bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complications in long‐term survivors of Ewing sarcoma
Authors: Fuchs Bruno , Valenzuela Richard G. , Inwards Carrie , Sim Franklin H. , Rock Michael G.
Published: December 2003

BACKGROUND

Multimodality treatment has dramatically improved the outcome of patients with Ewing sarcoma. However, there appears to be little information concerning treatment‐related complications in patients who are long‐term survivors.

METHODS

Forty‐one patients with Ewing sarcoma who were treated between 1960–1980 and who survived the disease by at least 20 years were included in the current study. In a retrospective analysis, all complications related to the multimodality treatment of Ewing sarcoma were assessed.

RESULTS

The patient group was comprised of 17 men and 24 women, with a mean age at the time of presentation of 16.8 years (range, 5–51 years). Approximately 20% of the lesions were located in the pelvis. All but 9 patients (78%) received chemotherapy as part of their treatment. The overall follow‐up period averaged 25 years (range, 20–36 years). All except 1 patient were alive at the time of final follow‐up, with the latter patient dying of radiation‐induced secondary malignancy after 33 years. Only 17 patients (41%) were found to be free of any complication. These included metastases, local recurrence, secondary malignancies, pathologic fractures, and radiation‐associated and chemotherapy‐associated morbidities.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the patients in the current study were treated successfully in terms of surviving an aggressive tumor, the high complication rate in this group of long‐term survivors is noteworthy and indicates that long‐term follow‐up should be mandatory. Cancer 2003;98:2687–92. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11891
Potential gains from CO2 trading in the EU
Authors: Svendsen Gert Tinggaard , Vesterdal Morten
Published: December 2003

A new Green Paper from the European Commission on emissions trading foresees the setting up of a CO2 trading system within the EU for the energy sector. Because any such international environmental agreement is self‐enforcing, the participants must have an economic net gain from joining the proposed system. Our contribution is therefore to follow the Green Paper proposal and investigate whether member countries and the largest industrial boilers in the electricity sector actually will receive significant net gains from CO2 trade in the European Union rather than undertaking domestic actions solely. We show, based on the PRIMES model, that a full CO2 emission trading system between Annex B countries suggests overall cost savings of the order of 40% compared with a situation with no trading at all between member states. A tradable CO2 permit scheme with comprehensive coverage of emissions within the EU could reduce the total abatement costs by 32% compared with a system with no trading. In comparison, a Community‐wide system containing only the electricity and steam sector would reduce the total abatement costs by 13% only. Though a tradable CO2 permit market for the power and steam sector can provide significant gains from trading, these gains can be almost four times higher than for a trade system that includes all sectors in the EU. Thus, the electricity and steam sector is a fit target group as starting point, but in the longer run the system must be organized in a way that provides opportunities for other sectors to ‘opt in’ over time. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The EU Water Framework Directive: part 1. European policy‐making and the changing topography of lobbying
Authors: Kaika Maria , Page Ben
Published: December 2003

This paper is a history of the making of the European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD). It will be followed by a second paper, which analyses the relationship between the innovations of the WFD and a range of different interest groups. This directive is of particular interest to commentators on EU policy‐making because it was created through the co‐decision process, in which the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament have joint influence over the final text. Following substantive differences in position between the two bodies the WFD was finalized through a conciliation process in June 2000. This change in the practice of European decision‐making has allowed non‐governmental organizations new opportunities to participate in water policy‐making and to have a greater influence on EU directives. It is argued that the environmental lobby has adapted swiftly to these changes and used them to considerable advantage in pursuit of its own goals. The passage of the legislation between 1998 and 2000 is described, paying careful attention to who participated in the process of amending the draft directive and what major amendments were made. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The EU Water Framework Directive: part 2. Policy innovation and the shifting choreography of governance
Authors: Page Ben , Kaika Maria
Published: December 2003

This paper is an analysis of the policy innovations of the European Union's Water Framework Directive and their relationship to a range of economic and geographical interests. It follows a previous paper describing the process of the making of the WFD in relation to the new EU co‐decision process. This paper argues that the innovative aspects of the policy reflect a context in which the broader governance arrangements for water management in Europe are shifting in dramatic ways. The paper identifies the aspects of the WFD that are innovative by comparing it with previous European directives related to water management legislation. The paper then describes the state of Europe's freshwater resources as a basis for understanding the regional geography of interests in the policy‐making process and examines the contrasting interests of state, market and civil society institutions and their impact on the final draft. The paper ends by bringing the history of the WFD up to date by looking at the initial responses of the key actors to the final WFD and at recent developments in relation to implementation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Estrogen alters amyloid precursor protein as well as dendritic and cholinergic markers in a mouse model of Down syndrome
Authors: Granholm Ann‐Charlotte , Sanders Linda , Seo Hyemyung , Lin Ling , Ford Kerstin , Isacson Ole
Published: December 2003

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) develop the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease at an early age, later followed by memory decline and dementia. Women with DS are twice as likely to undergo early menopause, and levels of estradiol correlate with onset of cognitive decline in these women. We have demonstrated that a mouse model of DS, mice with segmental trisomy of chromosome 16 (Ts65Dn), develop a significant deficit in both reference and working memory as young adults (6–10 months of age), coupled with phenotypic loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and altered growth factor levels. In the present study we examined cholinergic and dendritic markers in the hippocampal formation and levels of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in different brain regions of Ts65Dn mice treated with estradiol for 60 days. The density of the dendritic marker Map2 was significantly decreased in the hippocampal formation of middle‐aged trisomic mice (9–15 months old), and the density of cholinergic neurites (acetylcholinesterase [AChE] histochemistry) was also decreased in specific layers of the hippocampus. Treatment with 17β‐estradiol alleviated the decreases in Map2 and AChE staining, but had no effect on full‐length APP levels in the hippocampus. In contrast, a main effect of treatment on APP levels in the striatum was noted, with significant elevations observed in controls and trisomics. These findings demonstrate that estrogen can alleviate deficits in cholinergic and dendritic elements in the hippocampal formation and further strengthens the rationale to explore estrogen replacement therapy in women with DS. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections from the periamygdaloid cortex to the amygdaloid complex, the hippocampal formation, and the parahippocampal region: A PHA‐L study in the rat
Authors: Majak Katarzyna , Pitkänen Asla
Published: December 2003

The periamygdaloid cortex, an amygdaloid region that processes olfactory information, projects to the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal region. To elucidate the topographic details of these projections, pathways were anterogradely traced using Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin (PHA‐L) in 14 rats. First, we investigated the intradivisional, interdivisional, and intra‐amygdaloid connections of various subfields [periamygdaloid subfield (PAC), medial subfield (PACm), sulcal subfield (PACs)] of the periamygdaloid cortex. Thereafter, we focused on projections to the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, hippocampus proper, subiculum) and to the parahippocampal region (presubiculum, parasubiculum, entorhinal, and perirhinal and postrhinal cortices). The PACm had the heaviest intradivisional projections and it also originated light interdivisional projections to other periamygdaloid subfields. Projections from the other subfields converged in the PACs. All subfields provided substantial intra‐amygdaloid projections to the medial and posterior cortical nuclei. In addition, the PAC subfield projected to the ventrolateral and medial divisions of the lateral nucleus. The heaviest periamygdalohippocampal projections originated in the PACm and PACs, which projected moderately to the temporal end of the stratum lacunosum moleculare of the CA1 subfield and to the molecular layer of the ventral subiculum. The PACm also projected moderately to the temporal CA3 subfield. The heaviest projections to the entorhinal cortex originated in the PACs and terminated in the amygdalo‐entorhinal, ventral intermediate, and medial subfields. Area 35 of the perirhinal cortex was lightly innervated by the PAC subfield. Thus, these connections might allow for olfactory information entering the amygdala to become associated with signals from other sensory modalities that enter the amygdala via other nuclei. Further, the periamygdalohippocampal pathways might form one route by which the amygdala modulates memory formation and retrieval in the medial temporal lobe memory system. These pathways can also facilitate the spread of seizure activity from the amygdala to the hippocampal and parahippocampal regions in temporal lobe epilepsy. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal administration of morphine decreases CREBSerine‐133 phosphorylation and synaptic plasticity range mediated by glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampal CA1 area of cognitive‐deficient rat offspring
Authors: Yang San Nan , Huang Li‐Tung , Wang Chih‐Lu , Chen Wu‐Fu , Yang Chin‐Hwa , Lin Shinn‐Zong , Lai Min‐Chi , Chen Shyi‐Jao , Tao Pao‐Luh
Published: December 2003

The central nervous system (CNS) exhibits remarkable plasticity in early life and can be altered significantly by various prenatal influences. We previously showed that prenatal exposure to morphine altered kinetic properties of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐mediated synaptic currents in the hippocampus of young rat offspring at the age of 14 days (P14). The present study further investigates whether NMDA receptor‐mediated synaptic plasticity and/or cyclic adenosine monophosphate‐responsive element‐binding protein (CREBSerine‐133), an important transcription factor underlying learning and memory, can be altered by prenatal morphine exposure in these offspring. Subsequently, the Morris water maze task was performed at the older ages (P28‐P31). The magnitude of long‐term depression (LTD) generated by a low‐frequency stimulation (LFS, 1 Hz for 15 min) in hippocampal slices from the vehicle‐control offspring (P14) was significantly larger than that in slices from the morphine‐treated offspring, although there was no such difference in the magnitude of long‐term potentiation (LTP) elicited by a high‐frequency stimulation (100 Hz for 1 s) between the two groups. Comparison of the expression range of glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in slices from the vehicle‐control and morphine‐treated offspring, calculated as the difference in the maximal magnitude between LTP and LTD, demonstrated a remarkably smaller range in the slices from the morphine‐treated offspring. In addition, the decreased phosphorylation of CREBSerine‐133 and the impaired ability of spatial learning were also seen in the morphine‐treated offspring, as compared with the vehicle‐control offspring. Collectively, the study suggests that maternal exposure to morphine reduces the range of synaptic plasticity by decreasing the expression of LTD, but not of LTP, in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus from rat offspring. More importantly, decreased phosphorylation of CREBSerine‐133 may play a role for the impaired spatial learning and memory in rat offspring exposure to prenatal morphine. Thus, the findings here may provide important insights into cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying pathophysiological changes in the CNS of young offspring from morphine‐addicted mothers and serve as a basis for possible therapeutic intervention. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrograde amnesia and the volume of critical brain structures
Authors: Kopelman M.D. , Lasserson D. , Kingsley D.R. , Bello F. , Rush C. , Stanhope N. , Stevens T.G. , Goodman G. , Buckman J.R. , Heilpern G. , Kendall B.E. , Colchester A.C.F.
Published: December 2003

There are many controversies concerning the structural basis of retrograde amnesia (RA). One view is that memories are held briefly within a medial temporal store (“hippocampal complex”) before being “consolidated” or reorganised within temporal neocortex and/or networks more widely distributed within the cerebral cortex. An alternative view is that the medial temporal lobes are always involved in the storage and retrieval (reactivation) of autobiographical memories (multiple trace theory). The present study used quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 40 patients with focal pathology/volume loss in different sites, to examine the correlates of impairment on three different measures of RA. The findings supported the view that widespread neural networks are involved in the storage and retrieval of autobiographical and other remote memories. Brain volume measures in critical structures could account for 60% of variance on autobiographical memory measures (for incidents and facts) in diencephalic patients and for 60–68% of variance in patients with frontal lesions. Significant correlations with medial temporal lobe volume were found only in the diencephalic group, in whom they were thought to reflect thalamic changes, but not in patients with herpes encephalitis or hypoxia in whom the temporal lobes were particularly implicated. The latter finding fails to support one of the main predictions of multiple trace theory, as presently expounded. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrograde and anterograde object recognition in rats with hippocampal lesions
Authors: Gaskin Stephane , Tremblay Annie , Mumby Dave G.
Published: December 2003

Retrograde and anterograde object‐recognition memory was assessed in rats with cytotoxic lesions of the hippocampal formation (HPC), using a paradigm based on the natural tendency of rats to spend more time exploring novel objects than familiar objects. The rats were allowed to explore a sample object for 5 min/day on 5 consecutive days, either 5 weeks or 1 week before surgery. After surgery, retrograde recognition was assessed by comparing the amount of time spent exploring the sample versus a novel object in a free‐choice situation. Control rats spent more time exploring the novel object than the sample objects from both presurgery time periods, whereas rats with HPC lesions did not discriminate between the novel objects and sample objects from either presurgery time period. Despite their deficits on the retrograde recognition test, the rats with HPC lesions performed like control rats on anterograde recognition tests, displaying a strong exploratory preference for novel objects over sample objects, with retention delays of either 15 min or 24 h. The findings suggest that extrahippocampal circuitry is capable of supporting object recognition, but only if the HPC does not participate in encoding the original encounter with the object. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unilateral inner ear damage results in lasting changes in hippocampal CA1 field potentials in vitro
Authors: Zheng Yiwen , Kerr D. Steven , Darlington Cynthia L. , Smith Paul F.
Published: December 2003

We investigated the effects of a surgical lesion of one vestibular inner ear (unilateral vestibular damage [UVD]) on the field potential responses of CA1 neurons in vitro. Hippocampal slices were removed from rats at 4–6 weeks or 5–6 months post‐UVD, and the field responses of CA1 neurons to electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral commissural pathway were analyzed. Compared with slices from sham and naive control animals, slices from UVD animals at 5–6 months post‐UVD exhibited decreases in the population spike amplitude, the somal field excitatory postsynaptic potential (sfEPSP) slope, and the field EPSP (fEPSP) slope. For the population spike amplitude and fEPSP slope, this effect was observed in both CA1 ipsilateral and contralateral to the UVD. On both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides, paired‐pulse testing showed increases in paired‐pulse inhibition at the shortest interstimulus intervals (ISIs), with increases in paired‐pulse facilitation at longer ISIs. This study provides the first evidence that peripheral vestibular damage can produce long‐term changes in hippocampal electrophysiological activity in vitro. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crime scene actions and offender characteristics in a sample of Finnish stranger rapes
Authors: Häkkänen Helinä , Lindlöf Petri , Santtila Pekka
Published: December 2003

The crime scene actions employed by offenders in stranger rapes were analysed in relation to offender characteristics. Data were drawn from an official police database and consisted of stranger rapes occurring in Finland between 1992 and 2001 (n = 100). The structure of dichotomous variables derived through a content analysis of crime scene actions and offender characteristics were analysed with non‐metric multidimensional scaling (MDS). The first analysis revealed three separate action themes, with thematic emphases on Hostility, Involvement or Theft. The MDS‐solution for offender characteristics suggested four themes: Conventional; Psychiatric/Elderly; Criminal/Violent; and Criminal/Property. Each case was assigned to one of the themes or as a hybrid in order to analyse the associations between action themes and characteristics. The only significant association was found between the action theme, Theft and characteristics theme Criminal/Property. The results are discussed in relation to previous research. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lessons from serial murder in South Africa
Authors: Hodgskiss Brin
Published: December 2003

The systematic study of serial murder in South Africa is a newly developed field. This research demonstrates the similarities and differences between South African serial murderers and those found elsewhere. The most marked difference is the higher incidence of cross‐ethnic offending, the lower rate of ‘team killers’, and the lack of female serial murderers in South Africa. South African offenders display similar geographical behaviours to foreign serial murderers. Overall, South African offenders display more behaviour in common with their non‐European counterparts than serial murderers from the USA. South African serial murderers display certain diagnostic and developmental features that are different from those reported in North American serial murderers. Of these, the most notable is the seeming lack of sexually violent conscious fantasy. There are also fundamental similarities in experience: exposure to traumatic experiences, and profound interpersonal isolation and distance. This ambivalence is also noted in discussions of the evolution of behaviour in the offences, and in the discussion of motives in serial murder. This demonstrates areas that previous studies of serial murder need to explore further. This study also highlights the need for research into the ways in which offence behaviours are affected by the social environment. Finally, the analysis of serial murderers in South Africa suggests ways in which serial murder can be tackled. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual differences in distance travelled by serial burglars
Authors: Snook Brent
Published: December 2003

This paper uses police data on a sample of 41 serial burglars committed in the city of St John's, Canada and surrounding areas, to examine individual differences in distances travelled. In accord with findings from studies in other locations, results show that serial burglary is a localised activity. Differences between serial burglars in distances they travel are related to the burglars' age, method of transportation and value of property stolen. These results are discussed in terms of existing explanations of distances that serial burglars travel to select targets and implications for police decision‐making. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of visual imagery in the enhanced cognitive interview: guided questioning techniques and individual differences
Authors: Davis Michael R. , McMahon Marilyn , Greenwood Kenneth M.
Published: December 2003

The cognitive interview utilises mnemonics and other techniques to facilitate obtaining information from victims and witnesses. Research has indicated superior recall to standard police interviews. However, there has been minimal research regarding the role of individual differences. One area that has generated spirited theoretical debate is imagery ability, as guided imagery questioning is an important part of the enhanced cognitive interview. Imagery is also arguably an integral part of several mnemonics employed in the technique. The present study investigated the role of individual differences in imagery ability, as well as the effect of explicit instructions to image, on recall performance. Participants completed the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ), witnessed a film of a simulated crime, and were interviewed using the cognitive interview or a structured interview. While recall in the cognitive interview was superior, VVIQ scores had little relationship with recall of information. Further, recall elicited by guided imagery differed only minimally from that obtained using standard questioning in the structured interview. These results suggested that the relaxation and rapport building common to questioning in both interview conditions may evoke spontaneous imagery that is comparable to explicit instructions to image, regardless of individuals' inherent imagery ability. Future directions are discussed, including research focused on individual differences and a practical emphasis on context reinstatement and social facilitative techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Offender profiling and investigative psychology
Authors: Canter David
Published: December 2003

The origins of ‘Offender Profiling’ in the advice given by police medical advisors and other experts to criminal investigations are briefly outlined. The spread of such advice to police enquiries across the United States in the early 1970s, culminating in its uptake by Special Agents of the FBI in the mid‐1970s and the widespread promotion of their services through the fictional writings of Thomas Harris and others is noted.

The development beyond the early application to serial killer investigations, and the focus on psychopathological explanations, to cover the full gamut of crime from, for instance, arson and burglary to terrorism, is briefly reviewed. The consideration of the social psychological processes inherent in criminality as well as the characteristics of individual offenders also broadens out the concerns of the field. The linking of crimes to a common offender as well as predicting their future actions further widens the range of issues to be dealt with.

The many psychological and practical questions raised by these ‘profiling’ activities are summarised. These include questions of inference and prediction, about criminals and their crimes, both about their characteristics and about the spatial patterns of their activities. Related topics concerning the sources of information for both investigators and research are also summarised. These cover the full range from interviewing witnesses to the management of informants. The complexity of information management and inference derivation points to the need to understand investigative decision‐making and how it can be supported.

These other issues, beyond those inherent in ‘profiling’, such as data integrity and investigative decision support, taken with the central ‘profiling’ questions leads to the identification of a new domain of applied psychology, ‘Investigative Psychology’. It is argued that the core topic of this domain, as in any emerging science, is how to appropriately describe and classify the central matters under consideration, i.e. criminals and their activities. The difficulties in setting up reliable, robust and valid classification schemes are discussed and approaches to overcoming these difficulties considered. It is emphasised that although many researchers have found Multi‐Dimensional Scaling procedures to be productive they are only one of many fruitful sets of approaches that are possible.

The increasing variety of areas, for which Investigative Psychology is relevant, from tax evasion to peace keeping, and from evidence in court to organisational threat management, is briefly reviewed. In conclusion it is noted that Investigative Psychology can be considered as a general approach to problem solving relevant far beyond criminal investigations. This newJournal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profilingtherefore has rich and wide‐ranging potential. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 3D mortar method for solid mechanics
Authors: Puso Michael A.
Published: December 2003

A version of the mortar method is developed for tying arbitrary dissimilar 3D meshes with a focus on issues related to large deformation solid mechanics. Issues regarding momentum conservation, large deformations, computational efficiency and bending are considered. In particular, a mortar method formulation that is invariant to rigid body rotations is introduced. A scheme is presented for the numerical integration of the mortar surface projection integrals applicable to arbitrary 3D curved dissimilar interfaces. Here, integration need only be performed at problem initialization such that coefficients can be stored and used throughout a quasi‐static time stepping process even for large deformation problems. A degree of freedom reduction scheme exploiting the dual space interpolation method such that direct linear solution techniques can be applied without Lagrange multipliers is proposed. This provided a significant reduction in factorization times. Example problems which touch on the aforementioned solid mechanics related issues are presented. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust and efficient domain decomposition preconditioners for adaptive hp finite element approximations of linear elasticity with and without discontinuous coefficients
Authors: Bauer Andrew C. , Patra Abani K.
Published: December 2003

Adaptive finite element methods (FEM) generate linear equation systems that require dynamic and irregular patterns of storage, access, and computation, making their parallelization difficult. Additional difficulties are generated for problems in which the coefficients of the governing partial differential equations have large discontinuities. We describe in this paper the development of a set of iterative substructuring based solvers and domain decomposition preconditioners with an algebraic coarse‐grid component that address these difficulties for adaptive hp approximations of linear elasticity with both homogeneous and inhomogeneous material properties. Our solvers are robust and efficient and place no restrictions on the mesh or partitioning. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From mixed finite elements to finite volumes for elliptic PDEs in two and three dimensions
Authors: Younes Anis , Ackerer Philippe , Chavent Guy
Published: December 2003

The link between Mixed Finite Element (MFE) and Finite Volume (FV) methods applied to elliptic partial differential equations has been investigated by many authors. Recently, a FV formulation of the mixed approach has been developed. This approach was restricted to 2D problems with a scalar for the parameter used to calculate fluxes from the state variable gradient. This new approach is extended to 2D problems with a full parameter tensor and to 3D problems. The objective of this new formulation is to reduce the total number of unknowns while keeping the same accuracy. This is achieved by defining one new variable per element.

For the 2D case with full parameter tensor, this new formulation exists for any kind of triangulation. It allows the reduction of the number of unknowns to the number of elements instead of the number of edges. No additional assumptions are required concerning the averaging of the parameter in hetero‐ geneous domains. For 3D problems, we demonstrate that the new formulation cannot exist for a general 3D tetrahedral discretization, unlike in the 2D problem. However, it does exist when the tetrahedrons are regular, or deduced from rectangular parallelepipeds, and allows reduction of the number of unknowns. Numerical experiments and comparisons between both formulations in 2D show the efficiency of the new formulation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solution of the Helmholtz equation with high wavenumbers
Authors: Bao Gang , Wei G. W. , Zhao Shan
Published: December 2003

This paper investigates the pollution effect, and explores the feasibility of a local spectral method, the discrete singular convolution (DSC) algorithm for solving the Helmholtz equation with high wavenumbers. Fourier analysis is employed to study the dispersive error of the DSC algorithm. Our analysis of dispersive errors indicates that the DSC algorithm yields a dispersion vanishing scheme. The dispersion analysis is further confirmed by the numerical results. For one‐ and higher‐dimensional Helmholtz equations, the DSC algorithm is shown to be an essentially pollution‐free scheme. Furthermore, for large‐scale computation, the grid density of the DSC algorithm can be close to the optimal two grid points per wavelength. The present study reveals that the DSC algorithm is accurate and efficient for solving the Helmholtz equation with high wavenumbers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit plane stress algorithm for multilayer J2‐plasticity using the Prager–Ziegler translation rule
Authors: Montáns Francisco J.
Published: December 2003

A totally implicit algorithm for plane stress multilayer plasticity is presented. The algorithm presents the plane stress version of the 3D/plane strain model for multilayer plasticity presented in a previous work. As in the 3D/plane strain case, the model is consistent with the principle of maximum dissipation and it may be considered as an extension of classical J2‐plasticity for anisotropic non‐linear kinematic behaviour preserving Masing's rules. In order to obtain the asymptotic second‐order convergence of the Newton algorithm, the consistent tangent moduli are also given. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element methods for the non‐linear mechanics of crystalline sheets and nanotubes
Authors: Arroyo M. , Belytschko T.
Published: December 2003

The formulation and finite element implementation of a finite deformation continuum theory for the mechanics of crystalline sheets is described. This theory generalizes standard crystal elasticity to curved monolayer lattices by means of the exponential Cauchy–Born rule. The constitutive model for a two‐dimensional continuum deforming in three dimensions (a surface) is written explicitly in terms of the underlying atomistic model. The resulting hyper‐elastic potential depends on the stretch and the curvature of the surface, as well as on internal elastic variables describing the rearrangements of the crystal within the unit cell. Coarse grained calculations of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are performed by discretizing this continuum mechanics theory by finite elements. A smooth discrete representation of the surface is required, and subdivision finite elements, proposed for thin‐shell analysis, are used. A detailed set of numerical experiments, in which the continuum/finite element solutions are compared to the corresponding full atomistic calculations of CNTs, involving very large deformations and geometric instabilities, demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed approach. Simulations for large multi‐million systems illustrate the computational savings which can be achieved. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managers as knowledge generators: The nature of practitioner‐scholar research in the nonprofit sector
Authors: Salipante Paul , Aram John D.
Published: December 2003

As nonprofit management education develops, it has the opportunity to consider new premises concerning managers' roles. In the design and
practice of traditional management education, managers are assumed to be the ultimate users of knowledge. Less attention is given to educating
managers to be knowledge generators who combine intimate understanding of issues, problems, and settings with established theory and methods. Based on
a discussion of three research projects undertaken in nonprofit settings by participants in a doctoral program for advanced practitioners at the
Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University, we describe seven dimensions of practitioner‐scholar inquiry. The pattern
of practitioner‐scholar research that emerges from these research projects is contrasted with two other modes of knowledge production.
Implications for practitioner‐scholar inquiry and for the education of practitioner‐scholars in the nonprofit sector are discussed.
Liability and volunteer organizations: A survey of the law
Authors: Martinez J. Michael
Published: December 2003

The question of how and when liability attaches is one of the most important issues facing volunteer organizations today. The liability issue has
three related components: (1) whether the organization is liable to third parties for acts performed by volunteers, (2) whether the
organization is liable to volunteers who are injured while performing their duties, and (3) whether an individual volunteer is liable for
acts performed while working with a volunteer organization. This article explores each of these issues and suggests effective risk management practices
that can reduce, although not eliminate, liability in most instances.
Leadership in education: Effective U.K. college principals
Authors: Sala Fabio
Published: December 2003

College leaders face increasing challenges to manage complex responsibilities. They must possess a wide variety of managerial and leadership skills
to be successful in academic environments, which are beginning to resemble more traditional organizational frameworks. The study examined in this
article explored the relationships among managerial style, organizational climate, and several measures of college‐student performance with a
sample of British further education college principals (similar to U.S. community college presidents). While considering the influence of
various background factors, such as the size of the college, student funding, and years of experience, several significant relationships emerged
demonstrating a significant association between principals' managerial behaviors and measures of college and student performance.
Making sense of accountability: Conceptual perspectives for northern and southern nonprofits
Authors: Ebrahim Alnoor
Published: December 2003

This article examines the concept of accountability from various disciplinary lenses in order to develop an integrated understanding of the term. Special attention is devoted to principal—agent perspectives from political science and economics. An integrated framework is developed, based on four central observations. (1) Accountability is relational in nature and is constructed through inter‐ and intraorganizational relationships. (2) Accountability is complicated by the dual role of nonprofits as both principals and agents in their relationships with other actors. (3) Characteristics of accountability necessarily vary with the type of nonprofit organization being examined. (4) Accountability operates through external as well as internal processes, such that an emphasis on external oversight and control misses other dimensions of accountability essential to nonprofit organizations. The analysis draws from the experiences of both Northern and Southern nonprofits, that is, organizations based in wealthy industrialized regions of the world (the global North) and those in economically poorer areas (the South).
The understanding of internal control principles by pastors
Authors: Duncan John B. , Stocks Morris H.
Published: December 2003

Although the concept of internal control is as relevant to churches as it is to profit‐seeking organizations, many authors have indicated that
churches typically have weak systems of internal control. Pastors usually serve in the position of chief professional officer of their churches, and the
implementation and maintenance of an adequate system of internal control is ultimately the responsibility of management. This study is a preliminary
effort to determine whether pastors understand general principles of internal control and are able to recognize strengths and weaknesses in systems of
internal control. The results show that pastors have a reasonable ability to recognize strengths and weaknesses in internal control systems in
churches.
Nonprofit management in Europe and Asia
Authors: Young Dennis R.
Published: December 2003

The State and NGOs: Perspective from Asia, edited by Shinichi Shigetomi. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia Studies, 2002. $28.50
cloth.

The Emergence of Social Enterprise, edited by Carlo Borzaga and Jacques Defourny. New York: Routledge, 2001. $120.00 cloth.
Issues in applying recent CPMP ‘Points to Consider’ and FDA guidance documents with biostatistical implications
Authors: Phillips Alan , Ebbutt Alan , France Lesley , Morgan David , Ireson Mick , Struthers Lesley , Heimann Guenter
Published: December 2003

The International Conference on Harmonisation guideline ‘Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials’ was adopted by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) in March 1998, and consequently is operational in Europe. Since then more detailed guidance on selected topics has been issued by the CPMP in the form of ‘Points to Consider’ documents. The intent of these was to give guidance particularly to non‐statistical reviewers within regulatory authorities, although of course they also provide a good source of information for pharmaceutical industry statisticians. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration has recently issued a draft guideline on data monitoring committees. In November 2002 a one‐day discussion forum was held in London by Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry (PSI). The aim of the meeting was to discuss how statisticians were responding to some of the issues covered in these new guidelines, and to document consensus views where they existed. The forum was attended by industry, academic and regulatory statisticians. This paper outlines the questions raised, resulting discussions and consensus views reached. It is clear from the guidelines and discussions at the workshop that the statistical analysis strategy must be planned during the design phase of a clinical trial and carefully documented. Once the study is complete the analysis strategy should be thoughtfully executed and the findings reported. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sample size determination in fixed‐dose combination drug studies
Authors: Sidik Kurex , Jonkman Jeffrey N.
Published: December 2003

In this paper, the application of the intersection–union test method in fixed‐dose combination drug studies is discussed. An approximate sample size formula for the problem of testing the efficacy of a combination drug using intersection–union tests is proposed. The sample sizes obtained from the formula are found to be reasonably accurate in terms of attaining the target power 1−β for a specified β. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Common threads between sample size recalculation and group sequential procedures
Authors: Schwartz Todd A. , Denne Jonathan S.
Published: December 2003

Sample size recalculation (SSR) methods ensure that a study closely achieves the required power by allowing for the original sample size to be modified through updating misspecified nuisance parameters. Some SSR procedures extend this concept by incorporating information on the estimated treatment difference as well. While group sequential methodology allows for early stopping of a study in the context of repeated hypothesis tests, SSR usually involves the extension of a study to accommodate misspecified design parameters. This work describes these methods and places them in a common framework. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunopotentiating properties of Cryptolepis buchanani root extract
Authors: Kaul Anpurna , Bani Sarang , Zutshi Usha , Suri K. A. , Satti N. K. , Suri O. P.
Published: December 2003

The ethanol extract (95%) of the root of the plant Cryptolepis buchanani (EECB) was investigated for immunomodulatory activity in mice and rats. The oral administration of EECB caused signiﬁcant stimulation of the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and humoral antibody production. The oral LD50 was found to be more than 3 g/kg in both rats and mice.
Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) offers protection against gastric lesions induced by ethanol and indomethacin in rats
Authors: Campos A. R. , Barros A. I. S. , Santos F. A. , Rao V. S. N.
Published: December 2003

The effects of guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract were analyzed in rats on acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol and indomethacin and were compared to those produced by caffeine, a methylxanthine. Guarana (50 and 100 mg/kg p.o.) pretreated animals showed a signiﬁcant reduction in the severity of gastric lesions induced by absolute ethanol in a manner similar to caffeine (20 and 30 mg/kg p.o.). Against indomethacin‐induced gastric ulceration, guarana at a higher dose offered signiﬁcant protection but caffeine was ineffective at the doses tested. In 4 h pylorus‐ligated rats, both guarana and caffeine caused signiﬁcant diminution in the gastric secretory volume as well as the total acidity. Gastrointestinal transit in mice was not signiﬁcantly affected by either of these agents. These ﬁndings indicate that guarana has a gastroprotective property that needs further elucidation as regards to its mechanism. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of patients with arthrosis of hip or knee with an aqueous extract of Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens DC.)
Authors: Wegener Tankred , Lüpke Niels‐Peter
Published: December 2003

Preparations made from the secondary tubers of Devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) are successfully used in patients with rheumatic diseases (arthrosis and low back pain). In order to add data on the efﬁcacy and long‐term safety of an aqueous extract (Dolotefﬁn™; 2400 mg extract daily, corresponding to 50 mg harpagoside), which has been tested successfully in patients with low back pain, an uncontrolled multicentre drug surveillance study for about 12 weeks was conducted in 75 patients with arthrosis of the hip or knee. To standardize the assessment of treatment effects, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) osteoarthritis index (10 point scale) as well as the 10 cm VAS pain scale were used. The results of the study revealed a strong reduction of pain and the symptoms of osteoarthritis. There was a relevant improvement of each WOMAC subscale as well as of the total WOMAC index: 23.8% for the pain subscale, 22.2% for the stiffness subscale and 23.1% for the physical function subscale. The WOMAC total score was reduced by 22.9%. VAS pain scores were decreased by 25.8% for actual pain, 25.2% for average pain, 22.6% for worst pain and 24.5% for the total pain score. The physicians reported a continuous improvement in typical clinical ﬁndings such as 45.5% for pain on palpation, 35% for limitation of mobility and 25.4% for joint crepitus. Only two cases of possible adverse drug reactions were reported (dyspeptic complaints and a sensation of fullness). Although this was an open clinical study, the results suggest that this Devil's claw extract has a clinically beneﬁcial effect in the treatment of arthrosis of the hip or knee. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐sickling potential of a Nigerian herbal formula (ajawaron HF) and the major plant component (Cissus populnea L. CPK)
Authors: Moody J. O. , Ojo O. O. , Omotade O. O. , Adeyemo A. A. , Olumese P. E. , Ogundipe O. O.
Published: December 2003

The anti‐sickling activities of the extracts of the roots of a plant Cissus populnea L. (CPK) (a major constituent of a herbal formula Ajawaron HF used in the management of sickle cell disease in south‐west Nigeria) has been examined. Phytochemical examination of the extract showed the presence of anthraquinone derivatives, steroidal glycosides and cardiac glycosides. Alkaloids and tannins were completely absent in the CPK extracts. Evaluation of the anti‐sickling activity involved the use of both positive (p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, 5 µg/mL) and negative control (normal saline) for each set of experiments aimed at the inhibition of sodium metabisulphite‐induced sickling of the HbSS red blood cells obtained from conﬁrmed non‐crisis state sickle‐cell patients. The chloroform and water partitioned fractions of the cold methanol extracts of CPK exhibited a 62.2% and 52.9% inhibition of sickling, respectively, at 180 min. The herbal formula (HF) aqueous extract showed the highest anti‐sickling activity on a weight by weight basis of all the extracts and fractions tested, giving a 71.4% inhibition of sickling at the end of 180 min incubation when compared with the normal saline control. The maximum percentage inhibition of sickling exhibited by the p‐hydroxybenzoic acid control was 46.0% at 90 min incubation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antifungal activity of wogonin
Authors: Pal Mahesh , Joshi Harsha , Kapoor V. P. , Pushpangadan P. , Chaurasia Leena
Published: December 2003

The antifungal activity of the wogonin isolated from Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz was determined on four different fungal organisms. The pure compound wogonin signiﬁcantly inhibited the growth of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium frequentance, P. notatum and Botrytis cinerea, in a concentration dependent fashion, when tested by turbidity and spore germination methods. The effects produced by the compound were compared with the standard antifungal agent griseofulvin. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.