bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant Effects of Onion Peel in High‐Cholesterol Diet Fed C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Kang Hyun‐Ju , Jeong Yong‐Seob , Sohn Hee‐Sook , Cha Youn‐Soo
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant effects of onion peel extract administration in hypercholesterolemic male mice. C57BL/6J male mice(n=48) were divided into four groups and raised for 12 weeks : high cholesterol diet group ; HC, and high cholesterol diet plus onion peel administration group(50, 100, 200mg/kg/day, orally; OP‐50, OP‐100, OP‐200, respectively). Serum total cholesterol (TC) levels tended to be decreased in onion peel extract administered groups compared with HC group. Liver TC and Triglyceride (TG) level were significantly decreased in onion peel extract administered groups. Expression of the low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDL‐receptor) and cholesterol 7‐alpha‐monooxygenase (CYP7A1) were significantly upregulated in OP‐200. 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA reductase (HMG‐CoA reductase) were not significant among groups. Hepatic superdoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and catalase (CAT) activity were measured. Antioxidant related enzyme analyzed by the real time PCR and western blotting. These results suggested that administration of onion peel extract were effective on lowering the cholesterol and improving antioxidant metabolism in mice.
Effects of Apple Products on Plasma LDL Oxidation
Authors: Zhao Shi , DiSilvestro Robert A
Published: June 2021

Apple products contain polyphenol antioxidants, but human studies of apple antioxidant effects are few. The present study showed that apple and apple product intake decreased concentrations of plasma oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (LDL). Healthy, middle aged subjects were divided into 1 of 4 groups (N=16 each) for 1 mo treatment: apples (1 per day), multiple apple products (1 apple, 1 cup apple juice, 1 serving apple sauce per day), apple extract capsules (polyphenol content of 3 apples), or placebo capsules. Plasma oxidized LDL in plasma was determined by an ELISA assay kit (Alpco Diagnostics Inc.). Plasma oxidized LDL concentrations in each of the following groups showed decreased values for post‐intervention versus pre‐intervention: the apple group, the apple product group, and the apple extract group (paired t‐test p‐values < 0.05). Placebo did not show a significant effect. A possible mechanism might have been increases in the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 1 since apple intake is reported to affect these activities. However, in the present study, no consistent effect was seen for any of the apple groups for changes in superoxide dismutase 1 in red blood cells. In summary, apple product consumption can decrease plasma contents of oxidized LDL, which could present a reasonable strategy for nutritional prevention of atherosclerosis
Bauer Ketones 23 and 24 Contribute to Anti‐inflammatory Activity of Echinacea paradoxa paradoxa
Authors: Zhang Xiaozhu , Rizshsky Ludmila , Hauck Cathy , Qu Luping , Widrlechner Mark P. , Nikolau Basil J. , Murphy Patricia A. , Birt Diane F.
Published: June 2021

Three medicinal species, E. purpurea, E. angustifolia and E. pallida, are commonly used as alternative remedies for treatment and prevention of colds and other upper respiratory symptoms. These species have been found to have anti‐viral, anti‐microbial and immune‐modulating properties. Ongoing research has examined the active constituents responsible for bioactivities of Echinacea. In our study, bioactivity‐guided fractionation was employed to identify the constituents contributing to anti‐inflammatory activity of Echinacea ethanol extracts. Bauer ketone‐rich species, Echinacea paradoxa paradoxa (PI631292) was found to have higher anti‐inflammatory potential than the commonly used medicinal species by comparing their inhibitory abilities on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced NO, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β and IL‐6) in RAW264.7 cells. Bauer ketones 23 (K23) and 24 (K24) were identified from fraction 5 (F5), as key contributors to anti‐inflammatory activity of Echinacea paradoxa paradoxa. K24 at the dose present in F5 significantly reduced production of LPS‐induced NO, PGE2, IL‐1β and IL‐6. Combination of K23 and K24 were additive in the inhibition of PGE2 and synergistic in the inhibition of NO. Further investigation is in progress to elucidate molecular pathways involved in anti‐inflammatory activity of Bauer ketones.

Grant Funding Source: Grant 9P50AT004155‐06 from NCCAM and ODS, NIH
Suppressive effects on the biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators by Korean traditional plant‐A extract in macrophage cells
Authors: Kim Gun‐Hee , Hwang Keum Hee , Lee Je‐Hyuk
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study is to elucidate the anti‐inflammatory effects of Korean traditional plant A extract. Plant‐A extract had the potent antioxidant activity. Plant‐A extract inhibited potently LPS‐induced nitrite production from RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by Plant‐A extract was supposed to be due to chemical scavenge of NO and the suppression of inducible NOS (iNOS) transcription level in LPS‐induced macrophage cells. In addition, we investigated the inhibition for biosynthesis of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cyclooxygenase‐2 by Plant‐A extract. We have the plan to study the suppression of inflammatory mediators by Plant‐A extract. Plant‐A is expected to be useful as a functional food material and an alternative medicine for the relief and retardation of immunological inflammatory responses.
Antioxidant Activities of Naturaceuticals Extract in vitro
Authors: Hahm Tae‐Shik , Park Sung Jin , Lo Y. Martin
Published: June 2021

The antioxidant activity of the naturaceutical extract in vitro using total phenolic contents, total flavonoids contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, and phenolic acid contents were studied. The total phenolic and flavonoids contents of naturaceutical extract were 5.46 mg/g and 2.21 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of natraceutical extract varied from 18.77 (200 μg/ml) to 3.44 (1,000 μg/ml). The reducing power of the natraceutical extract absorbance varied from 1.07 (0.78 mg/ml) to 3.44 (12.5 mg/ml), and reducing power of extract presented a concentration‐dependent activity were increase. The highest amounts of trans‐ferulic acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, p‐coumaric acid, vanillin, vanillic acid, p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and trans‐cinnamic acid were observed in the naturaceutical extract at the levels of 750.79, 619.75, 531.34, 222.04, 219.28, 107.40 and 89.56 μg/g, respectively. The results implied that those antioxidant effects of the naturaceutical extracts could be harnessed in the management and prevention of degenerativing diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Antioxidant Supplementation in HIV+ persons on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): A Pilot Study
Authors: Stewart Tiffanie , Campa Adriana , Shin Dong‐Ho , Martinez Sabrina Sales , Li Yinghui , Hatsu Irene , Baum Marianna K
Published: June 2021

Objective

This study investigates the effectiveness of antioxidants in reducing oxidative damage.

Methods

A clinical trial using supplement (N=12)/placebo (N=13) HIV+ adults on stable ART for 12 weeks. Intervention included multivitamins, alpha‐lipoic acid, N‐acetyl‐cysteine, and acetyl‐L‐carnitine. Blood was drawn every 4 weeks for markers of mt dysfunction (8‐oxo‐deoxyguanosine, OXPHOS Complex I/Complex IV activity) and immune markers (CD4 count, %CD4, CD4:CD8). Linear models and t‐tests were used for analysis.

Results

Mean age was 48±5 and 62% were males in the placebo arm and mean age was 50±5 years and 58% were males in the supplemented arm. Supplementation for 12 weeks significantly improved immune markers (CD4/CD8:1.1±0.5 vs. 0.5±0.3, p= 0.04) controlling for age and gender. OXPHOS Complex IV significantly decreased from baseline to 12 weeks in the placebo arm (86±14% to 55±9%, p<.0001), with no change in the supplemented arm. The groups were not significant different in 8‐oxo‐dG, CD4 count, %CD4, and Complex I.

Conclusion

Supplementation for 12 weeks improved immune status and prevented mitochondrial oxidative stress. Larger longitudinal studies supplementing antioxidants in HIV+ persons on ART are needed to determine the effectiveness of adjunct therapies in mitigating ART‐induced oxidative stress.

Supported by NIDA

Grant Funding Source: NIH, NIDA
The relationship of obesity, diabetes status and ethnicity with high sensitivity C‐reactive protein
Authors: Vaccaro Joan A , Huffman Fatma G
Published: June 2021

Objectives

C‐reactive protein (CRP) increases during systemic inflammation. There is growing evidence that high levels of CRP in the blood are indicative of and risk factors for CVD. The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship of obesity, ethnicity, gender, diabetes status and CRP.

Methods

Secondary analysis of data acquired from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) 2007–8, a stratified, multistage probability sample of the civilian non‐institutionalized U.S. population. Complex sample Analysis of variance (ANOVA) models were performed to determine differences of high‐sensitivity CRP (hs‐CRP) for three ethnic categories: Black non‐Hispanic (BNH), Mexican American (MA), White, non‐Hispanic (WNH).

Results

For the combined sample, body mass index and diabetes predicted hsCRP. Together with age, the model explained 31.0% of the variance of hsCRP (R2) p<0.001. When race was added, diabetes was no longer an independent predictor. Diabetes interacted with race and gender to predict hsCRP (p=0.042).

Conclusions

Levels of hsCRP differed by diabetes status, ethnicity/race, BMI and gender. The findings suggest that obesity, as measured by BMI, is a modifiable risk factor for hsCRP.
Effects of the Mediterranean diet on the metabolic syndrome in men and women
Authors: Bédard Alexandra , Riverin Mélissa , Dodin Sylvie , Corneau Louise , Lemieux Simone
Published: June 2021

Objective

To investigate the impact of a 4‐week eucaloric controlled nutritional intervention based on the traditional Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in men and women.

Methods

Participants were 37 men and 32 premenopausal women who had a slightly elevated plasma LDL‐cholesterol concentration (between 3.4 and 4.9 mM) and at least one factor of the MetS. During the intervention, all foods and drinks concordant with the MedDiet were provided to participants. The MetS was assessed before and after the controlled intervention as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria.

Results

At baseline, 43.2% of men and 37.5% of women had the MetS. The prevalence of the MetS was reduced by 13.5% in men and was increased by 3.1% in women (men vs women, P=0.14). The reversion of the MetS was 3.5 times greater in men than in women, however this odds ratio was not significant (95% confidence interval, 0.67–18.24). No significant change was observed in the number of criteria of the MetS in women (P=1.00) whereas a trend was noted in men (P=0.08).

Conclusion

A 4‐week controlled nutritional intervention based on the MedDiet does not lead to significant changes in the MetS in women, although men tend to have beneficial effects in response to this intervention.

Supported by CIHR and HSFQ
Weight loss and muscle quality in older men with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Wood Richard James , Gregory Sara , Maneen Jonathan , Sullivan Ryan , Richard Jeffrey , Sawyer Jason , Matthews Tracey D. , Headley Samuel A.E.
Published: June 2021

The purpose of the 12‐week study was to examine a low‐fat diet (LFD; carbohydrate:protein:fat 55:15:30) vs. a carbohydrate restricted diet (CRD; 10:25:65) with or without progressive resistance exercise (PRE) on fat‐free mass (FFM) and muscle quality in older men with metabolic syndrome. Participants were matched on BMI and randomly assigned to either: 1) LFD (n=8) 2) LFD&PRE (n=9) 3) CRD (n=8) 4) CRD&PRE (n=7). PRE groups performed three supervised strength training sessions per week. Measurements were at baseline & week 12. Body composition & weight were measured via segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis. Strength was determined by obtaining a 3–5 repetition maximum (RM) on leg press; a 1 RM was then calculated. Muscle quality = leg press 1RM/lower‐body FFM. Body weight (lbs.) decreased from baseline to week 12 (P<0.05) with no group differences (LFD −18.0±7.4; LFD&PRE: −19.8±12.8; CRD: −20.2±8.0; CRD&PRE: −20.1±8.9). Percent weight loss as FFM was not different between groups (LFD: 38.0±20.4; LFD&PRE: 17.4±36.6; CRD: 20.3±23.4; CRD&PRE: 21.5±21). Muscle quality increased (P<0.05) in both the LFD&PRE group (29.1±19.5%) and CRD&PRE group (24.4±16.3%), but was unchanged (P>0.05) in the diet only groups. These data indicate that PRE is required to improve muscle quality during weight loss. Similar preservation of FFM in the CRD group to the PRE groups warrants further investigation.
Dietary cysteine is utilized more efficiently by children with edematous severe childhood undernutrition compared to those with non‐edematous severe childhood undernutrition during nutritional rehabilitation
Authors: Hsu Jean W , Badaloo Asha , Taylor‐Bryan Carolyn , Reid Marvin , Forrester Terrence , Jahoor Farook
Published: June 2021

Compared to children with non‐edematous severe childhood undernutrition (SCU), those with edematous SCU have slower glutathione synthesis and lower intracellular cysteine (Cys) indicating a shortage in Cys supply. We tested the hypothesis that children with edematous SCU will utilize dietary Cys more efficiently to maximize supply during early nutritional rehabilitation. Cys flux, oxidation and its splanchnic extraction were measured in 5 children with non‐edematous and 7 with edematous SCU during early metabolic stabilization (3.8±0.5 d post‐admission) and during mid catch‐up growth (20.1±2.0 d post‐admission) using primed‐continuous 6 h tracer infusions of 2H2‐Cys intragastrically and U‐13C3‐Cys intravenously. Starting 2 h before the isotope infusions, 33% of daily food intake was given by constant intragastric infusion for 8 h.

Cysteine (μmol/kg/h)

Splanchnic Uptake
Exogenous Intake
Oxidation
Balance

Early Stabilization

No Edema
4.1±0.5
13.5±0.4
5.6±1.1
7.9±1.5

Edema
5.9±0.9
14.5±0.5
1.6±0.3
12.9±0.8

P <

0.01
0.01

Mid Catch‐up Growth

No Edema
9.6±1.0
25.5±0.8
8.9±0.8
16.6±1.2

Edema
9.8±1.4
26.3±0.4
2.8±0.6
23.5±0.8

P <

0.01
0.01

Mean±SEM

We conclude that children with edematous SCU utilize dietary cysteine more efficiently than children with non‐edematous SCU during nutritional rehabilitation.

Supported by NIH Grant # R01 DK056689
Dose‐response of leucine oxidation with beef feeding in middle‐aged men
Authors: Robinson Meghann , Hector Amy , Phillips Stuart
Published: June 2021

The current RDA for protein for older individuals is 0.8g/kg/day, however, some research has suggested this requirement may be higher. Our aim was to assess the acute effects of feeding and resistance exercise on leucine oxidation with graded quantities of ingested beef.

Design

36 healthy older men (58.9 ± 5.2 yr, 1.75 ± 0.1 m, 82.6 ± 12.7 kg) reported to the laboratory in the post‐absorptive state. Catheters were inserted in an antecubital vein to infuse stable isotope labeled leucine ‐ [1‐13C]. Subjects performed an intense bout of unilateral knee extension resistance exercise. After exercise, participants were randomly assigned to one of four feeding conditions, which included 0, 57, 113, or 170 g of beef. Protein synthesis and whole body leucine oxidation were measured over 4 h after exercise by collection of expired labeled CO2 and plasma α‐ketoisocaproic acid and the reciprocal pool model.

Results

Leucine oxidation was significantly increased when 170 g of beef was ingested. This amount of dietary protein is in excess of what may be incorporated into tissue protein, which results in irreversible oxidation.
Tissue distribution of lysine metabolism in commercial turkeys
Authors: Berg Levi , Gatrell Stephanie , Engels Juanita , West Brittany , Moritz Joseph , Blemings Kenneth
Published: June 2021

The essential amino acid lysine is typically the first or second limiting amino acid in diets fed to growing turkeys. However, there is little information about how and where lysine is degraded. Therefore, an investigation of the tissue distribution of lysine catabolism was performed using liver, kidney, enterocytes, breast, thigh, heart and lung of four and eight week old turkeys. The tissues were assayed for the initial enzyme activity of the primary pathway of lysine oxidation, lysine ketoglutarate reductase (LKR). Additionally, lysine oxidation (LOX) was determined based on the recovery of 14CO2 from radioactive lysine. All tissues assayed had measureable LKR activity except lung. Liver had the highest activity (5.2 mmol/min*g liver). Intestine, kidney and liver oxidized lysine (P<0.05) and liver had the highest lysine oxidation (15.9 μmol/min*g tissue). A significant week * tissue interaction and week effect were detected. A positive correlation (P<0.05) was observed between LKR activity and LOX. In conclusion, it is clear that extra hepatic tissues contribute to whole body lysine metabolism. (Support: HATCH WVA 470, Virginia Poultry Grower Cooperative)
Vitamin B‐6 Restriction Alters Concentrations of One‐Carbon (1C) Metabolites in Healthy Human Subjects
Authors: da Silva Vanessa R. , Quinlivan Eoin , Lamers Yvonne , Coats Bonnie , Stacpoole Peter W. , Gregory Jesse F.
Published: June 2021

Metabolic profiling of the effects of a marginal B‐6 deficiency can provide insight into the sensitivity of 1C metabolism to B‐6 status, and the level of stress placed on different pathways due to this deficiency. It also can add to our knowledge regarding vitamin B‐6 requirement for the optimal performance of the 1C cycle and may generate new hypotheses to be tested. This study aimed to assess the impact of marginal vitamin B‐6 deficiency (plasma PLP 20 –30 nM) on the plasma profile of one‐carbon metabolites in humans. Twenty‐two healthy men and women were placed on a 28‐d controlled dietary vitamin B‐6 restriction. Fasting plasma samples were collected at baseline and at day 28. Targeted analysis of known substrates and products of 1C metabolism and transsulfuration were performed by LC/MS‐MS. A one‐step extraction allowed simultaneous analysis of the concentrations of fifteen metabolites in a small volume of plasma. Results show a significant increase in plasma cystathionine (p<0.01) at marginal B‐6 deficiency, consistent with previous findings from our group. Plasma concentrations of serine and glycine also were significantly higher (p<0.05) at low B‐6 status. Postprandial plasma samples were collected as well and will allow evaluation of substrate availability in the fed versus fasted state on the 1C pathway in a marginal B‐6 deficiency.

Supported by NIH grant DK072398 and NIH National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) CTSA grant 1UL1RR029890.
Vitamin D status and plasma proteomic profiles
Authors: García‐Bailo Bibiana , Badawi Alaa , Brenner Darren , Nielsen Daiva , Lee Hyeon‐Joo , Karmali Mohamed A , Borchers Christoph H , El‐Sohemy Ahmed
Published: June 2021

Vitamin D deficiency, defined as serum 25(OH)D <27.5 nmol/L, has been associated with biomarkers of inflammation and increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our objective was to examine the association between vitamin D status and a panel of 55 common plasma proteins involved in inflammation, endothelial activation and lipid metabolism in an ethnically diverse population (n=1107) of young Canadian adults aged 20–29 years. Protein concentrations were measured with a tandem mass spectrometry‐based multiple reaction monitoring assay. Using principal components analysis, 4 main independent proteomic profiles were identified. Profiles 1 and 2 each included proteins involved in multiple pathways, while profile 3 consisted of pro‐inflammatory proteins and profile 4 included coagulation proteins. Generalized linear models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, season, ethnicity, physical activity and energy intake showed that vitamin D status was associated with differences in average profile loading scores. Profile 1 was positively associated with vitamin D status, while profiles 2 and 3 were inversely associated with vitamin D status. Vitamin D appears to be associated with distinct plasma proteomic profiles and may regulate physiologic pathways associated with T2D and CVD. Research Support from the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Advanced Foods and Materials Network.

Grant Funding Source: Public Health Agency of Canada, Advanced Foods and Materials Network
In vitro fermentation of human milk oligosaccharides by ascending colonic microbiota from formula‐fed and sow‐reared piglets
Authors: Li Min , Bauer Laura L , Chen Xin , Kuhlenschmidt Theresa , Kuhlenschmidt Mark S , Fahey George C , Donovan Sharon M
Published: June 2021

The objective was to compare the in vitro fermentation characteristics of oligosaccharides isolated from human milk (HMO), lacto‐N‐neotetraose (LNnT), a predominant HMO, and three commonly used prebiotics: a 1:2 mixture of galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and polydextrose (PDX), and short‐chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS). Ascending colonic contents were obtained from four donor groups: 9 and 17 day‐old formula‐fed (FF9, FF17) and sow‐reared (SR9, SR17) piglets. pH change, gas, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and lactate production were determined following 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h of incubation. The pH change and total SCFA, acetate, and propionate production were greater in the FF than SR groups, and in the 9‐ compared to the 17‐day‐old piglets, regardless of diet. However, SR groups produced higher amounts of butyrate and lactate than FF groups. For most donors, the pH change was greatest for scFOS, and least for GOS/PDX. The fermentation of LNnT produced larger amounts of gas, total SCFA, acetate, and butyrate than did the other substrates, whereas higher amounts of propionate and lactate were observed from HMO and scFOS fermentation respectively. In summary, gut bacterial fermentation patterns varied by diet and age of piglets. HMO and LNnT have potential prebiotic effects due in part to their high SCFA production capacity (Supported by R01 HD061929).
Derivation of equations for the plateau principle and their application to changes in body mass index and insulin sensitivity after bariatric surgery
Authors: Hargrove James L. , Heinz Grete , Smith Jeffrey W. , Lee Yi‐Chih , Lee Wei‐Jei
Published: June 2021

We derive equations for a model called the plateau principle that describes an exponential approach to steady state. We test whether the general solution fits data for longitudinal changes in body mass index (BMI) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA) during 3 years after laparoscopic mini‐gastric bypass surgery (LMGB). In the general solution, k is a unique, first order rate parameter, t is time, and M0, Mt and Mss, respectively, are BMI or HOMA at baseline, at time t, and at steady state:

urn:x-wiley:08926638:fsb2fasebj251supplement9871:equation:fsb2fasebj251supplement9871-math-0001

We show how to automate Microsoft Excel's Solver feature to fit the model to a large data set (n = 1069) obtained after LMGB. Three year follow‐up data for 97 patients with complete records show an exponential pattern for change in BMI for most individuals and for group averages. The model shows that the rate of change for HOMA is much greater than the rate of change in BMI (mean k ≅ 1.26 mo−1 vs. 0.25 mo−1) BMI stabilizes for most patients between 9–18 mo, whereas HOMA stabilizes in less than 6 mo. There is little or no difference in rates of change among most anthropometric measures, or in rates of change between female and male subjects. We conclude that the plateau model of Equation 1 can be applied to changes in BMI and some other anthropometric and functional measures after bariatric surgery. When model assumptions are valid, the model may also apply to changes in weight or functional capacity during weight loss caused by dieting, aerobic training, or by drug treatment. (Supported by Hatch project GEO00602 from the GA Agricultural Experiment Station).
Mathematical modelling of the one‐carbon metabolism network by using logic programming
Authors: Chango Abalo , Gnimpiéba Etienne Z.
Published: June 2021

We present herein a comprehensive and flexible mathematical model of the one‐carbon metabolism network. We have studied the dynamic regulation of the OCM network with a special emphasis on the alteration of DNA methylation and/or dUMP methylation. After validation, the 5mTHF uptake, DNA and dUMP methylation were studied by simulating nutritional 5mTHF deficiency and genetic MTHFR defect conditions. Both conditions show distinct effects on the one‐carbon metabolites synthesis. Methylation reactions shown two oscillations of variable amplitude at a steady state for DNA methylation with severe 5mTHF deficiency and dUMP/dTMP ratio reached the steady‐state after 2h compared to 2.5h for 100% 5mTHF level.
Determining Teacher Barriers for Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Preschool Children
Authors: Ferro Erika S. , Chika Satoko , Goodell L. Suzanne
Published: June 2021

Persuading any preschooler to eat fruits and vegetables (FV) can be a challenge. Preschool teachers are faced with the challenge of trying to increase FV consumption in 18–20 children at one time. The purpose of this research was to determine the barriers teachers face when trying to get 3–5 year old preschool children to consume FV. Researchers interviewed teachers employed at preschools serving low‐income families (e.g. Head Start). Interviews were transcribed to determine themes around the barriers to increasing FV intake in preschool children. Knowledge gained from the study will be used to develop educational tools that will aid teachers in increasing the consumption of FV among 3–5 year old preschool children from low‐income families.
Using mixed methods to examine the influence of maternal perception on child weight and feeding practices of Latino WIC mothers
Authors: Kim Loan Pham , Harrison Gail , Mallo Nelly
Published: June 2021

Childhood obesity rates have risen dramatically in the US, and at particular risk are immigrant Latino children. Public health practitioners agree that dietary treatment of overweight in children alone is usually unsatisfactory. Early prevention through careful attention to both diet and factors influencing dietary behaviors is a more viable public health option. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to assess how maternal perception influences child feeding practices among Latino WIC mothers. Data were drawn from two sources: the Children's Health Information Research Project (CHIRP) data on overweight and non‐overweight children, and qualitative data from a sub‐set of 20 WIC participants and 16 para‐professional staff. Descriptive statistics, chi‐square and thematic analyses were completed. We found more than 70% of mothers of 3–5 year old overweight children considered their child to be of normal weight. More than 20% of mothers of normal weight children identified their child as too thin or underweight. Narratives revealed that mothers' perception of healthy weight was not based on anthropometrics but a function of the child's ability to be as active as other children without “running out of breath”. We will present this and other salient findings, and discuss the need for health professionals to bridge this disconnect when designing obesity prevention programs for low‐income Latino children.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by AHA #09PRE2390123
Physical activity, dietary intake, and body weight changes from high school to college among first‐year college students
Authors: Filla Charlotte , Gonzales Dana , Hakkak Reza , Hays Nicholas
Published: June 2021

We examined body weight, diet, and physical activity among first‐year students during the transition from high school to college. First‐year students (n = 28) at a public university in central Arkansas completed an online survey during the spring semester, with participants instructed to report current (i.e. collegiate) and retrospective (i.e. final year of high school) data. Current weight was greater than high school weight (+2.7 kg, p = 0.008). Reported frequency of consumption of 3 food items was significantly decreased in college relative to high school: milk (−0.17 times/day), cheese (−0.27), and red meat (−0.18, all p < 0.05). Time spent in vigorous‐intensity physical activity during school, work, sports, or recreation was also significantly less in college compared to high school (all p < 0.05), although time spent walking or bicycling for transportation was significantly increased from 5.6 ± 16.1 to 49.5 ± 57 min/d (p < 0.001). Students on average experienced moderate weight gain during their first year in college, in conjunction with a decrease in vigorous activity and modest changes in food intake. Weight gain occurred despite large increases in time spent walking and bicycling for transportation. Interventions to increase vigorous activity, especially activities beyond walking and bicycling, may be particularly important in preventing weight gain in this population. Supported by UAMS Graduate School.
Education in Nutrition Medicine: the Critical Role of Medical Students
Authors: Milch Hannah Swan , Wang Flint , Mulchandani Neetu , Decker Ashley , Gorman Kathy , Lenders Carine
Published: June 2021

Statement of the Problem

The Healthy People 2010 and the US Preventive Services Task Force recommend that physicians provide nutritional counseling to their patients. Less than 10% of fourth‐year students at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) felt well‐prepared to address nutritional concerns with patients.

Objective

To enhance medical students' knowledge, attitudes, and counseling skills in nutrition medicine.

Method

The Student Nutrition Awareness and Action Council (SNAAC) was created in 2009–10. Second years students lead SNAAC's activities and recruit first‐year students to become the next year's leaders. SNAAC has a membership of 56 students and a primary mentor who is a Physician Nutrition Specialist. Major support comes from medical school funds and foundation awards.

Intervention

SNAAC activities are classified in five categories: 1) education: students work with BUSM's Nutrition Vertical Integration Group to create and update a virtual nutrition medicine course; 2) community outreach: students work with high‐school students to create nutrition tools for community‐based interventions; 3) clinical practice: students conduct interviews at a pediatric obesity clinic; 4) advocacy: students promote healthier food options at cafeterias on‐site and work with regional nutrition/obesity committees to change policies; and, 5) events: students hold a nutrition‐lecture series. As a result, SNAAC obtained the best student presentation award at the John McCahan Education Day and became a featured program of BUSM's Deans Service Learning Initiative and Wellness Initiative.

Future Direction

To partner with BU dietetic interns and public health students and expand this partnership to other universities. To provide opportunities in research and global health.

Support: 2010 CNIP award, American Society for Nutrition (Hannah Milch, BA); The New Balance Foundation Award and Loomis, Sayles & Company Charitable Fund (Carine Lenders, MD)
College cafeteria snack food sales become less healthy with each passing week of the semester
Authors: Shimizu Mitsuru , Cao Ying , Wansink Brian , Just David R
Published: June 2021

How do college snack food sales vary across the semester? The purpose of the present report is to examine the effect of stress on dietary choice in cafeterias on a university campus during the semester by using the academic calendar for the semester (i.e. begin of class, breaks, and final weeks) as natural manipulations for stress. The data were collected from the three largest cafeterias (or dining halls) on Cornell University's campus during 4 semesters (fall 2006, spring 2007, fall 2007 and spring 2008), for 18 weeks in each semester. The total amount sold for each single item was recorded in these cafeterias. As weeks pass, unhealthy food choices significantly increase about 0.4% week by week toward the end of both Fall and Spring semesters. In contrast, the healthy food choice slightly decreased during the fall semester. Those results are consistent with a current model of behavioral economics and social/cognitive psychology that, because stress taxes cognitive resource that is essential for healthy food choice, people are more likely to made less healthy food choice.

Grant Funding Source: none
An Assessment of Nutrition Education in Selected Counties in New York State Elementary Schools (K‐5)
Authors: Watts Sheldon Oliver , Lancaster Kristie J , Pinero Domingo J , Alter Mark M
Published: June 2021

Objective

To assess the extent to which nutrition education is implemented in selected counties in New York State elementary schools (grades K‐5) and explore how nutrition knowledge is presented in the classroom and what factors support it.

Design

One hundred thirty nine teachers were recruited from 18 New York State public elementary schools in urban (N=7), suburban (N=5), and rural (N=6) areas. Teachers completed a survey that measured the amount of nutrition‐related instruction; identified nutrition topics, methods of teaching, and nutrition‐related resources.

Results

Eighty three percent of teachers taught some nutrition (9.0 ± 10.5 hours). Teachers taught lessons about finding and choosing healthy foods (61%), relationship between diet and health (54%), and the MyPyramid (52%). Suburban teachers (12.4 ± 12.5 hours) taught significantly (p = 0.006) more hours of nutrition than rural teachers (4.2 ± 3.9 hours). Teachers at schools with fewer than 80% non‐white students taught significantly (p = 0.016) more (10.4 ± 11.4 hours) than teachers at schools with more than 80% non‐White students (5.6 ± 6.4 hours).

Conclusions

Teachers in this study reported that nutrition education is important and are willing to teach nutrition. Efforts should be made to support nutrition‐related topics, methods of instruction, and availability of resources.
Evaluating the effectiveness of a competency‐based resource guide for preschool‐aged children entitled “Connecting the Dots…Healthy Foods, Healthy Choices, Healthy Kids!!” in rural California
Authors: Scherr Rachel Erin , Schneider Julie , Donohue Susan , Mendoza Concepcion , Zidenberg‐Cherr Sheri
Published: June 2021

“Connecting the Dots…Healthy Choices, Healthy Foods, Healthy Kids!!” (CTD), a curriculum developed by the Center for Nutrition in Schools and the California Department of Education, was evaluated for impact on knowledge and dietary behaviors in preschool‐aged children. CTD is a competency‐based resource guide that has been previously field‐tested. Six childcare centers and homes in Butte and Shasta counties served as either control (C) or intervention (I) sites for 6 weeks. Baseline data collected included parent demographics, parent and teacher knowledge, children's knowledge and dietary behaviors using the Adapted Preschool Health and Safety Knowledge Assessment and a plate‐waste meal observation, respectively. Compared to C‐children, I‐children tended to consume more sugar snap peas (<0.2) post‐intervention. Level of parent education was positively associated with knowledge, however there were no differences in knowledge between C and I children. Preschool teachers and parents perceived an improvement in children's nutrition knowledge and health behaviors. These were noted as improved knowledge of MyPyramid and increased vegetable consumptions. Supported in part by the University of California, California State University, and Community College Collaborative Grant.
How to kill food cravings? Just a bite or the full portion
Authors: Shimizu Mitsuru , van Kleef Ellen , Wansink Brian
Published: June 2021

A food craving is an intense desire for a food, which is difficult to resist. Studying food cravings is important, because food cravings influence snacking behavior and are believed to contribute to excessive eating and in this way to obesity. The experiment reported here explores the impact of providing participants with ‘just a bite’ of desirable, craving‐inducing foods versus a large amount of these foods. The expectation is that the portion size of a desirable food will impact craving tendencies and appetite at different points in time. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions where they were presented with small versus large portions of chocolate chips, apple pie, and potato chips. Participants were asked to report their appetite and cravings for those foods before eating, immediately after eating, and 20 minutes after eating. Compared to before eating, cravings were significantly reduced 20 minutes after eating, all Fs > 16.2, ps <.001. Compared to before eating, appetite was also significantly reduced 20 minutes after eating, F > 6.5, p =.002. Importantly, these effects were consistent across the two conditions, ps >.44, suggesting that simply eating just a bite of food, rather than full of food, is enough to reduce food cravings.

Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship of second author within the 7th European Community Framework Programme.
You are What you Read? Fruit and Vegetable MyPyramid Recommendations are Underrepresented in Sunday Sales Circulars
Authors: Kranz Sibylle , Johns Lisa , Johnson L , Scheett Angela , Hoverson Bonita , Payne Collin
Published: June 2021

Population studies consistently show that Americans fail to meet MyPyramid recommendations for fruits (whole, not juice) and vegetables. Some age and gender groups approach recommendations for fruit intake (mostly through consumption of fruit juice) and most Americans underconsume vegetables. We investigated potential causes for the consistent lack of fruit and vegetable intake by examining a local grocery store chain's weekly, printed Sunday advertisements. Fruits and vegetables were categorized as canned, dried, fresh, fried, or frozen. Results showed that of the total food items advertised (n=9,216), vegetables ads (n=818) accounted for 6.8–10.3% of all ads every month. The types of vegetables advertised during the year were: 27.9% canned, 2.3% dried, 50.6% fresh, 1.1% fried, and 18.1% frozen. No seasonal pattern was observed. In a given month, the most frequent ad was for fresh vegetables (59%). In contrast, ads for fruits (n=631) represented 6.1–7.8% of total ads with 41.8% canned, 2.8% dried, 51.0% fresh, and 4.3% frozen. More ads were observed for fresh fruits in June, July, and August (highest observed frequency: 65.3%). Overall, we found that two of the most underconsumed food groups in the US are dramatically underrepresented in weekly advertisement flyers, which might contribute to low consumption.
Healthy Outcome for Teens (HOT project): Change in Social Cognitive Theory constructs in a randomized control trial
Authors: Muzaffar Henna , Castelli Darla , Goss David , Scherer Jane , Chapman‐Novakofski Karen
Published: June 2021

The objective of the HOT project: Healthy Outcome for Teens was to compare a control group (n=104) with passive online learning [POL] and a treatment group (n=129) with active online learning [AOL] for the exercise outcome expectancies (EOE), nutrition outcome expectancies (NOE), exercise self‐efficacy (ESE), weight efficacy lifestyle (WEL), planning a meal (PM), and rapid eating assessment (REA) questionnaires. Cronbach alpha was calculated on baseline data: EOE (12 items) = 0.849, NOE (20 items) = 0.783, ESE (6 items) = 0.961, WEL (18 of 19 possible items) = 0.929, PM (5 items) = 0.439, REA (26 items) = 0.816. Composite scores for all except PM questionnaire were computed and used for analysis. There were no significant differences in baseline scores except NOE (POL vs AOL). Significant improvements in 3 items for PM were found (Starch: control, 0.42 ± 0.50 and treatment, 0.57 ± 0.50; Fruit: control, 0.31 ± 0.47 and treatment, 0.52 ± 0.50; Beverage: control, 0.52 ± 0.50 and treatment, 0.71 ± 0.45). Control (POL) EOE was significantly more positive than treatment. No significant differences were found for WEL, ESE, REA. For skill in PM, AOL had a greater effect than POL.

Grant Funding Source: ADAF, NSRL, ISA, Illinois AMVETS, Illinois Extension
Community nutrition education and service learning: a unique model program
Authors: MacDonald Ruth S , Burnham Meagan
Published: June 2021

We began a service learning program at Iowa State University with the goal of providing professional experience for students and dispersal of educational materials to the community. With funding from the American Cancer Society Midwest and Lance Armstrong Foundation, undergraduate nutrition, dietetics and kinesiology students, and dietetic interns developed educational materials on topics in nutrition, exercise and cancer prevention. In the first phase, students created toolkits for educators and organized monthly workshops for cancer survivors recruited through Bliss Cancer Center‐Mary Greeley Medical Center (MGMC) in Ames. However, given the limited population this approach was unsustainable. Hence, in the second phase students enroll in a 1 credit course for which they develop presentations on a nutrition topic. The students give their presentation to the MGMC wellness program for employees. The presentation is then recorded and posted to a free‐access website: http://www.fshn.hs.iastate.edu/necp/home.html. Unique aspects of the site are a public page with flash presentations on nutrition topics, and a professional page with lesson plans, references and editable materials. The latter provides a resource for the health professional. This approach provides sustainable, current educational materials for the public and health professionals while instilling career enhancing skills in students.
A Qualitative Assessment of Undergraduate Pre‐Healthcare Student Views of Childhood Obesity
Authors: Cooke Natalie K. , Wilson Kelsey L. , Bissett Emily E. , Goodell L. Suzanne
Published: June 2021

Healthcare professionals will come into contact with a multitude of obese patients while in their careers. As a result, healthcare professionals should understand the Ecological Systems Theory (EST) applied to childhood obesity, which describes several levels of factors that contribute to childhood obesity, including child characteristics; parenting styles and family characteristics; and community, demographic, and societal characteristics. In order to qualitatively determine pre‐healthcare undergraduates' view of childhood obesity, researchers conducted individual interviews with seniors pursuing a career in health‐related fields. Researchers asked students to describe an obese child and explain the causes, consequences, and prevention of childhood obesity. Researchers analyzed transcripts to determined codes for each category of childhood obesity knowledge (description, causes, consequences, and prevention). Students displayed knowledge in the first two levels of the EST (individual and familial) and tended not to describe factors in the third level (community, demographic, and society) as major contributors. Based on findings, college instructors may need to adapt their course curricula to emphasize all levels of EST when discussing causes, consequences, and prevention of childhood obesity.
Maternal high fat diet and offspring CNS gene expression
Authors: Reyes Teresa M
Published: June 2021

The goal of our research is to understand the molecular mechanisms that link maternal high fat diet consumption during pregnancy with altered CNS gene expression in the offspring. In our model, pregnant and lactating mouse dams are fed a high fat (HF) diet, and large for gestational age (LGA) offspring demonstrate significant dysfunction in the dopaminergic, and opioid systems. Prenatal diet can impact DNA methylation, and we have documented both global and gene‐specific methylation differences in LGA mice.

Dietary methionine is essential for proper DNA methylation, and we hypothesized that methyl supplementation of the HF diet would prevent some of the aberrant DNA methylation/gene expression in the LGA offspring. Offspring from dams fed a HF diet show increased dopamine transporter expression in the brain. However, when both control and HF diet were supplemented with methyl donors, this effect is blocked. The pattern of responses is also affected by offspring sex. These data show that methyl donor supplementation can reverse aberrant gene expression changes in LGA offspring, and support the examination of this intervention on methylation and gene expression changes in the CNS of LGA animals.
Dietary assessment among Inuvialuit in Arctic Canada using a locally developed Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (QFFQ)
Authors: Butler J Lauren , Hopping Beth N , Douglas Diana , Sheehy Tony , Sharma Sangita
Published: June 2021

Inuvialuit in Arctic Canada are experiencing a nutritional transition with a concurrent rise in chronic disease rates. Comprehensive dietary assessment is necessary to monitor this transition. A population‐specific QFFQ was administered to assess dietary intake and adequacy, and foods contributing to energy and nutrient intake, in a cross‐sectional sample of Inuvialuit adults. With a response rate of 65–85%, 46 men (mean age = 43 y) and 172 women (mean age = 45 y) completed the QFFQ. Mean daily energy intakes for men and women were 3,094 kcal and 2,968 kcal, respectively. Protein, carbohydrates, and fat provided approximately 18%, 48%, and 32% of energy, respectively. The majority of participants were below recommended levels for daily intakes of dietary fiber, vitamin E, and vitamin D; while mean daily energy, saturated fat, and sodium intakes exceeded the recommendations. The most frequently reported foods, and the top contributors to energy, fat, and sugar intake, were non‐nutrient‐dense, store‐bought foods. Traditional foods accounted for 28% of protein and 33% of iron intake. This study identified nutrient inadequacies and consumption patterns to inform public health interventions and policy for Inuvialuit. The project was supported by American Diabetes Association.
Effects of maternal nutritional status and food situation on birth weight in displaced North Korean children
Authors: Lee Soo‐Kyung , Nam So‐Young , Heo Gyu‐Jin
Published: June 2021

Adequate nutrition and food situation during the pregnancy are important for healthy pregnancy outcomes such as birth weight. The aim of this study was to assess effects of maternal nutritional status (height, pre‐pregnancy weight, pre‐pregnancy BMI, and self‐reported body type) and food situation on birth weight of children born to North Korean parents, and currently living in South Korea. After IRB approval, North Korean children (6–18yr) were recruited through schools and local centers. A pre‐tested questionnaire was used to collect birth weight, nutritional status of mother, and food situation (Household Food Insecurity Access Scale Score) at birth, supplemented by an interview.. Birth weight was positively associated with being male (â=0.435, p‐value=0.001), higher maternal height (â=0.033, p‐value=0.026), secure food situation (â=0.273, p‐value=0.043) and with smaller maternal body type (â=−1.154, p‐value=0.016). Maternal weight and BMI had no statistically significant associations with birth weight, while maternal height was most significant. Maternal chronic nutritional status was more important on birth weight than food situation at birth in our sample. This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea Grant.