bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sending children to camp: An analysis of decision‐making by family income
Authors: Richmond Dan , Hodge Camilla , Sibthorp Jim
Published: July 2022

Objectives

This study sought to (a) identify the factors most salient to parents when sending their child to summer camp, (b) examine family members' roles in the camp decision‐making process, and (c) compare both by income and other family contextual factors in a sample of parents with a child who enrolled and participated in a summer camp experience.

Methods

Survey data were collected from a total of 354 families that included families from high, middle, and lower incomes. Surveys collected data on parental developmental goals for their child, factors related to camp–child and camp–family fit, and the level of involvement of family members in the camp decision‐making process.

Results

The study identified three core parental goals for sending their child to camp: interactive learning, intrapersonal development, and fun/belonging. The analysis also identified five essential considerations parents use to consider camp fit: logistics/cost, program quality, child fit, institutional ties, and social connections. One parent, primarily the mother, drives the decision to send a child to camp. Family income was significant predictor of all three developmental goals with parents from higher income families reporting lower levels of developmental goals than parents from lower income families. Income also predicted camp fit considerations related to logistics/cost, institutional ties, and social connections. Parents in the high‐income group reported lower levels of consideration for logistics/cost and institutional ties than parents in the low‐income group. Parents in the high‐income group reported higher levels of consideration for social connections.

Conclusion and Implications

Parents, regardless of income, want the best for their children when they go to summer camp. They want their kids to have fun, build social skills, and develop independence and other intrapersonal skills. However, parental decisions of where to send their child to camp and parental evaluations of camp–child and camp–family fit are more nuanced. Unsurprisingly, logistics and cost are major considerations for families with low incomes, and camps need to continue to find ways to reduce barriers for kids from low‐income homes to attend camp through outreach and scholarship programs.
Recovery of Se, Zr, Pd, and Cs from simulated high‐level radioactive waste glass through phase separation
Authors: Inoue Hiroyuki , Watanabe Yasuhiro , Chung Jaeyeop , Kizaki Kazuro , Masuno Atsunobu
Published: July 2022

In this study, elemental recovery was performed using phase separation from simulated high‐level radioactive waste (HLW) glass. To cause phase separation, SiO2 and B2O3 were added to the simulated HLW glass and adjusted the ratio of SiO2: B2O3: other oxides to 40:50:10. The phase separated glass was immersed in aqueous solutions of 0–3 mol/L of HNO3, H2SO4, and a 1:1 mixture of HCl–HNO3 at 363 K for 20 h, and the dissolution behavior of 17 elements was examined. The relationship between the dissolved mass fraction of each element and the acid concentration in the immersion liquid could be approximated by the modified sigmoid function. The recovery of stable nuclei Se, Zr, Pd, and Cs instead of long‐lived radioactive nuclei was tested using a four‐stage leaching process in which the sample was immersed sequentially in four aqueous solutions at 363 K of distilled water, HNO3, H2SO4, and a 1:1 mixture of HCl–HNO3 for 20 h. It was confirmed that Se, Zr, Pd, and Cs could be recovered selectively. Furthermore, the recovery result could be predicted based on the individual dissolution results described above.
Autonomous use of podcasts with metacognitive intervention: Foreign language listening development
Authors: Bozorgian Hossein , Shamsi Esmat
Published: July 2022

Podcasts have become a pervasive and easy‐to‐access input for language learning that may improve both form and meaning aspects of language. This study attempted to investigate some unknown impacts of the autonomous use of podcasts through a metacognitive intervention on 12 adult language learners' listening comprehension with an exploratory approach and using a questionnaire, learners' journals, and semi‐structured interviews. The results suggest that autonomous language learners may benefit from multiple advantages of utilizing extensive listening input such as podcasts. Moreover, the learners have a positive attitude toward learning listening with metacognitive strategies and asserted that they aided them to be independent listeners. This study underscores the effectiveness of applying technology‐based listening learning in an EFL context where many learners are devoid of sufficient authentic and comprehensible input.
Smoking increases the risk of postoperative wound complications: A propensity score‐matched cohort study
Authors: Fan Chiang Yu‐Hsuan , Lee Yuan‐Wen , Lam Fai , Liao Chien‐Chang , Chang Chuen‐Chau , Lin Chao‐Shun
Published: July 2022

Cigarette smoking is associated with surgical complications, including wound healing and surgical site infection. However, the association between smoking status and postoperative wound complications is not completely understood. Our objective was to investigate the effect of smoking on postoperative wound complications for major surgeries. Data were collected from the 2013 to 2018 participant use files of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. A propensity score matching procedure was used to create the balanced smoker and nonsmoker groups. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for postoperative wound complications, pulmonary complications, and in‐hospital mortality associated with smokers. A total of 1 156 002 patients (578 001 smokers and 578 001 nonsmokers) were included in the propensity score matching analysis. Smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk of postoperative wound disruption (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.56‐1.75), surgical site infection (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.28‐1.34), reintubation (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.40‐1.54), and in‐hospital mortality (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07‐1.19) compared with nonsmoking. The length of hospital stay was significantly increased in smokers compared with nonsmokers. Our analysis indicates that smoking is associated with an increased risk of surgical site infection, wound disruption, and postoperative pulmonary complications. The results may drive the clinicians to encourage patients to quit smoking before surgery.
More individuals or specialized niches? Distinguishing support for hypotheses explaining positive species–energy relationships
Authors: Di Cecco Grace J. , Snell Taylor Sara J. , White Ethan P. , Hurlbert Allen H.
Published: July 2022

Aim

Positive productivity–richness relationships have been observed across taxa and ecosystems. We assessed support for two hypotheses explaining these relationships, the More Individuals Hypothesis (MIH) and the Niche Specialization Hypothesis (NSH) in two complementary datasets of avian communities in North America, the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), which has been widely used to study productivity–richness relationships, and the Breeding Bird Census (BBC), which has been used rarely yet offers accurate population density estimates and more homogeneous landscapes, eliminating confounding variables that may make it more difficult to test predictions of the NSH and MIH in the BBS alone.

Location

Coterminous United States, 1988–2009.

Taxon

Birds.

Methods

We first evaluated the strength of productivity–richness relationships in the BBS and BBC, and tested predictions from the MIH and NSH in the two datasets by examining patterns in community abundance, productivity niche breadth and number of foraging guilds along a gradient of normalized difference vegetation index (a measure of vegetation productivity). We also implemented a null model to examine the contribution of sampling effects due to increasing species richness in explaining patterns in number of foraging guilds in both datasets.

Results

We found that the BBS had a much stronger productivity–richness relationship than the BBC, potentially as a result of increased landscape diversity with increasing productivity at BBS survey sites. Although the MIH and NSH may not be mutually exclusive, we found weaker support for the MIH in the BBC, and stronger support for the NSH in the BBC and BBS.

Main Conclusions

Researchers should consider the role of confounding variables such as landscape diversity and focus on developing direct measurements of food resources at macroecological scales to determine the relative importance of mechanisms driving productivity–richness relationships.
Relationship between serum uric acid and hypertension in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Luo Qiang , Qin Li , Zhang Yiwen , Yang Xiaoqian , Wang Han
Published: July 2022

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients with hypertension (pSS‐HT) have a significantly increased risk of cardio‐cerebrovascular events. Serum uric acid (SUA), a potential inflammatory substance, is considered to be closely related to hypertension in the general population. Our aim is to assess the association between SUA and pSS‐HT. This is a retrospective cohort study. The diagnosis of pSS is based on the American European Consensus Classification criteria. Primary outcome was incident hypertension in pSS patients. Cox regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI of SUA in pSS‐HT. The authors also plotted Kaplan–Meier plots to assess the cumulative risk of first hypertension in patients with hyperuricemia and normal uric acid. In addition, the dose‐response curve was also used to discuss the relationship between SUA and pSS‐HT. Finally, three hundred and fifty‐one pSS patients were enrolled from May 2011 to May 2020, of which 166 cases developed hypertension within a mean follow‐up of 3.91 years. Univariate Cox regression demonstrated that SUA was associated with the onset of hypertension in pSS (HR: 1.005 95%Cl: 1.002–1.009). After adjusting for the potential risk factors, the relationship remained unchanged (HR: 1.003, 95%Cl: 1.001–1.005). Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis showed a statistically significant difference of hypertension risk between hyperuricemia patients and normal uric acid patients (P = .026). There was also a significant dose‐effect relationship between SUA and hypertension in pSS in dose‐response model. In this study, the authors find that SUA may be closely associated with the development of hypertension in pSS, which is also confirmed by our dose‐response model. Therefore, SUA could be considered in the management of pSS‐HT.
MC4R biased signalling and the conformational basis of biological function selections
Authors: Liu Zekun , Hruby Victor J.
Published: July 2022

The MC4R, a GPCR, has long been a major target for obesity treatment. As the most well‐studied melanocortin receptor subtype, the evolutionary knowledge pushes the drug development and structure–activity relationship (SAR) moving forward. The past decades have witnessed the evolution of scientists' view on GPCRs gradually from the control of a single canonical signalling pathway via a bilateral ‘active‐inactive’ model to a multi‐state alternative model where the ligands' binding affects the selection of the downstream signalling. This evolution brings the concept of biased signalling and the beginning of the next generation of peptide drug development, with the aim of turning from receptor subtype specificity to signalling pathway selectivity. The determination of the value structures of the MC4R revealed insights into the working mechanism of MC4R activation upon binding of agonists. However, new challenge has risen as we seek to unravel the mystery of MC4R signalling selection. Thus, more biased agonists and ligands with representative biological functions are needed to solve the rest of the puzzle.
External Contestations of Europe: Russia and Turkey as Normative Challengers?*
Authors: Aydın‐Düzgit Senem , Noutcheva Gergana
Published: July 2022

This article aims to explore how Russia and Turkey contest the EU's actorness in their shared neighbourhoods and beyond. By adopting the theoretical lens that exerting actorness requires justification and by conceptualizing contestation as an inherently relational and discursive process, it utilizes qualitative content analysis to trace the discursive justifications that are employed by Russia and Turkey in delegitimizing the EU in their shared neighbourhoods and at global forums. The article finds that while norm‐based contestations of the EU's actorness are central to both cases, there is a marked difference between the two with respect to the type and substance of normative contestation. It also shows that normative contestation in international relations need not be limited to the contestation of norms, but that it can also entail norm‐based contestation of contenders' actorness in international politics by targeting their international legitimacy.
Editorial perspective: Bayesian statistical methods are useful for researchers in child and adolescent mental health
Authors: Rognli Erling W. , Zahl‐Olsen Rune , Rekdal Sondre Sverd , Hoffart Asle , Bertelsen Thomas Bjerregaard
Published: July 2022

Bayesian statistical approaches offer nuanced, detailed, and intuitive analyses, even with small sample sizes. Although these qualities are highly relevant for researchers in child and adolescent mental health, Bayesian methods are still quite rarely employed. This editorial perspective will briefly describe what is different about Bayesian statistical methods, discuss some of the ways they may benefit research in our field, and provide an introduction to how Bayesian statistics are employed in practical research.
Sub‐lethal effects of Metarhizium anisopliae on the life table parameters of the predatory coccinellid Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabricius
Authors: Atrchian Haniieh , Mahdian Kamran , Izadi Hamzeh
Published: July 2022

Entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) (Hypocerales: Claviciptaceae), as a microbial control agent, and the predator Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) have been considered to regulate insect pest populations. The experiments were conducted on adults of coccinellid that were sprayed with conidial suspensions at a concentration of 1.11 × 104 conidia ml−1. This study reports on some laboratory experiments investigating the effects of the isolate of M. anisopliae on the biological and life history traits of Men. sexmaculatus by using the paired bootstrap procedure. Males progeny from individuals exposed to the fungus had a significantly different developmental time, but there was no difference between females when compared to the control group. However, fecundity did not differ in the treated and control groups (391 and 408.39 eggs respectively); the sex ratio (%female/total) ranged from 62% to 63%. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate (R0) had no significant differences in the progeny of the fungal‐treated and untreated groups. Consequently, M. anisopliae had low effects in the sub‐lethal concentration on the biological parameters and fecundity of Men. sexmaculatus. The results, thus, suggest that M. anisopliae may be compatible with Men. sexmaculatus in an IPM programme.
Eyes and ears: A comparative approach linking the chemical composition of cod otoliths and eye lenses
Authors: Stounberg Jonathan , Thomsen Tonny Bernt , Heredia Benjamin Dominguez , Hüssy Karin
Published: July 2022

Fish eye lenses are a protein‐based chronological recorder of microchemical constituents that are a potentially useful tool for interpretations of environmental, ecological and life‐history experienced by fish. Here, we present the first study with data on the chemical composition of eye lenses from Baltic cod examined using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICPMS) and compare these spatially resolved data to otoliths from the same fish also analysed by LA‐ICPMS, measuring the isotopes 27Al, 137Ba, 43Ca, 52Cr, 65Cu, 57Fe, 39K, 7Li, 25Mg, 55Mn, 31P, 208Pb, 85Rb, 45Sc, 29Si, 88Sr, 47Ti, 50V, 149Yb, 66Zn and 90Zr. Comparison of the variation in element concentrations between eye lenses and otoliths from the same individuals showed minor similarities, suggesting a different governance in the uptake processes. A strong overlap between the concentric growth rings in the eye lenses and the otolith Sr periodicity was observed, where each consecutive minima in the chemical profile with high accuracy correspond to the width of each lens ring. No comparable trends were seen between growth rings and all other elements measured from both lenses and otoliths. The characteristic rings observed in cod eye lenses do not seem to represent seasonal fluctuation nor are they found to be directly linked to age. With this research, we provide a baseline study identifying elements in corresponding eye lenses and otoliths that show potential for unravelling the environmental and biological conditions experienced by fish.
Global prevalence of stigmatization and violence against healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Saragih Ita Daryanti , Tarihoran Dame Elysabeth Tuty Arna Uly , Rasool Akhtar , Saragih Ice Septriani , Tzeng Huey‐Ming , Lin Chia‐Ju
Published: July 2022

Purpose

During COVID‐19, stigmatization and violence against and between professional healthcare workers worldwide are increasing. Understanding the prevalence of such stigmatization and violence is needed for gaining a complete picture of this issue. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to update estimates of the prevalence of stigmatization and violence against healthcare workers during the pandemic.

Design

A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted.

Methods

This review followed PRISMA guidelines and encompassed these databases: PubMed, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Web of Science, MEDLINE Complete, OVID (UpToDate), and Embase (from databases inception to September 15, 2021). We included observational studies and evaluated the quality of the study using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Further, a random effects model was used to synthesis the pooled prevalence of stigmatization and violence in this study.

Findings

We identified 14 studies involving 3452 doctors, 5738 nurses, and 2744 allied health workers that reported stigmatization and violence during the pandemic. The pooled prevalence was, for stigmatization, 43% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21% to 65%) and, for violence, 42% (95% CI: 30% to 54%).

Conclusions

Stigmatization and violence during the COVID‐19 pandemic were found to have affected almost half the studied healthcare workers. Healthcare professionals are more prone to be stigmatized by the community and to face workplace violence.

Clinical Relevance

Health administrators and policymakers should anticipate and promptly address stigmatization and violence against and between healthcare workers, while controlling the spread of COVID‐19. Health care systems should give serious attention to the mental health of all health providers.
Identifying encephalopathies from acute metabolic derangements
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M.
Published: July 2022

Metabolic derangements, when acute and severe, affect brain function. This presents mostly with a marked decline in the level of consciousness, resulting in impaired responsiveness, abnormal receptivity, impaired content, and loss of memory retention. The term metabolic encephalopathy has been used but is conjecture that can be challenged in the age of modern neuroimaging. We now recognize that many metabolic encephalopathies may involve structural lesions and at an early stage. Common clinical conundrums are the evaluation of the degree of brain injury and its recoverability. This review discusses the appropriate terminology for these conditions, the diagnostic approach, therapy recommendations, and prediction of recovery potential. In evaluating a presumed metabolic cause for encephalopathy, we must (1) search for and rule out structural injury to the brain despite an obvious explanatory metabolic derangement, (2) recognize that several confounding conditions often co‐exist, and (3) acknowledge that resolution of brain dysfunction may be protracted despite normalization of laboratory values.
Antibiotics and mental health: The good, the bad and the ugly
Authors: Dinan Katherine , Dinan Timothy
Published: July 2022

Antibiotics are recognised as, on occasion, producing psychiatric side effects, most notably depression and anxiety. Apart from antimicrobial activity, antibiotics have multiple off‐target effects. The brain–gut–microbiota axis has multiple sites for off‐target activity, which may produce either positive or negative antibiotic effects. Here we review how antibiotics impact mental health by acting through the brain–gut–microbiota axis. Microbes in the gut influence brain function by acting through the vagus nerve or by altering the production of short‐chain fatty acids or the amino acid tryptophan, the building block of serotonin. Not all antimicrobial actions of antibiotics have a negative impact. The first antidepressant discovered was actually an antibiotic: isoniazid is an antibacterial drug developed for treating tuberculosis. Minocycline, which enters the brain and mediates its effects through microglia, shows antidepressant activity. Some antibiotics bring about a significant decrease in gut microbial diversity, and this is viewed as a risk factor for depression. Other risk factors induced by antibiotics include altered gut barrier function, activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, reducing levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor or oxytocin and alteration of vagal tone. Although most patients taking antibiotics do not suffer from an iatrogenic psychiatric disorder, some do. As clinicians, we need to keep this in mind. The development of new antibiotics is primarily focused on antibiotic resistance, but efforts should be made to reduce off‐target brain–gut–microbiota effects resulting in mental health problems.
Geographic variability in rural patient internet connectivity when accessing telehealth services from home: A retrospective analysis during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Sotzen Jason R. , Stratman Erik J.
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Telehealth at home (TAH) is a means of providing patient care that is increasingly utilized by health care organizations. It is crucial to identify factors, such as internet accessibility, that might impact the ability of patients to make use of such services.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted using real‐time data from audio‐visual telehealth encounters conducted using the Cisco Webex Meetings platform from April 22, 2020 to May 26, 2020, and originating from a single rural health care system in the state of Wisconsin. Quality scores were determined for each encounter, and comparative call qualities were mapped to demonstrate zones of poor and unacceptable quality throughout the service area.

Findings

Of 3,962 encounters meeting the study criteria, 746 (18.8%) had poor or unacceptable quality, with 116 of poor or unacceptable encounters failing to connect, and greater than 1 in 20 encounters (5.8%) requiring conversion to a telephone‐only visit. Geographic mapping of encounters with poor to unacceptable quality highlights numerous locations throughout the service area that suffer from connectivity issues.

Conclusions

In our study, there is wide and unpredictable variability in the quality of TAH encounters throughout the service area, which impacts the ability of patients living in rural areas to access timely and effective care. Our study supports the need for further infrastructure changes to improve internet connection quality in rural areas, with implications that extend beyond the current COVID‐19 pandemic.
Altered effective connectivity of thalamus with vigilance impairments after sleep deprivation
Authors: Chen Yuefan , Pan Leyao , Ma Ning
Published: July 2022

The thalamus is an essential gating hub to relay brainstem ascending arousal signals to attention‐related networks, including the frontal–parietal attention network and default mode network, which plays an important role in attentional maintenance. Research has proved that sleep loss leads to impairment of attentional performance by affecting neural connectivity between thalamic and attention‐related cortical regions. However, the effective connectivity between thalamic and cortical areas in the resting state remains unclear after sleep deprivation. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on the effective connectivity between thalamic and cortical areas, and explored whether the alteration of the effective connectivity can predict vigilance impairment after sleep deprivation. We implemented resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging with 31 participants under both normally‐rested and sleep‐deprivation conditions. The Granger causality analysis was used to investigate the alteration of effective connectivity between thalamic and cortical areas, and the psychomotor vigilance task was used to measure vigilance. Correlation analysis investigated the relationship between the alteration in effective connectivity and vigilance performance. Sleep deprivation significantly decreased the effective connectivity from the thalamus to the nodes in the default mode network, and significantly increased in the effective connectivity from the thalamus to the nodes in the frontal–parietal attention network. Critically, increased thalamus–parietal effective connectivity was correlated with decreased lapses. The findings indicated sleep deprivation induced a robust alteration of the communication from the sub‐cortical to cortical regions. The alteration of thalamus–parietal effective connectivity was anti‐correlated with sustained attentional impairment after sleep deprivation.
Barriers to a healthy diet and physical activity in Mexican adults: results from the Mexican Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Zavala Gerardo A. , Ainscough Tom S. , Jimenez‐Moreno Aura C.
Published: July 2022

This study aims to (1) identify the most prevalent perceived barriers for healthy eating and performing physical activity among adults in Mexico; and (2) determine the association between perceived barriers, with body mass index (BMI) categories, geo‐demographic and socio‐economic characteristics. We carried out a cross‐sectional, secondary analysis of publicly available data from the Mexican Health and Nutrition Survey 2016. We extracted data from 6406 adults, aged 20–65 years, including: perceived barriers for healthy eating and for performing physical activity, BMI, residence area, region of Mexico, sex, age and socio‐economic status. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between perceived barriers with the categories of obesity, geographic and socio‐demographic variables. Seventy‐four point nine percent of the respondents were categorised as having either overweight or obesity, 80.5% reported at least one barrier to healthy eating and 78.3% at least one barrier to performing physical activity. Of the listed barriers, the most reported barriers were ‘lack of affordability’ (58.6%) for healthy eating and ‘lack of time’ (51.2%) for performing physical activity. Females (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.46) and people with obesity (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.41) were more likely to report barriers to a healthy diet; and females (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.59), people with obesity (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.69) and those living in rural areas (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.72) were more likely to report barriers to performing physical activity. There was a high prevalence of reported barriers for healthy eating and performing physical activity. Females, people with obesity, and those living in rural areas are more likely to report barriers for healthy eating and for performing physical activity. Targeted health programmes and tailored interventions that address the barriers to a healthy lifestyle that these groups experience may encourage healthier lifestyle behaviours in a greater proportion of Mexican adults.
Disseminated small cortical lesions of stroke‐like episodes in a patient with MELAS with an m.3271 T > C mutation
Authors: Shibata Ken‐ichi , Mukai Tatsuya , Nakagaki Hideaki , Nagano Sukehisa
Published: July 2022

Little is known about magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke‐like episodes (MELAS) with the m.3271 A > G mutation. A 31‐year‐old man presented with headache and left‐sided homonymous hemianopsia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintensities in the right occipital lobe on diffusion‐ and T2‐weighted imaging. MELAS was diagnosed, and the etiological mutation was identified as m.3271 T > C. Although his symptoms gradually resolved, magnetic resonance imaging revealed disseminated small cortical lesions in the left occipital lobe. We report a rare case of atypical stroke‐like lesions in a patient with MELAS with the m.3271 T > C mutation.
Resistance, tolerance and competence for a root pathogen in six woody species
Authors: Marchand Marylise , Allery Tatiana , Massot Marie , Capdevielle Xavier , Robin Cécile
Published: July 2022

The outcome of host–pathogen interactions depends on host defence and pathogen infection strategies. On the host side, two strategies, resistance and tolerance, have long been identified. They differ in their underlying mechanisms and their effects on pathogens. However, the dynamics of disease transmission also rely on host competence. This trait, defined as the ability of the host to allow pathogen transmission, is rarely studied for pathogen‐supporting plants. We assessed the competence for Phytophthora cinnamomi of seedlings of five Quercus and one Castanea species and studied how this trait is correlated with resistance and tolerance. P. cinnamomi is responsible for the chestnut ink disease, alongside with Phytophthora × cambivora, which has a much less generalist behaviour. Each seedling was inoculated in minirhizotrons by root–mycelium contact and phenotyped for its resistance, tolerance and competence. The amount of necrosis (lesion length), the effect of infection on plant performance (root growth) and the sporangia number were measured. Moreover, we developed a droplet digital (dd) PCR assay to quantify the pathogen within host tissues near the inoculation point. This measure was used as a proxy of pathogen load. We were thus able to relate individual host competence to the pathogen content measured in the same root fragment. No significant correlation between the phenotyped traits was found at the individual level. However, at the species level, the least competent species (Q. robur, Q. petraea) proved to be the most resistant. These results may have important implications for management of chestnut and oak ecosystems threatened by ink disease.
A stochastic model for malaria and its behavior under insecticide‐treated nets
Authors: Đorđević Jasmina
Published: July 2022

Stochastic model for malaria transmission is introduced, and its behavior under insecticide‐treated nets (which is used as a prevention) is considered. A white noise is introduced into the model, representing fluctuations in the environment that manifest themselves naturally on the transmission coefficient rate. Existence and uniqueness of a global positive solution of the stochastic model are proved, as well as the conditions under which extinction and persistence in mean hold are establish. Numerical simulations are provided, which illustrate that the theoretical results and conclusions are derived on the impact of the fluctuations that are caused by the environment.
Political Consumer Gap between Foreign Residents and Swiss Citizens: The Explanatory Relationship of Political Resources and Citizenship Status
Authors: Kalte Deborah
Published: July 2022

In most Western democracies, non‐institutionalized political activities such as political consumerism often represent the only accessible means of political expression for foreign residents. However, the few studies available to date show that foreign residents consume significantly less politically than national citizens. This study examines how the key political resources education, political interest, and organization membership may account for this gap. By means of original survey data from Switzerland, I find that (i) organization membership is the strongest predictor for political consumerism but does not explain the participation gap; (ii) political interest is the most important resource to explain why foreign residents consume less politically than Swiss citizens; and (iii) the three resources work similarly for both groups, whereas political interest and education act as partial mediators. The results of this study suggest that political resources mediate rather than moderate political consumer differences based on citizenship status.
Optimal matchday schedule for Turkish professional soccer league using nonlinear binary integer programming
Authors: Göçgün Yasin , Bakır Niyazi Onur
Published: July 2022

Sports scheduling problems are interesting optimization problems that require the decision of who play with whom, where and when to play. In this work, we study the sports scheduling problem faced by the Turkish Football Federation. Given the schedule of games for each round of the season, the problem is to determine the match days with the goal of having a fair schedule for each team. The criteria we employ to establish this fairness are achieving an equal distribution of match days between the teams throughout the season and the ideal assignment of games to different days in each round of the tournament. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear binary integer program and is solved optimally for each week. Our results indicate that significant improvements over the existing schedule can be achieved if the optimal solution is implemented.
Financial efficiency of companies operating in the Kosovo food sector: DEA and DEAHP
Authors: Canhasi Kasemi Esma
Published: July 2022

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) evaluates a large number of input and output variables using mathematical programming techniques and analyzes the effectiveness of similar decision making units (DMU). Unlike traditional methods, the most important advantage of DEA is that the weights of input and output variables can be defined by the analyzer. In this study, the limitations of the DEA weights were determined using the AHP, which considers expert opinion. In addition, an alternative judgment scale was used for the Saaty judgment scale, which is used as a standard in the AHP method, and thus a more sensitive analysis was performed. There have been studies dealing with the comparison of judgment scales, but few studies on consistency sensitivity are needed. This point has also been addressed in this study. Subsequently, the financial efficiency of 27 companies operating in the food sector in Kosovo was evaluated with the weight-restricted DEA model, first created using the unweighted DEA model and then the AHP model, and the two models were compared. This paper is the first one of its kind since there are no previous studies regarding the examination of the financial efficiency of companies operating in the Kosovo food sector based on the DEAHP method.
Análisis de la formación posgradual en la disciplina contable a partir de la aceptación de las NIIF en un departamento colombiano, 2009-2018
Authors: Collante Caiafa Carmen Elena , Caballero Urieles Gleinys Julieth
Published: July 2022

El objetivo de este estudio fue develar las tendencias de formación posgradual en la disciplina contable a partir de la aceptación de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) en Barranquilla durante el período 2009-2018. Se trató de una investigación de tipo descriptivo de diseño longitudinal. La información analizada fue extraída de la base de datos del Sistema Nacional de Información de la Educación Superior. Los resultados revelaron la conveniencia y la pertinencia de estos programas frente al panorama del mercado laboral nacional e internacional. El estudio concluyó que el programa con mayor continuidad en factores como oferta y demanda fueron las especializaciones en tributación, ofertados por la Universidad del Norte y la Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, que, además, presentan una tasa de vinculación laboral promedio superior al 90 % y un mayor número de asignaturas con relación a las NIIF.
Simulation-Based Evaluation of Methods for Handling Nonwear Time in Accelerometer Studies of Physical Activity
Authors: Kapphahn Kristopher I. , Banda Jorge A. , Haydel K. Farish , Robinson Thomas N. , Desai Manisha
Published: July 2022

Accelerometer data are widely used in research to provide objective measurements of physical activity. Frequently, participants may remove accelerometers during their observation period resulting in missing data referred to as nonwear periods. Common approaches for handling nonwear periods include discarding data (days with insufficient hours or individuals with insufficient valid days) from analyses and single imputation (SI) methods. Purpose: This study evaluates the performance of various discard-, SI-, and multiple imputation (MI)-based approaches on the ability to accurately and precisely characterize the relationship between a summarized measure of accelerometer counts (mean counts per minute) and an outcome (body mass index). Methods: Realistic accelerometer data were simulated under various scenarios that induced nonwear. Data were analyzed using common and MI methods for handling nonwear. Bias, relative standard error, relative mean squared error, and coverage probabilities were compared across methods. Results: MI approaches were superior to commonly applied methods, with bias that ranged from −0.001 to −0.028 that was considerably lower than that of discard-based methods (ranging from −0.050 to −0.057) and SI methods (ranging from −0.061 to −0.081). We also reported substantial variation among MI strategies, with coverage probabilities ranging from .04 to .96. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the benefit of applying MI methods over more commonly applied discard- and SI-based approaches. Additionally, we show that how you apply MI matters, where including data from previously observed acceleration measurements in the imputation model when using MI improves model performance.
A Perception–Action Assessment of the Functionality of Peripheral Vision in Expert and Novice Australian Footballers
Authors: Panchuk Derek , Maloney Michael
Published: July 2022

While widely acknowledged as being important for team-sport performance, the contribution of peripheral vision is poorly understood. This study aimed to better understand the role of far peripheral vision in team sport by exploring how domain experts and novices used far peripheral vision to support decision making and action control. Expert (n = 25) and novice (n = 23) Australian football players completed a perception-only task to assess the extent of their peripheral field. Next, they completed two sport-specific variations (response and recognition) of a “no-look” pass task that required passing a ball to a teammate who appeared in their far peripheral field. In the perception-only task, novices outperformed experts. However, in the sport-specific action response and recognition tasks, experts demonstrated superior performance as they responded to the stimulus farther from central vision and more accurately. Results demonstrate expertise effects for the use of far peripheral vision in sport.
Effects of Foot Orthoses on Pain and the Prevention of Lower Limb Injuries in Runners: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Pires Neves Murilo , Sena da Conceição Cristiano , Lucareli Paulo Roberto Garcia , Barbosa Renata Santana da Silva , Vieira João Paulo Bomfim Cruz , Brasileiro Alécio Jorge Alves de Lima , da Silva Grimaldo Ferreira , Gomes-Neto Mansueto
Published: July 2022

Context: A variety of approaches have been proposed to prevent lower limb injuries in runners. However, the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to reduce lower limb pain and injury after intensive running is very weak. Objective: The authors performed a systematic review to investigate the effects of foot orthoses on pain and the prevention of lower limb injuries in runners. Evidence Acquisition: The authors searched the MEDLINE/PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Scielo, and Cochrane Central (from inception to February 2022) databases for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of foot orthoses in runners. The authors then calculated mean differences and 95% confidence intervals from these trials. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test. Furthermore, the authors compared the criteria between runners with foot orthoses and ones with no intervention (control group). Evidence Synthesis: Twelve studies (5321 runners) met our review criteria. The control and the foot orthoses group sustained 721 (37%) and 238 (24%) injuries, respectively. Compared with the control group, the use of foot orthoses resulted in a significant reduction in lower limb injury risk (risk ratio = 0.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.5–0.7; P = .00001, I2 = 54%; 7 studies, N = 2983: moderate-quality evidence). Moreover, the foot orthoses group corresponded to a 40% reduction in the risk of developing lower limb injuries. Conclusions: The use of foot orthoses may help reduce the incidence of lower limb injuries and pain in runners.
Warming Up With a Dynamic Moment of Inertia Bat Can Increase Bat Swing Speed in Competitive Baseball Players
Authors: Castonguay Tristan , Roberts Mary , Dover Geoff
Published: July 2022

Introduction: While most baseball players’ warm-up with a weighted bat/donut, there is evidence to suggest the swing speed decreases after the warm-up even though the bat feels lighter. Warming up with a dynamic moment of inertia bat may not decrease the swing speed and therefore improve the performance of baseball players. The hypothesis is that a dynamic moment of inertia bat will negate the effect of the kinesthetic illusion observed with a weighted bat. Objective: To measure the difference in bat swing speed between warming up with the dynamic moment of inertia bat compared with a weighted bat. Methods: Thirty-nine competitive baseball players participated in the study. All players were randomly assigned a warm-up tool that could be either a dynamic moment of inertia bat or a weighted bat. After the players’ warm-up, they swung their normal bat, and the bat swing speed was measured using a high-speed camera. We used motion analysis software to calculate the swing speed which measured the linear displacement during the last 15 frames before ball contact. The process was then repeated so that each player had the chance to try both warm-up bats. Results: The post warm-up swing speeds using the dynamic moment of inertia bat were significantly faster compared with a weighted bat warm-up. There was a 0.56 (0.78) m/s (1.26 [1.74] mph) increase in swing speed when using the dynamic moment of inertia bat (P = .0001), which is an average increase of 2.10% compared with a weighted bat warm-up. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that using a dynamic moment of inertia bat before an at-bat can increase swing speed compared with a weighted warm-up. Future studies are needed to determine if using a dynamic moment of inertia bat as part of rehabilitation can facilitate returning to competition after injury by focusing on swing speed.
Portuguese Students’ Perceptions About the Motivational Climate in Physical Education
Authors: Pereira Paulo , Santos Fernando , Marinho Daniel A.
Published: July 2022

Purpose: To validate the English version of the L’Echelle de Perception du Climat Motivational within a Portuguese context and analyze students’ perceptions of the motivational climate in physical education and its relationship to demographic variables, participation in extracurricular sports, and students’ grades. Methods: A total of 476 Portuguese students participated in the study and completed the L’Echelle de Perception du Climat Motivational (249 men = 52.3%; 227 women = 47.7%). Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the importance of motivational climate in physical education classes. Results: Our results suggest that the Portuguese version of the L’Echelle de Perception du Climat Motivational is valid and reliable. Furthermore, motivational climate is a predictor of both extracurricular sports participation and grades. Discussion and Conclusion: The finding that motivational climate is a predictor for extracurricular sports participation and grades supports the relevance of the climate fostered by physical education teachers and its influence on learning. This study discusses implications for research and practice.
THEMIS enhances the magnitude of normal and neuroinflammatory type 1 immune responses by promoting TCR-independent signals
Authors: Yang Cui , Blaize Gaëtan , Marrocco Rémi , Rouquié Nelly , Bories Cyrielle , Gador Mylène , Mélique Suzanne , Joulia Emeline , Benamar Mehdi , Dejean Anne S. , Daniels-Treffandier Hélène , Love Paul E. , Fazilleau Nicolas , Saoudi Abdelhadi , Lesourne Renaud
Published: July 2022

Signals that determine the differentiation of naïve CD4
+
T helper (T
H
) cells into specific effector cell subsets are primarily stimulated by cytokines, but additional signals are required to adjust the magnitude of T
H
cell responses and set the balance between effective immunity and immunological tolerance. By inducing the post-thymic deletion of the T cell lineage signaling protein THEMIS, we showed that THEMIS promoted the development of optimal type 1 immune responses to foreign antigens but stimulated signals that favored encephalitogenic responses to self-neuroantigens. THEMIS was required to stimulate the expression of the gene encoding the transcriptional regulator T-BET and the production of the cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and it enhanced the ability of encephalitogenic CD4
+
T cells to migrate into the central nervous system. Consistently, analysis of THEMIS expression in polarized CD4
+
T cells showed that THEMIS was selectively increased in abundance in T
H
1 cells. The stimulation of predifferentiated effector CD4
+
T cells with antigen-presenting cells revealed a stimulatory function for THEMIS on type 1 cytokine responses, similar to those observed ex vivo after immunization. In contrast, THEMIS exerted opposing effects on naïve CD4
+
T cells in vitro by inhibiting the T cell receptor (TCR)–mediated signals that lead to T
H
1 cell responses. These data suggest that THEMIS exerts TCR-independent functions in effector T cells, which increase the magnitude of normal and pathogenic T
H
1 cell–mediated responses.
Evaluation of the Performance of Ortho T. cruzi ELISA Test System for the Detection of Antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Rivera Hilda N. , McAuliffe Isabel , Aderohunmu TaLesa , Wiegand Ryan E. , Montgomery Susan P. , Bradbury Richard S. , Handali Sukwan
Published: July 2022

The serologic diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease, caused by infection with the parasite
Trypanosoma cruzi
, is challenging and lacks a gold-standard assay. To overcome the problem, CDC uses an algorithm that uses two tests on different platforms and applies a third test as a tiebreaker.
The Role of the VP4 Attachment Protein in Rotavirus Host Range Restriction in an
In Vivo
Suckling Mouse Model
Authors: Sánchez-Tacuba Liliana , Kawagishi Takahiro , Feng Ningguo , Jiang Baoming , Ding Siyuan , Greenberg Harry B.
Published: July 2022

Human group A rotaviruses (RVs) remain the most important cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among infants and young children worldwide despite the introduction of several safe and effective live attenuated vaccines. The lack of knowledge regarding fundamental aspects of RV biology, such as the genetic basis of host range restriction (HRR), has made it difficult to predictively and efficiently design improved, next-generation live attenuated rotavirus vaccines.