bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2160 Does maternal schistosomiasis affect the humoral and cellular vaccine responses of infants?
Authors: Bloch Deborah , McLaughlin Taryn , Day Cheryl , Secor W. Evan , van Dam Govert , Corstjens Paul , Jaspan Heather B. , John-Stewart Grace , Omer Saad B. , Cranmer Lisa
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The aims of this study are 2-fold: (1) to determine if maternal schistosomiasis affects maternal immunity to tetanus and/or transplacental transfer of antitetanus toxoid (TT) immunoglobulin G (IgG) from mother to infant and (2) determine the influence of maternal schistosomiasis on infant BCG vaccine immunogenicity. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The study will utilize blood samples from a historic cohort of 100 mother-infant pairs from Kisumu, Kenya, a schistosomiasis-endemic area. For the first aim, we will evaluate maternal schistosomal circulating anodic antigen, which has improved sensitivity and specificity to detect active schistosomiasis from serum, and antisoluble egg antigen IgG positivity compared with quantitative maternal anti-TT IgG at delivery and anti-TT IgG cord blood to maternal blood ratio (cord:maternal ratio). For the second aim, we will evaluate association between maternal schistosomiasis as detected by circulating anodic antigen and antisoluble egg antigen IgG at delivery and infant BCG-specific Th1-cytokine positive CD4+ cells at 10 weeks following BCG vaccination at birth. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize that active maternal schistosomiasis will be associated with decreased maternal anti-TT IgG and reduced efficiency of transplacental transfer, as measured by infant cord blood to maternal blood ratio of anti-TT IgG. We also expect that maternal schistosomiasis will be associated with decreased infant immunogenicity to BCG vaccine. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This is a formative study on infant vaccine immunity using laboratory methodology not previously applied. Understanding infant immunity in the setting of maternal schistosomiasis will inform vaccination strategies and tailor vaccine development in schistosome-endemic areas such as Kenya, where neither TB nor neonatal tetanus have been eradicated. Additionally, our results will inform public health policies to consider integration of antischistosomal agents in antenatal care.
2060 Exploring gene expression signature shared between obese Zucker rat and human cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Newman Mackenzie , Stricker Janelle , Yu Han-Gang
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Objectives: To determine genes that are shared between human and obese Zucker rat hypertrophic hearts, in order to identify potential early biomarkers and drug target for heart failure. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Four age-paired lean and obese Zucker rats were used. The human data are derived from doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00122.2016. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We expect to find genes that are upregulated and downregulated in Zucker rats and humans that present cardiac hypertrophy. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The genes and proteins determined from this study will provide future directions in order to determine whether obese Zucker rats are a valid model organism for the development of cardiac hypertrophy.
2543 High concentrations of CXCL12 decrease pancreatic adenocarcinoma growth
Authors: Vonderhaar Emily , Dwinell Michael , Roy Ishan R. , McAllister Donna M. , Dwinell Michael B.
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: We hypothesized that CXCL12, as a biased dimer variant or secreted at dimer-dominant concentrations, would influence PDAC growth and progression. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: PDAC cells were genetically manipulated to express dimer-promoting levels of CXCL12. These cells were studied in vitro or orthotopically implanted into the mouse pancreas for in vivo studies. As a second approach, recombinant wild-type or engineered CXCL12 monomer or dimer proteins were applied to cells in culture or administered intra-peritoneal to study the effects on tumor growth. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Mice engrafted with CXCL12-expressing cells had a better survival rate, delayed tumor growth and smaller tumors. Tumors from these mice had significantly less proliferation, measured by Ki-67 staining. In vitro analysis of CXCL12-expressing cells showed decreased viability and growth rates. Percent of cells in the cell cycle G2 phase was also decreased, suggesting cell cycle progression blockade. Viability of human PDAC cells dose-dependently declined upon wild-type CXCL12 treatment, with the non-motile dimer-dominant dose (1000 nM) exhibiting maximal effect. Treatment in an allogeneic mouse model of PDAC with locked-dimer CXCL12, but not wild-type, reduced tumor burden. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our results support the notion that biased CXCL12 signaling may be therapeutically exploited to limit pancreatic cancer progression.
2050 Identifying the role and immunobiological mechanisms of Fli-1 mediated pathogenicity in graft Versus host disease
Authors: Schutt Steven , Wu Yongxia , Daenthanasanmak Anusara , Bastian David , Wilson Carole , Schnapp Lynn , Zhang Xian , Yu Xue-Zhong , Nguyen Hung , Sofi Mohammed Hanief , Iamsuwat Supinya
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a curative procedure for hematological malignancies. Chronic graft Versus host disease (cGVHD) is a lethal complication that often develops after allo-HCT. Fli-1 is an aberrantly expressed protein in cancers including erythroleukemia and melanoma, while being implicated in pathogenesis of systemic lupus in mice and humans, a disease with marked similarity to cGVHD. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: cGVHD was induced using hematopoietic cells from conditional knock-out mice deficient for the fli-1 gene specifically on T cells and progression of cGVHD in murine allo-HCT recipients was monitored using a clinical scoring system, and changes in activation status of hematopoietic cell populations were quantified using flow cytometry. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Recipients transplanted with fli-1 deficient T cells exhibited reduced cGVHD clinical scores compared with littermate wild-type controls. Donor-grafts containing fli-1 deficient T cells were associated with restrained T-cell responses including reduced Interferon-y cytokine production, PD-1 expression, and differentiation into follicular helper T cells. fli-1 T-cell deficient donor-grafts also improved donor B-cell reconstitution and reduced plasma cells in allo-HCT recipients relative to littermate wild-type control donor-graft recipients. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Thus, inhibiting Fli-1 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the goal of preventing cGVHD after allo-HCT while also directly targeting cancers which aberrantly express Fli-1.
2333 Impact of spoken sentence predictability on cognitive spare capacity in elderly adults with hearing loss
Authors: Hunter Cynthia R. , Pisoni David B. , Collins Dakota , Humes Larry E.
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Listening effort is needed to understand speech that is degraded by hearing loss and/or a noisy environment. Effortful listening reduces cognitive spare capacity (CSC). Predictive contexts aid speech perception accuracy, but it is not known whether the use of context reduces or preserves CSC. Here, we compare the impact of predictive context and cognitive load on behavioral indices of CSC in elderly, hearing-impaired adults. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Elderly, hearing-impaired adults listened in a noisy background to spoken sentences in which sentence-final words were either predictable or not predictable based on the sentence context. Cognitive load was manipulated by asking participants to remember either short or long sequences of visually presented digits. Participants were divided into low or high cognitive capacity groups based on a pretest of working memory. Accuracy and response times were examined for report of both sentence-final words and digit sequences. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary results indicate that accuracy and response times for both words and digits were facilitated by sentence predictability, suggesting that the use of predictive sentence context preserves CSC. Response times for both words and digits and accuracy for digits were impaired under cognitive load. Trends were similar across high and low cognitive capacity groups. The preliminary results support the idea that habilitation strategies involving context use could potentially support CSC in elderly, hearing-impaired adults. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These preliminary results support the concept that habilitation strategies involving context use could potentially support CSC in elderly, hearing-impaired adults.
2044 Investigation of patient-reported outcomes following ACL reconstruction using Rasch analysis
Authors: Hunnicutt Jenny , Gregory Chris , Pietrosimone Brian , Kuenze Chris , Hand Brittany , Velozo Craig
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The knee injury osteoarthritis and outcomes survey (KOOS) is a commonly used instrument to measure patient-reported quality of life (QOL) post-ACLR. The purpose is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the QOL subscale of the KOOS. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Rasch analysis of KOOS QOL subscale from 39 individuals 1–2 years post ACLR was conducted. Measurement properties and model fit of the rating scale, items, and persons were evaluated. Relationship of item difficulties and person measures was evaluated using probability curves and item maps. Reliability indicators were also examined. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: All items demonstrated infit and outfit mean squares and standard z-scores. The majority of persons (n=38, 97.4%) demonstrated fit to the Rasch model. However, ceiling effects were noted (n=4, 10.26%), indicating some participants report higher QOL than is measurable. The mean person measure was 1.73 logits higher than the mean item measure: this sample is skewed toward higher QOL. Person reliability was adequate (0.67) and person separation was 1.42. Calculation of person strata revealed that the KOOS QOL separated participants into 2 strata. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Although all items of the KOOS QOL fit the model, not all categories of the rating scale were used. Overall, this sample reported high QOL, which is to be expected given the time since ACLR. If participants with a broader range of time since ACLR were included, that the KOOS QOL could identify additional person strata.
2322 Modulation of autophagy in intestinal health and inflammation
Authors: Castillo Eliseo
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Modulation of autophagy has the potential to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is characterized by dysregulated inflammatory pathways and a defective intestinal epithelial barrier. We sought to better understand how autophagy can be utilized to regulate both inflammation and the intestinal barrier. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We examined mice with an autophagy defect in only macrophages in an animal model of IBD. To understand the phenotype, we utilized macrophages to investigate the mechanism behind autophagy and proinflammatory cytokine secretion. In addition, we analyzed the development of colonoids in a co-culture system with macrophages with or without a functional autophagy pathway. Lastly, pharmacological modulation of autophagy to control inflammation was assessed. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Mice with autophagy-deficient macrophages were highly susceptible to intestinal barrier disruption. Susceptibility was due to enhanced proinflammatory cytokine secretion and intestinal permeability. Furthermore, proinflammatory macrophages (due to an autophagy defect) co-cultured with colonoids, significantly decreased the number of mucus producing goblet cells. Finally, pharmacologically modulation of autophagy reduced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokine by macrophages and reduced intestinal permeability. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our results strongly suggest autophagy modulation can dampen inflammation and enhance the intestinal epithelial barrier.
How participative is open source hardware? Insights from online repository mining
Authors: Bonvoisin Jérémy , Buchert Tom , Preidel Maurice , Stark Rainer G.
Published: November 2018

Open Source Hardware (OSH) is an increasingly viable approach to intellectual property management extending the principles of Open Source Software (OSS) to the domain of physical products. These principles support the development of products in transparent processes allowing the participation of any interested person. While increasing numbers of products have been released as OSH, little is known on the prevalence of participative development practices in this emerging field. It remains unclear to which extent the transparent and participatory processes known from software reached hardware product development. To fill this gap, this paper applies repository mining techniques to investigate the transparency and workload distribution of 105 OSH product development projects. The results highlight a certain heterogeneity of practices filling a continuum between public and private development settings. They reveal different organizational patterns with different levels of centralization and distribution. Nonetheless, they clearly indicate the expansion of the open source development model from software into the realms of physical products and provide the first large-scale empirical evidence of this recent evolution. Therewith, this article gives body to an emerging phenomenon and contributes to give it a place in the scientific debate. It delivers categories to delineate practices, techniques to investigate them in further detail as well as a large dataset of exemplary OSH projects. The discussion of first results signposts avenues for a stream of research aiming at understanding stakeholder interactions at work in new product innovation practices in order to enable institutions and industry in providing appropriate responses.
An optimized method to calculate the geodetic mass balance of mountain glaciers
Authors: BASANTES-SERRANO RUBÉN , RABATEL ANTOINE , VINCENT CHRISTIAN , SIRGUEY PASCAL
Published: November 2018

Understanding the effects of climate on glaciers requires precise estimates of ice volume change over several decades. This is achieved by the geodetic mass balance computed by two means: (1) the digital elevation model (DEM) comparison (SeqDEM) allows measurements over the entire glacier, however the low contrast over glacierized areas is an issue for the DEM generation through the photogrammetric techniques and (2) the profiling method (SePM) is a faster alternative but fails to capture the spatial variability of elevation changes. We present a new framework (SSD) that relies upon the spatial variability of the elevation change to densify a sampling network to optimize the surface-elevation change quantification. Our method was tested in two small glaciers over different periods. We conclude that the SePM overestimates the elevation change by ~20% with a mean difference of ~1.00 m (root mean square error (RMSE) = ~3.00 m) compared with results from the SeqDEM method. A variogram analysis of the elevation changes showed a mean difference of <0.10 m (RMSE = ~2.40 m) with SSD approach. A final assessment on the largest glacier in the French Alps confirms the high potential of our method to compute the geodetic mass balance, without going through the generation of a full-density DEM, but with a similar accuracy than the SeqDEM approach.
Challenging cross-linguistic typology: Right-edge consonantal prominence in Kaqchikel
Authors: NASUKAWA KUNIYA , BACKLEY PHILLIP , YASUGI YOSHIHO , KOIZUMI MASATOSHI
Published: November 2018

It is known that consonants can act as boundary markers when they are located at the left edge of a prosodic domain, helping listeners to parse incoming speech. To achieve maximum efficiency in marking out boundaries, those markers should be acoustically salient. In Element Theory, domain markers are represented by the elements |H| and |ʔ|. Being inherently voiceless, these elements stand apart from the other elements, which are spontaneously voiced. Most languages show a preference for incorporating |H| or |ʔ| into segmental structures which stand at the left edge of domains. This paper challenges the universality of this view by analysing data from Kaqchikel, a K’iche’an language with a bias for marking the right edge of domains rather than the left. The marker in question is intense/prolonged noise which, in Element Theory is represented by |H|. The |H| element is present in fortis fricatives and aspirates, and in Kaqchikel it regularly appears in segments at the right edge of prosodic domains where it serves as a domain boundary marker. Boundary marking in Kaqchikel is analysed here using a Precedence-free Phonology approach to melodic structure (Nasukawa 2016) in which the linear ordering of segments is determined by the hierarchical organization of melodic units (elements) within a unified melodic–prosodic structure.
Crystal structure of hydroxyzine dihydrochloride, C21H29ClN2O2Cl2
Authors: Krueger Jordan A. , Kaduk James A. , Gindhart Amy M. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: November 2018

The crystal structure of hydroxyzine dihydrochloride has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Hydroxyzine dihydrochloride crystallizes in space group P21 (#4) with a = 11.48735(10), b = 7.41792(7), c = 14.99234(15) Å, β = 110.4383(10)°, V = 1197.107(13) Å3, and Z = 2. The hydroxyl-containing side chain of the cation is disordered over two conformations, with ~70/30% occupancy. The crystal structure consists of alternating polar (which includes the cation-anion interactions and hydrogen bonds) and nonpolar layers parallel to the ab-plane. The crystal structure is dominated by hydrogen bonds. Each of the protonated nitrogen atoms forms a very strong hydrogen bond to one of the chloride anions. The hydroxyl group forms a strong hydrogen bond to one of the chloride anions in both conformations, and there are subtle differences in the hydrogen bonding patterns between the conformations. The powder pattern is included in the Powder Diffraction File™ as entry 00-066-1603.
Constructing cartographic authority: the conceptualization and mapping of urban spaces in Edinburgh, c. 1880 – c. 1920
Authors: FEINTUCK ANNA
Published: November 2018

This article examines how, in the production and use of cartographic items, urban space and local knowledge were brought together to construct authoritative representations of place. Its approach is twofold. The first half of the article is an examination of the mapmakers John Bartholomew & Co.’s changing premises across Edinburgh, which shows that the firm carefully curated their business properties in order to convey credibility and gain trust. The article then introduces the London-based firm Charles E. Goad Ltd, producers of fire insurance plans, and considers their acquisition of urban information and their use of local knowledge from a distance to achieve similar aims. Both cases illustrate the importance of close attention to geography and the spatial dimensions of knowledge construction.
C.P. Snow and the Two Cultures, 60 Years Later
Authors: Massey Walter E.
Published: November 2018

This article considers the modern-day relevance of C.P. Snow’s ‘The Two Cultures’ while the author, Walter Massey, reflects upon his own personal journey through these two worlds, from his early life as a student of physics, to his current role as Chancellor of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. The divisions between the sciences and the arts have been improved over time, thanks to the evolution of both disciplines, the rise of interdisciplinary scholarship, and a more collaborative mindset among scholars of both worlds. Certain shared challenges remain, such as the decline in the perceived value of intellectualism and scholarship among certain segments of society. The keys to overcoming these new two cultures are open communication and transparency.
Overlapping dimensional phenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity explain co-occurrence of addictive and related behaviors
Authors: Tiego Jeggan , Oostermeijer Sanne , Prochazkova Luisa , Parkes Linden , Dawson Andrew , Youssef George , Oldenhof Erin , Carter Adrian , Segrave Rebecca A. , Fontenelle Leonardo F. , Yücel Murat
Published: November 2018

Objective

Impulsivity and compulsivity have been implicated as important transdiagnostic dimensional phenotypes with potential relevance to addiction. We aimed to develop a model that conceptualizes these constructs as overlapping dimensional phenotypes and test whether different components of this model explain the co-occurrence of addictive and related behaviors.

Methods

A large sample of adults (N= 487) was recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and completed self-report questionnaires measuring impulsivity, intolerance of uncertainty, obsessive beliefs, and the severity of 6 addictive and related behaviors. Hierarchical clustering was used to organize addictive behaviors into homogenous groups reflecting their co-occurrence. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate fit of the hypothesized bifactor model of impulsivity and compulsivity and determine the proportion of variance explained in the co-occurrence of addictive and related behaviors by each component of the model.

Results

Addictive and related behaviors clustered into 2 distinct groups: Impulse-Control Problems, consisting of harmful alcohol use, pathological gambling, and compulsive buying, and Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Problems, consisting of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, binge eating, and internet addiction. The hypothesized bifactor model of impulsivity and compulsivity provided the best empirical fit, with 3 uncorrelated factors corresponding to a general Disinhibition dimension, and specific Impulsivity and Compulsivity dimensions. These dimensional phenotypes uniquely and additively explained 39.9% and 68.7% of the total variance in Impulse-Control Problems and Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Problems.

Conclusion

A model of impulsivity and compulsivity that represents these constructs as overlapping dimensional phenotypes has important implications for understanding addictive and related behaviors in terms of shared etiology, comorbidity, and potential transdiagnostic treatments.
Cognitive Indicators of Preclinical Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia in MAPT Carriers
Authors: Cheran Gayathri , Wu Liwen , Lee Seonjoo , Manoochehri Masood , Cines Sarah , Fallon Emer , Lynch Timothy , Heidebrink Judith , Paulson Henry , Goldman Jill , Huey Edward , Cosentino Stephanie
Published: November 2018

Objectives: The cognitive indicators of preclinical behavioral variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD) have not been identified. To investigate these indicators, we compared cross-sectional performance on a range of cognitive measures in 12 carriers of pathogenic MAPT mutations not meeting diagnostic criteria for bvFTD (i.e., preclinical) versus 32 demographically-matched familial non-carriers (n = 44). Studying preclinical carriers offers a rare glimpse into emergent disease, environmentally and genetically contextualized through comparison to familial controls. Methods: Evaluating personnel blinded to carrier status administered a standardized neuropsychological battery assessing attention, speed, executive function, language, memory, spatial ability, and social cognition. Results from mixed effect modeling were corrected for multiplicity of comparison by the false discovery rate method, and results were considered significant at p < .05. To control for potential interfamilial variation arising from enrollment of six families, family was treated as a random effect, while carrier status, age, gender, and education were treated as fixed effects. Results: Group differences were detected in 17 of 31 cognitive scores and spanned all domains except spatial ability. As hypothesized, carriers performed worse on specific measures of executive function, and social cognition, but also on measures of attention, speed, semantic processing, and memory storage and retrieval. Conclusions: Most notably, group differences arose on measures of memory storage, challenging long-standing ideas about the absence of amnestic features on neuropsychological testing in early bvFTD. Current findings provide important and clinically relevant information about specific measures that may be sensitive to early bvFTD, and advance understanding of neurocognitive changes that occur early in the disease. (JINS, 2019, 25, 184–194)
Kant’s Contextualism
Authors: Flikschuh Katrin
Published: November 2018

This article builds on David Velleman’s recent work on moral relativism to argue that Kant’s account of moral judgement is best read in a contextualist manner. More specifically, I argue that while for Kant the form of moral judgement is invariant, substantive moral judgements are nonetheless context-dependent. The same form of moral willing can give rise to divergent substantive judgements. To some limited extent, Kantian contextualism is a development out of Rawlsian constructivism. Yet while for constructivists the primary concern is with the derivation of generally valid principles of morality, Velleman’s Kant-inspired form of moral relativism demonstrates the indispensability to a Kantian approach of indexical reasons for action. I argue in turn that Velleman’s focus on the indexical nature of reasons for action must be supplemented by an account of agential reflexivity. The latter divides Kantian contextualism from Kantian relativism.
Principles of Justice, Primary Goods and Categories of Right: Rawls and Kant
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: November 2018

John Rawls based his theory of justice, in the work of that name, on a ‘Kantian interpretation’ of the status of human beings as ‘free and equal’ persons. In his subsequent, ‘political rather than metaphysical’ expositions of his theory, the conception of citizens of democracies as ‘free and equal’ persons retained its foundational role. But Rawls appealed only to Kant’s moral philosophy, never to Kant’s own political philosophy as expounded in his 1797 Doctrine of Right in theMetaphysics of Morals. I argue here that the structure of Kant’s political philosophy, with its categories of the innate right to freedom, private acquired right and public right, can clarify the relationship between Rawls’s two principles of justice and his scheme of basic liberties and primary goods.
Kant and Rawls on Free Speech in Autocracies
Authors: Niesen Peter
Published: November 2018

In the works of Kant and Rawls, we find an acute sensibility to the pre-eminent importance of freedom of speech. Both authors defend free speech in democratic societies as a private and as a public entitlement, but their conceptions markedly differ when applied to non-liberal and non-democratic societies. The difference is that freedom of speech, for Kant, is a universal claim that can serve as a test of legitimacy of all legal orders, while for Rawls, some legal orders are owed full recognition even if they do not in principle guarantee freedom of speech. I explain Kant’s account of free political speech and argue that the defence of individual rights should be seen as its core feature, both in republican and in autocratic states. I then argue that a much-overlooked shift in Rawls’s development toPolitical Liberalismlikewise ties his account of free speech in democratic societies to issues concerning rights and justice. In a next step, I discuss Rawls’s perspective on some non-democratic regimes in hisLaw of Peoples, regimes that he understands as well-ordered but which do not guarantee freedom of speech. I criticize Rawls’s account from Kant’s perspective and suggest to introduce a ‘module’ from Kant’s pre-republican thought into Rawls’s conception, aiming to secure a core area of rights- and justice-related speech. My claim is that under Kant’s view of autocratic legitimacy, an important extension of speech rights is called for even in non-liberal, non-democratic states, and that a Rawlsian account should and can adopt it.
Triticum polonicum L. as potential source material for the biofortification of wheat with essential micronutrients
Authors: Bieńkowska Teresa , Suchowilska Elżbieta , Kandler Wolfgang , Krska Rudolf , Wiwart Marian
Published: November 2018

The grain of modern wheat cultivars has a significantly lower mineral content, including the content of copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, selenium and zinc. For this reason cereal breeders, are constantly searching for new genetic sources of minerals that are essential in human nutrition. Triticum polonicum, which is grown on a small scale in Spain, southern Italy, Algeria, Ethiopia and warm regions of Asia, deserves special attention in this context. The micronutrient and macronutrient content of T. polonicum versus T. durum and T. aestivum was compared in this study. Polish wheat grain was characterized by the significantly highest content of phosphorus (4.55 g/kg), sulphur (1.82 g/kg), magnesium (1.42 g/kg), zinc (49.5 mg/kg), iron (39.1 mg/kg) and boron (0.56 mg/kg) as well as a low content of aluminium (only 1.04 mg/kg). The macronutrient profile of most T. polonicum lines differed completely from that of common wheat and durum wheat. The principal component analysis supported discrimination of seven Polish wheat lines with a particularly beneficial micronutrient profile (P2, P3, P5, P7, P9, P22 and P25). These lines were characterized by the highest content of copper, iron and zinc, as well as the lowest concentrations of strontium, aluminium and barium which are undesirable in food products. The above lines can be potentially applied as source materials for breeding new wheat varieties. The results of this study indicate that Polish wheat could be used in genetic biofortification of durum wheat and common wheat.
Soil metal/metalloid concentrations in the Clyde Basin, Scotland, UK: implications for land quality
Authors: Fordyce F. M. , Everett P. A. , Bearcock J. M. , Lister T. R.
Published: November 2018

An assessment of topsoil (5–20cm) metal/metalloid (hereafter referred to as metal) concentrations across Glasgow and the Clyde Basin reveals that copper, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony and zinc show the greatest enrichment in urban versus rural topsoil (elevated 1.7–2.1 times; based on median values). This is a typical indicator suite of urban pollution also found in other cities. Similarly, arsenic, cadmium and lead are elevated 3.2–4.3 times the rural background concentrations in topsoil from the former Leadhills mining area. Moorlands show typical organic-soil geochemical signatures, with significantly lower (P<0.05) concentrations of geogenic elements such as chromium, copper, nickel, molybdenum and zinc, but higher levels of cadmium, lead and selenium than most other land uses due to atmospheric deposition/trapping of these substances in peat. In farmland, 14% of nickel and 7% of zinc in topsoil samples exceed agricultural maximum admissible concentrations, and may be sensitive to sewage-sludge application. Conversely, 5% of copper, 17% of selenium and 96% of pH in farmland topsoil samples are below recommended agricultural production thresholds. Significant proportions of topsoil samples exceed the most precautionary (residential/allotment) human-exposure soil guidelines for chromium (18% urban; 10% rural), lead (76% urban; 45% rural) and vanadium (87% urban; 56% rural). For chromium, this reflects volcanic bedrock and the history of chromite ore processing in the region. However, very few soil types are likely to exceed new chromiumVI-based guidelines. The number of topsoil samples exceeding the guidelines for lead and vanadium highlight the need for further investigations and evidence to improve human soil-exposure risk assessments to better inform land contamination policy and regeneration.
Human Genetics Society of Australasia Position Statement: Genetic Testing and Personal Insurance Products in Australia
Authors: Newson Ainsley J. , Ayres Sam , Boyle Jackie , Gabbett Michael T. , Nisselle Amy
Published: November 2018

The expansion of genetic and genomic testing in clinical practice and research and the growing market for at home personal genome testing has led to increased awareness about the impact of this form of testing on insurance. Genetic or genomic information can be requested by providers of mutually rated insurance products, who may then use it when setting premiums or determining eligibility for cover under a particular product. Australian insurers are subject to relevant legislation and an industry standard that was updated in late 2016. In 2018, the Human Genetics Society of Australasia updated its position statement on genetic testing and life insurance to account for these changes and to increase the scope of the statement to include a wider scope of insurance products that are not rated according to community risk, such as life, critical care, and income protection products. Recommendations include that providers of professional education involving genetics should include ethical, legal, and social aspects of insurance discrimination in their curricula; that the Australian government take a more active role in regulating use of genetic information in personal insurance, including enacting a moratorium on use of genetic test results; that information obtained in the course of a research project be excluded; and that there is improved engagement between the insurance industry, regulators, and the genetics profession.
Fineleaf Fescue Species and Variety Tolerance to Glyphosate
Authors: Askew Shawn D. , Askew Whitnee B. , Goatley J. Michael
Published: November 2018

Some fineleaf fescues have demonstrated tolerance to glyphosate, and this broad-spectrum, nonselective herbicide would be a valuable tool for controlling various weeds in low-input turf areas. A study was conducted to evaluate tolerance of 56 fineleaf fescue varieties to glyphosate applied at 0.0, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0 kg ae ha−1. The defunct 2003 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program fineleaf fescue variety trial at the Turfgrass Research Center in Blacksburg, VA, provided main plots on which glyphosate treatments were randomized independently on May 16, 2011, and June 26, 2013. Hard (HF) and sheep fescues (SF) were the most tolerant to glyphosate, followed by strong creeping red fescues (STC) and slender creeping red fescues (SLC). The most sensitive species was Chewings fescue (CH), most varieties of which were injured 50% to 65% per kilogram of glyphosate at 2 wk after treatment (WAT). At 8 WAT, 12 of 14 CH varieties were injured over 30% per kilogram of glyphosate, but predicted injury and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of all varieties were acceptable at a more typical 0.5 to 0.7 kg ha−1glyphosate rate. Nontreated seed head density of CH varieties ranged from 87 and 126 seed heads m−2at 8 WAT compared with 2.8 to 42 seed heads m−2from HF varieties. Glyphosate at 0.15 to 0.5 kg ha−1eliminated 90% of seed heads regardless of fineleaf fescue variety. These data suggest that all fineleaf fescue varieties are inherently tolerant of glyphosate at rates at or below approximately 0.7 kg ha−1, but can be generally separated from most to least tolerant in the following order: HF, SF, STC, SLC, and CH.
Sustainable Observations of Plankton, the Sea’s Food Foundation
Authors: Miloslavich Patricia , Pearlman Jay , Kudela Raphael
Published: November 2018

Workshop on Developing an Implementation Plan for a Sustained, Multidisciplinary Global Observing System of Plankton Communities; Santa Cruz, California, 25–27 June 2018
Origin of Regional Barrovian Metamorphism in Hot Backarcs Prior to Orogeny Deformation
Authors: Hyndman Roy D.
Published: November 2018

This article presents evidence that the high temperatures responsible for much regional metamorphism, the Barrovian sequence, occurs in subduction zone backarcs prior to and not, as commonly inferred, as a consequence of heating during continental collision orogeny. This conclusion follows from the recent recognition that most current subduction zones have 200‐ to 1,000‐km wide backarcs that are uniformly hot. They have Barrovian metamorphism vertical temperature gradients that extrapolate to 800–850 °C at a 35‐km Moho, in contrast to ~450 °C for normal stable crust. This explanation overcomes several difficulties of previous explanations. Collisional crustal shortening and thickening as in Himalaya‐Tibet should reduce the vertical gradient by up to a factor of 2, so the high metamorphic temperatures, if associated with crustal shortening, require an increase in gradient of up to a factor of 4 starting from a stable cool continent. Mechanisms previously suggested for the heat, underthrusting of near‐surface radioactive heat generation, ductile/frictional heating, igneous activity, and deformation‐induced lithosphere thinning, have difficulty producing such large heating. They also are not consistent with evidence that some regional metamorphism is syntectonic or predates deformation and that a cool lithosphere is too strong to deform from plate boundary forces. I suggest that the high temperatures of regional metamorphism initiate in the hot backarc prior to deformation events. Multiple phases of metamorphism also may result from uplift during complex ongoing hot backarc deformation. In this interpretation, orogenic deformation is responsible for bringing the previously existing high‐temperature rocks to the surface, not for the metamorphism itself.
Expansion of Dust Provenance and Aridification of Asia Since ~7.2 Ma Revealed by Detrital Zircon U‐Pb Dating
Authors: Zhang Hanzhi , Lu Huayu , Stevens Thomas , Feng Han , Fu Yu , Geng Junyan , Wang Hanlin
Published: November 2018

The relative importance of global cooling and Tibetan Plateau uplift in driving the aridification of Asia during the late Cenozoic is debated, largely due to the lack of appropriate proxy indicators. Here we address this problem by investigating changes in the source of Chinese loess and Red Clay, which is directly controlled by changes in the extent and distribution of the arid zone of Asia and the intensity of the East Asian winter monsoon, using zircon U‐Pb dating of 27 levels in a near‐continuous eolian sedimentary sequence in southern Chinese Loess Plateau. The results show that source regions expanded stepwise at ~7.2, ~2.6, 1.2–0.9 Ma, and at the Last Glacial Maximum. These changes were synchronous with global cooling and ice cover expansion in the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting that the drivers of aridification of the Asian interior were intimately related to global cooling in the late Cenozoic.
The Carr Fire Vortex: A Case of Pyrotornadogenesis?
Authors: Lareau N. P. , Nauslar N. J. , Abatzoglou J. T.
Published: November 2018

Radar and satellite observations document the evolution of a destructive fire‐generated vortex during the Carr fire on 26 July 2018 near Redding, California. The National Weather Service estimated that surface wind speeds in the vortex were in excess of 64 m/s, equivalent to an EF‐3 tornado. Radar data show that the vortex formed within an antecedent region of cyclonic wind shear along the fire perimeter and immediately following rapid vertical development of the convective plume, which grew from 6 to 12 km aloft in just 15 min. The rapid plume development was linked to the release of moist instability in a pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb). As the cloud grew, the vortex intensified and ascended, eventually reaching an altitude of 5,200 m. The role of the pyroCb in concentrating near‐surface vorticity distinguishes this event from other fire‐generated vortices and suggests dynamical similarities to nonmesocyclonic tornadoes.
High‐Broadband Seismoacoustic Signature of Vulcanian Explosions at Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico
Authors: Matoza Robin S. , Arciniega‐Ceballos Alejandra , Sanderson Richard W. , Mendo‐Pérez Gerardo , Rosado‐Fuentes Alejandro , Chouet Bernard A.
Published: November 2018

We present high‐broadband infrasound (0.01–100 Hz; 200‐Hz sample rate) observations of Vulcanian explosions at Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico. Popocatépetl is a highly active andesitic stratovolcano with regular violent explosions, making it a promising target for seismoacoustic observations. We deployed a four‐element broadband infrasound array (aperture 50 m) colocated with a compact broadband (120 s) seismometer at a site (ATLI) 15.8 km to the east‐southeast of Popocatépetl's summit. We highlight waveform examples from five powerful explosions during October to December 2017 that produced infrasound zero‐to‐peak pressure amplitudes ranging from 30 to 100 Pa at ATLI. The infrasound waveforms are highly asymmetric and are associated with clear air‐ground‐coupled arrivals on seismometers, with inverted vertical displacement waveforms tracking infrasonic pressure waveforms. Popocatépetl is close to major population centers, and array processing reveals persistent background infrasound from multiple directions, presumably of anthropogenic origin; our results have implications for infrasound monitoring at populated volcanoes.
Evaluating the Significance of the Contrail Effect on Diurnal Temperature Range Using the Eyjafjallajökull Eruption‐Related Flight Disruption
Authors: Sandhu Ajvir S. , Baldini James U. L.
Published: November 2018

Meteorological data collected during the post‐9/11 flight grounding in the United States suggested that the removal of contrails increased diurnal temperature range (DTR), but subsequent research has contested this result. The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption resulted in a 97% flight cancelation rate across the UK, offering another rare opportunity to compare DTR under contrail‐free skies against those with contrails. Temperature data from 199 UK meteorological stations indicate that a +3.4 °C DTR anomaly occurred during the grounding interval across the region previously affected by the highest flight densities, substantially larger than the +1.1 °C anomaly previously observed but smaller than other DTR anomalies (up to ~ +6 °C) that were independent of the grounding. Although the observed DTR anomalies are largely attributable to weather system migration, a contribution of up to +1 °C from contrail absence appears reconcilable with both the observed time evolution in DTR during the Eyjafjallajökull grounding period and previous results.
Imaging the Moho and the Main Himalayan Thrust in Western Nepal With Receiver Functions
Authors: Subedi Shiba , Hetényi György , Vergne Jérôme , Bollinger Laurent , Lyon‐Caen Hélène , Farra Véronique , Adhikari Lok Bijaya , Gupta Ratna Mani
Published: November 2018

The crustal structure of Western Nepal is studied for the first time by performing receiver function analysis on teleseismic waveforms recorded at 16 seismic stations. The Moho geometry is imaged as it deepens from ~40‐km depth beneath the foothills and the Lesser Himalaya to ~58‐km depth beneath the Higher Himalayan range. A midcrustal low‐velocity zone is detected at ~15‐km depth along ~55‐km horizontal distance and is interpreted as the signature of fluids expelled from rocks descending in the footwall of the Main Himalayan Thrust. Our new image allows structural comparison of the Moho and of the Main Himalayan Thrust geometry along‐strike of the Himalayas and documents long‐wavelength lateral variations. The general crustal architecture observed on our images resembles that of Central Nepal; therefore, Western Nepal is also expected to be able to host large (MW > 8) megathrust earthquakes, as the 1505 CE event.
Reply to Comments by Jia Yue on “Global Distribution and Variations of NO Infrared Radiative Flux and Its Responses to Solar Activity and Geomagnetic Activity in the Thermosphere”
Authors: Tang Chaoli , Wei Yuanyuan , Liu Dong , Luo Tao , Dai Congming , Wei Heli
Published: November 2018

Dr. Jia Yue (J. Y.) recently made comments on the paper of Tang et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024758, hereinafter referred to as T17). J. Y. claimed that there were numerous shortcomings in T17. We disagree with most of his opinions and reply his concerns in this paper.
Weak and Slow, Strong and Fast: How Shear Zones Evolve in a Dry Continental Crust (Musgrave Ranges, Central Australia)
Authors: Hawemann F. , Mancktelow N. S. , Pennacchioni G. , Wex S. , Camacho A.
Published: November 2018

The strike‐slip Davenport Shear Zone in Central Australia developed during the Petermann Orogeny (~550 Ma) in an intracontinental lower crustal setting under dry subeclogite facies conditions (~650 °C, 1.2 GPa). This approximately 5‐km‐wide mylonite zone encloses several large low‐strain domains, allowing a detailed study of the initiation of shear zones and their progressive development. Quartzo‐feldspathic gneisses and granitoids contain compositional layers, such as quartz‐rich pegmatites, mafic bands, and dykes, which should preferentially localize viscous deformation if favorably orientated. This is not observed, except for long, continuous, and fine‐grained dolerite dykes. Instead, many shear zones, typically a few millimeters to centimeters in width but extending for tens of meters, commonly exploited pseudotachylytes and are sometimes parallel to a network of little overprinted fractures. The recrystallized mineral assemblage in the sheared pseudotachylyte is similar to that in the host gneiss, without associated hydration due to fluid‐rock interaction. Lack of localization in quartz‐rich, coarser‐grained (typically >50 μm) rocks compared to mafic dykes, precursor fractures, and pseudotachylytes implies that localization in the dry lower crust preferentially occurs along elongate, planar fine‐grained layers. Transient high stress repeatedly initiated fractures, providing finer‐grained, weaker, planar precursors that localized subsequent ductile shear zones. This intimate interplay between brittle and ductile deformation suggests a local source for lower crustal earthquakes, rather than downward migration of earthquakes from the shallower, usually more seismogenic part of the crust.
The Stratospheric Sudden Warming Event in February 2018 and its Prediction by a Climate System Model
Authors: Rao Jian , Ren Rongcai , Chen Haishan , Yu Yueyue , Zhou Yang
Published: November 2018

A major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) event was observed in February 2018 after a 4‐year absence since the winter of 2013/2014. Based on the reanalysis data, the polar night jet changed from a very strong state to a moderate state during 12–19 January, and the moderate westerlies directly reversed to easterlies during 5–15 February. The intensified East Asian trough, Alaskan blocking, and East U.S. trough amplified the extratropical climatological wave 2, which propagated upward into the stratosphere, leading to a vortex‐splitting SSW event. Predictions of the February 2018 SSW event are explored in hindcasts initialized 0–4 weeks in advance by the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model. Less than 20% of the 28 ensemble members predict the reversal of [U]60°N, 10hPa in hindcasts initialized 3 or 4 weeks in advance if a 5‐day error is allowed, while this ratio increases to 43% in hindcasts initialized 1 week in advance. Based on the climatological occurrence of SSW events in the forecast system, the maximum deterministic predictable limit of this event is 1–2 weeks in this forecast system. The eddy heat flux and its domination by wave 2 can only be predicted within the predictable time limit. A comparison between hindcast members initialized 2 weeks in advance suggests that the extratropical troughs and blockings are responsible for the upward propagation of waves from the troposphere to the stratosphere. The predictable limit of the stratospheric circulation pattern for the February 2018 SSW, 1–2 weeks, also generalizes to other vortex split SSW events such as the January 2009 and February 1999 cases.