bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inuit
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

On a Calm August Day in 1576 Martin Frobisher and his navigator Christopher Hall climbed to the top of a rocky hill on Baffin Island. They hoped to discover the western outlet of the narrow and tortuous strait, which they had been following for days, between lands that they assumed to be Asia to the north and America to the south.They were only a few kilometres from the closed western end of what is now known as Frobisher Bay, but in a haze of distance and hope they thought that they detected two remote headlands and between them the open sea, which “they judged to be the West Sea, whereby to pas to Cathay and to the East India.” Looking in the other direction, however, the explorers became aware of a more immediate distraction.
Frozen Glory
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

Samuel Hearne’s Report on his astonishing journey across the Barren Grounds put an end to lingering hopes that a commercially viable Northwest Passage existed across the top of the American continent. The rumoured fabulous deposits of yellow metal in the distant northwest had turned out not to be gold, but scattered useless chunks of native copper. As in Siberia, any wealth that was to be obtained in the northern regions of North America would still come from the fur-bearing animals of the great snowforests that spanned the continent. Fur continued to drive the exploration of the Subarctic. In 1789, the same year that Russian merchants finally established a trade-fair in the lands of the fiercely independent Chukchi, the fur trader Alexander Mackenzie reached the coast of the western Canadian Arctic a few hundred kilometres to the east of Chukotka. Four years later, when he penetrated as far as Russian territory on the northern Pacific coast of Canada, the fur trade had spanned the world.
Postcolonialism and Beyond
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

Postcolonial literatures are proliferating and changing, as are critical approaches to them. Though this chapter occupies the final position in this book, it does not speak with any sort of finality about the future of postcolonial literatures. All it can do is outline, in most cases quite generally, recent significant developments in the area, in particular with respect to the growing prominence of two constituencies of postcolonial writers neglected at the time of independence and into the r97os-women and Indigenous peoples. A third group, the so-called migrant writers, also demand attention, as their situation is increasingly regarded as representative of postcolonial writing generally.
Power and Freedom
Authors: Fitzpatrick David
Published: October 2023

Revolution and civil conflict had left each Irish state with a dual political legacy. The institutions and forms of parliamentary government had survived the initial armed challenge, at the cost of relying on the instruments of terror to subdue terrorism. There- after, both states were governed in accordance with one fundamental tenet of parliamentary democracy, the granting of political power to the party securing greatest support in free elections. In Northern Ireland, the electoral predominance of Unionism was never seriously challenged, so that power reposed with a single party for half a century.
The Chaotic Path to Relative Stabilization July 1919-March 1920
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

Whether Wissell and Moellendorff could have prevented the developments in the months which followed their departure from office is an open question. In any case, they were able to stand on the sidelines and, with more than a touch of Schadenfreude, watch the economy virtually run amok as a great inflationary wave rolled over the country. If this inflationary surge cast a certain pall over the Bauer government during its first nine months (between July 1919 and March 1920), it is nevertheless important to recognize that it could also claim important accomplishments in the realms of financial, economic, and social policy. A balanced assessment of these complex and politically fateful months is in order, especially since they are justifiably tainted by the decisive shift to the right politically that found its most extreme expression in the Kapp Putsch of March 1920. This turn to the right was not simply a reaction to the Treaty, and it must be understood in terms of a complicated undercurrent of social protest and political conflict arising from the upsurge of inflation. The Bauer government sought both to respond to the social unrest and political pressures that pulled them in conflicting directions and to develop effective policies lo deal with the unhappy situation they had inherited. The task of reconstructing the nation’s economy and finances under such conditions was not an easy one, and German politics ensured that it would be thankless as well.
For Love or Money: Jewish Marriage Strategies
Authors: Kaplan Marion A
Published: October 2023

The customs surrounding the arrangement of Jewish marriages in Imperial Germany reflected ancient Jewish traditions, but also mirrored prevailing practices among the German bourgeoisie. Jewish attitudes toward love, marriage, financial security, and parental control were in many ways quite typical. A predominantly middle-class Jewry, like its non-Jewish counterparts in an industrializing capitalist economy, sought to concentrate capital through dowries and to create economic and social alliances through marriage. Jewish expectations and habits revealed the tensions between the commonplace reality of arranged marriages of convenience and the emerging ideal of romantic, companionate marriage. By the beginning of the twen tieth century, Jews and other Germans increasingly acknowledged a more sentimen tal interpretation of the marital relationship. Yet it was only after World War I that the confluence of structural and postwar economic conditions-not the least of which were the entry of middle-class women into the labor force, and the damage to middle-class savings caused by the inflation-successfully challenged the control middle-class parents had over their children’s decisions and permitted young people to “fall in love.”
Conquering the Plantation Frontier
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

Many Delta planters had blamed Reconstruction, with its military supervision and Republican rule, for their inability to secure an adequate, dependable supply of controllable labor. Even in the wake of Redemption, however, Delta planters were unable to rely simply on coercion and intimidation as a solution to their labor problems. Instead, they continued their struggle to regain control of their labor and searched for a labor system that would guarantee them a stable, dependable work force of the size and type they needed. Beyond that, they faced the ongoing challenge of restoring and expanding the region’s flood-control system and establishing a transportation network that would facilitate the clearing and development of the Delta’s interior wilderness while connecting all of its planters more directly and efficiently to the world cotton market. Only when all these goals had been achieved would the Delta be in a position to fulfill the economic promise it had shown in the antebellum years.
To the Brink and Over
Authors: Schoenbaum David
Published: October 2023

Europeans, Mideasterners, and Americans alike learned something from the Suez campaign, but it was practically inevitable that the lessons would be different. For at least three of the protagonists, what the United States was believed to have done and not done was still among the basic lessons of the affair. No less ambivalent about Nasser, no less apprehensive of Krushchev’s adventurism than their European allies, Americans had nonetheless ended up saving the former and voting with the latter, and in the face of nuclear blackmail at that. Given the number of weapons in its arsenal, not to mention the technology available for delivering them, the Soviet threat was dubiously credible. Like all nuclear threats, it nonetheless got people’s attention, and not only in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, with its reference to a “question mark against the very existence of Israel as a state.” At least symbolically, the threat was seen as a first potential test of the will of the United States to risk New York for Paris. Had the Soviet Union, in fact, hit Britain or France, it would have been destroyed “as night follows day,” General Alfred Gruenther, the Allied supreme commander in Europe, made clear. But as Guy Mollet, the French prime minister, warned Ben-Gurion before the action even began, the Americans had taken years to get to Europe, despite the impending threat of two world wars. All subsequent experience only confirmed that U.S. support, like fire insurance, commanded a stiff premium—assuming, as the Israelis themselves might have added, that the Americans were even prepared to sell.
Perpetuum Stabile?
Authors: Schoenbaum David
Published: October 2023

By now, events and Menahem Begin too were in the saddle, and gravity was taking over. Successive presidential envoys did their best to keep things moving Carter’s way—or at least to cushion the blow if things went wrong.’ The first, Robert Strauss, a former chairman of the Democratic National Committee, who was later to become U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union under a Republican president, was renowned as a master of political ways and means. The second, Sol Linowitz, had recently piloted the Panama Canal treaties into port after a voyage begun under Lyndon Johnson. It was hardly an accident that both men were Jews, Democrats, and highly regarded in Washington, but these were qualities that now cut little ice in Jerusalem. On the contrary, both men’s frustrations were just a measure of the growing distance not only between Jerusalem and Washington but within Jerusalem itself. Although Palestinian autonomy was still high priority in Washington, peace for Begin’s men began and ended with Egypt. More and more impatient with his government’s inertia, Moshe Dayan resigned as foreign minister in October 1979. He was succeeded by the hard-line Yitzhak Shamir. A half year later, an equally frustrated Ezer Weizman left the Defense Ministry, where Begin himself replaced him. Before the year was over, he was then thrown out of Herut after supporting a close no-confidence motion on economic policy.
Un-American Activities
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

In 1948, William W. Remington was one of the bright young men in the Truman administration. He was tall and handsome, a product of Dartmouth and Columbia. From 1940 on, he had risen through government ranks, serving on wartime boards, the President’s Council of Economic Advisors, and eventually as a major official in the Department of Commerce, with a promising future ahead. By 1954, however, Remington was dead--assassinated in his cell by a team of inmates in a high-security Federal prison. In Un-American Activities, historian Gary May tells the fascinating story of William Remington--a story of intrigue, injustice, government corruption, and anti-Communist hysteria. May labored for eight years in reconstructing Remington’s case, searching through FBI files, government documents, and waging an epic battle against then-U.S. Attorney Rudy Guiliani to become the first historian to obtain access to grand jury records. The result is a brilliant account of one man’s tragic odyssey and a government run amok. Remington’s future collapsed in 1948, when he was charged with being a Communist and a Soviet spy. The accuser was Elizabeth Bentley, an admitted ex-Communist herself and a former courier for Soviet spymasters. Remington’s life fell into a whirlpool, as he fought government improprieties, illegalities, and the assumption he was guilty. Cleared by government loyalty boards, he was indicted by a grand jury--whose foreman was secretly helping Elizabeth Bentley prepare her memoirs. Remington suffered through two trials for perjury, and the chief witness against him was his own embittered ex-wife. He was convicted and sentenced to the federal penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, where his reputation as a Communist preceded him. But May’s account also offers fascinating insight into the depth of Soviet penetration into wartime America: As he follows Remington’s life, from the radical circles at Dartmouth and the Tennessee Valley Authority in the 1930s through his Washington career, he finds that Remington may well have been guilty of the charges against him. Gary May is one of the leading historians writing about postwar America. His first book, China Scapegoat, won the Allan Nevins Prize and was hailed as "as well as a novel, as powerful as a good film" by the The Los Angeles Times. Here he brings his analytical and narrative skills to bear on one of the forgotten stories of the McCarthy era, uncovering a gripping tale of espionage, corruption, and personal tragedy.
Purity or Pragmatism: Principles and Practice of Public-Service Broadcasting
Authors: Barnett Steven , Docherty David
Published: October 2023

With one or two exceptions (most notably Brazil) every country in the world with a developed broadcasting system has a public broadcaster-that is, a broadcasting body which is financed wholly or partially from some kind of government grant or licence fee with a national mandate. The public duty and responsibility of these broadcasters is typically enshrined in some kind of public charter or, more commonly, in explicit legislation. These charters and laws are designed to embody what has conventionally become known as the “public-service ethos “ in broadcasting.
Introduction
Authors: Matthews Glenna
Published: October 2023

On the night of December 6, 1895, the police of New York City arrested Lizzie Schauer, a young working-class woman, on a charge of disorderly conduct. She had, according to her own account, been looking for the house of her aunt and had stopped to ask directions of two men. This behavior-as well as the fact that an unaccompanied woman was out at night-was presumptive evidence that she was soliciting prostitution in the eyes of the arresting police officers and of the judge who sent her to the work house. They assumed that no “respectable” woman would be unescorted at night, hence that Schauer was a “public woman,” or prostitute. Fortunately for Schauer, the New York World undertook a successful crusade to secure her release from the work house-but only after a doctor’s examination had shown her to be a “good girl.” This episode provides dramatic evidence of the tenuous nature of American womanhood’s claim on public space, even in the late nineteenth century and even after, decades of political organizing by women.
Back To The Asylum
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L
Published: October 2023

Back to the Asylum explains why American mental health law and policy now emphasize “law and order” rather than individualized justice and civil liberties, and why mental health law is currently being reshaped to protect society rather than the mentally ill. The authors convincingly demonstrate how rapidly changing American values gave shape to two very different visions of justice for the mentally ill. They argue that from about 1960 to 1980—what they call the Liberal era—Americans staunchly supported civil liberties for all, particularly for disadvantaged citizens like the mentally ill. In fact, criminal law itself provided ample opportunities for mentally ill offenders to escape punishment for their crimes. Moreover, deinstitutionalization and restrictive civil commitment laws made it difficult to hospitalize the mentally disabled against their will. However, from 1980 on—what the authors call the Neoconservative era—Americans, fearful of rising crime and the increasing number of homeless in their communities, demanded new laws to restore law and order. Today, it is much harder for mentally ill offenders to escape criminal blame and far easier to put other disturbed citizens into hospitals against their will. Back to the Asylum masterfully explains how this abrupt shift in mental health law and policy—a shift from protecting individual civil rights to protecting the community—impacted the mentally ill. It examines these legal changes in their broader social context and offers a provocative analysis of whether these law reforms had their intended effect. Finally it forecasts the future of mental health law and policy as America enters the twenty-first century.
The Fate of the Insane Offender in the Neoconservative Era
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L
Published: October 2023

A few states had already enacted reforms asserting more control over mentally ill offenders, and the social context for a more pervasive change both in mental health law and policy was in place. All that was needed to ignite significant change were dramatic public events.
Involuntary Commitment in the Liberal Era
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L
Published: October 2023

Even when the mentally ill have not committed crimes, they are often viewed as “deranged” or “insane” and regarded as irresponsible or dangerous. Al though fear of the mentally ill has remained fairly constant over time, strategies for caring for and controlling them have varied significantly. One such strategy has been involuntary commitment to hospitalize individuals against their will.
The End Of Hidden Ireland
Authors: Scally Robert James
Published: October 2023

Many thousands of Irish peasants fled from the country in the terrible famine winter of 1847-48, following the road to the ports and the Liverpool ferries to make the dangerous passage across the Atlantic. The human toll of “Black ‘47,” the worst year of the famine, is notorious, but the lives of the emigrants themselves have remained largely hidden, untold because of their previous obscurity and deep poverty. In The End of Hidden Ireland, Scally brings their lives to light. Focusing on the townland of Ballykilcline in Roscommon, Scally offers a richly detailed portrait of Irish rural life on the eve of the catastrophe. From their internal lives and values, to their violent conflict with the English Crown, from rent strikes to the potato blight, he takes the emigrants on each stage of their journey out of Ireland to New York. Along the way, he offers rare insights into the character and mentality of the immigrants as they arrived in America in their millions during the famine years. Hailed as a distinguished work of social history, this book also is a tale of adventure and human survival, one that does justice to a tragic generation with sympathy but without sentiment.
Eviction
Authors: Scally Robert James
Published: October 2023

The tenants were to leave Strokestown in five “batches,” the first four in groups just over one hundred in number and the last made up of stragglers, those who had at first refused the offer of a free passage to America or who could not make up their minds until all the rest had left. Refusal to emigrate would still mean eviction, however; the Commissioners’ orders were “to serve Notice upon each of these persons that, in the event of their not accepting the offer of Emigration, they will be summarily dispossessed and their Houses demolished except such of them as Mr. Knox may certify as being proper to be retained upon the lands-.”1 There would be a great deal of stalling and changing of minds among the tenants and many futile efforts to persuade and plead exemption as each group saw the cabins begin to come down. At least some of them must have witnessed this final ceremony before they set out on the familiar hour’s walk to Strokestown on the morning of their appointed day.
Knowledge and Isolation
Authors: Scally Robert James
Published: October 2023

The famine emigrants’ understanding and visualization of the outside world is not well understood. Even their conception oflreland itself on the eve of their departure is uncertain. It can be safely assumed that even the farremoved cottiers of Kerry or Donegal had some perceptions of their place on the globe. Among these would be a precise knowledge of the local distances and topography encompassed by experience as well as an elaborate and deeply disseminated oral and religious tradition that located more distant places of historical and religious significance and linked them with the history of the people. But a consciousness and acceptance of unity on the part of the peasantry or a sense of identity with national symbols and institutions cannot be taken for granted. In other European countries where a national culture was thought to have extended its influence far more widely than that in Ireland, the peripheral peasantries remained only marginally integrated into the nation by the end of the century.
The Way Out
Authors: Scally Robert James
Published: October 2023

After years of struggle to remain, it is still likely that some of the Ballykilcline tenants shared the sentiments of the merry Mr. Dermody when the time came for them to leave. If not all of the defeated ringleaders, at least some of the children and almost surely many of the women would not mourn the place that had become the scene of their misery and dread in the past two years. Those who left first, in the batches of September and October of 1847, would have included the most willing. Some of the last to go had pleaded sickness or old age in the family or simply could not make up their minds till the last moment. Those who waited through another winter had seen their close relatives leave in the earlier batches, although the Clerk of the Quit Rents took pains to see that families left together as far as possible. For the rest, the gradual emptying of the townland between the fall and spring and the prospect of a lonely eviction must have acted as a powerful inducement to abandon any thought of staying.
Audacious Words: Sui Sin Far’s Mrs. Spring Fragrance
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

They tell me that if I wish to succeed in literature in America I should dress in Chinese costume, carry a fan in my hand, wear a pair of scarlet beaded slippers, live in New York, and come of high birth. Instead of making myself familiar with the Chinese-Americans around me, I should discourse on my spirit acquaintance with Chinese ancestors and quote in between the “Good mornings” and “How d’ye dos” of editors,
Ruiz: A Struggle over Legitimacy
Authors: Ekland-Olson Sheldon , Martin Steve J
Published: October 2023

We have discussed our view of litigated prison reform in Texas in a number of places.1 In this chapter our primary objective is to present what we see as the more general conclusions to be drawn from prison conditions litigation in Texas. Although we see our accounts as largely consistent with other “faces” of Ruiz presented in chapters 2 and 4 of this volume, we will discuss some important exceptions.
Ruiz: Intervention and Emergent Order in Texas Prisons
Authors: Crouch Ben M , Marquart James W
Published: October 2023

In 1972 a prisoner named David Ruiz filed a petition arguing that the Texas Department of Corrections (TDC) and its director, W. J. Estelle, Jr., unconstitutionally exposed prisoners to physically deteriorated, dangerous, and overcrowded conditions. The resulting suit, Ruiz v. Estelle, became the most comprehensive civil action in correctional law history. After years of legal conflict and a lengthy trial, Federal District Judge William W. Justice ruled in favor of the prisoner plaintiffs.
The Justice Broker
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M
Published: October 2023

Commissioned by the US Department of Justice, this is the first comprehensive national study of the US civil justice system. Kritzer examines the background, experiences, day-to-day activities, and outlook of civil lawyers, and argues that lawyers' behaviour must be understood in part as a form of brokerage, or mediation, between the client and the legal system. He suggests that brokers and professional lawyers fulfil complementary, rather than alternative, roles, and recommends that lawyers' monopoly on advocacy in civil litigation be restricted.
The Work of the Litigator in Ordinary Cases
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M
Published: October 2023

In distinguishing between the professional and the broker, one of the major differences is in the nature of the expertise used in the day-to-day work of the litigating lawyer. The professional’s special knowledge is based on formal training associated with a university education which, in turn, is closely related to the type of research associated with an academic discipline. The broker’s special knowledge, while possibly technical, is not centered on a formal discipline; it is gained from experience in the work setting. Obviously, this distinction does not allow for easily defined boundaries.
The Rise of Female Authority in the Novel
Authors: Armstrong Nancy
Published: October 2023

This chapter will consider the domestic novel as the agent and product of a cultural change that attached gender to certain kinds of writing. Female writing-writing that was considered appropriate for or could be written by women-in fact designated itself as feminine, which meant that other writing, by implication, was understood as male. But female writing was not only responsible for the gendering of discourse; it was also responsible for representing sexual relations as something entirely removed from politics. As such, gender provided the true basis of human identity.
The Rise of the Novel
Authors: Armstrong Nancy
Published: October 2023

By the mid-eighteenth century, new forms of writing were contending with those that had long dominated English thinking, each claiming the right to declare what features made a woman most desirable. The sheer volume of print already devoted to the project of redefining the female indicates that by that time a massive ideological struggle was underway. But in addition to conduct books, ladies magazines, and such newspapers as the Tatler, whose title was supposedly coined out of deference to its female readership, some authors created their idea of womankind out of the most unpromising material of all, namely, the novel.
Art in Zionist Popular Culture and Jewish National Self-Consciousness, 1897-1914
Authors: Berkowitz Michael
Published: October 2023

The first generation of European Zionists waved flags, sang songs, hung portraits of their leaders, sent picture postcards to their families and friends and pasted Jewish National Fund (JNF) stamps on their correspondence. These were conscious forms of identification with, and participation in, the Zionist movement. Yet such phenomena have only occasionally been the concern of historians of Zionism. In particular, there has been little investigation of the visual imagery that summarized, transmitted and symbolized the Zionist project. The images appropriated or created by the early Zionist movement are usually taken as assumptions that need not be qualified or studied. This attests to the ultimate success of these symbols, but it leaves an important gap in the historical comprehension of Zionism.
Thomas Mann’s Attitudes Toward Jews and Judaism: An Investigation of Biography and Oeuvre
Authors: Hoelzel Alfred
Published: October 2023

Thomas Mann (1875-1955), one of Germany’s finest novelists, ranks securely among the giants of twentieth-century literature. However, Mann’s significance extends much beyond his fiction. As an intellectual whose career traversed seven fateful decades of German history and culminated in American and Swiss exile during a cataclysmic war and its controversy-filled aftermath, Mann, unlike such men as Rainer Maria Rilke or Hermann Hesse, never chose to stand aloof from the hurly-burly of his time. On the contrary, Mann’s intimate engagement with his socio-political environment—from Wilhelminian imperialism to Weimar republicanism, from Nazi dictatorship to the Rooseveltian New Deal, from McCarthy paranoia to European reconstruction—constitutes a distinctive dimension of his legacy. By the time Mann was living in the United States, journalists seeking an interview often had to specify whether their interest was literary or political. In one of his letters, written on the eve of the Second World War, Mann defended his indefatigable public crusade against Nazi tyranny by quoting Goethe, “What now counts is how much one weighs on the scale of humanity; everything else is insignificant.”1
The Rival Systemsof Hamilton and Jefferson
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

This one of the more remarkable features of the party rivalry of the 1790s that it seems not to have been anticipated by its great leaders on either side. Hamilton and Jefferson had never met; their backgrounds were vastly different. But both had rendered important service to their country in securing independence from Great Britain, and there is no evidence that either man anticipated any particular problems in working with the other as the two leading members of Washington’s cabinet.
The Significanceof the Mississippi Valley
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

The immediate significance of the Louisiana purchase was that it finally resolved the issue of the control of the Mississippi valley and, in particular, of the great river that formed the West’s major avenue of communication with the outside world. From the time independence and union were achieved, the security and prosperity of the United States had been seen as inseparable from the right to navigate the Mississippi, for without this the loyalty of the “men of the western waters” would, it was thought, have been 6reatly weakened.
The Anglo-American Dispute: Neutral Rights and Impressment
Authors: Hendrickson Robert W Tucker David C
Published: October 2023

The dispute with England on which the administration now embarked centered on two points. One arose from the British practice of impressing seamen from American merchant vessels; the other, Britain’s growing restrictions on American trade. Both would bedevil Anglo-American relations until the United States attempted, in the War of 1812, to settle them by force of arms. Even then, the war between Britain and the United States did not yield a meeting of the minds between the two sides, and neither issue was mentioned in the Treaty of Ghent, which brought that conflict to an end. They died away only with the defeat of Napoleon and the end of the hurricane that had swept over the world for nearly a quarter of a century.
Neutral Rights versus the Balance of Power
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

The maritime issues dividing the United States and Great Britain were often seen then, and are frequently seen now, apart from the course and stake of the European war. Yet the outcome of this conflict, which was of unprecedented scope and violence, was of great importance for the future of American security. Had Napoleon been victorious and actually reduced Britain to termsas Jefferson thought likely-the security of the United States would have been gravely endangered. Jefferson understood, in some dim way, the dangers of his chosen course, but he thought that the immediate perils presented by England were of far greater moment than the future hypothetical dangers represented by France.
The Role of a Democratic Foreign Policy
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

The jefferson legacy in foreign policy has always been identified with a distinctive conception of the role that external affairs ought to play in the American scheme of things. In this view, the purposes and objectives of foreign policy may be properly understood only as a means to the end of protecting and promoting individual freedom and well-being. No end of foreign policy can be morally autonomous, self-justifying, an end in itself. Instead, all the ends of foreign policy must be seen as means to the ends of society, which are in turn ultimately the ends of individuals.
Jefferson and Liberty: Exemplar or Crusader?
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

Of the nation’s enduring traditions that Jefferson so influenced, none is more striking in its significance than the deeply ingrained inwardness of national feeling that marks to this day the American outlook. Foreign observers have always been impressed by this trait, which they have not hesitated to identify with the parochialism of Americans.
Domino Beliefs and Strategic Behavior
Authors: Jervis Robert
Published: October 2023

We have had a very careful study of the situation made by our intelligence community, by the State Department officials, by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and they are unanimous to the effect that if Quemoy were lost either through assault or surrender ⃛ this would probably bring about a government [on Formosa] which would eventually advocate union with Communist China; that if this occurred it would seriously jeopardize the anti-Communist barrier, including Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of China, the Republic of the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam; that other governments in Southeast Asia such as those of lndonesia, Malaya, Cambodia, Laos, and Burma would probably come fully under communist influence; that Japan …would probably fall within the Sino-Soviet orbit, and Australia and New Zealand would become strategically isolated. (Letter from President Dwight D. Eisenhower to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, September 4, 1958.)
Gene Expression During Male Germ Cell Development
Authors: Hecht Norman B
Published: October 2023

The spermatozoon, a genetically quiescent, hydrodynamically shaped, and self-propelled cell, is a marvel of differentiation. To produce a spermatozoon, a testicular stem cell enters a differentiative pathway that ensures both genetic diversity of each gamete and a reduction in chromosome number to a haploid level. Major cytological and structural changes occur as the male germ cell passes through meiosis and spermiogenesis enroute to the creation of the uniquely shaped spermatozoon. The cellular changes during spermatogenesis are likely controlled by many of the common regulatory mechanisms for differentiating somatic eukaryotic cells and thus provide an excellent system to study general transcriptional and translational regulatory mechanisms of mammalian cells. In addition, the many unique testicular isozymes and structural proteins suggest that the testis should be an excellent source of organ or cell-specific factors that modulate gene expression.
Foreign Banks and Foreign Investment in the United States
Authors: Wilkins Mira
Published: October 2023

America in 1914 was a debtor nation in international accounts, owing more money abroad than was owed to it. Long-term foreign investment in the United States on the eve of World War I totaled in excess of $7 billion. The United States had the largest foreign obligations of any country in the world. The foreign investment in the United States, which had mounted from 1870 to 1914, contributed to making the American economy the wealthiest in the world.
Cables and Radio in World War I
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

Whenever victory or defeat in war has hinged on information, the channels of communication have been as valuable as fleets and armies. In that great twentieth-century invention, the total war, every piece of information has represented a danger and an opportunity. What would have been news in peacetime was now either a secret or a propaganda item. Business communications became contraband. Personal letters were suspected of being tools of espionage. And the telecommunications channels, with their ability to carry vital information fast enough to affect the outcome of a battle in progress, turned into weapons.
Technological V pheavals and Commercial Rivalries, 1924–1939
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

By the mid-l 920s, cables and radio had reached a rough equilibrium. High-powered radio stations, though costly, were less expensive than laying new intercontinental cables; however, the demand for long-distance telegraphy was growing so fast that radio stations could be built all over the world without threatening the profitability and political value of cables. The distribution of cables among the different companies and nations as of 1923 is shown in Tables 11.1 to 11.3 and in Figure 6. Table 11.4 shows the changes that occurred between 1892 and 1923, based on the figures from Tables 3.2 to 3.4 (for 1892) and 11.1 to 11.3 (for 1923).
The Changing of the Guard
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

Behind the scenes and overshadowed by the clash of warfare, the struggle for control of global communications continued between the United States and Great Britain. This was nothing new, for it had been going on for a quarter-century. American communications experts had long felt that America’s means of communication were not proportional to the size, wealth, and importance of the nation, and that Britain was an obstacle to their “natural” growth. British experts, meanwhile, believed their country’s network was necessary to defend its global responsibilities.
Some Fallacies and Misconceptions
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H
Published: October 2023

The recurring national issue of how evolution is (or is not) treated in high school biology texts surfaced once again in California in late 1989 and prompted two revealing letters to the editor published shortly before Christmas in The New York Times. The letters are particularly interesting, not so much for what they say, but because of the academic credentials of the authors. One was written by a physician and postdoctoral scientist at an Ivy League university; the second by a professor of sociology at a prominent New York institution. Together they dust off several familiar shibboleths: the theory of evolution does not qualify for classification as fact; evolution deals with history, so it is not subject to investigation by experimentation, and is therefore not proper science; the fossil record fails to support the existence of evolution because it does not reveal every conceivable intermediate form that ever lived; the phrase “survival of the fittest” is a tautology and therefore untestable; evolution above the species level has never been demonstrated in the laboratory; and “not everyone believes in evolution,” documented by reference to an “authority” of like mind.
Industrial Restructuring and Human Resource Preparedness in Unionized Settings
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael
Published: October 2023

Human resource preparedness and development policies have become a major issue in U.S. collective bargaining. Under pressure from rapid corporate and workplace reorganization, labor and management are taking novel steps to adjust and prepare the workforce. This chapter analyzes current approaches and examines the policies issues posed by new endeavors. To understand the limits and potentials of new programs, the traditional approaches to workforce preparedness in U.S. industrial relations are reviewed and the enormous changes under way in this area are examined. The evidence suggests that labor and management are experimenting with a new system of industrial relations, one that shifts activity away from traditional collective bargaining and toward the strategic and workplace levels. This transformation in industrial relations, along with extensive industrial restructuring, provides the impetus and context for current preparedness and adjustment policies.
The Two-Tiered Workforce in U.S. Corporations
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael
Published: October 2023

Firms in the United States, particularly in the large enterprise sector, have undergone profound changes in the last decade as a result of downsizing, mergers and acquisitions, and the need to stay competitive in an increasingly global economy. For example, Fortune 500 companies reduced their workforces by 3.1 million between the beginning of 1980 and the end of 1987, going from an aggregate of 16.2 million employees to 13.1 million.1This type of labor market turbulence has prompted many companies to rethink their staffing attitudes and practices. The traditional attitude of a firm toward its white-collar workforce called for permanent, or at least relatively secure, employment with some notion of career advancement. Yet current staffing practices challenge that attitude. Many companies now think of their personnel in the same manner as they do their inventories, striving for a just in-time staffing strategy to parallel their just-in-time inventory systems.
Restructuring Managerial and Professional Work in Large Corporations
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael
Published: October 2023

Managers and professionals working for major U.S. corporations enjoyed a prolonged period of company growth and employment security from the 1950s through the early 1970s. The pressures for individual performance were intense, to be sure, as chronicled in David Riesman’s The Lonely Crowdand William H. Whyte’s The Organization Man.Still, there was an implicit quid pro quofor the long work week and personal sacrifice: a sense of entitlement to a good job as long as it was wanted. Because many companies had steadily expanded, managers and professionals had often come to expect continuous salary growth, regular career promotions, and lifelong company employment.
Business Restructuring and Strategic Human Resource Development
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael
Published: October 2023

In its simplest terms, being strategicin the human resource area means (I) setting long- and intermediate-term people-management objectives that support organizational goals and (2) deciding on comprehensive programs that will achieve those objectives. In an organization with surplus people in manufacturing and a shortage in sales, for example, a strategic approach would be to set a specific objective for sales performance or market share and then develop a human resource program to get an effective sales force. One promising strategic method for creating this sales staff would be to transfer excess manufacturing employees to the sales department.
Sports And Freedom
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: October 2023

The development of inter-college athletics in America is traced from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries, looking in particular at the influence of Harvard and Yale.
Public Debates Over Eastern Jews
Authors: Wertheimer Jack
Published: October 2023

The multifaceted questions raised by Jewish migrants from Eastern Europe attracted considerable public attention throughout the history of the Second Empire. Given the dimensions of this mass migration and the attendant problems it created, it is understandable that German political and government leaders should have devoted attention to East European Jews: after all, no sovereign state can permit the unregulated movement of tens and even hundreds of thousands of foreigners across its national frontiers; and no responsible government can ignore the presence of migrants who seek to do business, acquire an education, or find permanent haven within its territory. But as public debates unfolded, it became clear that the objective issues raised by Jewish migrants were confused with a variety of subjective German fears and concerns. To begin with, the thinking of responsible officials was colored by stereotypical perceptions of Eastern Jews: government officials viewed such Jews through the prism of prejudice and bigotry, thereby reducing chances for a thoughtful and dispassionate resolution to the problems posed by Jewish migrants. Second, it proved virtually impossible in public discussions to separate the question of Jewish migration from Germany’s broader “Jewish Problem”; debates over Eastern Jews invariably deteriorated into freewheeling anti Semitic attacks upon all Jews.
Organizational Activities
Authors: Wertheimer Jack
Published: October 2023

In addition to their fears that Eastern Jews constituted a demographic and economic threat, opponents of Jewish immigration also perceived the newcomers as a politically subversive element. Let us recall the public warning uttered by Germany’s chancellor in 1905, portraying immigrant Jews as “Schnorrers and conspirators.” The immigrants, it was often alleged, formed a cohesive population within the Reich that supported radical political causes. In order to evaluate these allegations, the following chapter will survey the organizational activities of Eastern Jews in the Reich both for the purposes of identifying their political allegiances, as well as to map the contours of their formal social networks.
Social and Cultural Tensions
Authors: Wertheimer Jack
Published: October 2023

According to many scholarly and popular accounts, the disdainful treatment of immigrant Jews during the voting rights controversy typefied the attitudes of German Jewry as a whole toward their coreligionists from the East. German Jews, it is often claimed, “looked down on the Jews of Eastern Europe,” stereotyping them as Schnorrers, “wild men from the uncivilized East,” unkempt primitives, and superstitious religious fanatics. Only rarely did they deign to mingle with refugees or immigrants, and on such occasions they acted out of duty rather than genuine concern for needy fellow Jews.
Authorization Through Creativity
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

For Many Centuries women asserted their right to expression, their right to creativity, despite all constraints which thwarted and denied their talents. Female writers variously adapted to gender constraints, circumvented them or openly attacked them. Most of them found it quite impossible to ignore them. Yet there were women whose self­ authorization was based solely on their confidence in their own creativity and who empowered themselves as writers and thinkers. Such women recognized that they had talent which enabled them to write and with their writings affect others. Acceptance of that talent as a gift of an almost mysterious nature enabled such women to disre­ gard patriarchal constraints, gender-defined roles and the constant barrage of discouragement every intellectually active woman faced.
Female Clusters, Female Networks, Social Spaces
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

The Long And Slow Advance of women intellectuals toward group consciousness and toward a liberating analysis of their situation proceeded in a spasmodic, uneven, and often repetitious manner. Marginalized from the male tradition and largely deprived of knowledge of a female tradition, individual women had to think their way out of patriarchal gender definitions and their constraining impact as though each of them were a lonely Robinson Crusoe on a desert island, reinventing civilization. Not for them the systematic story of progress, the methodical building of thesis, antithesis and synthesis by which succeeding generations of male thinkers grew taller by standing “on the shoulders of giants,” each making his small or larger contribution to building a common heritage. As we have seen, women’ s creations sank soundlessly into the sea, leaving barely a ripple, and succeeding generations of women were left to cover the same ground others had already covered before them.
Do We Really Need All These Immigrants?
Authors: Simon Julian L , Simon Rita James
Published: October 2023

Immigration is a major issue for the 1990s. The Immigration Act of 1990 increased the flow of immigration and altered its composition. It also set up an oversight committee to observe the bill’s effects, which foreshadows further action. Although the passions, arguments, and public opinion about immigration are basically the same as they have always been, the economics of immigration are better understood now than before. Whether this will matter, however, is another question.