bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Transposition of ABOUT in the 9th–21st Centuries
Authors: Kovbasko Yurii
Published: December 2022

The paper exemplifies a unique attempt to trace the evolution of the preposition and the adverb ABOUT as initial and transposed categories. The study focuses on the development of both interwoven categories since 850 and up to the early 21st century and covers 16 time spans. The paper proves that despite being registered during 850–950 as the representative of both categories, ABOUT initially represented the category of preposition. The research showcases that since its functional transposition in Old English, the category of the adverb ABOUT has been undergoing a continuous decrease, which is significantly enhanced in the second half of Late Modern English and reaches its peak in the early 21st century. The reasons for the growth of the preposition ABOUT lie not in the phenomenon of transposition but in the emergence of a new function: ‘in reference to’, which developed in Early Modern English and provided the impetus for a further increase of the preposition ABOUT.
Growth and yield in taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) grown using different planting materials and exposed to different morphological alteration treatments
Authors: Lakitan Benyamin , Haruna Putri Hana , Purnama Ria Rofiqoh , Nurshanti Dora Fatma , Gustiar Fitra , Muda Strayker Ali , Wijaya Andi
Published: December 2022

This study aimed to compare cormels and suckers to determine the better planting material (PM) and to evaluate the effects of morphology-altering treatments on both shoot growth and corm yield in taro plants. The PMs used included cormel (PMC), suckers with two leaves (PMS2) and suckers with four leaves (PMS4). Morphological alteration (MA) treatment included removal of all suckers (MAS), excising the mother plant (MAM), and non-treated control (NMA). Data were collected weekly for non-destructive and at 12, 20, and 28 weeks after planting (WAP) for destructive measurements. Results of this study indicated that the SPAD values were higher in taro plants grown using cormel and morphologically non-altered plants. Removal of all suckers caused the mother plant to increase the number of leaves. The dry weight of the leaf blades, petioles and fibrous roots of the mother plant and the number of suckers decreased after the corm enlargement process took place. Fresh and dry weights of the corm increased at 20 WAP and then slowed down at 28 WAP. The moisture content of corm was relatively constant at 75%. Cormel could form on the fibrous roots and on suckers, but the total wet and dry weights of the cormels were decreased if the suckers were periodically removed. The growth of suckers was very dominant compared to the NMA plant when the mother plant was excised. Meanwhile, if all the suckers were removed, the growth of the mother plant was relatively comparable to that of the NMA plants.
Perceptions of Corruption and Informality Among Businesspeople
Authors: Frey Barbara , Škrinjarić Bruno , Budak Jelena
Published: December 2022

This research assesses perception of corruption in business-to-business and business-to-government interactions by using empirical evidence from Serbia. Based on the survey data, it captures the perceptions of corruption of business owners and managers of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and examines their attitudes towards informal, licit, or illicit, business practices. The typology of SMEs according to their opinion on corruption- and institutional-related obstacles resulted in three different clusters, based on several variables. Moreover, empirical findings show that business is not much hindered by regulations but with a common lack of trust in institutions, crime, and perceived corruption. SMEs are perceived as particularly affected by a negative corrupt environment where large companies are seen as the source of corruption. The findings allow for the creation of lawful and incorruptible business policies, as well as ideas on preventing the common practice of illicit trading with job positions in the public sector.
Formal Institutional Failings and Informal Employment: Evidence from the Western Balkans
Authors: Williams Colin C. , Gashi Ardiana
Published: December 2022

Institutional theory has explained informal employment to result from formal institutional failings. The aim of this paper is to identify the formal institutional failings associated with informal employment so that action can be taken by governments. Using the Tobit model for econometric analysis and reporting conditional and unconditional marginal effects of the 2021 Balkans Business Barometer survey conducted in six Western Balkan economies (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia), the contribution of this paper is to reveal that the perceived incidence and share of informal employment is significantly associated with businesses perceiving governance, public integrity and corruption as very negative or negative, the perception that the government does not consider business concerns and business dissatisfaction with public services. However, the perceived incidence and share of informal employment is not significantly associated with the views of business on tax rates and tax administration, or the perceived instability and lack of predictability of government. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.
The Relationship Between the Industry-Level Economic Development and Human Development in Latvia
Authors: Zariņa Vita , Svirina Anna , Shina Inga , Uzule Kristine
Published: December 2022

Research purpose. There is some empirical evidence of the relationship between economic and human development at a country level. Human development is most frequently proxied by the Human Development Index (HDI). Considering the fact that HDI is a measure covering the fields of several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the overwhelming idea of the research is to determine the impact of sector economic development on the achievement of SDGs. The research goal is to establish if there is a relationship between economic development, using Latvian sector statistics, and the human development of Latvia.

Design / Methodology / Approach. The paper uses different types of regression analyses of the longitudinal data to determine if there is a relationship between HDI and economic development indicators in different sectors of the Latvian economy. The sample includes industry-level data on eight industries and HDI data collected from 2010 to 2020. The regression analysis was applied to HDI as a dependent variable, and a selected set of industry variables was assessed as a group of independent variables (both individual for industries and aggregated on the country level). The set included the indicators of the turnover of companies, number of companies, added value, total personal costs and number of employees in full-time employment.

Findings. The findings partly support the proposal that economic development relates to human development because some factors of economic growth have formed a statistically strong relationship with HDI (added value, total personal costs, and the number of employees in full-time employment), while others have not (turnover and number of companies). The fact that some statistically proven relationships had a positive while others had a negative direction suggests that the relationship between economic development and human development is bidirectional depending on specific indicators.

Originality / Value / Practical implications. There is an obvious research gap in the investigated field in Latvia and even in the Baltics. The current paper contributes to the knowledge base about factors affecting human development and enlarges the statistical data basis. Besides, this study contributes to the development of national strategic plans by determining which sectors and which indicators have a significant impact on HDI. Research information will be useful for the NAP report after 2027 for assessing the level of achievement of strategic goals, especially in the priorities “Strong families, healthy and active people”, “Knowledge and skills for personal and national growth”, and “Competitiveness and material well-being of companies”.
МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОСТРОЕНИЯ ФИЛОСОФИИ РЕЛИГИИ Н.М. БОГОЛЮБОВА
Authors: ПАВИЛОВ Данила Анатольевич
Published: December 2022

Статья посвящена особенностям философии религии Н.М. Боголюбова, представителя русской духовно-академической философии, которые были изложены им в незавершенной работе «Философия религии» (1915 г.). Автор рассматривает, как философ-теист определял условия формирования философии религии как философской дисциплины, как понимал системный подход в исследовательской практике в рамках философии религии, а также какие аспекты религиозной традиции виделись ему ключевыми для понимания природы религии.
РАННЕЕ ТВОРЧЕСТВО ЧИНГИЗА АЙТМАТОВА В ИСТОРИКО-ФИЛОСОФСКОЙ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ
Authors: КАДЫРОВ Арген Ишенбекович
Published: December 2022

В статье раннее творчество киргизского писателя-мыслителя Чингиза Айтматова (1928–2008) анализируется через призму историко-философского анализа. Автор полагает, что в своих ранних произведениях Айтматов выступает в большей степени как писатель, живущий в нераздвоенном мире киргизской культуры, чем как философ, в связи с чем его творчество невозможно описать исходя из сугубо рациональной философской методологии. Вместе с тем этическая проблематика занимает ключевое место в творчестве Айтматова раннего периода. Здесь у персонажей Айтматова еще отсутствует та «прививка» декартовского сомнения, которая обнаруживается позднее. В последующем творчестве писатель переосмысливает этику как данность и, находясь под огромным влиянием русской и европейской литературы, начинает свой поиск оснований этики, но уже в метафизическом осмыслении.
The space between: pneumothorax or bulla
Authors: Thomas Lydiya , Alluri Ratna , Chetty Mahendran , Khalil Mohammed
Published: December 2022

Background:

Distinguishing between a bulla and pneumothorax can sometimes be difficult especially in the absence of preexisting lung disease, leading to inappropriate intervention.

Case Presentation:

We report the case of a well 32-year-old male who presented with a year’s history of insidious onset breathlessness. A routine chest radiograph was thought to show a large pneumothorax. He had chest drains placed with no radiological improvement. A video-assisted thoracic surgery procedure revealed a giant bulla.

Conclusion:

This case highlights the importance of correlating clinical assessment with radiological findings. Early Computerised Tomography (CT) imaging should be considered prior to pleural intervention in clinically stable patients.
TINGKAT KEPUASAN WARGA LANJUT USIA TERHADAP LAYANAN TRANSPORTASI UMUM DI JABODETABEK
Authors: Wijaya Reyner Vicgor , Putranto Leksmono Suryo
Published: December 2022

The needs and wants of elderly are often ignored by transportation service providers and policy makers, thus affecting the level satisfaction of elderly in using public transportation on daily activity. The current public transportation policy fails to provide elderly-friendly transportation services such as providing priority seats, providing more seats at stops, stable vehicle speeds, etc. The presence of public transportation and its good services will be a very important factor to improve the quality of life, sense of freedom and independence of the elderly. This study reviews several aspects of service such as: service quality, affordability, regularity, and convenience. The purpose of this study is to show the level satisfaction of elderly with public transportation services, to show in what aspects the elderly is satisfied with the services, to explain the influence of variable (age, gender, and domicile) on satisfaction level of elderly. Online questionnaire is used to collect data in this study. The analysis was carried out using mean difference test method and ordinal regression method with significance level of 0.05. Based on results of analysis, it is known that the majority of respondents expressed satisfaction with the public transportation services that have been provided at this time.
 
Abstrak
Kebutuhan dan hal yang diinginkan warga lanjut usia (lansia) seringkali diabaikan oleh penyedia jasa transportasi serta pembuat kebijakan, sehingga mempengaruhi tingkat kepuasan warga lanjut usia dalam menggunakan transportasi umum sehari-hari. Kebijakan transportasi umum yang ada saat ini gagal menyediakan layanan transportasi yang ramah lansia seperti penyediaan kursi prioritas dalam transportasi umum, penyediaan kursi yang lebih banyak di halte atau pemberhentian, kecepatan kendaraan yang stabil, dan lain sebagainya. Kehadiran transportasi umum dan layanannya yang baik akan menjadi faktor sangat penting untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup, rasa kebebasan dan kemandirian para warga lanjut usia. Penelitian ini meninjau beberapa aspek layanan seperti: kualitas pelayanan, keterjangkauan, keteraturan, dan kenyamanan. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menunjukkan tingkat kepuasan warga lanjut usia terhadap pelayanan transportasi umum, menunjukkan dalam aspek apa lansia merasa puas dengan pelayanan transportasi umum, menjelaskan pengaruh variabel (usia, jenis kelamin, dan domisili) terhadap tingkat kepuasan warga lanjut usia. Kuesioner daring digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data dalam penelitian ini. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode uji selisih mean dan metode regresi ordinal dengan taraf nyata 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui bahwa mayoritas responden menyatakan kepuasannya dengan pelayanan transportasi umum yang telah disediakan saat ini.
ANALISIS POTENSI LIKUIFAKSI DAN PENURUNAN PADA AREAL REKLAMASI YANG BERLOKASI DI JAKARTA UTARA
Authors: Linverando Ervito , Sandjaja Sentosa Gregorius , Iskandar Ali
Published: December 2022

North Jakarta is an area of DKI Jakarta which borders the Java Sea, making it a coastal city. Due to this, the DKI Jakarta government made a reclamation project to tidy up the coastal area of North Jakarta so that it becomes more organized as a tourist spot for the public. However, there is a general problem in the area resulting from the reclamation project, namely land subsidence due to embankment. The embankment in the reclamation area has the potential to experience liquefaction because the embankment is saturated with a high groundwater level and the quality of the embankment material is not good. Therefore, soil improvement was carried out using the vibroflotation method based on SNI 8460:2017 to overcome liquefaction in the area under review. Based on the results of the analysis carried out, the soil improvement carried out succeeded in minimizing the potential for liquefaction that occurred in the area.
Abstrak
Jakarta Utara merupakan wilayah DKI Jakarta yang berbatasan dengan laut jawa sehingga menjadikannya kota pantai. Dikarenakan hal tersebut, pemerintah DKI Jakarta membuat proyek reklamasi untuk merapikan wilayah pantai Jakarta Utara agar menjadi lebih tertata sebagai tempat wisata bagi publik. Tetapi terdapat permasalahan umum pada wilayah hasil proyek reklamasi tersebut yakni penurunan tanah akibat timbunan. Timbunan pada wilayah reklamasi tersebut berpotensi mengalami likuifaksi karena timbunan bersifat jenuh dengan muka air tanah yang tinggi dan kualitas material timbunan yang kurang baik. Oleh karena itu dilakukan perbaikan tanah dengan metode vibroflotation berdasarkan SNI 8460:2017 untuk mengatasi likuifaksi pada areal yang ditinjau. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang dilakukan, perbaikan tanah yang dilakukan berhasil meminimalkan potensi likuifaksi yang terjadi pada areal tersebut.
PENERAPAN LINE OF BALANCE DENGAN TARGET WAKTU PENYELESAIAN PROYEK UNTUK OPTIMASI PENJADWALAN PROYEK RUMAH TINGGAL
Authors: Gondokusumo Onnyxiforus , Lythio Sean Adrian
Published: December 2022

Scheduling is one of the most important and determines the success of a project, including construction projects that are repetitive. Choosing the right scheduling method based on project characteristic can increase the efficiency of the project itself, both in terms of cost and time. This study will examine the application of the optimization of Line of Balance (LoB) scheduling using the deadline completion target. This optimization is applied with the concept of linear programming, by entering some several linear constraints, such as start time in the first and last unit, deadlines completion target, and using the linear objective function to minimizing the crew employment cost for each activity, such that the crews and workers employed can be minimize. This study use a housing project in East Jakarta with a total of 10 housing units. The result of this optimization shows that a total of 37 crews and 164 workers were employed for this project. Those result are smaller than the existing method have done, which was 39 crews and 172 workers were employed for this project. The results show that using the objective function to minimizing the crew employment cost can reduce the amount of crews and workers employed.

 

Abstrak

Penjadwalan merupakan salah satu hal yang sangat penting dan menentukan keberhasilan suatu proyek, termasuk proyek konstruksi yang bersifat berulang (repetitif). Pemilihan metode penjadwalan yang sesuai dengan sifat dari suatu proyek dapat menambah efisiensi dari suatu proyek, baik itu dari segi biaya dan waktu. Penelitian ini akan mengkaji penerapan optimasi penjadwalan Line of Balance (LoB) dengan target waktu penyelesaian proyek. Optimasi ini diterapkan dengan konsep pemrograman linier, yaitu dengan cara memasukkan beberapa batasan linier, seperti hubungan keterkaitan antara waktu mulai untuk unit pertama dan terakhir, target waktu penyelesaian proyek, dan menggunakan fungsi objektif linier untuk memperkecil jumlah biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk setiap kegiatan, sehingga jumlah crew dan pekerja yang dipekerjakan dapat menjadi lebih sedikit. Penelitian ini menggunakan proyek rumah tinggal di Jakarta Timur untuk dijadikan objek penelitian dengan jumlah unit sebanyak 10 unit rumah. Hasil dari optimasi ini menunjukkan sebanyak 37 crew dan 164 pekerja dapat dipekerjakan. Hasil tersebut lebih sedikit jika menggunakan metode optimasi yang telah ada sebelumnya, yaitu sebanyak 39 crew dan 172 pekerja dapat dipekerjakan. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa dengan menggunakan fungsi objektif memperkecil jumlah biaya dapat mengurangi jumlah crew serta pekerja yang dipekerjakan.
Ações da rede estadual de ensino no Pará voltadas à educação especial em tempos de pandemia do COVID-19
Authors: Calixto Hector Renan da Silveira , Brasileiro Tânia Suely Azevedo
Published: December 2022

Este estudo surge da pergunta: quais as diretrizes estabelecidas pela rede estadual de ensino do Pará voltadas à Educação Especial no contexto da pandemia do novo coronavírus? Como metodologia, utiliza-se análise documental e estudo bibliográfico em documentos federais e estaduais disponíveis nos sites oficiais. Objetiva-se: apresentar as determinações para organização das redes de ensino, especificamente do estado do Pará, em função da pandemia do novo Coronavírus; indicar as ações específicas para os discentes público-alvo da educação especial nesse contexto e algumas implicações que permeiam este processo. Apresenta-se como principal resultado a identificação de posicionamentos superficiais para atender às necessidades dos alunos público-alvo da Educação Especial.
PEMBANGKITAN POLA SIMETRI P2 DARI SIMULASI SISTEM DINAMIK
Authors: Prabowo Rizky , Syafwan Mahdhivan , Rudianto Budi
Published: December 2022

Pola simetri p2 adalah pola simetri yang memenuhi simetri rotasi 180^oÂ dan simetri translasi di sepanjang sumbu-x dan sumbu-y dengan periode tertentu. DalamÂ makalah ini akan dibahas pembangkitan pola simetri p2 dari simulasi sistem dinamikÂ dengan menggunakan aplikasi Matlab. Dalam hal ini dilakukan terlebih dahulu analisisÂ terhadap syarat dan pemilihan pada fungsi dinamik yang memenuhi sifat-sifat padaÂ pola simetri p2. Dalam proses pembangkitannya pada Matlab, setiap titik pada suatuÂ bidang dijadikan sebagai titik awal pada iterasi sistem dinamik, kemudian warna yangÂ diberikan pada titik tersebut ditentukan dari jumlah iterasi yang dihasilkan melaluiÂ kriteria konvergensi Euclidean. Berdasarkan simulasi terhadap beberapa kombinasi nilai-nilai parameter pada fungsi-fungsi dinamik, dihasilkan pola-pola simetri p2 yang lebihÂ variatif.
Identifikasi Distribusi dan Pendugaan Parameter Jumlah Kematian Bayi di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman dengan Menggunakan Metode Bayes
Authors: Yozza Hazmira , SALMI HABIBATUS , IQBAL BAQI AHMAD
Published: December 2022

Kematian bayi adalah kematian yang terjadi antara saat setelah bayi lahir sampai bayi belum berusia tepat satu tahun. Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) adalah banyaknya kematian bayi berusia di bawah satu tahun per 1.000 kelahiran hidup pada satu tahun tertentu. Rata-rata jumlah kematian bayi perlu diketahui sebagai upaya untuk mengurangi angka kematian bayi. Pada penelitian ini akan diduga rata-rata kematian bayi tiap puskesmas di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman menggunakan metode Bayes. Data yang digunakan adalah data jumlah kematian bayi di puskesmas di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman sepanjang tahun 2019 dan 2020. Telah diperlihatkan bahwa jumlah kematian bayi menyebar menurut sebaran Poisson. Sebaran prior yang digunakan adalah sebaran Gamma, Uniform dan dengan metode Jeffrey. Rata-Rata jumlah kematian bayi diduga dari sebaran posterior Gamma, diperoleh dugaan rata-rata kematian bayi adalah sebesar 0, 83 per puskesmas. Disimpulkan juga bahwa pendugaan Bayes dengan distribusi prior Gamma lebih baik dibandingkan distribusi prior lainnya.
MODELING THE PROFITABILITY OF TELECOMMUNICATION SUB-SECTOR STOCKS USING PANEL DATA REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Authors: Hendayanti Ni Putu Nanik , Nurhidayati Maulida
Published: December 2022

The Covid-19 outbreak in Indonesia has wreaked havoc on the financial market, causing turbulence in the stock market. One industry that did not endure instability was the telecommunications subsector due to government initiatives connected to online learning and office tasks performed on a Work From Home (WFH) basis, which increased internet usage during online learning and WFH. Online learning and office activities carried out on a Work From Home (WFH) basis have increased the sector's profitability and breathed new life into the world of stock investment. When purchasing stocks, an investor always seeks to generate a profit. The profitability ratio reveals the profitability of the business. Profitability and investment decisions are linked as a result of a budget plan and profit forecast. This study aims to model telecommunications subsector companies' profitability on the Indonesian stock exchange using panel data regression analysis. The panel data regression analysis mixes cross-section data and time series data in which the same cross-section unit is sampled at various times. Therefore, investors must be aware of the profitability of the subsector of the telecommunications industry to make an investment decision. This research will generate a model of the profitability of subsector enterprises in the telecommunications industry. Based on the R square value of 0.8752, the results of this study indicate that ln equity, inflation, CR, and DER can explain 87.52% of the variation in ROA. In comparison, the remaining 12.48% is impacted by factors not included in the model.
Diskursus Pemberdayaan Perempuan Pasca Pandemi Covid-19 Dalam Majalah Femina Edisi April-Juli Tahun 2022
Authors: Hawa Andina Meutia , Muhajir Ahmad
Published: December 2022

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meninjau diskursus pemberdayaan perempuan pasca pandemi Covid-19 dalam Majalah Femina Edisi April-Juli 2022. Fokus penelitian ini adalah bagaimana headline di dalam Majalah Femina membangun diskursus pemberdayaan perempuan dilihat dari wacana-wacana yang dibahas. Penulis menggunakan metode analitis deskriptif dan pendekatan analisis wacana kritis Sara Mills terhadap artikel yang berjudul â€œMemecah Langit Kaca Bernama Bias Genderâ€. Penelitian ini berangkat dari permasalahan yang dihadapi perempuan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, seperti ketidakadilan gender, kekerasan seksual, dan juga keterbatasan perempuan dalam mengakses layanan kesehatan seksual dan reproduksi akibat dari pelanggengan patriarki. Analisis wacana Sara Mills digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana majalah berperan sebagai agen ideologi yang membawa pesan melalui simbol. Simbol tersebut dieksplorasi melalui teks mengenai feminisme serta diskursus pemberdayaan perempuan.Â  Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa majalah Femina berperan sebagai representasi yang berpihak pada keadilan gender. Pesan feminisme disampaikan melalui teks yang mengusung penyadaran kepada perempuan sebagai kelompok subordinat akan pentingnya memiliki kesadaran gender. Narasi keadilan gender dan pemberdayaan perempuan disampaikan melalui penggambaran kasus ketidakadilan gender dalam ranah privat dan publik seperti pada layanan kesehatan, reproduksi, hingga akses terhadap pekerjaan. Upaya yang ditawarkan oleh majalah Femina adalah peningkatan kesadaran akan keadilan gender dimulai dari ranah keluarga sebagai agen sosialisasi primer, kelompok bermain, hingga ranah publik seperti sekolah dan lingkungan pekerjaan.Â
Korelasi antara Nilai Latihan Soal Berpikir Komputasional dan Hasil Tantangan Bebras pada Siswa sebagai Bagian dari Peningkatan Kesiapan Guru dalam Gerakan PANDAI
Authors: Arzaki Muhammad , Rachmawati Ema , Romadhony Ade , Pudjoatmodjo Bambang , Sudiharto Dodi Wisaksono , Gunawan Putu Harry , Wibowo Agung Toto , Meliana Selly , Whidiana Ciptasari Rimba Whidiana , Yulianto Fazmah Arif , Prawira Fat’hah Noor , Purnama Bedy
Published: December 2022

Salah satu konsep dasar dalam pembelajaran Informatika adalah Berpikir Komputasional (BK) yang merupakan cara berpikir dan menyelesaikan masalah secara sistematis dan logis. Pada September-Desember 2021, Biro Bebras Universitas Telkom mengadakan rangkaian kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat melalui gerakan PANDAI (Pengajar untuk Era Digital Indonesia) dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kompetensi guru dalam mengintegrasikan BK pada mata pelajaran yang diampunya. Untuk mengukur keberhasilan rangkaian lokakarya yang telah dilaksanakan, dilakukan analisis secara kuantitatif terhadap korelasi antara nilai yang diperoleh siswa ketika latihan terbimbing dengan guru dan nilai yang diperoleh siswa pada tantangan Bebras. Dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan terhadap 242 siswa, diperoleh nilai rata-rata latihan terbimbing adalah 73,28 dan nilai rata-rata tantangan Bebras adalah 38,65. Perbedaan nilai yang cukup signifikan ini juga didukung oleh fakta bahwa korelasi antara nilai latihan terbimbing dan nilai tantangan Bebras adalah sebesar 0,189.
مفهوم الإرهاب وعلاقته بالخطاب الإسلامي(فكرياً واجتماعياً) وأنواعه وأسبابه وسبل معالجته
Authors: Mohammed Wael Abdulkarim , Yousef Hussein Jassim
Published: December 2022

الارهاب مصطلح قديم الأصل حديث الاستعمال , وقد شاع استعماله في الاونة الأخيرة للدلالة على كل حدث يحمل بين طياته شيئاً من العنف والقسوة ومجاوزة الحد , وبما أنه يرتبط بانفعالات الناس وتصرفاتهم فهو مصطلح خطير يترتب عليه نتائج وآثار عظيمة , وبما أن الاسلام اليوم مستضعف وقوى الكفر مهيمنة على الاعلام , فقد وصفت كثير من مبادئ الاسلام الحنيفة وشرائعه وأحكامه العادلة بوصف جائر , يراد منه تشويه صورة الاسلام , ووصف خطاباته بالارهابية , لذا كان هذا البحث بمثابة انتصار للخطاب الاسلامي وتبرئة ساحته من الارهاب او كل فعل فاحش .
وقد تضمن البحث تعريفاً للارهاب وتعداداً لأنواعه ووصفاً لبعض أعراضه , مع محاولة التنسيق والتوفيق لإيجاد الحلول المناسبة لبعض أنواعه وأقسامه .
والحمد لله رب العالمين .
فقه العبادات بين القياس والتطبيق – دراسة مقارنة-
Authors: Abdul Rahman Saleh Yaseen , Fadel Firas Saadoun
Published: December 2022

قد اتضح مما سبق أن قاعدة (لا قياس في العبادات) لا يصح أن تستخدم بإطلاق، وفي غير محلها، لأن هذا الاستخدام يخرجها عن الإطار الفقهي والأصولي الذي تكلَّم فيه العلماء، وقد ذكرنا اختلاف العلماء في تعليل العبادات والقياس عليها على مذهبين.  وذكر الباحثان عددا من المسائل التي صرح فيها علماء المذاهب الأربعة أو بعضها بإجراء القياس في مسألة ما لكونه معقول المعنى، أو عدم إجرائه لكونه توقيفيًّا أو تعبديًّا. وفي ضوء هذا يتبين ما يمكن أن يوجه من نقد فقهي لمسلك كثير من المعاصرين من التوسع والإسراف في المنع باستخدام قاعدة (لا قياس في العبادات) بإطلاق دون تدبر للمسألة هل هي معقولة المعنى أو غير معقولة المعنى، وقد تسبب التطبيق الخطأ لهذه القاعدة في كثير من الآراء الفقهية الجانحة عن المنهج الفقهي السديد الذي صار عليه أئمة الأمة. وهناك العديد من النتائج التي توصل اليها الباحثان من خلال المسائل الفقهية التي ذكرها في مضمون المباحث والمطالب السابقة- ذكرها الباحثان على شكل مسائل مقسمة على ابواب الفقه لا سيما باب الطهارة والصلاة والصيام والزكاة والحج ولا يسع ذكرها هنا لعدم التكرار-, التي تسهم في انارة وتحفيز قدرات الباحثين الى التوجه للكتابة على شاكلة هذا البحث في فروع الفقه الاخرى.
البنية الزمكانية في روايات سنان أنطون
Authors: Abdel Hassan Ammar Youssef
Published: December 2022

يتناول هذا البحث بنية الزمان والمكان في روايات الروائي العراقي المغترب سنان أنطون، والذي يعدُّ من الروائيين الذين تركوا بصمة فنية في الرواية العراقية، لاسيما وأنه أرخّ لمجموعة من الحقب السياسية التي حكمت العراق، ووثق من خلال رواياته أوضاع المجتمع العراقي قبل وبعد عام 2003، ونظراً لأهمية الفضاء في الرواية بركنيه الأساسيين (الزمان والمكان) فقد قررت أن أتناول في بحثي هذا بنية الزمان في المبحث الأول، والمكان في المبحث الثاني، وأخرج بخاتمة ملخصاً فيها أهم النتائج.
مدى تضمين مفاهيم حقوق الإنسان في محتوى كتاب التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر للوطن العربي للصف الثالث المتوسط في العراق
Authors: Abdullah Al-Khazraji Basem Turki
Published: December 2022

هدفت الدراسة إلى تحديد مدى تضمين مفاهيم حقوق الإنسان في محتوى كتاب التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر للوطن العربي للصف الثالث المتوسط في العراق من خلال بناء قائمة بمفاهيم حقوق الإنسان الواجب تضمينها في كتاب التاريخ، وتحقيقاً لهدف الدراسة تم إعداد قائمة بمفاهيم حقوق الإنسان تكونت من (32) مفهوماً موزعة على خمسة مجالات، وتم اختيار كتاب التاريخ للصف الثالث المتوسط كعينة للدارسة، واستخدام الباحث أسلوب تحليل المحتوى بالمعنى والمضمون، وتم استخدام التكرارات والنسب المئوية كأساليب إحصائية، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن  مجموع تكرارات القيم المتضمنة في كتاب التاريخ للصف الثالث المتوسط بلغت (249)، وجاء أولاً مجال (الحقوق المدنية)، يلية مجال (الحقوق السياسية)، ثم مجال (الحقوق الثقافية)، يليه مجال (الحقوق الاجتماعية)، وأخيراً مجال (الحقوق الاقتصادية)، وجاء مفهوم (حق تقرير المصير) في المرتبة الأولى من حيث عدد التكرارات، يليه مفهوم (الحق في الحرية) بتكرار (39)، فيما جاءت بعض المفاهيم بتكرارات قليلة جداً منها مفهوم (الحق في المشاركة في الاجتماعات والجمعيات السلمية)، ومفهوم (حق الإضراب العمالي شريطة ممارسته وفق قانون البلد المعني)، ومفهوم (حق إنشاء النقابات والانضمام إليها)، وفي ضوء النتائج اوصت الدراسة بتوصيات من أهمها: مراعاة التوازن في توزيع مفاهيم حقوق الإنسان في كتب التاريخ وفقاً لمبادئ تربوية وعلمية، و الاهتمام بقيم المجالات التي لم تحظ بتكرارات كافية أو مناسبة، كقيم المجال الاقتصادي، وقيم المجال الاجتماعي، وقيم المجال الثقافي.
آية الإعداد في سورة الأنفال دلالاتها وأحكامها (دراسة تحليلية)
Authors: Issa Al-Daoudi Fakhir Abbas
Published: December 2022

هذا البحث دراسة تحليلية للآية الستين من سورة الانفال، إذ يأمر الله تعالى فيها المسلمين بالإعداد والتجهيز لرد أعداء الله وأعدائهم، وليس ذلك فحسب، بل ويرشدهم إلى الاقتدار على ترهيب الأعداء، إذ تمت دراستها من حيث اللغة والبلاغة والدلالة والتفسير، وتبيّن أن الإعداد والتهيؤ فرض كفائي على الأمة الاسلامية في كل عصر من العصور، وحسب متطلبات العصر، إذ جاء لفظ (قوة) بصيغة النكرة في الآية الكريمة ليدل على العموم، فتشمل جميع أنواع الإعداد المعنوي والروحي والمادي، بمختلف الأسلحة المناسبة للعصر، المتطورة حسبما يوجد لدى العدو، لأن العبرة بعموم اللفظ لا بخصوص السبب، وكذلك تبين أن ارهاب العدو مطلوب شرعاً، وإن الارهاب مصطلح قرآني لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه لدحر الاعداء، فهو محمود إذا ما استعمل في تخويف الأعداء والمعتدين، ويكون مذموماً وبعيداً كل البعد عن تعاليم القرآن الكريم والاسلام الحنيف إذا استخدم لترويع الآمنين، وإزهاق أرواح الابرياء من المسلمين وغيرهم، وهدم المدن والاوطان وتخريب المعالم والبنى التحتية، لأن الأصل في الحياة البشرية هو التعايش السلمي والتفاعل الحضاري.
التباين المكاني للثروة الحيوانية في محافظة اربيل
Authors: Hermze al Nabati Poleen Polis
Published: December 2022

تعد المنتجات الحيوانية من أهم أساسيات الانتاج الزراعي ,حيث يتم الاعتماد عليها بشكل كبير في سد احتياجات السكان الغذائية بالدرجة الأولي و بعدها في تلبية احتياجاتهم الأخرى ,مثل استخدامهم كمادة أولية في بعض الصناعات الضرورية كصناعة الجلود و الملابس. و لهذا فقد حظيت الدراسات الخاصة بالثروة الحيوانية و توزيعها و تباينها مكانيا اهتمامات معظم الباحثين في مختلف المجالات .يهدف البحث الي دراسة التباين المكاني للثروة الحيوانية  وبوجه الخصوص حيوانات  الماشية  (الاغنام والابقار والماعز ) في محافظة اربيل ,و قد اتخذت الدراسة  تباين العوامل الطبيعية والبشرية بين مختلف الاقضية التابعة لهذه  المحافظة كأساس للتباين المكاني فيها حيث تعتبر الثروة الحيوانية من الموارد المرتبط وجودها المكاني بظواهر جغرافية معينة ,و قد حاول البحث اثبات صحة ذلك من خلال الاعتماد علي بيانات اظهرت توزيع الماشية في منطقة الدراسة .يتضمن البحث اربعة  مباحث رئيسية بالإضافة الي النتائج والتوصيات.  يدرس المبحث الاول التعريف بمنطقة الدراسة وخصائصها الجغرافية اما المبحث الثاني فيركز غلي مصادر الغذاء للماشية في المحافظة, اما بالنسبة للمبحث الثالث فيدرس واقع التوزيع الجغرافي للماشية في المحافظة وتباينها مكانيا،  أما المبحث الرابع فيركز علي ابرز المشاكل التي تعاني منها الماشية  في المحافظة وكيفية علاجها.
الاستقلالية وعلاقتها ببعض المتغيرات لدى طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية
Authors: Nader Adeeb Muhammad , Hussain Ali Jinan Muhammad
Published: December 2022

يهدف البحث الحالي الكشف عن مستوى الاستقلالية وعلاقتها ببعض المتغيرات الجنس (ذكور/إناث) والتخصص (علمي/أدبي) لدى عينة من طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية ، وقد بلغت عينة البحث (300) طالب وطالبة من مدارس قضاء الدجيل . وقد قام الباحثان ببناء مقياس الاستقلالية كفاءة المواجهة وهو جزء من المتطلبات الأساسية للبحث الحالي والمتكون من خمسة مجالات هي (الكفاءة الذاتية ، اتخاذ القرار ، تحمل المسؤولية ، حرية الرأي ، الثقة بالنفس ) ، إذ تكون المقياس بصورته الأولية من (50) فقرة ، حيث جرى التحقق من الصدق الظاهري للمقياس عن طريق عرضه على مجموعة من الخبراء والمحكمين وكذلك استخراج معامل التمييز ومعامل ارتباط لفقرات المقياس ، وتم  استبقاء جميع الفقرات بدون حذف ، وقد جرى حساب ثبات المقياس بطريقة إعادة الاختبار فبلغ (0.82) ويعد معامل ثبات جيد لان قيمة الثبات الموثوق فيها في المقاييس النفسية يفضل ان تكون اكثر من (0.70)
وقد توصل الباحثان إلى النتائج الآتية :-
1 – إن طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية يتمتعون بمستوى جيد من الاستقلالية .
2- عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في مستوى الاستقلالية وفقاً لمتغير الجنس (الذكور /الإناث) ، وعدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية متغير التخصص (علمي / أدبي) .
Accuracy of Relative Navigation Using Time-of-Flight Cameras
Authors: Grishin Vladimir A.
Published: December 2022

Three-dimensional time-of-flight cameras are being used increasingly widely, and they have found applications in robotics for information support of motion control tasks. They are also considered promising for spacecraft control at short distances from other spacecraft. One such application is relative navigation in the problem of docking with a non-cooperative spacecraft. In this case, the values of the relative coordinates’ measurement errors that the time-of-flight camera can provide are very important. This paper proposes a method for estimating the magnitude of errors in measuring relative coordinates, which depend on the shape of the passive spacecraft, and the distance, observation angle, and parameters of the time-of-flight camera. The lower Cramer–Rao bound is used as an estimate.
Influence of a Website on Pregnant Women’s Knowledge of and Motivation for Antenatal Visits during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia
Authors: Choiriyah Muladefi , Merdikawati Ayut , Amaliya Faizatul , Adhimah Vara , Ismail Dina Dewi Sartika Larasati Ismail
Published: December 2022

Due to the novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was declared a global pandemic on 11 March 2020, there was limited antenatal care service information available in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyse pregnant women’s knowledge of and motivation for prenatal visits, and their satisfaction with the COVID-19 Maternal-Child Health Education Universitas Brawijaya (COVIMEDUB) website. The study respondents were divided into two groups and the study was conducted from June to November 2021. The respondents were pregnant women who were capable of operating a smartphone and who received offline antenatal care at the Public Health Centre (PHC) in Singosari, Malang Regency, Indonesia. The intervention group were given access to the COVIMEDUB website. Data collection used pre- and post-test questionnaires. Moreover, the data analysis used the paired t-test, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the independent t-test. The results revealed that the group using the website had the highest average score for knowledge and motivation (3.13 ± 1.65 and 3.93 ± 3.31), and there were significant differences between knowledge and motivation (p-value 0.000 and 0.002). Furthermore, the highest average score for website satisfaction was achieved for being capable of assisting mothers in obtaining the information they require (4.27 ± 0.51). In conclusion, the use of the website significantly enhanced pregnant women’s knowledge of and motivation for antenatal visits. Therefore, it is necessary to improve healthcare provider’s ability to provide variations of educational media, mainly based on technology.
Wittgenstein’s Tractarian Apprenticeship / trans. from Engl. V. V. Tselishchev
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tselishchev V. V.
Published: December 2022

The years since the publication of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus have produced a good many interpretations of its central tenets. Time has produced something of a consensus concerning the nature of the Tractarian criticisms of Russell’s philosophy. Recent work on Russell’s philosophy of logic reveals, however, that the agreed account of Tractarian criticisms relies upon characterizing Russell with positions he did not hold.
«Future War»: the experience of analytical foresight of military conflict by Red Army intelligence practitioners
Authors:   Historical Archive of the Omsk Region, Fedotova I. V.
Published: December 2022

The publication analyzes the content of one of the first domestic predictions in the field of geopolitics – the information and analytical work «The Future War», prepared in 1928 by specialists of the IV (intelligence) Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters under the leadership of the Chief of Staff of the Red Army M. N. Tukhachevsky. The history of the creation of the work is presented, the accuracy of the forecasts proposed by theorists is analyzed, and the modern relevance of this study is revealed in the light of the current global geopolitical situation, when Russia, as in the 1920s, is opposed by a block of unfriendly states.
Adventurer in ranks of the secret services? To the biography of Pyotr Vasilyevich Glinko– Appin
Authors:   Omsk State Technical University, Petin D. I.
Published: December 2022

The article deals with the problem of embedding foreigners in the early Soviet society in the conditions of the end of the Civil War in Siberia. For this purpose, on the basis of the anthropological approach, theories of social adaptation and social identity, the biography of the representative of the Czech intelligentsia Pyotr Vasilyevich Glinko–Appin is analyzed. The final stage of his life was associated with work in the special services of anti-Bolshevik and pro-Soviet authorities, being in custody, participating in the Soviet underground, and working as a civil engineer. The basis for the study is a complex of unpublished forensic and investigative materials that are part of the archival criminal case against the hero of the story. In conclusion, it is emphasized that a foreign officer with an anti-Bolshevik past could not count on successful social adaptation in the conditions of Soviet Russia.
Qualidade de vida em adultos e idosos após artroplastia de quadril
Authors: Junior Walter de Freitas , El Kadi Salyme , Teixeira Lucas Soares , Abreu Allyson Cândido de , Almeida Alex Barbosa , Coelho Danilo Lopes Miranda
Published: December 2022

Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida em adultos e idosos, vítimas de trauma, submetidos a artroplastia total e parcial de quadril em um hospital terciário. Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise dos prontuários em relação aos aspectos: sexo, idade, lado acometido e tipo de artroplastia do quadril. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada por meio do questionário Short-Form Health Survey- 36 (SF-36). Resultados: 103 pacientes foram submetidos a artroplastia de quadril, dos quais 57 pacientes foram inclusos na pesquisa e 86% (n= 49) a Artroplastia Total de Quadril (ATQ). A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (64,9%, n= 37) e média de idade foi de 73 anos. Os domínios saúde mental, aspectos sociais, estado geral de saúde e vitalidade apresentaram as maiores pontuações médias. Por outro lado, os domínios limitação física, dor, capacidade funcional e limitação emocional foram as dimensões consideradas mais comprometidas. Quando comparado os grupos submetidos a ATQ e artroplastia parcial de quadril, foi observada diferença significativa (p<0,05) nos domínios saúde mental e vitalidade. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes submetidos a artroplastia de quadril em um hospital terciário são idosos, do sexo feminino e apresentam uma baixa qualidade de vida após a cirurgia.
Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com fratura de fêmur proximal submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico
Authors: Freitas Júnior Walter de , Teixeira Lucas Soares , Benevides Pedro Henrique Silva , Rezende Lauro César  Brito , Coelho Danilo Lopes Miranda
Published: December 2022

Objetivo: Descrever as características epidemiológicas dos pacientes com fratura de fêmur proximal submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo e descritivo, em que foi realizado a avaliação de prontuários de pacientes com fratura de fêmur proximal submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico em um hospital público do Estado de Goiás de setembro/2020 a janeiro/2022. Os dados avaliados foram a idade, sexo e tipo de fratura. Resultados: Em nosso estudo foram evidenciadas um total de 620 internações por fratura de fêmur proximal que foram submetidas ao tratamento cirúrgico. Do total de internações 53,71% eram do sexo feminino e 71.45% dos pacientes eram idosos. A média de idade da amostra foi de  67.05±19.32 anos que foi mais elevada no sexo masculino (p<0.01). Em nosso estudo foram identificadas três grupos de fraturas: transtrocanterianas (56.45%), colo do fêmur (28.87%) e subtrocanterianas (14.68%), porém sem diferença significativa em relação ao tipo de fratura e o sexo (p=0,19). Conclusão: Conclui-se que a maior parte dos pacientes internados em um Hospital de Urgências de Goiás devido fratura de fêmur proximal eram idodas do sexo feminino e que a maior parte das fraturas eram do tipo transtrocanterica.
Elaboração de cartilhas educativas para saúde do idoso: Relato de experiência
Authors: Braga Fernando Cesar de Souza , Sousa Júnior Célio Pereira de , Bezerra Jade de Moraes , Bezerra Antônio Marcos Almeida , Coelho Alexandre Apolo Silva , Cavalcante Rosiane Luz , Damasceno Helane Conceição , Oliveira Osvaldo Pantoja de , Silva Leonardo de Oliveira Rodrigues da , Silva Júnior Ademir Ferreira da
Published: December 2022

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência sobre o processo de construção de cartilhas educativas de temas relacionados à saúde do idoso, visando à promoção de práticas de autocuidado para o aumento da qualidade de vida e da longevidade da pessoa idosa. Relato de experiência: Trata-se de estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, referente à produção e divulgação de cartilhas educativas em saúde da pessoa idosa, resultado de um programa de extensão da Pró-Reitoria de Extensão da Universidade Federal do Pará. Nesse contexto, as tecnologias educativas em saúde foram produzidas com apoio de equipe multidisciplinar e possuem linguagem dialogada, simples e direta, a fim de fomentar o autocuidado da população idosa. As ilustrações foram criadas para favorecer a transmissão de informações acerca de enfermidades comuns na população-alvo. A publicação das cartilhas foi potencializada pelas redes sociais e mídia televisiva. Considerações finais: As tecnologias educativas do tipo cartilha podem ser utilizadas para promoção do autocuidado de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis da população idosa.
Thrombus in transit – A case series on dilemma in management
Authors: Agrawal Gyanendra , Sharma Smita , Paul Biswajit
Published: December 2022

Thrombus in transit (TIT) is a rare but potentially fatal condition. Transthoracic echocardiography is the diagnostic modality of choice. The major complications of TIT are pulmonary embolism, right ventricular dysfunction, obstructive shock, and paradoxical embolism through patent foramen ovale. We hereby present a case series of four patients with TIT and the challenges faced while managing them.
Melanoma brain metastasis mimicking cortical laminar necrosis
Authors: Marino Alexandria C. , Fadul Camilo E. , Lopes M. Beatriz , Patel Sohil Harshad , Asthagiri Ashok R.
Published: December 2022

Background:

Metastatic lesions to the brain are common in patients with melanoma. Imaging characteristics can support the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma, but alternative diagnoses should be considered.

Case Description:

Here, we present a case of a 57-year-old man in whom a metastatic melanoma initially mimicked the imaging characteristics of cortical laminar necrosis.

Conclusion:

This comprises the first report of melanoma brain metastasis presenting with these imaging characteristics and emphasizes the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for metastatic lesions in patients with known cancer.
Oligodendroglioma with ganglioglioma-like maturation: the histopathological diagnostic challenge of a brain neoplasm with aberrant neuronal component – A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Gaggero Gabriele , Carlin Luca , Valle Luca , Gnocchi Giulia , Bennicelli Elisa , Fiaschi Pietro
Published: December 2022

Background:

Oligodendroglioma with ganglioglioma-like maturation is a rare entity not included in the 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. To date, only a few cases were described in the literature. We report a case of this tumor, along with a review of the previous case reports/ series.

Case Description:

A 63-year-old man with a left frontal mass and a 2-month history of seizures underwent surgical resection in our center. Grossly, the specimen appeared as a yellowish mass with prominent hemorrhagic component. Microscopically, the lesion was composed by small round cells often surrounded by a clear halo and, near the hemorrhagic area, by scattered large cuboidal cells with vesicular nuclei and prominent eosinophilic nucleoli. On immunohistochemical stains, both cells components tested positive for ATRX, p53, and GFAP; larger ganglion-like cells showed synaptophysin and chromogranin-A expression. IDH1 codon 132 mutation, 1p-19q-codeletion, and MGMT methylation were observed. Eventually, a diagnosis of oligodendroglioma (the WHO grade II) with ganglioglioma-like maturation was rendered. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy and is currently alive and asymptomatic.

Conclusion:

Recognition of ganglioglioma-like maturation in oligodendrogliomas may prevent undertreatment of these neoplasms. To this end, fluorescence in situ hybridization assays are crucial for defining the 1p-19q status.
Nontraumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation in adults: Report of two cases
Authors: Zhao Xiaochun , Prather Kiana Y. , Orenday-Barraza José M. , Muhammad Fauziyya Y. , Villeneuve Lance M. , Cavagnaro María José , Baaj Ali A. , Dahdaleh Nader S. , Smith Zachary A.
Published: December 2022

Background:

Nontraumatic infectious atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation (AARS) is rare and less frequently encountered in adults versus children. We utilized a stepwise approach to treat two adults with nontraumatic infectious AARS and summarized the relevant literature.

Case Description:

Two patients, ages 35 and 66, presented with classic clinical and imaging findings for infectious nontraumatic AARS. Here, we summarized the management for these two patients along with the literature.

Conclusion:

Nontraumatic infectious AARS in adults requires prompt X-ray diagnosis and timely application of traction to minimize neurological deficits. MR/CT imaging next offers critical information regarding whether operative stabilization is warranted.