bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patient Assessment: Clinical Presentation, Imaging Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and the Role of Pulmonary Embolism Response Team
Authors: Friedman Tamir , Quencer Keith , Madoff David , Winokur Ronald
Published: June 2018

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is currently the third leading cause of death and moreover is likely underdiagnosed. PE remains the most common preventable cause of hospital deaths in the United States, which may be attributable to its diagnostic challenges. Although difficult to diagnose, patient mortality rates are time-dependent, and thus, the suspicion and diagnosis of PE in a timely manner is imperative. Diagnosis based on several criteria which may dictate imaging workup as well as laboratory tests and clinical parameters are discussed. The evolution of treatment guidelines via various clinical trials and recommendations is outlined, setting the stage for the use of fibrinolytics, whether systemic or catheter directed. Treatment, including fibrinolytics, is predicated on patient triage into three large categories—massive, submassive, or low-risk PE. Additionally, a relatively new concept of a multidisciplinary team composed of several subspecialty experts known as the PE response team (PERT) is discussed. PERT's timely and unified recommendations have been shown to optimize care and decrease mortality while tailoring treatment to each individual afflicted by PE.
Novel Anticoagulant Treatment for Pulmonary Embolism with Direct Oral Anticoagulants Phase 3 Trials and Clinical Practice
Authors: van der Pol Liselotte , Mairuhu Albert , Leroyer Christophe , Couturaud Francis , Huisman Menno , Klok Frederikus , Tromeur Cécile
Published: June 2018

Anticoagulant therapy is the cornerstone of therapeutic management in acute venous thromboembolism (VTE), consisting of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have become the standard of care because of their good safety profile and ease of use in clinical practice. Indeed, phase 3 randomized trials (AMPLIFY, EINSTEIN, RECOVER, and HOKUSAI studies) showed that DOACs provided a similar efficacy and a better safety than conventional treatment with parenteral heparin with overlapping loading dose of vitamin K antagonists in acute VTE therapeutic management. The results of published data from real-world registries confirm the safety and efficacy of DOACs demonstrated in the phase 3 trials.
Peri-Procedural Platelet Reactivity in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Alexopoulos Dimitrios , Xenogiannis Iosif , Vlachakis Panagiotis , Tantry Udaya , Gurbel Paul
Published: June 2018

Platelet activation and aggregation play a pivotal role in thrombotic complications occurring during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and peri-PCI anti-platelet therapy represents a standard of care. High platelet reactivity prior to PCI has been correlated with an increased incidence of peri-procedural myonecrosis. Pre-PCI platelet reactivity predicts post-PCI platelet reactivity and has a prognostic impact on subsequent ischaemic and bleeding events, so as the platelet inhibition measured post-PCI. Many anti-platelet treatment strategies, including aspirin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, P2Y12 receptor blockers and vorapaxar, are being used in the routine clinical practice to modify platelet reactivity at each stage, e.g. pre-, during and post-PCI. Anti-platelet strategies with a ‘stronger and faster’ pharmacodynamic effect than clopidogrel have been mostly adopted in patients with acute coronary syndromes. However, several issues regarding the anti-platelet treatment such as benefits/risks of anti-platelet therapy pre-treatment and duration, and definite association between speed and potency of various anti-platelet agents and clinical outcomes remain controversial. We believe that a better understanding of peri-PCI platelet reactivity and its relations to outcomes may lead to the development of more effective and safe treatment strategies.
Can Sequential Coagulation Monitoring Predict Major Haemorrhage in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants?
Authors: Thanhaeuser Margarita , Binder Christoph , Derhaschnig Ulla , Jilma Bernd , Kornsteiner-Krenn Margit , Huber-Dangl Mercedes , Repa Andreas , Kreissl Alexandra , Berger Angelika , Haiden Nadja
Published: June 2018

Introduction Bleeds such as intra-ventricular (IVH) and pulmonary haemorrhage (PH) are life-threatening events in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Serial coagulation monitoring by measuring the international normalized ratio (INR) with small volume samples might facilitate early diagnosis and possibly prevent major bleeds.

Materials and Methods This was a prospective longitudinal study performed in ELBW infants, who received serial INR monitoring by point of care testing during their first 30 days of life. The primary objective was to explore whether INR monitoring could predict major bleeding events (IVH, PH). Secondary objectives were mortality and feasibility in this patient population.

Results A total of 127 ELBW infants were stratified into a bleeding and a non-bleeding group. Bleeding events occurred in 31% (39/127) of the infants, whereupon 24% developed IVH and 9% PH. Infants in the bleeding group were 4 days younger at birth (p = 0.05) and had a substantially higher mortality rate of 26% versus 5% in controls (p = 0.005). Median INR during the first 3 days before a bleeding event was 1.55 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39–1.74) compared with the control group with 1.45 (95% CI: 1.44–1.58; p = 0.81). Platelet counts were significantly lower in the bleeding group on the 3rd day and during the 2nd to 4th week of life.

Discussion Serial coagulation monitoring by an INR point of care testing is feasible in ELBW infants but could not predict bleeding events. Further studies with daily monitoring of INR and platelet counts during the first days of life might be able to more precisely detect a risk of major haemorrhage in ELBW infants.
Genome-Wide Expression Analysis Suggests Hypoxia-Triggered Hyper-Coagulation Leading to Venous Thrombosis at High Altitude
Authors: Jha Prabhash , Sahu Anita , Prabhakar Amit , Tyagi Tarun , Chatterjee Tathagata , Arvind Prathima , Nair Jiny , Gupta Neha , Kumari Babita , Nair Velu , Bajaj Nitin , Shanker Jayashree , Sharma Manish , Kumar Bhuvnesh , Ashraf Mohammad
Published: June 2018

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), a multi-factorial disease, is the third most common cardiovascular disease. Established genetic and acquired risk factors are responsible for the onset of VTE. High altitude (HA) also poses as an additional risk factor, predisposing individuals to VTE; however, its molecular mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to identify genes/pathways associated with the pathophysiology of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) at HA. Gene expression profiling of DVT patients, who developed the disease, either at sea level or at HA-DVT locations, resulted in differential expression of 378 and 875 genes, respectively. Gene expression profiles were subjected to bioinformatic analysis, followed by technical and biological validation of selected genes using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Both gene ontology and pathway analysis showed enrichment of genes involved in haemostasis and platelet activation in HA-DVT patients with the most relevant pathway being ‘response to hypoxia’. Thus, given the environmental condition the differential expression of hypoxia-responsive genes (angiogenin, ribonuclease, RNase A family, 5; early growth response 1; lamin A; matrix metallopeptidase 14 [membrane-inserted]; neurofibromin 1; PDZ and LIM domain 1; procollagen-lysine 1, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1; solute carrier family 6 [neurotransmitter transporter, serotonin], member 4; solute carrier family 9 [sodium/hydrogen exchanger], member 1; and TEK tyrosine kinase, endothelial) in HA-DVT could be a determining factor to understand the pathophysiology of DVT at HA.
Inherited Thrombophilia and Pregnancy Complications: Should We Test?
Authors: Makris Mike , Arachchillage Deepa
Published: June 2018

Recurrent miscarriages and pregnancy-related complications cause significant stress to couples looking for successful pregnancy outcome as well as to health care professionals. There is conflicting evidence with respect to the presence and the strength of associations between inherited thrombophilia and these complications. A complete thrombophilia screen is expensive, and no proven effective treatment for women with recurrent miscarriage and inherited thrombophilia is currently available. Based on the concept of microvascular thrombosis of the placenta, women with recurrent miscarriage and placenta-related complications frequently get treated with antithrombotic therapy. In this narrative review, the authors explore the evolving understanding and evidence of inherited thrombophilia in recurrent miscarriages and other pregnancy complications, and whether antithrombotic treatment would modify pregnancy outcome in women with inherited thrombophilia. Finally, they provide some personal recommendations based on available evidence for clinical practice. In summary, inherited thrombophilia testing is not required outside a clinical trial for women with recurrent pregnancy losses or late pregnancy complications. The presence of thrombophilia markers does not generally indicate additional therapy during pregnancy, even if a heritable thrombophilic defect is found in women with recurrent miscarriages or late pregnancy complications.
The politics of the China―Pakistan economic corridor
Authors: Hameed Maham
Published: June 2018

China’s presence in the Global South has increased dramatically over the course of a decade. The discourse of mutual benefit and non-intervention has attracted much attention in the developing world, which is now facing the consequences of Western interventions. However, the extent to which Chinese engagement in the developing world stays true to these principles needs to be evaluated in terms of its effects on the political economic structures of the host nations. This study analyses how China and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is interacting with the political and economic realities of Pakistan. Firstly, the study traces the history of regionalism in Pakistan and shows that over the years, the developmental mission of the central state has created deep-seated regionalism in Pakistan. The study shows that CPEC is deepening such cleavages. The regionalist forces have opposed the project in two broad ways: through demanding a greater share in the project or through completely rejecting the interventions. Secondly, the study analyses the lop-sided civil-military relations in Pakistan and concludes that Chinese engagement in Pakistan is leading to the military’s tighter control of civilian and economic matters relating to CPEC.
Numerical investigation of flow past 17-cylinder array of square cylinders
Authors: Shams-ul-Islam  , Nazeer Ghazala , Ying Zhou Chao
Published: June 2018

In this work, flow past 17-cylinder array is simulated using the two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method. Effect of gap spacings (0.5 ≤ gx* ≤ 3, 0.5 ≤ gy* ≤ 3) and Reynolds number (Re = 75 - 150) is analyzed in details. Results are presented in the form of vorticity contours plots, time-histories of drag and lift coefficients and power spectrum of lift coefficient. Six distinct flow regimes are identified for different gap spacings and Reynolds numbers: steady flow regime, single bluff body flow regime, non-fully developed flow regime, chaotic flow regime, quasi-periodic-I flow regime and quasi-periodic-II flow regime. Chaotic flow regime is the mostly observed flow regime while the single bluff body flow regime rarely occurs for this configuration. It is observed that drag force along each cylinder in 17-cylinder array decreases in the streamwise direction for fixed Reynold number and gap spacing. C1 and C2 cylinders experience the maximum drag at small gap spacing and Reynolds number. Also the Reynolds number is found to be more effective on flow characteristics as compared to gap spacings.
How proteins modify water dynamics
Authors: Persson Filip , Söderhjelm Pär , Halle Bertil
Published: June 2018

Much of biology happens at the protein-water interface, so all dynamical processes in this region are of fundamental importance. Local structural fluctuations in the hydration layer can be probed by 17O magnetic relaxation dispersion (MRD), which, at high frequencies, measures the integral of a biaxial rotational time correlation function (TCF)—the integral rotational correlation time. Numerous 17O MRD studies have demonstrated that this correlation time, when averaged over the first hydration shell, is longer than in bulk water by a factor 3–5. This rotational perturbation factor (RPF) has been corroborated by molecular dynamics simulations, which can also reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we address several outstanding problems in this area by analyzing an extensive set of molecular dynamics data, including four globular proteins and three water models. The vexed issue of polarity versus topography as the primary determinant of hydration water dynamics is resolved by establishing a protein-invariant exponential dependence of the RPF on a simple confinement index. We conclude that the previously observed correlation of the RPF with surface polarity is a secondary effect of the correlation between polarity and confinement. Water rotation interpolates between a perturbed but bulk-like collective mechanism at low confinement and an exchange-mediated orientational randomization (EMOR) mechanism at high confinement. The EMOR process, which accounts for about half of the RPF, was not recognized in previous simulation studies, where only the early part of the TCF was examined. Based on the analysis of the experimentally relevant TCF over its full time course, we compare simulated and measured RPFs, finding a 30% discrepancy attributable to force field imperfections. We also compute the full 17O MRD profile, including the low-frequency dispersion produced by buried water molecules. Computing a local RPF for each hydration shell, we find that the perturbation decays exponentially with a decay “length” of 0.3 shells and that the second and higher shells account for a mere 3% of the total perturbation measured by 17O MRD. The only long-range effect is a weak water alignment in the electric field produced by an electroneutral protein (not screened by counterions), but this effect is negligibly small for 17O MRD. By contrast, we find that the 17O TCF is significantly more sensitive to the important short-range perturbations than the other two TCFs examined here.
Coordinate transformation resonators
Authors: Nagayama Tsutomu , Sanada Atsushi
Published: June 2018

2-D coordinate transformation resonators based on transformation electromagnetics are proposed. The proposed resonators are with the shapes and effective media parameters coordinate transformed from arbitrary different shaped resonators. The resonant modes including higher order modes are determined not by physical shapes of the resonators but by shapes, media parameters, and boundary conditions of their original resonators. Proposed coordinate transformation resonators are designed and implemented on a dielectric substrate with microstrip-line technology using the distributed full-tensor anisotropic metamaterials. It is experimentally confirmed that resonant characteristics of the implemented resonators are determined by dimensions and boundary conditions of original resonators and the unloaded Q-factors hardly depend on the coordinate transformation.
Endpoint-restricted adiabatic free energy dynamics approach for the exploration of biomolecular conformational equilibria
Authors: Cuendet Michel A. , Margul Daniel T. , Schneider Elia , Vogt-Maranto Leslie , Tuckerman Mark E.
Published: June 2018

A method for calculating the free energy difference between two structurally defined conformational states of a chemical system is developed. A path is defined using a previously reported collective variable that interpolates between two or more conformations, and a restraint is introduced in order to keep the system close to the path. The evolution of the system along the path, which typically presents a high free energy barrier, is generated using enhanced sampling schemes. Although the formulation of the method in terms of a path is quite general, an important advance in this work is the demonstration that prior knowledge of the path is, in fact, not needed and that the free energy difference can be obtained using a simplified definition of the path collective variable that only involves the endpoints. We first validate this method on cyclohexane isomerization. The method is then tested for an extensive conformational change in a realistic molecular system by calculating the free energy difference between the α-helix and β-hairpin conformations of deca-alanine in solution. Finally, the method is applied to a biologically relevant system to calculate the free energy difference of an observed and a hypothetical conformation of an antigenic peptide bound to a major histocompatibility complex.
Polarization-controlled microgroove arrays induced by femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Garcell Erik M. , Guo Chunlei
Published: June 2018

Using pulsed femtosecond laser irradiation, we demonstrate the creation of an array of microgrooves within a single laser spot on metals. The orientation of these grooves is not limited to being parallel to the plane of the laser beam's propagation but can orient at any angle up to 30° from parallel. We control the orientation of the microgrooves by proportionally varying the laser's polarization. Polarization, angle of incidence, and structural evolution dynamics have been thoroughly studied to help us understand this phenomenon. Our studies suggest that the formation of angled microgroove arrays is due to a feedback effect occurring between defect-focused ablation and polarization-dependent laser-induced periodic surface structures.
Abnormal blueshift of the absorption edge in graphene nanodots
Authors: Sheng Weidong
Published: June 2018

In a conventional semiconductor, when the dielectric screening effect is suppressed, the exciton binding energy increases and the corresponding excitonic transition would exhibit a redshift in the spectrum. In this work, I study the optical properties of hexagonal graphene nanodots by using a configuration interaction approach and reveal that the edge of the absorption spectrum shows an abnormal blueshift as the environmental dielectric constant ϵr decreases. The two dominant many-body effects in the nanodot: the quasiparticle and excitonic effects are both found to scale almost linearly with ϵr−1. The former is shown to have a larger proportionality constant and thus accounts for the blueshift of the absorption edge. In contrast to the long-range Coulomb interaction, the on-site Coulomb energy is found to have a negative impact on the bright excitonic states. In the presence of a strong dielectric screening effect, a strong short-range Coulomb interaction is revealed to be responsible for the disintegration of the bright exciton.
Abundance and demographic parameters of bottlenose dolphins in a highly affected coastal ecosystem
Authors: Methion Séverine , Díaz López Bruno
Published: June 2018

This study presents the first robust estimates of abundance and demographic parameters of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in a highly affected coastal ecosystem along the north-eastern Atlantic. Seasonal abundance, apparent survival and temporary emigration rates were estimated using Pollock’s robust design models. Photographic identification data were collected from 2014 to 2016 along the north-western Iberian coast (Spain). Bottlenose dolphins were present year-round and with a high degree of occurrence in the study area, which is highly affected by human activity but is also a highly productive coastal ecosystem. Local abundance of bottlenose dolphins ranged from 56 in autumn 2014 to 144 in winter 2015. Apparent survival rate was high and constant, indicating no mortality and no permanent emigration. Temporal emigration rates varied seasonally and were lower from autumn to winter, suggesting that dolphins had a high probability of returning during the winter period. The observed changes in abundance and emigration rates most likely reflect seasonal fluctuations in abundance of prey species in this area. These results provide important baseline information in an area subject to significant anthropogenic pressures and for future comparisons with other populations of similar characteristics under the pressure of human activities, such as fisheries and aquaculture.
The impact of wildfire on an endangered reptile (Eulamprus leuraensis) in Australian montane swamps
Authors: Gorissen Sarsha , Greenlees Matthew , Shine Richard
Published: June 2018

Intense fire is a key threatening process for the endangered Blue Mountains water skink, Eulamprus leuraensis. This species is restricted to isolated, densely vegetated and waterlogged peat swamps in montane south-eastern Australia. We surveyed 11 swamps (5 unburnt, 6 burnt) over 2 years, before and after the intense spring bushfires of 2013, to quantify the fires’ impacts on these skinks, other lizards and the habitat upon which they depend. Trapping revealed no direct effect of fire on E. leuraensis populations, with skinks persisting in all burnt swamps. Fire modified ground vegetation, virtually eliminating live plants and the dense understorey. Despite the conflagration, vegetation regrowth was rapid with swamp habitat largely recovering in just over 1 year post-fire. Fire thus had only a transitory effect on lizard habitat and a non-significant impact on E. leuraensis numbers. Nonetheless, broader-scale analyses suggest a different story: skinks were more abundant in swamps that had experienced a longer time since major fire. Although the ability of this endangered reptile to survive even intense wildfires is encouraging, fire during prolonged dry periods or an intensified fire regime might imperil skink populations.
Stimulation-induced increases in cerebral blood flow and local capillary vasoconstriction depend on conducted vascular responses
Authors: Cai Changsi , Fordsmann Jonas C. , Jensen Sofie H. , Gesslein Bodil , Lønstrup Micael , Hald Bjørn O. , Zambach Stefan A. , Brodin Birger , Lauritzen Martin J.
Published: June 2018

Significance

Pericytes are located at the outside wall of capillaries. However, whether and how pericytes are involved in the regulation of blood flow in brain capillaries is still debated. We report that capillary vascular responses are mostly initiated and peak at near-arteriole capillaries. These vascular responses are conducted along capillaries at a speed of 5–20 µm/s. Conducted vascular responses in brain capillaries appear to involve pericytes, the mural cells of microvessels, and may be a novel modulator of vascular function in the brain.
Minimizing ATP depletion by oxygen scavengers for single-molecule fluorescence imaging in live cells
Authors: Jung Seung-Ryoung , Deng Yi , Kushmerick Christopher , Asbury Charles L. , Hille Bertil , Koh Duk-Su
Published: June 2018

Significance

Single-molecule live-cell imaging can answer many biological questions, but a significant obstacle is photobleaching of the dye molecules by dissolved oxygen. An excellent way to improve photostability is to reduce the oxygen content of the solutions using glucose oxidase, an oxygen scavenger. However, for live-cell experiments a critical downside of the scavengers is that ATP levels fall as mitochondria become oxygen-deprived. We show that certain metabolic supplements significantly slow the depletion of ATP by oxygen scavengers and substantially restore ATP-dependent functions like lipid synthesis and receptor endocytosis. This method could be valuable for scientific studies that need to control oxygen tension and intracellular ATP levels in live cells.
Simultaneous cancer and tumor microenvironment subtyping using confocal infrared microscopy for all-digital molecular histopathology
Authors: Mittal Shachi , Yeh Kevin , Leslie L. Suzanne , Kenkel Seth , Kajdacsy-Balla Andre , Bhargava Rohit
Published: June 2018

Significance

Cancer alters both the morphological and the biochemical properties of multiple cell types in a tissue. Generally, the morphology of epithelial cells is practical for routine disease diagnoses. Here, infrared spectroscopic imaging biochemically characterizes breast cancer, both epithelial cells and the tumor-associated microenvironment. Unfortunately, conventional spectral analyses are slow. Hence, we designed and built a laser confocal microscope that demonstrates a high signal-to-noise ratio for confident diagnoses. The instrument cuts down imaging time from days to minutes, making the technology feasible for research and clinical translation. Finally, automated human breast cancer biopsy imaging is reported in ∼1 hour, paving the way for routine research into the total tumor (epithelial plus microenvironment) properties and rapid, label-free diagnoses.
Distance-dependent defensive coloration in the poison frog
Dendrobates tinctorius
, Dendrobatidae
Authors: Barnett James B. , Michalis Constantine , Scott-Samuel Nicholas E. , Cuthill Innes C.
Published: June 2018

Significance

Poison dart frogs are well known for their deadly toxins and bright colors; they are a classic example of warning coloration. However, conspicuousness is not the only consideration; defensive coloration must be effective against a diverse predator community with a variety of different visual systems, and variable knowledge of prey defenses and motivation to attack. We found that the bright colors of
Dendrobates tinctorius
are highly salient at close-range but blend together to match the background when viewed from a distance.
D. tinctorius
combines aposematism and camouflage without necessarily compromising the efficacy of either strategy, producing bright colors while reducing encounters with predators. These data highlight the importance of incorporating viewing distance and pattern distribution into studies of signal design.
Water agglomerates on Fe
3
O
4
(001)
Authors: Meier Matthias , Hulva Jan , Jakub Zdeněk , Pavelec Jiří , Setvin Martin , Bliem Roland , Schmid Michael , Diebold Ulrike , Franchini Cesare , Parkinson Gareth S.
Published: June 2018

Significance

Determining the structure of water on metal oxide surfaces is a key step toward a molecular-level understanding of dissolution, corrosion, geochemistry, and catalysis, but hydrogen bonding and large, complex unit cells present a major challenge to modern theory. Here, we utilize state-of-the-art experimental techniques to guide a density functional theory (DFT)-based search for the minimum-energy configurations of water on Fe
3
O
4
(001). A subsurface reconstruction dominates adsorption at all coverages. An ordered array of partially dissociated water agglomerates form at low coverage, and these serve to anchor a hydrogen-bonded network. We argue that similar behavior will occur whenever a surface presents a well-spaced array of active sites for dissociation. Given the propensity of metal oxides to undergo surface reconstructions, this is likely often.
Reciprocal space tomography of 3D skyrmion lattice order in a chiral magnet
Authors: Zhang Shilei , van der Laan Gerrit , Müller Jan , Heinen Lukas , Garst Markus , Bauer Andreas , Berger Helmuth , Pfleiderer Christian , Hesjedal Thorsten
Published: June 2018

Significance

Magnetic skyrmion lattices have exceptional properties, making them ideally suited for a new generation of spintronics devices. As devices are surface-dominated, a key question concerns the influence of surfaces on the spin structure. While a wide range of methods exist for studies of 2D skyrmions, the detailed knowledge of 3D magnetic structures has remained elusive. Here we use tomographic resonant elastic X-ray scattering to reconstruct the depth dependence of a 3D skyrmion crystal order in Cu
2
OSeO
3
. We find a continuous transformation with increasing depth from complete Néel-type winding at the surface to the Bloch-type winding in the bulk. Our study suggests the importance of free surfaces has been severely underestimated and will be of central importance for future skyrmionics applications.
ABC transporter content diversity in
Streptococcus pneumoniae
impacts competence regulation and bacteriocin production
Authors: Wang Charles Y. , Patel Nisha , Wholey Wei-Yun , Dawid Suzanne
Published: June 2018

Significance

The opportunistic pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(pneumococcus) participates in horizontal gene transfer through genetic competence and produces antimicrobial peptides called “bacteriocins.” Here, we show that the competence and bacteriocin-related ABC transporters ComAB and BlpAB share the same substrate pool, resulting in bidirectional crosstalk between competence and bacteriocin regulation. We also clarify the role of each transporter in bacteriocin secretion and show that, based on their transporter content, pneumococcal strains can be separated into a majority opportunist group that uses bacteriocins only to support competence and a minority aggressor group that uses bacteriocins in broader contexts. Our findings will impact how bacteriocin regulation and production is modeled in the many other bacterial species that use ComAB/BlpAB-type transporters.
Selective fertilization with phosphite allows unhindered growth of cotton plants expressing the
ptxD
gene while suppressing weeds
Authors: Pandeya Devendra , López-Arredondo Damar L. , Janga Madhusudhana R. , Campbell LeAnne M. , Estrella-Hernández Priscila , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar V. , Herrera-Estrella Luis , Rathore Keerti S.
Published: June 2018

Significance

An increasing number of herbicide-resistant weeds are being reported in the United States, Argentina, and Brazil. This is becoming a global challenge for the production of several major crops, such as cotton, maize, and soybean. New strategies for weed control are required to sustain agricultural production while reducing our dependence on herbicides. Here, we report that selective fertilization of transgenic cotton, expressing a bacterial phosphite dehydrogenase (PTXD), with phosphite provides an effective way to suppress weed growth. Importantly, we show that the
ptxD
-transgenic cotton plants successfully outcompete a highly aggressive glyphosate-resistant weed. The
ptxD
/phosphite system represents one of the most promising technologies of recent times with potential to solve many of the agricultural and environmental problems that we encounter currently.
Translation studies, audiovisual translation and reception
Authors: Gambier Yves
Published: June 2018

Reception of translated texts has thus far received relatively scant, uneven attention in Translation Studies (TS), even though reception studies theories have been applied in the last decades, first to literary translation and then touching upon other areas and text types. This chapter reports on the development of reception studies within TS, focusing on some of the most significant theoretical frameworks and methodologies proposed. It then moves on to audiovisual translation (AVT) in particular, exploring the very concepts of audience and reception. Adjacent concepts are also discussed, all having a bearing on the approach and the methodology, and all chosen for the investigation of reception. Last but not least, the chapter discusses the opportunities and challenges of interdisciplinarity which has brought, is bringing, and may continue to bring advances to the study of the reception of AV texts in translation.
Discourse analysis, pragmatics, multimodal analysis
Authors: Valdeón Roberto A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores three approaches to AVT rooted in the linguistic tradition, but which can prove valuable in the study of the texts and of their reception, namely pragmatic, discourse and multimodal approaches. The first section discusses discourse analysis, and more specifically features of informal dialogue and their translation into other languages, as well as the use of corpus-based methodologies. The second section presents AVT research based on Grice, Searle, and Sperber and Wilson, with particular reference to the creation of humour. Finally, the section devoted to multimodality considers the various layers that contribute to defining the audiovisual text as multimodal, and how these can affect the audience. It posits that reception research will need to draw on the work of communication scholars such as Kress and van Leeuwen. The concluding section summarizes some of the methodological approaches that have been used in AVT, and also suggests that, apart from television and films, reception studies should also consider other genres, such as opera performances, tourist leaflets and news texts.
Media interpreting
Authors: Pöchhacker Franz
Published: June 2018

This chapter offers a thorough conceptual analysis of media interpreting as a form of audiovisual translation, with special reference to interpreting performed for broadcast mass media programs, especially on television. Based on criteria such as interpreting modes, language modality and communicative scenarios, a fourfold (proto)typology of media interpreting is proposed as a framework for the presentation of reception-oriented studies. Following a review of the evolution of reception-oriented research on media interpreting, with special attention to methodological approaches, two main lines of work are identified: research on media users’ expectations and assessment of interpreted audiovisual content, and studies on media accessibility for deaf viewers through signed language interpreting. Relevant research designs are exemplified in an effort to highlight promising avenues for future studies.
New audiences, international distribution, and translation
Authors: Orrego-Carmona David
Published: June 2018

The interconnectivity made possible by the technological advancements of the past three decades has changed the way how audiences engage with audiovisual content around the world. On the one hand, viewers have become empowered consumers who are also engaged in the distribution of content; on the other, companies serving global audiences have emerged as key players in the audiovisual market. With more access to content, through piracy or official channels, new consumption habits, such as binge watching, have become common among viewers. Non-professional subtitling has played a key role in the expansion of the audiovisual market, the configuration of international audiences and the development of new viewing traditions. By looking at non-professional subtitling as a constituent of the international media flows, this chapter proposes Translation Studies should look at the reception of non-professional subtitles at a global scale to understand the interplay between non-professional subtitling, its producers/users and the audiovisual market, as well as the societal impact of the phenomenon.
從幾種語法現象透視晉語對元白話的繼承和發展 (Research into the inheritance and development of Jin dialects on vernacular in Yuan Dynasty from several grammatical phenomena)
Authors: Xing Xiangdong
Published: June 2018

抽象

本文通過三種語法現象來觀察晉語對元白話語法的繼承和發展。1.「來」表商請語氣：古代漢語、近代漢語中「來」表商請語氣的主要句式為「VP+去+來」，部分晉語繼承了元白話的用法，並發展了「咱每+VP+來」格式。2.「V/A+得來+補語」結構與提頓詞「來」：元白話用「V/A+得來+補語」結構表達動作的結果和性狀達到極高的程度，晉語不僅保留了這種格式，還同吳語一樣發展出了「V/A+得來」的隱含式。晉語之所以能夠發展出「V/A+得來+補語」結構，其更大的背景是「來」大量充當提頓詞的用法。3.「V將來/去」結構：晉語的特點是趨向動詞只有「來、去」，甚或只有「來」，沒有「V+將+複合趨向補語」，保留了元代乃至五代時期的特點。4. 其他語法特點：用表格形式臚列了 9 條晉語與元白話可能存在繼承關係的語法現象，同 《原本老乞大》 進行簡單對比。
The tolerance improvement of local soybean in waterlogging condition through the combination of irradiation and in vivo selection
Authors: Saputro T B , Purwani K T , Fatimah V S , Stevia E M , Jadid N
Published: June 2018

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is wellknown as a plant that posses an extra nutrition and many proteins and has a major role in improving people’s nutrition status. The environmental factors are the main obstacle in soybean production. High rainfall frequency can lead the waterlogging phenomenon which potentially decrease the production rate of soybean. Crop improvement are the best solution to solve the problems. The purpose of this research was to determine the tolerance level and physiological response of irradiated soybean, Grobogan and Anjasmoro varieties in waterlogging condition. 60CGamma were used to irradiate the seeds with 25Gy, 50Gy, and 100Gy dosages. This research were conducted in vegetative stadia with 100%, 150%, 200% concentration of water that dispersed into medium and control as comparison. Based on the data, the irradiation has a complex responses in plant morphology. The irradiated plant height was not significantly different among all treatments. While the leaf’s wide, root length, nitrogen in leaf, root nodules, chlorophyll content, fresh weight and dry weight are decline as the waterlogging concentration increased.
Effect of Aspect Ratio and Symmetrical Distribution on Urban Design in Baghdad City, and the Impact of Greenery Strategies on improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort
Authors: Ridha S J
Published: June 2018

The concept of thermal comfort relies on the knowledge and content of the pedestrians, particularly in an arid climate. This work concentrates on the possible methods to improve the pedestrian thermal comfort. There are inadequate investigations researches carried out on the outdoor thermal comfort in a desert climate. The researches on enhancing outdoor thermal comfort are nearly nonexistent in cities like Baghdad. Baghdad has a sophisticated urban fabric with contemporary buildings, traditional houses. This work aims at investigating possible strategies to verify how pedestrian comfort is influenced by the constructions design choices, and how vegetation contributes to enhancing the outdoor thermal comfort. The evaluation was performed by using ENVI-met on the hottest day in summer. ENVI-met represents buildings design and calculates the impact on the vegetation on outdoor thermal comfort. We adopted PMV indices to evaluate the outdoor thermal comfort. This work aims to design cities in an arid climate and to maintain a convenient level of thermal comfort. Also, how to perform a proper climate of pedestrians during the daytime beneath the burning sun, particularly in cities with an extreme rise in summer temperatures and for numerous months, as in Baghdad. The research exhibits a proposal area design in an arid climate based on the architectural and implementation standards to increase the pedestrians thermal comfort requirements and how the urban factors such as the aspect ratio, symmetrical distribution, and the green strategies are essential factors that urban designer may be taken into account, mostly for design new urban area in an arid climate.
Unified error analysis for nonconforming space discretizations of wave-type equations
Authors: Hipp David , Hochbruck Marlis , Stohrer Christian
Published: June 2018

This paper provides a unified error analysis for nonconforming space discretizations of linear wave equations in the time domain. We propose a framework that studies wave equations as first-order evolution equations in Hilbert spaces and their space discretizations as differential equations in finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. A lift operator maps the semidiscrete solution from the approximation space to the continuous space. Our main results are a priori error bounds in terms of interpolation, data and conformity errors of the method. Such error bounds are the key to the systematic derivation of convergence rates for a large class of problems. To show that this approach significantly eases the proof of new convergence rates, we apply it to an isoparametric finite element discretization of the wave equation with acoustic boundary conditions in a smooth domain. Moreover, our results reproduce known convergence rates for already investigated conforming and nonconforming space discretizations in a concise and unified way. The examples discussed in this paper comprise discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of Maxwell’s equations and finite elements with mass lumping for the acoustic wave equation.
Peritumoral Edema/Tumor Volume Ratio: A Strong Survival Predictor for Posterior Fossa Metastases
Authors: Calluaud Gauthier , Terrier Louis-Marie , Mathon Bertrand , Destrieux Christophe , Velut Stéphane , François Patrick , Zemmoura Ilyess , Amelot Aymeric
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Twenty percent of all brain metastases (BM) occur in the posterior fossa (PF). Radiotherapy sometimes associated with surgical resection remains the therapeutic option, while Karnovsky performance status and graded prognostic assessment (GPA) are the best preoperative survival prognostic factors.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the prognostic role of peritumoral brain edema in the PF, which has never been explored though its role in supratentorial BM has been debated.

METHODS

A total of 120 patients diagnosed with PF metastasis who underwent surgical resection were included retrospectively in this analysis. Clinical data were retrieved from electronic patient medical files. The tumor volumes and their associated edema were calculated via manual delineation; subsequently the edema/tumor volume ratio was determined.

RESULTS

In multivariate analysis with Cox multivariate proportional hazard model, the edema to tumor volumes ratio (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.727, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.427-2.083; P < .0001) was identified as a new strong independent prognosis factor on overall survival (OS) whereas edema volume alone was not (P = .469). Moreover, BM complete resection (HR: 0.447, 95% CI 0.277-0.719; P < .001), low (0-1) World Health Organization status at diagnosis (HR: 2.109, 95% CI 1.481-3.015; P < .0001), high GPA class at diagnosis (HR: 1.77, 95% CI 0.9-2.9; P < .04), and postoperative brain irradiation (HR: 2.019, 95% CI 1.213-3.361; P < .007] were all confirmed as independent predictive factors for survival.

CONCLUSION

The edema/tumor ratio appears to greatly influence OS in patients suffering from PF metastases unlike the extent of edema alone. This easily determined as well as strong prognostic factor could be used as an interesting tool in clinical practice to help the management of these patients.
Intratumoral Rathke's Cleft Cyst Remnants Within Craniopharyngioma, Pituitary Adenoma, Suprasellar Dermoid, and Epidermoid Cysts: A Ubiquitous Signature of Ectodermal Lineage or a Transitional Entity?
Authors: Manjila Sunil , Asmar Nadine El , Vidalis Benjamin M , Alonso Fernando , Singh Gagandeep , Vadamalai Karthik , Cohen Mark L , Bambakidis Nicholas C , Arafah Baha M , Selman Warren R
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

The authors present cystic epithelial masses in the suprasellar region which on histopathology revealed 4 mixed tumors having simple cuboidal epithelium of Rathke's Cleft Cyst (RCC) elements trapped within pituitary adenoma, epidermoid cyst, dermoid cyst, and papillary craniopharyngioma respectively.

OBJECTIVE

To highlight the developmental theory of ectodermal continuum in the realm of suprasellar epithelial cystic lesions and examines the cardinal aspects that distinguish RCC from its confounder, ciliary craniopharyngioma.

METHODS

The authors performed a medical chart review on 4 patients who had coexisting RCC with craniopharyngioma, pituitary adenoma, suprasellar dermoid, and epidermoid cysts.

RESULTS

This series of unique suprasellar lesions elucidate the spectrum of cases from Rathke's cyst to other suprasellar epithelial cysts including a recently identified clinical entity called ciliary craniopharyngioma, which authors feel is a misnomer. The authors also report the first case of ruptured dermoid cyst admixed with elements of Rathke's cyst elements and xanthogranuloma in neurosurgical literature.

CONCLUSION

We propose that the new entity of ciliary craniopharyngioma could be just another variant of RCC elements nested within a typical papillary or adamantinomatous lesion. Further study is warranted to understand the implications of natural history with tumors containing RCC elements.
Cerebral Abscess by Fonsecaea monophora—The First Case Reported in Germany
Authors: Helbig Sina , Thuermer Alexander , Dengl Markus , Krukowski Pawel , de With Katja
Published: June 2018

We report the first case of cerebral Fonsecaea monophora infection in a German woman without immunodeficiency or travel history. F. monophora infection is a rare differential diagnosis of cerebral tumors; it was previously considered a tropical fungus. This case adds to the scarce reports in nontropical regions.
Physical Therapist, Physical Therapist Assistant, and Student Response to Inappropriate Patient Sexual Behavior: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Cambier Ziádee , Boissonnault Jill S , Hetzel Scott J , Plack Margaret M
Published: June 2018

Background

A recent survey found that 84% of physical therapist, physical therapist assistant, and student respondents experienced inappropriate patient sexual behavior (IPSB) over their careers and 47% over the prior 12 months. Prevalence data justify consideration of how to address IPSB.

Objective

The objective was to determine how physical therapist clinicians (used here to mean physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and students) address IPSB and examine strategy impact.

Design

The design was observational and cross-sectional.

Methods

Several sections of the American Physical Therapy Association and selected education programs fielded the electronic survey. Respondents reported on the frequency and effect of IPSB response strategy. Response-strategy impact was tested for statistical significance. Open-ended comments were analyzed using qualitative methods.

Results

Of 1027 respondents, 396 had experienced IPSB over the prior 12 months; 391 provided data on the frequency and effect of response strategies used. Common informal responses included distraction, ignoring IPSB, and altering treatment to avoid physical contact or being alone. Common formal responses included reporting the behavior within the facility and documenting the behavior. Successful strategies included distraction, avoidance, direct confrontation, behavioral contracts, transfer of care, and chaperone use. Experienced clinicians were more likely to be direct, whereas novice clinicians were more likely to engage in unsuccessful actions of ignoring and joking.

Limitations

Limitations included self-report, clinician memory, and convenience sampling.

Conclusions

The first findings in 20 years on physical therapist, physical therapist assistant, and student response to IPSB provide direction for the profession. Results indicate a need for clear workplace policies coupled with training for managers and supervisors to support clinicians in resolving IPSB. Policies on using behavioral contracts, chaperones, and transfer of care could empower staff to consider these successful options. Professional education and training for all physical therapy professionals on assertive communication and redirection strategies with IPSB appears warranted.