bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics associated with loss to post‐partum follow‐up among adolescent mothers
Authors: Aungsataporn Sansanee , Phaloprakarn Chadakarn , Tangjitgamol Siriwan
Published: February 2019

Aim

To identify the rate and associated factors of loss to post‐partum follow‐up among adolescent mothers.

Methods

A matched case–control study was conducted among Thai adolescents who gave birth between January 2011 and December 2016 and were scheduled for a 6‐week post‐partum visit. Cases (n = 568) included mothers who did not return for follow‐up whereas controls (n = 568) were mothers who attended a post‐partum visit. Cases were matched with controls according to age group and date of delivery.

Results

During the study period, 2335 Thai adolescent mothers were scheduled for a post‐partum visit. Of these, 568 mothers (24.3%) did not return for post‐partum care. The strongest predictor for loss to post‐partum follow‐up was inadequate number of antenatal visits (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.51–3.04), followed by being single/separated/divorced (aOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.08–2.29) and lower level of education (aOR 1.57, 95% CI 1.14–2.17). Being a student was a positive factor associated with post‐partum visit attendance (aOR 0.57, 95% CI 0.40–0.80).

Conclusion

Approximately one quarter of adolescent mothers did not attend a post‐partum visit. Three independent characteristics associated with loss to post‐partum follow‐up included inadequate number of antenatal visits, being single/separated/divorced and lower level of education. Being a student was positively associated with post‐partum visit attendance. Intensive intervention programs including using technology to remind post‐partum women, home visits and counseling during the immediate post‐partum period should be implemented to increase the post‐partum attendance rate among adolescent mothers.
Trait‐Related Concepts Activate Stereotypically Consistent Concepts on the Same Stereotype Dimension, But May not Spread to the Other Stereotype Dimension
Authors: Goto Takayuki , Ichimura Kenshiro , Oka Ryunosuke , Kawamura Yuta , Kusumi Takashi
Published: February 2019

Applying the stereotype‐content model, which categorizes stereotypes into two dimensions (warmth and competence), we investigated whether gender‐stereotype‐related concepts activate other concepts on the same dimension and concepts on the other dimension. To test this, we conducted two experiments, both based on the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm. In Experiment 1, we conceptually replicated the results of previous research, which revealed that when trait‐related words are presented to participants, gender‐stereotype‐related concepts induce the later false recognition of stereotypically consistent non‐presented words. Then, in Experiment 2, we revealed that exposure to gender‐stereotype‐related concepts induces the false recognition of non‐presented words relevant to stereotypical concepts on the same dimension, but not those on the other dimension. We conclude by discussing the underlying process of ambivalent stereotype activations, referring to implicit processes and system justification.
Pharmacokinetics of vitacoxib in rabbits after intravenous and oral administration
Authors: Wang Jianzhong , Xue Jiao , Zhang Lu , Zhang Suxia , Li Jing , Cao Xingyuan
Published: February 2019

This study describes the pharmacokinetics of vitacoxib in healthy rabbits following administration of 10 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.) and 10 mg/kg oral. Twelve New Zealand white rabbits were randomly allocated to two equally sized treatment groups. Blood samples were collected at predetermined times from 0 to 36 hr after treatment. Plasma drug concentrations were determined using UPLC‐MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic analysis was completed using noncompartmental methods via WinNonlin™ 6.4 software. The mean concentration area under curve (AUClast) for vitacoxib was determined to be 11.0 ± 4.37 μg hr/ml for i.v. administration and 2.82 ± 0.98 μg hr/ml for oral administration. The elimination half‐life (T1/2λz) was 6.30 ± 2.44 and 6.30 ± 1.19 hr for the i.v. and oral route, respectively. The Cmax (maximum plasma concentration) and Tmax (time to reach the observed maximum (peak) concentration at steady‐state) following oral application were 189 ± 83.1 ng/ml and 6.58 ± 3.41 hr, respectively. Mean residence time (MRTlast) following i.v. injection was 6.91 ± 3.22 and 11.7 ± 2.12 hr after oral administration. The mean bioavailability of oral administration was calculated to be 25.6%. No adverse effects were observed in any rabbit. Further studies characterizing the pharmacodynamics of vitacoxib are required to develop a formulation of vitacoxib for rabbits.
Noradrenaline inhibits neurogenic propulsive motor patterns but not neurogenic segmenting haustral progression in the rabbit colon
Authors: Hanman Alicia , Chen Ji‐Hong , Parsons Sean P. , Huizinga Jan D.
Published: February 2019

Background

Excessive sympathetic inhibition may be a cause of colon motor dysfunction. Our aim was to better understand the mechanisms of sympathetic inhibition on colonic motor patterns using the rabbit colon, hypothesizing that noradrenaline selectively inhibits propulsive motor patterns.

Methods

Changes in motor patterns of the rabbit colon were studied ex vivo using noradrenaline and adrenoceptor antagonists and analyzed using spatiotemporal diameter maps.

Key Results

Noradrenaline abolished propulsive contractions: it abolished the long‐distance contractions (LDCs) from a baseline frequency of 0.8 ± 0.3 and the clusters of fast propagating contractions (FPCs) at a frequency of 14.4 ± 2.8 cpm. Both motor patterns recovered after addition of the α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine to a frequency of 0.5 ± 0.2  and 9.9 ± 3.3 cpm, respectively. The β‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol did not prevent the loss of propulsive motor patterns with noradrenaline. Noradrenaline did not inhibit haustral boundary contractions and increased the frequency of the myogenic ripples from 8.3 ± 1.4 to 10.5 ± 1.3 cpm which was not affected by yohimbine, propranolol nor the α1‐adrenoceptor blocker prazosin.

Conclusions and Inferences

Noradrenergic inhibition of propulsive motor patterns is mediated by the α2‐adrenoceptor to inhibit the neurogenic LDCs and the neurogenic clustering of FPCs. The neurogenic haustral boundary contractions are not affected, suggesting that α2‐receptors are on selective neural circuits. The excitatory effect of noradrenaline on ripples may be due to the activation of adrenoceptors on interstitial cells of Cajal, but action on α1‐receptors was excluded. No role for the β‐adrenoceptor was found.
Limited genetic diversity across pathogen populations responsible for the global emergence of boxwood blight identified using SSRs
Authors: LeBlanc N. , Gehesquière B. , Salgado‐Salazar C. , Heungens K. , Crouch J. A.
Published: February 2019

Boxwood blight is an emerging disease of ornamental as well as native boxwood. The disease became widely established in Europe at the beginning of the 21st century, prior to its more recent discovery in North America and Asia. Two sister‐species of fungi cause the disease, Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Cps) and C. henricotiae (Che). Prior efforts to quantify intraspecific genetic polymorphisms of Cps and Che have yielded little information, limiting the ability to understand the evolution and migration of these pathogens. This study describes the development and implementation of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to analyse genetic diversity from a global collection of Cps and Che isolates, representing major blight outbreaks since the disease was first identified in the UK in the late 1990s. Analysis of the Cps CB002 genome sequence identified 180 single copy SSR loci using stringent search criteria, 11 of which were polymorphic and used to screen a global sample of 306 isolates. Fourteen multilocus genotypes of Cps and two multilocus genotypes of Che were identified. Twelve of the 14 Cps genotypes differed from each other by a single allele. The most common Cps genotype was found on all continents where boxwood blight is confirmed. Based on measurement of linkage disequilibrium, Cps showed no evidence of sexual recombination. Further in silico analysis identified 1594 SSRs using relaxed SSR definition criteria. Comparison of these SSR‐containing loci with Cps and Che genome sequences representing three different genotypes demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms might serve as informative genetic markers for future studies.
Oral care of a patient with a SAPHO syndrome and a nickel allergy
Authors: Campana Sophie‐Caroline , Canceill Thibault , Esclassan Rémi
Published: February 2019

SAPHO is an acronym for Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis and Osteitis. The syndrome is difficult to diagnose because it may present many different manifestations in adults and children. Its origin is still unknown, although some infectious, genetic and immune hypotheses have been put forward. We report the case of a 49‐year‐old woman with SAPHO syndrome, who developed a serious cutaneous allergy following the insertion of a removable partial denture (RPD). The oral care and treatment of this patient are described.
Motivational interviewing and oral health education: Experiences from a sample of elderly individuals in North and Northeast Philadelphia
Authors: Tellez Marisol , Myers Virtue Shannon , Neckritz Sheryl , Bhoopathi Vinodh , Hernández Matilde , Shearer Barbara
Published: February 2019

Background

Health education has a focus on knowledge dissemination and advice giving, which seldom translates into behavioral changes. Motivational interviewing (MI) has potential for helping elderly patients. However, most oral health studies conducted to date have excluded older individuals, and the outcomes examined have been exclusively clinical. This study examines the treatment fidelity of an individual‐based MI intervention and assesses baseline characteristics related to older adults’ self‐efficacy (SE), oral‐health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL), oral health knowledge, and facilitators, barriers, and confidence on achieving MI goals.

Methods

A convenience sample of 60 seniors was recruited. Participants were obtained through the flow of patients at dental clinics, and received a 45‐min individual‐based MI education session during a scheduled dental appointment.

Results

Regarding MI treatment fidelity, basic proficiency or higher was achieved in all global areas. Significant correlations were found between SE and OHRQoL scores and rating elements of the MI intervention (P = 0.0001). Lack of knowledge related to connections between poly pharmacy and caries risk, and the importance of use of fluorides were evident.

Conclusion

Findings from the study support the reliability of this new MI intervention. Dental professionals are encouraged to adopt the spirit of MI in their one‐on‐one patient counseling.
Functional Imaging of the Implicit Association of the Self With Life and Death
Authors: Ballard Elizabeth D. , Reed Jessica L. , Szczepanik Joanna , Evans Jennifer W. , Yarrington Julia S. , Dickstein Daniel P. , Nock Matthew K. , Nugent Allison C. , Zarate Carlos A.
Published: February 2019

Objective

A critical need exists to identify objective markers of suicide ideation. One potential suicide risk marker is the Suicide Implicit Association Task (S‐IAT), a behavioral task that uses differential reaction times to compare the implicit association between the self and death to the implicit association between the self and life. Individuals with a stronger association between the self and death on the S‐IAT are more likely to attempt suicide in the future. To better understand the neural underpinnings of the implicit association between self and either life or death, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) version of the S‐IAT was adapted and piloted in healthy volunteers.

Method

An fMRI version of the S‐IAT was administered to 28 healthy volunteers (ages 18–65, 14F/14M).

Results

Behavioral results were comparable to those seen in non‐scanner versions of the task. The task was associated with patterns of neural activation in areas relevant to emotional processing, specifically the insula and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.

Conclusions

Performance on the S‐IAT fMRI task may reflect scores obtained outside of the scanner. In future evaluations, this task could help assess whether individuals at increased risk of suicide display a different pattern of neural activation in response to self/death and self/life stimuli.
Network Instability in Times of Stability
Authors: Marin Alexandra , Hampton Keith N.
Published: February 2019

Personal networks undergo change in response to major life course events. Individual, relational, and network characteristics that influence network instability in the absence of a significant life transition/crisis are less understood. We focus on those ties that transition from active to dormant. Because the shift to dormancy is often interpreted as a reduction in support or social capital, it is considered problematic. This study is based on longitudinal survey data of middle‐class adults who did not undergo life changes. Even in this context of relative stability, support networks experience rates of dormancy similar to those observed during periods of major upheaval. Tie dormancy is unrelated to individual characteristics, network size and density, or homophily along dimensions other than sex. Frequency and medium of communication are particularly notable as factors that were not related to tie dormancy. Ties were less likely to become dormant if they were geographically or emotionally close, immediate kin or neighbors, highly supportive, the same sex, or more embedded in the network. These findings provide context for how support networks operate when not buffeted by exogenous forces. They provide a baseline for understanding the impact on networks of transitions, trauma, new media, and difficult life circumstances.
Predicting Known Terrorist Event Outcomes and the Illusion of Self‐Assessed Expertise*
Authors: Regens James L. , Mould Nick , Foster Clay
Published: February 2019

Objective

This study focuses on the influence of self‐assessed expertise on forecasting accuracy for incomplete information. We investigate this ability in individuals using a series of indicators of terrorist behaviors.

Method

An instrument containing incomplete data on terrorist attacks was provided to participants. Participants were instructed to predict missing values. The accuracy of approximately 1,900 forecasts was determined. The influence of self‐identified statistical ability, terrorism familiarity, and an empirical measure of pattern recognition ability on accuracy was investigated.

Results

The results of the experiment indicate that neither self‐assessed statistical ability nor terrorism familiarity have a significant influence on forecast accuracy. Interestingly, the empirical estimate of pattern recognition ability also had no appreciable effect on accuracy.

Conclusion

This study indicates that statistical ability and terrorism familiarity have little effect on forecast accuracy. Innate pattern recognition ability also showed no significant relationship with accuracy. These findings suggest that self‐identified expertise should initially be viewed with some level of skepticism.
Modelling white mica pressure‐temperature‐time (P‐T‐t) paths using thermobarometric and 40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic data
Authors: Gonzalez Joseph P. , Baldwin Suzanne L.
Published: February 2019

White micas are major rock forming minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks, and their chemical and isotopic variations can be used to determine pressure, temperature and time (P‐T‐t) histories. We apply 40Ar/39Ar multi‐diffusion domain modelling to white micas from blueschists blocks in serpentinite matrix mélange from the exhumed Baja California subduction complex. Thermal history models yielded T‐t paths suggesting that 40Ar* resides within multiple diffusion domains with varying 40Ar* retentivity. Modelled white mica thermal histories and thermobarometric data were used to forward model continuous P‐T‐t paths. P‐T‐t paths are consistent with previous studies and are interpreted to constrain blueschist block exhumation paths within the Baja accretionary wedge. Our P‐T‐t models use temperature controlled 40Ar/39Ar step heat data in which argon loss by volume diffusion can be demonstrated, and for which the white mica petrogenesis is known.
Factoral Analysis of the Financial Leverage of the Enterprise
Authors: Chiladze Izolda
Published: February 2019

The activities of the enterprises always involve some uncertainty, therefore there is always a risk that objectives may not be achieved. So, theoretical and practical aspects of business risks are always relevant. The goal of the research is to select the general indicator of the financial risk between the leverage coefficients of the enterprises and to create its’ factorial model. The subject of research is the system of financial leverage ratios of the enterprise. Financial information on Georgian wine companies is used for the practical provision for research. As a result of the research has been created a new factor model of the general indicator of financial leverage. It is possible to measure five-factor indicators making an impact on the level of financial leverage. Its regular analysis will help enterprise management to fully control and manage the financial risks of the enterprise, to implement adequate measures on the basis of which the financial stability of the enterprise would not be jeopardized, which is also in the public interest.
Carga de enfermedad del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida en Boyacá 2015-2016
Authors: Molano Sanabria Karen Dayana , Barrera Rojas Angy Giseidy , Pedraza Bernal Adriana María
Published: February 2019

Se determinó la carga de enfermedad del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida en Boyacá 2015-2016. Fue un estudio descriptivo de tipo ecológico exploratorio; se tomaron datos de morbilidad y mortalidad, se estimó la tasa de mortalidad. Con respecto a la estimación de años de vida ajustados por discapacidad, se analizó con las herramientas de carga global de enfermedad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se encontró que de la población total con el evento, el 74,9 % correspondió a hombres y el 25,1 % a mujeres. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 0,5 en el 2015 y 1,4 en el 2016 por cada 100 000 habitantes y un total de 169 años de vida perdidos a causa de padecer el evento. La carga de enfermedad por este evento durante los años 2015 y 2016 se debe principalmente a los años de vida perdidos por muerte prematura, en especial para el sexo masculino.
Controle Social no Sistema Catalão de Saúde: um processo de construção em aberto
Authors: Arlete Duarte Maria
Published: February 2019

Este artigo objetiva mapear no sistema de saúde público da Catalunha, Espanha, através dos instrumentos normativos, as modificações ocorridas a partir de 2009, para identificar os avanços e/ou retrocessos na forma como é institucionalizado o controle social. O esforço privilegiou os seguintes aspectos: o desenho organizacional do sistema público de saúde e os canais de participação; os tipos e formas de informação capazes de habilitar a cidadania para o controle; o direito de livre acesso dos cidadãos à informação pública e os mecanismos de escuta do cidadão. Constatou-se que houveram avanços importantes na direção da efetivação do controle social mas que inda se faz necessário dar ao cidadão melhores condições para controlar e avaliar a ação pública de modo a modificar a relação Estado/sociedade, permitir uma escolha qualificada sobre os diversos aspectos relacionados à questão da saúde e instrumentalizar a ação coletiva da cidadania.
Indicadores para mejorar la atención a pacientes según lean-seis-sigma: el caso del hospital Gustavo Fricke (Chile)
Authors: Cerdá Suárez Luis  Manuel  , Santibáñez Vivanco Andrea  , Asensio del Arco Eva , Martínez Martínez Aurora
Published: February 2019

Justificación: ante ciertos desafíos sobre la competitividad de los servicios públicos, resulta crucial mejorar la calidad de la salud. Objetivos: (1) caracterizar el nivel de calidad de servicio en la demanda de urgencias hospitalarias, a partir de la gestión lean seis sigma; y (2) evidenciar la relevancia de ciertos indicadores clave de gestión en la unidad de urgencias de un hospital público. Método: a partir de una propuesta de variables lean-seis-sigma derivadas de la escala SERVQHOS, se aplica una encuesta sobre las percepciones de los usuarios de un servicio de urgencias en un hospital público chileno y se identifican y evalúan sus principales indicadores de gestión. Resultados: enfatizar la importancia de intervenir sobre ciertas variables relevantes en diferentes niveles de actuación de una unidad hospitalaria. Aportación: ilustrar una propuesta para mejorar la atención, enfocándose en la disminución de tiempos y errores en el servicio y agregando valor al paciente.
Percepción de la satisfacción con la labor desempeñada y factores de motivación del personal de las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud (IPS) del valle de Aburrá, 2011
Authors: Arboleda Posada Gladys Irene  , Cardona Jiménez Jairo León
Published: February 2019

Introducción: el conocer las variables que influyen en el desempeño laboral permite ofrecer aquellos elementos que contribuyan a lograr la satisfacción laboral. Objetivo: examinar la percepción de la satisfacción con la labor desempeñada y los factores de motivación del personal de las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud (IPS) del valle de Aburrá, Colombia, en el año 2011. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal. La población fue el personal que laboraba en estas instituciones, el total de la muestra fue de 224 empleados y 69 instituciones elegidas de manera aleatoria. Resultados: 52,2 % de los encuestados expresaron sentirse muy satisfechos con la labor que desempeñan en la institución y sentirse motivados, principalmente, por el ambiente de trabajo (70,5 %), seguido por el salario y el cargo, con igual participación (49,6 %); también mayor satisfacción con el trabajo realizado en los empleados asistenciales en comparación con los administrativos (p = 0,018). Entre los factores menos motivacionales se encontraron: las posibilidades de ascenso, bonificaciones y reconocimientos. Conclusión: gran parte de los empleados se sienten satisfechos con la labor desempeñada, y se destaca como principal factor motivador el ambiente de trabajo.
La paradoja de la salud mental en Colombia: entre los derechos humanos, la primacía de lo administrativo y el estigma
Authors: Hernández Holguín Dora María , Sanmartín Rueda Cristian Felipe
Published: February 2019

En las últimas décadas se viene promoviendo en el mundo la reforma de sistemas de salud mental hacia servicios de base comunitaria e integrados en los sistemas locales de salud. Al respecto, se han reportado logros en algunos países latinoamericanos y del Caribe, mas no así en Colombia. Sobresalen en el mundo las brechas en la atención y la confrontación entre derechos humanos-criterios económicos, para la prestación de servicios en salud mental. Se hizo una investigación con enfoque histórico-hermenéutico en la que participaron 23 profesionales de la salud mental en entrevistas y un grupo de discusión; se realizó análisis categorial de la información. Se halló cómo los derechos humanos, la rentabilidad financiera, la calidad de los servicios y el estigma conforman directrices que orientan, de manera contradictoria, la salud mental en Colombia. Se discutió sobre la conveniencia de realizar un análisis ético y político de la política pública de salud mental en el país.
Experimental Demonstration of Decay Heat Removal by Submerged Feeders in a Full-Scale Test Facility of a Natural Circulation Boiling Water Reactor
Authors: Nayak A. K. , Kumar Mukesh , Prasad Sumit V. , Jain V. , Chandraker D. K.
Published: February 2019

Removal of decay heat with nonavailability of active systems is a safety issue especially during station blackout (SBO) in a light water reactor. Passive systems are being incorporated in the new designs of nuclear reactors for this purpose. Some of the advanced reactors such as Indian advanced heavy water reactor (AHWR) have dedicated isolation condensers (ICs) which are submerged in large water pool called gravity driven water pool (GDWP). These ICs remove decay heat from the core by natural circulation cooling and dissipate it to the GDWP by natural convection. There is a concern that cracks may develop in the GDWP if a large seismic event similar to Fukushima type occurs. In that case, the pool water is lost and it can threaten the core coolability because of loss of heat sink. In AHWR, the cracks in the water pool leads to the relocation of the water of the pool to the reactor cavity. Feeders of AHWR are positioned in the reactor cavity. Thus, the water relocated in the cavity, will eventually submerge the feeders and these submerged feeders have the potential to remove the decay heat of the core. However, the feeders are located at a lower elevation as compared to the core, and hence, there is concern on the heat removal capability by the submerged feeders by natural convection. To understand this aspect and to establish the core coolability under the above-mentioned conditions, experiments were performed in a full-scale test facility of AHWR. Experiments showed that the decay heat can be safely removed in natural circulation mode of cooling with heat sink located at lower elevation than the heat source.
Limited Versus Unlimited Strain Accumulation Due to Ratcheting Mechanisms
Authors: Hübel Hartwig , Vollrath Bastian
Published: February 2019

After distinguishing material ratcheting and structural ratcheting, different phenomena related to structural ratcheting are gathered. Ratcheting of elastic–plastic structures observed with stationary position of loads is distinguished from ratcheting with moving loads. Both categories are illustrated by examples. The effect of evolution laws for the internal variables describing kinematic hardening on the accumulation of strain due to a ratcheting mechanism, and whether the ratcheting mechanism ceases with the number of cycles so that the accumulated strains are limited, is discussed. Some conditions are shown, under which the Chaboche model can lead to shakedown. Scenarios where shakedown is guaranteed at every load level, or where it may or may not occur at a specific load level, or where it definitely cannot occur at any load level, are distinguished. Correspondingly, the usefulness of shakedown analyses, which are searching for maximum load factors assuring shakedown, or direct (or simplified) methods to obtain postshakedown quantities by avoiding incremental cyclic analyses is discussed.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Based Comparison of Different Pipe Layouts in an EATHE System for Cooling Operation
Authors: Agrawal Kamal Kumar , Misra Rohit , Bhardwaj Mayank , Das Agrawal Ghanshyam , Mathur Anuj
Published: February 2019

Earth air tunnel heat exchanger (EATHE) is a capable and quite simple passive technique which may be utilized for space cooling/heating using the constant temperature of underground subsoil. However, it could not gain much attraction as a heating/cooling system as it requires larger trench lengths to accommodate longer pipes. Larger trench lengths involve huge excavation cost and a sufficiently large piece of land. The length of the trench needed can be reduced substantially by adopting a proper pipe layout. In the present study, the performance of U-shaped, slinky-coil, and helical-coil pipe layouts of an EATHE system is compared numerically using ANSYS FLUENT 15.0. Results reveal that the temperature drop and heat transfer rate per unit trench length are higher in the slinky-coil pipe layout than in U-shaped and helical-coil pipe layouts. After 12 h of continuous operation, the effectiveness of the EATHE system with U-shaped, slinky-coil, and helical-coil pipe layouts is obtained as 0.60, 0.80, and 0.78, respectively. The study reveals that the selection of pipe layout for the EATHE system mainly depends on temperature drop EATHE is capable of giving, heat transfer rate, pumping power required, and ease of fabrication and installation as all these factors directly affect the initial and recurring capital investment for the EATHE system.
Cold Metal Transfer Welding of AA6061 to AA7075: Mechanical Properties and Corrosion
Authors: Çömez Nilay , Durmuş Hülya
Published: February 2019

Cold metal transfer (CMT) welding provides many advantages for welding of dissimilar materials and thin sheets with its superior heat input control mechanism. In this study, AA6061 and AA7075 aluminum alloys were joined with CMT welding. The effect of welding parameters on hardness, tensile strength, and corrosion rate was investigated. The Tafel extrapolation method was carried out to determine the corrosion rates of AA6061 and AA7075 base metals and AA6061–AA7075 joints. Increasing heat input was found to be detrimental for both mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The outcomes showed that CMT welding produces adequate joints of AA6061–AA7075 in terms of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, favorably with welding parameters that provide low heat input.
Evaluation of High Strain Rate Characteristics of Metallic Sandwich Specimens
Authors: Iqbal Danish , Tiwari Vikrant
Published: February 2019

An attempt is made to investigate the dynamic compressive response of multilayered specimens in bilayered and trilayered configurations, using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and finite element analysis. Two constituent metals comprising the multilayered configurations were Al 6063-T6 and IS 1570. Multiple stack sequences of trilayered and bilayered configurations were evaluated at three different sets of strain rates, namely, 500, 800, and 1000 s−1. The experiments revealed that even with the same constituent volume fraction, a change in the stacking sequence alters the overall dynamic constitutive response. This change becomes more evident, especially in the plastic zone. The finite element analysis was performed using abaqus/explicit. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the SHPB apparatus used in the experiments was generated and meshed using the hexahedral brick elements. Dissimilar material interfaces were assigned different dynamic coefficients of friction. The fundamental elastic one-dimensional (1D) wave theory was then utilized to evaluate the stress–strain response from the nodal strain histories of the bars. Predictions from the finite element simulations along with the experimental results are also presented in this study. For most cases, finite element predictions match well with the experiments.
Expert’s Choice: 2018’s Most Exciting Research in the Field of Pediatric Exercise Science
Authors: Eliakim Alon , Falk Bareket , Armstrong Neil , Baptista Fátima , Behm David G. , Dror Nitzan , Faigenbaum Avery D. , Janz Kathleen F. , Jürimäe Jaak , McGowan Amanda L. , Nemet Dan , Pianosi Paolo T. , Pontifex Matthew B. , Radom-Aizik Shlomit , Rowland Thomas , Rowlands Alex V.
Published: February 2019

This commentary highlights 23 noteworthy publications from 2018, selected by leading scientists in pediatric exercise science. These publications have been deemed as significant or exciting in the field as they (a) reveal a new mechanism, (b) highlight a new measurement tool, (c) discuss a new concept or interpretation/application of an existing concept, or (d) describe a new therapeutic approach or clinical tool in youth. In some cases, findings in adults are highlighted, as they may have important implications in youth. The selected publications span the field of pediatric exercise science, specifically focusing on: aerobic exercise and training; neuromuscular physiology, exercise, and training; endocrinology and exercise; resistance training; physical activity and bone strength; growth, maturation, and exercise; physical activity and cognition; childhood obesity, physical activity, and exercise; pulmonary physiology or diseases, exercise, and training; immunology and exercise; cardiovascular physiology and disease; and physical activity, inactivity, and health.
Developable mechanisms on developable surfaces
Authors: Nelson Todd G. , Zimmerman Trent K. , Magleby Spencer P. , Lang Robert J. , Howell Larry L.
Published: February 2019

Developable mechanisms are proposed as next-generation mechanical systems that can conform to and emerge from developable surfaces.
Toward adaptive robotic sampling of phytoplankton in the coastal ocean
Authors: Fossum Trygve O. , Fragoso Glaucia M. , Davies Emlyn J. , Ullgren Jenny E. , Mendes Renato , Johnsen Geir , Ellingsen Ingrid , Eidsvik Jo , Ludvigsen Martin , Rajan Kanna
Published: February 2019

Gaussian process models embedded on an AUV enabled autonomous tracking and mapping of phytoplankton biomass in three dimensions.
Intermediate uveitis in a child with phosphatase and tensin homolog gene mutation and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome
Authors: Prat Daphna , Ben Bassat Mizrachi Iris , Vishnevskia-Dai Vicktoria
Published: February 2019

Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS) is a congenital disorder characterised by macrocephaly, multiple hamartomas, lipomas, and pigmented macules of the glans penis. Intermediate uveitis is characterised by chronic inflammatory cells aggregates on the pars plana (snowbanks) and within the vitreous cavity (snowballs). We describe what we believe to be the first case of intermediate uveitis associated with BRRS. Early examination under anaesthesia should be considered in the management of young children diagnosed with this syndrome in order to provide appropriate ocular evaluation, treatment and follow-up. Further research is needed to establish a better understanding of the ophthalmic manifestations of this syndrome.
Ergometrine-induced atrial fibrillation at caesarean section
Authors: Birch Samuel , Lu Corrine
Published: February 2019

A 36-year-old woman with a history of one previous caesarean section presented to the birthing suite of a regional hospital with spontaneous rupture of membranes at 39+2/40 weeks. Syntocinon was administered to initiate uterine contractions in the absence of labour, as the patient desired vaginal birth. A caesarean section was subsequently indicated and ergometrine was administered for uterine atony. The patient immediately developed atrial fibrillation (AF). AF is the most common sustained arrhythmia in the general population, but is rare in the obstetric population. AF occurring in an intrapartum setting following the administration of syntocinon and ergometrine, is not documented in the literature. We suggest the initiation of paroxysmal AF was precipitated by an abrupt alteration in autonomic tone caused by administration of syntocinon followed by ergometrine.
Child with unusual combination of sickle cell disease and autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia associated with a novelCD79agene mutation
Authors: Martins Rosa , Fraga Sofia , Esteves Isabel , Calhau Paulo
Published: February 2019

This article describes a novel mutation inCD79agene identified in a child with sickle cell disease (SCD), who was diagnosed with autosomal recessive agammaglobulinaemia in the context of prolonged febrile syndrome. The association of a primary immunodeficiency with SCD in the same child was unexpected.
Causal inference for clinicians
Authors: Stovitz Steven D , Shrier Ian
Published: February 2019

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) calls on clinicians to incorporate the ‘best available evidence’ into clinical decision-making. For decisions regarding treatment, the best evidence is that which determines the causal effect of treatments on the clinical outcomes of interest. Unfortunately, research often provides evidence where associations are not due to cause-and-effect, but rather due to non-causal reasons. These non-causal associations may provide valid evidence for diagnosis or prognosis, but biased evidence for treatment effects. Causal inference aims to determine when we can infer that associations are or are not due to causal effects. Since recommending treatments that do not have beneficial causal effects will not improve health, causal inference can advance the practice of EBM. The purpose of this article is to familiarise clinicians with some of the concepts and terminology that are being used in the field of causal inference, including graphical diagrams known as ‘causal directed acyclic graphs’. In order to demonstrate some of the links between causal inference methods and clinical treatment decision-making, we use a clinical vignette of assessing treatments to lower cardiovascular risk. As the field of causal inference advances, clinicians familiar with the methods and terminology will be able to improve their adherence to the principles of EBM by distinguishing causal effects of treatment from results due to non-causal associations that may be a source of bias.
Determinants of inter-practice variation in ADHD diagnosis and stimulant prescribing: cross-sectional database study of a national surveillance network
Authors: Hoang Uy , James Anthony C , Liyanage Harshana , Jones Simon , Joy Mark , Blair Mitch , Rigby Michael , Lusignan Simon de
Published: February 2019

Early recognition, identification and treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can reduce detrimental outcomes and redirect their developmental trajectory. We aimed to describe variations in age of ADHD diagnosis and stimulant prescribing among general practitioner practices in a nationwide network and identify child, parental, household and general practice factors that might account for these variations. Cross-sectional study of children aged under 19 years registered within a general practice in the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) network in 2016, RCGP RSC has a household key allowing parent and child details to be linked. Data from 158 general practices and 353 774 children under 19 were included. The mean age of first ADHD diagnosis was 10.5 years (95% CI 10.1 to 10.9, median 10, IQR 9.0–11.9) and the mean percentage of children with ADHD prescribed stimulant medications among RCGP RSC practices was 41.2% (95% CI 38.7 to 43.6). There was wide inter-practice variation in the prevalence of diagnosis of ADHD, the age of diagnosis and stimulant prescribing. ADHD diagnosis is more likely to be made later in households with a greater number of children and with a larger age difference between adults and children. Stimulant prescribing for children with ADHD was higher in less deprived practices. Older parents and families with more children fail to recognise ADHD and may need more support. Practices in areas of higher socio-economic status are associated with greater prescribing of stimulants for children with ADHD.
Support for smoke-free policy among Malaysian adults: findings from a population-based study
Authors: Kuang Hock Lim , Hui Li Lim , Chien Huey Teh , Yuvaneswary Veloo , Sayan Pan , Muhd Yusoff Muhammad Fadhli , Kuang Kuay Lim , Miaw Yn Ling , Kee Chee Cheong , Sumarni Mohd Ghazali
Published: February 2019

Objective

Public opinion and support can be powerful mandates for smoke-free policy. However, the scarcity of evidence on public opinion among Malaysians necessitates further investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of support for smoke-free policy at various public domains and its associated factors among Malaysian adults.

Design

Data were derived from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, Malaysia (GATS-M). GATS-M is a nationwide study that employed a multistage, proportionate-to-size sampling strategy to select a representative sample of 5112 Malaysian adults aged 15 years and above. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with support for smoke-free policy in selected public domains that is, workplaces, restaurants, bars, hotels, casinos, karaoke centres, public transport terminals and shopping centres.

Results

The level of support for enactment of a smoke-free policy at selected public domains varied from 37.8% to 94.4%, with the highest support was for gazetted smoke-free domains, namely, shopping centres (94.4%, 95% CI: 93.2% to 95.3%) and public transport terminals (85.2%, 95% CI: 83.3% to 86.9%). Multiple logistic regression revealed that non-smokers were more likely to support smoke-free policy at all domains. In addition, respondents who worked in workplaces with total or partial smoking restrictions were more likely to support a smoke-free policy ((total restriction adjusted OR (AOR): 14.94 (6.44 to 34.64); partial restriction AOR: 2.96 (1.138 to 6.35); non-restriction was applied as a reference).

Conclusion

A majority of the Malaysian adult population supported the smoke-free policy, especially at gazetted smoke-free domains. Therefore, expansion of a total smoking ban to workplaces, restaurants, bars, hotels, casinos and karaoke centres is strongly recommended to reduce exposure to secondhand smoke and to denormalise smoking behaviour.
Association between statin use and herpes zoster: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fan Lailai , Wang Yangyang , Liu Xiang , Guan Xueqiang
Published: February 2019

Objective

Statins are commonly prescribed worldwide. In addition to being potent lipid-lowering agents, statins have immunomodulating properties that may increase the risk of varicella zoster virus reactivation. This adverse effect may have substantial public health implications.

Design

We performed a meta-analysis of observational studies to assess the association between statin use and the risk of herpes zoster infection. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane databases to identify studies published from 1980 to 2018. The multivariate-adjusted ORs were pooled using random-effect models, and subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the source of heterogeneity.

Result

Six studies were analysed, with a total of more than two million participants. We determined if the use of statins might increase the risk of infection of herpes zoster (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.11 to 1. 25). We detected significant heterogeneity (I2=91.2%; p<0.000), and determined that the heterogeneity arises from regional differences.

Conclusion

The use of statins may increase the risk of herpes zoster infection. Because the studies included are limited and there may be potential bias, further studies are warranted.
Risk factors associated with premature myocardial infarction: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Dugani Sagar B , Ayala Melendez Ana Patricia , Reka Roger , Hydoub Yousif M , McCafferty Shannon N , Murad M Hassan , Alsheikh-Ali Alawi A , Mora Samia
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Premature myocardial infarction (MI) generally refers to MI in men ≤55 years or women ≤65 years. Premature MI is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD), which claimed 17.6 million lives globally in 2016. Reducing premature MI and CVD is a key priority for all nations; however, there is sparse synthesis of information on risk factors associated with premature MI. To address this knowledge gap, we are conducting a systematic review to describe the association between risk factors (demographics, lifestyle factors and biomarkers) and premature MI.

Methods and analysis

The following databases were searched from inception to June 2018: CENTRAL, CINAHL, Clinical Trials, EMBASE and MEDLINE. We will include original research articles (case–control, cohort and cross-sectional studies) that report a quantitative relationship between at least one risk factor and premature MI. Two investigators will use predetermined selection criteria and independently screen articles based on title and abstract (primary screening). Articles that meet selection criteria will undergo full-text screening based on criteria used for primary screening (secondary screening). Data will be extracted using predetermined data extraction forms. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for case–control and cohort studies will be used to evaluate the risk of bias and will be adapted for cross-sectional studies. Whenever feasible, data will be summarised into a random-effects meta-analysis.

Ethics and dissemination

To our knowledge, this will be the first study to synthesise results on the relationship between risk factors and premature MI. These findings will inform healthcare providers on factors associated with risk of premature MI and potentially improve primary prevention efforts by guiding development of interventions. These findings will be summarised and presented at conferences and through publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42018076862.
Diagnosis and management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology
Authors: Oakland Kathryn , Chadwick Georgina , East James E , Guy Richard , Humphries Adam , Jairath Vipul , McPherson Simon , Metzner Magdalena , Morris A John , Murphy Mike F , Tham Tony , Uberoi Raman , Veitch Andrew McCulloch , Wheeler James , Regan Cuthbert , Hoare Jonathan
Published: February 2019

This is the first UK national guideline to concentrate on acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) and has been commissioned by the Clinical Services and Standards Committee of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG). The Guidelines Development Group consisted of representatives from the BSG Endoscopy Committee, the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, the British Society of Interventional Radiology, the Royal College of Radiologists, NHS Blood and Transplant and a patient representative. A systematic search of the literature was undertaken and the quality of evidence and grading of recommendations appraised according to the GRADE(Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology. These guidelines focus on the diagnosis and management of acute LGIB in adults, including methods of risk assessment and interventions to diagnose and treat bleeding (colonoscopy, computed tomography, mesenteric angiography, endoscopic therapy, embolisation and surgery). Recommendations are included on the management of patients who develop LGIB while receiving anticoagulants (including direct oral anticoagulants) or antiplatelet drugs. The appropriate use of blood transfusion is also discussed, including haemoglobin triggers and targets.