bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Provincial Merchants in Eighteenth-Century England: The ‘Great Oaks’ of Manchester
Authors: Maw Peter
Published: May 2021

The importance of overseas trade to England’s national wealth and international reputation in the eighteenth century amplified the public discourse on the social value of merchants. Contemporary conduct books described a hierarchical occupational structure, where merchants enjoyed the highest prestige within the business community, with tradesmen and manufacturers performing distinct and progressively less valued professional functions. These conduct books focused on London, England’s premier port and the beating heart of Europe’s commodity and financial markets. Historians have also given much attention to London but have equally demonstrated the importance of merchants in the ‘outports’, whose participation in England’s foreign trade engendered significant wealth, status and political influence. This article considers a different type of eighteenth-century merchant, one based within English manufacturing regions, and one that has been largely overlooked in the historiography, not least because their businesses elided the separation of production and mercantile activities espoused by contemporary didacts. Focusing on Manchester, the article demonstrates that the town’s ‘Great Oaks’ challenged London’s commercial hegemony in a distinctive way, seeking not to replicate outport merchants’ entrepreneurial verve in risky, multilateral trades, but specialising, as both manufacturers and merchants, in exporting to commercially developed markets, where the ability to supply a precise assortment of locally produced textiles was more important than the capacity to sell imports or to provide financial services to overseas clients. Although little studied, provincial merchant communities were a general feature of the more dynamic English manufacturing regions in the years immediately before, and during the onset of, industrialisation.
Out-of-hours primary care for people with intellectual disabilities: interviews in general practice
Authors: Heutmekers Marloes , Naaldenberg Jenneken , Mastebroek Mathilde , Assendelft Willem J J , van Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk Henny M J , Leusink Geraline L
Published: May 2021

Background

Out-of-hours primary care for people with intellectual disabilities (ID) involves different groups of health care professionals, who are often not familiar to one another nor to the specific health care needs of this vulnerable population. It is not known to what extend these specific health care needs or organizational factors influence the delivery of out-of-hours primary care for people with ID.

Objective

The objective of this study is to explore the experiences of health care professionals regarding the medical content and the organizational context of out-of-hours primary care for people with ID.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with daily care professionals, triage nurses and general practitioners (GPs) involved in out-of-hours primary care for people with ID in the Netherlands. Interviews were thematically analysed for medical content and organizational context.

Results

The analysis resulted in four interconnected themes: (i) uncertainties in the triage assessment of ID patients; (ii) confusion about inter-professional responsibilities; (iii) impact on routines and workflow concerning ID patients and (iv) constraints in the decision-making process. All issues raised were related to the organizational context.

Conclusions

Health care professionals involved in out-of-hours primary care for people with ID indicate that the quality of this care is more influenced by the organizational context than by the medical content. We recommend out-of-hours GP services and care provider services for people with ID to set standards for roles and responsibilities in order to facilitate health care professionals in delivering accessible and high-quality care to this vulnerable population.
Worlds of Labour: Introducing the Standard-Setting, Privileging and Equalising Typology as a Measure of Legal Segmentation in Labour Law
Authors: Dingeldey Irene , Fechner Heiner , Gerlitz Jean-Yves , Hahs Jenny , Mückenberger Ulrich
Published: May 2021

The Standard Employment Relationship (SER) in industrialised countries is associated with strong protection for employees who fulfil its criteria but tends to neglect those who do not. Although the theoretical concept of SER has had repercussions around the world, its global empirical incidence and the variation of regulatory patterns associated with it have not been scrutinised so far. Comparative quantitative research in labour law has mainly focused on the overall level of employment protection in the countries of the Northern Hemisphere. Against this background, we ask how legal segmentation in labour law, that is, the exclusion from and gradation in employment protection which seems to be connected with the SER, can be conceptualised and measured in a global perspective. Drawing on leximetrics, a method to measure and quantify norms, we make use of and extend existing data sets such as the Centre for Business Research Labour Regulation Index (CBR-LRI) and Employment Protection Legislation Index (EPLex) in order to grasp the nature of legal segmentation. We identify three main functions of individual employment law in the protection/segmentation context: the standard-setting (S), the privileging (P) and the equalising (E) functions. We develop the SPE-employment law model on the assumption that the three functions are mutually independent in normative terms. The SPE typology offers a genuinely new perspective for comparative labour regulation research, making it possible to see the differentiation of patterns of legal segmentation and their path dependencies in 115 countries. First findings on a global scale show that in 2013 no fundamental difference between the levels of regulation in the Global South and North can be found. Moreover, familiar patterns can be observed such as a tendency to stable and low protection levels in liberal welfare states, and a tendency to universalist types of regulation in former socialist countries.
“What Do You Mean It’s Not Cancer?” A Review of Autoimmune and Systemic Inflammatory Diseases Involving the Breast
Authors: Limninart Narisara , Harvey Jennifer A , Schultz Katherine J , Mills Anne M , Noland Mary Margaret B , Schroen Anneke T , Rochman Carrie M
Published: May 2021

Autoimmune and systemic inflammatory diseases represent a heterogeneous group of immune-mediated conditions with a wide range of clinical presentations and various affected organs. Autoimmune diseases can present in the breast as localized disease or as part of systemic involvement. Although breast involvement is uncommon, the spectrum of imaging findings can include breast masses, axillary adenopathy, calcifications, and skin changes, the appearance of which can mimic breast cancer. Common etiologies include diabetic mastopathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, idiopathic granulomatous mastitis, sarcoidosis, and Immunoglobulin-G4 related mastopathy. This educational review will present multimodality imaging findings of breast manifestations of systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and coexisting complications. It will also review how these disorders may affect breast cancer risk and breast cancer treatment options, including radiation therapy.
Could the Crime of Aggression Undermine Deterrence?
Authors: Whiting Alex
Published: May 2021

There is a hopeful story to be told with respect to the activation of the crime of aggression at the International Criminal Court (ICC). Activation will either add to deterrence, or at worst will be harmlessly symbolic. But what if the premise is wrong? What if there is a risk that activation of the crime of aggression will undermine rather than advance deterrence? It matters not that the crime is activated, but how it is activated — the narrow definitional and jurisdictional scope of the crime as it has been enacted at the ICC, may undermine the deterrence effect of the Court by further encouraging cynicism about what the Court can and cannot do. Recognizing this risk both enriches the debate and raises larger questions about strategies for building and expanding international criminal law and its institutions.
Safety of measles, rubella and mumps vaccines in adults: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Ami Neuberger , Eyal Nadir , Asaf Biber , Chen Avni , Adi Brom , Drorit Attias , Neta Petersiel , Hajar Dallashi , Stav Rakedzon , Eli Schwartz
Published: May 2021

Background

In recent years, multiple outbreaks of measles associated with vaccine hesitancy occurred in high-income countries, where measles incidence had previously been low. Most safety data about the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine are derived from studies conducted among children, whereas evidence regarding the safety profile of the vaccine in adults is scarce.

Methods

In 2017, during an outbreak of measles in Europe, Israeli travellers to high-risk locations who were incompletely vaccinated, were urged to complete the two MMR vaccination schedule before their travel. In this prospective cohort study, we analysed adverse events (AEs) of MMR and MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella and varicella) vaccines among these travellers. All participants were followed up using structured questionnaires 2–4 weeks after vaccination.

Results

Seven hundred and eighty-five adult travellers whose median age was 49.2 years were vaccinated and followed up. Any AEs were reported by 25.2% of all participants; 11.6% reported local AEs, and 18.6% reported systemic AEs, none of which were severe. In general, AEs were much more common among female travellers (19.4% of males vs 30.1% of females (P < 0.001)). Local AEs, overall systemic AEs, headache and arthralgia were much more common among females, whereas rates of general malaise and fever were not statistically different between genders. We did not observe any significant differences in the rates of total, local or systemic AEs between the MMR and MMRV vaccines. Higher rates of systemic AEs were observed among participants who were younger and probably immunized once with MMR compared to older vaccines immunized once to measles only and to those who were never immunized.

Conclusions

The current study demonstrated low rates of systemic AEs and no serious AEs following either MMR or MMRV administration. More AEs were reported among females, and rates of AEs were similar after either MMR or MMRV.
Simultaneous cardio-cerebral infarction: a meta-analysis
Authors: Ng T P , Wong C , Leong E L E , Tan B Y , Chan M Y -Y , Yeo L L , Yeo T -C , Wong R C , Leow A S , Ho J S -Y , Sia C -H
Published: May 2021

Background/Introduction

Cardio-cerebral infarction (CCI), which involves the simultaneous occurrence of acute ischaemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction, has a reported incidence of 0.0009%. Treatment of CCI presents a dilemma to physicians as both conditions are time critical. Despite the need for standardized treatment protocols, published data are sparse.

Aim

We aimed to summarize the reported cardio-cerebral infarction cases in the literature.

Design

Meta-analysis.

Methods

Four databases, Pubmed, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched until 25 August 2020. A title and abstract sieve, full-text review and extraction of data were conducted independently by three authors.

Results

A total of 44 cases of CCI were identified from 37 case reports and series; 15 patients (34.1%) were treated using percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent, 8 patients (18.2%) were treated with a PCI without stent, 10 patients (22.7%) were treated via a cerebral vessel thrombectomy and 8 patients (18.2%) were treated via a thrombectomy of a coronary vessel. For medications, 20 patients (45.5%) were treated with thrombolytics, 10 patients (22.7%) were treated with anticoagulants, 8 patients (18.2%) were treated with antiplatelets and 11 patients (25.0%) were treated with anticoagulants and antiplatelets. Of 44 patients, 10 patients died, and 9 of those were due to cardiac causes. Among the 44 patients, days to death was observed to be a median of 2.0 days (interquartile range (IQR): 1.5, 4.0). The modified Rankin Score was measured in nine patients, with a median score of 2.0 (IQR: 1.0, 2.5) being reported.

Discussion/Conclusion

The condition of CCI has substantial morbidity and mortality, and further studies are needed to examine the optimal diagnostic and treatment strategies of these patients.
Slippery when wet: cross-species transmission of divergent coronaviruses in bony and jawless fish and the evolutionary history of the Coronaviridae
Authors: Miller Allison K , Mifsud Jonathon C O , Costa Vincenzo A , Grimwood Rebecca M , Kitson Jane , Baker Cindy , Brosnahan Cara L , Pande Anjali , Holmes Edward C , Gemmell Neil J , Geoghegan Jemma L
Published: May 2021

The Nidovirales comprise a genetically diverse group of positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus families that infect a range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Recent metagenomic studies have identified nido-like virus sequences, particularly those related to the Coronaviridae, in a range of aquatic hosts including fish, amphibians, and reptiles. We sought to identify additional members of the Coronaviridae in both bony and jawless fish through a combination of total RNA sequencing (meta-transcriptomics) and data mining of published RNA sequencing data and from this reveal more of the long-term patterns and processes of coronavirus evolution. Accordingly, we identified a number of divergent viruses that fell within the Letovirinae subfamily of the Coronaviridae, including those in a jawless fish—the pouched lamprey. By mining fish transcriptome data, we identified additional virus transcripts matching these viruses in bony fish from both marine and freshwater environments. These new viruses retained sequence conservation in the RNA-dependant RNA polymerase across the Coronaviridae but formed a distinct and diverse phylogenetic group. Although there are broad-scale topological similarities between the phylogenies of the major groups of coronaviruses and their vertebrate hosts, the evolutionary relationship of viruses within the Letovirinae does not mirror that of their hosts. For example, the coronavirus found in the pouched lamprey fell within the phylogenetic diversity of bony fish letoviruses, indicative of past host switching events. Hence, despite possessing a phylogenetic history that likely spans the entire history of the vertebrates, coronavirus evolution has been characterised by relatively frequent cross-species transmission, particularly in hosts that reside in aquatic habitats.
A Scoping Review of Quality of Life Questionnaires in Glaucoma Patients
Authors: Gazzard Gus , Kolko Miriam , Iester Michele , Crabb David P.
Published: May 2021

Precis:

Multiple questionnaires exist to measure glaucoma’s impact on quality of life (QoL). Selecting the right questionnaire for the research question is essential, as is patients’ acceptability of the questionnaire to enable collection of relevant patient-reported outcomes.

Purpose:

QoL relating to a disease and its treatment is an important dimension to capture. This scoping review sought to identify the questionnaires most appropriate for capturing the impact of glaucoma on QoL.

Methods:

A literature search of QoL questionnaires used in glaucoma, including patient-reported outcomes measures, was conducted and the identified questionnaires were analyzed using a developed quality criteria assessment.

Results:

Forty-one QoL questionnaires were found which were analyzed with the detailed quality criteria assessment leading to a summary score. This identified the top 10 scoring QoL questionnaires rated by a synthesis of the quality criteria grid, considering aspects such as reliability and reproducibility, and the authors’ expert clinical opinion. The results were ratified in consultation with an international panel of ophthalmologists (N=49) from the Educational Club of Ocular Surface and Glaucoma representing 23 countries.

Conclusions:

Wide variability among questionnaires used to determine vision related QoL in glaucoma and in the responses elicited was identified. In conclusion, no single existing QoL questionnaire design is suitable for all purposes in glaucoma research, rather we have identified the top 10 from which the questionnaire most appropriate to the study objective may be selected. Development of a new questionnaire that could better distinguish between treatments in terms of vision and treatment-related QoL would be useful that includes the patient perspective of treatment effects as well as meeting requirements of regulatory and health authorities. Future work could involve development of a formal weighting system with which to comprehensively assess the quality of QoL questionnaires used in glaucoma.
Slow Coagulation Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation for Postvitrectomy Patients With Silicone Oil–induced Glaucoma
Authors: Khodeiry Mohamed M. , Liu Xiangxiang , Sheheitli Huda , Sayed Mohamed S. , Lee Richard K.
Published: May 2021

Precis:

Slow coagulation transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) is an effective and safe glaucoma surgery in patients with medically uncontrolled silicone oil (SO)-induced glaucoma.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of slow coagulation continuous wave TSCPC in patients with medically uncontrolled secondary glaucoma following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and intravitreal SO injection.

Patients and Methods:

This retrospective study enrolled patients with medically uncontrolled glaucoma secondary to PPV with SO injection who underwent TSCPC using slow coagulation TSCPC settings (power of 1250 mW and duration of 4 s). The primary outcome measure was surgical success at 12 months. Surgical success was defined as an intraocular pressure 6 to 21 mm Hg and reduced ≥20% from baseline, no reoperation for glaucoma, and no loss of light perception vision. Secondary outcome measures included number of glaucoma medications, visual acuity changes, and surgical complications.

Results:

A total of 18 eyes of 18 patients were included in the study. The mean age and follow-up of the patients were 51.94±14.5 years and 16.3±3.5 months, respectively. The mean intraocular pressure decreased from 29.7±9.6 mm Hg preoperatively to 14.6±6.5 mm Hg at 12 months postoperatively (P<0.001). Glaucoma medications were reduced from 4.2±0.9 at baseline to 1.9±1.3 at 12 months after TSCPC (P<0.001). A nonsignificant change of logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity was observed at 12 months (P=0.722). The success rate at 12 months was 72.2%. No major complications were reported during the first year of follow-up.

Conclusion:

Slow coagulation TSCPC had high efficacy and minimal complications when used as an initial glaucoma surgical procedure in patients with SO-induced glaucoma.
The Mediating Role of Spirituality on Depression, Alcohol Use Disorder, and Problem Gambling Among Korean College Students
Authors: Lee Young-Me , Hyun Mi Yeul , Choi Suyoung , Aquino Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

Excessive alcohol use and gambling problems among Korean college students in Korea have been recognized as significant public health issues. The purpose of this study was to identify the direct, indirect, and total influence of depression on alcohol use disorder and problem gambling to determine relative magnitudes of the specific mediating effects of spirituality. A cross-sectional correlational survey was conducted in South Korea with 239 college students. Study variables included the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, a Spirituality Scale for Koreans, the Alcohol Consumption Questions, and the Korean version of the Canadian Problem Gambling Severity Index. Multiple-mediation analyses were performed. The results found that depression has a negative effect on each of the six subgroups of spirituality. In terms of the effects of spirituality on alcohol use disorder and problem gambling, spirituality was found to have a positive effect only on alcohol use disorder. The relationship between depression and those two addictive behaviors was significantly mediated by spirituality. Bootstrapping revealed that transcendence and connectedness were significantly mediating the relationship between depression and alcohol use disorder. For problem gambling, compassion and connectedness were found to be mediators affecting the relationship between depression and problem gambling. The finding suggests that spirituality's subscales affect two specific addiction problems in different ways. College students' excessive drinking and problem gambling can be prevented by developing and applying an intervention program that strengthens the connectedness of spirituality's subscales.
Frequency of Binge Drinking and Perception of Peer Alcohol Use
Authors: Lee Michael Jonas , Schick-Makaroff Kara , Kunyk Diane
Published: May 2021

Objectives

College and university student binge drinking is a critical health issue, and studies demonstrate students perceive high rates of drinking among their peers. High alcohol consumption and binge drinking are normalized throughout college and university, and there are gross misperceptions of perceived alcohol use among peers. The purpose of our study was to examine differences in perceptions of peer alcohol use after grouping students based on their frequency of binge drinking over a 2-week period.

Methods

A one-way analysis of variance test was used to compare the differences in the perception of peer alcohol use after grouping students by their frequency of binge drinking.

Results

Students who binge drink have significantly higher perceptions of peer alcohol use than their non-binge-drinking and abstaining peers.

Conclusions

These findings provide direction toward the feasibility of using perceptions of peer alcohol use to identify at-risk students to curtail dangerous drinking behavior.
Ayahuasca
Authors: Goldin Deana , Salani Deborah
Published: May 2021

Ayahuasca is a pan-Amazonian botanical hallucinogenic decoction made from a mixture of the bark of the Banisteriopsis caapi plant, containing a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and Psychotria viridis (Rubiaceae) or Diplopterys cabrerana shrubs containing a serotonergic 2A receptor agonist, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, a powerful psychoactive substance. Ayahuasca is a traditional psychoactive sacrament that has been used for shamanic ceremonies for centuries. Ayahuasca is acclaimed for spiritual and psychotherapeutic benefits and is gaining popularity in the United States. Potential risks involved with usage of this hallucinogenic drug include psychotic episodes related to N,N-dimethyltryptamine and serotonin syndrome, which can be potentially life threatening. The consequences of ayahuasca use remain uncertain because of poor quality control, unpredictability, and polydrug interactions. Nurses, advanced practice nurses, and other healthcare providers working in outpatient settings, hospitals, and treatment centers need to be familiar with the pharmacology, possible drug interactions, and management for ayahuasca ingestion for optimal decision making. Nurses are well positioned to facilitate understanding and to advise and educate the public about the potential risks associated with ayahuasca ingestion.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Exposure in Surgeons and Anesthesiologists at a New York City Specialty Hospital
Authors: Soffin Ellen M. , Reisener Marie-Jacqueline , Padgett Douglas E. , Kelly Bryan T. , Sama Andrew A. , Zhu Jiaqi , Salzmann Stephan N. , Chiapparelli Erika , Okano Ichiro , Oezel Lisa , Miller Andy O. , Cammisa Frank P. , Girardi Federico P. , Hughes Alexander P.
Published: May 2021

Objective:

We measured the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies among surgeons and anesthesiologists and associated antibody status with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) clinical illness.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study of SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence with a survey assessing demographics, SARS-CoV-2 exposure risk, and COVID-19 illness. The primary outcome was the period prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies associated with COVID-19 illness.

Results:

One hundred forty three surgeons and anesthesiologists completed both serology and survey testing. We found no significant relationships between antibody status and clinical role (anesthesiologist, surgeon), mode of commuting to work, other practice settings, or place of residence. SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence was 9.8%. Positive IgG status was highly correlated with presence of symptoms of COVID-19 illness.

Conclusions:

These results suggest the relative safety of surgeons and anesthesiologists where personal protective equipment (PPE) is available and infection control protocols are implemented.
Pheromone Receptors Help Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Avoid Competition in Rice Fields
Authors: Cheng Jianjun , Zhang Yongle , Du Yongjun
Published: May 2021

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guene’e) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the most important insect pests that attack the rice crop, Oryza sativa L., in China, feeding on rice leaves. Chilo suppressalis and Sesamia inferens are two common insects living within the same ecological system that feed on rice stalks. Their behavior could affect C. medinalis’s choice of oviposition place, so we tested the electroantennogram (EAG) response of C. medinalis to a conspecific sex pheromone (Z11-18:OH; Z11-18:Ald; Z13-18:OH; Z13-18:Ald) and two other insects’ pheromone compounds (Z9-16:Ald; Z11-16Ald; Z11-16:OH;Z11-16:Ac and 16:Ald). The results indicate C. medinalis can detect those pheromones and is sensitive to Z11-16:Ald and Z9-16:Ald. In the heterologous expression system of Xenopus oocytes, we cloned three pheromone receptor genes, CmedPR1, CmedPR2, and CmedPR3. These had the same electroantennogram response, in addition to the response to the conspecific pheromone. CmedPR2 and CmedPR3 displayed strong sensitivity to Z11-16Ald and Z9-16:Ald. These results may contribute to clarifying how C. medinalis recognizes pheromones and interspecies communication.
Junior enterprise and entrepreneurial behavior in Brazil
Authors: Moraes Gustavo Hermínio Salati Marcondes de , Iizuka Edson Sadao , Rocha Anne Kathleen Lopes da , Diaféria Amanda Mecchi
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze what is the influence of the junior enterprise environment on the entrepreneurial profile and intention of university students and what is the difference in the entrepreneurial behavior between students who participated and students who did not participate in junior enterprises.

Design/methodology/approach

A quantitative approach based on multivariate data analysis using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling was applied to a sample of 549 respondents.

Findings

Participation in junior enterprises influences the development of the students’ entrepreneurial profile more than their entrepreneurial intention. This study presents which behavioral characteristics are mostly developed with participation in a junior enterprise.

Research limitations/implications

The questionnaire with perception conditions and self-assessment indicators; data collection by a single cross-sectional research design; the scope of the research, which did not use a probabilistic sampling.

Practical implications

Practical implications are to assist higher education institutions in having a more accurate understanding of the role of junior enterprises in stimulating university entrepreneurship. To implement an effective entrepreneurial education, stimulating junior companies can be a fundamental action for the HEIs, and this is valid for courses in all areas. Entrepreneurial education in a practical context, as in the case of a junior company, can increase entrepreneurial intention.

Originality/value

This research fills a research gap on the uncertainty of the effectiveness of entrepreneurial education in developing the entrepreneurial behavior and entrepreneurial intention of students, at least when considering the junior company as part of entrepreneurial education in the university context, presenting a robust quantitative methodology and a large sample in a developing country.
Explaining the directionality of gang violence with court records
Authors: Bichler Gisela , Norris Alexis , Ibarra Citlalik
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Studies of gang violence typically use police reports to investigate the structure of gang conflict, but overreliance on a singular data source could impede crime control efforts. Extending networked criminology, this study aims to explore what court records reveal about the directionality of gang conflicts.

Design/methodology/approach

Controlling for the presence of a civil gang injunction (CGI), the authors use multivariate quadratic assignment procedure regression models to disentangle factors thought to account for structural patterns of gang violence mapped from 933 prosecutions involving 307 gangs associated with violent conflict affecting the City of Los Angeles (1998–2013). Specifically, the authors compare competitive advantage to the explanatory power of turf proximity.

Findings

One measure of turf proximity outperforms all other explanatory factors – gangs with turf centrally positioned in a turf adjacency matrix are significantly more likely to launch attacks, be victimized and exhibit the highest levels of imbalance in their violent involvements. Regarding competitive advantage, the number of cliques and level of internal conflict are significant. Finally, being subject to a CGI is associated with initiating violence.

Originality/value

Court cases offer a feasible alternative to police data when investigating patterns of intergroup street gang violence.
Using biopolymers to strengthen the historical printed paper: mechanical and optical characters
Authors: Noshy Wafika , Ali Hassan Rushdya Rabee , Mohammed Nada
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This study aims to restore the lost mechanical properties of the prints with carrageenan, methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (Tylose) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel).

Design/methodology/approach

The effect of these materials on the properties of the printed paper (modern and historical samples) has been evaluated under the influence of accelerated aging using pH measurement, the mechanical properties (tensile and elongation), FTIR and color changes.

Findings

The three consolidates reduced the acidity of treated samples significantly, but after ageing, it was observed that the pH of aged treated samples decreased slightly as compared to the untreated samples. The results of the mechanical properties showed the superiority of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel) in improving the tensile and elongation forces of the samples compared to carrageenan and methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose even during the accelerated aging. Consolidation materials succeeded in reducing ΔE of the paper samples under accelerated aging, especially carrageenan. The IR spectra confirmed that no dramatic difference was observed in topically function vibrations of samples after treatment beside that the O-H stretching band intensity increased observably after treatment with the three consolidates, after ageing the treatment, and it protected the treated paper from oxidation processes as the infrared spectrum analysis showed a decrease in intensities of carbonyl and carboxyl groups as compared to aged untreated samples.

Originality/value

The research provides new biopolymers in strengthening the historical printed paper, where printed papers lack studies related to their conservation. This makes the current study a promising step for treating historical printed paper.
Early identification and intervention with individuals at risk of becoming involved in serious and organised crime (SOC)
Authors: Hurley Mick , Boulton Laura Jane
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the “engage” pilot project and related processes for identifying individuals vulnerable to becoming involved in serious and organised crime groups (OCGs).

Design/methodology/approach

In this, a six-stage process developed in the five pilot sites to guide interventions is described. The project identified 18 individuals who have confirmed low level involvement in OCGs based in 5 areas of Greater Manchester by combining risk factors and the connecting of records held by law enforcement agencies.

Findings

Key risk factors found to be associated with the 18 individuals identified are described in relation to literature and discussed in terms of future intervention possibilities. A brief description of the key findings of the evaluation of the pilot project is also included.

Originality/value

Together these findings are discussed to explore the challenges of preventative interventions tailored towards young people already involved in criminality and offers recommendations for future programmes in this field.
M-government trust framework: deployment of an empirical study amongst Jordanian youth
Authors: Alomari Mohammad Kamel
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to debate the main factors influencing trust in mobile government (m-government) in the developing country of Jordan. The transformation from government services offered through a government website to services offered via smartphone devices needs further investigation to better understand the factors that might influence citizens’ trust in m-government, in particular, young citizens. This paper presents the concept of m-government and reports on a study of the main predictors affecting citizens’ trust in it. The theoretical framework used is based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT).

Design/methodology/approach

A survey study of 510 Jordanian young citizens, who had access to the internet and were smartphone users, investigated the influence of the identified factors on their trust in m-government. The hypotheses testing used multiple regression analysis.

Findings

Contrary to previous claims reported in relation to facilitating conditions, the following predictors: trust in government, word of mouth (WOM), social influence and facilitating conditions were found to be significant factors in predicting Jordanian citizens’ trust in m-government services.

Originality/value

This is one of few studies to investigate what influences trust in m-government by citizens in Jordan. The current research significantly contributes to the literature by incorporating factors from the UTAUT model with personal perception factors to elucidate m-government adoption. The integration of UTAUT with factors such as “WOM”, is a direction that can be followed in research on the adoption of and trust in e-government and m-government by citizens in any social community. This study clearly identities the relationship between m-government trust and the WOM construct, which is rarely discussed in this type of research context. Although the facilitating conditions construct is claimed to be non-significant in the presence of performance expectancy and effort expectancy, the current research shows the importance of including the facilitating conditions construct when considering the topic of m-government trust in Jordan. Finally, this paper provides a foundation for future empirical studies on the adoption of m-government.
Engytatus passionarius sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Miridae), a new natural enemy of the invasive stinking passion flower Passiflora foetida L.
Authors: Minghetti Eugenia , Maestro Mariano , Dellapé Pablo M
Published: May 2021

The new plant bug Engytatus passionarius sp. nov. from Formosa province in northern Argentina is described. This new dicyphine was always found in association with the sticky herbaceous vine Passiflora (Dysosmia) foetida L. (Passifloraceae), a species native to the Americas and an important invasive weed in some countries including Australia. The apparent host specificity, the ability to traverse the adhesive exudates of the glandular trichomes and the damage caused by nymphal and adult feeding make E. passionarius sp. nov. an interesting option for further research as a biological control agent. In this paper, a diagnosis, description and illustrations of adult, including the male genitalia, of this new species, as well as a key to the Argentinian species of Engytatus are provided.
Intended and unintended consequences of salient nutrition labels
Authors: Li Wenying , Finkelstein Eric Andrew , Zhen Chen
Published: May 2021

Profit maximizing firms sometimes engage in voluntary informative advertising, usually to promote their reputation as honest brokers. One example of informative advertising is shelf nutrition labels that some supermarket chains voluntarily provide. Several studies have shown that voluntary shelf nutrition and similar front‐of‐pack nutrition labels positively influence food purchasing patterns. Yet these studies assumed that suppliers are price takers. Using one shelf nutrition label, NuVal, as an example, we revisit this assumption. We take advantage of the natural experiment that occurred when NuVal substantially changed its underlying scoring algorithm. As the NuVal label represents an independent expert assessment of the health quality of each food product, this natural experiment allows for testing the causal effect of the information on demand and price changes independent of the hype that comes with the rollout of a new information policy. After endogenizing prices, we find that price changes offset nearly 42% of the direct effects of the score changes. This result shows the potential benefits of this form of voluntary information disclosure but also that most previous analyses of nutrition labeling overstated the benefits because they failed to account for supply responses.
Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma: in‐depth review of a genetically heterogeneous tumor
Authors: Murshed Khaled A. , Al‐Bozom Issam , Ammar Adham
Published: May 2021

First described in 1995 by Meis‐Kindbloom et al. as a variant of fibrosarcoma simulating carcinoma, sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) is a malignant soft tissue sarcoma characterized by epithelioid cells in dense sclerotic stroma, frequent immunoreactivity for MUC4 and heterogeneous genetic profile with recurrent EWSR1 gene rearrangement. It typically affects middle‐age adults with a predilection for the lower extremity. It is believed that SEF is closely related to low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS), both tumors show overlapping features in morphology, immunophenotype, and molecular profile. In this review, we discuss the clinical, morphologic, and immunohistochemical features of SEF with particular emphasis on its molecular diversity and relation to LGFMS.
Sample size formula for general win ratio analysis
Authors: Mao Lu , Kim KyungMann , Miao Xinran
Published: May 2021

Originally proposed for the analysis of prioritized composite endpoints, the win ratio has now expanded into a broad class of methodology based on general pairwise comparisons. Complicated by the non‐i.i.d. structure of the test statistic, however, sample size estimation for the win ratio has lagged behind. In this article, we develop general and easy‐to‐use formulas to calculate sample size for win ratio analysis of different outcome types. In a nonparametric setting, the null variance of the test statistic is derived using U‐statistic theory in terms of a dispersion parameter called the standard rank deviation, an intrinsic characteristic of the null outcome distribution and the user‐defined rule of comparison. The effect size can be hypothesized either on the original scale of the population win ratio, or on the scale of a “usual” effect size suited to the outcome type. The latter approach allows one to measure the effect size by, for example, odds/continuation ratio for totally/partially ordered outcomes and hazard ratios for composite time‐to‐event outcomes. Simulation studies show that the derived formulas provide accurate estimates for the required sample size across different settings. As illustration, real data from two clinical studies of hepatic and cardiovascular diseases are used as pilot data to calculate sample sizes for future trials.
Revisiting the gender job satisfaction paradox: The roots seem to run deep
Authors: Dilmaghani Maryam
Published: May 2021

Using the Canadian General Social Survey of 2016, a large nationally representative dataset, this article estimates the gender job satisfaction gap. This unique dataset allows to control for nearly all the variables previously suggested to explain the well‐documented higher job satisfaction of women, such as task characteristics, job flexibility and the quality of social relations at work. Accounting for all these variables, the gender gap in favour of women remains in the aggregate sample. But, when the sample is partitioned by age and educational attainment, among the youngest and the most educated workers, the gender job satisfaction gap is found to be statistically insignificant. In addition, these data allow for the inclusion of subjectively experienced intrinsic job rewards, such as sense of pride and accomplishment from work, rarely available in social surveys. With the inclusion of these variables, the gender job satisfaction gap loses its statistical significance across all age groups and educational attainment levels, except for those with a graduate university degree. For the latter group, the gender job satisfaction gap is actually reversed in favour of men. Consistently, an Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition of the gender job satisfaction gap indicates that the ‘explained’ component of the gender gap substantially increases with the inclusion of intrinsic job rewards. The implications are discussed.
Influence of zirconia implant surface topography on first bone implant contact within a prospective cohort study
Authors: Rohr Nadja , Balmer Marc , Jung Ronald E. , Kohal Ralf J. , Spies Benedikt C. , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Fischer Jens
Published: May 2021

Background

Although 5‐year clinical data exist for different zirconia implants, no analysis has yet been performed focusing on how the surface topography of the implant affects clinical parameters.

Purpose

To analyze the influence of zirconia implant topography on first bone implant contact (fBIC).

Materials and Methods

In a prospective two‐center cohort investigation 63 zirconia implants were evaluated at implant placement, prosthetic delivery, 1, 3, and 5 years. The distance (DIB) between implant shoulder and fBIC was measured at each time point in periapical radiographs at mesial and distal sites. Two‐way ANOVA/Bonferroni was used to analyze the effects of time and center (α < 0.05).

Results

Between the centers, the mean DIB varied significantly at implant placement (Freiburg [FR]: 1.4 ± 0.6 mm; Zurich [ZH]: 0.8 ± 0.5 mm). Thereafter, no statistically significant difference in DIB was observed, neither between centers nor between time points (prosthetic delivery: FR: 1.9 ± 0.6 mm, ZH: 1.7 ± 0.8 mm; 1 year: FR: 1.8 ± 0.6 mm, ZH: 1.6 ± 0.8 mm; 3 years: FR: 1.9 ± 0.8 mm, ZH: 1.7 ± 0.8 mm; 5 years: FR: 1.9 ± 0.8 mm, ZH 1.8 ± 0.6 mm). The overall mean DIB at prosthetic delivery to 5 years of both centers (1.8 ± 0.7 mm) is located within the transition zone between the smooth neck and the moderately rough intraosseous part (1.6–2.0 mm from the implant shoulder). However, individual DIB values are ranging from 0.1 to 4.2 mm overlapping the transition zone.

Conclusions

The standard deviation of the DIB indicates that the fBIC establishes on moderately rough and smooth surfaces. Consequently, soft tissue adapts to both topographies as well.
An investigation of process parameters on colour during the dyeing of polyester in supercritical carbon dioxide media
Authors: Yiğit İdil , Eren Semiha , Özcan Hande , Avinc Ozan , Eren Hüseyin Aksel
Published: May 2021

Innovative supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) treatment conditions in fluidised media technology were examined for polyester dyeing. The different dyeing processes in scCO2 media were carried out under a constant dyeing temperature of 120°C (at pressures ranging from 9 to 29 MPa), a constant pressure of 25 MPa (at dyeing temperatures ranging from 40 to 140°C) and a constant density range of 500‐550 kg/m3 (at combinations of dyeing temperatures ranging from 80 to 130°C and dyeing pressures ranging from 18 to 28 MPa). The constant dyeing temperature, constant dyeing pressure and constant density (120°C, 25 MPa, 500‐550 kg/m3, respectively) were selected according to the best results in the literature and recommendations from industrial applications for polyester dyeing in scCO2 media. The different conditions of the studied parameters and their influence are discussed. Colour difference (ΔE) and colour strength (K/S), as well as washing fastness and bursting strength properties, were investigated and compared. Acceptable colour properties (similar to those for standard [control reference] fabric: dyed in scCO2 media at 120°C, 25 MPa pressure and 506 kg/m3 density for 90 minutes) on polyester fabric, with commercially acceptable and quite high washing fastness levels and comparable bursting strength values (similar to those for standard fabric without significant or drastic strength loss), could be achieved with the following scCO2 dyeing processes: at a lower dyeing pressure with the same dyeing temperature (in scCO2 media at 120°C, 21 MPa pressure and 423 kg/m3 density for 90 minutes), at a lower dyeing temperature with the same dyeing pressure (in scCO2 media at 100°C, 25 MPa pressure and 588 kg/m3 density for 90 minutes) and at both a lower dyeing pressure and a lower dyeing temperature with a constant density range of 500‐550 kg/m3 (in scCO2 media at 110°C, 24 MPa pressure and 526 kg/m3 density for 90 minutes). Satisfactory and successful dyeing properties and performance similar to polyester fibre dyed under standard scCO2 dyeing conditions with less energy consumption could be achieved with the correct scCO2 dyeing process parameter optimisation. For instance, the dyeing process in the scCO2 environment at the same dyeing temperature with the standard scCO2 dyeing process (at 120°C), but with a lower dyeing pressure (at 21 vs 25 MPa), resulted in a 17 kWh decrease in energy consumption. In conclusion, it is very important to choose the correct dyeing pressure to obtain level dyeing in the polyester dyeing process carried out in a scCO2 environment and to achieve a reduction in energy consumption during dyeing in a scCO2 medium.
Efficacy and safety of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors following intestinal and multivisceral transplantation
Authors: Modi Krishna , Segovia Maria , Mavis Alisha , Schiano Thomas , Patel Yuval , Boike Justin , Sudan Debra , Nagai Shunji , Jafri Syed‐Mohammed
Published: May 2021

This is a descriptive study reviewing the outcomes of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORs) in intestinal (IT) and multivisceral transplantation (MVT). This study included 22 patients, 20 adults, and two children, and an overall mean age of 46 years old at the time of transplantation. Twelve patients (54.5%) received IT, and the remainder (45.5%) MVT. The mean time between transplantation and mTORs initiation was 24 months. The indication was worsening renal function in 13 patients (59%), with 9/13 (69.2%) noted to have an increase in glomerular filtration rate of at least 10 ml/min/1.73m2. The indication for four patients (18.2%) was a history of neuroendocrine tumor. After mTOR initiation, 50% of patients were reduced or weaned off tacrolimus and 13.7% off prednisone. mTORs were discontinued in 11/22 patients. Six patients (54.5%) stopped due to side effects, two (18.1%) for surgery, and one (9%) for acute cellular rejection. Side effects were edema (33.3%), headaches (33.3%), diarrhea (16.7%), and oral ulcers (16.7%). The average duration of mTORs prior to discontinuation due to side effects was 7 months. mTORs may function in their own niche of patients due to the potential renal safety profile, but use is most limited by tolerance to side effects.