bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deposition and Optical Characterization of Sputter Deposited p-Type Delafossite CuGaO2 Thin Films Using Cu2O and Ga2O3 Targets
Authors: Bharath Akash Hari , Saikumar Ashwin Kumar , Sundaram Kalpathy B.
Published: April 2024

CuGaO2 thin films were deposited using the RF magnetron sputtering technique using Cu2O and Ga2O3 targets. The films were deposited at room temperature onto a quartz slide. The sputtering power of Cu2O remained constant at 50 W, while the sputtering power of Ga2O3 was systematically varied from 150 W to 200 W. The films were subsequently subjected to annealing at temperatures of 850 °C and 900 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere for a duration of 5 h. XRD analysis on films deposited with a Ga2O3 sputtering power of 175 W annealed at 900 °C revealed the development of nearly single-phase delafossite CuGaO2 thin films. SEM images of films annealed at 900 °C showed an increasing trend in grain size with a change in sputtering power level. Optical studies performed on the film revealed a transmission of 84.97% and indicated a band gap of approximately 3.27 eV. The film exhibited a refractive index of 2.5 within the wavelength range of 300 to 450 nm.
Spinel-Based ZnAl2O4: 0.5%Cr3+ Red Phosphor Ceramics for WLED
Authors: Ji Wenchao , Xu Xueke , Qiang Ming , Dun Aihuan
Published: April 2024

To address the issue of the lack of red light in traditional Ce3+: YAG-encapsulated blue LED white light systems, we utilized spark plasma sintering (SPS) to prepare spinel-based Cr3+-doped red phosphor ceramics. Through phase and spectral analysis, the SPS-sintered ZnAl2O4: 0.5%Cr3+ phosphor ceramic exhibits good density, and Cr3+ is incorporated into [AlO6] octahedra as a red emitting center. We analyzed the reasons behind the narrow-band emission and millisecond-level lifetime of ZAO: 0.5%Cr3+, attributing it to the four-quadrupole interaction mechanism as determined through concentration quenching modeling. Additionally, we evaluated the thermal conductivity and thermal quenching performance of the ceramic. The weak electron-phonon coupling (EPC) effects and emission from antisite defects at 699 nm provide positive assistance in thermal quenching. At a high temperature of 150 °C, the thermal conductivity reaches up to 14 W·m−1·K−1, and the 687 nm PL intensity is maintained at around 70% of room temperature. Furthermore, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of ZAO: 0.5%Cr3+ phosphor ceramic can reach 78%. When encapsulated with Ce3+: YAG for a 450 nm blue LED, it compensates for the lack of red light, adjusts the color temperature, and improves the color rendering index (R9). This provides valuable insights for the study of white light emitting diodes (WLEDs).
Soil Sampling Map Optimization with a Dual Deep Learning Framework
Authors: Pham Tan-Hanh , Nguyen Kim-Doang
Published: April 2024

Soil sampling constitutes a fundamental process in agriculture, enabling precise soil analysis and optimal fertilization. The automated selection of accurate soil sampling locations representative of a given field is critical for informed soil treatment decisions. This study leverages recent advancements in deep learning to develop efficient tools for generating soil sampling maps. We proposed two models, namely UDL and UFN, which are the results of innovations in machine learning architecture design and integration. The models are meticulously trained on a comprehensive soil sampling dataset collected from local farms in South Dakota. The data include five key attributes: aspect, flow accumulation, slope, normalized difference vegetation index, and yield. The inputs to the models consist of multispectral images, and the ground truths are highly unbalanced binary images. To address this challenge, we innovate a feature extraction technique to find patterns and characteristics from the data before using these refined features for further processing and generating soil sampling maps. Our approach is centered around building a refiner that extracts fine features and a selector that utilizes these features to produce prediction maps containing the selected optimal soil sampling locations. Our experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our tools compared to existing methods. During testing, our proposed models exhibit outstanding performance, achieving the highest mean Intersection over Union of 60.82% and mean Dice Coefficient of 73.74%. The research not only introduces an innovative tool for soil sampling but also lays the foundation for the integration of traditional and modern soil sampling methods. This work provides a promising solution for precision agriculture and soil management.
Aerodynamic Performance and Numerical Analysis of the Coaxial Contra-Rotating Propeller Lift System in eVTOL Vehicles
Authors: Xu Jie , Yu Jiaming , Lu Xinjiang , Long Zhenkun , Xu Yuteng , Sun Hao
Published: April 2024

Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles possess high payload transportation capabilities and compact design features. The traditional method of increasing propeller size to cope with high payload is no longer applicable. Therefore, this study proposes the use of coaxial counter-rotating propellers as the lift system for eVTOL vehicles, consisting of two coaxially mounted, counter-rotating bi-blade propellers. However, if the lift of a single rotating propeller is linearly increased without considering the lift loss caused by the downwash airflow generated by the upper propeller and the torque effect of the lift system, it will significantly impact performance optimization and safety in the eVTOL vehicles design process. To address this issue, this study employed the Moving Reference Frame (MRF) method within Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology to simulate the lift system, conducting a detailed analysis of the impact of the upper propeller’s downwash flow on the aerodynamic performance of the lower propeller. In addition, the aerodynamic performance indicators of coaxial counter-rotating propellers were quantitatively analyzed under different speed conditions. The results indicated significant lift losses within the coaxial contra-rotating propeller system, which were particularly notable in the lift loss of the lower propeller. Moreover, the total torque decreased by more than 93.8%, and the torque was not completely offset; there was still a small torsional effect in the coaxial counter-rotating propellers. The virtual testing method of this study not only saves a significant amount of time and money but also serves as a vital reference in the design process of eVTOL vehicles.
Accurate Criteria for Broken Bar Detection in Induction Motors Based on the Wavelet (Packet) Transform
Authors: Antonino-Daviu Jose Alfonso , Martínez-Giménez Félix , Peris Alfred , Ramezanzadeh Nasrin , Rodenas Francisco
Published: April 2024

Finding reliable and robust criteria for the detection of broken bars in induction motors is key for the maintenance of industrial engines, and some of the most efficient methods analyze the stator start-up current. Due to the transitory characteristics and short duration of the signal, suitable time-frequency mathematical tools are very useful for this purpose. We propose here algorithms based on the discrete wavelet and wavelet packet transform, combined with other tools in signal processing, to offer an accurate quantitative method for failure detection due to broken bars in induction motors. A good selection of the wavelet family is important for a good performance of the indicator, and the discrete approximation of the Meyer wavelet, ‘dmeyer’, consistently demonstrates the most favorable results. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of both the wavelet and wavelet packet transforms in accurately detecting broken bars in induction motors. This fact allows optimal monitoring strategies in industrial applications.
Software Estimation in the Design Stage with Statistical Models and Machine Learning: An Empirical Study
Authors: Sánchez-García Ángel J. , González-Hernández María Saarayim , Cortés-Verdín Karen , Pérez-Arriaga Juan Carlos
Published: April 2024

Accurate estimation of software effort and time in the software development process is a key activity to achieve the necessary product quality. However, underestimation or overestimation of effort has become a key challenge for software development. One of the main problems is the estimation with metrics from late stages, because the product must already be finished to make estimates. In this paper, the use of statistical models and machine learning approaches for software estimation are used in early stages such as software design, and a data set is presented with metric values of design artifacts with 37 software projects. As results, models for the estimation of development time and effort are proposed and validated through leave-one-out cross-validation. Further, machine learning techniques were employed in order to compare software projects estimations. Through the statistical tests, it was proven that the errors were not statistically different with the regression models for effort estimation. However, with Random Forest the best statistical results were obtained for estimating development time.
Effect of Biogas Slurry on the Soil Properties and Microbial Composition in an Annual Ryegrass-Silage Maize Rotation System over a Five-Year Period
Authors: Feng Guangyan , Hao Feixiang , He Wei , Ran Qifan , Nie Gang , Huang Linkai , Wang Xia , Yuan Suhong , Xu Wenzhi , Zhang Xinquan
Published: April 2024

Soil health is seriously threatened by the overuse of chemical fertilizers in agricultural management. Biogas slurry is often seen as an organic fertilizer resource that is rich in nutrients, and its use has the goal of lowering the amount of chemical fertilizers used while preserving crop yields and soil health. However, the application of continuous biogas slurry has not yet been studied for its long-term impact on soil nutrients and microbial communities in a rotation system of annual ryegrass-silage maize (Zea mays). This study aimed to investigate the impacts on the chemical properties and microbial community of farmland soils to which chemical fertilizer (NPK) (225 kg ha−1), biogas slurry (150 t ha−1), and a combination (49.5 t ha−1 biogas slurry + 150 kg ha−1 chemical fertilizer) were applied for five years. The results indicated that compared to the control group, the long-term application of biogas slurry significantly increased the SOC, TN, AP, and AK values by 45.93%, 39.52%, 174.73%, and 161.54%, respectively; it neutralized acidic soil and increased the soil pH. TN, SOC, pH, and AP are all important environmental factors that influence the structural composition of the soil’s bacterial and fungal communities. Chemical fertilizer application significantly increased the diversity of the bacterial community. Variation was observed in the composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities among the different treatments. The structure and diversity of soil microbes are affected by different methods of fertilization; the application of biogas slurry not only increases the contents of soil nutrients but also regulates the soil’s bacterial and fungal community structures. Therefore, biogas slurry can serve as a sustainable management measure and offers an alternative to the application of chemical fertilizers for sustainable intensification.
Metformin Reduces Viability and Inhibits the Immunoinflammatory Profile of Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells
Authors: Hong Daewoo , Ambe Regina , Barragan Jose , Reyes Kristina Marie , Cervantes Jorge
Published: April 2024

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the predominant primary malignant brain tumor. Metformin, a well-known antidiabetic medication, has emerged as a potential therapeutic candidate in the treatment of GBM. We have herein investigated two aspects of the effect of MTF on GBM cells: the effect of MTF on GBM cell viability, as previous studies have shown that MTF can selectively affect human GBM tumors; and the immunomodulatory effect of MTF on GBM, as there is evidence that inflammation is associated with GBM growth and progression. The human GBM cell line (U87) was exposed to various doses of MTF (1 mM, 20 mM, and 50 mM), followed by examination of cell viability and inflammatory mediator secretion at various time points. We observed that MTF treatment exerted a dose-response effect on glioblastoma multiforme cell viability. It also had an immunomodulatory effect on GBM cells. Our study identified several mechanisms that led to the overall inhibitory effect of MTF on human GBM. Further inquiry is necessary to gain a better understanding of how these in vitro findings would translate into successful in vivo approaches.
Comparing Aluminum Concentrations in Adult and Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition Solutions: Multichamber-Bag versus Compounded Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Berlana David , López-Hellín Juan , Pau-Parra Alba , Ferrer-Costa Roser
Published: April 2024

Aluminum contamination in parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions can lead to neurotoxicity, reduced bone mass, and liver toxicity, especially in pediatric patients. Ingredients commonly used in PN compounding, such as vitamins, trace elements, calcium, and phosphate salts, contain significant amounts of aluminum. This study aimed to compare aluminum concentrations in multichamber-bag (MCB) and compounded PN for adults and pediatrics. A prospective study assessed aluminum concentrations in various types of MCB and compared them with compounded PN formulations with similar compositions. The types of MCB included Lipoflex® (without electrolytes), Omegaflex®, Finomel®, Smofkabiven® (with and without electrolytes), Olimel®, Clinimix®, and Numeta®. Overall, 80 aluminum determinations were included: 36 for MCBs and 44 for compounded PN. MCBs showed significantly lower aluminum concentrations than compounded PN: 11.37 (SD 6.16) vs. 21.45 (8.08) µg/L, respectively. Similar results were observed for adult (n = 40) and pediatric (n = 40) PN formulations (12.97 (7.74) vs. 20.78 (10.28) µg/L, and 9.38 (2.23) vs. 22.01 (5.82) µg/L, respectively). Significant differences were also found between MCBs depending on the manufacturing company. These findings suggest that MCBs PN offer a safer option for reducing aluminum contamination in PN. Harmonizing regulations concerning aluminum concentrations in PN solutions could help mitigate differences between PN formulations.
Gut–Liver Axis Dysregulation in Portal Hypertension: Emerging Frontiers
Authors: Lombardi Martina , Troisi Jacopo , Motta Benedetta Maria , Torre Pietro , Masarone Mario , Persico Marcello
Published: April 2024

Portal hypertension (PH) is a complex clinical challenge with severe complications, including variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. The gut microbiota (GM) and its interconnectedness with human health have emerged as a captivating field of research. This review explores the intricate connections between the gut and the liver, aiming to elucidate how alterations in GM, intestinal barrier function, and gut-derived molecules impact the development and progression of PH. A systematic literature search, following PRISMA guidelines, identified 12 original articles that suggest a relationship between GM, the gut–liver axis, and PH. Mechanisms such as dysbiosis, bacterial translocation, altered microbial structure, and inflammation appear to orchestrate this relationship. One notable study highlights the pivotal role of the farnesoid X receptor axis in regulating the interplay between the gut and liver and proposes it as a promising therapeutic target. Fecal transplantation experiments further emphasize the pathogenic significance of the GM in modulating liver maladies, including PH. Recent advancements in metagenomics and metabolomics have expanded our understanding of the GM’s role in human ailments. The review suggests that addressing the unmet need of identifying gut–liver axis-related metabolic and molecular pathways holds potential for elucidating pathogenesis and directing novel therapeutic interventions.
A Low FODMAP Diet Supplemented with L-Tryptophan Reduces the Symptoms of Functional Constipation in Elderly Patients
Authors: Chojnacki Cezary , Mędrek-Socha Marta , Błońska Aleksandra , Błasiak Janusz , Popławski Tomasz , Chojnacki Jan , Gąsiorowska Anita
Published: April 2024

(1) Background: The elderly suffer from functional constipation (FC), whose causes are not fully known, but nutritional factors may play a role. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a low FODMAP diet supplemented with L-tryptophan (TRP) on its metabolism and symptoms of functional constipation in elderly patients. (2) Methods: This study included 40 people without abdominal complaints (Group I, controls) and 60 patients with FC, diagnosed according to the Rome IV Criteria (Group II). Two groups were randomly selected: Group IIA (n = 30) was qualified for administration of the low FODMAP diet, and the diet of patients of Group IIB (n = 30) was supplemented with 1000 mg TRP per day. The severity of abdominal symptoms was assessed with an abdominal pain index ranging from 1 to 7 points (S-score). The concentration of TRP and its metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN), and 3-indoxyl sulfate (3-IS) in urine were determined using the LC-MS/MS method. (3) Results: In Group II, 5-HIAA concentration in urine was lower, and KYN and 3-IS concentrations were higher than in the control group. A negative correlation was found between the S-score and urinary concentration of 5-HIAA (p < 0.001), and 3-IS concentration was positively correlated with the S-score. However, the correlation between the S-score and 3-IS concentration was negative (p < 0.01). After a dietary intervention, 5-HIAA concentration increased in both groups, and the severity of symptoms decreased, but the decrease was more pronounced in Group IIB. (4) Conclusion: A low FODMAP diet supplemented with L-tryptophan has beneficial effects in elderly patients suffering from functional constipation.
Postnatal Consumption of Black Bean Powder Protects against Obesity and Dyslipidemia in Male Adult Rat Offspring from Obese Pregnancies
Authors: Choudhary Divya , Andreani Gabriella A. , Mahmood Saleh , Wen Xiaozhong , Patel Mulchand S. , Rideout Todd C.
Published: April 2024

The adverse influence of maternal obesity on offspring metabolic health throughout the life-course is a significant public health challenge with few effective interventions. We examined if black bean powder (BBP) supplementation to a high-calorie maternal pregnancy diet or a postnatal offspring diet could offer protection against the metabolic programming of metabolic disease risk in adult offspring. Female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of three diets (n = 10/group) for a 3-week pre-pregnancy period and throughout gestation and lactation: (i) a low-caloric control diet (CON); (ii) a high-caloric obesity-inducing diet (HC); or (iii) the HC diet with 20% black bean powder (HC-BBP). At weaning [postnatal day (PND) 21], one male pup from each dam was weaned onto the CON diet throughout the postnatal period until adulthood (PND120). In addition, a second male from the HC group only was weaned onto the CON diet supplemented with BBP (CON-BBP). Thus, based on the maternal diet exposure and offspring postnatal diet, four experimental adult offspring groups were compared: CON/CON, HC/CON, HC-BPP/CON, and HC/CON-BBP. On PND120, blood was collected for biochemical analysis (e.g., lipids, glycemic control endpoints, etc.), and livers were excised for lipid analysis (triglycerides [TG] and cholesterol) and the mRNA/protein expression of lipid-regulatory targets. Compared with the CON/CON group, adult offspring from the HC/CON group exhibited a higher (p < 0.05) body weight (BW) (682.88 ± 10.67 vs. 628.02 ± 16.61 g) and hepatic TG (29.55 ± 1.31 vs. 22.86 ± 1.85 mmol/g). Although maternal BBP supplementation (HC-BBP/CON) had little influence on metabolic outcomes, the consumption of BBP in the postnatal period (HC/CON-BBP) lowered hepatic TG and cholesterol compared with the other treatment groups. Reduced hepatic TG in the HC/CON-BBP was likely associated with lower postnatal BW gain (vs. HC/CON), lower mRNA and protein expression of hepatic Fasn (vs. HC/CON), and lower serum leptin concentration (vs. CON/CON and HC groups). Our results suggest that the postnatal consumption of a black-bean-powder-supplemented diet may protect male rat offspring against the programming of obesity and dyslipidemia associated with maternal obesity. Future work should investigate the bioactive fraction of BBP responsible for the observed effect.
Depth of SCUBA Diving Affects Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: Vulić Marina , Milovanovic Branislav , Obad Ante , Glavaš Duška , Glavicic Igor , Zubac Damir , Valic Maja , Valic Zoran
Published: April 2024

The present study investigated the influence of SCUBA dives with compressed air at depths of 10 and 20 m on ECG-derived HRV parameters in apparently healthy individuals. We hypothesized that cardiac sympathetic activity (measured by HRV parameters) adapts proportionally to diving depth, and that both time- and frequency-domain parameters are sensitive enough to track changes in cardiac ANS function during diving activities and subsequently during the recovery period. Eleven healthy middle-aged recreational divers (nine men and two women, age 43 ± 8, all nonsmokers) volunteered to participate in the present study. The participants (all open-circuit divers) were equipped with dry suits and ECG Holter devices and were later randomly assigned to dive pairs and depths (10 m vs. 20 m), and each participant served as his or her own control. No interaction effects (diving depth x time epoch) were found for the most commonly used HRV markers. More precisely, in response to two different diving protocols, a significant post hoc effect of time was observed for HR and SDNN, as these parameters transiently decreased during the dives and returned to baseline after ascent (p < 0.001). The ULF, VLF (p < 0.003), TP, and LF parameters decreased significantly during the dives, while HF significantly increased (p < 0.003). SCUBA diving apparently challenges the cardiac ANS, even in healthy individuals. The observed changes reveal possible underwater methods of influencing the parasympathetic activity of the heart depending on the depth of the dive. These results identify autonomic nervous system markers to track the cardiovascular risk related to diving and point to the possibility of tracking cardiovascular system benefits during underwater activities in selected patients.
Characterization of Plant-Derived Natural Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 as Potential Antidiabetic Agents: A Computational Study
Authors: Hossain Alomgir , Rahman Md Ekhtiar , Faruqe Md Omar , Saif Ahmed , Suhi Suzzada , Zaman Rashed , Hirad Abdurahman Hajinur , Matin Mohammad Nurul , Rabbee Muhammad Fazle , Baek Kwang-Hyun
Published: April 2024

Diabetes, characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, poses significant health and economic risks, correlating with complications like cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, and blindness. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), also referred to as T-cell activation antigen CD26 (EC 3.4.14.5.), plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism and immune function. Inhibiting DPP-4 was anticipated as a potential new therapy for diabetes. Therefore, identification of plant-based natural inhibitors of DPP-4 would help in eradicating diabetes worldwide. Here, for the identification of the potential natural inhibitors of DPP-4, we developed a phytochemicals library consisting of over 6000 phytochemicals detected in 81 medicinal plants that exhibited anti-diabetic potency. The library has been docked against the target proteins, where isorhamnetin, Benzyl 5-Amino-5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropyl-alpha-D-mannofuranoside (DTXSID90724586), and 5-Oxo-7-[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-4H,6H,7H-[1,2]thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine 3-carboxylic acid (CHEMBL3446108) showed binding affinities of −8.5, −8.3, and −8.3 kcal/mol, respectively. These compounds exhibiting strong interactions with DPP-4 active sites (Glu205, Glu206, Tyr547, Trp629, Ser630, Tyr662, His740) were identified. ADME/T and bioactivity predictions affirmed their pharmacological safety. Density functional theory calculations assessed stability and reactivity, while molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated persistent stability. Analyzing parameters like RMSD, RG, RMSF, SASA, H-bonds, MM-PBSA, and FEL confirmed stable protein–ligand compound formation. Principal component analysis provided structural variation insights. Our findings suggest that those compounds might be possible candidates for developing novel inhibitors targeting DPP-4 for treating diabetes.
CBD and THC in Special Populations: Pharmacokinetics and Drug–Drug Interactions
Authors: Qian Lixuan , Beers Jessica L. , Jackson Klarissa D. , Zhou Zhu
Published: April 2024

Cannabinoid use has surged in the past decade, with a growing interest in expanding cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) applications into special populations. Consequently, the increased use of CBD and THC raises the risk of drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Nevertheless, DDIs for cannabinoids, especially in special populations, remain inadequately investigated. While some clinical trials have explored DDIs between therapeutic drugs like antiepileptic drugs and CBD/THC, more potential interactions remain to be examined. This review summarizes the published studies on CBD and THC–drug interactions, outlines the mechanisms involved, discusses the physiological considerations in pharmacokinetics (PK) and DDI studies in special populations (including pregnant and lactating women, pediatrics, older adults, patients with hepatic or renal impairments, and others), and presents modeling approaches that can describe the DDIs associated with CBD and THC in special populations. The PK of CBD and THC in special populations remain poorly characterized, with limited studies investigating DDIs involving CBD/THC in these populations. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate potential DDIs between CBD/THC and medications that are commonly used in special populations. Modeling approaches can aid in understanding these interactions.
Process-Based Modeling of Phenology and Radial Growth in Pinus tabuliformis in Response to Climate Factors over a Cold and Semi-Arid Region
Authors: Man Zihong , Zhang Junzhou , Liu Junjun , Liu Li , Yang Jiqin , Cao Zongying
Published: April 2024

(1) Background: Climate change significantly impacts the phenology and dynamics of radial tree growth in alpine dryland forests. However, there remains a scarcity of reliable information on the physiological processes of tree growth and cambial phenology in response to long-term climate change in cold and semi-arid regions. (2) Methods: We employed the process-based Vaganov–Shashkin (VS) model to simulate the phenology and growth patterns of Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis) in the eastern Qilian Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. The model was informed by observed temperature and precipitation data to elucidate the relationships between climate factors and tree growth. (3) Results: The simulated tree-ring index closely aligned with the observed tree-ring chronology, validating the VS model’s effectiveness in capturing the climatic influences on radial growth and cambial phenology of P. tabuliformis. The model outputs revealed that the average growing season spanned from mid-April to mid-October and experienced an extension post-1978 due to ongoing warming trends. However, it is important to note that an increase in the duration of the growing season did not necessarily result in a higher level of radial growth. (4) Conclusions: While the duration of the growing season was primarily determined by temperature, the growth rate was predominantly influenced by water conditions during the growing season, making it the most significant factor contributing to ring formation. Our study provides valuable insights into the potential mechanisms underlying tree growth responses to climate change in cold and semi-arid regions.
Leaf Traits Explain the Growth Variation and Nitrogen Response of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis and Dalbergia odorifera in Mixed Culture
Authors: Zhang Han , Lan Yahui , Jiang Chenyang , Cui Yuhong , He Yaqin , Deng Jiazhen , Lin Mingye , Ye Shaoming
Published: April 2024

Mixed cultivation with legumes may alleviate the nitrogen (N) limitation of monoculture Eucalyptus. However, how leaf functional traits respond to N in mixed cultivation with legumes and how they affect tree growth are unclear. Thus, this study investigated the response of leaf functional traits of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis (E. urophylla × E. grandis) and Dalbergia odorifera (D. odorifera) to mixed culture and N application, as well as the regulatory pathways of key traits on seedling growth. In this study, a pot-controlled experiment was set up, and seedling growth indicators, leaf physiology, morphological parameters, and N content were collected and analyzed after 180 days of N application treatment. The results indicated that mixed culture improved the N absorption and photosynthetic rate of E. urophylla × E. grandis, further promoting seedling growth but inhibiting the photosynthetic process of D. odorifera, reducing its growth and biomass. Redundancy analysis and path analysis revealed that leaf nitrogen content, pigment content, and photosynthesis-related physiological indicators were the traits most directly related to seedling growth and biomass accumulation, with the net photosynthetic rate explaining 50.9% and 55.8% of the variation in growth indicators for E. urophylla × E. grandis and D. odorifera, respectively. Additionally, leaf morphological traits are related to the trade-off strategy exhibited by E. urophylla × E. grandis and D. odorifera based on N competition. This study demonstrated that physiological traits related to photosynthesis are reliable predictors of N nutrition and tree growth in mixed stands, while leaf morphological traits reflect the resource trade-off strategies of different tree species.
Molecular Simulation Study on the Hydrogen Permeation Behavior and Mechanism of Common Polymers
Authors: Zhang Xuemin , Zhai Lizhen , Li Houbu , Qi Guoquan , Gao Xiong , Yang Wenhui
Published: April 2024

This research aimed to provide an understanding of the selection and safe application of pipeline liner materials for hydrogen transport by examining the permeation properties and mechanisms of hydrogen within polymers commonly used for this purpose, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), through molecular simulation. The study was carried out within defined operational parameters of temperature (ranging from room temperature to 80 °C) and pressure (from 2.5 to 10 MPa) that are pertinent to hydrogen pipeline infrastructures. The results reveal that with an increase in temperature from 30 °C to 80 °C, the solubility, diffusion, and permeability coefficients of hydrogen in HDPE increase by 18.7%, 92.9%, and 129.0%, respectively. Similarly, in EVOH, these coefficients experience increments of 15.9%, 81.6%, and 112.7%. Conversely, pressure variations have a negligible effect on permeability in both polymers. HDPE exhibits significantly higher hydrogen permeability compared to EVOH. The unique chain segment configuration of EVOH leads to the formation of robust hydrogen bonds among the hydroxyl groups, thereby impeding the permeation of hydrogen. The process by which hydrogen is adsorbed in polymers involves aggregation at low potential energy levels. During diffusion, the hydrogen molecule primarily vibrates within a limited range, with intermittent occurrences of significant hole-to-hole transitions over larger distances. Hydrogen exhibits a stronger interaction with HDPE compared to EVOH, leading to a higher number of adsorption sites and increased hydrogen adsorption capacity in HDPE. Hydrogen molecules move more actively in HDPE than in EVOH, exhibiting greater hole amplitude and more holes in transition during the diffusion process.
Orally Administered N-Oleoyl Alanine Blocks Acute Opioid Withdrawal Induced-Conditioned Place Preference and Attenuates Somatic Withdrawal following Chronic Opioid Exposure in Rats
Authors: Ayoub Samantha M. , Rock Erin M. , Limebeer Cheryl L. , DeVuono Marieka V. , Parker Linda A.
Published: April 2024

(1) Background: Intraperitoneal injections of the endogenous N-acyl amino acid N-Oleoyl alanine (OlAla) effectively reduces both the affective and somatic responses produced by opioid withdrawal in preclinical models. To increase the translational appeal of OlAla in clinical drug applications, the current experiments tested whether oral OlAla pretreatment also attenuates opioid withdrawal in rats. (2) Methods: In Experiment 1, to assess its impact on affective withdrawal behavior, OlAla (0, 5, 20 mg/kg) was orally administered during the conditioning phase of an acute naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal conditioned place avoidance task. In Experiment 2, to assess its impact on somatic withdrawal behavior, OlAla (5–80 mg/kg) was orally administered prior to naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from chronic heroin exposure. (3) Results: Pretreatment with oral OlAla at the higher (20 mg/kg), but not lower (5 mg/kg) dose, reduced the establishment of an acute morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion. Instead, the lower dose of oral OlAla (5 mg/kg) reduced heroin withdrawal-induced abdominal contractions and diarrhea, whereas higher doses were without effect. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest a dose-dependent reduction of opioid withdrawal responses by orally administered OlAla, and further highlight the potential utility of this compound for opioid withdrawal in clinical populations.
Religion as Memory
Authors: Bronkhorst Johannes
Published: April 2024

This paper will argue that memory from early childhood underlies many practices and beliefs that we commonly refer to as “religious”. The consciousness of young children does not yet have certain features that characterize adult consciousness. This paper will concentrate on four of these: (I) a reality that is recognizable; (II) a sense of temporal duration; (III) a sense of self; (IV) an experience of the world that is deeply affected by our acquaintance with (a) language. The absence of these features presumably characterizes the consciousness of infants. It also often characterizes mystical experiences. The paper will argue that the human tendency to engage in so-called religious practices and beliefs makes the most sense based on the assumption that adults somehow preserve the memory of their state of being in childhood.
In-Depth Examination of Coverage Duration: Analyzing Years Covered and Skipped in Journal Indexing
Authors: Kim Eungi
Published: April 2024

Journals that have consistently maintained uninterrupted indexing over an extended period can be assumed to possess stability and sustainability in journal indexing. Building on this assumption, the objective of this study is to scrutinize the years omitted in the indexing of Scopus-indexed journals. To conduct this study, three coverage duration indicators—nyears-covered (total years covered), nyears-skipped (years skipped), and skipped/covered ratio (proportion of years skipped to total years covered)—were formulated. Data from SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) for 2022, consisting of 16,762 records (62% of downloaded data) with a coverage duration of 25 years or less, were used for this study. The results revealed that around 10% of Scopus-indexed journals experienced exclusions or coverage gaps. Longer coverage correlates positively with documents published, h-index, and citations, while skipped years decrease with these indicators. Open access (OA) journals exhibited a lower skipped/covered ratio than non-OA journals, suggesting a better sustainability of indexing than non-OA journals. Disciplinary differences in Scopus journal coverage duration revealed notable variation, suggesting that coverage duration indicators can be effectively used to evaluate journal stability within Scopus. Overall, the coverage gaps reflect Scopus’s efforts to regulate the journals it indexes. The coverage duration indicators proposed in this study can be applied to assess the stability of periodicals in any database, providing insights into the broader dynamics and quality standards maintained by a database, where the database periodically adds and removes its indexed contents.
Bimanual Telemanipulation Framework Utilising Multiple Optically Localised Cooperative Mobile Manipulators
Authors: Peers Christopher , Zhou Chengxu
Published: April 2024

Bimanual manipulation is valuable for its potential to provide robots in the field with increased capabilities when interacting with environments, as well as broadening the number of possible manipulation actions available. However, for a robot to perform bimanual manipulation, the system must have a capable control framework to localise and generate trajectories and commands for each sub-system to allow for successful cooperative manipulation as well as sufficient control over each individual sub-system. The proposed method suggests using multiple mobile manipulator platforms coupled through the use of an optical tracking localisation method to act as a single bimanual manipulation system. The framework’s performance relies on the accuracy of the localisation. As commands are primarily high-level, it is possible to use any number and combination of mobile manipulators and fixed manipulators within this framework. We demonstrate the functionality of this system through tests in a Pybullet simulation environment using two different omnidirectional mobile manipulators, as well a real-life experiment using two quadrupedal manipulators.
Discontinuous Surface Ruptures and Slip Distributions in the Epicentral Region of the 2021 Mw7.4 Maduo Earthquake, China
Authors: Han Longfei , Liu-Zeng Jing , Yao Wenqian , Wang Wenxin , Shao Yanxiu , Liu Xiaoli , Zeng Xianyang , Gao Yunpeng , Tu Hongwei
Published: April 2024

Geometric complexities play an important role in the nucleation, propagation, and termination of strike-slip earthquake ruptures. The 2021 Mw7.4 Maduo earthquake rupture initiated at a large releasing stepover with a complex fault intersection. In the epicentral region, we conducted detailed mapping and classification of the surface ruptures and slip measurements associated with the earthquake, combining high-resolution uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) images and optical image correlation with field investigations. Our findings indicate that the coseismic ruptures present discontinuous patterns mixed with numerous lateral spreadings due to strong ground shaking. The discontinuous surface ruptures are uncharacteristic in slip to account for the large and clear displacements of offset landforms in the epicentral region. Within the releasing stepovers, the deformation zone revealed from the optical image correlation map indicates that a fault may cut diagonally across the pull-apart basin at depth. The left-lateral horizontal coseismic displacements from field measurements are typically ≤0.6 m, significantly lower than the 1–2.7 m measured from the optical image correlation map. Such a discrepancy indicates a significant proportion of off-fault deformation or the possibility that the rupture stopped at a shallow depth during its initiation phase instead of extending to the surface. The fault network and multi-fault junctions west and south of the epicenter suggest a possible complex path, which retarded the westward propagation at the initial phase of rupture growth. A hampered initiation might enhance the seismic ground motion and the complex ground deformation features at the surface, including widespread shaking-related fissures.
Model Predictive Control for Speed-Dependent Active Suspension System with Road Preview Information
Authors: Li Qiangqiang , Chen Zhiyong , Song Haisheng , Dong Yahui
Published: April 2024

This paper proposes a model predictive control (MPC) scheme based on linear parameter variation to enhance the damping control of speed-dependent active suspensions. The controller is developed by introducing a speed-dependent term, specifically front- and rear-wheel time delays, to the half-car model using the Padé approximation. Subsequently, the model is augmented with time-varying parameter dependence. An adaptive Kalman filter based on variance matching is employed to estimate system states affected by imprecise sensor measurement noise. Finally, a set of explicit control laws incorporating road preview information and available vehicle speed are determined offline using multi-parameter linear programming (mp-LP), simplifying online implementation to searching for optimal solutions in a lookup table. Simulation results demonstrate a significant improvement in active suspension control under changing vehicle speeds compared to passive control.
Extended Reality Therapies for Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of Patients’ and Healthcare Professionals’ Perspectives
Authors: Dhunnoo Pranavsingh , Wetzlmair Lisa-Christin , O’Carroll Veronica
Published: April 2024

(1) Background: Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric conditions and have a rising prevalence. Patients with anxiety disorders can, however, be deterred from seeking treatment due to associated stigmas and medication side effects. Evidence indicates that promising digital health solutions to address those concerns reside in the growing field of extended reality (XR). The limited literature synthesis from the perspectives of patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs) regarding the experiences and effectiveness of XR-based anxiety disorder therapies motivated the undertaking of this systematic review. (2) Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines on the following databases: CINAHL, APA PsycNet and PubMed. The search was completed on 23 January 2024 with no restriction on the time of publication. Studies were screened based on a predetermined selection criteria relevant to the research aims. (3) Results: Five studies fulfilled the inclusion requirements. The majority investigated the use of XR tools for individual therapy and indicated that they can be as effective for patients as traditional methods and can aid in HCPs’ therapeutic tasks. (4) Conclusions: XR-based anxiety disorder therapies are generally perceived as immersive and with minimal side effects by patients, while HCPs mostly consider XR tools as practical and assistive. However, refinements with the XR setup could further improve the experience. Such modalities represent potent drug-free alternatives or supplements to traditional therapy and could be considered for remote, individual care. The findings’ generalisability requires further research into more conditions within the anxiety disorder group, as well as larger sample sizes.
Modulating Interfacial Charge Transfer Behavior through the Construction of a Hetero-Interface for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Xu Li , Quan Jingjing , Xu Li , Li Meihua , Li Chenglong , Mujtaba Saqib , Ning Xingming , Chen Pei , Weng Qiang , An Zhongwei , Chen Xinbing
Published: April 2024

Surface-coupled transition metal oxyhydroxide (TMOOH) on semiconductor (SC)-based photoanodes are effective strategies for improving photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. However, there is a substantial difference between the current density and theoretical value due to the inevitable interfacial charge recombination of SC/TMOOH. Here, we employ BiVO4/FeNiOOH as a model, constructing the BiVO4/MnOx/CoOx/FeNiOOH integrated system by introducing a novel hetero-interface regulation unit, i.e., MnOx/CoOx. As expected, the optimized integrated system demonstrates a photocurrent density as high as 5.0 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under 1 sun AM 1.5G illumination, accompanied by 12-h stability. The detailed electrochemical analysis and intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) have confirmed that the high PEC performance mainly originates from the hetero-interface structure, which not only suppresses the interfacial charge recombination by accelerating the photogenerated hole transfer kinetics from BiVO4 to FeNiOOH but promotes the kinetics of surface oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Notably, these findings can also be extended to other structures (CeOx/CoOx), reflecting its universality. This finding has provided a new insight into the highly efficient solar energy conversion in the SC/TMOOH system.
A Comparative Study on the Choice of the Support in the Elaboration of Photocatalysts for the Photooxidation of Benzyl Alcohol under Mild Conditions
Authors: Hervé Lénaïck , Heyte Svetlana , Marinova Maya , Paul Sébastien , Wojcieszak Robert , Thuriot-Roukos Joëlle
Published: April 2024

In the quest to combat global warming, traditional thermal chemistry processes are giving way to selective photocatalysis, an eco-friendly approach that operates under milder conditions, using benign solvents like water. Benzaldehyde, a versatile compound with applications spanning agroindustry, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, serves as a fundamental building block for various fine chemicals. This study aims at enhancing benzaldehyde production sustainability by utilizing photooxidation of benzyl alcohol. Gold nanoparticle-based catalysts are renowned for their exceptional efficiency in oxidizing bio-based molecules. In this research, Au nanoparticles were anchored onto three distinct supports: TiO2, ZrO2, and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The objective was to investigate the influence of the support material on the selective photocatalysis of benzyl alcohol. In the preparation of g-C3N4, three different precursors—melamine, urea, and a 50:50 mixture of both—were chosen to analyze their impact on catalyst performance. After 4 h of irradiation at 365 nm, operating under acidic conditions (pH = 2), the Au photocatalyst on graphitic carbon nitride support synthesized using urea precursor (Au@g-C3N4(urea)) displayed the optimal balance between conversion (75%) and selectivity (85%). This formulation outperformed the benchmark Au@TiO2, which achieved a similar conversion rate (80%) but exhibited lower selectivity (55%).
Investigation of Factors Related to Sport-Specific Compulsory Element Execution in Artistic Swimming
Authors: Laski Vivien , Ureczky Dóra , Wilhelm Márta
Published: April 2024

Artistic swimming is an Olympic sport requiring a high level of fitness, as well as technical skills, artistry, flexibility, a good sense of rhythm, remarkable lung capacity and physical strength. The artistic swimming of adolescents has been largely untouched by the scientific community, so training this group based on scientific data is difficult. Due to the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, this study aimed to measure the technical elements, strength parameters, and swimming performance of young artistic swimmers and to compare swimming performance and strength with the quality of artistic element performances. Hungarian female junior artistic swimmers (14.36 ± 1.01 year) participated in this study. Swimming tests were performed, and three basic elements (body boost, barracuda, and vertical position) were scored. A negative correlation was found between 100 m freestyle swimming times and vertical position scores, as well as between 50 m breaststroke leg swimming times and body boost scores. Moreover, three months of breaststroke leg swim training resulted in improvements in body boost performance. In addition, a positive correlation was found between mean hand grip strength and barracuda scores, as well as between vertical position scores. According to the results of three months of breaststroke leg training, swimming practice improves artistic swimming performance by itself. A correlation was found between strength parameters and the execution of synchro elements, showing the importance of complex training strategies in this sport.