bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Reliability of Widmark Calculations Based on Breath Alcohol Measurements
Authors: Friel PN , Logan BK , Baer J
Published: August 2015

This study evaluated the reliability of Widmark calculations, based on breath ethanol readings (BrACs), for estimating the amount of alcohol consumed. A standard ethanol dose (males 0.51 g/kg; females 0.43 g/kg) was given to 115 college seniors, and BrACs were measured for two hours. Calculations of ethanol dose were performed using BrACs taken at 60, 75, 105, and 125 minutes after drinking. Mean calculated ethanol doses were lower than actual doses at each time point (P < 0.001). Mean underestimates were 13, 12, 15, and 14 mL of 100 proof vodka at 60, 70, 105, and 125 min after drinking. Calculated doses overestimated actual doses in 11, 10, 3, and 3 subjects at 60, 75, 105, and 125 min after drinking. The maximum overestimates were 13, 11, 6, and 8 mL of vodka at 60, 75, 105, and 125 min after drinking. At the 95% confidence level, the calculated dose at 105 and 125 min did not overestimate the true dose, but could underestimate it by as much as 30 mL vodka.
Distinguishing Ingested Ethanol from Microbial Formation by Analysis of Urinary 5-Hydroxytryptophol and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
Authors: Helander A , Beck O , Jones AW
Published: August 2015

During the metabolism of ethanol, the metabolic conversion of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is altered, and, as a consequence, the ratio of 5-hydroxytryptophol (5HTOL) to 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5HIAA) excreted in urine increases appreciably. The ratio of metabolites remains elevated for several hours after ethanol is no longer detectable. In the present study, urine specimens were supplemented with glucose and Candida albicans, a common human pathogenic yeast, and the formation of ethanol and the changes in the 5HTOL/5HIAA ratio were examined during one week of storage. Despite the production of high concentrations of ethanol (peak level 171 mmol/L, or 788 mg/dL), the 5HTOL/5HIAA ratio remained constant. The urinary 5HTOL/5HIAA ratio was also compared with urinary and blood ethanol levels in specimens selected at random during forensic autopsies. Elevated 5HTOL/5HIAA ratios were found in all specimens with detectable urinary ethanol. Some specimens showed elevated ratios of serotonin metabolites even though no ethanol was detected, indicating that these subjects had consumed ethanol prior to death but that the concentration had already returned to zero or was below the detection limit. In one case, postmortem ethanol formation was suspected, because blood ethanol concentration was 16.8 mmol/L (77 mg/dL) whereas urinary ethanol was zero. The urinary 5HTOL/5HIAA ratio fell within normal limits, which confirmed the suspicion of postmortem ethanol synthesis in the blood specimen. The present results indicate that the 5HTOL/5HIAA ratio in urine provides a useful method to distinguish between ethanol that might have been synthesized postmortem, or generated in vitro, from ethanol excreted in urine as a result of drinking.
Vitreous Humor Cocaine and Metabolite Concentrations: Do Postmortem Specimens Reflect Blood Levels at the Time of Death?
Authors: McKinney PE , Phillips S , Gomez HF , Brent J , MacIntyre M , Watson WA
Published: August 2015

The interpretation of postmortem cocaine concentrations is made in an attempt to estimate drug concentrations present at the time of death and thus infer not only drug presence but drug toxicity. Previous data suggest that changes in postmortem blood cocaine concentrations over time are not predictable and interpretation of cocaine levels should be done with caution. However, these data come from autopsy case series where vital information, such as blood cocaine concentration at the time of death, dose and time since last use, and postmortem interval is often not known. The purpose of this study was to characterize postmortem changes in cocaine and metabolite concentrations relative to premortem concentrations over time at two anatomic sites: peripheral blood and vitreous humor, in a controlled, large animal model. Juvenile swine were given cocaine HCl 10 mg/kg as an IV bolus which resulted in seizures and wide complex tachycardia. Five minutes after cocaine administration, animals were euthanized. At time of death and eight hours postmortem, femoral venous blood and vitreous humor (VH) samples were obtained for quantitation of cocaine, benzoyl ecgonine (BE), and ecgonine methyl ester (EME) by GC/MS. There were no significant increases over time in mean femoral vein concentrations of cocaine or BE. However, a large interanimal variability in direction and magnitude of concentration changes was seen. Mean EME concentrations at the femoral site increased significantly over 8 hours (P < 0.03). Mean VH cocaine concentrations at time of death were significantly lower than corresponding blood concentrations (P < 0.02). However, 8 hour postmortem VH cocaine concentrations increased in all animals and were similar to the femoral blood concentrations at time of death. These results emphasize the variability in postmortem cocaine concentrations and the need to consider the site of collection and postmortem interval as variables in interpreting postmortem cocaine and metabolite concentrations relative to premortem values.
A Review of Bones: A Forensic Detective's Casebook
Authors: Suchey JM
Published: August 2015

Bones: A Forensic Detective's Casebook, is a vivid account of some of Dr. Douglas Ubelaker's most intriguing forensic cases. This volume contains 25 relatively short chapters, many concentrating on a single forensic case involving the analysis of skeletal remains, The cases are related in an entertaining manner which makes the volume readable to the general public as well as the forensic specialist. There is a humorous vein throughout despite the tales of death which unfold. Woven into these skeletal cases is a wealth of information for forensic specialists. The reader is given information on the history of forensic anthropology and key figures in its development. In particular, Dr. Larry Angel (Ubelaker's predecessor at the Smithsonian) is described in the midst of his forensic work. Not only does Ubelaker describe pioneers in the field, he brings numerous colleagues and their contributions to light throughout these chapters.
A Review of Forensic Science Handbook Volume III
Authors: Smith FP
Published: August 2015

This third volume follows what has become a tradition of indepth chapters written by recognized forensic experts. The editor has judiciously chosen topics that meet distinct and timely needs. This handbook, like Volumes I and II, is an indispensable reference for scientists, att6rneys, and students who are interested in or work with the forensic sciences.
The Role of Forensic Anthropology in the Recovery and Analysis of Branch Davidian Compound Victims: Techniques of Analysis
Authors: Owsley DW , Ubelaker DH , Houck MM , Sandness KL , Grant WE , Craig EA , Woltanski TJ , Peerwani N
Published: August 2015

The recovery and analysis of human remains from the Branch Davidian Compound, Mount Carmel, Texas, was a multidisciplinary team effort. This presentation deals with one aspect of the forensic anthropological contribution to this collaborative endeavor—the examination and inventory of human skeletal remains and the interpretation of these osteological data. Briefly described first are the content and format of the skeletal inventory and the examination procedures used for data collection. Two subsequent sections illustrate the use of these data to determine (a) age, sex, ancestry, stature, and other distinguishing characteristics, and (b) the presence and nature of any premortem, perimortem, and postmortem trauma. The next section shows how these findings assist in establishing positive identification through, for example, comparison with medical, dental, and other background records, especially comparison of premortem and postmortem radiographs of bones or dentition. In this context, we consider also the sorting of commingled remains, which includes preliminary assessment of rapidly decomposing remains prior to autopsy to preserve information crucial to identification.
Decomposition of Buried Human Bodies and Associated Death Scene Materials on Coral Atolls in the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Spennemann DHR , Franke B
Published: August 2015

The decomposition of bodies and the decay of associated cultural materials, including clothing, personal ornaments, caskets, and grave goods, was investigated based on a series of exhumations on a small sand island on Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands. Decay data were documented for an interment period between 40 and 80 months.
Density Characterization of Armor Piercing Ammunition
Authors: Heye CL , Rios FG , Thornton JI
Published: August 2015

A 1986 Federal law regulates the manufacture, importation, and sale of armor piercing ammunition. The external appearance of various types of armor piercing ammunition are described, along with a method of density determination that will assist in distinguishing armor piercing ammunition from conventional ammunition.
Identification of Dynamite Explosives in Post Explosion Residues
Authors: Kolla P , Sprunkel A
Published: August 2015

The investigation of post blast residues of dynamite explosives with respect to the behavior of nitro-aromatic compounds is described. Experimental blasts were performed with free hanging charges. The samples taken from metal plates placed at different distances from the center of the explosion were analyzed by GC-TEA. The results were evaluated with respect to the relative amounts of the dinitrotoluene isomers to each other. The portions of the dinitrotoluenes showed good correspondance in the post blast residues with the original explosives.
GC/MS Data Interpretation for Petroleum Distillate Identification in Contaminated Arson Debris
Authors: Keto RO
Published: August 2015

Extracted ion profiling (“mass chromatography”) and target compound analysis are compared as complementary techniques for the identification of petroleum distillates in fire debris. The positive and negative aspects of both techniques are discussed, including common pitfalls and interpretation suggestions. Neither technique is superior to the other; each has strong qualities where the other has deficiencies. It is recommended that both techniques be applied to GC/MS data for difficult high-back-ground samples.
Adolescent Psychopathy in Relation to Delinquent Behaviors, Conduct Disorder, and Personality Disorders
Authors: Myers WC , Burket RC , Harris HE
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between psychopathy as measured by The Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R) and delinquent behaviors, conduct disorder, and personality disorders in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents.

Thirty adolescent inpatients were assessed for psychopathy, delinquent behaviors, DSM-III-R Axis I disorders, and personality disorders using the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R), the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA-R), and the Structured Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SIDP-R).

Significant relationships were noted between elevated PCL-R psychopathy scores and delinquent behaviors, conduct disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder.

The validity of the PCL-R as a measure of psychopathy in adolescence was supported. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the clinical application of the PCL-R to adolescent populations.
Homicide in Psychiatric In-Patient Facilities: A Review, a Six-Year Study, and a Case Report
Authors: Ladds B
Published: August 2015

Many research studies have attempted to explore the apparent relationship between mental illness and violence. These studies have generally examined the rates of violence during one of three phases: before, after, or during psychiatric hospitalization. Violence that takes place during psychiatric hospitalization has unique implications for both patients, treatment facilities, and for research on violence. This area therefore deserves special study. This article focusses on the most extreme violence that can take place on the wards of a psychiatric facility, assaults resulting in death. This article reviews the literature in this area, reports on a study of the incidence of such occurrences in New York State, and reports in some detail on an additional case which occurred prior to the period under study. The study presented here found that amongst all psychiatric facilities in New York State in a six year period there were three cases of in-patient homicide. An average of approximately 90,000 people were served within these facilities during each of the years under study. Suggestions are made for further research in this area.
Rapid, Noninvasive Contraband Detection by Acoustic Response
Authors: Young C , Yohman R
Published: August 2015

We present here a simple, inexpensive method for the rapid detection of concealed contraband materials. This method exploits the difference in acoustic response between a hollow, contraband-laden host and a solid object of the same type. We model the concealment as a damped resonator and contrast it with the unperturbed unit, which is solid and therefore exhibits less damping upon excitation. Next we present the laboratory results that confirmed the efficacy of the technique, prior to on-site deployment as part of a narcotics investigation. Finally, we summarize the results in situ and offer concluding comments.
A Microspectrophotometric Method for Dating Ballpoint Inks—A Feasibility Study
Authors: Aginsky VN
Published: August 2015

A new approach to estimate the age of ballpoint ink-written texts has been offered. It is based on using the microspectrophotometric determination of the ratios of comparatively unstable and stable dyes in the surface layer of the questioned ink and in the whole ink film by comparing reflectance values measured in natural (specular reflection) and polarized (diffuse reflection) light, respectively. The older the ink, the less the mentioned dyes' ratio in the surface layer of the ink.

Limitations of the technique and of the equipment's accessories used are discussed. Suggestions for further work are proposed.
A Device for Sampling Aquatic Insects Associated with Carrion in Water
Authors: Vance GM , VanDyk JK , Rowley WA
Published: August 2015

A device that permits the sampling of aquatic insects associated with carcasses in water with minimal disturbance of the natural environment is described. A field study conducted in early summer documented strictly aquatic insects recovered from decaying pig carcasses in an Iowa freshwater lake using this sampling method. Forty carcasses of newborn pigs were placed in the devices and removed at two-day intervals to simulate a complete decomposition sequence. Twenty species of insects from twelve families in five orders were documented, along with water mites (Arachnida:Acari) and amphipods (Crustacea:Amphipoda).
Identification of Dog Repellent in the Clothes of an Assault Suspect Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mongan AL , Buel E
Published: August 2015

Clothes from an assault case were recently submitted to our laboratory in order to determine if the suspect had been sprayed with Halt! Dog Repellent. The three major capsaicinoids of the Capsicum species, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin were extracted and identified using GC/MS. The spectra compared favorably with the remaining repellent in the can and cited literature values.
Evaluating the Work of Forensic Scientists by Citation Analysis
Authors: Jones AW
Published: August 2015

“The Hottest in Forensics: Citations Tell Whodunnit” was the catchy rubric used to introduce the lead article in the January 1995 number of Science Watch, a newsletter published by the Philadelphia based Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). ISI is perhaps better known for producing the Science Citation Index (SCI) and Current Contents, two widely used tools for literature retrieval and bibliometric evaluation of science and scientists. The Science Watch newsletter team identifies trends and performances in basic and applied research by means of citation counts and thus helps to spot hot-topics and emerging research fronts. Science Watch also publishes interviews with scientific superstars and authors of highly cited papers.
Ephedra's Role as a Precursor in the Clandestine Manufacture of Methamphetamine
Authors: Andrews KM
Published: August 2015

In February 1993, an illicit, fully operational methamphetamine laboratory was confiscated in Vacaville, California. In addition to seizing ephedrine and pseudoephedrine tablets, approximately 1.3 kg of ephedra was found at the lab site. Ephedra (also referred to as Ma Huang) is a plant material that contains numerous alkaloids, including 1-ephedrine and d-pseudoephedrine. Ephedra products are currently sold over-the-counter in various forms such as tablets and capsules. Quantitative analysis reveals that some ephedra capsules and tablets contain as much methamphetamine precursors as a synthetic 25 mg ephedrine tablet. Because of this, ephedra is becoming a “substitute precursor” for ephedrine compounds for use in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine.

Ephedra samples were reacted with hydriodic acid and red phosphorus in much the same way as ephedrine would be reacted in order to produce methamphetamine. The progress of the reduction was monitored by obtaining aliquots of the reaction solution at time intervals followed by analyses using GC/IRD and GC/MS. An analysis of the final product of the reaction indicated that d-metham-phetamine, d-amphetamine and d-N,N-dimethylamphetamine had been produced as a result of the reduction of ephedra. The latter two compounds result from the reduction of norephedrine and N-methylephedrine, respectively (also present in ephedra), and therefore represent markers for this synthetic methodology.
Synthesis and Structure of the Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) Complexes Produced in the Photoluminescent Enhancement of Ninhydrin Developed Fingerprints Using Group 12 Metal Salts
Authors: Davies PJ , Kobus HJ , Taylor MR , Wainwright KP
Published: August 2015

The complexation reactions involving Ruhemann's purple (RP) and either zinc(II) or cadmium(II), which are made use of in the enhancement of latent fingerprints that have undergone preliminary development with ninhydrin, have been investigated under a variety of conditions. Contrary to earlier reports it is now clear that metal complexes with either a 1:1 or 1:2 metal:ligand ratio can be formed under certain conditions. Polar solvents, which cause extensive ionization of the metal salt, facilitate the formation of the 1:2 complex whereas less polar solvents allow the formation of 1:1 complexes through retention of a covalently bound anion in the primary coordination sphere. Thus, Zn(RP)2 can be prepared from seemingly any zinc(II) salt and NaRP in water or methanol. It is a highly insoluble and kinetically stable red powder with fluorescence emission bands at 590 and 640 nm. The structure of an orange 1:1 Zn:RP complex, produced as crystals from ZnCl2 and NaRP in a 5:1 chloroform:methanol mixture, has been solved by X-ray diffraction and shown to correspond to a formula of NaZn2(RP)2Cl3CH3OH. This material is very rapidly decomposed into its components by water. The previously reported 1:1 Cd:RP complexes, which are red, form under a much wider range of conditions than their zinc(II) counterparts, however, if cadmium(II) perchlorate is combined with RP in water or methanol Cd(RP)2 precipitates instead. This is a golden-brown powder showing a strong fluorescence.
Study on the Wound Ballistics of Fragmentation Protective Vests Following Penetration by Handgun and Assault Rifle Bullets
Authors: Missliwetz J , Denk W , Wieser I
Published: August 2015

This experimental study showed that when handgun and assault rifle bullets penetrate fragmentation protective vests (fpv) about one third of all bullets become immediately instable. This results in a shortening of the narrow channel. The diameters of the temporary wound cavities may decrease compared to unprotected persons, but may increase with high-energy bullets. The degree of injuries is thus variable and cannot be predicted in a general manner, but it can be determined empirically for specific bullets as well as for certain types of vests.
Unequivocal Identification of Several Common Adulterants and Diluents in Street Samples of Cocaine by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: López-Artíguez M , Cameán A , Repetto M
Published: August 2015

This paper describes an improved method for the direct identification of adulterants and diluents in street samples of cocaine using infrared spectroscopy. The proposed method requires a versatile software package designed for handling infrared data on a personal computer. The spectra of the mixtures of cocaine.HCl and several common adulterants (caffeine, procaine.HCl, lidocaine.HCl and piracetam) and diluents (glucose, lactose, sucrose, starch and mannitol) were recorded. Two regions were chosen in the infrared spectra: 1800–1500 cm−1, which includes all the assayed adulterants, and 960–860 cm−1, for sugars and polyalcohols. The display of the different spectra through the computerized program allowed the identification of the above mentioned substances even at 5% concentration.
Distribution of Ethanol in Postmortem Liver
Authors: Jenkins AJ , Levine BS , Smialek JE
Published: August 2015

The analysis of multiple specimens for ethanol has become a necessary and accepted practice in postmortem forensic toxicology. The correlation between blood and various body fluids has been well documented. However, there is little data on the distribution of ethanol in specimens such as the liver. In postmortem cases where blood is unavailable or contaminated, liver may be used for alcohol and drug analyses. This study reports the analysis, by head space gas chromatography, of heart blood and liver specimens for ethanol from 103 postmortem cases. The average liver/heart blood ratio in cases with a blood alcohol level (BAC) ≥0.04 g/dL was 0.56, SD = 0.30, with a range of 0–1.40.
Typing of DNA HLA-DQα Alleles Extracted from Human Nail Material Using Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Tahir MA , Watson N
Published: August 2015

The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing of human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) DQα from human fingernails is described. HLA-DQα genotypes can be accurately determined from clipped fingernails. We have typed 26 nails accurately, while one did not give any type since that one sample did not amplify due to the low quantity of DNA. The cut off limit for the digested material to be amplified is approximately 9 mgs of nail material.
Detection of D1S80 (pMCT118) Locus Polymorphism Using Semi-nested Polymerase Chain Reaction in Skeletal Remains
Authors: Honda K , Nakatome M , Islam MN , Bai H , Ogura Y , Kuroki H , Yamazaki M , Terada M , Misawa S , Wakasugi C
Published: August 2015

We evaluated the usefulness of a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detecting D1S80 (pMCT118) locus polymorphisms of DNA extracted from old skeletal remains. The semi-nested PCR has been applied to the amplification of D1S80 nucleic acid sequences. For amplification of the locus D1S80, a pair of oligonucleotide primers have been used widely as described by Kasai et al. We have designed another set of primers for semi-nested PCR. This method resulted in D1S80-VNTR detection from low-titered DNA isolated from old skeletal remains. The first and second step PCR achieved amplification from as little as 10 ng and 10 pg of template DNA, respectively. Specificity and sensitivity of the amplification products was markedly improved by semi-nested PCR. In DNA extracted from biological samples, this method took about 5 hours to amplify the target DNA and 3 hours for electrophoretic separation. We demonstrated that this semi-nested PCR method was superior in sensitivity to conventional 1-step standard amplification for VNTR typing of the D1S80 locus.
A Method for the Purification and Recovery of Genomic DNA from an HLA DQA1 Amplification Product and Its Subsequent Amplification and Typing with the AmpliType® PM PCR Amplification and Typing Kit
Authors: Hochmeister MN , Budowle B , Borer UV , Dirnhofer R
Published: August 2015

DNA from plucked single hairs from ten individuals was extracted by two different methods and subsequently amplified and typed using the AmpliType™ HLA DQ alpha Forensic DNA Amplification and Typing Kit. The remaining untyped portions of the DQA1 amplification products were stored refrigerated or frozen for two weeks and subsequently purified using Centricon™ 100 microconcentrators. Genomic DNA was recovered from the DQA1 amplification PCR and used again as a template for a subsequent multiplex PCR. Twenty μL of each retentate were amplified and typed with the AmpliType® PM PCR Amplification and Typing Kit. All typing results were consistent with DQA1 and PM results of control hairs and reference blood samples from the donors and all results were consistent with those obtained when the samples were typed solely for PM. The DQA1-Centricon™ 100-PM approach is useful when the genomic DNA from an evidentiary sample has been used completely for HLA-DQA1 typing, so that only the amplified product is remaining. The typing of five more genetic markers can be achieved from a HLA-DQA1 sample, so additional information for identification purposes could be provided. However, genomic DNA as well as the DQA1 product are recovered and the latter will also serve as a template in the subsequent PM amplifications. Therefore there will be more DQA1 product after the PM amplification than would be expected when only genomic DNA was used as a template. Thus certain practices should be considered when reading the types from PM probe strips if this DQA1-Centricon™ 100-PM approach is used.
Crystal Violet Lactone as a Security Marker for Fuels
Authors: McDermott SD , Parkes J , Kearney A
Published: August 2015

Crystal Violet Lactone (CVL) is normally used in carbonless copy paper. The reaction between CVL and polar substances such as silica gel produces a blue color. A novel use of CVL as a security marker in the larceny of fuel is described.
Microsatellite DNA Polymorphism Analysis in a Case of an Illegal Cattle Purchase
Authors: Beamonte D , Guerra A , Ruíz B , Alemany J
Published: August 2015

A case of illegal cattle purchasing is presented. Basque country police submitted six blood samples: three from the allegedly stolen animals and three from the putative mothers. Four polymorphic DNA loci were analyzed to establish the parental relationship. From the case investigation the maternity of the alleged cattle was determined.
Artefact in Forensic Medicine: Pseudo-Rodent Activity
Authors: Patel F
Published: August 2015

Postmortem rodent activity is a potential source of confounding marks for forensic pathologists when unmasking criminal activity. It might also be that something innocent could be masquerading an “end result” of rodent disturbance. A chronic skin lesion which proved to be a “pseudo-rodent” artefact is briefly communicated and supplements an earlier published article on artefact in forensic medicine.
A Comparative Study of Genetic Variation at Five VNTR Loci in Three Ethnic Groups of Houston, Texas
Authors: Sharma BR , Thompson M , Bolding JR , Zhong Y , Jin L , Chakraborty R
Published: August 2015

Following the technique of Southern blot restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) analysis, we generated a database of DNA profiles at five Variable Number of Tandem Repeats loci (D1S7, D2S44, D4S139, D10S28, and D17S79) for 669 individuals of three major ethnic populations (Caucasians, Blacks, and Hispanics) of Houston, Texas. Analysis of fragment sizes at these loci within each sample, as well as their fixed-bin analyses, reveal that the assumptions of independence of allelic occurrences within and between loci are valid for this database. Fixed-bin allele frequency tables, therefore, are the best descriptors of this database for conservative forensic calculations. Finally, we demonstrate that this regional database from Houston, Texas, does not yield any meaningfully different forensic inference than the one obtained from the National database of the respective ethnic groups.
Forensic Identification of Ungulate Species Using Restriction Digests of PCR-Amplified Mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Murray BW , McClymont RA , Strobeck C
Published: August 2015

A survey of mitochondrial D-loop variation in 15 species of ungulates was conducted via amplification by the polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. This survey included moose (Alces alces), caribou (Rangifer tarandus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), black-tailed deer (O. h. columbianus), white-tailed deer (O. virginianus), wapiti (Cervus elaphus), pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), Stone's sheep (O. dalli), domestic sheep (O. aries), moulflon sheep (O. musimon), mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus), domestic goat (Capra hircus), domestic cattle (Bos taurus), and bison (Bison bison). The results of this preliminary survey indicate that there may be sufficient species specific variation in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genome of the ungulate species examined here, with the exception of deer (Odocoileus) species, to establish the species origin of the mitochondrial haplotypes of this group. The Odocoileus species are known to hybridize and sharing of mtDNA haplotypes was observed. The chelex DNA extraction technique was successfully used on small blood stains.
Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Residual Solvents in Illicit Cocaine HCl and Heroin HCl
Authors: Morello DR , Meyers RP
Published: August 2015

Methodology has been developed which utilizes static headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS) to identify and quantitate residual solvents occluded in illicit cocaine HCl and heroin HCl. The liberation of the occluded solvents was ensured by complete solubilization of the crystal matrices in aqueous 22% sodium sulfate. Ion trap mass spectrometry is used for both identification and quantitation; five deuterated, structurally related internal standards are utilized for more accurate quantitation. Overall method precision for 25 commonly encountered solvents averaged 6.7% RSD. Minimum detection limits ranged from 3 to 87 ppm for a 15 mg equivalent cocaine sample weight, and from 2 to 43 ppm for a 30 mg equivalent heroin sample weight. Qualitative and quantitative data for the 25 most commonly encountered occluded solvents in cocaine HCl and heroin HCl exhibits are presented.
Crime Laboratory Proficiency Testing Results, 1978–1991, I: Identification and Classification of Physical Evidence
Authors: Peterson JL , Markham PN
Published: August 2015

The proficiency testing of crime laboratories began in the mid-1970s and presently assumes an important role in quality assurance programs within most forensic laboratories. This article reviews the origins and early results of this testing program and also examines the progress of proficiency testing in allied scientific fields. Beginning in 1978, a fee-based crime laboratory proficiency testing program was launched and has grown to its present level involving almost 400 laboratories worldwide. This is the first of two articles that review the objectives, limitations and results of this testing from 1978 through 1991. Part I reviews the success of laboratories in the identification and classification of common evidence types: controlled substances, flammables, explosives, fibers, bloodstains, and hairs. Laboratories enjoy a high degree of success in identifying drugs and classifying (typing) bloodstains. They are moderately successful in identifying flammables, explosives, and fibers. Animal hair identification and human hair body location results are troublesome. The second paper will review the proficiency of crime laboratories in determining if two or more evidentiary samples shared a common origin.
Crime Laboratory Proficiency Testing Results, 1978–1991, II: Resolving Questions of Common Origin
Authors: Peterson JL , Markham PN
Published: August 2015

A preceding article has examined the origins of crime laboratory proficiency testing and the performance of laboratories in the identification and classification of common types of physical evidence. Part II reviews laboratory proficiency in determining if two or more evidence samples shared a common source. Parts I and II together review the results of 175 separate tests issued to crime laboratories over the period 1978 to 1991. Laboratories perform best in determining the origin of finger and palm prints, metals, firearms (bullets and cartridge cases), and footwear. Laboratories have moderate success in determining the source of bloodstains, questioned documents, toolmarks, and hair. A final category is of greater concern and includes those evidence categories where 10% or more of results disagree with manufacturers regarding the source of samples. This latter group includes paint, glass, fibers, and body fluid mixtures. The article concludes with a comparison of current findings with earlier LEAA study results, and a discussion of judicial and policy implications.
The Evaluation and Implementation of Match Criteria for Forensic Analysis of DNA
Authors: Laber TL , Iverson JT , Liberty JA , Giese SA
Published: August 2015

This study describes a method for establishing match criteria used in forensic DNA typing. The validity of applying different match criteria based upon the molecular weight of a DNA band is discussed. The match criteria presented allow visually matching DNA patterns to be confirmed by computer assisted image analysis over the entire range of the sizing ladder.

Approximately 5000 intragel and 5000 intergel comparisons were made between the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) DNA band sizes obtained from casework, mock cases, and environmentally insulted samples and the band sizes obtained from their corresponding bloodstain standards (controls). Analyses of these data suggested that fragments located in different molecular weight size regions of an analytical gel required different match criteria for assessing a visual match. The results of these analyses support the use of the following match criteria: Intragel 0.5–10 kb = ±1.7%, 10–15 kb = ±3.2%, 15–22.6 kb = ±5.8%; Intergel and blind control 0.5–10kb = ±3.0%, 10–15 kb = ±4.2%, 15–22.6 kb = ±10.0%; and human cell-line K562 and the monomorphic locus D7Z2 = ±2.5%. Each match criterion was also evaluated with respect to the distance in millimeters between matching bands throughout the 0.5–22.6 kb molecular weight size range. Applying these match criteria to different gel regions has been shown to be valid and reliable in comparisons conducted on more than 10,000 validation samples, in over 500 forensic cases and in more than 200 searches of a criminal sexual offender (CSO) database containing over 5000 individuals.
Genotyping of the DQA1*4 Alleles by Restriction Enzyme Digestion of the PCR Product from the AmpliType® PM Kit
Authors: Lee JC-I , Tsai L-C , Chang J-G
Published: August 2015

An earlier study has shown that the three DQA1*4 alleles (0401, 0501 and 0601) can be distinguished by restriction enzyme digestion of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product derived from the DQα AmpliType™ kit (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, NJ). We have found that the AmpliType® PM kit (Perkin-Elmer, Branchburg, NJ) can also be used to achieve the same goal. In this case, a Bio-Profil image analysis system (Vilber Lourmat, Marne La Vallee, France) is used for evaluating the restricted patterns. After typing the six alleles of DQA1 by the AmpliType HLA DQ α Detection Reagent Set (Perkin-Elmer, Branchburg, NJ), the PCR products from the PM kit with allele 4 were digested with Fok I and Rsa I, separately. Since the other five fragments from PM kit will conceal the digested fragments of the HLA DQA1 PCR products, we measured the optical density of the pre- and post-digested 242 bp fragments in Fok I digestion, and 214/221 bp fragments in Rsa I digestion to decide the results of enzyme digestion. Out of 136 samples used in this study, 61 contain the DQA1 allele 4 determined by the DQα AmpliType™ method. All 61 were typed with enzyme digestion, of which there are 2.3%, 19.8% and 8.1% in allele 0401, 0501 and 0601, respectively. Our procedure can thus extend the utilization of AmpliType® PM kit and increase the discrimination power of the DQA1 system, especially in populations with high distribution of allele 4.
Genetic Polymorphism of Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein in Northern Bavaria (Germany). Simplified AHSG-Phenotyping by Isoelectric Focusing Using Dry Gels
Authors: Hausmann R , Leonhardy K , Martus P , Lötterle J
Published: August 2015

A simple and practical method of detecting AHSG using isoelectric focusing on dry gels is described. The procedure is both rapid and provides reliable results. AHSG phenotypes were determinated in 215 unrelated individuals from Northern Bavaria. The allele frequencies obtained were: AHSG*1 = 0.7139, AHSG*2 = 0.2697 and AHSG*3 = 0.0164.
Methamphetamine and Amphetamine Derived from the Metabolism of Selegiline
Authors: Romberg RW , Needleman SB , Jacob Snyder J , Greedan A
Published: August 2015

Routine methamphetamine testing identified a urine specimen with inconsistent screening and confirmation results. The methamphetamine RIA screening test (Diagnostic Products Corporation) indicated a borderline positive specimen, while the achiral confirmatory GC/MS result showed 4690 ng/mL of methamphetamine and 1895 ng/mL of amphetamine. Analysis of the specimen after derivatization with S(-)-N-trifluoroacetylprolyl chloride showed only the presence of 1-amphetamine and 1-methamphet-amine. It was later learned that the individual providing the specimen had been taking Selegiline.

Selegiline, (-) propynylmethamphetamine, is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It is sold under the trade name Eldepryl. Its major metabolites are 1-methamphetamine, 1-amphetamine and N-desmethylselegiline.

Urine specimens from other Selegiline users were obtained and analyzed. A characteristic metabolic pattern was noted, exemplified by a ratio of 1-methamphetamine to 1-amphetamine of about 2.8. This is in contrast to what is observed in the urine of individuals who ingest pure 1-methamphetamine, such as with Vicks Inhaler, where the 1-methamphetamine to 1-amphetamine ratio in the urine is usually greater than 8. Caution is advised when interpreting methamphetamine results without using a chiral identification technique.
A Novel Method for the Analysis of Gasoline from Fire Debris Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction
Authors: Furton KG , Almirall JR , Bruna JC
Published: August 2015

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been adapted for the analysis of gasoline in fire debris. Compared to traditional passive headspace concentration (activated charcoal strip), the SPME method presented here was found to be faster, simpler and have a higher sensitivity. This method also eliminates the need for the highly flammable and toxic solvent carbon disulfide.
Assessing the Unique Characteristics of Close-Proximity Soil Samples: Just How Useful Is Soil Evidence?
Authors: Junger EP
Published: August 2015

An evaluation of current techniques used in the forensic analysis of soils and geologic evidence. Research was performed to determine the discriminative qualities of the various procedures to discern at what point soils become indistinguishable from one another. Included in this research is an assessment of the techniques from an analyst standpoint to determine what level of advanced mineralogical examination is required to segregate one sample from another.

One hundred samples were collected from three different sites; a beach, an island isolated by a river, and a bus parking lot. The samples were analyzed utilizing color determination, particle size distribution analysis and mineralogical profiles of the twenty-five most common soil minerals. Of the three hundred samples examined, over one-half could be discriminated by color alone, the remainder needing only particle size distributions analysis for differentiation, negating the need for lengthy mineralogical examinations. These examinations were conducted with very inexpensive equipment and calculations which could be used with a minimum of training and cost.
A Unique and Sensitive ELISA Technique for Typing ABH Antigens in Bloodstains Using UEA-I Lectin—The Removal of Detergent with a Sephadex G-25 Mini-Column Improves Sensitivity
Authors: Matsubara K , Tanabe K , Yuasa I , Nakamura H , Tanabe Y , Idzu T , Takahashi S , Kimura K
Published: August 2015

A unique sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of ABH antigens in bloodstains has been developed. Human anti-A and -B antisera and Ulex europaeus anti-H lectin were coated on the inner surface of microplate wells. The sample antigens from bloodstains, solubilized with n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside which was then removed by passing through a Sephadex G-25 (G-25) mini-column, were placed in the wells. After washing the wells repeatedly, peroxidase-conjugated Ulex europaeus lectin I was added and incubated. Antigen activities were determined by the development of colors using o-phenylenediamine/H2O2. This technique permitted clear detection of all ABH antigens corresponding to the antisera and lectin with high sensitivities. The A and B antigens were solubilized as aggregates with H antigen from the erythrocyte membrane. Excess detergent remaining in the sample reduced the sensitivity and accuracy of this ELISA, probably due to the removal of antibody from the wells by the effect of the surfactant. The treatment of solubilized antigens with G-25, an indispensable step, eliminated the adverse effect of the detergent on the ELISA. The ELISA method reported here was proved to be easy, economical and sensitive, and this technique should be useful in the forensic practice.
Employee Sabotage in the Workplace: A Biopsychosocial Model
Authors: Klein RL , Leong GB , Silva JA
Published: August 2015

Recently, there has been an increased interest in workplace violence. However, the psychiatric literature has paid little, if any attention to the specific subject area of workplace property harm or sabotage by employees.

The specific psychology and/or psychopathology of the individual worker may be relevant in the evaluation of sabotage behavior. However, psychosocial factors associated with behavior within organizations and originating in part from the job itself are not likely to be considered in the initial assessment. We therefore introduce concepts from the organizational behavior literature that may facilitate and complement psychiatric evaluation of sabotage in the workplace. These concepts will fill the gap in a biopsychosocial assessment of sabotage in the workplace and provide a nexus for future interdisciplinary studies of workplace property violence.
Predicting Aggressive and Socially Disruptive Behavior in a Maximum Security Forensic Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Hill CD , Rogers R , Bickford ME
Published: August 2015

The predictive utility of Hare, Hart, and Cox's Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL:SV) was assessed utilizing a sample of forensic psychiatric patients from Vernon State Hospital in Vernon, Texas. A sample of 55 patients were interviewed and rated on the PCL:SV. During a six month follow up, occurrences of self-harm (suicide attempts and self mutilation), aggression (verbal abuse and threats, irritability, belligerence, and fighting) escape potential (threats and attempts), and treatment refusal (medication, tests, and physician's appointments) were rated. Separate stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed utilizing patient's age, type of charges, documented history of alcohol/drug abuse and the PCL:SV as predictor variables. Results indicate that the PCL:SV is predictive of aggression and treatment noncompliance.
Examination of Line Crossings by Low KV Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Using Photographic Stereoscopic Pairs
Authors: Blueschke A , Lacis A
Published: August 2015

An update on the examination of the sequence of crossed lines, specifically, between ball point pen strokes (waterfast glycol and aqueous based inks) and faint typewritten impressions (produced by old, poor quality fabric ribbon), utilizing a contemporary Hitachi S-2500 SEM and photographic stereoscopic pairs.
Using Multiplex PCR Amplification and Typing Kits for the Analysis of DNA Evidence in a Serial Killer Case
Authors: Hochmeister MN , Budowle B , Eisenberg A , Borer UV , Dirnhofer R
Published: August 2015

Analysis of DNA evidence in a serial killer case was performed using the AmpliType® HLA-DQ alpha-, AmpliType® PM-, and the GenePrint™ STR Multiplex System PCR Amplification Kits. In addition, a sex typing procedure using the X-Y homologous gene amelogenin was carried out. DNA profiles from a single hair with attached sheath material, recovered from underneath the seat cover of the suspect's car seat were compared with DNA profiles derived from reference head hairs from a homicide victim. From the evidentiary sample only 9 ng of human DNA could be recovered. In a sample, where the quantity of DNA becomes a critical issue a powerful route is the simultaneous amplification of several loci (multiplex PCR). This is the first report where commercially available multiplex PCR amplification and typing kits have been introduced for the analysis of DNA evidence in a serial killer case and the analysis has been admitted in court.
Fatal Methemoglobinemia Caused by Liniment Solutions Containing Sodium Nitrite
Authors: Saito T , Takeichi S , Yukawa N , Osawa M
Published: August 2015

We describe a case of fatal methemoglobinemia (MetHb-emia) resulting from application of liniment solution containing large quantities of sodium nitrite. As a remedial treatment of atopic dermatitis, the liniment solution was applied all over the boy's body. Autopsy findings showed no significant macroscopic or microscopic findings except blood tinted chocolate brown color and chronic atopic dermatitis over the whole surface of the body. Quantitation of the methemoglobin (MetHb) in the blood was performed using spectrophotometer; MetHb concentration of the blood was 76%. Ion chromatographic determination revealed a nitrite concentration of 1 mg/L in the serum. Such a liniment solution is not authorized by the Ministry of Public Welfare.
Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974–1989): II. Identification of Some Topcoat Inorganic Pigments Using an Extended Range (4000-220 cm−1) Fourier Transform Spectrometer
Authors: Suzuki EM
Published: August 2015

A number of strong unidentified absorptions were observed in infrared spectra of some U.S. automobile original topcoats (1974–1989) from the Reference Collection of Automotive Paints. Most of these absorptions appeared to arise from specific color-imparting pigments, but with the exception of ferric oxide (Fe2O3), talc, and diatomaceous silica, they could not be attributed to any pigments previously identified in automobile paint using infrared spectroscopy. All of those previously identified, however, were pigments used in undercoats. This paper describes the infrared identification of several inorganic pigments used in automobile topcoats. Lead chromate pigments, which were found in many Reference Collection yellow, orange, and red nonmetallic topcoats, are no longer used in U.S. original finishes. Their presence can thus serve as both a means to differentiate between topcoats and provide some indication of when certain topcoats may have been produced. The far-infrared region below 700 cm−1, which cannot be observed when using a narrowband mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector, was found to be important for the analysis of topcoats containing certain pigments.
Fluted and Annular Grooved Barrel Chambers in Firearms
Authors: Krcma V
Published: August 2015

The identification of suspect firearms by fluted and annular grooved barrel chamber markings on fired cartridge cases is described.