bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blending and barrier properties of blends of modified polyamide and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer
Authors: Yeh Jen‐Taut , Yao Wei‐Hua , Du Qiangguo , Chen Cheng‐Chi
Published: January 2005

The blending and barrier properties of the MPAEVOH blends of modified polyamide (MPA) and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) were systematically investigated in this study. After blending MPA in EVOH resin, a noticeable “negative deviation” was found on the plot of the oxygen permeation rate versus MPA content when the MPA contents present in MPAEVOH resins reach about 80 wt %. The peak temperatures associated with the main melting endotherm of MPA and EVOH reduce significantly with increasing the EVOH and MPA contents present in MPAEVOH resins, respectively. The melting endotherm and X‐ray diffraction peak associated with EVOH crystal phases disappear gradually as the MPA contents present in MPAEVOH increase. In fact, the melting endotherm and X‐ray scattering peak corresponding to EVOH crystals almost disappear as the EVOH contents present in MPAEVOH specimens are less than 20 wt %. Further Fourier‐Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) investigations indicate that the strengths of intermolecular hydrogen bonds of MPAEVOH specimens reduce significantly as the MPA contents increase, wherein the self‐associated hydroxyl‐hydroxyl bonds within EVOH resins almost disappear as the EVOH contents reduce to be less than about 20 wt %. As expected, the average sizes of the free volume holes of MPAEVOH specimens increase significantly as the MPA contents increase. However, somewhat surprisingly, a clear negative deviation was found on the plot of the numbers and fractional free volumes of free volume holes against the MPA contents as the EVOH contents are close to about 20 wt %. The interesting barrier properties of the MPA, EVOH, and MPAEVOH specimens were investigated in terms of the free volume and intermolecular interaction properties in the amorphous phases of MPAEVOH specimens described above. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 511–521, 2005
Modulation of CXCL14 (BRAK) expression in prostate cancer
Authors: Schwarze Steven R. , Luo Jun , Isaacs William B. , Jarrard David F.
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

Recent studies suggest inflammatory processes may be involved in the development or progression of prostate cancer. Chemokines are a family of cytokines that can play several roles in cancer progression including angiogenesis, inflammation, cell recruitment, and migration.

METHODS

Real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR, in situ RNA hybridization, laser capture microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and cDNA array based technologies were used to examine CXCL14 (BRAK) expression in paired normal and tumor prostate. To determine the role CXCL14 expression has on cancer progression, LAPC4 cells were engineered to overexpress mouse or human CXCL14, and xenograft studies were performed.

RESULTS

CXCL14 RNA expression was observed in normal and tumor prostate epithelium and focally in stromal cells adjacent to cancer. CXCL14 mRNA was significantly upregulated in localized prostate cancer and positively correlated with Gleason score. CXCL14 levels were unchanged in BPH specimens. LAPC4 cells expressing CXCL14 resulted in a 43% tumor growth inhibition (P = 0.019) in vivo compared to vector only xenografts.

CONCLUSIONS

CXCL14 mRNA upregulation is a common feature in prostate cancer. The finding that CXCL14 expression inhibits tumor growth suggests this gene has tumor suppressive functions. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of an immunodominant H‐2Db‐restricted CTL epitope of human PSA
Authors: Pavlenko Maxim , Leder Christoph , Roos Anna‐Karin , Levitsky Victor , Pisa Pavel
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

Human prostate specific antigen (PSA) is expressed selectively in prostate epithelium and is a potential target for the immunotherapy against prostate cancer. Various PSA‐based vaccines have been reported to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in animal models. Here, we present the identification and validation of an immunodominant CTL epitope of PSA in C57Bl/6 mice (H‐2b).

METHODS

PSA‐specific CTLs were induced by immunization with a plasmid expressing PSA. Epitope specificity of the CTLs was determined by their reactivity against a panel of C‐terminus truncated or mutated PSA proteins and use of bioinformatical prediction with the SYFPEITHI algorithm.

RESULTS

The majority of PSA‐specific CTLs were directed against a single H‐2Db restricted epitope corresponding to the amino acid residues 65–74 (HCIRNKSVIL) of the protein. The CTLs had similar functional avidity against two putative H‐2Db binding peptides: a 9‐aa‐long psa65‐73 (HCIRNKSVI) and a 10‐aa‐long psa65‐74 (HCIRNKSVIL).

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate that the psa65‐73 peptide can be used for reactivation of PSA‐specific CTLs in vitro and ex vivo, and H‐2Db pentamers assembled with this peptide are an efficient tool for monitoring of PSA‐specific CTL responses after DNA vaccination. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of interleukin‐8 gene in radical prostatectomy specimens is associated with advanced pathologic stage
Authors: Uehara Hisanori , Troncoso Patricia , Johnston Dennis , Bucana Corazon D. , Dinney Colin , Dong Zhongyun , Fidler Isaiah J. , Pettaway Curtis A.
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

We previously reported that relative expression of E‐cadherin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)‐2 and ‐9, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular permeability factor in radical prostatectomy specimens (RP) can distinguish organ‐confined cancers from advanced prostate cancers. Here, we evaluate the expression of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), two other genes involved in angiogenesis and metastasis, in RP specimens.

METHODS

The expression level of IL‐8 and bFGF mRNA in the invasive edge of 41 prostate cancers of different stages was determined using a rapid colorimetric in situ hybridization (ISH) technique. Gene expression levels of IL‐8 and bFGF were correlated with the Gleason score and pathologic stage to ascertain their relationship to prostate cancer progression.

RESULTS

The expression of IL‐8 and bFGF genes was detected by ISH in histologically normal prostate gland epithelium as well as in glands with foci of cancer. Increased mRNA expression of IL‐8 was associated with both the Gleason score and pathologic stage of tumors and distinguished organ‐confined from non‐confined tumors (P = 0.002). In contrast, the expression of bFGF mRNA did not correlate with the Gleason score or pathologic stage.

CONCLUSIONS

Overexpression of Il‐8 mRNA, but not bFGF mRNA, in RP specimens is directly associated with progression of prostate cancer. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remitting the gift: Zambian mobility and anthropological insights for migration studies
Authors: Cliggett Lisa
Published: January 2005

This article brings together anthropological theories of gift exchange and ethnographic data on migrant gifting (‘remitting’) in order to understand the core of investing in social relations through remitting practices. Migration literature from throughout the developing world documents important patterns of remitting that furthers our understanding of how migrants' earnings help rural investment. In contrast to the majority of migration literature, scholars working in different regions of Zambia have documented migration patterns and remittance practices that do not echo the documented findings from other regions of the developing world. In Zambian migration, remittances consist more of food, ‘town goods’ or cash, rather than the larger sums of money or durable goods that other migration studies describe. The Zambian literature also documents cases of non‐remitting. Rather than provide significant support to relatives in sending communities, Zambian migrants invest in social networks over time through ‘gift‐remitting’. These ‘gift‐remittances’ facilitate options to return to home communities, or to maintain mutually beneficial social ties for both migrants and relatives in home villages. These findings compel policies directed towards enhancing migrants' remitting power to consider the core social foundation of their ties to home, and how investing in social relations can be incorporated into policy development. The article draws on fieldwork with the Gwembe Tonga people of Zambia's Southern Province since 1994, and recent ethnographic literature from Zambia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remittance outcomes in rural Oaxaca, Mexico: challenges, options and opportunities for migrant households
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey H. , Rodriguez Leila
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we investigate the ways in which migrant households in rural Oaxaca, Mexico, use remittances. We use data from a survey and ethnographic research in 12 rural communities in the central valleys of the state to examine three investment strategies: those made in the local (village) commercial economy, those made in the agricultural/dairy sector, and those made in Oaxaca's tourism industry. In our discussion, we examine the challenges that surround such local efforts and ask whether such patterns increase dependency, or create opportunities. Finally, we ask, can the investment of remittances mitigate future migration? Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density functional study of the stability and magnetic behaviour of AunTM+ clusters (TM = Au, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe; 1 ≤ n ≤ 9)
Authors: Torres M. B. , Fernández E. M. , Balbás L. C.
Published: January 2005

We study the element‐ and size‐dependent electron stability of AunTM+ clusters (TM = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Au; 1 ≤ n ≤ 9) by means of first‐principles density functional calculations. The interplay between the cluster atomic arrangements and their electronic and magnetic structure is investigated for the few lower energy isomeric‐states in dependence of the TM‐atom and its environment in the cluster. We explain the experimental magic‐numbers, observed recently, as well as the trend of the impurity local magnetic moment in dependence with the size of the cluster and the position of the impurity in the host. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of hydrogen bonds between sidechains and cooperativity on self‐assembly of the cyclopeptides
Authors: Tan Hongwei , Qu Wenwen , Chen Guangju
Published: January 2005

The self‐assembly of four cyclic D,L‐octapeptides, [‐(D‐Ala‐Gln)4‐], [‐(D‐Val‐Gln)4‐], [‐(D‐Leu‐Gln)4‐], and [‐(D‐Phe‐Gln)4‐], was investigated on the theory level in detail. Based on these cyclic peptides, which contain L‐Gln residues and possess C4 symmetry, a series of oligomers were constructed according to different stacking modes as well as interaction patterns. We employed the semiempirical molecular orbital method AM1 to optimize the structures of all the oligomers, some of which were further studied using density functional method B3PW91/6‐31G to calculate the interaction energies. The studies indicate that when these cyclopeptides aggregate to form oligomers, or even nanotubes, four more hydrogen bonds could form between the sidechains of L‐Gln residues in addition to eight hydrogen bonds formed between the backbones of adjacent two cyclic peptides, a result that would clearly affect the self‐assembling process of cyclic peptides. The main effects can be summarized as follows. First, the dimers of these cyclic peptides with C4 symmetry are more stable than those with D4 symmetry due to their additional H‐bonds between Gln sidechains. Second, for the self‐assembly of the cyclopeptides, there is a competition between parallel and antiparallel stacking modes in lower oligomers such as dimers. However, with an increasing degree of oligomerization, energetically there is an increased possibility for the cyclic peptides to take the parallel stacking mode in assembly. Finally, the synergetic effect of weak interactions is the fundamental driving force for cyclic peptides to form stable nanotubes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
The mouse ortholog of EFHC1 implicated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is an axonemal protein widely conserved among organisms with motile cilia and flagella
Authors: Ikeda Takashi , Ikeda Kazuho , Enomoto Masahiro , Park Min Kyun , Hirono Masafumi , Kamiya Ritsu
Published: January 2005

The gene product of EFHC1 recently implicated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) was found to be a homolog of Chlamydomonas axonemal protein Rib72, whose homologs are present in a wide variety of organisms that have motile cilia and flagella. Western blot analyses and immunofluorescence localization of the mouse ortholog mRib72‐1/Efhc1 indicated that it is indeed abundantly present in sperm flagella and tracheal cilia but only in a small amount in the brain. It is not present in immotile primary cilia. These observations raise the possibility that malfunction of motile cilia is involved in the development of JME.
Rhythmic gene expression in a purple photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Authors: Min Hongtao , Guo Haitao , Xiong Jin
Published: January 2005

Circadian rhythms are known to exist in all groups of eukaryotic organisms as well as oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria. However, little information is available regarding the existence of rhythmic behaviors in prokaryotes other than cyanobacteria. Here we report biological rhythms of gene expression in a purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides by using a luciferase reporter gene system. Self‐bioluminescent strains of Rb. sphaeroides were constructed, which produced a bacterial luciferase and its substrate, a long chain fatty aldehyde, to sustain the luminescence reaction. After being subjected to a temperature or light entrainment regime, the reporter strains with the luciferase genes driven by an upstream endogenous promoter expressed self‐sustained rhythmicity in the constant free‐running period. The rhythms were controlled by oxygen and exhibited a circadian period of 20.5 h under aerobic conditions and an ultradian period of 10.6–12.7 h under anaerobic conditions. The data suggest a novel endogenous oscillation mechanism in purple photosynthetic bacteria. Elucidation of the clock‐like behavior in purple bacteria has implications in understanding the origin and evolution of circadian rhythms.
Limitations of a two-step moment method for mapping linked multiple QTL
Authors: MAYER MANFRED
Published: January 2005

As an alternative to multiple-interval mapping a two-step moment method was recently proposed to map linked multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs). The advantage of this moment method was supposed to be its simplicity and computational efficiency, especially in detecting closely linked QTLs within a marker bracket, but also in mapping QTLs in different marker intervals. Using simulations it is shown that the two-step moment method may give poor results compared with multiple-interval mapping, irrespective of whether the QTLs are in the same or in different marker intervals, especially if linked QTLs are in repulsion. The criteria of comparison are number of identified QTLs, likelihood ratio test statistics, means and empirical standard errors of the QTL position and QTL effects estimates, and the accuracy of the residual variance estimates. Further, the joint conditional probabilities of QTL genotypes for two putative QTLs within a marker interval were derived and compared with the unmodified approach ignoring the non-independence of the conditional probabilities.
Effect of different milking routines on milking-related release of the hormones oxytocin, prolactin and cortisol, and on milk yield and milking performance in Murrah buffaloes
Authors: Thomas Chirathalattu S , Bruckmaier Rupert M , Östensson Karin , Svennersten-Sjaunja Kerstin
Published: January 2005

Milking-related release of oxytocin, prolactin, and cortisol was studied following three pre-milking treatments. Six Murrah buffaloes were treated with direct application of milking cluster (O), a 1-min pre-stimulation (M), and combined feeding and pre-stimulation (MF). Machine milk yield, stripping yield and milk composition were recorded. Milk ejection occurred significantly earlier with MF than M and O (P<0·05; 2·50, 5·10 and 6·33 min, respectively). In all treatments, milk ejection occurred with small increases >3–5 ng/l in oxytocin concentration. Increase in oxytocin concentration over a threshold level and milk ejection occurred simultaneously and were closely correlated (r=0·83, P<0·05). There was a positive correlation between total time oxytocin concentration remained elevated over threshold levels and machine yield (r=0·86, P<0·05). For treatment O, milk ejection was inhibited during machine milking, while a marked increase in oxytocin occurred during hand stripping (6 and 16 ng/l, respectively). For treatment M, mean oxytocin concentrations remained unchanged during pre-stimulation but increased during subsequent machine milking and hand stripping (6·38, 18·06 and 12·36 ng/l, respectively). For treatment MF, although there was a 3·6-fold increase during pre-stimulation, oxytocin increased by 10-fold and 3-fold during machine milking and hand stripping, and was significant for machine milking (P<0·05, 17·32, 47·86, 18·13 ng/l, respectively). Milk-ejection-related cortisol release was visible only in treatment MF. For treatments O and M, prolactin concentration increased prior to the increase in oxytocin. The stripping yield was higher, and fat content in the stripping yield significantly lower, for treatment O indicating incomplete milking. Thus buffaloes are easily disturbed even by small changes in milking routines.
Use of partial budgeting to determine the economic benefits of antibiotic treatment of chronic subclinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis or Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Authors: Swinkels Jantijn M , Rooijendijk Jolanda GA , Zadoks Ruth N , Hogeveen Henk
Published: January 2005

The economic effect of lactational antibiotic treatment of chronic subclinical intramammary infections due to Streptococcus uberis or Streptococcus dysgalactiae was explored by means of partial budgeting. Effects at cow level and herd level were modelled, including prevention of clinical mastitis episodes and the prevention of transmission of infections. Input variables for our deterministic model were derived from literature or based on 2002/2003 dairy prices and farming conditions in The Netherlands. Sensitivity analysis was used to examine the effect of uncertainty around input variables or changes in price estimates. On farms where pathogen transmission was prevented through proper udder health management, 3-d antibiotic treatment during lactation resulted in an average net profit of €+11·62 over no treatment while 8-d antibiotic treatment had an average negative net result of €−21·83. Sensitivity analysis showed that profitability depends on the probability of treatment-induced cure, pathogen transmission rates, culling rate, retention pay-off, and costs of antibiotic treatment. Three-day antibiotic treatment of chronic subclinical streptococcal mastitis is economically profitable over a range of input values for cure probabilities, transmission rates and losses due to culling. In contrast, 8-d lactational treatment is only profitable for very valuable animals, on farms where the risk of pathogen transmission is high and/or when the farmer is likely to cull a high percentage of cows with subclinical mastitis. Because bacterial flora, cow characteristics and management differ widely between farms, the economic outcome of lactational treatment of chronic subclinical streptococcal mastitis may be highly farm-dependent.
Protein composition, plasmin activity and cheesemaking properties of cows' milk produced at two altitudes from hay of lowland and high-alpine origins
Authors: Leiber Florian , Nigg Daniel , Kunz Carmen , Scheeder Martin RL , Wettstein Hans-Rudolf , Kreuzer Michael
Published: January 2005

The influence of high altitude, alpine origin of the forage and roughage-only diets on milk protein content and composition, plasmin activity and cheesemaking properties was investigated. There were four treatment groups, each consisting of six dairy cows in early to mid-lactation. Two groups were fed only with hay ad libitum either at 2000 m or at 400 m a.s.l. One group, kept in the lowlands, was pair-fed to the alpine-site group and another group received a mixed diet of silages, hay and concentrates. Two hay types, harvested either at the alpine site or in the lowlands, were offered to all cows fed with hay alone, following a change-over design in three periods each of 3 weeks. In the respective third week, milk was sampled at every milking. Hay of alpine origin significantly reduced milk protein, in particular whey proteins, which is why the casein number increased. κ-Casein proportion in total casein was reduced and its glycosylation was increased by the alpine hay. The apparent plasminogen-derived activity was reduced when alpine hay was given, but apparent plasmin activity and rennet coagulation properties of the milk were not affected by hay type. Independent of hay type, the high altitude group showed a significantly reduced milk protein content, lower glycosylation of κ-casein and impaired rennet coagulation properties. For several of the traits, the trend was the same in the pair-fed group. There was no effect of altitude on apparent plasmin activity. Hay-alone v. the mixed diet resulted initially in marked declines in milk protein content but did not impair cheesemaking properties. Thus the extensive diet without concentrates, typical of high-alpine conditions, contributed less to the overall effect of extensive alpine v. intensive lowland feeding systems than hay quality and altitude did. In conclusion, certain positive influences of the alpine sojourn of cows on cheese processing quality are overruled by the major adverse impact of lower milk protein content.
Development of a biosensor immunoassay for the quantification of αS1-casein in milk
Authors: Muller-Renaud Stéphanie , Dupont Didier , Dulieu Philippe
Published: January 2005

An immunoassay to quantify αS1-casein (αS1-CN) in milk using an optical biosensor, based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurement, has been developed. The assay consists of a two-step sandwich strategy, with two anti-αS1-CN antibodies directed against each extremity of the molecule. This strategy permits only intact αS1-CN to be quantified and not its degradation products. The calibration curve was obtained using a reference milk powder with a known αS1-CN concentration. Analysis time per sample was less than ten minutes. The antibody-coated surface could be used for more than 150 determinations. Detection limit was established at 0·87 μg/ml and the intra- and inter-assay variation coefficients were 2·86 and 5·31%, respectively. The method was applied to raw milk to quantify intact αS1-CN, with no pre-treatment of the sample. An initial analysis of 48 milk samples permitted αS1-CN concentrations ranging from 8·8 to 12·06 mg/ml to be obtained.
Proteolytic patterns and plasmin activity in ewes' milk as affected by somatic cell count and stage of lactation
Authors: Albenzio Marzia , Caroprese Mariangela , Santillo Antonella , Marino Rosaria , Muscio Antonio , Sevi Agostino
Published: January 2005

A total of 120 milk samples were collected from Comisana ewes throughout lactation. The ewes were ranked into two somatic cell count (SCC) categories: normal milk (N Milk) with SCC lower than 5·00×105/ml and high somatic cell milk (HSC Milk) with SCC higher than 1·00×106/ml. Milk samples were analysed in triplicate for pH, fat and protein contents, renneting parameters, and plasmin and plasminogen activities. The peptide profile due to total proteolytic activity (endogenous and exogenous enzymes) on α- and β-CNs were determined using urea-PAGE on sodium caseinate (pH 8·0 and pH 5·0) incubated at 37 °C for 4 d after sampling. The peptide profile due to non-plasmin enzyme activities at pH 5·0 was also determined using urea-PAGE. Plasmin activity was higher in the HSC milk than in the N milk throughout the study period. A decrease in plasmin activity was observed in the N milk during mid-lactation, which was probably related to decrease in pH, and in the HSC milk during late lactation, which may be ascribed to an enhanced influx of plasmin inhibitors from the blood stream. Proteolytic patterns in Comisana ewe milk were mainly affected by plasmin activity that increased with the SCC in milk. Also non-plasmin proteolytic activity was strongly enhanced by elevated SCC and resulted in a higher degradation of α-casein than of β-casein. In general, plasmin activity did not increase with the advancement of lactation and exhibited a different trend in HSC and N milk, suggesting that physiological factors did not play a key role in regulating the plasminogen-plasmin system in ewes' milk. Plasmin activity, detected with the colorimetric assay was consistent with proteolytic activity on sodium caseinate shown in urea-PAGE electrophoregram.
Dealing with Non-Performing Loans: Political Constraints and Financial Policies in China
Authors: Shih Victor
Published: January 2005

The stagnation in banking sector reform is puzzling given the Chinese leadership's seeming resolve to reform other sectors of the economy. This article develops a political explanation of why reform oriented central bureaucrats have centralized financial power without liberalizing the banking sector. The starting point of this explanation is that top bureaucrats value political survival as much as other members of the Politburo. Thus, they make policies based on both political and economic considerations. This framework is tested on three cases related to China's non-performing loan (NPL) problem: the politicization of the NPL problem, policies designed to slow the creation of NPLs and policies aimed at decreasing the pool of NPLs. The findings strongly suggest that political considerations play a large role in shaping financial policies in China.
Tan Lifu: A “Reactionary” Red Guard in Historical Perspective
Authors: Walder Andrew G.
Published: January 2005

Tan Lifu was a Red Guard leader whose August 1966 speech in defence of the Party's class line and his university's work team has long been considered key evidence for social interpretations of Red Guard factionalism. New documentation – including the complete transcript of the original speech – shows that Tan's case deviates sharply from the reputed profile of “conservative” students. Tan in fact espoused a version of the Party's class line that did not differ from the one advocated by those who denounced him; his “rebel” opponents at Beijing Industrial University were also organized and led by students from revolutionary cadre backgrounds; and Tan supported the (second) work team sent to his school because (unlike the first) it conducted a ferocious purge of a Party leadership against whom Tan harboured strong grievances. The case illustrates the ways that the politics of the work team period split students from similar backgrounds into opposing camps rather than sorting them into factions based on differences in family background.
Educating Migrant Children: Negotiations between the State and Civil Society
Authors: Kwong Julia
Published: January 2005

The development of migrant children schools in Beijing in the 1990s is used here to illustrate the changing state-society relationship in China. These schools emerged as an attempt by individuals to resolve an educational problem resulting from the retreat of the state in enforcing its population policy and its reluctance to educate children of the floating population gathered in the capital. These individuals used their own resources, and harnessed support from other sectors in the civil society as well as from some government units. Even though the local education departments did not take up the responsibility to educate children with household registrations outside Beijing, they did not give the migrant children schools recognition or support. This report traces the manoeuvres, negotiations and other strategies used by these schools to survive, by the different government units at different levels to contain them, and by others to support them. This struggle illustrates the growing heterogeneity inside government and the increasing strength of civil society in China.
At Cross Purposes: US–Taiwan Relations Since 1942. By Richard C. Bush. [Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004. xii +287 pp. $27.95. ISBN 0-7656-1372-7.] Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of US–China Relations, 1989–2000. By Robert L. Suettinger. [Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2003. xii +556 pp. £29.95, $39.95. ISBN 0-8157-8206-3.]
Authors: Goldstein Steven M.
Published: January 2005

These are two very fine books written by individuals who were deeply involved in the making of American policy towards China in the 1990s. From 1997 to 2002, Richard C. Bush served as chairman and managing director of the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), the semi-official body created in 1979 by the Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) to manage relations with the island in the wake of normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 1994, Robert Suettinger, a career intelligence officer, joined the staff of the National Security Council at the White House as director of Asian Affairs; a position that he held until he moved to the National Intelligence Council in 1997 (coincidentally, as Richard Bush's replacement).

Neither volume is, strictly speaking, a memoir. Bush does draw on his personal experience as a congressional aide during the 1980s and early 1990s and much less so on his years with the AIT. However, the bulk of his study constitutes superbly researched discussions of what he considers to be “relatively unstudied issues” related to the historical evolution of relations between the United States, Taiwan and the People's Republic of China. Suettinger, on the other hand, provides a memoir-like narrative of the years he was in the White House, but relies largely on research, interviews with major participants in the policy process, and his own insights for the remainder of the book. However, although neither author adopts a strictly participant-observer approach, both are clearly drawing on the knowledge acquired during extensive government service to make judgments on the complex issues they address, and it is this wisdom which makes these books essential reading.
The Cultural Revolution in the Foreign Ministry of China. By Ma Jisen. [Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2004. 466 pp. Hard cover $39.00, ISBN 962-996-149-0; paperback $25.00, ISBN 962-996-202-0.]
Authors: Schoenhals Michael
Published: January 2005

This superb history of the Cultural Revolution inside China's foreign ministry is a carefully documented account by a participant whose overriding concern is with the factual record and with setting it straight. Ma Jisen, who worked in the West European Department between 1952 and 1969, asserts that on a number of crucial points popular understanding of Mao's assault on revisionism remains shaped by what are really little more than “dramatically oversimplified… [and] brazenly distorted…cartoonized rumour accounts" (pp. 403–404). In support of this assertion, she adduces much new and powerful evidence, especially from the first years of the Cultural Revolution. The end result is a book that may well prompt many readers to seriously reconsider much of our accepted knowledge about what happened – and why – in those tumultuous years when the British Mission in Beijing was set ablaze, Chinese students waving the Little Red Book were roughed up by the KGB in Red Square, and Mao turned from obsessing about American imperialist paper tigers to describing (in conversation with Edgar Snow in December 1970) that country's Republican president, Richard M. Nixon, as “a good person (haoren), the number one good person in the world!” The author is not out to replace old myths with new ones. She finds no simple answers and, in fact, does not even seem to seek them. Much of the value of her work lies in the subtle way it brings to the fore the absurdity of the Cultural Revolution. On occasion, her raw data, her carefully selected illustrations from contemporary texts, speak only too well for themselves: “If you want peace, the revisionists will not let you have peace,” she quotes Foreign Minister Chen Yi as saying in June 1966 – then, a few lines later, she has him denouncing, in the very same speech, the revisionist fallacy of seeking peaceful co-existence (pp. 13–14).
The Power of Tiananmen: State–Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement. By Dingxin Zhao. [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. 433 pp. ISBN 0-226-98260-2.]
Authors: Brook Timothy
Published: January 2005

The ghost of Tiananmen stubbornly refuses to leave the mansion of Chinese politics. Since Deng Xiaoping mobilized the PLA against the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in 1989, the Chinese government has refused to review the event or its suppression. A brief flurry of publications and public gestures affirmed the correctness of the decision in the months after 4 June until all official acknowledgments of the incident were withdrawn from circulation in November 1989: Tiananmen was best forgotten. The 15th-year anniversary in June 2004 might have been an appropriate moment to lay the ghost to rest. Jiang Yanyong, the PLA doctor who publicized China's failure to deal with SARS in 2003, attempted to puncture the silence by calling for an official re-evaluation, but he achieved little beyond being made to disappear for seven weeks. The power of silence is strong, but so too is the power of memory. Tiananmen will remain an unexploded mine on the battlefield of Chinese politics until it is properly defused.

Dingxin Zhao's study of the sociology of knowledge and action during the democracy movement provides a rich and persuasive portrait of how this power came into being. The core of his argument is that the democracy movement arose at a particular moment of alienation – a naively idealistic but disillusioned intelligentsia facing a post-ideological regime of dwindling legitimacy – within a particular ecology of social interaction – a poorly organized society facing a state that could penetrate from above but not inspire investment from social actors below. By astutely blending structural and contingent factors, Zhao is able to show how student activists and state representatives produced effects or forced reactions that neither could anticipate or control. This interplay generated emotional expectations and disappointments that each side consistently misread, thereby pushing the terms of debate onto a moral ground from which there could be no retreat.
In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai under Japanese Occupation. Edited by Christian Henriot and Wen-Hsin Yeh. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. xii +392 pp. £50.00. ISBN 0-521-82221-1.]
Authors: Mitter Rana
Published: January 2005

Henriot and Yeh have produced a rich and highly readable volume on Shanghai during the 1937–1945 Japanese occupation period. Many of the path-breaking essays are based on primary sources from newly accessible Shanghai archives.

The volume is divided into three sections, broadly on economic, political and cultural history. In the first section, Christian Henriot and Parks Coble both demonstrate that the Shanghai capitalists left in the city were caught in a tight situation: they had little choice but to co-operate with the Japanese, who wanted to make Shanghai into another economic powerhouse in their Co-Prosperity Sphere but who were also exploitative and driven by military rather than commercial needs. On the other hand, the exiled Nationalists considered Chinese businessmen who co-operated with Japan to be collaborators, rendering them vulnerable to assassination during the war and condemnation after it. Frederic Wakeman explores the way in which smuggling became part of the economic and cultural landscape in supplying wartime Shanghai, and Sherman Cochran looks at a “fixer,” Xu Guanqun, who played for high stakes selling medicines across enemy lines, demonstrating that the neutral “island” of the foreign concessions in Shanghai from 1937 to 1941 was hardly an impermeable one. Allison Rottmann completes this section by rethinking the rural narrative of Communist Revolution, showing that Shanghai helped to supply and shape the politics of the central China base area.
Between Shanghai and Hong Kong: The Politics of Chinese Cinemas. By Poshek Fu. [Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003. 288 pp. £14.95. ISBN 0804745188.]
Authors: Zhang Yingjin
Published: January 2005

Despite its short length (152 pages excluding reference matters), this pioneering study in English of “the Shanghai–Hong Kong nexus” in Chinese cinema succeeds in placing wartime Shanghai and Hong Kong cinemas in specific (albeit not always “proper” as Poshek Fu claims (p. xvi)) institutional and industrial contexts, bringing to light the “humanity” of the filmmakers, the “multiplicity of the historical situations,” and the “complexity of the cultural politics” of filmmaking and film criticism (p. xv). Most impressive of all is Fu's dedication to primary research, reading hard-to-find print materials as well as conducting interviews and watching rare films. The book's incredibly rich information (e.g. studio assets, production costs, ticket prices) will certainly interest scholars of modern Chinese history and culture, and Fu's accessible stories should attract general readers as well.

After a preface outlining Fu's aims, chapter one, “Mapping Shanghai cinema under semi-occupation,” traces the rise of Zhang Shankun's Xinhua Company in Shanghai and reveals the ambiguities, contradictions and ironies of “Solitary Island cinema” between 1937 and 1941 – a cinema that defied political boundaries and thrived against odds. Chapter two, “Between nationalism and colonialism,” based on Fu's similarly-titled previous study (in The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity, edited by Fu and David Desser (2000)), discusses Hong Kong's “double marginality” between “Sinocentric” nationalism and British colonialism, and critiques the “Central Plains syndrome” in Shanghai filmmakers stranded in Hong Kong in the late 1930s. Against the Chinese syndrome, Fu asserts, Cantonese films like Southern Sisters (1940) articulated “a both/and hybridity” constitutive of a new “local consciousness” or emergent identity (p. 87). Chapter three, “The struggle to entertain,” derives from Fu's previous article (“The ambiguity of entertainment: Chinese cinema in Japanese-occupied Shanghai, 1942 to 1945,” Cinema Journal, 37.1 (Fall 1997)) and argues against a binary view of either/or (e.g. resistance/collaboration, patriots/traitors). Fu depicts “occupation cinema” as a space of entertainment for the colonized to “escape from Japanese propaganda” (p. xiv), although the both/and logic also compels him to note the paradox that occupation cinema ultimately “helped normalize and naturalize the everyday violence of the occupation” (p. 131). In an epilogue, “Filming Shanghai in Hong Kong,” Fu goes through the changing political–economic situations in post-war Shanghai and Hong Kong.
Street Culture in Chengdu: Public Space, Urban Commoners, and Local Politics, 1870–1930. By Di Wang. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 376 pp. £48.50. ISBN 0-8047-4778-4.]
Authors: Esherick Joseph W.
Published: January 2005

The last 15 years have witnessed a small flood of books on the physical, political, social and cultural transformation of the modern Chinese city covering paved streets and sewers, rickshaws and streetcars, public parks and meeting halls, monuments and museums, theatres and markets, police and gangsters, municipal government and public hygiene, bankers and businessmen, factories and publishing houses, newspapers and movies, law suits and protests, workers, students and prostitutes. Most of this literature has focused on the coastal cities (especially Shanghai), and the approach has usually been top–down: how the state and urban elites have constructed a new Chinese version of modernity.

Wang's book stands out as a careful historical ethnography of a provincial capital in the Chinese interior, Chengdu, at the turn of the 20th century. In contrast to previous top–down studies of urban elites and the rise of urban governance and police, this provides a bottom–up view from the street, and the richness of street culture pervades the entire book. Superbly researched and aided by a wonderful collection of illustrations, the book shows us peddlers and artisans patrolling the neighbourhoods, beggars and hooligans harassing residents, religious rituals and entertainment, and, above all, the vibrant life of the teahouse. In a similar book on coastal Shanghai, Lu Hanchao (Beyond the Neon Lights) unforgettably describes the housing projects known as Stone Portals (shikumen) as a locus for the daily life of Shanghai urbanites. In this book, the Chengdu teahouse repeatedly appears as a critical venue of social interaction, popular entertainment, dispute mediation, political discussion and police surveillance.
Framing the Bride: Globalizing Beauty and Romance in Taiwan's Bridal Industry. By Bonnie Adrian. [Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. xiii +297 pp. Hard cover £36.95; $55.00, ISBN 0-520-23833-8; paperback £14.95; $21.95, ISBN 0-520-23834-6.]
Authors: Finnane Antonia
Published: January 2005

In this engaging study of weddings in contemporary Taiwan, anthropologist Bonnie Adrian documents a rite of passage recognizable across the world from its major visual representation: the wedding photograph. Photographs prompted her early questions and provided her with the point of departure for her research. Why do couples have so many wedding photos? Why do they wear so many different costumes in the photos? Where are the photos of family members? What precisely is the cultural content of such photos, overtly Western – the bride usually in white dress and veil, the groom in morning or evening suit – yet puzzlingly different?

Answers to these questions are suggested in the course of many small journeys through the strange, theatrical world of the Taipei wedding: the bridal salons, which rent out the clothes and take the photographs; the wedding rites and wedding banquet, where the bride changes from one gown to another; the marital home, where the massive photo album is kept, to be drawn out for the admiration of guests or, in later years, for a woman to recall her youth and beauty at the moment she passed from single to married life. The typical photo session is described in fascinating detail. The session occurs before the wedding, and usually takes a whole day. At the wedding banquet guests can look at the photos, which typically contain an astonishing range of images of bride and groom in a variety of poses, places and costumes. Thousands might be spent on a good collection of wedding photos, none of which record the actual wedding.
October 2002 30‐day incoherent scatter radar experiments at Millstone Hill and Svalbard and simultaneous GUVI/TIMED observations
Authors: Zhang Shun‐Rong , Holt John M. , Erickson Phil J. , Lind Frank D. , Foster John C. , van Eyken Anthony P. , Zhang Yongliang , Paxton Larry J. , Rideout William C. , Goncharenko Larisa P. , Campbell Glenn R.
Published: January 2005

A long‐duration incoherent scatter radar (ISR) experiment was conducted at Millstone Hill and Svalbard from October 4–November 4, 2002. Along with the simultaneous GUVI/TIMED neutral composition measurements, this 30‐day run enabled us to study a number of thermosphere‐ionosphere‐magnetosphere phenomena. This paper focuses on the day‐to‐day variability and quasiperiodic oscillation of the ionosphere. The day‐to‐day variability under quiet magnetic conditions in electron density Ne, ion temperature Ti and electron temperature Te, respectively, changed with local time and height, with the largest variability in Ne and the smallest in Ti. Midnight through dawn was the period of largest variability. Quasiperiodic Ne oscillations were present with periods >1 day. Some of these oscillations were correlated with changes in the neutral composition originating from geomagnetic activity, which altered the global atmospheric circulation as a result of high latitude heating processes as indicated in Svalbard ion temperature enhancements. However, the wave‐type oscillation of Ne exhibits a downward phase progression which persists up to 600 km and prevails until a large storm appears to impose an upward phase progression.
Evidence for inner‐core rotation from possible changes with time in PKP coda
Authors: Vidale John E. , Earle Paul S.
Published: January 2005

Inner‐core‐grazing PKP waves from seven French nuclear tests on Mururoa Island recorded at NORSAR appear to change over a decade. We compared filtered and stacked signals from the explosions, which took place from 1977 to 1987 and were separated by less than 10 km. The PKP energy 3 to 10 s after the first arrivals differs greatly between the NORSAR subarrays, and evolves over time. The small time shifts of coda arrivals, a few tenths of a second, are qualitatively consistent with shifts predicted for point scatterers in an inner core that rotates in the range 0.05° to 0.10° per year. There are also visible changes in the envelope of the PKP energy. Although the alternative of systematic shifts in source location cannot be ruled out, the apparent time evolution of PKP supports claims of slow inner core rotation [Song and Richards, 1996; Creager, 1997; Laske and Masters, 1999; Vidale et al., 2000] and offers a powerful new tool for its assessment.
Influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation on stratosphere/troposphere exchange and the global tropospheric ozone budget
Authors: Zeng Guang , Pyle John A.
Published: January 2005

We use a combined climate/chemistry model to assess the interannual variability of tropospheric ozone associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Simulations cover the years 1990 to 2001 with prescribed SSTs. El Niño and La Niña events are reproduced by the model. Previous studies have emphasized the impact of ENSO on tropospheric composition through changing emissions or convection. Here we show that there is a close relationship between ENSO and stratosphere‐troposphere exchange (STE); different patterns of circulation and meteorology in El Niño and La Niña years result in significant differences in transport of ozone‐rich air from the stratosphere to the troposphere. We calculate an anomalously large increase of STE following a typical El Niño year, most evident after the 1997–1998 El Niño event. La Niña events result in a decrease of STE. STE is one factor affecting tropospheric ozone; we find highest ozone after the 1997–1998 El Niño.
Influence of geomagnetic activity on the O I 630.0 and 557.7 nm dayglow
Authors: Culot F. , Lathuillère C. , Lilensten J.
Published: January 2005

The one‐dimensional fluid/kinetic code TRANSCAR is used to simulate the effects of geomagnetic activity on the atomic oxygen (3P‐1D) red and (1D‐1S) green thermospheric dayglows at 630.0 and 557.7 nm, associated with the modification of the density structure of the neutral atmosphere. It is found that when magnetic activity increases from quiet to strong, the altitude of the peak of both emissions increases by <10%, the peak intensity of the 557.7 nm thermospheric layer decreases by about 40%, and the peak intensity of the 630.0 nm layer remains almost constant. The prevailing production and quenching processes are reviewed and their variations are explained in terms of changes in the ionospheric and thermospheric parameters which are induced by the rise of the geomagnetic activity. Together with this model study a 4‐year set of WINDII data is analyzed. The measurements confirm the trends previously revealed by the TRANSCAR model. No statistical variation of the 630.0 nm peak emission is seen, while the anticorrelation between the 557.7 nm thermospheric peak intensity and the magnetic activity is clearly found.