bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of diglucosyldiacylglycerol synthase leads to daptomycin resistance inBacillus subtilis
Authors: Yamamoto Ryogo , Ishikawa Kazuya , Miyoshi Yusuke , Furuta Kazuyuki , Miyoshi Shin-Ichi , Kaito Chikara
Published: May 2024

The lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin exhibits bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria by forming a complex with phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and lipid II in the cell membrane, causing membrane perforation. With the emergence of daptomycin-resistant bacteria, understanding the mechanism of bacterial resistance to daptomycin has gained great importance. In the present study, we found that overexpression ofugtP, which encodes a diglucosyldiacylglycerol synthase, resulted in daptomycin resistance inBacillus subtilis. The amount of diglucosyldiacylglycerol (Glc2DAG) increased in theugtP-overexpressed strain, whereas the amounts of the acidic phospholipids cardiolipin (CL) and PG and the basic phospholipid lysylphosphatidylglycerol (Lys-PG) decreased. Moreover,ugtPoverexpression did not alter the cell surface charge or the susceptibility to the cationic antimicrobial peptide nisin or the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Furthermore, under daptomycin exposure, we obtained daptomycin-resistant mutants that carriedugtPmutations and showed increased amounts of Glc2DAG and more than 4-fold increase in the MIC of daptomycin. These results suggest that an increase in the amount of Glc2DAG changes the phospholipid composition and leads to daptomycin resistance without altering the bacterial cell surface charge inB. subtilis.

Importance

Daptomycin is one of the last-resort drugs for the treatment of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infections, and the emergence of daptomycin-resistant bacteria has become a problem. Understanding the mechanism of daptomycin resistance is important for establishing clinical countermeasures against daptomycin-resistant bacteria. In the present study, we found that overexpression ofugtP, which encodes diglucosyldiacylglycerol synthase, causes daptomycin resistance inB. subtilis, a model organism for gram-positive bacteria. Overexpression ofugtPincreased diglucosyldiacylglycerol levels, resulting in altered phospholipid composition and daptomycin resistance. These findings are important for establishing clinical strategies against daptomycin-resistant bacteria, including their detection.
High-throughput evolution of near-infrared oxytocin nanosensors enables oxytocin imaging in mice and prairie voles
Authors: Adams Jaquesta A.M. , Komatsu Natsumi , Navarro Nicole , Black Alexis M. , Leem Esther , Sun Xiaoqi , Zhao Jiaxuan , Arias-Soto Octavio I. , Beery Annaliese K. , Landry Markita P.
Published: May 2024

Oxytocin is a neuropeptide involved in regulating social and emotional behavior. Current techniques for oxytocin imaging are generally limited in spatial and temporal resolution, real-time imaging capacity, selectivity for oxytocin over vasopressin, and application in young and non-model organisms. To address these issues, we developed a method to evolve purely synthetic molecular recognition for oxytocin on the surface of near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) using single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The best-performing nanosensor nIROT-SELEC reversibly undergoes up to a 172% fluorescence increase in response to oxytocin with micromolar dissociation, nanomolar limit of detection, and and high selectivity over oxytocin analogs, receptor agonists and antagonists, and co-released neurochemicals. We next demonstrated the versatility of nIROT-SELEC by performing live imaging of synaptic evoked oxytocin released in acute brain slices of mice and prairie voles. Our method for high throughput evolution of neuropeptide nanosensors holds promise to enable synaptic scale visualization of neuropeptide signaling in the brain cross different species and developmental stages, to advance the study of neurochemical signaling for its role in both health and disease.
AVN: A Deep Learning Approach for the Analysis of Birdsong
Authors: Koch Therese M.I. , Marks Ethan S. , Roberts Todd F.
Published: May 2024

Deep learning tools for behavior analysis have enabled important new insights and discoveries in neuroscience. Yet, they often compromise interpretability and generalizability for performance, making it difficult to quantitively compare phenotypes across datasets and research groups. We developed a novel deep learning-based behavior analysis pipeline,Avian Vocalization Network(AVN), for the learned vocalizations of the most extensively studied vocal learning model species – the zebra finch. AVN annotates songs with high accuracy across multiple animal colonies without the need for any additional training data and generates a comprehensive set of interpretable features to describe the syntax, timing, and acoustic properties of song. We use this feature set to compare song phenotypes across multiple research groups and experiments, and to predict a bird’s stage in song development. Additionally, we have developed a novel method to measure song imitation that requires no additional training data for new comparisons or recording environments, and outperforms existing similarity scoring methods in its sensitivity and agreement with expert human judgements of song similarity. These tools are available through the open-source AVN python package and graphical application, which makes them accessible to researchers without any prior coding experience. Altogether, this behavior analysis toolkit stands to facilitate and accelerate the study of vocal behavior by enabling a standardized mapping of phenotypes and learning outcomes, thus helping scientists better link behavior to the underlying neural processes.
Novel high-efficiency 2D position-sensitive ZnS:Ag/6LiF scintillator detector for neutron diffraction
Authors: Mauri Giacomo , Sykora G. Jeff , Schooneveld E. M. , Capelli S. C. , Gutmann M. J. , Howarth S. , Mann S. E. , Zuddas F. , Rhodes N. J.
Published: May 2024

Scintillator-based ZnS:Ag/6LiF neutron detectors have been under development at ISIS for more than three decades. Continuous research and development aim to improve detector capabilities, achieve better performance and meet the increasingly demanding requirements set by neutron instruments. As part of this program, a high-efficiency 2D position-sensitive scintillator detector with wavelength-shifting fibres has been developed for neutron-diffraction applications. The detector consists of a double scintillator-fibre layer to improve detection efficiency. Each layer is made up of two orthogonal fibre planes placed between two ZnS:Ag/6LiF scintillator screens. Thin reflective foils are attached to the front and back scintillators of each layer to minimize light cross-talk between layers. The detector has an active area of 192 × 192 mm with a square pixel size of 3 × 3 mm. As part of the development process of the double-layer detector, a single-layer detector was built, together with a prototype detector in which the two layers of the detector could be read out separately. Efficiency calculations and measurements of all three detectors are discussed. The novel double-layer detector has been installed and tested on the SXD diffractometer at ISIS. The detector performance is compared with the current scintillator detectors employed on SXD by studying reference crystal samples. More than a factor of 3 improvement in efficiency is achieved with the double-layer wavelength-shifting-fibre detector. Software routines for further optimizations in spatial resolution and uniformity of response have been implemented and tested for 2D detectors. The methods and results are discussed in this manuscript.
High-pressure intrusion of double salt aqueous solution in pure silica chabazite: searching for cation selectivity
Authors: Confalonieri Giorgia , Ryzhikov Andrey , Arletti Rossella , Alabarse Frederico , Nouali Habiba , Fantini Riccardo , Daou Jean
Published: May 2024

Heterogeneous lyophobic systems (HLSs), i.e. systems composed of a nanoporous solid and a non-wetting liquid, have attracted much attention as promising candidates for innovative mechanical energy storage and dissipation devices. In this work, a new HLS based on a pure silica chabazite (Si-CHA) and a ternary electrolyte solution (KCl + CaCl2) is studied from porosimetric and crystallographic points of view. The combined approach of this study has been fundamental in unravelling the properties of the system. The porosimetric experiments allowed the determination of the energetic behaviour, while high-pressure in situ crystallographic analyses helped elucidate the mechanism of intrusion. The results are compared with those obtained for systems involving the same zeolite but intruded with solutions containing only single salts (CaCl2 or KCl). The porosimetric results of the three Si-CHA systems intruded by simple and complex electrolyte solutions (KCl 2 M, CaCl2 2 M and the mixture KCl 1 M + CaCl2 1 M) suggest that the intrusion pressure is mainly influenced by the nature of the cations. The CaCl2 2 M solution shows the highest intrusion pressure and KCl 2 M the lowest, whereas the mixture KCl 1 M + CaCl2 1 M is almost in the middle. These differences are probably related to the higher hydration enthalpy and Gibbs energy of Ca2+ compared with those of K+. It has been demonstrated that partial ion desolvation is needed to promote the penetration of the species, and a higher solvation energy requires higher pressure. The `intermediate' value of intrusion pressure shown by the complex electrolyte solution arises from the fact that, statistically, the second/third solvation cation shells can be assumed to be partially shared between K+ and Ca2+. The stronger interaction of Ca2+ with H2O molecules thus also influences the desolvation of K+, increasing the pressure needed to activate the process compared with the pure KCl 2 M solution. This is confirmed by the structural investigation, which shows that at the beginning of intrusion only K+, Cl− and H2O penetrate the pores, whereas the intrusion of Ca2+ requires higher pressure, in agreement with the hydration enthalpies of the two cations.
Dance consumption and mood changes: Examining the role of gender and generational cohorts
Authors: Cuadrado-García Manuel , Šerić Maja , Montoro-Pons Juan D.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between watching dance and mood enhancement considering potential differences across gender and age brackets.

Design/methodology/approach

Exploratory research was undertaken through a personal survey, using a structured questionnaire on a large sample of young participants between 18 and 35 years old, split into generational cohorts (Millennials or Generation Y and Centennials or Generation Z). Quota sampling (gender and age) was the method used to select respondents.

Findings

Results show that after watching dance, more positive mood changes were observed in general. However, they were stronger among women and younger Millennials. These findings are important as they open a new area of study; show the effects of culture on people; and help design programming strategies to enlarge audiences.

Originality/value

The effects of specific forms of arts and cultural participation on people’s moods have been analyzed from a diversity of disciplines. In the case of dance, studies have tested this relation among practitioners (active participants) but not among viewers (attendees) as this paper does.
Economic growth in the Sub-Saharan African world region: convergence theory
Authors: Martinho Vítor
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The processes of convergence are particularly challenging in the Sub-Saharan African frameworks, considering the diversity of contexts and endogenous particularities. Creating conditions to support these nations to improve their socioeconomic dynamics and performance requires additional contributions from international organisations, governments and the scientific community. In this scenario, this paper aims to analyse the convergence process in Sub-Saharan African countries over the past three decades.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve these objectives, data from the World Bank were considered for the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita over the period 1990–2021. This statistical information was assessed through panel data approaches based on the models from the convergence theory. Specifically, the concepts of sigma and beta convergence were addressed, as well as the concept of catch-up rates.

Findings

The findings obtained highlight evidence of the existence of clubs of convergence among the Sub-Saharan African countries and the processes of catching up. These results may be relevant support for the policymakers and international funds and programmes.

Originality/value

This research provides a new perspective on the convergence of GDP per capita in Sub-Saharan African countries, based on an analysis focused on groups of countries identified on the basis of catch-up rates. This approach presents a way of dealing with the different specificities of these nations.
Place attachment theory and virtual reality: the case of a rural tourism destination
Authors: Pantelidis Christos , tom Dieck M. Claudia , Jung Timothy Hyungsoo , Smith Paul , Miller Amanda
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore from a place attachment (PA) theory perspective the extent to which and how, a fully immersive virtual reality (VR) experience enhances tourists’ attachment level on-site at a rural destination.

Design/methodology/approach

This study applied an exploratory mixed method approach. Respondents were tourists visiting the Lake District National Park who were asked to try a VR experience. In Study 1, interviews were conducted to explore new themes and to develop an enhanced PA framework in VR. Study 1 confirmed existing variables from the literature and highlighted new variables (themes) to be included in the new framework on how PA is formed. In Study 2, surveys were conducted, and the proposed framework analyzed using structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). To fully understand how VR had an impact on enhancing PA, the moderating effect of tourists’ pre-existing PA was considered.

Findings

The findings revealed “Accessibility”, “Memories” and “Increased Place Knowledge” as new themes (variables) and confirmed that these and established variables “Aesthetics” and “Presence” enhance PA, leading to increased loyalty. Significant moderating effects of existing PA were found.

Practical implications

VR serves as a complementary and substitutional tool for tourism. Tailored VR experiences for diverse tourist needs may enhance destination marketing and competitiveness. For tourists with low PA, destinations should focus on promoting activities and highlights to enhance engagement and the experiential understanding of the destination. For tourists with high PA, VR experiences should focus on providing a comprehensive view of the destination and unveiling new places. In both cases, the VR experience leads to deeper engagement with the destination and an increase in PA.

Originality/value

Research on the impact of VR on tourists’ PA is limited. To address this gap, this study’s theoretical contribution lies in developing and testing a PA framework within a VR and tourism context. This also includes the validation of new measurement items developed in relation to the new themes.
Investigating the international corporate tax revenue efficiency under the digital economy: multiple case study of MNES operating in India
Authors: Pandey Kavita , Yadav Surendra S. , Sharma Seema
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to validate the theoretical finding that digital MNEs avoid physical presence norms of permanent establishment and royalty characterization rules for business and royalty taxation, respectively, to escape tax incidence in the market economy, using information, communication and technology features and transfer pricing (TP) manipulations.

Design/methodology/approach

Multiple case studies of MNEs from technology sector, based on judicial decisions in 141 cases, over taxability of profits earned from Indian economic activities. Additional in-depth case study of the Uber Group to study the tax avoidance structures under platform economy, by routing of Indian profits through The Netherlands, a tax haven.

Findings

The study finds a significant number of digital MNEs earning profits from India and avoiding tax by defying physical presence and royalty characterization. In majority of the cases, demand-side business activities are discharged through incorporating and remunerating affiliates at cost plus low markup, thus avoiding tax incidence, using TP manipulations under the arm’s length principle applied by governments for benchmarking the intragroup transactions of the MNEs.

Research limitations/implications

The research findings validate the view that digital features promote tax avoidance in the market economy.

Originality/value

The originality of the study lies in the validation of profit shifting through digital features from the developing market economy and portending that digital MNEs defy physical presence to avoid business taxation through TP manipulations.
Analysing hindrances to digital disruption with a focus on cleaner cloud manufacturing
Authors: Kavre Mahesh S. , Sunnapwar Vivek K. , Gardas Bhaskar B.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This study aims to identify and analyse critical barriers to cloud manufacturing (CM) adoption for achieving sustainability amongst manufacturing micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in an emerging economy.

Design/methodology/approach

Initially, through a literature survey and expert inputs, this study identified and finalized 21 critical barriers to CM adoption, which were further analysed by employing a hybrid multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. In this approach, the best–worst method (BWM) was used to rank the identified barriers. However, to analyse the interrelation amongst these barriers and classify them into the cause-effect group, the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method was employed. Furthermore, the study recommended various strategies that can help overcome high-priority barriers and enhance CM adoption within firms.

Findings

The results of the study show that organizational, legal and economic barriers are the high-priority barriers that need to be addressed to enhance CM adoption.

Practical implications

The findings of the study will help managers and decision-makers in manufacturing MSMEs develop effective strategies and policies to enhance CM adoption.

Originality/value

Notably, this investigation is one of the preliminary research activities to explore the sustainability aspect of CM adoption amongst MSMEs in an emerging economy.
Consumers’ receptivity to mHealth technologies: a hybrid PLS–ANN approach
Authors: Ooi Say Keat , Yeap Jasmine A.L. , Lam Shir Li , Gim Gabriel C.W.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Mobile health (mHealth) technologies, in particular, have been sought after and advocated as a means of dealing with the pandemic situation. Despite the obvious advantages of mHealth, which include monitoring and exchanging health information via mobile applications, mHealth adoption has yet to take off exponentially. Expanding on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model, this study aims to better comprehend consumers’ receptivity to mHealth even after the pandemic has subsided.

Design/methodology/approach

Through purposive sampling, data were collected from a sample of 345 mobile phone users and analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) capture both linear and nonlinear relationships.

Findings

Effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence, pandemic fear and trustworthiness positively influenced mHealth adoption intention, with the model demonstrating high predictive power from both the PLSpredict and ANN assessments.

Research limitations/implications

The importance–performance map analysis (IPMA) results showed that social influence had great importance for mHealth uptake, but demonstrated low performance.

Practical implications

Referrals are an alternative that policymakers and mHealth service providers should think about to increase uptake. Overall, this study provides theoretical and practical insights that contribute to the advancement of digital healthcare, aligning with the pursuit of Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) (good health and well-being).

Originality/value

This study has clarified both linear and nonlinear relationships among the factors influencing intentions to adopt mHealth. The findings from both PLS and ANN were juxtaposed, demonstrating consistent findings.
Change-readiness instrument for library managers: development and analysis of a scale
Authors: Torres Jr. Efren , Abrigo Christine
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This study focuses on developing a scale that encompasses aspects of readiness to change by library management in dealing with the next normal scenario in libraries. It investigates measuring change readiness in terms of library service operations, workflows, administration, programs and spaces, which can give an overview of a library institution's preparedness to meet new roles and expectations.

Design/methodology/approach

The descriptive quantitative research was employed using a two-phase approach. It attempts to design an instrument referred to as change-readiness instrument for library managers (CRILM), which was derived from an original self-developed questionnaire consisting of a 20-item readiness-for-change attributes. Validity and reliability of CRILM were tested using Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cronbach’s Alpha. Sample size calculation was employed to determine the required number of subjects to participate in the study. Library managers who are head librarians from different types of libraries were the target samples. Content validation of the items was conducted for suitability and context.

Findings

CRILM was tested both valid and reliable. The initial results yielded from the respondent sample indicated that CRILM is deemed suitable for measuring change-readiness among library managers and libraries. The factor-analyzed items were grouped into three subscales based on their characteristics, namely, flexibility in work and services, learning support readiness and adaptive to changing service environments.

Research limitations/implications

CRILM covered the major domains and constructs of change readiness in the context of a library setting. However, the scale should be subjected to further testing and use by a wider target group to strengthen its usability and confidence level. Item analysis was not employed.

Practical implications

The results of the study offer help to library managers in assessing the readiness of their organizations to effectively manage change and be future-ready.

Originality/value

This study attempts to bridge the gap in readiness-for-change instruments by introducing a scale in the library service environment as a potential contribution in the practice of library management.
Dimensions of living with emetophobia
Authors: Kerry Hannah Jane , Gurbutt Russelll
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to present an examination of selected literature about the lived experiences of those with emetophobia. Its intention is to inform further empirical enquiry and subsequent approaches to treatment and care aimed at inclusive support for sufferers. To that end, it is important to bring the sufferers’ narrative into public and professional domains.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic search of multiple databases using the search engine Discover@bolton and grey literature was undertaken to obtain evidence about the lived experiences of people with emetophobia. The search terms used were “emetophobia” and combinations of associated topic phrases using Boolean operators (AND / OR): “Emetophobia” OR “fear of vomiting” OR “fear of being sick”, Emetophobia AND “lived experiences” and finally Emetophobia OR “fear of vomiting” OR “fear of being sick” AND “lived experiences”. Eight papers were included in the review and five items of grey literature.

Findings

Several themes were identified in this literature including fear, escape and avoidance, other influences, consequences and medicalisation. The findings reveal that the experiences of those with emetophobia are subsumed beneath a focus on diagnosis and treatment. When it comes to understanding the actual lived experience of a person with emetophobia, the evidence presents the reader with what treatment may work and how they might respond to it, but largely omits the voice of the individual with emetophobia. This signals a need to undertake enquiry to bring this to the fore and so inform ways of greater inclusive practice for the public and professionals alike.

Research limitations/implications

The evidence reviewed in this paper can be noted for the limited discussion about the individual’s lived experience of emetophobia. Gaining insight into this would contribute to raising awareness in a wider public arena and inform carers and healthcare professionals’ understanding. It would also display the importance of an individual context and health journey.

Practical implications

Knowing this can inform approaches to helping an individual either to live with the phobia and manage its impact on daily living (positive rather than maladaptive coping mechanisms) or to overcome it with or without adjunct medical treatment (if this is possible).

Social implications

Knowing based on contemporary empirical enquiry will inform policy and guideline development. Whatever course is taken, it must contribute to steps being taken towards achieving a better quality of life for individual sufferers. The findings of this paper likewise inform the need for further study into the individual lived experience of emetophobia.

Originality/value

This paper is original in having identified a need to bring empirical evidence of the lived experience of sufferers with emetophobia into the public and professional domain.
Rich dad poor dad revisited: a study of entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial propensity among school students in Jordan
Authors: Abaddi Samer
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Delving into the captivating landscape of entrepreneurship education, digital literacy and digital transformation, this study aims to investigate their interplay with entrepreneurial propensity and the moderating effect of school support among Jordanian school students aged 15–17. Anchored in the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the human capital theory (HCT), this work illuminates the intricate web of influences that shape students’ entrepreneurial mindset.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopts a quantitative approach and uses a “paper-and-pencil" translated questionnaire to collect data from a convenience sample of (n = 650) school students in Jordan. Covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) v28 was utilized to scrutinize the variables' direct, mediating and moderated mediated impact.

Findings

The three structural models revealed that (1) entrepreneurship education has a positive effect on students’ entrepreneurial propensity; (2) digital literacy and digital transformation mediate the interaction between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial propensity; (3) school support moderates the mediating effect of digital literacy, and digital transformation, on the link between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial propensity.

Practical implications

The results offer actionable enlightenments for educators and policymakers in Jordan to tailor entrepreneurship education, digital literacy and support frameworks, effectively nurturing students' entrepreneurial mindset and aspirations.

Originality/value

This study contributes to understanding the complex dynamics between education, technology and entrepreneurship. Our modest contribution links the findings to a real-world case of two 15-year-old students in Jordan who were inspired by the book “Rich Dad Poor Dad” to start their own business.
Self-transcendent emotions as the locomotive of value co-creation in sustainable tourism: a horizon 2050 paper
Authors: Assiouras Ioannis , Bayer Rabia
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to outline the role of self-transcendent emotions (STEs) such as compassion, gratitude and elevation in the context of sustainable tourism. It proposes a research agenda for further investigation of these emotions as facilitators of value co-creation in sustainable tourism.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on the literature on the psychology of STEs, sustainable tourist behaviour and value co-creation, this paper pinpoints potential developments and challenges associated with STEs in the domain of sustainable tourism by following a service-dominant logic approach.

Findings

STEs are likely to have a profound impact on sustainable tourism leading to value co-creation and mitigating the risk of value co-destruction and value no-creation. They can facilitate value co-creation by shifting the focus of actors from their own selves towards others in the tourism ecosystem, shifting the focus from extrinsic to intrinsic motivations and increasing moral values. Moreover, STEs are expected to be contiguous and reciprocal, fostering value co-creation in sustainable tourism practices. However, extreme levels of STEs can lead to value co-destruction and value no-creation.

Originality/value

This paper highlights the role of STEs as facilitators of value co-creation in sustainable tourism, a facet that has been overlooked in the existing literature. Further investigation is necessary in different contexts such as transformative and regenerative tourism; societal or individual crises and failures and the applications of technologies such as the Metaverse and artificial intelligence.
Aluminum dynamics in nitrogen‐saturated Andisols in Tokyo
Authors: Baba Mitsuhisa , Okazaki Masanori , Itoh Yuko , Matsuda Kazuhide , Tachiyanagi Fuka , Toyota Koki
Published: May 2024

The debate over whether forests around the Tokyo metropolitan area are nitrogen (N) saturation persists, as atmospheric N deposition in throughfall has decreased. This decrease is evidenced by a notable decline in samples collected in the 1990s (especially 1991–1992 and 1995). This decline can be attributed to a reduction in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from automobiles. The acidity derived from N deposition can increase aluminum (Al) mobility. We conducted a monitoring study from September 2010 to December 2021 to elucidate the effects of decreased N deposition on Al concentrations and flux in a forested Andisol. Throughfall and soil‐percolated water samples were collected under stands of Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress in Hachioji, Tokyo (Field Museum Tamakyuryo). Major inorganic ions were determined by ion chromatography. Total Al concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry after concentration under acidic conditions. Aluminum and nitrate () concentrations were significantly correlated in the both Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress stands. In the case of the Japanese cedar stand, Al concentrations tended to decrease over time from November 2010 to May 2015. Based on stepwise multiple regression analysis, acid load associated with N transformation ([H+]load) was chosen as the sole factor affecting Al mobilization in the Japanese cedar stand. Decreased N deposition affects Al dynamics via a decrease in [H+]load.
The signalling role of the government‐market relationship in debt financing: Evidence from China
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Meng Ye
Published: May 2024

A proper government‐market relationship (GMR) serves as an important institutional environment for investors to make rational economic decisions. Theoretically, by embedding the GMR into the signalling model, this study finds that (a) the improvement in the GMR can enable high‐return firms to obtain more debt financing and (b) the mechanism is that a higher GMR, as a signal, increases the accuracy of investors' inference on firms' returns. Using data of Chinese A‐share listed firms (2009–2019) and the two‐step system GMM, this study empirically demonstrates that the GMR does help investors infer firms' returns more accurately, thus enlarging the debt financing scales of high‐return firms. Moreover, the positive impact of the GMR on high‐return firms is significant within privately owned firms and more substantial in markets characterised by lower industry concentration.
The impact of repayment obligations arising as a by‐product of input use on partial inefficiency: Evidence from Western Australian farm businesses
Authors: West Steele C. , Mugera Amin W. , Kingwell Ross S.
Published: May 2024

Farm businesses often use debt to finance the purchase inputs and meet operational costs. Selected studies have investigated the impact of debt use on farm performance as measured using technical efficiency. However, no prior studies in agriculture have considered treating the debt repayment obligation created as a by‐product of production when benchmarking farm performance. This study employs nonparametric directional distance function models to quantify the impact of debt repayment as a by‐product of input use purchased on credit on farm‐level partial inefficiency using a panel data of 54 mixed enterprise broadacre farms in Western Australia from 2002 to 2011. The study finds that omitting repayment obligations created in the production process in analysis results in underestimating partial inefficiency scores. Farm size, production diversification and rainfall zone are significant drivers of partial inefficiency. The implication of the study's findings is that failure to account for repayment obligations created in the production process may result in erroneous policy suggestions that undermine the efforts of farm businesses to minimise or avoid financial stress.
Reconceptualizing Franchisee Performance: A Configurational Approach in a Base‐of‐the‐Pyramid Context
Authors: Newbery Robert , McKague Kevin , Muñoz Pablo , Kimmitt Jonathan
Published: May 2024

This paper proposes and tests a new conceptual framing for franchisee performance that draws on institutional complexity to explore the interaction of corporate, market, and relational logics of performance. Extant research draws on corporate and market logics to explain performance; however, this does not explain individual franchisee performance in complex institutional environments such as Base‐of‐the‐Pyramid (BoP) markets where relational logics may be more important, thereby limiting explanations of how franchisee outlets perform. Drawing on data from a network of 58 franchise outlets in the context of Kenya, we conduct a configurational analysis related to sales outcomes. We leverage fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to map out the conditions under which franchisees exhibit higher sales performance. Results show that three distinct configurations can lead to increased sales performance. Our results paint a nuanced picture of combinations of factors that result in franchisee success with relevance to the BoP context and beyond.
Preferences for growth strategies in advanced democracies: A new ‘representation gap’?
Authors: BACCARO LUCIO , BREMER BJÖRN , NEIMANNS ERIK
Published: May 2024

While research on the economic characteristics of growth models across countries is now extensive, research on their politics is in its infancy, even though governments routinely pursue different strategies to generate growth. In particular, we lack evidence on (1) whether citizens have coherent preferences towards growth strategies, (2) what growth strategies citizens prefer and (3) what shapes their preferences. We address these questions through a new survey of public opinion in Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom, which exemplify different economic models. We find that preferences for growth strategies are consistent with other policy preferences and are meaningfully structured by class, retirement status, and to a lesser extent, sector of employment. At the same time, differences across class and sector are small, and a large majority of respondents across countries favour wage‐led growth. This hints at a possible ‘representation gap’ since this growth strategy is in crisis everywhere.
A set of nematode rRNA cistron databases and a primer assessment tool to enable more flexible and comprehensive metabarcoding
Authors: Charrier Eléonore , Chen Rebecca , Thundathil Noelle , Gilleard John S.
Published: May 2024

The ITS‐2‐rRNA has been particularly useful for nematode metabarcoding but does not resolve all phylogenetic relationships, and reference sequences are not available for many nematode species. This is a particular issue when metabarcoding complex communities such as wildlife parasites or terrestrial and aquatic free‐living nematode communities. We have used markerDB to produce four databases of distinct regions of the rRNA cistron: the 18S rRNA gene, the 28S rRNA gene, the ITS‐1 intergenic spacer and the region spanning ITS‐1_5.8S_ITS‐2. These databases comprise 2645, 254, 13,461 and 10,107 unique full‐length sequences representing 1391, 204, 1837 and 1322 nematode species, respectively. The comparative analysis illustrates the complementary value but also reveals a better representation of Clade III, IV and V than Clade I and Clade II nematodes in each case. Although the ITS‐1 database includes the largest number of unique full‐length sequences, the 18S rRNA database provides the widest taxonomic coverage. We also developed PrimerTC, a tool to assess primer sequence conservation across any reference sequence database, and have applied it to evaluate a large number of previously published rRNA cistron primers. We identified sets of primers that currently provide the broadest taxonomic coverage for each rRNA marker across the nematode phylum. These new resources will facilitate more comprehensive metabarcoding of nematode communities using either short‐read or long‐read sequencing platforms. Further, PrimerTC is available as a simple WebApp to guide or assess PCR primer design for any genetic marker and/or taxonomic group beyond the nematode phylum.
Loss, gain and choice difficulty in gambling patients: Neural and behavioural processes
Authors: Freinhofer Daniel , Schwartenbeck Philipp , Thon Natasha , Aichhorn Wolfgang , Lenger Melanie , Wurst Friedrich M. , Kronbichler Martin
Published: May 2024

Impaired decision‐making is often displayed by individuals suffering from gambling disorder (GD). Since there are a variety of different phenomena influencing decision‐making, we focused in this study on the effects of GD on neural and behavioural processes related to loss aversion and choice difficulty. Behavioural responses as well as brain images of 23 patients with GD and 20 controls were recorded while they completed a mixed gambles task, where they had to decide to either accept or reject gambles with different amounts of potential gain and loss. We found no behavioural loss aversion in either group and no group differences regarding loss and gain‐related choice behaviour, but there was a weaker relation between choice difficulty and decision time in patients with GD. Similarly, we observed no group differences in processing of losses or gains, but choice difficulty was weaker associated with brain activity in the right anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex in patients with GD. Our results showed for the first time the effects of GD on neural processes related to choice difficulty. In addition, our findings on choice difficulty give new insights on the psychopathology of GD and on neural processes related to impaired decision‐making in GD.
Advanced life support interventions during intra‐operative cardiac arrest among adults as reported to the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists
Authors: Nolan Jerry P. , Armstrong Richard A. , Kane Andrew D. , Kursumovic Emira , Davies Matthew T. , Moppett Iain K. , Cook Tim M. , Soar Jasmeet ,   NAP7 Collaborators
Published: May 2024

Background

Few existing resuscitation guidelines include specific reference to intra‐operative cardiac arrest, but its optimal treatment is likely to require some adaptation of standard protocols.

Methods

We analysed data from the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists to determine the incidence and outcome from intra‐operative cardiac arrest and to summarise the advanced life support interventions reported as being used by anaesthetists.

Results

In the baseline survey, > 50% of anaesthetists responded that they would start chest compressions when the non‐invasive systolic pressure was < 40–50 mmHg. Of the 881 registry patients, 548 were adult patients (aged > 18 years) having non‐obstetric procedures under the care of an anaesthetist, and who had arrested during anaesthesia (from induction to emergence). Sustained return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 425 (78%) patients and 338 (62%) were alive at the time of reporting. In the 365 patients with pulseless electrical activity or bradycardia, adrenaline was given as a 1 mg bolus in 237 (65%). A precordial thump was used in 14 (3%) patients, and although this was associated with return of spontaneous circulation at the next rhythm check in almost three‐quarters of patients, in only one of these was the initial rhythm shockable. Calcium (gluconate or chloride) and 8.4% sodium bicarbonate were given to 51 (9%) and 25 (5%) patients, but there were specific indications for these treatments in less than half of the patients. A thrombolytic drug was given to 5 (1%) patients, and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation was used in 9 (2%) of which eight occurred during cardiac procedures.

Conclusions

The specific characteristics of intra‐operative cardiac arrest imply that its optimal treatment requires modifications to standard advanced life support guidelines.
Injection burden and treatment intervals of aflibercept in observe‐and‐plan regimen for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Subhi Yousif , Schneider Miklos , Hajari Javad Nouri , la Cour Morten
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The Observe‐and‐Plan (O&P) regimen allows for individualised treatment. In this study, we evaluated injection burden and intervals using aflibercept in an O&P regimen for eyes with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods

This was a retrospective registry‐based study of treatment‐naïve eyes with neovascular AMD. Treatment data were compiled for 3 years after commencement of intravitreal aflibercept therapy. We evaluated clinical consequences at the first follow‐up after loading dose, the proportion of patients who obtained and kept dry macula after loading dose, number of injections and intervals between injections.

Results

Data were obtained for 1103 eyes. After loading dose, 0.4% were lost to follow‐up, 7.5% discontinued, 50.9% booked for further injections and 41.3% booked for monthly observations. After loading dose, the macula remained dry in 49.2% at 3 months, 34.0% at 6 months, 23.7% at 12 months and 15.2% at 24 months. For the entire population, median cumulative total number of injections was 7, 12 and 15, after 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. After the 3rd year, the proportion of eyes in the short 4–6 weeks treatment interval was 51.1%, 8 weeks interval was kept in 14.4% and the extended treatment intervals of 10 and 12 weeks was possible in 34.4%.

Conclusion

After loading dose, one in two eyes required further injections. A large proportion required therapy with shorter intervals than the label‐recommended 8 weeks. The large majority of those who obtained a dry macula after loading dose turned exudative again, mostly within the first 3 months.
Effects of automatic heel lancet on invasiveness in neonates: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Shiroshita Yui , Yonezawa Kaori , Ota Erika , Ozawa Mio
Published: May 2024

Aim

We conducted a meta‐analysis comparing the invasiveness of automatic lancet devices, which can collect adequate amount of blood at shallow puncture depths, with conventional manual lance devices (lancet or needle) to statistically identify less invasive instruments for neonatal heel lance.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CINAHL, and Ichushi databases for studies comparing the invasiveness between automatic lancet and manual lancet or needle in term and preterm neonates in neonatal intensive care unit.

Results

This review included 9 out of 449 searched articles, with 673 neonates. Automatic lancet had significantly lower pain scores (standardised mean difference: −2.0, 95% confidence interval: −3.3 to −0.7), heart rate (mean difference: −8.0, 95% confidence interval: −13.8 to −2.1), cry duration (mean difference: −21.5, 95% confidence interval: −32.5 to −10.4), number of punctures (mean difference: −0.6, 95% confidence interval: −1.1 to −0.2), and duration of procedures (mean difference: −37.7, 95% confidence interval: −75.2 to −0.2) than manual lancet or needle. Furthermore, peripheral oxygen saturation was significantly higher in automatic lancet than in manual lancet or needle (mean difference: 4.5, 95% confidence interval: 0.5–8.5).

Conclusion

Automatic heel lancet devices were less invasive than manual heel lance devices (lancet or needle).
Testicular volume at puberty in boys with congenital cryptorchidism randomised to treatment at different ages
Authors: Kollin Claude , Nordenskjöld Agneta , Ritzén Martin
Published: May 2024

Aim

To assess testicular volume at puberty for boys who underwent orchidopexy at 9 or at 36 months compared to boys with spontaneous postnatal descent.

Methods

At age 6 months, boys with congenital unilateral cryptorchidism were randomised to surgery at 9 or 39 months of age and followed to 16 years in parallel with boys with spontaneous postnatal descent. Ultrasound was done at 11 and 16 years to determine testicular volume. The ratio of the initially undescended testis to its scrotal counterpart was used to assess testicular growth.

Results

At age 16, the ratio was lower (p < 0.00) in the late group compared to the early group. At 16 years, the spontaneously descended testes were significantly smaller than their scrotal counterparts but larger than the operated groups (early p < 0.01 and late p < 0.00).

Conclusion

Our data at 16 years show that orchidopexy at 9 months results in better testicular growth compared to 3 years but did not reach the corresponding volumes of their scrotal counterparts. This indicates that earlier surgery is beneficial to testicular growth. At age 16, the postnatally descended testes were not only larger than the surgically treated testes but also exhibited impaired testicular growth.
Disability and gender in the history of geographical exploration: Understanding Isabella Bird Bishop as a disabled geographer
Authors: Armston‐Sheret Edward
Published: May 2024

Studying the life and travels of the Victorian explorer Isabella Bird Bishop offers important insights into the history of disabled people within the discipline of geography. Bird Bishop is an important figure within geography's disciplinary history, as one of the first women admitted to the Royal Geographical Society in 1892. She also had a long‐standing spinal condition that intermingled with psychological symptoms. In studying how her disability (and contemporary understandings of her body) shaped her travels, this paper shows how disability interacted with Bird Bishop's racial and gender identity in shaping where and how she travelled and how she wrote about her experiences. By drawing attention to the role that disability played in justifying her travels and the positive effect travel had on her health, this paper highlights her generally positive experiences of geographical travel as a disabled person.