bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gestión de desechos químicos en laboratorios de la Universidad Nacional
Authors: Mora Barrantes José Carlos , Piedra Marín Gilberto , Pérez Salazar Roy , Chaves Barboza Gustavo , Benavides Ramírez David
Published: November 2015

Durante el 2009 se realizó un diagnóstico de la ges- tión de desechos químicos en la Universidad Na- cional, tanto en laboratorios de docencia como de investigación. Para recopilar la información: 1) se aplicó un cuestionario, una entrevista y se hizo una visita (inspección) a los laboratorios; 2) se realizaron inventarios de desechos químicos; 3) se efectuaron sesiones de trabajo con funcionarios encargados de la gestión universitaria; y 4) se visitó a funcionarios de instituciones públicas y privadas encargados de la gestión de desechos.

Con el presente trabajo, se identificaron las condicio- nes actuales de manipulación y disposición final de los desechos químicos en la Universidad Nacional, así como los procedimientos o gestiones administra- tivos que ejecutan las autoridades universitarias para su adecuada manipulación.

Se concluye que para una gestión adecuada de de- sechos químicos en la Universidad Nacional es ne- cesario formular e implementar una normativa, a nivel nacional e institucional, enfocada al quehacer universitario, así como la creación de una oficina que se encargue de coordinar todas las actividades y procedimientos relacionados con el manejo de los desechos químicos.
Validación de un método de análisis para la determinación de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia en partículas PM10 Y PM2,5
Authors: Herrera Murillo Jorge , Chaves Villalobos María Del Carmen
Published: November 2015

Se validó un método analítico para la determinación de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos presentes en partículas PM10 y PM 2,5 recolectadas en el aire mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (CLAR).

Los HPA incluidos en la metodología comprenden: Naftaleno, Acenaftileno, Fluoreno, Acenafteno, Fenantreno, Antraceno, Fluoranteno, Pireno, Benzo (a)antraceno, Criseno, Benzo (b)fluoranteno, Benzo (k)fluoranteno, Benzo (a)pireno, Dibenzo (a,h) antraceno, Benzo (g,h,i)perileno y Indeno (1,2,3- C.D) pireno.

Para estos compuestos, los límites de detección y cuantificación estuvieron entre 0,02 y 0,1 mg/l utilizando un equipo marca Dionex modelo ICS- 3000, el cual consta de dos detectores en serie, un ultravioleta modelo VWD-1 y un detector de fluorescencia modelo RF-2000, permitiendo diferenciar las distintas señales de absorción y emisión para la debida identificación de los distintos compuestos.

Para todos los compuestos analizados, el factor de recuperación resultó no ser significativamente diferente de uno y la repetibilidad y reproducibilidad resultó ser adecuada para un método analítico, especialmente para los HPA más ligeros.
Digestión en horno de microondas para determinación de contenido de hierro y zinc totales en alimentos
Authors: Silva Trejos Paulina
Published: November 2015

En el presente estudio se optimizó el procedimiento de digestión de alimentos por medio de un horno de microondas, para cuantificar el hierro y el zinc totales en diferentes matrices por espectroscopía de absorción atómica. Se analizó la cantidad óptima de HNO3 concentrado al 65% para digerir determinada masa de muestra por evaluación del porcentaje de recuperación obtenido con diferente cantidad de HNO3. Los resultados no difieren de los obtenidos por los métodos recomendados oficialmente de digestión ácida en sistemas abiertos y de calcinación.
Diseño de una antena fractal de 2400 MHz
Authors: Miranda Hamburger Fabio
Published: November 2015

El presente estudio describe el diseño de una antena fractal con una frecuencia de 2400 MHz de frecuencia. Se utilizó el fractal descrito por Waclaw Spierpiński. La figura inicial, también conocida como semilla, se fraccionó utilizando triángulos equiláteros con la finalidad de generar un perímetro que se asemeje a una porción significativa de la longitud de la onda. El uso de λ (lambda) para determinar un perímetro idóneo reduce la resistencia a la radiación. Con base en λ, se calcula el número adecuado de iteraciones para diseñar la antena.
Empleo de tecnologías de geomática para la evaluación de riesgos de inundaciones como consecuencia del cambio climático y las afectaciones a la fitodiversidad
Authors: Márquez Gurri Raimundo , Quintana Bernabe Nicolás , Pérez Rojas Marta Margarita , Araya Rodríguez Freddy
Published: November 2015

El cambio climático global que tiene lugar en los tiempos actuales tiene diversos orígenes, provo- cando no pocas polémicas y declaraciones prove- nientes de diferentes áreas del conocimiento. Las inundaciones son parte de las consecuencias de los fenómenos que ocurren en momentos en que las crisis se acentúan y el medio ambiente se deteriora.

En este trabajo se presentan algunas experiencias en el empleo de las herramientas geomáticas para la minimización de riesgos, ante la posibilidad de la ocurrencia de eventos extraordinarios: fuertes llu- vias en cortos periodos de tiempo e inundaciones, como consecuencia del cambio climático, particula- rizando en las vías de comunicación como elemen- tos antrópicos, la interrupción del curso natural de las aguas sobre el relieve topográfico y los impactos sobre la fitodiversidad que acontecen como resulta- do de las mismas.
Martin Chalfie y la proteína verde fluorescente
Authors: Pereira Vega Zacarías
Published: November 2015

La historia de la proteína verde fluorescente (GFP) se inicia con Osamu Shimomura a principios de la década de 1960, con su descubrimiento de esta proteína a partir de extractos de la medusa Aequorea victoria. Sin embargo, es a principios de la década de 1990 que el neurobiólogo Martin Chalfie, aplicando técnicas de ingeniería genética, logra por primera vez la expresión heteróloga de la GFP en procariotas (Escherichia coli) y eucariotas (Caernohabditis elegans), a partir de un clon del gen de la medusa que codifica a la GFP, preparado por Douglas Prasher.

Además de fluorescer en verde, los resultados de este trabajo también demostraron que no se requiere ningún cofactor o enzima de la medusa para su expresión o para la formación misma del fluoróforo. Asimismo, Chalfie propuso que la GFP podría utilizarse para el marcaje de células en anima- les vivos o para el etiquetado de proteínas.

Los resultados de Chalfie dispararon las investiga- ciones sobre esta proteína y en la actualidad se usa en diversos campos, tales como la biotecnología, la biología del desarrollo, la química ambiental y la medicina. En la medicina está ayudando a dilucidar los mecanismos celulares por los que se producen muchas enfermedades. A Roger Tsien se le debe, entre otros aportes, la creación de diversas mutan- tes de la GFP.
Innovación didáctica: la gestión ambiental como eje transversal en educación primaria y secundaria
Authors: Fernández González Álvaro , Hidalgo Dittel Nancy , Villegas Verdu Florangel , Alfaro Aguirre Jeison , Chaves Solano Yanury , Guevara Agüero Miguel
Published: November 2015

El objetivo de este proyecto es brindar, a docentes, herramientas teóricas y prácticas relevantes, con actividades curriculares o extracurriculares de gestión ambiental en primaria, secundaria o educación diversificada, a fin de que puedan desarrollar y evaluar propuestas sistemáticas de innovación didáctica en este campo.

Se procura crear las condiciones para que centros educativos públicos del sur de Costa Rica incorporen un componente que estimule el desarrollo de destrezas y habilidades para la participación ciudadana en la gestión ambiental a escala local (cantonal o distrital). El proyecto inició con la Dirección Regional de Educación de Pérez Zeledón y, en el 2012, el proyecto se extendió a la Dirección Regional de Educación Grande de Térraba (la cual abarca los cantones de Buenos Aires de Puntarenas y Osa) por solicitud expresa de esta dirección regional.

Se aplicó un enfoque de extensión docente y educación continua para fortalecer el currículo de centros educativos con innovaciones didácticas en el tema transversal de cultura ambiental para el desarrollo sostenible.

La estrategia fundamental del proyecto se ha centrado en el desarrollo de un curso modular de “Innovación educativa de la gestión integrada de la salud y el ambiente” (IE- GISA), en cuyo marco los docentes participantes diseñan y ejecutan, en sus centros educativos, acciones curriculares y extracurriculares en este campo, apoyados por especialistas de la zona. Los docentes participantes son convocados por las autoridades competentes del Ministerio de Educación Pública, de manera que están autorizados para dedicar tiempo laboral al desarrollo del curso. Además, reciben acreditación para el Servicio Civil por parte de las unidades académicas ejecutoras.

Este trabajo se acompaña con un eje paralelo de proyección comunitaria centrado en la incorporación de los padres de familia a los proyectos institucionales; estas actividades y las redes institucionales asociadas proveen a los docentes y centros educativos participantes la plataforma de proyección local deseada.

Se desarrolló un módulo de sistematización en el que se convocó a docentes seleccionados para que realizaran la sistematización en sus zonas. Se están desarrollando dos módulos nuevos: huertas, y monitoreo y restauración socioecológica (MRSE).
Caracterización de sistemas agroecológicos para el establecimiento comercial de cacao orgánico (Theobroma cacao) en Talamanca
Authors: Salazar Díaz Ricardo
Published: November 2015

Un requisito previo para la planificación de una finca es disponer de información acerca de las características del productor, o productora, y su familia, así como de los recursos naturales disponibles y el sistema de producción que tiene, ya que, para proponer cambios en el uso y manejo de los recursos naturales, hay que conocer, analizar e interpretar lo que se dispone en la unidad productiva.

Es por esto que se planteó caracterizar cinco fincas ubicadas en el territorio indígena Bribri en la comunidad de Shuabb, distrito Telire, cantón de Talamanca, Limón, Costa Rica, para la producción de cacao orgánico (Theobroma cacao) bajo un sistema tradicional agroforestal.

El enfoque de producción orgánica con un manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales coincide con la norma tradicional y espiritual de los indígenas.

Se estableció una tipología basada en aspectos biofísicos para las cinco fincas seleccionadas y una caracterización socioeconómica de las familias beneficiarias;conbaseenlosresultadosobtenidos, se propuso un diseño de producción y un manejo agronómico orgánico para el establecimiento de los sistemas agroecológicos.
Dinámica del crecimiento del bosque húmedo tropical, 19 años después de la cosecha bajo cuatro sistemas de aprovechamiento forestal en la Península de Osa, Costa Rica
Authors: Quesada Monge Ruperto , Acosta Vargas Lusi , Garro Chavarría Michael , Castillo Ugalde Marvin
Published: November 2015

Dentro del proyecto “Monitoreo de ecosistemas forestales para el fortalecimiento de estrategias de conservación y uso de bosques: una contribución a la iniciativa Costa Rica Carbono Neutral.”, se llevo a cabo el estudio de la dinámica del crecimiento del bosque húmedo tropical, diecinueve años después de la cosecha bajo cuatro sistemas de aprovechamiento forestal.

Por medio de la medición de todos los árboles (d ≥ 10 cm), se identificaron botánicamente los ingresos en tres sitios de la Península de Osa (Estero Guerra, Dos Brazos de Río Rincón y Los Mogos), donde se instaló cuatro parcelas permanentes de muestreo (PPM) de 1 ha, establecidas en el año 1990.

En ese momento y, posteriormente, quince y diecinueve años (2007 y 2011, respectivamente), se analizó el estado del bosque primario después de aplicar cuatro sistemas de aprovechamiento forestal: Sistema de aprovechamiento con bueyes (SACB), Sistema de aprovechamiento mejorado (SATM), Sistema de aprovechamiento tradicional (SATT) y Sistema de aprovechamiento bueyes- tractor, (SABT).

El análisis de la dinámica del bosque se realizó con base en el crecimiento, tasas de mor talidad, de reclutamiento y de recambio. El incremento corriente anual (ICA) promedio para el periodo evaluado varió de los 2,47 a los 3,56 mm/ año.El análisis estadístico mostró que el valor ICA presenta una distribución normal y homocedasticidad, y el análisis de varianza indica que no existen diferencias significativas entre los ICA de cada sistema de aprovechamiento (p = 0,3410).

La tasa de mortalidad promedio para los cuatro sistemas de aprovechamiento es de 1,301% y la de reclutamiento de 1,869%, mientras que la tasa de recambio anual es de 0,569%. El análisis estadístico comprobó que las tasas de mortalidad, reclutamiento y recambio presentan una distribución normal y homocedasticidad, y, por su parte, el análisis de varianza mostró que las diferencias entre los aprovechamientos no son significativas (mortalidad: p=0,2412; reclutamiento: p=0,0675; recambio: p=0,1159). Las pruebas t apareadas mostraron que las tasas de mortalidad y reclutamiento son estadísticamente iguales dentro de cada aprovechamiento (SACB: p=0,4992; SATM: p=0,9238; SATT: p=0,9080; SABT: p=0,8065), lo que confirma el equilibrio dinámico en que se encuentran los bosques intervenidos en estudio.
El impacto socioeconómico de las políticas de buen gobierno de las entidades de economía social en España
Authors: Muñoz Medraño María De Carmen , Laborda Peñalver Francisco , Briones Peñalver Antonio Juan
Published: November 2015

Las entidades de la economía social que represen- tan el sector empresarial de mercado, con prácticas de buen gobierno en sus sistemas directivos, favo- recen positivamente el impacto socioeconómico en los territorios donde se asientan. En este trabajo se identifican que en las prácticas directivas de estas entidades, confluyen principios democráticos en pro del buen gobierno y de las economías solidarias, posibilitando la creación de más empleo estable y de calidad, en comparación con otro tipo de organi- zaciones empresariales tradicionalmente analizadas como de economía capitalista.Tras la revisión de la literatura se pone en relieve actualizadas cifras del país en lo referente al impacto socioeconómico y en particular los datos del empleo generado, el desa- rrollo local en zonas rurales, así como la integración socio-laboral.
Líneas de cooperación académica para el desarrollo de una ingeniería en agronegocios
Authors: Ramírez López Pedro Martín , Briones Peñalver Antonio Juan , Morales Granados Catalina María
Published: November 2015

Este artículo pretende explicar los contenidos y resultados del conjunto de acciones desarrolladas en dos proyectos de investigación de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (en adelante AECID). Se recopilan tam- bién aquellos logros académicos que han generado resultados concretos tanto a nivel de pequeños productores, la preparación del profesorado de ambas universidades y la formación de estudiantes. Mediante la recopilación de esta información se pretende dejar claro que las nuevas oportunidades que brindan los proyectos PCI-AECID dan un auge a la ruralidad, espacios importantes de desarrollo socioeconómico y de organización para aumentar sus niveles de participación económica, social, cutu- ral y política, y consecuentemente, su nivel de vida.
Estrategias de desarrollo económico en América Latina: una visión global
Authors: Trejos Benavides Eugenio
Published: November 2015

El desarrollo económico de los países pobres es, por su magnitud y complejidad, uno de los temas de mayor preocupación y discusión en la comunidad internacional. Por ello adquiere especial relevancia el análisis de las características fundamentales de las estrategias de desarrollo económico “hacia adentro” y “hacia afuera”, que han sido prescritas como la solución para los problemas estructurales causantes del subdesarrollo de los países latinoamericanos, y determinar si efectivamente han contribuido a la modernización productiva, la innovación tecnológica, la diversificación de sus exportaciones y atenuar su vulnerabilidad externa y sus desequilibrios de balanza de pagos, para alcanzar un desarrollo económico equilibrado, equitativo y sostenible.
Persistence of hotspots and variability of seabird species richness and abundance in the southern California Current
Authors: Santora Jarrod A. , Sydeman William J.
Published: November 2015

Aggregations of seabirds at sea may provide information on centers of enhanced trophic interactions and concentrating mechanisms, however, to date most studies lack quantification of persistence, a key hotspot characteristic. Persistence statistics may reduce uncertainty about seabird habitat use, improve understanding of the spatio‐temporal scales of pelagic food web dynamics, and inform conservation planning. Using 26 years (1987–2012, 47 surveys) of shipboard surveys from a 300K km2 study area within the southern California Current Ecosystem, we conduct a spatial assessment of the inter‐annual and seasonal dynamics of the persistence of seabird hotspots and identify recurring sites of elevated seabird species richness and abundance. Previous studies document declines in abundance, but were based on broad spatial standardizations to assess where declines may have occurred. Here, we refine the hypothesis that seabird populations have declined off southern California by focusing on persistently used habitats in nearshore or offshore domains. We demonstrate that spatio‐temporal variability of seabird distribution and abundance is characterized by anomalous events embedded within trends. In addition to identifying the locations of persistence of seabird aggregations, we found significant declines in species richness and the density of sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) and Leach's storm petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa); in contrast, black‐footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) abundance appear to be increasing. This assessment provides a spatially‐explicit framework for future evaluations of biophysical drivers of seabird hotspots and their associations and impacts on forage fish and zooplankton populations.
Global Food Crisis Response Program: A World Bank initiative for food security and hunger fight (An analysis)
Authors: Keith Nouman
Published: November 2015

The World Bank reacted quickly to the food price crisis that began in 2008 through the Global Food Crisis Response Program (GFRP), which blends quick track financing from International Development Association (IDA) and IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) with trust asset grants to address the prompt food emergency, while urging agrarian frameworks to fabricate flexibility for what's to come. GFRP assets have as of now financed operations adding up to US$1.5 billion coming to about 40 million affected individuals in 44 nations. This paper reviews the achievement of the intended objectives which were underlining for conceptualizing the idea.
Trends in the growth of net State Domestic Product in Karnataka
Authors: R Sharmila
Published: November 2015

Being eighth largest state in India (geographically), the involvement of Karnataka for India’s rising success is significant. Diverse agricultural and mineral resources and strong manufacturing capabilities of Karnataka accounts for close to 10 per cent of India’s product exports. The State’s software exports are more than 35 per cent of India’s software exports. Being the world’s fourth largest technology cluster, Bangalore has the perfect ecosystem fostering growth and development of State-of-the-art technology. The State has made notable progress in all sectors inspite of the global slowdown in recent years. This paper is an attempt to analyse the trends in the growth of Net State Domestic Product in Karnataka for the period 1980-2011. It is concerned with the growth of different sectors of the economy, the changes in the shares of sectors to the Net State Domestic Product of Karnataka. The paper categorised a period of 31 years (1980-2011) as the Pre-liberalisation period-1980-1990, two phases of liberalisation:-Period/Phase 1:1990-2000, Period/Phase 2:2000-2011.Methodology follows the semi-log growth model. Karnataka recorded considerable growth rate of domestic product in the I-Phase and II-Phase of liberalisation period and for the entire period. What has been observed is that in the three periods and for the entire period both in terms of rates of growth and share in net state domestic product the tertiary sector has dominated.
No-damage Stimulation Based on Residual-free Diverting Fluid for Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Shi Y. , Yang X. , Zhou F. , Gao Y. , Lian S. , li x. , Han X.
Published: November 2015

Horizontal well and acid stimulation are the essential technologies for the development of complex carbonate reservoir. However, it is extremely difficult to conduct effective stimulation in horizontal wells with a long interval because the traditional acid systems without diverting performance can only flow into the high permeable formations, leaving the damaged formation untreated. That is why the long interval wells with high heterogeneity need to be stimulated by diverting acid system. Many diverting acid systems or diverting agents have been developed in recent decades. Whereas, last generation diverting systems always cause serious damage to formation, such as gelled acid based on polymer. In addition, many systems will lose their diverting performance at high temperature.

This paper studied some kind of residual-free fluid systems for both acid treatment and fracturing in order to develop no-damage/reduced-damage and high effective stimulation techniques for long interval wells. It is designed to conduct uniform stimulation in a long distance wellbore with the assistance of diverting performance of some special chemical agents, which can work at high termperature and leave no damage in formation. No-damage stimulation includes: Temperature-controlled deep-diverting acid system (TCA); pH-controlled self-diverting acid system (DCA), and Fracture reorientation technology based on degradable fiber (RDF). This series of technologies can generate fracture networks to enhance the stimulated reservoir volume through fracture reorientation and diverting acidizing with the help of special residual-free fluid system, leaving no damage in formation.

This series of techniques had been applied on 921 wells from 10 oil/gas fields in China and 7 oil/gas fields in Kazakhstan, Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkmenistan.
A Novel Improved Oil Recovery Approach for Increasing Capillary Number by Enhancing Depth of Penetration in Abu Dhabi Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Ansari Arsalan , Haroun Mohammed , Rahman Mohamed Motiur , Chilingar George V. , Sarma Hemanta
Published: November 2015

During the last few decades, there has been a global increase in oil demand by 35%. Besides, the petroleum industry is faced with a number of challenges when considering the reservoir such as low sweep efficiency, formation damage and implementing costly techniques to enhance and improve the oil recovery. Electrokinetic Low-concentration acid IOR (EK LCA-IOR) is one of the emerging IOR technologies, which involves the application of the Low-concentration acidizing integrated with electrically enhanced oil recovery (EK-EOR). This research focusses on analyzing the effectiveness of the EK LCA-IOR process in Abu Dhabi carbonates, improving the capillary number and enhancing depth of penetration.

Core-flood tests were conducted by saturating Abu Dhabi carbonate core-plugs with medium crude oil in a specially designed core-flood setup at Abu Dhabi reservoir conditions. After the waterflooding stage, EK LCA-IOR was applied using varying voltage gradients and acid concentrations upto 1.2% HCl injected at the anode and transported by EK to the target producer (cathode). Moreover, the capillary number change, oil viscosity change and Single Energy CT Scan (SECTS) results were analyzed in order to observe the effect on rock-fluid interaction to control rock adsorption capacity through interfacial tension and depth of penetration.

Several correlations at reservoir conditions related to acid concentration, displacement efficiency and permeability enhancement have shown that the application of waterflooding on the carbonate cores yields an average oil recovery of 58%. An additional 17-28% oil recovery was enhanced by the application of EK LCA-IOR recording a maximum oil displacement of 88%. In addition, EK LCA-IOR was shown to enhance the reservoir's permeability by 53% on average across the tested core-plugs. EK LCA-IOR also improves the capillary number by 500% in Water-wet core plugs and 1500% in Oil-wet core plugs, mainly due to a decrease in interfacial tension. This indicates the decrease in acid adsorption as acid is precisely transported to the targeted production well through the tortuous path with an increased depth of penetration as proven by the SECTS results where EK LCA-IOR has penetrated 60% of core-length that revealed minor fractures, precisely delivering the acid front throughout the core-plug.

Finally, EK LCA-IOR enhances capillary number along with an increased depth of penetration while allowing us to save on the OPEX by maintaining decreased power consumption while reducing the acid/water requirement upto 10 times. This study takes one step forward towards the development of EK Low-concentration acid IOR method feasible for Abu Dhabi oil fields in order to make smart waterfloods applicable for complex fractured reservoirs of UAE.
A Novel Transient Simulation Based Methodology for the Calculation of Permeability in Pore Network Models
Authors: Pasumarti Ashwin , Sengupta Soumyadipta , Michael. J. King
Published: November 2015

The carbonate reservoirs are a major source of oil and gas throughout the world. The biggest reserves of oil in the world in the middle-east are primarily carbonate reservoirs. Carbonate reservoirs usually have good reservoir quality and are prolific producers.

Carbonates have a highly heterogeneous grain structure as compared to sandstones. The sandstones house all the fluids in the intergranular spaces whereas the carbonated have most of their fluids in the intragranular pore spaces. The path of transport of fluids in the carbonates is through the intergranular pore space. There are different kinds of intragranular porosities in carbonates and all of them interact in a different manner with intergranular porosity. So, we can easily see that it is much easier to characterize and model flow in sandstones as compared to carbonates due to the relatively homogeneous pore structure in sandstones as compared with carbonates.

The general definition of a homogeneous porosity and permeability is applicable to sandstones but not to carbonates. Therefore, the simple lab tests for permeability and porosity will give erroneous results in case of carbonates. At any particular place in a carbonate sample, there are pore spaces of different length scales and different connectivity interacting with each other. These type of heterogeneities can't be captured by simple lab tests run on core samples. Therefore, we have tested computational methods based on transient methodology on a carbonate pore network obtained from a carbonate core Micro-CT scan sample. This method has also been validated on a synthetic sandstone model.
Youden’s Index and the Weight of Evidence Revisited
Authors: Hughes G.
Published: November 2015

A correspondence between Youden’s index for rating diagnostic tests and the log-likelihood ratio of a positive test outcome is illustrated by data calculated from two previously-published studies of binary tests.
Sustainable Cities: Key Considerations in the Selection of Strategies to Optimize Solid Waste Management
Authors:   RTI International, Zapata Alexandra , Weitz Keith
Published: November 2015

Cities often have limited financial resources for sustainability planning, including sustainable solutions for municipal solid waste management. In this paper, we investigate municipal solid waste management strategies designed to meet two common environmental goals: reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving zero waste by maximizing materials recovery. We analyzed strategies using data collected from a range of low- to high-income cities around the world. We inputted these data into RTI’s Municipal Solid Waste Decision Support Tool and used the tool to identify the waste management strategies for each city that best met these two environmental goals. We compared results among the cities and strategies and then highlighted the limitations of designing sustainable programs based on a single goal. Strategies for minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and for maximizing materials recovery can have significantly different environmental impacts in the same city, ranging from net savings under one strategy to net emissions under another. We were able to explain many of these differences by considering the regional differences in waste composition—in particular, the amount of recyclable commodity materials—and the energy and emissions savings associated with displacing conventional fuels in waste-to-energy processes for the strategies that included these processes.
First evidence of frugivory in Myotis (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae, Myotinae)
Authors: Novaes Roberto Leonan , Souza Renan , Ribeiro Edvandro , Siqueira André , Greco Alexandre , Moratelli Ricardo
Published: November 2015

Myotis occurs from tropical to temperate regions throughout the globe, and it is the largest bat genus with more than 100 species. Most species are insect-eaters, but a few also feed on other invertebrates and fishes; there is no confirmed evidence of a plant item in their diet.

During fieldwork in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, small seeds were retrieved from the feces of one adult female of the Black Myotis, Myotis nigricans—one of the most common Neotropical bats. In a germination experiment, 40% of those seeds grew into seedlings. Our findings are the first evidence of fruit consumption for any Myotis species. We reject a possible contamination because the cotton bag was never used before for bats. This study is the first evidence of frugivory in the genus Myotis.
Cyber Warfare, Asymmetry, and Responsibility
Authors: Galliott Jai
Published: November 2015

Cyber attacks pose fresh challenges for high-level military strategy and the ethics of war. In this chapter I consider the interplay between cyber warfare, asymmetry and responsibility and the relevant implications for defence theorem. In the first section, I examine this form of technologically mediated fighting and suggest that when deployed by technologically superior states in certain contexts, it may not embody the sort of symmetry and equality that characterises just warfare. More specifically, it will be argued that cyber warfare can generate a morally problematic ‘radical asymmetry' that sets justice and fairness in conflict or competition with the initial strategic aims of such wars in that they could provoke localised terrorism or guerrilla attacks. Having considered the impact of asymmetry in this domain, I then examine the impact on the attribution of moral responsibility and how this is challenged in technologically mediated conflict.
Cyber Criminal Profiling
Authors: Gadelrab Mohammed S. , Ghorbani Ali A.
Published: November 2015

New computing and networking technologies have not only changed the way traditional crimes are committed but also introduced completely brand new “cyber” crimes. Cyber crime investigation and forensics is relatively a new field that can benefit from methods and tools from its predecessor, the traditional counterpart. This chapter explains the problem of cyber criminal profiling and why it differs from ordinary criminal profiling. It tries to provide an overview of the problem and the current approaches combined with a suggested solution. It also discusses some serious challenges that should be addressed to be able to produce reliable results and it finally presents some ideas for the future work.
Analysis of Success of Mobilization to Terror using Tools of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP)
Authors: Shorer-Zeltser Marina , Ben-Israel Galit M.
Published: November 2015

The current research is dedicated to put forward the ways the Internet surfers are mobilized for the aims of illegal and harmful actions and even terror. We introduced usage of a psychological-linguistic approach known as NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming) which constructs new realities and a fast shift in the behavior of the treated subjects after the beginning of the exposure. This approach is not accepted widely in academic circles yet its tools are frequently used by security forces for interrogations, hostages incidents and evidences collection. In the recent years the data on mobilization for illegal actions and even for terror intends continues to grow and this article is our modest attempt to shed a light and to simulate and analyze the content environment of the surfers exposed to the substance of the sites propagating terror. Using NLP techniques, the article analyzes Muslim Internet sites which are perceived to belong to different groups and communities.
Israel's Cyber Security Policy
Authors: Tabansky Lior
Published: November 2015

Cyberspace opened a Pandora's Box: it enabled a direct strike on national infrastructure while circumventing traditional defence systems. Analysing the national responses to Cybersecurity challenges reveals the power of “Cyber War” metaphor and the resulting militarization of cyberspace. But these are unsuitable against cyber disruption of civilian national infrastructure. Further, the persistent trend towards militarization of cybersecurity has negative outcomes. How then should democratic societies provide Cybersecurity? One way of addressing the challenge is presented in the second part of the chapter. Israeli Cyber Defence stresses three lessons. 1. Despite the global risks, a national response is feasible. 2. Israel did not to task the IDF with cyber defence in civilian realm. 3. Technical prowess is not enough for national Cybersecurity, without political measures to settle conflicts and overcome barriers.
E-Learning and the Semantic Web
Authors: Ahmud-Boodoo Raadila Bibi Mahmud Hajee
Published: November 2015

A number of 3.0 e-learning systems have been proposed in the literature to capture the numerous benefits that the Semantic Web has to offer to the higher education sector. These 3.0 e-learning systems identify some essential Semantic Web characteristics that are either discussed as stand-alone factors or tend to revolve around the complexities of the Semantic Web technology and its implementation, often disregarding users' needs. Conversely, a comprehensive analysis of e-learning models for higher education in the literature revealed several Critical Success Factors (CSFs) that are relevant to the Semantic Web but often overlooked in 3.0 e-learning models. Consequently, this chapter provides an overview of the CSFs of e-learning relevant to 3.0 e-learning systems as well as an overview of the main Semantic Web characteristics for e-learning to define a new and combined set of 3.0 e-learning characteristics that will holistically represent 3.0 e-learning systems capturing the needs and expectations of users. The new initial 3.0 e-learning model proposed is evaluated within the higher education sector in Mauritius.
Making Sense of the E-Service Quality Literature
Authors: Lennon Sharron J. , Kim Jung-Hwan
Published: November 2015

There is little research that addresses methodological issues in the context of e-service quality. This study content analyzed e-service quality articles published between 2003 and 2013 to assess methodological issues in this field. Sampling methods (probability vs. nonprobability), use of undergraduates (UGs) in research, service context, geographic location, demographic information, research strategy, and justification for the use of UGs were identified as key variables. In addition, the authors argued for the need to conduct replications in research on e-service quality. A total of 72 research articles on e-service and e-service quality were content analyzed. All articles focused primarily on e-service quality in the context of B2C e-retailing. On the basis of the findings the present study provides several suggestions that should receive close attention from e-service quality researchers.
Planning and Implementation of Cloud Computing in NIT's in India: Special Reference to VNIT
Authors: Deshpande Ravikant M. , Patle Bharati V. , Bhoskar Ranjana D.
Published: November 2015

Cloud computing and Information Network both are emerging facets in the field of Information Science (IS). Cloud computing has potential to bring another wave of changes to organizations. Overall, planning and implementation of cloud computing will be beneficial in the terms of library level as well as institutional level to manage by cloud. In this chapter the authors present RECs/NITs resources to move on for managing cloud computing. Making the decision to use cloud-based services means balancing the elements of cost, risk, and benefit to decide whether those services advance the mission of the library as well as institute. RECs/NITs Libraries can take advantage of the cloud in numerous ways, such as data sharing including discovery tools, current status of research, and software as service which depends on the cloud, e-mail systems and social networking, and so forth. This chapter recommends a road for globalizing Regional Engineering Colleges/National Institutes Technology libraries.
Social Web Services Management
Authors: Maamar Zakaria , Faci Noura , Kajan Ejub , Ugljanin Emir
Published: November 2015

As part of our ongoing work on social-intensive Web services, also referred to as social Web services, different types of networks that connect them together are developed. These networks include collaboration, substitution, and competition, and permit the addressing of specific issues related to Web service use such as composition, discovery, and high-availability. “Social” is embraced because of the similarities of situations that Web services run into at run time with situations that people experience daily. Indeed, Web services compete, collaborate, and substitute. This is typical to what people do. This chapter sheds light on some criteria that support Web service selection of a certain network to sign up over another. These criteria are driven by the security means that each network deploys to ensure the safety and privacy of its members from potential attacks. When a Web service signs up in a network, it becomes exposed to both the authority of the network and the existing members in the network as well. These two can check and alter the Web service's credentials, which may jeopardize its reputation and correctness levels.
Exploring Marketing Theories to Model Business Web Service Procurement Behavior
Authors: Strang Kenneth David
Published: November 2015

This chapter provides literature-grounded definitions of contemporary Web services and marketing theories, which can model business demand through procurement decision-making behavior. First, the literature was reviewed to identify contemporary Web 2.0 and Web service ontology alongside marketing theories, which can describe individual decision making in an organizational or personal context. The Web services included cloud computing, social networking, data storage, security, and hosted applications. Then selected models for assessing procurement decision-making behavior were discussed in more detail. The constructed grounded theory method was applied by interviewing Chief Information Officers (CIO) at large organizations across four industries in the USA: healthcare, higher education, energy creation, and banking. The purpose was to determine which marketing theories could effectively model their Web service procurement behavior. An empirical procurement decision-making model was developed and fitted with data collected from the participants. The results indicated that Web service procurement decision-making behavior in businesses could easily be modeled, and this was ratified by the CIOs. The chapter proposes a state-of-the-art ontology and model for continued empirical research about organizational procurement decision-making behavior for Web services or other products.
Measures for Cloud Computing Effectiveness Assessment
Authors: Yarlikas Serdar , Bilgen Semih
Published: November 2015

For the Cloud Computing Effectiveness Assessment Model (CCEAM) that was recently proposed, a set of operationally and objectively defined measures are presented. The model incorporating these measures is validated by case studies carried out in five companies from four different categories of involvement with cloud computing. It is shown in the context of the case studies that CCEAM is applicable for assessing cloud computing strengths and weaknesses of organizations.
A Formal Framework for Cloud Systems
Authors: Benzadri Zakaria , Bouanaka Chafia , Belala Faïza
Published: November 2015

Cloud Computing is an emerging topic with high potentials in the IT industry. Its offered services need to be adapted to deal with variations caused by hostile environment, such as the Internet. Hence, a challenging issue in Cloud systems architecture is to model and analyze cloud-based services. However, few work has been dedicated to guarantee safe and secure adaptable services. The main objective of this chapter is to propose a formal framework for specifying cloud systems and offering analysis support to model-check their inherent properties. Based on Bigraphical Reactive Systems, the formalization process is achieved via the definition of the BiCloud-Arch model. Then, cloud architecture dynamics is formalized by a set of generic reaction rules to be applied on the obtained bigraphical model. This chapter also addresses a mapping from the proposed model (BiCloud-Arch) to a Maude-based formal executable specification (BiCloud-2M). On this basis, the proposed BiCloud Maude-based Model Checker (BMMC) is used to formally verify some Cloud system properties.
Design Challenges of Cloud Computing
Authors: Jouini Mouna , Rabai Latifa Ben Arfa
Published: November 2015

Cloud computing has recently emerged as a new paradigm of computing for hosting and delivering services over the Internet. It replaces computing as a personal commodity by computing as a public utility. It is attractive solution to business owners as it eliminates the requirement for users to plan ahead for provisioning, and allows enterprises to start from the small and increase resources only when there is a rise in service demand. However, despite the significant benefits, these technologies present many challenges including lack of security. The chapter presents an advanced survey focusing on cloud computing concept. It highlights its key concepts and presents a physical architecture of this environment. Finally, the chapter defines virtualization technology as a factor for cloud computing surge and discusses security issues that damage these systems. The aim of this chapter is to provide a better understanding of the design challenges of cloud computing.
A Governance Based Architecture for Enterprise Cloud Computing Adoption
Authors: El Houssaini Charafeddine , Nassar Mahmoud , Kriouile Abdelaziz
Published: November 2015

In the trendy wide adoption of the cloud computing solutions, the relevant challenge has changed from the opportunities and capabilities offered to the governance issues when moving to this new computing paradigm. Since, the enterprises are considerably interested about keeping control even in the virtual environment. To fulfill this objective an architectural approach is introduced: Governance-based Architecture for Enterprise Cloud Computing Adoption. As an alternative to the big organism's Cloud Computing Reference Architecture (CCRA) which is provider-centric, the proposed architecture is consumer-centric and tries to deal with the enterprise requirements and needs. The core architecture is articulated in seven modules which are enveloped by a Unified Cloud Service Interface.
Biometric Authentication for the Cloud Computing
Authors: Jaiswal Sumit , Kumar Santosh , Patel Subhash Chandra , Singh R. S. , Singh Sanjay Kumar
Published: November 2015

As the data being stored to a distant server away from direct control of user cloud presents various security risks and threat issues associated with the user authentication and access control mechanisms, it is of upmost importance to ensure the security of confidential business data in the cloud storage along with making sure that only properly authenticated and authorized personnel can access the data and applications in the cloud. An important step in this regard is to execute biometric security mechanisms, which increases the competence level of security and only permits authenticated individuals by verifying different biometric parameters of human biometric characteristics (traits): patterns like fingerprints, retina, iris, voice, face, ear, palm, signature, and DNA recognition. Implementation of biometric authentication mechanism will take security of data and access control in cloud to higher level. This chapter discusses how a proposed biometrics system with respect to other recognition systems so far is more advantageous and result-oriented because it does not work on presumptions: it is unique and provides fast and contact-less authentication.
Cloud Security Using Ear Biometrics
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Abidi Ali Imam , Singh Sanjay Kumar
Published: November 2015

Cloud computing has created much enthusiasm in the IT world, institutions, business groups and different organizations and provided new techniques to cut down resource costs and increase its better utilization. It is a major challenge for cloud consumers and service providers equally. Establishing one's identity has become complicated in a vastly interconnected cloud computing network. The need of a consistent cloud security technique has increased in the wake of heightened concerns about security. The rapid development in cloud data storage, network computing services, accessing the cloud services from vendors has made cloud open to security threats. In this chapter, we have proposed an approach based on Ear Biometric for cloud security of individual consumers and vendors. This approaches started to get acceptance as a genuine method for determining an individual's identity. This chapter provides with the stepping stone for future researches to unveil how biometrics can change the cloud security scenario as we know it.
Data Security for Software as a Service
Authors: Tiwari Pradeep Kumar , Joshi Sandeep
Published: November 2015

Cloud computing is a BUZZ word of modern computing scenario. Cloud computing services are flexible and cost effective with resource utilization. Cloud computing have three service models SaaS (Software as a Service) PaaS (Plateform as a Service) and Iaas (Infrastructure as a Service). SaaS provide on demand application services such as email, ERP and CRM etc. Multi user can access applications and they can interact to each other at same time. All users data can be reside at same place. This flexibility of SaaS service also gives the security breaches. Loop holes of SaaS harder to find and maintain. The authors discuss here security vulnerabilities of SaaS with possible solutions. This study would be helpful to elaborate to understand data security issues and privacy solutions over SaaS.