bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does the Factor of Religion Affect Women Leadership? A Case Study of Lower Dir, Pakistan
Authors: Khattak Ahmad Hassan , Jan Azizullah , Qazi Hafiz Mohsin Zia , Khan Ihsan Ullah
Published: May 2021

Political support is one of the significant factors of strengthening and makes mindfulness among females about their privileges in the general public. The current investigation was conducted on the religious factor, affecting the women leadership and active participation in politics in district Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The sample size for the information assortment was 130 respondents through used the standard contrived by Sakaran. After assortment, the information was prepared through SPSS and organized just as introduced in rates and frequencies for better understanding. A Chi-square test was utilized for estimating the relationship between autonomous variables and ward factors. The investigation recommended that adjustment in female proper education can move about better mindfulness and fearlessness. The examination additionally suggests the noteworthy contribution of government and non-government organizations for initiating women bunches, just as expanding women mindfulness level, political cooperation mindfulness, and learning abilities. The examination recommended that a women head can all the more likely engage women later on, just as a female competitor, can more readily tackle their issues when contrasted with a male.
A Comparative Analysis of the Themes of ‘War’, ‘Love’, and ‘Illusion’ in Postmodern Age in A Farewell to Arms and Eye of the Needle
Authors: Ahmad Huma , Mahmood Rasib , Saeed Huma
Published: May 2021

The study attempts to explore and analyze the themes of 'love', 'war' and 'illusion' in the two novels written by two different authors. One is A Farewell to Arms (1929) written by Ernest Hemingway and the other is Eye of the Needle (2015) written by Ken Follet. Hemingway way and Follet both are American novelists who are known for their fondness for writing on the theme of war. Hemingway wrote many novels using the backdrop of the First World War whereas Ken Follet's Eye of the Needle is authored in the backdrop of the Second World War. Hemingway is one of the representative of modern age writers, whereas Ken Follet is one the writers of postmodern age. It has been observed that both writers while writing on the theme of war in the chosen novels involve, consciously or unconsciously, two sub-themes of 'love' and 'illusion' in their fiction. The research analyzes that what are the differences and the similarities between these writers’ approach towards the said themes. This paper aims at interpreting these themes in the context of postmodernists' scholarship while comparing and contrasting the treatment, which both writers have given to the themes of war, love, and illusion.
Economic Analysis of Food Security in Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Hina , Hussain Sundus , Nisar Muhammad , Zubair Seema
Published: May 2021

To investigate and explore the condition of food security in District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 300 citizens were interviewed. The econometric tool of Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient analysis was used and applied for analysis and estimating the data collected. It was concluded from the analysis that food security shows strong and negative relationships with the rise in population growth, rise in biofuel production, rise in poverty and rise in social unrest. Food insecurity is a major issue in KP that must be solved as soon as possible. Poor people are suffering the most and are unable to buy basic food items due to high prices. Food demand is increasing day by day because of larger population, thus resulting in an inflation of food prices. Effective measures are needed to control and reduce the growing rate of population.  To eradicate food insecurity, agricultural institutions must be intensified and strengthened, infrastructure and storage facilities must be enhanced and developed, investment and latest machinery & technology are required to be inserted into an inactive agricultural sector.
Prospects and Implications of Students Politics in Educational Institutions of Pakistan
Authors: Khan Hashmat Ullah , Zaman Shamsuz
Published: May 2021

The objective of this study is to critically analyse the problems of students politics in the educational institutions and know about its prospects and implications. This is an important phenomenon playing crucial role in a democratic states like Pakistan. Students politics is an important research problem. There are many underlying questions like what is the importance and prospects of student politics? What are its implications? Why it leads to violence how it can be overcome and more result oriented? Students are the leaders of tomorrow therefore student politics in educational institution of a democratic state like Pakistan is very important phenomenon. It has many prospects like most of the mainstream top seed politicians are the product of student politics, providing educated and well-trained political leaders and workers, strengthen political participation, increase turnout, helpful to address the issues of students and create sense of political awareness, but at the same time it has also many implications like student unions are working as pressure groups, organize strikes, marches, using force against opponent groups, wasting student’s precious time in off-campus activities, intoxication and developed weapon culture. This research is a qualitative in nature and based on critical discourse analysis, descriptive and analytical approaches.
Use of 'Open Data' in Urdu Literature Research and its Effectiveness
Authors: Mohsin  , Shabbir Taha , Shah Mutahir , Kamal Auj-e
Published: May 2021

'Open Data' is gaining momentum in literature and language for research. 'Open Data' is a collection of easily accessible data that is to be available for general use without any restrictions. The Open Data analysis has been taken up in contemporary period by almost every government in the world. This paper describes how some of the Urdu researchers' tasks could be conducted, bringing a new actor in the ecosystem. The paper investigates are the objectives of opening the data in Urdu Literature, and how can researchers get the maximum benefit? Both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods are used. Interviews and survey research strategies are employed and data collected from four user groups, including popular websites like Rekhta, Urdu media, and Urdu research journals. The study implied the deductive method, which incorporated a top-down approach. There are plenty of data sources that might provide a different perspective and large public datasets from various authors, countries, and literary agencies. The results show the positive impact of 'Open Data' with context to the Urdu Literature.
War or Peace on the Rivers of South Asia?
Authors: Mehsud Muhammad Imran , Jan Azam , Khan Tariq Anwar
Published: May 2021

The renowned water expert, John Briscoe, predicted a bleak future for India-Pakistan water relations across the Indus attributing it to Pakistan’s downstream anxieties vis-à-vis upstream regional hegemon-India. Do the other co-riparian states of India share the same bleak future across the South Asian rivers of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna or are the water relations across these rivers peaceful as compared to the Indus? To answer this question, this study first explores India-Pakistan water disputes on the Indus and then analyses India-Bangladesh water disputes on the Ganges and Brahmaputra, India-Nepal, India-Bhutan, and Pakistan-Afghanistan water relations. The methodology adopted for this study is descriptive, historical, and analytical in its nature. The study concludes that India has not only failed to adopt a conciliatory approach towards Pakistan on the Indus but has generated mistrust amongst other neighbouring countries over water sharing due to its hegemonic hydro-behaviour. It recommends that India should adopt a conciliatory approach to have peaceful relations across the rivers of South Asia.
The effect of English Non-Modal Operators on Proficiency and Performance of Undergraduate Students
Authors: Khalid  , Rahman Ghani , Hamid Abdul
Published: May 2021

This study focuses on the problems posed by the English non-modal operators to the undergraduate level students of Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan. The data was collected from hundred students selected through non-random and convenience sampling technique. A proficiency test was used as a tool for data collection. The test was focused on all the uses of non-modal operators. The results show that some of these problems were caused by the intervention of some of grammatical concepts like tense, aspect, back shifting and voice. While some grammatical operations like negation, interrogation and insertion/omission had no role and so were found comparatively easy. These operators when used after wh-word such as when, while, before and if posed difficulty for the subjects. Similarly, different forms such as non-tensed form and uses such as dynamic and non-dynamic of non-modal operators were also problematic for the subjects. The highest frequency of error was found in the use of non-model operator for emphasis and surprise. However, the degree of difficulty posed by non-modal operators in idiomatic expressions was not significant.
Revisiting the Importance of Cultural Approaches and Values in the International Affairs
Authors: Khan Muhammad Musa , Ahmad Riaz , Azad Tahir Mahmood , Nargiza Moldalieva
Published: May 2021

It is claimed that international relations are based on intercultural ties between nations of the states. Culture and international relations are becoming increasingly interdependent of each other. As international relations are the links between the nations, and the nations are bound by different cultures. This paper discusses the importance of culture in international affairs. It evaluates the previous literature and other secondary sources to analyse the prominent role of culture and cultural diplomacy in foreign policy and international affairs. It sheds light on the history that how culture influences other nations and how it is used in the current time. The paper further discusses that culture plays a vital role in resolution of conflicts and harvest peace and cooperation among nations at times of peace and conflict. This also stresses that global actors (leaders and institutions) should value the elements of local cultures in policy-making, even organizations doing business on foreign lands. Such considerations are essential not only in policy making but also in doing businesses.
Acoustic Analysis of English Long Vowels Produced by Pashto Speakers
Authors: Ahad Adnan , Rahman Ghani , Hamid Abdul
Published: May 2021

The present study investigates the acoustic properties of English long vowels produced by Pashto speakers by highlighting the problematic areas for Pashto speakers learning English. The data was collected from ten Pashtun learners of English through tape recorder. The data was analyzed using PRAAT software. The spectrograms produced by the software helped us in specifying the acoustic values (formant frequencies of F1 and F2) of target vowels compared with the production of the same vowels by native speakers of English. The analysis of the collected data revealed the problematic areas of English long vowels for Pashtun learners of English. The study proved that English long vowels like /I:/ and /a:/ were more problematic for Pashtun learners. A significant difference was seen in both the height and backness of the target English vowels produced by the subjects. The English vowels like /e:/ and /o:/ produced by subjects were like those produced by the native speakers. Similarly, target vowel like /u:/ was pronounced by subjects like native speakers of English. The study recommends that Pashto speakers should be given proper training for acquiring correct pronunciation of English.
Reinventing the Identity and Interests: Pakistan and the Middle East (1971 to 1979)
Authors: Faheem Farrukh , Bano Abida , Xingang Wang
Published: May 2021

Pakistan's territorial mutilation in the 1971 war with India was the utmost military, psychological and political disaster for Pakistan. Pakistan lost its Eastern wing and more than ninety thousand soldiers, civilians, civilians, and along with the territory, all the same to India. In the prevailing uncertainty, Pakistan vigorously asserted its Islamic Identity to foster its moral, economic, and political interests to revive from the loss. It looked towards the Middle East to revive its national identity and interests' fulfilment. During the Seventies, political changes within the Middle Eastern region were also favourable and useful for promoting Islamic ideology and shared identity. There was much scope to achieve ideological, strategic, economic, and foreign policy objectives that Pakistan missed in the past. The new Pakistani civilian government under Bhutto arranged shuttle diplomacy overtures the Middle Eastern Muslim countries to convince them to help Pakistan rebuild its identity and achieve its interests. Bhutto was one of the principal architects of the newly charged Muslim unity. He skilfully and effectively used the OIC platform to guard the country's identity and interests.
Sectarian Divide as a Cause of Protracted Conflict: A Case of Syria (2011-18)
Authors: Tayyab Muhammad , Afridi Shahid Ahmad , Hamid Maria
Published: May 2021

Since the people’s uprising in 2011 against the authoritarian regime of Bashar Al Assad and its oppressive policies, Syria is entangled in a long spiral of violent conflict. Though a number of factors explain the violent nature of war and its longevity, however sectarianism proved to be the most significant and the most dominant factors of all. The dominancy of minority Alawite community in the country led to the discrimination against other sects especially the Sunni majority, comprising 74 percent of the total population. Such prejudices against Sunnis and other sects have pitched Syrian people against the regime which evolved into a long and sectarian civil war that dominates the Syrian society till date. Applying Protracted Social Conflict Model, this paper tries to answer the question that how sectarianism played a role in the perpetuation of the Syrian civil war during 2011-2018. Using qualitative methods of analysis, the paper endeavours to dig out the roots of the current violent conflict in the country. For data collection and analysis, secondary sources in the form of books, research articles and other internet sources have been consulted in an attempt to analyse what is unknown on the basis of what is known.
Role of Structural Change in Economic Growth: An Empirical Evidence from a Panel of Asian Countries
Authors: Riaz Umar , Hussain Babar , Bhatti Arshad Ali
Published: May 2021

Economic growth, although being a major quest of all the economies, is not an automatic phenomenon. Among its determinants, structural change in the form of reallocation of labour from low to high productivity sectors is of crucial importance. In view of the remarkable growth performance and unprecedented structural change of Asia in the last couple of decades, this paper empirically investigated the case of 20 selected Asian countries. By employing the data spanning from 1991 to 2018, the study shows three main results. First, by employing Shift Share Analysis framework, it reaffirms the findings of previous literature that structural change contributes to the aggregate productivity growth. Second, by utilizing Generalized Methods of Moments technique, the results find it to be an important booster of growth. Third, the results are reliable and consistent with alternative measures of structural change like Norm of Absolute Values and Modified Lilien Index. Taken together, these findings suggest that the governments in Asia (other regions like Africa and Latin America may alike) must chalk out policies for structural change promotion.
Determinants of Attitude and Intention towards Adoption of Islamic Finance among Small Businessmen of Rawalpindi and Islamabad
Authors: Shaikh Ali Imran , Rahim Faiz Ur , Taimoor Tehseen
Published: May 2021

Halal and Islamic Finance business sectors are Shariah-compliant and the values, principles and market they share with each other are very similar. In spite of these significant similarities, the connection between Halal sectors and Islamic finance is not very healthy. We can quote an example of Malaysia here, where this poor connection is comprehendible as the people from Halal industry adopt Islamic Financing at a very low rate. In order to become a real Halal business operator, the venture must be conscious about the adequate and halal means of financing as well apart only focusing upon the Halal production. Nevertheless, this phenomenon does not seem to be properly addressed. In order words, we can say the Holistic Halal concept should be adopted by mandatory integration of the Halal production with Islamic financing.  This research aims to find the determinants the attitude and intention towards adoption of Islamic finance among ‘Small Businessmen’ through survey instruments.
Chinese Traditional Governing Approach: An Analysis from Ancient to Mao Zedong Politics
Authors: Mukhtar Maria , Sherazi Tatheer Zahra , Ahmad Riaz
Published: May 2021

The study focuses on the traditional Chinese political culture and it discusses a multitude of rhetorical practices in imperial China. Simultaneously, it investigates the societal norms which alter daily, to fit with the ever-changing global politics. For these purposes, the traditional philosophies are studied, and the most prominent school of thought Confucianism has been discussed thoroughly. This research is an analytical, descriptive study written in the historical context. While tracing back the nature of political culture, it has been found that it has deep roots in the state and society since the ancient times however, is still relevant for the contemporary politics of China. At the same motive, it can be concluded that current Chinese system seems probable to persevere for many a long time to come. This study is fragmented into three portions; first element makes imperial Chinese politics and its problem; the second portion brings governance and politics of cutting-edge China under the lens; and the final and third portion gives the comparison of each and the findings garnered from this study.
Politics of Water Resource Management in the Indus River Basin: A Study of the Partition of Punjab
Authors: Bhatti Muhammad Nawaz
Published: May 2021

The British Government of India divided the Muslim majority province of Punjab into Eastern and Western Punjab. But the partition line was drawn in a manner that headworks remained in India and irrigated land in Pakistan. The partition of Punjab was not scheduled in the original plan of the division of India. Why was it partitioned? To answer this question, the study in the first instance tries to explore circumstances, reasons, and conspiracies which led to the partition of Punjab which led to the division of the canal irrigation system and secondly, the impact of partition on water resource management in the Indus River Basin. Descriptive, historical, and analytical methods of research have been used to draw a conclusion. The study highlights the mindset of Indian National Congress to cripple down the newly emerging state of Pakistan that became a root cause of the partition of Punjab. The paper also highlights why India stopped water flowing into Pakistan on 1st April 1948 and the analysis also covers details about the agreement of 4th May 1948 and its consequences for Pakistan.
The Complexities of South African Xenophobia on Nigerian Nationals
Authors: Ibrahim Yusuf Kamaluddeen , Ahmad Abdullahi Ayoade , Duguri Usman Sufyan
Published: May 2021

The Nigerian-South African relationship is couched in the paradigm of intricate interdependence. The elements that brought the two African major powers closer include political, cultural, and economic dimensions. Therefore, any dissimilarity of interest between both countries would ruin their relationship and implicate the whole African Union concept that unites Abuja/Pretoria relations. Over 100 South African companies permeate the Nigerian market in several economic sectors and most are successfully operating in Nigeria. Nigerian companies such as First Bank, among others, are also operating in South Africa. As long as South Africa and Nigeria are both dominant powers in their respective sub-regions, a threat like xenophobia needs to be eradicated and coordinate some effective policies for Africa's development. The study employed a qualitative method and library sources, past literature on different xenophobic trends noted in the journal articles, books, and others, on the South African xenophobia and its implications on Nigeria/South African relationship. The study adopted the frustration-aggression theory and it found that incessant xenophobic attacks on Nigerian nationals and other foreigners in South Africa are based on prejudices. The study went further with suggestion to provide some panacea to the catastrophe of South African xenophobia.
Why I don’t Blow the Whistle? Perceived Barriers by the University Teachers to Report Wrong Doings
Authors: Abbas Nargis , Ashiq Uzma
Published: May 2021

Whistle blowing is a term used to report the unethical act of colleagues and wrongdoings within the organization. Bringing attention towards the misconducts and organization’s effective response accordingly improves the productivity and quality of services. However, this generates the potential threats of organizational and interpersonal conflicts for the whistle-blower thus leads often failure in reporting by the personals or employees. This study explores the perceived barriers by the university teachers, which may hinder the process of reporting wrongdoings. Social constructionism qualitative research design is used. At first phase, face-to-face interviews of six faculty members and narrative research design has been used. At second phase, three focused group discussion sessions with total 24 participants, were carried out in three public sector universities of Punjab, purposively selected. Analysis shows that the people hesitate to blow the whistle due to psychological, social, and organizational barriers, like, fear of joblessness, security threats, lack of supportive organizational polices, lack of adequate mechanism for blowing the whistle, the personal waded interest of the personals. However, this procedure can be enhanced by addressing the issue well in time, adequate security measures, ensured job security for the whistle-blowers, and adoption of a well-developed reporting mechanism in the universities.
Impact of teachers’ social capital on their professional performance: A narrative inquiry
Authors: Rafiq Muhammad , Ghaffar Abdul , Zaman Amir
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of social capital on teachers’ professional performance. The participants were ten male subject specialists from government higher secondary schools of District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The method of data collection was one-on-one in person through in-depth interview. Teachers’ narratives showed that teachers who had stronger social capital performed better their others. Performance of the teachers who showed high level of participation and willingness were those with high social capital. They were more interested in curricular and co-curricular activities that enhanced their professional performance. There is a strong bond of good relationship between teachers and students that was an efficient solution to meet the different needs of a classroom collectively as well as individual students, which impacts positively on students’ learning and teachers’ performance. There was no contribution from parents for success of the students. Owing to financial constraints, the parents were more inclined to engage their children for earning and part time job. Moreover, lack of awareness, jobless white collars in their surroundings, labouring and earning livelihood far away from home are the reasons that they take negligible interest in contributing to the success of their children.
Symbolic representation of women on literary landscape: Textual analysis of the play 'Black is My Robe'
Authors: Alam Mahboob , Askari Muhammad Usman
Published: May 2021

The article aims to explore the symbolic representation of women in Pakistani society and investigates the unconscious nature of patriarchy in which the image of women is painted as a material object. This study is grounded on the textual analysis of Shahid Nadeem’s play “Black is My Robe.” The story revolves around the exchange of a female character named Sundri with an Ox. Shahid Nadeem has employed symbols to unveil the image of a repressed woman in patriarchal society. He has exposed the constructed myths about the submissive status of woman in male-dominant society through his plays in Ajoka theatre. He highlighted certain traditional hierarchies which signify their influence in gender discrepancy and sex stratification in which women is considered just as a property. To highlight these discrepancies, this study is carried out under Sigmund Freud’s theory of subconscious by using the literary technique of symbolism. The study has highlighted man’s desire for prescribing the negation of any gender through symbolization and devoid of anticipating any unpleasant representation. This study concludes with the suggestion to emancipate and empower women and to demolish ridiculous ideals of patriarchy by moral verdicts.
Sino-Africa relations: Gradual changes in Chinese foreign strategy towards African countries
Authors: Usman Sahibzada Muhammad , Lyu Zekun
Published: May 2021

China is one of the world's foremost economic powers, affecting many countries' economies and political issues. China standing by the five principles of peaceful coexistence, is ready to cultivate friendly cooperation and ties with all countries that contribute to international peace, security, and mutual prosperity. Africa is an important factor for global stability and prosperity with the highest number of developing countries. Africa is still of considerable significance to the Chinese Government. Therefore, the Chinese government wishes to present China's African strategy and its action to implement them and its plans for cooperation in different areas to facilitate the steady development of China-Africa ties in the long period. However, China's foreign policies are changing and developing recently. This study utilized qualitative analysis to identify the collaboration and relations between African countries and China to know how Chinese foreign strategy changes Africa's strategic ramifications and repercussions. The findings showed that the partnership between China and Africa by win-win strategy, from moral emphasis throughout the colonial phase to tactical considerations and non-intervention to constructive involvement on the continent, are three strands of foreign strategy shifts.
Khamosh Pani: Partition trauma, gender violence, and religious extremism in Pakistan
Authors: Jan Faizullah , Ashraf Syed Irfan , Shah Sayyed Fawad Ali
Published: May 2021

This paper looks at the question of partition of British India in 1947 and the rise of religious extremism in Pakistan through an analysis of internationally acclaimed and award-winning Pakistani film Khamosh Pani (silent waters). The paper uses Symbolic Interactionism and Feminist Theory with a critical perspective to establish how the present-day religious extremism in Pakistan has its roots in the colonial history of the country. However, it also highlights the diagnostic inability of Symbolic Interactionism as it smacks of the volunteerism and overlooks how statist and organized institutional power infringes upon socio-political meaning making processes. This paper argues that the film connects the communal nature of pre-partition violence to grassroots contemporary religious extremism in Pakistan to show how the rupture of a village life is the continuation of colonial heritage of communal violence. We argue based on the findings of this study that religious extremism that is manifest in today’s Pakistan is not a break from the past; instead, it is rooted in the colonial history connecting the national Pakistani elite with the regional neo-colonial interests.
Politics of alliances and its effects during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's rule in Pakistan
Authors: Zahra Ulfat , Iqbal Javed
Published: May 2021

The paper mainly focuses on political alliances during the rule of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. This study is based on the opposition’s struggle in the form of political alliances to counter Bhutto's absolute power. The period thus saw the emergence of opposition alliances such as the United Democratic Front, the Pakistan National Alliance to organize resistance against Bhutto’s rule. However, this trend has not been limited to opposition’s alliances only. At times, the government joined hands with the opposition and major parties to achieve an agreed objective. In this study, a descriptive analysis is employed to cover the main theoretical and political formations of accords between the opposition and the ruling party. These unnatural alliances between political parties had immense effects on the future political scenario of Pakistan. It has also been observed that the opposition’s alliances, left behind their imprints on the history of Pakistan leading to the imposition of martial law in 1977 and changing the course of political events ever since. The findings will demonstrate that the political parties were engaged in a struggle for the preservation of the personal ambitions of party leaders. If they tackle the situation with harmony, a firm democracy can establish in Pakistan.
Women’s rights in Pakistan: A study of religious and alternate discourses regarding women’s participation in politics
Authors: Ahmad Ishaq , Aman Shahida
Published: May 2021

This study aims to evaluate the religious and the alternate discourses on women’s political rights in Pakistan; such debates were heightened and intensified as a result of General Zia-ul-Haq’s Islamization vision and policies implemented between 1977 to 1988. Zia-ul-Haq’s Islamization is argued to have polarized women’s participation in politics and challenged the standing of feminist groups, Islamic feminists, and secularists, which made Islam and women’s political participation the subject of debates that are still relevant in the case of Pakistan. The paper argues that Pakistani state’s Islamic disposition in general and Zia-ul-Haq’s Islamization in particular provoked religious conservatism and promoted gender-based discrimination that deeply affected women’s political participation. This study seeks to reconcile the different perspectives of Islamic and secular feminism for realizing the goals of effective participation of women in politics. The paper uses a qualitative research method concentrating on thematic analysis, which employs for identifying and analyzing patterns or themes within qualitative data analysis approaches. The findings suggest that in the case of women rights, Islamic feminism and secular feminism are compatible and complementary, and a synthesis of both is imperative to realize the effective participation of women in politics.
Possible Seismo Ionospheric Anomalies before the 2016 Mw 7.6 Chile Earthquake from GPS TEC, GIM TEC and Swarm Satellites
Authors: Rahman Zahid Ur
Published: May 2021

The recent advances in space based ionospheric measurements can help to investigate seismic precursors before earthquake with multi-parameter observations and more dedicated instrumentations. In this paper, seismo ionospheric anomalies before the December 25, 2016, Mw 7.6, Chile earthquake are investigated in Total Electron Content (TEC) and Global Ionosphere Map (GIM). The temporal TEC from GPS stations and GIM show enhancement during 5- 10 days (local daytime) before main shock. Similarly, spatial TEC confirms abnormal dense cloud at LT=12h-14h on December 21, 2016, that lingers over the epicenter of Chile earthquake. On the other hand, the geomagnetic indices show Dst < -50nT of low intensity variation. Similarly, Kp > 3 on December 21, 2016 within 5-10 days before the Mw 7.6. This study emphasizes that the ionosphere anomalies may not be the possible association of earthquakes induced variation but it is due to the active storm conditions (Kp>3).
Problems relating to the formation of online contracts: A South African perspective
Authors: van Deventer Sanmarie
Published: May 2021

This article analyses the formation of online contracts, or standard-form contracts appearing in electronic form, in the South African context. The unique characteristics of online contracts — such as their length and ubiquity — render it more difficult to establish assent to these contracts than in the case of traditional standard-form contracts. In general, it is simply not reasonable to expect of consumers to study online contracts, because the cost of reading (in the form of time spent) outweighs the potential benefit. Furthermore, evidence shows that consumers do not perceive online contracts in the same manner as their paper-based equivalent. The article investigates whether contractual liability to online contracts can be established in terms of the reliance theory, and considers how and when notice of contractual terms should be given. It further argues that the unexpected terms doctrine potentially provides important protection to online consumers’ reasonable expectations, and may encourage suppliers to identify surprising terms and bring them to the attention of consumers. This approach requires of courts to recognise that it may be quite reasonable for consumers to decide not to read online contracts, and that consumers’ mistakes about surprising terms in online contracts must almost always be reasonable.
Transforming age-related capacity for fault in delict
Authors: Zitzke Emile
Published: May 2021

For a wrongdoer to have ‘capacity for fault’ in the South African law of delict, it is widely accepted that the wrongdoer must possess the ability to distinguish between right and wrong (cognition) and the ability to act in accordance with that appreciation (conation). One factor that affects a person’s capacity for fault is youthfulness. There are two schools of thought on age-related capacity for fault in the South African law of delict. On the one hand, Van der Walt & Midgley are of the view that the common law stipulates the rules regulating this issue. In terms of this paradigm, the minimum age for capacity for fault is seven years. On the other hand, Neethling & Potgieter were, until very recently, of the view that the Child Justice Act should apply to the determination of a child’s capacity for fault. At the time of Neethling & Potgieter’s earlier writing, the minimum age for capacity for fault under the Act was ten years. Since June 2020, this age has been raised to twelve. In this article, the tension between these two schools of thought is analysed, and an attempt is made to resolve the tension through a proposal for a transformative, constitutional development of the common law of delict.
Mater semper (in)certus est: A South African perspective on McConnell v Registrar General for England and Wales
Authors: Mills Lize
Published: May 2021

Two recent decisions by English courts have established that the man who gave birth to his child should be registered as the ‘mother’ of that child. The courts found that, despite the fact that the Gender Recognition Act provides that a person who had changed sex and received ‘a full gender recognition certificate’ is considered ‘for all purposes’ to be a person of ‘the acquired gender’, this person still has to be registered on his child’s birth certificate as belonging to the opposite sex. This article describes and evaluates the reasons for these decisions, and compares the English position to those of a number of jurisdictions, including that of South Africa. It argues that the legal context in this country provides for a more pragmatic and equitable approach to the rights of both trans parents and their children.
Third time lucky? Provincial intervention in the Makana Local Municipality
Authors: Chamberlain Lisa , Masiangoako Thato
Published: May 2021

South African local government is plagued by financial mismanagement and poor governance, resulting in widespread failure to realize socio-economic rights. One of the key mechanisms envisaged by the Constitution to address municipalities in crisis is provincial intervention in terms of s 139. However, although this mechanism is frequently used, its results have been underwhelming. This article discusses a recent case in which the Eastern Cape High Court, Grahamstown ordered the dissolution of the Makana Municipal Council as part of a provincial intervention. The article unpacks the law governing s 139 interventions and, drawing on the Makana example, questions the efficacy of provincial interventions. Further, a number of factors are identified which must be taken into consideration in order to maximise the chances that a provincial intervention might succeed. These include whether mandatory or discretionary intervention is appropriate; when the dissolution of a municipal council is an appropriate component of an intervention; the relationship between provincial intervention, stable governance and political influence; and the timing, funding and institutional arrangements of an intervention. The article concludes by highlighting the important role that community activism can play in catalysing intervention, but draws attention to the fact that such action can be dangerous for the activists involved.
Book Review: Current Tax Treaty Issues: 50th Anniversary of the International Tax Group (2020)
Authors: Marais A J
Published: May 2021

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NILAI-NILAI MODERASI BERAGAMA DALAM PERMENDIKBUD NO. 37 TAHUN 2018
Authors: Abidin Achmad Zainal
Published: May 2021

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh banyaknya peristiwa intoleransi dan radikalisme di dunia pendidikan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Peristiwa tersebut banyak terjadi baik di kalangan guru, siswa, maupun lembaga pendidikan mulai jenjang TK hingga perguruan tinggi. Salah satu contohnya adalah tepuk anak saleh yang ditambahi dengan “Islam Yes, Kafir No” pada pelajar SD. Hal ini merupakan tantangan bagi dunia pendidikan, khususnya bagi negara untuk tetap menjaga nilai-nilai moderasi beragama demi persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa. Melihat hal tersebut peneliti tertarik untuk mengetahui nilai-nilai moderasi beragama yang terdapat pada Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Permendikbud) Nomor 37 Tahun 2018 tentang Perubahan atas Permendikbud No. 24 Tahun 2016 tentang Kompetensi Inti (KI) dan Kompetensi Dasar (KD). Apakah KI dan KD tersebut sudah proporsional dan mengakomodasi nilai-nilai moderasi beragama dalam pembelajaran? Untuk menjawab hal tersebut, dilakukan penelitian dengan metode studi literatur. Peneliti ingin melakukan kegiatan yang berkenaan dengan metode pengumpulan data pustaka terkait dengan nilai-nilai moderasi beragama dalam Permendikbud No. 37 Tahun 2018 khususnya pada KD mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) pada SD, membaca dan mencatat, serta mengolah bahan penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa di dalam Permendikbud No. 37 Tahun 2018 hanya terdapat 46 dari 96 total KD PAI SD. Dengan demikian hanya 46,94% KD PAI SD yang bernilai moderasi beragama. Oleh karena itu, selain perlu dilakukan upaya untuk menangkal radikalisme dan intoleransi beragama di sekolah, penyempurnaan kurikulum dengan memperbanyak KD PAI yang bernilai moderasi beragam perlu dilakukan.
CBS ile Yatırıma En Uygun Restoran Alanlarının Belirlenmesi, Tunceli Örneği
Authors: TAŞKAYA Selim , ULUTAŞ Neslişah
Published: May 2021

Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri, konuma (mekana) bağlı öznitelik verilerini kullanarak grafik veya grafik olmayan verileri toplayıp, farklı analiz yöntemleri ile işleyerek ilgiliye istediği bilgiyi sunan bir bilgi sistemidir. Bu sistem nokta, çizgi ya da poligon tabanlı nesneler oluşturularak yapılır. CBS ‘nin, nokta, çizgi ya da poligon tabanlı nesnelerin analiz edilmeleri AHP (Analitik Hiyerarşi Yöntemi), TOPSİS veya Proximity (Buffer) yani yakınlık uzaklık analizi vb. yöntemler doğrultusunda yapılmaktadır. Proximity (Buffer) analizi, coğrafi detayların çevresinde belirli uzaklıklarda yeni alan detaylar (tampon bölgeler) oluşturup, söz konusu tamponlar içindeki detayları belirleme işlemidir. Tamponlar içinde kalan coğrafi detaylar üzerinde istenilen sorgulamalar yapılabilir. Yakınlık analizi, özellikle konuma dayalı uygulamalarda, etkileşim alanı belirleme gibi uygulamalarda sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Çalışma alanı, Tunceli İli bazlı merkez toplam 8 mahallesinde gerçekleşmiştir. Amaç, coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinden yararlanarak yatırıma en uygun restoran alanlarının tespit edilmesidir. Bu bağlamda Tunceli İli verileri doğrultusunda, il merkezinde imar sınırları içerisinde yola cephesi olan parseller seçilmiş, imar adası 3000 ile 15000 m2 olacak adalarda çalışma yapılmıştır. Eğitim kurumlarına 150 m, sağlık kurumlarına en çok 400 m, mevcut restoranların en az 150 m etkisinden uzakta olacak şekilde tüm katmanlar belirlenmiştir. Buna göre ARCGIS yardımıyla katmalar oluşturulmuş, bunun sonucunda en uygun restoran noktaları daireler halinde tampon bölgeler oluşturularak kartografik haritalar meydana getirilmiştir.
Ejder Meyvesinin Ozmotik Dehidrasyonu ve Kuruma Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: UĞUZ Metin , GEZİCİ Aysun
Published: May 2021

Kurutma işlemi meyve ve sebzelerin daha uzun süre bozulmadan muhafaza edilmesi için

yapılmaktadır. Fakat güneşte kurutulan ürünlerde vitamin kaybı olduğu için son

zamanlarda farklı teknolojiler uygulanmaktadır. Meyve sebze gibi ürünlerin konsantre

çözeltiler içerisine daldırılması veya ozmotik ajanın ürüne doğrudan ilavesi ile suyunun

uzaklaştırılması işlemi ozmotik dehidrasyon olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Enerji tasarrufu

sağlaması, ürünün kalite özelliklerini koruyup istenilen özellikte ürün vermesi nedeniyle

son yıllarda çok sık uygulanan bir yöntem haline gelmiştir. Kurutma öncesi yapılan

ozmotik kurutma, ultrason gibi ön işlemler, son ürünün kalitesi üzerinde etkili olmakta ve

ürün kalitesi bozulmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ejder meyvesinin kurutulmasında

uygulanan ozmotik dehidrasyon ön işleminin kurumaya etkisi ve bu kuruma sırasında su

kaybı, şeker kazanımı ve ağırlık azalması, ile insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri hakkında bilgi

vermektir.
Treatment of corruption and strengthening integrity in Kosovo Police
Authors: Maliqi Reshat , Maloku Elda
Published: May 2021

The object of the research in the paper is the treatment of corruption and strengthening the integrity of the Kosovo Police. The aim of the conducted research is not only to inform the public and the reader to understand the causes and the specific forms of corrupted behavior and abuse of official duty from the police officers, but to also inform them with damages that are caused to the values of police culture and ethics in general, as well as the measures to be taken. Growth and development of the Police with human resources and legal competencies, by a certain individual is often accompanied by abuse and deviation from the exercise of those powers during the exercise of official duty, and investigations conducted during 2015-2019 testify the involvement of police officers in criminal offenses with corrupt elements. This research is based on and implements a research and comparative approach and model related to the phenomenon of corruption in the Kosovo police for the period from 2015-2019. The case that is being studied aims to learn through the comparative method regarding the investigation and treatment of corruption in the police of Kosovo and Albania.

In the final analysis of this paper from all the conclusions and recommendations it can be said that the ways of recognizing the existence of corrupt behaviors and identifying work in preventing, detecting and cracking down on this negative phenomenon by both the police themselves and the specialized oversight and control structures, avoids and reduces corruption.
Implementation of Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2017 Concerning Public Order, Especially Social Order by the Civil Service Unit of the City of Tomohon
Authors: Kalengkongan Edwin , Bogar Wilson , Mandagi Marthinus
Published: May 2021

This study aims to describe, analyze, and interpret the implementation of local regulation no. 7 of 2017 concerning public order, especially social order by the Tomohon Civil Service Police Unit [1]. The results showed that: a) lack of understanding of the community regarding what are the benefits, goals and objectives of local regulations regarding social order, the community does not know because of the lack of socialization carried out by the implementor, so far the socialization has been carried out only in oral form, b) that the process of taking preventive measures has been carried out in the form of conducting patrols by the Tomohon Civil Service Police Unit with a schedule of 1 x 24 hours for 2 patrol groups and, c) Whereas the enforcement process is based on the element of what mistakes he has committed. If it is related to population problems to be resolved or processed, whether it is a Certificate of Domicile (SKD) or the issuance of an Identity Card (KTP). For matters of immorality and alcoholic drinks, an investigation is made in the form of an Investigation Report (BAP) and then issues a Statement Letter as a form of guidance, d) That legal enforcement is not following the mandate of Perda No. 7 of 2017 concerning Public Order because there are no cases that have been continued until the trial of minor criminal acts.
Factors Affecting Talent Manager Performance: Study on the Food Manufacturing Industry in the Cikarang Industrial Area, West Java
Authors: Subrata Karno , Wibowo Wibowo , Umar Husein , Riyadi Hanes , Widyastuti Sri
Published: May 2021

This study purposes of analyzing and develop the factors that affect talent managers' performance (Study on the food manufacturing industry in the Cikarang industrial area, West Java). The research design taken is a causal study that explains the relationship between variables and descriptive analysis that explains the data from the indicators and each variable's dimensions. The research object included 14 companies in the food processing industry with a sample of 269 talent managers. The research data is in the form of primary data obtained from filling out questionnaires by respondents. The analytical method used is descriptive statistics, namely percentage, average, and chi-square, using SPSS software and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) utilize LISREL software. The results of the descriptive study concluded that organizational culture is good. However, organizational culture has not been fully implemented in managing human resources, especially talent managers, because there is still a decentralization process in each different department. Hence, the talent manager's performance is relatively good except for the reservation and reservation dimensions, standards for measuring talent performance. The conclusion of this study states that the proposed research model has not been proven to be successful. The novelty element of this study cannot prove all the hypotheses that have been established as a research model. Therefore it can see from two sides, namely the academic side, by looking at the results of research that reject the hypothesis (anomaly), namely: organizational culture has no effect on job satisfaction. talent manager, organizational culture does not affect HRM, transformational leadership does not affect talent manager performance, and HRM does not affect talent manager performance. The practical side of this research's novelty element is the conservation dimension of the talent manager performance variable, namely the attitude or activity of maintaining work peace, protecting or maintaining work facilities and infrastructure, which is an element of novelty that rejects what should be, likewise with the exciting dimension of transformational leadership, namely the process of stimulating subordinates to think creatively and innovatively.