bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VI.—The Petrology and Sedimentation of Upper Ordovician Rocks in the Rhinns of Galloway, South-west Scotland
Authors: Kelling Gilbert
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The petrology of a group of geosynclinal rudites and arenites of Upper Ordovician age from the Rhinns of Galloway, south-west Scotland, is described. The rudites are confined to the oldest formation, the Corsewall Group, and consist of pebbly microbreccias and “boulder-beds” interbedded with coarse greywackes and platy siltstones. The composition of the microbreccias and boulder-beds varies little with stratigraphic level.

The arenites comprise lithic, coarse-grained greywackes with occasional quartzose or feldspathic varieties. They carry, in aggregate, a wide range of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock-fragments, quartz of variable source, a variety of feldspars, ferromagnesian minerals, micas, chlorites and a common to conspicuous argillaceous matrix. The greywackes are well defined stratigraphically as regards both overall composition and the character of the large mineral grains and rock-fragments (“granules”). Moreover composition appears to be related to grain-size in a consistent manner. The size-distribution, sorting and skewness of the greywackes based on thin section measurements show little stratigraphic variation.

The aggregate suite of heavy minerals is meagre and only minor differences exist in the individual formation-suites.

The character of the rock-fragments and mineral grains suggests that the earlier formations were derived from a nearby source-area in which plutonic and hypabyssal acid and basic igneous rocks were extensively exposed, together with spilitic lavas and glaucophane schists. The petrology of the upper formations reveals that a metamorphic terrain of Southern Highlands aspect became an important additional source of material. However, the highest beds were derived from a region dominated by andesitic and spilitic tuffs and lavas.

The principal directional sedimentary structures are described briefly and it is suggested that the lower part of the Corsewall Group, derived mainly from the north and north-east, was deposited in a sheltered pro-delta environment, but that the boulder-beds and associated rocks were formed within a more boisterous region. The Kirkcolm Group is a turbidite-sequence deposited in a marine trough of moderate depth by currents which at first flowed dominantly in opposing directions, towards either north-east or south-west. However, transport from the north-east became progressively established. The Portpatrick Group is another turbidite-sequence but this formation was deposited by currents flowing from the west or south-west.
VII.—On an Arctolepid Fish from Gemünden
Authors: Westoll T. S. , Miles R. S.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The arctolepid fish “Phlyctœnaspis” germanica is redescribed as Stuertzaspis n.gen. An interpretation of the head shield is attempted and it is suggested on this evidence that the fish is a relatively unspecialized member of Denison's subfamily Actinolepinæ. On the ventral surface of the fossil is preserved the postethmo-occipital ossification of the neural endocranium, a structure previously satisfactorily known only in Kujdanowiaspis among the Arctolepida. Generally the endocranium of Stuertzaspis is similar to that of Kujdanowiaspis, although it shows some interesting differences, particularly in the orbital and occipital regions.
VIII.—The Petrology of Picritic Rocks in Minor Intrusions—a Picrite Sill on the Island of Soay (Hebrides)
Authors: Wyllie P. J. , Drever H. I.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

A Small picrite sill of critical significance is examined in detail, from top to bottom, with particular reference to the distribution and crystallization of the olivine. Statistical evaluation of the sizes of olivine crystals establishes a gradation from large phenocrysts to small groundmass crystals. The micrometric data indicate that, while the feldspar content has remained constant, there is an inverse relationship between the distribution of olivine and pyroxene. This relationship, viewed in conjunction with the common tendency toward skeletal crystallization of the olivine and its gradation in size, amounts to substantial evidence that much of the olivine rapidly crystallized at the time when the sill was emplaced. At a few places, the sandstones and grits, into which the sill has been intruded, have been fused. Where it has penetrated a dolerite dyke along its direction of strike, a non-porphyritic facies, with very much less olivine, is associated with xenoliths of peridotite and of fused sandstone. It is inferred, from the field relationships, that this non-porphyritic facies was intruded as a liquid, containing xenoliths, in advance of the picrite. The chemical composition of this liquid is more calcic than basalt. It is concluded that this earlier calcic liquid was followed by a later magnesian (picritic) liquid and that these liquids have probably a deep-seated genetic relationship with feldspathic peridotite. Further research must be directed toward investigating this relationship both experimentally and in picrite—peridotite rock associations.
XIII.—Liguria Nappe: Northern Apennines
Authors: Bailey E. B. , McCallien W. J.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

We undertake a re-interpretation of eighteen sheets of the 1: 100,000 Geological Survey map of Italy. Developing the tectonic discoveries of G. Steinmann and S. Lencewicz we group the pre-Middle Miocene rocks of the district in four structural units beginning with the lowest as follows: (1) The rocks seen through the Carrara Window; (2) Spezia Nappe; (3) Liguria Nappe; (4) Genoa Nappe. Our account mainly concerns the Liguria Nappe. In it we find too much layering to admit of G. I. Migliorini's invocation of successive piecemeal landslips. We also cannot agree with certain important features of R. Staub's synthesis of Mediterranean tectonics.
An investigation of the Encrinurinae (Trilobita) by numerical taxonomic methods
Authors: Temple J. T. , Tripp R. P.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Numerical taxonomic methods are applied to the Encrinurinae (Trilobita). Thirty-five cranidial and pygidial attributes are defined of which some (e.g. those relating to the glabellar tubercles) are specific to encrinurines and cybelines while others have application to non-encrinurids. Of nearly 200 named species of Encrinurinae only about one-third have been described in the literature in sufficient detail for their cranidial and pygidial attribute states be coded: a much smaller proportion of species is well enough known for librigenal, rostral, hypostomal and thoracic attributes to be coded. A comprehensive numerical taxonomy of the subfamily must therefore await detailed description of most of the known species. A list is given of encrinurine species in need of re-investigation. Meanwhile, 63 species can be coded for 34 attributes, and 75 species for 28 attributes. Principal components analysis is used to produce ordinations of these species. The minimal spanning tree superimposed on the ordination suggests possible evolutionary lineages. Ordination of the attributes is by non-linear mapping based on a distance matrix derived from the inter-attribute correlation matrix by the transformation (tanh−1|r|)−1. The ordinations compare well with subjective assessments of relations and phylogenies.
Petrology and origin of the type monchiquites and associated lamprophyre dykes of Serra de Monchique, Portugal
Authors: Rock N. M. S.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The term ‘monchiquite’ has suffered such conflicting usage that a redefinition is here proposed:monchiquitesare alkaline lamprophyres with essential brown amphibole and/or biotite but not necessarily with olivine, possessing a near-isotropic feldspar-free base of glass (hyalomonchiquites), analcime (analcime-monchiquites) or nepheline (nepheline-monchiquites). This effectively reverts to Rosenbusch's original definition, whilst accommodating established practices in the subsequent literature. Notwithstanding certain published interpretations, the type monchiquites from Monchique and Rio de Janeiro are hyalomonchiquites.

The Monchique monchiquites are associated with camptonites and sannaites in a dyke swarm invading the Monchique foyaitic intrusion. Field, petrological, geothermometric and geochemical evidence is presented to suggest that these dykes resulted from two mixing processes: (i) a version of Bowen's classic reaction between mafic crystals and alkaline liquids—here between cumulus divines and foyaitic magma; (ii) hybridisation of hydrous theralitic and nepheline syenite magmas, restricted by liquid immiscibility. The secondary origin of certain dykes is evinced by extreme mineralogical disequilibrium. The monchiquites could represent a more advanced stage of such processes than the camptonites and sannaites.
XXXII.—Jurassic Plants from Cromarty and Sutherland, Scotland.
Authors: Seward A. C. , Bancroft N.
Published: January 2013

In an account of the Jurassic flora of Sutherland, published in 1911, it was stated that a few petrified specimens from Eathie Bay, Cromarty, and from Helmsdale on the coast of Sutherland, would be dealt with in a subsequent paper. One of the best preserved of them forms the subject of a recent communication to the Royal Society of London. The majority of the specimens described in the following pages are from the Hugh Miller collection in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. We take this opportunity of expressing our thanks to the Director of the Museum for the loan of the fossils, and for permission to have sections prepared for microscopical examination. For the loan of the section reproduced in Plate II. fig. 19 we are indebted to the generosity of Dr Kidston.
XIV.—On Intestinal Respiration in Annelids; with Considerations on the Origin and Evolution of the Vascular System in that Group.
Authors: Stephenson J.
Published: January 2013

The investigations recorded in the present paper have been carried out at various times during the last six years. A number of the observations on aquatic Oligochæta were made some time ago in India, and, along with some of the theoretical conclusions, formed Part IV. of a Thesis (“Studies on the Aquatic Oligochæta of the Punjab”) presented in 1909 for the D.Sc. degree of the London University. This division of the paper has been considerably extended as a result of further investigations on Indian freshwater forms, and on the littoral Oligochæta of the Clyde, the latter carried out at Millport in 1909. The portion of the present paper which is concerned with the Polychæta and smaller groups represents work done in 1909 at Millport, and in 1912, during my occupancy of the London University table, at the Plymouth Laboratory.
XIII.—Jurassic and Kainozoic Corals from Somaliland
Authors: Latham Mary H.
Published: January 2013

The collection of fossil corals from British Somaliland described in the following paper was made by Mr R. A. Farquharson, M.A., M.Sc., F.G.S., Government Geologist, during his survey of the country in 1923–24.

The first known fossil coral from Somaliland was collected in 1894–95, and in 1898–99 a collection of Jurassic, Eocene, Oligocene, and Pleistocene corals was made by Mr and Mrs Lort-Phillips, Miss Cole, Mr Aylmer, Miss Gillet, and Captain Marshall, and described by Professor Gregory, F.R.S. In 1907 Mr T. W. Vaughan described some Pleistocene and Recent corals from French Somaliland. A further large collection of Jurassic, Oligocene, and Pleistocene corals was made by Mr B. K. N. Wyllie, B.Sc., and Dr W. R. Smellie, both geologists on the staff of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, and described in 1925 by Professor Gregory.
XVI.—On Abnormal Teeth in Certain Mammals, especially in the Rabbit
Authors: M'Intosh W. C.
Published: January 2013

The importance of teeth in the classification of animals, from the days of Aristotle, Ray, Linnæus, Erxleben, Hunter, and their numerous successors, caused the occurrence of abnormalities to be frequently noted. Such, indeed, are found in many groups,e.g.in the Primates, Lemurs, Carnivores, Rodents, Ungulates, Sirenians, Edentates, and Marsupials. Whilst the main subject of this investigation was abnormal teeth in the rabbit, it was thought right to glance at the other groups of mammals, including various rodents besides the rabbit, so as to give greater breadth to the observations. Less attention, perhaps, was paid to the diminution or increase in the number of the teeth in the general groups than to their abnormality in structure or position.
XXIV.—The Life-history and Cytology of Reticularia Lycoperdon Bull
Authors: Wilson Malcolm , Cadman Elsie J.
Published: January 2013

During the last eighty years the Mycetozoa have attracted the attention of numerous investigators, largely on account of the striking differences in structure which are exhibited at successive stages in the life-history. The fact that during the early stages of their development they consist of naked masses of protoplasm and closely resemble certain lowly animal forms, while later on in the sporangial condition they assume plant-like characters, has given rise to numerous discussions as to their position in the classification of living organisms.
XXXI.—Sporangial Variation in the Osmundaceæ
Authors: Williams S.
Published: January 2013

The characters of the sporangium have been widely used in the phyletic treatment of Ferns, and one of the most important features has proved to be the nature and position of the annulus. As Professor Bower has pointed out, the position of the annulus has long been regarded as an important character in the systematic treatment of Ferns. In the more advanced groups the annulus forms a very precise dehiscence mechanism consisting of a single layer of indurated cells passing round the sporangium in different positions in the various groups. With very few exceptions, notably found in the Gymnogrammoid circle of affinity, the structure and position of the annulus is constant in any one species. In the more primitive groups of Ferns, however, the dehiscence mechanism is much less precise, and a re-examination of the sporangia of the Osmundaceæ has shown that these are by no means constant in structure and that, in particular, they show considerable variation in the characters of their annulus. These latter variations have proved to be of interest in relation to two questions:

1. The systematic placing of certain fossil sporangia.

2. The evolution of the more definite annulus of the higher Leptosporangiate Ferns.

Other points of interest emerged, such as the occurrence of abortive sporangia in this group, and certain facts relating to the position of the sporangia with relation to the margin of the frond.

A description of the sporangia of a number of species of Osmunda and Todea will first be given. The bearing of these facts on the problems above mentioned will then be discussed.
IX.—The Postcranial Skeleton ofEnsthenopteron foordiWhiteaves
Authors: Andrews S. Mahala , Westoll T. Stanley
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Well preserved material of the crossopterygian fishEusthenopteronenables fresh reconstructions and interpretations of its postcranial skeleton to be given. Comparisons throughout with other bony fishes show that it may be primitive in many features. Similarities with early amphibians such as the screw-shaped glenoid, the form of the humerus (on which an attempt to restore the pectoral musculature is based), the dorsal bicipital ribs and the possibility of a sacral attachment, throw much light on the origin of the tetrapod postcranial skeleton, particularly of the cheiropterygium. A functional analysis of the skeleton ofEnsthenopteronis attempted, suggesting that it resembled the pike (Esox) in its mode of life and that it may have been capable of short journeys “walking” overland. The possible selective factors stimulating the evolution of such a fish, and further evolution to the tetrapod stage are discussed.
XIV.—Observations on the structure of the shipworms,Nausitora hedleyi, Teredo furciferaandTeredora princesae (Bivalvia: Teredinidae)
Authors: Saraswathy M. , Nair N. Balakrishnan
Published: January 2013

SYNOPSIS

Detailed descriptions and illustrations are presented of the structure of three representative species of tropical shipworms,Nausitora hedleyi, Teredo furciferaandTeredora princesae.The disposition of the various organ systems is described and illustrated with notes on the histology of the different regions so as to throw light on the adaptations and specializations of these unusual bivalves. The trend of evolution within the Teredinidae is discussed in the light of the available evidence contained in the present morphological studies.
1.—Dalradian Structure and Stratigraphy of the Northern Loch Awe District, Argyllshire
Authors: Borradaile G. J.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

A structural profile has been constructed for part of the Caledonian fold belt from a map of the Dalradian rocks of the Loch Awe District of Argyllshire. The profile includes the Loch Awe Syncline (Bailey 1913) and the root to the Tay Nappe (Shackleton 1958). The Loch Awe Syncline is shown to be a compound syncline of F1 age, congruent with the Tay Nappe. The F1 structures are accompanied by a penetrative deformation and modified by secondary structures. The stratigraphic succession, which includes the Upper Dalradian and part of the Middle Dalradian, has been reconstructed from the profiles and is shown to have originally been about 10 km thick. The prominent features are the development of a basin to the south-east of the present area in the Late Pre-Cambrian and the extrusion of a 2 km thick basic submarine lava pile in Lower Cambrian times. A subsequent basic submarine lava sequence was extruded in Late Lower Cambrian or Middle Cambrian time and represents the topmos lithostratigraphic group yet recorded from the Dalradian of S.W. Argyll.
7.—Coral Reefs and Molluscs
Authors: Yonge C. M.
Published: January 2013

This address is concerned—not, I feel, unsuitably on this particular occasion—with the two major interests that have occupied me since I began research in marine biology following graduation at Edinburgh in 1922. Initial work on the bivalve molluscs,Mya arenariaandOstrea edulis, at Edinburgh and Plymouth respectively, was followed by appointment as Balfour Student in the University of Cambridge and leadership of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition of 1928–29. There I made acquaintance with corals, with the reefs they form and with their associated molluscan fauna, which has since been widely extended in other regions of the Indo-Pacific and also in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean in the Atlantic. It is clearly impossible to review this wide subject-matter, this address representing a statement of opinion based largely on the results of personal research.
22.—The Terraces of Glen Feshie, Inverness-shire
Authors: Young J. A. T.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Detailed mapping and accurate heighting reveal the extent of a well-preserved terrace system whose highest fragments lie c. 40 m above contemporary stream level. Kame terraces, pitted outwash terraces, terraces dissected by braided rivers and fan terraces are identified. The terrace fragments form a valley train whose uppermost levels were produced when glacier ice was still present in the glen. As successive streams readjusted to postglacial hydrological conditions, they excavated the valley fill of glacial deposits and carved out the terraces. It is inferred that subsequent stream discharges were generally smaller than those associated with deglaciation at the end of the period of ice sheet wastage. Areally extensive, heavily dissected, low level terraces are suggested to have been produced by meltwaters from a later deglaciation at the end of Zone III.
VI.—The Pycnogonida of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Hodgson T. V.
Published: January 2013

I am greatly indebted to Dr W. S. Bruce, the able leader of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, for the opportunity to describe theScotiacollections as regards the Pycnogonida and the Isopoda. We are now concerned with the Pycnogonida, and I regret that there has been so much delay before the production of the report. The collection is a large one, and extremely interesting—totally different from that made by theDiscoveryin the same region, but on the opposite side of the world. If smaller in the number of species brought home, in number of individuals it far exceeds that collection. Its principal interest lies in problems of distribution.
XXVIII.—New Stelar Facts, and their Bearing on Stelar Theories for the Ferns
Authors: Thompson John M'Lean
Published: January 2013

For over thirty years problems of stelar structure in the Ferns have claimed the attention of anatomists. By common consent protostely has been recognised as a primitive state. It is seen in all phyla of primitive vascular plants, except the semi-aquatic Equisetales, it figures universally in the juvenile plants of the Filicales, and is maintained in the adult stems of a number of their primitive genera.

But as to the origin of pith, inner phloëm, and inner endodermis, and the steps by which during descent the primitive protostely has in many instances been replaced in the adult by other more complex stelar states, there is no general agreement. On the one hand, the pith, inner phloëm, and inner endodermis have been regarded as purely intrastelar tissues directly referable in origin both in individual plants and descent to the procambial mass of the growing point of the stem.
XXXII.—On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part IV. Restorations of the Vascular Cryptogams, and Discussion of their bearing on the General Morphology of the Pteridophyta and the Origin of the Organisation of Land-Plants
Authors: Kidston R. , Lang W. H.
Published: January 2013

This part of the account of our examination of the plants preserved in the silicified peat-bed of early Old Red Sandstone age found at Rhynie will be devoted to the consideration of a number of general questions concerning the four Vascular Cryptogams which it has yielded.

1. In the first place the morphological characters of Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughani, R. major, Hornea, and Asteroxylon will be reviewed and the attempt made to reconstruct the external appearance of these plants as they grew. In relation to this a few additional features of the plants will be described.

2. This will lead naturally to a consideration of the general bearings upon plant-morphology of the facts mentioned in this series of papers.
XVI.—On the Development of the Cranial Muscles in Protopterus and Lepidosiren
Authors: Edgeworth F. H.
Published: January 2013

The cranial structures of Protopterus and Lepidosiren are now fairly well known, and especially owing to the investigations of Bischoff, Bridge, Fürbringer, Göppert, Humphry, Hyrtl, Jaquet, Luther, Maurer, Owen, Pinkus, Ruge, and Wiedersheim, on their adult anatomy, and to those of Kerr and Agar on their development.

Some papers on the development of Ceratodus, which I have recently published, suggested the advisability of obtaining further information on certain points, and this became possible owing to the generosity of Professor Graham Kerr, who gave me both larval and adult stages for the purpose.
IV.—The Development of the Vascular System in the Human Embryo prior to the Establishment of the Heart
Authors: M'Intyre Donald
Published: January 2013

Our knowledge of the earliest stages of blood-vascular development in the human embryo suffers from a dearth of suitable material. Early human specimens are not frequently available for examination; many are pathological; some, although of value for other purposes, are not sufficiently well preserved to furnish observations on angiogenesis; direct microscopic observation of the tissues while undergoing development cannot be carried out as is possible, say, in the chick embryo. Our knowledge of the process must be based on descriptions of separate specimens representing different stages. Individual specimens, therefore, are worthy of careful record.
IX.—A Critical Examination of the Vittarieæ with a View to their Systematic Comparison
Authors: Williams S.
Published: January 2013

The Vittarieæ, as described by Christensen, comprises five genera, viz. Vittaria, Monogramma, Antrophyum, Hecistopteris, and Anetium, all of which are epiphytic forms growing in the damp forests of the Old and New World Tropics. All of them possess creeping rhizomes on which the fronds are arranged more or less definitely in two rows on the dorsal surface. The fronds are simple in outline, with the exception of those of Hecistopteris which are dichotomously branched. The venation of the fronds is reticulate, except in Hecistopteris where there is an open, dichotomous system of veins, and in Monogramma, in some species of which the venation consists simply of a mid-rib. An interesting feature, which has proved to be valuable as a diagnostic character, is the presence of “spicule cells” in the epidermis of the fronds. These spicule cells are elongated cells containing spicules of silica, and their presence appears to be universal in the Vittarieæ. The sporangia are fairly constant in form through-out the group, but their distribution is extremely varied. The roots are characteristically provided with very numerous reddish-brown root hairs, a character shared with other epiphytic Ferns. The Gametophyte is divergent from the common cordate type in all cases where it has been investigated. Such are the main external characteristics of the group under consideration.
X.—On the Feeding Mechanism of a Mysid Crustacean, Hemimysis Lamornæ
Authors: Cannon H. Graham , Manton S. M.
Published: January 2013

The general biology of the Mysids has recently been studied at great length by Blegvad (1922) at Copenhagen. His paper, containing a very complete literature list, deals with Mysis inermis, Rathke, Mysis flexuosa, Müller, and Mysis neglecta, Sars. His comments on feeding are limited, and refer chiefly to the nature of the food that the animals ate in captivity. Gelderd's work (1909) on the digestive system of the Schizopoda describes the course taken by the food through the gastric mill, the masticatory functions of this apparatus, and the method by which the masticated food and digestive juices are brought together, but does not deal with the manner in which the food reaches the stomach. An account, then, of the method by which a mysid collects its food would fill a gap in our knowledge of these forms. The only description, as far as we are aware, of the feeding habits of a mysid is that of Depdolla (1923), who worked on Praunus [Mysis] flexuosus, but his account is superficial and in our opinion very inaccurate. The following paper deals with the feeding habits of a small mysid, Hemimysis lamornœ, about 8 mm. long, which has established itself in the larger fish-tanks at the M.B.A. laboratory at Plymouth. It breeds freely all the year round, and can be obtained from the tanks in abundance, although it is stated to be only a rare visitor in the Plymouth district.
XI.—The Fish-Fauna of the Cementstones of Foulden, Berwickshire
Authors: White Errol Ivor
Published: January 2013

So barren of fossil remains is the Cementstone Group of the Scottish Lower Carboniferous Rocks that any addition to our knowledge of the fauna and flora of the period is especially welcome. The list of vertebrate remains is notably meagre, and such as have been found,e.g.at Abden, are generally very fragmentary.

The collection to be described below contained nearly 150 specimens, and includes Plants, Lamellibranchs, Annelids, Arthropods, and Fishes: of these the Plants and Fishes are by far the most important, and constitute more than two-thirds ot the total number of specimens.
XIII.—The Disturbed Glacial Deposits in the Neighbourhood of Lønstrup, near Hjørring, North Denmark
Authors: Slater George
Published: January 2013

Lønstrup is a small fishing village and summer resort, situated on the west coast of North Jutland, a few miles west of Hjørring in the district known as Vendsyssel. The country generally is low and treeless, but is noted for its comprehensive schemes of land reclamation, and the scientific development of its agriculture.

In the neighbourhood of Lønstrup the monotony of the country is relieved by two low hills, the one, a little inland, is known as Vennebjerg, the other, known as Rubjerg Knude, lies some 2 miles to the south-west and is dissected by the coast-line, the apex of the hill being marked by a lighthouse. These two adjacent hills formed islands in the Yoldia Sea.

The coast-line has a uniform north-east, south-west trend, and cliffs occur from Lønstrup to Lokken in the south-west, a distance of between 7 or 8 miles, the cliff-scenery being generally similar to that of the Norfolk coast near Cromer.
XIV.—The Igneous and Metamorphic History of Cromar, Deeside, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Read H. H.
Published: January 2013

Middle and Lower Deeside lie within the belt of injection and high-temperature metamorphism made famous by the pioneer researches of Mr George Barrow. In this paper are recorded the results obtained from a study of Cromar, an area small enough to admit of detailed petrographical treatment and yet large enough to exhibit a considerable variety of igneous and metamorphic phenomena. Of the three great phases of igneous activity there displayed, one is older than the epoch of maximum crustal movements, the second is closely connected with these, and the third is later; the rocks of each period have their own quite definite chemical, petrographical, and geological characteristics. Whilst here most attention will be directed towards the second group, that associated with the movements, an account of the other two groups will be given adequate for a discussion of the full igneous history of the area.
XV.—On the Feeding Mechanism of Nebalia Bipes
Authors: Cannon H. Graham
Published: January 2013

The object of this research was to compare the feeding mechanism of Nebalia with that of Hemimysis described by Miss Manton and myself (1927). The observations of the living animals were made partly at Naples while I was occupying the Cambridge University table, and partly at Plymouth where I had the use of the London University table.

The methods used in determining the feeding currents were the same as those used for Hemimysis (Cannon and Manton, 1927). To obtain a ventral view of the trunk limbs, I simply held the living animal upside down, gripping the abdomen with a pair of forceps, and in this position it would feed for a long time. I found it possible even to remove the entire carapace without killing the animal or upsetting the normal movements of the limbs.
XVI.—Air-Bladder and Lungs: A Contribution to the Morphology of the Air-Bladder of Fish
Authors: Ballantyne Frances M.
Published: January 2013

In view of the frequent appearance, even in technical literature, of the old-fashioned idea that the lung of the tetrapod has evolved out of the air-bladder of fish, further work on the morphology of the air-bladder seems desirable. The theory of an air-bladder origin of the lung was brought forward by Boas, who based his view on purely theoretical arguments, which have, however, not found support in the facts brought to light by the advance of our knowledge of the embryology of the more archaic vertebrates.
XXI.—The Tholeiites and Dolerites of the Dalmahoy Syncline
Authors: Campbell Robert , Lunn James W.
Published: January 2013

The shallow synclinal fold termed the Dalmahoy syncline is situated between the north-western flank of the Pentland Hills and the Murieston fault, the most southerly of the five important easterly and north-easterly dislocations which traverse the oil-shale field of West Lothian. The core of the syncline is occupied by rocks belonging to the lower division of the Oil-Shale Group of the Lower Carboniferous. Intervening between these and the Cement-stone Group is a volcanic zone, probably on the same horizon as the Arthur's Seat lavas, consisting mainly of mugearites and basalts which show their greatest development in the Corston Hill district. Along the whole of the southern limb of the syncline is an extensive spread of Upper Old Red Sandstone, but this formation is almost entirely cut out in the northern limb by the Murieston fault, appearing only in the core of a small anticline near Selms.
XXIII.—The Expedition to the South Pacific of the S.Y. “St. George.” Marine Ecology and Coral Formations in the Panama Region, the Galapagos and Marquesas Islands, and the Atoll of Napuka
Authors: Crossland Cyril
Published: January 2013

Two contrasted oceanographical regions are dealt with in this paper, the fauna of the eastern Pacific being distinct from that of the Marquesas, which are the farthest outliers of the western ocean. In each of these two regions again are two divisions of markedly different ecology, physical conditions in the Galapagos being as great a contrast as could well be to those of the coast of Panama, while the Marquesas Islands differ from their neighbours farther west, which are either atolls, or high islands surrounded by broad reefs, in being without coral deposits of any considerable size, and certainly no true reefs. The corals afford a striking example of the contrast between the two main regions; in Panama the only abundant coral is Pocillopora, in the Marquesas the only “reef” is of Porites, and the other deposits depend upon this genus for their existence. Several species of Pocillopora are abundant in the Marquesas, but are all distinct from those of Panama.
XXIV.—The Carboniferous Sediments of Kintyre
Authors: M'Callien William J. , Anderson Robert B.
Published: January 2013

Sediments of Carboniferous age occur in Kintyre in the district between the high ground of Southern Kintyre and the ridge of Northern Kintyre. The low ground stretching from Machrihanish to near Campbeltown is known as the Laggan of Kintyre. The Laggan runs in a series of terraces from the Atlantic to within a mile of Campbeltown, where the terraces give place to higher rounded knolls rising to a general height of 200 feet, and separated from each other by the highest raised beach. The chief platform in this plain is formed by the Machrihanish Water and its tributaries, the Backs and Chiscan Waters, and on both sides of this platform are the three terraces separating the 25-foot, 50-foot, and 100-foot raised beaches from each other and from the alluvial plain of the rivers. The 100-foot beach runs a considerable distance up the valleys leading to the higher ground to the north and south of the Laggan. To the extreme west, 3½ miles of sand dunes, higher than the plain behind them, give slight protection to the greatest stretch of cultivated land in Kintyre. Near the centre of the plain is a circular peat moss known as the Durry Moss.
XXVI.—Reports of the Jasper Park Lakes Investigations, 1925–26. The Mollusca of Jasper Park
Authors: Mozley Alan
Published: January 2013

The following report deals with the systematics and distribution of molluscs collected in and around certain lakes in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. For the sake of completeness some records published by Baker (2) are also included. The investigations of which this forms a part were made under the direction of Professor Charles H. O'Donoghue at the request of the Biological Board of Canada, and I desire to thank him for his encouragement and help throughout.
XXIX.—On the Morphology, Feeding Mechanisms, and Digestion of Ensis siliqua (Schumacher)
Authors: Graham Alastair
Published: January 2013

The work described in the following pages was carried out in the Department of Zoology of the University of Edinburgh and at the Marine Laboratory, Plymouth. It is my pleasant task to thank the British Association for the use of their table at Plymouth, and the staffs of the Plymouth Laboratory and of the Department of Zoology at Edinburgh for help and advice; in particular, I would thank Professor J. H. Ashworth, F.R.S., under whose direction the work was carried out, for his continued aid and interest at every stage.

The animal which was used throughout the investigation was the common razor shellfish or spoutfish of our coasts, Ensis siliqua (Schumacher). The specimens studied at Edinburgh were obtained from a sandy bay at Port Seton, about ten miles below Edinburgh on the Firth of Forth; at Plymouth they were got from the east bank of the Salcombe Estuary. At both places razor shellfish were abundant at the low-water mark of spring tides, and at both Ensis siliqua was the sole species obtained.

For histological purposes small- whole animals, which were very rare, and small pieces of tissue were fixed in Bouin's fluid, in E. Allen's chromic Bouin with urea, or in corrosive sublimate and acetic mixture, and sections, cut 8 μ and 12 μ thick, were stained with Heidenhain's iron alum hæmatoxylin or in Delafield's hæmatoxylin and counter-stained with eosin.
XXXI.—The British and Belgian Carboniferous Bellerophontidæ
Authors: Weir John
Published: January 2013

Bellerophontidæ occur in considerable numbers at certain horizons in the Scottish Carboniferous rocks. Many forms are represented, but few have been described or figured (see Historical Account, Section III). In undertaking the study of these fossils the writer's object was limited, primarily, to figuring and describing the Scottish forms and ascertaining their value as stratigraphical indices in the Scottish Carboniferous rocks. Many forms from the shaly facies have been recorded in Scottish stratigraphical literature under the names of English and Belgian species of limestone facies. Investigation proved that most of these records were invalid, the determinations being erroneous, and that revision of all the Anglo-Belgian Bellerophontidæ was necessary in order to define the Scottish forms. The present memoir embodies the results of the wider investigation.
II.—A Contribution to the Molluscan Fauna of the Laki and Basal Khirthar Groups of the Indian Eocene
Authors: Cox L. R.
Published: January 2013

The Tertiary geology of north-western India is of particular interest on account of the extensive development of richly fossiliferous rocks of Lower Eocene (including Palæocene) age. The monographs by Cossmann and Pissarro (1909a, 1927) and Vredenburg (1928) have familiarised us with the well-preserved molluscan fauna of the Upper Ranikot beds (Palæocene) of Sind, while Lt.-Col. L. M. Davies' collection of mollusca from a slightly lower horizon in the Samana Range, on the North-West Frontier, has recently been described by myself (1930). With the exception, however, of one family, the Gisortiidæ, dealt with by Vredenburg (1927) and Schilder (1930), the mollusea of the overlying Laki group (Ypresian), as well as of the Khirthar group (Middle Eocene), have been neglected by modern workers. The well-known monograph by D'Archiac and Haime (1853–54), moreover, in which some Laki species are described, has always been a source of confusion owing to the fact that fossils from all horizons from the Danian to the Miocene are grouped together as “Nummulitic,” and no reliable information as to their respective horizons has been available.
V.—Abnormalities in the Blood Vascular System of the Anura
Authors: O'Donoghue Charles H.
Published: January 2013

It is a familiar experience for the teacher in charge of a class dissectingRana temporariato notice or have his attention directed to blood-vessels in an abnormal position or absent from the place where they were expected. Sometimes, perhaps too frequently, they are ignored; but they are of interest, not only in themselves, but also because they throw light on problems that have arisen in other lines of work. From time to time such abnormalities have been reported inR. temporariaand in other Anura, but the literature of the subject is scattered in different journals.
VII.—Differentiation in the Sills of Northern Trotternish (Skye)
Authors: Walker Frederick
Published: January 2013

The coast of Northern Trotternish has long attracted the attention of geologists for two reasons, the first being the intermittent exposures of highly fossiliferous Jurassic strata preserved below the great Tertiary lava plateau; and the second, the striking columnar sills of igneous rock which have been intruded into these Mesozoic beds. Intrusive phenomena unparalleled in Britain may be observed (preferably from the sea) from Holm to Staffin Bay, and in slightly less perfect form round the Aird to Duntulm and Camas Mòr.
XI.—Studies in the Physiology of the Virus Diseases of the Potato: a Comparison of the Carbohydrate Metabolism of Normal with that of Leaf-roll Potatoes
Authors: Barton-Wright Eustace , M'Bain Alan
Published: January 2013

The economic importance of the leaf-roll disease of potatoes has been recognised for a number of years owing to the fact that its incidence leads to a heavy reduction in marketable ware. The annual loss to potato growers in England and on the Continent from leaf-roll amounts to a high figure, but the disease is not of such prime importance to the Scottish cultivator as certain other diseases of the virus class to which the potato is prone, namely, mosaic and crinkle.
XIII.—The Genera Dictyoconoides Nuttall, Lockhartia nov., and Rotalia Lamarck: Their Type Species, Generic Differences, and Fundamental Distinction from the Dictyoconus Group of Forms
Authors: Davies L. M.
Published: January 2013

The author recalls the facts regarding the rediscovery, in recent years, of Carter's genus Conulites ( = Dictyoconoides Nuttall). He shows how, of seven species which have been referred to this genus, three always have numerous intercalary whorls in their spires, and four never have any such whorls. The association of these two groups together within a single genus has, so far as he himself is concerned, been due to the uncertainty hitherto existing regarding the type species cooki, whose spire was stated by Carter sometimes to show an intercalary whorl, but generally to be “single throughout.” Carter's original specimens, which had long been mislaid, have recently been found, however, and they all prove to belong to now familiar types, which invariably contain numerous intercalary whorls in their spires. The author therefore separates the four species which do not possess such whorls into a new genus, Lockhartia.

The author next discusses the supposed identity of Dictyoconoides with Rotalia, and shows that the Rotalia must be judged by their type species R. trochidiformis. He shows that this species, among other characteristic features, invariably displays the structures called “astral lobes” by Carpenter and Brady, and is distinguished by the same from both Dictyoconoides and Lockhartia; while it is further distinguished from Dictyoconoides by the absence of intercalary whorls in its spire.

The author then compares the development of Rotalid forms, like the above, with that of piano-spiral ones like Nummulites and Assilines; and he finally shows the fundamental difference in structure between all these spirally wound types and those with an “end-on” development, like the Dictyoconus group of forms, with which some of them have been confused in the past.
XIV.—Submarine Faulting in Kimmeridgian Times: East Sutherland
Authors: Bailey E. B. , Weir J.
Published: January 2013

Although it is unlikely that the east of Sutherland will ever rival the west in geological renown, its varied interests have already furnished material for a considerable literature. Attention has been specially focussed upon a down-faulted coastal strip of Mesozoic rocks, which, starting at Golspie, extends north-eastwards for twenty miles through Brora and Helmsdale to the county boundary at the Ord (fig. 1). Golspie itself stands on a narrow outcrop of Trias. Jurassic follows, with a generally ascending sequence that leads up to Kimmeridgian at Kintradwell, a couple of miles north of Brora (fig. 2). Beyond this Corallian reappears, but only for a short distance. Then Kimmeridgian returns and holds the coast-line continuously for nearly nine miles, until, at the Ord, it disappears beneath the sea. The width of the Kimmeridgian exposures is occasionally three-quarters of a mile, but generally much less.
XIX.—Notes on the Kidston Collection of Fossil Plant Slides. No. I. The Anatomy of the Axis of Lepidodendron Brownii Unger sp., with special reference to the Relationship between this Stem and Lepidostrobus Brownii Unger sp.
Authors: Calder Mary G.
Published: January 2013

The Kidston Collection of fossil plant slides in the Botany Department of the University of Glasgow contains a number of sections of a very notable stem labelled “Lepidodendron textum, Kidston, n.sp.” No mention is made of this species in any of Dr Kidston's publications, but the correspondence relevant to the Collection indicates the history of the slides. This may be briefly summarised.

As early as 1883, Dr Kidston had received from Mr J. Coutts two sections (Nos. 51 and 52) of this stem, which had been collected by the latter at East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, Scotland, from the Carboniferous Limestone Series of the Calderwood Beds (Hosie Limestone) in the Lower Limestone Group. Dr Kidston postponed description of this stem till he had better sections at his disposal; the specimen, however, was lost, and it was not till many years later that he rediscovered it in Dr John Young's collection in the Glasgow Municipal Museum, and had more sections cut from it (Nos. 1144–1153). No manuscript notes of Dr Kidston's descriptive of these slides have been found, with the exception of a pencilled reference in his manuscript slide catalogue, opposite Nos. 51 and 52, to the “foliar bundles—there is an appearance as if there was a development of secondary xylem, whereas the axial bundle has no secondary wood.”
XXI.—The Restoration and Regeneration of the Epithelium and Endometrium of the Uterus of Cavia Post Partum in Non-pregnant Animals
Authors: Hamilton William J.
Published: January 2013

In the species Cavia the female passes into a condition of heat immediately, or almost immediately, after the birth of a litter, and pregnancy can be repeated without any interval. The new blastocysts reach the uterine cavity on the fifth day after parturition, and during the first seven days of pregnancy extensive reparative changes take place. These changes involve not only the healing of the placental site but a shedding and restoration of the epithelial lining of the uterus. As this process does not seem to have been investigated in detail in the guinea-pig, it is proposed in this paper to describe briefly the histological changes occurring in uteri at different times post partum in non-pregnant animals. It will be necessary, however, before describing the histological details of these post-partum changes to give a brief summary of the observations of other investigators on the ante-partum changes associated with the implantation of the blastocyst, the subsequent obliteration of the uterine cavity, the formation of the decidua capsularis, and the reappearance of the uterine lumen.
XXIV.—The Late-Glacial Readvance Moraines of the Highland Border West of the River Tay
Authors: Simpson J. B.
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this communication is to describe, and to discuss the significance of, (1) the extensive morainic deposits and the associated glacial phenomena of the tract of country situated immediately west of the Ochil Hills (border of Perthshire and Fifeshire)—between the River Teith near Doune, north of Stirling, and the River Tay in the vicinity of Perth; and (2) a well-marked later glaciation studied in the region of Loch Lomond and the Upper Forth valley.

In both instances these glaciations involved readvances of the ice during the retreat of the last general ice-sheet, and for brevity and convenience of description they will be referred to as the Perth Readvance and the Loch Lomond Readvance.