bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnopharmacology Study of Plants from Atlantic Forest with Leishmanicidal Activity
Authors: Santos Beatriz Mendes , Bezerra-Souza Adriana , Aragaki Sonia , Rodrigues Eliana , Umehara Eric , Ghilardi Lago João Henrique , Laurenti Márcia Dalastra , Ribeiro Susan Pereira , Passero Luiz Felipe Domingues
Published: February 2019

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan belonging toLeishmaniagenus. Different clinical outcomes can be observed depending on the parasite species and patient’s health condition. The outcomes can range from single cutaneous lesions to lethal visceral form. The treatment of all forms of leishmaniasis is based on pentavalent antimonials, and, in some cases, the second-line drug, amphotericin B, is used. Beside the toxicity of both classes of drugs, in some areas of the world, parasites are resistant to antimonial. These detrimental features make fundamental the discovery and characterization of new drugs or plant extracts with leishmanicidal effects. Brazil is a well-known country for its biodiversity. Additionally, the common knowledge inherited for generations in small villages makes Brazil a source of new information and resources for the discovery and development of new drugs. Based on ethnopharmacology, elderlies were interviewed about plants they commonly used for skin diseases and infections. Five native plants from Atlantic forest were indicated; EtOH andn-hexane extracts were prepared with the vegetative organs of the plants and assayed against promastigote and amastigote forms ofL. (L.) amazonensis. The major molecules of each extract were detected using qualitative nuclear magnetic resonance. Among all tested extracts, then-hexane extract from the leave ofEugenia uniflora(Myrtaceae), enriched in myricitrin and quercitrin flavonoids, was the most effective againstL. (L.) amazonensisamastigotes. This data supports the ethnopharmacology approach as a successful tool for the discovery of new drugs with leishmanicidal effects.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells: A Race to Revolutionize Cancer Therapy
Authors: Subklewe Marion , von Bergwelt-Baildon Michael , Humpe Andreas
Published: February 2019

For years, cancer treatment was dominated by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation. New insights into genetic characteristics of leukemic cells have initiated the development of the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. This type of adoptive cell immunotherapy has been a breakthrough in the treatment of aggressive B-cell lymphoma and B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In August 2018, the European Commission has approved the first CAR T-cell products – tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah®, Novartis) and axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta®, Gilead) – for hematological neoplasms in Europe. As CAR T cells are a living drug, its benefits can last for many years. The administration of CAR T cells is a complex and costly endeavor involving cell manufacture, shipping of apheresis products, and management of novel and severe adverse reactions. The most common toxicities observed after CAR T-cell therapy are cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Current research focuses on improved safety and efficacy in hematological malignancies as well as the translation of CAR T-cell therapy to solid tumors. This review covers the development and current status of CAR T-cell therapy in a clinical setting with focus on challenges and future opportunities.
Música brasileira no Japão
Authors: Gurgel Dani
Published: February 2019

Este estudo aborda o espaço para a música brasileira no Japão, em especial quanto a estilos de nicho, como música instrumental e de canções que não têm espaço na programação das rádios nacionais. O trabalho surgiu da necessidade de melhor compreender as observações empíricas de turnês anuais realizadas ao país desde 2013 pela autora, todas na posição dupla de artista e empresária musical do grupo Dani & Debora Gurgel Quarteto. Pela união de dados de pesquisas sobre a indústria musical e entrevistas com jornalistas japoneses e artistas, empresário e diplomata brasileiros, é tecida uma análise sobre o crescimento da geração musical conhecida como Novos Compositores e a importância da colaboração entre artistas para o desbravamento dos mercados artísticos internacionais.
“A indústria é cultural”
Authors: Lima Marcelo Oliveira
Published: February 2019

Buscamos compreender a abordagem metodológica e teórica do pesquisador de cinema e televisão John T. Caldwell, preocupado com as transformações das práticas culturais e intelectuais na indústria da mídia norte-americana nas últimas décadas. Debatemos a proposta do autor a partir de uma “análise integrada” dos fenômenos de comunicação e uma perspectiva multidisciplinar que une economia política, sociologia, antropologia, estética, narrativa e estudos culturais. Exploramos suas discussões sobre conceitos clássicos, como “indústrias de mídia” e “textos de mídia”, além da sua problematização sobrea a interface entre pesquisa científica e indústrias culturais. O autor sugere mais rigor por parte dos pesquisadores de comunicação para evitar que seus trabalhos sejam cooptados pelas indústrias de mídia, cada vez mais preocupadas em comoditizar as teorizações feitas sobre as práticas industriais.
Apresentação
Authors: Vicente Eduardo
Published: February 2019

Apresentação da revista Novos Olhares, v. 7, n. 2, 2º semestre de 2018.
Osteopontin in Vascular Disease
Authors: Lok Zoe Shin Yee , Lyle Alicia N.
Published: February 2019

Inflammatory cytokines are necessary for an acute response to injury and the progressive healing process. However, when this acute response does not resolve and becomes chronic, the same proteins that once promoted healing then contribute to chronic inflammatory pathologies, such as atherosclerosis. OPN (Osteopontin) is a secreted matricellular cytokine that signals through integrin and CD44 receptors, is highly upregulated in acute and chronic inflammatory settings, and has been implicated in physiological and pathophysiologic processes. Evidence from the literature suggests that OPN may fit within the Goldilocks paradigm with respect to cardiovascular disease, where acute increases are protective, attenuate vascular calcification, and promote postischemic neovascularization. In contrast, chronic increases in OPN are clinically associated with an increased risk for a major adverse cardiovascular event, and OPN expression is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease independent of traditional risk factors. With the recent finding that humans express multiple OPN isoforms as the result of alternative splicing and that these isoforms have distinct biologic functions, future studies are required to determine what OPN isoform(s) are expressed in the setting of vascular disease and what role each of these isoforms plays in vascular disease progression. This review aims to discuss our current understanding of the role(s) of OPN in vascular disease pathologies using evidence from in vitro, animal, and clinical studies. Where possible, we discuss what is known about OPN isoform expression and our understanding of OPN isoform contributions to cardiovascular disease pathologies.
Does School Finance Reform Reduce the Race Gap in School Funding?
Authors: Rothbart Michah W.
Published: February 2019

This paper offers new evidence on the impacts of school finance reforms (SFRs) precipitated by school finance litigation, exploring the extent to which the impact of SFR differs by district racial composition. Using difference-in-differences and event study models with a series of district and year (or state-by-year) fixed effects, and a sixteen-year panel of over 10,000 school districts, my analyses exploit variation in funding across school districts, and timing of school finance court orders across states, to estimate the effect of SFR on the distribution of district funding by racial composition. Models include relevant control variables available in national data and results are robust to numerous alternative specifications, including estimating impacts on percent changes in resources (in addition to levels), restricting analyses to districts in SFR states, controlling for additional covariates available in only some years and some states, and adding controls for state-specific time trends. In addition, I estimate changes in New York State to assess whether and to what extent results are sensitive to additional controls for revenue-raising capacity and district costs. Results suggest that SFR can work to alleviate racial funding gaps, though impacts are moderate.
A study of the scale insect genera Puto Signoret (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Putoidae) and Ceroputo Šulc (Pseudococcidae) with a comparison to Phenacoccus Cockerell (Pseudococcidae)
Authors: WILLIAMS D. J. , GULLAN P. J. , MILLER D. R. , MATILE-FERRERO5 D. , HAN SARAH I.
Published: February 2019

For almost a century, the scale insect genus Puto Signoret (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) was considered to belong to the family Pseudococcidae (the mealybugs), but recent consensus accords Puto its own family, the Putoidae. This paper reviews the taxonomic history of Puto and family Putoidae, compares the morphology of Puto to that of Ceroputo Šulc and Phenacoccus Cockerell, and reassesses the status of all species that have been placed in Puto to determine whether they belong to the Putoidae or to the Pseudococcidae. For 49 of 57 species that have been placed in Puto, as listed in the online database ScaleNet, we score and tabulate features that are diagnostic for Putoidae and then list all species in their correct family placement. For comparison, we include a few species of Pseudococcidae, namely five species of Phenacoccus, including the type species Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret), and the type species of Ceroputo, C. pilosellae Šulc. We provide revised synonymy lists for Puto and Ceroputo, a brief diagnosis of each genus, synonymy lists and notes for several species for which we suggest recombinations or additional synonyms, or for which we have additional data on morphology. We provide a brief diagnosis of Phenacoccus for comparison with Ceroputo and Puto. As a result of our study, we recognise 47 extant and two fossil species of Puto, and six species of Ceroputo. The New World species Puto mimicus McKenzie and Puto nulliporus McKenzie are transferred to the mealybug genus Ceroputo as Ceroputo mimicus (McKenzie) comb. nov. and Ceroputo nulliporus (McKenzie) comb. nov., respectively, and the Old World species Puto pini Danzig and Puto vaccinii Danzig are recognised as Ceroputo pini (Danzig) comb. rev. and Ceroputo vaccinii (Danzig) comb. rev., respectively, in agreement with Tang (1992). The Old World species Puto graminis Danzig is transferred to Ceroputo as Ceroputo graminis (Danzig) comb. nov. Based only on a study of the literature, the following two names are treated here as junior subjective synonyms of Ceroputo pilosellae: Phenacoccus asteri Takahashi syn. nov. and Puto jarudensis Tang syn. nov. We agree with Tang (1992) that Leococcus erigeroneus Kanda should be treated as a junior subjective synonym of C. pilosellae and thus the genus name Leococcus Kanda, erected for L. erigeroneus and formerly treated as a junior synonym of Puto, is a junior synonym of Ceroputo.
Geoplana multicolor Graff (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida): new records and taxonomic re-interpretation of morphological characters
Authors: LEAL-ZANCHET ANA MARIA , DE MATOS LISIANE BERNARDES
Published: February 2019

Many species of land flatworms have been described based on specimens, or even on a single specimen, from a sole locality. Thus, populational or individual variations are poorly known. The external morphology of Geoplana multicolor Graff, 1899 was first described based on a single specimen from the vicinities of the city of São Paulo, South Brazil. Marcus (1951) analysed specimens from São Paulo with a similar external aspect and considered them as conspecific with G. multicolor, describing their internal anatomy. In the present work, we amplify the known distribution of the species, by registering its occurrence in four localities of southern Brazil (state of Rio Grande do Sul), and comparatively analyse this relatively ample material, which includes different developmental phases. The description of histological aspects, especially those regarding musculature and secretory cells of the copulatory organs, has been enhanced and amplified after the present analysis. Thus, the description of G. multicolor is here complemented, with an improvement on the interpretation of important taxonomical characters. In addition, the paper reports, for the first time, the occurrence of an ejaculate attached to the atrial wall of a species of Geoplaninae which presents a penis papilla, and briefly discusses its significance.
Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) on megachiropteran bats: new records and a new species of Neolaelaps Hirst
Authors: SHAW MATTHEW D.
Published: February 2019

The little-known monotypic genus Notolaelaps is newly recorded from Australia. Males of Notolaelaps novaguinea Womersley are fully described for the first time, protonymphs are newly described, and females redescribed. A fourth species of Neolaelaps, Ne. windsori sp. nov., previously regarded as a form of Neolaelaps vitzthumi Domrow, is described as new. Male Neolaelaps vitzthumi are described for the first time from a heavily-infested specimen of Pteropus alecto. Both genera are re-diagnosed. Relationships between Notolaelaps, Neolaelaps and the Macronyssidae are discussed.
The Family Baetidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Venezuelan Guayana’s Uplands
Authors: NIETO CAROLINA , GRILLET MARIA-EUGENIA , DOMÍNGUEZ EDUARDO , MOLINERI CARLOS , GUERRERO EDMUNDO
Published: February 2019

The family Baetidae is still poorly known from Venezuela, particularly in the South of this country. Three field trips were carried out in La Gran Sabana region (Bolívar State). As a result of these trips, four genera (Cryptonympha, Harpagobaetis, Spiritiops and Zelusia) and nine species are reported for the first time from this region. A discussion of each taxon is included as well as drawings when it is necessary. Keys with all known genera of Baetidae and all known species of Camelobaetidius from Venezuela are included too. With this analysis, the number of the genera and species reported is duplicated improving the knowledge of this family from this country.
Identification key to species of Thrips genus from China (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), with seven new records
Authors: ZHANG HONGRUI , XIE YONGHUI , LI ZHENGYUE
Published: February 2019

An illustrated key is provided to distinguish the 33 species of genus Thrips recorded from China, including seven species not previously recorded from this country.
Mitochondrial diversity of the white-toothed shrews (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Crocidura) in Vietnam
Authors: BANNIKOVA А.А. , ABRAMOV А. V. , BORISENKO А. V. , LEBEDEV V. S. , ROZHNOV V. V.
Published: February 2019

We explored the patterning of genetic diversity within white-toothed shrews of the genus Crocidura from 14 localities across Vietnam. An analysis of cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) gene fragments from 185 specimens of white-toothed shrews of the genus Crocidura from 14 localities across Vietnam revealed six deeply divergent (p-distance for both COI and cytb >10%) lineages, corresponding to the morphological species C. sokolovi, C. zaitsevi, C. phuquocensis, С . indochinensis, C. tanakae and, C. phanluongi. Crocidura sokolovi was distinct from all other Vietnamese white-toothed shrews (~13% on average for both cytb and COI). In addition to demonstrating the genetic separation of previously described species, substantial cryptic genetic diversity was revealed. Crocidura zaitsevi and C. tanakae each included two subgroups that corresponded to geographically remote localities, while C. indochinensis contained two distinct subgroups that exhibited co-varying patterns of morphological and ecological differentiation, suggesting that the individuals from Sa Pa represent a separate species (provisionally named Crocidura sp. AB1). Mitochondrial data generated for the type specimens of C. phanluongi from Yok Don and Bu Gia Map supported the validity of the species while an additional specimen from Binh Chau, South Vietnam originally referred to C. phanluongi exhibited a deep genetic split (cytb: 8.4%; COI: 8.7%) from a neighbouring population in Yok Don. We propose that the specimen from Binh Chau also represents an undescribed species (provisionally named Crocidura sp. AB2). Our cytb data were then compared to the sequences of 28 species of Crocidura from Southeast Asia available in GenBank, suggesting that three more species occur in northern Vietnam, namely C. wuchihensis, C. attenuata and C. fuliginosa/C. dracula. The discovery of fairly deep genetic divergences among Vietnamese Crocidura illustrates that the understudied and largely undescribed diversity of white-toothed shrews in Southeast Asia requires deeper scrutiny. It also shows the useful insights of mitochondrial markers as to the taxonomic resolution of this enigmatic group of mammals.
A taxonomic revision of the genus Phyxioschema (Araneae, Dipluridae), II: species from Central Asia
Authors: SCHWENDINGER PETER J. , ZONSTEIN SERGEI L.
Published: February 2019

Phyxioschema raddei Simon, 1889 is revised. A re-examination of type specimens confirms the synonymy of P. raddei and Ischnothele strandi Spassky, 1937, but the synonymy of Afghanothele lindbergi Roewer, 1960 and A. striatipes Roewer, 1960 cannot be confirmed due to the immature state of their types. The copulatory organs of the female holotype and other females from different localities are illustrated for the first time. Variation in morphological characters is shown. New records are given for Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. Phyxioschema females from Pakistan cannot be attributed to any nominal species and are left unnamed. A new species, P. roxana, is described from male and female specimens collected at eight localities in southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan. Relationships between Central Asian and Southeast Asian species are discussed. A summary of relevant morphological characters of all Phyxioschema species is given.
Evaluation of Numerical Weather Model–Based Satellite Precipitation Adjustment in Tropical Mountainous Regions
Authors: Zhang Xinxuan , Anagnostou Emmanouil N.
Published: February 2019

The study evaluated a numerical weather model (WRF)-based satellite precipitation adjustment technique with 81 heavy precipitation events that occurred in three tropical mountainous regions (Colombia, Peru, and Taiwan). The technique was applied on two widely used near-real-time global satellite precipitation products—the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) and the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation project (GSMaP)—for each precipitation event. The WRF-adjusted satellite products along with the near-real-time and gauge-adjusted satellite products as well as the WRF simulation were evaluated by independent gauge networks at daily scale and event total scale. Results show that the near-real-time precipitation products exhibited severe underestimation relative to the gauge observations over the three tropical mountainous regions. The underestimation tended to be larger for higher rainfall accumulations. The WRF-based satellite adjustment provided considerable improvements to the near-real-time CMORPH and GSMaP products. Moreover, error metrics show that WRF-adjusted satellite products outperformed the gauge-adjusted counterparts for most of the events. The effectiveness of WRF-based satellite adjustment varied with events of different physical processes. Thus, the technique applied on satellite precipitation estimates of these events may exhibit inconsistencies in the bias correction.
Reform in Defence of Sovereignty: South Africa in the UN Security Council, 2007–2008
Authors: Bischoff Paul-Henri
Published: February 2019

After 1994, South Africa became the sine qua non of an internationalist state, willing to promote cooperation amongst a plurality of actors, believing common interests to be more important than their differences. This raised the hopes of constitutionalists, and those who believed in the expansion of a liberal democratic peace. South Africa has acted out two seemingly contradictory roles: those of a reformer and those of a conserver. By 2007–2008 she had shifted towards the latter, conservative-reformist position. Thus, South Africa's voting record at the General Assembly expressed her overriding concern to regionalise African issues and minimise the US and the West shaping political events. This brought her foreign policy into sharper relief. But while in some sense successful, it came at a price: a controversy about her surrendering her internationalism and principles on human rights for African unity and traditional sovereignty. But it also marked the arrival of South Africa in the world of international Realpolitik.
Urban Life-Worlds in Motion: In Africa and Beyond
Authors: Hahn Hans Peter
Published: February 2019

Although throughout the history of anthropology the ethnography of urban societies was never an important topic, investigations on cities in Africa contributed to the early theoretical development of urban studies in social sciences. As the ethnography of rural migrants in towns made clear, cultural diversity and creativity are foundational and permanent elements of urban cultures in Africa (and beyond). Currently, two new aspects complement these insights: 1) Different forms of mobility have received a new awareness through the concept of transnationalism. They are much more complex, including not only rural–urban migration, but also urban–urban migration, and migrations with a destination beyond the continent. 2) Urban life-worlds also include the appropriation of globally circulating images and lifestyles, which contribute substantially to the current cultural dynamics of cities in Africa. These two aspects are the reasons for the high complexity of urban contexts in Africa. Therefore, whether it is still appropriate to speak about the “locality” of these life-worlds has become questionable. At the same time, these new aspects explain the self-consciousness of members of urban cultures in Africa. They contribute to the expansive character of these societies and to the impression that cities in Africa host the most innovative and creative societies worldwide.
Access to Resources and Predictability in Armed Rebellion: The FAPC's Short-lived “Monaco” in Eastern Congo
Authors: Titeca Kristof
Published: February 2019

This article discusses the impact of economic resources on the behaviour of an armed group. The availability of resources, and the presence of “lootable” resources in particular, is presumed to have a negative impact on the way an armed group behaves toward the civilian population. The case of the Armed Forces of the Congolese People (Forces Armées du Peuple Congolais, FAPC) in eastern Congo strongly suggests that it is necessary to look beyond this monocausal argument so as to witness the range of other factors at work. In this vein, first, the article demonstrates how the political economy literature underestimates the ease of accessibility of lootable resources. The paper then shows how the behaviour of this armed group was tied to a particular economic interest: In order to access these lootable goods, the FAPC was dependent on pre-established trading networks, so it had to increase the predictability of economic interactions through the construction of a minimum of social and economic order. Second, the article reveals how the political economy literature can underestimate the specific conflict dynamics. Military security in particular has a strong impact in this context.
The Growing Influence of Al-Qaeda on the African Continent
Authors: Krech Hans
Published: February 2019

Al-Qaeda's influence in Africa is growing. From 2009 to 2011, activity by Al-Qaeda was noted in 19 African nations and regions. Four regional Al-Qaeda organizations operate on the continent, which in turn often have several sub-organizations: the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (with its sub-organizations Al-Qaeda in Mali, Al-Qaeda in Mauritania, Al-Qaeda in Morocco and Al-Qaeda in Sudan) and Al-Shabab in Somalia. Since Osama bin Laden's death on 2 May 2011, the influence of African leaders within Al-Qaeda has increased significantly. All three presumed members of the strategic command level originate from Africa. The revolutions of the Arab Spring have not harmed Al-Qaeda. This contribution highlights the potential for further expansion by Al-Qaeda on the African continent, and how this needs to be responded to.
The Limits of the EU as a Peace and Security Actor in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Froitzheim Meike , Söderbaum Fredrik , Taylor Ian
Published: February 2019

The European Union (EU) is increasingly aspiring to be a global peace and security actor. Using the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) as a test case to analyse such ambitions, this article reveals that the EU's attempts to build peace and security are severely compromised by its bureaucratic and organizational complexity as well as by its ineffective policies. In fact, the EU's state-centred approach in the DRC has resulted in the EU's inability to deal with 1) the realities of governance in the DRC and 2) the strong trans-border dimensions of the conflict. As a result, the EU continues to lack a coherent strategy for the DRC, despite a large budget. The analysis concludes that the EU is more concerned with establishing a symbolic presence and a form of representation than with achieving specific goals.
Blinded by Sight: Divining the Future of Anthropology in Africa
Authors: Nyamnjoh Francis B.
Published: February 2019

Using the metaphor of the elephant and the three blind men, this paper discusses some elements of the scholarly debate on the postcolonial turn in academia, in and of Africa, and in anthropology in particular. It is a part of the context in which anthropology remains unpopular among many African intellectuals. How do local knowledge practices take up existential issues and epistemological perspectives that may interrogate and enrich more global transcultural debates and scholarly reflexivity? Many an anthropologist still resists opening his or her mind up to life-worlds unfolding themselves through the interplay between everyday practice and the manifold actions and messages of humans, ancestors and non-human agents in sites of emerging meaning-production and innovative world-making. African anthropologists seeking recognition find themselves contested or dismissed by fellow anthropologists for doing “native”, “self or “insider” anthropology, and are sometimes accused of perpetuating colonial epistemologies and subservience by fellow African scholars who are committed to scholarship driven by the need to valorise ways of being and knowing endogenous to Africa. This essay calls on anthropologists studying Africa to reflect creative diversity and reflexivity in the conceptualisation and implementation of research projects, as well as in how they provide for co-production, collaboration and co-implication within anthropology across and beyond disciplines.
Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria
Authors: Loimeier Roman
Published: February 2019

Since 2009, the radical Muslim movement in northern Nigeria known as Boko Haram has become widely known in Western media for both its militant actions and its ultra-fundamentalist programme. This analysis examines Boko Haram from a historical perspective, viewing the movement as a result of social, political and generational dynamics within the larger field of northern Nigerian radical Islam. The contribution also considers some of the theological dimensions of the dispute between Boko Haram and its Muslim opponents and presents the different stages of militant activity through which this movement has gone so far. The article shows that movements such as Boko Haram are deeply rooted in northern Nigeria's specific economic, religious and political development and are thus likely to crop up again if basic frame conditions such as social injustice, corruption and economic mismanagement do not change.
(Re)making the Social World: The Politics of Transitional Justice in Burundi
Authors: Rubli Sandra
Published: February 2019

Focusing on political parties, this article highlights divergent conceptualizations of key elements of transitional justice that are part of the current contestation of the dealing-with-the-past process in Burundi. Speaking to the emerging critical literature on transitional justice, this article attempts to look beyond claims that there is a lack of political will to comply with a certain global transitional justice paradigm. In this article, transitional justice is conceived of as a political process of negotiated values and power relations that attempts to constitute the future based on lessons from the past. This paper argues that political parties in Burundi use transitional justice not only as a strategy to protect partisan interests or target political opponents, but also as an instrument to promote their political struggles in the course of moulding a new, post-conflict society and state.
Negotiated Peace, Denied Justice? The Case of West Nile (Northern Uganda)
Authors: Bogner Artur , Neubert Dieter
Published: February 2019

“Reconciliation” and “justice” are key concepts used by practitioners as well as authors of conflict-management and peacebuilding textbooks. While it is often recognized that there may be contradictions between the implementation of justice and truth-telling, on the one hand, and an end to organized violence, on the other, the ideal of a seamless fusion of these diverse goals is widely upheld by, among other things, reference to the rather utopianconcept of “positive peace” (Galtung). One difficulty arises from the fact that discourses usually focus on (post-)conflict settings that resemble a victory of one conflict party, whereas peace settlements are often negotiated in a context more similar to a military or political stalemate – a more ambiguous and complicated scenario. This essay discusses these problems against the background of an empirical case study of the peace accord between the government and the rebels in the West Nile region in north-western Uganda.
Political Representation of Minorities as Collateral Damage or Gain: The Batwa in Burundi and Rwanda
Authors: Vandeginste Stef
Published: February 2019

There is a remarkable discrepancy between the political representation of the Batwa ethnic minority group in Burundi compared to in Rwanda. Whereas Rwanda's focus on citizenship prevents the Batwa from claiming recognition as a politically salient societal segment, Burundi's governance model, characterized by ethnic, consociational power-sharing, guarantees the political representation of the Batwa in the legislative assemblies. The difference is mainly due to the various modalities of political transition that both countries have experienced. While in Rwanda, regime change came about through a military victory, Burundi's transition from conflict to peace involved a long and complex peace-negotiations process, with international mediators viewing the armed conflict and its resolution in explicitly ethnic terms. The Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement was a foundational moment for the recognition of the political participation rights of the Batwa in Burundi, despite the fact that they were not actively involved in Burundi's armed conflict, or in the peace negotiations. The comparative analysis in this paper offers insights into the potential of peace processes with respect to improved minority-rights protection following violent conflict.
The Presidential, Parliamentary and Local Elections in Malawi, May 2014
Authors: Patel Nandini , Wahman Michael
Published: February 2019

On 20 May 2014, Malawi arranged tripartite elections for president, parliament and local councils. The elections were remarkable for several reasons, seen from both an African and a Malawian perspective. Despite an uneven electoral playing field, the elections were highly competitive, ultimately leading to the country's second turnover of power when opposition challenger Peter Mutharika defeated the incumbent president, Joyce Banda. The electoral results also show a return to regionalistic voting patterns and a continuing weakening of political parties, as independent candidates emerged as the largest group in parliament. Although the results were generally credible, the election remains controversial. Several stakeholders questioned the general integrity of the process, and significant logistical problems on election day might have harmed public trust in the electoral authorities.
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? Côte d'Ivoire's 2015 Presidential Polls
Authors: Piccolino Giulia
Published: February 2019

The 2015 presidential election in Côte d'Ivoire was seen as an important test for the country given the 2010 post-election crisis. Although the 2015 polls were peaceful, they were affected by problems not new to Côte d'Ivoire: lack of competition due to non-participation of major political actors, low voter turnout, mistrust in electoral institutions. The unpreparedness of the Commission Electorale Indépendante (CEI) was also problematic, especially with respect to the revision of the voter list. Due to the boycott of partisans of former president Laurent Gbagbo and because of the support of the Rassemblement des Houphouëtistes pour la Démocratie et la Paix (RHDP), President Alassane Ouattara's re-election was essentially a given from the start. With the ruling coalition firmly in control, Côte d'Ivoire appears stable. However, the country's democratic deficit might lead to renewed violence once the RHDP has to pick Ouattara's successor.
Book Review
Authors: Southall Roger
Published: February 2019

Michael Bratton (2014), Power Politics in Zimbabwe, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, ISBN 978186914 3114, 280 pp.

David Coltart (2016), The Struggle Continues: 50 Years of Tyranny in Zimbabwe, Auckland Park: Jacana Media, ISBN 9781431423187, 646 pp.
Cows, Bandits, and Violent Conflicts: Understanding Cattle Rustling in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Olaniyan Azeez , Yahaya Aliyu
Published: February 2019

Cattle rustlings have become a major crime in Nigeria recently, with the northern region being the hardest hit. In the past few years, rustling activities have resulted in the theft of a huge number of cows, deaths of people and destruction of property. Daily reports across the northern region have confirmed that cattle rustlings have significantly contributed to the increasing security challenges facing the Nigerian state and seem to have become big business involving the herders, big-time syndicates, and heavily armed bandits. However, despite the growing level of cattle rustling and its consequences for society, the situation has yet to receive adequate scholarly interrogation. This paper investigates the causes and consequences of, and state responses to cattle rustling in Nigeria.
Representations of Oil in Chad: A Blessing or a Curse?
Authors: Yorbana Seign-goura
Published: February 2019

This article presents representations of oil in Chad which have been drawn from ethnographic interviews with a variety of actors, most notably with local oil workers and inhabitants from the oil-producing areas of the country. It reveals that a decade of oil exploitation in Chad was sufficient enough time for a collective imaginary to emerge regarding the implicit and explicit effects of oil. Expectations about the impact of the extractive industry on local development have not been met, which has led communities to develop sometimes paradoxical feelings towards, beliefs about, and representations of oil. What began as a belief that oil is a gift from god to help to alleviate poverty has given way to a disappointed sense that oil is in fact a curse. This has seen people use metaphors involving fire, the devil, disease, animals, and cursed money to express the harsh realities of Chad's mining industries. These myths, representations, and discussions about oil embody and explicate the resource curse theory.
St. Thomas Aquinas on the Goodness and Right to Work Today
Authors: Rugani Marc Vincent
Published: February 2019

By situating the human laborer in his proper context as imago Dei, defining what constitutes properly human labor, and recognizing the proper ends of that labor, St. Thomas Aquinas provides clarity on how contemporary scholars and policymakers can establish a fundamental right to work. By also attending to Thomas’ account of distributive justice and the role of the sovereign to account for that justice, contemporary leaders in the public and private sectors might understand the priority of full employment in national economies. Such revision can lead not only to a more proximate attainment of the temporal human flourishing in the common good, but can also create the social context for a ‘spirituality of work’, highlighted in the conclusion of John Paul II’s Laborem Exercens, as a means whereby the active life and the contemplative life can coincide and direct men and women evermore to their end in the vision of God.
A Theologian in His Workshop: Christopher Butler and The Downside Review
Authors: Phillips Peter
Published: February 2019

Butler honed his theological skills in a wide-ranging series of reviews and articles in the pages of The Downside Review, starting with his first review in 1931 and concluding with an article in 1966, the articles only drying up during the years that he had other demands on his time as Head Master in the school. He reviewed volumes of Biblical studies in French, German and English, and here laid the foundations of his work on the priority of Matthew. Strangely, two of the most important influences in his theological thinking are not dealt with in any detail here. For a discussion of the influence of Newman and of Lonergan, we have to look elsewhere. Nevertheless, there are also some very generous and open-minded reviews of works on the doctrine of the Church by non-Catholic writers, sewing the seeds of future important work in ecumenism.
Music Booster Groups: Alleviating or Exacerbating Funding Inequality in American Public School Music Education?
Authors: Elpus Kenneth , Grisé Adam
Published: February 2019

As fundraising has become a key component of American public school music educators’ professional responsibilities, in many places, parent organizations have taken an increasingly outsized role in raising private funds to supplement public school music budgets. The purpose of this study was to understand the finances of public school music parents’ associations and music booster groups and to understand the relation between the socioeconomic status of school communities and the amount of money raised by their local music booster groups. Using Internal Revenue Service (IRS) fiscal 2015 data for 5,575 music booster groups throughout the United States, we found evidence that, collectively, music booster groups raised at least $215 million in support of public school music education. At least four groups raised over $1,000,000; at least 31 raised over $500,000; and at least 723 raised over $100,000 each. We found that total booster revenues were significantly associated with local median household income. Each additional $1,000 of local median household income was associated with an additional $305 in revenue for booster groups filing IRS Form 990-EZ (“short form”) and with an additional $1,637 in revenue for booster groups filing the full IRS Form 990.
What is walkability? The urban DMA
Authors: Dovey Kim , Pafka Elek
Published: February 2019

The concept of urban ‘walkability’ has come to occupy a key role at the nexus of a series of multidisciplinary fields connecting urban design and planning to broader issues of public health, climate change, economic productivity and social equity. Yet the concept of walkability itself remains elusive – difficult to define or operationalise. Density, functional mix and access networks are well-recognised as key factors: density concentrates more people and places within walkable distances; functional mix produces a greater range of walkable destinations; and access networks mediate flows of traffic between them. This complex synergy of density, mix and access – herein called the urban DMA – largely stems from the work of Jacobs. With an approach based in assemblage thinking we show that each of these factors is multiple and problematic to define or measure. Any reduction to a singular index of morphological properties can involve a misrecognition of how cities work. We argue that walkability is a complex and somewhat nebulous set of capacities embodied in any urban morphology, and that it should not be conflated with nor derived from actual levels of walking.
Fatal Attraction: How Security Threats Hurt Tourism
Authors: Fourie Johan , Rosselló-Nadal Jaume , Santana-Gallego María
Published: February 2019

This article investigates the effects of security threats, namely terrorism, crime, and corruption, on international tourist flows. We estimate a gravity model to evaluate differences in the instability measures between country pairs quantifying not only how security threats in the host country have a negative effect on inbound tourism but also how conditions in the origin country also determine tourism flows to a particular destination. Results show that tourists prefer traveling to countries with similar levels of safety and security as exist in their origin country. Moreover, an asymmetric effect has been found. That is, tourists from stable countries prefer traveling to countries with the same conditions, while tourists from unstable countries are more tolerant with insecurity at the destination country. Finally, we find that greater knowledge about the destination country reduces the negative effect of security threats on inbound tourism.
Consumption Authenticity in the Accommodations Industry: The Keys to Brand Love and Brand Loyalty for Hotels and Airbnb
Authors: Mody Makarand , Hanks Lydia
Published: February 2019

Airbnb has gained popularity as an alternative to hotels, with the authenticity of the consumption experience being a critical differentiating factor. However, the hospitality and tourism literature has not fully explored how Airbnb and traditional hotel brands are facilitating authentic travel experiences and the impact of these experiences on brand love and brand loyalty. In this study, we explore three elements of consumption authenticity and examine their how they interact in the context of an accommodation brand. Second, we compare the components of consumption authenticity across hotels and Airbnb, and examine their relative impact on brand love for these two segments of the accommodations industry. We found that hotels and Airbnb draw upon different sources of authenticity to create brand-loving customers. Our results indicated that Airbnb leverages brand, existential, and intrapersonal authenticity in creating brand-loving and brand-loyal customers, while hotels utilize only brand authenticity. Thus, the keys to creating customers who love and are loyal to the brand differ between hotels and Airbnb. Implications for theory and practice are discussed, and areas of future research are identified.
Exploring Chinese Outbound Tourist Shopping: A Social Practice Framework
Authors: Jin Haipeng , Moscardo Gianna , Murphy Laurie
Published: February 2019

Chinese tourist shopping reflects the new consumer culture in contemporary China, but remains underexplored in the tourism literature despite its importance to many destinations. The present study applies social practice theory to tourist shopping research with the aim of exploring the key features of Chinese tourist shopping in Australia. Tourist shopping as a social practice is the basic unit of analysis, while tourists are decentralized as carriers of this practice. This study employed a qualitative methodology to analyze shopping-related posts in 40 travel blogs from two Chinese online travel communities. The findings show that tourist shopping practice consists of four interconnected elements: materials, competences, meanings, and settings—with utilitarian products purchased in large quantities and maintaining guanxi emerging as unique features of the Chinese tourist shopping practices. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential of social practice theory to enhance theoretical approaches in this area.
Report of the Committee Appointed by the Commonwealth Government to Review the Bills of Exchange Act 1909–1958
Authors: Riley B. B.
Published: February 2019

The origin of the Commonwealth's Bills of Exchange Act 1909 is a guarantee of its efficiency. By the 1870's the merchants of the United Kingdom had worked out for themselves, with the help (and occasionally subject to the hindrance) of the courts and Parliament, a remarkably effective system of conducting commercial transactions by means of bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes.
Sir Owen Dixon's Theory of Federalism
Authors: Zines Leslie
Published: February 2019

The Engineers' Case was regarded by many at the time as establishing a standard of interpretation for the Constitution that did not involve aresort to implications-or at any rate made it less likely that the Court would resort to implications. The ‘implications’ with which the judgments in the Engineers’ Case were concerned involved two distinct but connected doctrines—

(a) the reserved powers of the States.

(b) the immunity of instrumentalities (Commonwealth and State).
Aviation Law in Australia
Authors: Richardson J. E.
Published: February 2019

The primary purpose of this article is to discuss the Australian statutory law applying to civil aviation. There will also be some consideration of one or two unresolved questions involving the application of common law rules, selected not only because of their intrinsic interest, but also because they are partly affected by Federal and State Acts of Parliament.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Sharwood Robin L.
Published: February 2019

In Fishwick v. Cleland, one of the contentions put by counsel for the plaintiff was that the Papua and New Guinea Act 1949-1957 was invalid as inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations and the Trusteeship Agreement—

The power of the Commonwealth to pass [the Act] depends either upon s. 51 (xxix) of the Constitution or upon s. 122.3 Section 51 (xxix) does not grant power to pass legislation inconsistent with or contrary to a validly existing treaty.... Even if s. 122 does apply, the powers granted by that section are limited by the purposes and prohibitions of the Trusteeship Agreement in the same way as those granted by s. 51 (xxix).... [I]f the Commonwealth relies upon the external affairs power, and relies upon a treaty as feeding that power, it must confine itself, broadly, to carrying the treaty into effect.
Bribery Commissioner v. Ranasinghe
Authors: Colquhoun J. R.
Published: February 2019

The Constitution of Ceylon2 confers on the Parliament of Ceylon full power ‘ to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Island ’. Section 29 (4) of the Constitution provides that.