bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of IL-15 and latency reversing agent combinations in the reactivation and NK cell-mediated suppression of the HIV reservoir
Authors: Covino Daniela Angela , Desimio Maria Giovanna , Doria Margherita
Published: November 2022

Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACis) are major latency reversing agent (LRA) candidates in ‘shock and kill’ strategies to eradicate the HIV reservoir in infected patients. The poor achievements of initial HDACi-based trials and subsequent studies have highlighted the need for more efficient approaches such as combinatory and immunostimulating therapies. Here we studied combinations of IL-15 with pan-HDACi (Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat) or class I selective-HDACi (Entinostat) with or without a PKC agonist (Prostratin) for their impact on in vitro reactivation and NK cell-mediated suppression of latent HIV. Results showed that pan-HDACis but not Entinostat reduced NK cell viability and function; yet, combined IL-15 reverted the negative effects of pan-HDACis except for Panobinostat. All HDACis were ineffective at reactivating HIV in a CD4+ T cell model of latency, with pan-HDACis suppressing spontaneous and IL-15- or Prostratin-induced HIV release, while IL-15 + Prostratin combination showed maximal activity. Moreover, Panobinostat impaired STAT5 and NF-κB activation by IL-15 and Prostratin, respectively. Finally, by using effectors (NK) and targets (latently infected CD4+ T cells) equally exposed to drug combinations, we found that IL-15-mediated suppression of HIV reactivation by NK cells was inhibited by Panobinostat. Our data raise concerns and encouragements for therapeutic application of IL-15/LRA combinations.
Covid-19 vaccination programme effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 related infections, hospital admissions and deaths in the Apulia region of Italy: a one-year retrospective cohort study
Authors: Homan Tobias , Mazzilli Sara , Chieti Antonio , Musa Alessandra , Roth Adam , Fortunato Francesca , Bisceglia Lucia , Prato Rosa , Lopalco Pier Luigi , Martinelli Domenico
Published: November 2022

Studies reporting vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 outcomes concentrate mainly on estimates of one single type of vaccine and variant, seldom considering waning effects. We aimed to estimate the effectiveness of the overall COVID-19 vaccination programme implemented in the Apulia region of Italy at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections, COVID-19-related hospital admissions and deaths during alpha and delta variant dominant periods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records of persons 16 years and older resident in the Apulia region, assessing the effectiveness of the combined use of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1-S and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines against confirmed COVID-19 infections, hospitalisations and deaths, for fully and partially vaccinated persons as well as by time since vaccination and variants. Cox regression models yielding hazard ratios were used to calculate the overall vaccination programme effectiveness. From 1 January to 1 December 2021, we included 3,530,967 eligible persons in the cohort, of whom 2,770,299 were fully vaccinated and 158,313 were COVID-19 positive at the end of the study period. The effectiveness of the programme over the entire study period for fully vaccinated persons against COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation and death were 87.69% (CI95% 87.73–88.18), 94.08% (93.58–94.54) and 95.95% (CI95% 95.26–96.54), respectively. The effectiveness against COVID-19 infection of fully vaccinated subjects during the alpha and delta period was respectively 88.20% (CI95% 87.60–99.78) and 59.31% (CI95% 57.91–60.67), against hospitalisation 93.89% (CI95% 92.67–94.90) and 88.32% (CI95% 86.50–89.90) and against death 93.83% (CI95% 91.65–95.45) and 85.91 (CI95% 79.98–90.09). The waning effects of the programme regarding COVID-19 infection during the delta period were stronger than for alpha, with 75.85% (CI95% 74.38–77.24) effectiveness after 1–2 months and 8.35% (CI95% 3.45–13.01) after 5–6 months after full vaccination. The effectiveness against hospitalisation and death during the delta period waned rapidly and at 7–8-months after the full vaccination respectively decreased to 27.67% (CI95% 7.48–43.45) and 48.47 (CI95% 53.97–34.82). Our study suggests that the COVID-19 vaccination program in Apulia was strongly protective against COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, and death due to alpha as well as delta variants, although its effectiveness is reduced over time.
Modelling the impact of protein-kinase R allelic variant on HIV biomarkers trajectories by means of latent class mixed models
Authors: Brombin Chiara , Bagaglio Sabrina , Cugnata Federica , Castagna Antonella , Uberti-Foppa Caterina , Salpietro Stefania , Di Serio Clelia , Morsica Giulia
Published: November 2022

This paper is based on a retrospective longitudinal study on people living with HIV under antiretroviral treatment (ART) where allelic variants (either heterozygous CT genotype or homozygous CC genotype) have been evaluated at position −168 of the promoter region of the protein kinase R (−168/PKR). In general, antiviral effects of interferon are partially mediated by a RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) that, once activated, inhibits protein synthesis. Indeed, activation of PKR response can inhibit HIV replication. To explore the role of allelic variants in shaping dynamics of commonly monitored HIV biomarkers, CD4 cells, CD8 cells and HIV-load were modelled within a latent class mixed model (LCMM) to account for participants’ heterogeneity over time. The estimated models identified two sub-groups from CD4 and HIV-load dynamics, revealing better outcomes for subgroups of participants with the heterozygous CT genotype. Heterozygous CT subjects in one of the two identified subgroups exhibited higher increase of CD4 cells and more marked decrease of HIV-load, over time, with respect to the homozygous CC subjects assigned to the same group.
Development of seam tracking device in asynchronous tandem welding with arc sensing
Authors: Seo Bo Wook , Kim Dong-Yoon , Kim Cheolhee , Kim Seok , Cho Young Tae
Published: November 2022

Tandem welding is extensively used for welding large structures, such as ships and plants, for increased welding speed and volume. Seam tracking is essential because of a large amount of thermal deformation. However, in tandem welding, arc interference causes current and voltage to vary non-uniformly, leading to difficulties in seam tracking. Therefore, in this study, an optimal signal was identified for seam tracking in tandem welding and evaluated. To select the seam-tracking signal, an algorithm was developed that separates the welding signal into peak, average, and base. Based on the collected data, regression and signal-to-noise ratio analyses were performed to identify a suitable seam-tracking signal. To trace the welding line based on the selected signal, the welding signal was checked by weaving on the V-groove specimen. As a result, the current area difference of the welding signal generated between the left and right parts of the center of the V-groove could be calculated. An algorithm and equipment for seam tracking were constructed using the area difference of the welding current. Finally, the seam tracking system was verified by conducting an actual test using the equipment to which the algorithm was applied.
110 GHz, 110 mW hybrid silicon-lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder modulator
Authors: Valdez Forrest , Mere Viphretuo , Wang Xiaoxi , Boynton Nicholas , Friedmann Thomas A. , Arterburn Shawn , Dallo Christina , Pomerene Andrew T. , Starbuck Andrew L. , Trotter Douglas C. , Lentine Anthony L. , Mookherjea Shayan
Published: November 2022

High bandwidth, low voltage electro-optic modulators with high optical power handling capability are important for improving the performance of analog optical communications and RF photonic links. Here we designed and fabricated a thin-film lithium niobate (LN) Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) which can handle high optical power of 110 mW, while having 3-dB bandwidth greater than 110 GHz at 1550 nm. The design does not require etching of thin-film LN, and uses hybrid optical modes formed by bonding LN to planarized silicon photonic waveguide circuits. A high optical power handling capability in the MZM was achieved by carefully tapering the underlying Si waveguide to reduce the impact of optically-generated carriers, while retaining a high modulation efficiency. The MZM has a $$V_\pi L$$

V
π

L

product of 3.1 V.cm and an on-chip optical insertion loss of 1.8 dB.
Acute anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with higher levels of everyday altruism
Authors: Vieira Joana B. , Pierzchajlo Stephen , Jangard Simon , Marsh Abigail A. , Olsson Andreas
Published: November 2022

Prior laboratory research has suggested that humans may become more prosocial in stressful or threatening situations, but it is unknown whether the link between prosociality and defense generalizes to real-life. Here, we examined the association between defensive responses to a real-world threat (the COVID-19 pandemic) and everyday altruism. Four independent samples of 150 (N = 600) US residents were recruited online at 4 different timepoints, and self-report measures of perceived COVID-19 threat, defensive emotions (e.g., stress and anxiety), and everyday altruism were collected. Our operationalization of defensive emotions was inspired by the threat imminence framework, an ecological model of how humans and animals respond to varying levels of threat. We found that perceived COVID-19 threat was associated with higher levels of everyday altruism (assessed by the Self-report Altruism scale). Importantly, there was a robust association between experiencing acute anxiety and high physiological arousal during the pandemic (responses typically characteristic of higher perceived threat imminence), and propensity to engage in everyday altruism. Non-significant or negative associations were found with less acute defensive responses like stress. These findings support a real-life relation between defensive and altruistic motivation in humans, which may be modulated by perceived threat imminence.
Phosphorylation in liquid sulfur dioxide under prebiotically plausible conditions
Authors: Sydow Constanze , Seiband Christiane , Siegle Alexander F. , Trapp Oliver
Published: November 2022

In nature, organophosphates provide key functions such as information storage and transport, structural tasks, and energy transfer. Since condensations are unfavourable in water and nucleophilic attack at phosphate is kinetically inhibited, various abiogenesis hypotheses for the formation of organophosphate are discussed. Recently, the application of phosphites as phosphorylation agent showed promising results. However, elevated temperatures and additional reaction steps are required to obtain organophosphates. Here we show that in liquid sulfur dioxide, which acts as solvent and oxidant, efficient organophosphate formation is enabled. Phosphorous acid yields up to 32.6% 5′ nucleoside monophosphate, 3.6% 5′ nucleoside diphosphate, and the formation of nucleoside triphosphates and dinucleotides in a single reaction step at room temperature. In addition to the phosphorylation of organic compounds, we observed diserine formation. Thus, we suggest volcanic environments as reaction sites for biopolymer formation on Early Earth. Because of the simple recyclability of sulfur dioxide, the reaction is also interesting for synthesis chemistry.
In-situ loading experiments reveal how the subsurface affects coastal marsh survival
Authors: Zoccarato Claudia , Minderhoud Philip S. J. , Zorzan Paolo , Tosi Luigi , Bergamasco Alessandro , Girardi Veronica , Simonini Paolo , Cavallina Chiara , Cosma Marta , Da Lio Cristina , Donnici Sandra , Teatini Pietro
Published: November 2022

Over the past decades coastal marshes around the world have declined dramatically. Their deterioration is controlled by scarcity of sediments, erosion and accelerated rise of relative sea-level. The feedbacks between these processes control marsh evolution and determine their long-term survivability. Aggradation of a marsh to keep pace with relative sea-level rise mainly depends on the interplay between sedimentation and autocompaction, but their interactions are severely understudied. Here we present an in-situ loading experiment applied in the Venice Lagoon, Italy, to assess long-term autocompaction, with subsurface displacements and pressure monitored during loading cycles, up to ∼40 kN applied on a ∼4 m2 surface. Two identical experiments carried out in inorganic and organic soil-dominated marshes provided unique insights on the spatio-temporal subsurface dynamics. The large differences in behavior and maximum compaction (6 vs 32 mm) underscore the crucial role of autocompaction and soil heterogeneity when predicting the fate of coastal marshes worldwide.
Self-assembled nanoplatforms with ZIF-8 as a framework for FRET-based glutathione sensing in biological samples
Authors: Ding Yujie , Hu Zhongfei , Zhao Yiming , Shi Cai , Zhang Shijie , Zhang Zongrui
Published: November 2022

A nanoprobe was constructed by embedding QDs and a rhodamine B derivative (RBD) into ZIF-8. Then, the ultraviolet absorption of RBD that reacted with glutathione can overlap with the emission spectrum of the QDs, causing FRET-based glutathione sensing.
Floating Ag-NPs@Cu-NW bundles fabricated on copper mesh for highly sensitive SERS detection of uric acid in pretreatment-free urine
Authors: Song Ziyan , Chen Siyu , He Qiushi , Liang Hu , Huang Guangyao , Li Pan , Hao Zongyao , Yang Liangbao
Published: November 2022

Bundle-like structures decorated with Ag nanoparticles can be used as active floating SERS substrates with abundant 3D hot spots for highly sensitive detection of uric acid based on capillary forces that drive target molecules into the hot spots.
Combined phototherapy with metabolic reprogramming-targeted albumin nanoparticles for treating breast cancer
Authors: Le Xuan Thien , Lee Junyeong , Nguyen Nguyen Thi , Lee Woo Tak , Lee Eun Seong , Oh Kyung Taek , Choi Han-Gon , Shin Beom Soo , Youn Yu Seok
Published: November 2022

Self-assembled nanoparticles of mitochondria targeting compounds were developed for image-guided energy metabolism/photodynamic/photothermal therapy in response to NIR irradiation.
Aliovalent anion substitution as a design concept for heteroanionic Ruddlesden–Popper hydrides
Authors: Zapp Nicolas , Oehler Florian , Bertmer Marko , Auer Henry , Sheptyakov Denis , Ritter Clemens , Kohlmann Holger
Published: November 2022

Aliovalent anion substitution 2 O2− ⇒ N3− + H− in LiLa2HO3 yields the heteroanionc hydrides LiLa2NH2O and LiLa2N1.5H2.5.
Crystal structure of formamidinium–lead–chloride–dimethyl sulfoxide and phase relationship of related crystalline systems
Authors: Saito Noriko , Matsushita Yoshitaka , Ohsawa Takeo , Segawa Hiroyo , Ohashi Naoki
Published: November 2022

We presented a new hybrid lead chloride–DMSO solvate, FAPbCl3–DMSO, and explained the crystallization of this solvate in DMSO by the formation enthalpy calculation.
Group theory analysis of phonons in monolayer chromium trihalides and their Janus structures
Authors: Liu Y. C. , Niu H. B. , Lin J. B. , Wang V.
Published: November 2022

The in-plane and out-of-plane A1 modes in the Janus Y3–Cr2–X3 monolayer are both infrared and Raman active and may manifest significant magnetic-phonon coupling and magneto-optical effects in their optical spectra.
5D total scattering computed tomography reveals the full reaction mechanism of a bismuth vanadate lithium ion battery anode
Authors: Sottmann Jonas , Ruud Amund , Fjellvåg Øystein S. , Vaughan Gavin B. M. , Di Michel Marco , Fjellvåg Helmer , Lebedev Oleg I. , Vajeeston Ponniah , Wragg David S.
Published: November 2022

5D operando total scattering computed tomography reveals the mechanism of a lithium ion battery electrode which operates by both alloying and conversion reactions, both at the atomic and the microscopic scale.
Statistical mechanics of dimerizations and its consequences for small systems
Authors: Zangi Ronen
Published: November 2022

For homo-dimerizations, two-body correlations between monomer concentrations ought to be accounted for in the expression of the equilibrium constant, however, self-correlations should be excluded.
Ultra-high-rate CO2 reduction reactions to multicarbon products with a current density of 1.7 A cm−2 in neutral electrolytes
Authors: Inoue Asato , Harada Takashi , Nakanishi Shuji , Kamiya Kazuhide
Published: November 2022

The optimized cupric oxide nanoparticles on gas diffusion electrodes exhibited ultra-high-rate CO2 reduction reactions to multicarbon products with a current density of 1.7 A cm−2 in neutral electrolytes.
A microfluidic fully paper-based analytical device integrated with loop-mediated isothermal amplification and nano-biosensors for rapid, sensitive, and specific quantitative detection of infectious diseases
Authors: Tavakoli Hamed , Hirth Elisabeth , Luo Man , Sharma Timilsina Sanjay , Dou Maowei , Dominguez Delfina C. , Li XiuJun
Published: November 2022

A microfluidic fully paper-based analytical device integrated with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and graphene oxide nanosensors was developed for the first time for rapid, low-cost, and quantitative detection of infectious diseases.
Signal amplification strategies in electrochemical biosensors via antibody immobilization and nanomaterial-based transducers
Authors: Patel Mitkumar , Agrawal Mayuri , Srivastava Akshay
Published: November 2022

Signal amplification strategies via antibody conjugation and nanomaterials for the modification of transducers enable higher precision and sensitivity of electrochemical biosensors.
Superhydrophobic microstructures for better anti-icing performances: open-cell or closed-cell?
Authors: Wang Lizhong , Jiang Guochen , Tian Ze , Chen Changhao , Hu Xinyu , Peng Rui , Zhang Hongjun , Fan Peixun , Zhong Minlin
Published: November 2022

Superhydrophobic surfaces with open-cell structures, although not as ultradurable as those with closed-cell structures at room temperature, perform better for anti-icing applications owing to their increased air pocket pressure in low-temperature environments.
Decoupling of CVD-grown epitaxial graphene using NaCl intercalation
Authors: Kim Yohan , Han Huijun , Luo Da , Ruoff Rodney S. , Shin Hyung-Joon
Published: November 2022

Intercalation of one monolayer of NaCl film leads to efficient geometric and electronic decoupling of single-layer graphene from the supporting Cu substrate.
Using temperature to modify the reaction conditions and outcomes of polymers formed using transfer-dominated branching radical telomerisation (TBRT)
Authors: Flynn Sean , Penrhyn-Lowe Oliver B. , Mckeating Samuel , Wright Stephen , Lomas Sarah , Cassin Savannah R. , Chambon Pierre , Rannard Steve P.
Published: November 2022

Branched polymer synthesis by TBRT benefits from increased reaction temperatures as higher chain transfer rates lead to more efficient use of telogen, leading to reduced telogen concentrations being used to create high molecular weight polymers.
Population balance models for polymer upcycling: signatures of the mechanism in the molecular weight evolution
Authors: Yappert Ryan , Peters Baron
Published: November 2022

Chemical and catalytic upcycling processes could help realize a circular plastics economy, but current models for testing mechanistic hypotheses and designing catalysts remain primitive.
Mechanistic insights into metal, nitrogen doped carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction: progress in computational modeling
Authors: Li Boyang , Holby Edward F. , Wang Guofeng
Published: November 2022

Computational modeling has been used to acquire knowledge of the active site structure, reaction kinetics, and stability of metal, nitrogen co-doped carbon electrocatalysts, which exhibit encouraging activity for oxygen reduction reaction.
Solvent exchange-induced facile recrystallisation and particle size control of sulphide solid electrolytes for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries
Authors: Ali Mukarram , Han Su Cheol , Park Heetaek , Lee You-Jin , Kim Byung Gon , Park Jun-Woo , Park Junho , Choi Jeong-Hee , Ha Yoon-Cheol
Published: November 2022

A size-controlled high-quality sulphide solid electrolyte for all-solid-state Li batteries was prepared by a novel polar-to-nonpolar solvent exchange process.
Mechanical and permeability properties of porous scaffolds developed by a Voronoi tessellation for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Zhao Ze , Li Junchao , Yao Dingrou , Wei Yuan
Published: November 2022

A graphical representation of the mechanical properties and permeability of irregular porous scaffolds designed based on a Voronoi tessellation.
A biomimetic double network hydrogel ameliorates renal fibrosis and promotes renal regeneration
Authors: Zhang Rui , Hu Zifan , Wang Yongqin , Qiu Renjie , Wang Guobao , Wang Leyu , Hu Bianxiang
Published: November 2022

A bioinspired double network hydrogel scaffold (GCS) loaded with curcumin and N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) was prepared. This cyto-favorable hydrogel could prevent renal fibrosis, promote renal injury repair and renal regeneration.
Achieving synergistic improvement in dielectric constant and energy storage properties of all-organic liquid crystal molecule/PVDF composites
Authors: Liu Xuan , Luo Huang , Yan Chuanfang , Liu Yuan , Luo Hang , Zhang Dou , Chen Sheng
Published: November 2022

Liquid crystalline molecule fillers can simultaneously improve the dielectric constant and breakdown strength of a PVDF matrix.
Biofouling phenomena in membrane distillation: mechanisms and mitigation strategies
Authors: Mpala Tshepiso J. , Etale Anita , Richards Heidi , Nthunya Lebea N.
Published: November 2022

Membrane distillation (MD) is envisaged as a cost-effective water desalination technology. However, its industrial application has been limited by process inefficiencies caused by fouling, amongst other factors.
Diné Bizaad at a Glance
Authors: Henderson Davis E.
Published: November 2022

Purpose:

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association requires speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to be aware of language disorders versus language differences. SLPs are likely to provide clinical services to Navajo and other Native American children with communication disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to educate SLPs who work with Navajo children about Navajo speech and language (phonology, morphology, and syntax).
Design of a Low temperature cofired ceramic wideband WideScan antenna array for millimetre‐wave applications
Authors: Zhu Fuguo , Wang Yuefei , Zhang Jinping , Sun Lei , Zhou Zhipeng , Gao Steven
Published: November 2022

The design, fabrication, and measurement of a 7 × 7 mm‐wave array antenna have been presented for 5G communications. The substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)‐fed antenna element is formed of four parts: a rectangular radiating patch, a coupling slot cut onto the broadwall of the SIW, a transition layer, and a feeding layer at the bottom. The bandwidth and radiation efficiency has been improved by embedding an air cavity below the radiating patch, as the effective dielectric constant of the substrate is reduced. Moreover, a prototype has been fabricated and measured to verify the design principles. The finite array operating over 23–28 GHz has achieved active voltage standing wave ratios of less than 2 and 2.5 in the E‐ and H‐planes while scanning up to 45° respectively. Compared with the theoretical ideal gain, the average gain drop of the measured embedded element gain is 0.73dB.
A high‐precision frequency estimation algorithm based on multi‐segment signal fusion
Authors: Liu Kang , Liu Wei‐Jian , He Ming‐Hao , Yan Kai , Feng Ming‐Yue , Liu Fei , Yu Xin‐Yi
Published: November 2022

As the current multi‐segment signal fusion algorithms cannot meet the requirement of high‐precision frequency estimation at different signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs), an adaptive fusion algorithm is proposed in this paper. At high SNR, an autocorrelation weighted fusion algorithm is utilised, which adopts the real‐time weighted fusion of multi‐segment autocorrelation signals, resulting in denoised sinusoidal signals. Then the frequency is obtained by minimising the error function based on coarse estimation. At low SNR, an improved spectrum fusion algorithm is adopted, which uses the three‐parameter sine‐fitting method to determine the phase difference compensation factor, and the multi‐segment signal spectrum is weighted to obtain a long signal spectrum with continuous phase. As a result, the frequency can be estimated by spectral peak search. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm, compared with existing algorithms, not only improves the estimation accuracy by about 20%–50% but also can perform high‐precision frequency estimation for multi‐segment signals of different lengths, frequencies, and abnormal situations.
Kernel representation of Kalman observer and associated H-matrix based discretization
Authors: Aussal Matthieu , Moireau Philippe
Published: November 2022

In deterministic estimation, applying a Kalman filter to a dynamical model based on partial differential equations is theoretically seducing but solving the associated Riccati equation leads to a so-called curse of dimensionality for its numerical implementation. In this work, we propose to entirely revisit the theory of Kalman filters for parabolic problems where additional regularity results proves that the Riccati equation solution belongs to the class of Hilbert-Schmidt operators. The regularity of the associated kernel then allows to proceed to the numerical analysis of the Kalman full space-time discretization in adapted norms, hence justifying the implementation of the related Kalman filter numerical algorithm with H-matrices typically developed for integral equations discretization.
Equivalence of three kinds of optimal control problems for linear heat equations with memory
Authors: Wang Lijuan , Zhou Xiuxiang
Published: November 2022

This paper studies an equivalence theorem for three different kinds of optimal control problems, which are optimal time control problems, optimal norm control problems, and optimal target control problems. The controlled systems in this paper are internally controlled linear heat equations with memory.
An Belastungen wachsen oder zerbrechen? – Krisen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Schlenker Nila Komalasari
Published: November 2022

Verlusterfahrungen, Angst oder Gewalterlebnisse sind nur einige von vielen möglichen Belastungen, denen Kinder und Jugendliche ausgesetzt sein können. Die Krise, die die Betroffenen dann durchleben, können sie nur bewältigen, wenn ihnen geeignete Strategien dafür zur Verfügung stehen. Eine philosophische Betrachtung.
Merkel-Zell-Karzinome des Oberlides mit ungewöhnlichem klinischem Erscheinungsbild
Authors: Roschinski Benjamin , Werner Martin , Mittelviefhaus Hans , Auw-Hädrich Claudia
Published: November 2022

Das Merkel-Zell-Karzinom (MZK) ist ein seltener, aggressiver neuroendokriner Hauttumor, der vor allem in der sonnenexponierten Kopf-Hals-Region, jedoch kaum im Lidbereich auftritt. Die frühe lymphogene Ausbreitung führt häufig zu lokoregionalen Metastasen, weswegen eine frühe Diagnosestellung entscheidend ist. Klassischerweise stellt sich ein periokuläres MZK als rötlich-livider Knoten bei älteren Patienten dar, eine Blickdiagnose. In Anbetracht der geringen Inzidenz und des variablen Erscheinungsbildes kann die Diagnose jedoch auch eine Herausforderung darstellen. In den beiden hier vorgestellten Fällen präsentierte sich das MZK als eine hautfarbene Schwellung. Bei Patientin 1 zeigte der Tumor eine teils tiefe subaponeurotische Lokalisation und täuschte histopathologisch ein B-Zell-Lymphom vor, während er bei Patient 2 klinisch ein diffuses Chalazion imitierte. Nach immunhistochemischer Charakterisierung und Ausschluss von Metastasen wurden die initial klinisch benigne erscheinenden Veränderungen beider Patienten als CK20-negatives MZK klassifiziert. Die ausgedehnten Oberliddefekte wurden durch eine Cutler-Beard-Plastik gedeckt, bei Patientin 1 angesichts der Oculus-unicus-Situation eine besondere Herausforderung. Unsere beiden Fälle zeigen, dass Merkel-Zell-Karzinome sich nicht nur als tiefrote kirschförmige Tumoren manifestieren, sondern bei atypischer Lage bzw. Infiltrationsform hautfarben erscheinen und benigne Veränderungen vortäuschen können.
Long-Term Maternal Metabolic and Cardiovascular Phenotypes after a Pregnancy Complicated by Mild Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Obesity
Authors: Battarbee Ashley N. , Mele Lisa , Landon Mark B. , Varner Michael W. , Casey Brian M. , Reddy Uma M. , Wapner Ronald J. , Rouse Dwight J. , Thorp John M. , Chien Edward K. , Saade George , Plunkett Beth A. , Blackwell Sean C. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network
Published: November 2022

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of mild gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obesity with metabolic and cardiovascular markers 5 to 10 years after pregnancy.

Study Design This was a secondary analysis of 5- to 10-year follow-up study of a mild GDM treatment trial and concurrent observational cohort of participants ineligible for the trial with abnormal 1-hour glucose challenge test only. Participants with 2-hour glucose tolerance test at follow-up were included. The primary exposures were mild GDM and obesity. The outcomes were insulinogenic index (IGI), 1/homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and cardiovascular markers vascular endothelial growth factor, (VEGF), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), cluster
of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), and suppression of tumorgenesis 2 (ST-2). Multivariable linear regression estimated the association of GDM and obesity with biomarkers.

Results Of 951 participants in the parent study, 642 (68%) were included. Lower 1/HOMA-IR were observed in treated and untreated GDM groups, compared with non-GDM (mean differences, −0.24 and −0.15; 95% confidence intervals [CIs], −0.36 to −0.12 and −0.28 to −0.03, respectively). Lower VCAM-1 (angiogenesis) was observed in treated GDM group (mean difference, −0.11; 95% CI, −0.19 to −0.03). GDM was not associated with IGI or other biomarkers. Obesity was associated with lower 1/HOMA-IR (mean difference, −0.42; 95% CI, −0.52 to −0.32), but not other biomarkers.

Conclusion Prior GDM and obesity are associated with more insulin resistance but not insulin secretion or consistent cardiovascular dysfunction 5 to 10 years after delivery.

Key Points
Practical One-Pot Synthesis of 4,6-Bis(hetero)aryl- and 4-(Hetero) aryl-6-methyl-substituted 1,3,5-Triazin-2-amines
Authors: Paveglio Guilherme C. , Casagrande Gleison A. , Pizzuti Lucas , Calheiros Laís C. , Moura Sidnei , Back Davi F.
Published: November 2022

Two series of 4,6-disubstituted 1,3,5-triazin-2-amines were prepared by cesium carbonate-promoted cotrimerization of aromatic nitriles with guanidine and the reaction of (hetero)aryl nitriles with N-acetylguanidine. The first series of 4,6-bis(hetero)aryl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amines was synthesized in yields of 56–85% by adapting a traditional approach that starts from readily available substrates but requires strong and hard-to-handle bases as well as presents serious scope limitations. In this line, the method developed here used a mild base and overcame the scope limitation for p-substituted benzonitrile with electron-releasing group. The second series of 4-(hetero)aryl-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amines comprises unsymmetrically substituted symmetrical triazines, which were synthesized in yields of 58–75%. In summary, this work highlighted a synthetic method, which tolerates broad range of substrates, including o- and p-substituted benzonitriles as well as heteroaromatic nitriles.
Catalytic Benzannulation Reactions of Enynones for Accessing Heterocycle-Incorporating Diarylmethanes
Authors: Li Guigen , Jiang Bo , Wang Jia-Yin , Hao Wen-Juan
Published: November 2022

Two catalytic benzannulation/1,4-addition cascades of available enynones with indoles or tetronic acid-derived enamino lactones as C-nucleophiles are reported, producing 53 examples of heterocycle-incorporating diarylmethanes with moderate to excellent yields. The combination of AgOTf and Sc(OTf)3 permits bimetallic synergistic catalysis of the reaction of enynones with indoles to access 35 triarylmethanes in generally good yields with ortho-naphthoquinone methides, generated in situ, as the key intermediates. Exchanging indoles for tetronic acid-derived enamino lactones resulted in 18 diarylmethanes by the Ag-catalyzed benzannulation/1,4-addition cascade. Both reactions are advantageous for their high atom utilization and mild reaction conditions, providing intriguing complementary approaches for the direct syntheses of new heterocycle-containing diarylmethanes.
Incidence and Malignancy Rates in Thyroid Nodules in North-East Indian Population by Bethesda System: A Single Institutional Experience of 3 Years
Authors: Chakraborty Suvamoy , Balakrishnan Manu C. , Raphael Vandana , Tamuli Prachurya , Deka Anuradha
Published: November 2022

Introduction Goiter is one of the most common conditions encountered clinically (up to 60% of population) with thyroid malignancy being one of the most common endocrine malignancies. The American Thyroid Association has advocated the need for validation of the Bethesda system of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in each center. The risk of malignancy (ROM) for Bethesda categories in the Indian population is limited.

Objective As there are variations in the effectiveness of FNAC, this study aims to study the role of FNAC in evaluating thyroid nodules, estimating the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules in the North-East Indian population, and correlating the FNAC findings with HPE (histopathological examination).

Materials and Methods A total of 110 patients with thyroid nodules had visited the Department of Otorhinolaryngology during 2017–2020. Case records were retrieved, out of which only 66 patients had both FNAC and HPE reports. The FNAC of 66 patients were studied.

Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using STATA V14. Fischer's exact test was used to determine the association of Bethesda system in diagnosing thyroid malignancy. The percentage agreement between the FNAC and HPE was calculated using the Kappa statistics. The diagnostic validity of FNAC in the diagnosis of malignant thyroid nodule was reported.

Results The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of FNAC in diagnosing thyroid malignancy were 52%, 94.3%, 89%, and 69% respectively. The risk of malignancy (ROM) for Bethesda I to VI categories in our study was 20%, 25%, 67%, 40%, 78%, and 100% respectively (p-value < 0.001, Fischer's exact test).

Conclusion A specificity of 94.3% and PPV of 89% of FNAC makes it a good reliable tool in ruling in malignancy in our population. The higher ROM in indeterminate categories necessitates the need to consider thyroidectomy with or without intraoperative frozen section analysis in our population. Similar higher ROM has been reported in a few other Indian studies. These findings may suggest an increased ROM for Bethesda categories III and IV in the Indian population; however, the statement needs further validation from large multicentric studies with research to find the reason for the increased risk.
Data-driven fractional order feedback and model-less feedforward control of a XY reluctance-actuated micropositioning stage
Authors: Zhang Xu , Lai Leijie , Li Pengzhi , Zhu Li-Min
Published: November 2022

This paper proposes a compound data-driven control method to solve the problems of low damping resonance, different dynamic properties, and hysteresis in the large-range compliant micropositioning stage driven by a Maxwell reluctance actuator. First, in order to verify the proposed control algorithm, a reluctance-actuated, XY compliant micropositioning stage is constructed according to the principle of operation of a reluctance actuator. Second, in order to eliminate the influence of complex dynamics on the controller design, a fractional order proportional-integral feedback controller is designed using a data iterative feedback turning algorithm. Third, the finite impulse response feedforward filter is optimized using experimental data, and the on-line inverse estimation of the system frequency response function and its iterative feedforward compensation are carried out to further eliminate the influence of light damping resonance. Finally, the proposed control method is used for tracking the experiment and compared with other methods. The experimental results show that the proposed control method can better meet the requirements of high precision, fast speed, and strong anti-interference ability for large stroke micro/nanopositioning and tracking.
Portable diagnostic package for Thomson scattering and optical emission spectroscopy on Princeton field-reversed configuration 2 (PFRC 2)
Authors: Kafle N. , Elliott D. , Berlinger B. , He Z. , Cohen S. , Zhang Z. , Biewer T. M.
Published: November 2022

An Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy funded diagnostic system has been deployed to the Princeton field-reversed configuration 2 (PFRC-2) device, located at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. The Portable Diagnostic Package (PDP), designed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, allows for the measurement of Thomson Scattering (TS) for electron density and temperature and Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) for ion temperature, impurity density, and ion velocity. A tunable spectrometer on the PDP with three gratings provides the flexibility to measure low (1 eV) and high (1000 eV) electron temperature ranges from TS. Additionally, using a second spectrometer, the OES diagnostic can survey light emission from various ion excitation levels for wide wavelength ranges. The electron density (<2 × 1019 m−3) of plasmas generated in PFRC-2 has been below the PDP TS discrimination threshold, which has made TS signal detection challenging against a high-background of laser stray light. The laser stray light was iteratively reduced by making modifications to the entrance and exit geometry on PFRC-2. Rayleigh scattering experiments on PFRC have yielded the TS discrimination sensitivity to be >1 × 1020 m−3 for the PDP. A recently implemented narrow-band notch spectral filter that masks the second harmonic 532 nm Nd:YAG laser wavelength has increased the system’s TS light discrimination sensitivity 65 times compared to the instance when the notch filter was not implemented. The hardware implementation including design changes to the flight tubes and Brewster windows will be discussed, along with results from Rayleigh and rotational Raman scattering sensitivity analyses, which were used to establish a quantitative figure of merit on the system performance. The Raman scattering calibration with the notch filter has improved the PDP electron density threshold to 1 ± 0.5 × 1018 m−3.
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics physically reconsidered: The relation to explicit large eddy simulation and the issue of particle duality
Authors: Okraschevski M. , Buerkle N. , Koch R. , Bauer H.-J.
Published: November 2022

In this work, we will identify a novel relation between Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and explicit large eddy simulation using a coarse-graining method from non-equilibrium molecular dynamics. While the current literature points at the conclusion that characteristic SPH issues become restrictive for subsonic turbulent flows, we see the potential to mitigate these SPH issues by explicit subfilter stress modeling. We verify our theory by various simulations of homogeneous, isotropic turbulence at Re=104 and compare the results to a direct numerical simulation [T. Dairay et al., “Numerical dissipation vs subgrid-scale modelling for large eddy simulation,” J. Comput. Phys. 337, 252–274 (2017)]. Although the simulations substantiate our theory, we see another issue arising, which is conceptually rooted in the particle itself, termed as particle duality. Finally, we conclude our work by acknowledging SPH as a coarse-graining method for turbulent flows, highlighting its capabilities and limitations.
Studying of multi-shell gas-puff Z-pinches using x-ray spectroscopy with spatial resolution
Authors: Shelkovenko T. A. , Pikuz S. A. , Qi N. , Hammer D. A.
Published: November 2022

Dynamics and parameters of gas-puff Z-pinch plasmas at stagnation were studied using x-ray spectroscopic diagnostics. In experiments on a 1 MA pulsed power generator, multilayer coaxial loads were made using a triple-nozzle gas-puff valve. High-luminosity spectrographs with spherically bent crystals made it possible to record spectra with high spatial resolution along the pinch axis and to record two-dimensional plasma images in separate spectral lines. Using various combinations of gases in the nozzles and adding small amounts of a gas tracer, the final structure and composition of the compressed plasma were determined. Plasma parameters were estimated by modeling the spectra using the PrismSPECT program, but with the limitation that the spectra were time-integrated, so that spectra from different gases and at different positions may have been emitted at different times.
Full-polarization radar target feature modulation based on active polarization conversion metasurface
Authors: Sui Ran , Wang Junjie , Feng Dejun , Xu Yong
Published: November 2022

Electromagnetic (EM) metasurfaces comprising artificially designed subwavelength unit cells have drawn considerable attention due to the EM properties beyond the limits of natural materials. As one of the representative structures, active polarization conversion metasurface (APCM) is switchable by loading active components. It provides great freedom to manipulate the polarization state of EM waves. However, the current research mainly focused on the application of communication and paid less attention to the radar effect of APCM. APCM redistributes electromagnetic wave energy in multi-polarization channels, so it will have great application potential in polarimetric radar. Herein, based on the fully polarimetric radar one-dimensional high resolution range profile, the radar effect of time-modulated metasurface is studied. For this purpose, a method of target scattering mechanisms manipulation and a polarization-insensitive structure of APCM are proposed. The amplitude-phase joint modulation method is specifically analyzed in detail. The distance transformation and virtual multi-target phenomena are further discovered. Virtual targets along the distance dimension are generated in multi-polarization channels, while the scattering mechanisms of k-order targets are effectively manipulated. The relationship between the target scattering matrix and the modulation parameters is obtained. It may provide an effective method for the application of active metasurface in fully polarimetric radars.
Experimental investigation of vacuum arc characteristics subject to axial magnetic field contacts with different ratios of diameter to gap distance
Authors: Wang Hongda , Wang Lijun , Ma Qiang , Wang Zhiwei , Zhang Zhefeng , Zhang Wenzhe
Published: November 2022

In this study, to investigate vacuum arc characteristics under different diameter-to-gap distance ratios (D/g), experiments are conducted on axial magnetic field (AMF) contacts with varying D/g. The peak current value ranges from 15 to 35 kA. The experimental results show that the ability of AMF contacts to control the arc decreases with D/g. Furthermore, the 2/3 coil contact can control the arc under long gap distances, whereas the cup-shaped contact cannot effectively control the arc under long gap distances. The arc energy and noisy period duration decrease with increasing D/g. The arc voltage of the 2/3 coil contact at the peak moment is always the lowest compared to the cup-shaped contact and the 1/2 coil contact, and the arc voltage of the 2/3 coil contact at the peak moment has an approximate power function relation with D/g. The simulation results show that the AMF distribution changes from saddle shape to bell shape with decreasing D/g. The 2/3 coil contact is more suitable for high-voltage vacuum interrupters (VIs), while the cup-shaped contact is more suitable for medium-voltage VIs.
Drag of a single particle within a multi-particle system in supercritical water
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Wang Huibo , Li Yi , Jin Hui
Published: November 2022

Particle drag is a very important factor in reactor simulation. The complex physical properties of supercritical water (SCW) prevent some modeling methods of reactor simulation from being able to accurately simulate an SCW reactor. Therefore, in this work, the effects of particle interaction on single particle drag within a multi-particle system in SCW are investigated. The results show that the variation in the drag coefficient in SCW is special. This work indicates a control mechanism for the Reynolds number, volume fraction, temperature, and pressure on drag specificity of a single particle. This mechanism essentially exhibits an interaction of viscosity and velocity gradient. Furthermore, through a comparison of SCW and constant property flow, a drag specificity model can be initially developed. The results for SCW can be obtained by calculating the constant property flow, coupled with a drag specificity model. This model can be applied to modeling methods of reactor simulation after further improvement.
Transparent and biocompatible In2O3 artificial synapses with lactose–citric acid electrolyte for neuromorphic computing
Authors: Qiu Haiyang , Hao Dandan , Li Hui , Shi Yepeng , Dong Yao , Liu Guoxia , Shan Fukai
Published: November 2022

Electrolyte-gated synaptic transistors are promising for artificial neural morphological devices. However, few literatures have been reported regarding the manufacturing of electrolyte-gated synaptic transistors with low cost and biocompatible components. Here, the fully transparent synaptic transistors based on water-induced In2O3 thin films have been integrated by sol–gel method at low temperature, and lactose dissolved in citric acid solution is used as the gate electrolyte. The migration of the ions at the interface plays a crucial role in the potentiation and depression of the synaptic weight. In this work, the biological synaptic functions, including excitatory postsynaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, high-pass filtering characteristics, short-term memory, and long-term memory, are mimicked. Meanwhile, based on the potentiation/depression behaviors of the synaptic transistor, a three-layer artificial neural network is applied for pattern recognition, and the recognition accuracy is as high as 94.6%. This study offers a possibility to realize fully transparent synaptic devices with biocompatible components at low temperature.
Two-dimensional direction-of-arrival estimation based on time-domain-coding digital metasurface
Authors: Zhou Qun Yan , Wu Jun Wei , Wang Si Ran , Fang Zu Qi , Wu Li Jie , Ke Jun Chen , Dai Jun Yan , Cui Tie Jun , Cheng Qiang
Published: November 2022

Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is one of the most critical technologies of radar, remote sensing, and wireless communications. The traditional DOA estimation is closely related to phased array antennas, which require complicated and expensive hardware and high-power consumption. Metasurface can manipulate electromagnetic waves without using massive transceivers, which makes it possible to realize antenna arrays in a cost-effective way. Here, we propose a strategy of DOA estimations by using a time-domain-coding digital metasurface and a single receiver. Specifically, the incident wave on the metasurface is modulated by the time-domain orthogonal codes impressed on the meta-atoms, and their amplitude and phase distributions are precisely retrieved from the signals detected by the receiver antenna. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed strategy are verified by experiments on a two-dimensional metasurface with individually addressable meta-atoms. The strategy features low cost and high flexibility and will facilitate various wireless applications.