bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Realizing Solidarity
Authors: BRUEGGEMANN JOHN , BOSWELL TERRY
Published: March 2007

In a time of economic depression and racism more overt than anything we now experience, the unions of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) during the 1930s and 1940s forged a lasting interracial solidarity within the industrial working class. The authors tell the stories of how three CIO organizing drives achieved interracial solidarity. In 1933, the United Mine Workers (UMW) adopted the “UMW formula” for placing Black workers in positions as union officers and organizers. Adopted from more radical unions, the formula institutionalized racial inclusion, which proved to be a major tactical innovation in realizing class solidarity across racial lines. Faced with similar conditions, the Steel Workers Organizing Committee in 1937 and the United Auto Workers in 1940 adopted variants of the UMW formula to overcome racial barriers to organizing. The authors analyze narratives of these three drives using the following two qualitative methods: event-structure analysis (ESA), a diachronic method, and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), a synchronic method. Both approaches reveal the importance of three main factors: tactical innovations, political context, and labor market conditions. The first two factors are explained by political process theory, and the third is predicted by split labor market theory. Among these findings, ESA highlights path dependence of tactical innovations and QCA emphasizes structural conditions in the labor market.
The Motion of Slender Particles in Shear Flow
Authors: Woo il Lee  , Springer George S.
Published: March 2007

A model was developed for calculating the motion of dilute suspensions of rigid, slender particles in a uniformly sheared viscous liquid, taking into ac count interactions between particles. The model was applied to the plane Couette flow problem in which particles are suspended in a liquid moving parallel to a plane with a uniform, shearing motion. The results of the model were compared to existing data, and good agreement was found between the calculated and experimental results. Using the model, results were also ob tained which illustrate the major effects of particle-particle interactions on the angular motion of the particles.
Notched Strength of Composite Laminates: Predictions and Experiments—A Review
Authors: Awerbuch Jonathan , Madhukar Madhu S.
Published: March 2007

This study reviews several of the recent and commonly used fracture models for predicting the notched strength of composite laminates. Emphasis has been placed on semi-empirical fracture models which are operationally simple to utilize. The review is sufficiently detailed so that it is self-contained.
An Iterative Method of Optimal Design with Composite Laminates Containing an Elliptical Opening
Authors: Tan S.C.
Published: March 2007

Among many characteristics of modern composite materials, the superior strength of uniaxial laminates in the longitudinal direction and relative weakness in the trans verse direction is one of the main parameters to be considered in applied design. In the present study, an iterative method is developed in conjunction with the quadratic failure criterion for the design of a laminated plate containing an elliptical hole at its center. This method establishes an approximate optimal design of the laminate by choosing an excellent combination of orientation and thickness ratio for the given material. In many cases, it is shown that anisotropic laminates are much stronger than a quasi-isotropic laminate or orthotropic plate. This suggests the capability of aniso tropic materials in structural applications.
Coir Fibres II: Evaluation as a Reinforcement in Unsaturated Polyester Resin Composites
Authors: Varma D.S. , Varma M. , Varma I.K.
Published: March 2007

Hybrid laminates consisting of glass fiber mat, chopped bristle coir fibers and un saturated polyester resin matrix were fabricated. Effect of treatment of coir fibers with alkali and dichloro methyl vinyl silane on the mechanical properties of the laminates was investigated. The hybrid composites having 66% resin (w/w) and 19.7% chopped coir fiber (1cm long) showed 35% improvement in flexural strength and 70% in flexural modulus over the neat polyester resin sheets. Mechanical properties of laminates increased on increasing the coir fiber length up to 1 cm beyond which a decrease in strength was observed. Hybrid laminates fabricated from NaOH treated coir fibers had better mechanical properties than those fabricated from untreated coir fibers. A decrease in thermal conductivity was observed with increasing weight fraction of coir fibers.
Buckling of Composite Sandwich Rectangular Panels (Grid Core
Authors: Rao K.P.
Published: March 2007

Laminated composite sandwich panels are extensively used in many engineering indus tries. Stability studies are needed to achieve good structural performance with minimum weight. The work presented in this paper deals with the prediction of elastic buckling loads for composite sandwich rectangular panels with a grid core subjected to axial com pression. Kirchhoff-Love assumptions are used and each of the edges is considered to be clamped (C) or simply supported(S). The given panel is idealised as a homogeneous orthotropic plate whose equivalent properties are determined based on the given param eters of the panel. The boundary conditions considered are SCSC, CSCS, SCSS, CSSS, CCCC, CCCS, CCSC and CCSS. Critical buckling loads are obtained using conventional orthotropic plate theory. A large class of 0°/90°/45°/-45° lamination schemes leading to quadridirectional, tridirectional and bidirectional T300/N5208 sandwich Panals is ex amined and merit listed from buckling point of view. Results indicate that by proper choice of lamination scheme, very significant increases in buckling loads compared to quasi isotropic case can be obtained when a/b < 1 (the lower the value of a/b, the higher the gain) and for a/b > 2, the corresponding gains are smaller. For a/b > 3, having more 45° layers is found to be more advantageous from buckling point of view, whereas for a/b < 0.75 having more 0° layers is more advantageous.
Mesophases between Coupling Agents and Main Phases in Particulates
Authors: Theocaris P.S.
Published: March 2007

Recent progress in the science of composites has resulted in the introduction of an inter mediate phase between the two main phases of the composite which plays the role either of a coupling agent to increase the adhesion between matrix and inclusions, or of an appro priate mesophase whose purpose is to improve the weaker properties of the composite, such as its toughness or ultimate strength. Previous papers introduced unfolding models based on the principle of smooth and progressive transition of the properties of one phase to those of the other. These models were appropriate for describing the bonding layer be tween an inert phase and a polymeric one. When two polymeric phases are in contact, cre ating their own mesophase, as in the case of polymeric coupling agents (for instance si lanes or rubber coatings), and polymeric matrices, a new model should be introduced to describe such mesophases based on the diffusion processes of these phases. Such a model is presented in this paper, and its characteristic properties are extensively discussed. Ex perimental evidence indicates the validity of the results derived from such diffused phase models.
Transverse Stress Calculations for Laminated Composite Shell Structures Using Plate/Shell Finite Element Formulations
Authors: Eengblom John J. , Fuehne Joseph P. , Hamdallah Jamil M.
Published: March 2007

Shear deformable plate and shell finite element formulations are utilized to predict transverse stresses in composite shell structures. In-plane stresses are computed by solving the constitutive equations at the layer level. These stress variations then serve as input to the equilibrium equations which are integrated to obtain the transverse stresses. The approach improves upon the "classical" laminate theory and thus provides an efficient numerical procedure for thin to moderately thick shell structures.
Melt State Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene/EPDM/Silicon Dioxide Composites
Authors: Scott C. , Ishida H. , Maurer F.H.J.
Published: March 2007

Dynamic mechanical spectra of composites of high density polyethylene (PE), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), and silicon powder with an oxidized sur face were obtained at 190°C with a parallel plate instrument. The dynamic mechanical be havior of these composites was significantly influenced by the surface character of the sili con dioxide powder.

Composites of silicon dioxide in PE displayed higher reinforcing effects than expected based on the properties of the constituent materials assuming spherical particles. Treat ment of the silicon dioxide with either gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS) or gamma-methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) increased the dynamic shear mod ulus of these composites. Composites were also made with EPDM and EPDM grafted with maleic anhydride (EPDM-MA) and silicon dioxide in PE. The rubber addition had a significant effect on the properties of the resultant composites. The silicon dioxide was also treated with γ-APS and γ-MPS before incorporation into multicomponent compos ites. The surface character of the filler influenced the properties of the composites. There is evidence for a reaction between γ-APS and EPDM-MA during processing on the roll mill.
Strength of Aramid-Epoxy Composites during Moisture Absorption
Authors: Doxsee Lawrence E. , Janssens Wim , Verpoest Ignaas , De Meester P.
Published: March 2007

Tests were performed to determine the effects of a fiber surface treatment on the interlaminar shear strength of dry and moist Twaron aramid-epoxy composites. Unidirectional specimens, some containing treated fibers and some containing untreated fibers, were subjected to elevated temperatures and humidities for periods of up to 14 months. Periodically, the interlaminar shear strength was measured and correlated with the moisture concentration at the plane of failure, i.e., near the midplane of the specimen. The data indicated that for dry specimens, the fiber surface treatment increased the in terlaminar shear strength by about 44% over specimens with untreated fibers. As the spec imens absorbed moisture, their strengths decreased, in inverse proportion to the moisture concentration at the plane of failure. For a given moisture concentration at the plane of failure, the specimens with treated fibers were stronger than those with untreated fibers. However this difference in strength decreased with increasing moisture concentrations.
Structural Behavior of Composites with Progressive Fracture
Authors: Minnetyan Levon , Chamis Christos C. , Murthy Pappu L.N.
Published: March 2007

Structural characteristics such as natural frequencies and buckling loads with corresponding mode shapes were investigated during progressive fracture of mul tilayer, angle-plied polymer matrix composites. A computer program was used to generate the numerical results for overall mechanical response of damaged composites. Variations in structural characteristics as a function of the previously applied loading were studied. Results indicate that free-vibration and buckling stability properties were preserved throughout a significant proportion of the ultimate fracture load. For the cases studied, changes in structural behavior begin to occur after 70 percent of the ultimate fracture load had been applied. However, the individual nature of the structural change was rather varied depending on the laminate configuration, fiber orientation, and the boundary condi tions.
Limitations of a Boundary-Fitted Finite Difference Method for the Simulation of the Resin Transfer Molding Process
Authors: Trochu François , Gauvin Raymond
Published: March 2007

Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) is a commonly used fabrication method for large parts of fiber reinforced composites. The reinforcement consists of fiber mats or woven rovings first laid inside a mold cavity, then catalyzed resin is injected through prop erly positioned injection ports. A numerical model based on Darcy's law has been devel oped. It permits to simulate, by a boundary-fitted finite difference method, the filling of two-dimensional molds of arbitrary shapes. The resin pressure distribution and the resin front positions can be obtained at each time step. Calculated results on selected mold geometries are compared with the experimental observations and discussed with those ob tained by other investigators. Finally the experimental and computational limitations of the proposed simulation are pointed out and illustrated for particular examples.
Fatigue of Quasi-Isotropic Composite Cylinders under Tension-Tension Loading
Authors: Norman T.L. , Civelec T.S. , Prucz J.
Published: March 2007

Life prediction techniques for structural composites are based on test data obtained from coupon specimens. A tension fatigue life prediction methodology based on a through-thickness damage accumulation model is used to predict the fatigue failure of composite coupon specimens. Its applicability to thin-walled cylindrical specimens is in vestigated by comparing the fatigue behavior of composite coupon specimens to that of composite thin-walled cylindrical specimens. AS4/3501-6 graphite-epoxy coupon speci mens and thin-walled cylinder specimens with the same layup sequence of [0/ ± 45/90] s were tested under static and fatigue loading conditions. Reasonably good agreement is found between the measured and predicted lives of the coupon specimens. Although the ultimate stresses of coupon and cylindrical specimens are different, it is observed that their fatigue lives at the same percentage of ultimate stress are nearly identical, independent of the coupon edge effect. It is concluded that the fatigue life prediction methodology for coupon specimens could be extended to estimate the fatigue life of the thin-walled graphite/epoxy composite cylinders used in this study.
A Numerical Model for Predicting Crack Path and Modes of Damage in Unidirectional Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Bakuckas J.G. , Tan T.M. , Lau A.C.W. , Awerbuch J.
Published: March 2007

A finite element-based numerical technique has been developed to simulate damage growth in unidirectional composites. This technique incorporates elastic-plastic analysis, micromechanics analysis, failure criteria, and a node splitting and node force relaxation algorithm to create crack surfaces. Any combination of fiber and matrix properties can be used. One of the salient features of this technique is that damage growth can be simulated without pre-specifying a crack path In addition, multi ple damage mechanisms in the forms of matrix cracking, fiber breakage, fiber-matrix debonding and plastic deformation are capable of occurring simultaneously. The prevail ing failure mechanism and the damage (crack) growth direction are dictated by the instan taneous near-tip stress and strain fields. Once the failure mechanism and crack direction are determined, the crack is advanced via the node splitting and node force relaxation al gorithm. Simulations of the damage growth process in center-slit boron/aluminum and silicon carbide/titanium unidirectional specimens were performed The simulation results agreed quite well with the experimental observations.
Numerical Simulation of Resin Injection Molding in Molds with Preplaced Fiber Mats
Authors: Hourng Lih-Wu , Chang Chih-Yuan
Published: March 2007

The non-isothermal flow-field of a mold filling process in resin injection molding with preplaced fiber mats is numerically simulated in the present article. A body- fitted coordinate transformation is applied such that the irregular, moving flow front can be fitted exactly as a boundary, and the error induced from the treatment of boundary con ditions is thus reduced. The effects of several parameters, such as types of mats, porosity, mold wall temperature and flow rate of resin at the inlet, on the filling process is deeply investigated.
A Finite Element Analysis of Thermo-Structural Bending Behavior of Composite Plates
Authors: Mukherjee Nilanjan , Sinha P.K.
Published: March 2007

An isoparametric finite element formulation is presented for thermo- structural bending analysis of composite plates. In the thermal phase both steady and tran sient states are analysed, taking into consideration conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer modes. Externally varying heat fluxes and internal heat generation sources are also considered. The non-linearity in the heat equation arising out of the radiation boundary condition is tackled with the help of a modified Newton-Raphson procedure in conjunction with the Euler backward difference implicit time integration scheme. The structural model includes the bending-stretching coupling and the effect of transverse shear deformation. In the numerical analysis a square metal matrix composite cantilever plate is assumed to experience a heat flux encroaching progressively inwards from the free end. The performances of two metal matrix composites in the same situation are com pared.
Tension-Compression Fatigue Behavior of a Silicon Carbide Calcium-Aluminosilicate Ceramic Matrix Composite
Authors: Opalski F.A. , Mall S.
Published: March 2007

The fatigue behavior of a silicon carbide fiber reinforced glass ceramic matrix composite, SiC/CAS subjected to tension-compression cycling was investigated. Two laminate lay-ups were studied—cross—ply, [0/90]2 s and unidirectional, [0]16. At first, the fatigue limit based on one million cycles was established for a tension-tension fatigue condition. Then, compression cycling was superimposed on this measured fatigue limit. The addition of this compression loading resulted in the development of longitudinal cracks parallel to the loading direction. This resulted in an increased amount of damage and ultimately led to total specimen failure. The larger the magnitude of the compression cycle, the earlier the development of longitudinal cracks occurred and, consequently, the earlier failure occurred. This behavior was due to the inherently poor interfacial bond be tween matrix and fiber of the tested ceramic matrix composites.
Preforming Analysis of Thermoformable Fiber Mats — Preforming Effects on Mold Filling
Authors: Fong Lihwa , Lee L. James
Published: March 2007

A preforming and molding operation for producing an automotive hood was conducted. Irregular flow front profiles were observed because the preforming- induced deformation altered the flow characteristics of the fiber reinforcements. A fiber network model was established to estimate the stretching effect on permeability change. The permeability derived from this model was a function of two factors: porosity and ori entation. The predicted permeabilities compared well with experimental data. Bending- induced channeling was found to be the major cause for the observed irregular flow pat terns. When this effect was accounted for in the flow modeling, the profile of flow front progression could be simulated reasonably well.
Training Clergy to Help the Elderly and Their Families
Authors: Eisler Terri A. , Hughston George A. , Lopez Martita
Published: March 2007

A training program using a workshop format was developed and presented to 49 clergymen from three communities in southwestern Virginia. The multiple goals of the program were: to increase knowledge of concerns elderly people have and to provide skills necessary for assisting the aged in utilization of resources available through community, regional and state agencies designed primarily for providing aid to the aged. Data from these workshops revealed that most clergy perceived these workshops as helpful, insightful and useful, and that this was already being translated into benefits for their elderly parishioners and their families. Insight gained from this pilot program suggest more training programs of this type would be of both value and interest to clergy.
Our Parents' Keepers: An Analysis of Values and Dilemmas in Home Care of the Frail Elderly
Authors: Kermis Marguerite D. , Bellos Neal S. , Schmidtke Charles R.
Published: March 2007

The rapid increase in numbers of older people, combined with a decrease in financial support for human and health services, has led to values and policy dilemmas in home care of the frail elderly. A consideration offour sets of American values—democratic utilitarianism, individual rights and self-fulfillment, equality, and efficiency in work and production—is made as they apply to policies and programs relating to home care. It is important for those involved in gerontological education, research, and practice to rethink home care policies in order to examine the value-laden assumptions upon which these policies are based. Such examination may lead to a remediation of the dilemmas currently encountered by clients and caregivers in the home care situation.
Older Citizens' Program Encounters: An Analysis of the Process
Authors: Peterson Steven A.
Published: March 2007

This study explores those factors associated with older Americans' awareness of programs, use of programs, and program satisfaction. Among variables commonly assumed to be tied to the three stages of program encounters are social and personal resources, need, and program characteristics. A sample of rural elderly provides a data base for studying the extent to which these are, infact, related to the different stages. Some implications for programs for older Americans are suggested.
The Elderly in Africa
Authors: Habte-Gabr Eyassu , Blum Nancee S. , Smith Ian M.
Published: March 2007

A literature review reveals a gradual increase in life expectancy and the population over age 60 in Africa. Elderly Africans already have debilitating diseases similar to the elderly in developed countries. The absence of national programs (pensions, benefits) and the trend toward urbanization and serious economic stress in the younger adult population, which may destroy the extended family network, are major threats to the growing elderly population. We recommend that programs for care of the aged be incorporated into the "Health for All Through Primary Health Care" goal set by the World Health Organization.
Endurance Training in Older Women: Maximal and Submaximal Cardiovascular Response
Authors: Merrill James Douglas
Published: March 2007

Sixteen previously sedentary women (mean age 65) volunteered to train for 12 weeks on a bicycle ergometer to determine changes in oxygen consumption (VO2), cardiac output (Q), and arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2dif) at a relative submaximal workload equal to 60% of maximal oxygen consumption (60%-VO2 max). Maximal assessment of oxygen consumption (VO2max) and physical work capacity (PWCmax) was also conducted before and after training. VO2max was increased significantly (13.8%), with 60%-VO2max increasing proportionately. There was no change in Q at 60%-VO2max, but a-vO2dif was increased significantly (15%). The findings indicate that older sedentary women were capable of enhancing cardiovascular capacity and that the improvement in relative submaximal VO2 was accounted for entirely by augmented peripheral cardiovascular function.
Adult Children's Perceptions of Caregiver Stress and Satisfaction
Authors: Miller Baila
Published: March 2007

A guiding hypothesis of gerontological research on caregiving burdens and stress is that caregiver stress and satisfaction are negatively related. I explored this hypothesis using a subsample of adult child caregivers from the 1982 National Long Term Care Survey. Contrary to expectation, I found a positive zero-order correlation between stress and satisfaction. Demographic characteristics of the caregiver, level of parental impairment, level of care provided, and caregiving problems explain 25% of the variance in perceived stress but only 5% of the variance in satisfaction. Adult children most involved in the caregiving experience report both high stress and high satisfaction.
Rural Volunteer Ombudsman Programs
Authors: Netting F. Ellen , Hinds Howard N.
Published: March 2007

We examine benefits and difficulties surrounding the effective implementation of a long-term care volunteer ombudsman program in a rural setting. Discussion focuses on the uniqueness of each rural community and potential strategies that can be mixed and matched to meet individual community needs. We consider implications for the development and implementation of ombudsman programs in rural areas.
Comparison of Three Case-Finding Strategies Relative to Elderly Alcohol Abusers
Authors: Dupree Larry W.
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of three case-finding strategies for locating elderly alcohol abusers and linking them with an alcohol treatment program was explored. The three approaches emphasized the formal caregiver (CARN), the general public (PAC), and community health clinics (CBO). The CARN and PAC approaches appeared to be most cost-effective. I discuss implications of the findings.
A Preliminary Study of Music Therapy Programming for Severely Regressed Persons With Alzheimer's-Type Dementia
Authors: Clair Alicia Ann , Bernstein Barry
Published: March 2007

Three male subjects with a primary diagnosis of Alzheimer's-type dementia participated in weekly, 30-minute music therapy sessions for 15 months. Subjects were selected randomly from among 29 residents of a nursing unit at Colmery-O'Neil Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Topeka, Kansas. All subjects were low functioning and required consistent supervision for behavioral management. Data were gathered in the last 11 weeks of the music therapy program for communicating, watching others, singing, interacting with an instrument, and sitting. Though the subjects deteriorated markedly in their cognitive, physical, and social capacities over the course of their disease in 15 months, data in the latter 11 weeks of the program indicated that they continued to participate in music activities in a structured group context. Data analyses showed that music participation was maintained over the course of the 11 weeks. Subjects consistently sat in chairs without physical restraints for the duration of each 30-minute session. Regardless of their deterioration, subjects were able to function with others in a group context. For most, this was the only time in their week when they could successfully interact with others in some acceptable form.
Living With Others as an Alternative to Nursing Home Use
Authors: Bishop Christine E. , Pollakowski Henry O. , Weisbrod Glen E.
Published: March 2007

The authors studied a synthetic sample combining information on nonmarried women from surveys of community-resident elderly and nursing home residents to identify factors affecting the probability of observing individuals in one of three situations: living alone, living with others, and residing in a nursing home. Increasing income increased slightly the probability of living alone and had a positive effect on the probability of residing in a nursing home for most income levels within the sample range. As expected, disability and increasing age were very important in distinguishing those in the nursing home from those residing in the community, and also increased the probability of living with others, other things remaining constant. Whites were slightly more likely to live alone and less likely to reside in a nursing home, other things remaining constant. Residing in a warmer climate decreased the probability of being a nursing home resident. The analysis indicates that factors distinguishing nursing home residents from community residents are also at least somewhat useful in distinguishing those who live alone from those who live with others, supporting the inclusion of shared community living arrangements with the nursing home as part of a continuum of supportive living arrangements.
Design of Institutions: Cognitive Functioning and Social Interactions of the Aged Resident
Authors: Rule Brendan Gail , Milke Doris L. , Dobbs Allen R.
Published: March 2007

Older people experience sensory, cognitive, and social deficits that adversely affect their interaction with the environment. Design of institutions for the elderly resident should be prosthetic to ensure that environments optimally accommodate the functioning of the residents. The sensory and cognitive state of the residents should be considered in everyfacility. This review discusses how sensory and cognitive changes in aging affect orientation and wayfinding as well as how the physical aspects of the environment can accommodate these changes to reduce confusion and disorientation. Environmental features that promote social interaction are reviewed Because the environmental needs and unique characteristics of the cognitively impaired resident differs from that of the nonimpaired resident, special issues in the design of facilities for demented residents are reviewed Conclusions are offered with regard to research needs and applied problems.
Adequacy of Informal Care for Elderly Patients Going Home from the Hospital: Discharge Planner Perspectives
Authors: Morrow-Howell Nancy , Proctor Enola K. , Berg-Weger Marla
Published: March 2007

This study addresses discharge planners'perspectives on the adequacy of informal care expected to be provided to older adults immediately following discharge from the hospital to home care. Professional discharge planners anticipated that 25% of the caregiving units would be deficient in performing the tasks expected of them because patient care was too demanding, the caregiver had too many other duties, and the caregiver was too frail. Patients with more physical and cognitive disabilities were viewed to be at risk of inadequate informal care, as were poorer patients and patients living alone. Age of caregiver and size of helping network were not related to adequacy ratings. However, adult children, as opposed to spouses or other relatives, were expected to provide better care to confused older adults.
The Availability of Health Care Resources for Elders Living in Nonmetropolitan Persistent Low-Income Counties in the South
Authors: Coward Raymond T. , Duncan R. Paul , Netzer Julie K.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine if elders living in nonmetropolitan persistent low-income counties in the South had the same volume of health care resources available to them as did their counterparts who lived in other counties of the same size either inside or outside the region. Nine indicators of the availability of health care resources were examined: five reflected the availability of key health care personnel (i.e., physicians and nurses) and four measured the bed capacity of two types of health care facilities (i.e., hospitals and nursing homes). Results indicated that in 47 of 54 comparisons (87.0%), nonmetropolitan persistent low-income counties in the South had fewer health care resources available for their elderly residents than did other places the same size inside or outside the region. The largest discrepancies occurred in the availability of medical specialists, but substantial differences also were observed in the availability of the total number of physicians, physicians practicing family medicine, nurses, and the bed capacity of both hospitals and nursing homes. Three actions to improve the availability of health care resources for elders who reside in these economically depressed settings are discussed: create state-based incentives to attract health care providers to practice in such places; increase the capacity for local health planning; and, define and implement a linked system of tiered services for older persons.
Beyond the Call of Duty: Older Volunteers Committed to Children and Families
Authors: Kuehne Valerie Shahariw , Sears Heather A.
Published: March 2007

Research on volunteerism has focused primarily on the recipients of this activity as opposed to the volunteers themselves. We examined the characteristics and experiences of older adults who volunteered with Family Friends, a program designed to assist families who have children with chronic illnesses or disabilities living at home. A profile of volunteers who remained involved in the program after their requested 9-month commitment and those who did not was also developed Results suggested that Family Friends volunteers experienced a mutually beneficial relationship between themselves and families that provided them with a sense of purpose and personal competence. Volunteers who stayed with the program beyond their required commitment were more highly educated, received a higher annual income, were more likely to volunteer with other organizations, and reported higher life satisfaction. Implications for volunteer recruiting and longevity are discussed.
Retirement Migration and Economic Development in High-Amenity, Nonmetropolitan Areas
Authors: Bennett D. Gordon
Published: March 2007

There has been a rapid growth of retired inmigrants in high-amenity, nonmetropolitan areas in the Southeast during the last two to three decades. This article examines the economic impact they have made on these counties and the economic development opportunities they present. Data used in this study were obtainedfrom 350 in-home interviews of households who had moved to these counties for the purpose of retiring.
Issues in Work and Aging
Authors: Sterns Harvey L. , Barrett Gerald V. , Czaja Sara J. , Barr Judith K.
Published: March 2007

A number of different issues of aging affect work organizations. Workers age in the usual sense of biological, psychological, and social aging. Workers age in an organizational sense resulting in a need for training and growth. Updating may prevent or minimize obsolescence. Human factors approaches can support adult and older adult workers through designing or redesigning a work situation in a way sensitive to the physical and cognitive demands of a job. Demands on individual workers can change in middle age and older adulthood as caregiving demands of family members must be balanced with work.
Applying Organizational Theory to Improve the Continuity of Health Services for Older Persons
Authors: Sofaer Shoshanna
Published: March 2007

Given the multiple health problems faced by many older Americans, and the range of health care settings and professionals who serve their needs, it is notsurprising that many experience serious discontinuities in care. This article examines research conducted on previous approaches to addressing discontinuities, such as case management to enable frail elderly to remain in home and community settings. The article identifies limits in such approaches, in particular their focus on solving problems at the individual rather than at the organizational and system levels. It proposes that the application of theories of interorganizational relations, in particular resource dependency and transaction costs theories, may better address the structural factors that determine the persistence of discontinuities in the experiences of the elderly.
Prevalence and Predictors of Burnout Among Adult Day Care Providers
Authors: Wilber Kathleen H. , Specht Clare V.
Published: March 2007

Over the past decade, an extensive research literature has focused on stress, burden, and coping among family caregivers to improve the quality of care to dependent elders. Although a better understanding of the prevalence and predictors of burnout among formal service providers could be expected to produce similar benefits, little is known about stress and burnout among paid caregivers. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which paid care providers in adult day care (ADC) experience burnout and to examine the relationship between employees' perceptions of their work environment and burnout. Participants (N = 102) were staff from a random sample of ADC centers in California. Using the Maslach Burnout Inventory, burnout was found to be low for the depersonalization and personal achievement aspects and moderate for emotional exhaustion. Hierarchical regression indicated that after controlling for demographic differences and daily hassles, work environment measures were significant correlates of each of the three aspects of burnout. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for organizational-level work design issues and macrolevel policy decisions.
Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation in Exercising Middle-Aged Adults
Authors: McAuley Edward , Lox Curt , Rudolph David , Travis Aaron
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the relationships between perceptions of personal capabilities and intrinsic interest for exercise participation. In the context of formerly sedentary middle-aged adults enrolled in a program of aerobic exercise, the role played by multidimensional intrinsic interest for exercise in the generation of self-efficacy when statistically controlling for initial efficacy, physiological status, and previous exercise behavior was determined. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the dimensions of perceived competence and effort contributed significant unique variance to subsequent self-efficacy. The results are discussed in terms of how sources of efficacy enhancing information might be manipulated in the exercise environment to best facilitate perceptions of personal capabilities for exercise in older males and females.
Facilitating Clinician-Initiated Research: A Program of a Research Institute Based in a Nursing Home
Authors: Cohen-Mansfield Jiska , Werner Perla , Braun Judith
Published: March 2007

This article describes the processes, scope, strengths, and weaknesses involved in the development of a program aimed at facilitating clinician-initiated research in a nursing home. The benefits such a program provides to clinicians, residents, researchers, and the institution are discussed, and examples of specific programs are provided. Some of the general areas that need to be addressed in making such a program successful include bridging the gap between the clinician's and the researcher's orientation, generating a working agreement regarding division of work and benefits, and developing a resourceful, creative, and realistic approach to the limitation of resources. Despite these obstacles, this program offers unique opportunities for narrowing the gap between research and practice to benefit both.
Gender Effect on the Accident Patterns of Elderly Drivers
Authors: Stamatiadis Nikiforos
Published: March 2007

Increased suburbanization, a greater dependency on the automobile, the continuous growth of the elderly population, and a significant increase in the number of elderly female drivers have created the need for research to investigate gender distinctions in the accident patterns of elderly drivers. Differences in accident patterns between younger and older drivers in this investigation are attributed partially to aging-related diminished abilities and partially to differences in drivership and licensure levels between the past and the present. This study analyzes and compares the accident patterns of elderly males and females. It shows that females aged 65 and over have higher accident involvement rates than elderly males. Accident exposure data indicate a similar exposure for elderly males and females making the higher rates for females more significant. In contrast, the accident patterns of males and females under 65 are similar, suggesting that gender-related differences may disappear in the future.
The Church's Response to Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Stuckey Jon C.
Published: March 2007

This study examined churches'responses to families living with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Forty informants (19 spousal caregivers and their respective clergy) were interviewed with four research goals in mind: (a) to identify the importance of church participation, (b) to examine the nature of the caregiver-clergy dyad, (c) to identify church-based intervention programs, and (d) to develop guidelines for offering assistance to congregants. Findings show that churches can play an important support role to AD families. Church participation remained important for most informants, even with the added demands of caregiving. Most provided information congruent with that of their clergy and most were satisfied with their churches'responses to their situations. Several successful church-based programs were identified, and six guidelines for responding to AD families emerged from the data. Future research should examine how non-Christian faiths are responding to members who have AD or related illnesses.
Structured Rationales for non-Arrest: Police Stereotypes of the Domestic Disturbance
Authors: Davis Phillip W.
Published: March 2007

The study of stereotypes held by municipal police officers has taken an overly narrow tack. The tendency has been to examine the preconceptions police hold about citizens on the basis of particular citizen traits (e.g., age and ethnicity) and to inquire how these preconceptions might prejudice the officer's decision to arrest. This study examines qualitative data derivedfrom the participant observation of a municipalpolice department. The officer's beliefs about the domestic disturbance are examined. Officers were found to harborfairly complex patterns ofpreconceptions, i.e., stereotypes, about the domestic disturbance. Officers were found to categorize citizens not in terms of their abstract traits but rather in terms of the practical implications of the citizen's perceived character. Officers categorized the citizens in the domestic disturbance in terms of the stability of the citizen as a grievant and the reliability of the citizen as a complainant. Part of the police stereotype of this assignment is that arrest is neither likely nor preferred. It is suggested that the police rationalefor nonarrest may often be comprised of an assignment stereotype or "normal call." The implications of task stereotypes are examined.
A Computer Procedure to Map Citizens' Calls to the Police
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Dabbs James M. , Purvis James A.
Published: March 2007

This note describes a procedure to map the frequency and location of calls to the police. Maps may be generatedfor all calls in a city or limited to certain types of calls or certain geographic areas. Computer maps can be produced by line printers or by plotters. An empirical application of the procedure (an evaluation of the effects of an intervention program) is presented, and the strengths and limitations of the system are discussed. Problems in applying this computer technology are also considered.
Changing the Guard in American Cities: A Current Empirical Assessment of Integration in Twenty Municipal Police Departments
Authors: Hochstedler Ellen , Regoli Robert M. , Poole Eric D.
Published: March 2007

This paper provides a comparative empirical examination of integration in twenty major city police agencies over a 14-year time period. The data indicate that in these twenty agencies, obvious and measurable progress toward affirmative action goals has been realized. Nonetheless, nonwhites as agroup are still underrepresented by about 50o%, Hacks are underrepresented about 67%, and females are underrepresented by about 85%.
Death Row Inmates: A Comparison of Georgia and Florida Profiles
Authors: Debro Julius , Roebuck Julian , Murty Komanduri , Mccann Claude
Published: March 2007

A study of inmates on death row in Georgia in 1983 was conducted and compared to a comparable examination carried out in Florida in 1977. The two populations were found to be strikingly similar, and they were demograph ically similar to death-row inmates in other states in 1983. National statistics on death-row prisoners show little demographic change since 1977. A profile of Georgia's 101 death-row inmates was derived from prison files and personal interviews. It portrays a group of young, undereducated, unskilled, underemployed, economically de prived, working class, recidivist offenders. Though unremorseful and burdened with unrealistic and defensive con ceptualizations about their homicide acts, these offenders did not appear to be mentally disturbed. They were of average intelligence, educable, optimistic about the future, and keenly interested in self-improvement programs. A typology was also constructed and shows that less than 30% were considered dangerous offenders at the time of the study. Finally, the results point to several implications regarding research on death-row inmates.
Bail Reform: The Scottish Experience
Authors: Schachter Hindy Lauer
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the 1980 Bail Act in Scotland, which abolished the use of money bail, and relates it to some instances in the American bail reform literature. The following areas are explored: What equity problems did Scotland encounter, with her traditional money-over-the-counter bail system, that led to the passage of the 1980 act? How do the 1980 act and the court decisions interpreting it balance the needs of protecting defendants' rights and protecting the safety of the community? What are the implications of attempting such a balance act in a system that does not use money bail? The article uses the Scottish experience to suggest limitations on the role that deposit bonds can have in fostering equity in American bail and to explore the problem of increasing bail equity while maintaining flexibility.
Communications
Authors: Fisher Sethard
Published: March 2007

A communication may take one of two forms. The first relates to correspondence about an article that has appeared in the Review. In this instance the editor will determine whether the initial correspondence from a reader is worthy of publication. In the event that it is, the author of the article in question will have an opportunity to respond to the reader's comment. Both communications will appear unedited. The second type of communication relates to book reviews. It is assumed that this type of communication will be initiated by authors of books who believe that their work has been criticized unfairly. In this instance the editor will not determine whether the communication should be published. Instead, it is our intention to allow the reviewer of the book in question to respond to the author's communication and then to permit the author of the book a final rejoinder to the reviewer's communication. All of this correspondence will be published unedited. This policy is designed to assure the essential integrity and purpose of the Review.
Formal Policy and Informal Process in the Implementation of Juvenile Justice Reform
Authors: Bazemore Gordon
Published: March 2007

The study of policy and program implementation has advanced significantly in the past two decades, but relatively little attention has been paid to the complex issues involved in expanding promising local models for reforming justice agencies to other jurisdictions. This paper examines statewide implementation of a legislatively mandated reform intended to restrict and rationalize the use of juvenile detention based on a successful local model. Though statewide aggregate data indicate initial success in the use of formal intake criteria to reduce secure detention populations, early revisions of a risk assessment instrument used to objectively determine restrictiveness levels signify concern on the part of some decision makers to restore discretion over the use of secure detention. Detention intake data from one county facility are used to illustrate the potential impact of these changes on detention populations and to explore the role of informal processes, as well as that of formal criteria, as a key factor in expanding the implementation of local reforms.