bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Reliable Generative Adversarial Network Approach for Climate Downscaling and Weather Generation
Authors: Rampal Neelesh , Gibson Peter B. , Sherwood Steven , Abramowitz Gab , Hobeichi Sanaa
Published: January 2025

Anticipating climate impacts and risks in present or future climates requires predicting the statistics of high‐impact weather events at fine‐scales. Direct numerical simulations of fine‐scale weather are computationally too expensive for many applications. While deterministic‐based (deep‐learning or statistical) downscaling of low‐resolution climate simulations are several orders of magnitude faster than direct numerical simulations, it suffers from several limitations. These limitations include the tendency to regress to the mean, which produces excessively smooth predictions and underestimates the magnitude of extreme events. They also fail to preserve statistical measures that are key for climate research. We use a conditional GAN (cGAN) architecture to downscale daily precipitation as a Regional Climate Model (RCM) emulator. The cGAN generates plausible residuals on top of the predictable expectation state produced by a deterministic deep learning algorithm. The skill of cGANs is highly sensitive to a hyperparameter known as the weight of the adversarial loss (), where the value of required for accurate results varies with season and performance metric, casting doubt on the reliability of cGANs as usually implemented. However, by applying a simple intensity constraint to the loss function, it is possible to obtain reliable performance results across spanning two orders of magnitude. CGANs are considerably more skillful in capturing climatological statistics, including the distribution and spatial characteristics of extreme events. With this modification, we expect cGANs to be readily transferable to other applications and time periods, making them a useful weather generator for representing extreme event statistics in present and future climates.
Regime Shifts in Holocene Paleohydrology as Recorded by Asian Speleothems
Authors: James Alexander , Hu Jun , Emile‐Geay Julien , Partin Judson W. , Scroxton Nick , Malik Nishant , Gao Yuan
Published: January 2025

Speleothem oxygen isotope records offer unique insights into Asian Monsoon evolution, with their precise chronologies used to identify abrupt climatic events. However, individual records are sometimes used to draw broad conclusions about global climate, without considering the dynamical context in which they exist. We present a robust framework for assessing the regional significance, and hence the potential global significance, of paleoclimate events, using the proposed Meghalayan age onset (associated with the “4.2 ka event”) as a case study. Analyzing 14 well‐dated speleothem oxygen isotope records from the SISAL v3 database and recent literature, we investigate the regional coherency of rapid shifts in Asian paleohydrology, which is the regional center of action for the proposed event, over the Holocene. Three robust methods fail to detect spatially coherent variability consistent with a 4.2 ka event across Asia, either because none exists or because it is of insufficient magnitude. In contrast, the 8.2 ka event is expressed in most records that resolve it. The absence of a clear isotopic excursion across this data set suggests that the “4.2 ka megadrought” was not global, with important implications for archeology and geochronology. This casts doubt on the proposal that the 4.2 ka event marks the onset of a new geologic age. We do, however, observe support for a gradual isotopic enrichment between 3.9 and 3.6 ka, followed by partial recovery—consistent with the “Double Drying” hypothesis and possibly related to changes in El Niño‐Southern Oscillation variability.
Revising Common Approaches for Calibration: Insights From a 1‐D Tracer‐Aided Hydrological Model With High‐Dimensional Parameters and Objectives
Authors: Wu Songjun , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Soulsby Chris
Published: January 2025

The dimensionality of parameters and objectives has been increasing due to the accelerating development of models and monitoring network, which brings potential challenges for calibration. In this study, two common philosophies for multi‐objective optimisation in hydrology (the use of aggregated scalar criterion or vector functions) were revisited with different sampling strategies: (a) random sampling, (b) DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM as an example of an aggregated scalar function), and (c) Non‐Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA‐II as Pareto‐based multi‐objective optimisation). By testing the ability of algorithms to simultaneously capture soil moisture and soil water isotopes at three depths under four vegetation covers, we found random sampling performed poorly in matching observations due to its inability to explore high‐dimensional parameter space. DREAM, in contrast, could provide efficient parameter convergence with informal likelihood functions, but the choice of formal likelihood function is difficult due to the lack of knowledge about model residuals, leading to poor performance. NSGA‐II is effective and efficient after aggregating objectives to ≤4, but failed when calibrating against all 24 objectives. Overall, both philosophies and all three approaches are challenged by increasing dimensionality, and it generally requires a degree of trial‐and‐error before achieving a successful calibration. This suggests the potential to explore a more flexible way to describe model residuals (e.g., by defining limits of acceptability). Alternatively, improvements could be made by using an ensemble of models to represent the system (instead of “best” model) given the average of a calibrated ensemble usually performed better than any individual model.
Tau is a receptor with low affinity for glucocorticoids and is required for glucocorticoid-induced bone loss
Authors: Fu Wenyu , Chen Meng , Wang Kaidi , Chen Yujianan , Cui Yazhou , Xie Yangli , Lei Zi-Ning , Hu Wenhuo , Sun Guodong , Huang Guiwu , He Chaopeng , Fretz Jackie , Hettinghouse Aubryanna , Liu Ronghan , Cai Xianyi , Zhang Mingshuang , Chen Yuehong , Jiang Nan , He Minchun , Wiznia Daniel H. , Xu Huiyun , Chen Zhe-Sheng , Chen Lin , Tang Kanglai , Zhou Hong , Liu Chuan-Ju
Published: January 2025

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most prescribed anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. However, their use is often limited by substantial side effects, such as GC-induced osteoporosis (GIO) with the underlying mechanisms still not fully understood. In this study, we identify Tau as a low-affinity binding receptor for GCs that plays a crucial role in GIO. Tau deficiency largely abolished bone loss induced by high-dose dexamethasone, a synthetic GC, in both inflammatory arthritis and GIO models. Furthermore, TRx0237, a Tau inhibitor identified from an FDA-approved drug library, effectively prevented GIO. Notably, combinatorial administration of TRx0237 and dexamethasone completely overcame the osteoporosis adverse effect of dexamethasone in treating inflammatory arthritis. These findings present Tau as a previously unrecognized GC receptor with low affinity, and provide potential strategies to mitigate a spectrum of GC-related adverse effects, particularly osteoporosis.
Reducing functionally defective old HSCs alleviates aging-related phenotypes in old recipient mice
Authors: Wang Yuting , Zhang Wenhao , Zhang Chao , Van Hoang Q. Tran , Seino Takashi , Zhang Yi
Published: January 2025

Aging is a process accompanied by functional decline in tissues and organs with great social and medical consequences. Developing effective anti-aging strategies is of great significance. In this study, we demonstrated that transplantation of young hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into old mice can mitigate aging phenotypes, underscoring the crucial role of HSCs in the aging process. Through comprehensive molecular and functional analyses, we identified a subset of HSCs in aged mice that exhibit “younger” molecular profiles and functions, marked by low levels of CD150 expression. Mechanistically, CD150low HSCs from old mice but not their CD150high counterparts can effectively differentiate into downstream lineage cells. Notably, transplantation of old CD150low HSCs attenuates aging phenotypes and prolongs lifespan of elderly mice compared to those transplanted with unselected or CD150high HSCs. Importantly, reducing the dysfunctional CD150high HSCs can alleviate aging phenotypes in old recipient mice. Thus, our study demonstrates the presence of “younger” HSCs in old mice, and that aging-associated functional decline can be mitigated by reducing dysfunctional HSCs.
Coupling metabolomics and exome sequencing reveals graded effects of rare damaging heterozygous variants on gene function and human traits
Authors: Scherer Nora , Fässler Daniel , Borisov Oleg , Cheng Yurong , Schlosser Pascal , Wuttke Matthias , Haug Stefan , Li Yong , Telkämper Fabian , Patil Suraj , Meiselbach Heike , Wong Casper , Berger Urs , Sekula Peggy , Hoppmann Anselm , Schultheiss Ulla T. , Mozaffari Sahar , Xi Yannan , Graham Robert , Schmidts Miriam , Köttgen Michael , Oefner Peter J. , Knauf Felix , Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Grünert Sarah C. , Estrada Karol , Thiele Ines , Hertel Johannes , Köttgen Anna
Published: January 2025

Genetic studies of the metabolome can uncover enzymatic and transport processes shaping human metabolism. Using rare variant aggregation testing based on whole-exome sequencing data to detect genes associated with levels of 1,294 plasma and 1,396 urine metabolites, we discovered 235 gene–metabolite associations, many previously unreported. Complementary approaches (genetic, computational (in silico gene knockouts in whole-body models of human metabolism) and one experimental proof of principle) provided orthogonal evidence that studies of rare, damaging variants in the heterozygous state permit inferences concordant with those from inborn errors of metabolism. Allelic series of functional variants in transporters responsible for transcellular sulfate reabsorption (SLC13A1, SLC26A1) exhibited graded effects on plasma sulfate and human height and pinpointed alleles associated with increased odds of diverse musculoskeletal traits and diseases in the population. This integrative approach can identify new players in incompletely characterized human metabolic reactions and reveal metabolic readouts informative of human traits and diseases.
Molecular insights into the composition, sources, and aging of atmospheric brown carbon
Authors: Laskin Alexander , West Christopher P. , Hettiyadura Anusha P. S.
Published: January 2025

The light-absorbing chemical components of atmospheric organic aerosols are commonly referred to as Brown Carbon (BrC), reflecting the characteristic yellowish to brown appearance of aerosol.
Selective aggregation of natural ligands into efficient AIEgens on a human telomeric duplex-G-quadruplex junction
Authors: Xu Ying , Ru Yulu , Li Xueni , Wang Yiling , Wang Dandan , Zhou Xiao-Shun , Shao Yong
Published: January 2025

Extending a human telomeric G-quadruplex structure with a duplex can accommodate aggregates of natural tetrahydropalmatine with a stronger AIE property.
A Cu-salen-based conjugated microporous polymer catalyst for N-formylation of CO2 under mild conditions
Authors: Gu Shuai , Shou Junxi , Chen Anqi , Yu Wenhua , Tang Ruiren , Pan Chunyue , Tang Juntao , Yu Guipeng
Published: January 2025

CMP@Cu-salen with uniformly dispersed active sites and abundant pore structure achieves excellent catalytic performance for N-formylation of amines with CO2 under mild conditions.
Trinary nanohybrid nanocomposite (Ag/MoS2/ZnO): a plausible photoelectrode for photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Chia MeiYuen , Chiu WeeSiong , Khiew PoiSim , Chanlek Narong , Lee HongChun , Haw ChoonYian , Abd-Shukor Roslan , Abdul Hamid Muhammad Azmi
Published: January 2025

Novel Ag/MoS2/ZnO photoelectrode with enhanced visible-light absorption, short circuit current of 0.70 mA cm−2 and onset potential of 0.3 V, has rendered H2 gas production up to 54.49 μL with overall ABPE of 1.45%.
Effects of GaN substrates of different polarity on the thermal and electronic properties of monolayer MoS2
Authors: Yu Qiaoxi , Tao Feng , Zhang Xiaoliang , Gao Yufei , Tang Dawei
Published: January 2025

Monolayer MoS2, a compound in two-dimensional TMDs, exhibits excellent physical and chemical properties due to its sandwich structure, making it widely used in the design of nanodevices.
Side group topological structure modified orbital and condensed state characteristics enhance the electrical anti-breakdown performance of polyolefin
Authors: Hu Shixun , Tong Cheng , Yang Xiongjie , Huang Shangshi , Hu Jun , Li Qi , He Jinliang
Published: January 2025

As an effective method to enhance the dielectric performance of polyolefin materials, polar side group modification has been extensively applied in the insulation and energy storage materials of electrical and electronic systems.
Room-temperature spin-conserved electron transport to semiconductor quantum dots using a superlattice barrier
Authors: Hiura Satoshi , Hatakeyama Saeko , Jansson Mattias , Takayama Junichi , Buyanova Irina , Chen Weimin , Murayama Akihiro
Published: January 2025

We demonstrate an electron transport from superlattice barrier to quantum dots while keeping a high spin polarization at room temperature. This accomplishment is achieved by the electron transport being sufficiently faster than the spin relaxation.
Accelerating discovery and design of high-performance solid-state electrolytes: a machine learning approach
Authors: Sewak Ram , Sudarsanan Vishnu , Kumar Hemant
Published: January 2025

Machine learning-assisted design principles enable the identification of optimal dopants for NASICON solid-state electrolytes, unlocking materials with significantly enhanced Li-ion transport properties.
Interfacial fluid manipulation with bioinspired strategies: special wettability and asymmetric structures
Authors: Bai Haoyu , Zhao Tianhong , Cao Moyuan
Published: January 2025

Bioinspired fluid manipulating interfaces possessing special wettability, an asymmetric structure, and a geometric gradient were systematically reviewed, including history, classification, mechanisms, fabrication and applications.
Endohedral boron-doped scandium clusters BmScn−m+/0 (m = 2–3, n = 3–13): triangular – linear rearrangement of the B3 dopant
Authors: Nguyen-Ha Bao-Ngan , Tam Nguyen Minh , Pham-Ho My Phuong , Nguyen Minh Tho
Published: January 2025

A DFT study using the PBE functional and Def2-TZVP basis set explores the geometric and electronic structures and properties of boron-doped scandium clusters BmScn−m+/0 (m = 2–3, n = 3–13).
Environmental and human risk assessment of polymer nanocarriers: a review on current analytical challenges and promising approaches
Authors: Manayath Dona , Travas-Sejdic Jadranka , Leitao Erin M. , Kah Melanie
Published: January 2025

Polymer nanocarriers are designed to deliver active ingredients in agricultural, food and pharmaceutical applications. It is essential to ensure their safety towards environmental and human health.
Growth rate dependence of the permeability and percolation threshold of young sea ice
Authors: Maus Sönke
Published: January 2025

The microstructure of sea ice depends on ice growth rate. During cooling and internal freezing the pore space evolves in a way that its directed percolation threshold ϕc increases with the cubic root of the growth velocity.
Association between serum iron status and gout: results from the NHANES and Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Fu Canya , Liu Bin , Chen Weiwei , Qiu Yu , Zheng Canjie , Mao Yingying , Yin Zhiying , Ye Ding
Published: January 2025

Previous observational studies have provided inconsistent evidence for the association between serum iron status and the risk of gout.
Turning sewage sludge and medical waste into energy: sustainable process synthesis via surrogate-based superstructure optimization
Authors: Zhou Jianzhao , Ren Jingzheng , He Chang
Published: January 2025

Waste-to-energy (WtE) conversion offers a promising solution for sustainable waste management, but identifying economically viable and environmentally sustainable pathways remains a significant challenge.
Photo-enzyme-coupled catalysis for selective oxidation of 2,5-diformylfuran into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid
Authors: Zhang Chenxi , Zhao Hongqing , Zhan Peng , Shan Houchao , Qi Yanou , Ren Wenqiang , Liu Xiangshi , Qin Peiyong , Cai Di , Tan Tianwei
Published: January 2025

This study introduces a photo-enzyme catalysis system for efficient DFF-to-FDCA conversion under mild conditions, achieving 84.14 ± 4.68% yield, with high selectivity and improved H2O2 handling.
Amplification-free CRISPR/Cas based dual-enzymatic colorimetric nucleic acid biosensing device
Authors: Tong Guodong , Nath Pabitra , Hiruta Yuki , Citterio Daniel
Published: January 2025

An integrated biosensing device for naked-eye or smartphone-based colorimetric nucleic acid sensing.
Remediation of water containing mercury(ii) using poly-2-aminothiazole intercalated α-zirconium phosphate nanoplates
Authors: Waly Saadia M. , El-Wakil Ahmad M. , Abou El-Maaty Weam M. , Awad Fathi S.
Published: January 2025

The effectiveness of organic and inorganic adsorbents in treating water contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is primarily influenced by their hydrophilicity and complexation abilities.
A convenient fluorescent nanoplatform relying on N,B-doped carbon dots to achieve highly selective sensing of dichromate
Authors: Cui Chunxiao , Wang Linlin , Yin Xue-Bo
Published: January 2025

Novel heteroatom-doped carbon dots (APDP-CDs) were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment, and emit bright blue fluorescence. The sensing platform was used for dichromate detection.
A NiO/MnO2 nanostructure for efficient reduction of 4-nitrophenol and chromium(vi)
Authors: Gour Nand Kishor , Baruah Manash J. , Gohain Shivanee Borpatra , Saikia Eramoni , Sohail Amir , Dey Mamon , Parbin Abjana , Darabdhara Gitashree , Das Arup Jyoti , Dutta Rupjyoti , Park Young-Bin , Das Biraj , Sharma Mukesh
Published: January 2025

This study presents the synthesis of a NiO/MnO2 nanostructure designed for the efficient reduction of 4-nitrophenol and Cr(vi).
Visible-light-induced radical-cascade alkylation/cyclization of acrylamides: access to 3,3-dialkylated oxindoles
Authors: Yang Pengyuan , Wang Lili , Yan Meng , Yuan Jinwei , Xiao Yongmei , Yang Liangru , Xu Xiujuan , Qu Lingbo
Published: January 2025

A visible-light-induced deoxygenative alkylation/cyclization of acrylamides with alcohols activated by CS2 has been developed by using xanthate salts as alkyl radical precursors in the presence of tricyclohexylphosphine.
Synthetic studies towards naturally occurring sesquiterpene capillosanane V: construction of a fully functionalized cycloheptane core through an intramolecular Reformatsky reaction
Authors: Barik Rasmita , Das Jayanta , Nanda Samik
Published: January 2025

We herein disclose the synthesis of a bicyclo [5,1,0]-octane ring system consisting of a cycloheptane core fused with a cyclopropane unit of naturally occurring sesquiterpene capillosanane V.
Discovering the polymerization mechanism of aromatic carbon nitride
Authors: Tian Shubing , Zhang Kai , Song Zhiyu , Wu Ning , Sun Mingze , Chen Xilei , Wang Xuelu , Xu JiXiang , Zhang Mingming , Dai Fangxu , Wang Lei , Xing Jun
Published: January 2025

Decomposition, deamination, and ring-opening isomerization reactions during the synthesis of aromatic g-C3N4 are discovered, offering a reference for synthesizing high-quality g-C3N4 materials.
N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-electrophile coupling to access sterically hindered ketones
Authors: Zhuang Xiangyu , Li Hao , Wang Tingting , Wang Hongyu , Tang Bo
Published: January 2025

An N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling system is developed to deliver diverse both bulky and heterocyclic ketones in high yields, which is compatible with various assortment of commonly occurring functional groups.
Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) embedded zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) nanoparticle for cancer chemotherapy: supported molecular docking analysis
Authors: Ilhami Fasih Bintang , Cahyaningrum Sari Edi , Wardana Andika Pramudya , Gultom Noto Susanto , Subekti Hasan , Rahmawati Astrid , Puspitarini Sapti
Published: January 2025

Meniran-incorporated ZIF-8 nanoparticles for anticancer therapy.
More π, please: What drives the formation of unsaturated molecules in the interstellar medium?
Authors: Londoño-Restrepo Jhoan , Gómez Santiago , Quitián-Lara Heidy M. , Fantuzzi Felipe , Restrepo Albeiro
Published: January 2025

We computationally investigated the fragmentation pathways of saturated molecules detected in the interstellar medium, demonstrating how high-energy processes drive their transformation into unsaturated species with extended π-bond networks.
Tunable mechanical properties of PDMS–TMPTMA microcapsules for controlled release in coatings
Authors: Ye Congwang , Pajo Bianka , Martinez Carlos J.
Published: January 2025

Fabrication of porous microcapsules from PDMS:TMPTMA double emulsion drops.
Jamming transition and normal modes of polydispersed soft particle packing
Authors: Saitoh Kuniyasu , Tighe Brian P.
Published: January 2025

Jamming of polydisperse particle packing. The force-chain network indicates a broad distribution of coordination number.
High catalytic activity and stability of visible-light-driven CO2 reduction via CsPbBr3 QDs/Cu-BTC core–shell photocatalysts
Authors: Hou Yuanming , Zhang Yanqing , Jiao Shilong , Qin Jingyi , Liu Luoyu , Xie Zhengzheng , Guan Zhongjie , Yang Jianjun , Li Qiuye , Fu Xianwei
Published: January 2025

Unique Z-scheme CPB QDs/Cu-BTC core–shell photocatalysts were constructed via an in situ growth strategy to improve their photo/chemical stability, CO2 capture and activation, and charge separation efficiency.
Multi-scale enhanced energy storage performance in Sm(Mg0.5Sn0.5)O3-modified Bi0.47Na0.47Ba0.06TiO3 ceramics with a composite structure
Authors: Pan Yue , Dong Qinpeng , Huang Jiangping , Zhang Yu , Chen Xiuli , Li Xu , Deng Lian , Zhou Huanfu
Published: January 2025

Multi-scale enhanced energy storage performance in Sm(Mg0.5Sn0.5)O3-modified Bi0.47Na0.47Ba0.06TiO3 ceramics with a composite structure.
Synthesis of insensitive, high-density energetic materials through molecular self-assembly
Authors: Zhang Jinhao , Zhang Jichuan , Staples Richard J. , Zhang Jiaheng , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: January 2025

Five high-density, insensitive energetic materials, namely, TNPDO-ADNP (1), TNPDO-DNBT (2), TNPDO-55BT (3), TNPDO-DNABO (4), and TNPDO-BTO (5), were obtained through hydrogen bonding self-assembly combining TNPDO with five acidic energetic compounds.
Enlarging the frequency threshold range of Bienenstock–Cooper–Munro rules in WOx-based memristive synapses by Al doping
Authors: Hu Shimin , Liu Jiaxi , Yao Linyan , Song Hongjia , Zhong Xiangli , Wang Jinbin
Published: January 2025

By modifying the device itself, for instance by Al doping, the frequency threshold range of WOx-based memristive synapses is increased.
Reversible stress-induced doping and charge trap generation in IDT-BT EGOFETs
Authors: Luukkonen Axel , Jern Jonas , He Qiao , Heeney Martin , Österbacka Ronald
Published: January 2025

We show that IDT-BT EGOFETs are susceptible to bias induced doping and charge trap generation, but that they nonetheless can achieve a high degree of stability and lifetimes in excess of 100 hours under bias.
2D hexagonal CuBixGa1−xSe2 nanosheets for a visible light photodetector
Authors: Priyadarshini Priyanka , Senapati Subrata , Kumar Prabhukrupa Chinmay , Naik Ramakanta
Published: January 2025

2D-hexagonal CuBixGa1−xSe2 nanosheets synthesized using microwave-assisted synthesis at varying Bi/Ga ratios showed clear hexagonal structures with higher bismuth content and improved reflectance that led to improved photocurrent response.
Vertex cover number in diverse graph architectures
Authors: J. Anitha , Rajasingh Indra , Rajan R. Sundara , Rashmanlou Hossein
Published: January 2025

Finding a minimum-sized set of vertices in a graph such that each edge in the graph is incident to at least one vertex in the set is the objective of the study of vertex cover problem. Mathematically, a vertex cover of a graph G is a set S of vertices in G such that every edge of G has at least one end vertex in S. The vertex covering number denoted by β(G) is the minimum cardinality taken over all vertex covering sets of G. In this paper, we obtain the vertex cover number of certain architectures such as hypertrees, glued trees, triangular graphs, and honeycomb rectangular torus.
Cochlea-Implantat-Versorgung mit besonderem Blick auf die kindliche
Versorgung
Authors: Lesinski-Schiedat Anke
Published: January 2025

Therapie der Wahl bei Schwerhörigkeit, die durch Schädigungen im Innenohr
verursacht wird, ist ein Hörgerät. Dieses gilt unabhängig vom Lebensalter. Bei
hochgradiger Schwerhörigkeit bis zur Taubheit sowohl bei Erwachsenen als auch
insbesondere bei Kindern stellt mittlerweile die Versorgung mit einem
Cochlea-Implantat die Standardversorgung dar. Sie ermöglicht ein
Sprachverstehen, das auch zum Telefonieren geeignet ist, und gewährleistet eine
soziale wie auch berufliche Integration und eine im Vergleich zu Normalhörenden
vergleichbare Bildungschance.
Use of the mini-forceps traction-assisted cannulation technique when standard ERCP methods fail: Single-center retrospective study
Authors: Mishra Ankit , Meade Charles , Schulman Allison R. , Philips George , Machicado Jorge D.
Published: January 2025

There are few salvage techniques for achieving biliary cannulation when no duct can be accessed.

We retrospectively reviewed 10 consecutive cases in which the mini-forceps traction-assisted cannulation technique (MFTAC) was used after failure of any duct access during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Outcomes included technical success, use of adjunct techniques; time to biliary access; and adverse events (AEs).

Most patients had a native papilla (n = 9) of peri-diverticular location (n = 5) and a benign indication (n = 6). Standard cannulation was unsuccessful over 8:23 mm:ss (interquartile range [IQR] 6:04–19:43). MFTAC had 100% technical success, achieved biliary access after 17:38 mm:ss (IQR 8:52–20:31), and had a 10% incidence of AEs (post-ERCP pancreatitis). MFTAC was sufficient to allow biliary cannulation in three cases and allowed pancreatic duct access in seven cases, which then allowed biliary cannulation with double-wire technique (5/10) and transpancreatic septotomy (2/10).

MFTAC is a feasible salvage approach for biliary access when standard cannulation methods fail.
Efficacy and safety of conservative treatment for colonic diverticular bleeding: Prospective study
Authors: Doi Hirosato , Takahashi Masanori , Sasajima Keita , Yoshii Takehiro , Chinzei Ryo
Published: January 2025

This prospective study aimed to establish the efficacy and safety of conservative treatment for non-severe cases of colonic diverticular bleeding and to verify whether early colonoscopy is necessary only in limited cases.

Patients who were urgently hospitalized due to hematochezia and were diagnosed with colonic diverticular bleeding were included. During hospitalization, early colonoscopy within 24 hours after admission was performed only when both systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg and extravasation on contrast-enhanced computed tomography were observed. However, in patients who failed to recover from hemorrhagic shock, interventional radiology was performed. In other cases, patients received conservative treatment.

Of the 172 patients, 15 (8.7%) met the criteria for undergoing early colonoscopy; 12 and three attained successful hemostasis via early colonoscopy and interventional radiology, respectively. Meanwhile, 157 patients received conservative treatment, resulting in spontaneous hemostasis in 148 patients (94.3%). The remaining nine patients required hemostatic intervention. No patient died from bleeding. Between the conservative treatment and the urgent hemostasis groups, the early rebleeding rate within 30 days (14.6% vs. 33.3%, P = 0.0733) and the overall 1-year cumulative rebleeding rate after 30 days of hospitalization (9.2% vs. 23.1%, P = 0.2271) were not significant. In multivariate analyses, only systolic blood pressure and extravasation were associated with a requirement for hemostatic intervention in 24 patients. Moreover, multivariate analyses showed that a history of diverticular bleeding, undergoing hemodialysis, or use of oral thienopyridine were significantly associated with late rebleeding.

Conservative treatment for non-severe colonic diverticular bleeding is appropriate and efficient.
Controllable Hydrodebromination of Tribromomethyl Groups via Lewis Base–Borane-Mediated Ionic and Radical Pathways
Authors: Zhang Feng-Lian , Wang Yi-Feng , Liu Yan , Phang Yee Lin , Jin Ji-Kang , Xu Wen-Ping
Published: January 2025

Compounds bearing mono- and dibromomethyl groups are extensively utilized in synthetic and medicinal chemistry. In this regard, selective debromination of readily or easily accessible tribromomethyl compounds offers a direct and efficient method to access those two moieties. In this work, we introduced Lewis base–borane-mediated selective hydrodebromination of tribromomethyl groups via ionic or radical pathway. Using 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine–borane (DMAP-BH3) as a hydride donor, monohydrodebromination of tribromomethyl groups was achieved via nucleophilic substitution by hydride, delivering dibromomethyl groups. On the other hand, treatment of tribromomethyl compounds with an N-heterocyclic carbene–borane (NHC-BH2CN) as a boryl radical precursor in the presence of dilauroyl peroxide (DLP) as radical initiator afforded monobromomethyl compounds through consecutive bromine atom abstractions to cleave two C–Br bonds. Various tribromomethyl group bearing acetamides and acetates were applied in this developed protocol, showcasing good functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope.
Study of the recrystallization behaviors induced by annealing and irradiation on amorphous SiC
Authors: Zhang Zijun , Jiang Shengming , Hu Xiaotian , Zhang Jian
Published: January 2025

Silicon carbide and its derivatives are promising materials with potential applications in various types of nuclear reactors. To better understand their characteristics, this paper investigates the recrystallization behavior of amorphous SiC prepared through pre-irradiation using 800 keV Kr2+. Following different annealing processes, Raman spectra revealed that recrystallization happened beyond 873 K, and nearly complete recrystallization of the amorphous layer occurs at 1423 K. Afterward, in situ annealing and He+ irradiation experiments were conducted. The results indicate that the recrystallization progress is a layer-by-layer epitaxial regrowth on the amorphous–crystal interface under 873 K annealing, and the epitaxial recrystallization would slow down mainly due to the accumulation of defects and Kr atoms. However, under 30 keV He+ irradiation at 873 K, the interface continues to move. Moreover, when the irradiation dose rises, nanocrystals and helium bubbles appear simultaneously, growing in both size and density. The different recrystallization behaviors caused by irradiation and non-irradiation conditions could be explained by radiation-enhanced atomic diffusion, and helium bubbles are likely to be the by-products of nanocrystal formation. A possible explanation is proposed. This study provides insights into the practical application of amorphous silicon carbide in reactors and other irradiation environments.
Direct Givens rotation method based on error back-propagation algorithm for self-consistent field solution
Authors: Oshima Rei , Nakai Hiromi
Published: January 2025

The self-consistent field (SCF) procedure is the standard technique for solving the Hartree–Fock and Kohn–Sham density functional theory calculations, while convergence is not theoretically guaranteed. Direct minimization methods, such as the augmented Lagrangian method (ALM) and second-order SCF (SOSCF), obtain the SCF solution by minimizing the Lagrangian with the gradient. In SOSCF, molecular orbitals are optimized by truncating the Taylor expansion of a unitary matrix represented in exponential form to ensure the orthonormality condition. This study proposes an alternative algorithm for direct-energy minimization to obtain an SCF solution using ALM Lagrangian by adopting sequential Givens rotations between occupied and virtual orbitals. The Givens rotation corresponds to unitary transformations that guarantee orthogonality and avoid variational collapse. Complex gradients for sequential Givens rotation were obtained by the error back-propagation method, which is based on the chain rule. Illustrative applications clarified the features of the present DGR methods by comparing with other SCF algorithms such as direct inversion in iterative subspace, SOSCF, and ALM.
Electrical control of exchange bias in Fe3GaTe2/Fe3GeTe2 van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Chen Hongjing , Xing Yuntong , Wang Xia , Wang Guan , Wu Jinsong , Zhang Aoyu , Hao Qinghua , Cai Menghao , Chen Xiaodie , Li Longde , Chen Wenzhanhong , Han Jun-Bo
Published: January 2025

Magnetic heterojunctions with large exchange bias have promising applications in magnetic sensing and data storage. Ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic (FM/AFM) heterojunctions are often used to generate exchange bias. However, the requirement of thermal manipulation makes controlling exchange bias in FM/AFM heterojunctions inconvenient. Herein, a Fe3GeTe2/Fe3GaTe2 FM/FM heterojunction is constructed to generate large exchange bias and reflected magnetic circular dichroism and magneto-optical Kerr effect techniques are used for the magnetic characterization of the heterojunction. The results show that strong magnetic coupling occurs at the Fe3GeTe2/Fe3GaTe2 interface when the temperature is <80 K. By fixing the spin direction of Fe3GaTe2, large exchange bias can be generated in Fe3GeTe2 because of the magnetic pinning effect. Furthermore, the strength of exchange bias can be manipulated by applying an ultralow current between Fe3GeTe2 and Fe3GaTe2 layers without changing the temperature. These results provide potential ways for generating and manipulating exchange bias in two-dimensional (2D) materials and pave the way for implementing the 2D van der Waals exchange bias effect in spintronic devices.
Demonstration of asymmetric Hebbian learning based on analog resistive switching in Ag/Co3O4/p-Si memristor
Authors: Maity Indranil , Bharti Richa , Mukherjee A. K. , Thakur Ajay D.
Published: January 2025

In this work, brain-like experiential learning/forgetting ability is demonstrated with the help of various synaptic adaptation rules, namely, short-term potentiation/short-term depression, long-term potentiation/long-term depression, spike rate-dependent plasticity, and spike-time-dependent plasticity in a thin-film device. The model device used here is a unidirectional thin film of nanocrystalline Co3O4, grown on a p-Si (100) substrate using the pulsed laser deposition technique to fabricate a metal–insulator–semiconductor type memristor. Along with this, we found an analog bipolar-type switching behavior with excellent resistive switching properties in terms of endurance, retention, and ON–OFF ratio suitable for CMOS-based memory applications. The conduction and resistive switching mechanisms are elucidated using a speculative band diagram formulated from the UV-visible spectroscopy data.
Study on pressure fluctuation characteristics in sand-plugging wellbore using the Euler-moment method
Authors: Li Xingyu , Zhang Hui , Li Jiaqi , Zhang Yijun , Ma Dudu , Lian Wei , Lv Kunhong , Wu Baokang , Ma Yiming
Published: January 2025

Pressure fluctuations caused by sand-plugging during the fracturing process can hinder the displacement of fracturing fluid and reduce the effectiveness of reservoir stimulation. Existing wellbore multiphase flow models struggle to account for the transient distribution states of particles of various sizes, limiting our understanding of wellbore pressure behavior post-sand-plugging. This paper introduces a one-dimensional flow solver based on the one-dimensional Euler-moment method. This model considers the rates of aggregation and fragmentation of solid particles, various initial particle distribution concentrations, and solves for the time-varying particle distribution state and wellbore pressure field during sand-plugging. By analyzing characteristic quantities during pressure fluctuations, we find that the pressure at any well depth oscillates with consistent periods, and the amplitude of these fluctuations increases with well depth. As the initial particle concentration increases, the increase in pressure values and fluctuation amplitude decreases, while the area under the pressure curve and the attenuation rate of pressure amplitude along the well depth increases. The average pressure amplitude decay rate is 0.39 MPa/s over time and 0.52 MPa/m along well depth, with the pressure wave propagating at an average speed of 1289 m/s. This study provides a theoretical reference for early warning and control of sand-plugging conditions.
Surface structure characterization of rubrene(001) single crystal with sum frequency generation spectroscopy and reflection high-energy electron diffraction
Authors: Shah S. A. , Vali H. , Okaue Daijiro , Fukui Ken-ichi , Yang D.-S. , Baldelli S.
Published: January 2025

Rubrene is one of the leading organic semiconductors in scientific and industrial research, showing good conductivities and utilities in devices such as organic field-effect transistors. In these applications, the rubrene crystals often contact ionic liquids and other materials. Consequently, their surface properties and interfacial interactions influence the device’s performance. Although rubrene has been extensively studied with multiple structure characterization techniques, a complete description of the structure of rubrene single-crystal surfaces at the molecular level remains elusive. This study elucidates the molecular orientation and arrangement on the surface of rubrene single crystals with sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy and reflection high-energy electron diffraction, respectively. The results confirm the near-surface unit cells with in-plane lattice parameters of a = 7.24 Å and b = 14.3 Å and an out-of-plane constant of c = 26.9 Å. Furthermore, the SFG analysis yields the tilt and rotation angles of θ = 15° and φ = 43° with respect to the crystalline c and a axes, respectively, and an in-plane twist of ψ = 3° for the surface phenyl rings.
A sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy studies on buried liquid/liquid interfaces of CCl4/[Cnmim][TFSA] (n = 4 and 8) hydrophobic ionic liquids
Authors: Iwahashi Takashi , Kim Doseok , Ouchi Yukio
Published: January 2025

The liquid/liquid interfaces of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) play a pivotal role in chemical reactions owing to their characteristic microscopic structure, yet the structure of hydrophobic liquid/RTIL interfaces remains unclear. We studied the structure at the liquid/liquid interfaces of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([Cnmim][TFSA]; n = 4 and 8) RTILs using infrared–visible sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. A comparison of the SFG spectra of the CCl4/RTIL and air/RTIL interfaces revealed that the solvation of the alkyl chains of the [Cnmim]+ cations by CCl4 reduces the number of gauche defects in the alkyl chain and the interface number density of the cation at the CCl4 interface. The orientational change of the [TFSA]− anion and concomitant increase in the area it occupies at the CCl4 interface was observed to be greater than that at the air interface. This is accompanied by the expansion of the space among the alkyl chains of the cations to be solvated by CCl4. The structural change of the CCl4 interface from the air interface can be attributed to the solvophilic effect of CCl4 on the alkyl chains of the cations at the CCl4/[Cnmim][TFSA] interface. This is in contrast with the solvophobic effect of CCl4 on the Langmuir film at the CCl4/water interface. This phenomenon is caused by the loosely packed alkyl chains of the cations at the RTIL surface and the flexible anion–cation arrangement owing to the weak basicity and acidity of the ions in the RTILs.
Measurement and characterization of internal delamination defects in CFRP based on line laser thermography frequency domain analysis
Authors: Fu Yu , Zhou Guangyu , Zhang Zhijie , Yin Wuliang
Published: January 2025

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are widely used in fields such as aviation and aerospace. However, subtle defects can significantly impact the material’s service life, making defect detection a critical priority. In this paper, delamination defects in CFRP are detected using line laser infrared thermography, and a defect characterization algorithm that combines differential thermography with a frequency-domain filter is proposed. This approach effectively eliminates the trailing phenomenon caused by line laser scanning and produces defect feature images with a higher signal-to-noise ratio. The size of the processed defects is then measured using pixel deviation values combined with K-means edge detection. The results show that the measured dimensions of defects are larger than the actual dimensions at the initial stage of cooling after excitation and smaller than the actual dimensions at the end of the cooling phase. The maximum measurement error for defect size was 2.74 mm2 throughout the measurement interval. In addition, defect depth evaluation was achieved by fitting the curve of defect depth against the peak value in the frequency domain, with the resultant R-square value were all higher than 0.9877. This confirms the validity and accuracy of the methodology used in this study.
On the stability of submerged gas jet in temporal mode
Authors: Wang Chao , Hu Yi-Ming , Zheng Xin , Zhao Da-Gang , Chen Xi-Lin , Han Yang , Sun Cong , Siginer Dennis A.
Published: January 2025

The temporal mode stability of incompressible submerged axisymmetric gas jets is comprehensively investigated by linear stability analysis. The basic velocity profile is constructed using the hyperbolic tangent function approach. The influences of basic velocity profile, Reynolds Re, and Weber We numbers, and physical properties of the surrounding liquid on the stability of the gas jet are investigated and stability maps are constructed. We find that the jet breakup propagation velocity shows a strong linear relationship with the velocity of the two-phase interface, and the shear on the interface can greatly change the instability modes of submerged gas jet system. Large surface tension triggers long-wave instability of the jet and local shear at the interface leads to the unsteady transition to short-wave instability. Moreover, it is found that there is a strong linear relationship between the most unstable growth rate and dimensionless parameters directly or indirectly, and R2 is above 0.95. In addition, the instability of the submerged gas jet shows a double-mode feature when the velocity profile parameters exceed their thresholds.
Electromechanical response and numerical analysis of d31 piezoelectric macro-fiber composite based on microscopic characterization
Authors: Liu Jianjun , Xu Guosheng , Gu Shanmao
Published: January 2025

We establish a representative volume element (RVE) model and investigate the electromechanical coupling between the electric and mechanical fields in d31 piezoelectric macro-fiber composite (MFC) through numerical simulation methods. The average equivalent performance parameters characterization of d31 MFC is formulated by following the finite element homogenization methodology previously proposed for shear d15 MFC. When varying the direction of RVE constraints, the distribution of various physical fields (with a focus on stress, strain, electric displacement, electric field intensity, potential, and polarization field) is significantly affected. When the RVE is subjected to unidirectional constraints only, the distribution of each physical field is relatively uniform. However, when it is simultaneously subjected to constraints from two directions, there are significant differences in the variations of each physical field, exhibiting a non-uniform distribution. Based on the constitutive relationship of d31 MFC provided in the reference framework, the equivalent performance parameters of d31 MFC are evaluated in the RVE when the volume fraction of piezoceramic ranges from 20% to 80%. Specifically, the effects of interdigital electrodes and flexible substrates on the effective elastic modulus, piezoelectric coefficient, and dielectric coefficient are analyzed. These research works provide theoretical support for the preparation of d31 MFC with different performance parameters.
Mean lifetime of diffusing particle in cylindrical cavity with absorbing spots of arbitrary radii on its bases
Authors: Dagdug Leonardo , Pompa-García Ivan , Zitserman Vladimir Yu.
Published: January 2025

This paper deals with the trapping of a particle diffusing in a cylindrical cavity by two circular absorbing spots of arbitrary radii located in the centers of the cavity bases. The focus is on the mean particle lifetime, which is its mean first-passage time to one of the spots. When the spots are small and their radii are well below the cavity radius, this time can be analyzed using the narrow escape (NE) theory, which describes it as a function of the spot radii and the only parameter of the cavity, its volume, independent of the cavity shape and the particle initial position. We derive an approximate analytical solution for the mean particle lifetime that goes beyond the scope of the NE theory. In particular, our solution shows how this mean lifetime depends on the cavity shape, i.e., its length and radius, the particle initial position in the cavity, and the spot radii, which can be arbitrary. It reduces to the NE solution, as the spot radii tend to zero. To check the accuracy of our approximate result, we determine the mean lifetimes from three-dimensional Brownian dynamics simulations. The comparison shows excellent agreement between the theoretical predictions and simulation results when the initial distance from the particle to both cavity bases exceeds the cavity radius.
Investigation and improvement of kT−kL−ω transition model for pressure gradient and inflow effects
Authors: Hu Zhenyu , Zhang Peng , Tang Fan , Yuan Xianxu , Chen Jianqiang , Xiang Xinghao
Published: January 2025

Based on kT−kL−ω model, the corrections for turbulence intensity and pressure gradient are proposed. The modeling work focuses on the local turbulence intensity Tulocal and the dimensionless velocity gradient λP. The extended model is applied to a variety of benchmark transition test cases, validating its reliability and universality. For the zero-pressure-gradient flat plate, the extended model has shown some encouraging results: it accurately predicted the Transition Onset Location (TOL) under various turbulence intensities and Reynolds numbers. In addition, for the non-zero-pressure-gradient flat plate, the extended model correctly reflected the effect of adverse pressure gradient and separation. The last validation case is the NLF(1)-0416 (natural-laminar-flow(1)-0416) airfoil, which has a wealth of experimental data at various AoA (angle of attack). In calculations that involve up to 31 conditions, the extended model successfully predicted the TOL for the majority of scenarios and captured the trend of TOL changes. The results suggest that the extended model is better equipped to handle transition simulation under various complex working conditions.