bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-linear Time Series
Authors: Tong Howell
Published: November 2023

The analysis of time series data has for many years been a central component of statistical research and practice and the theory of linear time series is now well-established. However, the theory of non-linear time series is still a rapidly developing subject. This book is an introduction to some of these developments and the present state of research. It is a theme of this book that developments in the study of dynamical systems have motivated many of the advances covered here. Consequently, Professor Tong discusses in some detail the fundamental concepts of dynamical systems theory such as limit cycles, Lyapunov exponents, thresholds, and stability, and demonstrates their role in the analysis of non-linear time series. The result is a book which provides the first accessible and comprehensive account of these exciting new developments and bridges the gap between linear and chaotic time series analysis. Both statisticians and dynamical system theorists will benefit from this account of the interplay between their subjects and the author has included discussions of many of the outstanding open problems which remain. As a companion to this book, a microcomputer software package is available for the testing for nonlinearity and the fitting of threshold autoregressive models. For more information, please contact the author.
Introduction
Authors: Pearson E S , Plackett R L , Barnard G A
Published: November 2023

Egon Sharpe Pearson has a secure place in any account of the development of statistical methodology during the twentieth century. Between 19 25 and 1938, his collaboration with Jerzy Neyman established the Neyman-Pearson theory of testing hypotheses. The continuing importance of this feature of statistical inference owes much to his interests in the connection between theory and practice, which are also shown by his work on editing statistical tables. His enthusiasm for the use of quality control in industry led to the Royal Statistical Society forming an Industrial and Agricultural Research Section in 1933, and greatly assisted the introduction of control charts in wartime. He was Managing Editor of Biometrika from 1936 to 1966, in which role the subject of statistics was immeasurably helped by his conscientious editing and kindly advice to contributing authors. His many honours attest to the esteem in which he was widely held.

However, Egon Pearson was not only a distinguished statistician but also an outstanding historian of statistics. His historical work was informed by a lucid style free from polemics, imbued with a deep understanding of the flow of ideas, and supported by knowledge and experience of exceptional range. The historical aspect of his career began in 19 38-9 when events led him to compile biographies of his father Karl Pearson and ‘Student’ (William Sealy Gosset).
Karl Pearson
Authors: Pearson E S , Plackett R L , Barnard G A
Published: November 2023

Nearly all Gosset’s papers originated in problems arising from work at the St James’s Gate Brewery on the manufacture of stout and the production of barley, so that his attention was directed to statistical methods for both industry and agriculture. During the period from 1906 to 1919, he was in regular contact with Karl Pearson (hereafter also referred to by his initials) by both personal meetings and correspondence, with the result that the questions which attracted his interest were strongly connected with activities of the Biometric School. The period accounts for about half of Gosset’s published research, and for practically all his work on correlation, time series, and discrete distributions. Gosset’s letters to K.P. contain not only the first signs of future papers, often years before publication, but also his comments and criticisms on a variety of matters which could be expected to interest his old teacher.
Biological Basques, Sociologically Speaking
Authors: MacClancy Jeremy
Published: November 2023

British newspapers usually portray the Basques as an ancient, dour, and mysterious people living within the mists of the Pyrenean mountains. They are commonly presented as an independent-minded people who have been stubborn enough to maintain a large part of their customary way of life. Both these senses of dogged determination and of myth-ridden traditionalism —bordering on superstition—are sometimes taken as partial ‘explanations’ for the persistent terrorist violence which has characterized the Basque Country for the last twenty-five years. Slightly more informed journalists have taken the continued existence of their language (the only non-Indo-European language still spoken in Western Europe) together with the scientific work done on their distinctive blood types as striking evidence for their supposed antiquity as a people.* The Basques, in sum, are popularly presented as both a biologically and a socially distinctive people, one with ancient roots in the rocky Pyrenean soil. If, as the tourist posters proclaim, ‘Spain is different’, then the Basques are seen as being very different indeed.
Biplot Display of Multivariate Categorical Data, with Comments on Multiple Correspondence Analysis
Authors: Gabriel KR
Published: November 2023

Categorical data, whether in the form of multi-way contingency tables or of matrices of multivariate indicators, can be represented graphically by biplots. Several such displays are discussed here, for centered and for standardized indicators, which correspond to analyses of covariances and of correlations, respectively. For each type of data some biplots use overall least squares fits, while others use off-diagonal weighted least squares so as to fit only the entries which associate categories of different variables, and ignore all covariances or correlations of categories of the same variable. Some of these biplots are related to Multiple Correspondence Analysis.
Historical and Contemporary Mortality Patterns in Polynesia
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I shall consider the impact that different patterns of European contact have had on the evolution of mortality and epidemiological regimes in Polynesia. In particular, I shall use historical and contemporary demographic and epidemiological data to address several issues having to do with the various ways in which people have attempted to understand social and economic change and their consequences for the well-being of populations.
The substance abuser
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy
Published: November 2023

Shared care in the management of drug misusers is government policy in the UK, although strategies to implement shared care protocols are patchy (Geralda and Tighe, 1999). Department of Health (1999) guidelines distinguish between the generalist (a GP), the specialized generalist (a GP with a special interest in substance misuse) and the specialist, with roles and expectations varying according to expertise. Many GPs would prefer to leave treatment of substance misuse to specialists, but many aspects of recognition, harm prevention and treatment of medical complications will remain in primary care.
Disorders of body schema
Authors: Haggard Patrick , Wolpert Daniel M
Published: November 2023

The brain contains multiple representations of the body. First, afferent inputs from the skin and proprioceptive receptors project to maps of the body surface and body segments, respectively, in the primary somatosensory cortex (Penfield and Rasmussen 1950). These somatotopic maps reflect the distribution of sensory receptors within the body and underpin somatic sensation (Romo et al. 1998). For example, area 3b contains a distorted ‘homunculus’, with enlarged lips and hands.
Anarchic hand
Authors: Sala Sergio Della , Marchetti Clelia
Published: November 2023

Anarchic hand (AH) is one of the most intriguing phenomena in neurology. It defines the occurrence of complex movements of one hand that are apparently directed to a goal and are smoothly executed, i.e. the movements are not ballistic nor apraxic; how-ever, according to the affected people they are unintended. These unwanted movements might interfere with the desired actions carried out by the other (healthy) hand. The patients are aware of the bizarre and potentially hazardous behaviour of their hand but cannot inhibit it. They often refer to the feeling that one of their hands behaves as if it has a will of its own, but never deny that this capricious hand is part of their own body. The bewilderment comes from the surprising and unwanted actions, not from a sensation of the hand not belonging to them.
Our anaerobic inheritance
Authors: Fenchel Tom
Published: November 2023

Even today there are many anaerobic organisms that cannot use O2 and in many cases they are killed by even trace amounts of oxygen. Anaerobes are found among all three main groups of organisms (eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes). In prokaryotes the anaerobic life-style is probably primary in many or most cases although secondary adaptation to anoxia has probably also taken place. In the case of the anaerobic eukaryotic microbes, this is probably in most or all cases a question of secondary adaptation.
The molecular tree
Authors: Fenchel Tom
Published: November 2023

Comparative anatomy is the classical, and still useful, method for unravelling the kinship among organisms. Related organisms, the vertebrates for example, are built according to a common body plan. Certain structures in more or less related organisms are considered homologous if they have identical positions in the body plan. Such homologous structures represent different versions of a structure that existed in the common ancestor, but through evolution it has been modified in various ways. Thus the paired anterior limbs of vertebrates (pectoral fins, forelimbs of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, wings of birds) are homologous structures.
Introduction
Authors: Gaston Kevin J
Published: November 2023

The first green-backed heron Butorides striatus(L.) that I ever saw was standing motionless on a steaming hot day, amidst a clump of mangroves growing at a remote site on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. In so doing, it gave decidedly better views than many other birds that I encountered on the journey that provided my introduction to the tropics. Since then I have observed this small, compact-looking, dark species of heron at innumerable sites around the world, on humid days in the Gambia and cool ones on the eastern coast of Australia, skulking around a small lake in Argentina, and flying boldly across a major river in South Africa.
Maximal Orders
Authors: Reiner I
Published: November 2023

This is a reissue of a classic text, which includes the author's own corrections and provides a very accessible, self contained introduction to the classical theory of orders and maximal orders over a Dedekind ring. It starts with a long chapter that provides the algebraic prerequisites for this theory, covering basic material on Dedekind domains, localizations and completions, as well as semisimple rings and separable algebras. This is followed by an introduction to the basic tools in studying orders, such as reduced norms and traces, discriminants, and localization of orders. The theory of maximal orders is then developed in the local case, first in a complete setting, and then over any discrete valuation ring. This paves the way to a chapter on the ideal theory in global maximal orders, with detailed expositions on ideal classes, the Jordan-Zassenhaus Theorem, and genera. This is followed by a chapter on Brauer groups and crossed product algebras, where Hasse's theory of cyclic algebras over local fields is presented in a clear and self-contained fashion. Assuming a couple of facts from class field theory, the book goes on to present the theory of simple algebras over global fields, covering in particular Eichler's Theorem on the ideal classes in a maximal order, as well as various results on the KO group and Picard group of orders. The rest of the book is devoted to a discussion of non-maximal orders, with particular emphasis on hereditary orders and group rings. The ideas collected in this book have found important applications in the smooth representation theory of reductive p-adic groups. This text provides a useful introduction to this wide range of topics. It is written at a level suitable for beginning postgraduate students, is highly suited to class teaching and provides a wealth of exercises.
Fortran 95/2003 Explained
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: November 2023

Fortran remains one of the principal languages used in scientific, numerical and engineering programming and a series of revisions to the standard versions of the language have progressively enhanced its power. The latest standard-Fortran 2003-greatly extends the power of the language, by introducing object-oriented concepts, interoperability with C, better integration with operating systems and many other enhancements. This text details all these new features. Fortran 95/2003 Explained, significantly expands on the second edition of Fortran 90/95 Explained (also publised by Oxford University Press): the opening chapters contain a complete description of the Fortran 95 language and are followed by descriptions of three formally approved extensions; six completely new chapters describe in detail the features that are new in Fortran 2003, but the distinction between the various language levels is kept clear throughout. Authored by the leading experts in the development of the language, this is the only complete and authoritative description of the two languages (Fortran 95 and Fortran 2003). Containing numerous examples, exercises and solutions, and an extensive index, it is highly suitable as both a student textbook and practitioner reference.
Anaesthesia and myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Rogers Mark T , Clyburn Paul A
Published: November 2023

People with myotonic dystrophy, like anyone else, can require surgery, either as part of the essential management of their myotonic dystrophy or for incidental reasons unrelated to their condition. For the majority, surgery will be uneventful. Thus, it may seem dramatic to state that ‘anaesthesia in myotonic dystrophy is a major life-threatening event’, but the response to surgery and anaesthesia is unpredictable and disaster awaits the unwary or unprepared (Speedy 1990). The importance of correct anaesthetic management of the patient with myotonic dystrophy cannot be overstated, a fact fully supported by the literature with numerous examples of individuals who developed peri-or postoperative complications that led to their death (Kaufman 1960; Buzello et al. 1982; Aldridge 1985; Braham 1989; Mathieu et al. 1997). Many poor outcomes occurred because myotonic dystrophy had not previously been diagnosed in the family (Aldridge 1985; Mathieu et al. 1997), but too often the condition was known about, an inappropriate anaes­ thetic technique used, and the patient died. Mortality is the tip of the morbidity iceberg, and many patients have survived after episodes of prolonged postoperative recovery or other complications (Kaufman 1960; Webb et al. 1978; Aldridge 1985; Speedy 1990; Mathieu et al. 1997). In some instances, patients have continued to remain undiagnosed through several eventful anaesthetic procedures (Aldridge 1985; Nightingale et al. 1985).
Congenital and childhood-onset myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Die-Smulders Christine de
Published: November 2023

Myotonic dystrophy has been known as a clinical entity since the beginning of the twentieth century (Batten and Gibb 1909; Steinert 1909). Although an increased frequency of neonatal loss and mental retardation was noted in the younger generations of families (Fleischer 1918), it was not until 1960 that the severe congenital form was recognized as a presentation of myotonic dystrophy (Vanier 1960). In the following years several case reports and a large series of congenitally affected patients were published (Dodge et al. 1965; Calderon 1966; Pruzanski 1966; Gordon and Hilson 1967; Watters and Williams 1967; Harper and Dyken 1972; Dyken and Harper 1973; Zellweger and Ionanescu 1973; Aicardi et al. 1974; Harper 1975a,b). It was observed that the congenital type occurred almost only in the offspring of affected mothers (Harper and Dyken 1972; Dyken and Harper 1973).
Survival analysis and the credit-granting decision
Authors: Narain B
Published: November 2023

Credit-scoring systems have traditionally been built on cases which are classified into a number of states (usually two, goods and bads). Associated with each case are a number of measures or predictors (e.g. age, occupation. repayment history of previous loans, etc). The predictor variables are grouped into bands. for example, the variable ‘residential status could be grouped into the three bands ‘owner. ‘tenant ‘. and ‘others. An indicator variable (0, 1) is created for each band. The problem is now to construct a weighted sum of the indicator variables such that this sum or score distinguishes good from bad cases. Methods used to solve this problem include discriminant analysis, multiple regression analysis. and iterative techniques which maximize some ‘information function. More recently experts systems and decision trees have also come into the picture. Clearly the ability to predict which individuals from a set of applicants are likely to be bad is of great value. However, when a case is classified as bad no regard is taken of the length of time the account has been on the books. I think we would all agree that there is a relationship between the probability of an account being classified as bad and the time that the account has been on the books. In this chapter an attempt is made to model the ‘time taken for an account to be classified as bad. I suspect that we would be more interested in identifying those accounts that make a significant number of payments before being classified as bad. What is classified as significant will depend on a number of factors, for example, interest rates, type of loan. cost of administering each account. etc. We will use the methods of Survival Analysis to try and construct this model.
A history of psychogeriatric services
Authors: Snowdon John , Arie Tom
Published: November 2023

Fifty years ago there were no local comprehensive old age psychiatry services anywhere in the world—at least, none that we know of. In mental hospitals there were, however, wards in which all or most of the inpatients were elderly. The number of psychiatric hospital beds in the United Kingdom (UK) occupied by elderly patients reached a peak in the mid-1950s (Cooper, 1991). In 1955, in the United States (US), 1.4 per cent of those aged 75 years or more were accommodated in state or county mental hospitals (Eisdorfer, 1977). Most older psychiatric inpatients were in long-stay wards and had little contact with psychiatrists. Elderly mentally ill people tended to be accorded low priority within psychiatry. There had been little research devoted specifically to the epidemiology and treatment of mental disorders in old age, and management tended to be custodial rather than assertive.
Problem-Solving Treatment for Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence
Published: November 2023

Problem-solving treatment is a well researched, practical psychological intervention. The treatment is very much a here and now treatment, focusing on current difficulties and setting future goals. It does not dwell on past relationships and past mistakes. Patients are helped to gain a sense of mastery over their difficulties. There is good evidence to support the use of problem-solving in treatment of patients with depression, emotional disorders, and after episodes of deliberate self-harm. Problem-solving has been developed as a brief, feasible, psychological treatment that can be delivered by non-specialists. Much of the evidence supporting the use of problem-solving treatment has been undertaken in primary care. This definitive guide provides a 'hands-on' manual to assist potential therapists in understanding the background and rationale for problem-solving. The first chapter of the book provides a brief description of the theory which lead to the development of problem-solving treatment. The research trials underpinning the effectiveness of treatment are discussed in chapter two. Chapters three to seven provide a detailed manual for potential therapists. The structure of problem-solving is set out supported by many relevant clinical examples. Detailed advice is given as to how to structure a course of problem-solving. Case examples of how problem-solving develops over a course of treatment are set out. Advice for would-be practitioners as to how best to deliver problem-solving and also guidance as to potential pitfalls are given. Chapter eight sets out the content of a two day course suitable for teaching problem-solving.
Prevention of migraine: beta blockers and amine agonists: efficacy
Authors: Diener H -C , Limmroth V
Published: November 2023

Migraine is one of the most frequent neurological disorders, affecting up to 15% of the general population. Patients with frequent migraine attacks require not only management of individual episodes, but also prophylactic treatment. Beta-blockers, flunarizine, and valporic acid have been established as first-line agents for the prophylaxis of migraine attacks. Among the beta-blockers propranolol and metoprolol are best documented and hence deserve preferential use. On the other hand, it appears that other beta-blockers, perhaps with the exception of those with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, can be equally effective. Uncertainties regarding the relative merits of various treatment modalities are largely caused by lack of adherence to specific requirements for clinical trials on migraine prophylaxis.
Mechanisms of the antinociceptive effect of subcutaneous BOTOX®: inhibition of peripheral and central nociceptive processing
Authors: Cui M , Aoki K R
Published: November 2023

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A; BOTOX®) has been used for the treatment of conditions involving excessive muscle contractions, as well as painful pathological conditions such as low back pain, headache, myofascial pain, and migraine. Our group has demonstrated that subcutaneous (SC) BOTOX® inhibits inflammatory pain in the rat formalin model, suggesting a direct action on sensory neurones. However, direct evidence that BOTOX® produces pain relief by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters from sensory neurones in an animal model of pain is lacking. The present study was therefore designed to investigate this possibility using the rat formalin model, examining the effects of BOTOX® on (1) formalin induced glutamate release, (2) the pattern of formalin-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity, and (3) formalin-induced activation of wide dynamic range (WDR) neurones in the dorsal horn.
Morphine
Authors: Glare Paul
Published: November 2023

Morphine is the main pharmacologically active constituent of opium, the resin derived from the dried juice of the opium poppy, Papaver sominferum. Morphine was first introduced into clinical practice more than 200 years ago. Its effects are mediated by activating opioid receptors, mainly within the central nervous system (CNS). Globally morphine remains the strong opioid of choice for moderate-to-severe pain. Other strong opioids are generally used when morphine is not readily available or the patient has intolerable adverse effects with morphine. The WHO has placed morphine on its Essential Drugs List.
Oxycodone
Authors: Davis Mellar P
Published: November 2023

Oxycodone (14-hydroxy-7,8-di-hydrocodeinone) is a semisynthetic thebaine derivative that has been in clinical use since 1917. Oxycodone was originally formulated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. In 1981 oxycodone became available in the USA as a single agent and, by 1996, a sustained-release (SR) double matrix product became commercially available. The total dose of oxycodone was limited by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the original formulation and, as a result, oxycodone classified as a step II or weak opioid. The availability of immediate release oxycodone without a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug lead to its use for severe pain as a potent opioid without dose limitations, and the SR added form further convenience and improved compliance.
Patient controlled analgesia
Authors: Davis Mellar P
Published: November 2023

Opioids are frequently prescribed at too low a dose by physicians and given at less than adequate intervals by nursing staff. There are usually two reasons for inadequate dosing by healthcare professionals. The first concerns addiction and the second a misunderstanding of analgesic tolerance, which ‘justifies’ inadequate dosing. The fear of opioid toxicity particularly respiratory depression, leads nurses to prolong dosing intervals. The development of patient controlled analgesia (PCA) has greatly improved the knowledge of appropriate opioid dosing strategies in patients. PCA was first used in obstetrics in the 1960s and became extensively utilized for postoperative pain in the 1980s.
Foretelling Communicating the Prognosis
Authors: Butow Phyllis , Hagerty Rebecca , Tattersall Martin , Stockler Martin
Published: November 2023

Estimating how long people have to live is hard. Talking to them about it is harder. The purpose of this chapter is to help clinicians better communicate their prognoses to those affected. Knowing ‘how long you’ve got’ is important. Appreciating the uncertainty of any forecast is equally important. An individual’s life expectancy is dramatically shortened by advanced cancer. Knowing this can help them make the most of what remains. It reduces their risk of having unnecessary and potentially harmful treatments under false pretences and gives them a chance (and an imperative) to get their affairs in order, make peace, and attend to their significant others.
Breast Cancer
Authors: Efficace Fabio , Biganzoli Laura
Published: November 2023

Breast cancer ranks first amongst cancers affecting women throughout the world. More than 1,050,000 new breast cancer cases occur worldwide annually, with nearly 580,000 occurring in developed countries. In most developed countries, 5-year survival rates are higher than 70 per cent. A greater percentage of patients are being diagnosed when curative approaches are still possible. However, approximately 10 per cent of newly diagnosed patients will present with metastatic disease and an additional 50–75 per cent will eventually relapse. The treatment for metastatic dis- ease, in spite of clinical responses to the various standard therapies (hormonal, chemotherapeutic, biological agents or their combination), is generally palliative and median survival is approximately 2 years.
Rings and Fields
Authors: Ellis Graham
Published: November 2023

Rings and Fields provides an accessible introduction to rings and fields that will give the reader an appreciation of the power of algebraic techniques to handle diverse and difficult problems. A review of the prerequisite mathematics is given at the start of the book. Dr Ellis presents his ideas clearly and practically. Rather than presenting theory in abstract terms, chapters begin by introducing a problem and then go on to develop the necessary algebraic techniques for its solution in a purposeful, lucid manner, using concrete mathematical and non-mathematical examples. Although prior knowledge of group theory is unnecessary to understand the rest of the book, for those interested there is a chapter which states the axiom for a group and proves the group theoretic results needed in Galois theory.
Multiplicative Functions
Authors: Rose H E
Published: November 2023

The function method is a powerful tool in some branches of number theory. Suppose we are given a property R of the positive integers, and suppose we can define a function r which represents R, then we can apply algebraic or analytic techniques to r in the hope of characterizing R. For instance. a positive integer is a square if and only if it has an odd number of divisors, and we can derive this property using the function τ which counts the number of divisors of an integer. In this chapter we shall discuss a class of functions, called the multiplicative functions, which preserve products in certain cases; they arise naturally from divisibility.
Nonlinear waves in elastic crystals with a microstructure
Authors: Maugin Gerard A
Published: November 2023

In the classical theory of nonlinear elasticity, nonlinearity is either geometrical (introduced through finite strains) or physical (through, for example, a nonconvex elasticity potential in terms of strains; see Chapters 8 and 10). In contrast, we now focus our attention on the case of elastic crystals where the essential nonlinearity is related to a microstructure. More particularly, in view of the physical systems examined in Chapters 3, 5 and 6, we consider microstructures that are either rotating or precessing. This includes the ferroelectric crystals equipped with a molecular group, ferromagnetic crystals with magnetic-spin precession, and elastic polar crystals such as those appropriately described by micropolar elasticity.
Products of Groups
Authors: Amberg Bernhard , Franciosi Silvana , Giovanni Francesco De
Published: November 2023

Groups that are the product of two subgroups are of particular interest to group theorists. In what way is the structure of the product related to that of its subgroups? This monograph gives the first detailed account of the most important results that have been found about groups of this form over the past 35 years. Although the emphasis is on infinite groups, some relevant theorems about finite products of groups are also proved. The material presented will be of interest for research students and specialists in group theory. In particular, it can be used in seminars or to supplement a general group theory course. A special chapter on conjugacy and splitting theorems obtained by means of the cohomology of groups has never appeared in book form and should be of independent interest.
Introduction
Authors: Hogger Christopher John
Published: November 2023

The first priority of this course must be to explain the logical basis of “logic programming”. To omit this would be to omit the reason why logic programming has any significance at all. We shall need this basis in many of the Themes which lie ahead, not only to understand the formalism in its unadulterated form but also to assess certain features of its less virtuous, but eminently more popular, relation-the Prolog programming language. Our logical foundation will equip us to say, for instance, what logic programs can or cannot express or compute-in short, what they mean. Besides looking at semantical and other theoretical matters, however, we shall also comment when appropriate upon the practical significance of the topics under discussion.
Models of Inductive Syntactical Synthesis
Authors: Barzdin J , Brazma, A , Kinber E
Published: November 2023

When designing or comprehending different algorithms we usually begin with considering a number of examples and then try to generalize from them. The aim of researches in inductive synthesis is to understand and formalize this process and eventually to design practical synthesizers.
Lambda Calculi
Authors: Hankin Chris
Published: November 2023

BL Presents a fresh perspective on the role of calculus in computer science In contrast to other books on this topic, which have all been written by logicians, this book is written from the computer science perspective. The lambda calculus lies at the foundation of computer science and here Hankin emphasizes the practical relevance of the theory behind it. Final year undergraduates and graduate students will find this text useful in their studies and as a stepping stone towards more specialist literature.
Machine Intelligence 14
Authors: Furukawa K , Michie D , Muggleton S
Published: November 2023

Machine Intelligence 14 contains material presented at the Anglo-Janpanese workshop of Novemver 1993 held at the Hitachi Research Laboratory. It marks the 70th birthday of Donald Michie, the founder of the series. The contents is divided into the following subjects: complex decision taking, inductive logic programming, applied machine learning, dynamic control, and computational learning theory. Applications include controlling a steel mill, discovery of protein structural constraints, and qualitative control for dynamic systems.
Anatomy and functional morphology of the Appendicularia
Authors: Fenaux R
Published: November 2023

Appendicularians are free-swimming pelagic tunicates with a trunk and chordate tail, found in all oceans, though most species are warmwater forms. Whilst the majority are found in the euphotic zone, an increasing number of mesopelagic and even bathypelagic species have been described recently. Most are only a few millimetres long, (including the tail), but some may be much larger, up to 8-9 cm. All appendicularians in the three families (Oikopleuridae, Fritillariidae, and Kowalevskiidae) secrete and inhabit a most complicated mucilaginous filtering house with many chambers and two levels of filters (Chapter 6). In the subfamily Bathochordaeinae, where tail length may be up to 70 mm, the house is remarkably large, more than 1 min diameter (Barham, 1979; Hamner and Robison, 1992). Although in the Fritillariidae, the house was long described as a small filtration system that the animal does not inhabit, Flood (1994) has recently shown that fritillariid houses are homologous to those of the oikopleurids (Chapter 7). Fol’s description and drawing of the house of Kowalevskiidae have recently been shown to be inaccurate, by observations from manned submersibles (Chapter 6). The house is secreted by regions of special secretory epithelia on the trunk, the oikoplasts (section 2.3.1.7 and Chapter 6). The Appendicularia are thus very different in organization to the Thaliacea, and do not show alternation of generations, nor, as adults, (unlike any other tunicate) do they have an external cellulosic tunic. Instead, a glycocalyx consisting of chondronic mucopolysaccharides (Korner, 1952) covers the outer epithelium (if this is present, see p. 33). The first good descriptions of general anatomy are from Fol (1872); detailed anatomy and histology can be found in Salensky (1903, 1904a-c), Ihle (1906), Martini (1909a,b), Vernieres (1933), Lohmann (1933) and Bogoraze and Tuzet (1969a, 1974).
Feeding and energetics of Thaliacea
Authors: Madin L P , Deibel D
Published: November 2023

Pelagic tunicates are true filter feeders. While copepods and other crustaceans are now known to have complex behavioural mechanisms for detecting, entraining, and grasping food particles, tunicates actually pass seawater through a mucous sieve and ingest the retained particles. The feeding mechanisms of the Thaliacea can be interpreted as a series of modifications of the ascidian branchial basket (Madin, 1990). However, there are distinct differences in the feeding mechanisms of thaliaceans and appendicularians, and care must be used when attempting to generalize rates among them. The rates at which thaliaceans remove particles from the water when they filter feed are determined by a variety of methods. There is still some confusion in the literature over the exact meaning of ‘filtration rate’ and ‘clearance rate’ as applied to zooplankton. The following definitions of Omori and Ikeda (1984) will be used here: filtration rate refers to the total volume of water passing the filter apparatus per unit time; dearance rate refers to the volume of water from which particles are completely removed. The two are equal only if all suspended particles are removed with 100% efficiency. Experiments which measure the depletion of food particles from the surrounding water or their accumulation in the gut are properly determinations of clearance rate, because they calculate the apparent volume of water from which a certain class of particles has been removed. Measurements or calculations that determine the total volume of water pumped through a filter without regard to particle content are properly filtration rates. Because most feeding measurements are of clearance rate, this term will chiefly be used in this chapter.
The parasites and predators of Thaliacea
Authors: Harbison G R
Published: November 2023

This chapter is intended to provide an overview of organisms that have been found to interact “1-Vith thaliaceans. Since so many species parasitize or feed on thaliaceans, the bulk of this paper will consist of lists, and I will limit my comments, except to point out areas where my own observations supplement or contradict reports in the literature. At the outset, I would like to stress that the distinctions between predators and parasites are somewhat arbitrary, particularly for the smaller invertebrate metazoans. As Laval (1980) noted for hyperiid amphipods, such distinctions are largely based on the size of the predator: if it is small relative to its prey, the relationship appears parasitic. It should be remembered that most thaliaceans are relatively large and slow moving, so that their defences against predation, if they exist, are likely to be subtle. Gelatinous zooplankton in general, and Thaliacea in particular, are similar to terrestrial plants. It is relatively easy for organisms to feed on them, but they have tissues that are low in nutritive value per unit weight. Gelatinous zooplankton are difficult to identify in gut content studies, since they are so easily degraded into unrecognizability. Thus, in most such studies, crustaceans, which have indigestible exoskeletons, are easily identified, while the much more digestible gelatinous organisms are overlooked, or classified as ‘digested remains’. Because of this bias, it is generally thought that Thaliacea and other gelatinous zooplankton are not suitable sources of food to most marine organisms. I hope that the data presented here, together with recent reviews on medusivorous fishes by Ates (1988) and Arai (1988) will finally lay that misconception to rest. Luminous bacteria are obligate parasites of species of Pyrosoma. The brief literature on this association has been reviewed by Monniot (1990).
Benefits of mate choice
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Gregersen Jens
Published: November 2023

Female barn swallows exert a strong selection pressure on the males because of their mate preferences. Females thus form one of the main selective pressures which cause the evolution of the tail streamers of the males. How can so strong a preference for a single morphological character have evolved? Several solutions to this puzzle have been put forward (see section 5.2). These include random genetic drift, sensory bias in the female sensory system, and an initial mating advantage of good genes. Mate preferences are the basis for the action of one of the modes of sexual selection, namely mate choice, and several models of mate choice make specific predictions concerning the relationship between male secondary sexual characters and the mate preference. The Fisher process assumes coevolution of the female preference and the male character, but similar arguments can also be raised for the handicap process. A female mate preference can be considered a trait which may change as a result of drift and selection. The genetic basis for a mate preference can only be elucidated by testing the preference of both mothers and daughters repeatedly under controlled conditions.
Advantages of early arrival
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Gregersen Jens
Published: November 2023

From everyday experience we all know that there are optimal times for doing different things. One should not arrive too early at a party, because there might be costs associated with this behaviour. For example, the hosts may suggest that you help prepare the meal. Late arrival may also be costly; perhaps all the food is gone. Animals face similar kinds of problems, and the question becomes how to solve them in order to maximize net benefit. The question of optimal arrival time at the breeding sites from the winter quarters for males and females may be answered by means of optimality models. A number of such models exist for the frequent phenomenon of male insects emerging earlier than females (protandry) (section 7.2). The optimal arrival time for individuals of the two sexes will depend on the costs and benefits of arriving at a particular time as discussed in section 7.3. The costs of early arrival include high maintenance costs due to bad weather, whereas the benefits of early arrival include acquisition of a high-quality territory and mate and a high seasonal reproductive success.
Options for unmated males
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Gregersen Jens
Published: November 2023

Even though barn swallows have a socially monogamous mating system, because of a male-biased sex ratio not all males are able to acquire a mate. The causes of variation in the proportion of unmated males in different years will be discussed in section 8.2. Why do some males remain unmated while others readily acquire a mate? This question will be analysed in section 8.3 by determining morphological, behavioural and parasitological differences between mated and unmated individuals.

There are two fundamentally different views about the reproductive success of unmated males. Either they are a permanently doomed group of low phenotypic quality with no or little reproductive success, or they are adopting an alternative reproductive strategy with a similar fitness pay-off to the mated male strategy. Given that male barn swallows do not acquire a mate, what are their reproductive options? There are at least three different, but not mutually exclusive ones: a commonly considered possibility is that unmated males have higher survival prospects than mated ones if it is more costly for males to reproduce than skip a year of reproduction. Enhanced survival prospects relative to mated males is therefore an option (section 8.4).
Synthesis
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Gregersen Jens
Published: November 2023

The extensive, long-term study of sexual selection in the barn swallow has several general implications which are the main theme of this final chapter. The first of these general implications concerns the role of sexual selection in the life of animals. Sexual selection traditionally attempts to explain the evolution and the maintenance of extravagant secondary sexual characters which are supposed to have arisen as a consequence of the advantages that certain individuals have over conspecifics of the same sex in relation to reproduction. However, the process of sexual selection and the presence of secondary sexual characters affect in one way or another almost every aspect of the life of animals. This point is addressed in section 14.2.
Ecological determinants of queen number in ants
Authors: Herbers Joan M
Published: November 2023

I use the term polygyny to denote the peaceful coexistence of two or more mated egg-layers (queens) in the same nest site. Thus I will not consider a number of variants in reproductive structure, as reviewed by Keller and Vargo (this volume). In particular, my definition of polygyny does not include the problem of oligogyny (Holldobler and Carlin 1985), by which several queens cohabit in a domicile but maintain distinct territories, nor the problem of functional monogyny (Buschinger 1968), wherein several individuals who are capable of reproduction coexist, but in which only one female achieves reproductive dominance (e.g. Heinze and Smith 1990; Heinze this volume).
Social and reproductive behaviour
Authors: Zann Richard A
Published: November 2023

Domesticated Australian Zebra Finches are the avian model of choice in many behavioural investigations. In this chapter I will first describe the relevant behaviour of free-living birds and then consider the more scientifically rigorous observations from the laboratory. Non-social behaviour of Zebra Finches, other than feeding and drinking (Chapters 4 and 5), is more or less the same as that found in other small passerines and is not dealt with here. I have listed non-social behaviours observed in wild birds in an ‘ethogram’ in Appendix 3. Finally, vocal behaviour and sexual preferences, areas of strong research activity, are treated separately in Chapters 10 and 11 respectively.
The Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Host–Parasitoid Interactions
Authors: Hassell Michael P
Published: November 2023

This book examines in some depth our current understanding of the population dynamics of one kind of interaction—between insect parasitoids and their hosts. Parasitoids are amongst the most abundant of all animals, making up about 10% or more of metazoan species, and very few insect species escape their attack. These interactions were first modelled over 50 years ago, but for many years there was little, good empirical information on the important factors affecting host and parasitoid populations. The models were very simple and their predictions rather divorced from what we see in the field. Nowadays, much more data is available on many components of host-parasitoid systems, from field observations and from laboratory and field experiments, and this allows a much closer interaction between models and data. The result is a body of theory that makes direct contact with real systems in the field, and illustrates how ecological studies can now be advanced in a way that was not possible when theory and data-gathering were treated as rather separate exercises. These are stirring times for host-parasitoid workers who are on the verge of a detailed understanding of what underpins a whole area of population dynamics.
Heterogeneity in host-parasitoid interactions
Authors: Hassell Michael P
Published: November 2023

With the exception of the negative binomial model of parasitism (Griffiths 1969b; May 1978), the host-parasitoid models considered in the last two chapters viewed populations as homogeneous entities in which roaming natural enemies encountered hosts at random, like molecules colliding in an ideal gas (Thompson 1924; Nicholson and Bailey 1935; Watt 1959; Hassell and Varley 1969). This tradition of assuming that all host individuals are equally susceptible to parasitism by identical parasitoids is an obvious starting point for developing any general theory, but it is highly simplistic. Within any natural population, individuals of varying phenotype and phenology will almost inevitably be unevenly distributed within habitats that are highly structured and variable. It is therefore inconceivable that individuals in real populations will all experience the same probability of survival and reproduction throughout their lives.
Spontaneous and drug-stimulated recovery of cortical cholinergic function after lesion of the nucleus basalis
Authors: Pepeu G , Patre, P L D1 , Casamenti F
Published: November 2023

The neuronal loss in the nucleus basalis (NB) observed in Alzheimer’s disease (Whitehouse et al. 1982; Arendt et al. 1985), in other neurological disorders associated with dementia, including Parkinson’s disease (Whitehouse et al. 1983) and Pick’s disease (Uhl et al. 1983), and, to a lesser extent, in normal ageing in humans (Decker 1987) and animals (Hornberger et al. 1985) is considered (Collerton 1986) an important pathogenetic element of the cognitive deficits characterizing, with different severity, dementias, and ageing.

Two lines of investigation stem from this assumption. One aiming to clarify the causes of neuronal loss, the other to identify drugs preventing the neuronal loss or stimulating sprouting and regeneration. In order to investigate at the preclinical level the potential usefulness of drugs preventing neuronal death or acting on neuronal plasticity, an experimental model of Alzheimer’s disease is necessary. The damage and destruction of cholinergic neurons brought about by electrolytic and neurotoxic lesions of the NB in laboratory animals mimic the cholinergic deficit of Alzheimer’s disease and some of its cognitive alterations and may therefore represent a useful tool for its study (Archer and Fowler 1985; Pepeu et al. l986a).