bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of systemic immunologic hyperreactivity after intradermal testing in horses with chronic laminitis
Authors: Wagner Ilka P. , Rees Christine A. , Dunstan Robert W. , Credille Kelly M. , Hood David M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether systemic immunologic hyperreactivity exists in horses with chronic laminitis, compared with responses for nonlaminitic horses.

Animals—7 nonlaminitic horses and 7 CL horses.

Procedure—In experiment 1, intradermal testing (IDT) was performed on 7 nonlaminitic and 7 CL horses to evaluate the response to a combination of 70 allergens at 15 and 30 minutes and 4 and 24 hours after injection. Three nonlaminitic and 3 CL horses used in experiment 1 were used in experiment 2 to determine whether histologic differences existed between the 2 groups. The H&E-stained tissue sections were evaluated on the basis of 3 criteria. For all analyses, 2-samplet-tests were used to determine significant differences between the groups.

Results—In experiment 1, CL horses had significantly higher total responses to IDT than nonlaminitic horses at the first 3 time periods. Also, CL horses had significantly fewer total scores of 0 than nonlaminitic horses at all time periods, except at 24 hours. In experiment 2, we did not detect significant differences between groups for any criterion.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results support the hypothesis that CL horses develop hyperreactivity to various antigenic stimuli, compared with responses for nonlaminitic horses. Therefore, the possibility that antigenic challenge may result in exacerbation of clinical signs of laminitis should be discussed with horse owners. Chronic laminitis should also be a consideration when a horse becomes lame following antigenic challenges. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:279–283)
Effect of immunization with bovine luteinizing hormone receptor on ovarian function in cats
Authors: Saxena Brij B. , Clavio Abbie , Singh Mukul , Rathnam Premila , Bukharovich E. Yaroslaw , Reimers Thomas J. , Saxena Anjali , Perkins Scott
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the effect of immunization with bovine luteinizing hormone receptor (LH-R) on ovarian function of cats.

Animals—9 adult female domestic cats.

Procedure—7 cats were immunized with 0.5 mg of LH-R encapsulated in a silastic subdermal implant (3 × 10 mm); 2 served as control cats. Receptors had 80% specific binding to125I-human chorionic gonadotropin with a binding capacity of 2,682 pM/mg. Cats received booster injections of LH-R. Cats were induced to ovulate with luteinizing hormone (LH) releasing hormone on day 345. Samples of venous blood and vaginal cells were collected through day 395. Observation of estrus behavior continued until day 516. Serum concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, thyroid gland hormones, LH, and LH-R antibody were determined.

Results—LH-R antibody was detected in the sera of immunized cats within 21 days after implantation. Detection of LH-R antibody was associated with suppression of serum progesterone to ≤ 0.5 ng/mL during the study period, compared with concentrations of 5 to 10 ng/mL in control cats. Immunized cats did not display signs of estrus. Release of LH after administration of LH releasing hormone indicated an intact hypothalamic-pituitary axis but poor corpus luteum function. Serum estradiol concentrations remained between 30 to 40 pg/mL in immunized and control cats. With the decrease antibody titers, hormone concentrations returned to a pattern consistent with that during fertility.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Active immunization with LH-R suppressed corpus luteum function in cats. The effect was reversible. An LH-R-based antifertility vaccine may have clinical application in other vertebrates. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:292–298)
Effect of medetomidine administration on bispectral index measurements in dogs during anesthesia with isoflurane
Authors: Greene Stephen A. , Tranquilli William J. , Benson G. John , Grimm Kurt A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the relationship between bispectral index (BIS) and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples of isoflurane after IM injection of medetomidine or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution in anesthetized dogs.

Animals—6 dogs.

Procedure—Each dog was anesthetized 3 times with isoflurane. First, the MAC of isoflurane for each dog was determined by use of the tail clamp method. Second, anesthetized dogs were randomly assigned to receive an IM injection of medetomidine (8 µg·kg–1) or an equal volume of isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution 30 minutes prior to beginning BIS measurements. Last, anesthetized dogs received the remaining treatment (medetomidine or isotonic saline solution). Dogs were anesthetized at each of 4 MAC multiples of isoflurane. Ventilation was controlled and atracurium (0.2 mg/kg followed by 6 µg/kg/min as a continuous infusion, IV) administered. After a 20-minute equilibration period at each MAC multiple of isoflurane, BIS data were collected for 5 minutes and median values of BIS calculated.

Results—BIS significantly decreased with increasing MAC multiples of isoflurane over the range of 0.8 to 2.0 MAC. Mean (± SD) MAC of isoflurane was 1.3 ± 0.2%. During isoflurane-saline anesthesia, mean BIS measurements at 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 MAC were 65 ± 8, 60 ± 7, 52 ± 3, and 31 ± 28, respectively. During isoflurane-medetomidine anesthesia, mean BIS measurements at 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 MAC were 77 ± 4, 53 ± 7, 31 ± 24, and 9 ± 20, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—BIS monitoring in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane has a predictive value in regard to degree of CNS depression. During isoflurane anesthesia, our results support a MAC-reducing effect of medetomidine. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:316–320)
Serum immunoglobulin E against storage mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Arlian Larry G. , Schumann R. Jeffrey , Morgan Marjorie S. , Glass Robert L.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the prevalence of serum IgE against the storage mitesAcarus siro,Blomia tropicalis, andTyrophagus putrescentiaein a population of dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Sample Population—Sera from 84 dogs with atopic dermatitis residing in various regions of the United States and Europe.

Procedure—Immunoblotting of sera from atopic dogs was used to identify proteins in mite extracts that bound IgE.

Results—94% of the dogs had serum IgE against proteins in extracts of 1 or more of the storage mite species. Ninety-five, 92, and 89% of the storage mite-sensitive dogs had serum IgE against proteins in extracts ofA siro,B tropicalis, andT putrescentiae, respectively. Eighty-two percent had serum IgE against at least 1 protein in all 3 species. Most of the major allergens had molecular weights > 80 kd. A greater percentage of the dog sera had IgE against storage mite proteins, compared with proteins of the house dust mitesDermatophagoides farinaeandD pteronyssinus.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Many dogs with atopic dermatitis have serum IgE against many allergens of storage mites. Most of these allergens, like allergens of dust mites, had molecular weights > 80 kd. Storage mite sensitivity in dogs may be as important, if not more important, than dust mite sensitivity. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:32–36)
Evaluation of the effects of inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme with enalapril in dogs with induced chronic renal insufficiency
Authors: Brown Scott A. , Finco Delmar R. , Brown Cathy A. , Crowell Wayne A. , Alva Roberto , Ericsson Glenn F. , Cooper Tanya
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether the angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril would lower
systemic arterial and glomerular capillary pressure
and reduce the magnitude of renal injury in a canine
model of renal insufficiency.

Animals—18 adult dogs that had renal mass reduced
by partial nephrectomy.

Procedure—After surgical reduction of renal mass
and baseline measurements, dogs in 2 equal groups
received either placebo (group 1) or enalapril (0.5
mg/kg, PO, q 12 h; group 2) for 6 months.

Results—Values for systemic mean arterial blood
pressure determined by indirect and direct measurement
after 3 and 6 months of treatment, respectively,
were significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1.
During treatment, monthly urine protein-to-creatinine
ratios were consistently lower in group 2 than in
group 1, although values were significantly different
only at 3 months. At 6 months, significant reduction
in glomerular capillary pressure in group 2 was detected,
compared with group 1, but glomerular filtration
rate in group 2 was not compromised. Glomerular
hypertrophy, assessed by measurement of planar surface
area of glomeruli, was similar in both groups.
Glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions were significantly
less in group 2, compared with group 1.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Data suggest
that inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme was
effective in modulating progressive renal injury, which
was associated with reduction of glomerular and systemic
hypertension and proteinuria but not glomerular
hypertrophy. Inhibition of angiotensin converting
enzyme may be effective for modulating progression
of renal disease in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:321–327)
Prevention of persistent infection in calves by vaccination of dams with noncytopathic type-1 modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus prior to breeding
Authors: Dean Hansi J. , Hunsaker Breck D. , Bailey O. Dale , Wasmoen Terri
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the ability of a modified-live virus (MLV) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 (BVDV1) vaccine administered to heifers prior to breeding to stimulate protective immunity that would block transmission of virulent heterologous BVDV during gestation, thus preventing persistent infection of a fetus.

Animals—40 crossbred Angus heifers that were 15 to 18 months old and seronegative for BVDV and 36 calves born to those heifers.

Procedure—Heifers were randomly assigned to control (n = 13) or vaccinated (27) groups. The control group was administered a multivalent vaccine wherein the BVDV component had been omitted. The vaccinated heifers were administered a single dose of vaccine (IM or SC) containing MLV BVDV1 (WRL strain). All vaccinated and control heifers were maintained in pastures and exposed to BVDV-negative bulls 21 days later. Thirty-five heifers were confirmed pregnant and were challenge exposed at 55 to 100 days of gestation by IV administration of virulent BVDV1 (7443 strain).

Results—All control heifers were viremic following challenge exposure, and calves born to control heifers were persistently infected with BVDV. Viremia was not detected in the vaccinated heifers, and 92% of calves born to vaccinated heifers were not persistently infected with BVDV.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results document that vaccination with BVDV1 strain WRL protects fetuses from infection with heterologous virulent BVDV1. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:530–537)
Glomerular lesions in dogs infected with Leishmania organisms
Authors: Zatelli Andrea , Borgarelli Michele , Santilli Roberto , Bonfanti Ugo , Nigrisoli Evandro , Zanatta Renato , Tarducci Alberto , Guarraci Aurelio
Published: January 2006

Objective—To histologically identify glomerular
lesions in dogs infected with Leishmania organisms.

Animals—41 dogs (17 sexually intact males and 14
sexually intact and 10 ovariohysterectomized females)
that had positive results when tested for leishmaniosis
as determined by use of serologic evaluation (indirect
fluorescent antibody test, titers of 1:80 to 1:640)
and direct microscopic identification of the protozoal
organisms.

Procedure—Urine samples were collected by use of
cystocentesis and examined by qualitative SDSagarose
gel electrophoresis (AGE). All dogs had nonselective
(glomerular) or mixed (glomerular and tubular)
proteinemia. Specimens were obtained from each
dog during ultrasound-assisted renal biopsy and used
for histologic examination. Each specimen was
stained with H&E, periodic acid–Schiff, Goldner's
trichrome, methenamine silver, and Congo Red
stains. Specimens were adequate for evaluation
when they contained at least 5 glomeruli/section,
except for specimens stained with Congo Red in
which 1 glomerulus/section was adequate.

Results—Examination of renal biopsy specimens
revealed various glomerular lesions in all dogs and
interstitial or tubular (or both) lesions in 23 of 41
(55%) dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Glomerular
lesions that develop in dogs during infection with
Leishmania organisms can be classified histologically
as mesangial glomerulonephritis, membranous
glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis,
and focal segmental glomerulonephritis.
Tubulointerstitial histopathologic conditions were not
observed as the primary lesion, despite being evident
in 23 of 41 (55%) dogs. Use of SDS-AGE for qualitative
evaluation of proteinuria and successive collection
of specimens during renal biopsies following
diagnosis of nonselective glomerular proteinuria provides
the possibility for early identification of renal
lesions. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:558–561)
Estimation of receiver-operating characteristic curves to determine accuracy of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of Brucella infection in domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle
Authors: Fosgate Geoffrey T. , Adesiyun Abiodun A. , Hird David W. , Johnson Wesley O. , Hietala Sharon K. , Schurig Gerhardt G. , Ryan Joseph
Published: January 2006

Objective—To estimate receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for a competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) that is used in serodiagnosis of brucellosis in water buffalo and cattle, to determine the most appropriate positive cutoff value for the c-ELISA in confirmation of infection, and to evaluate species differences in c-ELISA function.

Sample population—Sera from 4 herds of cattle (n = 391) and 4 herds of water buffalo (381).

Procedure—Serum samples were evaluated forBrucella-specific antibodies by use of a c-ELISA. On the basis of previous serologic test results, iterative simulation modeling was used to classify animals as positive or negative forBrucellainfection without the use of a gold standard. Accuracy of c-ELISA for diagnosis of infection was compared between cattle and water buffalo by comparison of areas under ROC curves.

Results—A positive cutoff value of 30% inhibition for c-ELISA yielded sensitivity and specificity estimates, respectively, of 83.9 and 92.6% for cattle and 91.4 and 95.4% for water buffalo. A positive cutoff value of 35% inhibition yielded sensitivity and specificity estimates, respectively, of 83.9 and 96.2% for cattle and 88.0 and 97.4% for water buffalo. Areas under ROC curves were 0.94 and 0.98 for cattle and water buffalo, respectively.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—ROC curves can be estimated by use of iterative simulation methods to determine optimal cutoff values for diagnostic tests with quantitative outcomes. A cutoff value of 35% inhibition for the c-ELISA was found to be most appropriate for confirmation ofBrucellainfection in cattle and water buffalo. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:57–64)
Assessment of acid-base status and plasma lactate concentrations in arterial, mixed venous, and portal blood from dogs during experimental hepatic blood inflow occlusion
Authors: Nemec Alenka , Pečar Jani , Seliškar Alenka , Kompan Lidija , Butinar Janoš
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the effects of extended
experimental hepatic blood flow occlusion (ie, portal
triad clamping [PTC]) in dogs by measuring acid-base
status and plasma lactate concentrations in arterial,
mixed venous, and portal blood and evaluating the
relationship between metabolic and concurrent
hemodynamic changes.

Animals—6 healthy Beagles.

Procedure—During anesthesia with isoflurane, cardiac
output and arterial blood pressure were measured.
Arterial, mixed venous, and portal blood samples
were collected simultaneously for blood gas
analyses and plasma lactate measurements before
PTC and at 8-minute intervals thereafter.

Results—PTC resulted in severe hemodynamic and
metabolic alterations. Eight minutes after PTC, significant
decreases in cardiac index from a baseline value
of 3.40 ± 0.27 to 1.54 ± 0.26 L/min/m2 and in mean
arterial blood pressure from a baseline value of 74 ± 6
to 43 ± 6 mm Hg were recorded. After PTC, results
indicative of lactic acidosis were found in portal blood
at 16 minutes, in mixed venous at 32 minutes, and in
arterial blood at 48 minutes. Significant differences in
measured variables were also found between arterial
and portal blood samples, between mixed venous
and portal blood samples, and between arterial and
mixed venous blood samples after PTC, compared
with differences at baseline.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of
mixed venous blood is preferable to analysis of arterial
blood in the assessment of metabolic derangement.
In a clinical setting, occluded portal blood is
released to the systemic circulation, and the degree
of reperfusion injury may depend on the metabolic
status of pooled portal blood. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:599–608)
Dimensions and histologic characteristics of the small intestine of dogs during postnatal development
Authors: Paulsen Daniel B. , Buddington Karyl K. , Buddington Randal K.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To quantify dimensions of the small intestine of dogs and describe changes in histologic characteristics of the mucosa during postnatal development.

Sample Population—Gastrointestinal tract tissues obtained from 110 Beagles (15 adult females and 95 puppies of both sexes).

Procedure—Several variables (length, total weight, mucosal weight, and nominal surface area) of the small intestine were measured in puppies at birth but before suckling; 1 day after birth and subsequent suckling, 21, 42, and 63 days after birth, and in the adult dams of the puppies. Tissue structure was examined and quantified at each time point by use of routine histologic examination and ocular micrometry of formalin-fixed specimens stained with H&E.

Results—Small intestinal dimensions increased throughout development with the greatest proportional changes during the first day after birth and onset of suckling. Villus height decreased during suckling but had consistent values from 42 days after birth to maturity, whereas crypt depth increased from birth to maturity. Vacuolated enterocytes were evident from birth to 21 days but not thereafter.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increases in intestinal dimensions provide growing dogs with a greater capacity for digestion and absorption. Changes in mucosal architecture and cell populations coincided with shifts in dietary inputs. These findings may assist in the diagnosis of small intestinal diseases and nutritional responses during growth and development of dogs. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:618–626)
Activities of gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal brush-border membrane enzymes during postnatal development of dogs
Authors: Buddington Randal K. , Elnif Jan , Malo Christiane , Donahoo Jillian B.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To measure activities of digestive enzymes during postnatal development in dogs.

Sample Population—Gastrointestinal tract tissues obtained from 110 Beagles ranging from neonatal to adult dogs.

Procedure—Pepsin and lipase activities were measured in gastric contents, and amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin activities were measured in small intestinal contents and pancreatic tissue. Activities of lactase, sucrase, 4 peptidases, and enteropeptidase were assayed in samples of mucosa obtained from 3 regions of the small intestine.

Results—Gastric pH was low at all ages. Pepsin was not detected until day 21, and activity increased between day 63 and adulthood. Activities of amylase and lipase in contents of the small intestine and pancreatic tissue were lower during suckling than after weaning. Activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin did not vary among ages for luminal contents, whereas activities associated with pancreatic tissue decreased between birth and adulthood for trypsin but increased for chymotrypsin. Lactase and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activities were highest at birth, whereas the activities of sucrase and the 4 peptidases increased after birth. Enteropeptidase was detected only in the proximal region of the small intestine at all ages.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Secretions in the gastrointestinal tract proximal to the duodenum, enzymes in milk, and other digestive mechanisms compensate for low luminal activities of pancreatic enzymes during the perinatal period. Postnatal changes in digestive secretions influence nutrient availability, concentrations of signaling molecules, and activity of antimicrobial compounds that inhibit pathogens. Matching sources of nutrients to digestive abilities will improve the health of dogs during development. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:627–634)
Postnatal development of nutrient transport in the intestine of dogs
Authors: Buddington Randal K. , Malo Christiane
Published: January 2006

Objective—To measure nutrient absorption by the intestine during postnatal development of dogs.

Animals—110 Beagles ranging from neonatal to adult dogs.

Procedure—Rates of absorption for sugars (glucose, galactose, and fructose), amino acids (aspartate, leucine, lysine, methionine, and proline), a dipeptide (glycyl-sarcosine), and linoleic acid by the proximal, mid, and distal regions of the small intestine were measured as functions of age and concentration (kinetics) by use of intact tissues and brush-border membrane vesicles. Absorption of octanoic acid by the proximal portion of the colon was measured in intact tissues.

Results—Rates of carrier-mediated transport by intact tissues decreased from birth to adulthood for aldohexoses and most amino acids but not for fructose and aspartate. Kinetics and characteristics of absorption suggest that there were changes in the densities, types, and proportions of various carriers for sugars and amino acids. Saturable absorption of linoleic acid in the small intestine and octanoic acid in the proximal portion of the colon increased after weaning.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Rates of absorption decreased between birth and adulthood for most nutrients. However, because of intestinal growth, absorption capacities of the entire small intestine remained constant for leucine and proline and increased for glucose, galactose, fructose, aspartate, and proline but were less than predicted from the increase in body weight. Although postnatal ontogeny of nutrient absorption was consistent with changes in the composition of the natural and commercial diets of growing dogs, rates of amino acid and peptide absorption were lower than expected. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:635–645)
Pharmacokinetics and anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol in red-tailed hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ) and great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus )
Authors: Hawkins Michelle G. , Wright Bonnie D. , Pascoe Peter J. , Kass Philip H. , Maxwell Lara K. , Tell Lisa A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine induction doses, anesthetic constant rate infusions (CRI), and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol in red-tailed hawks and great horned owls and propofol pharmacokinetics in the owls during CRI.

Animals—6 red-tailed hawks and 6 great horned owls.

Procedure—The CRI dose necessary for a loss of withdrawal reflex was determined via specific stimuli. Anesthesia was induced by IV administration of propofol (1 mg/kg/min) and maintained by CRI at the predetermined dose for 30 minutes. Heart and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressures, and blood gas tensions were obtained in awake birds and at various times after induction. End-tidal CO2(ETCO2) concentration and esophageal temperature were obtained after induction. Propofol plasma concentrations were obtained after induction and after completion of the CRI in the owls. Recovery times were recorded.

Results—Mean ± SD doses for induction and CRI were 4.48 ± 1.09 mg/kg and 0.48 ± 0.06 mg/kg/min, respectively, for hawks and 3.36 ± 0.71 mg/kg and 0.56 ± 0.15 mg/kg/min, respectively, for owls. Significant increases in PaCO2, HCO3, and ETCO2in hawks and owls and significant decreases in arterial pH in hawks were detected. A 2-compartment model best described the owl pharmacodynamic data. Recovery times after infusion were prolonged and varied widely. Central nervous system excitatory signs were observed during recovery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Effects on blood pressure were minimal, but effective ventilation was reduced, suggesting the need for careful monitoring during anesthesia. Prolonged recovery periods with moderate-to-severe excitatory CNS signs may occur in these species at these doses. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:677–683)
Influence of age of horse on results of quantitative electromyographic needle examination of skeletal muscles in Dutch Warmblood horses
Authors: Wijnberg Inge D. , Franssen Hessel , Kolk Johannes H. van der
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the influence of age on
results of quantitative analysis of electromyographic
(EMG) needle examination in the subclavian, triceps,
and lateral vastus muscles of Dutch Warmblood horses.

Animals—7 healthy young Dutch Warmblood horses
(range, 13 to 18 months old), 7 healthy adult Dutch
Warmblood horses (range, 4 to 10 years old), and 7
healthy elderly Dutch Warmblood horses (range, 18 to
21 years old).

Procedure—An EMG needle examination was performed
to evaluate insertional activity, spontaneous
activity, and motor unit action potential (MUAP) variables.
Although all horses were conscious, young
horses were sedated prior to examination.

Results—Mean insertional activity in young horses
was significantly lower than in elderly horses.
Pathologic spontaneous activity was rarely found in
young and adult horses but was frequently evident in
all muscles in all elderly horses. The MUAP duration
and amplitude were significantly lower in all muscles
of young horses, compared with values for adult and
elderly horses. The MUAP duration and number of
phases and turns were significantly lower in adult
horses than in elderly horses. Group differences for
percentages of polyphasic and complex MUAPs were
also found. The 95% confidence intervals for MUAP
duration, MUAP amplitude, and number of phases
and turns for the subclavian, triceps, and lateral vastus
muscles were significantly lower in young horses
than in adult or elderly horses.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Age of the
horse being examined should be considered when
EMG examination is performed. (Am J Vet Res
2003;64:70–75)
Familial footpad hyperkeratosis and inheritance of keratin 2, keratin 9, and desmoglein 1 in two pedigrees of Irish Terriers
Authors: Schleifer Sebastian G. , Versteeg Serge A. , Oost Bernard van , Willemse Ton
Published: January 2006

Objective—To investigate the possibility that variants
in the acidic or basic keratin genes or in desmoglein 1
may cause the clinical manifestation of familial footpad
hyperkeratosis in Irish Terriers.

Animals—11 dogs belonging to 2 related affected
pedigrees of Irish Terriers.

Procedure—Genomic DNA was extracted from blood
samples obtained from each dog. The DNA markers
linked to the genes keratin 2, keratin 9, and
desmoglein 1 were amplified by use of a polymerase
chain reaction technique, and length of the products
was determined by use of an automatic DNA analyzer.

Results—All tested markers yielded information.
None of the markers (genotype) cosegregated with
the clinical status of the dogs (phenotype) in the 2
pedigrees.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Mutations in
the genes encoding keratin 2 and 9 as well as
desmoglein 1 are highly unlikely to be the primary
cause of familial footpad hyperkeratosis in Irish
Terriers. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:715–720)
Effect of topical administration of 1% morphine sulfate solution on signs of pain and corneal wound healing in dogs
Authors: Stiles Jean , Honda Christopher N. , Krohne Sheryl G. , Kazacos Evelyn A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effect of topical application
of a 1% morphine sulfate solution (MSS) on signs
of pain and wound healing in dogs with corneal ulcers
and examine normal corneas immunohistochemically
for the presence of µ and δ opioid receptors.

Animals—12 dogs.

Procedure—A 7-mm superficial corneal ulcer was
surgically created in the right eye (OD) of 10 dogs,
after which gentamicin solution and 1% MSS (n = 6)
or saline solution (4) was administered topically OD 3
times daily. Blepharospasm, tearing, conjunctival
hyperemia, aqueous flare, esthesiometer readings,
and pupil size were recorded before and 30 minutes
after treatment in all dogs. Ulcer size and days to
completion of healing were recorded. Corneas from 4
treated and 3 control dogs were evaluated histologically.
Normal canine corneas from 2 dogs not used in
the study were evaluated immunohistochemically for
the presence of µ and δ opioid receptors.

Results—Dogs treated with MSS had significantly
less blepharospasm and lower esthesiometer readings
than did control dogs. Duration of ulcer healing
and findings of histologic evaluation of corneas did
not differ between groups. Numerous δ and infrequent
µ opioid receptors were identified in the
corneal epithelium and anterior stroma of normal
corneas.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Topical use of
1% MSS in dogs with corneal ulcers provided analgesia
and did not interfere with normal wound healing.
Both µ and δ opioid receptors were identified in normal
corneas of dogs, although the µ receptors were
present only in small numbers. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:813–818)
Effects of hypothyroidism and withholding of feed on plasma lipid concentrations, concentration and composition of very-low-density lipoprotein, and plasma lipase activity in horses
Authors: Frank Nicholas , Sojka Janice E. , Latour Mickey A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate selected concentrations of blood lipids and lipase activities in euthyroid and hypothyroid horses deprived of feed for 96 hours.

Animals—4 healthy adult mares and 4 thyroidectomized adult mares.

Procedure—Horses were deprived of feed for 96 hours. Blood samples were collected at 24-hour intervals and analyzed to determine concentrations of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) as well as composition of VLDL. Plasma lipase activities were measured after feed was withheld for 96 hours and 12 days after resumption of feeding.

Results—Time significantly affected plasma NEFA, VLDL, TG, and TC concentrations in both groups of horses. During the 96-hour period, mean plasma concentrations of NEFA and VLDL increased 10-fold in euthyroid horses and increased 5-fold and 9-fold, respectively, in hypothyroid horses. Mean plasma TG concentrations increased 8-fold in both groups, and plasma TC concentrations significantly increased by 33 and 30%, respectively. Composition of VLDL was significantly affected by feed deprivation in euthyroid horses. Activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase were significantly higher in feed-deprived horses. Activity of hepatic lipase was significantly lower in hypothyroid horses than in euthyroid horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hypothyroidism did not significantly alter the magnitude of the response of blood lipids to feed deprivation. Thyroid hormones may reduce variability in blood lipid concentrations but do not determine susceptibility to hyperlipemia. Hypothyroidism does not appear to be a factor in the pathogenesis of hyperlipemia in horses. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:823–828)
Effects of short-term racing activity on platelet and neutrophil activation in dogs
Authors: Moritz Andreas , Walcheck Bruce K. , Deye Jennifer , Weiss Douglas J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether platelets and neutrophils become activated in dogs during short-distance sled-pulling activity.

Animals—18 physically fit adult Siberian Huskies.

Procedure—Dogs were allocated into 2 teams (9 dogs/team). Each team ran a course of approximately 6.4 km while pulling a sled that contained 2 people. Blood samples were collected immediately before and within 10 minutes after completion of sled-pulling activity. Blood was aspirated into sterile syringes and immediately transferred to evacuated tubes containing EDTA solution. Platelet activation status was evaluated by determining cell-surface P-selection expression, number of platelet aggregates and platelet microparticles, mean platelet-component (MPC) concentration, and mean platelet-component distribution width (MPCDW) concentration. Neutrophil activation status was evaluated by determining cell-surface CD11/CD18 expression, neutrophil size, and neutrophil granularity.

Results—Short-duration strenuous sled-pulling activity was associated with lower MPC concentration, higher MPCDW concentration, and higher cell-surface P-selectin expression after activation with phorbol myristate acetate. An increase in neutrophil CD11/CD18 expression and a decrease in neutrophil granularity were also observed after exercise.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study provide evidence of priming and activation of platelets and activation of neutrophils after strenuous short-duration sled-pulling activity. Additional studies will be needed to determine whether these changes have adverse effects on animal performance or induce tissue injury. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:855–859)
Effects of chronic renal disease on the transport of vitamin A in plasma and urine of dogs
Authors: Raila Jens , Forterre Simone , Kohn Barbara , Brunnberg Leo , Schweigert Florian J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine plasma and urine concentrations of retinol, retinyl esters, retinol-binding protein (RBP), and Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) in dogs with chronic renal disease (CRD).

Animals—17 dogs with naturally developing CRD and 21 healthy control dogs.

Procedure—A diagnosis of CRD was established on the basis of clinical signs, plasma concentrations of creatinine and urea, and results of urinalysis. Concentrations of retinol and retinyl esters were measured by use of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Concentrations of RBP and THP were measured by use of sensitive ELISA systems.

Results—Dogs with CRD had higher plasma concentrations of retinol, which were not paralleled by differences in plasma concentrations of RBP. Calculated ratio of urinary total vitamin A (sum of concentrations of retinol and retinyl esters to creatinine concentration) and ratio of the concentration of urinary retinyl esters to creatinine concentration did not differ between groups. However, we detected a significantly higher retinol-to-creatinine ratio in the urine of dogs with CRD, which was paralleled by a higher urinary RBP-to-creatinine ratio. Thus, in dogs with CRD, the estimated fractional clearance of total vitamin A, retinol, and RBP was increased. Furthermore, dogs with CRD had a reduced urinary THP-to-creatinine ratio.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study documented that CRD affects the concentrations of retinol in plasma and urine of dogs. Analysis of the data indicates that measurement of urinary RBP and urinary THP concentrations provides valuable information that can be helpful in follow-up monitoring of dogs with CRD. (Am J Vet Res2003:64:874–879)
Assessment of three variations of the 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay for measurement of sulfated glycosaminoglycan concentrations in equine synovial fluid
Authors: Oke Stacey L , Hurtig Mark B. , Keates Robert A. , Wright Jen R. , Lumsden John H.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether 3 variations of the 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay yield comparable results when measuring sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) concentrations in equine synovial fluid (SF).

Sample Population—25 samples of SF collected from affected joints of 13 horses and 13 samples of SF collected from nonaffected (control) joints of 4 horses.

Procedure—Sulfated glycosaminoglycan concentrations were measured by the direct spectrophotometric (ie, Farndale), microplate, and indirect DMMB assays in samples of SF collected from normal and affected joints and in samples digested with nucleases, papain, and hyaluronidase.

Results—All 3 assays reacted similarly to standard solutions of sGAGs and digestion of SF samples with nucleases, papain, and hyaluronidase. Nucleic acids were not important interfering substances, and papain and hyaluronidase could not be used interchangeably to digest SF. All 3 assays proved to have satisfactory precision (SD < 10%), but each DMMB assay resulted in significantly different measures of sGAG in equine SF.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Samples of SF should be digested with papain or hyaluronidase prior to measurement via DMMB assay. Researchers currently are unable to compare clinical information when variations of the DMMB assay are used, because each DMMB assay yields substantially different sGAG concentrations in SF. Of the 3 assays examined here, we recommend use of the direct spectrophotometric DMMB assay. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:900–906)
Cardiovascular effects of propofol alone and in combination with ketamine for total intravenous anesthesia in cats
Authors: Ilkiw Jan E. , Pascoe Peter J
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare cardiovascular effects of equipotent infusion doses of propofol alone and in combination with ketamine administered with and without noxious stimulation in cats.

Animals—6 cats.

Procedure—Cats were anesthetized with propofol (loading dose, 6.6 mg/kg; constant rate infusion [CRI], 0.22 mg/kg/min) and instrumented for blood collection and measurement of blood pressures and cardiac output. Cats were maintained at this CRI for a further 60 minutes, and blood samples and measurements were taken. A noxious stimulus was applied for 5 minutes, and blood samples and measurements were obtained. Propofol concentration was decreased to 0.14 mg/kg/min, and ketamine (loading dose, 2 mg/kg; CRI, 23 µg/kg/min) was administered. After a further 60 minutes, blood samples and measurements were taken. A second 5-minute noxious stimulus was applied, and blood samples and measurements were obtained.

Results—Mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, stroke index, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary vascular resistance index, oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, oxygen utilization ratio, partial pressure of oxygen in mixed venous blood, pH of arterial blood, PaCO2, arterial bicarbonate concentration, and base deficit values collected during propofol were not changed by the addition of ketamine and reduction of propofol. Compared with propofol, ketamine and reduction of propofol significantly increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure and venous admixture and significantly decreased PaO2.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of propofol by CRI for maintenance of anesthesia induced stable hemodynamics and could prove to be clinically useful in cats. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:913–917)
Evaluation of antibody response and nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenesis following inoculation of a live attenuated bluetongue virus vaccine in goats
Authors: Lacetera Nicola , Ronchi Bruno
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate vaccine safety, antibody response, and nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenesis following inoculation of a commercial monovalent live attenuated bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 2 vaccine in goats.

Animals—12 nonpregnant and nonlactating Saanen goats.

Procedure—6 goats were inoculated with the monovalent live attenuated BTV serotype 2 vaccine, which has been widely used in Italy during the proceding 2 years. The other 6 goats were unvaccinated and represented negative controls. Nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenesis was evaluated 14 and 7 days before and 7, 21, and 49 days after vaccination by measuring DNA synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin-A, and pokeweed mitogen. On the same days as lymphocyte blastogenesis, blood samples were taken to determine serum concentrations of anti-BTV antibodies.

Results—During the 7 weeks following vaccination, PBMCs obtained from vaccinated goats had a significantly decreased response to mitogens in terms of DNA synthesis, compared with PBMCs from the same goats before vaccination. Conversely during the experiment, no significant change was found in the response of the PBMCs obtained from unvaccinated goats. Starting from 21 days after vaccination, serum from vaccinated goats had anti-BTV antibodies. No anti-BTV antibodies were detected in the serum from unvaccinated goats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Inoculation of goats with the monovalent live attenuated BTV serotype 2 vaccine described herein resulted in a profound depression of nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenesis, which might compromise the resistance of vaccinated goats to pathogens. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1331–1334)
Evaluation of hepatosplanchnic circulation and intestinal oxygenation in dogs with a condition that mimicked septic shock induced by continuous infusion of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Sakaue Yoko , Nezu Yoshinori , Komori Shinobu , Hara Yasushi , Tagawa Masahiro , Ogawa Ryo
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether continuous infusion of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce a condition mimicking septic shock in dogs would affect systemic and hepatosplanchnic circulation and oxygenation.

Animals—12 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedure—Dogs received a low dose of LPS (Escherichia coliO55:B5) by continuous IV infusion at a rate of 1 µg/kg/h for 8 hours. Systemic hemodynamics; systemic oxygenation; blood flow in the cranial mesenteric artery, common hepatic artery, and portal vein; intestinal and hepatic tissue blood flow; mesenteric oxygenation; and intramucosal PCO2were examined before and at selected time points after onset of the LPS infusion.

Results—After onset of the LPS infusion, cardiac index increased and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance decreased, which is characteristic of the hyperdynamic state in septic patients. Hepatosplanchnic blood flow increased during the hyperdynamic state. Intestinal PCO2was increased even when blood flows increased. During the latter half of the experimental period, MAP was maintained but hepatosplanchnic blood flows decreased and intestinal PCO2increased further.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of the results suggested that hepatosplanchnic blood flow enters the hyperdynamic state during the early stages of sepsis and that intestinal tissue oxygenation is threatened even when hepatosplanchnic blood flow is increased or maintained. Hence, improvement of hepatosplanchnic circulation and intestinal tissue oxygenation is important in dogs with clinical evidence of a septic condition. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1347–1354)
Expression, bioactivity, and clinical assessment of recombinant feline erythropoietin
Authors: Randolph John F. , Scarlett Janet M. , Stokol Tracy , Saunders Kathryn M. , MacLeod James N.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the activity of recombinant feline erythropoietin (rfEPO) in murine bioassays and evaluate its efficacy and safety in cats with erythropoietin-dependent nonregenerative anemia.

Animals—26 cats (group 1, 19 cats with anemia attributed to chronic kidney disease [CKD]; group 2, 7 cats with CKD and recombinant human erythropoietin [rhEPO]-induced red cell aplasia [RCA]).

Procedure—The rfEPO was synthesized by use of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with feline erythropoietin complementary DNA. Preclinical assessments of rfEPO included an erythroid cell proliferation assay and measurements of reticulocytosis in Balb/C mice. Clinical assessments of cats included hematologic, biochemical, and clinical examinations during 12 (group 1) or 6 (group 2) months of rfEPO treatment.

Results—Biological activity of rfEPO was broadly equivalent to rhEPO in preclinical murine bioassays. Median Hct and absolute reticulocyte count in cats increased significantly during the first 3 weeks of rfEPO treatment, and median Hct generally could be maintained within a target range of 30% to 40% with periodic adjustments of rfEPO doses. Unexpectedly, 5 cats in group 1 and 3 cats in group 2 that initially responded to rfEPO treatment again developed anemia that was refractory to additional rfEPO treatments, even at higher doses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment with rfEPO can reestablish active erythropoiesis in most cats with CKD, even those with anemia attributable to rhEPO-induced RCA. Unfortunately, development of RCA during treatment with CHO cell-derived recombinant erythropoietin proteins was not eliminated as a serious safety concern, even for this feline-specific preparation. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1355–1366)
Evaluation of vaccination with Neospora caninum protein for prevention of fetal loss associated with experimentally induced neosporosis in sheep
Authors: Jenkins Mark C. , Tuo Wenbin , Dubey J. P.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the immunologic response of
a killed tachyzoite vaccine against Neospora caninum
and its effectiveness in preventing fetal loss associated
with experimentally induced neosporosis in sheep.

Animals—30 Dorset ewes.

Procedure—Ewes were randomly allocated to
receive vaccination on days 1 and 60 of the study with
a killed N caninum tachyzoite preparation in a commercially
available adjuvant or a saline-adjuvant mixture.
A ram was placed on pasture with the ewes
from days 15 to 60. Blood was collected from ewes
before primary and booster vaccinations and prior to
experimental challenge with N caninum tachyzoite
performed on day 90; sera were assessed via
Neospora agglutination (NA) and immunofluorescence
antibody (IFA) assays. Blood was collected
from lambs before they suckled, and sera were tested
for antibodies against N caninum.

Results—Of the 14 vaccinated ewes that became
pregnant, 12 gave birth to live-born lambs; in contrast,
5 of 11 pregnant control ewes gave birth to live-born
lambs. Whereas vaccination improved fetal survival in
pregnant ewes challenged with N caninum tachyzoites,
it did not appear to have any appreciable effect
on transmission of N caninum to offspring, as indicated
by results of NA and IFA assays.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The N caninum
tachyzoite vaccine used in this study appeared
to provide protection against fetal loss associated
with experimentally induced neosporosis in a high
proportion of pregnant ewes. (Am J Vet Res
2004;65:1404–1408)
Use of computed tomography angiography to evaluate the vascular anatomy of the distal portion of the forelimb of horses
Authors: Collins Jennifer N. , Galuppo Larry D. , Thomas Helen L. , Wisner Erik R. , Hornof William J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To provide a detailed description of the vascular anatomy of the distal portion of the forelimbs of horses by use of computed tomography angiography (CTA).

Sample Population—6 forelimbs of 5 horses and 1 forelimb from an equine cadaver; none of the horses had orthopedic or vascular disease.

Procedure—Horses were anesthetized and CTA was conducted on the dependent forelimb. A catheter was inserted in the median artery, and contrast medium was infused at a rate of 3 mL/s. A computed tomography (CT) scanner was used to obtain contiguous slices from the region of the proximal sesamoid bones to the toe. All horses were allowed to recover from anesthesia. To help identify vessel patterns in the distal portion of the forelimb, the median artery and lateral palmar digital vein of a heparinized forelimb obtained from an equine cadaver were infused with red and blue polymethylmethacrylate and the distal portion of that forelimb was then sectioned to correspond to CTA images.

Results—Vessel patterns in CTA images matched vascular anatomic structures of the cadaver forelimb and were consistent with published anatomic structures. Major and minor vessels were consistently visible in CTA images of all horses. There were no complications reported in any horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of CTA provided a highly detailed depiction of the vasculature of the distal portion of the equine forelimb. This was a safe technique and should be useful in the evaluation of the blood supply to the distal portion of the forelimb. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1409–1420)