bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voting for Play: The Democratic Potential of Progressive Era Playgrounds
Authors: Peterson Sarah Jo
Published: November 2010

For Massachusetts children, including those in the city of Lynn, December 8, 1908 was a date of particular importance. That day their fathers voted whether their city would accept the new state playground law. The law required cities and towns with over 10,000 residents to provide and maintain playgrounds for the “recreation and physical education of minors.” In Lynn, as in other cities, a high level of publicity surrounded the referendum. Editorials and front-page advertisements ran in the local papers, and posters hung in business windows. Even children participated. On election day, members of the Lynn Boys' Club paraded the streets wearing banners that proclaimed, “Vote for playgrounds for me.” The triumphant “yes” vote of 11,122 to 1,083 set a Lynn record for the first time the citizens had ever turned in a vote that reached five figures. By March 1909, thirty-nine Massachusetts cities and towns had held referendums; all but two agreed to impose the new law on themselves.
Constitutional Politics in the Gilded Age
Authors: Benedict Michael Les
Published: November 2010

During the Gilded Age, constitutional issues pervaded the discussion of nearly all matters of public policy, including regulation of railroads, suppressing unsafe and fraudulent products, labor issues, and combating trusts and monopolies. The Democratic and Republican parties differed in their conceptions of federal power and state rights as well as on matters related to social order and personal liberty. They articulated these differences in political platforms and manifested them in their approach to public policy. The obsession with constitutional issues was not confined to the halls of Congress or the chambers of the Supreme Court. Constitutional discourse ran up from ordinary people and interest groups to public policy makers and down from policy makers seeking support based on fidelity to constitutional principles. Ordinary people influenced constitutional policymaking not only through voting but through various means of making their views known. Advocates used all types of media to make constitutional issues clear to the American people. These ranged from formal treatises aimed at the intellectual elite to cartoons, caricatures, songs, and screeds. Politicians articulated constitutional positions in political platforms, congressional addresses, pamphlets, political and commemorative addresses, and stump speeches. Justices of the Supreme Court eschewed technical and abstract language in constitutional opinions, addressing them to a more general public than they did in other areas of law. In the end, constitutional policy was not determined through legal determinations of the Supreme Court but by the political decisions of the American people.
Simplified Spelling and the Cult of Efficiency in the “Progressiv” Era
Authors: Zimmerman Jonathan
Published: November 2010

At the height of the Progressive Era, a small circle of scholars and educators launched a zealous but failed effort to reform American spelling. Bankrolled by Andrew Carnegie, the Simplified Spelling movement epitomized the era's much-chronicled passion for “efficiency”: By replacing words likethroughandalthoughwiththruandaltho, the simplifiers said, citizens would save both time and money. Yet the rapid demise of the campaign also highlights the limits of America's efficiency craze, even during its supposed heyday. Although some critics invoked the efficiency idiom against Simplified Spelling, questioning its utility and practicality, others denounced efficiency itself. Even if simplification made spelling more efficient, they said, Americans should retain their older forms in the name of higher values: beauty, habit, and tradition. Their rejection of Simplified Spelling stood as a standing rebuke to the gospel of efficiency, which never quite gained the full-throated worship that its high priests imagined.
Stochastic inversion of tracer test and electrical geophysical data to estimate hydraulic conductivities
Authors: Irving James , Singha Kamini
Published: November 2010

Quantifying the spatial configuration of hydraulic conductivity (K) in heterogeneous geological environments is essential for accurate predictions of contaminant transport, but is difficult because of the inherent limitations in resolution and coverage associated with traditional hydrological measurements. To address this issue, we consider crosshole and surface‐based electrical resistivity geophysical measurements, collected in time during a saline tracer experiment. We use a Bayesian Markov‐chain‐Monte‐Carlo (McMC) methodology to jointly invert the dynamic resistivity data, together with borehole tracer concentration data, to generate multiple posterior realizations of K that are consistent with all available information. We do this within a coupled inversion framework, whereby the geophysical and hydrological forward models are linked through an uncertain relationship between electrical resistivity and concentration. To minimize computational expense, a facies‐based subsurface parameterization is developed. The Bayesian‐McMC methodology allows us to explore the potential benefits of including the geophysical data into the inverse problem by examining their effect on our ability to identify fast flowpaths in the subsurface, and their impact on hydrological prediction uncertainty. Using a complex, geostatistically generated, two‐dimensional numerical example representative of a fluvial environment, we demonstrate that flow model calibration is improved and prediction error is decreased when the electrical resistivity data are included. The worth of the geophysical data is found to be greatest for long spatial correlation lengths of subsurface heterogeneity with respect to wellbore separation, where flow and transport are largely controlled by highly connected flowpaths.
Missing links in earthquake clustering models
Authors: Wang Qi , Jackson David D. , Zhuang Jiancang
Published: November 2010

Many clustering models imply two kinds of earthquakes: spontaneous ones and those triggered by previous earthquakes. The pair‐wise links from earlier to later earthquakes control the estimates of the clustering parameters. However, earthquake catalogs are limited in time, space, and magnitude, so that triggers of some cataloged earthquakes may be unknown. Thus some links are unrecognized and some triggered events appear spontaneous. Here we present a method for identifying such earthquakes and reducing the bias from missing links. We treat earthquakes probably affected by missing links as potential triggers, but we exclude them in evaluating modeled effects. We use an Epidemic‐type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) model to examine specifics. The most affected parameter is the proportion of spontaneous earthquakes. The most important missing links apparently follow earthquakes below the magnitude threshold, before the start, and outside the spatial boundaries of the catalog, in that order.
Reaction norms for metamorphic traits in natterjack toads to larval density and pond duration
Authors: Reques R. , Tejedo M.
Published: November 2010

The evolution of environmentally‐induced changes in phenotype or reaction norm implies both the existence at some time of genetic variation within a population for that plasticity measured by the presence of genotype x environment interaction (G x E), and that phenotypic variation affects fitness. Otherwise, the genetic structure of polygenic traits may restrict the evolution of the reaction norm by the lack of independent evolution of a given trait in different environments or by genetic trade‐offs with other traits that affect fitness. In this paper, we analyze the existence of G x E in metamorphic traits to two environmental factors, larval density and pond duration in a factorial experiment with Bufo calamita tadpoles in semi‐natural conditions and in the laboratory.

Results showed no plastic temporal response in metamorphosis to pond durability at low larval density. The rank of genotypes did not change across different hydroperiods, implying a high genetic correlation that may constrain the evolution of the reaction norm. At high larval density a significant G x E interaction was found, suggesting the potential for the evolution of the reaction norm. A sibship (#1) attained the presumed “optimal” reaction norm by accelerating developmental rate in short duration ponds and delaying it in longer ponds. This could be translated in fitness by an increment in metamorphic survival and size at metamorphosis in short and long ponds respectively with respect to non‐plastic sibships. However, genetic variability for plasticity suggests that optimal reaction norm for developmental rates may be variable and hard to achieve in the heterogeneous pond environment.

Mass at metamorphosis was not plastic across different pond durations but decreased at high larval density. Significant adaptive plasticity for growth rates appeared in environments that differed drastically in level of crowding conditions, both in the field and in the laboratory. The fact that survival of juveniles metamorphosed at high density ponds was a monotonic function of metamorphic size, implies that response to selection may occur in this population of natterjacks and that genetic variability in plasticity may be a reliable mechanism maintaining adaptive genetic variation in growth rates in the highly variable pond environment.
The calculation and significance testing of genetic correlations across environments
Authors: Windig J. J.
Published: November 2010

Genetic correlations within a trait across environments (rg) are important in the analysis of phenotypic plasticity. Not all methods are, however, equally reliable. An overview of all different methods for estimation of rg with one generation data sets is given. Formulae for the relationship between causal variance components and family means are derived. When these formulae are used covariances derived from family means, thought to be incorrect, are exactly the same as those derived with the ANOVA method. The bias, precision and power of the different methods are compared with Monte Carlo simulations. For all methods bias is small and precision is high for the large balanced data sets analyzed here, except when the variance in one or both of the environments is close to 0. Significance testing causes more problems. Confidence intervals with or without z‐transformation are not suitable for testing, nor is testing for g*e interaction in an ANOVA suitable for testing whether the rg is different from 1. The F‐test in a mixed model ANOVA and a likelihood ratio test in a REML‐analysis can be used for testing a difference from 0 but not from 1 or other values. Jackknife and Bootstrap, however, are suitable tests both for differences with 0,1 and other values, though negative variances can make these tests difficult to apply.
Infection Structures and their Surface Changes during Differentiation in Uromyces fabae
Authors: Kapooria R. G. , Mendgen K.
Published: November 2010

Germ tubes of Uromyces fabae differentiated into appressoria which were deliminated either by one or two septa. These appressoria developed rapidly on artificial membranes as well as on leaf surfaces.

Fluorescein‐conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) bound strongly to the germ tube walls of U. fabae and its binding ability did not differ significantly in 3, 5 and 7 h old germ tubes. The binding of WGA was less on the appressorium. Measurement of fluorescence with a microscope photometer revealed two times more binding sites on germ tube walls than on appressoria. No binding of WGA was noticed on substomatal vesicles and infection hyphae. The binding of WGA was completely inhibited by preincubation with hydrolysate of chitin. Binding patterns of other lectins were quite different. Canavalia ensiformis lectin did not bind to any structure, the lectins of Griffonia simplicifolia and Lotus tetragonolobus bound weakly to all structures, the lectins of Phaseolus vulgaris and Arachis hypogaea bound only to substomatal vesicles and infection hyphae, and the Ricinus communis lectin bound only to the infection hyphae. Based on these observations it appears that infection structure surface of U. fabae, besides having chitin as a component, also contain some other carbohydrates such as galactose and fucose.

Die Keimschläuche von Uromyces fabae differenzierten einmal die üblichen, endständigen Appressorien und solche mit 2 Septen aus. Diese Appressorien entwickelten sich auf künstlichen Membranen und auf der Blattoberfläche.

Fluorescein‐markiertes Weizenkeimlektin (WGA) wurde von den Keimschläuchen ohne Rücksicht auf deren Alter gebunden. Mit dem Mikroskopphotometer wurde deutlich, daβ die Appressorien jedoch nur halb so viele Bindungsstellen wie die Keimschläuche für dieses Lektin besitzen. Ein Hydrolysat aus Chitin hemmte die Bindung. Keine Bindungsstellen für das Weizenkeimlektin konnten auf dem substomatären Vesikel und auf der Infektionshyphe nachgewiesen werden.

Das Lektin von Canavalia ensiformis wurde nicht, die Lektine von Griffonia simplicifolia und Lotus tetragonolobus wurden nur schwach von den Infektionsstrukturen gebunden. Die Lektine von Phaseolus vulgaris und Arachis hypogaea banden schwach an das substomatäre Vesikel und an die Infektionshyphe. Das Lektin von Ricinus communis haftete nur an die Infektionshyphe. Offensichtlich besitzt der Keimschlauch von U. fabae neben Chitin noch andere Oberflächenkohlenhydrate: z. B. Galaktose und Fucose.

Die Bedeutung der Oberflächenkohlenhydrate für die Wirtsspezifität wird diskutiert.
Biological Control of Fireblight (Erwinia amylovora [Burr.] Winslowet al.) on Ornamentals
Authors: Isenbeck M. , Schulz F. A.
Published: November 2010

The development of a biological control procedure against fireblight on ornamentals was started. A considerable number of bacterial strains was isolated from the following blighted host species: Pyrus communis, Cydonia oblonga, Cotoneaster bullatus, C. salicifolius floccosus, Crataegus monogyna and Rosa canina. In a preliminary screening test 17 of these isolates showed antagonistic activity against the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al. The strains C/1, C/81 and E.h. 112 y were effective in disease reduction in the pear fruit system. By using C. bullatus highly significant protection could be obtained under controlled conditions if the antagonist was applied by injection 24 h ahead of the pathogen. In this case the application was as effective as the treatment with 200 ppm streptomycin. Under field conditions following natural infections disease reduction was about 20%.

Die Entwicklung eines biologischen Bekämpfungsverfahrens gegen die Feuerbrandkrankheit an Zierpflanzen wurde begonnen. Von den folgenden, feuerbrandbefallenen Wirtspflanzen konnte eine größere Anzahl Bakterienstämme isoliert werden: Pyrus communis, Cydonia oblonga, Cotoneaster bullatus, C. salicifolius floccosus, Crataegus monogyna und Rosa canina. In einem Screening zeigten 17 dieser Isolate im Plattendiffusions‐Test deutlich ausgeprägte antagonistische Aktivität gegenüber dem bakteriellen Krankheitserreger Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al. Die Stämme C/1, C/81 und E.h. 112 y waren außerdem in der Lage, die Symptomausbildung im Birnenfruchttest zu unterdrükken. Unter kontrollierten Bedingungen im Phytotron konnte ein hoch signifikanter Bekämpfungserfolg an C. bullatus erzielt werden, wenn der Antagonist 24 h vor dem Pathogen durch Injektion appliziert wurde. Unter diesen Bedingungen war die Behandlung genauso effektiv wie der Einsatz von 200 ppm Streptomycin. Unter Freilandbedingungen konnte im Gefolge einer Antagonistenbehandlung die Erkrankung nach natürlicher Infektion um etwa 20 % reduziert werden.
Current Approaches to Shortage Area Designation*
Authors: Lee Richard C.
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT: This paper reviews the various indicators and criteria that are in use to identify rural and urban areas with shortages of primary care physicians, dentists, psychiatrists, or nurses; areas with medically underserved populations; high migrant impact areas; and areas of greatest need/shortage, leading to lists of designated shortage or underserved areas eligible for various federal and state programs; and to lists of areas with priority for resource placement. Presenting these shortage and underservice criteria at a workshop dealing with adequacy was not meant to suggest an equivalency between the concepts of “shortage,” “underservice,” and “adequacy,” but the shortage and underservice criteria can be thought of as a floor on the definition of adequacy, and may contain elements of that definition. Refinements or revisions to the various criteria could probably better identify the needs in rural areas, or the kind of staffing mix needed in various types of areas, or improve priority setting among designated areas; but the existing criteria remain a good first screen to identify those areas with health services‐related needs that require further attention.
Changes in arterial, mixed venous and intraerythrocytic ion concentrations during prolonged exercise
Authors: MEYER N. D. , BAYLY W. M. , SIDES R. H. , WARDROP K. J. , SLINKER B. K.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Prolonged equine exercise can cause hypochloraemic alkalosis and hypokalaemia secondary to the loss of hypertonic sweat. Movement of ions in and out of erythrocytes during exercise may help regulate acid‐base balance and changes in plasma ion concentrations. The extent to which this happens during prolonged equine exercise has not been reported.

Objectives:To measure changes in blood gases and major plasma and intraerythrocytic (iRBC) ion concentrations of horses undergoing prolonged submaximal exercise.

Methods:Six horses were trotted at ∼30% V̇O2maxon a treadmill for 105 min. Arterial (a) and mixed venous (v) blood samples were collected every 15 min, and pre‐ and post exercise. Blood gases and plasma (pl) concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and protein were measured and their iRBC concentrations calculated and compared (P<0.05).

Results:PaCO2decreased in all horses. pl[Cl‐]vdecreased and [HCO3‐]vincreased. Due to the exhalation of CO2and chloride shifting, [HCO3‐]a<[HCO3‐]v,pl[Cl‐]a>pl[Cl‐]vand iRBC[Cl‐]a<iRBC[Cl‐]v. pl[K+]aand pl[K+]vboth initially increased then decreased and horses were hypokalaemic post exercise. Both iRBC[Cl‐]aand iRBC[Cl‐]vdecreased over the course of exercise but there was no change in the arteriovenous difference between them. There was no arteriovenous difference in pl[K+]. iRBC[K+]a>iRBC[K+]v. Conversely, iRBC[Na+]a<iRBC[Na+]v. pl[Na+]a<pl[Na+]vand [TP]a<[TP]v.

Conclusions:Significant arteriovenous differences in iRBC and plasma concentrations of chloride, potassium and sodium reflect the role that movement of ions across erythrocyte cell membranes play in regulating acid‐base balance and plasma concentrations of these ions. Exhalation of CO2has a major influence on this ion flux.
Influence of shoes with different weights on the motion of the limbs in Icelandic horses during toelt at different speeds
Authors: RUMPLER B. , RIHA A. , LICKA T. , KOTSCHWAR A. , PEHAM C.
Published: November 2010

Reason for performing study:Weight boots are commonly used for Icelandic horses to increase the height of the flight arc of the forelimbs in toelt.

Objective:To show the influence of weights and toelting speed on the height of the swing phase.

Materials and methods:Eight Icelandic horses (mean ± s.d. 12 ± 3 years old, 369 ± 46 kg) were used. Reflecting makers were placed on the dorsal side of each hoof. The motion was collected with a kinematic system (10 cameras, 120 Hz sample rate, 1.3 Mpixels resolution). The horses were ridden in toelt by 2 experienced riders on a treadmill at 2 different speeds (2.96 m/s ± 0.30 and 4.10 m/s ± 0.32). At each speed the horses were measured wearing no boots, light boots (170 g) and heavy boots (280 g) on both fore hooves. The measurement sequence was varied between horses. A Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test was carried out to test for normal distribution of data and ANOVA for repeated measurements were used to compare differences (P<0.05).

Results:The weight as well as the speed of toelt had a significant influence on the height of the flight arc. At the lower speed, the mean ± s.d. height was 163 ± 55 mm, whereas at the higher speed the mean height was 228 ± 60 mm. The heavy weights increased the mean height at the lower speed from 152 ± 38 to 169 ± 48 mm and at the higher speed from 214 ± 60 to 245 ± 60 mm.

Conclusions:This investigation shows that Icelandic horses can be expected to show a better toelt in competitions with weights, and ridden at a higher speed. For muscle adaptation to occur, weights should therefore be used during competitions and training.
The workload and plasma ion concentration in a training match session of high‐goal (elite) polo ponies
Authors: FERRAZ G. C. , SOARES O. A. B. , FOZ N. S. B. , PEREIRA M. C. , QUEIROZ‐NETO A.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:This study was designed to consider the complexity of the physical effort inherent to horses in polo competitions and the absence of reports in the literature on the effort, intensity and electrolyte changes resulting from a collective team training session aimed at preparing for a polo championship.

Objectives:To determine the effort and ion changes caused by an outdoor polo training match for a 25 goal handicap (elite) based on physiological variables including acid‐base status (venous pH, PCO2and HCO3‐), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), lactate, glucose, sodium, chloride and potassium and strong ion difference (SID) as well as creatine kinase (CK) activity.

Methods:Twenty‐three clinically healthy ‘high‐goal’ polo ponies were used, which included 10 geldings and 13 females. The horses performed a training match, as a preparation for a 25 goal tournament, consisting of 6 chukkas of 7 min duration each. Blood samples were collected during resting, and at 5 min, 6 and 12 h after each chukka. Data were analysed using ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Tukey's test.

Results:Differences (P<0.001) were evident mainly in post exercise for all variables studied. There was a reduction in pH, PCO2and HCO3‐and SID, together with an increase in PCV and Hb, lactate, glucose, Na+and Cl‐. K+levels remained constant at all times of collection. The average resting value for CK was 255 ± 9 iu/l, and 6 h after effort there was a 35% increase in enzyme activity.

Conclusions:This study indicates that the horses participating in a training match underwent a high‐intensity effort with alterations in electrolytes and acid‐base equilibrium.

Potential relevance:Training matches should be carefully conducted, with a suitable recovery period before the main match.
Application of Thermoelectric-Adsorption Cooler for Harsh Environment Electronics Under Varying Heat Load
Authors: Sinha Ashish , Joshi Yogendra
Published: November 2010

Incorporation of a thermoelectric (TE) device for heat regeneration and recovery can help realize adsorption systems that would be compact enough to fit inside electronic enclosures. Such a cooling system can be miniaturized without loss of performance and will have very few moving parts, hence lower maintenance needs. These traits are preferred in systems desired to be used for cooling electronics in thermally harsh environments (such as oil well, military machinery, and vicinity of automobile engines) that are characterized by temperatures greater than 200°C and provide little or no room for maintenance activities during operation. However, ambient temperatures near 200°C place constraints on the temperature difference between hot and cold sides of a TE device across which it could pump heat with appreciable COP (>0.4). This leaves little room to change the operating parameters of a TE device and hence that of the adsorption heat pump; as a result, only a small range of cooling load may be thermally managed. In practice, such a system will be less desirable since heat dissipation from electronics can keep changing during operation. In this work, the options available to manage varying cooling load while satisfying the thermal constraints on a TE device have been investigated using a theoretical model. Varying the number of active TE devices in response to a changing cooling load has been suggested as the most promising solution.
ASPECTS OF BARYONS IN HOLOGRAPHIC QCD
Authors: SAKAI T.
Published: November 2010

We discuss some recent results on a holographic description of QCD on the basis of a [Formula: see text]- brane configuration in type IIA superstring theory. A special attention is paid to studies of the baryon dynamics in that model. Using the fact that baryons in large Nc QCD should be regarded as a soliton, it is seen that this model reproduces the experimental data quite nicely.
PHASES OF QCD FROM SMALL TO LARGE Nf: (SOME) LATTICE RESULTS
Authors: DEUZEMAN A. , PALLANTE E. , LOMBARDO M. P.
Published: November 2010

We analyze the phases of strong interactions in the space of the flavor number Nf, bare coupling gL, and temperature T by lattice MonteCarlo simulations for two and three unrooted staggered flavors, corresponding to eight and twelve continuum flavors, respectively. We observe a Coulomb-like phase at intermediate lattice couplings which we interpret as the avatar of a continuum conformal theory for Nf = 12. We comment on the possible occurrence of an UVFP associated with the bulk phase transition between the strong coupling lattice phase and the Coulomb-like phase.
FIBERED TORTI-RATIONAL KNOTS
Authors: HIRASAWA MIKAMI , MURASUGI KUNIO
Published: November 2010

A torti-rational knot, denoted by K(2α, β|r), is a knot obtained from the 2-bridge link B(2α, β) by applying Dehn twists an arbitrary number of times, r, along one component of B(2α, β). We determine the genus of K(2α, β|r) and solve a question of when K(2α, β|r) is fibered. In most cases, the Alexander polynomials determine the genus and fiberedness of these knots. We develop both algebraic and geometric techniques to describe the genus and fiberedness by means of continued fraction expansions of β/2α. Then, we explicitly construct minimal genus Seifert surfaces. As an application, we solve the same question for the satellite knots of tunnel number one.
Synthesis and photodynamic activity of new meso-tetranaphthylporphyrins derivatives
Authors: Liu Jing-zhou , Li Jun , Yang Gao-mai , Sun Dan , Lü Xiang-fei , Duan Ming-yue , Luo Yun , Yao Gui-ping , del Sole Roberta , Vasapollo Giuseppe
Published: November 2010

The meso-tetranaphthylporphyrins (TNP) derivatives, 5-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde-4-naphthyleneimine)-10,15,20-trinaphthylporphyrin 3, 5-(salicylidene-4-naphthyleneamine)-10,15,20- trinaphthylporphyrin 4 and 5-(thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde-4-naphthyleneimine)-10,15,20-trinaphthylporphyrin 5, were synthesized by the reaction of 5-(4-aminonaphthyl)-l0,15,20-trinaphthylporphyrin 2 with different aldehydes. Their photodynamic activity against K562 cells were evaluated in vitro. They displayed low levels or no dark toxicity and high phototoxicity to K562 cells, especially for 5, which offers potential application in photodynamic therapy.
Photosensitizing Medication Use and Risk of Skin Cancer
Authors: Kaae Jeanette , Boyd Heather A. , Hansen Anne V. , Wulf Hans Christian , Wohlfahrt Jan , Melbye Mads
Published: November 2010

Background: Many commonly used medications, including both medications for long-term (daily) use and short-term use (treatment courses of finite duration), have photosensitizing properties. Whether use of these medications affects skin cancer risk, however, is unclear.

Methods: Using a cohort of all Danish residents ≥15 years old in 1995 to 2006 (n = 4,761,749) and information from Danish national registers, we examined associations between use of photosensitizing medications and risk of basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous malignant melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

Results: Users of only 2 of 19 medications for long-term use (methyldopa and furosemide) had both a ≥20% increased risk of skin cancer (compared with nonusers) and an increase in risk with increasing duration of use; these effects were limited to basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. In contrast, 8 of 10 medications for short-term use were associated with both a ≥20% increased risk of skin cancer and an increase in risk with increasing use for at least one of the four cancers.

Conclusion: We found little evidence of an increased risk of skin cancer among users of photosensitizing medications for long-term daily use, but could not rule out the possibility that users of some photosensitizing medications for short-term use may have an increased risk of skin cancer.

Impact: Previous studies have been limited to specific medication types (e.g., antidiuretics). Our study examined the effect of a wide range of photosensitizing medications on skin cancer risk and suggests that future work should focus on photosensitizing medications for short-term use. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(11); 2942–9. ©2010 AACR.
The Ends of Life and the Rise of Modernity
Authors: Harris Tim
Published: November 2010

According to Keith Thomas in The Ends of Life: Roads to Fulfilment in Early Modern England, the social value system defining what constituted a life well lived changed dramatically in the period between the Reformation and the Enlightenment, becoming more individualistic and secular, as well as less aristocratic and hierarchical. Although Thomas' subtly argued and beautifully written study draws on a vast array of sources and demonstrates his vast expertise in the fields of early modern intellectual and cultural history, it does contain a number of conceptual and methodological problems that serve to undermine aspects of the argument. Ultimately, a more comparative approach would have proven beneficial, although it is certainly easier to make a case for secularization over time if one chooses to leave out religion.
Studying the Impact of the Lesson Analysis Framework on Preservice Teachers’ Abilities to Reflect on Videos of Classroom Teaching
Authors: Santagata Rossella , Angelici Giulia
Published: November 2010

This study investigates the impact of an observation framework on preservice teachers’ abilities to engage in productive video-based reflections on mathematics teaching. The Lesson Analysis Framework draws from research on expert—novice teacher differences. Its central element is the analysis of the impact of teachers’ instructional decisions on students’ learning of mathematics. Through an experimental design, the effects of this framework on preservice teachers’ abilities to reflect on teaching are compared to the effects of an alternative framework focused on the evaluation of separate elements of instruction. Findings suggest that the Lesson Analysis Framework facilitates preservice teachers’ learning to elaborate on what they observe and to propose alternative teaching strategies. In addition, the framework provides a structure for evidence-based evaluation of observed instruction.
The First Experimental Demonstration of Side Chain Extension of Geoporphyrins in Sediments
Authors: Asahina Kenta , Asano Junya , Kumagai Gen , Satou Mitsuru , Nomoto Kouichi , Kashiyama Yuichiro , Mita Hajime , Nomoto Shinya
Published: November 2010

To investigate the formation process of high carbon number (>C32) sedimentary porphyrins, heating experiments of several porphyrins were performed. Chromic acid oxidation of the heating products of protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester afforded 2-methyl-3-n-propylmaleimide as the predominant product among the side-chain extension products formed. On the other hand, saturated substituents of etioporphyrin were also extended on heating to slowly form normal and branched homologs. These results may suggest that the transalkylation of porphyrin side chains proceeds mainly by a regioselective mechanism involving alkyl radical addition to a vinyl group of chlorophylls or their diagenetic products.
Dynamic Response of a Cholesterol-containing Model Membrane to Oxidative Stress
Authors: Yoda Tsuyoshi , Vestergaard Mun’delanji C , Akazawa-Ogawa Yoko , Yoshida Yasukazu , Hamada Tsutomu , Takagi Masahiro
Published: November 2010

It is important to study the effects of lipid oxidation on biological membranes and how this affects physiological functions and causes disease. We investigated the vesicular dynamics of a biomimetic membrane system consisting of an unsaturated phospholipid, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), and cholesterol (Chol) under oxidative stress. We found that lipid vesicles with a DOPC:Chol ratio of 50:50 are more susceptible to oxidative stress than homogeneous DOPC lipid vesicles.
Oxidation of Dihydrazones of Diaryl α-Diketones to Diarylacetylenes Using Sodium Periodate
Authors: Takale Balaram S , Telvekar Vikas N
Published: November 2010

Oxidation of dihydrazones of α-diketones to acetylene was investigated by using sodium periodate. Further, the described method is also found to be suitable for deprotection of monohydrazones of aldehydes and ketones. The process is mild, efficient, and applicable to both electron-withdrawing and -donating substituents to give good to excellent yields.
‘PhiloFacs’: a Tool for Searching Latin Text Databases
Authors: Greengrass Mark , Schinke Robyn , Robertson Alexander M , Willett Peter
Published: November 2010

This article discusses the design, production and use of a British Library funded project to provide rs a stemming search engine for Latin text. The resulting software has been christened ‘PhiloFacs’ — short for ‘PhilologiaFacilis’, itself, appropriately enough, a conflation of stems.
Imagines fictae: Digital image archives in historical research
Authors: Jaritz Gerhard
Published: November 2010

Historical images contain a variety of signs and meanings. The latter have influenced perception and response decisively, in the past as well as today. Methods and possibilities of computer-supported image analysis in context, and particularly of digital image analysis have started to support recent research-efforts considerably. The creation and organisation of digitised historical archives seem to have become particularly important for any kind of studies of the contents and messages of pictorial sources. This creation and organisation of image archives, and the analysis of the contents of such archives mainly imply digitisation and documentation, making catalogues and codebooks available, the linking and binding of images and their details, encoding, segmentation, sub-segmentation and archiving the image segments, creating and keeping up contexts. They make comparative primary and secondary analysis possible. Fruitful co-operation and exchange of skills are necessary. The ‘culture of images’has come up to other levels; history and its images are about to reach new and very promising dimensions.
An Evolutionary Approach to Realism-based Adverse Event Representations
Authors: Capolupo M. , de Moor G. , Devlies J. , Smith B. , Ceusters W.
Published: November 2010

Background: Part of the ReMINE project involved the creation of an ontology enabling computer-assisted decision support for optimal adverse event management.

Objectives: The ontology was required to satisfy the following requirements: 1) to be able to account for the distinct and context-dependent ways in which authoritative sources define the term ‘adverse event’, 2) to allow the identification of relevant risks against patient safety (RAPS) on the basis of the disease history of a patient as documented in electronic health records, and 3) to be compatible with present and future ontologies developed under the Open Biomedical Ontology (OBO) Foundry framework.

Methods: We used as feeder ontologies the Basic Formal Ontology, the Foundational Model of Anatomy, the Ontology for General Medical Science, the Information Artifact Ontology and the Ontology of Mental Health. We further used relations defined according to the pattern set forth in the OBO Relation Ontology. In light of the intended use of the ontology for the representation of adverse events that have actually occurred and therefore are registered in a database, we also applied the principles of referent tracking.

Results: We merged the upper portions of the mentioned feeder ontologies and introduced 22 additional representational units of which 13 are generally applicable in biomedicine and nine in the adverse event context. We provided for each representational unit a textual definition that can be translated into equivalent formal definitions.

Conclusion: The resulting ontology satisfies all of the requirements set forth. Merging the feeder ontologies, although all designed under the OBO Foundry principles, brought new insight into what the representational units of such ontologies actually denote.
Evaluating the power to discriminate between highly correlated SNPs in genetic association studies
Authors: Udler Miriam S. , Tyrer Jonathan , Easton Douglas F.
Published: November 2010

Neighboring common polymorphisms are often correlated (in linkage disequilibrium (LD)) as a result of shared ancestry. An association between a polymorphism and a disease trait may therefore be the indirect result of a correlated functional variant, and identifying the true causal variant(s) from an initial disease association is a major challenge in genetic association studies. Here, we present a method to estimate the sample size needed to discriminate between a functional variant of a given allele frequency and effect size, and other correlated variants. The sample size required to conduct such fine‐scale mapping is typically 1–4 times larger than required to detect the initial association. Association studies in populations with different LD patterns can substantially improve the power to isolate the causal variant. An online tool to perform these calculations is available at http://moya.srl.cam.ac.uk/ocac/FineMappingPowerCalculator.html. Genet. Epidemiol. 34:463–468, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some elements of theory of opportunities
Authors: Trzcieliński Stefan , Trzcielińska Jowita
Published: November 2010

An enterprise operates in a macroenvironment and in an industry environment. There are not only threats in the environment but also situational factors that are in favor of the enterprise as well. These are either chances or opportunities. Opportunities exist for agile enterprises. The agile enterprise is able to perceive them quickly and use them effectively. In this article, chances and opportunities are distinguished. This matter is discussed in the context of the situation's time horizon and complexity and of the enterprise's awareness of using them. In what follows, the segments of environment where opportunities can be searched for are presented as well as a typology of opportunities and the cycle of opportunity life span. On one hand, these topics are not discussed widely in the literature; on the other hand, they seem to be the basic components of opportunity theory, which should be elaborated to help enterprises in their process of becoming agile. This article synthesizes both literature and case studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐magnitude whole‐body vibration does not enhance the anabolic skeletal effects of intermittent PTH in adult mice
Authors: Lynch Michelle A. , Brodt Michael D. , Stephens Abby L. , Civitelli Roberto , Silva Matthew J.
Published: November 2010

Whole‐body vibration (WBV) is a low‐magnitude mechanical stimulus that may be anabolic for bone, yet we recently found that WBV did not improve bone properties in adult mice. Because intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) enhances the anabolic effects of high‐magnitude skeletal loading, we sought to determine the skeletal effects of WBV in combination with PTH. Seven‐month‐old male BALB/c mice were assigned to six groups (n = 13–14/group) based on magnitude of applied acceleration (0 or 0.3 G) and PTH dose (0, 10, or 40 µg/kg/day). Mice were exposed to WBV (0.3 G, 90 Hz, sine wave) or sham loading (0 G) for 15 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Vehicle or hPTH (1–34) was administered prior to each WBV session. Whole‐body bone mineral content increased by ∼5% from 0 to 8 weeks in the 40 µg/kg PTH group only, independent of WBV loading. Similarly, PTH treatment increased tibial cortical bone volume by ∼5% from 0 to 8 weeks, independent of WBV loading. Neither PTH nor WBV stimulated trabecular bone formation. Consistent with the cortical bone effect, tibias from the 40 µg/kg PTH group had significantly greater ultimate force and energy to failure than tibias in the 0 and 10 µg/kg PTH groups, independent of WBV treatment. In summary, 8 weeks of intermittent PTH treatment increased cortical bone volume and strength in adult male BALB/c mice. Daily exposure to low‐magnitude WBV by itself did not improve skeletal properties and did not enhance the PTH effect. No WBV‐PTH synergy was found in this preclinical study. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:465–472, 2011
Genetic variability in esterases and the insecticide resistance in brazilian strains ofOryzaephilus mercatorandOryzaephilus surinamensis(Coleoptera: Silvanidae)
Authors: Silva G.A.R. , Lapenta A.S.
Published: November 2010

Oryzaephilus mercatorandO. surinamensisare stored grains and processed food pests, the latter being responsible for major economical losses. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyse esterase patterns during insect development. Seven esterases, three cholinesterases, two carboxylesterases and two acetylesterases, were identified inO. mercator, one of which was proper to adults. Five esterases, of which four were cholinesterases, occurred inO. surinamensis.Strains ofO. mercatorandO. surinamensiswere also exposed to malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl. According to the LC50estimates, OmLC-M and OmLA strains ofO. mercatorand OsLB strain ofO. surinamensiswere the most resistant to both insecticides. However, higher sensitivity to malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl has also been verified in some of its esterases. Cholinesterases OmEST-1 and OsEST-5 seem to be involved in this resistance. These results suggest that organophosphate tolerance may be related to genetic variability in esterase isoenzymes.
Bt-toxin uptake by the non-target herbivore,Myzus persicae(Hemiptera: Aphididae), feeding on transgenic oilseed rape in laboratory conditions
Authors: Burgio G. , Dinelli G. , Marotti I. , Zurla M. , Bosi S. , Lanzoni A.
Published: November 2010

The potential non-target effects of genetically modified crops are some of the more debated topics within applied biotechnologies in agriculture and environmental risk assessment. The objective of the present research was to study the potential Bt-toxin uptake by the non-target herbivoreMyzus persicaeSulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on transgenic oilseed rape plants (Brassica napuscv. ‘Westar’ lines GT 2–4) expressing the Cry1Ac endotoxin. A specific aim was to replicate our previous experiment in controlled laboratory conditions to avoid or minimize the risk of contamination leading to potential false positive results. The toxin levels in vernalized (V) and not-vernalized (not-V) transgenic oilseed rape plants was also monitored to better clarify the role of physiological processes on Bt-toxin expression. Cry1Ac expression in not-V plants (mean concentration±SE=167.8±5.7 μg kg−1FW) showed a pattern of large variability, in comparison with V plants whose expression (mean concentration±SE=227.7±1.9 μg kg−1FW) was significantly more stable. Cry1Ac toxin was detected in three aphid samples reared on V plants with a mean toxin concentration±SE of 4.8±0.6 μg Kg−1FW and in three out of six samples of aphids reared on not-V plants (mean toxin concentration±SE=7.1±1.2 μg kg−1FW). The mean Bt-toxin concentration of all the positive aphid samples was 5.9±1.0 μg kg−1FW. Our results confirmed the findings of our previous experiment and highlighted the potential for Cry1Ac toxin uptake by aphids feeding on transgenic oilseed rape plants.
Taboo or tradition? The non-use of nuclear weapons in world politics
Authors: PAUL T. V.
Published: November 2010

The non-use of nuclear weapons since Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 has emerged as a major puzzle in international politics. Traditional International Relations scholarship views this largely as a function of the deterrent relationship that emerged between the nuclear powers, especially during the Cold War era. The fact that nuclear weapons have not been used against non-nuclear states, despite temptations to use them, remains a challenge to the deterrence-only explanation. More normatively oriented scholars have argued that a taboo has emerged against the non-use of nuclear weapons. Nina Tannenwald's book,The Nuclear Taboois the most comprehensive study on this subject which relies on constructivist logic of inter-subjective taboo-like prohibition in accounting for the puzzle. While I see much merit in Tannenwald's empirical case studies, it is far-fetched to call the non-use largely a function of a taboo-like prohibition. For, taboos by their very nature forbid discussions of their breaking, whereas nuclear states have national military strategies that call for nuclear use under certain circumstances. They have also in many crises situations considered the use of nuclear weapons. I have argued in my book,The Tradition of Non-use of Nuclear Weapons(Stanford University Press, 2009), that a more modest tradition can be given partial credit for the absence of nuclear attacks on non-nuclear states. The tradition emerged because of a realisation of the horrendous effects of nuclear attack (a material fact) which generated reputation costs for a potential user. These reputation costs in turn generated self-deterrence which has helped to create a tradition which is partially restraining nuclear states from using their weapons for anything other than existential deterrence. Unlike Tannenwald, I contend that the tradition is not a strict taboo and hence it can be altered if material and political circumstances compel nuclear states to do so. The recent policy changes that have taken place in nuclear powers such as the US, Russia, UK, and France do not augur well for the tradition as the conditions for atomic use have been expanded to include prevention, pre-emption and other non-proliferation objectives involving rogue states and terrorist groups.
Law and the Politics of the Past: Legal Protection of Cultural Heritage in Greece
Authors: Voudouri Daphne
Published: November 2010

This article examines the main lines of Greek legislation on antiquities and on cultural heritage in general, in the course of its history, with an emphasis on the innovations and continuity of the current Law 3028 of 2002. It attempts to place the Greek case in the context of the relevant international experience and the broader debate about ownership of the past. It throws light on the relationship between the legal framework of antiquities and the formation and fostering of national identity in Greece, and on their close connection with the state, while at the same time criticizing the view that opposes a “cultural internationalist” approach to heritage to the “cultural nationalism” of Greece and other source countries.
Debsian Socialism Through a Transnational Lens
Authors: Burwood Stephen
Published: November 2010

Socialism in the United States between 1901 and 1919 has usually been viewed in a national context replete with assumptions about American Exceptionalism. Taking their cue from Werner Sombart's classic 1906 essay “Why Is there No Socialism in the United States?,” historians of American socialism from Daniel Bell and David Shannon to Seymour Martin Lipset have pointed to distinctly American conditions inimical to the growth of Socialism. For Ira Kipnis and Philip Foner, the problem was that American socialism before World War One was too rooted in American political traditions, not pure or Marxist enough. For Daniel Bell, it was a “foreign virus,” and was unable to be domesticated. And in the work of Paul Buhle, the “foreign” nature of American socialism in its ethnic and immigrant members has found its rescuer. The distinction between the “American” and “foreign” character of American socialism dominated debate for far too long.