bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Better to give? A systematic review of prosocial spending and happiness
Authors: Chen Yunxiang
Published: June 2023

Considerable research has amassed a plethora of evidence indicating that prosocial spending has a consistently positive effect on individual happiness. Nevertheless, this effect may be subject to various influencing factors that researchers have yet to systematically examine. The purpose of this systematic review is twofold: first, to document the empirical evidence of the relationship between prosocial spending and happiness, and second, to systematically categorize the influential factors affecting this relationship from the perspective of mediators and moderators. To achieve this goal, this systematic review incorporates the influential factors identified by researchers into an intra‐individual, inter‐individual, and methodological framework. Ultimately, this review includes 14 empirical studies that have effectively fulfilled the aforementioned two objectives. The systematic review concludes that engaging in prosocial spending consistently demonstrates a positive effect on individual happiness, irrespective of cultural or demographic factors, although the complexity of this relationship necessitates consideration of mediating and moderating factors, as well as methodological nuances.
Evaluation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 monoclonal antibodies in high‐risk solid organ transplant recipients across three major coronavirus disease 2019 variant waves
Authors: Zeitler Kristen , Piccicacco Nicholas , O'Neal Melissa , Montero Jose , Myers Andrew , Strebig Daniel , Nestler Sarah , Anger Lyndsey Bowman , Kim Kami
Published: June 2023

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) continues to impact immunocompromised populations including solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs). Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have shown effectiveness in reducing COVID‐19‐related hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits in SOTRs at different time frames in the COVID‐19 pandemic; however, less data exist on the impact of mAbs for SOTRs across variant waves and with the advent of available COVID‐19 vaccines.

Methods

This retrospective study included SOTR outpatients who tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 and received mAbs from December 2020 to February 2022 (n = 233); using in‐house sequencing of clinical samples, we monitored the emergence of Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants. The primary outcome was a composite of 29‐day COVID‐19‐related hospitalizations and ED visits. Prespecified secondary outcomes included individual components of the primary endpoint; for patients requiring hospitalization post‐mAb administration, we describe their inpatient treatment.

Results

A low percentage of SOTRs treated with mAb required hospitalization or an ED visit (14.6% overall); this did not differ across COVID‐19 variants (p = .152). Hospitalization and ED visits did not significantly differ between abdominal and cardiothoracic SOTRs. For hospitalized patients, the majority received treatment with corticosteroids and few required intensive care unit (ICU) care.

Conclusion

Among SOTR outpatients with mild or moderate COVID‐19 symptoms, early administration of mAb minimizes the need for hospital care. For patients requiring hospitalization, corticosteroids were common but patients experienced low rates of oxygen supplementation and ICU care. Use of mAbs in SOTRs should be considered early in the disease when therapy is available.

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Does trade policy help or hinder global warming? A case study of Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Moreira Mauricio Mesquita , Dolabella Marcelo
Published: June 2023

The dire prospects of global warming have been increasing the pressure on policymakers to use trade policy as a mitigation tool, challenging trade economists' canonical ‘targeting principle’. Even though the justifications for this stance remain as valid as ever, it no longer seems feasible in a world that is already engaging actively in using trade policy for climate purposes. However, the search for second‐best solutions remains warranted. In this paper, we focus on the climate benefits of tariff reform for a broad sample of Latin American and Caribbean countries, drawing on Shapiro's (2021, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 136, 831) insights about the environmental bias of trade policy. Using a partial equilibrium approach and GTAP‐MRIO data for 2014, we show that even though there is evidence of a negative bias towards ‘dirty goods’ in half of the countries studied, translating this into actionable tariff reforms is plagued by interpretation and implementation difficulties, as well as by jurisdictional and efficiency trade‐offs. There are also questions about their efficacy in curbing greenhouse gas emissions.
Enhanced dissipation and Taylor dispersion in higher‐dimensional parallel shear flows
Authors: Coti Zelati Michele , Gallay Thierry
Published: June 2023

We consider the evolution of a passive scalar advected by a parallel shear flow in an infinite cylinder with bounded cross section, in arbitrary space dimension. The essential parameters of the problem are the molecular diffusivity , which is assumed to be small, and the wave number in the streamwise direction, which can take arbitrary values. Under generic assumptions on the shear velocity , we obtain optimal decay estimates for large times, both in the enhanced dissipation regime and in the Taylor dispersion regime . Our results can be deduced from resolvent estimates using a quantitative version of the Gearhart–Prüss theorem, or can be established more directly via the hypocoercivity method. Both approaches are explored in the present example, and their relative efficiency is compared.
Theoretical Puncture Mechanics of Soft Compressible Solids
Authors: Fregonese Stefano , Tong Zhiyuan , Wang Sibo , Bacca Mattia
Published: June 2023

Accurate prediction of the force required to puncture a soft material is critical in many fields like medical technology, food processing, and manufacturing. However, such a prediction strongly depends on our understanding of the complex nonlinear behavior of the material subject to deep indentation and complex failure mechanisms. Only recently, we developed theories capable of correlating puncture force with material properties and needle geometry. However, such models are based on simplifications that seldom limit their applicability to real cases. One common assumption is the incompressibility of the cut material, albeit no material is truly incompressible. In this article, we propose a simple model that accounts for linearly elastic compressibility, and its interplay with toughness, stiffness, and elastic strain stiffening. Confirming previous theories and experiments, materials having high toughness and low modulus exhibit the highest dimensionless puncture resistance at a given needle radius. Surprisingly, in these conditions, we observe that incompressible materials exhibit the lowest puncture resistance, where volumetric compressibility can create an additional (strain) energy barrier to puncture. Our model provides a valuable tool to assess the puncture resistance of soft compressible materials and suggests new design strategies for sharp needles and puncture-resistant materials.
Behavior and Large-Scale Modeling of Multi-Sheet Aluminum Connections With Self-Piercing Rivets
Authors: André Victor , Costas Miguel , Langseth Magnus , Morin David
Published: June 2023

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study on the mechanical quasi-static behavior of self-piercing rivet (SPR) connections with three stacked sheets made from an AA6016-T4 aluminum alloy. The goal was to study the effects of sheet thickness and stack up of the SPR connection under large deformation and failure. Several different types of tests were performed to investigate the initial load-bearing capacity as well as the remaining capacity after partial joint failure. Additionally, the performance of state-of-the-art constraint modeling techniques was evaluated. The parameters for large-scale connector models were found through inverse modeling of the experiments. The models were validated against an additional test configuration where the middle sheet was load-free.
A Two-Stage Focal Transformer for Human–Robot Collaboration-Based Surface Defect Inspection
Authors: Gao Yiping , Gao Liang , Li Xinyu
Published: June 2023

Human–robot collaboration has become a hotspot in smart manufacturing, and it also has shown the potential for surface defect inspection. The robot can release workload, while human collaboration can help to recheck the uncertain defects. However, the human–robot collaboration-based defect inspection can be hardly realized unless some bottlenecks have been solved, and one of them is that the current methods cannot decide which samples to be rechecked, and the workers can only recheck all of the samples to improve inspection results. To overcome this problem and realize the human–robot collaboration-based surface defect inspection, a two-stage Transformer model with focal loss is proposed. The proposed method divides the traditional inspection process into detection and recognition, designs a collaboration rule to allow workers to collaborate and recheck the defects, and introduces the focal loss into the model to improve the recognition results. With these improvements, the proposed method can collaborate with workers by rechecking the defects and improve surface quality. The experimental results on the public dataset have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method, the accuracies are significantly improved by the human collaboration, which are 1.70%∼4.18%. Moreover, the proposed method has been implemented into a human–robot collaboration-based prototype to inspect the carton surface defects, and the results also verify the effectiveness. Meanwhile, the proposed method has a good ability for visualization to find the defect area, and it is also conducive to defect analysis and rechecking.
Ultrathin stable Ohmic contacts for high-temperature operation of β-Ga2O3 devices
Authors: Callahan William A. , Supple Edwin , Ginley David , Sanders Michael , Gorman Brian P. , O’Hayre Ryan , Zakutayev Andriy
Published: June 2023

Beta gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) shows significant promise in high-temperature, high-power, and sensing electronics applications. However, long-term stable metallization layers for Ohmic contacts at high temperatures present unique thermodynamic challenges. The current most common Ohmic contact design based on 20 nm of Ti has been repeatedly demonstrated to fail at even moderately elevated temperatures (300–400 °C) due to a combination of nonstoichiometric Ti/Ga2O3 interfacial reactions and kinetically favored Ti diffusion processes. Here, we demonstrate stable Ohmic contacts for Ga2O3 devices operating up to 500–600 °C using ultrathin Ti layers with a self-limiting interfacial reaction. The ultrathin Ti layer in the 5 nm Ti/100 nm Au contact stack is designed to fully oxidize while forming an Ohmic contact, thereby limiting both thermodynamic and kinetic instability. This novel contact design strategy results in an epitaxial conductive anatase titanium oxide interface layer that enables low-resistance Ohmic contacts that are stable both under long-term continuous operation (>500 h) at 600 °C in vacuum (≤10−4 Torr), as well as after repeated thermal cycling (15 times) between room temperature and 550 °C in flowing N2. This stable Ohmic contact design will accelerate the development of high-temperature devices by enabling research focus to shift toward rectifying interfaces and other interfacial layers.
Density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics reveal atomistic mechanisms for carbonate clumped isotope reordering
Authors: Perez-Beltran Saul , Zaheer Wasif , Sun Zeyang , Defliese William F. , Banerjee Sarbajit , Grossman Ethan L.
Published: June 2023

Carbon (
13
C) and oxygen (
18
O) isotopes in carbonates form clumped isotope species inversely correlated with temperature, providing a valuable paleothermometer for sedimentary carbonates and fossils. However, this signal resets (“reorders”) with increasing temperature after burial. Research on reordering kinetics has characterized reordering rates and hypothesized the effects of impurities and trapped water, but the atomistic mechanism remains obscure. This work studies carbonate-clumped isotope reordering in calcite via first-principles simulations. We developed an atomistic view of the isotope exchange reaction between carbonate pairs in calcite, discovering a preferred configuration and elucidating how Mg
2+
substitution and Ca
2+
vacancies lower the free energy of activation (Δ
A
‡
) compared to pristine calcite. Regarding water-assisted isotopic exchange, the H
+
-O coordination distorts the transition state configuration and reduces Δ
A
‡
. We proposed a water-mediated exchange mechanism showing the lowest Δ
A
‡
involving a reaction pathway with a hydroxylated four-coordinated carbon atom, confirming that internal water facilitates clumped isotope reordering.
NeuWS: Neural wavefront shaping for guidestar-free imaging through static and dynamic scattering media
Authors: Feng Brandon Y. , Guo Haiyun , Xie Mingyang , Boominathan Vivek , Sharma Manoj K. , Veeraraghavan Ashok , Metzler Christopher A.
Published: June 2023

Diffraction-limited optical imaging through scattering media has the potential to transform many applications such as airborne and space-based imaging (through the atmosphere), bioimaging (through skin and human tissue), and fiber-based imaging (through fiber bundles). Existing wavefront shaping methods can image through scattering media and other obscurants by optically correcting wavefront aberrations using high-resolution spatial light modulators—but these methods generally require (i) guidestars, (ii) controlled illumination, (iii) point scanning, and/or (iv) statics scenes and aberrations. We propose neural wavefront shaping (NeuWS), a scanning-free wavefront shaping technique that integrates maximum likelihood estimation, measurement modulation, and neural signal representations to reconstruct diffraction-limited images through strong static and dynamic scattering media without guidestars, sparse targets, controlled illumination, nor specialized image sensors. We experimentally demonstrate guidestar-free, wide field-of-view, high-resolution, diffraction-limited imaging of extended, nonsparse, and static/dynamic scenes captured through static/dynamic aberrations.
Long-acting refillable nanofluidic implant confers protection against SHIV infection in nonhuman primates
Authors: Pons-Faudoa Fernanda P. , Di Trani Nicola , Capuani Simone , Campa-Carranza Jocelyn Nikita , Nehete Bharti , Sharma Suman , Shelton Kathryn A. , Bushman Lane R. , Abdelmawla Farah , Williams Martin , Roon Laura , Nerguizian David , Chua Corrine Ying Xuan , Ittmann Michael M. , Nichols Joan E. , Kimata Jason T. , Anderson Peter L. , Nehete Pramod N. , Arduino Roberto C. , Grattoni Alessandro
Published: June 2023

The impact of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) on slowing the global HIV epidemic hinges on effective drugs and delivery platforms. Oral drug regimens are the pillar of HIV PrEP, but variable adherence has spurred development of long-acting delivery systems with the aim of increasing PrEP access, uptake, and persistence. We have developed a long-acting subcutaneous nanofluidic implant that can be refilled transcutaneously for sustained release of the HIV drug islatravir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor that is used for HIV PrEP. In rhesus macaques, the islatravir-eluting implants achieved constant concentrations of islatravir in plasma (median 3.14 nM) and islatravir triphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (median 0.16 picomole per 10
6
cells) for more than 20 months. These drug concentrations were above the established PrEP protection threshold. In two unblinded, placebo-controlled studies, islatravir-eluting implants conferred 100% protection against infection with SHIV
SF162P3
after repeated low-dose rectal or vaginal challenge in male or female rhesus macaques, respectively, compared to placebo control groups. The islatravir-eluting implants were well tolerated with mild local tissue inflammation and no signs of systemic toxicity over the 20-month study period. This refillable islatravir-eluting implant has potential as a long-acting drug delivery system for HIV PrEP.
mLST8 is essential for coronavirus replication and regulates its replication through the mTORC1 pathway
Authors: Fu Yanan , Fu Zhen , Su Zhelin , Li Lisha , Yang Yilin , Tan Yubei , Xiang Yixin , Shi Yuejun , Xie Shengsong , Sun Limeng , Peng Guiqing
Published: June 2023

Coronaviruses (CoVs), which pose a serious threat to human and animal health worldwide, need to hijack host factors to complete their replicative cycles. However, the current study of host factors involved in CoV replication remains unknown. Here, we identified a novel host factor, mammalian lethal with sec-13 protein 8 (mLST8), which is a common subunit of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), and is critical for CoV replication. Inhibitor and knockout (KO) experiments revealed that mTORC1, but not mTORC2, is essential for transmissible gastroenteritis virus replication. Furthermore, mLST8 KO reduced the phosphorylation of unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), a factor downstream of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, and mechanistic studies revealed that decreased phosphorylation of the mTORC1 downstream factor ULK1 promoted the activation of autophagy, which is responsible for antiviral replication in mLST8 KO cells. Then, transmission electron microscopy indicated that both mLST8 KO and autophagy activator inhibited the formation of double-membrane vesicles in early viral replication. Finally, mLST8 KO and autophagy activator treatment could also inhibit the replication of other CoVs, indicating a conserved relationship between autophagy activation and CoV replication. In summary, our work reveals that mLST8 is a novel host regulator of CoV replication, which provides new insights into the mechanism of CoV replication and can facilitate the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.

IMPORTANCE

CoVs are highly variable, and existing CoV vaccines are still limited in their ability to address mutations in CoVs. Therefore, the need to improve our understanding of the interaction of CoVs with the host during viral replication and to find targets for drugs against CoVs is urgent. Here, we found that a novel host factor, mLST8, is critical for CoV infection. Further studies showed that mLST8 KO inhibited the mTORC1 signaling pathway, and we found that autophagy activation downstream of mTORC1 was the main cause of antiviral replication in mLST8 KO cells. Autophagy activation impaired the formation of DMVs and inhibited early viral replication. These findings deepen our understanding of the CoV replication process and provide insights into potential therapeutic applications.
Infection of ferrets with wild type-based recombinant canine distemper virus overwhelms the immune system and causes fatal systemic disease
Authors: Laksono Brigitta M. , Roelofs Dagmar , Comvalius Anouskha D. , Schmitz Katharina S. , Rijsbergen Laurine C. , Geers Daryl , Nambulli Sham , van Run Peter , Duprex W. Paul , van den Brand Judith M. A. , de Vries Rory D. , de Swart Rik L.
Published: June 2023

Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes systemic infection resulting in severe and often fatal disease in a large spectrum of animal host species. The virus is closely related to measles virus and targets myeloid, lymphoid, and epithelial cells, but CDV is more virulent and the infection spreads more rapidly within the infected host. Here, we aimed to study the pathogenesis of wild-type CDV infection by experimentally inoculating ferrets with recombinant CDV (rCDV) based on an isolate directly obtained from a naturally infected raccoon. The recombinant virus was engineered to express a fluorescent reporter protein, facilitating assessment of viral tropism and virulence. In ferrets, this wild type-based rCDV infected myeloid, lymphoid, and epithelial cells, and the infection resulted in systemic dissemination to multiple tissues and organs, especially those of the lymphatic system. High infection percentages in immune cells resulted in depletion of these cells both from circulation and from lymphoid tissues. The majority of CDV-infected ferrets reached their humane endpoints within 20 d and had to be euthanized. In that period, the virus also reached the central nervous system in several ferrets, but we did not observe the development of neurological complications during the study period of 23 d. Two out of 14 ferrets survived CDV infection and developed neutralizing antibodies. We show for the first time the pathogenesis of a non-adapted wild type-based rCDV in ferrets.

IMPORTANCE

Infection of ferrets with recombinant canine distemper virus (rCDV) expressing a fluorescent reporter protein has been used as proxy to understand measles pathogenesis and immune suppression in humans. CDV and measles virus use the same cellular receptors, but CDV is more virulent, and infection is often associated with neurological complications. rCDV strains in current use have complicated passage histories, which may have affected their pathogenesis. Here, we studied the pathogenesis of the first wild type-based rCDV in ferrets. We used macroscopic fluorescence to identify infected cells and tissues; multicolor flow cytometry to determine viral tropism in immune cells; and histopathology and immunohistochemistry to characterize infected cells and lesions in tissues. We conclude that CDV often overwhelmed the immune system, resulting in viral dissemination to multiple tissues in the absence of a detectable neutralizing antibody response. This virus is a promising tool to study the pathogenesis of morbillivirus infections.
Bacterial Community Shifts during Polyp Bail-Out Induction in
Pocillopora
Corals
Authors: Chuang Po-Shun , Yamada Yosuke , Liu Po-Yu , Tang Sen-Lin , Mitarai Satoshi
Published: June 2023

Polyp bail-out represents both a stress response and an asexual reproductive strategy with significant implications for reshaping tropical coral reefs in response to global climate change. Although earlier studies have suggested that coral-associated microbiomes likely contribute to initiation of polyp bail-out in scleractinian corals, there have been no studies of coral microbiome shifts during polyp bail-out.
Effects of Microhabitat Temperature Variations on the Gut Microbiotas of Free-Living Hibernating Animals
Authors: Liu Sen , Xiao Yanhong , Wang Xufan , Guo Dongge , Wang Yanmei , Wang Ying
Published: June 2023

Temperature variations affect gut microbiome diversity and structure in both ectothermic and endothermic animals. Here, we aimed to characterize temperature-induced changes in the gut microbiotas of adjacent natural populations of the least horseshoe bat (
Rhinolophus pusillus
) which hibernate at different ambient temperatures.
Functional Characterization of
Verticillium dahliae
Race 3-Specific Gene
VdR3e
in Virulence and Elicitation of Plant Immune Responses
Authors: Tan Qian , Li Ran , Liu Lei , Wang Dan , Dai Xiao-Feng , Song Li-Min , Zhang Dan-Dan , Kong Zhi-Qiang , Klosterman Steve J. , Usami Toshiyuki , Subbarao Krishna V. , Liang Wen-Xing , Chen Jie-Yin
Published: June 2023

Based on the gene-for-gene model, research on the function of avirulence genes and resistance genes has had an unparalleled impact on breeding for resistance in most crops against individual pathogens. The soilborne fungal pathogen,
Verticillium dahliae
, is a major pathogen on many economically important crops.
Bacteremia Caused by a Serotype Ob5 Vibrio cholerae Strain in a Cirrhotic Patient in China
Authors: Xu Xiaohong , Qian Jiao , Ke Qinjian , Wang Yizhang , Liu Yanchao , Bao Danni
Published: June 2023

This study highlights the discovery of a novel ST1553
V. cholerae
strain in China, providing valuable insights into the genomic epidemiology and global transmission dynamics of
V. cholerae
. It is important to note that clinical presentations of NOVC bacteremia can vary significantly, and the isolates demonstrate genetic diversity.
Defining the Roles of Pyruvate Oxidation, TCA Cycle, and Mannitol Metabolism in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Paudel Santosh , Guedry Sarah , Obernuefemann Chloe L. P. , Hultgren Scott J. , Walker Jennifer N. , Kulkarni Ritwij
Published: June 2023

While
Staphylococcus aureus
has historically not been considered a uropathogen,
S. aureus
urinary tract infection (UTI) is clinically significant in certain patient populations, including those with chronic indwelling urinary catheters. Moreover, most
S. aureus
strains causing catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) are methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA).
The complex Rodrigues triple junction migration since ca. 8 Ma: A response to episodic Amsterdam–St. Paul hotspot tail capture by the Southeast Indian Ridge?
Authors: Meyzen Christine M. , Schwarz-Schampera Ulrich
Published: June 2023

The mutual intersection of three plate boundaries, so-called triple junctions, has long been recognized as crucial boundaries for unraveling the spatiotemporal motion of tectonic plates. Yet, the dynamic and tectonic processes ruling their migration remain enigmatic. At the Rodrigues triple junction, the Southwest Indian Ridge lengthens northeastward in response to the unsteady linearity of the Southeast Indian Ridge–Central Indian Ridge dueling ridge system. This mechanism is episodically compensated by the southeastward propagation of the Central Indian Ridge and alternating stages of recession and progression of the Southeast Indian Ridge. This has led to an apparent length constancy of the first Southeast Indian Ridge segment over the past ca. 8 Ma. These multiple ridge propagation episodes, from northwest, southwest, and southeast, result in a net northeastward migration of the Rodrigues triple junction. Here, we suggest that its migration since ca. 8 Ma is a consequence of short-term readjustments of its plate boundaries induced by transitory motion changes of the Capricorn plate, driven by episodic push forces exerted from ephemeral captures of the Amsterdam–St. Paul plume tail by the Southeast Indian Ridge at the southeastern part of the Capricorn plate (77.3°E–78.6°E).
Discovery of Permian–Triassic eclogite in northern Tibet establishes coeval subduction erosion along an ~3000-km-long arc
Authors: Wu Chen , Zuza Andrew V. , Levy Drew A. , Li Jie , Ding Lin
Published: June 2023

Eclogite bodies exposed across Tibet record a history of subduction-collision events that preceded growth of the Tibetan Plateau. Deciphering the time-space patterns of eclogite generation improves our knowledge of the preconditions for Cenozoic orogeny in Tibet and broader eclogite formation and/or exhumation processes. Here we report the discovery of Permo-Triassic eclogite in northern Tibet. U-Pb zircon dating and thermobarometry suggest eclogite-facies metamorphism at ca. 262–240 Ma at peak pressures of ~2.5 GPa. Inherited zircons and geochemistry show the eclogite was derived from an upper-plate continental protolith, which must have experienced subduction erosion to transport the protolith mafic bodies to eclogite-forming conditions. The Dabie eclogites to the east experienced a similar history, and we interpret that these two coeval eclogite exposures formed by subduction erosion of the upper plate and deep trench burial along the same ~3000-km-long north-dipping Permo-Triassic subduction complex. We interpret the synchroneity of eclogitization along the strike length of the subduction zone to have been driven by accelerated plate convergence due to ca. 260 Ma Emeishan plume impingement.
Late Orogenic Granitoids of the Tervu Agmatitic Zone in the Southeastern Part of the Svecofennian Belt (Northern Ladoga Area, Russia)
Authors: Baltybaev S. K. , Rizvanova N. G. , Kuznetsov A. B. , Petrakova M. E. , Vivdich E. S.
Published: June 2023

The Tervu breccia zone was formed at the final stages of the Late Proterozoic magmatic and metamorphic activity (1.86 Ga ago) and healed with granitic material shortly after its formation. The Tervu breccia zone with granitic agmatites has a sublatitudinal orientation, which is discordant in relation to the earlier structures and Kurkijoki enderbite and Lauvatsaar–Impiniem diorite–tonalite complexes in the Svecofennian rocks of the Ladoga region. The largest granitic bodies in this area, the Tervu and Peltola intrusions, are located in the Tervu Zone. The U–Pb age of monazite from granites of the Peltola intrusion is determined as 1859 ± 4 Ma and coincides with the age of the granites of the Tervu intrusion (1859 ± 3 Ma), which indicates that the granites of both intrusions and some surrounding smaller bodies were intruded simultaneously into the tectonically weakened space at the late-orogenic stage while plastic deformations were turning to elasto-plastic ones. The results obtained reveal the features of the tectonic development of the junction zone of the two largest blocks of the Fennoscandinavian shield, the Karelian Craton and the Svecofennian Belt.
Ecological Resources of Boreal Forests for Greenhouse Gas Absorption and in Adaptation to Global Warming (for the Paris Climate Change Agreement)
Authors: Kotlyakov V. M. , Kolomyts E. G. , Sharaya L. S.
Published: June 2023

The forests of the Oka basin were used as an example in an experiment to solve numerically the dual-purpose task set by the Paris Climate Change Agreement (2015): to assess CO2 absorption from the atmosphere by forest communities under the current global warming and forest adaptation to climate change. The regulation processes of the carbon cycle by the forest cover, with the effect of mitigating the predicted warming, were revealed with the help of empirical–statistical modeling. The adaptation potential and role of forests in carbon adsorption and conservation were assessed. The proposed index of elastic–plastic functional stability of forest ecosystems was used as an adaptation indicator. Forest sustainability as a direct environmental factor in greenhouse gas absorption was estimated in statistical terms. An unambiguous idea of the significant increase in the ecological resources of boreal and nemoral forests was obtained: their adsorption capacity increased with an increase in the adaptation potential. During the predicted 100-year period, the overall elastic–plastic stability of forest formations should increase in the region, especially at the current velocity of global warming. Due to this fact, a significant increase in the ability of boreal and, to a lesser extent, nemoral forests to absorb greenhouse gases should also be expected. Based on the obtained results of regional prediction modeling, coupled study of the adsorption capacity of forest biomes and their adaptation to the changing climate is effective.
Drug rediscovery in gastroenterology: from off-label to on-label use of thioguanine in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: de Boer Nanne K H , Simsek Melek , Meijer Berrie , Neurath Markus F , van Bodegraven Ad , Mulder Chris J J
Published: June 2023

Drug rediscovery refers to the principle of using ‘old’ drugs outside the indications mentioned in the summary of product characteristics. In the past decades, several drugs were rediscovered in a wide variety of medical fields. One of the most recent examples is the unconditional registration of thioguanine (TG), a thiopurine derivative, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in the Netherlands. In this paper, we aim to visualise potential hurdles that hamper drug rediscovery in general, emphasise the global need for optimal use and development of potentially useful drugs, and provide an overview of the registration process for TG in the Netherlands. With this summary, we aim to guide drug rediscovery trajectories in the near future.
The Pregnancy Rescue Case: why abortion is immoral
Authors: Hendricks Perry
Published: June 2023

In cases in which we must choose between either (i) preventing a woman from remaining unwillingly pregnant or (ii) preventing a fetus from being killed, we should prevent the fetus from being killed. But this suggests that in typical cases abortion is wrong: typical abortions involve preventing a woman from remaining unwillingly pregnant over preventing a fetus from being killed. And so abortion is typically wrong—and this holds whether or not fetuses are persons.
Creative forms: booklets by the hospital senses collective
Authors: Allitt Marie , Arnold-Forster Agnes , Barratt Harriet , Bates Victoria , Fleetwood-Smith Rebecka , Hickman Clare
Published: June 2023

This article details the creation of a series of booklets designed to explore sensory encounters with hospitals and healthcare environments. The booklets were devised as a series of prompts or provocations, created to attend to and examine embodied, sensory encounters with health/care settings rather than to present research findings. Bringing together an expansive range of backgrounds and skill sets the booklets were created to sit within and beyond language through their design, form and content. Within this article we share the ways in which the works are deliberately unfinished and exploratory as this necessitates that those interacting with them create their own meanings and explore how they think and feel about health/care environments. The form and design promote a certain attentiveness and embodied engagement. For example, users must engage with the works carefully, gently turning and unfurling the fragile pages. This is further illustrated through qualitative insights collected from users of the booklets. Throughout this paper we argue for multiplicity in the ways in which we explore and present sensory-focused research. Our attention to multiplicity is supported not only through the design, form and content of the physical booklets but through the creative audio description, text and images created to complement and support these works. These are available online to ensure that our provocations are widely accessible. Within this paper we critique how a reliance on narrative form can limit the ways in which we engage with spatial, sensory and emotional concepts. Such concepts are by their very nature challenging to articulate and arguably require more-than-text-based approaches. We propose that embracing creative, exploratory and seemingly risky routes to examining and presenting such concepts is critical in expanding research.
Tobacco companies’ creation of additional communication space: a content analysis of cigarette pack inserts and onserts
Authors: Spillane Torra E , Madar Alena , Cohen Joanna E , Welding Kevin , Clegg Smith Katherine
Published: June 2023

Objectives

Pack inserts and onserts—removable items placed inside or on the outside of packs—are a communicative strategy used by tobacco companies that provide them with additional marketing space. A content analysis of these items was conducted across several years, countries and brands to assess how these items are used to communicate with consumers.

Methods

Between 2013 and 2020, cigarette packs were systematically collected using the Tobacco Pack Surveillance System protocol. Packs with inserts or onserts (n=178) were identified from 11 low and middle-income countries. Packs were coded for tobacco company strategies, physical pack characteristics and imagery and lexical marketing appeals.

Results

Of the 5903 packs, 3% (n=178) had an insert or onsert. 171 of these (96%) were inserts. While most (78%) pack exteriors were entirely in English, over half (51%) of the inserts/onserts were entirely in the local (non-English) language from where the pack was collected. The most common appeals on the inserts/onserts were product dependability (64%), luxury/aspirational (55%) and machinery/technology (37%). Product images were prevalent as well as images or words mentioning filters (22%). The most used appeals involved featuring aspects of a product (66%), addressing customers directly (52%) and informing customers about new aspects of a product (31%).

Conclusions

Cigarette pack inserts/onserts are unregulated in many countries and provide additional space for tobacco companies to extend and innovate their advertising. Tobacco advertising and packaging policies such as plain and standardised packaging should expand to address inserts/onserts to protect consumers more fully from industry promotion of deadly products.
Synthetic cooling agent in oral nicotine pouch products marketed as ‘Flavour-Ban Approved’
Authors: Jabba Sairam V , Erythropel Hanno C , Woodrow Jackson G , Anastas Paul T , O'Malley Stephanie , Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra , Zimmerman Julie B , Jordt Sven Eric
Published: June 2023

Background

US sales of oral nicotine pouches (ONPs) have rapidly increased, with cool/mint-flavoured ONPs the most popular flavour category. Restrictions on sales of flavoured tobacco products have either been implemented or proposed by several US states and localities. Zyn, the most popular ONP brand, is marketing Zyn Chill and Zyn Smooth as ‘Flavour-Ban Approved’ or ‘unflavoured’, probably to evade flavour bans and increase product appeal. At present, it is unclear whether these ONPs are indeed free of flavour additives that can impart pleasant sensations such as cooling.

Methods

Sensory cooling and irritant activities of ‘Flavour-Ban Approved’ Zyn ONPs, Chill and Smooth, along with minty varieties (Cool Mint, Peppermint, Spearmint, Menthol), were analysed by Ca
2+
microfluorimetry in HEK293 cells expressing the cold/menthol (TRPM8) or menthol/irritant receptor (TRPA1). Flavour chemical content of these ONPs was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Results

Zyn Chill ONP extracts robustly activated TRPM8, with much higher efficacy (39%–53%) than the mint-flavoured ONPs. In contrast, mint-flavoured ONP extracts elicited stronger TRPA1 irritant receptor responses than Chill extracts. Chemical analysis demonstrated that Chill exclusively contained WS-3, an odourless synthetic cooling agent, while mint-flavoured ONPs contained WS-3 together with mint flavourants.

Conclusions

ONP products marketed as ‘Flavour-Ban Approved’ or ‘unflavoured’ contain flavouring agents, proving that the manufacturer’s advertising is misleading. Synthetic coolants such as WS-3 can provide a robust cooling sensation with reduced sensory irritancy, thereby increasing product appeal and use. Regulators need to develop effective strategies for the control of odourless sensory additives used by the industry to bypass flavour bans.
Landscape changes in the Tombstone Territorial Park region (central Yukon, Canada) from multilevel remote sensing analysis
Authors: Frappier Roxanne , Lacelle Denis , Fraser Robert H.
Published: June 2023

Northern ecosystems are vulnerable to surface disturbances caused by warming climate and human activities. The Ogilvie Mountains in central Yukon are an important region that should be monitored, as it is a major transportation corridor connecting northern communities. This study aims to characterize 35 years of landscape changes in the Tombstone Territorial Park and the surrounding region of the Ogilvie Mountains by detecting and interpreting landscape changes using a Landsat-derived trend analysis and multilevel image interpretation. Statistically significant spectral changes occurred in 24% of the study area between 1986 and 2021, and most of these changes are gradual and associated with vegetation succession and hydrological processes (i.e., erosion and deposition). Other landscape changes included wildfires, slumps, changes to riverbanks and lake shores, earlier melting of icings in the summer, degradation on the peripheries of some ice-wedge polygonal terrain, and potential insect damage to forests. Our investigation reveals that the extent and magnitude of landscape changes in the study area are influenced by climate, geomorphic setting, ecological succession, and glacial history of the region. Given a varied combination of ecotypes, spatial and temporal variations are to be expected in terms of the response of the landscape to climate and anthropogenic disturbances.
DEM study of the stress fields around the closed-ended displacement pile driven in sand
Authors: Guo N. , Liu H.F. , Li B.J. , Yang Z.X.
Published: June 2023

Three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) is employed to model the published calibration chamber test of a closed-ended displacement pile driven in sand. To achieve large chamber-to-pile and pile-to-particle size ratios for unbiased predictions, a high-performance graphics processing unit-powered DEM code is utilised in conjunction with the axisymmetric assumption and particle refinement method. The DEM parameters are first calibrated against the drained triaxial compression test data on Fontainebleau sand. Then, the DEM modelling of pile driving demonstrates quantitative agreement with the experimental counterpart in terms of cone resistance, stress contours, and distributions.
Assessing electron conduction mechanisms in highly organized surface water on a model neuronal lipid using quantum chemical methods
Authors: Neal Mathew P. , Weaver Donald F.
Published: June 2023

A comprehensive characterization of key mechanisms underlying signal transmission within the human brain remains an unsolved problem. The neuronal surface, composed principally of phosphatidylcholine (POPC), has a known ordering effect on water. This produces highly organized water layers (OWLs) at the neuron–water interface—the neurochemical implications of which are not currently understood. The human brain is 75% water by volume, with folds and grooves to maximize surface area, suggesting that characterization of neuronal OWLs may contribute to an understanding of neuronal signal transmission. Previous experimental work has measured enhanced conductivity of POPC OWLs relative to bulk water. The mechanism underlying this conductivity is still debated. Using quantum chemical methods on a POPC–water interface model system, we present data characterizing OWL conductance. Non-equilibrium Green's function calculation results demonstrate that there is negligible electron transfer-based conductivity through the OWL at biological temperatures. This is consistent with existing studies suggesting the Grotthuss mechanism as the most likely explanation for experimentally observed enhanced conductivity at the POPC–water interface. The broader implications of enhanced proton conductivity at the neuron–water interface are discussed.
A numerical model study on Grasse River ice-control structures
Authors: Kolerski Tomasz , Shen Hung Tao
Published: June 2023

Ice jams in the Grasse River have caused the erosion of capping material designed to prevent the resurfacing of the bed sediment in the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated area. Two in-stream ice-control structures are proposed to avoid the jam-induced erosion of the capping material. These two ice-control options are a pier-type ice-control structure and a reconstruction of a small hydropower dam upstream of the capping site. A numerical model study using the DynaRICE model is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed design. Flow and ice conditions corresponding to the 100-year return period of ice jam events obtained from analyzing historical breakup ice jam data are used in the evaluation. The results showed that these ice-control structures could reduce the ice discharge downstream and the size of the ice jam at the capping site to prevent the erosion and scour of the PCB-contaminated bed.
Transverse momentum decorrelation of the flow vector in Pb–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{_{\textrm{NN}}}}$$ = 5.02 TeV
Authors: Nielsen Emil Gorm , Zhou You
Published: June 2023

Anisotropic flow, typically defined as the azimuthal correlations of the produced particles with respect to the common symmetry plane over a large kinematic, has been a popular approach in the last three decades to explore the properties of hot and dense QCD matter in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. These flow studies are usually based on the multi-particle correlations method, assuming that multi-particle correlations can be factorized into the product of flow coefficients. However, recent LHC measurements, based on new four-particle correlation observables, show evidence of flow angle decorrelation and flow magnitude decorrelation. These decorrelations break the assumption of the common symmetry plane and factorization. In this paper, we perform systematic studies to investigate the decorrelation with A Multi-Phase Transport (AMPT) model. We examine different tunings of the initial conditions, partonic cross sections, and hadronic interactions, revealing that the decorrelations are mainly driven by the initial geometry fluctuations while weakly influenced by the system’s dynamic evolution. Comparison to experimental data and the AMPT calculations presented in this paper promotes a new possibility to further constraints on the initial conditions of the heavy-ion collisions.
Purely virtual extension of quantum field theory for gauge invariant fields: Yang–Mills theory
Authors: Anselmi Damiano
Published: June 2023

We extend quantum field theory by including purely virtual “cloud” sectors, to define physical off-shell correlation functions of gauge invariant quark and gluon fields, without affecting the S matrix amplitudes. The extension is made of certain cloud bosons, plus their anticommuting partners. Both are quantized as purely virtual, to ensure that they do not propagate ghosts. The extended theory is renormalizable and unitary. In particular, the off-shell, diagrammatic version of the optical theorem holds. We calculate the one-loop two-point functions of dressed quarks and gluons, and show that their absorptive parts are gauge independent, cloud independent and positive (while they are generically unphysical if the cloud sectors are not purely virtual). A gauge/cloud duality simplifies the computations and shows that the gauge choice is just a particular cloud. It is possible to dress every field insertion with a different cloud. We compare the purely virtual extension to previous approaches to similar problems.
What is Pro-poor Growth?
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Pernia Ernesto M.
Published: June 2023

This paper attempts to explain the concept of “pro-poor growth”, and argues that it represents a major departure from the “trickle-down” phenomenon. It proposes a new indicator—the pro-poor growth index—that measures the degree to which growth can be considered to be pro-poor. The new indicator is used to analyze the nature of economic growth in three countries, namely, Republic of Korea, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, and Thailand.
Capital Account Regimes, Crisis, and Adjustment in Malaysia
Authors: Athukorala Prema-chandra
Published: June 2023

This paper examines the role of international capital mobility in rendering countries susceptible to financial crises and the use of capital controls as a crisis management tool, in the light of the Malaysian experience through the Asian financial crisis. It is argued that significant liberalization of the capital account and aggressive promotion of portfolio inflows in a context of growing macroeconomic imbalances and loosening financial prudence made Malaysia vulnerable to a crisis. Against dire predictions by many observers, capital controls imposed in late 1998 assisted crisis management along Keynesian lines. However, other countries should be cautious in deriving policy lessons from the Malaysian experience because several factors specific to Malaysia seem to have significantly conditioned the outcome of the recovery package that was based on capital controls.