bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of adulterated and misbranded olive oil products
Authors: Firestone D. , Summers J. L. , Reina R. J. , Adams W. S.
Published: May 2007

The Food and Drug Administration has been examining bulk and packaged olive oil products in a continuing program to detect adulteration of olive oil products. Thirteen of 20 products collected in 1983–84 labeled as olive oil contained undeclared esterified (synthetic) olive oil and four contained undeclared olive‐residue oil (derived from olive pomace and pits). Seven of 13 brands of imported olive oil contained undeclared esterified oil, suggesting that considerable quantities of esterified oil have been shipped to the United States identified as olive oil.
High yield monoglycerides preparation from glycidol and carboxylic acids
Authors: Zlatanos S. N. , Sagredos A. N. , Papageorgiou V. P.
Published: May 2007

In the present work we examined the reaction conditions that maximize the yield in monoglycerides (>90%) of 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐propanol (glycidol) reaction with carboxylic acids. Mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids of different chemical structures are used in this study. It was found that the reaction rate depends upon the temperature, the molar excess of glycidol, the structure and the length of the carbon chain of carboxylic acids. Further, the reaction is positively affected by the use of tetraethylammoniumiodide as catalyst. A technique is proposed to improve the glycidol method which appears to be very efficient for the continuous production of monoglycerides in high yields.
Preparation and characterization of derivatives of isoricinoleic acid and their antimicrobial activity
Authors: Ahmed S. M. , Ahmad Fasih , Osman S. M.
Published: May 2007

Methylisoricinoleate (methyl‐9‐hydroxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoate) (I) has been derivatized to yield new fatty acid derivatives analogous to those obtained from the ricinoleic acid of castor oil. These derivatives include 1,9‐dihydroxy‐12‐octadecene (II); 1,9‐diacetoxy‐12‐octadecene (III); 12,13‐epoxy‐1,9‐diacetoxyoctadecane (IV); 9‐cyanoethoxy‐1‐hydroxy‐12‐octadecene (V); 1‐morpholine‐9‐hydroxy‐12‐octadecene (VI), and 1‐morpholine‐9‐cyanoethoxy‐12‐octadecene (VII). Structures of these compounds were established by chemical and spectral data. The compounds V, VI and VII showed antifungal activity againstAlternaria sp.,Helminthosporium sp.,Penicillium citrinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus ochraceous, A. flavus, A. niger, Actinomyces sp. andCladosporium harbarum.
Enzymatically produced flavors for fatty systems
Authors: Nelson John H.
Published: May 2007

Technology has been developed for the production of flavor systems via controlled enzyme modification of fats. Lipases and esterases from various sources are used. Fats modified include milk fat and meat fats. A wide range of flavor profiles can be produced via control of enzyme, fat and processing prior to and subsequent to enzyme modification. Applications for the flavor systems include margarine, imitation dairy products, confections and prepared foods.
Use of simplex experimental designs in detergent formulation
Authors: Narcy J. P. , Renaud J.
Published: May 2007

Research in the field of detergent formulation is deeply involved in the optimization of numerous detergent systems. The use of experimental designs in looking for optimal formulations can save a large amount of laboratory time. This paper describes a coherent strategy of use for a special class of simplex designs adapted from Scheffé's work. The technique applies to multicomponent systems, as they are generally met in detergent formulation. Proper designs provide polynomial equations and, in addition, convenient graphical representations that enable the chemist to predict responses for a wide range of mixtures. Calculations are easy. A computer may help for routine application of these designs, but is not strictly required. The method is illustrated by a problem in the solubilization of light duty liquid detergents and at the same time provides arguments for better use of statistics in formulation. Finally, this simplex method is positioned among some other statistical techniques dealing with mixture designs.
Analysis of whole beeswax by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Tulloch A. P.
Published: May 2007

Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of unfractionated beeswax (treated with diazomethane) using Dexsil 300 as liquid phase gives a good separation of hydrocarbons, free fatty acids as methyl esters, and long chain monoesters. These components can be estimated using internal standards and together account for ca. 65% of the wax. Petroleum hydrocarbon or fatty acid adulterants can be detected. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are partially resolved from the corresponding saturated compounds.
The removal of metals from edible oil by a membrane extraction procedure
Authors: Keurentjes J. T. F. , Bosklopper Th. G. J. , van Dorp L. J. , van’t Riet K.
Published: May 2007

Edible oils may contain traces of metals. In oil refining procedures these metals have to be removed to guarantee oxidatively stable products. In this study we present a hollow fiber membrane extraction system for the removal of metals from an oil. Several extraction liquids were tested, of which an ammonia solution gives the best distribution coefficient (m=11.7). From mass transfer calculation it follows that the resistance to mass transfer in the extraction phase in the fiber wall can be neglected compared to the resistances in the oil phase inside the fibers and the extraction phase outside the fibers. A cost evaluation shows that such a membrane extraction can be profitable in conventional refining if more than 1.5% bleaching earth has to be added in surplus to remove metals.
Properties of the aqueous vesicle dispersion formed with poly(oxyethylene) hydrogenated castor oil
Authors: Tanaka Minako , Fukuda Hidenori , Horiuchi Teruo
Published: May 2007

Associated properties of the aqueous dispersion of poly(oxyethylene)hydrogenated castor oil ether(HCO‐10) were studied by means of polarized microscopy, freeze‐fractured electron microscopy, particle size analysis, ESR spin labelling and1H‐NMR spectra. A stable multilamellar vesicle with an average diameter of ca 0.4 μ is formed from the HCO‐10 concentration below 20 wt% whose phase shows a concentric lamella.

The hydrophilic layer of the vesicle is more rigid than the hydrophobic core. The fluidity around the spin label 12NS incorporated in the HCO‐10 vesicle significantly decreased with temperature; however, both spin labels 5NS and 16NS did not change significantly.

The mechanism of fluidity change with temperature was discussed in terms of the dehydration of ethylene oxide and the breakdown of hydrogen bonding in the HCO‐10 vesicle.
Chick edema factor: Removal from soybean oil
Authors: Mounts T. L. , Dutton H. J. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Procedures to remove 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, a potent chick edema factor, have been evaluated in laboratory simulations of commercial deodorization, hydrogenation, and bleching. Soybean oil samples with 1–5 ppm concentrations of added 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzodioxin‐14C were assayed by liquid scintillation counting before and after processing treatments. Standard conditions of deodorizing were ineffective for removal of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzodioxin; extreme conditions (300 C, 10 hr) reduced the concentration appreciably. Although hydrogenating the oil before deodorization improved 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzodioxin removal under standard conditions, the level of residue was still greater than acceptable. Treating the oil with activated bleaching clay according to the American Oil Chemists’ Society standard method was totally ineffective for 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzodioxin removal. Substituting either of two different activated carbons in the same procedure removed this contaminant from soybean oil.
Color characteristics and chemical analyses of oil from frost‐ and weather‐damaged soybeans
Authors: Macmillan Duncan , Melvin Eugene H.
Published: May 2007

Frosted soybeans and oils from frost‐damaged soybeans were obtained from the farm and commercial sources. All soybeans used were classed as inferior, according to the Handbook of Official Grain Standards of the United States, with respect to both green and weather damage. Localities represented were Oklahoma, Mississippi, Illinois, and Iowa. Spectrophotometric measurements and visual comparisons were made to establish the green grades. If the necessary quantities of oils were available, the samples were refined and bleached; otherwise only the chemical analyses, green grading, and spectrophotometric measurements were made on the crude oils. Iodine values and free fatty acid were determined also.

If a spectrophotometric method for the green grading of soybean oil were to be adopted, present indications are that the boundary between grades 1 and 2, comparable to the present N.S.P.A. grading system, should be at optical density 0.45 at 700 mμ, as measured in a 21.8 mm. I.D. tube in a Coleman Model 6B instrument, and that between grades 2 and 3 should be at optical density 0.58. It is recommended that duplicate systems of green grading be avoided.
Consistency changes in global spread caused by tempering
Authors: Hellman N. N. , Zobel H. F. , Senti F. R.
Published: May 2007

Global edible spreads became firmer in consistency subsequent to their manufacture probably because slow deposition of monoglyceride in the supercooled mixture cemented existing aggregates together. Tempering global edible spread at 95°F. (35°C.) or above caused softening initially, followed by hardening on prolonged tempering. The higher the temperature in the range, 95°–130°F. (35°–54°C), the more rapid was the rate at which consistency changes occurred. Physical studies of spreads led to the conclusion that consistency changes were a consequence of recrystallization of solid components. Softening occurring in initial stages of tempering resulted from a) weakening of aggregate structure present in untempered spread and b) recrystallization of solids into more perfectly ordered and sharply defined crystals. Hardening after prolonged tempering resulted from furtherrecrystallization of solids into needlelike and platelike forms.
Amide plasticizers from safflower and tall oil derived fatty acids
Authors: Magne F. C. , Mod R. R. , Sumrell G.
Published: May 2007

Fatty acids derived from a high oleic strain of safflower seeds are eminently suited for the preparation of compatible and efficient N,N‐disubstituted fatty acid amide polyvinyl chloride plasticizers with low temperature properties in the adipate‐azelate range. N,N‐disubstituted amides of tall oil‐derived acids, Westvaco Type 1480, give comparable plasticizing performance. Polyvinyl chloride compositions plasticized with the hexachlorocyclopentadiene adduct of N,N‐dibutyloleamide show no soapy water extraction loss.
Urethane foams from animal fats: IX. Polyols based upon tallow and trimethylolpropane; preparation under acidic and basic catalysis
Authors: Bilyk A. , Monroe H. A. , Saggese E. J. , Zubillaga M. P. , Wrigley A. N.
Published: May 2007

A series of polyols was prepared from epoxidized tallow, by reaction with trimethylolpropane in refluxing toluene, sequentially under basic and acidic catalysis. In preliminary experiments, under catalysis by sodium methoxide alone, the trimethylolpropane reacted rapidly with glyceride linkages and very slowly with oxirane groups. Under catalysis by p‐toluenesulfonic acid alone, oxirane was rapidly consumed. Polyols were prepared by the following sequences: (A) reaction under acidic followed by basic catalysis; (B) reaction under basic followed by acidic catalysis; (C) reaction under basic catalysis followed by further treatment with HBr gas to introduce fire retardance; (D) treatment of whole tallow first with trimethylolpropane under basic conditions and secondly with bromine; (E) reaction of epoxidized tallow with diethanolamine under basic catalysis; and (F) treatment of epoxidized tallow first with trimethylolpropane under acidic conditions and then with diethanolamine under basic catalysis. The polyols described were adjusted to equivalent weights of 100 and 120 with added triisopropanolamine and treated with a polymeric isocyanate to give rigid foams. Densities ranged from 1.5–1.8 lb/ft3. Open cell content, for foams made at the equivalent wt of 100, ranged from 14–21%; at the equivalent wt of 120, from 17–27%. Compressive strengths ranged from 14–23 psi, being lower than those of the best previous epoxidized tallow‐trimethylolpropane products.
Isomerization and trans‐esterification
Authors: Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Inter‐esterification and isomerization reactions offer opportunities to modify drying oils by changing the arrangement of the acids in the fats and oils and by changing the arrangement of double bonds and the groups around the double bonds in the fat acid chains. Although much work has been completed, much more remains to be done.
Comparison of lipoxidase oxidation and autoxidation of cottonseed oil by rat bio‐assay
Authors: Koch Robert B. , Smull J. W. , Henick A. S. , Calloway Doris Howes
Published: May 2007

A stepwise oxidation of cottonseed oil with navy bean lipoxidase shows a straight‐line relationship for increases in peroxide value, carbonyl value, and diene conjugation.

The linear increase in peroxide value for the stepwise enzyme oxidation shows that the substrate is not a limiting factor in enzyme action and that the peroxide content of the oil does not exert an inhibitory effect on the enzyme, at least, within the range obtained in this work.

A rat bio‐assay showed that cottonseed oil enzyme oxidized to a P.V. of 690, while not as acceptable, was as adequate as a control oil under conditions of paired feeding. Autoxidation of cottonseed oil to a P.V. of 640 showed definite loss in caloric efficiency compared to the control oil and enzyme oxidized oil.
Conductivity method for the control of a soap dryer
Authors: Okholm L. J.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

Data reported in this paper show that a conductivity method may be used for the computation of fatty acid contents of soap in the range of 78 to 83%. The method is adaptable to the control of soap dryers.
Fractionation of sesame and safflower oil fatty acids with urea
Authors: Mehta T. N. , Dabhade S. B.
Published: May 2007

The fatty acid compositions of sesame and safflower oils have been determined by two urea fractionation procedures. A simple cumulative urea fractionation procedure has been found to give results similar to those obtained by an urea adduct elution method.
Identification of kaempferol‐3‐rhamnoglucoside and quercetin‐3‐glucoglucoside in cottonseed
Authors: Pratt Charles , Wender Simon H.
Published: May 2007

The flavonol glycosides, quercetin‐3‐glucoglucoside and kaempferol‐3‐rhamnoglucoside, have been separated from crushed, delinted cottonseed (kernel and hull) by extensive use of paper chromatography, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of their hydrolysis products. Details of the separation and identification are described.
Sucrose ether‐ and ester‐linked surfactants
Authors: Gaertner V. R.
Published: May 2007

Several effective nonionic surface‐active agents in which a single sucrose moiety is the only solubilizing group were described. Alkylsucroses, preparedviasodium sucrate in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and higher alkyl bromides, are believed to be the first sugar‐based surfactants which are at least equivalent to the best anionics and nonionics in cloth detergency on the basis of laboratory data; they were also active lime‐soap disperstants. Another ether‐linked type, the (3‐alkoxy‐2‐hydroxypropyl) and (2‐hydroxyalkyl) sucroses, derived from glycidyl ethers or olefin oxides, although second in detergency to the first type, included exceptional nonionic lathering agents, t‐Dodecyl‐benzylsucrose, from dodecylbenzyl chloride, was also a rather active detergent and lime‐soap dispersant. Less active but easily prepared sucrose half‐esters from alkenylsuccinic anhydrides were described.

One sucrose moiety in ether‐linked surfactants was an effective hydrophile for alkyl hydrophobes at least as large as hexadecyl, but tridecyl derivatives were superior in activity.

Major importance was attached to the choice of solvent, catalyst, and time/temperature factors. Evidence was presented to show that sucrose derivatives were partially degraded by the alkaline conditions required in this work and that this degradation was both detrimental to detergeney and initially beneficial to lather in specific cases.

An improved procedure involving the use of DMSO for the alkaline dehydrochlorination of higher alkoxychloropropanols to glycidyl ethers was described.
The examination of fats and fatty acids for toxic substances
Authors: Firestone David , Horwitz William , Friedman Leo , Shue Glen M.
Published: May 2007

The chick edema disease factor was found to be present in a number of distillates and residues that were obtained during the production of commercial fatty acids. The raw materials from which the toxic samples were produced included inedible animal tallows, acidulated vegetable oil foots, and oils recovered from tin plate manufacture. The chick edema factor was found to be present in several oleic acids and in a triolein. Twenty stearic acid samples which were examined were nontoxic.

The nonurea adduct‐forming fatty acids that were isolated from commercial oleic acids and various distillates and residues from the manufacture of commercial fatty acids were found to be toxic to weanling rats even after hydrogenation. Analysis of the nonurea‐adducting monomers that were isolated from a fatty acid by‐product distillate indicated the presence of cyclic structures.
A monoglyceride‐rich tung oil product
Authors: Eaves P. H. , Spadaro J. J. , Cirino V. O. , Patton E. L.
Published: May 2007

A method for preparing tung monoglycerides (1) by the reaction of tung oil with an excess of glycerol in the presence of sodium methoxide as the catalyst has been adapted to the preparation of large batches of material. Laboratory scale studies have shown that a product analyzing as containing up to 50% of tung monoglycerides is produced when the reaction is carried out at 150ŶC. for one hour with an excess of 1 mole of glycerol and 1% of sodium methoxide (based on oil weight). The data were applied successfully to three batchwise pilotplant preparations using from 30 to 47 pounds of tung oil to produce a product containing from 32% to 45% tung monoglycerides. Unreated glycerol was successfully separated from the product by centrifugation, with no water or salt solution washing, to give a product containing 1.5% to 3.5% free glycerol.

Difficulties were encountered in analyzing the product for monoglyceride, and it was found that the triene conjugation contributed to high results, However, there also appear to be components other than simple monoglycerides in the product which analyze as monoglycerides to give a falsely high value, as evidenced by differences found by analyses of the products before and after essentially complete hydrogenation.
The nutritive value of the Brazil nut oil
Authors: Elias Luiz G. , Bressani Ricardo
Published: May 2007

The chemical composition of the decorticated Brazil nut in the natural and fat‐free state was determined, and the results confirm that this seed contains significant amounts of oil and protein. In three growth experiments carried out in rats, the Brazil nut oil had a nutritive value comparable to that of butterfat and the common table oils, olive oil, cottonseed oil, and corn oil. The use of levels of the Brazil nut oil up to 20% of the diet did not reduce growth or food consumption of rats. Heat treatment of the oil up to 120 min. at 140ŶC. did not reduce its nutritive value. The coefficient of digestibility of the Brazil nut oil was similar to that of the other oils, fresh and heated. The digestibility of the Brazil nut oil averaged 98% and was not affected by the heat treatment. The data indicate that Brazil nut oil is comparable to other animal and vegetable fats and oils in common use for human consumption.
Trends in industrial markets for fats and oils and derivatives
Authors: Poats F. J. , Sills M. W.
Published: May 2007

During the past decade, research by industry and government has developed numerous new chemical markets for fats and oils derivatives. Lower prices for competitive raw materials have forced some of these new products into specialty markets. Economic factors, such as the continual growth of the chemical industry, population increases, and high consumer demand, have allowed for steady growth in the fat‐derivative market. New fat‐type plasticizers are currently consuming about 60 million pounds of fats annually. Synthetic lubricants will probably be consuming 20 million pounds of fatty diesters annually by 1965. Animal feeds consume approximately 600 million pounds of fats and fat derivatives annually and may eventually become the leading domestic nonfood market for fats. The protective coating market as an outlet for fats continues to decline, and the continuing shift to nonfat materials and changes in pain formulas indicate that, while the demand for protective coatings may increase, the use of fats in their manufacture may not share in the increase. Nonfat chemical raw materials provide intense price competition for fatty raw materials. Fat prices are influenced by the demand for use in food, soap, paints, and possibly animal feeds rather than by the demand for use as chemical raw materials.
Fatty acid compositions of indian shark liver fats
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Dey L. M.
Published: May 2007

Liver fats ofCarcharias limbatus andPristis cuspidatus from the West Coast of India have been studied.

Lithium salt‐acetone and lead salt‐alcohol methods were adopted for the resolution of the fatty acids. An efficient, electrically heated and packed column has been employed for fractionation of the methyl esters of fatty acids.

These fats have been found to have a high content of saturated fatty acids and thus belong to the fourth group of Tsujimoto's classification of Elasmobranch fish liver fats.

Analyses of the liver oils from the same species of fish show that there is a tendeney towards saturation or hydrogenation of polyethylenic acids accompanied by an increasing concentration of unsaponifiable matter, which is mainly alcohol ethers of the selachyl type, in accordance with Lovern's views.
Some properties of the lipase present in germinating rapeseed
Authors: Wetter L. R.
Published: May 2007

The lipase content of rapeseed germinated in light increases by 100‐fold over that of the dormant seed. The increase was much less in seeds germinated in the absence of light. A zero‐order reaction rate for the enzyme was observed when tributyrin was employed as the substrate. Optimum activity occurred at pH 8.5. The Michaelis‐Menton was calculated to be 4.06×10−4 M, which is close to values reported for other lipases. While most substances tested had no effect on fat‐splitting activity, NaCN, NaN3, and glutathione behaved as activators.
X‐ray diffraction powder data of some thiol esters of long chain fatty acids
Authors: Witnauer L. P. , Lutz D. A. , Sasin G. S. , Sasin R.
Published: May 2007

X‐ray diffraction powder data were obtained for 14 thiol esters of long chain fatty acids including benzyl, β‐naphthyl,n‐amyl, andn‐hexyl thiol myristates; thiol palmitates; thiol stearates; and in some cases thiol laurates. All the individual compounds can be readily distinguished and identified by the diffraction data. Long spacings increase regularly with increase in hydrocarbon chain length. The benzyl and β‐naphthyl thiol esters crystallize in tilted bimolecular layers while then‐amyl andn‐hexyl thiol derivatives crystallize in tilted monomolecular layers.
Comparison of antioxidants for fats on an equivalent molar basis
Authors: Everson C. W. , Miller G. J. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: May 2007

An oven incubation method for determining the relative effectiveness of antioxidants is described, which has yielded results with an over‐all average variation of 2.07%. The antioxidants were compared on an equivalent molar basis, and potencies are expressed as a “catechol index”.

The catechol index of a given antioxidant is defined as the ratio of its antioxidant activity to that of an equivalent molar concentration of catechol. It provides a quantitative measure of the relative effectiveness of various antioxidants, which takes into consideration the concentration of antioxidant, the induction periods of the stabilized sample and control substrate, and, at least to some extent, the substrate used.

Catechol indexes of 28 phenolic compounds are given and discussed, and several relationships between structure and antioxygenic activity are pointed out.
Enzymatic synthesis of acetylated glucose fatty acid esters in organic solvent
Authors: Akoh Casimir C.
Published: May 2007

Two immobilized lipases fromCandida antarctica (SP 382) andC. cylindraceae, nowrugosa (2001), catalyzed the synthesis of novel acetylated glucose fatty acid esters with glucose pentaacetate (GP) and Trisun 80 (80% oleic) vegetable oil or methyl oleate as substrates in organic solvents. The relative yield was between 6.4–52%, and the incorporation of oleic acid onto the glucose was between 31–100%. In addition, these enzymes were able to catalyze the synthesis of glucose fatty acid esters with free glucose as the sugar substrate. The highest oleic acid incorporation (100%) was obtained in benzene with SP 382 lipase and Trisun 80 as the acyl donor. With methyl oleate as the acyl donor, greater incorporation was obtained in benzene (90.5%) compared to 75% in isooctane. The 2001 lipase was better in benzene/pyridine (2∶1 vol/vol) 74%) and chloroform (61%) compared to benzene and isooctane. However, with free glucose and Trisun 80 as substrates, both enzymes gave acceptable levels of oleic acid incorporation (82–100%) in benzene, benzene/pyridine and pyridine. The best conditions for the ester interchange reaction reported are: lipase (10% by weight of substrate); incubation time 48 h; molar ratio of Trisun/GP 1∶2; 3 mL solvent and 3% added water. These glucose esters have potential applications as emulsifiers in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations.
The effect of builders on the sorption of sodium myristyl sulphate on cotton and on carbon
Authors: Perry G. S. , Weatherburn A. S. , Bayley C. H.
Published: May 2007

In the case of sorption on cotton there was an approximately linear increase in sorption of the detergent with increasing builder concentration. The effectiveness of the builders in this respect increased with increasing anionic charge and decreasing pH of the builder. In the case of sorption on carbon the addition of builder again led to an increase in sorption, but in this case the sorption was an exponential function of the builder concentration. The differences in effectiveness of the various builders in increasing sorption was less clear‐cut than in the case of sorption on cotton, and there did not appear to be any consistent correlation between the amount of detergent sorbed and either the pH or the anionic charge of the builder.
Synthetic detergents from animal fats. X. Sulfated, ethenoxylated tallow alcohols
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Stirton A. J. , Weil J. K. , Maurer E. W.
Published: May 2007

Sulfated ethenoxylated tallow alcohols of average composition corresponding to the formulas C16H33(OC2H4)2OSO3Na, C18H37(OC2H4)2OSO3Na, and C18H37(OC2H4)10OSO3Na, were prepared by ethenoxylation and sulfation of hexadecanol and octadecanol.

The incorporation of two ethenoxy groups improved solubility without loss in detergency compared to the corresponding sodium hexadecyl and octadecyl sulfates. With consideration also of economy in the number of ethenoxy groups, two appear to be near the optimum. The product with 10 ethenoxy groups was an even more readily soluble but less effective detergent.

Of the sulfated ethenoxylated tallow alcohols, sodium hexadecyloxyethoxyethyl sulfate [C16H33(OC2H4)2OSO3Na] had the lowest surface‐tension and the best foaming properties; sodium octadecyloxyethoxyethyl sulfate [C18H37(OC2H4)2OSO3Na] was the best emulsifying agent; and the product with 10 ethenoxy groups [C18H37(OC2H4)10OSO3Na] had the greatest stability in regard to metallic ions and to acid hydrolysis.

All three were excellent lime‐soap dispersing agents with good or excellent emulsifying properties and stability in regard to metallic ions.
Direct determination oftrans unsaturation in triglycerides by infrared spectrophotometry
Authors: Szonyi C. , Tait R. S. , Craske J. D.
Published: May 2007

A differential infrared spectrophotometric method is described for the determination oftrans unsaturation in fats. The method utilizes absorption at 965 cm蜢1, due to the C蜢H out‐of‐plane deformation vibrations oftrans unsaturated compounds. The method is rapid, accurate, and directly applicable to the determination oftrans unsaturation in triglycerides. It is applicable to samples which contain low concentrations oftrans acids (down to 2%) and also to samples with fatty acids of mixed chain length.
The hydrogenation of fatty oils with palladium catalysts. VI. Hydrogenation for margarine
Authors: Zajcew Mykola
Published: May 2007

Satisfactory margarine stocks have been made with a palladium on carbon catalyst in laboratory, pilot plant, and plant processing. The catalyst was shown to make a satisfactory product even when, on continued re‐use, the ratio of oil to metal used reached 400,000 to 1.
The hydrogenation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids by the ruminant
Authors: Reiser Raymond , Ramakrishna Reddy H. G.
Published: May 2007

Goats were fed alfalfa meal containing 10% cottonseed or linseed oil. After 11 weeks the fatty acids of rumen, stomach, and caecum contents were compared to those of the feed.

It was found that the high levels of linoleic and linolenic acis of the feed were reduced to very low levels in the rumen, with comparable increases in the saturated acids. Monoethenoid acids were increased after linseed oil ingestion and in one animal after cottonseed oil ingestion.

The ratio of monoethenoid to saturated acids in the rumen fat was lower than in the endogenous fat of nonruminant animals. This explains the paradox of the low ratio in the depot fat of ruminants even after the ingestion of highly unsaturated fats.
Soy protein gelation
Authors: Hermansson A. M.
Published: May 2007

Heat‐induced protein gels are of importance for the structure and properties of many food products. Gel formation is a complex process which often involves several reactions such as denaturation, dissociation‐association, and aggregation. The kinetics of the reactions involved will determine the type of structure formed. Protein gels can be divided into two types: gels formed by random aggregation and gels formed by association of molecules into strands in a more ordered way.

The two soy proteins glycinin and conglycinin both have the ability to form ordered structures consisting of strands 10–15 nm thick. The glycinin gel strands formed in distilled water are regular, and cross sections of strands showed a hollow cylindrical structure. In the presence of sodium chloride, glycinin forms an aggregated gel structure at 85 C, but at 95 C a regular structure similar to that found in distilled water was formed. The aggregated structure was interpreted as a transient state similar to the soluble aggregate formed on heating dilute solutions prior to dissociation into subunits.

Conglycinin gels are more irregular and more cross‐linked than gels of glycinin. Also, the strands of conglycinin showed a complex mode of aggregation possibly in the form of double spirals. The addition of salt does not affect the microstructure of conglycinin gels as dramatically as in the case of glycinin gels.

Commercially produced soy protein isolates may behave quite differently from native soy proteins, due to processing conditions causing denaturation and various states of aggregation.
Nephelometric determination of phosphorus in soybean and corn oil processing
Authors: Sinram Roger D.
Published: May 2007

A procedure to measure phosphorus content of soybean and corn oil samples has been developed using nephelometry (turbidity). The method uses the relationship between phosphorus level due to phosphatides in vegetable oil and turbidity formed in phosphatide mixtures. The rapid 10‐min determination of phosphorus in process samples is 30 times faster than colorimetric methods. Phosphorus vs turbidity data formed nearly linear relationships for crude, degummed, once‐refined, bleached and deodorized soybean and corn oil process samples.
Cupania anacardioides: A rich source of cyanolipids
Authors: Mustafa J. , Gupta A. , Agarwal R. , Osman S. M.
Published: May 2007

Seed oil ofCupania anacardioides (Sapindaceae) was found to contain cyanolipid I and cyanolipid III at 41.3% and 11.7%, respectively. Structures of these cyanolipid fractions were confirmed by spectroscopic methods.
Iodine values of acidulated coconut oil soapstock
Authors: Kuber S. R. , Newby Wales H.
Published: May 2007

Analyses and comparisons of a number of representative samples have shown that acidulated coconut oil soapstock may have an iodine value as much as 100% greater than that of the corresponding refined oil without any contamination being involved. Exactly what the spread between any given soapstock and oil will be apparently depends on the free fatty acid content of the original crude oil and the relative efficiency of the refining process. It was found that, for coconut soapstocks produced by standard laboratory refining tests, the relation between free fatty acid content and iodine value spread can be represented by the formula I.V. Spread=9.5–759 FFA. The efficiency of the refining process affects results insofar as it reduces the entrainment of neutral oil. Removing all of the neutral oil from four laboratory‐produced soapstocks prior to acidulation raised the iodine value approximately two units in all cases.

The practical significance of these results is obvious. A refiner processing high grade crude coconut oil of 9.5, iodine value by a highly efficient refining procedure cannot be expected to produce an acidulated soapstock of less than about 18.0 in iodine value. With higher free fatty acid crude oil and less efficient refining procedures lower iodine values are possible, but since soapstock is of minor economic value compared to refined oil, the trend will always be toward better grade crude oils and more efficient refining processes.
Boiling point‐vapor pressure‐composition relations for trichloroethylene‐cottonseed oil miscellas
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Liu Fu K.
Published: May 2007

The boiling points of crude cottonseed oil‐trichloroethylene miscellas for pressures below atmospheric have been determined. The data indicate that the temperature‐pressure relations for these miscellas differ from those of cottonseed oil‐hexane miscellas in that, even below 50% oil concentrations, they are lower than those calculated by Raoult's law. Above 50% the deviation from the calculated values becomes greater.
Lipid changes in maturing oil‐bearing plants
Authors: Sims R. P. A. , McGregor W. G. , Plessers A. G. , Mes J. C.
Published: May 2007

Flax and safflower blossoms were tagged at the onset of fertilization. At intervals of approximately 10 days, samples of leaves, seeds, bolls, and bracts were collected, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and kept in deep‐freeze until analyzed.

A comparison of the behavior during maturation of the seeds of Raja and Rocket flax and Indian safflower showed the following points of similarity and difference. Flax and safflower seed had similar patterns for changes in total extractable matter and true free and true bound lipid, dry matter, iodine absorbed by the seed oil, and isotopic carbon incorporation. The phosphorus and nitrogen contents of the free and bound lipid of flax and safflower seed had different patterns of variation. At a given stage of development, fresh flax seed tissue insafflower tissue. The effect of adverse growing conditions was reflected more clearly by the behavior of safflower than by that of flax. Raja and Rocket flax developed similarly and differed only in regard to response to climatic conditions.
The selective hydrogenation of linolenic acid
Authors: Willard John G. , Martinez Maria Luisa
Published: May 2007

The hydrogenated samples were analyzed by ultraviolet specconditions produced mostly nonselective hydrogenation. The variables of catalyst, catalyst concentration, solvent, temperature, and pressure have very little effect on the selectivity. Large differences were found in the relative reactivities of the three double bonds in methyl linoleate. It appears that the initial reaction strongly favors the 12 position assuming a limited amount of shifting of double bonds during hydrogenation. The solvent has an appreciable effect on this selectivity, but the other variables have only minor effects.

The hydrogenated samples were analyzed by ultraviolet spectroscopy. Efforts to identify the location of the double bonds by oxidative methods were unsatisfactory. Preliminary studies on the possible use of nuclear spin resonance as analytical method in fatty acid analysis look promising.
Jojoba oil wax esters and derived fatty acids and alcohols: Gas chromatographic analyses
Authors: Miwa Thomas K.
Published: May 2007

HCl‐catalyzed ethanolysis followed by saponification readily surmounts the resistance of long chain wax esters to direct hydrolysis by alkali. Additionally, choosing ethyl instead of methyl esters allows baseline separations between long‐chain alcohols and corresponding esters in gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis of total alcohol and acid components before saponification. Liquid wax esters were analyzed on a temperature‐programmed 3% OV‐1 silicone column. Geographical and genetic effects on the variability of jojoba oil composition were investigated with five different seed samples. Major constituents in jojoba seed oil from shrubs in the Arizona deserts, as indicated by GLC analyses of oil, ethanolysis product, isolated fatty alcohols and methyl esters of isolated fatty acids, were C40 wax ester 30%, C42 wax ester 50% and C44 wax ester 10%; octadecenoic acid 6%; eicosenoic acid 35%, docosenoic acid 7%, eicosenol 22%, docosenol 21% and tetracosenol 4%. Oil from smaller leaved prostrate plants growing along California’s oceanside showed a slight tendency toward higher molecular size than oils from the California desert and Arizona specimens. The wax esters are made up of a dispro‐portionately large amount of docosenyl eicosenoate and are not a random combination of constituent acids and alcohols.Lunaria annua synthetic wax ester oil was used as a model for evaluating the analytical procedures.
Introductory remarks
Authors: Arthur Jett C.
Published: May 2007

Surface active agents are used in the textile industry during the processing of fibers into yarns and fabrics, the finishing of leather products and during the removal of soil from textile products by laundering or dry cleaning. In these introductory remarks to the symposium, attention is directed to the phenomena occurring at solid‐liquid interfaces during these processes. The properties of the surface active agents and the solvents used, the surface free energy and structure of the polymeric textile products and other, often poorly defined, surface chemical and physical characteristics of the products influence the interactions of these agents. The interactions of surface active agents, often derived from fats and oils, dissolved or dispersed in liquids, with textile materials, including natural products such as cotton, wool and leather, as well as man‐made fibers, are considered in this symposium.
Method of obtaining native powdered sunflower lecithin
Authors: Popov A. , Gardev M. , Yanishlieva N. , Hristova L.
Published: May 2007

Thermal dehydration treatment of sunflower sludge leads to a significant deterioration of the quality of the product obtained. A combined scheme is suggested for simultaneous dehydration and fatremoval from sunflower sludge at room temeperature.
The flavors of dairy fats—A review
Authors: Forss D. A.
Published: May 2007

Literature for the three years to August 1970 dealing with the role of dairy lipids in flavors is reviewed. Subjects covered include reviews and conferences, techniques, flavor chemicals in heterogeneous media, desirable flavors and off flavors. All dairy products whose flavor is affected by or derived from lipids are included. These include low fat products such as skim milk and fermented products such as cheese.
Urethane foams from animal fats. VI. Improved properties of lard and tallow‐based foams
Authors: Scholnick F. , Saggese E. J. , Zubillaga M. , Monroe H. A. , Wrigley A. N.
Published: May 2007

Improved properties of fire retardant urethane foams prepared from hypobrominated lard and tallow have been obtained by purification of the polyols prior to their use. Hypobromination was carried out by epoxidation of the glycerides followed by treatment with gaseous HBr. The crude derivatives were extracted with acetone and separated from unreacted saturates at 5 C. One step hypochlorination of glycerides by use of acidified sodium hypochlorite has been carried out, and subsequent purification of the polyols led to minor foam property improvement. Fire retardant foams have also been prepared from soybean oil and monoolein using both of these general methods, although the acetone extraction step could be omitted.
Economics of sunflower oil production and use in the United States
Authors: Trotter W. K. , Givan W. D.
Published: May 2007

U.S. consumption of fats and oils over the past decade increased at an annual rate of 2.8% and in 1970 reached an all‐time high of 18 billion pounds. About two thirds of U.S. consumption is in food products. Salad and cooking oils, shortening, and margarine account for the major share of food oil use. Sunflower oil is well suited for these uses especially for salad and cooking oils, and margarine, owing to its stable qualities and high ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids.

With yields averaging around 1250 lb./acre and prices at 3–4 cents/lb., sunflowers have not been competitive with established crops in the southern states during the past few years. Returns from sun‐flowers in the Red River Valley, where yields have averaged around 1000 lb, appear to be more competitive with established crops than in the southern states. Some farmers in the South have achieved yields of 2000 lb. or more per acre and this seems to indicate that yields could be improved with better management. This analysis indicates that yields of 1600–2000 lb./acre, at a price of 4 cents/lb. for the seed, should permit sunflowers to compete with corn, soybeans, wheat and sorghum in a number of farming areas. As experience is gained in growing the crop and higher yielding hybrid seed is better adapted to the available region, sunflowers should become a more significant factor in the U.S. farm economy.
Synthetic detergents from animal fats. The sulfation of tallow alcohols
Authors: Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. , Bistline R. G.
Published: May 2007

Sodium oleyl sulfate (or the trans isomer) is a desirable component in a mixture of sulfated tallow alcohols, principally because of its ready solubility in water at room temperature.

The use of moderate sulfating agents, which can be thought of as complexes formed with either sulfur trioxide, chlorosulfonic acid, or sulfuric acid, has been shown to give products having good detergent and surface‐active properties. Desirable properties are generally related to the purity of the product and to the extent to which side reactions at the double bond are minimized or avoided.
The determination of monoglycerides and glycerin in mixtures
Authors: Kruty Margaret , Segur J. B. , Miner C. S.
Published: May 2007

A new method of analyzing mixtures containing monoglyceride and glycerin is presented. It is based upon oxidation of the sample with periodic acid. The new method is more rapid than the older methods because it is not necessary to separate the two layers when the glycerin is extracted from the solution of the sample. Precision of the titrations is improved because in the older methods the sample titration must equal at least 80% of the blank titration, but in the new method the sample titration can be very small and a correspondingly greater difference represents the monoglyceride or glycerin in the sample.
A method of calculating fatty acid composition from ester fractionation analysis
Authors: Jones E. W. , Maclean M. A.
Published: May 2007

The calculations involved in ester fractionation analysis require the solution of sets of three simultaneous equations. Repeated solution of these equations is avoided by obtaining expressions for the proportions of the components. Frequent analysis of similar fractions is further simplified by the preparation of tables, slide rules, or nomograms.
Fat‐based surface‐active agents
Authors: Stirton A. J.
Published: May 2007

A review of the fat‐based anionic, cationic, and nonionic surface‐active agents, primarily those useful in aqueous solution, has shown that the natural fats and fatty acids are particularly suitable raw materials. Because of the presence of the hydrophobic chain and of a carboxyl group by means of which hydrophilic character can be imparted, a greater variety of surface active agents have been made from the fatty acids than from any other single source.

The references cited include a text (44) and a symposium (28) on the chemistry and technology of surface‐active agents, and indices of trade names with a brief description of the commercial product (23, 48).
The hydrocarbons of ouricuri wax
Authors: Schuette H. A. , Khan M. Hanif
Published: May 2007

Solvent‐fractionation used in conjunction with molecular distillation and chromatographic adsorption yielded wax fractions whose separation into their components was successfully and easily accomplished. Without benefit of either molecular distillation or chromatography however, but merely by a solvent‐fractionation procedure there were isolated cerotic acid and melissyl alcohol under conditions which point to their occurrence in ouricuri wax in an ester combination.

Column chromatography was found to be a remarkably successful tool in resolving the mixture of hydrocarbons which this wax contains and in establishing the homogeneity of an individual hydrocarbon. Indicated beyond a reasonable doubt is the presence of C24 and C32n paraffins; that of all the four even homologs between these limits is strongly indicated.
Comparison of some lipoxidases and their mechanism of action
Authors: Siddiqi A. M. , Tappel A. L.
Published: May 2007

The comparative properties of lipoxidases from urd beans, mung beans, wheat, and peanuts have been determined and discussed. Evidence has been presented to suggest the participation, of essential thiol groups in urd‐bean and mung‐bean lipoxidase catalysis but not in soybean, wheat, pea, and peanut lipoxidase catalysis. This suggests the possible occurrence of two types of lipoxidases in nature.

On the basis of these and other available experimental results, mechanisms for lipoxidase catalysis are proposed.
Preparation and properties of sodium alkyl β‐sulfopropionates
Authors: Hikota Takeshi , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: May 2007

A series of sodium alkyl β‐sulfopropionates containing 11 to 17 carbon atoms was prepared from β‐bromopropionic acid, sodium sulfite and even‐numbered straight chain alcohols of 8 to 14 carbon atoms. The Krafft point, critical micelle concentration (cmc), emulsifying power, calcium ion stability and resistance to acid hydrolysis were determined. Sodium alkyl β‐sulfopropionates, in which the ester linkage (hydrophilic group) is moved toward a more central position in the alkyl chain, have higher cmc values and lower Krafft points than the corresponding sodium alkyl sulfoacetates. The sodium alkyl β‐sulfopropionates were less stable toward hydrolysis than the sodium alkyl sulfoacetates because the adjacent sulfo group in the sulfoacetates protects the ester linkage through steric hindrance. The emulsifying power increases, but the calcium ion stability decreases, with increasing alkyl chain length for a series of sodium alkyl β‐sulfopropionates.