bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of stitch type division and geometry on the electrical properties of conductive embroidered structures
Authors: Zafar Hima , Vučinić Vasić Milica , Popović Željko , Babković Kalman , Stojanović Goran M
Published: October 2023

Conductive threads are essential for enabling the functionality of e-textiles in sensor applications. However, in this field, there is still a need to study their practical usage, particularly thick embroidered structures. This study investigates the potential of using conductive embroidered structures as sensors and examines how different stitch types can affect the electrical properties of embroidered structures in e-textiles. The paper also explores the application of embroidered structures in twisting and temperature variation, and evaluates their stability when subjected to washing, abrasion and cyclic tension. Three rectangular structures with varying stitch types and geometries were embroidered and tested. The findings highlight the influence of stitch types on electrical properties and demonstrate how washing can affect the different stitch patterns. Furthermore, the structure with the largest jump length can be used in a design suitable for sensing twisting, while all three structures are suitable for detecting temperature variations. This research adds to the development of efficient and long-lasting embroidered electronics textile by providing significant insights for e-textile industrial production.
Development of a Low-Cost, High-Fidelity, Reusable Model to Simulate Clamshell Thoracotomy
Authors: Clifford Ethan , Stourton Frederick , Willers Johann , Colucci Gianluca
Published: October 2023

Objective

Clamshell thoracotomy (CST) is an emergency procedure performed during traumatic cardiac arrest. Emergency physicians and surgeons are expected to perform this procedure in the Emergency Department. However, the procedure has a low occurrence rate, therefore physicians are often poorly prepared. Current teaching methods include expensive simulators and anatomically inaccurate animal models. The goal of this study was to design, produce and test, a low-cost, high-fidelity model for the teaching of CST.

Design, Setting and Participants

The model was produced from inexpensive, commercially available materials as well as ADAMgel; a custom, recyclable, inexpensive tissue analogue. The model was tested across 19 physicians, mostly consultants and senior registrars in emergency medicine, anaesthesia and surgery. Participants completed comparative questionnaires before and after testing the model. The questionnaires were adapted from previous anaesthetic-based simulation studies and used a modified Likert scale to assess prior knowledge, anatomical realism and the teaching benefits of the model.

Results

Participants had varied prior knowledge and experience before testing the model. Results showed that 89.47% (n = 17) of trainees felt the model was a reasonable substitute for practice and 100% (n = 19) agreed that the model was a good training aid for inexperienced trainees and would recommend it to others.

Conclusions

The model proved a successful teaching tool, improving physicians’ knowledge and confidence with performing CST. This high fidelity, low cost model demonstrated that a high standard simulation teaching tool can be made which improves teaching of CST.
Arthroscopy-Assisted Open Reduction Internal Fixation Versus Conventional Open Reduction Internal Fixation in the Treatment of Ankle Fractures: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Authors: Meyer-Pries Marc , Hajymiri Melika , Lytras Theodoros , Manolopoulos Philip , Ntourakis Dimitrios
Published: October 2023

Background:

Arthroscopy can be used to assist the open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) approach in the treatment of acute ankle fractures. Arthroscopy can also help to assess the articular surface but is performed in only 1% of ankle fracture cases.

Purpose:

We aimed to investigate (1) whether arthroscopy-assisted ORIF (AORIF) would lead to improved postoperative functional outcomes compared to conventional ORIF and (2) whether differences in postoperative complication rates exist between these 2 techniques.

Methods:

A systematic review was performed; 2 researchers independently searched the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. All studies that directly investigated the outcomes of AORIF versus conventional ORIF in the treatment of ankle fractures and contained quantitative data were eligible for inclusion. The Cochrane tools for bias assessment were applied independently by 2 researchers.

Results:

Six articles (2 randomized controlled trials and 4 retrospective cohort studies) were included in this systematic review. The meta-analysis of functional outcome scores resulted in a standardized mean difference of 0.6 (confidence interval [CI]: [0.3, 0.9]) favoring AORIF, after excluding 2 studies due to missing standard deviations. The overall complication rate was similar between the 2 groups, with a pooled odds ratio of 1.1 (CI: [0.4, 3.0]).

Conclusion:

The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that AORIF might improve postoperative outcomes without increasing the complication rate when compared to conventional ORIF. However, due to the inherent clinical heterogeneity of the included studies, further well-designed randomized controlled trials are required.
Variability of mechanical performance of cement-typha insulation materials
Authors: Diaw Ibrahima , Faye Mactar , Hans Stéphane , Sallet Frédéric , Sambou Vincent
Published: October 2023

The reduction of energy consumption in the building sector is an important consideration for the protection of environment and availability of fossil resources. Therefore, plant-based concretes are increasingly developed to insulate buildings and reduce the contribution of the construction sector to energy consumption. In this study, concrete made of typha with a cementitious matrix was elaborated. The mechanical performances (compressive strength and apparent elastic module) are evaluated. The variability of these performances according to the water/binder ratio, the curing conditions, and the class of cement were studied. The results show that mechanical performances of Typha cement concretes are in accordance with the values recommended in the French professional rules for hemp construction. The apparent elastic module obtained range from 15 to 35 MPa. The stress at 10% strain decreases from 0.52 to 0.30 MPa with increasing water content. The water/binder ratio of 0.7 conducted to the best mechanical performance.
Promoting generalisation in qualitative nursing research using the multiple case narrative approach: a methodological overview
Authors: Safari Kolsoom , McKenna Lisa , Davis Jenny
Published: October 2023

Background:

The ability to generalise research generated findings to different contexts is a significant, yet overlooked, feature in qualitative studies conducted in nursing, where evidence-based clinical practice is highly regarded. The multiple case narrative is a constructivist-narrative approach, claimed to not only have the potential for analytical and case-to-case generalisation but also sample-to-population generalisation.

Methods:

This paper provides an overview of multiple case narrative by comparing it with similar methodologies, reviewing studies that have used this approach and critically evaluating its capacity for producing generalisable results.

Results:

The multiple case narrative approach addresses limitations of collective case study, case survey and meta-ethnography by employing greater sample sizes and more generalisable results. Most studies previously using this approach have been performed in the education field and with the purpose of overcoming sample size limitations in qualitative research. The approach offers a uniquely systematic approach to analysis by finding associations between categories generated from collective analysis of large number of cases and providing the potential for sample to population generalisation.

Conclusion:

Multiple case narrative, which to date has been underutilised, is a systematic approach with characteristics that make it an efficient research technique to provide valid qualitative evidence.
The effect of modality and order presentation of emotional stimuli on time perception
Authors: Micillo Luigi , Grondin Simon , Mioni Giovanna
Published: October 2023

Despite human accuracy in perceiving time, many factors can modulate the subjective experience of time. For example, it is widely reported that emotion can expand or shrink our perception of time and that temporal intervals are perceived as longer when marked by auditory stimuli than by visual stimuli. In the present study, we aimed at investigating whether the influence of emotion on time perception can be altered by the order in which emotional stimuli are presented and the sensory modality in which they are presented. Participants were asked to complete a time bisection task in which emotional stimuli were presented either acoustically or visually, and either before or after interval to be estimated. We observed a main effect of modality (longer perceived duration and lower variability in the auditory than in the visual modality) as well as a main effect of emotion (temporal overestimation for negative stimuli compared to neutral). Importantly, the effects of modality and emotion interacted with the order of presentation of the emotional stimuli. In the visual condition, when emotional stimuli were presented after the temporal intervals, participants overestimated time, but no differences between negative and neutral stimuli were observed when emotional stimuli were presented first. In the auditory condition, no significant effect of emotion on perceived duration was found. Results suggest that negative emotions affect our perception of durations acting at the decision-making stage rather than at the pacemaker one. No effect on time perception was observed for emotional auditory stimuli.
Diversity and neocolonialism in Big Data research: Avoiding extractivism while struggling with paternalism
Authors: Helm Paula , de Götzen Amalia , Cernuzzi Luca , Hume Alethia , Diwakar Shyam , Ruiz Correa Salvador , Gatica-Perez Daniel
Published: October 2023

The extractive logic of Big Data-driven technology and knowledge production has raised serious concerns. While most criticism initially focused on the impacts on Western societies, attention is now increasingly turning to the consequences for communities in the Global South. To date, debates have focused on private-sector activities. In this article, we start from the conviction that publicly funded knowledge and technology production must also be scrutinized for their potential neocolonial entanglements. To this end, we analyze the dynamics of collaboration in an European Union-funded research project that collects data for developing a social platform focused on diversity. The project includes pilot sites in China, Denmark, the United Kingdom, India, Italy, Mexico, Mongolia, and Paraguay. We present the experience at four field sites and reflect on the project’s initial conception, our collaboration, challenges, progress, and results. We then analyze the different experiences in comparison. We conclude that while we have succeeded in finding viable strategies to avoid contributing to the dynamics of unilateral data extraction as one side of the neocolonial circle, it has been infinitely more difficult to break through the much more subtle but no less powerful mechanisms of paternalism that we find to be prevalent in data-driven North–South relations. These mechanisms, however, can be identified as the other side of the neocolonial circle.
Deprivation and Importation Measures as Predictors of Bullying Perpetration in Young Correctional Institutions
Authors: Hassan Nazirah
Published: October 2023

Bullying is a perennial problem in correctional institutions. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of bullying perpetration in young correctional institutions, and to identify environmental and personal factors as predictors of bullying perpetration. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 289 male and female young people from eight correctional institutions in Malaysia. The Direct and Indirect Prisoner Behavior Checklist (DIPC-SCALEDr) was used to measure both bullying perpetration and victimization. The study reported more than 90% of the participants engaged in at least one behavior indicative of bullying others during the 1 month period. Participants reported involvement across six bullying forms. Direct logistic regression analysis identified eight significant predictors of bullying perpetration i.e. time served in the institution, disciplinary punishment; gang membership, no self-injury, respect, bureaucratic legitimacy, fairness, and family contact. To conclude, this study confirms bullying perpetration is determined by both personal and environmental factors. Juvenile justice system can use these key findings to anchor future interventions to prevent bullying and other forms of violence in correctional institution. In the future, this study might include a focus on staff-offender bullying and protective factors for bulling perpetration in correctional institutions.
Factors Affecting the Memorable Experiences of Chinese Customers in Duty-Free Shopping
Authors: Hwang Jinsoo , Kim Seongseop (Sam) , Kim Insin , Park Seulgi
Published: October 2023

The current research explored the antecedents and consequences of the memorable experiences of Chinese tourists in duty-free shopping. Utilitarian (i.e., savings, quality, and convenience) and hedonic (i.e., value expression, exploration, and entertainment) benefits were proposed to enhance the memorable experiences of these tourists. Unlike previous studies, this study examined the antecedents and consequences of memorable experiences in the field of duty-free shopping for the first time. Based on these theoretical relationships, a research model with 11 hypotheses was developed and the hypotheses tested with data collected from 523 Chinese tourists with shopping experiences at duty-free shops in Korea. The results of structural equation modeling analysis indicated that savings, quality, exploration, and entertainment benefits play important roles in the formation of memorable experiences. Additionally, memorable experiences were found to be an important predictor of brand attitude and brand preference. Moreover, brand preference had a positive influence on WOM.
Online Learning Environments, Learners’ Empowerment, and Learning Behavioral Engagement: The Mediating Role of Learning Motivation
Authors: Pan Xiaoquan
Published: October 2023

This study aimed to explore the influence of online learning environments on learners’ empowerment, learning behavioral engagement and learning motivation and examine the mediating role of learning motivation. A total of 398 (132 male and 266 female) students from a comprehensive university in China participated in questionnaire survey and reported on their perceived online learning environments, learners’ empowerment, learning behavioral engagement, and learning motivation. Results showed that online learning environments significantly and positively influenced learners’ empowerment, learning behavioral engagement, and learning motivation; learners’ empowerment is positively associated with learning behavioral engagement. Furthermore, learning motivation mediated the relation between online learning environments and learning behavioral engagement. These findings unraveled the associations of both the external factors (e.g., online learning environments) and the internal factors (e.g., learning motivation; learners’ empowerment) of affecting students’ online learning behavioral engagement, thereby contributing to our further understanding and exploration of the imperatives of the joint inherent and extrinsic driving mechanisms. This study highlighted the importance of constructing appropriate online learning environments in accelerating students’ learning behavioral engagement, and would suggest focusing on teachers’ conscientious behaviors of enhancing the awareness of online learning community and stimulating students’ learning motivation.
Law Enforcement Uniforms and Public Perception: An Overview and Pilot Study
Authors: Westby Braden , Stone Richard , Fales Colten , Bonner Desmond
Published: October 2023

In a delicate balancing act between improving public relations and enhancing functionality and safety, law enforcement agencies often revisit the standards for their uniforms. Many experiments have been conducted over the years in reference to uniform color, but comparatively little research has been conducted relating to the implementation of accessories. In this study, we demonstrate that the use of “formal accessories” (as worn on a Class A uniform) may impact the public’s perception of police, particularly in reference to their perceived professionalism, authority, competence, and approachability.
Effects of a Shoulder-support Exoskeleton on Shoulder Strain during Augmented Reality Interactions
Authors: Kong Yong-Ku , Park Sang-Soo , Shim Jin-Woo , Choi Kyeong-Hee , Shim Hyun-Ho , Kia Kiana , Kim Jeong Ho
Published: October 2023

This study determined whether a passive shoulder-support exoskeleton would reduce biomechanical load in the shoulders during augmented reality (AR) interactions. Twenty participants were recruited to a repeated-measures laboratory study to perform AR tasks with and without a shoulder-support exoskeleton. The AR tasks consisted of two standardized tasks (omni-directional pointing and cube placing task). Shoulder muscle activity, postures, discomfort, and task performance (i.e., completion time) were measured during the experimental sessions. The result showed that the shoulder muscle activity (trapezius and deltoid muscles) and subjective shoulder discomfort were significantly lower with the exoskeleton compared to the no-exoskeleton condition (p < 0.05). The shoulder posture data showed that the exoskeleton use increased the 50th percentile of the shoulder flexion (p = 0.02). In contrast, the exoskeleton had limited effects on task performance (p > 0.83). These results suggested that a shoulder-support exoskeleton may have potential to reduce shoulder strain during AR interactions.
NIOSH research efforts to prevent work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Barim Menekse S. , (Asha) Brogan Ursula , Meyers Alysha , Victoroff Tristan , Baker Brent A. , Zheng Liying , Nasarwanji Mahiyar , Ramsey Jessica
Published: October 2023

NIOSH researchers are pioneering the study of musculoskeletal health as professional ergonomists. We examine physical and social components of work environments to mitigate musculoskeletal injury risks. Part of our mission is to reduce the burden of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) through a focused program of research and prevention that protects workers from MSDs, helps management mitigate related risks and liabilities, and helps practitioners improve the efficacy of workplace interventions.

The purpose of this discussion panel is to disseminate research findings and recommendations (1) to practitioners to interpret and apply the results of research to real-world problems, and (2) to inspire researchers to continue their efforts to protect the millions of workers at risk.
Eliciting Ergonomic User-Defined Gestures for Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study
Authors: Sanders Nathan , Sener Elif , Chen Karen B.
Published: October 2023

People are increasingly using virtual reality (VR) for work. As a result of extended use, fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders affecting the upper arms and shoulders are already becoming common among VR users. This pilot study presented a “virtual working area” (VWA) to reduce the risk of fatigue resulting from using gestures obtained in gesture elicitation studies, and explored how the distance to the user interface (UI) interacted with different functions (select, scroll) during a mock reading task. Results showed that keeping the hands within the VWA had the potential to reduce Rapid Upper-Body Limb Assessment (RULA) and Borg CR10 scores at clinically significant levels. Scores were worse when the UI was far away and for the select function, suggesting the design of virtual UIs can play a role in eliciting naturalistic yet ergonomic interactions. The results also provide effect sizes and variance estimates to plan future work.
A Conditional Variational Auto-encoder Model for Reducing Musculoskeletal Disorder Risk during a Human-Robot Collaboration Task
Authors: Qing Liwei , Su Bingyi , Xie Ziyang , Jung Sehee , Lu Lu , Wang Hanwen , Xu Xu , Fitts Edward P.
Published: October 2023

In recent years, there has been a trend to adopt human-robot collaboration (HRC) in the industry. In previous studies, computer vision-aided human pose reconstruction is applied to find the optimal position of point of operation in HRC that can reduce workers’ musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) risks due to awkward working postures. However, the reconstruction of human pose through computer-vision may fail due to the complexity of the workplace environment. In this study, we propose a data-driven method for optimizing the position of point of operation during HRC. A conditional variational auto-encoder (cVAE) model-based approach is adopted, which includes three steps. First, a cVAE model was trained using an open-access multimodal human posture dataset. After training, this model can output a simulated worker posture of which the hand position can reach a given position of point of operation. Next, an awkward posture score is calculated to evaluate MSD risks associated with the generated postures with a variety of positions of point of operation. The position of point of operation that is associated with a minimum awkward posture score is then selected for an HRC task. An experiment was conducted to validate the effectiveness of this method. According to the findings, the proposed method produced a point of operation position that was similar to the one chosen by participants through subjective selection, with an average difference of 4.5 cm.
Levels of Digitization, Digitalization, and Automation for Advanced Reactors
Authors: Boring Ronald L. , Ulrich Thomas A. , Lew Roger
Published: October 2023

Much has been written about levels of automation (LOA), but comparatively little has been written about levels of digitization (LODi) and levels of digitalization (LODa). Digitization is a digital representation of analog information and is typical of migration from analog to digital control systems, digitalization involves enhancing the functionality of digital information, and automation changes control from humans to machines. Each of these technology implementations has its own scales, and each forms a viable type of functionality that should be considered not as a continuum toward automation but rather as separate categories of solutions that meet the needs of advanced reactors. In this paper we develop separate LODi, LODa, and LOA scales and demonstrate how conflation of these technologies, using the example of computer-based procedures, can lead to confusion in the design process. With the race to develop advanced reactors, the surest metric of success and safety is proper consideration of the right technology requirements for different control systems.
Ergonomics Advances in Office Work and Work-from-Home
Authors: Gallagher Kaitlin M. , Chambers April J. , Lin Jia-Hua , Jacobs Karen , Robertson Michelle M.
Published: October 2023

Office ergonomics deals with the equipment and environment that office workers interact to perform their job duties. With constant advances in tools, technology, organizations, and society as a whole, the consequent advantages and impacts on office ergonomics warrant constant examination. In this panel discussion, five researchers will share their recent efforts. The panel starts with two studies on components of office works: the impact of ultrawide computer displays and the utility of sit/stand desks. While these components can be used in both traditional and home office environment, the latter three studies focus on the emergence of work from home (WFH), or hybrid work styles. The determinants of successful WFH ergonomics settings, the physical and mental well-being as well as the productivity among workers in the new workstyle, and an example of organizational intervention for a successful change are presented. The panelists will engage the attendees to explore the future of office ergonomics landscape.
Using Multilevel Hidden Markov Models to Understand Driver Hazard Avoidance during the Takeover Process in Conditionally Automated Vehicles
Authors: Wang Manhua , Parikh Ravi , Jeon Myounghoon
Published: October 2023

Ensuring a safe transition between the automation system and human operators is critical in conditionally automated vehicles. During the automation-to-human transition process, hazard avoidance plays an important role after human drivers regain the vehicle control. This study applies the multilevel Hidden Markov Model to understand the hazard avoidance processes in response to static road hazards as continuous processes. The three-state model—Approaching, Negotiating, and Recovering—had the best model fitness, compared to the four-state and five-state models. The trained model reaches an average of 66% accuracy rate on predicting hazard avoidance states on the testing data. The prediction performance reveals the possibility to use the hazard avoidance pattern to recognize driving behaviors. We further propose several improvements at the end to generalize our models into other scenarios, including the potential to model hazard avoidance as a basic driving skill across different levels of automation conditions.
Effects of Variations in the Tragus Expansion Angle on Users’ Comfort for In-ear Wearables
Authors: Fan Hao , Wang Mengcheng , Zhao Xiao , Ren Yihui , Chen Chen , Dou Yunjie , Shi Jinlei , Chen Dengkai , Harris-Adamson Carisa , Chai Chunlei
Published: October 2023

Tragus expansion angle (TEA) is an angular variable that quantifies the degree of outward expansion of the tragus cartilage induced by in-ear wearables worn in the human ear. However, the TEA cannot be measured directly, and the mechanism that explains how expansion variations affect users’ comfort experience is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to establish a quantitative relationship between variations in the tragus expansion angle and users’ comfort experience. TEA was measured on 400 healthy participants and normalized using a measuring device (ATMC prototype) and Tragus Expansion Index (TEI). Our results show that the comfort range across variations in TEA was similar for both sexes, yet compared to females, males could tolerate larger variations both in TEA and TEI. A quantitative relationship was established using TEI values, (dis)comfort ratings and GaussAmp function, which can be employed for ergonomic design purposes.
Development of Janitors’ Workload Calculator
Authors: Bao Stephen , Lin Jia-Hua , Howard Ninica , Lee Wonil
Published: October 2023

This paper presents the development of a Workload Calculator specific to the commercial office building janitorial service industry. This is developed due to the increased need for addressing the high workload issues and increased work-related injury claims in the industry. Actual field data were collected to quantify various workload measures and the risks are evaluated with widely used ergonomics job evaluation methods. These workload measures include work pace, overall workload (steps walked and energy expenditure demands, hand/wrist, shoulder and low back biomechanical exposures). This developed workload calculator can provide industrial practitioners with a tool to estimate the workload of planned or existing jobs. It can also help EHS, safety and ergonomics practitioners to identify issues and develop focused interventions. It can also provide cleaning equipment manufacturers and cleaning method developers means to identify issues in the current system and develop new equipment and methods for improvement.
Measuring Temporal Awareness for Human-Aware AI
Authors: Gray Margaret A. , Yong Zhuorui , Wasti Abhijan , Rantanen Esa M. , Heard Jamison R.
Published: October 2023

This research investigated human performance in response to task demands that may be used to convey information about the human to an artificial agent. We performed an experiment with a dynamic time-sharing task to investigate participants development of temporal awareness of the task event unfolding in time. Temporal awareness as an extension, or a special case, of situation awareness, may provide for useful measures of covert mental models applicable to numerous tasks and for input to human-aware AI agents. Temporal awareness measures may be used to classify human performance into the control modes in the contextual control model (COCOM): scrambled, opportunistic, tactical, and strategic. Twenty-one participants participated in a withinsubjects experiment with an abstract task of resetting four independent timers within their respective windows of opportunity. The results show that temporal measures of task performance are sensitive to changes in task disruptions and difficulty and therefore have promise for human-aware AI.
Impacts of Roadside Vegetation and Lane Width on Speed Management in Rural Roads
Authors: Wu Jiabei , Jiang Jiachen , Duffy Vincent , Zhou Jue , Chen Yaobin , Tian Renran , McCoy Dan , Ruble Taylor
Published: October 2023

Effective speed management in transition areas is crucial. Although numerous studies have proposed countermeasures to ensure driving safety, little research has been conducted on identifying effective and low-cost countermeasures for speed management when transitioning from rural roads to small towns. This study proposes two countermeasures: roadside vegetation and change in lane width and investigates the impact of these countermeasures on speed management performance in this context using a driving simulator experiment. Thirty participants completed eight scenarios, and countermeasures were evaluated based on stabilized speed, minimum speed, and in-town average speed. Results showed that stabilized speed and minimum speed decreased significantly in the combination of narrow lane and different vegetation designs compared to the baseline. Post-countermeasure in-town average speed didn’t decrease significantly in all scenarios. These findings suggest that roadside vegetations and narrow lane width can be effective for speed management in the transition from rural roads to small towns.
Evaluating the Usability of Common Warnings across Industries Using the System Usability Scale
Authors: Ngo Carly , Ziegler Acemyan Claudia , Kortum Philip
Published: October 2023

This study evaluated people’s perceived usability of warning signs and labels using the System Usability Scale (SUS), to understand how textual and visual factors of warnings contribute to SUS scores. 30 warning signs/labels across various industries were selected and 135 participants evaluated these warnings on their usability and familiarity. Each warning’s textual and visual complexity was also assessed. The resulting SUS scores for the warnings covered a broad range (min = 26.1, max = 92.4). Familiarity with the system and the number of words on the warning significantly correlated with SUS scores. Warnings with higher lexical density, a measure of how informative a written text is, related to higher SUS scores. There was no significant relationship between warnings’ visual complexity and SUS scores. The results suggest that the SUS might prove to be a simple and useful way to measure the usability of warnings.
Progressive Medical Simulation: An Analysis of the Integration of Progressive and Personalized Learning in Central Line Simulators
Authors: Elsaadany Isra K. , Gonzalez-Vargas Jessica M. , Moore Jason Z. , Miller Scarlett R.
Published: October 2023

Progressive learning gradually increases task difficulty as students advance in their education. One area that can benefit from it is medical education since it can optimize medical trainees’ skill acquisition. While progressive learning can allow for skill transfer to patient encounters, personalized learning increases the efficiency and effectiveness of learning. However, it is not well understood the number of practice trials needed to reach proficiency. To evaluate whether progressive and personalized learning can enhance medical trainees’ learning gains, the learning interface of the Dynamic Haptic Robotic Trainer (DHRT) for Central Venous Catheterization was assessed. Results showed that residents’ performance on the DHRT did not differ based on task difficulty and residents’ performance was as effective with less number of trials. The findings imply a need to integrate progressive and personalized learning on the DHRT simulator to ensure that residents are fully prepared for any patient scenario in a real-life encounter.
Keep your hands on the wheel: The effect of driver supervision strategy on change detection, mind wandering, and gaze behavior
Authors: Amre Shruti M. , Steelman Kelly S.
Published: October 2023

Advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) enable drivers to relinquish operational control of the vehicle to automation for part of the total drive. While these features are engaged, drivers have an increased risk of losing awareness of their environment. Current ADAS broadly utilizes hands-on-the-wheel or eyes-on-the-road driver supervision strategies to continually monitor steering-wheel torque and drivers’ head and eye positions to ensure driver attention. The current work examines the effect of hands-on-the-wheel and eyes-on-the-road driver supervision strategies on change detection, mind wandering, and gaze behavior in a low-fidelity semi-autonomous driving task.
Framing Updates: How Framing Influences Trust for Automated Driving Systems
Authors: Mishler Scott , Chen Jing
Published: October 2023

The boom of automated driving systems (ADS) promises to change the way humans drive and interact with their vehicle, especially when these systems receive new updates that may change the way they work. Human-automation teams need to ensure proper roles are established for who is in control of the driving task at any given time. The human needs to have properly calibrated trust to know how to properly work with the system during driving. Framing research shows that positive and negative framing can influence how individuals perceive and make decisions, and swift trust shows that trust can be created quickly in newly established teams. We draw from both realms of literature and tested how new updates of the ADS are framed to the driver with the goal of either promoting or dampening trust to ensure the human driver is maintaining proper trust calibration.
Factors Influencing Trust in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems for Current Users
Authors: DeGuzman Chelsea A. , Donmez Birsen
Published: October 2023

Understanding the factors influencing trust in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) may help inform training and education to support appropriate use. We surveyed 369 drivers with experience using both adaptive cruise control (ACC) and lane keeping assist (LKA). The survey included questions to assess trust in ADAS, along with objective knowledge about ADAS limitations, self-reported understanding of ADAS, familiarity with technology, propensity to trust technology, and demographics. Regression results showed that self-reported understanding, but not objective knowledge, predicted trust in ADAS. Self-reported understanding was not correlated with objective knowledge; overall, participants were not aware of many of the system limitations included in the survey. Propensity to trust technology was also a significant predictor of trust. Training/educational materials could be designed to inform drivers of potential gaps in their understanding and adjust expectations of ADAS to support appropriate trust for those with a high propensity to trust technology.
Relationships between people’s mental programs and trust in automation
Authors: Cui Zixin , Yang Fan , Lee Seul Chan , Lee Jieun , Li Xintong , Itoh Makoto
Published: October 2023

Social and human factors are also important for the development of human-automation trust (HAT) besides technical factors of automation. The current article reviewed studies on the influences of social and human factors on HAT and provided a new perspective by combing Hofstede et al. (2010)’s mental programs model. Results showed that although few studies have discussed the relationships between HAT and human nature, oxytocin secretion can positively influence HAT. Then, it was found that different cultural characteristics tended to play different roles in HAT formation, however, the newest and direct evidence is still lacking. Lastly, some personality traits were verified to affect HAT, whereas the effects of other traits are still controversial across contexts. This literature review provided the need for future studies: validating how and why each level of mental programs affects HAT and clarifying the core factors and the synergies of each level of mental programs on HAT.
Assessing Drivers’ Mental Model Of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Using Signal Detection Theory
Authors: Huang Chunxi , Yan Song , He Dengbo
Published: October 2023

Previous studies evaluated drivers’ knowledge of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) using different kinds of percent-correctness-based mental model scores (MMS), which makes cross-study comparisons difficult. To resolve this issue, our study explored the use of sensitivity (i.e., d-prime ( d’)) and response bias (i.e., criterion location ( c)) in signal detection theory (SDT) as a measure of drivers’ ADAS mental models. Based on the data collected from a survey among 287 ADAS users, regression models were fitted, and it was found that d’ and c accounted for a large variance when estimating drivers’ ADAS mental models as measured by MMSs (adjusted R2 > 0.8). Further, predictors of MMSs were also predictors of d’ and c, but d’ and c include additional information that was not covered in MMSs. These findings support the usage of d’ and c as standard metrics for assessing drivers’ ADAS mental models in future research.
Understanding overdriving: Human factors considerations in heavy vehicle headlight visibility and stopping distance
Authors: Davis Shane J. , Denga Ropafadzo , Shlanta Peter , Cades David
Published: October 2023

Nighttime road fatalities are a significant safety concern in the U.S., especially those involving commercial vehicles. Often an explanation offered involves overdriving headlights, or driving at a speed that does not allow for safe response within the range of the headlights’ visibility. The scientific literature was reviewed to assess the real-world applicability of guidance commonly provided in Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) manuals that advises heavy vehicle drivers to drive at a speed that allows them to be able to stop within the range of the vehicle’s headlights. We conclude that this guidance provided by CDL does not account for the variety of roadway types, driver expectations, and travel speeds, nor a scientific understanding about visual perception and hazard avoidance. It is recommended that further work be conducted to examine real-world application of commercial vehicle driver capabilities and variable roadway types to better inform guidance and recommendations.
The Impact of Hospital Bed Height and Gender on Fall Risk During Bed Egress
Authors: Raza Usmani Ahmad , Kotowski Susan E. , Davis Kermit G.
Published: October 2023

Many patient falls in healthcare facilities can be attributed to bed ingress and egress tasks. While bed height has been used as a means of fall injury prevention, some positions may actually place the patient at a biomechanical disadvantage during ingress and egress tasks, increasing fall risk, but this interaction is not well understood. Therefore, this study investigated the interaction between bed height, gender, and biomechanical outcomes of ground reaction forces to determine fall risk changes as a function of bed height. Participants were 24 healthy individuals who completed 72 trials. Results showed the main effects of bed height and gender were significant (p<0.05), but not the interaction for both vertical and anterior-posterior forces. Males had significantly greater forces in both directions, and the force in both directions were lowest under approximately a 66 cm bed height.
Optimizing Automated Alarm Systems Through the Integration of Operator Preferences and Proactive Monitoring: Initial Testing
Authors: Parker Theresa , Henning Robert
Published: October 2023

Efforts to optimize automated alarm systems have introduced the use of supplementary graphical proactive monitoring displays (GPMDs) that promote salient deviation detection alongside alarms. This study proposes the incorporation of newer, adaptable automation techniques, which afford operators control over an automated alarm’s reliability, in combination with GPMDs to further optimize these systems. A 2 (choice in reliability) x 2 (supplementary display) case-control match design was used to examine effects on task performance, operator mood, trust in automation, and subjective workload using an open-source version of the NASA Multi-Attribute Task Battery (OpenMATB). Results indicate that experimental participants rated the automation significantly higher on a trust in automation subscale than those in the control group. Few negative findings indicate it would be worthwhile to continue investigating the proposed system adaptations to determine if there are benefits to be gained from their application in realworld scenarios where risk of failure is especially dangerous.
Ultrasonic measurement for the diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome: A study in the Hong Kong Chinese population
Authors: Man Chung Pui , Ching-San Chow Esther
Published: October 2023

Introduction: Ulnar nerve enlargement is observed in ultrasound (USG) in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS). This study aims to compare the ultrasound size of the ulnar nerve between CuTS patients and control subjects, to find the cut off size for diagnosis, and to validate the use of USG as an adjunct in CuTS diagnosis. Materials and Methods: There were 23 elbows with clinical and nerve conduction test (NCT) confirmed CuTS, and 42 elbows in the control group. Cases with elbow deformities, old ulnar nerve injuries and postoperative cases were excluded. The ulnar nerve cross sectional area (CSA) was measured at 6 different levels and positions: over the medial epicondyle (ME) in elbow flexion/extension, 2 cm and 5 cm distal to the ME, 2 cm and 5 cm proximal to the ME. A cut off CSA value for CuTS diagnosis was derived. Correlation between ulnar nerve CSAs and NCT was analysed. Results: The age and gender distribution were similar in both groups (61.2 vs 56.6; M > F, p > 0.05). The mean CSA of the CuTS group vs control group was 19.2 mm2 vs 7.0 mm2, 19.5 mm2 vs 7.1 mm2, 20.8 mm2 vs 8.1 mm2 at ME flexion, ME extension and maximal CSA respectively. The derived CSA cut off value for CuTS at ME flexion, ME extension and maximal CSA were 10.5 mm2, 11.5 mm2, and 15 mm2 respectively. The CSA difference at different levels between the 2 groups were significant except at 5 cm proximal to ME. A strong negative correlation was seen between the CSA and the across elbow nerve conduction velocity, with correlation coefficient of −0.748 at ME flexion, −0.654 at ME extension and -0.676 at maximal CSA. Conclusion: USG can be used as an adjunct for the diagnosis of CuTS with high accuracy and patient safety. It can also be used to delineate possible anatomical etiologies at the cubital tunnel.
Proactive method for identification and handling of patient complaints with root cause analysis in Surabaya Islamic Hospital
Authors: Aan Adriansyah Agus , Setianto Budhi , Lukiyono Yauwan Tobing , Wikurendra Edza Aria
Published: October 2023

Background:

Errors or cases that occur in health care organizations are very fatal because they can reduce the quality of life of patients and the worst is cause the death of the patient. One of the appropriate tools to be applied in analyzing cases/problems that occur in Surabaya Islamic Hospitals is root cause analysis. The complaints were addressed to the medical services, medical support, general, administration and verification, information systems and management, and finance sections.

Design and methods:

This research uses secondary data on hospital patient complaints in 2022 and is supported by the results of online interviews with the head of marketing public relations. Secondary data was processed through a six stages of root cause analysis and analyzed with the help of a fishbone diagram to determine the root cause of the problem in the health care sector.

Results:

There were 261 complaints received by customer service addressed to the medical services, medical support, general, administration and verification, information systems and management, and finance departments. There are eight root causes found in Surabaya Islamic Hospital inpatient complaints. This proves that there must be improvements/ interventions made by the Surabaya Islamic Hospital to overcome inpatient complaints.

Conclusions:

Inpatient complaints at Surabaya Islamic Hospital prove the need for a number of interventions/improvements, especially in the field of human resources, namely the level of discipline, skills, empathy, communication, limited medical, and financial staff.