bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of diets containing different proportions of butterfat and maize oil on plasma lipids and aortic atherosis in rabbits
Authors: Moore J. H.
Published: May 2005

1. Seven groups of male rabbits (thirteen to fifteen per group) were givenad lib. a diet consisting of 80 parts of a low-fat basal ration to which were added 20 parts of fat in the form of butterfat, maize oil or various mixtures of the two.

2. After 40 weeks, samples of blood were taken and the animals were killed. The concentrations of total cholesterol and phospholipid in the plasma and the fatty acid compositions of the plasma cholesteryl esters and phospholipids were determined. The degree of atheromatous degeneration was determined in the aortas.

3. Little aortic atherosis was observed in the rabbits given the diets containing 0, 10 and 12% butterfat, but as the butterfat content of the diet was increased above 12%, pronounced increases occurred in the extent of atheromatous degeneration of the aorta. The concentration of cholesterol in the plasma increased progressively as the butterfat content of the diet was increased and the maize oil content was decreased. There was an inverse curvilinear relationship between the degree of aortic atherosis and the phospholipid: cholesterol ratio in the plasma.

4. The concentration of linoleic acid in the plasma cholesteryl esters was inversely related to the concentration of cholesterol in the plasma, and the concentration of linoleic acid in the plasma phospholipids was inversely related to the concentration of phospholipids in the plasma. There was a positive linear relationship between the stearic: palmitic acid ratio and the linoleic: oleic acid ratio in the plasma phospholipids.
The metabolism and biological activity of esterified vitamin D in the rat
Authors: Fraser D. R. , Kodicek E.
Published: May 2005

1. [I-3H]Cholecalciferol and [I-3H]cholecalciferol palmitate in amounts equivalent to 2 μg cholecalciferol were injected into rachitic rats as aqueous preparations (intravenously) or in arachis oil (intramuscularly).

2. The radioactive faecal metabolites collected for up to 17 days were fractionated according to their polarity. The same pattern of excreted radioactivity was seen with intravenous and intramuscular cholecalciferol and intravenous cholecalciferol palmitate. Intramuscular chole-calciferol palmitate produced a higher proportion of the most polar metabolites in faeces.

3. Parenterally administered cholecalciferol palmitate in a rickets-healing biological assay had activity equivalent to unesterified cholecalciferol.

4. Vitamin D ester synthesized in vivo is considered to be eventually metabolized as vita- min D alcohol and to be available to vitamin D-requiring processes.
The incorporation of linolenic and linoleic acids into the plasma lipids of sheep given intra-abomasal infusions of linseed oil, maize oil or linoleic acid
Authors: Moore J. H. , Noble R. C. , Steele W.
Published: May 2005

1. The fatty acid compositions of the plasma cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, triglycerides and unesterified fatty acids were determined in three sheep at various times after they had been given intra-abomasal infusions of emulsions of linseed oil, maize oil or linoleic acid.

2. The concentrations of linolenic acid or linoleic acid in the plasma triglycerides began to increase 1.5 h after infusion of the emulsions had begun. As the concentration of linolenic or linoleic acids in the plasma triglycerides increased, the concentrations of palmitic and stearic acids decreased, hut there were no appreciable changes in the concentrations of oleic acid.

3. The concentrations of linolenic or linoleic acid in the plasma phospholipids and cholesteryl esters did not begin to increase until 8–9 h and 24–25 h respectively after the infusions of the emulsions had begun.

4. It is suggested that, after absorption from the small intestine of the sheep, linolenic and linoleic acids are transported in triglyceride form to the liver where the triglycerides are partially or completely hydrolysed. These C18polyunsaturated acids are then preferentially utilized for the synthesis of phospholipids and cholesteryl esters but not for the re-synthesis of triglycerides.
The effects of intravenous infusions of triglycerides on the secretion of milk fat in the cow
Authors: Storry J. E. , Tuckley B. , Hall A. J.
Published: May 2005

1. Artificial emulsions of nine synthetic triglycerides ranging from tripropionin to triolein were given as continuous infusions into the jugular vein of lactating cows for periods of 2 days. The effects of these infusions on the composition of blood lipids and on the secretion of the component fatty acids in milk were examined.

2. Tricaproin, tricaprylin, tripelargonin, tricaprin, trilaurin, trimyristin and triolein, in contrast to tripropionin and tributyrin, increased the yields in milk of the acid contained in the triglyceride. The increased yield of acid was positively correlated with chain length of the infused triglyceride, and with triglycerides above tricaprin the transfer of fatty acid to milk was sufficiently large to give consistently increased yields of total milk fat.

3. The infusions increased the concentrations in blood plasma of cholesterol, phospholipid and in some experiments also of triglyceride. Concentrations of these lipids returned to normal by 2 days after the infusion. The fatty acid compositions of the plasma triglycerides were not affected by the infusion of triglycerides up to tripelargonin but with triglycerides longer than this the plasma triglycerides were altered in composition towards that of the infused triglyceride.

4. Short- and intermediate-chain fatty acids of the infused triglycerides were elongated by the successive addition of two carbon units to give increased yields in milk of acids ranging up to C15and C16when they contained acids with an even and odd number of carbon atoms respectively. Possible interference with the conversion of stearic into oleic acid in the mammary gland owing to the infused emulsions is also discussed.
The effects of intravenous infusions of cod-liver and soya-bean oils on the secretion of milk fat in the cow
Authors: Storry J. E. , Hall A. J. , Tuckley B. , Millard D.
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of intravenous infusions of emulsified cod-liver oil, Ethive (British Codliver Oils (Hull & Grimsby) Ltd; ethyl ester fraction of cod-liver oil rich in polyunsaturated acids) and soya-bean oil on the secretion of milk fat and the composition of blood lipids in the dairy cow were investigated.

2. Soya-bean oil increased the yield of total fat, by increasing the secretion of unsaturated C18 acids in milk and also increased the proportions of oleic and linoleic acids in the blood plasma triglycerides.

3. Cod-liver oil and Ethive both decreased the yield of total fat and the yields of C14 to C18 acids but had no effect on the yields of C4 to C12 acids in milk. Although the emulsions contained considerable quantities of C20 to C22 acids, which were incorporated into the blood plasma triglycerides, these acids were not secreted in the milk fat.

4. It is concluded that, if the polyunsaturated C20 and C22 acids in cod-liver oil are not hydrogenated in the rumen before their absorption from the digestive tract, they can act directly on the mammary gland, possibly through the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase, to reduce the secretion of long-chain acids in milk. In addition, cod-liver oil may have an indirect effect, through changed volatile fatty acid production in the rumen, on the secretion of short-chain acids in milk.
The effect of chronic dietary protein-calorie deficiency on reproductive performance of rats: respiratory metabolism of ova
Authors: Platt B. S. , Barrett Irene M. , Christie Barbara A.
Published: May 2005

1. The respiration rate of ova during their early cleavage stage from two groups of rats reared on diets of NDpCal% 10 or NDpCal% 5 has been measured, using a Cartesian diver.

2. Measurements from twenty-six experiments show that the average oxygen uptake of ova from the rats reared on the diet of high protein value was 0.563±0.175 mμl O2/ovum per h and the value for rats reared on the diet of low protein value was 0.440±0.076 mμl O2/ovum per h when measurements were made in a medium containing 0.9% NaCl and rat serum or plasma (2:1). The difference between these results was significant at 0.05 > P > 0.02.

3. It is suggested that the lower respiration rate of ova from rats maintained on the diet of low protein value may be due partly to the effect of dietary protein deficiency on conditions within the Fallopian tube and partly to the eRect on the maturation of the ovum itself.
Some effects of starch on protein utilization by sheep
Authors: Dror Y. , Mayevsky A. , Bondi A.
Published: May 2005

1. One feeding experiment was carried out with seven adult rams (49–65 kg) and a second with eight young rams (39–51 kg) to compare the influence of starch supplementation on the utilization of protein; soya-bean meal was the main protein source in all diets. Cottonseed hulls and Rhodes hay served as energy sources in the basal diets. The energy content of the experimental groups (four adult or four young rams) was increased to 150% of that of the control groups by addition of crushed maize while the intake of digestible protein was equalized by adding maize gluten to control diets.

2. Adult rams retained 20% more nitrogen and young rams 20% less nitrogen on the highenergy than on the control diet. The effect in young rams was not significant.

3. Addition of maize to the diets was followed by a decrease in protein digestibility, but no parallel trend was found between protein digestibility and efficiency of nitrogen retention.

4. In both experiments rumen ammonia and blood urea values were higher in sheep given the control diet than in those receiving the diet supplemented with maize.

5. The dehydrogenase activity of rumen contents from young rams was only slightly raised by the maize supplement compared with the much larger increase that occurred in adult rams.

6. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen contents of adult and young rams were not markedly influenced by the addition of maize to their diets but a slight increase in the concentrations of propionic and butyric acids and a decrease of the ratio of acetic to propionic acid occurred.
Effects of supplementing ragi (Eleusine coracana) diets with lysine or leaf protein on the growth and nitrogen metabolism of children
Authors: Doraiswamy T. R. , Singh Narendra , Daniel V. A.
Published: May 2005

1. Diets based on ragi (Eleusine corucum) (1) were supplemented with L-lysine monohydrochloride (2) to provide 0.50 g additional lysine per day, or with lucerne leaf protein (3) to provide the same amount of lysine as 2, or with sesame flour (4) to provide the same amount of protein as 3. The effects of such supplementation on the growth and nutritional status of twenty children fed on each diet were studied in a feeding trial lasting for 6 months. Nitrogen retention and apparent digestibility of the diets were also studied at one stage during the feeding trials.

2. Supplementing ragi diets with any of the materials brought about improvement in all nutritional responses, i.e. height, weight, general nutritional status, apparent digestibility and N retention. The diet supplemented with leaf protein led to the greatest response in growth, as measured by increase in height and weight, followed by those supplemented with lysine and sesame flour in that order.

3. The apparent digestibility of the lysine-supplemented diet was lower than those of the diets supplemented with leaf protein and sesame flour.

4. The differences in N retention between the children on the three supplemented diets were not significant.

5. The most important observations were that, although lysine as a sole supplement improved the quality of ragi diets, the leaf protein was superior to it because it improved the quality and increased the content of protein in the diet, and that the sesame flour, in spite of increasing the protein content, did not provide adequate lysine.
Protein deficiency in spaced-fed rats
Authors: Padwaldesai S. R. , Ninjoor V. , Ramakrishnan T. V. , Sawant P. L. , Kumta U. S. , Sreenivasan A.
Published: May 2005

1. Adult rats were trained to consume the entire day's ration in 2 h. They showed marked difference in food intake when a diet lacking in protein was given. Two broad stages were observed, the first phase did not show any drop in calorie intake whereas the second showed distinct severe calorie deficiency.

2. Definite changes were noted in the metabolic profiles of the protein-deficient group even though no evidence for a fall in calorie intake (stage 1) was provided by the measurements of body and organ weights, urinary end-products, liver constituents and liver enzymes.

3. The levels of urinary end-products and liver DNA and RNA decreased in the proteindeficient and pair-fed control groups compared with the control group.

4. The liver glycogen content remained unchanged in the protein-deficient groups whereas the lipid content and the ratio of vitamin A alcohol to ester increased significantly.

5. The activity of xanthine oxidase in the liver was reduced by 75% in the pair-fed control group and by 95% in the protein-deficient group when compared with the control group. However, the activity of succinic dehydrogenase varied, depending on the unit of activity used to express it.
Liver lysosomes in protein-starved rats
Authors: Ninjoor V. , Saroja S. , Padwaldesai S. R. , Sawant P. L. , Kumta U. S. , Sreenivasan A.
Published: May 2005

1. The feeding of a protein-free diet to adult rats trained to consume their whole day's food in 2 h changed the characteristics of hepatic lysosomes immediately upon the onset of protein deficiency combined with calorie deficiency.

2. The nature of the alterations in the characteristics of liver lysosomes were deduced from the faster release of enzymes, swelling of membranes and a change in the sedimenting properties. Purified lysosomes from pooled livers from a group of rats fed on a protein-free diet for only a day, showed marked differences when compared with lysosomes from normal rats. When lysosomes were suspended in sucrose solutions of two different molar concentrations, the release of acid phosphatase occurred at a faster rate in liver lysosomes of protein-starved rats than in those of normal ones. The light-scattering characteristics of the suspensions suggested the presence of swollen lysosomes in livers of rats fed on a protein-free diet and normal lysosomes in the livers of control rats.

3. In homogenate of liver from rats fed on a protein-free diet for 11 days the levels of cathepsin and acid ribonuclease showed a five- to six-fold increase in the free specific activities when compared with those of controls.

4. The role of lysosomes is discussed with reference to the accumulation of hydrolytic endproducts and liver autolysis during protein starvation.
The effect of heat treatment on the nutritive value of milk for the young calf
Authors: Tagari H. , Roy J. H. B.
Published: May 2005

1. Four Ayrshire bull calves between 8 and 34 days of age and fitted with duodenal and ileal re-entrant cannulas were used to study the effect of heat treatment of the milk they received on the pH and nitrogen composition of the pyloric outflow and ileal contents.

2. Milk A contained a spray-dried skim-milk powder pre-heated during the drying process at 74° for 30 min and milk B a similar powder pre-heated at 77° for 15 sec. In milk A about 50% of the non-casein protein N had been denatured.

3. Milk B resulted in a lower pH than milk A in the pyloric outflow throughout the sampling period of 6.5 h after feeding. It resulted also in an increased volume of outflow during the 1st h after feeding, a reduced output of undigested protein, an increased output of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and a different pattern of flow of NPN during the first 4 h after feeding.

4. These differences between milk A and milk B were associated largely with different clotting characteristics, which were demonstrated in vitro at two levels of addition of rennet with or without the addition of calcium. The buffering capacity of the two milks was similar.

5. Variation between calves in their response to these two milks was attributed to the age of the calves and to differences in inherent clotting or proteolytic activity.

6. In the ileal outflow, bacterial activity, as measured by dehydrogenase activity, was positively related to N concentration, but the N concentration when milk A was given did not appear to differ from that when milk B was given.

7. One calf had diarrhoea when given milk A at a young age. This was associated with an increased pyloric outflow, an increased outflow of undigested protein but little difference in the rate of proteolysis, and a high pH. In the ileal outflow the volume and amount of N was much increased although the N concentration was reduced.

8. It is concluded that the detrimental effect of milk A, found in earlier experiments, was largely associated with high pH and poor digestibility of protein in the abomasum, conditions which allow multiplication of coliform organisms in the intestine.
The relationship between an elevated serum amino acid ratio and the development of other biological abnormalities in the experimentally malnourished pig
Authors: Grimble R. F. , Whitehead R. G.
Published: May 2005

1. Weanling pigs were fed under three dietary regimens, control, low protein and total calorie restricted.

2. In the protein-deficient group the amino acid ratio did not start to become elevated until growth was impaired and total serum protein and albumin concentration began to fall.

3. In the protein-deficient group, but not in the control or undernourished animals, the magnitude of the ratio was statistically correlated with the rate of growth, appetite, serum protein and albumin concentration and hydroxyproline excretion.

4. The results provide information on the relationship between the serum amino acid ratio and nutritional status.
The rumen buffering system of sheep fed pelleted roughage–concentrate rations
Authors: Emmanuel Bijan , Lawlor M. J. , Mcaleese D. M.
Published: May 2005

1. Three wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannulas were given a pelleted roughage–concentrate ration containing 45% ground barley straw as roughage. The animals were given 1 kg of the diet at 08.00 h and 500 g at 17.00 h.

2. The measurements made to determine the buffering components of the rumen fluid were: rumen pH, buffering capacity value (β), total volatile fatty acids (VFA), CO2and inorganic phosphorus concentrations.βwas expressed as the quantity of titrant (m-equiv./l.) required to bring about 2 unit changes in rumen fluid pH. The pH ranges in which theβvalues were measured were 4–6, 5–7 and 6–8. All measurements were made at hourly intervals over a 9 h period commencing 1 h before feeding.

3. Rumen pH values were high before feeding, decreased to a minimum 2 h after feeding and then increased to approximately the original values. The concentrations of total VFA followed an inverse pattern. There was diurnal variation in the concentrations of CO2but inorganic P levels varied very little throughout the day.

4. Significant correlations were obtained between VFA, inorganic P and CO2levels and theβvalues. It would appear that the bicarbonate and phosphate buffers were not effective in regulating the rumen pH when sheep were given a roughage–concentrate ration.
Methane production and soluble carbohydrates in the rumen of sheep in relation to the time of feeding and the effects of short-term intraruminal infusions of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Clapperton J. L. , Czerkawski J. W.
Published: May 2005

1. The daily methane production of sheep given sugar-beet pulp was greater than that of sheep given hay. The rates of methane production on both diets increased during feeding and then decreased to an apparently steady value. When no food was given the rates of methane production continued to fall exponentially with a half-life of about 24 h.

2. Mixtures of unsaturated long-chain fatty acids infused into the rumen during feeding inhibited the production of methane. The inhibition was greater when the sheep were given hay than when they were given sugar-beet pulp.

3. In general the concentration of soluble carbohydrates in the rumen increased during feeding and fell rapidly to the values found before feeding as soon as the sheep finished eating. The infusion of unsaturated fatty acids during feeding did not result in an accumulation of soluble carbohydrate in the rumen.

4. It is suggested that the rapid methane production during feeding was associated with fermentation of the more soluble part of the diet and that the fermentation of carbohydrate was not inhibited by the infused fatty acids. The results are consistent with specific inhibition of methanogenesis by unsaturated fatty acids.
Calcium metabolism in lactating ewes
Authors: Braithwaite G. D. , Glascock R. F. , Riazuddin Sh.
Published: May 2005

1. A combination of balance and isotope techniques has been used to study calcium metabolism at different stages of lactation in six sheep and the results have been compared with those obtained from four of the sheep 1 month after the end of lactation.

2. At first the animals were in negative Ca balance but, as milk yields decreased, so the animals moved progressively into positive balance.

3. Ca absorption from the gut was significantly increased throughout the whole of lactation but not sufficiently to meet the initial high demands for Ca.

4. Most of the extra Ca was supplied by bone resorption which was high in early lactation and decreased to a very low value at the end.

5. The rate of bone accretion remained constant throughout the period and was 1.5 times as high as in the non-lactating animals.

6. In the later stages, a combination of factors, but in particular a low rate of resorption of bone, enabled the animals to replenish some of the Ca lost from the skeleton in early lactation.

7. A month after the end of lactation replenishment of skeletal stores of Ca was still continuing as shown by the excess of bone accretion over bone resorption.
Growth rates in children recovering from protein-calorie malnutrition
Authors: Ashworth Ann
Published: May 2005

1. Compensatory, or ‘catch-up’, growth in eight malnourished children has been studied in relation to food intake, efficiency of food utilization and changes in body composition.

2. During recovery, growth rates were fifteen times as fast as those of normal children of similar age, and five times as fast as those of normal children of a similar height or weight.

3. Rapid growth was associated with a high food intake.

4. When the expected weight for height was reached food intakes fell abruptly by 30% and growth rates dropped to a level comparable with those of normal children of that height and weight.

5. Food conversion figures suggest an over-all increase in the efficiency of food utilization during rapid growth.

6. The percentage body fat increased, once the expected weight for height was reached.

7. Differences in the rates of weight gain from those predicted by the Miller-Payne equation were difficult to interpret: problems associated with the equation are discussed.
Stomach function in relation to a scour syndrome in the piglet
Authors: White F. , Wenham G. , Sharman G. A. M. , Jones A. S. , Rattray E. A. S. , Mcdonald I.
Published: May 2005

1. Piglets were left to suckle their dam for about 2 days after birth to obtain colostrum and were then divided into four groups. One group was left with the sow, the second was given a standard liquid diet based on cow's milk, the third the standard diet with lactic acid added to give a pH of 4.8, and the fourth the standard diet with the casein content increased by 50%. Stomach samples were removed at intervals by stomach tube for pH measurements and bacteriological investigations. The tube was used immediately to give barium sulphate for radiographic examinations and was then withdrawn. Comparisons were made between treatments and between scouring and non-scouring piglets.

2. A diarrhoeic (scour) syndrome frequently developed; this was always preceded by diminishing gastric activity leading to gastric stasis. When spontaneous recovery occurred, there was a return of gastric function before recovery from scours and before the resumption of normal weight gain.

3. The incidence, duration and severity of the scour syndrome was less in piglets left on the sow; these differences could not be ascribed to the effect of colostrum. Piglets receiving the lactic acid milk diet had an average gastric pH of 1 unit less than the other piglets. Although the severity of scour and loss of clinical condition was less in the piglets given lactic acid milk the duration of reduced stomach motility was the same as in the other artificially fed piglets.

4. No obvious correlation was shown between the scour syndrome and the bacterial flora of the stomach or the intestines. The gastro-intestinal tracts of the piglets given lactic acid milk contained fewer bacteria than those of the piglets on the other diets.

5. Gross between-treatment differences at post-mortem were evident only in the stomach.

6. The spontaneous scour syndrome observed under the conditions of these experiments appeared not to be of bacterial origin but to be associated with a physiological malfunction of the stomach.
Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins
Authors: Bjarnson J. , Carpenter K. J.
Published: May 2005

1.ě-N-Acetyl-L-lysine showed a growth-promoting value for the young rat receiving a lysine-deficient diet approximately half that of the equivalent quantity of L-lysine;ě-N-propionyl-L-lysine showed negligible activity.

2. Considerable quantities of lysine were recovered from acid-hydrolysis of the urine of rats receiving these two compounds. Qualitative chromatography suggested that the compounds themselves were appearing in the urine.

3. Similar results were obtained from giving proteins that had the ě-NH2, groups of their lysine units either acetylated or propionylated.

4. Giving a pure protein in which the nutritional availability of the lysine had been reduced heat treatment resulted in greatly increased faecal lysine but little urinary lysine.
Differences in the metabolism of esterified and unesterified linoleic acid by rumen micro-organisms
Authors: Moore J. H. , Noble R. C. , Steele W. , Czerkawski J. W.
Published: May 2005

1. Sheep were given intraruminal infusions of maize oil or linoleic acid and samples of contents were taken from the rumen and abomasum at different times after the infusions. Hydrolysis of the maize oil occurred in the rumen with the production of mono- and di-glycerides as intermediates. Linoleic acid derived from the maize oil was hydrogenated to stearic acid. When linoleic acid was infused into the rumen, little or no stearic acid was produced and octadecenoic acid accumulated.

2. When linoleic acid or maize oil was incubated with rumen contents in an artificial rumen and samples of the reaction mixtures were taken from the apparatus after various time intervals, the results were similar to those obtained in vivo, except that the hydrolysis of maize oil did not give rise to mono- and di-glycerides.

3. These results are discussed in relation to previous findings on the effects of intraruminal infusions of maize oil or linoleic acid on the fatty acid composition of the blood triglycerides of sheep.
Time relationships between the elevation of the serum amino acid ratio and changes in liver composition in malnourished rats
Authors: Grimble R. F , Sawyer M. B , Whitehead R. G
Published: May 2005

1. Changes in the serum amino acid ratio have been compared with alterations in liver composition in young rats growing on three different diets, control, low-protein and ‘undernourished’. The rate of growth in the latter group was controlled to be the same as in the low-protein animals.

2. The amino acid ratio only became elevated in the protein-deficient animals but not to the degree found in protein-malnourished children.

3. Protein/g DNA was lost from the livers of the protein-deficient rats and this occurred at the same time as the serum amino acid ratio rose. The possibility that the two phenomena might be linked is discussed. Protein loss from the liver was not a feature in the undernourished animals.

4. Reduced serum total protein and albumin concentrations also developed in the rats fed the low-protein diet and this occurred as the amino acid ratio started to rise.

5. The liver did not become fatty in the low-protein animals until after the amino acid ratio had reached its maximal value. It was concluded, therefore, that the distorted pattern of serum amino acids could not be a result of this pathological condition.

6. There was no apparent relationship between liver RNA levels and the magnitude of the serum amino acid ratio.

7. The limitations of the rat as animal model for the study of chronic protein malnutrition in early childhood are discussed.
The urinary excretion of metabolites of riboflavine by man
Authors: West D. W. , Owen E. C.
Published: May 2005

1. A dose of 1 g of riboflavine caused a large excretion of the vitamin in human urine and the rate of excretion showed more than one maximum.

2. Various degradation products of riboflavine appeared in the urine approximately 24 h after the dose was administered and two of these were identified as 7,8-dimethyl-10-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)isoalloxazine, and 7,8-dimethyl-10-formyl-methylisoalloxazine. Reasons are given for believing that the degradation of riboflavine was due to bacterial action in the colon.
Calcium balance studies on children accustomed to low calcium intakes
Authors: Begum Almas , Pereira Sheila M.
Published: May 2005

1. Calcium balance studies were carried out on twenty-eight apparently normal preschool children who had been for several months on a low Ca intake of 200 mg/child per day.

2. Three-day balances showed that all subjects were in positive balance. The absorption was 50% of the intake.

3. When the dietary intake was increased to 280 mg/day there was a greater absorption and retention of Ca. Serum Ca, inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase were within the normal range for this age group.

4. Fourteen of the subjects were on wheat supplemented with lysine. The addition of a single amino acid to the diet was shown not to improve the absorption and retention of Ca over that of the controls.
Nutritive value of proteins of pearl millet of high-yielding varieties and hybrids
Authors: Goswami A. K , Sharma K. P , SEHGAL K. L
Published: May 2005

1. Two high-yielding varieties and three hybrids of pearl millet were evaluated for their chemical composition and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for rats at a level of 6.38% dietary protein. PER values ranged from 0.94 to 1.21 and were significantly different.

2. Tryptophan contents of the proteins were above the optimum level of the FAO reference protein. Lysine content was deficient in all the samples and was probably the limiting amino acid in the PER test.
The effect of protein-calorie malnutrition on the composition of the human femur
Authors: Dickerson J. W. T. , John P. M. V.
Published: May 2005

1. A femur was analysed from each of the following malnourished children: five Turkish (4–7.5 months; marasmic), eight Jamaican (9–13 months; two marasmic, one marasmic with kwashiorkor, three with kwashiorkor, two ‘malnourished’) and two Ugandan (11 and 12 months; marasmic and with kwashiorkor respectively). These were matched with appropriate controls. Dry weight, fat, total nitrogen, collagen N, calcium and phosphorus were determined, and values are presented for them in the bone, with and without epiphyses, and in the epiphyses and cortex.

2. The femurs of the Turkish children (4–7.5 months) showed greater deficits in length, Ca and P than did those of the Jamaican and Ugandan children (9–13 months). In both age-groups, regardless of the clinical condition, there was significantly less dry fat-free bone tissue than in control bones of similar ages. The concentration of fat in the bones was variable, but in the Turkish bones it was higher than in the controls.

3. When the epiphyses were excluded, the femurs of the Jamaican and Ugandan children with kwashiorkor contained a lower concentration of total N per 100 g fat-free solids than did those of children with marasmus.

4. The epiphyses of the malnourished children aged 4–7.5 months contained lower concentrations of total N, collagen N, Ca and P than those of controls. In the older age-group the only significant difference was a lower level of Ca.

5. The cortex of all the malnourished children had a similar composition to that of the controls.
Fermentation of various soluble carbohydrates by rumen micro-organisms with particular reference to methane production
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. , Breckenridge Grace
Published: May 2005

1. The fermentation of twenty-six different carbohydrates was studied in an artificial rumen.

2. The rates of fermentation varied widely, but except in the case of rhamnose the amount of methane produced was usually related to the amount of carbohydrate fermented (6.0 Cal/ 100 cal of substrate). There was also a correlation between the amount of carbohydrate fermented and the amounts of steam-volatile acids formed.

3. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were fermented rapidly but mannitol, sorbitol, glucuronic and galacturonic acids, glucosamine, D(–)-arabinose, ribose, sorbose, trehalose and starch were fermented very slowly or not at all. L(+)-Arabinose, xylose, galactose, mannose, cellobiose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, inulin, xylan and pectin were fermented at appreciable rates.

4. The methyl-pentose, rhamnose, was fermented but no methane was produced. Fucose was fermented very slowly.

5. The fermentation of sucrose and its constituent hexoses was characterized by a transient accumulation of lactate. The fermentation of rhamnose and of glucosamine was accompanied by permanent accumulation of lactate. No measurable amounts of lactate were produced when any of the other sugars were fermented.
Vitamin A and protein interrelationships in the milk-fed lamb
Authors: Faruque O. , Walker D. M.
Published: May 2005

1. The mean liver retinol reserve (retinal + retinyl esters, expressed as retinol) of six newborn lambs was 21±8 μg. The mean value for ten suckled lambs, aged 5–7 days, was 2655±472 μg retinol per liver.

2. Three unsuckled lambs were fedad lib. from birth for 28 days on a high-protein diet, based on lard and skim milk, without supplementary vitamin A. The diet provided sufficient vitamin A for normal growth, but insufficient to permit substantial liver reserves (43±8 μg retinol per liver).

3. Thirty-six suckled lambs aged 5–7 days were given either a low-or a high-protein diet for 21 days, with or without graded levels of retinyl acetate or βcarotene. There were no significant differences in the live-weight gain or in liver retinol reserves between the low-and highprotein dietary treatments, or between the supplemented and unsupplemented groups.

4. Twelve lambs were pair-fed on either a low-or a high-protein diet from birth for 21 days. Six lambs that were given a large supplement of retinyl palmitate on the 1st day of life had stored significantly less retinol in the liver at 21 days (P > 0.01) than six lambs given a somewhat smaller total amount of retinyl palmitate in small daily doses. Lambs given the high-protein diet had significantly greater liver retinol reserves (P > 0.01) than lambs given the low-protein diet, with both methods of supplementation.

5. Twelve lambs were pair-fed from birth on a high-protein diet for 2 or 6 days. Lambs that were given retinyl palmitate dissolved in either a low-or a high-protein diet on the 1st day of life had significantly lower liver retinol reserves some 24 h later (P > 0.01) than lambs given similar treatments on the 5th day of life. Liver retinol reserves were positively correlated with the protein concentration of the diet at the time of supplementation.

6. Eighteen lambs were pair-fed from birth with either a low- or a high-protein diet. Six pairs were given retinyl palmitate daily and three pairs were given the supplement 48 h before slaughter. The source of protein was casein. Eight out of nine lambs given the low-protein diet would have died had they not been slaughtered at between 8 and 11 days of age. The time of supplementation had no significant effect on liver retinol reserves, which were very low, regardless of the dietary protein concentration. Lambs given the high-protein diet retained a significantly greater proportion (P > 0.05) of the dietary retinyl palmitate than lambs given the low-protein diet.
The relative biological potencies of retinyl palmitate and β-carotene for the milk-fed lamb
Authors: Faruque O. , Walker D. M.
Published: May 2005

1. Thirty-four cross-bred newborn lambs were used. A high-protein diet (25% protein calories) was supplemented daily with retinyl palmitate (range, 13.75–440 μg/kg live weight 24 h), or with β-carotene (range, 68.5–2200 μg/kg live weight 24 h) for 21 days.

2. Live-weight gain was not increased by supplementing the basal diet with either retinyl palmitate or β-carotene.

3. The relative weights of β-carotene and retinyl palmitate (expressed as retinol) that were required to produce equivalent concentrations of retinol in the serum varied from 5:1 to 25:1, and for the liver (retinal + retinyl esters, expressed as retinol) the ratio varied from 3:1 to 9:1.
The action of vitamin D on the degree of mineralization of bone tissue in rats given adequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus in the diet
Authors: Rasmussen P.
Published: May 2005

1. The action of vitamin D on the degree of mineralization of the bone tissue of rats given a diet containing adequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus for 8 weeks has been investigated by quantitative microradiography. The method is described.

2. There was a significant reduction in the growth of the vitamin D-deficient rats; the reduction was most marked in the females.

3. Serum analysis showed a reduction in Ca, but P was unchanged. However, the Ca × P product was considered to be high enough to permit normal mineralization.

4. The degree of mineralization of the cortical bone tissue increased significantly according to the distance from the epiphyseal plate. However, there were no significant differences between vitamin D-treated and vitamin D-deficient animals.

5. It is concluded that vitamin D deficiency in rats does not prevent the formation of a bone matrix which can attain a normal degree of mineralization.
Observations on obese patients eating isocaloric reducing diets with varying proportions of carbohydrate
Authors: Hood Cathryn E. A. , Goodhart J. M. , Fletcher R. F. , Gloster Josephine , Bertrand P. V. , Crooke A. C.
Published: May 2005

1. Diets containing 1000 kcal/day with varying proportions of carbohydrate (CHO) were fed to four women with simple obesity. The patients were given, in various sequences and for 8 days in each instance, diets in which 3, 6, 12, 25 or 50% of the calories were supplied by sucrose.

2. No significant difference in the rate of weight loss was found when the diets of graded CHO content were fed and mean weight loss was 1.2 kg/week.

3. The high-CHO diets were antiketogenic; there was no daily relationship between urinary ketones and sodium. The 25 and 50% CHO diets had a nitrogen-sparing effect.

4. A 1000 kcal/day diet with about a third of the calories derived from CHO leads to a useful rate of weight loss and minimum changes in body chemistry. This finding may have implications in the long-term treatment of obesity.
Interrelationships between copper deficiency and dietary ascorbic acid in the rabbit
Authors: Hunt C. E. , Carlton W. W. , Newberne P. M.
Published: May 2005

1. Copper deficiency was induced in growing rabbits and the effects of ascorbic acid supplementation were studied.

2. Signs of Cu deficiency, including reduced growth, achromotrichia and alopecia, anaemia, and gross alterations in the bones of the forelimbs, developed most rapidly in those animals fed ascorbic acid.

3. Microscopic lesions in ossification centres were seen only in bones of rabbits which hadm received the vitamin.

4. Calcium and phosphorus contents of ash from cortical bone were not changed.

5. Compared with the controls, the concentration of liver Cu decreased and that of iron increased (> 50%) in Cu-deficient animals.

6. Cytochrome oxidase activity was reduced in liver and heart in Cu-deficient animals; this effect was accentuated in heart preparations from animals fed ascorbic acid.
Studies on magnesium in ruminant nutrition
Authors: Field A. C.
Published: May 2005

1. The excretion of calcium and potassium in urine, milk and faeces by grazing monozygotic twin cows has been determined at intervals throughout four grazing seasons.

2. In Expt I three sets of twins were used to study the variation within pairs in the excretion of Ca and K. It was found that the variation within pairs was non-significant and small, less than 5% of the overall mean, for all but one of the factors measured. The variation in urinary excretion of Ca within pairs was significant (P <0.05) in 1962.

3. In Expt 2 the effects of lactation on the excretion of Ca and K by three sets of twins were studied over two grazing seasons. Only one of each of the twins was in milk at a time, each twin being in milk for one season.

4. Lactation increased (P <0001) urinary and faecal Ca in 1964 but not in 1965. The concentrations of Cain the faeceswere lower (P <0.01) for lactatingthanfornon-lactating cows.

5. Lactation increased (P < 0.001) the excretion of K in urine and faeces. Differences within pairs in faecal concentration were significant in 1964 (P <0001) and 1965 (P < 0.01), but the effect was not attributable to lactation.

6. Significant differences between pairs were found for urinary Ca and K in 1964 (P < 0.05) and for the concentration of K in faeces in both years ( P < 001 or P < 0.001).

7. In 1964 greatest total excretions of Ca were found in June and July and of K in May, whereas in 1965, although the differences between periods for Ca and K were significant (P < 0.001), there were no obvious seasonal trends.

8. Mean intakes of Ca and K by the cows have been calculated from the estimated drymatter intake of herbage and the Ca and K content of the cut herbage and compared with total excretion in urine, milk and faeces. The differences between intake and excretion differed between periods (P < 0.001); for Ca, negative values were greatest in July and August in 1964 but not in 1965 and for K the values were small in July and large and positive in May, September and October in both years. The differences between lactating and non-lactating cows were significant for Ca(P < 0.001) and K (P < 0.01) in 1964. Selective grazing was considered to be the main factor responsible for these differences.
Utilization of14C-labelledBacillus subtilisandEscherichia coliby sheep
Authors: Hoogenraad N. J. , Hird F. J. R. , White R. G. , Leng R. A.
Published: May 2005

1.Bacillus subtilisandEscherichia coliwere grown on14C-labelled glucose and used for the preparation of labelled whole cells, cell walls, cell contents and peptidoglycan.

2. The radioactive samples were injected into the abomasum of sheep and the14C appearing in expired air, plasma glucose, urine and faeces was determined. Whole cells were also injected into the rumen and the incorporation of14C into volatile fatty acids was measured.

3. All the bacterial preparations, including cell walls, were extensively digested and absorbed, Less than 15% of the radioactivity was recovered in the faeces.

4. Up to 20% of the radioactivity injected was recovered in expired carbon dioxide with only 2.4–8.1% passing through the glucose pool.

5. It has been calculated that under the conditions of the experiment 18.5 % of the total glucose entering the body pool of glucose in 24 h was derived from bacterial carbon.
Concentrations and metabolism of volatile fatty acids in the fermentative organs of two species of kangaroo and the guinea-pig
Authors: Henning Susan J. , Hird F. J. R.
Published: May 2005

1. Contents from the fermentative organs of the kangaroo and guinea-pig were found to have concentrations of total volatile fatty acids ranging from 50 to 140 mM.

2. In each instance acetic was the most abundant acid, followed by propionic, then n-butyric, Trace amounts of isobutyric, n-valeric and isovaleric acids were present.

3. When studiedin vitro, tissue from the wall of each fermentative organ was shown to metabolize butyrate to ketone bodies. Acetoacetate was the major ketone body. The presence of acetate and propionate did not affect ketogenesis from butyrate.

4. In the guinea-pig caecum most of the ketogenic activity resided in the mucosa.

5. The upper colon of the guinea-pig was as active as the caecum in metabolizing butyrate to ketone bodies.

6. For both the guinea-pig caecum and the kangaroo fermentative stomach, incubations with14C-labelled butyrate showed that the proportion oxidized to CO2was considerably less than that metabolized to ketone bodies.
Observations on the microbiology and biochemistry of the rumen in cattle given different quantities of a pelleted barley ration
Authors: Eadie J. Margaret , Hyldgaard-Jensen J. , Mann S. O. , Reid R. S. , Whitelaw F. G.
Published: May 2005

1. Three heifers were changed from a diet of equal parts of hay and barley cubes (50:50 diet) to one entirely of barley cubes given in three equal feeds throughout the day. Feed intake was restricted to 80% of calculated appetite at the time of change and this percentage progressively decreased as the live weights of the animals increased.

2. The change of diet had no significant effect on the volume of rumen fluid but the rate of outflow from the rumen was significantly lower on the barley diet than on the 50:50 diet.

3. Animals on the restricted barley diet developed an exceptionally high rumen ciliate population and the bacterial population was shown by Gram films to include a number of organisms typical of roughage-fed animals. In culture, organisms of the genusBacteroideswere predominant but these appeared largely as cocco-bacilli in the Gram films. This microbial population was associated with a higher proportion of butyric acid than of propionic acid in the rumen fluid.

4. Occasional fluctuations in ciliate populations occurred in all three heifers. Decreases in ciliate number were paralleled by increases in propionic acid and decreases in butyric acid but not necessarily by a fall in pH. Under these conditions Gram films showed increases in bacteriodes-type rods and in certain curved Gram-negative rods.

5. Rumen ammonia concentrations were on average lower and showed a different diurnal pattern when ciliate numbers were reduced. Lactic acid concentrations were low and were not affected by the size of the ciliate population.

6. When the three heifers were given the barley dietad lib. there was a decrease in rumen pH and a complete loss of rumen ciliates. The rumen bacterial population and the volatile fatty acid proportions were similar to those seen during decreases in ciliate number at the restricted level of intake. These changes also occurred in a fourth heifer which was changed fairly rapidly from the 50:50 diet to a restricted amount of the barley diet.

7. Two steers which had never had access to roughage were changed fromad lib. to restricted intake of the barley diet and were later given an inoculum of rumen ciliates. The rumen microbial population and the pattern of fermentation so produced were similar to those found in the heifers on the restricted barley diet.

8. Anomalous values were noted for total counts of rumen bacteria when free starch grains were present in the rumen fluid.

9. It is concluded that large ciliate populations and high proportions of butyric acid can be produced in animals fed exclusively on a barley diet by suitable adjustment of the intake and the method of feeding. It is postulated that the ciliate population may be largely responsible for the high butyric acid concentrations.