bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Performance Analysis of Wavelet based LTE-OFDM with Multi-equalizers
Authors: Et.al Judy Simon
Published: April 2021

A rapid change in usage of mobile data and mobile based applications such as online gaming, mobile TV etc. motivates the mobile wireless communication system to work on new emerging trends Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE-4G architecture provides an optimized packet based radio access technology. The basic signal format of LTE is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Modulation. This modulation scheme satisfies the spectrum flexibility requirement in LTE. LTE-MIMO-OFDM with IFFT and FFT transform introduced to provide the cost-effective solution for very wide carriers with high PAPR. Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) and inter carrier interference (ICI) are predominant factors which exist in the wireless communication channel. Existing methods of ISI and ICI reduction to improve signal quality have been achieved using conventional OFDM techniques. However, a better modulation scheme is required to achieve high data rate, low latency and flexible bandwidth deployment. This paper has proposed a Wavelet based LTE-MIMO-OFDM modulation scheme with multi equalizer that improves the performance of system by reducing PAPR and BER in MCM. Experimental results show the performance of this scheme and the results is compared with existing MMSE and Multi equalizer MMSE and achieves a flexible spectral efficiency with reduction of PAPR and BER.
Linked Method of Open Government Data by Datasets Oriented
Authors: Et.al Yun-Young Hwang
Published: April 2021

In order to make public data more useful, it is necessary to provide relevant data sets that meet the needs of users. We introduce the method of linkage between datasets. We provide a method for deriving linkages between fields of structured datasets provided by public data portals. We defined a dataset and connectivity between datasets. The connectivity between them is based on the metadata of the dataset and the linkage between the actual data field names and values. We constructed the standard field names. Based on this standard, we established the relationship between the datasets. This paper covers 31,692 structured datasets (as of May 31, 2020) among the public data portal datasets. We extracted 1,185,846 field names from over 30,000 datasets. We extracted 1,185,846 field names from over 30,000 datasets. As a result of analyzing the field names, the field names related to spatial information were the most common at 35%. This paper verified the method of deriving the relation between data sets, focusing on the field names classified as spatial information. For this reason, we have defined spatial standard field names. To derive similar field names, we extracted related field names into spaces such as locations, coordinates, addresses, and zip codes used in public datasets. The standard field name of spatial information was designed and derived 43% cooperation rate of 31,692 datasets. In the future, we plan to apply similar field names additionally to improve the data set cooperation rate of the spatial information standard.
Tourism Education in Azerbaijan: Current Situation, Problems and Solutions
Authors: Teymur Sarkhanov Gadir Bayramli,
Published: April 2021

Tourism has been chosen as one of the priority areas among non-oil sectors. Although there are prerequisites for the development of tourism in a country with rich natural and historical-cultural recreation resources, the use of the country's rich tourism potential is not sufficient. One of the reasons why tourism cannot achieve any result is the problems of tourism education. This problem is also delaying the transition to the sustainable development of tourism. These reasons make it necessary to carry out research on tourism education, identify and solve problems. Some issues related to tourism education have been touched upon in the Strategic Roadmap for Tourism Development, tourism-related programs, and some tourism textbooks, and highlighted the importance of solving the problem. Almost all tourism education institutions and most of the qualified cadres in tourism are concentrated in the capital Baku and other major cities. This indicates that there is an inequality in the location of skilled cadres in the field of tourism, and according to these figures, the regions are far behind the major cities like Baku, Ganja, and Sumgait. Investigation of tourism education requires comprehensive and systematic analysis. Statistical analysis, comparative analysis, and SWOT analysis methods have been used in this article, which examines the problems of tourism education in Azerbaijan. If problems on tourism education are solved, it will be possible to make better use of the country's recreational potential and improve the quality of tourism services. The problem of tourism education is to increase the number of enterprises providing tourist education, to study and apply the experience of developed countries, to strengthen the staff in the tourism education institutions, to introduce innovative methods of teaching, to improve the quality of textbooks, to enhance tourism education in the regions, and to provide internship opportunities for students and young researchers to meet their needs.
Regulation of Lifelong in Education and İts Economic, Social Benefits
Authors: Et al. Allahyar Muradov
Published: April 2021

Sustainability in education is important in ensuring knowledge-based and innovation-driven development and human capital reproduction. Sustainability is particular important for the prevention of some economic and social problems that may arise in the future and raising the competitiveness of the country. Sustainability - the prevention as some of economic and social problems that may arise in the future is of particular importance in raising the country's competitiveness.

The aim of the research is to estimate the economic-social benefits of regulation of sustainability in education and to give the suggestions in the direction of the improvement of the effectiveness of the regulation.

The impact of continuity in education on the formation and development of human capital, knowledge-based society building, labour intelligence, competitiveness and the improvement of welfare are assessed cross-country in the article. In particular, in recent years, researches and politicians have analysed the ‘4th industry’ revolution (‘Industry 4.0’) ‘the benefits and losses in the medium and long-term perspective and its interaction with the sustainability of education. Here are two issues: 1) socioeconomic disadvantages of ensuring sustainability in education, 2) socioeconomic advantages of ensuring sustainability in education. Firstly, it is analysed the impacts of increased unemployment, reduction of employment income, declining social security and welfare that will be resulted as problems on economic development. Secondly, it is analysed (ensuring in sustainability condition) the distinguished factors of rapid technological innovation, labour productivity, repatriation of human capital, raising competitiveness on the international level, innovation-based development, economic benefits of knowledge and skills.
Design Thinking for Sustainable Development
Authors: Zeltina Mara
Published: April 2021

The complexity of environmental and sustainability challenges has created an ongoing need for innovative and integrated approaches to address them. Design disciplines have a long history. The method “design thinking”, originally applied in architecture, engineering and business, has led to new and creative problem solving, thus creating much potential for use in sustainable development planning. While principles of good design are well established, there has been limited integration of design thinking with environmental science, sustainable development planning and education.

This research was focused on how a sustainability approach can be merged with design thinking to develop socially responsible and environmentally sustainable products and services. The case study has been carried out in the master’s study course Sustainable Development Planning. Some of basic principles and stages of design thinking, such as empathy, creativity, collaboration, responsibility and interdisciplinary approach have been tested by using students project work evaluation regarding certain criteria and survey after the study course.

The first results of approbated design thinking principles and methods, significant advantages and disadvantages and the perspective of using this method have been analysed and discussed. As the result from this study proposals for the improvement of the content of this study course and related study courses (a study course on sustainable development issues is compulsory in all undergraduate study programs in Latvia) and for the specification of test tasks have been developed, considering also future needs to provide the study course remotely.
Problems of vaccine prophylaxis of influenza in pregnant women
Authors: Maksakova V. L , Konshina O. S , Erofeeva M. K , Tokin I. I
Published: April 2021

Pregnant women are at high risk for the adverse course of respiratory diseases, among which the influenza is the one of the leading infections, of ten finishing tragically for most pregnant and her offspring. Due to the disproportionately high morbidity, mortality and adverse outcomes of pregnancy after influenza virus infection, pregnant females are classified as a priority group for vaccination. Immunization with inactivated influenza vaccine is one of the most important strategy to prevent both of influenza infection, its severe complications, and mitigating of the effects of the epidemic of influenza. There was accumulated sufficient evidence demonstrating that the vaccine promotes the diminution of clinical manifestations of influenza infection in pregnant women, as well, has a positive effect on the health of the newborns due to the active transport of maternal antibodies. In the review there are presented data on the safety, high immunogenicity and clinical efficacy of vaccination against influenza as for pregnant women as well for infants.
Trombiculiasis in Russian tourists travelled to tropical countries
Authors: Bronshteyn A. M , Kochergin N. G , Malyshev N. A , Konstantinov O. K , Davydova I. V , Burova S. V
Published: April 2021

Cases of arthropod dermatoses acquired by Russian tourists in tropical countries Brazil, Sri Lanka, Peru and Thailand are presented. These dermatoses were associated with trombiculidae mites infesting alligator, Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris, elephants and parrots. Because of widespread travel, trombiculiasis has become more common in European countries. Awareness of dermatoses associated with mites other than Sarcoptes for clinicians should be considered for a patient who has recently returned from endemic area. Misdiagnosis and mismanagement can occur owing to limited awareness of the condition outside endemic areas.
A prominent epidemiologist and public health organizer (to the 110th anniversary of the birth of Academician O.V. Baroyan)
Authors: Knopov Mikhail Sh. , Taranukha V. K
Published: April 2021

The article presents the life and career of a prominent national epidemiologist, the talented organizer of Health care, well-known public figure, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor Hovhannes Vagarshakovich Baroyan.
GIS-technologies in the advancement of epidemiological surveillance for anthrax in the Rostov region
Authors: Vodyanitskaya Svetlana Yu. , Sudina L. V , Logvin F. V , Vodopjanov A. S , Kireev Yu. G , Batashev V. V
Published: April 2021

The article describes geo-informational system (GIS) aimed at advancement of epidemiological surveillance for anthrax in the Rostov region and developed with the use of the following resources: computerized program Quantum GIS 2.2, soil maps from "Unified State Register of Soil Resources of Russia", information submitted by experts of the Federal State Healthcare Institution "Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Rostov Region", data gained from the Public State Archives of the Rostov region. GIS makes it possible to reveal patterns ofspread ofanthrax among people and animals, to carry out comparative historic data analysis, to trace dynamics and a trend of incidence, to analyze the distribution of fixed problem areas according to the types of soils, landscapes, etc. Information presented in user-friendly form will be helpful for the effective and timely decision-making.
Mechanisms of Cholera Agent Persistence under Varying Osmolarity Conditions
Authors: Zadnova Svetlana P. , Plekhanov N. A , Smirnova N. I
Published: April 2021

During the lifecycle cholera agent, being human pathogen and natural reservoir inhabitant, is constantly exposed to varying osmolarity environments, induced by different sodium chloride content. However, Vibrio cholerae has created the mechanisms providingfor adaptation to changes of living surroundings. The review covers the data on the impact of NaCl on the survivability of toxigenic V. cholerae strains, and information on mechanisms of adaptation to varying osmolarity. It is demonstrated that at low NaCl contents expression of genes, necessary for cell wall formation and cell growth is elevated; under high NaCl concentration conditions for transcription of genes, encoding transport systems, removing sodium ions, and also responsible for biosynthesis of osmoprotectors, are increased. There is discussed the role of two transcription regulators, CosR and OscR, cooperatively altering gene expression in accordance with particular environmental osmolarity. Further studies into the mechanisms of V. cholerae adaptation to changes of sodium chloride concentration will extend the knowledge about biology and ecology of the pathogen.
Organization of the specialized medical care in infectious diseases during the period of preparations and the 2014 XXII Olympic Winter and XI Paralympic Winter Games Staging
Authors: Gorodin V. N , Filippov E. F , Burlutskaya A. V , Orobei V. G , Kulichenko A. N , Efremenko D. V , Solonenko T. A , Strihanov S. N , Kuznetsova Irina V. , Manin E. A , Klindukhov V. P , Grechanaya T. V , Tesheva S. Ch , Tushina O. V , Antonenko A. D , Efremenko A. A
Published: April 2021

The paper presents the results of measures for the organization of specialized medical care in infectious diseases during the preparation and staging of the 2014 XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in the city of Sochi. There is analyzed the complex of measures to ensure the readiness of infectious services in the Krasnodar territory. Special attention in the pre-Olympic period was focused on the training ofmedical personnel with regard to the peculiarities of the work at major international competitions and available epidemiological risks, including those associated with the possibility of skidding especially dangerous and exotic for the Russian Federation infections. There were strengthened the material and technical equipment of the infectious service of the Krasnodar territory and Sochi, updated inventory of medicines, medical supplies in case of emergencies in the field ofpublic health. In the framework of the target program of the Krasnodar territory «Provision of construction of Olympic venues and the development of Sochi city as a mountain climatic and balneological resort» there was built and put into operation a new hospital «Infectious hospital № 2», which became the main base for the treatment of patients with infectious pathology of the resort city of. Sochi. At the time of the Games there was implemented personnel strengthening infectious service Sochi by bringing in specialists from other regions of the Krasnodar territory. The article also presents data on the structure of infectious morbidity in the period of the Games staging. In conclusion, it is noted that due to results of the work including preventive and anti-epidemic measures it was possible to avoid serious complications of sanitary and epidemiological situation. No cases group and flare infectious morbidity during the Games were recorded.
Reactivation of Varicella Zoster virus in HIV infection. Actual issues
Authors: Nikiforov V. V , Dvornikov A. S , Shakhmardanov Murad Z. , Skripkina P. A
Published: April 2021

The article presents current views on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and ways of the prevention infection caused by Varicella Zoster virus in HIV-infected patients.
The experience of the organization of the department of chronic viral infections on the basis of outpatient clinics in a densely populated area of the large megalopolis
Authors: Naumenko Vitaliy V. , Sologub Tamara V.
Published: April 2021

The article presents data on the incidence of HIV infection both in the city of St. Petersburg and the Central district of the city of St. Petersburg for the 5-years period. There is given the description of the age and gender of HIV-infected patients. There was performed the analysis of the activity of special unit for care to patients with HIV-infection and chronic viral hepatitis of the Central district of the city of St. Petersburg.
Problems and prospects of the tuberculosis diagnosis in patients with HIV infection
Authors: Umbetova Karina T. , Sinichenkova K. Yu , Arutyunova D. D , Darvina O. V , Belaia O. F , Sviridova M. B , Kanshina N. N , Ubeeva E. A , Volchkova E. V , Frolova O. P , Pak S. G
Published: April 2021

The article concerns modern methods of the diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection and gives discussion data in questions of sensitivity and specificity of some modern diagnosis methods.
Immunological (serological) monitoring in the epidemiological surveillance system of natural - focal infections
Authors: Nafeev A. A , Savelyeva N. V , Sibaeva E. I
Published: April 2021

In this work there is shown the value of the immunological screening in the organization and implementation of the epidemiological surveillance of natural focal infections. The application of this method with regard to this group of infections, allows to detect the frequency and the level of so-called "pro-epidemising" of the population, also helps with the identification of the mild, subclinical, latent forms of disease not detected by the clinical method of the diagnosis. The obtained results clearly demonstrate extensive nosoareals of natural focal infections in the territory of the subject among the population with different levels of seropositivity, and thus indicate to the needfor the implementation of the immunological screening in the future as an relevant diagnostic tool in the formulation of the diagnosis in epidemiological surveillance system.
Predicting the risk of neurological complications in the erythemal form of ixodes Lyme disease
Authors: Moshkova D. Yu , Avdeeva Marina G.
Published: April 2021

The aim. The prediction of risk degrees of neurological complications in adult patients with erythemal form of borreliosis for the timely appointment of causal and pathogenetic therapy. Materials and methods. We observed 46 patients hospitalized in infectious hospital in Krasnodar in 2013-2014, with a diagnosis of Ixodes tick-borne Lyme disease, erythemal form, acute course was observed in 41 (89.1%) person, subacute - in 2 (4.4%), chronic - 3 (6.5%). In the course of the disease there was studied the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-y. Results. The average age of patients was 41.1 ± 1.83 years, among them women (63%) dominated. In 31% of patients there were observed symptoms of the damage of the nervous system. From the first week of the disease there was noted a significant increase in the level of IFN-y, which persisted both in the subacute and chronic course of the disease. The average level of IFN-y in patients with signs of the damage of the central and peripheral nervous system accounted for 64.8±14.19 pg/ml being ignificantly higher (P 20.0 pg/ml symptoms of the damage of the nervous system were recorded in 50% of cases. The degrees of neurological complications risk in patients with tick-borne Lyme disease are determined: the IFN-y level of 20.0-34.99 pg/ml predicted the risk of 1 degree (12.5%), level of 35,0-79,99 pg/ml - the risk of 2 degree (45%), the level higher than 80.0pg/ml - the risk of 3 degree (100%). Conclusion. The use of the determination of the IFN-y level can increase the accuracy and provide the timeliness of diagnosis of neurological complications in Lyme borreliosis cases, that is important for the prognosis and treatment of the disease.
Detection and analysis of integrative conjugative elements in Vibrio spp. strains, isolated in the Volgograd region
Authors: Zakharova Irina B. , Kuzyutina Yu. A , Podshivalova M. V , Zamarin A. A , Toporkov A. V , Viktorov D. V
Published: April 2021

The presence of integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) of SXT/R391 family in different Vibrio species isolated from natural water sources in the Volgograd region in 2003 - 2014 was established. Trimethoprim (dfr18), streptomycin (strB) and sulfametoxazol (sulII) resistance genes were detected in ICEs pattern of in V. choleraenon-O1/non-O139 strains. In Vibrio spp. ICEs strains not referred to V. cholerae type there was detected another variant of dihydrofolate reductase gene - dfrA1 localized outside the main resistance cluster. The obtained results indicate to that aqueous Vibrio spp. strains may be potential reservoir of resistance genes.
THE RISK OF THE SPREAD OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF MOSQUITOES - AEDES GENUS AS TRANSMITTERS OF ZIKA VIRUS IN RUSSIA AND CRIMEA
Authors: Khaitovich A. B , Lukyanova M. E
Published: April 2021

The problem of the spread and acclimatization of mosquitos Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus is considered as major/minor vectors of Zika fever (and some other viral fevers) in the temperate climate of the Black Sea coast of Russia and Crimea. The analysis of the spread of the mosquitos in the world with taking into account geographic information system, maps of species habitats were made up; territorial boundaries of habitat were set, as well as biological and ecological characteristics of the different types of mosquito populations, climatic conditions, means of dispersal, conditions of a possible expansion of the regions; the risk of possible penetration of the major/minor species to other areas were assessed, including the Black Sea coast of Russia and Crimea.
IMPROVEMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN TRANSBAIKALIAN KRAI ON THE BASIS OF THE COMPLEX ESTIMATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RISKS
Authors: Noskov A. K , Vishnyakov V. A , Chesnokova M. V , Dampilova I. G
Published: April 2021

The territory of the Transbaikalian Krai is characterized by a wide spectrum of factors and conditions forming both external (probability of importation) and internal (local cases) epidemiological risks for occurrence of infectious diseases capable to cause the Public Health emergency situations. Hence, for the effective preventive and anti-epidemic measures the differentiated approach at municipal level is required. In the present work the systematization of epidemiological risks in the Transbaikalian Krai as in a whole and for the each municipal area was performed with the use of the previously proposed technique for the differentiation of the subject in the Russian Federation. On the basis of this systematization the reasonable target impact on the dominating risks to minimize the most probable reasons for emergency situations occurrence in Public Health services was proposed at the level of the municipal administration. Thus, the comprehensive estimation of epidemiological risks in Transbaikalian Krai permits to formulate the well-founded suggestions for the improvement of epidemiological surveillance for the infectious diseases capable to cause emergency situations in Public Health services.
APPLICATION OF ELISA-IGM (MAC-ELISA) FOR DETERMINING ETIOLOGICAL LINK VIRUS TYPES IN CONCRET CASES OF THE DISEASE
Authors: Akinshina Yuliya A. , Larichev V. F , Sayfullin M. A , Mardanly S. G , Butenko A. M
Published: April 2021

105 sera from 101 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of dengue fever (LD) were examined using monospecific ELISA-IgM test. Monospecific results were observed in 39 samples (37.1%). 27 sample of them were taken during the first 7 days of the disease. In those systems were examined 23 serum samples of 23 patients, in which etiological role of one of the four dengue viruses was been established by the RT-PCR method. In this case, the coincidence-IgM ELISA results and the RT-PCR took place in 14 sera (60.9%).
VARIANTS OF THYROID GLAND PATHOLOGY IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PATIENTS
Authors: Nikonorova Marina A. , Lubskaya N. S , Volchkova E. V , Nemilostiva E. A , Matros O. I
Published: April 2021

Introduction. HCV is the cause not only of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, but also extrahepatic manifestations. Currently, HCV is considered as an independent risk factor for thyroid pathology. In recent years, the level of pathology of the thyroid gland in the Altai Territory has increased by 16.4 times, which determined the purpose of this study: to study the features of the thyroid status in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in the Altai Territory. Materials and methods. There was executed a prospective, dynamic clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination of 240 CHC patients (47,5% of men and 52,5% of women aged of from 18 to 50 years), 120 of whom had HCV (49,1% of men and 50,9% of women, aged of from 18 to 50 years, mean age: 41,1±9,91 years) who did not receive antiviral therapy (HTV), the pathology of the thyroid gland in them was established for the first time. The study included the assessment of the level of TSH, total and free T3, T4, antibodies to thyreperoxidase (APPO), ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland. The diagnosis of CHC is based on HCV RNA, anti-HCV (core, NS3-5), blood biochemistry, fibrosis level score according to Metavir (elastometry, PBP). Results of the study. In HCV patients there were revealed autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) (5%), AIT with hypothyroidism (10%), AIT with latent hypothyroidism (8,3%), latent hypothyroidism (10%), hypothyroidism (16,6%), euthyroidism (49,1%) and thyrotoxicosis in only 1 patient. Variants of thyroid dysfunction were presented in the form of euthyroidism (60%), hypothyroidism (20%), hyperthyroidism (10%) and autoimmune thyroiditis (10%). The relationship between the development of the thyroid dysfunction (TD) and the history of the history of HCV infection has been established. Discussion and conclusions. CHC patients were more likely to have a history of euthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The relationship between TD and the duration of HCV infection can be regarded as its extrahepatic manifestation, and not as comorbid conditions. Thorough examination of the thyroid status it makes possible to identify TD people, which can be reflected in the choice of antiviral therapy and will determine the prognosis of the development of side effects.
THE LEVEL OF SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED Γ-INTERFERON IN FLU AND RESPIRATORY-SYNСITIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Baranova Irina P. , Malova I. A
Published: April 2021

This article presents results of the analysis of the level of spontaneous and induced γ-interferon in patients hospitalized in the Department of infectious diseases of the Medical Sanitary Unit No. 59 of the settlement Zarechny (the Penza region). The study included 64 in-patients of the infectious hospital including influenza cases, predominantly, (N3N2) - 27%, influenza B - 22%, RS-virus infection - 28%, unverified pathogen - 23%. Verification of etiological SARS was carried out through the identification of RNA and DNA viruses in nasal and pharyngeal discharges, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used in real time. The level of spontaneous γ-interferon (IFA method) before and after treatment was shown to be low and ranged from 0,0 to 4,9 pg/ml, irrespective of etiology, age and gender. The level of induced γ-interferon in flu before the treatment was significantly higher, than in RS infection. In schoolchildren and adults levels of induced γ -interferon before and after the treatment were significantly higher than in preschool children.
BRUCELLOSIS - ACUTE ZOONOTIC INFECTION ON THE TERRITORY OF THE OMSK REGION
Authors: Safonov Aleksandr D. , Pnevskiy Yu. A , Nurpeysova A. Kh
Published: April 2021

In the article there are presented some epidemiological and epizootological data on brucellosis infection in the territory of the Omsk region in 2010-2014. There is specified the territorial spread of disadvantaged points for brucellosis of animals in the Omsk region. There is presented the incidence rate of newly diagnosed brucellosis cases in the region in the comparison with similar indices for Russia and the Siberian Federal District (SFD). The excess in the morbidity rate in the region in the comparison with the index on Russia in 2010 was shown to be by more than 2 times (0.7 and 0.3 per 100 thousand of population, respectively) with practically comparable indices for the region (0.15-0.35), in Russia (0.24-0.34) and SFD (0.22-0.39) over the subsequent 4 years. There are presented data on clinical pathogenetic variants in patients with newly diagnosed brucellosis for the indicated period. There was noted a significant excess of chronic brucellosis (in 20 of 35 patients) over other clinical and pathogenetic variants of infection. Based on the analysis of clinical and laboratory data in patients who were on the treatment in the D.M. Dalmatova Infectious Clinical Hospital No 1 in 2010-2014 years (N = 205), clinical characteristics of chronic and residual brucellosis with the specification of leading syndromes and symptoms at the present stage are presented.
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO THE SYNDROME OF ACUTE HEPCENARY FAILURE
Authors: Tetova Vera B. , Burgasova O. A , Volkova V. M , Belyaeva N. M
Published: April 2021

In the review the data concerning an etiopathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the acute liver failure (ALF) and also potential options of alternative treatment are considered: Orthotopic transplantation of liver and modern approaches to patient maintenance. The ALF syndrome, despite the progress in the intensive therapy modes, represents a clinical syndrome with the high mortality rate. In healthy adults, especially in cases aged of up to 30 years ALF syndrome represents a significant intredisciplinary problem in terms of diagnostics and maintenance tactics. The clinical picture is most often presented by the hepatic dysfunction, development of a coagulopathy and change of biochemical indices of the liver function, with the development of encephalopathy and polyorganic insufficiency. The lethality rate in this syndrome reaches 50%. The high mortality rate, severity of the course, etiologic heterogeneity causes the need of the development of standards for the supporting therapy. Thanks to achievements in the field of the intensive therapy and the use of the emergency transplantation of a liver allograft survival indices have considerably been improved in recent years.
INDEL-GENOTYPING OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE STRAINS
Authors: Vodop’yanov Aleksey S. , Vodop’yanov S. O , Oleynikov I. P , Mishan’kin B. N
Published: April 2021

The aim of this work was to genotype Vibrio cholerae strains, based on 9 INDEL-markers. We identified 26 genotypes in 223 strains studied. Based on the cluster analysis, all genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters. A geographic attachment to specific regions was characteristic for some of the clusters. Toxigenic strains formed a separate cluster and have genotypes different from atoxigenic strains. All strains V cholerae O1 Eltor, isolated from 1929 to 2014, had an identical genotype, different from the genotypes of V. cholerae O1 classical and V. cholerae O139. A loss of cholera toxin gene was shown to fail to give rise in the alteration of INDEL-genotype. This allows us recommend this genotyping method for the identification strains that had a cholera toxin gene in the past. Under annual isolation of strains of V. cholerae from environmental objects, their population was established to be particular due to a high level of genetic diversity. This makes it possible to propose the use of the diversity index as one of the criteria for the assessment of epidemiological risk.
EVALUATION OF THE CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERFERON-GAMMA IN THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Plavinskiy S. L , Shabalkin Pavel I.
Published: April 2021

Tuberculosis worldwide is a serious problem for the health system and for society. Despite the fact that in recent years there has been a tendency to the decline in the incidence of tuberculosis, it remains to be one of the socially significant infections in the Russian Federation. Significant difficulties in the treatment of tuberculosis include the overcoming of the drug resistance of mycobacteria to the existing therapy, as well as the available limitations of the resources of the healthcare system in the Russian Federation. In this regard, there is a need to find additional opportunities to improve the effectiveness of the treatment and clinical and economic evaluation of existing treatment regimens. Interferon-gamma is an effective preparation for the management of tuberculosis. As a result of the pharmacoeconomic analysis, the administration of interferon-gamma (Ingaron) contributed to an increase in the quality of life by 2.1 QALY, and in terms of an addition to the therapy will be accompanied by savings of the budget of the Russian Federation up to 284 million rubles, or up to 27.3% of funds for the treatment of patients from this group.
VACCINATION AGAINST MALARIA: REALITY AND PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Litvinov S. K , Bronshteyn A. M , Morozov E. N
Published: April 2021

Malaria continues to be a major international public health problem. However a significant reduction in the morbidity rate has been achieved over the past decade. The effective vaccine against malaria, caused by P. falciparun, could contribute significantly to the prevention and control of the disease, as tropical malaria is most widely distributed in the world. Nowadays there is the only RTS,S/AS01 vaccine had passed the accomplished phase 3 of clinical trial and received endorsement of certain bodies of World Health Organization and European Medicines Agency. RTS,S/AS01 is a pre-erythrocytic hybrid recombinant protein vaccine. Both immunogenicity and effectiveness of this vaccine particularly in children aged of 5-12 months were demonstrated by the trial at the time for first vaccination. Vaccine should be administered 3 times as the initial series of inoculation with 4 weeks interval and then the 4th dose should be given 15-18 months later. Since there is still a number of issues required certain clarifications, the decision has been taken to undertake another relatively large pilot project in African countries, prior to final recommendations on the vaccine use could be developed and proposed to countries. The implementation of this new trial will definitely take appropriate time. The contribution of vaccine to malaria control might be significant only if used simultaneously with other proved malaria control measures, such as the use of insecticide-treated nets, detection of malaria cases with the use of rapid diagnostic tests and subsequent its treatment, chemoprevention when appropriate and, of course vector control. The consideration of the vaccine use as the mechanism, which should allow achieve the eradication of the disease is not appropriate in principle.
ACUTE AND CHRONIC STRONGYLOIDIASIS IN RUSSIAN TOURISTS TRAVELLED TO THAILAND, THE COAST OF BLACK SEA IN RUSSIA AND ABKHAZIA: PROBLEMS OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT. ANALYSIS OF CASES AND REVIEW
Authors: Bronshteyn Aleksandr M. , Fedyanina L. V , Malyshev N. A , Lashin V. Ya , Burova S. V , Davydova I. V , Maksimova M. S , Sokolova L. V
Published: April 2021

Cases of acute and chronic Strongyloides stercoralis are presented as tourists travelled to Thailand, the coast of Black sea in Russia and Abkhazia. A high level of clinical suspicion is required to make the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in at-risk patients presenting with peripheral eosinophilia, unexplained intermittent diarrhea, abdominal discomfort and skin rashes. Owing to increased risk of developing disseminated disease or hyperinfection syndrome, early detection and treatment of strongyloidiasis are extremely important. Strongyloidiasis should be routinely investigated in patients with chronic diseases who will undergo immunosuppressive therapy. Ivermectin or thiabendazole currently is the treatment of choice which are more effective than albendazole.
PHARMACOECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR THE INCLUSION OF VACCINATION AGAINST VARICELLA IN THE REGIONAL CALENDAR OF PREVENTIVE VACCINATIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE PENZA REGION
Authors: Zryachkin N. I , Buchkova Tatiana N. , Elizarova T. V , Chebotareva G. I
Published: April 2021

The article presents the pharmacoeconomic rationale for the inclusion of vaccination against varicella in the regional calendar of preventive vaccinations on the example of the Penza region. Varicella remains one of the most common infectious diseases in the studied region and in the Russian Federation as a whole. With the limited amount of budget funds allocated for the program of vaccination, it is necessary to assess their economic efficiency. For the economic evaluation, there was developed the algorithm of calculations contained in the software based on MS Excel in order to get the result when you change the source of regional data. As a result of calculations, the vaccination in the Penza region was revealed to be a profitable investment. The sustainability of the two-time vaccination of a cohort of children aged 1 year against the Varicella held in 2016, will come in for 2018, and further savings (prevented damage) will increase steadily. By the end of 2029, “net economic benefit” will be about 246.5 million rubles, the damage prevented would exceed the cost of the vaccination of a cohort of 6 times.
RABIES. ACTUAL ISSUES
Authors: Nikiforov V. V , Avdeeva M. G
Published: April 2021

The article gives an analysis of domestic and foreign literature reports, as well as the author’s own experience in the problem of rabies. There are presented facts on the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology of rabies. Details of the features of the clinical and laboratory diagnosis and the issues of treatment and prevention are considered. An algorithm for management patients with suspected rabies is suggested.
ENHANCED INVESTIGATION OF ETIOLOGY OF DISEASES DURING THE SHIGELLOSIS OUTBREAK WITH FATAL OUTCOMES AMONG CHILDREN
Authors: Parkina N. V , Sakalkina E. V , Guseva A. N , Kuleshov K. V , Olneva T. A , Goptar I. A , Domonova E. A , Matosova S. V , Silveystrova O. Yu , Khromova N. A , Podkolzin Alexander T. , Shipulin G. A
Published: April 2021

The outbreak of shigellosis caused by Shigella. flexneri 2a which affected a total of 42 persons was revealed by epidemiological analysis and microbiological testing in a nursing home for disabled children with a severe pathology of the nervous system. At the same time, four fatal cases among children were registered. The main purpose of our study was to perform an enhanced investigation to find potentially novel etiological agent among affected persons especially in cases with fatal outcome. We applied a broad range of commercial kits based on the nucleic acid amplification techniques as well as bacteriological methods for etiological diagnosis. Additionally, several S. flexneri 2a isolates and revealed bacterial pathogens were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) for expanded genetic characterization as well as demonstration of their clonality and the presents/absence of unusual pathogenic determinants. Genetic relationship between viral pathogens was characterized by Sanger sequencing of phylogenetically informative regions. Epidemiological data and lab testing allowed considering the generalized herpes simplex virus type 1 infection (HSV-1) to be a possible cause of fatal cases.
THE STUDYOF THE АREA OF DISTRIBUTION OF WEST NILE VIRUS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE EUROPEAN PART OF RUSSIA; THE RESULTS OF SEROEPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. COMMUNICATION 2: CENTRAL, PRIVOLZHSKY AND NORTH-WESTERN FEDERAL DISTRICTS
Authors: Kozlova A. A , Butenko A. M , Larichev V. F , Vashkova V. V , Dzagurova T. K , Eliseeva S. M , Zorina D. M , Korabel’nikova M. I , Kudryavtseva E. N , Lebedeva S. D , Lesnikova M. V , Nedilya N. V , Sokolova M. V
Published: April 2021

Sera of 3951 inhabitants of Central, Privolzhsky and Northwest federal districts of Russia were examined with the use of ELISA-IgG and neutralization test. Antibodies to West Nile virus (WN) were detected in the sera of residents of Voronezh (1,6% of cases), Tula (1,5%), Tambov (0,7%) and Lipetsk(0,6%) regions. Two positive samples have been detected in residents of Moscow and Moscow region, which were possibly infected, during theirs travel to endemic for WN fever regions. All sera obtained from Kaluga, Ryazan, Tver, Vologda, Ulyanovsk regions and The Republic of Tatarstan were negative. Our data, in combination with the morbidity rate of WN fever indicate on epidemiological activity of foci of this infection in the South, the North Caucasus, Privolzhsky (Saratovskaya region) and Central (the forest-steppe zone and Tula region) districts. The northern border of circulation of WN virus probably dispose of the latitude of the Tula region.
EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE USE OF RECOMBINANT INTERFERON GAMMA IN COMPLEX THERAPY OF INFLUENZA A(H1N1)PDM09 PATIENTS
Authors: Sologub T. V , Midikari A. S , Agafonov V. N , Suzdalcev A. A , Tsvetkov V. V
Published: April 2021

In the period of the epidemic rise in the incidence rate of influenza in 2015-2016 on the basis of infectious hospitals in Simferopol, Arkhangelsk and Samara, there performed a multicenter to evaluate the effectiveness and economic feasibility of two alternative treatment regimens for influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 patients. The study included 88 patients with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Patients of the main group (n = 46) received complex therapy with the use of antiviral (oseltamivir) and immunomodulating (interferon gamma) agents. Patients of the control group (n = 40) received only antiviral therapy (oseltamivir). To assess the effectiveness and economic feasibility of the two different treatment regimens, the outcome of the disease was analyzed: the discharge the hospital up to the 10th day of the illness and no symptoms of the disease by the 3-6th day of treatment. The supplementation of recombinant interferon gamma in the treatment regimen of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 patients was found to promote the faster release of catarrhal and respiratory symptoms of the disease: the absence of dry cough by the 3-6th day of treatment (RR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.86 - 2.38), rhinitis (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.40) and dyspnea (RR= 1.28, 95% CI: 1.06-1.54). In addition, the supplementation of recombinant interferon gamma in the treatment regimen of patients with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 promoted a significant shortening of time of the recovery and discharge from the hospital (RR =1.39, 95% CI: 0.97 - 2.00). Clinical and economic analysis of the use of two alternative treatment regimens has shown the supplementation of recombinant interferon gamma in the therapy of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 patients to be economically favorable
THE IMPACT OF SEASONAL FACTORS ON THE DYNAMICS OF INCIDENCE RATE OF INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD)
Authors: Filatova E. N , Solntsev L. A , Utkin O. V
Published: April 2021

Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is a widespread disease. Currently, there are no clear data on the seasonality of IM, and factors affecting on the dynamics of the disease are not determined. The aim of the study was to investigate the seasonal factors affecting on the dynamics of IM incidence rate among children and adult population of the city of Nizhny Novgorod. A retrospective analysis of the incidence rate of IM among contingents of the different age in the city of Nizhny Novgorod in 2010-2015 was executed. The highest incidence rate was shown to be observed in children aged up to 6 years. The seasonal dynamics of the incidence rate of IM in different age groups was analyzed. The seasonal component derived from the decomposition of the time series of incidence rate was used for the analysis. The presence of the spring and autumn periods of seasonal rise and summer period of seasonal fall of the incidence rate, was shown regardless of the age of the group. The change of power of the impact of seasonal factors on the incidence rate of IM was found in 2010-2015. Over 6 years the contribution of seasonal factors in the incidence rate decreased in children under 13 years and, on the contrary, increased in adolescents over 13 years and adults. The dependence of the seasonal dynamics of the incidence rate of IM on climatic factors: temperature, humidity, precipitation and insolationwas studied. In children under 6 years and adults a negative correlation of the seasonal component values and the air temperature and precipitation values was found. In children aged of 7-13 years there was established a negative correlation between seasonal incidence rate of IM values and the air temperature and insolation values, as well as the positive correlation of the humidity values. In adolescents aged of 14-17 years a negative correlation of seasonal component values and the air temperature and insolation values was found.
ASYMPTOMATIC ROTAVIRAL INFECTION: SPREAD AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
Authors: Zarubinsky V. Ya , Gapon M. N , Akelina O. V
Published: April 2021

There were age and seasonal features of the spread of submanifest forms of rotaviral infection with the aim of the assessment of their importance in epidemiology. In 2011-2015 2608 residents of Rostov-on-Don at the age from of 2 weeks to 90 years were examined by ELISA methods for the isolation of group A rotaviruses. The widespread of asymptomatic rotaviral infection was established in the population. Rotavirus was detected in 63.3% of patients aged of 0-1 year, 24.7% -from 2 to 14 years, and 12.5% - 15-90 years. There was revealed an active circulation of rotaviruses in all seasons of the year. In June and July, the infestation of adults is not reduced, children from 1 year to 14 years - 17.5% seems to be higher than in periods of seasonal rises of the morbidity rate. The high level of asymptomatic infection in summer, may indicate to a decline in circulation of epidemic strains and the predominance of avirulent variants of rotavirus. The heterogeneity of the viral populations increases, which creates conditions for the formation of a large number of new reassortants and genetic variants of the pathogen. Thus, asymptomatic infections prevailing among the population both serve as a major reservoir of viral gene pool, the source of new variants of the virus and play a major role in the immune selection of epidemic strains. There was substantiated the assumption that the cause a winter-spring seasonality of infection is the advantage in the spread of virulent strains of rotavirus over avirulent ones, which is realized at low temperatures that increase pathogen survival. Early summer-autumn surges in the incidence rate in the South of Russia can cause a skid by millions of tourists of new genotypes of rotavirus to the territory with favorable social conditions for their active circulation.