bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Efficient Direct Synthesis of Scaffold 9a,10,12,12a‐Tetrahydrobenzo[b]cyclopenta[f]pyrrolo[1,2‐d][1,4]diazepinone by Using Active Phoshomolybdic Acid
Authors: Sarnikar Yuvaraj P. , Biradar Dhanraj O. , Mane Yogesh D. , Khade Bhimrao C.
Published: January 2019

Domino coupling of furan‐2‐yl (phenyl) methanol and 2‐(1H‐pyrrol‐1‐yl) aniline has been achieved in the presence of 10 mol% phosphomolybdic acid in CH3CN under reflux to afford the corresponding biologically active 10‐aryl‐9a,10,12,12a‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]cyclopenta[f]pyrrolo[1,2‐d][1,4]diazepin‐11(9H)‐ones in good yields. Broad substrate scope, short reaction times, environmentally benign, and operational simplicity makes this method more attractive.
Metabolic perturbations in classic galactosemia beyond the Leloir pathway: Insights from an untargeted metabolomic study
Authors: Taylor Fischer S. , Frederick Allison B. , Tran ViLinh , Li Shuzhao , Jones Dean P. , Fridovich‐Keil Judith L.
Published: January 2019

Classic galactosemia (CG) is an autosomal recessive disorder that impacts close to 1/50000 live births in the United States, with varying prevalence in other countries. Following exposure to milk, which contains high levels of galactose, affected infants may experience rapid onset and progression of potentially lethal symptoms. With the benefit of early diagnosis, generally by newborn screening, and immediate and lifelong dietary restriction of galactose, the acute sequelae of disease can be prevented or resolved. However, long‐term complications are common, and despite many decades of research, the bases of these complications remain unexplained. As a step toward defining the underlying pathophysiology of long‐term outcomes in CG, we applied an untargeted metabolomic approach with mass spectrometry and dual liquid chromatography, comparing thousands of small molecules in plasma samples from 183 patients and 31 controls. All patients were on galactose‐restricted diets. Using both univariate and multivariate statistical methods, we identified 252 differentially abundant features from anion exchange chromatography and 167 differentially abundant features from C18 chromatography. Mapping these discriminatory features to putative metabolites and biochemical pathways revealed 14 significantly perturbed pathways; these included multiple redox, amino acid, and mitochondrial pathways, among others. Finally, we tested whether any discriminatory features also distinguished cases with mild vs more severe long‐term outcomes and found multiple candidates, of which one achieved false discovery rate‐adjusted q < 0.1. These results extend substantially from prior targeted studies of metabolic perturbation in CG and offer a new approach to identifying candidate modifiers and targets for intervention.
T1ρ mapping for assessment of renal allograft fibrosis
Authors: Hectors Stefanie J. , Bane Octavia , Kennedy Paul , El Salem Fadi , Menon Madhav , Segall Maxwell , Khaim Rafael , Delaney Veronica , Lewis Sara , Taouli Bachir
Published: January 2019

Background

There is an unmet need for noninvasive methods to diagnose and stage renal allograft fibrosis.

Purpose

To investigate the utility of T1ρ measured with MRI for the assessment of fibrosis in renal allografts.

Study Type

Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved prospective.

Subjects

Fifteen patients with stable functional allograft (M/F 9/6, mean age 56 years) and 12 patients with allograft dysfunction and established fibrosis (M/F 6/6, mean age 51 years).

Field Strength/Sequence

T1ρ imaging at 1.5T using a custom‐developed sequence.

Assessment

Average T1ρ in the cortex and medulla was quantified and T1ρ repeatability (expressed by the coefficient of variation [CV]) was measured in four patients.

Statistical Tests

Differences in T1ρ values between the 2 groups were assessed using Mann–Whitney U‐tests. Diagnostic performance of T1ρ for differentiation between functional and fibrotic allografts was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Spearman correlations of T1ρ with Masson's trichrome‐stained fractions and serum estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were assessed.

Results

Higher T1ρ repeatability was found for cortex compared with medulla (mean CV T1ρ cortex 7.4%, medulla 13.3%). T1ρ values were significantly higher in the cortex of fibrotic vs. functional allografts (111.8 ± 17.2 msec vs. 99.0 ± 11.0 msec, P = 0.027), while there was no difference in medullary T1ρ values (122.6 ± 20.8 msec vs. 124.3 ± 20.8 msec, P = 0.789). Cortical T1ρ significantly correlated with Masson's trichrome‐stained fractions (r = 0.515, P = 0.044) and eGFR (r = –0.546, P = 0.004), and demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.77 for differentiating between functional and fibrotic allografts (sensitivity and specificity of 75.0% and 86.7%, using threshold of 106.9 msec).

Data Conclusion

Our preliminary results suggest that T1ρ is a potential imaging biomarker of renal allograft fibrosis. These results should be verified in a larger study.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1085–1091.
A thermodynamic climatology of the disturbed stratospheric polar vortex
Authors: Ehrmann Thomas S. , Colucci Stephen J.
Published: January 2019

A climatology of polar vortex disturbances in the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere is constructed from MERRA2 Reanalysis data for the winter seasons of 1981–2017. Sixty disturbances (splits or displacements) of the polar vortex are identified during the 37 winter seasons using geometric moments of stratospheric potential vorticity. The likelihood of a disturbed day is negatively correlated with the stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (positively correlated with its easterly phase). It is also, surprisingly, negatively correlated with the presence of a stratospheric Aleutian anticyclone (the Aleutian high). The position of the polar vortex during each disturbance event is averaged to generate an area‐averaging filter that is applied to thermodynamic diagnostic quantities in the air column enclosed by the polar vortex. This diagnosis reveals that the location of the disturbed polar vortex experiences, on average, cooling driven by horizontal temperature advection in the lower and middle stratosphere prior to the onset of the disturbance, along with significant residual (likely adiabatic) cooling in the troposphere in the weeks surrounding the onset. How these thermodynamic signatures associated with a disturbed polar vortex relate to the Aleutian high and the quasi‐biennial oscillation is also explored.
Inter‐decadal change of the middle‐upper tropospheric land–sea thermal contrast in the late 1990s and the associated Northern Hemisphere hydroclimate
Authors: Si Dong , Zhao Ping , Wang Minghao
Published: January 2019

Although the middle‐upper tropospheric land–sea thermal contrasts play very important roles in modifying global monsoon, the inter‐decadal influences of the middle‐upper tropospheric land–sea thermal contrasts in the Northern Hemisphere on the global monsoon have not investigated specifically. In this study, it is found that the summer middle‐upper tropospheric zonal land–sea thermal contrast in the Eurasia–Pacific region changed from weak during the late 1980s and earlier and middle 1990s to strong after the late 1990s. This feature indicates a strengthened zonal land–sea thermal contrast during summer, which drives a stronger than normal Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon, with a hypothermal and wet climate over most of the subtropical East Asian and tropical African monsoon regions. In addition, the extensive anticyclonic circulation anomalies together with the less precipitation results in a warm and dry climate over the arid and semiarid regions to the west and north of the monsoon region, such as central Asia, Mongolia, and Northeast Asia. The inter‐decadal change of the middle‐upper tropospheric zonal thermal contrast is also closely associated with the warming trends of the extratropical North Pacific and North Atlantic during summer. However, this link possibly reflects a response of the warming oceans to the local atmospheric variability.
Interactions between Lipases and Amphiphiles at Interfaces
Authors: Reis Pedro , Malmsten Martin , Nydén Magnus , Folmer Britta , Holmberg Krister
Published: January 2019

This review deals with interactions at interfaces between lipases and low molecular weight amphiphiles, such as polar lipids and synthetic surfactants. The interaction between polar lipids and lipases is particularly important in the gastrointestinal tract, where fat is digested by gastric lipases in the stomach and by pancreatic lipases in the duodenum. Polar lipids have been found to influence lipase activity in numerous ways. For example, it has been found that Sn‐2 monoacylglycerols, which are the main degradation products from fat metabolism, take over at the triacylglycerol oil–water interface and prevent further access of the lipase to its substrate, i.e., triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols. Additionally, different types of surfactants interact differently with lipases and the interaction can result in loss of enzymatic activity. As both lipases and the surfactants are strongly surface active, this type of interaction preferentially takes place at an interface. Lipase‐surfactant interactions have been systematically studied at the air–water, the solid–water, and the oil–water interfaces. In general, it is found that cationic surfactants interact stronger than anionic or nonionic surfactants at all interfaces but not in bulk water. However, somewhat contradictory results have been reported in the literature and it is likely that the inconsistency is due to the fact that lipases of different origins are used in the different studies.
Could the reliability of classical descriptors of fruit quality be influenced by irrigation and cold storage? The case of mango, a climacteric fruit
Authors: Rosalie Rémy , Léchaudel Mathieu , Chillet Marc , Dufossé Laurent , Joas Jacques
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Large improvements have been realized on the accuracy of the determination of fruit quality. The relevance of the relationship between commonly used quality descriptors and their related chemical contents was here questioned under the influence of water supply reduction and postharvest cold storage. The study relied on three analyses: (1) a correlation table between quality descriptors and compound contents, (2) principal component analysis using the selected variables to see the quality discrimination dictated by treatments; and (3) linear correlation between content and descriptors according to treatments.

RESULTS

The results indicate that abiotic parameters applied on mango fruits before or after harvest can affect the relationship between a quality descriptor and the content in compounds it is related to, here between titratable acidity and organic acid content and to a lesser extent between color, represented by hue angle values, and carotenoids, possibly creating bias in the final quality determination. A stronger relation between total soluble solids and total sugar content, were observed under mild abiotic stress.

CONCLUSION

Fruit growth and postharvest storage conditions, such as irrigation and cold storage, can influence the actual correspondence between the compounds contents and the descriptors used to estimate fruit quality, particularly for pulp color, sugars and acids. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of dietary sunflower oil, rich in n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in combination with vitamin C on ram semen parameters, sperm lipids and fertility
Authors: Ezazi Hossein , Abdi‐Benemar Hossein , Taghizadeh Akbar , Khalili Behrooz , Seifdavati Jamal , Jafaroghli Morteza , Elghandour Mona MMY , Salem Abdelfattah ZM
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Dietary fats, fed to ruminant animals, have been observed to improve reproductive function. Sunflower oil is one of the richest sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), over 60% of which is linoleic acid (C18:2). With regard to recommendations for increased consumption of PUFAs, special emphasis has been given to the importance of consuming more antioxidants to prevent lipid peroxide formation. This study evaluated the effects of dietary n‐6 PUFAs and vitamin C (VC) in rams – in particular, on semen quality, blood metabolites, sperm lipids and overall fertility.

RESULTS

Diets supplemented with SFO and VC increased the proportion of motile sperms and their progressive motility improved (P < 0.01). Rams fed a diet containing SFO had an increased proportion of sperms with normal acrosomes in their semen samples (P < 0.01). The highest levels of lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) enzyme were found in control rams (2.60 U mL−1). Feeding SFO significantly affected blood triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.05). Diets containing SFO increased the proportion of C18:2c, C20:4, C20:3 and C22 in the sperm lipid composition (P < 0.05). Semen of SFO and VC‐fed rams was more fertile than that of control rams when it was artificially inseminated to ewes.

CONCLUSION

Feeding rams with supplemental SFO and VC increased semen quality and improved fertility rates. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Concordance Rates Between Resident‐Performed Ultrasound Measurements and Certified Sonographer Measurements
Authors: Gregory Ward D. , Bolaños Ricardo , Blaskiewicz Robert J. , Xiao Ting , Gavard Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the accuracy of ultrasound (US) estimated fetal weight (EFW) measurement compared with neonatal birth weight when performed by residents versus certified sonographers. The hypothesis tested was that residents and certified sonographers would not differ significantly in EFW or in EFW compared with neonatal birth weight.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of 142 inpatients from July 2010 to May 2011 was conducted. Ultrasound examinations were performed by a resident physician and a certified sonographer within 7 days after the resident. Standard US measurements obtained were head circumference, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, femur length, estimated gestational age, and EFW. Gestational age ranged from 20 to 39 weeks. The time from US to delivery, residency year, and birth weight were collected. Measurements were compared by paired t tests, the Wilcoxon signed rank test, and repeated‐measures analysis of variance.

Results

The US EFW by residents and sonographers showed excellent concordance with each other regardless of the neonatal birth weight. The resident and sonographer EFW each showed excellent concordance with the neonatal birth weight, and this concordance did not differ significantly between residents and sonographers for neonates weighing less than 1000 g (P = .61) and neonates weighing greater than or equal to 1000 to less than 2000 g (P = .93). The resident EFW (P < .05) and sonographer EFW (P < .01), however, were less than the neonatal birth weight for larger neonates (≥2000 g), but the degree of underestimation was not significantly different between residents and sonographers (P = .51).

Conclusions

Accurate EFW is critical for prenatal management. These data support the value of a dedicated month of US training in residency programs.
Two‐Dimensional Ultrasound and Shear Wave Elastography in Infants With Late‐Referral Congenital Muscular Torticollis
Authors: Zhang Chen , Ban Wenrui , Jiang Jue , Zhou Qi , Li Jingyuan , Li Miao
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To investigate the feasibility of using 2‐dimensional ultrasound (US) and shear wave elastography (SWE) to evaluate infants with late‐referral congenital muscular torticollis (CMT).

Methods

A total of 46 infants with late‐referral CMT were enrolled and divided into 4 groups according to the degree of the passive range of motion (PROM) deficit in neck rotation. We introduced 6 metrics to represent the US features of the sternocleidomastoid muscle detected by 2‐dimensional US and SWE studies.

Results

There were no significant differences in the age at referral, sex, weight, or side of involvement between the 4 groups (P > .05). The thickness and shear modulus of the involved sternocleidomastoid muscle were positively correlated with the degree of the PROM deficit in neck rotation in late‐referral infants with CMT (r = 0.71 and 0.82, respectively; P < .01). However, the difference in the shear modulus between adjacent PROM‐limited groups of late‐referral infants was not as significant as that of early‐referral infants.

Conclusions

The shear modulus ratio may be one of the best diagnostic indicators of CMT available. However, more effective differential diagnostic SWE indicators late‐referral infants with CMT need to be further explored.
Total Glossectomy With Free Flap Reconstruction: Twenty‐Year Experience at a Tertiary Medical Center
Authors: Han Albert Y. , Kuan Edward C. , Mallen‐St. Clair Jon , Badran Karam W. , Palma Diaz Miguel F. , Blackwell Keith E. , St. John Maie A.
Published: January 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

To characterize the demographics, clinicopathologic characteristics, and treatment and reconstructive outcomes of patients who underwent total glossectomy

Study Design

Retrospective chart review at an academic tertiary‐care medical center.

Methods

All patients who had undergone total glossectomy (as an individual procedure or as part of a more extensive resection) between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2014 were included in the analysis. Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes were reviewed.

Results

Forty‐eight patients underwent total glossectomy for oral tongue and base of tongue cancer. The mean age of the patients was 56 (range, 29–92 years). History of tobacco and heavy alcohol use was found in 76% and 11% of patients, respectively. The majority of patients had advanced cancer (91.7% at stage IV), and 60.4% had salvage therapy for recurrent disease. T4 disease comprised 81% of patients. Sixty percent had clinical or radiographic evidence of nodal metastasis. Reconstruction of the defect was performed with free flaps from the rectus abdominus (40%), fibula (25%), anterolateral thigh (23%), and other donor tissues. One‐ and 5‐year survival rates were 42% and 26%, with locoregional and distant recurrence reported at 36% and 25%, respectively.

Conclusions

Total glossectomy for oncologic control is most commonly performed in patients who have stage IV cancers. Despite high reconstructive success rates, the likelihood of locoregional and distance recurrence was high. Most patients can communicate intelligibly and achieve decannulation, but swallowing outcomes remain guarded, especially considering previous irradiation and resection of the base of tongue.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 129:1087–1092, 2019
Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Otolaryngologic Manifestations: An Analysis of Hospital Admissions From 1997 to 2012
Authors: Govindan Aparna , Zhu Yan , Azmy Monica C. , Lee Yung‐Jae , Kalyoussef Evelyne
Published: January 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

Many human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected pediatric patients develop otolaryngologic disease. We aimed to characterize their otolaryngologic manifestations by type and demographic variation, and model temporal trends.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort review.

Methods

A retrospective review utilizing the Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) was conducted. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for HIV and otolaryngologic diagnoses were used to query data from the triennially published KID files from 1997 to 2012. A subset analysis of infectious versus non‐infectious admitting otolaryngologic diagnoses was conducted.

Results

A total of 11,150 cases met the inclusion criteria. Of these cases, 21.8% were admitted for otolaryngologic manifestations, with 18.0% presenting with infectious symptomatology, 4.8% with noninfectious disease, and 1.0% with both. On average, patients presenting with infectious disease were younger (8.17 years vs. 9.65 years, P < .001). Patients in the South were significantly more likely to be admitted for infection (54.8% vs. 42.0%, P < .001), with non‐infectious predominance in the Northeast and West. HIV‐infected children in 1997 were more likely to present with infectious otolaryngologic disease (56.3% vs. 45.8%, P < .001); however, there has been a decrease in the prevalence of infectious head and neck presentations (46.5%, 19.9%, 11.5%, 6.7%, 3.7%, and 1.9% from 1997 to 2012), and a gradual shift toward noninfectious manifestation with notable differences in 2000 and 2012 (19.9% vs. 25.2%; P = .017; and 1.9% vs. 4.8%, P < .001, respectively).

Conclusions

Otolaryngologic disease accounts for nearly one‐fifth of hospitalizations in HIV‐infected children; however, rates of hospitalization as well as otolaryngologic manifestations have progressively decreased over time. HIV‐infected children nowadays are more likely to present with noninfectious rather than infectious disease.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 129:E377–E382, 2019
Reconstruction of digit planer injuries using component transfer of double second toes: A case report
Authors: Wong Victor W. , Yousaf Imran S. , Higgins James P. , Katz Ryan D.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this report is to show that customized component second‐toe transfers may improve functional and aesthetic outcomes following bone, soft tissue, and joint destruction of traumatically injured digits. A 22‐year‐old male sustained a planer injury resulting in loss of the distal volar soft tissues of the middle, ring, and small fingers, along with variable destruction of middle phalanges and distal interphalangeal joints. Simultaneous vascularized second‐toe transfers were performed with customized joint and pulp reconstruction of middle and small fingers. The ring finger was salvaged using non‐vascularized autologous bone graft and acellular dermal matrix. The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative course. Five‐year strength, sensory and patient reported outcomes represent overall satisfactory results. Strength testing revealed the injured hand to perform within 90% strength of the uninjured side. Sensory outcomes showed present but diminished sensory perception in each of the injured digits. The patient's upper extremity function, physical health, quality of life, and foot health were overall acceptable, and he returned to using his hand for typing, writing, weight‐lifting, and woodworking.
Quadriceps tendon reconstruction using a fascia lata included in a reverse‐flow anterolateral thigh flap
Authors: Lucattelli Elena , Delcroix Luca , Baldrighi Carla , Tanini Sara , Innocenti Marco
Published: January 2019

Quadriceps tendon re‐rupture after surgical repair is an overall estimated 2% complication. We report a case of reconstruction in a large tendon and soft tissue defect using a reverse‐flow anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator flap including fascia lata in a 75‐year‐old man presented with septic necrosis of a reconstructed quadriceps tendon. A reverse‐flow ALT flap was transferred to the knee defect; the fascia lata was sutured to the residual tendon. Post‐operative flap congestion and infection were successfully treated with debridement and conservative treatment. One year after surgery, the patient was able to fully and actively extend the knee, with an acceptable aesthetic appearance. The reverse‐flow anterolateral thigh flap including fascia lata may be a good option for coverage of soft‐tissue defects around the knee and contemporary quadriceps tendon reconstruction, particularly in case of septic tendon necrosis, where the use of non‐vascularised tissues is contraindicated.
Photocatalyzed thiol–alkene coupling: Mechanistic study and polymer synthesis
Authors: Allegrezza Michael L. , Thompson Adam M. , Kloster Alex J. , Konkolewicz Dominik
Published: January 2019

Due to the “click” chemistry characteristics of the thiol–ene reaction, these transformations have been gaining an increasing amount of attention in current chemical research. The high efficiency and selectivity of these transformations have been useful for many areas of study, from small molecule organic synthesis, to polymer synthesis and functionalization, to bio‐conjugation reactions. In this work, a study of a novel method of photochemical thiol–ene reactions using alkyl halides and an tris[2‐phenylpyridinato‐C2,N]iridium(III) (Ir(ppy)3) photocatalyst is investigated. This process is shown to progress rapidly and has the benefit of low catalyst and initiator concentrations relative to reagents as well as mild conditions associated with photochemical processes. To understand the mechanism of this process, catalyst and initiator concentrations and other reaction conditions are varied. To demonstrate the utility of this process, a step‐growth thiol–ene polymer is synthesized using dithiol and diene monomers and a crosslinked polymer network is synthesized as well. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1931–1937
Diameter dependence of hybrid shish‐kebab structure in polyethylene/carbon material fiber composites
Authors: Xia Xiaochao , Zhang Xi , Xie Dandan , Huang Yanhao , Li Youbing , Yang Mingbo
Published: January 2019

PE chains can proceed template crystal growth on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) surface and develop into hybrid shish‐kebab (HSK) abiding by the “soft epitaxy” mechanism. For large‐diameter carbon nanofiber (CNF), the lattice matching and epitaxy are the main mechanism for hybrid structure formation under the static state. This study provided a new understanding of HSK formation, wherein PE underlay on the surface of carbon material fiber played an important role. The shear flow induced PE chains to orient along the CNF surface and formed PE underlayer. Subsequently, ordered subglobules were periodically formed along the CNF axis and finally evolved to typical HSK structures with well‐aligned arraying PE lamellae rather than random one. As the diameter increased to 7000 nm, even though the graphite (002) planes in carbon fibers (CFs) was similar to that in CNFs, the attractive van der Waals interactions between CFs and PE chains were too weak to drive enough PE chains to absorb on the CFs surface and form PE underlay even under the shear flow, leading to the absence of PE lamellae on the CF surface. Based on that, the “soft epitaxy” could be the main formation mechanism of HSK structures for carbon material fibers regardless of their diameters. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 297–303
Obscurin is a semi‐flexible molecule in solution
Authors: Whitley Jacob A. , Ex‐Willey Aidan M. , Marzolf Daniel R. , Ackermann Maegen A. , Tongen Anthony L. , Kokhan Oleksandr , Wright Nathan T.
Published: January 2019

Obscurin, a giant modular cytoskeletal protein, is comprised mostly of tandem immunoglobulin‐like (Ig‐like) domains. This architecture allows obscurin to connect distal targets within the cell. The linkers connecting the Ig domains are usually short (3–4 residues). The physical effect arising from these short linkers is not known; such linkers may lead to a stiff elongated molecule or, conversely, may lead to a more compact and dynamic structure. In an effort to better understand how linkers affect obscurin flexibility, and to better understand the physical underpinnings of this flexibility, here we study the structure and dynamics of four representative sets of dual obscurin Ig domains using experimental and computational techniques. We find in all cases tested that tandem obscurin Ig domains interact at the poles of each domain and tend to stay relatively extended in solution. NMR, SAXS, and MD simulations reveal that while tandem domains are elongated, they also bend and flex significantly. By applying this behavior to a simplified model, it becomes apparent obscurin can link targets more than 200 nm away. However, as targets get further apart, obscurin begins acting as a spring and requires progressively more energy to further elongate.
Disability, special educational needs, class, capitals, and segregation in schools: A population geography perspective
Authors: Holt Louise , Bowlby Sophie , Lea Jennifer
Published: January 2019

This paper investigates the spatially variable schooling of young people with special educational needs and disability (SEND) and interconnections with class and capitals, using analysis of the School Census and interviews with 64 educational professionals and parents in three areas in Southeast England. Three key original findings emerge. First, high proportions of young people with SEND come from poor backgrounds; however, most young people with SEND labels are not poor. Second, social class, capitals, and SEND intersect in ways that relatively advantage young people from more affluent and educated families, who gain access to specific labels and what is locally considered the “best” education. Third, we conceptualise school spaces as differently “bounded” or “connected,” providing different opportunities to develop meaningful relationships and qualifications, or social and cultural capital, rather than focus on the type of school (“special,” separate schools for students with SEND; or “mainstream” local schools). What are locally considered to be “the best” school spaces are connected and porous, providing opportunities to develop social and cultural capital. Other school spaces are containers of both SEND and poverty, with limited opportunities to acquire social and cultural capitals. Overall, we suggest that the intersecting experience of SEND, class, and capitals can (re)produce socio‐economic inequalities through school spaces.
In Situ Characterization of Biomaterials at Solid‐Liquid Interfaces Using Ellipsometry in the UV‐Visible‐NIR Wavelength Range
Authors: Kalas Benjamin , Agocs Emil , Romanenko Alekszej , Petrik Peter
Published: January 2019

Understanding interface processes has been gaining crucial importance in many applications of biology, chemistry, and physics. The boundaries of those disciplines had been quickly vanishing in the last decade, as metrologies and the knowledge gained based on their use improved and increased rapidly. Optical techniques such as microscopy, waveguide sensing, or ellipsometry are significant and widely used means of studying solid‐liquid interfaces because the applicability of ions, electrons, or X‐ray radiation is strongly limited for this purpose due to the high absorption in aqueous ambient. Light does not only provide access to the interface making the measurement possible, but utilizing the phase information and the large amount of spectroscopic data, the ellipsometric characterization is also highly sensitive and robust. This article focuses on ellipsometry of biomaterials in the visible wavelength range. The authors discuss the main challenges of measuring thickness and optical properties of ultra‐thin films such as biomolecules. The authors give an overview on different kinds of flow cells from conventional through internal reflection to combined methods. They emphasize that surface nanostructures and evaluation strategies are also crucial parts of in situ bioellipsometry and summarize some of the recent trends showing examples mainly from their research.
Weak convergence of TJW product‐limit estimator under association
Authors: Shabani Amir Hossein , Jabbari Hadi , Fakoor Vahid
Published: January 2019

The estimation of a survival function and its asymptotic behaviour under the random left truncation and right censor model have been extensively studied over the past few decades. In application, the assumption of independence between cases is often not true. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study in the current literature addressing weak convergence of the estimator of the survival function under this model. The current article studies the weak convergence of the Tsai–Jewell–Wang estimator under the positive or negative association, the main results of which are used to analyse a real data set.
Surfactant- and gravity-dependent instability of two-layer channel flows: linear theory covering all wavelengths. Part 1. ‘Long-wave’ regimes
Authors: Frenkel Alexander L. , Halpern David , Schweiger Adam J.
Published: January 2019

A linear stability analysis of a two-layer plane Couette flow of two immiscible fluid layers with different densities, viscosities and thicknesses, bounded by two infinite parallel plates moving at a constant relative velocity to each other, with an insoluble surfactant monolayer along the interface and in the presence of gravity is carried out. The normal modes approach is applied to the equations governing flow disturbances in the two layers. These equations, together with boundary conditions at the plates and the interface, yield a linear eigenvalue problem. When inertia is neglected the velocity amplitudes are the linear combinations of certain hyperbolic functions, and a quadratic dispersion equation for the increment, that is the complex growth rate, is obtained, where coefficients depend on the aspect ratio, the viscosity ratio, the basic velocity shear, the Marangoni number $Ma$ that measures the effects of surfactant and the Bond number $Bo$ that measures the influence of gravity. An extensive investigation is carried out that examines the stabilizing or destabilizing influences of these parameters. Since the dispersion equation is quadratic in the growth rate, there are two continuous branches of the normal modes: a robust branch that exists even with no surfactant, and a surfactant branch that, to the contrary, vanishes when $Ma\downarrow 0$. Regimes have been uncovered with crossings of the two dispersion curves, their reconnections at the point of crossing and separations as $Bo$ changes. Due to the availability of the explicit forms for the growth rates, in many instances the numerical results are corroborated with analytical asymptotics.
Classification of knotted tori
Authors: Skopenkov A.
Published: January 2019

For a smooth manifold N denote by Em(N) the set of smooth isotopy classes of smooth embeddings N → ℝm. A description of the set Em(Sp × Sq) was known only for p = q = 0 or for p = 0, m ≠ q + 2 or for 2m ⩾ 2(p + q) + max{p, q} + 4. (The description was given in terms of homotopy groups of spheres and of Stiefel manifolds.) For m ⩾ 2p + q + 3 we introduce an abelian group structure on Em(Sp × Sq) and describe this group ‘up to an extension problem’. This result has corollaries which, under stronger dimension restrictions, more explicitly describe Em(Sp × Sq). The proof is based on relations between sets Em(N) for different N and m, in particular, on a recent exact sequence of M. Skopenkov.
Resistive evolution of toroidal field distributions and their relation to magnetic clouds
Authors: Smiet C. B. , de Blank H. J. , de Jong T. A. , Kok D. N. L. , Bouwmeester D.
Published: January 2019

We study the resistive evolution of a localized self-organizing magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium. In this configuration the magnetic forces are balanced by a pressure force caused by a toroidal depression in the pressure. Equilibrium is attained when this low-pressure region prevents further expansion into the higher-pressure external plasma. We find that, for the parameters investigated, the resistive evolution of the structures follows a universal pattern when rescaled to resistive time. The finite resistivity causes both a decrease in the magnetic field strength and a finite slip of the plasma fluid against the static equilibrium. This slip is caused by a Pfirsch–Schlüter-type diffusion, similar to what is seen in tokamak equilibria. The net effect is that the configuration remains in magnetostatic equilibrium whilst it slowly grows in size. The rotational transform of the structure becomes nearly constant throughout the entire structure, and decreases according to a power law. In simulations this equilibrium is observed when highly tangled field lines relax in a high-pressure (relative to the magnetic field strength) environment, a situation that occurs when the twisted field of a coronal loop is ejected into the interplanetary solar wind. In this paper we relate this localized magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium to magnetic clouds in the solar wind.
Ionospheric Detection of Explosive Events
Authors: Huang C. Y. , Helmboldt J. F. , Park J. , Pedersen T. R. , Willemann R.
Published: January 2019

The ionospheric response to explosions which occur at or below the Earth's surface has been noted since the first detonations of nuclear devices during the early period of aboveground testing. Acoustic gravity waves and traveling ionospheric disturbances were detected in association with test explosions carried out by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in Novaya Zemlya in 1961. While research in this area has continued, the standards accepted by the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty for detection and confirmation of nuclear explosions have been based on (1) seismic, (2) hydroacoustic, (3) infrasound, and (4) radionuclide monitoring from ground detectors. We suggest that ionospheric sensing offers a complementary methodology that may allow for robust confirmation of explosive events. One method of ionospheric monitoring of explosive events is analysis of total electron content (TEC), available by processing data from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers distributed globally on land masses. Traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by their signature in TEC have been used to detect and confirm mine collapses, mine blasts, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and meteorite strikes as well as underground nuclear tests. While an integrated measurement like TEC is not as sensitive to small‐amplitude density perturbations as other methods, the existence of large networks of continuously operating GNSS stations makes this an intriguing new monitoring asset. We report on the current capabilities for detection of explosions via the ionosphere, the outstanding challenges, and prospects for future developments that have potential to augment the current standards for detection and confirmation of nuclear detonations. By leveraging the worldwide network of GNSS receivers, robust confirmation of impulsive events is possible. This methodology complements existing technologies approved by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. The article outlines background theory, new approaches to monitoring of explosions, and challenges that remain to be addressed.
Unraveling the Origin of Slow Earthquakes
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: January 2019

Different nucleation styles detected in five slow-slip events in the same area of Japan’s Ryukyu subduction zone suggest the physical properties along this tectonic plate interface change over time.
Davis Receives 2018 Science for Solutions Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: January 2019

Kyle Frankel Davis received the Science for Solutions Award at the 2018 AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held 12 December 2018 in Washington, D. C. The award recognizes a student or postdoctoral scientist “for significant contributions in the application and use of the Earth and space sciences to solve societal problems.”
The Relation of Perspective-Taking to Gratitude and Envy Among Guatemalan Adolescents
Authors: Poelker Katelyn E. , Gibbons Judith L. , Maxwell Colleen A.
Published: January 2019

The social emotions gratitude and envy are central to the lives of Guatemalan youth and to their society more broadly. Perspective-taking, the social–cognitive process that allows one to assume another’s point of view, may affect both the experience and expression of gratitude and envy. In this convergent mixed-methods study, perspective-taking was studied in relation to gratitude and envy. Sixty-four Guatemalan adolescents, ages 12–17 ( Mage = 13.52 years, SD = 3.66, 53.1% girls), completed scales measuring gratitude, envy, and perspective-taking. For the qualitative portion, they read one gratitude and one envy vignette and completed a series of open-ended questions about the story characters. Two multiple regression analyses revealed that better perspective-takers were more grateful and less envious. Thematic analysis of the open-ended responses uncovered seven levels of perspective-taking. Complex perspective-taking was revealed when adolescents inferred the perspective of both story characters, created positive social outcomes even in situations of envy, and inferred consequences of the interactions. These findings imply that promoting perspective-taking may be one way to decrease envy and promote gratitude in this majority world cultural context. The findings from this study may inform the creation of culturally sensitive social-emotional learning programs that promote well-being through positive interpersonal relationships.
Assessment of fear and anxiety associated behaviors, physiology and neural circuits in rats with reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) levels
Authors: Johnson Philip L. , Molosh Andrei I. , Federici Lauren M. , Bernabe Cristian , Haggerty David , Fitz Stephanie D. , Nalivaiko Eugene , Truitt William , Shekhar Anantha
Published: January 2019

Genetic variation in serotonin transporter (SERT) that reduces transcriptional efficiency is associated with higher anxiety and fear traits and a greater incidence of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although previous studies have shown that rats with no expression of SERT (SERT−/−) have increased baseline anxiety behaviors, SERT+/− rats with low SERT expression (and more relevant to the clinical condition with low SERT expression) do not. Yet, no systematic studies of fear acquisition/extinction or their underlying neural mechanisms have been conducted in this preclinical genetic SERT+/− model. Here we sought to determine if SERT+/− or SERT−/−, compared to wildtype, rats would show exacerbated panic responses and/or persistent conditioned fear responses that may be associated with PTSD or phobia vulnerability. Results: Only SERT−/− rats showed increased baseline anxiety-like behaviors with heightened panic respiratory responses. However SERT+/− (also SERT-/-) rats showed enhanced acquisition of fear and delayed extinction of fear that was associated with changes in serotonergic-related genes (e.g., reduced 5-HT1A receptor) and disrupted inhibition within the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, the disrupted fear responses in SERT+/− rats were normalized with 5HT1A antagonist infusions into the BLA. Enhanced acquisition and failure to extinguish fear memories displayed by both SERT−/− and SERT+/− rats are cardinal symptoms of disabling anxiety disorders such as phobias and PTSD. The data here support the hypothesis that reduced SERT function is a genetic risk that disrupts select gene expression and network properties in the amygdala that could result in vulnerability to these syndromes.
The journey to CAR T cell therapy: the pediatric and young adult experience with relapsed or refractory B-ALL
Authors: Hucks George , Rheingold Susan R.
Published: January 2019

Outcomes of pediatric and young adult patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have improved significantly in the past few decades. Treatment advances have provided 5-year survival rates ranging from 78 to 91% depending on the age at diagnosis. However, approximately 2–3% of patients will present with refractory disease that is unresponsive to chemotherapy, and 10–15% of patients will relapse. Outcomes post-relapse show significantly reduced 5-year survival rates that continue to decrease with each subsequent relapse. Despite our increased understanding of risk factors and disease predictors, treatment strategies for patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) disease, including variations of chemotherapy and stem cell transplant, remain ineffective for many patients. To improve outcomes of patients with r/r disease, immunotherapies targeting specific B cell antigens are being developed. Tisagenlecleucel is an autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients with refractory leukemia or those with second or later relapse. In this treatment strategy, a patient’s own T cells are transduced to express an anti-CD19 CAR that, when reintroduced into the patient, directs specific binding and killing of CD19+ B cells. In a phase 2, single-arm, multicenter, global study, tisagenlecleucel resulted in a remission rate of 81% in pediatric and adolescent patients with r/r B cell ALL. This review article summarizes four typical cases of pediatric and adolescent r/r B-cell ALL, focusing on the patient’s journey from initial diagnosis to treatment with CAR T cell therapy.
Eukaryotic initiation factor 5B (eIF5B) provides a critical cell survival switch to glioblastoma cells via regulation of apoptosis
Authors: Ross Joseph A. , Dungen Keiran Vanden , Bressler Kamiko R. , Fredriksen Mikayla , Khandige Sharma Divya , Balasingam Nirujah , Thakor Nehal
Published: January 2019

Physiological stress conditions attenuate global mRNA translation via modifications of key eukaryotic initiation factors. However, non-canonical translation initiation mechanisms allow cap-independent translation of certain mRNAs. We have previously demonstrated that eIF5B promotes cap-independent translation of the mRNA encoding the antiapoptotic factor, XIAP, during cellular stress. Here, we show that depletion of eIF5B sensitizes glioblastoma multiforme cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by a pathway involving caspases-8, −9, and −7, with no significant effect on cell cycle progression. eIF5B promotes evasion of apoptosis by promoting the translation of several IRES-containing mRNAs, encoding the antiapoptotic proteins XIAP, Bcl-xL, cIAP1, and c-FLIPS. We also show that eIF5B promotes translation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and suggest that reactive oxygen species contribute to increased apoptosis under conditions of eIF5B depletion. Finally, eIF5B depletion leads to decreased activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that eIF5B represents a regulatory node, allowing cancer cells to evade apoptosis by promoting the translation of pro-survival proteins from IRES-containing mRNAs.
A skin-over-liquid platform with compliant microbumps actuated by pyro-EHD pressure
Authors: Gennari O. , Rega R. , Mugnano M. , Oleandro E. , Mecozzi L. , Pagliarulo V. , Mazzon E. , Bramanti A. , Vettoliere A. , Granata C. , Ferraro P. , Grilli S.
Published: January 2019

The unique deformability and the compliance ability of thin sheets on soft substrates attract much interest for studying the phenomena related to elastic instabilities as well as for sensing very weak forces such as those generated by live cells in vitro. However, the techniques used currently for producing such platforms are affected by a high degree of complexity and poor repeatability. Moreover, their deformability is usually used as a passive response to the action of an external force. Herein we propose a novel concept for a reliable and dynamic skin-over-liquid system made of a periodic array of highly compliant microbumps actuated through electrode-free electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pressure. We demonstrate that these structures are highly repeatable and capable of swelling and deflating easily under a simple thermal stimulation driven by the pyroelectric effect, thus providing a challenging platform that can be actively controlled at the microscale. Furthermore, we show the proof of principle by swelling these microbumps for mechanically stimulating live cells in vitro, thus opening the route to more reliable and easy to accomplish assays in the field of mechanobiology.