bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raising Awareness of Medicare Member Rights Among Seniors and Caregivers in California
Authors: Olson Rebecca , Grossman Ruth M. , Fu Patricia L. , Sabogal Fabio
Published: November 2009

Many Medicare recipients do not understand their health care rights. Lumetra, formerly California's Medicare quality improvement organization, developed a multifaceted outreach program to increase beneficiary awareness of its services and of the right to file quality-of-care complaints and discharge appeals. Layered outreach activities to Medicare members and their caregivers in 2 targeted counties consisted of paid media, direct mailings, community outreach, and online marketing. Calls to Lumetra's helpline and visits to its Web site—measures of beneficiary awareness of case review services—increased by 106% and 1214%, respectively, in the targeted counties during the 4-month outreach period. Only small increases occurred in nontargeted counties. Increases in quality-of-care complaints and discharge appeal rates were detected during a longer follow-up period.
Changes in Age Trajectories of Smoking Experimentation During the California Tobacco Control Program
Authors: Messer Karen , Pierce John P.
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We aimed to investigate population-level changes in smoking initiation during California's Tobacco Control (CTC) Program from 1990 to 2005, a period during which tobacco industry marketing practices also changed.

Methods. We used a discrete time survival analysis of data from the California Tobacco Survey to model changes in age of first smoking experimentation across birth cohorts.

Results. Smoking initiation patterns were stable across cohorts aged 9 years or older at the start of the CTC program. For children entering preadolescence since 1990, initiation declined with each more recent cohort. By 2005, the observed decline in experimentation was 80% for male participants and 92% for female participants at age 12 to 14 years; by age 15 to 17 years, 10% of Californian adolescents had experimented in 2005 compared with 45% in preprogram cohorts. However, rates of new experimentation after age 17 years did not change, except for a recent increase in late experimentation (after age 20 years) among young adult men.

Conclusion. Our models suggest that the CTC program greatly reduced adolescent smoking initiation among younger adolescents. Late experimentation may have recently increased among young adult men in California, coincident with an increase in tobacco industry marketing aimed at young adults.
In situ Studies and Simulations of Mould Filling with a Model System for PIM
Authors: Persson H. , Jenni M. , Nyborg L. , Rigdahl M.
Published: November 2009

The processing conditions and the mould design are important parts of the powder injection moulding (PIM) process. In the present work, the mould filling phase of the process has been studied in situ with a special mould equipped with a sight glass using a high speed camera. Effects of features such as the mould temperature, the melt temperature, the surface roughness of the mould cavity, the gate dimensions, the mould design and the flow rate on the filling behaviour were demonstrated. In particular it was noted that a rougher mould surface to some extent facilitated the filling of the mould. The mould temperature, the nominal melt temperature and the flow rate affected the position of weld lines via the cooling of the feedstock and the corresponding change of the melt viscosity. The experimentally determined weld-line positions were compared with predictions from numerical simulations performed with the commercial software Moldex3D. The agreement between the experiment and the prediction was in most cases quite fair or good. The in situ observation of the mould filling also provided the possibility to study how the gate dimensions and the flow rate influenced the jetting behaviour.
Climate Change and Mental Health
Authors: Clayton Susan , Brown Lily A.
Published: May 2024

This JAMA Insights discusses the adverse effects of climate change on mental health and proposes solutions to help mitigate those effects.
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Subsequent First-Time Use of Psychiatric Treatment Among Fathers in Denmark
Authors: Christiansen Frederik , Petersen Janne , Thorius Ida Holte , Ladelund Agnes , Jimenez-Solem Espen , Osler Merete , Ankarfeldt Mikkel Zöllner
Published: May 2024

Importance

Becoming a first-time parent is a major life-changing event and can be challenging regardless of the pregnancy outcome. However, little is known how different adverse pregnancy outcomes affect the father’s risk of psychiatric treatment post partum.

Objective

To examine the associations of adverse pregnancy outcomes with first-time psychiatric treatment in first-time fathers.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This nationwide cohort study covered January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017, with a 1-year follow-up completed December 31, 2018. Data were gathered from Danish, nationwide registers. Participants included first-time fathers with no history of psychiatric treatment. Data were analyzed from August 1, 2022, to February 20, 2024.

Exposures

Adverse pregnancy outcomes including induced abortion, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, small for gestational age (SGA) and not preterm, preterm with or without SGA, minor congenital malformation, major congenital malformation, and congenital malformation combined with SGA or preterm compared with a full-term healthy offspring.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Prescription of psychotropic drugs, nonpharmacological psychiatric treatment, or having a psychiatric hospital contact up to 1 year after the end of the pregnancy.

Results

Of the 192 455 fathers included (median age, 30.0 [IQR, 27.0-34.0] years), 31.1% experienced an adverse pregnancy outcome. Most of the fathers in the study had a vocational educational level (37.1%). Fathers experiencing a stillbirth had a significantly increased risk of initiating nonpharmacological psychiatric treatment (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 23.10 [95% CI, 18.30-29.20]) and treatment with hypnotics (AHR, 9.08 [95% CI, 5.52-14.90]). Moreover, fathers experiencing an early induced abortion (≤12 wk) had an increased risk of initiating treatment with hypnotics (AHR, 1.74 [95% CI, 1.33-2.29]) and anxiolytics (AHR, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.18-2.73]). Additionally, late induced abortion (>12 wk) (AHR, 4.46 [95% CI, 3.13-6.38]) and major congenital malformation (AHR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.05-1.74]) were associated with increased risk of nonpharmacological treatment. In contrast, fathers having an offspring being born preterm, SGA, or with a minor congenital malformation did not have a significantly increased risk of any of the outcomes.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this Danish cohort study suggest that first-time fathers who experience stillbirths or induced abortions or having an offspring with major congenital malformation had an increased risk of initiating pharmacological or nonpharmacological psychiatric treatment. These findings further suggest a need for increased awareness around the psychological state of fathers following the experience of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Everything Can Be an Author: Rethinking Agency in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: del Campo Matias
Published: May 2024

Architectural discourse has often been described as predicated on the lone architect genius backed by a studio of supplicant architectural assistants. In recent years there has been a swing to the idea of crediting the numerous creative collaborations in the development of the arts – buildings or not. Guest‐editor of this 2 Matias del Campo uses AI to further question the independent, original‐thinking concept of authorship before reaching the ultimate conclusion.
Heterogeneous‐Structure‐Based AuNBs@TiO2 Nano‐Photosensitizers for Computed Tomography Imaging Guided NIR‐II Photodynamic Therapy and Cancer Metastatic Prevention
Authors: Tang Xinfeng , Wu Yi , Shen Yanqiong , Huang Zhiqi , Jiang Wei , Zhao Yingming , Lv Weifu , Zhu Yanhua
Published: May 2024

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive cancer treatment that, despite its significant attention, faces limitations in penetration depth, which restrict its effectiveness. Herein, it is found that gold nanobipyramid (AuNBs) coated with TiO2 can form a core–shell heterogeneous structure (AuNBs@TiO2) with strong absorption at second near infrared (NIR‐II) region. A substantial quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide anion radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, can be rapidly generated when subjecting the AuNBs@TiO2 aqueous suspension to 1064 nm laser irradiation. The quantum yield for sensitization of 1O2 by AuNBs@TiO2 is 0.36 at 1064 nm light excitation. In addition, the Au element as high‐Z atoms in the nanosystem can improve the ability of computed tomographic (CT) imaging. As compared to commercial iohexol, the AuNBs@TiO2 nanoparticle exhibits significantly better CT imaging effect, which can be used to guide PDT. In addition, the nano‐photosensitizer shows a remarkable therapeutic effect against established solid tumors and prevents tumor metastasis and potentiates immune checkpoint blockade therapy. More importantly, here the great potentials of AuNBs@TiO2 are highlighted as a theranostic platform for CT‐guided cancer photodynamic immunotherapy.
Manipulating Radiation‐Sensitive Z‐DNA Conformation for Enhanced Radiotherapy
Authors: Wang Dongmei , Liao You , Zeng Hao , Gu Chenglu , Wang Xue , Zhu Shuang , Guo Xihong , Zhang Jie , Zheng Ziye , Yan Junfang , Zhang Fuquan , Hou Lingmi , Gu Zhanjun , Sun Baoyun
Published: May 2024

DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) yield highly determines radiotherapy efficacy. However, improving the inherent radiosensitivity of tumor DNA to promote radiation‐induced DSBs remains a challenge. Using theoretical and experimental models, the underexplored impact of Z‐DNA conformations on radiosensitivity, yielding higher DSBs than other DNA conformations, is discovered. Thereout, a radiosensitization strategy focused on inducing Z‐DNA conformation, utilizing CBL@HfO2 nanocapsules loaded with a Z‐DNA inducer CBL0137, is proposed. A hollow mesoporous HfO2 (HM‐HfO2) acts as a delivery and an energy depositor to promote Z‐DNA breakage. The nanocapsule permits the smart DSBs accelerator that triggers its radiosensitization with irradiation stimulation. Impressively, the CBL@HfO2 facilitates the B‐Z DNA conformational transition, augmenting DSBs about threefold stronger than irradiation alone, generating significant tumor suppression with a 30% cure rate. The approach enables DSBs augmentation by improving the inherent radiosensitivity of DNA. As such, it opens up an era of Z‐DNA conformation manipulation in radiotherapy.
Fiber Optic Assisted Optofluidic Viscometer for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Giaquinto Martino , Corrado Brunella , Aliberti Anna , Cusano Andrea
Published: May 2024

Optical fiber technology is gaining increasing importance in all those fields requiring reliable, miniaturized, compact, and plug‐and‐play devices, with a special relevance in life science applications. Here, optical fibers are adopted to measure the fluids viscosity, by detecting the transit time (related to viscosity) of a steel bead moving through the tested fluid in a microfluidic channel under constant pressure. The proposed optofluidic system is designed by defining a theoretical model, here experimentally validated in the viscosity range of 5–110 cP, well resembling main blood flow features. The achieved results demonstrate the capability to work in multi‐point and single‐point detection modalities with a trade‐off between resolution (minimum of 10−1 and 1 cP respectively) and measurement time (tens of seconds and milliseconds range, respectively). An optimum accuracy close to 1.5% has been achieved, with room for further optimization by reducing bead size uncertainty. The proposed platform features simple, low‐cost, reliable, and fast measurements and ensures the integration with microfluidics chip in a miniaturized and disposable system. The low volumes required (scalable down to µL range) and the ease of use enable the translation of the proposed platform in clinical scenarios involving real‐time blood and plasma viscosity measurements under physiological conditions.
Operando Decoding of Surface Chemical and Thermal Events in Photoelectrocatalysis via a Lab‐Around‐Microfiber Sensor
Authors: Huang Yunyun , Mou Caini , Liang Jiaxuan , Wan Jiaxin , Chen Pengwei , Guan Bai‐Ou
Published: May 2024

Operando decoding of the key parameters of photo‐electric catalysis provides reliable information for catalytic effect evaluation and catalytic mechanism exploration. However, to capture the details of surface‐localized and rapid chemical and thermal events at the nanoscale in real‐time is highly challenging. A promising approach based on a lab‐around‐microfiber sensor capable of simulating photo‐electric catalytic reactions on the surface of optical fibers as well as monitoring reactant concentration changes and catalytic heat generation processes is demonstrated. Due to the penetration depth of submicron size and the fast response ability of the evanescent field, the lab‐around‐microfiber sensor overcame the difficulty of reading instantaneous surface parameters in the submicron range. This sensor operando dismantled the changes in reactant concentration and temperature on the catalyst surface induced by light and voltage, respectively. It also decoded the impact of catalyst composition on the adsorption efficiency and catalytic efficiency across various wavelengths and determined the synchronized occurrence of pollutant degradation and catalytic thermal effects. Stable correlations between the real‐time parameters and catalytic activities are obtained, helping to provide a basic understanding of the catalytic process and mechanism. This approach fills an important gap in the current monitoring methods of catalytic processes and heat production.
Accelerating PROTACs Discovery Through a Direct‐to‐Biology Platform Enabled by Modular Photoclick Chemistry
Authors: Yan Ke‐Nian , Nie Yong‐Qiang , Wang Jia‐Yu , Yin Guang‐Liang , Liu Qia , Hu Hao , Sun Xiaoxia , Chen Xiao‐Hua
Published: May 2024

Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged as a promising strategy for drug discovery and exploring protein functions, offering a revolutionary therapeutic modality. Currently, the predominant approach to PROTACs discovery mainly relies on an empirical design–synthesis–evaluation process involving numerous cycles of labor‐intensive synthesis‐purification and bioassay data collection. Therefore, the development of innovative methods to expedite PROTAC synthesis and exploration of chemical space remains highly desired. Here, a direct‐to‐biology strategy is reported to streamline the synthesis of PROTAC libraries on plates, enabling the seamless transfer of reaction products to cell‐based bioassays without the need for additional purification. By integrating amide coupling and light‐induced primary amines and o‐nitrobenzyl alcohols cyclization (PANAC) photoclick chemistry into a plate‐based synthetic process, this strategy produces PROTAC libraries with high efficiency and structural diversity. Moreover, by employing this platform for PROTACs screening, we smoothly found potent PROTACs effectively inhibit triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell growth and induce rapid, selective targeted degradation of cyclin‐dependent kinase 9 (CDK9). The study introduces a versatile platform for assembling PROTACs on plates, followed by direct biological evaluation. This approach provides a promising opportunity for high‐throughput synthesis of PROTAC libraries, thereby enhancing the efficiency of exploring chemical space and accelerating the discovery of PROTACs.
Varietal differences in stem assimilate translocation and lodging resistance of rice under reduced nitrogen input
Authors: Li Guohui , Yang Zijun , Zhang Yan , Zhou Cheng , Zhang Chenhui , Xu Jiwei , Zhu Changjin , Xu Ke
Published: May 2024

The low translocation rate of stem assimilates and lodging under high nitrogen conditions are major factors limiting the realization of the yield potential of rice. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the characteristics of stem nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) translocation and lodging resistance in different types of rice varieties and (2) elucidate the responses of stem NSCs translocation and lodging resistance to reduced nitrogen (RN) input. Field experiments were conducted using four types of rice varieties with two nitrogen levels, including normal nitrogen (NN, namely, farmer's practice, 225 kg N ha−1 for indica conventional and indica hybrid rice and 300 kg N ha−1 for japonica conventional and indica–japonica hybrid rice in Jiangsu Province, China) and 20% RN (180 and 240 kg N ha−1, respectively). The results showed that there were significant differences in the stem NSCs translocation and lodging index of the basal stem among different types of varieties; indica hybrid rice was the highest, followed by indica conventional rice and indica–japonica hybrid rice, while japonica conventional rice was the lowest. The high activities of α‐amylase, β‐amylase, and sucrose phosphate synthase may contribute to high stem NSCs translocation. Correlation analysis revealed that NSCs translocation was significantly positively correlated with 1000‐grain weight, grain yield, and lodging index, while it was significantly negatively correlated with dry weight/length, dry weight/volume, and bending stress of the basal stem. Compared with NN, RN significantly improved NSCs translocation and had no significant effect on the lodging resistance‐related traits of the basal stem or grain yield. Therefore, this research indicates that a 20% reduction in nitrogen input can maintain grain yield by enhancing stem assimilate translocation without lodging resistance reduction and consequently synergizing nitrogen reduction, high yield, and lodging resistance.
Vibration‐Dependent Dual‐Phosphorescent Cu4 Nanocluster with Remarkable Piezochromic Behavior
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Jing , Sun Meng‐En , Sun Fang , Jin Yan , Dong Xi‐Yan , Li Si , Li Hai‐Yang , Chen Gaosong , Fu Yongping , Wang Yonggang , Tang Qing , Wu Yuchen , Jiang Lei , Zang Shuang‐Quan
Published: May 2024

The dual emission (DE) characteristics of atomically precise copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) are of significant theoretical and practical interest. Despite this, the underlying mechanism driving DE in Cu NCs remains elusive, primarily due to the complexities of excited state processes. Herein, a novel [Cu4(PPh3)4(C≡C−p−NH2C6H4)3]PF6 (Cu4) NC, shielded by alkynyl and exhibiting DE, was synthesized. Hydrostatic pressure was applied to Cu4, for the first time, to investigate the mechanism of DE. With increasing pressure, the higher‐energy emission peak of Cu4 gradually disappeared, leaving the lower‐energy emission peak as the dominant emission. Additionally, the Cu4 crystal exhibited notable piezochromism transitioning from cyan to orange. Angle‐dispersive synchrotron X‐ray diffraction results revealed that the reduced inter‐cluster distances under pressure brought the peripheral ligands closer, leading to the formation of new C−H⋅⋅⋅N and N−H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds in Cu4. It is proposed that these strengthened hydrogen bond interactions limit the ligands′ vibration, resulting in the vanishing of the higher‐energy peak. In situ high‐pressure Raman and vibrationally resolved emission spectra demonstrated that the benzene ring C=C stretching vibration is the structural source of the DE in Cu4.
New Glires materials from the East Mesa, Erlian Basin (Nei Mongol, China)
Authors: Li Qian
Published: May 2024

East Mesa, an Eocene locality situated east of the Shara Murun River in the Erlian Basin, is characterized by basal lower red mudstones. However, a distinct depositional hiatus has been observed in these red mudstones, leading to their division into layers 1 and 2. Excitingly, recent discoveries respectively in layers 1 and 2 of the lower red mudstones at the East Mesa include new Glires (Gomphos sp.) and rodents such as Asiomys dawsoni, Gobiocylindrodon cf. G. ulausuensis, and Yuomys sp., marking their first occurrences within these horizons. A comparative analysis of small mammal faunas suggests that layer 1 may correspond to the Arshantan age, while layer 2 indicates a late Irdinmanhan age based on the combination of taxa found.
Core‐Shell Zeolite with Confined Nickel Particles as Prominent Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Maleic Anhydride
Authors: Wu Haidan , Zhuang Jianguo , Yan Siyan , Su Zhaojie , Wang Tianyun , Yu Jisheng , Li Liyuan , Zhu Xuedong , Yang Fan
Published: May 2024

Transformation of maleic anhydride (MA) into succinic anhydride (SA) through the development of high‐performance catalysts is an appealing approach from a sustainable development perspective. Herein, a core‐shell catalyst with silicate‐1 supported and MCM‐41 encapsulated nickel was prepared, which exhibited extraordinarily high MA conversion (99.8 %) and SA selectivity (99.9 %). Detailed structural characterizations and catalytic evaluation demonstrated that the core‐shell catalyst derived from the liquid deposition method is a hierarchically porous material with tunable shell thicknesses, possessing strong interaction between Ni particles and the supports. Key to this success is the MCM‐41 shell that covered the defects such as silanol nests on the surface of the silicate‐1 zeolite, diminishing both the surface and intra‐particle diffusion barriers, thus the specially‐designed catalyst achieved high activity under rather mild conditions (100 °C, 3.0 MPa), which is 59 % higher than the conventional silicate‐1 supported Ni catalyst. Furthermore, the mesoporous MCM‐41 shell plays a crucial role in minimizing the leaching and sintering of Ni particles, thereby bolstering catalytic stability. Overall, the research provides a new approach for the rational design to optimize the performance of hydrogenation catalysts and introduces a novel idea to enhance the activity and stability of Ni‐supported catalysts.
Heterogeneous Porous Synergistic Photocatalysts for Organic Transformations
Authors: Zhu Yuan‐Yuan , He Yuan‐Yuan , Li Yan‐Xiang , Liu Chun‐Hua , Lin Wenbin
Published: May 2024

Recent interest has surged in using heterogeneous carriers to boost synergistic photocatalysis for organic transformations. Heterogeneous catalysts not only facilitate synergistic enhancement of distinct catalytic centers compared to their homogeneous counterparts, but also allow for the easy recovery and reuse of catalysts. This mini‐review summarizes recent advancements in developing heterogeneous carriers, including metal–organic frameworks, covalent–organic frameworks, porous organic polymers, and others, for synergistic catalytic reactions. The advantages of porous materials in heterogeneous catalysis originate from their ability to provide a high surface area, facilitate enhanced mass transport, offer a tunable chemical structure, ensure the stability of active species, and enable easy recovery and reuse of catalysts. Both photosensitizers and catalysts can be intricately incorporated into suitable porous carriers to create heterogeneous dual photocatalysts for organic transformations. Notably, experimental evidence from reported cases has shown that the catalytic efficacy of heterogeneous catalysts often surpasses that of their homogeneous analogues. This enhanced performance is attributed to the proximity and confinement effects provided by the porous nature of the carriers. It is expected that porous carriers will provide a versatile platform for integrating diverse catalysts, thus exhibiting superior performance across a range of organic transformations and appealing prospect for industrial applications.
Modulating the Coordination Chemistry of Cobalt Catalytic Sites by Ruthenium Species to Accelerate the Polysulfide Conversion Kinetics in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Lin Zhiqian , Zhu Haoxian , Qian Liyuan , Tang Xiaohui , Wen Jiangnan , Wang Yun , Wang Xiaofei , Han Songbai , Zhu Jinlong , Lin Haibin , Zhao Yusheng
Published: May 2024

The performance of lithium‐sulfur batteries is compromised by the loss of sulfur as dissolved polysulfides in the electrolyte and consequently the polysulfide redox shutting effect. Accelerating the conversion kinetics of polysulfide intermediates into sulfur or lithium sulfide through electrocatalysis has emerged as a root‐cause solution. Co−N−C composite electrocatalyst is commonly used for this purpose. It is illustrated here that how the effectiveness can be improved by modulating the coordination chemistry of Co−N−C catalytic sites through introducing Ru species (RuCo−NC). The well‐dispersed Ru in the Co−NC carbon matrix altered the total charge distribution over the Co−N−C catalytic sites and led to the formation of electron‐rich Co−N, which is highly active for the polysulfide conversion reactions. Using Ru to modulate the electronic structure in the Co−N−C configuration and the additional catalytic sites over the Ru−Nx species can manifest optimal adsorption behavior of polysulfides. Consequently, the sulfur cathode with RuCo−NC can reduce the capacity fade rate from 0.11 % per cycle without catalyst (initial capacity of 701 mAh g−1) to 0.054 % per cycle (initial capacity of 1074 mAh g−1) over 400 cycles at 0.2 C rate. The results of this study provide the evidence for a feasible catalyst modification strategy for the polysulfide electrocatalysis.
Spatial sensitivity distribution assessment and Monte Carlo simulations for needle‐based bioimpedance imaging during venipuncture using the finite element method
Authors: Atmaca Ömer , Liu Jan , Ly Toni J. , Bajraktari Flakë , Pott Peter P.
Published: May 2024

Despite being among the most common medical procedures, needle insertions suffer from a high error rate. Impedance measurements using electrode‐equipped needles offer promise for improved tissue targeting and reduced errors. Impedance visualization usually requires an extensive pre‐measured impedance dataset for tissue differentiation and knowledge of the electric fields contributing to the resulting impedances. This work presents two finite element simulation approaches for both problems. The first approach describes the generation of a multitude of impedances with Monte Carlo simulations for both, homogeneous and inhomogeneous tissue to circumvent the need to rely on previously measured data. These datasets could be used for tissue discrimination. The second method describes the simulation of the spatial sensitivity distribution of an electrode layout. Two singularity analysis methods were employed to determine the bulk of the sensitivity within a finite volume, which in turn enables consistent 3D visualization. The modeled electrode layout consists of 12 electrodes radially placed around a hypodermic needle. Electrical excitation was simulated using two neighboring electrodes for current carriage and voltage pickup, which resulted in 12 distinct bipolar excitation states. Both, the impedance simulations and the respective singularity analysis methods were compared with each other. The results show that the statistical spread of impedances is highly dependent on the tissue type and its inhomogeneities. The bounded bulk of sensitivities of both methods are of similar extent and symmetry. Future models should incorporate more detailed tissue properties such as anisotropy or changing material properties due to tissue deformation to gain more accurate predictions.
Human–mouse comparison of the multistage nature of radiation carcinogenesis in a mathematical model
Authors: Imaoka Tatsuhiko , Tanaka Satoshi , Tomita Masanori , Doi Kazutaka , Sasatani Megumi , Suzuki Keiji , Yamada Yutaka , Kakinuma Shizuko , Kai Michiaki
Published: May 2024

Mouse models are vital for assessing risk from environmental carcinogens, including ionizing radiation, yet the interspecies difference in the dose response precludes direct application of experimental evidence to humans. Herein, we take a mathematical approach to delineate the mechanism underlying the human–mouse difference in radiation‐related cancer risk. We used a multistage carcinogenesis model assuming a mutational action of radiation to analyze previous data on cancer mortality in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors and in lifespan mouse experiments. Theoretically, the model predicted that exposure will chronologically shift the age‐related increase in cancer risk forward by a period corresponding to the time in which the spontaneous mutational process generates the same mutational burden as that the exposure generates. This model appropriately fitted both human and mouse data and suggested a linear dose response for the time shift. The effect per dose decreased with increasing age at exposure similarly between humans and mice on a per‐lifespan basis (0.72‐ and 0.71‐fold, respectively, for every tenth lifetime). The time shift per dose was larger by two orders of magnitude in humans (7.8 and 0.046 years per Gy for humans and mice, respectively, when exposed at ~35% of their lifetime). The difference was mostly explained by the two orders of magnitude difference in spontaneous somatic mutation rates between the species plus the species‐independent radiation‐induced mutation rate. Thus, the findings delineate the mechanism underlying the interspecies difference in radiation‐associated cancer mortality and may lead to the use of experimental evidence for risk prediction in humans.
Effect of different substituted groups on excited state intramolecular proton transfer of BOHMB
Authors: Song Yaodong , Wang Qianting
Published: May 2024

The photophysical features of 3‐(benzo[d]oxazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxy benzaldehyde (BOHMB) were investigated through experimental (J. Phys. Chem. A 2019, 123, 10,246–10,253) and theoretical (Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2022, 266, 120,406) methods. However, the effect of substituent groups on the excited state proton transfer process has not been studied. In this work, the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) dynamics and photophysical properties of BOHMB with different substituent groups were investigated by density‐functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TDDFT) methods at CAM‐B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level. The primary parameters related to hydrogen bonding and infrared vibration frequency were obtained to understand the ESIPT properties of BOHMB derivatives. The results indicate that the excited‐state intramolecular hydrogen bond (ESIHB) strengthening behaviors, and the intramolecular hydrogen bond O1–H2···O3 for 1a in the S1 state is the strongest among BOHMB derivatives. From the calculated potential energy curves, it can be inferred that the substitution and position of NH2 and NO2 groups will regulate the excited‐state energy barrier and thus affect the ESIPT process. The molecular absorption peak and fluorescence peak are affected by different substituting groups and different positions.
暑熱環境下の塗膜剥離作業中に，同時に3名の重症ベンジルアルコール中毒が発生した事案(A case of severe benzyl alcohol intoxication of three persons simultaneously during a coating removal operation in a hot environment)
Authors: 史生 伊藤 , 功 高橋 , 恭司 大江 , 美有紀 糟谷 , 亮 柴田 , 朱門 加藤 , 昭 奈女良
Published: May 2024

暑熱環境下におけるNE–1®（ベンジルアルコール55−65%含有）を用いた，塗膜剥離作業中に同時に3名の患者が意識障害を来し，救急搬送された。患者Aは25歳の男性。来院時のバイタルサインはGCS E1V1M1，呼吸数30/分，血圧151/91mmHg，脈拍123/分，SpO2 100%（高濃度マスク10L），体温36.2度であった。気管挿管，人工呼吸管理を実施した。患者Bは23歳の男性。バイタルサインはGCS E1V1M4，呼吸数28/分，SpO2 99%（高濃度マスク10L），ほか特記すべき異常なし。患者Bも気管挿管された。患者A，Bともに翌日には意識レベルが改善し，抜管した。患者Cは21歳の男性。バイタルサインはGCS E4V3M6，ほか特記すべき異常なし。入院後不穏状態になり，鎮静管理を要した。3名とも入院日に代謝性アシドーシスと高カリウム血症を来したが，対症療法で軽快した。その後大きな合併症なく，全員第7病日に独歩退院した。病歴，症状，尿中馬尿酸からベンジルアルコール中毒と臨床診断し，後日ベンジルアルコールの血中濃度を測定し，確定診断した。ベンジルアルコール中毒は重症化するが，特異的な治療法はなく，適切な気道確保と全身管理が重要である。またベンジルアルコールの吸入事故は暑熱環境下に発生する事例が多く，熱中症との関連についても考察した。
Tibiofemoral bone configuration is not associated with hamstring muscle strength in male and female patients with ACL reconstruction
Authors: Centner Christoph , Fiedler Carolin , Heitner Albrecht H. , Paul Jochen , Imhoff Florian B.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Previous evidence indicated that the tibiofemoral bone configuration might elevate the risk of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Furthermore, a low hamstring‐to‐quadriceps muscle ratio predisposes especially females to unfavourable knee kinematics. The primary objective of the present study was to investigate sex‐specific associations between tibiofemoral bone geometry and isokinetic knee flexion torque in patients with primary ACL injury followed by ACL reconstruction.

Methods

N = 100 patients (72 = male, 28 = female, age = 31.3 ± 10.2, body mass index = 25.3 ± 3.6) with primary ACL rupture with isokinetic knee flexion torque assessments before and 6 months after ACL reconstruction surgery were analysed. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were analysed for medial posterior tibial slope (MPTS) and lateral posterior tibial slope, notch width index (NWI) and lateral femoral condyle index (LFCI). Additionally, isokinetic knee flexion torque (60°/s) and hamstring–quadriceps ratios were evaluated. Subsequently, functional parameters were correlated with imaging data for gender subgroups.

Results

The findings showed that presurgical isokinetic knee flexion torque was not associated with any marker of femoral or tibial bone geometry. Further, while significant differences were observed between female (0.883 ± 0.31 Nm/kg) and male (1.18 ± 0.35 Nm/kg) patients regarding preoperative normalized knee flexion torque (p < 0.001), no significant sex differences were found for percentage increases in normalized knee flexion torque from presurgery to postsurgery. Generally, female patients demonstrated significantly higher MPTS magnitudes (p < 0.05) and lower LFCI values (p < 0.05) compared to men.

Conclusion

The present results demonstrated no association between tibial or femoral bone geometry and muscle strength of the hamstrings in patients with ACL reconstruction, indicating an important mismatch of muscular compensation to deviations in bone geometry. There were no sex‐specific differences in tibiofemoral bone parameters.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
Dynamic mechanism of check dams on evolution of river corridors based on UAV telemetry combined with numerical simulations
Authors: Zhou Shixuan , Li Peng , Feng Yangfan , Guo Jiajia
Published: May 2024

Check dams are a critical soil and water conservation engineering measure in gullies that significantly influence erosion, transportation, and sediment accumulation. Check dams help reduce erosion in the upstream area, ignoring the off‐site erosion reduction capacity due to erosion dynamics, and it also alters the morphology of gullies. The morphology of the gully cross‐section from the head to the inlet of the gully is mainly “V” shaped, “V, U,” transitional shaped, “U” shaped and trapezoidal shaped. The construction of check dams can force the geomorphologic evolution of the sub‐watershed to accelerate the transition to “old age” and reduce the allocation of sediment initiation during field sub‐flooding, thus promoting sediment deposition processes. The percentage of downstream scour hours in watersheds where check dams were constructed was 0.65% and 0.80%, respectively, compared to 19.78% and 19.06% in watersheds where there are no check dams. The results reveal the role check dam constructions play in gully morphology evolution from a hydrodynamic perspective and fill the gaps in off‐site erosion reduction, providing theoretical support for assessing the role of check dams in soil and water conservation work.
Copolymerization of β‐Butyrolactones into Functionalized Polyhydroxyalkanoates Using Aluminum Catalysts: Influence of the Initiator in the Ring‐Opening Polymerization Mechanism
Authors: Palenzuela Miguel , Mula Esther , Blanco Carlos , Sessini Valentina , Shakaroun Rama M. , Li Hui , Guillaume Sophie M. , Mosquera Marta E. G.
Published: May 2024

Within bioplastics, natural poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) stands out as fully biocompatible and biodegradable, even in marine environments; however, its high isotacticity and crystallinity limits its mechanical properties and hence its applications. PHB can also be synthesized with different tacticities via a catalytic ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of rac‐β‐butyrolactone (BBL), paving the way to PHB with better thermomechanical and processability properties. In this work, the catalyst family is extended based on aluminum phenoxy‐imine methyl catalyst [AlMeL2], that reveals efficient in the ROP of BBL, to the halogeno analogous complex [AlClL2]. As well, the impact on the ROP mechanism of different initiators is further explored with a particular focus in dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), a hardly studied initiator for the ROP of BBL. A thorough mechanistic study is performed that evidences the presence of two concomitant DMAP‐mediated mechanisms, that lead to either a DMAP or a crotonate end‐capping group. Besides, in order to increase the possibilities of PHB post‐polymerization functionalization, the introduction of a side‐chain functionality is explored, establishing the copolymerization of BBL with β‐allyloxymethylene propiolactone (BPLOAll), resulting in well‐defined P(BBL‐co‐BPLOAll) copolymers.
Turn‐On Solid‐State Fluorescent Determination of Zinc Ion by Quinoline‐Based Covalent Organic Framework
Authors: García‐Arroyo Paloma , Gala Elena , Martínez‐Fernández Marcos , Salagre Elena , Martínez José I. , Michel Enrique G. , Segura José L.
Published: May 2024

A new quinoline‐based COF (covalent organic framework), obtained by Povarov reaction, containing 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl moieties as substituents over the heterocyclic ring is described for detecting Zn2+ in aqueous solution. The introduction of the mentioned bulky phenyl rings into the network favors an increase of the distance between the reticular sheets and their arrangement, obtaining a new material with an alternating AB type stacking. The new material exhibits good selectivity to detect Zn2+ by fluorescence emission in aqueous solutions up to a concentration of 1.2 × 10−4 m of the metal ion. In order to have a deeper insight into the interaction between the COF and the zinc cation, a thorough spectroscopical, microscopical, and theoretical study is also presented and discussed in this communication.
Monomer‐Recyclable Polyester from CO2 and 1,3‐Butadiene
Authors: Xu Jialin , Niu Yuxuan , Lin Bo‐Lin
Published: May 2024

Synthesis of monomer‐recyclable polyesters solely from CO2 and bulk olefins holds great potential in significantly reducing CO2 emissions and addressing the issue of plastic pollution. Due to the kinetic disadvantage of direct copolymerization of CO2 and bulk olefins compared to homopolymerization of bulk olefins, considerable research attention has been devoted to synthesis of polyester via the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of a six‐membered disubstituted lactone intermediate, 1,2‐ethylidene‐6‐vinyl‐tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one (𝜹‐L), obtained from telomerization of CO2 and 1,3‐butadiene. However, the conjugate olefin on the six‐membered ring of 𝜹‐L leads to serious Michael addition side reactions. Thus, the selective ROP of 𝜹‐L, which can precisely control the repeating unit for the production of polyesters potentially amenable to efficient monomer recycling, remains an unresolved challenge. Herein, the first example of selective ROP of 𝜹‐L is reported using a combination of organobase and N,N′‐Bis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea as the catalytic system. Systematic modifications of the substituent of the urea show that the presence of electron‐deficient 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐phenyl groups is the key to the extraordinary selectivity of ring opening over Michael addition. Efficient monomer recovery of oligo(𝜹‐L) is also achieved under mild catalytic conditions.
Late cognitive and adaptive outcomes of patients with neuroblastoma‐associated opsoclonus‐myoclonus‐ataxia‐syndrome: A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Kumar Prerna , Willard Victoria W. , Embry Leanne , Naranjo Arlene , LaBarre Brian , Matthay Katherine K. , de Alarcon Pedro A.
Published: May 2024

Background

Opsoclonus‐myoclonus‐ataxia syndrome (OMAS) is a rare autoimmune disorder of the nervous system presenting with abnormal eye and limb movements, altered gait, and increased irritability. Two to four percent of children diagnosed with neuroblastoma have neuroblastoma‐associated OMAS (NA‐OMAS). These children typically present with non‐high‐risk neuroblastoma that is cured with surgery, with or without chemotherapy. Despite excellent overall survival, patients with NA‐OMAS can have significant persistent neurological and developmental issues.

Objective

This study aimed to describe long‐term neurocognitive and adaptive functioning of patients with NA‐OMAS treated with multimodal therapy, including intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) on Children's Oncology Group (COG) protocol ANBL00P3.

Methods

Of 53 children enrolled on ANBL00P3, 25 submitted evaluable neurocognitive data at diagnosis and at least one additional time point within 2 years and were included in the analyses. Adaptive development was assessed via the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, and validated, age‐appropriate measures of intellectual function were also administered.

Results

Twenty‐one of the 25 patients in this cohort ultimately received IVIG. Descriptive spaghetti plots suggest that this cohort demonstrated stable long‐term cognitive functioning and adaptive development over time. This cohort also demonstrated decreased OMAS scores over time consistent with improved OMAS symptoms.

Conclusions

While statistical significance is limited by small sample size and loss to follow‐up over 10 years, findings suggest stable long‐term cognitive and adaptive functioning over time in this treated cohort.
Castor‐oil derived polyurethane/barium titanate piezoelectric smart composite coatings for energy harvesting applications: Prediction and experimental characterization of electro‐elastic properties
Authors: Baidya Kabir , Kumar Abhishek , Roy Amritendu , Das Kaushik
Published: May 2024

Sustainable and environment‐friendly polymer composite smart paints/coatings with polyurethane (PU) derived from castor‐oil (CO) as the matrix and barium titanate (BTO) microparticles as piezo‐active inclusions (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 vol.%) have been prepared employing ultrasonication and solvent casting, followed by contact DC poling method. Relative dielectric constants varied from 5.26 ± 0.37 for pristine COPU to 8.9 ± 0.36 for COPU/10 vol.% BTO composite, at a frequency of 1 kHz. Piezoelectric strain constant d33 of the poled films varied from 0.0 pC/N for pristine castor‐oil based polyurethane (COPU) to 1.2 pC/N for COPU/10 vol.% BTO (CPBT‐5) composite. Tensile tests showed that the elastic modulus varied from 1.98 ± 0.003 MPa for pristine COPU to 5.13 ± 0.02 MPa for COPU/10 vol.% BTO composite. Dynamic mechanical analysis confirmed the viscoelastic nature of the smart paints. Measurement of current–voltage response under different compressive loads indicates that COPU/10 vol.% BTO composite can generate a current of ~28 nA and voltage of ~8 V under a dynamic compressive load of 40 N, applied at a frequency of 1 Hz. These experiments were complemented by Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, finite element analyses based on periodic boundary conditions have been performed to predict the effective electro‐elastic properties of these piezoelectric smart composite coatings.

Highlights

Castor‐oil‐based PU piezoelectric composites with BTO inclusions were developed.

Increase in BTO content up to 10 vol.% increases dielectric constant by ~1.7 times.

COPU/BTO composites exhibit significantly increased piezoelectric response.

Elastic and viscoelastic properties are also enhanced with increasing BTO content.

Finite element models show a good match with experimental results.
The interplay of exercise and polyphenols in cancer treatment: A focus on oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanisms
Authors: Wang Yubing
Published: May 2024

Exercise has been demonstrated to induce an elevated production of free radicals, leading to the onset of oxidative stress. Numerous studies highlight the positive impacts of aerobic exercise, primarily attributed to the increase in overall antioxidant capacity. The evidence suggests that engaging in aerobic exercise contributes to a reduction in the likelihood of advanced cancer and mortality. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the generation of free radicals and the collective antioxidant defense system, encompassing both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Typically, oxidative stress triggers the formation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, instigating or advancing various issues in cancers and other diseases. The pro‐oxidant‐antioxidant balance serves as a direct measure of this imbalance in oxidative stress. Polyphenols contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, flavanols, and phenolic acids, conferring antioxidant properties. Previous research highlights the potential of polyphenols as antioxidants, with documented effects on reducing cancer risk by influencing processes such as proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This is primarily attributed to their recognized antioxidant capabilities. Considering the extensive array of signaling pathways associated with exercise and polyphenols, this overview will specifically focus on oxidative stress, the antioxidant efficacy of polyphenols and exercise, and their intricate interplay in cancer treatment.
Plastic Versus Bioplastic as Packaging for Sanitary Products: The Environmental Impacts Comparison
Authors: Stefanini Roberta , Paini Arianna , Vignali Giuseppe
Published: May 2024

Plastic or bioplastic? Which is the least impactful flexible packaging solution for the environment? In literature, few works try to answer this question, and most of them are focused on food packaging applications, comparing only polylactic acid (PLA) with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or other virgin plastics. Besides these lacks in the literature, this work aims at contributing to the scientific knowledge, helping in the meanwhile packaging companies to choose the best solution also for hygienic and sanitary applications as far as the environmental impact is concerned. The study is focused on the life cycle assessment of four solutions made of maize starch, PLA and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and a recycled LDPE (R‐LDPE). The functional unit was a flexible packaging containing 10 sanitary towels. Primary data were retrieved thanks to an Italian company, whereas secondary data were extracted from the Ecoinvent 3.7 database. The SimaPro 9.4 software has been used to calculate the global warming, water consumption, acidification and abiotic depletion of elements and fossil fuels of each packaging solution. The results show that the raw materials and packaging production are the most impactful phases during the life cycle of plastics and bioplastics packaging, if compared to the distribution phase, the auxiliary materials involved and the final disposal. Great benefits could be gained using recycled plastics, which allow to reduce the extraction of virgin materials and overall appear as the best solution from an environmental point of view to package also sanitary products.