bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and investigation of a dual source and U-shaped gate TFET with n buffer and SiGe pocket
Authors: Xie Haiwu , Liu Hongxia
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we propose and simulate a novel structure of a double source and U-shaped gate tunnel field effect transistor (DS-UTFET) with an n buffer layer and n+ SiGe pocket. In order to reduce the OFF-state current, there is an n buffer layer under the n+ SiGe pocket in a sandwich stack; moreover, we use a source region overlap in both the vertical and lateral directions to enhance the electric field; as a result, considerable ON-state current and a high Ion/Ioff ratio are realized in the proposed structure. In our simulation, the DS-UTFET shows better performance than the UTFET, and the simulation results indicate that the ON-state currents of the DS-UTFET with and without an n buffer layer increase up to 2.52 × 10−4 A/μm and 2.47 × 10−4 A/μm, respectively, and the average subthreshold swing of the DS-UTFET with and without an n buffer layer is 35.0 mV/dec and 52.7 mV/dec, respectively, which ensures that the DS-UTFET has a fine analog and logic feature for applications; moreover, the maximum gm of the DS-UTFET with and without an n buffer layer is 519 µS/μm and 493 µS/μm at 1.4 V drain-to-source voltage (Vds). In addition, the RF performance of devices depends on the cut-off frequency (fT) and gain bandwidth (GBW), and the DS-UTFET with and without an n buffer layer could achieve a maximum fT of 25.7 GHz and 22.5 GHz, respectively. Meanwhile, the DS-UTFET with and without an n buffer layer could achieve a maximum GBW of 3.56 GHz and 3.06 GHz, respectively.
Nuclear-electronic all-particle density matrix renormalization group
Authors: Muolo Andrea , Baiardi Alberto , Feldmann Robin , Reiher Markus
Published: May 2020

We introduce the Nuclear-Electronic All-Particle Density Matrix Renormalization Group (NEAP-DMRG) method for solving the time-independent Schrödinger equation simultaneously for electrons and other quantum species. In contrast to the already existing multicomponent approaches, in this work, we construct from the outset a multi-reference trial wave function with stochastically optimized non-orthogonal Gaussian orbitals. By iterative refining of the Gaussians’ positions and widths, we obtain a compact multi-reference expansion for the multicomponent wave function. We extend the DMRG algorithm to multicomponent wave functions to take into account inter- and intra-species correlation effects. The efficient parameterization of the total wave function as a matrix product state allows NEAP-DMRG to accurately approximate the full configuration interaction energies of molecular systems with more than three nuclei and 12 particles in total, which is currently a major challenge for other multicomponent approaches. We present the NEAP-DMRG results for two few-body systems, i.e., H2 and H3+, and one larger system, namely, BH3.
Influence of oxygen vacancies on magnetic properties of perpendicularly magnetized NiCo2O4 epitaxial thin films
Authors: Suzuki Ikumi , Kan Daisuke , Kitamura Miho , Shen Yufan , Horiba Koji , Shimakawa Yuichi
Published: May 2020

We investigated the influence of oxygen vacancies on the magnetic and transport properties of ferrimagnetic NiCo2O4 (NCO) epitaxial films. Oxygen vacancies were introduced by annealing under reducing atmospheres NCO films whose cation composition was close to the stoichiometric one. We find that annealing NCO films under the vacuum reduces their magnetizations and increases their electrical resistivities. The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, on the other hand, is almost unaffected by annealing treatments. X-ray absorption spectroscopy shows that oxygen vacancies introduced in NCO films preferentially lower the Ni valence state while leaving the Co valence state unchanged. The lowering in the Ni valence state explains the reduced magnetizations and the increased resistivities for the films annealed under the vacuum. On the other hand, the Co valence state, which dominantly determines the orbital magnetic moments responsible for magnetic anisotropy, is insensitive to oxygen vacancies. Therefore, the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is maintained even when the oxygen vacancies are introduced.
A description of biosecurity practices among selected dairy farmers across Australia
Authors: Aleri J. W. , Laurence M.
Published: May 2020

Aims
The study investigated critical biosecurity control points and dairy farmers’ motivations towards biosecurity practices among selected dairy farmers across Australia.

Methods
A questionnaire template was administered via an online survey. A three-stage process was used to develop the questionnaire by pooling of potential questions, selection and reduction of the questions to fit an 8–10 min survey.

Key results
A total of 55 responses were obtained. Mixed species rearing was practiced on 69% of the farms, with a majority keeping either sheep or beef cattle within the same property as dairy cattle. Approximately half of the farms (49%) did not provide formal training to new staff on aspects of animal health, as well as not conducting bull breeding soundness. Most of the farms (98%) required staff to use personal protective equipment, such as overalls and gumboots, but only a few of the farms (34%) had designated areas to clean footwear and a system for recording visitors (17%). Record keeping pertaining to animal health, maintenance of good fences and use of vendor declaration forms was practiced in a majority of the farms. The practice of quarantining new stock before mixing with other stock was practiced in only 45% of the farms. Monthly herd health visits by a veterinarian were utilised by 55% of the farms. Multivariable analysis showed positive significant associations between mixed species rearing with the practice of regular pest control (P = 0.004) and use of footbaths (P = 0.024) and no biosecurity plan (P = 0.025). Furthermore, a positive significant association was also recorded on the presence of a biosecurity plan and the presence of a designated area to clean footwear (P = 0.002) and no regular deworming (P = 0.024). Animal and human health reasons were the main motivators for implementing and maintaining ‘best practice’ biosecurity practices, whereas government regulation was the lowest motivator.

Conclusions
It is concluded that the biosecurity practices were variable, and animal and human health reasons were the primary motivators for instituting biosecurity practices.

Implications
There is a need to continue educating farmers on the importance of biosecurity practices.
Grass finishing and the residual effect of pasture prior to concentrate finishingon the shelf stability of late-maturing bull beef
Authors: Siphambili S. , Monahan F. J. , O'Riordan E. G. , McGee M. , Moloney A. P.
Published: May 2020

Context
The finishing of late-maturing bulls on grass is economically more favourable than finishing on cereal concentrates but it may have a negative effect on oxidative stability.

Aim
To determine the effect of varying levels of pasture feeding during the finishing period on the oxidative stability of bull beef.

Methods
Groups of eight late-maturing breed sired bulls were assigned to one of the following production systems: (1) pasture only for 200 days (P), (2) pasture only for 100 days followed by pasture plus 50% of the dietary dry matter (DM) intake as concentrate for 100 days (P-C50), (3) pasture plus 50% of the DM intake as concentrate for 200 days (C50), (4) pasture only for 100 days followed by ad libitum concentrates for 100 days (P-C), (5) pasture plus 50% of the DM intake as concentrate for 100 days followed by ad libitum concentrates for 100 days (C50-C) and (6) ad libitum concentrates offered indoors for 200 days (C). The M. Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle was excised post-slaughter for proximate, fatty acid and α-tocopherol analysis and for measurement of lipid and protein oxidation and colour stability.

Results
The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration and proportion in muscle were higher (P < 0.001) in C50 bulls compared with P, P-C50 and P-C bulls. The concentration of highly peroxidisable PUFA was at least 1.3-fold higher (P < 0.001) in the muscle of C50 bulls than of C and P-C bulls whereas the proportion was at least 1.5-fold higher (P < 0.001) in muscle of P, P-C50 and C50 bulls compared with C and P-C bulls. There was a higher (P < 0.001) concentration of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids in muscle of bulls fed on concentrate in the last 100 days (P-C, C50-C and C) compared with those fed on grass (fully or partially) in the last 100 days (P, P-C50 and C50). α-Tocopherol concentration was at least 1.5-fold higher (P < 0.001) in muscle of P bulls compared with C, C50-C and P-C bulls. Redness, redness stability, lipid and protein oxidation did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
The increase in highly peroxidisable PUFA in beef, by increasing pasture in the finishing ration did not increase susceptibility to oxidation, most likely due to a concomitant increase in α-tocopherol.

Implications
Beef can be produced from late-maturing bulls grazing on pasture for 200 days without impacting negatively on oxidative stability.
Electrochemistry of Neodymium in Phosphonium Ionic Liquids: The Influence of Cation, Water Content, and Mixed Anions
Authors: Sanchez-Cupido Laura , Pringle Jennifer M. , Siriwardana Amal , Pozo-Gonzalo Cristina , Forsyth Maria
Published: May 2020

Electrodeposition using ionic liquids has emerged as an environmentally friendly approach to recover critical metals, such a neodymium. The investigation of ionic liquid chemistries and compositions is an important part of the move towards efficient neodymium recovery from end-of-life products that needs further research. Thus, in this paper we have investigated a series of phosphonium ionic liquids as potential electrolytic media. Anions such as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI), dicyanamide (DCA), and triflate (TfO) have been investigated, in combination with short- and long-alkyl-chain phosphonium cations. The work here suggests that [TFSI]– is one of the most promising anions for successful deposition of Nd and that water plays an important role. In contrast, electrochemical behaviour was significantly hindered in the case of DCA ionic liquid, most likely owing to strong coordination between [DCA]– and Nd3+. Mixtures of anions, [TfO]– and [TFSI]–, have also been investigated in this work, resulting in two reduction processes that could be related to a different deposition mechanism involving two steps, as observed in the case of dysprosium or, alternatively, different coordination environments that have distinct deposition potentials. Additionally, we investigated the influence of electrode substrates – glassy carbon and copper. Cu electrodes resulted in the largest current densities and thus were used for subsequent electrodeposition at constant potential. These findings are valuable for optimising the deposition of Nd in order to develop more efficient and inexpensive recycling technologies for rare earth metals.
Network effects govern the evolution of maritime trade
Authors: Kosowska-Stamirowska Zuzanna
Published: May 2020

Significance

Over 70% of the total value of international trade is carried by sea, accounting for 80% of all cargo volumes. Maritime trade flows impact both the economic development of the concerned regions and their ecosystems. Shipping routes are constantly evolving and likely to be affected by the consequences of climate change, while, at the same time, ships are a considerable source of pollution. This work performs a rigorous and comprehensive analysis of maritime trade flows on a global scale over a long period, taking into account aspects of evolution, reactions to shocks, and discovering predictive models. We use machine learning methods to uncover the single dominant dynamics that govern the evolution of the structure and the intensity of maritime trade.
Inflammation-related plasma and CSF biomarkers for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Huang Jesse , Khademi Mohsen , Fugger Lars , Lindhe Örjan , Novakova Lenka , Axelsson Markus , Malmeström Clas , Constantinescu Clara , Lycke Jan , Piehl Fredrik , Olsson Tomas , Kockum Ingrid
Published: May 2020

Effective biomarkers for multiple sclerosis diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and treatment responses, in particular those measurable in blood, are largely lacking. We have investigated a broad set of protein biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma using a highly sensitive proteomic immunoassay. Cases from two independent cohorts were compared with healthy controls and patients with other neurological diseases. We identified and replicated 10 cerebrospinal fluid proteins including IL-12B, CD5, MIP-1a, and CXCL9 which had a combined diagnostic efficacy similar to immunoglobulin G (IgG) index and neurofilament light chain (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.95). Two plasma proteins, OSM and HGF, were also associated with multiple sclerosis in comparison to healthy controls. Sensitivity and specificity of combined CSF and plasma markers for multiple sclerosis were 85.7% and 73.5%, respectively. In the discovery cohort, eotaxin-1 (CCL11) was associated with disease duration particularly in patients who had secondary progressive disease (
P
CSF
< 4 × 10
−5
,
P
plasma
< 4 × 10
−5
), and plasma CCL20 was associated with disease severity (
P
= 4 × 10
−5
), although both require further validation. Treatment with natalizumab and fingolimod showed different compartmental changes in protein levels of CSF and peripheral blood, respectively, including many disease-associated markers (e.g., IL12B, CD5) showing potential application for both diagnosing disease and monitoring treatment efficacy. We report a number of multiple sclerosis biomarkers in CSF and plasma for early disease detection and potential indicators for disease activity. Of particular importance is the set of markers discovered in blood, where validated biomarkers are lacking.
Forward genetic analysis using OCT screening identifiesSfxn3mutations leading to progressive outer retinal degeneration in mice
Authors: Chen Bo , Aredo Bogale , Ding Yi , Zhong Xin , Zhu Yuanfei , Zhao Cynthia X. , Kumar Ashwani , Xing Chao , Gautron Laurent , Lyon Stephen , Russell Jamie , Li Xiaohong , Tang Miao , Anderton Priscilla , Ludwig Sara , Moresco Eva Marie Y. , Beutler Bruce , Ufret-Vincenty Rafael L.
Published: May 2020

Retinal disease and loss of vision can result from any disruption of the complex pathways controlling retinal development and homeostasis. Forward genetics provides an excellent tool to find, in an unbiased manner, genes that are essential to these processes. UsingN-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis in mice in combination with a screening protocol using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and automated meiotic mapping, we identified 11 mutations presumably causative of retinal phenotypes in genes previously known to be essential for retinal integrity. In addition, we found multiple statistically significant gene-phenotype associations that have not been reported previously and decided to target one of these genes,Sfxn3(encoding sideroflexin-3), using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We demonstrate, using OCT, light microscopy, and electroretinography, that twoSfxn3−/−mouse lines developed progressive and severe outer retinal degeneration. Electron microscopy showed thinning of the retinal pigment epithelium and disruption of the external limiting membrane. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of retinal cells isolated from C57BL/6J mice, we demonstrate thatSfxn3is expressed in several bipolar cell subtypes, retinal ganglion cells, and some amacrine cell subtypes but not significantly in Müller cells or photoreceptors. In situ hybridization confirmed these findings. Furthermore, pathway analysis suggests that Sfxn3 may be associated with synaptic homeostasis. Importantly, electron microscopy analysis showed disruption of synapses and synaptic ribbons in the outer plexiform layer ofSfxn3−/−mice. Our work describes a previously unknown requirement forSfxn3in retinal function.
Load-induced dynamical transitions at graphene interfaces
Authors: Peng Deli , Wu Zhanghui , Shi Diwei , Qu Cangyu , Jiang Haiyang , Song Yiming , Ma Ming , Aeppli Gabriel , Urbakh Michael , Zheng Quanshui
Published: May 2020

The structural superlubricity (SSL), a state of near-zero friction between two contacted solid surfaces, has been attracting rapidly increasing research interest since it was realized in microscale graphite in 2012. An obvious question concerns the implications of SSL for micro- and nanoscale devices such as actuators. The simplest actuators are based on the application of a normal load; here we show that this leads to remarkable dynamical phenomena in microscale graphite mesas. Under an increasing normal load, we observe mechanical instabilities leading to dynamical states, the first where the loaded mesa suddenly ejects a thin flake and the second characterized by peculiar oscillations, during which a flake repeatedly pops out of the mesa and retracts back. The measured ejection speeds are extraordinarily high (maximum of 294 m/s), and correspond to ultrahigh accelerations (maximum of 1.1×10
10
m/s
2
). These observations are rationalized using a simple model, which takes into account SSL of graphite contacts and sample microstructure and considers a competition between the elastic and interfacial energies that defines the dynamical phase diagram of the system. Analyzing the observed flake ejection and oscillations, we conclude that our system exhibits a high speed in SSL, a low friction coefficient of 3.6×10
−6
, and a high quality factor of 1.3×10
7
compared with what has been reported in literature. Our experimental discoveries and theoretical findings suggest a route for development of SSL-based devices such as high-frequency oscillators with ultrahigh quality factors and optomechanical switches, where retractable or oscillating mirrors are required.
Creativity in collaborative poetry translating
Authors: Lobejón Santos Sergio , Jones Francis
Published: May 2020

This study examines how creative solutions to translation problems are negotiated and selected in ‘poettrios’
(teams consisting of a source poet, a target-language poet and a bilingual language mediator working from pre-prepared, literal
translation drafts of poems), and compares creativity in this mode to that in solo poetry translating (Jones 2011). The interactions and outputs taken from real-time recordings, work-in-progress drafts and
participant interviews from several poettrios translating original poems from English into Dutch and from Dutch into English in
two workshops were coded and analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that creativity in poetry translating is
an eminently cognitive activity in which creative solutions typically emerge through the incremental contributions of the
complementary expertises of the individual poettrio members, with occasional radical leaps. In this incremental scaffolding
process, and similarly to solo translating, poettrios first consider non-creative options, then creative adjustments and, finally,
creative transformations. Radical solutions are generally only accepted when a departure from the source-text surface meaning
is deemed necessary to achieve the double aim of retaining the source poem’s message while producing an acceptable poem in the
target culture (Holmes 1988).
TORC1 inactivation stimulates autophagy of nucleoporin and nuclear pore complexes
Authors: Tomioka Yui , Kotani Tetsuya , Kirisako Hiromi , Oikawa Yu , Kimura Yayoi , Hirano Hisashi , Ohsumi Yoshinori , Nakatogawa Hitoshi
Published: May 2020

The mechanisms underlying turnover of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and the component nucleoporins (Nups) are still poorly understood. In this study, we found that the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae triggers NPC degradation by autophagy upon the inactivation of Tor kinase complex 1. This degradation largely depends on the selective autophagy-specific factor Atg11 and the autophagy receptor–binding ability of Atg8, suggesting that the NPC is degraded via receptor-dependent selective autophagy. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that NPCs embedded in nuclear envelope–derived double-membrane vesicles are sequestered within autophagosomes. At least two pathways are involved in NPC degradation: Atg39-dependent nucleophagy (selective autophagy of the nucleus) and a pathway involving an unknown receptor. In addition, we found the interaction between Nup159 and Atg8 via the Atg8-family interacting motif is important for degradation of this nucleoporin not assembled into the NPC. Thus, this study provides the first evidence for autophagic degradation of the NPC and Nups, which we term “NPC-phagy” and “nucleoporinophagy.”
Measuring individual external doses of Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings employees living in Fukushima prefecture
Authors: Uchiyama Keizo , Ishii Toshiaki , Koyabu Ken , Takizawa Koichi , Muto Shoichi
Published: May 2020

Since the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, individual external doses of residents have been investigated. To accurately analyse survey data, a variety of information, including the activity patterns of many residents, needs to be integrated. However, such large-scale surveys have not yet been conducted and actual individual external doses in Fukushima are unclear. In this study, the individual external doses of approximately 300 Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings employees, who live and work in Fukushima Prefecture outside the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, were measured. The employees carried GPS loggers and personal dosimeters capable of measuring dose in counts per minute. The employees’ individual external doses were compared along with their activity patterns. It was found that the annual additional individual external dose estimated based upon actual measurements was 1 mSv or less, and the influence on the individual external dose was also revealed.
Fully superconducting machine for electric aircraft propulsion: study of AC loss for HTS stator
Authors: Weng Fangjing , Zhang Min , Lan Tian , Wang Yawei , Yuan Weijia
Published: May 2020

Fully superconducting machines provide the high power density required for future electric aircraft propulsion. However, superconducting windings generate AC losses in AC electrical machine environments. These AC losses are difficult to eliminate at low temperatures, and they add an extra burden to the aircraft cooling system. Due to the heavy cooling penalty, AC loss in the HTS stator is one of the key topics in HTS machine design. In order to evaluate the AC loss of superconducting stator windings in a rotational machine environment, we designed and built a novel axial-flux high temperature superconducting (HTS) machine platform. The AC loss measurement is based on the calorimetric boiling-off of liquid nitrogen. Both total AC loss and magnetisation loss in the HTS stator are measured under the condition of a rotational magnetic field. This platform represents a key element in studying ways to minimise AC losses in an HTS stator, in order to maximise the efficiency of fully HTS machines.
Dephasing–rephasing dynamics of one-dimensional tunneling quasicondensates
Authors: Tononi A , Toigo F , Wimberger S , Cappellaro A , Salasnich L
Published: May 2020

We study the quantum tunneling of two one-dimensional quasi-condensates made of alkali-metal atoms, considering two different tunneling configurations: side-by-side and head-to-tail. After deriving the quasiparticle excitation spectrum, we discuss the dynamics of the relative phase following a sudden coupling of the independent subsystems. In particular, we calculate the coherence factor of the system, which, due to the nonzero tunneling amplitude, it exhibits dephasing–rephasing oscillations instead of pure dephasing. These oscillations are enhanced by a higher tunneling energy, and by higher system densities. Our predictions provide a benchmark for future experiments at temperatures below T ≲ 5 nK.
Multi-decadal shoreline change in coastal natural world heritage sites – a global assessment
Authors: Sabour Salma , Brown Sally , Nicholls Robert J , Haigh Ivan D , Luijendijk Arjen P
Published: May 2020

Natural World Heritage Sites (NWHS), which are of Outstanding Universal Value, are increasingly threatened by natural and anthropogenic pressures. This is especially true for coastal NWHS, which are additionally subject to erosion and flooding. This paper assesses shoreline change from 1984 to 2016 within the boundaries of 67 designated sites, providing a first global consistent assessment of its drivers. It develops a transferable methodology utilising new satellite-derived global shoreline datasets, which are classified based on linearity of change against time and compared with global datasets of geomorphology (topography, land cover, coastal type, and lithology), climate variability and sea-level change. Significant shoreline change is observed on 14% of 52 coastal NWHS shorelines that show the largest recessional and accretive trends (means of −3.4 m yr−1 and 3.5 m yr−1, respectively). These rapid shoreline changes are found in low-lying shorelines (<1 m elevation) composed of unconsolidated sediments in vegetated tidal coastal systems (means of −7.7 m yr−1 and 12.5 m yr−1), and vegetated tidal deltas at the mouth of large river systems (means of −6.9 m yr−1 and 11 m yr−1). Extreme shoreline changes occur as a result of redistribution of sediment driven by a combination of geomorphological conditions with (1) specific natural coastal morphodynamics such as opening of inlets (e.g. Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve) or gradients of alongshore sediment transport (e.g. Namib Sea) and (2) direct or indirect human interferences with natural coastal processes such as sand nourishment (e.g. Wadden Sea) and damming of river sediments upstream of a delta (e.g. Danube Delta). The most stable soft coasts are associated with the protection of coral reef ecosystems (e.g. Great Barrier Reef) which may be degraded/destroyed by climate change or human stress in the future. A positive correlation between shoreline retreat and local relative sea-level change was apparent in the Wadden Sea. However, globally, the effects of contemporary sea-level rise are not apparent for coastal NWHS, but it is a major concern for the future reinforcing the shoreline dynamics already being observed due to other drivers. Hence, future assessments of shoreline change need to account for other drivers of coastal change in addition to sea-level rise projections. In conclusion, extreme multi-decadal linear shoreline trends occur in coastal NWHS and are driven primarily by sediment redistribution. Future exacerbation of these trends may affect heritage values and coastal communities. Thus shoreline change should be considered in future management plans where necessary. This approach provides a consistent method to assess NWHS which can be repeated and help steer future management of these important sites.
Control of salinity stratification on recent increase in tropical cyclone intensification rates over the postmonsoon Bay of Bengal
Authors: Fan Kaigui , Wang Xidong , He Zikang
Published: May 2020

This study explores the variability of tropical cyclone (TC) intensification rates (IRs) in the postmonsoon Bay of Bengal (BoB) for the satellite period of 1980–2015. It is found that both number of rapid intensification (RI) events and magnitude of IRs show a robust increase, with a northeastward shift of intensification events. Analyses show that the temporal variability of sea surface temperature dominated the IR variability during 1980–1997. However, the thick barrier layer in the northern BoB was considerably responsible for IR variability during 1998–2015, which significantly contributed to the IR increase. Due to more intensification events occurring over the northeastern region in two recent decades, the thick barrier layer with strong salinity stratification in the northern BoB limits TC-induced sea surface cooling and in turn favors TC intensification. This study has an important implication that air–sea coupled climate model need to realistically simulate upper ocean salinity variability on projecting TC intensity change over the BoB.
Hydro-climatic controls explain variations in catchment-scale nitrogen use efficiency
Authors: Scaini Anna , Zamora David , Livsey John , Lyon Steve W , Bommarco Riccardo , Weih Martin , Jaramillo Fernando , Manzoni Stefano
Published: May 2020

The efficiency of fertilizer conversion to harvestable products is often low in annual crops such that large amounts of nutrients are lost from fields with negative consequences for the environment. Focusing on nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE: the ratio of N in harvested products over the sum of all N inputs), we propose that hydrological controls can explain variations in NUE, because water mediates both the uptake of N by plants and N leaching. We assess these controls at the catchment scale, at which the water balance can be constrained by precipitation and runoff data and NUE can be quantified with census data. With this approach we test the hypotheses that a higher evaporative ratio (ET/P: the ratio of evapotranspiration over precipitation) increases N retention, thereby increasing NUE both across catchments at a given time and through time. With data from 73 catchments in the United States, encompassing a wide range of pedoclimatic conditions for the period 1988–2007, we apply a linear mixed effect model to test the effect of ET/P on NUE. Supporting our hypotheses, ET/P was positively related to NUE, and NUE increased through time. Moreover, we found an interaction between ET/P and time, such that the ET/P effect on NUE decreased in the period 1998–2007. We conclude that climatic changes that increase ET/P without negatively affecting yields, will increase N retention in the examined catchments.
Non-climatic component provoked substantial spatiotemporal changes of carbon and water use efficiency on the Mongolian Plateau
Authors: Dong Gang , Zhao Fangyuan , Chen Jiquan , Zhang Yaoqi , Qu Luping , Jiang Shicheng , Ochirbat Batkhishig , Chen Jingyan , Xin Xiaoping , Shao Changliang
Published: May 2020

Understanding the joint impact of anthropologic and climatic changes on ecosystem function and dynamics is among the frontiers in global environmental change studies. Carbon and water balances are especially crucial to the sustainable ecosystem and functional returns in sensitive regions such as the Mongolian Plateau. In this study, the significance of non-climatic component (NCC) on carbon and water use efficiency (CUE and WUE) is quantified among the ecosystem types on the Mongolian Plateau. We mapped the spatial gradients of carbon/water balance and delineated the hotspots of NCC-driven CUE and WUE for 2000–2013 using gross and net primary production (GPP and NPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) products derived from the MODIS databases. Significantly higher CUE and WUE values were found in Mongolia (MG) than in Inner Mongolia (IM) due to both climatic forcing (CF) and NCC. NCC was found to dominate the changes in CUE and WUE in the steppes on the plateau by over 16% and 22%, respectively, but with spatially uneven distributions. NCC-driven WUE values were much higher than those driven by CF. The hotspots for NCC-driven CUE did not overlap with those of WUE, with CUE hotspots concentrated in the east of MG and northeast of IM; WUE hotspots were found in the central and Khangai regions of MG and eastern regions of IM. The NCC-driven CUE area in MG was from population growth and the industrial shares in gross domestic product, while the NCC-driven WUE area was due to livestock growth in MG but driven by the growth of cultivated lands in IM. In sum, we conclude that NCC provoked substantial spatiotemporal changes on carbon and water use. CF and NCC effects on carbon and water balance varied in space, by ecosystem type, and between the two political entities.
Accuracy improvement of a white-light spectral interferometer using a line-by-line spectral calibration method
Authors: Guo Tong , Zhao Guanhua , Tang Dawei , Weng Qianwen , Gao Feng , Jiang Xiangqian
Published: May 2020

Smile distortion caused by aberration of the optical system is the key factor that affects the spectral calibration of a white-light spectral interferometer. To improve the accuracy of surface metrology, this paper proposes a novel calibration approach based on a line-by-line method. An acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is adopted for the wavelength scanning process during calibration. By fitting sufficient calibration data, a more accurate relationship between wavelength and pixel position can be obtained. The simulation results show that the accuracy of surface metrology has different sensitivities to the coefficients of the calibration equation, and that the effect of smile distortion becomes more severe as the optical path difference increases. The presence of smile distortion is confirmed in the calibration experiment of a home-built white-light spectral interferometer. Subsequently, a silicon wafer and a standard step of 1.806 ± 0.011 μm are tested using the calibrated metrology system. The measurement results demonstrate that the line-by-line calibration method performs well in correcting spectral distortion and can improve the measurement accuracy of surface profile.
CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in mice uncovers 13 testis- or epididymis-enriched genes individually dispensable for male reproduction†
Authors: Sun Jiang , Lu Yonggang , Nozawa Kaori , Xu Zoulan , Morohoshi Akane , Castaneda Julio M , Noda Taichi , Miyata Haruhiko , Abbasi Ferheen , Shawki Hossam H , Takahashi Satoru , Devlin Darius J , Yu Zhifeng , Matzuk Ryan M , Garcia Thomas X , Matzuk Martin M , Ikawa Masahito
Published: May 2020

Developing a safe and effective male contraceptive remains a challenge in the field of medical science. Molecules that selectively target the male reproductive tract and whose targets are indispensable for male reproductive function serve among the best candidates for a novel non-hormonal male contraceptive method. To determine the function of these genes in vivo, mutant mice carrying disrupted testis- or epididymis-enriched genes were generated by zygote microinjection or electroporation of the CRISPR/Cas9 components. Male fecundity was determined by consecutively pairing knockout males with wild-type females and comparing the fecundity of wild-type controls. Phenotypic analyses of testis appearance and weight, testis and epididymis histology, and sperm movement were further carried out to examine any potential spermatogenic or sperm maturation defect in mutant males. In this study, we uncovered 13 testis- or epididymis-enriched evolutionarily conserved genes that are individually dispensable for male fertility in mice. Owing to their dispensable nature, it is not feasible to use these targets for the development of a male contraceptive.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-edited mice reveal 10 testis-enriched genes are dispensable for male fecundity
Authors: Park Soojin , Shimada Keisuke , Fujihara Yoshitaka , Xu Zoulan , Shimada Kentaro , Larasati Tamara , Pratiwi Putri , Matzuk Ryan M , Devlin Darius J , Yu Zhifeng , Garcia Thomas X , Matzuk Martin M , Ikawa Masahito
Published: May 2020

As the world population continues to increase to unsustainable levels, the importance of birth control and the development of new contraceptives are emerging. To date, male contraceptive options have been lagging behind those available to women, and those few options available are not satisfactory to everyone. To solve this problem, we have been searching for new candidate target proteins for non-hormonal contraceptives. Testis-specific proteins are appealing targets for male contraceptives because they are more likely to be involved in male reproduction and their targeting by small molecules is predicted to have no on-target harmful effects on other organs. Using in silico analysis, we identified Erich2, Glt6d1, Prss58, Slfnl1, Sppl2c, Stpg3, Tex33, and Tex36 as testis-abundant genes in both mouse and human. The genes, 4930402F06Rik and 4930568D16Rik, are testis-abundant paralogs of Glt6d1 that we also discovered in mice but not in human, and were also included in our studies to eliminate the potential compensation. We generated knockout (KO) mouse lines of all listed genes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Analysis of all of the individual KO mouse lines as well as Glt6d1/4930402F06Rik/4930568D16Rik TKO mouse lines revealed that they are male fertile with no observable defects in reproductive organs, suggesting that these 10 genes are not required for male fertility nor play redundant roles in the case of the 3 Glt6D1 paralogs. Further studies are needed to uncover protein function(s), but in vivo functional screening using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is a fast and accurate way to find genes essential for male fertility, which may apply to studies of genes expressed elsewhere. In this study, although we could not find any potential protein targets for non-hormonal male contraceptives, our findings help to streamline efforts to find and focus on only the essential genes.
Considering the Case for Diversity in Natural Resources
Authors: Batavia Chelsea , Penaluna Brooke E , Lemberger Thea Rose , Nelson Michael Paul
Published: May 2020

Although there is widespread support for diversity in natural resources, diversity is valued for different reasons. It is important to understand and critically examine these reasons, to ensure diversity efforts express clear thinking and appropriate motivations. We compiled recent (2000–2019) diversity literature in fisheries, forestry, range, and wildlife, and used a qualitative coding procedure to identify reasons articulated in support of diversity. We developed a subset of these reasons into formal arguments to assess their underlying beliefs and assumptions. Our analysis reveals a high frequency of instrumental arguments emphasizing the benefits of diversity for natural resources. Drawing on the large body of interdisciplinary diversity scholarship outside natural resources, we discuss the challenges and potential risks of predicating the case for diversity largely on instrumental arguments. We encourage natural resources communities to expand the diversity discourse by engaging with themes developed in interdisciplinary diversity literatures, including equity, social justice, and intersectionality.
Neural Correlates of Voice Perception in Newborns and the Influence of Preterm Birth
Authors: Adam-Darque Alexandra , Pittet Marie P , Grouiller Frédéric , Rihs Tonia A , Leuchter Russia Ha-Vinh , Lazeyras François , Michel Christoph M , Hüppi Petra S
Published: May 2020

Maternal voice is a highly relevant stimulus for newborns. Adult voice processing occurs in specific brain regions. Voice-specific brain areas in newborns and the relevance of an early vocal exposure on these networks have not been defined. This study investigates voice perception in newborns and the impact of prematurity on the cerebral processes. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and high-density electroencephalography (EEG) were used to explore the brain responses to maternal and stranger female voices in full-term newborns and preterm infants at term-equivalent age (TEA). fMRI results and the EEG oddball paradigm showed enhanced processing for voices in preterms at TEA than in full-term infants. Preterm infants showed additional cortical regions involved in voice processing in fMRI and a late mismatch response for maternal voice, considered as a first trace of a recognition process based on memory representation. Full-term newborns showed increased cerebral activity to the stranger voice. Results from fMRI, oddball, and standard auditory EEG paradigms highlighted important change detection responses to novelty after birth. These findings suggest that the main components of the adult voice-processing networks emerge early in development. Moreover, an early postnatal exposure to voices in premature infants might enhance their capacity to process voices.
Effect of drug dose and timing of treatment on the emergence of drug resistance in vivo in a malaria model
Authors: Acosta Mónica M , Bram Joshua T , Sim Derek , Read Andrew F
Published: May 2020

Background and objectives

There is a significant interest in identifying clinically effective drug treatment regimens that minimize the de novo evolution of antimicrobial resistance in pathogen populations. However, in vivo studies that vary treatment regimens and directly measure drug resistance evolution are rare. Here, we experimentally investigate the role of drug dose and treatment timing on resistance evolution in an animal model.

Methodology

In a series of experiments, we measured the emergence of atovaquone-resistant mutants of Plasmodium chabaudi in laboratory mice, as a function of dose or timing of treatment (day post-infection) with the antimalarial drug atovaquone.

Results

The likelihood of high-level resistance emergence increased with atovaquone dose. When varying the timing of treatment, treating either very early or late in infection reduced the risk of resistance. When we varied starting inoculum, resistance was more likely at intermediate inoculum sizes, which correlated with the largest population sizes at time of treatment.

Conclusions and implications

(i) Higher doses do not always minimize resistance emergence and can promote the emergence of high-level resistance. (ii) Altering treatment timing affects the risk of resistance emergence, likely due to the size of the population at the time of treatment, although we did not test the effect of immunity whose influence may have been important in the case of late treatment. (iii) Finding the ‘right’ dose and ‘right’ time to maximize clinical gains and limit resistance emergence can vary depending on biological context and was non-trivial even in our simplified experiments.

Lay summary

In a mouse model of malaria, higher drug doses led to increases in drug resistance. The timing of drug treatment also impacted resistance emergence, likely due to the size of the population at the time of treatment.
Inequalities in Health and Care Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People Aged 50 and Older in the United Kingdom: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Sources of Individual Participant Data
Authors: Kneale Dylan , Thomas James , French Robert
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Modeling the health and care trajectories of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) is essential to identify inequalities and support needs, yet because of the small sample of LGB people in any one survey, current evidence relies on studies that have poor generalizability and low power. This study assesses the magnitude of health inequalities among older LGB people across 10 outcomes, informed by evidence on the health trajectories and distinct LGB history of the United Kingdom.

Method

A systematic review was conducted of representative data sources on older LGB and heterosexual people’s health and care status in the United Kingdom. Individual Participant Data (IPD) meta-analysis was employed to synthesize data from up to 25 different sources. To account for the intricacies of individual data sets, the analysis employed a two-stage approach where an odds ratio and standard error was calculated for each data set individually, before being meta-analyzed through DerSimonian and Laird random effects models.

Results

Among men aged 50+, being gay, bisexual, or having another nonheterosexual orientation is associated with an increased risk of reporting long-term illness and health-related limitations. Indicators of mental health also suggest that gay and bisexual men are more likely to report low life satisfaction and to have attempted suicide over their life time. Among women, differences are apparent with regards to self-rated health as well as with engagement with risky health behaviors.

Discussion

The findings corroborate the minority stress theory, but they also generate new questions for researchers around when and how these inequalities emerge.
Cognitive Training Attenuates Decline in Physical Function Across 10 Years
Authors: Sprague Briana N , Phillips Christine B , Ross Lesley A
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Poor physical function is associated with negative health and cognitive outcomes. Although nine studies demonstrated that cognitive training reduces age-related declines in physical function, only one study has examined the effects beyond immediate posttest changes. The first aim of this study was to assess the impact of three cognitive training programs on physical function measures across 10 years and the second aim was to examine whether baseline cognitive self-efficacy or depressive symptoms moderated training effects.

Method

Using data from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) randomized controlled trial, older adults in a no-contact control condition (n = 698) were compared to those receiving processing speed (n = 702), memory (n = 703), or reasoning (n = 694) training. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and dosage analyses were conducted for grip strength and Turn 360. Participants were followed up to 10 years posttest.

Results

There were no significant ITT effects of processing speed, memory, or reasoning training assignment to any physical function outcome (p > .05). Dosage models indicated that there were small age-related attenuation effects in Turn 360 decline with more processing speed training (b = −.011, p < .001), memory training (b = −.011, p < .001), and reasoning training (b = −.012, p < .001). There was no significant transfer to grip strength. These training gains were greater for those with more baseline depressive symptoms who received more processing speed training (b = −.001, p < .001).

Discussion

This is the first study to demonstrate the effects of cognitive training to complex physical function across 10 years.
Neuroendocrinology of Sex-Role Reversal
Authors: Lipshutz Sara E , Rosvall Kimberly A
Published: May 2020

Synopsis

Females of some species are considered sex-role reversed, meaning that they face stronger competition for mates compared to males. While much attention has been paid to behavioral and morphological patterns associated with sex-role reversal, less is known about its physiological regulation. Here, we evaluate hypotheses relating to the neuroendocrine basis of sex-role reversal. We refute the most widely tested activational hypothesis for sex differences in androgen secretion; sex-role reversed females do not have higher levels of androgens in circulation than males. However, we find some evidence that the effects of androgens may be sex-specific; circulating androgen levels correlate with some competitive phenotypes in sex-role reversed females. We also review evidence that sex-role reversed females have higher tissue-specific sensitivity to androgens than males, at least in some species and tissues. Organizational effects may explain these relationships, considering that early exposure to sex steroids can shape later sensitivity to hormones, often in sex-specific ways. Moving forward, experimental and correlative studies on the ontogeny and expression of sex-role reversal will further clarify the mechanisms that generate sex-specific behaviors and sex roles.