bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1907: § 5.—The Early Bronzes
Authors: Droop J. P.
Published: October 2013

The bronze objects found at the temple of Artemis Orthia and (some few) on the Acropolis, by the site of the Chalkioikos, are interesting, perhaps not so much in themselves, as because the well stratified mass of pottery in which they lay gives at last fairly certain evidence for their chronological classification. Unfortunately they are in very bad condition.
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1907: §10.—Inscriptions
Authors: Tod Marcus Niebuhr , Tillyard H. J. W. , Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

The beginning of Damonon's votive slab, which was found by Leake in the Monastery of the Holy Forty ("Αγιοι Τεσσαράκοντα or Σαράντα) and is now in the Sparta Museum, is one of the best known and oftenest discussed of early Laconian inscriptions.

The following are the chief references. Leake, Travels in the Morea, ii. 521 and Plate 71 (end of vol. iii.). A better copy, Dressel and Milchhöfer, Ath. Mitt. ii. 318. Facsimile in Roehl, I.G.A. 79 and Imagines2x. n. 16, p. 28 ; Fick, Bezz. Beiträdge, iii. 121 ff.; Collitz-Bechtel, iii. 4416 ; Roberts, Introd. to Gk. Epigr. i. n. 264 ; Tod, Sparta Mus. Cat. n. 440. (Other references, none of them of much importance, are given by Tod and Roehl, ll. c.)
Mediaeval Fortresses of the North-Western Peloponnesus
Authors: Traquair Ramsay , Put A. Van de
Published: October 2013

The Castle of Karytaena built by Hugues Bruyères de Champagne and his son Geoffrey in 1254. The Barony was one of the twelve original fiefs of the Morea, and from its position, guarding the fertile plain of Megalopolis against the inroads of the wild highlanders of Skortá, the castle must have been of the greatest importance. By the year 1278 the family of Bruyères was extinct in the male line and the Barony had passed to the house of Brienne. In the will of the Princess Isabelle of Achaia, in 1311, the castle of Karytaena, along with Beauvoir and Beauregard in Elis, is assigned as dowry to her younger daughter Marguerite; it was, however, captured by the Greeks in 1320. After Mohammed II.'s invasion of the Morea in 1458 we find Karytaena included in the list of towns which opened their gates to the Venetians under Bertholdo d' Este. There still remains, built into the wall of the Panagia, a Sicilian coat of arms of the seventeenth century (Plate VIII.). The fortress was garrisoned by the Turks and later was held by Kolokotrones in the War of Independence.
Bithynica
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

The following notes are the results of several journeys in the district between Brusa and Mihallitch, which, in spite of its accessibility, is archaeologically ill known.

they deal with:—

1. The Byzantine Churches of Triglia and Syge.

2. The Byzantine fortresses: Caesarea Germanice, Katoikia, Koubouklia.

3. Besbicus-Kalolimno.

4. Inscriptions.
The Early Aegean Civilization in Italy
Authors: Peet T. E.
Published: October 2013

It may be well to begin by defining the period with which this paper attempts to deal. It is the whole of the Neolithic period in the Aegean, together with that part of the Bronze Age which is prior to the appearance of the style of pottery to which the name Mycenaean was, and is still usually given. With this true Mycenaean period, corresponding to Late Minoan III in Crete, we are not here concerned. Suffice it to say that in various parts of Italy and Sicily, vases, bronzes, and other objects have been found which must have been imported from some centre of this Mycenaean civilization. What is more difficult is to find proofs of connexion between Italy and the Aegean previous to this date, i.e. during the period covered by the eight metres of Neolithic deposit on the Palace Hill at Knossos, and by the succeeding Minoan periods down to, and including Late Minoan II.
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1908 § 3.—The Pottery
Authors: Droop J. P.
Published: October 2013

The excavations of 1908 more than fulfilled expectations in the amount of light that was shed on the later history of the Spartan pottery, so that it is now possible to write an account of the development and decline of the Laconian fabric; which account, beginning in the ninth or tenth century, ends with the latter half of the fourth, when the pottery loses its local characteristics in the various styles that appear to have been common to the whole Greek world during the last three centuries before the Christian Era.
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1908 § 5.—Inscriptions
Authors: Woodward Arthur M.
Published: October 2013

The removal of the substructure of the Roman circus on the side facing the Eurotas led, as was expected, to the discovery of a large number of inscriptions built into the masonry, most of which relate to the παιδικὸς ἀγών. A few more of various classes were found under similar circumstances in the neighbourhood of the temple. They range in size from an inscribed statue-base, nearly two metres high, and a marble bench, down to the merest splinters of marble bearing two or three letters. Of the inscriptions found this season which relate to the boys' contests about two-thirds of the total number are new, while the remainder join, and in some cases complete, previously published inscriptions. The arrangement of the subject-matter of this section is as follows: (a) New παιδικὸς ἀγών inscriptions; (b) New fragments of previously published παιδικὸς ἀγών inscriptions; (c) Other
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1908 § 8.—A Hoard of Hellenistic Coins
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

During the sinking of some trial pits by the iron bridge over the Eurotas a hoard of silver coins was found. They were contained in a plain vase of red ware, the mouth of which was closed by a clay stopper, and were discovered at a depth of ·50m. below the level of the present surface. The coins have now been transferred from the Sparta Museum to the National Coin Collection at Athens. They are all silver tetradrachms of Attic-Euboic weight, except of course the Ptolemaic coins, which were struck on the Phoenician standard. The weights are those of the coins before they were cleaned. They have probably lost a little in weight during the cleaning process, but I have not thought it necessary to re-weigh them. The Athenian coins I have not described in detail, as the type is so common. My hearty thanks are due to Dr. Svoronos for his help and advice.
Hierapolis Syriae
Authors: Hogarth D. G.
Published: October 2013

So little is known concerning the site of the famous Hierapolis of Syria, that even a hurried visit is worthy of record. I passed through the place twice in the spring of 1908, in the company of Mr. Richard Norton, stopping on each occasion a night and part of two days. It was inadvisable, in view of the main purpose of my journey, to delay long enough to make a plan, or do anything else likely to excite the ready suspicion of the local authorities and the Circassian colonists. We contented ourselves, therefore, with making a general survey and photographing, with copying all inscriptions which the promise of a reward could induce the Circassians to show us, and with buying small antiquities.
Excavations at Zerélia, Thessaly
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Droop J. P. , Thompson M. S. , Vollgraff Wilhelm
Published: October 2013

The mound known as Zerélia stands on a hill between two small lakes to the south-west of Almyró in Phthiotis (Fig. 1). Recent writers on the topography of the district have conjectured that this was the site of Itonos and the famous temple of Athena Itonia. We first visited the site in July 1907, and believed, that apart from the question of the site of the temple, it would repay excavation, since we recognised that the mound (Fig. 2) was probably formed by the accumulation of débris from prehistoric settlements. Thanks to a grant from the Cambridge University Worts Fund, and to subscriptions from several friends we were enabled to excavate here in June 1908.
Excavations at Rhitsóna in Boeotia
Authors: Burrows R. M. , Ure P. N.
Published: October 2013

The excavations described in the following article were undertaken partly in the early autumn of 1907, partly in the spring of 1908. Graves 1 to 22 were discovered in the autumn, the remainder in the spring. Autumn and spring finds will be treated together, as representing one season's work. Further excavation was undertaken on the site in the spring of 1909.

The chief importance of the Rhitsóna graves does not lie in the value of the individual vases, interesting as some of them are, but rather in the simple fact that for the first time in the history of Boeotian grave digging every vase from each grave opened has been preserved, and the full contents of each grave kept carefully separate.
Archaeology in Greece, 1894–5
Authors: Gardner Ernest
Published: October 2013

The excavations between the Pnyx and the Areopagus made by the German School under the direction of Professor Dörpfeld, have been continued once more during the present season. In consequence of the great interest of the topographical problems involved, it was decided last year that the site should be expropriated by the Greek Government, and thus the excavators are no longer hampered by the necessity of piling up the earth near at hand, so that it could be put back again if required. The liberal subvention made by the German Government to its School was supplemented this year by private subscriptions, for the purpose of these excavations, and consequently it was possible to continue them for a considerable time, and to clear a large area.
Sir Charles Newton, K.C.B.
Authors: Gardner Ernest
Published: October 2013

By the death of Sir Charles Newton, England has lost the greatest of her archæologists. He possessed, indeed, in many respects, almost ideal qualifications for the career which he adopted; and I think it may be said, without exaggeration, that no man of our time has done more to recover the monuments of Greek art and history, and to make them accessible to the study and appreciation of our own day. In him, too, this School has lost a friend and a benefactor; indeed, but for the effect produced in England by his discoveries and his influence, it may be doubted whether the British School at Athens would ever have been founded.
St. Paul and the Areopagus
Authors: Findlay A. F.
Published: October 2013

Perhaps no passage in the whole of the Acts has suffered more from hazy and ill-considered interpretation than that dealing with the visit of St. Paul to Athens (Acts xvii. 16–34). This was due partly to a certain carelessness in defining the exact meaning of individual words, partly to the want of accurate historical knowledge. To Prof. Ernst Curtius belongs the credit of preparing the way for a sounder interpretation, and of prescribing the limits within which the interpreter must move. While critics and expositors before him had generally assumed that the appearance of St. Paul on the Areopagus (for so they interpreted ἤγαγον ἐπὶ τὸν Ἄρειον Πάγον) implied also his presence before the Council of the Areopagus, Curtius challenged this assumption and concluded, as the result of investigations into the history and procedure of the Council, that if St. Paul was led before the Council he stood not on the Areopagus, but in the Stoa Basileios in the Agora. We say nothing, at present, as to the soundness of Curtius' conclusion.
The Latest Discoveries at Hissarlik
Authors: Bosanquet R. Carr
Published: October 2013

The Annual Inselreise of the German Archæological Institute at Athens was this year extended to the coast of Asia Minor, so as to include Assos and the Troad. For the first time Dr. Döorpfeld had an opportunity of expounding to an audience of his colleagues the remarkable discoveries made during his two last seasons at Hissarlik.

The object of the Island Tour is to visit in the course of a few days a number of sites on the Greek coast or islands, which are otherwise difficult of access—Rhamnus, Eretria, Oropos, Delos, and others. The hospitality of the Institute finds room on board its steamer for scholars and travellers from all parts of Europe. The party of fifty on board the Ἔλπις spoke nine or ten different languages, and included representatives from the four Athenian Schools of Archæological, architects, artists, schoolmasters, and numerous professors.
Note on the Two Temples at Rhamnus
Authors: Gardner Ernest
Published: October 2013

Plate III. is intended to show the present appearance of the two temples at Rhamnus, after their complete excavation by the Greek Archaeological Society. The plans and architectural details of the temples were published in the Antiquities of Attica (plates to chapters vi. and vii.) by the Society of Dilettanti; but the excavations made by their expedition must have been of a very slight nature, as they did not discover the sculptures now placed in the National Museum at Athens, and published in the Ἐφημερίς Ἀρχαιολογική, 1891, Plates IV, IX.
Meteora
Authors: Cruickshank A. H.
Published: October 2013

A visit to the monasteries of Meteora is easier now than in 1834, when Curzon, escorted by a party of “klephts,” reached them from the North. One feels, in reading the account of his rapid passage from Corfu to the valley of the upper Peneus and back again, that it was touch and go in those days. Now the traveller can approach Meteora by the railway, the chief outward and visible sign of improvement in the region assigned to Hellas by the Treaty of Berlin. To any one who has the time to spare I can strongly recommend a week in Thessaly, as it contains several objects of first-rate interest, and is in many respects unlike the rest of Greece. The population is largely Wallachian, and their bronzed shaggy faces suggest the uncomfortable thought, that the veneer of civilisation is even thinner than elsewhere in these parts. It is easy to believe that such a population would like nothing better than frisking into Macedonia in surreptitious bands.
Prehistoric Graves in Syra
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

Last May, having to wait for a steamer at Syra, I seized the opportunity and rode out to the prehistoric necropolis on the north-east coast of the island. The distance from the agora of Hermoupolis is only three miles on the map, but nearly an hour and a half by the mule path, which starts from the picturesque upper town and runs along a range of desolate hills, passing on the left a cave which local antiquaries call the cave of Pherekydes.
Goulàs: The City of Zeus
Authors: Evans Arthur J.
Published: October 2013

It may safely be said that of no prehistoric city on Hellenic soil are such extensive remains extant above ground as of the Cretan Goulàs. The walls, indeed, are not so massive as those of Tiryns, there is no single monument to fix the attention like the Lions' Gate at Mycenæ, nor has excavation as yet done anything to add to what meets the eye on the surface of the earth. But for the mass of primeval ruins, the still-standing remains of individual dwelling-houses, the number of distinct quarters within the walls and the area they occupy, Goulàs is without a rival. Its site, moreover, with its twin citadel peaks—the northern one looking down over a thousand feet sheer to the valley below—is more commanding than that of any sister city.
An Unpublished Attic Decree
Authors: Tod Marcus Niebuhr
Published: October 2013

The following decree is inscribed upon the lower part of a stele of bluish (Hymettus) marble, broken at the top and on the left: the break across the top is too regular to have been accidental, and it is evident that the slab has been cut in order to be built into some wall. The stone was found in 1897 among the ruins of the Byzantine chapel which stands on the left of the road from Athens to Marathon, between the tenth and eleventh kilometre stones, and 300 yards west of the point called Σταυρός where the Laurion road strikes off towards the south: it was presented to the British School at Athens, and is now in the museum of the Macmillan Hostel.

A record upon stone was not of the essence of a decree, and it is almost certain that the majority of decrees were never so inscribed at all, but merely painted upon a panel (λεύκωμα) which was then exhibited for a certain length of time. Where, however, a more permanent display was desired, a clause was inserted in the decree authorizing its inscription upon a stone (or, rarely, metal) stele, and determining the place where it was to be set up. To praise a benefactor of the state, whether citizen or foreigner, and to bestow on him a crown was indeed an honour, but that honour was increased when a record of the service rendered and of the state's acknowledgment of it was set up on the Acropolis as a permanent memorial.
Notes from Karpathos
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

It was my good fortune in the early summer of 1903 to spend three weeks in the island of Karpathos, travelling with the aid of a grant from Emmanuel College. My object was to see as much as possible of the antiquities of the island, and to make observations on the mode of life and customs of the modern inhabitants. For this study of modern Greek life Karpathos, owing to its retired position, offers a peculiarly favourable field. Theodore Bent considered it for this purpose almost unique. The island is still served only by a fortnightly steamer from Rhodes, and therefore much of interest is preserved there, that has passed away in more accessible parts of the Greek world. The study of the dialect also formed part of my plan.
Pisidia and the Lycaonian Frontier
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: October 2013

1. The frontier of Pisidia, where it adjoins Lycaonia, is placed wrongly in my Histor. Geogr. Chs. Q and V. The district was little known, when I wrote: I had traversed it hurriedly in 1882, 1886, and 1890, in each case only on a single hasty route. The excursion of 1882 resulted in placing Anaboura and Neapolis. No name was discovered in the excursions of 1886 and 1890. Prof. Sterrett explored the district very carefully in 1884 and 1885; but the numerous inscriptions, which he found, unluckily did not contain important topographical indications, and he assigned a position much too far north for the city of Pappa-Tiberiopolis. I shared his view on this critical point, with the result that many other towns were drawn away far north of their true situation, because they stood in some relation to Pappa, and when it seemed to lie away in the north, they had to be placed correspondingly. For the same reason, the Pamphylian frontier was drawn too far north.
Cretan Kernoi
Authors: Xanthoudides Stephanos
Published: October 2013

It is only recently that the ritual object κέρνος or κέρχνος described by Athenaeus has been discovered, recognized, and explained by the labours of Philios, Kourouniotes, and Rubensohn. It was a clay vessel, to which were attached a number of small cups containing various grains and liquids, offered as first fruits of the harvest, especially in the Eleusinian worship, to the divinity. It was carried in procession on the head of the priestess (κερνοφορεῖν, κερνοφορία) to the accompaniment of ritual dancing (κερνοφόρον ὄρχημα) Besides the grains, the liquids and the unwashed wool, in the central bowl of the kernos was placed the παλάθιον upon which was set a lighted lamp or candle.

There is thus no doubt about the form and use of the kernos of the Greek period. But its existence and use have been traced also to the prehistoric period by Mr. Bosanquet, who has described similar Pre-Mycenaean vessels found many years ago in Melos, and now preserved in various European museums. He has also described and explained as a kernos another vessel consisting of three small vases, found in a tomb at στὸν Κάπρο near Phylakopi in Melos, and belonging to the so-called Cycladic (Early Minoan) period, and also in the excavations of the British School at Phylakopi prehistoric kernoi were found. Further, Mr. Dawkins considers that forty-four conical cups, which he found broken off some such complex vessels, together with idols and other ritual objects, in a Minoan house at Palaikastro in Crete, belonged to kernoi.
Stamped Pithos-Fragments from Cameiros
Authors: Stokes J. L.
Published: October 2013

When I was in Athens during the session of 1903–4, Mr. Bosanquet handed over to me for study from the collection of antiquities in the British School a number of pithos-fragments decorated with bands of ornament in relief. Two of these (Nos. I., II. Figs. 1,2), the only ones showing exclusively geometric designs, form the subject of the present paper, the others I hope to publish subsequently. The pithoi, of which they are fragments, were enormous barrel-like jars of earthenware, used for storing corn, wine, oil, etc. They were frequently large enough to hold a man (e.g. the ‘tub’ of Diogenes was a pithos), and ranked as immovable furniture, being in general, either wholly or partially sunk in the ground. Apparently they were constructed in sections, the joins being cemented and concealed by raised bands of clay (in principle not unlike the hoops of a barrel), decorated, as was only natural, in some rapid mechanical way. In the earliest times this decoration consisted of incised lines, later, a mould or stamp was used to print the ornament either directly on to the clay before firing, or on to bands previously cut out, which were then cemented on to the surface of the vase; finally a method of decoration almost ideal for its purpose was supplied by the introduction from the East of engraved cylinders, which by simple rolling along the clay produced a continuous recurring pattern.
Inscriptions from Bizye
Authors: Dawkins R. M. , Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

During a visit to Bizye (modern Viza) in February 1906, I gathered the inscriptions which are here published. Mr. Hasluck has supplied the initialled notes and restorations, and I am responsible for the texts only.

R.M.D.

Viza lies seventy miles to the north-west of Constantinople, and twenty miles to the west of the Black Sea. It was the seat of the chiefs of the Astai (whence ᾿Αστική as a subdivision of Thrace), and afterwards of the Thracian kings whose relationships are discussed below.
Boats on the Euphrates and Tigris
Authors: Frost K. T.
Published: October 2013

‘The boats which come down the river to Babylon are circular and made of skins. The frames, which are of willow, are cut in the country of the Armenians above Assyria, and on these, which serve for hulls, a covering of skins is stretched outside, and thus the boats are made, without either stem or stern, quite round like a shield. They are then entirely filled with straw, and their cargo is put on board, after which they are suffered to float down stream. Their chief freight is wine, stored in casks made of the wood of the palm-tree. They are managed by two men, who stand upright in them, each plying an oar, one pulling and the other pushing. The boats are of various sizes, some larger, some smaller; the biggest reach as high as five thousand talents' burthen. Each vessel has a live ass on board; those of larger size have more than one. When they reach Babylon, the cargo is landed and offered for sale; after which the men break up their boats, sell the straw and the frames, and loading their asses with the skins, set off on their way to Armenia. The current is too strong to allow a boat to return up-stream, for which reason they make their boats of skins rather than wood. On their return to Armenia they build fresh boats for the next voyage.’
Notes on Manuscripts in the British Museum relating to Levant Geography and Travel
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

A not unprofitable search among the manuscripts of the British Museum for travellers' accounts of Cyzicus and its neighbourhood, has persuaded me that an annotated list of those manuscripts which deal with Levantine geography may be a useful contribution to the bibliography of travel. It is needless to say that this paper has no palaeographical pretensions; such points as the dates of handwriting have been for the most part supplied me by Mr. J. A. Herbert, to whom I am also indebted for much other assistance.

The MSS. I have examined fall generally into one of three rough classes:—

(1) Isolarii and accounts of individual Aegean islands.

(2) Voyages and travels to Constantinople.

(3) Travels in Asia Minor.
II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 4.—The Great Altar near the Eurotas
Authors: Dickins Guy
Published: October 2013

About 100 metres south-east of the new bridge over the Eurotas a line of large blocks can be seen in the right bank of the river running out into its bed. These are the remains of the city-wall, which originally must have made a sharp bend to the south-west, as it reappears in the field of the Heroön. But this angle, and the land which it enclosed, have been carried away by a change in the course of the river. Close to the northern arm of the angle, and abutting on the present river-bank, lies the large structure illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. Its eastern front has long been visible, but seems to have escaped the observation of travellers. Excavation revealed at a depth of 0·70 m. below the present surface, a great platform 23·60 m. long by 6·60 m. wide and 1·90 m. high. There are four foundation courses, averaging 0·34 m. in height, of a softish crumbly stone, and a sillcourse 0·55 m. high, projecting 0·10 m. beyond the foundations. This sillcourse consists of squared and dressed blocks, which extend all round the building with a uniform breadth of 0·90 m., and vary from 1·60 m. to 2·50 m. in length. Their surface is carefully smoothed, leaving an edge on the outside, raised 0·003 m. and 0·07 to 0·08 m. wide. This careful finish, combined with the regularity of the foundation-courses, and the absence of all trace of bonding-mortar, suggests Hellenic workmanship.
II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 6.—Remains of the Archaic Greek Period
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The archaic remains, which the trial trenches have revealed at a level beneath the Roman building and temple described above, present in one respect a striking contrast. Except inscriptions, the later buildings have not yielded many small objects: their importance lies in their architectural arrangement and purpose. In the archaic stratum on the other hand, although some architectural fragments have already been found, and more are expected, the chief interest centres in the wonderful wealth of small objects, doubtless votive offerings, and the light they throw on the early stages of art in Sparta. Before our work this year, this deposit was accessible only from the side of the river, where erosion has produced a section of all the strata from the present surface down to virgin soil. This face, shewn in Fig. 1, p. 319, in its original condition before excavation, we have protected with a wall, to guard the site from the destructive effect of the floods to which the Eurotas is liable, the lowest remains being hardly higher than the level of the bed of the river. Work was begun at this naturally exposed face, where the lead figurines now in the Sparta Museum were found, which gave the first clue to the site, and the number of archaic objects unearthed in the first few hours immediately revealed its extraordinary richness.
The Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos, 1911: § 2.—The Excavation
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The work began on the 30th March and lasted, with the usual interval for Easter until the 30th of May. The maximum number of workmen employed was about forty. The party consisted of the Director, Mr. J. P. Droop, Miss Lorimer, and Mr. W. R. Halliday, who were present throughout, Mr. L. B. Tillard, who remained until Easter, and Miss Lamb and Miss Tennant, who came after Easter, and stayed until the end. Mr. M. S. Thompson paid a visit towards the end of the season, when Mr. W. J. P. Jones also came as architect, to draw the plans which accompany this report. He also made a series of water-colour drawings of vases, some of which are reproduced on Pls. II. and III. By the kindness of the Athenian authorities of the German Archaeological Institute, we had the services of their veteran foreman Evangelis Kosmopoulos; as mender we again had Ioannes Katsarakis from Palaikastro. The photographs were taken by Herr Röhrer, the photographer of the German Archaeological Institute. It is a pleasure to thank the Greek Archaeological authorities for their support; in Athens the Ephor Dr. Leonardos, and in Melos Dr. Stavropoulos the Ephor of the Cyclades, and the local representative of the government, Dr. Aristides Papa-Ioannou, Scholarch of Melos, whose firmness in dealing with the claims of the proprietors of the site was of the greatest assistance. The objects found are to remain in Melos and form the nucleus of a local Museum in the town.
The Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos, 1911: § 5.—Melos and the Mainland
Authors: Dawkins R. M. , Droop J.P.
Published: October 2013

A small quantity of the ware generally called Urfirniss was found lying on the rock, chiefly in the south-eastern part of the excavation, that is to say in rooms 1 and 2. From its position it would seem to belong to the earlier part of the First City, although the extreme scarceness, in the deposit, of the incised fabrics, warns us against a too early date. It was so much broken that nothing can be said of the shapes, but the characteristic coating of reddish-brown slightly lustrous paint was quite recognisable. It is of some importance as an early link with the mainland, as similar pottery has recently been found in great abundance in the lowest stratum at Tiryns by the German excavators, who consider that this Tirynthian Urfirniss is allied to early Cycladic pottery. These Melian pieces may well be of Cycladic origin, and an instance of this connexion.

Work carried out in the course of the last ten years on prehistoric sites has given an interest to another class of pottery which it did not yet possess when Phylakopi was first excavated. Thus it came about that only ten lines, and that in the section devoted to ‘odds and ends,’ were given to the very considerable finds of that ware to which Schliemann gave the name of Minyan. This name will be used here without any discussion of its propriety; it is convenient and has been generally adopted. This much may be said for it; so much of this pottery has been found at Orchomenos and in the neighbourhood of Drachmani (Elatea) that it is reasonable to believe that it was made in Boiotia and Phokis.
I.—Excavations at Sparta, 1909: § 2.—The Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The campaign of 1909 at Sparta was marked by the conclusion of the excavation of the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, and the site may now be regarded as definitely exhausted. This report gives an account of the results of this last season with a General Plan of the excavation (Pl. I). A full resumptive account of the whole work from its beginning in 1906, with final plans and a summary of results is in preparation; the present account will, in the main, be confined to the new results gained this year, and will thus be parallel to the three yearly reports already published in the previous volumes of this Annual.
I.—Excavations at Sparta, 1909: § 4.—Inscriptions
Authors: Woodward Arthur M.
Published: October 2013

The number of fresh inscriptions found in 1909 compares unfavourably with those of 1906 and 1908. This is hardly surprising, for the sanctuary of Orthia, which had previously yielded about one hundred different inscriptions, was known to be almost worked out as far as this class of finds was concerned, and in fact only four new texts were discovered here as the results of this year's excavations. In addition to this, the examination of the foundations of the late-Roman walls, which had yielded a plentiful crop of inscribed marbles in the three previous campaigns, was practically finished as regards the southern side, which, as being nearest to the Agora, was more likely to reward our search than the other sides. It seemed advisable, however, to continue the exploration of these walls on the eastern and northern faces, and this work was not fruitless, for, somewhat contrary to expectation, a large number of inscribed statue-bases of the Imperial age were found within a small area along the northern side of the walls.
III.—Mediaeval Churches: The Churches of Western Mani
Authors: Traquair Ramsay
Published: October 2013

The villages of lower and upper Boularioi lie on the hill-side above the modern port of Gerolimena. Above the upper village stands the church of Hagios Strategos (Pls. XI, XII). It is in three parts, the church proper, the narthex, and a small domed porch. The church belongs to the two-columned type of the later Byzantine school, in which the central dome rests upon two columns to the west and upon the dividing walls of the eastern chapels to the east. Internally it is not very accurately or squarely built, but widens rather to the east: it measures about 16 ft. in breadth by 18 ft. long, with walls of about 2 ft. 9 in. in thickness, and terminates in the usual three eastern apses, semicircular both inside and out.
The Quota-List of the Year 427–6 B.C.
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

Not the least interesting of Professor A. Wilhelm's new discoveries in connection with the well-known Attic Quota-lists published in his recent brilliant paper, is that of a small fragment identified by him as belonging to I.G. i. 266, which solves finally the much-vexed question of the restoration of one of the rubrics or headings in that inscription. The stone in question, which is complete on the right-hand side alone, contains in ll. 9, 10 the following letters:

βολὲ καὶ Һοι πεντακόσιο[ι]

α]χσαν (vacat)

The restoration given by Kirchhoff in the Corpus is (transliterating letter for letter from the stone):

[Πόλες Һὰς Һε] βολὲ καὶ Һοι πεντακόιο[ι]

[- - -ἔτα]χσαν.
A Cave of the Nymphs on Mount Ossa
Authors: Wace A.J.B. , Thompson M.S.
Published: October 2013

On the north-west side of the great central cone of Mount Ossa a wide fissure runs right across the mountain from Mega Keserlì to Tságezi. On the south side of this fissure and at the base of the central cone lies the village of Spiliá, which is to be distinguished from another village of the same name near Laspochori at the eastern entrance to Tempe. To the north of the fissure rises a peak known as Pláka, which is the part of Ossa that directly overhangs Tempe. A little below the bare rocky summit of this peak, which rises to a height of at least 3,500 feet, and on its south side about an hour's walk from Spiliá, is a cave, which, though long known to the inhabitants of the district, has never before been visited by archaeologists.
Moral Dimensions of Moral Hazards
Authors: BRAYNEN WILL
Published: October 2013

‘Moral hazard’ is an economic term which commonly refers to situations in which people have a tendency to increase their exposure to risk when the costs of their actions, should they get unlucky, befall someone else. Once insured, for example, a person might have little reason, financially speaking, to be careful if he will get fully reimbursed for his losses should things go wrong, especially if he does not risk an increase in his insurance premium fees. In this article, I argue that moral hazards are not morally neutral. To this end, I distinguish between concepts that (a) call for a moral value judgement but do not have a fixed moral value and (b) those that call for a moral value judgement and also have a fixed moral value. In short, this article examines questions that lie at the intersection of ethics and economics.
Motivations for particle verb word order in Middle and Early Modern English
Authors: ELENBAAS MARION
Published: October 2013

This article examines possible motivations for the choice of particle verb word order in Middle English (1100–1500) and Early Modern English (1500–1700). The word order alternation of Present-Day English particle verbs, which presents language users with a choice between verb–object–particle and verb–particle–object order, first emerged in Early Middle English (twelfth century). For Present-Day English, several studies (e.g. Gries 1999, 2003; Dehé 2002) have shown that the choice is influenced by a number of linguistic factors, such as the heaviness of the object (morphosyntactic factor) and the givenness of the object (discourse factor). This article reveals the influence of a number of morphosyntactic factors and also shows that the choice is increasingly influenced by the givenness of the object. The differences between Present-Day English on the one hand and Middle and Early Modern English on the other hand are discussed in the light of syntactic changes going on in these periods. It is argued that the developments in particle verb syntax are characterised by an increasing division of labour between the two word orders, which may also explain why both orders survive into Present-Day English.
Health care professionals' perspectives of living and dying with primary malignant glioma: Implications for a unique cancer trajectory
Authors: Philip Jennifer , Collins Anna , Brand Caroline A. , Gold Michelle , Moore Gaye , Sundararajan Vijaya , Murphy Michael A. , Lethborg Carrie
Published: October 2013

Objectives:

Health care professionals (HCPs) caring for people with primary malignant glioma (PMG) and their carers see many of the profound challenges facing this group, yet their perspectives are not documented. This study aimed to understand and document the unique perspective of HCPs in relation to the supportive and palliative care needs of patients with PMG and their carers, with a view to developing a model of care.

Methods:

Qualitative study involving semi-structured focus groups and interviews with 35 medical, nursing and allied health staff actively engaged in providing care for this patient group. Purposive and theoretical sampling from two major metropolitan hospitals and one community palliative care service in Australia was utilised to seek perspectives from a variety of disciplines and health care settings. Thematic analysis was conducted by three independent researchers, using a constant comparative method influenced by grounded theory.

Results:

Key themes relating to the needs of people with PMG which were apparent from the HCPs included: The difference in the illness course of glioma compared to other cancers; Limitations of current medical care; Challenges in balancing hope with reality of the illness; and Recommendations to improve care, including recognising the role of family and moving from a model where services are offered in response to demonstrated needs.

Significance of the results:

Current models of care based upon the classic cancer trajectory are unresponsive to the needs of people with PMG. Care may be enhanced by moving towards a proactive approach, extending the goals of care beyond medical needs and broadening the focus of care to include family needs.
Assessing medical decision making capacity among cancer patients: Preliminary clinical experience of using a competency assessment instrument
Authors: Akechi Tatsuo , Okuyama Toru , Uchida Megumi , Sugano Koji , Kubota Yosuke , Ito Yoshinori , Sakamoto Nobuhiro , Kizawa Yoshiyuki
Published: October 2013

Object:

This study investigates the usefulness of the Structured Interview for Competency and Incompetency Assessment Testing and Ranking Inventory (SICIATRI) for cancer patients, which is a structured interview that assesses a patient's competency in clinical practice.

Methods:

The SICIATRI, originally developed to measure patients' competency to give informed consent, were administered referred cancer patients who needed for assessing medical decision making capacity. The usefulness of the SICIATRI was investigated retrospectively. Recommendation for modification of the SICIATRI for cancer patients if applicable were made by the research team.

Results:

Among the 433 cancer patients referred for psychiatric consultation, 12 were administered the SICIATRI and all of the administration were conducted without big problems. All patients were 60 years or older. The most common purpose for competency evaluation was to analyze patients' understanding of the anti-cancer treatment proposed by oncologists, followed by their refusal of the treatment. Half of the patients (n = 6) were diagnosed with delirium and three among them were judged as having the most impaired status of a patient's competency. Two patients (17%) were diagnosed with major depression and another two (17%) were mental retardation and each one patient was diagnosed with dementia and past history of alcohol dependence. Among 6 patients without delirium 5 subjects including a dementia patient were judged as fully competent. Total of 5 small potential modifications of the SICIATRI for its use with Japanese cancer patients were recommended.

Significance of results:

Our experience suggests that the SICIATRI is a useful instrument for psycho-oncology clinical practice.
Does a palliative care consult decrease the cost of caring for hospitalized patients with dementia?
Authors: Araw Marissa , Kozikowski Andrzej , Sison Cristina , Mir Tanveer , Saad Maha , Corrado Lauren , Pekmezaris Renee , Wolf-Klein Gisele
Published: October 2013

Objective:

Advanced dementia (AD) is a terminal disease. Palliative care is increasingly becoming of critical importance for patients afflicted with AD. The primary objective of this study was to compare pharmacy cost before and after a palliative care consultation (PCC) in patients with end-stage dementia. A secondary objective was to investigate the cost of particular types of medication before and after a PCC.

Method:

This was a retrospective study of 60 hospitalized patients with end-stage dementia at a large academic tertiary care hospital from January 1, 2010 to October 1, 2011, in order to investigate pharmacy costs before and after a PCC. In addition to demographics, we carried out a comparison of the average daily pharmacy cost and comparison of the proportion of subjects taking each medication type (cardiac, analgesics, antibiotics, antipsychotics and antiemetics) before and after a PCC.

Results:

There was a significant decrease in overall average daily pharmacy cost from before to after a PCC ($31.16 ± 24.71 vs. $20.83 ± 19.56;p< 0.003). There was also a significant difference in the proportion of subjects taking analgesics before and after PCC (55 vs. 73.3%;p< 0.009), with a significant average daily analgesic cost rise from pre- to post-PCC: $1.36 ± 5.07 (median = $0.05) versus. $2.35 ± 5.35 (median = $0.71), respectively,p< 0.011; average daily antiemetics cost showed a moderate increase from pre- to post-PCC: $0.08 ± 0.37 (median = $0) versus $0.23 ± 0.75 (median = $0), respectively,p< 0.047.

Significance of results:

Our findings indicate that PCC is associated with overall decreased medication cost in hospitalized AD patients. Additionally, receiving a PCC was related to greater use of pain medications in hospitalized dementia patients. Our study corroborates the benefits of palliative care team intervention in managing elderly hospitalized dementia patients.
Delirium in palliative care: Detection, documentation and management in three settings
Authors: Hey Jennifer , Hosker Christian , Ward Jason , Kite Suzanne , Speechley Helen
Published: October 2013

Objectives:

Delirium is characterized by disturbances of consciousness and changes in cognition that develop rapidly and fluctuate. It is common in palliative care, affecting up to 88% of patients with advanced cancer, yet often remains insufficiently diagnosed and managed. This study sought to compare rates of screening, documentation, and management of delirium across three palliative care settings — two hospices and one hospital team — and to determine whether definitive documentation of delirium as a diagnosis is associated with improved management of the disorder.

Methods:

A retrospective review of patient case notes was performed in three U.K. palliative care settings for the presence of: cognitive screening tools on first assessment; the term “delirium” as a stated documented diagnosis; documented terms, descriptions, and synonyms suggestive of delirium; and management plans aimed at addressing delirium.

Results:

We reviewed 319 notes. The prevalence of delirium as a documented diagnosis ranged from 0 to 8.4%, rising to 35.7–39.2% when both documented delirium and descriptions suggestive of delirium were taken into account. An abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) was determined for 19.6 (H1) and 26.8% (H2) of hospice admissions and for 0% of hospital assessments. Symptoms suggestive of delirium were managed in 56.3% of cases in hospital, compared with 66.7 (H1) and 72.2% (H2) in hospices.

Significance of results:

Use of the term “delirium” was infrequent in both hospital and hospice palliative care settings, as was the use of routine screening. Many identified cases did not receive targeted management. The definitive use of the term as a diagnosis was associated with clearer management plans in hospital patients. The authors suggest that better screening and identification remains the first step in improving delirium management.
An anatomy of CBT training: trainees’ endorsements of elements, sources and modalities of learning during a postgraduate CBT training course
Authors: Rakovshik Sarah G. , McManus Freda
Published: October 2013

This study examines trainees’ evaluations of a postgraduate CBT training course to determine which aspects are perceived as having the greatest effect on competence. A course evaluation was completed by three cohorts (n = 73) of a yearlong master's-level CBT training course, and statistical comparisons were conducted to examine the perceived impact of discrete aspects of training. There were significant differences between endorsements of the impact of various aspects of the learning experience. Overall, supervision was perceived to have a greater influence on trainees’ competence than clinical instruction. Interactions with trainers were given the highest rating, followed by learning from personal reflection and peer interactions. The varied aspects of extensive CBT training were perceived by students to be differentially effective in enhancing CBT skills. Supervision was perceived to have the strongest impact on competence, and trainees’ own reflections on their practice in preparation for supervision perceived as an important contributor to supervision's efficacy. The relatively low rating of peer-related learning suggests acceptability for distance training (e.g. internet-based), which excludes peer interaction found in traditional training. Due to limitations inherent in study design, only tentative conclusions can be offered. Further research involving more rigorous hypothesis testing is recommended.