bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variability and magnitude of brain volume abnormalities in disruptive behavior disorders, antisocial personality disorder, and psychopathy - a meta-analysis
Authors: Tully John , Cross Ben , Gerrie Brooke , Griem Julia , Blackwood Nigel , Blair James , McCutcheon Robert
Published: August 2022

Individuals with Disruptive Behavior Disorders in youth and antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy as adults share some clinical characteristics, but also diverge in important ways. Existing meta-analyses of structural imaging studies suggest abnormalities within these disorders, however to date none have examined the role of variability. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to examine both variability (log coefficient of variation ratio) and magnitude of brain volume differences between antisocial groups and healthy non-offenders (quantified using Hedges g). Twenty-seven studies met inclusion criteria. In antisocial individuals, there was significantly increased variability for total gray matter and overall decreases in mean volume for: total whole brain; intracranial volume; total gray matter; and amygdala, compared with healthy non-offenders. This suggests a key role for structural variability in clinical divergence within these disorders. Further studies should seek to specify how this neurobiological variability maps to clinical variability and whether this holds potential value as a biomarker to guide prognosis or treatment selection.
Safety and efficacy of single insertion accelerated MR-image guided brachytherapy following chemo-radiation in locally advanced cervix cancer: Modifying our EMBRACE during the COVID pandemic
Authors: Stevens Mark J , Ko Florence , Martland Judith , Brown Ryan , Bell Linda , Atyeo John , Yim Jackie
Published: August 2022

Background: Utero-vaginal brachytherapy (BT) is an irreplaceable care component in treating locally advanced cervix cancer (LACC). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-image guided adaptive BT (IGABT) using the GYN-GEC-ESTRO EMBRACE regimen is the international care standard. Usually following chemo-radiation therapy (CRT), IGABT has high proven utility in LACC but requires significant health system resources. Timely access was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, challenging us to re-design our established IGABT care pathway. Methods: From April 2020 consecutive patients with LACC were enrolled after CRT in a single arm exploratory non-inferiority study of a modified IGABT (mIGABT) protocol. Comparable to EMBRACE, our 3-fraction mIGABT delivered an iso-effective BT dose (39.3Gy: EQD2: α/β10Gy concept) over a 24-hour period during a single overnight hospitalisation. Results : Fourteen LACC patients received mIGABT from April 2020 to March 2022. Median age was 62.5 years (37-82 yrs.). LACC histology was primary squamous (9/14) or adeno-carcinoma (5/14). International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2018 stages ranged from IB1/2 (N=3), IIA1/IIB (5), IIIB (2), IIIC1/2 (4) with mean ± standard deviation (SD) gross tumour volume (GTV) of 37.7cc ± 71.6cc. All patients achieved complete cancer response with CRT and IGABT. Two women developed systemic metastatic disease and one died at 12-months; 13 patients were alive without cancer at 15.5 ± 7.2 months follow-up. Actuarial 2-year overall survival was 93%.Prescribed dose covered at least 90% (D90) of the entire cervix and any residual cancer at time of BT (HRCTV_D90: high-risk clinical target volume) with 3-fractions of 8.5Gy delivered over 24-hours (22.8 ± 1.7 hrs). Overall treatment time including CRT was 38 days. The mIGABT schedule was well tolerated and met recommended (EQD2: α/β10Gy) target dose coverage 87.5 ± 3.7Gy, and organ-at-risk median: interquartile range D2cc constraints (EQD2: α/β3Gy) for bladder (65.9Gy: 58.4-72.5Gy), rectum (59.1Gy: 55.7-61.8Gy), and sigmoid colon (54.6Gy: 50.3-58.9Gy). ICRU recto-vaginal point dose was significantly higher (75.7Gy) in our only case of severe (G4) toxicity.Conclusions: This study demonstrated the utility of mIGABT and VMAT CRT in a small cohort with LACC. Loco-regional control was achieved in all cases. Single insertion IGABT was logistically efficient, cost-saving, and patient-centric during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Use of a cognitive behavioral therapy-based mobile application for non-patients with irritable bowel syndrome: preliminary evidence of effectiveness
Authors: Kobayashi Kana , So Yugan , Yamada Tatsuto , Fujii Yasushi
Published: August 2022

Non-patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) experience severe pain associated with IBS symptoms but may have never consulted a doctor for the same. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for relieving bowel pain and improving quality of life. However, it is usually employed only for severe cases in clinical trials. Thus, we aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a CBT-based application as a potential solution to the lack of accessible treatments for non-patients with IBS. The participants comprised non-patients with IBS, recruited online and randomly assigned to either the treatment (n = 5) or waitlist control (n = 6) condition. The application, used for two months with the therapist’s guidance, comprised three modules: psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, and exposure. The following outcome measures were assessed at six time points: Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Quality of Life Questionnaire (IBS-QOL-J), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-J), Cognitive Scale for Functional Bowel Disorders (CS-FBD), Visceral Sensitivity Index (VSI), and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Behavioral Responses Questionnaire (IBS-BRQ). The waitlist control group used the application after the treatment group had completed the assessment. Group differences were evaluated using mixed-factors analysis of variance. The interaction of intervention condition × time was significant for the CS-FBD, VSI, and IBS-BRQ. However, no statistically significant between-group differences were observed for the GSRS, IBS-QOL-J, and PCS-J scores at different time points. While the application improved symptom-specific cognition and behavior and gastrointestinal-specific anxiety, it was not effective in improving IBS symptoms and quality of life.
Knowledge Attitude and Practice about Hepatitis C Virus and Associated Factors among Waste Handlers at Public Hospitals of Sidama Region, Ethiopia: Facility Based Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Betela Birhanu , Belayneh Mehretu
Published: August 2022

Background
Hepatitis C (HCV) is worldwide community health problem that gives rise to liver cancer. Even though prevalence of HCV is higher and waste handlers being at high risk for HCV, there is scarcity of information on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) concerning HCV among waste handlers.
Methods
Quantitative cross-sectional study from Oct 2021 to 30 July 2022 in different public Hospitals of Sidama Region aimed to evaluate KAP of HCV among randomly selected waste handlers was undertaken amongst 282 respondents. KAP regarding HCV were assessed using standardized structured questionnaire. Descriptive summary measures were done. Multivariate logistic regression was accompanied with 95% confidence interval and P-value < 0.05 was confirmed statistically significant. To assess the association between the KAP, Spearman’s rho correlation were used.
Results
Mean scores for KAP were 22.24 ± 8.15, 46.75 ± 10 and 4.19 ± 1.72 respectively. Educational level (OR = 2.427; 95% CI = [1.116 − 37.89], P = 0.042), monthly income (OR = 1.001; 95% CI = [1.000–10.002], P = 0.029), use of media (OR = 2.461; 95% CI = [2.688–8.799], P = 0.006), marital status (OR = 22.961; 95% CI = [1.203–38.157], P = 0.037) and residence (OR = 6.332; 95% CI = [1.703–23.544], P = 0.006) contributed significantly to the prediction of knowledge. Spearman rank correlation revealed significant positive correlations between knowledge-attitude (r = 0.57, P < 0.037), knowledge-practice (r = 0.265, P = 0.00) and attitude-practice (r = 0.72, P = 0.02).
Conclusions
Although the study highlighted optimal KAP with regards to several aspects of HCV, educational campaigns should emphasize the necessity of continued education about HCV in order to more improve attitudes, knowledge and practices of waste handlers regarding HCV.
Sustained Response on Sequential Anti-fgfr Therapy in Metastatic Gall Bladder Cancer - a Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Sheth Hardik , Limaye Sewanti , Kumar Prashant , Shreenivas Aditya
Published: August 2022

Advanced gall bladder cancer (aGBC) is an aggressive disease with no consensus on treatment options beyond first line chemotherapy. We report a case of an elderly male with FGFR2 altered advanced adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder who failed two prior lines of chemotherapy but had sustained response and stable disease on sequential FGFR directed targeted therapy. This treatment was based on comprehensive genomic profiling by next-generation sequencing revealed FGR2 alteration. Sequential anti-FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors was initiated as a treatment of choice. The patient tolerated the sequential targeted therapy very well and had a sustained response and stable disease with 5 years of survival. Our study demonstrates that aGBC with FGFR alteration can be managed on anti-FGFR therapy for prolonged periods of time, with improved survival. The study revealed a FGFR-directed therapeutic as a viable treatment option in these patients.
The value of preoperative systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) combined with albumin-bilirubin grading (ALBI) in predicting early recurrence following curative resection of single hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Fu Yubin , Feng Zhengkai , Xue Jiahao , Ge Penglei , Li Lin , Wu Yang
Published: August 2022

Background
This study was conducted to explore the risk factors for early recurrence of single hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following curative resection, and to evaluate the predictive value of systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) combined with the albumin - bilirubin index (ALBI) for early recurrence of HCC following curative resection.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 233 patients with pathologically confirmed HCC who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2015 to January 2018. The optimal cut-off values of alpha-fetoprotein, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), SIRI, and ALBI were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and the predictive efficiency of each index was compared by area under curve (AUC). A Cox-proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze factors affecting early recurrence. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate the 2-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate of different factors.
Results
The AUC of SIRI for predicting early recurrence was 0.644, which was better than that of NLR, MLR, PLR, and SII. SIRI > 0.96, ALBI >-2.7, tumor diameter > 5 cm, and microvascular invasion (MVI) were risk factors for early recurrence after radical resection of HCC. The AUC of SIRI combined with ALBI was 0.759, which was better than that of single SIRI and ALBI. Combined with the above four risk factors, a new prognostic index was constructed, and the AUC for predicting early recurrence was 0.801.
Conclusion
SIRI, ALBI, MVI, and tumor diameter could be considered reliable predictors of early recurrence following curative resection of single HCC. Preoperative SIRI combined with ALBI possesses an important reference value in predicting early recurrence following radical resection of HCC. It is helpful for clinicians in identifying high-risk patients with early recurrence, actively carry out postoperative adjuvant treatment, and improving the prognosis of patients.
Breaking Bud Dormancy in Tea Crabapple [Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.] with Cytokinins1
Authors: Broome Olivia C. , Zimmerman Richard H.
Published: August 2022

A technique is described for forcing the buds of tea crabapple using cytokinins. Of the cytokinins tested, 6-benzylamino purine (BA) produced the best results at 2,000 ppm, 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA) was nearly as effective, and N6-[Δ2-isopentenyl]-adenosine (IPA) and N6-[Δ2 isopentenyl]-adenine (2ip) were ineffective. Depending on the cytokinin used, inclusion of 0.5 or 1.0% surfactant was required to insure consistent results. No differences were found among 8 surfactants tested. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was an excellent solvent for the cytokinins and slightly enhanced their effect. The treatment effect was not translocated from the site of application. This method was consistent, faster than 10 weeks of cold treatment, less phytotoxic than cytokinins applied in a lanolin fraction, and permitted rapid spray application of small quantities of solution.
Phenotypic Stability and Ethylene Evolution in Androecious Cucumber1
Authors: Rudich J. , Baker L. R. , Scott J. W. , Sell H. M.
Published: August 2022

Effects of 4 daylength and temperature combinations on sex expression and growth of androecious (allmale) cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were studied. Three of 4 androecious lines were stable for male expression under all 4 combinations. However, low temperature and short days promoted femaleness in one line causing monoecious expression.

Ethylene production by androecious was compared to that of monoecious, andromonoecious, hermaphroditic and gynoecious phenotypes. Low ethylene evolution was associated with plants of androecious and monoecious phenotypes as compared to more female phenotypes. Furthermore, ethylene production by androecious plants remained low and constant throughout 30 days of growth, but a small peak in ethylene production by monoecious plants was noted. This small peak may be associated with the initiation of female flowers in monoecious phenotypes.
The Effect of Temperature and Light During Bulb Storage on Traits Related to Onion Seed Production1
Authors: DeMille B. , Vest G.
Published: August 2022

Light had no significant effect on traits related to onion (Allium cepa L.) seed production by plants from bulbs which had been exposed to various light and temperature treatments during storage. However, storage temperature affected seed yield/plant, number of seed/plant, number of seed/umbel, weight of individual seeds, and number of leaves/plant. Plants from bulbs stored at 7°C the first half and 2°C the last half of the storage period had the highest seed yield and the greatest number of seeds/plant. The heaviest seeds were produced by plants from bulbs that were stored at both 2° and 7° during the storage period. Bulbs stored at 2° and then at 7° produced plants that had fewer leaves than plants from bulbs stored at the 2 other temperature regimes.
Chilling Regimes Affect Bud Break in ‘Tifblue’ Rabbiteye Blueberry1
Authors: Spiers J. M.
Published: August 2022

‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plants were subjected to constant and intermittent artificial chilling (7°C) and natural chilling. Insufficient artificial and natural chilling hours affected vegetative-bud break less than floral break. Plants flowered normally only after receiving 500 or more hours constant or intermittent artificial chilling. A high temperature of 23 ± 3°C when alternated with low temperature slowed, but did not nullify, the low temperature effect. A high temperature (18°C) did not nullify low temperature effects. A close association is evident between artificial constant chilling and natural chill-unit data on floral- or vegetative-bud break. Chill-unit models have potential use in predicting completion of the rest period in rabbiteye blueberry.
Calcium Levels of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples as Influenced by Calcium Sprays, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic Acid, and Other Plant Growth Regulator Sprays1
Authors: Stahly Edward A. , Benson Nels R.
Published: August 2022

When ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) Ca concentration was depressed by 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), 3 sprays of Ca(NO3)2 increased fruit Ca concentration and visibly reduced fruit pitting and internal breakdown. TIBA application at intervals from full bloom stopped Ca accumulation in the skin, but not in the flesh. Consequently, it appears that Ca moves into the flesh for a longer period after bloom, but at a slower rate than it does into the skin. TIBA was the only one of several growth regulators used that reduced fruit Ca concentration. Although within a given year Ca was associated with pitting, low-Ca fruit did not pit every year. Apparently, low Ca predisposes fruit to pitting, but pit development is associated with unknown factors.
Vineyard Management Practices Influencing Oxidant Injury in ‘Concord’ Grapevines1
Authors: Kender Walter J. , Shaulis Nelson J.
Published: August 2022

Mature grapevines (Vitis labrusca L. cv. Concord) in a factorial experiment testing effects of nitrogen fertilization, rootstock, flower cluster thinning, weed control, and pruning severity were evaluated for oxidant injury in 1971, 1972, and 1973. Nitrogen at 56 and at 112 kg/ha, own-rooted vines, and flower-cluster thinning reduced the incidence of oxidant stipple over no nitrogen, vines grafted on Couderc 3309 rootstock, and no thinning, respectively. In 1971, a relatively dry growing season, vines in clean-cultivated plots showed less oxidant injury than vines in sod plots. Pruning severity and training system had no influence on oxidant stipple development. Total N concentration of tissue was negatively correlated to oxidant stipple severity. The interactions between flower cluster thinning and weed control, rootstock, and N fertilization were significant, where thinning moderated the deleterious effects of these factors.
Effect of Sulfur-coated Urea on Yield, N Uptake, and Nitrate Content in Turnip Greens, Cabbage, and Tomato1
Authors: Sharma Govind C. , Patel A. J. , Mays D. A.
Published: August 2022

In a 3-year study sulfur-coated urea (SCU) resulted in differences in crop response which were related to the different N release rates. On Decatur silty clay loam at Normal, Alabama, SCU with relatively high N-dissolution rates performed best in terms of yield and N uptake for turnip greens, Brassica campestris L. (Rapifera group) while SCU with a slower dissolution rate performed better on Morrison sandy loam at Tuskegee, Alabama. On cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata group) SCUs performed similar to ammonium nitrate (AN) and uncoated urea (UCU). With tomato, Lycopersicon esculetum Mill., spring-applied SCU with the highest dissolution rate, performed as well as split applications of AN, indicating the possibility for labor saving with SCU through reduced number of applications. Effect of SCU on nitrate accumulation was minimal. At harvest in the top 15 cm soil the total N content was highest in tomato plots treated with split AN, followed by SCU-A, SCU-C, and AN, respectively.
The Inheritance of Cercospora Leaf Spot Resistance in the Southernpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)1
Authors: Fery R. L. , Dukes P. D. , Cuthbert F. P.
Published: August 2022

Two southernpea breeding lines, CR 17-1-34 and Ala. 963.8, highly resistant to a leaf spot incited by Cercospora cruenta Sacc. were crossed with susceptible cultivars. The F1 and F2 progenies of these crosses, the F1 of the backcrosses, and the parental lines were grown in field experiments in which natural Cercospora leaf spot epiphytotics were allowed to develop. The resistances in the two breeding lines were found to be conditioned by different genetic factors. Resistance in CR 17-1-34 was controlled by a single dominant gene and that in Ala. 963.8 by a single recessive gene. We propose that the dominant and recessive genes to be designated Cls1 and cls2, respectively.
Photosynthetic Supplementary Lighting of Spray Pompon, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1
Authors: Carpenter William J.
Published: August 2022

Photosynthetic lighting of spray pompon chrysanthemums from August to March plantings for 15 or 20 days during the vegetative period were taller at the start of short-day treatment with larger stem diameter than plants photoperiodically lighted and at flowering the plants had significant increases in plant height, fresh weight, and flower number. The largest benefits developed in October to January plantings. The usual fall and winter decline in plant quality of 9- and 10-week response group chrysanthemum cultivars at northern U.S. latitudes was prevented by 20 days of photosynthetic lighting.
Performance of ‘Bartlett’ Pear on Standard and Old Home × Farmingdale Clonal Rootstocks1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Lombard P. B. , Bjorstand H. O.
Published: August 2022

Decline- and fire blight-resistant clonal rootstock selections of Old Home × Farmingdale (OH×F), Pyrus communis L. were compared during a 12-year period with Bartlett seedling, P. calleryana Decne. seedling and clonal Old Home as understocks for ‘Bartlett’. Some OH×F clones were found to be more vigorous than Old Home rootstock, while others were much less vigorous. Only OH×F 51 was as dwarfing as East Mailing (EM) Quince A. Trees on some clones of each vigor class were more efficient (yield per unit of tree size) than others of the same class. Yield efficiency was not well correlated with rootstock vigor, but the semi-dwarf clones tended to induce more efficient yield than vigorous ones.
Effects of 6-Benzylamino Purine and Gibberellin A4/7 on Seedling Growth of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.1
Authors: Aung L. H. , Byrne J. M.
Published: August 2022

Apical application of varying concentrations of 6-benzylamino purine (BA), and gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) alone or in combination promoted hypocotyl and cotyledonary growth in ‘Fireball’ tomato seedlings. Both height and width of the apical meristematic dome were enlarged by 10−4M BA and 10−6M GA4/7 alone and in combination. The length of the hypocotyl cortical cells was unaffected, but width was increased by 10−4M BA. However, 10−6M BA significantly reduced the height and width of the meristematic dome and length of the cortical cells. GA4/7 at 10−6M, on the other hand, significantly increased both the length and width of cortical cells.
Growth and Fruiting Responses of Vigorous Apple Branches to Pruning and Branch Orientation Treatments1
Authors: Elfving D. C. , Forshey C. G.
Published: August 2022

Vigorous branches of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Delicious) were headed-back into previous season's growth (1-year-old wood). Increased pruning severity (removal of a greater fraction of 1-year-old wood) resulted in increased shoot growth from 1- and 2-year-old branch segments. Fruitfulness decreased as pruning severity increased. Heading-back altered the distribution of growth between 1- and 2-year-old segments of horizontal and downward-oriented branches but resulted in a total increase in growth only in vertically-oriented branches.
Pectinesterase Activity in Controlled Atmosphere Stored Avocados1
Authors: Barmore Charles R. , Rouse A. H.
Published: August 2022

Pectinesterase (PE) activity was determined in avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill) at various times during controlled atmosphere storage (CA) and subsequent softening. A reduction in the initial softening time as related to storage temperature or ethylene accumulation in the CA unit was associated with a decrease in the PE activity of firm fruit at time of removal from storage. It is suggested that PE activity in fruit could be used to monitor a change in softening time during CA storage.
Influence of Temperature on Seed Development of Allium cepa L.1
Authors: Chang W. N. , Struckmeyer B. Esther
Published: August 2022

Male-sterile onion lines, M2399A and P54-306A were hand pollinated with pollen from 2 male-fertile lines M611B and P52-371B, in 3 Biotron chambers with maxima temperatures of 24°, 35°, and 43°C, respectively, and a minimum temperature of 18°C. There was no significant effect of temperature on magagmetophyte development. Percent abortion of young seeds was 21, 11, and 66% at 24°, 35°, and 43°, respectively; 35° was more favorable for ovule, seed and ovary growth than 24° and 43°. The endosperm nuclei divided soon after fertilization and continued normally the first 5 days after pollination at all 3 temperatures. Subsequent growth of endosperm nuclei was retarded at 43° and only 1 or 2 seeds per ovary continued to grow at a normal rate. The first embryo division was observed 7 to 8, 5 to 6, and 6 to 7 days after pollination at 24°, 35°, and 43°, respectively.
Influence of In-row Spacing on Yield of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starking Delicious’ Apple on M 9 Rootstock in Hedgerows1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Roberts A. N. , Bjornstad H. O.
Published: August 2022

‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starking Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing 9 (M 9) rootstock were planted in 1956 in alternate rows 4.57 m (15 ft) apart, with in-row spacings of 1.22, 1.83 and 2.44 m (4, 6, and 8 ft). Average annual yield was higher at the closest spacing (1794 trees/ha) during the entire 18 years of the test. The pattern of yield was similar for the 2 cultivars but was higher for ‘Golden Delicious’ because of the lower fruit set of ‘Starking’ in some years due to adverse weather. Pruning during the last 6 years of the test was done by mechanical shearing of tops and sides, with no detailed pruning within the fruiting wall. This type of pruning on dwarf trees resulted in adequate fruit size, color, and quality with normal fruit thinning practices.
Morphological and Anatomical Response of Apples to a Late Spring Frost in Relation to Stage of Fruit Development1
Authors: Simons Roy K. , Doll C. C.
Published: August 2022

Cellular changes of 3 apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh. cvs. Jonared, Golden Delicious, and Starkrimson) were studied anatomically in respect to specificity of injury at anthesis and for subsequent development of the fruit. Injury to primary and secondary fruitlets of the 3 cultivars was recorded as wound healing progressed. The crop of economic significance was produced from the secondary bloom on ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonared’. Tissue damage at anthesis persisted at fruit maturity. Fruit-pedicel injury was specific on ‘Jonared’ and extensive russeting was evident in the cavity region in all cultivars.
Effect of Initial Seed Moisture on Snap Bean Emergence from Cold Soil1
Authors: Roos E. E. , Manalo J. R.
Published: August 2022

The moisture content of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds used in commercial plantings ranged from 7.7 to 13.7% on a fresh-weight basis. Bean seeds having initial seed moisture contents above 12% had higher field emergence than lower moisture seeds particularly at soil temperatures below 10°C. The high-moisture seeds quickly lost moisture when planted in very dry soil. Laboratory germination was improved a lesser amount by raising initial seed moisture content.
Comparative Hardiness of Flower Buds and Blossoms of Some Almond Genotypes in Relation to Time of Bloom and Leafing1
Authors: Buyukyilmaz Mustafa , Kester Dale E.
Published: August 2022

The relationship between hardiness of flower buds and blossoms, and time of leafing was studied in 25 almond cultivars, species and interspecific hybrids. In artificial freezing tests, genotypes of almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) and related species and interspecific hybrids exhibited a wide range of hardiness. A relationship was observed between blossom hardiness and time from leafing to bloom with some exceptions. Results show that genetic sources for blossom hardiness, not necessarily related to time of bloom, exist in these species.
Some Seed, Seedling, and Maternal Characters as Estimates of Commercial Performance in Sweet Potato Breeding1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D.
Published: August 2022

Thirty random seedlings from each of 50 random parents of a sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) mass selected population were evaluated in the greenhouse and their subsequent field performances were recorded. Simulated selection sequences were also studied. A sequence with mass selection first on maternal hill weight, high seed set, and high seed weight followed by a 50% culling level within families on the basis of low greenhouse seedling vigor resulted in average progeny field yields 45% above that of no selection. The results showed seed weight to be a potentially useful selection criterion for root yield. Individual seedling root weight in the greenhouse was not a good predictor of field yield.
Characterization of Major Plastid Pigments in Skin of ‘Mission’ Fig Fruits1
Authors: Puech Antoine A. , Rebeiz Constantin A. , Crane Julian C.
Published: August 2022

Plastid pigments in the fruit skin of fig (Ficus carica L. cv. Mission) were extracted in acetone:0.1 N NH4OH (9:1 v/v) and purified by thin layer chromatography. Spectral analysis indicated the pigments were chlorophylls a and b, β-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin. These constituents were similar to those found in the leaves. Carotenoids present in the skin of bluish-black mature fruits were the same as those present in green, immature fruits.
Cell Wall-bound Nitrophenylglycosidases of Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Pharr D. M. , Sox H. N. , Nesbitt W. B.
Published: August 2022

Fruit extracts of Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Tiny Tim were found to contains α- and β-galactosidase, a- and β-glucosidase, α- and β-mannosidase, and α- and β-xylosidase activities. All of these enzymes either declined or remained constant in concentration during fruit development and ripening. Activities of β-glucosidase and α-galactosidase were found to be associated with isolated cell wall fragments. No evidence was found for an increase in concentration of the enzymes in the cell wall during ripening. The probability that these enzymes are not involved in fruit softening is discussed.
Changes in Chlorophyll a, b, and the a/b Ratio during Color Development in Citrus Fruit1
Authors: Jahn Otto L. , Young Roger
Published: August 2022

Light-reflectance measurements at 648-740 and 674-740 nm decreased as chlorophyll was lost during the maturation and degreening of citrus fruits. The difference between these measurements changed as the chlorophyll level declined. This change was shown as an initial decrease followed by an increase in 648-674 nm measurements. Analyses of rind samples revealed changes in the relative concentration of chlorophyll a and b and consequent decreases in the a/b ratio as total chlorophyll levels decreased. Formulas were developed to convert light-reflectance readings at 674-740 and 648-740 nm to concentration of chlorophyll a and b in the tissue. The greater resistance of chlorophyll b to degradation during color development may explain the difficulty of satisfactorily degreening some fruit and may serve as a basis in selecting for improved coloring characteristics.
The Use of Electrolytic Conductance to Assess Differential Sensitivity of French Prune Fruit to Applied Ethylene1
Authors: Weinbaum S. A. , Muraoka T.
Published: August 2022

Fruiting branches of French prune (Prunus domestica L.) were exposed to ethylene or the ethylenegenerating (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and subsequently 14C-uptake and ion leakage patterns of excised mesocarp disks were determined. Ion leakage was increased by these treatments, and the magnitudes of variances associated with ethephon-treated samples indicated differences in sensitivity among treated fruit. Under laboratory conditions electrolyte loss was associated with senescence of mesocarp tissue but was not a prerequisite of fruit abscission.
Hydraircooling: A New Precooling Method with Special Application for Waxed Peaches1
Authors: Bennett A. H. , Wells John M.
Published: August 2022

A new technique, termed hydraircooling, was evaluated for precooling fruit of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) packed in DU-ALL or similar type containers. Cooling rate was determined with respect to air and waterflow. Waterflow rates of 3.63 and 5.44 ml/minute were tested at each of 4 airflow rates (1070, 2140, 3210 and 4280 ml/second). Half-cooling times, with respect to airflow, ranged from 0.460 to 0.348 hour on top and 0.672 to 0.451 hour on the bottom of the container at 3.63 ml/minute waterflow. At the 5.44 ml/minute waterflow, respective half-cooling times ranged from 0.470 to 0.328 hour on top and 0.511 to 0.249 hour on the bottom. The peaches in these tests were 6.35 cm in diameter. In tests to compare hydraircooling with forced-air precooling, using 7 cm diameter peaches, respective half-cooling times were 0.433 hour compared to 0.516 hour on top and 0.523 hour compared to 0.731 hour on the bottom at an airflow of 2140 ml/second and a waterflow in the hydraircooler of 3.63 ml/minute. Cooling rate increased in relation to air and waterflow with the greater significance being obtained in relation to waterflow.
Growth Models for Helianthus annuus L. and Zinnia elegans Jacq.1
Authors: Hammer P. Allen , Langhans R. W.
Published: August 2022

A second degree central composite rotatable experimental design with 5 environmental variables (root temperature, day and night temperature daylength, and light intensity) was used to estimate growth response surfaces for Helianthus annuus cv. Mammoth and Zinnia elegans cv. Eldorado grown in controlled environment chambers. Fresh and dry weight of shoots, dry weight of roots, and total dry weight for sunflowers produced estimated equations suitable for first approximation response surfaces. The model predicted maximum growth (weight) of sunflowers occurred outside of the design space. More experimentation is needed at root temperature >26.7°C, day/night temperature >37.8°, light intensity >37800 lux and daylength >23 hours to find those conditions that maximize growth with the 5 environmental variables in the present study. Additional experiments at the boundary of design space are suggested for substantial improvements in the present model for sunflowers. In zinnia lack of significance of the estimated equation was observed for all measured growth parameters (fresh and dry weight of shoots, dry weight of roots, total dry weight, number of leaves, stem length, and leaf area). A leaf disorder resembling calcium deficiency was noted on zinnia plants grown at a root temperature of 26.7°C.
Effects of Temperature and Genotype on Pollen Tube Growth in Some Self-incompatible and Self-compatible Almond Cultivars1
Authors: Sodias i Company R. , Kester D. E. , Bradley Muriel V.
Published: August 2022

Pollen tube growth in the styles following self- and cross-pollination was studied in self-incompatible ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ almond (Prunus amgdalus Batsch) and 5 unnamed self-fertile almond selections derived from back-cross hybridization with peach (P. persica (L.) Batsch).

Self-incompatibility of ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ was expressed morphologically by failure of all tubes to grow through the style, failure of many tubes to penetrate the style, presence of swollen pollen tube ends and retrogression with time at higher temperatures. Rates of pollen tube growth in self-fertile selections was consistently less than after cross-pollination, but the ratios of self/cross varied. Thus, selections ranged from those approaching selfincompatibility to those approaching self-compatibility.

Optimum temperatures for ‘Ne Plus Ultra’ were 15°C when selfed and 25° when crossed. For the self-fertile selections selfed, it was 25° for all but one, which was 15°. When crossed, it was always 25°. One selection showed a high degree of ovule under-development independent of self-compatibility.
Potential Fertility Levels in Four Diploid Vaccinium Species1
Authors: Ballington J. R. , Galletta G. J.
Published: August 2022

As a first step in determining the phylogeny of the rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade), the potential fertility levels among its purported diploid ancestral species. Vaccinium atrococcum (Gray) Heller, Vaccinium caesariense MacKenzie, Vaccinium darrowi Camp, and Vaccinium tenellum Ait., were determined. Differences existed among species in female fertility as determined by total number of seeds and number of potentially viable seeds. The number of seeds per berry was lower than that reported for highbush and rabbiteye blueberry cultivars. No differences were found among species in potential male fertility as indicated by percent stainable pollen. Pollen diameter was not a good criterion for distinguishing species or ploidy levels. Comparison of fertility of diploid species with that of purported polyploid derivatives is suggested as a possible aid in determining phylogeny in Vaccinium. Unreduced pollen grains were detected in only 2 of the 4 species in this study. The average return from heterploid (4n × 2n) crosses was 3 seedlings per 1000 pollinations.
Identification of Gibberellin A29 and Evidence for Abscisic Acid in Extracts from Fruits of Immature French Prune (Prunus domestica L.)1
Authors: Reed Walfred , Martin George C.
Published: August 2022

The presence of gibberellin A29 (GA29) in extracts of pericarp of immature prune, was established by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Another gibberellin (GA) in the extract was determined by GC-MS to be a di-hydroxy A9 derivative different from any of the 46 GAs of known structure. An inhibitor of wheat coleoptile elongation present in pericarp and seeds was tentatively identified as abscisic acid (ABA), based on Rf values on thin-layer chromatograms (TLC) and retention times of the methyl ester on gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) columns.
Some Effects of Copper, Cobalt, Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel, and Chromium on Growth and Mineral Element Concentration in Chrysanthemum1
Authors: Patel P. M. , Wallace A. , Mueller R. T.
Published: August 2022

Different levels of Cu, Co, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cr (10-6, 10-5, and 10-4m) were studied in a glasshouse to evaluate effects on the yield and interactions among heavy metals in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Bright Golden Anne). A 70% growth reduction was observed at the highest level (10-4m) of Cd, Cu, and Cr. The same level of Co, Ni, and Zn depressed growth 45, 45, and 21%, respectively. Added Cd in solution had the greatest effect on growth depression at 10-5m. Copper, Co, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cr concentrations in leaves, stems, and roots were increased with their rate of application in nutrient solution. Most Cu, Co, Cd, Ni, and Cr were associated with roots, followed by leaves and stems. No gradient from root to shoot was observed with Zn. Root to stem metal ratios were in the following order: Cr>Co>Cd>Ni>Cu>Zn. Cadmium decreased Mn concentration in leaves, stems, and roots, and increased Zn concentration in leaves. Other interactions were also noted.
Responses of Vigorous ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees to Pruning and Growth Regulator Treatments1
Authors: Elfving D. C. , Forshey C. G.
Published: August 2022

In March 1974 vigorous 1-year-old terminal branch sections of ‘Delicious’/Mailing 9 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were all headed-back 2/3 or removed (3/3). Three weeks after full-bloom (AFB) the dormant-pruned trees received current-season's-shoot removal and/or 1000 ppm succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl-hydrazide (daminozide, SADH) treatments in a factorial experimental design. Total number and growth of shoots from 1- and/or 2-year-old branch sections were the same regardless of dormant pruning. Only a small amount of that growth occurred on 2-year-old branch sections where terminals were headed-back 2/3. Nitrogen movement was altered in the fruiting zone of the canopy by heading-back treatments. Shoot removal AFB affected total shoot growth only when bases where shoots were removed were treated with 1% naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). SADH reduced shoot growth 18%. Yield was primarily a function of fruit-load in the interior of the tree and was reduced by every treatment which increased shoot growth on 2-year-old branch sections. In 1974 effects of treatments on yield were independent and combinations of treatments individually increasing yield showed addtive effects. Heading-back 3/3 in 1974 reduced fruits per tree in 1975 due to spur loss. Only the 1974 shoot-removal treatments had a carry-over effect on shoot growth in 1975.
Pre- and Postharvest Factors Affecting Textural Quality of Fresh Asparagus1
Authors: Clore W. J. , Carter G. H. , Drake S. R.
Published: August 2022

Factors determined to have a pronounced effect on shear-press peak-force values of asparagus, Asparagus officinalis L. included sample size, spear diameter, length of green, and preharvest temperature. Shear-press values were greater following periods of cold weather in early spring. Larger diameter spears had lower peak-force values than smaller spears, indicating that larger spears are more tender than smaller spears. The number and diameter of spears produced by a particular cultivar, and not differences between cultivars, were the characteristics observed to influence shear-press values. Shear-press max peak-force values correlated well with subjective and objective determinations of asparagus fiber.
The Carbon Budget of a Young Apple Tree1
Authors: Proctor J. T. A. , Watson R. L. , Landsberg J. J.
Published: August 2022

Photosynthesis and dark respiration of the above ground components of young orchard-grown apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) were measured by infrared gas analysis. Soil and root respiration were determined by CO2 absorption. Maximum net photosynthesis (Pn) of shoots was 2.0 g CO2 m–2 hr–1 and light saturation level was 500 Wm–2 (global solar radiation). Photosynthetic efficiencies of shoots were at a maximum (6%) at 100 Wm–2 was 2 to 3% at light saturation. Pn rates of stems and fruits were very low and even at high irradiance did not exceed the compensation point. Dark respiration (Rd) increased exponentially with temperature. Rd per unit weight was comparable for leaves and stems, less for roots and very little for fruits; per unit area the rates for leaves and fruit were small, while those for stems were large. Estimates of dry matter accumulation by growth analysis and by net CO2 uptake were remarkably similar, despite a gross simplifying assumption with regard to light interception by the leaves.
Response of ‘Sweet Spanish’ Onion to Soil-applied Zinc1
Authors: Ajakaiye M. B. , Greig J. K.
Published: August 2022

The effects of soil applications of Zn as ZnSO4 at 2, 4, 6, and 8 ppm and as ZnNa2-EDTA (disodium zinc ethylenediamine tetraacetate dihydrate) at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ppm on Allium cepa L. cv. Sweet Spanish dry matter and mineral composition were investigated in the greenhouse. Soil used was a sandy loam with pH 7.6, cation exchange capacity of 4.2 meq/100 g and available Zn of 0.63 ppm.

Total dry matter (TD) increased with Zn up to 6 ppm as ZnSO4 but decreased significantly at 8 ppm, indicating Zn toxicity 108 days after planting. TD, however, was less than the control at all levels of Zn as ZnNa2-EDTA tested, and 1.5 and 2.0 ppm killed plants 87 days after they were sowed; that also suggested serious Zn toxicity. Zinc concentrations in all plant parts sampled increased with Zn applications. Leaf Zn concentrations correlated significantly with bulb dry matter. For correlations with bulb dry matter, leaf tissue determined Zn status of bulb onion better than did pseudostem or leaf plus pseudostem. Zinc distribution was influenced by Zn source. For the ZnSO4 source, bulb Zn was higher than leaf Zn; the reverse was true for the ZnNa2-EDTA source, at both 69 and 108 days after sowing. Zinc as ZnNa2-EDTA significantly increased Na concentrations in bulbs. Zn at high rates depressed leaf tissue concentrations of Fe, Cu, Mn, Ca, and Mg. NPK increased tissue content of Zn, P, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ca, Mg, and Na in the control plots in which NPK was supplied.
Degreening of Waxed Citrus Fruit with Ethephon and Temperature1
Authors: Jahn Otto L.
Published: August 2022

Postharvest application of 500 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) induced degreening in ‘Bearss’ lemon at 15, 18 and 21°C, reducing the coloring time by 20 to 30%. Waxing delayed degreening slightly, but, on ethephon-treated fruit, degreening was as rapid or more rapid than on untreated, unwaxed fruit. Combination of thiabendazole (TBZ) with ethephon had little effect on the degreening rate. ‘Marsh’ grapefruit from an interior Florida grove was more responsive to ethephon than was fruit from an east coast grove. Waxing and TBZ treatments delayed degreening more in grapefruit than in lemon. Waxed east coast grapefruit did not satisfactorily degreen with or without the addition of ethephon. Degreening occurred in waxed ‘Hamlin’ orange and ‘Dancy’ tangerine, but color was not satisfactory, mainly because of poor carotenoid development.
Influence of a Substituted Oxathiin, a Localized Growth Inhibitor, on the Stem Elongation, Branching, and Flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1
Authors: Cathey Henry M.
Published: August 2022

2,3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin, (UBI-P293) acts as localized blocker of cell division and expansion while well formed tissues are exempt and develop normally. When applied to vegetative chrysanthemum plants, UBI-P293 blocked development of the top 8–10 nodes; whereas lateral shoots developed at the same rate, number, and weight as those observed on manually pruned plants. When applied to plants initiating flowers, UBI-P293 caused chemical disbudding by blocking development of laterals while the terminal bud was exempt and expanded into a normal inflorescence. The optimum concentration for the 35 cultivars evaluated varied from 0.25 to 1.0% when applied between 15 to 24 short days. Higher concentrations or earlier applications of UBI-P293 inhibited all development.
Chemical Height Control of Reiger Elatior Begonia1
Authors: Krauskopf D. M. , Nelson P. V.
Published: August 2022

Chemical growth retardants (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat), succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH, daminozide) and α-cyclopropyl-α-(ρ-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) were tested on Reiger Elatior begonia ‘Schwabenland Red’ (Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch). Chlormequat applied as a spray of 0.30% active ingredient (a.i.) (1:40 dilution of commercial product) caused height retardation in high and low light periods, being most effective in the winter. A 0.30% drench was excessive under low light conditions whereas both 0.30 and 0.60% drenches were ineffective under high light conditions. No significant height retardation was found when SADH was applied as a spray at concentration up to 0.50% a.i. Ancymidol was effective as a drench at 0.125 mg per 15 cm pot under both high and low light conditions. Ancymidol sprays at concentrations up to 33 ppm were ineffective.
Histochemical and Ultrastructural Studies of Fruit Abscission in the Olive after Treatment with 2-Chloroethyl-tris-(2-methoxy ethoxy)-silane1
Authors: Reed Nu-may R. , Hartmann Hudson T.
Published: August 2022

Following the application of 2-chloroethyl-tris-(2-methoxyethoxy)-silane (CGA 13586), an ethylenereleasing compound, to olive (Olea europaea L.) shoots, 2 abscission zones were observed. One occurred at the proximal, the other at the distal end of the pedicel. Actual separation occurred mostly at the distal end of the pedicel. Changes observed during the development of the abscission zone included: cell plasmolysis, cell wall and middle lamella dissolution, starch grain accumulation and a general breakdown of cells at the abscission zone.
Enhancement of Calcium Transport to Inner Leaves of Cabbage for Prevention of Tipburn1
Authors: Palzkill D. A. , Tibbitts T. W. , Williams P. H.
Published: August 2022

Heading cabbage plants, Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata group) grown under humidity conditions which allowed root pressure flow to occur during the dark period, as indicated by the occurrence of guttation from the leaf margins, remained free of tipburn. Plants grown under conditions which prevented root pressure flow from occurring developed tipburn on both wrapper and inner head leaves. The effect of root pressure flow on 45Ca transport was studied in cabbage plants in the rosette stage of growth. Heads were simulated by covering the inner leaves of the plants. 45Ca was readily transported to inner “head” leaves under high humidity which allowed root pressure flow to occur, while very little 45Ca was moved to these leaves under low humidity which prevented root pressure flow. The data indicate that root pressure flow is required to move adequate amounts of Ca to prevent tipburn in head leaves of cabbage.