bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Couple Relationships Standards in Same‐Sex Attracted Adults
Authors: Baker Nicholas A. , Halford W. Kim
Published: March 2019

Relationship standards are beliefs about what makes a good romantic relationship. To date, no research on relationship standards in same‐sex relationships has been conducted. This paper describes development of the Rainbow Couples Relationship Standards Scale (Rainbow CRSS). In common with measures of relationship standards developed with heterosexuals, the Rainbow CRSS assesses the importance people attach to Couple Bond standards (expression of love, caring, intimacy), Family Responsibility standards (extended family relations, maintenance of face and harmony), Religion, and Relationship Effort standards. The Rainbow CRSS also assesses three standards hypothesized to be of particular importance to same‐sex couples: Relationship Outness (public disclosure of the relationship), Sexual Openness (acceptance of open sexual relationship), and Dyadic Coping with Homophobic discrimination. Participants were 414 same‐sex attracted men and women who completed the Rainbow CRSS online, plus some validation scales. The Rainbow CRSS showed a coherent two‐level factor structure that was similar to that in heterosexual couples for the Couple Bond and Family Responsibility Scales. Same‐sex attracted people's standards were similar for men and women, and for singles versus those in a relationship. Same‐sex attracted people's standards were very similar in endorsement of Couple Bond, Family Responsibility, Religion, and Relationship Effort standards to those of heterosexuals. The Relationship Outness and Dyadic Coping with Homophobia scales assessed potentially important standards that reflect some distinctive challenges for same‐sex couple relationships.
Effect of tolvaptan on the prognosis of patients with hepatic ascites
Authors: Hiramine Yasunari , Uto Hirofumi , Mawatari Seiichi , Kanmura Shuji , Imamura Yasushi , Hiwaki Takuya , Saishoji Akiko , Yada Takazumi , Inada Yukiko , Sakamoto Hidemori , Higashi Hirofumi , Kubozono Osamu , Maenohara Shigeho , Ido Akio
Published: March 2019

Aim

Despite accumulating evidence concerning the efficacy of tolvaptan in the treatment of body fluid retention or hyponatremia, the effect of tolvaptan on the prognosis of patients with hepatic ascites has not been fully investigated.

Methods

A total of 628 patients with hepatic ascites who were treated with diuretics (furosemide, spironolactone, or tolvaptan) between 2007 and 2017 were enrolled and divided into two groups: those who received tolvaptan (original tolvaptan group, n = 278) and those who did not (original control group, n = 350). The cumulative survival rates between the groups were compared and the factors associated with survival in patients with hepatic ascites were identified using a Cox regression analysis. In addition, propensity score matching was applied in patients who started conventional diuretics for new‐onset hepatic ascites after September 2013 (pre‐matching tolvaptan group, n = 177; pre‐matching control group, n = 63), and the cumulative survival rates were compared between the post‐matching tolvaptan and control groups.

Results

The survival rate was significantly higher in the tolvaptan group than the control group (P = 0.005), and tolvaptan therapy was identified as an independent factor associated with survival (hazard ratio 0.721 for death relative to control, P < 0.001). The propensity score‐matched comparison also showed a significantly higher survival rate in the tolvaptan group (n = 51) than in the control group (n = 51) (P = 0.009).

Conclusions

This study suggests that tolvaptan might improve the prognosis of patients with hepatic ascites.
Global and Local Intersection of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics
Authors: Kang Myungkoo , Kim Haeyeon
Published: March 2019

The Olympics is not a space where the global and local are shown in two separate layers. It is where various sociopolitical conflicts of the hosting country bubble and surface from both levels. When the Olympic events were launched in East Asia they developed further in interaction with different cultural, political, and social backgrounds. This study pays attention to the diverse ways in which Olympic values are accepted and practiced. At the same time, it analyzes the perversion and limitations of Olympism ideals as displayed in the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics. This article focuses on specific changes that occurred in and around Korea along and after the PyeongChang Olympics and how the values of the global and local met without clashing with each other.
“Creative Reconstruction” and the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games: How Does the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games Influence Japan's Neoliberal Social Reform?
Authors: Ichii Yoshifusa
Published: March 2019

This article critically examines the vision of Japanese society expressed in the idea of a legacy for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games primarily for an internal, domestic audience. This legacy is consistent with the national reconstruction policy adopted after the Great East Japan earthquake of 11 March 2011. The specific issue I focus on here is the centrality of the term “creative reconstruction” to the legacy discourse on the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. By interweaving discussions about three places—the Tohoku disaster area, the Tokyo Olympic venue, and Japanese society—this discourse creates an apparently mutual interdependence between the three. Here I assess the idea of this ideological Olympic legacy where these relationships of interdependence are represented as a blueprint for restructuring the system of capital accumulation in Japan. The structure of the article is as follows. First, I provide an overview of creative reconstruction in Japan in comparison with other terms recently used to assess sports mega‐events such as the Olympics. Next, I briefly outline the political transformation of the social integration system from the mid‐1990s, when the phrase creative reconstruction was first used to the present. In the following three sections I discuss the way that each of the key terms in the discourse—Tohoku, Tokyo, and Japan—has been deployed. This article concludes with reflections on the social and political implications of this discourse for Japanese society in the build up to the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games.
Supply chain financing with advance selling under disruption
Authors: Gupta Varun , Chutani Anshuman
Published: March 2019

We study a financing problem in a supply chain (SC) consisting of one supplier and one buyer under supply disruption. The supplier could face a disruption at its end which could effectively reduce its yield in case of disruption, thereby resulting in supply yield uncertainty. The retailer can finance the supplier using advance selling that can help mitigate the impact of disruption. We model this problem as a Stackelberg game, where the supplier as the leader announces the wholesale price and the retailer responds by deciding its optimal order quantity given stochastic demand and an exogenous fixed retail price. The supplier then commences production and a disruption can happen with a known probability. We assume that under disruption the quantity delivered is a fraction of the initial quantity ordered by the retailer. The retailer loses any unmet demand. We analyze three different scenarios of the Stackelberg game, namely no advance selling with disruption, advance selling without disruption, and advance selling with disruption. Our results indicate that advance selling can be used to mitigate the impact of supply disruption and at the same time could lead to an increase in the overall SC profit.
Vascular progenitor cell senescence in patients with Marfan syndrome
Authors: He Haiwei , Yu Baoqi , Liu Zipeng , Ye Gen , You Wei , Hong Yimei , Lian Qizhou , Zhang Yuelin , Li Xin
Published: March 2019

Vascular progenitor cells (VPCs) present in the adventitia of the vessel wall play a critical role in the regulation of vascular repair following injury. This study aimed to assess the function of VPCs isolated from patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS). VPCs were isolated from control and MFS donors and characterized. Compared with control‐VPCs, MFS‐VPCs exhibited cellular senescence as demonstrated by increased cell size, higher SA‐β‐gal activity and elevated levels of p53 and p21. RNA sequencing showed that several cellular process‐related pathways including cell cycle and cellular senescence were significantly enriched in MFP‐VPCs. Notably, the expression level of TGF‐β1 was much higher in MFS‐VPCs than control‐VPCs. Treatment of control‐VPCs with TGF‐β1 significantly enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxidative species (ROS) and induced cellular senescence whereas inhibition of ROS reversed these effects. MFS‐VPCs displayed increased mitochondrial fusion and decreased mitochondrial fission. Treatment of control‐VPCs with TGF‐β1 increased mitochondrial fusion and reduced mitochondrial fission. Nonetheless, treatment of mitofusin2 (Mfn2)‐siRNA inhibited TGF‐β1‐induced mitochondrial fusion and cellular senescence. Furthermore, TGF‐β1‐induced mitochondrial fusion was mediated by the AMPK signalling pathway. Our study shows that TGF‐β1 induces VPC senescence in patients with MFS by mediating mitochondrial dynamics via the AMPK signalling pathway.
Commentary: Metaknowledge is power: envisioning models to address unmet mental health needs: reflections on Kazdin (2019)
Authors: Chorpita Bruce F.
Published: March 2019

Despite having more knowledge and resources at our disposal than ever before in history, the human suffering due to mental health concerns is extensive and mostly untreated. Kazdin (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2019) calls for a significant departure from prevailing conventions of psychotherapy delivery, noting that the traditional formats, settings, and workforce limit the potential of science to help those in need. This paper supports and extends Kazdin's argument, urging an additional shift in perspective about treatments altogether. A reconceptualization of treatment protocols as knowledge resources is offered, such that the strategy to reduce human suffering becomes one of flexibly moving knowledge of how to address mental health concerns to any and all contexts in which those problems can be addressed, whether or not a treatment is used. A dedicated pursuit of metaknowledge–knowing how to structure, coordinate, and apply knowledge–promises to lift the world's collective therapeutic intelligence and thereby move us closer to the goal of substantively addressing the global mental health burden.
Commentary: Studies of prenatal antidepressant exposures: what can you recommend? A reflection on Sujan et al. (2019)
Authors: Talati Ardesheer , Weissman Myrna M.
Published: March 2019

The review by Sujan et al. asks a question of clinical and public health importance: are antidepressant medications safe to use during pregnancy from the perspective of their potential effects on the infant and growing child? They provide a thorough review of the animal and human literature to date, focusing primarily on offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes (autism spectrum disorder, ASD, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD). They conclude, based on their review, that antidepressant exposure in pregnancy does not substantially increase the risk of these outcomes, and that women should therefore be reassured about the safety of these medications when used in pregnancy. While their review should be of interest to clinicians and researchers, we would advocate a more conservative approach. Even if associations with ASD and ADHD are equivocal, there is still evidence that SSRI exposure may be associated with outcomes occurring at other developmental timepoints. Clinical recommendations should be based on a fuller picture of potential risks and benefits to both the mother and the fetus, in the context of the mother's underlying depression. In this commentary, we also suggest some approaches that future observational studies may adopt to help strengthen the interpretability of findings.
A common metabolomic signature is observed upon inoculation of rice roots with various rhizobacteria
Authors: Valette Marine , Rey Marjolaine , Gerin Florence , Comte Gilles , Wisniewski‐Dyé Florence
Published: March 2019

Plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), whose growth is stimulated by root exudates, are able to improve plant growth and health. Among those, bacteria of the genus Azospirillum were shown to affect root secondary metabolite content in rice and maize, sometimes without visible effects on root architecture. Transcriptomic studies also revealed that expression of several genes involved in stress and plant defense was affected, albeit with fewer genes when a strain was inoculated onto its original host cultivar. Here, we investigated, via a metabolic profiling approach, whether rice roots responded differently and with gradual intensity to various PGPR, isolated from rice or not. A common metabolomic signature of nine compounds was highlighted, with the reduced accumulation of three alkylresorcinols and increased accumulation of two hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAA), identified as N‐p‐coumaroylputrescine and N‐feruloylputrescine. This was accompanied by the increased transcription of two genes involved in the N‐feruloylputrescine biosynthetic pathway. Interestingly, exposure to a rice bacterial pathogen triggered a reduced accumulation of these HCAA in roots, a result contrasting with previous reports of increased HCAA content in leaves upon pathogen infection. Accumulation of HCAA, that are potential antimicrobial compounds, might be considered as a primary reaction of plant to bacterial perception.
The Impact of the Syrian Refugee Crisis on Nurses and the Healthcare System in Lebanon: A Qualitative Exploratory Study
Authors: Dumit Nuhad Yazbik , Honein‐AbouHaidar Gladys
Published: March 2019

Purpose

To explore Lebanese nurses’ perspectives on the impact of the protracted Syrian refugee (SR) crisis on nurses working in hospitals and primary healthcare centers in Lebanon.

Design

A qualitative research design drawing on a semistructured in‐depth interview approach.

Methods

We recruited participants through the Order of Nurses in Lebanon. We interviewed six primary healthcare nurses and six nursing directors working in regions with high concentration of SRs. We used the thematic inductive approach to analyze the data.

Findings

Two themes emerged. In Theme I, nurses and nursing directors described the SR health profile as poor at baseline, and as the crisis was protracting the type of diseases shifted from acute to chronic with convoluted complications. As for determinants of health, SRs had poor health literacy and poor living conditions. In Theme II, nurses and nursing directors voiced the impact of the SR crisis on nurses, nursing practice, healthcare system, and host community. They cited fatigue, burnout, and depleted compassionate care at the individual level; rationing and stressed interpersonal relationships at the practice level; shortage in resources and poor performance at the healthcare system level; and a shift in the patient population that led the host community to seek health care elsewhere. Alternatively, more money was injected, and new services and clinical programs were introduced.

Conclusions

Lebanese nurses bore a profound burden as a result of the SR crisis. Should this crisis be replicated in other contexts, the important lessons learned encompass (a) increasing access to care to refugees, coupled with an emergency plan to increase human health resources; (b) improving preparedness of nurses in handling priority health conditions; (c) documenting and reporting the challenges and resilience of health workers, especially nurses facing the crisis; and (d) engaging more nurses to be at the policy table.

Clinical Relevance

There is a need to prepare nurses for efficient response to crisis related to refugee health by increasing human resources and training them to be competent in delivering safe and high‐quality care necessary to respond to the special healthcare needs of the refugees.
Phenotypic and genotypic differences between Indian and Scandinavian women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Arora G. P. , Åkerlund M. , Brøns C. , Moen G.‐H. , Wasenius N. S. , Sommer C. , Jenum A. K. , Almgren P. , Thaman R. G. , Orho‐Melander M. , Eriksson J. , Qvigstad E. , Birkeland K. , Berntorp K. , Vaag A. A. , Groop L. , Prasad R. B.
Published: March 2019

Objective

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a transient form of diabetes characterized by impaired insulin secretion and action during pregnancy. Population‐based differences in prevalence exist which could be explained by phenotypic and genetic differences. The aim of this study was to examine these differences in pregnant women from Punjab, India and Scandinavia.

Methods

Eighty‐five GDM/T2D loci in European and/or Indian populations from previous studies were assessed for association with GDM based on Swedish GDM criteria in 4018 Punjabi Indian and 507 Swedish pregnant women. Selected loci were replicated in Scandinavian cohorts, Radiel (N = 398, Finnish) and STORK/STORK‐G (N = 780, Norwegian).

Results

Punjabi Indian women had higher GDM prevalence, lower insulin secretion and better insulin sensitivity than Swedish women. There were significant frequency differences of GDM/T2D risk alleles between both populations. rs7178572 at HMG20A, previously associated with GDM in South Indian and European women, was replicated in North Indian women. The T2D risk SNP rs11605924 in the CRY2 gene was associated with increased GDM risk in Scandinavian but decreased GDM risk in Punjabi Indian women. No other overlap was seen between GDM loci in both populations.

Conclusions

Gestational diabetes mellitus is more common in Indian than Swedish women, which partially can be attributed to differences in insulin secretion and action. There was marked heterogeneity in the GDM phenotypes between the populations which could only partially be explained by genetic differences.
Neuroimaging of Pediatric Arteriopathies
Authors: Goyal Pradeep , Malhotra Ajay , Almast Jeevak , Sapire Joshua , Gupta Sonali , Mangla Manisha , Mangla Rajiv
Published: March 2019

Pediatric arteriopathies are increasingly recognized in school‐aged children with a variety of presenting symptoms ranging from headache, seizures, encephalopathy, and neuropsychiatric symptoms as well as focal neurologic deficits due to acute ischemic strokes. However, unlike the adult stroke population, there are differences in the clinical manifestations, the stroke mechanism, and risk factors in pediatric ischemic stroke. There has been increasing awareness and recognition of pediatric cerebral arteriopathies as a predominant stroke etiology. Prompt diagnosis of arteriopathies is essential to limit injury and prevent recurrent stroke. Based on predominant vessels involved and clinical symptoms, these arteriopathies can be broadly divided into two categories: large‐medium size arteriopathies and small vessel arteriopathies. Each category can be further divided into inflammatory and noninflammatory according to their etiologies. The ability to distinguish between inflammatory and noninflammatory etiologies carries major prognostic implications for acute management and secondary stroke prevention as well as screening for systemic complications and counseling.
A critical review of melatonin assays: Past and present
Authors: Kennaway David J.
Published: March 2019

There has been increased interest in the measurement of melatonin in plasma and saliva recently either as a marker of circadian phase or to understand the physiological role of melatonin. For both situations, there is a need for a specific assay for melatonin that is sensitive enough to detect low concentrations (<2 pg/mL). Since the mid‐1970s, there have been many assays developed to measure melatonin in blood and saliva. Radioimmunoassays and ELISA have predominated because of their relative simplicity and high throughput. In this review, I show that the early radioimmunoassays while providing valuable information about nocturnal melatonin levels in humans, generally produced inaccurate basal (daytime) levels. Mass spectrometry assays, however, have provided us with the target values that immunoassays need to achieve, that is, daytime plasma melatonin levels <1 pg/mL. There are now many contemporary commercial assays available utilising both RIA and ELISA technologies, but not all achieve the standards set by the mass spectrometry assays. The performance of these assays is reviewed. I conclude with recommendations on issues researchers need to consider when conducting melatonin studies, including the importance of time of day of collection, validation of assays, the potential causes of poor assay specificity at low levels, the advantages/disadvantages of using saliva vs plasma and extraction assays vs direct assays, kit manufacturers responsibilities and the reporting requirements when publishing melatonin studies.
Risk factors for undernutrition among children 0–59 months of age in Myanmar
Authors: Kang Yunhee , Kim Jihye
Published: March 2019

The prevalence of childhood stunting in Myanmar is one of the highest among the countries of Southeast Asia. Cross‐sectional data from the Myanmar Demographic Health Survey 2015–2016 were used to examine risk factors for stunting, wasting, and underweight among children aged 0–59 months. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 29.0%, 7.3%, and 19.2%, respectively. Accounting for sampling design and weights, multivariable logistic regression was conducted with 35 household, maternal, and child characteristics. Current pregnancy and maternal height <145 cm, home delivery, child's small birth size recalled by mother, and older age (ref: 0–5 months) predicted both stunting and underweight. Larger than average birth size was protective for all stunting, wasting, and underweight. Maternal body mass index <18.5 kg m−2was a common risk factor for wasting and underweight. Lower wealth quintiles, maternal engagement in nonagricultural occupation, and male child predicted stunting only. Younger child age and not receiving vitamin A supplementation in the previous 6 months were risk factors for wasting only. Regional variation was also seen, with a higher odds of stunting in the West‐South Region, North‐East States, and West States, compared with the Central Regions. In Myanmar, socio‐economic and demographic factors, poor maternal nutritional status, and living in certain geographical locations are affecting children's undernutrition. It is recommended that interventions for growth faltering focus on the first 1,000 days of life; optimum maternal nutrition be ensured during and before pregnancy and at adolescence; societal support be provided for mothers in poverty or engaged in nonagriculture; and region‐specific undernutrition pathways be understood.
Cardiovagal modulation in pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Chelimsky Gisela , Rausch Sydnee , Bierer Douglas , Feng Mingen , Simpson Pippa , Awe Elizabeth , Chelimsky Thomas
Published: March 2019

Background and Objectives

Though reduced cardiovagal modulation accompanies adult IBS, adolescents with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) have not been studied. We aim to investigate whether adolescents with FGID have reduced cardiovagal modulation.

Methods

After 10‐minute supine rest, we recorded ECG for 5‐minute supine and 5‐minute standing without support in healthy and FGID‐affected adolescents. After analysis with Kubios 2.2 for high‐frequency (hf) and low‐frequency (lf) heart rate variability (HRV), Wilcoxon signed‐ranks test compared individual paired supine and standing HRV data, while Kruskal‐Wallis and Mann‐Whitney U tests compared HRV across groups.

Results

A total of 50 FGID subjects (90% females; median age 17 years [range 11‐21]) and 22 healthy comparison group (HC) (59% females; median age 14 years [range 10‐18]) participated. Both absolute and relative supine hfHRV exceeded standing in both groups. Absolute supine lfHRV was higher than standing in FGID patients and not in HCs, while relative supine lfHRV power was actually lower in both groups. Compared to HC, FGID group showed significantly lower absolute HRV, while relative HRV did not differ between groups.

Conclusions

Cardiovagal modulation is lower in adolescents with FGID. This difference impacts these subjects significantly. Whether this finding reflects a cause or a consequence of FGID is unknown.
Importance of OsRac1 and RAI1 in signalling of nucleotide‐binding site leucine‐rich repeat protein‐mediated resistance to rice blast disease
Authors: Zhou Zhuangzhi , Pang Zhiqian , Zhao Shengli , Zhang Lingli , Lv Qiming , Yin Dedong , Li Dayong , Liu Xue , Zhao Xianfeng , Li Xiaobing , Wang Wenming , Zhu Lihuang
Published: March 2019

Plants depend on Resistance (R) genes, most of which encode nucleotide‐binding site leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) proteins, for pathogen race‐specific disease resistance. However, only a few immediate downstream targets of R proteins have been characterized, and the signalling pathways for R‐protein‐induced immunity are largely unknown. In rice (Oryza sativa), NLR proteins serve as important immune receptors in the response to rice blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.

We used site‐directed mutagenesis to create an autoactive form of the NLR protein PID3 that confers blast resistance and used transgenic rice to test the resulting immunity and gene expression changes.

We identified OsRac1, a known GTPase, as a signalling molecule in PID3‐mediated blast resistance, implicating OsRac1 as a possible common factor downstream of rice NLR proteins. We also identified RAI1, a transcriptional activator, as a PID3 interactor required for PID3‐mediated blast resistance and showed that RAI1 expression is induced by PID3 via a process mediated by OsRac1.

This study describes a new signalling pathway for NLR protein‐mediated blast resistance and shows that OsRac1 and RAI1 act together to play a critical role in this process.
Functional complementarity of ancient plant–fungal mutualisms: contrasting nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon exchanges between Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina fungal symbionts of liverworts
Authors: Field Katie J. , Bidartondo Martin I. , Rimington William R. , Hoysted Grace A. , Beerling DavidJ. , Cameron Duncan D. , Duckett Jeffrey G. , Leake Jonathan R. , Pressel Silvia
Published: March 2019

Liverworts, which are amongst the earliest divergent plant lineages and important ecosystem pioneers, often form nutritional mutualisms with arbuscular mycorrhiza‐forming Glomeromycotina and fine‐root endophytic Mucoromycotina fungi, both of which coevolved with early land plants. Some liverworts, in common with many later divergent plants, harbour both fungal groups, suggesting these fungi may complementarily improve plant access to different soil nutrients.

We tested this hypothesis by growing liverworts in single and dual fungal partnerships under a modern atmosphere and under 1500 ppm [CO2], as experienced by early land plants. Access to soil nutrients via fungal partners was investigated with 15N‐labelled algal necromass and 33P orthophosphate. Photosynthate allocation to fungi was traced using 14CO2.

Only Mucoromycotina fungal partners provided liverworts with substantial access to algal 15N, irrespective of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Both symbionts increased 33P uptake, but Glomeromycotina were often more effective. Dual partnerships showed complementarity of nutrient pool use and greatest photosynthate allocation to symbiotic fungi.

We show there are important functional differences between the plant–fungal symbioses tested, providing new insights into the functional biology of Glomeromycotina and Mucoromycotina fungal groups that form symbioses with plants. This may explain the persistence of the two fungal lineages in symbioses across the evolution of land plants.
Pyrethric acid of natural pyrethrin insecticide: complete pathway elucidation and reconstitution in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Xu Haiyang , Li Wei , Schilmiller Anthony L. , van Eekelen Henriëtte , de Vos Ric C. H. , Jongsma Maarten A. , Pichersky Eran
Published: March 2019

In the natural pesticides known as pyrethrins, which are esters produced in flowers of Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Asteraceae), the monoterpenoid acyl moiety is pyrethric acid or chrysanthemic acid.

We show here that pyrethric acid is produced from chrysanthemol in six steps catalyzed by four enzymes, the first five steps occurring in the trichomes covering the ovaries and the last one occurring inside the ovary tissues.

Three steps involve the successive oxidation of carbon 10 (C10) to a carboxylic group by TcCHH, a cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Two other steps involve the successive oxidation of the hydroxylated carbon 1 to give a carboxylic group by TcADH2 and TcALDH1, the same enzymes that catalyze these reactions in the formation of chrysanthemic acid. The ultimate result of the actions of these three enzymes is the formation of 10‐carboxychrysanthemic acid in the trichomes. Finally, the carboxyl group at C10 is methylated by TcCCMT, a member of the SABATH methyltransferase family, to give pyrethric acid. This reaction occurs mostly in the ovaries.

Expression in N. benthamiana plants of all four genes encoding aforementioned enzymes, together with TcCDS, a gene that encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of chrysanthemol, led to the production of pyrethric acid.
The B‐box zinc finger protein MdBBX20 integrates anthocyanin accumulation in response to ultraviolet radiation and low temperature
Authors: Fang Hongcheng , Dong Yuhui , Yue Xuanxuan , Hu Jiafei , Jiang Shenghui , Xu Haifeng , Wang Yicheng , Su Mengyu , Zhang Jing , Zhang Zongying , Wang Nan , Chen Xuesen
Published: March 2019

Ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation and low temperature promote the accumulation of anthocyanins, which give apple skins their red colour. Although many transcription regulators have been characterized in the UV‐B and low‐temperature pathways, their interregulation and synergistic effects are not well understood. Here, a B‐box transcription factor gene,MdBBX20, was characterized in apple and identified to promote anthocyanin biosynthesis under UV‐B conditions in field experiments and when overexpressed in transgenic apple calli. The transcript level ofMdBBX20was significantly induced by UV‐B. Specific G‐box elements in the promoters of target genes were identified as interaction sites for MdBBX20. Further experimental interrogation of the UV‐B signalling pathways showed that MdBBX20 could interact with MdHY5 in vitro and in vivo and that this interaction was required to significantly enhance the promoter activity ofMdMYB1. MdBBX20 also responded to low temperature (14°C) with the participation of MdbHLH3, which directly bound a low temperature‐responseciselements in theMdBBX20promoter. These findings demonstrate the molecular mechanism by which MdBBX20 integrates low‐temperature‐ and UV‐B‐induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple skin.
Intra‐patient variability in tacrolimus exposure in pediatric liver transplant recipients: Evolution, risk factors, and impact on patient outcomes
Authors: Defrancq Charlotte , De Wilde Nika , Raes Ann , Van Biervliet Stephanie , Vande Velde Saskia , Van Winckel Myriam , De Bruyne Ruth , Prytuła Agnieszka
Published: March 2019

Background

This study aims to investigate the evolution and factors associated with TAC IPV and its impact on patient outcomes in pediatric LT recipients.

Methods

This is a retrospective study including 41 children. The TAC IPV was expressed as the coefficient of variation and was calculated for years 1‐5 following LT. The number of missed clinic appointments was used as a surrogate marker for therapy adherence.

Results

We identified a decrease in the TAC IPV during the first 3 years after LT (P < 0.01). Serum albumin in the first year (P = 0.03), hematocrit (P = 0.02) and total bilirubin (P = 0.04) in the third year, and therapy adherence (P < 0.01) in the fifth year were associated with TAC IPV. High TAC IPV was associated with biopsy‐proven acute allograft rejection (P = 0.04) and the need for biopsy during the first year (P = 0.02). There was a borderline association between TAC IPV and donor‐specific antibodies (P = 0.08) and CMV viremia (P = 0.07). High TAC IPV was a predictor of need for liver biopsy and AR with an odds ratio of 1.04 (95% CI 1.0‐1.1; P = 0.03) and 1.04 (95% CI 1.0‐1.1; P = 0.05), respectively.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the impact of biological factors on TAC IPV during the early LT follow‐up and later also therapy adherence. High TAC IPV may be associated with adverse patient outcomes.
Is there a functional disadvantage to using the external iliac vessels for vascular anastomosis in children and adolescents undergoing renal transplantation?
Authors: Lorenzo Armando J. , Taylor Katherine , Farhat Walid A. , Gnech Michele , Rickard Mandy , Koyle Martin A.
Published: March 2019

Purpose

RT remains the best available strategy for addressing stage 5 chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents. Technical aspects of the procedure can have a clear impact on complications and health of the allograft, including DGF. Immediate optimal perfusion is paramount, thus choosing a target vessel has to take into account the flow demands imposed by an adult‐size kidney in a proportionally smaller recipient. Herein, we explore the hypothesis that vascular anastomosis location can impact DGF adjusting for patient age and body size.

Methods

Retrospective review of a single institution referral center transplant database, including information on 156 patients. We collected data on patient characteristics (age, height, BSA, gender, preoperative need for dialysis), donor source (deceased vs living), WIT/CIT, hemodynamics during the procedure, use of inotropes or diuretics, and location of the arterial and venous anastomoses. The primary outcome, DGF, was assessed by measuring the ttNC (in days), adjusting for age and BSA.

Results

Location of the arterial anastomosis was clearly impacted by age and donor size (Figure 1A). On univariate analyses, longer ttNC was associated with deceased vs living donor (11.8 ± 11.5 and 4.3 ± 5.0; P < 0.001), preoperative need for dialysis (9.7 ± 11.0 and 6.5 ± 6.0, P = 0.02), location of arterial anastomosis (aorta [n = 21] 4.9 ± 6.1, common iliac [n = 93] 7.1 ± 7.3, external iliac 14.7 ± 14.5; P < 0.001, Figure 1B) and venous anastomosis (vena cava [n = 21] 5.6 ± 6.3, common iliac [n = 89] 7.1 ± 7.6, external iliac [n = 44] 13.8 ± 14); P < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, this association remained statistically significant when adjusting for recipient age, height, BSA, donor source, change in blood pressure with unclamping, and use of inotropes and preoperative dialysis. The detrimental effect on ttNC was more salient when comparing external iliac vs common iliac and aorta or vena cava.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that anastomosis to a smaller caliber target vessel (ie, external iliac) in comparison with the common iliac or aorta/vena cava may be a risk factor for delayed return of graft function, independent of recipient size and donor source. This finding merit further evaluation, as it may help with intraoperative decision making during pediatric and adolescent RT.
Components in the P300:Don’t forget the Novelty P3!
Authors: Barry Robert J. , Steiner Genevieve Z. , De Blasio Frances M. , Fogarty Jack S. , Karamacoska Diana , MacDonald Brett
Published: March 2019

This study investigated stimulus‐response patterns of temporal principal components analysis (PCA)–derived event‐related potential (ERP) components in a classical auditory habituation paradigm with long interstimulus intervals. The skin conductance response (SCR) was included as the “gold standard” model of the Orienting Reflex. Thirty participants were presented with a single series of 10 identical 60 dB tones, followed by a change trial at a different frequency. Single‐trial, electrooculography‐corrected ERPs were submitted to temporal PCA. The main focus was on the components expected in the P300/Late Positive Complex (LPC), and their electromagnetic tomography–derived cortical sources. Nine components were identified between 90 and 470 ms poststimulus (in temporal order): three N1 subcomponents, P2, four LPC components, and a negative Slow Wave (SW). The expected order of P3a, P3b, Novelty P3 (nP3), and positive Slow Wave (+SW) in the LPC was confirmed. SCR demonstrated strong exponential decay and recovery. P3b and nP3 each showed exponential decrement over trials, but only nP3 showed recovery at the change trial. Novelty effects failed to reach significance for the other LPC components, and were not apparent in non‐LPC components. Frontal lobe activity in Brodmann areas 6, 8, and 9 was common to P3a, P3b, nP3, and +SW, consistent with the functional integration of these components in the LPC. Individual components had specific sources, although some sources overlapped between components or were reactivated later in the LPC. These data provide a fresh perspective on the components of the LPC and their cortical sources, and offer a processing model for the P300 in a habituation task, potentially generalizable to other paradigms.
Assigning Refugees to Landlords in Sweden: Efficient, Stable, and Maximum Matchings*
Authors: Andersson Tommy , Ehlers Lars
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we investigate the problem of finding housing for refugees once they have been granted asylum. In particular, we demonstrate that market design can play an important role in a partial solution to the problem. More specifically, we investigate a specific matching system, and we propose an easy‐to‐implement mechanism that finds an efficient, stable, and maximum matching. Such a matching guarantees that housing is efficiently provided to a maximum number of refugees, and that no refugee prefers another specific landlord to their current match when, at the same time, that specific landlord prefers that refugee to their own current match.
A Head‐to‐Head Comparison of Augmented Wealth in Germany and the United States*
Authors: Bönke Timm , Grabka Markus M. , Schröder Carsten , Wolff Edward N.
Published: March 2019

We examine the composition of augmented household wealth (i.e., the sum of net worth and pension wealth) in the United States and Germany. Pension wealth makes up a considerable portion of household wealth, of about 48 percent in the United States and 61 percent in Germany. When pension wealth is included in household wealth, the Gini coefficient falls from 0.889 to 0.700 in the United States, and from 0.755 to 0.508 in Germany. If the wealth shares in Germany were the same as in the United States, this would lead to a 12.6 percent increase in the Gini coefficient in the augmented wealth distribution in Germany.
Soil compaction caused by harvesting, skidding and wood processing in eucalyptus forests on coarse‐textured tropical soils
Authors: Tassinari Diego , Andrade Maria luiza de Carvalho , Dias Junior Moacir de Souza , Martins Ricardo Previdente , Rocha Wellington Willian , Pais Paula Sant’ Anna Moreira , de Souza Zélio Resende
Published: March 2019

Eucalyptus forests play a major role in the world economy, providing raw materials for different purposes. In planted forests, harvest operations performed by heavy machinery may cause severe soil compaction. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a full‐tree harvesting system in planted eucalyptus forests from Northeastern Brazil. Different soils were evaluated (two Hapludults and one Haplorthod) in two horizons (BA and Bt). We tested different equipment, namely feller buncher, skidder (with traffic intensities of 3, 6, 12 and 16 passes), flail (at different ground‐contact points), grapple saw and loader. The soil physical attributes reflected not only the impact of equipment traffic but also the intrinsic differences between the soils. Bulk density (ranging from 1.36 to 1.80 t m−3 after trafficking) related well to soil class and horizon. Precompression stress (ranging from 203 to 430 kPa) and degree of compaction (76%–94%) following trafficking were well correlated, while increase in bulk density (reaching a maximum of 20%) related more strongly to soil moisture. A contingency table was constructed with the number of compacted samples and further examined by correspondence analysis. Compaction varied according to soil, horizon and equipment, indicating that machine–soil interactions are very specific and demand detailed research under different conditions. The Haplorthod experienced the greatest amount of compaction, whereas the Hapludult‐2 was more resistant (60% and 25% of compacted samples, respectively). The grapple saw and the skidder at higher traffic intensities (12 and 16 passes) exerted the highest mechanical impacts (81% and 67% of compacted samples, respectively).
Prosodic Noun Incorporation: The Relationship between Prosody and Argument Structure in Niuean
Authors: Clemens Lauren
Published: March 2019

This paper argues for a uniform X0‐raising analysis of VSO and VOS word order in Niuean. Accounting for VSO via X0raising has a strong foundation in the V1 literature; the claim that X0raising can also underlie VOS word order—as in Niuean's pseudo‐noun‐incorporation construction—is more controversial. This paper explains the VOS order of Niuean pseudo noun incorporation by appealing to a condition on prosodic well‐formedness,Argument‐φ, that requires a head and its internal argument(s) to form a unique phonological phrase. In order to satisfy this requirement, the incorporated argument undergoes prosodic restructuring into a position adjacent to the verb at PF. Since the verb arrives at its clause‐initial position via X0raising, the syntactic input to the prosodic grammar is VSO, while the prosodic output is VOS.
The Geographical Tradition and the challenges of geography geographised
Authors: Livingstone David N.
Published: March 2019

After briefly reflecting on the birth of The Geographical Tradition, I focus on several key issues that snake their way through the observations of my commentators. These include presentism in historiography, the political positioning of the historian, and the role of disciplinary location in the production of subject history. I then reflect on the promises and perils of “big history” before moving to some thoughts on the complex interplay between translation and transformation in the circulation of texts. I close with some observations on the implications for geographers of thinking geographically about geographical knowledge.
Transfusion of pathogen‐reduced platelet components without leukoreduction
Authors: Sim Joycelyn , Tsoi Wai Chiu , Lee Cheuk Kwong , Leung Rock , Lam Clarence C. K. , Koontz Claudia , Liu Amy Yingjie , Huang Norman , Benjamin Richard J , Vermeij Hans J. , Stassinopoulos Adonis , Corash Laurence , Lie Albert K. W.
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Leukoreduction (LR) of platelet concentrate (PC) has evolved as the standard to mitigate risks of alloimmunization, clinical refractoriness, acute transfusion reactions (ATRs), and cytomegalovirus infection, but does not prevent transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease (TA‐GVHD). Amotosalen–ultraviolet A pathogen reduction (A‐PR) of PC reduces risk of transfusion‐transmitted infection and TA‐GVHD. In vitro data indicate that A‐PR effectively inactivates WBCs and infectious pathogens.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A sequential cohort study evaluated A‐PR without LR, gamma irradiation, and bacterial screening in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. The first cohort received conventional PC (control) processed without LR, but with gamma irradiation and bacterial screening. The second cohort received A‐PR PC (test) processed without: LR, bacterial screening, or gamma irradiation. The primary efficacy outcome was the 1‐hour corrected count increment. The primary safety outcome was treatment‐emergent ATR. Secondary outcomes included clinical refractoriness, and 100‐day status for engraftment, TA‐GVHD, HSCT‐GVHD, infections, and mortality.

RESULTS

Mean corrected count increment (× 103) of 33 test PC recipients was similar (18.9 ± 8.8 vs. 16.6 ± 8.4; p = 0.296) to that of 31 control PC recipients. Test recipients had a reduced, but nonsignificant, incidence of ATR (test = 9.1%, Control = 19.4%; p = 0.296). The frequencies of clinical refractoriness (0 of 33 vs. 4 of 31 patients) and refractory transfusions (6.6% vs. 19.3%) were lower in the test cohort (p = 0.05 and 0.02), respectively. No patient in either cohort had TA‐GVHD. Day 100 engraftment, HSCT‐GVHD, mortality, and infectious disease complications were similar between cohorts.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicated that A‐PR PC without LR, gamma irradiation, or bacterial screening is feasible for support of HSCT.
Surface coating of polyamide reverse osmosis membranes with zwitterionic 3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐l‐alanine (l‐DOPA) for forward osmosis
Authors: Saki Seda , Uzal Nigmet
Published: March 2019

To overcome low permeability and fouling problems of membranes used in FO processes, modification is needed to improve the hydrophilicity, permeability and selectivity of membranes. In this work, thin film composite (TFC) commercial polyamide RO membranes (BW30‐LE, SW30‐HR, AG and AC) were functionalized with zwitterionic l‐DOPA. The effect of l‐DOPA on the morphology of membranes was determined via SEM, FT‐IR, AFM and contact angle analysis. The l‐DOPA modified BW30‐LE membrane showed excellent properties with 46° contact angle and 3.8 L/m2hbar water permeability and 0.83 L/m2h salt permeability. Although, l‐DOPA modified BW30‐LE membrane had the highest water flux and hydrophilicity, l‐DOPA modified SW30‐HR membrane showed higher FO flux with 9.38 L/m2h than BW 30 membrane with 3.5 L/m2h at 50 g/L NaCl draw solution. Introducing hydroxyl and carboxyl ionic groups on the membrane surface with l‐DOPA coating enhanced the FO performance and water permeability which provide a new insight in FO applications.
Preclinical evaluation of a novel silver gelling fiber dressing on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a porcine wound infection model
Authors: Davis Stephen C. , Li Jie , Gil Joel , Head Cheyanne , Valdes Jose , Glinos George D. , Solis Michael , Higa Alexander , Pastar Irena
Published: March 2019

The wound environment is a fertile ground for biofilm forming pathogens. Once biofilms form within the wound, they can be very challenging to eradicate. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a gelling fiber dressing with silver using a well‐established porcine wound biofilm model. Deep partial thickness wounds were inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27312 and covered with a polyurethane film dressing to promote biofilm formation. Wounds were then divided into treatment groups: gelling fiber dressing with silver, gelling fiber dressing without silver, hydrofiber dressing with silver, benzethonium chloride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and compared to untreated control. Microbiological, biofilm, and histological wound assessments were performed on days 3, 5, and 7 postinfection. Treatment with gelling fiber dressing with silver resulted in significant reduction of P. aeruginosa biofilm when compared to all other treatment groups on every assessment time point. In addition, gelling fiber dressing with silver treatment resulted in detachment of biofilm from the wound, while wounds treated with gelling fiber dressing with and without silver showed more granulation tissue formation on day 3. Our data show that a new gelling fiber dressing with silver was effective in reducing biofilm associated P. aeruginosa in vivo. This study may have important clinical implications especially for wounds heavily colonized with gram‐negative biofilm‐forming bacteria.