bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of ownership structure, sub-optimal cash holdings and investment inefficiency on dividend policy: evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Moin Abdul , Guney Yilmaz , El Kalak Izidin
Published: December 2019

We investigate how a firm’s decision to hold excessive cash or to overinvest could influence its dividend payout policy in Indonesia. Additionally, we examine the association between corporate ownership structure and cash dividends. Using a data set of Indonesian listed firms for the period from 1995 to 2014, we find that excessive cash holding (overinvestment) positively (negatively) affects a firm’s likelihood of paying dividends. Also, we find that family, foreign, state and institutional ownership have significantly negative links with dividends, which suggests the signals of expropriation of firms’ wealth by major shareholders. These findings strongly support the expropriation hypothesis that commonly applies to firms with higher level of concentration or to firms in a weak legal environment by which the rights of minority interests are put at risk by large shareholders.
Intention at the Interface
Authors: Fridland Ellen
Published: December 2019

I identify and characterize the kind of personal-level control-structure that is most relevant for skilled action control, namely, what I call, “practical intention”. I differentiate between practical intentions and general intentions not in terms of their function or timing but in terms of their content. I also highlight a distinction between practical intentions and other control mechanisms that are required to explain skilled action. I’ll maintain that all intentions, general and practical, have the function specifying (and thus guiding according to those specifications), sustaining, and structuring action but that several functions that have been attributed to proximal intentions are actually implemented by other control mechanisms that are not themselves best identified as intentions. Specifically, I will claim that practical intentions do not initiate, monitor, specify or guide the fine-grained, online, kinematic aspects of action. Finally, I suggest that the way in which practical and general intentions should be differentiated is in terms of their content, where general intentions specify the overall goal, outcome, or end of an action as it is conceived of by the agent at a time, and practical intentions determine the means to that end. I conclude by providing empirical evidence to support this way of characterizing the intentions that “interface” with the mechanisms of motor control. Though this discussion has repercussions for action in general, I will limit my discussion to cases of skill.
Socio-economic analysis in REACH restriction dossiers for chemicals management: A critical review
Authors: Gabbert Silke , Hilber Isabel
Published: December 2019

This paper offers a critical review of socio-economic analysis (SEA) in Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) restriction dossiers. We examine the conceptual setup of SEA and identify the methods used for impact assessment. Moreover, we analyse the outcomes of quantitative impact assessment across restriction dossiers and substance groups. We find that impact assessment has largely focused on economic and health impacts. Environmental, social, wider economic and distributional impacts have either been evaluated qualitatively or not at all. While this can be explained by the specific scope of the proposed restriction or by lacking data, we also observe a lack of approaches for environmental and health impact assessment. This underlines the need to develop integrated methods that transform information about chemical effects and risks into impacts and, ultimately, into benefits and damages. Furthermore, to strengthen the function of SEA as decision-support tool in REACH restriction procedures, a comparative SEA of at least two alternative restriction options should be the default.
The Impact of the Flint Water Crisis on Fertility
Authors: Grossman Daniel S. , Slusky David J.G.
Published: December 2019

Flint switched its public water source in April 2014, increasing exposure to lead and other contaminants. We compare the change in the fertility rate and in health at birth in Flint before and after the water switch to the changes in other cities in Michigan. We find that Flint fertility rates decreased by 12 % and that overall health at birth decreased. This effect on health at birth is a function of two countervailing mechanisms: (1) negative selection of less healthy embryos and fetuses not surviving (raising the average health of survivors), and (2) those who survived being scarred (decreasing average health). We untangle this to find a net of selection scarring effect of 5.4 % decrease in birth weight. Because of long-term effects of in utero exposure, these effects are likely lower bounds on the overall effects of this exposure.
The Arbitrariness Objection Against Permissivism
Authors: Ye Ru
Published: December 2019

The debate between Uniqueness and Permissivism concerns whether a body of evidence sometimes allows multiple doxastic attitudes towards a proposition. An important motivation for Uniqueness is the so-called ‘arbitrariness argument,’ which says that Permissivism leads to some unacceptable arbitrariness with regard to one's beliefs. An influential response to the argument says that the arbitrariness in beliefs can be avoided by invoking epistemic standards. In this paper, I argue that such a response to the arbitrariness argument is unsuccessful. Then I defend a new response: contrary to common conception, the arbitrariness resulted by Permissivism is acceptable. The basic idea is that the arbitrariness resulted by Permissivism is analogous to the arbitrariness in permissive actions and the latter arbitrariness is intuitively acceptable. I answer three possible objections against this analogy, which are all motivated by the thought that beliefs aim at the truth. In addressing the last objection, I draw inspiration from the recent debate on transformative experience.
Patterns of use and perceptions of an institution-specific antibiotic stewardship application among emergency department and urgent care clinicians
Authors: Jenkins Timothy C. , Haukoos Jason S. , Young Heather L. , Knepper Bryan C. , Shihadeh Katherine C. , Sankoff Jeffrey , Asdigian Nancy L.
Published: December 2019

We surveyed emergency department and urgent care clinicians to assess patterns of use and perceived usefulness of a local antibiotic stewardship application to deliver institution-specific prescribing guidance. Among 114 eligible respondents, the application was widely utilized, and it was perceived to be a useful clinical resource that improved prescribing.
Un libéralisme bolchévique? Histoire conceptuelle du double pouvoir en Russie
Authors: Sauvé Guillaume
Published: December 2019

Cet article retrace l'histoire du concept de « double pouvoir », qui désigne une situation transitoire où deux pouvoirs s'affrontent au sein d'une même société. Suivant une approche inspirée des réflexions de Reinhart Koselleck, nous montrons comment l'expérience particulière des bolchéviques en 1917, incorporée dans ce concept, nourrit les attentes des réformateurs libéraux russes au début des années 1990 et éclaire leurs choix stratégiques alors même qu'ils démantèlent le régime communiste. Ce faisant, nous restituons le mécanisme de cristallisation conceptuelle par le discours savant qui rend possible cette troublante filiation du bolchévisme vers le libéralisme en Russie.
Virtually spinning hyperbolic manifolds
Authors: Long D. D. , Reid A. W.
Published: December 2019

We give a new proof of a result of Sullivan [Hyperbolic geometry and homeomorphisms, inGeometric topology(ed. J. C. Cantrell), pp. 543–555 (Academic Press, New York, 1979)] establishing that all finite volume hyperbolicn-manifolds have a finite cover admitting a spin structure. In addition, in all dimensions greater than or equal to 5, we give the first examples of finite-volume hyperbolicn-manifolds that do not admit a spin structure.
Relationship of genetic polymorphisms in CTLA-4 and IL-18 with viral hepatitis: evidence from a meta-analysis
Authors: Yu Yang , Qu Jie , Zhou Chen , You Guangqiang
Published: December 2019

Relationship of genetic polymorphisms in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) with susceptibility to viral hepatitis was already investigated by many association studies. The aim of this study was to more comprehensively analyse associations between genetic polymorphisms in CTLA-4/IL-18 and viral hepatitis by combing the results of all relevant association studies. We searched Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and CNKI for eligible studies. We used Review Manager to combine the results of eligible studies. Thirty-seven studies were finally included in this meta-analysis. Combined results demonstrated that CTLA-4 rs231775 (recessive comparison: OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.11–1.55), IL-18 rs1946518 (dominant comparison: OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.75–0.90; recessive comparison: OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.11–1.50; allele comparison: OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.68–0.86) and IL-18 rs187238 (dominant comparison: OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03–1.52; allele comparison: OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.05–1.37) polymorphisms were all significantly associated with viral hepatitis in the general population. Further subgroup analyses revealed that CTLA-4 rs231775, IL-18 rs1946518 and IL-18 rs187238 polymorphisms were significantly associated with susceptibility to hepatitis B virus (HBV), especially among East Asians. Moreover, CTLA-4 rs5742909, IL-18 rs1946518 and IL-18 rs187238 polymorphisms were also significantly associated with susceptibility to hepatitis C virus (HCV), especially among South Asians. So to conclude, this meta-analysis demonstrated that CTLA-4 rs231775, IL-18 rs1946518 and IL-18 rs187238 polymorphisms may confer susceptibility to HBV in East Asians, while CTLA-4 rs5742909, IL-18 rs1946518 and IL-18 rs187238 polymorphisms may confer susceptibility to HCV in South Asians.
Welfare effects of natural resource privatization: a dynamic analysis
Authors: Okonkwo Jennifer U. , Quaas Martin F.
Published: December 2019

This paper sets up a dynamic model to study the distributive effects of privatizing an open access resource. We show that with or without discounting, privatization is not always Pareto improving. We further derive conditions under which the poor are made worse off when private use rights are equally distributed compared to a situation with open access resource. These conditions imply that privatization is Pareto improving if the natural resource is sufficiently productive, inequality in alternative private project opportunities is low, and if there is no discounting. In addition, we show that once reduction in income from resource harvesting during the transition to a new steady state is accounted for, privatization is desirable for the poor only for very productive natural resources and low discount rates.
The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Sources and Sinks of CO2 in the Global Coastal Ocean
Authors: Roobaert Alizée , Laruelle Goulven G. , Landschützer Peter , Gruber Nicolas , Chou Lei , Regnier Pierre
Published: December 2019

In contrast to the open ocean, the sources and sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in the coastal seas are poorly constrained and understood. Here we address this knowledge gap by analyzing the spatial and temporal variability of the coastal air‐sea flux of CO2 (FCO2) using a recent high‐resolution (0.25°) monthly climatology for coastal sea surface partial pressure in CO2 (pCO2). Coastal regions are characterized by CO2 sinks at temperate and high latitudes and by CO2 sources at low latitude and in the tropics, with annual mean CO2 flux densities comparable in magnitude and pattern to those of the adjacent open ocean with the exception of river‐dominated systems. The seasonal variations in FCO2 are large, often exceeding 2 mol C m−2 year−1, a magnitude similar to the variations exhibited across latitudes. The majority of these seasonal variations stems from the air‐sea pCO2 difference, although changes in wind speed and sea ice cover can also be significant regionally. Globally integrated, the coastal seas act currently as a CO2 sink of −0.20 ± 0.02 Pg C year−1, with a more intense uptake occurring in summer because of the disproportionate influence of high‐latitude shelves in the Northern Hemisphere. Combined with estimates of the carbon sinks in the open ocean and the Arctic, this gives for the global ocean, averaged over the 1998 to 2015 period an annual net CO2 uptake of −1.7 ± 0.3 Pg C year−1.
Diatom Physiology Controls Silicic Acid Leakage in Response to Iron Fertilization
Authors: Holzer Mark , Pasquier Benoit , DeVries Timothy , Brzezinski Mark
Published: December 2019

We explore how the iron dependence of the Si:P uptake ratio RSi:P of diatoms controls the response of the global silicon cycle and phytoplankton community structure to Southern Ocean iron fertilization. We use a data‐constrained model of the coupled Si‐P‐Fe cycles that features a mechanistic representation of nutrient colimitations for three phytoplankton classes and that is embedded in a data‐assimilated global ocean circulation model. We consider three parameterizations of the iron dependence of RSi:P, all of which are consistent with the available field data and allow equally good fits to the observed nutrient climatology but result in very different responses to iron fertilization: Depending on how sharply RSi:P decreases with increasing iron concentration, iron fertilization can either cause enhanced silicic acid leakage from the Southern Ocean or strengthened Southern Ocean silicon trapping. Enhanced silicic acid leakage occurs if decreases in RSi:P win over increases in diatom growth, while the converse causes strengthened Southern Ocean silicon trapping. Silicic acid leakage drives a floristic shift in favor of diatoms in the subtropical gyres and stimulates increased low‐latitude opal export. The diatom contribution to global phosphorus export increases, but the lower diatom silicon requirement under iron‐replete conditions reduces the global opal export. Regardless of RSi:P parameterization, the global response of the biological phosphorus and silicon pumps is dominated by the Southern Ocean. The Si isotope signature of opal flux becomes systematically lighter with increasing iron‐induced silicic acid leakage, consistent with sediment records from iron‐rich glacial periods.
Spatial Shift of Greenland Moisture Sources Related to Enhanced Arctic Warming
Authors: Nusbaumer Jesse , Alexander Patrick M. , LeGrande Allegra N. , Tedesco Marco
Published: December 2019

Understanding the atmospheric moisture budget of Greenland is critical for predicting future Greenland climate. However, past attempts to quantify the provenance of Greenland precipitation have been limited to certain seasons. Here we present an analysis of Greenland moisture sources using water tracers in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies climate model, which can provide source estimates for all time periods. The North Atlantic is found to be the dominant moisture source, except during summer when continental sources increase substantially. The variability is also found to be partially correlated with the Greenland Blocking Index. The key finding, however, is a long‐term trend in the moisture source location for Northwest Greenland, with an increase in more locally sourced moisture over time during nonsummer months. This is at least partially related to sea ice loss in the Baffin Bay region, along with a larger increase in sea surface temperatures for the region relative to other locales.
In Situ Mechanical Properties of Shallow Gas Hydrate Deposits in the Deep Seabed
Authors: Yoneda Jun , Kida Masato , Konno Yoshihiro , Jin Yusuke , Morita Sumito , Tenma Norio
Published: December 2019

Natural gas hydrates (or methane hydrates) could become a major energy source but could also exacerbate global warming, because as the climate warms, hydrate deposits deep under the oceans or in permafrost may release methane into the atmosphere. There are many shallow deposits of gas hydrates in fine‐grained muddy sediments on the seafloor. However, the mechanical properties of these sediments have not yet been investigated because of the engineering challenges in coring and testing at in situ temperatures and pressures. Here we present the first uniaxial and triaxial strength and stiffness measurements of pure massive natural gas hydrates and muddy sediments containing hydrate nodules obtained by pressure coring. As a result, we were able to observe the hydrate undergoing a catastrophic brittle failure. Its strength and deformation moduli were 3 and 300 MPa, respectively. Muddy sediments containing hydrate nodules had the same strength as that of hydrate‐free sediments.
Subtropical Pacific Ocean Temperature Fluctuations in the Common Era: Multidecadal Variability and Its Relationship With Southwestern North American Megadroughts
Authors: O'Mara Nicholas A. , Cheung Anson H. , Kelly Christopher S. , Sandwick Samantha , Herbert Timothy D. , Russell James M. , Abella‐Gutiérrez Jose , Dee Sylvia G. , Swarzenski Peter W. , Herguera Juan Carlos
Published: December 2019

Variability of North Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on multidecadal timescales plays an important role in modulating global climate and regional hydroclimate. The principle modern phenomenon associated with this variability is the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO); however, our understanding of the PDO and multidecadal SST variability more broadly is limited to SST observations from the historical era and land‐based proxy reconstructions. Here, we reconstruct multidecadal Pacific Ocean SST variability with an 1,800‐year, continuous, high‐resolution alkenone‐derived SST reconstruction from Baja California, a region sensitive to changes in the PDO, and compare the record with a reconstruction of Southwestern North American hydroclimate. Our SST reconstruction displays persistent multicentennial and discontinuous intervals of multidecadal variability with periodicities similar to instrumental PDO observations. The most severe droughts in Southwestern North America during the last two millennia are coeval with strong multidecadal variability, suggesting that multidecadal SST variability plays an important role in regional megadroughts.
Surface Water at Lunar Magnetic Anomalies
Authors: Li Shuai , Garrick‐Bethell Ian
Published: December 2019

The presence of water on the lunar surface has been confirmed by multiple Earth‐based and orbital observations. However, the origins of this water and the factors that control its stability at different latitudes are still debated. Magnetic anomalies on the Moon systematically reduce solar wind flux while locally keeping other confounding variables constant, which provides a natural laboratory for understanding the contribution of solar wind to lunar surface water. We find that water mapped with Moon Mineralogy Mapper data exhibit strong suppressions at magnetic anomalies, indicating that reduced solar wind flux prevents the formation of water. Our results support the hypothesis that the solar wind contributes significantly to the presence of the lunar surface water. Future missions and studies focusing on how magnetic fields affect water production can provide essential clues about how surface water is formed on the Moon and other airless bodies.
Superenhancement of Precipitation at the Center of Tropical Islands
Authors: Ulrich Max , Bellon Gilles
Published: December 2019

We identified a canonical pattern of the diurnal cycle (DC) of precipitation on tropical islands, with exceptions for small and very large islands, using an 18‐year climatology of satellite estimates. Medium‐to‐large islands receive more precipitation than the surrounding ocean with superenhancement of precipitation in their center respective to their periphery. Differential heating of the island surface generates a sea breeze front (SBF) propagating inland in the afternoon, triggering precipitation. SBF segments from different coasts meet in the island center, further invigorating precipitation. Small islands exhibit neither DC nor precipitation enhancement most likely because ventilation prevents the genesis of the land‐sea breeze circulation. On the largest islands, the SBFs decay after sunset before reaching the center; hence, the superenhancement is not significant, also precipitation lasts longer and cloud remnants delay the DC on the next day, which we attribute to the presence of high mountains.
Foraminifera Trace Anthropogenic CO2 in the NW Atlantic by 1950
Authors: Mellon Stefanie , Kienast Markus , Algar Christopher , de Menocal Peter , Kienast Stephanie S. , Marchitto Thomas M. , Moros Matthias , Thomas Helmuth
Published: December 2019

The Northwest Atlantic is a region of major climate change over the twentieth century, affected by the weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. To assess whether the ability of this region to absorb anthropogenic CO2 has been impacted by this change, we present the region's first long‐term carbon isotope (δ13C) time series of fossil foraminifera spanning the past 4,000 years. These records reveal an unprecedented negative δ13C excursion driven by anthropogenic CO2 penetration into the surface ocean, the “Suess effect” signal. This signal (amplitude −0.45‰) emerges in 1950 CE ± 15 with a decrease rate of 0.009 ± 0.001‰/yr. This marine signal is ~30% of the atmospheric Suess effect and emerges over a century later. Based on current estimates of the ratio of δ13CDIC change to dissolved inorganic carbon change and limited constraints on surface ocean residence times, we calculate a mean anthropogenic CO2 uptake rate of 0.6 ± 0.2 μmol/(kg yr) from 1950 to 2005.
Discovering the Importance of Mesoscale Cloud Organization Through Unsupervised Classification
Authors: Denby L.
Published: December 2019

The representation of shallow trade wind convective clouds in climate models dominates the uncertainty in climate sensitivity estimates. In particular the radiative impact of cloud spatial organization is poorly understood. This work presents the first unsupervised neural network model which autonomously discovers cloud organization regimes in satellite images. Trained on 10,000 GOES‐16 satellite images (tropical Atlantic and boreal winter) the regimes found are shown to exist in a hierarchy of organizational scales, with sub‐clusters having distinct radiative properties. The model requires no time‐consuming and subjective hand‐labeled data based on predefined structures allowing for objective study of very large data sets. The model enables the study of environmental conditions in different organizational regimes and in transitions between regimes and objective comparisons of model behavior with observations through cloud structures emerging in both. These abilities enable the discovery of previously unknown physical relationships in cloud processes, enabling better representation of clouds in weather and climate simulations.
The Contribution of Flux Transfer Events to Mercury's Dungey Cycle
Authors: Fear R. C. , Coxon J. C. , Jackman C. M.
Published: December 2019

Bursty dayside reconnection plays a proportionally larger role in the driving of Mercury's magnetosphere than it does at Earth. Individual bursts of reconnection, called flux transfer events (FTEs), are thought to open up to 5% of Mercury's polar cap; coupled with the much higher repetition rate of FTEs at Mercury and the short Dungey cycle timescale, this makes FTEs the major driver of Mercury's magnetosphere. However, comparison between spacecraft and ionospheric observations at Earth suggests that the terrestrial contribution of FTEs may have been severely underestimated, by making implicit assumptions about FTE structure. In this study, we consider the implications of removing these assumptions at Mercury; by considering FTE mechanisms based on longer reconnection lines, we find that the contribution of FTEs to Mercury's Dungey cycle could be 5 times greater than previously thought and that FTEs may be able to provide sufficient flux transport to drive Mercury's substorm cycle.
Seasonal Changes in the North Atlantic Cold Anomaly: The Influence of Cold Surface Waters From Coastal Greenland and Warming Trends Associated With Variations in Subarctic Sea Ice Cover
Authors: Allan David , Allan Richard P.
Published: December 2019

Worldwide sea surface temperatures (SST) have increased on average by about 1 °C since 1900 with the exception of a region of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre near 50°N which has cooled by up to 0.9 °C over the same period, generating the negative feature on temperature anomaly maps which has been colloquially described by Rahmstorf et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2554) as the “cold blob” (abbreviated here CB). This unique long‐term surface cooling trend is most evident in February, but in August net warming is observed even at CB epicenter and the CB itself is reduced to a mere “warming hole.” These seasonal changes in the intensity of the CB are the product of two separate factors: (1) a long‐term winter cooling specific for the CB region which appears to be associated with cooling of Greenland coastal waters in autumn, plausibly linked to summer meltwater from icebergs and sea ice and (2) summer warming effects which derive from (a) dramatic reduction in summer sea ice cover in the sub‐Arctic over the last 30 years that allows enhanced absorption of sunlight by the new open water in summer and (b) an unusual period of increased summer sub‐Arctic ice cover in the early twentieth century, which lowers the SST baseline measured from 1900, thus increasing the calculated linear rate of change of SST with time. Both of these effects could contribute to the observed Arctic amplification of warming.
Sea Surface Temperature Variability on the SE‐Greenland Shelf (1796–2013 CE) and Its Influence on Thrym Glacier in Nørre Skjoldungesund
Authors: Wangner David J. , Sicre Marie‐Alexandrine , Kjeldsen Kristian K. , Jaeger John M. , Bjørk Anders A. , Vermassen Flor , Sha Longbin , Kjær Kurt H. , Klein Vincent , Andresen Camilla S.
Published: December 2019

Heat transport via ocean currents can affect the melting of marine‐terminating glaciers in Greenland. Studying past changes of marine‐terminating glaciers allows assessing the regional sensitivity of the Greenland Ice Sheet to ocean temperature changes in the context of a warming ocean. Here, we present a high‐resolution multiproxy marine sediment core study from Skjoldungen Fjord, close to the marine‐terminating Thrym Glacier. Grain‐size data are obtained to reconstruct the calving activity of Thrym Glacier; sortable silt is used as a proxy for fjord water circulation, and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are reconstructed from alkenone paleothermometry (Uk'37). Measurements of 210Pb, 137Cs, and 14C indicate that the core covers the past 220 years (1796–2013 CE). Comparisons with modeled SST data (Hadley Centre Sea Ice and SST) and instrumental temperatures (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) suggest that the SST proxy record reflects temperature variability of the surface waters over the shelf and that alkenones are advected into the fjord. Additionally, average temperatures and the amplitude of fluctuations are influenced by alkenones advected from upstream the Irminger Current. We find that the SST record compares well with other alkenone‐based reconstructions from SE‐Greenland and thus features regional shelf water variability. The calving activity as well as the terminus position of Thrym Glacier did not seem to respond to the SST variability. Limited ice‐ocean interactions owing to the specific setting of the glacier would explain this. Instead, the fjord circulation may have been influenced by enhanced meltwater production as well as to larger scale changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
The early work on the discovery of the function of the thymus, an interview with Jacques Miller
Authors: Miller Jacques
Published: December 2019

This interview is part of a series of articles to mark the 25th anniversary of Cell Death and Differentiation.
Predictive impact of rare genomic copy number variations in siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: D’Abate L. , Walker S. , Yuen R. K. C. , Tammimies K. , Buchanan J. A. , Davies R. W. , Thiruvahindrapuram B. , Wei J. , Brian J. , Bryson S. E. , Dobkins K. , Howe J. , Landa R. , Leef J. , Messinger D. , Ozonoff S. , Smith I. M. , Stone W. L. , Warren Z. E. , Young G. , Zwaigenbaum L. , Scherer S. W.
Published: December 2019

Identification of genetic biomarkers associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) could improve recurrence prediction for families with a child with ASD. Here, we describe clinical microarray findings for 253 longitudinally phenotyped ASD families from the Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC), encompassing 288 infant siblings. By age 3, 103 siblings (35.8%) were diagnosed with ASD and 54 (18.8%) were developing atypically. Thirteen siblings have copy number variants (CNVs) involving ASD-relevant genes: 6 with ASD, 5 atypically developing, and 2 typically developing. Within these families, an ASD-related CNV in a sibling has a positive predictive value (PPV) for ASD or atypical development of 0.83; the Simons Simplex Collection of ASD families shows similar PPVs. Polygenic risk analyses suggest that common genetic variants may also contribute to ASD. CNV findings would have been pre-symptomatically predictive of ASD or atypical development in 11 (7%) of the 157 BSRC siblings who were eventually diagnosed clinically.
Author Correction: Different signatures of miR-16, miR-30b and miR-93 in exosomes from breast cancer and DCIS patients
Authors: Ni Qingtao , Stevic Ines , Pan Chi , Müller Volkmar , Oliveira-Ferrer Leticia , Pantel Klaus , Schwarzenbach Heidi
Published: December 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Prophylactic potential of cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) subunit of typhoid toxin against Typhoid fever
Authors: Thakur Reena , Pathania Preeti , Kaur Navneet , Joshi Vattan , Kondepudi Kanthi Kiran , Suri Chander Raman , Rishi Praveen
Published: December 2019

Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S.Typhi) continues to be a major problem, especially in developing countries. Due to the rapid emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains, which limits the efficacy of conventional antibiotics as well as problems associated with the existing vaccines, efforts are being made to develop effective prophylactic agents. CdtB subunit of typhoid toxin was selected for assessing its vaccine potential due to its high conservation throughout the Typhi strains. In-vitro assessment of DNase activity of cloned and purified CdtB protein showed a significant decrease in the band intensity of DNA. The measure of metabolic activity and morphological alterations assessed using different cell lines in the presence of CdtB protein showed no significant signs of toxicity. These observations were further strengthened by cell cycle analysis, assessed by flow cytometry. Keeping these observations in mind, the immunoprotective potential of CdtB was assessed using S.Typhi induced mouse peritonitis model. A significant titer of IgG antibodies (>128000) against CdtB protein was recorded in the immunized mice by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which was also validated by immunoblotting. Active immunization with the protein protected 75% mice against a lethal dose of S.Typhi Ty2. The data indicated a significant (up to 5 log) reduction in the bacterial load in the spleen and liver of immunized-infected mice compared to control (unimmunized-infected) mice which might have resulted in the modulation of histoarchitecture of spleen and liver and the levels of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10) production; thereby indicating the effectiveness of the subunit. The observations deduced from the study give the proof of concept of immunogenic potential of protein. However, further studies involving the immunoreactivity of CdtB with the statistically significant number of sera samples obtained from the human patients would be helpful in establishing the relevance of CdtB protein in humans and for making the strategies to develop it as an effective vaccine candidate.
Experimental realization of Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou recurrence in a long-haul optical fiber transmission system
Authors: Goossens Jan-Willem , Hafermann Hartmut , Jaouën Yves
Published: December 2019

The integrable nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is a fundamental model of nonlinear science which also has important consequences in engineering. The powerful framework of the periodic inverse scattering transform (IST) provides a description of the nonlinear phenomena modulational instability and Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou (FPUT) recurrence in terms of exact solutions. It associates the complex nonlinear dynamics with invariant nonlinear spectral degrees of freedom that may be used to encode information. While optical fiber is an ideal testing ground of its predictions, maintaining integrability over sufficiently long distances to observe recurrence, as well as synthesizing and measuring the field in both amplitude and phase on the picosecond timescales of typical experiments is challenging. Here we report on the experimental realization of FPUT recurrence in terms of an exact space-time-periodic solution of the integrable NLSE in a testbed for optical communication experiments. The complex-valued initial condition is constructed by means of the finite-gap integration method, modulated onto the optical carrier driven by an arbitrary waveform generator and launched into a recirculating fiber loop with periodic amplification. The measurement with an intradyne coherent receiver after a predetermined number of revolutions provides a non-invasive full-field characterization of the space-time dynamics. The recurrent space-time evolution is in close agreement with theoretical predictions over a distance of 9000 km. Nonlinear spectral analysis reveals an invariant nonlinear spectrum. The space-time scale exceeds that of previous experiments on FPUT recurrence in fiber by three orders of magnitude.
New insights into Paeoniaceae used as medicinal plants in China
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxiao , Zhai Yuhui , Yuan Junhui , Hu Yonghong
Published: December 2019

Paeoniaceae is an abundant germplasm resource with significant medicinal values in China, the principal medicinal components of which include paeoniflorin and paeonol. These compounds are typically obtained from air-dried root samples, which the use of freeze-drying as an alternative method has not been tested. Additionally, the presence of these two compounds in various wild Paeoniaceae species has not been previously explored, nor have the differences between various plant organs been fully evaluated. Here, freeze-drying and air-drying methods were compared to assess the changes in paeoniflorin and paeonol in root samples using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer. The contents of these compounds in the roots, leaves, stems, and petals were then tested in freeze-dried materials. We also quantitatively detected the paeoniflorin and paeonol contents in the roots of 14 species collected from 20 natural habitats. Results indicated that the paeoniflorin content decreased under air-drying in comparison to freeze-drying, while the opposite trend was observed for paeonol. Our findings also demonstrated that the root xylem of species in Section Moutan, particularly Paeonia ostii, contains considerable paeonol and paeoniflorin and should thus be fully utilized as a medicinal resource. Furthermore, paeonol was mainly detected in the roots, while paeoniflorin was widely distributed in different organs; the highest content was in the leaf at the budding stage, suggesting that the leaves should be developed as a new paeoniflorin resource. Paeoniflorin contents were also found to be higher at earlier development stages. Based on the standards of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, five species of Section Moutan and six species of Section Paeonia could be used as potential traditional Chinese medicinal resources. These findings of this study enhance our understanding of these two medicinal compounds and provide a foundation for the further development and utilization of Paeoniaceae as medicinal plant resources.
Author Correction: Graphene perfect absorber of ultra-wide bandwidth based on wavelength-insensitive phase matching in prism coupling
Authors: Lee Sangjun , Heo Hyungjun , Kim Sangin
Published: December 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
A novel nanoplatform encapsulating glucose oxidase for spectrophotometric biosensing of hydrogen peroxide and glucose
Authors: Pezhhan Hamzeh , Akhond Morteza , Shamsipur Mojtaba
Published: December 2019

Inspired by the role of the chelation of Fe3+–catechol in inter-protein interactions and the production of adhesives by marine mussels, we used DA as an anchor to connect GOx to Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle cores via the formation of Fe(OH)3 shells.
Pore size effect of graphyne supports on CO2 electrocatalytic activity of Cu single atoms
Authors: Ni Youxuan , Miao Licheng , Wang Jiaqi , Liu Junxiang , Yuan Mingjian , Chen Jun
Published: December 2019

Steric effects of graphyne supports on the intermediates and coordination number of metal atoms determine the CO2 electrocatalytic activity of SACs.
Recent advances in copper-catalysed radical-involved asymmetric 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes
Authors: Li Zhong-Liang , Fang Gui-Chun , Gu Qiang-Shuai , Liu Xin-Yuan
Published: December 2019

This tutorial review highlights the recent progress in copper-catalysed radical asymmetric 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes.
Facile hydrogen atom abstraction and sulfide formation in a methyl-thiolate capped iron–sulfur–carbonyl cluster
Authors: Shupp J. Patrick , Rose Michael J.
Published: December 2019

SAM mediated methyl transfer and subsequent hydrogen atom abstraction are key steps in the biogenesis of nitrogenase. A model system was utilized to demonstrate facile C–H abstraction from a methyl-thiolate containing iron–sulfur cluster with TEMPO.
Rod-shaped Cu1.81Te as a novel cathode material for aluminum-ion batteries
Authors: Wu Junnan , Wu Dongzheng , Zhao Min , Wen Zhipeng , Jiang Jiali , Zeng Jing , Zhao Jinbao
Published: December 2019

Aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs) are supposed to be one of the energy storage systems with great potentialities on account of their high safety, low cost and high theoretical volumetric capacity.
Self-operating transpiration-driven electrokinetic power generator with an artificial hydrological cycle
Authors: Bae Jaehyeong , Yun Tae Gwang , Suh Bong Lim , Kim Jihan , Kim Il-Doo
Published: December 2019

The artificial hydrological cycle built by using deliquescent calcium chloride enables self-operation of a transpiration-driven electrokinetic power generator.
General sulfone construction via sulfur dioxide surrogate control
Authors: Chen Shihao , Li Yaping , Wang Ming , Jiang Xuefeng
Published: December 2019

A highly efficient one-step synthesis of alkyl–alkyl and aryl–alkyl sulfones with tuneable masked “SO2” sources is described.
1,4-Diphenyltriphenylene grafted polysiloxane as a stationary phase for gas chromatography
Authors: Xu Li , Bai Jianchun , Du Aiqin , Yang Zaixiao , Wu Bo
Published: December 2019

The synthesized DPTP polymer was statically coated on the capillary column to prepare the DPTP column for separating multiple analytes.
La2MnTiO6 double perovskite nanostructures as highly efficient visible light photocatalysts
Authors: Shirazi Pirooz , Rahbar Mehdi , Behpour Mohsen , Ashrafi Mahdi
Published: December 2019

Sol–gel synthesis of La2MnTiO6 double perovskite nanosphere and study of its photocatalytic properties for the degradation of AB113 under visible light irradiation.
Membrane lipids destabilize short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)/polyethylenimine nanoparticles
Authors: Nademi Yousef , Tang Tian , Uludağ Hasan
Published: December 2019

Negatively charged lipids destabilize siRNA/PEI nanoparticles, which could adversely affect their gene delivery performance.
Loading FeOOH on Ni(OH)2 hollow nanorods to obtain a three-dimensional sandwich catalyst with strong electron interactions for an efficient oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Guo Wenjun , Li Dandan , Zhong Dazhong , Chen Shuai , Hao Genyan , Liu Guang , Li Jinping , Zhao Qiang
Published: December 2019

Sustainable production of hydrogen by water splitting requires the exploration of highly efficient electrocatalysts from abundant non-precious metals on Earth.
Large amplitude charge noise and random telegraph fluctuations in room-temperature graphene single-electron transistors
Authors: Fried Jasper P. , Bian Xinya , Swett Jacob L. , Kravchenko Ivan I. , Briggs G. Andrew D. , Mol Jan A.
Published: December 2019

We analyze the noise in room-temperature liquid-gated quantum dots. We demonstrate large amplitude charge noise and two-level fluctuations in the current level which we attribute to charge trapping at the disordered graphene edges.
A photo-assisted rechargeable battery: synergy, compatibility, and stability of a TiO2/dye/Cu2S bifunctional composite electrode
Authors: Xu Chong , Zhang Xu , Duan Lianfeng , Zhang Xueyu , Li Xuesong , Lü Wei
Published: December 2019

Herein, we present a simple and novel approach to fabricate a bifunctional compatible electrode, which has functionalities of photoelectric conversion and energy storage.
Reversible reduction drives anion ejection and C60 binding within an FeII4L6 cage
Authors: Lu Zhenpin , Ronson Tanya K. , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: December 2019

FeII4L6 cage 1 binds anionic guests but not neutral guests. In its reduced form, the cage can bind neutral C60. Reduction and oxidation of the cage could thus be used as a stimulus to control the uptake and release of both neutral and charged guests.
The physico-chemistry of adhesions of protein resistant and weak polyelectrolyte brushes to cells and tissues
Authors: Cozens Edward J. , Kong Dexu , Roohpour Nima , Gautrot Julien E.
Published: December 2019

Polymer brush adhesion to cells is mediated by a combination of electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions, regulated by the glycocalyx.
Chiral and achiral mechanisms of self-limiting assembly of twisted bundles
Authors: Grason Gregory M.
Published: December 2019

A generalized theory analyzes how the interplay between thermodynamics of twist and elastic distortion shapes the self-limiting assembly of bundles.
Chromophore amphiphile–polyelectrolyte hybrid hydrogels for photocatalytic hydrogen production
Authors: Sai Hiroaki , Erbas Aykut , Dannenhoffer Adam , Huang Dongxu , Weingarten Adam , Siismets Erica , Jang Kyujin , Qu Karen , Palmer Liam C. , Olvera de la Cruz Monica , Stupp Samuel I.
Published: December 2019

Incorporating supramolecular assemblies of chromophore amphiphiles into covalent hydrogels creates a reusable, robust host for photocatalysis.
Characterization and antifungal activity of a plant peptide expressed in the interaction between Capsicum annuum fruits and the anthracnose fungus
Authors: Maracahipes Álan Chrisleyr , Taveira Gabriel Bonan , Sousa-Machado Lorran Yves , Machado Olga Lima Tavares , Rodrigues Rosana , Carvalho André Oliveira , Gomes Valdirene Moreira
Published: December 2019

Plant defensins are low molecular weight basic peptides ranging from 5 to 7 kDa, with capacity of inhibiting various pathogens, including fungi. They are present in different tissues of plants, including floral parts and fruits of Capsicum sp. The IIF48 extract, present in immature fruits of Capsicum annuum inoculated with C. gloeosporioides, was able to inhibit up to 100% growth ‘in vitro’ of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The main objective of this work was the purification and antifungal activity characterization of a defense-related plant defensin-like isolated of the IIF48 immature fruits extract. The IIF48 extract was subjected to HPLC purification and 13 fractions were obtained, followed by a tricine gel electrophoresis to obtain the protein profile. The different fractions were submitted to a growth inhibition assay against C. gloeosporioides fungus. Fraction 7 (F7) was the most active causing 73% inhibition. Because of the higher F7 activity and the presence of only a peptide of approximately 5 kDa this fraction was subjected to N-terminal sequencing. F7 fraction was carried out plasma membrane permeabilization assays, induction of intracellular ROS production analysis and investigated mitochondrial membrane potential. The F7 fraction showed significant inhibitory activity on the tested fungus, besides promoting membrane permeabilization, induction of endogenous ROS production in Colletotrichum cells and impairing mitochondrial functionality. The first 18 amino acid sequence of the F7 fraction peptide suggests homology to plant-like defensin and was named IIFF7Ca. We also concluded that IIFF7Ca peptide has an effective antimicrobial action against the fungus C. gloeosporioides.
Socioeconomic and Experiential Influences on the Neurobiology of Language Development
Authors: Romeo Rachel R.
Published: December 2019

Purpose

The process by which young children acquire language is an incredible feat subserved by neurobiological language circuitry. Although the foundations of brain structure and function are genetically determined, children's experiences during sensitive periods in early life have a significant influence on the development of language systems. The purpose of this review is to provide practitioners with a comprehensive summary of foundational and recent research on the ways that children's early experiences—both favorable and adverse—may influence the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology underlying language development. A specific focus is given to the burgeoning neuroimaging evidence of relationships between socioeconomic status and brain development, as well as to emerging research on proximal experiences that may serve as the direct mechanisms by which socioeconomic status influences language development.

Conclusion

Findings from the neuroscience field have direct implications for practice in speech-language pathology. Specifically, clinicians can have immense influence on crafting supportive language environments during windows of maximal neural influence, both via direct intervention and parent coaching. Practical suggestions are provided for translating research findings to practice.
Amended DV‐hop scheme based on N‐gram model and weighed LM algorithm
Authors: Shi Qinqin , Xu Qiang , Zhang Jianping
Published: December 2019

Distance vector‐hop (DV‐hop) is a classical node localisation method for wireless sensor networks. Its main advantages are ease of use and excellent scalability, but its shortcomings are also very prominent for the high requirements on the network topology and low localisation accuracy in practical applications. An amended DV‐hop strategy is provided to improve the shortcomings of the classical DV‐hop including two aspects: one is that an N‐gram model is adopted to amend the distances between unknown nodes and beacons and the other is that a weighed Levenberg–Marquardt method is adopted to optimise the unknown nodes’ initial positions. Simulation results show that compared with the original DV‐hop method and the other two typical improved methods, our proposed strategy improves the adaptability of the DV‐hop class methods to network topology changes, and the localisation accuracy is significantly enhanced.