bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of hepaticojejunostomy and self-expanding metal stents for bypassing the bile ducts in patients with unresectable pancreatic head cancer complicated by obstructive jaundice
Authors: Bezrodnyi Borys H. , Kolosovych Ihor V. , Hanol Ihor V. , Cherepenko Ihor V. , Slobodianyk Viktor P. , Nesteruk Yevhenii O.
Published: June 2024

Aim: To improve treatment outcomes of patients with unresectable pancreatic head cancer complicated by obstructive jaundice by improving the tactics and techniques of surgical interventions.
Materials and Methods: Depending on the treatment tactics, patients were randomised to the main group (53 people) or the comparison group (54 people). The results of correction of obstructive jaundice by Roux-en-Y end to side hepaticojejunostomy (main group) and common bile duct prosthetics with self-expanding metal stents (comparison group) were compared.
Results: The use of self-expanding metal stents for internal drainage of the biliary system compared to hepaticojejunostomy operations reduced the incidence of postoperative complications by 29.9% (χ2=13.7, 95% CI 14.38-44.08, p=0.0002) and mortality by 7.5% (χ2=4.16, 95% CI -0.05-17.79, p=0.04). Within 8-10 months after biliary stenting, 11.1% (6/54) of patients developed recurrent jaundice and cholangitis, and another 7.4% (4/54) of patients developed duodenal stenosis with a tumour. These complications led to repeated hospitalisation and biliary restentation in 4 (7.4%) cases, and duodenal stenting by self-expanding metal stents in 4 (7.4%) patients.
Conclusions: The choice of biliodigestive shunting method should be selected depending on the expected survival time of patients. If the prognosis of survival is up to 8 months, it is advisable to perform prosthetics of the common bile duct with self-expanding metal stents, if more than 8 months, it is advisable to perform hepaticojejunal anastomosis with prophylactic gastrojejunal anastomosis.
Cytokine profile in multiple sclerosis patients with and without Covid-19
Authors: Halenova Tetiana I. , Raksha Nataliia H. , Vovk Tetiana B. , Karbovskyy Vitalii L. , Sholomon Svitlana M. , Melnyk Volodymyr S. , Savchuk Olexii M.
Published: June 2024

Aim: To investigate the possible effect of COVID-19 disease on cytokine profile and some circulating growth factors in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Materials and Methods: Serum cytokine levels as well as growth factors content were assessed be means of a solid phase enzyme linked‑immunosorbent assay in 97 MS patients of which 41 had and 56 did not have confirmed COVID-19 in the past 4-6-month period, and 30 healthy individuals who were age‑, and gender‑matched.
Results: Some proinflammatory cytokine (such as TNFα, IFNγ) levels were higher while anti-inflammatory cytokine, namely IL‑4, was lower in MS patients compared to controls indicating Th1/Th2 imbalance. Our findings revealed that the imbalance of circulating Th1/Th2 cytokines in MS patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection became even more pronounced, thus, might be a reason for the disease deterioration. Furthermore, nuclear factor κB level in MS patients after COVID-19 was found significantly elevated from that with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and could be the cause of proinflammatory cytokines overexpression.
Conclusions: Our findings revealed that immunopathology of MS is associated with a Th1/Th2 imbalance, furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to the deterioration of this condition in MS patients, causing even more pronounced overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines and decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our results also indicated that studied growth factors can be involved in MS development but exact mechanism is not clearly understood and requires further research.
Dental treatment of children under general anesthesia during the period of matrial law
Authors: Kaniura Oleksandr A. , Koval Olga I. , Bidenko Nataliia V.
Published: June 2024

Aim: To summarize the experience of providing dental medical care under general anesthesia to children from different regions of Ukraine during the martial law, taking into account the factors affecting the choice of optimal conditions for dental treatment.
Materials and Methods: Dental treatment under general anesthesia of 1,258 children from different regions of Ukraine has been performed since March 2022. The condition of the teeth (df, df+DMF, DMF) and hygienic state of the oral cavity (OHI-S) were determined. The level of awareness of parents regarding the preservation of children’s dental health was studied through a questionnaire.
Results: An unsatisfactory oral hygiene, a high level of caries were found in the vast majority of children. The highest df was observed in the group of children aged 3 to 6 years (7.14±0.33), which is significantly higher than in the group of children under 3 years of age (4.32±1.04, p≤0.05). The worst oral hygiene was observed in children aged 6-12 years (OHI-S 2.62±0.32). An insufficient level of awareness of parents and children regarding dental health was revealed. A total of 1,712 operations under general anesthesia were performed. The majority of patients could not regularly appear for follow-up examinations due to the forced departure from the country.
Conclusions: The organization of dental treatment under general anesthesia allows solving a number of problems of dental care for children during the war.
Ghrelin attenuates the inflammatory response induced by experimental endotoxemia in mice
Authors: Majid Zinah , Baqir Bashaer Muhammad , Al-Shimerty Dhirgam Falih , Hadi Najah Rayish
Published: June 2024

Aim: The aim of this research is to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of ghrelin in mice models of polymicrobial sepsis.
Materials and Methods: 35 male albino Swiss mice, ages 8-12 weeks, weighing 23-33g, were randomly separated into five groups n = 7; normal group was fed their usual diets until time of sampling, the sham group subjected to Anaesthesia and laparotomy, sepsis group subjected to cecal ligation and puncture, vehicle group was given an equivalent volume of intraperitoneal saline injections immediately after cecal ligation and puncture, and the ghrelin group was treated with 80 μg/kg of ghrelin intraperitoneal injections immediately following cecal ligation and puncture. Twenty hours after cecal ligation and puncture, mice were sacrificed; myocardial tissue and serum samples were collected. Serum IL-1β, NF-κB, and TLR4 levels were measured, and inflammatory response’s effects on cardiac tissue were evaluated.
Results: The mean serum IL-1β, NF-κB, and TLR4 levels were markedly elevated in the sepsis and vehicle groups than in the normal and sham groups. The mean serum levels of IL-1β, NF-κB, and TLR4 were considerably lower in the ghrelin-treated group than in the vehicle and sepsis groups. Myocardium tissue of the normal and sham groups showed normal architecture. The sepsis and vehicle groups had a severe myocardial injury. The histological characteristics of ghrelin-treated mice differed slightly from those of the normal and sham groups.
Conclusions: Our study concluded that ghrelin exerts anti-inflammatory effects in polymicrobial sepsis, as indicated by a considerable decrease in the IL-1β, NF-κB and TLR4 serum levels.
New training, new attitudes: non-clinical components in Ukrainian medical PHDs training (regarding critical thinking, academic integrity and artificial intelligence use)
Authors: Kuchyn Iurii L. , Lymar Lesya V. , Bielka Kateryna Yu. , Storozhuk Khrystyna V. , Kolomiiets Tetiana V.
Published: June 2024

Aim: The paper studies the attitude to critical thinking, academic integrity and the Artificial Intelligence use of the Ukrainian medical PhD students.
Materials and Methods: In 2023, 56 medical PhD students from the Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine, underwent the survey. The participation was voluntary, upon the oral consent. The data included in the survey questions include various aspects related to critical thinking, analysis skills, and attitudes towards plagiarism.
Results: A significant majority of the medical PhD students (75%) place high importance on critical thinking. While a majority (89.29%) apply analysis and critical thinking skills in their English studies, there’s a notable percentage (7.14%) that is uncertain. Although most are aware of the unacceptability of cheating and plagiarism (75%), a small proportion admit to having plagiarized (12.5%). Only 30.4% of the respondents reported using GPT Chat for study. Responses to witnessing peers plagiarize or using Artificial Intelligence show a varied attitude, with many expressing unwillingness to report such incidents (30.36%).
Conclusions: The survey highlights the recognized importance of critical thinking in academic study among medical PhD students, while also points to areas where attitudes and practices regarding these skills could be improved. The study shows a vast area for improvement regarding academic integrity, as almost one-third of respondents need more defined standards. This definitely puts some questions before the present medical postgraduate education, and requires change of the educational paradigm, clear rules of academic conduct, and a system of control.
Studying of psycholinguistic features of doctors’ professional communication under war conditions
Authors: Kuchyn Iurii L. , Stuchynska Natalia V. , Saveliuk Natalia M. , Lytvynenko Nina P. , Khaustova Olena O. , Mykytenko Pavlo V. , Kucherenko Inna I.
Published: June 2024

Aim: Studying of psycholinguistic features of doctors’ communication competence in Ukraine under war conditions.
Materials and Methods: Bibliosemantic method; method of system analysis, comparison and generalization; empirical methods – direct observation of the doctors’ and patients’ living language, typology of empirical data according to socio-demographic indicators.
Results: Within the study, 286 dialogues were collected. With voluntary consent, they were recorded in video and audio formats in compliance with ethical, bioethical, and legal norms. Next, initial typology of dialogues, their lexical and semantic analysis with identification of typical positive and negative communicative strategies were carried out. With the help of the ≪Textanz≫ specialized computer software, 48 dialogues were subjected to the content analysis procedure for two separate ≪Doctors≫ and ≪Patients≫ samples.
Conclusions: The results of the analysis of ≪Doctor-Patient≫ dialogues enabled identifying and describing psycholinguistic markers of typical physiological, mental, social, and spiritual states of individuals seeking medical help under martial law. Thus, the markers of positive emotional states (optimism, confidence, empathy, etc.) and affective, negative emotional processes (anxiety, fear, anger, aggression, sadness, depression, etc.) were identified.
Levels of anxiety and depression in patients with endometrial hyperplastic processes and extragenital pathology in the perimenopausal period
Authors: Zakordonets Roman , Senchuk Anatoliy , Doskoch Inna , Zabolotna Alina , Kaliushna Valentina
Published: June 2024

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the level of anxiety and depression in patients with endometrial hyperplastic processes and somatic pathology in the perimenopausal period.
Materials and Methods: Overall, 150 women who were split into 2 groups, participated in this study and answered on questionnaires that were conducted according to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to assess the degree of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients. PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 questionnaires were used to study the level of anxiety and depression.
Results: Analysis of the results obtained using the HADS scale revealed that both anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients of the main group were more pronounced than in women of the control group. Identification of psycho-emotional disorders is the result of adverse effects of somatic diseases and gynecological pathology.
Conclusions: The results of the study indicate the need to correct psycho-emotional disorders and take them into account when choosing a method of treatment in such patients
Landscape therapy: rehabilitation potential in patients with post-infarction cardiosclerosis
Authors: Solyeyko Olena V. , Tsarenko Serhii O. , Maznichenko Olena V. , Chernykh Mariia O. , Palahniuk Hanna O. , Sursaieva Liudmyla M. , Maiko Elena V.
Published: June 2024

Aim: To evaluate the rehabilitation potential, effectiveness and safety of landscape therapy in the complex rehabilitation treatment of patients with post-infarction cardiosclerosis (PC) complicated by chronic post-infarction cardiac aneurysm (CPCA) at the sanatorium stage.
Materials and Methods: We examined 62 patients with PC complicated by CPCA aged 38 to 65 years. Patients were randomized into two groups: the 1st group was undergoing the “Progressive gait” physical activity protocol in the city, and the 2nd group - in the rehabilitation department in a sanatorium. Survey, six-minute walk test, electrocardiography, echocardiography, coronary angiography were performed.
Results: The average distance that 2nd group patients walked in 6 minutes increased from 301.00 ±17.00 to 467.00 ±32.00 m (p<0.05). Only in patients of 2nd group during 3 weeks of complex rehabilitation there was a decrease in body mass index from 23.70 ±1.60 to 18.90 ±1.50 and the diameter of the calf muscle significantly increased from 33.90 ±2.30 cm to 38.10 ±3.10 cm (p < 0.05). Ejection fraction in the 2nd group was 51.00 ±4.50% compared to the 1st group - 44.70 ±3.60% (p < 0.05), which was accompanied by a decrease in the functional class of heart failure in patients of the 2nd group.
Conclusions: The rehabilitation potential of landscape therapy in the complex rehabilitation treatment of patients with complicated PC at the sanatorium stage is determined by a significant improvement in myocardial contractility and physical endurance of patients, and improving the quality of life.
Predicting fertility, neonatal and perinatal mortality, and stillbirths for evaluation of the needs for perinatal care in the future post-war reconstruction of Ukraine
Authors: Vezhnovets Tatiana A. , Korotkyi Oleksandr V. , Gurianov Vitalyi G. , Paryi Valentin D. , Orabina Tetiana M. , Pysariev Andrii O. , Marushko Yurii V.
Published: June 2024

Aim: To predict trends in fertility, neonatal and perinatal mortality, and stillbirth rates to ascertain future perinatal care requirements during the post-war reconstruction in Ukraine.
Materials and Methods: The study uses the data from the Centre for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, covering the years 2012 to 2022. The data analysis was by a univariate linear regression model. The quality of these models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination, R2.
Results: In 2022, the birth rate in Ukraine had declined to 2.5 times lower than that of 2011. The period was characterized by a notable increase in the incidence of premature births and in neonates with birth weights under 1000 grams and between 1000 to 2499 grams. While the neonatal mortality rate decreased by 3.7 times, there remains a statistically significant (p<0.05) increase in the mortality rates of premature infants and neonates weighing less than 1000 grams. The stillbirth rate in Ukraine remains constant; however, it exceeds that of the European Union. Predictions indicate a rise in antenatal mortality and a reduction in both intranatal and perinatal mortality. As of 2022, the perinatal mortality rate in Ukraine made up 7.72 per 1000 live births, which is significantly higher than the rate in the European Union.
Conclusions: The optimization of the network of healthcare facilities and resources should be prioritized, in response to the reliable decline in the birth rate. This necessitates improvements in the medical care for premature and low birth weight infants, and efforts for preventing stillbirths.
Effectiveness of rifaximin and probiotics for the correction of intestinal permeability in patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in combination with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Didyk Olga K. , Chernyavskyi Volodymyr V. , Shypulin Vadym P. , Tishchenko Victoriia V.
Published: June 2024

Aim: To investigate the effectiveness of rifaximin and probiotics for the correction of intestinal permeability in patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in combination with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Materials and Methods: The prospective interventional randomized investigation included 68 patients with MAFLD in combination with type 2 diabetes, who were examined and divided into the 2 groups of treatment.
Results: The serum levels of interleukin (IL) - 6, IL-10 and zonulin, indicators of liver functional activity, liver attenuation coefficient between treatment group vs. control group after 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 and 6 months of therapy were significant differed. The serum levels of IL-6 and zonulin significantly decreasing and increasing of IL-10 in the treatment group after 2 weeks, 1, 3 and 6 months of combined therapy. When comparing of stool short-chain fatty acids concentration between treatment group vs. control group after 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 and 6 months of therapy the levels of acetic, butyric and propionic acids significantly differences and increase in their levels were established.
Conclusions: The results of the study in dynamics during 6 months show that the additional appointment of rifaximin, multispecies probiotic and prebiotic to metformin in patients with MAFLD and type 2 diabetes led to the elimination of subclinical inflammation, modulation of the permeability of the intestinal barrier and lowering increased intestinal permeability, as well as to the lower serum activity of liver aminotransferases and decrease the stage of steatosis.
Patient-centered approach to the management of acute kidney injury in the Covid-19 outcomes
Authors: Antonyuk Olena Ya.
Published: June 2024

Aim: To identify patients at risk of AKI with severe COVID-19 and to guide management strategies according to national and global scientific data for improving kidney-related outcomes.
Materials and Methods: We conducted retrospective study case-control analysing cases of hospitalisation patients with COVID-19 with or without AKI during hospital stay.
Results: In the study, we found that there was a positive correlation between AKI and respiratory insufficiency (0,513 – moderate, p<0,0001), moderate in the case of AKI grade 2 (0.301, <0,001) and mild in the case of AKI grade 1 and 3 correspondingly (0.252, p<0,01; 0.277, <0,001). Lethality (in-hospital death rate) correlated with respiratory insufficiency and AKI (0.733, 0,617; p<0,0001). We found that age had a reverse correlation with AKI and RI (younger patients were more likely to have a higher prevalence of AKI and RI, p<0,001). It was noticed that AKI correlated with the minimal albumin level (-0,35, p=0,016), minimal lymphocyte count (-0.377, p<0,0001), IL-6 (0.201, p=0,035), ferritin (0.34, p <0,0001), maximal CRP (0.439, p<0,0001). There was a mild correlation between Padua Score and AKI (0,232, p<0,01) and PLRI (0,172, p=0,05).
Conclusions: Early assessment of renal dysfunction could be used as a marker of severe outcomes of COVID-19, especially in the case of comorbidities such as metabolic disorders and cardiovascular events. We suggest using the Padua score, assessment of personal lethality risk index (PLRI), and rise of serum creatinine as additional tools for assessment criteria for hospitalisation.
Professional self-determination of future doctors: priorities in conditions of the war in Ukraine
Authors: Dobrovolska Anna
Published: June 2024

Aim: Our goal was to find out the dynamics of the levels of professional self-determination of the higher medical education applicants who acquire information technology competence within the learning of ‘Medical Informatics’ and ‘Modern Information Technologies in Medicine’ during the war in Ukraine and investigate how the professional self-determination of future doctors develops.
Materials and Methods: The questionnaire for the survey consisted of 15 questions. 382 future specialists covered the questionnaire survey. All respondents studied majoring in 222 ‘Medicine’ at the medical faculty of the Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University. The results of this research we evaluated according to the defined algorithm.
Results: We established that under the condition of the formation of information technology competence, during the war there is a positive dynamic of the professional self-determination levels and their quality as the cognitive-reflexive component of future doctors’ readiness to use digital technologies in their professional activity and there is also a change in the priorities of professional self-determination.
Conclusions: In extreme conditions, during the war in Ukraine, the future doctors as subjects of professional activity who use digital technologies within the information technology competence which formed during the learning of ‘Medical Informatics’ and ‘Modern Information Technologies in Medicine’ changed the priorities of professional self-determination, the quality of the levels of which has improved.
Effect of Enoxaparin on D-dimer levels in hospitalized Corona Virus patients with a comparison of its level in patients with comorbid conditions
Authors: Khaleq Maysaa Ali Abdul
Published: June 2024

Aim: The main goal is to assess the levels of comorbid diseases and examine the changes in D-dimer in hospitalized patients before and following SC enoxaparin medication.
Material and Methods: At the Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, from October 2022 to May 2023, 86 patients who were hospitalized and had severe to critical COVID-19 infections provided data for a retrospective analysis.
Results: The medical records of all COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized and whose D-dimer level was greater than 0.5 mg/l and who were given enoxaparin (40 mg subcutaneously) were reviewed with the requisite authorization from the relevant authorities. The D-dimer level was assessed following therapy on the day of admission and day five after commencing enoxaparin. An examination of 86 case records revealed that persons with COVID-19 had significantly decreased D-dimer levels after taking subcutaneous enoxaparin (p-value<0.0001). The comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension) of patients who received the drug were compared.
Conclusions: Enoxaparin and other anticoagulants were utilized to treat the coagulopathy brought on by COVID-19. Low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin has demonstrated positive outcomes in the management of VTE. A decrease in D-dimer level is anticipated when COVID-19 patients are treated with subcutaneous enoxaparin, partly because decreased coagulation results in lower fibrin formation.
Current challenges in accessibility to ophthalmological care
in Ukraine
Authors: Skrypnikova Olena S. , Yurochko Tetiana P.
Published: June 2024

Aim: The purpose of the study is to identify challenges in the organization and access to ophthalmic services through the analysis of expert opinion of practitioners and government officials.
Materials and Methods: Materials developed during expert interviews with practitioners and government officials were used in the study. We also used materials worked out within the project ID 22120107 supported by Visegrad Fund.
Conclusions: Despite all the challenges in access to high-quality ophthalmology services, practitioners and government officials have common opinions on how to improve the organization of eye services, how to make care more inclusive and effective, so that the development of blindness and visual impairment does not cause a burden on the state and society.
Performanca e Ndërtesave me Pllaka Beton Arme të Parapërgatitur
Authors:   POLIS University, Guri Merita
Published: June 2024

Strukturat e parafabrikuara prej betoni të armuar përbëhen nga elementë të ndryshëm të cilët prodhohen në mënyrë të industrializuar jashtë vendit të ndërtimit. Zhvillimi i teknologjive të konstruksioneve të parafabrikuara beton arme dhe aplikimeve në ndërtesa filloi pas Luftës së Dytë Botërore në Evropë, për shkak të një kërkese të konsiderueshme për banesa në shkallë të gjerë për popullsinë urbane në rritje të shpejtë. Tipologjia e këtyre ndërtesave për qëllime rezidenciale është shumë e përhapur në Shqipëri dhe në vendet e rajonit si p.sh. ish-Jugosllavia, Rumania dhe Bullgaria, në periudhën e viteve 1960-1990. Kjo praktikë ndërtimi ishte veçanërisht e përhapur në vendet me qeveri socialiste/komuniste, në të cilat projektimi dhe ndërtimi i banesave kryheshin vetëm përmes sektorit publik, për shembull ish-Bashkimit Sovjetik dhe Kinës, dhe gjithashtu u përdor gjerësisht për ndërtimin e banesave shumë-familjare në qytet, zona të disa vendeve europiane, duke përfshirë Shqipërinë, ish-Jugosllavinë, Rumaninë (NBS 1977; Bostenaru Dan dhe Sandu 2004) dhe Bullgarinë (Andonov 2019).
Albania – Decades of Architecture in Political Context
Authors: Aliaj Besnik ,   POLIS University, Dhamo Sotir ,   Polis University, Kristo Saimir ,   POLIS University
Published: June 2024

In the second half of the 19th century, Albania was still referred to as the “unknown country of the Skipetares” or Shqiptarët, as the inhabitants of the country in the southernmost part of the Balkans call themselves; even in the early 1990s, it was brokered as Europe’s last secret, because in fact almost no-one was permitted to enter. Even today, the transmission of knowledge about the country has not risen much above tourist literature. To this, we wish to add a mosaic stone regarding the culture of building. Albania came into being at the beginning of the 20th century as an independent, albeit in the beginning, very heterogenous state; with respect to building, the time since its independence can, to put it simply, be divided into four periods: the era after the First World War until 1939, the Italian occupation until 1943 followed by the years of communist dictatorship until 1990 and then the time period up to the present day. While political context has everywhere and always been of overriding importance for the creation of architecture, this is even more so in Albania and is indeed not comparable to developments in other countries. The process of attaining independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1913 was substantially supported – not without self-interest – by the diplomacy of the Habsburg Empire. The entire body politic with its administrative, cultural and educational system and all the corresponding architectural facilities had subsequently to be slowly built up.
Tourists’ Littering Behavior and Feeling of Guilt: Implications for Sustainable Coastal Destination Management
Authors: Adam Issahaku
Published: June 2024

Though tourists have long been acknowledged to litter beaches during their holidays, there is little empirical focus on understanding the characteristics of tourists who litter beaches. Based on data obtained from 843 international tourists who visited two main coastal destinations
in Ghana and analyzed with binary logistic regression and chi-square test of independence, it is revealed that close to half of the tourists admitted to littering beaches during their holiday in Ghana. Further, male tourists, younger adults, high school leavers, those who traveled to Ghana
in the company of others, as well as those who visited for the purpose of leisure have the highest probability of littering beaches. Among those who littered, females, older adults, bachelors and postgraduate qualification holders, and those who visited for the sake of seeing friends and family
and business felt guilty for their littering behavior. The implications of these findings in the context of promoting sustainable tourist behavior at coastal destinations are discussed.
EQUALIZATION OF LOCAL BUDGET DISPROPORTIONS THAT AROSE IN CONNECTION WITH FULL-SCALE WAR
Authors: Vatamanyuk-Zelinska Uliana , Kazakova Olha
Published: June 2024

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to outline ways to resolve issues related to overcoming imbalances in the local budgets of the regions of Ukraine most affected by Russian aggression.

Methodology of research. General scientific and empirical methods based on a systemic approach were used in the research process. The methods of statistical data processing and grouping were used to analyse disparities in local budgets of the most affected regions, as well as the method of system analysis.

Findings. The article analyses the dynamics and structure of revenues and expenditures of local budgets of Ukraine under martial law. The negative impact of the full-scale war on the revenues and expenditures of local budgets was established, in particular, the identification of budget deficits, failure to ensure income growth of the Kherson, Donetsk, and Luhansk regions. The percentage value of the performance indicators of local budgets was established. Balance coefficients and volumes of interbudgetary transfers were determined.

The following methods of equalizing disparities in the income and expenditure parts proposed by the authors to ensure the financial stability of local authorities and the balance of their budgets: reducing expenses, expanding external financing, using interbudgetary transfers. The importance of the additional subsidy aimed at equalizing disparities in territorial development and contributing to the stability of local budgets is indicated.

Originality. The article provides a detailed analysis of the influence of martial law on the formation and implementation of the revenue and expenditure part of local budgets of Ukraine was carried out, taking into account statistical data and legislative changes. In addition, a number of methods of equalizing the disparities of local budgets are proposed, which can be used to ensure the stability and balance of the financial resources of the local government in the conditions of martial law.

Practical value. The results of the research can be used to develop effective mechanisms for equalizing the disparities of the income and expenditure parts of local budgets in the conditions of martial law and ensuring their balance at the local level.
Key words: local budgets, disparities, balancing, revenues, expenditures, interbudgetary transfers, additional subsidy.
METHODICAL APPROACHES TO KEEPING RECORDS OF PAYROLL CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS OF FINANCIAL REPORTING
Authors: Svynous Ivan , Turzhanskyi Vitalii , Khoma Dmytro
Published: June 2024

Purpose. The aim of the article is to offer practical recommendations on the use of international financial reporting standards in the accounting for wages in Ukraine based on the generalization of the experience of countries around the world that use these standards of financial reporting in the accounting process.

Methodology of research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is scientific concepts, theoretical developments of leading scientists on the issues of payroll accounting, its analysis, control and budgeting. General scientific and special research methods were used to achieve the set goal: observation, analysis and synthesis, a comprehensive approach – in the generalization and improvement of the main theoretical provisions and methodical principles of accounting for labour payments; system approach – when studying the features of the payroll management system and determining the place of integrated accounting in it.

Findings. An analysis of the use of international standards of financial reporting in the implementation of salary accounting was carried out. It was proven that the IFRS system, unlike the PSBO system, does not operate with the concept of “payments related to wages”. International standards use another category – “employee benefits”. Differences between these indicators are observed when analysing the elemental classification of expenditures.

Originality. The root causes of the differences between domestic accounting standards and IFRS when accounting for the wages of employees of economic entities are substantiated. It was established that the problem of standardization for the Ukrainian economy is that all international financial reporting standards are developed for the conditions of a developed market economy, so most of them are not acceptable for our country in their entirety.

Practical value. Entities of entrepreneurial activity that, in accordance with current domestic legislation, keep records based on IFRS, have the opportunity to implement the process of adaptation of keeping records of wage calculations, taking into account the peculiarities of economic relations and legal acts that regulate the calculation and payment of wages to hired workers.
Key words: international standards of financial reporting, national accounting standards, salary, monetary reward, enterprise
GEOPOLITICAL CONFRONTATION OF COUNTRIES AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF THE FORMATION OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER
Authors: Ivashchuk Oleh , Kazmerchuk Viktoriia
Published: June 2024

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify the impact of geopolitical transformations on the development of international economic relations and to determine the economic dimension of the formation of a new world order.

Methodology of research. The following general scientific and special methods were used in the course of the study: induction and deduction – at the stage of collecting, systematizing and processing information to identify trends and cause-and-effect relationships in the geopolitical confrontation of countries, as well as to predict possible scenarios for the development of international events; analysis and synthesis – to identify the main trends in the formation of a new world order; abstract and logical – to summarize information from various sources and create a comprehensive view of the problem under study, formulate theoretical conclusions and generalizations; comparative method – to analyse the main vectors of geopolitical confrontation between countries in order to identify specific features, global patterns and cause-and-effect relationships between them; graphic method – to visualize the results of the study.

Findings. The multifaceted nature of the process of forming a new world order is substantiated. It has been confirmed that the world order is undergoing changes under the influence of global factors, among which the role of economic factors is increasing. The role of civilizational factors in the formation of geopolitical strategies is revealed. Huntington's theory of civilizations is analysed. The differences of spatial and civilizational approaches to countries are determined. The basic provisions of the basic theories of geopolitics are disclosed. It has been confirmed that in the post-war period the formation of a global institutional system took place, and global institutions were formed.

The role of economic institutions in consolidating the efforts of countries in that period is clarified. The role of the Marshall Plan in helping countries is argued. The specifics of the geopolitical confrontation between the countries, which especially intensified during the Cold War period, are clarified. The current state of geopolitical instability and the main geopolitical risks, including economic ones, are analysed. It is substantiated that geopolitical tension is accompanied by economic and financial fragmentation.

Originality. The theoretical aspects of the formation of a new world order under the influence of the geopolitical confrontation of countries and economic transformations gained further development.

Practical value. The conducted conclusions, recommendations and results can be used in further scientific studies of the economic determinants of the formation of the new world order and the development of proposals for the integration of countries into the new global economic system.
Key words: geopolitics, geopolitical confrontation, geopolitical risks, economic fragmentation, economic transformations, new world order.
CRITERIA FOR ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS
Authors:   Doсent, Doctor of Philology Sciences, Department of General Linguistics, Uzbek State WorldLanguages University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Muminova Aziza Arslonovna
Published: June 2024

Based on the nature of their impact, advertising is divided into rational and emotional. Rational advertising appeals to the consciousness of a potential buyer and provides information about the advertised service or product: it provides evidence that convinces him, highlights the main features of the advertised service or product.
LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN POETIC TEXT
Authors:   PhD Candidate, Namangan State University, Uzbekistan, Ibragimova Iroda Artikmashrabovna
Published: June 2024

This article discusses language functions and the representational function of language, as well as their application in poetic text.
METHODS OF CHECKING STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND ABILITIES IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING GEOMETRICAL MATERIALS
Authors:   Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute,3rd grade student of primary education, Uzbekistan, qizi Xolmurodova Nilufar Bobomurod
Published: June 2024

In this article, the method of monitoring the student's knowledge and skills in the process of studying geometric materials, the pedagogical and psychological basis of controlling the student's knowledge, the student's knowledge, skills, and competencies in the process of teaching geometric materials in the cross-section of classes. control methods are covered.
THE EVIDENCE OF AUDITING AND IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF THE DOCUMENTATION PROCESS
Authors:   PhD, Professor of the Department of Accounting and Reporting, Tashkent state University of Economics, Uzbekistan, Usanovich Ganiev Zafar
Published: June 2024

There is presented in the article the findings, sugestions and recommendations for obtaining audit evidence, the quality of the organization’s data and the financial condition of the audited entity, as well as their documentation based on international standards.
"CANVAS" IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETENCIES OF WORKING WITH MULTIMEDIA TOOLS OF FUTURE INFORMATICS TEACHERS USING CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent technical school of economy and industry, Uzbekistan, Atakhanovna Tayirova Muhabbat
Published: June 2024

The modern process of informatization of education serves as a basis for the introduction of information and communication technologies into the educational process, where the trends of introducing cloud technologies to organize access to software implemented in various food activities are very relevant. The article highlights the problem of using one of the ICT tools, the open-source learning management system hosted by Instructure on the Canvas cloud, the advantages of using it in teaching and the tools it contains.
EVOLUTION OF SAZ SOILS OF CENTRAL FERGHANA GRASSLAND
Authors:   Researcher, Fergana state university, Uzbekistan, Mirzaev U.B. , Azimov Z. ,   Researcher, Fergana state university, Uzbekistan, Tojimatov A. ,   Researcher, Fergana state university, Uzbekistan
Published: June 2024

In article addresses the role of the anthropogenic factor in the process of modern evolutionary development of irrigated meadow saz soils in Central Fergana.
FEMININE HEROES: THE WOMAN’S MAN IN A LITERATURE OF THEIR OWN: BRITISH WOMEN NOVELISTS FROM BRONTE TO LESSING, BY ELAINE SHOWALTER
Authors:   Department of English Language, AlToosi University, Iraq, Alkhafaji Hameed Abdulameer Hameed
Published: June 2024

The chapter V highlights the feminine perspective of women novelists when they present the man in their novels. In another word, the novelists have described the man through “female glasses” which didn’t care much of the realty. That’s why the term “Woman’s Man” has embodied what mentioned recently.
CONFLICTS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY FORMATION IN THE POST-COMMUNIST SPACE (IN THE CASE OF POST-COMMUNIST UZBEKISTAN)
Authors:   Professor of the Department of Political Sciences, University of Journalism and Mass Communications of Uzbekistan, Kadyrov Anvar
Published: June 2024

Because of national independence, post-colonial, post-communist Central Asian values, such as democracy, pluralism, human rights and freedoms, entered the region. Such an important historical event occurred in 1991 after the collapse of the totalitarian, violent communist political regime called the USSR. The violent political system and its ideology disappeared, but its social psychology and mentality remained to a certain extent in the life of society and came into conflict with the values of the new, democratic thought. This was observed in the field of national identity, national self-awareness. The article analyzes the conflicts between the new, democratic values and the national perception inherited from the past in the field of social consciousness after national independence in the post-communist space, on the example of Uzbekistan, one of the leading countries of the Central Asian region, which is building a democratic society.
ANALYSIS OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN SRI AUROBINDO’S DRAMAS FOCUSING ON FEMINISM AND FEMININITY THEMES
Authors:   English Language Department, Altoosi University, Iraq, Alkhafaji Hameed Abdulameer Hameed
Published: June 2024

An awareness of women's oppression at the hands of society's dominant patriarchs is at the heart of feminist consciousness in literature. Victimized women are consequently relegated to a subaltern position within the organization. Because of this, these women have a very anti-male outlook. For many women, the mere mention of the word "feminism" evokes images of a fiercely independent and radical streak as they fight tooth and nail to establish their inherent superiority or parity with men. Feminism is an anti-oppression and anti-discrimination movement, whereas feminine consciousness is the realization that one is the center of another's attention. Being aware of this only sometimes implies fighting for social supremacy. It is also not intended to exclude males. The actualization of feminine awareness may hasten humanity's progress toward the fullness of being. In his plays, Sri Aurobindo depicts female characters that reflect distinct feminine understanding but do not demand equal rights with men, in contrast to the feminist authors who saw their movement as a fight for women's equality with men. The feminine qualities that are intrinsic to them motivate their husbands to face the world with courage. In Sri Aurobindo's plays, women represent the tremendous feminine force and provide men with strength, nutrition, and encouragement. A powerful and spiritually advanced entity can bestow the ability to love, defend, rescue, and inspire. In this paper, I'll do my best to highlight how feminist and feminine awareness vary.
DEVELOPING MULTIMODAL LISTENING SKILLS IN ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC (OR SPECIAL) PURPOSES: A PEDAGOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Authors:   Associate Professor, Tashkent State University of Law, Uzbekistan, Shamsitdinova Manzura
Published: June 2024

In the context of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), the development of multimodal listening skills is increasingly critical due to the prevalence of multimedia communication in professional settings. This article proposes a comprehensive pedagogical framework for enhancing multimodal listening abilities in ESP learners. The framework is built on key components including needs analysis, the use of authentic materials, an integrated skills approach, leveraging technological tools, scaffolded learning, active listening strategies, and feedback mechanisms. By incorporating these elements, educators can effectively prepare learners for the complex multimodal interactions they will encounter in their specific fields. This approach not only improves listening comprehension but also facilitates a deeper engagement with language in context, ensuring that learners are equipped with the necessary skills to succeed in their professional endeavors.
CORPORATE ETHICS OF THE MODERN EDUCATOR IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Authors:   An independent researcher of the Scientific Research Institute of Pedagogical Sciences of Uzbekistan named after Qori Niyozi,Uzbekistan, Bakhodirovna Rakhmatullaeva Nodira
Published: June 2024

The article explores the problems of corporate ethics in the educational organization system and reflects on the fact that the modern application of corporate ethics is characterized by flexibility and diversity. Also mentioned are the possibilities of the moral factor that contributes to the resolution of conflict situations in the professional activities of pedagrgs.
FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL SKILLS AND PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN STUDENTS OF GENERAL SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Authors:   Deputy Head of the Department of Vocational Guidance of the Ministry of Preschool and School Education,Uzbekistan, Mamadaliev Abdikamal A.
Published: June 2024

In this article, today's general secondary education schools highlight the work carried out to determine the interests of students, guide them to the profession, the achieved results, the existing problems and the tasks to be performed. In the course of the research, the experiences of Great Britain and Russia were studied in determining students' interests and directing them to the profession. Based on the results of study and analysis, it was proposed to create a new electronic system suitable for Uzbekistan - "Individual diagnosis system". Systematic monitoring of determining students' interests and directing them to the profession is indicated through the system. The results that can be achieved when launching this platform are also fully specified.
Analisis Kualitas Hidup Siswa Sekolah Menengah Berdasarkan Aktivitas Olahraga dan Demografi Wilayah
Authors: Khois Jajiyah Nur , Gumilar Agus , Mudjihartono  , Hambali Burhan , Kusuma Negara Jajat Darajat
Published: June 2024

Kualitas hidup remaja dengan masalah kesehatan jangka panjang lebih buruk, terutama dalam hal keterlibatan sekolah. Kualitas hidup dan demografi regional telah menunjukkan bahwa pola migrasi dan pembangunan regional dipengaruhi oleh fasilitas perkotaan dan disamenitas. Penelitian ini mengungkap kualitas hidup remaja usia 14-19 tahun di daerah pedesaan dan kota. Survey dilakukan terhadap 334 remaja yang terdiri dari 109 pria dan 225 perempuan yang tinggal di daerah kota dan desa dengan menggunakan instrument WHOQOL- BREF. Instrumen ini dikembangkan oleh World Health Organization dan sudah di translate ke Bahasa Indonesia oleh tim dari kementrian kesehatan dan para akademisi. Instrumen ini untuk mengukur kualitas hidup seseorang yang terdiri dari 26 pertanyaan terdiri dari 4 dimensi, yaitu kesehatan fisik, hubungan sosial, psikologis, dan lingkungan. Analisis independent sampel t test dilakukan untuk melihat perbandingan kualitas hidup remaja berdasarkan demografi wilayah kota dan desa, hasilnya menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang siginifikan kualitas hidup remaja di pedesaan dan kota dengan nilai sig 0.006, dimana kualitas hidup remaja di kota dengan skor rata-rata 85.33 lebih baik daripada remaja di desa dengan skor rata-rata 80.44. Analisis kualitas hidup berdasarkan aktivitas olahraga yang melakukan aktivitas olahraga menunjukan hal yang kurang memuaskan yaitu 31% yang masuk dalam kategori baik dan sangat baik. Hal ini menjadi perhatian bagi pemerintah untuk memperhatikan lingkungan di pedesaan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup remaja, serta menggairahkan aktivitas olahraga sebagai salah satu penunjang kualitas hidup.