bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex after Stroke: A Content Analysis of Printable Educational Materials Available Online
Authors: Hamam Natalie , McCluskey Annie , Robbins Spring Cooper
Published: February 2012

Background

Providing written educational materials to stroke survivors is a key recommendation in many international stroke guidelines. Yet, sexual concerns are generally overlooked in current stroke rehabilitation and the content of educational materials on sexual concerns has not been analyzed nor evaluated in published stroke research. Aim The aim of this study was to identify, describe, and analyze printable educational materials on sexual concerns that are available online and easily shared with stroke survivors.

Method

Google search engine was used to locate printable educational materials from the Internet using a search term strategy of 35 phrases that were piloted for accuracy. The content of eligible materials was analyzed using NVivo software to produce both enumerative and thematic data. Results Nine educational materials from reputable organizations were included with an average length of seven pages and 1445 words (total 61 pages, 13 000 words). The content of the materials was similar and covered three main content areas: problems experienced after stroke: 30% coverage suggested solutions: 32% coverage, and reassurance: 9% coverage. Content describing potential problems reflected published research, but solutions and reassurance were general, nonspecific, and often not supported by evidence.

Conclusions

Educational materials on sex after stroke may be helpful for health professionals, stroke survivors, and their partners, yet some messages appear to discourage recovery. Educators, health professionals, and organizations can use this analysis to evaluate their own educational resources and create resources that better address the sexual concerns of stroke survivors and their partners.
A randomized controlled trial of sodium phosphate tablets and polyethylene glycol solution for polyp detection
Authors: KAMBE Haruka , YAMAJI Yutaka , SUGIMOTO Takafumi , YAMADA Atsuo , WATABE Hirotsugu , YOSHIDA Haruhiko , OMATA Masao , KOIKE Kazuhiko
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE:  The study was aimed to assess the efficacy of sodium phosphate (NaP) tablets and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on colon cleansing.

METHODS:  A prospective, randomized trial was conducted at the Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo. Participants who were scheduled for colonoscopy were included and randomized into either the NaP or PEG group. An interim analysis was programmed into the study design when approximately 50% of the enrolments were completed. The primary outcome was the detection rate of polyps with a diameter ≤5 mm.

RESULTS:  A total of 92 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 44 were in the NaP group and 48 in the PEG group. The quality of colonic preparation was similar in both groups. The NaP group showed a higher detection rate of polyps with a diameter ≤5 mm than the PEG group (38.6% vs 18.8%, P = 0.004). A multivariate analysis showed that NaP and the withdrawal time of the colonoscope were independent factors associated with the detection of polyps with a diameter ≤5 mm.

CONCLUSIONS:  NaP is certainly not inferior to PEG. In fact, the results suggest that diminutive polyp detection using NaP might be superior to that using PEG.
Prevalence and endoscopic features of eosinophilic esophagitis in patients with esophageal or upper gastrointestinal symptoms
Authors: JOO Moon Kyung , PARK Jong‐Jae , KIM Sung‐Ho , KIM Key Hyeon , JUNG Wonho , YUN Jae‐Won , LEE Beom Jae , KIM Ji Hoon , YEON Jong Eun , KIM Jae Seon , BYUN Kwan Soo , LEE Sang Woo , BAK Young‐Tae
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE:  This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) among patients with esophageal or upper gastrointestinal (UGI) symptoms.

METHODS:  Patients with esophageal or UGI symptoms including dysphagia food impaction, acid regurgitation, heartburn, chest pain, epigastric pain, nausea and/or vomiting were prospectively collected. The enrolled patients responded to a symptomatic questionnaire and underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy and esophageal biopsies. Supportive endoscopic findings of EoE (ring‐like appearance, liner furrows, whitish papules, shearing or friability) were recorded. EoE was diagnosed if patients had chronic UGI or esophageal symptoms, the esophageal biopsy showed ≥15 eosinophils/high‐power field and were unresponsive to 2–3 weeks of proton pump inhibitors.

RESULTS:  A total of 122 patients were enrolled and supportive endoscopic findings were found in 31 (25.4%) patients [whitish papules: 19 (15.6%), ring‐like appearance: 8 (6.6%), linear furrows: 5 (4.1%)]. One patient had a simultaneous ring‐like appearance and linear furrows. EoE was diagnosed in 8 (6.6%) patients and supportive endoscopic findings and past history of gastroesophageal reflux disease, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis were more common in EoE positive than EoE negative patients. The diagnostic yield of endoscopic findings was 40.0% (2/5) in linear furrows, 25.0% (2/8) in ring‐like appearance and 15.8% (3/19) in whitish papules.

CONCLUSION:  Prevalence of EoE among patients with esophageal or UGI symptoms was 6.6%. Linear furrows and ring‐like appearance had a relatively high diagnostic value.
A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR CONTEXT-BASED IMAGE CATEGORIZATION AND DESCRIPTION
Authors: HELMY TAREK
Published: February 2012

Automatic image categorization and description are key components for many applications, i.e., multimedia database management, web content analysis, human–computer interactions, and biometrics. In general, image description is a difficult task because of the wide variety of objects potentially to be recognized and the complexity and variety of backgrounds. This paper introduces a computational model for context-based image categorization and description. First, for a given image, a classifier is trained by the associated text features using advanced concepts, so that it can assign the image to a specific category. Then, a similarity matching with that category's annotated templates is performed for images in every other category. The proposed model uses novel text and image features that allow it to differentiate between geometrical images (GIs) and ordinary images. The experimental results show that the model is able to categorize correctly images with an expected increase in similarity matching as larger datasets and neural document classifier (NDC) are used. An important feature of the proposed model is that its specific matching techniques, suitable for a particular category, can be easily integrated and developed for other categories.
SEGMENTATION AND TRACKING OF PROGENITOR CELLS IN TIME LAPSE MICROSCOPY
Authors: SURESH R. M. , JAYALAKSHMI N.
Published: February 2012

In this paper the neural progenitor cells in a time-lapse microscopic sequence are analyzed to find position, shape, motility, and ancestor of each cell in the frame. Because of the complex nature of cells, the ability to distinguish a cell from the background of an image for automatic quantification remains a challenging task. By using morphological techniques, the blob-like objects are selected. The cells are detected using h-maxima transform and the cell contours are selected using watershed algorithm. The cells between image sequences are tracked using multiple matching object method based on modified Mahalanobis algorithm. The proposed method has been successfully applied to a large number of images and showed promising results for tracking cells between consecutive images.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS IN SYNTHESIS OF Au NPs USING PREYSSLER HETEROPOLYACID BASED ON THE TAGUCHI ROBUST DESIGN
Authors: AYATI ALI , AHMADPOUR ALI , BAMOHARRAM FATEMEH F. , HERAVI MAJID M. , RASHIDI HAMED
Published: February 2012

Preparation of gold nanoparticles by chemical reduction method using Preyssler heteropolyacid was investigated. The experimental conditions have been optimized using Taguchi robust design method with L9 orthogonal array. Particle size of the gold nanoparticles was considered as the property in the optimization. Amounts of Preyssler heteropolyacid, pH and irradiation time were selected as the main parameters. The result of Taguchi analysis has shown that in this process, the preyssler acid amount is the most influencing parameter on the size of gold nanoparticle. Also, the effects of different parameters are in order to: Preyssler acid amount > pH > irradiation time (negligible). This method showed that decreasing Preyssler amount and increasing pH of solution lead to formation of smaller nanoparticles. Finally, the prepared nanoparticles at optimum condition with a size of about 6.42 were characterized by using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
U(3)C×Sp(1)L×U(1)L×U(1)R
Authors: Anchordoqui Luis Alfredo
Published: February 2012

We outline the basic setting of theU(3)C×Sp(1)L×U(1)L×U(1)Rgauge theory and review the associated phenomenological aspects related to experimental searches for new physics at hadron colliders. In this construction, there are two massiveZ′-gauge bosons, which can be naturally associated with baryon numberB  and  B-L  (Lbeing lepton number). We discuss the potential signals which may be accessible at the Tevatron and at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In particular, we provide the relevant cross sections for the production ofZ′-gauge bosons in the TeV region, leading to predictions that are within reach of the present or the next LHC run. After that we direct attention to embedding the gauge theory into the framework of string theory. We consider extensions of the standard model based on open strings ending on D-branes, with gauge bosons due to strings attached to stacks of D-branes and chiral matter due to strings stretching between intersecting D-branes. Assuming that the fundamental string mass scale is in the TeV range and the theory is weakly coupled, we explore the LHC discovery potential for Regge excitations.
INS/GPS for High-Dynamic UAV-Based Applications
Authors: Zhou Junchuan , Knedlik Stefan , Loffeld Otmar
Published: February 2012

The carrier-phase-derived delta pseudorange measurements are often used for velocity determination. However, it is a type of integrated measurements with errors strongly related to pseudorange errors at the start and end of the integration interval. Conventional methods circumvent these errors with approximations, which may lead to large velocity estimation errors in high-dynamic applications. In this paper, we employ the extra states to “remember” the pseudorange errors at the start point of the integration interval. Sequential processing is employed for reducing the processing load. Simulations are performed based on a field-collected UAV trajectory. Numerical results show that the correct handling of errors involved in the delta pseudorange measurements is critical for high-dynamic applications. Besides, sequential processing can update different types of measurements without degrading the system estimation accuracy, if certain conditions are met.
Effective Investment to Reduce Setup Cost in a Mixture Inventory Model Involving Controllable Backorder Rate and Variable Lead Time with a Service Level Constraint
Authors: Lin Hsien-Jen
Published: February 2012

This paper investigates the impact of setup cost reduction on an inventory policy for a continuous review mixture inventory model involving controllable backorder rate and variable lead time with a service level constraint, in which the order quantity, setup cost, and lead time are decision variables. Our objective is to develop an algorithm to determine the optimal order quantity, setup cost, and lead time simultaneously, so that the total expected annual cost incurred has a minimum value. Furthermore, four numerical examples are provided to illustrate the results, and the effects of system parameters are also included for decision making.
Trends in the Management of Intracranial Vascular Malformations in the USA from 2000 to 2007
Authors: Choi Jae H. , Pile-Spellman John , Brisman Jonathan
Published: February 2012

Objective. To assess prevalence, clinical characteristics, trends in treatment pattern, and outcome in patients with intracranial vascular malformations (IVMs).Methods. Nationwide inpatient sample. Patients with the diagnosis of an IVM admitted to US hospitals from 2000 to 2007.Results. In 58,051 IVM-related admissions (detection rate 2.4/100,000 person-years; mean age49±17years; 52% women) major diagnoses were intracranial hemorrhage (ICrH) in 15%, seizure 32%, ischemia 5%, and headache 9%. Procedures included surgery (13%), embolization (13%), radiation therapy (2%), aneurysm clipping (1%), and mechanical ventilation (6%). Ventilation and ICrH were associated with death (2%), whereas ventilation, ICrH, surgery, seizure, and ischemia were associated with unfavorable outcome (20%). IVM detection rate and hospital outcome remained stable over time, whereas mean age and comorbid diagnosis of cerebral ischemia increased (ICrH and seizure decreased).Conclusion. IVMs are infrequent and present in 1/6 patients with some form of ICrH. Overall, seizure is the dominant comorbid diagnosis (1/3 patients). IVMs are equally prevalent among race-ethnic groups and are increasingly detected later in life. The inpatient care of IVM patients results in death or discharge into specialized care in 1/5 patients.
Heteroepitaxial Growth of Ge Nanowires on Si Substrates
Authors: Artoni Pietro , Irrera Alessia , Pecora Emanuele Francesco , Boninelli Simona , Spinella Corrado , Priolo Francesco
Published: February 2012

Electron beam evaporation has been used to prepare Ge nanowires (NWs) on top of (111) Si substrates. Despite the non-UHV growth conditions, scanning and transmission electron microscopies demonstrate that NWs are single crystal with specific crystallographic growth directions ([111], [110], and [112]). NWs are faceted, exhibiting the lower energy plans on the surface. The faceting depends on the growth direction. Moreover, the detrimental effects for Ge NWs growth of O atoms contamination are discussed. Finally, we describe how a proper preparation of the Au catalyst is able to increase the Ge NW density by a factor of 4, while heteroepitaxy and faceting features are maintained.
Postmortem Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis: A Marker of Inflammation or Postmortem Artifact?
Authors: Morris James A. , Harrison Linda M. , Telford David R.
Published: February 2012

The aim of this paper is to reassess the significance of postmortem cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Published articles of CSF changes after death were reviewed, and reanalysis, in the light of modern views on the significance of bacterial postmortem isolates, was undertaken. There is theoretical and experimental evidence that the blood brain barrier to the movement of protein and cells is preserved in the first few hours after death. The number of mononuclear cells in the cerebrospinal fluid does rise in the first 24 hours after death, and this is most probably due to detachment of leptomeningeal lining cells. But the marked increase in lymphocyte counts seen in some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and in other deaths in the paediatric age range could well be a marker of inflammation.
Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials‐CdSe Composites and Their Photocatalytic Activity for Degradation of Methylene Blue
Authors: Chen Ming-Liang , Meng Ze-Da , Zhu Lei , Park Chong-Yeon , Choi Jong-Geun , Ghosh Trisha , Cho Kwang-Youn , Oh Won-Chun
Published: February 2012

We use multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and graphene as carbon nanomaterials to obtain carbon nanomaterilas‐CdSe composites using a facile hydrothermal method. The intrinsic characteristics of resulting composites were studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer. The as‐prepared carbon nanomaterilas‐CdSe composites possessed great adsorptivity of dyes, extended light absorption range, and efficient charge separation properties simultaneously. Hence, in the photodegradation of methylene blue, a significant enhancement in the reaction rate was observed with carbon nanomaterilas‐CdSe composites, compared to the CdSe compound.
Circulation
Editors' Picks
Authors:   The Editors
Published: February 2012

The following articles are being highlighted as part of
Circulation's
Topic Review series. This series will summarize the most important manuscripts, as selected by the editors, published in
Circulation
and the
Circulation
subspecialty journals. The studies included in this article represent the most read articles published in 2010 and 2011 highlighting cardiovascular drugs and pharmacology.
Motzki’s Forger: The Corpus of the Follower ʿAṭāʾ in Two Early 3rd/9th-Century Ḥadīth Compendia
Authors: Gledhill P.J.
Published: February 2012

Twenty years ago, Harald Motzki argued that preserved in the Muṣannaf of the 3rd/9thcentury Yemeni scholar ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Ṣanʿānī are literary materials upon which we may rely to provide us with facts concerning the 1st/7th century. In particular, he pronounced (presumptively) authentic the body of ḥadīth ascribed in that work to the Meccan Follower ʿAṭāʾ in the transmission of his student Ibn Jurayj. Analysis of the corpus attributed to the same man in the Muṣannaf of a near-contemporary, the Iraqi jurist Ibn Abī Shayba, reveals that the claim to its authenticity cannot be sustained, at least in the sense Motzki intended. I show, moreover, how the evidence precludes the main interpretative principle that governed his analysis from being upheld without contradiction. Arguing that ḥadīth specialists have often reasoned from a false dichotomy (faithful transmission versus outright fabrication), I propose that future enquiry reckon more fully with the concept of fluid transmission.
English Secular Clergy in the Early Dominican Schools: Evidence from Three Manuscripts
Authors: Reeves Andrew
Published: February 2012

As part of their mission to preach faith and morals, the medieval Dominicans often served as allies of parochial clergy and the episcopate. Scholars such as M. Michèle Mulchahey have shown that on the Continent, the Order of Preachers often helped to educate parish priests. We have evidence that thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Dominicans were allowing parochial clergy to attend their schools in England as well. Much of this evidence is codicological. Two English codices of William Peraldus's sermons provide evidence of a provenance relating to a parish church: London Gray's Inn 20, a collection of his sermons on the Gospels, was owned by a parish priest, and Cambridge Peterhouse 211, a manuscript of his sermons on the Epistles, contains an act issued by the rector of a parish church. Another manuscript of Peraldus's sermons contains synodal statutes. As the Order of Preachers was outside of the diocesan chain of command, these statutes point to the use of these sermons by those who were subject to the episcopate.

Since the Dominicans were normally forbidden from sharing their model sermon literature with secular clergy, these codices suggest a program on the part of the English province of the Order of Preachers to make sure that diocesan clergy could attend Dominican schools in order to gain the skills necessary to preach the basic doctrines and morals of the Christian faith to England's laity.
High strength lap joint of aluminium and stainless steels fabricated by friction stir welding with cutting pin
Authors: Xiong J T , Li J L , Qian J W , Zhang F S , Huang W D
Published: February 2012

Dissimilar lap joints of aluminium and stainless steel were first friction stir welded by the tool with a cutting pin. The results showed that sound joints could be obtained by this method. When the pin was inserted into the lower steel sheet, macrointerlocks were formed by the steel flashes plugging into the upper aluminium at both sides of the nugget bottom. At the aluminium/steel interface, a thin intermetallic compound (IMC) layer and the mechanical bonding of microinterlocks were formed. In addition, the aluminium near the interface was also strengthened by grain refinement and IMC particles. Therefore, the beneficial effect of the macrointerlocks provided by the steel flashes was removed, the shear strength of the joint reached 89·7 MPa, which was even higher than that of the base metal of aluminium.
Details of Mg–Zn reactions in AZ31 to galvanised mild steel ultrasonic spot welds
Authors: Santella M , Brown E , Pozuelo M , Pan T-Y , Yang J-M
Published: February 2012

For ultrasonic spot welds between sheets of 0·8 mm thick hot dip galvanised mild steel and 1·6 mm thick AZ31B-H24, two Mg–Zn interface reaction layers, totalling around 22 μm in thickness, formed in 0·3 s, replacing the original 9 μm thick galvanised coating on the steel. The layer contacting AZ31 had composition near 25 at-%Zn. The second layer, contacting the steel, had composition near 66 at-%Zn. Mg–Zn alloying formed liquid phases during welding that were progressively squeezed from the joints until they were no longer evident at 1·0 s welding time. At that point a less than 500 nm thick layer of Al5Fe2 was identified by electron diffraction and microchemical analysis at the AZ31/steel interfaces. For welding times greater than about 0·5 s lap shear failures propagated through the AZ31 near the welded interfaces. This indicated that the strength of the AZ31–mild steel bonds was greater than that of the AZ31 near the welded interfaces.
Investigation on friction stir lap welding of aluminium to aluminium clad steel sheets
Authors: Movahedi M , Kokabi A H , Seyed Reihani S M
Published: February 2012

In this work, the feasibility of friction stir lap welding an aluminium alloy (Al-5083) to the aluminium clad steel sheet was studied. The welded joints were characterised by various methods including shear–tensile test and optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that sound and defect free joints were obtained. The fracture loads of the samples reached up to 94% compared with that of the steel base metal. Moreover, the joint strength linearly increased with the decrease in thickness of the aluminium layer roll bonded on the steel sheet. It was also shown that welding rotation and travel speed variation did not considerably impact the fracture loads in the studied range.
Nomenclature report on rice WRKY's - Conflict regarding gene names and its solution
Authors:   Rice WRKY Working Group
Published: February 2012

Background

Since whole genome sequences of rice were made publically accessible, the number of articles onnew rice genes has increased remarkably. The Committee on Gene Symbolization, Nomenclature and Linkage(CGSNL) of the Rice Genetics Cooperative published the gene nomenclature system for rice and encouragedresearchers to follow the rules before publishing their results. The CGSNL provides an on-line registration systemfor newly identified rice genes to prevent conflicts and/or duplication of gene name in journal articles.

Findings

Recently, the CGSNL surveyed genes in the rice WRKY family in published journal articles and foundseveral duplicated gene names.

Conclusions

To discuss and resolve inconsistencies in WRKY gene nomenclature, the rice WRKY working groupwas established and redefined the nomenclature. This report announces the conclusion.
Low-temperature Electrochemical Performance of LiFePO4/C Cathode with 3D Conducting Networks
Authors: Zheng Jun-chao , Zhang Bao , Zhang Ming , Wu Ling
Published: February 2012

The low-temperature electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C cathode with 3D conducting networks is reported. XRD results show the sample is olivine-type structure. SEM and TEM images indicate that the particles consist of nanocrystalline LiFePO4 and are coated by nanocarbon webs and form conducting 3D networks. The 3D networks contained two effectively mixed conducting networks, one on the nanoscale and the other on the microscale. It is useful to shorten the distance of Li+ diffusion and e− transport and to improve the electrochemical performance. The LiFePO4/C cathodes show excellent capacity retention and cycling performance at −20 °C for lithium-ion batteries.
Electrochemical and Nonlinear Optical Studies of New D–A Type π-Conjugated Polymers Carrying 3,4-Benzyloxythiophene, Oxadiazole, and 3,4-Alkoxythiophene Systems
Authors: Sunitha M S , Adhikari Airody Vasudeva , Vishnumurthy K A , Smijesh N , Philip Reji
Published: February 2012

We investigated the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of two newly synthesized conjugated polymers P1 and P2 carrying 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 3,4-dibenzyloxythiophene, and 3,4-dialkoxythiophene moieties along the main chain, as potential NLO active materials. Their structures have been well characterized. The nonlinear measurements were performed by Z-scan using 532 nm, 7 ns laser pulses. Calculated values of figure of merit and β follow the criteria for good NLO materials. These results suggest that polymers are promising materials for applications in photonics.
Chiral Teleinduction in Asymmetric Polymerization of 3,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)phenylacetylene Having a Chiral Group via a Very Long and Rigid Spacer at 4-Position
Authors: Abe Yunosuke , Aoki Toshiki , Jia Hongge , Hadano Shingo , Namikoshi Takeshi , Kakihana Yuriko , Liu Lijia , Zang Yu , Teraguchi Masahiro , Kaneko Takashi
Published: February 2012

A new polymer prepared by polymerization of 3,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenylacetylene having a chiral menthyl group via a very long and rigid spacer by an achiral rhodium complex with triethylamine as an initiator showed strong CD absorptions assigned to the main chain in spite of the long distance (23 Å) between the chiral group and the polymerizing group in the monomer. This distance is the longest to the best of our knowledge. In addition, switching between the two chiralities of the resulting polymer was realized in the CD spectrum.
Photochemical Control of Viscosity Using Sodium Cinnamate as a Photoswitchable Molecule
Authors: Sakai Hideki , Taki Shingo , Tsuchiya Koji , Matsumura Atsutoshi , Sakai Kenichi , Abe Masahiko
Published: February 2012

We investigated the formation of a high-viscosity wormlike-micelle solution consisting of a mixed aqueous solution containing the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium cinnamate (NaCin) and control of the solution viscosity by photoisomerization of the NaCin. The aqueous CTAB/NaCin solution exhibited higher zero-shear viscosity than a classic wormlike micelle-forming system CTAB/sodium salicylate of the same concentration. UV irradiation of the aqueous CTAB/NaCin wormlike-micelle solution resulted in a remarkable decrease in its viscosity, from 6.6 × 10 to 2.1 × 10−3 Pa s.
Synthesis of Polyfluorene Block Copolymers and Effect of Side Chain Group on Electroluminescent Device Performance
Authors: Tan Ying , Tsuchiya Kousuke , Ogino Kenji
Published: February 2012

Blue-light-emitting block copolymers based on polyfluorene (PF) and poly(triphenylamine) (PTPA) were synthesized for polymeric electroluminescent (EL) materials. PF with diphenylamine terminals were prepared by the Suzuki coupling polymerization, and converted to PTPA-block-PF-block-PTPA triblock copolymers by C–N coupling polymerization. The block copolymers with different substituents on PTPA segment, hydrophilic trioxyethylene (TEO) group (PF–PTPA–TEO) or hydrophobic n-butyl group (PF–PTPA–C4), were prepared in order to investigate their effect on device performance. The block copolymers showed relatively high HOMO levels compared with PF. EL devices based on the block copolymers showed higher luminance and current efficiency than that of PF homopolymer because of the improvement of hole injection by the introduction of PTPA segment. Modification by TEO group provided higher device performance than n-butyl group, indicating that PTPA segment segregated at the interface with PEDOT:PSS by the hydrogen-bonding interaction.
Determination of Tinuvin 292 in Acrylic Resins by Reversed-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization–Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Park Insook , Yoon Kyung-Hwan , Namgoong Hyun
Published: February 2012

Due to recent reports on toxicity of hindered-amine light stabilizers (HALS) in polymer materials, demand for the regulation of the dosage of HALS is increasing. Therefore development of a quantitation method for low concentration of HALS is required either for toxicity study of HALS in water or saliva extracts from polymeric materials or for accurate determination of reduced amounts of HALS in polymeric materials. Here we present a novel quantitation method for Tinuvin 292, a worldwide used HALS, in acrylic resins using high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–ion trap mass spectrometry at a broad concentration ranging from 10 ppb to 50 ppm. Collision-induced dissociation was performed using helium gas, and the multiple reaction monitoring parameters were optimized for detection of parent/daughter ions of Tinuvin 292. Sample preparation employed a very simple extraction of Tinuvin 292 from acrylic resins with considerable recovery. The method was successfully applied to quantitate Tinuvin 292 in various acrylic polymers.
Poly(l-glutamic acid)-modulated Emission Properties of Iridium(III) Complexes in an Aqueous Media
Authors: Moriuchi Toshiyuki , Katano Chiaki , Hirao Toshikazu
Published: February 2012

The introduction of the cationic luminescent iridium(III) and ruthenium(II) complexes into negatively charged poly(l-glutamic acid) (P(Glu)) as a polymeric scaffold, wherein control of the conformational change of P(Glu) was achieved, was allowed to induce the tuning of the emission properties and energy transfer in an aqueous media.
The natural history of asymptomatic lumbar canal stenosis in patients undergoing surgery for cervical myelopathy
Authors: Tsutsumimoto T. , Shimogata M. , Yui M. , Ohta H. , Misawa H.
Published: February 2012

We retrospectively examined the prevalence and natural history of asymptomatic lumbar canal stenosis in patients treated surgically for cervical compressive myelopathy in order to assess the influence of latent lumbar canal stenosis on the recovery after surgery. Of 214 patients who had undergone cervical laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy, we identified 69 (32%) with myelographically documented lumbar canal stenosis. Of these, 28 (13%) patients with symptomatic lumbar canal stenosis underwent simultaneous cervical and lumbar decompression. Of the remaining 41 (19%) patients with asymptomatic lumbar canal stenosis who underwent only cervical surgery, 39 were followed up for ≥ 1 year (mean 4.9 years (1 to 12)) and were included in the analysis (study group). Patients without myelographic evidence of lumbar canal stenosis, who had been followed up for ≥ 1 year after the cervical surgery, served as controls (135 patients; mean follow-up period 6.5 years (1 to 17)). Among the 39 patients with asymptomatic lumbar canal stenosis, seven had lumbar-related leg symptoms after the cervical surgery.

Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that 89.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 75.3 to 96.0) and 76.7% (95% CI 53.7 to 90.3) of the patients with asymptomatic lumbar canal stenosis were free from leg symptoms for three and five years, respectively. There were no significant differences between the study and control groups in the recovery rate measured by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score or improvement in the Nurick score at one year after surgery or at the final follow-up.

These results suggest that latent lumbar canal stenosis does not influence recovery following surgery for cervical myelopathy; moreover, prophylactic lumbar decompression does not appear to be warranted as a routine procedure for coexistent asymptomatic lumbar canal stenosis in patients with cervical myelopathy, when planning cervical surgery.
The long-term function of the knee in patients with fibular hemimelia and anterior cruciate ligament deficiency
Authors: Crawford D. A. , Tompkins B. J. , Baird G. O. , Caskey P. M.
Published: February 2012

Most patients (95%) with fibular hemimelia have an absent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term outcome of such patients with respect to pain and knee function. We performed a retrospective review of patients with fibular hemimelia and associated ACL deficiency previously treated at our institution. Of a possible 66 patients, 23 were sent the Musculoskeletal Outcomes Data Evaluation and Management System (MODEMS) questionnaire and Lysholm knee score to complete. In all, 11 patients completed the MODEMS and nine completed the Lysholm score questionnaire. Their mean age was 37 years (27 to 57) at review. Five patients had undergone an ipsilateral Symes amputation. There was no significant difference in any subsections of the Short-Form 36 scores of our patients compared with age-matched controls. The mean Lysholm knee score was 90.2 (82 to 100). A slight limp was reported in six patients. No patients had episodes of locking of the knee or required a supportive device for walking. Four had occasional instability with sporting activities.

These results suggest that patients with fibular hemimelia and ACL deficiency can live active lives with a similar health status to age-matched controls.
Technology's Role in the Birth and Death of Rock and Roll
Authors: FRANCOS ROBERT BARRY
Published: February 2012

Rock and roll is a child of technology. Without electricity and amplification as its midwife, the music revolution that shook the world would most likely have been stillborn. For rock and roll, on a mainstream axis, technology was also its coffin. Without the electricity to power the
guitar-based rhythm and blues, gospel and country sounds, rock and roll would most likely have been perceived as an off-shoot of any of these individual forms. Early methods of amplification and the electric guitar created a set of possibilities for sound and musical interpretation that lasted
but a short while. On a mass cultural level, a larger share of the force behind the death of rock and roll enlightenment of the early 1970s falls to the collective impact of the Beatles and George Martin. The generational possibilities for growth and raw energy had changed and could not be
retrieved. Although rock and roll never truly disappeared, it also never had the same cultural cachet that it commanded during its first decade or so.
Exhibition Reviews
Authors: Reckitt Helena , Tomic Milena , Schuch Christian , Jecu Marta , Szupinska Joanna
Published: February 2012

CHRISTOPH BÜCHEL, PICCADILLY COMMUNITY CENTRE Hauser & Wirth, London, Piccadilly, 13 May–30 July 2011

MOVE: CHOREOGRAPHING YOU - ART AND DANCE SINCE THE 1960s Curated by Stephanie Rosenthal, Hayward Gallery, London, 13 October 2010–9 January 2011

MMX OPEN
ART VENUE Seven exhibitions by Rebecca Loyche, Jonathan Gröger and Jason Burgess, Berlin, 29 January 2010–19 February 2011

KW69 Various curators, KW Institute for Contemporary Art, Berlin, 28 October 2010–23 October 2011

SQUATTING. ERINNERN, VERGESSEN, BESETZEN Curated
by Tilo Schulz and Jörg van den Berg, Temporäre Kunsthalle, Berlin, 2 April–24 May 2010

CARLOS BUNGA, SIMULTÂNEO, FRAGMENTADO, DESCONTÍNUO Curated by Moacir dos Anjos and Agnaldo Farias, 29th São Paulo Biennial, 25 September–12 December 2010

FOKUS
ŁÓDŹ BIENNALE 2010: FROM THE LIBERTY SQUARE TO THE INDEPENDENCE SQUARE Organized by Ryszard Waśko (artistic director) and an international selection committee (Mirosław Bałka, Gabriele Horn, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Angelika Stepken, Jarosław Suchan,
Richard Vine, Gregory Volk and Ryszard Waśko), Łódź, Poland, 11 September–10 October 2010
WEBSITE REVIEW
Authors: Shaeffer James Michael
Published: February 2012

VVORK, HTTP://WWW.VVORK.COM/ Curated by Aleksandra Domanovic, Christoph Priglinger, Georg Schnitzer and Oliver Laric, 2006–date
Between Consensus and Anxiety: Curating Transparency at the ICA of the 1950s
Authors: Cranfield Ben
Published: February 2012

This article explores the founding principles of London's Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) through two of its experimental exhibitions, Growth and Form (1951) and an Exhibit (1957). By examining the writings of key individuals in the ICA's early years, such as Lawrence Alloway,
Richard Hamilton and Herbert Read, this text considers how methods of curatorial inquiry were defined and developed. The purview of the curatorial, in this case as a practice that makes visible multiple associations through a strategy of transparency, is used to develop an understanding of
the ICA as an institution centred on interdisciplinary investigation.
'Getting there': Do we need to study how people compose music?
Authors: Collins Dave
Published: February 2012

The study of musical composition as an aspect of creative cognition remains underresearched in comparison with other facets of the musical experience such as perception and performance. This short position article questions why this might be the case and any associated implications
for music education. As a foil to lingering Romantic and post-Romantic notions of creativity as unexplorable 'inspiration', it posits a stance of viewing the act of musical composition (in terms of 'getting there' from silence to a sound object) as one aspect of human problem-solving that
can be interrogated through a research methodology that circles around verbal protocol analysis.
Letter to Paul Arthur (Letter with Footnotes)
Authors: James David E.
Published: February 2012

Reflexive considerations on the historiography of artists' films can be usefully augmented by consideration of the nature of the institutions that organize and fund fi lm retrospectives and conferences. This essay considers two such events that took place in Los Angeles in fall 2010:
'Counter Culture/Counter Cinema', a celebration of the heritage of the New York Film-Makers' Cooperative, sponsored by the museum-real estate complex; and 'Alternative Projections: Experimental Film in Los Angeles, 1945–1980', Los Angeles's celebration of its own history, sponsored by
the museum-academic complex.
Naturalizing the artifice: The integration of diegetic theatre music
Authors: DEAN ROBERT
Published: February 2012

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century the theatrical traditions and dramatic conventions of the early nineteenth century were challenged by the new modern dramas that would come to dominate the stage in the years that followed. From a musical perspective the changes in
the relationship between music and drama that took place during this period are extremely important. The realistic aesthetic could not support the presence of music provided by an offstage orchestra. However, if the non-diegetic underscoring was removed so too were the dramaturgic functions
that it completed. One solution to this problem was to use diegetic accompaniments performed by musicians within the storyworld as the vessel through which musical meaning was imparted. This article identifies and explores the techniques adopted to facilitate a switch from non-diegetic to
diegetic musical accompaniments and the ways in which this transition created and restricted dramatic possibilities.
Introduction to Bruce Kirle Memorial Panel debut papers in music-theatre-dance
Authors: SAVRAN DAVID
Published: February 2012

In 2007, the distinguished scholar of musical theatre Bruce Kirle died unexpectedly. In tribute to his contribution to this field of scholarship, the Music-Theatre-Dance focus group of the Association for Theatre in Higher Education (ATHE) established a competition for new scholars
researching in the field. This is now the third season in which three prize-winning entries to this competition have been presented both as conference papers (at the 2011 ATHE conference in Chicago), and as written articles in Studies in Musical Theatre. David Savran, respondent to the papers
at the ATHE conference, introduces them in this short preamble.
Two different roads to new musicals in 2011 London: London Road and Road Show
Authors: WHITFIELD SARAH
Published: February 2012

London Road, a collaboration between documentary playwright Alecky Blythe, composer Adam Cork and director Rufus Norris, opened at the National Theatre in April 2011. Road Show, by Stephen Sondheim and John Weidman, directed by John Doyle, opened at the Menier Chocolate Factory in July
2011 (a transfer of the 2008 New York production). This article explores their production histories, considering the relationships to historical events within both performance texts, and the intricate relationship between content and form in both cases. It briefly discusses the questions of
place that impact upon both the performance texts and the material spaces of production and reception. Finally, it considers the relationship between these works and the 'imagined Broadway musical', in the context of what both pieces represent for musical theatre production in contemporary
London.
Role of an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl sulfate in extraction studies of gadolinium oxide
Authors: Sen Kamalika , Wolterbeek H. Th.
Published: February 2012

The room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl sulfate was studied for its extraction behavior for 159Gd in an environmentally benign liquid–liquid extraction system. The gadolinium oxide when dissolved in nitric acid and extracted in an RTIL/dextran biphasic system, was found to get completely extracted in the IL phase. The otherwise difficult to dissolve gadolinium oxide was found to have some solubility in the IL studied. Biphasic systems consisting of IL/dextran and certain IL/salt were studied for the extraction behavior of Gd2O3 dissolved in the above RTIL. A similar experiment was also done with acid-dissolved gadolinium oxide for comparison.
Stability of Cognitive Outcome From 2 to 5 Years of Age in Very Low Birth Weight Children
Authors: Munck Petriina , Niemi Pekka , Lapinleimu Helena , Lehtonen Liisa , Haataja Leena ,   the PIPARI Study Group
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVES:

This study assessed the stability of cognitive outcomes of premature, very low birth weight (VLBW; ≤1500 g) children.

METHODS:

A regional cohort of 120 VLBW children born between 2001 and 2004 was followed up by using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition, at 2 years of corrected age and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Revised at the age of 5 years. The Mental Development Index (MDI) and the full-scale IQ (FSIQ) were measured, respectively. A total of 168 randomly selected healthy term control children born in the same hospital were assessed for MDI and FSIQ.

RESULTS:

In the VLBW group, mean ± SD MDI was 101.2 ± 16.3 (range: 50–128), mean FSIQ was 99.3 ± 17.7 (range: 39–132), and the correlation between MDI and FSIQ was 0.563 (P < .0001). In the term group, mean MDI was 109.8 ± 11.7 (range: 54–128), mean FSIQ was 111.7 ± 14.5 (range: 73–150), and the correlation between MDI and FSIQ was 0.400 (P < .0001). Overall, 83% of those VLBW children who had significant delay (–2 SD or less) according to MDI had it also in FSIQ. Similarly, 87% of those children who were in the average range in MDI were within the average range in FSIQ as well.

CONCLUSIONS:

Good stability of cognitive development over time was found in VLBW children and in term children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. This conclusion stresses the value and clinical significance of early assessment at 2 years of corrected age. However, we also emphasize the importance of a long-term follow-up covering a detailed neuropsychological profile of these at-risk children.
Self-Oscillating Polymer Gels as Novel Smart Materials
Authors: Yoshida Ryo
Published: February 2012

As a novel biomimetic polymer gel, we have been studying polymer gels with an autonomous self-oscillating function, since firstly reported in 1996. For developing the polymer gels, we utilized oscillating chemical reaction, called the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, which is recognized as a chemical model for understanding several autonomous phenomena in biological systems. The self-oscillating polymer gel is composed of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) network in which the metal catalyst for the BZ reaction is covalently immobilized. Under the coexistence of the reactants, the polymer undergoes spontaneous swelling-deswelling changes (in the case of gel) or cyclic soluble-insoluble changes (in the case of an uncrosslinked polymer) without any on-off switching of external stimuli. Several kinds of functional material systems utilizing self-oscillating polymers and gels such as biomimetic actuators, mass transport surface, etc. are expected. Here recent progress on self-oscillating polymers and gels and the design of functional material systems are summarized.
Modeling of Free Radical Polymerization of Azobenzene-based Linear Polymers
Authors: Iqbal Danish , Melchert C. , Behl M. , Lendlein A. , Beuermann S.
Published: February 2012

Modeling of free radical polymerizations of the liquid-crystalline monomer 6-[4-(4-heptyloxyphenylazo)phenoxy]hexylacrylate using the PREDICI software package is reported. The model accounts for all elemental reactions that were identified to be important for radical polymerizations of acrylate-type monomers. On the basis of butyl acrylate kinetic data a remarkable agreement between number average molar masses from modelling (Mn,sim) and from experiments (Mn,exp) is observed: Mn,sim = 17800 g·mol−1 and Mn,exp = 17400 g·mol−1. Similarly, dispersity values of 1.8 and 1.6 were determined via modelling and experiments, respectively. It is shown that the assumption of butyl acrylate kinetics provides a reasonable approximation even for acrylate-based monomers having mesogenic substituents.
Biological metal corrosion in saline systems by sulfur-reducing and iron-oxidizing bacteria
Authors: Sung Eun-Hae , Han Ji-Sun , Ahn Chang-Min , Seo Hyung Joon , Kim Chang-Gyun
Published: February 2012

This study investigated whether any possible bio-corrosion of pumps could occur when operating underground pumping stations in coastal regions. Groundwater in the stations was found to contain Leptothrix sp. (iron-oxidizing bacteria, IOB) and Desulfovibrio sp. (sulfur-reducing bacteria, SRB). Four different metal specimens were exposed to saline water media, where Leptothrix sp. or Desulfovibrio sp. were inoculated solely or together. The result showed that IOB not only provoke the corrosion of galvanized and stainless steels but also accelerate (by 5–10 times) the formation of zinc/iron precipitates. The SRB specifically mediated the corrosion of zinc steel to a greater extent than the IOB. In a single medium, STS 304, galvanized steel, iron and zinc steel resisted corrosion in that order. However, in the mixed culture, the metals were corroded by a factor of 2–7 more than in the single medium. On disinfection, a higher NaOCl concentration surprisingly caused increased chemical corrosion, and UV light scattering due to corrosion precipitates enhanced microbial corrosion. Consequently, the metals showed more biochemical corrosion than the control, especially in a mixed culture. In particular, the level of STS 304 corrosion was significantly higher in the presence of microbes than the control.