bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Rolling Snowball
Authors: Parkinson Robert G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the continuation of these stories, and their management by patriot authorities, in the last few months of 1775. The central enemy the patriots worried about in the last months of 1775 was Virginia royal governor Lord Dunmore. Dunmore had fought a number of battles with Virginia patriots and felt emboldened enough in November to issue a proclamation that offered freedom to enslaved people to have them come to him to fight for their freedom. At the same time, he plotted with Dr. John Connolly and other loyalists in the Ohio region to provoke Native warfare in the backcountry. Patriot authorities seized upon and thoroughly broadcast these stories to further the notion that the colonies could not negotiate or reconcile with the King.
Founding Stories
Authors: Parkinson Robert G.
Published: May 2022

This conclusion sums up the main points of the book and offers several takeaways for readers. These stories about war and race did not go away after 1776, but had staying power that shaped policy after American independence. These stories also foreclosed alternatives – including widespread abolition or inclusion for Native peoples into the new republic – during and after the war. Also, because the patriots decided to base their new republic on citizenship rather than monarchical subjecthood, these stories played a critical role in excluding African Americans and Native peoples from full belonging in the United States. Race is what united the states in the first place, and these stories about blacks and Natives aiding King George deepened the notion that they were not qualified to be members of the new republic.
Divided by Terror
Authors: Bodnar John
Published: May 2022

Americans responded to the deadly terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, with an outpouring of patriotism, though all were not united in their expression. A war-based patriotism inspired millions of Americans to wave the flag and support a brutal War on Terror in Afghanistan and Iraq, while many other Americans demanded an empathic patriotism that would bear witness to the death and suffering surrounding the attack. Twenty years later, the war still simmers; and both forms of patriotism continue to shape historical understandings of 9/11’s legacy and the political life of the nation.
John Bodnar’s compelling history shifts the focus on America’s War on Terror from the battlefield to the arena of political and cultural conflict, revealing how fierce debates over the war are inseparable from debates about the meaning of patriotism itself. Bodnar probes how honor, brutality, trauma, and suffering have become highly contested in commemorations, congressional correspondence, films, soldier memoirs, and works of art. He concludes that Americans continue to be deeply divided over the War on Terror and how to define the terms of their allegiance—a fissure that has deepened as American politics has become dangerously polarized over the first two decades of this century.
Memorializing 9/11
Authors: Bodnar John
Published: May 2022

The tension between a militant patriotism willing to overlook the harsh realities of the War on Terror and a loyalty intent on not erasing tragedy was evident in the aesthetics of memorials commemorating 9/11. Influenced by the legacy of Vietnam, memorials at Ground Zero in New York, Shanksville, Pennsylvania and at the Pentagon all offered lists of those killed in America. Yet, traces of loss were surrounded by extensive efforts to mitigate the traumatic aspects of 9/11. At Ground Zero in New York specific details of the horror of the collapse of the Twin Towers were put underground in a museum. At Shanksville, stories of the heroic actors that brought down Flight 93 were prominently displayed. The most gruesome aspects of this tragedy were generally hidden from view.
Patriots Hating
Authors: Bodnar John
Published: May 2022

Militant patriots not only attacked enemies abroad but people in the homeland who looked like the men who flew the planes on 9/11. Mosques were burned and protests mounted in some cities to stop their construction. In some instances, Muslims and even Sikhs who were not Muslim were murdered. This outburst of anger, nativism, and racism emerged not only from ordinary citizens bent upon harming anyone who looked like they were from the Middle East but from the government itself. Embolden with a new Patriot Act, officials rounded up immigrants without cause, threw many into detention centers, and deported thousands.
Conclusion
Authors: Bodnar John
Published: May 2022

The War on Terror led not only to a global conflict but a domestic debate over the nature of American loyalty that help shape national politics. War-based patriots launched violent reprisals at home and abroad and sheathed them in a cloth of honor and virtue. Empathic-patriots, more inclined to show some regard for the pain and fate of others, refused to efface the trauma and suffering from the war from public view. This divide soon carried over into the subsequent course of American politics. Donald Trump took up the mantle of a belligerent patriotism casting aspersions on Muslims and other immigrants and refusing to stand for racial justice. Americans with a more compassionate sense of attachment to the nation protested instances of police mistreatment of minorities and marched in support of racial justice.
Oil Palms and the Industrial Revolution
Authors: Robins Jonathan E.
Published: May 2022

Africa’s expanding exports of palm oil during the nineteenth century were mostly consumed by European industries. Palm oil became an important substitute commodity in the Industrial Revolution in products like soap, candles, and lubricating grease. Palm oil also served an important role in tinplating, enabling the mass production of canned industrial foods. Palm oil entered industrial foods by the 1870s in the form of margarine, leading to even greater demand for palm oil in Europe.
African Smallholders under Colonial Rule
Authors: Robins Jonathan E.
Published: May 2022

Small-scale African farmers or “smallholders” produced most of the oil exported from Africa before 1940, and their experiences under European colonialism varied widely. Some governments tried to mechanize smallholder production, introducing small machines that often proved too expensive or complicated to work. Mechanization also upset gender norms, as machinery largely replaced women’s labor in processing palm fruit, but not men’s labor in harvesting. Colonial governments invested in plant breeding as well, hoping that high-yielding trees would boost output even as the Depression sent palm oil prices to record lows. Ultimately, colonial governments relied on taxation and other coercive measures to extract more oil from African smallholders.
From Colonialism to Development
Authors: Robins Jonathan E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter shows how colonial governments changed oil palm policies as decolonization approached, embracing development as a new policy goal. Using a “nucleus estate-smallholder” model that combined smallholders with plantation methods, development agencies like the World Bank and Commonwealth Development Corporation invested in oil palm projects across Southeast Asia and Africa. Newly independent states expanded these oil palm projects further, addressing local desires for food security as well as the possibilities of export markets. Colonial-era scientific organizations including Britain’s West African Institute for Oil Palm Research and France’s Institut de recherches pour les huiles et oléagineux continued to work on oil palm breeding and cultivation, boosting yields and transferring technologies to new and old palm oil-producing regions.
Globalization and the Oil Palm
Authors: Robins Jonathan E.
Published: May 2022

The final chapter examines the era of “neoliberal globalization” beginning in the 1980s, when governments began to roll back investments in both smallholders and plantations. Many state-owned plantations underwent privatization, giving multinational firms new footholds across the tropics. Land reforms were ostensibly designed to help smallholders, but in practice they often supported land-grabs by large plantation companies. The impact of deforestation and smoke and CO2 emissions from peatland development attracted the attention of local and global NGOs, who worked to form the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil and other organizations committed to making palm oil sustainable.
Religion and Medicine
Authors: Rountree Helen C. , Taukchiray Wesley D.
Published: May 2022

In the Indian world, these two subjects were considered to be one issue, so intertwined were they. Priests and “conjurors” (Thomas Hariot’s word) were practitioners of both, though details are lacking (thanks, Thomas) about who did more doctoring of the sick. We examine the temples people built and the deities they believed in; we describe burials and people’s beliefs about an afterlife. We look at additional rituals, including the use of Black Drink. Priests may or may not have supervised every town’s sweat lodges (think: saunas) to help people stay healthy. Lastly, we take note of how hazardous an active life could be, not only physically but also mentally, resulting in people suffering from what we suspect were shamanistic “diseases” such as “object intrusion.”
Trade, Politics, Diplomacy, and War
Authors: Rountree Helen C. , Taukchiray Wesley D.
Published: May 2022

Now we come to the Sounds people dealing with “foreigners” who, in our time capsule, were nearly always fellow Indians. We look at trade goods, which were often for luxuries since most Indian families were self-sufficient in producing ordinary things; we also see that there were trade routes which, thanks to middlemen, extended across much of eastern North America. Meetings between friendly foreigners, especially important ones, required a slow, respectful etiquette to be followed. But friendship could, and did, change into enmity and back again to friendliness; shifting alliances were common. Townspeople were represented, in dealing with foreigners, by their chiefs, who in general had a richer lifestyle than ordinary folk. Their power over such folk, however, may not have been very great, especially if everyone worked to keep friction from happening within the towns. The attitude toward enemies, on the other hand, was furious and violent – but on a small scale: raids rather than pitched battles comprised Native warfare. Women and young children were usually not harmed: they were taken prisoner and eventually adopted. Male prisoners were often tortured to death.
The weapons used to damage one’s enemies were low-tech, many of them being used when hunting game.
Foreigners Merging In
Authors: Rountree Helen C. , Taukchiray Wesley D.
Published: May 2022

This chapter reconstructs what probably happened in the Sounds region when the English would-be colonists were not rescued, so that they ran out of supplies. Very few people in this world sit down helplessly and die of broken hearts: instead they do what they must to survive. In the Sounds region, that meant joining the Indian world and, eventually merging in with it. They would have to have dispersed among many Indian towns, sometimes as prisoners, other times simply as refugees, because a drought was beginning and no one or two towns could have harbored over 100 aliens. The merging would not have been an easy matter for either side: in some ways the two cultures were similar, while in other ways they differed drastically. We go into the matter in detail in our reconstruction.
Merging in the Other Direction
Authors: Taukchiray Wesley D. , Rountree Helen C.
Published: May 2022

Beginning in the 1640s, we know from a few Virginia records, colonists from the north began filtering southward into the Sounds region, with a big increase after 1670 that flooded out the Native people from most of their age-old territories. Now it was they who had to merge into an alien culture, and this chapter traces the land loss and the gradual change of culture in the Indian communities. By 1800, nearly all the land was in English (American, now) hands; even the reservations had gone. Thanks to “spin-off” of individual families into white society, and the increasing resemblance, in the remaining communities’ lifeways to those of their non-Indian neighbours, an easily recognizable Indian presence shrank further, until relatively few individuals even kept a memory of having Native American ancestry. This chapter recounts these changes in detail for Roanokes and Secotas who became Machapungas/Mattamuskeets, Pomeiokes who became Pampticos, Weapemeocs to Yeopims/Paspatanks/Poteskeets, and Chowanokes who managed to retain their traditional name.
Afterword
Authors: Rountree Helen C. , Taukchiray Wesley D.
Published: May 2022

The chapters in Part One show that the Indian world before Europeans began visiting were not a “golden age” in which nobody got sick, everyone had plenty to eat, and all was peaceful; however, those times were an age of Native autonomy, which was not the case after 1670. In the 1580s, it was the Indian culture that was the strong one, and without supplies from back home, English people living near it had to join it. With the flooding in of English people later, the English culture became the strong one, and Indians wanting to survive had to join it in numerous ways, if not always completely. By the twenty-first century, the main thing “Indian” that survived was people who remembered who some of their ancestors were and accordingly tried to stay in touch with one another, sometimes through formal organizations.
Introduction
Authors: Schwall Elizabeth B.
Published: May 2022

The introduction explains the book’s focus on how concert dancers in ballet, modern dance, and folkloric dance from 1930 to 1990 built on precedents to create world-renowned dance after the 1959 Revolution. In contrast to narratives that attribute dance achievements to official cultural policies, dance makers had to contend with authoritarianism and fight to bring a cultural industry into being in collaboration with officials ranging from obliging to hostile to apathetic. In doing so, they obtained degrees of power. For instance, once on stage, dancers used ephemeral movements to convey a range of politics, including revolutionary militancy, as well as discontent with racial prejudice, traditional gender norms, and limited freedom of expression. Although dancers had the power to use public venues to convey politics, not all artists were treated equally. Juxtaposing different dance forms exposes privileges based on race and class as ballet, identified with whiteness and elite sensibilities, has enjoyed the most state support in Cuba. Ultimately, this study of concert dance history shows Cuban citizens literally and metaphorically dancing with the Revolution. This means they did not simply resist or comply with a monolithic state, but enacted complex manoeuvrers to push forward their professional agenda.
Valuing Ballet in the Cuban Republic
Authors: Schwall Elizabeth B.
Published: May 2022

This chapter charts how and why Cubans came to value ballet from the 1930s through the 1950s. As for how, it started with civic associations and talented dancers like the mulato art student from Santiago, Jorge Lefebre. Appreciation eventually percolated up to the state. As for why, ballet was an expression of whiteness and elite sensibilities. Bolstered by these connotations, ballet secured a privileged position in Cuban national culture by the late 1950s. From such heights, ballet would thrive in subsequent decades. This chapter offers, then, a revisionist interpretation of Cuban ballet history, which traditionally emphasizes governmental neglect and mistreatment before 1959. In fact, ballet dancers worked effectively in partnership with fans and officials to bring a dynamic Cuban ballet tradition into being before 1959.
Performing Race and Nation before 1959
Authors: Schwall Elizabeth B.
Published: May 2022

This chapter argues that African-descended performers like Irma Obermayer were central to concert dance developments in the 1940s and 1950s. This can be seen in the making of the Cuban ballet, Antes del alba (Before Dawn, 1947), performances of Afro-Cuban “folklore” in international festivals and Havana cabarets, and modern dance experiments at home and in African American Katherine Dunham’s company. By analysing exclusive ballet, exoticized folkloric spectacles, and elusive modern dance, this chapter traces how racial and class prejudices shaped emergent genre distinctions and professional possibilities before 1959. Across different venues, African-descended performers, albeit partially or fully excluded from certain dance spaces, continued to take centre stage whether in actuality or by haunting choreography, that is, by inspiring and leaving a lingering trace on performances.
Dance Institutionalization after 1959
Authors: Schwall Elizabeth B.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines dance institutionalization after 1959. The process involved creating new dance companies and reconstituting old ones. Although it opened up new opportunities for African-descended dancers, antiblack racism became intrinsic to revolutionary structures. The highly ambivalent process of dance institutionalization, like the larger effort to establish a revolutionary order, involved opportunities, barriers, and undaunted workarounds. For instance, black dancers (like Luz María Collazo) experienced harmful prejudices and structural inequalities. Yet, dancers took action by performing to distinguish themselves on national and international stages and by remaking the contours of revolutionary culture in the process. Tracking dance institutionalization explains how and why ballet become the most privileged form after 1959, despite the viable contenders of modern and folkloric dance. Antiblack racism within Cuban society and power struggles within the dance community shored up balletic privilege in the 1960s. This analysis also expands understandings of institutional building, which happened earlier in dance, and of race activism, which happened in the previously overlooked realm of concert dance.
Choreographing New Men and Women
Authors: Schwall Elizabeth B.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines how dancers, who troubled narrow conceptions of revolutionary gender and sexuality, represented Cuba abroad and shaped revolutionary culture at home. In Cuba, male dancers faced widespread presumptions about their homosexuality and, therefore, deviated from ideal citizens, which revolutionary icon Ernesto “Che” Guevara theorized as hardworking, self-sacrificing, and implicitly heterosexual “new men and new women.” Even as dancers projected images and sometimes harboured desires that diverged from hegemonic norms, they stepped into the roles of new men and women at home and abroad, as purveyors of revolutionary excellence. Because of these virtues, the homophobic state partnered with dubious dancers. In the process, dance makers suffered a lot but also got away with a lot by touring, choreographing to critique gender norms, and protecting beleaguered male dancers. Their history shows the costs and choreographies of dancing with a homophobic revolution, as well as dancers’ unique power as they leveraged international accomplishments and used their ephemeral form to try and dodge censorship. This analysis relies on a fraught archive of a homophobic state and seeks to honour the radical possibilities of gender and sexual nonconformity while respecting the privacy of the performers discussed.
The Swamp Peddlers
Authors: Vuic Jason
Published: May 2022

Florida has long been a beacon for retirees, but for many, the American dream of owning a home there was a fantasy. That changed in the 1950s, when the so-called "installment land sales industry" hawked billions of dollars of Florida residential property, sight unseen, to retiring northerners. For only $10 down and $10 a month, working-class pensioners could buy a piece of the Florida dream: a graded home site that would be waiting for them in a planned community when they were ready to build. The result was Cape Coral, Port St. Lucie, Deltona, Port Charlotte, Palm Coast, and Spring Hill, among many others—sprawling communities with no downtowns, little industry, and millions of residential lots. In The Swamp Peddlers, Jason Vuic tells the raucous tale of the sale of residential lots in post-war Florida. Initially selling cheap homes to retirees with disposable income, by the mid-1950s developers realized that they could make more money selling parcels of land on installment to their customers. These "swamp peddlers" completely transformed the landscape and demographics of Florida, devastating the state environmentally by felling forests, draining wetlands, digging canals, and chopping up at least one million acres into grid-like subdivisions crisscrossed by thousands of miles of roads. Generations of northerners moved to Florida cheaply, but at a huge price: high-pressure sales tactics begat fraud; poor urban planning begat sprawl; poorly-regulated development begat environmental destruction, culminating in the perfect storm of the 21st-century subprime mortgage crisis.
$10 Down, $10 a Month!
Authors: Vuic Jason
Published: May 2022

The story of Florida’s post-World War II installment land sales boom begins and ends in Southwest Florida, a sandy, barren, historically underdeveloped region stretching south from Sarasota, below Tampa, to the retirement communities of Naples and Marco Island on the Gulf. It is here that in 1955, in rural Charlotte County, brothers Frank, Robert, and Elliott Mackle, three home builders from Miami, paired with a Canadian corporation to purchase the 78,000-acre Frizzell Ranch, which they renamed “Port Charlotte” and subdivided into two hundred thousand 80’ x 125’ lots. To be sure, developers had carved up Florida before, especially during the disastrous “Florida Land Boom” of the 1920s, but what the Mackles did was different. In fact, it was revolutionary, for instead of selling the land on credit to speculators, which is what happened during the ‘20s, the Mackles sold the land for $10 down and $10 a month, sight unseen through magazine and newspaper ads, to retiring Northerners. Bolstered by FHA loans and GI loans, plus Social Security payments and pensions, these retirees were the only people who could live in Port Charlotte, where land was affordable but where there were no jobs.
Into the Cattle Chute
Authors: Vuic Jason
Published: May 2022

Florida’s installment land sales industry took lot peddling to the extreme. Whereas Mackle developments generally gave buyers what they had paid for, other developments, such as Gulf American’s Golden Gate community, were a scam. Planned by the Rosen brothers, Golden Gate involved over 100,000 acres of near-worthless swampland, but buyers who’d never inspected the property didn’t know that. Soon, complaints mounted, and politicians, journalists, and lot buyers began issuing calls for reform. Progress came through a state agency known as the Florida Land Sales Board (FLSB), which in the early 1960s began requiring companies to submit promotional materials prior to publication to determine if all required facts were included. But in reality, the FLSB was a toothless bureaucratic agency meant to assure the public that state officials were doing something, when actually they were shielding the Land Giants from oversight. It didn’t last. In the mid-1960s, Congress held hearings on the matter, and in 1968 passed the Interstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act, which required developers to register subdivisions and to provide buyers with legally-binding “Property Reports.” With that, swamp peddling became harder, but still not impossible to do.
Foreclosure Tours R’ Us
Authors: Vuic Jason
Published: May 2022

By the 1990s, Florida’s Land Giant communities had increasingly transformed themselves from retirement communities to bedroom communities for people with jobs in in more-populated areas on the coast. Lots were plentiful there, while the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) assisted first-time buyers in purchasing homes. So did the Nehemiah Program, a well-meaning but now illegal program that allowed developers to donate a customer’s 5-percent down payment to Nehemiah, which in turn donated the down payment for the customer’s loan. Developers loved it, for it allowed homebuyers to secure government-backed loans with no money down. In Lee County, where Land Giant developers had saddled the county with at least 200,000 empty lots, a developer named Pat Logue used the Nehemiah Program to sell houses for as little as $79,900. Logue sold thousands, and by the mid-2000s Florida had one of the hottest housing markets in the nation. As a result, when the subprime mortgage crisis hit, the crisis hit hard, particularly in communities in Lee County, where the median price of an existing single-family home dropped 73 percent, from a high of $322,300 in December 2005 to just $87,300 in April 2009.
Kültürel Zekâ Boyutunda Tarım İşletmelerine Yönelik Araştırma
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Halil Özcan
Published: May 2022

Kültürel zekâ, bireylerin diğer kültürlerle olan iletişimleri konusunda davranışlarını ayarlayabilmesi ve kültürel çeşitliliklere uyum sağlayabilme yeteneği olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, tarım işletmelerinde kültürel zekânın etkisine bazı parametreler açısından bakmayı ve durum tespiti yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Tarım işletmelerinde kültürel zekâ üzerine çalışmaların olmadığı görülmüştür. Araştırmanın örneklemini Isparta ili Yalvaç ilçesindeki göç almış köyler ve Konya ili Hüyük ilçesine bağlı göç almış bazı köylerdeki tarım işletmeleri yöneticileri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında yazar tarafından oluşturulmuş demografik sorulardan ve kültürel zekâya yönelik önceden geliştirilmiş hazır ölçeklerden oluşan soru formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları genel olarak incelendiğinde üstbilişsel zekâ hariç kültürel zekâ ve alt unsurları ile çiftçilikle uğraşma nedenleri arasında istatistiki olarak önemli fark bulunmuştur. Kültürel zekâ seviyesi yükseldikçe üreticilerin çiftçilikle uğraşma nedenlerinde fiziki sermaye ile birlikte coğrafi şartların etkili olduğu görülmektedir. Kültürel zekâ seviyesinin düşük olduğu bireylerde çiftçilikle uğraşmada atadan kalan deneyim ve alışkanlıklar daha fazla ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın gerek literatüre gerekse de araştırmacılara tarım yönü ile ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir.
Can Reference to Others’ Behaviour Foster a Cooperative Group in Intergroup Conflict Situations?
Authors: Nakanishi Daisuke , Yokota Kunihiro , Nakagawa Yumi , Igawa Junichi
Published: May 2022

This study examined the effect of others’ behaviour on ingroup cooperation in intergroup conflict situations. Following cultural group selection theory, reference to other group members’ behaviour enhances ingroup cooperation in these situations. The validity of the cultural group selection theory was confirmed using an evolutionary simulation and a vignette experiment. However, no empirical study has tested this theory in the lab to assess ingroup cooperative behaviour. Hence, this study conducted an experiment using a repeated public goods game with intergroup conflicts. In total, 132 Japanese undergraduates (54 references, 48 non-references, and 30 controls) participated in this study. Two three-person groups played a public goods game, and the group with the higher number of cooperators received a portion of the other group’s public goods (intergroup conflict). The situation in which participants could refer to the feedback in each game trial was manipulated: reference condition (informed other members’ decisions in a previous trial and the win/loss of intergroup conflict), non-reference condition (informed only win/loss), and control condition (no information). The results validated the hypothesis that ingroup cooperation is enhanced in situations where participants can refer to other members’ behaviour more than in other situations.
An Empirical Investigation on the Sexual Selection Hypothesis of Human Phenotypic Diversity: A Test in Okinawa and Mainland Japan
Authors: Nojo Saori , Kimura Ryosuke , Ihara Yasuo
Published: May 2022

Sexual selection may have played a role in the formation and maintenance of phenotypic diversity among human populations. A theoretical study has shown that phenotypic diversification between neighboring populations connected by gene flow can occur if individuals have a mating preference for typical characteristics of their population (i.e., own-group preference), or if preferences are culturally transmitted only between the members of the same population (i.e., model-dependent mate-choice copying). To date, however, empirical investigation is lacking on the presence or absence of own-group preference and model-dependent mate-choice copying in neighboring populations exhibiting phenotypic differentiation. Here we report the results of an experiment on preference for faces in Okinawa Islanders and Mainland Japanese as an example of such populations. It was suggested that female Okinawa Islanders tend to prefer male faces of their own population to those of Mainland Japanese, and male Okinawa Islanders’ evaluation of faces is affected more by members of their own population than those of the other. These findings support the argument that the phenotypic difference between Okinawa Islanders and Mainland Japanese may be partially explicable by sexual selection.
Atmosphere-cryosphere interactions at 21 ka BP in the European Alps
Authors: Del Gobbo Costanza , Colucci Renato R. , Monegato Giovanni , Žebre Manja , Giorgi Filippo
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Evidence that during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glaciers extended well into the piedmont planes is still identifiable in the alpine foreland as a system of well-preserved moraines. Glaciers are strongly affected by temperature and precipitation and therefore they are excellent indicators of climate change. Here we use a regional climate model (RCM) to investigate the physical processes sustaining the glacier extent during the LGM. We find a predominance of convection during summer and increased southwesterly stratiform precipitation over the southern Alps compared to pre-industrial conditions. This precipitation pattern, along with lower temperatures, determined summer snowfall extending to low elevations with a consequent substantial drop of the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) consistent with the estimated LGM glacier extent. Our RCM based estimates of the ELA at the LGM yield excellent consistency with Alpine glacier reconstructions, further demonstrating the great potential of this technique for use in paleoclimate studies.
Reconciling different approaches to quantifying land surface temperature impacts of afforestation using satellite observations
Authors: Wang Huanhuan , Yue Chao , Luyssaert Sebastiaan
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Satellite observations have been widely used to examine afforestation effects on local surface temperature at large spatial scales. Different approaches, which lead potentially to differed definitions of the afforestation effect, have been used in previous studies. The results were used in climate model validation and were cited in climate synthesis reports, but large differences existed in these results. Such differences were simply treated as observational uncertainty, which can be an order of magnitude bigger than the signal itself. However, it remains unclear whether these differences arise from methodological differences that can be reconciled or they represent intrinsic uncertainty of land surface temperature change following afforestation. Here, we provide a synthesis of three influential approaches (one estimates the actual effect and the other two the potential effect) used in the literature and use large-scale afforestation over China as a test case to examine whether the differences in the effects stem from methodological differences. We found that the actual effect (ΔTa) often relates to incomplete afforestation over a medium resolution satellite pixel (1 km) for which LST is observed and that it increases with the fraction of the pixel actually afforested (89 % variation in ΔTa being explained). One potential effect approach quantifies the impact of quasi-full afforestation (ΔTp1), whereas the other quantifies the potential impact of full afforestation (ΔTp2) by assuming a shift from 100 % openland to 100 % forest coverage. An initial paired-samples t-test shows that ΔTa < ΔTp1 < ΔTp2 for the cooling effect of afforestation ranging from 0.07 K to 1.16 K. But when all three methods are normalized for full afforestation, the observed range in surface cooling becomes much smaller (0.79 K to 1.16 K). While potential cooling effects could indeed be realized through full afforestation, they might not always be feasible, given other environmental constraints such as the high water consumption of forests and competition for land usage. Although potential cooling effects have a value in academic studies where they can be used to establish an envelope of effects, they are misleading in a policy-making context where the actual cooling effect better represents policy ambitions.
A Statistical Model of Atlantic Hurricane Intensity Forecast Certainty
Authors: Urquhart Zander Taylor
Published: May 2022

Abstract. In recent decades, the skill of hurricane forecasts have improved dramatically, thanks to the continuing progress of NWP models. In the past 30 years, track forecast errors have decreased by about 67 %, but intensity forecasts have only recently begun to improve. The difficulty of forecasting rapid intensification events remains an especially difficult factor for forecasters. Data from the GFS archives and HURDAT2, a database maintained by the National Hurricane Center of best-estimate storm center locations and maximum wind speeds were collected, and all tropical systems in the North Atlantic basin that were present in both the GFS archives and HURDAT2 were analyzed. Corrections for GFS initialization error according to a transfer function found by statistical regression between GFS-reported and HURDAT2-reported max wind speeds were applied. After these corrections, the average max wind speed forecast error and its correlations with certain atmospheric and ocean conditions were analyzed. Then, using these correlations, a statistical model was constructed to predict the error range of hurricane intensity forecasts. This model demonstrated far more skill in stronger storms, and positive skill was only observed in storms Category 2 and stronger. Hurricanes Harvey and Dorian were used as test cases, with which the model was generally successful, despite problems during rapid intensification events.
Hyperspectral reflectance dataset of pristine, weathered and biofouled plastics
Authors: Leone Giulia , Catarino Ana I. , De Keukelaere Liesbeth , Bossaer Mattias , Knaeps Els , Everaert Gert
Published: May 2022

Abstract. This work presents a hyperspectral reflectance dataset of macroplastic samples acquired using Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) FieldSpec 4. Samples analysed consisted of pristine, artificially weathered and biofouled plastic items and plastic debris samples collected in the docks of the Port of Antwerp and in the river Scheldt near Temse Bridge (Belgium). The hyperspectral signal of each sample was measured in controlled dry conditions in an optical calibration facility at the Flemish Institute for Technological Research, and, for a subset of plastics, under wet and submerged conditions in a silo tank at Flanders Hydraulics. The wet and submerged hyperspectral signals were measured in a mesocosm setting that mimicked environmentally relevant concentrations of freshwater microalgae and of suspended sediment. The ASD was equipped with an 8° field of view at the calibration facility, and a 1° field of view was used in the mesocosm setting. The dataset obtained complies with the Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reuse (FAIR) principles and is available in the open-access repository Marine Data Archive (https://doi.org/10.14284/530, Leone et al., 2021).
Characterizing four decades of accelerated glacial mass loss in the West Nyainqentanglha Range of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Shuhong , Liu Jintao , Pritchard Hamish D. , Ke Linghong , Qiao Xiao , Zhang Jie , Xiao Weihua , Zhou Yuyan
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Glacier retreat is altering the water regime of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) as the region’s climate changes, but there remain substantial gaps in our knowledge of recent glacier loss in this region due to the difficulty of making- direct high-mountain observations and this limits our ability to predict the future of this important water resource. Here, we assessed 44 years of glacier area and volume changes in the major West Nyainqentanglha Range (WNT) that supplies meltwater to the densely populated Lhasa River basin and Nam Co, the second largest endorheic lake on the TP. Between the two periods 1976–2000 and 2000–2020, we found that the glacier areal retreat rate was more than doubled (from -0.54 ± 0.21 % a-1 to -1.17 ± 0.30 % a-1) and surface lowering also accelerated ( from -0.26 ± 0.09 m w.e.a-1 to -0.37 ± 0.15 m w.e.a-1) with particularly intense melting after 2014. This acceleration is similar in both timing and magnitude to that observed for Himalayas glaciers farther south. Besides, the areal retreat rate and mass loss rate of most glaciers in WNT were not synchronized. To understand the sensitivity of WNT glaciers to climate forcing, we examined the effects of topography, debris-cover, and the presence of proglacial lakes on our observed changes. We found consistently faster areal retreat but slower thinning rates on steeper slopes and an inconsistent relationship with aspect. We concluded that our observed spatial and temporal patterns of glacier change were dominated by observed local variations temperature and precipitation, the melt-reducing role of supraglacial debris, and the increasing influence of ice-marginal lakes on glacier retreat.
A ‘Chennai’ in Every City of the World: The Lethal Mix of the Water Crisis, Climate Change, and Governance Indifference
Authors: Sebastian Tania
Published: May 2022

The prevailing water crisis and problem of climate change demand a review of the developmental activities conducted by State of Tamil Nadu. While ascertaining a system to address the crisis can be daunting, integrated approaches, such as those that use technology, are fundamental to identifying and evaluating options for sustainable solutions.
This paper explores the water–climate nexus through the case study of Chennai, the capital city of the state of Tamil Nadu in India. Climate change has influenced the behaviour and patterns of floods, brought about incessant rain and led to a shift in the monsoons. In addition, changes to the climate have resulted in a shortage of drinking water in Chennai. There is a concomitant problem of a large and increasing population. These elements warrant a discourse on law, humans and technology. In Chennai, the indifference and denial of political leaders have resulted in failure, and unsustainable measures to address the water crisis have been implemented. The intervention of the Supreme Court of India relating to a mechanism to deal with a water-sharing arrangement between the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in the last few decades has been unsuccessful. None of the proposed solutions were based on incorporating technology, which is a major oversight.
The resultant consequences of water use and the complex mix of social factors surrounding the vulnerable population are addressed in this paper. The effect of the water crisis on women and the agricultural workforce is illustrated to argue for greater and more imaginative governmental intervention. The paper concludes with a discussion of the need for a holistic approach to climate change and the ongoing water crisis that invites better interventions, particularly in terms of technology, to address the crisis and avoid a situation in which groundwater will be critically degraded by 2030.
The Regulation of Medical Device Representatives: A Question of Trust?
Authors: Richards Bernadette , Sage Jacobson Susannah , Lotz Mianna , Rogers Wendy
Published: May 2022

The introduction of new technologies in medical treatment has led to innovation in medical devices that are highly technical in their application and operation. The medical technology landscape is changeable and healthcare providers often turn to the medical device representatives (MDRs), employed by device manufacturers to help navigate the shifts and uncertainties. While the relationship between MDRs and healthcare providers can be a positive one focusing on appropriate use, selection and safety of devices, it is one that has evolved over time and is not independently regulated. In addition, patients, for the most part, are usually unaware of the involvement of MDRs in their healthcare. It is this knowledge gap with regard to the role of MDRs that is the focus of this paper.
We argue that trust is at the heart of healthcare relationships and explore the nature of trust alongside the models of regulation of the medical device industry. We argue that MDRs may currently present a threat to both the interpersonal and the institutional trust of patients, and that regulation and policy responses are appropriate ways to address this risk. We consider potential regulatory frameworks and identify transparency and communication as the crucial characteristics of an appropriate response. We recommend that the polycentric nature of Australian healthcare regulation be cultivated through a multilayered approach, and that a positive obligation to inform the patient of the role of MDRs in their clinical care be established.
L’apprentissage par le service en langues: innovation et mise en application
Authors: Olmo-Cazevieille Françoise
Published: May 2022

Cet article présente l’implémentation de projets d'apprentissage par le service dans une classe de langue étrangère. Cette méthodologie permet de développer les objectifs poursuivis: l'acquisition de la langue française scientifique et technique du domaine étudié, le développement de compétences transversales et l'engagement civique. Tout d'abord, le concept, son origine, ses définitions et le modèle scientifique à suivre sont examinés. Ensuite, la mise en œuvre de projets pilotés par des étudiants ingénieurs de niveau B1 est développée. Ils créent des produits simples et utiles pour les Burkinabés afin de les aider dans leur vie quotidienne. Les résultats d'un questionnaire individuel sur l'activité réalisée révèlent les perceptions des élèves. Le travail en équipe leur permet non seulement de créer des liens entre leur apprentissage universitaire et le monde quotidien, mais aussi d'agir en tant que citoyens du monde et de se préparer ainsi à leur avenir professionnel.
El Siglo de Oro en los manuales de Lengua castellana y literatura para Secundaria: proyectos editoriales ajenos al currículo y la inclusión
Authors: Rodríguez Ortega Davinia
Published: May 2022

El presente estudio tiene la intención de examinar diversos manuales de 3º Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de la asignatura de Lengua castellana y literatura (en concreto los temas dedicados a la literatura del Siglo de Oro) en España para comprobar hasta qué punto se siguen las directrices marcadas desde la legislación educativa en el currículo. Para ello, se utilizarán como muestra cuatro libros de texto de destacadas editoriales que pasarán a ser examinados a partir de varios fragmentos extraídos de un estudio diseñado por Braga Blanco y Belver Domínguez (2016). El énfasis del mismo se situará en el análisis de los mensajes, en especial del contenido, así como en la comparación de la propuesta curricular de los manuales frente a la decretada por el currículum oficial y el cotejo entre materiales de distintas editoriales. Como resultado, se podrá observar el modo en que siguen manteniéndose un corpus de autores y obras heredado del siglo XIX, con figuras canónicas y otras grandes olvidadas, aún en la actualidad, por ejemplo, las mujeres escritoras que desempeñaron su labor artística en el XVII español.
HACIA UN MODELO DE GESTIÓN POR COMPETENCIAS PROFESIONALES: INSPECCIÓN EDUCATIVA DE ANDALUCÍA
Authors: Sánchez Hermosilla, Manuel Jesús , Robles Chacón Manuela María , Zulueta  Castañeda Manuel , Pérez  Aguilar José  Francisco , Pérez Galafate Rosa , Aguilar Rayo Antonia
Published: May 2022

Este documento tiene como objetivo presentar unmodelo de gestión de competencias profesionales que surge como necesidad para el desarrollo del Plan General de Actuación de la Inspección Educativa de Andalucía para el periodo 2019-2023. El enfoque del modelo pretende ser una herramienta útil que permita dinamizar y flexibilizar la inspección educativa como organización, ya que separa la organización del trabajo —gestión por procesos—de la organización de las personas —gestión por competencias profesionales—, pero a la vez vincula a los inspectores e inspectoras de educación como únicos protagonistas del desarrollo de los procesos recogidos en el Plan General de Actuación y de los procesos de cambio tras la detección de necesidades y/o de nuevas demandas a la Inspección Educativa de Andalucía. Se ha aplicado al funcionariado que quiere acceder al Cuerpo de Inspectores de Educación durante la fase de prácticas en el curso 2021-2022, y del resultado que se obtenga derivarán las líneas de avance que procedan.
CARTA SINDICAL EUROPEA PARA INSPECTORES DE EDUCACIÓN
Authors: DEL CASTILLO BLANCO LAURA
Published: May 2022

La colaboración y el trabajo conjunto desarrollado y liderado por USIE y por el sindicato portugués SIEE (Sindicato de Inspetores de Educação e do Ensino) ha permitido que las relaciones internacionales iniciadas en el año 2021, y que se tradujeron en un compromiso mutuo rubricado mediante un convenio de colaboración entre ambas organizaciones, se amplíen más allá de las fronteras de la península ibérica. Tras casi un año de búsqueda de establecimiento de contactos y de reuniones de trabajo conjunto,representantes de cinco sindicatos europeos, que cuentan entre sus miembros con inspectores de educación, han acordado una Carta Sindical Europea de Inspectores de Educación, que sirva para iniciar una relación internacional compartida y comprometida.
Pengaruh Pembagian Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja, Dan Disiplin Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada Departemen Front Office Di The Ritz-Carlton Bali
Authors: Riastini Ni Ketut Ani , Junaedi I Wayan Ruspendi , Meitiana Meitiana
Published: May 2022

Tujuan - Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh positif dan signifikan antara pembagian kerja, lingkungan kerja, dan disiplin kerja secara parsial maupun simultan terhadap kinerja karyawan pada departemen front office.
Desain/Metodologi/Pendekatan - Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 70 orang. Teknik analisis yang digunakan yaitu uji validitas, uji reabilitas, uji asumsi klasik, analisis korelasi parsial, analisis korelasi berganda, analisis regresi linier berganda, analisis determinasi, uji t dan uji f.
Temuan - Dari hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh positif dan signifikan antara pembagian kerja, lingkungan kerja dan disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan pada departemen front office di The Ritz-Carlton Bali baik secara parsial maupun simultan.