bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Kalinovsky Artemy M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the Soviet experience. The Russian Revolution and Stalin's death were among the three postcolonial moments recorded during the Soviet period. The living standard improvements over the last fifteen years came from migration in the 1970s instead of any foreign investment or aid program. Moreover, the environmental damage caused by dam building and heavy industry alone is enough to suggest that humanity will need to think of radically different approaches against poverty, inequality, and global warming in the twenty-first century. The Soviet Union found ways to accommodate quite a bit of diversity as it pursued a path to material prosperity and equality.
Spaces of Enslavement
Authors: Mosterman Andrea C.
Published: July 2022

This book addresses the persistent myth that the colonial Dutch system of slavery was more humane. Investigating practices of enslavement in New Netherland and then in New York, the book shows that these ways of racialized spatial control held much in common with the southern plantation societies. In the 1620s, Dutch colonial settlers brought slavery to the banks of the Hudson River and founded communities from New Amsterdam in the south to Beverwijck near the terminus of the navigable river. When Dutch power in North America collapsed and the colony came under English control in 1664, Dutch descendants continued to rely on enslaved labor. Until 1827, when slavery was abolished in New York State, slavery expanded in the region, with all free New Yorkers benefitting from that servitude. The book describes how the movements of enslaved persons were controlled in homes and in public spaces such as workshops, courts, and churches. It addresses how enslaved people responded to regimes of control by escaping from or modifying these spaces so as to expand their activities within them. Through a close analysis of homes, churches, and public spaces, the book shows that, over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the region's Dutch communities were engaged in a daily struggle with Black New Yorkers who found ways to claim freedom and resist oppression. The book writes a critical and overdue chapter on the place of slavery and resistance in the colony and young state of New York.
Introduction
Authors: Mosterman Andrea C.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the interactions between Dutch American slaveholders and enslaved New Yorkers. It argues that not all Dutch Americans held people in bondage, and the social stratification of New York society proved more complex than a simple dichotomy of enslaved and enslaver. The chapter also looks at the relationships between enslavers and the people they enslaved, as well as the ways in which the system of slavery impacted society at large. Ultimately, the chapter investigates how spatial analysis can be used to better understand how enslavers used space to control the people they enslaved. It uncovers the importance of spatial analysis to reconstruct the histories of those people whose voices are rarely found in the archives. The spatial analysis at the heart of this study shows the important ways in which control over or regulation of spaces changed over time.
Enslaved Labor and the Settling of New Netherland
Authors: Mosterman Andrea C.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the importance of enslaved laborers in Dutch efforts to settle the colonial space — the region they called New Netherland. It looks at the enslaved laborers' importance to the West India Company in New Netherland. The chapter argues that enslaved men and women proved crucial to the company's colonial project in New Netherland, because their presence and contributions were instrumental in company efforts to claim this space for the Dutch. The chapter also examines enslaved Africans' significance in the settling of New Netherland, discusses their contributions to the colony's development, and shows how the company implemented hierarchies of enslavement to enforce their cooperation in Dutch colonial development.
The Geography of Enslaved Life in New Netherland
Authors: Mosterman Andrea C.
Published: July 2022

This chapter reviews how some of the company's enslaved laborers took advantage of the lack of spatial control in the Dutch colony and their close proximity to each other and several important institutions. It explores a variety of reasons why some of New Amsterdam's enslaved men and women had been able to attend the Dutch Reformed Church, use the courts to secure wages or defend property, and obtain a (conditional) freedom. The chapter then analyses the importance of place, space, and geography. Because enslaved people had very little control over their mobility or the environment in which they lived, the physical and social spaces that they inhabited played an especially important role in the ways they were able to partake in society. Ultimately, the chapter looks at the ways in which enslaved people navigated these systems and the colonial spaces.
Slavery and Social Power in Dutch Reformed Churches
Authors: Mosterman Andrea C.
Published: July 2022

This chapter turns to the region's Dutch Reformed churches. It reviews the ways in which social power manifested within the church space, focusing in particular on the conditions of free and enslaved Black New Yorkers in these churches. The chapter argues that congregations' practices of selective admission to these spaces, exclusion from these buildings and church yards, and segregation within these spaces reinforced the social and racial hierarchies that supported slavery in their communities. It emphasizes that these churches and membership in them became tools of enforcing social power in these communities, which proved crucial in sustaining slavery. Ultimately, the chapter shows that enslaved people created alternative ways to continue religious worship when excluded from or segregated within these churches.
Mapping the Borders of Sex
Authors: DeVun Leah
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the medieval concept of sex. The Marvels of the East is a medieval text about fantastical monster tales which also depicts a hermaphrodite figure. The text implies the importance of sex and gender variance in the definitional limits of humanity. In the medieval period, the concepts of intersex and transgender exist simultaneously without necessarily conflating them. Examples from the Middle Ages can help situate modern cartographies of gender and space within a much broader chronological framework. However, works about real people and imaginative settings mean it cannot be referred to as linear history pertaining to sex or gender variance.
The Transgender Turn
Authors: Bychowski M. W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the transgender turn case of Eleanor Rykener. It explains how transgender studies turn into a critique of cisgender identity history. Medieval studies' transgender turn originated from Time Magazine's call for trans people's social and legal rights. The chapter discusses the cisgender turn before tackling the transgender turn. It includes how medieval sodomy and modern queer identity fell in line with trans erotics, which is the particulars of transgender sex and sexuality. Eleanor's case has been re-evaluated following the transgender turn to medieval studies. Scholars are requested to stop dead naming Eleanor in future studies as well.
Recognizing Wilgefortis
Authors: Mills Robert
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into Wilgefortis, a female bearded martyr. It starts with the gender confusion of a triptych by Hieronymus Bosch, which is currently exhibited in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice. Arguments rose in favor of the identification of Bosch's crucified figure with Wilgefortis. The beard became a crucial attribute in the surviving images of Wilgefortis. The threat posed by female facial hair to aesthetic, social, and psychic norms may explain efforts on the part of at least some artists to render Wilgefortis' beard insubstantially. The chapter explains how the term “trans” encompasses the transition of both trans men and trans women without perceiving them to a gender binary.
Maimed Limbs and Biosalvation
Authors: Goodrich Micah James
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on rehabilitation politics in relation to the poem called Piers Plowman. It considers Piers Plowman's discussion of debilitated bodies and maimed limbs to critique bodily integration into a social and salvific community. In terms of Piers Plowman, transgender and disability studies in conversation with medieval legal theory and literature show how bodily mutilation and alteration are both created and repudiated by institutional powers. The chapter notes how misshapen bodies regarded in the poem are bodies that do not conform to the shape of society. Moreover, Piers Plowman challenges the work of salvation as a medieval institution since the health of the soul and social body became integrated.
Laid Open
Authors: Larson Scott
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into genders in early early America. While trans histories have been understudied, gender-variant subjects have been over analysed. Reverend Joseph Israel Lobdell's place in the history of sexology and transgender has been used to mark the emergence of sexological regimes at the turn of the twentieth century. Increasing trans visibility in the current moment has indeed drawn attention to the issues of trans justice, but it has been accompanied by increasing anti-trans violence and targeted backlash. The chapter highlights Anne Hutchinson and Governor John Winthrop arguing the connection of gender to the practice of teaching than to the identity and body of the practitioner.
Introduction
Authors: Paprocki Kasia
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the political ecology of climate change adaptation in Bangladesh. The country has been subjected to research by a variety of actors such as academic scientists and workers of governmental and non-governmental agencies seeking to define the situation and to shape strategies for response. The resulting knowledge about social and environmental change in Bangladesh is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty. The chapter also tackles the operation of the adaptation regime which is divided into three interrelated processes: imagination, experimentation, and dispossession. Additionally, the chapter explains how adaptation to climate change offers the opportunity for a radical redistribution of power and resources.
Autopsy of a Village
Authors: Paprocki Kasia
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the agrarian change following the success of shrimp production in Bangladesh. It highlights the effects of the transition from rice to shrimp for landless people, agricultural laborers, and small landowners who have actively participated in the shrimp boom. The paradox grows of smallholders beginning to participate in shrimp production, while simultaneously seeing no future in the endeavour. However, the cultivations are at the heart of the social and ecological transitions taking place in Khulna. Shrimp cultivation entails a radical reduction in labor demand relative to rice farming. The transformations in water and production regimes have been accompanied by similarly dramatic changes in the local ecology.
Faith in Freedom
Authors: Polk Andrew R.
Published: July 2022

This book argues that the American civil religion so many have identified as indigenous to the founding ideology was, in fact, the result of a strategic campaign of religious propaganda. Far from being the natural result of the nation's religious underpinning or the later spiritual machinations of conservative Protestants, American civil religion and the resultant “Christian nationalism” of today were crafted by secular elites in the middle of the twentieth century. The book's genealogy of the national motto, “In God We Trust,” revises the very meaning of the contemporary American nation. It shows how presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and Dwight D. Eisenhower, working with politicians, advertising executives, and military public relations experts, exploited denominational religious affiliations and beliefs in order to unite Americans during the Second World War and, then, the early Cold War. Armed opposition to the Soviet Union was coupled with militant support for free economic markets, local control of education and housing, and liberties of speech and worship. These preferences were cultivated by state actors so as to support a set of right-wing positions including anti-communism, the Jim Crow status quo, and limited taxation and regulation. The book is a pioneering work of American religious history. By assessing the ideas, policies, and actions of three US presidents and their White House staff, the book sheds light on the origins of the ideological, religious, and partisan divides that describe the American polity today.
Uniting against a Common Foe
Authors: Polk Andrew R.
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines how Franklin D. Roosevelt presented a religious interpretation of the Second World War to the American people. As Roosevelt and his allies fought to advance their interreligious, ecumenical language of the propaganda, the schema produced a level of religious consolidation on the battlefield that went far beyond even their intentions. The context of the war resulted in a conflation of national and religious identities that went too far for many of the religious leaders who had recently begun endorsing the schema, but it served as a vital template for religious propaganda during and after the war. Consequently, religion became a vital part of Americans' understanding of World War II, but religious leaders were not the ones who created that understanding. Neither Roosevelt nor the military were content to let religious leaders interpret the war or define the type of religion Americans should practice and cooperated with religious leaders only insofar as they promoted their preferred interpretations. If there was to be an American faith, civic and military leaders were determined to be the ones to define or, if necessary, create it.
Filling the Void
Authors: Polk Andrew R.
Published: July 2022

This chapter details how other religious representatives did not immediately fill the ensuing vacuum when Harry S. Truman rejected the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America (FCC) as a political ally. Instead, the professional propagandists of the Advertising Council (or Ad Council) and the U.S. Army stepped forward to direct the nation's growing interest in America's religious heritage. Both had adopted the FCC's ecumenical vision during the war but, like Truman, had adapted it to serve their own goals. Those ends, and the type of religious propaganda used to promote them, would have a profound effect on the American religion created during the period. The Ad Council saw religion as a means of achieving the unity-in-diversity that both Truman and the FCC held so dear but also thought such unity would be advantageous to the consumer-driven, postwar economy it desired. By recycling many of their wartime tropes, Ad Council executives were able to build on their previous campaigns and define the emerging Cold War in the same way as the Second World War: a battle for the survival of freedom and religion.
Antifascism
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: July 2022

This book argues that current self-described antifascists are not struggling against a reappearance of interwar fascism, and that the Left that claims to be opposing fascism has little in common with any earlier Left, except for some overlap with critical theorists of the Frankfurt School. The book looks at antifascism from its roots in early twentieth-century Europe to its American manifestation in the present. The pivotal development for defining the present political spectrum, the book suggests, has been the replacement of a recognizably Marxist Left by an intersectional one. Political and ideological struggles have been configured around this new Left, which has become a dominant force throughout the Western world. The book discusses the major changes undergone by antifascist ideology since the 1960s, fascist and antifascist models of the state and assumptions about human nature, nationalism versus globalism, the antifascism of the American conservative establishment, and Antifa in the United States. Also included is an excursus on the theory of knowledge presented by Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan. The book concludes that promoting a fear of fascism today serves the interests of the powerful—in particular, those in positions of political, journalistic, and educational power who want to bully and isolate political opponents. It points out the generous support given to the intersectional Left by multinational capitalists and examines the movement of the white working class in Europe—including former members of Communist parties—toward the populist Right, suggesting this shows a political dynamic that is different from the older dialectic between Marxists and anti-Marxists.
Post–World War II Antifascism
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: July 2022

This chapter surveys the major trends in antifascism after World War II. It focuses on three intersecting defensive strategies that the movement deployed against what it saw as fascism. Each represented a departure from the more analytic approaches that were characteristic of interwar examinations of fascist thought and practice. At times these strategies were applied jointly in the attempt to cleanse the political culture of fascist legacies. All three were predicated on the belief that what was targeted was a deeply embedded evil that, despite the defeat of the Axis powers in 1945, still endangered the survival of democracy. Not surprisingly, the advocates of all three strategies saw the state and massive social engineering as essential for making their work possible. Although antifascist reformers opposed the statist authoritarianism practiced by the Right, they readily endorsed coercive methods, providing they helped keep at bay a putative fascist danger.
Defining and Redefining Fascism
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: July 2022

This chapter offers an overview of the major changes undergone by antifascist ideology since the 1960s. Among the changes examined are the growing list of prejudices and forbidden words that government and other public institutions are combating, the reduction of historic fascism to Hitler and his exterminationist policies, and the association of fascism with emotions and attitudes that displease influential journalists, academics, and civic leaders. At this point, concepts become increasingly detached from long-received understandings. They depend for their meaning on what authority figures tell us. This recalls Thomas Hobbes's assertion in Leviathan that words acquire fixed meaning through a sovereign. The Hobbesian leader becomes both the source of linguistic clarity and someone who exercises political authority. In the antifascist order of things, settled meanings are no longer available.
The Uses and Abuses of “Conservative” Antifascism
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: July 2022

This chapter concentrates on the antifascism of the American conservative establishment, which resembles its leftist variants. The conservative media parrot the Left's warnings about a fascist danger while trying to adapt that message to their own cause. Like the Left, conservative celebrities find a fascist threat in, among other things, a resurgent European nationalist Right and, more generally, white racism and anti-Semitism. In view of so-called conservative sponsors, which include defense industries; immigration-friendly corporate capitalists; and pro-Israeli, socially liberal donors like Sheldon Adelson and Paul Singer, it is not surprising that conservative media have never felt driven to break from certain antifascist stereotypes. Instead, the conservative media pin the fascist label on their opponents with the same abandon as their rivals.
Mobilizing the National Community
Authors: Lohse Alexandra
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses how the early “totalizing measures” amplified popular resentments of the failures and corruptions of the Nazi state and party apparatus. It treats the Sport Palace rally as a launching point into a new phase of German mobilization that grew out of the German defeat at Stalingrad and the Allied demand for “total” or “unconditional surrender” after the Casablanca Conference of January 1943. The chapter posits that “total war” as presented by Joseph Goebbels entailed a pact symbolically forged between leadership and people at a crossroads. The chapter then shifts to answer the following questions: What did the pact entail, and what did it look like to those among the national community who entered it? What did they expect to contribute, and what did they expect to receive in return? Focusing on “total war” as a political program, the chapter unfolds the most prominent ideas about total mobilization at the very moment that Germans first embarked on this new chapter in the war. It also considers which policies met with popular support and which aggravated long-standing tensions across the many fault lines in German wartime society.
Conclusion
Authors: Lohse Alexandra
Published: July 2022

This chapter reflects on what National Socialism meant to some of those who lived and died during its violent dissolution. It features rich and imaginative gossip about some of the most powerful figures of the Nazi dictatorship, including Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring, Joseph Goebbels, and Heinrich Himmler, architects of many of the most brutal policies that defined the destructive, and self-destructive, end phase of the war. The chapter also reviews the frustrations and trials of popular mobilization, the growing disappointments over the conditions of day-to-day life, and the creeping terror of the possibility of defeat. It then suggests why these factors failed to obliterate popular faith in the possibility of German victory for so long. Ultimately, the chapter examines why many Germans proved surprisingly agile in their adjustment to defeat and the post-Nazi world.
Transpacific Assemblages
Authors: DeHart Monica
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the transpacific approach to the relation that constituted China and Latin America in terms of assemblages. The approach highlights the emergent processes, such as migration and anti-Communism, that helped create the scales of local, national, and global as these transpacific relations occur. The chapter explains the history of the Chinese culture migrating to Central America. The the People's Republic of China's growing role as South America's main trading partner is often juxtaposed against the negative consequences it may have for long-term sustainability and modernization. Moreover, Central America's geographic positioning is a strategic global transport route that incites foreign involvement in the region.
Infrastructure
Authors: DeHart Monica
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the groundwork for sovereignty and national identity. China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) represents one of the most capacious and provocative symbols of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) growing global power. On the other hand, Route 32 serves as a major artery connecting Costa Rica's capital with its Caribbean coast which is a hub for crucial shipping routes. Meanwhile, the Grand Canal of Nicaragua is one of the more provocative Central American initiatives associated with China. The PRC government's representations of non-interference and respect for local sovereignty did not ease fears that the Chinese firms' work on crucial infrastructural initiatives would hinder the region.
Prologue
Authors: Carruth Lauren
Published: July 2022

This chapter introduces the humanitarian crisis and works in Somalia. It uses the narrative of aid worker Aden, who works with the United Nations relief organization office in Jigjiga. Global humanitarian responses help fund a burgeoning Somali regional government despite the responses being unreliable and inadequate as they so frequently are. Anthropologists and other social scientists use ethnography to tell stories that matter. Additionally, the chapter clarifies that the book is focused on the ethnography of the global humanitarian industry, particularly on the culture of aid in places of relief operations.
Militarism and Everyday Peace
Authors: Ibrahim Farhana
Published: July 2022

This chapter disaggregates the multiple faces of uniformed peacekeeping/law enforcing that people encounter in an everyday context in Bhuj. It investigates the ethnographic nuance of the term militarywala (military man) as it is threaded into everyday conversations and encounters within an overall context of an everyday militarization that is nonetheless not evocative of war or occupation but is seen as a basic constituent of peacetime. The chapter stresses that the work of policing is not just about ways of seeing and the deployment of information but also a form of labor, often performed under conditions of great physical duress. In the chapter, a shared experience of wartime labor allows for a very particular kind of civil–military intimacy to develop between the armed forces, who are seen as laboring to protect the country's territorial borders, and Patidar women, who also share an ethic of hard work through laboring on the land. Through the shared experience of laboring under exceptionally trying circumstances that pushed their levels of bodily and emotional endurance to a degree not encountered before, the chapter reminds us that the work of policing is a physically and emotionally demanding one. Even as they are enshrined into the nation as its core members, valorized as the nation's mothers, they resist this narrative of belonging. Instead, they insist on the embodied, raw, and physical attributes of the labor they performed and the emotional quality of courage—himmat—that they forged through the tutelage of military men.
The Work of Belonging
Authors: Ibrahim Farhana
Published: July 2022

This chapter turns to migrant Hindu men from the west who—no less than the Bengali women from the east—have to work to belong locally. Although the men in this chapter are no strangers to the state (i.e., they are Hindu rather than Muslim), who welcomes them into the fold of the nation as always-already citizens. The police and local administration abet their border crossings regardless of their formal legality, often granting permission for entry and residence that are at odds with explicit official orders they have received. The chapter emphasizes that these Pakistani men are welcomed into citizenship by a state eager to manage its border demographics, they do not always meet with a similarly effusive reception among the family for whom they remain strangers, regardless of being connected as kin through the maternal line. Despite state patronage, within social networks, the stigma of being “from Pakistan” or the corrosion of trust through suspicion of their being “traitors” (desh drohi), informers (sources), or “double agents” makes it much more difficult for these border crossers to be seamlessly accepted within the family or the wider society. Once again, the work of belonging involves a reconfiguration of traditional marriage patterns and the place of “honor” in reckoning political lineage.
Introduction
Authors: Logvinenko Igor O.
Published: July 2022

This chapter surveys the entirety of Russia’s thirty-year volatile journey from autarkic state socialism to globalized state capitalism. It shows that the continuous contestability of property rights fundamentally shaped Russia’s integration into global financial markets. The chapter then utilizes a simple framework that links the internal politics of struggles over asset control with outward-facing policies of financial openness across the entire post-Soviet period. It applies this framework to describe the key episodes of post-Soviet economic history, revealing two peculiar features of Russia’s approach to financial integration. First, the economic transition was characterized by a series of large-scale battles for control over legacy Soviet assets. After each episode of property redivision, the business elites who came out victorious in the struggle, relying on their clout and personal connections, retained a majority control of shares in assets. Second, once in control, these businessmen supported policies that would allow foreign investors to obtain and hold minority positions in their firms in order to increase the legitimacy of the local owners’ otherwise tenuous property rights in these assets.
Episode One
Authors: Logvinenko Igor O.
Published: July 2022

This chapter covers the period of voucher privatization. It examines how the dominant group of insider managers changed their preferences concerning foreign ownership restrictions during this period. Focusing on the period from the Soviet collapse up to the first boom-and-bust market in Russian equities in 1994, the chapter shows that the political context of the voucher privatization — specifically, the precariousness of Boris Yeltsin’s hold on power, the emergence of democratic politics, and a prolonged recession — informed the new government’s foreign financial policies, particularly the extent to which newly privatized assets were made accessible to foreign investors. At the center of these struggles were the insider managers, who first won control over key assets using their political clout and then influenced the conditions under which foreign financial interests could invest in their newly privatized enterprises.
The Hierarchical Politics of WTO Entry
Authors: Tan Yeling
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the hierarchical division of power within China to explain why we observe varying strategic responses to World Trade Organization (WTO) entry across administrative levels. It delves into the divergent incentives faced by the central, provincial, and local (i.e., subprovincial) governments that make up China's hierarchical bureaucracy. Within China's authoritarian structure, these subnational authorities are powerful entities in their own right. In terms of geographic size and population, individual provinces are comparable to large countries around the world. The chapter points out that provinces occupy an influential intermediary position in China's governance structure. These dynamics remain salient and in some ways have even become reinforced in the Xi Jinping era as power has become increasingly concentrated at higher levels — giving provincial authorities a stronger gatekeeping role in the allocation of important economic resources.
Conclusion
Authors: Tan Yeling
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the various contributions of this study to international relations and the political economy of China by highlighting the value of disaggregating state responses to global economic integration. It turns to the ways in which the findings of this book apply beyond the case of China in expanding our understanding of the relationship between global integration and the domestic politics of economic policymaking. The chapter also unpacks the authoritarian Chinese state into its multiple actors who wield authority over economic policy and delineates the channels through which these actors engage with the new challenges and opportunities introduced by globalization. It also provides a new explanation for the emergence of what has come to be called Chinese “state capitalism.” The chapter offers a new explanation for why, rather than constraining authoritarian states or credibly committing them to global economic rules, WTO entry alters politics within the state and provokes divergent responses from different substate actors in ways that do not necessarily strengthen the transition toward market economy governance.
The Carpathians
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This book details how three highland ranges of the mountain system found in present-day Poland, Slovakia, and Ukraine were discovered for a broader regional public. This is a story of how the Tatras, Eastern Carpathians, and Bieszczady Mountains went from being terra incognita to becoming the popular tourist destinations they are today. It is a story of the encounter of Polish and Ukrainian lowlanders with the wild, sublime highlands and with the indigenous highlanders — Górale, Hutsuls, Boikos, and Lemkos — and how these peoples were incorporated into a national narrative as the territories were transformed into a native/national landscape. The set of microhistories in the book occur from about 1860 to 1980, a time in which nations and states concerned themselves with the “frontier at the edge.” Discoverers not only became enthralled with what were perceived as their own highlands but also availed themselves of the mountains as places to work out answers to the burning questions of the day. Each discovery led to a surge in mountain tourism and interest in the mountains and their indigenous highlanders. Although these mountains, essentially a continuation of the Alps, are Central and Eastern Europe's most prominent physical feature, politically they are peripheral. This is the first book to deal with the northern slopes in such a way, showing how these discoveries had a direct impact on the various nation-building, state-building, and modernization projects. Its history incorporates a unique blend of environmental history, borderlands studies, and the history of tourism and leisure.
Introduction
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter introduces the Carpathian Mountains which are Central and Eastern Europe's most prominent physical feature. It mentions how most studies tend to overlook the Carpathian Mountains compared to the Alps and Pyrenees. The Poles discovered these mountain ranges and turned them into extremely popular vacation destinations, which is in various ways paradoxical following the repeated discovery of the Tatra Mountains which are in the Hutsul region of Eastern Carpathians. The chapter notes how the title is divided into three parts which tackle the Tatra Mountains, the land of the Hutsuls, and the Bieszczady Mountains.
Transforming the Tatras
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explicates Doctor Tytus Chałubiński's discovery of the Tatra Mountains. Polish elites of the period projected their visions of Poland onto the southern borderlands and used the human and natural landscape to recast the definition of Polishness. The Tatra Society built alpine huts where tourists could find shelter alongside brochures that promoted Zakopane and the Tatras. Moreover, the Tatra Society repeatedly and successfully lobbied the provincial authorities for infrastructural improvements in the region. Most Zakopane guests, on the other hand, were frequently well-off members of the Polish intelligentsia who needed to recover after intense work in unhealthy urban environments.
The Hutsul Region and the Hand of Civilization
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the Hutsul region. A battle for influence over the Hutsul region took place under the Habsburg imperial policy between the Polish and the Ruthenian/Ukrainian. The territory fell within the East Galician districts of Kosów, Kołomyja, and Nadwórna. Additionally, the region is abundant with salt deposits, water containing minerals deemed curative, and metal ores. Despite going largely uncredited, Sofron Witwicki was conscious of his role in popularizing the Eastern Carpathians and his Hutsuls. The chapter expounds on the Polish ethnographic exhibition and the Ruthenian agricultural exhibition. The two dueling exhibitions showed Emperor Franz Joseph that the Poles put on the better show for the peoples of eastern Galicia.
A New Alpine Club
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter notes the changes to the alpine region following World War I. Life in the Eastern Carpathians was transformed by these developments following the wars which firmed up the border between the new Polish state and its neighbors such as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Additionally, tensions persisted between development and conservation. The chapter includes the Provincial Social Committee's poor attempts to establish a three-day Hutsul Holiday. On the other hand, the Society of Friends of the Hutsul Region took credit for discovering the Hutsul region and its people in the interwar period.
Tourism for the Masses
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores tourism for the masses in Bieszczady in line with its status as a socialist state. It explains how the region improved with the vision of qualified tourism and modern technological progress. However, workers are laboring and living under extreme conditions as they raced to complete large projects. The chapter notes both reservoirs and highway loops would prove vital for the region's economic development as well as tourism development. Additionally, the “Wild East” wilderness of Bieszczady became one of its mass tourism spots in relation to its highland freedom.
Battling for the Soul of the Bieszczady
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter highlights the importance of Bieszczady. The demand for tourism had risen exponentially by 1977 and Bieszczady had become part of the national discourse. A power struggle emerged after campaigns started in line with the vision of tourism, ecology, and modernity for the highland region. The change largely came after the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) gained a new leader in Edward Gierek, who had ideas to improve the material conditions of his compatriots in the Polish People's Republic. The chapter discusses the activism for and against the development of Bieszczady while referencing the role that the media plays. It also includes the state-socialist experiments in the region.
Power, Ecology, and the Public Sphere
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the vision for Bieszczady needing help from the Union of Polish Scouting due to being chronically low on manpower and funds. Prime Minister Piotr Jaroszewicz plans to take on the operation called Bieszczady-40, which includes the understanding of the importance of the wilderness. Foresters were instructed to care for the wildlife in what was to become Europe's most exclusive hunting grounds. The chapter explores the importance and criticisms of a book called ‘The Dispute over the Bieszczady’ which covered the rediscovery of the region. However, Poland is expected to shed its socialist nature for capitalism in a decade.
Speaking of Global Cities
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter describes the imprint of global urbanism that has a distinct infrastructural presence across continents and a sizable reality in global markets. It investigates the political economy of global city-speaking, particularly the money, bricks, and aspirations embedded in the politics of global urbanism. It also considers a monolithic concept of a global city and a stand in for a body of meaning of global urban thinking and research. The chapter talks about the field of urban imagination that gazes globally from a specific place. Urban imagination holds a powerful status in urban practice and offers a unique gateway into the powers that are shaping the so-called “urban age.”
The Debates
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the inherent debates behind the story of the global city in academia but also more practically out of the ivory tower. It cites Saskia Sassen's The Global City, which is a call for attention to globalized cities as it is an account of the socioeconomic consequences on ordinary people. Sassen's work in the 1980s and 1990s brought about the question of the so-called dual city: with global city formation comes urban social polarization. The chapter elaborates how the dual city was developed from some earlier work on the social effects of the economic restructuring of American metropolises by scholars who sought to disprove Daniel Bell's 1970s' assumption that deindustrialization would bring about a growth of the middle class. Several authors throughout the 1980s argued that the shifts in the occupational structures and industrial bases of the global city's economy were instead resulting in an hourglass effect.
The Leadership
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter analyzes leadership by describing how the authority in Dubai remains relatively one-tiered despite financial obligations to its neighbor and of the expanding neoliberal climate. Dubai's governance is still solidly centralized despite the growing influence of business actors and the relative political-economic dependence on Abu Dhabi. The chapter underlines the key drivers that allow for the continuation of management and how Dubai's monarchic government has managed to maintain a strong hold on its development process over the past few decades in order to grasp the clout of leadership on the global city. It highlights the fundamental element of the domestic–international relationship, placing city leaders as key middlemen between the street and the globe. Leadership is a theme that comes predominantly from the practice and the media/business discourse around the globalization of cities.
The Strategies
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at strategic urban plans that are used by cities around the world to establish leadership priorities and set out what a city and its leaders aim to achieve in a certain time span. Strategic plans connect leaders to structures and institutions and aim to catalyze action. The chapter investigates the process of developing a strategic plan that can bring actors together to establish governance priorities. It explains how strategic plans, when completed and adopted by a city, identify an approach to achieve those priorities. The process of strategic planning and the resulting strategic plan document, as tools, complement the work of city leaders and municipal institutions in cities and provide a platform for bridging silos and building coalitions across the transitional constituencies that underpin the governance of global cities.
The Cityzens
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter considers homelessness as a common problem for global cities, and if places like Sydney and Singapore number in the hundreds of cases, London has repeatedly reported figures ranging from 3,000 to 7,500 rough sleepers on its streets. Homelessness is a challenge recognized by the City of Sydney, whose Homelessness Unit has been addressing the issue. The chapter explores how the city expands its global clout as key socioeconomic challenges become more and more central. It talks about inequality having a propensity to develop both across the conurbation and between the city and other adjacent suburbs and urban centers since underlying interests and economic relations underpin metropolitan power geometries. There is today an increasingly worrying trend in Sydney that shows social polarization processes among higher- and low-income groups.
The Comparisons
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses comparison and perhaps competition built into the global city-state DNA, noting Singapore's built-in comparative imagination that drives its global city goals. It mentions how Singapore's developmental elites have been increasingly putting an emphasis on linking the city's future to an explicitly internationalist ethos. The chapter analyzes the twin imagination–aspiration of Singapore rising through the ranks, which is a common reference point with senior government and business figures. It elaborates how elements of the comparison are pitted against each other for success and commonality is abandoned for competition. There is some degree of built-in comparative and relational thinking in the “global” of the global city and it is necessary to be wary of the seduction of choosing which city is best when making these comparisons.
Symbolic Entrepreneurs
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter cites Daniel A. Bell and Avner de-Shalit's The Spirit of Cities, which revives the classical idea that a city expresses its own distinctive ethos or values. Bell and de-Shalit wrote of the nation-building spirit embedded in Singapore, the ambition that characterizes New Yorkers, and the materialism of the Cantonese in Hong Kong. The chapter highlights the spirit of the global city that seems to be an entrepreneurial one, whether speaking of elites molding the cities as global hubs or everyday urban dwellers devising strategies to open up opportunities. It looks at contestations to the seemingly incessant advance of neoliberal globalization in the case study of cities that contrast and refute that there is a spirit in the city. As taught by splintering urbanism, many cities are folded in one at the same time and many social justice problems are embedded in that ethos.
Sakha Republic (Yakutia)
Authors: Mandelstam Balzer Marjorie
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the ebbs and flows of permissible Sakha activism within the context of a social and political landscape that has changed radically during the post-Soviet period. Since 2015, Sakha language rights have brought crowds to the streets of the capital Yakutsk, especially since many thought cultural sovereignty was already won. Sakha-language proficiency and Sakha identity are correlated in the republic, often in highly emotional terms. Beyond language recovery politics, a limited sovereignty has been celebrated. How did “center-periphery” relations become so dysfunctional? Understanding key historical legacies of differentially perceived interethnic and center-periphery relations provides a framework for understanding societal change and the crystallization of Sakha (Yakut) identity. The chapter concludes by assessing the interrelationship of social and spiritual values and political change.
Crossover Trends
Authors: Mandelstam Balzer Marjorie
Published: July 2022

This chapter describes multiple ways Turkic, Mongolian, Russian, and other citizens in the three republics have interacted with each other, neighboring peoples, and Moscow authorities. It looks at multileveled horizontal and vertical ties that are crucial to any federal system, and to the health of a struggling civic society. The chapter considers key themes and trends by analyzing economic contexts, legacies of Eurasianism, Turkic-Mongolic language politics (including Russian-Slavic backlash), youth camps and festivals, and the rise of the spiritual movement Tengrianstvo in the context of Buddhist and Russian Orthodox revivals. Historical, linguistic, and religious ties expressly reformulated for new post-Soviet times enable us to think more deeply about the interrelationship between transnational cultural identities and economic-political activities. The chapter also features the dramatic appearance in 2018–2019 of a new “rabble-rousing” Sakha leader-shaman named Alexander Gabyshev. Alexander, a suffering widower and former plumber, began walking from Yakutsk, the capital of Sakha Republic, on a protest journey to Moscow that went through Buryatia.
Blackness and Classical Music in the Age of the Black Horror on the Rhine Campaign
Authors: Thurman Kira
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the concept of Blackness and classical musicals amidst the Rhine Campaign. Roland Hayes' performance in 1924 encapsulated the changes that shaped how audiences listened to music and Black classical musicians' performances in the interwar era. The constantly changing statuses of Black musicians as symbols of success and racial degeneracy is in line with Central Europe's constantly changing cultural topography following World War I. The chapter discusses the Black Horror threat which placed Blackness in a negative and threatening light. It includes the interrelation between Black networking and White patronage. Black classical musicians had to manage their careers within the shifting racial terrain.