goal of this study was to determine the incidence of OCLTs in an active duty military population, as well as demographic risk factors for OCLTs. Methods: We performed a query of the Defense Medical Epidemiology Database (DMED) of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code for OCLTs which in the Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application (AHLTA) system is uniquely assigned the code 732.5. An overall injury incidence was calculated, in addition to multivariate analysis to determine independent risk factors among the following demographic considerations: gender, race, rank, branch of military service, and age. Year of diagnosis was also considered. Results: The overall incidence rate for the 10-year period (1999 to 2008) was 27 OCLTs per 100,000 person-years. Significant demographic risk factors were female gender, white race, enlisted rank, service in the Army and Marines, and age greater than 20 years. Incidence rate was 16 per 100,000 in 2002, with steady annual increases resulting in an incidence rate of 56 per 100,000 person-years in 2008, corresponding to the years of active involvement in global combat operations. Conclusion: The incidence of OCLTs in the active duty military population was higher with female gender, white race, enlisted rank, increased age, and Army or Marine service.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Series
Intraoperative Incidence of Hallux Valgus Interphalangeus Following Basilar First Metatarsal Osteotomy and Distal Soft Tissue Realignment
Authors: Park Jae-Yong , Jung Hong-Geun , Kim Tae-Hoon , Kang Min-Seok
Published: March 2012

Background: The premise of this study was that after the correction of hallux-metatarsophalangeal pronation, the intra-operative interphalangeal angle (HIA) increases significantly, and that an additional Akin osteotomy (AO) is often needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether HIAs in hallux valgus (HV) feet were underestimated, and to assess the need for AO during HV correction. Method: This study was conducted on 54 feet with moderate to severe HV treated from June 2007 to December 2008. HIAs and medial sesamoid subluxations (MSS) were measured initially and intra-operatively after a distal soft tissue procedure (DSTP) and proximal chevron metatarsal osteotomy (PCMO). An intraoperative technique was used to evaluate the incongruency of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) to determine the need for additional AO. Results: After performing DSTP and PCMO, HIAs significantly increased from an average of 9 to 13.3 degrees and MSS reduced from average grade 2.5 to 0.5 (p < 0.05). AO was added in 44 (81%) feet. After an average followup of 13.2 months in Akin group, average VAS pain score decreased from 5.7 to 1.2 and average AOFAS score increased from 57.8 to 90.2 ( p < 0.05). Final hallux MTPJ dorsiflexion in the Akin group was significantly larger than in the without-Akin group ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Average HIA significantly increased after DSTP and PCMO for moderate to severe HV necessitating additional AO, to achieve ideal HV correction and, to preserve MTPJ motion.

Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Case Control Series
Supramalleolar Osteotomy Using Circular External Fixation with Six-Axis Deformity Correction of the Distal Tibia
Authors: Horn Daniel M. , Fragomen Austin T. , Rozbruch S. Robert
Published: March 2012

Background: Supramalleolar osteotomy using circular external fixation with six-axis deformity correction is a rarely reported treatment method particularly well-suited for complex multidimensional deformities of the adult ankle. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of deformity correction and change in functional status using this technique. Methods: We present a retrospective review of 52 patients who underwent supramalleolar osteotomy with application of the Taylor Spatial Frame (Smith & Nephew, Memphis, TN). Mean age was 44 (range, 18 to 79) years. The primary outcome was change in preoperative to postoperative distal tibial joint orientation angles. Coronal and sagittal plane joint orientation angles were measured for all 52 enrolled patients. The secondary outcome was change in AOFAS scores which were available for 31 patients. Results: Twenty-two patients had oblique plane deformities. The mean time in frame was 4 (range, 2 to 11) months, and patients were followed for a mean of 14 months after frame removal. All aggregate postoperative distal tibial angles underwent a significant improvement ( p < 0.05) and were within 0 degrees to 4 degrees of normal in the various deformity groups. Average preoperative AOFAS score was 40 (range, 12 to 67) and average postoperative AOFAS score was 71 (range, 34 to 97; p < 0.001). Complications included two patients with nonunions at the osteotomy site that healed with further treatment. Three patients went on to have ankle fusion. Conclusion: We feel that supramalleolar osteotomy using circular external fixation with six-axis deformity correction was an effective method for correction of distal tibial deformities in the adult population, particularly for those patients with complex oblique-plane deformities, associated rotational deformity, a compromised soft tissue envelope, or a prior history of infection.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Accuracy of Plain Radiographs Versus 3D Analysis of Ankle Stress Test
Authors: Hoffman Eve , Paller David , Koruprolu Sarath , Drakos Mark , Behrens Steve B. , Crisco Joseph J. , DiGiovanni Christopher W.
Published: March 2012

Background: Radiographic stress testing using both the anterior drawer (AD) and talar tilt (TT) technique is a widely accepted means of assessing ankle instability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of plain film radiography in measuring translation of the talus during the AD test and the rotation of the talus during TT stress testing. In addition to determining the true accuracy of radiologic assessment in two planes, our goal was to further define instability in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes. Methods: Twenty lower extremity specimens were placed in a Telos ankle stress apparatus, and respective lateral and AP radiographs were taken during simulated AD and TT testing. Positional measurements were calculated from the films. Next, a three-dimensional tracking system was used to calculate these displacements. The anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament were sectioned to simulate an unstable ankle, followed by repeat measurement using both methods. Movement calculated using the three dimensional system was compared to that of plain radiographs using a paired t-test. Results: Mean positional changes determined by plain film radiographs were found to be significantly lower than those calculated by the three-dimensional system in both AD and TT tests in the intact and sectioned states ( p< 0.001). Conclusion: Radiographic stress testing assessment of ankle instability appears to be much less accurate than previously believed. Clinical Relevance: Compared to values calculated with the 3D system, radiographic measurements may underestimate the true magnitude of TT and AD changes which could influence clinical decision making.
Dislocation of the Proximal and Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmotic Complex Without Associated Fracture: Case Report
Authors: Corrigan Chad , Asbury Brandon , Alvarez Richard G. , Nowotarski Peter
Published: March 2012

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Response of plant species to abandonment of subalpine fields, Manang, Nepal
Authors: Baniya Chitra Bahadur
Published: March 2012

Spatial dimension of abandoned fields has been expanding more in rural subalpine zones of Nepal leading to various patterns of secondary succession. The secondary succession in the subalpine Himalayas has not yet been evaluated. Here, I describe a study initiated in Manang district, Central Nepal where enough abandoned fields of different chronosequences were located. A definitive successional pattern was predicted from the data obtained from sampling 256 plots of 1 × 1 m2 each systematically in a total of 43 abandoned fields from 1 to 55 years after abandonment. Change in composition pattern of 11 most important plant species was analyzed through the Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). The first two axes of DCA explained 19.1 % of the total variation in the species composition. Early, mid and late successions were three stages distinguished each by their abundance scores and life-forms composition. Malva neglecta, Phleum alpinum and Fagopyrum esculentum were dominant at the recently abandoned fields. Cynoglossum zeylanicum, Malaxis muscifera, Medicago falcata and Pennisetum flaccidum were mid succession species, and Thymus linearis, Tanacetum gossypinum, Pinus wallichiana and Poa annua represented the late succession species.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5553 Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2011) 8: 10-15
Distribution pattern of the epiphytic orchid Rhynchostylis retusa under strong human influence in Kathmandu valley, Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Yagya Prasad , Fischer Anton
Published: March 2012

We studied distribution pattern of the epiphytic orchid Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume with respect to (i) site characteristics and host conditions, and (ii) the type and intensity of land use in Kathmandu Valley, central Nepal. We established a 1.5 km grid net and analyzed epiphytic orchids at each point, searching for 10 trees as close as possible to the grid point. There we analyzed bark water-holding capacity, bark pH, bark roughness and light intensity. We assessed the probability of the occurrence of R. retusa in different land use patterns. Our results indicated that R. retusa was not a host-specific orchid species. It was found on different host tree species. However, Ficus religiosa was the most common host species. The correlation between R. retusa occurrence and microclimate condition was weak. R. retusa, to a certain degree, preferred light intensity of 40-80% of full sun light, rough bark with pH around 6.5 and bark with a wide range of water holding capacity. The distribution pattern of R. retusa was influenced by certain types of land use. The probability to find R. retusa was highest in forest patches and parks and lowest in agricultural and dense populated area. The study reveals that to improve the population size of R. retusa, trees (mainly Alnus nepalensis, Ficus religiosa and Schima wallichii) should be planted in areas where the orchid species is recently missing.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5956 Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2011) 8: 90-99