bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate Change and Biodiversity Effects in Turkish Seas
Authors: Turan Cemal , Gürlek Mevlüt
Published: February 2018

Sea temperature change in the Mediterranean, Marmara and Black Sea coasts of Turkey and its biodiversity effects are investigated. The surface sea water temperatures of the Mediterranean, Marmara and Black Sea region of Turkey for last 41 years showed increased trends in Mediterranean Sea (Iskenderun, Mersin and Antalya), Marmara Sea (Istanbul) and Black Sea (Samsun). The number of Indo-Pacific species is getting rapidly increased for the last decade that caused increased invasion of the Indo-Pacific species and significant shift of biodiversity in Turkish Seas. This settlement process is probably accelerated or facilitated by global climate change and overfishing of native species. Nowadays, the occurrence of Atlantic-Mediterranean (Lithognathus mormyrus, Serranus hepatus and Callinectes sapidus) and Indo-Pacific (Stephanolepis diaspros, Lagocephalus spadiceus) originated species in the Marmara and Black Seas can also be an important indicator of the process of Mediterranization of the Marmara and Black Seas.
Environmental DNA for Detection of Endangered Grouper Species (Epinephelus spp.)
Authors: Doğdu Servet Ahmet , Turan Cemal
Published: February 2018

Marine ecosystems nestle species or populations known to be threatened due to human

overexploitation. Reliable detection and monitoring of threatened organisms is crucial for

data-driven conservation actions. Furthermore, misidentification of species represents a major

problem. Here, we investigate the potential of using metabarcoding of environmental DNA

(eDNA) obtained directly from seawater samples to detect endangered grouper species

(Epinephelus spp.). Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) fragment of mtDNA was used to

detect groupers species in the Mediterranean Coasts. We conducted eDNA sampling at sites

by underwater diving across the range of the Grouper species habitats in Northeastern

Mediterranean (Antalya-Kas Region and Iskenderun Bay). eDNA was isolated from 2 liter

seawater samples which were vacuum-filtered onto 0.45-mm membrane filters. Filters were

then folded inwards, placed in 2 ml tubes and stored at -20 oC until DNA extraction, which

took place within 24 hours. DNA was extracted from the water sample filters using the

DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, USA). Manufacturer’s protocols were used during all

steps. PCR amplification of eDNA samples were done using selective primers of COI region

of mitochondrial DNA, and next-generation DNA sequencing of PCR application was

conducted. For the successfully obtained COI sequences, maximum matching rates were

revealed as 80% for Epinephelus marginatus, 78,95% for Epinephelus aeneus, 73,48% for

Epinephelus costae, 63,45% for Epinephelus caninus, 60,12% for Mycteroperca rubra and

57,12% for Hyporthodus haifensis. Despite the methodological challenges inherent in eDNA

analysis, the results demonstrated that eDNA method may be proved to step towards a new

beginning to detect and monitor endangered grouper species.
Genetic barcoding and preliminary phylogenetic analysis of Serranidae species from Maltese coastal waters, with a perspective on their Mediterranean phylogeography
Authors: VELLA Adriana , VELLA Noel
Published: February 2018

Ten species of the Serranidae Family sampled from the Mediterranean, including two non-native species, were identified using molecular genetic tools. Two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and Cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes were studied covering a total of 980 bp of which 360 bp exhibited genetic differences. Within species the members of the genus Serranus exhibited the highest haplotypic diversity, while the genera of larger grouper taxa have shown low haplotypic and nucleotide diversity indices with these genetic markers. Each sequence was also checked against BOLD and GenBank databases to compare species categorization. COI data on S. cabrilla and S. scriba were used in a preliminary phylogeographic analyses for these two species. Results show significant differences between certain sampling locations, indicating localized populations within the Mediterranean.
Length- weight relationship and condition factor of Ankara barb Capoeta angorae (Hankó, 1925) in Asi River (Hatay, Turkey)
Authors: ALAGÖZ ERGÜDEN Sibel , TURAN Cemal
Published: February 2018

The length-weight relationship (LWR) for commecially important Ankara barb, Capoeta angorae was studied. A total of 208 specimens, collected from Asi River during the period from March 2015 to February 2016 were examined. The relationship between length and weight of the samples were evaluated as W = 0.020xL2.784 (R2=0.983). Negative allometric growth for all individuals was found. Fulton’s condition (CF) factor values showed significant variations (P<0.001) for both females (1.102) and males (1.068). To the best knowledge of this study presented the first reference on LWR and Condition Factor (CF) this species from Asi River.
Bearing and Swelling Properties of Randomly Distributed Waste Jute Reinforced Soil
Authors: Ozturk Murat , Cabalar Ali Fırat
Published: February 2018

In this study, waste jute, which was provided from textile companies, was investigated to define
effect of waste jute on swelling and bearing behavior of the sand used. Three different water content
(17, 19 and 21%) and four different waste jute addition amount at different percentages (0, 1, 2,
and 3) by mass of dry soil were selected as design variables. With defined variables Swelling Ratio
and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were conducted. According to test results it is concluded
that minimum swelling ratio was observed in the test containing 3% jute with 19% water content
and the highest value of CBR was observed in the sample containing 2% jute with 16% water
content. In addition to that, CBR values of unreinforced samples were decreased when water
content increased from 16% to 21%. However, CBR values of reinforced samples increased with
increasing water content from 19% to 21%.
Multimedia Respiratory Database (RespiratoryDatabase@TR): Auscultation Sounds and Chest X-rays
Authors: ALTAN Gökhan , KUTLU Yakup , GARBİ Yusuf , PEKMEZCİ Adnan Özhan , NURAL Serkan
Published: February 2018

Auscultation is a method for diagnosis of especially internal medicine diseases such as cardiac,

pulmonary and cardio-pulmonary by listening the internal sounds from the body parts. It is the

simplest and the most common physical examination in the assessment processes of the clinical

skills. In this study, the lung and heart sounds are recorded synchronously from left and right

sides of posterior and anterior chest wall and back using two digital stethoscopes in Antakya

State Hospital. The chest X-rays and the pulmonary function test variables and spirometric

curves, the St. George respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ-C) are collected as multimedia and

clinical functional analysis variables of the patients. The 4 channels of heart sounds are focused

on aortic, pulmonary, tricuspid and mitral areas. The 12 channels of lung sounds are focused on

upper lung, middle lung, lower lung and costophrenic angle areas of posterior and anterior sides

of the chest. The recordings are validated and labelled by two pulmonologists evaluating the

collected chest x-ray, PFT and auscultation sounds of the subjects. The database consists of 30

healthy subjects and 45 subjects with pulmonary diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease, bronchitis. The novelties of the database are the combination ability between

auscultation sound results, chest X-ray and PFT; synchronously assessment capability of the

lungs sounds; image processing based computerized analysis of the respiratory using chest X-ray

and providing opportunity for improving analysis of both lung sounds and heart sounds on

pulmonary and cardiac diseases.
The comparatively examination on some bio-ecological properties of two scot pine forests on Koyulhisar, Sivas
Authors: SÖNMEZ Bektaş , KOÇBULUT Fikret , KUTLAY Ahu , GEDİK Selda , IŞIK Mehmet
Published: February 2018

Scots pine forest properties will help us in obtaining information about how to use the forests within the system and about their capacity, as well as learning their bio-ecological features. Such information will support the knowledge about their protection and use conditions. This study aims to reveal the bio-ecological characteristics of the Igdırdag and Sisorta scots pine forests in Koyulhisar. Also, to compare two scots pine forests in terms of their characteristics. Five stations were determined in each forest. The geographic position was determined with GPS and 15 scots pines were randomly selected for each station. The age, the bark thickness, the tree height and the diameter were measured. The amount of accumulated litter on the soil surface and the physical properties of soil were also determined in the laboratory. Sisorta scots pine forest had higher elevation and lower slope, and also, scots pine tree in Sisorta has larger diamter. In terms of soil properties, the soil of Igdırdag scots pine forest had higher lime content than Sisorta scots pine forest. Aspect of each station in two forests is different from each other. The two forests had similar properties for scots pine properties except diameter. Similarly, soil properties except lime content show homogeneity. Aspect and slope of each station could be cause those differences. The more researcher stated that shading aspect is positively effect on site index for different species. In conclusion, Koyulhisar scots pine forests is healty. The increasing human population has a negative impact on the forest and the establishment of new forests is unavoidable.
The Factors Increasing of Invasiveness Potential of Five Pufferfishes in the Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey
Authors: FİLİZ Halit , YAPICI Sercan , BİLGE Gökçen
Published: February 2018

The Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK) has been used in order to exhibit the factors increasing the invasiveness of Pufferfishes on the Muğla coast. Basic Risk Assessment (BRA) scores were calculated as 28.0 (Lagocephalus guentheri), 31.0 (Torguigener flavimaculasus), 33.0 (Lagocephalus suezensis), 38.0 (Lagocephalus spadiceus) and 40.0 (Lagocephalus sceleratus) and these scores were indicated a high risk of invasiveness for the species. The factors increasing overall AS-ISK scores were; high climate match, tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions, flexibility in utilizing food resources, high fecundity, small size at maturity, high reproductive effort, reliable data about parasite transmission and high invasiveness potential elsewhere while factors decreasing scores were; no hybridization with native fish, and no parental care. This information is expected to allow managers and agencies that are responsible for risk assessment and management of lessepsian/invasive species to perform a better decision-making.
Age determination with alcian blue staining technique for Lagocephalus sceleratus in Mersin Bay, Turkey, northeastern Mediterranean
Authors: Başusta Asiye , Başusta Nuri , Özcan Ebru Ifakat , Girgin Hülya
Published: February 2018

In this study, alcian blue staining technique was used to enhance the visibility of the band on
vertebrae of Lagocephalus sceleratus from Mersin Bay, Turkey, Northeastern Mediterranean. A
total of 77 L. sceleratus samples were captured by commercial purse seine nets at depths between
24 and 50 m from Mersin Bay (Turkey). The total length ranged from 8.9 to 78.4 cm and body
weight varied between 7.59-4750 g for L. sceleratus. Age determinations were carried out using
whole vertebrae. A total of 4 vertebrae from each specimen were read by two independent readers.
All images were taken using a Leica S8APO brand microscope with a high resolution Leica
Application suit (Las V4.8) software. Vertebral images were then enhanced using Adobe
Photoshop CS2 to improve sharpness and clarity. Of all the 77 staining vertebrae were readable
and aged by both readers, resulting in an IAPE of 7.8 %. The maximum age was found as 10+ years
old.
Length-Weight Relationships of Four Lessepsian Puffer Fish Specıes From Muğla Coasts of Turkey
Authors: Bilge Gökçen , Filiz Halit , Yapici Sercan
Published: February 2018

In this study, length-weight relationships were given belonging to Tetraodontidae family:

Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789), Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson, 1845),

Lagocephalus suezensis Clark & Gohar, 1953 and Torquigener flavimaculosus Hardy & Randall,

1983. Specimens were collected via different fishing activities (e.g. longline, trammel net,

bottomtrawl) from Muğla coasts (South Aegean Sea, Turkey) during 2014. Specimens were thown

back sea after length and weight measurements because of restrictive legal requirements.

Minimum, maximum and mean total lengths and weights were established as 5.3, 10.6, 7.25 cm,

3.96, 31.57, 11.28 g for T. flavimaculosus, as 16.7, 63.8, 29.34 cm, 64.36, 2968.42, 342.39 g for

L. sceleratus, as 11.8, 27.9, 16.48 cm, 27.98, 287.48, 74.24 g for L. spadiceus and as 8.6, 15.9,

10.62 cm, 7.94, 43.56, 15.47 g for L. suezensis, respectively. LWR equations were calculated as

follow: W= 0.03761 *L2.8363(R2= 0.896) for T. flavimaculosus, W= 0.01646 *L29272(R2=

0.974) for L. sceleratus, W= 0.03327 *L2.7315(R2= 0.913) for L. spadiceus and W=

0.02138*L2.7586(R2= 0.871) for L. suezensis. Four pufferfish species were show negative

allometric growth (A-) model.
New record of diamondback puffer Lagocephalus guentheri Miranda Ribeiro, 1915 from the North-Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey
Authors: ERGUDEN Deniz , KABAKLI Ferhat , UYAN Ali , DOĞDU Servet Ahmet , KARAN Serpil , GURLEK Mevlut , TURAN Cemal
Published: February 2018

One specimen of the diamondback puffer fish, Lagocephalus guentheri (33.7 cm, TL) was caught by a commercial trammel net at a depth of 37 m on 12 May 2017 from the Arsuz coast, Turkey. The present paper is the first report of L. guentheri from the eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Morphometric and meristics characters of our specimens are given and some remarks about the geographical distribution of the species in the all around the Mediterranean is presented. Although L. guentheri is recorded in the Mediterranean Sea and have been reported from the North-eastern Aegean waters of Turkey. The present study, L. guentheri was recorded for the first time from the northeastern Mediterranean, Turkey (Iskenderun Bay). The present of this species in the Mediterranean is propably due to migration from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal.
Relation between Center Coloring and the other Colorings
Authors: Ors Yorgancioglu Zeynep , Dundar Pinar , Gursoy Mehmet Umit
Published: February 2018

In this paper, center coloring and center coloring number are defined, some bounds are established for the center coloring number of a graph in terms of other graphical coloring parameters, and a polynomial time algorithm is proposed in order to calculate the center coloring of a graph.
Assessment of Work Zone Safety
Authors: Khalil Umar Ibrahim , Samir Bashir
Published: February 2018

The increase in number of vehicles and deterioration of the existing facilities necessitates the need to improve the existing roadways and to build additional highways hence creating more work zones in cities around the globe. Two work zones one on a rural road and one on an urban road were studied to identify potential hazards in work zone and determine the most dangerous area of the work zone using risk concentration level. Confusing signs, use of dangerous devices for road closure, missing buffer, missing tapers, use of non-retro reflective devices, unprotected work area, dangerous flagging, missing safety alarms for heavy machineries, speed, aggressive driving and improper pedestrian access are the most dangerous hazards in work zone having a very high risk level. Transition area was found to be the most dangerous area of the work zone with a very high risk concentration level followed by working area with high risk concentration level, then advance warning area with medium risk concentration and finally termination area also with medium risk concentration. Proper installation and maintenance of temporary traffic control devices, use of safety attires by workers, fitting all moving machineries with safety alarms, use of retro reflective devices, protecting work activities, providing buffers for workers, and law enforcement will improve safety of the work zones.
Informasi Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Indonesia Untuk Mendukung Inventarisasi Nasional Emisi dan Serapan Gas Rumah Kaca Diseminasi Berbasis Aplikasi Web Sistem Informasi Geografis
Authors: Sarno Sarno , Budoyo Soko
Published: February 2018

Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional mendukung penuh komitmen pemerintah Indonesia untuk melakukan penurunan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) 26 hingga 41 persen pada tahun 2020 dan berkontribusi melalui metode standar – perubahan tutupan hutan dalam Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS). Metode standar ini menjelaskan proses yang digunakan program penginderaan jauh INCAS - Analisis Perubahan Tutupan Lahan (LCCA), dalam memantau perubahan tutupan hutan di Indonesia untuk menghasilkan peta tahunan luas dan perubahan hutan nasional dari citra Landsat dalam rentang waktu periode 13 tahun dari 2000 hingga 2012 dan menjadi input untuk penghitungan karbon. INCAS menyediakan sebuah pendekatan yang sistematis dan konsisten secara nasional untuk mengukur emisi dan serapan GRK sektor berbasis lahan, utamanya sektor kehutanan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan perluasan cara tradisional pelaksanaan diseminasi dengan menggunakan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi spasial. Dalam upaya memudahkan pelaksanaan penyebarluasan informasi kepada masyarakat luas dengan baik, dikembangkan sistem diseminasi berbasis “Aplikasi Web Sistem Informasi Geografis”. Informasi yang dihasilkan mudah diakses melalui jaringan informasi elektronik dan berinteraksi melalui peramban web. Pengguna secara mudah dapat menerapkan penyajian visualisasi spasial dinamis,  menjalankan fungsi-fungsi operasi pemetaan web dan analissi spasial informasi perubahan tutupan hutan Indonesia untuk mendukung inventarisasi nasional emisi dan serapan GRK.
Profitabilitas Biodiesel dari Biomasa Mikroalga
Authors: Widodo Lestario , Ihsan Iif Miftahul , Santoso Arif Dwi
Published: February 2018

Dalam upaya mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap bahan bakar fosil terutama bahan bakar minyak (BBM), Pemerintah Indonesia menargetkan penggunan bahan bakar nabati (BBN) seperti bioetanol dan biodiesel sebanyak 5% pada tahun 2025. Kendala utama dalam hal pengembangan BBN ini adalahadanya kompetisi bahan baku BBN dengan penyediaan bahan pangan, keterbatasan dalam hal sarana dan prasarana serta kendala non teknis lainnya misalnya berupa fluktuasi harga minyak mentah dunia. Bila kondisi harga minyak mentah dunia naik, maka kondisi ini akan mendorong upayadiversifikasi energi, demikian pula sebaliknya. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan perhitungan produktifitas BBN biodiesel mikroalga dengan membandingkan harga produksinya dengan harga minyak mentah dunia. Mengacu pada hasil perbandingan biaya produksi mikroalga dengan harga minyak mentah jugadianalisis upaya peningkatan nilai profitabilitas biodiesel mikroalga dengan meningkatkan efisiensi produktivitas melalui pemanfaatan limbah sebagai input produksi dan meningkatkan produk tambahan, serta penambahan inovasi produksi dengan pemanfaatan limbah dan penganekaragaman produk. Hasilperhitungan menyatakan bahwa pada kondisi harga minyak mentah sebesar 70 US$/barel maka biaya produksi bahan baku minyak alga tidak boleh lebih dari Rp. 6.180,-/liter. Penambahan inovasi produksi dengan pemanfaatan limbah dan penganekaragaman produk dapat meningkatkan profitabilitas sebesar 14,2% dan 30,5% atau menurunkan biaya produksi biodiesel dari Rp. 9.025,-/liter menjadi Rp.6.270,/liter.
Potensi Selulosa dari Limbah Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit untuk Bahan Baku Bioplastik Ramah Lingkungan
Authors: Dewanti Dian Purwitasari
Published: February 2018

Peningkatan luas lahan perkebunan kelapa sawit dan produksinya menimbulkan permasalahan sampah. Berdasarkan data BPS tahun 2015, produksi kelapa sawit di Indonesia mencapai 31,07 juta ton per tahun. Sebesar 23% dari total produksi kelapa sawit tersebut merupakan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS). Hanya 10% dari TKKS yang sudah dimanfaatkan untuk bahan bakar boiler dankompos padahal banyak sekali produk yang bisa dibuat dari hasil pengolahan TKKS. Salah satu pemanfaatan TKKS adalah dengan mengekstraksi selulosa sebagai bahan baku bioplastik ramah lingkungan. Hal ini akan membantu permasalahan lingkungan yang ditimbulkan oleh kelapa sawit danpemakaian plastik sudah sangat banyak. Kandungan selulosa dalam TKKS sebesar 30-40% berat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghitung potensi selulosa dari TKKS dengan mengekstraksi selulosa sehingga didapatkan yield selulosa yang terekstraksi. Selulosa dari TKKS tersebut diekstraksi dengan dua tahapan proses yaitu delignifikasi menggunakan natrium hidroksida (NaOH) 12% selama 3 jamdilanjutkan bleaching dengan hidrogen peroksida (H2O2) 10% selama 1,5 jam. Dari hasil ekstraksi tersebut didapatkan yield selulosa sebesar 34%. Dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa selulosa memiliki potensi yang sangat besar untuk diproduksi dari TKKS sehingga memenuhi kebutuhan bahan baku bioplastik.
Computational Designing of Low Energy Gap Small Molecule Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Irfan Ahmad , Mahmood Asif
Published: February 2018

In this study, effort is done to design a series of narrowband-gap small molecule acceptors for organic solar cells. We have predicated the electronic and optical properties using theoretical methods. Results show that the orbital spatial distribution, HOMO/LUMO energy levels, band gap and optical properties can be systematically changedby modification of terminal acceptor units and conjugated system. Most of the acceptors show low energy gaps reveal thermodynamical more stability. Conjugated system help to tune the electronic properties and decrease the band gap of small molecules. Finally, we have identified potential terminal acceptor groups for proficient organic solar cell materials.
Characteristics of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seed Oil Extracted by Ultrasound Assistance
Authors: Rosas-Mendoza Marta Elvia , Coria-Hernández Jonathan , Meléndez-Pérez Rosalía , Arjona-Román José Luis
Published: February 2018

The aims of this work were to evaluate the effect of Ultrasound- Assisted Extraction (UAE) in oil yield, as well as in the physicochemical and chemical characteristics of Chia seed oil. The seeds were cryo ground before extraction; ultrasonic bath at 40 kHz was used during 90 min extraction process. The UEA resulted in intensification of the extraction, with 79.3% oil yield, while 69.2% were for stirring extraction. Diffusion coefficient´s values were 1.04x10-11 m2s-1 and 9.16x10-12m2s-1, respectively. From thermal analysis, made with MDSC, the main triacylglycerols (TAG´s) transitions were obtained. By ATR-FTIR, changes in the 987 and 968 cm-1 wave numbers, corresponding to the outside plane deformation of C-H bonds in unsaturated fatty acids, were obtained . The UEA could change the material properties by cavitation that enhances the mass transfer, but no oil composition.
Thermogravimetric Study of Cracking Products of Natural Bitumens
Authors: Imanbayev Yerzhan , Ongarbayev Yerdos , Tileuberdi Yerbol , Krivtsov Evgenii , Golovko Anatoly Golovko , Mansurov Zulkhair
Published: February 2018

The cracking and extraction products for Kazakhstan’s oil sand bitumen were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). By means of this technique, changes in the physical and chemical compositions of natural bitumen occurred during thermal treatment were assessed. The bulk composition was determined and the elemental content of resin-asphaltene compounds evaluated. Microspheres isolated from fly ash after the combustion of coals, were used to catalyze the cracking of natural bitumen. According to elemental analysis, natural bitumen is prone to produce coke formation. Catalytic cracking has a positive effect on the properties of the bitumen obtained from Munaily Mola field. The kinetic reaction orders and activation energies for cracking of natural bitumen were determined fitting the experimental data to an Arrhenius equation. The derived activation energies give insight on the nature of the pyrolysis kinetics of resin-asphaltene.
Gerhard Roth’s Fotonotizen: The Early Years, 1972–1980
Authors: Ryan Simon
Published: February 2018

This essay, the first of two on the Fotonotizen of the Austrian writer, photographer, essayist, and political and cultural commentator Gerhard Roth, examines the utilization of photography in his aesthetic practice from 1972 to the late 1970s. To date, the scholarship on photography in Roth’s work remains fragmented, either embedded in studies of individual works or, where the topic is explicitly addressed, largely confined to an analysis of general stylistic tendencies or to a particular moment in his literary development, in particular, the production of his first, seven-volume narrative cycle Die Archive des Schweigens (1980–91). This essay locates Roth’s photographic activities within the context of photographic theory, Roth’s interest in the history of photography, and his reflections on the photographs he has produced and utilized in his writing.
Challenges in Optimising the Successful Construction of Antibody Drug Conjugates in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Mehrling Thomas , Soltis Daniel
Published: February 2018

Although considerable progress has been made in the field of cancer chemotherapy, there remains a significant unmet medical need, with a requirement to move away from traditional cytotoxics and explore novel, smarter chemotherapeutic approaches. One such example of the smart chemotherapy approach is antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which consist of an antibody that binds selectively to a cancer antigen linked to a cytotoxic agent. When developing an ADC, it may be necessary to produce a variety of constructs to fully assess the optimal configuration for the molecule. By testing ADCs prepared using a range of cytotoxic agents, linkers, or different antibodies, it is possible to fully assess the optimal approach for this treatment modality before advancing to the clinic. Since the development and approval of first-generation ADCs, significant improvements in development technology have occurred. Here, we consider the advances made within the field of ADCs, focusing on the development of EDO-B278 and EDO-B776, both of which have demonstrated efficacy in preclinical testing. Although some limitations remain in this field of development, the potential reduction in toxicity offered by ADCs justifies the investment in research to find workable solutions that could ultimately provide patients with superior outcomes.
Multispectral Applications of Infrared Thermography in the Diagnosis and Protection of Built Cultural Heritage
Authors: Moropoulou Antonia , Avdelidis Nicolas , Karoglou Maria , Delegou Ekaterini , Alexakis Emmanouil , Keramidas Vasileios
Published: February 2018

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a powerful non contact imaging technique, appropriate for the protection of cultural heritage. The National Technical University of Athens research team (scientist responsible: A. Moropoulou), started to use this technique in the early 1990s, in all stages of a conservation project, from decay diagnosis to assessment of conservation interventions and monitoring. The monuments investigated with the aid of this technique belonged to different historical periods, dating from antiquity to modern times. The main products of IRT, thermal maps of surfaces, were evaluated and exploited, based on the demands, special needs and requirements of each application. Additionally, in laboratory scale, many IRT measurements were performed in order to investigate the applicability and limitations of this technique for measuring a material’s thermophysical properties. All these data and accumulated knowledge and experience contributed to a set of recommendations, which enabled us to compile a protocol for the application of this technique in a more standardized way. Moreover, the added value of this practice permitted the successful application and integration of this technique in large-scale conservation projects, such as the Pythian Apollo Temple in Acropolis of Rhodes, during the diagnostic study phase, or at the Holy Aedicule, of the Holy Selphuchre in Jerusalem, during the rehabilitation works.
Pyrrolidinium FSI and TFSI-Based Polymerized Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes for High-Temperature Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kerner Manfred , Johansson Patrik
Published: February 2018

Promising electrochemical and dynamical properties, as well as high thermal stability, have been the driving forces behind application of ionic liquids (ILs) and polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) as electrolytes for high-temperature lithium-ion batteries (HT-LIBs). Here, several ternary lithium-salt/IL/PIL electrolytes (PILel) have been investigated for synergies of having both FSI and TFSI anions present, primarily in terms of physico-chemical properties, for unique application in HT-LIBs operating at 80 °C. All of the electrolytes tested have low Tg and are thermally stable ≥100 °C, and with TFSI as the exclusive anion the electrolytes (set A) have higher thermal stabilities ≥125 °C. Ionic conductivities are in the range of 1 mS/cm at 100 °C and slightly higher for set A PILel, which, however, have lower oxidation stabilities than set B PILel with both FSI and TFSI anions present: 3.4–3.7 V vs. 4.2 V. The evolution of the interfacial resistance increases for all PILel during the first 40 h, but are much lower for set B PILel and generally decrease with increasing Li-salt content. The higher interfacial resistances only influence the cycling performance at high C-rates (1 C), where set B PILel with high Li-salt content performs better, while the discharge capacities at the 0.1 C rate are comparable. Long-term cycling at 0.5 C, however, shows stable discharge capacities for 100 cycles, with the exception of the set B PILel with high Li-salt content. Altogether, the presence of both FSI and TFSI anions in the PILel results in lower ionic conductivities and decreased thermal stabilities, but also higher oxidation stabilities and reduced interfacial resistances and, in total, result in an improved rate capability, but compromised long-term capacity retention. Overall, these electrolytes open for novel designs of HT-LIBs.
Li-NMC Batteries Model Evaluation with Experimental Data for Electric Vehicle Application
Authors: Baczyńska Aleksandra , Niewiadomski Waldemar , Gonçalves Ana , Almeida Paulo , Luís Ricardo
Published: February 2018

The aim of the paper is to present the battery equivalent circuit for electric vehicle application. Moreover, the model described below is dedicated to lithium-ion types of batteries. The purpose of this paper is to introduce an efficient and transparent method to develop a battery equivalent circuit model. Battery modeling requires, depending on the chosen method, either significant calculations or a highly developed mathematical model for optimization. The model is evaluated in comparison to the real data measurements, to present the performance of the method. Battery measurements based on charge/discharge tests at a fixed C-rate are presented to show the relation of the output voltage profiles with the battery state of charge. The pulse discharge test is presented to obtain the electric parameters of the battery equivalent circuit model, using a Thévenin circuit. According to the Reverse Trike Ecologic Electric Vehicle (VEECO RT) characteristics used as a case study in this work, new values for vehicle autonomy and battery pack volume based on lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cells are evaluated.
Fenofibrate Nanocrystals Embedded in Oral Strip-Films for Bioavailability Enhancement
Authors: Kevadiya Bhavesh , Barvaliya Manish , Zhang Lu , Anovadiya Ashish , Brahmbhatt Harshad , Paul Parimal , Tripathi Chandrabhanu
Published: February 2018

The aim of the present study was to make a fenofibrate (FNB) nanocrystal (NC) by wet media milling, characterizations and formulates into oral strip-films (OSFs). Mechanical properties, redispersion study, and solid-state characterizations results suggested that reduction of drug crystal size at nanoscale and incorporation into OSFs does not affect the solid-state properties of the drug. In vitro dissolution kinetics showed enhanced dissolution rate was easily manipulated by changing the thickness of the OSF. In situ UV-imaging was used to monitor drug dissolution qualitatively and quantitatively in real time. Results confirm that the intrinsic dissolution rates and surface drug concentration measured with this device were in agreement with the USP-IV dissolution profiles. In vivo pharmacokinetics in rabbits showed a significant difference in the pharmacokinetics parameter (1.4 fold increase bioavailability) of FNB NC-loaded OSFs as compared to the marketed formulation “Tricor” and as-received (pristine) drug. This approach of drug nanocrystallization and incorporation into OSFs may have significant applications in cost-effective tools for bioavailability enhancement of FNB.
Kelps’ Long-Distance Dispersal: Role of Ecological/Oceanographic Processes and Implications to Marine Forest Conservation
Authors: Bernardes Batista Manuela , Batista Anderson Antônio , Franzan Sanches Paola , Simionatto Polito Paulo , Lima Silveira Thiago , Velez-Rubio Gabriela , Scarabino Fabrizio , Camacho Olga , Schmitz Caroline , Martinez Ana , Ortega Leonardo , Fabiano Graciela , Rothman Mark , Liu Gang , Ojeda Jaime , Mansilla Andrés , Barreto Luis , Assis Jorge , Serrão Ester , Santos Rui , Antunes Horta Paulo
Published: February 2018

Long-distance dispersal is one of the main drivers structuring the distribution of marine biodiversity. This study reports the first occurrence of Macrocystis pyrifera and Durvillaea antarctica rafts on the southwestern warm temperate coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Our results indicate that an extreme meteo-oceanographic event, characterized by a northward, displacement of cold sub-Antarctic oceanic waters driven by an extratropical cyclone, could account for these unusual occurrences. A niche model based on known current distribution and maximum entropy principle (MAXENT), revealed the availability of suitable habitats at lower latitudes, outside their actual distribution edges. The distributional boundaries, mainly driven by temperature and irradiance, suggest the existence of environmental suitability in warm temperate areas, as well as in the Northern Hemisphere off Atlantic and Asian coasts. These theoretical edges and respective environmental drivers agree with the physiological affinities of both species, supporting the hypothesis that these variables act as limiting factors for their occurrences in tropical or warmer areas. Emerging regions can function as refuges and stepping-stones, providing substrate with adequate habitat conditions for recruitment of propagules, allowing eventual colonization. Long dispersal events reinforce the need for an extensive discussion on selective management of natural dispersion, biological invasions, refuge mapping and conservation initiatives in a transnational perspective.
Data Mining and Neural Networks Based Self-Adaptive Protection Strategies for Distribution Systems with DGs and FCLs
Authors: Tang Wen-Jun , Yang Hong-Tzer
Published: February 2018

In light of the development of renewable energy and concerns over environmental protection, distributed generations (DGs) have become a trend in distribution systems. In addition, fault current limiters (FCLs) may be installed in such systems to prevent the short-circuit current from exceeding the capacity of the power apparatus. However, DGs and FCLs can lead to problems, the most critical of which is miscoordination in protection system. This paper proposes overcurrent protection strategies for distribution systems with DGs and FCLs. Through the proposed approach, relays with communication ability can determine their own operating states with the help of an operation setting decision tree and topology-adaptive neural network model based on data processed through continuous wavelet transform. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed protection strategies are verified by the simulation results obtained from various system topologies with or without DGs, FCLs, and load variations.
Research on Hydraulic Technology for Seam Permeability Enhancement in Underground Coal Mines in China
Authors: Cheng Liang , Ge Zhaolong , Xia Binwei , Li Qian , Tang Jiren , Cheng Yugang , Zuo Shaojie
Published: February 2018

Coalbed methane (gas) is a high quality and clean resource, but it also causes disasters in coal mines in China. The low permeability of coal seams is the main reason that developing coalbed methane (CBM) as an energy resource is difficult, so increasing coal seam permeability is the key to CBM development in China. In this paper, the principal techniques for seam permeability enhancement are presented. The paper focuses on hydraulic technology for seam permeability enhancement (HTSPE), which is considered an economic and highly efficient technology for seam permeability enhancement. The process of HTSPE development is reviewed and the current status of the theories behind HTSPE and the technology and equipment for its use are summarized. The goal is to identify the gaps in HTSPE research and the problems in its implementation. In the future, integration and diversification of the technologies along with on-board intelligence and miniaturization may be the trends for the equipment. Finally, it is shown that tree-shaped borehole fracturing can be used to develop CBM in underground coal mines. This study could be used as a valuable example for other coal deposits being mined under similar geological conditions.
Experimental Enrichment of Low-Concentration Ventilation Air Methane in Free Diffusion Conditions
Authors: Wang Wen , Wang Heng , Li Huamin , Li Dongyin , Li Huaibin , Li Zhenhua
Published: February 2018

The massive emission of low concentrations (≤0.5%) of methane (CH4) from ventilation roadways results in resource waste and environmental pollution. To mitigate these emissions, an enrichment tower for low-concentration methane is designed, and segregation and non-segregation experiments are conducted. The results reveal that stable concentrations of methane under segregation and non-segregation states in the enrichment tower gradually increase with height, with a maximum methane concentration of 0.64% and 0.54%, respectively. This shows that the methane enrichment effect in free diffusion conditions is more significant under the segregation state than under the non-segregation state. The stable concentration of methane in the middle and upper sections of the enrichment tower shows an increasing trend. However, the stable concentration of methane in the lower section of the enrichment tower has an increasing trend (less than 0.50%). According to the methane molecule Boltzmann distribution law, methane concentration enrichment decreases with height, and the conversion of the methane from the segregated to non-segregated is irreversible. Consequently, industrial applications of methane enrichment from buoyant forces are not feasible for low concentrations of methane.
Aircraft Noise Assessment—From Single Components to Large Scenarios
Authors: Delfs Jan , Bertsch Lothar , Zellmann Christoph , Rossian Lennart , Kian Far Ehsan , Ring Tobias , Langer Sabine
Published: February 2018

The strategic European paper “Flightpath 2050” claims dramatic reductions of noise for aviation transport scenarios in 2050: “...The perceived noise emission of flying aircraft is reduced by 65%. These are relative to the capabilities of typical new aircraft in 2000...”. There is a consensus among experts that these far reaching objectives cannot be accomplished by application of noise reduction technologies at the level of aircraft components only. Comparably drastic claims simultaneously expressed in Flightpath 2050 for carbon dioxide and NOX reduction underline the need for step changes in aircraft technologies and aircraft configurations. New aircraft concepts with entirely different propulsion concepts will emerge, including unconventional power supplies from renewable energy sources, ranging from electric over hybrid to synthetic fuels. Given this foreseen revolution in aircraft technology the question arises, how the noise impact of these new aircraft may be assessed. Within the present contribution, a multi-level, multi-fidelity approach is proposed which enables aircraft noise assessment. It is composed by coupling noise prediction methods at three different levels of detail. On the first level, high fidelity methods for predicting the aeroacoustic behavior of aircraft components (and installations) are required since in the early stages of the development of innovative noise reduction technology test data is not available. The results are transferred to the second level, where radiation patterns of entire conventional and future aircraft concepts are assembled and noise emissions for single aircraft are computed. In the third level, large scale scenarios with many aircraft are considered to accurately predict the noise exposure for receivers on the ground. It is shown that reasonable predictions of the ground noise exposure level may be obtained. Furthermore, even though simplifications and omissions are introduced, it is shown that the method is capable of transferring all relevant physical aspects through the levels.
Insulation Coordination of Arcing Horns on HVDC Electrode Lines: Protection Performance Evaluation, Influence Factors and Improvement Method
Authors: Li Xiandong , Li Hua , Liu Yi , Lin Fuchang
Published: February 2018

Arcing horns are widely used in high voltage overhead lines to protect insulator strings from being destroyed by the free burning arcs caused by lightening faults. In this paper, we focus on the insulation coordination of arcing horns on the electrode lines of a 5000 MW, ±800 kV high voltage direct current (HVDC) system. The protection performance of arcing horns are determined by the characteristics of not only the external system but also the fault arc. Therefore, the behaviors and characteristics of long free burning arcs are investigated by the experiments at first. In order to evaluate the protection performance of arcing horns, the static stability criterion U-I characteristic method is introduced. The influence factors on the protection performance of arcing horns are analyzed theoretically. Finally, the improvement methods for the protection performance of arcing horns are proposed, and the diversified configuration strategy of arcing horns is recommended for cost saving.
MicroRNA-31 and MicroRNA-155 Are Overexpressed in Ulcerative Colitis and Regulate IL-13 Signaling by Targeting Interleukin 13 Receptor α-1
Authors: Gwiggner Markus , Martinez-Nunez Rocio , Whiteoak Simon , Bondanese Victor , Claridge Andy , Collins Jane , Cummings J. , Sanchez-Elsner Tilman
Published: February 2018

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is an important Type 2 T helper (Th2) cytokine, controlling biological functions in epithelium and has been linked to asthma, atopic dermatitis and ulcerative colitis (UC). Interleukin-13 signals through IL-13 receptor α-1 (IL13RA1 (gene) and IL13Rα1 (protein)), a receptor that can be regulated by microRNAs (miRs). MicroRNAs are small non-coding single-stranded RNAs with a role in several pathologies. However, their relevance in the pathophysiology of UC, a chronic inflammatory condition of the colonic mucosa, is poorly characterised. Here, we determined the expression of IL13Rα1 in UC, its potential regulation by miRs and the subsequent effect on IL-13 signalling. Inflamed mucosa of UC patients showed decreased mRNA and protein expression of IL13RA1 when compared to healthy controls. We show that miR-31 and miR-155 are upregulated in inflamed UC mucosa and that both directly target the 3′ untranslated region of IL13RA1 mRNA. Transfection of miR-31 and miR-155 mimics reduced the expression of IL13RA1 mRNA and protein, and blocked IL-13-dependent phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) in HT-29 cells, a gut epithelium cell line. Interleukin-13 activation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and eotaxin-3 (CCL26) expression was also diminished. MicroRNA-31/microRNA-155 mimics also downregulated IL13RA1 in ex vivo human inflamed UC biopsies. We propose that miR-31 and miR-155 have an important role in limiting IL-13 signalling in UC disease.
Erratum: Gliß, J.; et al. Pyplis–A Python Software Toolbox for the Analysis of SO2 Camera Images for Emission Rate Retrievals from Point Sources. Geosciences 2017, 7, 134
Authors:   Geosciences Editorial Office
Published: February 2018

The Geosciences Editorial Office would like to make the following change to this paper [...]
Changing the Paradigm in Public Health and Disability through a Knowledge Translation Center
Authors: Vanderbom Kerri , Eisenberg Yochai , Tubbs Allison , Washington Teneasha , Martínez Alex , Rauworth Amy
Published: February 2018

People with disabilities are a health disparity population that face many barriers to health promotion opportunities in their communities. Inclusion in public health initiatives is a critical approach to address the health disparities that people with disabilities experience. The National Center on Health, Physical Activity and Disability (NCHPAD) is tackling health disparities in the areas of physical activity, healthy nutrition, and healthy weight management. Using the NCHPAD Knowledge Adaptation, Translation, and Scale-up Framework, NCHPAD is systematically facilitating, monitoring, and evaluating inclusive programmatic, policy, systems, and environmental (PPSE) changes in communities and organizations at a local and national level. Through examples we will highlight the importance of adapting knowledge, facilitating uptake, developing strategic partnerships and building community capacity that ultimately creates sustainable, inclusive change.
Factors Influencing Abortion Decision-Making Processes among Young Women
Authors: Frederico Mónica , Michielsen Kristien , Arnaldo Carlos , Decat Peter
Published: February 2018

Background: Decision-making about if and how to terminate a pregnancy is a dilemma for young women experiencing an unwanted pregnancy. Those women are subject to sociocultural and economic barriers that limit their autonomy and make them vulnerable to pressures that influence or force decisions about abortion. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the individual, interpersonal and environmental factors behind the abortion decision-making process among young Mozambican women. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in Maputo and Quelimane. Participants were identified during a cross-sectional survey with women in the reproductive age (15–49). In total, 14 women aged 15 to 24 who had had an abortion participated in in-depth interviews. A thematic analysis was used. Results: The study found determinants at different levels, including the low degree of autonomy for women, the limited availability of health facilities providing abortion services and a lack of patient-centeredness of health services. Conclusions: Based on the results of the study, the authors suggest strategies to increase knowledge of abortion rights and services and to improve the quality and accessibility of abortion services in Mozambique.