bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defending ‘snake oil’: The preservation of contentious knowledge and practices
Authors: Tan Catherine D
Published: February 2021

How does belief in controversial ideas persist? I study a community of parents and practitioners who contend that autism spectrum disorder is caused by harmful environmental exposures – notably, early childhood vaccinations – and that there are worthwhile alternative or experimental treatments. Despite objections from dominant experts, these actors maintain their disputed ideas. This study identifies a set of strategies that help maintain internal legitimacy. In particular, actors protect internal legitimacy through professional alignment and contrastive boundary work. Professional alignment mobilizes resemblances to conventional counterparts (i.e. mainstream doctors) to defend unorthodox practices. Meanwhile, contrastive boundary-work performances convey the defining values and strengths that actors associate with their knowledge community and concomitantly, the weaknesses they ascribe to competing groups. Through these activities, actors respond to perceived threats and construct a distinct group identity anchored in shared knowledge, ways of knowing and practice.
Indigenous resource management systems as models for librarianship: I waiwai ka ‘āina
Authors: Komeiji Kawena , Long Keahiahi , Matsuda Shavonn , Paikai Annemarie
Published: February 2021

This commentary suggests a (k)new model for the practice of Indigenous librarianship that positions a traditional natural resource management system as a metaphor for library practices. By detailing the experiences of Native Hawaiian librarians working with materials and collections representing Hawaiian knowledge, the article discusses specific Hawaiian natural resource management principles (kapu, kūlana, waiwai, and lele), and explores their possible applications in library contexts. The result is a description of Hawaiian librarianship grounded in Hawaiian values and practices with the goal of best serving Hawaiian communities.
“Your Child Has Cerebral Palsy”: Parental Understanding and Misconceptions
Authors: Mohanty Mugdha , Beaulieu Forrest , Sampath Spoorthi , Tambunan Dimira , Kataria Shivangi , Rosman N. Paul
Published: February 2021

Importance:

Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy can best help their child if they understand the disorder and the correct terminology.

Objective:

To assess caregiver understanding of cerebral palsy.

Design:

This was a cross-sectional study from a large tertiary medical center in Boston, to assess understanding of the term cerebral palsy by primary caregivers of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. All cases were obtained from hospital electronic medical records. Telephone surveys were conducted. Caregiver understanding of cerebral palsy was assessed by open-ended responses (50%) and success in answering true/false questions about cerebral palsy (50%).

Participants:

Primary caregivers of children 18 years and younger with cerebral palsy.

Results:

Thirty-three percent of caregivers denied ever being told that their child had cerebral palsy. Most caregivers identified cerebral palsy as a brain problem (79%), lifelong condition (73%), often caused by a perinatal (60%) or gestational (40%) insult. Fifty-two percent knew that cerebral palsy was nonprogressive. Sixty-two percent of caregivers believed they had a good, very good, or excellent understanding of cerebral palsy, whereas the investigators found 69% of caregivers had a good, very good, or excellent understanding of cerebral palsy (P = .006). Most caregivers rated very good or excellent the setting where cerebral palsy was discussed (58%), the explanations provided (55%), and the amount of time spent (45%), yet using a Pearson correlation coefficient, most important was the time spent ( r = 0.53).

Conclusions:

Following discussion with their child’s physician, most primary caregivers of children with cerebral palsy have a good, very good, or excellent understanding of cerebral palsy. Most critical to a good understanding of cerebral palsy was the time spent in explaining the diagnosis.
Dating Violence in an Urban Turkish Context: Listening to Young People from an Intersectional Perspective
Authors: Ustunel Anil Ozge
Published: February 2021

Intersectional approaches have challenged the field of domestic violence to pay more attention to diversity in women’s experiences and highlighted the significance of their social contexts and positions, such as class, race, religion, in shaping their understanding of and responses to violence. In the dating violence (DV) literature, a similar call has been made to develop contextualized accounts of DV and to address the heterogeneity of young people through DV prevention programs. Nevertheless, to date, intersectional thinking has not been fully utilized in DV research. The present study aims to address this gap in the literature and investigate how young people make sense of and experience DV from an intersectional perspective in an urban Turkish context. The data for the current study came from individual interviews conducted with 39 college students, aged 18–25. The interviews inquired into how young people understood, explained, and experienced DV. The interviews were analyzed thematically, culminating into four main themes: (a) DV as control, (b) DV as resulting from traditional gender norms, (c) DV as women’s fault, and (d) DV-related socialization processes. Some of these main themes were interpreted and experienced differently by the participants depending on their gender and the impact of traditional, Islamic, and egalitarian discourses on their accounts. The result demonstrated nuanced differences in young people’s meaning-making perspectives, needs, and vulnerabilities to DV. In the Turkish context, these results are intended to inform the burgeoning field of DV research and to guide the development of diversity-informed, culturally tailored, and context-sensitive prevention practices.
The Retention of Educators of Color Amidst Institutionalized Racism
Authors: Grooms Ain A. , Mahatmya Duhita , Johnson Eboneé T.
Published: February 2021

Representing approximately 20% of the workforce, educators of color (EOC) leave the field at a rate 25% higher than their White counterparts. Despite workforce diversification efforts, few studies investigate the psychosocial consequences of navigating racialized school climate as reasons EOC may leave the workforce. This study relies on survey data collected from educators of color (paraprofessionals through superintendents) across the state of Iowa. Applying a critical quantitative research design, we examined factors that link racialized school climate to their job satisfaction and psychological well-being. Findings indicate that a racialized school climate has a significant, direct effect on EOC’s race-based stress and professional racial self-efficacy. We argue that solely focusing on the retention of educations of color acts as a distraction from dismantling the institutionalized racism that continues to permeate our school systems.
White Fear, White Flight, the Rules of Racial Standing and Whiteness as Property: Why Two Critical Race Theory Constructs are Better Than One
Authors: Donnor Jamel K.
Published: February 2021

Despite earning the highest grade point average (GPA) in her graduating class at the recently integrated Cleveland High School (CHS) in Cleveland, Mississippi, Ms. Jasmine Shepard, an African-American female, was named “co-valedictorian” with Ms. Heather Bouse, a White female, who had a lower GPA. Utilizing Derrick Bell’s rules of racial standing theory and Cheryl Harris’ analytical construct whiteness as property, this article examines Ms. Shepard’s lawsuit against the Cleveland School District. In addition to explaining how White flight was deployed as a policy distraction to justify the inequitable treatment of Ms. Jasmine Shepard, this article posits that the specter of Ms. Shepard becoming Cleveland High School’s first Black valedictorian triggered area Whites’ fear of losing the property value of their whiteness.
A Reflection on Engaged Scholarship
Authors: Leonardi Bethy , Farley Amy N. , Donnor Jamel K.
Published: February 2021

While the policy distractions outlined in this collection manifest in myriad ways—and our authors examine them through a wide range of lenses and analytic tools—we were struck as an editorial team by the commonalities they share. What is clear throughout these articles is that scholars, most centrally, raise the ubiquitous power of policy distraction as it relates to ignoring systems and structures that serve to maintain normativity in many forms. Throughout, scholars instead point to policy distractions that locate both problems—and solutions—in individual actors (e.g., students, educators), symbolic gestures, and taken-for-granted procedures and practices that are rooted in white supremacy, cis-heteronormativy, anti-blackness, and patriarchy, to name a few. In this final article we, as an editorial team, offer insights about how we see the voices in the Issue in conversation, and, in the spirit of curious collaboration and engaged scholarship, we invite you to think along with us.
Does the Economic Decline of the West and the Rise of China Encourage NGO Crackdown?
Authors: Adolph Christopher , Prakash Aseem
Published: February 2021

Laws restricting foreign funding to domestically operating nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have proliferated in developing countries. This is puzzling because Western powers support the norm that NGOs are critical for democracy and development, recommend governments partner with NGOs, and sometimes use trade sanctions to encourage adherence to this norm. We examine whether rising trade with China influences the onset of NGO restrictions. China, which has emerged as an important export destination, articulates a different norm of state sovereignty over NGOs and does not sanction developing countries that enact restrictive NGO laws. Analysis of 153 developing countries from 2000 to 2015 finds that increasing exports to China may double the risk of NGO crackdown, but only when accompanied by declining exports to Western democracies. NGO scholars should recognize there are multiple norms about state-NGO relationship and that norm acceptance is influenced by the economic clout of the power that espouses a particular norm.
Synergistic effect of silane cross-linker (APTEOS) on PVA/gelatin blend films for packaging applications
Authors: Zeeshan Muhammad , Dilshad Muhammad Rizwan , Islam Atif , Iqbal Sadia Sagar , Akram Muhammad Sarfraz , Mehmood Farhan , Gull Nafisa , Khan Rafi Ullah
Published: February 2021

The objective of this work is to fabricate hydrogel films which are biodegradable and also fit for packaging applications. The hydrogel films were prepared by the reaction of polyvinyl alcohol and gelatin with and without 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTEOS) cross-linker. The hydrogel films were then characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, degree of swelling, TGA, SEM analysis and mechanical testing. The FTIR spectra of the hydrogel films confirmed the presence of both polymers and hydrogen bonding between them. TGA analysis confirmed the increase in thermal stability with the increase of cross-linker amount. SEM analysis confirmed the increase in uniformity of structure with the increase of cross-linker amount. The increase in cross-linker amount resulted in decrease of degree of swelling and increase of tensile strength. The biodegradability of hydrogel films was evaluated by performing soil burial test and found to be decreased with the increase of cross-linker amount. In order to balance the tensile strength and biodegradability, the optimum amount of cross-linker was determined which resulted in the formation of the best performing film. Finally, our best performing film was compared with other hydrogel films reported in the literature. Hence, the hydrogel films cross-linked with APTEOS are biodegradable, having high tensile strength and suitable for packaging purpose.
An evaluation of occupant dynamics during moderate-to-high speed side impacts
Authors: Atarod Mohammad
Published: February 2021

The present study examined trends in occupant dynamics during side impact testing in vehicle models over the past decade. “Moderate-to-high” speed side impacts (delta-V ≥15 km/h) were analyzed. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) side impact crash data was examined ( N = 126). The test procedure involved a moving deformable barrier (MDB) impacting the sides of stationary vehicles at 50.0 km/h. Instrumented 5th-percentile female SID IIs dummies were positioned in the driver and left rear passenger seats. Occupant head, neck, shoulder, torso, spine, and pelvis/femur responses (times histories, peaks, and time-to-peak values) were evaluated and compared to injury assessment reference values (IARVs). The effects of delta-V, vehicle model year, vehicle body type, and occupant seating position on dynamic responses were examined. The vehicle lateral delta-Vs ranged from 15.9 to 34.5 km/h. The MY2018-2020 demonstrated lower peak dynamics than MY2010-2013, for the driver head acceleration (53.7 ± 11.3 g vs 46.4 ± 11.6 g), shoulder lateral forces (1.7 ± 0.7 kN vs 1.5 ± 0.2 kN), average rib deflection (29.8 ± 8.3 mm vs 28.4 ± 6.2 mm), spine accelerations at T4 (51.4 ± 23.4 g vs 39.6 ± 5.9 g) and T12 (56.3 ± 18.5 g vs 45.2 ± 9.6 g), iliac forces (1.9 ± 1.0 kN vs 1.2 ± 0.9 kN), and acetabular forces (1.9 ± 0.8 kN vs 1.3 ± 0.5 kN). The driver indicated statistically higher dynamic responses than the left rear passenger. Higher wheelbase vehicles generally showed lower occupant loading than the smaller vehicles. In conclusion, a reduction in occupant loading and risks for injury was observed in vehicle models over the past decade. This provides further insight into injury mechanisms, occupant dynamics simulations, and seat/restraint design.
Book review: Maitrayee Chaudhuri, Refashioning India: Gender, Media, and a Transformed Public Discourse
Authors: Patnaik Pranta Pratik
Published: February 2021

Maitrayee Chaudhuri, Refashioning India: Gender, Media, and a Transformed Public Discourse. Hyderabad, India: Orient BlackSwan, 2017, 325 pages (hardcover). ISBN: 978-93-86689-00-9.
Book review: Leila Alikarimi, Women & Equality in Iran: Law, Society and Activism
Authors: Hasan Huma
Published: February 2021

Leila Alikarimi, Women & Equality in Iran: Law, Society and Activism. London, New York: I.B. Tauris, 2019, 339 pages. £85.00 (hbk), £91.80 (ebook). ISBN: 978-1-7845-33168.
Book review: Shobna Nijhawan, Hindi Publishing in Colonial Lucknow: Gender, Genre, and Visuality in the Creation of a Literary ‘Canon’
Authors: Agnihotri Indu
Published: February 2021

Shobna Nijhawan, Hindi Publishing in Colonial Lucknow: Gender, Genre, and Visuality in the Creation of a Literary ‘Canon’. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2018. 240 pages. ₹1,495.
Book review: Sachidananda Mohanty, Periodical Press and Colonial Modernity: Odisha, 1866–1936
Authors: Agnihotri Indu
Published: February 2021

Sachidananda Mohanty, Periodical Press and Colonial Modernity: Odisha, 1866–1936. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2016. 143 pages. ₹595.
The Balancing Act: Employed Women Navigating the COVID-19 Lockdown in Sri Lanka
Authors: Meegaswatta Thilini N. K.
Published: February 2021

The global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on women: female care workers are at the forefront of the crisis and are facing increased health risks; women are disproportionately affected by the employment drop related to COVID-19 lockdowns and social distancing measures; they are exposed to an alarming increase in domestic violence and are shouldering heavier burdens at home in times of restricted movement. In other words, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing gender inequalities and vulnerabilities. While available reports and research crystallise the challenges faced by other vulnerable groups in general, there is a lack of insights to the unique challenges faced by formally employed women while negotiating the dynamics of home during full lockdowns. This lacuna is especially applicable to the Global South, given that the overwhelming majority of available research focuses on Western societies. In this backdrop, this article explores how formally employed women navigated the COVID-19 lockdown in Sri Lanka. A feminist reading of data gathered through a structured online questionnaire from 50 formally employed women as well as 15 men for the purpose of a comparative analysis sheds light on how far and in what ways employed women were able to balance their professional and personal commitments in a time of increased uncertainty and anxiety, while adopting new practices and deploying new skills. The article concludes that in spite of gendered expectations and challenges, employed women have been able to straddle both professional and domestic duties largely due to the unique resources available to them within the South Asian household. In addition, the article observes that the COVID-19 lockdown in Sri Lanka has opened up new spaces and practices that encourage both employers and employees to enable the better reconciliation of personal and professional spheres.
Ethical and Practical Reflections of Resident Anthropologists in Conflict Zones: Experiences from the Tokwe Mukosi Dam Project and Displacement at Chingwizi, Zimbabwe
Authors: Nhodo Lloyd , Ojong Vivian B. , Chikoto Donald
Published: February 2021

This article is derived from the methodological experiences from a 1-year ethnographic study carried out at Chingwizi among the Tokwe Mukosi displaced persons in Zimbabwe. This followed the unexpected and ultimately contentious disarticulation of over 6,000 Chivi and Mushawasha families from their ancestral land, sources of livelihoods, and social well-being. This study was therefore carried out in the context of a volatile and unpalatable relationship between the state and its functionaries, on the one hand, and the Tokwe Mukosi residents, on the other hand. The protracted conflict between the said actors has unintentionally made the Chingwizi area a very sensitive and protected area in terms of academic research. In this article, we therefore reflect on the ethical and practical dilemmas in studying the marginalized and often traumatized ‘victims’ of this dam project and the subsequent displacement, albeit from an insider’s perspective. Central to our discussions are issues such as the politics of signing forms, gaining entry, informed consent suspicion, and balancing the insider–outsider dilemma in research. The article moves on to look at the practical solutions to the said ethical and practical impediments in studying the marginalized communities in conflict situations. We therefore place emphasis on the significance of reflexivity, identity, and the politics of belonging, which was engrained in the wematongo concept. In addition to a number of strategies used under reflexive ethnography is the significance of social capital.
Making Sense of Reading Comprehension Assessments: Guidance for Evaluating Student Performance
Authors: Collins Alyson A. , Lindström Esther R.
Published: February 2021

Educators use reading comprehension assessments to summarize academic achievement, make decisions in diagnostic evaluations, and identify intervention needs. A challenge, however, with using different assessments in practice is that student performance may change depending on which assessment is administered. This article guides educators in evaluating student performance across multiple assessments, specifically when making decisions for students with learning disabilities (LD) in reading. First, this article provides educators with guidance in establishing a student’s foundational skills, specifically those that may contribute to low performance on reading comprehension assessments. Next, the article presents steps for examining the texts and assessment methods commonly used in measures of reading comprehension. The article concludes with recommendations for evaluating student performance when considering a student’s foundational skills and characteristics of reading comprehension assessments.
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: State of the Art of FGFR Inhibitors
Authors: Wu Tianyu , Jiang Xiaoqing , Zhang Xin , Wu Bodeng , Xu Bin , Liu Xiaoliu , Zheng Lei , Wang Yu
Published: February 2021

Objective:

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), the second most common type of primary liver tumor, has an increasing incidence in the past few decades. iCCA is highly malignant, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 5-10%. Surgical resection is usually the prescribed treatment for patients with early stage iCCA; however, patients are usually in an advanced stage iCCA upon diagnosis. Currently, targeted therapy combined with chemotherapy and other comprehensive treatment measures have been mainly adopted as palliative treatment measures. As a common candidate of targeted therapy, FGFR inhibitors have demonstrated their unique advantages in clinical trials. At present, the prospect of FGFR targeted therapy is encouraging. The landscape of FGFR inhibitors in iCCA is needed to be showed urgently.

Methods:

We searched relative reports of clinical trials on FGFR inhibitors in PubMed as well as Web of Science. We also concluded other available clinical trials of FGFR inhibitors (Data were collected from clinicaltrials.gov ).

Results:

Several relatively effective targeted drugs are being used in clinical trials. Some preliminary results indicate the outlook of targeted therapy such as BGJ398, TAS120, and HSP90 inhibitors.

Conclusions:

In summary, FGFR targeted therapy has broad prospects for the treatment of iCCA.
Acute exudative paraneoplastic polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy in a patient with thymoma, myasthenia gravis, and polymyositis
Authors: Yu He , Ma Xinyu , Tong Nianting , Zhou Zhanyu , Zhang Yu
Published: February 2021

Importance:

This is the first reported case of acute exudative paraneoplastic polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy (AEPPVM) in a patient with thymoma, accompanied by myasthenia gravis (MG) and polymyositis.

Objective:

To examine the pathogenesis of ocular disease in a patient with yolk-like fundus lesions and thymoma, MG, and polymyositis throughout the body based on clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and genetic testing to determine the appropriate treatment course.

Design, setting, and participants:

We describe a 63-year-old woman who presented to our tertiary medical center with a 3-month history of reduced visual acuity in both eyes. Concurrent fundoscopy revealed a 2.0 × 1.7-mm, unifocal, yellow, round vitelliform lesion in the macular region, surrounded by multifocal, shallow, yellow-white pockets of subretinal fluid. The patient’s medical history included thymoma with thymectomy treatment, combined with pericardiectomy and postoperative radiotherapy (20 years prior), followed by a diagnosis of MG with suspect thymic association (15 years prior). Three years prior, the patient had been diagnosed with polymyositis related to paraneoplastic syndrome; 1 year prior, she had been examined for pleural thickening due to suspected metastatic tumor.

Results:

On her most recent follow-up visit at 3 months after initial diagnosis, the patient was stable with no clinically significant progression in ocular or systemic conditions.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mediates neointimal thickness in arteriovenous fistulae with different anastomotic angles in rats
Authors: Bai Hualong , Wei Shunbo , Xie Boao , Wang Zhiwei , Li Mingxing , Qiao Zhentao , Sun Peng , Wang Wang
Published: February 2021

Background:

It is known that the anastomotic angle can influence neointimal hyperplasia and patency in arteriovenous fistulae (AVF). Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is released from the vascular endothelium and can inhibit neointimal hyperplasia. Therefore, here, we aimed to test the hypothesis that the manipulation of eNOS expression could influence neointimal thickness in a rat AVF model with different anastomosis angles.

Methods:

Rat carotid artery (inflow, CA) and jugular vein (outflow, JV) AVF were created with acute, blunt, or end-to-end (ETE) anastomosis angles. Aspirin was used to increase eNOS expression in the acute angle group, while N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-name) was used to decrease eNOS expression in the obtuse angle group. The rats were sacrificed on day 21, and tissues were harvested and analyzed histologically and with immunostaining.

Results:

A larger anastomosis diameter ( p < 0.016) and smaller neointimal area ( p < 0.01) were observed in the obtuse and end-to-end (ETE) groups compared to in the acute group. In the acute angle group, there were more proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and α-actin dual-positive cells ( p < 0.0001) and fewer phospho (p)-eNOS-positive endothelial cells ( p < 0.0001) in the neointima than in the obtuse and ETE angle groups. On treating the acute angle and blunt angle groups with aspirin and L-name, respectively, no significant differences in the neointima/lumen rate were observed ( p = 0.6526) between the groups; however, there were fewer von Willebrand factor (vWF) and p-eNOS dual-positive cells in the obtuse angle group treated with L-name ( p = 0.0045).

Conclusions:

We demonstrated that eNOS plays an important role in neointimal hyperplasia in AVF with different anastomosis angles; further, eNOS could potentially be used as a therapeutic target in patients with AVF in the future.
Peripheral intravenous cannulae in neonates: To splint or not?
Authors: Serane V Tiroumourougane , Rajasekaran Rathnapratheep , Vijayadevagaran Vijayasankar , Kothendaraman Bhuvaneswari
Published: February 2021

Objective:

To determine the effect of splint on the dwell time of peripheral intravenous cannula in neonates.

Setting:

Level II Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).

Patients:

Consecutive babies with presumed need of peripheral intravenous access of at least 24 h.

Methods:

Enrolled subjects were randomized to “splint” or “splint-less” group. Insertion site was cleaned with Isopropyl alcohol and 2% Chlorhexidine and peripheral intravenous catheter was inserted under strict asepsis. Insertion sites was examined regularly for occurrence of complication which necessitated removal of the catheter.

Results:

Out of 159 neonates, 80 were allotted to splint group and the rest to splint-less group. Mean dwell time of intravenous line in splint group was 27.68 ± 13.03 h which was significantly less than in splint-less group (32.87 ± 15.79 h, mean difference: 5.11 h, p value: 0.03). Subgroup analysis in preterms showed mean dwell time of 28.54 ± 14.86 h in splint group which was less than that of splint-less group (35.10 ± 16.24 h) ( p value: 0.03). No such difference was noted in the term neonates. Subgroup analysis for catheters put across joints does not show difference in mean dwell times between splint and splint-less groups. Multivariate regression analysis did not identify any variable which independently affected the outcome.

Conclusion:

Use of splint does not prolong the dwell time of the catheter and is probably harmful in some neonates.
Vape Shop Proliferation and Noncompliance in Pennsylvania: A Pre- and Post-tax Analysis
Authors: Colditz Jason B , Tulikangas Megan C , Sidani Jaime E , Dodson Zan M , Woods Michelle S , James A Everette , Primack Brian A
Published: February 2021

Background:

The growing use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among adolescents is a public health concern. Taxation of these products is a viable approach to reduce ENDS use, particularly among adolescents. Opponents of taxation posit that it puts specialty retailers (ie, vape shops) out of business, thereby reducing availability of ENDS for adult smokers seeking harm reduction. Pennsylvania enacted substantial ENDS taxes in October 2016. This study sought to examine (1) the prevalence of Pennsylvania vape shops before and after ENDS taxes were enacted and (2) ENDS retail licensing compliance among vape shops.

Methods:

We employed standardized searches for vape shops in Pennsylvania on the Yelp business-listing platform a month prior to and for 18 consecutive months following the imposition of ENDS taxes. We then compared listings to a public database of ENDS-related retail licenses to determine compliance status.

Results:

The number of listed vape shops increased in a linear fashion by a magnitude of 23%. In addition, when we compared a final listing of retailers to data from the state tax authority, we found roughly a quarter (22%-29%) of vape shops to be noncompliant with maintaining a valid ENDS retail license.

Conclusions:

Overall, ENDS taxation in Pennsylvania has not appeared to reduce prevalence of vape shops as anticipated. However, stricter enforcement of the tax law is necessary to ensure compliance among retailers. These findings have implications for implementation and enforcement of ENDS tax policy nationwide, including states that currently lack such policies.
Traction behaviour of elastohydrodynamic lubrication films with anomalous shapes
Authors: Yagi Kazuyuki , Nishida Kazuki , Sugimura Joichi
Published: February 2021

This study describes traction behaviours of lubricant films having anomalous shapes under elastohydrodynamic lubrication conditions. The traction generated at a point contact area between a glass or sapphire disc and a steel ball was measured by changing the slide-to-roll ratio. Three alcohols, 1-dodecanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol, and two alkanes of n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane were used as lubricants. Lubricants developing anomalous film shapes exhibited a solid-like behaviour with a sharp traction peak at low slide-to-roll ratios. On the contrary, other lubricants having conventional film shapes indicated a gradual increase in traction coefficient with increasing slide-to-roll ratios. The similarity of the traction behaviour to that of traction fluids supports the solidification of the film, which developed anomalous film shapes.
Do animated triangles reveal a marked difficulty among autistic people with reading minds?
Authors: Wilson Alexander C
Published: February 2021

This meta-analysis tested whether autistic people show a marked, isolated difficulty with mentalising when assessed using the Frith-Happé Animations, an advanced test of mentalising (or ‘theory of mind’). Effect sizes were aggregated in multivariate meta-analysis from 33 papers reporting data for over 3000 autistic and non-autistic people. Relative to non-autistic individuals, autistic people underperformed, with a small effect size on the non-mentalising control conditions and a medium effect size on the mentalising condition. This indicates that studies have reliably found mentalising to be an area of challenge for autistic people, although the group differences were not large. It remains to be seen how important mentalising difficulties are in accounting for the social difficulties diagnostic of autism. As autistic people underperformed on the control conditions as well as the mentalising condition, it is likely that group differences on the test are partly due to domain-general information processing differences. Finally, there was evidence of publication bias, suggesting that true effects on the Frith-Happé Animations may be somewhat smaller than reported in the literature.

Lay abstract

Autistic people are thought to have difficulty with mentalising (our drive to track and understand the minds of other people). Mentalising is often measured by the Frith-Happé Animations task, where individuals need to interpret the interactions of abstract shapes. This review article collated results from over 3000 people to assess how autistic people performed on the task. Analysis showed that autistic people tended to underperform compared to non-autistic people on the task, although the scale of the difference was moderate rather than large. Also, autistic people showed some difficulty with the non-mentalising as well as mentalising aspects of the task. These results raise questions about the scale and specificity of mentalising difficulties in autism. It also remains unclear how well mentalising difficulties account for the social challenges diagnostic of autism.
How do teachers deal with undemocratic attitudes in secondary school? ‘Evidence’ from Norway
Authors: Saeverot Herner , Grimsaeth Gerd , Hope Christine
Published: February 2021

This article is concerned with presenting a qualitative study of teachers dealing with undemocratic attitudes in secondary school. The research question was: how do teachers teach when the aim is to remove undemocratic attitudes and prevent the formation of undemocratic attitudes? The research group which was part of the study established collaboration with two teacher groups at a Norwegian secondary school. This collaboration included two start-up meetings, filming and observation of teaching sessions, as well as group interviews with two different teacher groups about the teaching which had been filmed and observed. The findings were analysed by way of the theory of indirect pedagogy and its different models for teaching, including both direct and indirect approaches of teaching. First, there is the model of direct instruction; second, there is the model of indirect summoning which is specified; and third, there is the model of indirect summoning which is unspecified. A major finding was that the teachers who participated in the study combined direct and indirect approaches in their teaching. While direct approaches and the model of indirect summoning which is specific were mostly used for learning purposes, such as acquiring knowledge of certain concepts (epistemology), the model of indirect summoning which is unspecified was particularly prominent in situations where the purpose was to make students responsible for society and democracy (existence and morality).
The (non) determinants of Olympic success
Authors: Rewilak Johan
Published: February 2021

This paper empirically examines the determinants of Summer Olympic success during the period 1996-2016. By modifying the panel Tobit estimator using the Mundlak transform, the results find that population size and the host effect are the only statistically significant determinants of Olympic attainment. We also show that participating in front of a home crowd will stimulate athletic performance equally for each gender, but the impact of population differs between the sexes. These findings are confirmed using a hurdle estimator. This relaxes the assumption that the factors determining Olympic success are the same as those that influence the quantity of success.
Refusing the Test: Debating Assessment and Accountability in Public Education
Authors: Wilson Terri S. , Hastings Matthew
Published: February 2021

Through widespread “opt-out” efforts over the past several years, parent and student activists have pressured schools, districts, states, and the federal government to reconsider the extent and limits of state-mandated assessments. This case study focuses on the ethical questions faced by a principal in a school divided over state standardized testing. Facing a new wave of refusals, this leader must respond to parents and teachers who have concerns about testing, as well as other members of her community who support these assessments. This case considers how a school leader might balance different, competing obligations: to respect parents’ rights, acknowledge teachers’ concerns, support student learning, and implement district and state policy.
Improved Walk Test Performance and Blood Pressure Responses in Men and Women Completing Cardiac Rehabilitation: Implications Regarding Exercise Trainability
Authors: Araya-Ramírez Felipe , Moncada-Jiménez José , Grandjean Peter W. , Franklin Barry A.
Published: February 2021

Purpose. To evaluate changes in walk test performance and blood pressure (BP) responses following a 12-week exercise-based outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program. Methods. Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and resting systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), post-6MWT heart rate (HR), and post-6MWT BPs were measured before and after CR in 311 (237 men,74 women) patients. Using age as a covariate, 2 by 2 (Gender × Measurement) ANCOVAs were used to determine differences in 6MWT performance and hemodynamic variables. Results. After adjusting for age, men covered a greater 6MWT distance than women; pre-CR versus post-CR program values are as follows: men, 429.3 ± 94.6 versus 557.6 ± 90.7 m, P ≤ .001; women, 374.9 ± 100.7 versus 483.2 ± 82.9 m, P ≤ .001. Both genders reduced resting DBP following the CR program (men: 67.2 ± 9.8 vs 65.6 ± 8.5 mm Hg, P = .034; women: 69.2 ± 10.7 vs 65.0 ± 8.0 mm Hg, P = .001) and increased HR following the 6MWT after the CR program (men: 97.7 ± 16.8 vs 112.7 ± 21.3 bpm, P ≤ .001; women: 100.7 ± 20.8 vs 110.2 ± 22.0 bpm, P ≤ .001). Similarly, SBP increased immediately following the 6MWT (122.8 ± 18.5 vs 133.6 ± 20.7 mm Hg; P ≤ .001) in men but not in women. Conclusion. The present findings indicate similar relative improvements in 6MWT performance and BP responses in adherent men and women following an exercise-based CR program.
Introducing quantitative reception aesthetics: Television reception and textual engagement
Authors: Rustad Gry C , Larsson Anders Olof
Published: February 2021

This article introduces quantitative reception aesthetics as a method and demonstrates how big data derived from social media services and textual analysis can be employed to uncover hitherto hidden processes of media spectatorship. It demonstrates how mixing quantitative and qualitative methods allows us to understand textual engagement and how media spectatorship evolves over time. Taking the Norwegian web series, Skam (2015–2017), as its case study, the article demonstrates how (web)television engagement on Instagram is linked to aesthetics and narrative events and how textual engagement is more universal than perhaps post-structuralist reception studies of media reception might have us believe.
Netflix and Over the Top Politics? The Mechanism TV series and the dynamics of entertainment intervention
Authors: Ribke Nahuel
Published: February 2021

Produced and released by Netflix in March 2018, The Mechanism (2018–), a web series, fictionalised the Lava Jato operation, a series of criminal investigations about corruption in the Brazilian political system that led to the imprisonment of leading Brazilian politicians and businessmen. Analysing the series along with the media coverage in the Brazilian mainstream online and printed press, this article examines the complex and troublesome relationship between an ongoing criminal investigation with ramifications for the political system and its fictionalisation on a worldwide internet television platform.
Optimizing outcomes for patients with metastatic prostate cancer: insights from South East Asia Expert Panel
Authors: Schutz Fabio Augusto Barros , Sirachainan Ekaphop , Kuppusamy Shanggar , Hoa Nguyen Thi Thai , Dejthevaporn Thitiya , Bahadzor Badrulhisham , Toan Vu Quang , Chansriwong Phichai , Alip Adlinda , Hue Nguyen Thi Minh , Parinyanitikul Napa , Tan Ai Lian , Hoang Vu Dinh Khanh , Tienchaiananda Piyawan , Chinchapattanam Sai Naga Deepak , Garg Amit
Published: February 2021

Aims:

Clinical decision making is challenging in men with metastatic prostate cancer (mPC), as heterogeneity in treatment options and patient characteristics have resulted in multiple scenarios with little or no evidence. The South East Asia Expert Panel 2019 addressed some of these challenges.

Methods:

Based on evidence in the literature and expert interviews, 19 statements were formulated for key challenges in the treatment of men with castration-sensitive and -resistant prostate cancer in clinical practice. A modified Delphi process was used to reach consensus among experts in the panel and develop clinical practice recommendations.

Results:

The majority of the panel preferred a risk-based stratification and recommended abiraterone or enzalutamide as first-line therapy for symptomatic chemotherapy naïve patients. Abiraterone is preferred over enzalutamide as a first-line treatment in these patients. However, the panel did not support the use of abiraterone in high risk lymph-node positive only (N+M0) or in non-metastatic (N0M0) patients. In select patients, low dose abiraterone with food may be used to optimize clinical outcomes. Androgen receptor gene splice variant status may be a useful guide to therapy. In addition, generic versions of approved therapies may improve access to treatment to a broader patient population. The choice of treatment, as well as sequencing are guided by both patient and disease characteristics, preferences, drug access, cost, and compliance.

Conclusion:

Expert recommendations are key to guidance for the optimal management of mPC. Appropriate choice, timing, and sequence of treatment options can help to tailor therapy to maximize outcomes in men with mPC.
Head Impact Exposures Among Youth Tackle and Flag American Football Athletes
Authors: Waltzman Dana , Sarmiento Kelly , Devine Owen , Zhang Xinjian , DePadilla Lara , Kresnow Marcie-jo , Borradaile Kelley , Hurwitz Andrew , Jones David , Goyal Ravi , Breiding Matthew J.
Published: February 2021

Background:

Promoted as a safer alternative to tackle football, there has been an increase in flag football participation in recent years. However, examinations of head impact exposure in flag football as compared with tackle football are currently limited.

Hypothesis:

Tackle football athletes will have a greater number and magnitude of head impacts compared with flag football athletes.

Study Design:

Cohort study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Methods:

Using mouthguard sensors, this observational, prospective cohort study captured data on the number and magnitude of head impacts among 524 male tackle and flag football athletes (6-14 years old) over the course of a single football season. Estimates of interest based on regression models used Bayesian methods to estimate differences between tackle and flag athletes.

Results:

There were 186,239 head impacts recorded during the study. Tackle football athletes sustained 14.67 (95% CI 9.75-21.95) times more head impacts during an athletic exposure (game or practice) compared with flag football athletes. Magnitude of impact for the 50th and 95th percentile was 18.15 g (17.95-18.34) and 52.55 g (51.06-54.09) for a tackle football athlete and 16.84 g (15.57-18.21) and 33.51 g (28.23-39.08) for a flag football athlete, respectively. A tackle football athlete sustained 23.00 (13.59-39.55) times more high-magnitude impacts (≥40 g) per athletic exposure compared with a flag football athlete.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates that youth athletes who play tackle football are more likely to experience a greater number of head impacts and are at a markedly increased risk for high-magnitude impacts compared with flag football athletes.

Clinical Relevance:

These results suggest that flag football has fewer head impact exposures, which potentially minimizes concussion risk, making it a safer alternative for 6- to 14-year-old youth football athletes.
Contributions of PCSS, CISS, and VOMS for Identifying Vestibular/Ocular Motor Deficits in Pediatric Concussions
Authors: Patel Rishi D. , LaBella Cynthia R.
Published: February 2021

Background:

Vestibular/ocular motor dysfunction can occur in pediatric concussions, which can impair reading, learning, and participation in athletics. This study evaluated 3 clinical tools for identifying postconcussion vestibular/ocular motor dysfunction: (1) Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), (2) Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS), and (3) Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS).

Hypothesis:

Evaluating vestibular/ocular motor dysfunction with multiple clinical tools will capture more symptomatic patients than any 1 tool alone.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional data from a prospective cohort study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Methods:

Patients were between 8 and 17 years old and seen in a tertiary care pediatric sports medicine clinic between August 2014 and February 2018. Data were collected from initial visit and included VOMS, PCSS, and CISS. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlations, and logistic regressions were used to describe relationships between clinical tools.

Results:

Of the 156 patients (55.1% female; 14.35 ± 2.26 years old) included, this study identified 129 (82.7%) with vestibular/ocular motor dysfunction. Of these 129, 65 (50.4%) reported “visual problems” on PCSS, 93 (72.1%) had abnormal CISS, and 99 (76.7%) had abnormal VOMS. Together, VOMS and CISS identified 64 (49.6%) patients without reported “visual problems” on PCSS. Higher total PCSS scores predicted abnormal CISS (odds ratio [OR], = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07-1.17) and abnormal VOMS (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06). “Visual problems” on PCSS did not predict abnormal CISS or VOMS.

Conclusion:

Vestibular/ocular motor dysfunction were identified in nearly 83% of study subjects when PCSS, CISS, and VOMS are used together.

Clinical Relevance:

These results suggest adding CISS and VOMS to the clinical evaluation of concussions can help clinicians identify post-concussion vestibular/ocular motor dysfunction.
Evidence-based Treatment of Failed Primary Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: A Systematic Review on Clinical Outcomes of Bone Marrow Stimulation
Authors: Dahmen Jari , Hurley Eoghan T. , Shimozono Yoshiharu , Murawski Christopher D. , Stufkens Sjoerd A. S. , Kerkhoffs Gino M. M. J. , Kennedy John G.
Published: February 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study is to systematically review the literature and to evaluate the outcomes following bone marrow stimulation (BMS) for nonprimary osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT).

Design

A literature search was performed to identify studies published using PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, CDSR, DARE, and CENTRAL. The review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Two authors separately and independently screened the search results and conducted the quality assessment using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS). Studies were pooled on clinical, sports, work, and imaging outcomes, as well as revision rates and complications. The primary outcome was clinical success rate.

Results

Five studies with 70 patients were included in whom nonprimary OLTs were treated with secondary BMS. The pooled clinical success rate was 61% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50-72). The rate of return to any level of sport was 83% (95% CI, 70-91), while the return to pre-injury level of sport was 55% (95% CI, 34-74). The rate of return to work was 92% (95% CI, 78-97), and the complication rate was assessed to be 10% (95% CI, 4-22). Imaging outcomes were heterogeneous in outcome assessment, though a depressed subchondral bone plate was observed in 91% of the patients. The revision rate was 27% (95% CI, 18-40).

Conclusions

The overall success rate of arthroscopic BMS for nonprimary osteochondral lesions of the talus was 61%, including a revision rate of 27%. Return to sports, work, and complication outcomes yielded fair to good results.