bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What influences residents in selecting their subject in post-graduation?
Authors: Gautam AP , Paudel BH , Dhakal SR
Published: February 2013

Background: B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan, Nepal runs undergraduate medical education program with an innovative, community-oriented/based and integrated MBBS curriculum since 1994, which aims to prepare basic medical graduates appropriate for the country in the twenty-first century. Objective: To examine factors that influence the BPKIHS graduates in selecting their choice of specialty in post-graduation. Methods: A total of 19 factors influential in doctor.s choice of specialty1 assessed on Likert scale of 0-4 (where factor 0=not at all and 4=a great deal) amongst 37 BPKIHSgraduates who were in the pay-roll at the time of study in the BPKIHS (23 junior residents and 14 senior residents/faculty members) through a questionnaire. Results: Intrinsic factors were more influential (81.1%) than extrinsic factors (37.8%) in choosing specialty in residency. Amongst the intrinsic factors, advancement prospects was rated highest (89.1%). Other highly rated intrinsic factors in order were job security prospects (86.4%), prestige of discipline (83.7%), financial prospects (75.6%), intellectual content of the specialty and interest in helping people (73.0%), and appraisal of own skills and aptitudes (64.9%). Amongst the extrinsic factors, the highly rated factors were opportunity to do procedural work and opportunity for research/teaching (83.7% rating factor).Conclusion: No matter what characteristics the medical school curriculum has, the intrinsic factors inculcated into the minds of the graduates based on their own interests seem more influential in choosing a specialty as their career choice. Health Renaissance, January-April 2013; Vol. 11 No.1; 68-73 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v11i1.7606
Multi-Color Spectral Transcript Analysis (SPECTRA) for Phenotypic Characterization of Tumor Cells
Authors: Hsu Joanne , Weier Jingly , Weier Heinz-Ulrich , Ito Yuko
Published: February 2013

Many human tumors show significant changes in their signal transduction pathways and, thus, the way the cells interact with their environment. Often caused by chromosomal rearrangements, including gene amplifications, translocations or deletions, the altered levels of gene expression may provide a tumor-specific signature that can be exploited for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. We investigated the utility of multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using non-isotopically labeled cDNA probes detected by Spectral Imaging as a sensitive and rapid procedure to measure tumor-specific gene expression signatures. We used a commercially available system to acquire and analyze multicolor FISH images. Initial investigations used panels of fluorescent calibration standards to evaluate the system. These experiments were followed by hybridization of five-to-six differently labeled cDNA probes, which target the transcripts of tyrosine kinase genes known to be differently expressed in normal cells and tumors of the breast or thyroid gland. The relatively simple, yet efficient, molecular cytogenetic method presented here may find many applications in characterization of solid tumors or disseminated tumor cells. Addressing tumor heterogeneity by means of multi-parameter single cell analyses is expected to enable a wide range of investigations in the areas of tumor stem cells, tumor clonality and disease progression.
Reliability, Validity, Comparability and Practical Utility of Cybercrime-Related Data, Metrics, and Information
Authors: Kshetri Nir
Published: February 2013

With an increasing pervasiveness, prevalence and severity of cybercrimes, various metrics, measures and statistics have been developed and used to measure various aspects of this phenomenon. Cybercrime-related data, metrics, and information, however, pose important and difficult dilemmas regarding the issues of reliability, validity, comparability and practical utility. While many of the issues of the cybercrime economy are similar to other underground and underworld industries, this economy also has various unique aspects. For one thing, this industry also suffers from a problem partly rooted in the incredibly broad definition of the term “cybercrime”. This article seeks to provide insights and analysis into this phenomenon, which is expected to advance our understanding into cybercrime-related information.
Rapid Characterization of Vegetation Structure with a Microsoft Kinect Sensor
Authors: Azzari George , Goulden Michael , Rusu Radu
Published: February 2013

The importance of vegetation structure and biomass in controlling land-atmosphere exchange is widely recognized, but measurements of canopy structure are challenging, time consuming, and often rely on destructive methods. The Microsoft Kinect is an infrared sensor designed for video gaming that outputs synchronized color and depth images and that has the potential to allow rapid characterization of vegetation structure. We compared depth images from a Kinect sensor with manual measurements of plant structure and size for two species growing in a California grassland. The depth images agreed well with the horizontal and vertical measurements of plant size made manually. Similarly, the plant volumes calculated with a three-dimensional convex hulls approach was well related to plant biomass. The Kinect showed some limitations for ecological observation associated with a short measurement range and daytime light contamination. Nonetheless, the Kinect’s light weight, fast acquisition time, low power requirement, and cost make it a promising tool for rapid field surveys of canopy structure, especially in small-statured vegetation.
The Effects of Isolation and Natural Park Coverage for Landrace In situ Conservation: An Approach from the Montseny Mountains (NE Spain)
Authors: Boada Martí , Puig Jordi , Barriocanal Carles
Published: February 2013

Human isolation in mountain areas has an extra cost for the people living there, because they occasionally have to face harsh environmental conditions. Such adaptation to the environment can be faced in several ways, and in situ landrace conservation is a proposed strategy that concerns food acquisition and maintenance. However, human isolation could also be affected as a result of residing inside a protected area. In this paper, we assess the correlation between the in situ landraces conserved by farmers and the location of the farms inside or outside of a protected area (Montseny Mountains Biosphere Reserve and Natural Park). The variables of isolation, calculated as the time needed to reach the nearest market and the effect of altitude, were also considered. We interviewed 28 farmers, 12 inside and 16 outside of the protected area, and identified a total of 69 landraces. Those farms located inside the boundaries of the Natural Park retained more landraces than those located outside. There was also a positive and significant correlation between the landraces cultivated and the degree of isolation. The effect of altitude did not appear to be a relevant variable. Finally, a total of 38 landraces were located only on farms inside the Natural Park, 13 were found outside and 18 were cropped in both territories.
Predicted Peptides from Non-Structural Proteins of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Are Able to Induce IFN-γ and IL-10
Authors: Burgara-Estrella Alexel , Díaz Ivan , Rodríguez-Gómez Irene , Essler Sabine , Hernández Jesús , Mateu Enric
Published: February 2013

This work describes peptides from non-structural proteins (nsp) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) predicted as potential T cell epitopes by bioinfornatics and tested for their ability to induce IFN-γ and IL-10 responses. Pigs immunized with either genotype 1 or genotype 2 PRRSV attenuated vaccines (n=5/group) and unvaccinated pigs (n = 4) were used to test the peptides. Swine leukocyte antigen haplotype of each pig was also determined. Pigs were initially screened for IFN-γ responses (ELISPOT) and three peptides were identified; two of them in non-conserved segments of nsp2 and nsp5 and the other in a conserved region of nsp5 peptide. Then, peptides were screened for IL-10 inducing properties. Six peptides were found to induce IL-10 release in PBMC and some of them were also able to inhibit IFN-γ responses on PHA-stimulated cells. Interestingly, the IFN-γ low responder pigs against PRRSV were mostly homozygous for their SLA haplotypes. In conclusion, these results indicate that nsp of PRRSV contain T-cell epitopes inducing IFN-γ responses as well as IL-10 inducing segments with inhibitory capabilities.
Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed intermolecular carbomagnesiation and carbozincation
Authors: Murakami Kei , Yorimitsu Hideki
Published: February 2013

Carbomagnesiation and carbozincation reactions are efficient and direct routes to prepare complex and stereodefined organomagnesium and organozinc reagents. However, carbon–carbon unsaturated bonds are generally unreactive toward organomagnesium and organozinc reagents. Thus, transition metals were employed to accomplish the carbometalation involving wide varieties of substrates and reagents. Recent advances of transition-metal-catalyzed carbomagnesiation and carbozincation reactions are reviewed in this article. The contents are separated into five sections: carbomagnesiation and carbozincation of (1) alkynes bearing an electron-withdrawing group; (2) alkynes bearing a directing group; (3) strained cyclopropenes; (4) unactivated alkynes or alkenes; and (5) substrates that have two carbon–carbon unsaturated bonds (allenes, dienes, enynes, or diynes).
Las encuadernaciones mudéjares de lacerías, tipo «toledano» y «salmantino», en la Catedral de Toledo
Authors: Carpallo-Bautista Antonio , Burgos-Bordonau Esther
Published: February 2013

Dentro de la historia de la encuadernación española destaca el florecimiento del estilo mudéjar entre los siglos XIII y XVI, sobre todo en la península Ibérica, sobresaliendo los trabajos realizados en algunas ciudades como Toledo. La Biblioteca Capitular de la Catedral de Toledo dispone de uno de los grupos más importantes de España, cuantitativa y cualitativamente, aunque su estado de conservación no es el más adecuado en muchos de los ejemplares. El presente trabajo pretende estudiar y analizar los diferentes tipos de encuadernaciones mudéjares con lacerías, tipo de decoración muy propio de ciudades como Toledo, Salamanca y Barcelona. Se han estudiado las estructuras decorativas y los elementos artísticos empleados, las técnicas de decoración y de construcción, así como los materiales utilizados en la elaboración, con lo que hemos podido establecer el origen o procedencia de cada encuadernación en función de la estructura decorativa, de los motivos decorativos individuales, de las filigranas de las guardas originales y del tipo de cabezadas.
Leer a Maquiavelo, traducir el Corán: Muḥammad, príncipe y legislador en el Alcorano di Macometto (Venecia, 1547)
Authors: Mattia Tommasino Pier
Published: February 2013

Este artículo se centra en L’Alcorano di Macometto, escrito por Giovanni Battista Castrodardo de Belluno (1517 ca.-1588 ca.) e impreso por Andrea Arrivabene en Venecia en 1547. Aunque hoy sea considerado como una torpe paráfrasis de la traducción latina del Corán de Roberto de Ketton (1143 AD), un examen atento demuestra que L’Alcorano costituyó una práctica y exitosa enciclopedia de bolsillo sobre la historia del islam y del Imperio otomano. Siguiendo una intuición de Alessandro D’Ancona (1889), analizo los textos históricos publicados en la introducción del texto, centrándome especialmente en la biografía del profeta Muḥammad escrita por Castrodardo. Dicha biografía presenta una larga oración renacentista pronunciada por el monje Sergio-Bahīrā para convencer a Muḥammad a derrocar al emperador Heraclio. A través de un análisis lingüistico y retórico detallado de esta oración, intento demostrar la cultura literaria de Castrodardo y su interés por las obras de Maquiavelo. Este nuevo retrato de Muhammad presenta al profeta del islam como un príncipe renacentista, un legislador y un «profeta armado», revelando asimismo las ideas políticas de los círculos filoturcos y anti-imperiales vinculados a la embajada de Francia en Venecia.
Entre helenismo y arabización. Sobre la formación de una identidad etnolingüística de las comunidades melkitas en el corazón del poder islámico
Authors: Monferrer-Sala Juan Pedro
Published: February 2013

El presente artículo se ocupa de la comunidad melkita, en tanto que grupo que se conformó como una identidad eclesiástica surgida en el periodo islámico, en el corazón del Islam y por tanto no en Constantinopla. De ahí que insistamos en que aquellos rasgos de identidad de esta comunidad que vienen dados por la fe de la Ortodoxia bizantina, formada a partir de grupos de calcedonianos siriacos anti-monotelitas como grupo diferenciado de los jacobitas, que serán identificados posteriormente con los cristianos del califato omeya que aceptaron las enseñanzas del sexto concilio ecuménico de la iglesia imperial bizantina en el año 681. En este contexto, el uso de la denominación melkita no ha de entenderse como sinónimo de «ortodoxos griegos», sino de «calcedonianos», que en el caso de los cristianos siriacos identifica a aquellos que siguieron el dogma diotelita.
Presentación
Authors: Signes-Codoñer Juan
Published: February 2013

No disponible
Promoting Remote and Virtual labs in Portugal
Authors: Restivo Maria Teresa , Cardoso Alberto
Published: February 2013
Concept Mapping for Higher Order Thinking
Authors: Zvacek Susan Marie , Restivo Maria Teresa , Chouzal Maria Fátima
Published: February 2013

Engineering education is facing a changing world in which how one thinks is becoming more important than what one thinks; that is, our course content is important but constantly changing and we need to help students learn how to think about that content.

Today’s students have grown accustomed to immediate rewards, multi-channel stimuli, and rapid-fire communications.  As a result, they are often impatient and suffer a lack of focus. When reflection is called for in the learning process - a time consuming practice - students may find it difficult to overcome the conflict between their typically speedy management of priorities and the focused, time-intensive thinking required to acquire a strong foundation of declarative knowledge.

Therefore, the exploration of tools to facilitate the formation of deep knowledge structures is essential. One instructional strategy that shows promise is the use of concept mapping, a learning activity that requires students to explain their understanding of important ideas and the relationships among those ideas.  This paper describes a pilot project to integrate concept mapping into a Mechanical Engineering Course and the preliminary results of that project.

This project has been established within the Working Group of “Tools for Developing High Order Thinking Skills”, of the Portuguese Society for Engineering Education, in which the first author is the leader and the other two co-authors, are working group members.
Mentoring Activities in a Summer School
Authors: Marques José Couto , Restivo Maria Teresa , Chouzal Maria Fátima
Published: February 2013

<span style="font-size: 10pt; layout-grid-mode: line; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Universidade Júnior is a very large educational program for the promotion of knowledge among pre-university children and teenagers launched in 2005 by U.Porto. This extremely popular initiative is currently attracting around 5000 students per year for a variety of learning activities and small research projects offered by the 14 Faculties of U.Porto during July and September. Besides providing a foretaste of university life and vocational orientation, they also give the youngsters a strong incentive to continue their studies into higher education and a knowledge-based career. A key element to the success of this process is the mentoring activity that is developed at two levels: between faculty and the junior tutors and between these and the young students.
Web-based Peer Assessment: A Case Study with Civil Engineering Students
Authors: Cruz Gonçalo , Dominguez Caroline , Maia Ana , Pedrosa Daniela , Grams Gordon
Published: February 2013

<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; layout-grid-mode: line;" lang="EN-US">Peer-assessed online collaborative writing is of growing importance for higher education. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of collected data, this work presents the results of a case study in a graduate civil engineering course at the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. After an overall presentation of the learning activity, it examines students’ attitudes towards web-based peer assessment and identifies which factors are related to students’ use and appreciation of feedback. In addition, an analysis of the type of feedback is presented in an attempt to evaluate students’  written communication skills. The results of this study provide indications on how to improve the design and implementation of future web-based peer assessment tasks and raise questions on the effectiveness of peer/teacher grading in the use of feedback.
Collaboration and Resource Sharing in Engineering Education
Authors: Uhomoibhi James Onohuome
Published: February 2013
Engineering, Concepts and Video Clips
Authors: Marques José Couto , Quintela Joana , Restivo Maria Teresa , Trigo Vasco Matos
Published: February 2013
Remote Educational Experiment Applied To Electrical Engineering
Authors: Neto João Mota , Marcelino Roderval , Pereira Carlos Eduardo , Gruber Vilson , Silva Juarez Bento da , Paladini Suenoni
Published: February 2013

This article presents the development of an architecture for a remote educational experiment concerning the speed control applied to a direct current motor. The proposed architecture is based on the use of an Arduino Uno and Ethernet Shield, whose function is to interface between the experiment and the Internet. The user can access the control experiment through an application developed in Java, which allows the students to choose the model of the controller (P, PI and PID) they want to study, change its parameters and the system response visualization through graphics and webcam. Results show the potential of the application of such architecture to remote experimentation context concerning engineering, mainly to the specific area of control systems.
A Contribution to Real-Time Experiments in Remote Laboratories
Authors: Janík Zoltán , Žáková Katarína
Published: February 2013

The paper is focused on realization of hard real-time control of experiments in on-line laboratories. The presented solution utilizes already developed on-line laboratory portal that is based on open-source Scilab environment. The customized solution is based on Linux RTAI platform with RTAI-XML server, Comedi and jRTAILab with support of ScicosLab environment. It generates real-time executable code that is used to operate student experiments performed on Humusoft CE152 Magnetic Levitation plant.
Paternal psychopathology and maternal depressive symptom trajectory during the first year postpartum
Authors: D'Anna-Hernandez Kimberly L. , Zerbe Gary O. , Hunter Sharon K. , Ross Randal G.
Published: February 2013

Understanding parental psychopathology interaction is important in preventing negative family outcomes. This study investigated the effect of paternal psychiatric history on maternal depressive symptom trajectory from birth to 12 months postpartum. Maternal Edinburgh Postpartum Depression screens were collected at 1, 6 and 12 months and fathers’ psychiatric diagnoses were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV from 64 families. There was not a significant difference in the trajectory of maternal depressive symptoms between mothers with partners with history of or a current psychiatric condition or those without a condition. However, mothers with partners with substance abuse history had higher levels of depressive symptoms relative to those affected by mood/anxiety disorders or those without a disorder. Our results call for a closer look at paternal history of substance abuse when treating postpartum maternal depression.
Current Research, Part D, eastern Canada and National and General Programs
Authors:   Geological Survey of Canada
Published: February 2013

Along the southwest arm of Grand Lake a gneiss camp/ex of presumed Grenville affinity con­tains a marble-quartzite unit and is cross-cut by a mafic dyke swarm. Overlying metasedimentary caver rocks, presumed correlative ta the Fleur de Lys Supergroup, contain a
camp/ex metacon­glomerate, variable in composition and structural style, which is interpreted as a local/y developed basal deposit. East-over-west Paleozoic ductile shearing, accompanied and overlapped by greenschist ta amphibolite-grade metamorphism, retrogressed the gneiss camp/ex and decoupled
basement and caver. This sector of the Steel Mountain terrane is allochthonous, thrust northwest over the Humber Platform sub-zone from an original site east of the Long Range fault, and telescoped into a stack of at least three thrust slices.
Factors contributing to sleep deprivation in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit in South Africa
Authors: Ehlers Valerie J. , Watson Heather , Moleki Mary M.
Published: February 2013

Patients in intensive care units require rest and sleep to recuperate, but might suffer from sleep deprivation due to ongoing unit activities. The study aimed to identify and describe the factors contributing to sleep deprivation in one multi-disciplinary intensive care unit (MDICU) in a private hospital in South Africa. Quantitative, descriptive research was conducted to identify factors contributing to sleep deprivation in the research setting, and to make recommendations to enhance these patients’ abilities to sleep. Structured interviews were conducted with 34 adult non-ventilated patients who had spent at least one night in the MDICU and who gave informed consent. Out of the 34 interviewed patients 70.6% (n = 24) indicated that they suffered from sleep deprivation in the MDICU. The five major factors contributing to sleep deprivation in a MDICU were, (1) not knowing nurses’ names, noise caused by alarms, (2) stress, (3) inability to understand medical terms, and (3) blood pressure cuffs that restricted patients’ movements and smelled badly. Patients’ abilities to sleep were enhanced by reassuring nurses whose names they knew and with whom they could communicate. By attending to the identified five major factors, patients’ abilities to sleep in a MDICU could be enhanced enabling patients to recuperate faster. The implementation of such measures need not incur financial costs for the MDICU concerned.
Dendritic Cells in HIV-1 and HCV Infection: Can They Help Win the Battle?
Authors: Sehgal Mohit , Khan Zafar K. , Talal Andrew H. , Jain Pooja
Published: February 2013

Persistent infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As sentinels of our immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in initiating and regulating a potent antiviral immune response. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of DCs during HIV-1 and HCV infection have provided crucial insights into the mechanisms employed by these viruses to impair DC functions in order to evade an effective immune response against them. Modulation of the immunological synapse between DC and T-cell, as well as dysregulation of the crosstalk between DCs and natural killer (NK) cells, are emerging as two crucial mechanisms. This review focuses on understanding the interaction of HIV-1 and HCV with DCs not only to understand the immunopathogenesis of chronic HIV-1 and HCV infection, but also to explore the possibilities of DC-based immunotherapeutic approaches against them. Host genetic makeup is known to play major roles in infection outcome and rate of disease progression, as well as response to anti-viral therapy in both HIV-1 and HCV-infected individuals. Therefore, we highlight the genetic variations that can potentially affect DC functions, especially in the setting of chronic viral infection. Altogether, we address if DCs’ potential as critical effectors of antiviral immune response could indeed be utilized to combat chronic infection with HIV-1 and HCV.
Is Usage of a Wellness Center Associated with Improved Quality of Life?
Authors: Clark Matthew M. , Jenkins Sarah M. , Limoges Katherine A. , Hagen Philip T. , Lackore Kandace A. , Harris Ann M. , Werneburg Brooke L. , Warren Beth A. , Olsen Kerry D.
Published: February 2013

Purpose.

There is limited documentation regarding the potential quality of life (QOL) benefits associated with use of a worksite wellness center. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between potential QOL change and use of a worksite wellness center during a 12-month period.

Design.

Analysis of an annual QOL wellness center member survey and wellness center use during a 12-month time period.

Setting.

A worksite wellness center.

Participants.

A total of 1151 employee wellness center members, average age of 39.5 years, 69.7% female, and 43.5% reported being overweight.

Intervention.

Members of the worksite wellness center have access to a range of fitness options, including exercise classes, water aerobics, an indoor track, strength training, and aerobic conditioning equipment. Additionally, nutritional classes are offered, and there is a wellness café. For resiliency, members can participate in wellness coaching or a stress-reduction group program.

Method.

Participants completed a baseline QOL survey and a second QOL survey 1 year later. An electronic entry system tracked use of the wellness center.

Results.

Participants were divided into four wellness center use quartiles: low users (less than once every 2 weeks), below-average users, above-average users, and high users (two to three visits per week). High users reported experiencing improvements in their physical QOL (p < .0001) compared with the low users. Additionally, low users experienced a greater decline in their mental QOL (p = .05) compared with high users.

Conclusion.

In a large sample of employees, use of a wellness center during a 12-month period was associated with benefits for physical QOL. QOL is an important domain of wellness; therefore, in addition to measuring physiologic changes, examining potential QOL changes may be another important outcome measure for wellness centers.
Physical Environmental Attributes and Active Transportation in Belgium: What about Adults and Adolescents Living in the Same Neighborhoods?
Authors: Van Dyck Delfien , De Meester Femke , Cardon Greet , Deforche Benedicte , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse
Published: February 2013

Purpose.

To examine if adults and adolescents living in the same high- and low-walkable neighborhoods have different environmental perceptions and if this is reflected in distinct associations between environmental perceptions and active transportation.

Design.

Cross-sectional study with observational design.

Setting.

In Ghent, 24 neighborhoods were selected, stratified on objectively assessed walkability, and matched on neighborhood income. This resulted in four walkability/income quadrants, each consisting of six neighborhoods.

Subjects.

Living in the 24 neighborhoods were 1166 adults (20–65 years, 52.1% women) and 477 adolescents (13–15 years, 49.7% girls).

Measures.

All participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the International (adults) or Flemish (adolescents) Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale.

Analysis.

Multilevel (two-level: participant-neighborhood) moderated regression models, using MLwiN 2.23.

Results.

Both adults and adolescents living in objectively high-walkable neighborhoods perceived their environment as more activity friendly than their low-walkable neighborhoods counterparts (11 out of 13 main effects walkability: p < .05). However, perceived residential density (p < .05), land use mix (p < .01), safety for cycling (p < .05), and perceived walkability (p < .001) were associated with active transportation only in adults.

Conclusion.

Different environmental intervention strategies are probably needed to increase active transportation in Belgian adults and adolescents living in the same neighborhoods. In adults, changing objective or perceived environmental characteristics might be effective, whereas in adolescents, the current environmental focus should be changed towards multidimensional research.
Evaluation and Improvement of Methods for Detecting Intergranular Corrosion Susceptibility in Aluminum Alloys
Authors: KETCHAM SARA J. , BECK WALTER
Published: February 2013

Present methods for determining susceptibility to intergranular corrosion in aluminum-zinc alloys were considered inadequate and attempts were made to improve or refine them. NaCl-H2O2 and electrolytic tests and modifications were studied. Results obtained with electrolytic method showed good correlation with results of NaCl-H2O2 test. The latter is believed to be more sensitive under optimum conditions, but the variables inherent in the use of H2O2 are difficult to control. Electrochemical processes by which the various methods accelerate intergranular corrosion are discussed. Modification of the present inspection method is recommended, and a quantitative method for assessing degree of severity of intergranular penetration suggested.

2.3.5
Corrosion Problems in a Refinery Diethanolamine System
Authors: MOORE KENNETH L.
Published: February 2013

Various corrosion problems are described which have occurred in a large diethanolamine (DEA) system that removes hydrogen sulfide from refinery gas streams and a liquid propane-butane stream. These include reboiler corrosion, rich DEA corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion-erosion. The effect of the problems on system operation is discussed, as well as the means of minimizing the problems. Electrical resistance measuring device data indicate the importance of keeping the solution loading below 0.34 mol of acid gas (H2S + CO2) per mol of DEA to minimize the corrosion in the rich DEA. Data from this source also show the relationship between general reboiler corrosion and solution contamination. 8.4.3
Corrosion of Metals in Tropical Environments
Authors: SOUTHWELL C. R. , FORGESON B. W. , ALEXANDER A. L
Published: February 2013

This paper discusses the corrosion of Aston process wrought iron when exposed to five natural environments in the tropics. Data are reported covering an exposure period of eight years during which the metal was immersed at mean tide and continuously in fresh water and in the sea. Data are presented also from atmospheric exposures including both marine and inland atmospheres. Results indicate that corrosion (measured by weight loss) in fresh water is about equal to that which occurs at mean tide, while corrosion proceeds at the greatest rate during continuous immersion in the sea. Millscale on wrought iron accelerates pitting most severely on metal immersed continuously in the sea, although to a lesser degree than structural steel similarly exposed. It is suggested further that during the earlier exposure of wrought iron and mild steel to tropical water there is little difference in the rates at which the two metals corrode. After eight years, however, the steel shows a significantly greater weight loss. The corrosion of metallic couples of wrought iron and carbon steel in both fresh water and sea water is discussed. 4.2.7
Cathodic Protection of Water Treatment Plants
Authors: WATERS F. O.
Published: February 2013

Corrosion processes confronting water treatment plants are enumerated. Problems encountered in the installation, testing and operation of cathodic protection for rapid sand and pressure type filters are discussed. A six-year operating experience indicates the value of cathodic protection in both types of treatment plants. 5.2.1
New Developments in the Mitigation of Corrosion Sn the Utility Field
Authors: THALMANN E. H.
Published: February 2013

The use of distributed high silicon cast iron anodes for corrosion protection of an underground lead-covered cable distribution system is discussed. Electrolytic zinc cells for use on pipe-type cables and for control of induced voltages on pipelines also are considered.

The use of well-type ground beds for cathodic protection of buried metallic structures at generating stations is described, and methods of protection of silicon rectifiers from damage because of surges are explained. The use of concrete as a coating on steel structures in shielded areas of cathodically protected complex systems is described. Other topics discussed include condenser water-box corrosion and dangers from stray current discharges.

The use of zinc rich paint for protection of steel in certain situations is covered. Comparisons are made with conventional primers. 5.2.1
Use of High Silicon Cast Iron for Anodes
Authors:   A Report of Technical Unit Committee T-2B, Prepared by NACE Task Group T-2B-4 On High Silicon Cost Iron Amodles
Published: February 2013

Data are tabulated from questionnaire replies received from more than 100 companies pertaining to use of high silicon cast iron for anodes. Of the 230 installations for which data were reported, 53 percent concerned ground bed applications, 37 percent fresh water and 10 percent salt water.

In general, data indicate high silicon cast iron anodes are at least equal to graphite anodes in ground bed applications where coke breeze backfill is utilized and superior in marshland and other areas where backfill is impractical. In fresh water applications high silicon cast iron anodes perform very well so long as the temperature does not exceed 125 F. At high temperatures the molybdenum containing alloy is preferred as is also the case in many brackish or salt water applications where the temperature may exceed 100 F. 6.2.2
Effects of Velocity on Corrosion
Authors: COPSON H. R.
Published: February 2013

Discusses effects of velocity of fluids on corrosion rate of metals. Explains relation between corrosion rate factors and velocity and velocity effect on corrosion of iron and other metals. Also discusses galvanic effects produced by changes in velocity. Includes discussion of erosion corrosion of iron, copper alloy and other alloys plus explanation of cavitation corrosion. 3.5.11
Application of Anodic Protection in the Chemical Industry
Authors: SHOCK D. A. , RIGGS O. L , SUDBURY J. D.
Published: February 2013

This paper presents the factors which are important to consider in evaluating a given metal-electrolyte system for the application of anodic protection. The general requirements are discussed first, and then a number of examples are given. The anodic protection process is applicable to highly conductive solutions which exhibit the property of establishing a passive range with the metal in question. In general, the oxy acids, the bases and the salts are applicable. The greatest class exclusion are those solutions containing the halogens. The effects of temperature, type of alloy and economic aspects of the system are discussed. Data is presented to show that used with the 18/8 stainless steels the anodic protection process could be applied to HNO3, H3PO4, NaOH. Al3(SO4)2 and NH4 NO3 solutions.

5.9.4
Influence of Cold Work on Hydrogen Behavior in Steel
Authors: HUDSON R. M. , RIEDY K. J. , STRAGAND G. L.
Published: February 2013

Discusses an investigation which shows that cold work markedly affects hydrogen's entry, solubility and desorption rate in steel. Also clarifies effect of processing variables on hydrogen behavior in steel. Includes discussion of materials, apparatus, environmental conditions and procedures used in experiments. 3.7.3
The Analysis and Composition Of Aluminum Corrosion Products
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-3Bon Corrosion Products
Published: February 2013

The various techniques applicable to investigation of aluminum corrosion products are discussed. Analytical procedures suitable for the determination of the various constituents in aluminum products are outlined. Methods reported include X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescense, differential thermal analysis,, electrographic methods, spectrographs analysis, microscopic examination, and qualitative and quantitative tests. Analytical data are presented for a number of corrosion products investigated. A study is made of corrosion products found in the following environments: fresh water, sea water and the atmosphere. Other topics discussed include presence of copper and mercury in aluminum corrosion products, pH of surface and water extract, and effect of chlorides. Data reported include effect of sea velocity on composition of corrosion products formed in 99.5 percent aluminum tubing, constituent/alumina ratios for sea water pipe products and composition of corrosion products of different alloys exposed in various industrial atmospheres. 3.4.3
Kinetics of Absorption by Metals of Hydrogen From Water and Aqueous Solutions
Authors: OWE BERG T. G.
Published: February 2013

The kinetics of absorption of hydrogen in corrosion is treated on the basis of a mechanism previously proposed for the absorption of hydrogen from H2 gas. Rate formulae are derived and compared with experimental data. On certain simple assumptions, a parabolic or a cubic rate law is derived for an initial period, during which absorption of hydrogen occurs. This rate law is succeeded by a linear rate law when the metal is saturated with hydrogen. The rate in acid solutions is proportional to the square root or the cube root of the acid concentration. The rate in water vapor is proportional to the square root of the water vapor pressure or independent of the water vapor pressure. 3.8.4
Current and Potential Relations For the Cathodic Protection of Steel In a High Resistivity Environment
Authors: SCHWERDTFEGER W. J.
Published: February 2013

In order to evaluate potential and current criteria for the cathodic protection of bare low-carbon steel in a high-resistivity environment, specimens were exposed in the laboratory for a period of two months to a soil having a resistivity of about 20,000 ohm-centimeter. Previous work in low-resistivity environments has shown that corrosion can be reduced to a negligible degree by polarizing a steel structure to —0.85 volt (protective potential) with reference to a copper-copper sulfate electrode. In such studies, cathodic polarization curves have also been shown to be useful in indicating the current density required for cathodic protection.

In the present study the above criteria were again evaluated. In addition to protecting the steel at the protective potential (free of IR drop), the effect on protection of including IR drop caused by the protective current was also noted. Also, cathodic polarization curves were obtained on a recorder in conjunction with a bridge circuit to eliminate the IR drop.

The results show that the best degree of protection was achieved on the specimen controlled at —0.77 volt (without IR) with reference to a saturated calomel half-cell. This is approximately equivalent to the protective potential —0.85 volt with reference to the copper-copper sulfate electrode. Applied current indicated by the break (change-in-slope) in the cathodic polarization curve agreed reasonably well with the actual current necessary to maintain polarization at —0.77 volt (free of IR).

The current required for protection was about three times the magnitude of the corrosion current; therefore, the corrosion reaction was either under anodic control (unlike previous studies) or an equivalent type of control which was caused by high resistance at anodic areas. 5.2.4
Effect of Chromium Depleted Surface On Corrosion Behavior of Type 430 Stainless Steel
Authors: TRAX R. V. , HOLZWARTH J. C.
Published: February 2013

Loss of chromium during steel mill processing is discussed together with the effect of this chromium depleted surface on atmospheric corrosion. A bench test for rapidly identifying the presence of chromium depleted surface is described and correlated with outdoor exposure tests. From laboratory studies cited several methods of overcoming this chromium depleted condition in Type 430 stainless steel are apparent. These methods include the use of a longer annealing cycle, a more complete pickling treatment alter each high speed anneal, and mechanical abrasion of the surface. 8.8.5
Corrosion Control in Petroleum Refineries Processing Western Canadian Crude Oils
Authors: EASTON C. L.
Published: February 2013

Corrosion problems encountered m petroleum refineries processing Western Canadian crude oils, and the methods used to overcome them, are outlined. Hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur compounds, together with hydrochloric acid formed from chlorides in the water associated with the crude oils, are the chief factors in the corrosion of crude distillation units. Preventive measures include desalting, use of alloy materials, neutralization of the hydrochloric acid, and the use of film forming organic inhibitors.

Corrosion in catalytic cracking light ends equipment is attributed to nitrogen compounds and cyanides. Water washing to reduce cyanide concentration,, the use of film-forming inhibitors, and the use of corrosion resistant materials are used with success to reduce the severity of the attack.

In catalytic reforming units, the problem of high temperature hydrogen sulfide corrosion is overcome by removing the sulfur in a feed preparation unit. Embrittlement of carbon steel by high temperature, high pressure hydrogen is a potential hazard in reforming units, but can be prevented by the use of refractory linings or low alloy steels containing chromium and molybdenum. Under certain conditions, strong acids are formed in these units creating further corrosion problems at temperatures below the dew point. 8.4.3
Hydrogen Corrosion in Organic Reactor Coolants
Authors: TROUTNER V. H.
Published: February 2013

Zirconium and Zircaloy-2 were exposed to organic reactor coolants at temperatures up to 400 C under various conditions of constant hydrogen partial pressure and low water concentration. The hydriding of zirconium was found to be independent of the presence of the organic coolant and dependent on the temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, and the presence of an oxide film on the metal. 6.3.20
High Temperature Corrosion Problems In the Reduction of Nickel Copper Ores
Authors: LAW R. J.
Published: February 2013

A review is given of certain high temperature corrosion problems involved in the reduction of Canadian-mined nickel copper ores. Emphasis is placed on the proper selection of materials for various pieces of mining and processing equipment. Among the pieces of equipment discussed are roasters (superimposed on reverberatory furnaces), converters, lute caps, piping, drag line conveyors, sinter machines and hot crusher rolls. Materials of construction tested include cast iron, cast 28 chromium-3 nickel, 25 chromium-12 nickel, ductile iron, 13 chromium-0 nickel, 26 chromium-46 nickel-5 tungsten, and Types 431 and 410 stainless steels. 8.10.3
Cathodic Protection of Prestressed Concrete Pipe
Authors: UNZ M.
Published: February 2013

Prestressed concrete pipe has the reinforcement either partly embedded in the concrete core or totally placed over the core under a cement mortar cover. Lines of the latter type are bonded at the steel joint rings to provide for electrical continuity. With the aid of insulating joints at junction points, adequate control of galvanic currents is ensured. The lines also have the advantage of being suitable for cathodic protection.

From an analysis of the line constants it follows that higher drainage current densities are required for this kind of pipe than in bituminous coated systems. The feeding points must be spaced closer due to stronger attenuation. Nevertheless cathodic protection can be economically applied under corrosive conditions. A field example has been described; constructional details also are given and design methods numerically discussed. 5.2.1
Industrial Maintenance Painting Program
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-6D,   On Industrial Maintenance Painting, Prepared by Task Group T-SD-3 on Paint Programs
Published: February 2013

An outline is given of current industrial practices in establishing and sustaining industrial maintenance painting programs. Specific areas of the program covered in detail include administration, specification (materials, equipment and methods), application, inspection and evaluation. Attention is given here to such matters as organization for industrial maintenance painting, cost factors, supply of materials, training programs, safety, and evaluation of environment. Data received from questionnaire replies are tabulated. Organizational charts used in carrying out actual painting programs are reproduced.
Correlation of Corrosion In a Crude Distillation Unit With Chemistry of the Crudes
Authors: PIEHL R. L
Published: February 2013

Of the many factors affecting corrosion rates in a crude distillation unit, the one of greatest importance is the tendency for a crude oil to liberate hydrogen sulfide upon being heated. A test procedure has been developed in which the hydrogen sulfide evolution from a crude is quantitatively measured as a function of temperature. Data are presented correlating corrosion rates in various parts of a crude unit with the hydrogen sulfide evolution characteristics of the crude being processed. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that corrosion rates in many parts of a crude distillation unit can be predicted with reasonable accuracy on the basis of hydrogen sulfide evolution and other chemical characteristics of the crude oil. 8.4.3
Topic of the Month Sodium Chromate Inhibitor In on Ethylene Glycol Engine Coolant
Authors: ROWE LEONARD C.
Published: February 2013

Laboratory tests were made to determine the suitability of sodium chromate inhibitor for ethylene glycol engine coolant. In the presence of light, chromate solutions turned green and dichromate solutions formed greenish precipitates. In the absence of light, little color change was noted.

Following completion of laboratory testing, eight-month long tests were made in automobile cooling systems. Methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol antifreezes were tested separately after addition of chromates. Indications were that chromate inhibitors could be used with ethylene glycol in the absence of light in cases where a laboratory evaluation had been made of operational factors. 5.8.2
Effect of pH on Oxygen Corrosion At Elevated Pressures
Authors: RIGGS O. L. , SUDBURY J. D. , HUTCHISON MERLE
Published: February 2013

A summary study of oxygen corrosion of mild steel in brine is presented. Corrosion rates were determined for oxygen pressures ranging from atmospheric to 515 psia and over a pH range of 1-13.5. All tests were conducted at room temperature (24 C).

It is shown that corrosion rates are generally increased with increasing oxygen pressure and decreasing pH; however, when tests exceeded 6 hours duration, an accelerated corrosion developed over the pH range 8–12. An unusual filamentary type corrosion product develops and grows in the 300–500 psi oxygen pressure range in pH 12 system. The identification and proposed mechanism of growth are given.

3.4.6