bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subpontic Osseous Hyperplasia: A Five‐Patient Report
Authors: Daniels Walter C.
Published: March 2005

Thirty‐four cases of benign osseous proliferation beneath the pontics of mandibular posterior fixed partial dentures have been reported in the dental literature. This report describes subpontic osseous hyperplasia in the posterior regions of five additional patients. Within this population, recurrence following surgical excision was documented in one patient. Continued osseous proliferation following pontic modification occurred in a second patient. Chronic irritation and functional stresses are discussed as possible etiologies. Clinical significance and treatment considerations are presented.
COMPARISON OF THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF HEDONIC DATA USING ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND MULTIPLE COMPARISONS VERSUS AN R‐INDEX ANALYSIS OF THE RANKED DATA
Authors: O'MAHONY MICHAEL , PARK HAENA , PARK JAE YEON , KIM KWANG‐OK
Published: March 2005

Consumers rated a set of toothbrushes and a set of potato chips on 9‐point and 21‐point hedonic scales under two experimental protocols: a traditional approach and rank‐rating. The hedonic data were analyzed in the usual way by using anova and multiple comparisons and also by ranking the data and using an R‐index analysis. The hypothesis that the latter analysis would elicit fewer significant differences was not confirmed.
The role of endothelin-1 in myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: old lessons and new insights
Authors: Yang Li L , Arab Sara , Liu Peter , Stewart Duncan J , Husain Mansoor
Published: March 2005

Endothelin-1 has emerged as an important participant in the pathophysiology of a variety of cardiovascular diseases, where it may act on endocrine, paracrine and autocrine bases. Here we review its regulated biosynthesis, receptor-mediated signaling, and functional consequences in the heart, with particular emphasis on cardiac development and disease. Exploring published data employing molecular genetic mouse models of endothelin dysregulation, we highlight its heretofore underappreciated role as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. We also present novel micro-array data from one such mouse model, which implicate the specific downstream pathways that may mediate endothelin-1's effects.Key words: endothelin-1, cardiac development, inflammation, transgenic mice, gene expression profiling.
DISTRIBUTION OF SUBSTITUTION CLUSTERS, CHANGE OF POSITRON LIFETIME AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN MAGNETIC ION Fe AND Ni DOPING YBa2Cu3O7-δ SYSTEMS
Authors: ZHANG JINCANG , LI PINGLIN , CAO SHIXUN , CAO GUIXIN , JING CHAO
Published: February 2005

To recognize the distributional characteristics of Fe and Ni doping and the fundamental effects of magnetic ions on superconductivity, the X-ray diffraction, positron annihilation technology and simulated calculations are utilized to investigate systemically YBa 2 Cu 3-x( Fe , Ni )x O 7-δ(x=0.0~0.5). The results show that Fe and Ni doping form different kinds of ion clusters and enter the crystal lattice. When occupying Cu (2) sites in the CuO 2 planes, ions gather into Double Square and/or other clusters, which results in a strong electronic localization and would directly influence the pairing and transportation of carriers, so the superconductivity is suppressed dramatically. While doping ions enter the Cu (1) sites through gathering Hexamer and/or other clusters, this induces the localization of holes and weakens the function of carrier reservoir, so carriers cannot be easily transferred to the CuO 2 planes. However, in this case, the pairing and transportation of carriers are not affected directly, thus the superconductivity is suppressed weakly. Besides, the present results indicate that the superconductivity suppressed has no direct correlation with the magnetism of Fe and Ni ion itself.
The United States and Russia Evaluate Plutonium Disposition Options with Multiattribute Utility Theory
Authors: Butler John C. , Chebeskov Alexander N. , Dyer James S. , Edmunds Thomas A. , Jia Jianmin , Oussanov Vladimir I.
Published: February 2005

At the end of the Cold War, the United States and Russia entered into agreements to reduce the numbers of nuclear weapons in their arsenals. The excess-weapons plutonium recovered from dismantled weapons is extremely toxic in the environment, and the National Academy of Sciences has characterized the possibility that it could fall into the hands of terrorists as a “clear and present danger.” A team of operations research analysts supported the Office of Fissile Materials Disposition (OFMD) in the US Department of Energy (DOE) by developing a multiattribute utility (MAU) model to evaluate alternatives for the disposition of the excess-weapons plutonium. Russian scientists modified the model with the aid of the US team and used it to evaluate Russia's disposition alternatives.
Bombardier Flexjet Significantly Improves Its Fractional Aircraft Ownership Operations
Authors: Hicks Richard , Madrid Richard , Milligan Chris , Pruneau Robert , Kanaley Mike , Dumas Yvan , Lacroix Benoit , Desrosiers Jacques , Soumis François
Published: February 2005

The fractional aircraft market is the fastest growing segment of the business aircraft industry. A fractional aircraft operation is complex—essentially an unscheduled airline in a constantly changing environment. Bombardier Flexjet implemented a comprehensive three-module optimization system to simultaneously maximize its use of aircraft, crews, and facilities. AD OPT Technologies designed the modules, using the GENCOL optimizer developed at GERAD, which employs a column-generation approach to decompose large-scale mixed-integer nonlinear programming problems. Since inception, the project has generated savings in excess of $54 million with projected additional savings of $27 million annually, primarily by lowering crew levels (20 percent), aircraft inventory (40 percent), and supplemental charter aircraft usage (five percent) while increasing aircraft utilization (10 percent). The quality of customer service has remained consistently high, with significant reduction in supply.
Philips Electronics Synchronizes Its Supply Chain to End the Bullwhip Effect
Authors: de Kok Ton , Janssen Fred , van Doremalen Jan , van Wachem Erik , Clerkx Mathieu , Peeters Winfried
Published: February 2005

Demand variability increases as one moves up a supply chain. The demand for finished products is less variable than for subassemblies, which is less variable than for individual components. This phenomenon is known as the bullwhip or Forrester effect. It increases inventory unnecessarily and makes managing the capacity of equipment and personnel difficult. In 1999, Philips Semiconductors confirmed substantial bullwhip effects in some of its supply chains and began developing a collaborative-planning process and tool to reduce them. It sought to reduce inventory and increase customer-service levels by integrating its supply chain planning and control with those of its customers. By applying stochastic multiechelon inventory theory, it developed an advanced planning and scheduling system that supports weekly collaborative planning of operations by Philips Semiconductors and one of its customers, Philips Optical Storage. The project has brought substantial savings. A conservative estimate shows minimum yearly savings of around US$5 million from $300 million yearly turnover. More important, Philips Optical Storage now has a more flexible and reliable supplier that can virtually guarantee quantities and delivery times. Philips Semiconductor is rolling out its new approach to other customers.
2004 Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Authors: Spencer Thomas , Graves Stephen C.
Published: February 2005

This special issue of Interfaces presents the finalists and winners of the 33rd annual competition for the Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Operations Research and the Management Sciences, the profession's prestigious award for the practice of operations research and the management sciences. Thomas Spencer III, chairman of the competition, and Stephen C. Graves, editor of the special issue, provide an overview of the competition and introduce the finalists and winner.
Reinventing the Supplier Negotiation Process at Motorola
Authors: Metty Theresa , Harlan Rob , Samelson Quentin , Moore Tom , Morris Thomas , Sorensen Ron , Schneur Avner , Raskina Olga , Schneur Rina , Kanner Joshua , Potts Kevin , Robbins Jeffrey
Published: February 2005

As the world market for telecommunications underwent a massive downturn in the early 2000s, Motorola, Inc. needed to cut costs and increase productivity throughout its operations. It had to identify a method of reducing the time and effort required to prepare for and conduct negotiations with its suppliers, simplify their coordination, and optimize contract awards across sectors, to save costs. Motorola's global procurement function selected Emptoris's end-to-end Internet negotiations platform. Combining innovative bidding, online supplier negotiations, and scenario-based optimization analysis, it identifies the best procurement strategy while enhancing supplier relationships. Sourcing over $16 billion and saving more than $600 million, including $200 million specifically driven by the platform's advanced capabilities, Motorola changed its supplier negotiation paradigm and moved to a truly global process.
Duality and Existence of Optimal Policies in Generalized Joint Replenishment
Authors: Adelman Daniel , Klabjan Diego
Published: February 2005

We establish a duality theory for a broad class of deterministic inventory control problems on continuous spaces that includes the classical joint replenishment problem and inventory routing. Using this theory, we establish the existence of an optimal policy, which has been an open question. We show how a primal-dual pair of infinite dimensional linear programs encode both cyclic and noncyclic schedules, and provide various results regarding cyclic schedules, including an example showing that they need not be optimal.
Fast Approximation Schemes for Two-Stage, Two-Dimensional Bin Packing
Authors: Caprara Alberto , Lodi Andrea , Monaci Michele
Published: February 2005

We present an asymptotic fully polynomial time approximation scheme for the two-dimensional generalization of Bin Packing, which requires packing (or cutting) a given set of rectangles from the minimum number of square bins, with the further restriction that packing the rectangles in the bins is done in two stages, as is frequently the case in real-world applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approximation scheme for a nontrivial two-dimensional (and real-world) generalization of a classical one-dimensional packing problem in which rectangles have to be packed in (finite) squares. In addition to the approximability result, we obtain as a byproduct of our analysis an interesting structural result, namely the asymptotic optimality of the lower bound provided by the natural linear programming relaxation of the problem, having one variable for each bin pattern, that can be solved effectively by column generation techniques. Besides its practical relevance, a main reason to concentrate on the two-stage version of the problem is that its study continues to shed light on the general version. In particular, we strongly conjecture that the approximation guarantee of our algorithm for two-dimensional Bin Packing without the two-stage restriction is better than the best known ones. A simplification of the method leads to an approximation scheme for the two-stage version of two-dimensional Strip Packing.
Explicit Solution of a Stochastic, Irreversible Investment Problem and Its Moving Threshold
Authors: Chiarolla Maria B. , Haussmann Ulrich G.
Published: February 2005

We consider a firm producing a single consumption good that makes irreversible investments to expand its production capacity. The firm aims to maximize its expected total discounted real profit net of investment on a finite horizon T. The capacity is modeled as a controlled Itô process where the control is the real investment, which is not necessarily a rate, but more generally a monotone process. The result is a singular stochastic control problem. We introduce the associated optimal stopping problem, that is “the optimal cost of not investing.” Its variational formulation turns out to be a parabolic obstacle problem, which we explicitly solve in the case of Constant Relative Risk Aversion CRRA production functions. The moving free boundary is the threshold at which the shadow value of installed capital exceeds the capital's replacement cost. Then we use the equation of the free boundary to evaluate the optimal investment policy and its corresponding optimal profits.
Epi-Convergent Discretizations of Multistage Stochastic Programs
Authors: Pennanen Teemu
Published: February 2005

In many dynamic stochastic optimization problems in practice, the uncertain factors are best modeled as random variables with an infinite support. This results in infinite-dimensional optimization problems that can rarely be solved directly. Therefore, the random variables (stochastic processes) are often approximated by finitely supported ones (scenario trees), which result in finite-dimensional optimization problems that are more likely to be solvable by available optimization tools. This paper presents conditions under which such finite-dimensional optimization problems can be shown to epi-converge to the original infinite-dimensional problem. Epi-convergence implies the convergence of optimal values and solutions as the discretizations are made finer. Our convergence result applies to a general class of convex problems where neither linearity nor complete recourse are assumed.
An Interior Point Cutting Plane Method for the Convex Feasibility Problem with Second-Order Cone Inequalities
Authors: Oskoorouchi Mohammad R. , Goffin Jean-Louis
Published: February 2005

The convex feasibility problem in general is a problem of finding a point in a convex set that contains a full dimensional ball and is contained in a compact convex set. We assume that the outer set is described by second-order cone inequalities and propose an analytic center cutting plane technique to solve this problem. We discuss primal and dual settings simultaneously. Two complexity results are reported: the complexity of restoration procedure and complexity of the overall algorithm. We prove that an approximate analytic center is updated after adding a second-order cone cut (SOCC) in O(1) Newton step, and that the analytic center cutting plane method (ACCPM) with SOCC is a fully polynomial algorithm.
On an Extension of Condition Number Theory to Nonconic Convex Optimization
Authors: Freund Robert M. , Ordóñez Fernando
Published: February 2005

The purpose of this paper is to extend, as much as possible, the modern theory of condition numbers for conic convex optimization:

z* ≔ minx ct x, s.t. Ax−b ∈ CY, x ∈ CX,

to the more general nonconic format:

z* ≔ minx ctx, (GPd) s.t. Ax − b ∈ CY, x ∈ P,

where P is any closed convex set, not necessarily a cone, which we call the ground-set. Although any convex problem can be transformed to conic form, such transformations are neither unique nor natural given the natural description of many problems, thereby diminishing the relevance of data-based condition number theory. Herein we extend the modern theory of condition numbers to the problem format (GPd). As a byproduct, we are able to state and prove natural extensions of many theorems from the conic-based theory of condition numbers to this broader problem format.
FSH secretion predominates in vivo and in vitro in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas
Authors: Hanson P L , Aylwin S J B , Monson J P , Burrin J M
Published: March 2005

Objective: Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are characterised by the lack of symptoms of hormone hypersecretory syndromes but in vitro studies have demonstrated that tumour cells may stain for gonadotrophins and/or their α- or β-subunits. In this study, we aimed to examine the pattern of secretion of LH and FSH from a series of pituitary adenomas cultured in vitro and where data were available to relate the results to pre-operative serum gonadotrophin levels.

Methods: The in vitro secretion of LH and FSH was measured from 46 cultured NFPAs and compared with pre-operative serum gonadotrophin levels in 38 patients. Peritumorous ‘normal’ pituitary cell cultures from 20 additional pituitary tumour patients were used for comparison with the NFPA group.

Results: A median pre-operative LH:FSH ratio of 0.33:1 was found in 38 patients with NFPAs. Preferential secretion of FSH was also documented from media of 46 NFPAs cultured in vitro with a median LH:FSH ratio of 0.32:1. A significant correlation (r = 0.43, P < 0.01) was observed between serum and media levels of FSH but not LH. Peritumorous ‘normal’ pituitary cells released LH and FSH in a reversed ratio (median LH:FSH ratio = 3.6:1, P < 0.01 compared with NFPAs).

Conclusions: This study has evaluated pre-operative serum gonadotrophin levels and in vitro release of hormones in cultures of surgically removed tissue from patients with NFPAs. The data suggest preferential secretion of FSH occurs both in vitro and in vivo. By demonstrating that NFPAs cultured in vitro reflect the in vivo situation of preferential secretion of FSH, it may be possible in future to perform functional studies using this system to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of an imbalance in gonadotroph cells preferentially overproducing FSH in NFPAs.
HIV prevention workers and injection drug users: A problem‐based realm of adult education practice
Authors: Egan John P.
Published: February 2005

When HIV rates among injection drug users in Vancouver exploded, the field of HIV prevention education expanded beyond the realm of medicine. This chapter examines this unique field of adult education, defined in terms of a social problem rather than as a function of professional or educational background.
A relationship between fine structure and function of blood vessels in the central nervous system of rabbit fetuses
Authors: Donahue Sheila
Published: February 2005

The central nervous system of rabbit fetuses from the ninth to the twentieth day of gestation has been examined by phase contrast and electron microscopy. Blood vessels are first seen in the neuroectodermal tissue at 11 days of gestation. They increase in number between 11 days and 20 days of gestation but there is no change in their fine structure. The endothelial cells usually have voluminous cytoplasm which forms projections into the lumen of the vessels. These projections or flaps are a prominent feature of the fine structure of the endothelial cells during this period of growth of the central nervous system. Their function appears to be the impounding of material from the blood stream by curving over and coalescing with the plasma membrane, thus forming a large vesicle. Thorium dioxide, injected into the blood stream, is taken up along with the constituents of the plasma and is seen in the large vesicles formed by the flaps, as well as in smaller vesicles formed directly from the luminal plasma membrane by the usual mechanism of pinocytosis. Flaps are usually located at the terminal bars. Thorium dioxide is not seen between the thickened cell membranes that form the terminal bar but is present in vesicles adjacent to the terminal bar.
A histologic description of certain epithelial and vascular structures in the kidney of the normal rat
Authors: Young Don , Wissig Steven L.
Published: February 2005

The cytology of the whole length of the collecting tubule of the rat kidney was studied by light microscopy. The tubule may be subdivided into four successive segments on the basis of the types of epithelial cells that form its lining. The morphology of other epithelial and vascular structures in the renal medulla and papilla was also studied. In fixed histologic specimens, morphologic characteristics of capillaries near the apex of the papilla and in retia mirabilia of the outer portion of the medulla suggest that their plasma is relatively concentrated in the living rat. First, plasma in capillaries of both regions stains deeply with certain histologic dyes. Second, in many specimens erythrocytes in capillaries near the apex of the papilla appear crenated. The significance of the morphologic findings is discussed with regard to current hypotheses concerning the physiologic function of the collecting tubule and other epithelial and vascular structures in the medulla and papilla.
An electron microscopic study of the ependyma and subependymal glia of the lateral ventricle of the cat
Authors: Klinkerfuss George H.
Published: February 2005

Portions of the wall of the lateral ventricles of the cat were obtained directly and after initial chrome‐osmium perfusion. After further fixation they were embedded in Epon‐812, sectioned on a Porter‐Blum microtome and examined in the electron microscope. Observations on the ultrastructure of ependyma and subependymal glia of the feline lateral ventricle are described. The ependyma contains a pale cytoplasm with many vesicles, a network of fibrils, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and numerous dense mitochondria. Cilia are present along the luminal surface which have a well defined basal body from which cross‐striated rootlets diverge to make close contact with other ciliary rootlets and enter into complex relationships with a specialized cell juncture composed of mitochondria in linear arrangement along an intercellular membrane studded with zonula adherens. These rootlets thus form accommodating links between cilia and a morphologic relation to the plamsa membrane between ependymal cells. Theories of metachronal motion in ciliated mammalian epithelia may incorporate such structures in the future. Three varieties of subependymal glia are described. Oligodendrocytes are the least common but are observed in close relation to myelinated axons. Fibrous astrocytes send short processes beneath the ependyma, but ependymal astrocytes send thick processes deep into the underlying white matter. No ependymal cells are observed to send processes into the white matter, and it is suggested that in the adult cat this is the property of the ependymal astrocyte.
Ultrastructure of bovine spermatozoa. II. The neck and tail of normal, ejaculated sperm
Authors: Saacke R. G. , Almquist J. O.
Published: February 2005

The normal bovine sperm tail consists of the classical 9 + 9 + 2 fiber pattern bound anteriorly by the mitochondrial helix and posteriorly by the fibrous helix except for the last 2 to 3 μ.

The outer ring of nine coarse fibers originate as laminated columns, beginning from a common base which is located in a recess at the base of the head. The fibers taper posteriorly ending at different levels in the principal piece. Evidence is presented for the alternate contraction and expansion of the laminated segments of the coarse fibers in the neck — the probable mechanism for initiating the flagellar wave.

The mitochondrial helix is composed of several mitochondrial strands of different length. Each strand consists of several elongated mitochondria positioned end to end. Apparently the strands of mitochondria may begin or end at various locations along the middle piece. The number of turns in the mitochondrial helix was found to vary from approximately 65 to 75 turns among cells. The helix binds the axial fiber bundle with a pitch of 20 to 25° over most of the middle piece. The mitochondria are double‐walled and possess internal cristae that are vesicular or tubular in structure.

The fibrous helix consists of dense, circumferential strands of variable thickness and shape with two longitudinal elements on opposite sides of the helix. Both the circumferential strands and the longitudinal elements become thinner as they progress posteriorly.
Morphologic observations concerning the release and transport of secretory products in the adenohypophysis
Authors: Salazar Hernando , Peterson Roy R.
Published: February 2005

The processes involved in the release of secretory products from the parenchymal cells and the movement of these products into the circulating blood were studied by electron microscopic observations on the adenohypophyses of virgin estrous rabbits. The released secretory products were found in the form of discrete granules, with or without a perigranular membrane, in intercellular spaces, between the plasma membrane and the parenchymal basement membrane, in the perivascular space, in the endothelial cytoplasm, and in the lumen of capillaries. Vesicles containing material which resembled that in the perivascular space were observed in endothelial cells.

Interpretation of these observations has led to the proposal of the theory that secretory products of the adenohypophysis may be liberated from parenchymal cells in the following way: by fusion of the perigranular membrane with the plasma membrane (merocrine) or by the detachment of small processes containing secretory granules (“microapocrine”). It is further believed that the discharged products may be transported into circulation in three different manners: by diffusion of dissolved material through the fenestrated endothelium, by active transport of dissolved secretory products by the endothelial cells, or by active transport of intact secretory granules through the endothelial cytoplasm.
Cyclic changes of interstitial gland tissue of the human ovary
Authors: Mossman H. W. , Koering Marilyn J. , Ferry Darwin
Published: February 2005

Three distinct types of gland cells occur in adult human ovaries and those of other mammals. These are: (1) Interstitial gland cells formed from the theca interna cells of degenerating (atretic) follicles, hence present from infancy to old age; (2) Thecal gland cells formed from the theca interna cells of ripening follicles, hence present only in individuals that are sexually mature or nearly so, and in these only at or near the time of ovulation; (3) Luteal cells formed from the granulosa cells of ovulated follicles and from the undifferentiated stroma cells surrounding these, and in certain species also from the same sources in relation to atretic follicles. These latter are the so‐called accessory corpora lutea. Primary and accessory corpora lutea are present normally only after ovulation occurs and appear to function for a relatively short time unless pregnancy ensues. In certain species other types of gland cells occur in the ovary and mesovarium; these include the paraluteal cells of the human ovary. Paraluteal cells are not persistent thecal gland cells, but are differentiated from surrounding stroma after the thecal gland disappears. They are probably intermediate stages in the differentiation of luteal cells from stroma cells. Planimetric measurements and computations made from serial sections of human ovaries indicate that in non‐pregnancy and early pregnancy the volume of interstitial gland tissue is less than 1% of the total ovarian volume. However, in the last trimester of gestation, the relative amount of interstitial gland tissue increases rapidly to roughly from 4% to 6% of the total ovarian volume. The largest amount in our series was 5.6%. Luteal gland tissue at the height of its development in the first trimester of gestation reached 31% of the total ovarian volume. In human ovaries the cells of the interstitial gland tissue of late pregnancy seem to be consistently larger and to have a more finely granular cytoplasm than those of early pregnancy or nonpregnancy. The literature shows that mammalian interstitial gland cells of comparable origin to the human cells discussed in this paper have the following characteristics which are known to be indicative of steroid secretors: Numerous birefringent, acetone soluble, autofluorescent granules which react with sulphuric acid and are Schultz and Schiff positive; mitochondria with anastomosing tubular cristae; and smooth tubular endoplasmic reticulum. Physiological studies so far reported have indicated possible estrogen, androgen, and progesterone production by interstitial gland cells, but all of the evidence is too scanty, indirect, and at times contradictory to be convincing. Since interstitial gland cells are present from birth to old age, and show cycles of abundance and differentiation correlated with the reproductive age and cycles, they may prove to be the most important ovarian gland cells when their function is fully understood.
The structure of the functional pronephros in larvae of Ambystoma opacum as studied by light and electron microscopy
Authors: Christensen A. Kent
Published: February 2005

The functional pronephros in early larvae of Ambystoma opacum, studied in serial sections, consists of an anterior and posterior nephrostome, respective proximal tubules which fuse into a common proximal tubule, a ciliated intermediate segment, and a distal tubule, which leaves the pronephros posteriorly as the nephric duct. In the coelom medial to each pronephros is a glomus, arising from the dorsal aorta.

In electron micrographs of osmium‐fixed, methacrylate‐embedded pronephros and glomus, the fine structure generally resembles that seen in adult kidneys. Proximal tubule cells show a brush border of irregular microvilli, tubular invaginations, resorption granules, and very few basal infoldings. Cells of the distal tubule have numerous radially‐oriented mitochondria, and the basal infoldings are generally well developed. The fine structure of the nephric duct seems to resemble that of the distal tubule. Cells of the nephrostomes and intermediate segment bear cilia of usual fine structure, and contain melanin granules, lipid droplets and slender mitochondria. The glomus resembles a glomerulus in having an endothelium with sparse pores, a basement membrane, and epithelial cells with numerous interdigitating foot processes.

The similarity at the fine structure level between the pronephros and the more posterior mesonephros and metanephros of adult vertebrates suggests the serial homology of vertebrate nephrons, and thus constitutes further evidence for the archinephros or holonephros theory of the origin of vertebrate kidneys.
Spermatogenesis in animals as revealed by electron microscopy. X. The fine structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum and of peculiar bodies appearing in atypical maturing spermatids and nutritive cells of Cipangopaludina malleata reeve
Authors: Yasuzumi Gonpachiro
Published: February 2005

In an early stage of metamorphosis of atypical spermatids of a pond snail, Cipangopaludina malleata Reeve, numerous vesicles of a circular form appear in the juxtanuclear region. These vesicles represent the rough‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of the atypical spermatids. As amorphous contents within the vesicles increase in density an amount, Palade granules, 130 to 150 A in diameter, attached to the external surface of the vesicles, disappear gradually and at the same time an apparently single layered limiting membrane is transformed to a double layered structure.

It has been revealed that a Feulgen‐positive material appearing in the vesicles transforms into a PAS‐positive material in the atypical maturing spermatids, and such material is transported as D bodies through intercellular spaces into the nutritive cell. In the nutritive cell, G bodies make their appearance as a transitional form of mitochondria. Structural changes from a homogeneous appearance to concentric and parallel lamellar structures have been traced in both bodies. It is a noticeable fact that a lamellar structure is often found surrounding an electron‐lucent space of both bodies. An occurrence of the electron‐lucent space within both bodies suggests that the contents of the bodies may be transported via the tubular system of the endoplasmic reticulum in the mantle to the typical maturing spermatids.

Turnbull's blue tests have shown that the dense particles, 50 to 70 A in diameter, appearing in the D and G bodies are organic iron compounds. It is interesting that lipid is found in a helical appearance along the typical maturing spermatid head part, suggesting that lipid is located in the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.
The production of congenital malformations using tissue antisera. II. The spectrum and incidence of malformations following the administration of kidney antiserum to pregnant rats
Authors: Brent Robert L.
Published: February 2005

Rabbit anti‐rat‐kidney antiserum, when injected into rats seven, eight, nine and ten days pregnant, results in embryonic death, growth retardation and malformations. The spectrum of malformations is different for each day of gestation studied. The kidney malformations produced are related to its qualities as a potent general teratogenic agent and not to any specific effect on the developing urinary system. The utilization of low doses of kidney antiserum can result in a significant increase in the incidence of malformations without interfering with either the survival or growth of the exposed fetuses. It is not known whether the teratogenicity of this antiserum is due to (a) induced maternal biochemical or physiological pathology, (b) direct toxicity to the embryo or (c) interference with the deciduo‐trophoblast. Although some other antisera have not been found to be teratogenic, rabbit anti‐rat‐placental serum has also been found to be a potent teratogenic agent having similar properties to kidney antiserum.

The relevance of potent teratogenic proteins to the problem of human malformations is purely hypothetical and further investigation may reveal that no relationship exists between teratogenic proteins and human malformations. In spite of this, the findings reported herein should prove to be both stimulating and provocative.
Aldehyde‐fuchsin positive material in brain of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Creswell George F. , Reis Donald J. , MacLean Paul D.
Published: February 2005

In the squirrel monkey, nerve cells in certain areas of the brain are characterized by abundant granules which stain intensely with aldehyde‐fuchsin but not with chromium hematoxylin.

These cells fall into three main types: Type A, with a polar clumping of the granules, characterize the region surrounding the stria terminalis in the amygdala and the supratrochlear nucleus of the mid‐brain. Type B, which have a heavy diffuse granulation, are found in the lateral and caudal hypothalamus and in nucleus raphes ventralis. Less heavily granulated cells classified as Type C distinguish the entire nucleus subthalamicus, and are prominent in nucleus septalis triangularis, rostral midline thalamus, and area CA2 of the rostral hippocampus. Cells of these corresponding types and distribution are not seen in the brains of cat, rat and mouse.

The cerebellum and pineal body contain extracellular material which stains with aldehyde‐fuchsin but not chromium hematoxylin.

The granules of the nerve cells stain with PAS, Sudan black B, and oil red O, suggesting that they have carbohydrate and lipid components.

As in other species, the neurosecretory substance of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei is stained both by aldehyde‐fuchsin and chromium hematoxylin. Material showing a positive reaction to both these stains is also found in the glia of the nucleus septalis triangularis, subfornical organ, lateral hypothalamus, and locus caeruleus. All these regions, except the lateral hypothalamus, show similarly staining material in the extracellular spaces.

Of anatomical interest is the close association of the aldehyde‐fuchsin positive neurons with phylogenetically ancient cellular structures and fiber systems of the brain. In the squirrel monkey they would seem to provide a basis for further characterization of certain nuclei and a new division of the amygdala.
Pathways of intestinal lymph drainage in normal sheep and in sheep following thoracic duct occlusion
Authors: Heath Trevor
Published: February 2005

The pathways by which intestinal lymph enters the blood were studied with radiologic and radioactive tracer techniques in normal sheep and in sheep after thoracic duct occlusion. It was concluded that direct connections between the intestinal lymphatics and blood vessels in the abdomen and caudal thorax in normal sheep are very uncommon if they occur at all.

During the first few days after the thoracic duct of sheep was occluded in the thorax, transfer of protein from intestinal lymph to blood was slow. At this time, the abdominal lymphatics were grossly dilated and lymphatic valves incompetent. After about 1–2 weeks, the abdominal lymphatics were of more normal size and drainage of lymph protein to the blood occurred more rapidly. At least some of this protein entered the blood within lymph nodes. After 4–7 weeks, direct vascular connections between the thoracic duct and hemiazygos vein had developed.
Electron microscopic observations on primary decidua formation in the rat
Authors: Jollie William P. , Bencosme Sergio A.
Published: February 2005

Cytological changes in uterine stromal cells of the rat during induced primary decidua formation have been examined electron microscopically. Decidua forming stroma was examined at daily intervals for the five days during which the reaction reaches maximal hypertrophy and hyperplasia and was compared with pseudopregnant, non‐decidual (control) endometrium. Stromal cells of control uteri resemble embryonic fibroblasts. They appear to be of two types, depending on whether they contain rough – or smooth‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. As the decidual reaction progresses, the cells enlarge and become binucleate; cells which contain exclusively rough surface endoplasmic reticulum no longer are evident. Glycogen and fat become abundant, the former in association with smooth‐surfaced membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria become more numerous, smaller, and show evidence of a rearrangement in internal organization. There is a pronounced increase in a fine intracytoplasmic fibrillar component; and a spectrum of “microbodies” and lysosomes appears. At the height of the reaction, the stroma appears epithelioid. The possible functional significance of these changes is discussed.
Histochemical and electron microscopic observations on the salt secreting lacrymal glands of marine turtles
Authors: Abel John H. , Ellis Richard A.
Published: February 2005

The lobular, compound, branched, tubular, salt‐secreting lacrymal glands of two marine turtles,Chelonia mydas and Caretta carettaare similar in structure and in histochemical reactivity. Blood from the centrolobular arteries flows through a rich capillary bed counter to the flow of tubule secretion. The capillary endothelium is reactive for adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). Nerves containing cholinesterase pervade the connective tissue. At the blind ends of the secretory tubules small basophilic peripheral cells contain an abundance of glycogen, monoamine oxidase (MAO) and phosphorylase but little succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) or cytochrome oxidase (CTO). Non‐mitochondrial ATPase is concentrated at the luminal interface of these cells. The larger principal cells, lining the major portion of the secretory tubules, are rich in SDH and CTO but contain relatively little glycogen, MAO or phosphorylase. Broad intercellular channels reactive for mucopolysaccharide are formed by intermeshing, pleomorphic microvilli that fringe the extensive lateral surfaces of the principal cells. The cytoplasm of these cells contains profiles of smoothsurfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SSER), abundant mitochondria, and prominent Golgi membranes. Profiles of SSER and small membrane bound vesicles fill the apical cytoplasm but mitochondria are lacking. The luminal secretory border of the cell is extremely limited in area.

Two types of epithelial cells line the duct system: basal cells that react strongly for non‐specific esterase and MAO; and goblet cells containing mucopolysaccharide, acid phosphatase, cholinesterase, and ATPase.

The principal cells, close to the arterial blood supply, contain the highest concentrations of oxidative enzymes and have special modifications of the cell surface consistent with their role in salt concentration and secretion.
Cell dynamics in the intestine of the mouse from late fetal life to maturity
Authors: O'Connor Thomas M.
Published: February 2005

A normal developmental pattern of the mitotic index, growth of villi and crypts, rate of cell extrusion, and number of villi per duodenal cross section is presented for mice ranging in age from the seventeenth day of gestation through 48 days after birth. These patterns are correlated with the normal increases in both length and weight of the intestine as a whole during this period. Two periods were observed during which there is a 25% reduction in the mitotic index. There is essentially no change in the mitotic index after the twenty‐first postnatal day. Approximately 43% of the 48‐day villus‐crypt height is reached by birth, and approximately 83% of the 48‐day level is reached by the twenty‐first day. No extrusion zones were observed in mice before birth, and a threefold increase in the rate of extrusion was observed between the fifteenth and twenty‐first postnatal day. Growth of the villus‐crypt epithelial cell population appears to be a result of a rate of cell extrusion which is much lower in the young than in the adult animal.
Embryonic modifications of lacertilian intracranial arteries
Authors: Burda Doris J.
Published: February 2005

Intracranial arteries were studied in Crotaphytus adults and in a series of Lacerta embryos. At an early embryonic period, the mesencephalic artery develops posterior to the bifurcation of the cerebral carotid; as the pontine flexure forms at a subsequent stage, the carotid bifurcation becomes relocated further posteriorly, with the result that the definitive mesencephalic artery becomes an outgrowth of the anterior encephalic artery. Additional significant modifications include the progressive fusion of the two posterior encephalic arteries and the extensive branching of the middle cerebral artery along the lateral regions of the hemisphere. During late stages of development, the circulation to the olfactory region is gradually assumed by extracranial arteries, although remnants of intracranial olfactory arteries may occasionally be retained.
Response of the vagina of the spayed guinea pig to low or high doses of estrogen
Authors: Hermreck Arlo S. , Greenwald Gilbert S.
Published: February 2005

Spayed ginea pigs injected daily for 6 to 10 days with 10, 50, 150 μg of estradiol cyclopentylpropionate (ECP) developed a mucified vaginal epithelium, similar to that observed during pregnancy or following treatment of ovariectomized animals with 5 mg progesterone and 1 μg of ECP.

The epithelium did not mucify in spayed guinea pigs given 0.01 to 1.0 μg ECP daily for 10 or more days. Vaginal cornification developed only in animals treated with 1 μg ECP but the reaction was transitory and the keratinized cells were soon replaced by a stratified squamous epithelium.

Spayed and adrenalectomized guinea pigs injected daily with 150 μg ECP developed a stratified squamous epithelium rather than a mucified type. However, the vaginal epithelium was mucified in ovariectomized‐adrenalectomized guinea pigs receiving 150 μg ECP and corticoids or progesterone. This suggests that after treatment with large doses of estrogen the adrenal of the spayed guinea pig produces progestin‐like hormones. These progestins interacting with exogenous estrogen are responsible for vaginal mucification.

On the other hand, spayed rats maintained on 1 or 150 μg of ECP showed continuous vaginal cornification, which indicates that there are species differences in the ability of large doses of estrogen to influence the adrenal.
Further observations on the cutaneous branches of the dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves
Authors: Pearson Anthony A. , Sauter Ronald W. , Buckley Timothy F.
Published: February 2005

Recent investigators suggest that dermatomes extend as consecutive bands from the dorsal median line and question the existence of dorsal axial lines. Our observations were made on serial sections of human embryos and fetuses prepared with neurofibrillar stains.

Cervical nerves 1, 6, 7 and 8 failed to have cutaneous branches in most cases, the remainder usually had cutaneous branches.

With a few exceptions in T 1, all thoracic dorsal rami had cutaneous branches. Usually T 1, 2 and 3 became cutaneous through medial branches, while T 9 through 12 did so through lateral branches. However T 4 through 8 constitute a transition zone where many of these nerves became cutaneous through both medial and lateral branches. Thoracic 4, 5 and 6 tended to have cutaneous distribution through medial branches, but T 7 and 8 through lateral branches.

All lumbar dorsal rami having cutaneous distribution did so through lateral branches, but independent branches became progressively less frequent below L 1. Lumbar 4 lacked direct cutaneous branches in most cases and succeeding nerves in all cases. These nerves form the dorsal sacral plexus.

The deficit in cutaneous distribution of lower lumbar rami was not as pronounced as in the lower cervical region. A deficit is significant in relation to dorsal axial lines.
Differentiation of mouse thymus cultured in diffusion chambers
Authors: Shelton Emma
Published: February 2005

Considerable evidence has been brought forward in recent years to show that thymus growing in intraperitoneally implanted diffusion chambers will partially restore immunological competence to mice thymectomized at birth (Osoba and Miller, '63); Levey, Trainen and Law, '63; Law, Trainen, Levey and Barth, '64; Law, Dunn, Trainen, and Levey, '64; Osoba, ('65). Since it was suggested that the thymus cells secrete a factor that mediates the restoration, it was of interest to examine the thymic cells that grew or survived in the diffusion chamber. Whole thymuses from new‐born mice were grown in thymectomized or intact, syngeneic or allogeneic hosts of various ages. Whole‐mount preparations were made of the thymus tissue after it had grown for from 9‐‐86 days. Thymic lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts migrated rapidly from the explant, the latter forming a sheet that covered the entire chamber. Viable lymphocytes were present in chambers removed from the host after 86 days. The striking feature of the cultures was the differentiation of the epithelium into sheets, clusters, and cords of cells reminiscent of glandular epithelium. Whorls of cells resembling Hassall's bodies were occasionally seen. These epithelial cells were distinguished by the presence of large lipid‐filled vacuoles and neutral mucopolysaccharide in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that the epithelial cells were engaged in secretory activity.
Fine structure of adrenocortical cells in adult male rhesus monkeys
Authors: Brenner Robert M.
Published: February 2005

Adrenals of ten mature male rhesus monkeys were studied by electron microscopy.

Mitochondria had lamelliform cristae in the zona glomerulosa and tubular cristae in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Agranular reticulum of tubular form was scarce in the zona glomerulosa but present in great abundance in the fasciculata and reticularis. The Golgi complex was prominent in the cells of the zona glomerulosa but poorly developed in the cells of the inner cortical zones.

Zona fasciculata cells contained large, highly ordered “stacks” of granular endoplasmic reticulum which showed multiple connections with the random network of tubular agranular reticulum. In the reticularis, granular endoplasmic reticulum was present in more disordered, whorl‐like arrays.

Lipid droplets in the inner cortical regions were enveloped by tubules of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Occasional sections showed these tubules ending blindly at or near the surface of the lipid droplets. This association was strongly suggestive of a functional relationship.

Dense bodies varied in size and complexity of structure throughout the cortex. They were smallest and simplest in form in the zona glomerulosa; those in the zona reticularis were the largest and most complex.