bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silbenstruktur des Deutschen und des Persischen
Authors: Bahrami Fatemeh , Kachoui Marzieh Atai
Published: August 2012

Optimality theory has adequately proved its fertility in different areas of linguistic studies, so also in the formation of phonological theory. The aim of the present study is to examine the pronunciation problems derived from the systematic comparison between the syllable structures of German and Persian within an optimality-theoretic framework. Here, the essential characteristics of the syllable structure of German and Persian are investigated in relation to the three sub-domains of the syllable, i. e. onset, nucleus and coda. The results of the study show that native speakers of Persian use two strategies, namely epenthesis and segmentation, so that the syllable structure of German is integrated into the Persian system. Despite differences between the syllable structures of the two systems, which are shaped by their different prosodic structures, it is observed in some cases that Persian speakers learning German produce the standard features of pronunciation of the words tested in this experiment without any modification of syllable structure. Optimality theory as a constraint-based approach is a potentially powerful theoretical tool to provide an explanation for Persian speakers’ tendency to apply one of these strategies due to the differences between Persian and German regarding the ranking of the constraints.
Gene expression differences induced by equimolar low doses of LH or hCG in combination with FSH in cultured mouse antral follicles
Authors: Segers Ingrid , Adriaenssens Tom , Wathlet Sandra , Smitz Johan
Published: August 2012

In a natural cycle, follicle growth is coordinated by FSH and LH. Follicle growth stimulation in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) requires antral follicles to be exposed to both FSH and LH bioactivity, especially after GNRH analog pretreatment. The main aim was to detect possible differences in gene expression in granulosa cells after exposing the follicle during antral growth to LH or hCG, as LH and hCG are different molecules acting on the same receptor. Effects of five gonadotropin treatments were investigated for 16 genes using a mouse follicle culture model. Early (day 6) antral follicles were exposed to high recombinant FSH combined or not with equimolar concentrations of recombinant LH (rLH) or recombinant hCG (rhCG) and to highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin (HP-hMG) for 6 h, 12 h, or 3 days. Expression differences were tested for genes involved in steroidogenesis:Mvk,Lss,Cyp11a1,Hsd3b1,Cyp19a1,Nr4a1, andTimp1; final granulosa differentiation:Lhcgr,Oxtr,Pgr,Egfr,Hif1a, andVegfa; and cytokines:Cxcl12,Cxcr4, andSdc4.Lhcgrwas present and upregulated by gonadotropins.Nr4a1,Cxcl12, andCxcr4showed a different expression pattern if LH bioactivity was added to high FSH in the first hours after exposure. However, no signs of premature luteinization were present even after a 3-day treatment as shown byCyp19a1,Oxtr,Pgr, andEgfrand by estrogen and progesterone measurements. The downstream signaling by rhCG or rLH through the LHCGR was not different for this gene selection. Granulosa cells from follicles exposed to HP-hMG showed an enhanced expression level for several genes compared with recombinant gonadotropin exposure, possibly pointing to enhanced cellular activity.
Gender and Crime Victimization Modify Neighborhood Effects on Adolescent Mental Health
Authors: Osypuk Theresa L. , Schmidt Nicole M. , Bates Lisa M. , Tchetgen-Tchetgen Eric J. , Earls Felton J. , Glymour M. Maria
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE:

Leverage an experimental study to determine whether gender or recent crime victimization modify the mental health effects of moving to low-poverty neighborhoods.

METHODS:

The Moving to Opportunity (MTO) study randomized low-income families in public housing to an intervention arm receiving vouchers to subsidize rental housing in lower-poverty neighborhoods or to controls receiving no voucher. We examined 3 outcomes 4 to 7 years after randomization, among youth aged 5 to 16 years at baseline (n = 2829): lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD), psychological distress (K6), and Behavior Problems Index (BPI). Treatment effect modification by gender and family’s baseline report of recent violent crime victimization was tested via interactions in covariate-adjusted intent-to-treat and instrumental variable adherence-adjusted regression models.

RESULTS:

Gender and crime victimization significantly modified treatment effects on distress and BPI (P < .10). Female adolescents in families without crime victimization benefited from MTO treatment, for all outcomes (Distress B = –0.19, P = .008; BPI B = –0.13, P = .06; MDD B = –0.036, P = .03). Male adolescents in intervention families experiencing crime victimization had worse distress (B = 0.24, P = .004), more behavior problems (B = 0.30, P < .001), and nonsignificantly higher MDD (B = 0.022, P = .16) versus controls. Other subgroups experienced no effect of MTO treatment. Instrumental variable estimates were similar but larger.

CONCLUSIONS:

Girls from families experiencing recent violent crime victimization were significantly less likely to achieve mental health benefits, and boys were harmed, by MTO, suggesting need for cross-sectoral program supports to offset multiple stressors.
Unawareness of the Effects of Soy Intake on the Management of Congenital Hypothyroidism
Authors: Fruzza Abigail Gelb , Demeterco-Berggren Carla , Jones Kenneth Lee
Published: August 2012

It has been established that soy products can interfere with thyroid hormone absorption resulting in continued hypothyroidism in individuals receiving recommended levothyroxine replacement. It has also been reported that achievement of euthyroidism in hypothyroid patients using soy products requires increased doses of levothyroxine. We have observed 2 patients with congenital hypothyroidism who continued to manifest clinical hypothyroidism while receiving recommended doses of hormone and ingesting soy products. The first patient was diagnosed by newborn screening (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] =169 µIU/mL) and treated with 50 µg of levothyroxine since 6 days of age while simultaneously starting soy formula. At 3 weeks of age, she was clinically and biochemically hypothyroid (thyroxine = 4.0 µg/dL, TSH = 216 µIU/mL). We stopped her soy formula and decreased her levothyroxine dose. Three weeks later signs of hypothyroidism were resolving, and, by 10 weeks of age, she was clinically and biochemically euthyroid. Another patient was diagnosed by newborn screening, received levothyroxine, and did well. She was lost to us for 2 years. During this interval she began consuming soy milk and became profoundly hypothyroid (free thyroxine <0.4 ng/dL, TSH = 248 µIU/mL), even though the primary care physician had increased her levothyroxine dose to 112 µg/day. She was switched to cow milk, and her thyroid function slowly normalized with decreasing doses of levothyroxine. These 2 patients reinforce the importance of remembering that soy products interfere with levothyroxine absorption and can endanger infants and young children with congenital hypothyroidism who are at risk for developmental and growth delay.
Randomized Controlled Trial of an Immunization Recall Intervention for Adolescents
Authors: Brigham Kathryn S. , Woods Elizabeth R. , Steltz Sarah K. , Sandora Thomas J. , Blood Emily A.
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE:

Determine if adolescent immunization rates can be improved by contacting the parents or by contacting both the parents and adolescents.

METHODS:

Thirteen- to 17-year-olds overdue for at least 1 of 3 immunizations were randomized to (1) a control arm (Control), (2) telephone calls to the parent/guardian (Parent Only), or (3) telephone calls to the parent/guardian and the adolescent (Parent/Adol). Immunization records were assessed 4 weeks and 1 year after the intervention. Two-sided χ2 tests and logistic regression models were used to compare receipt of immunizations by study arm.

RESULTS:

The intention-to-treat analysis showed improved immunization rates at 4 weeks (adjusted odds ratio 2.27, 95% confidence interval 1.00–5.18), but not at 1 year, in the Parent/Adol group compared with controls. There was a trend toward increased immunization in the Parent Only group (odds ratio 2.02, 95% confidence interval 0.89–4.56). However, phone contact was not achieved for many parents and adolescents in the intervention groups. A post hoc analysis of the impact of actual phone contact showed significant improvement in immunization rates both 4 weeks and 1 year after the intervention among those who were reached successfully.

CONCLUSIONS:

Improvement in immunization rates was seen in the short term but not the long term after contacting both the parent and adolescent. Although telephone interventions may be effective when rapid immunization is necessary, the difficulty in reaching parents and adolescents by phone highlights the importance of up-to-date contact information and a need to assess the effectiveness of alternative means of communication.
Maternal Perinatal Depression in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: The Role of the Neonatal Nurse
Authors: Bicking Cara , Moore Ginger A.
Published: August 2012

The onset of depressive symptoms during pregnancy or the first year postpartum, termedperinatal depression, occurs in approximately 15 percent of women. Perinatal depression can have a significant negative impact on health outcomes for the mother and her infant including maternal emotional distress and parenting difficulties and infant behavioral and developmental problems. Nurses caring for patients in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are in a key position to affect positive change in the lives of families affected by perinatal depression. An overview of antepartum and postpartum depression is provided that has been tailored to the educational needs of the neonatal nurse. A discussion of the role of neonatal nurses in the identification and treatment of perinatal depression follows in order that neonatal nurses may improve both short- and long-term outcomes for mothers, infants, and families in the NICU affected by perinatal depression.
Risk Estimations of the Conjunction of Victim and Crime Event Characteristics on the Lethal Outcome of Sexual Assaults
Authors: Beauregard Eric , Mieczkowski Tom
Published: August 2012

This study examines what factors may distinguish injury from death in sexual crimes. We suggest that victim characteristics may work in conjunction with the crime context to enhance or reduce a fatal outcome once a sexual assault is underway. Based on a sample of 201 sex offenders who either physically injured or killed their victim, we calculate risk estimations of lethal and injurious outcomes for various conjunctions of victim characteristics and contextual aspects of the crime event. One of the most interesting findings is the apparent protective effects of a victim’s criminogenic environment, which consistently appears to decrease the probability of a fatal outcome.
Military Sexual Trauma During Deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan: Prevalence, Readjustment, and Gender Differences
Authors: Katz Lori S. , Cojucar Geta , Beheshti Sayeh , Nakamura Erin , Murray Michelle
Published: August 2012

This study examines military sexual trauma (MST) in men and women deployed in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. A diverse sample of 470 (408 men and 62 women) completed anonymous self-report questionnaires. Seventy-seven reported MST: 51 (12.5%) men and 26 (42%) women. MST was significantly related to symptoms and readjustment and most strongly with intimacy problems. Of those with MST, 73% also reported exposure to war-related stressors. Gender differences revealed that women reported a higher prevalence of MST, but men were more likely to endorse MST with multiple war-related stressors. However, no gender differences were found on reports of symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or readjustment. Implications of these results are discussed.
Mexican Immigrant Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence: Conceptualization and Descriptions of Abuse
Authors: Kyriakakis Stavroula , Dawson Beverly Araujo , Edmond Tonya
Published: August 2012

This phenomenological qualitative study examines intimate partner violence (IPV) experienced by a sample of 29 Mexican immigrant women residing in New York and St. Louis. The findings reveal important insights about culturally specific abuse tactics employed by batterers and the forms of abuse that are experienced as most hurtful to the survivors. Ten different abusive tactics emerged: verbal, economic, physical, sexual, and extended family abuse, social isolation, physical abuse of children, stalking and monitoring, stolen bride, and sex trafficking. Cultural values and expectations appear to be inextricably linked to how the participants characterized the severity of each of the abusive tactics as evidenced by which abusive behaviors the participants found most hurtful. The findings will help service providers have a better understanding of the role cultural context plays in the IPV experiences of Mexican immigrant women.
Validation of a method for odor sampling on solid area sources
Authors: Capelli L. , Sironi S. , Barczak R. , Il Grande M. , Del Rosso R.
Published: August 2012

The aim of this paper is the study and the validation of a method for odor sampling on solid area sources. This aim is achieved by considering a suitable theoretical model that accounts for all the variables involved in the volatilization process of odorous compounds from solids into the atmosphere. The simulation of the emission of odors from a solid surface was achieved by designing a suitable experimental setup and a specific wind tunnel for laboratory tests. The results of the tests show a good correspondence between the theoretical data derived from the adopted model and the experimental data. The verification of the possibility of describing the wind tunnel functioning with a theoretical volatilization model proves the applicability of this device for sampling on solid area sources.
Control of odour emission in wastewater treatment plants by direct and undirected measurement of odour emission capacity
Authors: Zarra T. , Giuliani S. , Naddeo V. , Belgiorno V.
Published: August 2012

Odour emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered to be the main causes of disturbance noticed by the exposed population and have relevant impacts on both tourism economy and land costs. Odour impact from WWTPs is generated by primary and secondary odour emissions. Primary odour emissions are related especially to the wastewater type and variability discharged into the sewer and directed to the WWTP, and to the wastewater collection and sewage system. Secondary odours are related to the treatment units of the plant. Several studies describe the key role of primary odour emissions and how they are strongly related to odour impacts of WWTPs. In this way, a opportune characterization of the emission capacity of primary odour could be an effective way to control odour emission in the WWTPs. In this study the odour emission capacity (OEC) of different domestic sewers was described and investigated; a correlation between the OEC and the main physical–chemical parameters of wastewater quality was also carried out. Results of this study identify the optimum conditions for sampling and measuring OEC in wastewaters and define its dependence by wastewater quality. These results can contribute to setting the standards for the maximum odourant content of wastewater that are discharged into the publicly owned sewage system.
A simple and accurate analytical method for determination of three commercial dyes in different water systems using partial least squares regression
Authors: Al-Degs Yahya S. , El-Sheikh Amjad H. , Issa Ayman A. , Al-Ghouti Mohammad A. , Sunjuk Mahmoud
Published: August 2012

A simple analytical procedure is proposed for simultaneous determination of three common dyes (Basic Blue 9, Brilliant Blue E-4BA, and Reactive Blue 2) in natural waters without prior separation of the solutes. A popular chemometric method, partial least squares regression PLS-1, was effectively applied for spectral resolution of a highly overlapping system. At the best modeling conditions, mean recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSD) for dyes quantification by PLS-1 were found to be 102.1 (4.4), 95.7 (8.4), and 98.9 (6.2) for Basic Blue, Brilliant Blue, and Reactive Blue, respectively. The estimated limits of detection (LOD) were estimated using net-analyte signal concept and were 0.11, 0.52, 0.49 mg L−1 for Basic Blue, Brilliant Blue, and Reactive Blue, respectively. The quantitative determination of dyes spiked in real water samples was carried out successfully by PLS-1 with satisfactory recoveries for dyes (90–106%).
Removal of odorant dimethyl disulfide under alkaline and neutral conditions in biotrickling filters
Authors: Arellano-García L. , González-Sánchez A. , Van Langenhove H. , Kumar A. , Revah S.
Published: August 2012

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the performance of biotrickling filters (BTFs) for treating low concentrations of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), using different bacterial consortia adapted to consume reduced sulfur compounds under alkaline (pH ≈ 10) or neutral (pH ≈ 7) conditions. Solubility experiments indicated that the partition of DMDS in neutral and alkaline mineral media was similar to the value with distilled water. Respirometric assays showed that oxygen consumption was around ten times faster in the neutrophilic as compared with the alkaliphilic consortium. Batch experiments demonstrated that sulfate was the main product of the DMDS degradation. Two laboratory-scale BTFs were implemented for the continuous treatment of DMDS in both neutral and alkaline conditions. Elimination capacities of up to 17 and 24 gDMDS m−3 h−1 were achieved for the alkaliphilic and neutrophilic reactors with 100% removal efficiency after an initial adaptation and biomass build-up.
Sewer odour abatement monitoring – an Australian survey
Authors: Sivret Eric , Stuetz Richard M.
Published: August 2012

Odourous emissions from sewer networks can significantly impact a local population causing odour annoyance. A survey of nine Australian wastewater utilities that serve over 8.4 million people and operate over 59,000 km of sewer networks was undertaken to summarise the current monitoring practices in Australia with the view to assist the water industry to further improve their practices in operating and monitoring sewer odour abatement systems. Results indicated that most odour abatement systems were monitored through complaints from the surrounding community, H2S is the dominant online and offline monitoring parameter and that a variety of different H2S instruments are used across the industry but the reported use is dominated by two manufacturers. The monitoring data were primarily used for decision making and diagnosis, and there was limited use of non-H2S odourant analysis. The water industry had several significant limitations in terms of its inability to provide gas flow data, process monitoring and complaint data as well as being able to link process monitoring data with maintenance information for instrumentation. The improved collection and management of this data would yield benefits to the water industry in terms of odour abatement design, performance and management.
Automated image analysis of Euglena gracilis Klebs (Euglenophyta) for measuring sublethal effects of three model contaminants
Authors: Netto I. , Bostan V. , McCarthy L. , Laursen A. , Gilbride K. , Mehrvar M. , Pushchak R.
Published: August 2012

The short-term impacts of atrazine (herbicide), tributyltin (organometal) and copper on the behaviour of Euglena gracilis Klebs (Euglenophyta) were assessed. First, the ECOTOX automated image analysis system was used, which measured swimming velocity, cell shape, percentage of cells swimming upwards, and randomness of swimming. Next, visual observation by microscopy was used to measure percentage of cell motility and cell shape. Behavioural changes can be used as an indicator of stress in less than 24 h, potentially making them suitable for inclusion in early-warning systems for water quality. Findings indicate that E. gracilis is a very sensitive organism to copper, showing inhibition of motility with visual observation at 0.8 μmol/L within 1 h. The image analysis system was in general less sensitive than visual observation for detecting behavioural changes after incubation in copper. In contrast, after exposure to organic contaminants atrazine and tributyltin, the ECOTOX system detected small changes in the number of cells swimming upwards (antigravitactic behaviour) at higher concentrations.
Recent progress in laser surface treatment: I. Implications of laser wavelength
Authors: Bloehs W. , Grünenwald B. , Dausinger F. , Hügel H.
Published: August 2012

The coupling mechanisms of laser radiation and the mechanisms of heat transport in the workpiece are considered. Starting from the well-known basics of Fresnel absorption — valid only for smooth and clean surfaces — further effects of coupling are examined. Studies on the effects of surface modifications inherent to all industrial parts and process conditions are presented. The more appropriate term coupling rate is introduced: This describes the ratio of the total energy coupled into the workpiece (regardless of the particular mechanisms) to the supplied laser power. For negligible radiation and convectional heat losses, it describes the energy available for the process. The heat, corresponding to the coupled laser energy, is distributed within the workpiece by conduction and convection. The three-dimensional development of the temperature field in the solid materials and in the melt pool as a function of the intensity distribution in the laser beam will be discussed in Part II of this calibration together with more practical aspects of hardening and cladding.
Updates from the Intestinal Front Line: Autophagic Weapons against Inflammation and Cancer
Authors: Madia Federica , Grossi Valentina , Peserico Alessia , Simone Cristiano
Published: August 2012

The intestine lies at the interface between the organism and its environment and responds to infection/inflammation in a multi-leveled manner, potentially leading to chronic inflammatory pathologies and cancer formation. Indeed, the immune response at the intestinal epithelium has been found to be involved in the origin and development of colorectal cancer, which is the third most commonly diagnosed neoplastic disease. Among the mechanisms induced upon inflammation, autophagy appears as a defensive strategy for the clearance of invading microbes and intracellular waste components. Autophagy has also been found to play an important role in colorectal cancer, where it seems to have a pro-survival or pro-death function depending on the stage of the neoplastic process. In this paper we discuss the dual role of autophagy in colorectal cancer and review evidence showing that modulation of autophagy affects the immune response and cancer biology. The study of key players involved in autophagy might contribute to the design of new approaches for colorectal cancer, consisting in combined therapies capable of modifying cancer-specific metabolism rather than simply evoking a generic apoptotic and/or autophagic response, thus enhancing the efficacy of currently used drugs and treatments.
MUC16/CA125 in the Context of Modular Proteins with an Annotated Role in Adhesion-Related Processes: In Silico Analysis
Authors: Jankovic Miroslava , Mitic Ninoslav
Published: August 2012

Mucin 16 (MUC16) is a type I transmembrane protein, the extracellular portion of which is shed after proteolytic degradation and is denoted as CA125 antigen, a well known tumor marker for ovarian cancer. Regarding its polypeptide and glycan structures, as yet there is no detailed insight into their heterogeneity and ligand properties, which may greatly influence its function and biomarker potential. This study was aimed at obtaining further insight into the biological capacity of MUC16/CA125, using in silico analysis of corresponding mucin sequences, including similarity searches as well as GO (gene ontology)-based function prediction. The results obtained pointed to the similarities within extracellular serine/threonine rich regions of MUC16 to sequences of proteins expressed in evolutionary distant taxa, all having in common an annotated role in adhesion-related processes. Specifically, a homology to conserved domains from the family of herpesvirus major outer envelope protein (BLLF1) was found. In addition, the possible involvement of MUC16/CA125 in carbohydrate-binding interactions or cellular transport of protein/ion was suggested.
Suicide in Judaism with a Special Emphasis on Modern Israel
Authors: Witztum Eliezer , Stein Daniel
Published: August 2012

Judaism considers the duty of preserving life as a paramount injunction. Specific injunctions against suicide appear in the Bible, Talmud, and thereafter. Nevertheless, Jewish tradition emphasizes that one should let himself be killed rather than violate cardinal rules of Jewish law. Mitigating circumstances are found for the six deaths by suicide mentioned in the Bible, for example to account for one's sins, or avoid shameful death. Heroic suicide is praised throughout the Jewish history, from the suicide of Samson and the collective suicide in Masada, to the collective readiness of Jews in Medieval times and during the Holocaust to kill themselves rather than succumb to their enemies. Suicide rates for Jews are lower than those of Protestants and Catholics. Similarly, suicide rates in Israel are lower in comparison to Europe and North America, although being higher than those in most Moslem Asian and North African countries. This low rate of suicide is found in Jewish Israelis of all ages, including in adolescents. Elevated suicidal risk may be found in specific sub-populations, including male Israeli soldiers, immigrants from the former USSR and Ethiopia, in particular adolescent immigrants from the former USSR, elderly Holocaust survivors, and young Israel-Arab women. The meaning of these findings is discussed according to different socio-cultural perspectives.
Zuweisungen in der nuklearmedizinischen Diagnostik
Authors: Ringhofer L. , Dolliner P. , Staudenherz A. , Ubl P.
Published: August 2012

Aim: Written reports are the basis of collaboration between clinician and radiologist or nuclear medicine specialist. For clinicians it is important to receive useful and accurate reports that answer their questions. A thorough referral note is needed in order to choose an appropriate examination method and to write a good report. Methods: In this retrospective study we analyzed 1330 referral notes which were addressed to the Department of Nuclear Medicine at the University Clinic of Nuclear Medicine in Vienna between 2008 and 2011. Examinations were divided into 7 groups (heart, lung, bones, central nervous system, PET or PET-CT and other). The following aspects were studied: diagnosis, clinical question, overall legibility, handwritten/typed, contact information, legibility of the referring doctor’s name, internal/external referral, additional information and region to be examined. Results: 18% of the referrals per year were analyzed. A diagnosis was given in 95%, a clinical question in 73%. Additional information was found in 41%. Only 4% were typed. In nearly all of these aspects there were major differences when compared in the seven different groups. Conclusion: To generate a good report and to provide optimal conditions for examination the data in the referral note should be given as exact as possible. Our retrospective analysis demonstrated the lack of referral note related information concerning the clinical question. In order to achieve good results, intelligent computer-assisted referrals might lead to better referral notes.
Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis population densities and infectivity in Kopere village, Western Kenya
Authors: Obala Andrew Ambogo , Kutima Helen L , Nyamogoba Henry D.N. , Mwangi Anne W , Simiyu Chrispinus J , Magak Gideon N , Khwa-Otsyula Barasa O , Ouma John H
Published: August 2012

Introduction: This study was conducted in a sugar belt region of western Kenya interfacing epidemic and endemic malaria transmission. We investigated Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (ss) and Anopheles arabiensis species compositions and densities, human host choice, and infectivity. Methodology: Mosquitoes were captured using pyrethrum spray catch technique and first identified based on morphology; species were confirmed by PCR. Blood meal preference and sporozoite rates were determined by ELISA. Parity rates and entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were determined. Seasonal densities were compared against environmental temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall. Results: In total 2,426 An. gambiae were collected.  Out of 1,687 female blood-fed mosquitoes, 272 were randomly selected for entomological tests. An. gambiae ss and An. arabiensis comprised 75% (205/272) and 25% (68/272) of the selection, respectively. An. gambiae ss had higher preference for human blood (97%; n=263/272) compared with An. arabiensis, which mostly fed on bovines (88%; n=239/272).  The sporozoite and parity rates were 6% (16/272) and 66% (179/272) for An. gambiae ss and 2% (4/272) and 53% (144/272) for An. arabiensis respectively, while EIR was 0.78 infective bites/person/night.  Climate (ANOVA; F=14.2; DF=23) and temperature alone (r=0.626; t=3.75; p=0.001) were significantly correlated with vector densities. Conclusion: An. gambiae ss are the most efficient malaria vector mosquito species in Kopere village. Because An. gambiae ss largely rests and feeds indoors, use of indoor residual spray and insecticide-treated nets is likely the most suitable approach to malaria vector control in Kopere village and other parts of Kenya where this species is abundant.
Learning to See the Other Through Student-Created Dramas
Authors: SmithBattle Lee
Published: August 2012

An undergraduate course on teen sexuality incorporated a series of assignments that culminate in student-created dramatic performances. Assignments were designed to promote active learning and student reflection on teens’ perspectives on sexuality and their health care experiences. After a teen population is assigned to student groups, the students conduct interviews individually or in pairs with teens who have had the relevant experience. Students transcribe the interviews verbatim and write reflective papers. After sharing interviews with their group, teams develop scripts that dramatize students’ interview material. Groups perform their dramas on stage at the end of the course. Student evaluations have been uniformly positive since the course was first offered in 2009. Student feedback suggests that student-created dramas represent an untapped strategy for learning to see patients’ perspectives and for imagining the habits and skills that integrate patients’ perspectives with scientific content on teen health and development.
Innovative Accelerated RN-to-BS Model: Implementation and Evaluation
Authors: Brown Raymonde Ann , Kuhn Suzanne , Miner Melissa
Published: August 2012

The innovative accelerated RN-to-BS program provides associate degree–prepared nurses a means of obtaining a bachelor’s degree in nursing in 1 year. The program development, implementation, retention strategies, challenges, and summary of evaluation data are addressed herein. The curriculum design requires student commitment of 1 day per week for class time, with the majority of the required courses being taught over 7-week sessions. The courses are delivered through a blend of in-class, Web-enhanced, and Web-delivered formats, which allow curriculum requirements to be completed in 1 year. Benefits include limited in-class time, decreased travel, and feasibility to continue full-time employment. A four-prong approach (recruitment, retention, coordination, and financial strategies) was used to support and ensure student success. Evaluation data indicate that the program is creative in its delivery methodology, is of high quality and timely, and has the potential to affect the educational level of the RN workforce.
An Account of the Taxonomy of North American Wolves From Morphological and Genetic Analyses
Authors: Chambers Steven M. , Fain Steven R. , Fazio Bud , Amaral Michael
Published: August 2012

The available scientific literature was reviewed to assess the taxonomic standing of North American wolves, including subspecies of the gray wolf, Canis lupus. The recent scientific proposal that the eastern wolf, C. l. lycaon, is not a subspecies of gray wolf, but a full species, Canis lycaon, is well-supported by both morphological and genetic data. This species' range extends westward to Minnesota, and it hybridizes with gray wolves where the two species are in contact in eastern Canada and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Genetic data support a close relationship between eastern wolf and red wolf Canis rufus, but do not support the proposal that they are the same species; it is more likely that they evolved independently from different lineages of a common ancestor with coyotes. The genetic distinctiveness of the Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi supports its recognition as a subspecies. The available genetic and morphometric data do not provide clear support for the recognition of the Arctic wolf Canis lupus arctos, but the available genetic data are almost entirely limited to one group of genetic markers (microsatellite DNA) and are not definitive on this question. Recognition of the northern timber wolf Canis lupus occidentalis and the plains wolf Canis lupus nubilus as subspecies is supported by morphological data and extensive studies of microsatellite DNA variation where both subspecies are in contact in Canada. The wolves of coastal areas in southeastern Alaska and British Columbia should be assigned to C. lupus nubilus. There is scientific support for the taxa recognized here, but delineation of exact geographic boundaries presents challenges. Rather than sharp boundaries between taxa, boundaries should generally be thought of as intergrade zones of variable width.
Mortality Associated with Community-Acquired Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Patients Admitted to a District Hospital in a Resource-Limited Setting
Authors: Alvarez-Uria Gerardo , Priyadarshini Uvummala , Naik Praveen K. , Midde Manoranjan , Reddy Raghuprakash
Published: August 2012

Studies performed in developed countries have shown that infections by third generation cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli (G3CREC) are associated with increased mortality, but data from developing countries are scarce. In this observational study, we collected clinical and microbiological information of 194 patients admitted to a district hospital in India who had community-acquired isolation of Escherichia coli. The proportion of patients with G3CREC was 79.4%. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, factors associated with 21-day mortality were isolation from a normally sterile site, HIV infection and isolation of G3CREC. Strains of Escherichia coli isolated from normally sterile sites had lower levels of resistance to quinolones and beta-lactam antibiotics. The proportion of meropenem and ciprofloxacin resistance was 11.1% and 80.9% respectively. The high proportion of G3CREC in the community and the association of G3CREC with 21-day mortality indicate that G3CREC is a major public health problem in developing countries.
Safety and Efficacy of Pralatrexate in the Management of Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma
Authors: Rodd Annabelle L. , Ververis Katherine , Karagiannis Tom C.
Published: August 2012

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) represents a relatively rare group of heterogeneous non-Hodgkin lymphomas, with generally poor prognosis. Historically, there has been a lack of consensus regarding appropriate therapeutic measures for the disease, with conventional frontline chemotherapies being utilized in most cases. Following promising results obtained in 2009, the methotrexate analogue, pralatrexate, became the first drug to gain US FDA approval for the treatment of refractory PTCL. This antimetabolite was designed to have a higher affinity for reduced folate carrier (RFC) and folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS). RFC is the principal transporter for cell entrance of folates and antifolates. Once inside the cell, pralatrexate is efficiently polyglutamated by FPGS. Pralatrexate has demonstrated varying degrees of efficacy in peripheral T-cell lymphoma, with response rates differing between the multiple subtypes of the disease. While phase III studies are still to be completed, early clinical trials indicate that pralatrexate is promising new therapeutic for PTCL.
Los Desafíos a la Gobernabilidad Democrática en América Latina
Authors: Tünnermann Carlos
Published: August 2012

Carlos Tünnermann, parte de una breve puntualización sobre el concepto de gobernabilidad democrática, destacando componentes esenciales como: buen gobierno, estado de derecho, participación y cohesión social; sin embargo, incorpora otros factores que enriquecen y consolidan la concepción y el debate actual sobre el tema: la capacidad de los gobiernos democráticos para atender las demandas fundamentales de la población; la necesaria refundación del Estado, en el marco de las nuevas exigencias que impone la globalización extrema y la descentralización y regionalización interna; la participación de actores como la sociedad civil y la fundamentación ética de la política, entendida la ética “no sólo como un conjunto de principios y valores sino como un elemento dinámico, sensibilizador del comportamiento político de nuestros pueblos.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.765 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 31-39
Federico Mayor Zaragoza: Poeta y Profeta de la Paz
Authors: Lovo Anastasio
Published: August 2012

El hablante lírico del libro “En pie de paz” de Federico Mayor Zaragoza, se yergue altivo en medio de las tormentas bélicas, la sordera de los poderosos, la carcoma de las sociedades por el terrorismo y el crimen, la crisis de la democracia política, la aporía de los sistemas económicos regidos por la plusvalía social y la ganancia privada, el irrespeto sistemático a los derechos humanos, la degradación de la naturaleza. Se levanta asiendo en su mano derecha un haz de rayos luminosos que lanza en contra de la ignominia de la injusticia humana, pero con su mano izquierda nos ofrece a los lectores la bella flor de su poesía, cuyas corolas contienen la firme esperanza que lo mantiene en pie de paz.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v17i54.768 Cultura de Paz Año 17 No 54 47-48
Incompatibility Alleles in Portuguese Hazelnut Landraces
Authors: Martins Sandra , Rovira Mercè , Paula Silva Ana , Carnide Valdemar
Published: August 2012

In many higher plants, selffertilization and genetically related individuals are prevented by pollen-stigma incompatibility. In the genusCorylus, incompatibility is of the sporophytic type and controlled by a single locus with multiple alleles. The objective of this study is to identify theS-alleles present in a collection of Portuguese landraces in order to select the most appropriate landraces for establishment of future orchards and for breeding programmes. Ten major Portuguese hazelnut landraces were submitted to controlled pollinations in the field, with 18 genotypes whoseS-alleles are known. The pollen tubes were observed at 100X under a florescence microscope to evaluate their development. Three landraces were revealed to haveS2allele, two haveS5, and four have one of theS3,S5,S10, andS18alleles. One landrace was compatible with the 18S-alleles tested and for two landraces, it was possible to identify both alleles. The information of the self-incompatibility relationship between these old cultivars is obviously useful for selecting the most suitable pollinators for planning new orchards and for new cultivars development.
La microsimulation dans les projections de population
Authors: Willekens Frans
Published: August 2012

Dans cet article, nous présentons un modèle de microsimulation qui permet de générer des histoires de vie individuelles cohérentes avec les projections de cohortes obtenues par le modèle multi-états à composantes de cohorte. Le modèle de microsimulation peut prendre en compte des différences individuelles que le modèle à composantes de cohorte ne peut traiter. Ces différences sont dues à une association de facteurs systématiques et de facteurs aléatoires. Nous nous intéressons principalement aux facteurs aléatoires. Le modèle de microsimulation utilise un modèle de survie de cohorte multi-états à temps continu et des tirages aléatoires à partir de distributions de temps d’attente exponentielles par morceaux. Si on prend comme paramètres des distributions les intensités de transition du modèle de survie de cohorte, les histoires de vie individuelles sont cohérentes avec les projections de cohorte. Les histoires de vie apportent un éclairage sur la dynamique démographique que la méthode des composantes ne peut proposer.
Wittgenstein et le logicisme de Russell
Authors: Gandon Sébastien
Published: August 2012

Ce texte discute certaines conclusions d’un article récent de F. Mülhölzer et vise à montrer que le logicisme russellien a les moyens de résister à la critique que Wittgenstein lui adresse dans la partie III desRemarques sur les fondements desmathématiques.
El problemático carácter de lo étnico
Authors: Pérez Ruiz Maya Lorena
Published: August 2012

En este ensayo se discuten los problemas que existen para caracterizar la etnicidad y a losgrupos étnicos, y como aportación, se propone una definición de lo étnico que enfatiza el papelde la dominación y de la construcción social del “otro” como elementos esenciales. Se consideracomo una forma de clasificación que se ejerce desde las sociedades y grupos dominantes paradesignar a los “otros”; y que sobre la base de las diferencias culturales, establece fronteras yjustifica las relaciones de dominación que se ejercen sobre ellas. Así, lo étnico corresponderíaa un tipo específico de dominación que se sustenta y argumenta sobre la base de la diferenciacultural, y que se emplea para explicar y justificar relaciones asimétricas y de subordinación sobre grupos sociales considerados, desde el poder, como culturalmente diferentes.
Coal
Authors: Attfield Michael , Castranova Vincent , Kuempel Eileen , Wagner Gregory
Published: August 2012

Coal is an organic, combustible, rock‐like natural substance that occurs in various forms from hard and brittle anthracite to soft and friable lignite. Coal mine dust often contains silica and other minerals found within the coal seam or in the adjacent strata. In the US and other countries, coal miners continue to be at risk of developing chronic lung diseases caused by cumulative exposure to respirable coal mine dust. These diseases can lead to significant lung function impairment, disability, and premature death. Collectively known as “Black Lung”, they include coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), and its more advanced stage, progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), as well as chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). Many countries have occupational exposure limits for coal mine dust typically based on assessment of the mass of dust collected during a work shift. Surface mining of coal has a considerable environmental impact on the landscape and can impact water supplies.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Carreón Tania , Herrick Robert L.
Published: August 2012

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are open‐chain compounds that may be saturated or unsaturated. The saturated compounds, known asparaffin hydrocarbonsoralkanes, include methane and its homologs having the empirical formula CnH2n+2. The unsaturated compounds fall into a number of homologous series: (1) those containing one double bond (ethylene and its homologs) and having the formula CnH2nare known asolefinsoralkenes; (2) those containing one triple bond (acetylene and its homologs) are calledacetylenesoralkynesand have the formula CnH2n−2; (3) those having two double bonds (allene, 1,3‐butadiene and 1,4‐pentadiene represent three types) arediolefinsoralkadienesand also have the formula CnH2n−2; (4) those having a large number of double or triple bonds or both double and triple bonds are named in analogous fashion asalkatrienes,alkatetraenes,alkadiynes,alkenynes, andalkadienynes.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are asphyxiants andcentral nervous system(CNS) depressants. Serious toxic effects of aliphatic hydrocarbons include asphyxia and chemical pneumonitis for many paraffins, axonal neuropathy forn‐hexane, and cancer for 1,3‐butadiene.
Miscellaneous Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides
Authors: Bus James S. , Leber A. Philip
Published: August 2012

Organochlorine insecticides represent the first group of synthetic compounds to have a significant impact on the control of infectious diseases transmitted via insect vectors. These insecticides have been used extensively as both agricultural insecticides and as agents to combat such vectorborne diseases. Of these insecticides, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is credited as the primary compound that, for the first time in history, brought epidemics of malaria, typhus, and plague to a complete stop. Due their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation, many uses of these insecticides in agriculture have been restricted or cancelled. Neurological hyperactivity has been noticed in animals and in humans following excessive exposures of chlorinated insecticides. The organochlorine insecticides are considered as potential human carcinogens and several epidemiology studies have evaluated the association between exposure to organochlorine chemicals such as the polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT and an increased incidence of breast cancer. The chapter presents properties, production, uses, toxic effects, and standards, regulations, or guidelines of exposure for this class of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. The primary use of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is as a herbicide to control broadleaf weeds in agriculture, forestry, and residential applications. 2,4‐D is not regarded a carcinogen in either animals or humans and does not persist or bioaccumulate in the environment.