bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The mountains of Ecuador as a birth place of ecology and endangered landscape
Authors: SARMIENTO FAUSTO O.
Published: July 2002

In the era of space travel, ecology has continued to gain relevance as the science of the ‘spaceship Earth’. In this context, it can be said to have a mission, which is to understand the complex network of the life-support systems that keep biospheric processes operating in a way suitable to sustaining living organisms and their environment (Odum & Sarmiento 1997). With the realization that ecology, in the broad sense, provides the means to understand the mechanics of nature, scholars are using ecological understanding at the interfaces of disciplines to: (1) prevent and reverse the demise of biodiversity in marine and terrestrial ecoregions (conservation biology), (2) reduce impacts of population pressure on the resource base of people (ecological anthropology), (3) establish more parsimonious economic activities to ensure optimum yields for the long term (ecological economics), (4) plan for an appropriately-equitable and socially-integrative sustainable development (environmental design), (5) restore degraded ecosystems and landscapes (restoration ecology), and (6) model hypothetical future scenarios where predictions from ecological theory may prove valuable for the future of mankind (environmental planning).
Roles of computing in P5BL: Problem-, project-,
product-, process-, and people-based learning
Authors: FRUCHTER RENATE
Published: July 2002

This position paper proposes the P5BL
initiative and vision, that is, Problem-, Project-, Product-,
Process-, People-Based Learning. A definition is proposed
for the P5BL teaching and learning approach.
The discussion identifies key pedagogical issues and innovative
roles of computing for each of the five critical Ps in
a multisite, cross-disciplinary, project-centered, and
team-oriented Architecture/Engineering/Construction environment.
Foreword
Authors: BIRMINGHAM WILLIAM P. , DYM CLIVE L.
Published: July 2002

The collection of papers that follow this Editorial
(beginning on page 43) come from the symposium “Computing
Futures in Engineering Design” that was held on the
campus of Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California,
on May 2–3, 1997. The symposium focused on future
roles of computing in doing design and engineering
and in the teaching of design and engineering.
The intention of the symposium organizer, Clive Dym, was
to provide useful insight, advice, and information to educators
about how they might think about the future of design in
engineering education.
PCR-RFLP typing of ureC from Helicobacter pylori isolated

in Argentina from gastric biopsies before and after treatment

with clarithromycin
Authors: STONE G. G. , SHORTRIDGE D. , FLAMM R. K. , BEYER J. , STAMLER D. , TANAKA S. K.
Published: July 2002

A clinical trial was conducted in Argentina to determine the efficacy
of

clarithromycin plus

lansoprazole for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal
ulcers

and non-ulcer

dyspepsia. PCR–RFLP was conducted on an 820-bp amplified product
of the

ureC gene of H.

pylori to determine the genetic heterogeneity of 83 pretreatment and
21

post-treatment isolates.

Twelve different restriction patterns were observed when digested with

Sau 3A or Hha I,

resulting in 40 different RFLP types. Comparison of isolates before treatment

to after

treatment showed that 20 of 20 patients had the same RFLP type. In addition,

the presence of

the cytotoxin-associated gene (cagA) and the vacuolating gene

(vacA) were determined. All

pretreatment isolates were positive for vacA whereas 75% of the

pretreatment isolates were

positive for cagA. The results of this study indicate that a high

degree of heterogeneity exists

among H. pylori and that infection is not limited to a small number

of RFLP types.
A foodborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni (O[ratio ]33)

infection associated with tuna salad: a rare strain in an
unusual vehicle
Authors: ROELS T. H. , WICKUS B. , BOSTROM H. H. , KAZMIERCZAK J. J. , NICHOLSON M. A. , KURZYNSKI T. A. , DAVIS J. P.
Published: July 2002

We report a foodborne outbreak of Campylobacter
jejuni infection in a summer camp.
Outbreak-related cases occurred in 79 persons including 3 secondary cases
in campers.
Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from stool
specimens from 16 of 21 patients who submitted a
sample; 13 viable isolates were serotyped and all were serotype O[ratio ]33
(somatic O scheme) or
HL[ratio ]18 (heat-labile scheme), and biotype III (Lior scheme).
This serotype is widely distributed
geographically but rarely isolated from humans. Samples of water from the
wells supplying the
camp were negative for faecal coliforms, and raw milk had not been served
in the camp. A
matched (1[ratio ]1) case-control study identified tuna salad served
for lunch on 19 July as the likely
food item associated with illness (matched odds ratio=22; 95% confidence
intervals
(CI)=3·6–908). Swimming in the camp pool and
other recreational water use in area lakes by the
campers were not statistically associated with illness. The precise mechanism
of introduction of
the organism into the tuna salad remains unknown; contamination most likely
occurred
through cross-contamination with another food product, the hands of a food
handler, or a
work surface. Several deficiencies in the operation of the camp kitchen
were identified. In
Wisconsin, kitchens of such camps are subject to different inspection rules
than restaurants.
Camp staff, administrators, counselors, food managers, and infirmary staff,
should fulfil
important roles in their respective areas to prevent future outbreaks.
Risk factors for cervical presence of human papillomavirus
DNA among women at risk for HIV infection
Authors: REZZA G. , GIULIANI M. , SERRAINO D. , BRANCA M. , BENEDETTO A. , GARBUGLIA A. , IPPOLITO G. , FRANCESCHI S.
Published: July 2002

Risk factors for cervical infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)
were
assessed among 236
Italian women at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
(intravenous drug
users (IVDU) or sexual partners of males at risk for HIV infection). All
study participants
underwent a structured interview, determination of HIV serostatus and detection
of HPV
cervical infection by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Overall,
the cervical presence
of HPV DNA was ascertained in 86 of these 236 women (36·4%), while
squamous
intraepithelial lesions (SIL) were diagnosed in 57 (24·1%). HPV-infected
and non-infected
women did not differ in age, education and cigarette smoking. A statistically
significant trend
in the risk of HPV infection with increasing number of lifetime sexual
partners was noted
(P=0·01), but such trend was attenuated in multivariate

analysis (multiple logistic regression
(MLR) odds ratio (OR) for [ges ]20 partners vs 1=1·6,
95% confidence intervals (CI): 0·4–5·9).
A nearly threefold higher risk of HPV cervical infection emerged among
IVDU women
(MLR–OR: 2·7, 95% CI: 1·4–5·0), and
this difference was not influenced by HIV serostatus.
The prevalence of HIV infection was higher among HPV-positive than HPV-negative
women
(62·8% and 54·0%, respectively) (MLR–OR=1·9,

95% CI: 0·9–3·8), and the proportion of
women with less than 200 CD4+ cells/mm3 was slightly
and not significantly higher among
HPV-positive (47·1%) than negative women (37·2%).
Infection with wild-type mumps virus in army recruits
temporally associated with MMR vaccine
Authors: COHEN B. J. , JIN L. , BROWN D. W. G. , KITSON M.
Published: July 2002

Four cases of mumps were reported among 180 army recruits who had received MMR vaccine
16 days earlier. Mumps serology, salivary mumps IgM and PCR tests for the SH gene were
performed on the 4 cases and on 5 control recruits who remained well. PCR products were
sequenced and the sequences compared to those of wild type and vaccine strains of mumps.
Further salivary mumps IgM tests were performed on the remaining 171 recruits. Mumps
infection was confirmed in the 4 cases but not in the 5 controls. The controls had serological
evidence of prior immunity. The SH gene sequence found in the 4 cases was wild type. Saliva
tests identified 2 additional recruits with mumps IgM, one of whom had presented with
suspected mumps 2 days before the MMR vaccine was given. Thus 6 (5 symptomatic and 1
asymptomatic) cases of mumps in army recruits recently receiving MMR vaccine were not due
to the vaccine but to coincidental infection with wild-type mumps virus. The probable index
case was revealed by salivary mumps IgM tests. This study highlights the importance of
appropriate investigation of illness associated with MMR vaccination.
Augmentation as affixation in Athabaskan languages
Authors: Hargus Sharon , Tuttle Siri G.
Published: July 2002

Athabaskan languages display a remarkable cross-language similarity,
yet
at the same time the languages of this family differ from each other in
restricted ways. This unity and variety provide a useful laboratory for
phonological and morphological research. In this paper, we suggest that
a
certain case of unity which has been analysed as phonologically and
morphologically motivated requires a purely morphological analysis.

The case in question is the well-known verbal disyllabic minimality
requirement, which has been variously analysed as satisfaction of a
disyllabic verb template (Slave; Rice 1990), satisfaction of a monosyllabic
prefix-based portmanteau ‘stem’ (Navajo; McDonough 1990, 1996)
or
the result of stray consonant syllabification in the Minimal Word domain
in verbs (Ahtna; Causley 1994). However, when data from other languages
of the family are brought into the picture, a different, family-wide analysis
suggests itself.
Conversational responsiveness in specific language impairment: Evidence of
disproportionate pragmatic difficulties in a subset of children
Authors: BISHOP D. V. M. , CHAN JANET , ADAMS CATHERINE , HARTLEY JOANNE , WEIR FIONA
Published: July 2002

Eighteen children with specific language impairment (SLI), from 6 to 8 years of age, were
compared with 9 control children matched on age and nonverbal ability (CA controls) and with 9
younger control children of comparable language level (LA controls). Half of the SLI group were
rated on a teacher checklist as having pragmatic difficulties: these were referred to as the
pragmatic language impairment (PLI) group; the remainder were the typical (SLI-T) group.
Children's responses to adult soliciting utterances were compared. All children usually
responded to conversational solicitations, but children in the PLI group were more likely than
control children to give no response, and they also made very little use of nonverbal responses,
such as nodding. Nonverbal responding was closely related to the quality of children's
responses. Children who failed to use nonverbal responses also had a relatively high level of
pragmatically inappropriate responses that were not readily accounted for in terms of limited
grammar or vocabulary. This study lends support to the notion that there is a subset of the
language-impaired population who have broader communicative impairments, extending beyond
basic difficulties in mastering language form, reflecting difficulty in responding to and
expressing communicative intents. The analytic methods developed for this project have promise
for the study of pragmatic difficulties in other clinical groups.
Periodic solutions to the self-dual
Ginzburg–Landau equations
Authors: ALMOG Y.
Published: July 2002

The structure of periodic solutions to the Ginzburg–Landau
equations in R2 is studied in the
critical case, when the equations may be reduced to the first-order Bogomolnyi equations. We
prove the existence of periodic solutions when the area of the fundamental cell is greater than
4πM, M being the overall order of the vortices within
the fundamental cell (the topological
invariant). For smaller fundamental cell areas, it is shown that no periodic solution exists.
It is then proved that as the boundaries of the fundamental cell go to infinity, the periodic
solutions tend to Taubes' arbitrary N-vortex solution.
The effects of the World Wide Web on reading and writing skills
in a Spanish cultural studies courseLos efectos de la Web en la adquisición de destrezas lectoras y escritas en un curso de cultura hispana
Authors: CABOT CARMEN
Published: July 2002

This paper presents the results of a study that demonstrates an effective use of the
Web as a tool to increase motivation and thus promote reading and writing skills in Spanish as
well as a deeper sense of the culture of the Spanish speaking world. In the study, thirty students of
second year Spanish at the University of New South Wales were required to prepare an itinerary for a
trip to a Spanish speaking country of their choice using the WWW as the only resource. In general our
findings regarding improved language skills were consistent with the literature: an increase of vocabulary,
more use of references, more student initiated interactions and greater interactivity in the classroom
amongst students were observed. There was, however, one aspect, linguistic accuracy, in which improvement was
not greatly noted. The data collected confirms that a task-oriented Web based course can increase
the motivation of students, improve the scope of their reading, and enhance their perception
of the target culture, all with a great effect on range of language explored, learned and re-processed,
but a much lesser effect on the accuracy of written language produced.
From λ to π; or, Rediscovering continuations
Authors: SANGIORGI DAVIDE
Published: July 2002

We study the relationship between the encodings of the λ-calculus into π-calculus, the
Continuation Passing Style (CPS) transforms, and the compilation of the Higher-Order
π-calculus (HOπ) into π-calculus. We factorise the π-calculus encodings of (untyped as well
as simply-typed) call-by-name and call-by-value λ-calculus into three steps: a CPS transform,
the inclusion of CPS terms into HOπ and the compilation from HOπ to π-calculus. The
factorisations are used both to derive the encodings and to prove their correctness.
Elementary structures in process theory (1): Sets with renaming
Authors: HONDA KOHEI
Published: July 2002

We study a general algebraic framework that underlies a wide range of computational
formalisms that use the notion of names, notably process calculi. The algebraic framework
gives a rigorous basis for describing and reasoning about processes semantically, as well as
offering new insights into existing constructions. The formal status of the theory is elucidated
by introducing its alternative presentation, which is geometric in nature and is based on
explicit manipulation of connections among nameless processes. Nameless processes and
their relational theory form a coherent universe in their own right, which underlies existing
graphical formalisms such as proof nets. We establish the formal equivalence between these
two presentations, and illustrate how they can be used complementarily for the precise and
effective description of diverse algebras and the dynamics of processes through examples.
Managed Care: Effects on the Physician-Patient Relationship
Authors: SHAPIRO ROBYN S. , TYM KRISTEN A. , GUDMUNDSON JEFFREY L. , DERSE ARTHUR R. , KLEIN JOHN P.
Published: July 2002

Over the past several years, healthcare has been profoundly
altered by the growth of managed care. Because managed care
integrates the financing and delivery of healthcare services,
it dramatically alters the roles and relationships among
providers, payers, and patients. While analysis of this
change has focused on whether and how managed care can
control costs, an increasingly important concern among
healthcare providers and recipients is the impact of
managed care on the physician–patient relationship.
The literature includes a number of theoretical articles
and anecdotal accounts of managed care's impact on
the doctor–patient relationship, but little data
have been collected and analyzed. We designed a survey
for distribution to Wisconsin physicians to analyze the
prevalence and types of managed care arrangements in the
state, and the impact of these arrangements on physicians
and their relationships with patients.
Explicit Constructions of Rödl's Asymptotically Good Packings and Coverings
Authors: KUZJURIN N. N.
Published: July 2002

For any fixed l < k we present families of asymptotically good packings and coverings
of the l-subsets of an n-element set by k-subsets, and an algorithm that, given a natural
number i, finds the ith k-subset of the family in time and space polynomial in log n.
Inactivation of p34cdc2 kinase by the accumulation of its phosphorylated forms in porcine oocytes matured and aged in vitro
Authors: Kikuchi Kazuhiro , Naito Kunihiko , Noguchi Junko , Shimada Arata , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Yamashita Masakane , Tojo Hideaki , Toyoda Yutaka
Published: July 2002

Culturing of matured porcine oocytes in vitro results in the enhancement of their cytoplasmic ability for oocyte activation (so-called ageing), although they are arrested at metaphase II. The enhanced ability for oocyte activation is related to decreased activity of the maturation promoting factor (MPF). In the present study we clarified the molecular mechanism of MPF inactivation during ageing, especially the changes in the phosphorylation status of p34cdc2, a catalytic subunit of MPF, compared with that in fertilised oocytes. The MPF activity decreased gradually when maturation culture was prolonged from 36 to 72 h, confirming the decreasing MPF activity in aged oocytes. The activity of 48 h matured oocytes also decreased after in vitro fertilisation. Immunoblotting of p34cdc2 with anti-PSTAIRE antibody revealed that the culturing of matured oocytes induces a gradual increase in pre-MPF, which is a p34cdc2 and cyclin B complex inactivated by phosphorylation at the inhibitory phosphorylation site of p34cdc2. In contrast, pre-MPF decreased after fertilisation, indicating the degradation of cyclin B. These results suggest that the molecular mechanisms of inactivation of MPF are different between oocyte activation and ageing, and that the mechanism during ageing might be based on the inhibitory phosphorylation of p34cdc2, whereas that of oocyte activation is based on the degradation of cyclin B.
Factors affecting performance in cross-cultural neuropsychology:
From a New Zealand bicultural perspective
Authors: SHEPHERD INEZ , LEATHEM JANET
Published: July 2002

Of the many factors affecting test validity, ethnicity
has received comparatively little attention. This has changed
recently with a call for alternative norms or assessment
measures that are appropriate for different cultural contexts
and for examination of the impact of the variables of culture,
ecological demands, primary language, and educational background
(Ardila, 1995; Robinson, 1988; Sachdev, 1989; Segall, 1986).
NEUROPSI: A brief neuropsychological test battery in Spanish
with norms by age and educational level
Authors: OSTROSKY-SOLÍS FEGGY , ARDILA ALFREDO , ROSSELLI MÓNICA
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this research was to develop, standardize,
and test the reliability of a short neuropsychological
test battery in the Spanish language. This neuropsychological
battery was named “NEUROPSI,” and was developed
to assess briefly a wide spectrum of cognitive functions,
including orientation, attention, memory, language, visuoperceptual
abilities, and executive functions. The NEUROPSI includes
items that are relevant for Spanish-speaking communities.
It can be applied to illiterates and low educational groups.
Administration time is 25 to 30 min. Normative data were
collected from 800 monolingual Spanish-speaking individuals,
ages 16 to 85 years. Four age groups were used: (1) 16
to 30 years, (2) 31 to 50 years, (3) 51 to 65 years, and
(4) 66 to 85 years. Data also are analyzed and presented
within 4 different educational levels that were represented
in this sample: (1) illiterates (zero years of school);
(2) 1 to 4 years of school; (2) 5 to 9 years of school;
and (3) 10 or more years of formal education. The effects
of age and education, as well as the factor structure of
the NEUROPSI are analyzed. The NEUROPSI may fulfill the
need for brief, reliable, and objective evaluation of a
broad range of cognitive functions in Spanish-speaking
populations. (JINS, 1999, 5, 413–433.)
Directed forgetting deficits in patients with temporal lobe
epilepsy: An information processing perspective
Authors: FLECK DAVID E. , BERCH DANIEL B. , SHEAR PAULA K. , SCHEFFT BRUCE K. , PRIVITERA MICHAEL D. , STRAKOWSKI STEPHEN M.
Published: July 2002

Although mesial temporal lobe brain damage is frequently
associated with memory loss, it is unclear whether the
deficit results entirely from a disruption in the processing
of relevant information or whether it also reflects interference
from irrelevant information. Directed forgetting is one
procedure that can be used, along with standard tests of
memory, to investigate this distinction. Seventeen patients
with a diagnosis of complex–partial seizures of temporal
lobe origin and 17 healthy volunteers were compared on
lexical decision, free recall, and recognition tests in
a directed-forgetting paradigm. These tests created a memory
profile to measure the influence of task relevant and irrelevant
information in implicit and explicit memory. Compared with
healthy volunteers, the patients were significantly impaired
on the memory tasks overall [F(5,25) = 5.01,
p < .01]. Specifically, directed forgetting
in lexical decision and recognition both discriminated between
the groups [stepdown F(1,26) = 6.84,
η2 = .26, p < .05 and stepdown
F(1,25) = 5.36, η2 = .13, p
< .05, respectively]. The results suggest that
interictal memory performance in temporal lobe epilepsy
may be disrupted in part because of a deficit in the differential
processing of task relevant and task irrelevant information,
particularly at retrieval. (JINS, 1999, 5,
549–555.)
A dynamic model of biodiversity preservation
Authors: LI CHUAN-ZHONG , LÖFGREN KARL-GUSTAF
Published: July 2002

This paper attempts to develop a dynamic model of optimal biodiversity preservation in a stylized ecosystem. Species richness (number of species) is used as a measure of diversity and its interactions with the resource stock, consumptive extraction and preservation efforts are explored using a two-state variable optimal control model. The analysis extends to the implications of a random threshold in species richness and the relationship between ecological and economic stability conditions. Dynamic paths and equilibrium characteristics are illustrated using numerical techniques.
Integrating environmental concerns into economy-wide policies in developing countries: the role of multilateral development banks
Authors: HANSEN JØRGEN KARTHUM , HANSEN STEIN
Published: July 2002

This study addresses the role of multilateral development banks and their effectiveness in bringing environmental considerations, issues and consequences into structural and sectoral adjustment programmes in developing countries. It addresses a series of complex generic issues showing that such programmes cannot be meaningfully studied in isolation from other aid cooperation and government development programmes. The study proposes and discusses alternative explanations on how the multilateral development banks may have influenced thinking in borrowing countries. By looking more closely at the Philippines the study provides an insight into the dynamics and diversity of such programme lending and how its design can affect resource management and the environment in benign or adverse ways. It shows what complementary remedial action can be taken when institutional barriers, policy failures and market failures threaten the environment. It provides an analysis of how awareness of such interlinkages has emerged since 1980 and manifested itself in aid cooperation in general and in economy-wide adjustment lending in particular since 1987, while gradually being absorbed in governmental development plans and programmes with varying degrees of domestic ownership. In particular, we find that there seems to have been shifts in the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank's environmental policies after the publication of the Brundtland Commission Report in 1987.
Integrating environmental taxes on local air pollutants with fiscal reform in Hungary: Simulations with a computable general equilibrium model
Authors: MORRIS GLENN E. , RÉVÉSZ TAMÁS , ZALAI ERNÖ , FUCSKÓ JÓZSEF
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the Fiscal Environmental Integration Model (FEIM) and its use to examine the merits of introducing a set of air pollutant emission taxes and stringent abatement requirements based on best commonly available control technology. These environmental protection strategies are examined both independently and in combination. In addition, Hungary has very high VAT, employment, and income tax rates and therefore might receive more than the usual advantage from using environmental tax revenues to reduce other taxes. We therefore also examine the economic and environmental implications of different uses of the revenues generated by the air pollutant emission taxes.
FEIM is a CGE model of the Hungarian economy that includes sectoral air pollution control costs functions and execution options that allow examination of the key policy choices involved. We developed and ran a baseline and seven scenarios with FEIM. The scenarios centered on introduction of environmental load fees (ELF) on emissions of SO2, NOx, and particulates and emission abatement requirements (EAR) for these pollutants.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Landy Leigh
Published: July 2002

This issue of Organised Sound is devoted to a conference, ‘Music without Walls? Music without Instruments’, which took place at De Montfort University, Leicester, UK in June of this year. It was hosted by the university's Music, Technology and Innovation Research Group. As one can easily discover, given the conference's title, the goal of this meeting was to investigate vision and plans for the future. The three-day event included papers, musical events, installations, demonstrations and a plenary. All artists whose pieces were selected for the conference concerts were requested to present vision papers to accompany their performance.
Medium-term Outcome of
Children Given Stimulants for
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder
Authors: Huynh H. , Luk S. L. , Singh R. , Pavuluri M. , Mathai J.
Published: July 2002

Many studies have demonstrated the short-term efficacy of stimulant drugs
in decreasing the symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD). However, long-term studies have not shown a similar effect. In
this study, we report an audit of the medium-term outcome of 50 children
with ADHD referred to a mental health service and treated with stimulants
for at least 6 months. A poor outcome group was identified consisting of
30% of the children. As a group, they received a significantly higher dose
of stimulant. More studies, with prospective design, are required to
examine the medium-term outcome of children with ADHD on medication.
Quantitative meter in English: the lesson of Sir Philip Sidney
Authors: Hanson Kristin
Published: July 2002

The Renaissance experiments in quantitative meter in English pose a long-standing puzzle: not only have their specific principles of composition proved elusive; so has any more general explanation of their ultimate failure. This article argues that the solution to the puzzle lies in interactions of quantity and stress in both the meter and the language. An analysis of the dactylic hexameter as based on moraic trochees explains why stress is more straightforwardly accommodated by some positions than others. Analyses of stress-induced ambiguities in English syllable quantity such as the resyllabification of intervocalic consonants in C[V acute]C[V times over] contexts explain apparent inconsistencies in scansion. When these complexities are taken into account, Sidney's compositions reveal themselves to be systematic and phonologically well founded; ambiguities are acknowledged and the meter is exploited to structure them. Ultimately, however, such ambiguities mean that quantity alone provides an inadequate basis for meter in English, because it underdetermines the metrical possibilities.
On apposition
Authors: Acuña-Fariña Juan Carlos
Published: July 2002

This paper seeks to redefine apposition, a term that is often used in the literature with a remarkable lack of precision. Starting from paradigmatic instances of apposition (Romulus, the legendary founder; Santiago, the capital of Galicia), the main resemblances to the paradigm are analysed in an attempt to measure the validity of a general syntactic relation that is often put on a par with co-ordination and dependency. Paradigmatic appositions and other related nominal patterns are shown to be structures of nonrestrictive modification (i.e. not really appositions) which are best understood in reference to the concept of a Local Domain. The second unit of these structures has its scope in the local domain of the first unit, of which it is an expansion, not in the larger domain of the sentence. By contrast, most instances of non-nominal apposition (e.g. He ran – absolutely raced – up the hill; Burton-Roberts, 1975) are seen as true appositions, as defined in this paper, namely as structures whose two units relate independently to a Sentence Domain without forming a superordinate node in it. Crucial to the distinction between the Local and the Sentence domains is the role of intonation boundaries. These are strongly obligatory only with those structures which have been considered paradigmatic appositions in the literature (Romulus, the legendary founder), and their role is to isolate the second unit within them from the remainder of the sentence, thus preventing it from having a function in it. The intonation boundaries are also responsible for the most distinctive feature of these structures, namely the predicative relationship binding the two units together (Dupont, 1985; Koktová, 1985; Longrée, 1987; Forsgren, 1988).
INDEX NUMBER APPROACHES TO SEASONAL ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Diewert W. Erwin
Published: July 2002

A seasonal commodity is one that either (1)
is not available during certain
seasons or (2) is always available but
its prices or quantities fluctuate
with the season or time of year.
The existence of type-1 seasonal
commodities in consumer preference functions means that the usual economic
approach to index number theory cannot be applied to construct a
short-term month-to-month or quarter-to-quarter consumer price
index. We postulate various separability assumptions on
intertemporal preferences that can be used to justify various seasonal
index number formulas. One of our approaches
leads to an index number solution to the
problem of seasonal adjustment.
Cross-agreement complaints before the Appellate Body: a case study of the EC–Asbestos dispute
Authors: PAUWELYN JOOST
Published: July 2002

WTO panels are often called upon to decide overlapping claims based on
different WTO agreements. One such dispute was the EC–Asbestos case where
claims were made under both GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT). This paper examines whether the Appellate Body's refusal in that
case to examine Canada's TBT claims was justified. The conclusion reached is no,
based on the principle jura novit curia, the general prohibition on non liquet and the
WTO case law on judicial economy. In addition, the paper examines when two
WTO norms must be seen as ‘in conflict’. It argues in favour of broadening the
current definition of conflict and clarifies the consequences of a norm being
lex specialis.
FGF18 is required for normal cell proliferation and differentiation during osteogenesis and chondrogenesis
Authors: Ohbayashi Norihiko , Shibayama Masaki , Kurotaki Yoko , Imanishi Mayumi , Fujimori Toshihiko , Itoh Nobuyuki , Takada Shinji
Published: July 2002

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is involved in skeletal development of the vertebrate. Gain-of-function mutations of FGF receptors (FGFR) cause craniosynostosis, premature fusion of the skull, and dwarfism syndromes. Disruption of Fgfr3 results in prolonged growth of long bones and vertebrae. However, the role that FGFs actually play in skeletal development in the embryo remains unclear. Here we show that Fgf18 is expressed in and required for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in the mouse embryo. Fgf18is expressed in both osteogenic mesenchymal cells and differentiating osteoblasts during calvarial bone development. In addition,Fgf18 is expressed in the perichondrium and joints of developing long bones. In calvarial bone development ofFgf18-deficient mice generated by gene targeting, the progress of suture closure is delayed. Furthermore, proliferation of calvarial osteogenic mesenchymal cells is decreased, and terminal differentiation to calvarial osteoblasts is specifically delayed. Delay of osteogenic differentiation is also observed in the developing long bones of this mutant. Conversely, chondrocyte proliferation and the number of differentiated chondrocytes are increased. Therefore, FGF18 appears to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation positively in osteogenesis and negatively in chondrogenesis.
Differentially Painting Human Chromosome Arms with Combined Binary Ratio-labeling Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Wiegant Joop , Bezrookove Vladimir , Rosenberg Carla , Tanke Hans J. , Raap Anton K. , Zhang Hongen , Bittner Michael , Trent Jeffrey M. , Meltzer Paul
Published: July 2002

Recently we developed a novel strategy for differentially painting all 24 human chromosomes. It is termed COBRA–FISH, short for combined binary ratio labeling–fluorescence in situ hybridization. COBRA–FISH is distinct from the pure combinatorial approach in that only 4 instead of 5 fluorophores are needed to achieve color discrimination of 24 targets. Furthermore, multiplicity can be increased to 48 by introduction of a fifth fluorophore. Here we show that color identification by COBRA–FISH of all of the p and q arms of human chromosomes is feasible, and we apply the technique for detecting and elucidating intra- and interchromosomal rearrangements. Compared with 24-color whole chromosome painting FISH, PQ-COBRA–FISH considerably enhances the ability to determine the composition of rearranged chromosomes as demonstrated by the identification of pericentric inversions and isochromosomes as well as the elucidation of the arm identity of chromosomal material involved in complex translocations that occur in solid tumors.
A Low-CO2-Inducible Gene Encoding an Alanine:α--Ketoglutarate Aminotransferase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Chen Z. Y. , Burow M. D. , Mason C. B. , Moroney J. V.
Published: July 2002

At low-CO2 (air) conditions, the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii acquires the ability to raise its internal inorganic carbon concentration. To study this adaptation to low CO2, cDNA clones induced under low-CO2 growth conditions were selected through differential screening. One full-length clone is 2552 bp, with an open reading frame encoding 521 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence shows about 50% identity with alanine:α--ketoglutarate aminotransferase (Ala AT, EC 2.6.1.2) from plants and animals, and the mRNA of this clone increased 4- to 5-fold 4 h after cells were switched from high-CO2 to low-CO2 growth conditions. The expression of the enzyme and its activity also increased accordingly at low-CO2 growth conditions. To study the physiological role of Ala AT, a pyridoxal phosphate inhibitor, aminooxyacetic acid, was added at 40 [mu]M to the growth medium when cells were beginning to adapt to low CO2. This caused a 30% decrease in the maximum photosynthetic rate in air-adapting cells 8 h later. The addition of the inhibitor also caused the cells to excrete glycolate, a photorespiratory intermediate, but did not change the apparent affinity of the cell for external CO2. These physiological studies are consistent with the assumption that Ala AT is involved in the adaptation to low-CO2 conditions.
High-Yield Expression of Pea Thioredoxin m and Assessment of Its Efficiency in Chloroplast Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Activation
Authors: Jaramillo J. L. , Chueca A. , Jacquot J. P. , Hermoso R. , Lazaro J. J. , Sahrawy M. , Gorge J. L.
Published: July 2002

A cDNA clone encoding pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplast thioredoxin (Trx) m and its transit peptide were isolated from a pea cDNA library. Its deduced amino acid sequence showed 70% homology with spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Trx m and 25% homology with Trx f from pea and spinach. After subcloning in the Ndel-BamHI sites of pET-12a, the recombinant supplied 20 mg Trx m/L Escherichia coli culture. This protein had 108 amino acids and was 12,000 D, which is identical to the pea leaf native protein. Unlike pea Trx f, pea Trx m showed a hyperbolic saturation of pea chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), with a Trx m/FBPase molar saturation ratio of about 60, compared with 4 for the Trx f/FBPase quotient. Cross-experiments have shown the ability of pea Trx m to activate the spinach chloroplast FBPase, results that are in contrast with those in spinach found by P. Schurmann, K. Maeda, and A. Tsugita ([1981] Eur J Biochem 116: 37–45), who did not find Trx m efficiency in FBPase activation. This higher efficiency of pea Trx m could be related to the presence of four basic residues (arginine-37, lysine-70, arginine-74, and lysine-97) flanking the regulatory cluster; spinach Trx m lacks the positive charge corresponding to lysine-70 of pea Trx m. This has been confirmed by K70E mutagenesis of pea Trx m, which leads to a 50% decrease in FBPase activation.
Antisense Inhibition of the Photosystem I Antenna Protein Lhca4 in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Zhang H. , Goodman H. M. , Jansson S.
Published: July 2002

The function of Lhca4, a gene encoding the photosystem I type IV chlorophyll a/b-binding protein complex in Arabidopsis, was investigated using antisense technology. Lhca4 protein was reduced in a number of mutant lines and abolished in one. The inhibition of protein was not correlated with the inhibition of mRNA. No depletion of Lhca1 was observed, but the low-temperature fluorescence emission spectrum was drastically altered in the mutants. The emission maximum was blue-shifted by 6 nm, showing that chlorophyll molecules bound to Lhca4 are responsible for most of the long-wavelength fluorescence emission. Some mutants also showed an unexplainable delay in flowering time and an increase in seed weight.
An Arabidopsis VPS45p Homolog Implicated in Protein Transport to the Vacuole1
Authors: Bassham Diane C. , Raikhel Natasha V.
Published: July 2002

The Sec1p family of proteins is required for vesicle-mediated protein trafficking between various organelles of the endomembrane system. This family includes Vps45p, which is required for transport to the vacuole in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). We have isolated a cDNA encoding a VPS45 homolog from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtVPS45). The cDNA is able to complement both the temperature-sensitive growth defect and the vacuolar-targeting defect of a yeast vps45 mutant, indicating that the two proteins are functionally related. AtVPS45p is a peripheral membrane protein that associates with microsomal membranes. Sucrose-density gradient fractionation demonstrated that AtVPS45p co-fractionates with AtELP, a potential vacuolar protein sorting receptor, implying that they may reside on the same membrane populations. These results indicate that AtVPS45p is likely to function in the transport of proteins to the vacuole in plants.
Overexpression of Iron Superoxide Dismutase in Transformed Poplar Modifies the Regulation of Photosynthesis at Low CO2Partial Pressures or Following Exposure to the Prooxidant Herbicide Methyl Viologen1
Authors: Arisi Ana-Carolina M. , Cornic Gabriel , Jouanin Lise , Foyer Christine H.
Published: July 2002

Chloroplast-targeted overexpression of an Fe superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in substantially increased foliar SOD activities. Ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase activities were similar in the leaves from all of the lines, but dehydroascorbate reductase activity was increased in the leaves of the FeSOD transformants relative to untransformed controls. Foliar H2O2, ascorbate, and glutathione contents were comparable in all lines of plants. Irradiance-dependent changes in net CO2 assimilation and chlorophyll a fluorescence quenching parameters were similar in all lines both in air (21% O2) and at low (1%) O2. CO2-response curves for photosynthesis showed similar net CO2-exchange characteristics in all lines. In contrast, values of photochemical quenching declined in leaves from untransformed controls at intercellular CO2 (Ci) values below 200 μL L−1 but remained constant with decreasing Ci in leaves of FeSOD transformants. When the O2 concentration was decreased from 21 to 1%, the effect of FeSOD overexpression on photochemical quenching at limiting Ci was abolished. At high light (1000 μmol m−2s−1) a progressive decrease in the ratio of variable (Fv) to maximal (Fm) fluorescence was observed with decreasing temperature. At 6oC the high-light-induced decrease in theFv/Fm ratio was partially prevented by low O2 but values were comparable in all lines. Methyl viologen caused decreasedFv/Fm ratios, but this was less marked in the FeSOD transformants than in the untransformed controls. These observations suggest that the rate of superoxide dismutation limits flux through the Mehler-peroxidase cycle in certain conditions.
Cloning and Characterization ofTPE4A, a Thiol-Protease Gene Induced during Ovary Senescence and Seed Germination in Pea1
Authors: Cercós Manuel , Santamarı́a Salvador , Carbonell Juan
Published: July 2002

A cDNA clone encoding a thiol-protease (TPE4A) was isolated from senescent ovaries of pea (Pisum sativum) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The deduced amino acid sequence of TPE4A has the conserved catalytic amino acids of papain. It is very similar to VSCYSPROA, a thiol-protease induced during seed germination in common vetch. TPE4A mRNA levels increase during the senescence of unpollinated pea ovaries and are totally suppressed by treatment with gibberellic acid. In situ hybridization indicated thatTPE4A mRNA distribution in senescent pea ovaries is different from that of previously reported thiol-proteases induced during senescence, suggesting the involvement of different proteases in the mobilization of proteins from senescent pea ovaries.TPE4A is also induced during the germination of pea seeds, indicating that a single protease gene can be induced during two different physiological processes, senescence and germination, both of which require protein mobilization.
A Gene Encoding the Cytokinin Enzyme ZeatinO-Xylosyltransferase of Phaseolus vulgaris1
Authors: Martin Ruth C. , Mok Machteld C. , Mok David W.S.
Published: July 2002

Zeatin is the most active and ubiquitous form of the naturally occurring cytokinins. Glycosyl conjugates of zeatin are found in many plant tissues and are considered important for storage and protection against degradative enzymes. Two enzymes catalyzing the formation of O-glycosyl derivatives of zeatin have been characterized,O-glucosyltransferase andO-xylosyltransferase, occurring in seeds of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), respectively. Recently, the ZOG1 gene (zeatinO-glucosyltansferase) was isolated from P. lunatis (Martin et al., 1999). Based on the ZOG1 sequence, the ZOX1 gene (zeatinO-xylosyltransferase) was cloned from P. vulgaris. ZOX1contains an open reading frame of 1362 bp that codes for a 454-amino acid peptide of 51 kD. The recombinant protein has properties identical to the native enzyme: it catalyzes O-xylosylzeatin formation with UDP-Xyl as a glycosyl donor but does not recognize UDP-Glucose as a substrate. The ZOX1 andZOG1 genes exhibit 93% identity at the nucleotide level and 90% similarity at the amino acid level. Neither gene contains introns. These zeatin-specific genes and their promoters will be useful for studies of the regulation of active versus storage forms of cytokinins. Comparison of sequences encoding similar enzymes with distinct substrate specificity may lead to identification of epitopes specific to cytokinin and glycosyl donor molecules.
Cambial-Region-Specific Expression of the Agrobacterium iaa Genes in Transgenic Aspen Visualized by a LinkeduidA Reporter Gene
Authors: Tuominen Hannele , Puech Laurence , Regan Sharon , Fink Siegfried , Olsson Olof , Sundberg Björn
Published: July 2002

The level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was locally modified in cambial tissues of transgenic aspen (Populus tremula L. × Populus tremuloides Michx.). We also demonstrate the use of a linked reporter gene to visualize the expression of theiaa genes. The rate-limiting bacterial IAA-biosynthetic gene iaaM and the reporter gene for β-glucuronidase (GUS), uidA, were each fused to the cambial-region-specific Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolCpromoter and linked on the same T-DNA. In situ hybridization of theiaaM gene confirmed that histochemical analysis of GUS activity could be used to predict iaaM gene expression. Moreover, quantitative fluorometric analysis of GUS activity allowed estimation of the level of de novo production of IAA in transgenic lines carrying a single-copy insert of the iaaM,uidA T-DNA. Microscale analysis of the IAA concentration across the cambial region tissues showed an increase in IAA concentration of about 35% to 40% in the two transgenic lines, but no changes in the radial distribution pattern of IAA compared with wild-type plants. This increase did not result in any changes in the developmental pattern of cambial derivatives or the cambial growth rate, which emphasizes the importance of the radial distribution pattern of IAA in controlling the development of secondary xylem, and suggests that a moderate increase in IAA concentration does not necessarily stimulate growth.
Production of Fatty Acid Components of Meadowfoam Oil in Somatic Soybean Embryos
Authors: Cahoon Edgar B. , Marillia Elizabeth-France , Stecca Kevin L. , Hall Sarah E. , Taylor David C. , Kinney Anthony J.
Published: July 2002

The seed oil of meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) and other Limnanthes spp. is enriched in the unusual fatty acid Δ5-eicosenoic acid (20:1Δ5). This fatty acid has physical and chemical properties that make the seed oil of these plants useful for a number of industrial applications. An expressed sequence tag approach was used to identify cDNAs for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of 20:1Δ5). By random sequencing of a library prepared from developing Limnanthes douglasii seeds, a class of cDNAs was identified that encode a homolog of acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturases found in animals, fungi, and cyanobacteria. Expression of a cDNA for the L. douglasii acyl-CoA desaturase homolog in somatic soybean (Glycine max) embryos behind a strong seed-specific promoter resulted in the accumulation of Δ5-hexadecenoic acid to amounts of 2% to 3% (w/w) of the total fatty acids of single embryos. Δ5-Octadecenoic acid and 20:1Δ5also composed <1% (w/w) each of the total fatty acids of these embryos. In addition, cDNAs were identified from the L. douglasii expressed sequence tags that encode a homolog of fatty acid elongase 1 (FAE1), a β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that catalyzes the initial step of very long-chain fatty acid synthesis. Expression of the L. douglassi FAE1 homolog in somatic soybean embryos was accompanied by the accumulation of C20and C22 fatty acids, principally as eicosanoic acid, to amounts of 18% (w/w) of the total fatty acids of single embryos. To partially reconstruct the biosynthetic pathway of 20:1Δ5in transgenic plant tissues, cDNAs for the L. douglasii acyl-CoA desaturase and FAE1 were co-expressed in somatic soybean embryos. In the resulting transgenic embryos, 20:1Δ5 and Δ5-docosenoic acid composed up to 12% of the total fatty acids.