bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Indole Lipoic Acid Derivatives: Synthesis and Antioxidant Effects
Authors: Gurkan A. Selen , Buyukbingol Erdem
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Nitrobutadienic Building Blocks from the Ring‐Opening of 2‐ and 3‐Nitrothiophenes
Authors: Bianchi Lara , Maccagno Massimo , Petrillo Giovanni , Rizzato Egon , Sancassan Fernando , Severi Elda , Spinelli Domenico , Tavani Cinzia , Viale Maurizio
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aaptamine and Related Products. Their Isolation, Chemical Syntheses, and Biological Activity
Authors: Larghi Enrique L. , Bohn Maria L. , Kaufman Teodoro S.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iminosugars: From Botanical Curiosities to Licensed Drugs
Authors: Winchester Bryan G.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Silver‐Lined Anniversary of Fleet Iminosugars: 1984‐2009, from DIM to DRAM to LABNAc
Authors: Davis Benjamin G.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Liquid—Liquid Biphasic Reactions
Authors: Ahmed‐Omer Batoul , Wirth Thomas
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Nanomaterials: Morphological Control for Charge Stabilization and Charge Transport
Authors: Pramod P. , Thomas K. George , George Manapurathu V.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: From Antenna to Assay: Lessons Learned in Lanthanide Luminescence
Authors: Moore Evan G. , Samuel Amanda P. S. , Raymond Kenneth N.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Elementary Lesions in DNA Subunits: Electron, Hydrogen Atom, Proton, and Hydride Transfers
Authors: Duncan Lyngdoh Richard H. , Schaeffer Henry F. III
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Utility of Mass Spectrometry for Proteome Analysis. Part 1. Conceptual and Experimental Approaches
Authors: Ahmed Farid E.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Prozessintensivierung mit Pervaporation zur Herstellung von Acetalen‐Membranscreening
Authors: Clavey T. , Herguijuela J. R. , Stubbe A.
Published: July 2009

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt Studien zur Gleichgewichtseinstellung bei der Herstellung eines Acetals durch Pervaporation. Die Abtrennung des Reaktionswassers wurde mit verschiedenen Membranen bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen untersucht. Besonderes Interesse galt neben den spezifischen Flussdichten für Wasser auch dem Trennverhalten der jeweiligen Membranen hinsichtlich der Schlüsselkomponenten Acetal und Keton aus dem Zulaufgemisch. Es wurde gefunden, dass eine spezifische Flussdichte für Wasser von J0 = 18.5 kg/h/m2 bei einer Temperatur von T = 368.15 K erreicht werden kann. Acetal wurde bei keiner der getesteten Membranen im Permeat festgestellt. Für die geeignete Membran vom Typ B konnte ein Trennfaktor bzw. eine Selektivität bezüglich des Ketons im Zulaufgemisch von SWasser/Keton = 900 ermittelt werden. Eine Simulation einer dreistufigen Reaktionskaskade bestehend aus jeweils einem Reaktor und einer Pervaporationseinheit mit den gemessenen Werten dieser Membran zeigte, dass eine Steigerung des Umsatzes um ca. X = 40 % möglich ist. Dies resultiert in einer Energieeinsparung von 25 % bei der Aufarbeitung des Reaktionsgemisches.
Ex vivo and in vivo Evaluation of [18F]PR04.MZ in Rodents: A Selective Dopamine Transporter Imaging Agent
Authors: Riss Patrick J. , Debus Fabian , Hummerich René , Schmidt Ulrich , Schloss Patrick , Lueddens Hartmut , Roesch Frank
Published: July 2009

N‐4‐Fluorobut‐2‐yn‐1‐yl‐2β‐carbomethoxy‐3β‐phenyltropane (PR04.MZ) has been developed as dopamine transporter (DAT) ligand for molecular imaging. It contains a terminally fluorinated, conformationally constrained nitrogen substituent that is well suited for the introduction of fluorine‐18. The present report describes the pharmacological characterisation of [18F]PR04.MZ. The ligand shows an IC50 value of 2 nM against human DAT, whereas the IC50 value against human serotonin transporter and human noradrenalin transporter are lower (110 nM and 22 nM, respectively). Furthermore, its ex vivo organ distribution, its binding profile in the rat brain and reversibility of binding were examined. A μPET study illuminates a fast kinetic profile and specific binding to rat DAT.
Retro‐Enantio N‐Methylated Peptides as β‐Amyloid Aggregation Inhibitors
Authors: Grillo‐Bosch Dolors , Carulla Natàlia , Cruz Montse , Sánchez Laia , Pujol‐Pina Rosa , Madurga Sergio , Rabanal Francesc , Giralt Ernest
Published: July 2009

An emerging and attractive target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is to inhibit the aggregation of β‐amyloid protein (Aβ). We applied the retro‐enantio concept to design an N‐methylated peptidic inhibitor of the Aβ42 aggregation process. This inhibitor, inrD, as well as the corresponding all‐L (inL) and all‐D (inD) analogues were assayed for inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation. They were also screened in neuroblastoma cell cultures to assess their capacity to inhibit Aβ42 cytotoxicity and evaluated for proteolytic stability. The results reveal that inrD and inD inhibit Aβ42 aggregation more effectively than inL, that inrD decreases Aβ42 cytotoxicity to a greater extent than inL and inD, and that as expected, both inD and inrD are stable to proteases. Based on these results, we propose that the retro‐enantio approach should be considered in future designs of peptide inhibitors of protein aggregation.
Design, Synthesis, and SAR of Naphthyl‐Substituted Diarylpyrimidines as Non‐Nucleoside Inhibitors of HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Liang Yong‐Hong , Feng Xiao‐Qing , Zeng Zhao‐Sen , Chen Fen‐Er , Balzarini Jan , Pannecouque Christophe , De Clercq Erik
Published: July 2009

A series of 38 2‐naphthyl‐substituted diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) analogues, characterized by various substitution patterns on the pyrimidine and naphthalene rings, was synthesized in a straightforward fashion by means of parallel synthesis and evaluated as inhibitors of the HIV‐1 wild‐type and double mutant (K103N+Y181C) strains. Most of the compounds displayed strong activity against wild‐type HIV‐1. The most active compound, with a cyano group at position C6 on the naphthalene ring, exhibited activity against wild‐type HIV‐1 with an EC50 value of 0.002 μM and against the double mutant strain with an EC50 value of 0.24 μM; the selectivity index (SI) against wild‐type is >180 000, the highest SI value among DAPY analogues. The structure–activity relationship (SAR) of the newly synthesized DAPYs is presented herein.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in homosexual men: Psychological distress and psychotherapy
Authors: Mulder C. L. , Antoni M. H.
Published: July 2009

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a decline in immunological functioning with time. This may lead to the occurrence of HIV‐related symptoms or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is likely to be a terminal condition. The knowledge of having a positive HIV antibody test, therefore, brings about a psychosocial crisis in many individuals. This papers discusses the type of problems that HIV‐infected homosexual men are confronted with during the various stages of the disease, and the characteristics of persons who are particularly vulnerable to developing these problems. In addition, a short review will be presented of what is known about the effect of psychosocial factors on progression of HIV infection. Finally, strategies for psychosocial intervention, and recommendations for psychotherapists will be presented.
The relation between perceived attitudes in unipolar depressive inpatients
Authors: Richter J. , Eisemann M. , Ferris C.
Published: July 2009

The relation between parental rearing behaviour and cognitive distortions (according to Beck's theory of depression) in adult life has been examined in a sample of 185 depressed inpatients.

Especially such parental rearing factors as rejection, maternal shaming and guilt‐engendering, tolerance, affection and stimulating showed highly significant correlations with the factors de‐pressogenic Information processing, perfectionistic attitudes and self‐esteem depending on the approval of others from the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). The results both confirm aspects of cognitively‐oriented diathesis‐stress models and of the integrative vulnerability model by Perris.
Cognitive‐behaviour therapy for depression in the year 1411
Authors: Kinderman Peter
Published: July 2009

This paper describes a secular therapeutic approach thought appropriate for depression in the year 1411, as presented in a contemporary English poem. This has major parallels with modem Cognitive‐Behavioural techniques.
Post traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of behavioural and cognitive behavioural interventions and treatments
Authors: Hughes Jamie G. H. Hacker , Thompson James
Published: July 2009

This paper reviews several published reports of behavioural and cognitive behavioural treatments of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It is shown that, despite slightly different mixes of ingredients, these show broad similarities in approach. Two main categories of treatment can broadly be distinguished: Anxiety Management Techniques (AMT) and Direct Therapeutic Exposure (DTE). The principles on which DTE is based may, it is argued, be understood in ways already outlined in Pavlovian Conditioning. A new model, the CEASE Model, is proposed which effectively describes the sequence in which these processes operate over the course of the development and subsequent treatment of PTSD. Many case reports and controlled studies are evaluated and it is shown that these indicate the success of treatment approaches that have as their basis the CEASE Model.
Restraint theory and its implications for obesity treatment
Authors: Ogden Jane
Published: July 2009

Restraint theory was developed to evaluate both causes and consequences of attempts to restrict food intake for the purpose of weight maintenance. Research suggests that restraint has many negative consequences including lowered mood and overeating behaviour and that restrained eating is best characterized as an intention which is only occasionally realized. The present paper reviews the restraint literature and examines the implications of restraint theory for obesity treatment. It assesses the role of restraint in both traditional and contemporary behavioural treatment packages for obesity and concludes that if restraint is detrimental to both the physical and psychological health of the normal weight individual, it should not be recommended as a solution to the physical and psychological problems of the obese.
Behavioural therapy in patients with chronic skin disease
Authors: Jaspers Jan P. C.
Published: July 2009

This article describes the possibilities and limitations of behavioural therapy for patients with chronic skin disease. Attention is firstly paid to the psychosocial consequences of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis and the influence of stress on the course of the dermatoses. Subsequently behavioural therapy methods are described and an evaluation is made of effect studies on this topic. The following approaches are discussed: hypnosis, stress management (biofeedback and relaxation training) and habit reversal.1
Schema change processes in cognitive therapy
Authors: Padesky Christine A.
Published: July 2009

Schemas are core beliefs which cognitive therapists hypothesize play a central role in the maintenance of long‐term psychiatric problems. Clinical methods are described which can be used with clients to weaken maladaptive schemas and construct new, more adaptive schemas. Guidelines are presented for identifying maladaptive and alternative, more adaptive schemas. Case examples illustrate the use of continuum methods, positive data logs, historical tests of schema, psychodrama, and core belief worksheets to change schemas. Specification of therapeutic methods for changing schemas can lead to the development of treatment standards and protocols to measure the impact of schema change on chronic problems.
A rapid stabilization cognitive group therapy programme for psychiatric inpatients
Authors: Simon Karen M.
Published: July 2009

This paper describes a programme for inpatients with severe personality disorders as well as acute exacerbation of Axis II pathology. The goal of the programme was to quickly stabilize participants with respect to self‐injurious behaviour and return them to the community. The programme consisted of frequent coordinated cognitive group therapy sessions with supporting written and audiovisual materials. The groups were open‐ended and heterogenous, and employed educational and experiential‐affective components. An extended group case example is presented in order to illustrate the operation of the programme. The range of typical participants is described, including their diagnoses, treatment plans, and homework assignments. Some comments on the personal and professional difficulties encountered by therapists working with this population are described as well as some suggestions for alleviating those difficulties.
Cognitive behavioural treatment of obsessive compulsive personality disorder
Authors: Pretzel James , Hampl Steven
Published: July 2009

Clients with Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) take normally positive characteristics such as conscientiousness and attention to detail to such an extreme that these characteristics become seriously dysfunctional This disorder has received only limited attention from cognitive‐behavioural investigators and the one empirical investigation of the treatment of individuals with OCPD found that simply inducing these individuals to engage in treatment was difficult This paper presents a cognitive‐behavioural conceptualization of OCPD and uses a detailed case example to illustrate an approach to intervention which shows promise for providing an effective approach to intervention.
The characteristics of obsessional thinking: Difficulty demonstrating the obvious?
Authors: Tallis Frank
Published: July 2009

Clinical observations suggest that attention to detail, indecision, and doubt, are reliably associated with obsessive‐compulsive disorder and obsessional personality disorder. Several experimental investigations have sought to demonstrate the cognitive substrates of these clinical features. Category formation, decision making, and mnestic impairment have been the principal foci of academic interest. A critical review of this literature suggests that results are inconsistent, attributable to mood, or undemonstrated in clinical populations. Further work correcting for previous methodological weaknesses is necessary. Suggestions are made with respect to new areas worthy of investigation. The administration of neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe functioning to obsessional patients is recommended. Further, investigations of ‘epistemological sense’ are recommended. Finally, a new treatment strategy for compulsive checkers—inspired by the mnestic deficit hypothesis—is described. Continued investigation of the cognitive substrates of obsessional illness is considered to be a worthwhile endeavour. Such investigations extend the remit of cognitive clinical psychology, compliment advances in biological psychiatry, and suggest novel treatment interventions.
Operant procedures applied to a conversion disorder
Authors: Kop Pieter F. M. , van der Heijden Hanno P. , Hoogduin Kees A. L. , Schaap Cas P. D. R.
Published: July 2009

Conversion symptoms, as identified by the existing classification systems, do not form a single unitary class. It is therefore difficult to find an adequate treatment that closely connects to the basic characteristics of the disease. Instead, we designed a treatment method that closely relates to the behavioural aspects of a conversion disorder. We reasoned that motor patterns can be taught straightforwardly by means of operant conditioning methods and that movement disorders in conversion should be treated accordingly. Our case study shows that carefully retraining deficient motor patterns may constitute the core of the treatment for conversion disorders.
An information‐processing approach to compulsive checking
Authors: Watts Fraser N.
Published: July 2009

Of the various obsessive‐compulsive phenomena it seems that compulsive checking may be particularly likely to repay an information‐processing approach. There are indications that anxiety‐targeted exposure methods are less appropriate to checking than cleaning. Also, repeated checking appears to result from an initial failure to process information adequately. Recent findings from experimental research on cognitive processes in obsessive‐compulsive patients (e.g. difficulties in selective‐set rather than filtering tasks, poor memory for actions, etc.) provide indications that compulsive checking may arise from a failure of information processing. Clinical observations indicate that the quality of information processing involved in checking deteriorates as checking is repeated, due partly to a deterioration of mood and partly to proactive interference. This suggests the use of cognitive strategies to maximize the effectiveness of the first check, so as to reduce the need for repetition.
Perceived upbringing and its relation to treatment outcome in agoraphobia
Authors: de Beurs Edwin , van Dyck Richard , Lange Alfred , van Balkom Anton J. L. M.
Published: July 2009

Agoraphobic patients tend to retrospectively report their parents as more rejecting and less warm than controls. Previous research indicates that such a negative rearing history may be associated with negative outcome in behavioural treatment. It has been suggested that the detrimental effect of an unfavourable parental rearing history on outcome of behaviour therapy is mediated by a negative view of the patients on behaviour therapists and their therapeutic style. To investigate these hypotheses, data of 76 patients were analysed who participated in a comparative outcome study of treatments for panic disorder with agoraphobia. The results using correlational analyses revealed neither an association between perceived parental rearing style and treatment outcome, nor between the patient's perception of the therapist and the outcome of treatment. Some significant, albeit small, associations were found between the way patients perceived their parental rearing style and their view towards the therapist. Perceived parental rejection and lack of parental favouring were slightly associated with a negative view of the therapist. The confidence in these findings is discussed with respect to the reliability and validity of the measurement instruments and with respect to the limitations of correlational analyses.
Self‐evaluation and self‐reinforcement in depressed patients
Authors: Wycherley Robert J.
Published: July 2009

Previous work evaluating Rehm's self‐control model of depression suggests that depressed subjects show a discrepancy between self‐evaluations on a trial by trial basis during specific tasks and questionnaire based evaluations of the total self.

This experiment examines self‐evaluations at ‘specific’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘global’ levels using a specially constructed questionnaire. Specific evaluations concern performance on everyday tasks, intermediate evaluations important personal qualities and global evaluations the total self. Subjects comprised hospitalized depressed and non‐depressed patients and a normal group. Results showed that, as the evaluations moved from ‘specific’ to ‘global’, those of depressed subjects became increasingly more negative, while those of the non‐depressed subjects became more positive. The results are discussed in terms of the primary effect of depression on the self‐schema and its influence as a standard for self‐evaluation as objective evidence weakens. Finally some clinical implications are explored.
The psychological sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: A review of the literature and implications for treatment
Authors: Kuyken Willem
Published: July 2009

The current paper aims to bring together some of the literature on the long‐term effects of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in a way that will be useful to clinical practitioners and researchers in this field. The issues surrounding the definition of CSA and work on the prevalence, background and context in which abuse occurs is evaluated. In addition a selection of the relevant research relating to the psychological effects of early abuse in the domains of self‐esteem, symptomatology resembling post‐traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety is reviewed and examined. The key methodological issues are reported and some of the worries facing researchers portrayed. Although much of the research to date has been largely atheoretical, some of the theoretical thinking in this area is reviewed. Finally some of the clinical implications of this body of work are outlined.
An investigation of the usefulness of videofeedback in the treatment of obesity
Authors: McCrea Celia
Published: July 2009

Obesity is not classified as an eating disorder because of the lack of compelling evidence that it results from or is characterized by abnormal eating behaviour. However, in common with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, the obese condition is associated with body image distortion (Bruch, 1973; Garner et al., 1976). Although the role of body image disturbance in the development and maintenance of eating disorders is as yet unclear, it is generally accepted that normalization of body image is an important aspect of treatment, and may even be a precondition for recovery (Bruch, 1962). To date the role of body image for obesity has not been afforded the same importance. The present study was designed to examine body image in obesity, and to determine the effectiveness of three interventions (videofeed‐back, C.B.T. and dietetic) in terms of improvement in body image. Weight changes achieved by interventions were also noted, and the limitations associated with any attempt to attribute these to manipulation of body image acknowledged. Thirteen female obese patients were monitored over a treatment period of five months with 10 of these also being followed up over a two‐year period. Although small sample size prevents a meaningful comparison between treatments, and only modest weight losses were associated with each, the videofeedback group demonstrated the most notable improvements in body image. Results suggest that the potential benefit of incorporating videofeedback into obesity treatment programmes, in terms of enhancement of body image, warrants more extensive study, as does the possible association with behaviours affecting weight change.
Social support and its relationship to psychological, physical health, and immune variables in HIV‐infection
Authors: Zuckerman Marc J. , Antoni Michael H.
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this review is to examine how social support is related to measures of psychological adjustment, physical health, and immune function among HIV‐infected gay men. Within this population, recent literature has demonstrated clear links (both positive and negative) between measures of social support and psychological functioning. In contrast, studies looking at the relationship between social support and both measures of physical health and immune function have yielded inconsistent and inconclusive findings. This article synthesizes and reviews what is currently known about the effects of social support on the psychological, physical health, and immune functioning in HIV‐infected gay men. Both beneficial and detrimental effects of social support on health are examined, highlighting those aspects of social support that may be enhanced or discouraged in the context of psychotherapeutic interventions.
Does the health belief model predict risky sexual practices in injection drug users?
Authors: Lollis Charlie M. , Antoni Michael H. , Johnson Ernest H. , Chitwood Dale C. , Griffin David K.
Published: July 2009

The current research assessed Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs, sexual behaviour, and drug use practices in 123 heterosexual IDUs (62 men and 61 women) who were seronegative for HIV. Results indicated that HBM variables significantly explained 25% of the variance in condom usage in IDU men. Higher reports of condom usage were associated with negative attitudes related to condom discomfort, inconvenience, and acceptance; positive attitudes related to perceptions of condoms as adding excitement to sex; positive attitudes regarding condom efficacy and lower perceived susceptibility for AIDS. Alcohol, marijuana, and methadone usage explained an additional 21% of the variance in condom usage with alcohol use contributing positively to condom use while the other substances had negative contributions. HBM constructs did not significantly explain the variance in other risk behaviours in this group, however, control variables contributed to significant proportions of the variance in risky practices. HBM components did not significantly explain any of the variance in the sexual behaviours of IDU women, but demographic variables and substance use behaviours contributed to the variance in a number of sexual practices in this group. Based upon these findings, implications for clinical intervention are discussed.
Coping responses to HIV‐1 serostatus notification predict concurrent and prospective immunologic status
Authors: Antoni Michael H. , Goldstein David , Ironson Gail , Laperriere Arthur , Fletcher Mary Ann , Schneiderman Neil
Published: July 2009

We prospectively related coping strategies and immunologic measures in HIV‐1 seropositive and seronegative gay men over the 1‐year period following notification of their antibody test results. First, we related 18 asymptomatic HIV‐1 seropositive men's coping responses to antibody status notification with concurrently measured phenotypic and functional immunologic markers. Repeated‐measures ANOVAs indicated that seropositive subjects scoring above the median on post‐notification disengagement coping strategies (denial, behavioural disengagement, mental disengagement) had significantly lower concurrently measured T‐helper/suppressor (CD4/CD8) cell ratios, T‐inducer subset (CD4+CD45RA+) percentage values, and proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) than subjects scoring below the median on these scales. Disengagement coping responses also predicted 1‐year follow‐up immune markers; greater disengagement predicted poorer lymphocyte responsivity to PHA. Thirty sociodemographically‐equivalent, HIV‐1 seronegative gay men showed the opposite pattern such that greater disengagement coping predicted significantly greater lymphocyte responsivity to PHA and larger CD4+CD45RA+ percentage values at 1‐year follow‐up. Together these preliminary findings suggested that: (a) coping strategies relate to immunologic status differentially for infected and non‐infected risk group members; (b) strategies that distract seropositive individuals from the stress of infectivity are related to more impairment on some immunologic markers; and (c) these relationships occur concurrently and some appear to persist over as long as a 12‐month period.
Selective Oxidation of Methanol to Hydrogen over Gold Catalysts Promoted by Alkaline‐Earth‐Metal and Lanthanum Oxides
Authors: Hereijgers Bart P. C. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: July 2009

A series of alumina‐supported gold catalysts was investigated for the CO‐free production of hydrogen by partial oxidation of methanol. The addition of alkaline‐earth metal oxide promoters resulted in a significant improvement of the catalytic performance. The methanol conversion was ca. 85 % with all studied catalyst materials, however, the selectivity for hydrogen increased from 15 % to 51 % when going from the unpromoted to a BaO‐promoted catalyst. The formation of the undesired byproducts CO, methane, and dimethyl ether was considerably reduced as well. The observed trend in catalyst performance follows the trend in increasing basicity of the studied promoter elements, indicating a chemical effect of the promoter material. Superior catalytic performance, in terms of H2 and CO selectivity, was obtained with a Au/La2O3 catalyst. At 300 °C the hydrogen selectivity reached 80 % with only 2 % CO formation, and the catalyst displayed a stable performance over at least 24 h on‐stream. Furthermore, the formation of CO was found to be independent of the oxygen concentration in the feed. The commercial lanthanum oxide used in this study had a low specific surface area, which led to the formation of relative large gold particles. Therefore, the catalytic activity could be enhanced by decreasing the gold particle size through deposition on lanthanum oxide supported on high‐surface‐area alumina.
Structural generation of two integrator loop filters using CDTAs and grounded capacitors
Authors: Tangsrirat Worapong , Pukkalanun Tattaya
Published: July 2009

A versatile family of two integrator loop filter structures using current differencing transconductance amplifiers (CDTAs) and grounded capacitors is generated. The basic filter building blocks consist of current proportional blocks, current lossless integrators and a current lossy integrator based on the use of CDTAs as the major active components. It is demonstrated that the derived filter structures can realize a general class of second‐order current transfer functions. Since the resulting structures contain only CDTAs and grounded capacitors, they are general and very appropriate for integration, cascading and electronic tuning. The influences of the CDTA non‐idealities are also discussed. The functionality of the resulting filters has been verified by simulation results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical computation in neurons
Authors: Laishram Jummi , Avossa Daniela , Shahapure Rajesh , Torre Vincent
Published: July 2009

Growth cones are the main motile structures located at the tip of neurites and are composed of a lamellipodium from which thin filopodia emerge. In this article, we analyzed the kinetics and dynamics of growth cones with the aim to understand two major issues: first, the strategy used by filopodia and lamellipodia during their exploration and navigation; second, what kind of mechanical problems neurons need to solve during their operation. In the developing nervous system and in the adult brain, neurons constantly need to solve mechanical problems. Growth cones must decide how to explore the environment and in which direction to grow; they also need to establish the appropriate contacts, to avoid obstacles and to determine how much force to exert. Here, we show that in sparse cultures, filopodia grow and retract following statistical patterns, nearly optimal for an efficient exploration of the environment. In a dense culture, filopodia exploration is still present although significantly reduced. Analysis on 1271, 6432, and 185 pairs of filopodia of DRG, PC12 and Hippocampal neurons respectively showed that the correlation coefficient |ρ| of the growth of more than 50% of filopodia pairs was >0.15. From a computational point of view, filopodia and lamellipodia motion can be described by a random process in which errors are corrected by efficient feedback loops. This article argues that neurons not only process sensory signals, but also solve mechanical problems throughout their entire lifespan, from the early stages of embryogenesis to adulthood. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2009
DC within the pregnant mouse uterus influence growth and functional properties of uterine NK cells
Authors: Karsten Christian M. , Behrends Jochen , Wagner Arnika K. , Fuchs Franca , Figge Julia , Schmudde Inken , Hellberg Lars , Kruse Andrea
Published: July 2009

The vascular addressins mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule‐1, P‐selectin and ICAM‐1 permit α4β7‐integrin‐expressing DC, especially those of the myeloid lineage (CD11c+CD11b+ DC), to access the pregnant mouse uterus. Injection of blocking monoclonal antibodies against mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule‐1 in P‐selectin−/− mice or experimental approaches with β7‐integrin−/− or ICAM‐1−/− mice revealed that limited access or absence of CD11c+CD11b+ DC at the maternal/fetal interface negatively affects the frequency, size and functional properties of uterine NK (uNK) cells. Adoptive transfer of DC obtained from WT mice into β7‐integrin−/− mice abrogates these effects and emphasizes the importance of DC in uNK cell differentiation. Interestingly, those implantation sites lacking CD11c+CD11b+ DC are characterized by decreased IL‐15 and IL‐12 mRNA and/or protein levels. Chronic administration of IL‐15 in these mice gives rise to uNK cell numbers and size comparable to those of WT mice, whereas additional injection of IL‐12 positively affects the IFN‐γ expression of uNK cells. Real‐time RT‐PCR and protein arrays performed with isolated uterine DC underline the role of DC as a source of IL‐15 and IL‐12 in the pregnant mouse uterus.
Adventures in the Coordination Chemistry of Di‐2‐pyridyl Ketone and Related Ligands: From High‐Spin Molecules and Single‐Molecule Magnets to Coordination Polymers, and from Structural Aesthetics to an Exciting New Reactivity Chemistry of Coordinated Ligands
Authors: Stamatatos Theocharis C. , Efthymiou Constantinos G. , Stoumpos Constantinos C. , Perlepes Spyros P.
Published: July 2009

The coordination chemistry of di‐2‐pyridyl ketone and related ligands is reviewed. An outline of the variety of such ligands is presented. References are given to methods for the synthesis of ligands that are not available on the market. The activation of the carbonyl group(s) of some of the ligands towards further reactions seems to be an emergent area of synthetic inorganic chemistry. The coordination chemistry of each ligand with metals is briefly described. Emphasis is placed on structural features and physical properties (mainly magnetic) of the resulting metal clusters and coordination polymers. The structural diversity of the complexes stems from the ability of the deprotonated diol‐ or hemiketal‐type ligands to adopt a variety of bridging coordination modes depending on the number of carbonyl groups, the nature of the extra donor groups in the molecule and on the reaction conditions. Employment of a second organic or inorganic ligand in this chemistry gives an extraordinary structural flexibility in the resulting mixed‐ligand systems. The initial use of 1,1′‐carbonyldiimidazole and 1,1′‐oxalyldiimidazole in copper(II) chemistry, which leads to unprecedented coordination polymers containing alcoholysis and/or hydrolysis “fragments” of the ligands, is also illustrated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Complexes of Four‐Membered Group 13 Metal(I) N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues with Metal Carbonyl Fragments
Authors: Jones Cameron , Stasch Andreas , Moxey Graeme J. , Junk Peter C. , Deacon Glen B.
Published: July 2009

The four‐membered gallium(I) and indium(I) heterocycles, [:M(Giso)] (M = Ga or In; Giso = {[N(Ar)]2CN(C6H11)2}–, Ar = C6H3iPr2‐2,6), were treated with a series of transition metal carbonyl complexes. These reactions afforded the complexes [Fe(CO)4{Ga(Giso)}], [(CO)3Co{μ‐Ga(Giso)}2Co(CO)3], [Ru(CO)2(PPh3)2{M(Giso)}] and [CpMo(CO)2{[(Giso)Ga]2OH}], which were crystallographically and/or spectroscopically characterized. The results of the study show that the two heterocycles can act as σ‐donor ligands, but they are not as nucleophilic as, for example, group 13 diyls, :MR (M = Ga or In; R = alkyl, aryl, etc.). In addition, the degree of π‐back‐bonding in their metal carbonyl complexes does not appear to be significant.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of Modular Headgroup Conjugates Corresponding to All Seven Phosphatidylinositol Polyphosphate Isomers for Convenient Probe Generation
Authors: Gong Denghuang , Bostic Heidi E. , Smith Matthew D. , Best Michael D.
Published: July 2009

Phosphatidylinositol polyphosphate lipids (PIPns) play key roles in important biological pathways, and defects in the signaling activities of these molecules have been implicated in a number of disease states. As such, it is necessary to understand the complex roles of these lipids in biological pathways, which often involve their actions as site‐specific ligands that recruit receptors to the surfaces of cellular membranes. However, the complex structures of PIPn family members, of which seven biologically active isomers exist, complicate studies. Derivatized analogs of the PIPn structures are beneficial as chemical tools for elucidating signaling and binding activities. Herein, we present an efficient approach to probe the generation in which amino conjugates of PIPn headgroups can be conveniently functionalized in the final step of the synthesis to obtain a number of derivatized analogs of use for different studies. In addition to the application of this strategy to generate PI‐(4,5)‐P2 headgroup probes, we also report the synthesis of PIPn–amine conjugates corresponding to all seven naturally existing isomers. This approach will be invaluable for generating the range of probe structures that is required to elucidate the intricacies of PIPn signaling. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Modular Synthesis of Novel Chiral Phosphorous Triamides Based on (S)‐N‐(Pyrrolidin‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline and Their Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Barta Katalin , Hölscher Markus , Franciò Giancarlo , Leitner Walter
Published: July 2009

A set of new P‐chiral phosphorous triamides (PTAs) based on the (S)‐N‐(pyrrolidin‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline backbone was prepared by modular synthetic procedures. The chirality at phosphorus can be controlled to a large extent by the synthetic route, and high diastereomeric purities were achieved for most of the reported ligands. This ligand family was evaluated in the copper‐catalysed Michael addition of diethylzinc to cyclohex‐2‐enone, and moderate enantioselectivities were achieved. In the asymmetric nickel‐catalysed hydrovinylation of styrene, good conversions and chemoselectivities, together with promising enantioselectivities of up to 60 %, were obtained with the new PTA ligands even at relatively high reaction temperatures.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Nd(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of Vinylidenecyclopropanes with Enynol: A New Method for the Construction of the 5–7–6 Tricyclic Framework and Its Scope and Limitations
Authors: Yao Liang‐Feng , Shi Min
Published: July 2009

We report in this paper a Lewis acid [Nd(OTf)3]‐catalyzed protocol to construct compounds containing a 5–7–6 tricyclic framework in good yield from readily accessible starting materials vinylidenecyclopropanes (VDCPs) 1 and enynols 2a–c under mild conditions. Upon examination of the scope and limitations of this reaction, it was found that the corresponding highly functionalized cyclopentane derivatives could be formed in good yields from the reaction VDCPs 1 and enol 2e or dienol 2c under identical conditions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Microchip electrophoresis in low‐temperature co‐fired ceramics technology with contactless conductivity measurement
Authors: Fercher Georg , Smetana Walter , Vellekoop Michiel J.
Published: July 2009

In this paper a novel micromachined contactless conductivity CE device produced in low temperature co‐fired ceramics (LTCC) is introduced. The application of LTCC multilayer technology provides a promising method for the contactless detection of conductive compounds because of its increased dielectric constant compared with glass or plastics. The capacitive coupling of the excitation signal into the microchannel across the LTCC substrate is improved, resulting in better detection sensitivity. Two silver electrodes located externally at opposite sides at the end of the separation channel act as detector. Impedance variations in the channel are measured without galvanic contact between electrodes and fluid. Inorganic ions are separated in less than 1 min with this novel ceramic device. The limit of detection is 10 μM for potassium.
Stability and identification for rational approximation of frequency response function of unbounded soil
Authors: Du Xiuli , Zhao Mi
Published: July 2009

Exact representation of unbounded soil contains the single output–single input relationship between force and displacement in the physical or transformed space. This relationship is a global convolution integral in the time domain. Rational approximation to its frequency response function (frequency‐domain convolution kernel) in the frequency domain, which is then realized into the time domain as a lumped‐parameter model or recursive formula, is an effective method to obtain the temporally local representation of unbounded soil. Stability and identification for the rational approximation are studied in this paper. A necessary and sufficient stability condition is presented based on the stability theory of linear system. A parameter identification method is further developed by directly solving a nonlinear least‐squares fitting problem using the hybrid genetic‐simplex optimization algorithm, in which the proposed stability condition as constraint is enforced by the penalty function method. The stability is thus guaranteed a priori. The infrequent and undesirable resonance phenomenon in stable system is also discussed. The proposed stability condition and identification method are verified by several dynamic soil–structure‐interaction examples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caring for a sibling with anorexia nervosa: A qualitative study
Authors: Dimitropoulos Gina , Klopfer Kristina , Lazar Lorena , Schacter Reva
Published: July 2009

Objective

Few studies have explored eating disorders from the perspective of non‐affected siblings. The aim of this investigation was to explore the unique experiences and challenges of siblings of women with anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

Twelve semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted with sibling participants to ascertain their perspective of caring for a sister with chronic AN.

Results

Qualitative analyses gleaned six themes: (1) the sibling role as protector and mediator; (2) familial factors that influence and reinforce these sibling roles; (3) consequences and benefits of AN to non‐affected sibling; (4) coping strategies; (5) current and future intentions of caregiving and (6) professional and informal support.

Discussion

The findings from this qualitative study provide a window into the perceptions, feelings, and roles of siblings of women afflicted with AN. An intervention guided by the elicited themes may facilitate family functioning that is more adaptive for both siblings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A boundary condition for arbitrary shaped inlets in lattice–Boltzmann simulations
Authors: Mattila K. , Hyväluoma J. , Folarin A. A. , Rossi T.
Published: July 2009

We introduce a mass‐flux‐based inlet boundary condition for the lattice‐Boltzmann method. The proposed boundary condition requires minimal amount of boundary data, it produces a steady‐state velocity field which is accurate close to the inlet even for arbitrary inlet geometries, and yet it is simple to implement. We demonstrate its capability for both simple and complex inlet geometries by numerical experiments. For simple inlet geometries, we show that the boundary condition provides very accurate inlet velocities when Re≲1. Even with moderate Reynolds number, the inlet velocities are accurate for practical purposes. Furthermore, the potential of our boundary condition to produce inlet velocities which convincingly adapt to complex inlet geometries is highlighted with two specific examples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear system identification using radial basis functions
Authors: Mokhasi Paritosh , Rempfer Dietmar
Published: July 2009

Focussing on applications to fluid flow phenomena, we are interested in developing dynamical system models that are based on the discrete multivariate time series information only. A method based on radial basis functions and linear multi‐step methods is used to construct continuous nonlinear models that approximate the original dynamical system. Information, such as the structure of the original system, is incorporated into the models through weak constraints. The formulation of the model and its advantages associated with modeling is described. Different examples are presented that highlight the various characteristics of the model and its effectiveness in dealing with various problems encountered in fluid flow problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.