bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Conceptual Model for Adiabatic Fog
Authors: Toledo Felipe , Haeffelin Martial , Wærsted Eivind , Dupont Jean-Charles
Published: February 2021

Abstract. We propose a new paradigm to describe the temporal evolution of continental fog layers. This paradigm defines fog as a layer saturated from the surface to a known upper boundary, and whose liquid water path (LWP) exceeds a critical value, the critical liquid water path (CLWP). When the LWP is less than the CLWP the fog water cannot extend all the way to the surface, leading to a surface horizontal visibility greater than 1 km. On the opposite, when the LWP is larger than the CLWP, the fog water extends all the way to the surface, inducing a horizontal visibility less than 1 km. The excess water with respect to the critical value is then defined as the reservoir liquid water path (RLWP). The new fog paradigm is formulated as a conceptual model that relates the liquid water path of adiabatic fog with its thickness and surface liquid water content, and allows the critical and reservoir liquid water paths to be computed. Both variables can be tracked in real time using vertical profiling measurements, enabling a real time diagnostic of fog status. The conceptual model is tested using data from seven years of measurements performed at the SIRTA observatory, combining cloud radar, microwave radiometer, ceilometer, scatterometer and weather station measurements. In this time period we found 80 fog events with reliable measurements, with 56 of these lasting more than three hours. The paper presents the conceptual model and its capability to derive the LWP from the fog CTH and surface horizontal visibility with an RMS uncertainty of 10.5 g m−2. The impact of fog liquid water path and fog top height variations on fog life cycle (formation to dissipation) is presented based on four case studies, and statistics derived from 56 fog events. Our results show in particular that the reservoir liquid water path is consistently positive during the mature phase of the fog and that it starts to decrease quasi monotonously about one hour before dissipation, reaching a near-zero value at the time of dissipation. The reservoir liquid water path and its time derivative could hence be used as an indicator for life cycle stage and support short range forecasting of fog dissipation.
Viscosity and phase state of aerosol particles consisting of sucrose
mixed with inorganic salts
Authors: Song Young-Chul , Lilek Joseph , Lee Jae Bong , Chan Man Nin , Wu Zhijun , Zuend Andreas , Song Mijung
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Research on the viscosity and phase state of aerosol particles is essential because of their significant influence on the particle growth rate, equilibration times and related evolution of mass concentration as well as heterogeneous reactions. So far, most studies of viscosity and phase state have been focused on organic aerosol particles, yet data on how viscosity can vary when the organic materials are mixed with inorganic salts remain scarce. Herein, using a bead-mobility and a poke-and-flow technique, we quantified viscosities at 293 ± 1 K for binary mixtures of organic material/H2O and inorganic salts/H2O, as well as ternary mixtures of organic material/inorganic salts/H2O over the atmospheric relative humidity (RH) range. Sucrose as the organic species, and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) or magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2) as the inorganic salts were examined. For binary sucrose/H2O particles, the viscosities gradually increased from ~3 × 10−2 to > ~1 × 108 Pa s as RH decreased from ~75 % to ~25 %. Compared with the results for the sucrose/H2O particles, binary Ca(NO3)2/H2O and Mg(NO3)2/H2O particles showed drastic enhancements to > ~1 × 108 Pa s at low RH close to the efflorescence RH. For ternary mixtures of sucrose/Ca(NO3)2/H2O or sucrose/Mg(NO3)2/H2O, with organic-to-inorganic mass ratios of 1 : 1, the viscosities of the particles gradually increased from ~3 × 10−2 to greater than ~1 × 108 Pa s for RH values from ~75 % to ~5 %. Compared to the viscosities of the Ca(NO3)2/H2O particles, higher viscosities were observed for the ternary sucrose/Ca(NO3)2/H2O particles, with values increased by about 1 order of magnitude at 50 % RH and about 6 orders of magnitude at 35 % RH. Moreover, we applied a thermodynamics-based group-contribution model, AIOMFAC-VISC, to predict aerosol viscosities for the studied systems. The model predictions and viscosity measurements show good agreement within ~ 1 order of magnitude in viscosity. The viscosity measurements indicate that the studied mixed organic–inorganic particles range in phase state from liquid to semi-solid or even solid across the atmospheric RH range at a temperature of 293 K. These results support our understanding that organic/inorganic/H2O particles can exist in a liquid, semisolid, or even a solid state in the troposphere.
Technical note：Evaluation of profile retrievals of aerosols and
trace gases for MAX-DOAS measurements under different
aerosol scenarios based on radiative transfer simulations
Authors: Tian Xin , Wang Yang , Beirle Steffen , Xie Pinhua , Wagner Thomas , Xu Jin , Li Ang , Dörner Steffen , Ren Bo , Li Xiaomei
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Ground-based Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) is a state of the art remote sensing technique for deriving vertical profiles of trace gases and aerosols. However, MAX-DOAS profile inversions under aerosol pollution scenarios are challenging because of the complex radiative transfer and limited information content of the measurements. In this study, the performances of two inversion algorithms were evaluated for various aerosol pollution scenarios based on synthetic slant column densities (SCDs) derived from radiative transfer simulations. One inversion algorithm is based on optimal estimation, the other uses a parameterized approach. In this analysis, 3 types of profile shapes for aerosols and NO2 were considered: exponential, Boltzmann, and Gaussian. First, the systematic deviations of the retrieved aerosol profiles from the input profiles were investigated. For most cases, the AODs of the retrieved profiles were found to be systematically lower than the input values, and the deviations increased with increasing AOD. Especially for the optimal estimation algorithm and for high AOD, these findings might explain part of the deviations between the AOD retrieved from MAX-DOAS and sun photometers in previous studies. For the optimal estimation algorithm the agreement with the input values can be improved by optimizing the covariance matrix of the a priori uncertainties. Second, the aerosol effects on the NO2 profile retrieval were tested. Here, especially for the optimal estimation algorithm, a systematic dependence on the NO2 VCD was found with a strong relative overestimation of the retrieved results for low NO2 VCDs and an underestimation for high NO2 VCDs. In contrast, the dependence on the aerosol profiles was found to be rather low. In general, both inversion schemes can well retrieve the near-surface values of aerosol extinction and trace gases concentrations.
Measurement report: Distinct emissions and volatility distribution of intermediate-volatility organic compounds from on-road Chinese gasoline vehicles: implication of high secondary organic aerosol formation potential
Authors: Tang Rongzhi , Lu Quanyang , Guo Song , Wang Hui , Song Kai , Yu Ying , Tan Rui , Liu Kefan , Shen Ruizhe , Chen Shiyi , Zeng Limin , Jorga Spiro D. , Zhang Zhou , Zhang Wenbin , Shuai Shijin , Robinson Allen L.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. In the present work, we performed chassis dynamometer experiments to
investigate the emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation
potential of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) from an
on-road Chinese gasoline vehicle. High IVOC emission factors (EFs) and
distinct volatility distribution were recognized. The IVOC EFs for the
China V vehicle ranged from 12.1 to 226.3 mg per kilogram fuel, with
a median value of 83.7 mg per kilogram fuel, which was higher than
that from US vehicles. Besides, a large discrepancy in volatility distribution
and chemical composition of IVOCs from Chinese gasoline vehicle exhaust was
discovered, with larger contributions of B14–B16 compounds
(retention time bins corresponding to C14-C16 n-alkanes) and a higher
percentage of n-alkanes. Further we investigated the possible reasons that
influence the IVOC EFs and volatility distribution and found that fuel
type, starting mode, operating cycles and acceleration rates did have an
impact on the IVOC EF. When using E10 (ethanol volume ratio of 10 %, v/v)
as fuel, the IVOC EF of the tested vehicle was lower than that using
commercial China standard V fuel. The average IVOC-to-THC (total hydrocarbon) ratios for
gasoline-fueled and E10-fueled gasoline vehicles were 0.07±0.01 and
0.11±0.02, respectively. Cold-start operation had higher IVOC EFs
than hot-start operation. The China Light-Duty Vehicle Test Cycle (CLTC) produced
70 % higher IVOCs than those from the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles
Test Cycle (WLTC). We found that the tested vehicle emitted more IVOCs at
lower acceleration rates, which leads to high EFs under CLTC. The only
factor that may influence the volatility distribution and compound
composition is the engine aftertreatment system, which has compound and
volatility selectivity in exhaust purification. These distinct
characteristics in EFs and volatility may result in higher SOA formation
potential in China. Using published yield data and a surrogate equivalent
method, we estimated SOA formation under different OA (organic aerosol) loading and NOx
conditions. Results showed that under low- and high-NOx conditions at
different OA loadings, IVOCs contributed more than 80 % of the predicted
SOA. Furthermore, we built up a parameterization method to simply estimate
the vehicular SOA based on our bottom-up measurement of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and IVOCs,
which would provide another dimension of information when considering the
vehicular contribution to the ambient OA. Our results indicate that
vehicular IVOCs contribute significantly to SOA, implying the
importance of reducing IVOCs when making air pollution controlling policies
in urban areas of China.
Impact of western Pacific subtropical high on ozone pollution over eastern China
Authors: Jiang Zhongjing , Li Jing , Lu Xiao , Gong Cheng , Zhang Lin , Liao Hong
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Surface ozone is a major pollutant in eastern China, especially during the
summer season. The formation of surface ozone pollution highly depends on
meteorological conditions largely controlled by regional circulation
patterns which can modulate ozone concentrations by influencing the
emission of the precursors, the chemical production rates, and regional
transport. Here we show that summertime ozone pollution over eastern China
is distinctly modulated by the variability of the western Pacific subtropical high
(WPSH), a major synoptic system that controls the summertime weather
conditions of East Asia. Composite and regression analyses indicate that
a positive WPSH anomaly is associated with higher than normal surface ozone
concentration over northern China but lower ozone over southern China.
Stronger than normal WPSH leads to higher temperatures, stronger solar
radiation at the land surface, lower relative humidity, and less
precipitation in northern China, favoring the production and accumulation of
surface ozone. In contrast, all meteorological variables show reverse
changes in southern China under a stronger WPSH. GEOS-Chem simulations
reasonably reproduce the observed ozone changes associated with the WPSH and
support the statistical analyses. We further conduct a budget diagnosis to
quantify the detailed contributions of chemistry, transport, mixing, and
convection processes. The result shows that chemistry plays a decisive role
in leading the ozone changes among these processes. Results show that the
changes in ozone are primarily attributed to chemical processes. Moreover,
the natural emission of precursors from biogenic and soil sources, a major
component influencing the chemical production, accounts for ∼ 30 % of the total surface ozone changes.
Anthropogenic CO2-mediated freshwater acidification limits survival,
calcification, metabolism, and behaviour in stress-tolerant freshwater
crustaceans
Authors: Quijada-Rodriguez Alex R. , Kuan Pou-Long , Sung Po-Hsuan , Hsu Mao-Ting , Allen Garett J. P. , Hwang Pung Pung , Tseng Yung-Che , Weihrauch Dirk
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Dissolution of anthropogenic CO2 is chronically acidifying aquatic ecosystems. Studies indicate that ocean acidification will cause marine life, especially calcifying species, to suffer at the organismal and ecosystem levels. In comparison, freshwater acidification has received less attention rendering its consequences unclear. Here, juvenile Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis, were used as a calcifying model to investigate the impacts of CO2-mediated freshwater acidification. Our integrative approach investigating changes in the animal's acid-base homeostasis, metabolism, calcification, locomotory behaviour, and survival rate indicate that the crab will face energetic consequences from future freshwater acidification. These energetic trade-offs allow the animal to maintain its acid-base homeostasis at the cost of reduced metabolic activity, exoskeletal calcification, and locomotion reducing the animal's overall fitness and increasing its mortality. Results suggest that present-day calcifying invertebrates could be heavily affected by freshwater acidification similar to their marine organisms and emphasizes the importance in understanding the long-term implications of freshwater acidification on species fitness.
SolveSAPHE-r2: revisiting and extending the Solver Suite for Alkalinity-PH Equations for usage with CO2, HCO3− or CO32− input data
Authors: Munhoven Guy
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The successful and efficient approach at the basis of SolveSAPHE (Munhoven, 2013), which determines the carbonate system speciation by calculating pH from total alkalinity (AlkT) and dissolved inorganic carbon (CT), and which converges from any physically sensible pair of such data, has been adapted and further developed for work with AlkT & CO2, AlkT & HCO3− and AlkT & CO32−. The mathematical properties of the three modified alkalinity-pH equations are explored. It is shown that the AlkT & CO2 and AlkT & HCO3− problems have one and only one positive root for any physically sensible pair of data (i.e., such that, resp., [CO2] > 0 and [HCO3−] > 0). The space of AlkT & CO32− pairs is partitioned into regions where there is either no solution, one solution or where there are two. The numerical solution of the modified alkalinity-pH equations is far more demanding than that for the original AlkT-CT pair as they exhibit strong gradients and are not always monotonous. The two main algorithms used from SolveSAPHE v.1 had to be revised in depth to reliably process the three additional data input pairs. The AlkT & CO2 pair is numerically the most challenging. With the Newton-Raphson based solver, it takes about five times as long to solve as the companion AlkT & CT pair, while AlkT & CO2 requires about four times as much time. All in all, it is nevertheless the secant based solver that offers the best performances. It outperforms the Newton-Raphson based one by up to a factor of four, to reach equation residuals that are up to seven orders of magnitude lower. Just like the pH solvers from routines from the v.1 series, SolveSAPHE v.2 includes automatic root bracketing and efficient initialisation schemes for the iterative solvers. For AlkT & CO32− pairs of data, it also determines the number of roots and calculates non-overlapping bracketing intervals. An open source reference implementation in Fortran 90 of the new algorithms is made publicly available for usage under the GNU Lesser General Public Licence v.3 or later.
Mycobacterium bovis BCG osteoarticular infection complicating immune therapy for bladder cancer: a case report
Authors: Stern Rebecca , Roscoe Clay , Misch Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Osteoarticular infection with Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is a rare complication of bladder cancer
treatment with intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guèrin (BCG). We describe
a case of disseminated Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection masquerading as a chronic prosthetic
joint infection in a patient with several risk factors for progressive
mycobacterial infection.
Timescales of emergence of chronic flooding in the major economic center of Guadeloupe
Authors: Le Cozannet Gonéri , Idier Déborah , de Michele Marcello , Legendre Yoann , Moisan Manuel , Pedreros Rodrigo , Thiéblemont Rémi , Spada Giorgio , Raucoules Daniel , de la Torre Ywenn
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Sea-level rise due to anthropogenic climate change is projected not
only to exacerbate extreme events such as cyclones and storms but
also to cause more frequent chronic flooding occurring at high tides under
calm weather conditions. Chronic flooding occasionally takes place
today in the low-lying areas of the Petit Cul-de-sac marin (Guadeloupe, West
Indies, French Antilles). This area includes critical industrial and harbor and
major economic infrastructures for the islands. As sea level rises, concerns
are growing regarding the possibility of repeated chronic flooding events,
which would alter the operations at these critical coastal infrastructures
without appropriate adaptation. Here, we use information on past and future
sea levels, vertical ground motion, and tides to assess times of emergence of
chronic flooding in the Petit Cul-de-sac marin. For RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5; i.e., continued
growth of greenhouse gas emissions), the number of flood days is projected
to increase rapidly after the emergence of the process so that coastal
sites will be flooded 180 d a year within 2 decades of the onset of
chronic flooding. For coastal locations with the lowest altitude, we show
that the reconstructed number of floods is consistent with observations
known from a previous survey. Vertical ground motions are a key source of
uncertainty in our projections. Yet, our satellite interferometric
synthetic-aperture radar results show that the local variability in this
subsidence is smaller than the uncertainties in the technique, which we
estimate to be between 1 (standard deviation of measurements) and 5 mm/yr (upper
theoretical bound). Despite these uncertainties, our results imply that
adaptation pathways considering a rapid increase in recurrent chronic
flooding are required for the critical port and industrial and commercial
center of Guadeloupe. Similar processes are expected to take place in many
low-elevation coastal zones worldwide, including on other tropical islands.
The method used in this study can be applied to other locations,
provided tide gauge records and local knowledge of vertical ground motions
are available. We argue that identifying times of emergence of chronic
flooding events is urgently needed in most low-lying coastal areas, because
adaptation requires decades to be implemented, whereas chronic flooding
hazards can worsen drastically within years of the first event being
observed.
Timescales of chemical equilibrium between the convecting solid mantle and over- and underlying magma oceans
Authors: Bolrão Daniela Paz , Ballmer Maxim D. , Morison Adrien , Rozel Antoine B. , Sanan Patrick , Labrosse Stéphane , Tackley Paul J.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. After accretion and formation, terrestrial planets go through at least one magma ocean episode. As the magma ocean crystallises, it creates the first layer of solid rocky mantle. Two different scenarios of magma ocean crystallisation involve that the solid mantle either (1) first appears at the core–mantle boundary and grows upwards or (2) appears at mid-mantle depth and grows in both directions. Regardless of the magma ocean freezing scenario, the composition of the solid mantle and liquid reservoirs continuously change due to fractional crystallisation. This chemical fractionation has important implications for the long-term thermo-chemical evolution of the mantle as well as its present-day dynamics and composition. In this work, we use numerical models to study convection in a solid mantle bounded at one or both boundaries by magma ocean(s) and, in particular, the related consequences for large-scale chemical fractionation. We use a parameterisation of fractional crystallisation of the magma ocean(s) and (re)melting of solid material at the interface between these reservoirs. When these crystallisation and remelting processes are taken into account, convection in the solid mantle occurs readily and is dominated by large wavelengths. Related material transfer across the mantle–magma ocean boundaries promotes chemical equilibrium and prevents extreme enrichment of the last-stage magma ocean (as would otherwise occur due to pure fractional crystallisation). The timescale of equilibration depends on the convective vigour of mantle convection and on the efficiency of material transfer between the solid mantle and magma ocean(s). For Earth, this timescale is comparable to that of magma ocean crystallisation suggested in previous studies (Lebrun et al., 2013), which may explain why the Earth's mantle is rather homogeneous in composition, as supported by geophysical constraints.
Developing the Swiss soil spectral library for local estimation and
monitoring
Authors: Baumann Philipp , Helfenstein Anatol , Gubler Andreas , Keller Armin , Meuli Reto Giulio , Wächter Daniel , Lee Juhwan , Viscarra Rossel Raphael , Six Johan
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Information on soils' composition and physical, chemical and biological properties is paramount to elucidate agroecosystem functioning in space and over time. For this purposes we developed a national Swiss soil spectral library (SSL; n = 4374) in the mid-infrared (mid-IR), calibrating 17 properties from legacy measurements on soils from the Swiss biodiversity monitoring program (n = 3778; 1094 sites) and the Swiss long-term monitoring network (n = 596; 71 sites). General models were trained with the interpretable rule-based learner CUBIST, testing combinations of {5, 10, 20, 50, 100} committees of rules and {2, 5, 7, 9} neighbors to localize predictions with repeated by location grouped ten-fold cross-validation. To evaluate the information in spectra to facilitate long-term soil monitoring at a plot-level, we conducted 71 model transfers for the NABO sites to induce locally relevant information from the SSL, using the data-driven sample selection method rs-local. Eleven soil properties were estimated with discrimination capacity suitable for screening (R2 > 0.6), out of which total carbon (C), organic C (OC), total N, organic matter content, pH, and clay showed accuracy eligible for accurate diagnostics (R2 > 0.8). Cubist and the spectra estimated total C accurately with RMSE = 0.84 % while the measured range was 0.1–⁠58.3 %, and OC with RMSE = 1.20 % (measured range 0.0–⁠27.3 %). Compared to general estimates of properties from Cubist, local modeling on average reduced the root mean square error of total C per site fourfold. We found that the selected SSL subsets were highly dissimilar in terms of both their spectral input space and the measured values. This suggests that data-driven selection with RS-LOCAL leverages chemical diversity in composition rather than similarity. Our results suggest that mid-IR soil estimates were sufficiently accurate to support many soil applications that require a large volume of input data, such as precision agriculture, soil C accounting and monitoring, and digital soil mapping. This SSL can be updated continuously, for example with samples from deeper profiles and organic soils, so that the measurement of key soil properties becomes even more accurate and efficient in the near future.
Impact of freeze-thaw cycles on soil structure and soil hydraulic
properties
Authors: Leuther Frederic , Schlüter Steffen
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The ploughing of soils in autumn drastically loosens the soil structure and at the same time reduces its stability against external stresses. A fragmentation of these artificially produced soil clods during winter time is often observed in areas with air temperatures fluctuating around the freezing point. Farmers benefit from the structural transformation by frost action in terms of better seedbed preparation and improved hydraulic connectivity. Previous studies have mainly focused on the effects of freezing and thawing on soil structure stability rather than on the impact on pore structure. From the pore perspective, it is still unclear (i) under which conditions frost action has a measurable effect on soil structure, (ii) what the impact on soil hydraulic properties is, and (iii) how many freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) are necessary to induce soil structure changes. The aim of this study was to analyse the cumulative effects of multiple FTC on soil structure and soil hydraulic properties for two different textures and two different initial structures. A silt clay with a substantial amount of swelling clay minerals and a silty loam with less swell/shrink dynamics were either kept intact in undisturbed soil cores taken from the topsoil from a grassland or repacked with soil clods taken from a ploughed field nearby. FTCs were simulated under controlled conditions and changes in pore structure ≥ 48 µm were regularly recorded using X-ray µCT. After 19 FTCs, the impact on hydraulic properties were measured and the resolution of structural characteristics were enhanced towards narrow macro-pores with subsamples scanned at 10 µm. The impact of FTC on soil structure was dependent on the initial structure, soil texture, and the number of FTCs. Frost action induced a consolidation of repacked soil clods, resulting in a systematic reduction in pore sizes and macro-pore connectivity. In contrast, the macro-pore systems of the undisturbed soils were only slightly affected. Independent of the initial structure, a fragmentation of soil clods and macro-aggregates larger than 0.8 to 1.2 mm increased the connectivity of pores smaller than 0.5 to 0.8 mm. The fragmentation increased the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of all treatments by a factor of 3 in a pF range of 2.0 to 2.5, while water retention was only slightly affected for the silt clay soil. Already 2 to 5 FTCs enforced a well-connected meso-pore system in all treatments, but it was steadily improved by further FTCs. This steady improvement in structural quality in terms of meso-pore connectivity is put at risk by milder winters in mid-latitudes due to global warming.
opportunity cost of parking requirements: Would Silicon Valley be richer if its parking requirements were lower?
Authors: Gabbe C.J. , Manville Michael , Osman Taner
Published: February 2021

We estimate the off-street parking supply of the seven most economically productive cities in Santa Clara County, California, better known as Silicon Valley. Using assessor data, municipal zoning data, and visual inspection of aerial imagery, we estimate that about 13 percent of the land area in these cities is devoted to parking, and that more than half of the average commercial parcel is parking space. This latter fact suggests that minimum parking requirements, if binding, depress Silicon Valley’s commercial and industrial densities, and thus its economic output. In an exploratory empirical exercise, we simulate a reduction in parking requirements from the year 2000 forward and show that under conservative assumptions the region could have added space for nearly 13,000 jobs, equivalent to a 37 percent increase over the actual job growth that occurred during that time. These additional jobs would be disproportionately located in the region’s highest-wage zip codes and could add more than $1 billion in payroll annually, further implying a large productivity gain.
PERENCANAAN TEBAL PERKERASAN RUAS JALAN A DI KABUPATEN LEBAK
Authors: Anisarida An An , Hafudiansyah Edward , Kurniawan Edi
Published: February 2021

Jalan perkotaan dan pedesaan di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan pergerakan arus dan volume lalulintas setiap tahun. Peningkatan lalu lintas harus diimbangi dengan peningkatan infrastruktur jalan, baikdari kualitas maupun kuantitas. Jalan A merupakan ruas jalan yang berada di Kabupaten Lebak. Jalan Amerupakan salah satu jalan yang dijadikan alternatif peningkatan infrastruktur apabila terjadi kemacetankendaraan di ruas jalan utama. Kondisi eksisting ruas jalan A yang terjadi pada saat mengalami tingkatkerusakan berat pada sepanjang ruas jalan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka perlu dilakukan perencanaanpeningkatan ruas jalan A untuk memenuhi kualitas dan dilakukan pelebaran jalan untuk memenuhikuantitas. Perencanaan jalan menggunakan Metode Pt-T-01-2002-B/AASTHO 1993 dan metodeManual Desain Perkerasan jalan (MDP) 2017. Perencanaan yang dihasilkan digunakan untukmemberikan alternative dalam perhitungan desain. Perhitungan yang didapat menjadi acuanpengambilan keputusan oleh pihak stake holder dalam menentukan desain perencanaan yang digunakan.
APRAISAL PENILAIAN HARGA SEWA GEDUNG (Studi Kasus Kantor Cabang Instansi di Kota Cimahi)
Authors: Janizar Syapril , Kurniawan Edi
Published: February 2021

Since 2002 a regulation on Building Buildings (UUBG) has been made, namely Law no. 28 and in 2005 a realization regulation was also made, namely Government Regulation No. 36 where the contents are a building must be managed administratively and technically. This research is to determine the level of building reliability from the architectural aspects of the existing structure, utility, and fire protection, access capability, and building sand for the branch office building in Cimahi City. Survey methods (measuring, counting and testing) were carried out to collect primary data. Data analysis using descriptive statistics and assessment using the AHP method. The criteria used to determine the reliability of a building are Reliable with a score of 90-100%, Less Reliable with a score of 75-90%, Unreliable <75%. The results showed that 90% of the branch office buildings in Cimahi City were categorized as reliable and the adjustment of the office building rental price was Rp. 350,199,752.48
Carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to neoplastic space-occupying lesion
Authors: Charron Brynn Petras , Jung Tony
Published: February 2021

This article presents a previously reported case of a 66-year-old woman with a mass on the volar aspect of her right wrist and a one-month history of right wrist pain. The importance of considering a wide range of causes for carpal tunnel syndrome when assessing a patient with persistent wrist pain and an associated mass is highlighted. The differential diagnosis of space-occupying lesions should include benign and malignant neoplastic etiologies in addition to non-neoplastic etiologies. The clinical features, diagnostic methods, and management options for a patient with carpal tunnel syndrome are presented and key distinctions between conventional and secondary carpal tunnel syndrome are discussed. Lipomas, schwannomas, and synovial sarcomas are discussed to showcase different neoplastic causes that may present as secondary carpal tunnel syndrome with an associated wrist mass as seen in this case.
La aplicación e incorporación de la documentación fotográfica en el patrimonio histórico-artístico
Authors: López-Ávila Mª Begoña , Alberich-Pascual Jordi , Ruíz-Rodríguez Antonio Ángel
Published: February 2021

Este artículo presenta un estudio de la vinculación de la fotografía y del patrimonio histórico-artístico desde la invención de la misma. Partiendo de una extensa revisión bibliográfica y documental se profundiza, tanto en como ésta se ha ido incorporando -no sin cierta dificultad- en el campo de las Bellas Artes hasta obtener finalmente reconocimiento y valor artístico, como en el rol que ésta ha ejercido igualmente en el interior del ámbito del patrimonio histórico-artístico por su valor documental.
Análisis de la fotografía de Pulso Diario de San Luis
Authors: Rivera Aguilera Luis Roberto
Published: February 2021

El presente artículo se desprende de la tesis doctoral del programa Doctorado en Periodismo de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, la investigación titulada: “La fotografía como representación de la realidad social: estudio del fondo fotográfico de Pulso Diario de San Luis¨, muestra el uso que Editora Mival, responsable de la edición y publicación del Diario Pulso, ha dado a la fotografía en sus ediciones a partir de la aparición del diario en el año 1988, partiendo de la premisa que la fotografía es un elemento de vital importancia y trascendencia en la edición del periódico, ya que influye en la forma de cómo se da a conocer el acontecer de la sociedad potosina, del país y del mundo. El artículo presenta parte de los resultados del análisis del diario en las décadas 1988, 1998, 2008 y 2018, de cuál ha sido el uso de la fotografía y como ha ido en aumento su utilización en las distintas ediciones, tal y como lo muestran los gráficos resultantes del estudio; mismo que refleja la importancia y necesidad de gestionar y preservar este tipo de documentos como memoria visual del diario y como patrimonio de la sociedad.
Saneamento ambiental na comunidade Amapá, Belterra/PA: um relato de experiência
Authors: Nogueira Amanda Vitoria , Guimarães Isabela Coimbra , Reis Elaine Cristiny Evangelista dos , Costa Teógenes Luiz Silva da
Published: February 2021

Resumo: Este paper resulta de ações desenvolvidas no correr do componente curricular denominado Interação na Base Real (IBR), subdividido em quatro semestres letivos. O IBR é uma ferramenta formativa nos cursos de saúde do Instituto de Saúde Coletiva da Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, também funciona como um elo entre a comunidade acadêmica e a sociedade que vive no contexto do oeste do Pará, almejando alcançar atribuições extensionistas. Durante as ações na comunidade, intencionamos construir com comunitários uma conceituação sobre a saúde, apresentando-a não é apenas ausência de doença, mas como o bem-estar biopsicossocial. Trata-se de um relato de experiência das ações de ensino/extensão realizadas junto à uma comunidade rural amazônica. Metodologia utilizada: A partir das visitas de campo à comunidade realizamos: conversas informais, observação no local e análise bibliográfica em plataformas acadêmicas.

Palavras-chaves: Saneamento Ambiental. Saneamento Básico. Esgotamento Sanitário.
Suitable Leadership Style for Service Industry in Bangkok
Authors: Wongsunopparat Sumas , Jaroensuk Pranee
Published: February 2021

The main research question for this study “which leadership style is the most suitable for hotel industry in Thailand”. This study adopted a case study of Centara hotel & Resorts hotel chain. Study was conducted using anonymous online questionnaire. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test structural relationship in the model between various variables in the study. The finding of this study suggested that there is a significant relationship between autocratic relationship, high turnover intention, and low job satisfaction. In addition, the study found significant correlation between transformational leadership and democratic leadership with high job satisfaction and low turnover intention. This finding suggested that autocratic relationship is an ineffective leadership style to govern hotel employees in Thailand. On the other hand, both transformational leadership and democratic leadership are both effective leadership style that can possibly enhance employee job satisfaction and reduce turnover intention. With consideration to the various departments in the hotel, the study also found that front office or reception, as well as food and beverage service department have significant correlation with democratic leadership style. Other leadership styles, including Laissez faire leadership, autocratic leadership, charismatic leadership, and transactional leadership show no significant relationship with employee job satisfaction and turnover intention. Thus, the finding of this study identified effective leadership style for hotel industry as transformational leadership and democratic leadership. The finding obtained from this study is novice and contribute greatly toward existing body of research as none of the past study have been conducted to investigate effectiveness of various leadership style in the context of Thai ever before. Lastly, this research is also extremely useful for hotel strategic human capital management to be able come up with the winning HRM & HRD strategy to get the right kind of leaders and potential successors in their organizations in a highly rivalry intensity of over-supply hotel industry.
Transitive Unergatives in Pazar Laz
Authors: Öztürk Balkiz
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study is to show that all unergatives in Pazar Laz involve an overtly filled object position and behave simply on a par with regular transitives, as the availability of an initiator is strictly dependent on the availability of an undergoer argument in line with the Neo-Burzio Dependency proposed for Georgian by Nash (2018). We will show that differently from Georgian, in Pazar Laz the availability of an initator and that of an undergoer actually exhibit a mutual dependency for all eventive verbal predicates, which extends the transitive pattern also to unaccusatives. As the language requires a strict co-dependency between the undergoer and the initiator, all eventive verbal predicates project both an initiator and an undergoer position. Consequently, the language does not syntactically differentiate between unergatives and unaccusatives and lacks the true unaccusative patterns, where no initiator is available syntactically. We will further argue that the co-dependency requirement for initiators and undergoers is in line with Ritter & Rosen (2000)’s typology, where languages are classified as Initiation languages or Delimitation languages based on whether they define an event in terms of its initial bound or its terminal bound. As a very conservative Initiation-language, Pazar Laz has to syntactically express the initiator in all types of eventive predicates, which itself is dependent on the availability of an undergoer argument in line with the Neo-Burzio Dependency.
Examination of the Concept of School Climate from the Perspective of Physical Education and Sports Teacher Candidates
Authors: Taşkın Cüneyt , Canlı Umut
Published: February 2021

School climate, which is the sum of behaviors in a school, is also defined as the character of the school. A school’s climate has a significant impact on the quality of education, and on student success or failure. From this point of view, this study aims to examine the school climate from the perspectives of physical education and sports teacher candidates. To this end, the "School Climate Scale for University Students", developed by Ali R. Terzi, was applied to 303 physical education and sports teaching department students with three sub-factors. The data obtained were first subjected to a structure analysis and then to the reliability validity test, and the validity of the scale was determined. According to the type of variables, independent groups t-tests, one-way analysis of variance tests, post hoc tests, or effect size (Eta-square) tests were applied. While the answers given by the teacher candidates did not differ according to gender, a significant difference was found according to the grade they were studying in (in favor of first and fourth year students).
The Pennsylvanian System in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Lucas Spencer G. , DiMichele William A. , Krainer Karl , Barrick James E. , Vachard Daniel , Donovan Michael P. , Looy Cindy , Kerp Hans , Chaney Dan S.
Published: February 2021

Pennsylvanian sedimentary rocks in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, comprise an ~1 km thick stratigraphic section. The Morrowan-Desmoinesian Gobbler Formation was deposited by shallow marine processes in and near the Alamo clastic trough. In this trough, the Desmoinesian-Missourian Gray Mesa Formation (Bug Scuffle Member, Gobbler Formation) is a relatively thin unit (Space History Member) representing the glacioeustatic Amado event. The Missourian-Virgilian Beeman Formation includes the lower, siliciclastic Indian Wells Canyon Member and overlying, carbonate-rich Horse Ridge Member. The Virgilian Holder Formation consists of algal bioherms (Little Dry Canyon Member) overlain by the mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Mill Ridge Member. The Virgilian-Wolfcampian Bursum Formation is mixed siliciclastic-carbonate strata that represent shallow marine and nonmarine paleoenvironments. Animal and plant remains occur throughout the section. Unit age determinations are primarily based on conodont faunas recovered from the Gobbler, Gray Mesa, and Beeman Formations. Many conodont faunas correlate with Midcontinent cyclothems. Extensive algal and foraminiferal fossils also were identified in limestones from the section and contributed to age determinations. The Beeman Formation in particular contains an extensive Missourian macroflora. The macroflora is of “mixed” composition, containing typical wetland elements intimately intermixed with taxa indicative of seasonally dry habitats. A seasonally wet-dry background climate is indicated. It is unlikely that droughttolerant plants were transported exclusively from “uplands.” Some plant remains have arthropod-feeding evidence. Previous analyses identified late Paleozoic ice-age glacioeustasy as the primary depositional driver of Pennsylvanian sedimentation in the Sacramento Mountains. We question this because of problems with those analyses and because of ample evidence of local tectonics and microclimate changes as important drivers of sedimentation in this area. Three Pennsylvanian Ancestral Rocky Mountain orogeny tectonic pulses can be identified in the Sacramento Mountains: Morrowan-Atokan, Missourian, and late Virgilian-Wolfcampian.
Correlation Between “Optimal User Experience” Achieved via Extent of User’s Private Data Being Shared
Authors: Daniels Zachary
Published: February 2021

Smart Devices have become a fixture in consumers’ lives because of their ability to provide consumers with “Optimal User Experiences.” However, to provide an “optimal user experience,” consumers must give private data to the Smart Devices. The actual sharing of private data is not an issue in consumers’ minds, but the private data’s potential to be hacked is quite concerning. For example, a consumer’s Amazon Alexa Echo could be accessed remotely, and the consumer could be video streamed without their knowledge or consent. The study analyzes the correlations between consumer desire for “Optimal User Experiences” from their Smart Devices and their general perception of sharing their private information to achieve “OUX.” The study attempts to determine the foundational aspects of a wide variety of consumer opinions about their risk tolerance by sharing personal data and their desire for the “OUX” in relation to the Smart Devices they utilize regularly.
Environmental Issues in City Logistics: The Case of Low Emission Zones in Europe
Authors: Paché Gilles , Morel Christian
Published: February 2021

The energy transition can be defined as all the transformations of the system of production, distribution and consumption of energy carried out in a territory in order to make it more ecological. The aim is to reduce the environmental impact of an energy system. Inseparable from sustainable development, the energy transition contributes to the fight against global warming, through the implementation of changes based on innovative technologies, but also and above all on new political orientations. The paper focuses in particular on city logistics in Europe as an illustration of energy transition, showing that strategic interactions between city logistics stakeholders are at the heart of new practices, particularly in the implementation of low emission zones (LEZs). A case study was conducted with a large French metropolitan area, which is at the forefront of sustainable city logistics. This case study is based on an analysis of official documents written as part of the implementation of the LEZ. Using a conceptual framework drawn from the SCP paradigm, which is at the origin of the industrial organization’s stream, the results indicate that the success of environmental city logistics strategies depends effectively on interactions between several public and private stakeholders, and not only on virtuous managerial practices from companies.
The Influence of Cultural Distance when Choosing a Suitable Foreign Direct Investment for the Internationalization Process of Companies. A theoretcal overview
http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/riae.v10i1.1712
Authors: Ferreira Ivani
Published: February 2021

The present study is theoretical analysis on the influence that cultural distance (CD) may possess on the process of internationalization of companies, and country cost representing this variable; comparing the arguments of the transaction cost theory and the organizational capability theory, with the purpose of determining which form of foreign direct investment (FDI) is most appropriate when companies are directed to culturally distant countries. Two types of FDI strategies are discussed in this study: a WOS (Wholly Owned Subsidiary), for companies wishing to expand their business into culturally distant countries, but with a lower risk; and an IJV (International Joint Venture), for companies wishing to expand their business into culturally distant countries, but with a higher risk to the company. This study describes two opposing positions attempting to converge when a moderator variable is included: country risk. Thus, we shall look to build a thorough model of analysis, where the earlier theories are complemented to explain the entrepreneurial performance following various scenarios, in which the involved variables are, concurrently, the cultural distance and country risk.
Internationalization Motivations and Foreign Market Entry Modes
http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/riae.v10i1.1719
Authors: Vasconcelos Ferreira Manuel Aníbal Silva Portugal , Serra Fernando Ribeiro , Reis Nuno Rosa
Published: February 2021

The motivations for the internationalization of firms influence the selection of foreign entry modes. In this article we use John Dunning’s (1993) classification, which distinguishes four primary motives to invest overseas – market seeking, resource seeking, strategic asset seeking and efficiency seeking –, conceptually discussing the impact of the selected foreign entry modes. The methods and strategies of multinational corporations (MNCs) are chosen in a broader framework, where internationalization motivations converge with the exploitation, or exploration, of firm-specific advantages. Our analysis is supported by a set of theoretical propositions. The results demonstrate that MNCs must develop the best possible combination of strategy-structure for their international operations, and yet conceive a casuistic analysis of each individual operation. We have therefore contributed to a better understanding of the selection of foreign market entry modes as a reflection of strategic choices or motivations.
Proposal for a Strategy for Development of New Courses of Higher EducationHttp://Dx.Doi.Org/10.5585/Riae.V10i2.1685
Authors: Mainardes Emerson Wagner , Silva Maria José , Domingues Maria José
Published: February 2021

The study has proposed a model that systematizes the process of construction of a new course of higher education. From the fundamentals that guide the strategies in services and the new services development, and supported in studies found on the new services development for the education sector, the construction of the model was possible, which is divided into: antecedents, development and implementation of the new course in higher education. At the end of the research, a case study at a higher education institution that follows certain procedures to offer a new course allowed us to compare the proposed model with the processes undertaken by the institution investigated. The proposed model guides the provision of new courses to the market and gives a first step in scientific research on the topic.