bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell Injuries of the Blood‐Air Barrier in Acute Lung Injury Caused by Perfluoroisobutylene Exposure
Authors: Meng Ge , Zhao Jian , Wang He‐Mei , Ding Ri‐Gao , Zhang Xian‐Cheng , Huang Chun‐Qian , Ruan Jin‐Xiu
Published: February 2010

Cell Injuries of the Blood‐Air Barrier in Acute Lung Injury Caused by Perfluoroisobutylene Exposure: Ge Meng, et al. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PR China

Objectives

To investigate the complete process of cell injuries in the blood‐air barrier after perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) exposure.

Methods

Rats were exposed to PFIB (140 mg/m3) for 5 min. The pathological changes were evaluated by lung wet‐to‐dry weight ratio, total protein concentration of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and HE stain. Ultrastructural changes were observed by transmission electron microscope. Apoptosis was detected by in situ apoptosis detection. Changes of actin in the lung tissue were evaluated by western blot assay.

Results

No significant pulmonary edema or increased permeability was observed within the first 4 h, post PFIB exposure. However, inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar wall thickening were observed from 2 h. Destruction of the alveoli constitution integrity, edema and protein leakage were observed at 8 h. The injuries culminated at 24 h and then recovered gradually. The ultrastructural injuries of alveolar type I epithelial cells, alveolar type II epithelial cells and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were observed at 30 min post PFIB exposure. Some injuries were similar to apoptosis. Compared with control, more serious injuries were observed in PFIB‐exposed rats after 30 min. At 8 h, some signs of cell necrosis were observed. The injuries culminated at 24 h and then ameliorated. The number of apoptotic cells abnormally increased at 30 min post PFIB exposure, the maximum appeared at 24 h, and then ameliorated gradually. Western blot analysis revealed that the level of actin in the lung showed no significant changes within the first 4 h post PFIB exposure. However, it decreased at 8 h, reached a nadir at 24 h, and then recovered gradually.

Conclusions

The pathological processes were in progress persistently post PFIB exposure. The early injuries probably were the result of the direct attack of PFIB and the advanced injuries probably arose from the inflammatory reaction induced by PFIB.
Interactive Model of Subsidiary Behaviors, Work Performance and Autonomic Nerve Activity during Visual Display Terminal Work
Authors: Takanishi Toshimasa , Ebara Takeshi , Murasaki Gen‐i , Kubo Tomohide , Tachi Norihide , Itani Toru , Kamijima Michihiro
Published: February 2010

Interactive Model of Subsidiary Behaviors, Work Performance and Autonomic Nerve Activity during Visual Display Terminal Work: Toshimasa Takanishi, et al. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences

Objectives

The aims of the study were to investigate the systematic classification of subsidiary behaviors during visual display terminal (VDT) work and discuss the interpretation of these behaviors through an interactive model of subsidiary behaviors, work performance and autonomic nerve activity.

Methods

Twelve university students were instructed to perform continuous 120‐min English transcription tasks in a sedentary posture. Data on subsidiary behaviors, work performance (mean keystroke and mean error rates), and autonomic nervous system balance (log‐transformed low frequency (LF) / high frequency (HF) ratio) were recorded every 5 min during VDT work.

Results

The subsidiary behaviors were categorized into 3 qualitatively independent factors: distractive behaviors against monotony (DBM), sleepiness‐related behaviors (SRB), and habitual behaviors (HB). A cross‐correlation analysis indicated that an increase of DBM, which is considered as a sign of workers' attempt to escape from monotonous task operations, was related to a decline in performance. A decrease in the LF/HF ratio was followed by SRB after 5 min passed (r=–0.57, p<0.05), eventually leading to a restriction of the deterioration in performance. An increase of DBM was predictive of an increase in errors (r=0.54, p<0.05), and a significant negative correlation (r=–0.46, p<0.05) between HB and autonomic nerve activity at 10 min after the appearance of HB was observed.

Conclusion

It emerged from the results that the factor structure of subsidiary behaviors consists of 3 mutually independent factors. The interactive model suggests that subsidiary behaviors are possibly precursory signs of errors and changes in autonomic nervous system balance.
Variable Responses of Fish Assemblages, Habitat, and Stability to Natural‐Channel‐Design Restoration in Catskill Mountain Streams
Authors: Baldigo Barry P. , Ernst Anne G. , Warren Dana R. , Miller Sarah J.
Published: February 2010

Natural‐channel‐design (NCD) restorations were recently implemented within large segments of five first‐ and second‐order streams in the Catskill Mountains of New York in an attempt to increase channel stability, reduce bed and bank erosion, and sustain water quality. In conjunction with these efforts, 54 fish and habitat surveys were done from 1999 to 2007 at six restored reaches and five stable control reaches to evaluate the effects of NCD restoration on fish assemblages, habitat, and bank stability. A before–after–control–impact study design and two‐factor analysis of variance were used to quantify the net changes in habitat and fish population and community indices at treatment reaches relative to those at unaltered control reaches. The density and biomass of fish communities were often dominated by one or two small prey species and no or few predator species before restoration and by one or more trout (Salmonidae) species after restoration. Significant increases in community richness (30%), diversity (40%), species or biomass equitability (32%), and total biomass (up to 52%) in at least four of the six restored reaches demonstrate that NCD restorations can improve the health and sustainability of fish communities in geomorphically unstable Catskill Mountain streams over the short to marginally long term. Bank stability, stream habitat, and trout habitat suitability indices (HSIs) generally improved significantly at the restored reaches, but key habitat features and trout HSIs did not change or decreased at two of them. Fish communities and trout populations at these two reaches were not positively affected by NCD restorations. Though NCD restorations often had a positive effect on habitat and fish communities, our results show that the initial habitat conditions limit the relative improvements than can be achieved, habitat quality and stability do not necessarily respond in unison, and biotic and abiotic responses cannot always be generalized.
Effects of Natural‐Channel‐Design Restoration on Habitat Quality in Catskill Mountain Streams, New York
Authors: Ernst Anne G. , Baldigo Barry P. , Mulvihill Christiane I. , Vian Mark
Published: February 2010

Stream restoration has received much attention in recent years, yet there has been little effort to evaluate its impacts on physical habitat, stability, and biota. A popular but controversial stream restoration approach is natural channel design (NCD), which cannot be adequately evaluated without a long‐term, independent assessment of its effects on stream habitat. Six reaches of five Catskill Mountain streams in southeastern New York were restored during 2000–2003 following NCD techniques to decrease bed and bank degradation, decrease sediment loads, and improve water quality. Habitat surveys were conducted during summer low flows from 2001 to 2007. The effects of the NCD projects on stream condition were assessed via a before–after–control–impact study design to quantify the net changes in stream and bank habitat variables relative to those in unaltered control reaches. Analysis of variance tests of three different measures of bank stability show that on average stream stability increased at treatment sites for 2–5 years after restoration. Mean channel depth, thalweg depth, and the pool–riffle ratio generally increased, whereas mean channel width, percent streambank coverage by trees, and shade decreased. Habitat suitability indices for local salmonid species increased at four of six reaches after restoration. The changes in channel dimensions rendered them generally more characteristic of stabler stream forms in the given valley settings. Although these studies were done relatively soon after project completion, our findings demonstrate that habitat conditions can be improved in degraded Catskill Mountain streams through NCD restoration.
Comparison of Growth and Stress in Resident Redband Trout Held in Laboratory Simulations of Montane and Desert Summer Temperature Cycles
Authors: Cassinelli John D. , Moffitt Christine M.
Published: February 2010

Within their native range in western North America, resident redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri occupy stream habitat from high mountains to low desert. To better understand the temperature tolerance, growth, and stress physiology of native redband trout populations and compare the resilience and responses to reciprocal environments of stocks adapted to desert or montane conditions, we conducted controlled laboratory trials. We tested groups of age‐0 progeny from naturally reproducing desert and montane fish stocks in temperature cycles that simulated the summer conditions typical in regional desert and montane stream habitats. The diel cycles ranged from 8°C to 16°C for montane treatments and from 18°C to 26°C for desert treatments, and our tests were repeated over 2 years. We evaluated survival, growth, feed efficiency, plasma cortisol, heat shock protein levels, and body proximate composition in samples of fish collected during and at the completion of the trials. All of the stocks tested had high survival under all conditions, regardless of their geographic origin. We found no differences consistently attributable to desert or montane origin. Growth rates and protein and lipid efficiencies varied among stocks, between temperature treatments, and between replicate years. We found that the expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) was consistently higher in all stocks maintained at desert temperatures regardless of source, but the absolute quantity of proteins measured varied among populations. We conducted an additional short‐term trial to evaluate the responses of different stocks to upper lethal temperature cycles that approached a daily maximum of 30°C. Although desert‐ and montane‐adapted populations of redband trout were equally dynamic and adaptive in desert or montane diel temperature cycles, we conclude that the desert stocks will be more at risk from increasing temperatures and reduced stream flows in the summer months as climate changes.
Predicting Future Changes in Muskegon River Watershed Game Fish Distributions under Future Land Cover Alteration and Climate Change Scenarios
Authors: Steen Paul J. , Wiley Michael J. , Schaeffer Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2010

Future alterations in land cover and climate are likely to cause substantial changes in the ranges of fish species. Predictive distribution models are an important tool for assessing the probability that these changes will cause increases or decreases in or the extirpation of species. Classification tree models that predict the probability of game fish presence were applied to the streams of the Muskegon River watershed, Michigan. The models were used to study three potential future scenarios: (1) land cover change only, (2) land cover change and a 3°C increase in air temperature by 2100, and (3) land cover change and a 5°C increase in air temperature by 2100. The analysis indicated that the expected change in air temperature and subsequent change in water temperatures would result in the decline of coldwater fish in the Muskegon watershed by the end of the 21st century while cool‐ and warmwater species would significantly increase their ranges. The greatest decline detected was a 90% reduction in the probability that brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis would occur in Bigelow Creek. The greatest increase was a 276% increase in the probability that northern pike Esox lucius would occur in the Middle Branch River. Changes in land cover are expected to cause large changes in a few fish species, such as walleye Sander vitreus and Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, but not to drive major changes in species composition. Managers can alter stream environmental conditions to maximize the probability that species will reside in particular stream reaches through application of the classification tree models. Such models represent a good way to predict future changes, as they give quantitative estimates of the n‐dimensional niches for particular species.
Sensitivity of Lake Sturgeon Population Dynamics and Genetics to Demographic Parameters
Authors: Schueller Amy M. , Hayes Daniel B.
Published: February 2010

Uncertainty in population parameters can make managing fisheries difficult, especially for long‐lived species such as lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. Models can be used to explore population parameter uncertainty and how uncertainty affects demographic and genetic population outputs through the use of sensitivity analyses. The objective of this study was to determine which lake sturgeon population parameters have the greatest influence on demographic characteristics, including rates of extinction and percentage of populations increasing from their initial size, and population genetic characteristics, including percentage of unique alleles retained and average inbreeding coefficient. An individual‐based modeling approach that represented demographic and genetic processes was used to achieve this objective. Individual lake sturgeon were tracked throughout the modeling process with unique identifiers, allowing for the determination of the degree of inbreeding and the number of unique alleles retained. Sensitivity analyses were performed by changing one parameter at a time across a range of plausible values while holding all of the other parameters at their nominal values. All responses were hypersensitive to young‐of‐the‐year mortality, post–young‐of‐the‐year mortality, age at first maturation for females, and probability of mating for females. The post–young‐of‐the‐year mortality rate was the most sensitive of all of the population parameters. The outputs were relatively insensitive to changes in the age at first maturation for males and the probability of mating for males. Sensitivity was dependent upon the initial population size, with population parameters having differing sensitivities with respect to other parameters for smaller and larger population sizes. The demographic and genetic outputs were related to one another via similar relationships for each of the population sizes. These analyses should be used to target rehabilitation efforts on altering population parameters with the largest influence on population persistence and genetic integrity.
Effect of Brood Reduction on Nest Abandonment of Smallmouth Bass
Authors: Lunn Brianne D. , Steinhart Geoffrey B.
Published: February 2010

Smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu are well known for vigilantly guarding their nests, which is done solely by the males. Because parental care is costly, smallmouth bass are faced with a trade‐off between current and future reproduction. If the male foregoes current reproductive efforts and abandons his nest, he may be better able to prepare for future efforts. In this article, we present field data on the effect of brood reduction on nest abandonment and explore the role of male age, brood size, and brood age on nest abandonment. We removed 0, 25, 50, or 75% of the brood from males' nests in Lake Opeongo, Ontario, during the summers of 2007 and 2008 and observed the response (nest success or failure). Across all treatments, 22 of 105 nests (21%) failed and were abandoned, but there was no significant difference among treatments. However, fish that abandoned their nests were significantly younger and had fewer offspring at the time of abandonment than did those that did not. In addition, younger nests were more likely to be abandoned than older nests. Our results differ from those of previous brood reduction experiments, although they match parental care theory overall.
The Spawning Run of Blueback Herring in the St. Johns River, Florida
Authors: McBride Richard S. , Harris Julianne E. , Hyle A. Reid , Holder Jay C.
Published: February 2010

Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis are anadromous, iteroparous, winter spawners in the St. Johns River, Florida, but published data about this population are limited. We collected adults by electrofishing in the upper St. Johns River during the 2002–2005 spawning runs to examine the abundance, distribution, size, sex ratio, reproductive biology, and feeding habits of the population. When possible, data from the present study were compared with those for blueback herring collected with seine nets in the lower St. Johns River during the 1972 and 1973 spawning runs. Blueback herring began upstream migration by January and stayed in the river until at least April. The average fish size was significantly smaller in 2002–2005 than in 1972–1973, but sex ratios were not different from 1:1 in 5 of the 6 years studied. The more recent collections suggest that blueback herring females released multiple batches of eggs during one spawning season (spawning a batch every 3–4 d on average) and that spawning occurred as far upstream as river kilometer 400. Males and females fed actively during the entire spawning run. Overall, the stock is persistent, but its status is unknown and the smaller individual sizes evident today suggest that this population is experiencing higher mortality now than a few decades ago.
Swimming Performance and Fishway Model Passage Success of Rio Grande Silvery Minnow
Authors: Bestgen Kevin R. , Mefford Brent , Bundy Jay M. , Walford Cameron D. , Compton Robert I.
Published: February 2010

We used a swim chamber, flume, and large‐scale fishway models to assess the swimming performance, behavior, and passage success of endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow Hybognathus amarus. Field‐captured silvery minnow (53–88 mm total length) swam 114–118 cm/s (i.e., up to 20.9 body lengths/s) in a swim chamber in water temperatures of 15, 19, and 23°C. The relationship between time to fatigue and water velocity showed that endurance declined sharply at velocities above 60 cm/s, a threshold that is consistent with critical swimming speed estimates and may represent a transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Water temperature and fish length were positively correlated with swimming performance. At water velocities of 60 cm/s and less, silvery minnow routinely swam the equivalent of 50 km (125 km maximum) in a swim chamber in less than 72 h. The proportions of silvery minnow that successfully ascended a flume over sand, gravel, or cobble substrate declined as water velocity increased to 53 cm/s. Passage times increased at higher water velocities and at a faster rate over sand substrate because fish were stationary for longer periods over the lower‐velocity boundary layers created by gravel and cobble at all velocities. Dual‐vertical‐slot fishway passage was 52% in a less turbulent flow of 78 cm/s; passage was 8% at a faster, more turbulent flow of 87 cm/s. Conversely, 75% of silvery minnow ascended a rock channel fishway with a holding pool present and a 1% hydraulic gradient in low (58‐cm/s) and high (83‐cm/s) mean flow velocities. Differences in willingness to swim, longer test duration, and the mosaic of water velocities created by the bed roughness elements may explain the higher silvery minnow passage success in the rock channel. Predictive swimming fatigue relationships, together with fish length and water temperature, may guide decisions regarding fishway lengths and velocities so as to permit passage of Rio Grande silvery minnow.
Impact of the Potholes Reservoir Caspian Tern Breeding Colony on Out‐Migrating Juvenile Salmonids in the Mid‐Columbia River
Authors: Maranto Christina J. , Good Thomas P. , Wiese Francis K. , Parrish Julia K.
Published: February 2010

We examined the foraging behavior and diet of Caspian terns Hydroprogne caspia breeding at Potholes Reservoir, Washington, in 2003, 2005, and 2006, and we developed a bioenergetics model to estimate impacts on juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. from Columbia River stocks. Potholes Reservoir Caspian terns mostly foraged on local fish (68–97% of tern bill loads) rather than traveling to the Columbia River. Our model suggested that only 8,913–94,139 juvenile salmonids were consumed, representing 0.02–0.38% of the salmonids available to Caspian terns. Local foraging is probably explained by higher net profitability of Potholes Reservoir fish prey. Columbia River steelhead O. mykiss were the only juvenile salmonids that were energetically comparable with local Potholes Reservoir fish, mostly due to their high energy density and relatively large size. Passive integrated transponder tag analyses showed that Potholes Reservoir Caspian terns preferred steelhead (predation rates = 0.42–1.06%) to all other salmonid stocks (coho salmon O. kisutch = 0.09–0.36%; subyearling Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha = 0.009–0.040%; yearling Chinook salmon = 0.05–0.17%). Given the proposed reduction in nesting habitat at East Sand Island (ESI; where the current Caspian tern population consumes 3.6–5.3 million juvenile salmonids annually), we estimated the impact on salmonid stocks that would occur if ESI Caspian terns relocated to Potholes Reservoir. Depending on diet scenario, 100% relocation could result in juvenile salmonid consumption between 2.2 and 6.6 million fish, with lower values being much more likely, making Potholes Reservoir the colony location of least likely impact among all sites within the Columbia River drainage. We suggest that selection of sites for ESI relocation should be based on scientific evidence combining a quantitative approach, such as bioenergetics modeling linked to prey population growth rate.
Coastal Estuaries as Habitat for a Freshwater Fish Species: Exploring Population‐Level Effects of Salinity on Largemouth Bass
Authors: Norris Alicia J. , DeVries Dennis R. , Wright Russell A.
Published: February 2010

Estuaries are systems where marine and freshwaters interface. The largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides is a freshwater predator commonly found in the oligohaline portions of estuaries in coastal North America. As a popular recreational sport fish in estuaries, largemouth bass are caught in large numbers, but large (≥2.3‐kg) individuals are rarer than in inland (freshwater) systems. A pervasive factor affecting estuarine inhabitants is variation in salinity, which we hypothesized would represent a stress influencing largemouth bass performance. To test this, we sampled fish monthly (2002–2004) across an upstream–downstream gradient in the Mobile–Tensaw Delta of Alabama. Salinity remained negligible upstream but increased seasonally downstream. Catch per effort did not differ predictably across the upstream–downstream gradient, as would be expected if salinity influences abundance. Largemouth bass diets included more fish than invertebrates both upstream and downstream, but fish were more abundant in the diet upstream. Marine invertebrates remained an important diet component at all sites. Condition was generally high for all largemouth bass but was consistently greater downstream than upstream. Length at age 1 was greater downstream than upstream, but there were no differences for older fish. Few largemouth bass age‐4 and older were present, and survival was generally low (<57%). Although growth was greater for a population of largemouth bass from the Mobile–Tensaw Delta established into a freshwater impoundment, survival remained low in the absence of coastal influences. Our results suggest that the largemouth bass in the coastal Mobile–Tensaw Delta have different growth patterns and perhaps different life history strategies than those in freshwater, which may be the result of adaptation and could have important implications for management.
Swell index, oedopermeametric, filter press and rheometric tests for identifying the qualification of bentonites used in GCLs
Authors: Rosin-Paumier S. , Touze-Foltz N. , Pantet A. , Monnet P. , Didier G. , Guyonnet D. , Norotte V.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT: Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are used in landfill liner applications and there is a need for a better control of the properties of the bentonite in the GCL received on site, particularly in the European context where a wide variety of bentonites can be encountered. This paper presents the results of a project aimed at a rapid identification of the nature of the bentonite in a given GCL. The interaction between the bentonite and the fluid was increased by producing dispersions then testing its structure within a few hours with filter press tests and flow curves. The results of those tests were compared with swell index tests, electrical conductivity values and oedopermeametric tests. Eight GCLs were studied. Two of these GCLs contained natural calcium bentonites; they presented poor swelling properties and high permittivities. The dispersions had a low viscosity and their filtration under pressure led to large amounts of filtrate. A further two GCLs contained natural sodium bentonites and the remaining four contained sodium-activated calcium bentonites. Their permittivities, swell indices and filtrate masses were similar; however, their rheometrical behaviours were different due to a difference in the values of electrical conductivity. Thus it seems that electrical conductivity measurements and rheological tests can provide a good and fast way of identifying the nature of the bentonite contained in GCLs.
Time histories of tensile force in geogrid arranged in two full-scale high walls
Authors: Kongkitkul W. , Tatsuoka F. , Hirakawa D. , Sugimoto T. , Kawahata S. , Ito M.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT: Two tall geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls, one 16.7 m high supporting a sloped embankment, and the other 21.1 m high with a level backfill, were constructed to support the taxi way of Mt. Fuji Shizuoka Airport, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, which was opened to service in June 2009. As only limited residual deformation during service is allowed and high stability is required, the backfill was a well-graded gravelly soil, which was well compacted at controlled water content and reinforced with geogrid reinforcement. In the respective walls, three representative geogrid layers were fitted with a number of electric-resistance strain gauges to monitor the geogrid tensile strains during and after construction to ensure high stability and sufficient serviceability. After the wall construction had been completed, the geogrid strains were either only increasing at a very low rate, or had stopped increasing, or had started decreasing. A series of in-air tensile loading tests were performed on different geogrid types used for the wall construction to evaluate their elasto-viscoplastic properties. The time histories of tensile force in the geogrid layers were estimated from the measured time histories of the geogrid strains based on a non-linear three-component rheology model using the model parameters determined by the in-air tensile loading tests. After the end of wall construction, the estimated geogrid tensile force was either increasing at a very low rate or was decreasing with time. Even at the locations where it tended to increase with time, the estimated geogrid tensile force never increased greatly by the end of a typical design life (i.e. 50 years) from the value at the end of wall construction. As the estimated maximum geogrid force at the end of the design lifetime is substantially lower than the respective design tensile rupture strengths, it is estimated that creep rupture failure of the geogrid is utterly unlikely. The analysis suggests that these estimates are also relevant when the lifetime is 100 years. The framework to estimate the time histories of reinforcement force from the time histories of measured reinforcement strains used in this study can be applied to other similar cases.
Friction base isolation by geotextiles for brick masonry buildings
Authors: Nanda R.P. , Agarwal P. , Shrikhande M.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT: The performance of distributed base isolation using smooth geotextile for seismic protection of masonry buildings was studied. The concept of frictional base isolation is applied to masonry buildings by separating the superstructure from the foundation at plinth level by a sliding friction interface in the form of a nonwoven geotextile–smooth (machine ground) marble. The dynamic friction properties of the masonry–geotextile interface were investigated. The shaking table test was performed on a one-half scale, single storey brick masonry model on a sliding interface for bi-axial earthquake ground motion compatible with the 5% damping design spectrum of the Indian standard code for earthquake-resistant design corresponding to the level of maximum considered earthquake in the most severe seismic zone. It was observed that the use of geotextiles as frictional base isolation was quite effective in mitigating earthquake-induced vibrations. A 65% reduction in absolute response acceleration at the roof level was obtained in comparison with the response of the fixed base structure at the cost of 25 mm peak sliding displacement, which was well within the plinth projection of 75 mm.
Phosphine intoxication following oral exposure of horses to aluminum phosphide–treated feed
Authors: Easterwood Leslie , Chaffin M. Keith , Marsh Peggy S. , Porter Brian , Barr Catherine
Published: February 2010

Case Description—66 horses were potentially exposed to phosphine (a gas) 14 hours after being fed a pelleted ration treated with aluminum phosphide.

Clinical Findings—28 horses had clinical signs of profuse sweating, tachycardia, tachypnea, pyrexia, ataxia, seizures, and widespread muscle tremors. Clinically relevant laboratory findings included hypoglycemia and high plasma concentrations of lactate and ammonia and activities of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. At least 4 horses had signs consistent with hepatic encephalopathy. Necropsy findings included petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages in multiple organs, widespread vascular congestion, hepatic lipidosis, and neuronal necrosis in the brain. Phosphine was detected in the stomachs of the 3 horses tested.

Treatment and Outcome—On the farm, horses were treated with gastric lavage followed by administration of di-tri-octahedral smectite, atropine, fluids, and sedatives. Six horses were hospitalized, and lactated Ringer's solution and flunixin meglumine were administered IV. Additionally, 10% dextrose, corn syrup, and di-tri-octahedral smectite were administered PO. Twenty-seven horses died within 2 days after exposure. Two survivors (1 without clinical signs of toxicosis) made a complete recovery.

Clinical Relevance—Progression of clinical signs in affected horses in this report was rapid, with few treatment options available, leading to a high case fatality rate. Fumigation with aluminum phosphide is commonly performed to eliminate weevils and other insects from stored grains. When appropriate precautions are used during fumigation, risk to livestock is typically minimal.
Ionisation potential and electron affinity of free 5′,8-cyclopurine-2′-deoxynucleosides. DFT study in gaseous and aqueous phase
Authors: Karwowski Boleslaw
Published: February 2010

Oxidatively generated damage to DNA frequently appears in the human genome as an effect of aerobic metabolism or as the result of exposure to exogenous oxidizing agents. Due to these facts it was decided to present, for the first time, the electron affinity, ionization potential of 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine/guanosine (cdA, cdG) in their 5′R and 5′S diastereomeric forms. For all points of quantum mechanics studies presented, the density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP parameters on 6-311++G** basis set level was used. The zero-point vibrational corrected adiabatic electron affinity (AEA) and adiabatic ionization potential (AIP) were calculated. Additionally the vertical electron affinity (VEA), vertical detachment energy (VDE) and vertical ionization potential were taken into consideration. AEA in eV (gaseous/aqueous phase) are as follows: 0.3/1.81 (5′R)cdA, 0.13/1.76 (5′S)cdA, 0.17/1.49 (5′R)cdG, 0.14/1.53 (5′S)cdG and AIP followed the order 7.43/5.59(5′S)cdG, 7.49/5.60(5′R)cdG, 7.77/5.97(5′R)cdA, 7.84/5.93(5′S)cdA. The obtained AIPs were found to be lower than that for corresponding natural nucleosides. Therefore, even though the 5′,8-cyclopurine-2′-deoxynucleoside level in a cell was judged as low, they can play an important role in the stability, replication and transcription of genes.
On the PPh3 catalyzed reaction between dibenzoylacetylene and vicinal -OH and -SH acids. One-pot synthesis of 1,3-dioxolane derivative
Authors: Amiri Rahebeh , Haghdadi Mina , Nozari Maedeh
Published: February 2010

The efficient conjugate addition of vicinal - OH and - SH acids such as ethylene glycol and 1,2-ethanedithiol to dibenzoylacetylene in the presence of PPh3 leads to different products depending on the reaction conditions. Ab initio calculations at HF/6-31G* level shows that the unsymmetrical envelope conformation of 2,2-disubstituted 1,3-dioxolane 1 is more stable than the half-chair and Cs symmetric envelope forms.
Hydrate of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-arabino-hexos-2-ulo-2,6-pyranose as new crystalline reagent in the preparation of Amadori derived peptides
Authors: Stefanowicz Piotr , Batorska Joanna , Kijewska Monika , Bartosz-Bechowski Hubert , Szewczuk Zbigniew , Lis Tadeusz
Published: February 2010

We established, that crystalline hydrate of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-arabino-hexos-2-ulo-2,6-pyranose is a new, convenient and stable reagent for solid phase synthesis of peptide derived Amadori products. The structure of the title compound was studied by X-ray analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and high resolution ESI-MS. The crystal structure indicated the existence of two symmetry-independent molecules that were not connected with hydrogen bonds. A comparison with previously reported 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose revealed, that these two compounds are isostructural.
Microstructure of brushite crystals prepared via high internal phase emulsion
Authors: Lim Hong , Kassim Anuar , Huang Nay , Chia Chin
Published: February 2010

For the first time, various microstructures of calcium phosphates were successfully synthesized using a high internal phase emulsion process. The crystals were possessed in the brushite crystalline phase. The morphology of the crystals was influenced by the variables related to the emulsion process route, which consisted of flakes, dendrites and particulates structures.
Reversible anorgasmia with topiramate therapy for migraine prophylaxis
Authors: Kilbas Serkan , Kilbas Aynur , Uzar Ertugrul
Published: February 2010

Topiramate is an effective drug for the prevention of migraine headaches. On occasion, topiramate can be associated with a dose-related anorgasmia. Presented here is an adult case of reversible anorgasmia induced by and possibly attributable to topiramate therapy. Physicians need to be aware of the potential for topiramate to dose related reversible anorgasmia, and should inquire about sexual symptoms of patients.
Fibrinogen and antithrombin in hematological patients with neutropenic fever
Authors: Matinlauri Irma , Juutilainen Auni , Hämäläinen Sari , Koivula Irma , Kuittinen Taru , Jantunen Esa
Published: February 2010

The value of plasma fibrinogen and antithrombin as predictors of severe sepsis was investigated in 69 adult hematological patients, who had altogether 93 periods of neutropenic fever. Patients had either acute myeloid leukemia or had received a high dose of chemotherapy supported by autologous stem cell transplantation. In febrile periods with severe sepsis, the median fibrinogen concentration at the start of the fever was significantly higher (5.0 g/L) than that without severe sepsis (4.5 g/L) (p=0.009). Normal plasma fibrinogen could rule out a group of patients with severe sepsis at the beginning of the fever. The antithrombin activity decreased, both in fever periods with severe sepsis and in those without. The decrease in antithrombin activity was found to be greater in fever periods characterized by severe sepsis. In conclusion, elevated plasma fibrinogen and constantly decreasing antithrombin were shown to be linked to the development of severe sepsis.
EMMPRIN and fascin expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Kefeli Mehmet , Taslak Sengul Aysen , Yildiz Levent , Baris Sancar , Basoglu Ahmet , Kandemir Bedri
Published: February 2010

Fascin and EMMPRIN (CD 147) have a demonstrated relationship with the invasion and progression of many tumors. The aim of this study was to analyze fascin and EMMPRIN expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma and their relationship with clinicopathologic features. Fascin and EMMPRIN expression levels were investigated via the immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded tissues of 64 patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma, including 46 squamous cell carcinoma and 18 adenocarcinoma patients. The patients were scored on the basis of staining extent and intensity, and were then assigned a combined score. Fascin expression was present in 44 of 46 (95.6%) patients with SCC and 16 of 18 (88.8%) patients with adenocarcinoma. There was a significant correlation between fascin expression and tumor stage in the SCC and adenocarcinoma groups. EMMPRIN expression was observed in all patients with SCC (46 of 46, 100%) and 16 of 18 (88.8%) patients with adenocarcinoma. There was significant correlation between EMMPRIN expression and both tumor stage and diameter in the SCC group, but not in the adenocarcinoma group. This study revealed that high levels of fascin and EMMPRIN expression may indicate the importance of their roles in the progression of non-small cell lung carcinoma and they could be used as prognostic marker for these tumors.
Factors associated with increased pulse wave velocity in peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors: Stróżecki Paweł , Donderski Rafał , Grajewska Magdalena , Marcinkowska Elżbieta , Kozłowski Michał , Pollak Joanna , Odrowąż-Sypniewska Grażyna , Manitius Jacek
Published: February 2010

Elevated pulse wave velocity (PWV) reflects increased arterial stiffness. Several studies have investigated PWV in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, but direct comparisons with healthy controls were not done. The potential influence of peritoneal transport characteristics on arterial stiffness in PD patients was suggested in recent studies. The aims of this study were to compare PWV in PD patients and healthy volunteers, and to investigate factors associated with increased PWV. The carotid-femoral PWV was measured in 28 PD patients and 28 healthy controls, matched for age and gender. A peritoneal equilibration test (PET) was performed in all PD patients. Based on the PET, patients were classified as: high transporters (H) (n=8), high-average (HA) (n=12), low-average (LA) (n=6), and low transporters (L) (n=2). Six of the PD patients were diabetic. PWV was significantly higher in the PD patients than in the controls (9,9±2,4 vs. 8,0±0,9; p=0,0004). In the PD group, PWV was higher in H/HA than in L/LA patients (10,4 ± 2,5 vs. 8,6 ± 1,0; p=0,008), but all the diabetic patients were in the H/HA group. PWV was significantly higher in diabetic than in non-diabetic PD patients (12,8 ± 2,0 vs. 9,1 ± 1,7; p=0,004). In the PD patients, significant positive correlations were found between PWV and: age, pulse pressure, Kt/V, and duration of PD therapy. In conclusion, the carotid-femoral PWV is elevated in peritoneal dialysis patients. Increased PWV in PD patients is associated with age, diabetic status, and longer duration of PD therapy, but not with this type of peritoneal transport.
Comparison of Several Transmission Loss Allocation Procedures
Authors: Kabir Mohammed Humayun
Published: February 2010

Transmission-loss is an inherent nature of power system. Determination of transmission losses for the purposes of billing in various interconnected trans-actions is an important issue to be solved exactly. Loss allocation is a procedure for subdividing the system transmission losses into fractions, the cost of which becomes the responsibility of network users. This paper focuses on transmission loss allocation procedures and provides a detailed comparison of some alternative algorithms: viz. 1) Incremental loss allocation, 2) A proportional allocation, 3) Preliminary loss allocation and 4) A direct methodology for loss allocation. A case study based on a 6-bus model power system has been provided. Finally conclusions and recommendations have been stated. Key words: Transmission loss allocation, DC optimal power flow, Deregulated power market, Loss coefficient matrix, Non-volatile procedure. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i3.4401 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(3),289-296, 2009
Maintenance Integration in Equipment Design Process for Africa
Authors: Azouma Ouézou Yaovi , Giroux François
Published: February 2010

The integration of the maintenance as soon as possible in the design allows reducing the possession cost of equipment. This factor being major for the users of agricultural and food processing equipments in Africa, the objective of this study was to answer this requirement. In order to satisfy this need, a critical approach of the tools developed in the industrialized countries and an analysis of the maintenance practices in developing countries permit to suggest several tools and recommendations for integration of the maintenance in the design. Key words: Africa, Design, Equipment, Integrated maintenance DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i3.4405 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(3), 319-326, 2009
Evaluation of Nutritional and Physico-Chemical Properties of Several Selected Fruits in Bangladesh
Authors: Haque M Nazmul , Saha Barun Kanti , Karim M Rezaul , Bhuiyan M Nurul Huda
Published: February 2010

In this study , various parameters on nutritional and physico-chemical characteristics of eight different fruits (five minor and three major fruits), namely melon, guava, papaya, karanda, burmese-grape, velvet apple, wood-apple and pomelo of Bangladesh were analyzed to determine the edible portion of whole fruit, pH, titratable acidity, moisture, total soluble solid, reducing sugar, total sugar, crude fibre, total carbohydrate, total protein, total fat, total energy, vitamin C, ash , sodium, potassium, iron and arsenic content. The largest amount of iron, 5.34 mg/100g was observed in Burmese-grape. The pomelo contained the highest amount of potassium, 233.07mg/100g and the lowest amount of sodium, 2.25mg/100g. The maximum amount of fibre, 6.21% was found in wood-apple and the richest quantity of vitamin C, 80mg/100g was found in guava. In general arsenic was not found in karanda, burmese grape, guava, pomelo, wood-apple, and papaya and only negligible amount of arsenic was revealed in velvet apple, 0.01 mg/kg, followed by melon, 0.005 mg/kg. Key words: Minor and major fruits, Malnutrition, Micronutrient, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i3.4410 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(3),353-358, 2009
Nutritional Quality Components of Indigenous Freshwater Fish Species, Puntius stigma in Bangladesh
Authors: Musa ASM
Published: February 2010

Proximate biochemical compositions of body muscles of Puntius stigma (male and female) such as moisture, protein, lipid, ash and carbohydrate were determined in freshly caught fishes. Some mineral compositions, such as phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, copper, manganese and iron were also evaluated. Some amino acids were also detected during analysis. The moisture content 75.60% was found to be higher in female, while protein 21.50%, fat 2.70%, ash 1.90% and carbohydrate contents of 1.55% were higher in male. In protein analysis of two fishes (male and female), most of the minerals were found in higher in male. But manganese and iron were lower in male. Essential amino acids were also estimated. Nutritional values were higher in males than in females. Overall, the fish has a high nutritional value in terms of protein, fat, vitamin and minerals, which are not common in other foods in Bangladesh. Key words: Puntius stigma, Nutritional value, Freshwater fish species. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i3.4412 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(3),367-370, 2009
Reproductive Biology of the Mola Carplet Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from Netrakona Water
Authors: Saha Bimal Kanta , Islam M Rafiqul , Saha Aparna , Hossain M Altaf
Published: February 2010

Some aspects of the reproductive biology viz. sex ratio, fecundity and reproductive periodicity of Amblypharyngodon mola were studied during March 2004 through February 2005 in Netrakona. Sex ratio was found to be 1:2.03. Fecundity varied from 1,291 to 12,797 with a mean value 5,751.46 ± 3,321.73 eggs. The relationships between Fecundity (F) and Total Length (TL), Standard Length (SL), Total Weight (TW), Gonadal length (GL) and Gonadal Weight (GW) were calculated and found to be highly significant. The mean of ova diameter was 1.4 ± 0.35mm. Different methods used to study the reproductive periodicity showed that the periodicity of A. mola starts from March and continues up to August with a peak in May. Key words: Reproductive biology, Reproductive periodicity, Amblypharyngodon mola. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i3.4414 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(3), 377-379, 2009
Genetic Divergence in Pointed Gourd
Authors: Kabir MY , Khan ASMMR , Hassain MS
Published: February 2010

The experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ishurdi, Pabna during the growing season 2005-2006 to estimate the genetic diversity among 24 genotypes of pointed gourd by using Mahalanobis D² statistics for nine characters. The genotypes were grouped in to five clusters. The cluster I and III consisted of highest number of genotypes and it was six. The cluster IV contained the lowest number of genotypes and it was three. The clustering pattern of the genotypes under this study revealed that the genotypes collected from the same location were grouped into different clusters. The genotypes of Kushtia were distributed in different clusters. The inter cluster distance were larger than the intra cluster distance suggesting wider genetic diversity among the genotypes of different groups. The highest intra cluster distance was computed for cluster IV (35.80) and the minimum intra cluster distance was found in cluster III (18.37). The clusters IV and II were more diverse as indicated by maximum inter cluster distances between them (41.56) and the minimum inter cluster divergence was observed between cluster III and II (6.84). Cluster II had the highest cluster mean value for number of fruits per plant (391), weight of fruit per plant (11.72kg) and yield (35.28t/ha). Genotypes of the cluster V had late maturity. Key words: Genotype; genetic diversity; pointed gourd. DOI: 10.3329/jard.v7i1.4426 J Agric Rural Dev 7(1&2), 87-92, June 2009