bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Patients with Target Magnetic Resonance Mismatch Profile: Data from Two Geographically and Racially Distinct Populations
Authors: Bang Oh Young , Saver Jeffrey L. , Lee Kwang Ho , Kim Gyeong Moon , Chung Chin Sang , Kim Suk Jae , Ovbiagele Bruce , Alger Jeffry R. , Liebeskind David S.
Published: November 2009

Background: Recently, the Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution (DEFUSE) and the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET) trialists suggested that diffusion-perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can classify patients into 4 subgroups likely to differentially experience benefit or harm from reperfusion therapies. However, there is a lack of data comparing MR mismatch profiles between different race-ethnic groups. In addition, clinical factors affecting MR mismatch profiles are not well described. Methods: We analyzed clinical and pretreatment MRI data of patients from 2 geographically and ethnically distinct study populations (Seoul, South Korea, and Los Angeles, Calif., USA) who are eligible for recanalization therapy. Diffusion-perfusion mismatch regions were classified among the 4 DEFUSE MR profiles: target mismatch, no mismatch, small lesion and malignant. Results: A total of 147 South Korean and 162 Southern Californian subjects (64.2% Whites) were included. Pretreatment MRIs revealed that the MR mismatch profiles were different in the 2 study populations (p < 0.001). Target mismatch was more prevalent in Southern Californian subjects (67.9%) compared with South Korean subjects (58.5%), whereas the small lesion pattern was more prevalent in the latter (9.9 vs. 23.1%). After adjusting for covariables, 3 features independently decreased the likelihood of presence of target mismatch: history of diabetes (OR 0.369, 95% CI 0.196–0.694), small versus large arterial occlusion (OR 0.052, 95% CI 0.01–0.255) and largest size (highest tertile) of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion volume (OR 0.516, 95% CI 0.266–0.999). The one feature independently increasing target mismatch likelihood was intermediate size (middle tertile) DWI volume (OR 2.977, 95% CI 1.431–6.195). Conclusions: Target mismatch profiles are present in 55–70% of patients. Target mismatch is less common in patients with diabetes, small vessel occlusion, Asian ethnicity and extensive DWI lesions, and more common in patients with DWI lesions of intermediate size.
Ultrastructural Localization of Cochlin in the Rat Cochlear Duct
Authors: Hosokawa Seiji , Mizuta Kunihiro , Nakanishi Hiroshi , Hashimoto Yasuyuki , Arai Maki , Mineta Hiroyuki , Shindo Susumu , Ikezono Tetsuo
Published: November 2009

Cochlin, a product of the COCH gene, is a major constituent of the inner ear extracellular matrix. Type II collagen, a protein that contributes to structural stability, is also a component of this extracellular matrix. In this study, using the postembedding immunogold method, we demonstrate the localization of cochlin and type II collagen in the cochlear duct at the ultrastructural level. The immunolabeling of cochlin was observed in the fibrillar substance in the spiral limbus, beneath the inner sulcus cells, and in the basilar membrane, the spiral prominence and the spiral ligament. Immunolabeling of type II collagen was observed in the same fibrillar substance in the extracellular matrix of the cochlear duct. This localization of cochlin is consistent with the expected localization of type II collagen. The localization of cochlin and type II collagen indicates the important roles played by these proteins in the hearing process.
Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment: Effects of Level of Education, Age, Sex and Associated Factors
Authors: Millán-Calenti José C. , Tubío Javier , Pita-Fernández Salvador , González-Abraldes Isabel , Lorenzo Trinidad , Maseda Ana
Published: November 2009

Aims: To examine the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a Spanish elderly population and to analyse its association with some social and medical factors. Methods: We randomly selected a representative sample (n = 600) of people over 65 from Narón Council (A Coruña). Socio-demographic and biomedical data were collected and cognitive status was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: We determined variations in the prevalence from 35.2%, when age or level of education distribution was not applied, to 22.2% when they were applied. Women showed a higher probability of cognitive impairment than men. Negative correlation was observed between the age of the subject and the MMSE score (Spearman correlation ρ = –0.45, p < 0.001), with the possibility of developing cognitive impairment increasing each year. For our sample, cognitive impairment was associated with an increase of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. This association was found with the presence of dementia, heart failure, anaemia, stroke and auditory deficits. Conclusions: Knowledge of the real prevalence rates, together with the establishment of adequate preventive and intervention measures, can be factors that may diminish the socio-sanitary impact of cognitive impairment.
Use and Abuse of Topical Steroids
Authors: Calnan C.D.
Published: November 2009

Review of the history of topical steroid treatment, explaining the high acceptance and discussing the complications. Special attention is drawn to the fact that – though extremely rare – sensitization to various steroids is described. In 1 patient cross-sensitization occurred against six different corticosteroids, all fluorinated.
Bronchial Arteries: An Arteriosclerosis-Resistant Circulation
Authors: Kotoulas Christophoros , Melachrinou Maria , Konstantinou George N. , Alexopoulos Dimitrios , Dougenis Dimitrios
Published: November 2009

Background: Until now, it is unknown whether and to what extent arteriosclerotic disease affects the bronchial arteries. Objectives: We conducted this pilot study to estimate the prevalence of arteriosclerosis of the bronchial arteries, to correlate it with certain clinicolaboratory arteriosclerotic parameters or any coexistent coronary artery disease (CAD) and to validate the clinical significance. Methods: Bronchial arteries 10–15 mm long were obtained from 40 patients with a mean age of 62.3 years who underwent major thoracic procedures. Their medical history and detailed clinical and laboratory arteriosclerotic risk factors were documented. Results: The mean diameter of bronchial artery specimens was 0.97 mm. Histology revealed medial calcific sclerosis only in 1 patient (2.5%) without simultaneous, established atherosclerotic lesions or narrowing of the lumen. Furthermore, the vessel diameter was significantly correlated not only with the advanced stage of the disease (p = 0.031), but also with the proximal occlusion of the bronchial tree (p = 0.042). We noted a marginally not significant correlation between arteriosclerosis and metabolic syndrome (p = 0.075), independent from a history of CAD (p = 0.84). Conclusions: Bronchial arteries exhibit only medial calcific sclerosis. CAD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease do not seem to affect them in terms of atherosclerotic alteration findings or vessel diameter changes. The bronchial resistance to arteriosclerosis might support the mediastinal status quo through their anastomoses, contributing to all its structures, and might be indirect evidence of a different physiological function of the bronchial endothelium, which needs to be further investigated.
A Tale of Two Technologies
Authors: Carpenter Laura M. , Casper Monica J.
Published: November 2009

This article brings insights from feminist science and technology studies to bear on recent public debates over the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which prevents many cervical cancers, and male circumcision as potential HIV preventive. In the United States, attempts to mandate HPV vaccination have activated intense concerns about female “promiscuity,” whereas talk of promoting circumcision against HIV has triggered scant anxiety about American boys’ sexuality. The authors show how intersections among gender, sexuality, race, and age have shaped responses to these two containment technologies—and how the technologies’ deployment both relies on and reproduces meanings of gender and sexuality that constitute the omnipresent “double standard.” The analysis develops an original feminist sociology of containment, explicating how social relations shape the innovation, reinvention, and use of technologies to contain particular sorts of bodies, fluids, and sexual practices—by whom, under what conditions, and for what purposes.
Does Victim Age Differentiate Between Perpetrators of Sexual Child Abuse? A Study of Mental Health, Psychosocial Circumstances, and Crimes
Authors: Carlstedt Anita , Nilsson Thomas , Hofvander Björn , Brimse Agneta , Innala Sune , Anckarsäter Henrik
Published: November 2009

To test the theory that sexual offenders who abuse very young children (0-5 years) have more severe mental health and psychosocial problems than those who victimize older children, authors compared psychiatric diagnoses, social circumstances, and crime-related data in all sexual offenders against minors referred to forensic psychiatric investigation in Sweden during a 5-year period. Thirty-one men had committed index crimes involving victims between the ages of 0 and 5 years (Group 1), 90 had 6-to 11-year-old victims (Group 2), and 41 had 12- to 15-year-old victims (Group 3). All three offender groups were characterized by severe mental health problems, in many cases fulfilling American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) criteria for both Axis I and Axis II diagnoses, but these problems did not differ between groups. Neither did social situation or sexual orientation. Offenders with 0- to 5-year-old victims significantly more often abused both boys and girls. Frequencies of retrospectively diagnosed childhood-onset behavior disorders were high in all three offender groups. The authors’ data did not support previous findings of increasingly severe mental health problems with decreasing victim age.
Mental Disorder, Predisposition, Prediction, and Ability to Control: Evaluating Sex Offenders for Civil Commitment
Authors: Elwood Richard W.
Published: November 2009

Nearly 20 years after the first sexually violent person (SVP) statutes were introduced in the United States, the civil commitment of sex offenders remains controversial. SVP laws require that a sex offender has a mental condition that predisposes them to commit sex offenses and poses a high risk to reoffend because of serious difficulty controlling behavior. The controversy over the commitment of sex offenders is fueled by different interpretations of those key constructs. This article reviews those constructs; evaluates them from clinical, epidemiologic, and legal perspectives; and proposes interpretations that address both the major criticisms of civil commitment and the challenges in SVP assessment.
Circles of Support & Accountability: A Canadian National Replication of Outcome Findings
Authors: Wilson Robin J. , Cortoni Franca , McWhinnie Andrew J.
Published: November 2009

Circles of Support & Accountability (COSA) started 15 years ago in Ontario, Canada, as an alternate means of social support to high-risk sexual offenders released at the end of their sentences without any community supervision. The pilot project in South-Central Ontario has since assisted almost 200 offenders. Projects based on this model are now in place in the United Kingdom, several jurisdictions in the United States, and throughout Canada. Initial research into the efficacy of the COSA pilot project showed that participation reduced sexual recidivism by 70% or more in comparison with both matched controls and actuarial norms. The current study sought to replicate these findings using an independent Canadian national sample. A total of 44 high-risk sexual offenders, released at sentence completion and involved in COSA across Canada, were matched to a group of 44 similar offenders not involved in COSA. The average follow-up time was 35 months. Recidivism was defined as having a charge or conviction for a new offense. Results show that offenders in COSA had an 83% reduction in sexual recidivism, a 73% reduction in all types of violent recidivism, and an overall reduction of 71% in all types of recidivism in comparison to the matched offenders. These findings suggest that participation in COSA is not site-specific and provide further evidence for the position that trained and guided community volunteers can and do assist in markedly improving offenders’ chances for successful reintegration.
Female Sex Offender Recidivism: A Large-Scale Empirical Analysis
Authors: Sandler Jeffrey C. , Freeman Naomi J.
Published: November 2009

Using a sample of 1,466 females convicted of a sexual offense in New York State, the current study explored the following: (a) offending prior to the commission of the offenders’ first sexual offense, (b) rates of recidivism following their first sexual offense conviction, and (c) factors associated with the likelihood of sexual recidivism. Results showed the recidivism rates of female sex offenders to be lower than those of male sex offenders for all types of recidivism studied (any rearrest, felony rearrest, violent [including violent sexual] felony rearrest, and sexual rearrest). Several significant differences were found between the group of female sex offenders who sexually recidivated and the group who did not, including crime of first sexual conviction and measures of prior offending.
Absolute Versus Relative Ascertainment of Pedophilia in Men
Authors: Blanchard Ray , Kuban Michael E. , Blak Thomas , Cantor James M. , Klassen Philip E. , Dickey Robert
Published: November 2009

There are at least two different criteria for assessing pedophilia in men: absolute ascertainment (their sexual interest in children is intense) and relative ascertainment (their sexual interest in children is greater than their interest in adults). The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition ( DSM-III) used relative ascertainment in its diagnostic criteria for pedophilia; this was abandoned and replaced by absolute ascertainment in the DSM-III-R and all subsequent editions. The present study was conducted to demonstrate the continuing need for relative ascertainment, particularly in the laboratory assessment of pedophilia. A total of 402 heterosexual men were selected from a database of patients referred to a specialty clinic. These had undergone phallometric testing, a psychophysiological procedure in which their penile blood volume was monitored while they were presented with a standardized set of laboratory stimuli depicting male and female children, pubescents, and adults.The 130 men selected for the Teleiophilic Profile group responded substantially to prepubescent girls but even more to adult women; the 272 men selected for the Pedophilic Profile group responded weakly to prepubescent girls but even less to adult women. In terms of absolute magnitude, every patient in the Pedophilic Profile group had a lesser penile response to prepubescent girls than every patient in the Teleiophilic Profile group. Nevertheless, the Pedophilic Profile group had a significantly greater number of known sexual offenses against prepubescent girls, indicating that they contained a higher proportion of true pedophiles. These results dramatically demonstrate the utility—or perhaps necessity—of relative ascertainment in the laboratory assessment of erotic age—preference.
A view from the other side: interpretations of widening participation by a post-1992 university
Authors: Lightfoot Nic
Published: November 2009

The role of the academic in interpreting the complex and confused concept of widening participation is central to the practice of widening participation within higher education. These interpretations are bound up within the context of what it means to be an academic, and external constraints on that role. Government policy has insufficiently challenged perceptions of that role to bring about a transformation to academic practice. This research, through the use of semi-structured interviews, illuminates the perspectives of academics, in a range of roles, to the widening participation agenda and outlines the alternative priorities of those academics. Ultimately, the impetus for transformation is not one which will occur internally to the university and it is argued that stakeholders, in the absence of realistic government pressure, must play a part in bringing about a university culture which places teaching and learning and not subject disciplines at the centre of its practice.
Young people, imagination and re-engagement in the middle years
Authors: Bland Derek , Carrington Suzanne , Brady Kate
Published: November 2009

This article reports on the first stage of a study that uses Young People as Researchers methodology to investigate the phenomenon of middle-year student disengagement. The study obtains student perspectives on the meanings of engagement and disengagement using a variety of innovative research methods. The first stage of the study focused on a two-day workshop giving students and teachers an overview of the project and providing training and experience in conducting research in their schools. The process employed by the study provides spaces and resources for critical thinking and encourages imaginative responses to the real life problems confronting the students and their peers and affecting their educational engagement. This article describes ways in which engagement is viewed both theoretically and through the empirical work of the student researchers, and how various applications of ‘disciplined imagination’ connect with methods of investigating and understanding engagement.
‘I liked the experiment because there aren’t too many people who come into school to burn money’: promoting participation in the sciences with chemical magic
Authors: Regan Elaine
Published: November 2009

This article reports on students’ perspectives of an in-school promotional intervention aimed at challenging traditional methods of teaching science in schools in an effort to inspire interest in school science and increase enrolments. First, the context for the research is discussed before briefly describing the intervention strategy employed and finally, exploring the potential of this innovative pedagogy as a vehicle for addressing participation in science at the classroom level. It is argued that participation depends on engagement with a subject, and the author posits that providing innovative, motivating and fun approaches to learning within the classroom that interest and engage pupils will lead to better connections with school science and to science in society. This article gives some insights into the use of a chemical magic show through the qualitatively different views and attitudes towards the chemical magic show of a sample of Irish students ( n = 328). Implications for participation and inclusive and motivational classroom pedagogy are discussed.
Participation in mathematics: what is the problem?
Authors: Noyes Andrew
Published: November 2009

This article considers participation in post-compulsory mathematics education (Advanced or A-level) which is currently exercising education policy-makers in England and elsewhere. I argue that the central problem is neither that of devising an economically motivated strategy for increasing student numbers nor simply raising the level of mathematical capability attained. Rather, the central problem is about what mathematics to teach, how and why? I will present emerging findings from two current studies of 14—19 mathematics education, highlighting socially differentiated patterns of participation. Then I will consider the values/philosophical influences on current policy and practice. This leads me to argue that the curriculum needs reframing so that all students are enabled to use their mathematics to read, understand, critique and act in the mathematically formatted worlds in which they live.
‘I don’t want to go to a crummy little university’: social class, higher education choice and the paradox of widening participation
Authors: Byrom Tina
Published: November 2009

Whilst there has been growing attention paid to the imbalance of Higher Education (HE) applications according to social class, insufficient attention has been paid to the successful minority of working-class young people who do secure places in some of the UK’s leading HE institutions. In particular, the influence and nature of pre-university interventions on such students’ choice of institution has been under-explored. Data from an ESRC-funded PhD study of 16 young people who participated in a Sutton Trust Summer School are used to illustrate how the effects of a school-based institutional habitus and directed intervention programmes can be instrumental in guiding student choices and decisions relating to participation in Higher Education.
Corrosion resistance and microstructure characteristics of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings formed on AZ31 magnesium alloy
Authors: Wang H. M. , Chen Z. H. , Li L. L.
Published: November 2009

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of AZ31 magnesium alloy was investigated in an alkaline electrolyte containing 100 g L−1 sodium hydroxide, 60 g L−1 sodium silicate, 20 g L−1 sodium tetraborate and 50 g L−1 sodium citrate. Different oxide coatings were prepared on AZ31 substrate by changing the oxidation time or current density. The corrosion resistance of PEO coatings was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarisation techniques. The microstructures and composition of the PEO coatings were examined by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the coating prepared at 20 mA cm−2 for 40 min has good corrosion resistance, and its average thickness is 48·1 μm. Similar to other PEO coatings, the coating is porous and mainly composed of MgO and Mg2SiO4. The elements of O, Mg and Si are distributed uniformly across the coating.
Effect of Ag/N codoping on photoactivity of TiO2 thin film
Authors: Xu K J , Yang W J , Dong S H
Published: November 2009

Nano Ag/N–TiO2 films with porous hadites as carriers have been successfully prepared by a modified sol–gel process. The performance of the films was characterised by X-ray diffraction, UV-vis and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities and sterilisations of the films were estimated with the waste water contained oil and the fresh cocci as polluted models. The experiments showed that the codoping of Ag and N modified observably the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. The degradation rate of Ag/N–TiO2 films on oil in water and bacteria was three times more than pure TiO2 films on porous hadites. The porous hadites loaded Ag/N–TiO2 films may be used for waste water processing, sterilisation and filtering.
Fabrication of BaTiO3–Y:Eu composite micropatterns by combination of laser induced pyrolysis method and nanocrystalline seeding technique
Authors: Kobayashi Y , Shimizu N , Nagao D , Watanabe A , Konno M
Published: November 2009

This paper describes a method for fabricating dielectric BaTiO3 (BT) micropatterns seeded with BT nanocrystalline particles and Y:Eu compound nanoparticles. The method is a combination of a laser induced pyrolysis method and a nanocrystalline seeding technique. The BT particles were prepared by hydrolysis of BT complex alkoxide with polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP). The Y:Eu particles were prepared by homogeneous precipitation of Y(NO3)3 and Eu(NO3)3 with PVP. A precursor film was fabricated spin-coating a solution containing BT complex alkoxide, the BT particles, the Y:Eu particles and PVP on Pt substrate. A micropattern with a line width of about 1–2 μm was fabricated by irradiating an Ar+ laser beam on the film, and then stripping laser unirradiated region with HCl aqueous solution. The micropattern containing 5 vol.-% BT particles and 5 vol.-% Y:Eu particles revealed luminescence at 614 nm derived from Eu3+. Its dielectric constant and dissipation factor attained 21·2 and 0·089 respectively.
Novel Ni/Ti2N composite coating for sintered NdFeB permanent magnets
Authors: Ali A , Ahmad A , Deen K M
Published: November 2009

The paper presents the anticorrosion characteristics of a novel Ni/Ti2N composite coating applied through electrodeposition and cathodic arc physical vapour deposition for protection of sintered NdFeB permanent magnets that are susceptible to corrosion in active environments. The composite coating was evaluated in simulated marine and industrial environments with the help of dc polarisation techniques. The rate of coating degradation was determined through ac electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The coating morphology and surface chemistry were studied with scanning electron microscope. X‐ray diffraction was used for the identification of component phases in the coating–substrate system. The results showed that the corrosion current density iCorr of the composite coated NdFeB magnets came out to be 0·8575 and 0·3011 μA cm−2 that is about 10 and 4% of the ceramic coated NdFeB magnets in the marine and industrial environments respectively. The magnetic properties remained unaffected and were as good as for the uncoated, NiCuNi and ceramic coated NdFeB magnets.
Health effects of residential wood smoke particles: the importance of combustion conditions and physicochemical particle properties
Authors: Kocbach Bølling Anette , Pagels Joakim , Yttri Karl Espen , Barregard Lars , Sallsten Gerd , Schwarze Per E , Boman Christoffer
Published: November 2009

Background

Residential wood combustion is now recognized as a major particle source in many developed countries, and the number of studies investigating the negative health effects associated with wood smoke exposure is currently increasing. The combustion appliances in use today provide highly variable combustion conditions resulting in large variations in the physicochemical characteristics of the emitted particles. These differences in physicochemical properties are likely to influence the biological effects induced by the wood smoke particles.

Outline

The focus of this review is to discuss the present knowledge on physicochemical properties of wood smoke particles from different combustion conditions in relation to wood smoke-induced health effects. In addition, the human wood smoke exposure in developed countries is explored in order to identify the particle characteristics that are relevant for experimental studies of wood smoke-induced health effects. Finally, recent experimental studies regarding wood smoke exposure are discussed with respect to the applied combustion conditions and particle properties.

Conclusion

Overall, the reviewed literature regarding the physicochemical properties of wood smoke particles provides a relatively clear picture of how these properties vary with the combustion conditions, whereas particle emissions from specific classes of combustion appliances are less well characterised. The major gaps in knowledge concern; (i) characterisation of the atmospheric transformations of wood smoke particles, (ii) characterisation of the physicochemical properties of wood smoke particles in ambient and indoor environments, and (iii) identification of the physicochemical properties that influence the biological effects of wood smoke particles.
Synthesis of Poly(oxoammonium salt)s and Their Electrical Properties in the Organic Thin Film Device
Authors: Suga Takeo , Takeuchi Shunya , Ozaki Takanori , Sakata Miki , Oyaizu Kenichi , Nishide Hiroyuki
Published: November 2009

Two redox-active poly(oxoammonium salt)s were synthesized via chemical oxidation of a TEMPO-substituted polymer, or conventional radical polymerization of the oxoammonium monomer, respectively. The diode-structured thin film device composed of poly(oxoammonium salt) with radical conc. of 6–43% exhibited a resistive switching behavior (ON–OFF ratio >103), in contrast to the radical-free poly(oxoammonium salt), which revealed that the coexistence of radical/oxoammonium salts contributed to a significant change in I–V characteristics.
Biplanar Visualization of Oxygen Pressure by Sensory Coatings of Luminescent Pt–Porpholactone and –Porphyrin Polymers
Authors: Waskitoaji Wihatmoko , Hyakutake Tsuyoshi , Kato Junji , Watanabe Masahiro , Nishide Hiroyuki
Published: November 2009

Luminescent oxygen sensory polymer coatings composed of platinum tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactone and -porphyrin with poly(trimethylsilylpropyne) were prepared. Two luminescence peaks at 750 and 650 nm from the coating ascribed to the porpholactone and the porphyrin, respectively, were efficiently quenched with oxygen and were separately monitored to allow the simultaneous measurement of oxygen partial pressure distribution upon two planar surfaces.
A Dinuclear Zinc Complex, [Zn2(μ-H2THBQ)(TPA)2](ClO4)2, [TPA = Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; H2THBQ2− = 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinonate], Exhibiting Two-proton Coupled Two-electron Donating Ability
Authors: Asato Eiji , Miyazato Shoji , Tohma Haruka , Takara Satoshi , Tadokoro Makoto , Miyazato Yuji , Yoshioka Daisuke , Mikuriya Masahiro
Published: November 2009

The reaction of Zn(ClO4)2·6H2O with TPA and H4THBQ in methanol gave air-sensitive crystalline powder [Zn2(μ-H2THBQ)(TPA)2](ClO4)2 (1). An equimolar reaction of 1 with 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) in acetonitrile under Ar atmosphere quantitatively produced 1,4-hydroquinone and [Zn2(μ-RHOD)(TPA)2](ClO4)2 (2) as a result of the 2H+, 2e proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) reaction.
M9Gd2W4O24:Eu3+ (M2+=Ca2+ and Sr2+) Red Phosphors for NUV and Blue InGaN-based WLEDs
Authors: Zeng Qihua , He Pei , Zhang Xinguo , Liang Hongbin , Gong Menglian , Su Qiang
Published: November 2009

M9Gd2W4O24:Eu3+ (M2+=Ca2+ and Sr2+) phosphors were prepared by solid-state reaction, and the phosphors show intense red emission under 395 and 465 nm excitations, which matched the emission wavelength of a near-UV (NUV) chip and a blue chip, respectively. Bright white LEDs were fabricated, and the performances of the LEDs demonstrate that the tetra-tungstate phosphors are suitable for application to NUV and blue InGaN-based WLEDs.
Integrating Horticulture Into the Vocational Rehabilitation Process of Individuals With Exhaustion Syndrome (Burnout): A Pilot Study
Authors: Millet Patrick
Published: November 2009

This pilot study was intended to examine and to document whether the use of the garden environment and the activities that make up horticulture could be considered a possible method to be used in the vocational rehabilitation of persons sick-listed due to high levels of stress. The study is based on a theoretical (four-step) model using horticulture and the garden environment to provide the foundation of vocational rehabilitation for individuals with prolonged fatigue, chronic fatigue and burnout. The general interpretation is that the results are positive and promising but that further research is needed and should be pursued to examine what causal relationship(s) exist between the garden environment and the reduction of arousal levels; the effectiveness of pursuing this VR process for persons sick listed for stress-related complaints.
A Report on the Return-to-Work Rates Following Compensatable Accident or Injury
Authors: Athanasou James A.
Published: November 2009

This study examined return-to-work in a sample of 468 compensatable injury cases. These included amputees, brain damage, hearing loss, mental disorders, musculoskeletal problems, nervous system, paraplegia, sight loss and miscellaneous conditions. Around 35% returned to work. It was substantially higher for work-related injuries compared to motor vehicle accidents or general insurance claims. Those who underwent surgery or were admitted to hospital had higher return-to-work rates than those never attending hospital. Psychiatric adjustment factors were a major influence on low rates of return-to-work. Other social and demographic factors were considered (gender, age, city vs. rural location, whether a spinal injury was involved, family status, years of schooling, qualifications, job status at time of accident, occupation). Eight out of 17 possible factors were more statistically significantly related than the remainder to whether someone was working but the substantive limitations of even relevant pre- or post-accident indicators are outlined.
Bringing to Life Baltimore '68: Riots and Rebirth—A How-to Guide
Authors: Elfenbein Jessica I.
Published: November 2009

This article provides an overview of Baltimore '68: Riots and Rebirth, the multifaceted work led by the University of Baltimore over the course of four years to hear the many voices of our community and to document the varied ways the causes and effects of the civil unrest of April 1968 affected Baltimore and scores of other American cities. Our work, lauded in the national press, received the National Council on Public History's Outstanding Project and the American Association of State and Local History's Award of Merit and 2009 WOW Award. We believe this kind of history, different from popular booster narratives, is a model for public history projects. This article also considers the ways in which universities, as anchor institutions, are increasingly taking the lead in public history and other civic engagement projects. The creative use of university and community resources, including AmeriCorps participation and collaborative partnerships, is also considered.
Constructing Public History in the Classroom: The 1968 Riots as a Case Study
Authors: Nix Elizabeth M.
Published: November 2009

When nontraditional undergraduates collected oral histories about the disturbances that followed Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination in April 1968, their deep Baltimore roots became an invaluable asset to the Baltimore '68: Riots and Rebirth project. The racial diversity of the student body at the University of Baltimore allowed interviewers to capture a wide variety of viewpoints, and that breadth of perspectives became central to the researchers' understanding of the controversial topic. The assignment forced students to actively construct an interpretation of an event that other historians had ignored, revealing subjective complexities central to historical thinking.
Baltimore '68: Riots and Rebirth—The Building of a Digital Collection
Authors: Hollowak Thomas L.
Published: November 2009

There are few secondary sources but much primary material in private and public collections related to the Baltimore Civil Disturbances of 1968. When the University of Baltimore decided to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of Dr. King's death, the aftermath of civil disturbances, and the rebirth that resulted, planners of the project that came to be known as Baltimore '68: Riots and Rebirth discussed making these resources available to a wide audience. The solution was the creation of a Web site, which includes news articles, transcripts of more than one hundred oral histories, collections from private citizens, student and faculty research projects, a 1968 interactive retrospective calendar, demographic and crime maps, and links to Web sites on the Newark-Detroit 1967 and the Washington D.C. 1968 civil disturbances and on the Civil Rights Movement both in Maryland and nationally.
Baltimore '68: An Assessment
Authors: Shopes Linda
Published: November 2009

This commentary on the preceding six articles identifies those elements that contributed to Baltimore '68: Riot and Rebirth's success as a public history program, even as it raises questions about the program's long-term impact. It pays particular attention to the way the oral history interviews conducted as part of the program created a more inclusive public conversation about the Baltimore riot. It also recognizes the importance of the University of Baltimore's commitment to what is often termed the scholarship of engagement by marshalling institution-wide resources for the program; and suggests commonalities between engaged scholarship and public history. Finally, this commentary suggests that while Baltimore '68 was enormously successful as a public humanities program, the depth and duration of its civic impact are less certain, and as a consequence, it raises issues simultaneously organizational, conceptual, and social.
The Singing Cowboy and the Professor: The New West at the Autry National Center
Authors: Pubols Louise
Published: November 2009

The Autry National Center has engaged with the New Western History since its conception, yet faces many challenges in so doing. The name itself implies a romantic interpretation of the region, and the art and artifacts it holds are strongest in traditional subjects such as saloons, gunfighters, and cowboys. Yet the museum's founders were also committed to showing the history of women and the many cultures of the West in an honest way. Since its opening, exhibitions have expanded the scope to look at the environment, cities, and the twentieth-century West.
Beyond the Academy: Making the New Western History Matter in Local Communities
Authors: Smoak Gregory E.
Published: November 2009

Since its emergence in the mid-1980s, the “new western history” has become a standard approach for interpreting the region's past and has influenced the practice of public history in important ways. This essay summarizes the concerns and assumptions of the new western historians and then assesses the impact of their scholarship on public history. Of particular concern is its effect on community museums in the West. Two case studies from museums in Colorado are presented. Finally, the author argues that the spirit of community engagement evinced by some of its leading practitioners has been an important, if less visible, impact of the new western history.
Confirmation and Resistance Mechanisms in Glyphosate-Resistant Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in Arkansas
Authors: Brewer Chad E. , Oliver Lawrence R.
Published: November 2009

Greenhouse studies were established in Fayetteville, AR, to investigate glyphosate resistance in Arkansas common ragweed populations. Common ragweed seed were collected from plants in Pope and Jackson counties in Arkansas. Plants grown from seed were sprayed with one of seven glyphosate rates. Populations in Pope and Jackson counties were 21-fold and 10-fold more tolerant to glyphosate, respectively, than a known susceptible population. Based on14C-glyphosate absorption and translocation studies, reduced glyphosate absorption or translocation was not the resistance mechanism in Arkansas glyphosate-resistant common ragweed. Shikimate accumulation did not differ among the known susceptible and the two resistant populations at 3 d after treatment (DAT). However, by 5 DAT, shikimate accumulation in the two resistant populations was lower than the known susceptible population. Data indicate that glyphosate-resistant common ragweed is present in at least two locations in Arkansas, and the resistance mechanism is not an insensitive target site or reduced glyphosate absorption or translocation.
Exploring Genetic and Spatial Structure of U.S. Weedy Red Rice (Oryza sativa) in Relation to Rice Relatives Worldwide
Authors: Gealy David R. , Agrama Hesham A. , Eizenga Georgia C.
Published: November 2009

Weedy red rice is a highly troublesome weed of rice in the United States and throughout the world. Effective management of this weed has remained challenging to U.S. farmers, partly because of the biological diversity among red rice populations, resistance to or avoidance of control measures, and genetic similarities with crop rice that allow crossing between the two plant types. The aim of this research was to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker loci that will unambiguously differentiate between U.S. weedy red rice, commercial rice cultivars, and their hybrids, to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of U.S. weedy red rice accessions in relation toOryzacollections from international sources, and to relate genetic and geographic variability within U.S. weedy red rice. Thirty-one SSR markers were used to analyze 180 worldwideOryzaentries and 80 U.S. weedy red rice and U.S. rice cultivars. Twenty-six of the 31 SSR marker loci were highly informative with respect to genetic distinctions between U.S. weedy red rice and U.S. rice cultivars. U.S. red rice are accessions clustered into two main SSR-based collections, awnless strawhull (SA−) and awned blackhull (BA+), according to genetic distance analysis and principal coordinate analysis. Genetic structure analysis clearly identified SA− and BA+ red rice, rice–red rice hybrids, commercialjaponicarice cultivars,indicarice, and a number of international and wildOryzaspp. standards (e.g.,Oryza nivara,Oryza rufipogon, andOryza glaberrima) as genetically distinct groups. U.S. SA− red rice exhibited greater spatial structure than did BA+ in that the genetic makeup of SA− accessions changed nearly twice as much with geographic distance as compared to BA+. However, the overall genetic variability within SA− red rice accessions was less than for BA+ accessions, suggesting that the SA− types may be genetically less compatible than BA+ types with otherOryzaplants such as rice or other red rice types present in U.S. rice fields. Several of the awned red rice entries exhibited evidence of natural hybridization with different red rice types. Our results suggest that the SA− and BA+ red rice collections have different genetic backgrounds. SA− accessions generally associated most closely withindica-like red- or white-branOryza sativacultivar standards, while BA+ accessions generally associated more closely withO. nivaraorO. nivara–likeO. sativaentries. Although the U.S. red rice accessions appear not to have descended directly from introductions of the worldwideOryzastandards analyzed, anOryzared-pericarp entry from Niger (UA 1012; PI 490783) was genetically very similar to some U.S. BA+ accessions.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Mesotrione in Grain Sorghum
Authors: Abit M. Joy M. , Al-Khatib Kassim
Published: November 2009

Studies were conducted under controlled growth conditions to determine whether differential absorption, translocation, or metabolism was the basis for the differential response of grain sorghum hybrids to mesotrione. Mesotrione-tolerant (‘Dekalb DKS35-70’) and mesotrione-susceptible (‘Pioneer 84G62’) grain sorghum hybrids were treated with14C-labeled mesotrione. At 1 d after treatment (DAT), absorption was 7% in both hybrids; at 7 DAT, however, absorption remained nearly steady in Pioneer 84G62 but increased to 12% in Dekalb DKS35-70. Translocation of14C-mesotrione in sorghum hybrids was similar with less than 30% of the absorbed herbicide translocated out of the treated leaf by 7 DAT. A distinct metabolite of14C-mesotrione was separated in both hybrids at 3 DAT. The amount of mesotrione parent compound that remained in Pioneer 84G62 and DKS35-70 was 72 and 65%, respectively. Dekalb DKS35-70 had significantly less mesotrione at 3 DAT than Pioneer 84G62 did, but the amount of mesotrione was similar for both hybrids at 5 and 7 DAT. Rapid metabolism of mesotrione may help explain the differential response of grain sorghum hybrids.
A Thermal Time Model to Predict Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) Emergence in Cereal Fields
Authors: Izquierdo Jordi , González-Andújar José L. , Bastida Fernando , Lezaún Juan A. , del Arco María J. Sánchez
Published: November 2009

Corn poppy is the most abundant broad-leaved weed in winter cereals of Mediterranean climate areas and causes important yield losses in wheat. Knowledge of the temporal pattern of emergence will contribute to optimize the timing of control measures, thus maximizing efficacy. The objectives of this research were to develop an emergence model on the basis of soil thermal time and validate it in several localities across Spain. To develop the model, monitoring of seedling emergence was performed weekly during the growing season in a cereal field located in northeastern Spain, during 3 yr. Cumulative thermal time from sowing date was used as the independent variable for predicting cumulative emergence. The Gompertz model was fitted to the data set of emergences. A base temperature of 1.0 C was estimated through iteration for maximum fit. The model accounted for 91% of the variation observed. Model validation in several localities and years showed general good performance in predicting corn poppy seedling emergence ( values ranging from 0.64 to 0.99 and root-mean-square error from 4.4 to 24.3). Ninety percent emergence was accurately predicted in most localities. Results showed that the model performs with greater reliability when significant rainfall (10 mm) occurs within 10 d after crop sowing. Complemented with in-field scouting, it may be a useful tool to better timing control measures in areas that are homogeneous enough regarding climate and crop management.
Bisphosphonates and Time to Osteonecrosis Development
Authors: Palaska Pinelopi Kleio , Cartsos Vassiliki , Zavras Athanasios I.
Published: November 2009

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Evaluate the current state of knowledge regarding risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw as it relates to dose and duration of intravenous bisphosphonates.Explain the concept of risk assessment in the context of preventing the development of osteonecrosis of the jaw.Describe the pathophysiology of ONJ and outline contributing factors such as invasive dental procedures, comorbidities, concomitant medications, vitamin D deficiency and/or hyperparathyroidism, certain genotypes, smoking, and the role of obesity.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.

Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ) is a complication of long-term bisphosphonate (BP) use. Given the beneficial effects of BP on bone quality in patients with cancer or osteoporosis, it is of great importance to understand the risk as it relates to time to event or cumulative dose until the onset of disease. Because there is no information on the lowest toxic dose from clinical trials, here we report on a review of 71 case series published since 2003. We calculated the weighted mean time to event, as well as the minimum reported time and dose for zoledronate, pamidronate, and oral bisphosphonates. The mean time to BONJ after zoledronate treatment was calculated at 1.8 years and the minimum was 10 months; after pamidronate, the mean time was 2.8 years and the minimum was 1.5 years; and after oral BP therapy, the mean time was 4.6 years and the minimum was 3 years. Zoledronic acid seems to be the most potent among the nitrogen-containing BPs. Factors that seem to affect BONJ and time to event were invasive dental procedures and other comorbid factors such as advanced age, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, use of corticosteroids, vitamin D deficiency, and more. Understanding the pathophysiology of the disease requires further research.
Numerical investigations into cycling of full-flow penetrometers in soft clay
Authors: ZHOU H. , RANDOLPH M.F.
Published: November 2009

T-bar and ball full-flow penetrometers have important potential in evaluating the remoulded shear strength in situ, by means of cyclic penetration tests. This paper presents numerical investigations into repeated penetration and extraction of the penetrometers in soft clay, using a large deformation finite element method. This approach was able to uncover remoulding mechanisms and resulting gradual strength degradation of soil from intact to fully remoulded states by modelling the entire process of cyclic penetration and extraction. Analyses showed that a cyclic range of three diameters of the penetrometers was sufficient to avoid overlap of the failure mechanism at the extremes and mid-point of the cyclic range. The resistance degradation curves could be fitted accurately by simple expressions consistent with the strain-softening soil model adopted. The strain-rate dependence was similar in non-softening or post-cyclic soil for a given rate parameter. The resistance factor for the post-cyclic condition is higher than that for the initial conditions, depending to some degree upon soil sensitivity and brittleness parameter.