bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of the vomeronasal amygdala in anuran amphibians: Hodological, neurochemical, and gene expression characterization
Authors: Moreno Nerea , González Agustín
Published: June 2007

The organization of the amygdaloid complex in amphibians possesses major features shared with amniotes. Basic subdivisions have been identified and tentatively compared with their counterparts in other tetrapods. However, problems appeared when trying to find homologies for the amphibian vomeronasal amygdala, the medial amygdala (MeA), because of its embryological origin and, therefore, its evolutionary significance could not be established. Thus, in the present study the main characteristics of the MeA in anurans were studied during development by means of tract‐tracing, immunohistochemical, and gene expression techniques. The connectivity of the MeA, mainly related to the accessory olfactory bulb and the hypothalamus, and the localization of neurochemical markers such as substance P, somatostatin, and GABA strongly support its homology with the medial amygdala (subpallial) of mammals. In addition, analysis of the expression patterns of the LIM‐homeodomain genes x‐Lhx5/7/9 in the developing MeA, together with the immunohistochemistry for GABA and the transcription factor NKX2.1, evidence its resemblance to the subpallial component of the vomeronasal amygdala of mammals in terms of embryological origin and, most likely, the presence of migrated cells from other territories. No evidence was found for pallial‐derived territories in the vomeronasal amygdala of anurans that could be comparable to the cortical portions that exist in amniotes, suggesting that these cortical components have emerged in the anamnio‐amniotic transition in the evolution of tetrapods. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:815–831, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental changes in distribution of γ‐aminobutyric acid‐ and glycine‐immunoreactive boutons on rat trigeminal motoneurons. I. Jaw‐closing motoneurons
Authors: Paik Sang Kyoo , Bae Jin Young , Park Sang Euk , Moritani Masayuki , Yoshida Atsushi , Yeo Eun Jin , Choi Karp Shik , Ahn Dong Kuk , Moon Cheil , Shigenaga Yoshio , Bae Yong Chul
Published: June 2007

We have previously described the distribution pattern of inhibitory synapses on rat jaw‐closing (JC) α‐ and γ‐motoneurons. In the present study, we investigated developmental changes in inhibitory synapses on JC motoneurons. We performed a quantitative ultrastructural analysis of putative inhibitory synaptic boutons on JC motoneuron somata by using postembedding immunogold labeling for GABA and glycine. In total, 206, 350, and 497 boutons contacting JC motoneuron somata were analyzed at postnatal days 2 (P2), 11 (P11) and 31 (P31), respectively. The size of the somata increased significantly during postnatal development. The size distribution was bimodal at P31. Mean length of the boutons and percentage of synaptic covering also increased during postnatal development, whereas bouton density did not differ significantly among the three age groups. Synaptic boutons on the somata of JC α‐motoneurons could be classified into four types: boutons immunoreactive for 1) GABA only, 2) glycine only, 3) both GABA and glycine, and 4) neither GABA nor glycine. There was no developmental change in the proportion of putative inhibitory boutons to the total number of studied boutons. However, the glycine‐only boutons increased significantly (15.1% to 27.3%), and the GABA‐only boutons decreased significantly (17.7% to 2.6%) during the period from P11 to P31. Our ultrastructural data indicate that the inhibitory synaptic input to JC motoneurons is developmentally regulated and that there is a postnatal switch from GABA to glycine. The postnatal changes revealed in the present study could play an important role in the maturation of the oral motor system. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:779–789, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological properties of mouse retinal ganglion cells during postnatal development
Authors: Coombs Julie L. , Van Der List Deborah , Chalupa Leo M.
Published: June 2007

Quantitative methods were used to assess dendritic stratification and other structural features of developing mouse retinal ganglion cells from birth to after eye opening. Cells were labeled by transgenic expression of yellow fluorescent protein, DiOlistics or diffusion of DiI, and subsequently imaged in three dimensions on a confocal microscope followed by morphometric analysis of 13 different structural properties. At postnatal day 1 (P1), the dendrites of all cells ramified across the vertical extent of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). By P3/4, dendrites were largely confined to different strata of the IPL. The stratification of dendrites initially reflected a retraction of widely ramifying dendritic processes, but for the most part this was due to the subsequent vertical expansion of the IPL. By P8, distinct cell classes could be recognized, although these had not yet attained adult‐like properties. The structural features differentiating cell classes were found to follow three different developmental trends. The mean values of one set of morphological parameters were essentially unchanged throughout postnatal development; another set of measures showed a rapid rise with age to adult values; and a third set of measures first increased with age and later decreased, with the regressive events initiated around the time of eye opening. These findings suggest that the morphological development of retinal ganglion cells is regulated by diverse factors operating during different but overlapping time periods. Our results also suggest that dendritic stratification may be more highly specified in the developing mammalian retina than has been previously realized. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:803–814, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cover Picture: Robust, Biomimetic Polymer Brush Layers Grown Directly from a Planar Mica Surface (ChemPhysChem 9/2007)
Authors: Chen Meng , Briscoe Wuge H. , Armes Steve P. , Cohen Hagai , Klein Jacob
Published: June 2007

The cover picture shows biomimetic, zwitterionic polymer brushes grown in situ using atom‐transfer radical polymerization from a macroinitiator attached to planar mica surfaces. The brushes are characterized by several different methods, including X‐ray reflectometry and optical interferometry (lower right). Using a surface‐force balance (SFB), the brushes were shown to be very robustly attached to the mica. This opens the way to versatile modification of mica surfaces, for application in many areas of research where the molecular smoothness of planar mica sheets is crucial, including studies of surface forces and lubrication using the SFB. Find out more in the Communication by Chen et al. on page 1303.
Synthesis and crystal structure investigation of pyridine‐2‐(3′‐mercaptopropanoic acid)‐N ‐oxide
Authors: Ramasubramanian R. , Kumaresan S. , Thomas R. , Stephen A. David , Kumaradhas P.
Published: June 2007

Pyridine‐2‐(3′‐mercaptopropanoic acid)‐N ‐oxide (I), is a higher homologue of 1‐oxopyridinium‐2‐thioacetic acid (II) [1]. It crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21 with a = 9.2168(2) Å, b = 4.1423(2) Å, c = 11.3904(4) Å, β = 98.65(2)°, V = 429.93(3) Å3 and Z = 2. The least‐squares refinement gave residual index R = 0.024 for 1070 observed reflections. The introduction of an additional methylene group in (II) causes a flip in the carboxylic acid group of (I) that facilitates the molecules to align infinite antiparallel chains through strong C–H···O interactions. The molecules are interlinked by O–H···O hydrogen bonding across the chains and forming an infinite screw chain along y‐direction. The molecular packing is stabilized by O–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonding and π‐π electron interactions. This is an important facet of the crystal packing. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and crystal structure of a new inorganic – organic complex: (4‐ClC7H6NH3)9[Nd(P6O18)2]·9H2O
Authors: Amri O. , Abid S. , Rzaigui M.
Published: June 2007

Single crystals of (4‐ClC7H6NH3)9[Nd(P6O18)2]·9H2O were synthesized in aqueous solution. This compound crystallizes in a triclinic P1 unit‐cell, with a = 14.898(6), b = 18.049(7), c = 20.695(6)Å, α = 102.04(3), β = 100.49(3), γ = 98.82(3)°, V = 5245(4) Å3 and Z = 2. The crystal structure has been solved and refined to R = 0.043 (Rw = 0.061) for 20420 observed reflections. The atomic arrangement of the title compound can be described as infinite layers built by complex of Neodyme [Nd(P6O18)2] and nine water molecules. The organic cations are located in the space delimited by the successive inorganic layers. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bridgman growth of langasite‐type piezoelectric crystals
Authors: Wu Anhua
Published: June 2007

Three langasite family crystals of Sr3Ga2Ge4O14 (SGG), Ca3NbGa3Si2O14 (CNGS), and Sr3NbGa3Si2O14 (SNGS) were successfully grown by the modified Bridgman method. Among them, SGG crystals up to 2 inches were obtained with the multi‐crucible industrial Bridgman furnace; SNGS crystal grown in any orientation direction other than along a‐axis was realized. Commercially availability SGG boules and the advantage in SNGS crystal indicated that the modified Bridgman technique is a prospective method to realize the mass‐production of the langasite‐type crystals. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of (N(C2H5)4)4[VMo12V2O44]
Authors: Cevik S. , Alkan Z. , Poyraz M. , Sarı M. , Büyükgüngör O.
Published: June 2007

The hydrothermal reaction of a mixture of Na2MoO4·2H2O, V2O5, pyromellitic acid (1,2,4,5‐C6H2(COOH)4), (C2H5)4NCl and 0,1 M H2SO4 for 88 h at 180°C gives blue needle‐like crystals of [VIV2O2(H2O)2 (C6H2(COO)4)] in 20% yield (based on V) and dark blue prismatic crystals of the title compound, mixed‐valance (N(C2H5)4)4[VMo12V2O44], 1, in 12% yield (based on Mo). 1 was investigated by means of elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Single Crystal X‐ray Diffraction Methods. Crystal data for the compound: monoclinic space group P21/c (No:14), a=13.7815(12) b=13.0271(9) c= 21.189(2) Å, β= 113.909(7)°, Z=2. Although [XM14O42]‐n (X=P, Si, Ge, V and M=Mo and/or V) cores have been previously determined, this is the first time that [VMo12V2O44]‐4 core is synthesized and characterized. The structural difference between 1 and these HPOMs is the coordinational geometry of the central metal atoms. The central vanadium in 1 has an octahedral coordination geometry, whereas in literature, the central V, P, Si and Ge atoms in [V15O42]‐9 / [SiM8V6O42]‐4 / [PM8V6O42]‐5 / [GeM8V6O42]‐4 have tetrahedral coordinational geometry. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solution growth of new ferroelectric glycine phosphite unidirectional single crystals at room temperature
Authors: Ezhil Vizhi R. , Kalainathan S. , Baghavan Narayana G.
Published: June 2007

Glycine phosphite [NH3CH2COOH3PO3], abbreviated as GPI is the second hydrogen bonded ferroelectric crystal combination of phosphorous acid and amino acid following βnine phosphite crystals abbreviated as BPI. Sankaranarayanan and Ramasamy‐Technique was adopted to prepare the ferroelectric glycine phosphite unidirectional single crystal. The growth orientation was imposed by the pre‐grown 〈010〉 seed. As water was the solvent, transparent, colourless crystal with cylindrical shaped ingot of sized 20mm‐diameter was grown. Powder X‐ray diffraction, HRXRD, FTIR, dielectric and mechanical studies were carried out. The results are discussed in detail. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Incorporation of surface tension to interface energy balance in crystal growth
Authors: Yildiz M. , Dost S.
Published: June 2007

Effect of surface tension across a growth interface is known as the Gibbs‐Thomson effect, and the associated energy balance is widely referred to as the Stefan condition in the literature, which is derived from thermodynamics. In this article, the interface energy balance that accounts for the effect of surface tension is derived by writing the jump condition for the energy balance on a surface of discontinuity which represents in crystal growth the evolving growth interface (solidification front) between the liquid and solid phases. To the best of our knowledge, the derivation of energy balance by writing jump conditions on a surface of discontinuity (interface) is new. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlation between the residual resistivity ratio and the power‐law of the normal‐state resistivity in MgB2
Authors: Obaidat I. M. , Albiss B. A.
Published: June 2007

MgB2 polycrystalline superconducting specimens were irradiated with several doses of γ‐rays up to 100 MR. An increase in the normal state resistivity and a broadening of the resistive transition to the superconducting state were observed with increasing γ‐irradiation dose. Although very small changes to the superconducting transition temperature were obtained after γ‐irradiation, different temperature dependence of normal‐state resistivity and different residual resistivity ratios, RRR were obtained for different doses. We have found a correlation between RRR and the power law dependence of resistivity, n as the irradiation dose increases. This correlation may be an indication that the electron‐phonon interaction is important in these samples. These results are attributed to the disorder caused by γ‐rays. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical and experimental study on the conoscopic interference in uniaxial crystal (Ca0.28Ba0.72)x(Sr0.60Ba0.40)1‐xNb2O6
Authors: Gao Ch. Y. , Xia H. R. , Xu J. Q. , Si Sh. Ch. , Zhang H. J. , Wang J. Y. , Song H. L.
Published: June 2007

Conoscopic interference of polarized light for the white‐light and LPS‐7,5Volts direct current semiconductor laser (Green light) with wavelength at 532 nm in (Ca0.28Ba0.72)x(Sr0.60Ba0.40)1‐xNb2O6crystals were observed with the beams transmitting along optical‐axes and deflection optical‐axes from 0 to 140°. Endo‐exo variation from looseness to tightness of conoscopic interference patterns were analyzed in theory. A hyperbolic black cross of interference patterns were observed as well as its formation process was proposed in this paper. Also, the inferences of the birefringence with different Ca2+‐doped were obtained in this investigation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Precise determination of residual stresses in FeSi3 electrical sheets in the vicinity of laser scratches with high lateral resolution
Authors: Böhling M. , Bauch J.
Published: June 2007

States of residual stress in laser scribed FeSi3 electrical sheets in the vicinity of the laser scratch have been investigated. The influence of the laser treatment on the distortion of the crystal lattice was not only determined qualitatively but also quantitatively. Residual stresses of third kind were determined. Residual stress maps of the vicinity of the laser scratch were recorded showing clearly the influence of the laser treatment on the stress state as well as on the formation of the domain structure in FeSi3. The dislocation densities and stress states could be determined on spots of micrometer size. This was made possible by coupling the KOSSEL and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques in one device at high lateral resolution. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exponential stability of impulsive Cohen–Grossberg networks with distributed delays
Authors: Huang Zhenkun , Wang Xinghua , Xia Yonghui
Published: June 2007

In this paper, we investigate impulsive Cohen–Grossberg networks with distributed delays. By Lyapunov–Kravsovskii functional and homeomorphism theory, some new sufficient conditions are established for the existence and global exponential stability of a unique equilibrium without strict conditions imposed on self‐regulation functions. The obtained sufficient conditions are easy to verify, meanwhile we remove the usual assumption that the activation functions are bounded and our results improve the previously known results. It is believed that these results are significant and useful for the design and applications of Cohen–Grossberg networks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CPU0123, a novel endothelin receptor antagonist, relieves hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats by suppressing excessive ET‐ROS pathway
Authors: Cui Bing , Yu Feng , Dai De‐Zai , Zhang Tian‐Tai , Tang Xiao‐Yun , Dai Yin
Published: June 2007

Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH, PH) is a chronic and progressive disease with high morbidity and mortality and is resistant to vasodilative drugs in the clinic due to remodeling of pulmonary arterioles involved in PAH. The endothelin (ET) receptor antagonist bosentan is an effective oral medication in relieving PAH due to its antiproliferative effects. The dual ETA/ETB antagonist receptor antagonist, CPU0213, was compared with nifedipine in treating hypoxic PAH in SD rats that were exposed to 28 days of hypoxia (O2 10±0.5%). In untreated animals, elevated right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), central vein pressure (CVP), and remodeling of pulmonary arterioles were predominant. In the pulmonary tissue of PAH rats, the ET‐ROS pathway was over‐activated in association with a reduced NO level, increased iNOS activity and hydroxyproline contents. Following oral treatment with CPU0213, (50 mg/mg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg, p.o.), the hemodynamic indices and pulmonary arteriole remodeling were significantly improved in a dose‐dependent manner. Elevated ET‐1 levels, iNOS activity, and maladjustment of pulmonary redox system were reversed, accompanied by a reduction of hydroxyproline in pulmonary tissue. An antiproliferative effect of CPU0213 was superior to that of nifedipine. The efficacy of 50 mg/kg CPU0213 was reduced. It is concluded that the low‐selective ETA/ETB receptor antagonist, CPU0213, is effective in relieving hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension by suppressing an over‐activated ET‐ROS pathway in pulmonary tissue. Drug Dev Res 68:42–50, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lactosamine differentially affects olfactory sensory neuron projections to the olfactory bulb
Authors: Schwarting Gerald A. , Henion Timothy R.
Published: June 2007

During embryonic development, olfactory sensory neurons extend axons that form synapses with the dendrites of projection neurons in glomeruli of the olfactory bulb (OB). The glycosyltransferase β3GnT1 regulates the expression of 1B2‐reactive lactosamine glycans that are mosaically distributed among glomeruli. In newborn β3GnT1−/− mice, lactosamine expression is lost, and many glomeruli fail to form. To determine the role of lactosamine in OB targeting, we analyzed the trajectories of specific OR axon populations and their reactivity with 1B2 in β3GnT1−/− mice. mI7 axons and P2 axons, both of which are weakly 1B2+ in wild‐type mice, fail to grow to their normal positions in the glomerular layer during early postnatal development and never recover in adult mutant mice. In contrast, many M72 axons, which are always lactosamine negative in wild‐type mice, survive but are misguided to the extreme anterior OB in neonatal mutant mice and persist as heterotypic glomeruli, even in adult null mice. These results show that the loss of lactosamine differentially affects each OR population. Those that lose their normal expression of lactosamine fail to form stable connections with mitral and tufted cells in the OB, disappear during early postnatal development, and do not recover in adults. Neurons that are normally lactosamine negative, survive early postnatal degeneration in β3GnT1−/− mice but extend axons that converge on inappropriate targets in the mutant OB. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
Phonological or orthographic training for children with phonological or orthographic decoding deficits
Authors: Gustafson Stefan , Ferreira Janna , Rönnberg Jerker
Published: June 2007

In a longitudinal intervention study, Swedish reading disabled children in grades 2–3 received either a phonological (n = 41) or an orthographic (n = 39) training program. Both programs were computerized and interventions took place in ordinary school settings with trained special instruction teachers. Two comparison groups, ordinary special instruction and normal readers, were also included in the study. Results showed strong average training effects on text reading and general word decoding for both phonological and orthographic training, but not significantly higher improvements than for the comparison groups. The main research finding was a double dissociation: children with pronounced phonological problems improved their general word decoding skill more from phonological than from orthographic training, whereas the opposite was observed for children with pronounced orthographic problems. Thus, in this population of children, training should focus on children's relative weakness rather than their relative strength in word decoding. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unimpaired implicit learning in children with developmental dyslexia
Authors: Roodenrys Steven , Dunn Naomi
Published: June 2007

Children with dyslexia have consistently been found to have a variety of deficits in motor, cognitive, and sensory processes; however, the few studies that have been reported of the implicit learning ability of these children have produced conflicting results. The present study aimed to investigate the implicit learning abilities of children with developmental dyslexia using a simple cued reaction time task which has not been studied with this group previously. Twenty‐three children with developmental dyslexia and 37 normally developing children, between the ages of 8 and 10 years, participated in the task. The results were consistent with the hypothesis in demonstrating that, despite an overall slowing in response times, dyslexic children show the same degree of implicit learning as normal readers, thus, providing evidence for an unimpaired implicit learning mechanism in dyslexic individuals. These results hold implications for the underlying mechanisms of learning, as dyslexic individuals who are impaired on explicit learning tasks, such as reading, spelling and writing, are unimpaired on implicit learning tasks. They suggest the existence of two separate systems of learning, each possessing distinct mechanisms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binge antecedents in bulimic syndromes: An examination of dissociation and negative affect
Authors: Engelberg Marla J. , Steiger Howard , Gauvin Lise , Wonderlich Stephen A.
Published: June 2007

Objective:

We conducted a naturalistic study to examine negative affect and dissociative experiences as antecedents to binge episodes.

Method:

Using handheld computers, 33 women with bulimic syndromes provided ongoing self‐reports on eating behaviors, affects, and dissociative experiences over 7‐ to 29‐day intervals.

Results:

Multilevel modeling analyses indicated that negative affect and dissociation were elevated prior to binge episodes. In addition, antecedent effects of dissociation on bingeing were independent of those attributable to negative affect.

Conclusion:

Our results are consistent with models of binge eating that assign a causal role to negative mood and altered self‐awareness. As such, our findings imply that binge eating is a multiply determined behavior linked to diverse cognitive and affective processes. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutual Influences of Ligands as Revealed by the 2H NMR Chemical Shifts and the Angular Overlap Model Parameters: cis‐[CrX2(N)4] and fac‐[CrX3(N)3]‐Type Complexes with Aromatic Amines
Authors: Terasaki Yukiko , Fujihara Takashi , Kaizaki Sumio
Published: June 2007

A mutual influence of ligands through a π donor–acceptor interaction is found by examining how the X co‐ligands of the aromatic amine complexes cis‐[CrX2([D4]bpy)2]n+ (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) and fac‐[CrX3([D12]tpa)]n+ [tpa = tris(2‐pyridyl)amine] affect the 2H NMR chemical shifts in connection with the Angular Overlap Model (AOM) parameterization in an analogous manner to our previous study on the solvatochromism and solvent‐dependent 2H NMR spectra of cis‐[CrF2([D4]bpy)2]+ and fac‐[CrF3([D12]tpa)]. The ranking of the AOM parameter for monodentate and/or didentate ligands can be obtained from this co‐ligand effect only from the 2H NMR shifts. The postulated relative order in the two‐dimensional spectrochemical series is Cl– > Br– > O or N donors (mal2– > acac– or H2O > dmf > NCS–) for the aromatic amine complexes, which contrasts with the order O or N donors > Cl– > Br– for the aliphatic amine complexes(see the preceding paper in this issue). This fact suggests that the Cr–Cl and Cr–Br σ bonds are stronger in the soft acidic aromatic amine complexes than those in the hard acidic aliphatic amine complexes. This means they have a higher affinity for soft basic Cl– and Br– ligands and can be explained in terms of the hard/soft acid/base (HSAB) concept. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Reactivity of InCp* Towards Transition Metal Carbonyl Clusters: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the Rh6(CO)16–x(InCp*)x Mixed‐Metal Cluster Compounds, x = 1–2
Authors: Grachova Elena V. , Linti Gerald
Published: June 2007

With [Rh6(CO)15(InCp*)], the first example of a transition metal carbonyl cluster with a coordinated InCp* (Cp* = C5Me5) fragment in the ligand environment is reported. This cluster with direct Rh–In bonds forms in the reaction of the hexanuclear carbonyl rhodium cluster Rh6(CO)15(NCMe) with InCp* under mild conditions. This is characterized by means of IR and NMR spectroscopy and crystal structure analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Selective Synthesis Under Microwave Irradiation of Carbohydrate Derivatives Containing Unsaturated Systems
Authors: Andrade Marta M. , Barros Maria Teresa , Rodrigues Paula
Published: June 2007

The selective synthesis of sugars containing vinyl ester‐ and vinyl ether‐type side chains was developed by means of esterification and Wittig olefination procedures. The studies were focused on the anomeric position ofD‐xylose and on the primary carbon positions ofD‐glucose and sucrose. Microwave heating was used in both cases, and the results obtained show the usefulness of microwave irradiation for the development of cleaner technologies in carbohydrate chemistry.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A Palladium/Perfluoroalkylated Pyridine Catalyst for Sonogashira Reaction of Aryl Bromides and Chlorides in a Fluorous Biphasic System
Authors: Yi Wen‐Bin , Cai Chun , Wang Xin
Published: June 2007

Palladium perfluorooctanesulfonate [Pd(OPf)2] catalyses the highly efficient Sonogashira reaction of aryl bromides and chlorides in the presence of a catalytic amount of perfluoroalkylated pyridine as a ligand in a fluorous biphasic system (FBS) composed of toluene and perfluorodecalin. The reaction can be performed under phosphane‐, copper‐ and DMF‐free conditions in an air atmosphere. By simple separation of the fluorous phase containing palladium/perfluoroalkylated pyridine catalyst, the reaction can be repeated several times.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Social representations of history and the legitimation of social inequality: the form and function of historical negation
Authors: Sibley Chris G. , Liu James H. , Duckitt John , Khan Sammyh S.
Published: June 2007

Three studies examined the form and function of ideologies that negate (versus recognise) the historical basis of claims for reparation for past injustices. Historical negation (a) predicted opposition towards the resource‐specific aspects of social policy and (b) functioned as the mechanism though which majority group members high in a threat‐driven security‐cohesion motivation (indexed by right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA)) legitimated policy opposition in both undergraduate student (Study 1) and general population (Study 2) samples of the majority group (New Zealand Europeans/Pakeha). Study 3 experimentally manipulated historical negation in a general population sample using extracts adapted from political speeches, and demonstrated that historical negation increased opposition among liberal voters towards the resource‐specific aspects of bicultural policy. These results suggest that history serves an important symbolic function in mobilising support for public policies regarding intergroup relations because temporal continuity is central to claims of legitimacy, especially where resources are involved. Research in this area is important for any nation with a history of intergroup conflict, as it aids not only in understanding the form and function of historical narratives that legitimate social inequality, but also provides insight into the ways in which such discourses can be countered and re‐formulated in order to promote social equality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consensus recommendations to promote and advance predictive systems toxicology and toxicogenomics
Authors: Waters Michael , Yauk Carole
Published: June 2007

The number of high throughput –omics technologies continues to grow. Toxicogenomic application of these technologies is poised to greatly influence current regulatory toxicology. However, many changes are needed before a systems biology level approach can be effectively incorporated into the regulatory toxicology framework. A workshop was held at the Annual Environmental Mutagen Society meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia, on advances in –omics applications. A number of recommendations emerged from the workshop discussion (beyond what activities are currently ongoing) aimed at advancing the ultimate goal of predictive systems toxicology from the present formative state of toxicogenomics. Recommendations include: (1) encouraging investigators to embrace open‐access data sharing, (2) increasing current database and curation capacity, (3) establishment of large collaborative projects investigating multiple –omics endpoints within the same groups of animals, (4) mechanisms to encourage collaborative science including increasing the value of junior authorship on multi‐authored papers and changes in the promotion process, (5) further development of standardized protocols, and (6) investment from the funding agencies and toxicology community to build the required infrastructure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 48:400–403, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
QA/QC issues to aid regulatory acceptance of microarray gene expression data
Authors: Fuscoe James C. , Tong Weida , Shi Leming
Published: June 2007

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is responsible for (1) promoting and protecting public health by assuring the safety and effectiveness of medicines and medical devices and (2) advancing public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines and foods safer, more effective, and more affordable. The genomics revolution has dramatically increased our knowledge of basic biology but this has not resulted in the expected acceleration of new medical product development. The Agency's Critical Path to New Medical Products stresses that new tools are needed to address this pipeline problem. Microarray technology is one of these promising tools although questions have risen about the reproducibility of measurements. The Microarray Quality Control (MAQC) Project was initiated by FDA scientists to address this issue. This large project, which evaluated reference RNA samples on seven microarray platforms, found good intralaboratory repeatability and interlaboratory reproducibility. In addition, there was high cross‐platform consistency. All data are available free of cost and the reference RNA samples are available for proficiency testing. Thus, current microarray technology appears to provide both reliability and consistency for regulatory submissions. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 48:349–353, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implementing the U.S. FDA guidance on pharmacogenomic data submissions
Authors: Goodsaid Federico , Frueh Felix W.
Published: June 2007

The FDA Guidance for Industry: Pharmacogenomics Data Submissions was issued in 2005. This guidance document covers a broad area associated with how and when to submit genomic data to the FDA. Additional tasks associated with genomic data submissions include the implementation of genomic data submissions; the process for qualification of exploratory biomarkers into valid biomarkers; and technical recommendations for the generation and submission of genomic data to the FDA. These tasks have been addressed throughout the past 2 years by a number of initiatives. These initiatives have included the development of the Interdisciplinary Pharmacogenomics Review Group for review of pharmacogenomic data submissions, the pilot process for qualification of biomarkers, and the concept paper on recommendations for the generation and submission of genomic data. These initiatives have contributed to the effective implementation of the Pharmacogenomics Guidance at the FDA. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 48:354–358, Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
U.S. environmental protection agency's activities to prepare for regulatory and risk assessment applications of genomics information
Authors: Benson William H. , Gallagher Kathryn , McClintock J. Thomas
Published: June 2007

Genomics is expected to have significant implications for risk assessment and regulatory decision making. Since 2002, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has undertaken a number of cross‐agency activities to further prepare itself to receive, interpret, and apply genomics information for risk assessment and regulatory purposes. These activities include: (1) the issuance of an Interim Genomics Policy on the use of genomics information in risk assessments and decision making, (2) the release of the 2004 Genomics White Paper, which outlines potential applications and implications of genomics for EPA, and (3) the recent release of the external review draft of the Interim Guidance on Microarray‐Based Assays, which outlines data submission, quality, analysis, management, and training considerations for such data. This manuscript discusses these activities and more recent follow‐up activities with the aim of further communicating these efforts to the broader scientific and stakeholder community. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 48:359–362, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomics‐based food‐borne pathogen testing and diagnostics: Possibilities for the U.S. department of agriculture's food safety and inspection service
Authors: Withee James , Dearfield Kerry L.
Published: June 2007

The use of genomic technologies at the U.S. Department of Agriculture could enhance inspection, monitoring, and risk assessment capabilities within its Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Molecular assays capable of detecting hundreds of microbial DNA sequences within a single food sample that identify food‐borne pathogens of concern and characterize their traits most relevant to human health risk are of great interest for FSIS. For example, a high‐density assay, or combination of assays, could screen FSIS inspected food for pathogens relevant to public health (e.g., Salmonella, Listeria, and toxic E. coli) as well as their associated virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes. Because most genotype assays can be completed in one working day with a minimum of reagents, use of such assays could potentially save FSIS a significant amount of cost/time for analyses. Further, a genotype assay can detect specific microbial traits relevant to human health risk based on the DNA sequence of toxin producing genes, antibiotic resistance alleles, and more. By combining rapid analysis with specific data on human health risks, information from such high‐density genotype assays could provide expanded support for test and hold situations, recalls, outbreak management, and microbial risk assessments (e.g., provide data needed for food‐borne illness source attribution). Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 48:363–368, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of toxicogenomics to genetic toxicology risk assessment
Authors: Thybaud Véronique , Le Fevre Anne‐Céline , Boitier Eric
Published: June 2007

Based on the assumption that compounds having similar toxic modes of action induce specific gene expression changes, the toxicity of unknown compounds can be predicted after comparison of their molecular fingerprints with those obtained with compounds of known toxicity. These predictive models will therefore rely on the characterization of marker genes. Toxicogenomics (TGX) also provides mechanistic insight into the mode of toxicity, and can therefore be used as an adjunct to the standard battery of genotoxicity tests. Promising results, highlighting the ability of TGX to differentiate genotoxic from non‐genotoxic carcinogens, as well as DNA‐reactive from non‐DNA reactive genotoxins, have been reported. Additional data suggested the possibility of ranking genotoxins according to the nature of their interactions with DNA. This new approach could contribute to the improvement of risk assessment. TGX could be applied as a follow‐up testing strategy in case of positive in vitro genotoxicity findings, and could contribute to improve our ability to identify the molecular mechanism of action and to possibly better assess dose–response curves. TGX has been found to be less sensitive than the standard genotoxicity end‐points, probably because it measures the whole cell population response, when compared with standard tests designed to detect rare events in a small number of cells. Further validation will be needed (1) to better link the profiles obtained with TGX to the established genotoxicity end‐points, (2) to improve the gene annotation tools, and (3) to standardise study design and data analysis and to better evaluate the impact of variability between platforms and bioinformatics approaches. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 48:369‐379, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From genomics to mechanistic insight: A global perspective on molecular deficits induced by environmental agents
Authors: Ramos Kenneth S. , Steffen Marlene C. , Falahatpisheh M.H. , Nanez Adrian
Published: June 2007

As the postgenomic era continues to unfold, a new wave of scientific investigation is upon us focusing on the application of genomic technologies to study the meanings encrypted on the DNA code and the responses of living organisms to changes in their environment. Recent functional genomics studies in this laboratory have focused on the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a ubiquitous transcription factor, in genetic programming during renal development. Also of interest is the application of genomics investigations to the study of chronic medical conditions associated with early life exposures to environmental contaminants. Molecular evidence is discussed in this review within the framework of human molecular medicine. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 48:395–399, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A scalar damage measure for seismic reliability analysis of RC frames
Authors: Jalayer F. , Franchin P. , Pinto P. E.
Published: June 2007

A scalar damage measure (DM) for probabilistic performance assessment of structures can be expressed as the critical demand‐to‐capacity ratio corresponding to the component or mechanism that leads the structure closest to failure at the onset of which, the DM assumes the value of one. This DM can be employed to make probabilistic performance assessments taking into account the uncertainty in the ground motion, in the structural modelling parameters, and also in the model(s) used for determining components capacity. Nonlinear dynamic analysis methods can be used to estimate this DM in two ways: (a) applying a (small‐size) set of un‐scaled ground motion records to the structure and (b) using incremental dynamic analysis. Case (a) is suitable for making performance assessments based on demand and capacity factor design format and case (b) is suitable for estimating directly the probability of failure
using numerical integration. Performance assessments using this DM are described in a case study of a RC frame in which the critical demand‐to‐capacity ratio is determined by taking into account various modes of failure for the limit state of collapse, such as weak storey mechanisms, shear failure in the columns, and ultimate deformations in the columns. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of structural capacity uncertainty on seismic reliability of buildings under narrow‐band motions
Authors: Montiel M. A. , Ruiz S. E.
Published: June 2007

The influence of parameter uncertainties on the seismic reliability of several structural reinforced concrete buildings is analysed. Drift hazard curves of buildings considering mean values of their material properties and of instantaneous live loads are compared with those considering uncertain values. Influence of uncertainty in the storey drift capacity and, alternatively, in intensity capacity on the structural annual failure rates is evaluated. The structural capacity is estimated by incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). It is shown that for the analysis of structures that ‘soften’ into a peak of their corresponding spectra associated with narrow‐band motions it could be more adequate to use the peak storey drift as a measure of structural capacity, rather than the intensity that causes the failure. The study makes emphasis on the importance of the acceleration spectral shape on the reliability of structures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inclusion of P–Δ effect in displacement‐based seismic design of steel moment resisting frames
Authors: Asimakopoulos Aristidis V. , Karabalis Dimitris L. , Beskos Dimitri E.
Published: June 2007

A procedure for treating the P–
Δ effect in the direct displacement‐based seismic design of regular steel moment resisting frames with ideal elastoplastic material behaviour is proposed. A simple formula for the yield displacement amplification factor as a function of ductility and the stability coefficient is derived on the basis of the seismic response of an inelastic single degree‐of‐freedom system taking into account the P–
Δ effect. Extensive parametric seismic inelastic analyses of plane moment resisting steel frames result in a simple formula for the dynamic stability coefficient as a function of the number of stories of a frame and the column to beam stiffness ratio. Thus, the P–
Δ effect can be easily taken into account in a direct displacement‐based seismic design through the stability coefficient and the yield displacement amplification factor. A simple design example serves to illustrate the application of the proposed method and demonstrate its merits. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combating Thunder and Lightning with Lasers
Authors: Wöste Ludger H. , Sauerbrey Roland
Published: June 2007

Ultra‐short pulses of light from a high‐power laser allow long plasma channels to be generated in the air. This technology is not only useful for atmospheric research, it could also lead to significantly improved protection against thunderstorms
The Double Life of a Fungus
Authors: Lutz Matthias , Bauer Robert , Oberwinkler Franz
Published: June 2007

Suspected Sexual Infidelity: The transformation of sexuality to parasitism prompted the evolution of a unique fungal survival strategy – Tuberculina is both a fungi parasite and a plant parasite
Effect of channel network topology, basin segmentation and rainfall spatial distribution on the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph transfer function
Authors: Moussa Roger
Published: June 2007

The hydrologic properties of the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) are analysed as a function of the topological properties of the channel network and hillslopes, the hydraulic characteristics of flows (such as celerity and diffusivity), and the spatial distribution of effective rainfall. Applications were conducted on seven basins located in southern France. First, we study the effects of the spatial discretization of the catchment as a function of morphometric properties, such as the number of source points N, the total length of the channel network T and the mainstream length function M of the drained area S. Relationships are established between N(S), T(S) and M(S) and new descriptors are proposed and correlated with the hydrological properties of the GIUH. Results show that a subdivision of the basin into subcatchments determined by only two main nodes of the channel network is sufficient to identify the GIUH. Second, the sensitivity analysis shows that the GIUH is more sensitive to the channel topology and to the spatial distribution of rainfall when correlated with altitude than it is to the hydraulic properties of flow on hillslopes and in the channel. Numerical simulations enable one to compare the travel time on hillslopes and the travel time through the channel network as a function of the parameters of the GIUH, and to define constraints for basin segmentation in spatially distributed hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modification of the titan surface with photoreactive gelatin to regulate cell attachment
Authors: Heydari Mojgan , Hasuda Hirokazu , Sakuragi Makoto , Yoshida Yasuhiro , Suzuki Kazuomi , Ito Yoshihiro
Published: June 2007

Titan (TiO2) was modified with photoreactive gelatin in order to regulate the attachment of cells. Photoreactive gelatin, which was synthesized by the coupling reaction of gelatin with N‐(4‐azidobenzoyloxy) succinimide, was immobilized onto the n‐octadecyltrimethoxysilane (ODS)‐TiO2 or TiO2 surface by ultraviolet irradiation both in the absence and presence of a photo mask. In the absence of a photo mask, the modified titan surface was analyzed by measuring water contact angles and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The result showed that ODS hydrophobilized the titan surface, and that the immobilization of gelatin affected the surface's hydrophilicity. XPS shows that titan was covered with organic material, including ODS and gelatin. With the photo mask in place, micropatterning of the gelatin was performed. This pattern was confirmed by optical microscopy and time‐of‐flight secondary ion‐mass spectroscopy (TOF‐SIMS). Monkey COS‐7 epithelial cells were cultured on the unpattern‐ and pattern‐immobilized plate. A significantly higher degree of cell attachment was found on the photoreactive gelatin‐immobilized regions than on those that were not immobilized. It was concluded that the cellular pattern on titan was regulated by immobilized photoreactive gelatin. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
In‐vitro assays of polymer‐coated stents eluting platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor monoclonal antibody
Authors: Yin Tieying , Wang Guixue , Ruan Changgeng , Guzman Randolph , Guidoin Robert
Published: June 2007

The monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor has potent antiplatelet and antithrombotic characteristics shown to reduce thrombus‐related major complications after coronary angioplasty. This mAb can be incorporated in drug‐eluting stents capable of releasing single or multiple bioactive agents into the bloodstream and surrounding tissues. Stents eluting the monoclonal mouse anti‐human platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antibody SZ‐262 were tested for their effectiveness in improving the blood compatibility and the antithrombotic characteristics by immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM results convincingly demonstrated that the surface of the mAb eluting‐stents was completely free of platelet uptake without any sign of cellular debris or proteinaceous deposits, compared with controls. The deformation index of platelets on the l‐polylactic acid (l‐PLA) coated stents were higher than bare Nitinol intravascular stents, as shown by SEM images. Monoclonal antibody to the platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor, when eluting from l‐PLA polymer‐coated stents, effectively inhibits platelet aggregation in the stent microenvironment, thus demonstrating a potential capacity of reducing thrombosis, improving blood flow and arterial patency rates, and inhibiting cyclic blood flow variations. These results highlight the possibility of such monoclonal antibody‐eluting stents to reduce or possibly eliminate thrombosis and in‐stent restenosis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007