bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New data (for 2020) on the distribution of species from the genus Carpelimus Leach, 1819 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) in the Oriental Region
Authors: Gildenkov Mikhail Yurievich
Published: May 2021

New data on the distribution of species from the genus Carpelimus Leach, 1819 in the Oriental Region for 2020 are presented. Carpelimus (s. str.) politus politus (Kiesenwetter, 1850) is recorded for the first time from the Oriental Region, the Jiangxi province in China. Carpelimus (s. str.) raptius Gildenkov, 2019 is recorded for the first time from Vietnam. Carpelimus (s. str.) papuensis (Fauvel, 1879), Carpelimus (Trogophloeus) pseudosimplex Gildenkov, 2013 and Carpelimus (Trogophloeus) simplex (Motschulsky, 1857) are recorded for the first time from Cambodia. Carpelimus (s. str.) praelongus (Bernhauer, 1938) is recorded for the first time from Thailand. Carpelimus (Trogophloeus) plenus Gildenkov, 2019 is recorded for the first time from Malaysia (Borneo) and Indonesia (Sulawesi). Carpelimus (Trogophloeus) geminus Gildenkov, 2018 is recorded for the first time from India, the province of W Bengal. Carpelimus (Trogophloeus) coriaceus (Cameron, 1930) is recorded for the first time from the south of India, the province of Tamil Nadu. Carpelimus (Trogophloeus) magnicollis Gildenkov, 2014, Carpelimus (Trogophloeus) taprobanae (Walker, 1859) and Carpelimus (Trogophloeus) vagans (Cameron, 1930) are recorded for the first time for the central part of India, the province of Madhya Pradesh. Carpelimus (s. str.) communius Gildenkov, 2019 is recorded for the first time from China, the Yunnan province. Carpelimus (s. str.) angusticollis (Bernhauer, 1907), Carpelimus (s. str.) indicus indicus (Kraatz, 1859) and Carpelimus (Troginus) atomus (Saulcy, 1864) are recorded for the first time from the Chinese province of Jiangxi; Carpelimus (Trogophloeus) paripalitans Gildenkov, 2013 is recorded for the first time from the provinces of Jiangxi and Guangdong; Carpelimus (Bucephalinus) formosae (Cameron, 1940) is recorded for the first time from for the province of Hainan. Carpelimus (Troginus) exiguus (Erichson, 1839) is reliably recorded for the Oriental Region from China, the Yunnan province.
Indicators of the water regime of some varieties of chrysanthemums in the conditions of the South Ural
Authors: Denisova Svetlana Galimullovna , Reut Antonina Anatolyevna
Published: May 2021

In introduction studies, it is of great importance to determine how favorable the water balance of the studied species is under given environmental conditions. The aim of the research was to study the water regime of some varieties of chrysanthemums in the conditions of the Southern Ural. The study was conducted in 20182020 on the basis of the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences. The objects of the study were 23 varieties of Chrysanthemum hortorum Bailey. In the course of the research, the total water content, water-holding capacity, the content of mobile moisture, water deficit, and sublethal water deficit were determined. The analysis of water regime indicators is based on the method of artificial wilting (V.N. Tarenkov, L.N. Ivanova) and the method of saturation of plant samples (V.P. Moiseev, N.P. Reshetsky). Sublethal water deficit was determined by the method of T.K. Goryshina, L.I. Samsonova, modified by N.I. Bobrovskaya. The calculations were carried out by standard methods using statistical packages of the Microsoft Excel 2003 and the Agros 2.13 program. The studies made it possible to determine the value of the sublethal water deficit (28,4%) for the varieties of chrysanthemums in the conditions of the Bashkir Ural. It was found that the studied varieties during the growing season did not experience such a moisture deficit in the tissues that could lead to irreversible damage to the assimilating organs. Our experiments showed that chrysanthemum varieties in the Bashkir Cis-Ural under the same soil-climatic and agrotechnical conditions had the following range of indicators of total water content 70,090,4% and water-holding capacity 19,0064,6%. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences between water-holding capacity and the content of mobile moisture by varieties, the share of influence was 27,8531,71%. As a result of the correlation-regression analysis, the authors revealed a direct dependence of the indicators of mobile moisture content on the total water content, and an inverse one on the indicators of the content of mobile moisture and water-holding capacity.
Morphological variability of Betula pendula Roth leaves under conditions of technogenic transformation of the environment
Authors: Zhuikova Tatyana Valerievna , Popova Anastasia Sergeevna , Meling Eleonora Vasilievna
Published: May 2021

The paper analyzes morphological characters variability of Betula pendula Roth leaves growing in the gradient of technogenic soil transformation. Biological material was collected in natural phytocoenoses and in the Pritagilskaya zone of the Middle Urals technogenically contaminated with heavy metals. In the gradient under study, a change in the shape of the leaf blade is observed: it is rounded, the base is straightened and the top is stretched. The sizes of leaf blades of Betula pendula are smaller under conditions of an average level of pollution than in the background and maximum polluted areas. The largest leaves are typical for B. pendula from the most polluted area. In the studied gradient of the technogenic transformation of the environment, four types of leaf blades forms were distinguished: 1) ovate with a rounded-wedge-shaped base and with a pointed apex; 2) triangular-broadly ovate with a rounded-wedge-shaped base and a pointed apex; 3) triangular-broadly ovate with a truncated base and a pointed apex; 4) triangular-broadly ovate with a truncated base and an elongated pointed apex. By the factor analysis the authors have identified the factors that explain 60% of the total variance of the leaf shape trait. The variables have large factor loads for the first factor (length and width of the leaf blade, length of the petiole, the distance from the tip of the leaf blade to the widest part) (42%) and smaller loads for the second one (leaf index) (18%). On the basis of these features, a discriminant analysis was carried out, the results of which indicate that the leaves of plants from the impact area differ from the rest. On the basis of the ratio of the general and consistent variability, morphological features were identified that are ecological indicators the distance between the bases of the first-second and second-third lateral veins of the first order, the distance from the widest part to the base of the leaf blade, IF (shape index sheet). The high overall and low consistent variability of these characteristics is determined to a greater extent by the influence of environmental factors. The analysis of changes patterns in the level of leaves morphological integration in the gradient of soils technogenic transformation showed that Betula pendula is characterized by a protective-stress developmental strategy.
The use of unconventional organic waste for vermicomposting in Surgut greenhouses
Authors: Ibragimova Dinara Vladimirovna , Guselnikova Marina Vladimirovna , Nakonechnyy Nikolay Vladimirovich
Published: May 2021

The paper discusses the use of non-traditional types of organic waste in vermicomposting in greenhouses on the territory of the middle taiga forest zone of Western Siberia. Experimental studies were carried out in the laboratories of the scientific and educational center and the center for collective use of the Institute of Natural and Technical Sciences of Surgut State University in 20012020. The main objects of the study were brewers grains, waste from the production of the Kristal brewing company in Surgut and wastewater sludge from the treatment facilities of the Gorvodokanal in Surgut. Additionally, the composition of complex composts included sand, office waste paper, waste coffee, food waste, leaf and grass litter, bird droppings and the microbiological additive Tamir. The compost worms of the Eisenia foetida Prospector species were used as vermiculture. 10 juveniles were launched in the first series of experiments and 50 juvenile worms were launched in the second series. The resulting vermicomposting is more effective in quality than the original substrates. The use of the hybrid Prospector can be effectively used in the disposal of non-traditional organic waste. Complex composts mature more efficiently when microbiological additives are added. In the studied substrates the content of heavy metals was reduced to MPC norms.
Flora and vegetation of urbanized areas on the example of the Melekeska and Shukralinka valleys within Naberezhnye Chelny
Authors: Lyubarsky Dmitry Sergeevich , Tokinova Rimma Petrovna
Published: May 2021

The paper deals with the examination results of flora and vegetation of the Melekeska and Shukralinka valleys within Naberezhnye Chelny. The most common plant associations are identified, they are Bromopsetum variograminosum, B. varioherbosum, Festicetum variograminosum, Calamagrostetum epigeiosum; Phragmitetum australis associations are identified in the flooded areas. Anthropogenically altered areas with a high mosaicity of listed above associations communities and ephemeral weeds are widely represented. The volume and structure are shown in the areas flora. This area is subjected to constant anthropogenic load. Taxonomic and geographic analyses of flora as well as a range of vital forms and ecological types are submitted. 120 plant species from 94 genera and 40 families have been identified. The position of the leading families is like that in regional flora, Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Fabaceae are leading. Perennial polycarpic grasses especially long-rhizome (21,7%) and tap-root (15,0%) dominate among biomorphs (69,2%). Species with wide ranges are of paramount importance, they are Euro-West Asian (30,9%), Eurasian (27,5%), Holarctic (11,7%) and the percentage of alien species is 8,5%. Ruderal (36,7%), meadow (17,5%) and humid meadow (11,7%) species are leading in the ecological-coenotic spectrum. The adventive flora is represented by 16 species and it is briefly analyzed. Valley floras of some other Middle Volga rivers have been compared.
Birds as a food base for mosquitoes – carriers of the causative agent of tropical malaria
Authors: Mishchenko Andrey Vladimirovich , Artemyeva Elena Aleksandrovna
Published: May 2021

The paper discusses the food supply of the vector of malaria mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, which are birds of tropical regions of West Africa. Birds, as distant migrants, penetrate high latitudes and contribute to the spread of malaria in Europe and other countries of the northern hemisphere. The results of the studies show that the main role in the choice of prey objects by female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes birds is played by the nesting and forage biotopes of birds, which are comfortable for mosquito breeding. Probably, female mosquitoes use non-feathered parts of the body of adult birds for feeding unfeathered or weakly feathered chicks in nests. The circulation of Plasmodium falciparum includes populations of birds, primarily water, near-water and marsh complexes, as well as birds, the development of which takes place in specific conditions of a closed space in holes, hollows and closed nests. The Anopheles gambiae mosquito in this system plays the role of a carrier of Plasmodium falciparum not only among populations of birds and mammals, but also among humans, which determines the range of tropical malaria, which is a natural focal vector-borne disease. The authors have identified 37 species of birds carriers of malaria in natural and anthropogenic biocoenoses of Mali (West Africa). The most numerous during the migration and nesting period are birds of the aquatic, near-water and meadow-bog complexes (herons, herons, waders) distant migrants on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries. The risk areas include, first of all, the southern regions Astrakhan Region, Rostov Region and Krasnodar Region.
Materials on the ecology of background species of reptiles in the Tambov Region
Authors: Podolsky Aleksey Vladimirovich
Published: May 2021

The paper presents data on the ecology of two common species of reptiles in the Tambov Region: the sand lizard, Lacerta agilis Linnaeus, 1758, and the common grass snake, Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758). The material was collected in the Michurinsky, Pervomaysky, Tambovsky and Inzhavinsky (on the territory of the Voroninsky State Nature Reserve) Districts of the Tambov Region during the 2019 field season. Field observations and accounting for the numbers of animals on the routes were carried out in the most typical biotopes for the study sites: in pine forest, deciduous forest, in steppe areas affected to varying degrees by anthropogenic transformation, in floodplains of rivers and along the shores of lakes and artificial reservoirs. Information on the following aspects of the ecology of these reptile species in the region is presented and discussed: habitat distribution and numbers, seasonal and diurnal activity, phenology of reproduction and development and the influence of anthropogenic factors. All materials obtained as a result of our own research are compared with the data of the literature sources cited in the paper. On the basis of wide distribution in the region, relatively high numbers and trends to synanthropy it is stated that the state of the populations of the sand lizard and common grass snake in the region in the present conditions is safe and special measures for their protection are not required.
The assessment of the environmental hazard of isomers of 1,2,4-triazole phenolic derivatives for natural ecosystems
Authors: Selezneva Ekaterina Sergeevna , Belousova Zoya Petrovna , Artyukov Robert Olegovich
Published: May 2021

Its necessary to synthesize homologues of compounds frequently used in practice and to analyze their biological activity in laboratory experiments using screening tests that provide an integral assessment of biological responses to assess the effect of anthropogenic xenobiotics with different structures on ecosystems adjacent to agricultural complexes. We analyzed alcohol solutions of 2-(1H-1,2,4-triazolyl-methyl)phenol (ortho-isomer) and 4-(1H-1,2,4-triazolyl-methyl)phenol (para-isomer) in three concentrations: 0,0001; 0,001; 0.01 mg/ml using the Allium-test. The solvent was 0,1% isopropyl alcohol; the test object was Allium fistulosum L. The duration of the experiment was 5 days. Triazolide solutions significantly inhibited seed germination at all investigated concentrations. However, no significant differences were found between the isomers and the studied concentrations. Both isomers inhibited root growth at all concentrations tested. The toxicity of a triazolide containing an OH group in the para-position didnt change over the selected concentration range. For its ortho-isomer, toxicity increased with increasing concentration, reaching the toxicity of its homologue at a dose of 0,01 mg/ml. Both tested compounds significantly inhibited the proliferation of meristem cells as compared to the control. At the same time, no differences were observed in the effect of homologues with the OH-group in the para- and ortho-position on the value of the mitotic index. However, we found a paradoxical reaction: both homologues showed maximum cytotoxicity at a minimum concentration of 0,0001 mg/ml, and cytotoxicity decreased with increasing concentration compared to control. A triazolid containing an OH group in the para-position caused a block at the metaphase and anaphase stages at the lowest concentration. The specificity of its action disappeared with an increase in concentration, which was expressed in a general prophase and metaphase block. Its ortho-isomer inhibited cell division at all concentrations at the prophase stage. Both compounds are mutagenic. The number of chromosomal aberrations depended on both the structure of the compounds and their concentration. The para-homologue is less mutagenic than ortho. In the ortho-homologue, mutagenicity decreased slightly with increasing concentration. The highest mutagenicity was found for the ortho-homologue at its lowest concentration. The paper discusses possible mechanisms of action of isomers and their negative impact on plant organisms in ecosystems.
The inventory of vegetation cover of small river valleys in the north-east of the Samara Region
Authors: Solovieva Vera Valentinovna
Published: May 2021

The study covered 10 small rivers in the North-Eastern part of the Samara Volga region. The author studied the vegetation cover, which is understood as a set of phytocoenoses and their constituent plant species. On the territory of Pokhvistnevsky District, there are two groups of river valleys that are heterogeneous in geobotanical terms. The first group includes the rivers with forested valleys (Kutlugush, Murakla, Karmalka). Their slopes are more or less symmetrical and steep. The vegetation cover of an undeveloped floodplain is usually uniform, and there is usually no belt. The valleys of the second group are treeless; their slopes are sharply asymmetrical (Amanak, Tergala, Talkish). The right-bank tributary of the Maly Kinel River the Lozovka River with its length of 20 km and the left tributary Kuvayka River with its length of 16 km were studied on the territory of Kinel-Cherkassky District. The Padovka and Zaprudka rivers and the right tributaries of the Bolshoi Kinel River (Kinelsky District) were also studied. The most common associations are (Salix fragilis heteroherbosa, Scirpus sylvaticus purum, Agrostis stolonifera Amoria repens, Elytrigia repens + Poa angustifolia heteroherbosa). In total, 19 types of phytocoenoses were noted, 4 of them are found in half of the studied rivers. In the plant communities of small river valleys there are 232 species of higher wild plants, which belong to 139 genera from 48 families. This is 60% of the total number of higher plants registered in the flora of small river valleys of the Samara Region. Rare protected plant species are registered here: Adonis volgensis Steven ex DC., Cacalia hastata L., Delphinium cuneatum Stev. ex DC., Globularia punctata Lapeyr.
Biotopic distribution and abundance of the Altai mole (Talpa altaica Nikolsky, 1883) on the left bank of the Middle Ob
Authors: Starikov Vladimir Pavlovich , Vaganova Elena Alekseevna , Bernikov Kirill Aleksandrovich , Shemyakina Natalya Sergeevna
Published: May 2021

The studies were conducted on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug Yugra (Surgutskiy District) in 20182020 in the Surgut natural wildlife reserve and in 2020 in the vicinity of the Kamennyi Cape ski resort on the left bank of the middle Ob. The paper notes the poor knowledge of the distribution of the Altai mole in the forest zone of Western Siberia, especially on the northern and western borders of the range. Hence, there is almost complete lack of information on its biology and ecology in the area. The Altai mole was collected while counting other small mammals using trapping grooves and guiding fences made of polyethylene membrane; a total of 43 individuals were counted. As in other parts of the forest zone of Western Siberia, the Altai mole near the northern border of the range the left bank of the Middle Ob is confined to mixed and small-leaved forests with rich undergrowth and grassy layer. During the observation period, the maximum abundance of the Altai mole was in 2019. In 2018 and 2020 its abundance was 26 times lower. One of the reasons for such fluctuations can be abiotic factors, in particular, the difference in winter temperature conditions, the height of the snow cover and others. Information about freezing of both Talpa europaea Linnaeus, 1758, and Talpa altaica Nikolsky, 1883, moles during little snowy harsh winters is known.
Seasonal antimicrobial activity of volatile substances emitted by the representatives of Begonia L. genus (Begoniaceae)
Authors: Tsybulya Natalya Vladimirovna , Fershalova Tatyana Dmitrievna
Published: May 2021

The paper continues multi-year integrated studies of the numerous taxons of tropical Begonia genus, which allowed us to evaluate the adaptive capacity of the representatives of this genus relying on the revealed morphological, rhythmological and biochemical features. The investigation of antimicrobial activity of intact plants and different fractions of plant extracts allowed us to distinguish several promising representatives of this genus exhibiting activity against a broad range of test microorganisms. The involvement of these plants within phytomodules in child care centers caused a substantial decrease in total microbial contamination of the air. The paper contains results of the experimental investigation of seasonal antimicrobial activity of 13 species, 8 hybrids. The phytoncide activity was measured by exposing the streak cultures of microbial test species bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, Esсherichia coli and yeast-like fungi Candida albicans to the volatile emissions of plants. It has been established that 95% of begonias are distinguished by the pronounced activity against S. epidermidis bacteria, 48% against E. coli bacteria and 43% against fungi Candida albicans. The seasonal specificity of the antimicrobial action of begonias was detected: the growth of the colonies of S. epidermidis bacteria is inhibited to the highest extent during spring and summer, at the phase of intense growth, while the activity against E. coli is the highest during autumn and winter at the phase of moderate growth. The taxons with clearly pronounced, long-term and universal antimicrobial action to the studied test objects were revealed and recommended for practical planting in various types of indoor environments. The data obtained in the study may serve as the basis for further investigation of the chemical composition of volatile exometabolites by the example of the representatives of Gireoudia and Coelocentrum sections that have exhibited high antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis and E. coli.
Traces types in the deposits: case study of V–II millennium BC sites in the far northeast of Europe
Authors: Karmanov Viktor Nikolaevich
Published: May 2021

The author publishes data on the main types of traces of human activity, revealed in the deposits of the sites with sub-terrain dwellings of the Neolithic and Eneolithic, modern territories of the Komi Republic and the eastern part of the Arkhangelsk Region. The description, expertise, analysis and interpretation of such evidences are an argumentative basis for further reconstruction of specific archaeological situations. The sequence of their development project creation use abandonment taphonomy determined the range of methods; the involved facts and the structure of the study. The author uses planigraphic and stratigraphic observations collected by researchers in the region; geomorphology; pedology; chemical and mineral composition of soils. These methods made it possible to determine the creation and the appearance of traces, as well as to identify problematic situations for which the data are still insufficient. The sediments are classified into four groups: original soil; sediments modified by mechanical and geochemical influences; and soils formed after the abandonment of the sites, including modern soil. As a result, it is determined that for research in archaeology, the entire complex of deposits, including modern soil, is of significance as evidences. The author therefore proposes to go beyond universal definitions of cultural layer, cultural or culture-bearing deposits, and to study and describe specific contexts of traces and remains under research. The available experience is predominantly the results of purely archaeological research with occasional use of science data. It is obvious that the traces of prehistoric life were created under complex conditions with the influence of physical, chemical and biological processes. Therefore, to further accumulate the evidence base of archaeological research, experiments in systematic comprehensive analysis of deposits of sites, buried in the ground are necessary.
Dwellings of the Kama culture in the Middle Cis-Urals
Authors: Lychagina Evgeniya Leonidovna
Published: May 2021

The paper describes the dwellings of the Kama Neolithic culture, which were studied on the territory of the Middle Cis-Urals. In total, six dwellings are known in the region at the sites of Ust-Bukorok, Khutorskaya (2 dwellings), Levshino, Chernashka and Ust-Zalaznushka II settlements. They belong to different stages of the Kama Neolithic culture. The huts were located either on terraces or in the floodplain. All dwellings had a quadrangular shape. Inside the dwellings, 1 to 6 household pits of the sub-oval or sub-circular shape are distinguished. Hearths are known only in dwellings of the early and Khutorskaya stages Kama Neolithic culture. All huts had no more than one exit. As a rule, it was located on the longitudinal axis of the structure. Dwellings belonging to the Kama Neolithic culture are known on the territory of North-East Europe, the Kama-Vyatka interfluve, the Lower Kama and the Middle Volga Region. The main type of dwellings are structures under a quadrangular shape, deepened into the mainland by 0,20,6 m, with 12 exits, 13 hearths, 16 household pits.
The Late Neolithic of Trans-Urals: Poludenka issues
Authors: Yakovleva Ekaterina Sergeevna
Published: May 2021

The paper examines the Poludenka discourse in the context of historiography and modern research practices. It analyzes changes in attributive characteristics and essential interpretation of Poludenka ceramics (culture, traditions) and the associated empirical and theoretical difficulties. It is noted that the problem of typological criteria is associated with the periodization paradigm the use of three- or two-stage periodization, which includes or excludes a transitional stage in the material culture of the Trans-Urals Neolithic between the early and late stages of development. The issue of the genesis of the Poludenka tradition and foreign cultural influence, as well as its local isolation on the southern periphery of culture, is also considered. It is assumed that the ornamental originality of the Poludenka pottery in the forest-steppe Pre-Tobol Region is associated with the interaction of the Trans-Urals population at the end of the Early Neolithic with the bearers of the Makhanjar tradition; emphasizes the participation of the Koshkino component in the Poludenka tradition creation at the previous stage. As a solution, it is proposed to return to the notion of a transitional stage between the Early and Late Neolithic, probably at the interval that coincides with the period of coexistence of all traditions, using the established term Kozlovo-Poludenka; the author also notes the perspective of material complexes analysis taking into account the geographical factor.
Criteria for frame-and-pillar dwellings selection in Russian archeology
Authors: Polovnikov Leonid Vyacheslavovich
Published: May 2021

The work is devoted to the study of various types of post-frame structures based on archaeological and ethnographic data. The analysis of the structural features of dwellings of different eras and archaeological cultures is carried out. Ethnographic parallels are also drawn. The main attention was paid to the study of the bearing elements of the buildings the pillars that were dug in along the perimeter, and on which the roof rafters rested. This made it possible to single out the criteria by which Russian researchers ranked household and residential buildings as frame-and-pillar type. This study showed that initially archaeologists attributed the buildings to the pillar type. This trend continued for several decades. But with the beginning of the 21 century modern researchers were increasingly attributing such structures to the frame-pillar type. Sometimes an equals sign was put between the two types of buildings, which could lead to confusion in the scientific community. There are two options for identifying the types of buildings: on the basis of their own clear criteria, or the use of already established concepts in architecture and construction practice. The author is inclined to believe that the medieval buildings of the Perm Cis-Urals of the Lomovatovskaya and Rodanovskaya archaeological cultures should be classified as pillar structures.
The position of the French aristocracy on the reform projects presented at the Assembly of notables in 1787
Authors: Koutseva Elena Aleksandrovna
Published: May 2021

The paper is devoted to the position of the French aristocracy regarding the projects of the Controller General of Finance Calonne, presented for discussion at the Assembly of notables in 1787. The budget deficit by the end of the 80s of 18th century reached over 80 million livres a year, the country was on the verge of an economic crisis. The Controller General of Finance Calonne proposed to the king to convene in 1787 an Assembly of notables, prominent representatives of the French nation, to approve a plan of government reforms. Although the Assembly included notables from the three estates of the kingdom, the aristocracy, which was widely represented in it, played an important role. The titled French nobility at the end of the Old Order still retained influence in the state, thanks to their economic position, social status and positions at court, in the army and in the state apparatus. The Assembly of notables had no legislative force, but Calonne convinced the king that the reform plan approved by the assembly would break the resistance of parliaments and gain the approval of the whole society. The presented reforms affected the interests of the privileged estates, but the government expected that the notables would accept the proposals and vote for the reforms, which according to Calonne contributed to the huge budget deficit, educational ideas about equality, physiocrats projects announced earlier and the chosen composition of notables, many of which were occupied by liberal and pro-government position. The Notables put forward their ideas on taxation and the creation of provincial assemblies and expressed the idea of convening the States General as a body competent to adopt such significant reforms for French society.
Everyday business activity of Orenburg post-reform merchants engaged in trade at fairs
Authors: Abdrakhmanov Konstantin Alekseevich
Published: May 2021

The paper examines specifics of the business activity of Orenburg merchants during the post-reform era in the area of trade at fairs. The paper analyzes the conditions of this branch of commerce, including how comfortable the premises used for trade were, what features the nature and climate of Orenburg Region had, how the goods reached the consumer and what the internal atmosphere of major All-Russian fairs was. The study reveals the attitude of provincial entrepreneurs of the Great Reform period towards seasonal itinerant trade within their region. The narrowness of the domestic market, the difficulty of transporting goods by horse-drawn transport, the periodic cycle of operation of fairs, which didnt allow merchants to receive profits consistently, and the lack of comfortable retail outlets were the reasons why Orenburg merchants eventually abandoned intraregional seasonal trade. Since the 1880s, active construction of railways began throughout the empire, which made the Nizhny Novgorod Fair one of the centers of the empires commercial life, more available to the provincial merchants, and Orenburg entrepreneurs continued to visit it in the first decade and a half of the 20th century. However, one of the main reasons why merchants were interested in traveling to the Nizhny Novgorod Fair was the fact that all sorts of entertainment and pleasures were available at the fair, which were more difficult to enjoy at home due to family and marital obligations. The source base of the study consists of documents from the archives of Orenburg and Chelyabinsk Regions that reflect the problems of organizing fairs during the post-reform period.
The policy of the separatist regime of Chechnya in relation to the war in Dagestan in August-September 1999
Authors: Tumakov Denis Vasilievich
Published: May 2021

This article attempts to analyze the policy of the Chechen separatist regime in relation to military actions between the Federal Center and radical Islamist groups in Dagestan and the high-profile terrorist attacks in Russian cities in August-September 1999. It was based on the data of typical articles of the central periodical print, as well as the memories of key participants of those events on both sides and research literature. As the militants invaded Dagestan from the territory of Chechnya, the Russian side first hinted, and then demanded from the official Grozny immediate take decisive measures to curb this activity. However, the president of the self-proclaimed republic A.A. Maskhadov behaved contradictorily. On the one hand, his government denied or downplayed the Chechens' involvement in the war, and blamed Russia itself for the tragedy and publicly suggested that the Kremlin wanted to take advantage of Dagestan's and a surge of terrorism to disrupt parliamentary elections. On the other hand, Grozny sought to deflect any accusations of political extremism or involvement in terror, and therefore demonstrated a willingness to compromise with the central authorities. However, due to the separatist sentiments of the leaders of Chechnya, the bombing of its territory and the rigid mood of the Russian military and most of society, dialogue between Moscow and Grozny was impossible, and the parties were involved in a new war.
Electronic folklore archive in the modern sociocultural space
Authors: Zhirov Mikhail Semenovich , Zhirova Olga Yakovlevna , Kuznetsova Natalya Stanislavovna
Published: May 2021

The paper is devoted to the problem of creating an electronic version of a folklore archive and finding ways to present it on the Internet. A preliminary review of the electronic archives of folklore materials posted on the Internet indicates different approaches to their implementation. In the category of archives containing information about folk songs, various methods of classifying musical genres are used, as well as ways of organizing them, which in general makes it difficult for the user to work with resources. The authors of this study propose their own development of a draft electronic map Ethno-cultural heritage of Belgorod Region. This information resource is aimed at both professional figures in the field of folk music and a wide range of amateurs. The basis of the electronic map was made up of expeditionary materials from the archive of Folk Singing Art Department of Belgorod State Institute of Arts and Culture. While developing the project, modern trends in the presentation of archival materials on the Internet were taken into account, which made it possible to fully reveal the traditional culture of the region. The proposed method of presenting information allows you to maximally illuminate the musical genre composition of folk singing, get acquainted with the creative heritage of outstanding performers, as well as greatly facilitates the search for specific song samples, both among the archive materials and in existing publications.
E-learning in a modern university (case study of Samara State Transport University)
Authors: Bakanova Irina Gennadyevna , Kapustina Liubov Viktorovna
Published: May 2021

The changes that are taking place today are a real challenge to education, and they require transformation of the traditional education model. We are focused on positive opportunities in education that were insufficiently developed. There is a new reality based on the technological revolution and the achievements of 4.0 industry. E-learning is becoming one of the most significant functional technologies. The problem is that the unified e-learning paradigm has not yet been fully developed from the scientific point of view. Effective management of the e-learning process can contribute to high-quality implementation of such training in higher education institutions. The paper discusses the relevance of e-learning and its possibilities to build a large number of students general competencies which are necessary for their successful professional development. The possibilities of LMS Moodle for effective management of students educational activities and their personalization are presented in the paper. The necessity of using the e-learning management system in order to provide high-quality education is shown through the E-course Foreign Language for students of Samara State Transport University.
Features of biology education research organization in schools
Authors: Borisenko Elena Yuryevna , Maksimova Evgeniya Nikolaevna , Makarkina Nataliya Viktorovna , Gavrikov Dmitri Evgenyevich
Published: May 2021

The paper discusses the features of school biology education research organization in the context of the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard of General Secondary Education. It is shown that the specificity of Biology as a school subject provides enormous opportunities to research activities for schoolchildren. It contributes to the results that comply with the Federal State Educational Standard, improves critical thinking and learning ability developing. This study shows the most common areas of biological research presented at school scientific conferences and olympiads of various levels. New and rarely used topics are proposed for education research in Botany, Zoology, Human Anatomy and their subsections. When choosing topics for their studies, authors recommend taking into account the students interests, age, ability to complete the research within a relatively short time at school or in other education organizations, scientific relevance and usefulness for the participants and regional approach. It is stated that the organization of theoretical and experimental research should be based on the scientific logic, which will improve students research abilities. The paper reveals typical problems of teachers associated with the choice of research topics, problem statement and choice of methods for studying natural objects.
An imitation-game approach to the development of a humanistic attitude towards a person among cadets – prospective employees of the penitentiary system
Authors: Vdovin Sergey Aleksandrovich
Published: May 2021

The paper is devoted to the problem of training a cadet a prospective employee of the penitentiary system (PS), capable of realizing a humanistic attitude towards a person, regardless of his social status, personal characteristics, etc. This problem is urgent since willingness to recognize the value of another person as a person, tolerance in relation to another person, ability to show empathy, ability to look at the situation from the perspective of another person, ability not to show anger, irritation, aggression towards people, ability to find positive traits in each person, implemented in a humanistic attitude to a person, prevent personal and moral deformation of penitentiary system employees. The provisions on the essence and characteristic features of the imitation-game approach in training are extrapolated to the problem of a humanistic attitude development among prospective employees of the penitentiary system to a person. The author has revealed some possibilities of an imitation-game approach to the development of a humanistic attitude towards a person among cadets. The unification of the game and simulation technologies in the simulation-game approach is substantiated. The paper also contains the principles of imitation-game approach implementation, they become the principles of simulation technology implementation: a problem principle, a personal interaction principle, a principle of each participant and group development, a self-learning principle based on reflection. The role of these principles for humanistic attitude development among prospective employees of the penitentiary system to a person is revealed. The value of play and the significance of non-play methods in the context of imitation-play approach implementation to the development of a humanistic attitude towards a person among cadets is grounded. An example of simulation-role approach implementation is also given.
Segmentation Using the Situational Theory of Publics: Breast Cancer Publics in Turkey
Authors: BOZKANAT Esra , OKAY Ayla
Published: May 2021

This study aims to segment the breast cancer publics in Turkey based on their communicationbehavior. In addition to this purpose, the study seeks to identify reason-based behaviors that may affectcommunication behavior. Based on the Situational Theory of Publics (STP) and the Theory of ReasonedAction (TRA) as research models, this study analyses how the attitudes, intentions, and subjective normsof female participants towards breast cancer affect their active communication behavior. In terms ofmethodology, a questionnaire was carried out to measure breast cancer publics’ communicative behaviorin Turkey by eventually obtaining data for 500 valid and complete questionnaires. A cluster analysisidentified three breast cancer public types to exist in Turkey: Indifferent (n = 191), Conscientious (n =144), and Moderate (n = 159). As a result, combining STP with TRA was found to be a valid model insegmenting breast cancer publics in Turkey. This article further analyzed that subjective norms are thestrongest predictor of health behavior.
Towards airborne laser Doppler vibrometry for structural health monitoring of large and curved structures
Authors: Schewe M , Ismail M A A , Rembe C
Published: May 2021

Laser Doppler vibrometry is an important sensing technology for many structural health monitoring (SHM) methods, such as modal analysis. However, when it comes to large civil structures, for example historic structures and bridges, the applicability of laser Doppler vibrometry is significantly
constrained by inaccessible remote surfaces. Some of these surfaces are fully inaccessible to a ground-mounted laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), while others are partially inaccessible, and measurements are only possible for low incident angles. Consequently, LDV measurements are either impossible
or have a weak signal strength. In this study, the concept of constructing an airborne LDV for SHM is explored, including the examination of a recently developed mechanism, the partially airborne LDV, comprising a reflective mirror attached to a drone. Preliminary proof of concept laboratory
tests have been successfully conducted using two different set-ups and drone models.
Stress measurement based on magnetostrictive characteristic parameters
Authors: Yao Entao , Han Fei , Wang Ping , Zhang Yuan
Published: May 2021

Non-destructive testing (NDT) involving stress measurement has found a wide range of applications in rail, pipeline, bridge and other engineering areas and it is therefore necessary to find a method to measure stress. In this paper, a non-destructive method is proposed to measure stress
by observation of the magnetostrictive properties of the objects. Stress in the elastic range is applied to the ferromagnetic material, changing its lattice, while stress in the plastic range changes its microstructure. These are the reasons for the magnetostrictive coefficient variation of
the material. An experimental platform was set up, using a cantilever beam with a strain gauge, to study the relationship between the SH wave, the static magnetic field strength and the applied uniaxial stress. The curve obtained shows the relationship between the amplitude of the electromagnetic
acoustic transducer (EMAT) signal and the static magnetic field strength. The magnetostrictive parameters, sensitive to stress, were extracted from the curve. This method is verified through trials on test samples with a maximum relative error between experimental and predicted values of 8.06%.
A review of the application of oil analysis in condition monitoring and life prediction of wind turbine gearboxes
Authors: Bie Yu , Liu Xihao , Xu Tao , Zhu Zhengfei , Li Zhixiong
Published: May 2021

Condition maintenance of wind turbine gearboxes is important because of their high failure probability and the difficulties associated with their maintenance. Diagnosis and prognosis are the two main aspects of condition maintenance. This paper summarises the development of fault diagnosis
and life prediction methods for wind power gearboxes. Fault diagnosis methods include single-method analyses such as vibration analysis, acoustic emission (AE) analysis and oil analysis, as well as multi-information testing methods. Oil analysis can be used to monitor early wear and the wear
evolution process, providing direct data for the remaining useful life (RUL) prediction of the gearbox and the lubricant. Though wind turbine gearbox RUL prediction has received more attention among these diagnoses, there is still only limited literature available regarding this. Measurement
of the lubricating oil condition is one of the most often applied methods for diagnosis and prognosis and within this the oil viscosity is an important parameter. Viscosity estimation has wide application prospects in oil analysis and the tendency is to apply online testing methods. Oil viscosity
can be more accurately measured by considering thermal effects, which can be studied using numerical and experimental methods. This viscosity measurement has been increasingly applied in oil analysis, with viscosity sensors. This review focuses on the application of online oil testing and
measurement technology in the fault diagnosis and RUL prediction of wind turbine gearboxes. Challenging problems are identified and possible solutions are suggested in this review.
Chilaiditi sendromu ve mide kanseri
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Serdar , ÖZKAN Abuzer
Published: May 2021

Baş ve arkadaşları tarafından hazırlanan ve Derginizin 2019 yılı ilk sayısında yayınlanan, “Chilaiditi sendromu ve mide kanseri” başlıklı olgu sunumunu büyük bir ilgi ile okuduk (1). Yazarlara Chilaiditi sendromunun malignite ile birlikteliğini vurgulayan bu yazıdan dolayı teşekkür ederiz. Bununla birlikte olgunun tartışmasına katkı sunabilecek birkaç noktaya değinmek isteriz.

Her ne kadar Viyanalı radyolog Demetrius Chilaiditi tarafından 1911 yılında raporlanmış ve onun adıyla anılıyor olsa da, 1865 yılında Cantini tarafından, 1899 yılında ise Beclere tarafından bu sendromun otopsi bulguları ve röntgenografi bulguları subdiyafragmatik apse olgusunda bildirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, literatürde asemptomatik hastalardan “Chilaiditi belirtisi”, semptomatik olgularda ise “Chilaiditi sendromu” olarak bahsedilmiştir (2). Demetrius Chilaiditi, modern radyolojinin öncülerindendir ve Türk Radyoloji Derneği'nin de ilk üyelerinden birisidir (3).

Kolonun hepatodiyafragmatik interpozisyonunun farklı anatomik alt tipleri tanımlanmıştır. Daha sıklıkla görülen alt tip; diyaframın önünde ve karaciğerin sağ lobunun üstünde, anterior subfrenik boşlukta kolonun bulunması şeklindedir. Posterior subfrenik boşlukta hepatodiyafragmatik interpozisyon nadir görülen bir alt tiptir. Kombine anterior ve posterior kolonik interpozisyon ise daha nadir görülmektedir (4).

Chilaiditi belirtisinin karakteristik üç radyolojik bulgusu; kolon veya ince barsak segmentlerinin diyafram ile karaciğer arasında yerleşmesi (semptomatik hastalarda segmentler sıklıkla dilatedir), sağ hemidiyafram elevasyonu, karaciğerin mediale yer değiştirmesi şeklindedir. Kolonik gaz imajının lateralde veya posteriorda yerleştiği, karaciğer üzerinde izlenmediği durumlar ise inkomplet hepatodiyafragmatik interpozisyon olarak isimlendirilir (5).

Chilaiditi sendromunun erken tanınması; bu nadir durumun, gereksiz cerrahi müdahalelere yol açarak, cerrahi acil bir durum olarak kabul edilen pnömoperitoneum ile karıştırılarak gereksiz cerrahi müdahalelere neden olabilmektedir. Özellikle röntgenografide sağ hemidiyafram altında gaz imajı izlenen ve pnömoperitoneum ile psödo-pnömoperitoneum ayrımı yapılmasında zorlanılan olgularda sağ hemidiyafram altındaki kolon haustrasını ortaya çıkaran sol lateral dekübitus pozisyonda çekilen grafiler yardımcı olabilir. Bilgisayarlı tomografinin tanısal olduğu kanıtlanmıştır (4,5).