bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐intensity focused ultrasound for treatment of pancreatic cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Li Cui Cui , Wang Ying Qiang , Li You Ping , Li Xiang Lian
Published: November 2014

Objective

To explore the efficacy and safety of high‐intensity focused ultrasound combined with other physical therapies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, so as to provide reference for clinical application.

Methods

The PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library (Issue 11, 2013), CBM, CNKI, and WanFang databases were systematically searched up to November 2013. The randomized controlled trials and clinical controlled trials about the treatment of high‐intensity focused ultrasound were included. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two reviewers independently screened the studies, exacted the data, and assessed the quality. The meta‐analysis was performed by using the RevMan 5.0 software.

Results

A total of 23 studies including 19 randomized controlled trials and four clinical controlled trials were included. Of which 14 studies reported the safety. The results of meta‐analyses showed that: the survival rate at 6 months and 12 months, overall efficacy, and clinical benefit rate in high‐intensity focused ultrasound plus radiation and chemotherapy group were significantly higher than those in groups treated with three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (P < 0.05), gemcitabine (P < 0.05), gemcitabine plus cisplatin (P < 0.05), and gemcitabine plus 5‐fluorouracil (P < 0.05). The adverse effect caused by high‐intensity focused ultrasound plus other therapy was equal to those in the control group. The major high‐intensity focused ultrasound‐related adverse effect was skin damage and fever.

Conclusion

The current evidence suggested that the efficacy of HIFU for pancreatic cancer was superior to other therapies, but with poor quality. Therefore, a standard and unified criterion for the diagnosis and outcome measures of pancreatic cancer is needed, and the quality of study design and implementation should be bettered, so as to improve the high quality of evidence for its clinical application.
A Carbon Footprint of Textile Recycling: A Case Study in Sweden
Authors: Zamani Bahareh , Svanström Magdalena , Peters Gregory , Rydberg Tomas
Published: November 2014

Global population growth and rising living standards are increasing apparel consumption. Consequently, consumption of resources and generation of textile waste are increasing. According to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, textile consumption increased by 40% between the years 2000 and 2009 in Sweden. Given that there is currently no textile recycling plant in Sweden, the aim of this article is to explore the potential environmental benefits of various textile recycling techniques and thereby direct textile waste management strategies toward more sustainable options. Three different recycling techniques for a model waste consisting of 50% cotton and 50% polyester were identified and a life cycle assessment (LCA) was made to assess the environmental performance of them. The recycling processes are: material reuse of textile waste of adequate quality; separation of cellulose from polyester using N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide as a solvent; and chemical recycling of polyester. These are compared to incineration, representing conventional textile waste treatment in Sweden. The results show that incineration has the highest global warming potential and primary energy usage. The material reuse process exhibits the best performance of the studied systems, with savings of 8 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2‐eq) and 164 gigajoules (GJ) of primary energy per tonne of textile waste. Sensitivity analyses showed that results are particularly sensitive to the considered yields of the processes and to the choice of replaced products. An integration of these recycling technologies for optimal usage of their different features for treatment of 1 tonne of textile waste shows that 10 tonnes CO2‐eq and 169 GJ of primary energy could be saved.
The Multisystemic and Multilevel Investigation of the Expanded Therapeutic Alliance‐Psychological Functioning Relationship in Individual Therapy
Authors: Karam Eli A. , Ko Mei‐Ju , Pinsof Bill , Mroczek Daniel , Sprenkle Douglas
Published: November 2014

The expanded therapeutic alliance, consisting of multiple interpersonal alliance relationships, is a common factor inherent to the practice of all systemic therapies. The following study has three specific aims: (a) Bring an expanded, multisystemic emphasis to the study of the therapeutic alliance in individual therapy; (b) Understand better the session‐by‐session relationship between alliance and psychological functioning, including distinguishing within‐person from between‐person variability by using multilevel modeling techniques; and (c) Explore the role of early attachment relationships and family‐of‐origin experiences in moderating the alliance‐psychological functioning relationship. Instead of taking only one or two alliance measurements throughout treatment like in the majority of previous research, we measured both alliance and psychological functioning continuously at each session for 296 subjects.
A Mini‐Midwifery Business Institute in a Midwifery Professional Roles Course: An Innovative Teaching Strategy for Successful Career Planning and Business Management of Practice
Authors: Jesse D. Elizabeth , Dewees Connie , McDowell William C.
Published: November 2014

It is essential to include teaching strategies in midwifery education that address career planning and the business aspects of practice. This article presents the Mini‐Midwifery Business Institute (M‐MBI), an innovative teaching strategy for midwives that can also be applied to other advanced practice professions. The M‐MBI can be integrated into a professional roles course. Before and after graduation, midwifery students and other advanced practice professionals can use the information to gain confidence and skills for successful career planning and the business management of practice.
The Effect of Succession Taxes on Family Firm Investment: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: TSOUTSOURA MARGARITA
Published: November 2014

This paper provides causal evidence on the impact of succession taxes on firm investment decisions and transfer of control. Using a 2002 policy change in Greece that substantially reduced the tax on intrafamily transfers of businesses, I show that succession taxes lead to a more than 40% decline in investment around family successions, slow sales growth, and a depletion of cash reserves. Furthermore, succession taxes strongly affect the decision to sell or retain the firm within the family. I conclude by discussing implications of my findings for firms in the United States and Europe.
Recurrent pyoderma gangrenosum after cesarean delivery successfully treated with vacuum‐assisted closure and split thickness skin graft: A case report
Authors: Aydın Serdar , Arıoğlu Aydın Çağrı , Güngör Uğurlucan Funda , Yaşa Cenk , Dural Özlem
Published: November 2014

We describe the case of a 32‐year‐old woman (gravidity: 4; parity: 2) who underwent cesarean delivery at 37 weeks of gestation and presented with dehiscence and infection of the surgical wound. She had a history of wound infection and dehiscence of the scar from a previous cesarean delivery and dehiscence in the dorsal side of her left hand at the site of intravenous catheterization. The patient was initially diagnosed with a skin infection and later with pyoderma gangrenosum. No evidence of any underlying disease was found. The lesions were treated with systemic corticosteroids and azathioprine, but the lesions were unresponsive to treatment. This complicated case of pyoderma gangrenosum after cesarean delivery, which initially mimicked wound infection, was successfully treated with vacuum‐assisted closure and split‐thickness skin graft. This synergistic approach with vacuum‐assisted closure could be an important treatment option for aggressive and slow‐healing lesions.
Changes in the nitric oxide‐soluble guanylate cyclase system and natriuretic peptide receptor system in placentas of pregnant Dahl salt‐sensitive rats
Authors: Takushima Sachiyo , Nishi Yoshihiro , Nonoshita Akiko , Mifune Hiroharu , Hirata Rumiko , Tanaka Eiichiro , Doi Ryosuke , Hori Daizo , Kamura Toshiharu , Ushijima Kimio
Published: November 2014

Abstracts

Aim

Diminished vasodilator activity during pregnancy, which augments vascular responses to vasoconstrictors, is one reason for the onset of pre‐eclampsia and superimposed pre‐eclampsia. It is known that Dahl salt‐sensitive (Dahl‐S) rats develop salt‐sensitive hypertension like African‐Americans. The present study attempted to assess the changes and the interactions of the NOS‐NO‐sGC‐cGMP and NP‐NPR‐cGMP systems in the hypertensive placenta using Dahl‐S rats as an animal model of superimposed pre‐eclampsia.

Material and Methods

Pregnant Dahl‐S rats were fed a high‐salt diet to induce the development of hypertension and fetal growth restriction. Using these rats, we investigated the regulation of these two vasodilatation systems, including the kinetics of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cytokine‐inducible NOS, natriuretic peptides (NP) (atrial NP, brain NP and C‐type NP), and NP receptors (NPR) (NPR‐A, NPR‐B, NPR‐C).

Results

Dahl‐S rats fed a high‐salt diet exhibited hypertension, fetal growth restriction and thickening of the walls in decidual vessels. The placental cGMP level in the rats fed the high‐salt diet was significantly decreased compared with that in controls. The expression levels of endothelial NOS and cytokine‐inducible NOS mRNA increased significantly, while that of sGCα2‐sunbnit declined significantly. Messenger RNA levels of NPR‐C, a clearance‐type receptor of NP, declined significantly, whereas those of NP and their functional receptors NPR‐A and NPR‐B were unchanged.

Conclusions

As Dahl‐S rats with excess salt‐loading during pregnancy exhibited pathological changes similar to those observed in female humans with pre‐eclampsia/superimposed pre‐eclampsia, this rat could be useful as an animal model of superimposed pre‐eclampsia. In the placentas of hypertensive Dahl‐S rats, vasodilatation seemed to be disturbed by the deregulation of both the NO‐sGC‐cGMP and NP‐NPR‐cGMP systems.
Rational dissection of a high institutional cesarean section rate: An analysis using the Robson Ten Group Classification System
Authors: Tan Jarrod KH , Tan Eng Loy , Kanagalingan Devendra , Tan Lay Kok
Published: November 2014

Aim

Cesarean section (CS) rates have risen far in excess of the optimal 15% recommended by the World Health Organization. The Robson Ten Group Classification System (TGCS) allows meaningful analysis of a CS rate. The aim of this study is to identify the leading patient categories contributing to our institution's CS rate.

Methods

Prospective study of all women who delivered at the Singapore General Hospital from January 2008 to December 2011. The following data was recorded: parity, singleton/multiple pregnancy, previous CS, mode of labor onset and gestational age at delivery. CS rates were computed for each group, as well as their relative contribution to the overall CS rate.

Results

There were 6074 deliveries, in which 2011 (33.1%) women had CS delivery. Group 5 was the largest contributor to the overall CS rate (25.9%). Of the patients in this group, 18.8% had a successful vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). Group 2 was the second largest contributor to the overall CS rate at 18.0%. Group 10 had a high contribution of 16.1%.

Conclusion

The TGCS allows easy identification of the leading contributing patient groups. The surprisingly high contribution of group 10 suggests that our institution, a tertiary multidisciplinary teaching hospital, manages a sizeable group of high‐risk patients in its obstetric case mix accounting for the high CS rate. Almost one in five term pregnancies with one previous CS had a successful vaginal delivery, suggesting that the institutional attempted VBAC rate is higher than 20%.
The effects of bisphosphonate on the remodeling of different irregular bones in mice
Authors: Su Jiansheng , Feng Mu , Han Wenfei , Zhao Hang
Published: November 2014

Background

We aimed to compare the effects of bisphosphonate on the remodeling of irregular bones (the jaw and ilium) in mice after trauma.

Methods

To verify the feasibility of modeling osteonecrosis, 20 mice were injected intraperitoneally with zoledronate and dexamethasone (ZOL&DEX group), dexamethasone (DEX group), or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) [control (CTR) group]. Mice then underwent extraction of the right maxillary first molar and creation of an artificial bony cavity in the ilium. Bone sections were stained with H&E for morphological studies. To further compare differences between the maxilla and the ilium caused by similar traumas, 80 mice were injected intraperitoneally with ZOL&DEX or PBS. Pathological progression at the injury sites was assessed at 1 day and at 1, 3, and 8 weeks after trauma using micro‐computed tomography (CT), H&E and immunohistochemistry analyses, high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Only the ZOL&DEX model group effectively developed osteonecrosis. Bony sequestra, osseous sclerosis, unhealed mucosa, and radiopaque alveolar bone were found in the maxilla. In the ilium, there was a lower frequency of osteonecrotic disease and osseous sclerosis, and less suppression of bone remodeling than in the maxilla following long‐term bisphosphonate administration. Zoledronate levels were higher in the maxilla. ZOL&DEX treatment suppressed the levels of RANKL and IL‐17, but induced an upregulation of osteoprotegerin and FAM20C in both bones.

Conclusion

Accumulation of bisphosphonate may increase the incidence of osteonecrosis. The RANKL/OPG pathway and IL‐17 and FAM20C cytokines play key roles in the progression of pathologically abnormal bone remodeling.
Phylogeny and toxicology of Lyngbya wollei (Cyanobacteria, Oscillatoriales) from north‐eastern Australia, with a description of Microseira gen. nov.
Authors: McGregor Glenn B. , Sendall Barbara C.
Published: November 2014

Three populations of the freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) Speziale and Dyck have been putatively identified from north‐eastern Australia and found to produce the potent cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and its analog deoxy‐cylindrospermopsin (deoxy‐CYN). We investigated the phylogeny and toxicology of strains and mats isolated from two of these populations using a combination of molecular and morphological techniques. Morphologically the strains corresponded to the type description, however, the frequency of false‐branching was low, and variable over time. Strains and mat samples from both sites were positive for the cyrF and cyrJ genes associated with CYN biosynthesis. Phylogenetic analysis of these genes from Australian L. wollei sequences and comparable cyanobacterial sequences revealed that the genes in L. wollei were more closely related to homologous genes in Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506 than to homologs in Nostocalean CYN‐producers. These data suggest a common evolutionary origin of CYN biosynthesis in L. wollei and Oscillatoria. In both the 16S rRNA and nifH phylogenies, the Australian L. wollei strains formed well‐supported clades with United States L. wollei (= Plectonema wollei) strains. Pair‐wise sequence similarities within the 16S rRNA clade containing all eleven L. wollei strains were high, ranging from 97% to 100%. This group was distantly related (<92% nucleotide similarity) to other taxa within the group previously considered under the genus Lyngbya sensu lato (C. Agardh ex Gomont). Collectively, these results suggest that this toxigenic group is evolutionarily distinct and sufficiently distant as to be considered a separate genus, which we have described as Microseira gen. nov. and hence transfer to it the type M. wollei comb. nov.
First report of fossilized cysts produced by the benthic Bysmatrum subsalsum (Dinophyceae) from a shallow Mexican lagoon in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Limoges Audrey , Mertens Kenneth Neil , Ruíz‐Fernández Ana‐Carolina , de Vernal Anne
Published: November 2014

Cysts belonging to the benthic dinoflagellate Bysmatrum subsalsum were recovered from palynologically treated sediments collected in the Alvarado Lagoon (southwestern Gulf of Mexico). The cysts are proximate, reflecting the features of the parent thecal stage, and their autofluorescence implies a dinosporin composition similar to the cyst walls of phototrophic species. This finding is important for our understanding of B. subsalsum life cycle transitions and ecology. Encystment may play an important role in the bloom dynamics of this species as it can enable the formation of a sediment cyst bank that allows reinoculation of the water column when conditions become favorable. This is the first report of a fossilized cyst produced by a benthic dinoflagellate recovered from sub‐recent sediments.
A retrospective survey of ocular abnormalities in pugs: 130 cases
Authors: Krecny M. , Tichy A. , Rushton J. , Nell B.
Published: November 2014

OBJECTIVES

To determine the types and frequency of ophthalmic findings in pugs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective analysis of case records of pugs presented to an ophthalmology unit between 2001 and 2012. Ophthalmological findings were correlated with age, gender, presenting signs and time of onset of disease.

RESULTS

In total, 130 pugs (258 eyes) with a mean (±sd) age of 2 · 8 (±2 · 87) years were examined. Ocular abnormalities identified included keratoconjunctivitis sicca (n = 39 eyes), macroblepharon (n = 258 eyes), entropion (n = 258 eyes), distichiasis (n = 56 eyes), ectopic cilia (n = 8 eyes), conjunctivitis (n = 88 eyes), corneal pigmentation (n = 101 eyes), opacity (n = 63 eyes), ulceration (n = 46 eyes), vascularisation (n = 35 eyes), iris‐to‐iris persistent pupillary membranes (n = 21 eyes) and cataract (n = 18). Keratoconjunctivitis sicca was significantly associated with the presence of corneal pigmentation (P = 0 · 007 for left eyes; P = 0 · 043 for right eyes). However corneal pigmentation was also identified in pugs (n = 61) without keratoconjunctivitis sicca. There was a significant influence of ectopic cilia on corneal ulceration (P < 0 · 001). Younger dogs (mean age, 1 · 28 (±0 · 45) years) were significantly more affected by distichiasis.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The high number of cases of corneal pigmentation without keratoconjunctivitis sicca suggests that there may be additional yet undetermined factors involved in the development of corneal pigmentation in pugs.
Adaptation of Foreign Logistics Service Providers' Resources and Capabilities to a New Institutional Environment
Authors: Darkow Inga‐Lena , Weidmann Markus , Lorentz Harri
Published: November 2014

As a consequence of the internationalization of logistics services into emerging markets, incumbent companies find themselves in foreign environments to which they have to adapt. The purpose of this study is to enhance understanding of how new institutional environments affect logistics service providers (LSPs) and how they adapt in terms of resources and capabilities. Combining the institutional environment perspective with the resource‐based view, we analyze the impact of institutions on foreign LSPs in the case of Russia. The case‐study‐based results suggest that the institutional environment, namely the political and social systems, as well as market liberalization, carries major implications in this context. Foreign LSPs need to adapt to the host market environment during internationalization in order to develop the capabilities associated with competitive logistics services. Further, the complexity of the offered services determines the degree of required adaptation.
Orchiectomy and Radiotherapy for Stage I–II Testicular Seminoma: A Prospective Evaluation of Short-Term Effects on Body Image and Sexual Function
Authors: Wortel Ruud C. , Alemayehu Wendim Ghidey , Incrocci Luca
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Orchiectomy followed by infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy is a common treatment for stage I–II testicular seminoma. Long-term effects of orchiectomy and radiotherapy for testicular seminomas on body image and sexual function have been reported; however, few data are available on short-term effects. Patients are usually of reproductive age and sexually active; therefore, short-term effects on body image and sexual function should also be studied.

Aims

To prospectively evaluate short-term effects of orchiectomy and radiotherapy on body image and sexual function in testicular seminoma patients.

Methods

Questionnaires on body image and sexual function were prospectively distributed to all testicular seminoma patients treated between 1999 and 2013. The questionnaire distributed prior to radiotherapy was returned by 161 patients; 133 (82%) returned the second after 3 months, and 120 (75%) completed the questionnaire after 6 months.

Main Outcome Measures

Body image and sexual function as assessed by a Dutch questionnaire on body image and sexuality after radiotherapy and orchiectomy.

Results

Median age was 36 years (range 18–70). After orchiectomy, 48% expressed fertility concerns, and 61% reported their body had changed. Six months after treatment, erectile rigidity was significantly decreased compared with prior to radiotherapy (P = 0.016), and 23% reported decreased sexual interest, activity, and pleasure. Changes in body image were significantly associated with decreased sexual interest, pleasure, and erectile function. Even though 45% reported that treatment negatively affected their sexual life, the number of sexually active patients remained stable at 91%. [Correction added on 12 November 2014, after first online publication: ‘prior radiotherapy’ was corrected to ‘prior to radiotherapy’.]

Conclusions

Short-term effects of treatment included fertility concerns and changes in body image. Reported erectile rigidity was significantly decreased after 6 months, as were sexual interest, activity, and pleasure. Disease and treatment had negative effects on sexual life, and changes in body image were associated with sexual dysfunction. Therefore, body image and sexual functioning should be addressed at an early stage in order to offer adequate treatment and counseling.
Inner Speech and Metacognition: In Search of a Connection
Authors: Langland‐Hassan Peter
Published: November 2014

Many theorists claim that inner speech is importantly linked to human metacognition (thinking about one's own thinking). However, their proposals all rely upon unworkable conceptions of the content and structure of inner speech episodes. The core problem is that they require inner speech episodes to have both auditory‐phonological contents and propositional/semantic content. Difficulties for the views emerge when we look closely at how such contents might be integrated into one or more states or processes. The result is that, if inner speech is especially valuable to metacognition, we do not currently understand why it is. The article concludes with two positive proposals for understanding the content and structure of inner speech episodes, which should serve as constraints on future accounts of the metacognitive value of inner speech.
Tumefactive demyelinating disease mimicking malignant tumor in positron emission tomography with 11C‐methionine
Authors: Matsuzono Kosuke , Deguchi Kentaro , Hishikawa Nozomi , Yamashita Toru , Ichikawa Tomotsugu , Date Isao , Abe Koji
Published: November 2014

Tumefactive demyelination is sometimes difficult differentiate from malignant tumors. Positron emission tomography with 11C‐methionine is useful for diagnosing cerebral malignant tumors, but there are previous reports for tumefactive demyelination. We experienced a 32‐year‐old man who suffered from subacute onset dysarthria and left hemiparesis with magnetic resonance image of a large lesion (5.3 × 4.2 cm) in the right frontal lobe. Positron emission tomography with 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose showed a high ring‐shaped glucose uptake in the lesion and 11C‐methionine showed a remarkable methionine uptake in the whole lesion. Although a malignant tumor was suspected, the patient was finally diagnosed with tumefactive demyelinating disease based on brain biopsy results, and was treated completely by methylpredonisolone therapy. Although 11C‐methionine uptake with positron emission tomography commonly suggests a malignant tumor, there can still be a possibility of tumefactive demyelinating disease.
Taking good care of myself: A qualitative study on self‐care behavior among Chinese persons with a permanent colostomy
Authors: Tao Hui , Songwathana Praneed , Isaramalai Sang‐arun , Wang Qingxi
Published: November 2014

In Chinese culture, as a possible consequence of Confucianism, caring for the sick is considered a moral obligation of family members, while self‐care is only the basis of fulfilling filial piety. This qualitative study aims to explore the self‐care behavior among persons with a permanent colostomy in a Chinese cultural context of emphasizing the role of family caregiving. Data from in‐depth interviews with seven Chinese adults at a university hospital in southwest China were analyzed using content analysis. Informants' self‐care behavior was characterized by “taking good care of myself,” which underlined individuals' efforts to manage colostomy‐related impacts involving: (i) taking care of my colostomy with a proper degree of independence; (ii) taking care of my life by dealing with limitations; (iii) taking care of my mood in a positive way. Findings revealed that informants' self‐care behavior was linked to their Confucian beliefs in family obligations, and also influenced by a happy‐go‐lucky outlook of life, a likely product of Taoism. The information is useful for nurses to design a culturally appropriate care plan to improve self‐care behavior and proper family caregiving.
Simultaneous transcriptome analysis of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and tomato fruit pathosystem reveals novel fungal pathogenicity and fruit defense strategies
Authors: Alkan Noam , Friedlander Gilgi , Ment Dana , Prusky Dov , Fluhr Robert
Published: November 2014

The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides breaches the fruit cuticle but remains quiescent until fruit ripening signals a switch to necrotrophy, culminating in devastating anthracnose disease. There is a need to understand the distinct fungal arms strategy and the simultaneous fruit response.

Transcriptome analysis of fungal–fruit interactions was carried out concurrently in the appressoria, quiescent and necrotrophic stages.

Conidia germinating on unripe fruit cuticle showed stage‐specific transcription that was accompanied by massive fruit defense responses. The subsequent quiescent stage showed the development of dendritic‐like structures and swollen hyphae within the fruit epidermis. The quiescent fungal transcriptome was characterized by activation of chromatin remodeling genes and unsuspected environmental alkalization. Fruit response was portrayed by continued highly integrated massive up‐regulation of defense genes. During cuticle infection of green or ripe fruit, fungi recapitulate the same developmental stages but with differing quiescent time spans. The necrotrophic stage showed a dramatic shift in fungal metabolism and up‐regulation of pathogenicity factors. Fruit response to necrotrophy showed activation of the salicylic acid pathway, climaxing in cell death.

Transcriptome analysis of C. gloeosporioides infection of fruit reveals its distinct stage‐specific lifestyle and the concurrent changing fruit response, deepening our perception of the unfolding fungal–fruit arms and defenses race.
The effect of elevated carbon dioxide on the interaction betweenEucalyptus grandisand diverse isolates ofPisolithussp. is associated with a complex shift in the root transcriptome
Authors: Plett Jonathan M. , Kohler Annegret , Khachane Amit , Keniry Kerry , Plett Krista L. , Martin Francis , Anderson Ian C.
Published: November 2014

Using the newly available genome forEucalyptus grandis, we sought to determine the genome‐wide traits that enable this host to form mutualistic interactions with ectomycorrhizal (ECM)Pisolithussp. and to determine how future predicted concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) will affect this relationship.

We analyzed the physiological and transcriptomic responses ofE. grandisduring colonization by differentPisolithussp. isolates under conditions of ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (650 ppm)CO2to tease out the gene expression profiles associated with colonization status.

We demonstrate thatE. grandisvaries in its susceptibility to colonization by differentPisolithusisolates in a manner that is not predictable by geographic origin or the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)‐based phylogeny of the fungal partner. Elevated concentrations ofCO2alter the receptivity ofE. grandistoPisolithus, a change that is correlated to a dramatic shift in the transcriptomic profile of the root.

These data provide a starting point for understanding how future environmental change may alter the signaling between plants and their ECM partners and is a step towards determining the mechanism behind previously observed shifts inEucalypt‐associated fungal communities exposed to elevated concentrations of atmosphericCO2.
Development of apixaban: a novel anticoagulant for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Hanna Michael S. , Mohan Puneet , Knabb Robert , Gupta Elora , Frost Charles , Lawrence John H.
Published: November 2014

The factor Xa inhibitor apixaban is one of the novel anticoagulants to emerge as alternatives to long‐standing standards of care that include low‐molecular‐weight heparin and warfarin. The development of apixaban reflects a strategy to optimize the clinical pharmacology profile, dosing posology, trial designs, and statistical analyses across multiple indications, and to seek alignment with global health authorities. The primary objective of dose selection was to maintain balance between efficacy and bleeding risk. Twice‐daily dosing of apixaban, rather than once daily, was chosen to lower peak concentrations and reduce fluctuations between peak and trough levels. Our discussion here focuses on the use of apixaban for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Supporting this indication, a pair of registrational trials was conducted that enrolled the full spectrum of patients who, by guidelines, were eligible for anticoagulation. In the AVERROES study of patients who were unsuitable for warfarin therapy, apixaban was superior to aspirin in reducing the risk of stroke or systemic embolism (SSE), without a significant increase in major bleeding (MB). In the ARISTOTLE (Apixaban for Reduction In STroke and Other ThromboemboLic Events in Atrial Fibrillation) study, apixaban was superior to warfarin on the rates of SSE, MB, and all‐cause mortality. Overall, these studies have demonstrated a substantially favorable benefit–risk profile for apixaban over warfarin and aspirin in NVAF.
Knowledge and tools to enhance resilience of beef grazing systems for sustainable animal protein production
Authors: Steiner Jean L. , Engle David M. , Xiao Xiangming , Saleh Ali , Tomlinson Peter , Rice Charles W. , Cole N. Andy , Coleman Samuel W. , Osei Edward , Basara Jeffrey , Middendorf Gerad , Gowda Prasanna , Todd Richard , Moffet Corey , Anandhi Aavudai , Starks Patrick J. , Ocshner Tyson , Reuter Ryan , Devlin Daniel
Published: November 2014

Ruminant livestock provides meat and dairy products that sustain health and livelihood for much of the world's population. Grazing lands that support ruminant livestock provide numerous ecosystem services, including provision of food, water, and genetic resources; climate and water regulation; support of soil formation; nutrient cycling; and cultural services. In the U.S. southern Great Plains, beef production on pastures, rangelands, and hay is a major economic activity. The region's climate is characterized by extremes of heat and cold and extremes of drought and flooding. Grazing lands occupy a large portion of the region's land, significantly affecting carbon, nitrogen, and water budgets. To understand vulnerabilities and enhance resilience of beef production, a multi‐institutional Coordinated Agricultural Project (CAP), the “grazing CAP,” was established. Integrative research and extension spanning biophysical, socioeconomic, and agricultural disciplines address management effects on productivity and environmental footprints of production systems. Knowledge and tools being developed will allow farmers and ranchers to evaluate risks and increase resilience to dynamic conditions. The knowledge and tools developed will also have relevance to grazing lands in semiarid and subhumid regions of the world.
Are new supraglottic airway devices, tracheal tubes and airway viewing devices cost‐effective?
Authors: Slinn Simon J. , Froom Stephen R. , Stacey Mark R. W. , Gildersleve Christopher D.
Published: November 2014

Over the past two decades, a plethora of new airway devices has become available to the pediatric anesthetist. While all have the laudable intention of improving patient care and some have proven clinical benefits, these devices are often costly and at times claims of an advantage over current equipment and techniques are marginal. Supraglottic airway devices are used in the majority of pediatric anesthetics delivered in the UK, and airway‐viewing devices provide an alternative for routine intubation as well as an option in the management of the difficult airway. Yet hidden beneath the convenience of the former and the technology of the latter, the impact on basic airway skills with a facemask and the lack of opportunities to fine‐tune the core skill of intubation represent an unrecognised and unquantifiable cost. A judgement on this value must be factored into the absolute purchase cost and any potential benefits to the quality of patient care, thus blurring any judgement on cost‐effectiveness that we might have. An overall value on cost‐effectiveness though not in strict monetary terms can then be ascribed. In this review, we evaluate the role of these devices in the care of the pediatric patient and attempt to balance the advantages they offer against the cost they incur, both financial and environmental, and in any quality improvement they might offer in clinical care.
The ‘Can't Intubate Can't Oxygenate’ scenario in pediatric anesthesia: a comparison of the Melker cricothyroidotomy kit with a scalpel bougie technique
Authors: Prunty Sarah L. , Aranda‐Palacios Alberto , Heard Andy M. , Chapman Gordon , Ramgolam Anoop , Hegarty Mary , Vijayasekaran Shyan , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S.
Published: November 2014

Background

While the majority of pediatric intubations are uncomplicated, the ‘Can't intubate, Can't Oxygenate’ scenario (CICO) does occur. With limited management guidelines available, CICO is still a challenge even to experienced pediatric anesthetists.

Objectives

To compare the COOK Melker cricothyroidotomy kit (CM) with a scalpel bougie (SB) technique for success rate and complication rate in a tracheotomy on a cadaveric ‘infant airway’ animal model.

Methods

Two experienced proceduralists repeatedly attempted tracheotomy in eight rabbits, alternately using CM and SB (4 fr) technique. The first attempt was performed at the level of the first tracheal cartilage with subsequent experimental trials of insertion progressively more caudad. Success was defined as intratracheal placement of cannula as seen on bronchoscope. Complications were assessed both by bronchoscopic and macropathological appearance.

Results

32 attempts were made at tracheotomy. CM had an overall success rate of 100% compared to a 75% success rate for SB. Success rate for the first attempt was dependent on the level of the tracheotomy (Level 1 100%, level 2 62.5% and level 3 & 4 25%). While CM was associated with lateral and/or posterior wall damage on bronchoscopy/macropathology in 6% of 19% and 25% of 50% respectively, the damage observed was greater and more frequent with SB (19%/44% and 31%/50%, respectively).

Conclusions

At level 1, the first attempt success rate was 100% for both devices. Overall CM showed a better success rate than SB; however, both techniques were associated with significant complication rates, which were more pronounced following the scalpel bougie technique.
Practical utility of insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA‐binding protein 3, glucose transporter 1, and epithelial membrane antigen for distinguishing malignant mesotheliomas from benign mesothelial proliferations
Authors: Chang Sunhee , Oh Mee‐Hye , Ji Sun‐Young , Han Joungho , Kim Tae‐Jung , Eom Minseob , Kwon Kun Young , Ha Seung Yeon , Choi Yoo Duk , Lee Chang Hun , Lee Yonghee , Jung Soon‐Hee
Published: November 2014

The differentiation of malignant mesotheliomas and benign mesothelial proliferations is crucial in determining patient care and prognosis. But, this distinction can be extremely difficult, particularly in small biopsies. Recently, insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA‐binding protein 3 (IMP3) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT‐1) have been reported as specific and sensitive markers in the distinction of mesotheliomas from benign mesothelial proliferations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of IMP3, GLUT‐1, and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) immunohistochemistry for distinguishing mesotheliomas from benign mesothelial proliferations. Immunoexpression of IMP3, GLUT‐1, and EMA was evaluated in 88 malignant mesotheliomas, 35 adenomatoid tumors, and 20 benign lung tissues with reactive mesothelial cells. The sensitivity for IMP3, GLUT‐1, and EMA was 37%, 21%, and 41%, respectively. The specificity for IMP3, GLUT‐1, and EMA was 100%. When IMP3, GLUT1, and EMA combined, the sensitivity was 66% for IMP3/EMA staining, 53% for GLUT‐1/EMA staining, and 45% for IMP3/GLUT‐1. Use of IMP3 and EMA together is more helpful to distinguish malignant mesotheliomas from benign mesothelial proliferations than the use of IMP3 or EMA alone.
Reactive oxygen species contribute to the release of volatile organic compounds from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during programmed cell death
Authors: Zuo Zhaojiang , Chen Zhengzhen , Shi Menglin , Zhu Yerong , Bai Yanling , Wang Yong
Published: November 2014

Acetic acid at pH 5.0 can induce programmed cell death (PCD) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells, and abundant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were released during the process. In this study, the caspase‐3‐like activity was determined during the PCD, and it was increased significantly after 1 h. During the PCD, the dynamic release of VOCs from the cells was analyzed, and the emissions of total VOCs were raised markedly and reached the highest level at 2 h. Among the seven types of VOCs, such as alkanes, alkenes, terpenoids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters, three oxygenated compounds (aldehydes, ketones and esters) showed the most significant increase. O2‐· and H2O2 were rapidly accumulated to high levels in the cells at the beginning of the PCD, but their content was reduced during the process. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were reduced gradually and even disappeared completely, demonstrating that the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may not be scavenged by the antioxidant enzyme system. ROS have an intense oxidation and scavenging ability to volatile compounds, and the oxidation results in the production of oxygenated compounds. Therefore, the abundant production of oxygenated compounds indicated that ROS may play an important role in the dynamic release of VOCs from C. reinhardtii cells during PCD.
Depression in Parkinson's disease: the effectiveness and risk of pharmacotherapy. Clinical review
Authors: Dyduch Agnieszka , Załuska Maria
Published: November 2014

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disease with a heterogeneous pattern of neurological symptoms and concomitant psychiatric syndromes. These syndromes are triggered by alterations to neurotransmission that are likely common for both neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Syndromes such as depression, anxiety, or cognitive impairment can precede motor symptoms of PD and delay its diagnosis. Recently, questions related to aetiological factors and treatment strategies of depression in PD have become a growing concern of PD researchers. This article describes the main features of depression in PD and presents current hypotheses on its aetiology and recommended treatment modes.
Sequential Sufficient Dimension Reduction for Large p, Small n Problems
Authors: Yin Xiangrong , Hilafu Haileab
Published: November 2014

We propose a new and simple framework for dimension reduction in the large p, small n setting. The framework decomposes the data into pieces, thereby enabling existing approaches for n>p to be adapted to n < p problems. Estimating a large covariance matrix, which is a very difficult task, is avoided. We propose two separate paths to implement the framework. Our paths provide sufficient procedures for identifying informative variables via a sequential approach. We illustrate the paths by using sufficient dimension reduction approaches, but the paths are very general. Empirical evidence demonstrates the efficacy of our paths. Additional simulations and applications are given in an on-line supplementary file.
The effect of riboflavin and ultraviolet light on the infectivity of arboviruses
Authors: Faddy Helen M. , Prow Natalie A. , Fryk Jesse J. , Hall Roy A. , Keil Shawn D. , Goodrich Raymond P. , Marks Denese C.
Published: November 2014

Background

Arboviruses are an emerging threat to transfusion safety and rates of infection are likely to increase with the increased rainfall associated with climate change. Arboviral infections are common in Australia, where Ross River virus (RRV), Barmah Forest virus (BFV), and Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), among others, have the potential to cause disease in humans. The use of pathogen reduction technology (PRT) may be an alternative approach for blood services to manage the risk of arboviral transfusion transmission. In this study, the effectiveness of the Mirasol PRT (Terumo BCT) system at inactivating RRV, BFV, and MVEV in buffy coat (BC)‐derived platelets (PLTs) was investigated.

Study Design and Methods

BC‐derived PLT concentrates in additive solution (SSP+) were spiked with RRV, BFV, or MVEV and then treated with the Mirasol PRT system. The level of infectious virus was determined before and after treatment, and the reduction in viral infectivity was calculated.

Results

Treatment with PRT (Mirasol) reduced the amount of infectious virus of all three arboviruses. The greatest level of inactivation was observed for RRV (2.33 log; 99.25%), followed by BFV (1.97 log; 98.68%) and then MVEV (1.83 log; 98.42%).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that treatment of PLT concentrates with PRT (Mirasol) reduces the infectious levels of RRV, BFV, and MVEV. The relevance of the level of reduction required to prevent disease transmission by transfusion has not been fully defined and requires further investigation. In the face of a changing climate, with its associated threat to blood safety, PRT represents a proactive approach for maintaining blood safety.
Benefits of Nonaxisymmetric Endwall Contouring in a Compressor Cascade With a Tip Clearance
Authors: Varpe Mahesh K. , Pradeep A. M.
Published: November 2014

This paper describes the design of a nonaxisymmetric hub contouring in a shroudless axial flow compressor cascade operating at near stall condition. Although an optimum tip clearance (TC) reduces the total pressure loss, further reduction in the loss was achieved using hub contouring. The design methodology presented here combines an evolutionary principle with a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow solver to generate different geometric profiles of the hub systematically. The resulting configurations were preprocessed by GAMBIT© and subsequently analyzed computationally using ANSYSFluent©. The total pressure loss coefficient was used as a single objective function to guide the search process for the optimum hub geometry. The resulting three dimensionally complex hub promises considerable benefits discussed in detail in this paper. A reduction of 15.2% and 16.23% in the total pressure loss and secondary kinetic energy (SKE), respectively, is achieved in the wake region. An improvement of 4.53% in the blade loading is observed. Other complimentary benefits are also listed in the paper. The majority of the benefits are obtained away from the hub region. The contoured hub not only alters the pitchwise static pressure gradient but also acts as a vortex generator in an effort to alleviate the total pressure loss. The results confirm that nonaxisymmetric contouring is an effective method for reducing the losses and thereby improving the performance of the cascade.
Nonlinear Wave Loads on a Submerged Deck by the Green–Naghdi Equations
Authors: Hayatdavoodi Masoud , Cengiz Ertekin R.
Published: November 2014

We present a comparative study of the two-dimensional linear and nonlinear vertical and horizontal wave forces and overturning moment due to the unsteady flow of an inviscid, incompressible fluid over a fully submerged horizontal, fixed deck in shallow-water. The problem is approached on the basis of the level I Green–Naghdi (G–N) theory of shallow-water waves. The main objective of this paper is to present a comparison of the solitary and periodic wave loads calculated by use of the G–N equations, with those computed by the Euler equations and the existing laboratory measurements, and also with linear solutions of the problem for small-amplitude waves. The results show a remarkable similarity between the G–N and the Euler solutions and the laboratory measurements. In particular, the calculations predict that the thickness of the deck, if it is not “too thick,” has no effect on the vertical forces and has only a slight influence on the two-dimensional horizontal positive force. The calculations also predict that viscosity of the fluid has a small effect on these loads. The results have applications to various physical problems such as wave forces on submerged coastal bridges and submerged breakwaters.
Static Characteristics of Aerostatic Thrust Bearings With Multiple Porous Inlet Ports
Authors: Hosokawa Takako , Somaya Kei , Miyatake Masaaki , Yoshimoto Shigeka
Published: November 2014

Aerostatic porous bearings have been applied successfully to various precision devices, such as precision machine tools and precision measuring equipment, to achieve higher accuracy of motion. Recently, large aerostatic porous thrust bearings have been used as essential components in a lithography machine for large liquid crystal display (LCD) glasses. Conventional aerostatic porous bearings are made of porous material that covers the whole of the bearing surface area, requiring a large piece of such material for large bearings. However, making large pieces of porous material requires the use of a large electric furnace, which is a very expensive part of the bearing's manufacturing cost. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes an aerostatic thrust bearing with multiple porous inlet ports. The proposed bearing has a number of small porous inlet ports on the bearing surface, thereby avoiding the need for large electric furnaces. The static characteristics of the proposed bearings are investigated numerically and experimentally. The results show that the proposed aerostatic thrust bearing is potentially very useful for the manufacture of large aerostatic thrust bearings, where it would have advantages over conventional aerostatic porous thrust bearings.