bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seventieth Birthday, 1972
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

Britain likes to make a fuss of its famous men and women when they become septuagenarians and octogenarians. But Walton approached his seventieth anniversary with mixed feelings. He would enjoy the celebrations, but he was still smarting from the wounds inflicted on him by his critics over the previous twenty years, and would not a prolonged celebration involving many performances of his music reopen barely healed scars? ‘Thank you so much for your telegram of good wishes,’ he wrote to Peter Heyworth. ‘I shall need them, especially from you.’ But he was encouraged by Malcolm Arnold and even more by the knowledge that Edward Heath, the Prime Minister, was to hold a dinner party for him at No. 10 Downing Street on the evening of his birthday.
Deception in the Burma Campaign
Authors: Stripp Alan
Published: November 2023

Earlier chapters have contained several examples of the combined use of sigint and deception, usually with sigint both monitoring the effects of deception already practised and suggesting the next episode. Although I had no hand in any deception scheme I have been interested in the subject ever since I learnt that my father had been involved in a particular version of deception in the 1914-18 war, serving as radio-operator on a Q-boat, the Helvetia. This was a converted and disguised trawler whose job was to discourage German U-boats from attacking unarmed fishing vessels in the North Sea. When a U-boat hove in sight and ordered them to abandon ship the Helvetia’s crew, who had been carefully trained, gave a convincing imitation of panic. They lowered the ship’s boat so ham-handedly that one end was submerged while the other dangled in the air with davit jammed. They rushed to and fro excitedly. The SOS message was bungled, and with luck the U-boat drew nearer to watch the pandemonium. When they were within range the order was given: one pull at a lever collapsed the hinged sections of the deckhouse, revealing a gun whose team hoped to sink the enemy before he sank them.
The Latin East 1098–1291
Authors: Phillips Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The First Crusade established a Latin Christian presence on the eastern Mediterranean seaboard which lasted for almost 200 years. The expedition contained contingents from many areas of Europe, including Flanders, Normandy, Languedoc, and Lorraine. Notwithstanding their different origins, the crusaders who settled in the Levant were identified by the word ‘Franks’ by contemporary Muslims and Latins in the East.
Art 1n the Latin East, 1098–1291
Authors: Folda Jaroslav
Published: November 2023

When the armies of the First Crusade took Jerusalem on 15 July 1099, they succeeded wonderfully in fulfilling many of the main goals articulated by Pope Urban II in his famous speech at Clermont. Urban had vividly described the oppression of Christian churches in the East, and how the infidels had desecrated or destroyed Christian monuments.
Architecture in the Latin East, 1098–1571
Authors: Pringle Denys
Published: November 2023

Almost five centuries of architectural development, from Romanesque to Renaissance, are represented in the buildings of the Latin settlers on the Levantine mainland and in Cyprus. In view of the mixed cultural background of the incomers and the diversity of local cultures and building traditions that they encountered in the East, what is perhaps most striking is that there do seem to have emerged styles that were both coherent and distinctive.
Break-down of the Sleigh—Fresh Vehicle—The “Scavenger’s Daughter”—The Sea of Aral—A Salt Breeze—Less Snow—Christmas Day in Russia— Amorous Females in Search of a Husband-—Supper for Two—Kasala, or Fort Number One—The Garrison—The Aral Fleet—The Inn of Morozoff— Comparisons in Dirt—In Search of a Lodging—”Go with God, Brother”— The Jews’ Quarter—A Commandant
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The jolting imparted by the motion of the camels to the sleigh had been too much for the wooden framework. An inspector who gave me this information declared that it would be impossible for us to continue the journey save in another carriage.
The Turkoman on his Donkey—Jana Darya—A once Fertile Country—A Barren Waste—The Grandfather of the Khan—English Horses and Kirghiz Horses—Russian Cavalry—A Sea like Molten Gold—Isles as if of Silver— Kamstakak—A Fresh Water Pond—A Return to Vegetation—Saigak— Pheasants—The Camel Driver is taken Ill—The Moullahs—Conjuring the Evil One—A Dog of an Unbeliever—The Guide’s Fight with the Khivan— A Revolver is sometimes a Peace-maker—Khivan method of Preserving Grass throughout the Winter—Deep Chasms—Tombs—The Vision of the Kirghiz—The Kazan-Tor Mountains—Auriferous nature of the Soil.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

It was a quaint spectacle to watch my little caravan as we rode away from our different encampments. First came the guide, clad in a long dressing-gown of crimson cloth, which he had exchanged for the more homely garment in which he commenced the journey. His robe, which was lined with sheepskin, was tightly girt round his loins with a broad blue sash; a tall, conicalshaped black hat surmounted his bronzed countenance. His sword dangled at his side, and he used the weapon sheathed as a whip to urge on his steed, now a little done up by this constant marching through the snow.
Benito mussolini, ‘Trenchocracy’
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The word is ugly. No matter. There are uglier ones which have long enjoyed citizenship rights in the Italian language. We don’t give a fig about ‘purists’ who snarl at ·neologisms’. It’s all part of the eternal conflict between the old sensibility and the new! The trenchocracy is the aristocracy of the trenches. It is the aristocracy of tomorrow! It is the aristocracy in action. It comes from the depths. Its ‘quarterings of nobility’ are a splendid blood red. On its coat of arms there may be depicted a ‘Frisian horse’,5 a dugout, a hand-grenade.
The Development of the Classical Inheritance
Authors: Crompton Rosemary
Published: November 2023

Social class and inequality have been amongst the central topic areas within sociology. It is not surprising, therefore, that the investigation of these topics over the last half-century should have been significantly shaped by debates taking place within sociology itself Thus debates in social theory, as well as the specific theoretical contributions of Marx and Weber, have also had an important impact on class analysis. Our primary objective in this chapter, besides giving an account of Marx’s and Weber’s classic contributions, will also be to explore the impact of these varying theoretical inputs on the developing project of class and stratification analysis.
Fractured Identities
Authors: Haraway Donna
Published: November 2023

It has become difficult to name one’s feminism by a single adjective-or even to insist in every circumstance upon the noun. Consciousness of exclusion through naming is acute. Identities seem contradictory, partial, and strategic. With the hard-won recognition of their social and historical constitution, gender, race, and class cannot provide the basis for belief in ‘essential’ unity. There is nothing about being ‘female’ that naturally binds women. There is not even such a state as ‘being’ female, itself a highly complex category constructed in contested sexual scientific discourses and other social practices. Gender, race, or class consciousness is an achievement forced on us by the terrible historical experience of the contradictory social realities of patriarchy, colonialism, and capitalism. And who counts as ‘us’ in my own rhetoric? Which identities are available to ground such a potent political myth called ‘us’, and what could motivate enlistment in this collectivity? Painful fragmentation among feminists (not to mention among women) along every possible fault line has made the concept of woman elusive, an excuse for the matrix of women’s dominations of each other. For me-and for many who share a similar historical location in white, professional middle-class, female, radical, North American, mid-adult bodies-the sources of a crisis in political identity are legion.
The Social Imaginary
Authors: Castoriadis Cornelius
Published: November 2023

That which, since 1964, I have termed the social imaginary —a term which has since been used and misused in a number of different ways —and, more generally, that which I call the imaginary has nothing to do with the representations currently circulating under this heading. In particular, it has nothing to do with that which is presented as ‘imaginary’ by certain currents in psychoanalysis: namely, the ‘specular’ which is obviously only an image of and a reflected image. in other words a reflection, and in yet other words a by product of Platonic ontology (eidolon) even if those who speak of it are unaware of its origin. The imaginary does not come from the image in the mirror or from the gaze of the other. Instead, the ‘mirror’ itself and its possibility, and the other as mirror, are the works of the imaginary, which is creation ex nihi!o. Those who speak of ‘imaginary’, understanding by this the ‘specular’, the reflection of the ‘fictive’, do no more than repeat, usually without realizing it, the affirmation which has for all time chained them to the underground of the famous cave: it is necessary that this world be an image of something.
Levels of Class Formation
Authors: Formation Levels of Class
Published: November 2023

As a concept, class has soaked up so much meaning that it has become bulky to use. Because it is often employed without a clearly specified definition, debates about class often become conversations in which people talk past each other because they are talking about different dimensions of class. Without clear analytical distinctions between levels or layers of class, it is hard to improve on the ‘class in itself-for itself’ model. With the specification of different levels it becomes possible to construct the various cases of class formation in their own terms and to explore the competing capacities of various macrohypotheses about linkages between the levels. Above all, the distinctions that follow are meant to be aids to concrete description and explanation.
A People and a Class
Authors: Joyce Patrick
Published: November 2023

The icons of popular art suggest the force and longevity of populist notions over this period. They also indicate that rather than a single populism, it is a variety or ‘family’ of populisms that should be considered, a variety in which the capacity for change and adaptation was marked. In the northern, industrial districts there was, however, a decided continuity amidst this variety and change.
Govemmentality
Authors: Foucault Michel
Published: November 2023

Thus, throughout the seventeenth century up to the liquidation of the themes of mercantilism at the beginning of the eighteenth, the art of government remained in a certain sense immobilized. It was trapped within the inordinately vast, abstract, rigid framework of the problem and institution of sovereignty. This art of government tried, so to speak, to reconcile itself with the theory of sovereignty by attempting to derive the ruling principles of an art of government from a renewed version of the theory of sovereignty—and this is where those seventeenth-century jurists come into the picture who formalize or ritualize the theory of the contract.
‘Them’ and ‘Us’
Authors: Hoggart Richard
Published: November 2023

Presumably most groups gain some of their strength from their exclusiveness, from a sense of people outside who are not ‘Us’. How does this express itself in working-class people? I have emphasized the strength of home and neighbourhood, and have suggested that this strength arises partly from a feeling that the world outside is strange and often unhelpful, that it has most of the counters stacked on its side, that to meet it on its own terms is difficult. One may call this, making use of a word commonly used by the working-classes, the world of’Them’. ‘Them’ is a composite dramatic figure, the chief character in modem urban forms of the rural peasant-big-house relationships. The world of ‘Them’ is the world of the bosses, whether those bosses are private individuals, or as is increasingly the case today, public officials. ‘Them’ may be, as occasion requires, anyone from the classes outside other than the few individuals from those classes whom working-people know as individuals.
The Language of Orders in Early Modem Europe
Authors: Burke Peter
Published: November 2023

Mousnier has two main sources of inspiration: seventeenth-century lawyers. notably Charles Loyseau, and twentieth-century sociologists, notably Bernard Barber (whose study, Social Stratification, had itself drawn on Mousnier’s work in its brief discussion of ‘Estate Society’), but going back behind him to the functionalist school of Talcott Parsons and behind Parsons to Emile Durkheim.
The Failure of the Bourgeoisie
Authors: Wiener Martin J
Published: November 2023

Nineteenth-century Britain was a pioneer of modernization. Yet, the path it took to modernity was one all its own. Britain’s transition was marked by admirably peaceful gradualism, but also, thereby, by a certain incompleteness. From this incompleteness stemmed long-lasting cultural consequences. Modernization has never been a simple and easy process. Wherever and whenever it has occurred, severe psychological and ideological strains and stresses have resulted, though they have not always taken the dramatic form they found in Germany, or received so much attention. In Britain these tensions have been particularly easy to overlook, as the transition to modernity was relatively smooth and involved no political upheaval. However, that very mildness, I shall suggest, fostered a self-limiting element in Britain’s development. The industrial revolution in other countries came at least partly from without and thus challenged and disrupted traditional social patterns. In Britain, on the other hand, industrialization was indigenous, and thus more easily accommodated to existing social structures, which did not need to change radically.
The State and the Language of Class
Authors: Mckibbin Ross
Published: November 2023

Although the argument of this book has been largely thematic it is clear that there were throughout the period marked chronological influences. In particular, the two world wars represented important discontinuities. In my book The Evolution of the Labour Party I certainly underestimated the effects of the First Wodd War. It was partly responsible for the emergence of the Labour Party as one of the two main parties and a rapid growth of working-class organizations, and (more doubtfully, perhaps) a stronger ‘democratic’ impulse in British society. C. F. G. Masterman suggested that the course of the war, by discrediting much of the military caste, discredited also the pre-war social hierarchy to which it was attached, while contact with Australians, Canadians, and Americans opened up an alternative set of political relationships, much more favourable to the working class. It is likely, furthermore, that the state itself was compelled to promote working-class politics, if only to secure the allegiance of the industrial working class to the war effort. It is fair to assume that what it did more powerfully in the Second World War it did in weaker form in the First.
The Feminist Standpoint: Developing the Ground for a Specifically Feminist Historical Materialism
Authors: Hartsock Nancy
Published: November 2023

Despite the difficulties feminists have correctly pointed to in Marxian theory, there are several reasons to take over much of Marx’s approach. First, I have argued elsewhere that Marx’s method and the method developed by the contemporary women’s movement recapitulate each other in important ways. This makes it possible for feminists to take over a number of aspects of Marx’s method.
Black Women and Feminism
Authors: Hooks Bell
Published: November 2023

More than a hundred years have passed since the day Sojourner Truth stood before an assembled body of white women and men at an anti-slavery rally in Indiana and bared her breasts to prove that she was indeed a woman. To Sojourner, who had traveled the long road from slavery w freedom, the baring of her breasts was a small matter. She faced her audience Witham fear, without shame, proud of having been born black and female. Yet the white man who yelled at Sojourner, ‘I don’t believe you really are a woman,’ unwittingly voiced America’s contempt and disrespect for black womanhood. In the eyes of the 19th century white public, the black female was a creature unworthy of the title woman; she was mere chattel, a thing, an animal. when Sojourner Truth stood before the second annual convention of the women’s rights movement in Akron, Ohio, in 18;2, white women who deemed it unfitting that a black woman should speak on a public platform in their presence screamed: ‘Don’t let her speak! Don’t let her speak! Don’t let her speak!’ Sojourner endured their protests and became one of the first feminists to call their attention to the lot of the black slave woman who, compelled by circumstance to labor alongside black men. was a living embodiment of the truth that women could be the work-equals of men.
Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire
Authors: Butler Judith
Published: November 2023

There is the political problem that feminism encounters in the assumption that the term women denotes a common identity. Rather than a stable signifier that commands the assent of those whom it purports to describe and represent, women. even in the plural, has become a troublesome term, a site of contest. a cause for anxiety.
Feminism and the Technological Fix
Authors: Stabile Carol
Published: November 2023

As struggles over definitions of femaleness intensify, impelled largely by technological advances in areas such as reproductive technologies and genetic engineering, feminists have either withdrawn into reactionary essentialist fom1ations (what I describe as technophobia) or equally problematic political strategies framed around fragn1emary and destabilized theories of identity (techmomania). In each instance. however differently manifested, the absent category of analysis is that of class.
The German Empire 1871-1918
Authors: Wehler Hans-Ulrich
Published: November 2023

In the concluding passages to one of the classic texts advocating the Sonderweg thesis, Hans-Ulrich Wehler argues for the need to understand National Socialism through analysis of authoritarian structures and culture going back to the ‘configuration of 1871’.The unbroken tradition of government by pre-industrial power-elites, the prolongation of absolutism among the military, the weakness of liberalism and the very early appearance of deliberalising measures suggest on the surface a depoliticising of society, but one which deep down favoured a continuation of the status quo. The same can be said of the barriers to social mobility, the holding over of differences and various norms between separate estates, which is such a revealing aspect of Imperial Germany, and the essentially elitist character of education. Much of this resulted from the political weakness and defeats suffered by the bourgeoisie in the nineteenth century, and all these factors, which are given here only as examples, had assumed their importance during a phase of historical development which was uninterrupted by a successful revolution.
The Special Path of German History: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Groh Dieter
Published: November 2023

Dieter Groh’s article on the Sonderweg debate from which these passages are taken examines the arguments for and against the thesis. While accepting the criticisms of Blackboum and Eley, he suggests that they have been more successful in undermining a pre-existing explanatory model than they have been in offering a new one.Where the history of West Germany is concerned, the positive image of the Sonderweg disappeared once and for all in the late 1960s and early 1970s with the widening of the historiographical perspective resulting from the ‘Fischer controversy’. This controversy was sparked off by the work carried out by Fritz Fischer, a historian at Hamburg University; since 1958 he had been trying with his students to prove empirically the overwhelming culpability of the German Empire in triggering the First World War. The debate first used the traditional methods of narrative history; but soon moved away, as regards both content and method, from its immediate purpose. The history of the Second Reich in all its aspects, above all its social and economic history, became the number one theme of historiography in the German Federal Republic.
Administration versus Human Leadership
Authors: Rebentisch Dieter , Teppe Karl
Published: November 2023

The following summary of the main processes of internal change within the National Socialist polity and their impact upon the bureaucracy represents a judicious and balanced summary of the state of research in the mid-198os, by which point the structuralist-intentionalist debate had reached its heights (and its limits).Both those interpretations which emphasize the totalitarian character of the Fuhrer State and those which prefer to speak of a polycratic power structure with the tendency towards cumulative radicalization agree that a high degree of bureaucratization and, in the police and SS sphere at least, a bureaucratic perfectionism was characteristic of the way in which the regime functioned. There is also no fundamental dispute over the fact that the traditional bureaucratic and military elites entered into a partial and temporary alliance with National Socialism! Indeed, during the period of the Third Reich there was a great upsurge in bureaucratization, while at the same time the exponents of the regime, first and foremost Hitler, never tired of subjecting the bureaucracy, and its claims to regulate, to derogatory criticism and mockery over and over again.
Party and State in the Third Reich
Authors: Diehl-Thielei Peter
Published: November 2023

The work from which this extract is taken is representative of a growing body of work which emerged in the 1970s developing the ‘structuralist’ interpretation further. Note the characterization of the proliferation of offices as a product of Hitler’s ‘divide and rule’ tactics, and the emphasis on Hitler’s desire for a regime of ‘permanent movement’.
The Gestapo and Social Cooperation: The Example of Political Denunciation
Authors: Gellately Robert
Published: November 2023

Contrary to popular perceptions at the time, and contrary to popular myth since, the Gestapo was, in numerical terms, very small. In a city such as Essen, for example, 43 Gestapo officers monitored a population of about 650,000. In order to be effective, the Gestapo had to rely on denunciation, which often came from the public, suggesting an ‘informal social reinforcement of the terror system’ (W S. Allen). Drawing on research on the Gestapo case files in Wiirzburg begun by Reinhard Mann, Robert Gellately discusses the nature of political denunciation in National Socialist Germany and its significance.
Hitler’s Foreign Workers
Authors: Herbert Ulrich
Published: November 2023

The conquest of Europe offered the National Socialist regime an enormous reservoir of labour in the occupied territories, from which millions of civilians were deported and put to work (alongside prisoners of war) in German agriculture and industry. Deployed in accordance with the ideological principles of the regime, the forced workers’ experience was determined by their place in the National Socialist racial hierarchy. West European workers experienced substantial hardship; Polish, Soviet, and above all Jewish forced workers were put to work under barbaric and exploitative conditions which amounted to ‘slave labour’. However, while ‘slave labour’ may evoke accurately the power relationships involved and the experience of a large proportion of the workers, such terminology does not capture the important fact that this system of labour was implemented in a modern, industrial society in a factory environment not so different from a contemporary shop-floor.
Alma Schindler—Mahler in love—engagement (December 1901–January 1902)
Authors: Grange Henry-Louis De La
Published: November 2023

THE stormy concerts in Munich and Berlin made Mahler more aware than ever of his loneliness and isolation as a composer and of the obstacles he still had to surmount in order to be heard and understood. The fact that people had applauded his Second Symphony and booed his Fourth—which he had thought was more readily understandable—meant little as far as he was concerned, except to show the narrow-mindedness of a public corrupted by ‘programme music’:
Der Waffenschmied, Euryanthe, Der Corregidor, Falstaff—Mannheim, Heidelberg, Prague, Mainz, Cologne—encounters with Hauptmann, Bahr, Hofmannsthal—Schoenberg, Zemlinsky, and the Vereinigung—birth of Anna—completion of the Sixth Symphony and the Kindertotenlieder (January–September 1904)
Authors: Grange Henry-Louis De La
Published: November 2023

AT the Hofoper the year 1904 began modestly enough with a revival of Lortzing’s Der Waffenschmied, which Mahler often referred to as ‘the little Meistersinger’.1 The music’s utter simplicity delighted him and he rehearsed it with tender care. He restored all previous cuts and, as usual, paid as much attention to the staging as to the music.
Unica in the Cotton Caligula Troper
Authors: Jacobsson Ritva
Published: November 2023

From frere’s text edition of 1894 until the fundamental examination of the repertory of Oxford, Bodleian Library Bodley775 and Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 473 made by Planchart in 1977, the two Winchester Tropers have attracted much attention.In these studies, both Frere and Planchart also discussed the third English troper, London, British Library Cotton Caligula A. (henceforth London 14); set aside from the main focus of their studies, however, this source was treated more as an appendix to the two important sources. As far as I know, the Cotton Caligula Troper has never been studied thoroughly for its own interest, except that its remarkable illuminations have drawn the attention of art historians.
An English Noted Breviary of circa 1200
Authors: Chadd David
Published: November 2023

The manuscript Oxford, Bodlcian Library Lat. liturg. c36 was acquired by purchase in December 1964. It is the Sanctorale of an insular breviary which I date circa 1200. The purpose of the present paper is to give an account of this manuscript and in particular of the antiphoner which is contained within it, to draw attention to some of the more interesting of its contents, and to suggest a hypothesis which could account for its idiosyncrasies. In the course of doing this, I wish implicitly to examine the methods of comparative analysis which seem to be available to us for assessing the significance and meaning of the contents of books of this kind.
British Rhymed Offices
Authors: Hughes Andrew
Published: November 2023

A general introduction to rhymed offices, still quite the most extensive survey of the repertory, has appeared in the R volume of the Dictionary of the Middle Ages. The repertory consists of poetic texts and chants in thousands of proper offices for new feast-days and saints ’ days of the later middle ages, mostly between the tenth and sixteenth centuries, from all over Europe. The texts, newly compiled, are for the antiphons responsorics of the canonical hours: often the chants that accompany them arc also newly composed or borrowed and adapted from earlier models. Of the hymns, lessons, prayers, and dialogues that also form a part of these new offices, only the hymns are always poetic. They are normally not newly-composed but are standard hymns appropriate to the saint or feast; although occasionally a new antiphon text is identical with a stanza of a hymn, various features make it clear that hymns are not regarded as a part of the rhymed office proper. New lessons and prayers arc often closely related to the texts of the new office chants and would have to be taken into account in any detailed study of an individual office.
The Manuscript London, British Library Harley 1709
Authors: Sandon Nick
Published: November 2023

Students of medieval and Renaissance polyphony have all too few complete sources at their disposal. The many incomplete sources are of two main types: fragmentary and partial. Fragmentary sources originally recorded either in score or in some kind of cantus collateralis layout the entire texture of the music which they contained, but have subsequently suffered decay, mutilation, or reuse; in consequence the compositions which they contained may now have whole portions missing, while the passages that remain are preserved more or less in their entirety.
Introduction
Authors: Harper John
Published: November 2023

As an introductory guide this book attempts to assist the study and understanding of formal Christian worship in the West, especially that of the Middle Ages. It extends beyond the sixteenth-century Reformation with those forms of worship that derive from medieval practice. Such are the liturgical orders established and standardized by the Roman Catholic Church in the Tridentine Rite, and by the Church of England in the Book of Common Prayer.
Holy Week and Easter
Authors: Harper John
Published: November 2023

Holy Week is the most solemn period of the liturgical year. It is also a week which recalls a series of well-documented events in the life of Christ, events that are central to the Christian religion: the entry into Jerusalem, the Last Supper, the Crucifixion, and the Resurrection.
Chamber Music: 1830–1850
Authors: Horton John
Published: November 2023

THE practice and enjoyment of chamber music was widespread during the first half of the nineteenth century. Among its most influential patrons in Germany, Austria, and Russia were aristocratic dilettanti of the kind who helped to make possible the achievements of Beethoven’s last decade. Their beneficent tradition was kept alive beyond the mid-century by such enthusiasts as Count Mateusz Wielhorski, the Polish-Russian amateur cellist to whom Mendelssohn dedicated his D major Sonata, Op. 58, and Schumann his Piano Quartet, Op. 47. But the most rapid growth of interest was now to occur among the middle classes, with their accumulating wealth, their social aspirations, and their increasing artistic sensibility. Domestic music-making was a prominent feature of the Biedermeier scene, where families and friends gathered to read through duos, trios, quartets, and quintets for their own pleasure or for the entertainment of guests. Their activities created an insistent demand for new compositions, especially those that made no unreasonable calls on technique or comprehension, a market that prolific and industrious composers toiled to supply.
Liturgical Drama
Authors: Rankin Susan
Published: November 2023

The liturgical books of the medieval western church preserve a large repertory of dramatic representations intended for performance on the highest church festivals. Of widely varied form, these ‘dramatic ceremonies’ or ‘plays’ drew on the literary and musical as well as dramatic skills of their creators. Like the liturgical ritual itself, they were expressed in Latin words and were sung throughout. This musical dimension continued to distinguish the Latin liturgical plays from their secular and vernacular counterparts, even when interaction between liturgical and non-liturgical dramatic compositions led to the adoption of characteristics atypical in one or other repertory.
1890–1891
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

“Times are a-changin’ ,” a character in one of the season’s lesser plays observed. The observation was unoriginal even then. At varying tempi times always are changing. But during the 1890-91 theatrical year two matters sharpened this sense of change in an appropriately dramatic way. The more apparent was the electrification of auditoriums. For several seasons theatres had been converting from gas lighting, but the transformation had been slow and very often tentative. Many a playhouse owner, wary of the new invention, had either converted only a small area or else timidly opted to employ the old and the new side by side.
The Emergence of an Antisemitic Society(1865-1900)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard
Published: November 2023

From the end of the Civil War until the beginning of the twentieth century, the United States witnessed the emergence of a full-fledged antisemitic society. Like the hysteria exhibited during the war, the institutionalized bigotry that developed afterwards reflected the biases of practically every stratum in society. As immigration figures soared, and as a significant Jewish presence emerged in the United States, people in every walk of life, from respectable working, middle, and upper classes to agrarian protesters, Protestant and Catholic spokesmen, and members of the lunatic fringe increasingly focused on the allegedly deleterious characteristics of Jews that they believed impinged on American lives. Having been thoroughly indoctrinated as children, and having absorbed conventional attitudes simply by living in the United States, Christians believed in the superiority of their faith and few Gen¬ tiles questioned the fact that the United States was, and of right ought to be, a Christian nation.
Industrialization and the Making of the Working Class
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

Industry brought the “social problem.” New forms of regulation were needed for public health, housing, schooling, poor relief, recreation, and criminality. Worse, industrialization contained a political threat. Industry brought the rise of a working class, with no stake in the emerging order or its laws. For polite society, collective action by the laboring masses became a constant anxiety, and to cope with such fears distinctions were drawn between “respectable” workers and the rest. To such thinking, the skilled working man became demoralized by an unhealthy urban environment, corrupted by the criminally indigent and seduced into radicalism by socialists.
Challenges Beyond Socialism
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

The strongest movements presented a common pattern: single parties organizationally united but ideologically diverse, without serious rivals, and rallying mixed interests around broadly social democratic values. But this model was unequivocally established only in the north-central European social democratic core. Elsewhere, Left politics proved more contentious, parties more fractious. In Britain, locally vigorous socialist initiatives in the 1880s and 1890s still made little headway against the popular liberalism shaped in the 1860s. In Italy and Spain, socialists contended with acute regional disparities, state violence, and strong urban anarchist movements. In France, socialists were notoriously split, identifying with rival strands of the French revolutionary traditions, appealing to earlier nonMarxist legacies, and taking contrasting lessons from the Paris Commune.
The Rupture of War
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

During the same period the major revolutionary upheaval centered on Russia profoundly changed Europe’s political geography. Initially, the Left’s enthusiasm for events in Russia was entirely ecumenical, inspiring moderate socialists no less than anarchists, syndicalists, and other radicals. But sympathy for overthrowing tsarism, the epitome of reactionary backwardness, was one thing; supporting the Bolsheviks was quite another. Welcoming Russia into the democratic camp in February 1917 became by October something far more sinister: for the first time, a revolutionary socialist party had come violently to power. Renouncing the Left’s traditional parliamentarism, Bolshevism claimed the new class-based legitimacy of the soviets instead. The ominous-sounding “dictatorship of the proletariat” entered public circulation.
Closure
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

Trouble began outside Europe in the colonial world. After September 1945, Britain restored French colonialism in Indo-China, despite the declaration of Vietnamese independence by Ho Chi Minh, the Communist leader of the anti-Japanese resistance. Similar conflicts followed in the future Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia, while in China civil war resumed between Communists and Chiang Kai-Shek’s Nationalist government. The biggest test in Europe came in Greece, where the right-wing government was terrorizing the Left: the local Communist party boycotted corrupt elections, and civil war began in October 1946.
New Social Movements
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

In europe, the insurrectionary type of revolutionary politics was bound in time. Before 1914, with the Paris Commune as a guide, the revolutionary crisis was still imagined as a popular uprising, a pitched battle for the state amid the sudden collapse of the system. When things fell apart, barricades would still be needed. The revolutionary turbulence of 1917–23 seemed to vindicate this belief, making the storming of the Winter Palace into the Bolshevik revolution’s emblematic event.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

The sun beat down heavily in the late afternoon, sending across his glass a sharp glint of light that made it difficult to see. Lieutenant Richard W. Meade adjusted his sights again, trying to bring form to the moving objects on the beach, over a mile away. From the prow of an American revenue cutter, the USS Washington, he had about an hour earlier seen a black schooner with sails torn and tattered, lying low in the water off Culloden Point and less than a mile from Long Island. What was its business in this secluded spot? Meade had scanned the beaches, fighting the glare of the sun as he peered through the glass. At last he saw what appeared to be a dozen men, rushing back and forth across the sand, carrying two trunks from a small boat toward some wagons a few yards up the shore. As Meade finally brought the shoreline into focus, he could see that over half the men were black. Were they smugglers? The evidence seemed clear: wagons for transporting goods; a small boat; two large trunks carried ashore; a ship nearby; hurried activity. But what kind of operation would involve blacks and whites in collusion? Why was there no flag identifying the nationality of the vessel? Somehow, he surmised, the men had commandeered the ship and were now delivering the stolen goods. Clearly they were guilty of piracy, a crime punishable by death under international law.
The Politics of Justice
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

Had not a presidential election and racial feelings entered the controversy, the Amistad matter might have come to a close during the autumn of 1839. If newspapers were any indication, many Americans seemed to concede the blacks' right to freedom. But this feeling met rigid opposition from the Van Buren administration in Washington, scattered spokesmen in the American press, especially in the South, and the Spanish government in Madrid. Political and racial considerations soon combined to force a White House policy regarding the Amistad that ignored fundamental liberties and called for an end to the matter by returning the vessel and its cargo to the Spanish government. If the president had doubts about the issue, his Southern constituency probably removed them. The blacks were Spanish subjects, according to the Charleston Mercury.
The Politics of Democracy
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

In the period following the district court trial, the abolitionists' distrust of the administration in Washington deepened as rumors spread that the president planned to interfere. Van Buren, according to his critics, was concerned only with the coming political campaign of 1840 and would resort to any measure to make sure the Amistad affair did not embarrass his chances for reelection. There were growing charges of executive pressure on judges, of collusion between the United States and Spain to return the blacks to Cuba, and of State Department tampering with documents relating to the case. The validity of the accusations remains questionable, but from a historical perspective, and certainly to those Americans directly involved in the matter, the events and suspicions often coincided, leaving a pattern of executive behavior that approached and sometimes crossed the bounds of legality.
In Perspective
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

The reaction to the Supreme Court decision was predictable. Southerners were not pleased, Northerners praised the verdict without discerning any implications for slavery, and the abolitionists pronounced it ,a milestone for their cause. Expressions of dissatisfaction in the South were mild, which perhaps suggested that the Emancipator was correct when it had earlier observed that the Southern press wished to keep the Amistad affair quiet for fear of its setting a dangerous precedent for American slaves. The Mobile Commercial Register & Patriot considered the court decree an "insult" to Spain and "no small triumph" for the abolitionists, whereas the Charleston Courier and the New Orleans Times Picayune merely reported the outcome. The Courier remarked, however, that Story's ruling had not "come up to the expectation of many in its arguments."
Scrub Ball is Not Enough
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

As The Twentieth Century Unfolded, Boys’ Baseball Entered A New Phase. Aid For It increased and Broadened. Government Assistance Rose Markedly While Private Organizations Already Supporting Boys’ Baseball Remained Stead­Fast and Others Joined Them. The Twin offspring of This Aid, Adult intrusion and Control, Pointed Boys’ Baseball toward Highly Organized Competition That Entailed Selection of The Best Players, Devotion of Substantial Amounts of Spare Time to Formal Practice, and Contention For Awards and Honors. Co-Option of Boys’ Baseball By Adults Also Led to Use of Boys’ Games For Their Own Ends. All The While, The Baseball Cult Solidified As The Unslackened Popularity of The Game and The Lengthening List of Reputed Benefits From Playing It Reinforced Each Other.
A Sure Way to a Boy’S Heart
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

Boys institutionalized For Supposed Transgressions Against Society Played Baseball As Eagerly As Did Those Outside Such institutions. For Despite As Sertions of Boys’ Work Authorities That Baseball Made Good Citizens, Boys Who Played Ball Might Very Well End Up On The Wrong Side of The Law, Become Separated From Their Parents, and Find Themselves incarcerated in Juvenile institutions, Or Even Jails Or Prisons, As Delinquents. Ironically, The institutions That Housed These Unfortunates Frequently Utilized Baseball in Programs Aimed At Rehabilitating Them. Like School Authorities, Directors of These Agencies Came to Believe in The Idea That Sports Participation Could inculcate The Kind of Middle-Class Behavior That Prepared Their Charges to Rejoin Society.
Business Prefers Ball Players
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

From post-World War I to about the mid-twenties, welfare capitalism reached its greatest heights. industrialists still found it effective in staving off organized labor.· Seeking to consolidate their position, large and stable firms, in addition to offering athletic fields and sponsoring athletic teams, co-opted employees with theatres, bowling alleys, cafeterias, and sun parlors as well as old-age pension plans and profit-sharing plans. Unionism declined in the 1920s as many strikes failed, and owners of large corporations gathered support for their nationwide drive for the “open shop,”; euphemistically called “the American plan,”; a term inferring that opponents of the open shop were un American. Strikes failed partly because of the courts’ readiness to grant injunctions against them.
The Armed Forces Enlist Baseball
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

From the time of the ancient Greeks to the present, men have perceived a relationship between sports and the military. Galen, the second-century Greek anatomist and physiologist, believed ball play the best of all exercises because it produced “strength and activity and therefore trained all those qualities which are most valuable to the soldier” General Douglas Mac-Arthur made plain his conviction that sports train men for winning wars: “Upon the fields of friendly strife / Are sown the seeds / That, upon other fields, on other days, / Will bear the traits of victory”
Mostly Home Games
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

in the 1920s and 1930s baseball ripened into a full-fledged feature of prison life, reaching the full season of its maturity. During that span no prison surpassed Sing Sing either in emphasis on baseball or in the prominence of its warden, Lewis Lawes, He came to Sing Sing seasoned by long familiarity with prison work. Born in Elmira in 1883 within a mile of the reformatory, where his father worked as a guard, he followed in the latter’s footsteps, becoming a guard at Clinton Prison in Dannemora. After service in the Army, there followed a succession of prison jobs.
More Diamonds For College Women
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

today there is not a girls’ [college] that does not include in its curriculum a course in gymnastics and encourage or insist upon some sort of outdoor exercise,”; said Munsey’s Magazine in 1901. The writer might also have remarked on the trend toward sports instruction in such institutions, for even physical training instructors, notably Oberlin’s Delphine Hanna, Wellesley’s Lucille Eaton Hill, and the University of Chicago’s Gertrude Dudley, as well as reformer and social worker Frances Kellor, plumped for sports.
A Long, Rough Road Still to Travel
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

The so-called Progressive Era meant little or nothing to American Negroes. in the South Jim Crow legal segregation assured them of hardscrabble lives. The most uncouth, low-lived white ranked above any black. in the North Jim’s cousin James Crow confined blacks to a cramped and stunted existence. The legal segregation of the South and the customary discrimination of the North applied to all aspects of Afro-American life: housing, employment, travel, entertainment, and even burial. Blacks were restricted to certain theatre seats even in Harlem. Baseball parks introduced their own quixotic regulations. For instance, they assigned blacks separate ticket windows, entrances, seating sections, and exits in southern ball parks. in Atlanta, according to John A. Lucas and Ronald A. Smith, amateur baseball teams of different races could not even play within two blocks of each other.
James Buchanan: President-elect
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

Rarely has an American President entered the White House as superbly trained for his responsibilities as James Buchanan. Born in 1791 near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, the son of a Scotch-Irish farmer and small merchant, Buchanan graduated from Dickinson College, read law, and in 1812 opened an office in Lancaster, launching what proved to be a highly successful and lucrative legal practice. Two years later he entered politics as a Federalist and served two terms in the state legislature.