bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solving the Capacitive Paradox of 2D MXene using Electrochemical Quartz‐Crystal Admittance and In Situ Electronic Conductance Measurements
Authors: Levi Mikhael D. , Lukatskaya Maria R. , Sigalov Sergey , Beidaghi Majid , Shpigel Netanel , Daikhin Leonid , Aurbach Doron , Barsoum Michel W. , Gogotsi Yury
Published: August 2014

Fast ion adsorption processes in supercapacitors enable quick storage/delivery of significant amounts of energy, while ion intercalation in battery materials leads to even larger amounts of energy stored, but at substantially lower rates due to diffusional limitations. Intercalation of ions into the recently discovered 2D Ti3C2Tx (MXene) occurs with a very high rate and leads to high capacitance, posing a paradox. Herein, by characterizing the mechanical deformations of MXene electrode materials at various states‐of‐charge with a variety of cations (Li, Na, K, Cs, Mg, Ca, Ba, and three tetra­alkylammonium cations) during cycling by electrochemical quartz‐crystal admittance (EQCA, quartz‐crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) combined with in situ electronic conductance and electrochemical impedance, light is shone on this paradox. Based on this work, it appears that the capacitive paradox stems from cationic insertion, accompanied by significant deformation of the MXene particles, that occurs so rapidly so as to resemble 2D ion adsorption at solid‐liquid interfaces. The latter is greatly facilitated by the presence of water molecules between the MXene sheets.
A numerical study of dynamic capillary pressure effect for supercritical carbon dioxide‐water flow in porous domain
Authors: Das Diganta B. , Gill Bhupinder S. , Abidoye Luqman K. , Khudaida Kamal J.
Published: August 2014

Numerical simulations for core‐scale capillary pressure (Pc)‐saturation (S) relationships have been conducted for a supercritical carbon dioxide‐water system at temperatures between 35°C and 65°C at a domain pressure of 15 MPa as typically expected during geological sequestration of CO2. As the Pc‐S relationships depend on both S and time derivative of saturation (
) yielding what is known as the “dynamic capillary pressure effect” or simply “dynamic effect,” this work specifically attempts to determine the significance of these effects for supercritical carbon dioxide‐water flow in terms of a coefficient, namely dynamic coefficient (τ). The coefficient establishes the speed at which capillary equilibrium for supercritical CO2 (scCO2)‐water flow is reached. The simulations in this work involved the solution of the extended version of Darcy's law which represents the momentum balance for individual fluid phases in the system, the continuity equation for fluid mass balance, as well as additional correlations for determining the capillary pressure as a function of saturation, and the physical properties of the fluids as a function of temperature. The simulations were carried out for three‐dimensional cylindrical porous domains measuring 10 cm in diameter and 12 cm in height. τ was determined by measuring the slope of a best‐fit straight line plotted between (1) the differences in dynamic and equilibrium capillary pressures
against (2) the time derivative of saturation (dS/dt), both at the same saturation value. The results show rising trends for τ as the saturation values reduce, with noticeable impacts of temperature at 50% saturation of aqueous phase. This means that the time to attain capillary equilibrium for the CO2‐water system increases as the saturation decreases. From a practical point of view, it implies that the time to reach capillary equilibrium during geological sequestration of CO2 is an important factor and should be accounted for while simulating the flow processes, for example, to determine the CO2 storage capacity of a geological aquifer. In this task, one would require both the fundamental understanding of the dynamic capillary pressure effects for scCO2‐water flow as well as τ values. These issues are addressed in this article. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 4266–4278, 2014
The first case of a patient with de novo partial distal 16q tetrasomy and a data's review
Authors: Kucharczyk Marzena , Kochański Andrzej , Jezela‐Stanek Aleksandra , Kugaudo Monika , Sielska‐Rotblum Danuta , Gutkowska Anna , Krajewska‐Walasek Małgorzata
Published: August 2014

We report on a patient with severe psychomotor disability, numerous dysmorphic features, and congenital malformations resulting from a complex genomic rearrangement on 16q24.1‐q24.3 involving a de novo duplication‐triplication pattern. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported patient presenting with this aberration within the distal chromosome 16q. We suggest that the clinical phenotype of our patient results from over‐dosage of genes mapped to the region with duplication/triplication (five genes: FOXF1, FOXC2, ANKRD11, SPG7 and FANCA seem to play a peculiar role). Detailed molecular characterization and documentation of the complex genomic rearrangement observed in the proband and of the clinical presentation are important for accurate genotype‐phenotype correlations in genetic counseling. Delineation of the gene map for the terminal region of chromosome 16q will provide insight into this chromosome 16q24.1‐q24.3 contiguous gene duplication‐triplication syndrome. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exact ground state of strongly correlated electron systems from symmetry‐entangled wave‐functions
Authors: Leprévost Alexandre , Juillet Olivier , Frésard Raymond
Published: August 2014

The four‐site Hubbard model is considered from the exact diagonalisation and variational method points of view. It is shown that the exact ground‐state can be recovered by a symmetry projected Slater determinant, irrespective of the interaction strength. This is in contrast to the Gutzwiller wave‐function, which is calculated as well.
Electrospinning of aqueous lignin/poly(ethylene oxide) complexes
Authors: Poursorkhabi Vida , Mohanty Amar K. , Misra Manjusri
Published: August 2014

Microfibers of kraft lignin blended with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were produced by electrospinning of the solution of lignin and high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in alkaline water. Interactions between lignin and PEO in alkaline aqueous solutions create association complexes, which increases the viscosity of the solution. The effect of polymer concentration, PEO molecular weight, and storage time of solution before spinning on the morphology of the fibers was studied. It showed that after one day the viscosity dropped and fiber diameter decreased. Results from the solutions in alkaline water and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) with different polymer concentrations were compared. The 7 wt % of (Lignin/PEO: 95/5 wt/wt) in alkaline aqueous solution was successfully spun and the ratio of PEO in lignin/PEO mixture could be further reduced. In comparison, higher concentrations were needed to prepare a spinning solution in DMF and fiber diameters were in a much smaller range. The final target of spinning lignin is to produce carbonized fibers. Fibers spun from aqueous solutions had lower PEO content, which is a big advantage for the carbonization process as it reduces the challenges regarding melting of the fibers or void creation during carbonization. Furthermore, the larger diameter of these fibers inhibits disintegration of the carbonized fibers, which happens due to the mass loss during the process. © 2014 The Authors Journal of Applied Polymer Science Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41260.
The effect of PETA/PETTA composite system on the performance of UV curable waterborne polyurethane acrylate
Authors: Li Kaibin , Shen Yiding , Fei Guiqiang , Wang Haihua , Wang Chen
Published: August 2014

UV curable waterborne polyurethane acrylate based on pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA)/pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETTA) composite system was prepared by using polycaprolactone glycol (PCL), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and 2,2‐dimethylol butanoic acid (DMBA) as the main materials. Besides, PETA was used as capping agent and PETTA was used as reactive diluent. By varying the additive amount of PETA and PETTA, a series of emulsions and films were obtained. The molecular structure was characterized by infrared spectra and a series of performance tests such as particle size, contact angle, tensile properties, UV curing performance, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were conducted. The result showed that more compact network structure was formed by introducing PETTA with higher reactivity into the polyurethane molecule under UV irradiation and many performances were improved as a whole. However, there existed phase separation to a certain extent. Especially when the content of PETTA was higher than 83.33%, the effect of compatibility became more prominent. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41262.
In Vitro evaluation and dissipative particle dynamics simulation of PLGA‐PEG‐PLGA
Authors: Cao Yang , Wang Bochu , Yang Lichun , Wang Yazhou , Singh Gurinder K.
Published: August 2014

Thermosensitive PLGA‐PEG‐PLGA triblock copolymers have great potential to be utilized in intravitreal injection. It is important to understand the mechanisms of selfassembled behaviors of triblock copolymers. In this study, dissipative particle dynamics simulation is used to explore the phase behaviors and morphologies of the copolymers. Phase transition, complex viscosities, swelling characteristics, and degradation behavior were investigated. The results suggested that the structures of copolymers were greatly affected by polymer concentration. Phase behavior of copolymers can be modified by alternating polymer size distribution. It exhibited that particle diameter was temperature dependence and polymer concentration can increase micelles numbers in solutions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41280.
Functionalized liquid natural rubber and liquid epoxidized natural rubber: A promising green toughening agent for polyester
Authors: Kargarzadeh Hanieh , Ahmad Ishak , Abdullah Ibrahim , Thomas Raju , Dufresne Alain , Thomas Sabu , Hassan Aziz
Published: August 2014

Toughened unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) were prepared using two different reactive rubbers, namely, liquid natural rubber (LNR) and liquid epoxidized natural rubber (LENR). The effect of varying amounts of LNR and LENR on the morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of UPR were evaluated. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the probable crosslinking reaction and changes in the functional groups on crosslinking. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and infinite focus microscopy were used to study the morphology of fracture surfaces. Tensile test showed that both the rubber‐modified resins (1.5 wt %) improved tensile strength. The viscoelastic properties and thermal stability of the toughened polyesters were evaluated using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. A slight reduction in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polyester was reported on the addition of both the rubbers. An increment in impact strength and fracture toughness was observed at 1.5 wt % for LNR and 4.5 wt % for LENR‐modified UPR. The results showed that both the liquid rubbers improved the mechanical properties of UPR. However, LENR‐modified UPR exhibited a more significant improvement in the mechanical properties compared to LNR‐modified UPR. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41292.
Next Generation Internet Policy in Japan, China and India
Authors: Coleman Liv
Published: August 2014

This Internet is facing a critical moment in its history as Internet addresses begin to run out. The Asia Pacific is the region most deeply affected by Internet address depletion, due to its lack of legacy address space and emerging markets with new demand for Internet access. A Next Generation Internet with nearly infinite address space has been created, but transition is costly and uptake has been slow. This article examines Next Generation Internet policy adoption by three Asia‐Pacific countries: Japan, China and India.
Intelligent Adaptive Motion Control Using Fuzzy Basis Function Networks for Electric Unicycle
Authors: Tsai Ching‐Chih , Li Yi‐Yu , Tai Feng‐Chun , Lu Chih‐Haur
Published: August 2014

This paper presents two intelligent adaptive controllers, called self‐balancing and speed controllers, for self‐balancing and motion control, respectively, of an electric unicycle using fuzzy basis function networks (FBFN), which are employed to approximate model uncertainties and unknown friction between the wheel and the terrain surface. Both controllers are established based on the linearized model of the vehicle whose model uncertainties and parameter variations are caused by different riders and terrain. An adaptive backstepping controller together with online learning FBFN and sensing information of the rider's body inclination then is presented to achieve self‐balancing motion control. By adding an electronic throttle as the input device of speed commands, a decoupling sliding‐mode controller with online learning FBFN is proposed to accomplish self‐balancing and speed control. The performance and merit of the two proposed control methods are exemplified by conducting four simulations and three experiments on a laboratory‐built electric unicycle.
Revisiting the surface anatomy of the sciatic nerve in the gluteal region
Authors: Currin Stephen S. , Mirjalili S. Ali , Meikle Grant , Stringer Mark D.
Published: August 2014

The surface anatomy of the sciatic nerve (SN) in the gluteal region is clinically important (e.g., intramuscular injection). Anatomy texts describe the nerve in relation to the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), ischial tuberosity (IT), and greater trochanter (GT) but descriptions are inconsistent. The surface anatomy of the SN was determined in relation to these bony landmarks using computed tomography (CT) scans in living adults. One hundred consecutive adult pelvic CT scans (36 females, mean age 76 years) were available for dual consensus analysis. A further 19 adults (9 females, mean age 74 years) underwent pelvic CT scans in both prone and supine positions. The surface projection of the SN along a line between the PSIS and IT and between the IT and GT was measured. The SN was identified in 95% of scans at a mean of 5.2 ± 1.0 cm from the PSIS and 11.4 ± 1.1 cm from the IT. The SN was a mean of 5.8 ± 0.8 cm from the IT and 6.2 ± 1.0 cm from the GT. There were no significant differences in mean positions of the nerve between sides and sexes. A small but clinically irrelevant difference in the surface marking of the SN was found between supine and prone positions with respect to the GT and IT but not in relation to the PSIS and IT. In living adults, the SN lies approximately one‐third of the way along a line between the PSIS and IT and half way between the GT and IT. Clin. Anat. 28:144–149, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First Principles Study of Morphology, Doping Level, and Water Solvation Effects on the Catalytic Mechanism of Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Kwak Dohyun , Khetan Abhishek , Noh Seunghyo , Pitsch Heinz , Han Byungchan
Published: August 2014

By using first principles DFT calculations, we reveal oxygen reduction reaction mechanisms in N‐doped graphene (N‐Gr). Considering both the morphology and the concentration of dopant N atoms in bulk and edge N‐Gr forms, we calculate the energies of a large number of N‐Gr model systems to cover a wide range of possible N‐Gr structures and determine the most stable N‐Gr forms. In agreement with experiments, our DFT calculations suggest that doping levels in stable N‐Gr forms are limited to less than approximately 30 at. % N, above which the hexagonal graphene framework is broken. The ground state structures of bulk and edge N‐Gr forms are found to differ depending on the doping level and poisoning of the edge bonds. Oxygen reduction reaction mechanisms are evaluated by using Gibbs free‐energy diagrams with and without water solvation. Our results indicate that N doping significantly alters the catalytic properties of pure graphene and that dilutely doped bulk N‐Gr forms are the most active.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Addition of 1,3‐Diones to Ynamides: An Entry to Alkoxy‐Substituted Enamides
Authors: Graux Lionel V. , Clavier Hervé , Buono Gérard
Published: August 2014

A new metal‐catalyzed addition reaction of 1,3‐diketones to ynamides, which provides access to unprecedented alkoxy‐substituted enamides, is disclosed herein. A screening of catalytic systems showed that both a phosphapalladacycle and a cationic gold complex were capable of promoting this reaction rapidly and cleanly. The scope investigation revealed that variously substituted terminal ynamides and cyclic 1,3‐diones were well tolerated. The use of internal ynamides led to the formation of both E and Z isomers with low to good selectivities. The proposed mechanism suggests that the phosphapalladacycle acts as a π Lewis acid to activate the ynamide.
Hybrid Electric Power Biodevices
Authors: Pankratov Dmitry , Blum Zoltan , Shleev Sergey
Published: August 2014

Hybrid electric power biodevices, a new type of electric‐power‐producing device, are a combination of an electrochemical capacitor and a biofuel cell. In this Minireview, we summarise existing knowledge on double‐function bioelectrodes, that is, single electrodes concurrently manifesting bio‐electrocatalytic and charge‐storage features, and describe important historical aspects and achievements in this area. We also discuss a recently proposed method for concomitant electric power generation and storage, which is exemplified by fabricated and characterised self‐charging bio‐supercapacitors, also termed charge‐storing biofuel cells. The electric power in these hybrid devices is uninterruptedly generated by direct transformation of chemical energy into electric energy, as occurs in biofuel cells. The power is simultaneously and directly stored within a single device, relying on different types of capacitance based on reversible charge‐transfer reactions (pseudocapacitance) and/or electric double‐layer capacitance, as in electrochemical capacitors. We also present some unpublished results on both dual‐feature electrodes and hybrid biodevices and briefly highlight the prospects for their application.
Self‐Powered and Sensitive DNA Detection in a Three‐Dimensional Origami‐Based Biofuel Cell Based on a Porous Pt‐Paper Cathode
Authors: Wang Yanhu , Ge Lei , Ma Chao , Kong Qingkun , Yan Mei , Ge Shenguang , Yu Jinghua
Published: August 2014

In this work, a mediator‐less and compartment‐less glucose/air enzymatic biofuel cell (BFC) was introduced into microfluidic paper‐based analytical devices (μ‐PADs) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs)‐modified paper electrode as the anodic and cathodic substrate, respectively, to implement self‐powered, sensitive, low‐cost and simple DNA detection. As a further development of the analytical equipment, an all‐solid‐state paper supercapacitor (PS) was designed and integrated into the BFC for current amplification, and a terminal digital multi‐meter detector (DMM) was introduced for the current detection. A highly sensitive DNA sensor was fabricated by covalently immobilizing the capture DNA in the AuNPs‐modified anode. The nanoporous gold conjugated with bienzymes, glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase, which were used as electrochemical labels. The electrons generated at the anode flow through an external circuit to the PtNPs‐modified cathode that catalyzed the reduction of oxygen with the participation of protons. In addition, the generated current could be collected and stored by the PS. After that, the PS was automatically shorted under the control of a switch to output an instantaneously amplified current, which could be sensitively detected by the terminal DMM. At the optimal conditions, the paper‐based analytical platform can detect DNA at the femtomole level. This approach also shows excellent specificity toward single nucleotide mismatches.
Adsorption optimization of acyclovir on prepared activated carbon
Authors: Jain Swati , Kumar Pardeep , Vyas Raj K. , Pandit Prabhat , Dalai Ajay K.
Published: August 2014

Canadian pine cones (pine cone type I and pine cone type II) and deoiled canola meal were utilized as precursors for preparation of powdered activated carbons (PACs) using thermo‐chemical process. Physicochemical properties of the biomass and obtained adsorbents were evaluated. Prepared PACs were investigated for the adsorptive removal of acyclovir (ACV) from aqueous solutions. Pine cone type I PAC was found to have well developed pores and surface area. It was found to be suitable for removal of ACV from aqueous solution. Response surface methodology was used for the optimization of ACV adsorption on PAC prepared from pine cone type I and the development of predictive model. A second‐order polynomial equation fitted data well which indicated that the process variables such as temperature, pH and especially adsorbent dose had large impact on the ACV adsorption process. The optimum conditions for ACV removal were found to be 39 °C, pH 8 and 2 g/L of pine cone type I PAC dose. At these conditions, the removal of ACV was 90.3 %, which was close to the maximum predicted value of 92.5 %.
Thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of a Gd–DTPA bisamide complex grafted onto gold nanoparticles
Authors: Mogilireddy Vijetha , Déchamps‐Olivier Isabelle , Alric Christophe , Laurent Gautier , Laurent Sophie , Vander Elst Luce , Muller Robert , Bazzi Rana , Roux Stéphane , Tillement Olivier , Chuburu Françoise
Published: August 2014

Gold nanoparticles coated by gadolinium (III) chelates (Au@DTDTPA) where DTDTPA is a dithiolated bisamide derivative of diethylenetriamine‐N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentaacetic acid (DTPA), constituted contrast agents for both X‐ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In an MRI context, highly stable Gd3+ complexes are needed for in vivo applications. Thus, knowledge of the thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of these chelates, when grafted onto gold nanoparticles, is crucial since bisamide DTPA chelates are usually less suited for Gd3+ coordination than DTPA. Therefore, these parameters were evaluated by means of potentiometric titrations and relaxivity measurements. The results showed that, when the chelates were grafted onto the nanoparticle, not only their thermodynamic stability but also their kinetic inertness were improved. These positive effects were correlated to the chelate packing at the nanoparticle surface that stabilized the corresponding Gd3+ complexes and greatly enhanced their kinetic inertness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Docetaxel plus oral metronomic cyclophosphamide: A phase II study with pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic analyses in castration‐resistant prostate cancer patients
Authors: Derosa Lisa , Galli Luca , Orlandi Paola , Fioravanti Anna , Di Desidero Teresa , Fontana Andrea , Antonuzzo Andrea , Biasco Elisa , Farnesi Azzurra , Marconcini Riccardo , Francia Giulio , Danesi Romano , Falcone Alfredo , Bocci Guido
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Docetaxel plus prednisone is currently the standard first‐line treatment in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The aim of this study was to assess the clinical activity and pharmacodynamic/pharmacogenetic profile of docetaxel plus prednisone in combination with metronomic cyclophosphamide in mCRPC patients.

METHODS

Forty‐one chemotherapy‐naive patients received docetaxel (60 mg/m2 intravenously every 3 weeks up to 12 cycles) and, from day 2, prednisone 10 mg/day, celecoxib 400 mg/day, and metronomic cyclophosphamide 50 mg/day, continuously. Plasma VEGF and bFGF were detected by ELISA. Real‐time PCR‐SNP analysis of VEGF gene was performed using an ABI PRISM 7900HT SDS and TaqMan SNP genotyping.

RESULTS

Eighty‐seven percent of patients were free of progression at 6 months. A decrease in prostate‐specific antigen ≥50% was observed in 82% of 39 evaluable patients, with a median time to progression of 12.3 months. Grade 3 adverse events were neutropenia (5%), thrombocytopenia, diarrhea, and stomatitis (2.5%). Median PFS and OS were 14.9 months (95% CI, 9.2‐15.3 months) and 33.3 months (95% CI, 23‐35.6 months), respectively. Of 11 patients (28%) with evaluable disease, 5 (44%) achieved a complete response, 2 (11%) a partial response, and 2 (11%) stable disease, whereas 2 showed disease progression. The −1154A/G VEGF polymorphism, plasma VEGF, and bFGF after the first cycle of chemotherapy may represent useful pharmacodynamic markers to predict better outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of docetaxel and oral metronomic chemotherapy is effective and well tolerated in mCRPC patients and may deserve further evaluation. Cancer 2014;120:3923–3931. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Light‐Triggered Green Fluorescent Protein Silencing in Human Keratinocytes in Culture Using Antisense Oligonucleotides Coupled to a Photoreactive Ruthenium(II) Complex
Authors: Marcélis Lionel , Van Overstraeten‐Schlögel Nancy , Lambermont Javiera , Bontems Sébastien , Spinelli Nicolas , Defrancq Eric , Moucheron Cécile , Kirsch‐De Mesmaeker Andrée , Raes Martine
Published: August 2014

A photoreactive ruthenium(II) complex that contains two tetraazaphenanthrene (TAP) and one phenanthroline (phen) ligands was synthesized and then tethered to (antisense) oligonucleotides (Ru–ASO) to target a destabilized GFP (dGFP). The specificity of the photoreaction of this Ru–ASO conjugate was studied in vitro by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) experiments in denaturing conditions. Other nonspecific Ru–ASO conjugates were also prepared and evaluated with human keratinocytes that expressed dGFP. An illumination‐dependent cytotoxicity was observed for most Ru–ASO conjugates that varied from 10 to almost 40 %, but only the specific Ru–ASO conjugate was able to significantly reduce GFP expression in illuminated cells.
One‐Pot Transformation of Cellobiose to Formic Acid and Levulinic Acid over Ionic‐Liquid‐based Polyoxometalate Hybrids
Authors: Li Kaixin , Bai Linlu , Amaniampong Prince Nana , Jia Xinli , Lee Jong‐Min , Yang Yanhui
Published: August 2014

Currently, levulinic acid (LA) and formic acid (FA) are considered as important carbohydrates for the production of value‐added chemicals. Their direct production from biomass will open up a new opportunity for the transformation of biomass resource to valuable chemicals. In this study, one‐pot transformation of cellobiose into LA and FA was demonstrated, using a series of multiple‐functional ionic liquid‐based polyoxometalate (IL‐POM) hybrids as catalytic materials. These IL‐POMs not only markedly promoted the production of valuable chemicals including LA, FA and monosaccharides with high selectivities, but also provided great convenience of the recovery and the reuse of the catalytic materials in an environmentally friendly manner. Cellobiose conversion of 100 %, LA selectivity of 46.3 %, and FA selectivity of 26.1 % were obtained at 423 K and 3 MPa for 3 h in presence of oxygen. A detailed catalytic mechanism for the one‐pot transformation of cellobiose was also presented.
Ecofriendly Porphyrin Synthesis by using Water under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Henriques César A. , Pinto Sara M. A. , Aquino Gilberto L. B. , Pineiro M. , Calvete Mário J. F. , Pereira Mariette M.
Published: August 2014

Water, under microwave irradiation and at a temperature of 473 K, reaches pressures above 16 bar, being capable to act as catalyst, without the use of organic solvents and oxidants, formeso‐substituted porphyrin synthesis. Sustainability of the reaction is proved by E Factor=35 and EcoScale value of 50.5, the highest so far obtained for porphyrin synthesis. Methodology’s wide versatility is clearly demonstrated by the good yields obtained for both aryl and alkyl substituted porphyrins. These reaction conditions represent a huge development, not only by using very high concentrations, minimizing organic solvent usage, but also by eradicating toxic expensive solvents and oxidants.
Characterizing genetic variation of adrenergic signalling pathways in Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy exomes
Authors: Goodloe Adele H. , Evans Jared M. , Middha Sumit , Prasad Abhiram , Olson Timothy M.
Published: August 2014

Aims

Exome sequencing was used to genotype comprehensively a Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy (TC) cohort, enabling investigation of a vast 486 gene network for adrenergic signalling.

Methods and results

Twenty‐eight TC subjects, including a mother–daughter pair and five recurrent cases, underwent whole‐exome sequencing. Frequencies of 17 common, functional adrenergic polymorphisms were statistically similar to those of population controls. Filtering for rare, predicted‐deleterious, catecholamine/adrenergic signalling variants revealed heterozygosity in 55 genes in TC cases and 59 genes in healthy controls. Overall allele burden was similar and did not discriminate clinical variables among TC subjects, but gene identities were largely cohort specific, and TC cases were enriched for variants within functional domains (68% vs. 48%, P = 0.031). Two‐thirds of TC cases carried more than one filtered adrenergic pathway variant, and 11 genes harboured a variant in ≥2 cases. The mother–daughter pair shared missense variants in highly conserved functional domains of ADH5, CACNG1, EPHA4, and PRKCA. An adrenergic pathway‐independent analysis of the cohort exposed no common gene for TC.

Conclusions

Overall, these data support genetic heterogeneity in TC susceptibility and a likely polygenic basis, conferring a cumulative effect on adrenergic pathway dysregulation in a subset of individual subjects. Study of larger cohorts and non‐coding regulatory regions is warranted to define genetic risk factors for TC further.
T cells targeting a neuronal paraneoplastic antigen mediate tumor rejection and trigger CNS autoimmunity with humoral activation
Authors: Blachère Nathalie E. , Orange Dana E. , Santomasso Bianca D. , Doerner Jessica , Foo Patricia K. , Herre Margaret , Fak John , Monette Sébastien , Gantman Emily C. , Frank Mayu O. , Darnell Robert B.
Published: August 2014

Paraneoplastic neurologic diseases (PND) involving immune responses directed toward intracellular antigens are poorly understood. Here, we examine immunity to the PND antigen Nova2, which is expressed exclusively in central nervous system (CNS) neurons. We hypothesized that ectopic expression of neuronal antigen in the periphery could incite PND. In our C57BL/6 mouse model, CNS antigen expression limits antigen‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell expansion. Chimera experiments demonstrate that this tolerance is mediated by antigen expression in nonhematopoietic cells. CNS antigen expression does not limit tumor rejection by adoptively transferred transgenic T cells but does limit the generation of a memory population that can be expanded upon secondary challenge in vivo. Despite mediating cancer rejection, adoptively transferred transgenic T cells do not lead to paraneoplastic neuronal targeting. Preliminary experiments suggest an additional requirement for humoral activation to induce CNS autoimmunity. This work provides evidence that the requirements for cancer immunity and neuronal autoimmunity are uncoupled. Since humoral immunity was not required for tumor rejection, B‐cell targeting therapy, such as rituximab, may be a rational treatment option for PND that does not hamper tumor immunity.
A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE INFORMATION AND ARITHMETIC ITEMS OF THE WAIS1,2
Authors: Saunders D. R.
Published: August 2014

Factor analysis is applied to a matrix of item intercorrelations based on the WAIS Information and Arithmetic subtests, using a sample of college‐oriented males. Six factors are found and speculatively interpreted as follows:

I: General Information: This factor is best measured by information items that are non‐specific in response requirement, and “historical” in their content. Scores on this factor may assess “mental capacity” in adults.

II: Contemporary Affairs: This factor is best measured by information items that have not necessarily been true for a long time, including the geographical items from the WAIS.

III: Cultural Knowledge: This factor is measured by information items of specific literary or religious interest, or which are normally acquired through reading.

IV: Scientific Generalizations: While this factor is well measured by appropriate information items, it is also involved in the performance of relatively complex mental arithmetic problems to which formulae can be applied, or which require a sequence of elementary operations.

V: Numerical Information: This factor may be directly measured by specific, role‐appropriate information items, but is also involved in WAIS arithmetic items requiring the “conversion of units.”

VI: Numerical Operations: This well‐known factor depends on facility in the manipulation of familiar symbols according to simple rules, and may assess a form of “ideational discipline.”

The Information subtest of the WAIS appears to depend primarily on Factors I, II, and III, with some items highly loaded on Factors IV and V. The Information subtest of the WB‐I is similar except for the notable absence of Factor IV. The Arithmetic subtests of both the WB‐I and the WAIS appear to depend primarily on Factor VI, with most items also loaded on Factor V, and most difficult items also loaded on Factor IV. Scholastic aptitude appears to be a composite of Factors III, V, and VI.
DIGIT SPAN AND ALPHA FREQUENCY: A CROSS‐VALIDATION
Authors: Saunders D. R.
Published: August 2014

Evidence is adduced supporting two propositions involving the relation of individual Wechsler subtest scores to “normal level.” (1) Brain‐damaged subjects perform on Digit Symbol at least 2 WTS points below their apparent normal level. (2) A positive relation exists between the difference score, Digit Span minus normal level, and the frequency of the occipital EEG for non‐brain‐damaged subjects.
TECHNIQUES OF TESTING SIMILARITY BETWEEN PROFILES
Authors: Abdel‐Aty S. H.
Published: August 2014

This paper is a critical survey of methods for analyzing the similarity between profiles. Among the measures of similarity examined are intraclass correlation, Cattell's rp, Cronbach and Gleser's distance measure, analysis of variance, Hotelling's T2, discriminant function, and Mahalanobis' D. An evaluation is made of each, some illustrative examples are given, and the relationships among several of them are presented.
REPLICATION OF A STUDY OF DIFFERENTIAL PREDICTABILITY
Authors: Frederiksen Norman , Gilbert Arthur C. F.
Published: August 2014

The concept “differential predictability” refers to the idea that people may vary in the extent to which their behavior is predictable by some predictor measure. A previous study showed that freshman engineering grades of students classified as “noncompulsive” were more predictable by Strong Vocational Interest Blank scores than were the grades of “compulsive” students. Two rough indicators of compulsiveness were used: (1) tendency to resemble accountants on the Accountant scale of the Vocational Interest Blank and (2) being above the regression line of reading speed score on vocabulary score for the Cooperative English Test C2: Reading Comprehension.

The study was replicated, using freshman students in the School of Engineering at Princeton. The finding that noncompulsive students are more predictable than compulsive students, as judged by correlations between interest blank scores and freshman average grade, seems to hold only for the occupational keys most logically related to engineering (Mathematician, Physicist, Engineer, and Chemist) when the groups are defined on the basis of reading speed relative to vocabulary.
A FACTOR TEST OF A MEMORY MODEL
Authors: Ross John
Published: August 2014

A theory of memory is used to provide a classification of a set of memory tests used by H. P. Kelley in a factor analysis of memory ability. The memory tests in Kelley's unrotated factor matrix were rotated orthogonally, by the patterned quartimax method, to a pattern defined by this theoretical classification. The results of the rotation fitted very nicely with the theoretical classification.
THE STATISTICAL THEORY OF STEPPED‐UP RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS WHEN A TEST HAS BEEN DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL EQUIVALENT PARTS
Authors: Kristof Walter
Published: August 2014

This paper is a presentation of the statistical sampling theory of stepped‐up reliability coefficients when a test has been divided into any number of equivalent parts. Maximum‐likelihood estimators of the reliability are obtained and shown to be biased. Their sampling distributions are derived and form the basis of the definition of new unbiased estimators with known sampling distributions. These unbiased estimators have a smaller sampling variance than the maximum‐likelihood estimators and are—also because of some other favorable properties—recommended for general use. On the basis of the second central moments of the sampling distribution of the unbiased estimators the gain in precision in estimating reliability connected with further division of a test can be expressed explicitly. The limits of these second central moments and thus the limits of precision of estimation are derived. Finally, statistical small sample tests of the reliability coefficient are outlined. This paper also covers the sampling distribution of Cronbach's coefficient Alpha.
THE EFFECT OF BRIEF SOCIAL DEPRIVATION ON SOCIAL AND NONSOCIAL REINFORCEMENT1
Authors: Dorwart William , Ezerman Robert , Lewis Michael , Rosenhan David
Published: August 2014

Forty‐nine first‐grade boys were variously exposed to social deprivation or social satiation, and were subsequently either socially reinforced or non‐socially reinforced. In a probability learning paradigm, only those Ss who had been socially deprived and then socially reinforced matched input or maximized. Results are interpreted in terms of social drive theory. Implications for the development of self‐mediated reinforcement are discussed.
ON PREFERENCE FOR HYPNOSIS AND HYPNOTIZABILITY1
Authors: Rosenhan David L. , Tomkins Silvan S.
Published: August 2014

Forty‐four male and 44 female coerced volunteers, who either preferred or did not prefer to participate in hypnosis experiments, were compared with regard to (a) scores on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, (b) birth order, and (c) performance on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Sex‐specific personality differences were obtained between Ss who preferred and did not prefer hypnosis, but these personality differences were not apparently relevant to hypnotizability. However, for females, preference for hypnosis correlated .41 with hypnotizability; for males, no relationship obtained. Some theoretical and methodological implications of these data are discussed.
TRUE SCORE THEORY–THE FOUR‐PARAMETER BETA MODEL WITH BINOMIAL ERRORS*
Authors: Lord Frederic M.
Published: August 2014

A promising model for the relation between true score, ζ, and observed score, x, asserts that the conditional distribution of observed score when true score is fixed is a binomial with parameters ζ and n, where n is the number of items in the test; also that the distribution of ζ in the group tested is a four‐parameter beta distribution. It was found that this model successfully fitted most observed‐score distributions, as judged by a chi‐square test, except for those with more than 100,000 examinees.

The model is also capable of predicting the frequencies in the scatterplot between two tests of the same trait, using only the information given by the two marginal frequency distributions. When such predictions were tried out for six different scatterplots, the fits seemed visually good. However, five of six chi‐squares were significant at the 5 percent level.

Examination of the discrepancies between observed scatterplots and predicted scatterplots showed a simple pattern. A modification of the model to deal with this is the subject of a separate report.
FACULTY PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS
Authors: Davis Junius A.
Published: August 2014

The major purpose of this study was to determine the structure of characterizations of students by faculty members. What dimensions (or trait patterns) are of concern, or are observable, and appear meaningful?

Ratings of students by faculty members on 80 rating scale variables, together with SAT scores and high school and freshman average grades, were obtained; intercorrelations were computed, and the resultant matrix factored and rotated to the normal equamax criterion.

Eighteen factors were found, 16 of which were drawn primarily from the rating scale variables. The 18 factors accounted for about 86% of the correlation among the original variables. These factors reveal a relatively complex or multi‐dimensional judgmental framework, with factors devoted to various aspects of intellectual qualities, functional orientation to work, character traits, interpersonal relationships, and intrapersonal adjustment.
RUNNING‐SPEED GOAL GRADIENT WITH MASSED TRAINING12
Authors: Schroeder Stephen R. , Gerjuoy Herbert
Published: August 2014

Massed shuttle training in a 4‐ft. runway was given to 16 rats. The gradients of the logarithms of the time they spent per trial in the start box and in successive 1‐ft. segments of the runway were compared for successive blocks of 10 trials up to 70 trials for all Ss and up to 120 trials for four randomly selected Ss. Running was most rapid in the middle of the runway and speed increased with practice. Near the start box, however, the effect of practice on speed was not as great as elsewhere in the runway; moreover, the Ss' times in the start box were more variable from block to block than they were elsewhere.
THE KINDS OF ITEMS THAT WORK IN AN INTEREST ACTIVITIES INDEX
Authors: French John W.
Published: August 2014

One hundred items, half of the items in the Cooperative Interest Index, which consists of a list of activities familiar to high‐school students, were analyzed against freshman grades in six different subjects, against satisfaction with 11 different major fields, and with regard to their popularity among students majoring in the same 11 fields. Almost all of the items in the scale for a particular field showed themselves to be more popular among majors in that field than among majors in any other field. With grades and with satisfaction, however, the relationships of the items to their corresponding fields as well as the validities for the scales were found to be less good. While the differences are not clear, the grade criteria were usually found to be best predicted by items that pertain to academic learning activities or situations in which younger students are more likely to have participated, while the satisfaction criteria are best predicted by reading activities or activities that suggest professional work in the field.
RELIABILITY OF READING OF THE COLLEGE BOARD ENGLISH COMPOSITION TEST, DECEMBER 19631
Authors: Myers Albert E. , McConville Carolyn B. , Coffman William E.
Published: August 2014

In December 1963, the College Board English Composition Test included a 20‐minute essay. Approximately 80,000 candidates wrote the examination, and the essays were read by 145 readers during the week following the administration. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of the reading.

From the total group of papers, 25 were randomly selected, reproduced by hand, and given to 25 different readers on each of the five days of the reading period. The experimental papers were mixed in with the mass of other essays so that the readers did not know there was a study in process or which papers were the experimental ones.

An analysis of variance procedure was used to assess the reliability of the judgments made by the readers. The reader reliability of the sum of two readings (the score used in reporting results) was .577, a figure that was consistent with those obtained in previous experimental investigations and indicated that there was no loss in reliability in moving from experimental reading of fewer than 1,000 papers to operational reading of more than 80,000 papers.

Single judgment reliabilities were .41 on the average, but this average was reduced by the very low .26 that was found for readings made on the last day. It was concluded that this drop probably represented an “end effect” in which the readers relaxed their vigilance as they approached the end of the demanding reading period. Other evidence suggested that the readers were making global judgments, as directed.
SOME EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION RESTRAINTS ON PROBLEM‐SOLVING BEHAVIOR1
Authors: McConville Carolyn B. , Hemphill John K.
Published: August 2014

In most situations, communication among parties involved in a group problem‐solving situation is regarded as desirable if not essential, since each member's intentions can be made known and future actions made predictable. The present experiment tests the hypothesis that communication facilitates the development of structure‐in‐interaction and thus contributes to the effectiveness of the group's problem‐solving activities.

The subjects, 120 women, most of whom were college graduates and ranged in age from 20 to 60 years, were divided into 30 groups of four members each. One‐third were designated as Free Communication groups, another third as Limited Communication groups, and the final third as No Communication groups. The task for all groups was identical: to light a “goal square” in a 5 × 5 electrical plugboard in a minimum number of moves. Rules defining permissible moves were imposed to create a mutual task. The Free Communication groups were permitted to send a written message to any (all) of their partners between trials; the Limited Communication groups were required to send a message to each of their partners between trials; the No Communication groups were required to send a message to the experimenter at the end of each trial.

Measures relating to task effectiveness showed the No Communication groups to be the most competent, the Free Communication groups next most competent, and the Limited groups least competent. This result was not anticipated. Detailed analysis suggests that under certain conditions group task performance may be hindered rather than facilitated by certain types of communication.
ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR AND INTERESTS
Authors: Maier Milton H. , Anderson Scarvia B.
Published: August 2014

The Background and Experience Questionnaire (BEQ) was developed to measure orientations of high school students toward either the adolescent or the adult culture. Both the type of behavior (TV viewing, reading, and activities) and the level of probable cognitive demands (high, medium, and low) were included in deriving the scores to measure orientations. Scores were also obtained to measure school interests, plans for the future, amount of study, part‐time work, home background, and certain topics of thoughts and conversations. The BEQ was administered to a nationwide sample of high school seniors. Subsamples of 260 boys and 210 girls were used for a preliminary analysis, and the results in this report are based on these sub‐samples.

The high‐level scores were positively correlated with measures of academic aptitude, socioeconomic status, interest in academic school courses, and level of plans for the future. The low‐level scores were either inversely related to or uncorrelated with these measures. The values of the correlations of the medium‐level scores were in between those of the high‐ and low‐level scores. The scores from the same level of probable cognitive demands had positive intercorrelations, whereas the high‐ and low‐level scores had either negative or near zero correlations.

Predictions about the relationships between experiences outside of the classroom and measures of intellectual development are derived from an interactionist point of view of cognitive growth. The potential of the BEQ as an educational counseling tool is discussed.