bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Severe Accident Caused by an Ocellate River Stingray (Potamotrygon motoro) in Central Brazil: How Well Do We Really Understand Stingray Venom Chemistry, Envenomation, and Therapeutics?
Authors: Da Silva Nelson , Ferreira Kalley , Pinto Raimundo , Aird Steven
Published: June 2015

Freshwater stingrays cause many serious human injuries, but identification of the offending species is uncommon. The present case involved a large freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon motoro (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae), in the Araguaia River in Tocantins, Brazil. Appropriate first aid was administered within ~15 min, except that an ice pack was applied. Analgesics provided no pain relief, although hot compresses did. Ciprofloxacin therapy commenced after ~18 h and continued seven days. Then antibiotic was suspended; however, after two more days and additional tests, cephalosporin therapy was initiated, and proved successful. Pain worsened despite increasingly powerful analgesics, until debridement of the wound was performed after one month. The wound finally closed ~70 days after the accident, but the patient continued to have problems wearing shoes even eight months later. Chemistry and pharmacology of Potamotrygon venom and mucus, and clinical management of freshwater stingray envenomations are reviewed in light of the present case. Bacterial infections of stingray puncture wounds may account for more long-term morbidity than stingray venom. Simultaneous prophylactic use of multiple antibiotics is recommended for all but the most superficial stingray wounds. Distinguishing relative contributions of venom, mucus, and bacteria will require careful genomic and transcriptomic investigations of stingray tissues and contaminating bacteria.
The Effect of Oral Administration of dsRNA on Viral Replication and Mortality in Bombus terrestris
Authors: Piot Niels , Snoeck Simon , Vanlede Maarten , Smagghe Guy , Meeus Ivan
Published: June 2015

Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), a single-stranded RNA virus, has a worldwide distribution and affects honeybees as well as other important pollinators. IAPV infection in honeybees has been successfully repressed by exploiting the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway of the insect’s innate immune response with virus-specific double stranded RNA (dsRNA). Here we investigated the effect of IAPV infection in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris and its tissue tropism. B. terrestris is a common pollinator of wild flowers in Europe and is used for biological pollination in agriculture. Infection experiments demonstrated a similar pathology and tissue tropism in bumblebees as reported for honeybees. The effect of oral administration of virus-specific dsRNA was examined and resulted in an effective silencing of the virus, irrespective of the length. Interestingly, we observed that non-specific dsRNA was also efficient against IAPV. However further study is needed to clarify the precise mechanism behind this effect. Finally we believe that our data are indicative of the possibility to use dsRNA for a broad range viral protection in bumblebees.
De la villa antique à l’établissement alto-médiéval de la Maladrerie à Saillans (Drôme). Permanences et mutations jusqu’au VIIIe siècle.
Authors: Le Roy Ludovic , Berdeaux-Le Brazidec Marie-Laure , Malignas Adrien , Rovira Núria
Published: June 2015

De la villa antigua al establecimiento alto-medieval de la Maladrerie en Saillans (Drôme). Permanencia y mutaciones hasta el siglo VIII.

Este artículo presenta los resultados de las excavaciones preventivas efectuadas en el sitio de La Maladrerie en Saillans (Drôme). Permitió elevar a la luz una parte de un amplio y rico establecimiento ocupado, sin cesar, desde la época galo-romana hasta la alta Edad Media. El interés de los descubrimientos reposa sobre el excelente estado de conservación de los vestigios comprendidos entre los siglos IV hasta VIII y sobre las formas arquitectónicas originales que pudieron ser observadas : hábitats, acondicionamientos domésticos, papel de las antiguas construcciones en la selección hecha por los edificadores de los primeros siglos de la Edad Media. El estudio presentado permite al mismo tiempo documentar un sector todavía ampliamente desconocido, el del valle de la Drôme, abordar la vida y la economía del sitio e ilustrar una problemática recurrente en el sur de Francia, la de la transición entre una finca galo-romana y las ocupaciones de la Edad Antigua tardía y de la alta Edad Media.
Vestiges et traces troglodytiques médiévaux autour de Tarascon-sur-Ariège
Authors: Guillot Florence
Published: June 2015

Middle Ages troglodytic vestiges and traces around Tarascon-sur-Ariège.

An archaeological prospect using climbing techniques allowed to visit again all the cave porches located around Tarascon in the Ariège high valley, the heart of the north face of the Pyrenees. The research was focused on the vestiges of historical eras : those of the XIIth-XIVth centuries have been particularly numerous to be identified. This is a troglodytism, evidently eclectic, but finally poorly marked by pastoral habits. The porches, most of them in high parts, have been first of all strong, defensive and watching points, under the dependence of the Counts of Foix and associated within a network to a vast fortified glacis, including also outdoor castra isolated from the civil world as well as “ bourgs castraux” or fortified boroughs .
Guerre de 1914-1918 et remembrement. Leur incidence sur l'érosion des terres au Chemin des Dames (World War I and land regrouping : incidence on soil erosion near le Chemin des Dames)
Authors: Arnould Paul , Veyret Yvette , Wicherek Stanislas
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - Near the Chemin des Dames, a right bank affluent of the river Aisne presents a large valley side, with a bench, showing traces of intensive erosion. In this article the authors intend to point out the respective impact of major events enacted in the recent history of this sector : World War I (1914-1918), disappearing of vineyards and the first replanning of parcelling out, the 1973 regrouping of land, new farming practices.
L'érosion des sols cultivés dans la région de La Flèche. Le rôle de l'évolution du paysage rural et des façons culturales (Soil erosion near La Flèche, Sarthe, France)
Authors: Larue Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - A study of soil erosion near La Flèche (Sarthe, France) reveals that the processes of ablation (rill-interril, gully erosion) and accumulation, are located in a way governed by topography. But, the present increase in activity of erosion is linked to restructuring of the farmland and changes in land use and practices, motivated by economical reasons. This paper contents a case study of a catastrophic event.
Accumulation et creusement dans les vallées depuis 10 000 ans autour de la Méditerranée. Rapport de synthèse. Discussions (Filling and downcutting in the mediterranean valleys since 10000 years)
Authors: Neboit-Guilhot René
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Ce rapport constitue une mise au point élaborée à partir de 15 communications publiées in extenso dans le n° 22-23 de Physio-Géo (Bulletin du Laboratoire de Géographie physique du C.N.R.S., Meudon).
Tourism Site Location Based on a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Godinho Pedro , Silva Manuela , Moutinho Luiz
Published: June 2015

This research study applies an underutilized analytical tool in academic tourism research, a genetic algorithm (GA), to the area of site location analysis. We initially dissect and explore all the relevant components and processes related to a GA. The proposed research model is then analyzed in terms of the incorporated variables and parameters as well as the reasoning behind their selection. An analytical comparative framework to measure the performance of the fitness function, which includes a pure GA, local search, and a mix of both approaches, is then introduced. The results indicate that in most cases the mixed approach has the better performance.
Destination Brand Equity Research from 2001 to 2012
Authors: Kladou Stella , Giannopoulos Antonios A. , Mavragani Eleni
Published: June 2015

The present study delves into a review of the destination brand equity literature published since 2001, aiming to offer tourism researchers a reference guide to the general context, corresponding methods, and focus of previous works. A multisource search resulted in the identification
of 64 relevant papers. Content analysis using multiple classifier variables provides further insights into specific geographical, conceptual, and methodological aspects. Conclusions pertain to the multidimensional character of the construct, the methodology, and context in which destination
brand performance has been developed. Destination brand equity appears as a rapidly conceived concept, borrowed from traditional (corporate/product) branding theory, while discussion on its definition and operationalization is still in progress and has yet to mature in a multidisciplinary
context. As the first attempt to review destination brand equity within the top tourism and marketing journals and relevant search engines, the study may contribute to a comprehensive overview of the field. The outcomes offer marketing scholars an in-depth view of the concept, providing an
overall insight on the various ways destination brands might be evaluated.
The Internet Impact on Travel Purchases: Insights from Portugal
Authors: Martins Carmen , Salazar Ana , Inversini Alessandro
Published: June 2015

This research proposes an analysis of online consumer buying behavior in the travel and tourism field in Portugal. The study utilizes a self-administrated survey on a sample of 380 individuals created in order to understand the influence of the Internet on consumer buying behavior. The survey was administrated in Portugal, one of the European countries that are still struggling with Internet penetration. Results show the importance of the Internet has on two stages of the buying process: (i) alternative evaluation and (ii) buying act. Furthermore, this research highlights the critical role of touristic products availability and search costs on the buying behavior of consumers. However, past bad experiences and a certain level of insecurity persist as factors limiting the online purchase process. Results confirm the general trends in consumer behavior and highlight the need of moving further for Portugal in terms of technology adoption.
Relationship between Progression-Free Survival and Overall Survival in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Literature-Based Analysis
Authors: Beauchemin C. , Johnston J.B. , Lapierre M.È. , Aissa F. , Lachaine J.
Published: June 2015

Background: The endpoints of progression-free survival (pfs) and time-to-progression (ttp) are frequently used to evaluate the clinical benefit of anticancer drugs. However, the surrogacy of those endpoints for overall survival (os) is not validated in all cancer settings. In the present study, we used a trial-based approach to assess the relationship between median pfs or ttp and median os in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll). Methods: The pico (population, interventions, comparators, outcomes) method was used to conduct a systematic review of the literature. The population consisted of patients with cll; the interventions and comparators were standard therapies for cll; and the outcomes were median pfs, ttp, and os. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full papers for eligibility and then extracted data from selected studies. Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between median pfs or ttp and median os. Subgroup correlation analyses were also conducted according to the characteristics of the selected studies (such as line of treatment and type of treatment under investigation). Results: Of the 1263 potentially relevant articles identified during the literature search, twenty-three were included. On average, median pfs or ttp was 16.0 months (standard deviation: 12.4 months) and median os was 43.5 months (standard deviation: 31.2 months). Results of the correlation analysis indicated that median pfs or ttp is highly correlated with median os (Spearman correlation coefficient: 0.813; p ≤ 0.001). A significant correlation between median pfs or ttp and median os was observed in second- and subsequent-line therapies, but not in the first-line setting. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a strong correlation between median pfs or ttp and median os in previously treated cll, which reinforce the hypothesis that pfs and ttp could be adequate surrogate endpoints for os in this cancer setting.
Doctor, What Are My Options? a Prospective Cohort Study of an Individualized Care Plan for Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer
Authors: Hird A.E. , Lemke M. , Turovsky M. , Malecki V. , Kumar K. , DeAngelis C. , Chow E. , Ko Y.J.
Published: June 2015

Background: For cancer patients, information about their disease and its treatment is often delivered within a short time period, potentially leading to patient misunderstanding, which can impede optimal patient care. In this 3-part clinical study, we investigated the utility of an individualized care plan for patients with gastrointestinal (gi) cancer starting a new treatment. Methods: In part 1, a comprehensive literature search identified items for potential inclusion in the care plan. Those items were formatted into a questionnaire. The questionnaire was then administered to patients as a structured interview. In part 2, health care professionals involved in the care of patients with gi cancer evaluated the resulting care plan for content and relevancy. In part 3, a 20-week prospective cohort study (10 weeks using standard of care, 10 weeks using individualized care plans) was conducted. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and at 2–4 weeks after administration of the care plan. Results: In part 1, a 73-item questionnaire was developed and completed by 20 patients in semi-structured interviews. In part 2, long and short versions of the care plan were created. Most health care professionals preferred the long version. Based on their comments, a final version of the care plan was created. The part 3 study enrolled 104 patients. Overall satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the intervention group at baseline (p = 0.010) and follow-up (p = 0.005). Compared with control patients, the intervention cohort also reported significantly higher overall quality of life (p = 0.044) and fewer symptoms of anxiety (p = 0.048) at follow-up. Conclusions: Provision of an individualized care plan resulted in improvements in outcome measures at both baseline and follow-up. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Using Proliferative Markers and Oncotype Dx in Therapeutic Decision-Making for Breast Cancer: The B.C. Experience
Authors: Baxter E. , Gondara L. , Lohrisch C. , Chia S. , Gelmon K. , Hayes M. , Davidson A. , Tyldesley S.
Published: June 2015

Background: Proliferative scoring of breast tumours can guide treatment recommendations, particularly for estrogen receptor (ER)–positive, HER2-negative, T1–2, N0 disease. Our objectives were to (1) estimate the proportion of such patients for whom proliferative indices [mitotic count (MC), Ki-67 immunostain, and Oncotype DX (Genomic Health, Redwood City, CA, U.S.A.) recurrence score (RS)] were obtained; (2) compare the indices preferred by oncologists with the indices available to them; (3) correlate Nottingham grade (NG) and its subcomponents with Oncotype DX; (4) assess interobserver variation. Methods: All of the ER-positive, HER2-negative, T1–2, N0 breast cancers diagnosed from 2007 to 2011 (n = 5110) were linked to a dataset of all provincial breast cancers with a RS. A 5% random sample of the 5110 cancers was reviewed to estimate the proportion that had a MC, Ki-67 index, and RS. Correlation coefficients were calculated for the RS with NG subcomponent scores. Interobserver variation in histologic grading between outside and central review pathology reports was assessed using a weighted kappa test. Results: During 2007–2011, most cancers were histologically graded and assigned a MC; few had a Ki-67 index or RS. The NG and MC were significantly positively correlated with RS. The level of agreement in histologic scoring between outside and central pathology reports was good or very good. Very few cases with a low MC had a high RS (1.8%). Conclusions: Patients with low NG and MC scores are unlikely to have a high RS, and thus are less likely to benefit from chemotherapy. In the context of limited resources, that finding can guide clinicians about when a RS adds the most value.
An Intermediate Step for the Management of Hypersensitivity to Platinum and Taxane Chemotherapy
Authors: Bahl Mala , Dean Terry
Published: June 2015

The guideline article “Management of hypersensitivity to platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy: cepo review and clinical recommendations” in this journal for the management of hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) to this group of chemotherapy agents is useful in clinical practice [...]
Use of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors Gefitinib, Erlotinib, Afatinib, Dacomitinib, and Icotinib in the Treatment of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ellis P.M. , Coakley N. , Feld R. , Kuruvilla S. , Ung Y.C.
Published: June 2015

Introduction: This systematic review addresses the use of epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) inhibitors in three populations of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc) patients—unselected, selected, and molecularly selected—in three treatment settings: first line, second line, and maintenance. Methods: Ninety-six randomized controlled trials found using the medline and embase databases form the basis of this review. Results: In the first-line setting, data about the efficacy of egfr tyrosine kinase inhibitors (tkis) compared with platinum-based chemotherapy are inconsistent. Results from studies that selected patients based on clinical characteristics are also mixed. There is high-quality evidence that an egfr tki is preferred over a platinum doublet as initial therapy for patients with an activating mutation of the EGFR gene. The egfr tkis are associated with a higher likelihood of response, longer progression-free survival, and improved quality of life. Multiple trials of second-line therapy have compared an egfr tki with chemotherapy. Meta-analysis of those data demonstrates similar progression-free and overall survival. There is consequently no preferred sequence for second-line egfr tki or second-line chemotherapy. The egfr tkis have also been evaluated as switch-maintenance therapy. No molecular marker could identify patients in whom a survival benefit was not observed; however, the magnitude of the benefit was modest. Conclusions: Determination of EGFR mutation status is essential to making appropriate treatment decisions in patients with nsclc. Patients who are EGFR mutation–positive should be treated with an egfr tki as first-line therapy. An egfr tki is still appropriate therapy in patients who are EGFR wild-type, but the selected agent should be administered as second- or third-line therapy.
Le capitalisme agraire au XIX e siècle : le champ des possibles
Authors: Herment Laurent
Published: June 2015

Cet article vise à évaluer la pertinence de la notion de capitalisme agraire pour expliquer les évolutions de l’agriculture française au XIX e siècle. Si les économistes de la fin du XVIII e siècle et des deux premiers tiers du XIX e siècle considèrent l’agriculture comme l’un des champs d’expérience du capitalisme, les discours sur l’agriculture changent totalement à la fin du XIX e siècle. L’agriculture, non seulement en France mais aussi dans les autres pays européens, apparaît alors comme un secteur retardataire. Mais, au-delà des appréciations des contemporains et des historiens, les agriculteurs du XIX e siècle étaient capables d’adapter leurs productions aux conditions du marché. Ils étaient aussi enclins à utiliser les outils et les vecteurs de progrès (machine à battre, moissonneuse, engrais, etc.). Mais contrairement à ce qui se passe dans l’industrie, ce n’est pas par un processus capitaliste que s’effectuent cette modernisation et cette adaptation. C’est aux marges de l’agriculture, dans l’agro-business et dans les industries agroalimentaires que se développe le capitalisme. En dernière analyse, comme le montre un dialogue entre Jaurès et Charles Ferry, la soumission de l’agriculture au capitalisme au XIX e siècle ne fait pas de l’agriculture un secteur capitaliste.
L’éternel retour du sweating system ?
Authors: Barraud de Lagerie Pauline
Published: June 2015

Cet article éclaire l’histoire de la « responsabilité des commettants » en traçant un lien entre la tragédie de l’incendie de l’usine Triangle Shirtwaist, à New York en 1911, et le récent drame de l’effondrement du Rana Plaza, au Bangladesh en 2013. Il apparaît ainsi que, dès le sweating system du XIX e siècle, les défenseurs des travailleurs ont pointé du doigt la responsabilité de ceux qui, sans exercer une contrainte directe sur la main-d’œuvre, tirent néanmoins profit de son exploitation. Mais si le problème des mauvaises conditions de travail a alors été principalement réglé par d’autres moyens que la responsabilisation des commettants, la lutte anti-sweatshop dans le cadre des échanges mondialisés se caractérise en revanche aujourd’hui par un recours quasi exclusif à l’exercice d’une pression sur les donneurs d’ordre.
Responsabilité sociale et implication territoriale contemporaine de Michelin à Clermont-Ferrand : une réactualisation du système d’encadrement paternaliste du début du XX e siècle ?
Authors: Zanetti Thomas
Published: June 2015

La firme Michelin, multinationale qui rassemble plus de 110 000 salariés dans le monde, a toujours maintenu son siège social dans la ville où elle est née : Clermont-Ferrand. L’entreprise est ainsi caractérisée par un degré élevé d’ancrage territorial qui trouve ses origines dans la mise en œuvre, durant la première moitié du XX e siècle, d’un système paternaliste d’encadrement de la force de travail. En résulte l’existence d’une organisation sociale spécifique au service de la production, qui va perdurer jusque dans les années 1990. Depuis deux décennies, Michelin fait face à la nécessité d’attirer une main-d’œuvre hautement qualifiée. La firme a ainsi défini une nouvelle stratégie d’encadrement de la force de travail qui s’inspire notamment du concept de responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE). Ce dernier traduirait alors un effort de perpétuation du capitalisme et des profits qu’il génère, qui, dans le cas de Michelin, s’exprimerait à travers l’émergence d’un « capitalisme territorial ».
Les dominations enchevêtrées. Investissements épistémologiques de l’anthropologie du travail
Authors: Absi Pascale , Bazin Laurent , Selim Monique
Published: June 2015

Le travail se présente, dans le monde globalisé, comme un nœud d’actualisation de rapports de domination qui s’enchevêtrent et s’articulent les uns aux autres. Comment l’enquête ethnologique aborde-t-elle ces dominations enchevêtrées ? Pour expliciter la démarche et les fondements épistémiques de l’enquête ethnologique, le texte revient sur le contexte de la décolonisation dans les années 1950-1960, qui a stimulé un renouvellement des propositions épistémologiques en anthropologie. La confrontation entre les approches de Pierre Bourdieu et de Gérard Althabe permet de montrer deux conceptions inversées. Bourdieu demeure attaché à une approche structuraliste qu’il réaménage pour penser les rapports de domination à travers les mécanismes de leur reproduction ; l’investigation sociologique et la démarche ethnographique sont conçues dans cette perspective comme moyens d’atteindre à la structure symbolique des positions sociales. Althabe se situe dans une optique constructiviste axée sur la production des rapports sociaux : l’enquête ethnologique est pensée comme un mode de connaissance fondée sur la communication entre le chercheur et les sujets dont il veut comprendre l’univers. Il centre l’attention sur un monde qui se construit en réaménageant les rapports de domination par la puissance de l’imaginaire. Dans une seconde partie, cette démarche d’investigation et d’analyse est illustrée par un bref exposé de résultats de recherche sur trois terrains différents : la prostitution dans les maisons closes de Potosí en Bolivie, l’emploi des femmes hautement diplômées de l’université de Canton en Chine et, en guise de retour sur l’œuvre de Bourdieu, le travail dans le secteur du bâtiment à Oran en Algérie. Dans ces trois situations aux antipodes les unes des autres, l’accent est mis sur la manière dont les acteurs produisent leurs rapports sociaux et trouvent dans l’imaginaire des moyens pour repenser et rejouer les rapports de domination qui se nouent dans le travail.
Les rapports de subordination au cœur de la cité par projets : étude de cas dans l’industrie des machines
Authors: Bonvin Jean-Michel , Cianferoni Nicola , Kuehni Morgane
Published: June 2015

Cet article traite de l’impact de l’implantation de l’organisation par projets sur la relation de travail dans une entreprise de construction ferroviaire helvétique. Cette forme d’organisation remet en question l’échange « subordination vs sécurité » à l’œuvre dans le modèle taylorien faisant émerger des formes de précarité plus ou moins importantes pour les travailleurs, mais fait également place à une plus grande autonomie et responsabilité dans la manière d’organiser son travail. Partant d’entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès de salariés et responsables de ressources humaines, notre propos vise à souligner l’implantation partielle et sélective de ce mode d’organisation du travail qui ne supprime pas les rapports de subordination mais les transforme, contribuant à l’exacerbation des tensions à l’intérieur du groupe ouvrier. Prêtant une attention particulière à l’ancienneté, nous montrons que les critères de sélection et de promotion en vigueur dans l’entreprise sont particulièrement défavorables aux jeunes recrues qui font les frais de cette transformation inachevée tant sur le plan matériel que symbolique.
Le stade, terrain de jeu de l’extrême droite italienne : soupape de sécurité ou fabrique du consensus ?
Authors: Dematteo Lynda
Published: June 2015

En Italie, le stade est un lieu privilégié d’observation des stratégies politiques des groupes radicaux et de leurs interactions avec les élus locaux. La Ligue du Nord s’est insérée dans le monde du sport en promouvant des personnalités issues de la sous-culture ultrà . L’étude ethnographique de deux tifoserie parmi les plus violentes en Italie, celles de l’Atalanta de Bergame et celle du Hellas de Vérone, permet de démêler les liens entre la production d’une masculinité agressive, la radicalité politique et l’exercice du pouvoir à l’échelle locale. Il existe d’étroites corrélations entre les comportements rituels des supporters et les modalités d’action de la Ligue du Nord. Les élus issus de l’extrême droite décrivent le stade comme une « soupape de sécurité » où les milieux les plus révoltés trouveraient un exutoire à leur violence, mais il constitue plus probablement un lieu où promouvoir la tribalisation des masses pour renforcer leur consensus.
Certaines lesbiennes demeurent des femmes
Authors: Amari Salima
Published: June 2015

Cet article a pour objet de (re)discuter la célèbre affirmation de Monique Wittig « Les lesbiennes ne sont pas des femmes » à partir d’une analyse approfondie des rapports que les lesbiennes entretiennent avec leur famille. Il présente les résultats d’une enquête menée par entretiens biographiques auprès de 20 lesbiennes, toutes d’origine maghrébine, et par l’observation d’une trentaine d’autres lesbiennes d’origine maghrébine dans différents contextes de sociabilité à Paris et en région parisienne. Fondés sur un continuum mesurant l’appropriation privée de ces femmes par les hommes dans l’espace familial, les résultats mettent en relief la formation d’une « typologie lesbienne ». Lorsque l’appropriation privée est faible, les lesbiennes arrivent à échapper à la catégorie des femmes et correspondent au postulat de Wittig selon lequel les lesbiennes ne sont pas des femmes ; ce sont les lesbiennes dissidentes . À l’inverse, lorsque cette appropriation est forte, les lesbiennes demeurent des femmes comme les autres ; ce sont les lesbiennes quasihétérosexuelles . Entre les deux, on trouve des lesbiennes qui évoluent à mi-chemin des deux catégories : les lesbiennes en devenir .
Des éleveurs sentinelles
Authors: Ruhlmann Sandrine
Published: June 2015

En Mongolie, lorsqu’une épizootie se déclare, le gouvernement déploie un système centralisé de surveillance des maladies animales, notamment pour la brucellose, la fièvre charbonneuse et la fièvre aphteuse. Ce dispositif, hérité de la période communiste, combinant vaccination et abattage, consiste en une gestion de masse des maladies chez des troupeaux qui évoluent sur un vaste territoire suivant un élevage extensif nomade. Depuis la chute du bloc communiste, cette politique étatique de santé animale rencontre des incertitudes qui créent des tensions avec les éleveurs et les autres acteurs du monde de la santé animale. Un nouveau système de surveillance mis en place à l’échelle des éleveurs semble être une résolution des tensions chez les dirigeants politiques et les éleveurs. C’est un système de vigilance où les éleveurs jouent le rôle de sentinelles. L’article montre que ce nouveau rôle donné aux éleveurs peut mobiliser leurs perceptions et traitements populaires des maladies animales qui, contrairement à ce que redoutent les dirigeants politiques, n’entrent pas en contradiction avec les normes internationales de surveillance des maladies animales. L’article relie les logiques des multiples acteurs (dirigeants politiques, vétérinaires, éleveurs, ONG) mises en place à différentes échelles (locale, régionale, nationale, transfrontalière) au contexte global de réglementation internationale.
Optical Nano-Antennas for Energy Harvesting
Authors: Obayya Salah , Areed Nihal Fayez Fahmy , Hameed Mohamed Farhat O. , Abdelrazik Mohamed Hussein
Published: June 2015

The solar energy is able to supply humanity energy for almost another 1 billion years. Optical nano-antennas (ONAs) are an attractive technology for high efficiency, and low-cost solar cells. These devices can be classified to semiconductor nano-wires and metallic nano-antenna. Extensive studies have been carried out on ONAs to investigate their ability to harvest solar energy. Inspired by these studies, the scope of the chapter is to highlight the latest designs of the two main types of ONAs. The metallic nano-antennas are discussed based on the following points: plasmon, modeling, and performance of antenna designs using different configurations and materials. Moreover, the semiconductor nano-wires are studied thoroughly in terms of photonic crystals, antenna design with different patterns, nano-wire forms and materials. Also, the applications of ONAs and their fabrication aspects such as diode challenges are presented in detail. Finally, three novel designs of ONAs are presented and numerically simulated to maximize the harvesting efficiency.
Energy Harvesting Aspects of Irregular Vibrating Forces Acting on Piezoelectric Devices
Authors: Massaro Alessandro
Published: June 2015

After a brief introduction of piezoelectric materials, this chapter focuses on the characterization of vibrating freestanding piezoelectric AlN devices forced by different external forces acting simultaneously. The analyzed vibrating forces are applied mainly to piezoelectric freestanding structures stimulated by irregular vibration phenomena. Particular kinds of theoretical noise signals are commented. The goal of the chapter is to analyze the effect of the noise in order to model the chaotic vibrating system and to predict the output current signals. Moreover, the author also shows a possible alternative way to detect different vibrating force directions in the three dimensional space by means of curved piezoelectric layouts.
Biomechanical Energy Harvesting
Authors: De Pasquale Giorgio
Published: June 2015

Portable electronic systems and wearable sensor networks are offering increasing opportunities in fields like healthcare, medicine, sport, human-machine interfacing and data sharing. The technological research is looking for innovative design solutions able to improve performances and portability of wearable systems. The power supply strategy is crucial to improve lifetime, reduce maintenance, preserve the environment and reduce costs of smart distributed electronic systems applied to the body. The conversion of biomechanical energy of limbs and joints to electricity has the potential to solve much of the actual limitations. The design and building of wearable energy harvesters for wearable applications require different approaches respect to traditional vibratory energy harvesters. This chapter focuses on transduction materials, modeling strategies, experimental setups, and data analysis for the design of biomechanical energy harvesters; a case study based on system integration and miniaturization is also described for applications in the field of human-machines interfacing.
What Constitutes a Smart City?
Authors: Kondepudi Sekhar , Kondepudi Ramita
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides an insight into what is meant by a Smart City and the underlying factors that make a city smart. The authors answer the question of “what constitutes a smart city” by presenting a multi-faceted approach including a detailed analysis of classical smart city definitions, attributes of a smart city, industry viewpoints and efforts by standards developing organizations. Through this approach, a common theme is established which best describes a smart city. The content of this chapter can therefore form the basis of developing a standard definition of a global smart city, and subsequently can be used to develop a framework to measure the performance of a smart city. The authors also propose a definition which in their view provides a reasonably holistic description of a smart city. However, they recognize that a smart city may mean different things to different stakeholders, and therefore has a strong dependence on the “lens” through which a smart city is viewed.
Smart Cities and the Internet
Authors: Deakin Mark
Published: June 2015

This chapter challenges recent mode 2 accounts of smart cities and in particular, the idea they are an index of the future internet. Adopting the triple helix model of knowledge production, it studies smart cities, not as the emergent technologies of economic transactions, but in terms of civil society's support for the integration of Web2.0-based information and communication platforms into their regional innovation systems. This reveals that no matter how technologically advanced such an internet-driven reinvention of cities may appear, being smart is something which reaches beyond this. Beyond this and towards policies, leadership qualities and corporate strategies that not only serve the knowledge economy, but which are also smart in allowing cities to cultivate the creativity of the internet as the information and communication technologies of regional innovation systems.
Smart Cities
Authors: Negre Elsa , Rosenthal-Sabroux Camille
Published: June 2015

Smart City is a fuzzy concept that has not been clearly defined either in theoretical studies or in empirical projects. Smart Cities are based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), people (with their knowledge, habits, experiences, culture and behaviour) remain at the heart of concerns. In this chapter we are interested in the centrality of citizens (i.e. in the heart of the city) and of ICT in their environment. This leads us to take into account the tacit knowledge brought by citizens and the knowledge that may be divulged through ICT. We then present the concept of the Information and Knowledge System (IKS), and then we explain how it differs from that of the Digital Information System (DIS). We also point to the role of ICT in the DIS, and to their impact on improving the smartness of cities.
Crowdsensing in Smart Cities
Authors: Bellavista Paolo , Cardone Giuseppe , Corradi Antonio , Foschini Luca , Ianniello Raffaele
Published: June 2015

The widespread availability of smartphones with on-board sensors has recently enabled the possibility of harvesting large quantities of monitoring data in urban areas, thus enabling so-called crowdsensing solutions, which make it possible to achieve very large-scale and fine-grained sensing by exploiting all personal resources and mobile activities in Smart Cities. In fact, the information gathered from people, systems, and things, including both social and technical data, is one of the most valuable resources available to a city's stakeholders, but its huge volume makes its integration and processing, especially in a real-time and scalable manner, very difficult. This chapter presents and discusses currently available crowdsensing and participatory solutions. After presenting the current state-of-the-art crowdsensing management infrastructures, by carefully considering the related and primary design guidelines/choices and implementation issues/opportunities, it provides an in-depth presentation of the related work in the field. Moreover, it presents some novel experimental results collected in the ParticipAct Crowdsensing Living Lab testbed, an ongoing experiment at the University of Bologna that involves 150 students for one year in a very large-scale crowdsensing campaign.
Mobility, Data, and Behavior
Authors: Di Dio Salvatore , Lo Casto Barbara , Micari Fabrizio , Rizzo Gianfranco , Vinci Ignazio
Published: June 2015

This chapter presents the social innovation project “TrafficO2”, a support system for decision-making in the field of transportation that tries to push commuters towards more sustainable mobility by providing concrete incentives for each responsible choice. After focusing on Palermo, Italy, the context of this case study, this chapter provides a detailed description of the TrafficO2 model. Specifically, the chapter deals with the analysis of a selected sample of users among Palermo University students who commute daily to their respective University departments on campus. Starting from the modal split of the actual situation (Status Quo scenario), another behavior scenario (Do your right mix) is designed and promoted to encourage users to create a better mix of existing mobility means and reduce the use of private vehicles powered by combustibles. The first test that was performed confirmed the reliability of the initiative.
Competitive Smart Cities through Healthy Decision-Making
Authors: Gudes Ori , Edwards Sarah Jane , Yigitcanlar Tan , Pathak Virendra
Published: June 2015

This chapter examines the challenges and opportunities associated with planning for competitive, smart and healthy cities. The chapter is based on the assumptions that a healthy city is an important prerequisite for a competitive city and a fundamental outcome of smart cities. One of the major decision support systems to support healthy cities is e-health. This chapter focuses on the role of e-health planning, by utilising web-based geographic decision support systems. The chapter proposes the implementation of a novel decision system which would provide a powerful and effective platform for stakeholders to support access online information. This would also provide for better decision-making as well as empower community participation. The chapter highlights the need for a comprehensive conceptual framework to guide the decision process of planning for cities in association with opportunities and limitations. This chapter provides critical insights into using information science-based frameworks.
Energy Sustainability of Countries
Authors: Grigoroudis Evangelos , Kouikoglou Vassilis S. , Phillis Yannis A.
Published: June 2015

The provision of adequate, reliable, and affordable energy, in conformity with social and environmental requirements is a vital part of sustainable development. Currently, countries are facing a two-fold energy challenge: on the one hand they should assure the provision of environmentally sustainable energy, while, on the other, energy services should be reliable, affordable, and socially acceptable. To evaluate such aspects of energy services one needs energy sustainability barometers, which provide the means to monitor the impacts of energy policies and assist policymakers in relevant decision making. Although sustainability is an ambiguous, complex, and polymorphous concept, all energy sustainability barometers incorporate the three major sustainability dimensions: social, economic, and environmental. In this chapter, we review three models for assessing the sustainability of energy development of countries: ESI, SAFE, and EAPI. We also present a brief discussion of the results, the applied methodologies, and the underlying assumptions of these sustainability barometers.
Energy and Sustainability in the European Region
Authors: Zhuplev Anatoly , Shtykhno Dmitry A.
Published: June 2015

This chapter examines European energy security in the EU-Russian context. Europe is extremely dependent on Russian energy imports. This dependency requires sustainable energy solutions. Russian economy is characterized by high energy consumption and intensity. Russian energy sector needs massive investments, technological and management improvements. They become problematic due to the nation's poor investment climate, stagnating economy, and isolationist foreign policy. These, along with Russia's emerging reorientation of its energy exports toward Asia tend to worsen European energy security. The chapter explores trends in the global energy and analyses the dynamics and outlook for sustainable energy security in Europe in the context of import dependency in energy. It looks at the drivers, constrains and trends in the Russian energy sector in the Eurasian regional context. Despite technological advances, policies toward sustainable development and renewable energy, in the next two decades Europe will predominantly depend on fossil fuels and Russian energy imports.
Smart Sustainable Marketing of the World Heritage Sites
Authors: Chhabra Deepak
Published: June 2015

This chapter revisits the author's earlier findings that scrutinized online marketing strategies employed by the world heritage sites (WHS) based on a predetermined set of sustainability indicators. Recent data shows that, for the most part, the WHS continue to lack behind in sustainable initiatives to promote their sites in a responsible manner. Only slight improvement is noted in terms of efforts to seek host community views on how the local heritage should be showcased and the manner on which culturally appropriate representations can be promoted. In the light of unexpected decreased visitation levels at most of the WHS, as reported by literature, a retro brand marketing strategy is suggested which strives to marry the rich historical past of the sites with the present need. A smart sustainable marketing agenda is proposed to improve brand equity and facilitate coordination between different stakeholders of the heritage sites and to attract increased visitations.
Considering Sustainability in Project Management Processes
Authors: Silvius Gilbert
Published: June 2015

Sustainability is one of the most important challenges of our time. How can prosperity be developed without compromising the life of future generations? Companies are integrating sustainability in their marketing, corporate communication, annual reports and in their actions. The concept of sustainability has more recently also been linked to project management. Sustainability needs change of business models, products, services, resources, processes, etc. and projects are a frequently used practice of realizing change. Several studies explored how the concept of sustainability impacts project management. This chapter elaborates on the impact of sustainability found in literature and analyses the most influential standards of project management processes for their coverage of this impact. The study concludes that the most important standards of project management processes still fail to refer convincingly to sustainability considerations. Based on the author's analysis, this chapter also provides guidance for the further development of the process standards towards a ‘sustainable project management' process.
The Analysis for the Influence of Individual Node Base on the Network Community
Authors: Zhang Hai-Feng , Liu Yun , Chen Jun-Jun
Published: June 2015

This paper discussed the identification of theoretical research and practical application value that the influence of individual node in the social network node; Secondly, this paper proposes a influence of individual node arithmetic based on network community attribute, and carries on the simulation analysis in the real social network to compared with the influence of individual node that without network community attribute superposition.
Towards Layer Adaptation for Audio Transmission
Authors: Holub Jan , Slavata Oldřich , Souček Pavel , Zisimopoulos Odysseas , Toumpakaris Dimitris , Kotsopoulos Stavros
Published: June 2015

When audio is transmitted over the wireless channel, the quality of the audio depends on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The purpose of this paper is to investigate if rate adaptation can be avoided, and a system can rely instead on the audio encoder and decoder to alleviate the effect of channel errors. To this end, the paper reports on a set of experiments on various combinations of channel conditions, constellation sizes and audio encoding used and on the final audio quality achieved. The Mean Opinion Score (MOS) is used for performance evaluation. The MOS values are generated using the ITU-T P.862 (PESQ) and P.863 (POLQA) algorithms, and also using tests by experts. The results support the common practice of adapting the physical layer parameters to changing channel conditions. However, in some cases, it is possible to maintain a constant rate without impacting significantly the quality of the audio. This means that the complexity associated with physical layer and audio rate adaptation can be avoided leading to simpler and more robust designs.
Optimization of the Wireless Sensor Nodes Localization Algorithm Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Zhi Tan , Yuting Zhang
Published: June 2015

The node localization technology is a foundation for practical application in wireless sensor networks. According to DV-HOP positioning algorithm in wireless sensor network low precision, the defect of inaccurate positioning, this paper presents an optimization algorithm of improved DV-HOP based on genetic algorithm. The algorithm is to redefine the scope of initial population, the reference weight, redesigned the fitness function and selection of anchor nodes. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional DV - HOP algorithm, the algorithm without any increase in the node hardware overhead on the basis of significantly higher positioning accuracy.
Exploration on SA Query Mechanism in IEEE 802.11w
Authors: Lu Yong , Liu Jingjing , Ning Lu , Huang Yi
Published: June 2015

Wireless communication has become increasingly popular due to development of internetworking. In this paper, the hidden security problems of IEEE802.11i in wireless LAN are presented. To solve them, the implementation of SA Query Mechanism of wireless devices is well-designed, based on Security Association (SA) Query mechanism proposed according to the IEEE 802.11w protocol. As to the reality, the implementation mentioned above is especially significant while plenty of wireless devices are lack of SA query mechanism, which is necessary in 802.11w protocol. In the last part, certain security risks of SA query mechanism are also discussed in this essay as supplementary.