bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fight for American Restoration: Understanding the Paradoxical Foundations of the Trump Presidency
Authors: Renshon Stanley
Published: August 2018

The Trump presidency was almost wholly unexpected, and remains an enigma. What are its purposes? Why has the president chosen a combative leadership style? This paper argues that the Trump presidency was born in the decades long failure of the Republican-Democratic-conservative consensus regarding the premises of “good” public policy. Trump’s surprise victory set off a maelstrom of vitriolic opposition to his presidency, by any means necessary, that forced Trump to choose between “fight or flight.” He chose to fight – not only because it is a deeply embedded element of his psychology, but also for strategic reasons associated with the basic reconstructive purpose of his presidency that I characterize as “the Politics of American Restoration.” Paradoxically, Trump – a president given to rhetorical excess and serial inexactness, wants to restore the public’s trust in government. And he wants to bring Americans together around his restorative vision while engaged in mortal political conflict with the supporters of the policy paradigms he wishes to displace. Whether and how it is possible to resolve these core paradoxes are central to the question of whether this unprecedented presidency can be successful.
The Politics of Prioritization: Senators’ Attention in 140 Characters
Authors: Russell Annelise
Published: August 2018

For decades US senators have maximized their limited resources to juggle policy, party politics, and constituents, but the rise of social media sheds new light on how they make these strategic choices. David Mayhew’s seminal study of Congress (1974) argues that lawmakers engage in three types of activities – credit claiming, advertising, and position taking, but equally important is understanding how lawmakers make strategic choices among these activities. Senators’ limited resources and attention forces them to prioritize and make trade-offs among these activities, and new media platforms, like Twitter, offer a window into that decision-making process. This article examines what influences senators’ decisions to publicly communicate these activities on Twitter. By using senators’ daily Twitter activity in 2013 and 2015 as a measure of their individual agenda, I find that senators are most likely to prioritize position-taking activities. Women and committee leaders allocate the most attention to policy positions, but attention to policy may come at a cost. When senators do choose to prioritize policy through position taking, they often make trade-offs that lead to decreased attention to advertising and credit claiming. These activities and the choices among them not only have implications for lawmakers’ behavior in Congress, but also the type of representation and information constituents can expect from their elected leaders.
A Wideband Bandpass Filter Integrated Single-Pole Double-Throw Switch with Wide Stopband
Authors: Xu Jin , Cai Qi-Hang , Chen Zhi-Yu
Published: August 2018

This paper proposes a wideband bandpass filter (BPF) integrated single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch by using the capacitively coupledLCresonators with loadedp-i-ndiodes. The BPF-integrated on-state channel can be synthesized by using the coupled resonator filter theory, and the off-state channel with high suppression is built due to the misaligned resonant frequencies ofLCresonators. As an example, a BPF-integrated SPDT switch is designed and fabricated with the central frequency of 1 GHz and the 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 29.7 %. The on-state channel has a measured insertion loss of 1.23 dB, and a 20 dB rejection wide stopband from 1.47 GHz to 8.6 GHz. The off state channel has a 43 dB suppression around 1 GHz. The isolation between two ports is better than 52.4 dB. The fabricated BPF-integrated SPDT switch size including bias circuits but excluding feeding lines has a compact size of 0.086 λg×0.096 λg.
Disagreement practices in ELF academic group discussion: verbal, nonverbal and interactional strategies
Authors: Toomaneejinda Anuchit , Harding Luke
Published: August 2018

Academic group work can involve challenging pragmatic acts, and chief among these is, arguably, disagreement. There is little known, however, about how disagreement is realised in ELF academic group discussion tasks, where the tendency towards greater cooperation and mutual support in ELF communication may be at odds with the need to achieve task goals through the expression of an oppositional stance. In addressing this issue, the current study sought to answer the research question: how do postgraduate students in a UK university setting express their disagreement in ELF academic group discussion? Twelve participants from ten different linguacultural backgrounds completed two different simulated discussion tasks: one targeting opinions, and the other consensus decision-making. The same participants also took part in retrospective stimulated-recall interviews using the video-recording of their discussions as a stimulus. Discourse analysis of the transcribed interactions revealed that the ELF participants used a wide range of verbal, nonverbal and interactional strategies in their disagreeing practices. Three salient strategies are presented in detail: focus shifts, complex turn-management (other-initiated disagreement turn dependence and turn-throwing/passing), and the use of gaze. Through these examples, we show that while the discourse produced in group discussion tasks was rich in disagreement, ELF participants used complex linguistic and interactional strategies to avoid explicit displays of their oppositional stance. Results are discussed with a view to developing theory around disagreement in ELF academic contexts.
The crystal structure of N,N-diethyl-4,6-bis(naphthalen-2-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine, C27H24N4O2
Authors: Zuo Zhenyu , Lei Fuhou , Song Xiao , Wang Lu
Published: August 2018

C27H24N4O2 monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 5.8073(2) Å, b = 31.2564(9) Å, c = 24.8105(8) Å, β = 90.13°, V = 4503.5(2) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0644, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1854, T = 150(2) K.
Panoptispy: Characterizing Audio and Video Exfiltration from Android Applications
Authors: Pan Elleen , Ren Jingjing , Lindorfer Martina , Wilson Christo , Choffnes David
Published: August 2018

The high-fidelity sensors and ubiquitous internet connectivity offered by mobile devices have facilitated an explosion in mobile apps that rely on multimedia features. However, these sensors can also be used in ways that may violate user’s expectations and personal privacy. For example, apps have been caught taking pictures without the user’s knowledge and passively listened for inaudible, ultrasonic audio beacons. The developers of mobile device operating systems recognize that sensor data is sensitive, but unfortunately existing permission models only mitigate some of the privacy concerns surrounding multimedia data.

In this work, we present the first large-scale empirical study of media permissions and leaks from Android apps, covering 17,260 apps from Google Play, AppChina, Mi.com, and Anzhi. We study the behavior of these apps using a combination of static and dynamic analysis techniques. Our study reveals several alarming privacy risks in the Android app ecosystem, including apps that over-provision their media permissions and apps that share image and video data with other parties in unexpected ways, without user knowledge or consent. We also identify a previously unreported privacy risk that arises from third-party libraries that record and upload screenshots and videos of the screen without informing the user and without requiring any permissions.
The diffusion of 75Se(IV) in Beishan granite – temperature, oxygen condition and ionic strength effects
Authors: Wang Chunli , Yang Xiaoyu , He Jiangang , Wei Fangxin , Zheng Zhong , Liu Chunli
Published: August 2018

To explore the diffusion behavior of 75Se(IV) in Beishan granite (BsG), the influences of temperature, oxygen condition and ionic strength were investigated using the through-diffusion experimental method. The effective diffusion coefficient D
e

of 75Se(IV) in BsG varied from 4.21×10−14 m2/s to 3.19×10−13 m2/s in our experimental conditions, increased with increasing temperature. The formation factor F

f
of BsG was calculated to be nearly constant in the range of temperatures investigated, suggesting that the inner structure of BsG had no significant change in the temperature range of 20–55°C. Meanwhile, the D
e

values of 75Se(IV) in BsG under anaerobic condition was significantly larger than that under aerobic condition, which may be attributed to the difference in the sorption characteristics and species distribution of Se and pH values. Moreover, the diffusion of 75Se(IV) was promoted with ionic strength increased from 0.01 M to 0.1 M, and then decreased at 0.5 M, mainly due to the combined effects of reduced double layers with increased ionic strength and increase of the solution viscosity at higher ionic strength.
Kinetic and equilibrium studies of Cs(I), Sr(II) and Eu(III) adsorption on a natural sandy soil
Authors: Qiu Liyan , Scott Kristen , Rousseau Stephane
Published: August 2018

Radioactive cesium, strontium and europium can be released as fission products during nuclear incidents and pose a major concern to contamination control because of their biological activity and long decay half-lives. Experiments were performed to study the kinetics and equilibrium of the adsorption of inactive Cs(I), Sr(II) and Eu(III) ions on a natural sandy soil. It was found that the adsorption of Cs(I), Sr(II) and Eu(III) had a second order reaction kinetics and generally reached equilibrium within 7 days. The adsorption equilibria of Cs(I) follows a Freundlich isotherm, while those of Sr(II) and Eu(III) follows a Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption increases with increasing pH for these cations studied at temperatures from 25 to 50°C. In general, the temperature effect on cation adsorption is small under these test conditions suggesting that the enthalpy change for adsorption is not significant. Tests of mixed Cs(I) and Sr(II) adsorption suggested that these cations likely adsorb on different sites on the surface of sandy soil. The desorption tests in NaCl and CaCl2 solutions show that Eu(III) and Cs(I) are more tightly bound and less mobile in natural sandy soil than Sr(II) under the same test conditions. Tests of Cs(I), Sr(II) and Eu(III) in a column under a flowing condition revealed that these cations mainly adsorbed within the depth of 2 cm below the surface of sandy soil.
Antibacterial properties of doped nanoparticles
Authors: Bhattacharya Proma , Neogi Sudarsan
Published: August 2018

Nanoparticles have high potential as antibacterial agents, owing to their ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent studies have indicated that this ROS generation is highly affected by the modification of band structure by the introduction of various dopant materials into them. Thus, doped nanoparticles have been extensively studied in the recent literature. The types of dopants, synthesis techniques, and experimental parameters have been found to affect the overall electronic structure of the material, leading to varied antibacterial efficiency. This review summarizes some of the prominent dopant nanomaterials, various methods of synthesizing doped nanoparticles used against bacterial cells, and the main factors involved in it. Despite the extensive research on the mechanism of the antibacterial action, it is still poorly understood mainly due to the inherent complexities and dynamics in cell membranes. Some of the major proposed mechanisms of action of each kind of dopant nanomaterial have also been reported in this work, focusing on the bacterial cell structure.
Die Bergbaugewerkschaft und die „Gastarbeiter“
Authors: Seidel Hans-Christoph
Published: August 2018

Vorspann

Seit Ende der 1950er Jahre war der Kumpel im Ruhrbergbau immer öfter ein Türke. Obwohl der Bergbau eine schrumpfende Branche war, stieg der Anteil der in ihr beschäftigten Arbeitsmigranten an. Hans-Christoph Seidel erläutert in seinem Beitrag die Spezifika dieser Arbeitskräftepolitik und analysiert vor deren Hintergrund, wie die Bergbaugewerkschaft auf die Herausforderungen reagierte, die sich für sie daraus ergaben. Er beginnt seine Untersuchung mit der Etablierung des „Gastarbeiter“-Systems und führt sie bis in die 1980er Jahre fort, als die Politik die Zeichen auf eine „Förderung der Rückkehrbereitschaft“ umstellte.
Geteilt, aber nicht unverbunden
Authors: Eckert Astrid M.
Published: August 2018

Vorspann

Wie regelt ein geteiltes Land gemeinsame Probleme, die sich aus naturräumlichen und geographischen Zusammenhängen ergeben? Dieser Frage geht Astrid M. Eckert am Beispiel des durch Abwässer der ostdeutschen Kaliindustrie besonders belasteten Grenzflusses Werra nach. Die Verbindung von politik-, wirtschafts- und umwelthistorischen Aspekten wirft ein Schlaglicht auf bislang weitgehend unbekannte Seiten der deutsch-deutschen Geschichte. Dabei kann die Autorin zeigen, dass insbesondere in den 1980er Jahren ein „anrüchiges“ Geschäftsmodell immer mehr an Bedeutung gewann: Devisen aus dem Westen für Umweltschutz im Osten.
Unsteady Peristaltic Transport of a Particle-Fluid Suspension: Application to Oesophageal Swallowing
Authors: Pandey Sanjay Kumar , Singh Amirlal
Published: August 2018

This model characterises the flow behaviour of suspended particles when swallowing through oesophagus. Transport of particle-fluid mixture induced by dilating peristaltic waves on a circular cylindrical tube was considered for investigation. Unsteady closed-form solutions for pressure gradient, velocity and stream function are obtained by applying regular perturbation technique up to the first order of wavenumber (the ratio of the tube radius to the wavelength). It is observed that the axial velocity of the fluid is greater than that of the solid particles almost everywhere. However, at the wall the axial velocity of the fluid is zero due to the no-slip condition imposed on it; but the suspended particulate material has non-zero positive axial velocity. Thus, the axial velocity of the suspended particles near the tube wall is more than that of the fluid velocity. It is further observed that the axial velocity is negative in the regions close to maximum occlusions giving way to instantaneous backward flow. It is also inferred that the maximum axial velocity of the particle-fluid suspension with non-zero wavenumber is more than that of the particle-free fluid with zero wavenumber. We examined the effect of volume fraction of suspended particulate matter on pressure gradient and velocity. An increase in the volume fraction diminished the pumping performance and also the axial and radial velocities. The results are also compared with those which were obtained for zero wavenumber. The outcome of the investigation endorses the doctors’ advice to patients suffering from achalasia, oesophageal stricture and oesophageal tumors to take liquid or food items with lesser solid contents. Streamline patterns are changed by increasing the flow rate while trapping occurs at high flow rates.
Cationic tri(ferrocenecarbonitrile)silver(I)
Authors: Strehler Frank , Rüffer Tobias , Noll Julian , Schaarschmidt Dieter , Hildebrandt Alexander , Lang Heinrich
Published: August 2018

The synthesis of the tri-coordinated ferrocenecarbonitrile silver(I) complex [Ag(N≡CFc)3]OTf (3) is reported. Its electrochemical behavior shows that the three ferrocenyl units are oxidized in a very close potential range. In addition, the molecular structure of3in the solid state is discussed, showing that silver(I) is exclusively coordinated by three ferrocenecarbonitrile molecules.
Metabolic Profile and Performance Responses During Two Consecutive Sessions of Sprint Interval Training
Authors: Malta Elvis S. , Brisola Gabriel M.P. , de Poli Rodrigo A.B. , Dutra Yago M. , Franchini Emerson , Zagatto Alessandro M.
Published: August 2018

Malta, ES, Brisola, GMP, de Poli, RAB, Dutra, YM, Franchini, E, and Zagatto, AM. Metabolic profile and performance responses during two consecutive sessions of sprint interval training. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1078–1085, 2020—The study aimed to (a) typify the cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and performance responses during a single sprint interval training (SIT) session, (b) investigate the interference of 2 subsequent sessions on cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and performance responses, and (c) verify the relationships of SIT total work performed with aerobic fitness indices. Thirty-six untrained men performed 2 SIT sessions (SIT1 and SIT2) separated by 24 hours of recovery. Each session was composed of 4 Wingate bouts interspersed by 4 minutes. Within SIT sessions, bout work, peak power, and mean power of each Wingate bout decreased significantly, while the fatigue index increased over time (p < 0.001). The SIT elicited lower acute responses of oxygen uptake and heart rate than maximal values (≈67 and ≈79%, respectively) (p < 0.05) as well as a short time spent at high cardiorespiratory demand. For SIT outcomes, no interactions were verified between Wingate bout performance, average heart rate, and average oxygen uptake. In addition, the oxygen uptake integral (SIT1:300.5 ± 38.6 ml·kg−1; SIT2:306.9 ± 41.1 ml·kg−1) and total work (SIT1:54.6 ± 10.4 kJ; SIT2:54.9 ± 10.6 kJ) did not differ between SIT sessions (p > 0.05). Furthermore, significant moderate to strong correlations were found between SIT1 and SIT2 total work and peak oxygen uptake (r = 0.48; r = 0.52, respectively), maximal aerobic power (r = 0.89; r = 0.89, respectively), and respiratory compensation point (r = 0.80; r = 0.78, respectively). In summary, an SIT session elicited a short time spent at high cardiorespiratory demand, while the SIT total work was significantly correlated with aerobic fitness indices. In addition, 2 consecutive SIT sessions interspaced by 24 hours did not affect performance outcomes, or cardiorespiratory and blood responses.
Differences in the Repeated Sprint Performance Between the First and Latter Halves of Trials Under Conditions of Several Thermal States in Exercising Muscles
Authors: Inoue Keiko , Yamashita Naoyuki , Kume Masashi , Yoshida Tetsuya
Published: August 2018

Inoue, K, Yamashita, N, Kume, M, and Yoshida, T. Differences in the repeated sprint performance between the first and latter halves of trials under conditions of several thermal states in exercising muscles. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 782–790, 2021—The purpose of this study was to determine whether the effects of thermal states in exercising muscle on repeated sprint cycling (RSC) performance differ between the first and latter half of trials. Nine male subjects performed 8 × 8 seconds of RSC with a 40-second rest period. The subjects wore water-perfused trousers with water at 6° C (COLD), 17° C (COOL), 30° C (WARM), or 44° C (HOT). During the first half of trials, the peak power output (PPO), mean power output (MPO), and sum of work output (SWO) were significantly (p < 0.05) greater under the WARM and HOT conditions than under the COLD and COOL conditions, and a difference in the PPO and MPO between WARM and HOT was noted in the second sprint bout during the first half of the exercise. However, during the latter half of trials, there was no significant difference in the PPO, MPO, and SWO among the 4 conditions. The tympanic temperature (Tty) was significantly elevated under the HOT condition but fell under the COLD and COOL conditions, whereas the Tty under the WARM condition did not change significantly (p < 0.05) during the experiment. The total sweat loss was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in the HOT condition than in the other conditions. These results suggest that the effect of thermal states in exercising muscle on the RSC performance is greater in the first half of exercise than in the latter half, possibly because of the elevation of the core temperature and sweat loss under HOT conditions.
Effects of 6-Week Static Stretching of Knee Extensors on Flexibility, Muscle Strength, Jump Performance, and Muscle Endurance
Authors: Ikeda Naoki , Ryushi Tomoo
Published: August 2018

Ikeda, N and Ryushi, T. Effects of 6-week static stretching of knee extensors on flexibility, muscle strength, jump performance, and muscle endurance. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 715–723, 2021—The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in flexibility and muscular performance after stretching training for 6 weeks. Twelve healthy young men were assigned to a stretching group and 13 to a control group. The subjects of the stretching group performed static stretching of knee extensors for 6 weeks. Knee flexion range of motion (KFROM), leg extension strength, rate of force development (RFD) in leg extension, jump performance (squat and countermovement jump height, and index of rebound jump), and strength decrement index of 50 repetitions of isokinetic knee extension (muscle endurance) were measured before and after the interventions. In the stretching group, KFROM significantly increased from 145.2 ± 17.3 to 158.7 ± 6.3° (p < 0.05), whereas RFD significantly improved from 10,173 ± 2,401 to 11,883 ± 2,494 N·s−1 (p < 0.05). By contrast, leg extension strength and jump performance of each jump type did not improve significantly. Furthermore, muscle endurance decreased significantly. All variables remained unchanged in the control group. In conclusion, 6 weeks of stretching training of knee extensors improved KFROM and RFD in leg extension, but not leg extension strength and jump performance; moreover, muscle endurance decreased. These findings indicate that this stretching training protocol can be used by athletes in sports who require high flexibility and those who require high-power exertion.
A Comparative Study on Formability of a Different Thickness FSWed AA 5052 Blank by Conventional and EM Forming
Authors: Doley Jyoti K. , Kore Sachin D.
Published: August 2018

Difficult-to-weld aluminum alloys of different thicknesses in thin sheets of 1 mm to 1.5 mm are welded by Friction Stir Welding and then mechanically analyzed. Successful welds are obtained at constant tool spindle speed of 1,500 r/min and at two tool traverse speeds of 68 mm/min and 93 mm/min. All the specimens failed at the weld region during tensile testing. Microstructure analysis suggests dynamic recrystallization with a finer grain size at the weld nugget and ductile modes of failure during tensile fracture with sharp sheared dimples at fracture surface. The welded blanks of AA 5052 H32 were then formed by an Electromagnetic Forming (EMF) process to characterize the forming behavior by high velocity forming. Furthermore, the EMF process was compared to a quasi-static forming process. It and a formability analysis were done in terms of a Limit Dome Height test and Forming Limit Diagram. It was found that the formability of welded blanks increases considerably with the EMF process, against the conventional process. However, the tensile strength of the welded blanks was lower than that of base materials, and hence, formability showed the same trend.
Assessment of a Mist Cooling System for Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Flores Francisco J. , Cantú Alberto , Felde Imre , Colás Rafael
Published: August 2018

Wrought aluminum alloys can be heat treatable following a three-stage cycle that consists of solution, cooling, and aging. The cooling rate at which the heat-treated parts are subjected to is a critical parameter; if the rate is slow, the dissolved elements will have enough time to precipitate during cooling, affecting the mechanical properties after aging, whereas with a high cooling rate, it will be possible for pieces of the complex geometry to exhibit distortion or, in some cases, fracture. A mist cooling system prototype is presented in this work. The system was developed by mixing forced air that is produced by a blower with atomized water within. The cooling rate was measured in 6061-T6 aluminum alloy cylinders by varying the air velocity and volume of atomized water; the results were compared to cooling in still air. The temperature profiles during cooling were obtained using K-type thermocouples that gathered data from the inside and from surface locations. Cooling rates were determined by a first-order derivative of the measured temperatures, and the heat transfer coefficients (HTC) were calculated by the inverse method using 2-D transient axial symmetrical analysis with commercial software. HTC values were found in a range of 250 to 590 W/m2·K. The results showed that the HTC increased with the amount of atomized water. The HTC does not seem to be affected by the higher range values when plotted against surface temperature.
Adrenal, thyroid and gonadal axes are affected at high altitude
Authors: von Wolff M , Nakas C T , Tobler M , Merz T M , Hilty M P , Veldhuis J D , Huber A R , Pichler Hefti J
Published: August 2018

Humans cannot live at very high altitude for reasons, which are not completely understood. Since these reasons are not restricted to cardiorespiratory changes alone, changes in the endocrine system might also be involved. Therefore, hormonal changes during prolonged hypobaric hypoxia were comprehensively assessed to determine effects of altitude and hypoxia on stress, thyroid and gonadal hypothalamus–pituitary hormone axes. Twenty-one male and 19 female participants were examined repetitively during a high-altitude expedition. Cortisol, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), fT4 and fT3 and in males follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and total testosterone were analysed as well as parameters of hypoxemia, such as SaO2 and paO2 at 550 m (baseline) (n = 40), during ascent at 4844 m (n = 38), 6022 m (n = 31) and 7050 m (n = 13), at 4844 m (n = 29) after acclimatization and after the expedition (n = 38). Correlation analysis of hormone concentrations with oxygen parameters and with altitude revealed statistical association in most cases only with altitude. Adrenal, thyroid and gonadal axes were affected by increasing altitude. Adrenal axis and prolactin were first supressed at 4844 m and then activated with increasing altitude; thyroid and gonadal axes were directly activated or suppressed respectively with increasing altitude. Acclimatisation at 4844 m led to normalization of adrenal and gonadal but not of thyroid axes. In conclusion, acclimatization partly leads to a normalization of the adrenal, thyroid and gonadal axes at around 5000 m. However, at higher altitude, endocrine dysregulation is pronounced and might contribute to the physical degradation found at high altitude.
Is severe hypocalcemia immediately life threatening?
Authors: Duval Maxime , Bach-Ngohou Kalyane , Masson Damien , Guimard Camille , Le Conte Philippe , Trewick David
Published: August 2018

Objective

Severe hypocalcemia (Ca <1.9 mmol/L) is often considered an emergency because of a potential risk of cardiac arrest or seizures. However, there is little evidence to support this. The aim of our study was to assess whether severe hypocalcemia was associated with immediately life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias or neurological complications.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was carried out over a 2-year period in the Adult Emergency Department (ED) of Nantes University Hospital. All patients who had a protein-corrected calcium concentration measure were eligible for inclusion. Patients with multiple myeloma were excluded. The primary outcome was the number of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias and/or neurological complications during the stay in the ED.

Results

A total of 41,823 patients had protein-corrected calcium (pcCa) concentrations measured, 155 had severe hypocalcemia, 22 were excluded because of myeloma leaving 133 for analysis. Median pcCa concentration was 1.73 mmol/L (1.57–1.84). Seventeen (12.8%) patients presented a life-threatening condition, 14 (10.5%) neurological and 3 (2.2%) cardiac during ED stay. However, these complications could be explained by the presence of underlying co-morbidities and or electrolyte disturbances other than hypocalcemia. Overall, 24 (18%) patients died in hospital. Vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease and hypoparathyroidism were the most frequently found causes of hypocalcemia.

Conclusion

Thirteen percent of patients with severe hypocalcemia presented a life-threatening cardiac or neurological complication on the ED. However, a perfectly valid alternative cause could account for these complications. Further research is warranted to define the precise role of hypocalcemia.
La regulación de participación. El caso de la consulta previa en Colombia, Perú y Chile
Authors: Sánchez Tamayo Robinson
Published: August 2018

La tensión entre neoliberalismo y derechos humanos en América Latina ha servido como caldo de cultivos de nuevas categorías de análisis como el concepto de Estado constitucional regulador, que surge en un contexto de desarrollo económico volcado en la producción de materias primas y la consolidación constitucional de un discurso de los derechos, en los que las cortes constitucionales han asumido un importante protagonismo. Este documento explica cómo se ha desarrollado este proceso en la regulación de la consulta previa en Colombia, Perú y Chile, para demostrar la permanente interacción entre ramas del poder público, especialmente de las cortes, y de discurso de los derechos con el de la regulación basada en la eficiencia.
Impact of Obesity on Asthma Morbidity During a Hospitalization
Authors: Gross Elissa , Lee Diana S. , Hotz Arda , Ngo Kim Chi , Rastogi Deepa
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND:

Asthma and obesity are 2 common pediatric problems. Obesity is a known risk factor for asthma, and obese children with asthma have higher disease burden. However, little is known on how obesity in urban minority children, mainly Hispanic and African American children, impacts morbidity during pediatric asthma hospitalizations.

METHODS:

A retrospective chart review was conducted on children and adolescents age 2 to 18 years hospitalized at the Children’s Hospital at Montefiore for an acute asthma exacerbation. We elucidated the association of overweight or obese status with severity of the exacerbation, quantified by length of stay (LOS) and need for intensive care management. Multivariate analysis was conducted to identify independent predictors of LOS.

RESULTS:

A total of 975 children met the inclusion criteria, of whom 55% were normal weight and 45% were overweight or obese. Sixty percent were Hispanic, and 37% were African American. The overall average LOS was 2.57 days (range: 0.67–12.92). Overweight or obese status was associated with a higher asthma severity at baseline (P = .021). Overweight or obese children had a longer average LOS compared with normal weight children (2.75 vs 2.39 days; P < .01) with more PICU stays (P = .006), even after adjustment for higher baseline asthma severity. The severity of the exacerbation did not differ by ethnicity.

CONCLUSIONS:

Obesity in children hospitalized for asthma is associated with more severe asthma exacerbations, longer LOS, and increased use of PICU level care, independent of their higher baseline disease severity and ethnicity.
Should Parents of Neonates With Bleak Prognosis Be Encouraged to Opt for Another Child With Better Odds? On the Notion of Moral Replaceability
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: August 2018

The notion of moral exchangeability is scrutinized and its proper place in neonatal care is examined. On influential moral outlooks, the neonate is morally exchangeable. On these views, if the parents are prepared to let go of the neonate with a poor prognosis and opt instead for another child who is healthy, this may be the morally right thing for them to do, and neonatal care ought to ease their choice.

The notion of moral exchangeability has a different place in different moral theories. Three theories are examined: deontological ethics (insisting on the sanctity of innocent human life), according to which there is no place for the replacement of 1 child for another. It is different, however, with utilitarianism and in the moral rights theory based on self-ownership. According to utilitarianism, we are all replaceable. According to the moral rights theory, neonates are replaceable to the extent that they have not developed personhood. Even a deontological ethicist of a Kantian bent would concur here with the moral rights theory.

Because influential moral theories imply that the neonate is morally exchangeable, it is reasonable within neonatal care, as a general rule, to grant the parents a veto against any attempts to save a child with a poor prognosis. In particular, if the parents are prepared instead to have another, healthy child, this is to be recommended. However, this rule cannot be strict. In rare cases, it is necessary to yield to parents who insist that their neonate be saved despite a poor prognosis.
Thresholds for Resuscitation of Extremely Preterm Infants in the UK, Sweden, and Netherlands
Authors: Wilkinson Dominic , Verhagen Eduard , Johansson Stefan
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND:

It is widely acceptable to involve parents in decision-making about the resuscitation of extremely preterm infants (EPIs) in the gray zone. However, there are different views about where the boundaries of the gray zone should lie. Our aim in this study was to compare the resuscitation thresholds for EPIs between neonatologists in the United Kingdom, Sweden, and the Netherlands.

METHODS:

We distributed an online survey to consultant neonatologists and neonatal registrars and fellows that included clinical scenarios in which parents requested resuscitation or nonresuscitation. Respondents were asked about the lowest gestational age and/or the worst prognosis at which they would provide resuscitation and the highest gestational age and/or the best prognosis at which they would withhold resuscitation. In additional scenarios, influence of the condition at birth or consideration of available health care resources was assessed.

RESULTS:

The survey was completed by 162 neonatologists (30% response rate). There was a significant difference between countries; the gray zone for most UK respondents was 23 + 0/7 to 23 + 6/7 or 24 weeks’ gestation, compared with 22 + 0/7 to 22 + 6/7 or 23 weeks’ gestation in Sweden and 24 + 0/7 to 25 + 6/7 or 26 weeks’ gestation in the Netherlands. Resuscitation thresholds were higher if an infant was born in poor condition. There was wide variation in the prognosis that warranted resuscitation or nonresuscitation. Consideration of resource scarcity did not alter responses.

CONCLUSIONS:

In this survey, we found significant differences in approach to the resuscitation of EPIs, with a spectrum from most proactive (Sweden) to least proactive (Netherlands). Most survey respondents indicated shifts in decision-making that were associated with particular weeks’ gestation. Despite the different approaches to decision-making in the 3 countries, there was relatively little difference between countries in neonatologists’ prognostic thresholds for resuscitation.
Pediatric Cervical Lymphadenopathy
Authors: Weinstock Michael S. , Patel Neha A. , Smith Lee P.
Published: August 2018

Cervical lymphadenopathy affects as many as 90% of children aged 4 to 8 years. With so many children presenting to doctors' offices and emergency departments, a systematic approach to diagnosis and evaluation must be considered. In the following review, we aim to provide the pediatric clinician with a general framework for an appropriate history and physical examination, while giving guidance on initial diagnostic laboratory testing, imaging, and potential need for biopsy. The most common cause of cervical lymphadenopathy in the pediatric population is reactivity to known and unknown viral agents. The second most common cause includes bacterial infections ranging from aerobic to anaerobic to mycobacterial infections. Malignancies are the most concerning cause of cervical lymphadenopathy.

The explosion in the use of ultrasonography as a nonradiating imaging modality in the pediatric population has changed the diagnostic algorithm for many clinicians. We aim to provide some clarity on the utility and shortcomings of the imaging modalities available, including ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.
Pasar de la formación basada en los requisitos para el estudiante a uno centrado en las necesidades del paciente
Authors: Marín Zuluaga Dairo Javier
Published: August 2018

Pasar de la formación basada en los requisitos para el estudiante a uno centrado en las necesidades del paciente
Diseño e implementación de una propuesta didáctica por medio de la utilización de herramientas virtuales para el aprendizaje de inmunología en enfermedad periodontal
Authors: Garzón Vergara Hernán Santiago , Quiroga Carrillo Jennifer
Published: August 2018

Introducción: el contexto actual presenta diversas posibilidades para la innovación en el campo educativo, siendo una de estas la utilización de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC). En odontología los esfuerzos para la introducción de las TIC en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje han sido progresivos y algo difíciles, debido a las características propias de la disciplina, la cual exige prácticas pre-clínicas y con pacientes. Sin embargo, la infinidad de herramientas que ofrecen las TIC han hecho que sean más atractivas, versátiles y útiles para el fortalecimiento de procesos educativos en áreas complejas. En el área de periodoncia se presenta una dificultad para el aprendizaje de Inmunología en Enfermedad Periodontal por la cantidad de horas dedicadas y su complejidad. Objetivo: diseñar e implementar una propuesta didáctica a través de herramientas virtuales para fortalecer el proceso de aprendizaje respecto a la inmunología en enfermedad periodontal. Materiales y métodos: investigación  cualitativa  de tipo investigación-acción. Se elaboró una plataforma en Moodle con cinco módulos, cada uno con objetivos de carácter cognitivo, procedimental y actitudinal; así como el planteamiento de actividades que fortalecieran el aprendizaje del estudiante y un proceso evaluativo, en el cual tanto el tutor como el estudiante forman parte activa dando lugar a una evaluación procesual. Discusión y conclusión: aunque la elaboración de este tipo de propuestas se redefine constantemente en la práctica, son una estrategia útil en odontología, la cual arrojaría resultados satisfactorios para el fortalecimiento de procesos de aprendizaje en aquellos temas que presentan mayor dificultad.
Arquitectura y urbanismo sostenible en Colombia. Una mirada al marco reglamentario
Authors: Rodríguez Potes Lizeth Melissa , Osorio Chavez Humberto , Villadiego Bernal Kattia Del Carmen , Padilla-Llano Samuel
Published: August 2018

Concebir y producir nuestras ciudades en términos urbanísticos o arquitectónicos implica un pensamiento responsable sobre las condiciones medioambientales. De ahí la importancia de conocer, y disponer de herramientas e instrumentos normativos que sirvan para la gestión y proyección del crecimiento sostenible de las ciudades. Este artículo presenta un análisis del marco institucional vigente en Colombia relacionado con el medio ambiente, y la sostenibilidad en arquitectura y diseño urbano, incluyendo políticas nacionales, instrumentos de planificación, manuales y documentos normativos. De este análisis evidenciamos la necesidad de integrar los enfoques parciales desarrollados por estos instrumentos en uno solo, con una visión global y sistémica. Resaltando así, la importancia de fortalecer los mecanismos de control para que se cumplan las medidas exigidas y se puedan cuantificar los avances en la búsqueda de la sostenibilidad en el sector de la construcción.
Territorios tradicionales y aprovechamientos económicos en Urabá, Colombia. Ordenamientos productivos en ecosistemas de humedales
Authors: Aramburo Siegert Clara Inés , Montoya arango Vladimir , Tobón Giraldo Diana María , Portela García Juan Camilo
Published: August 2018

En la región de Urabá, Colombia, se han dado prácticas intensivas de monocultivos bananeros y ganadería extensiva en los humedales del río León y la ciénaga de Tumaradó, habitados por poblaciones campesinas y afrodescendientes. Apoyados en el enfoque socioespacial y el análisis escalar, se describen las características naturales del humedal y las políticas del agua que enmarcan los procesos poblacionales, económicos, y bélicos que lo configuran y transforman. Los resultados muestran la configuración de espacialidades simultáneas que yuxtaponen en los humedales proyecciones económicas y visiones de conservación, poniendo en riesgo la sobrevivencia de un ecosistema vital para el planeta y la región.
Los paisajes del sistema fluvial del río Salí. Caracterización en el territorio metropolitano de Tucumán
Authors: Llomparte Frenzel Maria Paula
Published: August 2018

La producción del paisaje manifiesta un proceso de interacción sociedad-naturaleza de larga data, por ello, es comprendida como una construcción social. El presente artículo contribuye a caracterizar en clave de paisaje las relaciones agua, sociedad y planificación mediante un análisis diacrónico en el que se identifican los paisajes en el sistema fluvial del río Salí en el contexto metropolitano de Tucumán (Argentina), en correspondencia con las rupturas en las formas, y las lógicas de apropiación según los distintos estilos de desarrollo y modos de actuación. Así, se definen cuatro paisajes: raíces, innovadores, híbridos y en disputa. Más allá de los múltiples servicios ambientales que ofrece el sistema fluvial, este recurso involucra una dimensión cultural e infraestructural por su carácter identitario, y su rol fundante en los sucesivos estadios de desarrollo metropolitano que sirven para reconocer el río como una yuxtaposición de paisajes representativos para la metrópolis.
Frentes marítimo-fluviales en ciudades españolas: nuevos espacios urbanos
Authors: Martí Ciriquián Pablo , Garcia-Mayor Clara
Published: August 2018

En los últimos treinta años muchas ciudades españolas han abordado la renovación de sus frentes marítimos y fluviales, enfrentándose tanto a la obsolescencia de las actividades y usos que esos espacios acogían, como a la desconexión con los tejidos urbanos colindantes. Una selección de casos de estudio muestra la diversidad de estrategias que, con carácter general, logran la mejora a diferentes escalas de cuatro aspectos importantes: i) la conectividad territorial y entre tramas urbanas; ii) la redistribución de equipamientos en la ciudad; iii) la regeneración ambiental; y iv) una nueva articulación de las redes de espacios públicos urbanos y periurbanos. Los proyectos de renovación que han incluido los frentes marítimos y fluviales han supuesto no solo la transformación física del lugar, sino el cambio de percepción sobre estos espacios por parte de la población. La constatación de las preferencias y el uso social del espacio público en las áreas renovadas se analiza a través de las redes sociales, concretamente, a partir de los mapas de calor generados por el visor cartográfico Instasights.
Territorialidad campesina y agroindustria en el río Cimitarra
Authors: Quiroga Barrantes Maicol Andrés , Alarcón García Sharon , Marcucci Guarnizo Daniela
Published: August 2018

El municipio de San Pablo, en el sur del departamento de Bolívar, presenta conflictos territoriales debido a los diversos intereses y relaciones de poder que se dan en dicho espacio geográfico. Esto no se puede comprender en su totalidad sin tener presente el agua como un factor que influye directamente en la construcción del territorio. En el presente documento se abordan dos aspectos fundamentales de la territorialidad en el río Cimitarra: la relación de los campesinos con el agua en su diario vivir y el monocultivo de palma de aceite, el cual se vincula con el agua bajo una visión netamente económica. El desarrollo analítico de estos dos aspectos es fundamental para comprender las diferentes construcciones territoriales que hacen los actores en un mismo espacio geográfico y los conflictos que se desprenden de ellas.
Agua, tierra y fractura sociometabólica del agronegocio. Actividad frutícola en Petorca, Chile
Authors: Panez Pinto Alexander , Mansilla Quiñones Pablo , Moreira-Muñoz Andrés
Published: August 2018

El artículo profundiza en las transformaciones socioecológicas que el agronegocio genera en las dinámicas territoriales haciendo uso del concepto de metabolismo social. El estudio se sustenta en: a) el método de estimación de agua virtual para calcular los volúmenes de agua utilizados en la actividad frutícola y sus impactos en la disponibilidad de agua en las cuencas, y b) el análisis de la transformación territorial de las relaciones sociales de ocupación de la tierra y tipologías de cultivo. Se toma como caso de estudio la provincia de Petorca en Chile, lugar que ha vivenciado un intenso conflicto territorial en torno a la cuestión hídrica, generado por el modelo privado de gestión del agua chileno, el agronegocio frutícola y los efectos de periodos prolongados de sequía. Los resultados evidencian la profundización de una fractura sociometabólica en el territorio, ocasionada por la intensificación de la exportación frutícola. Dicha fractura tornó inviable la agricultura campesina al provocar una dinámica territorial en donde campesinos y campesinas no disponen de agua para criar animales y/o plantar los cultivos para su sustento.
Ni ética ambiental, ni valores. La reivindicación de Hans Jonas para la ética ambiental hecha por Eric Pommier, considerada desde la crítica de Heidegger al concepto de valor
Authors: Ayala-Ardila Richard
Published: August 2018

En este trabajo se cuestiona tanto a la ética ambiental como a la filosofía ambiental desde la crítica hecha por Martin Heidegger al concepto de valor; tal cuestionamiento es precedido por una presentación de las consideraciones de Eric Pommier sobre la ética ambiental, lo cual implica tratar su apreciación de la filosofía ambiental norteamericana (Leopold, Rolston III y Callicot), su lectura de la obra de Hans Jonas y su reivindicación de las ideas de este autor para la ética o para la filosofía ambiental. Se mostrará que los problemas fundamentales de la ética ambiental consisten en encontrar una manera de demostrar el valor intrínseco de la naturaleza y en lograr este objetivo sin hacer concesión alguna al dualismo ontológico.
Cambio de cobertura del suelo por minería aluvial en el río Nechí, Antioquia (Colombia)
Authors: Monroy Diana Maritza , Armenteras Dolors
Published: August 2018

La zona hidrográfica del río Nechí es una región frágil en términos ambientales cuya configuración paisajística manifiesta un mosaico de coberturas que históricamente han estado influenciadas por actividades antrópicas. Una de ellas, con reciente auge, es la minería aluvial, la cual afecta la estructura del terreno dejando una larga huella a nivel de paisaje. En este trabajo se describe y cuantifica los cambios de cobertura y la dinámica de la expansión minera, durante el periodo 2009-2014. Se analiza los patrones espaciales de estos cambios mediante la interpretación de imágenes de satélite Landsat y el uso de métricas a nivel de clase. Para 2014, la cobertura boscosa redujo su área en un 7%, siendo reemplazada principalmente por zonas de uso agropecuario y de explotación minera a cielo abierto, la cual aumentó seis veces el área que ocupaba en el 2009, alrededor de 35.070 ha. Esta dinámica indica un proceso activo de deforestación y consolidación de las coberturas estudiadas. Los resultados obtenidos proveen información que puede ser utilizada para la construcción e implementación de políticas que evalúen y mitiguen los impactos de la actividad minera sobre el territorio, teniendo en cuenta la vulnerabilidad e importancia del recurso hídrico y los ecosistemas circundantes.