bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Bayes Theorem to Aminoglycoside‐Associated Nephrotoxicity: Comparison of Extended‐Interval Dosing, Individualized Pharmacokinetic Monitoring, and Multiple‐Daily Dosing
Authors: Kim Myong‐Jin , Bertino Joseph S. , Erb Tara A. , Jenkins Paul L. , Nafziger Anne N.
Published: June 2004

The objective of this study was to examine the incidence of aminoglycoside‐associated nephrotoxicity related to extended‐interval dosing, individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring, and multiple‐daily dosing by applying Bayes theorem. An electronic literature search of MEDLINE (1966–2003) and a manual search of references from published meta‐analyses and review articles were performed. Studies using extended‐interval dosing, individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring, or multiple‐daily dosing and reported aminoglycoside‐associated nephrotoxicity for patients ≥ 16 years of age were included. Quality scores were assigned based on the rigor of definition of aminoglycoside‐associated nephrotoxicity, duration of therapy, and length of follow‐up of renal function after completion of therapy. Inclusion criteria were then based on these quality scores. Quantitative data on the incidence of aminoglycoside‐associated nephrotoxicity were abstracted. Twelve extended‐interval dosing studies (n = 916), 10 individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring studies (n = 2066), and 27 multiple‐daily dosing studies (n = 4251) met the inclusion criteria. Prior probabilities of aminoglycoside‐associated nephrotoxicity were derived from a combination of a review of published studies and expert judgment. The maximum densities for the final posterior probabilities of aminoglycoside‐associated nephrotoxicity for extended‐interval dosing, individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring, and multiple‐daily dosing were located at 12% to 13%, 10% to 11%, and 13% to 14%, respectively. Application of Bayes theorem demonstrates that aminoglycoside dosing by individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring results in less aminoglycoside‐associated nephrotoxicity than extended‐interval dosing or multiple‐daily dosing.
Intimacy, Imitation and Language Learning: Spanish Diminutives in Mother-Child Conversation
Authors: King Kendall , Melzi Gigliana
Published: June 2004

This paper explores how Spanish-speaking Peruvian mothers and their children use diminutives in everyday conversations, seeking to characterize the discourse forms and functions of diminutive imitation and to explore potential differences across speaker groups. More generally, we investigate how and why the use of diminutives may play an important role in facilitating conversational interaction and language learning. Findings illustrate the importance of examining languagelearning processes among non-English-speaking populations, as well as the role of cross-linguistic, cross-cultural analysis in understanding interactional and language socialization processes.
Theatrical Improvisation: Lessons for Organizations
Authors: Vera Dusya , Crossan Mary
Published: June 2004

This article uses the improvisational theatre metaphor to examine the performance implications of improvisational processes in firms. We recognize similarities and differences between the concepts of performance and success in both theatre and organizations, and extract three main lessons from improvisational theatre that can be applied to organizational improvisation. In the first lesson, we start by recognizing the equivocal and unpredictable nature of improvisation. The second lesson emphasizes that good improvisational theatre arises because its main focus, in contrast to the focus of firms, is more on the process of improvising and less on the outcomes of improvisation. Lastly, in the third lesson, we look at the theatre techniques of ‘agreement’, ‘awareness’, ‘use of ready-mades’, and ‘collaboration’, and translate them into concepts that are relevant for organizations in developing an improvisational capability.
Which Catharsis Do They Mean? Aristotle, Moreno, Boal and Organization Theatre
Authors: Meisiek Stefan
Published: June 2004

An often-suggested effect of dramatic performances is catharsis. In this essay, three catharsis-related concepts are used to help explain the effects of organization theatre. First, according to Aristotle, theatre leads to release from negative affect, whereby the eliciting of emotions is seen as a means of purifying related bad memories. Theatre is supposed to arouse feelings connected with recognized problems by presenting these on the stage, thus allowing the audience to relive them passively and, because of their non-real presentation as drama, also to resolve them. The second concept, Moreno’s idea of a creativity-generating catharsis, was developed in connection with active participation in psychodrama and with actors’ training. By drawing on negative experiences and actively reliving them on stage, participants can develop the creativity needed to find new solutions. Third, Boal assumes that when an audience actively engages in the play by proposing solutions after an introductory scene has been performed, this serves as a test run for the problems that are encountered in real life. Thus, the test in the play provides the audience with the necessary action motivation to overcome such problems. These three approaches to catharsis are discussed and are then related to organization theatre in illustrative examples of companies that provide such performances.
The Politics of Performance in Organizational Theatre-Based Training and Interventions
Authors: Nissley Nick , Taylor Steven S. , Houden Linda
Published: June 2004

In this article, we first ‘set the stage’, taking our focus as theatre inorganizations, in contrast to the more traditional approach within the field of organizational studies of the use of ‘theatre’ as a metaphorical means of making sense of organizational life (organizations astheatre). More specifically, we examine the phenomenon of theatrebased training and interventions. However, we move beyond the practitioner-oriented ‘how-to’ understanding of theatre-based training, instead undertaking a more critical examination of the phenomenon. We analytically look ‘behind the curtain’, exposing the ‘politics of performance’ in theatre-based training and interventions by considering who controls the script and who controls the role in a performance. Lastly, we close with an ‘offer’ to the organization studies scholar — similar to the kind of ‘offer’ found in improvisational theatre. We offer a Boalian perspective of organizational theatre. We intentionally mean to be provocative by using Boal’s language (for example, ‘theatre of the oppressor’ to describe more corporate-controlled performances and ‘liberation of the spectator’ to describe more worker-controlled performances); yet, we firmly believe that the Boalian perspective may offer an ‘other’ way of looking at organizational theatre — particularly, the politics of performance in organizational theatre.
Stripping to the Undercoat: A Review and Reflections on a Piece of Organization Theatre
Authors: Clark Timothy , Mangham Iain
Published: June 2004

In this article, we review one ‘tailor-made play’, one piece of organization theatre called Varnishing the Truth. We then reflect on the questions we asked of ourselves while watching this performance and reviewing the video of it: how does this activity relate to its claimed theoretical foundations (Boal’s forum theatre)? Is forum theatre an appropriate model for organization theatre? Can ‘things be made to move’ by an activity such as the one to which we were an audience? In the process of answering these questions, we emphasize the reductive adoption of radical techniques (that is, Boal’s forum theatre); the depoliticization of corporate theatre; and, the limitations of the theory of negotiated order as a model for learning, given the discursive construction of organizational roles.
Surveillance Technology, Privacy and Social Control
Authors: Kim Mun-Cho
Published: June 2004

Classical perspectives on the development of social control are generally described as the shift from overt, external and punitive to covert, internal and preventive control and may be subsumed as ‘from reactive to proactive social control’. However, the diffusion of advanced technologies supported by effective data management systems has provided a more encompassing, more obscure but less intrusive and more powerful means of surveillance. Given these circumstances, the mode of social control tends to move towards pseudo self-control that relies heavily on the deterrence effect of external agencies or devices. Particularly, in a highly transparent society where most activities are ‘captured’ by an online network of data surveillance, invasion of privacy becomes an integral part of our daily life and the natural attitude that takes the ‘surveillant way of life’ for granted is expected to prevail. The dispute over the introduction of the electronic national identification card in South Korea shows that the Enlightenment ideal of autonomous or self-regulatory control tends to be threatened by the increasing dependence on sophisticated, more unobtrusive, and thus less illegal surveillance technologies. In this vein, a new concept of ‘co-active’ control, that implies ‘choosing to live with ever empowering surveillance technologies’, is suggested as an alternative type of social control to take over from modern proactive control.
Everyday Policing in Japan
Authors: Abe Kiyoshi
Published: June 2004

The purpose of this article is to analyse the situation concerning public surveillance in Japan. Although the introduction of electronic surveillance technologies is rapid and widespread in that country, there is scarce public opposition to governmental policies attempting to enhance the policing of everyday life through social monitoring techniques. One reason why public opinion shows a ‘reluctant acceptance’ of these policies is that the relationship between the journalistic media and the public is strained. Because of the public’s inherent distrust of the media in general, any journalistic critique of surveillance practices fails to gain strong support from the public. As a result of this relationship, the government seeks to implement surveillance policies and practices in the name of public security – a major priority since September 11. However, the rise of surveillance technologies and policies presents a serious danger for civil society in Japan.
Anti-Muslim Racism and the European Security State
Authors: Fekete Liz
Published: June 2004

Across Europe, the ‘war on terror’ is having a major impact on race relations policies. New legislation, policing and counter-terrorist measures are casting Muslims, whether settled or immigrant, as the ‘enemy within’. In the process, the parameters of xeno-racism, which targets impoverished asylum seekers, have been extended to Muslim communities. Islam is seen as a threat to Europe, which is responding not only with draconian attacks on civil rights but also with moves to roll back multiculturalism and promote monocultural homogeneity through assimilation. Hence ‘integration’ measures - like France’s banning of the hijab - become an adjunct to anti-terrorist law. This is not just ‘Islamophobia’ but structured anti-Muslim racism.
A Gilded Cage? Help and Control in Early Norwegian Social Policy
Authors: Skevik Anne
Published: June 2004

Between 1902 and 1972, Norway was the only country in Western Europe in which cohabitation without marriage was forbidden by law (“the concubinage clause”). Thirteen years after this arguably repressive clause was written into the criminal code, the Children Acts were introduced, giving Norwegian children born out of wedlock stronger social rights than in any other country at the time. Norway thus granted strong protection for children born outside marriage while extramarital sex in itself—in some circumstances—was forbidden. How can this paradox be understood? It has been argued that the Children Acts presupposed the concubinage clause, that the silk glove of the welfare state was only made possible by the iron fist of criminal law. This article studies the political debates preceding the two provisions and argues that both grewout of a particular understanding of the relationship between men and women. Extramarital sex was seen as something men did to women; thus, it could be argued that strengthening women’s position in relation to that of men would lead to less immorality. Both the concubinage clause and the Children Acts were seen as means to this end.
Rosemary Kennedy: the Importance of a Historical Footnote
Authors: O’Brien Gerald
Published: June 2004

In most accounts of the Kennedy family, Rosemary, John F. Kennedy’s eldest sister, has been discussed only in passing. In fact, there is much in Rosemary’s story that is instructive in regard to the effort families take to cope with disability, the impact of the social environment on such efforts, and the impact of a disabled member on the family as a whole. Rosemary’s presence within the Kennedy home may have been a much more important component of the family’ rise to prominence than most scholars appear to believe. This article describes Rosemary’s place within the family, attempts by her parents and siblings to cope with and obfuscate her condition, and her possible impact on family dynamics.
‘Till Human Voices Wake Us and We Drown’: A Study of Autistic and Encapsulated States in Groups
Authors: Pennycook-Greaves Wil
Published: June 2004

The title for the paper comes from T. S. Eliot’s ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’ (Eliot, 1948). In the poem, Prufrock, an isolated person, describes the pain of relating, of miscommunication. ‘That is not it at all, that is not what I meant at all.’ The possibility of sharing love is not available. He feels defeated. The closing off of the self, either partially or totally, is diametrically opposed to the challenge of group relationships, which require the interaction and interpenetration of many selves. This paper explores the implications for groups.
Working Relationally with the Adolescent in Group
Authors: Billow Richard M.
Published: June 2004

Psychoanalytic group therapy may be effective with poorly communicating, resistant, or antisocial adolescents. I describe ways of thinking about and modes of working with this population, utilizing and extending Bion’s model of the ‘container-contained’ to include a contemporary, relational perspective.
The Gender–Ambivalent Group and the Gender–Blinded Analyst
Authors: Moss Eric
Published: June 2004

Group therapists must pay careful attention to gender-related issues appearing in groups. While this may appear obvious, in practice there is often a reluctance to do so. This is in part owing to the fact that exploring gender-related differences may threaten group harmony. The present article shows first how this ambivalence is reflected historically in the group therapy literature. It then brings case examples of group sessions which demonstrate such ambivalence. Reasons for the ambivalence are offered in the discussion section. It is suggested that while open exploration of gender tension may lead to acrimony or embarrassment, ultimately the group learns it can contain these feelings, survive and in fact achieve a more solid and lasting cohesion.
Borrowing My Self: An Exploration of Exchange as a Group-Specific Therapeutic Factor
Authors: Thornton Christine
Published: June 2004

Exchange, one of Foulkes’s four group-specific therapeutic factors, is a valuable if neglected concept in group-analytic literature, standing for the encounter with difference in the group. Groups’ multiple poles of difference allow individuals to experience and explore a range of possibilities hitherto unimagined. The clinical dimensions of exchange are explored through the metaphor of the mother/baby dyad; identity formation in a specific cultural context grounded in familial and group identifications are also touched upon. In the group these together allow for the creation, and recreation, of individual identity.
Phenol Reduces Hypertonia and Enhances Strength: A Longitudinal Case Study
Authors: McCrea Patrick H. , Eng Janice J. , Willms Rhonda
Published: June 2004

Phenyl alcohol blocks are used to relieve spasticity. Such nerve conduction blocks result from phenol-induced axonotmesis and could potentially affect muscle properties related to the ability to generate, maximize, and reduce force. This study assessed the 12-week longitudinal effect of phenol on position (stiffness) and velocity (damping) components of hypertonia, in addition to strength (peak torque and times to generate and reduce torque) in an individual with chronic elbow flexor spasticity following stroke. Phenol motor point injections of flexor muscles paradoxically increased the magnitude of flexion torque and decreased the times required to generate and reduce flexion and extension joint torques, in addition to reducing elbow extension stiffness and damping. Large reductions in the velocity-related component of hypertonia (damping changes > 90%) occurred immediately following injection, which is a finding that supports the velocity-dependent definition of spasticity. Although the changes in damping were large and transient, changes in stiffness and strength variables were small, slower to occur, and maintained. This suggests secondary changes following nerve block, possibly facilitated by regular elbow use subsequent to spasticity reduction.
Changes in Serial Optical Topography and TMS during Task Performance after Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy in Stroke: A Case Study
Authors: Park Si-Woon , Butler Andrew J. , Cavalheiro Vanessa , Alberts Jay L. , Wolf Steven L.
Published: June 2004

The authors examined serial changes in optical topography in a stroke patient performing a functional task, as well as clinical and physiologic measures while undergoing constraint-induced therapy (CIT). A 73-year-old right hemiparetic patient, who had a subcortical stroke 4 months previously, received 2 weeks of CIT. During the therapy, daily optical topography imaging using nearinfrared light was measured serially while the participant performed a functional key-turning task. Clinical outcome measures included the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Motor Activity Log (MAL), and functional key grip test. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were also used to map cortical areas and hemodynamic brain responses, respectively. Optical topography measurement showed an overall decrease in oxy-hemoglobin concentration in both hemispheres as therapy progressed and the laterality index increased toward the contralateral hemisphere. An increased TMS motor map area was observed in the contralateral cortex following treatment. Posttreatment fMRI showed bilateral primary motor cortex activation, although slightly greater in the contralateral hemisphere, during affected hand movement. Clinical scores revealed marked improvement in functional activities. In one patient who suffered a stroke, 2 weeks of CIT led to improved function and cortical reorganization in the hemisphere contralateral to the affected hand.
Training Mobility Tasks after Stroke with Combined Mental and Physical Practice: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Malouin Francine , Richards Carol L. , Doyon Julien , Desrosiers Johanne , Belleville Sylvie
Published: June 2004

This study examines the potential of using mental practice (MP) to promote the learning of 2 mobility tasks in persons with stroke. Twelve patients were trained with MP to increase the loading of the affected limb while standing up from a chair and sitting down. Vertical forces were recorded using force plates under each foot and the chair. Changes in the loading of the affected limb and in task duration, immediately after 1 training session and 24 h later, served as outcomes. After training, the loading of the affected limb had increased {P < 0.001) during standing up (16.2%) and sitting down (17.9%), and the improvement remained significant 24 h later, indicating a learning effect. In contrast, the duration of the performance did not change with training. The results indicate that, in the early stage of learning with MP, changes in limb-loading strategies are a more sensitive measure of performance than is speed.
Rehabilitation Mnagement of Friedreich Ataxia: Lower Extremity Force-Control Variability and Gait Performance
Authors: Harris-Love Michael O. , Siegel Karen Lohmann , Paul Scott M. , Benson Kimberly
Published: June 2004

We describe the rehabilitation management during a 12-month period of a 14-year-old female with Friedreich ataxia. Interventions included task-oriented bimanual reaching activities, functional strengthening, and gait training using a walker featuring tension-controlled wheels and a reverse-braking system. Her physical status was assessed with the Nine-Hole Peg Test, single limb stance time, manual muscle testing, self-reported falls, isometric force control testing, and 3-dimensional gait analysis in a motion-capture laboratory. Although measures of the patient’s Nine-Hole Peg Test, single limb stance time, and manual muscle testing reflected minimal changes, her gait speed decreased by 69.4%. However, the force-control targeting of her dominant knee extensors showed a 43.7% increase in force variability that was concomitant with her decline in gait performance. The decrement of her initial gait speed was reduced to 42.9% on replacing the wheeled walker with the U-Step Walking Stabilizer at the end of the intervention period. Although the patient’s gait remained significantly impaired, extended use of the U-Step Walking Stabilizer modestly improved her gait performance, and her rate of falls decreased from 10 to 3 per month. Our observations suggest that use of force-control testing as proxy measures of ataxia and tension-controlled gait aids show promise in the management of Friedreich ataxia and merit further investigation.
Media, Markets and Powwows
Authors: Buddle Kathleen
Published: June 2004

This article examines the construction of an Aboriginal public sphere in eastern Canada, tracing flows of images, ideas, peoples and practices over cultural and geographical borders from the late 19th century to the present. Early Aboriginally authored newspapers, agricultural fairs and exhibits of ethnic difference provided important contexts for the cultural mediation of novel forms of Indigeneity. Aboriginal cultural producers constructed these contact zones by intermingling and resignifying key identifying elements of ‘whiteness’ and Indianness—social categories that were ordinarily polarly opposed. This syncretizing technique continues to underwrite contemporary social practice. I suggest that not unlike other mass-mediated Aboriginal cultural products, contemporary powwow performances might be instructively perceived as communicative strategies in so far as they engender a reinscription of the Aboriginal ‘ideoscape’.
Talking about Consumption
Authors: van Wessel Margit
Published: June 2004

Members of the middle class in the Indian city of Baroda employ a common moral discourse on consumption, one that is shaped through the operationalization of historically rooted ideals of community, family solidarity and asceticism. These ideals are set against the experience of urban middle-class life. This discourse describes consumer culture as debased materialism, while at the same time presenting it as central to middle-class social life. This article explores the nature of the tension apparent in this contradiction, and finds that employers of this discourse accept the inescapable nature of status battles around consumption while denying it legitimacy and real significance for the constitution of their individual selves. Modern consumption is accepted, but this acceptance is morally ambivalent. People draw on collective ideological resources to describe and interpret their individual and social selves in order to individually dissociate from what they take to be an immoral society.
Liberty, Authority, and the New Politics
Authors: Duch Raymond M. , Strøm Kaare
Published: June 2004

Many scholars have argued that political values in advanced democracies have significantly changed and specifically that the right and left have realigned along new value dimensions. Herbert Kitschelt is one of the principal proponents of this view, arguing that political conflict in mature democracies is increasingly organized around a right-authoritarian versus left-libertarian dimension. We reconsider this argument both theoretically and empirically. Our replication of Kitschelt’s analysis raises doubts about construct validity, as well as about his empirical results. Second, our analysis of survey data from the Euro-Barometer and World Values Surveys leads us to question the claim that the political left is libertarian and the right authoritarian. Third, we find no significant evidence that conservative partisans less enthusiastically embrace the most common forms of democratic participation than do those on the left. Finally, our analysis of the contents of their respective programs does not demonstrate that leftist parties are more libertarian than those on the right or that, in recent decades, the former have particularly trended in a libertarian direction.
Occurrence and Policy Consequences of Referendums
Authors: Hug Simon
Published: June 2004

Referendums provide citizen control over policy outcomes under various institutional provisions. This article offers a theoretical model covering four types of referendums, which differ with respect to their likelihood of occurring and their policy consequences. Implications derived from this model suggest that provisions that allow an opposition group to propose policies to be adopted by referendum should lead to more popular votes. Under these provisions, policies adopted should also more closely reflect the policy preferences of the median voter. Support for these implications appears in data on American states and countries around the world.
Bringing Parliaments Back in
Authors: Konig Thomas , Slapin Jonathan
Published: June 2004

Most literature on European constitution-building models member-states as unitary actors which monopolize bargaining power. However, recent advances in the literature on intergovernmental conferences (IGCs) demonstrate that both supranational actors and parliamentary domestic actors may influence treaty outcomes (Hix, 2002; Hug and Konig, 2002). We examine different potential sources of power available to parliamentary actors at IGCs through the use of spatial bargaining models. Using both open rule and closed rule models, we explore the power of the European Parliament (EP) and member-state parliaments at the Amsterdam IGC leading to the Treaty of Amsterdam. We empirically determine which actors have agenda-setting rights and if and when domestic constraints matter. Furthermore, we examine whether this influence differs across the different types of issues discussed at the IGC. Our findings demonstrate that supranational actors such as the EP may have some agenda-setting power over some types of issues. Because the EP often has very similar preferences to the European Council President, however, it is difficult to determine which actor actually has first-over advantage. In general, the EP is weak: hawkish domestic parliaments, on the other hand, can be a source of power for member-state negotiating teams. We find evidence that domestic constraints may even be a more important source of power than first-mover rights. Member-states that have both a hawkish parliament and are moderately divided tend to perform the best. Highly divided governments, however, perform poorly.
Internalization of Multiple Perspectives or Dissonance Reduction?
Authors: Wicklund Robert A. , Brehm Jack W.
Published: June 2004

In numerous research programs based on the concept of cognitive dissonance, participants play a role that is ostensibly in conflict with their pre-existing values. A strict reading of dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) leads us to suppose that these role-playing, or ‘forced compliance’, procedures generally create results that are not implied by the theory. We spell out a theoretical position that comes to terms with these effects of role-playing, one that approaches role-playing procedures from the standpoint of the development of multiple value repertoires. From this viewpoint the outcomes of role-playing do not stem from contradictions— or cognitive dissonance—within the person’s sets of values.
Now That We’ve Found Love What Are We Gonna Do with It?
Authors: Hylton Patrick L. , Miller Hugh
Published: June 2004

This paper offers an interpretation of the changes in Black identity during the last century. By drawing on psychological literature and cultural artefacts, changing understandings of Blackness are read as different narrative forms. The shift from ‘Negro’ to ‘Black’ is presented as a shift from tragicto romanticnarrative, while the ‘African’ narrative that now occupies the centre stage of Black identity represents a satiricalstory. It is suggested that with a growing awareness of being both Black and ‘something else’, the apparent opposing themes in performing Blackness can be resolved by enacting a comedynarrative. There is some evidence that the comedy narrative is present but it has yet to gain ascendancy.
Alfred schutz, Austrian Economists and the Knowledge Problem
Authors: Knudsen Christian
Published: June 2004

The Austrian School of Economics has always taken a deep interest in methodological issues, and has used its methodological re. ections to build substantive theories towards explaining the role of knowledge in economic life. This ‘double’ interest for knowledge within the Austrian School can be traced back at least to Alfred Schutz’s 1932 thesis The Phenomenology of the Social World, which was written within the context of the Ludwig von Mises’ seminar group. A central idea in this thesis is that conceptualizations in the social sciences are of a second-order nature, since they build on the conceptualizations already formed by social actors in their everyday lives about other social actors. In this article I try to trace how Alfred Schutz’s writings on scienti.c and everyday knowledge were in.uenced by and in turn in.uenced Austrian economists, including Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, Oskar Morgenstern, and Fritz Machlup. Furthermore, I raise the question of why Alfred Schutz himself as well as Fritz Machlup took an apologetic stance towards neoclassical economics, while Friedrich Hayek and Oskar Morgenstern were much more critical of the orthodoxy. In answering this question I argue that while Schutz and Machlup both defended equilibrium economics based on a conventionalist–instrumentalist view, Hayek and to some degree Morgenstern proposed to build more process-oriented models relying on a realist view of scienti.c explanations.
Breaking the Path of Institutional Development? Alternatives to the New Determinism
Authors: Crouch Colin , Farrell Henry
Published: June 2004

The concept of path dependence is being used in highly deterministic ways in neo-institutionalist analysis, so that studies using this framework have dif.culty in accounting for, or predicting, change. However, the original Polya urn model from which pathdependence theory draws predicts that alternative paths will be possible. It can then be argued that actors will be able to use these when they perceive a need to change. This article seeks to capture this possibility through accommodating a Bayesian parametric decision-maker interacting with an environment. This makes it possible to examine how change may involve such processes as: the use of past or redundant institutional repertoires; transfer of experience across action spaces; or from other agents, through networks of structured relationships; the emergence of perceived ‘one best’ solutions. This approach points to the need to change how typologies are used in neo-institutionalist research, so that those features of cases that do not .t the pre-conceived framework of a type are not disregarded as ‘noise’, but properly evaluated as potential resources for change.
Population Learning of Cooperative Behavior in a Three-Person Centipede Game
Authors: Murphy Ryan O. , Rapoport Amnon , Parco James E.
Published: June 2004

We consider mixed populations (N 1/4 21) of genuine (humans) and arti.cial (robots) agents repeatedly interacting in small groups whose composition is changed randomly from round to round. Our purpose is to study the spread of cooperative or non-cooperative behavior over time in populations playing a 3-person centipede game by manipulating the behavior of the robots (cooperative vs. noncooperative) and their proportion in the population. Our results convey a positive message: adding a handful of cooperative robots increases the propensity of the genuine subjects to cooperate over time, whereas adding a handful of non-cooperative agents does not decrease this propensity. If there are enough hard-core cooperative subjects in the population, they not only negate the behavior of the non-cooperative robots but also induce other subjects to behave more cooperatively.
Edge Effects on Sandwich Composite by Analytical, Finite Element, and Experimental Approach
Authors: Mistou Sebastien , Karama Moussa
Published: June 2004

Knowledge of edge effects in composite with honeycomb cores is essential for the design of sandwich structures. This paper deals with the measurement of strain by the application of reflection photoelasticity. Because of the geometry of honeycomb cores a classical method by strain gages is inaccurate and unsuitable. The measurements by photoelasticity is compared to an analytical and numerical results. The final aim of this work is to determine the behavior of such structures by the exact knowledge of its mechanical properties deduced in part from edge effect results.
What Do Organizations Know? Dynamics of Justification Contexts in R&D Activities
Authors: Tell Fredrik
Published: June 2004

This article suggests a framework for analysing organizational knowledge as a process of justification in different contexts. Drawing upon philosophy, it identifies four principal contexts for justification, implying four different knowledge types: objective knowledge, subjective knowledge, personal knowledge and institutional knowledge. The article provides empirical illustrations of these knowledge types and the justification processes involved from various studies of activities in R&D and engineering. The article contributes to the literature on organizational knowledge in several respects. First, it provides a pluralistic analysis of the concept of knowledge without resorting to an ‘anything goes’ approach. Second, the account of organizational knowledge focuses not on its inherent properties, but rather on the justification context for knowledge claims. Third, organizational knowledge is analysed in a weak sense, where justification contexts both inside and outside the organization play an important role in the dynamics of organizational knowledge. Fourth, the article questions simplified tacit/codified knowledge dichotomies, for example suggesting that more research in organizational knowledge should be refocused towards understanding subjective and institutional knowledge.
Astrology, Alchemy and Retro-Organization Theory: An Astro-Genealogical Critique of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®
Authors: Case Peter , Phillipson Garry
Published: June 2004

The influence of astrology and alchemy on organizational conduct has not hitherto attracted much serious social scientific attention. Retro-organizational theory licenses paying closer attention to topics that are systematically occluded by modern knowledge regimes and is invoked in this article to examine the manner in which premodern cosmologies underpin certain contemporary organizational practices. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ® (MBTI) is presented as a particularly conspicuous example of how the modern may be suffused by the premodern. An astro-genealogical account of the development of the MBTI ® is offered, tracing its Jungian origins and exposing structural debts to Renaissance thinking and earlier forms of symbolism. The article concludes with a consideration of Latour’s claim that ‘we have never been modern’ and suggests ways in which his hybridization critique of modernity connects with astrological and alchemical cosmology.
Party Membership in Ireland
Authors: Gallagher Michael , Marsh Michael
Published: June 2004

A large-scale survey of the members of Fine Gael, Ireland’s second largest party, marks the first exploration of the membership of an Irish political party. Fine Gael members turn out to be of long standing (the average member joined in 1976) and to be older than the party’s voters. Their levels of activism appear respectable, and most perform a linkage role between civil society and members of parliament, but there are signs that activism is declining. Almost half the members have a link to an individual politician and regard themselves as supporters of that politician, an indication of the personal networks that exist within the party structure. On moral issues members are more liberal than voters, but generally there is no sign that members are ‘extremists’ when compared with voters; members’ views are, in fact, quite middle-of-the-road. Members’ perceptions of the Irish party system are explored.
The Contours of Political Party Membership in Canada
Authors: Cross William , Young Lisa
Published: June 2004

This overview of political party membership in Canada begins with an examination of the norms of party membership in the new Canadian party system and then considers who belongs to Canada’s parties, what activities members engage in and how active they are in party affairs. Data from a survey of members of the five major federal parties demonstrate that few Canadians belong to political parties, and those who do belong are not representative of voters generally. The findings also suggest that members are primarily engaged in low-intensity activity and generally contribute little time to party affairs. We conclude that the parties’ inability to engage a significant number of voters as members, particularly younger Canadians, presents an ongoing challenge to their vitality as democratic institutions.
Party Members in a Three-Party Election
Authors: Stone Walter J. , Rapoport Ronald B. , Schneider Monique B.
Published: June 2004

The political parties in the United States do not have formal members as is common in most other Western democracies. We suggest direct-mail contributors are similar to party members in many respects. The 1996 presidential election offers an interesting opportunity for study because of the campaign run by Ross Perot and the newly formed Reform Party. We explore the sources of campaign activism in 1996 using surveys of national samples of contributors to all three parties. We find traditional left-right issues and evaluations of the party and the party’s nominee motivated major-party activism. Reform contributors, in contrast, were motivated by the issues Perot emphasized in his campaign, which were distinct from those that divide the Republican and Democratic parties. They were also influenced by their distrust of politics as usual, and their evaluation of Perot, rather than of their party. We also show that the Republican Party benefited in 2000 from Reform contributors’ mobilization, which suggests a connection between third-party decline and major-party change.
Food Allergy in Young Adults: Perceptions and Psychological Effects
Authors: Lyons Antonia C. , Forde Emer M. E.
Published: June 2004

Although food allergy can have serious health consequences, little is currently known about people’s perceptions of food allergy. The present study examined the differences in awareness and perceptions of food allergy and anxiety between young people with and without a food allergy. Participants completed a questionnaire which asked about their perceptions and knowledge of allergies, perceived health competence and anxiety. Of the 162 participants 24 reported they were allergic to at least one food; these people perceived that their allergy had significantly less of an impact on their lives than others believed it would. Allergy status interacted with perceived health competence to affect anxiety. People with an allergy and with high health competence reported the greatest anxiety levels. Very few of the sample knew the meaning of the term ‘anaphylaxis’. Findings are discussed in terms of health education implications and possibilities.
‘Healthy Weight’ at What Cost? ‘Bulimia’ and a Discourse of Weight Control
Authors: Burns Maree , Gavey Nicola
Published: June 2004

Public health messages emphasizing ‘healthy weight’ link good health to a narrow range of body weights and stress energy regulation to achieve this. We examined whether women who practise bulimia deploy notions of ‘healthy weight’ in their talk about body management activities. Analysis is based on interviews with 15 women who practise bulimia and on material collected from cultural locations containing ‘health promotion’ advice. Poststructuralist discourse analysis revealed that slenderness was constituted as healthy in both sites and that the careful regulation of energy intake and output was similarly reified as a healthy practice. We conclude that a discourse of ‘healthy weight’ cannot be unhinged from a cultural imperative of slenderness for women, and that paradoxically ‘health’ practices provide a rationality that supports the practices of binge eating and compensating.
A Rhetorical Approach to Discussions about Health and Vegetarianism
Authors: Wilson Marc Stewart , Weatherall Ann , Butler Carly
Published: June 2004

Typically, research on vegetarianism has sought to identify the psychological characteristics that distinguish vegetarians from meat-eaters. Health concerns have been identified as a motivation for meat abstention. In this article, rhetorical analysis of Internet discussions about health and vegetarianism highlights the argumentative orientation of explanations for meat consumption, with the various constructions of health serving a rhetorical function. We show the dilemmatic nature of arguments about the relationship between food and health: food can promote health and cause ill-health, and suggest that meat-eating as a dominant practice is supported by the rhetorical use of notions of ‘balance’, implying moderation, inclusion and rationality. This rhetorical approach represents a radical critique of past work that assumes opinions given in response to questions about vegetarian practices represent ‘causes’ of dietary practice.
The Past and Present Influence of World Views
Authors: Kalberg Stephen
Published: June 2004

Weber’s definition of world views is summarized and the several ways in which world views in his sociology influence the formation of social groupings are outlined. The manner in which a ‘sustaining’ and a ‘dynamic’ autonomy characterize world views is noted; their capacity to constitute foundational and ‘background’ forces for (a) a methodical-rational organization of life and (b) historical developments and social change is also addressed. The influence of world views is then discussed in reference to the crucial question of how their ‘autonomy’ is conveyed; salvation doctrines, social carriers and various ‘social configurations’, it is argued, are indispensable. Finally, Weber’s analysis of an epoch in which world views have lost a great deal of their original influence - namely our own - is examined. Do societies ‘require’ world views? Are the consequences significant when world views become severely weakened? World views, it is concluded, constitute a significant concept for sociological analysis, yet one heretofore widely neglected.
A Durkheimian Network Theory
Authors: Segre Sandro
Published: June 2004

This article sets out, first of all, to reconstruct a Durkheimian network theory that is derived from Durkheim’s own writings, and the sociological literature that considers their relationship to network theory. Secondly, it seeks to show how this Durkheimian network theory is compatible with, and may contribute to, contemporary network theory and fields of inquiry to which network theory has been applied, such as social movements, professions, social capital and organizations. According to this Durkheimian network theory, systemic solidarity flows from dense economic and non-economic relations in local subsystems connected through institutional relations, as are relations in the professions or in the market. If this is not the case, the social system disintegrates into a set of unconnected, or loosely connected, clusters.
Wondrous Innocence
Authors: Cross Gary
Published: June 2004

Early 20th-century American print advertising offered a new model of child rearing grounded in the presumed natural and positive wonderment of childhood that age destroyed and adults found rejuvenating. By focussing on advertising in major magazines that were designed to tap consumers’ sentiments and longings, we find representations of parental values. Advertising not only associated commodities with the child’s look of wonder, but suggested that children were the portals to the new world of consumption by their natural desires. Advertisers drew upon sentiments rooted in the romanticism of the 18th and early 19th centuries, but, by 1900, these ideas that associated children with a positive view of nature and timeless wonder were adapted to commercialization. While these ideas contrasted sharply with the rational/developmentalist ideas of early 20th-century child-rearing manuals, experts gradually adapted a permissive approach that largely coincided with the messages of advertising.
The Business of Branded Enchantment
Authors: Langer Beryl
Published: June 2004

Mapping the global distribution of children’s consumer culture and its conditions of consumption and production, this article argues that while the continuing salience of sacralized understandings of ‘childhood’ lends enchantment to the means of consumption in the children’s culture industry, it also intensifies moral scrutiny of the industry’s products and conditions of production. The article examines the strategic use of sacralized understandings of childhood by both the industry and its critics and considers the disjunctive global flows of enchantment, exploitation and critical intervention mediated by information communication technology. It draws on a range of sources, including public domain information on corporations and industry associations, unobtrusive observation of sites of children’s consumption, the packaging and promotion of children’s toys, games and entertainment, ILO and NGO research on toy production in Export Processing Zones, academic and activist discourse on global consumer capitalism and recent theoretical work in the sociology of childhood.
Rethinking Equality of Opportunity: Comment on Adam Swift’s How Not to be a Hypocrite
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth
Published: June 2004

Adam Swift objects to private schools on the grounds of equal opportunity and efficiency, and to both private and selective public schools on the grounds of solidarity and improving the academic achievement of less advantaged students. I argue that private schools are not inefficient, and that a meritocratic ideal of equality of opportunity in K-12 contexts is either inapplicable or undesirable. Swift’s objection that private school students unfairly ‘jump the queue’ is based on envy. Enforcing a queue by blocking extra parental investment in their children’s education would be inefficient and unjustly burden people who value education highly. Nor do the educational interests of the less advantaged always justify restrictions on selective schools. However, Swift’s solidarity objection against selective public schools is sound. I develop this objection in the context of ideals of democracy and equal citizenship.