bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Application of Negotiating the Clash between Maxims to the Yemeni Dialect
Authors: Al-Qaderi Issa Ali Umar
Published: January 2016

This research aims at investigating Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature and its application to the Arabic language. Semi-structured interviews with 15 participants who speak the Yemeni dialect were recorded for the purpose of investigating such a theory. There were four Ph.D. candidates, four M.A. candidates and seven B.A. candidates. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated, interpreted and then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The analysis focused on negotiating the clash between maxims. The findings revealed that Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature can be applied to Arabic language, particularly the Yemeni dialect. The analysis, furthermore, showed that there were instances of clashes between the maxims of Quantity and Quality and this indicated that the participants intended to speak true regardless of giving adequate information.
Opting out of Gricean Maxims in the Yemeni Dialect: A Pragmatic Analysis
Authors: Al-Qaderi Issa Ali Umar
Published: January 2016

This research attempts to investigate Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature and its application to the Arabic language. To investigate such a theory, semi-structured interviews with 15 participants who speak the Yemeni dialect were recorded. Four Ph.D. candidates, four M.A. candidates and seven B.A. candidates were interviewed. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated and interpreted by adopting a qualitative and a quantitative approach. The analysis focused on opting out of the maxims. The findings revealed that Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature can be applied to Arabic language, particularly the Yemeni dialect. Besides, the analysis showed that in spite of opting out of maxims the participants were to a great extent cooperative.  
A Pragmatic Analysis of Applying Violating the Maxims to the Yemeni Dialect
Authors: Al-Qaderi Issa Ali Umar
Published: January 2016

The prime aim of this research is to investigate Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature and its application to the Arabic language. For the purpose of investigating such a theory, semi-structured interviews with 15 Yemeni participants were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated and then interpreted . There were four Ph.D. candidates, four M.A. candidates and seven B.A. candidates. Both a qualitative and a quantitative approach were adopted. The analysis focused on violating the conversational maxims. The findings showed that Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature can be applied to Arabic language, particularly the Yemeni dialect. In addition, the results revealed that the maxim of Quality was most frequently violated. Then the maxims of Quantity, Relation and Manner respectively.
The Role of Anaerobic Digestion in Achieving Soil Conservation and Sustainable Agricultural Development in the UK
Authors: Duruiheoma Franklin I. , Burek Cynthia V. , Bonwick Graham , Alexander Roy
Published: January 2016

Anaerobic digestion represents one form of renewable energy technology but has many wider benefits. This paper reviews the processes involved in anaerobic digestion, the type of systems in place and the use of digestate to improve soil quality. A case is made for the technology in the UK in the context of soil conservation and sustainable agricultural production. Its broader contribution to sustainable development in the United Kingdom is also considered. Low levels of awareness of the benefits of anaerobic digestion, poor access to funds, inadequate incentives, an unfavourable legislative and policy framework for the technology, limited application of digestate for agricultural purposes and the need for further research on digestate use are identified as key factors hindering uptake of the technology. Anaerobic digestion is presented as a technology that can support soil conservation and sustainable agricultural development while also generating both energy and income, enhancing waste and nutrient recycling and promoting environmental protection.
Factors that Influence Attitude of Artisanal Fishers towards Conservation Measures in Ekperiama (Ekperikiri), Niger Delta
Authors: Alatari Ngodigha, Sabina , Abowei J. F. N
Published: January 2016

The study was conducted between September 2013 to April 2015 to determine Artisanal Fishers attitude towards conservation measures in Ekperiama formally known as Ekperikiri in the Niger Delta. With the aid of well-structured questionnaires the desired information were collected and analyzed. Total sample sizes of 260 respondents within the study area were interviewed. Structured questionnaire was divided into four sections to include: socio-psychological characteristics, business information, environmental issues, conservation/ management knowledge. Likert scale was used when applicable. Factor analysis was conducted with the items to determine if underlying construct existed in the sub-scale. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability of data and correlation was applied to measure linear relationship between variables. Binary logistic regression technique was used to determine the impact of the independent variables on willingness to adopt fisheries conservation measures. From the analysis, socio-psychological, environmental and institutional barriers are the primary factors influencing fisher’s participation in fisheries conservation programmes in Ekperiama, Ogbia creek. These factors include: fishing experience, awareness, fishers relationship with community, cooperation amongst fishers, relationship with other communities and fishers positive attitude towards preserving nature.
An Examination of Seven Sociopolitical Factors and Their Connection with State Environmental Expenditures
Authors: Blauvelt Robert P.
Published: January 2016

State environmental agencies serve as first-responders during and after environmental disasters (man-made or natural), track and identify individuals and businesses that violate anti-pollution statutes, and function as scientific and data-gathering centers for policy makers. The robustness of a state environmental agency’s budget also can be a measure of a state’s environmental commitment. An understanding of the funding dynamics associated with establishing a state’s environmental agency budget is a complex political ballet with often mysterious and competing forces influencing the financial choreography.

This paper analyzes possible political and cultural influences on budgetary outcomes in an attempt to identify those common, underlying, non-econometric factors that may drive or significantly contribute to state environmental agency funding. Those described here include, for 49 states (exclusive of Hawaii) between 2000 and 2009, total state expenditures, per capita income, educational attainment, agency staffing, environmental quality as measured through impaired waters, citizen ideology, and state agency performance. A Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient is used to compare state environmental expenditures to these seven data sets.

Those states showing the biggest change (positive or negative) in annual environmental agency budgets also have the strongest correlation (positive or negative) with the total number of independent variables. This relationship implies that changes to sociopolitical factors may sway or have an influence on state environmental agency funding. As the number of correlations increase, their effect on agency funding may become more pronounced. This suggests a “critical mass” type relationship. Alternatively, as more sociopolitical factors combine to compel either increases or decreases in environmental agency funding, legislative priorities might be re-organized to accommodate that pressure with funding levels adjusted accordingly. The confluence of these special interests, either positively or negatively, may force environmental agency funding levels to overcome or shed local suppressive or masking effects (political scandals, policy distractions, etc.) to more closely reflect constituent demands and concerns. 
Mitigating Effects of Climate Change and Deforestation on Bees With Respect to Their Ecology and Biology
Authors: Mustafa Musiliyu Oladipupo , Adeoye Olubusola Temitope , Abdulalzeez Folorunso Ishaq , Akinyemi Olukayode Dare
Published: January 2016

Deforestation occurs around the world; though tropical rainforests are particularly targeted, it is considered to be one of the contributing factors to global climate change. While Nigeria is probably best known today for its oil deposits, according to the World Resources Institute, Nigeria is home to 4,715 different types of plant species, and over 550 species of breeding birds and mammals, making it one of the most ecologically vibrant places of the planet. It is also one of the most populous country with appalling deforestation record. This situation is hence making our ecosystems, biodiversity, agriculture and other natural endowments highly unsecured. The Forest provides excellent resources for bees and beekeeping, and bees are a vital part of forest ecosystems. Bees are essential for sustaining our environment because they

Pollinate flowering plants and conserves biological biodiversity along with their products (honey, propolis, bee wax, royal jelly and bee venom) which are beneficial to man. Conservation of the forest is therefore imperative for sustainable beekeeping. The study reviews the different causes of climate change and how they affect different natural forest activities which are weather-dependent. Also how climate change and other causes (both natural and man-made) lead to deforestation, which in turn distort sustainable honey production in Nigeria. Different sustainable measures hoped to alleviate the effects of climate change and deforestation where also discussed. 
Back To Nature: Local Wisdom is An Solutions To Attain Sustainable Seaweed Aquaculture (Kappaphycus alvarezii) In West Ceram Regency
Authors: Kaya Ivonne R.G. , Hutabarat Johannes , Bambang Azis Nur
Published: January 2016

The form of local wisdom to maintaining fisheries resources in West Ceram Regency known as “sasi”. “Sasi” is the rule to keep commodities and harvested it at the perfect time. “Sasi” system is enforced from generation to generation without the written rules, but very obeyed by society. The entrance of the transmigrants from other provinces, resulting in loss of the form of local wisdom in West Ceram Regency. This study aims to apply and designing “sasi” system into seaweed cultivation to sustainable. Method used in this study is a survey method. Data were obtained from questionnaires, in-depth interviews and field observations. The result showed the priority solutions to attain sustainabilityof seaweed aquaculture is the implementation of the “sasi” into the activity process of seaweed cultivation, costumary institution for sale the dried seaweed to the intermediatery traders, and the formation of “kewang” as an overseer of seaweed cultivation.
Sources and Uses of Fuel for Fish Smoking Around the Lake Chad in Borno State, Nigeria
Authors: I. Yerima , Ngulde Y. M.
Published: January 2016

Fuel around the rural fishing community of the Lake Chad in Borno state is scarce and expensive. Where it is available it is at a distance of 120km therefore alternative and strategy must be developed to provide fuel to the fishing community to preserve the large volume of fish landed around the Lake Chad. A visit was made to the lake shores to identify the various types of materials in use by the processors as fuel and analysis of the fuel types were made, especially moisture content being the most important factor in determining the energy value of a fuel.  The fuel types were compared to the type and quantity of fish landed daily. The analysis of variance between paired fuel types was found to be significant at 1% with low coefficient of variation. In this study Eucalyptus camaldulenis and Acacia senegal were found to have the least moisture content and available to processors. Rice hull which has a 0.001% surface moisture content was not known to the processors as biofuel. Which we hope to introduced at the end of the research. The use of cowdung was always minimized due to its social ills. 
Parallel, multi frequency EIT measurement, suitable for recording impedance changes during epilepsy
Authors: Dowrick T. , Santos G. Sato Dos , Vongerichten A. , Holder D.
Published: January 2016

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) has been proposed as a method for imaging and localising epileptic activity in the brain. No existing EIT system meets all of the requirements for effective imaging of epilepsy. A parallel EIT system, employing frequency division multiplexing, is described, which is optimised for measuring impedance changes during epilepsy. The system is capable of imaging short duration, spontaneous events in a saline filled tank, using as little as 1ms of recorded data. In-vivo impedance measurements recorded during epilepsy in a rat model are presented.
Lukáš Linek a Pat Lyons: Dočasná stabilita? Volební podpora politických stran v České republice v letech 1990-2010
Authors: Ryšavý Dan
Published: January 2016

Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství a Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i., 2015. 222 s., ISBN 978-80-7419-160-2
Reasons and Normativity in Critical Thinking
Authors: Frímannsson Guðmundur Heiðar
Published: January 2016

The reasons conception is the most prominent account of the nature of critical thinking. It consists in responding appropriately to reasons. Responding to reasons can be following a rule, it can be making an exception to a rule, it can be responding to a situation that is unique. It depends on the context each time what is the appropriate response. Critical thinking is the educational cognate of rationality and is a sine qua non for a reasonable life in a modern democratic society. Reasons are generally normative. If this is true then it is to be expected that critical thinking is normative and also rationality. Critical thinking consists in being appropriately moved by reasons. The normative element of reasons moves us to beliefs or actions. It depends on our character how reasons move us. This indicates that our character must be well formed to enable us to be appropriately moved.
Læringserfaringer for reflekterte forbrukere. Kritisk refleksjon og systemorientert design
Authors: Lutnæs Eva
Published: January 2016

Internasjonalt fremmes utdanning som et kraftfullt verktøy i den omstillingsprosessen som er nødvendig for å kunne redusere global oppvarming og klimaendringenes skadevirkninger på natur og samfunn. Det forutsetter at utdanning formes som motkultur og bygger kapasitet til å transformere nåværende idégrunnlag og praksiser. Kritisk refleksjon løftes frem som en sentral kompetanse, men hvordan kan det ta form som konkrete læringserfaringer? I denne artikkelen utforskes fem tekster om refleksjon med spørsmål om hvordan de kan bidra til utdanning av informerte, kritiske og ansvarlige forbrukere. Tekstene har ulike agendaer, men jeg finner en felles grunnstruktur på tvers i hvordan refleksjon beskrives som en spesifikk tankeprosess delt i fire faser. Videre diskuterer jeg hva som skiller refleksjon fra kritisk refleksjon i konteksten utdanning for bærekraftig forbruk. Tekstene om refleksjon har sin styrke på bevisstgjøring om årsaker til og konsekvenser av egen tenkning, men hvordan en kommer fra økt bevissthet til endret praksis er mindre utdypet. Avslutningsvis utforsker jeg hvordan kritisk refleksjon kan forenes med systemorientert design for å skape læringserfaringer som utfordrer elevene til å tenke nytt om forbrukskultur på det personlige og samfunnsmessige plan.
Real‐time Recordings of Migrating Cortical Neurons from GFP and Cre Recombinase Expressing Mice
Authors: Tielens Sylvia , Godin Juliette D. , Nguyen Laurent
Published: January 2016

The cerebral cortex is one of the most intricate regions of the brain that requires elaborate cell migration patterns for its development. Experimental observations show that projection neurons migrate radially within the cortical wall, whereas interneurons migrate along multiple tangential paths to reach the developing cortex. Tight regulation of the cell migration processes ensures proper positioning and functional integration of neurons to specific cerebral cortical circuits. Disruption of neuronal migration often leads to cortical dysfunction and/or malformation associated with neurological disorders. Unveiling the molecular control of neuron migration is thus fundamental to understanding the physiological or pathological development of the cerebral cortex. In this unit, protocols allowing detailed analysis of patterns of migration of both interneurons and projection neurons under different experimental conditions (i.e., loss or gain of function) are presented. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Single‐Cell Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing Library Construction Using Combination of MDA and Nextera Library Prep Method
Authors: Andreou Ioanna , Korfhage Christian , Fang Nan
Published: January 2016

Single‐cell analysis gives insights into the heterogeneity of neighboring cells within tissues or within cell populations and is increasing in importance in life science and medicine. Genome and transcriptome sequencing require orders of magnitude of more starting material than what is found in an individual cell. Handling such small quantities means that degradation, sample loss, and contamination can have a pronounced effect on sequence quality and robustness. Recent technical advances in amplification have helped mitigate these challenges. Single‐cell sequencing addresses studies of rare cell types, heterogeneous samples, phenotypes associated with mosaicism or variability, and microbes that cannot be cultured. Single‐cell sequencing can enable the discovery of clonal mutations, cryptic cell types, or transcriptional features that would be diluted or averaged out in bulk tissue. This unit describes the entire workflow from cells to next‐generation sequencing (NGS), including cell lysis, MDA‐based whole‐genome and whole‐transcriptome amplification, and NGS library preparation. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Single‐Molecule mRNA Detection in Live Yeast
Authors: Lenstra Tineke L. , Larson Daniel R.
Published: January 2016

Visualization of single RNA molecules in living cells has enabled the study of synthesis, movement, and localization of mRNAs and has provided insight into gene regulation with sub‐second temporal resolution and nanometer spatial resolution. Studies of transcription in single cells indicate that gene activity is heterogeneous between cells and exhibits random variability over time, even within single cells. Studies of mRNAs in yeast can take advantage of the powerful genetics available in this model organism and allow mechanistic questions to be addressed. In this unit, we describe an approach for visualizing mRNA and transcription in live yeast cells. The method is based on binding of fluorescently labeled MS2 and PP7 coat proteins to stem loop sequences that are introduced into the gene of interest. Detailed protocols are provided for the construction of the necessary yeast strains, for image acquisition, and for validation. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sensitivity of UVER enhancement to broken liquid water clouds: A Monte Carlo approach
Authors: Núñez M. , Marín M. J. , Serrano D. , Utrillas M. P. , Fienberg K. , Martínez‐Lozano J. A.
Published: January 2016

The study uses a Monte Carlo radiative transfer model to examine the sensitivity of the UV erythemal radiation (UVER) enhancement to broken liquid water clouds of the cumulus and stratocumulus type. The model uses monochromatic radiation at 310 nm corresponding approximately to the peak of the product between irradiance and the erythemal curve. All scattering, absorption, extinction coefficients, and spectral albedos are tuned to this wavelength. In order of importance, fractional cloud cover, the area of individual cloud patches, and cloud thickness exert a strong influence on the enhancement, with smaller contributions from cloud optical depth, cloud base height, and solar zenith angle. In order to produce realistic enhancements for our study area located in the Valencia region of Spain (39°30′N, 0°25′W), measurements were obtained from a Landsat image of the region in combination with a spectral Fourier transform model. The Monte Carlo model, as applied to the Fourier transform cloud distribution, produced satisfactory results compared to 1 year of measured UVER enhancement for the study region provided that fractional cloud cover was equal to or greater than 3/10. At smaller cloud fractions, the neglect of cloud patches less than 50 m × 50 m in area by the model created significant discrepancies.
Analysis of lightning electromagnetic field propagation in mountainous terrain and its effects on ToA‐based lightning location systems
Authors: Li Dongshuai , Azadifar Mohammad , Rachidi Farhad , Rubinstein Marcos , Diendorfer Gerhard , Sheshyekani Keyhan , Zhang Qilin , Wang Zhenhui
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we analyze the propagation effects on lightning‐radiated electromagnetic fields over mountainous terrain by using a three‐dimensional (3‐D) finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. We also discuss the time delay error in the time‐of‐arrival (ToA) technique currently used to locate lightning in detection networks, specifically. Furthermore, the accuracy of different approximate methods presented in the literature is discussed and tested by using our 3‐D FDTD method. It is found that (1) the time delays and amplitudes of the lightning‐radiated electromagnetic fields can be significantly affected by the presence of a mountainous terrain and associated diffraction phenomena; (2) for a finitely conducting ground, the time delay shows a slight increase with the increase of the observation distance, but the time delay resulting from the finite ground conductivity appears to be smaller than that caused by the mountainous terrain; and (3) the timing error associated with the ToA technique depends on the threshold times. Threshold times of 10% and 20% of the peak provide very similar results compared to those corresponding to the peak of the first derivative of the magnetic field, and the threshold time exceeds 50% of the initial rising amplitude of the signal. Furthermore, we have assessed the accuracy of two simplified methods (terrain‐envelope method and tight‐terrain fit method) to account for the time delays resulting from the propagation in a mountainous terrain. It is found that both methods result in time delays that are in reasonable agreement but always overestimating the results obtained using the full‐wave 3‐D FDTD approach for the perfectly conducting ground. These two methods represent interesting alternatives to account for the time delay over a nonflat terrain using the terrain model.
GNSS tropospheric gradients with high temporal resolution and their effect on precise positioning
Authors: Lu Cuixian , Li Xingxing , Li Zhenhong , Heinkelmann Robert , Nilsson Tobias , Dick Galina , Ge Maorong , Schuh Harald
Published: January 2016

The tropospheric horizontal gradients with high spatiotemporal resolutions provide important information to describe the azimuthally asymmetric delays and significantly increase the ability of ground‐based GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) within the field of meteorological studies, like the nowcasting of severe rainfall events. The recent rapid development of multi‐GNSS constellations has potential to provide such high‐resolution gradients with a significant degree of accuracy. In this study, we develop a multi‐GNSS process for the precise retrieval of high‐resolution tropospheric gradients. The tropospheric gradients with different temporal resolutions, retrieved from both single‐system and multi‐GNSS solutions, are validated using independent numerical weather models (NWM) data and water vapor radiometer (WVR) observations. The benefits of multi‐GNSS processing for the retrieval of tropospheric gradients, as well as for the improvement of precise positioning, are demonstrated. The multi‐GNSS high‐resolution gradients agree well with those derived from the NWM and WVR, especially for the fast‐changing peaks, which are mostly associated with synoptic fronts. The multi‐GNSS gradients behave in a much more stable manner than the single‐system estimates, especially in cases of high temporal resolution, benefiting from the increased number of observed satellites and improved observation geometry. The high‐resolution multi‐GNSS gradients show higher correlation with the NWM and WVR gradients than the low‐resolution gradients. Furthermore, the precision of station positions can also be noticeably improved by multi‐GNSS fusion, and enhanced results can be achieved if the high‐resolution gradient estimation is performed, instead of the commonly used daily gradient estimation in the multi‐GNSS data processing.
Effects of Nanostructure and Coating on the Mechanics of Carbon Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Poelma René H. , Fan Xuejun , Hu Zhi‐Yi , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , van Zeijl Henk W. , Zhang Guo Qi
Published: January 2016

Nanoscale materials are one of the few engineering materials that can be grown from the bottom up in a controlled manner. Here, the effects of nanostructure and nanoscale conformal coating on the mechanical behavior of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays through experiments and simulation are systematically investigated. A modeling approach is developed and used to quantify the compressive strength and modulus of the CNT array under large deformation. The model accounts for the porous nanostructure, which contains multiple CNTs with random waviness, van der Waals interactions, fracture strain, contacts, and frictional forces. CNT array micropillars are grown and their porous nanostructure is controlled by the infiltration and deposition of thin conformal coatings using chemical vapor deposition. Flat‐punch nanoindentation experiments reveal significant changes in material properties as a function of coating thickness. The simulations explain the experimental results and show the novel failure transition regime that changes from collective CNT buckling toward structural collapse due to fracture. The compressive strength and the elastic modulus increase exponentially as a function of the coating thickness and demonstrate a unique dependency on the CNT waviness. More interestingly, a design rule is identified that predicts the optimum coating thickness for porous materials.
Highly Sensitive Detection of Polarized Light Using Anisotropic 2D ReS2
Authors: Liu Fucai , Zheng Shoujun , He Xuexia , Chaturvedi Apoorva , He Junfeng , Chow Wai Leong , Mion Thomas R. , Wang Xingli , Zhou Jiadong , Fu Qundong , Fan Hong Jin , Tay Beng Kang , Song Li , He Rui‐Hua , Kloc Christian , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Liu Zheng
Published: January 2016

Due to the novel optical and optoelectronic properties, 2D materials have received increasing interests for optoelectronics applications. Discovering new properties and functionalities of 2D materials is challenging yet promising. Here broadband polarization sensitive photodetectors based on few layer ReS2 are demonstrated. The transistor based on few layer ReS2 shows an n‐type behavior with the mobility of about 40 cm2 V−1 s−1 and on/off ratio of 105. The polarization dependence of photoresponse is ascribed to the unique anisotropic in‐plane crystal structure, consistent with the optical absorption anisotropy. The linear dichroic photodetection with a high photoresponsivity reported here demonstrates a route to exploit the intrinsic anisotropy of 2D materials and the possibility to open up new ways for the applications of 2D materials for light polarization detection.
Defects, Entropy, and the Stabilization of Alternative Phase Boundary Orientations in Battery Electrode Particles
Authors: Heo Tae Wook , Tang Ming , Chen Long‐Qing , Wood Brandon C.
Published: January 2016

Using a novel statistical approach that efficiently explores the space of possible defect configurations, the present study investigates the chemomechanical coupling between interfacial structural defects and phase boundary alignments within phase‐separating electrode particles. Applied to the battery cathode material LiXFePO4 as an example, the theoretical analysis reveals that small, defect‐induced deviations from an ideal interface can lead to dramatic shifts in the orientations of phase boundaries between Li‐rich and Li‐lean phases, stabilizing otherwise unfavorable orientations. Significantly, this stabilization arises predominantly from configurational entropic factors associated with the presence of the interfacial defects rather than from absolute energetic considerations. The specific entropic factors pertain to the diversity of defect configurations and their contributions to rotational/orientational rigidity of phase boundaries. Comparison of the predictions with experimental observations indicates that the additional entropy contributions indeed play a dominant role under actual cycling conditions, leading to the conclusion that interfacial defects must be considered when analyzing the stability and evolution kinetics of the internal phase microstructure of strongly phase‐separating systems. Possible implications for tuning the kinetics of (de)lithiation based on selective defect incorporation are discussed. This understanding can be generalized to the chemomechanics of other defective solid phase boundaries.
Economic consequences of workplace injuries in the United States: Findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79)
Authors: Dong Xiuwen Sue , Wang Xuanwen , Largay Julie A. , Sokas Rosemary
Published: January 2016

Background

This study explored economic consequences of work‐related injuries using a longitudinal data source.

Methods

Data were from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort (n = 12,686). Short‐term consequences were measured when the injury was reported. “Difference‐in‐differences” approach was applied to estimate income and wealth disparities between injured and non‐injured workers before and after injury. Fixed effects models were used to identify variations over time.

Results

The annual earnings growth was $3,715 (in 2000 dollars) less for workers with DAFW injury and $1,152 less for workers with NDAFW injury compared to non‐injured workers during a 10‐year follow‐up. Lost wages and disability following injury contributed to income loss for injured workers, but the loss was moderated by union membership. After controlling for confounders, income disparities persisted, but family wealth differences did not.

Conclusions

Occupational injuries exacerbate income inequality. Efforts to reduce such disparities should include workplace safety and health enforcement. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:106–118, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamische Eigenschaften von Beton im Experiment und in der Simulation
Authors: Kühn Tino , Steinke Christian , Sile Zanda , Zreid Imadeddin , Kaliske Michael , Curbach Manfred
Published: January 2016

Beton verhält sich unter dynamischer Belastung anders als unter statischer Belastung. Als wesentliche stoffliche Ursache hierfür werden üblicherweise innere Transporteffekte bei niedrigen Dehnraten bis ca. ϵ = 1/s angenommen. Bei höheren Dehnraten bis ca. ϵ = 300/s werden vermutlich Trägheitseffekte bei der Bildung von Rissen maßgebend. Die messtechnische Erfassung dieser Effekte und die klare Trennung von stofflichen und strukturellen Phänomenen sind Gegenstand aktueller Forschung. Eine Möglichkeit, das Verhalten von Beton bei höheren Belastungsgeschwindigkeiten zu untersuchen, bietet der Split‐Hopkinson‐Pressure‐Bar‐Versuch (SHPB‐Versuch).

Nachfolgend werden Versuche für einen Normalbeton C35/45 mit Belastungen im quasi‐statischen Bereich bis hin zu Lasten, die Dehnraten von bis zu ϵ = 211/s erzeugen, vorgestellt, ausgewertet und durch Simulationen abgebildet. In der Simulation wird ein Materialmodell verwendet, das auf einem um eine nicht‐lokale Formulierung der Plastizität erweiterten Modell der Mikroebenen basiert. Zusätzlich wird die Massenträgheit der Struktur berücksichtigt. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass die experimentell ermittelte höhere Beanspruchbarkeit des Betons bei gesteigerten Dehnraten numerisch abgebildet werden kann.

Dynamic properties of concrete in experiment and simulation

Concrete subjected to dynamic loads behaves differently compared to static loading. As an explanation at low strain rates up to ϵ = /s, internal transport effects are assumed to be originated in the material. At higher strain rates up to ϵ = 300/s, inertial effects during the formation of cracks are postulated. The experimental identification of these phenomena and the definite separation of their substantial and structural sources are subject to current research. The split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment enables the investigation of the behaviour of concrete subjected to dynamic loading.

In the following, experiments in the range of quasi‐static loading up to loads that induce strain rates until ϵ = 211/s on a standard concrete C35/45 grade are presented, evaluated and simulated. In the simulation, a material model is applied that bases on the micro‐plane model extended by a non‐local formulation of plasticity. Furthermore, structural inertia effects are taken into account. It is shown that the experimentally found increase in strength of the concrete at higher strain rates can be modelled by the simulation.
Erläuterungen zur Änderung des deutschen Nationalen Anhangs zu Eurocode 2 (DIN EN 1992‐1‐1/NA/A1:2015‐12)
Authors: Fingerloos Frank , Hegger Josef
Published: January 2016

Im Dezember 2015 ist eine A1‐Änderung [1] zum deutschen Nationalen Anhang [2] des Teils 1‐1 von Eurocode 2 [3] veröffentlicht worden. Die Änderung betrifft die zwei Themen Dauerhaftigkeit von tausalzbeanspruchten Verkehrsflächen (insbesondere Parkdecks) und Ansatz der wirksamen Betonzugfestigkeit bei der Ermittlung der Mindestbewehrung zur Begrenzung der Rissbreite bei früher Rissbildung. Beiden Sachverhalten ist eine mehrjährige Diskussion in Fachkreisen vorausgegangen. Der Beitrag soll die Hintergründe der Änderungen und deren Folgen für die Praxis erläutern.

Explanations of amendment of the German National Annex to Eurocode 2

An A1‐Amendment [1] of the German National Annex [2] of Eurocode 2, Part 1‐1 [3] has been published in December 2015. The amendment affects the two topics durability of traffic areas under chloride exposure (especially parking levels) and assumption of the effective concrete tensile strength at calculation of the minimum reinforcement for crack control due to early cracking. According these two topics a multiannual discussion in expert forums was foregone. This paper should explain the background of the changes and the consequences for the practice.
Maintaining a viable vascular access for hemodialysis in an elderly person with diabetes: a journey to live, not just to stay alive
Authors: Cowan Debi , Smith Lindsay , Chow Josephine
Published: January 2016

Key Clinical Message

The longevity of a successful vascular access (VA) is enhanced when the care of the patient's VA is the responsibility of everyone involved, including the patient and their family. A family nursing perspective enhances VA care outcomes and increases quality of life and well‐being for patients requiring hemodialysis.
Preparation of a New Chiral Stationary Phase Based on Macrocyclic Amide Chiral Selector for the Liquid Chromatographic Chiral Separations
Authors: Sung Ji Yeong , Choi Seung Hyuck , Hyun Myung Ho
Published: January 2016

A new chiral stationary phase (CSP) based on macrocyclic amide receptor was prepared starting from (1R,2R)‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine. The new CSP was successfully applied to the resolution of various N‐(substituted benzoyl)‐α‐amino amides with reasonably good separation factors and resolutions (α = 1.75 ~ 2.97 and RS = 2.89 ~ 6.82 for 16 analytes). The new CSP was also applied to the resolution of 3‐substituted 1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones and some diuretic chiral drugs including bendroflumethiazide and methylchlothiazide and metolazone. The resolution results for 3‐substituted 1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones and some diuretic chiral drugs were also reasonably good. Chirality 28:253–258, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison of the value of 200,000 I.U. of tetanus antitoxin (horse) with 10,000 I.U. in the treatment of tetanus
Authors: Vakil B. J. , Tulpule T. H. , Armitage P. , Laurence D. R.
Published: January 2016

This is the last of a series of therapeutic trials designed to decide the value of equine antitoxin in tetanus. In the first study antitoxin was administered to half the patients and withheld from half. It was concluded that antitoxin (200,000 I.U.) reduced mortality. Sequential analysis was used for ethical reasons. Since antitoxin appeared useful it was obviously desirable to discover the minimum effective dose of this expensive and sometimes dangerous treatment. Plainly it was impermissible, on ethical grounds, to include a group of untreated patients as controls in subsequent dosage comparisons. It was therefore decided to use the dose of antitoxin found effective in the first study as a reference Iotandard for the subsequent trials. This seemed to be scientifically justifiable as well as ethically permissible. The series comprises doses ranging between 500,000 I.U. and 10,000 I.U. It is concluded that antitoxin reduces the mortality in tetanus, and that 10,000 I.U. is an adequate dose.
Scopolamine on heart rates in man
Authors: Gravenstein J. S. , Thornby J. I.
Published: January 2016

In normal volunteers scopolamine, 0.025 to 0.2 mg. per 70 Kg., injected rapidly intravenously, decreased heart rate within 10 minutes by about 12 to 15 beats per minute. Doses ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 mg. first increased and then decreased heart rates. The data suggest that the rate changes after intravenous dases of 0.3 mg. per 70 Kg. or more of scopolamine were the result of a bradycardia‐producing component and a tachycardia‐producing component. Atropine, 0.2 mg. per 70 Kg., injected intravenously 180 minutes after the scopolamine, failed to affect rate significantly when it had been preceded by one of the lower doses of scopolamine but increased rate when one of the higher doses of scopolamine had been injected previously.
Homatropine bradycardia in man
Authors: Hayes Arthur H. , Katz Richard A.
Published: January 2016

Homatropine in doses of 0.5 to 4.0 mg. was administered subcutaneously to 8 medical students and .28 hospital patients following a double‐blind technique. At first there was dose‐related slowing of sinus heart rate; the 4 mg. dose was the turning pOint above which there usually was acceleration. Neither the magnitude nor the duration of the cardiac slowing correlated with age, sex, race, body weight, or control heart rate. Electrocardiographic changes were minimal, although prolonged atrioventricular conduction was noted in some subjects.
Sound insulation in residential building – the latest state of standardisation / Schallschutz für den Wohnungsbau – letzter Status der Normung
Authors: Vogel Albert , Kornadt Oliver
Published: January 2016

A new draft of a complete standard series DIN 4109 “Sound insulation in buildings” with four parts – “Requirements”, “Verification of compliance with the requirements by calculation”, “Building elements catalogue” and “Guidance for testing acoustics in buildings” was published in 2013. These include significant changes regarding sound protection in line with qualities that have been regularly determined in monitored buildings with standardised construction methods. It includes a few more stringent requirements for airborne and impact sound insulation compared with DIN 410 9:1989. Another significant alteration is the new Part 4 “Guidance for testing acoustics in buildings”. This delivers a detailed practical description of how the sound reduction or the level of impact sound can be measured. Part 4 also provides assistance to the user with the measurement of airborne sound in the lower frequency range. This article also investigates how it can be advantageous to consider a greater range of frequency for the evaluation of sound insulation.
Energy Conservation Ordinance 2014 – On the way to the nearly zero energy building / EnEV 2014 – auf dem Weg zum Niedrigstenergiegebäude
Authors: Maas Anton
Published: January 2016

The tightening of the Energy Conservation Ordinance in 2016 provides the first step toward the introduction of nearly zero energy buildings. The level of performance for residential buildings after 2020 will most likely attain an energy quality close to the primary energy consumption of the KfW Efficiency House 55 today, at least regarding performance. The following report describes the requirements methodology of the Energy Conservation Ordinance 2014, including the KfW promotion, and provides calculation examples to clarify the issues.
Sustainable building with masonry / Nachhaltiges Bauen mit Mauerwerk
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Förster Valentin , Schmitt Michael , Koob Benjamin , Pohl Sebastian
Published: January 2016

Ecology, energy and sustainability are crucial socio‐economic keywords, especially for the construction and real estate industry. In recent years, the masonry industry faced related sustainability issues intensively in order to keep its ability of operating in a market setting which is increasingly characterized by sustainability dogmata. Scientific analyses and studies on an objectified sustainability basis – such as established certification systems – show that masonry is absolutely competitive with all other market‐relevant construction methods. Therefore, the first part of this paper deals with a sustainability assessment of buildings made of masonry as well as of other construction materials.

Concerning the design and construction of masonry, further selected aspects are discussed which are important for the competitiveness of this building technique. Outlining the simple yet economic pre‐dimensioning with the help of load capacity tables is one topic which is of utmost importance for an efficient structural design. Additional aspects are the design of laterally loaded exterior walls with low vertical forces and the verification of basement walls under high earth pressure load. New and easy to use design proposals are open for discussion. Finally, the educational portal “masonry structures” of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mauerwerks‐ und Wohnungsbau (DGfM) (German society for masonry and residential construction), which supports the training of young engineers, is presented.
Soluble neprilysin does not correlate with outcome in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Goliasch Georg , Pavo Noemi , Zotter‐Tufaro Caroline , Kammerlander Andreas , Duca Franz , Mascherbauer Julia , Bonderman Diana
Published: January 2016

Aims

Circulating soluble neprilysin, an endopeptidase that catalyses the degradation of various endogenous vasodilators, predicts outcome in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). In the present study, we measured for the first time circulating soluble neprilysin in a prospective cohort of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and correlated the serum levels to outcome, functional markers, established risk factors for HFpEF, myocardial fibrosis assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, as well as histological data obtained by myocardial biopsy and various invasive haemodynamic measurements.

Methods and results

We prospectively included 144 consecutive patients with HFpEF in our observational, non‐interventional registry. Echocardiography, CMR imaging, and invasive haemodynamic assessments including myocardial biopsy were performed at baseline. We did not observe a significant association between soluble neprilysin levels and hospitalization for heart failure and/or death in the Cox regression analysis (P = 0.56). Furthermore, there were no significant differences between tertiles of neprilysin in outcome, functional markers, established risk factors for HFpEF, CMR measurements including post‐contrast T1 time, extracellular matrix obtained by myocardial biopsy, and invasive haemodynamic measurements. NT‐proBNP demonstrated a weak correlation with levels of soluble neprilysin (r = − 0.26, P = 0.002).

Conclusion

Our results describe for the first time circulating levels of soluble neprilysin in patients with HFpEF. In contrast to HFrEF, we could not confirm an association between neprilysin levels and cardiovascular mortality or hospitalization for heart failure.
Meta‐Analysis of Counseling Outcomes for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Erford Bradley T. , Gunther Chelsea , Duncan Kelly , Bardhoshi Gerta , Dummett Beth , Kraft Jennifer , Deferio Katie , Falco Michelle , Ross Margaret
Published: January 2016

This meta‐analysis of 152 published posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) clinical trials from 1990 to 2012 concluded that counseling generally produced a small to large effect of treatment across all comparison conditions at termination (d+ = 0.30 to 0.89). These gains were maintained at longest follow‐up (d+ = 0.58 to 0.86) for the wait‐list, treatment‐as‐usual, and single‐group comparisons, but not for the follow‐up placebo comparison (d+ = 0.15), probably because of the low power (j = 3 placebo studies). Clinical trial findings were synthesized using a random‐effects model. No effects of publication bias or moderating variables were evident. No difference was found between trauma‐focused and non‐trauma‐focused approaches. Implications for counseling practice and future PTSD outcome research are addressed.
Potentially Traumatic Experiences, Academic Performance, and Psychological Distress: The Role of Shame
Authors: Lee Chih‐Yuan Steven , Anderson Jared R. , Klimes‐Dougan Bonnie
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of shame associated with previous potentially traumatic experiences, satisfaction with academic performance, and psychological distress among college students (N= 245) in Mainland China. Results indicated that previous experiences of potentially traumatic events were directly related to depressive symptoms and indirectly related through characterological shame and hopelessness. In addition, characterological shame and bodily shame were 2 distinct forms of shame that had unique associations with psychological distress.
Effectiveness of Seeking Safety for Co‐Occurring Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use
Authors: Lenz A. Stephen , Henesy Rachel , Callender Karisse
Published: January 2016

The authors evaluated the Seeking Safety program's effectiveness for treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use symptoms across 12 between‐groups studies (N = 1,997 participants). Separate meta‐analytic procedures for studies implementing wait list/no treatment (n = 1,042) or alternative treatments (n = 1,801) yielded medium effect sizes for Seeking Safety for decreasing symptoms of PTSD and modest effects for decreasing symptoms of substance use. Limitations of the findings and implications for counselors are discussed.
A Phenomenological Inquiry of Clients’ Meaningful Experiences in Counseling With Counselors‐in‐Training
Authors: Sackett Corrine R. , Lawson Gerard
Published: January 2016

This study is a follow‐up to Sackett, Lawson, and Burge's (2012) study that explored the meaningful experiences of clients and counselors‐in‐training (CITs). Using the previous study's themes of clients’ experiences in counseling with CITs as a launching pad, the authors examined in greater depth the meaningful experiences of clients who are in counseling with CITs through qualitative phenomenological interviews. Findings, as well as implications for counselor education, supervision, and counseling, are discussed.