bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voice and Inequality
Authors: Boulding Carew , Holzner Claudio A.
Published: June 2021

How do poor people in Latin America participate in politics? What explains the variation in the patterns of voting, protesting, and contacting government for the region’s poorest citizens? Why are participation gaps larger in some countries than in others? This book offers the first large-scale empirical analysis of political participation in Latin America, focusing on patterns of participation among the poorest citizens in each country. Far from being politically inert, under certain conditions the poorest citizens in Latin America act and speak for themselves with an intensity that far exceeds their modest socioeconomic resources. We argue that key institutions of democracy, namely civil society, political parties, and competitive elections, have an enormous impact on whether or not poor people turn out to vote, protest, and contact government officials. When voluntary organizations thrive in poor communities and when political parties focus their mobilization efforts on poor individuals, they respond with high levels of political activism. Poor people’s activism also benefits from strong parties, robust electoral competition, and well-functioning democratic institutions. Where electoral competition is robust and where the power of incumbents is constrained, we see higher levels of participation by poor individuals and more political equality. Precisely because the individual resource constraints that poor people face are daunting obstacles to political activism, our explanation focuses on those features of democratic politics that create opportunities for participation that have the strongest effect on poor people’s political behavior.
Democracy, Political Participation, and Latin America’s Poorest Citizens
Authors: Boulding Carew , Holzner Claudio A.
Published: June 2021

This chapter introduces the core questions the book seeks to answer. What explains the political participation of poor people? What changed during the past two decades to enable such widespread participation by poor people? How have some Latin American democracies reduced gaps in participation across income and wealth groups? What role does clientelism play in mobilizing the poor? Despite persistently high poverty rates and high economic inequality, poor people in Latin America participate in politics at very high levels. This chapter lays out this puzzle and introduces the main argument of the book: that civil society organization, political parties, and competitive elections have an enormous impact on whether or not poor people turn out to vote, protest, and contact government officials. This chapter also briefly summarizes the research design and plan of the rest of the book.
Hauntings
Authors: Grasso Christopher
Published: June 2021

In 1840, the Kelsos moved to land in Missouri recently vacated by Mormons driven away after Missouri’s Mormon War. Neighbors still told ghost stories about a murdered Mormon buried in the nearby woods. But Kelso was haunted by other things. He was a strong, hard-working teenager, ashamed of his ragged clothes and dirty bare feet. Lovesick over the minister’s pretty daughter, he was also soul-sick: after experiencing a powerful conversion experience, he joined the Methodist Church, but when the feelings of God’s love faded, he worried he was doomed to hell. Pushed to the brink of suicide, he recovered to become a successful schoolteacher and Methodist exhorter.
Hell Town
Authors: Grasso Christopher
Published: June 2021

In 1852, Kelso was a young schoolteacher in a place nicknamed “Hell Town” in Platte County, Missouri. He faced down a gang of knife-wielding teenaged boys who tried to control the school. Like many nineteenth-century schoolmasters, he used violence and humiliation to assert his authority: he beat the schoolhouse rebels with a dogwood switch (threatening worse), and ritually mocked the gang’s leader. But in the 1850s, the entire Missouri-Kansas borderland, and then the entire country, became a Hell Town, where authority broke down and men reached for weapons, threatening and inflicting violence. The issue was slavery. But which party stood like the schoolmaster, teaching a lesson about law and order, and which was the gang of rebels, needing to be mastered or humiliated and driven out? Proslavery vigilantes harassed anyone expected of abolitionism, and Free Soilers fought back. For the time being, though, Kelso and his young wife stayed quiet.
Words on Fire
Authors: Grasso Christopher
Published: June 2021

In May, 1861, when Kelso stood in front of his hometown’s courthouse, voiced support for the Union, and denounced his secessionist neighbors as traitors, he had a lot to lose. He had remarried, graduated from college, opened his own school, and lived with his wife and three children on a beautiful little farm in Buffalo, Missouri. But conscience and a sense of virtuous manhood made him declare his unpopular political sentiments as Missouri fractured with the beginning of the Civil War. A week later he interrupted a secessionist rally and, risking getting shot down in front of a crowd of angry, armed men, gave a rousing speech to rally Unionists to the American flag. He became a major in the Home Guard militia, but then, after the disastrous Union loss at the Battle of Wilson’s Creek, headed to the state capital to join the Union army.
Captain Kelso Goes to Congress
Authors: Grasso Christopher
Published: June 2021

The Thirty-Ninth Congress was one of the most eventful in U.S. history. Despite obstruction from President Andrew Johnson, it passed the Civil Rights Bill of 1866, the First Reconstruction Act of 1867, and the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Kelso voted with the Radical Republican majority, outlining his position in a House speech, and he also proposed his own constitutional amendments. The first session was marred, though, by the challenge to his seat by his opponent Boyd, who disputed the results of the election. Kelso’s political reputation back in his district, too, was damaged by his intemperate public letter denouncing Boyd and announcing early for the next election.
Heaven on Earth
Authors: Grasso Christopher
Published: June 2021

In 1886, after moving to Colorado and marrying Etta Dunbar, Kelso described himself, even as he struggled to get a disability pension for the worsening effects of his wartime injuries, as “one of the happiest of men.” But with news of the Haymarket Affair in Chicago, where labor radicals were executed as bomb-throwing terrorists, he plunged into another public crisis. Angrily rethinking some of his core beliefs, he decided that Haymarket had exposed the hopeless rot of the American political and economic system. In his last years, after writing his autobiography, he turned to the story of the nation he had fought and bled for, looking for a better way forward. His last book, Government Analyzed, completed by his wife after his death in 1891, reinterpreted the Civil War and offered a defense of anarchism. His last lectures described Jesus as an anarchistic reformer, hoping for a heaven on earth.
You as a Change Leader
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

The executive or other member of the organization who is in charge of the change initiative will need to engage in self-assessment to identify the need for personal development of any change leadership competencies and skills and then implement a plan for leader for development. Traits including a high energy level, emotional maturity, personal integrity, self-confidence, and an achievement orientation are valuable assets. Task, relationship, and change behaviors and the use of influence tactics are all essential. A change leader must develop self-awareness, including the understanding of one’s basic philosophies and preferences as well as strengths and areas to develop. Ethics issues are relevant in organizational change leadership. All of these dynamics of change leadership will affect how a change leader will design and implement an organizational change intervention.
Change Interventions
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

Several generic organizational change interventions, including team building, conflict management, and role clarification, can be used in human service organizations. The image exchange is useful in multidisciplinary settings, where, for example, behavioral health, substance abuse, and job development staff groups each have an opportunity to share how they see their group and all the others. Results are discussed to clarify misconceptions and resolve interdisciplinary conflicts or disagreements. Transition management can be helpful when a new manager comes in to work with an existing team. Structured questions are asked in advance to the new manager and the team. Results are discussed in a workshop setting. Agreements are made regarding how they can work together effectively. Large group interventions, involving up to hundreds of people, can be impactful at the community level, where a variety of stakeholders can meet in a workshop setting and discuss issues and visions to generate common understandings.
Changing Organizational Culture
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

Organizational culture includes the shared beliefs, assumptions, norms, values, and expectations that employees generally share. While changing culture can be seen as a specific intervention, any change initiative should first look at conditions that need to be changed to ensure that the new culture is aligned with organizational systems, strategies, and goals. Culture change requires totally new thinking and perspectives on the part of employees and thus is extremely challenging and complicated, typically occurring over a period of years. This requires “letting go” of old ways of operating and gradually adopting a new culture with new expectations for employee behavior. Culture change can include hiring and promoting managers who model the new culture’s values and behaviors; changing artifacts, rituals, and ceremonies to reflect the new culture; regularly discussing the new values in meetings and other settings; and leaders modeling the new culture through their daily behaviors.
Staff-Initiated Organizational Change
Authors: Packard Thomas
Published: June 2021

Staff-initiated organizational change is a series of activities carried out by lower or middle-level staff to improve organizational conditions, policy, program, or procedures for the ultimate improvement of service to clients. It has similarities with the more top-down approach to change covered in Section 3; both approaches are intended to improve the functioning of the organization, and both use some of the same processes, such as problem analysis and problem solving. Staff-initiated organizational change is different in that it is initiated by staff at lower levels. Steps include assessment, preinitiation (change agents assessing and developing their influence and social capital and inducing or augmenting stress so that the problem will be addressed), initiation, implementation, institutionalization, and evaluation. This approach may present some risk for lower level staff, depending on the leadership styles and philosophies of managers and the overall culture of the organization. If proper conditions exist, improvements in organizational operations are possible.
Shambuk’s Severed Head
Authors: Valmiki Omprakash , Sherraden Aaron
Published: June 2021

This poem by leading Dalit poet Omprakash Valmiki focuses on the symbolic figure of Shambuk from the Ramayana narrative, whose head is severed by Sri Ram for his alleged transgression in practicing asceticism. It serves as an introduction to the following chapter on three anti-caste Hindi dramas in which Shambuk figures as a Dalit icon within the larger framework of education and social emancipation.
Recasting Shambuk in Three Hindi Anti-Caste Dramas
Authors: Sherraden Aaron
Published: June 2021

At the end of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, Ram kills Shambuk, a Shudra, for disrupting the balance of dharma in Ayodhya by engaging in ascetic practices forbidden to his caste, thus bringing about the death of a young Brahmin. In the three Hindi anti-caste dramas discussed in this chapter, Shambuk is reimagined as a revolutionary leader and educator of India’s oppressed as they fight against casteism. In the 1930s, Swami Achhutanand mobilized Shambuk in his Rām-Rājya-Nyāy to promote the tenets of the Adi Hindu movement of Uttar Pradesh. Lalai Singh and Ram Avtar Pal, also from Uttar Pradesh, further elaborated on Shambuk’s revolutionary potential in their 1962 drama, Śambūk Vadh. In 2015, Amar Visharat drew on these earlier Shambuk dramas when composing a drama for his pamphlet Rukā Huā Faisalā Śambūk Vadh, through which he urged the Supreme Court of India to condemn Ram’s execution of Shambuk.
Ravana as Dissident Artist
Authors: Bharucha Rustom
Published: June 2021

This three-part chapter combines the performance scripts of two contemporary productions—Vinay Kumar’s The Tenth Head and Maya Krishna Rao’s Ravanama—along with a general introduction and critical annotation of the scripts themselves. Both productions represent avant-garde experiments in retelling the story of Ramayana from the perspective of Ravana: While The Tenth Head focuses on the role of the nonconformist individual in the collective through a dramatization of Ravana’s tenth head, which does not quite fit into the uniformity of Ravana’s traditional iconography, Ravanama explores multiple retellings of an actor’s attempt to find different ways of representing Ravana through his relationship with Sita as daughter, drawing on folk narratives and Jain renderings of the Ramayana story. Fragmented through a collage of images rather than a linear dramaturgy, the texts of the two plays are annotated in detail, with attention to their disjunctive structures, gestures, movements, music, and multimedia inputs in the larger context of creative dissidence.
The Making of RāmaRāvaṇā
Authors: de Bruin Hanne M.
Published: June 2021

This chapter provides a detailed exposition of the dramaturgical and performative decisions that went into the staging of a 90-minute new play on Ramayana titled RāmaRāvaṇā, adapted by veteran performer and director P. Rajagopal on the basis of his traditional knowledge of Kattaikkuttu. Working against the grain of the Kattaikkuttu repertoire, which focuses primarily on the valorization of heroism and war through episodes from the Mahabharata, RāmaRāvaṇā’s innovation can be attributed to Rajagopal’s strong decision to call attention to the politics of gender with young women playing all the leading roles in the production, thereby countering the dominance of male actors in the tradition. Refusing to play into the “othering” of Ravana as a demon or the condemnation of Rama within the larger context of Dravidian anti-brahmanism, Rajagopal attempts to see the two characters as mirror images of each other, with Sita and Shurpanakha questioning the legitimacy of both in the larger context of power and patriarchy.
Davenant on the Will of God and the Divine Decrees
Authors: Lynch Michael J.
Published: June 2021

This chapter discusses another important doctrine relative to John Davenant’s hypothetical universalism: the divine will. Observing that the doctrine of God’s will in early modern scholastic theology, including among Reformed theologians, involved a plethora of scholastic distinctions, the chapter shows that Davenant’s theology of the divine will was heavily influenced by these distinctions, which were themselves ways of making sense of apparent contradictory claims in Scripture. Davenant’s employment of these medieval distinctions, such as between God’s love of simple complacency and his absolute will, are given extended treatment. This chapter also gives attention to the difference between a divine conditional and an absolute will. Finally, tying all these distinctions together, this chapter explains how Davenant employs them to buttress his hypothetical universalism.
Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Cohen Amichai , Zlotogorski David
Published: June 2021

The principle of proportionality is one of the cornerstones of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Almost all states involved in armed conflicts recognize that it is prohibited to launch an attack that is expected to cause incidental harm to civilians that exceeds the direct military advantage anticipated from the attack. This prohibition is included in military manuals, taught in professional courses, and accepted as almost axiomatic. And yet, the exact meaning of this principle is vague. Almost every issue is in dispute—from the most elementary question of how to compare civilian harm and military advantage, to the possible obligation to employ accurate but expensive weapons. Controversy is especially rife regarding asymmetrical conflicts, in which many modern democracies are involved. How exactly should proportionality be implemented when the enemy is not an army, but a non-state actor embedded within a civilian population? What does it mean to use precautions in attack, when almost every attack is directed at objects that are used for both military and civilian purposes?
Strategic and Cultural Considerations
Authors: Cohen Amichai , Zlotogorski David
Published: June 2021

Proportionality requires weighing the concrete and direct military advantage. Should the proportionality of an attack be affected by broader considerations, such as the context of the conflict and its circumstances? More specifically, can cultural or strategic considerations—such as each party’s capabilities, military goals or aims, sensibilities, and vulnerabilities—be weighed as part of the military advantage anticipated from an attack? The argument raised in this chapter is that in principle, states should not be differentiated according to their strategic and cultural sensitivities. However, there are state-specific factors that should be considered in assessing the application of the principle of proportionality. Examples of such factors are the technological abilities, defensive systems, and relative power of the parties to the conflict.
Should We Worry about Partisan Electoral Interventions? The Nature, History, and Known Effects of Foreign Interference in Elections
Authors: Levin Dov H.
Published: June 2021

Ever since the exposure of the Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections for the Donald Trump campaign, there has been much discussion of its causes mixed with deep concerns about the possibility of future meddling of this kind by Russia. There has been far less discussion, however, about the wider phenomena this particular intervention is just one recent example of. This chapter provides an overview of what scholars have found so far about partisan electoral interventions. It first describes the main methods through which foreign powers are known to have tried to intervene in elections in other countries in order to determine their results, as well as the long history of such efforts, going back to the very start of competitive national-level executive elections. The chapter then briefly summarizes the current academic research on the effects of such interference on the target, from its immediate effects on the intervened election results to their medium- and long-term post-election effects on the targets welfare (such as the quality of its democracy). Both parts illustrate that concerns about such foreign interference are indeed quite justified—it is a common, multifaceted phenomenon that can, in many cases, cause serious harm to its unfortunate targets.​
Apostles and Apologists
Authors: Al-Rasheed Madawi
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores the power of the propaganda which promoted the rise of Saudi Arabia’s new crown prince, known to the world as MBS. It explains why many Western journalists and academics welcomed his ascent to the highest positions of government as signifying a new, more liberal era.
The New Populist Nationalism
Authors: Al-Rasheed Madawi
Published: June 2021

This chapter discusses the political shift in Saudi Arabia from religious nationalism and pan-Islamism—which played a central role in the consolidation of the Saudi state—to populist nationalism under the new crown prince. The shift is explained as part of the rise of the personality cult of Muhammad ibn Salman.
Subcultures of Humiliation and Counter-Humiliation
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad
Published: June 2021

Chapter 2 discusses the fact that jihadism cannot be solely attributed to the disaffected young Muslims. A sizeable minority of jihadis consists of converts (from 8 percent to more than 20 percent, according to the European countries), as well as middle-class Muslims. Nevertheless, male disaffected Muslim youth, mostly from the first and the second generations, living chiefly in ghettoized neighborhoods, represent the major part of the jihadis in Europe. They come from at least three types of “slum subculture” which are marked by poverty, humiliation, and discontent. These are: the European slum subculture proper, the subculture of religious introversion (Salafism and Tabligh), and the subculture of violent religious confrontation (jihadism). These themes of poverty, humiliation, and discontent are discussed at length in this chapter and are reflected in interviews presented throughout, which were conducted by the author with some of the young men affected by these conditions. Also discussed are the ways in which secular society and its social freedoms contribute to the frustration and discontent expressed by these individuals.
European Jihadi Cells and the motivations behind them
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad
Published: June 2021

Chapter 7 describes the different types of jihadi cells, highlighting their differences as well as some similarities between them. Each cell has a life of its own, and the essence of each is determined by group dynamics, the origins of its leaders, the interactions between its members, and their cultural and economic homogeneity or heterogeneity. Each of these factors plays a significant role in the radicalization and in the effectiveness of the group to implement its goals. In general, cells are loosely structured, and it is very rare to find “egalitarian cells” or “leaderless” groups of friends or buddies, contrary to the claims of some researchers. Sometimes, they have more than one leader, a division of tasks occurring between them (for instance, the ideological and the military). Jihadi actors choose to belong to a group for many reasons: friendship, spatial proximity (they live in the same neighborhood), attendance at the same university, high school, sports association, or mosque, and so on These facets have been frequently studied, some researchers focusing on the horizontal relationships (a group of friends without formal hierarchy) or vertical ones (the presence of a leader and his lieutenants), their actual link with a larger network (al-Qaeda, IS) or imaginary (laying claim or making allegiance without any effective ties), the degree of their dependence on the web, or the greater or lesser scope of the group (from a solo jihadi to large groups of more than ten or fifteen people).
The Just War and the Horizon of Martyrdom
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D.
Published: June 2021

This chapter charts the rise of the “magisterial” expression of Christianity, as symbolized by Constantine and displayed in Christian soldiers featuring in later patristic martyr literature. It follows the emergence of Christian just war thinking from its roots in the classical world to its expression in key thinkers such as Augustine and Aquinas, the Protestant confessions, and modern theorists. The chapter then explores this ethical tradition’s appeal to biblical and theological themes regarding the defense of the vulnerable, the responsibility of the state, and the nature of sin and love. The chapter concludes by examining criticisms of just war teaching, including the misgivings reflected in some of the “instincts” of Christian martyr theology.
From Rabbi Yosef Syracusty to Rabbi Nissi al-Nahrawani
Authors: Roth Daniel
Published: June 2021

This chapter presents eight historical accounts and stories of rabbis or a group of rabbis who served as third-party peacemakers in medieval and early-modern rabbinic literature. The chapter is divided into three subsections based on the status and degree of success of the third party. The first section focuses on successful third-party rabbinic peacemakers with high social status, the second on unsuccessful rabbinic peacemakers who possessed less social status, and the third explores exceptions to this assertion. The chapter also includes a discussion about the responsibility of the rabbi to serve as a peacemaker or mediator in Jewish law and tradition.
In Search of Lost Glory
Authors: Faiz Asma
Published: June 2021

This book traces the trajectory of Sindhi nationalism in its quest for lost glory. It examines the Sindhi nationalist movement through its various stages, ranging from pre-partition identity construction in pursuit of the separation of Sindh from Bombay, to the post-partition travails of a community which lost its identity and its capital as a result of the arrival of millions of migrants from India (Muhajirs) and of the actions of an over-bearing central government. Going beyond the state and its power play, the book examines the long history of Sindhi-Muhajir contestation for resources in the post-partition period. The book develops a comprehensive profile of the agency of nationalist parties in Sindh, including the Sindhudesh detour and the later fragmentation of the Jiye Sind movement, which was followed by the emergence of new parties. The author also analyzes the dual role of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) as an ethnic entrepreneur inside the province while operating as a federal party outside Sindh. The book covers nationalist contention at three levels: the struggle for power between Sindh and a dominant Centre; the inter-ethnic conflict between Sindhis and Muhajirs; and the intra-ethnic contestation between the Sindhi nationalists themselves and the PPP.
Conclusion
Authors: Faiz Asma
Published: June 2021

The conclusion sums up the key findings about the politics and sociology of Sindhi nationalism, beginning with identity construction in Sindh during the British period, inspired by crucial changes in the domains of language, culture, economy and demography. The partition and arrival of Muhajirs in Sindh precipitated the emergence of a ‘sons of the soil’ movement, which was doubly threatened by a hegemonic, interventionist Centre and the dominant ethnic minority of Muhajirs. The conclusion examines the dual role of the PPP as an ethnic entrepreneur in Sindh and a federal party in the country as a whole. Finally, it focuses on the tug-of-war between the Centre and Sindh—under the pressure of Covid-19—over issues of provincial autonomy, especially that of the Eighteenth Amendment and of local government.
Space
Authors: Wright Samuel
Published: June 2021

Chapter 5 recovers the contours of the manuscript economy in early modern India for texts in Sanskrit logic. It identifies the “reading community” as the primary unit of this economy. Then, it studies how these reading communities forge values and consumption priorities within themselves and across space; and stresses that the category of the court or polity is not useful in thinking through these issues. Instead, it argues that this space functioned and was sustained not by the court but on the basis of both intellectual and emotional relations between Sanskrit logicians and “the text” as these scholars responded to novelty in philosophical arguments. The arguments in this chapter are based on a survey of approximate 4,800 manuscripts listed in a number of manuscript surveys and catalogs.
Time
Authors: Wright Samuel
Published: June 2021

Chapter 6 reflects theoretically on the intellectual and emotional histories of Sanskrit logicians that run in parallel to each other as and when scholars express value for and argue on behalf of novelty through writing, reading, and debate. It argues for a certain type of novelty that is employed by Sanskrit logicians in their texts, namely, a “synchronic” novelty, in which the new and the old are coeval. Then, the chapter turns to examine how novelty arranges scholars into a specific and differentiated existence with each other. Finally, it explores the idea that novelty contains an emotional history that reveals scholars not only thinking but also feeling novelty.
Conclusion: A Time of Novelty
Authors: Wright Samuel
Published: June 2021

The Conclusion explores how novelty functions as the primary element through which intellectual and emotional responses to nyāya philosophy are generated and how they define intellectual life in early modern India. As these responses ultimately collapse into each other, it argues that what emerges is an imaginative process that brings into being a new philosophical community. It draws on certain theories in Sanskrit hermeneutics and literary theory as well as offers concluding thoughts on how novelty is able to alter the direction of the history of philosophy.
Conclusion
Authors: van Onselen Charles
Published: June 2021

Black Mozambicans consistently resisted the oppressive labour regime that used steam locomotives and the rail network to deliver them as indentured labourers to the South African mining industry. Some used the system to transport them to the best labour markets and then deserted to find other, better employment. The railways formed an integral part of a highly coercive system of industrial exploitation and, in that, differed from other historical situations where transport systems were used to further genocidal agendas. Yet, so deeply traumatic were the rail journeys to and from the mines that they became incorporated into the modern witchcraft beliefs of Africans which speak of trains without tracks and the recruitment of workers for forced labour in a zombie workforce. The scarring caused by the Night Trains is still with us, whether in songs, such as Stimela, or in witchcraft beliefs that reflect death through over-work at sub-subsistence wages.
The Rise of Sovereignty and the Logic of Congruence
Authors: Koganzon Rita
Published: June 2021

This chapter locates the origins of the logic of congruence in modern thought. This logic turns out not to be historically liberal in origin but rather arose out of the arguments for absolute sovereignty advanced by Jean Bodin and his followers. Bodin was the first modern thinker to model the power of fathers on that of absolute monarchs and to claim that fathers wield absolute authority over their children. This model goes so far as to demand the reinstatement of the long-discarded Roman right of life and death over children. For Bodin, the family became a vehicle through which his novel conception of absolute power could be demonstrated and legitimated. Total submission under absolutist fathers was necessary to correctly educate and accustom children to their political duties as subjects of absolute sovereigns.
Locke and the Authority of Opinion
Authors: Koganzon Rita
Published: June 2021

This chapter describes how Locke came to reject sovereignty theory, along with the logic of congruence, in favor of a much more limited account of political authority. It traces his transformation from a young Hobbesian who accepted that an absolute sovereign could manipulate public opinion in its favor, to a skeptic about anyone’s ability to control public opinion. This shift in his view of the possibilities of political authority grew out of his increasing fear of the intellectual tyranny of public opinion. It resulted in his mature turn in the Two Treatises toward an anti-sovereignty politics and to his limited account of parental power designed to maximize the possibility of liberty under modern social conditions.
Rousseau and the Authority of Opinion
Authors: Koganzon Rita
Published: June 2021

This chapter considers how Rousseau’s thinking about authority differs from Locke’s. Rousseau did not reject the possibility of sovereignty, but like Locke, he concluded that sovereign power could never extend to the government of public opinion, which could not be controlled by the impersonal, indirect form of government necessary to preserve liberty and equality. Even in virtuous republics, only highly personal authorities like the Lawgiver, the censors, and public educators can regulate opinion. But in modern, commercial societies, such public authorities are impotent or even dangerous. Under such conditions, the private authority of parents and especially mothers was the last hope for fortifying children against the social and intellectual corruption that modern political arrangements had created.
Conclusion
Authors: Koganzon Rita
Published: June 2021

The conclusion summarizes the reasons for Locke’s and Rousseau’s turn against absolutist congruence theory and toward a defense of authoritarian families in liberal states. They saw that the absolutists had failed to adequately grapple with the power of public opinion to undermine the sovereign authority that was supposed to control it, and they understood the enormous influence of opinion over our ideas and its potential to foreclose intellectual freedom. To defend that freedom for adults, they leaned on the family and its domestic education of children as a buttress and counterinfluence against the power of fashion and opinion. Recognizing this pedagogical role of personal authority in the foundations of liberalism may help us to resolve our own inability to find a place for the basic but private experience of personal authority, which, however much we wish it away, remains central to forming liberal public life
Stipulation:
Authors: Frier Bruce W.
Published: June 2021

Stipulation, a formal oral contract by which a promissor unilaterally assents to a promise to give something to or do something for a promisee, is examined in detail in this chapter, especially as to how it was made, interpreted, and executed. The stipulation, despite its apparent clumsiness and its oral nature, was used by the Romans for a wide variety of purposes, many of which are described. The jurists tend to interpret stipulations through their exact words, so that it becomes extremely important for the parties to get the language of the promise correct. Other types of formal or unilateral promises are also examined.
Third-Party Rights and Responsibilities
Authors: Frier Bruce W.
Published: June 2021

Although Roman law never developed a true theory of agency, it did find ways to make one person contractually responsible for the acts of another, by using the family (persons under the power of a paterfamilias), the structure of business operations (those operating a business on behalf of an owner), and the structure of estates (supervisors of all or part). These devices permitted limited development of more complex businesses that were not directly owner-operated. Roman law also allowed for some delegation and assignment of contract rights and duties. While these developments undoubtedly assisted Roman enterprises, they were limited in their scope and effectiveness.
Unconventional Combat
Authors: Messner Michael A.
Published: June 2021

Unconventional Combat illuminates the generational transformation of the U.S. veterans’ peace movement, from one grounded mostly in the experiences of White men of the Vietnam War era, to one increasingly driven by a younger and much more diverse cohort of “post-9/11” veterans. Participant observation with two organizations (Veterans For Peace and About Face) and interviews with older men veterans form the backdrop for the book’s main focus, life-history interviews with six younger veterans—all people of color, three of them women, one a Native Two-Spirit person, one a genderqueer non-binary person. The book traces these veterans’ experiences of sexual and gender harassment, sexual assault, racist and homophobic abuse during their military service (some of it in combat zones), centering on their “situated knowledge” of intersecting oppressions. As veterans, this knowledge shapes their intersectional praxis, which promises to transform the veterans’ peace movement, and provides a connective language through which veterans’ anti-militarism work links with movements for racial justice, stopping gender and sexual violence, addressing climate change, and building anti-colonial coalitions. This promise is sometimes thwarted by older veterans, whose commitment to “diversity” often falls short of creating organizational space for full inclusion of previously marginalized “others.” Intersectionality is the analytic coin of today’s emergent movement field, and the connective tissue of a growing coalitional politics. The veterans that are the focus of this book are part of this larger shift in the social movement ecology, and they contribute a critical understanding of war and militarism to progressive coalitions.
Entitlement’s Enablers: Parents and Teachers
Authors: Anderson Kristin J.
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores the development of entitlement in individuals. What entities surrounding the newborn, the child, and young adult facilitate the sense of deservingness that some people have relative to others? This chapter begins with the role that parents play in producing a child with a social dominance orientation or authoritarian tendencies: two ideologies that are associated with entitlement. Parents’ ideas about race and gender are also significant in how their child will think about their place in the world. Globally, boys are the preferred gender, and this preference is due to the fact that in most cultures, men have more status and power than do women. Chapter 3 explores the gendered treatment of children by caregivers, beginning with parents’ attitudes toward their newborn daughters and sons. Adult heterosexual men tend to have a sense of domestic entitlement, meaning they feel justified doing less domestic labor than their spouse. This sense of entitlement begins with the toys and then chores parents assign to their daughters and sons. Chapter 3 next examines teachers’ role in facilitating entitlement. Teachers’ expectations and treatment of students unintentionally influences entitlement in boys relative to girls, and in White students relative to students of color. If teachers’ expectations (and biases) can have a measurable impact over the course of one school year, imagine the consequences over a student’s entire academic career. Being the normative racial category allows one to be given the benefit of the doubt when it comes to school discipline. Unlike students of color, for White kids, the school experience allows them to feel entitled to impartial or even preferential treatment by law enforcement and the criminal legal system.
The Theory of Competitive Markets
Authors: Drobak John N.
Published: June 2021

Chapter 2 explains how the theory of competitive markets became the benchmark for economic analysis, implicitly leading to the assumption that firms actually compete in real-world markets rather than acting as oligopolies. The chapter begins by showing how competition theoretically maximizes resource allocation and constrains the behavior of firms. Then it analyzes the assumptions that underlie the theory, emphasizing the problems that stem from the assumption of consumer sovereignty and the ability of producers to manipulate consumer preferences. It also explains how the assumption that markets are competitive became the paradigm of economic education, as advocated by Alfred Marshall, rather than recognizing the prevalence of monopolies and oligopolies, as advocated by Marshall’s successor, Joan Robinson. Finally, the chapter shows how the assumption that real-world markets are competitive is used to justify opposition to government regulation, based on the notion that competition already provides the only necessary constraints.
Outsourcing in the United States and Europe
Authors: Drobak John N.
Published: June 2021

Chapter 6 analyzes how the belief in shareholder primacy justified the outsourcing of millions of jobs this century, primarily to China and, under NAFTA, to Mexico. It details the failed attempts in Congress to regulate outsourcing, partly due to lobbying by business but also as a result of the belief that these kinds of activities should be left to the market. The chapter then compares the situation in the United States with the protection of labor and the limits on outsourcing in some countries in the European Union, particularly in Germany. In the European Union, the Charter of Fundamental Rights creates significant legal rights for workers and unions. Not only do many European countries have additional laws protecting labor, they also have a culture respecting the rights of workers. The chapter explains that the prevalent cultural views in the United States toward labor, unions, and government regulation make it impossible to provide similar legal protections for U.S. workers. Nonetheless, the chapter argues that we should not only learn from the E.U. experience, but should also adopt some of the European protections of labor.
Belief Systems and Confirmation Bias
Authors: Drobak John N.
Published: June 2021

Chapter 8 uses lessons from the new institutional economics and the concepts of confirmation bias and belief systems to explain why so many people are reluctant to change their views about the U.S. markets and about the desirability of additional government regulation. The chapter begins by describing the development of belief systems, the filter through which people see the world. It explains how people create mental models of the world to simplify things and how people use heuristics and rules of thumb to help make decisions. Once people develop their views of how the world works, confirmation bias makes it difficult to change them. People have a tendency to pay attention to the information that reinforces their prior beliefs and to disregard information that challenges them. In addition, the vast majority of people have much more to think about than the relationship between the market and the government, so they do not pay much attention to details. The chapter uses studies about the rigidity of political views as an example to show the difficulty in changing the public’s acceptance of the harm done to workers by mergers and outsourcing.
Control, Security, and Risk in the Cloud
Authors: Kuan Hon W , Millard Christopher , Singh Jatinder
Published: June 2021

This chapter discusses the risks in cloud computing. Concerns are often raised about decreased customer control and increased provider control of data in clouds, particularly regarding data security (confidentiality, integrity, and availability), fuelled perhaps by the relative lack of information available to customers regarding details of providers' components, suppliers, and mechanics. Colocation risks may also exist. One concern is the leakage of data to others sharing the infrastructure. Another consideration is that if hardware thought to contain a third party's target data is seized by authorities, data of other tenants sharing that hardware may be exposed also. Ultimately, cloud services differ in the degree of control and flexibility afforded to customers (and accordingly in their responsibility for security), and the extent to which providers or sub-providers can access user data. Much depends on a service's type and design. Prospective cloud users may manage their cloud risks not just through technological or contractual means, but also through insurance.
Offensive Speech, Religion, and the Limits of the Law
Authors: Hatzis Nicholas
Published: June 2021

Is the government ever justified in restricting offensive speech? This question has become particularly important in relation to communications which offend the religious sensibilities of listeners. It is often argued that insulting a person’s beliefs is tantamount to disrespecting the believer; that insults are a form of hatred or intolerance; that the right to religious freedom includes a more specific right not to be insulted in one’s beliefs; that religious minorities have a particularly strong claim to be protected from offence; and that censorship of offensive speech is necessary for the prevention of social disorder and violence. None of those arguments is convincing. Offence is an unpleasant mental state caused when our expectations of being treated in a particular way are frustrated. Drawing on law and philosophy, the book argues that there is no moral right to be protected from offence and that, while freedom of religion is an important right which grounds negative and positive obligations for the state, it is unpersuasive to interpret constitutional and human rights provisions as including a right not to be caused offence. Rather, we have good reasons to think of public discourse as a space for the expression of all viewpoints about the ethical life, including those which some listeners will find offensive, as this is necessary to sustain a society’s capacity for self-reflection and change.
The Nature of Offence
Authors: Hatzis Nicholas
Published: June 2021

The experience of suffering offence relates to a constellation of unpleasant feelings stirred up when one’s expectations of being treated in a certain way are frustrated. This chapter explores how the nature of offence matters for the way the law responds to offensive conduct. Prohibiting speech which offends poses a special problem because it clashes with the free speech principle, i.e. the idea that there is something particularly important in being allowed to speak our minds, which sets free expression apart from a general liberty claim to choose a way of life. It is suggested that when deciding what should count as properly offensive for the purpose of exercising state coercion, only a very narrow definition of offensive speech is compatible with the values underlying freedom of expression. Then, offensive speech is distinguished from hate speech. As the two are morally different, it is inappropriate to borrow arguments from the hate speech debate to justify restrictions on offensive speech.
Blasphemy and Defamation of Religions
Authors: Hatzis Nicholas
Published: June 2021

Blasphemy laws, the paradigmatic example of prohibitions of religiously offensive speech, remain common in many contemporary liberal legal systems. The chapter begins by tracing how blasphemy evolved over time in two important respects. First, while the blasphemy offence was initially triggered by the mere denial of the truth of Christianity, it later came to depend on the manner of expression, and only insulting or intemperate communications fell within its scope. Secondly, modern blasphemy laws in the Western world have expanded to protect not only the dominant religion but all religious beliefs, and, in some cases, deeply held secular beliefs. These newer versions of blasphemy are often referred to as ‘defamation of religion’ or ‘disparagement of religion’ laws. I discuss two types of objections to them: that they are vague and impossible to enforce in a non-discriminatory manner; and that they are as such incompatible with a free speech principle. The final part of the chapter explores the argument that religious offence bans are necessary for the protection of public order because if insults are not censored believers will become indignant and resort to violence. I argue that while the protection of order and peace is a legitimate governmental interest, the morally appropriate way to pursue it is to arrest those who threaten others with violence, not silence the non-violent speakers who offend the feelings of the listeners.