bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocean Bottom Node Seismic at the Deepwater Bonga Field, Nigeria
Authors: Quadt Edwin , Detomo Rocco , Pirmez Carlos , Mbah Reginald , Milcik Paul , Olotu Samuel , Emakpor Jake
Published: May 2016

The Bonga Main field, Nigeria's first deepwater discovery, was discovered by Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company (SNEPCo) in 1995 and is located approximately 120 km offshore at water depths of 800–1200m. First oil production started in November 2005, and Bonga has an average production capacity of 200,000 barrels/day. Oil production is from 4 main stacked turbidite reservoirs (690, 702, 710/740 and 803) using pressure maintenance via water injection through producer & injector well pairs. The Bonga Main field is covered by an initial 1993 3D seismic streamer dataset and a block-wide exploration 2000 3D baseline seismic streamer survey.

To monitor changes in reservoir dynamics since start of production in Q4 2005, a 4D seismic monitor streamer survey was acquired in Q1 2008. The Bonga 4D acquisition was completed on time, within budget, and with excellent HSE performance : the data quality was excellent (NRMS ~ 12.5%) where the (2000) baseline survey could be well repeated, but was of much poorer quality in the close vicinity to the field's surface obstructions (Floating Production, Storage and Off-loading vessel - FPSO and Surface Production Manifold - SPM). The 4D results of this survey added significant value to the development of the asset by improving the understanding of reservoir connectivity and the sweep efficiency between injector and producer wells, making the project a clear technical and business success. Figure 1 shows the amplitude maps of the 702 reservoir for the 2000 baseline, 2008 monitor, and the 4D difference. The bright colors indicate the presence of oil, with the 4D difference map clearly showing where water has replaced oil.
New 10 3/4 HPHT Casing Valve Successfully Applied in Deep Well Sour Environment
Authors: Ferrara Paolo , Molaschi Claudio , Menard Bill , Rinaldi Francesca
Published: May 2016

In recent years, drilling operations are facing increasing challenges. Deepwater and ultra-deepwater environments, HPHT applications, anomalous pressure regimes and reduced margins between pore and fracture gradients are setting new critical thresholds to the ability of reaching new hydrocarbon reserves and are raising new operation safety issues for business sustainability.

In this framework, best practices and a series of dedicated tools have been developed throughout the years. Nowadays, the best oil industry practice to cope with these problems is represented by Managed Pressure Drilling Systems (MPDS), consisting of surface tools and equipment that enhance drilling capabilities and grant a safe drilling process.

To complement MPDS, the possibility to introduce new safety barriers directly into the well has also been considered. Among these barriers a new casing valve, with surface control lines, rated for HPHT and sour environments has been developed.

As known, casing valves are integrated into casing string and isolate the open hole when no drill string is present below the last casing point. Casing valves are thus directly reducing the risk associated with tripping in and out of the hole and, in specific cases, can lead to considerable cost savings avoiding the necessity of mud cap barriers to restore trip margin whenever necessary. In addition, associated to MPDS, casing valves represent a testable barrier for isolating the open hole when a double independent barrier is required to safely continue operations such as in BHA tripping, liner running etc.

This paper describes the first worldwide application in deep well sour environment of a 10 ¾ casing valve that was set in operations in 2011. In the paper both qualification process and installation experiences are described and reported.
Design Optimisation of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oligocene Reservoir in Offshore Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Danh Huu , Bae Wisup
Published: May 2016

Many fields in offshore Vietnam with high production have been operating for a long time; however their production has been declining in the past few years. The most challenging problem is dealing with the heterogeneous structures such as Oligocene reservoir with a porosity range from 12% - 16% and a permeability of 0.1mD - 2mD. Therefore, natural flow of oil from these reservoir into the wellbore is retarded. Need for increasing production, a good understanding of reservoir characteristics, and designing a hydraulic fracturing treatment in Oligocene reservoir to maximize oil recovery is necessary.

The key factor for this success is optimum treatment design. This paper shows an integrated approach using technical and economic optimization of hydraulic fracturing design, as well as describing the recommended procedures coupled with field-case study and actual results. We optimize fracture treatment based on economic indicators not only Net Present Value (NPV), but also Discounted Return on Investment (DROI), and nodal analysis is used to help determine optimal fracture-length based on productivity potential. The hydraulic fracturing simulator M-Frac is used for accounting this design.

Based on these concepts, the results of the optimum treatment design present that a fracture half-length between 90 and 200m is required to maximize NPV and the initial fracture design is scheduled for 150,000 lbs of intermediate strength proppant to create a fracture half-length of approximately 100m. The success of this study in estimating production capabilities is a valuable lesson for future application in Cuu Long basin, offshore Vietnam.
Near Balance Drilling: Enhanced Safety and Real Time Control in Deepwater
Authors: Capurso Pietro , Spada D. , Besenzoni L. , Tufo M. , Copercini P.
Published: May 2016

Scope of the work is to describe the Near Balance Drilling (NBD) technology and the benefits it can bring to drilling operations in challenging environments. NBD is an advanced drilling technique developed to increase safety in drilling operations and allow drilling through formations with narrow margin between pore gradient and fracture gradient. The technology has been developed to be applied in all critical onshore and offshore wells and has recently been implemented on a deepwater High Pressure well drilled with a semi-submersible rig, with very positive results. Introduction Most interesting drilling prospects nowadays present extremely narrow operative margins between formation's pore gradient and fracture gradient. This strong criticality is even more challenging in exploratory wells, where the above mentioned margins can be quite unpredictable. Finding a way to exploit such reservoirs with conventional drilling methods has often proved to be ineffective, if not even impossible.

Drilling with reduced operative margin require an accurate control of all drilling parameters in real time, especially of the Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) obtained at the bottom hole while circulating. Whenever the operating window above pore gradient is limited, the risk of fracturing the formation is very high, with consequent mud losses. On the other hand, keeping the ECD below the fracture gradient could bring the mud weight to be lower than the pore gradient in static conditions, as soon as mud pumps are stopped (i.e. during pipe connections), leading to a high potential risk of influx from the formation into the wellbore.
The Development of a New Methodology to Reduce Uncertainty in Implementing a New EOR Project
Authors: Perez Rodriguez Sergio , Soto B. Rodolfo , Soto David
Published: May 2016

A methodology for risk analysis of EOR projects is developed based on giving to their three standard phases elements from integrated reservoir management and from the methodology of scientific research. Phase 1 starts with the systematic analysis of the variety of factors categorized by its financial side, probabilistic entity features and whether or not they correspond to the petroleum engineering system. For all variables, a key point in Phase 2 is the full examination of their modalities of relationship with a contingency table. They are introduced as controls of the mathematical model, beyond the scope of plain correlations. To decrease uncertainty for a given variable displaying distributions with a similar goodness of fit, is selected the one with the least Coefficient of Variation. For time dependent variables is best the selection of two-dimensional distributions instead of one-dimensional ones, as shown by results of applying the criteria to evaluate information. Although the method guidelines are of general application for the risk analysis, the nature of each EOR project involves particular aspects to consider under their own terms. A chemical type of EOR project at the BCF illustrates the general methodology proposed.
Successful Use of Fundamental Reservoir Management to Flatten the Oil Production Decline in a Mature Field in the Gulf of Thailand
Authors: Tantrakul Pongpob , Pritchett James
Published: May 2016

The Platong field is a mature field situated in the northern section of the Pattani basin which is composed of both oil and gas reservoirs. A major characteristic of this field are small faulted, compartmentalized fluvial reservoirs with depletion drive as the main drive mechanism. With small reservoirs and an absence of aquifer support, recovery from primary oil production is low. Commingling production from multiple reservoirs is required to improve production rate and develop each reservoir at a lower cost. Aggressive infill programs are required to offset sharp production decline unless secondary recovery methods can be utilized to boost production.

In 2011, the field marked another major accomplishment in reservoir management (RM.) During the year, the base layer oil decline rate was flattened from the preceding 5 year range of 27% to 42% average annual decline rate per year to less than 15%, Figure 1. This significant improvement in the production performance resulted from proactively implementing strong RM fundamentals through cross-functional teams and delivering on waterflood and gas lift projects.
Study of Drag Reduction Ability of Naturally Produced Polymers from a Local Plant Source
Authors: Kaur Harvin , Singh Gurchran , bt. Jaafar Azuraien
Published: May 2016

Drag reduction is observed as reduced frictional pressure losses under turbulent flow conditions and hence, substantially increases the flowrate of the fluid. Practical application includes water flooding system, pipeline transport and drainage system. Drag reduction agent, such as polymers, can be introduced to increase the flowrate of water flowing, reducing the water accumulation in the system and subsequently lesser possibility of heavy flooding. Currently used polymer as drag reduction agents is carboxymethylcellulose, to name one. This is a synthetic polymer which will seep into the ground and further harm our environment in excessive use of accumulation. A more environmentally-friendly drag reduction agent, such as the polymer derived from natural sources or biopolymer, is then required for such purpose. As opposed to the synthetic polymers, the potential of biopolymers as drag reduction agents, especially those derived from a local plant source, are not extensively explored. The drag reduction of a polymer produced from a local plant source within the turbulent regime will be explored and assessed in this study using a rheometer where a reduced a torque produced can be perceived as a reduction of drag. This technique of assessment for drag reduction ability is also unique as many literatures on drag reduction rely heavily on flow loop data which sometimes, require time and high cost for the fabrication of the flow loop. The new method proposed is less time consuming and is more practical which is producing carboxymethylcellulose from the banana peel. The cellulose powder was converted to carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) by etherification process using sodium monochloroacetate and sodium hydroxide. The carboxymethylation reaction then was optimized against the reaction temperature. Then, the biopolymers will be rheologically characterized where the viscoelastic effects and the normal stresses produced by these biopolymers will be utilized to further relate and explain the drag reduction phenomena. The research is structured to focus on producing the biopolymer and also assess the drag reduction ability of the biopolymer produced. Various temperatures when synthesizing the biopolymers will be studied as a drag reduction agent to obtain the optimum value of which the biopolymer works the best. The rheological behavior of the biopolymers will also be analyzed and relate to the drag reduction ability. The results are intended to expand the currently extremely limited experimental database for biopolymers in turbulent flow.
Accurate 3D Seismic Interpretation of Large Braided Delta Reservoir & Outcrop Analogs In Northwest China.
Authors: HAO Qian , ZHUANG Xinguo , LU Yongchao , LU Tao , ZHANG Ji
Published: May 2016

This paper presents a first discovered braided delta images (area of 562.5 square kilometers, depth more than 3400 meters) with perfect river channels by accurate 3D seismic interpretation in the hinterland region of JR basin in northwest china. We can clearly identify micro facies like the main channels in the delta plain, underwater distributary channels in the delta front, mouth bar and sheet sand from the very fine 3D seismic images. Methods are discussed for identifying and dividing the features of braided delta sediments, using sequence stratigraphy, well log characteristics, core observation, 3D seismic data and outcrop analogs. The most effective and visual methods to reveal the characteristics of this special geological body are 3D seismic interpretation and outcrop analogs.

Based on high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework and well drilling, a work program focused on the fine description of this large braided delta reservoir has integrated accurate 3D seismic interpretation and outcrop analogs, which include: synthetically seismic attribute analysis, spectrum analysis, seismic waveform classification display, 3D coherency interpretation, logging constrained seismic inversion, 3D visualization Interpretation and outcrop studies. This method is a key to do a multi-angle research, and to find out the distribution law of favorable sedimentary facies belt.

Matching the modern outcrop sedimentary observation, accurately identify geophysical response of special geological body from 3D seismic images has greatly promoted present oil exploration. The high quality of this complete braided delta images will not only provide a new typical braided delta geologic model for geologists to do deep studies, but also be very useful to further develop the similar reservoir at home and abroad.

Preface

JR is a major oil and gas basin in Northwest China, which covering an area of 13 x 104km2. It is surrounded by several large mountains; its shape is triangular, long from east to west and narrow from north to south. Having area of 3648km2, Z1 block locates in the slope belt of the hinterland region in JR basin, which owns perfect 3D seismic full coverage (Fig.1).
CO2 capture from Sulfur Recovery Units
Authors: Roquet Damien , Aslam Imran , Emadaddhi Khalid
Published: May 2016

Dolphin Energy Limited (DEL) is considering reducing the native Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions from its Ras Laffan plant in the state of Qatar. One important source of native Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the gaseous effluents from the two Sulfur Recovery Units (SRU's). Dolphin studied the possible options for recovering up to 50 MMSCFD CO2 from the subject SRU's effluents upstream the thermal incinerator section in the SRU using the existing infrastructures in its Ras Laffan plant. The recovered CO2 would be exported at medium pressure (MP, 7 bara) and/or high pressure (HP, 190 bara) to other users. The study investigated the possible options to recover and compress the CO2 product. Capital costs, utilities requirements, operating costs, carbon intensity savings, layout and electrical power supply were all studied. The study investigated the following technologies, which are based on amine solvents:HP scheme with some feed gas compression to improve the performance of the solvent and reduce equipment sizeLP scheme with low pressure efficient technology that does not need much feed compressionRevision of existing treatment scheme in the Sulfur Recovery Unit to perform Acid Gas Enrichment, Tail Gas Treatment and CO2 capture with minimum modifications

The study considered that either (i) each SRU train will get its own CO2 recovery unit and compressors, or (ii) the SRUs' effluents from both SRU trains will be combined before treatment.

The paper will present main outcomes of this study and highlight specific requirements with regard to CO2 properties in terms of phase behavior, design criteria and Health, Safety and Environment.
Lattice Boltzmann Flow Simulations With Applications of Reduced Order Modeling Techniques.
Authors: Brown Donald L. , Li Jun , Calo Victor M. , Ghommem Mehdi , Efendiev Yalchin
Published: May 2016

With the recent interest in shale gas, an understanding of the flow mechanisms at the pore scale and beyond is necessary, which has attracted a lot of interest from both industry and academia. One of the suggested algorithms to help understand flow in such reservoirs is the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). The primary advantage of LBM is its ability to approximate complicated geometries with simple algorithmic modificatoins. In this work, we use LBM to simulate the flow in a porous medium. More specifically, we use LBM to simulate a Brinkman type flow. The Brinkman law allows us to integrate fast free-flow and slow-flow porous regions. However, due to the many scales involved and complex heterogeneities of the rock microstructure, the simulation times can be long, even with the speed advantage of using an explicit time stepping method. The problem is two-fold, the computational grid must be able to resolve all scales and the calculation requires a steady state solution implying a large number of timesteps. To help reduce the computational complexity and total simulation times, we use model reduction techniques to reduce the dimension of the system. In this approach, we are able to describe the dynamics of the flow by using a lower dimensional subspace. In this work, we utilize the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) technique, to compute the dominant modes of the flow and project the solution onto them (a lower dimensional subspace) to arrive at an approximation of the full system at a lowered computational cost. We present a few proof-of-concept examples of the flow field and the corresponding reduced model flow field.

Introduction

Understanding the flow mechanics of petroleum reservoirs is critical to economic evaluation of recoverable resources and reservoir decelopment planning. Laboratory mesurements can be very expensive and may be limited in scope of scales that can be explored due to inability to accurately describe in-situ conditions. A key tool in understanding flow on both the pore and reservoirs scales is simulation methods. In reservoir conditions, there are many complex muli-physical processes that need to be modeled and, complicating issues further, there are a great number of uncertainties in subsurface parameters. These uncertainties require fast and accurate forward models to update parameters. Finally, due to the scale disparities involved, simulation of these reservoirs is often very computational expensive. With the recent boom in Shale gas, understanding fracture modeling and pore-scale flow mechanics has become critical. Computational tools and techniques must be developed in these areas to reduce simulation cost and time.
Online Inspection & Clamping of Large Size Steam Headers (52
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Selvan Suresh
Published: May 2016

The scope of this paper is to discuss the background, design challenges, online damage assessment, repair selection and sustainment efforts undertaken to mitigate large scale caustic stress corrosion cracks in the common low pressure steam system.

Caustic ingression in the steam system through contaminated boiler feed water used for de-superheating caused multiple cracks in the steam piping systems. Crack locations were predominantly visible at the longitudinal and circumferential weld joints of the common utilities steam header. Cracks were observed on the intrados and extrados of elbow joints, tee joints and straight pipe sections of the large size (52" and 48") header. Cracks were also observed downstream of significant capacity de-super heaters and upstream of steam users in the process units.

The common steam system is utilised for process heating, pump and compressor drivers. Unplanned shutdown of the common steam header system for repair or replacement would require a multiple mega train outage and majour business impact.

Crack propagating beyond critical length will lead to catastrophic failure of the steam system. Online solutions needed to besafe to install,designed for sustainment for over 2 years until a permanent repair could be affected, andnot impose any risk of further damage during installation.

Background

Two mega LNG plants (7.8 Mmtpa/ plant) and one of the Gas plants (1350MmScfd) share a common steam system for process heat and pump / compressor drivers.

Three different steam systems are operating in these facilitiesHigh Pressure : 41.3 bar(g) at 384ºCMedium Pressure : 15 bar(g) at 230ºCLow Pressure : 5.1 bar(g) at 155ºC
The Field Tests for Measurement of Downhole Weight on Bit(DWOB) and the Calibration of a Real-time DWOB Model
Authors: Hareland Geir , Wu Andrew , Lei Lingyun
Published: May 2016

The Drilling Engineering Research Group at the University of Calgary has been seeking better ways of improving drilling operations and decreasing costs by the use of advanced real-time modeling and simulation technologies. It is well known that the performance of a drill bit directly affects the overall drilling performance. The bit performance is often evaluated by the rate of penetration (ROP) which is dependent on the weight on bit (WOB). Therefore, obtaining actual downhole weight on bit (DWOB) is crucial in achieving good performance of a drill bit.

This paper defines the procedures or steps to measure DWOB and an analytical model for calculating DWOB using typical surface collected drilling data. Field test data is used to initially calibrate the analytical model. The calibrated analytical model is next used in a forward calculation to predict DWOB on the same well. DWOB is also predicted on a second well using the same drilling rig.

The results from the calibrated model are compared to the DWOB collected by the CoPilot, a Baker Inteq downhole measurement tool. The comparison shows that the DWOBs from the model match those from the CoPilot well.

The model can be integrated in a new directional Autodriller system, which can in real time set the DWOB from surface measurements. The directional Autodriller can automatically conduct real-time analysis and calculations of DWOB as well as maintaining a precise DWOB for the drill bit. This will improve drilling efficiency and reduce cost.

Introduction

A drilling mechanics sub (DMS) was developed to measure DWOB, torque on bit, bending moments, shear force, accelerations and differential pressure [1]. Measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tools have increased drilling efficiency in many directional wells. With information provided by downhole weight on bit and torque sensors, more timely and accurate decisions have been made, resulting in lower costs per foot. Specific applications of this technology include bit optimization, directional feedback, and drillstring-friction analysis [2]. The theoretical calculation of DWOB in this paper was done using an analytical torque and drag model [3]. The calculation of the friction coefficient and DWOB was also attempted using finite element analysis FEA [4, 5]. The calculations and analysis in these works have laid a solid foundation for a new type of Autodriller [6]. The future Autodriller will be installed at surface with an operating panel and connected to a powerful computer with high speed and a big memory, which can gather large amounts of real-time drilling data and other necessary information. This paper states the procedures or steps of measuring DWOB. An analytical model for calculating DWOB is introduced herein and some of the field test data is used to initially calibrate the analytical model. Finally, the calibrated model DWOB is compared to the collected downhole DWOB for two wells.
Multi-Scale Carbonate Reservoir Characterisation and Artificial Neural Networks Reveals Complexity in the Shuaiba Reservoir, Al Shaheen Field
Authors: Finlay S. , Marquez X. , Solling T. , Bounoua N. , Gagigi T.
Published: May 2016

The Shuaiba reservoir in Al Shaheen is a complex carbonate interval deposited in a platform to basin setting that has undergone significant diagenetic alteration during burial. Properly-constrained predictions of reservoir performance depend on understanding the processes that created (depositional) and altered (diagenesis) the carbonate rock, and therefore on characterizing rock properties at multiple scales. The Shuaiba reservoir in Al Shaheen has been appraised with vertical wells, and developed using extended reach horizontal wells, affording a unique opportunity for the multiscale investigation of lateral and vertical changes in the reservoir properties. This paper integrates a unique dataset of image logs (>100kms), conventional core analysis, thin sections, mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), whole core computer tomography (micro-CT) scans, innovative 3D imaging of the pore network and mineral mapping with QEMSCAN. This integrated multi-scale work covering several orders of magnitude from µm to km has identified seven coherent petrophysical rock types (PRT's). These PRT's have been validated with blind tests and subsequently predicted using artificial neural network technology that enables characterization of the reservoir at well-to-well scale. Here we present the multidisciplinary workflow used to identify the seven rock types that has been used for prediction of Shuaiba reservoir properties.

Introduction

The Cretaceous Al Shaheen oil accumulation was discovered in the 1970's in connection with appraisal drilling of the underlying Permian & Triassic North Field Khuff gas reservoir. It is located on the central axis of the Qatar Arch some 70 Kms N-E of the Qatar peninsula, and covers an area of approximately 2080 km2, (Fig. 1). The reservoirs were initially considered uneconomical due to their thin oil columns. In 1992 Qatar Petroleum entered into an Exploration and Production Sharing agreement with Maersk Oil Qatar, and the Al Shaheen field has since been under appraisal and development, (Thomasen et al, 2005). The field contains multiple stacked reservoirs, of which the Shuaiba is one of the main productive intervals.

The Shuaiba at Al Shaheen has been appraised using vertical wells and developed using extended reach horizontal wells (ERD) predominantly in one stratigraphic interval herein defined as "the reservoir unit".
A Novel 3D Viscoelastic Acoustic Wave Equation Based Update Method for Reservoir History Matching
Authors: Katterbauer Klemens
Published: May 2016

The oil and gas industry has been revolutionized within the last decade, with horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing enabling the extraction of huge amounts of shale gas in areas previously considered impossible and the recovering of hydrocarbons in harsh environments like the arctic or in previously unimaginable depths like the off-shore exploration in the South China sea and Gulf of Mexico. With the development of 4D seismic, engineers and scientists have been enabled to map the evolution of fluid fronts within the reservoir and determine the displacement caused by the injected fluids. This in turn has led to enhanced production strategies, cost reduction and increased profits. Conventional approaches to incorporate seismic data into the history matching process have been to invert these data for constraints that are subsequently employed in the history matching process. This approach makes the incorporation computationally expensive and requires a lot of manual processing for obtaining the correct interpretation due to the potential artifacts that are generated by the generally ill-conditioned inversion problems. I have presented here a novel approach via including the time-lapse cross-well seismic survey data directly into the history matching process. The generated time-lapse seismic data are obtained from the full wave 3D viscoelastic acoustic wave equation. Furthermore an extensive analysis has been performed showing the robustness of the method and enhanced forecastability of the critical reservoir parameters, reducing uncertainties and exhibiting the benefits of a full wave 3D seismic approach. Finally, the improved performance has been statistically confirmed. The improvements illustrate the significant improvements in forecasting that are obtained via readily available seismic data without the need for inversion. This further optimizes oil production in addition to increasing return-on-investment on oil & gas field development projects, especially in offshore environments.
A Saudi Arabia Company's Case of Transformation through Knowledge Management Activities
Authors: Arukhe James Ohioma I , Gahtani Mohammad , Singh Raj , Hall Carol , Hossain Tarique
Published: May 2016

Saudi Aramco is in the fourth year of a 10-year transformation process to become a truly competitive international conglomerate with operations in more than 50 countries. Other major oil companies have embarked on similar efforts to transform into energy companies, improve performance, or place emphasis on strategic prospects. Knowledge management (KM) seems vital for facilitating decision making, establishing learning organizations, and stimulating innovation and cultural change. Difficulty in measuring the influence of KM activities on organizational transformation (OT) seems to constrain leaders' capacity to determine what KM efforts to apply for achieving OT. Although practitioners have established anecdotal support that KM is fundamental to business success, especially to effectively manage human resources (HR) for sustaining competitiveness, the extent of possible relationships between KM and OT remains unclear. Furthermore, less than 1% of KM studies in the past three decades are related to the oil and gas industry.

The purpose of this correlational, multiple regression study was to investigate the influence of the KM dimensions of knowledge creation, absorption, propagation, and application on OT in a global energy company in Saudi Arabia. The study involved data collection from 397 respondents across different units in the company out of a total of 1,052 surveys sent. Research questions (RQs) and hypotheses were tested with the Pearson r and multiple linear regressions. Data were screened for normality with skewness and kurtosis statistics. Reliability and regression coefficients, correlation matrix, and variance inflation factors (VIFs) were determined to establish the influences of KM activities on OT. All KM dimensions related strongly with OT. Three dimensions of KM (knowledge creation, knowledge absorption and knowledge application) influenced OT significantly. Knowledge propagation did not contribute significantly to the regression model, but was significant when testing the bivariate correlation between knowledge propagation and OT. By combining various KM components, KM use was determined to improve organizational performance; therefore, leaders should embrace KM activities to enhance successful OT. Although KM varies from one organization to the other and results from studies in OT are company specific, the study outcomes add to the existing body of knowledge in the fields of sustainable growth, OT, change and design.
Environmentally Friendly Manifa Field Development — The World’s Largest
Authors: Arukhe James Ohioma I
Published: May 2016

The Manifa field development is a megaproject, the world's largest offshore hydrocarbon production increment built in a single phase. Manifa is the world's largest extended reach oil project (2/3 of project's 350 wells are extended reach wells). Manifa's rare species, its marine life in shallow estuaries, and the local communities dwellers who reliance on fishing for survival imposed environmental challenges for the field's development. Consequently the twin objectives for optimization were environmental stewardship and ensuring operational field development excellence. Grassroots efforts in re-developing the field required value-added technical solutions that honor the triple bottom line - economic, social, and environmental objectives.

The scope of this paper is to present some engineering solutions for developing the field considering the related ecosystems. The successful field commissioning in April 2013, and the subsequent delivery of the project's first milestone, allows for a thorough analysis and consideration of important variables for meeting Manifa development objectives, and sustainable partnerships that ensure local expertise development. The ecologically sensitive and highly productive nature of Manifa's coastal location necessitated the involvement of marine specialists in comprehensive environmental assessments at project conception to reduce the developmental footprint on the marine environment. Therefore, active construction around the northern part of the causeway was eliminated for better water circulation in the Manifa-Tanajib bay. In addition, the design consideration for the route selection for the causeway and islands ensured minimum disturbance to coral reefs and dense sea-grass meadows. The conversion of 70% of the offshore field into an onshore development through the construction of 27 artificial islands, linked with 41 km of causeway, resulted in major resources and environmental gain as offshore platform requirements and environmental footprints were reduced by more than 50%. Several new technologies enabled the unique Manifa development from ultra-deep high departure well placement to a variety of coiled tubing conveyance solutions.

The implications of pushing technological frontiers for environmentally friendly development in a huge and complex field like Manifa holds significant promise for overcoming developmental challenges under similar situations.

Background

The Manifa oil field on the northeast coast of Saudi Arabia is 15% greater than the size of Singapore. With an aerial extent of more than 800 km2 under shallow waters, the field is one of the world's biggest oil fields. Historically, the Manifa oil field was discovered more than 50 years ago when production of crude oil was minimal. Therefore, Saudi Aramco decided to lay off the operations to a later date. With new technology, the company decided to develop Manifa field to produce Arab Heavy crude oil. About 70% of the field was primarily offshore, while 30% of the field was onshore.
The Prospect of Using Permanent Downhole Sensors for Monitoring Oilfield Scales
Authors: Adebayo Abdulrauf Abdulrasheed , Al-Yousef Hasan Yousef , Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmednasreldin , Sultan Abdullah
Published: May 2016

This paper aims to extend the scope of a previous investigation of the applicability of combined electrical resistivity and temperature logs for monitoring scale in carbonate formations during carbon dioxide sequestration in saline carbonate aquifer or during CO2-EOR projects. This study intends to extend the scope of resistivity and temperature logs to a new area of importance which is scale monitoring in real time and in-situ in porous media, completion, and surface facilities. Previous works have focused on the use of electrical resistivity measurements to track carbon dioxide migration by observing time lapse resistivity change based on the understanding that electrical resistivity only changes when rock fluid saturation or rock content changes. Such experiments were also conducted only within several hours or less. They did not consider the effect of fluid rock interaction on formation resistivity. Also, in field application, time lapse in the range of months is often considered thereby neglecting vital information from the reservoirs if measurements were taken continuously. It is discussed in this paper that such voluminous data often ignored or not taken during logging has a lot to tell about the processes going on in the reservoir or in production facilities particularly during CO2 projects. Furthermore, no real time and in-situ down-hole scale monitoring technique currently exists. Current practice involves frequent and continuous geochemical and petrographic analysis of produced formation water cuttings. The technique proposed in the current study comes with no additional cost as it utilizes permanent down-hole sensors such as temperature and resistivity.

Introduction

Scale deposits in reservoirs and around injection and production wells is a common phenomenon in CO2 injection projects. Scales can significantly reduce formation injectivity or productivity, and subsequently increase project cost. Common oil field scales include Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Sulphate, Barium Sulphates, and Strontium Sulphate. They clog formation pore throats and also deposit in downhole equipment and surface facilities. Oil field scale management technique involves chemical treatment by injecting scale inhibitors such has chelating agents, inorganic phosphates, and phosphonates into formation water and then constant monitoring of scale formation by continuous geochemical analysis of produced formation water and petrographic analysis of cuttings. Such monitoring technique is laborious, expensive, and susceptible to error from surface analysis and due to change in fluid compositional change. Fluids compositional change occur because the formation fluids loose some dissolved gases and some ions precipitate out of solution during migration from the formation to the surface. Furthermore, monitoring are not in real time and non-in situ.
Status of Ossicles in Cholesteatoma
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Delwar , Ahamed Md Nasir Uddin , Kabir Sumon Mohammad Misbah Al , Shoyeb Bhuiyan ARM
Published: May 2016

The study was conducted to detect and analyze the different types of ossicular chain defect in chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma on mastoid exploration and to identify the ossicle most commonly eroded by the disease process. A total 60 cases of CSOM with cholesteatoma of different age groups, who underwent surgery were included in this study and their intra operative ossicular chain findings were noted. 100% cases were presented with long standing aural discharge. It was observed that cholesteatoma was more common in male (60%) than female (40%) and 53.33% patients were in young age group (21-35 years). 90% cases showed ossicular erosion while only 10% cases showed intact ossicles. The incus was found to be absent in 15% cases and eroded in 75% cases. And the malleus was observed as the most resistant ossicle to be eroded.Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; October 2015; 21(2): 97-101
Septoplasty in children: Results of 250 cases
Authors: Matin MA , Islam Md Nurul , Ali Md Rawshan , Azad Abul Kalam
Published: May 2016

Backround: Septoplasty in children is still a matter of debate, because it is thought that a surgical procedure on a developing structure might produce some adverse effects on normal nasal and facial growth.On the other hand septal deviation in children may alter the early physiological process of breathing, causing obligatory mouth breathing and consequently changing craniofacial development and even intellect.Objectives: The goal of this retrospective study is to indicate the importance of septoplasty in children,to evaluate the effects of paediatric nasal septal surgery on normal nasal and facial growth, improvement of symptoms and any complications of surgery.Methods: This is a retrospective study of 250 children in the age group of 7-14 years done at Maleka nursing Home , Bogra, Human care hospital, Rajshahi and Khidma hospital Dhaka,from January 1999 to December 2014.All patients were selected from history, clinical examination and selected investigations. All patients had X-ray soft tissue nasopharynx done to see adenoid enlargement.Some patients had done PTA and tympanometry to confirm OME. All patients had septoplasty done with left hemitranfixional incision with elevation of left mucoperichondrial flap and elevation of both mucoperiosteal flaps. In addition adenoidectomy was done for adenoid enlargement and myringotomy with grommet insertion for OME. Patients were followed up on day 8, day 15, 1 mothh, 6 month and one year after operation.Results: Out of 250 children there were 163 male(65.2%)and 87 female(34.8%).Age ranged from 7 to 14 years,lowest number of patients were between 7 and 8 years old-64(25.6%),between 9 and 11 years-73(29.2) and 113(45.2%) between 12 and 14 years.210 patients had septal deviation to left side(84%) Patient felt improvement in nose breathing in 85% of cases.The most often complication was nasal blockage due to insufficient removal of deviated septum in 9.2 % of cases.We had synechia in 8 cases and septal haematoma in 2 cases.There were no asthetic deformities.Conclusion: Effective septal correction by septoplasty in children not only relieves nasal blockage but also controls the associated symptoms.Septolasty in early childhood does not produce any untoward events in terms of the growth and development of the nose and face.Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; October 2015; 21(2): 110-114
Child abuse in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Farzana , Akhter Gulshan Ara
Published: May 2016

In Bangladesh, a large number of children are deprived of their basic human rights due to unacceptable health, nutrition, education as well as social conditions. In addition, children are exposed to severe forms of sexual, physical and mental abuses at home, in the work place, in institutions and other public places. The nature and extent of violence against children irrespective of age, sex and class has been increasing day by day. These include physical torture, rape, homicide and sometimes heinous attacks with acid. Children are also victims of child labor and trafficking, both of which are treated as the most severe form of child exploitation and child abuse in the world today. This review article is aimed to focus on the present situation of various forms of child abuses in our country. Data collection is based on secondary sources of information from Dhaka Medical College Hospital, One Stop Crisis Center (OCC),UNICEF, Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Women and Children Affairs, several Dhaka based organizations and news paper clipping.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 18-21
Molecular detection of atypical microorganisms in patients with ventilator associated pneumonia
Authors: Akter Shahida , Khatun Rehana , Shamsuzzaman SM
Published: May 2016

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among the critically ill patients of intensive care units (ICU). The present cross sectional study was conducted to isolate and identify bacterial causes of VAP among the patients admitted in intensive care unit (ICU) of Dhaka Medical College Hospital. The study was conducted between July, 2013 to June 2014. A total of 65 endotracheal aspirate (ETA) and blood samples were collected from patients with clinically suspected ventilator associated peumonia(VAP). Samples were collected from patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. ETA and blood samples were cultured aerobically. Multiplex PCR was performed with ETA to detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Among the atypical bacteria, M. pneumoniae were detected in 5 (7.69%), L. pneumophila in 4 (6.15%) cases by multiplex PCR in ETA from VAP cases. No C. pneumoniae was detected. The study revealed that in VAP cases atypical bacteria should be considered as a possible bacterial agents.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2015; 9(1): 22-25
FORMATION OF BLACK HOLE LOW-MASS X-RAY BINARIES IN HIERARCHICAL TRIPLE SYSTEMS
Authors: Naoz Smadar , Fragos Tassos , Geller Aaron , Stephan Alexander P. , Rasio Frederic A.
Published: May 2016

The formation of black hole (BH) low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXB) poses a theoretical challenge, as low-mass companions are not expected to survive the common-envelope scenario with the BH progenitor. Here we propose a formation mechanism that skips the common-envelope scenario and relies on triple-body dynamics. We study the evolution of hierarchical triples following the secular dynamical evolution up to the octupole-level of approximation, including general relativity, tidal effects, and post-main-sequence evolution such as mass loss, changes to stellar radii, and supernovae. During the dynamical evolution of the triple system the “eccentric Kozai-Lidov” mechanism can cause large eccentricity excitations in the LMXB progenitor, resulting in three main BH-LMXB formation channels. Here we define BH-LMXB candidates as systems where the inner BH-companion star crosses its Roche limit. In the “eccentric” channel (∼81% of the LMXBs in our simulations) the donor star crosses its Roche limit during an extreme eccentricity excitation while still on a wide orbit. Second, we find a “giant” LMXB channel (∼11%), where a system undergoes only moderate eccentricity excitations but the donor star fills its Roche-lobe after evolving toward the giant branch. Third, we identify a “classical” channel (∼8%), where tidal forces and magnetic braking shrink and circularize the orbit to short periods, triggering mass-transfer. Finally, for the giant channel we predict an eccentric (∼0.3–0.6) preferably inclined (∼40°, ∼140°) tertiary, typically on a wide enough orbit (∼104 au) to potentially become unbound later in the triple evolution. While this initial study considers only one representative system and neglects BH natal kicks, we expect our scenario to apply across a broad region of parameter space for triple-star systems.
La victimisation vue sous l’angle de la psychologie sociale : l’apport de Serge Moscovici
Authors: Jodelet Denise
Published: May 2016

Relatives aux phénomènes victimaires, les dernières publications de Serge Moscovici, peu connues, font l’objet d’une présentation donnant à voir l’étroit maillage entre une expérience vécue et une œuvre scientifique. La victimisation est abordée par cet auteur comme une question éthico-historique dont la formulation tardive s’étaie sur une réflexion de jeunesse portant sur le destin social des juifs, enrichie par de nombreux travaux sur les minorités, la psychologie des foules, la pensée sociale, pour aboutir à une théorisation des phénomènes liés à la persécution et l’exclusion des minorités ethniques, racisées ou dissidentes et à leur émancipation. Le cas retenu pour mener ces analyses concerne les gitans. Il permet d’argumenter une critique des perspectives de la psychologie sociale qui rendent compte des relations intergroupes par des processus cognitifs fragmentaires et de fonder une approche holistique de réalités sociales observées depuis le lointain des temps. Cette approche réintroduit la considération de l’histoire et des valeurs dans l’analyse des phénomènes victimaires. Elle insiste sur le rôle des représentations sociales et des mouvements sociaux dans l’élaboration et la transformation des images et relations entre les victimes et leurs persécuteurs.
De la domestication et de l’ensauvagement de la vie : Serge Moscovici et le « naturalisme »
Authors: Josset Raphaël
Published: May 2016

Abordant la question de l’irréductible antagonisme domestication/ensauvagement de la vie au fondement de la civilisation occidentale, Serge Moscovici en appelait, dans les années 1970, au développement d’un révolutionnaire « naturalisme actif », une philosophie écologique de la vie seule à même de dépasser cette dualité mortifère dont on mesure aujourd’hui les tragiques ravages.