bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of ‘TifEagle’ Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis) to Ethephon and Trinexapac-ethyl
Authors: McCullough Patrick E. , McCarty Lambert B. , Liu Haibo , Whitwell Ted
Published: July 2006

Turf managers combine ethephon with trinexapac-ethyl (TE) on bentgrass greens to suppress annual bluegrass, inhibit turf growth, and enhance turf quality; however, effects of this growth regulator combination have not been reported on bermudagrass greens. Two experiments were conducted at the Clemson University Greenhouse Complex to investigate the response of ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass to ethephon and TE. TifEagle bermudagrass plugs were placed in pots with 23-cm depths, 324-cm2 total surface areas, and a soil medium of an 85:15 (v/v) sand and peat moss mix. Ethephon was applied at 0, 3.8 (EP1), and 7.6 (EP2) kg ai/ha/3 wk with TE at 0 and 0.04 kg ai/ha/ 3 wk over a 9-wk period. Initial responses of bermudagrass to ethephon included chlorotic leaves and severe thinning. Bermudagrass treated with ethephon had quality reduced as much as 33% from nontreated turf. TE enhanced turf quality 4 to 22% from 4 to 9 wk after initial treatment. TE helped mask ethephon-induced quality decline after the third application. In the presence of TE, bermudagrass clipping yield was reduced from nontreated turf by 57, 70, and 72% when ethephon was applied at 0, 3.8, and 7.6 kg/ha/3 wk. Ethephon linearly reduced root mass after 9 wk from nontreated turf by 20 and 33% at 3.8 and 7.6 kg/ha/3 wk, respectively. Compared with respective ethephon rates alone, bermudagrass treated with TE and ethephon at 0, 3.8, and 7.6 kg/ha/3 wk, averaged 28, 8, and 15% more root mass. Ethephon at 3.8 and 7.6 kg/ha/3 wk without TE reduced TifEagle bermudagrass root length 14 and 16%, respectively, compared with untreated turf. Bermudagrass treated with ethephon at 0, 3.8, and 7.6 kg/ha/3 wk with TE averaged 3, 11, and 17% higher root length compared with respective ethephon rates after 9 wk. Overall, ethephon may have negative effects on TifEagle root mass, root length, and turf quality. However, combining ethephon with TE may help reduce these deleterious effects.
Interactions of Clethodim and Sethoxydim with Selected Agrichemicals Applied to Peanut
Authors: Lancaster Sarah H. , Jordan David L. , York Alan C. , Wilcut John W. , Monks David W. , Brandenburg Rick L.
Published: July 2006

Experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2002 and 2003 to evaluate broadleaf signalgrass and large crabgrass control by clethodim and sethoxydim applied in two-, three-, or four-way mixtures with fungicides, insecticides, and foliar fertilizer–plant growth regulator treatments. Broadleaf signalgrass and large crabgrass control by clethodim and sethoxydim was not reduced by the insecticides esfenvalerate, indoxacarb, or lambda-cyhalothrin. The fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole reduced large crabgrass control by clethodim or sethoxydim in one or more of three experiments for each herbicide. Disodium octaborate and the plant growth regulator prohexadione calcium plus urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) mixed with clethodim and fungicides improved large crabgrass control in some experiments. In contrast, prohexadione calcium plus UAN and disodium octaborate did not affect broadleaf signalgrass or large crabgrass control by sethoxydim.
Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL.) and Livid Amaranth (Amaranthus lividus) Interference with Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Authors: Berry Adrian D. , Stall William M. , Rathinasabapathi B. , Macdonald Gregory E. , Charudattan R.
Published: July 2006

Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of season-long interference of smooth pigweed or livid amaranth on the shoot dry weight and fruit yield of cucumber. Smooth pigweed or livid amaranth densities as low as 1 to 2 weeds per m2caused a 10% yield reduction in cucumber. The biological threshold of smooth pigweed or livid amaranth with cucumber is between 6 to 8 weeds per m2. Consequently, weed interference resulted in a reduction in cucumber fruit yield. Smooth pigweed, livid amaranth, and cucumber plant dry weight decreased as weed density increased. Evaluation of smooth pigweed, livid amaranth, and cucumber mean dry weights in interspecific competition studies indicated that cucumber reduced the dry weight of both species of amaranths.
Selectivity and Efficacy of Clopyralid on Strawberry (FragariaXananassa)
Authors: Figueroa Rodrigo A. , Doohan Douglas J.
Published: July 2006

Field experiments were conducted in 2001 through 2003 in Wooster, OH, to determine strawberry (FragariaXananassa) plant response to clopyralid applied after plant renovation in established plantings. Clopyralid applied at a rate of 200 g ae/ha or greater controlled at least 82% of common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) 6 wk after treatment (WAT). Maximum total fruit yield (marketable plus unmarketable fruits) occurred at a clopyralid rate of 200 g/ha, and higher or lower rates resulted in reduced yield. Application of clopyralid at 400 g/ha tended to reduce the canopy of the strawberry crop, especially in comparison to rates lower that 200 g/ha. Overall, clopyralid applied POST at 200 g/ha did not reduce fruit yield when applied after strawberry renovation, and effectively controlled common groundsel plants that were entering the reproductive stage.
Tolerance of Leafy Greens to Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Norsworthy Jason K. , Smith John P.
Published: July 2006

Field experiments were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to determine the tolerance of direct-seeded leafy turnip greens, mustard greens, kale, and collard to selected preemergence and postemergence herbicides and to determine the efficacy of these herbicides against weeds that are common to the southeastern coastal plains of the United States. Pendimethalin applied preemergence controlled large crabgrass, goosegrass, carpetweed, and common purslane, but it injured turnip greens, mustard greens, kale, and collard. Dimethenamid at 0.31 and 0.63 kg ai/ha controlled large crabgrass and goosegrass but did not control hairy nightshade or common purslane at the lower rate. In 2003, dimethenamid at 0.63 kg/ha injured mustard greens, kale, and collard more than 40%. S-metolachlor applied preemergence at 0.45 kg ai/ha controlled large crabgrass, goosegrass, hairy nightshade, and common purslane while causing little or no injury to turnip greens, mustard greens, kale, and collard. Clopyralid at 0.10 kg ai/ha controlled common lambsquarters 76 to 95% and hairy nightshade 93% but did not control carpetweed, common purslane, large crabgrass, and goosegrass. Turnip greens, mustard greens, kale, and collard generally were tolerant of clopyralid, but mustard was injured 29% in 2003. Phenmedipham alone or in combination with desmedipham injured mustard greens 54 to 82% in 2003 and failed to control weeds. Of the herbicides evaluated, S-metolachlor provides the best potential to improve weed control in direct-seeded leafy greens in the southeastern United States.
Interactions of Graminicides with Other Herbicides Applied to Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Buehring Nathan W. , Talbert Ronald E. , Baldwin Ford L.
Published: July 2006

Three field experiments were conducted to evaluate efficacy of BAS 625, cyhalofop, and fenoxaprop plus isoxadifen when applied alone or with acifluorfen plus bentazon, acifluorfen, bentazon, triclopyr, bensulfuron, halosulfuron, carfentrazone, and propanil. Broadleaf signalgrass control with fenoxaprop plus isoxadifen was reduced by triclopyr and halosufuron. None of these herbicides reduced Amazon sprangletop control by fenoxaprop plus isoxadifen. Barnyardgrass control with fenoxaprop plus isoxadifen was reduced by halosulfuron and propanil. Barnyardgrass and Amazon sprangletop control by cyhalofop was reduced by bentazon plus acifluorfen, bentazon, acifluorfen, triclopyr, bensulfuron, or halosulfuron. Broadleaf signalgrass control with cyhalofop was reduced by triclopyr and halosulfuron. Amazon sprangletop control by cyhalofop was reduced by all herbicides. Barnyardgrass control with BAS 625 was reduced when applied with propanil, bentazon, or bentazon plus acifluorfen. Broadleaf signalgrass control with BAS 625 was reduced when applied with bentazon plus acifluorfen. Amazon sprangletop control with BAS 625 was reduced when applied with bentazon, acifluorfen, halosulfuron, or propanil.
A Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Biotype in Southwestern Québec Resistant to Linuron
Authors: Saint-Louis Sophie , DiTommaso Antonio , Watson Alan K.
Published: July 2006

The degree of resistance to linuron of a common ragweed biotype was investigated. Suspected linuron-resistant plants collected from a carrot field near Sherrington, Québec, were subjected to increasing rates of linuron under glasshouse conditions. Resistance to linuron of the common ragweed biotype was suspected because 33% of plants survived to reproduction after they were sprayed at a rate of 4.5 kg ai/ha, two times the dose rate recommended for linuron in carrots, and also because 3% of plants survived to reproduction after they were sprayed at a rate of 22.5 kg ai/ ha, 10 times the recommended dose. Susceptible plants collected from a field with no prior history of linuron use were all killed when sprayed at the lowest dose rate recommended, 1.125 kg ai/ha. The herbicide-resistance ratio was 29.0 for linuron, and for cross-resistance to atrazine, the ratio was 1.3, indicating that these plants exhibit greater resistance to linuron than to atrazine.
Responses of Imidazolinone-Resistant Corn, Several Weeds, and Two Rotational Crops to Trifloxysulfuron
Authors: Richardson Robert J. , Wilson Henry P. , Armel Gregory R. , Hines Thomas E.
Published: July 2006

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in 2000, 2001, and 2002 to evaluate the response of imidazolinone-resistant (IR) corn and selected weeds to trifloxysulfuron applied postemergence (POST). Treatments included a nontreated control andS-metolachlor applied preemergence at 1,075 g ai/ha followed by (fb) trifloxysulfuron POST at 0, 3.8, 7.5, 11.2, and 15 g ai/ha. IR corn visible injury was less than 6% from field applications of trifloxysulfuron. Visual symptoms were transient, and IR corn yield was not affected by trifloxysulfuron. Common ragweed, common lambsquarters, annual grass species (giant foxtail and large crabgrass), and carpetweed were controlled at least 95% byS-metolachlor fb trifloxysulfuron applications. Morningglory species (ivyleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, and tall morningglory) were controlled at least 97% in 2000 and greater than 77% in 2001 fromS-metolachlor fb trifloxysulfuron. Jimsonweed was not adequately controlled.S-metolachlor alone controlled annual grass species 90% but did not control the broadleaf weeds that were present. Wheat was planted following IR corn harvest, and non-IR corn was planted the following spring. No visible response was observed to rotational wheat or non-IR corn crops. Rotational non-IR corn yield was not affected by trifloxysulfuron and was not different from the yield of corn treated withS-metolachlor alone. In greenhouse studies, IR corn was injured 10% at 10 d after treatment with 380 g/ha trifloxysulfuron POST, but recovery was rapid. Based upon results, trifloxysulfuron may be used as an herbicide in IR corn, and rotational wheat and non-IR corn may be planted at normal intervals after cotton harvest.
Between-Observer Differences in Relative Corn Yield vs. Rated Weed Control
Authors: Donald William W.
Published: July 2006

Crop yield and weed control rating have been used to measure weed and crop response to weed management treatments, eliminate unacceptable weed management treatments, and select “best” treatments for recommendation to farmers. However, the mathematical relationship between crop yield and rated weed control has not been reported before from such treated screening experiments. Likewise, differences have not been reported before in rated weed control among experienced observers (i.e., reliability) when rating the same experiments and for an experienced observer over time (i.e., repeatability). Data from published experiments on zone herbicide application in field corn in which weeds reduced yield to various amounts were reanalyzed to examine these issues. For this study, relative corn yield was calculated as a percentage of the 1× broadcast herbicide rate for two observers and either three experimental site-years or their average. For observer A, relative corn yield (%) increased linearly as rated total weed control (%) increased for all 3 site-yr and their average. For observer B, equations were curvilinear in 2 of 3 site-yr. For both observers, equations accounted for little data variability in relative corn yield (r2= 0.25 and 0.25 in site-year 1, respectively, 0.38 and 0.36 in site-year 2, 0.58 and 0.57 in site-year 3, and 0.43 and 0.42 for their average). When rated total weed control by observer A was graphed against that of observer B, the relationship was a nearly ideal 1:1 linear relationship in only 1 of 3 site-yr. In two other site-years, equations were nonlinear, indicating that one observer distinguished smaller differences between treatments at lower rated control than the other observer. Between-row total weed cover and in-row total weed height influenced observer weed control rating.
Bromoxynil-Resistant Cotton and Selected Weed Response to Mixtures of Bromoxynil and Pyrithiobac
Authors: Paulsgrove Mary D. , Barker Whitnee L. , Wilcut John W.
Published: July 2006

An experiment was conducted at four locations in North Carolina in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate weed control and cotton response in conventional-tillage bromoxynil-resistant cotton. Weed management systems evaluated included a factorial arrangement of bromoxynil postemergence (POST) at 0, 0.28, 0.42, or 0.56 kg ai/ha in mixture with pyrithiobac POST at 0, 0.018, 0.032, or 0.072 kg ai/ha. Additional treatments evaluated included trifluralin preplant-incorporated (PPI) plus fluometuron preemergence (PRE). All systems received a postemergence-directed (PDS) treatment of fluometuron plus MSMA. Bromoxynil at 0.42 kg/ha POST followed by (fb) fluometuron plus MSMA PDS controlled common lambsquarters, common ragweed, eclipta, prickly sida, redroot pigweed, spurred anoda; and entireleaf, ivyleaf, pitted, and tall morningglory at least 93%, whereas smooth pigweed and volunteer peanut were controlled 73 and 86%, respectively. Pyrithiobac at 0.036 kg/ha POST fb fluometuron plus MSMA PDS controlled eclipta, common ragweed, prickly sida, redroot, and smooth pigweed, and spurred anoda at least 94%. Volunteer peanut was controlled 84% by pyrithiobac at 0.032 kg/ha, whereas pitted, ivyleaf, and entireleaf morningglory were controlled by 63, 78, and 83%, respectively. Pyrithiobac at 0.072 kg/ha fb fluometuron plus MSMA PDS controlled common lambsquarters 48%. Cotton yield with bromoxynil plus pyrithiobac POST mixtures were equivalent to trifluralin PPI plus fluometuron PRE at three locations and better at the fourth location. Bromoxynil-resistant cotton ‘47’ and ‘57’ had excellent tolerance to all POST herbicide treatments.
Halosulfuron and 2,4-D Mixtures' Effects on Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)
Authors: Isaacs Mark A. , Hatzios Kriton K. , Wilson Henry P. , Toler Joe
Published: July 2006

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the response of common lambsquarters to POST applications of halosulfuron–methyl plus 2,4-D admixtures and to investigate the effects of 2,4-D on the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of halosulfuron. In the greenhouse, halosulfuron at 0, 4.5, 9, 18, and 36 g ai/ha was applied alone and mixed with 2,4-D at 0, 17, 35, and 70 g ai/ha POST to 7.5- to 9-cm seedlings, and plant fresh weights were determined 4 wk after treatment (WAT). Halosulfuron alone did not control this weed, while fresh weights of common lambsquarters treated with 2,4-D declined hyperbolically as rates increased. A synergistic response for mixtures of these herbicides occurred, as observed fresh weights for all combinations were less than expected based on independent action and the calibrated marginal responses. In the laboratory, 7.5- to 9-cm seedlings were treated POST with commercially formulated halosulfuron at 9 and 18 g/ha and 2,4-D at 0, 70, and 140 g/ha, respectively, followed by foliar-applied14C-halosulfuron. Absorption of14C-halosulfuron increased with time, and absorption and translocation were not influenced by the addition of 2,4-D. Results from these studies inferred that halosulfuron and 2,4-D were generally synergistic on common lambsquarters and that mechanisms other than absorption, translocation, and metabolism may explain this response.
Herbicide Placement Site Affects Small Broomrape (Orobanche minor) Control in Red Clover
Authors: Colquhoun Jed B. , Eizenberg Hanan , Mallory-Smith Carol A.
Published: July 2006

Small broomrape is an annual holoparasitic weed that was recently discovered in red clover production fields in Oregon. Imidazolinone herbicides such as imazamox control small broomrape; however, the mechanism of uptake by the parasite is largely unknown. Studies were conducted to determine the imazamox route of uptake by small broomrape in red clover, and to determine the potential for imazamox to be exuded from red clover and the subsequent effect on small broomrape. Small broomrape control was best at 90% when imazamox was foliar-applied, and worst at 42% or less when imazamox was soil-applied. The presence of activated charcoal to adsorb imazamox at the soil surface did not affect efficacy of broadcast foliar treatment. Small broomrape control was also evaluated when a foliar-treated red clover plant was grown in the same pot as a nontreated, parasitized red clover plant that was bagged during herbicide application. Activated charcoal was spread on the soil surface to adsorb imazamox, thus limiting herbicide uptake routes to the foliage of one of two red clover plants in the pot. Small broomrape attachment decreased on nontreated red clover when the other red clover plant in the pot was treated, suggesting roots exuded the herbicide or an active metabolite.
Persistence of Rimsulfuron on Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Foliage
Authors: Barker Whitnee L. , Beam Josh B. , Askew Shawn D.
Published: July 2006

Field studies have shown that rimsulfuron can move laterally with mower tires and injure neighboring cool-season grasses, indicating that persistent chemical can dislodge from turfgrass foliage. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate persistence and stability of14C rimsulfuron on perennial ryegrass and annual bluegrass foliage. Rimsulfuron was absorbed by annual bluegrass and perennial ryegrass equivalently, and persisted equally on foliage of each species. When extracted with a water rinse, 57% of applied rimsulfuron was recovered after 10 min, and 42% of applied rimsulfuron was recovered after 96 h. Rimsulfuron was stable 4 d after application based on comparison of rinse water chromatograms to stock solution chromatograms. These data indicate that appreciable rimsulfuron persists on turf foliage for 4 d. Thus, limiting traffic on treated areas for several hours to allow drying is not a viable method to prevent lateral relocation of rimsulfuron, and subsequent injury to cool-season turfgrasses.
Influence of a Range of Dosages of MCPA, Glyphosate, and Thifensulfuron: Tribenuron (2:1) on Conventional Canola (Brassica napus) and White Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Growth and Yield
Authors: Sawchuk Jaret W. , Van Acker Rene C. , Friesen Lyle F.
Published: July 2006

There is a high potential for inadvertent herbicide injury to crops in western Canada on an annual basis because of the diversity of crops grown in close proximity to each other, although accurate data regarding the annual number of injury incidents is not available. A field study was conducted at two locations in southern Manitoba, Canada, in 2001 and 2002, to investigate the effects of a range of dosages of MCPA ester, glyphosate, and thifensulfuron:tribenuron (2:1) applied to the seedling growth stage of conventional (nongenetically engineered) canola and white bean on subsequent shoot dry matter and crop yield. Similar to other studies that utilized sublethal herbicide dosages, results between site-years were variable, particularly for crop yield. Where possible, a nonlinear log-logistic model was fitted to the data. Generally, canola was more sensitive than white bean to the herbicides used in this study. Based on the fitted regression equations and recorded mean values for canola, 10% of the commercial herbicide dosage normally applied in other (possibly adjacent) crops caused greater than 10% canola yield loss for 9 of 12 unique combinations of herbicide-site-year. For white bean, 10% of the commercial herbicide dosage caused yield losses greater than 10% for only 4 of 13 unique combinations of herbicide-site-year. Spray drift is probably the most common source of inadvertent application of herbicide to sensitive crops; generally, only a fraction of the herbicide dosage applied on an adjacent crop drifts off-target. The results of this study indicate that for any of the three herbicides investigated on canola and white bean, it is difficult to accurately predict eventual crop yield loss based on early season sublethal herbicide injury symptoms due to site-year variability and the potential for crop recovery and compensatory growth. This response was particularly true for white bean in this study.
Comparison of a Glyphosate-Resistant Canola (Brassica napusL.) System with Traditional Herbicide Regimes
Authors: O'Donovan John T. , Harker K. Neil , Clayton George W. , Blackshaw Robert E.
Published: July 2006

Herbicide-resistant cultivars account for over 90% of the canola grown in western Canada and cultivars resistant to glyphosate dominate the market. Field experiments were conducted at three locations in Alberta to compare the glyphosate system with more traditional herbicide regimes. Glyphosate applied before seeding in spring resulted in better weed control, lower dockage, and higher canola yield and net return than 2,4-D applied in the fall. Glyphosate applied once (two- to four-leaf canola) or twice (two- to four-leaf followed by five- to six-leaf canola) in-crop provided similar weed control, dockage, and canola yield as ethalfluralin applied PRE in the fall followed by an in-crop mixture of sethoxydim, ethametsulfuron, and clopyralid; and superior weed control and canola yield and lower dockage than ethalfluralin alone or an in-crop mixture of sethoxydim and ethametsulfuron. The in-crop glyphosate applications resulted in higher net revenues than the other treatments. There was little or no advantage to applying glyphosate twice compared with once in-crop. The amount of active ingredient entering the environment varied with the herbicide regime but was lower with the glyphosate system than with most of the traditional regimes, especially when glyphosate was applied only once in-crop.
Weed Control and Economics Using Reduced Tillage Programs in Sugarcane
Authors: Judice Wilson E. , Griffin James L. , Jones Curtis A. , Etheredge Luke M. , Salassi Michael E.
Published: July 2006

Tillage is used in sugarcane to control weeds, eliminate ruts caused by harvest, destroy residue from the previous crop, and incorporate fertilizer. The effect of weed control and tillage programs on sugarcane growth and yield and on economics was evaluated over two growing seasons. In the first study, weeds were effectively controlled with a March application of hexazinone at 0.59 kg ai/ha plus diuron at 2.10 kg ai/ha either banded or broadcast. When tillage of row shoulders and middles in March was eliminated, soil temperature in the sugarcane drill early in the season was equal to that where March tillage was performed. Sugarcane early and late season stalk population and sugarcane and sugar yield were each equivalent for the full season tillage (tillage of row shoulders and middles in March and in May) and the no-till programs. Elimination of a single tillage operation reduced cost $16.28/ha, and herbicide applied as a band rather than broadcast reduced cost $30.49/ ha. For the no-till program, with herbicide banded in March, net return was increased $32.56/ha. In a subsequent study conducted at five locations, weed control was excellent when either pendimethalin at 2.77 kg ai/ha plus metribuzin at 1.26 kg ai/ha or hexazinone plus diuron at 0.59 kg/ha and 2.10 kg/ha was used. When the March tillage was eliminated, sugar yield was increased 8.6% (620 kg/ ha), and net return was increased $152.68/ha compared with March tillage. When the May tillage was eliminated sugar yield was increased 8% (580 kg/ha), and net return was increased $143.88/ha compared with May tillage. A reduction in tillage cost accounted for only $16.28 of the increase in net return per hectare, with the remainder due to increased yield with the elimination of the tillage operation.
Inbred Corn Response to Acetamide Herbicides as Affected by Safeners and Microencapsulation
Authors: Bernards Mark L. , Simmons Joseph T. , Guza Corey J. , Schulz Crystal R. , Penner Donald , Kells James J.
Published: July 2006

Corn inbreds are often more sensitive to herbicides than hybrids. Field experiments were conducted with three corn inbreds to (1) evaluate inbred sensitivity to the acetamide herbicides acetochlor, dimethenamid, flufenacet, and metolachlor, (2) compare the effects of various crop safeners in combination with acetochlor and metolachlor, and (3) measure the effect of herbicide microencapsulation on acetochlor injury. Herbicides were applied preemergence at the registered rate and at two, three, or four times the registered rate in corn. Injury ratings, plant population, and the percentage of plants showing acetamide injury symptoms were used to measure herbicide effect. The inbreds ‘Mo17’ and ‘Great Lakes 15’ (GL15) were sensitive to acetamide injury. Reductions in plant population and increases in the injury rating and the percentage of injured plants were caused by acetochlor, dimethenamid, flufenacet, metolachlor, and flufenacet + metribuzin when applied at three times the registered rate. The inbred ‘B73’ was not injured. The safeners benoxacor and dichlormid reduced injury caused by metolachlor. The percentage of plants injured by metolachlor 15 days after treatment (DAT) was lower when benoxacor was the safener compared to dichlormid. By 28 DAT, plants treated with safeners recovered from injury, and there were no differences between the treatments. The safeners dichlormid and furilazole reduced, but did not always eliminate, injury caused by acetochlor applied at three times the registered rate. Microencapsulation of acetochlor reduced injury to GL15. When the safeners dichlormid or furilazole were included in an acetochlor formulation, microencapsulation did not further reduce corn injury.
Orchard Floor Management Influence on Summer Annual Weeds and Young Peach Tree Performance
Authors: Belding Robert D. , Majek Bradley A. , Lokaj Gail R. W. , Hammerstedt Jeffrey , Ayeni Albert O.
Published: July 2006

This study compared the effect of weed control and orchard floor management (OFMA) options including organic mulch on summer annual weed interference in a newly established peach orchard. Weed interference where no preemergence (PRE) herbicides were applied, including vole damage, caused 29% peach tree mortality, reduced tree trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) 62% by the fourth year of orchard establishment, and reduced fruit yield and fruit number in 1999 by 73 and 75%, respectively, but had no effect on fruit size. Compared with a no-till or conventionally tilled orchard floor, the population of grassy weeds within the tree row was greater in killed perennial ryegrass sod (PRS) plus hard fescue residue mulch treatments but was less in killed PRS plus tall fescue residue mulch treatments. Among the no-PRE treatments, the tree row broadleaf weed populations were suppressed in killed PRS with or without the addition of fescue residue mulch to the tree row when compared with the no-till or conventionally tilled orchard floor treatments. PRE herbicide treatments strongly affected peach fruit yield and TCSA but not average fruit size. There was no effect among the killed PRS, with or without hard or tall fescue residue mulch treatments, on peach fruit yield, TCSA, or average fruit size when compared with the no-till or conventionally tilled orchard floor treatment options. All treatments with herbicide had higher yields in 1999 than those without herbicides.
Appearance of Hyaluronan Binding Protein 1 Proprotein in Pachytene Spermatocytes and Round Spermatids Correlates With Spermatogenesis
Authors: Thakur Sonu Chand , Kumar Vinod , Ghosh Ilora , Bharadwaj Archana , Datta Kasturi
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT: The proprotein form of hyaluronan binding protein 1 (HABP1) has been reported to be present in the pachytene spermatocytes and the round spermatids of the adult testis. To explore the role of HABP1 proprotein in spermatogenesis, its expression in the testes of adult rats was compared with that in the testes of developing rats and that in the testes of adult rats that received estriadiol to halt spermatogenesis. Immunoblotting revealed that the mature form of HABP1 was consistently present in the testis, but its precursor form was not found in the testis of animals aged 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. However, immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of the proprotein form in the pachytene spermatocytes and the round spermatids of testes from rats aged 21 and the 28 days, the appearance of which correlated well with the appearance of these cells during spermatogenesis. Reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction revealed transcriptional upregulation of HABP1 in the testes of adult rats, compared with the testes of developing rats. Finally, loss of HABP1 proprotein expression from the pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids was observed in the testes from rats in which spermatogenesis was arrested. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the appearance of HABP1 proprotein in the pachytene spermatocytes and the round spermatids during the initial stages of postnatal testis development and suggest that this expression may be crucial for spermatogenesis.
Two‐Step Cluster Procedure After Principal Component Analysis Identifies Sperm Subpopulations in Canine Ejaculates and Its Relation to Cryoresistance
Authors: Martínez Ivan Núñez , Morán Jose María , Peña Fernando J.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT:A 2‐step clustering procedure, using indexes derived from principal component analysis, was used to disclose sperm subpopulations within the canine ejaculate and its relationship to sperm cryoresistance. Semen from 4 dogs was frozen‐thawed by a standard protocol: before freezing, computer‐assisted sperm analysis of motility and morphometry were performed; after thawing, motility analysis was performed again; and cryoresistance was estimated as the percent changes in progressive motility and sperm velocities after thawing. We used indexes derived from principal component analysis (sperm velocity index [SVI] and sperm motility index [SMI]) and the SPSS 2‐step cluster method to disclose sperm subpopulations. The 2‐step clustering procedure revealed the existence of 6 subpopulations. Subpopulations 4 and 6 were characterized by high values of both SVI (>200 arbitrary units) and SMI (>90 arbitrary units), subpopulations 2 and 3 were characterized by medium values (SVI 100 to 130; and SMI 30 to 40), and subpopulations 1 and 5 were characterized by low values (SVI < 100; SMI < 30). The distribution of sperm subpopulations was completely different among dogs. Four sperm subpopulations based in morphometric parameters of the sperm head and midpiece were revealed. Models including SVI and SMI indexes explained curvilinear velocity (R2= 0.997;P< .001), straight‐line velocity (R2= 0.98;P< .001), and average velocity (R2= 0.99;P< .0001) postthaw.
Outcomes for Vasovasostomy Performed When Only Sperm Parts Are Present in the Vasal Fluid
Authors: Kolettis Peter N. , Burns John R. , Nangia Ajay K. , Sandlow Jay I.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT: This article reviews the outcomes for vasovasostomy (VV) when only sperm parts were present in the vasal fluid. Thirtyfour patients who underwent bilateral (31) or unilateral (3) VV had either sperm parts bilaterally or sperm parts on 1 side and intravasal azoospermia on the contralateral side. Two of the procedures (1 unilateral, 1 bilateral) were repeat procedures. Patient and partner age were 42 ± 1.2 (range: 34–54 and 33 ± 0.9 (range: 23–42) years, respectively. Follow‐up was 10 ± 1.8 months. The obstructive interval was 10 ± 0.9 (range: 4–27) years. The patency rate was 76% (26/34). The obstructive interval ranges for patent cases versus not‐patent cases were 3 to 21 and 3 to 27 years, respectively. The obstructive interval did not differ between the patent and not‐patent groups (9 years vs 11 years, P = 0.3978). The pregnancy rate for those with sufficient follow‐up was 35% (7/20). Of the 8 failed cases, 2 had only an occasional sperm head bilaterally and 1 other had an occasional sperm head on 1 side and contralateral intravasal azoospermia. If these 3 cases were excluded, then the patency rate was 84% (26/31). The patency rate for VV performed when only sperm parts were present in the vas fluid was lower than previously reported patency rates with complete sperm but at least as good as most surgeons' experience with vasoepididymostomy. The pregnancy rate was also less than previously reported pregnancy rates with complete sperm. These data suggest that VV is indicated only when sperm parts are noted in the vasal fluid. There does not appear to be a threshold obstructive interval above which VE would be indicated in this setting. If only an occasional sperm head is noted in the vasal fluid, then the surgeon should consider vasoepididymostomy.
Experimental and modeling study of the O2‐enrichment by perovskite fibers
Authors: Hamel Christof , Seidel‐Morgenstern Andreas , Schiestel Thomas , Werth Steffen , Wang Haihui , Tablet Cristina , Caro Jürgen
Published: July 2006

The production of O2‐enriched air (OEA) using dense mixed conducting perovskite hollow fiber membranes was studied experimentally and theoretically. The fibers were prepared by phase inversion spinning followed by sintering. A mathematical model was developed based on the mass balances for the OEA side, the O2‐depleted air side and the hollow fiber itself to simulate the O2‐enrichment. Based on the experiments and the model, the mass transport in the mixed conducting material was quantified using Wagner's theory. Furthermore, 3‐D plots of broad parameter fields were calculated to estimate optimal operation conditions for a maximum O2‐enrichment. The results elucidate that a required O2 concentration in the OEA, and the production rate can be adjusted by controlling the operation parameters, such as temperature, air pressure differences and sweep air flow rates. The long term operation (800 h) indicates that the perovskite hollow fiber membranes offer a promising potential for the industrial OEA production. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Mass‐transfer models for rapid pressure swing adsorption simulation
Authors: Todd Richard S. , Webley Paul A.
Published: July 2006

In this study, trends from an adsorption process simulator are compared against experimental results obtained from a Rapid Pressure Swing Adsorption (RPSA) pilot plant for the separation of air over a packed bed of LiLSX pellets. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the impact of two model formulations for intrapellet mass transfer on predicted process performance, the linear driving force model and a rigorous pellet model (the viscous flow plus dusty gas model intrapellet flux equation). Non‐isothermal and non‐isobaric behavior is maintained within the model formulation. Nine PSA data sets at cyclic steady state were measured, with total cycle time varying from 8 to 50 s. At the short cycle time, large discrepancies between the simple lumped model and the rigorous pellet model arose, with the rigorous pellet model tracking qualitative trends in pilot plant data more faithfully than the simple model. The accepted value for the dimensionless cycle time θi below which linear driving force models fail is 0.1. However, our data and models suggest that a more appropriate value would be 1.0. Below θi = 1.0 the simple linear driving force model started to deviate from experimental data and the rigorous pellet model. This suggests that conclusions from studies of single pellets may not apply rigorously to packed beds of pellets in which each pellet is exposed to rapidly varying and coupled boundary conditions in which composition, pressure, and temperature all change with time. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Retracted: Alteration of cystatin C in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Nakashima Ichiro , Fujihara Kazuo , Fujinoki Masakatsu , Kawamura Takeshi , Nishimura Toshihide , Nakamura Masashi , Itoyama Yasuto
Published: July 2006

Alteration of Cystatin C in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Multiple Sclerosis

The letter "Alteration of cystatin C in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis" by Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Fujinoki M, Kawamura T, Nishimura T, Nakamura T, Itoyama Y first published in Wiley InterScience on July 17th, 2006. The content was later re‐submitted as a Brief Communication at the request of the Editors and has published in volume 62, page 197, DOI: 10.1002/ana.20955, under the same title. The letter therefore has been removed.
Comparison of the ultrastructure of cortical and retinal terminals in the rat superior colliculus
Authors: Boka Kamran , Chomsung Ranida , Li Jianli , Bickford Martha E.
Published: July 2006

We compared the ultrastructure and synaptic targets of terminals of cortical or retinal origin in the stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum of the rat superior colliculus. Following injections of biotinylated dextran amine into cortical area 17, corticotectal axons were labeled by anterograde transport. Corticotectal axons were of relatively small caliber with infrequent small varicosities. At the ultrastructural level, corticotectal terminals were observed to be small profiles (0.44 ± 0.27 μm2) that contained densely packed round vesicles. In tissue stained for gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) using postembedding immunocytochemical techniques, corticotectal terminals were found to contact small (0.51 ± 0.69 μm2) non‐GABAergic dendrites and spines (93%) and a few small GABAergic dendrites (7%). In the same tissue, retinotectal terminals, identified by their distinctive pale mitochondria, were observed to be larger than corticotectal terminals (3.34 ± 1.79 μm2). In comparison to corticotectal terminals, retinotectal terminals contacted larger (1.59 ± 1.70 μm2) non‐GABAergic dendrites and spines (73%) and a larger proportion of GABAergic profiles (27%) of relatively large size (2.17 ± 1.49 μm2), most of which were vesicle‐filled (71%). Our results suggest that cortical and retinal terminals target different dendritic compartments within the neuropil of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:850–858, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of hematopoietic niches by sympathetic innervation
Authors: Aguila Hector Leonardo
Published: July 2006

Once hematopoiesis is established in the bone marrow, a continuous egress of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to the periphery occurs at a low frequency. It has been proposed that this phenomenon is part of a regenerative homeostatic mechanism that ensures the maintenance of hematopoiesis through the life of the individual. The administration of certain cytotoxic drugs or cytokines can enhance the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors to the periphery. During the past 15 years, granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has been used as a standard cytokine for mobilization protocols in experimental models and in humans. Despite extensive efforts by multiple groups, a definitive mechanism explaining its role in mobilization has not been provided. In a recent paper, Katayama et al.,1 through a series of clever associations supported by well‐defined experimental systems, proposed that signals through the sympathetic nervous system modify the activity of the hematopoietic niche, acting as regulators of the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors. This surprising finding adds a new level of complexity to the cellular milieu responsible for generation and maintenance of the hematopoietic niche. BioEssays 28: 687–691, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eyeing tumorigenesis: Notch signaling and epigenetic silencing of Rb in Drosophila
Authors: Axelson Håkan
Published: July 2006

Notch signaling plays an essential role in the processes of embryogenesis and cellular differentiation, and it is believed that the oncogenic effects of dysregulated Notch signaling are an anomalous reflection of the normal functions of this cascade. Nonetheless, the cellular events associated with oncogenic Notch signaling have thus far remained elusive. In a recent report, Ferres‐Marco et al.1 described how they used the Drosphila eye as a model system and found that elevated Notch signaling in combination with activation of components of the Polycomb complex of transcriptional repressors led to metastatic growth of tumors through epigenetic silencing of the Rbf gene. Rbf is the Drosophila homologue of the retinoblastoma tumor‐suppressor gene (Rb), thus it represents a novel link between Notch signaling, tumor growth and metastasis. BioEssays 28: 692–695, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Persistent biases in the amino acid composition of prokaryotic proteins
Authors: Pascal Géraldine , Médigue Claudine , Danchin Antoine
Published: July 2006

Correspondence analysis of 28 proteomes selected to span the entire realm of prokaryotes revealed universal biases in the proteins' amino acid distribution. Integral Inner Membrane Proteins always form an individual cluster, which can then be used to predict protein localisation in unknown proteomes, independently of the organism's biotope or kingdom. Orphan proteins are consistently rich in aromatic residues. Another bias is also ubiquitous: the amino acid composition is driven by the G + C content of the first codon position. An unexpected bias is driven, in many proteomes, by the AAN box of the genetic code, suggesting some functional biochemical relationship between asparagine and lysine. Less‐significant biases are driven by the rare amino acids, cysteine and tryptophan. Some allow identification of species‐specific functions or localisation such as surface or exported proteins. Errors in genome annotations are also revealed by correspondence analysis, making it useful for quality control and correction. BioEssays 28: 726–738, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interaction of Sodium Ions with Cationic Surfactant Interfaces
Authors: Murgia Sergio , Portesani Filippo , Ninham Barry W. , Monduzzi Maura
Published: July 2006

The thermodynamically stable microemulsion and lamellar phases in the didodecyldimethylammonium bromide/water/n‐decane ternary system were explored in the presence of NaBr to gain information on sodium ion–interface interactions. Experimental results, obtained by different NMR techniques, strongly suggest accumulation of sodium ions at the cationic interface. This apparently counterintuitive result is explained by invoking the dispersion potential experienced by the ions near the interface. A mechanism is proposed that can account for the dramatic shrinkage of the microemulsion phase region when an electrolyte is added.
Helix Formation in Synthetic Polymers by Hydrogen Bonding with Native Saccharides in Protic Media
Authors: Waki Minoru , Abe Hajime , Inouye Masahiko
Published: July 2006

Water‐soluble poly(m‐ethynylpyridine)s were designed to realize saccharide recognition in protic media. UV/Vis, 1H NMR, and fluorescence measurements revealed that the polymer forms a helical higher order structure by solvophobic interactions between the ethynylpyridine units in the protic medium. The resulting pore in the helix behaves like a binding pocket in proteins, by taking advantage of inwardly directed hydrogen‐bonding functional groups of the polymers. Molecular recognition of native saccharides by the polymers was investigated by circular dichroism (CD). The chirality of the saccharide was transferred to the helical sense of the polymers, accompanied by the appearance of induced CDs (ICDs) in the absorptive region of the polymers. In MeOH/water (10/1), mannose and allose showed intense ICDs, and the apparent association constant between the polymer and D‐mannose was 14 M−1.
Affinity Adhesion of Carbohydrate Particles and Yeast Cells to Boronate‐Containing Polymer Brushes Grafted onto Siliceous Supports
Authors: Ivanov Alexander E. , Panahi Homayon Ahmad , Kuzimenkova Marina V. , Nilsson Lars , Bergenståhl Björn , Waqif Husain S. , Jahanshahi Mohsen , Galaev Igor Yu. , Mattiasson Bo
Published: July 2006

Cross‐linked agarose particles (Sepharose CL‐6B) and baker's yeast cells were found to adhere to siliceous supports end‐grafted with boronate‐containing copolymers (BCCs) of N,N‐dimethylacrylamide at pH≥7.5, due to boronate interactions with surface carbohydrates of the particles and the cells. These interactions were registered both on macroscopic and on molecular levels: the BCCs spontaneously adsorbed on the agarose gel at pH≥7.5, with adsorption increasing with pH. Agarose particles and yeast cells stained with Procion Red HE‐3B formed stable, monolayer‐like structures at pH 8.0, whereas at pH 7.0–7.8 the structures on the copolymer‐grafted supports were less stable and more random. At pH 9.0, 50 % saturation of the surface with adhering cells was attained in 2 min. Stained cells formed denser and more stable layers on the copolymer‐grafted supports than they did on supports modified with self‐assembled organosilane layers derivatized with low‐molecular‐weight boronate, presumably due to a higher reactivity of the grafted BCCs. Quantitative detachment of adhered particles and cells could be achieved by addition of 20 mM fructose—a strong competitor for binding to boronates—at pH 7.0–9.0. Regeneration of the grafted supports allowed several sequential adhesion and detachment cycles with stained yeast cells. Affinity adhesion of micron‐sized carbohydrate particles to boronate‐containing polymer brushes fixed on solid supports is discussed as a possible model system suggesting a new approach to isolation and separation of living cells.
Improved theory of cyclical electrical field flow fractionation
Authors: Kantak Ameya , Merugu Srinivas , Gale Bruce K.
Published: July 2006

Previously reported theories for cyclical electrical field flow fractionation (CyElFFF) are severely limited in that they do not account for diffusion, steric, or electric double layer effects. Experiments have shown that these theories overpredict the retention of particles in CyElFFF. In this work, we present a model for prediction of steric, diffusion, and electrical effects. The electrical double layer effects are treated using a lumped electrical circuit model that accounts for the field shielding by the electrical double layer formed at the electrode–carrier interface. The electrical effects are shown to dominate retention times and outweigh the contributions of diffusion and particle size. Detailed results from the simulations are presented in this work, and a comparison between the theoretical and experimental results obtained from the retentions of polystyrene particle standards is presented in this paper. The models are shown to correctly predict the retention of the polystyrene standards in CyElFFF with a reasonable error, while existing models are shown to have significant failings.