bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stasis & Verve: Henry James and the Fictions of Patience
Authors: Snediker Michael
Published: February 2006

What are the implications of patience's prominence in the final paragraphs of both Roderick Hudson and Portrait of a Lady? How do these patiences differ from each other, and from patience as more ordinarily considered? Such questions provide the frame for a more sustained engagement with patience, as deployed in The Golden Bowl. Patience, in the hands of Maggie Verver and the Prince, becomes luridly preferable to what it otherwise seems to defer; James's treatment of patience, I argue, posits this mode of temporality as inextricable from understandings of knowledge, authority, and (most plangent in The Golden Bowl) from love.
Pinochet in London--Pinochet in Chile: International and Domestic Politics in Human Rights Policy
Authors: Evans Rebecca
Published: February 2006

In October 1998 the former military dictator of Chile, General Augusto Pinochet, was arrested in London and forced to face extradition proceedings to Spain, where a Spanish judge threatened to put him on trial for human rights violations. Pinochet's arrest outraged the armed forces and conservative sectors in Chile, while it elated human rights defenders and Chileans on the left. For both groups Pinochet's arrest opened up the possibility that the retired general would be forced to answer to accusations about the conduct of his regime. This article analyzes the impact of Pinochet's arrest and argues that the subsequent reinvigoration of human rights policy in Chile was as much the result of domestic changes within Chile as it was a consequence of actions taken by international actors. The article analyzes the evolution of human rights policy in Chile before, during, and after Pinochet's arrest and demonstrates that government policy reflected the changing interplay among competing interests. Even prior to Pinochet's arrest, the government took advantage of growing pragmatism on the right and opportunities for institutional reform in order to transform the legal climate and open the door for a new jurisprudence that reinterpreted how and when amnesty should be applied. While the government went on to protest Pinochet's detention, it used the fact of international judicial intervention to move even further toward creating conditions in Chile that would allow Pinochet to be tried at home rather than abroad. All in all, the article offers insights into the confluence of domestic and international influences in human rights policy.
Human Rights in Conflict Resolution: The Role of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in UN Peacemaking and Peacebuilding
Authors: Hannum Hurst
Published: February 2006

The mainstreaming of human rights into all political, development, and other initiatives by the United Nations has led to a welcome attempt to coordinate related UN activities. However, there remains a degree of mistrust or misunderstanding that negatively affects the prospects for a more effective working relationship between those UN officials whose primary focus is politics and diplomacy and those whose primary concern is human rights. To successfully integrate human rights into their work, political and human rights officials must become more aware and respectful of the other's perspectives and values. In addition, as holistic approaches to peacemaking, peacebuilding, and peacekeeping become more common, it is important to achieve a better division of labor between negotiators and human rights advocates, so that each can contribute meaningfully to the work of the other.
Feminist Influences on the United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies
Authors: Johnstone Rachel
Published: February 2006

More than ten years ago, feminist legal theorists drew attention to some of the pervasive gender biases within the systems of international law. This paper will investigate whether anything has changed in the day to day activities of the human rights treaty bodies that might be interpreted as a response to the feminist critiques. This paper will argue that although much work still needs to be done, the gender mainstreaming efforts of the treaty bodies are having a relevant and positive impact that can be seen in the dialogues with state parties.
The Right to be Taken Seriously: Self-Determination in International Law
Authors: Klabbers Jan
Published: February 2006

This article suggests that viewing the right to self-determination as an enforceable right possibly leading up to secession is no longer tenable, if it ever was. Instead, courts and quasi-judicial tribunals have reconceptualized self-determination as a legal principle rather than a right and have severed the connection with secession. Hence, this article argues that self-determination has been turned into a procedural norm; and this reconceptualization can be defended in terms of republican political theory.
Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger: Calumny and the Politics of Reconciliation
Authors: Maier-Katkin Daniel , Maier-Katkin Birgit
Published: February 2006

This essay is about calumny as a rhetorical device. It is a case study of the false and malicious misrepresentation of the character and judgment of the social critic Hannah Arendt, calculated to undermine the legitimacy of her thought, which favored reconciliation with Germans after the defeat of the Third Reich and secular pluralism in the Middle East. The calumny about Arendt—that she was more German than Jewish and more sympathetic to rehabilitated Nazis than to the Jewish people—arose in reaction to her pluralistic criticism of Israeli militarism and international policy, but it touches upon her familiarity with German culture and people and her reconciliation with her teacher and one-time lover, Martin Heidegger. This essay confronts the calumny against Arendt's integrity with the evidence of documents, letters, political writing, and other primary sources and accounts; it also calls attention to the destructive function of character assassination that chills free expression in human rights discourse.
Domestic Violence and Housing Rights: A Reinterpretation of the Right to Housing
Authors: Paglione Giulia
Published: February 2006

This article examines the connections between domestic violence and the right to housing. While much attention has been paid to domestic violence as a violation of civil and political rights, little has been given to its unquestionable links to the socioeconomic conditions surrounding and leading to the violence. The author suggests that the universally accepted human right to housing specifically includes the right to live free from domestic violence; therefore, this right is blatantly violated when domestic violence occurs. The prevention and eradication of domestic violence should consequently start with the protection of women's right to adequate housing. However, an analysis of the currently existing international instruments addressing violence against women, read together with their main interpretations, will disclose their limitation for women's protection from domestic violence. With an almost exclusive focus on civil and political rights, such instruments disregard women's housing and property rights in their provisions and do not protect battered women where they most need it: at home. Thus, the article also identifies some normative challenges and makes some observations about the solutions that require increased study and attention by international organizations and human rights organizations working with women's rights.
The Human Rights of Stateless Persons
Authors: Weissbrodt David S , Collins Clay
Published: February 2006

By exploring statelessness through legal, theoretical, and practical lenses, this article presents a broad examination of the human rights of stateless persons. The article delineates the rights of stateless persons as enunciated in various human rights instruments; presents the mechanisms of, and paths to, statelessness; illustrates the practical struggles of stateless persons by highlighting the plights of various stateless populations; examines how the problem of statelessness is being addressed; and considers the complex political and regional forces affecting policies towards stateless persons. The article concludes with recommendations regarding remedies and solutions for statelessness.
"Put Your Very Special Place on the North Country Map!" Community Participation in Cultural Landmarking
Authors: Chittenden Varick
Published: February 2006

This article describes the evolution of a project undertaken in rural northern New York state to identify and document local cultural landmarks in diverse communities. It includes the development of concepts and strategies, the creation of documentary techniques, and a summary of public folklore presentations undertaken to explain and promote the project to local people. Key to the success of the project is the community participation in each stage. A major goal of the project is to inform local residents of the need to create and preserve a record of the architectural, social, and cultural history of sites and to take advantage of opportunities that collaborations between lay persons, professional folklorists, and other cultural specialists can provide.
Standing at the Crossroads of Folklore and Education
Authors: Bowman Paddy
Published: February 2006

Practitioners of the disciplines of folklore and education often do not recognize the broad common ground that they share. Although folklorists have made periodic forays into the sphere of K–12 education, endeavors throughout the past decade have produced successful new collaborations, approaches, and resources. Substantial, enduring affiliation remains elusive, however, despite significant potential benefits to folklorists and educators. This article surveys the past and the present, as well as the promise and the problems of integrating folklore into education through voices from both fields and the author's experiences.
Redefining "The Resource": Interpretation and Public Folklore
Authors: Brewer Teri F
Published: February 2006

There has always been practical training offered to staff in public agencies and historic sites on subjects such as how to create public programs and design displays for site visitors. In recent years, these fora have developed into a full-blown program with a more formal professional focus and a sequence of organized training programs, certification processes, networks, and toolkits. The resultant specialization "interpretation" is currently being promoted as an alternative (largely in-service) to more general academic training in visitor management and evaluation for heritage sites, community programs, and nature programs around the world. Only recently have the programs concentrated on not just environmental and historic site interpretation, but also the areas of cultural and community interpretation. Public folklorists have a potentially important contribution to make to the interpretive conversation. Most current interpretive training involves a focus on objects, sites, or place-based programs. Public folklorists' experiences as developers of community and people-centered events, such as festivals and exhibitions where communities and individuals are encouraged to interact and where other essentially interpretive culture brokering activities occur, offer the possibility of adding important supplementary models to the interpretive repertoire.
Routes to Roots : Searching for the Streetlife of Memory
Authors: Dyen Doris J
Published: February 2006

Routes to Roots: Searching for the Streetlife of Memory looks at the challenge of creating a driving guide whose aim is to enable visitors to discover and experience the folklife of a region previously unused by visitors, a region whose folklife, while vital and significant, is now often invisible even to residents' eyes. The driving guide's primary purpose was to encourage community revitalization through cultural tourism, but it evolved beyond that into a way of telling the region's industrial story though its folklife sites, events, and activities. The author explores how members of the interdisciplinary project team influenced each other as the project progressed through the stages of conception, research, and design and how the resulting travel guide both fulfilled and reinterpreted the project's original mission.
Development Folklife: Human Security and Cultural Conservation
Authors: Feltault Kelly
Published: February 2006

Addressing the potential for development folklife as a subfield within the discipline of folklore, this article argues that folklorists need to expand not only their development work outside arts agencies, but also their definition of development. Analyzing cultural tourism as the dominant development model used by folklorists, this article locates it within export-oriented economic growth strategies that do not challenge the dominant, neoliberal discourse of development as economic growth. The transformation of culture into a value-added commodity for preservation happens when folklore-based cultural tourism projects ignore the intersection of traditional culture with public policy, human rights, environmental management, global capitalist economics, and the human and livelihood security issues produced. In this way, folklorists' tourism efforts support capturing cultural resources for state-defined economic growth strategies and the historical separation of culture from development. The article introduces a rights-based or human security-based development paradigm that allows folklorists to collaborate with communities to improve their capacity to address political, economic, environmental, and other changes that affect the sustainability of their cultures.
Laying a Place at the Table: Creating Public Foodways Models from Scratch
Authors: Rahn Millie
Published: February 2006

Proverbial wisdom tells us that we are what we eat. As traditional foodways are increasingly appropriated by the heritage and tourism industries, cultural organizations, and government agencies as vehicles for economic development, folklorists can be uniquely positioned to help project teams incorporate vernacular culture into the mainstream and public policy. Often speaking to business people and public servants about what is obvious to folklorists, and undertaking ethnography that falls outside prescribed academic or folk arts and festival models, public folklore is a career track that continues to define and redefine itself within the discipline. This article looks at three case studies—two in New England and one in the Midwest—asking questions such as how much weight foodways can be expected to bear as part of any economic development plan and to whom these model programs belong.
Wild Grasses and New Arks: Transformative Potential in Applied and Public Folklore
Authors: Westerman William
Published: February 2006

This article concerns the possibilities for developing a public folklore practice concerned with social transformation. Using basketry as an extended metaphor for the complexity of the artistic process and the ways folklorists and artists can collaborate and interact, the article is divided into two sections. In the first, several examples are offered from the author's fieldwork with immigrants, prisoners, and internal migrants, discussing the social functions that basket weaving serves in various communities. The second section outlines the different types of social change that the arts can bring about through collaborative efforts, from individuals and small communities to society at large.
Establishing a Global Digital Format Registry
Authors: Abrams Stephen L
Published: February 2006

Detailed knowledge of the internal properties of digital representation formats is necessary to interpret properly the full information content of otherwise opaque digital objects. These properties form an important component of the representation information needed by repository workflows regardless of local preservation strategy and infrastructure decisions. The Digital Library Federation (DLF) has sponsored preliminary investigations toward establishing a Global Digital Format Registry (GDFR) that will function as a sustainable utility for maintaining the bindings between public identifiers for digital formats and the significant syntactic and semantic properties of those formats. A sustainable GDFR should prove to be of great utility to archives, libraries, digital repositories, and other organizations and individuals interested in the long-term viability of digital assets.
Practical Preservation: The PREMIS Experience
Authors: Caplan Priscilla , Guenther Rebecca S
Published: February 2006

In 2003 the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) and Research Libraries Group (RLG) established an international working group to develop a common, implementable core set of metadata elements for digital preservation. Most published specifications for preservation-related metadata are either implementation specific or broadly theoretical. PREMIS (Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies) was charged to define a set of semantic units that are implementation independent, practically oriented, and likely to be needed by most preservation repositories. The semantic units will be represented in a data dictionary and in a METS-compatible XML schema. In the course of this work, the group also developed a glossary of terms and concepts, a data model, and a typology of relationships. Existing preservation repositories were surveyed about their architectural models and metadata practices, and some attempt was made to identify best practices. This article outlines the history and methods of the PREMIS Working Group and describes its deliverables. It explains major assumptions and decisions made by the group and examines some of the more difficult issues encountered.
Preservation Metadata: National Library of New Zealand Experience
Authors: Knight Steve
Published: February 2006

Development of approaches to preservation metadata has been an integral component of international efforts in the field of digital preservation. The focus of the community engaged in this work is currently shifting, and there is, as yet, no formal agreement around a conceptual framework and identification of required data elements. At the same time attention is now turning to the more complex task of building sustainable technical, infrastructure, and policy frameworks that will enable organizations to implement preservation metadata strategies practically at a local level.
Building Preservation Partnerships: The Library of Congress National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
Authors: LeFurgy William G
Published: February 2006

Congress authorized the Library of Congress to undertake the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) to prevent the loss of our digital heritage. This work, as with all digital preservation activities, is challenging because of technical issues and also because traditionally there have been few effective collaborative mechanisms to leverage resources and expertise. NDIIPP aims to address both issues while also ensuring the preservation of at-risk digital content. Concrete steps have been taken recently with the establishment of eight partnership consortia, each of which has committed to working with the other and the Library on collaborative digital preservation initiatives. The eight consortia represent the formal launch of an NDIIPP national network of preservation partners. Currently, NDIIPP is exploring how best to involve states and territories in the network.
Web Archiving Methods and Approaches: A Comparative Study
Authors: Masanes Julien
Published: February 2006

The Web is a virtually infinite information space, and archiving its entirety, all its aspects, is a utopia. The volume of information presents a challenge, but it is neither the only nor the most limiting factor given the continuous drop in storage device costs. Significant challenges lie in the management and technical issues of the location and collection of Web sites. As a consequence of this, archiving the Web is a task that no single institution can carry out alone. This article will present various approaches undertaken today by different institutions; it will discuss their focuses, strengths, and limits, as well as a model for appraisal and identifying potential complementary aspects amongst them. A comparison for discovery accuracy is presented between the snapshot approach done by the Internet Archive (IA) and the event-based collection done by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF) in 2002 for the presidential and parliamentary elections. The balanced conclusion of this comparison allows for identification of future direction for improvement of the former approach.
Prototype Preservation Environments
Authors: Moore Reagan W , Marciano Richard
Published: February 2006

The Persistent Archive Testbed and National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) research prototype persistent archive are examples of preservation environments. Both projects are using data grids to implement data management infrastructure that can manage technology evolution. Data grids are software systems that provide persistent names to digital entities, manage data that are distributed across multiple types of storage systems, and provide support for preservation metadata. A persistent archive federates multiple data grids to provide the fault tolerance and disaster recovery mechanisms essential for long-term preservation. The capabilities of the prototype persistent archives will be presented, along with examples of how the capabilities are used to support the preservation of email, Web crawls, office products, image collections, and electronic records.
What Should We Preserve? The Question for Heritage Libraries in a Digital World
Authors: Phillips Margaret E.
Published: February 2006

A primary role of national libraries is to document the published output of their respective countries. Traditionally, this has meant collecting, describing, and preserving for future generations at least one copy of every item published in print, including books, serials, newspapers, maps, music, posters, and pamphlets. In the last decade, online publishing has had a revolutionary impact on the creation, publication (dissemination), and use of information. This has presented libraries, particularly national (deposit) libraries and other cultural collecting institutions, with the daunting task of collecting, storing, describing, managing, and preserving the vast quantities of information that are being produced online.
Building an Internet Archive System for the British Broadcasting Corporation
Authors: Smith Cathy
Published: February 2006

Since its beginnings as the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Networking Club in April 1994, the BBC's Web site has grown to over two million pages. While bbc.co.uk inarguably offers a valuable source of information, entertainment, and education for its users and provides an online arena for peer-to-peer communication, it also brings into focus the challenge of digital preservation. Apart from the sheer volume of material the site represents, the nature of that material is forever changing both to reflect editorial strategy and to benefit from new technologies and improved production techniques. To support its own internal business requirements and to satisfy external legislative requirements, the BBC's Information and Archives Department is building a Legal and Historical Internet Archive System to capture a selection of content as it is published to the "live" site. This article looks at how the design and development of that system supports the preservation of heterogeneous digital material in the wider context of archiving the BBC's new media output.
Exploring Variety in Digital Collections and the Implications for Digital Preservation
Authors: Smith MacKenzie
Published: February 2006

The amount of digital content produced at academic research institutions is large, and libraries and archives at these institutions have a responsibility to bring this digital material under curatorial control in order to manage and preserve it over time. But this is a daunting task with few proven models, requiring new technology, policies, procedures, core staff competencies, and cost models. The MIT Libraries are working with the DSpace™ open-source digital repository platform to explore the problem of capturing research and teaching material in any digital format and preserving it over time. By collaborating on this problem with other research institutions using the DSpace platform in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, and other parts of the world, as well as with other important efforts in the digital preservation arena, we are beginning to see ways of managing arbitrary digital content that might make digital preservation an achievable goal.
Digital Archiving in the Twenty-First Century: Practice at the National Library of the Netherlands
Authors: Steenbakkers Johan F
Published: February 2006

Research journals are increasingly being published digitally. The advantage of digital publishing is obvious: immediate accessibility anywhere. Gradually a disadvantage is also becoming clear: digital publishing endangers the continuity of research information. As a consequence of the obsolescence of formats, hardware, software, and carriers, digital information will be lost unless we act. Digital publishing is also causing a shift in the roles and responsibilities of publishers and libraries concerned with archiving digital publications for future use. Archiving digital publications requires a major turnaround in the policy and practice of national libraries. Although some actions have been taken, digital preservation research and implementation are still in their infancy. National libraries will need substantial funding for venture research activities and development of archival infrastructures. They will also have to work together more closely to successfully organize digital archiving in the twenty-first century.
Stanislaw Brzozowski, Philosopher of History, Myth, and Will
Authors: Chrostowska S. D
Published: February 2006

Before his untimely death, Stanislaw Brzozowski (1878-1911) had proven himself a thinker of exceptional acumen, through critical analyses spanning the gamut of Polish and European culture. Next to Czesaw Milosz, he holds a signal place in twentieth-century Polish intellectual culture, yet is surprisingly little-known abroad. A prolific writer of literary and cultural criticism, philosophy, and prose fiction, Brzozowski remains to be situated within the broader cultural thematics of his time. Brzozowski's Legend of Young Poland: Studies in the Structure of a Cultural Soul (1909) can be read for its author's philosophical views on history. Brzozowski's extensive knowledge of and critical engagement with Continental philosophy mean that his ideas on history must be related to those of Marx, Nietzsche, Sorel, Vico, and Husserl. While not a full-fledged philosophical system, Brzozowski's philosophy of history borders on prophetic in the magnitude of its import and sheds light on the intellectual concerns of pre-World War I Europe.
"To Oelze": On Gottfried Benn's Farewell Lines to His Friend
Authors: Dutt Carsten
Published: February 2006

When confronted with his own death, Gottfried Benn, the poet-physician who became famous for his shockingly pitiless texts on dying and death, sought refuge in formulas from the Platonic-Christian tradition intended to endow life with metaphysical meaning. Or so it appears, at least, if one reduces Benn's farewell lines to his friend F. W. Oelze to the sequence of statements they express. Such an apophantic reduction, however, is hermeneutically indefensible: it ignores the text as it has been handed down to us--specifically, its form, which expressively undercuts the expression of metaphysical confidence. The present essay--an attempt at procedural interpretation--describes the interferences between what Benn said and the way the line breaks impose themselves on what he said.
The Singular and the Other at the Limits of Language in the Apophatic Poetics of Edmond Jabes and Paul Celan
Authors: Franke William
Published: February 2006

Postmodern writers and artists of all sorts have evolved radical new poetics based preeminently on the secret resources of silence. Poets have focused particularly on silences become audible in the tearing of language and the rending of sense. To a significant degree, this is a rediscovery of the oftentimes repressed resources in Western tradition of apophatic discourse, discourse on what cannot be said. Jewish writers have been particularly important in this revival, partly because the biblical interdiction on representations of the divine, denounced as idolatrous ("graven images"), gave Jewish tradition a peculiar attunement to the limits of representation and a special sensibility for the Unrepresentable. Edmond Jab�s and Paul Celan, emerging almost contemporaneously out of widely divergent cultural backgrounds in Egypt and Romania respectively, nevertheless share these coordinates in common. Writing as post-Holocaust Jews, each in a different way lends language to silence in order to give voice to the unspeakable. An attempt is made, furthermore, to distinguish between two different traditions of apophatic thinking, one based on the ineffability of being or existence and the other on the ineffability of language itself. These strands are traced back to Neoplatonism and the Bible and are aligned primarily with Celan and Jab�s respectively.
Humanitarian Pornography: John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative of a Five Years Expedition Against the Revolting Negroes of Surinam (1796)
Authors: Klarer Mario
Published: February 2006

John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative of a Five Years Expedition against the Revolting Negroes of Surinam ranks among the most important and influential humanitarian texts of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. By employing images that lean towards the pornographic, paired with the Burkean notions of the sublime, Stedman attracts a particularly male audience, yet at the same time creates a fertile ground for humanitarian empathy in his readers. Coded erotic attraction coupled with repulsive violence also governs William Blake's illustrations of the torture scenes included in Stedman's Narrative. In order to come to terms with this paradoxical side by side of arousal and rejection, I will use psychoanalytic film theory to account for some of the pornographic mechanisms at work in the Narrative and its illustrations, as well as apply Burkean concepts of the sublime as a possible contemporaneous theoretical source for Stedman's text.
Translating Journals into Chinese: Toward a Theoretical (Re)Construction of Chinese Critical Discourse
Authors: Wang Ning
Published: February 2006

Translation has played a very important role in Chinese literature, theory, and criticism. Modern Chinese literature is almost a translated literature, for, through a sort of cultural translation, traditional Chinese literary and critical discourse was deconstructed and has manifested itself in a new form. But translating Western journals into Chinese is only a recent practice, adopted since the turn of the century, because Chinese theorists realize that many insightful theoretical concepts and ideas first appear in journal articles. The article lays more emphasis on why Chinese scholars take the initiative of translating some leading Western humanities journals, such as New Literary History, Critical Inquiry and boundary 2, into Chinese. To the author, founded earliest among all the three above-mentioned and having close relations with Chinese literary scholarship, New Literary History most strongly influences Chinese scholars' literary study and critical thinking. And its academic norms and strict selection of manuscripts have certainly set a fine example in China's literary study and theory and criticism as well as the editing of journals of literary and cultural studies in the Chinese context. Chinese literary and cultural studies, due to the translation of these journals, will move closer and closer toward the international community, thereby having equal dialogues with the latter. Since most of the articles published in the above-mentioned journals anticipate their authors' substantial research and profound thinking of cutting-edge theoretical issues, they will certainly provide illumination to Chinese scholars' theoretical reflections. The article also points out that globalization has broken through the demarcation between nations and countries, and between center and periphery, with transnational corporations functioning as an "empire" everywhere. In this way, globalization has also benefited people who want to get out of their isolated domain, enabling them to communicate more effectively in such a "global village." It has therefore enabled Chinese scholars to more conveniently communicate with the international scholarship on any theoretical and academic topic, including literary and cultural studies. In today's context, they translate Western and international theoretical journals into Chinese, for the purpose of making China's literary and theoretical studies closer to the international community and allowing it to communicate more easily with the same. Maybe in the near future, when the Western and international colleagues want to know what has been going on in China's literary and cultural studies, and what new ideas we Chinese theorists have put forward, they will also start, in collaboration with their Western colleagues, to translate some excellent Chinese theoretical journals into the major Western and international language: English.
Foucault, Dewey, and the Experience of Literature
Authors: O'Leary Timothy
Published: February 2006

What is the work of literature? Can we expect that poetry, or literature, or art, should engage in the world of action, the world of doing things? Do we reluctantly accept, with Auden, that poetry makes nothing happen, or do we adopt Seamus Heaney's optimism that poetry might be able to stop tanks? This paper addresses these questions by drawing on Foucault's idea of the transformability of experience, and Dewey's analysis of the way that art works in our experience. It argues that the force and value of literature comes from its capacity to get into and transform the experience of the reader, and it explains this capacity primarily in terms of Foucault's account of the way that "being is historically constituted as experience". This transformation of experience, it is argued, constitutes the distinctive action of literary works.
Genera Mixta: Conceptual Blending and Mixed Genres in Ulysses
Authors: Sinding Michael
Published: February 2006

This essay draws on cognitive science and cognitive linguistics to illuminate what may be the most important issue in genre theory at present: genre mixture and hybridization. Genres have been very productively treated as cognitive schemas, but so far such treatments have not adequately accounted for critics' descriptions of their encounters with complex works, because they have lacked a model of how schemas are modified, rearranged, and combined. In the past decade, however, Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner have worked out just such a model in considerable detail. Conceptual Blending Theory has roots in linguistics, psychology, literary hermeneutics, and brain science. Fauconnier and Turner and others have used Blending Theory to analyze a wide range of thought and meaning, both m undane and highly creative, in the arts, sciences, and everyday life. Taking the example of Joyce's Ulysses, and focusing on the "Circe" episode, I discuss various kinds of genre mixture, showing how surface details as well as structural aspects of the text can be explained in terms of the processes and principles of conceptual blending.
On the Dionysian in Nietzsche
Authors: Sokel Walter Herbert
Published: February 2006

Nietzsche reverses Schopenhauer's pessimistic philosophy of the Will into an entirely affirmative direction. The unity of all being in the Will, that desiring energy, which constantly forms and re-forms the world, he sees embodied in the Greek divinity, Dionysos. Even though the Dionysian idea underlying The Birth of Tragedy seems to disappear from Nietzsche's subsequent work in explicit terms, it remains implicitly the cornerstone of all his thinking. It re-appears in two main forms in Thus Spake Zarathustra: As the idea of the Eternal Recurrence of all things and as the holistic perspective from which Nietzsche views and evaluates existence. The individual has for Nietzsche significance only as a symptom of the condition the whole of being has attained. This symptomatological view of the individual underlies Nietzsche's medical approach to human existence which endeavours to enhance the health and well-being of the whole species to which individual life and happiness has to be subordinated. At the same time, however, the state of the whole of existence manifests itself only in individuals. Thus individual greatness, though symptom, is by the same token supreme end in itself. While holism accounts for aspects of Nietzsche's thought which are close to the eugenic ideal, it also leads to a, in the broadest sense, liberal sense of "justice" in which all aspects of an idea or problem are to be taken into account. Nietzsche's Dionysian monism engenders complexity, ambiguity, and irony. It is the radical enemy of all fanaticism, i.e., of any monocausal interpretation of phenomena. Nietsche's Dionysianism is ultimately an aesthetic, a spectator's approach to being. It seeks to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the spectacle that existence presents.
Improving Library Service Quality to Graduate Students: LibQual+ TM Survey Results in a Practical Setting
Authors: Jankowska Maria Anna , Hertel Karen , Young Nancy J.
Published: February 2006

The LibQUAL+TM survey was conducted to determine user satisfaction and expectations concerning library service quality. The results of the "22 items and a box" constituted a rich source of information for the University of Idaho (UI) Library's strategic planning process. Focusing on graduate students, this study used three methodologies to analyze survey results. The first method, internal benchmarking, compared UI graduate students to UI faculty, staff, and undergraduates. Secondly, external benchmarking using score norms evaluated UI graduate student results against their peers from other non-ARL libraries participating in the 2004 LibQUAL+TM survey. Lastly, categorizing and carefully considering survey comments enriched the quantitative data by adding context to the numbers.
Analyzing Current Serials in Virginia: An Application of the Ulrich's Serials Analysis System
Authors: Metz Paul , Gasser Sharon
Published: February 2006

VIVA (the Virtual Library of Virginia) was one of the first subscribers to R. R. Bowker's Ulrich's Serials Analysis System (USAS). Creating a database that combined a union report of current serial subscriptions within most academic libraries in the state with the data elements present in Ulrich's made possible a comprehensive analysis designed to inform collective decision-making about serials. The results of this analysis, especially as they pertain to possible efforts to preserve subscriptions within the state or to add subscriptions to targeted new titles, are presented. Problems with using the resource and anticipated product enhancements are also discussed.
Charting a Course for Diversity: An Experience in Climate Assessment
Authors: Royse Molly , Conner Tiffani , Miller Tamara
Published: February 2006

The University of Tennessee Libraries' Diversity Committee administered a climate assessment survey to determine the readiness of the libraries for a comprehensive diversity initiative. This article discusses the design and methodology of the survey and analyzes the results. The survey served as a valuable starting point in charting a successful inclusive future for the libraries and provided the libraries with benchmarks for measuringthe progressand successof its diversityprograms. The survey project continues to guide the committee in its planning and contributes to other library diversity climate assessment efforts, a few of which are being reported.
The Electronic Academic Library: Undergraduate Research Behavior in a Library Without Books
Authors: Van Scoyoc Anna M , Cason Caroline
Published: February 2006

This study examines undergraduate students' research habits in a strictly electronic library environment at a large public university. Unlike most information commons, the campus' electronic library is not housed within a traditional library space and provides access to electronic research materials exclusively. This study finds that undergraduate students in this electronic library rely primarily on Internet sites and online instruction modules (for example Blackboard or WebCT) for their research needs rather than university-funded research sources. Additionally, academic class status has no significant impact on whether students use either the library's OPAC or the university-funded electronic databases for their research needs. The authors discuss possible reasons for these findings, new pedagogical practices as indicated by the results, and define areas for further research.
The Lasting Impact of a Library Credit Course
Authors: Wang Rui
Published: February 2006

This study found that there were statistically significant differences in citation use and grades between students who took a library credit course and students who did not. The results of independent samples t-tests indicated that the student group that took a library credit course cited more scholarly resources, produced fewer incomplete citations, and received higher grades for its papers and courses. The data included 836 citations produced by 120 student papers and the students' grades for their papers and courses in the fall of 2004. Additionally, the survey results revealed that the students' acquisition of bibliographic research and citation skills was directly attributable to the library credit course, whereas their counterparts tended to rely on informal sources. The evidence supports the lasting impact of a library credit course on student learning.
Becoming Information Literate about Information Technology and the Ethics of Toxic Waste
Authors: Zazzau Vivien-Elizabeth
Published: February 2006

As instruction librarians and other faculty encourage the classroom use of information technologies, ethical issues arise. Information literacy students are frequently taught about a number of ethical, legal, and social issues involved in the use of information technology. However, the environmental impact of electronic waste (e-waste), the product of our industrialized society, is one issue that has received scant attention. This article explores the ethical and social justice issues inherent in the life cycle of computer technologies. It discusses the role that university faculty can play to increase awareness of ecological and social responsibility and offers guidance for information literacy instructors about how to incorporate information concerning the ethical use of information technologies in the curriculum.
Theory of National Development and Societal Stratification
Authors: Haller Archibald O , Sharda Bam Dev
Published: February 2006

It has long been conjectured, in one form or another, that development tends to de-stratify a nation: that the higher its level of development, the less stratified-- less unequal--it is. Recent findings on the factor structure of indicators of National Development (ND) indicate that it consists of two dimensions, Domestic Development (DD) and International Authority (IA), not merely the single one, DD, that ND is commonly believed to be. Building on this finding and on current societal stratification theory, the paper examines the main sociological conjectures concerning the effects of development on the multidimensional structure of stratification, and proposes a set of hypotheses predicting the effects of each ND dimension on each dimension of stratification systems.
The Maltho-Marxian Hypothesis 'Economics Controls Population': A Test and a Projection
Authors: MacIntyre Ferren
Published: February 2006

Malthus and Marx held that population was controlled by economics. Malthus believed there were environmental constraints on the supportable population; Marx felt that human ingenuity would overcome all limits to growth. Neither had supporting data. The US Census reveals an intermediate position in which the supportable limit increases exponentially (faster than Malthus expected) but at 1/4 the rate of unfettered human reproduction (slower than Marx expected). Its rate offers an independent estimate of effective economic growth. A brief and sharp-cornered excursion from the resulting theoretical line forms a nearly perfect Gaussian dip, with the Depression on the down side and the Baby Boom on the other. A related analysis shows that the world population is well fitted by a 'Pimentel logistic' stabilizing at 2-3 billion after an 'oil-supported' Gaussian bulge. This approach explains the Doomsday hyperbola, and also what allows us to avoid its singularity.
An Examination of the Combined Effects of Maternal Characteristics, Environment and Treatment Programs on the Prevalence of Diarrhea Amongst Infants and Children in Uganda
Authors: Wakou Betty , Bell Patricia Ann
Published: February 2006

At least two decades of research identifies Diarrhea as among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries. Some estimate that approximately 20% of all deaths amongst children are directly related to diarrhea. In 1993, the World Health Organization estimated that in some sub-Saharan countries more than 50% of the deaths of children are due to diarrhea. Studies show that the risk of exposure to the causes of diarrhea is strongly related to both environmental characteristics and the socioeconomic characteristics of mothers. Indeed, infant mortality itself continues to be used as an indicator of standard of living and environmental conditions. This is especially true for children below the age of 2 years. Studies indicate that the characteristics of the primary caregivers, the cleanliness of the environment, and the availability of treatment, are all significant factors in the prevalence of diarrhea amongst infants in a population. While these patterns are frequently documented in research, few studies have examined in detail the separate and combined effects of mother's characteristics, environment, and the availability of health care. The present study examines the interrelationship of socioeconomic characteristics of mothers, selected environmental factors, treatment options, and the prevalence of diarrhea in Ugandan infants. The research utilizes data from the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. This study elaborates the specific conditions and circumstances that account for variation in the health of children and how these relate to the characteristics of the mothers and well as the environment.
"Going to Canada": The Politics and Poetics of Northern Exodus
Authors: Adams Rachel
Published: February 2006

This article argues that the tendency of political rhetoric in the U.S. to condemn Vietnam-era draft dodgers has obscured a more complex understanding of their place in North American culture of the 1960s. In an effort to understand the affective registers of draft resistance, it looks to literary representations of the draft dodger produced between the late 1960s and the present by both U.S. and Canadian authors. A consistent theme running through these representations that they use the politics of romance and sexuality to work through the politics of draft resistance and the act of "going to Canada."
The New Left before the Counter-Culture
Authors: Bromwich David
Published: February 2006

David Bromwich responds to the essay by this issue's guest editors (Sean McCann and Michael Szalay), "Do You Believe in Magic? Literary Thinking after the New Left"