bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Future Directions in Reptile Medical Education
Authors: Jacobson Elliott , Heard Darryl , Isaza Ramiro
Published: January 2008

Reptile medicine has emerged as a specialty area within the broader field of zoological medicine. It encompasses the medical needs of approximately 7,500 vertebrate species. This vertebrate class is highly diversified, having biological and medical peculiarities that differ both between and within major groups. Historically, veterinarians who have become recognized specialists with reptiles have had limited formal training in their medical management. The pet reptile trade is a multi-million-dollar business, and the popularity of reptiles as pets has resulted in a need for more veterinarians with training in their medical management. While few private practices have high volumes of reptile cases, many small-animal practices will have the opportunity to see a significant number of reptiles on an annual basis. Most practitioners with reptile medical expertise have merged their experiences as reptile pet owners with the principles of veterinary medicine taught in veterinary college. Several North American veterinary colleges have reptile medicine courses, and most have didactic and clinical courses in exotic and zoo animal medicine that include lectures and practical experience. Most accredited zoological medicine residency training programs include training in reptile medicine. The case load and interest in reptile medicine will probably never be sufficient to lead the average veterinary college to develop much more than what is currently offered. Consequently, those few colleges having more extensive course offerings, both didactic and clinical, will serve as educational centers for this discipline. Future Web-based teaching programs in reptile medicine will allow students nationally and internationally to have access to instructional material that can be continually updated.
Zoo and Wildlife Medical Education: A European Perspective
Authors: Frölich Kai , Grabitzky Susanne E. , Walzer Christian , Delahay Richard J. , Dorrestein Gerry M. , Hatt Jean-Michel
Published: January 2008

Europe has a long and distinguished history in veterinary science and education, and it was here that the first professional investigations of pathological conditions in zoo animals took place. However, despite an increasing number of veterinarians working with wildlife, education in zoological and wildlife medicine has only recently become part of formal veterinary training at the undergraduate level. Consequently, current educational opportunities in zoological and wildlife medicine vary widely throughout Europe, both in availability and in composition. The need to establish agreed standards in education across Europe and to foster the mobility of students and teaching staff are reflected by international agreements such as the Bologna Treaty and the ERASMUS–SOCRATES program. Europe is also home to a number of voluntary professional organizations, such as the European Wildlife Disease Association and the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians, that actively promote the inclusion of zoological and wildlife medicine in veterinary education. Zoo and wildlife medicine is currently a veterinary specialization in Europe, but educational opportunities are likely to increase in availability in the future.
Global Public Health Issues
Authors: Blackwell Michael J.
Published: January 2008

The context of the conference presentation that gave rise to this article was the importance of veterinarians becoming more engaged in the public-health challenges of today. During the presentation, I sought to point out some of the pressing reasons why. Of particular concern to me are the missed opportunities to help influence human health and well-being as private veterinary practitioners in addition to public-practice veterinarians. Key elements: Public health, the protection and improvement of community health by organized community effort; the global community, the entire world; social responsibility, being, as members of society, morally and legally responsible for the welfare of human beings; terrorism, the systematic use of terror (fear), especially as a means of coercion (it is always local!); system integration, the interaction of interdependent groups to form a unified whole.
Veterinary Medicine Educational Requirements to Meet the Needs of the US Agency for International Development
Authors: Jennings Gerald B.
Published: January 2008

The US Agency for International Development (USAID) works within the overall purpose of US foreign assistance to improve the lives of the citizens of the developing world. Through partnerships with other agencies, organizations, and governments, and using its field offices around the world, USAID strives to develop local capacity and thus build sustainable development. Two specific USAID programs pertinent to veterinary medicine are global health and agriculture. In the area of global health, veterinarians can aid USAID's work to improve the quality, availability, and use of essential health services that specifically target maternal and child health, HIV/AIDS, family planning and reproductive health, infectious diseases, environmental health, nutrition, and other life-saving areas. The challenge of making the agricultural sector in a developing country more productive is a critical one for USAID and a clear area for input from the veterinary profession. Animal agriculture is the largest single sector of agricultural economies in most developing countries, and livestock remains a critical component of poverty alleviation. There are educational requirements that benefit anyone working at USAID and can be met prior to admittance to a DVM program, as part of a DVM curriculum, or in post-graduate training/employment, such as proficiency in a foreign language; environmental sciences background; familiarity with accounting and management techniques; expertise in foreign animal diseases, zoonotic diseases, epidemiology, food safety, and nutrition, as well as the application to human health of those areas; an advanced degree such as an MPH; and management experience. Appropriately trained veterinarians can make enormous contributions to USAID's global efforts to improve the health and agriculture sectors of developing nations.
The US Army Veterinary Corps: A Model for Professional Career Development with a Public Health and Global Perspective
Authors: Vroegindewey Gary
Published: January 2008

The US Army Veterinary Corps is composed of approximately 420 active-duty and 200 reserve-component veterinary officers, with 40 to 45 new veterinarians joining the active ranks each year. This article briefly summarizes the training that members of the veterinary corps receive in preparation for their diverse range of duties in service to the United States.
Evaluation of Traditional Instruction versus a Self-Learning Computer Module in Teaching Veterinary Students How to Pass a Nasogastric Tube in the Horse
Authors: Abutarbush Sameeh M. , Naylor Jonathan M. , Parchoma Gale , D'Eon Marcel , Petrie Lyall , Carruthers Terry
Published: January 2008

Objective – To evaluate the effectiveness of a self-learning computer module (SLCM) versus traditional instruction in teaching how to pass a nasogastric tube (NG) in the horse.

Design – a double-blind, monocentric study.

Sample population – 52 third-year students in the DVM program were randomly assigned to two groups: traditional instruction (N = 25) or SLCM instruction (N = 27).

Procedure – Traditional instruction consisted of an instructor and live demonstration; SCLM students were given a CD-ROM each. Both sessions lasted one hour. The students were then united in one session to practice passing the NG tube. Their performance was videotaped and evaluated by two evaluators. Students were then given a multiple-choice knowledge quiz. One week later, a second demonstration of the same procedure by the two methods was administered, and students were allowed to choose either method of instruction. A Likert-scale questionnaire about their comfort, their confidence, and the appropriateness of the teaching method was given after the second demonstration. Data were analyzed by non-parametric tests. A focus-group study was conducted to determine students’ perception of each teaching method. Nine participants in the experiment volunteered for these focus-group sessions. The sessions were audiotaped and transcribed.

Results – Students in the SLCM group performed significantly better on the test of knowledge than traditionally instructed students. The questionnaire found significant perceived benefits to computer-based instruction, including a preference for the computer-based module, better learning, and greater preparedness. In hands-on skill, time to pass the NG tube on the successful attempt was significantly shorter in the SLCM group than in the traditionally instructed group. The data from focus-group sessions suggest that while participants expressed satisfaction with both modes of instruction, the SLCM group reported somewhat higher levels of confidence in their skills prior to performing the procedure. Whereas the traditional group reported a strong preference for continued live demonstrations of the procedure, the SLCM group stated that the computer-assisted module alone provided them with effective instruction.

Conclusion – computer-assisted learning is an acceptable and effective method of training students to pass an NG tube with potential welfare, proficiency, and knowledge advantages.
Learning Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine through Development of a Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Hardin Laura E. , Robertson Stanley
Published: January 2008

Evidence-based veterinary medicine is a relatively new field of study. Increased knowledge of medicine coupled with the increased ability of computers and other electronic devices present overwhelming information. The critically appraised topic (CAT) is one method to gather and evaluate information related to a clinical question. CATs in informatics are short summaries of evidence, usually found through literature searches, in response to a specifically stated, clinically oriented problem or question. This article describes a study in which each first-year veterinary student developed a CAT as a class project. The results of this project indicate that students were able to successfully develop CATs and that this exercise helped them understand evidence-based veterinary medicine concepts. Though some modification in this project will be made in the future, overall it was a worthwhile effort and will remain as an activity in the course.
The Future of Veterinary Medicine in Poultry Production
Authors: Glisson John R. , Hofacre Charles L.
Published: January 2008

The poultry industry is a highly complex food-animal production system. Its success is dependent upon sophisticated techniques and systems to ensure disease prevention and product quality. Poultry veterinarians play a key role in the overall business and are typically the only individuals within poultry companies who are involved in the entire production process, including production management, health management, product quality, nutrition, and economics. Preparing veterinarians to work effectively in the poultry industry can no longer be accomplished within the DVM instructional program. Post-DVM training programs specializing in poultry medicine are now producing the veterinarians entering the North American poultry industry. Regionalization of training in poultry medicine has already taken place. These training programs are very important to food animal production in North America; in the future, they must be nurtured and supported in order to remain able to supply the veterinary workforce for our dynamic poultry industry.
Food-Supply Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Education: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Rose Reuben
Published: January 2008

Food-supply veterinary medicine has been an essential part of veterinary degree programs in Australia since the first veterinary school opened in the late nineteenth century. Australian veterinary schools, like others internationally, are being challenged by the relevance of material in current curricula for modern food-supply veterinary medicine. Additionally, student aspirations are a major issue, as curriculum designers balance companion-animal training with the herd/flock-based issues that focus on productivity and profitability. One of the challenges is to examine the relative balance of education in generic skills (self-knowledge, change management, teamwork, leadership, negotiation) with more technically or scientifically based education. An ongoing process of curriculum review and renewal, which involves input from both external and internal stakeholders and allows regular review and assessment, is needed to ensure continuing curriculum relevance.
Importance–Performance Analysis of Food-Supply Veterinary Medicine Career Commitment
Authors: Gwinner Kevin , Andrus David , Prince Bruce
Published: January 2008

This study presents the results of an analysis that identifies factors important to veterinary students in making a lifetime commitment to a particular career area. Using an importance–performance framework, the study evaluated 28 veterinary career attributes. Results indicate that to develop greater lifetime commitment among students, careers in food-supply veterinary medicine need to improve in the areas of health care and retirement benefits, free time available for family, opportunities to become authorities in the field, opportunities for advancement, and more contact with peer veterinarians.
Aspects of Future Animal Health: The Animal Health Foresight Project
Authors: Willis Norman G.
Published: January 2008

Against a background of social, political, and environmental change, the challenge to provide the most appropriate education for future veterinarians is daunting. A consideration of the multiple roles of veterinarians in our future society indicates that a different perspective is essential for progress to be made. One example of an approach to reach such a perspective is the Animal Health Foresight Project, which was jointly sponsored in 2005 by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and the US Department of Agriculture. A new paradigm emerged from this study. This article explores the conclusions of this project and their potential implications for the future of animal health and for veterinary medical education. Outcomes of the Foresight Project led to the development of a new paradigm. The implications for and the possible influence on future animal health and on veterinary medical education are contemplated.
The Use of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in Small-Animal Internal Medicine and Surgery
Authors: Bark Hylton , Shahar Ron
Published: January 2008

The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) has been used extensively to evaluate clinical skill of medical students. This article reports on its adaptation to veterinary medicine.
Medical Imaging Resource Center (MIRC) for Veterinary Medicine: A Digital Image Teaching File
Authors: Zwingenberger Allison L. , Ward Patrick R.
Published: January 2008

Rationale for the study – Veterinary radiology has a need for software to facilitate the creation of digital image teaching files. The Medical Imaging Resource Center (MIRC) is widely used in medicine to create teaching cases and store data from clinical trials. This open-source software was identified as a solution for use in veterinary medicine.

Methodology – The additional fields needed to adapt the system for veterinary use were identified as sex, species, and breed. Breed and species codes from the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and from the Standard Nomenclature of Veterinary Diseases and Operations (SNVDO) were gathered and correlated.

Results – The sex fields added were male, male neutered, female, and female neutered. The breed and species codes were combined into a single term. These were coded in eXtensible Markup Language (XML) and added to the software's veterinary document template and search capabilities.

Conclusions – MIRC was successfully adapted for use in creating digital teaching files for veterinary medicine.
Kinetics of nanoscale structure development during Mg-vapour reduction of tantalum oxide
Authors: Müller R. , Bobeth M. , Brumm H. , Gille G. , Pompe W. , Thomas J.
Published: January 2008

Electron microscopic observations revealed the development of a complex interpenetrating morphology of magnesia and tantalum after magnesium-vapour reduction of tantalum oxide powder. In the early reaction stage, a nanoscale lamellar and rod-like morphology is found. This rather regular structure decomposes and coarsens during further annealing. By leaching of magnesia, nanoporous tantalum with large inner surface area is obtained. A possible growth mechanism for the observed initial cellular structure is proposed. A theoretical analysis aims at finding the optimum process parameters in order to prepare and to stabilise especially fine magnesiatantalum structures as a base for producing highly nanoporous tantalum for capacitor applications.
Influence of external and internal length scale on the flow stress of copper
Authors: Kiener Daniel , Rester Martin , Scheriau Stefan , Yang Bo , Pippan Reinhard , Dehm Gerhard
Published: January 2008

The flow stress of bulk specimens is known to depend on the microstructure. With a reduction of specimen dimensions into the micrometer and nanometer regime, specimen size-effects also influence the mechanical properties. We characterized the size-dependent flow stress of copper over more than three orders of magnitude, starting from several tens of micrometers down to a few tens of nanometers. For this purpose nanoindentation, micro-compression, and tensile testing experiments were performed. Additionally, different grain sizes were generated by severe plastic deformation. The observed increase in flow stress with reduced critical dimension is discussed with respect to the different stress states and microstructures present in the reported experiments. The mechanism controlling deformation changes from dislocation pile-up for critical dimensions > 1 μm via a transition regime (1 μm > critical dimensions > 100 nm) to dislocation nucleation for critical dimensions < 100 nm.
Wetting of metals and glasses on Mo
Authors: Tomsia Antoni P. , Saiz Eduardo , López-Esteban Sonia , Benhassine Mehdi , de Coninck Joel , Rauch Nicole , Rühle Manfred
Published: January 2008

The wetting of low melting point metals and Si – Ca – Al – Ti – O glasses on molybdenum has been investigated. The selected metals (Au, Cu, Ag) form a simple eutectic with Mo. Metal spreading occurs under nonreactive conditions without interdiffusion or ridge formation. The metals exhibit low (non-zero) contact angles on Mo but this requires temperatures higher than 1100 °C in reducing atmospheres in order to eliminate a layer of adsorbed impurities on the molybdenum surface. By controlling the oxygen activity in the furnace, glass spreading can take place under reactive or nonreactive conditions. We have found that in the glass/Mo system the contact angle does not decrease under reactive conditions. In all cases, adsorption from the liquid seems to accelerate the diffusivity on the free molybdenum surface.
Do plastic zones form at crack tips in silicate glasses?
Authors: López-Cepero Jose M. , Wiederhorn Sheldon M. , Fett Theo , Guin Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2008

A number of recent studies claim that silicate glasses fracture by the formation, growth and coalescence of cavities at crack tips, in the same way as metals, but at a much smaller scale. Evidence for cavity formation comes from the examination of side surfaces of fracture mechanics specimens, at the point where the crack tip intersects the free surface. Such measurements exhibit small depressions in regions that are supposedly located in front of moving crack tips. These depressions were interpreted as cavities. In this paper, we summarize experimental results obtained using an atomic force microscope to characterize the fracture surfaces. The experimental results demonstrate an absence of residual damage on fracture surfaces that could be interpreted as cavity formation. We also observe cracks moving in glass and show that the features reported as cavities actually occur behind and not in front of the moving crack. A simulation of an atomic force microscope probe passing over the emerging tip of a crack in glass suggests that the features identified as cavities are in fact due to the roughness of the specimen surface. Our results support the view that cracks in glass propagate by brittle fracture. We find no evidence for nanoscale ductility in silicate glasses.
The compressive response of carbon fiber composite pyramidal truss sandwich cores
Authors: Finnegan K. , Kooistra G. , Wadley H. N. G. , Deshpande V. S.
Published: January 2008

Pyramidal truss sandwich cores with relative densities in the range 1 – 10 % have been made from carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates using a snap-fitting method. The measured quasi-static uniaxial compressive strength increased with increasing from 1 to 11 MPa over the relative density range investigated here. A robust face-sheet/truss joint design was developed to suppress truss – face sheet node fracture. Core failure then occurred by either (i) Euler buckling () or (ii) delamination failure () of the struts. Micro-buckling failure of the struts was not observed in the experiments reported here. Analytical models for the collapse of the composite cores by Euler bucking, delamination failure and micro-buckling of the struts have been developed. Good agreement between the measurements and predictions based on the Euler buckling and delamination failure of the struts is obtained. The micro-buckling analysis indicates this mechanism of failure is not activated until delamination is suppressed. The measurements and predictions reported here indicate that composite cellular materials with a pyramidal micro-structure reside in a gap in the strength versus density material property space, providing new opportunities for lightweight, high strength structural design.
Classification tree analysis of stunting in Malian adolescent girls
Authors: Pawloski Lisa R. , Kitsantas Panagiota
Published: January 2008

This study examines relationships between growth data and energy expenditure, economic status, and family structure among Malian adolescent girls, aged 10–17 years living in the Segou Region of Mali. Classification and regression trees (CART) were used as the primary methodology to identify high‐risk subgroups for stunting (measured as height‐for‐age) in a sample of 1,103 Malian adolescents. Because CART has been used rarely to examine growth and development, this study provides a new way to better understand how economic status, family structure, and energy expenditure related factors influence stunting in Mali. The findings indicate that the greater the number of sisters and women in a household, the poorer the nutritional status of adolescent girls. The data also show that the presence of servants within the household may predict better nutritional success of young girls. Energy expenditure was an important predictor in the context of family structure regarding the number of sisters and the presence of servants. Wealth indicators did not appear in the final tree, suggesting that wealth may not play as great a role in predicting poor growth and nutritional status as family size and structure. In conclusion, classification trees may assist in understanding the interactive nature of predictive factors of stunting in this population, and further provide evidence for intervention programs aimed at improving the health and nutritional status of Malian adolescent girls. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic similarity predicts gait parameters for Homo floresiensis and the Laetoli hominins
Authors: Vaughan Christopher L. , Blaszczyk Maria B.
Published: January 2008

Late in 2004, the skeletal remains of a pygmy‐sized hominin recovered from a cave on the Indonesian island of Flores were first documented, with the authors concluding that the “postcranial anatomy [was] consistent with human‐like obligate bipedalism” (Brown et al. [2004]: Nature 431:1055–1061). We have assumed that Homo floresiensis, who was estimated to be 18,000‐years‐old, walked with a gait pattern that was dynamically similar to modern man. The dynamic similarity hypothesis was also applied to the Australopithecines that left their footprints at Laetoli 4‐million‐years ago. According to this hypothesis, dimensionless gait parameters can be used in combination with known leg length or step length to calculate velocity of bipedal locomotion. We have gathered data on 20 extant modern humans to calculate the standard estimates of error when predicting gait parameters. We predict that the Homo floresiensis specimen walked at a velocity of 1.11 ± 0.14 m/s. For the Laetoli footprints, the velocity for Track 1 was estimated to be 1.03 ± 0.12 m/s and for Track 2 to be 1.14 ± 0.12 m/s. These latter values for Australopithecines are greater than prior analyses, but are in good agreement with more recent work based on evolutionary robotics. Since modern man walks at 1.44 ± 0.14 m/s, our results suggest that, despite their diminutive size, these ancient hominins were capable of ranging across a wide geographical area. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paleoepidemiology of vertebral degenerative disease in a Pre‐Columbian Muisca series from Colombia
Authors: Rojas‐Sepúlveda Claudia , Ardagna Yann , Dutour Olivier
Published: January 2008

Major manifestations of vertebral degenerative joint disease were observed on a Pre‐Columbian Muisca series from the Soacha Cemetery (11th to 13th centuries) Colombia, South America. In total, 1,646 vertebrae of 83 individuals were examined. Osteophytes, vertebral body joint surface contour change (“lipping”), and vertebral body pitting were evaluated for each vertebral body. For apophyseal joints, joint surface contour change, pitting, and eburnation were recorded. Two methods of frequency calculation and five for vertebral degenerative disease diagnosis were applied and compared, allowing discussion of methodological considerations. Our study showed that 83% of individuals and 32% of vertebrae were classified as positive when diagnosed by the presence of at least one of the following manifestations: osteophytes, vertebral body joint surface contour change (“lipping”), apophyseal joint surface contour change, or eburnation (method called “Pitting excluded”). No significant differences were found between the sexes. In the youngest cohort (15–30 years), 65% of individuals and 10% of vertebrae exhibit at least one of the previously mentioned manifestations. High prevalences suggest a high level of physical activity beginning in childhood which may have accelerated the aging process in this Pre‐Columbian population. Historical data are compatible with this hypothesis. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008 © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Season of birth affects short‐ and long‐term survival
Authors: Muñoz‐Tudurí Marta , García‐Moro Clara
Published: January 2008

Recent research findings have highlighted the importance of early life conditions as risk factors for adult diseases and therefore determinants of subsequent survival. Given that individuals born during different seasons in seasonal environments experience different early‐developmental conditions, an analysis of the effects of the season of birth on survival is considered an effective approach in clarifying the influence of early life conditions on survival in later life. In the present study, we analyzed the long‐term effects of early developmental conditions in a historical population in which both nutritional levels and the burden of infectious diseases showed a seasonal variation. Using a semi‐computerized linkage process, we were able to match birth and death data for 4,646 individuals born between 1634 and 1870 in the village of Es Mercadal (Minorca Island, Spain). To determine ecological differences associated with the season of birth, we first evaluated the association between season of birth and early life survival. This analysis helped us to determine seasonal variations in early life conditions such as infectious burden and nutritional levels. The season of birth had a significant effect on long‐term survival in the birth cohort 1800–1870: summer births had a lower risk of death after age 15. We explain these results in terms of lower susceptibility to degenerative diseases in adult years due to superior in utero nutrition for summer births. These findings support the fetal origin hypothesis which states that the early life environment plays a key role in shaping the subsequent phenotype and risk of adult disease. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dimensional variation in the proximal ulna: Evaluation of a metric method for sex assessment
Authors: Cowal Lynne S. , Pastor Robert F.
Published: January 2008

The determination of sex is one of the fundamental assessments in the production of a biological profile for human skeletal remains, and a large number of studies have focused on evaluating sexual dimorphism metrically. A recent study of a contemporary American population presented high classification accuracies from discriminant function analysis of the proximal ulna (Grant and Jant,2003). The present research tests this method using a large sample (223 skeletons: 114 males and 109 females) from two skeletal assemblages of European origin, the documented Spitalfields Coffin‐Plate Collection (N= 171) and the archaeological Raunds Furnells Collection (N= 52). The three measurements from the original study (Grant and Jantz,2003), defined as the notch length (NL), the width of the olecranon process (OW), and the height of the coronoid process (CH) were tested, with the addition of a new variable radial notch height (RNH). Significant differences (P< 0.001) were found between male and female ulna measurements. Discriminant analysis found the original discriminant equation classified individuals with accuracies of only 40% for males but 99% for females. New discriminant functions were developed using direct and stepwise analyses of the Spitalfields sample. A direct multivariate function based on four dimensions (NL, OW, CH, RNH) produced an overall classification accuracy of 85.4% (males 82.4%; females 88.4%). A second function based on the original three measurements (NL, OW, CH) yielded nearly identical classification accuracies (males 81%; females 88.5%). Crossvalidation of the Spitalfields data using the three‐variable function yielded an overall classification rate of 84.2%. This study indicates that the ulna is sexually dimorphic but its development is population‐specific. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Warfare related trauma at Orendorf, a middle Mississippian site in west‐central Illinois
Authors: Steadman Dawnie Wolfe
Published: January 2008

Skeletal evidence of nonritual interpersonal trauma in the central Illinois valley is currently limited to the terminal prehistoric period in the region. Sixteen percent of the entire Norris Farms Oneota skeletal sample died violently, presumably because they intruded upon small groups of Mississippians who had not yet abandoned the region. Archaeological evidence of palisades, however, suggests that the region was embroiled in conflict before the Oneota arrived though the skeletal evidence supporting more than ritualized or geographically sporadic cases of scalping or embedded projectiles has been elusive. This study examines the frequency and nature of interpersonal trauma at Orendorf, a Middle Mississippian (AD 1150–1250) site at the northern periphery of the region. Nine percent (N = 25) of all 268 individuals documented at Orendorf suffered warfare‐related trauma, including 13 cases of scalping, six instances of decapitation, five individuals with healed cranial blunt force trauma, three projectile point impacts, and eight cases of projectile injuries inferred by the burial context. All of the traumatized individuals were at or above the age of 15 years and males and females were victimized equally. The trauma rate among adults is 16%, which is less than that of the Norris Farms Oneota (34%) but higher than other Mississippian groups in the Southeast. The nature of the injuries is more consistent with attacks by outsiders than codified or ritualized intragroup violence. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy‐Efficient Syngas Production through Catalytic Oxy‐Methane Reforming Reactions
Authors: Choudhary Tushar V. , Choudhary Vasant R.
Published: January 2008

The considerable recent interest in the conversion of stranded methane into transportable liquids as well as fuel cell technology has provided a renewed impetus to the development of efficient processes for the generation of syngas. The production of syngas (CO/H2), a very versatile intermediate, can be the most expensive step in the conversion of methane to value‐added liquid fuels. The catalytic oxy reforming of methane, which is an energy‐efficient process that can produce syngas at extremely high space–time yields, is discussed in this Review. As long‐term catalyst performance is crucial for the wide‐scale commercialization of this process, catalyst‐related studies are abundant. Correspondingly, herein, emphasis is placed on discussing the different issues related to the development of catalysts for oxy reforming. Important aspects of related processes such as catalytic oxy‐steam, oxy‐CO2, and oxy‐steam‐CO2 processes will also be discussed.
Immobilization of Ruthenium in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Copolymers: A Reusable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Oxidation of Alcohols with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Matsumoto Tsutomu , Ueno Masaharu , Wang Naiwei , Kobayashi Shū
Published: January 2008

A novel organic–inorganic hybrid ruthenium (HB Ru) catalyst for the oxidation of alcohols with molecular oxygen has been developed. The catalyst was prepared from a polystyrene‐based copolymer, which includes a trimethoxysilyl functionality, and dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium, [RuCl2(PPh3)3], as the metal source. A sol–gel process was employed for heterogenization of the catalyst. The choice of both ruthenium species and trialkoxysilyl‐bearing monomers was found to be important for high catalytic activity. In the presence of HB Ru corresponding to 5 mol % loading of ruthenium, the alcohols were oxidized with molecular oxygen or air at atmospheric pressure without any additives to afford the corresponding aldehydes or ketones in good to excellent yields. The catalyst could be recovered and reused at least five times without loss of activity.
Zur Erdbebenbemessung im Holzbau
Authors: Walter Burkhard , Wiesenkämper Tobias
Published: January 2008

Fast täglich erreichen uns Bilder aus Erdbebengebieten aus vielen Teil en der Welt mit zum Teil verheerenden Folgen für die Menschen, die Natur und die bebaute Umwelt. Viele wissen nicht, dass auch in Deutschland die Gefahr eines Erdbebens besteht. Selbst unter den Fachleuten ist das Thema Erdbeben in Deutschland lange vernachlässigt worden. Die bauaufsichtliche Einführung der Erdbebennorm erfolgte erstmalig 1998. Seit 2007 gilt in allen betroffenen Bundesländern verbindlich die neue Erdbebennorm aus dem Jahre 2005. Bei der Wahl der Baustoffe besteht bei vielen Fachleuten die landläufige Meinung, dass der Baustoff Holz weniger für das Bauen in Erdbebengebieten geeignet ist. Der ingenieurmäßige Umgang mit dem Baustoff Holz unter Erdbebenbeanspruchung und eine damit verbundene wirtschaftliche Bemessung von Holztragwerken sollen in diesem Aufsatz erläutert werden.

Die neu eingeführte Holzbaunorm DIN 1052 ist ab Januar 2008 neben dem Eurocode alleinverbindliche Bemessungsnorm für den Holzbau. Durch das semiprobabilistische Sicherheitssystem ist die Holzbaunorm kompatibel mit der Erdbebennorm. Bei holzbaugerechter Planung und unter Berücksichtigung der Duktilität und auch der Schwingdauer der Holzbauten sind diese Gebäude hervorragend geeignet, um in Erdbebengebieten eingesetzt werden zu können.
Neue Regelungen für den Grund‐ und Tunnelbau im Bundesfernstraßenbereich – Teil II: Tunnelbau
Authors: Friebel Wolf‐Dieter , Kaundinya Ingo
Published: January 2008

Bereits in Bautechnik Heft 12/2007 [8] wurde ein allgemeiner Überblick über die Gliederung des Regel‐ und Vertragswerks für Ingenieurbauten im Bundesfernstraßenbereich (ZTV‐ING) gegeben und die neuen Regelungen für den Grundbau vorgestellt. In dieser Ausgabe werden die für den Straßentunnelbau in Deutschland geänderten und neu erarbeiteten Regelungen vorgestellt. Hierzu zählen insbesondere die neuen Regelungen zu den maschinellen Schildvortriebsverfahren und zur Abdichtung von Straßentunnelbauwerken in geschlossener und offener Bauweise.
Untersuchungen zur Porenwasserdruckentwicklung im Bereich der Ortsbrust bei maschinellen Tunnelvortrieben
Authors: Schmitt Jürgen , Stahlmann Joachim , Rehm Ulrich , Herrenknecht Martin
Published: January 2008

Zur Untersuchung der Ausbildung des Porenwasserdrucks im Bereich der Ortsbrust von maschinell aufgefahren Tunnelbauwerken wurden instationäre gekoppelte mechanisch‐hydraulische Variationsberechnungen an einem dreidimensionalen numerischen Simulationsmodell eines Erddruckschilds unter Anwendung der Finite‐Differenzen‐Methode durchgeführt. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden nach einer kurzen Darstellung des Stands der Forschung das Simulationsmodell, die Kalibrierungsberechnung und die Ergebnisse der Parameterstudien vorgestellt.
In vitrobiotransformation of imatinib by the tumor expressed CYP1A1 and CYP1B1
Authors: Rochat Bertrand , Zoete Vincent , Grosdidier Aurélien , von Grünigen Sandrine , Marull Marc , Michielin Olivier
Published: January 2008

The main objective of the study was to examine the biotransformation of the anticancer drug imatinib in target cells by incubating it with oxidoreductases expressed in tumor cells. The second objective was to obtain anin silicoprediction of the potential activity of imatinib metabolites.

Anin vitroenzyme kinetic study was performed with cDNA expressed human oxidoreductases and LC‐MS/MS analysis. The kinetic parameters (KmandVmax) were determined for six metabolites. A molecular modeling approach was used to dock these metabolites to the target Abl or Bcr‐Abl kinases.

CYP3A4 isozyme showed the broadest metabolic capacity, whereas CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and FMO3 isozymes biotransformed imatinib with a high intrinsic clearance. The predicted binding modes for the metabolites to Abl were comparable to that of the parent drug, suggesting potential activity.

These findings indicate that CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, which are known to be overexpressed in a wide range of tumors, are involved in the biotransformation of imatinib. They could play a role in imatinib disposition in the targeted stem, progenitor and differentiated cancer cells, with a possible contribution of the metabolites toward the activity of the drug. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redox‐Active p‐Quinone‐Based Bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methane Ligands: Synthesis and Coordination Behaviour
Authors: Scheuermann Sebastian , Kretz Tonia , Vitze Hannes , Bats Jan W. , Bolte Michael , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Wagner Matthias
Published: January 2008

The synthesis, structural characterisation and coordination behaviour of mono‐ and ditopic p‐hydroquinone‐based bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methane ligands is described (i.e., 2‐(pz2CH)C6H3(OH)2 (2 a), 2‐(pz2CH)‐6‐(tBu)C6H2(OH)2 (2 b), 2‐(pz2CH)‐6‐(tBu)C6H2(OSiiPr3)(OH) (2 c), 2,5‐(pz2CH)2C6H2(OH)2 (4)). Ligands 2 a, 2 b and 4 can be oxidised to their p‐benzoquinone state on a preparative scale (2 aox, 2 box, 4ox). An octahedral NiII complex [trans‐Ni(2 c)2] and square‐planar PdII complexes [Pd2 bCl2] and [Pd2 boxCl2] have been prepared. In the two PdII species, the ligands are coordinated only through their pyrazolyl rings. The fact that [Pd2 bCl2] and [Pd2 boxCl2] are isolable compounds proves that redox transitions involving the p‐quinone substituent are fully reversible. In [Pd2 boxCl2], the methine proton is highly acidic and can be abstracted with bases as weak as NEt3. The resulting anion dimerises to give a dinuclear macrocyclic PdII complex, which has been structurally characterised. The methylated ligand 2‐(pz2CMe)C6H3O2 (11ox) and its PdII complex [Pd11oxCl2] are base‐stable. A new class of redox‐active ligands is now available with the potential for applications both in catalysis and in materials science.
Discovery of Potent, Orally Bioavailable Small‐Molecule Inhibitors of the Human CCR2 Receptor
Authors: Doyon Julien , Coesemans Erwin , Boeckx Staf , Buntinx Mieke , Hermans Bart , Van Wauwe Jean P. , Gilissen Ron A. H. J. , De Groot Alex H. J. , Corens David , Van Lommen Guy
Published: January 2008

We recently reported the discovery of a series of 2‐thioimidazoles as CCR2 antagonists. The most potent molecules of this series, the 4,5‐diesters, were rapidly hydrolyzed to the inactive acids and were found to be metabolically unstable. Herein we describe the synthesis of a number of analogues with heterocyclic bioisosteric replacements of the ester group(s). Small 5‐membered heterocyclic substituents at the 4‐position gave highly potent CCR2 antagonists. Hydrolysis of the 5‐ester is diminished, thus imparting these compounds with sufficient stability and systemic exposure after oral administration to warrant further study of the in vivo pharmacology of these functional CCR2 inhibitors.
The clinical management of patients with a small volume of prostatic cancer on biopsy: What are the risks of progression?
Authors: Harnden Patricia , Naylor Brian , Shelley Michael D. , Clements Hayley , Coles Bernadette , Mason Malcolm D.
Published: January 2008

Clinically localized prostate cancer is associated with a wide variation in biologic behavior, and men with the less aggressive form of the disease may never develop symptoms. There has been a rise in prostate cancer incidence in countries in which the blood test for prostatic‐specific antigen (PSA) is common, and concerns have been expressed that this may be because of the increased detection of indolent disease, subjecting these men to unnecessary treatment and associated side effects. For the current review, the authors conducted a systematic evaluation of the literature regarding the outcomes of men who were diagnosed on the basis of a small volume of cancer in prostatic biopsies. The results indicated that, despite differences in study design and reporting, a significant proportion of patients with microfocal cancer, regardless of how it was defined, had adverse pathologic findings and a significant risk of PSA recurrence after undergoing radical prostatectomy. Biochemical and clinical recurrences also were observed after radiotherapy or watchful waiting. The authors concluded that patients with microfocal carcinoma on biopsy should be advised that their disease is not necessarily “insignificant” and should be counseled accordingly. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Lymph node‐positive head and neck cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy
Authors: Yeung Anamaria R. , Liauw Stanley L. , Amdur Robert J. , Mancuso Anthony A. , Hinerman Russell W. , Morris Christopher G. , Villaret Douglas B. , Werning John W. , Mendenhall William M.
Published: January 2008

BACKGROUND

The purpose was to determine if postradiotherapy (RT) neck dissection can be limited to the neck levels of residual adenopathy on post‐RT computed tomography (CT).

METHODS

In all, 274 patients with lymph node‐positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were treated with definitive RT. All patients had a contrast‐enhanced CT performed 4 weeks after completing RT to evaluate tumor response. Two hundred eleven heminecks were dissected, either planned pre‐RT or because of residual adenopathy on post‐RT CT. CT images were reviewed to determine the presence and location of residual adenopathy. Radiographic complete response (rCR) was defined as lymph node size ≤1.5 cm and normal radiographic morphology (no filling defects or calcifications). For each neck level the CT findings were correlated with neck dissection pathology.

RESULTS

Correlation of CT nodal response with neck dissection pathology revealed the following negative predictive values of rCR: level I, 100%; level II, 95%; level III, 98%; level IV, 96%; and level V, 96%. A subset analysis was performed on 61 neck levels with initially positive lymph nodes that completely responded to RT that were in a hemineck with residual lymphadenopathy elsewhere in the neck. Correlation of nodal response on CT to pathology indicated a negative predictive value of an rCR of 95% for this high‐risk scenario. In 71 heminecks that underwent a selective neck dissection (defined as dissection of less than levels I‐V) the 5‐year neck control rate was 100%.

CONCLUSIONS

rCR on post‐RT CT has a negative predictive value of ≥95% for each neck level. This suggests that limiting neck dissection based on post‐RT CT is safe. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Exclusive Production of Chloroaniline from Chloronitrobenzene over Au/TiO2 and Au/Al2O3
Authors: Cárdenas‐Lizana Fernando , Gómez‐Quero Santiago , Keane Mark A.
Published: January 2008

The gas‐phase continuous hydrogenation of p‐chloronitrobenzene (p‐CNB) over 1  mol % Au/TiO2 and Au/Al2O3 was compared for the first time. Both catalysts exhibit 100 % selectivity in terms of ‐NO2 group reduction, resulting in the sole formation of p‐chloroaniline (p‐CAN). Au/TiO2 exhibited a narrower particle size (1–10 nm) distribution than Au/Al2O3 (1–20 nm) and a smaller surface‐area‐weighted mean Au size (6 nm versus 9 nm). Au/TiO2 delivered a higher specific hydrogenation rate (by a factor of up to four), a response that is discussed in terms of Au particle size and a possible contribution of the support to p‐CNB activation. A CNB isomer reactivity sequence was established, that is, o>p>m, which is attributed to resonance stabilisation effects. The results presented establish a basis for the development of a sustainable alternative route for the production of haloamines.
Energetic N,N,N′,N′‐Tetraaminopiperazinium Salts
Authors: Gao Haixiang , Huang Yangen , Twamley Brendan , Ye Chengfeng , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: January 2008

The formation of tetraaminopiperazinium salts using water as solvent provides a green, straightforward approach to highly energetic salts that exhibit good thermal stabilities and moderate densities. The N,N,N′,N′‐tetraaminopiperazinium cation was selected for this study because of its high nitrogen–nitrogen bond content and its high positive heat of formation. Theoretical and empirical calculations on energetic salts based on this nitrogen‐rich cation reveal them to have high positive molar enthalpies of formation, as high as 1034.0 kJ mol−1, supporting the application of these new salts as potential energetic materials.
Granular activated carbon coupled with microwave energy for treating pentachlorophenol‐containing wastewater
Authors: Jou Chih‐Ju , Wu Chung‐Rung
Published: January 2008

The combined adsorption by granular activated carbon (GAC) and thermal treatment by microwave energy were used to treat pentachlorophenol (PCP)‐containing wastewater. GAC was used to adsorb and concentration PCP from the aqueous solution; the exhausted GAC was then subject to microwave treatment. The microwave energy, which is readily absorbed by GAC, can be transformed into heat inside the particles because of dipole rotation and ionic conduction; the resulting heat is capable of desorbing PCP. Results of laboratory studies show that if 1 g GAC was used to adsorb PCP from a 0.5 mL solution containing 1000 mg/L PCP and the exhausted GAC was subject to 600 W microwave energy for 100 s, more than 99% PCP can be destroyed. The PCP was decomposed into intermediate products such as benzene and other forms of radicals or hydrocarbon compounds, which are then oxidized into inorganic end products, e.g., H2O, CO2, and HCl. The results obtained in this research will promote the understanding of this innovative process of applying the microwave energy to decompose the adsorbed PCP and reuse GAC in treating PCP‐containing wastewater. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008