bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Focal Epileptiform Discharges Can Mimic Electrode Artifacts When Recorded on the Scalp Near a Skull Defect
Authors: Mader Edward C. , Miller Daniella , Toler Jeremy M. , Olejniczak Piotr W.
Published: August 2018

Breach rhythm, the hallmark of skull defect, is a familiar finding in the electroencephalogram (EEG). A hole in the skull can also give rise to unfamiliar EEG findings. We present 3 patients with a skull defect whose scalp EEG showed focal epileptiform discharges that resembled F4 electrode artifacts—a 23-year-old man with a right-sided craniectomy for traumatic brain injury, a 63-year-old woman with a history of bifrontal craniectomy and meningioma resection, and a 77-year-old woman who had a right hemicraniectomy for a life-threatening subdural hematoma. In all 3 patients, the F4 electrode was directly above or near a skull defect, and scalp EEG showed phase-reversing waves in FP2-F4 and F4-C4 with no clear-cut “physiological field” (even when the EEG was displayed at a higher sensitivity). In the first 2 patients, the technologist tried to eliminate the “electrode artifacts” by cleaning the scalp thoroughly, replacing the F4 electrode, and maintaining electrode impedance between 2 and 5 kΩ. These measures failed to eliminate the “electrode artifacts” so the EEG was recorded from four 10-10 electrode sites around F4. Extending the montage made it clear that what appeared as F4 electrode artifacts were actually focal epileptiform discharges. Correlation with other electroclinical and neuroimaging data was enough to resolve this issue in the third patient, obviating the need to extend the montage. When recording and interpreting the EEG of patients with a craniotomy or craniectomy, EEG professionals should be aware that focal epileptiform discharges can masquerade as electrode artifacts.
Taking a Hands-on Approach to Learning
Authors: Goldin-Meadow Susan
Published: August 2018

When people talk, they gesture. These gestures often convey substantive information that is related, but not always identical, to the information conveyed in speech. Gesture thus offers listeners insight into a speaker’s unspoken cognition. But gesture can do more than reflect cognition—it can play a role in changing cognition and, as a result, contribute to learning. This article has two goals: (a) to make the case that gesture can promote growth early in development when children are learning language and also later in development when children learn about math, and (b) to explore the implications of these findings for practice—how gesture can be recruited in everyday teaching situations by parents and teachers. Because our hands are always with us and require little infrastructure to implement in teaching situations, gesture has the potential to boost learning in all children and thus perhaps reduce social inequalities in achievement in language and math.
Crime Blindness: How Selective Attention and Inattentional Blindness Can Disrupt Eyewitness Awareness and Memory
Authors: Hyman Ira E. , Wulff Alia N. , Thomas Ayanna K.
Published: August 2018

Most people are not constantly watching for crimes and accidents. They are instead focused on other tasks. When people are focused on other tasks, they may fail to see crimes that should be obvious, a phenomenon called crime blindness. This article describes research on crime blindness, other attention failures, and eyewitness memory. When their attention focuses on something other than the crime, potential witnesses will experience both awareness and memory problems. Crime blindness and other attention disruptions interfere with the ability of potential witnesses to notice a crime, remember details, and identify the culprit in a lineup. The application of this research leads to a more nuanced method of assessing the reliability of eyewitnesses based on attention focus. Expectations that people should notice unusual events, such as accidents and crimes, may be problematic when witnesses are focused on other activities.
Analysis of basal and reflex human tear osmolarity in normal subjects: assessment of tear osmolarity
Authors: Abusharha Ali A. , AlShehri Tariq M. , Hakami Abdullah Y. , Alsaqr Ali M. , Fagehi Raied A. , Alanazi Saud A. , Masmali Ali M.
Published: August 2018

Purpose:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the difference between reflex and basal tear osmolarity among healthy normal subjects.

Method:

The right eyes of 20 healthy normal male subjects aged 20 to 40 years were recruited for this study. The inclusion criteria for the subjects were the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire score of less than 12 and wetting length of the phenol red thread of more than 10 mm. Tear film osmolarity was assessed using TearLab osmometer. Basic tear osmolarity was measured normally without inducing any irritation to the eye. In order to stimulate reflex tear, subjects were asked to open their eye as long as they can till they feel ocular surface irritation (minimum 20 s).

Results:

The mean score on the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire was 5.5 ± 3. The mean value obtained from the phenol red thread was 21 ± 4.5 mm. There were no statistically significant differences between the osmolarity readings of basal and reflex tear osmolarity ( p > 0.05). The mean value was 308 ± 12 and 306 ± 9 mOsm/l for basic and reflex tear osmolarity, respectively.

Conclusion:

This study found that the osmolarity of the basal and reflex tears fell within the same range. The values found in this study are in agreement with published results for normal subjects.
Patient-Reported Survivorship Care Practices and Late Effects After Treatment of Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Frick Melissa A. , Vachani Carolyn C. , Hampshire Margaret K. , Bach Christina , Arnold-Korzeniowski Karen , Metz James M. , Hill-Kayser Christine E.
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Multimodal treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) yields excellent outcomes; however, survivors are at risk of developing myriad late and long-term effects.

Methods

From a convenience sample of 964 survivors of HL (37%) and NHL (63%) using a publicly available Internet-based survivorship care plan (SCP) tool between 2011 and 2016, we examined patient-reported cancer care, toxicities, and survivorship care data.

Results

Of all survivors, 67% were female and 84% were white and 88% were free of cancer. Median age of diagnosis was 28 years for survivors of HL and 49 years for NHL. Many survivors reported treatment with chemotherapy (92%), surgery (52%), and/or radiation (41%), with most radiation delivered to chest/mantle fields (81%). Survivors reported a diversity of radiation- and chemotherapy-related sequelae, including thyroid dysfunction, speaking and/or swallowing changes, pulmonary fibrosis/pneumonitis, heart disease, chronic fatigue, neurocognitive decline, neuropathy, sexual changes, and secondary breast cancers. Few reported receipt of previous survivorship information. Most reported management/comanagement by an oncology specialist after active treatment; however, a shift to management by primary care provider alone was observed as a trend over time in follow-up. Sixty-six percent of users who responded to a follow-up survey reported that they intend to share the SCP with their health care team.

Conclusion

Survivors of lymphoma, many of whom are free of disease, report a substantial burden of late and long-term adverse effects, suboptimal delivery of survivorship information, and transitions of care in follow-up in which fragmented systems and/or poor communication may contribute to unmet survivor needs. Multiple opportunities thus exist for which SCPs may be used to improve awareness regarding survivorship and associated adverse effects in addition to communicating follow-up care plans between survivors and treatment teams.
Recent advances in diffusion neuroimaging: applications in the developing preterm brain
Authors: Pecheva Diliana , Kelly Christopher , Kimpton Jessica , Bonthrone Alexandra , Batalle Dafnis , Zhang Hui , Counsell Serena J.
Published: August 2018

Measures obtained from diffusion-weighted imaging provide objective indices of white matter development and injury in the developing preterm brain. To date, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been used widely, highlighting differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) between preterm infants at term and healthy term controls; altered white matter development associated with a number of perinatal risk factors; and correlations between FA values in the white matter in the neonatal period and subsequent neurodevelopmental outcome. Recent developments, including neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) and fixel-based analysis (FBA), enable white matter microstructure to be assessed in detail. Constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) enables multiple fibre populations in an imaging voxel to be resolved and allows delineation of fibres that traverse regions of fibre-crossings, such as the arcuate fasciculus and cerebellar–cortical pathways. This review summarises DTI findings in the preterm brain and discusses initial findings in this population using CSD, NODDI, and FBA.
Rhetoric
Authors: Михальская Анна , Mihal'skaya Anna
Published: August 2018

The textbook is a new type of publication and content, and methodological basis, and methodological apparatus. In this case, it sets out the theoretical foundations of the subject: the basic General models (rhetorical Canon, topic, hria, etc.); the theory of discourse and speech behavior; the history of rhetoric. It contains an operational system of information about Russian speech culture and features of elite speech; complete courses of modern oratorical training, business speech, speech creativity; provides relevant training.
The methodical complex consists of tasks, tests, exercises, control questions and tasks, lists of the recommended literature on sections. Illustrative material is represented by tables and figures.
Corresponds to the Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation.
It is intended for students studying in the following areas: Philology, journalism, history, sociology, political science, management, public relations, literary work (specialty, bachelor, master).
Don Santiago Alonso, gobernador de los cabezas y la suerte de los indios de su nación. Bolsón de Mapimí, norte del virreinato de la Nueva España (1645-1724)
Authors: Vallet Chantal Cramaussel , Valdez Celso Carrillo
Published: August 2018

Los indios del Bolsón de Mapimí eran sobre todo cazadores recolectores y comprendían múltiples parcialidades a las que les españoles dieron distintos nombres. No tenían poder politico centralizado. Pero la biografía de don Santiago Alonso muestra que los liderazgos entre los indios eran muy duraderos. Santiago contaba con una amplia red de alianzas que les permitían reunir fuerzas bélicas considerables y escapar con facilidad a territorios fuera del dominio español. Sin embargo, sus alianzas efímeras pero recurrentes con los españoles llevaron a profundas divisiones entre indios de paz e indios de guerra que terminó en la extinción de los cabezas como grupo.
O declínio populacional guarani nos Sete Povos das Missões Orientais do Rio Uruguai: uma análise demográfica em perspectiva comparativa (1796 – 1835)
Authors: Fontella Leandro Goya
Published: August 2018

Nas primeiras três décadas do século XIX uma complexa trama histórica mergulhou a região platina num contexto de endemia bélica que provocou a decadência demográfica do complexo guaranítico-missioneiro. A partir do tratamento serial dos assentos de batismos da Matriz de São Francisco de Borja e de informações censitárias coevas, analiso como se desenrolou este processo nas sete reduções orientais do rio Uruguai que em 1801 passaram a integrar a jurisdição portuguesa. A interlocução com estudos populacionais sobre comunidades missioneiras situadas em outras áreas da América permite perceber o quão sólida era e estrutura populacional guaranítica e o profundo impacto sofrido no primeiro terço do Oitocentos.
Mbabuçú Oiconê: a profecia de Felicitas, tempo e história nas reduções do Paraguai
Authors: Ribeiro Max Roberto Pereira
Published: August 2018

Este artigo tem por finalidade expor um ensaio sobre a concepção de tempo elaborada por indígenas das reduções do Paraguai no século XVIII. Naquele contexto, especialmente na metade daquele século, houveram inúmeros conflitos entre indígenas guaranis e militares ibéricos que faziam a demarcação de novas fronteiras coloniais estabelecidas entre Portugal e Espanha, fato que contou com grande resistência indígena. Tudo aquilo em decorrência do Tratado de Madrid que alterava dramaticamente a geografia da província do Paraguai a ponto de exigir dos guaranis que evacuassem sete povoações que seriam entregues aos portugueses. Aquele episódio foi visto pelos guaranis como uma grande catástrofe, visto que teriam que deixar para trás suas comunidades. Durante o período de demarcação, o jesuíta Bernardo Nusdorffer foi encarregado de organizar o translado dos indígenas à parte colonial espanhola. Em meio a guerra e ao grande número de indígenas mortos, Nusdorffer se utilizou de uma profecia feita por uma velha guarani, em 1733, para interpretar aqueles acontecimentos. Seu nome era Felicitas, a quem Nusdorffer havia conhecido pessoalmente; mulher que teria feito um terrível prognóstico sobre o futuro das reduções. Este relato, recuperado pelo jesuíta, serve de matéria prima a este artigo. Através de algumas noções do paradigma indiciário de Carlo Ginzburg, ou seja, do catálogo de indícios, o texto busca apresentar um modelo interpretativo para a noção de tempo que teria permitido à Felicitas elaborar um esquema de projeção de futuro capaz de oportunizar a previsão de acontecimentos.
البدائل الشرعية لبيع الذهب والفضة بالتقسيط
Authors: Ameen Mahmood M. A.
Published: August 2018

لا شك أنَّ حلي الذهب والفضة من الزينة الأصلية المقصودة التي تحتاج اليها حياة الناس، ولذلك قد تشتد رغبة طالب الحلي لشرائه، لكنه لا يجد النقود الكافية لذلك، وفي المقابل نرى أن جماهير الفقهاء ذهبوا ــ بناء على وجود طائفة من الأحاديث الصحيحة ــ الى عدم جواز بيع الحلي بالتأجيل أو التقسيط، وأقرّته المجامع الفقهية والهيئات الشرعية. والمعهود من الشرعية الاسلامية أنها إذا حظرت شيئاً قدمت البديل الحلال له، حتى لا يضطر الناس الملتزمون بأحكام الشرع الى الولوغ في المحظور.  بناء على ذلك يقدم هذا البحث المتواضع مجموعة من البدائل الشرعية التي يمكن تطبيقها على مستوى الأفراد والمؤسسات والبنوك الإسلامية. وقد حصرتُ هذه البدائل في خمسة أمور، مبنية على عقود وصيغ إسلامية وهي: عن طريق عقد الاستصناع، وعقد الإجارة المنتهية بالتمليك، وعقد الوكالة بالأجر، وعقد القرض، وعقد المضاربة. وبذلك يمكن للأفراد والمؤسسات التي تريد الالتزام بأحكام الشريعة من الدخول في صفقات الذهب والفضة عبر هذه البدائل والمخارج الشرعية، تجنباً من الوقوع في محظور البيع الآجل.
Effects of Mobile Assisted Language Learning on Developing Kurdish EFL Students
Authors: Azeez Paiman Z. , Al Bajalani Fatimah R.H.
Published: August 2018

Many studies have described the use of mobile assisted language learning in language teaching and learning; yet, the number of studies in listening skill remains unsatisfactory, at least in Iraqi Kurdistan context. Few researchers appear to have considered how to use mobile learning devices to support pedagogical approach to develop academic listening skills. Several studies in the past, required learners to read from mobile phones rather than listening to audios. There were attempts to use computer technology integration into instruction; however, few were in mobile technology. The interest in research related to the impact of mobile assisted language learning on developing students’ listening skills remains relatively low and consequently listening has been neglected. Thus, the current paper aims at exploring the effectiveness of mobile assisted language learning devices both as instructional tools and learning resources within and beyond classroom learning environments to develop language skills in particular listening sub-skills. The experimental design is pretest-experiment-post-test. To conduct the study two groups of experimental (n=31) and control (n=26) out of 57 second year students at koya university/ faculty of education/ school of education English department were made. Both groups were taught the same material, but using different methods. The results of the post-test indicated that the use of mobile assisted language learning devices had impacts on developing experimental group’s listening skills and outperformed the control group.
“Alma mater Studiorum”: příklad dobré praxe ve vzdělávání učitelů
Authors: Jančaříková Kateřina
Published: August 2018

Projekt Alma Mater Studiorum, který byl realizován v letech 2010-2012, se zaměřuje na další vzdělávání učitelů a pedagogických pracovníků Středočeského kraje v oblasti EVVO (environmentální výchova, vzdělávání a osvěta). V rámci projektu vytvořili odborníci (lektoři) z různých pracovišť převážně Univerzity Karlovy 22 kurzů (15 seminářů a 7 exkurzí), které byly následně akreditovány MŠMT a ke kterým byly připraveny informační brožurky. Celkově bylo projektem podpořeno více 961 účastníků z řad cílové skupiny. V tomto příspěvku popíšeme proces tvorby seminářů a exkurzí (počínaje výzkumným hledáním témat – „bílých míst“ české EVVO, konče výběrem lektorů) a podělíme se s nabytými zkušenostmi. Ve výzkumné části příspěvku budeme hodnotit několik vybraných otázek z dotazníku, který účastníci vyplňovali.
Odpor učitelů vůči změnám ve škole a ve školství
Authors: Mareš Jiří
Published: August 2018

Abstrakt: Přehledová studie konstatuje, že zavádění změn ve školství (od velkých koncepčních reforem až po změny na úrovni konkrétní školy) se u části učitelů zpravidla setkává s výhradami. Studie akcentuje psychologický pohled na odpor učitelů ke změnám ve škole a ve školství. Je strukturována do pěti částí. První část přibližuje různá chápání pojmu změna ve školském kontextu. Druhá část studie charakterizuje obtíže, které jsou spojeny s defi nováním a interpretováním pojmu odpor učitelů vůči změně. Upozorňuje, že kritické postoje učitelů vůči změnám nelze ztotožňovat s úplnou negací změny. Nejen, že postoje a jednání učitelů bývají spíše ambivalentní a mění se v čase, ale mívají i pozitivní funkci: udržují stabilitu systému, brání povrchním, nedomyšleným změnám a nekriticky přijímaným inovacím. Pokud jim vedení naslouchá, mohou iniciovat debatu, která půjde do hloubky a může přinést podněty na vylepšení původní podoby změny. Seriózně koncipovaný odpor vůči změně může změnit změnu k lepšímu. Třetí část studie shrnuje současné poznatky o faktorech, které změny ve školství podporují a o faktorech, které změnám brání. Čtvrtá část se soustřeďuje na metody, jimiž lze míru odporu učitelů ke změně diagnostikovat.Prezentuje základní údaje o používaných dotaznících, o kvalitativních přístupech a o smíšených výzkumech. Závěrečná část se zamýšlí nad tím, čím se odpor učitelů vůči změnám ve škole a ve školství pravděpodobně liší od odporu pracovníků v jiných institucích a v jiných resortech. Připomíná, že existují rozdíly v podobě a fungování školství i mezi zeměmi s obdobnými sociokulturními podmínkami.Klíčová slova: školství, škola, změna, odpor ke změně, učitelé, diagnostika.
KURDISH IDENTITY AND SPORTS IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF AMEDSPOR
Authors: Irak Dağhan
Published: August 2018

The Kurds, the largest minority in Turkey, have almost no visibility in Turkish sports. While Kurdish sportspeople are not discouraged from joining in sports activities, their participation is heavily monitored by the government agencies against any manifestation of ethnic identity. Football in the Kurdish regions, seen by the Turkish state as a tool to distract Kurdish youth from political activities, has always been subject to the direct intervention of the civil and military bureaucracy, their presence in club boards is not uncommon. However, a third-division club named Amedspor, challenged all the unwritten rules related to Kurds in sports, at the expense of receiving a recurring suspension from the Turkish Football Federation. This article examines the Kurdish sports and the Amedspor case through Manuel Castells’ conception of legitimizing, resistance and project identities
YOUTH IN SPORTS CLUBS: ON THE ROLE OF SPORTS CLUBS IN THE SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN HUNGARY
Authors: Török Emőke
Published: August 2018

It is a widely accepted view that the participation of young generations in organized sports activities has positive impacts both for the individual and the society. However, these positive impacts often does not reach those groups of the society, which would need the most these impacts for improving their chances regarding social participation and thus promoting integration of the society. The paper presents the results of a survey among young athletes inHungary, showing that the perception of the athletes in the sports clubs is very positive regarding the impacts of sports on their lives, but that young people from low-income and low-education families have very limited access to the sports clubs and so to the positive impacts of sports.
SPORT ORGANIZATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES: AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Mańkowski Dobrosław Jerzy
Published: August 2018

Capitalism plays a significant role in the process of commercialization of sport. The bureaucratization, professionalization, politics and policy change legitimate organizational activities (Oliver 1992). The external process of bureaucratization, which is ‘the organizational manifestation of the rationalization of social life’ (Slack & Hinings 1994: 806) transforms sport organizations. The new environment of sport organizations moves them from voluntary organization to formal organizations with professional staff. This work identifies impact of external processes such as bureaucratization, professionalization and commercialization on sport organization. The focus is on the environmental pressures which change practices (procedures) in sport organizations. The article shows the changes in the field of sport and the processes of excluding voluntary, non-profit sport organization from competitions in elite sport. The last section of the article presents an alternative point of view on volunteers in sport industry.
On the average-case complexity of underdetermined functions
Authors: Chashkin Aleksandr V.
Published: August 2018

The average-case complexity of computation of underdetermined functions by straight-line programs with conditional stop over the basis of all at most two-place Boolean functions is considered. Correct order estimates of the average-case complexity of functions with maximum average-case complexity among all underdetermined functions are derived depending on the degree of their determinacy, the size of their domain, and the size of their support.
Combinatorial representations for the scheme of allocations of distinguishable particles into indistinguishable cells
Authors: Yu. Enatskaya Natalia
Published: August 2018

For a scheme of allocation of distinguishable particles into indistinguishable cells we describe types of representation, numbering and enumerating of its outcomes in terms of the transition graph; this graph allows, in particular, to find the distribution on the set of outcomes. Several methods of statistical simulation of scheme outcomes are described.
A method of graph reduction and its applications
Authors: Sirotkin Dmitrii V. , Malyshev Dmitriy S.
Published: August 2018

The independent set problem for a given simple graph is to determine the size of a maximal set of its pairwise non-adjacent vertices. We propose a new way of graph reduction leading to a new proof of the NP-completeness of the independent set problem in the class of planar graphs and to the proof of NP-completeness of this problem in the class of planar graphs having only triangular internal facets of maximal vertex degree 18.
On the structure of digraphs of polynomial transformations over finite commutative rings with unity
Authors: Victorenkov Vladimir E.
Published: August 2018

The paper describes structural characteristics of the digraph of an arbitrary polynomial transformation of a finite commutative ring with unity. A classification of vertices of the digraph is proposed: cyclic elements, initial elements, and branch points are described. Quantitative results on such objects and heights of vertices are given. Besides, polynomial transformations are shown to have cycles whose lengths coincide with the lengths of cycles of the induced polynomial transformation over the field R/ℜ, where ℜ is the radical of the finite commutative local ring R.
Thermo-mechanical behavior simulation coupled with the hydrostatic-pressure-dependent grain-scale fission gas swelling calculation for a monolithic UMo fuel plate under heterogeneous neutron irradiation
Authors: Kong Xiangzhe , Tian Xu , Yan Feng , Ding Shurong , Hu Shenyang , Burkes Douglas E.
Published: August 2018

Monolithic UMo fuels have a higher uranium density than previously developed fuels. They have become the most promising fuels to be used in high-flux research and test reactors after the US Office of Material Management and Minimization Reactor Conversion Program (formerly Reduced Enrichment Research and Test Reactor (RERTR) program). In this study, a computational method is established to couple the macro-scale irradiation-induced thermo-mechanical behavior simulation with the hydrostatic-pressure-dependent fission gas swelling calculation in the UMo grain. The stress update algorithms and consistent stiffness moduli are respectively presented for UMo fuel, in which both the hydrostatic-pressure-dependent irradiation swelling and deviatoric-stress-directed irradiation creep are taken into account. Accordingly, the user subroutines to define the thermo-mechanical non-homogeneous constitutive relations for the UMo fuel meat and Al cladding are developed and validated. The in-pile behavior in a monolithic UMo fuel plate under a location-dependent irradiation condition is calculated and discussed.
On Regulated Functions
Authors: Cichoń Kinga , Cichoń Mieczysław , Satco Bianca
Published: August 2018

In this paper we investigate the space of regulated functions on a compact interval [0,1]. When equipped with the topology of uniform convergence this space is isometrically isomorphic to some space of continuous functions. We study some of its properties, including the characterization of the dual space, weak and strong compactness properties of sets. Finally, we investigate some compact and weakly compact operators on the space of regulated functions. The paper is complemented by an existence result for the Hammerstein-Stieltjes integral equation with regulated solutions.
Some Common Coupled Fixed Point Theorems in Sb-Metric Spaces
Authors: Khomdram Bulbul , Rohen Yumnam
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we prove some common coupled fixed point theorems for mapping satisfying a nonlinear contraction in Sb-metric space and some results are also given in the form of corollary. Also, some examples are given to verify the main results.
Some Properties of Rectifiable Spaces
Authors: Tuyen Luong Quoc , Van Tuyen Ong
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we give some properties of rectifiable spaces and their relationship with P-space, metrizable space. These results are used to generalize some results in [2], [9] and [12]. Moreover, we give the conditions for a rectifiable space to be second-countable.
New Selective Harmonic Elimination-Pulse-Width Modulation for Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverters
Authors: Kamani Piyush L. , Mulla Mahmadasraf A.
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a univariate equation-based selective harmonic elimination-pulse-width modulation (USHE-PWM) method for cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters (MLIs). Using equal-area criteria, the selection of voltage rating of dc-links have been done. The output voltage is controlled by inserting switching notch at the centre of each level of output voltage. Instead of conventional transcendental SHE-PWM equations, all these calculations are accomplished using univariate equations. This simplifies the real-time implementation of the proposed method greatly, even for the MLI with a large number of levels. The USHE-PWM method can eliminate more harmonics compared with the conventional SHE-PWM methods. While controlling the output voltage, the harmonic pattern remains unaffected. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by the simulation and experimental studies.
Effects of Rolling Speed and Reduction on Rolling Simulation Results of Monolithic Fuel Plates
Authors: Kong Xiangzhe , Yang Hongyan , Ding Shurong , Peng Xiaoming
Published: August 2018

The in-pile performances of UMo/Zr monolithic nuclear fuel plates are directly related to their manufacturing quality. The interface bonding strength depends on the contact pressures over the surfaces of the Zircaloy covers, the Zircaloy frame and the UMo coupon during rolling. The contact pressures are affected by the process parameters such as the rolling speed and the reduction per pass. These parameters should be carefully investigated to optimize the fabrication process. In this study, a three-dimensional stress updating algorithm is presented for the strain-rate-dependent mechanical constitutive relation of Zircaloy. Three-dimensional FEM simulation of the rolling process for monolithic nuclear fuel plates is carried out. The influences of the rolling speed and reduction on the geometrical shape and the contact pressure between the Zircaloy cover and the coupon will be discussed according to the computational results. The results indicate that (1) along the plate width direction the maximum contact pressure between the coupon and the Zircaloy cover exists at the center and decreases towards the edge; (2) when the rolling speed or reduction increases, the maximum contact pressure increases as well; and the dog-bone shape of the coupon at the back end is more visible.
Introduction: Language and schooling in India and Sri Lanka: Language medium matters
Authors: LaDousa Chaise , Davis Christina P.
Published: August 2018

This article introduces a special issue of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language focused on the topic of language medium, pervasive in the nations comprising South Asia. This introduction provides a brief overview of sociolinguistic scholarship on education in India and Sri Lanka, a short sketch of the phenomenon of language-medium schooling, a review of the articles included in the special issue, and a summary of the theoretical contributions of the articles.
English medium education, patriarchy, and emerging social structures: Narratives of Indian women
Authors: Sandhu Priti
Published: August 2018

This article adopts an intersectional, narrative analytic framework to analyze the autobiographical narratives of five North Indian women and examines how they associate their Hindi medium education (HME) with their socioeconomic marginalization in personal and social domains. Data were collected in face-to-face interviews. Analysis of participants’ stories revealed how they narratively constructed specific worldviews within which they reported multiple subordinations resulting from their HME, their gender, and their location in a traditional patriarchal society increasingly influenced by material considerations. The long-established practice of dowry was re-imagined to include “good” jobs and salaries of prospective brides. These, in turn, were portrayed as crucial for successful marriage negotiations and for agreeable post-marital relationships. The women linked HME to an inability to secure “good” jobs and salaries and thus constructed it as saliently responsible for deepening their gender- and class-based marginalization. Analysis also revealed the varying degrees to which they resisted such subordinations.
English immersion and Bangla floatation? Rendering a collective choice private
Authors: Majumdar Manabi , Mukhopadhyay Rahul
Published: August 2018

This article aims to revisit the importance of nurturing reciprocal relationships of equality and enrichment between Bangla and English in the school life of children residing in the Indian state of West Bengal. We couple the descriptor “immersion” with English and “floatation” with Bangla to serve as metaphors for language ideology. After a brief review of the language in education policy in the country and in Bengal in both colonial and post-Independence periods, we draw on conversations with schoolteachers about the preference for English and the relative disregard for Bangla to present three basic arguments. First, there is no reason to be forced to choose between English and Bangla in Bengali education. There is even less reason – indeed, there are greater costs – to follow the policy of immersion in English and mere floatation in Bangla. Second, the equity-enhancing potential of “empowering people with English” may get neutralized if a disproportionate burden falls on the poor of purchasing minimal proficiency in English in schools providing “have-little” English. Third, unless English language training happens in the company of Bangla, children in schools of Bengal will lose a great opportunity to cultivate their freedom of self-expression.
The Perils of Omnisignificance: Language and Reason in Mesopotamian Hermeneutics
Authors: Frahm Eckart
Published: August 2018

The article discusses the Mesopotamian commentary corpus, assesses its intellectual underpinnings, explores its place within Mesopotamia’s scholarly tradition, and addresses the question of whether Mesopotamian hermeneutics should be considered a “philosophical” pursuit. It is argued that the cuneiform commentaries are characterized, on one hand, by certain limitations and, on the other, by an overabundance of interpretational opportunities, and that the answer should therefore be negative; but it is admitted that, depending on what one considers the defining features of philosophy, other views are possible.
Modeling the creep damage effect on the creep crack growth behavior of rotor steel
Authors: Ye Ting , Wang Zhengdong , Xuan Fu-Zhen
Published: August 2018

To evaluate the fracture life of steam turbine HP-IP rotors more accurately, an understanding of the creep damage effect on creep cracking performance of service-exposed rotor steel, and a proper creep crack growth (CCG) model considering the creep damage effect, is essential. In the present work comparative CCG tests were carried out on virgin and rotor steel that had been in service for 16 years, to examine the differences in creep crack microstructure and CCG rate between these two specimen types. Test results showed that the CCG rate of service-exposed steel is accelerated by creep damage due to metallurgical deterioration. Based on the CCG model derived by Webster, an improved CCG model is proposed by replacing the constant exponent with a creep-damage-related variable. To validate the improved model, a comparison of da/dt vs. C* between experiment data and the CCG models was conducted. The predictive result of the improved model is in better agreement with the experiment results than the classical CCG and Webster models for the service-exposed rotor steel. With decrement of C* value within the improved CCG model, the remaining life of HP-IP rotors may be predicted more accurately.
A practical ID-LC-MS/MS method for the most commonly analyzed steroid hormones in clinical laboratories
Authors: Yesildal Fatih , Serdar Muhittin , Ozgurtas Taner
Published: August 2018

Background

Analysis of steroid hormones rapidly and reliably remains a challenge in clinical laboratories as this plays an important role in evaluation of many endocrine disorders. The aim of this study was to create a steroid profiling panel by using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method which was composed of the most commonly analyzed steroid hormones in clinical laboratories.

Materials and methods

Protein precipitation was performed for sample preparation. Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system and an analytical column with C18 selectivity was chosen for chromatographic seperation. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion source was preferred for ionization, and tandem MS with triple quadrupole was used. MS scan was performed using the selected reaction monitoring mode in positive polarity. During the method validation process, test performance was evaluated for each steroid hormone, and 40 serum samples were used for method comparison with immunoassays available in our core laboratory.

Results

An isotope dilution (ID)-LC-MS/MS method was developed, in which 13 steroids can be analyzed in the same run. Test performance was quite good for the 11 steroids (cortisol, DHEA, DHEAS, total testosterone, progesterone, androstenedione, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisone, corticosterone and dihydrotestosterone) while estradiol and aldosterone performance was suboptimal considering the precision and trueness.

Conclusion

This ID-LC-MS/MS method would be useful in clinical laboratories, especially for the immunoassays having insufficient test performance and when checking for interferences in available immunoassays.
A Brain without Brakes: Reduced Inhibition Is Associated with Enhanced but Dysregulated Plasticity in the Aged Rat Auditory Cortex
Authors: Cisneros-Franco J. Miguel , Ouellet Lydia , Kamal Brishna , de Villers-Sidani Etienne
Published: August 2018

During early developmental windows known as critical periods (CPs) of plasticity, passive alterations in the quality and quantity of sensory inputs are sufficient to induce profound and long-lasting distortions in cortical sensory representations. With CP closure, those representations are stabilized, a process requiring the maturation of inhibitory networks and the maintenance of sufficient GABAergic tone in the cortex. In humans and rodents, however, cortical inhibition progressively decreases with advancing age, raising the possibility that the regulation of plasticity could be altered in older individuals. Here we tested the hypothesis that aging results in a destabilization of sensory representations and maladaptive dysregulated plasticity in the rat primary auditory cortex (A1). Consistent with this idea, we found that passive tone exposure is sufficient to distort frequency tuning in the A1 of older but not younger adult rats. However, we also found that these passive distortions decayed rapidly, indicating an ongoing instability of A1 tuning in the aging cortex. These changes were associated with a decrease in GABA neurotransmitter concentration and a reduction in parvalbumin and perineuronal net expression in the cortex. Finally, we show that artificially increasing GABA tone in the aging A1 is sufficient to restore representational stability and improve the retention of learning.
The most useful medicinal herbs to treat diabetes
Authors: Moradi Behzad , Abbaszadeh Saber , Shahsavari Somayeh , Alizadeh Mohsen , Beyranvand Fatemeh
Published: August 2018

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome that is characterized by hyperglycemia, change in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, and in the long term, with eye, kidney, cardiovascular, and neurological complications. Plenty of plants from different regions of the world have been investigated for anti-diabetic effects. This review article was designed to report some of the most important medicinal plants with hypoglycemic properties according to reliable clinical and laboratory evidence, and also touched on the medicinal plants that are prescribed in Iranian traditional medicine, for the treatment of diabetes. The information in this review was obtained from the eligible articles retrieved using the search terms diabetes mellitus, medicinal plants, type 1 diabetes and medicinal plants, type 2 diabetes and medicinal plants, and the effect of extract and essential oil of medicinal plants affecting diabetized tissues in the human body indexed in databases such as Iran medex, Irandoc, ISI, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, etc. Based on the results drawn in this review the plants, Urtica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium sativum, Carthamus tinctorius, Ferula assa-foetida, Bauhinia, Gymnema sylvestre, Swertia, Combretum, Sarcopoterium, Liriope, Caesalpinia bonduc, Coccinia grandis, Syzygium cumini, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Pterocarpus, Tinospora cordifoli, Salvia officinalis, Panax, Cinnamomum verum, Abelmoschus moschatus, Vachellia nilotica, Achyranthes, Fabaceae, Mentha, Asphodelaceae, Andrographis paniculata L, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia dracunculus, Azadirachta indica, Caesalpinioideae, Pachira aquatic, Gongronema latifolium, Nigella Sativa, Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi), Chrysanthemum morifolium, Zingiber zerumbet, Symphytum, Cactaceae, Symplocos, Perilla frutescens, Terminalia chebula and Aloe vera are effective to controland treat diabetes.
Associação do tempo de sono com os fatores de risco antropométricos e cardiovasculares em universitários
Authors: Smolarek André De Camargo , Souza William Cordeiro de , Schimanski Patrícia Capote , Mascarenhas Luis Paulo Gomes , Junior Tácito Pessoa de Pessoa de Souza
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o tempo de sono com os fatores de riscos a saúde em universitários.Materiais e Métodos: O presente estudo de característica transversal foi constituído por 202 universitários (126 homens e 76 mulheres), com idades entre 18 e 46 anos. Foram mensuradas as variáveis antropométricas de massa corporal (MS), estatura (E), circunferência cintura (CC), índice de massa corporal (IMC) e relação cintura estatura (RCE). Foram coletados os dados de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD). A qualidade do sono foi analisada com base no instrumento denominado Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI).Resultados: No grupo de universitários avaliados observou-se que uma média de 7,1±1,4 horas de sono apresenta associação benéfica para a manutenção da PAS (OR=0,31; p=0,04). Já nas universitárias constatou que uma média 7,6±1,4 horas de sono apresenta associação com a RCE para a prevenção dos fatores risco de desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (OR=2,57; p=0,03).Conclusão: Sendo assim, conclui-se que 7,1 horas de sono contribui para a manutenção da PAS em universitários do sexo masculino. Enquanto isso, no sexo feminino, 7,6 horas de sono contribui na prevenção de fatores de risco de desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares através da RCE.
Vivências e expectativas de obesos mórbidos pós programa de prehabilitação cirúrgica
Authors: Branco Joaquim Henrique Lorenzetti , Melian Natasha Teixeira da Cunha , Branco Ruy Luiz Lorenzetti , Matte Darlan Laurício
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: Investigar as vivências e expectativas de indivíduos obesos mórbidos que participaram de um programa fisioterapêutico pré-operatório e que se submeterão à cirurgia bariátrica (ou cirurgia de gastroplastia redutora).Materiais e Métodos: Estudo exploratório descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando a técnica de grupo focal temático com amostragem por saturação de dados. O grupo foi formado por indivíduos obesos participantes do programa de Extensão PREPARA – Núcleo de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão em Fisioterapia Pré e Pós-Operatória de Cirurgias de Grande Porte, da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina.Resultados: Foi constatado que esses indivíduos possuem expectativas sobre a melhora do estado geral de saúde e qualidade do sono, principalmente a melhora na qualidade de vida, incluindo aspectos familiares, comportamentos sexuais e atividade física.Conclusão: As vivências e expectativas apresentadas pelos indivíduos apontam as dificuldades vividas pelos obesos mórbidos e tendem a ser minimizados com a realização da cirurgia bariátrica. Acompanhar o comportamento dos aspectos do cotidiano avaliados quando os indivíduos realizarem a cirurgia bariátrica pode ser um interessante e necessário futuro tema de investigação.
The Two Cultures
Authors: Razai Mohammad
Published: August 2018

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Doctors are not only under unprecedented level of scrutiny and regulation, the professional standard and expectation of performance has never been higher. However, those who work in circumstances where the most crucial resources such as adequate personnel are lacking, find the reality far removed from the high-toned language of the professional code of practice. The clash of the real and the ideal inevitably lead to catastrophic consequences as illustrated by the recent high-profile cases. Systemic failures are overlooked and diminished but the actions of individual doctors are heavily probed. This has created an unsafe culture of blame and punishment where doctors are set up to fail within a struggle system. What are the consequences of this for the profession and how to start dealing with them?
SimRound, A novel approach to transitions of Junior Medical Students into Clinical Clerkships: Rationale, Development and Lessons Learnt
Authors: Wong Jonathan Jia Jun , Archarya Ranjana , Mok Kwang How , Tham Kum Ying , Tan Endean , Ting Jennifer , Lim Wee Shiong
Published: August 2018

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. IntroductionJunior students making the transition from pre-clinical to clinical years often struggle to integrate into ward teams during ward-round activities. The SimRound is a novel approach to facilitate embedding of junior medical students into incumbent ward teams through simulation rounds specially designed to replicate actual ward-round proceedings. Using the situated learning and cognitive load theories, this study aims to describe the rationale, processes and lessons learnt from our experience in developing the SimRound.MethodsThird-year students undergo two SimRound sessions at weeks two and six during the eight-week General Medicine clerkship. There are four phases in each SimRound: Prioritisation and triage; pre-round; consultant round; and evaluation and feedback. Using framework analysis, we compared open-ended survey data from pre-SimRound and SimRound cohorts to develop descriptive and explanatory accounts of identified themes.ResultsDespite the benefits to learning from being embedded in the ward team, students reported challenges to learning arising from engagement and team identity; increased intrinsic load; and increased extraneous load. SimRound addresses this by enabling deliberate learning in a controlled and authentic setting with inter-professional participation. The reduction of cognitive load enabled students to assimilate the necessary knowledge and skills.ConclusionIn conclusion, SimRound complements embedding and facilitates the integration of junior students into the community of practice of incumbent ward teams.
Could the medical humanities be a remedy for the rising disengagement between physician and patient?
Authors: Pera Cristóbal , Pera Manuel
Published: August 2018

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. The idea of ​​incorporating an interdisciplinary field about the Human Condition of the patient and its intrinsic dignity, under the title of Medical Humanities or simply Humanities into the core curriculum of medical education seems reasonable. We hope it may become a reality as remedy for the difficulties of the doctor-patient relationship in modern medicine, which is extremely technological.