bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post‐Synthetic Modification of Metal‐Organic Frameworks Bearing Phenazine Radical Cations for aza‐Diels‐Alder Reactions
Authors: Jiang Wei‐Ling , Huang Bin , Wu Meng‐Xiang , Zhu Ye‐Kai , Zhao Xiao‐Li , Shi Xueliang , Yang Hai‐Bo
Published: October 2021

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) consisting of organic radicals are of great interest because they have exhibited unique and intriguing optical, electronic, magnetic, and chemo‐catalytic properties, and thus have demonstrated great potential applications in optical, electronic, and magnetic devices, and as catalysts. However, the preparation of MOFs bearing stable organic radicals is very challenging because most organic radicals are highly reactive and difficult to incorporate into the framework of MOFs. Herein we reported a post‐synthetic modification strategy to prepare a novel MOF containing phenazine radical cations, which was used as heterogeneous catalyst for aza‐Diels‐Alder reaction. The zinc‐based metal‐organic framework Zn2(PHZ)2(dabco) (N) was successfully synthesized from 5,10‐di(4‐benzoic acid)‐5,10‐dihydrophenazine (PHZ), triethylene diamine (dabco) with Zn(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O by solvothermal method. The as‐synthesized MOF N was partially oxidized by AgSbF6 to form MOF R containing ∼10% phenazine radical cation species. The resultant MOF R was found to keep the original crystal type of N and very persistent under ambient conditions. Consequently, MOF R was successfully employed in radical cation‐catalyzed aza‐Diels‐Alder reactions with various imine substrates at room temperature with high reaction conversion. Moreover, heterogeneous catalyst MOF R was reusable up to five times without much loss of catalytic activity, demonstrating its excellent stability and recyclability. Therefore, the post‐synthetic modification developed in this work is expected to become a versatile strategy to prepare radical‐based MOFs for the application of heterogeneous catalysts in organic synthesis.
Potassium Base‐Promoted Diastereoselective Synthesis of 1,3‐Diols from Allylic Alcohols and Aldehydes through a Tandem Allylic‐Isomerization/Aldol–Tishchenko Reaction
Authors: Sai Masahiro
Published: October 2021

This study reports the first base‐promoted aldol–Tishchenko reactions of allylic alcohols with aldehydes initiated by allylic isomerization. The reaction enables the diastereoselective synthesis of a variety of 1,3‐diols with three contiguous stereogenic centers. Unlike commonly reported systems, our method allows the use of readily available allylic alcohols as nucleophiles instead of enolizable aldehydes and ketones.
Multimodal kidney‐preserving approach in localised and locally advanced high‐risk upper tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Alhalabi Omar , Campbell Matthew T. , Xiao Lianchun , Adriazola Ana C. , Wilson Nathaniel R. , Siefker‐Radtke Arlene O. , Corn Paul G. , Zurita Amado , Jonasch Eric , Gao Jianjun , Adibi Mehrad , Kamat Ashish M. , Navai Neema , Pisters Louis L. , Dinney Colin , Matin Surena F. , Shah Amishi Y.
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Multimodal kidney‐preserving (MKP) strategies may be an option for patients with localised or locally advanced high‐risk upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) who have a relative contraindication for nephroureterectomy (NU).

Materials and methods

We studied patients with UTUC who were managed with MKP strategies, consisting of systemic anticancer therapy, with or without local/topical strategies after endoscopic control of intraluminal tumours. Primary end points were overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS).

Results

Fourteen patients received MKP treatment between August 2013 and April 2020. Median baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate was 43 mL/min/1.73m2. MKP was mainly pursued to avoid dialysis (10/14, 71%), followed by low performance status and/or comorbidities (2/14, 14%). All patients had received systemic therapy: chemotherapy (64%) and immunotherapy (36%). Endoscopic control and/or laser ablation was feasible in 7 (50%) patients. Calculated overall risk of non‐organ confined disease was 35%. Predicted 2‐year and 5‐year relapse‐free probability (RFP) was 74% (24–92%) and 62% (10–85%), respectively. Median follow‐up was 31 months (95% CI: 22.6, NE), median OS was 48.1 months (95% CI: 48.1, NE) and 2‐year OS probability was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.71, 1). Median metastases‐free survival was 48.1 months (95% CI: 26.8, NE), median PFS was 22.4 months (95% CI: 15.6, NE) and 2‐year PFS probability was 0.48 (0.26, 0.89).

Conclusion

Management of high‐risk localised or locally advanced UTUC with MKP strategies was associated with good tolerance, preservation of renal function, and comparable PFS and OS to predicted in vulnerable patients. Prospective studies with more patients are needed to evaluate these possible benefits relative to current standards.
DAT1 polymorphism associated with poor decision‐making in males with antisocial personality disorder and high psychopathic traits
Authors: Rafiei Dorsa , Kolla Nathan J.
Published: October 2021

Studies suggest that abnormalities of the dopaminergic system underlie decision‐making deficits, a hallmark of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy. The dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) is of particular interest due to a polymorphism that controls dopamine transporter (DAT) activity. However, the association between DAT1 genotypes and decision‐making in ASPD has never been studied. The current study investigated the effect of DAT1 genotype on decision‐making, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), in ASPD and healthy controls. A total of 17 participants with ASPD and 16 healthy control participants without ASPD were sampled. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist‐Revised and the IGT were administered to all participants. All participants provided blood samples for genotyping. Data revealed a novel interaction effect between DAT1 genotype and diagnosis, whereby ASPD participants with low DAT activity genotypes performed significantly worse on the IGT and selected from disadvantageous decks more often, whereas the low DAT activity genotype in the healthy control group was associated with better performance on the IGT, and they selected from disadvantageous decks less often. We demonstrate, for the first time, that low DAT activity genotypes in ASPD with high psychopathic traits contribute to poor decision‐making.
Racial disparities negatively impact outcomes in early‐onset colorectal cancer independent of socioeconomic status
Authors: Kamath Suneel D. , Torrejon Nataly , Wei Wei , Tullio Katherine , Nair Kanika G. , Liska David , Krishnamurthi Smitha S. , Khorana Alok A.
Published: October 2021

Background

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients under age 50 is rising for unclear reasons. We examined the effects of socioeconomic factors on outcomes for patients with early‐onset CRC compared to late‐onset CRC.

Methods

Patients with CRC from 2004 to 2015 in the National Cancer Database were included and categorized by age (under or over 50 years). Differences in demographic and socioeconomic factors, disease characteristics, and survival outcomes between early‐onset versus late‐onset CRC patients were assessed by Chi‐squared test and Cox models.

Results

The study population included 1,061,204 patients, 108,058 (10.2%) of whom were under age 50. The proportion of patients diagnosed under age 50 increased over time: 9.4% in 2004–2006, 10.1% in 2007–2009, 10.5% in 2010–2012, and 10.7% in 2013–2015 (p < 0.0001). Early‐onset CRC patients were more likely to be Black (15.1% vs. 11.3%) or Hispanic (8.6% vs. 4.6%) and to present with stage 4 disease (24.9% vs. 17.0%), p < 0.0001 for all. Black patients had the worst median OS (58.3 months) compared to White (67.0 months), Hispanic (91.6 months), or Asian (104.9 months) patients, p < 0.0001. Within the subgroup of early‐onset CRC patients with private insurance, Black patients had worse OS compared to White patients, even in communities with higher income and education status.

Conclusions

Early‐onset CRC continues to increase. Patients with early‐onset CRC are more likely to be Black or Hispanic and to present with stage 4 cancer. Early‐onset Black patients showed worse OS compared to White patients in all income subgroups, even with private insurance.
Head‐to‐Head Comparison of Selected Extra‐ and Intracellular CO‐Releasing Molecules on Their CO‐Releasing and Anti‐Inflammatory Properties
Authors: Li Yingchun , Hemmersbach Lars , Krause Bernhard , Sitnikov Nikolay , Schlundt née Göderz Anna , Pastene Maldonado Diego O. , Schmalz Hans‐Günther , Yard Benito
Published: October 2021

Over the past decade, a variety of carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs) have been developed and tested. Some CORMs spontaneously release CO once in solution, while others require a trigger mechanism to release the bound CO from its molecular complex. The modulation of biological systems by CORMs depends largely on the spatiotemporal release of CO, which likely differs among the different types of CORMs. In spontaneously releasing CORMs, CO is released extracellularly and crosses the cell membrane to interact with intracellular targets. Other CORMs can directly release CO intracellularly, which may be a more efficient method to modulate biological systems. In the present study, we compared the efficacy of extracellular and intracellular CO‐releasing CORMs that either release CO spontaneously or require an enzymatic trigger. The efficacy of such CORMs to modulate HO‐1 and VCAM‐1 expression in TNF‐α‐stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was evaluated.
An in vitro cell model to study microglia activation in diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Xie Hai , Zhang Chaoyang , Zhang Jingting , Xu Yihua , Liu Kun , Luo Dawei , Qiu Qinghua , Xu Guo‐Tong , Zhang Jingfa
Published: October 2021

Microglial activation has been studied extensively in diabetic retinopathy. We have previously detected activation and migration of microglia in 8‐week‐old diabetic rat retinas. It is widely acknowledged that microglia‐mediated inflammation contributes to the progression of diabetic retinopathy. However, existing cell models do not explore the role of activated microglia in vitro. In this study, microglia were subject to various conditions mimicking diabetic retinopathy, including high glucose, glyoxal, and hypoxia. Under high glucose or glyoxal treatment, microglia demonstrated only partially functional changes, while under hypoxia, microglia became fully activated showing enlarged cell bodies, enhanced migration and phagocytosis as well as increased production of pro‐inflammatory factors such as cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The data indicate that hypoxia‐treated microglia is an optimal in vitro model for exploration of microglia activation in diabetic retinopathy.
Production of Bio‐Oil from Waste Cooking Oil by Pyrolysis
Authors: Londoño Feria José Mario , Nausa Galeano Gloria Astrid , Malagón-Romero Dionisio Humberto
Published: October 2021

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is an important feedstock for biofuel production due to its low cost and extensive availability, primarily by transesterification. A more recent approach to take advantage of this feedstock is through pyrolysis. In this study, WCO was collected from a fast food restaurant and then pyrolyzed, employing two different heating rates and four temperatures, at a fixed residence time. The composition of the products was determined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The best bio‐oil yield was 77.59 %, obtained at 700 °C and 10 °C min−1. The highest contents of octane, nonane, and decane were reached at 400 °C and 15 °C min−1. Therefore, WCO proves to be an important resource for obtaining biofuel or chemical solvents for the industry.
Synergy of Bi2O3 and RuO2 Nanocatalysts for Low‐Overpotential and Wide pH‐Window Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis
Authors: Wu Qiaoling , Yu Bing , Deng Zizhao , Li Tianyan , Li Hui , Jia Baohua , Li Peng , Sun Wenping , Song Xi–Ming , Sun Ying , Ma Tianyi
Published: October 2021

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions is still seriously impeded by the inferior NH3 yield and low Faradaic efficiency, especially at low overpotentials. Herein, we report the synthesis of nano‐sized RuO2 and Bi2O3 particles grown on functionalized exfoliated graphene (FEG) through in situ electrodeposition, denoted as RuO2−Bi2O3/FEG. The prepared self‐supporting RuO2−Bi2O3/FEG hybrid with a Bi mass loading of 0.70 wt% and Ru mass loading of 0.04 wt% shows excellent NRR performance at low overpotentials in acidic, neutral and alkaline electrolytes. It achieves a large NH3 yield of 4.58±0.16 μgNH3 h−1 cm−2 with a high Faradaic efficiency of 14.6 % at −0.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. This performance benefits from the synergistic effect between Bi2O3 and RuO2 which respectively have a fairly strong interaction of Bi 6p orbitals with the N 2p band and abundant supply of *H, as well as the binder‐free characteristic and the convenient electron transfer via graphene nanosheets. This work highlights a new electrocatalyst design strategy that combines transition and main‐group metal elements, which may provide some inspirations for designing low‐cost and high‐performance NRR electrocatalysts in the future.
Easy Production of “Difficult Peptides” Using Cell‐Free Protein Synthesis and a New Methionine Analogue as a Latent Peptide Cleavage Site
Authors: Fankhauser Daniel , Alissandratos Apostolos , Liutkus Mantas , Easton Christopher J.
Published: October 2021

Aliphatic γ‐chloro‐α‐amino acids incorporated in place of their canonical analogues through cell‐free protein synthesis act as heat‐labile linkers, offering a useful strategy for the straightforward production of target peptides as fusion proteins, from which the targets are readily released. Until now, the natural abundance of aliphatic amino acids in peptides has limited the scope of the method, as it leads to undesired cleavage sites in synthesized products, but here the authors report the development of a new cleavable chloro amino acid that incorporates in place of the relatively rare amino acid methionine, thus greatly expanding the scope of producible targets. This new strategy is employed for simplified peptide synthesis with a methionine‐free fusion partner, allowing single‐site incorporation of the cleavable linker for clean release and easy purification of the target peptide. Its utility is demonstrated through the straightforward preparation of two peptides reported to be challenging targets and not accessible through standard solid‐phase chemical methodologies, as well as analogues.
A Coala‐T‐Cannabis Survey Study of breast cancer patients' use of cannabis before, during, and after treatment
Authors: Weiss Marisa C. , Hibbs Julianne E. , Buckley Meghan E. , Danese Sherry R. , Leitenberger Adam , Bollmann‐Jenkins Melissa , Meske Sam W. , Aliano‐Ruiz Katherine E. , McHugh Theresa W. , Larson Sharon L. , Le Elaine H. , Green Nancye L. , Gilman Paul B. , Kaklamani Virginia G. , Chlebowski Rowan T. , Martinez Diana M.
Published: October 2021

Background

The goal of this study was to characterize cannabis use among patients with breast cancer, including their reasons for and timing of use, their sources of cannabis information and products, their satisfaction with the information found, their perceptions of its safety, and their dialogue about cannabis with their physicians.

Methods

United States–based members of the Breastcancer.org and Healthline.com communities with a self‐reported diagnosis of breast cancer within 5 years (age ≥ 18 years) were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey. After informed consent was obtained, nonidentifiable data were collected and analyzed.

Results

Of all participants (n = 612), 42% (n = 257) reported using cannabis for relief of symptoms, which included pain (78%), insomnia (70%), anxiety (57%), stress (51%), and nausea/vomiting (46%). Furthermore, 49% of cannabis users believed that medical cannabis could be used to treat cancer itself. Of those taking cannabis, 79% had used it during treatment, which included systemic therapies, radiation, and surgery. At the same time, few (39%) had discussed it with any of their physicians.

Conclusions

A significant percentage of survey participants (42%) used cannabis to address symptoms; approximately half of these participants believed that cannabis could treat cancer itself. Most participants used cannabis during active cancer treatment despite the potential for an adverse event during this vulnerable time. Furthermore, most participants believed that cannabis was safe and were unaware that product quality varied widely and depended on the source. This study reviews the research on medicinal cannabis in the setting of these findings to help physicians to recognize its risks and benefits for patients with cancer.

Lay Summary

Almost half of patients with breast cancer use cannabis, most commonly during active treatment to manage common symptoms and side effects: pain, anxiety, insomnia, and nausea.

However, most patients do not discuss cannabis use with their physicians. Instead, the internet and family/friends are the most common sources of cannabis information.

Furthermore, most participants believe that cannabis products are safe and are unaware that the safety of many products is untested.
Importance of looking at comorbidities in anorexia nervosa relapse, ADHD stimulant compliance
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2021

The September issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry featured articles which look at how to improve clinical outcomes across psychiatric disorders, especially in the presence of medical comorbidities. In one article, authors look at relapse of anorexia nervosa, and how to focus on longer‐term systemic interventions. Another article looked at how to account for psychiatric comorbidities when treating patients with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with stimulants. An editorial by Ned H. Kalin sums up two of the articles in the journal. (Other articles relate to substance use disorder, cardiology, and other psychiatry‐related topics.)
greenCUT&RUN: Efficient Genomic Profiling of GFP‐Tagged Transcription Factors and Chromatin Regulators
Authors: Koidl Stefanie , Timmers H. T. Marc
Published: October 2021

Genome‐wide mapping of transcription factors and chromatin regulators is important to distinguish their direct from indirect effects on gene transcription or chromatin function. Novel approaches for studying their genomic localization under native conditions, such us cleavage under target and release using nuclease (CUT&RUN), offer higher resolution and lower sequencing costs than classical chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, and require fewer cells but they still depend on the availability of high‐quality antibodies. Here, we describe detailed and robust protocols for greenCUT&RUN, which is a generic CUT&RUN‐based approach for mapping the genome‐wide localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged factors in intact mammalian cells. The greenCUT&RUN method makes use of a micrococcal nuclease (MNase) coupled to a high affinity nanobody against GFP, which exploits the accessibility of multiple surfaces of the GFP tag, thus eliminating issues of antibody variability and availability. We also provide efficient protocols for the expression and purification of two different GFP nanobodies, which recognize non‐overlapping GFP epitopes and can be combined for a further gain in sensitivity and accuracy. Compared to traditional CUT&RUN, genomic localization by greenCUT&RUN reduces handling time and experimental variability. GreenCUT&RUN is a versatile, robust, and universal procedure for surveying the genome‐wide localization of GFP‐tagged versions of proteins that drive key transcriptional programs and regulate chromatin function. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Standard greenCUT&RUN for GFP‐tagged proteins in mammalian cells

Alternate Protocol: High‐Ca++/low‐salt greenCUT&RUN for GFP‐tagged histone proteins in mammalian cells

Support Protocol: Expression and purification of GFP nanobody‐MNase fusion proteins for greenCUT&RUN
Post‐Synthetic Modification of Oligonucleotides Through Oxidative Amination of 4‐Thio‐2′‐Deoxyuridine
Authors: Wang Jingyi , Shang Jiachen , Xiang Yu , Tong Aijun
Published: October 2021

Functionalized oligonucleotides (ONs) are widely applied as target recognition molecules for biosensing and gene regulation. Herein, we describe a general method for post‐synthetic modification of ONs based on the oxidative amination of 4‐thio‐2′‐deoxyuridine (4SdU) with sodium periodate and several amines. Alkyne‐/azide‐, biotin‐, and fluorophore‐modified ONs were prepared by modifying 4SdU‐containing ONs with the corresponding amines and characterized for their bioorthogonal reactivity, streptavidin‐binding affinity, and fluorescence properties, respectively. We synthesized three fluorophore‐modified ONs with and without the aromatic fluorophores conjugated to modified nucleobases and investigated their emission properties. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Post‐synthetic modification of ONs

Supporting Protocol: Preparation of dansyl ethylenediamine

Basic Protocol 2: Quantification of ON reaction yields

Basic Protocol 3: Characterization of modified ONs
Nonlinear models of power inductors: A survey
Authors: Oliveri Alberto , Lodi Matteo , Storace Marco
Published: October 2021

Switch‐mode power supplies (SMPSs) are widely exploited to interface electrical energy sources to motors and other electrical loads. Inductors are usually the biggest and heaviest components in SMPSs, limiting their overall power density. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in designing SMPSs with partially saturating inductors, because this significantly reduces their weight and size, thus increasing power density. This paper provides a review of nonlinear behavioral models (based on easy‐to‐measure quantities) of the inductance, power loss, and temperature rise of inductors working, at least partially, in magnetic saturation. This survey discusses the pros, cons, and ranges of validity of these models, with a glimpse at their application to SMPS simulation, design, monitoring, and control.
Oceanic records of North American bats and implications for offshore wind energy development in the United States
Authors: Solick Donald I. , Newman Christian M.
Published: October 2021

Offshore wind energy is a growing industry in the United States, and renewable energy from offshore wind is estimated to double the country's total electricity generation. There is growing concern that land‐based wind development in North America is negatively impacting bat populations, primarily long‐distance migrating bats, but the impacts to bats from offshore wind energy are unknown. Bats are associated with the terrestrial environment, but have been observed over the ocean. In this review, we synthesize historic and contemporary accounts of bats observed and acoustically recorded in the North American marine environment to ascertain the spatial and temporal distribution of bats flying offshore. We incorporate studies of offshore bats in Europe and of bat behavior at land‐based wind energy studies to examine how offshore wind development could impact North American bat populations. We find that most offshore bat records are of long‐distance migrating bats and records occur during autumn migration, the period of highest fatality rates for long‐distance migrating bats at land‐based wind facilities in North America. We summarize evidence that bats may be attracted to offshore turbines, potentially increasing their exposure to risk of collision. However, higher wind speeds offshore can potentially reduce the amount of time that bats are exposed to risk. We identify knowledge gaps and hypothesize that a combination of operational minimization strategies may be the most effective approach for reducing impacts to bats and maximizing offshore energy production.
Prey‐driven behavioral habitat use in a low‐energy ambush predator
Authors: Tutterow Annalee M. , Hoffman Andrew S. , Buffington John L. , Truelock Zachary T. , Peterman William E.
Published: October 2021

Food acquisition is an important modulator of animal behavior and habitat selection that can affect fitness. Optimal foraging theory predicts that predators should select habitat patches to maximize their foraging success and net energy gain, likely achieved by targeting areas with high prey availability. However, it is debated whether prey availability drives fine‐scale habitat selection for predators. We assessed whether an ambush predator, the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), exhibits optimal foraging site selection based on the spatial distribution and availability of prey. We used passive infrared camera trap detections of potential small mammal prey (Peromyscusspp.,Tamias striatus, andSciurusspp.) to generate variables of prey availability across the study area and used whether a snake was observed in a foraging location or not to model optimal foraging in timber rattlesnakes. Our models of small mammal spatial distributions broadly predicted that prey availability was greatest in mature deciduous forests, butT.striatusandSciurusspp. exhibited greater spatial heterogeneity compared withPeromyscusspp. We found the spatial distribution of cumulative small mammal encounters (i.e., overall prey availability), rather than the distribution of any one species, to be highly predictive of snake foraging. Timber rattlesnakes appear to forage where the probability of encountering prey is greatest. Our study provides evidence for fine‐scale optimal foraging in a low‐energy, ambush predator and offers new insights into drivers of snake foraging and habitat selection.
Recent Progress of Metal Organic Frameworks‐Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution, Oxygen Evolution, and Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Jia Yaling , Xue Ziqian , Li Yinle , Li Guangqin
Published: October 2021

Exploring efficient and cost‐saving electrocatalysts is essential to the renewable energy storage and utilization, which is still in its embryonic period. MOFs have drawn tremendous attention due to their adjustability, abundant active sites, and plentiful pores. Notably, satisfactory electrocatalytic performance has been achieved by MOFs‐based electrocatalysts comparable to traditional electrocatalysts. State‐of‐the‐art works about the MOFs‐based electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and ORR were summarized in this review. This review comprises a series of modifying strategies of MOFs and their derivatives, from aspects of structure, composition, and morphology. Furthermore, the active sites and functional mechanisms’ recognition are involved in this review expecting to provide reference for rationally designing efficient electrocatalysts. At last, the current status, challenges, and perspectives of MOFs‐based electrocatalysts are also discussed.
Comparison of different chiral selectors for the enantiomeric determination of amphetamine‐type substances in human urine by solid‐phase extraction followed by capillary electrophoresis‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Pascual‐Caro Sergi , Borrull Francesc , Aguilar Carme , Calull Marta
Published: October 2021

The present study develops a method for the enantioseparation of a group of amphetamines and their metabolites in urine by CE coupled to MS/MS (CE‐MS/MS). Amphetamines present a chiral center and thus two enantiomers, which is important from a toxicological point of view because they may have different pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties. It is therefore essential to find suitable methods to distinguish both enantiomers. Today the use of CE is becoming more important in this field since, with the simple addition of a chiral selector to the background electrolyte, the enantioseparation can easily be achieved. However, when CE is coupled to MS, the use of volatile chiral selectors and compatible background electrolytes or other strategies such as the countercurrent migration approach are required to avoid contamination of the ion source from nonvolatile species. In the present study, we use the latter strategy to evaluate six different chiral selectors using CE‐MS/MS. As a sample pre‐treatment, two cationic‐exchange sorbents—Oasis WCX and Oasis MCX—are compared for the urine pre‐treatment. Using this method, it was possible to achieve the complete chiral separation of the amphetamines under study with detection limits ranging between 0.8 and 1.5 ng/mL and method quantification limits between 2.0 and 8.0 ng/mL. Matrix‐matched calibration curves up to 150 ng/mL were used to cover the usual concentration ranges at which amphetamines have generally been found in toxicological and forensic analyses.
The campus of the future needs hands‐on learning, stackable certificates
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: October 2021

“We've really found community colleges to be at the forefront of innovative and experiential learning,” James Pfeiffer, Associate Principal at BNIM Architects, said at a session at the annual conference for the Society for College and University Planning.
Development and validation of the Epilepsy Self‐Stigma Scale
Authors: Kuramochi Izumi , Iwayama Takayuki , Horikawa Naoshi , Shimotsu Sakie , Watanabe Satsuki , Yamanouchi Hideo , Yoshimasu Haruo
Published: October 2021

Objective

Self‐stigma is the internalization of negative public attitudes and is often experienced by patients with epilepsy (PWE). Greater self‐stigma is associated with lower self‐esteem and hinders therapeutic behavior. The study aims were to develop the Epilepsy Self‐Stigma Scale (ESSS) to assess self‐stigma in PWE and to examine the scale's reliability and validity.

Methods

We created a test scale based on items from an existing stigma scale and the results of a previous qualitative analysis we conducted. We recruited 200 outpatients from departments specializing in epilepsy (psychiatry, neurology, and pediatric neurology) at four facilities in Tokyo and Saitama prefecture, Japan, between September and December 2020. Participants also completed the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (RSES) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI‐II).

Results

Questionnaires were returned from 102 participants (response rate: 51%). After excluding two participants with incomplete questionnaires, data for 100 participants were analyzed (53 women, 47 men; mean age [standard deviation]: 39.86 [17.45] years). Exploratory factor analysis extracted eight items loading on three factors: internalization of stigma, societal incomprehension, and confidentiality. Cronbach's α for all items and each factor demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.76‐0.87). Test‐retest reliability was confirmed using data from 21 participants who completed the scale twice (r = 0.72 to 0.90). ESSS total scores and subscale scores correlated with RSES and BDI‐II scores (r = −0.30 to 0.55). The ESSS demonstrated substantial constructive validity. However, total scores did not significantly correlate with objective physician assessment of self‐stigma.

Significance

The results showed that the eight‐item ESSS has high reliability and validity. This scale could facilitate the examination of factors associated with self‐stigma in PWE, which could inform the development of effective interventions for reducing stigma.
Low‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma‐like tumors in male with JAZF1 gene fusions
Authors: Dermawan Josephine K. , Zhang Lei , Singer Samuel , Chi Ping , Antonescu Cristina R.
Published: October 2021

Low‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) is a hormone‐responsive low‐grade sarcoma typically occurring in the uterine corpus in women. Their genetic hallmarks are recurrent gene fusions involving JAZF1, partnering with either SUZ12 gene or less commonly with PHF1. Low‐grade ESS‐like sarcoma, or endometrioid stromal sarcoma, is exceptionally rare in males and has been reported to date only in two cases, one in the paratesticular area and the other of prostatic stromal origin. We report herein two new cases of low‐grade ESS‐like sarcoma in male patients, one presenting as a periprostatic/peri‐rectal mass with a JAZF1‐GLI3 fusion, while the other as a paratesticular mass with a JAZF1‐PHF1 fusion. As the GLI3 fusion appeared novel, we searched the transcriptional signature of 35 low‐grade ESS from our archives and found a similar JAZF1‐GLI3 fusion in a low‐grade ESS arising from the uterine corpus, supporting a common pathogenesis. Histopathologically, both cases demonstrate cellular, monotonous proliferation of ovoid to fusiform cells with a background of arteriolar vascular network. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells express ER, PR, and CD10, similar to ESS. One case also expresses diffuse and strong AR. On follow‐up, the patient with the periprostatic mass recurred 2 years after initial surgery with peritoneal “sarcomatosis.” We describe the salient diagnostic morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features and discuss the differential diagnosis and possible pathogenesis of this unusual entity.
Supplementary private health insurance: The impact of physician financial incentives on medical practice
Authors: Milcent Carine , Zbiri Saad
Published: October 2021

In the French diagnosis‐related group (DRG)‐based payment system, both private and public hospitals are financed by a public single payer. Public hospitals are overcrowded and have no direct financial incentives to choose one procedure over another. If a patient has a strong preference, they can switch to a private hospital. In private hospitals, the preference does come into play, but the patient has to pay for the additional cost, for which they are reimbursed if they have supplementary private health insurance. Do financial incentives from the fees received by physicians for different procedures drive their behavior? Using French exhaustive data on delivery, we find that private hospitals perform significantly more cesarean deliveries than public hospitals. However, for patients without private health insurance, the two sectors differ much less in terms of cesareans rate. We determine the impact of the financial incentive for patients who can afford the additional cost. Affordability is mainly ensured by the reimbursement of costs by private health insurance. These findings can be interpreted as evidence that, in healthcare systems where a public single payer offers universal coverage, the presence of supplementary private insurance can contribute to creating incentives on the supply side and lead to practices and an allocation of resources that are not optimal from a social welfare perspective.
Longitudinal assessment of social cognition in infants born preterm using eye‐tracking and parent–child play
Authors: Dean Bethan , O'Carroll Sinéad , Ginnell Lorna , Ledsham Victoria , Telford Emma , Sparrow Sarah , Boardman James P. , Fletcher‐Watson Sue
Published: October 2021

Preterm birth is associated with reduced social attention in infancy. Are these early social attention differences linked to later interactive ability? This study draws on a well‐characterized preterm cohort in whom we have previously demonstrated a reduced attentional preference for social information in infancy, using eye‐tracking. States of engagement during parent–child play at 60 months were coded for 36 preterm‐ and 31 term‐born children. We also repeated the eye‐tracking assessment of social attention previously performed in infancy and evaluated neurodevelopment via the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Children born preterm or at term spent similar percentages of time in different engagement states. Infant and child social attentional profiles did not relate to the complexity of engagement. Preterm infants' language impairments correlated with time spent in conversational joint engagement. Children born preterm showed complex social interaction abilities unrelated to their profile of social attention in infancy.
Magnesium oxide nanoparticles and their ecotoxicological effect on edaphic organisms in tropical soil
Authors: Ogliari André Junior , Borges William Gabriel , Silva Luciano Luiz , de Mello Josiane Maria Muneron , Baretta Dilmar , Fiori Márcio Antônio , Baretta Carolina Riviera Duarte Maluche
Published: October 2021

The demand for food has intensified production in agricultural areas and stimulated the use of nanotechnology to develop new inputs, especially nanoparticle materials. In this new context, predicting the impact of using nanoparticles on non‐target organisms becomes a necessary measure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological potential of magnesium (Mg2+) added via magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO‐NPs), magnesium oxide (MgO), and magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg [NO3]2·6H2O) incubated over time in tropical soil on earthworms (Eisenia andrei), springtails (Folsomia candida), and enchytraeids (Enchytraeus crypticus). Tests were conducted using a clay‐textured Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Oxisol), which received increasing doses of Mg2+ (0; 25; 50; 100; 200 and 400 mg kg−1 of soil) from the three sources tested added to the soil. Treated soil was incubated for 120 days in a room with controlled temperature and photoperiod, and the ecotoxicological tests were performed at 0, 60, and 120 days of incubation. Despite having caused reduction in the reproduction of F. candida at the incubation time 0, MgO‐NPs showed a low toxic potential against the other species studied, with toxicity only at a higher dose of 50 mg Mg kg−1 when compared to the other sources of Mg2+ applied to the soil (MgO and Mg [NO3]2·6H2O). Responses associated with incubation times showed that all magnesium sources tested have lower toxicity over incubation time.
Associations between inflammasome‐related gene NLRP3 Polymorphisms (rs10754558 and rs35829419) and risk of bladder cancer in a Chinese population
Authors: Xu Gang , Huang Ruohui , Xia Wei , Jiang Bo , Xiao Guancheng , Li Yanmin
Published: October 2021

Background

NLRP3 inflammasome as a component of immune system has been found related to several cancers, but no study has assessed NLRP3 polymorphisms on risk of bladder cancer (BC). We aim to investigate whether NLRP3 polymorphisms are associated with the risk and clinical features of bladder cancer (BC) in a Chinese population.

Methods

Genotype frequency of two commonly studied NLRP3 SNPs (rs10754558 and rs35829419) was examined in 154 patients with BC and the 308 healthy controls. NLRP3 gene polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method.

Results

The distribution frequencies of GG, AG+GG, GG, and G allele in NLRP3 (rs10754558) genotypes were significantly different between case and control group (OR = 2.296, P = .022; OR = 1.598, P = .020; OR = 1.998, P = .049; OR = 1.557, P = .006), but no statistical difference existed for rs35829419. Among smokers and alcohol drinkers, for rs10754558, individuals with AG, GG, and GG+AG genotypes had a higher BC risk compared with individuals with AA; for rs35829419, individuals with variant genotypes (AG and GG+AG) had a stronger risk of developing BC compared with individuals with AA (all P < .05). In stratified analyses of tumor size and tumor node metastasis, AG or GG genotypes of rs10754558 and rs35829419 SNPs were associated with BC risk (both P < .05).

Conclusion

NLRP3 polymorphisms (rs10754558 and rs35829419) were related to BC risk and tumor size and lymph node metastasis, especially among smokers and alcohol drinkers.
Thallium(III) p‐tosylate‐mediated oxidative [1,2] rearrangement of 2‐naphthyl and 2‐heteroarylchromanones
Authors: Kurapati Chidvilas , Muthukrishnan Murugan , Singh Om V. , Gundla Rambabu
Published: October 2021

A practical and effective approach towards the synthesis of 3‐heteroaryl‐4H‐chromen‐4‐ones by the oxidative [1,2] rearrangement of the respective 2‐heteroaryl chroman‐4‐ones using thallium(III) p‐tosylate is presented. The oxidative rearrangement of α‐ and β‐naphthyl and thiophene substituents behaves like aryl groups; However, pyridyl substituents gave only dehydrogenated products.
Radiographic evaluation of a novel bone adhesive for maintenance of crestal bone around implants in canine oversized osteotomies
Authors: Sugita Ryushiro , Jones Archie A. , Kotsakis Georgios A. , Cochran David L.
Published: October 2021

Background

A novel bone adhesive (tetracalcium phosphate and O‐phospho‐L‐serine) has been developed as an osteoconductive, biodegradable bone‐adherent material. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the maintenance of crestal bone/material level by standardized radiographs.

Methods

This was a randomized, controlled, three arm, prospective study. Twenty‐six mixed breed hound dogs were included in this study. Three implants were placed on either side of the mandible with either bone adhesive (BA), bovine bone mineral (BBM), or no biomaterial (negative control [NC]). Standardized periapical radiographs were taken immediately after implant placement and at every month up to 1 year. The vertical distance between the implant platform to the first radiopaque material on both the mesial and distal surfaces were measured and crestal bone/material level changes were analyzed.

Results

The crestal bone/material level adjacent to BA was stable and maintained throughout the study. There were statistically significant differences found between BA and NC in terms of maintenance of crestal bone levels at any given timepoint.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that BA maintained crestal bone levels and had a similar ability to maintain that level over 1 year compared with BBM.
Fabrication of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Foams with Wrinkled Pores and Superior Energy Absorption Properties by CO2 Foaming and Fast Chilling
Authors: Jun Li , Qin Ziwei , Mi Hao‐Yang , Dong Bin‐Bin , Liua Chuntai , Shena Changyu
Published: October 2021

Precise control and delicate manipulation of pore morphology are challenges for supercritical CO2 (scCO2) foaming of polymer foams to boost their performances and extend their applications. Herein, a simple two‐step scCO2 foaming and fast chilling method is proposed to fabricate thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) foams with unique wrinkly structures inside the pores by introducing a fast cooling procedure in an ice water bath right after the foaming process. The combined effects of the increase of TPU surface tension and the decrease of CO2 pressure inside the pores induce intense intermolecular stress on the pore walls, which trigger the formation of micro‐sized wrinkles on the pore walls. The wavelength of the wrinkly structure can be reduced from 2.8 to 1.1 µm by raising the foaming temperature, which is associated with the wrinkled structure changing from hexagon to labyrinth. Compared with conventional foams, wrinkled foams possess superior compressive modulus, strength, and energy absorption performance, and wrinkled foams with wrinkles display better energy absorption. This study provides a facile approach to produce wrinkled foams with controllable morphology and gives insights into the remarkable compressive performance of the wrinkled foams, which make them promising materials for energy absorption applications.
Facile Fabrication of Anisotropic Multicompartmental Microfibers Using Charge Reversal Electrohydrodynamic Co‐Jetting
Authors: Lee Jaeyu , Moon Seongjun , Han Yong Bin , Yang Seung Jae , Lahann Joerg , Lee Kyung Jin
Published: October 2021

Anisotropic microstructures are utilized in various fields owing to their unique properties, such as reversible shape transitions or on‐demand and sequential release of drug combinations. In this study, anisotropic multicompartmental microfibers composed of different polymers are prepared via charge reversal electrohydrodynamic (EHD) co‐jetting. The combination of various polymers, such as thermoplastic polyurethane, poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide), poly(vinyl cinnamate), and poly(methyl methacrylate), results in microfibers with distinct compositional boundaries. Charge reversal during EHD co‐jetting enables facile fabrication of multicompartmental microfibers with the desired composition and tunable inner architecture, broadening their spectrum of potential applications, such as functional microfibers and cell scaffolds with multiple physical and chemical properties.
PBK Model‐Based Prediction of Intestinal Microbial and Host Metabolism of Zearalenone and Consequences for its Estrogenicity
Authors: Mendez‐Catala Diana M. , Wang Qianrui , Rietjens Ivonne M.C.M.
Published: October 2021

Scope

The aim of the present study is to develop physiologically‐based kinetic (PBK) models for rat and human that include intestinal microbial and hepatic metabolism of zearalenone (ZEN) in order to predict systemic concentrations of ZEN and to obtain insight in the contribution of metabolism by the intestinal microbiota to the overall metabolism of ZEN.

Methods and Results

In vitro derived kinetic parameters, apparent maximum velocities (Vmax) and Michaelis–Menten constants (Km) for liver and intestinal microbial metabolism of ZEN are included in the PBK models. The models include a sub‐model for the metabolite, α‐zearalenol (α‐ZEL), a metabolite known to be 60‐times more potent as an estrogen than ZEN. Integrating intestinal microbial ZEN metabolism into the PBK models revealed that hepatic metabolism drives the formation of α‐ZEL. Furthermore, the models predicted that at the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.25 µg kg−1 bw the internal concentration of ZEN and α‐ZEL are three‐orders of magnitude below concentrations reported to induce estrogenicity in vitro.

Conclusion

It is concluded that combining kinetic data on liver and intestinal microbial metabolism in a PBK model facilitates a holistic view on the role of the intestinal microbiota in the overall metabolism of the foodborne xenobiotic ZEN and its bioactivation to α‐ZEL.
The Ankle Lunge Test for measurement of dorsiflexion in individuals following stroke; reliability, validity and evaluation of change following intervention for spasticity of the lower limb
Authors: Simondson Janine , Simondson David , Formby Claire , Brock Kim
Published: October 2021

Introduction

The Ankle Lunge Test (ALT) is a reliable method of measuring weight bearing ankle dorsiflexion range, a key component of gait, in healthy ankles and a range of musculoskeletal conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of the ALT in people with stroke and investigate whether change in ALT is observed following treatment of spasticity with Botulinum Toxin.

Methodology

Repeated Measure Design: Forty stroke survivors were recruited for reliability testing. Twenty three stroke survivors were evaluated with the ALT before and after treatment of the lower limb with Botulinum Toxin. Measurement with the ALT was performed for all participants. For the reliability group, two physiotherapists evaluated the ALT on Day 1 and one therapist re‐evaluated the ALT one to 5 days later. For the change evaluation group, the ALT was tested prior to and six to eight weeks after intervention. Other measures evaluated were velocity, the Functional Ambulation Category, Timed Up and Go and the Modified Tardieu Scale.

Results

Intra‐rater, inter‐rater and test‐retest reliability yielded intra‐class correlation coefficients at or above 0.92. Moderate correlations were found between the ALT and velocity r = 0.605 (p < 0.01), the Timed Up and Go r = −0.598 (p < 0.01) and the Functional Ambulation Category r = 0.380 (p < 0.05). Following intervention with Botulinum Toxin, there was significant (p < 0.02) improvement in the ALT; pre‐median 20 mm (IQR −25 to 35) to post‐median 21 mm (IQR 0 to 40) and the Timed Up and Go; pre‐median 21.40 s (IQR 13.43 to 28.82) to post‐median 20.08 s (IQR 14.06 to 28.47).

Conclusion/Significance

The ALT is a reliable and valid measure which may be applied in clinical practice to evaluate change in weight bearing ankle dorsiflexion in people with stroke.