bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Part II: Conclusion
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

‘Where are the good old days when everyone knew that human rights violations can only be committed by states against individuals?’1 Gone, replaced by a complex reality in which an exclusive focus on states as duty-bearers under international human rights law (IHRL) no longer provides an adequate model to address numerous human rights violations by non-state armed groups. Instead, states in United Nations (UN) organs or intergovernmental fora, as well as human rights experts, increasingly address demands to respect IHRL directly to armed groups. In order to conceptualize this development, this book raised three main arguments: (1) Contrary to the ‘received wisdom’, human rights may not only apply to the authority–individual relationship. Conceptually, they can also be understood as applying to the horizontal relationships between private actors. (2) While under IHRL treaty law it is primarily upon states to protect individuals against human rights violations by private actors, this obligation is limited if the state loses control over parts of its territory, or is otherwise unable to fulfil its obligations. In order to avoid a protection gap, IHRL obligations should be directly assigned to armed groups. (3) Contemporary international practice suggests that this requires a differentiated approach, taking account of the different nature and capacity of non-state armed groups. Assigning IHRL obligations to armed groups needs to complement and not substitute state obligations under the traditional state-centred human rights protection system....
Part III: Conclusion
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

A key characteristic distinguishing war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide from ordinary crimes is some form of collective-entity involvement.1 Under international criminal law, collective-entity involvement normally creates a context in which individuals commit crimes that ‘deeply shock the conscience of humanity’, ‘threaten the peace, security and well-being of the world’, and which ‘must not go unpunished’....
The New Testament as Inspired by the Old Testament
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: May 2018

2 Timothy 3: 16–17 and 2 Peter 1: 20–1 reflect on the production and inspiring impact of Old Testament texts. The Old Testament inspires the New Testament. Scriptures ‘inspired’ Jesus’ sense of his own identity and prophetic mission (e.g. as Son of man) and some of his teaching. He took up the Scriptures to innovate on matters like love of God and neighbour. Matthew, also inspired by Scripture, appealed to texts that commented authoritatively on the story of Jesus. Biblical interpretation was central to Paul’s teaching. Isaiah gave an inspired and inspiring encouragement to the apostle’s ministry. Over half the verses of the Book of Revelation quote from or allude to the Old Testament Scriptures: above all, Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel. The author was conscious of a God-given, prophetic authority. This book has enjoyed an inspiring impact on the Christian imagination (e.g. Dürer’s woodcuts and Dante’s Divine Comedy).
Ten Principles for Theologians Interpreting the Scriptures
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: May 2018

This chapter proposes principles that should guide the theological appropriation of the Scriptures. It invites theologians to be prayerfully faithful hearers and academically active readers of the inspired Scriptures. Recognizing how the Scriptures converge on Christ, theologians should be guided by the historical creeds built around his life, death, and resurrection and the gift of the Spirit. Classic metathemes and metanarratives of the Bible, which can be illuminated by an exegetical consensus, find their heart in the radical discontinuity/continuity of the Easter mystery. Respect for the eschatological provisionality of the Scriptures refers theologians to the final consummation of all things in Christ. Inculturating efforts can join philosophical reason in developing and supporting a biblical message about Christ, the light of all nations and all cultures.
Kohl’s Euro, 1982–1998
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

This chapter recounts how Helmut Kohl became German chancellor on October 1, 1982. Three days after he became Germany's chancellor, Kohl travelled to Paris to meet French President François Mitterand. In concluding his conversation with Mitterand, Kohl recognized that Germany would remain a colossus in the center of the continent and thus a potential menace. Kohl made clear his intention to keep nationalistic tendencies in check and work towards a pro-European future, but what that meant in practical terms was unclear. Four years after Kohl became chancellor, the only “pro-European” advance was the 1986 Single European Act (SEA). However, despite his “pro-Europeanism,” Kohl supported the SEA only passively. Through the years since Kohl had become chancellor, prospects of monetary unity had receded further.
Irrational Exuberance, 2004–2007
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks at the strong global economic recovery which took place in mid-2004, which accelerated world trade growth to historically high rates—a special advantage to European nations who all rely heavily for their economic well-being on international trade. With improved trade opportunities, even the struggling German economy began to show signs of life. The Eurozone, however, had economic and financial vulnerability. A source of instability inherent to monetary unity was vividly manifest during the crisis of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) in the early 1990s. A longer-term problem was the Eurozone's banks. Ultimately, the story of the next three years—between mid-2004 and mid-2007—revolves around a contest between the forces of “great moderation” and “irrational exuberance.” In the Eurozone, as member states benefited from an improving global economy, a belief in the European Central Bank's (ECB) distinctive ability to maintain stability reinforced the narrative of great moderation.
Collecting High-Quality Data
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

Without high-quality data, even the best-designed monitoring and evaluation systems will collapse. Chapter 7 introduces some the basics of collecting high-quality data and discusses how to address challenges that frequently arise. High-quality data must be clearly defined and have an indicator that validly and reliably measures the intended concept. The chapter then explains how to avoid common biases and measurement errors like anchoring, social desirability bias, the experimenter demand effect, unclear wording, long recall periods, and translation context. It then guides organizations on how to find indicators, test data collection instruments, manage surveys, and train staff appropriately for data collection and entry.
Writing Up Ethnographic Methodologies
Authors: Kwame Harrison Anthony
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 offers a roadmap for presenting ethnographic methodologies that emphasizes the importance of contextualizing both the researcher and the experiences of research. Building on Chapter 2’s discussion of research design, the author argues that writing up ethnographic methodologies is less about outlining specific research steps and procedures and more about providing a good-faith accounting of the context and conditions surrounding the work. The author details the historical rise of self-consciousness in ethnography, explaining that its emergence both raised the profile of the ethnographer as an actor in research situations and, in turn, set the stage for ethnography’s reflexive, critical, and collaborative turns. The author next presents a series of goals to which contemporary ethnographers should aspire when representing their research experiences. The chapter closes with an elaboration on the different ways methodological discussions have been placed within ethnographic texts.
Conclusion
Authors: Mahmood Zaad
Published: May 2018

The concluding chapter presents the key findings of the research and highlight the crucial interventions of the book in existing academic literature. The chapter summarizes the arguments of partisan orientation, party–interest group dynamics and party system in shaping overall reforms to highlight the significance of politics. Through a brief discussion of the preceding chapters it emphasizes on the continued relevance of partisan governments and political competition in shaping reforms. The political economy of labour market reforms is then linked to the wider literature by highlighting the claims of relative autonomy of politics despite pressures of globalization. It argues that pressures for policy convergence by forces of globalization are negotiated by local political–economic dynamics and policy transformation under conditions of globalization remains intractably a political process.
Managing Maritime Competition between India and China
Authors: Yuan Jingdong
Published: May 2018

This chapter provides a perspective on China’s growing security presence in the Indian Ocean and the strategic imperatives behind it and then India’s responses to these initiatives. The author argues that despite the apparent threats this presence presents to India, there are approaches that India and China can explore to reduce the risk of conflict. Jingdong Yuan also reviews China’s growing security presence in the Indian Ocean and the strategic imperatives behind it and India’s responses to these initiatives. Yuan argues that it is imperative that policymakers in both New Delhi and Beijing make concerted efforts to ensure that these two emerging powers can manage, if not completely avoid, their overlapping interests and ever-closer encounters in the Indian Ocean.
The Indian Ocean
Authors: Ji You
Published: May 2018

This chapter gives a compelling view from one of China’s leading naval analysts on China’s evolving naval strategy in the Indian Ocean. You Ji provides an unusually cogent analysis of the evolution of Chinese naval strategy over the last several decades, its concerns about US strategies to contain China within the First and Second Island Chains and the imperatives that are driving China into the Indian Ocean. You argues that China’s long term strategy in the Indian Ocean is to move from selective sea denial to a strategy of selective sea control. This will likely require a chain of logistical facilities across the Indian Ocean, although somewhat different from the ‘String of Pearls’ narrative. You argues that while China’s strategy is not intended to challenge India’s interests in the Indian Ocean, it also rejects the idea of the Indian Ocean being India’s.
Scenarios for China’s Naval Deployment in the Indian Ocean and India’s Naval Response
Authors: Menon Raja
Published: May 2018

Raja Menon, provides a Indian naval practitioner’s perspective on China’s vulnerabilities in the IO and how the Indian Navy would respond to China in the event of conflict. Menon argues that China’s 2015 Defence White Paper gives political clearance to (i) funding of the PLA Navy (PLAN) to become a world class navy, (ii) protection of its prime Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) including those in the IO, and (iii) eventual deployment of the PLAN whenever Chinese interests exist. The importance of Chinese SLOCs in the Indian Ocean are of such magnitude that a permanent Chinese presence in the ocean is a certain thing But importantly, Menon also emphasises on the consequences of Chinese shortcomings in maritime surveillance and strike capabilities and tactical air cover, as well as weaknesses in communications and logistics. China will find it difficult to overcome many of these shortcomings.
India’s Naval Interests in the Pacific
Authors: Singh Abhijit
Published: May 2018

Indian naval analyst, Abhijit Singh examines the reasons behind India’s naval engagement in Southeast Asia and Indian perspectives of China’s activities in the South China Sea. Singh argues that in recent years, there has been a discernable shift in India’s maritime posture in the Pacific. While the Indian Navy still identifies the Western Pacific as a secondary area of interest, its operational deployments to Southeast Asia have been gradually rising, signalling an enhanced appreciation of Indian strategic stakes in the region. In many ways, India’s principal drivers for security operations in the Pacific have their origins in the Indian Ocean where New Delhi has for long harboured geopolitical ambitions.
Non-Ideal Pragmatic Responses to the Problem of Error
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

Having discovered that no ideal Pragmatic Responses to the problem of error are acceptable, Chapter 6 explores the more modest non-ideal Pragmatic Response. This response advocates seeking a moral code that may fall short of complete error-freedom but that achieves a greater degree of error-freedom, and thus a higher degree of extended usability, than rival moral codes. According to this view, if a code’s extended usability value is higher than that of another code, the first code is better than the second. To implement this strategy requires introducing key new concepts, such as concepts of the bare and code-weighted usability of a principle, the deontically perfect code, the deontic merit of a code, the weight merit of a code, and usability value of a moral code. Assessment of the strategy’s success is taken up in Chapter 7.
Pan in the Alps
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila , Roberts Deborah H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on The Hedgehog, an autobiographical novella by H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) that straddles the division between children’s and adult literature and exposes an adult’s stake in a child’s connection to antiquity. The plot concerns a young girl living in the Swiss Alps who has been taught by her mother to see the world through the lens of mythology. Thoughts shaped by this teaching allow her to fulfill her mother’s hopes for an end to class division (as when she identifies a woodcutter’s son with the god Pan) and, in the wake of World War I, to international conflict. At the same time, H.D. evokes the mythic paradigm of Demeter and Persephone to allow for a daughter’s independence of her mother, as well as the child reader’s independence of the adult author.
Prime Ministers, Party, and Parliament
Authors: Weller Patrick
Published: May 2018

If they are to keep their job, prime ministers need to maintain support in their party and a majority in the parliament. They need to actively work among their colleagues to keep them on side. In Britain rebellion on the floor of the House reflects the divisions within ruling parties. In the other three countries, prime ministers can be assured that their MPs will vote with them but they can be assailed in the weekly party room meeting where criticisms can be fierce and where dissenting views will be expressed directly to cabinet members. This chapter explores how prime minister intersect with their parliamentary supporters and the ways they try to ensure continued support. It examines the way prime ministers prepare for that setpiece drama, prime minister’s questions. It shows how different institutional arrangements ensured a range of strategies, not all successful, were needed.
Conclusion
Authors: Weller Patrick
Published: May 2018

The conclusion first assesses the prime ministers against the criteria set out in the introduction: their longevity, their control over their parties, and their ability to shape the agenda. The first two can provide evidence of those who were successful. Noticeably those who brought their party from opposition to government were those who were likely to flourish. Second, the conclusion explores the difference between the four political systems and the impact they have on the working of the prime ministers. It identifies the variations in cabinet practices and the degree to which cabinet remains a consistent decision-making forum in Australia and New Zealand but less so in Britain and Canada. It concludes by stressing that much of the difference can be explained by the levels of accountability prime ministers have to their parliamentary colleagues, rather than a broader party electorate: a choice between competing principles of party democracy and accountability.
Holy Rus´
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses how texts established and perpetuated a link between the spiritual grace of Kievan and Northern Rus′ and monastic life. Hagiography, homily, and prayers, written in the monasteries and incorporated into local collections, helped disseminate core beliefs about the conversion of Vladimir in Kiev and an indelible link between the territory of Rus′—already seen as a magical place in folklore—and the Orthodox faith. The chapter charts the types of national and individual stories told in the literature. Textual production remained based in monasteries and stable as a manuscript culture, but new styles of writing altered and enhanced the rhetorical character of a wide range of forms, including, hagiography, legends, tales of miracles and holy fools, and sermons.
Cultural interface
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

The chapter contextualizes the literary developments of the second half of the seventeenth century, including the changes in education and print culture. A new vision of court culture, expanding administration, and ecclesiastical reforms provided new contexts for writing, as well as innovations in the theater and in poetry. The spaces represented in Russian literature were, as previously, the monastery and the church. The court moved into the limelight as a center of cultural production. The social reality of the period did not entirely foster the creation of civic spaces or an autonomous literary field, and writing had to adapt to the control of the authorities. Opportunities for the ritual performance of the liturgy and at court expanded considerably during the last decades of the seventeenth under the aegis of Tsar Aleksei. Orthodox proponents of neo-humanist culture who worked in Moscow succeeded in transforming the uses of rhetoric during ceremonial occasions.
Institutions of writing and authorship
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

The chapter discusses the development of literature within its institutional and historical context, considering how patronage, a fledgling book market, and publishing conditions delineated the spaces of a literary field. The chapter looks at court literature and the ode as the definitive genre, examining its techniques and scope for variation. Literature began to flourish outside court, and the chapter traces the evolution of poetry into an amateur pastime. The discovery of poetic genius added to the delight afforded by poetry as a form of sociability. This innovation coincided with pre-Romantic trends and the nascent idea of national literature. The pleasure of literature extended into satirical journals and comedies that served as vehicles for social and political critique, at times even engaging the monarch in direct participation.
Introduction
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: May 2018

The introduction seeks to locate the youngest children in the Roman family and discusses the newly emerging theme of Roman infancy. It outlines the ways in which the book aims to fill a lacuna on the subject of infancy and earliest childhood, isolating the age group of the under one-year-olds because of the very particular historical circumstances that affected this period in the life cycle and attitudes toward it. The introduction presents a methodology for integrating archaeological evidence, material culture, and the iconography of infancy with social and cultural history, an approach for which this subject matter is especially well suited.
Infants and Children in Pre-Roman Mediterranean Societies
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: May 2018

Variation in the attitudes towards children is to be expected in the many different cultures of pre-Roman Italy itself, and between Italy and other regions prior to Roman expansion. While it is impossible to cover all areas in the Mediterranean and beyond from the eighth to the second or first centuries BC in detail here, and the evidence is not equally abundant in all countries, Chapter 2 attempts to capture some regional and cultural trends in the life and death of infants and very young children. The presence and visibility (or invisibility) of young children in societies in and around the Mediterranean is scrutinized primarily through burial data and also available material cultural evidence. This survey sets the scene for the subsequent study of data of the Roman period in these regions.
The Material Culture of Infancy
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 explores the range of things that infants used and with which they were surrounded in daily life, even though much of the physical evidence for them comes from funerary contexts. These include items related to their nourishment, such as feeding bottles, but also objects meant to entertain and to protect them, such as toys and apotropaic jewellery. Effigies of swaddled infants dedicated in sanctuaries in Italy and Gaul provide important insight into the clothing and textiles worn by infants. Visual depictions of children provide further information about their infantile possessions and companions, including pets.
Mors Immatura I
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: May 2018

Chapter 6 analyses published data from cemeteries in Britain, Egypt, Gaul, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, North Africa and Spain in order to explore infant mortality and the location of infant burials within or outside the communities of the living, and discusses the inclusivity of infant burials in communal cemeteries and the choice of inhumation or cremation for children of such a young age. It seeks to recognize differences, similarities, and tensions between regional burial traditions that might have survived the Roman conquest and the adoption of mainstream Roman funerary practices related to infancy and earliest childhood. It also explores intramural burial and practices such as exposure, infanticide, and potential child sacrifice.
Integrated Perspectives on Roman Infancy
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: May 2018

Chapter 9 assesses Roman texts that have been so influential in our understanding and judgement of the relationships between Roman parents and their offspring. These are the sources that were written primarily in response to infant death and that appear to record the general Roman attitude towards children below the age of one year. Having explored the archaeological evidence for infancy and earliest childhood and the material culture of this life-stage in the previous chapters, we are now in a good position to evaluate the reliability and validity of the texts in a nuanced way.
On the Failure of the Remaining Two Attempts to Analyse Episteme
Authors: Rowett Catherine
Published: May 2018

The chapter suggests that Theaetetus’s second and third definitions of episteme fail because doxa, true or false, with or without an account, is always parasitic upon conceptual content. The latter is required for knowing ‘what it is’ in respect of types or concepts, which is the subject of the quest. Because Theaetetus does not understand that recognizing tokens differs from grasping types, he is unable to solve the problem that ensues from his attempts to reduce the episteme of types to some subset of the doxa of tokens. The jury example, popularly seen as an effective refutation of the second definition, is shoddy and underspecified. Plato uses it in the drama to highlight how Theaetetus (being very immature and too young for dialectic) has failed to understand the previous refutation, because he can only follow trial-and-error reasoning.
Seeing in the Dark Houses
Authors: Lurie Peter
Published: May 2018

This chapter uses historicist criticism of William Faulkner to suggest a limit to even the best approaches to this deeply historical writer. Attending to what his novels cannot say—or—see about history and racial understanding, I draw on Maurice Blanchot’s philosophy of language to show the category error that scholars make when assuming that Faulkner’s texts yield the historical secret lodged in the imagined structures and complicated texts Absalom, Absalom! and Light and August, each of which bore the title “Dark House” in manuscript form. The chapter shows the more meaningful aporias and lacunae surrounding race and racial meaning in each novel and the U.S. south—problems attendant on language and the effort to name. It offers a model for historical knowledge drawn from Blanchot and from film theory of fascination, a spellbound, rapt sense of wonder before traumatic events, one that elements of Absalom evoke in readers and posits in Quentin Compson.
Radial velocity measurements of an orbiting star around Sgr A*
Authors: Nishiyama Shogo , Saida Hiromi , Takamori Yohsuke , Takahashi Masaaki , Schödel Rainer , Najarro Francisco , Hamano Satoshi , Omiya Masashi , Tamura Motohide , Takahashi Mizuki , Gorin Haruka , Nagatomo Schun , Nagata Tetsuya
Published: May 2018

During the next closest approach of the orbiting star S2/S0-2 to the Galactic supermassive black hole (SMBH), it is estimated that radial velocity (RV) measurements with an uncertainty of a few 10 km s−1 will allow us to detect post-Newtonian effects throughout 2018. To evaluate the best achievable uncertainty in RV and its stability, we carried out near-infrared, high-resolution (R ∼ 20000) spectroscopic monitoring observations of S2 using the Subaru telescope and its near-infrared spectrograph IRCS from 2014 to 2016. Br-γ absorption lines have been detected in the 2015 and 2016 spectra, but have not been clearly detected in the 2014 spectrum. The detected Br-γ absorption lines are used to determine the RVs of S2. The statistical uncertainties are derived using the jackknife analysis, and spectra combined from divided subdata sets. The wavelength calibrations in our three-year monitoring are stable: short-term (hours to days) uncertainties in RVs are ≲ 0.5 km s−1, and the long-term (three years) uncertainty is 1.2 km s−1. We thoroughly analyzed possible sources of systematic uncertainties, such as the incomplete subtraction of OH skylines. The relevant uncertainties are estimated to be less than several km s−1. The final results using the Br-γ line are 877 ± 25 km s−1 in 2015, and 1109 ± 14 km s−1 in 2016. When we use two He i lines at 2.113 μm in addition to Br-γ, the mean RV and its standard error are 1114 km s−1 and 5 km s−1, respectively, in 2016. However, we have found a larger scatter around the expected RV curve with the best-fitting orbiting parameters of S2, implying additional uncertainties not yet considered. The difference between the RVs estimated by Newtonian mechanics and general relativity will reach about 200 km s−1 near the next pericenter passage in 2018. Therefore, in addition to astrometric and spectroscopic data obtained with other telescopes, RV measurements with Subaru in 2018 will form important data sets with which to detect general relativistic effects from the SMBH.
Opioid Knowledge and Prescribing Practices Among Obstetrician-Gynecologists
Authors: Madsen Annetta M. , Stark Lauren M. , Has Phinnara , Emerson Jenna B. , Schulkin Jay , Matteson Kristen A.
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2018;131:150–157)

It has been estimated that 2 million Americans had a prescription opioid use disorder in 2015. More than half of those reporting prescription opioid misuse obtained the drugs through diversion of prescribed medications.
Association of Hysteroscopic vs Laparoscopic Sterilization With Procedural, Gynecological, and Medical Outcomes
Authors: Bouillon Kim , Bertrand Marion , Bader Georges , Lucot Jean-Philippe , Dray-Spira Rosemary , Zureik Mahmoud
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from JAMA 2018;319:375–387)

The main types of female sterilization in developed countries are laparoscopic and hysteroscopic sterilization. Approximately 1 million women worldwide have undergone the hysteroscopic procedure.
Association of US State Implementation of Newborn Screening Policies for Critical Congenital Heart Disease With Early Infant Cardiac Deaths
Authors: Abouk Rahi , Grosse Scott D. , Ailes Elizabeth C. , Oster Matthew E.
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from JAMA 2017;318(21):2111–2118)

Timely detection of congenital heart disease in newborn infants, particularly before the patent ductus arteriosus closes in the first few days of life, can reduce the risk of a potentially fatal crisis occurring following discharge from the hospital. Critical congenital heart disease was added to the US Recommended Uniform Screening Panel for newborns in 2011, leading many US states to initiate policies requiring or recommending updated screening policies.
Outcomes of a Coaching-Based WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist Program in India
Authors: Semrau Katherine E. A. , Hirschhorn Lisa R. , Delaney Megan Marx , Singh Vinay P. , Saurastri Rajiv , Sharma Narender , Tuller Danielle E. , Firestone Rebecca , Lipsitz Stuart , Dhingra-Kumar Neelam , Kodkany Bhalachandra S. , Kumar Vishwajeet , Gawande Atul A.
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2017;377:2313–2324)

In recent decades, there has been a dramatic shift from home to facility-based births, as well as an overall reduction in birth-related mortality. Despite these trends, a large disparity exists in maternal and neonatal mortality between countries that is directly related to their economies.
Radiographic Evaluation of the Distal Radioulnar Joint: Technique to Detect Sigmoid Notch Intra-Articular Screw Breach in Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Klein Jason S. , Mijares Michael R. , Chen David , Orbay Jorge L. , Landy David C. , Owens Patrick W.
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

To describe the “extended tangential” and “sunrise” radiographic views and assess their ability to detect distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) screw penetrance and help direct safer screw placement.

Materials and Methods:

Distal radius variable angle volar locking plates were applied to 10 cadaveric arms: 5 were plated with a distal ulnar locking screw breaching the sigmoid notch and 5 without a screw violating the DRUJ. A mini C-arm captured PA, “sunrise,” and “extended tangential” views. For each cadaver, blinded hand fellowship trained surgeons answered whether there was sigmoid notch screw breach and whether that screw should be repositioned.

Results:

The interrater and intrarater reliabilities for identifying articular screw breach were slight to fair (0.19 and 0.39) for the PA views, moderate (0.55 and 0.55) for the “extended tangential view,” and substantial (0.80 and 0.80) for the “sunrise view,” respectively. The interrater and intrarater reliabilities for decision to move the screw were slight to fair (0.16 and 0.33) for PA, moderate (0.49 and 0.58) for “extended tangential view” and substantial (0.67 and 0.72) for the “sunrise view,” respectively. The sensitivity for diagnosing intra-articular breach was 39%, 68%, and 79% for the PA, “extended tangential,” and “sunrise” views, respectively. The specificity was 77%, 96%, and 93%, respectively. For clinical decision-making on when to move the screw, the views had a sensitivity of 60%, 75%, and 82% and specificity of 63%, 79%, and 83%, respectively.

Conclusions:

The “extended tangential view” and the “sunrise view” improved one's ability to identify DRUJ screw breach and for directing screw repositioning over standard views. We recommend the “sunrise” and “extended tangential” view be obtained intraoperatively to help guide clinical decision-making. Although the “extended tangential view” is more easily obtained with a mini c-arm than the “sunrise view,” both views should be considered to fully evaluate the DRUJ joint.

Clinical Relevance:

Both the “extended tangential” and “sunrise” views help improve sigmoid notch visualization, identify DRUJ screw penetrance, direct screw positioning, and prevent unnecessary screw repositioning.
Left Main Disease
Authors: Rab Tanveer , King Spencer B.
Published: May 2018

Percutaneous coronary intervention of the left main coronary artery has evolved through registries and meta analyses, supported by results from the EXCEL [Everolimus-Eluting Stents (EES) or Bypass Surgery for Left Main Coronary Artery Disease] and NOBLE (Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Treatment of Unprotected Left Main Stenosis) trials as an acceptable alternative to coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with low and intermediate Syntax scores. Advances in stenting strategies and the availability of larger diameter drug-eluting stents improve patient safety and optimize procedural and patient outcomes.
Improving Geriatric Care Processes on Two Medical-Surgical Acute Care Units: A Pilot Study
Authors: Booth Katrina A. , Simmons Emily E. , Viles Andres F. , Gray Whitney A. , Kennedy Kelsey R. , Biswal Shari H. , Lowe Jason A. , Xhaja Anisa , Kennedy Richard E. , Brown Cynthia J. , Flood Kellie L.
Published: May 2018

The Acute Care for Elders (ACE) Unit model improves cognitive and functional outcomes for hospitalized elders but reaches a small proportion of patients. To disseminate ACE Unit principles, we piloted the “Virtual ACE Intervention” that standardizes care processes for cognition and function without daily geriatrician oversight on two non-ACE units. The Virtual ACE Intervention includes staff training on geriatric assessments for cognition and function and on nurse-driven care algorithms. Completion of the geriatric assessments by nursing staff in patients aged 65 years and older and measures of patient mobility and prevalence of an abnormal delirium screening score were compared preintervention and postintervention. Postintervention, the completion of the assessments for current functional status and delirium improved (62.5% vs. 88.5%, p < .001) and (4.2% vs. 96.5%, p < .001). In a subsample analysis, in the postintervention period, more patients were up to the chair in the past day (36.4% vs. 63.5%, p = .04) and the prevalence of an abnormal delirium screening score was lower (13.6% vs. 4.8%, p = .16). The Virtual ACE Intervention is a feasible model for disseminating ACE Unit principles to non-ACE Units and may lead to increased adherence to care processes and improved clinical outcomes.
The Reliability of a Video Analysis System (PnO Clinical Movement Data) and the Universal Goniometer in the Measurement of Hip, Knee, and Ankle Sagittal Plane Motion among Healthy Subjects
Authors: Mohsin Fatma , McGarry Anthony , Bowers Roy
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Throughout the rehabilitation process, measuring joint range of motion (ROM) is essential to understand joint kinematics. The universal goniometer (UG) is the most common tool used in the clinical setting for joint ROM measurement. However, a review of the literature examining the reliability of the UG has demonstrated considerable variation in results and highlighted the necessity of introducing a more reliable tool. This study aimed to investigate the reliability of a two-dimensional video analysis system, PnO Clinical Movement Data (PnO CMD), compared with the UG.

Methods

Three testers examined ROM of eight healthy candidates. Passive sagittal plane motion of the hip, knee, and ankle joint was measured with and without markers. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values greater than 0.60 were considered to be satisfactory.

Results

Most intratester ICC values for PnO CMD were found to be above the satisfactory limit (ICC = 0.60–0.99). Intratester ICC values for the UG ranged considerably (ICC = 0.34–0.94), and some values were below the satisfactory limit. Intertester ICC values across all the joints for PnO CMD with markers were found to be above the satisfactory limits (ICC = 0.94–0.99).

Discussion and Conclusions

PnO Clinical Movement Data was found to be more reliable than the UG. Use of markers was found to increase the reliability. The present work introduces the use of advanced technology in joint ROM measurement.
Exosomes in acute myeloid leukemia inhibit hematopoiesis
Authors: Boyiadzis Michael , Whiteside Theresa L.
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review

Exosomes are cell-derived, biologically active membrane-bound vesicles, and are emerging as key modulators of hematopoiesis. Recent studies have provided a clearer understanding of the mechanisms whereby blast-derived exosomes act to suppress hematopoiesis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Recent findings

Exosomes released from leukemia blasts have been shown to suppress hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) functions indirectly through stromal reprogramming of niche-retention factors and also as a consequence of AML exosome-directed microRNA delivery to HPC. Furthermore, exosomes secreted by AML blasts remodel the bone marrow niche into a leukemia growth-permissive microenvironment.

Exosomes suppress hematopoiesis in AML. Strategies to block the production, secretion and reprogramming that exosomes induce may be a novel therapeutic approach in AML and other leukemias.
Where next with HDL assays?
Authors: Niisuke Katrin , Horvath Katalin V. , Asztalos Bela F.
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review

The inverse association between HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been unequivocally proven in the past several decades. However, some interventions aiming to increase HDL-C failed to reduce CVD risk. HDL is structurally and functionally complex and HDL-associated metrics other than HDL-C, such as the concentration, composition, and functionality of HDL particles, have been considered as better determinants of CVD risk. A large body of recent research has addressed changes in HDL functions and HDL subpopulations in CVD with the goal of discovering novel and reliable biomarkers and targets for the treatment or prevention of CVD.

Recent findings

We have reviewed recent findings on HDL composition, HDL particle concentrations, and cell-cholesterol efflux capacity that have lately contributed to our understanding of HDL's role in CVD.

We point out that a major problem in HDL research is the lack of standardization of HDL assays that has led to discrepancies among studies. Therefore, there is a need for new standardized assays that capture the complexities of key HDL parameters.
New Labor Management Guidelines and Changes in Cesarean Delivery Patterns
Authors: Rosenbloom Joshua I. , Stout Molly J. , Tuuli Methodius G. , Woolfolk Candice L. , López Julia D. , Macones George A. , Cahill Alison G.
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:689.e1–689.e8)

In 2010, the Consortium of Safe Labor published labor curves based on a cohort of pregnant women with normal neonatal outcomes. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine responded with clinical recommendations and the proposal that a decrease in cesarean delivery (CD) rate could be achieved by avoiding the diagnosis of arrest of dilation at less than 6 cm.
A New Reference Source for Postmortem Body Measurements and Organ Weights in Neonates and Infants
Authors: Evetts Audrey-Ann M. , Shkrum Michael J. , Tugaleva Elena
Published: May 2018

Reference charts for body and organ measurements of neonates and infants were derived from data on 900 investigations done by the Office of the Chief Coroner for Ontario. The statistical analyses in this new reference source addressed deficiencies in sources currently available to pathologists.

The present study also considered whether organ weights differed based on the classification of infant deaths using the original definition of either sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or sudden unexplained death (SUDS) which considers cases occurring in an unsafe sleeping environment or under adverse socioeconomic conditions. Cases of SUDS for both sexes peaked in 5 to 16 weeks of age. The thymus in the SUDS/SIDS age groups less than 25 weeks weighed more than the control group. Adrenal weights in SUDS cases between 9 and 16 weeks weighed less than SIDS cases. This could mean that deaths in unsafe sleep environments are truly sudden in infants who may have a limited adrenal response to acute hypoxia but have been unaffected by preceding chronic stressors.
An Unusual Pediatric Case of Seronegative Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presented With Acute Abdominal Pain and Gross Hematuria
Authors: Lee Eunjee , Yeo Min-Kyung , You Sun kyoung , Kim Yeo Koon , Ryu Seung , Lee Jiwon M.
Published: May 2018

A child with acute abdomen with gross hematuria occasionally visits the emergency department (ED). Usually, such a condition is subject to differential diagnosis for stones, injuries, or sometimes malignancies in the urinary tract. Here we introduce an unusual case of a 9-year-old girl who presented to ED with acute lower abdominal pain and gross hematuria. She had no medical history. An urgent computed tomographic image revealed a renal vein thrombosis. Laboratory tests for autoimmune diseases and coagulaopathies were performed, and the results were within normal ranges. At the time, she did not fulfil the criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus or antiphospholipid syndrome. Later at follow-up, however, she had a recurrent episode of renal vein thrombosis. A kidney biopsy was performed to reveal histology of membranous lupus nephropathy. The case emphasizes the importance for both ED physicians and pediatricians to have a clinical suspicion of autoimmune diseases in cases with major vessel thrombosis, even when the patient is seronegative.
Zidovudine-Based Treatments Inhibit the Glycosylation of ADAM17 and Reduce CD163 Shedding From Monocytes
Authors: Chen Song , Wang Xiaoyu , Zhu Haipeng , Tang Qin , Du Wei , Cao Huanhuan , Lai Chunhui , Guo Weizhong , Fu Linchun , Lu Wei
Published: May 2018

Background:

sCD163, a biomarker of monocyte-macrophage activation, has been identified as a predictor of all-cause mortality in treated HIV-infected individuals. Nevertheless, little is known about whether different antiretroviral drugs differentially regulate sCD163 levels and monocyte activation.

Methods:

A total of 123 patients receiving zidovudine (ZDV)-based (n = 55) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based (n = 68) antiretroviral regimens were enrolled, and their viral loads, CD4 counts, as well as plasma sCD163 and sCD14 levels were quantified. Twenty-eight (14 in each group) patients donated additional blood samples for flow cytometry and gene expression analyses using purified monocytes. THP-1 cultures were also used to investigate the effect of ZDV on ADAM17, which is responsible for CD163 shedding.

Results:

As compared to the TDF-treated group, the ZDV-treated group had lower plasma sCD163 levels and higher CD163 expression on CD14++CD16− monocytes. Five metabolic-inflammatory genes exhibited significantly different expression levels between purified monocytes of the ZDV and TDF groups (IL-6, 2.90-fold lower in ZDV group, P < 0.001; iNOS, 1.81-fold higher; CX3CR1, 1.72-fold lower; MIP-1β, 1.10-fold lower; and PPARγ-1, 1.36-fold higher, P < 0.05). Moreover, we show that ZDV treatment increases the surface expression of CD163 in cultured THP-1 cells, accompanied by the inhibition of glycosylation and surface expression of ADAM17.

Conclusions:

Compared with TDF treatment, ZDV treatment causes lower plasma sCD163 levels, probably by inhibiting the glycosylation of ADAM17 and CD163 shedding. Our results show that ZDV functions as an ADAM17 inhibitor in vivo and extend our understanding of its immune-modulatory effects and adverse effects.
Prevalence and Associations of Avascular Necrosis of the Hip in a Large Well-characterized Cohort of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Rolston Vineet S. , Patel Anish V. , Learch Thomas J. , Li Dalin , Karayev Dmitry , Williams Chadwick , Siddanthi Madhavi L. , Targan Stephan R. , Weisman Michael H. , McGovern Dermot P.B.
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Avascular necrosis (AVN) is associated with significant morbidity potentially causing severe pain and disability; patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a higher prevalence of AVN compared with non-IBD populations. The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of AVN in our IBD population and to evaluate these subjects for the presence of clinical characteristics associated with AVN on computed tomography (CT) imaging.

Methods

In 1313 IBD patients with abdomen/pelvis CT scans, we identified 27 patients (2.1%) with CT findings consistent with AVN. Through historical chart review, we confirmed that most patients had prior exposure to steroids, although 2 patients had no documented steroid exposure at all.

Results

We found that 59% of the concurrent radiology reports did not comment on the presence of AVN, suggesting that incidental CT findings of AVN among IBD patients are likely underreported. Notably, we found that 63% of these cases had documented complaints of low-back and/or hip pain. Using logistic regression, we found an association between anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–positive status across IBD (p = 0.007) and a smoking history in Crohn disease (p = 0.03) with the presence of AVN.

Conclusions

We found that a significant proportion of IBD patients with AVN are reported in their records as having hip or low-back pain, and review of CT imaging under dedicated bone windows may identify AVN among this population. Our findings also suggest that additional etiological factors, beyond corticosteroids, contribute to the development of AVN in IBD. Further investigation is warranted regarding the mechanisms associated with AVN in IBD.
VIII. A correct draught of the Giants Causway in Ireland, with an explication of the same.
Authors: Sandy Edwin , Wich Cyril , Bishop Ashe , Molyneux William
Published: May 2018

These figures represent all the varieties of joynts that make up y severall sorts of collumns some of them apart, others joyning together.
Deconvolution of single-cell multi-omics layers reveals regulatory heterogeneity
Authors: Liu Longqi , Liu Chuanyu , Quintero Andrés , Wu Liang , Yuan Yue , Wang Mingyue , Cheng Mengnan , Leng Lizhi , Xu Liqin , Dong Guoyi , Li Rui , Liu Yang , Wei Xiaoyu , Xu Jiangshan , Chen Xiaowei , Lu Haorong , Chen Dongsheng , Wang Quanlei , Zhou Qing , Lin Xinxin , Li Guibo , Liu Shiping , Wang Qi , Wang Hongru , Fink J. Lynn , Gao Zhengliang , Liu Xin , Hou Yong , Zhu Shida , Yang Huanming , Ye Yunming , Lin Ge , Chen Fang , Herrmann Carl , Eils Roland , Shang Zhouchun , Xu Xun
Published: May 2018

Integrative analysis of multi-omics layers at single cell level is critical for accurate dissection of cell-to-cell variation within certain cell populations. Here we report scCAT-seq, a technique for simultaneously assaying chromatin accessibility and the transcriptome within the same single cell. We show that the combined single cell signatures enable accurate construction of regulatory relationships between cis-regulatory elements and the target genes at single-cell resolution, providing a new dimension of features that helps direct discovery of regulatory patterns specific to distinct cell identities. Moreover, we generated the first single cell integrated maps of chromatin accessibility and transcriptome in human pre-implantation embryos and demonstrated the robustness of scCAT-seq in the precise dissection of master transcription factors in cells of distinct states during embryo development. The ability to obtain these two layers of omics data will help provide more accurate definitions of “single cell state” and enable the deconvolution of regulatory heterogeneity from complex cell populations.