bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Clay Brick Powder on ASR Expansion Control of Rhyolite Mortar Bar
Authors: Sujjavanich Suvimol , Meesak Thanawat , Chaysuwan Duangrudee
Published: May 2014

This paper investigated the effect of clay brick powder (BP) on expansion behaviors of mortar bars using rhyolite aggregates, local volcanic rock from central Thailand. The accelerated test condition (ASTM C 1260) was used in this study. The expansion of samples with varying percentages of BP as cement replacement were compared to those of cement mortar bars. The brick powder significantly reduced expansion of mortar bars. As the percent replacement increased, the larger percentage of expansion reduction was. Due to the possible negative effects on mechanical properties of the mixture, the amount of the supplementary materials should be kept as low as possible. The mixture with 30% BP which yielded expansion below 0.05% at 14 days after acceleration, was chosen to study the effect on strength reduction, compared to the plain mixtures under normal and accelerated conditions. Compressive strength of BP samples under accelerated condition was slightly lower (approx.4%) than that of under normal curing while the strength of control mix was significant lower (of 18%) under similar conditions.
Application of Cement-Based Sensor on Compressive Strain Monitoring in Concrete Members
Authors: Loamrat Kraisit , Sappakittipakorn Manote , Sukontasukkul Piti
Published: May 2014

The aim of this research was to implement cement-based sensors in monitoring the change of strain in concrete structures in particular where a compression applies. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory by embedding a cement-based sensor in a 150x150x150 mm normal strength concrete cube. When the sensor-installed concrete cube was loaded, the relation between the fractional change in resistivity (FCR) and strain of the sensors was evaluated. In this study, all cement-based sensors were made of cement paste containing carbon fiber at 2% by volume fraction. They were then varied with the addition of graphite powder at 4% and silica fume at 15% by weight of cement. Thus, there were total four mix proportions. From the experimental results, all sensors provided a good corelation between the FCR and compressive strain. Among them, the carbon fiber plus graphite powder (no silica fume) cement-based sensor yielded the most excellent piezoresistive response.
Early Age Properties of Alkali Activated Brown Coal Fly Ash Binders
Authors: Tennakoon Chandani , Sagoe-Crentsil Kwesi , Sanjayan Jay G. , Shayan Ahmad
Published: May 2014

The present study evaluates potential re-use options for two different types of brown coal fly ash (class C) sourced from Australia as feedstock for geopolymer binder systems. The study covers analysis of fundamental material and mix-design requirements for geopolymer binders as a basis to achieve durable brown coal ash geopolymer matrices. The study established that reference unblended 100% brown coal ash geopolymer mortar samples yielded low strength, typically below 5MPa and poor durability. However, appropriate blends of brown coal ash with selected black coal fly ash (class F) and blast furnace slag to achieve target Si/Al ratios significantly enhanced both setting characteristics, as well as early age compressive strength development (25-35MPa) while improving overall durability performance compared to reference mixes. Moreover, lagoon fly ash blended geopolymer shows better durability while dry precipitator fails to perform well. The discussion also focuses on key source material parameters and reaction processes that influence compressive strength and durability behaviour of marginal brown coal ash sources during geopolymerisation reactions.
Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams with Various Horizontal to Vertical Reinforcements and Shear Span-to-Effective Depth Ratios
Authors: Amornpinnyo Prach , Teerawong Jaruek
Published: May 2014

This paper presents the test results on the shear behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams with six steel reinforcement configurations. They were designed in accordance with the method given in the ACI 318-11. The specimens were subjected to the single concentrated loading at mid-span. The horizontal to vertical reinforcement ratios and shear span-to-effective depth ratios were the variables studied. The shear span-to-effective depth ratios of the beam specimen were between 1.5 to 2.0. The strut-and-tie model was used for the analysis. The test results indicated that the first diagonal cracking load and the failure mode were controlled by the horizontal to vertical reinforcement ratios and the shear span-to-depth ratios. The tests consistently gave the strength values slightly less than those calculated by using the ACI model. A modified ACI model for strut-and-tie was thus proposed and was found to accurately fit the experimental results.
Vulnerability Assessment of Existing Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete School Buildings in Low Seismic Region Using Ambient Noise Method
Authors: Kamarudin Ahmad Fahmy , Azmi Ibrahim , Ibrahim Zainah , Madun Aziman , Daud Mohd Effendi
Published: May 2014

Ground movements triggered by the Bukit Tinggi earthquakes in 2007 to 2009 are believed to be the possible cause of several structural damages on a secondary school building of SMK Bukit Tinggi, in the state of Pahang, Malaysia. This paper describes the ambient noise study conducted on the damaged building (a 4-storey reinforced concrete frame laboratory building) and the adjacent buildings using tri-axial 1 Hz seismometer sensors. Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) analysis was applied to determine the buildings natural frequencies for vulnerability assessment of the damaged structure in both longitudinal and transverse axes. Significant multiple peaks of FAS curves used for natural frequencies determination of the buildings show values between 4.18 to 4.34 Hz, 5.04 to 5.23 Hz, 6.07 to 6.54 Hz and 8.17 to 8.81 Hz, indicating the existence of translational and torsional vibration modes acting on the buildings. Differences in dynamic behaviour between the laboratory and the adjacent buildings may be responsible for the structural damages due to the independent structural response and excessive torsional effect during the Bukit Tinggi earthquake tremors.
Appraisal of Strengthening Cost for Increasing Flexural Strength of Reinforced Concrete Slab Bridges in Thailand
Authors: Suparp Suniti , Joyklad Panuwat
Published: May 2014

The highway live loadings, HS20-44, stipulated by Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) are different from Thai truck weights according to government gazettes issued by Department of Highways. This article aimed to study the strengthening costs of the bridges due to Thai trucks. The reinforced concrete solid slab bridges with the span length ranging from 5 to 10 meters were selected to study. It was found that the bridge responses due to Thai trucks were greater than those from AASHTO loads. The average strengthening costs were approximately 6,958 Baht/sq.m and highest at 7 m-span length. The results of this study would be a reference data to create an alternative plan for bridge strengthening in Thailand in order to sustain the bridge safety level recommended by AASHTO.
Efficiency Factors for Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams: Part 2 - Code Calibration
Authors: Chetchotisak Panatchai , Teerawong Jaruek , Chetchotsak Danaipong , Yindeesuk Sukit
Published: May 2014

This paper presents the limit state shear design formulas for both normal and high-strength reinforced concrete deep beams using strut-and-tie model (STM). The proposed equations are based on the STMs with six state-of-the-art efficiency factors. These STMs were improved by correcting the bias and quantifying the scatter using a Bayesian parameter estimation method. The statistical parameters of material properties, dimensions, and the accuracy of design equations are considered to develop the resistance models obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. The reliability analysis is performed to determine the strength reduction factors. The calculated values of strength reduction factors are proposed for each of the considered efficiency factors.
Road Traffic Fatalities Analysis in AEC Countries
Authors: Klungboonkrong Pongrid , Faiboun Natthapoj
Published: May 2014

Based on a Global Status Report on Road Safety in 2009 [ and in 2013 [, 2007 and 2010 Road Traffic Fatalities (RTFs) data for ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) countries were analyzed and compared, respectively. In this research, both reported and estimated RTFs per 100,000 populations showed relatively low correlation with Gross National Incomes (GNIs) per capita among AEC countries. In contrast, the reported and estimated RTFs per 1,000 vehicles showed reasonably high correlation with both GNIs per capita and number of vehicles per 1,000 populations. The greater the GNIs per capita and/or number of vehicles per 1,000 populations, the lower the reported and estimated RTFs per 1,000 vehicles are. As GNI per capita increases, the proportion of 4-wheeled motor vehicles will rise and the proportion of 2-and 3-wheeled motor vehicles will decline. Therefore, 2-and 3-wheeled motor vehicles were the main contributor to RTFs. The improvement of the adoption and enforcement of national road safety legislation can be generally realized. However, only high income countries (including Singapore and Brunei Darussalam) clearly showed the high performances and only these two countries has adopted and enforced the child-restraint law.
The Influential Factors on the Quality Performance of Road Project Implementation
Authors: Oetomo Wateno , Moetriono Hary
Published: May 2014

This study was conducted to know the elements of management tools (PDCA elements), management performance (5M elements), which is positive and significant impact on the management of the target (elements of the project target), especially the quality performance of project road implementation
Data collection technique was performed by distributing questionnaires questions / statements to the respondents of the project main actors comprised of executive contractors in the road project implementation, then did data processing previously performed data collection and tabulation of data.
In this study was item test, validity test, reliability test to know the proposed research instrument validation, PLS test by Smart PLS to know the predictive relationship between the variables. The hypothetical findings of the staged multi-dimensional management elements were, Work Control-Working Implementation, Time had positive and significant effects on the quality performance of road project implementation.
Sustainable Strategy for Governmental Urban Poor Housing Development in Thailand: Contribution of Self-Customize Income Generation Space
Authors: Tonmitr Nayatat , Ogura Nobuyuki , Irie Toru
Published: May 2014

Within a period of a decade, Baan Mankong Programme (BMP) has been a critical topic of discourse as for urban poor housing scenario in Thailand. This paper unveils the contribution of Income Generation Space (IGS) on the BMP, tools to get IGS, clarifies the categorization of IGS in the BMP as well as pinpoints the imperative factors which help for the IGS enhancement strategy. IGS houses are clarified and made categorizations to unveil the contribution of IGS and trends of spatial utilization of a practical urban poor housing case, Tawanmai community in Khon Kaen, Thailand. The imperative factors for IGS enhancement strategy consist of chronological change, dwellers keenness, dwellers occupation, gender implication, household maneuver system, dwellers education level, as well as transportation issue.
Urban Heat Island Intensity in Chiang Mai City Using Mobile Surveying Approach
Authors: Sangnum Pisut , Kammuang-Lue Niti , Sakulchangsatjatai P. , Terdtoon P.
Published: May 2014

This research aims to evaluate on Urban Heat Island Intensity in Chiang Mai city and to study effects of population density, building density and traffic density on ambient air temperature. The ambient air temperature was measured by thermocouples at a constant altitude of 2 m above the road. The surveyed routes were divided to urban routes and rural routes. The Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII) was calculated from an average ambient air temperature difference between urban and rural areas. Experimental investigations were carried out in 2 periods, which were a day time (12.30-02.30 pm) and a night time (10.00 pm-00.00 am) on Monday, Wednesday, and Sunday in summer time (March-May, 2013). The results show that the UHII in Chiang Mai city in a day time is +1.1 °C and in a night time is +1.3 °C. Moreover, the population density, building density and traffic density were found to have significant effects on ambient air temperature, especially the population density and building density have direct effect on ambient air temperature. However, the traffic density has direct effect on ambient air temperature only in a day time.
Assessing Water Consumption of S-PVC Resin Manufacturing Process by Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Olapiriyakul Sun
Published: May 2014

The rapid growth of industry has resulted in increased severity of water scarcity in the Eastern region of Thailand over the past decade. The assessment of water use by industrial manufacturing processes located in areas experiencing water stress is necessary to ensure a sustainable water resources management. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of life cycle assessment as a tool for assessing water use in an industrial manufacturing process. A case study of S-PVC resin manufacturing process located in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Rayong province, Thailand, is presented. The studying results indicate that the amount of water used to produce 1 Kg of S-PVC resin is 14.72 liters, of which 6.22 liters are withdrawn from local water resources. Additionally, the direct and indirect water use along the production supply chain is accounted for in a streamlined life cycle assessment.
Comparison of GHG Emission from Municipal Solid Waste Management Technology in Selected Cities in Cambodia
Authors: Hoklis Chhay , Sharp Alice
Published: May 2014

The municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one major concern in Cambodia due to complicated problems from waste sector. Until now, because of poor MSWM, solid wastes have produced high pollution, like methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are the substances of greenhouse gas affect to climate change. Therefore, this study was undertaken to estimate and compare the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from municipal solid waste in different cities namely; Phnom Penh, Battambang, and Siem Reap of Cambodia. GHG emission was calculated through Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) calculator 2006 based on secondary data of 2009 for all cities. In order to reduce the GHG emission, four scenarios were proposed with different waste treatment technologies such as composting, anaerobic digestion, waste reduction at landfill by separating waste for recycling before disposal off in landfill, and landfill with gas recovery as well. Additionally, the multiple benefits of implementing the proposed scenarios may include reduction of GHG emission, promotion of energy saving for landfill operation, and promotion of the renewable energy concept like electricity.
Quantity of Formaldehyde in Particleboards
Authors: Khamwichit Wipawee , Sanongraj Wipada
Published: May 2014

The objective of this study was to determine formaldehyde emission considering the following factors; indoor air temperature, type of resin, and thickness of particleboard. Formaldehyde emissions from particleboards were analyzed using the JIS A 1460 and the Perforatored EN 120 methods. Three sets of experiments were conducted to investigate effects on formaldehyde emission from particleboard samples due to these factors. For the first factor, test specimens were conditioned in a dry oven at 20, 35, and 40 °C for a period of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days, emission were analyzed using the JIS A 1460 method. The second factor, type of resin, formaldehyde emissions and remaining were analyzed by the JIS A 1469 and the Perforatored EN 120 methods. For the third factor, thickness of particle board, samples with different thickness were used in the experiments. Results of the first factor indicated that the highest formaldehyde emission was obtained at the condition temperature of 20 °C followed by the emissions at the condition temperature of 35 °C and 40 °C, respectively. In addition, formaldehyde emissions decreased as the condition time increased. Results of the second factor showed that for the JIS A 1469 method, particleboards made with the 10L617A (UF:E1) resin emitted the lowest amount of formaldehyde. While particleboards made with the 10L631 (MUF:E2) resin emitted the lower amount of formaldehyde as compared to the particleboards made with the 10L686 (UF:E2) resin. For the Perforatored EN 120 method, formaldehyde remaining in samples made with UF:E0 was lowest followed by samples made with UF:E1 and UF:E2, respectively. Results for the third factor indicated that the thickness of particleboard has no significant effect on formaldehyde emission. This effect was found for both methods of analysis.
Impact of Fuel Switching to the Level of Air Toxic and its Potential Health Impact in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Thongkum Wisit , Thepanondh Sarawut
Published: May 2014

The annual arithmetic mean concentrations of benzene and 1, 3-butadiene were gradually decreasing tendency from the year 2008 2011 at every monitoring stations in Bangkok. Dramatically decreasing of these air toxics, measured in the road curbside areas were found in the year 2012 when the Thais government implemented the improvement of fuel quality from Euro 2 to Euro 4 standards. Calculated cancer risk of benzene and 1, 3-butadiene dramatically decreased at every monitoring stations. The results indicated that the population was estimated to receive an excess lifetime cancer risk greater than 1 x 10-5, which is proposed as the permissible maximum value for individual excess lifetime cancer risk by the Japan Environmental Agency (JEA). However, cancer risk from air toxic was found significantly decreased in the year 2012. These finding elucidated the effectiveness of changing of fuel quality to the reduction of airborne air toxic concentration in Bangkok environment.
Assessment of Dust Concentrations Affecting People Working on Roadsides to Mahasarakham University
Authors: Bridhikitti Arika , Thongsanit Kanjana , Chumphuthim Sunisa , Khwasui Patsorn , Nabumrung Pawadee , Puangsuk Teerawat
Published: May 2014

This study aims to assess possibility of health risk attributed to nuisance dust on people living and working on roadside areas nearby Mahasarakham University (MSU). Nuisance dust was measured during November 2012 to May 2013 covering a school semester and a school break. All samples for Ban Tha Kong Yang roadside area showed high level of ambient aerosol with size less than 10 micron and the level was exceeding the national ambient air quality standard of 0.12 mg m-3
. Approximately half of the samples taken for Ban Kham Riang also show the same result. This suggests significant dust problem in these areas and could potentially cause adverse human health effects. Results from personal respirable dust sampling show that construction worker was exposed to the highest respirable dust concentration among three occupations, including security guard and street-food cooker. The levels were significantly higher with longer time on the road and having earth moving activity nearby. Occupational exposure to respirable dust, however, was not
exceeding the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard of 5 mg m-3.
Behaviors of Ni and Zn Adsorption on Different Soils Found in the Northeastern Thailand
Authors: Sangiumsak Noppadol , Punrattanasin Pongsakorn
Published: May 2014

In this work, both batch method and column method were used to investigates the adsorption of Ni and Zn on different kinds of soils found in the Northeastern Thailand including clay, silt, and sand. The batch method was used to examine the adsorption isotherm and the effect of contact time, initial concentration, and temperature on the adsorption. The column method was used to simulate the real condition of wastewater adsorption. The results indicated that the adsorption isotherms were fitted with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm. All soils adsorbed Ni better than Zn. The adsorption capacity of soils tended to increase when the temperature increased from 30°C to 50°C. Soil surface characteristic was an important factor that affected on the adsorption capacity of soils. For the column test, the adsorption decreased with the increasing amount of metal solution. Leaching of the metal occurred in a fractional volume.
The Analysis of Shallow Groundwater Quality around Laemchabang Sanitary Landfill, Chonburi, Thailand
Authors: Ponsai Witchuda , Chotpantarat Srilert
Published: May 2014

This study focused on quality of shallow groundwater collected around Laemchabang sanitary landfill Chonburi Province, Thailand. The sixteen public shallow wells were collected and analyzed for pH, cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+), anions (HCO-3, Cl- and SO4 2-) and metals (As, Fe, Mn, Zn and Al). The results were reported by statistical and correlation techniques. It was found that, in some wells, metals such as Fe and Mn exceeded the acceptable limits. Thus, shallow groundwater around Laemchabang Sanitary Landfill would not be suitable for drinking. According to correlation analysis, pH value is positively correlated with HCO-3, Fe and Al. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are positively correlated with HCO-3 and Cl-. Arsenic is positively correlated with Fe and Mn. Most shallow groundwater samples in this area are the mixed type, Ca (Mg)Cl (SO4) type, which may occur from water-rock interaction and leakage from landfill to groundwater system.
The Review on Significant Adverse Impact of Poor Indoor Air Quality on Employees Health
Authors: Rahman M.A.A. , Musa M.K. , Jeni M.L.A.
Published: May 2014

The 21st century is the era of civilization transformation from the industrial society towards the information society. One of the main features of the information society is spending most of their time to work in a building with the aids of artificial ventilation. However, most of these societies are evolving a mindset in which the job done in the space of an office building is a job that does not have risks as well as the most safe and comfortable working environment from negative influences. In fact, previous studies have shown that the quality of air in a space is a significant factor that can influence the effectiveness of the quality of work. These include declining productivity and damages to material and equipment and also impact on the health of workers. This study discusses the effects of indoor air pollution on human health in the workplace environment. Therefore, this paper also discusses the contaminants in the air that contribute to sick building syndrome. The study found that indoor air pollution is a significant adverse effect on the health of workers in the building.
Utilization of Waste from Para Rubber Industry to Produce Compost
Authors: Taenkaew Wassana , Samo Suhainee , Pongyeela Prukraya , Chungsiriporn Juntima , Pornpunyapat Jutarut
Published: May 2014

A survey of cooperative concentrated rubber latex industry in southern Thailand showed that most of them do not have adequate treatments for their wastes. Especially, skim latex serum (SS) with high source of ammonia is a main wastewater generated from their industries and concentrated latex sludge (CS) with high source of phosphorus is a main solid waste obtained from their industries. It was noted that both of the wastes cause environment problems. Water pollution and bad smell of NH3from these waste systems have also been generated and affected to human health. One low investment possibility is the elaboration of these wastes by composting because these wastes contain some nutrients (N, P, K) in available forms resulting in high potential to add value for fertilizer production. However, both of the wastes have a small amount of organic matter content that need to be mixed with other materials with high organic matter such as sawdust (SD). Thus, the aim of this research was to investigate the utilization of these wastes to produce compost. In this work, the SS, CS and SD were composted in specially designed composting vessel (6L) with various mixing ratios of the SS, CS and SD in order to examine the optimized mixing condition and physical properties of the compost. Each treatment was composted with 60 days of composting duration. The performance of composting process was analyzed in term of the following: temperature, pH, electric conductivity, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and C/N ratio. The analysis of temperature, pH, and electric conductivity was measured every day while the analysis of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and C/N ratio was investigated every 10 days. According to the results, the optimized mixing ratio of SS, CS and SD for composting was 1:1:1. The final resultant compost was feasible for agricultural use. From the view point of compost qualities, it was in the range of the Thai compost standard with 7.91 of pH, 15.06 (%w/w) of total organic carbon, 1.24 (%w/w) of total nitrogen, 0.69 (%w/w) of total phosphorus and 21.6 of C/N ratio.
Effectiveness of Ubol Ratana and Lam Pao Reservoirs for Flood Mitigation in the Downstream Area of the Chi River Basin Using HEC-HMS Model
Authors: Kuntiyawichai Kittiwet
Published: May 2014

The Chi River Basin is vulnerable to flooding due to its location in the pathway of tropical storms during the monsoon season, flat topography, large proportion area of community settlements and agricultural activities and poor management of water release from dams. Since there is still a lack of lasting viable solution to flooding problems, an insight into detailed aspects of flood alleviation needs to be addressed. The objective of this study was to perform rainfall-runoff analysis using Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) model in order to assess the effectiveness of Ubol Ratana and Lam Pao reservoirs for flood mitigation in the downstream area of the Chi River Basin. A scenario-based study that investigates the attenuation of flood peak discharge downstream of the Chi River Basin for the year 2001 was presented. Water storing and releasing scenarios from different reservoirs were designed to cover possible situations. The HEC-HMS model was used to simulate the attenuation effect of downstream flood hydrograph. The simulated results showed that the decrease of releasing water from Ubol Ratana and Lam Pao reservoirs by 10, 30 and 50 % during the wet year (2001), affected the decrease of peak flood by 5.86%, 17.57%, and 26.59%, respectively. In conclusion, reducing existing reservoir releases should be considered as part of proactive flood risk reduction measures, and the HECHMS model is able to describe the hydrological processes through underlying physical and mathematical relations.
Quantifying Consequences of Land Use and Rainfall Changes on Maximum Flood Peak in the Lower Nam Phong River Basin
Authors: Kuntiyawichai Kittiwet , Sri-Amporn Winai , Pruthong Chadchai
Published: May 2014

When the severity of exposure to flood is being addressed, several related concerns have always been raised to draw attention on a growing flood threat. In relation to this, the extraordinary insight into the seriousness of land use and rainfall changes that could greatly exacerbate flood impacts would need to be highlighted. The importance of the aforementioned issue lies in the main objective of quantifying consequences of how changes in land use and rainfall affect the hydrological processes in the lower Nam Phong River Basin. The use of Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) simulation model would add robustness and predictability to the overall results. It was apparent from the calibration and validation processes that there are reasonably close agreement between observed and simulated discharges at Ban Nong Hin gauging station (E.22A), with good correlation coefficients (ENS= 0.78, r2= 0.81 and ENS= 0.77, r2= 0.82, respectively). Thereafter, different what-if scenarios were conducted to determine impacts of land use changes in 2001, 2011 and 2057 and extreme rainfall with different return periods of 10-, 50-and 100-years on hydrological responses. A slight increase in peak flows were equal to 4% and 1%, as a consequence of the change from 2001 land use conditions to 2011 and 2057, respectively. Conversely, a large increase in peak discharges was expected to be 13%, 20% and 27% when the 2001 rainfall event was adjusted to the projected changes in rainfall corresponding to 10-, 50-and 100-year return periods, respectively. In brief, insignificant relation between hydrological response and land use changes was obviously found, but it was of particular significance due to changes in rainfall extremes. Taken together, obtained findings can then be used as a baseline for water resources planning, development and management, as well as flood management perspective.
Lateral Inflow Approximation for Flood Forecasting in Mekong River
Authors: Khetkratok Natchaya , Konyai Supasit
Published: May 2014

The Lower Mekong River overflows regularly in rainy season which benefits the area in terms of agriculture and fishery. A critical extreme flood, however, can occur once in a while which can be catastrophic. Therefore, the ability to accurately predict extreme events using a simple but accurate flood forecasting method is crucial. The Muskingum flood routing method with average lateral inflow was used for the Lower Mekong River at Chiang Khan as monitoring site and Nong Khai as target site. Five historic flood hydrographs were used for lateral inflow evaluation. Another 4 were used for forecast testing. The results are very encouraging.
The Assessment Groundwater in Yom Basin by MODFLOW Model
Authors: Chaibandit Khanittha , Konyai Supasit
Published: May 2014

The aim of this study is to assess the groundwater balance in the Yom basin by the MODFLOW model. The Yom basin is one of the main basins in Thailand that has no dams or reservoirs for collecting surface waters. Therefore, the general agriculture practice is using water from rainfall, pond or groundwater resources. Groundwater has been used too much especially in low land areas for agriculture and water supply. There are two sub-groundwater basins within the Yom basin. They are the Phare and upper Chao Phraya groundwater basin.The simulation area of Phare and upper Chao Phraya groundwater basins are 10572 and 13046 square kilometers respectively. The model design for both groundwater basins a utilized 1000 meters grid spacing and five layers of ground level (gravel, sand, clay and flint). Parameters of model are recharge rate, groundwater uses, water surface and aquifer hydraulic parameters. As a result, total groundwater of Phare groundwater basin is 440 million cubic meters and total groundwater of upper Chao Phraya groundwater basin is 517 million cubic meters. Total groundwater of Yom basin is 957million cubic meters and there is groundwater storage within the Yom basin of about 14688 cubic meters. Groundwater simulation can be utilized to provide information for water resource management in the future.
Characterization and Utilization of Char Derived from Fast Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes
Authors: Jamradloedluk Jindaporn , Lertsatitthanakorn Chaloenporn
Published: May 2014

HDPE plastic wastes were fast pyrolyzed at temperature of 400-450°C and char (solid residues) obtained were collected and analyzed. Proximate and ultimate analyses showed that pyrolysis char had a large amount of volatile matter (51.40%) and fixed carbon (46.03%), small amount of moisture (2.41%) and little amount of ash (0.16%). Contents of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur were found to be 42.65, 3.06, 0.43%, and 1.80%, respectively. Calorific value and density of the char were also determined and reported as 4,500 cal/g and 1.59 g/cm3, respectively. Char derived from the fast pyrolysis of HDPE plastic wastes was crushed into powder and extruded to produce briquettes. One kilogram of the char based briquette was used as a fuel for the combustion process (boiling water). Atmospheric-pressure thermal activation at 900°C for 3 hours was performed to promote surface area and specific pore volume of the char. Undergoing such an activation process, BET surface area and pore volume of the char were increased by 55% and 44% whereas pore size was reduced by 5%, corresponding to the values of 16.77 m2/g, 0.2080 cm3/g and 496 Å, respectively.
Electrical Performance of Zinc Oxide Surge Arresters in 22 kV Distribution System Using Thermal Image Camera
Authors: Thipprasert Wichet
Published: May 2014

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) surge arresters (SAs) experience thermal runaway when the temperature exceeds the acceptable limit. This phenomenon is associated with the increase in resistive leakage current due to degradation. This paper presents the electrical performance of ZnO SAs in 22 kV distribution system using thermal image camera under the power frequency AC operating voltages. When ZnO surge arresters are installation takes a long time in distribution system over than 5 years. For the experimental study, as ZnO installation takes a long time over than 6 years the leakage current is 63.9 mA, temperature difference were measured over a period of time over than 14 degree Celsius. This data will be useful as a guideline for solving problems and reducing power loss from leakage current. Moreover, it will be useful in predicting lifetime of ZnO SAs.
Distribution Automation in Case of Tie Bus between Two Feeders at Donekoy Substation in Laos
Authors: Phothilath Khamhyo , Tonmitra Kittipong , Kaewrawang Arkom , Artrit Pramin
Published: May 2014

This paper proposesthe coordination between recloserandfuse link, reclosertorecloser, and recloserwith over current relay in tie feeder 1, 2ofDonekoy substationin Laos PDR.Disilent power factory software is used for simulation toimprove the operation of protective devicesand analyze the operating timein the distribution system.The operating coordination of recloser, fuse and overcurrent relayis improved. Resetting their functionality to limit the fault,the coordinating power aimsto reduce the problems of outages on distribution and also makes the system reliability.In case of maintenance circuit breaker, the 22 kV - tie bus applies to loads feeder 2 to ensure the stability power to appliances load of customers.Therecloser3 was installed on feeder 2 to protect the faults,and coordinates with recloser2 while the short circuit occursat fault2.
Technique to Improve the Transient Response of Parallel-Connected AC/DC Converters
Authors: Kanthaphayao Yutthana , Chunkag Viboon
Published: May 2014

In this paper, a technique to improve the transient response of a parallel-connected AC/DC converter has been studied. The proposed technique is used to improve the transient response while disturbance is injected into the system. Generally, a conventional voltage loop control uses a PI controller, because of which a slow transient response is observed. In this paper, the voltage loop control is composed of a signal from the PI controller added with a peak input current and gain scheduling of change in peak input current. The performance evaluation was experimented on a three-module isolated CUK AC/DC converter, with a 500W load and-48V DC output voltage. The system achieves the following: tight output voltage regulation, good current sharing, and low harmonic distortion. Moreover, the disturbance occurs in the system by an immediate load change, and the output voltages are at minimum overshoot and undershoot with a fast settling time.
2-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter for Renewable Energy Source with Nonlinear Control
Authors: Songjan Sunan , Phattanasak Matheepot , Kaewmanee Wattana , Chunkag Viboon
Published: May 2014

This paper presents a two-phase interleaved boost converter with nonlinear control for solar cell applications. The advantage of the interleaved technique is the reduction of the ripple current drawn from the energy sources. Traditionally, to control a DC-DC converter, a linear multiple-loop feedback control technique is often used. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear control technique which is based on Flatness system properties for the voltage loop and a nonlinear control based on sliding-mode for the current loop. The main feature of the used controller is that it can control the converter at any operating point. The validation of the proposed system is demonstrated through experimental results.
Wireless Power Transmission Using a PCB Antenna and a MHz Frequency Inverter
Authors: Phokhaphan Natthaphon , Choeisai Krit
Published: May 2014

This paper proposes a wireless power transmission system which used a printed circuit board operating as an antenna for both transmitter and receiver. The proposed antenna is driven by a high frequency full-bridge inverter which operates at self-resonant frequency of the antenna. Design procedure for the proposed antenna is also described. Results obtained from experimental test-rig confirm that the fabricated antenna provides self-resonant frequency at 2 MHz as design. The efficiency of the antenna can achieve the highest when the distance between transmitter and receiver is 40 mm in vertical alignment. The maximum total efficiency of proposed system is approximately 56.7 % at the distance between transmitter and receiver of 80 mm.
Single Phase Low-Cost Inverter for Low Power Application
Authors: Sonthong Patawee , Phokhaphan Natthaphon , Buasri Parnhatai , Choeisai Krit
Published: May 2014

This paper presents a full-bridge MOSFETs driver circuit which can be operated in PWM mode. The proposed circuit consists of capacitors, resistors and, diodes. The input signals for the proposed driver do not need external dead-time generator circuit because the dead-time generator is already integrated into the proposed full-bridge driver. The experimental results show that the proposed full-bridge driver circuit can be operated at 4 kHz sinusoidal PWM at 315 volt DC link. The power output of prototype inverter is 45 watt.
A Study on Flash Type A/D Converter Using Neuron CMOS Inverter
Authors: Harada Yujiro , Fujimoto Kuniaki , Yahara Mitsutoshi , Eguchi Kei
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we propose a flash type A/D (Analog-to-Digital) converter. This circuit uses a neuron CMOS inverter as a judgement component of the voltage level. It is smaller than traditional analog comparators in the power consumption and the layout area. Therefore, the power consumption and the layout area of this circuit can be reduced further compared with the conventional A/D converter using the analog comparator. Furthermore, we could confirm that the proposed circuit has a characteristic of high-speed operation.
Several Contention Window Adjustment Techniques for Improving Unsaturated throughput of Wireless LANs
Authors: Sartthong Jesada , Sittichivapak Suvepon , Chirdchoo Nitthita
Published: May 2014

This paper proposes the several contention window adjustment schemes in backoff process as well-known backoff algorithm (BA) for improving the performance of wireless local area network (WLAN). In addition, this research introduces a new unsaturated discrete Markov chain model in fixed backoff stages and fixed contention window sizes technique (FBFC). The proposed contention window adjustment schemes are designed by applying the moment generating function concept in random variable and process theorem. Unsaturated throughput parameters are used to compare the performance of all contention window size adjustment techniques based on IEEE802.11b WLAN standards. The comparison results show that Bernoulli and Double adjustment schemes are good contention window size adjustments at light traffic load, and the Even contention window size adjustment operates well at high traffic load condition.
Study on Partial Discharge with Water Droplets on the Circular Epoxy Resin Insulator under AC Electric Field Stress
Authors: Phimmasene Soukvilay , Tonmitra Kittipong , Siritaratiwat Apirat , Kaewrawang Arkom
Published: May 2014

The partial discharge on the insulator surfaces usually occurred in the distribution system. The influence of water droplets is investigated in this paper. This experiment used a circular resin specimen under High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) field stress that was applied to the electrodes with a diameter of 2 mm and with a distance between both electrodes of 35 mm. For this methodology, both a single droplet and also double droplets were used on surfaces and the voltage level was adjusted by 15 kV. Results showed that, firstly, the corona phenomenon occurred around the circular electrode after the water droplets on the specimen surface were stretched to each other, but the double drops took a lower voltage level for the stretching than the single drop. In addition, the double drops acted as a bridge, allowing an electrical field to be generated from both electrodes. This pulled them, easily resulting in arcing. In conclusion, water droplets are a main factor to the aging that occurred on the insulators surfaces and this effect is presented in this experiment.
The Effect of Deterioration on Insulating Surface due to Flashover under AC Electric Field Stressed by Water Droplets
Authors: Chandavong Sackthavy , Tonmitr Kittipong , Kaewrawang Arkom
Published: May 2014

This paper presents the effect of the flashover on insulating surface under alternative current (AC) electric field stressed by humidity factor. It is obviously demonstrated about the insulator deterioration due to an ageing, partial discharge (PD) when it is used in services. Epoxy resin with the water droplets is brought to test by high voltage AC until flashover voltage levels. The flashover level on insulator surface depends on the volume and the number of the water droplets. The highest flashover voltage is 52.2 kV for the insulator surface without humidity, but the lowest voltage is 43.5 kV for water droplets of 1, 2, 3 and 4 drops (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ml). Consequently, it leads to use the lower voltage respectively. The deformation of the water drop was oscillated, moved, elongated and broken up in to a several small drops on insulating surface. PD was the result of the flashover phenomena which causes the damage of the insulator. These results lead to protect the insulator surface under humidity effect from flashover phenomena.
Flexible Component for Optimizing Building Performance of the Sustainable School
Authors: Kwon Choul Woong , Shin Sung Woo
Published: May 2014

This study is to achieve a better understanding of the microclimate with architectural component which enhances indoor environment of school buildings. Sophisticated use of transitional space characterized by retractable canopy can affect environmental conditions in ways which lead to have the potential to reduce the energy demand of the buildings in the UK. Computer simulations is adopted to compare heating energy demand in different cities (London, Manchester and Glasgow) with 0%, 50% and 90% transparency of canopies for the fixed type. Result shows flexible type of canopy performs better in terms of indoor energy demand for heating than that of using fixed type of canopy.
A Study on the Power Consumption of Elementary School Classrooms over Time in South Korea
Authors: Lee Kang Guk , Hong Won Hwa , Song Geon Su
Published: May 2014

In this study intends to provide a base document on the energy consumption pattern of elementary school buildings in South Korea by analyzing the fluctuation of power consumption in the classrooms, which occupy the largest floor space in any school building.
Research on High-Rise Building Integrated Automatic Tracking Solar Water Heater
Authors: Zhang Xin Jian , Peng Cheng , Liu Pei
Published: May 2014

In order to solve the problem that high-rise users can't install traditional solar water heater for limited area and the problem that the utilization rate of panel position fixed solar energy is low, this paper proposed a new design of high-rise building integration solar water heater, which can make solar water heater integrate with high-rise building, and has the function of tracking sunlight automatically in real time, raising the utilization ratio of solar energy, and prolonging sunshine time. In addition, the auxiliary electrical heating system can be intelligently started or closed by setting the temperature sensor in the storage water tank of water heater. Humidity sensors automatically control the stretch of panel according to humidity, which can effectively protect the panel and prolong its life, and preferably realized green and energy-saving architectural concept.
A Study of the Properties of Animal-Based Wood Glue
Authors: Tousi Ehsan Taghizadeh , Hashim Rokiah , Bauk Sabar , Jaafar Mohamad Suhaimi , Al-Jarrah Amer Mahmoud , Kardani Hamid , Abu Arra Ali Mohammad Hamdan , Aldroobi Khalid Saleh Ali
Published: May 2014

In this study, the green animal-based, which has been prepared by prolonged boiling of the inedible connective tissues of domesticated ungulates, was investigated for adhesive properties. The viscosity of green animal-based wood adhesive was measured and compared with that of urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) which are widely used synthetic glues in the wood industry. Also, the crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract (NFE) that represents carbohydrate, and ash as the organic components of green animal-based glue was measured. According to the results, the green animal-based wood glue was found suitable to be used in wood industry.
Use of Wastes in Developing Mortar – A Review
Authors: Naganathan Sivakumar , Silvadanan Sonny , Chung Tang Yew , Nicolasselvam Mark Francis , Thiruchelvam Sivadass
Published: May 2014

This paper is a literature review about the use of wastes in masonry mortar. Wastes such as wood waste ash, municipal solid waste, ground waste seashells, glass waste, fly ash, corn cob ash and palm oil fuel ash are used to replace cement as the binding material. Wastes of Cathode Ray Tube (CRTs) glass, plastic waste, construction demolition wastes, foundry sand and quarry dust are used as a replacement for fine aggregates. Additives such as recycled copper tailings and animal proteins also improve the properties of masonry mortar. It is learnt that certain percentages of wastes can be used as substitutes for binding materials and fine aggregates and therefore the ideal amount of waste can be determined.
Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering - A Review
Authors: Naganathan Sivakumar , Singh Charan Singh Jasbir , Shen Yim Wil , Kiat Peng Eng , Thiruchelvam Sivadass
Published: May 2014

Nanotechnology can be used for design and construction processes in many areas since nanotechnology generated products have many unique characteristics. These characteristics can significantly fix current construction problems, and may change the requirement and organization of the construction process. This paper reviews the basic concept of nanotechnology, different types of nanomaterial and their manufacturing process as well as the applications of nanotechnology in different fields such as concrete, pavement engineering, construction materials. Use of nanotechnology is found to offer high performing and efficient materials. Specific application areas include water and waste water treatment, construction materials etc. The use of nanotechnology in civil engineering is still in infancy stage. The production methods, pollutions caused to human health, manufacturing difficulties, performance are the issues to be addressed in order to use the nanotechnology in civil engineering.