bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative assessment of increased sensitivity of chronic laminitic horses to hoof tester evoked pain
Authors: VIÑUELA‐FERNANDEZ I. , JONES E. , McKENDRICK I. J. , MOLONY V.
Published: August 2010

Reasons for performing study:To evaluate quantitative sensory testing (QST) of the feet of laminitic horses using a power‐assisted hoof tester.

Hypothesis:Hoof Compression Thresholds (HCTs) can be measured reliably and are consistently lower in horses with chronic laminitis than in normal horses.

Methods:HCTs of chronic laminitic (n = 7) and normal horses (n = 7) were repeatedly measured using a hydraulically powered and feedback controlled hoof tester. Data from 2 tests, at 3 sites in both forefeet, during 3 sessions were collected and statistically analysed using linear mixed models.

Results:The mean ± s.e. HCT for the laminitic horses was 29.6 ± 3.5 kg/cm2and for horses in the normal group was 59.8 ± 4.3 kg/cm2. Residual variance was the largest of the error components and was greater (P<0.001) for the normal horses; none of the other components significantly differed between the 2 groups. Averaging of HCTs from each foot could produce a test with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.83 for the normal group and 0.87 for the laminitic group, with an estimated sensitivity of 0.94 and a specificity of 0.93. This test would permit detection with 80% power and 95% confidence of a reduction of over 40% in the difference in mean HCTs between laminitic and normal horses following effective treatment provided that the experimental groups are of 9 or more horses.

Conclusions:HCTs can be safely and reliably measured experimentally using this hoof tester. The level of variability found indicates that, under these conditions, treatments may need to produce at least a 40% improvement to be detected. Simplification of the hoof tester, training of the horse and repeated testing may permit the method to be used clinically to detect changes in the HCTs of individual laminitic horses but these potential improvements will require further investigation.

Potential relevance:Measurement of HCTs can provide an additional means for assessing the effectiveness of treatments for alleviation of chronic equine laminitis.
On Model Design of a Surrogate Fuel Formulation
Authors: Slavinskaya Nadezhda A. , Zizin Anton , Aigner Manfred
Published: August 2010

Calculations of evaporation characteristics (distillation curve, two-phase diagram, and critical points) of surrogates are described in detail. The efficiency of some surrogate blends, represented in literature, in reflecting the evaporation characteristics was analyzed. Based on the analysis, the chemical capabilities of surrogate models are not linked to their abilities to reflect the phase-equilibrium properties of real fuel. It is shown that model design of practical fuels must include the phase-equilibrium and distillation curve calculations. A surrogate mixture was selected, which closely matches the boiling-point curve and two-phase diagram for jet-A. Next, physical properties of reference fuel were taken into consideration: combustion enthalpy, formation enthalpy, molar weight, approximate formula (carbon per hydrogen ratio), sooting tendency index, critical point, two-phase diagram, and distillation curve.
A Reduced-Order Model of Detuned Cyclic Dynamical Systems With Geometric Modifications Using a Basis of Cyclic Modes
Authors: Mbaye Moustapha , Soize Christian , Ousty Jean-Philippe
Published: August 2010

A new reduction method for vibration analysis of intentionally mistuned bladed disks is presented. The method is built for solving the dynamic problem of cyclic structures with geometric modifications. It is based on the use of the cyclic modes of the different sectors, which can be obtained from a usual cyclic symmetry modal analysis. Hence the projection basis is constituted; as well as, on the whole bladed disk, each sector matrix is reduced by its own modes. The method is validated numerically on a real bladed disk model, by comparing free and forced responses of a full model finite element analysis to those of a reduced-order model using the new reduction method.
Design and Analysis of an Intercooled Turbofan Engine
Authors: Xu Lei , Grönstedt Tomas
Published: August 2010

The performance of an intercooled turbofan engine is analyzed by multidisciplinary optimization. A model for making preliminary simplified analysis of the mechanical design of the engine is coupled to an aircraft model and an engine performance model. A conventional turbofan engine with technology representative for a year 2013 entry of service is compared with a corresponding intercooled engine. A mission fuel burn reduction of 3.4% is observed. The results are analyzed in terms of the relevant constraints such as compressor exit temperature, turbine entry temperature, turbine rotor blade temperature, and compressor exit blade height. It is shown that the gas path of an intercooled engine for medium range commercial transport applications, having an overall pressure ratio greater than 70 in top of climb, may still be optimized to fulfill a compressor exit blade height constraint. This indicates that a state of the art high pressure compressor efficiency can be achieved. Empirical data and a parametric computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study are used to verify the intercooler heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics.
Measurements of Drag Torque, Lift-Off Journal Speed, and Temperature in a Metal Mesh Foil Bearing
Authors: San Andrés Luis , Chirathadam Thomas Abraham , Ryu Keun , Kim Tae Ho
Published: August 2010

Metal mesh foil bearings (MMFBs) are a promising low cost gas bearing technology for high performance oil-free microturbomachinery. Elimination of complex oil lubrication and sealing system by deploying MMFBs in rotorcraft gas turbine engines offers distinctive advantages such as reduced system weight, enhanced reliability at high rotational speeds and extreme temperatures, and extended maintenance intervals compared with mineral oil lubricated bearings. MMFBs for oil-free rotorcraft engines must demonstrate adequate load capacity, reliable rotordynamic performance, and low frictional losses in a high temperature environment. The paper presents the measurements of MMFB break-away torque, rotor lift-off and touchdown speeds, and temperature at increasing static load conditions. The tests, which were conducted in a test rig driven by an automotive turbocharger turbine, demonstrate the airborne operation (hydrodynamic gas film) of the floating test MMFB with little frictional loses at increasing loads. The measured drag torque peaks when the rotor starts and stops, and drops significantly once the bearing lifts off. The estimated rotor speed for lift-off increases linearly with the applied static load. During continuous operation, the MMFB temperature measured at the back surface of the top foil increases both with rotor speed and static load. Nonetheless, the temperature rise is mild, demonstrating reliable performance. Application of a sacrificial layer of solid lubricant on the top foil surface reduces the rotor break-away torque. The measurements give confidence on this simple bearing technology for ready application into oil-free turbomachinery.
Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Gas Generator Design and Performance Testing as an Aircraft Emergency Power Unit
Authors: Yang Gyaebyung , Park Daejong , Kim Chun Taek , Kwon Sejin
Published: August 2010

Hydrazine monopropellant is often used with a spontaneous catalyst a high-performance aircraft emergency power unit (EPU) and in aerospace propulsion; however, it is toxic and requires special handling. A hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-based gas generator, which is suitable for a new family of environmentally friendly monopropellants and is a substitute for toxic hydrazine in EPUs, is introduced in this study. A MnO2/Al2O3 catalyst for H2O2 decomposition, superior to silver catalysts at normal starting and reactivity capabilities, was selected and developed. The performance tests of coupling the gas generator with a turbocharger showed acceptable results for an aircraft EPU with decomposition above 90%, 37 kW maximum turbine output power, and a maximum starting delay of 1.2 s during normal starting operation. The gas generator also demonstrated satisfactory performance during repeated pulse operation at a pulse duration of 3 s and 60 s under various output conditions.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Part-Flow Cycle Supercritical CO2 Gas Turbines
Authors: Utamura Motoaki
Published: August 2010

Cycle characteristics of closed gas turbines using supercritical carbon dioxide as a working fluid are investigated. It is found that an anomalous behavior of the physical properties of CO2 at the pseudocritical point may limit the heat exchange rate of a regenerative heat exchanger due to the presence of a pinch point inside the regenerative heat exchanger. Taking such a pinch problem into consideration, the cycle efficiency of the Brayton cycle is assessed. Its value is found to be limited to 39% degraded by 8% compared with the case without the pinch present inside. As an alternative, a part-flow cycle is investigated and its operable range has been identified. It is revealed that the part-flow cycle is effective to recover heat transfer capability and may achieve the cycle thermal efficiency of 45% under maximum operating conditions of 20 MPa and 800 K. Optimal combination of turbine expansion ratio and a part-flow ratio is 2.5 and 0.68, respectively. Parametric study is carried out. In neither compressor nor turbine, deteriorated adiabatic efficiency may affect cycle efficiency significantly. However, pressure drop characteristics of heat exchangers govern the cycle efficiency.
Mobility of Multichain Platform Mechanisms Under Differential Displacement
Authors: Milenkovic Paul
Published: August 2010

For a platform connected to its base through two chains forming a single loop, the instantaneous mobility may be expressed by a set of motion screws that is in the intersection of the sets of motion screws for each of the two chains. A recent work shows that the platform remains mobile after differential displacement along all mobile paths if the Lie closures of the screw sets of the two chains are each within the span of the union of screw sets of those chains. If this union span is one dimension short of containing the Lie closures of the two chains, a quadratic form determines whether the reference pose is at a constraint singularity and resolves the mobile paths at that singularity. Those results are now extended to a platform manipulator with more than two chains, using a recursive procedure for updating velocity, acceleration, and higher-order descriptions of platform mobility after adding successive chains. The new analytical technique characterizes the bifurcation of the mobility at constraint singularity of 3RSR, 3RER, and 3UPU platform mechanisms proposed for use in constant-velocity couplings, robotic wrists, and translational manipulators.
An Underactuated, Magnetic-Foot Robot for Steel Bridge Inspection
Authors: Mazumdar Anirban , Asada H. Harry
Published: August 2010

A legged robot that moves across a steel structure is developed for steel bridge inspection. Powerful permanent magnets imbedded in each foot allow the robot to hang from a steel ceiling powerlessly. Although the magnets are passive, the attractive force is modulated by tilting the foot against the steel surface. This allows the robot to slide its feet along the surface using “moonwalk” and “shuffle” gait patterns. The robot can also detach its feet and “swing” them over small obstacles. These diverse walking patterns are created with a single servoed joint and two sets of simple locking mechanisms. Kinematic and static conditions are obtained for the underactuated legged robot to perform each gait pattern safely and stably. A dynamic model is built for swinging a leg, and a desirable swing trajectory that keeps the foot reaction force lower than its limit is obtained. A proof-of-concept prototype robot is designed, built, and tested. Experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the design concept and verify the analytical results.
Nucleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer of R134a and R134a-PVE Lubricant Mixtures on Smooth and Five Enhanced Tubes
Authors: Ji Wen-Tao , Zhang Ding-Cai , Feng Nan , Guo Jian-Fei , Numata Mitsuharu , Xi Guannan , Tao Wen-Quan
Published: August 2010

Pool boiling heat transfer coefficients of R134a with different lubricant mass fractions for one smooth tube and five enhanced tubes were tested at a saturation temperature of 6°C. The lubricant used was polyvinyl ether. The lubrication mass fractions were 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 5.0%, 7.0%, and 10.0%, respectively. Within the tested heat flux range, from 9000 W/m2 to 90,000 W/m2, the lubricant generally has a different influence on pool boiling heat transfer of these six tubes.
Large Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement in Microchannels With a Train of Coflowing Immiscible or Colloidal Droplets
Authors: Fischer Magnus , Juric Damir , Poulikakos Dimos
Published: August 2010

We show that heat transfer in microchannels can be considerably augmented by introducing droplets or slugs of an immiscible liquid into the main fluid flow. We numerically investigate the influence of differently shaped colloidal or simply pure immiscible droplets to the main liquid flow on the thermal transport in microchannels. Results of parametric studies on the influence of all major factors connected to microchannel heat transfer are presented. The effect of induced Marangoni flow at the liquid interfaces is also taken into account and quantified. The calculation of the multiphase, multispecies flow problem is performed, applying a front tracking method, extended to account for nanoparticle transport in the suspended phase when relevant. This study reveals that the use of a second suspended liquid (with or without nanoparticles) is an efficient way to significantly increase the thermal performance without unacceptably large pressure losses. In the case of slug-train coflow, the Nusselt number can be increased by as much as 400% compared with single liquid flow.
Numerical Simulations of the Dynamics and Heat Transfer Associated With a Single Bubble in Subcooled Pool Boiling
Authors: Wu Jinfeng , Dhir Vijay K.
Published: August 2010

In this study, numerical simulations of a vapor bubble in subcooled pool boiling have been performed. The applied numerical procedure coupling level-set function with moving mesh method has been validated by comparing the results of bubble-growth history including bubble departure diameter with data from experiments. The predictions of bubble dynamics and heat transfer for various subcoolings as well as different gravity levels are presented.
Simple Models for Laminar Thermally Developing Slug Flow in Noncircular Ducts and Channels
Authors: Muzychka Y. S. , Walsh Edmond , Walsh Pat
Published: August 2010

Solutions to the classical Graetz slug flow problem (uniform velocity distribution) in noncircular ducts are examined. These solutions have applications where a constant uniform velocity distribution exists across a channel or duct. These are most often realized in the laminar flow of low Prandtl number liquids, such as liquid metals, and low Reynolds number flows through porous media. Expressions are developed for a number of applications using the asymptotic correlation method of Churchill and Usagi. These expressions vary depending on the definition used for the dimensionless heat transfer coefficient, in the case of constant wall temperature boundary condition (T), and the dimensionless wall temperature for the constant flux boundary conditions (H) and (H1). Finally, simple expressions are developed for predicting the thermal entrance length and fully developed flow Nu values for noncircular ducts.
ANOMALOUS RESULTS IN THE PERIODIC ACID OXIDATION OF SERINE
Authors: Mortimer D. C.
Published: August 2010

When serine-3-C14was degraded with periodate at pH 5.5, the expected molar equivalents of carbon dioxide (carbon-1), formic acid (carbon-2), and formaldehyde (carbon-3) were obtained, but 15 to 31% of the C14was recovered in the formic acid and the specific activity of the formaldehyde was reduced by a similar amount. These results combined with additional evidence from periodic acid uptake curves at different pH values, and the identification of glycolaldehyde isolated as the dinitrophenylhydrazone from the reaction mixture, showed that the serine–periodate reaction was more complex than has been assumed. A modification of the accepted mechanism was proposed to account for the anomalous results.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 LABELLED COMPOUNDS: X. THE INCORPORATION OF GLUTAMIC ACID-l-C14
Authors: McConnell W. B.
Published: August 2010

Glutamic acid-1-C14was injected into the top internode of wheat stems at a stage of growth when kernel development was rapid (71 days after seeding). The plants were harvested 31 days later when they had matured and the incorporation of carbon-14 studied. About one-third of the carbon-14 administered was found in the upper portions of the mature plants, much of the remaining radioactivity having apparently been respired. About 85% of the carbon-14 recovered was found in the kernel. The protein fractions of these were most radioactive, but an appreciable amount of carbon-14 also appeared in the starch. Glutamic acid had the highest specific activity of the amino acids isolated from the gluten, but proline and arginine were also strongly labelled. Since these three amino acids were labelled predominantly in carbon-1 their close metabolic relationship in the wheat plant seems probable.
LIPASE ACTIVITY IN LINGCOD MUSCLE PREPARATIONS
Authors: Wood J. D.
Published: August 2010

A lipase has been isolated and partially purified from the muscle of the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus). Both monoglycerides and triglycerides are hydrolyzed but methyl acetate and ethyl acetate are attacked extremely slowly, if at all. The lipase is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate but not by ferricyanide, cyanide, or azide. The pH of optimum activity is 8.2. The enzyme is unstable in aqueous solution, but can be stored at −20 °C for several weeks without loss of activity.
LINGCOD MUSCLE PHOSPHORIBOISOMERASE AND RIBULOSE 5′-PHOSPHATE 3′-EPIMERASE
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: August 2010

Comparatively pure phosphoriboisomerase and ribulose 5′-phosphate 3′-epimerase enzyme preparations were obtained from lingcod muscle by a simple procedure involving water extraction, saturation of the extract with ammonium sulphate, dialysis, brief heating to 55 °C, lyophilization of the solution, and final separation by ion exchange chromatography, using diethylamiuoethyl cellulose columns. Both enzymes have broad pH optima above pH 7.0, but are rapidly inactivated below this value. The following equilibria were established and compared with those obtained by other investigators: [Formula: see text], 1.35:1.0; [Formula: see text], 1: 1.5 and [Formula: see text], 1:0.58:0.66. The ketopentulose phosphate resulting from the action of phosphoriboisomerase on D-ribose 5-phosphate was isolated and identified as D-ribulose5-phosphate. Both D-ribulose and D-xylulose were demonstrated after subjecting a product of epimerase action to hydrolysis by acid phosphatase and ion exchange chromatography.
ROLE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND MITOCHONDRIAL STRUCTURE
Authors: Petrushka E. , Quastel J. H. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: August 2010

The addition of small amounts (50 μg protein) of heated snake venom to respiring preparations of mitochondria from rat liver or kidney brings about an uncoupling of oxidation from phosphorylation as measured by a fall in the P/O ratio. When larger amounts (250 μg protein) of heated venom are added a rapid decline in the respiratory activity eventually takes place which coincides with a breakdown in the mitochondrial structure. On addition of smaller amounts (e.g. 7.5 μg protein) of heated venom to liver or kidney mitochondria there occurs a release of soluble proteins including enzymes, e.g. ATP-ase.Various phospholipids are able to exert a specific protective effect against the uncoupling action of heated venom. Albumin exhibits a non-specific effect but glutathionine, which helps to maintain the respiratory activity of mitochondria in the presence of heated venom, does not prevent the accompanying fall in the P/O ratio.The importance of the structural integrity of mitochondria for their enzymic activities is discussed, special reference being made to the role of phospholipids.
THE FORMATION OF 6-MERCAPTOPURINE RIBOSIDE PHOSPHATE IN ASCITES TUMOR CELLS
Authors: Paterson A. R. P.
Published: August 2010

A nucleotide metabolite of 6-mercaptopurine has been isolated from Erhlich ascites carcinoma cells exposed to this compound under in vivo and in vitro conditions. By chemical and enzymatic methods, this nucleotide has been identified as 6-mercaptopurine nucleoside-5′-monophosphate.6-Mercaptopurine nucleotide is formed rapidly in the tumor cells in vivo, maximum concentrations being achieved within 0.5 hours after administration of the analogue. Treatment of the tumor cells with 6-mercaptopurine or with azaserine induced a twofold to threefold enhancement in their ability to synthesize 6-mercaptopurine nucleotide.Using isotopic techniques small amounts of 6-mercaptopurine nucleotide were detected in liver, intestine, and a solid tumor. The conversion of 6-mercaptopurine to the nucleotide form was also demonstrated in an ascitic form of Sarcoma 180.
THE COMBINATION OF COPPER WITH AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES, AND PROTEINS
Authors: Scaife J. F.
Published: August 2010

By equilibrating solutions containing amino acids, peptides, or proteins with the sparingly soluble copper salt malachite (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), it has been possible to determine the amount of copper in the solutions complexed to these compounds, and the amount of free copper in the solutions in equilibrium with the complex. The dissociation constant for the copper–glycine complex has been estimated from the data obtained using this system. The nature of the complexes has been deduced both from chemical determinations of the bound copper, and from manometric measurements of the extent of complexing, made in bicarbonate buffers. The simple amino acids have been shown to form complexes of the type CuR2, which are appreciably dissociated in dilute solutions. The degree of complexing is influenced by the nature of the group R. Histidine, tryptophane, and other compounds containing more than one donor nitrogen atom are able to form more than one type of complex with copper. The participation of other nitrogen atoms in complexing is related to their basicities. Glycylglycine is able to bind approximately twice as much copper as glycine, but the other glycine peptides from triglycine to pentaglycine show a reduced and progressively decreasing ability to bind copper.The binding of copper to proteins differs from that of the amino acids, in that the amount of copper bound is independent of the concentration of protein present, for any given concentration of free copper. The several atoms of copper bound to each protein molecule were not all bound with the same affinity.
ENTANGLEMENT DYNAMICS OF TRANSFERRING BELL STATES IN SPIN CHAINS
Authors: REN JIE , ZHU SHIQUN
Published: August 2010

A teleportation scheme between two arbitrary locations is introduced. The locations only need to establish a quantum wire to a super-location. The super-location can create and transfer Bell states by two unmodulated and coupled spin chains or by two engineered spin chains. The entanglement of transferring the Bell state of [Formula: see text] is better than that of transferring state [Formula: see text].
NOVEL OPTICAL TRAPPING TOOL GENERATION AND STORAGE CONTROLLED BY LIGHT
Authors: YOUPLAO P. , PHATTARAWORAMET T. , MITATHA S. , TEEKA C. , YUPAPIN P. P.
Published: August 2010

We propose a novel system of an optical trapping tool using a dark-bright soliton pulse-propagating within an add/drop optical filter. The multiplexing signals with different wavelengths of the dark soliton are controlled and amplified within the system. The dynamic behavior of dark bright soliton interaction is analyzed and described. The storage signal is controlled and tuned to be an optical probe which can be configured as the optical tweezer. The optical tweezer storage is embedded within the add/drop optical filter system. By using some suitable parameters, we found that the tweezers storage time of 1.2 ns is achieved. Therefore, the generated optical tweezers can be stored and amplified within the design system. In application, the optical tweezers can be stored and trapped light/atom, which can be transmitted and recovered by using the proposed system.
MULTIFERROIC MATERIALS Bi1-xSmxFeO3: A STUDY OF RAMAN AND ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPIES
Authors: MINH NGUYEN VAN , THANG DAO VIET
Published: August 2010

Multiferroic Bi 1-x Sm x FeO 3(x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) ceramics were prepared by conventional solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction measurement was carried out to characterize the crystal structure and to detect the impurities existing in these ceramics. The substitution of rare earth Sm for Bi was found to decrease the impurity phase in BiFeO 3 ceramics. There is strong evidence that both lattice constants a and c of the unit cell become smaller as the Sm 3+ content is increased. The effect of introducing Sm 3+ is shown to decrease the optical band gap for doped sample Bi 1-x Sm x FeO 3. Additionally, the temperature-dependent Raman measurement performed for the lattice dynamics study of Bi 1-x Sm x FeO 3 samples reveals a strong band centered at around 1000–1300 cm-1 which is associated with the resonant enhancement of two-phonon Raman scattering in the multiferroic Bi 1-x Sm x FeO 3 samples. This two-phonon signal is shown to broaden with increasing x. The Raman spectra at low wavenumbers are suggested to be related with magnon in this system.
Monsoon control over erosion patterns in the Western Himalaya: possible feed-back into the tectonic evolution
Authors: Clift Peter D. , Giosan Liviu , Carter Andrew , Garzanti Eduardo , Galy Valier , Tabrez Ali R. , Pringle Malcolm , Campbell Ian H. , France-Lanord Christian , Blusztajn Jurek , Allen Charlotte , Alizai Anwar , Lückge Andreas , Danish Mohammed , Rabbani M.M.
Published: August 2010

The Indus Delta is constructed of sediment eroded from the western Himalaya and since 20 ka has been subjected to strong variations in monsoon intensity. Provenance changes rapidly at 12–8 ka, although bulk and heavy mineral content remains relatively unchanged. Bulk sediment analyses shows more negative εNdand higher87Sr/86Sr values, peaking around 8–9 ka. Apatite fission track ages and biotite Ar–Ar ages show younger grains ages at 8–9 ka compared to at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). At the same time δ13C climbs from –23 to –20‰, suggestive of a shift from terrestrial to more marine organic carbon as Early Holocene sea level rose. U–Pb zircon ages suggest enhanced erosion of the Lesser Himalaya and a relative reduction in erosion from the Transhimalaya and Karakoram since the LGM. The shift in erosion to the south correlates with those regions now affected by the heaviest summer monsoon rains. The focused erosion along the southern edge of Tibet required by current tectonic models for the Greater Himalaya would be impossible to achieve without a strong summer monsoon. Our work supports the idea that although long-term monsoon strengthening is caused by uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, monsoon-driven erosion controls Himalayan tectonic evolution.

Supplementary material:

A table of the population breakdown for zircons in sands and the predicted Nd isotope composition of sediments based on the zircons compared to the measured whole rock value is available athttp://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18412
Geochemical records in the South China Sea: implications for East Asian summer monsoon evolution over the last 20 Ma
Authors: Wan Shiming , Clift Peter D. , Li Anchun , Li Tiegang , Yin Xuebo
Published: August 2010

We reconstruct past changes in the East Asian summer monsoon over the last 20 Ma using samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1146 of Leg 184 in the northern South China Sea based on the major (Al, Ca, Na, K, Ti, etc.) and trace element (Rb, Sr, and Ba) geochemistry of terrigenous sediments. This study and combined review suggests that the long-term evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon is similar to that of the Indian summer monsoon, but distinct from the East Asian winter monsoon. Generally, the Asian summer monsoon intensity has decreased gradually from its maximum in the Early Miocene. In contrast, the Asian winter monsoon shows a phased enhancement since 20 Ma
bp
. Moreover, our study shows that the long-term intensities of the Asian summer and winter monsoons may have different forcing factors. Specifically, the winter monsoon is strongly linked to phased uplift of Tibetan plateau and to Northern Hemispheric Glaciation. In contrast, global cooling since 20 Ma
bp
may have largely reduced the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere and thus weakened the Asian summer monsoon.
Colder Subarctic Pacific with larger sea ice caused by closure of the Central American Seaway and its influence on the East Asian monsoon: a climate model study
Authors: Motoi Tatsuo , Chan Wing-Le
Published: August 2010

The changes in the sea-ice conditions and sea surface temperatures in the Subarctic Pacific caused by the closure of the Central American Seaway and their influence on the East Asian monsoon are investigated by a series of closed (CE), open (OE) and re-closed (RCE) seaway experiments with a climate model. It is found that a permanent halocline forms in the Subarctic Pacific because of the termination of saline water transport through the seaway in CE and RCE. Efficient cooling by shallow convection in the stratified permanent halocline causes thicker and more extensive sea ice in winter, and leads to colder surface water in summer in the Subarctic Pacific.

Colder air, over more extensive sea ice cover in winter and over the colder water in summer, produces higher surface air pressure with anticyclonic wind anomalies in both seasons. Southeasterly and southerly wind anomalies develop around the Japanese archipelago in the East Asian monsoon region and induce warm and humid surface air with increased precipitation over the East Asian continent. These results indicate that the East Asian monsoon is weakened in winter and strengthened in summer as a result of closing the Central American Seaway.
Marine records of East Asian monsoon variability over the past 5 Ma
Authors: Chen Min-Te , Chang Yuan-Pin , Yu Pai-Sen , Shiau Liang-Jian
Published: August 2010

Marine sedimentary cores retrieved from the western Pacific provide important clues for deciphering how the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) system has evolved during the past 5 Ma. Here we briefly review some recent progress on the reconstructions of the EAM based on marine SST (sea surface temperature), SSS (sea surface salinity), and productivity records from the SCS (South China Sea) and ECS (East China Sea) and their implications for EAM evolution and variability on tectonic, orbital and millennial timescales. This review highlights the importance of high resolution sampling on giant marine cores (such as cores collected with the International Marine Past Global Change, IMAGES program) that provide opportunities for better defining the timing and amplitude of the EAM variability expressed in marine records. We also discuss possible future directions of EAM palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic studies that require development of multiple new marine EAM proxies and a comparison of the marine records with the stalagmite records on land.
Aeolian sediment evidence that global cooling has driven late Cenozoic stepwise aridification in central Asia
Authors: Lu H. , Wang X. , Li L.
Published: August 2010

It has been a long held view that uplift of the Tibetan Plateau dominated stepwise climatic drying in central Asia during the late Cenozoic. On the other hand, global cooling may also have forced Asian drying and the subsequent formation of aeolian deposits in north China. Until now, whether the Tibetan uplift or the global cooling has been the first-order driver controlling stepwise Asian drying has remained a contentious issue. In this study, we examine the thick aeolian silt deposit, which is regarded as a good archive of palaeoclimatic changes in central Asia and north China, in order to qualitatively reconstruct the drying process in Asia during the late Cenozoic. On the basis of our long-term field surveys, laboratory analyses and previous investigations, we have obtained time sequences of Asian drying from the early Miocene to late Pleistocene; we compare this newly reconstructed time series of Asian aridification with the time series of global cooling and Tibetan uplift to identify the first-order driver of stepwise Asian aridification. A good match between the drying and global cooling might indicate that global cooling was the most likely driver of stepwise drying in interior Asia. On the other hand, controversy regarding timing and amplitude of Tibetan uplift during the late Cenozoic suggests that the prevailing conclusion that Tibetan uplift forces Asian drying should be regarded as immature. A mechanism that global cooling drove the Asian drying is tentatively suggested.
Desertification and dust emission history of the Tarim Basin and its relation to the uplift of northern Tibet
Authors: Tada Ryuji , Zheng Hongbo , Sugiura Naomi , Isozaki Yuko , Hasegawa Hitoshi , Sun Youbin , Yang Wengang , Wang Ke , Toyoda Shin
Published: August 2010

The potential links between uplift of the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau and desertification of inland Asia have been a long-considered problem in geology. Although a close link between the two has been suggested by theoretical climatic simulations, not enough geological data has existed to test the theory. Here, we conducted semi-quantitative field observations of a Neogene fluvial sequence at the Yecheng section on the southwestern margin of the Tarim Basin in order to confirm the origin and mode of deposition of the aeolian siltstone, determine the onset timing, evaluate quantitatively the temporal evolution of its deposition and its relationship to the tectonically driven surface uplift of NW Tibet. The results suggest a close link between the uplift of northwestern Tibet, alluvial fan formation, dust emission from Taklimakan Desert and the deposition of loess on the alluvial fans.
Stochastic Integration in Abstract Spaces
Authors: Brooks J. K. , Kozinski J. T.
Published: August 2010

We establish the existence of a stochastic integral in a nuclear space setting
as follows. Let E, F, and G be nuclear spaces which satisfy the following
conditions: the spaces are reflexive, complete, bornological spaces such that their
strong duals also satisfy these conditions. Assume that there is a continuous
bilinear mapping of E × F into G. If H is an integrable, E‐valued predictable
process and X is an F‐valued square integrable martingale, then there exists a
G‐valued process (∫HdX)t called the stochastic integral. The Lebesgue space of these integrable processes is studied and convergence theorems are given. Extensions to general locally convex spaces are presented.
Rat Strain Differences in Susceptibility to Alcohol-Induced Chronic Liver Injury and Hepatic Insulin Resistance
Authors: DeNucci Sarah M. , Tong Ming , Longato Lisa , Lawton Margot , Setshedi Mashiko , Carlson Rolf I. , Wands Jack R. , de la Monte Suzanne M.
Published: August 2010

The finding of more severe steatohepatitis in alcohol fed Long Evans (LE) compared with Sprague Dawley (SD) and Fisher 344 (FS) rats prompted us to determine whether host factors related to alcohol metabolism, inflammation, and insulin/IGF signaling predict proneness to alcohol-mediated liver injury. Adult FS, SD, and LE rats were fed liquid diets containing 0% or 37% (calories) ethanol for 8 weeks. Among controls, LE rats had significantly higher ALT and reduced GAPDH relative to SD and FS rats. Among ethanol-fed rats, despite similar blood alcohol levels, LE rats had more pronounced steatohepatitis and fibrosis, higher levels of ALT, DNA damage, pro-inflammatory cytokines, ADH, ALDH, catalase, GFAP, desmin, and collagen expression, and reduced insulin receptor binding relative to FS rats. Ethanol-exposed SD rats had intermediate degrees of steatohepatitis, increased ALT, ADH and profibrogenesis gene expression, and suppressed insulin receptor binding and GAPDH expression, while pro-inflammatory cytokines were similarly increased as in LE rats. Ethanol feeding in FS rats only reduced IL-6, ALDH1–3, CYP2E1, and GAPDH expression in liver. In conclusion, susceptibility to chronic steatohepatitis may be driven by factors related to efficiency of ethanol metabolism and degree to which ethanol exposure causes hepatic insulin resistance and cytokine activation.
Successful Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery for Recurrent Uterine Fibroid Previously Treated with Uterine Artery Embolization
Authors: Yoon Sang-Wook , Kim Kyoung Ah , Kim Sang Heum , Lee Jong Tae
Published: August 2010

A 45‐year‐old premenopausal woman was referred to our clinic due to recurring symptoms of uterine fibroids, nine years after a uterine artery embolization (UAE). At the time of screening, the patient presented with bilateral impairment and narrowing of the uterine arteries, which increased the risk of arterial perforation during repeated UAE procedures. The patient was subsequently referred for magnetic resonance imaging‐guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) treatment. Following the treatment, the patient experienced a significant improvement in symptoms (symptom severity score was reduced from 47 to 12 by 1 year post‐treatment). MR images at 3 months showed a 49% decrease in fibroid volume. There were no adverse events during the treatment or the follow‐up period. This case suggests that MRgFUS can be an effective treatment option for patients with recurrent fibroids following previous UAE treatment.
Pancreatic Anastomosis Disruption Seven Years Postpancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Faraj Walid , Abou Zahr Zaki , Mukherji Deborah , Zaghal Ahmad , Khalife Mohamed
Published: August 2010

We are reporting a case of a 22 year-old female patient, who underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy previously for a solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas and was re-admitted seven years later with a pancreatic leak following disruption of the pancreatico-jejunal anastomosis. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a large collection at the level of the pancreatic anastomosis with major disruption of the pancreatico-jejunal anastomosis. The pancreatic stump was refreshed as well as the jejunal site and a duct to mucosa anastomosis was performed. She remains well with a follow up of 18 months.
The Prognostic Impact of Protein Expression of E-Cadherin-Catenin Complexes Differs between Rectal and Colon Carcinoma
Authors: Aamodt Rolf , Bondi Johan , Andersen Solveig Norheim , Bakka Arne , Bukholm Geir , Bukholm Ida R. K.
Published: August 2010

The E-cadherin-catenin complex provides cell-cell adhesion. In order for a carcinoma to metastasize, cancer cells must let go of their hold of neighboring cells in the primary tumor. The presence of components of the E-cadherin-catenin complex in 246 rectal adenocarcinomas was examined by immunohistochemistry and compared to their presence in 219 colon carcinomas. The expression data were correlated to clinical information from the patients' records. There were statistically significant differences in protein expression between the rectal and the colon carcinomas regarding membranous -catenin, -catenin, p120-catenin, and E-cadherin, as well as nuclear -catenin. In the rectal carcinomas, there was a significant inverse association between the expression of p120-catenin in cell membranes of the primary tumors and the occurrence of local recurrence, while membranous protein expression of -catenin was inversely related to distant metastases.
Capillaroscopy as an Outcome Measure for Clinical Trials on the Peripheral Vasculopathy in SSc—Is It Useful?
Authors: Cutolo Maurizio , Sulli Alberto , Pizzorni Carmen , Smith Vanessa
Published: August 2010

Peripheral microvascular impairment in systemic sclerosis (SSc) may be easily detected and scored in a safe noninvasive way by nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC). The paper highlights clinical conditions related to SSc in which NVC may represent an outcome measure of therapeutical interventions, by elaborating on their already assessed relationship with the NVC patterns and eventually scores. The 3 important biological/clinical conditions are: the positivity for SSc-specific serum autoantibodies, the presence of SSc skin digital ulcers (DUs) and of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) SSc associated. In conclusion, to the question if capillaroscopy (NVC) may represent in SSc an outcome measure for clinical trials on the peripheral vasculopathy, based on the growing evidence and our detailed studies, the answer is positive. Recent therapeutic trials in SSc are confirming this role, and the experience is growing rapidly.
Evaluating Children with Otitis Media for Bacteremia or Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Yawman Daniel , Mahar Patrick , Blumkin Aaron , Conners Gregory
Published: August 2010

Background.It is unclear if clinicians evaluate for concurrent bacteremia or UTI in young patients diagnosed with acute otitis media (AOM).Objectives.To describe how often, and under which circumstances, emergency providers investigate for bacteremia or UTI in 2–36 month olds with AOM.Methods.Cases of AOM were analyzed from the 2001–2004 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS)-Emergency Department dataset.Results.AOM was diagnosed in 17% of the 10,847 recorded visits of 2–36 month olds. Of these visits, laboratory testing included: CBC: 7%, Blood culture: 4%, urinalysis or urine culture: 5%, and any of these tests: 9%. Rates of testing for 2–6 month olds with temperature≥ 38.0(CBC: 13%, blood culture: 9%, urinalysis or urine culture: 7%, any of the tests: 14%) were not significantly different from testing of patients aged 6–12 months, or 12–36 months (allP>.1). Patients with temperature of≥39.0were more likely to have all tests, with the exception of urine investigation, than patients with temperature between 38.0 and 38.9.Conclusions.17% of 2–36 month old patients seen in the emergency department are diagnosed with AOM. Investigating for bacteremia or UTI in these patients is not routine, even in febrile infants.
Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor Translocates to the Nucleus of Human Tumor Cells
Authors: Aleksic Tamara , Chitnis Meenali M. , Perestenko Olga V. , Gao Shan , Thomas Peter H. , Turner Gareth D. , Protheroe Andrew S. , Howarth Mark , Macaulay Valentine M.
Published: August 2010

The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is a transmembrane glycoprotein composed of two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits with tyrosine kinase activity. The IGF-1R is frequently upregulated in cancers and signals from the cell surface to promote proliferation and cell survival. Recent attention has focused on the IGF-1R as a target for cancer treatment. Here, we report that the nuclei of human tumor cells contain IGF-1R, detectable using multiple antibodies to α- and β-subunit domains. Cell-surface IGF-1R translocates to the nucleus following clathrin-mediated endocytosis, regulated by IGF levels. The IGF-1R is unusual among transmembrane receptors that undergo nuclear import, in that both α and β subunits traffic to the nucleus. Nuclear IGF-1R is phosphorylated in response to ligand and undergoes IGF-induced interaction with chromatin, suggesting direct engagement in transcriptional regulation. The IGF dependence of these phenomena indicates a requirement for the receptor kinase, and indeed, IGF-1R nuclear import and chromatin binding can be blocked by a novel IGF-1R kinase inhibitor. Nuclear IGF-1R is detectable in primary renal cancer cells, formalin-fixed tumors, preinvasive lesions in the breast, and nonmalignant tissues characterized by a high proliferation rate. In clear cell renal cancer, nuclear IGF-1R is associated with adverse prognosis. Our findings suggest that IGF-1R nuclear import has biological significance, may contribute directly to IGF-1R function, and may influence the efficacy of IGF-1R inhibitory drugs. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6412–9. ©2010 AACR.
Implementation of War Crimes in Latin America: An Assessment of the Impact of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
Authors: Herencia Carrasco Salvador
Published: August 2010

The implementation of the Rome Statute in Latin America continues to face structural gaps caused by a lack of comprehensive implementation of all the elements of the treaty. In the case of war crimes legislation, only seven countries have adopted specific regulations implementing Article 8 of the Rome Statute or grave violations of international humanitarian law. The main problem persists in the fact that there has not been a significant implementation of Additional Protocol 1 to the 1949 Geneva Conventions as a complement to Article 8 of the Rome Statute. Also, regulation has focused on persons and property, leaving the criminalization of means and methods of warfare as well as the use of certain weapons behind.
Prosecuting International Crimes in Peru
Authors: Caro Coria Dino Carlos
Published: August 2010

The internal conflict in Peru that ranged from 1980 to the mid 90s entailed serious crimes committed by armed groups, especially "Sendero Luminoso" (Shining Path) and by the state's own armed forces, in particular the military and paramilitary groups such as the "Colina Group". These crimes ranged from attacks against civilians in violation of international humanitarian law, to enforced disappearances of persons, torture, and extrajudicial executions. In some cases, these crimes have even qualified as genocide.
Food, Christian Identity and Global Warming: A Pauline Call for a Christian Food Taboo
Authors: Barclay John M.G.
Published: August 2010

Meals and food were clearly important in establishing early Christian identity, and Paul stresses two principles that govern Christian practice: that food can only be eaten in an orientation of thanksgiving to God, and that care must be taken concerning the effects of eating on others. In some cases, he insists, this may require Christians to abstain from certain foods. Given the scale of the damage caused by greenhouse gases arising from global livestock production, it is argued here that Christians now have an urgent responsibility to reduce greatly, or even cease, their consumption of meat.
Lucian and the New Testament: An Evaluation of His Life, Work, and Relationship to New Testament Studies
Authors: Adams Sean A.
Published: August 2010

This article commences with a brief introduction to the life and works of Lucian of Samosata and his literary milieu of Atticism and the Second Sophistic movement. In light of this, there is an evaluation of recent scholarship’s utilization of Lucian as literary model and source for the New Testament with particular focus on Richard Bauckham’s Jesus and the Eyewitnesses. This article concludes with some cautions and considerations for utilizing Lucian to evaluate the texts of the New Testament.
Hosea: More Than a Metaphor
Authors: Turner Claire
Published: August 2010

The book of Hosea uses the rich and unyielding metaphor of a broken marriage to demonstrate the extent to which Ephraim, Israel’s Northern region had been unfaithful to God, her eternally faithful husband. This paper seeks to offer the reader a creative way of approaching its message from a contemporary standpoint. Furthermore, it will centre on the contentious male/female imagery that carries Hosea’s prophecy. In so doing it will invite consideration, not of an often-assumed misogynistic deity but of a relational and wholly relevant God, tangled up with humanity in all its vulnerability and brokenness; God in our midst.