bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of Second-Order Sensitivity Method and CoKriging Surrogate Model
Authors: Zhang Zebin , Buisson Martin , Ferrand Pascal , Henner Manuel
Published: February 2021

The global exploring feature of the surrogate model makes it a useful intermedia for design optimization. The accuracy of the surrogate model is closely related with the efficiency of optima-search. The cokriging approach described in present studies can significantly improve the surrogate model accuracy and cut down the turnaround time spent on the modeling process. Compared to the universal Kriging method, the cokriging method interpolates not only the sampling data, but also on their associated derivatives. However, the derivatives, especially high order ones, are too computationally costly to be easily affordable, forming a bottleneck for the application of derivative enhanced methods. Based on the sensitivity analysis of Navier–Stokes equations, current study introduces a low-cost method to compute the high-order derivatives, making high order derivatives enhanced cokriging modeling practically achievable. For a methodological illustration, second-order derivatives of regression model and correlation models are proposed. A second-order derivative enhanced cokriging model-based optimization tool was developed and tested on the optimal design of an automotive engine cooling fan. This approach improves the modern optimal design efficiency and proposes a novel direction for the large scale optimization problems.
Microband-Induced Plasticity in a Nb Content Fe–28Mn–10Al–C Low Density Steel
Authors: Ma Tao , Gao Jianxin , Li Huirong , Li Changqing , Zhang Haichao , Li Yungang
Published: February 2021

Novel Fe–28Mn–10Al–C–0.5Nb low-density steel was developed and the room temperature tensile behavior in the solid solution state and the microstructure evolution process during plastic deformation were studied, aiming to clarify the dominant deformation mechanisms. The results show that the developed steel was fully austenitic with a low density of 6.63 g/cm3 and fairly high stacking fault energy of 84 MJ/m2. The present fully austenitic Fe–28Mn–10Al–C–0.5Nb low-density steel exhibited an excellent ultimate tensile strength of 1084 MPa and elongation of 37.5%; in addition, the steel exhibited an excellent combination of strength and ductility (i.e., the product of strength and ductility (PSE) could reach as high as 40.65 GPa%). In spite of the high stacking fault energy, deformed microstructures exhibited planar glide characteristics, seemingly due to the glide plane softening effect. The excellent combination of strength and ductility is attributed to plasticity induced by microbands and leads to the continuous strain hardening during deformation at room temperature. Moreover, the addition of Nb does not change the deformation mechanism and strengthening mechanism of Fe–Mn–Al–C low-density steel, and can optimize the mechanical properties of the steel.
Control-Oriented Characterization of Product Properties during Hot Hole-Flanging of X46Cr13 Sheet Material in a Progressive-Die
Authors: Martschin Juri , Meya Rickmer , Klöser Daniel , Meurer Thomas , Tekkaya A. Erman
Published: February 2021

Robust and versatile production is enabled by a closed-loop control of product properties. This essentially relies on the characterization of the interaction between properties and available degrees of freedom to control the process. In particular, this work examines the setting of collar height, thinning, curvature, and hardness during hot hole-flanging of X46Cr13 sheet material with simultaneous heat treatment to identify approaches for a closed-loop property control in hot hole-flanging during multi-stage hot sheet metal forming. To scrutinize the adjustability of the hardness of X46Cr13 sheet material by heat treatment with rapid heating and short dwell times, quenching tests with austenitizing temperatures from 900 to 1100 °C and dwell times from 1 to 300 s were carried out. A hardness between 317 and 680 HV10 was measured. By analyzing the force-displacement curve and the contact situation between tools and blank during hot hole-flanging, an understanding for the process was established. To determine the adjustability of geometrical collar properties and the hardness of the collar, collars were formed at punch speeds between 5 and 100 mm/s and at different temperatures. Here, a dependency of the geometry of the collar on temperature and punch speed as well as setting of the hardness was demonstrated.
Design and Analysis of a Novel Flexure-Based Dynamically Tunable Nanopositioner
Authors: Li Zeying , Liu Pengbo , Yan Peng
Published: February 2021

Various tools, such as biomedical manipulators, optical aligners, and ultraprecision manufacturing tools, implement nanopositioners that must be dynamically tunable to satisfy the requirements of different working conditions. In this paper, we present the design and analysis of a flexure-based nanopositioner with dynamically tunable characteristics for the implementation of a high-performance servomechanism. The nanopositioner is composed of four flexure beams that are positioned in parallel and symmetric configurations sandwiched between magnetorheological elastomers (MREs). The properties of MREs impart dynamicity to the nanopositioner, allowing the workspace, stiffness, and damping characteristics in particular to be tuned under the action of an external magnetic field. By utilizing elastic beam theory and electromagnetic field coupling analysis, kinetostatic and dynamic models of the proposed nanopositioner were established to predict the variable stiffness property and dynamically tunable characteristics. The models were validated by performing a finite element analysis. Herein, it is shown that the proposed nanopositioner model can actively adjust the trade-offs between the working range, speed, and sustained load capability by changing the magnetic field. The proposed dynamic tuning method offers new insight into the design of flexure-based nanopositioners for real applications.
Monoclonal Antibodies Application in Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Assays for Drugs of Abuse Detection
Authors: Qriouet Zidane , Cherrah Yahia , Sefrioui Hassan , Qmichou Zineb
Published: February 2021

Lateral flow assays (lateral flow immunoassays and nucleic acid lateral flow assays) have experienced a great boom in a wide variety of early diagnostic and screening applications. As opposed to conventional examinations (High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, etc.), they obtain the results of a sample’s analysis within a short period. In resource-limited areas, these tests must be simple, reliable, and inexpensive. In this review, we outline the production process of antibodies against drugs of abuse (such as heroin, amphetamine, benzodiazepines, cannabis, etc.), used in lateral flow immunoassays as revelation or detection molecules, with a focus on the components, the principles, the formats, and the mechanisms of reaction of these assays. Further, we report the monoclonal antibody advantages over the polyclonal ones used against drugs of abuse. The perspective on aptamer use for lateral flow assay development was also discussed as a possible alternative to antibodies in view of improving the limit of detection, sensitivity, and specificity of lateral flow assays.
Characterization and Study on Fragmentation Pathways of a Novel Nerve Agent, ‘Novichok (A234)’, in Aqueous Solution by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Lee Jin Young , Lim Kyoung Chan , Kim Hyun Suk
Published: February 2021

As a first step toward studying the properties of Novichok (ethyl (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene)phosphoramidofluoridate (A234)), we investigated its degradation products and fragmentation pathways in aqueous solution at different pH levels by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A234 was synthesized in our laboratory and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Three sets of aqueous samples were prepared at different pH levels. A stock solution of A234 was prepared in acetonitrile at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and stored at −20 °C until use. Aqueous samples (0.1 mg/mL) were prepared by diluting the stock solution with deionized water. The acidic aqueous sample (pH = 3.5) and basic aqueous sample (pH = 9.4) were prepared using 0.01 M acetic acid and 0.01 M potassium carbonate, respectively. The analysis of the fragmentation patterns and degradation pathways of A234 showed that the same degradation products were formed at all pH levels. However, the hydrolysis rate of A234 was fastest under acidic conditions. In all three conditions, the fragmentation pattern and the major degradation product of A234 were determined. This information will be applicable to studies regarding the decontamination of Novichok and the trace analysis of its degradation products in various environmental matrices.
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO-SiO2 Composite Using Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as a Potential Silica Source
Authors: Rahmat Fida’i , Fen Yap Wing , Anuar Muhammad Fahmi , Omar Nur Alia Sheh , Zaid Mohd Hafiz Mohd , Matori Khamirul Amin , Khaidir Rahayu Emilia Mohamed
Published: February 2021

In this paper, the structural and optical properties of ZnO-SiO2-based ceramics fabricated from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) were investigated. The OPEFB waste was burned at 600, 700 and 800 °C to form palm ash and was then treated with sulfuric acid to extract silica from the ash. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the existence of SiO2 in the sample. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that the particles displayed an irregular shape and became finer after leaching. Then, the solid-state method was used to produce the ZnO-SiO2 composite and the samples were sintered at 600, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 °C. The XRD peaks of the Zn2SiO4 showed high intensity, which indicated high crystallinity of the composite. FESEM images proved that the grain boundaries were larger as the temperature increased. Upon obtaining the absorbance spectrum from ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the energy band gaps obtained were 3.192, 3.202 and 3.214 eV at room temperature, 600 and 800 °C, respectively, and decreased to 3.127, 2.854 and 2.609 eV at 1000, 1200 and 1400 °C, respectively. OPEFB shows high potential as a silica source in producing promising optical materials.
Targeted Hybrid Nanocarriers as a System Enhancing the Skin Structure
Authors: Lewińska Agnieszka , Domżał-Kędzia Marta , Kierul Kinga , Bochynek Michał , Pannert Dominika , Nowaczyk Piotr , Łukaszewicz Marcin
Published: February 2021

The skin is constantly exposed to external and internal factors that disturb its function. In this work, two nanosystems-levan nanoparticles and a surfactin-stabilized nanoemulsion were preserved (tested for microbial growth) and characterized (size, polydispersity, Zeta potential, and stability). The nanosystems were introduced in the model formulations-cream, tonic, and gel, and confirmed by TEM. The analysis showed that nanoemulsion has a spherical morphology and size 220–300 nm, while levan nanoparticles had irregular shapes independently of the use of matrix and with particle size (130–260 nm). Additionally, we examined the antiradical effect of levan nanoparticles and nanoemulsion in the prototype of formulations by scavenging DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; EPR spectroscopy). The model cream with both nanosystems and the whole range of products with nanosystems were evaluated in vivo for hydration, elasticity, smoothness, wrinkles and vascular lesions, discoloration, respectively. The cream improved skin condition in all tested parameters in at least 50% of volunteers. The use of more comprehensive care, additionally consisting of a tonic and gel, reduced the previously existing skin discoloration to 10.42 ± 0.58%. The presented prototype formulations are promising in improving skin conditions.
Pentacyclic Triterpene Profile and Its Biosynthetic Pathway in Cecropia telenitida as a Prospective Dietary Supplement
Authors: Gutiérrez Gustavo , Valencia Laura Marcela , Giraldo-Dávila Deisy , Combariza Marianny Y. , Galeano Elkin , Balcazar Norman , Panay Aram J. , Jerez Alejandra Maria , Montoya Guillermo
Published: February 2021

Promising research over the past decades has shown that some types of pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) are associated with the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D), especially those found in foods. The most abundant edible sources of PTs are those belonging to the ursane and oleanane scaffold. The principal finding is that Cecropia telenitida contains abundant oleanane and ursane PT types with similar oxygenation patterns to those found in food matrices. We studied the compositional profile of a rich PT fraction (DE16-R) and carried out a viability test over different cell lines. The biosynthetic pathway connected to the isolated PTs in C. telenitida offers a specific medicinal benefit related to the modulation of T2D. This current study suggests that this plant can assemble isobaric, positional isomers or epimeric PT. Ursane or oleanane scaffolds with the same oxygenation pattern are always shared by the PTs in C. telenitida, as demonstrated by its biosynthetic pathway. Local communities have long used this plant in traditional medicine, and humans have consumed ursane and oleanane PTs in fruits since ancient times, two key points we believe useful in considering the medicinal benefits of C. telenitida and explaining how a group of molecules sharing a closely related scaffold can express effectiveness.
Oxidative Stress Is Increased in Combined Oral Contraceptives Users and Is Positively Associated with High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
Authors: Cauci Sabina , Xodo Serena , Buligan Cinzia , Colaninno Chiara , Barbina Mattia , Barbina Giuseppe , Francescato Maria Pia
Published: February 2021

Information concerning the mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation in young healthy women predisposing eventually to future diseases is scarce. We investigated the relationship of oxidative stress and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in fertile-age women by oral combined contraceptive (OC) use. Caucasian Italian healthy non-obese women (n = 290; 100 OC-users; 190 non-OC-users; mean age 23.2 ± 4.7 years) were analyzed. Blood hydroperoxides, as oxidative stress biomarkers, were assessed by Free Oxygen Radical Test (FORT). Serum hsCRP was determined by an ultra-sensitive method (hsCRP). Markedly elevated oxidative stress (≥400 FORT Units) was found in 77.0% of OC-users and 1.6% of non-OC-users, odds ratio (OR) = 209, 95% CI = 60.9–715.4, p < 0.001. Elevated hsCRP levels ≥ 2.0 mg/L, considered risky for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), were found in 41.0% of OC-users and 9.5% of non-OC-users, OR = 6.6, 95%CI 3.5–12.4, p < 0.001. Hydroperoxides were strongly positively correlated to hsCRP in all women (rs = 0.622, p < 0.001), in OC-users (rs = 0.442, p < 0.001), and in non-OC-users (rs = 0.426, p < 0.001). Women with hydroperoxides ≥ 400 FORT Units were eight times as likely to have hsCRP ≥ 2 mg/L. In non-OC-users only, hydroperoxides values were positively correlated with weight and body mass index, but negatively correlated with red meat, fish and chocolate consumption. Our research is the first finding a strong positive correlation of serum hydroperoxides with hsCRP, a marker of low-grade chronic inflammation, in young healthy women. Further research is needed to elucidate the potential role of these two biomarkers in OC-use associated side-effects, like thromboembolism and other CVDs.
Loganin Alleviates Gout Inflammation by Suppressing NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Mitochondrial Damage
Authors: Choi Nuri , Yang Gabsik , Jang Joo Hyeon , Kang Han Chang , Cho Yong-Yeon , Lee Hye Suk , Lee Joo Young
Published: February 2021

Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis caused by the deposition of monosodium uric acid (MSU) crystals in tissues. The etiology of gout is directly linked to the NLRP3 inflammasome, since MSU crystals are NLRP3 inflammasome activators. Therefore, we decided to search for a small-molecule inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome for the prevention of gout inflammation. We found that loganin suppressed MSU crystals-induced caspase-1 (p20) and interleukin (IL)-1β production and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) specks formation in mouse primary macrophages, showing its ability to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome. In an air pouch inflammation model, oral administration of loganin to mice prevented MSU crystals-induced production of mature IL-1β and IL-18 in air pouch exudates, resulting in decreased neutrophil recruitment. Furthermore, oral administration of loganin suppressed MSU crystals-induced gout inflammation in a mouse foot gout model, which was accompanied by the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Loganin blocked de novo synthesis of mitochondrial DNA in air pouches and foot tissues injected with MSU crystals. Consistently, loganin prevented MSU crystals-induced mitochondrial damage in macrophages, as it increased mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased the amount of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. These data demonstrate that loganin suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting mitochondrial stress. These results suggest a novel pharmacological strategy to prevent gout inflammation by blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Production, Characterisations, Recent Trends and Difficulties
Authors: Mabrouk Mostafa , Das Diganta B. , Salem Zeinab A. , Beherei Hanan H.
Published: February 2021

Designing of nanomaterials has now become a top-priority research goal with a view to developing specific applications in the biomedical fields. In fact, the recent trends in the literature show that there is a lack of in-depth reviews that specifically highlight the current knowledge based on the design and production of nanomaterials. Considerations of size, shape, surface charge and microstructures are important factors in this regard as they affect the performance of nanoparticles (NPs). These parameters are also found to be dependent on their synthesis methods. The characterisation techniques that have been used for the investigation of these nanomaterials are relatively different in their concepts, sample preparation methods and obtained results. Consequently, this review article aims to carry out an in-depth discussion on the recent trends on nanomaterials for biomedical engineering, with a particular emphasis on the choices of the nanomaterials, preparation methods/instruments and characterisations techniques used for designing of nanomaterials. Key applications of these nanomaterials, such as tissue regeneration, medication delivery and wound healing, are also discussed briefly. Covering this knowledge gap will result in a better understanding of the role of nanomaterial design and subsequent larger-scale applications in terms of both its potential and difficulties.
Quantum Chemical Simulation of the Qy Absorption Spectrum of Zn Chlorin Aggregates for Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Wang Zhimo , Suo Bingbing , Yin Shiwei , Zou Wenli
Published: February 2021

Zn chlorin (Znchl) is easy to synthesize and has similar optical properties to those of bacteriochlorophyll c in the nature, which is expected to be used as a light-harvesting antenna system in artificial photosynthesis. In order to further explore the optical characteristics of Znchl, various sizes of a parallel layered Znchl-aggregate model and the THF-Znchl explicit solvent monomer model were constructed in this study, and their Qy excited state properties were simulated by using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and exciton theory. For the Znchl monomer, with a combination of the explicit solvent model and the implicit solvation model based on density (SMD), the calculated Qy excitation energy agreed very well with the experimental one. The Znchl aggregates may be simplified to a Zn36 model to reproduce the experimental Qy absorption spectrum by the Förster coupling theory. The proposed Znchl aggregate model provides a good foundation for the future exploration of other properties of Znchl and simulations of artificial light-harvesting antennas. The results also indicate that J-aggregrates along z-direction, due to intermolecular coordination bonds, are the dominant factor in extending the Qy band of Znchl into the near infrared region.
Interactions of a Water-Soluble Glycofullerene with Glucose Transporter 1. Analysis of the Cellular Effects on a Pancreatic Tumor Model
Authors: Barańska Edyta , Wiecheć-Cudak Olga , Rak Monika , Bienia Aleksandra , Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz Anna , Krzykawska-Serda Martyna , Serda Maciej
Published: February 2021

In recent years, carbon nanomaterials have been intensively investigated for their possible applications in biomedical studies, especially as drug delivery vehicles. Several surface modifications can modulate the unique molecular structure of [60]fullerene derivatives, as well as their physicochemical properties. For this reason, covalent modifications that would enable a greater water solubilization of the fullerene buckyball have been rapidly investigated. The most exciting applications of fullerene nanomaterials are as drug delivery vectors, photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT), astransfection or MRI contrast agents, antimicrobials and antioxidants. From these perspectives, the glucose derivatives of [60]fullerene seem to be an interesting carbon nanomaterial for biological studies. It is well-known that cancer cells are characterized by an increased glucose uptake and it has also been previously reported that the glucose transporters (GLUTs) are overexpressed in several types of cancers, which make them attractive molecular targets for many drugs. This study explored the use of a highly water-soluble glycofullerene (called Sweet-C60) in pancreatic cancer studies. Here, we describe the PANC-1 cell proliferation, migration, metabolic activity and glycolysis rate after incubations with different concentrations of Sweet-C60. The final results did not show any influence of the Sweet-C60 on various cancer cellular events and glycolysis, suggesting that synthesized glycofullerene is a promising drug delivery vehicle for treating pancreatic cancer.
Aloe Vera-Mediated Te Nanostructures: Highly Potent Antibacterial Agents and Moderated Anticancer Effects
Authors: Medina-Cruz David , Vernet-Crua Ada , Mostafavi Ebrahim , González María Ujué , Martínez Lidia , III A-Andrew D. Jones , Kusper Matthew , Sotelo Eduardo , Gao Ming , Geoffrion Luke D. , Shah Veer , Guisbiers Grégory , Cholula-Díaz Jorge L. , Guillermier Christelle , Khanom Fouzia , Huttel Yves , García-Martín José Miguel , Webster Thomas J.
Published: February 2021

Cancer and antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics are two of the most worrying healthcare concerns that humanity is facing nowadays. Some of the most promising solutions for these healthcare problems may come from nanomedicine. While the traditional synthesis of nanomaterials is often accompanied by drawbacks such as high cost or the production of toxic by-products, green nanotechnology has been presented as a suitable solution to overcome such challenges. In this work, an approach for the synthesis of tellurium (Te) nanostructures in aqueous media has been developed using aloe vera (AV) extracts as a unique reducing and capping agent. Te-based nanoparticles (AV-TeNPs), with sizes between 20 and 60 nm, were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties and tested for potential biomedical applications. A significant decay in bacterial growth after 24 h was achieved for both Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli at a relative low concentration of 5 µg/mL, while there was no cytotoxicity towards human dermal fibroblasts after 3 days of treatment. AV-TeNPs also showed anticancer properties up to 72 h within a range of concentrations between 5 and 100 µg/mL. Consequently, here, we present a novel and green approach to produce Te-based nanostructures with potential biomedical applications, especially for antibacterial and anticancer applications.
Transitioning from Si to SiGe Nanowires as Thermoelectric Material in Silicon-Based Microgenerators
Authors: Fonseca Luis , Donmez-Noyan Inci , Dolcet Marc , Estrada-Wiese Denise , Santander Joaquin , Salleras Marc , Gadea Gerard , Pacios Mercè , Sojo Jose-Manuel , Morata Alex , Tarancon Albert
Published: February 2021

The thermoelectric performance of nanostructured low dimensional silicon and silicon-germanium has been functionally compared device-wise. The arrays of nanowires of both materials, grown by a VLS-CVD (Vapor-Liquid-Solid Chemical Vapor Deposition) method, have been monolithically integrated in a silicon micromachined structure in order to exploit the improved thermoelectric properties of nanostructured silicon-based materials. The device architecture helps to translate a vertically occurring temperature gradient into a lateral temperature difference across the nanowires. Such thermocouple is completed with a thin film metal leg in a unileg configuration. The device is operative on its own and can be largely replicated (and interconnected) using standard IC (Integrated Circuits) and MEMS (Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems) technologies. Despite SiGe nanowires devices show a lower Seebeck coefficient and a higher electrical resistance, they exhibit a much better performance leading to larger open circuit voltages and a larger overall power supply. This is possible due to the lower thermal conductance of the nanostructured SiGe ensemble that enables a much larger internal temperature difference for the same external thermal gradient. Indeed, power densities in the μW/cm2 could be obtained for such devices when resting on hot surfaces in the 50–200 °C range under natural convection even without the presence of a heat exchanger.
Bioconjugation of a PNA Probe to Zinc Oxide Nanowires for Label-Free Sensing
Authors: Crisci Teresa , Falanga Andrea Patrizia , Casalino Maurizio , Borbone Nicola , Terracciano Monica , Chianese Giovanna , Gioffrè Mariano , D’Errico Stefano , Marzano Maria , Rea Ilaria , De Stefano Luca , Oliviero Giorgia
Published: February 2021

Zinc oxide nanowires (ZnONWs) are largely used in biosensing applications due to their large specific surface area, photoluminescence emission and electron mobility. In this work, the surfaces of ZnONWs are modified by covalent bioconjugation of a peptidic nucleic acid (PNA) probe whose sequence is properly chosen to recognize a complementary DNA (cDNA) strand corresponding to a tract of the CD5 mRNA, the main prognostic marker of chronic lymphatic leukemia. The interaction between PNA and cDNA is preliminarily investigated in solution by circular dichroism, CD melting, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After the immobilization of the PNA probe on the ZnONW surface, we demonstrate the ability of the PNA-functionalized ZnONW platform to detect cDNA in the μM range of concentration by electrical, label-free measurements. The specificity of the sensor is also verified against a non-complementary DNA sequence. These preliminary results highlight the potential application of PNA-bioconjugated ZnONWs to label-free biosensing of tumor markers.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Various Shape-Controlled Europium Hydroxides
Authors: Zheng Hongjuan , Zhu Kongjun , Onda Ayumu , Yanagisawa Kazumichi
Published: February 2021

Eu(OH)3 with various shape-controlled morphologies and size, such as plate, rod, tube, prism and nanoparticles was successfully synthesized through simple hydrothermal reactions. The products were characterized by XRD (X-Ray Powder Diffraction), FE-SEM (Field Emission- Scanning Electron Microscopy) and TG (Thermogravimetry). The influence of the initial pH value of the starting solution and reaction temperature on the crystalline phase and morphology of the hydrothermal products was investigated. A possible formation process to control morphologies and size of europium products by changing the hydrothermal temperature and initial pH value of the starting solution was proposed.
Macronutrient Sensing in the Oral Cavity and Gastrointestinal Tract: Alimentary Tastes
Authors: Keast Russell , Costanzo Andrew , Hartley Isabella
Published: February 2021

There are numerous and diverse factors enabling the overconsumption of foods, with the sense of taste being one of these factors. There are four well established basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter; all with perceptual independence, salience, and hedonic responses to encourage or discourage consumption. More recently, additional tastes have been added to the basic taste list including umami and fat, but they lack the perceptual independence and salience of the basics. There is also emerging evidence of taste responses to kokumi and carbohydrate. One interesting aspect is the link with the new and emerging tastes to macronutrients, with each macronutrient having two distinct perceptual qualities that, perhaps in combination, provide a holistic perception for each macronutrient: fat has fat taste and mouthfeel; protein has umami and kokumi; carbohydrate has sweet and carbohydrate tastes. These new tastes can be sensed in the oral cavity, but they have more influence post- than pre-ingestion. Umami, fat, kokumi, and carbohydrate tastes have been suggested as an independent category named alimentary. This narrative review will present and discuss evidence for macronutrient sensing throughout the alimentary canal and evidence of how each of the alimentary tastes may influence the consumption of foods.
Longitudinal Weight Gain and Related Risk Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Adults in the US
Authors: Bhutani Surabhi , vanDellen Michelle R. , Cooper Jamie A.
Published: February 2021

Cross-sectional analyses have shown increased obesogenic behaviors and a potential for weight gain during COVID-19 related peak-lockdown (March–May 2020), but longitudinal data are lacking. This study assessed longitudinal changes in body weight and lifestyle behaviors in the US adults during the pandemic. Methods: We used Qualtrics survey to collect self-reported data on body weight, dietary, physical activity, and psychological variables (n = 727) during the peak-lockdown (April/May) and at post-lockdown (September/October). Peak-lockdown weight data were categorized based on the magnitude of weight gained, maintained, or lost, and behavioral differences were examined between categories at two time points. Results: Body weight increased (+0.62 kg; p < 0.05) at the post-lockdown period. The body mass index also increased (26.38 ± 5.98 kg/m2 vs. 26.12 ± 5.81 kg/m2; p < 0.01) at the post-lockdown period vs. peak-lockdown period. Close to 40% of participants reported gaining either 1–4 lbs or >5 lbs of body weight during the peak-lockdown, while 18.2% lost weight. Weight-gainers engaged in riskier dietary behaviors such as frequent ultra-processed food intake (p < 0.01) and snacking (p < 0.001), were less active, and reported high stress and less craving control during peak-lockdown. Of those gaining >5 lbs, 33% continued to gain weight after the lockdown eased, while 28% maintain higher body weight. In weight-gainers, takeout meal frequency increased, and high ultra-processed food intake and stress, and low craving control continued to persist after the lockdown eased. Conclusion: We show that the COVID-19 lockdown periods disrupted weight management among many Americans and that associated health effects are likely to persist.
The carB Gene of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) is Associated with Nematicidal Activity against the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Xia Yanfei , Li Shen , Xu Guohui , Xie Shanshan , Liu Xueting , Lin Xiaomin , Wu Huijun , Gao Xuewen
Published: February 2021

Biological nematicides have been widely used to lower the losses generated by phytoparasitic nematodes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nematicidal effects of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) against Meloidogyne javanica and to identify nematicide-related genes. Culture filtrates of BL21(DE3) caused juvenile mortality and inhibited egg hatching in a dose-dependent manner. In the greenhouse, treatment of tomato seedlings with BL21(DE3) culture filtrates at 50 and 100% concentrations not only reduced the amount of M. javanica egg masses and galls, but improved plant root and shoot fresh weight. Culture filtrate analysis indicated that the nematicidal active ingredients of strain BL21(DE3) were non-proteinaceous, heat and cold resistant, sensitive to pH and volatile. To identify the genes associated with nematicidal activity, a BL21(DE3) library of 5000 mutants was produced using Tn5 transposase insertion. The culture filtrate of the MB12 mutant showed no nematicidal activity after 72 h of treatment and thermal asymmetrical interlaced PCR demonstrated that the carB gene was disrupted. Nematicidal activity was restored when the pH of the MB12 culture filtrate was adjusted to the original pH value (4.15) or following MB12 complementation with the carB gene, confirming a role for carB in mediating pH value and nematicidal activity. The outcomes of this pilot study indicate that BL21(DE3) is a potential microorganism for the continuable biological control of root-knot nematode in tomato and that carB affects the nematicidal activity of BL21(DE3) by modulating the pH environment.
Janthinobacterium tructae sp. nov., Isolated from Kidney of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Jung Won Joon , Kim Sang Wha , Giri Sib Sankar , Kim Hyoun Joong , Kim Sang Guen , Kang Jeong Woo , Kwon Jun , Lee Sung Bin , Oh Woo Taek , Jun Jin Woo , Park Se Chang
Published: February 2021

This study presents a novel Janthinobacterium strain, SNU WT3, isolated from the kidney of rainbow trout. A phylogenetic study using 16S rRNA sequences indicated that the strain is closely related to Janthinobacterium svalbardensis JA-1T. However, biochemical analysis found differences in D-xylose adonitol, N-acetylglucosamine, arbutin, and cellobiose. As for genome-to-genome distance and average nucleotide identity values calculated between strain SNU WT3 and other related strains such as J. lividum EIF1, J. svalbardensis PAMC 27463, and J. agaricidamnosum BHSEK were all below the cutoff value between species. DNA-DNA hybridization between strain SNU WT3 and other close relatives indicated the results of J. lividum DSM 1522T (47.11%) and J. svalbardensis JA-1T (38.88%) individually. The major fatty acid compositions of strain SNU WT3 were cylco-C17:0 (41.45%), C16:0 (33.86%) and C12:0 (5.87%). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The quinone system was composed mainly of ubiquinone Q-8. The genome of strain SNU WT3 consists of 6,314,370 bp with a G + C content of 62.35%. Here, we describe a novel species of the genus Janthinobacterium, and the name Janthinobacterium tructae has been proposed with SNU WT3T (=KCTC 72518 = JCM 33613) as the type strain.
The Herbal Supplements NOZEMAT HERB® and NOZEMAT HERB PLUS®: An Alternative Therapy for N. ceranae Infection and Its Effects on Honey Bee Strength and Production Traits
Authors: Shumkova Rositsa , Balkanska Ralitsa , Hristov Peter
Published: February 2021

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are the most effective pollinators for different crops and wild flowering plants, thus maintaining numerous ecosystems in the world. However, honey bee colonies often suffer from stress or even death due to various pests and diseases. Among the latter, nosemosis is considered to be one of the most common diseases, causing serious damage to beekeeping every year. Here, we present, for the first time, the effects from the application of the herbal supplements NOZEMAT HERB® (NH) and NOZEMAT HERB PLUS® (NHP) for treating N. ceranae infection and positively influencing the general development of honey bee colonies. To achieve this, in autumn 2019, 45 colonies were selected based on the presence of N. ceranae infections. The treatment was carried out for 11 months (August 2019–June 2020). All colonies were sampled pre- and post-treatment for the presence of N. ceranae by means of light microscopy and PCR analysis. The honey bee colonies’ performance and health were evaluated pre- and post-treatment. The obtained results have shown that both supplements have exhibited statistically significant biological activity against N. ceranae in infected apiaries. Considerable enhancement in the strength of honey bee colonies and the amount of sealed workers was observed just one month after the application of NH and NHP. Although the mechanisms of action of NH and NHP against N. ceranae infection are yet to be completely elucidated, our results suggest a new holistic approach as an alternative therapy to control nosemosis and to improve honey bee colonies’ performance and health.
In vitro–in vivo Validation of Stimulatory Effect of Oat Ingredients on Lactobacilli
Authors: Duysburgh Cindy , Van den Abbeele Pieter , Kamil Alison , Fleige Lisa , De Chavez Peter John , Chu YiFang , Barton Wiley , O’Sullivan Orla , Cotter Paul D. , Quilter Karina , Joyce Susan A. , Murphy Mike , DunnGalvin Gillian , Dinan Timothy G , Marzorati Massimo
Published: February 2021

The prebiotic activity of a commercially available oat product and a novel oat ingredient, at similar β-glucan loads, was tested using a validated in vitro gut model (M-SHIME®). The novel oat ingredient was tested further at lower β-glucan loads in vitro, while the commercially available oat product was assessed in a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, and cross-over human study. Both approaches focused on healthy individuals with mild hypercholesterolemia. In vitro analysis revealed that both oat products strongly stimulated Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae in the intestinal lumen and the simulated mucus layer, and corresponded with enhanced levels of acetate and lactate with cross-feeding interactions leading to an associated increase in propionate and butyrate production. The in vitro prebiotic activity of the novel oat ingredient remained at lower β-glucan levels, indicating the prebiotic potential of the novel oat product. Finally, the stimulation of Lactobacillus spp. was confirmed during the in vivo trial, where lactobacilli abundance significantly increased in the overall population at the end of the intervention period with the commercially available oat product relative to the control product, indicating the power of in vitro gut models in predicting in vivo response of the microbial community to dietary modulation.
Novel Anticancer Strategies
Authors: Bousbaa Hassan
Published: February 2021

Cancer incidence and mortality continue to increase rapidly worldwide [...]
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Sized 4-Aminosalicylic Acid–Sulfamethazine Cocrystals
Authors: Salem Ala’ , Takácsi-Nagy Anna , Nagy Sándor , Hagymási Alexandra , Gősi Fruzsina , Vörös-Horváth Barbara , Balić Tomislav , Pál Szilárd , Széchenyi Aleksandar
Published: February 2021

Drug–drug cocrystals are formulated to produce combined medication, not just to modulate active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) properties. Nano-crystals adjust the pharmacokinetic properties and enhance the dissolution of APIs. Nano-cocrystals seem to enhance API properties by combining the benefits of both technologies. Despite the promising opportunities of nano-sized cocrystals, the research at the interface of nano-technology and cocrystals has, however, been described to be in its infancy. In this study, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and high-power ultrasound were used to prepare nano-sized cocrystals of 4-aminosalysilic acid and sulfamethazine in order to establish differences between the two methods in terms of cocrystal size, morphology, polymorphic form, and dissolution rate enhancement. It was found that both methods resulted in the formation of form I cocrystals with a high degree of crystallinity. HPH yielded nano-sized cocrystals, while those prepared by high-power ultrasound were in the micro-size range. Furthermore, HPH produced smaller-size cocrystals with a narrow size distribution when a higher pressure was used. Cocrystals appeared to be needle-like when prepared by HPH compared to those prepared by high-power ultrasound, which had a different morphology. The highest dissolution enhancement was observed in cocrystals prepared by HPH; however, both micro- and nano-sized cocrystals enhanced the dissolution of sulfamethazine.
Microfabrication with Very Low-Average Power of Green Light to Produce PDMS Microchips
Authors: Hernandez-Cedillo Lucero M. , Vázquez-Cuevas Francisco G. , Quintero-Torres Rafael , Aragón Jose L. , Ocampo Mortera Miguel Angel , Ordóñez-Romero Cesar L. , Domínguez-Juárez Jorge L.
Published: February 2021

In this article, we show an alternative low-cost fabrication method to obtain poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic devices. The proposed method allows the inscription of micron resolution channels on polystyrene (PS) surfaces, used as a mold for the wanted microchip’s production, by applying a high absorption coating film on the PS surface to ablate it with a focused low-power visible laser. The method allows for obtaining micro-resolution channels at powers between 2 and 10 mW and can realize any two-dimensional polymeric devices. The effect of the main processing parameters on the channel’s geometry is presented.
Preparation of a Novel Cellulose–Styrene Copolymer Adsorbent and Its Adsorption of Nitrobenzene from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Yang Guifang , Lin Na , Li Yuan , Ye Xiaoxia , Liu Yifan , Lv Yuancai , Lin Chunxiang , Liu Minghua
Published: February 2021

A novel cellulose–styrene copolymer adsorbent (cellulose-St) was prepared using free radical polymerization. Successful polymerization was confirmed through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Carbon 13 Solid Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR) Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), etc. Cellulose-St possessed good hydrophobicity, and the best water contact angle of cellulose-St samples could reach 146°. It had the ability of adsorption for nitrobenzene (NB), and the adsorption process could be well described by the pseudo-second-order (R2 > 0.99) and three-stage intraparticle diffusion (R2 > 0.99) kinetic models. Furthermore, the dynamic adsorption experiments revealed that cellulose-St had the potential for continuous separation of NB in water, and the breakthrough point for the initial NB concentration of 10 mg/L reached 1.275 L/g. Moreover, cellulose-St exhibited excellent environmental adaptability that it could maintain its hydrophobicity and adsorption ability for NB in strong acids, strong alkalis, or organic solvents. The used cellulose-St could be reused after washing with ethanol and keep almost constant adsorption capacity after ten cycles.
Tuning Photophysical Properties of Donor/Acceptor Hybrid Thin- Film via Addition of SiO2/TiO2 Nanocomposites
Authors: Al-Asbahi Bandar Ali , Hj. Jumali Mohammad Hafizuddin , AlSalhi M. S. , Qaid Saif M. H. , Fatehmulla Amanullah , Mujamammi Wafa Musa , Ghaithan Hamid M.
Published: February 2021

The influence of SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposites (STNCs) content on non-radiative energy transfer (Förster-type) from poly (9,9′-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) (PFO) to poly [2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) using steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopies was investigated at room temperature. The improved energy transfer from PFO to MEH-PPV upon an increment of the STNCs was achieved by examining absorbance, emission (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra. The shorter values of the quantum yield (φDA) and lifetime (τDA) of the PFO in the hybrid thin films compared with the pure PFO, indicating efficient energy transfer from PFO to MEH-PPV with the increment of STNCs in the hybrid. The energy transfer parameters can be tuned by increment of the STNCs in the hybrid of PFO/MEH-PPV. The Stern–Volmer value (kSV), quenching rate value (kq), Förster radius (R0), distance between the molecules of PFO and MEH-PPV (RDA), energy transfer lifetime (τET), energy transfer rate (kET), total decay rate of the donor (TDR), critical concentration (Ao), and conjugation length (Aπ) were calculated. The gradually increasing donor lifetime and decreasing acceptor lifetime, upon increasing the STNCs content, prove the increase in conjugation length and meanwhile enhance in the energy transfer.
Flexible Polyurethane Foams from Epoxidized Vegetable Oils and a Bio-Based Diisocyanate
Authors: Cifarelli Angelica , Boggioni Laura , Vignali Adriano , Tritto Incoronata , Bertini Fabio , Losio Simona
Published: February 2021

Bio-polyols from epoxidized soybean and linseed oils and caprylic acid or 3-phenyl butyric acid were prepared using an environmentally friendly, solvent-free method evaluating the presence of triethylamine as catalyst. Side reactions, leading to a cross-linking structure with high density, were reduced, introducing the catalyst and properly tuning the reaction conditions. A medium functionality value of around 3 along with a hydroxyl number up to around 90 mg KOH/g, narrow polydispersity index, and relatively low molecular mass up to 2400 g/mol were the experimental targets. From selected bio-polyols and an aliphatic partially bio-based isocyanate, a series of water blown polyurethane (PU) foams was produced, estimating the effect of the chemical nature of substituents in the polyol backbone on the PU properties. The apparent density of the foams was in the range of 79–113 kg/m3, with higher values for foams from the aromatic acid. Flexible polyurethane foams with open cell structure from bio-based polyols were obtained, with higher cavity size and lower pore sizes for foams from caprylic acid. The bio-based flexible PU foams showed comparable Young’s moduli (14–18 kPa) and compression deflection values (4.6–5.5 kPa) and exhibited an almost complete recovery of their initial size.
Composite Aramid Membranes with High Strength and pH-Response
Authors: Wang Xiao , Li Shi , Tu Yuanyuan , Hu Jiwen , Huang Zhenzhu , Lin Shudong , Gui Xuefeng
Published: February 2021

The pH-responsive membrane is a new wastewater treatment technology developed in recent years. In this paper, a novel film with intelligent pH-responsiveness was first prepared by blending functional gates comprised of hydrolyzed aramid nanofibers (HANFs) into aramid nanofiber (ANF) membranes via a vacuum filtration method. Those as-prepared membranes exhibited dual pH-responsive characteristics, which were featured with a negative pH-responsiveness in an acidic environment and a positive pH-responsiveness in basic media. These dual pH-responsive membranes also exhibited a high tensile strength which could still reach 55.74 MPa (even when the HANFs content was as high as 50 wt%), a high decomposition temperature at ~363 °C, and good solvent resistance. The membranes described herein may be promising candidates for a myriad of applications, such as the controlled release of drugs, sensors, sewage treatment, etc.
Formation Tracking Control for Multi-Agent Networks with Fixed Time Convergence via Terminal Sliding Mode Control Approach
Authors: Xu Guang-Hui , Li Meng , Chen Jie , Lai Qiang , Zhao Xiao-Wen
Published: February 2021

This paper investigates formation tracking control for multi-agent networks with fixed time convergence. The control task is that the follower agents are required to form a prescribed formation within a fixed time and the geometric center of the formation moves in sync with the leader. First, an error system is designed by using the information of adjacent agents and a new control protocol is designed based on the error system and terminal sliding mode control (TSMC). Then, via employing the Lyapunov stability theorem and the fixed time stability theorem, the control task is proved to be possible within a fixed time and the convergence time can be calculated by parameters. Finally, numerical results illustrate the feasibility of the proposed control protocol.