bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivations for Television Shopping: Clothing Purchase Frequency and Personal Characteristics
Authors: Lennon Sharron J. , Sanik Margaret M. , Stanforth Nancy F.
Published: June 2007

The overall purpose of the research was to determine if motivations for shopping from television shopping channels differ as a function of clothing purchase frequency or shopper personal characteristics. A national random sample of 6,000 television shoppers was purchased from a market research firm. Surveys were mailed and 1,598 usable questionnaires were returned. MANCOVA and ANCOVA revealed that age, education, and sex of respondent were all related to motivations for shopping from television. Education was negatively related to television shopping motivations. Older shoppers and women had higher motivation scores than younger shoppers and men, respectively. After adjusting for shopper personal characteristics, analyses revealed that frequent clothing shoppers had higher motivations for shopping from television than either infrequent clothing shoppers or nonclothing shoppers. Infrequent clothing shoppers also had higher motivation scores than nonclothing shoppers.
A Comparison of Apparel Garment Prices By National, Retail, And Private Labels
Authors: Norum Pamela S.
Published: June 2007

Although it is generally acknowledged that brand name merchandise costs consumers more than private label merchandise, the reason for this difference is unclear. Are brand name items priced higher because they have different characteristics than private labels? Also, if items have similar characteristics, how much more do consumers pay for brand name merchandise? The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of brand name on the price of apparel while accounting for variations in product attributes. Based on the characteristics model of demand, a hedonic price equation was estimated using data collected on a sample of sweaters from moderately priced stores in a midwestern town. The results indicated that, while holding fiber content, styling, and country of origin constant, both national name brands and retail-store brands were priced higher, on average, than private labels. These results have implications for consumers and retailers. In particular, it may behoove private label retailers to augment their efforts to inform consumers about the attributes of their product relative to brand or retail-store names, given the price differential.
Identity Construction Among Confederate Civil War Reenactors: A Study of Dress, Stage Props, and Discourse
Authors: Strauss Mitchell D.
Published: June 2007

Despite the fact that the U.S. Civil War ended over 135 years ago, the Confederacy still resonates at a symbolic level for many Americans, particularly reenactors who claim they interpret history for public appreciation. This research suggests, however, that there was more than presentation of history occurring among Confederate reenactors. Examining Confederate reenactors from the perspective of Goffman’s (1959) work on construction of identity, elements of their identity, as developed through presentation of self, were actually symbolic manifestations of discomfort with the eroding condition of white hegemony in the United States. Since these expressions of whiteness were embedded within the pageantry of a widely accepted public pastime, Confederate reenactors were essentially able to veil their protestations symbolically and keep them publicly palatable.
An Application of Rogers’s Innovation Model: Use of the Internet to Purchase Apparel, Food, and Home Furnishing Products by Small Community Consumers
Authors: Johnson Kim K. P. , Lennon Sharron J. , Jasper Cynthia , Damhorst Mary Lynn , Lakner Hilda Buckley
Published: June 2007

The purpose of our research was to assess beliefs of small community consumers regarding use of the Internet for product acquisition. We applied a portion of Rogers’s (1995) innovation diffusion model where he hypothesizes characteristics of an innovation (e.g., complexity, trialability) that facilitate or impede adoption. In addition, we were interested in whether these characteristics differed between small community purchasers and non-purchasers of innovations. Usable questionnaires were returned by 2,198 small community consumers. Data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate analyses of variance. Small community consumers who purchased through the Internet were more likely than non-purchasers to perceive Internet shopping as being relatively advantageous; more compatible with their values, beliefs, needs, and past experiences; less complex; more trialable; and more observable. Furthermore, small community consumers who were purchasers using the Internet perceived Internet shopping as less risky than did non-purchasers. The results were parallel across the three product categories of food, apparel, and home furnishing products.
Indigo-Resist Prints from Eighteenth-Century America: Technology and Technique
Authors: Margaret Mary E. Gale , Ordoñez T.
Published: June 2007

A unique group of eighteenth-century textiles patterned with blue designs on white cloth are called American blue resist prints because, with few exceptions, they are found only in American museums and collections. Many aspects of their history have been intriguingly elusive, including their provenance and production. After examining thirty-eight indigo-resist print fabrics for clues left by printers and printing technology sources from several centuries, we concluded that the white grounds on the majority of fabrics had been created with blocks that outlined the edges of patterns using a print paste containing a chemical resist. The resist for the ground inside those outlines was painted in by hand or printed by felt that filled in the outline. The white grounds on the other fabrics resulted from solid wood blocks’ printing on the resist paste. These indigo-resist printed fabrics were not produced in a single workshop but were produced by different people.
Explorations In Pleated Fabric Garment Structures
Authors: Sparks Diane
Published: June 2007

Arashi Shibori, the traditional Japanese process of resist dyeing, is adapted to create pleated fabrics for use in garments. The purpose of this article is to: 1) document the pleating process using sequential photographs that provide enough visual detail to enable replication; 2) summarize the author’s previous experimental research using pleated fabrics; and 3) document the process in the design development of a current endeavor entitled Serendipity.
Digital Apparel Design Process: Placing a New Technology Into a Framework for the Creative Design Process
Authors: Parsons Jean L. , Campbell J. R.
Published: June 2007

Design methodology and process are studied in different contexts and diverse fields. Designing has the potential to generate new knowledge and is intimately tied to new technologies, such as digital textile printing. These open up a constantly expanding range of creative possibilities, and generate a complex set of decision points for designers. In this paper we show how the design process is impacted and how new products can be created through exploration of the limits and potentials of digital technologies for textile and apparel design. Changes in design approach were analyzed through four design phases with five design projects. The design process was shown to change as various technical problems were evaluated and solved with each successive garment design. What began as a sporadic process that centered on solving sub-problems, evolved to a linear design progression with increased time spent in creative conceptualization.
Gender Differences in the Dimensional Structure of Apparel Shopping Satisfaction Among Korean Consumers: The Role of Hedonic Shopping Value
Authors: Chang Eunyoung , Burns Leslie Davis , Francis Sally K
Published: June 2007

The moderating role of hedonic shopping value in conjunction with gender differences in apparel shopping satisfaction was investigated. Involvement, variety seeking, and physical environment of stores were selected as antecedents of shopping experience satisfaction. Respondents were 746 Korean undergraduate university students. To test the hypothesized structural model, structural equation modeling was utilized. The structural model for female subjects confirmed the existence of the mediating role of hedonic shopping value in shopping satisfaction, whereas the model for male respondents did not. For the female group, involvement and variety seeking influenced shopping experience satisfaction directly through hedonic shopping value. For the male group, hedonic shopping value did not play a role as an intervening variable. Male respondents’ levels of hedonic shopping value may have been too low to serve as an intervening determinant. This result implies that male respondents may possess greater utilitarian constructs for apparel shopping satisfaction rather than hedonic constructs.
Exploring the Relationships of Grading, Sizing, and Anthropometric Data
Authors: Schofield Nancy A. , LaBat Karen L.
Published: June 2007

Grading is the process used to accomplish the sizing of manufactured clothing. The focus of our research was to question the belief that the foundation for grading is size measurements that are based on anthropometric data. Our review of literature established that grading preceded size charts. Forty size charts for women's clothing were examined for correspondence with anthropometric research. Four structural assumptions that did not match anthropometric research were identified. Criteria were developed and applied to upper torso measurements. Only 17% of the measurements were found useful for grade rule formation. Grade rules were compared to size intervals from a concurrent sizing standard. Eleven of 38 grade rules corresponded to body measurements, and 6 did not match the related size interval. New measurements for grade rules were recommended.
The Effects of Customers' Dress on Salesperson's Service in Large-Sized Clothing Specialty Stores
Authors: Kim Minjeong , Lennon Sharron J.
Published: June 2007

Our research, based on symbolic interaction, was designed to investigate customer-salesperson interactions as a function of unmanipulated customer dress within retail settings using fieldwork. Th rough structured observations in three apparel stores for large size women, we rated customers' dress and friendliness of salespeople and promptness of service. MANOVA results showed that both friendliness and promptness of service were affected by customer dress. Considering the increasing importance of service quality in the retail setting, salespeople need to be trained to be friendly to all customers regardless of customers' dress. In addition, retailers may want to educate salespeople on stereotypes commonly associated with customers' dress and advise them not to rely on such stereotypes. Sales-people need to be alert and conscious of their behaviors in service encounters.
“It Says You Really Care”: Motivational Factors of Contemporary Female Handcrafters
Authors: Johnson Joyce Starr , Wilson Laurel E.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to discover what motivational factors are important to contemporary textile handcrafters who continue to produce artifacts similar to those produced by previous generations of women. Thirty-nine women completed questionnaires and 18 women also participated in in-depth interviews. Participation in guild activities and comparison to contemporary and historic literature provided further context for analysis. Three general themes emerged as useful for interpretation of participants' responses. First, participation in various textile handcraft activities provided the women an opportunity to identify their place in the world. Secondly, the production of the items brought meaning to the women. Finally, tangible and intangible benefits were gained from the end products of their labor. These objects are valued by their creators as symbols of self, who feel textile handcrafts are special because they are made with love and are connected to personal histories.
Development of a Sports Bra Prototype
Authors: Krenzer Grace , Starr Cathy , Branson Donna
Published: June 2007

Studies have confirmed that many women, particularly larger busted women, experience breast discomfort while exercising, causing some to avoid exercise all together. The purpose of this study was to use a systematic design process that incorporated conducting several research studies as input to the development of a prototype sports bra for large-busted women. The resulting prototype sports bra, developed by draping and flat pattern, was designed to resolve specific comfort, support, and aesthetic issues reported by large-busted women. Fabric choices, design modifications, and fabric layering were used to accommodate these specific issues. A performance evaluation wear study of the prototype bra and two other sports bras was completed in July 2002.
The Third Dimension for Apparel Designers: Visual Assessment of Hat Designs for Sun Protection Using 3-D Body Scanning
Authors: Ashdown Susan P. , Slocum Ann C. , Lee Young-A
Published: June 2007

The three-dimensional (3-D) body scanner is an imaging tool with advantages for functional apparel designers. Images of garments can help assess the function of apparel as it is worn, especially images of wearers in active positions. We evaluate 3-D body scanning as a visualization tool for designers by comparing 3-D images and printed images from a digital camera to assess benefits and limitations of 3-D images.

We used images of hats worn by female golfers to assess their effectiveness for sun protection. Data were collected from six female golfers in three different stances. Multiple 2-D images (using a digital camera) and a 3-D body scan were made of each participant for comparison.

As a baseline we first compared printouts from the digital camera images to printed two-dimensional (2-D) images made from the 3-D body scan data. We then compared the printouts from the digital camera to 3-D scan images as viewed and manipulated on the computer screen. Printouts from the digital camera provided better information than the 2-D printed images from the body scan data, as the printed scan images had missing areas, a comparatively lower resolution, and lacked color and texture information. However, viewing and manipulating 3-D scan images on the screen showed the relationship between the hat and the wearer clearly. The 3-D images viewed on the screen were ultimately more useful than images from the digital camera for judging the effectiveness of the hat designs.
The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Textiles and Apparel
Authors: Meyer Deborah J. C. , Kadolph Sara J.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this issue is to encourage an understanding and appreciation of the contribution of teaching and learning scholarship. The introduction to this focused issue explores teaching and learning in textiles and clothing as scholarship. Contributions to this issue represent diverse subject areas in clothing and textiles and showcase teaching methods used in the discipline. This paper describes changes made in the CTRJ Guide for Authors and Reviewers intended to make it more inclusive for all forms of scholarship. The review process for the focused issue is also described. A demonstration of the similarities and differences between teaching articles and traditional research articles is presented.
Delivering Quality and Value in the Classroom: The Use of Problem-Based Learning in Retail Merchandising Courses
Authors: Carpenter Jason M. , Fairhurst Ann E.
Published: June 2007

In today's rapidly changing environment, universities are increasingly being held more accountable for delivering quality and value to their external stakeholders (i.e., students and industry partners). As retail merchandising educators, we face the challenge of delivering state-of-the-art knowledge and capstone experiences to students in order to prepare them for the obstacles they will face upon entering the workforce. While traditional methods of instruction limit our ability to meet this challenge, the problem-based learning method offers educators an opportunity to improve students' skills in many critical areas identified by the industry (i.e., problem solving, critical thinking, research, teamwork, verbal/written communication skills). This paper examines one university's experience designing and conducting a senior-level retail merchandising course using the problem-based learning method. Student and industry partner perceptions and comments are used to advocate implementing the problem-based learning method in retail merchandising courses.
Preparing Global Citizens for Leadership in the Textile and Apparel Industry
Authors: LeHew Melody L. A. , Meyer Deborah J. C.
Published: June 2007

In a global society where textile and apparel graduates will be increasingly exposed to different cultures through their industry positions, it is important to ensure that they are educated to understand and behave as global citizens. The primary purpose of this article is to illuminate the need for including a global citizenship competency in the textile and apparel curriculum. The secondary purpose is to share classroom techniques and methods that have been used successfully to enhance undergraduate students' understanding of key issues for the textile and apparel industry and to have them analyze and address problems in the industry with globally responsible knowledge and behaviors.
Development of a CAI Module and Comparison of its Effectiveness with Traditional Classroom Instruction
Authors: Slocum Ann C. , Beard Carol A.
Published: June 2007

This paper reports the development and evaluation of a computer-aided instruction module to teach an advanced apparel construction technique. Participants were recruited and assigned to see the same procedure delivered either via CAI module or traditional lecture-demonstration. An attempt was made to balance the two groups with persons of similar age, computer experience, and sewing experience. There was no statistically significant difference in performance scores for zipper insertion between instructional methods; CAI was as effective as traditional instruction. The quality of work was high regardless of means of delivery, indicating that the procedure was carefully developed and the steps clearly explained. CAI modules have many advantages and the procedure used to develop the module for this experiment could be used for other content that is taught repetitively.
The Application of an Assessment Model to a Costume History Course: A Case Study
Authors: Butler Sara , Stonewater Jerry , Kinney Jennifer
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the application of a Multi-Tiered Model of Assessment to a costume history course. A review of assessment literature is followed by a description of the three-tiered model. Elements of the model applied to a general education costume history course include peer review, teaching journal analysis, locally developed and national measures of student perceptions, and measures of student learning outcomes. Strategies for course redesign based on the data are discussed.
Processing of Apparel Advertisements: Application and Extension of Elaboration Likelihood Model
Authors: Oh Hyunjoo , Jasper Cynthia R.
Published: June 2007

This is an investigation of how consumers use the elements of an apparel advertisement to develop their attitudes toward an advertised product. It examined whether participants' involvement level (high or low) and the product type (utilitarian jacket or expressive jacket) influence the ways consumers process a message argument (strong or weak) and background picture (unattractive or attractive) in an apparel advertisement. Using the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), an experimental study was conducted to examine information processing activities and attitude formation. Participants with a high level of involvement devoted more information processing efforts to specific elements of the advertisement - verbal messages for the utilitarian product and pictorial information for the expressive product - than participants with a low level of involvement. As a result, when the level of involvement was high, the message argument influenced the consumer's attitude toward the utilitarian product, whereas the background picture influenced attitudes toward the expressive product. In this paper, we discuss the applicability of ELM and its extension in explaining attitudes toward an apparel product.
Preferences for Aesthetic Attributes in Clothing as a Function of Body Image, Body Cathexis and Body Size
Authors: Chattaraman Veena , Rudd Nancy Ann
Published: June 2007

This study examines the relationship between physical and psychosocial attributes of the body, and aesthetic attribute preferences in clothing. Building upon a clothing comfort model, the purpose is to determine whether women's aesthetic response to apparel is related to their body size, body cathexis and body image and if so, to provide insight into underlying patterns of similarity in their response. An Internet survey was administered to a random sample of 199 female undergraduate students. The results indicated that body image and body cathexis had a negative linear relationship with aesthetic preference in styling, implying that lower body image and body cathexis correlate with preference for greater body coverage through clothing and vice versa. Body size showed a positive linear association with styling preferences, implying that increase in body size correlates with preference for greater body coverage in clothing and vice versa. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications are discussed.
Analysis of Body Measurement Systems for Apparel
Authors: Bye Elizabeth , Labat Karen L. , Delong Marilyn R.
Published: June 2007

Many methods have been developed to measure the body in an effort to capture its dimensions for clothing. Measuring the human body has been important in developing garments tofit the body, and systems have reflected technology, needs of the consumer, andfocus of the apparel industry. The U. S. apparel industry has developed many techniques to measure the body, including custom-fitted to the individual, mass-sized and produced, and now, mass-customized. This paper reviews and evaluates historic and current methods of capturing body measurements, which are presented as linear methods, multiple probe methods, and body form methods, that use one or more of the following elements: point, length, surface, shape, and volume.
A Study of Automated Custom Fit: Readiness of the Technology for the Apparel Industry
Authors: Ashdown Susan P. , Dunne Lucy
Published: June 2007

Sophisticated new technologies are available to the apparel industry to create automated custom-fitted clothing; research and development of necessary data and proceduresfor implementing these programs must be within reach of apparel companies to successfully implement custom.fit. This study explores issues in setting up a custom apparel patternmaking process using 3D body scanning and software designed to automate patternmaking. Questions related to measurement reliability and validity, data and knowledge needed to create and test required system variables, andfit preference issues were addressed in this study. A system for generating custom-fitted outerwearjackets was developedfor an industry collaborator, Log House Designs, and tested on ten participants. The.fit of the prototype custom jackets was compared to thefit of a set of ready-to-wearjackets. Seven of the ten participants preferred thefit of the prototype custom jacket; the remaining three were equally satisfied with both jackets.
Factors Influencing Continuation of Breastfeeding in a Cohort of Women
Authors: McLeod Deborah , Pullon Susan , Cookson Timothy
Published: June 2007

The objective of this studywas to prospectively explore the influence ofwomen’s experiences in preparing for and establishing breastfeeding on the duration of breastfeeding. A cohort of 490 women was surveyed at intervals during pregnancy and after giving birth. Data were collected on breastfeeding outcomes and experiences and analyzed using multiple logistic regression. After controlling for sociodemographic variables, women were less likely to be still fully breastfeeding at 6 to 10 weeks postpartum if they believed they needed more breastfeeding information prior to delivery or had experienced breastfeeding problems. Women were less likely to be fully breastfeeding at 4 months postpartum if they had experienced breastfeeding problems. This prospective study demonstrated the influence ofwomen’s preparedness for breastfeeding and their experiences in establishing breastfeeding on breastfeeding duration. Improvements in prenatal education about breastfeeding and management of breastfeeding problems are likely to increase breastfeeding duration.
Human Milk Improves Cognitive and Motor Development of Premature Infants During Infancy
Authors: Bier Jo-Ann Blaymore , Oliver Tanya , Ferguson Anne E. , Vohr Betty R.
Published: June 2007

Thirty-nine premature infants, 29 of whom received human milk (HMG) and 10of whom received formula only (FG), were enrolled in a study examining the effect of human milk on cognitive and motor development. Infants were assessed at 3, 7, and 12 months corrected ages; the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test was administered to their mothers. HMG in fants had higher motor scores than FG infants at 3 months (48 ± 20vs 35 ± 12, P= .05) and 12 months (63 ± 20 vs 46 ± 15, P< .05) and higher cognitive scores at 12 months corrected age (101 ± 11 vs 90 ± 9, P< .05). HMGinfants had higher scores (motor R2= 0.2, cognitive R2= 0.3; P< .05) adjusting for oxygen requirement and maternal vocabulary score. Human milk is associated with improved development of premature infants at 3 and 12 months corrected age in this sample.
Breastfeeding Initiation Rates Derived From Electronic Birth Certificate Data in New Jersey
Authors: Feldman-Winter Lori , Kruse Lakota , Mulford Chris , Rotondo Florence
Published: June 2007

Increasing breastfeeding initiation has been a national goal since Healthy People targets were first set in 1979. Sensitive methods used to measure incidence of breastfeeding initiation are important in the evaluation of breastfeeding trends. The authors used the statewide electronic birth certificate (EBC) as a surveillance system to measure breastfeeding initiation rates in New Jersey from 1997 to 2000. Overall breastfeeding initiation rates rose over the 4 years surveyed, yet exclusive breastfeeding rates remained stable. Trends demonstrated persistent racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding practices. The EBC was a valuable tool for monitoring breastfeeding initiation rates and evaluating the statewide goal of increasing exclusive breastfeeding.
Nipple Vasospasms, Raynaud's Syndrome, and Nifedipine
Authors: Garrison Cynthia P.
Published: June 2007

This case report describes a situation in which a mother who experienced prolonged nipple pain with her first child sought help from a lactation consultant at the birth of her second child. Despite being very attentive to positioning and latch, similar pain was experienced from the first feeding with the second baby. The mother’s history and symptoms were explored, and nipple vasospasms related to Raynaud’s syndrome were suspected. After reviewing the literature and consulting with her personal obstetrician, the mother (a pediatrician)chose to treat with nifedipine. The motherwas pain free after a 2-week course and nursing without difficulty at 4 months postpartum.
Recipient Prioritization and Use of Human Milk in the Hospital Setting
Authors: Tully Mary Rose
Published: June 2007

Donor human milk is used to treat and protect the health and development of preterm and term infants, and occasionally to treat illnesses in older children and adults. When donor human milk is in short supply nationally, decisions must be made with regard to the priority of recipients. This article reviews the importance of donor human milk in the hospital setting, describes the factors that are considered by the Human Milk Banking Association of North America when prioritizing eligible recipients if there is a shortage of donor milk, and discusses howhuman milk should be stored and handled in the hospital setting.
Using the Law of Battery to Protect and Support Breastfeeding
Authors: Bornmann Priscilla G. , Ross Graham L.
Published: June 2007

Hospital practices can interfere with the successful initiation of breastfeeding. This article describes two cases in which parents sought legal advice in relation to supplemental feedings and artificial nipples. The authors recommend that parents send a letter of direction to their health care providers prior to their infant's delivery, and a sample is provided. In many jurisdictions, if the parents' directions are not followed, the provider may be liable under the legal theory known as civil battery.
Enhancing Breastfeeding Initiation in Adolescent Mothers Through the Breastfeeding Educated and Supported Teen (BEST) Club
Authors: Volpe Eileen M. , Bear Mary
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine if specific breastfeeding education, provided by a lactation consultant in group classes for pregnant adolescents, would increase breastfeeding initiation among students enrolled in a high school adolescent pregnancy program. Ninety-one pregnant adolescents participated in the study and were divided into two groups: those who did not receive specific breastfeeding education and those who did, through the Breastfeeding Educated and Supported Teen (BEST) Club. There were no significant differences in breastfeeding initiation with regard to age or ethnicity. Of the 48 adolescents who received no specific education, 7 (14.6%) initiated breastfeeding. Of the 43 adolescents in the education group, 28 (65.1%) initiated breastfeeding, which indicates a significant difference between groups with regard to infant feeding choice (P<.001). The results of this study indicate that targeted educational programs designed for the adolescent learner may be successful in improving breastfeeding initiation in this population.
A Year of Remarkable Growth for Donor Milk Banking in North America
Authors: Tully Mary Rose
Published: June 2007

In 1999, approximately 322,700 ounces of milk were processed and distributed by the 7 member banks of the Human Milk Banking Association of North America. One new bank opened, and 2 medical centers in the United States are considering opening donor banks. The majority of the recipients were preterm and sick infants, but milk was also ordered for older babies and for children with a variety of medical needs, including metabolic disorders, severe food allergies or feeding intolerance, short gut syndrome secondary to necrotizing enterocolitis, growth failure on formula, and intractable rotavirus, and during chemotherapy for cancer. Donor milk was also ordered for adopted infants who did not have medical problems and for some adult cancer patients. Member banks serum screened 770 potential donors. One donor was excluded for a positive Hepatitis C test, and 3 were excluded for positive HTLV results. Further confirmatory tests were negative for these 4 potential donors.
US National Surveillance of Breastfeeding Behavior
Authors: Grummer-Strawn Laurence M. , Li Ruowei
Published: June 2007

The Healthy People 2010objective to increase US national breastfeeding rates uses data from the Ross Laboratories Mothers Survey for monitoring. Because of scientific and political problems related to the use of these data, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently held a meeting on surveillance systems for monitoring breastfeeding behaviors in the United States. Participants identified and discussed 12 surveillance systems that collect or could collect breastfeeding data. None of the existing systems met the participants' definition of an ideal system, although each was seen as providing additional insight into breastfeeding behaviors. Key recommendations are to (1) justify the need for additional resources to build a comprehensive national system; (2) add questions on breastfeeding incidence, duration, and exclusivity to the National Immunization Survey; (3) ensure that breastfeeding questions on national surveys are consistent; and (4) encourage state use of the breastfeeding module of the CDC's Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System.
A Lactation Management Rotation for Family Medicine Residents
Authors: Saenz Rebecca B.
Published: June 2007

Lack of knowledge about the practical aspects of breastfeeding management is one of the major barriers to physician support of the breastfeeding dyad. Few physicians receive any training in lactation management during medical school. Because family physicians see both mothers and babies and often attend deliveries, they are in a unique position to care for breastfeeding mothers. This article describes a lactation management rotation for family medicine residents to prepare them to manage breastfeeding problems.
The Introduction of Breast Milk Donation in a Muslim Country
Authors: AL-Naqeeb Niran A. , Azab Ayman , Eliwa Mahmoud S. , Mohammed Bothaina Y.
Published: June 2007

Breast milk donation (wet-nursing) for full-term babies is a well-known practice in Kuwait, but it has never been organized formally in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for preterm babies. Donor milk banking as conducted inWestern society is not considered to be ethical in Muslim society, where the milk donor and the recipient are required to know each other. Human milk is known to decrease the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis; improve host defenses, digestion, absorption of nutrients, gastrointestinal function, and neurodevelopment of the child; and contribute to maternal physical and psychological well-being. A culturally accepted approach to donor milk banking is proposed as a means of overcoming the ethical issues surrounding milk donation in Muslim society. This report addresses the first step in raising awareness of the valuable contribution of donor milk to preterm babies and the organization of human milk donation for use in an NICU.
“Breast Is Best”: Knowledge Among Low-Income Mothers Is Not Enough
Authors: Zimmerman Deena R. , Guttman Nurit
Published: June 2007

The beliefs of low-income mothers regarding breastfeeding compared to formula feeding, according to feeding method, were investigated. Interviews were conducted with 154 women who were assigned to one of two groups. Four health benefits of breastfeeding were rated significantly higher than for infant formula within both the breastfeeding (BF) and formula-feeding (FF) groups. Breastfeeding was seen as less convenient than formula feeding by the FF group ( x= 2.3 ± 1.7 versus 3.8 ± 1.5 for formula feeding and breastfeeding, respectively; P< .001). Both groups rated formula feeding as more likely to enable others to help in infant care, easier in terms of the mother's time control, and less likely to tie the mother down than breastfeeding. The findings show that, despite formula-feeding mothers' beliefs in the health benefits of breastfeeding, they perceive that it limits their activities. Therefore, breastfeeding promotion must address not only benefits but also lifestyle issues.
Psychosocial Factors Associated With the Abandonment of Breastfeeding Prior to Hospital Discharge
Authors: Scott Jane A. , Landers Margot C. G. , Hughes Roger M. , Binns Colin W.
Published: June 2007

A prospective study of 556 women from Perth, Western Australia, and 503 women from the Darling Downs area, Queensland, Australia, was conducted to identify factors associated with the abandonment of breastfeeding prior to hospital discharge. In total, 88% ofwomen initiated breastfeeding, but 5% discontinued breastfeeding while still in the hospital. Discontinuation of breastfeeding prior to discharge was associated with a number of psychosocial factors, namely, infant feeding method being chosen after becoming pregnant, a perception by the mother that the infant%’s father either preferred formula feeding or was ambivalent about how the infant was fed, and whether the mother's own mother had ever breastfed. Judicious questioning prenatally regarding a woman's commitment to, social support for, and prior exposure to breastfeeding will help identify thosewomen most at risk of abandoning breastfeeding prematurely. Such women should be targeted for additional support while in the hospital.
Exploring Large Employers’ and Small Employers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on Breastfeeding Support in the Workplace
Authors: Brown Christopher A. , Poag Susan , Kasprzycki Catherine
Published: June 2007

Human resource professionals from different industries participated in focus groups in Austin, Texas. From a social marketing perspective, employers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices in providing breastfeeding support for lactating employees were explored. Employers knew about the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and children. However, they did not place a high priority on providing breastfeeding support. Employers identified the barriers to and motivators for providing breastfeeding support, as well as effective communication and marketing strategies for the dissemination of breastfeeding support messages and materials for employers. Participants revealed important employer variables, such as the size of the company or agency, that must be considered when designing social marketing campaigns that target employers. This research provided in-depth, qualitative data useful for designing social marketing campaigns that target employers and for further investigation using qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Breastfeeding Peer Counseling: Rationale for the National WIC Survey
Authors: Bronner Yvonne , Barber Tanyka , Miele Laurie
Published: June 2007

Peer counseling has been recognized as an effective intervention in the promotion of breastfeeding among low-incomewomen. This paper provides a literature reviewdemonstrating the effectiveness of peer counseling in health care settings, especially those concerned with breastfeeding. In addition, barriers identified in the literature that limit the integration of peer counseling in medical settings are examined. The need for The National WIC Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Surveyand background information on this survey are also discussed.
Use of an Intensity Ratio to Describe Breastfeeding Exclusivity in a National Sample
Authors: Piper Sharon , Parks Peggy L.
Published: June 2007

Breastfeeding behavior in a sample of 1863 mother-infant pairswas examined using data from the 1988 National Maternal-Infant Health Survey. Breastfeeding behavior was operationalized as an intensity ratio, calculated as the number of breast milk feeds (on average in 24 hours) divided by the total number of all liquid feeds (on average in 24 hours), with a range from 0 to 1.0. During the first month postpartum, 61% of the sample reported exclusive breastfeeding, declining to 31% during months 2-3 postpartum and to 13% during months 4-6 postpartum. This declinewas consistent with the linear decline in the mean intensity ratio, .82, .55, and .31, respectively, during the same three time periods. A higher breastfeeding intensity ratio was significantly associated with longer duration of breastfeeding, up to 1 year of life. Intensity ratio, as a measure of exclusivity, is a useful outcome measure for monitoring breastfeeding behavior.
Antidepressant Use During Lactation
Authors: Winans Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2007

Depression commonly affects women, particularly during their childbearing years. Often, pharmacologic therapy is the recommended treatment. Today, medication selection generally involves the newer antidepressants, with tricyclic antidepressant and monoamine oxidase inhibitors reserved for more refractory patients. Although there is ample evidence to support the benefits of breastfeeding in the infant, the scientific literature contains little information with regard to the transfer of antidepressants from the plasma into breast milk and the subsequent effects on the developing infant. Secondary to this lack of safety data, many clinicians and mothers are reluctant to breastfeed during antidepressant treatment. This article will review the literature for reports of the newer antidepressants' use during lactation.
Exclusive Breastfeeding in the Era of AIDS
Authors: de Paoli Marina , Manongi Rachel , Helsing Elisabet , Klepp Knut-Inge
Published: June 2007

The aim of this studywas to describe breastfeeding practices, as well as what pregnantwomen knowabout breastfeeding and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, and explore factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding, especially in the presence of HIV/AIDS. A cross-sectional interviewsurvey of 500 pregnantwomenwas conducted in the Kilimanjaro region, supplemented by focus group discussions with pregnant women. Among the 309 mothers having previously breastfed, 85% had initiated breastfeeding within the first few hours postpartum, and 18% of newborns received some prelacteal food. Mean duration of breastfeedingwas 23.7 months, but 46% of mothers had introduced other fluids early. Knowledge of HIV-transmission through breastfeeding was not associated with breastfeeding practices. Marriedwomen (odds ratio [OR] = .09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .04-.24) and those having knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding (OR = .08, 95% CI = .02-.31) were the least likely to end exclusive breastfeeding early. Exclusive breastfeeding is a rare practice, and MTCT of HIV may further complicate recommendations with regard to this practice.
Process Evaluation of the Saskatoon Breastfeeding Center
Authors: Stefiuk Wendy , Green Kathryn L. , Turnell Roger , Smith Barbara
Published: June 2007

A process evaluation of the Breastfeeding Center in Saskatoon was conducted to assess clients’ characteristics and satisfaction. Fiftywomen completed a questionnaire immediately after visiting the center and were interviewed by telephone 2 to 4 weeks later; another 25women telephoned the center for information and were interviewed by telephone 2 to 4 weeks after initial contact. Four visits were observed and timed. Respondents were generally very satisfied with all aspects of the center. All said theywould use the center again and recommend it to others. Most of the respondents were still breastfeedingwhen interviewed and felt that the center had helped them do so. Observation of the visits revealed a consistent sequence of activities, with visits taking longer on average than the time allotted. The evaluation confirmed that the center was meetingits process objectives. This evaluation could be used as a model for other community-based breastfeedingcenters.
Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration Among Low-Income Women in Alabama: The Importance of Personal and Familial Experiences in Making Infant-Feeding Choices
Authors: Meyerink Rachael O. , Marquis Grace S.
Published: June 2007

To gain perspective on breastfeedinginitiation and duration amongpoor women in the southeastern United States, the authors interviewed a random sample of 150 mothers (93% African American) at a county health clinic in Birmingham, Alabama. Forty-one percent of women initiated breastfeeding, 24% breastfed for at least 1 month, and 8.3% breastfed for 3 months or more. Initiation of breastfeedingw as positively associated with the mother havingbeen breastfed herself and havingbreastfed a previous infant, and negatively associated with premature delivery. Breastfeedingat 1 month was more likely amongolder women and women with close relatives who breastfed. Duration of breastfeedingbe yond 1 month was associated only with the mother havingbeen breastfed and havingbreastfed a previous infant. Maternal and familial breastfeedinge xperiences eliminated the effect of more distal factors, such as income or education, on some feedingdecisions. The stronginfluence of breastfeedinge xperiences must be considered in infant feedinginterv entions.
Breastfeeding an Infant After Heart Transplant Surgery
Authors: Owens Brenda
Published: June 2007

The case study describes an infant who was diagnosed 24 hours after birth with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, a cognitive malformation of the heart. He received a heart transplant 30 days later. The infant received breast milk before transplant and successfully breastfed after the transplant until the age of 13 months. For the 5 years since the transplant, he has had no complications associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
A Description of a Male-Focused Breastfeeding Promotion Corporate Lactation Program
Authors: Cohen Rona , Lange Linda , Slusser Wendy
Published: June 2007

The role of the father has been identified as one of the strongest influences on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding by mothers in the United States. This report describes a corporate lactation program that focuses on promoting breastfeeding throug h male employees. Since 1990, a full-time on-site lactation program has been offered to male employees at the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, a public utility company. The male program participants are from diverse backgrounds. Participation in the Fathering Program has grown since 1990 based on word of mouth, fathers' interest in the benefits of breastfeeding for the infant, and the female partners'interest in getting a free pump rental. This report illustrates the viability of a breastfeeding support program that targets male employees and that is offered in a corporate setting.
Fluconazole for Postpartum Candidal Mastitis and Infant Thrush
Authors: Chetwynd Ellen M. , Ives Timothy J. , Payne Patricia M. , Edens-Bartholomew Neva
Published: June 2007

This case report illustrates the difficulties inherent in treating candidal mastitis in lactating women and concurrent thrush in the breastfeeding baby. This mother's candidiasis vacillated from topical to ductal, depending on which medications were being used over the course of several months. Her baby's oral thrush was unique in that there were never any white plaques visible on his oral mucosa. Ultimately, both mother and child were treated simultaneously with oral fluconazole, with a relief of symptoms in both individuals.
The Association Between Reported Childhood Sexual Abuse and Breastfeeding Initiation
Authors: Prentice Julia C. , Lu Michael C. , Lange Linda , Halfon Neal
Published: June 2007

This study examined the association between self-identified childhood sexual abuse and breastfeeding initiation. A nationally representative sample of 2017 parents with children younger than 3 yearswas surveyed by telephone about child-rearing needs. Respondents were asked to report childhood sexual abuse and breastfeeding practices. Responses of 1220 biological mothers were analyzed. A possible association between self-reported childhood sexual abuse and breastfeeding initiation was investigated through multivariate logistic regression. Seven percent of the respondents reported experiencing childhood sexual abuse. Women who reported childhood sexual abuse were more than twice (adjusted odds ratio = 2.58; 95% confidence interval = 1.14, 5.85; P= .02) as likely to initiate breastfeeding compared with women who did not report childhood sexual abuse. Parenting attitudes and behaviors were compared to consider whether greater concern with parenting is an explanation for this association. In this nationally representative sample, self-identified childhood sexual abuse is associated with an increased likelihood of breastfeeding initiation.