bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making ‘Responsible’ Men: Planning The Family In Egypt
Authors: Ali Kam Ran As Dar
Published: October 2023

Links between traditional culture, an unchanging Islam, and the tightly constricted geography of the Nile valley are one of the many common themes in the depiction of Egyptian life in both colonial and contemporary development literature (see Mitchell 1995 for a critical overview). Following this trajectory, Jean and Simone Lacouture, two French social scientists writing in the late fifties, elaborate on the relationship between Egypt’s demography and its geography.
Memories Construction and Structures of Tradition
Authors: Bakken Børge
Published: October 2023

By ‘memories’ and ‘dreams’ of social control, I am referring to the control aspect of a culture, and to the fact that, without the precedence of tradition and myth, a culture will be deprived of memory, and thereby also deprived of an important ‘binding’ element in society. On the other hand, without foresight it will be deprived of its dreams and ideas for a future society: deprived of an idea about where to go.
Dreams: Technocracy, Social Engineering, and ‘Human Quality’
Authors: Bakken Børge
Published: October 2023

An underlying assumption in Chinese analysis seems to be that behavioural factors and the value concepts that support social practices are fundamental in explaining both social change and social stability. The same assumptions seem to haunt a frustrated opposition as well as the power-holders. Cultural factors, and especially value concepts, constitute that area of a nation’s development that is the most stable and whose influence is longest lasting, and hence the most conservative. Jin Guantao’s discussion shows clearly a tendency towards cultural determinism.
Major Anti-Minority Riots and National Legislative Campaigns Against Immigrants in Britain and Germany*
Authors: Karapin Roger
Published: October 2023

Opposition to ethnic minorities and to continued immigration has grown in many West European countries during the post-war period (see for example, Hammar 1985; Bjorgo and Witte 1993; Betz 1994; Cornelius, Martin, and Hollifield 1994; Witte 1996). Anti-immigrant or anti-minority responses have taken quite different forms, including legislative campaigns for immigration restrictions, violence against minorities, and voting for far-right parties. Even if anti-immigration politicians, the perpetrators of racist violence, and far-right political entrepreneurs are usually not consciously co-operating or competing with one another, their actions may reinforce or undermine each other.
The Effects of Income and Wealth on Time and Money Transfers between Parents and Children
Authors: Altonji Joseph G , Hayashi Fumio , Kotlikoff Laurence
Published: October 2023

In this chapter we examine the effects of income and wealth on transfers of money and time between individuals and their parents and in-laws, using US data. Our purpose is to contribute to a growing body of evidence on the effects of differences in income, assets, and current income relative to permanent income on the direction and quantity of transfers. (See Hill and Soldo (1993) and Shoeni (1993c) for recent surveys of the literature on transfers and Hill, Morgan, and Heroz (1993) for a descriptive analysis of transfer data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.) We estimate the effects of siblings’ incomes on the amounts received from and given to parents. We provide the first estimates of the effects of a married person’s parents’ income, relative to the income of the person’s parents in-law, on the amounts given to and received from the two sets of parents. Also considered is how the relative incomes of divorced parents influence transfers to and from adult children. Finally, we examine the interrelationship between time transfers and money transfers and also the effects of distance on the two types of transfers. Our results have a number of implications for alternative theories of transfers.
Short-run and Secular Demographic Response to Fluctuations in the Standard of Living in England, 1540-1834
Authors: Schofield Roger
Published: October 2023

Scarcity is a relative concept, a state in which demand exceeds supply. But the critical characteristic of populations is their dynamic nature: they grow or decline. Consequently, scarcity for a population is a dynamic matter, determined by the relative rates of change of population and food supply. Living in an already densely settled country, Malthus regarded food production as subject to diminishing marginal returns (the ‘arithmetic ratio’). That is, he believed that the rate at which agricultural output could be expanded must inexorably diminish. Population growth, however, was compound in nature (the ‘geometrical ratio’). Thus, in the long run, Malthus argued, the population growth rate would inevitably outstrip the rate at which food could be produced. In such circumstances food prices would rise and, since money wages would be likely to decline as more and more people sought employment, the standard of living would have to fall (Malthus 1798/1987: 8-15).
Growth, Trade, and FDI
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

The miraculous performance of outward-oriented East Asian economies in the post-Second World War period fueled a search for explanations of how they came to grow so fast for so long. Static trade theories predict that greater specialization leads to higher income measured at international prices but do not offer an explanation for sustained growth. Can international trade promote growth? The endogenous growth literature implies that trade and technology diffusion can generate growth effects by increasing the size of the economy ‘s research sector. The empirical evidence on the relation between trade and growth has become a controversial subject. A major part of the action in the international competition game takes place in the quality and productivity improvement arenas. Producers invest in research and development in order to upgrade product quality. Winners gain a temporary leader position that allows them to reap monopoly profits. In turn, the diffusion of the new technology and the monopoly profit potential induce followers to conduct research to better the product quality offered by the incumbent. Rivalry for monopoly profits generates a quality ladder of ever improving qualities.
Trade Politics
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

For a long time, economists stayed away from the political analysis of regulation and trade policies. The theories of regulation developed by Stigler (1971), Peltzman (1976), and Becker (1983) focus on the determinants of interest group demand for regulation and the supply of it by legislators and regulators. Interest groups spend resources on lobbying in order to increase their income net of political contributions paid out. Legislators and regulators receive contributions and supply regulation in return. The equilibrium structure of regulation results from the balance between politicians ‘ concern for population welfare and their wish to extract contributions from competing interest groups.
Preferential Trade Arrangements
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

The proliferation of preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) since the 1980s represents a most significant development in global trade. A large share of world trade takes place within about sixty overlapping arrangements that reduce barriers to trade on a preferential basis. Thirty percent of world trade takes place within the two largest preferential trading areas: the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). To a large extent, preferential arrangements represent regionalism in the sense of joining countries that are geographically close to each other. This chapter examines the economics of PTAs. Section 16.1 describes the main types of PTAs. Section 16.2 reviews the rationales for PTAs while Section 16.3 examines their costs, benefits, and welfare effects. Section 16.4 asks why a small country might decide to join an existing free trade agreement and Section 16.5 examines the political viability of a free trade area. Section 16.6 discusses how the multilateral system can accommodate preferential agreements.
The Economics of the WTO
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

In 1947, twenty-three countries formed the first multilateral organization ever devoted to set principles for international trade and coordinate trade opening among members. Ironically, the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) resulted from the failed efforts to create a fully-fledged trade agency, the International Trade Organization (ITO), which was not approved by the US Congress. As a result, the GATT was born to play dual roles as a trade agreement and as a proxy institution for the ITO, which was never created. The GATT was envisioned as a provisional ad hoc contract among member parties. It did not require ratification by member countries ‘ parliaments and focused on trade in goods because member countries refused to assign a broader agenda.
Cooperative Agreements
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

The need for devising mechanisms to facilitate international cooperation has been broadly recognized. However, sustaining cooperation among countries and regional groups that interact strategically with each other is a tough task. To begin with, there must be pre-negotiation incentives for opening negotiations. Second, the negotiation stage among potential partners might or might not end up in a satisfactory agreement, depending on how negotiations are conducted and the partners ‘ negotiating positions. Third, the completed cooperation agreement must be either enforceable by an external agent or self-enforceable in the sense that the losses from breaking the agreement are greater than the benefits from breaking it. In the absence of a global enforcer, self-enforceability is key to agreements involving sovereign nations.
Finance, Governance, and Competitiveness in Japan
Authors: Aoki Masahiko , Saxonhouse Gary R
Published: October 2023

For much of the past half-century, Japan's economic success has stimulated the interest of scholars from around the world. In the last decade, and particularly in the last two years, however, it is Japan's economic difficulties which have attracted the most attention. The very institutions whose efficacy was earlier praised are now often criticised as being the core of Japan's economic problems. This volume brings together the research of many of the world's leading specialists on the Japanese economy to assess how Japan's distinctive economic institutions have operated in the past and how their evolution in the face of changing domestic and international circumstance s will shape the prospects for the Japanese economy in the 21st century. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of Japan's financial system and the changing character of Japanese firm governance, and to the changing role that government and the legal system play in Japan's economy. The authors find among many other important conclusions that far-reaching regulatory reform will be needed so that a new rules-based system allowing greater scope for dispersed private initiative can emerge to restructure and regrow the Japanese economy.
Conflict Management in Coalition Government
Authors: Andeweg Rudy B , Timmermans Arco
Published: October 2023

What Blondel refers to is the paradox that without conflicting views dividing the government, cabinet decision-making would be unnecessary, while at the same time cabinets must avoid conflicts in order to survive (also see Blondel and Müller-Rommel 1993). It stands to reason that Blondel’s paradox will be most keenly felt in coalition cabinets in which the rivalry between the governing parties is a constant source of conflicts. Because of this permanent threat to the stability of the government, coalition governance is supposed to consist of conflict avoidance rather than of conflict management. In this light, the coalition agreement discussed in Chapter 5 is the most important mechanism for conflict avoidance: it identifies and defuses as many conflicts as possible before the government takes office. Unforeseen conflicts, which nevertheless arise during the coalition’s incumbency, are postponed or hived off.
Stabilizing and norm- and standard-setting measures
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw
Published: October 2023

With the establishment of the Forum for Security Co-operation in 1992, the security scope of the CSC:E expanded considerably. Work in the FSC \Vas guided by the Programme for Immediate Action adopted by the 1992 Helsinki Decisions and covering 14 priority areas including those for arms control, CSBMs, and other measures leading to security enhancement and cooperation.
New econometric techniques and macroeconomics: a discussion of Smith and Juselius
Authors: Favero Carlo A
Published: October 2023

The two papers by Ron Smith (Chapter 9) and Katarina Juselius (Chapter 8) analyse developments in macroeconometrics related to vector autoregressive models of time series and reach different conclusions. Smith is rather negative and concludes that such techniques, however useful they were in summarizing the data, could not answer economic questions because they have not solved satisfactorily the identification problem. Juselius is positive and claims that empirical analyses based on the basic feature of the cointegrated VAR model can be useful for asking relevant economic questions.
Why so much scepticism about growth theory? Comment on Durlauf and Sylas Labini
Authors: Salanti Andrea
Published: October 2023

The two papers on which I am commenting start from two very different perspectives on how to approach the problems of economic development and growth. Steven Durlauf is clearly at his ease within the current mainstream perspective. In contrast, Paolo Sylos Labini is highly suspicious, to say the least, of what nowadays is popular under the label of new growth theory (NGT), as well as of its neoclassical antecedents of the 1950s and 1960s.
Central Bank Independence And Accountability In The Light Of Emu
Authors: Smit? René
Published: October 2023

The establishment1 of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the European 13.01 System of Central Banks (ESCB) on 1 June 1998 ushered in two legal innovations. First, a new monetary authority was established within the European Community which was to assume, with the transition to stage 3 of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on 1 January 1999, full powers2 to conduct monetary policy for the Community, at least for those Member States which had adopted.
The Governing Law In Legal Agreements Used By The European Bank For Reconstruction And Development In Its Banking Operations
Authors: John L Taylor
Published: October 2023

One of the most interesting tasks of the first in-house legal team of a new inter-25.01 national organization is the establishment of the jurisprudence to govern the organization. Although a broad outline of the jurisprudence is set forth in the constituent documents of the organization and in international law and practice, these sources of jurisprudence are often silent on many essential details, particularly those affecting the day-to-day work of the organization.
Changing and combining fields
Authors: Hargittai István
Published: October 2023

The changes in research areas by great scientists often come from the attraction of a new idea or challenge, or the emergence of a new tool. Such a change may be gradual, with the old topic lingering around for a while as the new is getting introduced, or more dramatic, as when an outside impulse or an internal recognition makes the scientist abruptly abandon a successful area for a new field. We can compare it to a master detective getting a fresh case: he sweeps clean his desk in a matter of hours and switches to his new task. Future Nobel laureates and other great scientists change the subjects and techniques of their research in a great variety of ways. What is common is the willingness and ability to change. Biochemist Erwin Chargaff (see p. 58) is a beautiful example of a scientist who moved from a field in which he was very successful. Under the impact of the publication by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty in 1944, in which DNA was shown to be the substance of heredity, Chargaff switched to the study of nucleic acids. Seldom do scientists so eloquently describe such a transfer:
Epilogue
Authors: Hargittai István
Published: October 2023

If the Nobel Prize did not exist it would be necessary to invent it.’ Alfred Nobel would be amazed to see what his prize has developed into, and our Swedish colleagues often appear bewildered by its enormous prestige and impact. The second part of the statement ‘the Nobel Prize is good for science but bad for scientists’ applies only to a select group of scientists who get very close to being a laureate. For tens of thousands of scientistsit is an inspiration since for many, at least theoretically, winning is not impossible. However, it is more important that the Nobel Prize is another international bond among scientists, as if it were a world republic with an aristocracy, with all the attendant contradictions.
Introduction
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

THI s introduction will give a context for the chapters which follow by focusing on two parallel crises: the crisis of the cinema, and the crisis of masculinity. French cinema in the 1980s was in crisis, although retrospectively it can be seen more as a continuing decline. The perceived reasons for a crisis were as follows: a crisis of frequentation with more spectators for US films than French films from 1986 grafted on to the continuing decline in spectators; a crisis of production with the dissolution of auteur cinema and the gradual integration of cinema within the audiovisual, particularly television; a crisis of genre as the traditional genres flagged and American-style super-productions began to appear; a crisis of style with the appeal by younger directors to advertising in their mise en scene.
Language and Power
Authors: Millard Kenneth
Published: October 2023

Above all modern societies the United States is an immigrant society, and one in which a common language becomes an important mark of recognition and even a requisite for social membership. There are important ideological implications involved in the acquisition of a particular language, and fundamental consequences for the sense of identity that the newcomer to America must negotiate. Surrendering the native language helps to perpetuate the ethos of ‘one nation, one language’. Issues of language can be both unifying and divisive at a political level and an individual level; the national anthem, for example, is sung in English even though there are substantial com¬ munities in America where English is not the first language of the majority of the population, and there have even been recent calls for Spanish to be made the national language of the United States. On the other hand, many Americans believe that speaking English is a basic requirement of social membership and commitment to America.
Switzerland
Authors: Jack Belinda
Published: October 2023

There is little doubt which writers of this century meet the criteria for inclusion within la littérature romande: Ramuz most obviously, Charles-Albert Cingria, Monique Saint-Helier, Catherine Colomb, Gustave Roud, Corinna Bille.
Haiti
Authors: Jack Belinda
Published: October 2023

Within the francophone world, particularly the Caribbean and Black francophone world, Haiti has an emblematic status: ̎Pays ou Thomme noir s’est mis debout pour affirmer, pour la premiere fois, sa volonte de former un nouveau monde, un monde libre̕.
La Réunion
Authors: Jack Belinda
Published: October 2023

A significant moment in the literary history of the island was the publication of the first anthology of poetry from Reunion edited by Raphaël Barquiseau and Louis Ozoux. The former also wrote history, criticism, essays, and poetry. Other notable nineteenthcentury writers include the poet Cazamian who published two collections, Sous le voile (1912) and Les Feuilles de l’arbre (1920).
Madagascar
Authors: Jack Belinda
Published: October 2023

The vast island of Madagascar (with a land mass of nearly 600,000 sq. km. and 5,000 km. of coast), lies to the east of Africa in the Indian Ocean. The present population is approximately 10 million. Europeans first arrived in the sixteenth century but until the eighteenth it was used as nothing more than a staging-post on the route to India.
The Rise Of European Absolutism
Authors: Bonney Richard
Published: October 2023

It has been argued that on at least three occasions in the period 1494- 1660 there was a general European crisis which was characterized by uprisings in several parts of the Continent. The critical years are said to be the 1560s, the 1590s and the 1640s, years when political upheavals were marked in some cases by changes of regime. Contemporary commentators were struck by certain similarities in the troubles of these years, especially those of the 1640s. The Dutchman Lieuwe van Aitzema compared the Naples uprising of 1647 with the Moscow revolt of 1648; the Italian count Birago Avogadro, drawing upon newspaper reports, published in 1653 a volume of studies on the uprisings in Catalonia, Portugal, Sicily, England, France, Naples and Brazil in the previous decade. The troubles of the 1640s have been given a Marxist interpretation; the conjunction of important political and social upheavals with a fundamental economic change has been viewed as a decisive moment in the transition from ‘feudalism’ to capitalism in Europe. However, not only has the original formulation of the argument been subjected to criticism, but also its underlying assumption: were economic and social conditions the prime determinants of political change? There are enough differences between each episode to defy any search for a common pattern. Certainly there was political instability in early modern Europe, but this was not new: it was a frequent feature of public life.
Court, Culture And Community
Authors: Bonney Richard
Published: October 2023

One of the most controversial recent historical debates has revolved around the concepts of elite and popular culture. Some have argued that one of the most profound changes during the early modern period was the emergence of a distinctive, self—confident and increasingly sophisticated elite culture-based at the courts of princes and great clerics, and also within the larger cities-and a growing separation between this and popular culture. Others have contested this view, arguing that what is ‘elite’ cannot be clearly distinguished from what is ‘popular’ in any particular range of cultural activities. The town is one of the most favoured testing grounds for such theories. Yet there can be little doubt that there was an increasing sophistication in cultural pursuits during the early modern period. There are no simple explanations as to why this should have happened. Clearly the increased wealth of the elite and their expansion in numbers were one important reason: there were more wealthy patrons of the arts, letters and sciences than ever before. Another contributing factor was the broadening of education-more members of the upper classes of society were better educated than ever before and thus gained a more sophisticated taste for what might be termed humanist culture. Then there was that great stimulant of intellectual and cultural development, the rise of printing: Luther called it ‘God’s highest and extremest act of grace’, and he had an acute awareness of its effectiveness as a mechanism for the transmission of his religious views. But printing had a more general significance as a means of cultural diffusion—without it there could have been a north European humanist movement; but it would have been much restricted, and Erasmus might have remained a figure of purely local importance.
Humanism and the Origins of the Reformation, 1470-1520
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The rise of north European Christian humanism, one of the most crucial cultural shifts in western history, began in the Netherlands in the 1470s and 1480s, in the relatively remote north-eastern provinces of Overijssel and Groningen. It may seem odd that a cultural development of such significance for all Europe should have originated in a locality which, at the time, was becoming a backwater both economically and politically. But the ground for this great upheaval in thought and piety had been prepared in precisely this area by devotional and educational developments reaching far back into the medieval past.
Society after the Revolt
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

Dutch society was transformed after 1572 first by conflict and disruption, during the early stages of the Revolt, and later, in the 1590s and after, by the breakthrough into the ‘rich trades’, the rise of new industries, and the successful establishment of the long-distance traffic with the Indies. Every aspect of Dutch society was profoundly affected by both the disruption and then the economic ‘miracle’. But much the most dramatic manifestation of the restructuring of the Dutch trading system after I 590 was, indubitably, the explosive growth of the cities of the Dutch maritime zone.
The Republic under Siege, 1621-1628
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The early and mid-162os were one of the most sombre periods in the history of the United Provinces. It was a time when the Republic was effectively under siege and squeezed hard. The reimposition of the Spanish embargoes, in April 1621, had a drastic effect on the Dutch overseas trading system, largely eliminating Dutch trade with the Iberian peninsula, destroying their Levant trade, and weakening their Baltic trafflc, as well as the North Sea herring flshery, which was now short of suitable salt.’ Spanish successes in the Caribbean, and Brazil, cutting off the supply of Caribbean salt, and (until 1630) thwarting the newly set up West India Company, together with Spanish attacks on the herring flshery, and the onset of the Dunkirk privateering offensive, in the mid-1620s, intensifled the impact of the embargoes. The economic and maritime siege was further tightened by the river blockade mounted by the Spaniards in the years 1625-9, when the trafflc along the Rhine, Maas, Waal, Scheidt, and Ems was halted by the ring of Spanish garrisons extending from the Scheidt to the Ems. The pressure remained severe until the Spanish defeats of 1629.
The Republic in Triumph, 162 1647
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

Only over the winter of 1628-9, when the Catholic League forces withdrew, did it become clear how fundamentally the Mantuan war had altered the strategic balance in the Low Countries. The Dutch had remained continually on the defensive since 1604. Now, suddenly, there was the opportunity to break the Spanish ring encircling the Republic. At Brussels, the lnfanta Isabella had, by February 1629, become extremely worried. She warned Philip that if the Dutch should besiege Breda or ‘s-Hertogenbosch, ‘we see no way of saving either’.
The Republic at its Zenith, I: The 1650s
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

No sovereign prince (to Lipsius’ distress) attained sovereign power in the north Netherlands after 1572. The States of Holland assumed charge of the government, in that year, with Orange directing the war, and heading the executive, but with the promise to act only in consultation with the States ‘who best know the situation of the land and inclinations of the people’.’ Holland, with Zeeland and Utrecht, unlike Brabant and Flanders, firmly refused to transfer sovereignty to Anjou. Nevertheless, government in the north between 1572 and 1587 was not yet fully republican in character. This was less because Philip II was still acknowledged as sovereign in theory, until 1581, than because Orange —and briefly also Anjou and Leicester—loomed large in the processes of decision-making, military command, and appointments. Only with Leicester’s departure, in 1587, did a fully republican system evolve in which the States of Holland, led by Oldenbarnevelt, emerged in practice, if not in theory, as the principal decision-making body.
Intellectual Life, 1650-1700
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The seventeenth century, the age of the ‘New Philosophy’, ‘Scientiflc Revolution’, and ‘Crisis of the European Mind’, marks one of the most decisive shifts in the intellectual, cultural, and religious history of the western world. But the transition did not occur simultaneously in all western Europe. Rather the process was highly uneven. Three countries, in particular, stood at the forefront —England, France, and the Dutch Republic —and, in some respects, the last was in advance of the other two. Consequently, the intellectual and scientific history of the United Provinces in the seventeenth century is crucial to any proper grasp of Europe’s intellectual crisis as a whole.
The Enlightenment
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The Enlightenment was one of the most crucial intellectual and general cultural shifts in the history of Europe. It was a vast and many-sided phenomenon which can perhaps usefully be summed up under four heads — a shift to toleration, secularization, classification of knowledge, and popularization, the last particularly as regards science.
Contested kingdoms, 1688–1756
Authors: Hayton David
Published: October 2023

The realities of the relationship between the three Stuart kingdoms were emphasized by the events of 1968–91: ultimately, events in England determined the political fate of both Scotland and Ireland. After the Glorious Revolution had confirmed the dependence of Scotland and Ireland on their more powerful neighbour, the subsequent chain of events gave this dependence a statutory expression. The Anglo-Scottish union of 1707 created a new constitutional entity, the kingdom of Great Britain, submerging the Scottish estates in a united parliament (while preserving a distinct Scottish ecclesiastical and legal establishment).
The Church
Authors: Davies Richard
Published: October 2023

By 1300 all parts of the British Isles were in communion with the papacy, organized into dioceses and parishes and – as four Irish kings irritably informed a tutor appointed by Richard II in 1395 to civilize them – fully acquainted with the key tenets of the Catholic faith.
Forms of cultural expression
Authors: Bennett Michael
Published: October 2023

In 1278 Edward I presided over the exhumation and reburial of the remains of Arthur, king of Britain at Glastonbury. Early in his reign, a magniﬁcent Round Table was constructed.
The Rule of Saints and Soldiers: The Wars of Religion in Britain and Ireland 1638 – 1660
Authors: Morrill John
Published: October 2023

At no point in the history of Britain and Ireland has the whole archipelago experienced such sustained and brutal internal war as in the 1640s and early 1650s. The English people was at war with itself and a king was tried, convicted, and executed, the crown deemed ‘unnecessary, burdensome and dangerous to the liberty, safety and public interest’ and the house of lords declared to be ‘useless and dangerous to the people of England’.A Yet in the course of these wars internal to England in the 1640s, perhaps one in four of those serving in arms came from Scotland and Ireland; and perhaps one in five of all adult males bore arms and perhaps one
Economic growth, economic decline
Authors: Tomlinson Jim
Published: October 2023

In July 1957 the Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan told a crowd at Bedford football ground: ‘Let’s be frank about it; most of our people have never had it so good. Go around the country, go to the industrial towns, go to the farms, and you will see a state of prosperity such as we have never had in my life time—nor indeed ever in the history of this country.’
Ireland 1945–2001: between ‘Hope and History’
Authors: Keogh Dermot
Published: October 2023

The history of lreland since the end of World War Two is different in two major respects from that of the three countries on the other island. First, a disputed border of over 300 miles divided the Republic of Ireland (26 counties) from Northern Ireland (six counties). Secondly, the system of government in Northern Ireland collapsed in the early 1970s leading to the introduction of direct rule from Westminster; for almost all of the last thirty years of the twentieth century, sectarian violence, guerrilla warfare, and armed confrontation convulsed Northern Ireland.
Why Mammals are Called Mammals: Gender Politics in Eighteenth-Century Natural History
Authors: Schiebinger Londa
Published: October 2023

In 1758, in the tenth edition of his Systema naturae, Carolus Linnaeus introduced the term Mammalia into zoological taxonomy. For his revolutionary classification of the animal kingdom—hailed in the twentieth century as the starting point of modern zoological nomenclature—Linnaeus devised this word, meaning literally ‘of the breast’, to distinguish the class of animals embracing humans, apes, ungulates, sloths, sea-cows, elephants, bats, and all other organisms with hair, three ear bones, and a four-chambered heart.1 In so doing, he made the female mammae the icon of that class.
On Being the Object of Property
Authors: Williams Patricia J
Published: October 2023

For some time I have been writing about my great-great-grand mother. I have considered the significance of her history and that of slavery from a variety of viewpoints on a variety of occasions: in every speech, in every conversation, even in my commercial transactions class. I have talked so much about her that I finally had to ask myself what it was I was looking for in this dogged pursuit of family history. Was I being merely indulgent, looking for roots in the pursuit of some genetic heraldry, seeking the inheritance of being special, different, unique in all that primo geniture hath wrought? I decided that my search was based in the utility of such a quest, not mere indulgence, but a recapturing of that which had escaped historical scrutiny, which had been overlooked and underseen.
Hillary’s Husband Re-elected! The Clinton Marriage of Politics and Power
Authors: Jong Erica
Published: October 2023

Here we are, two minutes after the last American presidential election in the twentieth century, and Hillary Rodham Clinton is still the most problematic First Lady in American history admired abroad, hated at home, mistrusted by women journalists even though this Administration has actually done much good for women. Suspected of being a megalomaniac, embroiled in document-losing, spy-hiring, the suicide of an aide conjectured to be her lover, and possible perjury; pilloried in the press and jeered at in political cartoons; distrusted even by her admirers-can’t Hillary do anything right? Why does she get no credit for all the positive things she has done? The old campaign button that trumpeted ‘Elect Hillary’s Husband in ‘92’ showed a picture of Hillary, not Bill. Indeed, ifs hard to remember it now.
International Human Rights Lexicon
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

What do human rights mean in an age of counter-terrorism? How does globalization affect the protection of human rights? Can human rights contribute to the eradication of hunger and the promotion of education for all? This book presents a wide-ranging survey of the scope and significance of international human rights law. Arranged thematically in alphabetical format, it side-steps the traditional categories of human rights law, to investigate rights in the specific contexts in which they are invoked, debated, and considered. Entries are included on traditional topics such as children, the death penalty, and housing, along with newer issues such as culture, sexuality, and terrorism. Each entry introduces key concepts, norms and debates, and additionally contains suggestions for further reading. Throughout, the aim is to invite reflection on human rights in a way that avoids idealization. For the authors, international human rights law is a process or tool, which is neither inherently beneficent nor essentially problematic, but always potentially both. This book provides the reader with the necessary background to understand, evaluate and, above all, deploy human rights as a strategy for change in the contemporary world.
Feminist Studies and Political Science and Vice Versa
Authors: Sapiro Virginia
Published: October 2023

Women’s studies in political science is now more than a generation old. When the Women’s Caucus in Political Science was founded in 1969, women who openly considered focusing any of their research or teaching on women were discouraged and dissuaded by teachers and colleagues convinced that such work had to be ‘political’ rather than ‘scholarly’; in any case, it was deemed of little interest to the wider concerns of political science. In the early 1990s the Women’s Caucus remained large and active. At the same time, and following the institution of ‘Organized Sections’ within the American Political Science Association, membership in the Organized Section on Women and Politics Research grew to 450 out of the nearly 12,000 political scientists. A special journal devoted to this area, Women and Politics, has been in publication since 1980, and its contents represent only a fraction of the periodical literature published by political scientists each year.
women’s Interests’ and the Poststructuralist State
Authors: Pringle Rosemary , Watson Sophie
Published: October 2023

We killed the Queen. We picked our way through a series of state-rooms and stabbed Her. It was all very abstract: no blood or noise. We left, taking any papers that might incriminate us. Apparently we had Her cremated there was no sign of a body—but we had trouble getting rid of the ashes. We gave them to a priest-like figure to dispose of but he couldn’t do so without giving us another set in its place. So we had this urn, which we had exchanged several times for different sets of ashes. Though we’d freed ourselves of the original we were still carrying around an urn full of ashes. Then we found ourselves in court amongst a large group of women who were dressed in sackcloth and demonstrating with placards. All were chanting, ‘I killed the Queen’, which created a great deal of confusion.
Gender & Race: The Ampersand Problem in Feminist Thought
Authors: Spelman Elizabeth V
Published: October 2023

It is not easy to think about gender, race and class in ways that don’t obscure or underplay their effects on one another. The crucial question is how the links between them are conceived. So, for example, we see that de Beauvoir tends to talk about comparisons between sex and race, or between sex and class, or between sex and culture; she describes what she takes to be comparisons between sexism and racism, between sexism and classism, between sexism and antiSemitism.
Interview with Jose Mrguez Bonino
Authors: Tamez Elsa
Published: October 2023

Liberation theology broke upon the world stage in the late twentieth century through the writings of a number of Latin American men. The liberationists, so powerful in speaking for the poor, were nonetheless not quick in the early days to recognize the presence of women as the poorest of the poor, excluded even by those church structures which aimed to assist them. In a ground breaking little book, Elsa Tamez sought to speed the process of recognition. Her authorial strategy was part of the cure. Instead of writing a single authored tract, she recorded and published interviews with twelve major liberation theologians.
The Mute Cannot Keep Silent
Authors: Muers Rachel
Published: October 2023

I should, first, explain my title: The mute cannot keep silent. The act of keeping silent, as philosophers and literary theorists alike have noted, can have a multiplicity of meanings. A silence in conversation can be the avoidance of speech on a particular subject, a recognition that no words can be an adequate response to the situation, an affirmation of an intimacy that includes but is not exhausted by verbal exchange. Responding to a question with silence can indicate agreement, indifference, ignorance, deep thought, refusal to acknowledge the questioner. The keeping of silence is not equivalent to an utterance, but is equally a part of human communicative behaviour.
The Hand that Rocks the Cradle
Authors: Exum J Cheryl
Published: October 2023

A useful feature of Cheryl Exum’s chapter on the female characters in the early Exodus narrative is that it contains a brief history of interpretation of the author’s own views on her chosen text, the story of the midwives in Exodus 1 and 2. Here is a woman who is not afraid to say that she has changed her mind. As well as providing a personal case study of the development of feminist Bible scholarship, the article offers insights into such issues as the unintended side effects of certain methodologies.
Galatians
Authors: Osiek Carolyn
Published: October 2023

No scholars seriously doubt that Paul wrote the letter to the Galatians. It contains some of the ideas considered most central to Paul’s theology, namely, salvation through faith in Christ and the Gentile Christian’s freedom from the Mosaic law. Galatians differs from the other authentic Pauline letters, though, in being addressed not to the cluster of house-churches in one urban area but to a group of churches in a larger geographical region as a circular letter. Those churches were located either in the Roman province of Galatia (the south Galatian theory) or in the larger, more northerly region that traditionally bore the name (the north Galatian theory).
Philippians
Authors: Perkins Pheme
Published: October 2023

Philippians was written to Christians in Philippi while Paul was in prison. The location of that prison is the first problem that must be addressed. References to the “praetorium” (1:13) and “Caesar’s household” (4:22) suggest a locale where imperial officials were stationed. Since information has been exchanged easily between Paul and the community (1:26; 2:19; 2:23-30; 4:18), it was probably not Rome. Ephesus, which is referred to in l Cor. 15:32 and 2 Cor. I:8-10, could have been the location.
Augustine on Marriage
Authors: Clark Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

That marriage is •a good thing’ is now taken for granted by most Christian denominations, to the point of intimidating the unmarried, but it was not ever thus. Christians of the early centuries, following what they regarded as the unequivocal teaching of Paul and Jesus, thought it better to remain unmarried, a ‘eunuch for the kingdom’. What ‘good’ then was marriage or, for that matter, sex? Augustine was an influential advocate of the thesis that reproduction was the primary justification for marriage. In this extract Elizabeth Clark shows how his position developed in the midst of controversies over the value of the body, and how close he came to developing a more ‘companionate’ view of marriage.
Pornography: An Exchange
Authors: MacKinnon/Ronald Dworkin Catharine A
Published: October 2023

This letter is not part of a dialogue over pornography or my book, Only Words. NYR consistently makes sure that its articles defend pornography and do not take its harm to women and children seriously. Dissent from this point of view is confined to letters which must focus on correcting the factual errors in the articles. This letter is no exception. Even in this editorial context, Ronald Dworkin’s review of my recent book [ NYR. October 21, 1993] is startlingly incompetent, inconsistent, and ignorant.
Erotic Autonomy as a Politics of Decolonization: An Anatomy of Feminist and State Practice in the Bahamas Tourist Economy
Authors: Alexander M Jacqui
Published: October 2023

Marion Bethel wrote this tribute to the women of DAWN2 and in memory of the women of the suffrage movement who severed the colonial connection between property ownership, respectability, and citizenship. She uses this poem to establish a deliberate link with a particular history of women’s political struggle in the Bahamas. Fore grounded in Bethel’s incantation is a conscious political move on the part of women in the contemporary women’s movement in the Bahamas to choose from particular feminist genealogies, particular histories of struggle especially at a moment when the legacy of British gentility and respectability continues to assert itself and threatens to mold and usurp understandings of the self.
The Piagnoni and Religious Reform
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

In the summer of 1497, at the height of the pamphlet war, the Savonarolans’ most formidable antagonist, Giovanni Caroli, issued a scathing denunciation of the doctrine they espoused. ‘Full of nonsense, full of dreams’, was his description of it. Considering Savonarola’s teaching to be a farrago of mismatched notions, gleaned from a host of disparate sources, Caroli declared, The varied nature of this teaching, therefore, gives rise to a whole variety of opinions, because it is—like all lies—all tangled up and turned upside down, confused, unstable and founded on quicksand. At times it appears full of mercy, at others full of cruelty; sometimes full of good faith, at others full of treachery; … wholly dissembling, utterly false; full of nonsense, full of dreams; sometimes full of humility, sometimes puffed up with pride; sometimes pious, sometimes impious; sometimes full of hope, sometimes full of despair; sometimes totally sure, sometimes riddled with ambiguity.
The Mystical Path to Reform
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

Of the attacks levelled against Savonarola in the immediate aftermath of the pamphlet war, the Apologia of Marsilio Ficino was among the most virulent.1 Representing a complete reversal of his former position, it was Ficino’s public renunciation of Savonarola. Once the heaven-sent saviour of Florence, Savonarola was now the Antichrist, the dread Saevus Nero of Christianity. Important as this personal act of renunciation undoubtedly was, the Apologia was intended by Ficino to have a far greater significance. For Ficino too looked upon himself as a religious guide and leader;3 and he now spoke as though his influence over his followers had been unaffected by Savonarola’s apostolate. Having made his own decision to renounce the prophet, he hoped, by his words, to enable his erstwhile disciples to do the same.
The Path to Radicalism
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

The intellectual luminaries of the last chapter have a vital place in the Piagnone legend. Their significance is reflected in Piagnone historiography, where, from the very first, they have been accorded pride of place.1 While the importance of their contribution cannot be gainsaid, neither can it be allowed to overshadow the parts played by others who, in the first decade or so of the new century, were also devoting their every effort to the fulfilment of Savonarolan ideals. But not, however, by the same means. Theirs was not the conservative approach adopted by such Piagnoni as Girolamo Benivieni and Giovanfrancesco Pico; nor the radical, but limited, contemplative approach espoused by such Piagnoni as Domenico Benivieni and Pietro Bernardino. These Piagnoni wanted a root and branch ecclesiastical and social reform and set about implementing it independently of the existing ecclesiastical and civil hierarchies. Less learned, perhaps, than the conservatives, but no less forthright, these radicals imparted their own distinctive character to the movement. And the future, in fact, lay with them. The course of subsequent Piagnone history was largely determined by their activities.
‘In Sodom and Gomorrah’: The Piagnoni in Adversity and the Espousal of Radicalism
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

Giuliano de’ Medici entered Florence on 1 September 1512, the day after Soderini had been seized and forcibly removed from office.’ He returned ostensibly as a private citizen but, in reality, as the head of a faction dedicated to the restoration of the Medici regime. In the same month, with the calling of a parlamento and the appointment of a Balia after prolonged conflict with the republican Ottimati, the first steps were taken towards the realization of this aim. Thus began a process which eventually