bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Owl Monkeys (Aotinae)
Authors: Corley Margaret , Fernandez‐Duque Eduardo
Published: September 2016

The New World subfamily Aotinae consists of the genus
Aotus
, commonly called owl monkeys. The genus includes 11 species, which range over a variety of forest habitats, from Panama to northern Argentina. Owl monkeys are the only nocturnal anthropoids: all species display either nocturnal or cathemeral activity patterns, and their level of nocturnal activity is influenced by the amount of moonlight. All species are small‐bodied, arboreal, and lack prominent sexual dimorphism. Two aspects of owl monkey behavior make them relatively unique among primates: they are socially monogamous and exhibit intensive paternal care. All species live in small social groups of two to six individuals, which occupy a home range that includes a core area of exclusive use.
Ecotourism
Authors: McKinney Tracie
Published: September 2016

One of the fastest growing tourism sectors is ecotourism, which focuses on responsible tourism that has a positive effect on the host nation's natural and cultural environment. This form of tourism is particularly important for the nonhuman primates, which are often indigenous to developing regions and are frequently targeted for wildlife viewing excursions. Ecotourism has the potential to support conservation efforts, public education, and sustainable development, but more systematic evaluation is needed to assess the costs and benefits of ecotourism on both human and nonhuman primate populations.
Natureculture
Authors: Malone Nicholas , Ovenden Kathryn
Published: September 2016

Natureculture
is the idea that nature and culture are so tightly interwoven that they cannot be separated into “nature” and “culture.” In primatology, a naturalcultural framework facilitates conceptual and empirical engagement with the salient sociocultural and ecological aspects of primate lives. These semiotic and material entanglements are increasingly evident as a result of humankind's sociocultural complexity and technological reach.
Cooperative Breeding
Authors: Digby Leslie
Published: September 2016

Cooperative breeding is a social system in which group members help raise dependent young that are not their own, often delaying their own reproduction. This system of altruistic infant care has long raised questions about how such a seemingly maladaptive system could evolve. Benefits to the infants and breeding females include increased infant survival and shorter interbirth intervals. Possible benefits for helpers may include increased inclusive fitness, as well as learning how to care for young. Cooperative breeding is generally thought to be rare in primates, restricted to the callitrichines (marmosets and tamarins), where help from nonparental individuals is considered critical for infant survival. Cooperative breeding has also become a potential model for the evolution of human breeding patterns, reflecting the extraordinary level of altruistic and cooperative behaviors characteristic of our species.
Intergroup Encounters
Authors: Scarry Clara J.
Published: September 2016

In many social‐living primates, encounters between neighboring groups are characterized by aggressive interactions, involving agonistic threats, chases, and physical attacks. Because of the potential benefits of cooperation among group members, these contests between groups have featured prominently as a selective pressure in theoretical models of the evolution of primate social behavior. Intense intergroup aggression has been suggested to favor female philopatry, permanent male–female associations, tolerant intragroup dominance relations, and reproductive concessions. Until recently, however, systematic study of these interactions was limited due to the relative rarity of intergroup encounters and the logistical difficulties of studying multiple social groups simultaneously.
Carbon‐Nanotube–PDMS Composite Coatings on Optical Fibers for All‐Optical Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Noimark Sacha , Colchester Richard J. , Blackburn Ben J. , Zhang Edward Z. , Alles Erwin J. , Ourselin Sebastien , Beard Paul C. , Papakonstantinou Ioannis , Parkin Ivan P. , Desjardins Adrien E.
Published: September 2016

Polymer–carbon nanotube composite coatings have properties that are desirable for a wide range of applications. However, fabrication of these coatings onto submillimeter structures with the efficient use of nanotubes has been challenging. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)–carbon nanotube composite coatings are of particular interest for optical ultrasound transmission, which shows promise for biomedical imaging and therapeutic applications. In this study, methods for fabricating composite coatings comprising PDMS and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with submicrometer thickness are developed and used to coat the distal ends of optical fibers. These methods include creating a MWCNT organogel using two solvents, dip coating of this organogel, and subsequent overcoating with PDMS. These coated fibers are used as all‐optical ultrasound transmitters that achieve high ultrasound pressures (up to 21.5 MPa peak‐to‐peak) and broad frequency bandwidths (up to 39.8 MHz). Their clinical potential is demonstrated with all‐optical pulse‐echo ultrasound imaging of an aorta. The fabrication methods in this paper allow for the creation of thin, uniform carbon nanotube composites on miniature or temperature‐sensitive surfaces, to enable a wide range of advanced sensing capabilities.
Patterned Nanowire Electrode Array for Direct Extraction of Photosynthetic Electrons from Multiple Living Algal Cells
Authors: Kim Lo Hyun , Kim Yong Jae , Hong Hyeonaug , Yang Dasom , Han Myungjin , Yoo Gu , Song Hyun Woo , Chae Youngcheol , Pyun Jae‐Chul , Grossman Arthur R. , Ryu WonHyoung
Published: September 2016

An electrochemically active nanowire system is fabricated using wet‐tapped nanosphere lithography and a single photolithography step. The patterned nanowire/nanoelectrode is inserted into live algal cells, enabling the potential harvesting of photosynthetic electrons from multiple cells simultaneously. Light‐dependent extraction of electrons from cells is observed; these electrons are derived from the photosynthetic electron transport chain based on a light intensity‐dependence of the reaction coupled with the finding that electron extraction is inhibited in the presence of DCMU (3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea), a reagent that specifically blocks electron flow out of photosystem II. Insertion of nanoelectrodes into multiple algal cells is achieved, and sequential insertion of cells with the nanoelectrode, followed by subsequent removal of the electrode, yields a corresponding increase and then decrease in light‐driven currents. Controlling the intensity of the illumination avoids nearly all photodamage and enables direct extraction of more photosynthetic electrons from multiple cells in parallel, which is sustained for an extended period of time.
Mobile Silk Fibroin Electrode for Manipulation and Electrical Stimulation of Adherent Cells
Authors: Teshima Tetsuhiko , Nakashima Hiroshi , Kasai Nahoko , Sasaki Satoshi , Tanaka Aya , Tsukada Shingo , Sumitomo Koji
Published: September 2016

Microfabricated mobile electrodes, nanopallets, designed to provide adherent cells with electrical stimulation are reported. Nanopallets composed of a cross‐linked silk fibroin hydrogel matrix incorporated with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) are used. The silk fibroin composite is characterized not only by mechanical and electrical conductive properties, but also by its optical transparency in both the visible and ultraviolet regions, and by its biocompatibility with adherent cells. It is demonstrated that the adherent cells, including normal cell‐lined cells and primary neuronal cells, loaded on the nanopallets can be manipulated while faithfully retaining their adhesive properties. By applying voltages via the nanopallets, the voltage‐dependent calcium channels expressed in the cells are selectively stimulated, and this is confirmed by using confocal fluorescent microscopy during manipulation and performing multiangle observations. These features are attributed to both the mobile operation of the transparent nanopallets, and the ability to simultaneously measure electrical signals and perform fluorescent observations.
Genetic analysis of CHCHD2 gene in Chinese Parkinson's disease
Authors: Li Nan‐Nan , Wang Ling , Tan Eng‐King , Cheng Lan , Sun Xiao‐Yi , Lu Zhong‐Jiao , Li Jun‐Ying , Zhang Jin‐Hong , Peng Rong
Published: September 2016

Recently, mutations in the coiled‐coil‐helix–coiled‐coil‐helix domain containing 2 (CHCHD2) gene have been identified in Japanese families with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD) and two single nucleotide variants (rs10043 and Pro2Leu) increased risk of sporadic PD. The role of CHCHD2 in PD susceptibility in other Asian populations still remains to be clarified. In a large Chinese cohort from mainland China (31 familial PD patients, 1,027 sporadic PD patients, and 1,095 health controls), we examined the association of rs10043 and Pro2Leu variants in CHCHD2 with PD. All subjects were homozygous for rs10043. Moreover, we detected six patients (0.57%, one of the six patients has family history) and three controls (0.27%) with a heterozygous Pro2Leu variant. Though the frequency of Pro2Leu variant was two times higher in PD compared to controls, the difference did not reach significance in genotypic distribution (P = 0.47) or allelic distribution (P = 0.47). However, our meta‐analysis in Asian populations revealed that the frequency of Pro2Leu variant was significantly higher in PD patients than in controls (P = 0.0002). Our study suggests that Pro2Leu in CHCHD2 may be a risk factor for PD among Asians. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Continuity or conquest? A multi‐isotope approach to investigating identity in the Early Iron Age of the Southern Levant
Authors: Gregoricka Lesley A. , Sheridan Susan Guise
Published: September 2016

Objectives

Across the Mediterranean and Near East, the transition from the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1550–1200 BC) to the Early Iron Age (ca. 1200–900 BC) was accompanied by profound cultural change. While this transformation was initially attributed to invasion or conquest, more recent, nuanced interpretations of archaeological and biological data now emphasize the decline of palatial economies, a shift away from centralized political authority, and internal social restructuring amidst rapid climate change in lieu of “collapse.” Correspondingly, the hypothesis that Early Iron Age populations in Palestine represent the same ethnic group whose culture nevertheless underwent considerable change by actively adapting to internal and external forces was tested using biogeochemical data from individuals interred within an Early Iron Age tomb at the site of Tell Dothan.

Materials and Methods

Human dental enamel from molars (n = 43) recovered from Tomb I at Tell Dothan was analyzed for radiogenic strontium isotope ratios and stable oxygen and carbon (VPDB) isotope values.

Results

Strontium (mean = 0.70816 ± 0.00005, 1σ) isotope ratios, as well as oxygen (mean = −2.3 ± 0.7‰, 1σ) and carbon (mean = −11.9 ± 0.5‰, 1σ) isotope values, all display little variability.

Discussion

The absence of non‐locals at Tell Dothan indicates that population replacement does not adequately explain the sociopolitical changes observed in the archaeological record. Further, homogeneity among isotope values is indicative of a community that was not highly mobile, suggesting that decentralization and a corresponding transition to a more mobile lifestyle may not accurately reflect the adaptive strategies of all human groups during this period as a mechanism to cope with social and environmental change.
Investigation of sinonasal microbiome spatial organization in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Gitomer Sarah , Kofonow Jennifer M. , Robertson Charles E. , Frank Daniel N.
Published: September 2016

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial inflammatory airway disorder in which bacteria are implicated in the initiation and/or sustenance of disease in some patients. The sinuses are colonized by bacteria even in health, and the potential for sinus‐specific niches harboring unique microbial consortia raises questions for clinical and research investigation. The objective was to determine the degree to which resident upper airways microbiota differ between individuals and anatomic sites, in order to determine the optimal site of microbial sampling for study in CRS.

Methods

Eight CRS patients undergoing primary surgery were sampled bilaterally at the anterior nares, middle meatus, nasopharynx, maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus for investigation using broad‐range bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing.

Results

Between‐subject variability in bacterial microbiota was substantially greater than within‐subject variability. The middle meatus was fairly representative of the underlying sinuses, although corynebacteria were detected at higher abundances in the middle meatus, relative to the maxillary (p < 0.1), frontal (p < 0.05), or sphenoid (p < 0.1) sinuses.

Conclusion

Interpersonal variation of the upper airway microbiome greatly outweighs niche‐specific differences. The middle meatus is a fair representation of the underlying sinuses and may be considered for use as a simple single site for sampling in longitudinal studies or in subjects who have not undergone sinus surgery.
Influence of K+ and Na+ ions on the degradation of wet‐spun alginate fibers for tissue engineering
Authors: Zhang Xiaolin , Huang Chen , Jin Xiangyu
Published: September 2016

A synthetic type of wet‐spun alginate fibers were immersed in simulated body fluid(SBF) composed of K+, Na+, and Ca2+ cations with various concentrations. Experimental measurements revealed that Na+ had a greater impact on degradability than that of K+ ion. The finding was further confirmed by the characterization of mass loss, ICP, XRD, and theoretical analyses. The degradation process and mechanism were demonstrated through the research on swelling behavior and mass loss. Besides, the wet‐spun alginate fibers were characterized by FT‐IR, XRD, and SEM. The results showed that the degradation mechanism could be attributed to the ion‐exchange between Ca2+ of the synthetic alginate fibers and Na+, K+ of the solutions under the osmotic pressure. The synthetic fibers were swelled and then degraded faster with the presence of Na+ ion presented greater influence on degradability compared with K+ ion. The degradation results of a mechanical rupture of fibers due to excessive water uptake without the occurrence of any chemical changes in the spun alginates structure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44396.
Miniaturization of aqueous two‐phase extraction for biological applications: From micro‐tubes to microchannels
Authors: Soares Ruben R. G. , Silva Daniel F. C. , Fernandes Pedro , Azevedo Ana M. , Chu Virginia , Conde João P. , Aires‐Barros M. Raquel
Published: September 2016

Aqueous two‐phase extraction (ATPE) is a biocompatible liquid‐liquid (L‐L) separation technique that has been under research for several decades towards the purification of biomolecules, ranging from small metabolites to large animal cells. More recently, with the emergence of rapid‐prototyping techniques for fabrication of microfluidic structures with intricate designs, ATPE gained an expanded range of applications utilizing physical phenomena occurring exclusively at the microscale. Today, research is being carried simultaneously in two different volume ranges, mL‐scale (microtubes) and nL‐scale (microchannels). The objective of this review is to give insight into the state of the art at both microtube and microchannel‐scale and to analyze whether miniaturization is currently a competing or divergent technology in a field of applications including bioseparation, bioanalytics, enhanced fermentation processes, catalysis, high‐throughput screening and physical/chemical compartmentalization. From our perspective, both approaches are worthy of investigation and, depending on the application, it is likely that either (i) one of the approaches will eventually become obsolete in particular research areas such as purification at the preparative scale or high‐throughput screening applications; or (ii) both approaches will function as complementing techniques within the bioanalytics field.
Are you willing to pay the price? The impact of corporate social (ir)responsibility on consumer behavior towards national and foreign brands
Authors: Ferreira Aristides I. , Ribeiro Inês
Published: September 2016

This research examines how the country of origin (national vs. foreign) affects the relation between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and consumers' willingness to pay and purchase intention. In the study, we adopted a first‐price sealed bid auction approach, using money in a “real‐world” setting. The results showed that CSR/corporate social irresponsibility (CSIR) affects consumer behavior and, particularly, consumers' willingness to pay and purchase intention. The study supports both the moderation hypothesis of country of origin in the relationship between CSR/CSIR and willingness to pay and between CSR/CSIR and purchase intention. In the globalization context, these results have important implications for brands' communication and marketing strategy and can stimulate important insights in organizations. Future research directions and limitations are also discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of Selenium‐Based Chiral Chemical Probes for Simultaneous Enantio‐ and Chemosensing of Chiral Carboxylic Acids with Remote Stereogenic Centers by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Shyshkanov Sergey A. , Orlov Nikolai V.
Published: September 2016

Selenium‐based enantiopure chiral chemical probes have been designed in a modular way starting from available amino alcohols. The probes developed were found to be efficient in chemoselective interaction with carboxylic functions of chiral substrates leading to diastereomeric amide formation and in sensing α‐, β‐, and remote (up to seven bonds away from the carboxylic group) chiral centers by using 77Se NMR spectroscopy. As a result, it was possible to determine the enantiomeric ratio of structurally diverse individual chiral acids including polyfunctional compounds and drugs with high accuracy. An approach to analyzing the crude reaction mixtures has been successfully developed by using bifunctional selenium‐ and fluorine‐containing chiral probes. More importantly, it was revealed that, based on the 77Se NMR data obtained, it is possible to obtain primary information about the location and nature of the substituents at the chiral center (chemo‐ and enantiosensing), which can simplify the structural elucidation of complex compounds. The derivatization procedure takes as little as 5 min and can be performed directly in an NMR tube followed by NMR measurements without any isolation and purification steps.
Challenges and Opportunities in Rare Disease Drug Development
Authors: Smith BP
Published: September 2016

Each month, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics focuses on a particular theme. Twice a year, the associate editors, editors, and staff get together to discuss journal business and spend time setting up the calendar of themes. Often, there are no experts among us to take on a particular topic that we have chosen. The consequence is that one or two of us take on the theme and then have a crash course to learn as much as they can about it in order to solicit meaningful articles. This month's theme on rare diseases is such a case.
Biomass‐Derived Renewable Aromatics: Selective Routes and Outlook for p‐Xylene Commercialisation
Authors: Maneffa Andy , Priecel Peter , Lopez‐Sanchez Jose A.
Published: September 2016

Methylbenzenes are among the most important organic chemicals today and, among them, p‐xylene deserves particular attention because of its production volume and its application in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). There is great interest in producing this commodity chemical more sustainably from biomass sources, particularly driven by manufacturers willing to produce more sustainable synthetic fibres and PET bottles for beverages. A renewable source for p‐xylene would allow achieving this goal with minimal disruption to existing processes for PET production. Despite the fact that recently some routes to renewable p‐xylene have been identified, there is no clear consensus on their feasibility or implications. We have critically reviewed the current state‐of‐the‐art with focus on catalytic routes and possible outlook for commercialisation. Pathways to obtain p‐xylene from a biomass‐derived route include methanol‐to‐aromatics (MTA), ethanol dehydration, ethylene dimerization, furan cycloaddition or catalytic fast pyrolysis and hydrotreating of lignin. Some of the processes identified suggest near‐future possibilities, but also more speculative or longer‐term sources for synthesis of p‐xylene are highlighted.
Charge Transport in Two‐Photon Semiconducting Structures for Solar Fuels
Authors: Liu Guohua , Du Kang , Haussener Sophia , Wang Kaiying
Published: September 2016

Semiconducting heterostructures are emerging as promising light absorbers and offer effective electron–hole separation to drive solar chemistry. This technology relies on semiconductor composites or photoelectrodes that work in the presence of a redox mediator and that create cascade junctions to promote surface catalytic reactions. Rational tuning of their structures and compositions is crucial to fully exploit their functionality. In this review, we describe the possibilities of applying the two‐photon concept to the field of solar fuels. A wide range of strategies including the indirect combination of two semiconductors by a redox couple, direct coupling of two semiconductors, multicomponent structures with a conductive mediator, related photoelectrodes, as well as two‐photon cells are discussed for light energy harvesting and charge transport. Examples of charge extraction models from the literature are summarized to understand the mechanism of interfacial carrier dynamics and to rationalize experimental observations. We focus on a working principle of the constituent components and linking the photosynthetic activity with the proposed models. This work gives a new perspective on artificial photosynthesis by taking simultaneous advantages of photon absorption and charge transfer, outlining an encouraging roadmap towards solar fuels.
Review of passive heating/cooling systems of buildings
Authors: Gupta Neha , Tiwari Gopal N.
Published: September 2016

In this review, an attempt has been made to analyze passive solar heating and cooling concepts along with their effects on performance of a building's thermal management. The concepts of Trombe wall, solarium, evaporative cooling, ventilation, radiative cooling, wind tower, earth air heat exchanger, roof pond, solar shading for buildings, and building‐integrated photovoltaic thermal (BiPVT) systems are extensively covered in this review. Comparison of results by various heating and cooling concepts has been made. It has been observed that direct heating through double‐glazed window saves maximum conventional fuel for thermal heating during winter months. Further, an evaporative cooling is one of the best cooling concepts which is economical too in summer period.
Channel‐planform evolution in four rivers of Olympic National Park, Washington, USA: the roles of physical drivers and trophic cascades
Authors: East Amy E. , Jenkins Kurt J. , Happe Patricia J. , Bountry Jennifer A. , Beechie Timothy J. , Mastin Mark C. , Sankey Joel B. , Randle Timothy J.
Published: September 2016

Identifying the relative contributions of physical and ecological processes to channel evolution remains a substantial challenge in fluvial geomorphology. We use a 74‐year aerial photographic record of the Hoh, Queets, Quinault, and Elwha Rivers, Olympic National Park, Washington, USA, to investigate whether physical or trophic‐cascade‐driven ecological factors – excessive elk impacts after wolves were extirpated a century ago – are the dominant drivers of channel planform in these gravel‐bed rivers. We find that channel width and braiding show strong relationships with recent flood history. All four rivers widened significantly after having been relatively narrow in the 1970s, consistent with increased flood activity since then. Channel planform also reflects sediment‐supply changes, evident from landslide response on the Elwha River. We surmise that the Hoh River, which shows a multi‐decadal trend toward greater braiding, is adjusting to increased sediment supply associated with rapid glacial retreat. These rivers demonstrate transmission of climatic signals through relatively short sediment‐routing systems that lack substantial buffering by sediment storage. Legacy effects of anthropogenic modification likely also affect the Quinault River planform.

We infer no correspondence between channel evolution and elk abundance, suggesting that trophic‐cascade effects in this setting are subsidiary to physical controls on channel morphology. Our findings differ from previous interpretations of Olympic National Park fluvial dynamics and contrast with the classic example of Yellowstone National Park, where legacy effects of elk overuse are apparent in channel morphology; we attribute these differences to hydrologic regime and large‐wood availability. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Oxidative stress and cytotoxic effects of silver ion in mouse lung macrophages J774.1 cells
Authors: Shim Ilseob , Choi Kyunghee , Hirano Seishiro
Published: September 2016

Silver is commonly used as a disinfectant, and chronic exposure to silver may cause argyria, resulting in a gray–blue discoloration of human skin. However, the mechanism for cellular toxicity of silver has not been well explained. We studied the mode of cell death, the ratio of glutathione disulfide/glutathione, induction of metallothionein and activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases in J774.1 cells together with activation of antioxidant responsive element and nuclear factor‐κB in CHO cells following exposure to silver ion (Ag+) to investigate the mechanism by which Ag+ causes lethal effects. Ag+ increased phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal‐regulated, c‐Jun N‐terminal and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases and remarkably increased the ratio of glutathione disulfide/glutathione in both a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. Luciferase reporter gene assays revealed that antioxidant responsive element and nuclear factor‐κB were activated following exposure to Ag+. In addition, exposure to Ag+ increased the mRNA and protein levels of metallothionein. We investigated whether or not Ag+ killed J774.1 cells by inducing apoptosis. Ag+ increased the activity of caspase‐3/7 which was abrogated by caspase 3 and pan‐caspase inhibitors. However, these inhibitors did not ameliorate the cytotoxic effects of Ag+, suggesting that Ag+ causes oxidative stress, which leads to necrotic rather than apoptotic cell death in J774.1 cells by decreasing functional sulfhydryl groups including glutathione in the cells. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective noninterventional study on peripheral blood stem cell mobilization in patients with relapsed lymphomas
Authors: van Gorkom Gwendolyn , Finel Herve , Giebel Sebastian , Pohlreich David , Shimoni Avichai , Ringhoffer Mark , Sucak Gülsan , Schaap Nicolaas , Dreger Peter , Sureda Anna , Schouten Harry C.
Published: September 2016

High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) to rescue hematopoiesis is considered standard care for patients with a relapsed chemosensitive lymphoma, but diagnosis of lymphoma has been a risk factor for poor mobilization in several studies. The aim of this prospective noninterventional clinical audit was to review the mobilization strategies used by EBMT centers in relapsed lymphoma and to evaluate their efficacy. Between 2010 and 2014, 275 patients with relapsed lymphoma from 30 EBMT centers were prospectively registered. Almost all patients were mobilized with chemotherapy plus G‐CSF (96%), but there was a large variation in chemotherapy schedules. Thirty (11%) of them were poor mobilizers (<2 × 106 CD 34+ cells/kg body weight) at the first mobilization. Poor mobilization was not associated with gender, age, bone marrow involvement at diagnosis, primary diagnosis, number of previous chemotherapy lines, previous radiotherapy or mobilization with G‐CSF alone. The use of high dose cyclophosphamide alone was associated with mobilization failure (P = 0.0006), whereas the use of a platinum‐containing regimen was associated with a good mobilization outcome (P = 0.013). Because failure rate is low, we can conclude from this study that PBSC mobilization failure in relapsed lymphomas is not an important problem in the EBMT centers.
On the decay and blow‐up of solution for coupled nonlinear wave equations with nonlinear damping and source terms
Authors: Hao Jianghao , Wang Fei
Published: September 2016

In this work, we consider a nonlinear coupled wave equations with initial‐boundary value conditions and nonlinear damping and source terms. Under suitable assumptions on the damping terms and source terms and initial data in the stable set, we obtain that the decay estimates of the energy function is exponential or polynomial by using Nakao's method. By using the energy method, we obtain the blow‐up result of solution with some positive or nonpositive initial energy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microscopic DTI accurately identifies early glioma cell migration: correlation with multimodal imaging in a new glioma stem cell model
Authors: Gimenez Ulysse , Perles‐Barbacaru Adriana‐T. , Millet Arnaud , Appaix Florence , El‐Atifi Michele , Pernet‐Gallay Karin , van der Sanden Boudewijn , Berger François , Lahrech Hana
Published: September 2016

Monitoring glioma cell infiltration in the brain is critical for diagnosis and therapy. Using a new glioma Glio6 mouse model derived from human stem cells we show how diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may predict glioma cell migration/invasion.

In vivo multiparametric MRI was performed at one, two and three months of Glio6 glioma growth (Glio6 (n = 6), sham (n = 3)). This longitudinal study reveals the existence of a time window to study glioma cell/migration/invasion selectively. Indeed, at two months only Glio6 cell invasion was detected, while tumor mass formation, edema, blood–brain barrier leakage and tumor angiogenesis were detected later, at three months.

To robustly confirm the potential of DTI for detecting glioma cell migration/invasion, a microscopic 3D‐DTI (80 μm isotropic spatial resolution) technique was developed and applied to fixed mouse brains (Glio6 (n = 6), sham (n = 3)).

DTI changes were predominant in the corpus callosum (CC), a known path of cell migration. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and perpendicular diffusivity (D⊥) changes derived from ex vivo microscopic 3D‐DTI were significant at two months of tumor growth. In the caudate putamen an FA increase of +38% (p < 0.001) was observed, while in the CC a − 28% decrease in FA (p < 0.005) and a + 95% increase in D⊥ (p < 0.005) were observed. In the CC, DTI changes and fluorescent Glio6 cell density obtained by two‐photon microscopy in the same brains were correlated (p < 0.001, r = 0.69), validating FA and D⊥ as early quantitative biomarkers to detect glioma cell migration/invasion. The origin of DTI changes was assessed by electron microscopy of the same tract, showing axon bundle disorganization.

During the first two months, Glio6 cells display a migratory phenotype without being associated with the constitution of a brain tumor mass. This offers a unique opportunity to apply microscopic 3D‐DTI and to validate DTI parameters FA and D⊥ as biomarkers for glioma cell invasion.
Studies of relationship between polymer structure and hydration environment in amphiphilic polytartaramides
Authors: Chi Yongmei , Xu Songjie , Xu Xin , Cao Yuting , Dong Jian
Published: September 2016

The relationships between the chemical structures and hydration environment of the polymers can provide significant insight into the water‐amphiphilic polymer interactions. Here, the hydrophobicity of amphiphilic block copolymers poly(ethylene tartaramide‐b‐alkyl isocyanate) is gradually tuned by using of a series of pendant alkyl (isopropyl, n‐butyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl) groups. Dynamics of hydration probed by low‐field NMR relaxometry exhibits a heterogeneous environment of water molecules, corresponding to tightly bound water with slow re‐orientational mobility and loosely bound water with fast re‐orientational mobility. Progressively larger amounts of bound water are present in the copolymers, ongoing from pendant isopropyl, n‐butyl, cyclopentyl, and finally to cyclohexyl group. Water in the copolymer bearing the cyclohexyl group has a significantly high partial specific heat capacity. Therefore, hydrophobic interaction between the polymer and water is enhanced when the hydrophobicity of the polymer is increased, resulting in considerable hydrophobic hydration with decreased mobility of the bound water. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 138–145
Inhibition of early development stages of rust fungi by the two fungal metabolites cyclopaldic acid and epi‐epoformin
Authors: Barilli Eleonora , Cimmino Alessio , Masi Marco , Evidente Marco , Rubiales Diego , Evidente Antonio
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

Rusts are a noxious group of plant diseases affecting major economically important crops. Crop protection is largely based on chemical control. There is a renewed interest in the discovery of natural products as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for control. In this study we tested two fungal metabolites, namely cyclopaldic acid and epi‐epoformin, for their effectiveness in reducing early stages of development of two major rust fungi from the genera Puccinia and Uromyces, P. triticina and U. pisi. Spore germination and appressorium formation were assessed on pretreated detached leaves under controlled conditions. Cyclopaldic acid and epi‐epoformin were also tested in infected plants in order to evaluate the level of control achieved by treatments both before and after inoculation.

RESULTS

Cyclopaldic acid and epi‐epoformin were strongly effective in inhibiting fungal germination and penetration of both rust species studied. This effect was not dose dependent. These results were further confirmed in planta by spraying the metabolites on plant leaves, which reduced fungal developmental of U. pisi and P. triticina at values comparable with those obtained by application of the fungicide.

CONCLUSION

Our results further demonstrate the potential of fungal metabolites as natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of crop pathogens of economic importance as rusts. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Insights on the opening of the Galerian mammal migration pathway from magnetostratigraphy of the Pleistocene marine-continental transition in the Arda River section (northern Italy)
Authors: Monesi Edoardo , Muttoni Giovanni , Scardia Giancarlo , Felletti Fabrizio , Bona Fabio , Sala Benedetto , Tremolada Fabrizio , Francou Carlo , Raineri Gianluca
Published: September 2016

We investigated the magnetostratigraphy of the Arda River section (northern Italy) where the transition from marine to continental sedimentation occurring in the Po River basin during the Pleistocene is registered. Four magnetic polarity reversals were used to construct an age model of sedimentation aided by marine biostratigraphy and tied to a standard δ18O curve from the literature. The section spans from the Olduvai subchron (1.94-1.78 Ma) across the Jaramillo subchron (1.07-0.99 Ma) up to the Brunhes—Matuyama boundary (0.78 Ma). The onset of continental deposition occurred during marine isotope stage (MIS) 30 at ∼1.04 Ma. An association of Villafranchian and Early Galerian mammals, including Sus strozzii and Ursus dolinensis, has been found in the continental sediments dated to MIS 29-27 (∼0.99 Ma). Above follows a prominent fluvial conglomerate attributed to the first major low stand of the Pleistocene culminating with MIS 22 at ∼0.9 Ma during the late Early Pleistocene climate turnover (EPT). These and other data from the literature are used to reconstruct the onset of continental deposition in the greater Po basin and shed light on the opening of the migration pathway that brought far-traveled Galerian mammal immigrants to enter Europe for the first time during the EPT.
Equicarbohydrate partial exchange of kiwifruit for wheaten cereal reduces postprandial glycaemia without decreasing satiety
Authors: Mishra Suman , Willis Jinny , Ansell Juliet , Monro John Alexander
Published: September 2016

Kiwifruit is a carbohydrate food of low glycaemic potency which could potentially be exchanged for starch-based foods in management of postprandial glycaemia. The effect of equicarbohydrate partial exchange of kiwifruit varieties ‘Hayward’ green (GR) and ‘Zesy002’ (SunGold; SG) for a starchy wheat-based breakfast cereal (WB) on the characteristics of the postprandial glycaemic response and satiety was therefore determined. A total of twenty non-diabetic subjects (mean age 36 years; mean BMI 24·5 kg/m2) consumed four meals, each containing 40 g available carbohydrate, in random order, after an overnight fast. The meals were: (1) glucose; (2) 70·29 g breakfast cereal; (3) 200 g of GR plus breakfast cereal (30·93 g); and (4) 200 g of SG plus breakfast cereal (27·06 g). Throughout the 180 min postprandial period, capillary blood glucose concentrations were monitored, and satiety rated by a visual analogue scale. Partial kiwifruit substitution of WB significantly reduced postprandial glycaemic response amplitude (glucose, 3·91; WB, 3·66; WB + GR, 2·36; WB + SG, 2·31  mmol/l; least significant difference (LSD) 0·64; P < 0·001) and incremental area under the blood glucose response curve (0–120 min) (glucose, 228; WB, 180; WB + GR, 133; WB + SG, 134 mmol/l × min; LSD 22·7; P < 0·001). The area between baseline and response remained positive in kiwifruit-substituted meals but became negative after 120 min with glucose and WB, indicating that kiwifruit improved homeostatic control. Kiwifruit substitution of cereal did not significantly reduce satiety. We conclude that either ‘Hayward’ or ‘Zesy002’ kiwifruit may be used in equicarbohydrate partial substitution of starchy staple foods to reduce glycaemic response and improve glucose homeostasis without decreasing satiety.
CONSEQUENCES OF THE EXISTENCE OF AMPLE GENERICS AND AUTOMORPHISM GROUPS OF HOMOGENEOUS METRIC STRUCTURES
Authors: MALICKI MACIEJ
Published: September 2016

We define a simple criterion for a homogeneous, complete metric structure X that implies that the automorphism group Aut(X) satisfies all the main consequences of the existence of ample generics: it has the automatic continuity property, the small index property, and uncountable cofinality for nonopen subgroups. Then we verify it for the Urysohn space $$, the Lebesgue probability measure algebra MALG, and the Hilbert space $\ell _2 $, thus proving that Iso($$), Aut(MALG), $U\left( {\ell _2 } \right)$, and $O\left( {\ell _2 } \right)$ share these properties. We also formulate a condition for X which implies that every homomorphism of Aut(X) into a separable group K with a left-invariant, complete metric, is trivial, and we verify it for $$, and $\ell _2 $.
STONE SPACE OF CYLINDRIC ALGEBRAS AND TOPOLOGICAL MODEL SPACES
Authors: PINTER CHARLES C.
Published: September 2016

The Stone representation theorem was a milestone for the understanding of Boolean algebras. From Stone’s theorem, every Boolean algebra is representable as a field of sets with a topological structure. By means of this, the structural elements of any Boolean algebra, as well as the relations between them, are represented geometrically and can be clearly visualized. It is no different for cylindric algebras: Suppose that ${\frak A}$ is a cylindric algebra and ${\cal S}$ is the Stone space of its Boolean part. (Among the elements of the Boolean part are the diagonal elements.) It is known that with nothing more than a family of equivalence relations on ${\cal S}$ to represent quantifiers, ${\cal S}$ represents the full cylindric structure just as the Stone space alone represents the Boolean structure. ${\cal S}$ with this structure is called a cylindric space.

Many assertions about cylindric algebras can be stated in terms of elementary topological properties of ${\cal S}$. Moreover, points of ${\cal S}$ may be construed as models, and on that construal ${\cal S}$ is called a model space. Certain relations between points on this space turn out to be morphisms between models, and the space of models with these relations hints at the possibility of an “abstract” model theory. With these ideas, a point-set version of model theory is proposed, in the spirit of pointless topology or category theory, in which the central insight is to treat the semantic objects (models) homologously with the corresponding syntactic objects so they reside together in the same space.

It is shown that there is a new, purely algebraic way of introducing constants in cylindric algebras, leading to a simplified proof of the representation theorem for locally finite cylindric algebras. Simple rich algebras emerge as homomorphic images of cylindric algebras. The topological version of this theorem is especially interesting: The Stone space of every locally finite cylindric algebra ${\frak A}$ can be partitioned into subspaces which are the Stone spaces of all the simple rich homomorphic images of ${\frak A}$. Each of these images completely determines a model of ${\frak A}$, and all denumerable models of ${\frak A}$ appear in this representation.

The Stone space ${\cal S}$ of every cylindric algebra can likewise be partitioned into closed sets which are duals of all the types in ${\frak A}$. This fact yields new insights into miscellaneous results in the model theory of saturated models.
‘I am very glad and cheered when I hear the flute’: The Treatment of Criminal Lunatics in Late Victorian Broadmoor
Authors: Shepherd Jade
Published: September 2016

Through an examination of previously unseen archival records, including patients’ letters, this article examines the treatment and experiences of patients in late Victorian Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum and stakes the place of this institution within the broader history of therapeutic regimes in British asylums. Two main arguments are put forth. The first relates to the evolution of treatment in Victorian asylums. Historians tend to agree that in the 1860s and 1870s ‘psychiatric pessimism’ took hold, as the optimism that had accompanied the growth of moral treatment, along with its promise of a cure for insanity, abated. It has hitherto been taken for granted that all asylums reflected this change. I question this assumption by showing that Broadmoor did not sit neatly within this framework. Rather, the continued emphasis on work, leisure and kindness privileged at this institution into the late Victorian period was often welcomed positively by patients and physicians alike. Second, I show that, in Broadmoor’s case, moral treatment was determined not so much by the distinction between the sexes as the two different classes of patients – Queen’s pleasure patients and insane convicts – in the asylum. This distinction between patients not only led to different modes of treatment within Broadmoor, but had an impact on patients’ asylum experiences. The privileged access to patients’ letters that the Broadmoor records provide not only offers a new perspective on the evolution of treatment in Victorian asylums, but also reveals the rarely accessible views of asylum patients and their families on asylum care.
‘Let Us Teach Ourselves First to Follow the Commandment of the Lord’ (Pol.Phil. 4.1): An Additional Note on ‘the Commandment’ as Almsgiving
Authors: Downs David J. , Rogan Wil
Published: September 2016

In his letter to the Philippians, Polycarp of Smyrna offers a reading of 1 Timothy 6 in which he uses the term ‘the commandment’ as an apparent reference to the practice of almsgiving. Polycarp'sPhilippians, therefore, offers important and heretofore neglected evidence that supports recent contentions that ‘the commandment’ in 1 Tim 6.14 is almsgiving.
Casting wider nets for anxiety and depression: disability-driven cross-diagnostic subtypes in a large cohort
Authors: Wanders R. B. K. , van Loo H. M. , Vermunt J. K. , Meijer R. R. , Hartman C. A. , Schoevers R. A. , Wardenaar K. J. , de Jonge P.
Published: September 2016

Background

In search of empirical classifications of depression and anxiety, most subtyping studies focus solely on symptoms and do so within a single disorder. This study aimed to identify and validate cross-diagnostic subtypes by simultaneously considering symptoms of depression and anxiety, and disability measures.

Method

A large cohort of adults (Lifelines, n = 73 403) had a full assessment of 16 symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders, and measurement of physical, social and occupational disability. The best-fitting subtyping model was identified by comparing different hybrid mixture models with and without disability covariates on fit criteria in an independent test sample. The best model's classes were compared across a range of external variables.

Results

The best-fitting Mixed Measurement Item Response Theory model with disability covariates identified five classes. Accounting for disability improved differentiation between people reporting isolated non-specific symptoms [‘Somatic’ (13.0%), and ‘Worried’ (14.0%)] and psychopathological symptoms [‘Subclinical’ (8.8%), and ‘Clinical’ (3.3%)]. Classes showed distinct associations with clinically relevant external variables [e.g. somatization: odds ratio (OR) 8.1–12.3, and chronic stress: OR 3.7–4.4]. The Subclinical class reported symptomatology at subthreshold levels while experiencing disability. No pure depression or anxiety, but only mixed classes were found.

Conclusions

An empirical classification model, incorporating both symptoms and disability identified clearly distinct cross-diagnostic subtypes, indicating that diagnostic nets should be cast wider than current phenomenology-based categorical systems.
Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptom relationships in a psychiatric sample
Authors: Beard C. , Millner A. J. , Forgeard M. J. C. , Fried E. I. , Hsu K. J. , Treadway M. T. , Leonard C. V. , Kertz S. J. , Björgvinsson T.
Published: September 2016

Background

Researchers have studied psychological disorders extensively from a common cause perspective, in which symptoms are treated as independent indicators of an underlying disease. In contrast, the causal systems perspective seeks to understand the importance of individual symptoms and symptom-to-symptom relationships. In the current study, we used network analysis to examine the relationships between and among depression and anxiety symptoms from the causal systems perspective.

Method

We utilized data from a large psychiatric sample at admission and discharge from a partial hospital program (N= 1029, mean treatment duration = 8 days). We investigated features of the depression/anxiety network including topology, network centrality, stability of the network at admission and discharge, as well as change in the network over the course of treatment.

Results

Individual symptoms of depression and anxiety were more related to other symptoms within each disorder than to symptoms between disorders. Sad mood and worry were among the most central symptoms in the network. The network structure was stable both at admission and between admission and discharge, although the overall strength of symptom relationships increased as symptom severity decreased over the course of treatment.

Conclusions

Examining depression and anxiety symptoms as dynamic systems may provide novel insights into the maintenance of these mental health problems.