bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequent Incidence of Escape Mutants After Successful Hepatitis B Vaccine Response and Stopping of Nucleos(t)ide Analogues in Liver Transplant Recipients
Authors: Ishigami Masatoshi , Honda Takashi , Ishizu Yoji , Onishi Yasuharu , Kamei Hideya , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Ogura Yasuhiro , Hirooka Yoshiki , Goto Hidemi
Published: June 2014

The combination of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) and hepatitis B immune globulin has been established as safe and effective prophylaxis against hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation after liver transplantation (LT). However, the essential weak point of this regimen is its high cost. The hepatitis B (HB) vaccine is an attractive alternative that costs less, and it enables some patients to have sufficiently high hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) titers. Almost no data exist on whether NAs can be stopped safely in such successfully vaccinated patients. We investigated the incidence of HB vaccine escape mutants in liver recipients who had sufficient HBsAb titers after LT and stopped NAs. Among 18 HBV carriers and 7 non-HBV patients who received grafts from hepatitis B core antibody–positive donors, 2 HBV carriers and 6 non-HBV patients who achieved HBsAb titers >100 IU/L for >3 months after posttransplant vaccination were weaned from NAs. For the patients who showed viremia, we analyzed amino acid sequences of the HB envelope protein, and we performed a statistical analysis for the factors associated with viremia. In 4 of the 8 patients who achieved sufficient HBsAb levels after vaccination and stopped NAs, HBV DNA appeared after a median of 12 months. A sequence analysis showed various amino acid mutations, including the a-determinant, in the HB envelope region. Frequent vaccination was shown to be a statistically significant risk factor for inducing viremia. In conclusion, although the HB vaccine is an effective substitute for prophylaxis against HBV reactivation in some patients after LT, frequent vaccination could be a risk factor for producing escape mutants. Our data demonstrate not only that caution must be exercised in stopping NAs in effectively vaccinated patients (especially in patients vaccinated frequently) but also that it is important to set stopping rules for vaccination in transplant patients. Liver Transpl 20:1211-1220, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Recurrent or de novo nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after liver transplantation: Natural history based on liver biopsy analysis
Authors: Vallin Mélanie , Guillaud Olivier , Boillot Olivier , Hervieu Valérie , Scoazec Jean-Yves , Dumortier Jérôme
Published: June 2014

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a potential long-term complication after liver transplantation (LT) and can occur as recurrent disease in patients undergoing transplantation for NAFLD or as de novo NAFLD in others. The aim of this study was to compare these 2 different entities. From a cohort of adult patients undergoing transplantation between 2000 and 2010, we selected all patients with a diagnosis of NAFLD made during liver biopsy examinations during post-LT follow-up; clinical, biological, and histological features of patients with recurrent NAFLD and patients with de novo NAFLD were compared. The diagnosis of post-LT NAFLD was made for 91 patients during the study period: 11 cases were classified as recurrent NAFLD, and 80 cases were classified as de novo NAFLD. The groups were not statistically different with respect to the sex ratio, age, prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, prevalence of obesity, or prevalence of hypertension. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was higher in patients with recurrent NAFLD (100% versus 37.5%, p < 0.01). At 5 years, severe fibrosis (stage 3 or 4) and steatohepatitis were more frequent in patients with recurrent NAFLD versus patients with de novo NAFLD [71.4% versus 12.5% (P < 0.01) and 71.4% versus 17.2% (P < 0.01), respectively]. NAFLD was already present in 67% of the patients with de novo NAFLD and in 100% of the patients with recurrent NAFLD after 1 year. According to successive liver biopsies, steatosis disappeared in 18 patients (22.5%) with de novo NAFLD and in none of the patients with recurrent NAFLD. In conclusion, our results strongly suggest that recurrent NAFLD and de novo NAFLD after LT are different entities; recurrent NAFLD appears to be a more severe and irreversible disease with an earlier onset. Liver Transpl 20:1064-1071, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Restricting Liver Transplant Recipients to Younger Donors Does Not Increase the Wait-List Time or the Dropout Rate: The Hepatitis C Experience
Authors: Flemming Jennifer A. , Vagefi Parsia A. , Freise Chris E. , Yao Francis Y. , Terrault Norah A.
Published: June 2014

Older donor age is associated with lower graft and patient survival among all recipients of liver transplantation (LT). Among patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV), donor age is one of the strongest predictors of fibrosis severity and graft loss. We evaluated the implementation of a donor age restriction policy for LT patients with HCV at a single center and the effects that this policy had on wait-list (WL) and post-LT outcomes for HCV and non-HCV patients. This was a cohort study of 2388 WL patients and 1015 LT recipients between March 2002 and January 2013 and reflected 3 different eras of donor age policies. With the donor age restriction, the median donor age was reduced in LT recipients with HCV versus LT recipients without HCV (30 versus 48 years, P < 0.001) without differences in the WL time (10.6 versus 8.0 months, P = 0.23). According to a competing risks regression, those with HCV and those without HCV had lower subhazard ratios (SHRs) of dropout or death on the WL during the donor age restriction era versus the era without donor age restriction [SHR = 0.68 (P < 0.01) and SHR = 0.64 (P = 0.01), respectively]. No differences were seen in early post-LT survival for patients with or without HCV between eras (P = 0.7 and P = 0.88, respectively). In conclusion, we show that donor age restriction for HCV results in a lower donor age for HCV recipients without obvious adverse WL consequences. Although additional studies are needed, our results demonstrate the feasibility of donor age restriction for LT recipients with HCV, and such information may be relevant to programs with limited access to new antiviral therapies for which modifying the risk of severe disease remains of paramount importance. Liver Transpl 20:1202–1210, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Photoresponsive Liquid‐Crystalline Dendrimers Based on a Cyclotriphosphazene Core
Authors: Jiménez Josefina , Pintre Inmaculada , Gascón Elena , Sánchez‐Somolinos Carlos , Alcalá Rafael , Cavero Emma , Serrano José Luis , Oriol Luis
Published: June 2014

A series of new liquid‐crystalline dendrimers is synthesized from hexa(4‐hydroxyphenyloxy)­cyclotriphosphazene as the central core and bis(MPA) as a branching agent. The dendrimers are functionalized with azobenzene mesogenic moieties. The monodisperse nature of the dendrimers is confirmed by 1H and 31P{1H} NMR and by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). A study of the thermal properties reveals mesomorphic behavior. All of the materials exhibit a lamellar phase and this is confirmed to be smectic A in nature by X‐ray diffraction. A nematic phase is also observed for the dendrimers that contain 4‐cyanoazobenzene. A calamitic arrangement in which the mesogenic moieties point both upwards and downwards with respect to the cyclotriphosphazene core is proposed to explain the mesomorphic properties. The introduction of photochromic moieties leads to a photoresponse for these materials. The response to linearly polarized light is studied and an order parameter of about 0.5 is measured for dendrimer G1‐Azo‐3.

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A Modular Approach to Introduce Function into Single‐Chain Polymeric Nanoparticles
Authors: Huerta Elisa , van Genabeek Bas , Stals Patrick J. M. , Meijer E. W. , Palmans Anja R. A.
Published: June 2014

Here, a modular approach is reported to introduce a specific function into single‐chain polymeric nanoparticles (SCPNs). Hereto, an amphiphilic polymer with pendant benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamide (BTA) units is mixed with a “free” BTA that contains a functional group, either a fluorescent naphthalimide or a catalytically active l‐proline. Taking advantage of hydrophobic interactions and self‐recognition properties of the BTA units, the “free” BTAs are captured into the interior of the SCPN in water as evidenced by fluorescence studies. To illustrate that function can be readily introduced using a modular approach, l‐proline‐based BTAs are incorporated to procure a catalytically active SCPN in water. The aldol reaction between p‐nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone shows good conversions at low catalyst loadings and substrate concentrations, and high stereoselectivities are obtained (de = 91% and ee = 98%).

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Paroxysmal dyskinesias revisited: A review of 500 genetically proven cases and a new classification
Authors: Erro Roberto , Sheerin Una‐Marie , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: June 2014

Paroxysmal movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of conditions manifesting as episodic dyskinesia with sudden onset and lasting a variable duration. Based on the difference of precipitating factors, three forms are clearly recognized, namely, paroxysmal kinesigenic (PKD), non‐kinesigenic (PNKD), and exercise induced (PED). The elucidation of the genetic cause of various forms of paroxysmal dyskinesia has led to better clinical definitions based on genotype–phenotype correlations in the familial forms. However, it has been increasingly recognized that (1) there is a marked pleiotropy of mutations in such genes with still expanding clinical spectra; and (2) not all patients clinically presenting with either PKD, PNKD, or PED have mutations in these genes. We aimed to review the clinical features of 500 genetically proven cases published to date. Based on our results, it is clear that there is not a complete phenotypic–genotypic correlation, and therefore we suggest an algorithm to lead the genetic analyses. Given the fact that the reliability of current clinical categorization is not entirely valid, we further propose a novel classification for paroxysmal dyskinesias, which takes into account the recent genetic discoveries in this field. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Numerical simulation of liquefaction in porous media using nonlinear fluid flow law
Authors: Taslimian Ruhhollah , Noorzad Ali , Maleki Javan Mohammad Reza
Published: June 2014

It is well known that for a sufficiently high seepage velocity, the governing flow law of porous media is nonlinear (J. Computers & Fluids 2010; 39: 2069–2077). However, this fact has not been considered in the studies of soil‐pore fluid interaction and in conventional soil mechanics. In the present paper, a fully explicit dynamic finite element method is developed for nonlinear Darcy law. The governing equations are expressed for saturated porous media based on the extension of the Biot (J. Appl. Phys. 1941; 12: 155–164) formulation. The elastoplastic behavior of soil under earthquake loading is simulated using a generalized plasticity theory that is composed of a yield surface along with non‐associated flow rule. Numerical simulations of porous media subjected to horizontal and vertical components of ground motion excitations with different permeability coefficients are carried out; while computed maximum pore water pressure is specially taken into consideration to make the difference between Darcy and non‐Darcy flow regimes tangible. Finally, the effect of non‐Darcy flow on the evaluated liquefaction potential of sand in comparison to conventional Darcy law is examined. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sonographic evaluation of the fetal conus medullaris
Authors: Rodriguez Mª Angeles , Prats Pilar , Muñoz Ana , Rodríguez Ignacio , Comas Carmina
Published: June 2014

What is already known about this topic?

By assessment of the position of the conus medullaris has the potential to allow prenatal diagnosis of closed spina bifida

The optimal methodology to assess the position of the conus medullaris is presently unknown.

What does this study add?

The distance between the most caudal point of the conus medullaris and the last ventral ossification of the sacrum is reproducible and has the potential to aid for the prenatal diagnosis of closed spina bifida.
Thermoplastic biodegradable material elaborated from unripe banana flour reinforced with metallocene catalyzed polyethylene
Authors: Martín Martínez E. San , Aguilar Méndez M. A. , Sánchez Solís A. , Vieyra H.
Published: June 2014

To meet the challenge of procuring new sources of natural polymers without affecting the demands for food crops, a thermoplastic unripe banana flour (TPF) was produced, characterized, and blended with metallocene‐catalyzed polyethylene (mPE). Both the pulp and peels of unripe banana were used to produce flour, whose stability and thermoplastic properties allowed blending with mPE in high proportions, that is, 50, 60, 70, and 80%. The blends were injection molded, and the thermal, mechanical, microstructural, and infrared spectral properties of the resulting samples were characterized. The blend containing 50% TPF yielded a robust, elastic, and nonbrittle material. Maleic anhydride grafting on mPE (mPE‐g‐MA) promoted interphase adhesion of the polymers and homogeneity in the blends. Grafting also influenced the mechanical, thermal, and microstructural properties of the blends. The characteristics of the blends make them ideal for designing biodegradable plastics while exploiting banana peels, which are usually considered agricultural waste. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:866–876, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cost‐utility analysis of daily versus intermittent inhaled corticosteroids in mild‐persistent asthma
Authors: Rodriguez‐Martinez Carlos E. , Nino Gustavo , Castro‐Rodriguez Jose A.
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Despite the many benefits that have been demonstrated by the continuous administration of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in persistent asthma, a new strategy for mild‐asthma is emerging, consisting of using intermittent or as‐needed ICS treatment in conjunction with short‐acting beta2 agonists in response to symptoms. However, no previous studies have reported an economic evaluation comparing these two therapeutic strategies.

Methods

A Markov‐type model was developed in order to estimate costs and health outcomes of a simulated cohort of pediatric patients with persistent asthma treated over a 12‐month period. Effectiveness parameters were obtained from a systematic review of the literature. Cost data were obtained from official databases provided by the Colombian Ministry of Health. The main outcome was the variable “quality‐adjusted life‐years” (QALYs).

Results

For the base‐case analysis, the model showed that compared to intermittent ICS, daily therapy with ICS had lower costs (US$437.02 vs. 585.03 and US$704.62 vs. 749.81 average cost per patient over 12 months for school children and preschoolers, respectively), and the greatest gain in QALYs (0.9629 vs. 0.9392 QALYs and 0.9238 vs. 0.9130 QALYS for school children and preschoolers, respectively), resulting in daily therapy being considered dominant.

Conclusions

The present analysis shows that compared to intermittent therapy, daily therapy with ICS for treating pediatric patients with recurrent wheezing and mild persistent asthma is a dominant strategy (more cost effective), because it showed a greater gain in QALYs with lower total treatment costs.Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:735–746.© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flameless Combustion Synthesis of Ni and Ag Nanoparticles in Ballasted Systems: A Time‐Resolved X‐ray Diffraction Study
Authors: Mikhailov Yurii M. , Aleshin Victor V. , Kolesnikova Alexandra M. , Kovalev Dmitrii Yu. , Ponomarev Vasilii. I.
Published: June 2014

The combustion of cellulose nitrate in ballasted mixtures containing an organic binder and nickel hydroxycarbonate or silver carbonate as precursors resulted Ni or Ag nanoparticles. The formation of Ni and Ag nanoparticles from flameless combustion of cellulose nitrate was monitored by time‐resolved X‐ray diffraction. During the formation of the Ag nanoparticles, the diffraction patterns exhibited only signals from decreasing amounts of the precursor and newly simultaneously formed 20–30 nm silver particles. It was detected that in the systems with Ni precursor the formation of the Ni 5–10 nm crystals proceeded by some 2–3 s diffraction‐silent intermediate states of the whole system.
An osmolyte mitigates the destabilizing effect of protein crowding
Authors: Sarkar Mohona , Pielak Gary J.
Published: June 2014

Most theories predict that macromolecular crowding stabilizes globular proteins, but recent studies show that weak attractive interactions can result in crowding‐induced destabilization. Osmolytes are ubiquitous in biology and help protect cells against stress. Given that dehydration stress adds to the crowded nature of the cytoplasm, we speculated that cells might use osmolytes to overcome the destabilization caused by the increased weak interactions that accompany desiccation. We used NMR‐detected amide proton exchange experiments to measure the stability of the test protein chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 under physiologically relevant crowded conditions in the presence and absence of the osmolyte glycine betaine. The osmolyte overcame the destabilizing effect of the cytosol. This result provides a physiologically relevant explanation for the accumulation of osmolytes by dehydration‐stressed cells.
A Change Point Method for Monitoring Generalized Linear Profiles in Phase I
Authors: Shadman Alireza , Mahlooji Hashem , Yeh Arthur B. , Zou Changliang
Published: June 2014

The Phase I applications of the statistical profile monitoring have recently been extended to the case when the response variable is binary. We are motivated to undertake the current research in an attempt to try to provide a unified framework for the Phase I control in the context of statistical profile monitoring that can be used to tackle a large class of response variables, such as continuous, count, or categorical response variables. The unified framework is essentially based on applying the change point model to the class of generalized linear models. The proposed Phase I control chart is assessed and compared with the existing charts under binomial and Poisson profiles. Some diagnostic procedures are also discussed. A real data set obtained from a test lab concerning the dispersion of carbon black filler in a rubber mix is used to demonstrate how the proposed chart can be used in practical applications. Some future research directions are also discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Extended Nonparametric Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Sign Control Chart
Authors: Lu Shin‐Li
Published: June 2014

Traditional control charts are established on the assumption that the observations of a process follow a normal or specific probability distribution. However, in many applications, there is insufficient information to justify this assumption. Thus, nonparametric control charts have been proposed in recent years and hold a significant place among statistical process control charts. Some of these charts are designed to monitor the location parameter, whereas others are available for the scale. The major advantage of these control charts is that the underlying process does not specifically assume normality or other specific distributions. In this paper, the nonparametric generally weighted moving average sign chart is developed to improve the detection capability in small process shifts. Simulation studies show that the nonparametric generally weighted moving average sign chart is not optimal in all scenarios but can compete with the nonparametric exponentially weighted moving average sign chart. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Performance of Linear Profile Methodologies Under Runs Rules Schemes
Authors: Riaz Muhammad , Touqeer Fouzia
Published: June 2014

There are many practical situations where product quality is function of two or more related quality characteristics that may establish a linear relationship in the form of a linear profile. In this study, we have investigated different methodologies based on simple and general linear profile datasets for paired observations using efficient runs rules schemes. We have covered different methodologies such as T‐square, coding method approach, global F‐test under simple, and multiple linear models. We have performed comparisons among their performance using power under different runs rules schemes. The comparisons revealed that different methodologies for simple and multiple profile charts with a variety of runs rules schemes have attractive abilities to detect shifts in different parameters including intercept, slope, and process variance under special process scenarios. An application example is also provided in support of the study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple indicators, multiple causes measurement error models
Authors: Tekwe Carmen D. , Carter Randy L. , Cullings Harry M. , Carroll Raymond J.
Published: June 2014

Multiple indicators, multiple causes(MIMIC) models are often employed by researchers studying the effects of an unobservable latent variable on a set of outcomes, when causes of the latent variable are observed. There are times, however, when the causes of the latent variable are not observed because measurements of the causal variable are contaminated by measurement error. The objectives of this paper are as follows: (i) to develop a novel model by extending the classical linear MIMIC model to allow both Berkson and classical measurement errors, defining the MIMIC measurement error (MIMIC ME) model; (ii) to develop likelihood‐based estimation methods for the MIMIC ME model; and (iii) to apply the newly defined MIMIC ME model to atomic bomb survivor data to study the impact of dyslipidemia and radiation dose on the physical manifestations of dyslipidemia. As a by‐product of our work, we also obtain a data‐driven estimate of the variance of the classical measurement error associated with an estimate of the amount of radiation dose received by atomic bomb survivors at the time of their exposure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modularity and intellectual property protection
Authors: Baldwin Carliss Y. , Henkel Joachim
Published: June 2014

Modularity is a means of partitioning technical knowledge about a product or process. When state‐sanctioned intellectual property (IP) rights are ineffective or costly to enforce, modularity can be used to hide information and thus protect IP. We investigate the impact of modularity on IP protection by formally modeling the threat of expropriation by agents. The principal has three options to address this threat: trust, licensing, and paying agents to stay loyal. We show how the principal can influence the value of these options by modularizing the system and by hiring clans of agents, thus exploiting relationships among them. Extensions address screening and signaling in hiring, the effects of an imperfect legal system, and social norms of fairness. We illustrate our arguments with examples from practice.© 2014 The Authors. Strategic Management Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A note on approximating ABC‐MCMC using flexible classifiers
Authors: Pham Kim Cuc , Nott David J. , Chaudhuri Sanjay
Published: June 2014

A method for approximating Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms is considered in the setting where the likelihood is intractable. The approach is based on interpreting the likelihood ratio in the Metropolis–Hastings acceptance probability as the odds in the Bayes classification rule for distinguishing whether the observed data were generated using the proposal parameter value or the current one. Approximating the Bayes rule using simulated data from the model and modern flexible classifiers capable of dealing with high‐dimensional feature vectors results in new approximate Bayesian computation procedures that are able to perform well with high‐dimensional summary statistics. In problems of small to moderate size, it may even be possible to dispense with summary statistics altogether. The synthetic likelihood of Wood corresponds to classification by quadratic discriminant analysis in this framework. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Xist Repression Shows Time-Dependent Effects on the Reprogramming of Female Somatic Cells to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Chen Qi , Gao Shuai , He Wenteng , Kou Xiaochen , Zhao Yanhong , Wang Hong , Gao Shaorong
Published: June 2014

Although the reactivation of silenced X chromosomes has been observed as part of the process of reprogramming female somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), it remains unknown whether repression of the X-inactive specific transcript (Xist) can greatly enhance female iPSC induction similar to that observed in somatic cell nuclear transfer studies. In this study, we discovered that the repression of Xist plays opposite roles in the early and late phases of female iPSCs induction. Our results demonstrate that the downregulation of Xist by an isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA) system can greatly impair the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in the early phase of iPSC induction but can significantly promote the transition of pre-iPSCs to iPSCs in the late phase. Furthermore, we demonstrate that although the knockdown of Xist did not affect the H3K27me3 modification on the X chromosome, macroH2A was released from the inactivated X chromosome (Xi). This enables the X chromosome silencing to be a reversible event. Moreover, we demonstrate that the supplementation of vitamin C (Vc) can augment and stabilize the reversible X chromosome by preventing the relocalization of macroH2A to the Xi. Therefore, our study reveals an opposite role of Xist repression in the early and late stages of reprogramming female somatic cells to pluripotency and demonstrates that the release of macroH2A by Xist repression enables the transition from pre-iPSCs to iPSCs. Stem Cells  2014;32:2642–2656
Electrification and rural development: issues of scale in distributed generation
Authors: Baldwin Elizabeth , Brass Jennifer N. , Carley Sanya , MacLean Lauren M.
Published: June 2014

Despite the importance of electrification for economic and social development, over one billion people globally lack access to electricity, primarily in rural areas of developing countries. Alongside the traditional means of expanding access, large‐scale grid electrification, there exists another option for rural electrification: small‐scale and localized distributed generation (DG), often powered by renewable energy sources.DGsystems can be grid‐connected or off‐grid and can range in scale from less than 10 W solar lanterns at the small end to 60 MW biomass generation. AlthoughDGhas enabled some level of access to electricity for millions of people, little or no research has analyzed how the scale or level of access to electricity has shaped the ways that programs are financed or are viewed by governments, or the developmental impacts that various levels have on end‐users. This article reviews the literature on DG in developing countries and finds that large‐scaleDGsystems require a different set of approaches to finance, end‐user training, and public policy support than do small‐scaleDGsystems. Our review also reveals that even the smallest scaleDGsystems improve users' quality of life, yet access to electricity alone is not sufficient to achieve desired economic and social development goals. Policy makers, donors, non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), and other actors engaged in rural development must both (1) make decisions considering the scale ofDGprograms, and (2) reflect on end‐users' needs and productive uses for electricity if rural electrification projects are to result in long‐term development benefits.WIREs Energy Environ2015, 4:196–211. doi: 10.1002/wene.129

This article is categorized under:

Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Insights for contemporary hunting from ancient hellenic culture
Authors: Sokos Christos K. , Peterson M. Nils , Birtsas Periklis K. , Hasanagas Nikolas D.
Published: June 2014

Urbanization and other threats to hunting culture have inspired growth in research that addresses the role of hunting in western society today. This literature addresses the juxtaposition of non‐subsistence hunting and modern western models of wildlife management associated with either the public trust doctrine or market economics. Insights for understanding this juxtaposition can be drawn from the historical efforts to frame hunting as a symbolic, versus subsistence, activity in ancient Hellenic (Greek) culture. For the ancient Hellenes, hunting offered the opportunity to acquire edification, test skills, and to enjoy a feeling of freedom, and did so for all citizens, even for women. Edification meant more than knowledge about hunting to the ancient Hellenes. It referred to respect for the purity of nature and a hunting ethic, and strict adherence to hunting norms. Testing skills dictated fair chase, where tools and techniques used should not eliminate the need for physical and mental dexterity. Feeling of freedom meant that hunters became useful for themselves and for society through skills acquired by hunting; a modern society might define this as self‐sufficiency or independence, which contributes to a greater societal good. These symbolic dimensions of hunting developed in ancient Hellas could provide guidelines for the social identity that hunters hope to develop in our modern world by improving hunting education, promotion, and management. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Methylated Azoles, 2‐Tetrazenes, and Hydrazines
Authors: Miró Sabaté Carles , Delalu Henri
Published: June 2014

This report is a summary of our work on energetic materials. Herein, triazole‐, tetrazole‐, 2‐tetrazene‐ and hydrazine‐based energetic compounds are described. An overview of the synthetic methods and of the problematic around the quest of new explosives is given. Hydrogen‐bonding formation and alkylation (methylation) reactions were studied as a mean to decrease the sensitivities towards classical stimuli and increase their thermal and chemical stability. 15N NMR spectroscopy is a valuable tool for the assignment of the methylation site in keeping with the results of the crystal structure analysis. Lastly, the thermal/chemical stability, sensitivity data and energetic performance of the compounds is described.
Enhancement of ascomycin production in Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus by combining resin HP20 addition and metabolic profiling analysis
Authors: Qi Haishan , Zhao Sumin , Fu Hong , Wen Jianping , Jia Xiaoqiang
Published: June 2014

Combinatorial approach of adsorbent resin HP20 addition and metabolic profiling analysis were carried out to enhance ascomycin production. Under the optimal condition of 5 % m/v HP20 added at 24 h, ascomycin production was increased to 380 from 300 mg/L. To further rationally guide the improvement of ascomycin production, metabolic profiling analysis was employed to investigate the intracellular metabolite changes of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus FS35 in response to HP20 addition. A correlation between the metabolic profiles and ascomycin accumulation was revealed by partial least-squares to latent structures discriminant analysis, and 11 key metabolites that most contributed to metabolism differences and ascomycin biosynthesis were identified. Based on the analysis of metabolite changes together with their pathways, the potential key factors associated with ascomycin overproduction were determined. Finally, rationally designed fermentation strategies based on HP20 addition were performed as follows: 2 % v/v n-hexadecane was added at 24 h; 1.0 g/L valine was supplemented at 48 h; 1.0 g/L lysine was added at 72 h. The ascomycin production was ultimately improved to 460 mg/L, a 53.3 % enhancement compared with that obtained in initial condition. These results demonstrated that the combination of HP20 addition and metabolic profiling analysis could be successfully applied to the rational guidance of production improvement of ascomycin, as well as other clinically important compounds.
Perioperative Leadership: Managing Change With Insights, Priorities, and Tools
Authors: Taylor David L.
Published: June 2014

The personal leadership of the perioperative director is a critical factor in the success of any change management initiative. This article presents an approach to perioperative nursing leadership that addresses obstacles that prevent surgical departments from achieving high performance in clinical and financial outcomes. This leadership approach consists of specific insights, priorities, and tools: key insights include self‐understanding of personal barriers to leadership and accuracy at understanding economic and strategic considerations related to the OR environment; key priorities include creating a customer‐centered organization, focusing on process improvement, and concentrating on culture change; and key tools include using techniques (eg, direct engagement, collaborative leadership) to align surgical organizations with leadership priorities and mitigate specific perioperative management risks. Included in this article is a leadership development plan for perioperative directors.
Using Improvement Science Methods to Increase Accuracy of Surgical Consents
Authors: Mercurio Patti , Shaffer Ellis Andrea , Schoettker Pamela J. , Stone Raymond , Lenk Mary Anne , Ryckman Frederick C.
Published: June 2014

The surgical consent serves as a key link in preventing breakdowns in communication that could lead to wrong‐patient, wrong‐site, or wrong‐procedure events. We conducted a quality improvement initiative at a large, urban pediatric academic medical center to reliably increase the percentage of informed consents for surgical and medical procedures with accurate safety data information at the first point of perioperative contact. Improvement activities focused on awareness, education, standardization, real‐time feedback and failure identification, and transparency. A total of 54,082 consent forms from 13 surgical divisions were reviewed between May 18, 2011, and November 30, 2012. Between May 2011 and June 2012, the percentage of consents without safety errors increased from a median of 95.4% to 99.7%. Since July 2012, the median has decreased slightly but has remained stable at 99.4%. Our results suggest that effective safety checks allow discovery and prevention of errors.
Tomato carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 1A and 1B: Relaxed double bond specificity leads to a plenitude of dialdehydes, mono‐apocarotenoids and isoprenoid volatiles
Authors: Ilg Andrea , Bruno Mark , Beyer Peter , Al-Babili Salim
Published: June 2014

The biosynthetic processes leading to many of the isoprenoid volatiles released by tomato fruits are still unknown, though previous reports suggested a clear correlation with the carotenoids contained within the fruit. In this study, we investigated the activity of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (SlCCD1B), which is highly expressed in fruits, and of its homolog SlCCD1A. Using in vitro assays performed with purified recombinant enzymes and by analyzing products formed by the two enzymes in carotene‐accumulating Escherichia coli strains, we demonstrate that SlCCD1A and, to a larger extent, SlCCD1B, have a very relaxed specificity for both substrate and cleavage site, mediating the oxidative cleavage of cis‐ and all‐trans‐carotenoids as well as of different apocarotenoids at many more double bonds than previously reported. This activity gives rise to a plenitude of volatiles, mono‐apocarotenoids and dialdehyde products, including cis‐pseudoionone, neral, geranial, and farnesylacetone. Our results provide a direct evidence for a carotenoid origin of these compounds and point to CCD1s as the enzymes catalyzing the formation of the vast majority of tomato isoprenoid volatiles, many of which are aroma constituents.
Fatty liver‐induced changes in stereotypic behavior in rats and effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analog on stereotypy
Authors: Erbaş Oytun , Akseki Hüseyin Serdar , Solmaz Volkan , Aktuğ Hüseyin , Taşkıran Dilek
Published: June 2014

Although understanding the relation between psychotic behavior and immune abnormalities has been the focus of research for many years, it remains to be elucidated whether the changes in cytokine levels are part of etiology or a result of the stress associated with the disorder. In accordance with previous studies on changes in cytokine levels due to metabolic changes and psychosis, we hypothesized that fatty liver may potentiate apomorphine‐induced stereotypy in a rodent model and that a synthetic glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analog exenatide would ameliorate this effect. In this study, 18 male Sprague Dawley albino mature rats were used. We induced hepatosteatosis in these rats by feeding them with 30% fructose dissolved in drinking water for 8 weeks. The animals were divided into three groups, namely, the normal group, the intracerebroventricular (ICV) exenatide group, and the ICV NaCl group. Apomorphine‐induced stereotypic behavior test was performed in all groups and the liver was removed for histopathological examination after all the rats were euthanized. In the nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) group, stereotypy scores were significantly increased compared with the control group rats (p < 0.00001). A significant decrease in stereotypy scores were observed in the ICV exenatide group with NAFL when compared with the ICV saline group with NAFL (p < 0.005). In addition, brain malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor‐α levels decreased in the ICV exenatide group. The results of this study showed that fatty liver enhances the effect of apomorphine on stereotypy, which was reversed by exenatide possibly by antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects.
Response of a stratified boundary layer on a tilted wall to surface undulations
Authors: Passaggia Pierre-Yves , Meunier Patrice , Le Dizès Stéphane
Published: June 2014

The structure of a stratified boundary layer over a tilted bottom with a small streamwise undulation is studied theoretically and numerically. We show that the tilt of the boundary can induce strong density variations and wall-transverse velocities in the critical layer when the frequency of the forcing by the topography $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}kU(z_c)$ is equal to the transverse Brunt–Väisälä frequency $N \sin \alpha $ ($N$ being the vertical Brunt–Väisälä frequency). The viscous solution in the critical layer, obtained and compared with direct numerical simulation results, is in good agreement for both the scaling and the spatial structure. The amplitude of the transverse velocity response is also shown to exhibit quasi-resonance peaks when the stratification strength is varied.
Comoving frames and symmetry-related motions in parallel shear flows
Authors: Kreilos Tobias , Zammert Stefan , Eckhardt Bruno
Published: June 2014

Parallel shear flows have continuous symmetries of translation in the downstream and spanwise directions. As a consequence, flow states that differ in their spanwise or downstream location but are otherwise identical are dynamically equivalent. In the case of travelling waves, this trivial degree of freedom can be removed by going to a frame of reference that moves with the state, thereby turning the travelling wave in the laboratory frame into a fixed point in the comoving frame of reference. We here discuss a general approach, the method of comoving frames, by which the symmetry related motions can also be removed for more complicated and dynamically active states and demonstrate its application for several examples. For flow states in the asymptotic suction boundary layer (ASBL) we show that in the case of the long-period oscillatory edge state we can find local phase speeds which remove the fast oscillations and reveal the slow vortex dynamics underlying the burst phenomenon. For spanwise translating states we show that the method removes the drift but not the dynamical events that cause the big spanwise displacement. For a turbulent case we apply the method to the spanwise shifts and find slow components that are correlated over very long times. Calculations for plane Poiseuille flow show that the long correlations in the transverse motions are not specific to the ASBL.
AUTOMORPHISM GROUPS OF SATURATED MODELS OF PEANO ARITHMETIC
Authors: NURKHAIDAROV ERMEK S. , SCHMERL JAMES H.
Published: June 2014

Letκbe the cardinality of some saturated model of Peano Arithmetic. There is a set of${2^{{\aleph _0}}}$saturated models of PA, each having cardinalityκ, such that wheneverMandNare two distinct models from this set, then Aut(${\cal M}$) ≇ Aut ($${\cal N}$$).
CHARACTERIZING LOWNESS FOR DEMUTH RANDOMNESS
Authors: BIENVENU LAURENT , DOWNEY ROD , GREENBERG NOAM , NIES ANDRÉ , TURETSKY DAN
Published: June 2014

We show the existence of noncomputable oracles which are low for Demuth randomness, answering a question in [15] (also Problem 5.5.19 in [34]). We fully characterize lowness for Demuth randomness using an appropriate notion of traceability. Central to this characterization is a partial relativization of Demuth randomness, which may be more natural than the fully relativized version. We also show that an oracle is low for weak Demuth randomness if and only if it is computable.
THE FREE PSEUDOSPACE IS N-AMPLE, BUT NOT (N + 1)-AMPLE
Authors: TENT KATRIN
Published: June 2014

We give a uniform construction of free pseudospaces of dimension n extending work in [1]. This yields examples of ω-stable theories which are n-ample, but not n + 1-ample. The prime models of these theories are buildings associated to certain right-angled Coxeter groups.
Preliminary characteristics of magnetic field and plasma performance in the Magnetized Dusty Plasma Experiment (MDPX)
Authors: Thomas E. , DuBois A. M. , Lynch B. , Adams S. , Fisher R. , Artis D. , LeBlanc S. , Konopka U. , Merlino R. L. , Rosenberg M.
Published: June 2014

The Magnetized Dusty Plasma Experiment (MDPX) device is a newly constructed research instrument for the study of dusty (complex) plasmas. The MDPX device is envisioned as an experimental platform in which the dynamical behavior of all three charged plasma components, the electrons, ions, and charged microparticles (i.e., the ‘dust’) will be significantly influenced by the magnetic force. This brief paper will provide a short overview of the design, magnetic performance, and initial plasma measurements in the MDPX device.
Effect of external resonant fields and limiter biasing on hard X-ray intensity and mirnov oscillations in IR-T1 Tokamak
Authors: Ghanbari K. , Ghoranneviss M. , Elahi A. Salar
Published: June 2014

Runaway electrons in tokamaks can cause serious damage to the first wall of the reactor and decrease its life time. Also, hard x-ray emission generated from high energy runaway electrons lead to the plasma energy loss. Therefore, suggesting methods to minimize runaway electron in tokamaks are very important. Applying external resonant field is one of the methods for controlling the Magneto Hydrodynamic (MHD) activity. Relation between the MHD activity and runaway electrons has already been studied (Jaspers et al. 1994; Ghanbari et al. 2012) Jaspers, R., et al. 1994 Phys. Rev. Lett.72, 4093; Ghanbari, M. R., et al. 2012a Phys. Scr.83, 055501. Present study attempts to investigate the effects of limiter biasing and Resonant Helical magnetic Field (RHF) on the generation of runaway electrons. For this purpose, plasma parameters such as plasma current, MHD oscillation, loop voltage, emitted hard x-ray intensity, Halpha impurity, safety factor in the presence and absence of external fields, were measured. Frequency activity was investigated with FFT analysis. The results show that applying resonant fields can control the MHD activity, and then hard x-ray emitted from the runaway electrons.
Unemotional traits predict early processing deficit for fearful expressions in young violent offenders: an investigation using continuous flash suppression
Authors: Jusyte A. , Mayer S. V. , Künzel E. , Hautzinger M. , Schönenberg M.
Published: June 2014

Background

Research evidence suggests that cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in social information processing may underlie the key aspects associated with the emergence of aggression and psychopathy. Despite extensive research in this field, it is unclear whether this deficit relates to general attentional problems or affects early stages of information processing. Therefore, the aim was to explore the link between aggression, psychopathic traits, and the early processing deficits in young antisocial violent offenders (YAVOs) and healthy controls (CTLs).

Method

Participants were presented with rapidly changing Mondrian-like images in one eye, while a neutral or emotional (happy, angry, fearful, disgusted, surprised, sad) face was slowly introduced to the other eye. Participants indicated the location in which the face had appeared on the screen, reflecting the time when they became aware of the stimulus. The relative processing advantage was obtained by subtracting mean reaction times for emotional from neutral faces.

Results

The results indicated that individuals with higher levels of unemotional traits tended to exhibit an extensive early processing disadvantage for fearful facial expressions; this relationship was only evident in the YAVO as opposed to the CTL sample.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that an emotion processing deficit in antisocial individuals is present even at the most basic levels of processing and closely related to certain psychopathic traits. Furthermore, this early processing deficit appears to be highly specific to fearful expressions, which is consistent with predictions made by influential models of psychopathy. The clinical significance and potential implications of the results are discussed.
Improvisational Artistry in Live Dance Performance as Embodied and Extended Agency
Authors: Bresnahan Aili
Published: June 2014

This article provides an account of improvisational artistry in live dance performance that construes the contribution of the dance performer as a kind of agency. Andy Clark's theory of the embodied and extended mind is used in order to consider how this account is supported by research on how a thinking-while-doing person navigates the world. I claim here that while a dance performer's improvisational artistry does include embodied and extended features that occur outside of the brain and nervous system, that this can be construed as “agency” rather than “thought.” Further I claim that trained and individual style accounts for how this agency acquires its artistic nature. This account thus contributes to the philosophy of improvisation in dance performance in a way that includes motor as well as cognized intentions.