bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Effect of Wheat Bran (Triticum aestivum) Extract on Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis Crystallization
Authors: Sekkoum Khaled , Cheriti Abdelkrim , Taleb Safia
Published: March 2019

Urolithiasis can lead to the loss of renal function in some cases. In this study, we tested the inhibiting effect of wheat bran ( Triticum aestivum L) extract on calcium oxalate crystallization in a turbidimetric model, by FTIR spectroscopy, and polarized microscopy. The results show that this plant extract has a major inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate crystallization.
Perilla frutescens: Interesting New Medicinal and Melliferous Plant in Italy
Authors: Barbieri Cinzia , Ferrazzi Paola
Published: March 2019

The goal of this study is to inform those potentially interested (researchers, farmers, industry and public bodies) in the medicinal and aromatic properties, and profitability of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton (Lamiaceae). Perilla, a medicinal and edible plant of Asian origin, was recently introduced to the Piedmont Region in the northwest of Italy. P. frutescens is commonly known for its anti-allergic, anti-tumor, and antioxidant properties. It is also widely used as human food. We collected a variety of data on Perilla crops in the Piedmont Region, including: agricultural practices, crop profitability, and its value as a bee plant. Our results suggest that ease of cultivation, approximate break-even economics, medicinal claims, and value for bees all contribute to make Perilla of economic interest in Italy.
Histological Study of Some Echium vulgare, Pulmonaria officinalis and Symphytum officinale Populations
Authors: Papp Nóra , Bencsik Tímea , Németh Kitti , Gyergyák Kinga , Sulc Alexandra , Farkas Ágnes
Published: March 2019

Plants living in different ecological habitats can show significant variability in their histological and phytochemical characters. The main histological features of various populations of three medicinal plants from the Boraginaceae family were studied. Stems, petioles and leaves were investigated by light microscopy in vertical and transverse sections. The outline of the epidermal cells, as well as the shape and cell number of trichomes was studied in leaf surface casts. Differences were measured among the populations of Echium vulgare in the width and height of epidermis cells in the stem, petiole and leaf, as well as in the size of palisade cells in the leaves. Among the populations of Pulmonaria officinalis significant differences were found in the length of trichomes and in the slightly or strongly wavy outline of epidermal radial cell walls. Populations of Symphytum officinale showed variance in the height of epidermal cells in leaves and stems, length of palisade cells and number of intercellular spaces in leaves, and the size of the central cavity in the stem. Boraginaceae bristles were found to be longer in plants in windy/shady habitats as opposed to sunny habitats, both in the leaves and stems of P. officinalis and S. officinale, which might be connected to varying levels of exposure to wind. Longer epidermal cells were detected in the leaves and stems of both E. vulgare and S. officinale plants living in shady habitats, compared with shorter cells in sunny habitats. Leaf mesophyll cells were shorter in shady habitats as opposed to longer cells in sunny habitats, both in E. vulgare and S. officinale. This combination of histological characters may contribute to the plant's adaptation to various amounts of sunshine. The reported data prove the polymorphism of the studied taxa, as well as their ability to adapt to various ecological circumstances.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from Corsican Mentha aquatica - Combined Analysis by GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Sutour Sylvain , Tomi Félix , Bradesi Pascale , Casanova Joseph
Published: March 2019

The essential oil (EO) of M. aquatica L. growing wild in Corsica was isolated by dry vapor distillation and submitted to combined analysis by column chromatography over silica gel, GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The composition was dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes and characterized by the occurrence of menthofuran (50.7%) as the major component. In parallel, seven laboratory-distilled oil samples isolated from individual plants collected in Corsica were analyzed by GC(RI) and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Only quantitative differences were observed between the samples. Beside the usual terpenes, various p-menthane lactones (mintlactone, isomintlactone, hydroxymintlactone, menthofurolactone and epimenthofurolactone) have been identified in all the oil samples.
Chemical Polymorphism of Essential Oils from Populations of Laurus nobilis Grown on Tunisia, Algeria and France
Authors: Marzouki Hanen , Khaldi Abdelhamid , Marongiu Bruno , Piras Alessandra , Harzallah-Skhiri Fethia
Published: March 2019

The compositions of the essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of tree Mediterranean populations of Laurus nobilis L. collected during the flowering phase on Tunisia, Algeria and France, were studied by GC and GC-MS. The analysis has allowed identifying 54 components. The main components were 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate (10-18.6%), methyl eugenol (10-22.1%), sabinene (1.2-8%), eugenol (1.2-11.7%) α-pinene (tr-4.5%) and β-pinene (0.4-4.2%). The monoterpene fraction was dominant in all the oils analysed and consisted mainly of oxygenated monoterpenes. The oils from the tree populations studied showed a clear chemical polymorphism. The principal component and the hierarchical cluster analyses separated the Laurus nobilis leaf essential oils into three groups.
Essential Oil from Ocimum basilicum (Omani Basil): A Desert Crop
Authors: Al-Maskri Ahmed Yahya , Hanif Muhammad Asif , Al-Maskari Masoud Yahya , Abraham Alfie Susan , Al-sabahi Jamal Nasser , Al-Mantheri Omar
Published: March 2019

The focus of the present study was on the influence of season on yield, chemical composition, antioxidant and antifungal activities of Omani basil ( Ocimum basilicum) oil. The present study involved only one of the eight Omani basil varieties. The hydro-distilled essential oil yields were computed to be 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.1% in the winter, spring and summer seasons, respectively. The major components identified were L- linalool (26.5 - 56.3%), geraniol (12.1 - 16.5%), 1,8-cineole (2.5 - 15.1%), ρ-allylanisole (0.2 - 13.8%) and DL-limonene (0.2 -10.4%). A noteworthy extra component was β- farnesene, which was exclusively detected in the oil extracted during winter and spring at 6.3% and 5.8%, respectively. The essential oil composition over the different seasons was quite idiosyncratic, in which the principal components of one season were either trivial or totally absent in another. The essential oil extracted in spring exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (except DPPH scavenging ability) in comparison with the oils from other seasons. The basil oil was tested against pathogenic fungi viz. Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Penicillium italicum and Rhizopus stolonifer using a disc diffusion method, and by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. Surprisingly high antifungal values were found highlighting the potential of Omani basil as a preservative in the food and medical industries.
Chemical Composition and Anticandidal Properties of the Essential Oil Isolated from Aerial parts of Cotula cinerea: A Rare and Threatened Medicinal Plant in Morocco
Authors: Bouzidi Leila El , Abbad Abdelaziz , Fattarsi Karine , Hassani Lahcen , Leach David , Markouk Mohammed , Legendre Laurent , Bekkouche Khalid
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition and anticandidal properties of the essential oil of Moroccan Cotula cinerea aerial parts have been examined. GC-MS data were used to identify 24 constituents. Oxygenated monoterpenes constituted the main fraction with trans-thujone (41.4%), cis-verbenyl acetate (24.7%), 1,8-cineole (8.2%) and camphor (5.5%) as the major components. The anticandidal activity of the essential oil was evaluated using a panel of human pathogenic fungi (Candida albicans CCMM L4 and CCMM L5, C. krusei CCMM L10, C. glabrata CCMM L7 and C. parapsilosis CCMM L18). The oil showed high anticandidal activity against all investigated strains with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 3.2 to 4.7 mg/mL depending on the tested yeast and 5.9 mg/mL as a minimal candidicidal concentration value. These findings add significant information to the pharmacological activity of Cotula cinerea essential oil, which may present a good alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of resistant strains of Candida.
Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils from Thymus satureioides and Thymus pallidus
Authors: Ichrak Ghalbane , Rim Belaqziz , Loubna Ait Said , Khalid Oufdou , Abderrahmane Romane , Said El Messoussi
Published: March 2019

This study was designed to examine the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils (EOs) of Thymus satureioides ( T.s) and T. pallidus ( T.p). EOs were isolated by steam distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The major constituents of the volatile fraction of T. satureioides were borneol (29.5%), carvacrol (9.1%), and β-caryophyllene (8.2%), while those of T. pallidus were camphor (29.8%), dihydrocarvone (17.6%), borneol (7.6%) and camphene (7.5%). The essential oils were tested against a panel of Gram+ and Gram- bacteria by using agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. The data indicated that the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis was the most sensitive strain producing an average inhibition zone of 51.7 mm. Furthermore, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, known as a resistant strain, was also sensitive. The samples were also subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The IC50 values of the oil of T. satureioides and T. pallidus were 0.32 and 11.6 mg/mL, respectively.
Isolation of the Volatile Oil from Satureja thymbra by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction: Chemical Composition and Biological Activity
Authors: Piras Alessandra , Cocco Viviana , Falconieri Danilo , Porcedda Silvia , Marongiu Bruno , Maxia Andrea , Frau Maria Assunta , Gonçalves Maria J. , Cavaleiro Carlos , Salgueiro Ligia
Published: March 2019

Satureja thymbra L. is well known in Italy by the popular name of “Santoreggia sarda”. It grows only in Sardinia and nowadays it is restricted to the slope of the Colle San Michele in Cagliari.

The composition of the aromatic extracts obtained by supercritical CO2 and by hydrodistillation and their antifungal activity is reported. The collected extracts were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS methods. No significant differences were observed in the composition of the volatile extracts depending on the extraction method. The results showed the presence of thymol, γ-terpinene, β-caryophyllene, p-cymene, carvacrol and borneol as main components. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal lethal concentration (MLC) were used to evaluate the antifungal activity of the oils against Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. guillermondii, C. parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, Trichophyton rubrum, T. verrucosum, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus and A. flavus. The volatile extracts revealed a wide-spectrum antifungal activity. They were fungicidal and similarly potent against yeasts, dermatophyte and Aspergillus stains, with MICs ranging from 0.16 to 0.32 μL.mL−1.
Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Leaf and Root Volatile Oils of Morinda lucida
Authors: Okoh Sunday O. , Asekun Olayinka T. , Familoni Oluwole B. , Afolayan Anthony J.
Published: March 2019

Morinda lucida (L.) Benth. (Rubiacae) is used in traditional medicine in many West African countries for the treatment of various human diseases. The leaves and roots of this plant were subjected to hydrodistillation to obtain volatile oils which were analyzed by high resolution GC/MS. Fifty compounds were identified in the leaf volatile oil and the major compounds were α-terpinene (17.8%) and β–bisabolene (16.3%). In the root oil, 18 compounds were identified, the major constituents being 3-fluoro- p-anidine (51.8%) and hexadecanoic acid (12.0%). Antioxidant activities of the oils were examined using the DPPH, ABTS, reducing power and lipid peroxidation assays. All assays were concentration dependent with varying antioxidant potentials. The antioxidant activity of the root volatile oil of M. lucida was similar to that of the standard drugs used.
Triterpenoid Acids and Lactones from the Leaves of Fadogia tetraquetra var. tetraquetra (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Mulholland Dulcie A. , Mohammed Abdelhafeez M.A. , Coombes Philip H. , Haque Shafiul , Pohjala Leena L. , Tammela Päivi S.M. , Crouch Neil R.
Published: March 2019

Four triterpenoids isolated from the leaves of Fadogia tetraquetra var. tetraquetra, 3β-hydroxy-11α,12α-epoxyoleanan-28,13β-olide (1), 3β-hydroxyurs-11-en-28,13β-olide (2), oleanolic acid (3), and ursolic acid (4), were evaluated for their antiviral and antibacterial properties. Compound 4 showed potent activity against the Semliki Forest virus with an IC50 of 14.7 μM, but was also found to be significantly cytotoxic (68% reduction in cell viability after 24 hours exposure at 50 μM) towards baby hamster kidney (BHK21) host cells. A viability assay on the mammalian human hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) cell line showed no significant effects on intracellular ATP content after 48 hours exposure to compounds 1-4 at this concentration. Compound 4 also inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 12.5 μM), but was inactive against Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compounds 1-3 were inactive against all tested bacterial strains at 50 μM concentration.
Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Biological Activity of a New Alkaloid from Zanthoxylum rhetsa
Authors: Krohn Karsten , Cludius-Brandt Stephan , Schulz Barbara , Sreelekha Mambatta , Shafi Pottachola Mohamed
Published: March 2019

Several biologically active alkaloids (1-4, 6), including a new quinazoline-6-carboxylic acid (1), were isolated from the medicinal plant Zanthoxylum rhetsa, an evergreen tree, native to subtropical areas. Whereas the pharmacological properties of the plant extract and single constituents have been widely tested, we now show that all of the metabolites have antialgal activities, all but 6 are antibacterial, and 6 and the reduction product 5 (derived from 4) are also antifungal.
Flavonoids from Algerian Endemic Centaurea microcarpa and their Chemotaxonomical Significance
Authors: Louaar Souheila , Achouri Amel , Lefahal Mostefa , Laouer Hocine , Medjroubi Kamel , Duddeck Helmut , Akkal Salah
Published: March 2019

Six flavonoids, namely 6-methoxykaempferol (1), 6-methoxykaempferol 7- O-glucoside (2), kaempferol 7- O-glucoside (3), 6-methoxyluteolin (4), patuletin 7- O-glucoside (5), and hispidulin 7- O-glucoside (6), were isolated from a n-butanolic fraction of Centaurea microcarpa Coss et Dur. flowers. This work describes for the first time the phytochemical composition of this endemic Algerian plant.
Application to Classification of Mulberry Leaves using Multivariate Analysis of Proton NMR Metabolomic Data
Authors: Fukuda Eriko , Yoshida Motoyuki , Baba Masaki , Uesawa Yoshihiro , Suzuki Ryuichiro , Kamo Osamu , Tsubono Koji , Arifuku Kazunori , Yatsunami Kazuhisa , Okada Yoshihito
Published: March 2019

Recently, NMR-based metabolomic analysis has been used to acquire information based on differentiation among biological samples. In the present study, we examined whether multivariate analysis was able to be applied to natural products and/or material field. Each extraction of 24 leaf samples, divided into six locations from the tip of the stem in each of four strains, was analyzed by pattern recognition methods, known as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA). Twenty-four extracts from mulberry leaf showed independent spectra by 1H NMR. The separation of leaf extraction data due to the difference at six locations was achieved in the PCA score plot as correlation PC1 (86.1%) and PC3 (4.6%) and showed two loading plots, suggesting classification by leaf position as an independent variable in the loading plot. Moreover, the difference among six locations clarified the seven highest discrimination powers by the SIMCA method. Meanwhile, the PCA score plot obtained classification by the variety of mulberry strains with three loading plots, but the SIMCA method did not give a peak by classification.

Our findings demonstrate that NMR multivariate analysis was able to be applied to the classification of mulberry leaf extracts by leaf position and strain.
Antiparasitic and Antimicrobial Isoflavanquinones from Abrus schimperi
Authors: Rahman Aziz A. , Samoylenko Volodymyr , Jain Surendra K. , Tekwani Babu L. , Khan Shabana I. , Jacob Melissa R. , Midiwo Jacob O. , Hester John P. , Walker Larry A. , Muhammad Ilias
Published: March 2019

The EtOH extract of Abrus schimperi (Fabaceae), collected in Kenya, demonstrated significant activity against Leishmania donovani promastigotes with IC50 value of 3.6 μg/mL. Bioassay-guided fractionation of CHCl3 fraction using Centrifugal Preparative TLC afforded two antiparasitic isoflavanquinones, namely amorphaquinone (1) and pendulone (2). They displayed IC50 values of 0.63 μg/mL and 0.43 μg/mL, respectively, against L. donovani promastigotes. Both the compounds were also evaluated against L. donovani axenic amastigotes and amastigotes in THP1 macrophage cultures. In addition, compounds 1 and 2 showed antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2 strains, while 2 displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (each IC50 1.44 μg/mL). The 1H and 13C data of 1, not fully assigned previously, were unambiguously assigned using 1D and 2D NMR HMBC and HMQC experiments. In addition, the absolute stereochemistry of the isolated compounds 1 and 2 was revised as C-(3 S) based on Circular Dichroism experiments. This appears to be the first report of amorphaquinone (1) and pendulone (2) from the genus Abrus.
Arbutin Derivatives from the Seeds of Madhuca latifolia
Authors: Khan Shazia , Kardar M. Nadeem , Siddiqui Bina S.
Published: March 2019

A new arbutin derivative, madhuglucoside (1), along with three known arbutin derivatives were isolated from the seeds of Madhuca latifolia in addition to seven other known constituents. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral analysis. Compounds 1a, 2a and 3a were obtained in a pure state after acetylation of the mother fraction and characterized as their acetyl derivatives.
Antioxidant Activity of Protein Hydrolysates from Aqueous Extract of Velvet Antler (Cervus elaphus) as Influenced by Molecular Weight and Enzymes
Authors: Zhao Lei , Luo Yang-Chao , Wang Cheng-Tao , Ji Bao-Ping
Published: March 2019

The crude protein hydrolysates from aqueous extract of velvet antler (AEVA) were prepared by simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGI, pepsin-pancreatin) using pancreatin-pepsin, alcalase and neutrase. The resulting hydrolysates were separated by sequential ultrafiltration into four fractions. The antioxidant activities of peptide fractions were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and Fe2+-chelating assays. Results showed that the hydrolysate prepared by SGI had a low degree of hydrolysis, which was significantly improved with altered proteases, such as pancreatin-pepsin and alcalase. Antioxidant activities of peptide fractions varied with molecular weight (MW) and the enzyme used. Generally, low-MW peptide fractions had higher ABTS radical scavenging activity and Fe2+-chelating ability, and high-MW peptide fractions were more effective in DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power.
In vitro Antiprotozoal Activity of Extracts of five Turkish Lamiaceae Species
Authors: Kirmizibekmez Hasan , Atay Irem , Kaiser Marcel , Yesilada Erdem , Tasdemir Deniz
Published: March 2019

The in vitro antiprotozoal activities of crude methanolic extracts from the aerial parts of five Lamiaceae plants ( Salvia tomentosa, S. sclarea, S. dichroantha, Nepeta nuda subsp. nuda and Marrubium astracanicum subsp. macrodon) were evaluated against four parasitic protozoa, i.e. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, Leishmania donovani and Plasmodium falciparum. The cytotoxic potentials of the extracts on L6 cells were also evaluated. Melarsoprol, benznidazole, miltefosine, chloroquine and podophyllotoxin were used as reference drugs. All crude MeOH extracts showed antiprotozoal potential against at least three parasites, so they were dispersed in water and partitioned against n-hexane and chloroform to yield three subextracts that were screened in the same test systems. The n-hexane extract of N. nuda was the most active against T. brucei rhodesiense while the CHCl3 extracts of S. tomentosa and S. dichroantha showed significant activity against L. donovani. All organic extracts displayed in vitro antimalarial and moderate trypanocidal activities against T. cruzi with the n-hexane extract of S. sclarea being the most active against the latter. The extracts displayed low or no cytotoxicity towards mammalian L6 cells.
Composition of the Essential Oil of Origanum tyttanthum from Tajikistan
Authors: Sharopov Farukh S. , Kukaniev Muhamadsho A. , Setzer William N.
Published: March 2019

Origanum tyttanthum Gontsch. was collected from two different sites in south-central Tajikistan. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. A total of 52 compounds were identified representing 99.0-100% of total oil compositions. The major components of Origanum tyttanthum Gontsch. oil were carvacrol (34.3-59.2%), thymol (10.8-46.4%), p-cymene (0.7-7.3%), β-thujone (1.9-4.1%), piperitenone oxide (0.1-3.8%), γ-terpinene (0.3-3.5%), cis-piperitone epoxide (0.8-3.3%), carvacrol acetate (0.4-2.4%), menthone (0.6-2.1%) and borneol (1.0-2.3%).
Volatiles of French Ferns and “fougère” Scent in Perfumery
Authors: Froissard Didier , Fons Françoise , Bessière Jean-Marie , Buatois Bruno , Rapior Sylvie
Published: March 2019

Six French ferns were investigated for volatile organic compounds (VOC) by GC-MS using organic solvent extraction. Seventy-seven VOC biosynthesized from the shikimic, lipidic and terpenic pathways, including isoprenoid derivatives, were identified from these putative natural resources. Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes contained mainly polyketides with an oily or waxy odor. ( E)-2-Hexenal and ( Z)-3-hexenol, responsible for the “green odor”, were found in high contents in Polystichum setiferum, Dryopteris dilatata and Phegopteris connectilis. In the last, 7.4% of coumarin with a cut hay scent was highlighted from the volatile fraction. ( E)-3-Hexenoic acid and ( E)-2-hexenoic acid, both with herbal and fruity notes, were identified in Gymnocarpium dryopteris and Pteridium aquilinum. 1-Octen-3-ol, well-known for its mushroom-like odor, was abundant in all analyzed French ferns. While the “fougère” fragrance is claimed by the perfumers to be a fantasy scent, coumarin, ( E)-2-hexenal, ( Z)-3-hexenol and 1-octen-3-ol are the main odorous components of the perfumes belonging to the fougère accord family. This suggests that the fougère scent from the perfumers’ imagination is a natural fragrance.
Composition of Three Essential Oils, and their Mammalian Cell Toxicity and Antimycobacterial Activity against Drug Resistant-Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Strains
Authors: Bueno Juan , Escobar Patricia , Martínez Jairo René , Leal Sandra Milena , Stashenko Elena E.
Published: March 2019

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most ancient epidemic disease in the world and a serious opportunistic disease in HIV/AIDS patients. The increase in multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB, XDR-TB) demands the search for novel antimycobacterial drugs. Essential oils (EOs) have been widely used in medicine and some EOs and their major components have been shown to be active against M. tuberculosis. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antimycobacterial and cell toxicity activities of three EOs derived from Salvia aratocensis, Turnera diffusa and Lippia americana, aromatics plants collected in Colombia. The EOs were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS techniques. The EOs were tested against 15 Mycobacterium spp using a colorimetric macrodilution method and against mammalian Vero and THP-1 cells by MTT. The activity was expressed as minimal concentration in μg/mL that inhibits growth, and the concentration that is cytotoxic for 50 or 90% of the cells (CC50 and CC90). The major components were epi-α-cadinol (20.1%) and 1,10-di- epi-cubenol (14.2%) for Salvia aratocensis; drima-7,9(11)-diene (22.9%) and viridiflorene (6.6%) for Turnera diffusa; and germacrene D (15.4%) and trans-β- caryophyllene (11.3%) for Lippia americana. The most active EO was obtained from S. aratocensis, with MIC values below 125 μg mL−1 for M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype strains, and 200 to 500 μg mL−1 for nontuberculous mycobacterial strains. The EOs were either partially or non toxic to Vero and THP-1 mammalian cells with CC50 values from 30 to >100 μg mL−1, and a CC90 >100 μg mL−1. The EOs obtained from the three aromatic Colombian plants are an important source of potential compounds against TB. Future studies using the major EO components are recommended.
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Flower Essential Oil of Halimodendron halodendron
Authors: Wang Jihua , Liu Hao , Gao Haifeng , Zhao Jianglin , Zhou Ligang , Han Jianguo , Yu Zhu , Yang Fuyu
Published: March 2019

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the flowers of Halimondendron halodendron (Leguminosae) was analyzed for its chemical composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Undecane (16.4%), dodecane (15.3%), tridecane (12.5%), decane (8.2%), 6,10,14-trimethyl-pentadecan-2-one (6.3%), methyl palmitate (6.0%), methyl linolenate (4.1%) and ethylcyclohexane (4.1%) were the major compounds of the thirty-five identified components of the oil. The essential oil was shown to have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity with MIC values ranging from 100 to 250 μg/mL, and IC50 values from 40.4 to 193.8 μg/mL. The oil also showed strong antioxidant activity, with an especially high metal chelating capacity of ferrous ions with an IC50 value of 7.4 μg/mL on ferrozine-Fe2+ complex formation.
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf and Twig Oils of Litsea acutivena from Taiwan
Authors: Ho Chen-Lung , Liao Pei-Chun , Wang Eugene I-Chen , Su Yu-Chang
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition, and antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the essential oils isolated from the leaves and twigs of Litsea acutivena of Taiwan were investigated. The essential oils from the fresh leaves and twigs were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC–FID and GC–MS. Ninety-five and fifty-two compounds were identified in the leaf and twig oils, respectively. The main components of the leaf oil were γ-patchoulene (11.0%), δ-cadinene (6.3%), trans-muurola-3,5-diene (5.9%), and β-selinene (5.3%), whereas the main components of the twig oil were τ-cadinol (13.1%), β-selinene (9.6%), trans-β-ocimene (6.2%) and α-cadinol (7.7%). Bioactivity studies demonstrated that twig oil had excellent antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities, superior to those of the leaf oil. For the antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the twig oil, the active compounds were determined to be τ-cadinol and α-cadinol.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Volatile Oil from Fusarium tricinctum, the Endophytic Fungus in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhao Jianglin , Wang Jihua , Shan Tijiang , Mou Yan , Zhou Ligang , Wang Jingguo
Published: March 2019

The volatile oil, obtained by hydrodistillation from Fusarium tricinctum, the endophytic fungus isolated from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). trans-1,2,3,3a,4,7a-Hexahydro-7a-methyl-5H-inden-5-one (73.1%), 2-methylene-4,8,8-trimethyl-4-vinyl bicyclo [5.2.0] nonane (12.0%), and 2,6-dimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl) bicyclo [3.1.1] hept-2-ene (4.5%) were the major compounds of the 15 identified components accounting for 95.4% of the volatile oil. The antimicrobial activity of the volatile oil was assayed against eight bacteria and two fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the volatile oil against the test bacteria ranged from 25 to 45 μg/mL. The MIC values against the fungi Candida albicans and Magnaporthe oryzae were 100 and 225 μg/mL, respectively. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the volatile oil against the test bacteria ranged from 17.8 to 31.6 μg/mL, and those of the volatile oil against C. albicans and M. oryzae were 84.3 and 204.3 μg/mL, respectively.
Analysis of Native Carotenoid Composition of Sweet Bell Peppers by Serially Coupled C30 Columns
Authors: Giuffrida Daniele , Dugo Paola , Dugo Giacomo , Torre Germana , Mondello Luigi
Published: March 2019

Serial coupled columns reversed-phase separations in high-performance liquid chromatography can be a useful tool for the analysis of complex real samples. The great difficulties found when analyzing complex carotenoid samples, due to the high natural variability of these compounds, as well as to the presence of carotenoid esters, are well documented. In the present contribution, the applicability of connecting two C30 columns to increase significantly the separation power, resolution and peak capacity for the analysis of carotenoids in a complex carotenoid sample, like sweet bell peppers, has been shown for the first time. By using LC coupled to PDA/APCI-MS detectors, 56 different carotenoids have been detected in red sweet bell peppers. By using two serial coupled C30 columns a peak capacity of 95.4 was obtained, compared with 73 achieved using a single column. Moreover, resolution greatly improved between different critical peaks when using two serial coupled C30 columns, compared with a single column. Interestingly, free carotenoids, mono-esters and diesters were quantitatively equally represented (around 33% for each different class) in red sweet bell pepper, showing, therefore, a value for the ratio of mono-esters/di-esters of around 1, which could be considered a parameter of typicality. Free β-carotene (12.6%), capsanthin-C14:0 (8.4%), and capsanthin-C12:0-C14:0 (8.9%) were the most abundant carotenoids in the three different classes of red sweet bell pepper. No carotenoid esters were detected in either yellow or green sweet bell peppers. The application of such methodology in the analysis of other complex carotenoid matrices could be a future objective of research.
New Antifungal Cholestane and Aldehyde Derivatives from the Red Alga Laurencia papillosa
Authors: Alarif Walied M. , Al-Lihaibi Sultan S. , Abdel-Lateff Ahmed , Ayyad Seif-Eldin N.
Published: March 2019

The chloroform/methanol extract of the red alga, Laurencia papillosa, collected from the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia, was found to contain two cholestane derivatives: 3α, 6α-dihydroxy-5β-cholestan-12-one (1) and the known, 6β-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (2), which was isolated separately in a pure form for the first time. In addition to these compounds, a new aldehyde derivative, ( E)-2-{( E) tridec-2-en-2-yl} heptadec-2-enal (3), was isolated. The structures of all compounds were established based on extensive spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR) and mass spectrometric studies. All compounds, except 2, were tested for their antifungal activity. Significant activities were associated with 1 and 3 against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and A. flavus.
Isolation and Cholinesterase Activity of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids from Nerine bowdenii
Authors: Cahlíková Lucie , Zavadil Stanislav , Macáková Kateřna , Valterová Irena , Kulhánková Andrea , Hošt'álková Anna , Kuneš Jiří , Opletal Lubomír
Published: March 2019

Amaryllidaceae species are known as ornamental plants. Some contain galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The chemical composition of the alkaloid extract of bulbs of Nerine bowdenii Watson has been analyzed by means of GC/MS. Twenty-two compounds were detected and nineteen of them identified, one of which was belladine. The alkaloid extract showed promising cholinesterase inhibitory activities against human blood acetylcholinesterase (HuAChE; IC50= 87.9±3.5 μg/mL) and human plasma butyrylcholinesterase (HuBuChE; IC50 = 14.8±1.1 μg/mL). Belladine inhibited HuAChE and HuBuChE in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 781±12.5 μM and 284.8±4.2 μM, respectively.
Pyridine Metabolism and Trigonelline Synthesis in Leaves of the Mangrove Legume trees Derris indica (Millettia pinnata) and Caesalpinia crista
Authors: Yin Yuling , Sasamoto Hamako , Ashihara Hiroshi
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study was to reveal the pyridine metabolism in leaves of two mangrove legumes, Derris indica (= Millettia pinnata or Pongamia pinnata) and Caesalpinia crista. Radioactivity from [carbonyl-14C]nicotinamide supplied exogenously to young leaf disks was recovered in nicotinic acid, nicotinic acid mononucleotide, NAD, NADP, nicotinamide mononucleotide and trigonelline. These mangrove species, especially D. indica, have strong ability to convert nicotinamide to trigonelline, but not to nicotinic acid glucoside. The endogenous trigonelline content in leaves of D. indica was more than 830 μg/g dry weight. This value is 5-12 times greater than that in leaves of Glycine max. There was little short-term effect of 250 and 500 mM NaCl (equivalent to ca. 50% and 100% sea water) on nicotinamide metabolism.
Anti-adipogenic Activity of Cordyceps militaris in 3T3-L1 Cells
Authors: Liu Qing , Hong In Pyo , Ahn Mi-Jeong , Yoo Hwan-Soo , Han Sang-Bae , Hwang Bang Yeon , Lee Mi Kyeong
Published: March 2019

Inhibition of adipocytes differentiation is suggested to be an important strategy for prevention and/or treatment of obesity. In our present study, Cordyceps militaris showed significant inhibitory activity on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes as assessed by measuring fat accumulation using Oil Red O staining. Activity-guided fractionation led to the isolation of cordycepin (1), guanosine (2) and tryptophan (3) as active compounds. All the three compounds were more effective in the prevention of early stage of adipogenesis than in lipolysis. In addition, combinational treatment of three compounds significantly increased anti-adipogenic activity.
Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Total Phenols and Flavonoids from Dry Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Leaves
Authors: Karabegović Ivana T. , Veljković Vlada B. , Lazić Miodrag L.
Published: March 2019

Yields of extracted substances, as well as total phenol and flavonoid compounds obtained by classical and ultrasonic extractions from dry leaves of two tobacco types (oriental and Virginia) by two different solvents (acetone and methanol) at two operating temperatures (25 and 40oC) were compared. The yield of extractive, as well as total phenol and flavonoid compounds depended on the type of solvent, operational temperature and the tobacco type. The importance of these factors was assessed using 24 full factorial experiments without replication.
Characterization of Polyphenolic Compounds in Unripe Chinotto (Citrus myrtifolia) Fruit by HPLC/PDA/ESI/MS-MS
Authors: Scordino Monica , Sabatino Leonardo , Belligno Adalgisa , Gagliano Giacomo
Published: March 2019

The flavonoid and furocoumarin composition was investigated of peel and pulp tissues of unripe fruits of Citrus myrtifolia Rafinesque, an ingredient of the popular soft drink “chinotto”. Compound separation and identification was made using an HPLC-PDA detector coupled to ESI/MS/MS in positive and negative mode. Eighteen compounds (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-, C- and O-glycosyl flavonoids, furocoumarins and polymethoxylated flavones) were identified and quantified. Data indicated that the overall amount of flavonoids and furocoumarins in peel was higher than in the pulp, even though their relative distribution did not significantly change, apart from a different distribution of flavones and a lower content of naringin in the peel.
Ferric Reducing, Antiradical and β-Carotene Bleaching Activities of Nicotinic Acid and Picolinic Acid Bioconjugates of Curcumin
Authors: Pandey Archana , Pandey Kanti Bhooshan , Gupta Ravindra Kumar , Rizvi Syed Ibrahim
Published: March 2019

Although curcumin displays several beneficial properties, its medicinal use is limited by its low bioavailability. In the present study we report the antioxidant potentials of two bioconjugates of curcumin with nicotinic acid and picolinic acid: di- O-nicotinoyl curcumin [1,7-bis (4- O-nicotinoyl-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3, 5-dione] and di- O-picolinoyl curcumin [1,7-bis (4- O-picolinoyl-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3, 5-dione], in terms of ferric reducing, radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching abilities, and comparing the observed activity with that of curcumin. Results demonstrate that both the bioconjugates possess higher antioxidant potentials as evidenced by enhanced ferric reducing, radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching abilities, in comparison with curcumin. On the basis of our results we conclude that these bioconjugates of curcumin may be better than curcumin for medicinal and pharmacological applications.
Isolation of C-glycosyl Xanthones from Coffea pseudozanguebariae and Their Location
Authors: Talamond Pascale , Conejero Geneviève , Verdeil Jean-Luc , Poëssel Jean-Luc
Published: March 2019

The biochemical composition of leaves from Coffea pseudozanguebariae, a wild caffeine-free coffee species, was determined. Two phenolic compounds were extracted from leaves, separated and characterized. Their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and were shown to be mangiferin (1) and isomangiferin (2), which were the main polyphenol products. Multiphoton fluorescence imaging was performed to visualize polyphenol distribution in leaf cross sections. Consistent biochemical analysis cell imaging techniques on leaves revealed yellow fluorescence in the epidermis and parenchyma cells corresponding to xanthone compounds.
Antifungal Activity and Isomerization of Octadecyl p-coumarates from Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa
Authors: Nidiry Eugene Sebastian J. , Ganeshan Girija , Lokesha Ankanahalli N.
Published: March 2019

Bioassay monitored HPLC assisted isolation and purification of the chief antifungal fraction of the leaves of Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Convulvulaceae) were achieved using Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Cladosporium cucumerinum as test organisms. The activity of the purified fraction was further confirmed by the dose dependent inhibition of the spore germination of Alternaria alternata and A. porri. The active fraction was identified as a mixture of ( E)-octadecyl p-coumarate and ( Z)-octadecyl p-coumarate. The two isomers were detected on an HPLC column with substantially different retention times, but once eluted from the column, one form was partly converted to the other in daylight. Conclusive evidence for the structures and their isomerization were obtained from the HPLC behavior, IR, UV, HRESIMS, CIMS and NMR spectral data. Important 1H NMR and 13C NMR signals could be separately assigned for the isomers using 2D NMR techniques.
New Glucose Esters from the Fresh Leaves of Jacaranda mimosaefolia
Authors: Elusiyan Christianah A. , Olugbade Tiwalade A.
Published: March 2019

From the fresh leaves of Jacaranda mimosaefolia were isolated Phytoquinoids 1-4 established as β-D-glucopyranose 2-benzeneacetate1,6-bis(1-hydroxy-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-acetate), for which the name Jacaranoside is proposed; β-D-glucopyranose 2-(4-hydroxybenzeneacetate) 1,6-bis(1-hydroxy-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-acetate), for which the name Jacarandol is proposed; β-D-glucopyranose 2-benzeneacetate 1-(1-hydroxy-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-acetate) and β-D-glucopyranose 1,6-bis (1-hydroxy-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-acetate) respectively.
Shamiminol: A New Aromatic Glycoside from the Stem Bark of Bombax ceiba
Authors: Faizi Shaheen , Zikr-Ur-Rehman Sadia , Versiani Muhammad Ali
Published: March 2019

A new aromatic glycoside, shamiminol was isolated from the stem bark of Bombax ceiba along with the known constituents stigmasta-3,5-diene, lupenone, (±)-lyoniresinol 2a- O-β-D-glucopyranoside and opuntiol, obtained for the first time from this plant. The structure of shamiminol was elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric studies as 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol 1- O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1).
Two New Phenolic Glycosides from Viburnum plicatum var. plicatum f. plicatum
Authors: Katagiri Saki , Watanabe Yoshiki , Yaoita Yasunori , Kikuchi Masao , Machida Koichi
Published: March 2019

Two new glycosides, named dideoxyplicatumoside A (1) and erythro-syringylglycerol-β- O-4′-(+)-isoeucommin A 4′″- O-β-D-glucopyrano-side (2), together with seven known compounds, were isolated from the leaves of Viburnum plicatum Thunb. ex Murray var. plicatum f. plicatum. Their structures were established on the basis of NMR, MS and chemical data.
Kinase Inhibitory, Haemolytic and Cytotoxic Activity of Three Deep-water Sponges from North Western Australia and their Fatty Acid Composition
Authors: Zivanovic Ana , Pastro Natalie J. , Fromont Jane , Thomson Murray , Skropeta Danielle
Published: March 2019

The cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibition, haemolytic activity, and cytoxicity of 21 extracts obtained from North Western Australian sponges collected from depths of 84-135 m were investigated. Hexane extracts from Ircinia/Sarcotragus sp. and Geodia sp. displayed PKA inhibitory activities of 100 and 97% respectively (at 100 μg/mL), while aq. methanol extracts from Haliclona sp. exhibited potent haemolytic activity (75%) and hexane extracts from Geodia sp. were highly toxic (88%) to the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. As the non-polar extracts gave the greatest PKA inhibition, these were further analysed by GCMS and 29 fatty acids were identified in the highest proportions in Ircinia/Sarcotragus sp. > Haliclona sp. > Geodia sp. In contrast to shallow-water sponges that are dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids with a high percentage of long chain fatty acids, LCFAs (C24-C30), the deep-sea sponges investigated herein were all found to be rich in saturated fatty acids, in particular C14-C20 fatty acids, including odd and branched chain fatty acids, with only low levels (0-10%) of LCFAs. Screening of the PKA inhibitory activity of a series of commercially available fatty acids identified C14-C18 fatty acids as possessing significant PKA inhibitory activity that may contribute to the activity observed in the sponges studied.
Gas Chromatographic Quantitative Analysis of Methanol in Wine: Operative Conditions, Optimization and Calibration Model Choice
Authors: Caruso Rosario , Gambino Grazia Laura , Scordino Monica , Sabatino Leonardo , Traulo Pasqualino , Gagliano Giacomo
Published: March 2019

The influence of the wine distillation process on methanol content has been determined by quantitative analysis using gas chromatographic flame ionization (GC-FID) detection. A comparative study between direct injection of diluted wine and injection of distilled wine was performed. The distillation process does not affect methanol quantification in wines in proportions higher than 10%. While quantification performed on distilled samples gives more reliable results, a screening method for wine injection after a 1:5 water dilution could be employed. The proposed technique was found to be a compromise between the time consuming distillation process and direct wine injection. In the studied calibration range, the stability of the volatile compounds in the reference solution is concentration-dependent. The stability is higher in the less concentrated reference solution. To shorten the operation time, a stronger temperature ramp and carrier flow rate was employed. With these conditions, helium consumption and column thermal stress were increased. However, detection limits, calibration limits, and analytical method performances are not affected substantially by changing from normal to forced GC conditions.

Statistical data evaluation were made using both ordinary (OLS) and bivariate least squares (BLS) calibration models. Further confirmation was obtained that limit of detection (LOD) values, calculated according to the 3σ approach, are lower than the respective Hubaux-Vos (H-V) calculation method. H-V LOD depends upon background noise, calibration parameters and the number of reference standard solutions employed in producing the calibration curve. These remarks are confirmed by both calibration models used.
High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein in Osteoarthritic Knee Tissue and Chondrogenic Progenitor Cells: An Ex Vivo and In Vitro Study
Authors: Wagner Gunar , Lehmann Christoph , Bode Christa , Miosge Nicolai , Schubert Andrea
Published: March 2019

Objective

In osteoarthritis (OA), a loss of healthy cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) results in cartilage degeneration. Attracting chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPCs) to injury sites and stimulating them toward chondrogenic expression profiles is a regenerative approach in OA therapy. High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is associated with chemoattractant and proinflammatory effects in various pathological processes. Here, we investigate the migratory effects of HMGB1 in knee OA and CPCs for the first time.

Design

Immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry were performed to identify HMGB1 and its receptors, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in OA knee tissue, chondrocytes, and CPCs. In situ hybridization for HMGB1 mRNA was performed in CPCs ex vivo. The chemoattractant effects of HMGB1 on CPCs were analyzed in cell migration assays.

Results

HMGB1 expression in OA tissue and OA chondrocytes was higher than in healthy specimens and cells. HMGB1, RAGE, and TLR4 were expressed in CPCs and chondrocytes. In situ hybridization revealed HMGB1 mRNA in CPCs after migration into OA knee tissue, and immunohistochemistry confirmed HMGB1 expression at the protein level. Stimulation via HMGB1 significantly increased the migration of CPCs.

Conclusions

Our results show the chemoattractant role of HMGB1 in knee OA. HMGB1 is released by chondrocytes and has migratory effects on CPCs. These effects might be mediated via RAGE and TLR4. The in vitro and ex vivo results of this study need to be confirmed in vivo.