bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamental study on the development of a surgical device for polymer‐tissue adhesion using vibration damping of polymeric materials
Authors: Nam Kwangwoo , Yamamoto Kenji , Kasahara Kosuke , Kimura Tsuyoshi , Funamoto Seiicihi , Shimizu Shigeru , Higami Tetsuya , Masuzawa Toru , Kishida Akio
Published: May 2013

To develop a surgical handheld device that can be used to promote polymer‐tissue or tissue‐tissue adhesion, we designed a polymeric clamp material (PCM) that self‐heats as a result of vibration. By using the PCM, heat can be applied to the target biomaterial and the tissue simultaneously. The optimal temperature is high enough to promote adhesion but low enough to retain the native tissue's integrity. Furthermore, the PCM should not adhere to the target polymer or the native tissue. We found that the temperatures of fluorinated polymers, such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) and perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), increased within 60 s to 150°C and maintained a stable temperature thereafter. The heat that was transferred to the saucer attached to the potential PCM was slightly above 100°C, a temperature that promotes adhesion but does not damage the native tissue. No deformation or melting was observed during the experiment, indicating that PTFE or PFA possess desirable PCM characteristics for use as a surgical heating device. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2532–2537, 2013
Formulation of chemically reduced graphene oxide assembly with poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) through noncovalent interaction
Authors: Lee Mi Yeon , Nam Su Hyun , Lee Jung Yup , Abdullah‐Al‐Nahain  , Lee Sangkug , Park Cheol Min , Han Chul Jong , Park Sung Young , In Insik
Published: May 2013

Soluble chemically reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) assembly was attempted by totally noncovalent approach. Chemical reduction of P4VP/GO mixture by hydrazine produced soluble RGO/P4VP assembly with long term stability. Prepared RGO/P4VP assembly showed pH‐dependent variation of optical transmittance. Transmittance of RGO/P4VP assembly solution at pH 2.0 dramatically increased more than 200% of transmittance of assembly at pH 6. This optical transmittance change was fully reversible. The detailed morphological features of assemble was evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is estimated that RGO/P4VP assemblies were well separated each other at pH 6, enabling much higher optical absorption of RGO plates. At pH 2, protonation of pyridine ring occurs and this might hamper effective noncovalent interaction between RGO plate and protonated P4VP chains, forming bigger aggregates having less chance for optical absorption. This pH‐dependent optical modulation of RGO/P4VP assembly can be useful for the designing of pH‐sensor, removable nanocatalyst, and targeted drug delivery, etc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2538–2543, 2013
Thermoplastic films from plant proteins
Authors: Reddy Narendra , Yang Yiqi
Published: May 2013

Films developed by thermoprocessing of plant proteins have better mechanical properties and are relatively inexpensive and environmentally friendly compared to casting films from solutions. Common plant proteins such as soyproteins, wheat gluten, and corn zein and proteins from lesser grown cereal crops such as peanut, barley, sunflower, and sorghum have all been injection or compression molded into films. Since plant proteins are non‐thermoplastic, it is necessary to chemically or physically modify the proteins and make them thermoplastic. Extensive studies on the addition of plasticizers, pre‐treatment of proteins with alkali, steam, chemical modifications such as acetylation and blending of the proteins with other biopolymers and synthetic polymers have been done to modify proteins and develop thermoplastics. Despite the extensive work, thermoplastic films obtained from plant proteins do not have the properties that can meet or exceed properties of films made from synthetic polymers. Poor water stability and brittleness are the two major limitations of plant protein films. This review presents an overview of the methods and processing conditions used to develop thermoplastic films from plant proteins and the properties of the films. A critical assessment of approaches that have been used so far, limitations of these approaches and potential considerations for future studies to overcome the current limitations have been discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 729‐738, 2013
Phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate: The Golgi and beyond
Authors: De Matteis Maria A. , Wilson Cathal , D'Angelo Giovanni
Published: May 2013

Initially identified as a key phosphoinositide that controls membrane trafficking at the Golgi complex, phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate (PI4P) has emerged as a key molecule in the regulation of a diverse array of cellular functions. In this review we will discuss selected examples of the findings that in the last few years have significantly increased our awareness of the regulation and roles of PI4P in the Golgi complex and beyond. We will also highlight the role of PI4P in infection and cancer. We believe that, with the increasing number of regulators and effectors of PI4P identified, the time is ripe for a more integrated approach of study. A first step in this direction is the delineation of PI4P‐centered molecular networks that we provide using data from low and high throughput studies in yeast and mammals.
TEACHING EARLY READING SKILLS TO CHILDREN WITH AUTISM USING MIMIOSPROUT EARLY READING
Authors: Grindle Corinna F. , Carl Hughes J. , Saville Maria , Huxley Kathleen , Hastings Richard P.
Published: May 2013

A number of studies have demonstrated positive outcomes for typical learners from the internet‐based reading program, MimioSprout® Early Reading (MER). In the present study, a preliminary evaluation of MER was conducted with four children with autism who attended an applied behavior analysis educational program in a school setting. The primary aim was to investigate whether it would be feasible to use MER with children with autism and whether any adaptations to the standard teaching procedure would be needed. A secondary aim was to investigate whether completing MER would improve early reading skills. When additional discrete‐trial table top activities were designed to supplement each child's progress, every child was able to complete all 80 lessons and showed similar correct performance to that reported for typically developing learners. Results from a standardized test of reading ability showed an improvement in word recognition reading age for all children from 14 months to more than three years over the 14 weeks of teaching. A follow‐up test showed that gains were maintained eight weeks after the end of the intervention. MER can be successfully used with children with autism and can improve their early reading skills. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expanded Scope of the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Minimally Functionalized Olefins Catalyzed by Iridium Complexes with Phosphite–Thiazoline Ligands
Authors: Mazuela Javier , Pàmies Oscar , Diéguez Montserrat
Published: May 2013

We have replaced the oxazoline group with a thiazoline moiety in one of the most successful of the phosphite–oxazoline ligand families for the Ir‐catalyzed hydrogenation of minimally functionalized olefins. A small but structurally important library of Ir phosphite–thiazoline precatalysts (Ir‐L1–L2 a–e) has been developed by changing the substituents/configurations at the biaryl phosphite group. We found that the replacement of the oxazoline with a thiazoline moiety in the ligand design is beneficial in terms of substrate scope.
Assessment of kinetics, thermodynamics and equilibrium parameters of Cr(VI) biosorption ontoPinus brutiaTen
Authors: Ozdes Duygu , Gundogdu Ali , Kemer Barıs , Duran Celal , Kucuk Murat , Soylak Mustafa
Published: May 2013

The aim of the present study was to investigate the sorption potential of pine bark (Pinus brutiaTen.) for removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. The biosorption characteristics of Cr(VI) ions onto bark biomass were examined with respect to the changes in initial pH of the solution, contact time, initial Cr(VI) and bark concentration, bark particle size, temperature, etc. The biosorption isotherms were described by means of Langmuir and Freundlich models and the biosorption kinetics were analysed using pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order and intraparticle diffusion models. The thermodynamic parameters proved that the process was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature.
Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Enhances Copper Uptake in Crops and Pasture Species Grown in Copper‐Contaminated Soils in a Micro‐Plot Study
Authors: Tian Shuai , Jia Yan , Ding Yongzhen , Wang Ruigang , Feng Renwei , Song Zhengguo , Guo Junkang , Zhou Li
Published: May 2013

The biomass of plants for the purpose of phytoremediation is often small. Carbon dioxide (CO2) can enhance plant biomass and so, it is reasonable to draw such an assumption that CO2 can be used to help plants to phytoremediate heavy metal contaminated soils through enhancing the biomass of remediating plants. To identify this assumption, a micro‐plot study in six separate growth chambers was conducted to investigate the effect of high CO2 levels (approximately 1000 ± 50 µL L−1) on Cu accumulation and the remediation potential of three rape varieties and another five crop and pasture species grown in soils contaminated with Cu (485 mg Cu kg−1, denoted as soil‐L, and 1200 mg Cu kg−1, denoted as soil‐H). The results showed that independently of the CO2 treatment, the shoot biomass and Cu concentration in the eight plants varied with the species and soil Cu levels. The plants grown in soil‐L produced a higher aboveground biomass than those grown in the more heavily contaminated soil‐H, but the Cu levels were high in all the plants grown in soil‐H. Regardless of the CO2 treatment, the shoot biomass and Cu concentration in the plant parts also varied with the species and soil Cu levels. Overall, the exposure of all the plants to elevated CO2 resulted in a biomass increase of 6–136% and a significantly higher remediation capacity. The results indicate that the ever‐increasing atmospheric CO2 may enhance the phytoremediation efficiency of Cu contaminated soils; however it also suggests a risk of food safety under the future scenario of elevated atmospheric CO2.
Concentrations, Bioavailability, and Spatial Distribution of Soil Heavy Metals in a Long‐Term Wastewater Irrigation Area in North China
Authors: Yao Hong , Lu Jian , Yuan Xin , Wu Jun , Zhao Jing , Yu Xiaohua , Zhou Yanmei
Published: May 2013

Heavy metal contamination in a long‐term wastewater irrigation area in north China was investigated. The highest concentrations of Cr, Cd, Pb, As, Zn, and Cu in topsoil were 113.58, 3.78, 13.91, 14.44, 90.75, and 95.53 mg/kg, respectively. The Nemerow's synthetical pollution index was below 0.7, suggesting that this area belonged to a safe domain. The bioavailable concentrations of the heavy metals in this area were also maintained at low level. The correlation between Al (or Fe) and other heavy metals proved that concentrations of Pb, As, and Zn in soil might be mainly affected by the soil natural material. Spatial distributions analysis of heavy metals in this area indicated that the sewage irrigation might also have influence on heavy metals pollution in this long‐term wastewater irrigation area. The vertical profile of heavy metals concentrations in this area showed that all the heavy metals in surface soil layer were in the highest concentration and began to decrease with the increase in soil depth. The low concentration of heavy metals in wastewater and soil suggested a potential sustainability of the long‐term wastewater irrigation area where the good quality wastewater was available for agricultural usage.
Photoluminescence Enhancement of CdSe and CdSe–ZnS Nanocrystals by On‐Surface Ligand Modification
Authors: Oszajca Marek , Lincheneau Christophe , Amelia Matteo , Schäfer Christian , Szaciłowski Konrad , Credi Alberto
Published: May 2013

We have investigated the spectroscopic properties of CdSe and CdSe–ZnS nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) in the presence of the electron acceptor tetracyanoethene (TCNE) in organic solution. Our results indicate that TCNE reacts with the n‐alkylamine capping ligands at the surfaces of nanocrystals to generate (cyanovinyl)amine products that remain bound to the surfaces of the QDs, substantially increasing their emission efficiency. Further addition of an excess of TCNE caused a decrease in the luminescence intensity, most likely because of an electron‐transfer quenching process from the photoexcited nanocrystals to the electron‐accepting TCNE molecules. TCNE‐induced emission enhancement was also observed for the strongly luminescent CdSe–ZnS core–shell QDs. This approach enables a post‐synthetic adjustment of the luminescence efficiency of amine‐capped QDs. We have also shown that the threshold‐dependent response of the QD emission on the TCNE concentration can be used to encode NAND and XOR Boolean logic operations.
Characterization and emulsifying properties of different sunflower phosphatidylcholine enriched fractions
Authors: Guiotto Estefania N. , Cabezas Dario M. , Diehl Bernd W. K. , Tomás Mabel C.
Published: May 2013

Fractions enriched in specific phospholipids are desirable for different industrial purposes because of their characteristic physicochemical and functional properties. We studied the fractionation process of sunflower lecithin using different absolute‐ethanol/water ratios and pHs and then evaluated the emulsifying properties of phosphatidyl‐choline‐(PC‐) enriched fractions in oil/water 30:70 v/v emulsions. We observed a high recovery of PC and a low content of phosphatidyl inositol (PI) in all the PC‐enriched fractions thus obtained along with the highest yields of this phospholipid after extraction with an absolute‐ethanol/water mixture of 96:4 v/v. The use of different pH values for the different solvent extraction media did not markedly modify the yield of the enriched fractions. The extraction coefficients for PC and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) evidenced an increase in both these phospholipids in the PC‐enriched fractions upon extraction with the higher concentration of absolute ethanol. Emulsions containing the PC‐enriched fractions obtained with the absolute‐ethanol/water mixture of 96:4 v/v exhibited the highest stability at pH 7.5 because of the high PC/PE ratio compared to that of the PC‐enriched fractions extracted with the absolute‐ethanol/water mixture of 90:10 v/v. A high emulsifier concentration resulted in a low mean D [4,3] diameter of the particles and a high stability.

Practical applications: Sunflower lecithin is a promising alternative to soybean lecithin because it is considered the product of a non‐genetically modified organism (non‐GMO). Experimentation on lecithin modification under industrial conditions with adequate techniques of analysis may be useful for evaluating the potential applications of these sunflower by‐products to the production of new emulsifiers. Thus, an analysis of the influence of different fractionation parameters, such as the pH of the solvent extraction, on the composition and emulsifying properties of the resulting PC‐enriched fractions may provide useful information for the food industry.
Influence of free fatty acids on oxidative stability in water‐in‐walnut oil emulsions
Authors: Yi Jianhua , Zhu Zhenbao , Dong Wenbin , McClements David Julian , Decker Eric Andrew
Published: May 2013

The effect of free fatty acids (FFA) on lipid oxidation in water‐in‐stripped walnut oil emulsions was investigated. The formation of the primary oxidation products (hydroperoxides) and the secondary oxidation product (headspace hexanal) increased with increasing addition of oleic acid to the emulsions. However, oleic acid at high concentrations was primarily involved in accelerating hydroperoxide formation at early stage and then hydroperoxide decomposition rapidly after hydroperoxides reached the maximum point. The prooxidant effect of saturated FFA was dependent on their chain length with lipid oxidation rates being in the order of lauric acid>palmitic acid>stearic acid. The highest prooxidant activity of lauric acid among these FFA was probably due to its largest polarity and making the water droplet interface more negatively charged than the others when the aqueous phase pH was 7.0, which was above its pKa, thereby attracting prooxidant metals to the water droplet surface. The highest ability to promote lipid oxidation in water‐in‐oil emulsions was shown by linolenic acid, followed by linoleic and oleic acids, indicating that the oxidative capacity increased with increasing degree of unsaturation. The prooxidant effect of FFA with the cis double bonds was lower than those with the trans ones when oleic acid (18:1, cis) was compared to elaidic acid (18:1, trans) and linoleic acid (18:2, cis–cis) was compared to linoelaidic acid (18:2, trans–trans), which suggested that geometric isomeration of FFA influenced lipid oxidation rates of water‐in‐oil emulsions.

Practical applications: FFA promote lipid oxidation in bulk oil and oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions. From the present study, it became clear that FFA were also strong prooxidants in water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions. This research pointed out the importance of using oils and fats containing minimal FFA in W/O emulsion formulation to obtain the highest quality.
Concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by selective alcoholysis catalyzed by lipases
Authors: Valverde Lorena Martín , Moreno Pedro A. González , Callejón María José Jiménez , Cerdán Luis Esteban , Medina Alfonso Robles
Published: May 2013

In this work eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) enriched acylglycerols were obtained from tuna and sardine oils (9 and 19% weight EPA, respectively) by selective ethanolysis catalyzed by lipases. First, eight immobilized lipases were tested and the best EPA concentration and recovery were attained with lipases QLC® and QLG® from Alcaligenes sp. Lipase QLG® was selected to study the influence of reaction time, temperature and lipase/oil and ethanol/oil ratios. Under the optimized conditions attained (48 h, 20°C, lipase/oil ratio 20% w/w and ethanol/oil molar ratio 2.3:1) and for 59.4% conversion, acylglycerols were obtained with 38.6% EPA and 81.6% recovery from sardine oil. In these optimized conditions the reaction was scaled up to 233 g of sardine oil and carried out in a batch stirred tank reactor, with the lipase contained in a cartridge filter attached to the stirring rod. In this reactor, for 54.8% conversion, acylglycerols were obtained with 35.9% EPA and 82.1% recovery. The EPA‐enriched acylglycerols were separated from the ethyl esters in a short‐path vacuum distiller. At an evaporation temperature of 200°C, a residue with 87.4% acylglycerols (12.6% ethyl esters) was obtained, with an EPA concentration of 33.8 and 64.4% EPA recovery.

Practical applications: Marine oils have been shown to have beneficial effects on human health, including positive effects on atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, inflammatory disease, and perhaps even behavioral disorders. They are attributed to the long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, it is not clear if both EPA and DHA are equally important in cardiovascular protection, because in most oils both species coexist. In this sense, it is necessary to develop large‐scale purification processes to provide sufficient amounts of oils with high concentrations of both PUFAs on the one hand, and with a high concentration of only one of them on the other. This work studies a method to obtain acylglycerols rich in EPA or in EPA and DHA by selective ethanolysis catalyzed by lipases.
Lipid compositions of latex and sheet rubber from Hevea brasiliensis depend on clonal origin
Authors: Liengprayoon Siriluck , Chaiyut Jatuporn , Sriroth Klanarong , Bonfils Frédéric , Sainte‐Beuve Jérôme , Dubreucq Eric , Vaysse Laurent
Published: May 2013

Lipids of fresh latex from three Hevea brasiliensis clones (RRIM600, BPM24, and PB235), and of sheet rubber produced from it, were extracted by an optimized method and characterized through various chromatography techniques. Total and free fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, and the unsaponifiable fraction were analyzed for each clone. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of total extractable lipids indicated a smaller amount in sheet rubber (2.31–3.28% w/w dry rubber) than in fresh latex (3.36–3.67%). Partial hydrolysis during primary rubber processing, such as polar lipids, was found to be the main source of this loss. Alongside the effect of primary processing, the clonal origin of the trees was found to be the main factor for differences in lipid quantity and composition.

Practical applications: Lipids are the main non‐isoprene components in natural rubber (NR) and play many important roles in NR properties. Detailed knowledge of the lipid composition would contribute towards a better understanding of the structural and physical properties of NR. The lipid composition also appears to be sufficiently specific to consider its use as a new tool for tracing the clonal origin of NR.
Supramolecular Chemistry of Protoporphyrin IX and Its Derivatives
Authors: Bhosale Sheshanath V. , Bhosale Sidhanath V. , Shitre Ganesh V. , Bobe Sharad R. , Gupta Akhil
Published: May 2013

This microreview surveys developments in applications of protoporphyrin IX (PP‐IX) derivatives in the fields of supramolecular science, artificial photosynthesis and biomedical science. It begins with the introduction of general PP‐IX structure, methods of synthesis and discussion of properties such as solid‐ and liquid‐state interactions. This is followed by description of the compounds' one‐dimensional nano‐superstructures, such as vesicles, tubules, fibres, micellar nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods and coils. Furthermore, a recent advance in protoporphyrin research in the area of monolayer formation is covered. Finally we explore the use of PP‐IX derivatives in energy‐ and electron‐transfer system construction. We conclude with our views on the prospects of PP‐IX for future research endeavours.
Slow release of fragrance aldehydes and ketones in functional perfumery from dynamic mixtures generated with N‐heteroarylmethyl‐substituted secondary diamines
Authors: Trachsel Alain , Chapuis Christian , Herrmann Andreas
Published: May 2013

Dynamic mixtures of aminals generated by reversible reaction of diamines with volatile aldehydes and ketones are suitable delivery systems to increase the long‐lastingness of fragrance perception in functional perfumery applications. N‐Heteroarylmethyl‐substituted secondary diamines of 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane, 1,3‐diaminocyclohexane, 1,2‐diaminoethane, 1,2‐diaminopropane, 1,3‐diaminopropane or 2‐(aminomethyl)piperidine were prepared by reaction with furan‐, 1H‐pyrrole‐, thiophene‐ or pyridine‐2‐carbaldehyde and reduction of the intermediate imines with NaBH4. The performance of the delivery system was evaluated in a fabric softener application in the presence and absence of a diamine by following the evaporation of a mixture of 18 fragrance aldehydes and ketones on dry cotton using dynamic headspace analysis. Equilibration of the mixture in the presence of a diamine simultaneously increased the headspace concentrations of several fragrance raw materials above the cotton surface as compared to a reference sample without diamine. Equilibrated dynamic mixtures of diamines were found to be suitable delivery systems to prolong the evaporation of fragrance aldehydes and ketones in practical applications of functional perfumery. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivities of immersion freezing: Reconciling classical nucleation theory and deterministic expressions
Authors: Ervens Barbara , Feingold Graham
Published: May 2013

Ice particle number concentrations are often described deterministically, i.e., ice nucleation is singular and occurs on active sites unambiguously at a given temperature. Other approaches are based on classical nucleation theory (CNT) that describes ice nucleation stochastically as a function of time and nucleation rate. Sensitivity studies of CNT for immersion freezing performed here show that ice nucleation has by far the lowest sensitivity to time as compared to temperature, ice nucleus (IN) diameter, and contact angle. Sensitivities generally decrease with decreasing temperature. Our study helps to reconcile the apparent differences in stochastic and singular freezing behavior, and suggests that over a wide range of temperatures and IN parameters, time‐independent CNT‐based expressions for immersion freezing may be derived for use in large‐scale models.
Avalanche slope angles in low‐gravity environments from active Martian sand dunes
Authors: Atwood‐Stone Corwin , McEwen Alfred S.
Published: May 2013

The properties of granular material have an important effect on surface landforms and processes. Recently, it has been suggested that material properties called dynamic and static angle of repose vary with gravitational acceleration, which would have a significant effect on many planetary surface processes such as crater collapse and gully formation. In order to test that hypothesis, we measured lee slopes of active aeolian sand dunes on Mars using the High Resolution Imaging Experiment (HiRISE) DTMs (Digital Terrain Model). We examined dune fields in Nili Patera, Herschel Crater, and Gale Crater. Our measurements showed that the dynamic angles of repose for the sands in these areas are 33–34° in the first region and 30–31° in the other two. These results fall within the 30° to 35° window for the dynamic angles of repose for terrestrial dunes with similar flow depths and grain properties and thus show that this angle does not significantly vary with decreasing gravity.
Modeling the influence of photochemistry on hydrogen peroxide concentrations in an Arctic snowpack
Authors: Hullar Ted , Anastasio Cort
Published: May 2013

While laboratory experiments suggest that hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) on polar snow grains should be completely photolyzed during summer, field measurements show a continuous, multiyear record of HOOH in the snowpack. To understand this discrepancy, we apply a snow parcel model to follow HOOH in the snowpack at Summit, Greenland. Taking into account snowfall and variations in actinic flux, we evaluate the impact of three photochemical factors on HOOH preservation: the quantum efficiency of HOOH photodestruction, HOOH recycling through organic compounds, and HOOH photoproduction from snowpack chromophores. We find that 60%–100% of deposited HOOH is preserved in the first year, with less preservation of HOOH deposited during summer, and that the OH produced from HOOH photolysis likely contributes strongly to transforming snowpack bromide and organic compounds. Our findings suggest that photochemistry plays an important role in HOOH loss in snows at Summit and other polar sites, complementing temperature‐dependent physical processes.
Rapid modeling of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake with seismogeodesy
Authors: Melgar Diego , Crowell Brendan W. , Bock Yehuda , Haase Jennifer S.
Published: May 2013

Rapid characterization of finite fault geometry and slip for large earthquakes is important for mitigation of seismic and tsunamigenic hazards. Saturation of near‐source weak motion and problematic integration of strong‐motion data into displacements make this difficult in real time. Combining GPS and accelerometer data to estimate seismogeodetic displacement waveforms overcomes these limitations by providing mm‐level three‐dimensional accuracy and improved estimation of coseismic deformation compared to GPS‐only methods. We leverage collocated GPS and accelerometer data from the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku‐oki, Japan earthquake by replaying them in simulated real‐time mode. Using a novel approach to account for fault finiteness, we generate an accurate centroid moment tensor solution independently of any constraint on the slab geometry followed by a finite fault slip model. The replay of GPS and seismic data demonstrates that robust models could have been made available within 3 min of earthquake initiation.
Improving simulations of fine dust surface concentrations over the western United States by optimizing the particle size distribution
Authors: Zhang Li , Kok Jasper F. , Henze Daven K. , Li Qinbin , Zhao Chun
Published: May 2013

To improve estimates of remote contributions of dust to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the western United States, new dust particle size distributions (PSDs) based upon scale‐invariant fragmentation theory (Kok_PSD) with constraints from in situ measurements (IMP_PSD) are implemented in a chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem). Compared to initial simulations, this leads to reductions in the mass of emitted dust particles with radii <1.8 µm by 40%–60%. Consequently, the root‐mean‐square error in simulated fine dust concentrations compared to springtime surface observations in the western United States is reduced by 67%–81%. The ratio of simulated fine to coarse PM mass is also improved, which is not achievable by reductions in total dust emissions. The IMP_PSD best represents the PSD of dust transported from remote sources and reduces modeled PM2.5 concentrations up to 5 µg/m3 over the western United States, which is important when considering sources contributing to nonattainment of air quality standards.
Infrasound reveals transition to oscillatory discharge regime during lava fountaining: Implication for early warning
Authors: Ulivieri Giacomo , Ripepe Maurizio , Marchetti Emanuele
Published: May 2013

We present the analysis of ~4 million infrasonic signals which include 39 episodes of lava fountains recorded at 5.5 km from the active vents. We show that each eruptive episode is characterized by a distinctive trend in the amplitude, waveform, and frequency content of the acoustic signals, reflecting different explosive levels. Lava fountain starts with an ~93 min long violent phase of acoustic transients at ~1.25 Hz repeating every 2–5 s. Infrasound suddenly evolves into a persistent low‐frequency quasi‐monochromatic pressure oscillation at ~0.4 Hz. We interpret this shift as induced by the transition from the slug (discrete Strombolian) to churn flow (sustained lava fountain) regime that is reflecting an increase in the gas discharge rate. We calculate that infrasonic transition can occur at a gas superficial velocity of ≤76 m/s and it can be used to define infrasonic‐based thresholds for an efficient early warning system.
Development of regionalized joint probability approach to flood estimation: a case study for Eastern New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Caballero Wilfredo Llacer , Rahman Ataur
Published: May 2013

Estimation of design flood in ungauged catchments is a common problem in hydrology. Methods commonly adopted for this task are limited to peak flow estimation, e.g. index flood, rational and regression‐based methods. To estimate complete design hydrograph, rainfall–runoff modelling is preferred. The currently recommended method in Australia known as Design Event Approach (DEA) has some serious limitations since it ignores the probabilistic nature of principal model inputs (such as temporal patterns (TP) and initial loss) except for design rainfall depth. A more holistic approach such as Joint Probability Approach (JPA)/Monte Carlo Simulation Technique (MCST) can overcome some of the limitations associated with the DEA. Although JPA/MCST has been investigated by many researchers, it has been proved to be difficult to apply since its routine application needs readily available regional design data such as stochastic rainfall duration, TP and losses, which are largely unavailable for Australian states. This paper presents regionalization of the model inputs/parameters to the JPA/MCST for eastern New South Wales (NSW) in Australia. This uses data from 86 pluviograph stations and six catchments from NSW to regionalize the input distributions for application with the JPA/MCST. The independent testing to three test catchments shows that the regionalized JPA/MCST generally outperforms the at‐site DEA. The developed regionalized JPA/MCST can be applied at any arbitrary location in eastern NSW. The method and design data developed here although primarily applicable to eastern NSW can be adapted to other Australian states and countries. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of catchment properties on runoff coefficient in a karst area of southwest China
Authors: Zhang Zhicai , Chen Xi , Huang Yuanyang , Zhang Yanfang
Published: May 2013

Frequent human activities and climate change in the karst region of southwest China since the 1950s have led to the investigation of response of runoff to climate and catchment properties. Runoff coefficient (Rc) as an expression variable of the catchment response to rainfall is important to describe runoff dynamics and to estimate available streamflow for utilization. In this study, the equations of Rc associated with its attributors of climate condition and catchment property were derived using the Budyko framework. The equations were used to estimate relationship between the Rc and the attributors in the karst catchments in Guizhou province of southwest China. Analysis in the selected 23 karst catchments demonstrates that the spatial distribution of Rc is dominated by the catchment properties, such as the catchment properties of geology, slope and land use and land cover, rather than climate condition of drought index. Correlation analysis indicates that the catchment with a large slope usually has a high value of Rc, and a large proportion of carbonate rock in a catchment reduces Rc in the study area. Temporal increasing trend of Rc during 1961–2000 was found for most catchments in the study area. This increasing trend was primarily resulted from changes of catchment properties, e.g. deforestation in large areas of Guizhou province during the 1950s–1980s. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residence time control on hot moments of net nitrate production and uptake in the hyporheic zone
Authors: Briggs Martin A. , Lautz Laura K. , Hare Danielle K.
Published: May 2013

The retention capacity for biologically available nitrogen within streams can be influenced by dynamic hyporheic zone exchange, a process that may act as either a net source or net sink of dissolved nitrogen. Over 5 weeks, nine vertical profiles of streambed chemistry (NO3− and NH4+) were collected above two beaver dams along with continuous high‐resolution vertical hyporheic flux data. The results indicate a non‐linear relation of net NO3− production followed by net uptake in the hyporheic zone as a function of residence time. This Lagrangian‐based relation is consistent through time and across varied morphology (bars, pools, glides) above the dams, even though biogeochemical and environmental factors varied. The empirical continuum between net NO3− production and uptake and residence time is useful for identifying two crucial residence time thresholds: the transition to anaerobic respiration, which corresponds to the time of peak net nitrate production, and the net sink threshold, which is defined by a net uptake in NO3− relative to streamwater. Short‐term hyporheic residence time variability at specific locations creates hot moments of net production and uptake, enhancing NO3− production as residence times approach the anaerobic threshold, and changing zones of net NO3− production to uptake as residence times increase past the net sink threshold. The anaerobic and net sink thresholds for beaver‐influenced streambed morphology occur at much shorter residence times (1.3 h and 2.3 h, respectively) compared to other documented hyporheic systems, and the net sink threshold compares favorably to the lower boundary of the anaerobic threshold determined for this system with the new oxygen Damkohler number. The consistency of the residence time threshold values of NO3− cycling in this study, despite environmental variability and disparate morphology, indicates that NO3− hot moment dynamics are primarily driven by changes in physical hydrology and associated residence times. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paternal Postnatal and Subsequent Mental Health Symptoms and Child Socio‐Emotional and Behavioural Problems at School Entry
Authors: Smith Hannah R. , Eryigit‐Madzwamuse Suna , Barnes Jacqueline
Published: May 2013

Research on the effect of paternal mental health problems, particularly on young children, is based predominantly on clinical levels of depression. Furthermore, potential mediators such as marital discord have often been overlooked. This longitudinal community study assessed the association between paternal mental health symptoms in a community sample (N = 705) assessed at 3 months postnatally (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) and 36 months (General Health Questionnaire) and children's socio‐emotional and behavioural problems at 51 months (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) as reported by mother, father and teacher. Controlling for socioeconomic status and maternal mental health symptoms at 3 and 36 months, paternal postnatal depressive symptoms predicted more father‐reported child problems at 51 months but, in contrast to previous findings, not mother‐reported problems. Paternal mental health symptoms at 36 months predicted both maternal and paternal reports of child problems at 51 months controlling for both paternal and maternal postnatal symptoms. Paternal mental health symptoms at 3 and 36 months were not significant predictors of teacher‐reported child problems. Postnatal marital discord and paternal mental health problems at 36 months both mediated the relationship between paternal postnatal symptoms and later child emotional and behavioural problems. Child gender did not moderate the relationship. Implications for interventions are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneity in Maltreated and Non‐maltreated Preschool Children's Inhibitory Control: The Interplay Between Parenting Quality and Child Temperament
Authors: Cipriano‐Essel Elizabeth , Skowron Elizabeth A. , Stifter Cynthia A. , Teti Douglas M.
Published: May 2013

This study examined the contribution of child temperament, parenting, and their interaction on inhibitory control development in a sample of maltreated and non‐maltreated preschool children. One hundred and eighteen mother–child dyads were drawn from predominantly low‐income, rural communities. Dyads participated in a laboratory session in which maternal warm autonomy support, warm guidance, and strict/hostile control were observationally coded during a joint teaching task. Independent assessments of children's inhibitory control were obtained, and observers rated children's temperament. After relevant covariates, including income, maternal education, and child age and IQ were controlled for, there were no differences between the maltreatment and non‐maltreatment groups in either children's inhibitory control or mothers' behaviours in the laboratory session. Even after much of the variance in children's inhibitory control was accounted for from the covariates, children's temperamental negativity moderated the effects of warm autonomy support on inhibitory control in both maltreatment and non‐maltreatment groups. Temperamentally negative children whose mothers displayed more warm autonomy support showed greater inhibitory control, at levels on par with low‐negative children. Findings suggest that heterogeneity in children's self‐regulation may be due in part to individual differences in sensitivity to caregiver support for children's independence, even among those exposed to maltreatment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EVALUATING WATER POLICY OPTIONS IN AGRICULTURE: A WHOLE‐FARM STUDY FOR THE BROYE RIVER BASIN (SWITZERLAND)
Authors: Lehmann Niklaus , Finger Robert
Published: May 2013

In this study, we evaluate the impact of an increased volumetric water price and the implementation of a water quota on management decisions, income, income risk and utility of an arable farmer in the Broye River Basin, western Switzerland. We develop a bio‐economic whole‐farm model, which couples the process‐based crop growth model CropSyst with an economic decision model at farm scale and use a genetic algorithm as optimization technique. This integrated modelling approach is employed to optimize the farmer's management decisions with regard to crop land use as well as crop‐specific nitrogen fertilization and irrigation intensities under different climate and water policy scenarios. Our results show that the farm's water demand will increase by almost 100% under climate change. However, both, an increased volumetric water price and a water quota, are under current and future expected climate conditions effective policy measures to reduce the farm's water consumption. At the same time, due to adjustments in the crop mix as well as in crop‐specific nitrogen fertilization and irrigation strategies, both policies lead to losses in farm income and in the farmer's utility of only about 10%. Nevertheless, a higher water price as well as a water quota increase under future expected climate conditions the crop farm's downside risk exposure (i.e. probability of low farm incomes). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LIVE BED SCOUR AT A SIDE‐WEIR INTERSECTION LOCATED ON AN ALLUVIAL CHANNEL
Authors: Onen F. , Agaccioglu H.
Published: May 2013

This study aims to obtain both the depth of clear water and live bed scour around side‐weirs located on an alluvial channel for sharp‐crested side‐weirs under subcritical flow conditions. At the downstream end of the side‐weir, a longitudinal bar in the middle of the channel and a scour hole close to the outer bank are formed because of changes in shear stress field and velocities. Dimensionless depth of scour increases with an increase of the dimensionless parameters of flow depth, side‐weir length and sediment size. The dimensionless depth of scour increases almost linearly with the dimensionless parameter of flow velocity for clear water scour, and it decreases for live bed conditions at the straight channel due to the decreasing deviation angle and kinetic energy toward the side‐weirs and bed material coming from upstream of the main channel. Because of the effect of the helicoidal flow created by bends, the dimensionless depth of scour fluctuated with the dimensionless parameter of flow velocity at the maximum value of clear water scour for movable bed conditions at a bend. At the 30° section of a bend, the equilibrium depth of scour is achieved as maximum values due to the deviation on the path of maximum velocity towards the outer bank. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NEW EQUATIONS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOIL SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY USING THE VAN GENUCHTEN MODEL PARAMETERS AND EFFECTIVE POROSITY
Authors: Aschonitis Vassilis G. , Antonopoulos Vassilis Z.
Published: May 2013

Modifications of the Kozeny–Carman approach (Ks = AΦB) for the determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks using the van Genuchten model parameters and the effective porosity Φe are presented in this study. Two models {a two‐parametric Ks(a, Φe) and a three‐parametric Ks(a, Si, Φe)} were developed for Ks determination. In the two‐parametric model the power constant was replaced by the f factor (f = aΦe). The factor f includes the parameter a of the van Genuchten model, in order to describe its effect on the part of the pore size distribution which participates in the effective porosity Φe. The three‐parametric model was improved by inclusion of the water retention curve slope Si at the inflection point. The models were calibrated and validated using two published data sets which cover the 12 USDA soil texture classes. The proposed models were also compared with other published models of Ks, which are based on the van Genuchten parameters and the Kozeny–Carman approach. The results indicated an adequate predictive accuracy of the models through a calibration and validation procedure using data sets from different sources and better performance compared to other models, setting a new approach for the indirect determination of Ks using only data from the water retention curve. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Semi‐Physiological Model of Amyloid‐β Biosynthesis and Clearance in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid: A Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Drug Development
Authors: Haug Karin G. , Staab Alexander , Dansirikul Chantaratsamon , Lehr Thorsten
Published: May 2013

Stable isotope labeling kinetics (SILK) was successfully applied to quantify endogenous amyloid‐β (Aβ) metabolism in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A semi‐physiological model describing Aβ biosynthesis and degradation in human CSF and the impact of the γ‐secretase inhibitor semagacestat should be developed and validated based on digitized data from three published SILK studies. Aβ biosynthesis was adequately characterized by six transit compartments. At each transition step, a first‐order degradation process was implemented. A two‐compartment model best described semagacestat CSF concentration‐time profiles. Semagacestat concentrations were linked to the Aβ production by an inhibitory Emax model. For model validation, three individual Aβ profiles from literature were successfully predicted. Model application demonstrated a 35% decreased Aβ elimination rate constant in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Study design optimization revealed that SILK studies could be conducted with significant less sampling points compared to the standard protocol without losing information about the Aβ metabolism, if analyzed by the presented model. In conclusion, the analysis outlined the advantages and opportunities of integrating all available data and knowledge into a semi‐physiological model. The model can serve as valuable tool for researchers and clinicians interested in the pathology of AD as well as in the development of new therapeutics for AD.
Detection of CD133 (prominin‐1) in a human hepatoblastoma cell line (HuH‐6 clone 5)
Authors: Akita Masumi , Tanaka Kayoko , Murai Noriko , Matsumoto Sachiko , Fujita Keiko , Takaki Takashi , Nishiyama Hidetoshi
Published: May 2013

We examined CD133 distribution in a human hepatoblastoma cell line (HuH‐6 clone 5). We directly observed the cultured cells on a pressure‐resistant thin film (silicon nitride thin film) in a buffer solution by using the newly developed atmospheric scanning electron microscope (ASEM), which features an open sample dish with a silicon nitride thin film window at its base, through which the scanning electron microscope beam scans samples in solution, from below. The ASEM enabled observation of the ventral cell surface, which could not be observed using standard SEM. However, observation of the dorsal cell surface was difficult with the ASEM. Therefore, we developed a new method to observe the dorsal side of cells by using Aclar® plastic film. In this method, cells are cultured on Aclar plastic film and the dorsal side of cells is in contact with the thin silicon nitride film of the ASEM dish. A preliminary study using the ASEM showed that CD133 was mainly localized in membrane ruffles in the peripheral regions of the cell. Standard transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that CD133 was preferentially concentrated in a complex structure comprising filopodia and the leading edge of lamellipodia. We also observed co‐localization of CD133 with F‐actin. An antibody against CD133 decreased cell migration. Methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin treatment decreased cell adhesion as well as lamellipodium and filopodium formation. A decrease in the cholesterol level may perturb CD133 membrane localization. The results suggest that CD133 membrane localization plays a role in tumor cell adhesion and migration. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:844–852, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.