bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alterations in white matter microstructure are associated with goal‐directed upper‐limb movement segmentation in children born extremely preterm
Authors: Lenfeldt Niklas , Johansson Anna‐Maria , Domellöf Erik , Riklund Katrine , Rönnqvist Louise
Published: July 2017

Altered white matter microstructure is commonly found in children born preterm (PT), especially those born at an extremely low gestational age (GA). These children also commonly show disturbed motor function. This study explores the relation between white matter alterations and upper‐limb movement segmentation in 41 children born PT (19 girls), and 41 children born at term (18 girls) at 8 years. The PT group was subdivided into extremely PT (E‐PT; GA = 25–27 weeks, N = 10), very PT (V‐PT; GA = 28–32 weeks, N = 13), and moderately PT (M‐PT; GA = 33–35 weeks, N = 18). Arm/hand preference (preferred/non‐preferred) was determined through object interactions and the brain hemispheres were designated accordingly. White matter alterations were assessed using diffusion tensor imaging in nine areas, and movement segmentation of the body‐parts head, shoulder, elbow, and wrist were registered during a unimanual goal‐directed task. Increased movement segmentation was demonstrated consistently on the preferred side in the E‐PT group compared with the term born group. Also compared with the term born peers, the E‐PT group demonstrated reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in the cerebral peduncle (targeting the corticospinal tract) in the hemisphere on the non‐preferred side and in the splenium of corpus callosum. In contrast, in the anterior internal capsule on the preferred side, the E‐PT group had increased FA. Lower FA in the cerebral peduncle, but higher FA in the anterior internal capsule, was associated with increased movement segmentation across body‐parts in a contralateral manner. The results suggest that impaired development of sensorimotor tracts in E‐PT children could explain a sub‐optimal spatiotemporal organization of upper‐limb movements. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5051–5068, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hippocampal damage causes retrograde but not anterograde memory loss for context fear discrimination in rats
Authors: Lee Justin Q. , Sutherland Robert J. , McDonald Robert J.
Published: July 2017

There is a substantial body of evidence that the hippocampus (HPC) plays and essential role in context discrimination in rodents. Studies reporting anterograde amnesia (AA) used repeated, alternating, distributed conditioning and extinction sessions to measure context fear discrimination. In addition, there is uncertainty about the extent of damage to the HPC. Here, we induced conditioned fear prior to discrimination tests and rats sustained extensive, quantified pre‐ or post‐training HPC damage. Unlike previous work, we found that extensive HPC damage spares context discrimination, we observed no AA. There must be a non‐HPC system that can acquire long‐term memories that support context fear discrimination. Post‐training HPC damage caused retrograde amnesia (RA) for context discrimination, even when rats are fear conditioned for multiple sessions. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the role of HPC in long‐term memory.
The calcium sensor synaptotagmin 1 is expressed and regulated in hippocampal postsynaptic spines
Authors: Hussain Suleman , Egbenya Daniel Lawer , Lai Yi‐Chen , Dosa Zita J. , Sørensen Jakob B. , Anderson Anne E. , Davanger Svend
Published: July 2017

Synaptotagmin 1 is a presynaptic calcium sensor, regulating SNARE‐mediated vesicle exocytosis of transmitter. Increasing evidence indicate roles of SNARE proteins in postsynaptic glutamate receptor trafficking. However, a possible postsynaptic expression of synaptotagmin 1 has not been demonstrated previously. Here, we used postembedding immunogold electron microscopy to determine the subsynaptic localization of synaptotagmin 1 in rat hippocampal CA1 Schaffer collateral synapses. We report for the first time that synaptotagmin 1 is present in rat hippocampal postsynaptic spines, both on cytoplasmic vesicles and at the postsynaptic density. We further investigated whether postsynaptic synaptotagmin 1 is regulated during synaptic plasticity. In a rat model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy, we found that presynaptic and postsynaptic concentrations of the protein are reduced compared to control animals. This downregulation may possibly be an adaptive measure to decrease both presynaptic and postsynaptic calcium sensitivity in excitotoxic conditions.
Exposure to complex environments results in more sparse representations of space in the hippocampus
Authors: Bilkey David K. , Cheyne Kirsten R. , Eckert Michael J. , Lu Xiaodong , Chowdhury Shoaib , Worley Paul F. , Crandall James E. , Abraham Wickliffe C.
Published: July 2017

The neural circuitry mediating sensory and motor representations is adaptively tuned by an animal's interaction with its environment. Similarly, higher order representations such as spatial memories can be modified by exposure to a complex environment (CE), but in this case the changes in brain circuitry that mediate the effect are less well understood. Here, we show that prolonged CE exposure was associated with increased selectivity of CA1 “place cells” to a particular recording arena compared to a social control (SC) group. Furthermore, fewer CA1 and DG neurons in the CE group expressed high levels of Arc protein, a marker of recent activation, following brief exposure to a completely novel environment. The reduced Arc expression was not attributable to overall changes in cell density or number. These data indicate that one effect of CE exposure is to modify high‐level spatial representations in the brain by increasing the sparsity of population coding within networks of neurons. Greater sparsity could result in a more efficient and compact coding system that might alter behavioural performance on spatial tasks. The results from a behavioural experiment were consistent with this hypothesis, as CE‐treated animals habituated more rapidly to a novel environment despite showing equivalent initial responding.
Efficacy and tolerability of the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat in clinical practice
Authors: Baertsch Marc‐Andrea , Hillengass Jens , Blocka Joanna , Schönland Stefan , Hegenbart Ute , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Raab Marc S.
Published: July 2017

The histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat has shown efficacy in phase‐II and phase‐III trials for multiple myeloma and has recently received market approval in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone. Here, we retrospectively report our single center experience with panobinostat/bortezomib/dexamethasone (FVD) in a heavily pretreated patient population (n = 24) with a high degree of refractoriness to proteasome inhibitors (PI) and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD).

Median age was 67 years (range 49‐87) and the median number of prior therapies was 5 (range 2‐17). Fourteen patients (58%) had high‐risk cytogenetic aberrations. Thirteen (54%) and 21 (88%) patients were refractory to PIs and IMiDs, respectively. Twelve patients (50%) were refractory to bortezomib and 7 (29%) to carfilzomib; 6 patients (25%) were refractory to both bortezomib and carfilzomib. In 21 patients evaluable for response, overall response rate (ORR; ≥PR) was 33% (7/21) and 81% (17/21) achieved at least stable disease. Median progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 3.5 and 9.8 months, respectively. Significant differences between bortezomib‐sensitive and ‐refractory patients were observed. In bortezomib‐sensitive patients, median PFS was 6.3 months compared to 2.3 months in bortezomib‐refractory patients (P < .001). Median overall survival was not reached vs 4.8 months (P = .046) in bortezomib‐sensitive and bortezomib‐refractory patients, respectively. The only patient refractory to carfilzomib but sensitive to bortezomib achieved very good partial remission and PFS of 6.3 months, suggesting discrete mechanisms of resistance to different PIs.

As expected, thrombocytopenia and fatigue/asthenia occurred in nearly all patients (96% and 83%, respectively). Diarrhea was observed in only 19% of patients which compares favorably with the high rates of diarrhea reported in the PANORAMA trials. With panobinostat dose reductions in 67% of patients, FVD was tolerated by the majority of patients.

In conclusion, FVD showed efficacy in a heavily pretreated, high‐risk multiple myeloma population with a high degree of patients refractory to novel agents including PIs.
Child physical punishment, parenting, and school readiness
Authors: Weegar Kelly , Guérin‐Marion Camille , Fréchette Sabrina , Romano Elisa
Published: July 2017

This study explored how physical punishment (PP) and other parenting approaches may predict school readiness outcomes. By using the Canada‐wide representative data, 5,513 children were followed over a 2‐year period. Caregivers reported on their use of PP and other parenting approaches (i.e., literacy and learning activities and other disciplinary practices) when children were 2–3 years old, whereas school readiness was measured at 4–5 years using interviewer‐administered tests of number competence and receptive vocabulary skills. Analyses controlled for PP use at 4–5 years, child externalizing behaviours, and various sociodemographics. Results indicated that PP does not directly predict school readiness; however, the effect of PP was moderated by other parenting approaches. Children's receptive vocabulary was weaker if caregivers used PP together with less frequent explaining/teaching regarding problem behaviour, or PP with less frequent engagement in literacy and learning activities. Children had weaker number competence when PP co‐occurred with more frequent psychological aggression (e.g., yelling/scolding). Results suggest that PP hinders children's school readiness when used alongside other parenting approaches, which reflects the reality of parenting (i.e., PP does not occur in isolation). Findings support early education efforts aimed at promoting early learning and literacy opportunities, as well as positive disciplinary strategies that do not involve PP.

Highlights

We explored how physical punishment and other parenting approaches may predict school readiness outcomes using Canada‐wide data.

Results provided little evidence of positive effects of physical punishment on school readiness across a range of parenting and disciplinary contexts.

To promote school readiness, early education efforts should promote early learning opportunities and positive disciplinary strategies that do not involve physical punishment.
KIR2DS5 allotypes that recognize the C2 epitope of HLA‐C are common among Africans and absent from Europeans
Authors: Blokhuis Jeroen H. , Hilton Hugo G. , Guethlein Lisbeth A. , Norman Paul J. , Nemat‐Gorgani Neda , Nakimuli Annettee , Chazara Olympe , Moffett Ashley , Parham Peter
Published: July 2017

Introduction

KIR2DS5 is an activating human NK cell receptor of lineage III KIR. These include both inhibitory KIR2DL1, 2 and 3 and activating KIR2DS1 that recognize either the C1 or C2 epitope of HLA‐C. In Europeans KIR2DS5 is essentially monomorphic, with KIR2DS5*002 being predominant. Pioneering investigations showed that KIR2DS5*002 has activating potential, but cannot recognize HLA‐A, ‐B, or ‐C. Subsequent studies have shown that KIR2DS5 is highly polymorphic in Africans, and that KIR2DS5*006 protects pregnant Ugandan women from preeclampsia. Because inhibitory C2‐specific KIR2DL1 correlates with preeclampsia, whereas activating C2‐specific KIR2DS1 protects, this association pointed to KIR2DS5*006 being an activating C2‐specific receptor. To test this hypothesis we made KIR‐Fc fusion proteins from all ten KIR2DS5 allotypes and tested their binding to a representative set of HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐C allotypes.

Results

Six African‐specific KIR2DS5 bound to C2+HLA‐C but not to other HLA class I. Their avidity for C2 is ∼20% that of C2‐specific KIR2DL1 and ∼40% that of C2‐specific KIR2DS1. Among the African C2 receptors is KIR2DS5*006, which protected a cohort of pregnant Ugandans from pre‐eclampsia. Three African KIR2DS5 allotypes and KIR2DS5*002, bound no HLA‐A, ‐B or ‐C. As a group the C2‐binding KIR2DS5 allotypes protect against pre‐eclampsia compared to the non‐binding KIR2DS5 allotypes. Natural substitutions that contribute to loss or reduction of C2 receptor function are at positions 127, 158, and 176 in the D2 domain.

Conclusions

KIR2DS5*005 has the KIR2DS5 consensus sequence, is the only allele found at both centromeric and telomeric locations of KIR2DS5, and is likely the common ancestor of all KIR2DS5 alleles. That KIR2DS5*005 has C2 receptor activity, points to KIR2DS5*002, and other allotypes lacking C2 receptor function, being products of attenuation, a characteristic feature of most KIR B haplotype genes. Alleles encoding attenuated and active KIR2DS5 are present in both centromeric and telomeric locations.
Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of melanoma: Do estrogens and progestins have a different role?
Authors: Botteri Edoardo , Støer Nathalie C. , Sakshaug Solveig , Graff‐Iversen Sidsel , Vangen Siri , Hofvind Solveig , Ursin Giske , Weiderpass Elisabete
Published: July 2017

The association between use of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) and occurrence of skin malignant melanoma (SMM) is controversial. We investigated the issue in a nationwide cohort of 684,696 Norwegian women, aged 45–79 years, followed from 2004 to 2008. The study was based on linkage between Norwegian population registries. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to estimate the effect of HT use, different HT types, routes of administration and doses of estrogen and progestin on the risk of SMM. During the median follow‐up of 4.8 years, 178,307 (26%) women used HT, and 1,476 incident SMM cases were identified. Current use of HT was associated with increased risk of SMM (rate ratios (RR) = 1.19; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.37). Plain estrogen therapy was associated with an increased risk of SMM (RR 1.45; 95% CI 1.21–1.73), both for oral (RR 1.45; 95% CI 1.09–1.93) and vaginal (RR 1.44; 95% CI 1.14–1.84) formulations, while combined estrogen and progestin therapy (EPT) was not (RR 0.91; 95% CI 0.70–1.19). We performed a dose–response analysis of estrogen and progestin in women using tablets, and found that use of estrogens was associated with increased risk (RR 1.24; 95% CI 1.00–1.53 per 1 mg/day) and use of progestins with decreased risk (RR 0.71; 95% CI 0.57–0.89 per 10 mg/month) of SMM. In conclusion, estrogens were associated with increased risk of SMM, while combinations of estrogens and progestins were not. Our results suggest that estrogens and progestins might affect the risk of SMM in opposite ways.
The impact of an increased progesterone‐to‐follicle number ratio on live delivery rates in women with normal ovarian reserve
Authors: Chen Ya , Ma Ling , Wang Suqing
Published: July 2017

Objective

To explore the relationship between progesterone–follicle number (P/F) ratio and live delivery rate in patients with normal ovarian reserve undergoing cleavage‐stage embryo transfer with a long gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist cycle.

Methods

The present retrospective study included data from patients younger than 38 years with normal ovarian reserve who were undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer at Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China, between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2015. Patients underwent cleavage‐stage fresh embryo transfer with a long gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist cycle, and associations between P/F ratios and fertility/pregnancy outcomes were analyzed.

Results

Patients with a P/F ratio of 0.11 or above had higher serum progesterone levels (P<0.001) and lower serum estradiol levels (P<0.001) on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration in comparison with patients with lower P/F ratios; elevated P/F ratios were also associated with fewer follicles at least 14 mm in size (P<0.001) and lower live delivery rates (P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression confirmed that P/F ratio was an independent predictor of live delivery rate (P=0.001).

Conclusion

A P/F ratio of at least 0.11 was associated with lower live delivery rates in women with normal ovarian reserve undergoing cleavage‐stage embryo transfer with a long gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist cycle.
Assessment of genotoxicity and biodistribution of nano‐ and micron‐sized yttrium oxide in rats after acute oral treatment
Authors: Panyala Archana , Chinde Srinivas , Kumari Srinivas Indu , Grover Paramjit
Published: July 2017

The increasing use of yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) entails an improved understanding of their potential impact on the environmental and human health. In the present study, the acute oral toxicity of Y2O3 NPs and their microparticles (MPs) was carried out in female albino Wistar rats with 250, 500 and 1000 mg kg−1 body weight doses. Before the genotoxicity evaluation, characterization of the particles by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler velocimetry was performed. The genotoxicity studies were conducted using micronucleus and comet assays. Results showed that Y2O3 NP‐induced significant DNA damage at higher dose (1000 mg kg−1 body weight) in peripheral blood leukocytes and liver cells, micronucleus formation in bone marrow and peripheral blood cells. The findings from biochemical assays depicted significant alterations in aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase and lactate dehydrogenase levels in serum, liver and kidneys at the higher dose only. Furthermore, tissue biodistribution of both particles was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Bioaccumulation of yttrium (Y) in all tissues was significant and dose‐, time‐ and organ‐dependent. Moreover, Y2O3 NP‐treated rats exhibited higher tissue distribution along with greater clearance through urine whereas Y2O3 MP‐dosed animals depicted the maximum amount of Y in the feces. Hence, the results indicated that bioaccumulation of Y2O3 NPs via its Y ions may induce genotoxic effects.
Absence of Calcitriol Causes Increased Lactational Bone Loss and Lower Milk Calcium but Does Not Impair Post-lactation Bone Recovery in Cyp27b1 Null Mice
Authors: Gillies Brittany R , Ryan Brittany A , Tonkin Brett A , Poulton Ingrid J , Ma Yue , Kirby Beth J , St-Arnaud René , Sims Natalie A , Kovacs Christopher S
Published: July 2017

We hypothesized that adaptation to calcium supply demands of pregnancy and lactation do not require calcitriol. Adult Cyp27b1 null mice lack calcitriol and have hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and rickets. We studied wild-type (WT) and null sister pairs raised on a calcium-, phosphorus-, and lactose-enriched “rescue” diet that prevents hypocalcemia and rickets. Bone mineral content (BMC) increased >30% in pregnant nulls, declined 30% during lactation, and increased 30% by 4 weeks post-weaning. WT showed less marked changes. Micro-CT revealed loss of trabecular bone and recovery in both genotypes. In lactating nulls, femoral cortical thickness declined >30%, whereas endocortical perimeter increased; both recovered to baseline after weaning; there were no such changes in WT. Histomorphometry revealed a profound increase in osteoid surface and thickness in lactating nulls, which recovered after weaning. By three-point bend test, nulls had a >50% decline in ultimate load to failure that recovered after weaning. Although nulls showed bone loss during lactation, their milk calcium content was 30% lower compared with WT. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) was markedly elevated in nulls at baseline, reduced substantially in pregnancy, but increased again during lactation and remained high post-weaning. In summary, pregnant Cyp27b1 nulls gained BMC with reduced secondary hyperparathyroidism, implying increased intestinal calcium delivery. Lactating nulls lost more bone mass and strength than WT, accompanied by increased osteoid, reduced milk calcium, and worsened secondary hyperparathyroidism. This implies suboptimal intestinal calcium absorption. Post-weaning, bone mass and strength recovered to baseline, whereas BMC exceeded baseline by 40%. In conclusion, calcitriol-independent mechanisms regulate intestinal calcium absorption and trabecular bone metabolism during pregnancy and post-weaning but not during lactation; calcitriol may protect cortical bone during lactation. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Do Undiagnosed Suicide Decedents Have Symptoms of a Mental Disorder?
Authors: Joiner Thomas E. , Buchman‐Schmitt Jennifer M. , Chu Carol
Published: July 2017

Background

Psychological autopsy studies consistently report that the rate of detected mental disorders among suicide decedents is below 100%. This implies three possibilities: (a) a subset of suicide decedents did not have a mental disorder at the time of death; (b) all suicide decedents suffered from a mental disorder, but some were undetected due to methodological limitations; and/or (c) suicide decedents with an undetected mental disorder displayed significant and perhaps subclinical features of a mental disorder.

Objective

In this article, we examined these possibilities by evaluating the differences in symptoms and stressors between suicide decedents who were undiagnosed and those diagnosed with a mental disorder at the time of death.

Method

We reviewed 130 case studies of community‐based suicide decedents originally described in Robins’ (1981) psychological autopsy study.

Results

Without exception, suicide decedents in Robins’ sample suffered either from a clearly diagnosable mental disorder or displayed features indicative of a significant, even if subclinical, presentation of a mental disorder. Undiagnosed and diagnosed suicide decedents did not significantly differ with regards to demographics, violence of suicide method, suicide attempt history, the number and intensity of stressful life events preceding death, and whether their death was a murder‐suicide.

Conclusion

Although clearly not all who suffer from mental disorders will die by suicide, these findings imply that all who die by suicide appear to exhibit, at minimum, subclinical psychiatric symptoms with the great majority showing prominent clinical symptoms. We conclude with clinical implications and recommendations for future study.
Interactions and effects of metal oxide nanoparticles on microorganisms involved in biological wastewater treatment
Authors: Cervantes‐Avilés Pabel , Díaz Barriga‐Castro Enrique , Palma‐Tirado Lourdes , Cuevas‐Rodríguez Germán
Published: July 2017

To clarify the toxicological effects of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on microorganisms with environmental relevance, it is necessary to understand their interactions. In this work, they were studied the effects and the morphological interactions of two metal oxide NPs (ZnO and TiO2) with microorganisms, during aerobic treatment of wastewater. The effects were evaluated according to nutrient removal from wastewater, while morphological interactions were determined by three different techniques such as TEM, HAADF‐STEM, as well as an elemental mapping. According to results about effects of both NPs, they inhibited the removal of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen, and enhanced the orthophosphate removal. Related to morphological interactions, the electron‐dense material of both NPs was mainly observed bounded to cell membrane. In tests with ZnO NPs, it was also observed electron‐dense material internalized in microorganisms without physical damage in cell membrane. The elemental mapping was useful to determine that the electron‐dense material corresponded to Zn and Ti. Both interactions, internalization and attachment of NPs on cell membrane of microorganisms may trigger the negative effect in the removal of organic matter and nitrogen.
The Effects of a Counselor‐Led, Faith‐Based, School–Family–Community Partnership on Student Achievement in a High‐Poverty Urban Elementary School
Authors: Henry Lynette M. , Bryan Julia , Zalaquett Carlos P.
Published: July 2017

School counselors play critical roles in partnerships with faith‐based organizations that provide valuable programs for students with economic challenges. This study evaluated the effects of a counselor‐led, faith‐based, school–family–community partnership on student reading achievement in a high‐poverty elementary school. Results indicated significantly higher reading gains for 3rd‐ through 5th‐grade students when compared with a control school without the partnership. Students in adopted classrooms experienced higher reading gains than did comparison samples. Gaps in reading achievement were closed between mentored and nonmentored students.

Los consejeros escolares juegan un papel crítico en las colaboraciones con organizaciones de carácter religioso que proporcionan programas valiosos para estudiantes con dificultades económicas. Este estudio evaluó los efectos de una colaboración de carácter religioso, dirigida por un consejero, entre escuela‐familia‐comunidad, enfocada en el desarrollo de la lectura en una escuela primaria con niveles altos de pobreza. Los resultados indicaron unos logros en lectura significativamente más altos en estudiantes de 3° a 5° grado comparados con los de una escuela de control sin esta colaboración. Los estudiantes en las clases que adoptaron la colaboración experimentaron unos mayores logros en lectura que las muestras de comparación. Las brechas en los logros de lectura se cerraron entre estudiantes que recibieron mentorización y estudiantes sin mentorización.
Stepping Out, Stepping Up, and Staying Strong: Using Vigilance as a Tool for Preserving Rights and Promoting Social Justice
Authors: Parham William D. , Clauss‐Ehlers Caroline S.
Published: July 2017

The 5th interviewee for the Hearing Our Elders series is Rod Kawakami, J.D. His reparations work during the 1980s on behalf of Gordon Hirabayashi, an American citizen of Japanese descent, for a civil rights violation alleged to have occurred 40 years earlier serves as the environmental backdrop for this compelling story of courage, commitment, and tenacity in the face of government collusion. The forthcoming narrative will highlight a slice of the life of Mr. Hirabayashi, a symbol of protest against anti‐Japanese sentiments that surfaced after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. This interview captured 6 overarching themes: (a) courage in the face of harsh and antagonistic social, political, and cultural environments; (b) enough is enough; (c) serendipity plays a part in launching historical events; (d) engage in creative problem‐solving strategies to address social injustice; (e) persevere until justice is served; and (f) follow one's commitment and passion.

El 5° entrevistado en la serie Escuchar a Nuestros Mayores es Rod Kawakami, J.D. Su trabajo para lograr reparaciones durante los años 80 en nombre de Gordon Hirabayashi, un ciudadano estadounidense de origen japonés, por una violación de derechos civiles que supuestamente tuvo lugar 40 años antes sirve como el fondo ambiental de esta conmovedora historia de valor, compromiso y tenacidad ante la connivencia del gobierno. La expresiva narración destacará una parte de la vida del Sr. Hirabayashi, un símbolo de la protesta contra los sentimientos antijaponeses que surgieron tras el bombardeo de Pearl Harbor. Esta entrevista capturó seis temas fundamentales: (a) el valor ante un entorno cultural, político y social adverso y hostil; (b) ya basta; (c) la casualidad juega un papel en el desencadenamiento de hechos históricos; (d) resolver problemas de forma creativa para afrontar la injusticia social; (e) perseverar hasta que se haga justicia; y (f) seguir el propio sentido de compromiso y pasión.
Trust in work teams: An integrative review, multilevel model, and future directions
Authors: Costa Ana Cristina , Fulmer C. Ashley , Anderson Neil R.
Published: July 2017

This article presents an integrative review of the rapidly growing body of research on trust in work teams. We start by analyzing prominent definitions of trust and their theoretical foundations, followed by different conceptualizations of trust in teams emphasizing its multilevel, dynamic, and emergent nature. We then review the empirical research and its underlying theoretical perspectives concerning the emergence and development of trust in teams. On the basis of this review, we propose an integrated conceptual framework that organizes the field and can advance knowledge of the multilevel nature of trust in teams. Our conclusion is that trust in teams resides at multiple levels of analysis simultaneously, is subject to factors across levels in organizations, and impacts performance and other relevant outcomes both at the individual and team levels. We argue that research should not only differentiate between interpersonal trust between members from collective trust at the team level but also emphasize the interplay within and between these levels by considering cross‐level influences and dynamics. We conclude by proposing 4 major directions for future research and 3 critical methodological recommendations for study designs derived from our review and framework.
Biomechanical simulations of costo‐vertebral and anterior vertebral body tethers for the fusionless treatment of pediatric scoliosis
Authors: Aubin Carl‐Éric , Clin Julien , Rawlinson Jeremy
Published: July 2017

Compression‐based fusionless tethers are an alternative to conventional surgical treatments of pediatric scoliosis. Anterior approaches place an anterior (ANT) tether on the anterolateral convexity of the deformed spine to modify growth. Posterior, or costo‐vertebral (CV), approaches have not been assessed for biomechanical and corrective effectiveness. The objective was to biomechanically assess CV and ANT tethers using six patient‐specific, finite element models of adolescent scoliotic patients (11.9 ± 0.7 years, Cobb 34° ± 10°). A validated algorithm simulated the growth and Hueter–Volkmann growth modulation over a period of 2 years with the CV and ANT tethers at two initial tensions (100, 200 N). The models without tethering also simulated deformity progression with Cobb angle increasing from 34° to 56°, axial rotation 11° to 13°, and kyphosis 28° to 32° (mean values). With the CV tether, the Cobb angle was reduced to 27° and 20° for tensions of 100 and 200 N, respectively, kyphosis to 21° and 19°, and no change in axial rotation. With the ANT tether, Cobb was reduced to 32° and 9° for 100 and 200 N, respectively, kyphosis unchanged, and axial rotation to 3° and 0°. While the CV tether mildly corrected the coronal curve over a 2‐year growth period, it had sagittal lordosing effect, particularly with increasing initial axial rotation (>15°). The ANT tether achieved coronal correction, maintained kyphosis, and reduced the axial rotation, but over‐correction was simulated at higher initial tensions. This biomechanical study captured the differences between a CV and ANT tether and indicated the variability arising from the patient‐specific characteristics. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:254–264, 2018.
Potassium deficiency impedes elevated carbon dioxide‐induced biomass enhancement in well watered or drought‐stressed bread wheat
Authors: Asif Muhammad , Yilmaz Ozlem , Ozturk Levent
Published: July 2017

Potassium (K) deficiency reduces photosynthesis and biomass production of crop plants and also renders them vulnerable to drought stress, whereas elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) has a positive effect on photosynthesis and yield and ameliorates the adverse effects of drought stress. This study aimed to characterize the physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stressed with K deficiency under elevated CO2 and drought conditions. Increased biomass production caused by elevated CO2 as a consequence of increased photosynthesis and water use efficiency was absent in young K‐deficient wheat plants. Shoot K concentration was negatively affected by elevated CO2 particularly under K‐deficient conditions, whereas K content per plant was greatest in plants supplied with adequate K and adequate water. Specific leaf weight was increased as a consequence of carbohydrate accumulation in the source leaves of K‐deficient plants particularly under elevated CO2 and drought stress. Potassium deficiency clearly impeded the impact of elevated CO2 in both well watered as well as drought‐stressed plants. Adequate K fertilization is a prerequisite for efficient harvesting of atmospheric CO2 through increased photosynthesis, decreased transpiration, and increased biomass production under changing atmospheric CO2 and soil moisture conditions.
Food and nutrition security in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region
Authors: Rasul Golam , Hussain Abid , Mahapatra Bidhubhusan , Dangol Narendra
Published: July 2017

The status of food and nutrition security and its underlying factors in the Hindu‐Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is investigated. In this region, one third to a half of children (<5 years of age) suffer from stunting, with the incidence of wasting and under‐weight also being very high. The prevalence of stunting, wasting and under‐weight in children is particularly high in some mountain areas such as Meghalaya state in India, the western mountains and far‐western hills of Nepal, Balochistan province in Pakistan, eastern Afghanistan, and Chin state in Myanmar. Food habits in the HKH region are changing. This has led to a deterioration in traditional mountain food systems with a decline in agrobiodiversity. Factors such as high poverty and low dietary energy intakes, a lack of hygienic environments, inadequate nutritional knowledge, and climate change and environmental degradation are also influencing food and nutrition security in the HKH region. To achieve sustainable food and nutrition security in the mountains, this study suggests a multi‐sectoral integrated approach with consideration of nutritional aspects in all development processes dealing with economic, social, agricultural and public health issues. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of correcting in situ ruminal microbial colonization of feed particles on the relationship between ruminally undegraded and intestinally digested crude protein in concentrate feeds
Authors: González Javier , Mouhbi Rabiaa , Guevara‐González Jesús Alberto , Arroyo José María
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

In situ estimates of ruminally undegraded protein (RUP) and intestinally digested protein (IDP) of ten concentrates, uncorrected or corrected for the ruminal microbial colonization, were used to examine the effects of this correction on the relationship between IDP and RUP values. Both variables were established for three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers using 15N labeling‐techniques and considering measured rates of ruminal particle comminution (kc) and outflow (kp).

RESULTS

A covariance analysis showed that the close relationship found between both variables (IDP = –0.0132 ± 0.00679 + 0.776 ± 0.0002 RUP; n = 60; P < 0.001; r = 0.960) is not affected by correcting for microbial colonization (P = 0.682).

CONCLUSION

The IDP content in concentrates and industrial by‐products can be predicted from RUP values, thus avoiding the laborious and complex procedure of determining intestinal digestibility; however, a larger sample of feeds is necessary to achieve more accurate predictions. The lack of influence of the correction for microbial contamination on the prediction observed in the present study increases the data available for this prediction. However, only the use of corrected values may provide an accurate evaluation. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Microencapsulation of borage oil with blends of milk protein, β‐glucan and maltodextrin through spray drying: physicochemical characteristics and stability of the microcapsules
Authors: Li Ru‐yi , Shi Yan
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

Borage oil is a rich commercial source of γ‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐6). However, borage oil is rich in omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vulnerable to oxidation. Thus, selecting appropriate wall materials is critical to the encapsulation of borage oil. The present study investigated the influence of wall materials on the physicochemical characteristics and stability of microencapsulated borage oil by spray drying. Blends of milk protein [sodium caseinate (CAS) or whey protein concentrate], β‐glucan (GLU) and maltodextrin (MD) were used as the wall materials for encapsulating borage oil.

RESULTS

The microencapsulation of borage oil with different wall materials attained high encapsulation efficiencies. The microencapsulated borage oil prepared with CAS–MD achieved the optimal encapsulation efficiency of 96.62%. The oxidative stabilities of borage oil and microencapsulated borage oil were measured by accelerated storage test at 45 °C and 33% relative humidity for 30 days. The microencapsulated borage oil presented lower peroxide values than those of borage oil, and the microcapsules prepared with CAS–10GLU–MD (consisting of CAS 50 g kg–1, GLU 100 g kg–1 and MD 475 g kg–1 of microencapsulation) conferred borage oil with high protection against lipid oxidation.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study demonstrate that the CAS–GLU–MD blend is appropriate for microencapsulating borage oil. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Short Terahertz Pulse Generation from a Dispersion Compensated Modelocked Semiconductor Laser
Authors: Wang Feihu , Nong Hanond , Fobbe Tobias , Pistore Valentino , Houver Sarah , Markmann Sergej , Jukam Nathan , Amanti Maria , Sirtori Carlo , Moumdji Souad , Colombelli Raffaele , Li Lianhe , Linfield Edmund , Davies Giles , Mangeney Juliette , Tignon Jérôme , Dhillon Sukhdeep
Published: July 2017

Dispersion compensation is vital for the generation of ultrashort and single cycle pulses from modelocked lasers across the electromagnetic spectrum. It is typically based on addition of an extra dispersive element to the laser cavity that introduces a chromatic dispersion opposite to that of the gain medium. To date, however, no dispersion compensation schemes have been successfully applied to terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers for short and stable pulse generation in the THz range. In this work, a monolithic on‐chip compensation scheme is realized for a modelocked QCL, permitting THz pulses to be considerably shortened from 16ps to 4ps. This is based on the realization of a small coupled cavity resonator that acts as an ‘off resonance’ Gires‐Tournois interferometer (GTI), permitting large THz spectral bandwidths to be compensated. This novel application of a GTI opens up a direct and simple route to sub‐picosecond and single cycle pulses in the THz range from a compact semiconductor source.
Salt‐induced iron corrosion under evaporating sessile droplets of aqueous sodium chloride solutions
Authors: Soulié V. , Lequien F. , Ferreira‐Gomes F. , Moine G. , Feron D. , Prene P. , Moehwald H. , Zemb T. , Riegler H.
Published: July 2017

The corrosion process induced by evaporation of sessile droplets from aqueous sodium chloride solutions on planar iron surfaces was quantitatively investigated. The spatial distribution of the salt inside the evaporating sessile droplet, which is influenced by the initial salt concentration in the droplet bulk, is correlated to the localization of the anodic and cathodic reactions at the electrolyte–metal interface over the footprint droplet area. At low salt concentration, the inverse of the classical well‐accepted Evans model is observed due to the hydrodynamic flows linked to evaporation: the anode area is established near the three‐phase contact line region. Increasing salt concentration leads to a more uniform pitted sessile droplet: we observed locally anodic and cathodic areas over the droplet surface at the metal–electrolyte interface, where local variations in chloride concentrations occur. In addition, the presence of corrosion products and some pits demonstrate that pitting corrosion takes place if the salt concentration reaches a threshold value, experimentally determined by an optical set‐up.
Private information in futures markets: An experimental study
Authors: Dodonova Anna , Khoroshilov Yuri
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on how people use their private information to estimate the “fair” futures price and how the quality of this information affects the traders' behavior and desire to trade. It finds that subjects are able to use their information correctly and that their desire to rely on it depends positively on the information precision. It shows that subjects are able to recognize that they are expected to lose money on futures trading when other traders have better quality information. However, subjects failed to recognize the symmetry of the futures contracts.
Liquid crystal phantom for validation of microscopic diffusion anisotropy measurements on clinical MRI systems
Authors: Nilsson Markus , Larsson Johan , Lundberg Dan , Szczepankiewicz Filip , Witzel Thomas , Westin Carl‐Fredrik , Bryskhe Karin , Topgaard Daniel
Published: July 2017

Purpose

To develop a phantom for validating MRI pulse sequences and data processing methods to quantify microscopic diffusion anisotropy in the human brain.

Methods

Using a liquid crystal consisting of water, detergent, and hydrocarbon, we designed a 0.5‐L spherical phantom showing the theoretically highest possible degree of microscopic anisotropy. Data were acquired on the Connectome scanner using echo‐planar imaging signal readout and diffusion encoding with axisymmetric b‐tensors of varying magnitude, anisotropy, and orientation. The mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy (FA), and microscopic FA (µFA) parameters were estimated.

Results

The phantom was observed to have values of mean diffusivity similar to brain tissue, and relaxation times compatible with echo‐planar imaging echo times on the order of 100 ms. The estimated values of µFA were at the theoretical maximum of 1.0, whereas the values of FA spanned the interval from 0.0 to 0.8 as a result of varying orientational order of the anisotropic domains within each voxel.

Conclusions

The proposed phantom can be manufactured by mixing three widely available chemicals in volumes comparable to a human head. The acquired data are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions, showing that the phantom is ideal for validating methods for measuring microscopic diffusion anisotropy on clinical MRI systems. Magn Reson Med 79:1817–1828, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Influence of physiological noise on accelerated 2D and 3D resting state functional MRI data at 7 T
Authors: Reynaud Olivier , Jorge João , Gruetter Rolf , Marques José P. , van der Zwaag Wietske
Published: July 2017

Purpose

Physiological noise often dominates the blood‐oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) signal fluctuations in high‐field functional MRI (fMRI) data. Therefore, to optimize fMRI protocols, it becomes crucial to investigate how physiological signal fluctuations impact various acquisition and reconstruction schemes at different acquisition speeds. In particular, further differences can arise between 2D and 3D fMRI acquisitions due to different encoding strategies, thereby impacting fMRI sensitivity in potentially significant ways.

Methods

The amount of physiological noise to be removed from the BOLD fMRI signal acquired at 7 T was quantified for different sampling rates (repetition time from 3300 to 350 ms, acceleration 1 to 8) and techniques dedicated to fast fMRI (simultaneous multislice echo planar imaging [EPI] and 3D EPI). Resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) performances were evaluated using temporal signal‐to‐noise ratio (tSNR) and network characterization based on seed correlation and independent component analysis.

Results

Overall, acceleration enhanced tSNR and rsfMRI metrics. 3D EPI benefited the most from physiological noise removal at long repetition times. Differences between 2D and 3D encoding strategies disappeared at high acceleration factors (6‐ to 8‐fold).

Conclusion

After physiological noise correction, 2D‐ and 3D‐accelerated sequences provide similar performances at high fields, both in terms of tSNR and resting state network identification and characterization. Magn Reson Med 78:888–896, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Partially observed time‐inconsistent stochastic linear‐quadratic control with random jumps
Authors: Wu Zhen , Zhuang Yi
Published: July 2017

This paper studies a partially observed time‐inconsistent stochastic linear‐quadratic control system, in which the state follows a stochastic differential equation driven by a Brownian motion and an independent Poisson random measure. The cost functional contains a state‐dependent term and a quadratic term of the conditional expected state process, which will cause the time inconsistency in dynamic systems. By virtue of a classical spike variation approach, we define an equilibrium and derive a sufficient condition for the equilibrium in the fully observed system with stochastic coefficients. Then, we obtain the equilibrium with an explicit feedback form in deterministic coefficients case and discuss the existence and uniqueness of the solution of corresponding Riccati equations. Furthermore, we get filtering equations of the partially observed system and get the explicit equilibrium in some special case.
A commentary on the City Deals in the UK
Authors: Jones Peter , Wynn Martin , Hillier David , Comfort Daphne
Published: July 2017

Within the UK, City Deals, essentially bespoke packages of funding and decision‐making negotiated between national government and local authorities, are increasingly taking centre stage in promoting economic growth. Each City Deal is seen to reflect the needs of individual cities and their surrounding regions, and each has its own distinctive funding and development agenda. Although the City Deal model has been broadly welcomed by national and local political leaders, concerns have been more widely expressed about its operation and effectiveness. This paper outlines the development and characteristics of the City Deals programme and offers a reflective commentary on a number of issues surrounding the programme, namely, accountability and evaluation, the relationship between the local and national states, the role of planning, and sustainable development.