bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Living Alone in Inner London: Trends among the Population of Working Age
Authors: Hall Ray , Ogden Philip E
Published: July 2006

The 1980s was a significant decade in the demography of Inner London. Population increase replaced decades of decline, and household numbers grew even faster. One-person households accounted for most of the growth in household numbers, and the greatest increase was among younger and middle-aged adults. The authors examine the characteristics and changing geography of one-person households in Inner London, particularly between 1981 and 1991, within the context of broader demographic and socioeconomic changes during the decade. In particular, the characteristics of those people who migrated to live alone in Inner london are examined, and questions raised about the relationship between household changes, residential mobility, occupational structures, and housing markets. Reference is also made to the London Borough of Tower Hamlets to explain some of the processes underlying household change. One-person households are an integral part of wider economic and social processes underway in large urban areas and form a leading edge of new ways of urban living.
Shaping the Planning Profession of the Future: The Role of Planning Education
Authors: Poxon Jenny
Published: July 2006

The emergence and development of any profession are closely tied to concerns about the education and training of those who are to be identifiable as professionals. The planning profession is no exception. Thus, greater importance has been attached throughout its history in the United Kingdom to the need for planning education to adapt to the changing demands of the profession which it is seen to serve and, at intervals, there have been calls for quite a different education agenda to be developed to reflect the changing nature of planning in practice. In the late 1990s, there were calls once more for such changes to be made as the role of the planning profession in the 21st century was perceived as being quite different from that of the preceding decades. Within this context, in this paper I draw on the findings of focus groups held with recent graduates of planning education and senior practitioners in the planning field from both the public and the private sector. These findings suggest that, although the calls for planning education to change in line with the changing role of the planning professional are strong, there is in fact a great deal of uncertainty over what this role is at the present time and what it is likely to be in the future. I therefore call for those responsible for the delivery of planning education not simply to take at face value the current demands for change, but to explore the source of these demands in more depth and to uncover the confusion which currently exists over the future of the planning profession. I conclude that, although the perceived role of the planner remains in a state of flux, it is the role of the providers of planning education not simply to fit the planners to the task but to play a part in shaping that task itself.
Cadmium tolerance and hyperaccumulation by Thlaspi caerulescens populations grown in hydroponics are related to plant uptake characteristics in the field
Authors: Keller Catherine , Diallo Saliou , Cosio Claudia , Basic Nevena , Galland Nicole
Published: July 2006

In order to fully understand the hyperaccumulation process and to increase the potential of plants for phytoextraction purposes, there is a need for more investigation of hyperaccumulating species or populations. Five Swiss populations of Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl originating from non-metalliferous but naturally Cd-rich soils (1.1–9.2 mg Cd kg–1) were compared with Ganges and Prayon populations and a non-accumulating species, Thlaspi perfoliatum (L.) F.K. Meyer, for their tolerance (shoot and root dry weight and root length) and Cd hyperaccumulation in hydroponics (0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μm Cd). In the field, the Swiss populations accumulated Zn and clearly hyperaccumulated Cd (up to 505 mg Cd kg–1 dry weight). The general response was significantly different between populations but in general an increasing Cd concentration in solution led to a decrease in dry weight production and an increase in Cd concentration in shoots. The shoot dry weight was a more discriminating parameter for tolerance than root dry weight and total root length. The Swiss populations behaved similarly to the Ganges population but differently from the Prayon population. Cadmium concentrations in shoots were above 100 mg kg–1 when plants were grown in 1 μm Cd, except for the Prayon population and T. perfoliatum. In addition, as 1 μm Cd did not induce any visible toxicity symptoms, it was found to be adequate to test Cd hyperaccumulation. However, the most striking feature was the positive linear relationship observed between the transfer factor (TF) calculated in the field and the response of a population to increasing Cd concentrations in solution, indicating that plant uptake in the field had an influence on the plant response in solution.
Selective small-molecule inhibitor reveals critical mitotic functions of human CDK1
Authors: Vassilev Lyubomir T. , Tovar Christian , Chen Shaoqing , Knezevic Dejan , Zhao Xiaolan , Sun Hongmao , Heimbrook David C. , Chen Li
Published: July 2006

CDK1 is a nonredundant cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) with an essential role in mitosis, but its multiple functions still are poorly understood at a molecular level. Here we identify a selective small-molecule inhibitor of CDK1 that reversibly arrests human cells at the G
2
/M border of the cell cycle and allows for effective cell synchronization in early mitosis. Inhibition of CDK1 during cell division revealed that its activity is necessary and sufficient for maintaining the mitotic state of the cells, preventing replication origin licensing and premature cytokinesis. Although CDK1 inhibition for up to 24 h is well tolerated, longer exposure to the inhibitor induces apoptosis in tumor cells, suggesting that selective CDK1 inhibitors may have utility in cancer therapy.
Mitochondrial pathology and muscle and dopaminergic neuron degeneration caused by inactivation of
Drosophila
Pink1 is rescued by Parkin
Authors: Yang Yufeng , Gehrke Stephan , Imai Yuzuru , Huang Zhinong , Ouyang Yingshi , Wang Ji-Wu , Yang Lichuan , Beal M. Flint , Vogel Hannes , Lu Bingwei
Published: July 2006

Mutations in
Pink1
, a gene encoding a Ser/Thr kinase with a mitochondrial-targeting signal, are associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), the most common movement disorder characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. The mechanism by which loss of Pink1 leads to neurodegeneration is not understood. Here we show that inhibition of
Drosophila
Pink1 (dPink1) function results in energy depletion, shortened lifespan, and degeneration of select indirect flight muscles and dopaminergic neurons. The muscle pathology was preceded by mitochondrial enlargement and disintegration. These phenotypes could be rescued by the wild type but not the pathogenic C-terminal deleted form of human Pink1 (hPink1). The muscle and dopaminergic phenotypes associated with dPink1 inactivation show similarity to that seen in
parkin
mutant flies and could be suppressed by the overexpression of Parkin but not DJ-1. Consistent with the genetic rescue results, we find that, in dPink1 RNA interference (RNAi) animals, the level of Parkin protein is significantly reduced. Together, these results implicate Pink1 and Parkin in a common pathway that regulates mitochondrial physiology and cell survival in
Drosophila
.
Tropical forests are both evolutionary cradles and museums of leaf beetle diversity
Authors: McKenna Duane D. , Farrell Brian D.
Published: July 2006

The high extant species diversity of tropical lineages of organisms is usually portrayed as a relatively recent and rapid development or as a consequence of the gradual accumulation or preservation of species over time. These explanations have led to alternative views of tropical forests as evolutionary “cradles” or “museums” of diversity, depending on the organisms under study. However, biogeographic and fossil evidence implies that the evolutionary histories of diversification among tropical organisms may be expected to exhibit characteristics of both cradle and museum models. This possibility has not been explored in detail for any group of terrestrial tropical organisms. From an extensively sampled molecular phylogeny of herbivorous Neotropical leaf beetles in the genusCephaloleia, we present evidence for (i) comparatively ancient Paleocene–Eocene adaptive radiation associated with global warming and Cenozoic maximum global temperatures, (ii) moderately ancient lineage-specific diversification coincident with the Oligocene adaptive radiation ofCephaloleiahost plants in the genusHeliconia, and (iii) relatively recent Miocene–Pliocene diversification coincident with the collision of the Panama arc with South America and subsequent bridging of the Isthmus of Panama. These results demonstrate that, forCephaloleiaand perhaps other lineages of organisms, tropical forests are at the same time both evolutionary cradles and museums of diversity.
A phosphatidic acid-binding protein of the chloroplast inner envelope membrane involved in lipid trafficking
Authors: Awai Koichiro , Xu Changcheng , Tamot Banita , Benning Christoph
Published: July 2006

The biogenesis of the photosynthetic thylakoid membranes inside plant chloroplasts requires enzymes at the plastid envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Extensive lipid trafficking is required for thylakoid lipid biosynthesis. Here the
trigalactosyldiacylglycerol2
(
tgd2
) mutant of
Arabidopsis
is described. To the extent tested,
tgd2
showed a complex lipid phenotype identical to the previously described
tgd1
mutant. The aberrant accumulation of oligogalactolipids and triacylglycerols and the reduction of molecular species of galactolipids derived from the ER are consistent with a disruption of the import of ER-derived lipids into the plastid. The TGD1 protein is a permease-like component of an ABC transporter located in the chloroplast inner envelope membrane. The
TGD2
gene encodes a phosphatidic acid-binding protein with a predicted mycobacterial cell entry domain. It is tethered to the inner chloroplast envelope membrane facing the outer envelope membrane. Presumed bacterial orthologs of
TGD1
and
TGD2
in Gram-negative bacteria are typically organized in transcriptional units, suggesting their involvement in a common biological process. Expression of the
tgd2-1
mutant cDNA caused a dominant-negative effect replicating the
tgd2
mutant phenotype. This result is interpreted as the interference of the mutant protein with its native protein complex. It is proposed that TGD2 represents the substrate-binding or regulatory component of a phosphatidic acid/lipid transport complex in the chloroplast inner envelope membrane.
Functional
in vivo
interactions between JNK1 and JNK2 isoforms in obesity and insulin resistance
Authors: Tuncman Gürol , Hirosumi Jiro , Solinas Giovanni , Chang Lufen , Karin Michael , Hotamisligil Gökhan S.
Published: July 2006

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are key regulators of inflammation and interfere with insulin action in cultured cells and whole animals. Obesity increases total JNK activity, and JNK1, but not JNK2, deficiency results in reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, a higher-than-normal level of JNK activation is observed in
Jnk2
−/−
mice, particularly in the liver, indicating an interaction between the isoforms that might have masked the metabolic activity of JNK2 in isolated mutant mice. To address the role of the JNK2 isoform in metabolic homeostasis, we intercrossed
Jnk1
−/−
and
Jnk2
−/−
mice and examined body weight and glucose metabolism in the resulting mutant allele combinations. Among all of the viable genotypes examined, we observed only reduced body weight and increased insulin sensitivity in
Jnk1
−/−
and
Jnk1
+/−
Jnk2
−/−
mice. These two groups of mice also exhibited reduced total JNK activity and cytokine expression in liver tissue compared with all other genotypes examined. These data indicate that the JNK2 isoform is also involved in metabolic regulation, but its function is not obvious when JNK1 is fully expressed because of regulatory crosstalk between the two isoforms.
Collective evolution and the genetic code
Authors: Vetsigian Kalin , Woese Carl , Goldenfeld Nigel
Published: July 2006

A dynamical theory for the evolution of the genetic code is presented, which accounts for its universality and optimality. The central concept is that a variety of collective, but non-Darwinian, mechanisms likely to be present in early communal life generically lead to refinement and selection of innovation-sharing protocols, such as the genetic code. Our proposal is illustrated by using a simplified computer model and placed within the context of a sequence of transitions that early life may have made, before the emergence of vertical descent.
PML clastosomes prevent nuclear accumulation of mutant ataxin-7 and other polyglutamine proteins
Authors: Janer Alexandre , Martin Elodie , Muriel Marie-Paule , Latouche Morwena , Fujigasaki Hiroto , Ruberg Merle , Brice Alexis , Trottier Yvon , Sittler Annie
Published: July 2006

The pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 and other neurodegenerative polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders correlates with the aberrant accumulation of toxic polyQ-expanded proteins in the nucleus. Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies are often present in polyQ aggregates, but their relation to pathogenesis is unclear. We show that expression of PML isoform IV leads to the formation of distinct nuclear bodies enriched in components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These bodies recruit soluble mutant ataxin-7 and promote its degradation by proteasome-dependent proteolysis, thus preventing the aggregate formation. Inversely, disruption of the endogenous nuclear bodies with cadmium increases the nuclear accumulation and aggregation of mutant ataxin-7, demonstrating their role in ataxin-7 turnover. Interestingly, β-interferon treatment, which induces the expression of endogenous PML IV, prevents the accumulation of transiently expressed mutant ataxin-7 without affecting the level of the endogenous wild-type protein. Therefore, clastosomes represent a potential therapeutic target for preventing polyQ disorders.
Interleukin 12p40 is required for dendritic cell migration and T cell priming afterMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection
Authors: Khader Shabaana A. , Partida-Sanchez Santiago , Bell Guy , Jelley-Gibbs Dawn M. , Swain Susan , Pearl John E. , Ghilardi Nico , deSauvage Frederic J. , Lund Frances E. , Cooper Andrea M.
Published: July 2006

Migration of dendritic cells (DCs) to the draining lymph node (DLN) is required for the activation of naive T cells. We show here that migration of DCs from the lung to the DLN after Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exposure is defective in mice lacking interleukin (IL)-12p40. This defect compromises the ability of IL-12p40–deficient DCs to activate naive T cells in vivo; however, DCs that express IL-12p40 alone can activate naive T cells. Treatment of IL-12p40–deficient DCs with IL-12p40 homodimer (IL-12(p40)2) restores Mtb-induced DC migration and the ability of IL-12p40–deficient DCs to activate naive T cells. These data define a novel and fundamental role for IL-12p40 in the pathogen-induced activation of pulmonary DCs.
A crucial role for interleukin (IL)-1 in the induction of IL-17–producing T cells that mediate autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Sutton Caroline , Brereton Corinna , Keogh Brian , Mills Kingston H.G. , Lavelle Ed C.
Published: July 2006

It was recently demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-23–driven IL-17–producing (ThIL-17) T cells mediate inflammatory pathology in certain autoimmune diseases. We show that the induction of antigen-specific ThIL-17 cells, but not T helper (Th)1 or Th2 cells, by immunization with antigens and adjuvants is abrogated in IL-1 receptor type I–deficient (IL-1RI−/−) mice. Furthermore, the incidence of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was significantly lower in IL-1RI−/− compared with wild-type mice, and this correlated with a failure to induce autoantigen-specific ThIL-17 cells, whereas induction of Th1 and Th2 responses was not substantially different. However, EAE was induced in IL-1RI−/− mice by adoptive transfer of autoantigen-specific cells from wild-type mice with EAE. IL-23 alone did not induce IL-17 production by T cells from IL-1RI−/− mice, and IL-23–induced IL-17 production was substantially enhanced by IL-1α or IL-1β, even in the absence of T cell receptor stimulation. We demonstrate essential roles for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, nuclear factor κB, and novel protein kinase C isoforms in IL-1– and IL-23–mediated IL-17 production. Tumor necrosis factor α also synergized with IL-23 to enhance IL-17 production, and this was IL-1 dependent. Our findings demonstrate that IL-1 functions upstream of IL-17 to promote pathogenic ThIL-17 cells in EAE.
Defects in Bile Acid Biosynthesis‐Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Setchell Kenneth D. R. , Heubi James E.
Published: July 2006

Bile acid synthetic defects represent a specific category of metabolic liver disease. This article highlights the history and summarizes our analytical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of genetic defects in bile acid synthesis. By the application of mass spectrometry as a screening tool, it is possible to perform rapid diagnosis of potential inborn errors in bile acid synthesis from urinary bile acid analysis. Molecular techniques then afford the identification of specific mutations in genes encoding the enzymes responsible for bile acid synthesis. Using this approach, 6 of the 7 known genetic defects that are causes of progressive cholestatic liver disease, syndromes of fat‐soluble vitamin malabsorption, or neurological disease, have been characterized. Bile‐acid therapy using oral cholic acid has proven effective in most of these bile acid synthetic defects making early diagnosis crucial to optimum clinical prognosis.
Does the Heterozygous State of Alpha‐1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Have a Role in Chronic Liver Diseases? Interim Results of a Large Case‐Control Study
Authors: Regev Arie , Guaqueta Constanza , Molina Enrique G. , Conrad Andrew , Mishra Vishnu , Brantly Mark L. , Torres Maria , De Medina Maria , Tzakis Andreas G. , Schiff Eugene R.
Published: July 2006

Background:

The role of the heterozygous PiZ state of alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency (α1ATD) in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease (LD) is still a matter of controversy.

Aim:

To determine the prevalence of α1ATD heterozygote states in a large population of patients with established LD compared with individuals with no LD, and to determine whether the prevalence of PiZ is increased in patients with more severe LD.

Methods:

A cross sectional case‐control study among patients with and without LD. Blood samples were tested for α1AT levels and α1AT phenotype. The severity of LD was determined by clinical evaluation, lab tests, imaging studies and histopathology.

Results:

In total, 1405 patients were enrolled; 651 with, and 754 without LD. Out of them, 173 patients had decompensated cirrhosis requiring liver transplantation. PiMZ was significantly more prevalent in White patients (3.5%) compared with Hispanics (1.7%; P = 0.029). There was no difference in PiMZ prevalence between the total LD group and the group with no LD (2.1% vs. 1.7%; P = 0.64). Within the LD group, 5.7% of 173 patients with decompensated LD, listed for liver transplantation, had PiMZ, compared with 2.1% of 478 patients with less severe LD (P = 0.016). Similarly, there was a disproportionately higher prevalence of PiZ among hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients (5.6%) and patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (5.0%) with decompensated LD, compared with HCV patients (1.2%) and NAFLD patients (1.9%) with less severe LD (P = 0.044 and 0.017, respectively). Patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis, who were not considered NAFLD patients, did not have a higher prevalence of PiMZ compared with patients with LD of known etiologies (1.9% vs. 2.3%; P = 0.12).

Conclusions:

We found no association between the heterozygous PiZ state of α1ATD and the presence of chronic LD in‐general or the presence of cryptogenic cirrhosis. In contrast, patients with decompensated LD of any etiology had a significantly higher prevalence of PiMZ compared with patients with compensated LD. Furthermore, in patients with chronic LD due to HCV or NAFLD there was a significant association between the PiMZ heterozygous state and increased severity of LD and the need for liver transplantation. These interim results suggest that the PiMZ α1ATD heterozygous state may have a role in worsening LD due to HCV or NAFLD.
Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B in Children
Authors: Jonas Maureen M.
Published: July 2006

Chronic hepatitis B infection remains a significant health problem worldwide, and acquisition during infancy or childhood causes many of the chronic infections that are responsible for the morbidity associated with this disease. Some children with chronic hepatitis B are candidates for treatment. Two medications are currently licensed for use in children, and it is anticipated that others will be available in the next several years. This article describes rationale for treatment, patient selection and pros and cons of the current and expected therapeutic options.
The Next Challenge in Pediatric Cholestasis
Authors: Bezerra Jorge A.
Published: July 2006

Cholestasis is a common presenting symptom of liver disease in infants. Chief among diseases presenting as neonatal cholestasis is biliary atresia, the most common cause of chronic liver disease in children, but little is known about the pathogenesis of this disease. In search for the molecular basis of biliary atresia, we began two areas of investigation. In the first, we interrogated the hepatic transcriptome of children with biliary atresia and found an interferon‐gamma (IFNγ)‐rich proinflammatory footprint at the time of diagnosis. To directly explore if IFNγ plays an important role in biliary injury and obstruction, we used a mouse model of experimental biliary atresia and found that inactivation of the murine Ifnγ gene decreases the tropism of lymphocytes to neonatal bile ducts and prevents the inflammatory obstruction of the duct lumen. Further analysis of the extrahepatic biliary tract also outlined a broader network of proinflammatory genes at the onset and during progression to duct obstruction, with the time‐specific activation of IFNγ‐, apoptosis‐, and complement‐driven networks. In the second approach, we searched for molecular profiles that differentiate clinical forms of biliary atresia by analyzing the hepatic transcriptome of age‐matched subjects at the time of diagnosis. We found a preliminary profile that differentiates the embryonic from the perinatal forms of biliary atresia. The profile contained the differential activation of genes involved in epigenetic mechanisms of disease. Collectively, these studies provide new insight into pathogenesis of biliary atresia and identify potential therapeutic targets to foster long‐term outcome with the native liver.
Regulon and promoter analysis of theE. coliheat-shock factor, σ32, reveals a multifaceted cellular response to heat stress
Authors: Nonaka Gen , Blankschien Matthew , Herman Christophe , Gross Carol A. , Rhodius Virgil A.
Published: July 2006

The heat-shock response (HSR), a universal cellular response to heat, is crucial for cellular adaptation. InEscherichia coli, the HSR is mediated by the alternative σ factor, σ32. To determine its role, we used genome-wide expression analysis and promoter validation to identify genes directly regulated by σ32and screened ORF overexpression libraries to identify σ32inducers. We triple the number of genes validated to be transcribed by σ32and provide new insights into the cellular role of this response. Our work indicates that the response is propagated as the regulon encodes numerous global transcriptional regulators, reveals that σ70holoenzyme initiates from 12% of σ32promoters, which has important implications for global transcriptional wiring, and identifies a new role for the response in protein homeostasis, that of protecting complex proteins. Finally, this study suggests that the response protects the cell membrane and responds to its status: Fully 25% of σ32regulon members reside in the membrane and alter its functionality; moreover, a disproportionate fraction of overexpressed proteins that induce the response are membrane localized. The intimate connection of the response to the membrane rationalizes why a major regulator of the response resides in that cellular compartment.
BRCA1 ubiquitinates its phosphorylation-dependent binding partner CtIP
Authors: Yu Xiaochun , Fu Shuang , Lai Maoyi , Baer Richard , Chen Junjie
Published: July 2006

BRCA1 (Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene 1) possesses an N-terminal Ring domain and tandem C-terminal BRCT motifs. While the Ring domain has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, the BRCA1 BRCT domains specifically recognize phospho-serine motifs. Here, we demonstrate that BRCA1 Ring domain catalyzes CtIP ubiquitination in a manner that depends on a phosphorylation-mediated interaction between CtIP and BRCA1 BRCT domains. The BRCA1-dependent ubiquitination of CtIP does not target CtIP for degradation. Instead, ubiquitinated CtIP associates with chromatin following DNA damage and participates in G2/M checkpoint control. Thus, we propose that BRCA1 can regulate the functions of its substrates through nonproteasomal pathways that do not involve substrate degradation.
Gene-balanced duplications, like tetraploidy, provide predictable drive to increase morphological complexity
Authors: Freeling Michael , Thomas Brian C.
Published: July 2006

Controversy surrounds the apparent rising maximums of morphological complexity during eukaryotic evolution, with organisms increasing the number and nestedness of developmental areas as evidenced by morphological elaborations reflecting area boundaries. No “predictable drive” to increase this sort of complexity has been reported. Recent genetic data and theory in the general area of gene dosage effects has engendered a robust “gene balance hypothesis,” with a theoretical base that makes specific predictions as to gene content changes following different types of gene duplication. Genomic data from both chordate and angiosperm genomes fit these predictions: Each type of duplication provides a one-way injection of a biased set of genes into the gene pool. Tetraploidies and balanced segments inject bias for those genes whose products are the subunits of the most complex biological machines or cascades, like transcription factors (TFs) and proteasome core proteins. Most duplicate genes are removed after tetraploidy. Genic balance is maintained by not removing those genes that are dose-sensitive, which tends to leave duplicate “functional modules” as the indirect products (spandrels) of purifying selection. Functional modules are the likely precursors of coadapted gene complexes, a unit of natural selection. The result is a predictable drive mechanism where “drive” is used rigorously, as in “meiotic drive.” Rising morphological gain is expected given a supply of duplicate functional modules. All flowering plants have survived at least three large-scale duplications/diploidizations over the last 300 million years (Myr). An equivalent period of tetraploidy and body plan evolution may have ended for animals 500 million years ago (Mya). We argue that “balanced gene drive” is a sufficient explanation for the trend that the maximums of morphological complexity have gone up, and not down, in both plant and animal eukaryotic lineages.
Mental practice enhances recruit police officers’ acquisition of critical psychomotor skills
Authors: Whetstone Thomas S.
Published: July 2006

Mental practice is a method for acquiring, rehearsing or enhancing a physical skill without using fine or gross motor movements. Experiments were made on 72 student police volunteers at the University of Illinois. Participants were allowed to evaluate their own mental images of firearm skills. Shows that treatment and control groups have practical and statistically significant differences in gain scores. Demonstrates that belief in the efficacy of mental practice is a key to high scoring.
Criminal forfeiture: an effective alternative to civil and administrative proceedings
Authors: Warchol Greg L. , Payne Dennis M. , Johnson Brian R.
Published: July 2006

Property forfeiture has become one of the more controversial law enforcement techniques currently employed in the War on Drugs. The extensive use of administrative and civil‐judicial forfeiture proceedings has resulted in increased criticism of the program because of their limited protections for suspects and relaxed burdens of proof for the government. This paper employs a qualitative and quantitative approach in examining the merits of the criminal forfeiture proceeding, a seldom used alternative for the favored administrative and civil proceedings. The authors argue for an increased utilization of criminal forfeiture to effectively meet the goals of law enforcement and protect the individual rights of property owners.
Police satisfaction with their jobs: arresting officers in the District of Columbia
Authors: Seltzer Richard , Alonè Sucre , Howard Gwendolyn
Published: July 2006

Over three hundred police officers from the District of Columbia were surveyed as they waited for court appearances. Although police officers were satisfied with their jobs, morale was low. Background and situational variables did not adequately predict satisfaction levels. Satisfaction levels were better predicted given an officer’s attitudes toward their fellow officers, their superiors, and the race‐relations/promotion process within the Department.
On the use of police officers in randomized experiments: some lessons from the Milwaukee domestic violence experiment
Authors: Weiss Alexander , Boruch Robert F.
Published: July 2006

Evaluations of criminal justice policy increasingly employ randomized experiements, especially in studies of policing. These experiments, however, raise important ethical, legal and practical issues. This paper explores some of these issues as viewed by police officers. It focuses on the Milwaukee Domestic Violence Experiment.
Defining community policing: practice versus paradigm
Authors: Ziembo‐Vogl Joanne , Woods Devere
Published: July 2006

While many believe that community policing has advanced beyond the defining stage, conflict still exists between community policing as envisioned by academics and theorists and community policing as interpreted and practiced by police organizations. Why is there so much disparity between the theory and application of community policing? Part of the answer lies in the differing utility the concept holds for practitioners and researchers. Analyzed within the precepts of the Trojanowicz Paradigm, content analyses of community policing job descriptions and definitions were performed on data obtained during a 1994 national survey of police departments conducted by Trojanowicz, Woods, et al. Results were surprising, yet consistent with many case studies which trace implementation problems to the failure of the larger organization to incorporate the community policing philosophy.
The organization of the grain trade in the early Roman Empire
Authors: KESSLER DAVID , TEMIN PETER
Published: July 2006

Rome was an exceedingly large city at the start of the Roman Empire, and it required massive grain imports to feed its population. We argue that Roman merchants organized these imports and that they used a variety of mechanisms to deal with the informational problems of long‐distance trade at that time. They used general institutions of Rome, such as its legal and social structures, as well as specific mercantile institutions, such as contracts, companies, and invoices. They exploited information in the Roman social structure as well as in the facilities for trade. This combination of social and economic institutions enabled Roman merchants to operate on as large a scale as any other pre‐industrial merchant group.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Larix kaempferi
Authors: ISODA KEIYA , WATANABE ATSUSHI
Published: July 2006

Microsatellites were isolated and characterized for Japanese larch, Larix kaempferi, a conifer species distributed in Japan. A larch genomic DNA library enriched for (AG)n repeats was screened using the colony polymerase chain reaction method and 145 unique microsatellite containing sequences were obtained. Seventy‐two primer pairs were designed and 30 produced single‐locus products, and 19 of them were polymorphic. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.566 to 0.951. These 19 polymorphic microsatellite loci should be valuable markers for genetic studies on Japanese larch.
Devolatilization of metabasic rocks during greenschist–amphibolite facies metamorphism
Authors: ELMER F. L. , WHITE R. W. , POWELL R.
Published: July 2006

The production of large volumes of fluid from metabasic rocks, particularly in greenstone terranes heated across the greenschist–amphibolite facies transition, is widely accepted yet poorly characterized. The presence of carbonate minerals in such rocks, commonly as a consequence of sea‐floor alteration, has a strong influence, via fluid‐rock buffering, on the mineral equilibria evolution and fluid composition. Mineral equilibria modelling of metabasic rocks in the system Na2O‐CaO‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐CO2‐H2O (NCaFMASCH) is used to constrain the stability of common metabasic assemblages. Calculated buffering paths on T–XCO2 pseudosections, illustrate the evolution of greenstone terranes during heating across the greenschist‐amphibolite transition. The calculated paths constrain the volume and the composition of fluid produced by devolatilization and buffering. The calculated amount and composition of fluid produced are shown to vary depending on P–T conditions, the proportion of carbonate minerals and the XCO2 of the rocks prior to prograde metamorphism. In rocks with an initially low proportion of carbonate minerals, the greenschist to amphibolite facies transition is the primary period of fluid production, producing fluid with a low XCO2. Rocks with greater initial proportions of carbonate minerals experience a second fluid production event at temperatures above the greenschist to amphibolite facies transition, producing a more CO2‐rich fluid (XCO2 = 0.2–0.3). Rocks may achieve these higher proportions of carbonate minerals either via more extensive seafloor alteration or via infiltration of fluids. Fluid produced via devolatilization of rocks at deeper crustal levels may infiltrate and react with overlying lower temperature rocks, resulting in external buffering of those rocks to higher XCO2 and proportions of carbonate minerals. Subsequent heating and devolatilization of these overlying rocks results in buffering paths that produce large proportions of fluid at XCO2 = 0.2–0.3. The production of fluid of this composition is of importance to models of gold transport in Archean greenstone gold deposits occurring within extensive fluid alteration haloes, as these haloes represent the influx of fluid of XCO2 = 0.2–0.3 into the upper crust.
China's Approach to Social Market Economics: The Chinese variant of Market Socialism Seeks to Escape from the Difficulties of Central Command Planning
Authors: Karsten Siegfried G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The paradigm of a social market economy provides a rational basis for resolving structural socioeconomic changes, as presently evidenced in the People's Republic of China. China's approach to socioeconomic change, labeled as “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics,” resembles a modified version of Eucken's paradigm of a social market economy.1 The Chinese paradigm, leaning on that of Walter Eucken, provides for a “limited”free market, which not only accommodates economic growth and change, but which also makes allowance for some degree of human, especially economic freedom, and dignity. Eucken's model is based on a sound institutional and legal framework which he considered to be essential for a viable modern market economy. China's new socioeconomic program is moving the country in this direction. It takes into account people's desire for a useful and Just socioeconomic order (however defined), characterized by stable socioeconomic and political policies and by a flexible price mechanism, to enable them to live a life in dignity, free of economic deprivation.
The Male‐Female Comparable Worth Debate: Alternative Economics Perspectives on an Issue That Cuts Across the Social Sciences
Authors: Mangum Stephen L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Writers and speakers on the “comparable worth” or “pay equity” issue refer to “the economic view” but there is no such consensus. Three major paradigms exist in labor economics, the neoclassical, the “radical” or Marxian or Neomarxian, and the institutional Each differs in philosophical orientation, employs different analytical methods, and leads to different policy implications. On the issue of pay equity for women their views are contrasted; differences center on how successfully the market extends full options of choice. The analysis indicates that incremental advances in the direction of pay equity are to be expected, given present incentives in the private sector and less economic constraints in the public sector, provided women continue economic, legal, and political pressure.

Surveying The Literature on the comparable worth or pay equity debate, one often encounters reference to the economic view. In reality however, three major paradigms exist in labor economics today; the prevailing neoclassical paradigm, the radical or Marxian view, and the institutional approach. While the three can be viewed as sharing common objectives (to describe, to predict, and to prescribe) they approach issues from different philosophical frameworks, employ different analytical tools, and lead to very different policy implications. Examining the pay equity issue from the perspectives of the three paradigms suggests different insights into the issue than that usually labelled the economic view.
An Expansion of the Neoclassical Horizon in Economics: The Rent–Seeking Research Program Brings in the Nuances of Social and Political Control
Authors: Evensky Jerry
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The terms of discourse in the Neoclassical school of economic theory have constrained its ability to develop the connections between the economic and the social and political spheres. Building on the logic of the rent–seeking research program a systematic connection is developed. A taxonomy of distribution is presented in which rent and profit ate identified as distributions to control over productive factors. The structure of control embodied in social and political institutions largely determines who controls these productive factors and therefore who receives the distributions to control: profit and rent. The distinction between profit and rent relates to opportunity cost. Profit is a distribution to control equal to opportunity cost and is therefore allocatively necessary. Rent is a return above and beyond opportunity cost and is not allocatively necessary. By clarifying the role of rent and profit in Neoclassical theory the interconnection between the social, political, and economic spheres is systematically integrated into the theory.
The CAB'S Struggle to Establish Price and Route Rivalry in World Air Transport
Authors: Peterson R. D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Almost from the beginning of international air transport, this industry, while regulated by the U.S. Government, has enjoyed exemption from prosecution under the antitrust laws. In 1946 leading airlines of Western Europe, Canada and the United States organized the International Air Transportation Association, which the Civil Aeronautics Board later charged was a cartel regulating prices, schedules and routes in the interest of the profits of the carriers. In 1978 the board began trying to establish price and route competition in the industry's foreign operations, as well as in the domestic services. The board's efforts to deregulate the industry to make it responsive to market forces continued through the Ford, Carter and Reagan presidencies and the evidence so far available suggests that they have achieved a substantial degree of success.
Business Size Composition and Management Training Needs of Countries in the Eastern Caribbean
Authors: Edmunds John C. , Felton Edward L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Size composition of Eastern Caribbean businesses was found to be bimodal. Very few businesses employed 10 to 50 people, most had either a larger or a smaller number. This unexpected result emerged from a survey to determine management training needs in the region. The survey included 134 face‐to‐face interviews with business people. Respondents gave several possible explanations for this unusual pattern; among those mentioned were historical factors, barriers to entry, and to access to credit; racial stereotypes, and status perceptions. Respondents described the microbusiness sector and types of management training and of education that would stimulate the growth of micro businesses in contrast to training that would improve performance at larger companies. Respondents felt that restructuring the business sector of each economy, in terms of product mix as well as size composition, would help stimulate economic growth in the region.
A Buddhist Economic System—in Principle
Authors: Pryor Frederic L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Some of the major canonical scriptures of Buddhism are examined, as well as some of the secondary literature about these writings, in order to see what type of economic system might be inferred from the religious tenets which Gautama Buddha expounded. The personal and social ethics underlying such a system, the economic institutions which are consistent with such moral rules and the attitudes toward property and wealth which they inspire re analyzed for the light they shed on the explanation of economic behavior.
Cultural Relativism and the Theory of Value: The Educational Implications
Authors: Foster Gladys Parker , Lubbock Sir John
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The philosophy of science developed by John Dewey in Logic: The Theory of Inquiry should be applied in the study of philosophy and the social sciences as it has come to be applied in the physical sciences. Dewey's methodology prescribes the use of both reason and observation in problem‐solving, that is, both theory (hypothesis making) and practice (fact‐gathering), with movement back and forth between the two, revising the theory and gathering new facts until a conclusion is reached. The rightness of a conclusion should be evaluated in terms of its consequences and is always subject to modification in the light of later evidence. This philosophy means that a scientific criterion of judgment is possible, in this case Dewey's instrumental theory of value. Higher education should incorporate value theory explicitly into its curriculum and thereby help society to make choices about the good, the true, and the beautiful.
Distributional Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy: Impacts on Unemployment Rates Disaggregated By Race and Gender
Authors: Abell John D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The use of vectorautoregression techniques provides empirical verification that monetary and fiscal policies do not have equal impacts on unemployment rates disaggregated by race and gender. In general, it was found that white males benefited from macro‐policies more than any other category. However, black females were also shown to benefit significantly. Results were reported from both the 1970s and 1980s and indicate that these differential unemployment rate responses became magnified during the 1980s. The results for white males are consistent with a number of theories that have been offered by several writers, but the results for black females might seem, at first, to be difficult to explain. However, a close inspection of educational attainment scotes for black women over recent decades reveals a potential source of this finding.
A Comparison of the Occupational Distributions of Native‐ and Foreign‐Born Males: An Immigration Consideration
Authors: Gabriel Paul E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A qualitative response model of occupational choice is employed to investigate differences in the occupational structures of native‐and foreign‐born men in the United States labor market. Analysis of data from the 1980 U.S. Census of Population indicates that, given their human capital trails, foreign‐born males are proportionately represented across occupational categories. The results are supportive of the hypothesis of Chiswickand others that, because of favorable self‐selection, foreign‐born male workers are likely to succeed in the U.S. labor market.
A Buddhist Economic System—in Practice:
Authors: Pryor Frederic L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Although there is little discussion of distributive justice in the Theravādā canon, the Buddhist State is advised to provide all people with a minimum income. Radiation theory sees the economy prospering through the virtuous actions of individuals following the moral law. Early Buddhist writings generally accept existing political and economic institutions, even while providing a democratic social ethos revolutionary for its time. King Asoka, greatest of all Indian emperors, pursued a highly activist fiscal policy even though he believed only meditation could help people to advance in moral living. But canonical beliefs about economic activity are much more ambiguous than economic literature often indicates. Hence today there are rightist and leftist Buddhists, differing in interpretation.
Henry George and Organized Labor:
Authors: Genovese Frank C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George supported labor unions and was proud of his membership in the Printers' Union. But he did not regard them as the final solution of labor exploitation. He championed labor as one of the producing classes. His foray into politics as the candidate of organized labor's third party was characteristic; he had had much involvement in politics earlier. Although he supported labor's immediate demands, he sought mainly to use his candidacy to build a constituency for the single tax. Samuel Gompers, then head of the American Federation of Labor, at first worked for George's election but came to the belief that the unions alone should direct and control their political efforts. This view prevailed, though he and George remained good friends. But it is now a question whether Gompers' policy, at this time, serves labor's best interests.
Henry George and Europe:
Authors: Silagi Michael , Fauikntr Susan N
Published: July 2006

Abstract Henry George played a tremendous role in the development and growth of the British Liberal party and of British Liberalism, one no less significant than his role in that of British non‐Marxian socialism One of the Liberal leaders who gained a place in history, Joseph Chamberlain, had already been a land reformer before he learned about Georgism Chamberlain used the Georgist analysis, but he and the other 19th century Radical Liberals worked up a program for a broader distribution of landed property, not for the abolition of the private land monopoly. The same tactic in Ireland entrenched private land monopoly thereby making many renters small holders But George also supplied the analysis and the context of the Liberal campaign And later Liberal leaders–notably David Lloyd George, Winston Churchill (as well as Liberals in the Labour Party. Philip Snowden, Herbert Morrison, Ramsay MacDonald and Josiah Wedgwood) –came close to making the taxation of land values the law of the kingdom