bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating MRS data with hydrologic model ‐ Carrizal Catchment (Spain)
Authors: Baroncini‐Turricchia G. , Francés A.P. , Lubczynski M.W. , Martínez‐Fernández J. , Roy J.
Published: April 2014

Magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) provides quantitative hydrogeological information on hydrostratigraphy and hydraulic parameters of subsurface (e.g., flow and storage property of aquifers) that can be integrated in distributed hydrologic models. The hydraulic parameters are typically obtained by pumping tests. In this study, we propose an MRS integration method based on optimizing MRS estimates of aquifer hydraulic parameters through hydrologic model calibration.

The proposed MRS integration method was applied in the 73 km2 Carrizal Catchment in Spain, characterized by a shallow unconfined aquifer with an unknown aquifer bottom. 12 MRS survey results were inverted with Samovar 11.3, schematized and integrated in the transient, distributed, coupled, hydrologic, MARMITES‐MODFLOW model. As the aquifer bottom was unknown, the aquifer was schematized into one unconfined layer of uniform thickness. For that layer, MRS estimators of specific yield and transmissivity/hydraulic conductivity were calculated as weighted averages of the inverted MRS layers. The MRS integration with hydrologic model was carried out by introducing multipliers of specific yield and transmissivity/hydraulic conductivity that were optimized during transient model calibration using 11 time‐series piezometric observation points. The optimized multipliers were 1.0 for specific yield and 3.5*10‐9 for hydraulic conductivity. These multipliers were used, and can be used in future MRS investigations in the Carrizal Catchment (and/or adjacent area with similar hydrogeological conditions), to convert MRS survey results into aquifer hydraulic parameters.

The proposed method of MRS data integration in the hydrologic model of Carrizal Catchment not only allowed us to calibrate the model but also to confirm the functional capability of MRS in quantitative groundwater assessment. Most importantly however, it demonstrated that if pumping tests are not available, the use of MRS integrated in distributed coupled hydrological models, or even in standalone groundwater models, provides a valuable aquifer parameterization alternative.
ICTs and the (Re)Production of Development Knowledge in Africa
Authors: Mawuko-Yevugah Lord C.
Published: April 2014

Over the past few years, Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) have been promoted by Western development agencies in Africa and other regions of the developing world. There are legion of intellectual (theoretical) and practical policy-oriented arguments advanced by the proponents of an ICT-driven agenda and to justify why this paradigm offers an effective pathway out of poverty and under-development in the global South. This chapter proposes a critical theoretical approach for analyzing and interpreting the implications and impacts of this ICT-driven development agenda for Africa and other regions striving for home-grown and locally-driven development agenda. Drawing on aspects of critical theoretical lenses including Foucault's knowledge-power dynamics and neo-Gramscian concept of hegemony, the chapter explores how the ICT-driven development paradigm being championed by key international development agencies may in fact,help to perpetuate unequal power relations in the production of development knowledge whereby ideas and practices of the “developed” and “advanced” West are privileged and imposed on the “less developed” and “backward” regions such as Africa. The chapter provides a historical overview on development theory in the African context from the era of modernization theory to the neo-liberal turn in order to examine if and how the ICT-driven paradigm offers any departures from the path-dependency model embedded in earlier theoretical and policy interventions.
ICT and Skills Transfer
Authors: Ankomah Paul , Larson Trent
Published: April 2014

Ghana is continuously exploring new development models to generate economic growth and enhance the life of her citizens. Tourism has been identified as an area with the potential to prime the Ghanaian economy. However, a major impediment likely to stall the strategy is the lack of skilled labor. Ghana could address this problem by tapping into the skills, experiences, and resources of its diaspora. The objective of the chapter is to advocate the adoption of a virtual community framework (via ICT) to access the skills and expertise of Ghanaians resident abroad to train personnel in the tourism sector. The chapter outlines the virtual community creation process, instructional delivery strategies, identifies challenges to be encountered in these collaborative efforts, and provides some viewpoints for addressing such problems. The chapter ends with suggestions for future research and concluding remarks, including the study's implications.
Exploring the Development of M-Government
Authors: Kim Yejoo
Published: April 2014

The focus of this chapter is on exploring the possibilities available to African countries that wish to construct and enable m-government. The mobile banking sectors in Korea and Kenya are explored in order to find out the driving forces behind the success and failure of m-government projects. Using Actor-Network Theory (ANT), it is possible to observe how the networks come into being, which actors exist, how these actors are enrolled into a network, and how these networks achieve stability. ANT enables us to extract some elements that African countries must concentrate on if they wish to push forward with m-government initiatives and follow the example set by these two countries.
Radiogenic age and isotopic studies: Report 2
Authors:   Geological Survey of Canada
Published: April 2014

Numerical error analysis is applied to typical 40Ar/39Ar data. It extends previous error treatments to al! possible variables used in the calculation of ages of samples and shows that in some cases minor corrections may contribute significantly to age
uncertainties. Isochron plots using 36Ar as a reference isotope are not suitable for data analysis - the correlation plot with 40Ar as a reference is preferred. The irradiation parameter, J, is the primary limitation on the precision of age determinations. Close control of this parameter permits age
precision of O. I % (! a) but O. 5 % is typical.
Clinical approach to obscure GI bleeding - Diagnostic testing and management
Authors: Prabakaran Prashanth , Guda Nalini , Thomas Jacob , Heise Charles , Gopal Deepak
Published: April 2014

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) can present as a diagnostic dilemma and management can be challenging. The search for causes of OGIB is usually centered on visualizing the small bowel, and in the past decade, the technology to visualize the entire small bowel has significantly advanced. Moreover, small bowel endoscopic imaging has replaced, in many instances, prior radiographic evaluation for obscure GI bleeding. These new modalities, such as small bowel capsule endoscopy (CE), balloon-assisted deep enteroscopy [double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) and single balloon enteroscopy (SBE)], and overtube-assisted deep enteroscopy (spiral enteroscopy), are paving the way toward more accurately identifying and treating patients with OGIB. We will review the diagnostic modalities available in evaluating a patient with OGIB and also propose the management based on clinical and endoscopic findings.
Cystic lesion of pancreas - Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
Authors: Baijal Rajiv , R. Praveen Kumar H. , Gupta Deepakkumar T. , Shah Nimish , Amarapurkar D. , Gupte Parijat
Published: April 2014

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is an intraductal mucin-producing epithelial neoplasm that arises from the main and/or branched pancreatic duct. It usually presents as cystic lesion of pancreas. There are well known differential diagnosis of cystic pancreatic lesion. Pancreatic cystic neoplasms are detected at an increasing frequency due to an increased use of abdominal imaging. The diagnosis and treatment of intraductal papillary mucinous tumors (IPMN) of the pancreas has evolved over the past decade. IPMN represents a spectrum of disease, ranging from benign to malignant lesions, making the early detection and characterization of these lesions important. Definitive management is surgical resection for appropriate candidates, as benign lesions harbor malignant potential. IPMN has a prognosis, which is different from adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. We report a case of a 58-year-old male with intraductal papillary neoplasm involving main duct and side branches presenting to us with clinical symptoms of chronic pancreatitis with obstructive jaundice and cholangitis treated surgically.
Perceptions of Internal Medicine–Pediatrics Residents About Autonomy During Residency
Authors: Mieczkowski Alexandra E. , Rubio Doris , Van Deusen Reed
Published: April 2014

Background

The development of autonomy is a key component of residency training. Although studies have examined levels of graduated autonomy within specialties, they have not, to our knowledge, examined how residents' perceptions of autonomy differ among specialties.

Objective

We surveyed residents in internal medicine–pediatrics programs to determine their perceptions of the autonomy they experienced when they were serving on internal medicine (IM) and pediatrics inpatient rotations.

Methods

In 2012, we administered a 24-item online survey to residents in 36 internal medicine–pediatrics programs.

Results

Of 698 eligible residents, 143 (20.5%) participated. Participants were distributed equally among all 4 postgraduate years and between IM and pediatrics rotations. Participants were more likely to agree they experienced an appropriate level of autonomy when they were on IM rotations than when they were on pediatrics rotations (97.9% versus 34.3%, P < .001), were more likely to report experiencing frustration with too little oversight while on IM rotations (32.9% versus 2.2%, P < .001), and were more likely to report experiencing frustration with too much oversight while on pediatrics rotations (48.2% versus 0.7%, P < .001). Responses to items that described frequently encountered circumstances and hypothetical medical cases indicated participants were more likely to feel anxiety and discomfort with autonomous decision making while on pediatrics rotations.

Conclusions

Residents in internal medicine–pediatrics programs perceive significant differences in the autonomy they experience during IM and pediatrics rotations. This may influence their confidence in medical decision making.
Use of a Secure Social Media Platform to Facilitate Reflection in a Residency Program
Authors: Bernard Aaron W. , Kman Nicholas E. , Bernard Robert H. , Way David P. , Khandelwal Sorabh , Gorgas Diane L.
Published: April 2014

Background

Reflective writing is used to promote learning and professional growth in medical education. Sharing reflections with peers and supervisors facilitates feedback that enhances understanding.

Objective

We explored the feasibility of using a secure social media platform to share reflections and promote reflective discussions in an emergency medicine residency program.

Methods

This was a prospective pilot investigation evaluated with a poststudy opinion survey. Reflective discussions were also described using basic quantitative and qualitative methods.

Results

The 2-month, voluntary, pilot study included 21 faculty and 36 residents. Faculty posted reflections and replies (n  =  146) more frequently than residents did (n  =  48). Survey data suggested both groups found the platform engaging and easy to use, valued the security of the platform, and felt the conversations were valuable to their professional development.

Conclusions

Secure social media offers a feasible option for sharing reflections and facilitating reflective discussions in medical education.
Development and Performance of Electronic Acute Kidney Injury Triggers to Identify Pediatric Patients at Risk for Nephrotoxic Medication-associated Harm
Authors: Spires W.L. , Mottes T.A. , Schaffzin J.K. , Barclay C. , Goldstein S.L. , Kirkendall E.S.
Published: April 2014

Background: Nephrotoxic medication-associated acute kidney injury (NTMx-AKI) is a costly clinical phenomenon and more common than previously recognized. Prior efforts to use technology to identify AKI have focused on detection after renal injury has occurred.

Objectives: Describe an approach and provide a technical framework for the creation of risk-stratifying AKI triggers and the development of an application to manage the AKI trigger data. Report the performance characteristics of those triggers and the refinement process and on the challenges of implementation.

Methods: Initial manual trigger screening guided design of an automated electronic trigger report. A web-based application was designed to alleviate inefficiency and serve as a user interface and central workspace for the project. Performance of the NTMx exposure trigger reports from September 2011 to September 2013 were evaluated using sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV).

Results: Automated reports were created to replace manual screening for NTMx-AKI. The initial performance of the NTMx exposure triggers for SN, SP, PPV, and NPV all were 0.78, and increased over the study, with all four measures reaching 0.95 consistently. A web-based application was implemented that simplifies data entry and couriering from the reports, expedites results viewing, and interfaces with an automated data visualization tool. Sociotechnical challenges were logged and reported.

Conclusion: We have built a risk-stratifying system based on electronic triggers that detects patients at-risk for NTMx-AKI before injury occurs. The performance of the NTMx-exposed reports has neared 100% through iterative optimization. The complexity of the trigger logic and clinical work-flows surrounding NTMx-AKI led to a challenging implementation, but one that has been successful from technical, clinical, and quality improvement standpoints. This report summarizes the construction of a trigger-based application, the performance of the triggers, and the challenges uncovered during the design, build, and implementation of the system.

Citation: Kirkendall ES, Spires WL, Mottes TA, Schaffzin JK, Barclay C, Goldstein SL. Development and performance of electronic acute kidney injury triggers to identify pediatric patients at risk for nephrotoxic medication-associated harm. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 313–333 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-12-RA-0102
Ridge Preservation using Dermis Allograft Tissue Matrix Membrane vs Connective Tissue Graft
Authors: Abraham Celeste M , Rossmann Jeffrey A , Al-Hashimi Ibtisam , Solomon Eric S , Kerns David G , Tomlin Elizabeth Meyers , Beach M Miles , Kessler Harvey P
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare extraction socket healing and alveolar ridge preservation using autogenous bone covered with connective tissue graft (CT) or acellular dermal matrix (ADM).

Materials and Methods

Sixteen nonsmoking, healthy patients with 18 nonmolar teeth requiring extraction participated in the study. Following extraction, the sockets were debrided, measured, and grafted with autogenous bone, then covered with either CT or ADM. Measurements of alveolar ridge width and height were made at baseline and after 16 to 20 weeks post extraction. Soft and hard tissue biopsies of the extraction sites were evaluated histomorphometrically.

Results

The mean buccolingual ridge width loss was 0.19 mm for both CT and ADM groups. The mean vertical bone gain was 1.08 mm bone for the CT group and 0.82 mm for the ADM group. Histologic evaluation revealed a mean bone fill of 40.67 and 50.76% for CT and ADM group respectively. Student t-tests did not reveal significant difference between the two groups.

Conclusion

The overall results of the study suggest that the use of bone graft covered with either CT or ADM is useful for ridge preservation.

How to cite this article

Tomlin EM, Kerns DG, Rossmann JA, Beach MM, Al-Hashimi I, Abraham CM, Solomon ES, Kessler HP. Ridge Preservation using Dermis Allograft Tissue Matrix Membrane vs Connective Tissue Graft. J Contemp Dent 2014;4(1):10-16.
Current Evidence-based Management of Patients on Antiplatelets and Anticoagulants in Dental Practice: A Questionnaire-based Survey of Interns and Staff
Authors: Sidana Sunil , Daruwalla Shazneen Firdosh
Published: April 2014

An increasing number of dental patients are taking ‘blood thinner’ medications for various medical conditions. These drugs interfere with the body's normal clotting (stopping blood flow) mechanism. The standard of care has been to stop the aspirin and warfarin prior to dental procedures involving bleeding since these drugs are known to affect clot formation and coagulation. However, the patient is at a greater risk of developing thromboembolic complications and reinfarcts if these drugs were discontinue than occurence of excessive bleeding if they were continued. Bleeding can be effectively managed by local hemostatic measures.

How to cite this article

Daruwalla SF, Sidana S. Current Evidence-based Management of Patients on Antiplatelets and Anticoagulants in Dental Practice: A Questionnaire-based Survey of Interns and Staff. J Contemp Dent 2014;4(1):22-26.
Referred Pulpal Pain with Atypical Features in an Endodontically Treated Tooth due to Learned Phenomenon
Authors: Pai AR Vivekananda , Jain Rachit
Published: April 2014

Pulpal pain does not refer to an endodontically treated tooth. Nevertheless, such a potential may exist based on a learned phenomenon due to previous treatment experiences but is rarely reported. Further, it is seldom reported to occur with atypical features. This case report is on a patient who was presented with pain in endodontically treated lower first molar (36) and recommended to undergo retreatment. However, endodontic treatment in 26 relieved the pain showing occurrence of referred pulpal pain in 36. But due to atypical referral and unknown endodontic status in 36, only uneventful follow-up confirmed the retrospective diagnosis of referred pulpal pain in 36. Pulpal pain can refer to an endodontically treated tooth based on learned phenomenon. Such a referral can also occur with atypical features and pose a diagnostic dilemma. Therefore, referred pulpal pain should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pain in an endodontically treated tooth.

How to cite this article

Pai ARV, Vikram M, Jain R. Referred Pulpal Pain with Atypical Features in an Endodontically Treated Tooth due to Learned Phenomenon. J Contemp Dent 2014;4(1): 60-62.
Atmospheric waves as scaling, turbulent phenomena
Authors: Pinel J. , Lovejoy S.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. It is paradoxical that, while atmospheric dynamics are highly nonlinear and turbulent, atmospheric waves are commonly modelled by linear or weakly nonlinear theories. We postulate that the laws governing atmospheric waves are in fact high-Reynolds-number (Re), emergent laws so that – in common with the emergent high-Re turbulent laws – they are also constrained by scaling symmetries. We propose an effective turbulence–wave propagator which corresponds to a fractional and anisotropic extension of the classical wave equation propagator, with dispersion relations similar to those of inertial gravity waves (and Kelvin waves) yet with an anomalous (fractional) order Hwav/2. Using geostationary IR radiances, we estimate the parameters, finding that Hwav ≈ 0.17 ± 0.04 (the classical value = 2).
Quantifying uncertainties in soil carbon responses to changes in global mean temperature and precipitation
Authors: Nishina K. , Ito A. , Beerling D. J. , Cadule P. , Ciais P. , Clark D. B. , Falloon P. , Friend A. D. , Kahana R. , Kato E. , Keribin R. , Lucht W. , Lomas M. , Rademacher T. T. , Pavlick R. , Schaphoff S. , Vuichard N. , Warszawaski L. , Yokohata T.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems and may play a key role in biospheric feedbacks with elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in a warmer future world. We examined the simulation results of seven terrestrial biome models when forced with climate projections from four representative-concentration-pathways (RCPs)-based atmospheric concentration scenarios. The goal was to specify calculated uncertainty in global SOC stock projections from global and regional perspectives and give insight to the improvement of SOC-relevant processes in biome models. SOC stocks among the biome models varied from 1090 to 2650 Pg C even in historical periods (ca. 2000). In a higher forcing scenario (i.e., RCP8.5), inconsistent estimates of impact on the total SOC (2099–2000) were obtained from different biome model simulations, ranging from a net sink of 347 Pg C to a net source of 122 Pg C. In all models, the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration in the RCP8.5 scenario considerably contributed to carbon accumulation in SOC. However, magnitudes varied from 93 to 264 Pg C by the end of the 21st century across biome models. Using the time-series data of total global SOC simulated by each biome model, we analyzed the sensitivity of the global SOC stock to global mean temperature and global precipitation anomalies (ΔT and ΔP respectively) in each biome model using a state-space model. This analysis suggests that ΔT explained global SOC stock changes in most models with a resolution of 1–2 °C, and the magnitude of global SOC decomposition from a 2 °C rise ranged from almost 0 to 3.53 Pg C yr−1 among the biome models. However, ΔP had a negligible impact on change in the global SOC changes. Spatial heterogeneity was evident and inconsistent among the biome models, especially in boreal to arctic regions. Our study reveals considerable climate uncertainty in SOC decomposition responses to climate and CO2 change among biome models. Further research is required to improve our ability to estimate biospheric feedbacks through both SOC-relevant and vegetation-relevant processes.
European Commission Et Al. V. Kadi (E.C.J.)
Authors: Thornton Sean M.
Published: April 2014

When Yasin Al-Kadi, a Saudi businessman and alleged terrorist financier, prevailed at the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and secured the lifting of economic sanctions that had been imposed against him since 2001, he opened a major gap in the multilateral legal framework for targeted economic sanctions. The framework dates to the late 1990s, was expanded substantially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and now may be in decline, due in substantial part to the ECJ’s decision. The Kadi case rests on a simple legal proposition: there must be evidence to support restrictions against an individual for his alleged misconduct. The dilemma for authorities that impose targeted economic sanctions is that while the evidence exists, it tends to be sensitive, often classified–particularly with respect to terrorism, but also in similar frameworks imposing sanctions against those involved in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction or human rights violations–and the intelligence services that collect such information prefer to keep it closely held.
Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled
Authors: Lewis Hope
Published: April 2014

On June 27, 2013, delegates to a Diplomatic Conference of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) adopted the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled (Marrakesh Treaty). Governmental delegates and international disability rights advocates hope that the new instrument will increase access to information for millions of visually impaired people around the world, especially in developing countries.
Crosslinked Poly (4-Vinylpyridine-Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate) Used for Preconcentration of Cd(II) and its Determination by Flow Injection Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Tarley César Ricardo Teixeira , Farias Natália Cristina Botteon , de Fátima Lima Giovana , de Oliveira Fernanda Midori , Bonfílio Rudy , Dragunski Douglas Cardoso , Clausen Débora Nobile , Segatelli Mariana Gava
Published: April 2014

The main purpose of this research was to synthesize crosslinked poly(4-vinylpyridine-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and evaluate its feasibility for highly sensitive and selective determination of Cd in water samples by using flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The crosslinked polymer, prepared by bulk polymerization, was characterized by FTIR spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. The flow injection solid-phase method was based on preconcentration of 20.0 mL of sample through 100 mg of the polymer packed into a minicolumn at pH 8.25 using a flow rate of 6.0 mL/min, followed by elution with 1.0 M HNO3. The sample solution parameters influencing the preconcentration behavior of Cd ions, such as pH, buffer concentration, and flow rate, were simultaneously studied and optimized using a Doehlert matrix. Values of 0.10 μg/L, 2.0–210 μg/L, 32.3, 18/h, 9.7/min, and 0.62 mL were obtained for LOD, linear range, preconcentration factor, sample throughput, concentration efficiency, and consumption index, respectively. The effect of the presence of the inorganic cations Pb(II), U(IV), Co(II), Hg(II), Cu(II), As(III), Mg(II), Sb(III), Ni(II), Th(IV), Ba(II), and Ca(II) on the method was studied, and the preconcentration of Cd was observed to have no interference. The accuracy of the method was assessed by analysis of natural water samples using addition and recovery tests and inductively coupled plasma/MS as a reference technique, as well as by analysis of a standard reference material of trace elements in water.
IMEP-115: Determination of Methylmercury in Seafood by Elemental Mercury Analysis: Collaborative Study
Authors: Cordeiro Fernando , Calderón Josep , Gonçalves Susana , Lourenço Maria Helena , Robouch Piotr , Emteborg Hakan , Conneely Patrick , Tumba-Tshilumba Marie-France , de la Calle Maria Beatriz
Published: April 2014

A collaborative study IMEP-115 was organized by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Heavy Metals in Feed and Food (EURL-HM) to validate a method for the determination of methylmercury in seafood. The method was based on a liquid–liquid extraction with an organic solvent and with an aqueous cysteine solution. The final quantitation was done with an elemental mercury analyzer. Fifteen laboratories experienced in elemental mercury analyses, from 10 European countries, took part in the exercise. Five test items were selected to cover the concentration range from 0.013 to 5.12 mg/kg. All test items were reference materials certified for the methylmercury mass fraction: DOLT-4 (dogfish liver), TORT-2 (lobster hepatopancreas), SRM 2974a (mussel), SRM 1566b (oyster), and ERM CE-464 (tuna). Participants also received a bottle of ERM CE-463 (tuna) to test their analytical method before starting the collaborative study. Method validation showed adequate accuracy and acceptable precision for all test items, thus fitting its intended analytical purpose. The repeatability RSD ranged from 3.9 to 12.3%, while the reproducibility RSD ranged from 8.4 to 24.8%.
Flow Cytometric Method for in situ Preparation of Standard Materials of a Small Defined Number of Microbial Cells with Colony-Forming Potentiality
Authors: Matsuoka Hideaki , Nakano Koichiro , Takatani Norimasa , Yoshida Tomonori , Igimi Shizunobu , Saito Mikako
Published: April 2014

Standard materials of a small defined number of cells with colony-forming potentiality are essential for the rational validation of food microbiological methods. An in situ flow cytometric method using viable staining with 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) and tryptic soy agar (TSA) was previously proposed and its feasibility was demonstrated with five strains. In this study, this method was applied to 16 strains to support its broad applicability. The cellsorting gate was previously determined based on the CFDA stainability alone. Now the structural properties of cells designated by forward and side-scattering intensities have been introduced as the second gating criteria. Under the optimum gate condition, 100 cells have been selected and sorted on TSA. Consequently, a 95% or higher colony-forming rate has been attained for every strain. A successful application to microaerophilic Campylobacter spp. is especially of great importance because it suggests further broader applicability.
Evaluation of VIDAS®Listeria monocytogenes Xpress (LMX) for the Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in a Variety of Foods: First Action 2013.11
Authors: Crowley Erin , Bird Patrick , Flannery Jonathan , Benzinger, Jr M Joseph , Fisher Kiel , Boyle Megan , Huffman Travis , Bastin Ben , Bedinghaus Paige , Judd Will , Hoang Thao , Agin James , Goins David , Johnson Ronald L ,   Collaborators:, Adams J , Bollenbacher A , Brahmanda B , Burkhart R , Cannon J , Capps A , Cesanas-Tyson L , Davis D , Ebbing D , Elgaali H , Hand B , Hiles R , Hirsch J , Howard B , Jolly J , Joseph S , Kehres A , Klemms K , Li J , May B , Michels M , Mills J , Moore S , Nagassar N , Owusu S , Palen N , Parker L , Paul B , Perry B , Pickett J , Rogman N , Rosario G , Rule P , Said C , Sala-Rhatigan M , Stegmann A , Stubblefield T , Wiggins K , Zimmerman J
Published: April 2014

The VIDAS®Listeria monocytogenes Xpress (LMX) is an automated rapid screening enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food products. The VIDAS LMX method was compared in a multi-laboratory collaborative study to AOAC Official Method 993.12 Listeria monocytogenes inMilk and Dairy Products reference method following current AOAC guidelines. A total of 14 laboratories participated, representing government and industry, throughout the United States. One matrix, queso fresco (soft Mexican cheese), was analyzed using two different test portion sizes, 25 and 125 g. Samples representing each portion size were artificially contaminated with L. monocytogenes at three levels: an uninoculated control level [0 colony forming units (CFU)/test portion], a low inoculum level (0.2–2 CFU/test portion), and a high inoculum level (2–5 CFU/test portion). For this evaluation, 1800 unpaired replicate test portions were analyzed by either the VIDAS LMX or AOAC 993.12. Each level was analyzed using the Probability of Detection (POD) statistical model. For the low-level inoculated test portions, difference in collaborator POD (dLPOD) values of 0.04, (–0.08, 0.15) and 0.01, (–0.10, 0.13), with 95% confidence intervals, were obtained, respectively, for 25 and 125 g test portions. The range of the confidence intervals for dLPOD values for both the 25 and 125 g test portions contain the point 0.0 indicating no statistically significant difference in the number of positive samples detected between the VIDAS LMX and the AOAC method. In addition to Oxford Agar (OXA), VIDAS LMX test portions were confirmed using Agar Listeria Ottavani and Agosti (ALOA), a proprietary chromogenic agar for the identification and differentiation of L.monocytogenes and Listeria species. No differences were observed between the two selective agars. The VIDAS LMX method, with the optional ALOA agar confirmation method, was adopted as Official First Action status for the detection of L. monocytogenes in a variety of foods.
Assessment of a Semiquantitative Liquid Chromatography- Fluorescence Detection Method for the Determination of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Levels in Bivalve Molluscs from Great Britain
Authors: Turner Andrew D , Dhanji-Rapkova Monika , Baker Clothilde , Algoet Myriam
Published: April 2014

AOAC Official Method 2005.06 precolumn oxidation LC-fluorescence detection method has been used for many years for the detection and quantitation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in bivalve molluscs. After extensive single- and multiple-laboratory validation, the method has been slowly gaining acceptance worldwide as a useful and practical tool for official control testing. In Great Britain, the method has become routine since 2008, with no requirement since then for reverting back to the bioassay reference method. Although the method has been refined to be semiautomated, faster, and more reproducible, the quantitation step can be complex and time-consuming. An alternative approach was developed to utilize the qualitative screening results for generatinga semiquantitative results assessment. Data obtained over 5 years enabled the comparison of semiquantitative and fully quantitative PSP results in over 15 000 shellfish samples comprising eight different species showed that the semiquantitative approach resulted in over-estimated paralytic shellfish toxin levels by an average factor close to two in comparison with the fully quantified levels. No temporal trends were observed in the data or relating to species type, with the exception of surf clams. The comparison suggested a semiquantitative threshold of 800 μg saxitoxin (STX) eq/kg should provide a safe limitfor the determination of samples to be forwarded to full quantitation. However, the decision was taken to halve this limit to include an additional safety factor of 2, resulting in the use of a semiquantitative threshold of 400 μg STX eq/kg. Implementation of the semiquantitative method into routine testing would result in a significant reduction in the numbers of samples requiring quantitation and have a positive impact on the overall turnaround of reported PSP results. The refined method would be appropriate for any monitoring laboratory faced with high throughput requirements.
Preparation of Anti-Ciguatoxin Monoclonal Antibodies Using Synthetic Haptens: Sandwich ELISA Detection of Ciguatoxins
Authors: Tsumuraya Takeshi , Fujii Ikuo , Hirama Masahiro
Published: April 2014

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a form of food poisoning caused by the consumption of fish that have accumulated a type of sodium channel activator toxin called ciguatoxins (CTXs), which are produced by dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus through the food chain. CFP affects more than 50 000 people each year. The extremely low level of CTXs in tainted fish has hampered the development of antibodies for the detection of these toxins. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific against major congeners of CTX3C, 51-hydroxyCTX3C, CTX1B, and 54-deoxyCTX1B were prepared by immunization of mice with protein conjugates of rationally designed synthetic haptens in place of the natural toxins. We found that haptenic groups possessing a surface area larger than 400 Å2 were required to produce mAbs that can bind strongly to CTXs. Direct sandwich ELISA utilizing two different monoclonal antibodies that bind specifically to one of the two wings of a CTX were established to detect CTXs. No cross-reactivity was observed against the other marine toxins tested, including brevetoxin A, brevetoxin B, okadaic acid, and maitotoxin.
Peripheral Lung Adenocarcinomas With KRAS Mutations Are More Likely to Invade Visceral Pleura
Authors: Raparia Kirtee , Villa Celina , Raj Rishi , Cagle Philip T.
Published: April 2014

Context

Kirsten-RAS (KRAS) mutations play an important role in the carcinogenesis of a subset of lung adenocarcinomas and are associated with poorer prognosis.

Objective

To investigate the relationship of KRAS mutation status to the histologic subtype of adenocarcinoma according to the recent classification, patient demographics, tumor size, predominant histologic subtype, nodal status, and visceral pleural invasion, in an attempt to uncover the reason for the worse prognosis associated with KRAS mutation.

Design

A total of 187 consecutive resected lung adenocarcinomas from our institution from 2008 to 2011 that were diagnosed according to the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification and screened for KRAS mutations were included in the study.

Results

A total of 32% of the adenocarcinomas harbored the KRAS mutation. The median age in the KRAS mutation group was 69 years (range, 43–86 years), and male to female ratio was 1:2.3. The proportion of heavy smokers was significantly higher in tumors with KRAS mutation compared with wild type (83% versus 62%; P = .01). A total of 27% of tumors with KRAS mutation had pleural invasion versus 11% of tumors without KRAS mutation (P = .009). A total of 59 tumor samples were positive for KRAS mutation (25 for G12C, 14 for G12A, 8 for G12V, 7 for G12D, 3 for G12S, and 1 for G12T), and only 3 tumors harbored codon 13 mutations (G13C). Two tumors had double mutations.

Conclusions

KRAS mutations are more common in heavy smokers, and lung adenocarcinomas with KRAS mutation are more likely to invade the visceral pleura. Increased frequency of visceral pleural invasion may explain in part the worse prognosis associated with KRAS mutations.
Gliding through Time toward Equitable Mathematics
Authors: Whaley Kenneth A.
Published: April 2014

Students develop skills as twenty-first century learners and researchers by using Timeglider™ to explore famous mathematicians in a culturally responsive manner.
The Decision on the “Optimal” Human Pluripotent Stem Cell
Authors: Rosner Margit , Schipany Katharina , Hengstschläger Markus
Published: April 2014

Because of recent advances, the array of human pluripotent stem cells now contains embryonic stem cells, derived from “surplus” in vitro fertilization embryos or from cloned embryos; induced pluripotent stem cells; and amniotic fluid stem cells. Here, we compare these stem cell types regarding ethical and legal concerns, cultivation conditions, genomic stability, tumor developing potentials, and applicability for disease modeling and human therapy. This overview highlights that in the future appropriate methodological management must include a decision on the “optimal” stem cell to use before the specific application
Multicompartment Intramuscular Hemangioma of the Foot
Authors: Yu Jenny , Tran David , Newhard Heather M.
Published: April 2014

Soft-tissue tumors in the foot include a range of benign and malignant pathologies. In the clinical setting, the list of differential diagnoses can be exhausting, and the treatment plan is not always straightforward. In this article, we present a case of a 22-year-old female with a soft-tissue mass on her plantar foot that has been slowly growing since adolescence and is now causing increased pain with ambulation. Her pathology results demonstrated an intramuscular hemangioma. Intramuscular hemangiomas are rare benign tumors that tend to present in youth or early adulthood. Diagnosis is often delayed for months to years, depending on the patient's symptoms. Treatment varies from conservative to surgical, depending on size, location, and proximity to vital structures. Literature on intramuscular hemangiomas is very limited. Intramuscular hemangiomas provide a diagnostic and treatment quandary for the clinician and must be considered in the differential diagnoses when presented with a soft-tissue mass.
Preparation of [100] oriented SrTiO3 thin films on flexible polymer sheets
Authors: Nishikawa Hiroaki , Morita Yusuke , Kusunoki Masanobu , Hontsu Shigeki , Tanaka Hidekazu , Endo Tamio
Published: April 2014

In this study, we prepared a uniaxially oriented oxide on a flexible polymer substrate. We first grew [100] oriented SrTiO3 (STO) on a MgO(100) substrate. After bonding the STO film to a poly(ethylene naphthalete) (PEN) sheet with a photoresist, we etched the MgO substrate with a phosphoric acid solution to transfer the oxide film to the PEN sheet. The thin (300 nm) STO films did not crack after release, even after bending the sheet around a rod with a 1 cm radius, while the thicker (800 nm) films did. Ultimately, this process could be adapted to prepare a flexible epitaxial oxide.
Hot-wire chemical vapor deposition prepared aluminum doped p-type microcrystalline silicon carbide window layers for thin film silicon solar cells
Authors: Chen Tao , Köhler Florian , Heidt Anna , Carius Reinhard , Finger Friedhelm
Published: April 2014

Al-doped p-type microcrystalline silicon carbide (µc-SiC:H) thin films were deposited by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition at substrate temperatures below 400 °C. Monomethylsilane (MMS) highly diluted in hydrogen was used as the SiC source in favor of SiC deposition in a stoichiometric form. Aluminum (Al) introduced from trimethylaluminum (TMAl) was used as the p-type dopant. The material property of Al-doped p-type µc-SiC:H thin films deposited with different deposition pressure and filament temperature was investigated in this work. Such µc-SiC:H material is of mainly cubic (3C) SiC polytype. For certain conditions, like high deposition pressure and high filament temperature, additional hexagonal phase and/or stacking faults can be observed. P-type µc-SiC:H thin films with optical band gap E
04 ranging from 2.0 to 2.8 eV and dark conductivity ranging from 10−5 to 0.1 S/cm can be prepared. Such transparent and conductive p-type µc-SiC:H thin films were applied in thin film silicon solar cells as the window layer, resulting in an improved quantum efficiency at wavelengths below 480 nm.
Source parameter scaling and radiation efficiency of microearthquakes along the Irpinia fault zone in southern Apennines, Italy
Authors: Zollo Aldo , Orefice Antonella , Convertito Vincenzo
Published: March 2014

We analyzed the P and S wave displacement spectra of 717 microearthquakes in the moment range 4 × 109 − 2 × 1014 N m recorded at the dense networks operating in southern Apennines (Italy) and deployed along the 1980 Ms 6.9 Irpinia earthquake fault zone. Source, attenuation, and site parameters are estimated by using a parametric modeling approach, which is combined with a multistep, nonlinear inversion strategy. We found that in the analyzed frequency band, an attenuation model with constant Q has to be preferred to frequency‐dependent Q models. Consistent estimates of the median P and S quality factors (90; 296) and (114; 417) are obtained from two different techniques and relatively high values of QS/QP (median value 1.3, (0.8; 2.1)) are found in the same depth range where high VP/VS and a peak in seismicity distribution are observed. This is the evidence for a highly fractured, partially, or completely fluid‐saturated medium embedding the Irpinia fault zone, down to crustal depths of 15–20 km. A nearly constant stress drop (, (0.4; 5.0)) and apparent stress (, (0.03, 0.4)) scaling of P and S corner frequencies and seismic energies is observed above a seismic moment value of about 1011 N m. The measured radiation efficiency is low (), e.g., the radiated energy is only a small fraction of the whole energy spent by friction and fracture development. A large positive dynamic overshoot (high dynamic shear strength) can be the dominant mechanism controlling the microearthquake fractures along the Irpinia fault zone.
Plasma‐brominated cyclo‐olefin polymer slides: Suitable macroinitiators for activator regenerated by electron transfer/atom radical transfer polymerization
Authors: Heise Christian , Schedler Uwe , Wettmarshausen Sascha , Friedrich Jörg F.
Published: April 2014

Activators regenerated by electron transfer–atom radical transfer polymerization (ATRP) as a controlled living polymerization are distinguished by their acceptance of small amounts of transition‐metal complexes and oxygen and by their tolerance of reducing agents at a high concentration. The precondition of all ATRP applications is the use of homolytic or heterolytic cleavable halides as a dormant species; this allows the propagation of monomer chains. Hence, alkyl bromides are slightly cleavable and are the preferred initiators for ATRP. The bromination of polymer slides used as macroinitiators was carried out under gentle bromoform plasma conditions. This led to an oxidation‐resistant stable bromine layer. More than 20 bromines per 100 carbons on the polymer scaffold were permanently bound to the substrate after plasma treatment. The resulting amounts of secondary and tertiary bromines on the polymer scaffold exhibited a suitable macroinitiator concentration for the surface‐initiated polymerization of methyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40662.
Formation of SBS triblock copolymers using waste soybean oil as coupling agent
Authors: Zhang Jin , Li Lin , Boonkerd Kanoktip , Kim Jin Kuk
Published: March 2014

Triglyceride in the waste soybean oil (WSO) was used as coupling agent to synthesize a linear styrene‐butadiene‐styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer. The reaction occurred via a living anionic polymerization of styrene‐butadiene block copolymer (SB) using n‐butyllithium as initiator and cyclohexane as solvent and followed by the coupling reaction with the added WSO. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed that for all SB‐Li precursors except the one with the Mn of 1000 g/mol, the resultant products consisted of two different sizes, one with the nearly comparable size with the precursor, the other with a Mn two‐fold higher than the precursor. On the other hand, the reaction of the SB‐Li precursor with the Mn of 1000 g/mol and the WSO only resulted in forming the molecule with a Mn two‐fold higher than the precursor. The results from the GPC and spectral analysis supported that upon the nucleophilic attack the ester group of the triglyceride in the WSO was broken, giving the SB‐C(O)‐fatty acid susceptible to the second the nucleophilic attack, thus forming the coupled product. The size of the SB‐Li precursor, the SB‐Li : WSO molar ratio, the S:B weight ratio and the coupling time were found to influence on the coupling efficiency. However, the size of the SB‐Li precursor showed highest impact on the coupling efficiency at which the larger the SB‐Li precursor, the lower the coupling efficiency. Regardless of the low coupling efficiency of the WSO, the WSO was found to be a potential coupling agent for the formation of the linear triblock copolymer. This was because the SBS triblock copolymer containing high SB diblock copolymers and prepared by the WSO showed slightly higher tensile strength than the one with less SB diblock copolymers prepared by a traditional coupling agent. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40684.
Calcitriol enhances fat synthesis factors and calpain activity in co‐cultured cells
Authors: Choi Hyuck , Myung Kyuho
Published: March 2014

We have conducted an in vitro experiment to determine whether calcitriol can act as a fat synthesizer and/or meat tenderizer when skeletal muscle cells, adipose tissue, and macrophages are co‐cultured. When co‐cultured, pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) expression increased, whereas decreased anti‐inflammatory cytokine (IL‐10 and IL‐15) expression decreased in both C2C12 and 3T3‐L1 cells. Calcitriol increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the media. While adiponectin gene expression decreased, leptin, resistin, CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein‐beta (C/EBP‐β), and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPAR‐γ) gene expression was significantly (P < 0.047) increased with calcitriol in 3T3‐L1 cells co‐cultured with two different cell types. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels were also stimulated in the C2C12 and 3T3‐L1 cells, but arginase l was attenuated by calcitriol. Cacitriol highly amplified (P = 0.008) µ‐calpain gene expression in co‐cultured C2C12 cells. The results showed an overall increase in pro‐inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in anti‐inflammatory cytokines of C2C12 and 3T3‐L1 cells with calcitriol in co‐culture systems. µ‐Calpain protein was also augmented in differentiated C2C12 cells with calcitriol. These findings suggest that calcitriol can be used as not only fat synthesizer, but meat tenderizer, in meat‐producing animals.