bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on awareness of e-waste management among medical students
Authors: Subhaprada Cynthia S. , P. Kalyani
Published: January 2017

Background: Economic growth seen in the past 25 years with changes in Information Technology and the concurrent rapid electronic product obsolescence has generated massive amounts of electronic waste (or e-waste), creating a general waste management issue, due to the presence of many hazardous chemicals in electronic products, with a potential to severely compromise human health and environment. The purpose of this study is to describe awareness regarding the existence, hazards and management of e-waste among medical students and to measure effect of health educational intervention.  Methods:An interventional cross-sectional study was carried out from May to June, 2016 among II MBBS students, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. A predesigned questionnaire was administered as pretest followed by health educational intervention session to 100 study subjects selected by simple random sampling and a post test two weeks later. Data was entered in MS Excel 2007 and analyzed. Chisquare test was applied and p value < 0.05 considered significant.  Results: Out of 100 study subjects, 4 did not participate in the post test. So, a total of 96 questionnaires were considered for analysis.  56.25% of the students were males and 43.75% were females. Their main source of information regarding e-waste management was internet (30.2%) followed by family & friends (16.6%). There was a statistically significant gain in knowledge regarding e-waste management among the study subjects after the educational intervention at p<0.05.  Conclusions:Health education to create awareness regarding the hazards and management of e-waste is the need of the hour to reduce, reuse and recycle e-waste.
A case study to review compliance to biomedical waste management rules in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Shrestha Dipika , Gokhe Seema Bansode , Dhoundiyal Anurag , Bothe Prashant
Published: January 2017

Background: Every healthcare establishment is known to produce several tonnes of waste. Over a period of time to cater to the needs and demands of the growing population has resulted in rapid mushrooming of hospitals, both in the government and private sector. Improper management of waste generated in health care facilities causes a direct health impact on the community, the health care workers and the environment. Such waste requires management & specific treatment prior to its final disposal. The objectives were to observe compliance of protocols in handling, transport & storage of Biomedical Waste in a tertiary care hospital and to assess compliance to occupational safety measures used by the health care staff.Methods: A validated checklist with 41 parameters to check compliance to various functions carried out at source of generation, handling, transport & storage by a Health Care Worker for BMW management was prepared. It was an observational study that made use of complete enumeration method to select all study sites. A total of 67 sites were visited and observed. A total of 4 visits were made to each area to assess the compliance to rules.Results: Out of 64 wards that were observed for compliance to BMW handling and Management rule 2011, 42.18% disinfected the biomedical waste bins daily. Mixing of contents in the red bag, yellow bag and black bag was found to be 20.31%, 12.5% and 10.93% respectively. None of the wards observed cutting of gloves and saline bottles prior to disposal.Conclusions: The tertiary care hospital where the study was carried out was compliant with most rules with respect to BMW management. Segregation, mutilation and disinfection practices were not performed strictly at all waste generating sites. Due to patient overload and lack of staffing mutilation and disinfection practices were overlooked at many sites. Day to day collection of waste from all sites was not carried out due to which record books were not properly maintained. False reporting was noted on records at various sites.
Why are abortions the answer? Prevalence, knowledge and attitude towards induced abortions among women attending a secondary level health care facility in Tamil Nadu, Southern India
Authors: George Reenu Rajan , P. Devendraakhilesh , T. T. Iahmo , P. Varun Raj , Moray Kusum V. , Cherian Anne George , Prasad Jasmin Helan
Published: January 2017

Background: In India, from 2010 to 2011, government statistics on family welfare recorded 620,472 abortions in government-approved institutions. On the downside, a study conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in rural areas, found that abortions by uncertified health care personnel/in unapproved institutions were twice as many as in the approved ones (13.5 v 6.1 per 1000 pregnancies).This could be attributed to low levels of modern contraceptive use, being only 48% in 2007-08 (DLHS-3).  The aim was to assess prevalence, knowledge and attitude towards induced abortions among women who attend a secondary health center, in Tamil Nadu, IndiaMethods: The study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study, done in the Out-patient department of a secondary level health care facility in Vellore, in September 2015. The women attending the secondary level health care facility; who were then  pregnant or just post-delivery and those who had greater than two years of inter-pregnancy interval; were eligible to be enrolled in the study.Results: Only 27 out of the 175 women (15.4%) used any form of contraception. We found a rate of 72.69 abortions per 1000 married woman years in our study. Out of the 175 women, 29 (16.5%), 95% CI (10.9%, 22.1%), reported to have had at least one induced abortion; the main reason was unwanted pregnancy 22 (75.86%). Most women 116 (66.3%) had poor knowledge and attitude on induced abortions.Conclusions: We conclude that contraceptive use should be strongly advocated to women for birth planning and prevention of unwanted pregnancy and subsequent induced abortions.
Barriers to latrine use for defecation among mothers of children less than 59 months
Authors: Daniel Sherin , Subramanian Jayaruban , Sharmine Emershia , Williams Roufi , Efraim Shweta , Abhishek Sunder , Nathan Mahesh , Gnanaraj Grana Pu Selvi , Prasad Talluri , Raj Gopal David
Published: January 2017

Background: India has high concentration of its population who defecate outdoors or at least 620 million people who practice open defecation. This share has seen a slight decline in the past decade but with rapid population growth most Indians are being exposed to more human waste than ever before.Methods: This paper aims to study what is preventing the mothers of children 0-59 months in using latrine for defecation at all times through barrier analysis survey. It is a doer and non-doer study, a doer is defined as mothers of children 0-59 months of age who defecate in a latrine at all times  and a non-doer are mothers of children 0-59 months of age who do not defecate in a latrine at all times.Results: Mothers who use latrine felt that having a latrine close to their residence or a private latrine makes it easy for them to use latrine every time for defecation. Clean environment was considered as an advantage among those who use latrine every time. They feel it is safer from harm if a latrine is used every time for defecation. Mothers who did not use a latrine felt very difficult to remember to use a latrine each time for defecation. Also those who do not use latrine feel that no toilet or a land to build one makes it difficult for them in making use of a latrine every time for defecation.Conclusions: The determinants studied will help in carefully addressing the barriers through targeted activities to encourage and promote the use of latrine. Action-oriented programs like community led total sanitation (CLTS) for overall behaviour change, help mothers to grow increasingly confident about the use of latrine and in overcoming the hurdles in using latrine at all times and also avoid relapse into open defecation.
Effect of ‘SMART health education model’ on knowledge and attitudes of school students in rural area about ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan of India’ and sanitation practices
Authors: Utpat Nikita J. , Bogam Rahul R.
Published: January 2017

Background: India has been facing various sanitation problems like open defecation, insanitary toilets, improper waste disposal, manual scavenging etc.  Poor sanitation in schools, particularly rural schools are health hazards and affects school attendance, retention and educational performance. Several studies reported poor knowledge about sanitation practices among school students in India, so there is need to inculcate good sanitation practices among them. ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ is national level health campaign of India which was launched on 2nd October 2014. The present study was first study to create awareness among school students about ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ as well as sanitation practices through ‘SMART Health Education Model’.Methods: An interventional study was conducted in one of the randomly selected public schools in rural field practice area of Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College, Pune. The study participants were 100 students belonging to 5th and 6th class and they were exposed to structured ‘SMART Health Education Model’. Entire data from pre and post intervention questionnaire was entered into ‘Microsoft Office Excel Sheet’ and analysed by using ‘Paired t test’.Results: Significant improvement in knowledge about sanitation practices was found after applying ‘SMART Model’ (Pre-test mean marks: 4.17, post-test mean marks: 9.52, t = 24.31, p<0.001). The study reported favourable attitudes of participants towards ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’.Conclusions: It indicates that even a simple intervention like ‘SMART Model’ can make significant change in knowledge of school students about personal and environmental hygiene.
A study of the dietary habits of school children in Pune city, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Mukherjee Reema , Chaturvedi Sanjay
Published: January 2017

Background: Diet and nutrition of children influence their current health status and scholastic performance and also have long term consequences reaching well into their adulthood. Further, diet preferences and practices acquired during childhood usually persist for life. Data on nutritional intake of school children is required by public health policy makers to be able to formulate nutritional intervention and also for nutritionists and general practioners to be able to advice parents and care givers regarding the inadequacies in the diet. This study was carried out in Pune city, to study the dietary patterns and preferences of school children in the age group five to eleven years.Methods: Qualitative diet survey was carried out by oral questionnaire method. The data collected was on the food habits, frequency of various types of food eaten and the preferences/dislike to various food items. A database was created in MS Excel and Epi Info was used to analyze data. Appropriate inferential and descriptive statistics were calculated.Results: Around 50% of the children were non-vegetarians and only around 6% were vegetarians. Around 70% of children consumed milk daily though a majority insisted that milk is their least preferred food item. Only 5% children consumed green leafy vegetables daily. A majority of children consumed fruits two to six times. Snacks, fast food and processed food were the most preferred food by the children.Conclusions: Food habits acquired during childhood persist into adulthood and form the basis of either good health or ill health, as the case may be, in the coming years. Hence there is a need to educate parents, especially in the middle and higher socioeconomic groups regarding correct dietary habits for the children to ensure that they can live healthy and productive lives as adults.
Nutritional deficiencies among school children in urban areas of Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Authors: Chajhlana Sunil Pal Singh , Mahabhasyam Ramakrishna Narashimha , Varaprasada Maruti Sarma Mannava
Published: January 2017

Background: The school age period is nutritionally significant because this is the prime time to build up body stores of nutrients in preparation for rapid growth of adolescence. Malnutrition remains the world’s most serious health problem and the single biggest contributor to child mortality, nearly one third of the children in the developing world are either underweight or stunted and more than 30% of the developing world’s population suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. However the data available from urban slums of Hyderabad in this age group is very sparse and hence an attempt has been made to study the same. The objectives were to determine the nutritional status of primary school children and study the factors associated with it.Methods:Study population:  Primary school children (6 to 11 years). Study area: primary schools in urban slums of Hyderabad. Study design: a cross sectional study. Sample size: 412 children. Sampling methods:  Simple random sampling Data collection: By using pre designed and pre tested and pre coded schedule (interview technique, observation, clinical examination). Analysis: By using Microsoft Excel 2007 and Epi Info 3.5.3.Results: The prevalence of underweight was 28.9%, overweight was 9.2% and obesity was 4.4% . Prevalence of stunted height was found among 21.8%. 5.8% children were suffering from Vitamin’ A’ deficiency, 15.0% were suffering from Vitamin B deficiency, and 15.8% were found to be anemic.Conclusions:The prevalence of underweight, Nutritional deficiencies were found to be significantly higher in children of illiterate parents’ and similarly in unskilled worker fathers’ and unemployed mothers.
Effect of leaf litter mulching on the pests of tomato
Authors: Petrikovszki Renáta , Körösi Katalin , Nagy Péter , Simon Barbara , Zalai Mihály , Tóth Ferenc
Published: January 2017

Agricultural techniques essentially change the weed flora, pests and diseases of cultivated plants. Our aim was to investigate the effect of leaf litter mulch on the pests of tomato, especially on the weed flora and on three important plant protection problems: late blight (Phytophthora infestans), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Besides mulching, the experiment consisted of irrigation, mycorrhiza-inoculation and artificial Meloidogyne-infestation. We recorded the natural P. infestans infection, Helicoverpa armigera damage and the species composition and cover of weeds as well. We examined whether leaf litter mulching had any effect on pests, and on the generative and vegetative production of tomato. Our results were that only mulching had a significant positive effect on almost all the measured generative and vegetative production parameters of tomato, while irrigation, mycorrhiza application and artificial nematode infestation had no significant effects on these parameters. Negative correlation was found between P. infestans infection and H. armigera-damage on tomato fruits. Mulching also reduced significantly the number of Meloidogyne-induced galls on the roots of tomato. Application of leaf litter mulch did not affect soil organic matter and soil pH within the growing season. In the beginning of the growing season mulching suppressed weed cover. Later, there was no significant difference between weed cover in the treatments. It can be concluded that leaf litter mulch had a more pronounced influence on the quantity of yield than on the damage and presence of pests and weeds.
How growth parameters of sexed native Aseel chickens affected when fed with selenium supplemented diets during three growth phases
Authors: Zia Waseem Muhammad , Khalique Anjum , Naveed Saima , Hussain Jibran
Published: January 2017

In total, 240 three-weeks-old sexed birds (191.06±6.01g), 120 + 120 from Lakha, Mushki, Peshaweri and Mianwali varieties of local Aseel were used to determine the influence of selenium forms on growth during three growth phases. Birds were divided into four equal groups, 60 birds/variety (30 + 30 ), further subdivided into A, B and C treatment groups, 10 bids/treatment. Each group was allocated starter, grower and finisher diets. Group A was offered the diet supplemented with 0.3 ppm Se-enriched yeast and the diet of group B included 0.3 ppm sodium selenite, while group C was fed with un-supplemented control diet. Birds were maintained individually for 18 weeks. Feed intake was decreased, while, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weight gain were improved in males and females of Lakha, while best results detected in males during all growth phases in Se-enriched yeast fed groups. In conclusion, Se-enriched yeast had the positive effect in improving growth parameters of native Aseel.
Mineralization in the syrinx and caudal tracheal rings in the ostrich
Authors: Atalgin Sukru Hakan , Ates Sevinc , Kurtul Ibrahim , Terzi Hakan
Published: January 2017

This study documented macroscopic and microscopic features and mineralization of the caudally located tracheal rings and syrinx in two ostrich (struthio camelus) having three years of age. The syrinx and trachea of the birds were stained in toto with alcian blue and alizarin red for cartilage and mineralization. Observations on the syrinx and trachea, measurements and photography were performed under stereo-microscopy. They were stained grossly using alizarin red and alcian blue to visualize mineralization and histologically by hemotoxylin and eosin (HandE) to detect ossification areas, if any. Results revealed incomplete tracheal rings located caudally in-between the intact ones. Alizarin red and alcian blue staining displayed mineralized regions grossly. Histological slides by HandE staining showed no ossification. Overall results proposed that alizarin red and alcian blue double staining is a good toll to determine mineralization which is calcium accumulation in the tissue before the formation of bone cells.
Changes in the emission of volatile compounds from Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis induced by Holcocerus hippophaecolus (Lepidoptera:Cossidae)
Authors: Shixiang Zong , Tao Wang , Linfeng Yu
Published: January 2017

The study explores changes in variety and content of volatile compounds in Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis damaged by Holcocerus hippophaecolus. Volatiles of healthy and artificially infested plants leaves were collected during 0–51 hours using continuous dynamic headspace-collection and analysed by using Automated Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Thirty-one compounds were identified, including seven alcohols, four esters, two terpenes, six aldehydes, five alkanes, two olefins, three ketones and two benzodiazepines. Compounds of (Z)-3-Hexenyl-3-methylbutanoateand 2-ethylhexyl acetate were herbivore-induced compounds. Olefins, ketones, benzodiazepines, terpenes and alkanes increased shortly after insect feeding. Aldehydes, alcohols and esters decreased in generally. Release regularity and function of compounds respectively discussed followed, especially including 2-ethylhexanol, alpha-terpineol, phytol, methyl salicylate, (Z)-3-Hexenyl-3-methylbutanoate, 2-ethylhexyl acetate, longifolene, 1,3,6-octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-, hexanal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetate, with the purpose to approve basic date for disaster mechanisms of H. hippophaecolus.
The impact of IPARD supports on structural and managerial featuresof dairy enterprises in Afyonkarahisar province
Authors: Yardimci Mehmet , Ari Hikmet , Aslan Recep
Published: January 2017

A survey was carried out to determine the impact of IPARD supports on dairy enterprises in Afyonkarahisar. IPADR beneficiary group found to have 3-5 years of experience, university graduate owners with no extra income where records are kept and statistical analysis is performed. Non-beneficiary group was more experienced with less educated owners, half had an extra income but did not keep records and not perform statistical analysis. In the first group, average daily milk yield was 25 liters, calves were weaned at 90 days, automatic milking system was used, hoof care was regularly performed, manure was removed by scrapers, teats were cleaned before and after milking while in the second group average daily milk yield is 10-30 liters, calves were weaned between 30-90 days, mobile milking machines were used, hoof care was slightly performed, manure was collected manually, teats were cleaned before milking. Consequently, IPARD grants were useful for improving the production quality, hygiene and amount in dairy enterprises.
Conventional and molecular diagnosis of haemo-protozoan infections in cattle and equids from Republic of Guinea and India
Authors: Diallo Talibe , Singla L.D. , Sumbria Deepak , Kaur Paramjit , Bal M.S.
Published: January 2017

A cross-sectional study was carried out on 50 N’ Dama cattle and 35 equids blood samples from Republic of Guinea and Punjab, India, respectively to assess the level of exposure to obligatory haemoprotozoa Theileria equi and Trypanosoma evansi by 18S rRNA gene based primary and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and RoTat1.2 based card agglutination test (CATT), and to investigate risk factors associated with the infection. Blood smear examination revealed the prevalence rate of 6% (95% CI = 2.06-16.22) for Trypanosoma spp. in N’dama cattle and 5.7% for T. equi in equids. In equids, 17.14% (95% CI = 8.10-32.68) samples showed positive titer by CATT. Primary PCR showed 5.71% (95% CI = 1.58-18.8) infection and on the other hand nested PCR depicted 20% (95% CI = 10.04-35.89) T. equi infection. Moreover, only 8.57% (95% CI = 2.96-22.38) prevalence of T. evansi was recorded by T. evansi based multiplex PCR. PCRs revealed higher risk of infection of both T. equi (OR = 5.28, 95% CI = 0.68-49.81) and T. evansi (OR = 3.33, 95% CI = 0.20-104.83) in the farms where proper deworming/vaccination schedule was not followed. The risk factor associated with the type of host species had an odds ratio (OR) of 5 (95% CI = 3.90-74.33) for donkeys/mules versus horses for T. equi infection. This group was also at higher risk of infection with OR of 4.8 (95% CI = 0.12-124.47) for T. evansi. The present exploration brings out a variety of commodities at risk of infectivity pertaining to trypanosomosis and theileriosis calculated by different PCRs assay.
Effect of stage of harvest on the yield, chemical composition, in vitro and in sacco digestibility of hybrid napier (Penniserum purpureum) variety APB N1
Authors: Sridhar K. , Jagadeesh C. H. , Reddy Y. Ramana , Nagalakshmi D. , Mahender M. , Kumari N. Nalini , Suneetha Devi K. B.
Published: January 2017

APBN1, a variety of hybrid napier was analysed at five stages of harvest (30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days) for yield, leaf to stem ratio, chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility, in sacco dry matter and protein degradation to find out optimum stage of harvesting. The yield of green fodder, dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) (MT/ ha/year) of forage harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth ranged from 274.68 to 387.95, 47.35 to 98.81, 7.44 to 11.45, respectively. Highest (P less than 0.05) CP yield (11.45 MT/ha) and nitrogen free extract content (46.12%) was observed at 45 d of growth. Crude protein (15.72 to 11.34%), ether extract (3.65 to 2.26%) decreased, whereas total ash (10.88 to 13.86%), crude fibre (23.81 to 29.88%) and acid insoluble ash (3.92 to 5.14%) levels increased when forage was allowed to grow from 30 to 60 d. Similarly, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and silica levels also increased gradually as plant matures. The in vitro dry matter digestibility was maximum (57.87%) at 30 d and minimum (51.40%) at 60 d of growth. Effective dry matter and protein degradability decreased from 55.80 to 43.78 and from 38.30 to 33.17 per cent, respectively as plant matured from 30 to 60 days. The insoluble but degradable protein fraction ‘b’ was highest (77.07%) at 45 d of growth. Based on the biomass yield, leaf to stem ratio, chemical, in vitro and in sacco evaluation, the optimum stage of harvesting for APBN1 forage was found to be at 45 d of growth.
Some immunological studies on a new vaccine derived frombacteriophage lysate of Pasteurella multocida in mice
Authors: Saxena Hari Mohan , Pushpa Yanglem , Qureshi Sabia
Published: January 2017

The study was undertaken to evaluate the humoral immune response in mice induced by a novel phage lysate vaccine against Hemorrhagic Septicemia developed from Pasteurella multocida grown under iron-restricted conditions and lysed by a bacteriophage. Two groups of mice were immunized with lysate vaccine (LV) and conventional killed HS vaccine (CV) and blood was collected at various days post – immunization (DPI). The serum protein concentration in lysate vaccinated mice (4.675±0.223) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than the conventional vaccinated mice (4.100±0.282) at 150 DPI. The serum globulin levels at 90 DPI and 180 DPI in LV mice (1.330±0.071 and 0.650±0.100) were significantly (p less than 0.01) higher than the CV mice (0.850±0.084 and 0.366±0.098). The serum IgG levels at 150 DPI and 180 DPI in LV (0.564±0.188 and 0.485±0121) mice were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than the CV mice (0.178±0.039 and 0.121±0.026). Although our results in mice are promising, further studies involving bovines are needed.
Culture and expansion of Adipose derived Mesenchymal stem cells in Ovine
Authors: Beaulah J. Violet , Ushakumary S. , Kannan* T.A. , William B. Justin , Ramesh Geetha , Parthiban M. , Raja A.
Published: January 2017

Culture and expansion of Adipose derived Mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in Ovine was carried out in this study. Ovine adipose tissue samples were collected from Chennai Corporation slaughter house under sterile condition in normal saline with five per cent povidone iodine, antibiotic and antimycotic solutions. Collected tissue samples were weighed and digested using collagenase enzyme to isolate adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). Cell yield and viability of the cells were calculated by using trypan blue exclusion test. The cells were seeded at the density of one million cells in one T25 culture flask in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium-high glucose (DMEM-HG). On the day of seeding, the cells showed spherical morphology. Plastic adherence was noticed 24 hrs after seeding. Cell expansion was observed after 3 days. At P0 level, 70% confluency was attained on day 14 and the time taken to reach 70% confluency was reduced to 3-4 days in subsequent passages.
Effect of different doses of FSH on superovulation, production and quality of embryo in North Omani Cattle breed
Authors: Hussein A.M. , Al-Shakaili* Y.O. , Al-Ismaily A.N. , Al-Alawi1 H.H.
Published: January 2017

The experiment was conducted to investigate the Ovarian response and embryo quality using different doses of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH-P) in North Omani Cattle breed (NOC) in order to determine the suitable dose. Eighteen donor NOC were divided into three groups (G1, G2, and G3) comprising of six cows in each group and treated with 20 (G1), 25 (G2) and 30 mg FSH (G3). Ovarian response was recorded as development of corpus luteum (CL), unovulated follicles (UOF), unfertilized ova (UFO), recovered embryo (RE) and transferable embryos (TE). Embryos were flushed seven days after the first AI and classified according to the developmental stage and quality. Results showed that, cows superovulated with FSH (G3) increased significantly (P less than 0.05) number of CLs and number of RE (6.83 and 5.33 /flushed cow) compared with the G1 of FSH (3.17 and 2.00/flushed cow) and G2 (4.67 and 3.00/flushed cow). While using FSH in (G2) increased significantly (P less than 0.05) the number of TE (excellent and good) quality, decreased average number of UOF and UFO (2.84, 3.33 and 0.67/flush) compared with FSH G3 (1.83, 5.67 and 1.50/flush). While no significant difference was observed in TE number between G1 and G2. G3 groups producing embryos at early stages of development (4 and 8 cells) and this was undesirable for embryo transfer program as this treatment (30 mg) produced more number of fair, poor and degenerated embryos compared with 20 and 25 mg FSH. Consequently, 25 mg FSH dose increased number of TE, decreased number of UOF and UFO, and that was the suitable dose for superovulation of NOC.
Direct blood PCR detection of Babesia bigemina and its effect on haematological and biochemical profile in crossbred cattle of eastern Haryana
Authors: Ganguly* Anita , Bisla R. S. , Ganguly1 Indrajit , Singh Harpreet , Bhanot2 Vandna , Chaudhri S. S.
Published: January 2017

The present study aimed to diagnose Babesia bigemina in naturally infected crossbred cows and to determine its effect on haemato-biochemical profile of host animals. Blood samples from lactating crossbred cows (n=30) between 3-6 years of age and showing clinical signs of babesiosis were collected, with or without anticoagulant, and analyzed for the protozoa by direct smear, direct blood PCR detection of the apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) gene specific amplicon of B. bigemina and estimation of haematological and biochemical parameters. Healthy crossbred cows (n=10), examined free from haemoprotozoan infections were included as control. Blood Direct PCR revealed a 448-bp amplified fragment. Out of 150 random blood samples screened, (27/150) 18% were positive under light microscope, whereas direct blood PCR revealed (39/150) 26% samples positive for B. bigemina. The result shows higher specificity and sensitivity of PCR test over blood smear examination. The infected group showed significantly (p less than 0.001) decreased levels of TEC (3.04±0.19), Hb (4.78±0.27) and PCV (14.53 ±0.87) than healthy control animals. However, differences in the red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC) were non-significant (p greater than 0.05) between the groups indicating normocytic hypochromic anaemia in affected crossbred cattle. Serum samples of infected cows showed significantly (p less than 0.01) higher values of ALT (78.83±8.95), AST (146.13±7.62), BUN (27.09±1.02), creatinine (1.93±0.1) and TBIL (1.42±0.06) than that of healthy control. A significant decrease (p less than 0.01) of TSP (6.12±0.13) and albumin (2.39±0.09) was also recorded in the infected cows compare to healthy control. The standardized blood direct PCR method of the present investigation may be useful for rapid and reliable diagnosis of B. bigemina in conjunction with microscopic examination. Moreover, marked changes in haematological and serum biochemical profile observed in B. bigemina infected crossbred cows may be useful in understanding disease pathogenesis and undertaking necessary corrective measures.
The Assessment Of Online Degree Programs: Lessons From Recent Alumni
Authors: Neumann Yoram , Neumann Edith , Lewis Shelia
Published: January 2017

The main focus of this study was the assessment performed by recent alumni as an important component of online degree program outcomes assessment. A model of components of the online learning environment was developed and tested to predictive various levels of educational outcomes of online degree programs separately for bachelor and master degree programs' alumni. The educational outcomes include direct educational outcomes and attributed educational outcomes. The model was then validated in predicting summative outcomes assessment. The model played an important role in understanding degree program's online educational outcomes and its predictive validity across all outcomes and degree levels is very high. The alum assessment of the quality of the learning model was found to be the most dominant predictor of educational outcomes for all assessment criteria and for all levels of degree programs. Finally, the explanations and implications of these findings were discussed.
Energy and water use in poultry processing
Authors:   University of Arkansas Fayetteville, USA, Luján-Rhenals D. ,   Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia, Morawicki R. ,   University of Arkansas Fayetteville, USA, Van Loo E. J. ,   Ghent University, Belgium, Ricke S. C. ,   University of Arkansas Fayetteville, USA
Published: January 2017

Increasing poultry production also means increasing energy and water use in poultry processing. Assessing these inputs is critical to develop more efficient systems and requires analysis of individual steps in processing. This chapter reviews way of measuring and reducing water and energy us at different stages in poultry processing.
Amperometric biosensor for glucose detection based-on immobilisation of glucose oxidase in acetic cellulose membrane using ferrocene as mediator
Authors: Asnawati Asnawati , Indarti Dwi , Mulyono Tri , Kesuma B Gembong
Published: January 2017

The study reported the development of glucose ampherometric biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase on cellulose acetate membrane with ferrocene as a mediator. Biosensor was designed with model Fc, GOx, CP / GOx / CA where ferrocene and the enzyme glucose oxidase on carbon paste in immobilizatin on the electrode body in the form of glass tubes and in other parts of the enzyme glucose oxidase in immobilizatin on cellulose acetate membrane with adsorption techniques are placed in electrode tip by using the o-ring. The presence of enzymes immobilization was determined quantitatively by enzyme immobilization was Km value. The results showed the composition of acetone-water in the optimum coagulation bath is 0:100% and 0,0008 g of Optimum ferrocene. Biosensor for measuring glucose in the area amperometri 0,1 to 3 mM with regression coefficient of 0,996, the detection limit of 0,01 mM, sensitivity of 0,989 μA / mM, the reproducibility of 0,07 to 0,3% and lifetime of 1 day. Keywords : Biosensor; glucose oxidase ; acetic cellulose; Ferrocene: Ampherometric.
Analysis of Blood Flow in Arterial Stenosis Using Casson and Power-Law Fluid Model
Authors: Jonuarti Riri
Published: January 2017

Simulation of blood flow behaviour in the arteries and in arterial stenosis has been made and will be discussed in this paper. This simulation uses pulsatile flow and blood flow in artery without stenosis is considered as a dynamic fluid, compressed and condensed. Whereas, in the case of arterial stenosis has been used Casson and Power-law fluid models. In the arteries without stenosis, blood flow velocity profiles show the same pattern for each Womersley number, but with different speed value. In the case of arterial stenosis, blood flow rate decreases with increasing stenosis position away from axis of blood vessels. Resistances to flow are increases with increasing the size (height and length) of stenosis, both for the Casson and Power-law fluid models. If resistance to flow increases, it is more difficult for the blood to pass through an artery, result the flow decreases and heart has to work harder to maintain adequate circulation.Keywords : Artery, blood flow, power-law fluid, Casson fluid, stenosis
Conditions of Kejawanan Beach Based on Standard Quality and Suitability for Pollution Index Marine Tourism Area
Authors: Sudirman Nasir , Husrin Semeidi , Ruswahyuni Ruswahyuni
Published: January 2017

Kejawanan tourist beach is one beach which is located in West Java. This beach is located side to the Kejawanan fishing port. Kejawanan beach topography sloping beach with quiet waters and the waves are not too big. The dominant wind direction throughout the year that influencet the formation of ocean waves are heading toward the bay coast of Cirebon. The existence tourist beach that is located near to the fishing port crowded with activity interesting to known the conditions coast as marine tourism area based on Water quality standars according to Decree of The Minister of Environment Number 51 of 2004. Pollution indeks is based on Decree of The Minister of Environment Number 115 of 2003. Indication of biological contamination by Diversity index of makrobentic animal. The results of the research obtained Water quality standard for marine tourism area mostly exceeded. Pollution index is at the level Heavy pollution. Diversity index of macrobentic animal are at the level of Medium Pollution. Keywords : Kejawanan, standard quality, pollution index, diversity index
One Dimension Model Based Filter for Separation of Time-lapse Microgravity Anomaly
Authors: Minardi Suhayat , Ardianto Teguh
Published: January 2017

The research has a goal to develop a model-based filter to separate the time lapse microgravity anomali caused by the 3 pieces of the source of anomalies with different depths. The activities which included in this research are: geological modeling, calculation of time lapse microgravity responses caused by several sources, designing of digital model based filter, application of the filter to separate synthetic time lapse microgravity anomali data, and performance test of the filter. Designed model is multi aquifer sistem with homogeny isotropic properties at different depth. Equipment of this research is a unit computer with MATLAB Version 7.11.0.584 (R2010b) and Microsoft Excel 2007 software. The designed filter can separate time lapse microgravity anomali based on its sources successfully with error less than 5%.Keywords: Filter, synthetic, time lapse microgravity anomaly
Isolation of Genes Encoding Arthropod Odorant Binding Proteins (OBP), D7 from Salivary Gland Vectors of Malaria: Anopheles sundaicus
Authors: Pawana Nuryatmaja Gora , Muzakhar Kahar , Senjarini Kartika
Published: January 2017

The isolation of Arthropod Odorant Binding, D7 protein, encoding genes from Anopheles sundaicus and An. maculatus mosquitos as the malaria vectors in Indonesia is necessary to recognize their characteristic. The isolated genes can be used to develop the Transmission Blocking Vaccine (TBV). This research aims to characterize the D7 protein encoding genes from An. sundaicus and An. maculatus through the synthesis of complementary DNA (cDNA) of D7 protein by using D7 protein primer that has been used for the other species of Anopheles. The mosquitos were taken from Dusun Parasputih, Bangsring, Wongsorejo, Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur. Isolation of the salivary gland was done by performing microdisection method and the isolation of the total RNA was done by performing High Pure RNA Isolation Kit (Roche-Germany). Synthesis of cDNA D7 encoding gene and its amplification were performed by using Maxime RT-PCR Premix Kit (iNtRon Biotechnology). The result of the total RNA and RT-PCR were run  in agarose gel and visualized under the UV transiluminator. Based on the visualization, we found that the salivary gland total RNA of female An. sundaicus was 500-750 base pair (bp). The RT-PCR visualization showed a band sized below 100 bp and it was concluded not to be the size of the D7 protein encoding gene. An incompatibility of D7 primer from An. gambiae with cDNA template from An. sundaicus was suspected to be the reason of the gene isolation failure.Keywords: gene isolation, D7 protein, salivary gland, Anopheles sundaicus
Synthesis zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (Zif-8) In Solvothermal: The Effect Comparison of Metal-Ligand
Authors: Nadjib Muhammad , Ediati Ratna , Sulistiyo Yudi Aris , Nadifah Lutfiatun
Published: January 2017

Synthesis of ZIF-8 (zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks-8) have been successfully carried out by the reaction of zinc nitrate and 2-methylimidazolate in DMF (N'N-dimethylformamide) solvent at a temperature of 120 °C for 24 hours. Synthesis of ZIF-8 has been conducted five times with variations molar ratio of metal (Zn2+):ligand (MeIM) consecutive 1:1; 1:1.5; 1:2; 1:2.5 and 1:3 to study the influence of metal-ligand ratio of the crystallinity and morphology of ZIF-8 that was produced. The results of characterization by X-ray diffraction, FTIR and SEM show that ZIF-8 is synthesized with a ratio of metal: ligand = 1:2 showed the highest crystallinity and has the most irregular surface morphology with form box. Keywords: ZIF-8, solvotermal, metal/ligand ratio
Biomineralization of Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate Minerals Induced by Bacillus licheniformis and Its Application in Water Softening
Authors: Zhao Yanyang , Zhao Hui
Published: January 2017

Reducing the hardness of hard water is of great concern nowadays due to some adverse effects on water pipes, boilers and soap consumption. Using the method of biomineralization to precipitate calcium and magnesium ions to become carbonate minerals was one of the most important innovations for reducing the hardness of hard water. The present study sought to explore the physical and chemical conditions of carbonates bio-precipitation and the potential use of Bacillus licheniformis SRB2 strain (GenBank: KM884945.1) isolated from sludge sample of Moshui River (Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China) in reducing the hardness of hard waters by the induction of carbonate minerals. In this study, B. licheniformis SRB2 strain was identified based on the morphological, biochemical and 16S rDNA gene sequence homology analysis. The carbonate minerals induced by B. licheniformis bacteria in the liquid culture medium with 3% NaCl and Mg/Ca molar ratio of 0, 6, 8, 10 and 12 were investigated. The culture medium was inoculated with the bacterial liquid seed was set as the experimental group and the other culture medium was inoculated with the same volume of distilled water was set as the control group. The mineral phases, micromorphologies, and crystal structures were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray detector, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. The bacterial concentrations and pH values of the solution were measured by a spectrophotometer and a pH meter, respectively. The urease secreted by B. licheniformis SRB2 was found to greatly increase the pH values of the liquid medium, which favored the formation of calcium carbonate.As a result, Mg2+ and Ca2+ ion concentrations decreased greatly due to the biomineralization of calcium carbonate and nesquehonite minerals in the presence of B. licheniformis SRB2 bacterium. There were only few calcium carbonates and no nesquehonite minerals in the control groups. It was also found that the minerals of nesquehonite induced by B. licheniformis SRB2 had a phenomenon of preferred orientation. What was more, even though Mg2+ ions inhibited the precipitation of Ca2+ ions, but under the action of B. licheniformis SRB2 bacteria, the inhibition effect was significantly declined. The bio-precipitation of calcium carbonate and nesquehonite minerals may represent a new method of pretreatment for the hardness reduction of hard water. The accomplished study is of certain interest for interpretation of the carbonates biomineralization in natural environment, and maybe also has a certain application value in the former processing of hard water
Induction of G2M Arrest by Flavokawain A, A Kava Chalcone, Increases the Responsiveness of HER2 Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells to Herceptin
Authors: Jandial Danielle D. , Krill Lauren S. , Chen Lixia , Wu Chunli , Ke Yu , Xie Jun , Hoang Bang H. , Zi Xiaolin
Published: January 2017

HER2/neu positive breast tumors predict a high mortality and comprise 25-30% of breast cancer. We have shown that Flavokawain A (FKA) preferentially reduces the viabilities of HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cell lines (i.e. SKBR3 and MCF7/HER2) versus those with less HER2 expression (i.e. MCF7 and MDA-MB-468). FKA at cytotoxic concentrations to breast cancer cell lines also has minimal effect on the growth of non-malignant breast epithelial MCF10 cells. FKA induces G2M arrest in cell cycle progression of HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cell lines through inhibition of Cdc2 and Cdc25C phosphorylation and down-regulation of Myt1 and Wee1expression leading to increased Cdc2 kinase activities. In addition, FKA induces apoptosis in SKBR3 cells by increasing the protein expression of Bim and BAX and decreasing expression of Bcl2, Bclx/L , XIAP and survivin. FKA also down-regulates the protein expression of HER-2 and inhibits AKT phosphorylation. Herceptin plus FKA treatment leads to enhanced growth inhibitory effect on HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer cell lines through down-regulation of Myt1, Wee1, Skp2, Survivin and XIAP. Our results suggest the promise of FKA as a novel apoptosis inducer and G2 checkpoint abrogating agent in combination with Herceptin for treatment of HER2 overexpressing breast cancer.
Toxin Release of Cyanobacterium Microsystis aeruginosa after Exposure to Typical Tetracycline Antibiotic Contaminants
Authors: Ye Jing , Du Yuping , Wang Lumei , Qian Jingru , Chen Jiejing , Wu Qingwen , Hu Xiaojun
Published: January 2017

The global usage of veterinary antibiotics is significant. These antibiotics can be released into the aquatic environment and exert toxic effects on non-target organisms. To explore the physiological effects of tetracycline antibiotics on aquatic life, the growth characteristics of and toxin release from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) were studied. Results showed that the toxicity order of the three target antibiotics was TC (tetracycline) > CTC (chlortetracycline hydrochloride) > OTC (oxytetracycline) in terms of inhibition occurrence time and the EC10 and EC25 values. Further, the target antibiotics regulated the production of MC-LR (microcystin-LR) to different degrees. CTC destroyed the M. aeruginosa cells and resulted in a decreased MC-LR release but stimulated the ability to synthesise MC-LR. OTC had a relatively weaker toxicity compared with CTC, while TC was the most toxic among the three antibiotics. Therefore, TC is friendly to the aquatic environment because it simultaneously reduced the intracellular and extracellular MC-LR content. These results aid our understanding of the effects of tetracycline antibiotics on Microcystis aeruginosa, which is important for environmental evaluation and protection. These results are also helpful for guiding the application of veterinary antibiotics in agricultural settings.
Visual Metaphors in Communication: Intertextual Semiosis and Déjà Vu in Print Advertising
Authors: Zantides Evripides
Published: January 2017

Metaphor, as a concept in which a signified is applied to a signifier that is not literally applicable, does not only refer to speech or verbal language, but also to a wide use of practical applications in visual communication, particularly in advertising design and communication. The metaphorical rhetoric in advertisements is a common practice often used to attract the viewers’ attention, as well as enhance the persuasiveness of messages. From a cognitive perspective, semiosis in the process of visual metaphors in communication, is a complex subject with often a variety of subjective interpretations on behalf of the viewers. Intertextuality, as another form of metaphoric communication that depends on pre-existing

texts (verbal or non-verbal), produces meanings that often deal with parody, sarcasm or irony. Additionally, they are also frequently characterised as anarchistic and provocative, because of the anti-advertising or anti-consumerism/social statements they make.

The current study aims to present a literature review on how visual metaphors are defined in printa dvertising, and build on this to examine the notion of intertextuality as a form of déjà vu-metaphor that is popular in advertising and graphic communication.

Semiotic analysis as a methodology is used on a purposive sample of print advertisements—including examples of logotypes as well—in order to categorize thematically the major typological references, in respect of intertextual advertising, as well as extract ideological conclusions.

The results show that intertextuality in advertising draws its sources of meaning mainly from the Film industry, Art, Monuments and places, Literary texts and Graphic and Advertising itself, whilst, as far as logos is concerned, the source of meaning is purely linguistic. The study also shows that Intertextual visual metaphor semiosis has a variety of popular verbal or non-verbal references and depends on the socio-political context of the sample under investigation.