bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Employee Performance
Authors: Osborne Thomas Z.
Published: February 2018

The day when a supervisor had only to decide that he did not like an employee or the employee's work is long since past. In Greensboro, N. C, this type of outdated employee evaluation has been replaced by a new evaluation system that is described as being fair, consistent, and progressive.
The Importance of Effective Training Programs for Water Utility Operators
Authors: Redekopp Alex B. , Woloschuk Boris Z.
Published: February 2018

Effective training does not just happen. To reach the goal of effective learning, a trainer must follow a logical and systematic approach toward attaining such a goal. Effective learning can only result from effective training.
Forward‐Looking Management
Authors: Estey Horace S.
Published: February 2018

The practice of extending or not extending service to outlying districts of a town with a view to affecting its development is short‐sighted and unsound. A Kentucky water company is successfully overcoming the problems created by such a practice.
The Maintenance‐Record System: A Managerial Aid
Authors: Deem Richard E.
Published: February 2018

For many water‐distribution systems, it's an inevitable process—corrosion occurs, repairs have to be made, and maintenance crews have to be summoned. This article explains how management can organize, analyze, and carry out an expeditious, economical maintenance operation.
Virus Inactivation During Tertiary Treatment
Authors: Wolf Harold W. , Safferman Robert S. , Mixson A. Robert , Stringer Charles E.
Published: February 2018

This article details results of application of a clarifier, operated both in alum and lime modes, to studies of viral‐removal efficiency. Microbiologically those results suggest that the high‐lime process be applied to the disinfection of wastewater.
Treatment‐Plant Design
Authors: Streicher Lee
Published: February 2018

Population growth and industrial expansion have placed a heavy demand on water‐treatment plants. By the time a new plant is completed, plans must be considered for its renovation or expansion. Consequently, plant designers must work with one eye to the future while designing plants to meet contemporary demands.
George W. Pracy: AWWA's 52nd President
Authors: Medbery H. Christopher
Published: February 2018

Presented here is a biographical sketch of a man who, for 48 years, strove to attain and maintain high quality and proper distribution of water in California — and succeeded.
Water‐Treatment Sludge Filtration Studies
Authors: Hawkins Fred C. , Judkins J. F. , Morgan J. M.
Published: February 2018

Water‐treatment processes remove impurities from ground water and surface water. The result of treatment, however, is a form of sludge that must be disposed of properly. Disposal of this sludge constitutes a problem for plant operators. But if the volume of sludge can be reduced prior to treatment, then the problem of disposal can be accomplished more readily.
Halogens and Their Role in Disinfection
Authors: Sletten Owen
Published: February 2018

In its various compounds, chlorine is an important disinfectant for water supplies. This article gives a brief history of its use, compares its effectiveness with the other halogens, and describes how it can be put to greatest advantage in the disinfecting process.
Virus Problems and Their Relation to Water Supplies
Authors: McDermott James H.
Published: February 2018

Knowledge that modern man has acquired within the past 120 years concerning viruses has not guaranteed their complete elimination in the water supply. To combat the seemingly ever‐present contaminants, it is suggested that treatment‐plant operators adapt a more thorough disinfection program.
Virus and Water Supply
Authors: Cookson John T.
Published: February 2018

Virus‐free drinking water from treatment plants does not exist. Furthermore, too little attention has been devoted toward its attainment. The recommendation has been made, therefore, that national health standards be drafted and imposed to help reduce the possible virus hazard of surface waters.
Use of Chlorine Dioxide to Disinfect Water Supplies
Authors: Augenstein Harold W.
Published: February 2018

Ground water that is obtained from a deep‐well source seldom contains many bacteria or contaminants. Adding chlorine to relatively pure ground water produces an immediate, noticeable change in taste and odor qualities. Chlorine dioxide, however, has been shown to yield a chlorine residual that is hardly noticeable through taste or odor, yet maintains USPHS standards.
A Proposed Method for the Analysis of Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Wang Lawrence K. , Yang John Y. , Wang Mu Hao
Published: February 2018

The water industry is always in search of new and improved methods of chemical analyses of its product—potable water supplies. This article proposes a new procedure for the analysis of anionic surfactant discharges in wastewater effluents. The procedure has been found to be reliable for linear alkylate sulfonate analysis and is also proposed as a possible new standard method.
A Modified Curcumin Method for Determining Trace Amounts of Boron
Authors: Goldman E. , Taormina S. , Castillo M.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a new and improved method for determining trace amounts of boron in water in the range of 0.25–1.00 mg/l. The modified method is purportedly more rapid, more precise, and less involved than the standard curcumim method.
Sludge Dewatering and Its Physical Properties
Authors: Novak John T. , Calkins Donald C.
Published: February 2018

Discharging water‐treatment‐plant sludge into natural water courses is an unacceptable method of sludge disposal. The physical properties of sludge only add to the problem and increases the expense of tho complex process involved in rendering the sludge handleable. This article examines several methods of sludge dewatering and its ultimate disposal.
The Necessity and Importance of Changing the Water‐Utility Image
Authors: Caskey Clark
Published: February 2018

A recent survey of water‐utility managers has revealed a number of interesting and informative opinions about the image of water utilities. The author concludes that several steps must be taken in order to implement the positive image shift that is necessary if water utilities are to improve both their internal operations and their image in the community.
Reclaimed Water for Industrial Use Excluding Food and Beverage Processing
Authors: Fynsk A. W.
Published: February 2018

Industries' uses of wastewater from water‐treatment facilities will be limited by economic factors that cover not only the physical implementation of the water but the job of setting standards also.
Specific Conductance Method for In Situ Estimation of Total Dissolved Solids
Authors: Singh Teja , Kalra Y. P.
Published: February 2018

There are two methods that are commonly used for determining total dissolved solids in water. This article proposes another method—determination by means of electrical conductance measurement. An excellent relationship was discovered between specific conductance and total dissolved solids of mountain streams.
Deterioration of Water Quality in Distribution Systems
Authors: O'Connor John T. , Hash Les , Edwards Allan B.
Published: February 2018

The loss of chlorine residuals in water‐distribution systems, the depletion of dissolved oxygen, the reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide, and even the corrosion of cast‐iron mains may be the principal result of microbial activity.
Aquatic‐Weed Decay and Color Production
Authors: Novak John T. , Goodman Alan S. , King Darrell L.
Published: February 2018

Color organics are known to reduce the acceptability of surface waters for domestic water supply and to affect algal production. In this research it is shown that soluble organics identical to those found in colored acid bogs are produced as a byproduct during the decay of naturally occurring aquatic vegetation. Sufficient color may be provided from the decay of aquatic plants produced during a single growing season to stimulate algal growth.
Iron and Manganese Removal — A Case Study
Authors: Cleasby John L.
Published: February 2018

There are certain areas of the country where the iron and manganese content of the water supply is extremely high. Through properly applied procedures it is possible to precipitate and filter out these unwanted metals. This article discusses the differences in filtration sometimes experienced when chemical oxidants are used in the precipitation.
Virus Removal by Polyelectrolyte‐Aided Filtration
Authors: Amirhor Parviz , Engelbrecht R. S.
Published: February 2018

This article details the potential use of uncoated and polyelectrolyte‐aided diatomaceous‐earth filtration with respect to the removal of bacterial virus MS2 from water and wastewater effluent. The effects of certain operational parameters in removing virus by polyelectrolyte‐aided diatomaceous‐earth filtration are evaluated.
Virus Study for Drinking‐Water Supplies
Authors: Clarke Norman A. , Akin Elmer W. , Liu Oscar C. , Hoff John C. , Hill William F. , Brashear David A. , Jakubowski Walter
Published: February 2018

This study was conducted in an attempt to relate the presence or absence of viruses in treated drinking water to treatment processes, water source and protection, total and fecal coliform densities, and zoomicrobe population.
Intermixing of Dual Media and Multimedia Granular Filters
Authors: Cleasby John L. , Woods Craig F.
Published: February 2018

The use of mixed‐media filters results in longer filter cycles and, in some cases, better filtrate quality than single‐media sand filters. Unfortunately, during backwashing the stratification of the sand particles in mixed‐media filters is rearranged. In this study two models for predicting the degree of intermixing between different media at proposed backwash rates and water temperatures were examined.
Viruses
Authors: Cookson John T.
Published: February 2018

The following is a comment from the author relative to his article appearing on page 707 in the Dec. 1974 JOURNAL.
Sanitary Engineering in Russia
Authors: Ryan William L. , Grainge J. W.
Published: February 2018

In order to learn more about what Russian engineers and planners are doing to solve engineering problems in permafrost areas, 400 delegates from twelve countries participated in the Second Intl. Conf. of Permafrost at Yakutsk in Central Siberia. A description of the Jul. 1973 tour is presented herein.
Water‐Supply Problems and Developments in Indonesia
Authors: Notosugondo Hidajat
Published: February 2018

The Republic of Indonesia does not have a quality water‐supply system for its rapidly expanding urban centers. As urban expansion continues to accelerate, it is imperative that water‐utility systems be developed and maintained. This article examines two five‐year plans that the Indonesian government has devised for attaining systems of water‐utility operations for its swelling cities.
Health Aspects of Hard and Soft Waters
Authors: Neri L.C. , Hewitt D. , Schreiber G.B. , Anderson T.W. , Mandel J.S. , Zdrojewsky A.
Published: February 2018

The relationship of waterborne minerals to the incidence of mortality is pursued in this article which also includes water analysis data from 575 Canadian communities. Magnesium appears to be the element that is most probably responsible for associations between cardiovascular mortality and water hardness.
Lead, Zinc, and Copper in Soils of Urban Storm‐Runoff Retention Basins
Authors: Nightingale Harry I.
Published: February 2018

Efferts to solve the flooding problem in Fresno, Calif., have led to yet another problem – that of heavy metal accumulation in flood‐control structures. Presented in this article are data from a study conducted to determine the effects of three metal contaminates found in those struetures.
Simulation of Lead Removal by Chemical Treatment
Authors: Naylor Lewis M. , Dague Richard R.
Published: February 2018

This study evaluates the effectiveness of a lime coagulation, lime, and limesoda ash softening in the removal of lead. The treatment processes were simulated at laboratory scaie oh a variety of waters having synthetically developed Chemical characteristics. All Systems reduced lead levels to 0.05 mg/l; however, alum coagulation was effective only in the pH range 8–9, not at near neutral values. Chemical softening in the solids‐contact mode resulted in virtually complete removal of lead.
Impact of the Safe Drinking Water Act
Authors: Quartes John R.
Published: February 2018

The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 formalized the intention of upgrading drinking water and specified assignments that require Cooperation from all levels of government, Utilities, and in fact, consumers.
Design of Nationwide Water‐Quality‐Monitoring Networks
Authors: Pickering R. J. , Ficke John F.
Published: February 2018

As the agency responsible for describing and evaluating water resources of the US, the USGS has designed several networks for monitoring water quality on a national and regional scale. The largest of these, the National Stream Quality Accounting Network, is designed to monitor quantity and quality of stream flow and is described in the following.
Earthquake: Correlation Between Pipeline Damage and Geologic Environment
Authors: Kachadoorian Reuben
Published: February 2018

In this article damage to pipelines from both the direct and indirect effects of earthquakes are shown to be least in bedrock, intermediate in coarse‐grained Sediments, and maximum in fine‐grained sediments. If maintenance and repair costs after an earthquake are considered in a route selection for a pipeline, a more expensive route may be more desirable from the long‐term Standpoint.
Analytical Notes–Industrial Application of Zeta Potential Studies
Authors: Bhattacharjya S. K. , Gupta V. S. , Dutta B. K.
Published: February 2018

Results of a study involving zeta potentials of various fuller's earth suspensions are discussed in regard to isoelectric points used to obtain optimum destabilization with economic coagulant dosages.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

This review is presented in reference to the article, “Health and Economic Aspects of Hardness and Corrosiveness of Public Water Supplies,” found on p. 201 of this issue, authored by H.E. Hudson Jr. and F.W. Gilcreas.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Feachem Richard
Published: February 2018

The following is a reply to the article, “Evaluation of the Benefits of Rural Water Supply Projects in Tanzanian Villages” authored by Dennis Warner, printed in the Jun. 1975 issue of the Journal.
Historical Development of Municipal Water Systems in the United States 1776 – 1976
Authors: LaNier J. Michael
Published: February 2018

The transformation of the US from a rural, agricultural nation to an urban, industrialized world power has depended to a large degree on water supply and the engineering needed to provide large amounts of water for domes tic use, industry, and commerce. This article takes a brief look at the history of water‐supply systems, examines a few of the current problems facing the water‐supply field today, and looks at how the water‐supply service is currently rising to meet the challenges of another 200 years of growth.
Contemporary Chlorine Disinfection Practices in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Kretch Charles J. H.
Published: February 2018

Covered in this article are current chlorination theory and the various practices of disinfecting ground‐ and surface‐water‐supply sources, new and repaired distribution mains, tanks, reservoirs, and multiple pressure zones. Particularly emphasized are the Ontario Ministry of the Environment policies and the practices of metropolitan Toronto.
Alum Recovery From Representative Water‐Treatment‐Plant Sludges
Authors: Chen Ben H.H. , King Paul H. , Randall Clifford W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses various technical and economic aspects of alum recovery from different sludges for coagulant reuse.
Experience With Plastic Mains and Services
Authors: Lincoln David A.
Published: February 2018

Plastic products have been developed for water‐distribution systems, which, with proper care in handling and installation, should provide many years of functional, low‐maintenance service. To ensure this low‐maintenance service, moreover, it is extremely important that the user be fully informed as to the service limitations of those products.
Developments in Europe
Authors: Rook Johannes J.
Published: February 2018

European water treatment practices are examined. Organics, oxidation, ozone, coagulation, floc separation, dissolved‐air flotation, slow sand filtration, and analysis are covered.
Filter Loading, Filter Performance, and Water Quality
Authors: Westerhoff Garret P.
Published: February 2018

At the Erie County Water Authority's Sturgeon Point filtration plant, some factors involved in determining water quality and the use of turbidmetric and microscopic count parameters were studied for eighteen months; it was concluded that solids loading, as measured by microscopic counting procedures, may vary considerably within any given turbidity level. This would appear to cast doubt on the exclusive reliance on turbidity measurements for assessing water quality.
Considerations on Improving Flocculation
Authors: Kawamura Susumu
Published: February 2018

As a whole, flocculation can be bettered by analyzing integral parts and promoting efficiency of each of these.
Water Hardness and Heart Disease
Authors: Anderson T. W.
Published: February 2018

The controversy on health effects of water hardness is examined. The issue of whether the effect on heart disease is due to toxic substances picked up by soft water as a result of corrosion or whether there are substances in hard water that are beneficial is still very much an open question. Magnesium deficiency is discussed.
Energy—What About Oil?
Authors: Hart James W.
Published: February 2018

This article offers a general picture of the energy crisis from an energy producer's point of view; its points may be helpful in considering other articles discussing the impact of energy and materials shortages in the water‐supply field. The oil embargo of 1973 revealed a dangerous dependence on foreign energy sources. Large reserves on the outer continental shelf and in Alaska could be exploited to serve short‐term energy needs, but a more favorable regulatory climate for energy investment will be required for development.
Energy for Water
Authors: Lauten John H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the prospects for securing a sufficient energy supply, without which it will be impossible to provide an adequate water supply for Southern California, and the possible costs of a water supply.
Water Requirements for Solar Energy
Authors: Backus Charles E. , Brown Merwin L.
Published: February 2018

Of the many proposed applications for direct use of solar energy, electric power generation is the one expected to require the largest amounts of water. The two types of power plants—thermal and photovoltaic—differ considerably in their water requirements; some thermal plants utilize significant amounts of water for cooling, while the photovoltaic plants require no water for this purpose. This interdependence of isolation and water availability must be a factor in determining the type of solar power plant that is feasible for a given area, and the power production that can be expected.
Cross‐Connection Control
Authors: Springer E. Kent
Published: February 2018

A five‐point cross‐connection control program stressing both laboratory and field tests, with seminars not only educating and certifying testers, but informing peripheral personnel of the dangers of cross connections, provides a start for a safe and effective resolution of the problem.
Waterborne Disease Outbreaks in the US—1971–1974
Authors: Craun Gunther F. , McCabe Leland J. , Hughes James M.
Published: February 2018

This report on waterborne disease in the US deals with outbreaks of gastroenteritis of undetermined etiology, shigellosis, giardiasis, hepatitis‐A, typhoid, and chemical poisoning. Outbreaks are analyzed by cause, type of treatment system, and season. Improved surveillance procedures and more conscientious reporting are seen as partly responsible for the increase in the reported incidence of waterborne disease outbreaks since 1970.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Sussman S.
Published: February 2018

The following is in response to the article, “Comparative Disinfection Methods” authored by Robert C. Hoehn, printed in the Jun. 1976 issue of the JOURNAL.
An Effective Public Relations Program for the Water Utility
Authors: Davies Roger
Published: February 2018

Dealing with the press is not easy for a utility, because too frequently it occurs only when there is a crisis. Techniques for creating a friendly and mutally rewarding relationship with the press are offered by a veteran in this article.
The Utility as a Target
Authors: Agardy Franklin J.
Published: February 2018

With revolutionary unrest, violence, and vandalism on the increase throughout the world, water‐utility operators are urged to prepare for intentional disasters that could disrupt service and possibly cause harm to both consumers and utility personnel.
An Investigation by the EEOC
Authors: Nichols George N.
Published: February 2018

When an investigator from the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission appears with a charge, there are certain procedures suggested in this article that a utility can follow to increase the likelihood that its position will receive full and fair consideration during the process of investigation, determination, and conciliation.
Kansas City's Process‐Control System
Authors: Popalisky J.R. , McMurtrey D.D.
Published: February 2018

Programing a computer to control the water‐treatment process has, by instantaneous decisions on demand, permitted this Missouri utility to save on power and chemical costs. Savings on labor costs are predicted as cuts by attrition are realized.
Striking a New Balance
Authors: Gee Edwin A.
Published: February 2018

Since 1972 a monumental effort has been under way to clean up the nation's waters. The Water Pollution Control Act, studies by the National Commission on Water Quality, and economic factors are discussed.
Planned Measurement of Meter Repair and Maintenance Costs
Authors: Hembree James W.
Published: February 2018

A survey of meter repair and maintenance practices among California and Hawaii water utilities revealed that the costs incurred in repairing meters may warrant replacing meters rather than repairing them. A checklist was developed to guide the analysis of benefits and costs, so that hidden costs of repair are not overlooked.
Guidelines for the Quantitative and Qualitative Screening of Organic Pollutants in Water Supplies
Authors: Suffet I.H. , Radziul J.V.
Published: February 2018

This article describes two analytical approaches to determine organic constituents in water—quantitative and general “screening” analysis. Major emphasis is placed on the isolation methodology as a key to both types of analysis. Highlights of recent laboratory work that demonstrate the different approaches are presented.
Metric Conversion— Hard or Soft?
Authors: Larkin D.G.
Published: February 2018

The Congress has passed and the President has signed into law a bill calling for conversion in International System of Units (SI), metric measurement, in the U.S. Water utility management should be prepared for the installation and use of SI‐sized or calibrated materials as they become available and whenever there is an occasion to replace or install new facilities. The decision to adopt soft or hard conversion will be influenced by equipment and material suppliers, internal policies, manpower and financial resources available.
An Unusual Form of Corrosion
Authors: Bennett W.F. , Holler Albert C. , C.M. William D. Hurst
Published: February 2018

Studies of the water System of Faro, Yukon Territory, have revealed a form of corrosion that is unusual and possibly unique. The combination of discontinuous permafrost in a semi‐arid area leading to uncertain electrical grounds, together with a conductive water supply and the superimposition of radio‐frequency currents on the metallic portions of the distribution System—particularly copper tubing—jointly contributes to the corrosion problem.
User Charges vs Taxation as a Means of Funding a Water‐Supply System
Authors: Neuner Edward , Popp Dean , Sebold Fred
Published: February 2018

Using data for the City of San Diego, the authors explore the effects for water users in changing to a property tax from a user Charge to fund capital costs ot providing water supply. The net payment effects for various types of water users and by several characteristics ot residential customers are analyzed.
A Rapid and Sensitive Method for Determining Volatile Organohalides in Water
Authors: Mieure James P.
Published: February 2018

A method is presented which is suitable for determining volatile organohalides in drinking water, natural waters, or effluent waters. The method is based on extraction into an organic solvent followed by measurement by electron‐capture gas chromatography. The lower detection limit for each organohalide component is less than 1 /μg/l with a relative reproducibility of ± 3 per cent. Routine samples can be monitored at a rate of 10–12 per hour.
An Application of Vortex Shedding Flowmeters
Authors: Perrin Michael E.
Published: February 2018

After a study of available flowmetering devices, the Santa Clara Valley Wtr. Dist. installed insertion‐style vortex shedding meters in conjunction with its Penitencia water‐treatment plant and East Pipeline distribution main. The performance of these meters in a practical application in a treated water distribution system is discussed and evaluated in this article.
Controlling Growth With Water Supplies
Authors: Heare Bernie
Published: February 2018

The point has been set forth that it is improper to use water supply as a means of placing restrictions on land development, and that water agency boards should not involve themselves in water planning but should restrict themselves to policy matters. The role of the waterworks engineer is no less important now than in the past. More involvement by the general public in the planning process makes the waterworks engineer's job more complicated but not less important. The interaction between water agency boards and engineers is weighed.
Environmental Assessment: The Ecological Dimension
Authors: Dorney R.S.
Published: February 2018

An ecology‐systems approach based on a three‐point philosophy to questions of development, rather than the traditional approach of economic and political expediency and the technological fix, will dominate decision‐making in the future. In developing an environmental assessment, an organizational model, methodology, time, and sufficient money are needed. In this article the philosophy and process of environmental assessment are explored.
A Regional Approach to Public Water Supply
Authors: Hesse Richard J.
Published: February 2018

A strong beginning has been made by the West Coast Regional Water Supply Auth. toward solving water‐supply Problems that had resulted in costly and divisive competition among local governments in the Tampa Bay region.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Davies Roger
Published: February 2018

The author of the article “An Effective Public Relations Program for the Water Utility,” which was published in the Sep. 1976 Journal AWWA, replies to criticism of that article. (See Notes and Comments preceding this article.)
Guess Who's Coming to Inspect?
Authors: Haas Gerald P.
Published: February 2018

Even after rigorous efforts by one utility to ensure its compliance with OSHA, OSHA inspections resulted in a list of twenty violations of safety regulations, three conditions requiring correction, and two special orders.
Stoichiometric Relationship Between Humic and Fulvic Acids and Flocculants
Authors: Narkis Nava , Rebhun Menahem
Published: February 2018

The investigation of the flocculation of humic and fulvic acids has shown that the sodium salts of these acids, which are anionic polyelectrolytes, react chemically with the flocculants, such as cationic polyelectrolytes, and aluminum sulfate through carboxylate and phenolate groups. A stoichiometric relationship has been found between humic and fulvic acids content in solution and the cationic polyelectrolyte or alum dose required for effective flocculation of the humic substances. As the pH value becomes lower, flocculation is better; the degree of dissociation of the organic molecule is lower, and the flocculant requirement is lower.
Water Clarification by Flotation
Authors: Hyde R.A. , Miller D.G. , Packham R.F. , Richards W.N.
Published: February 2018

The development of flotation for water clarification is described with information about two pilot plant operations in England.
Toxicology and Drinking Water Contaminants
Authors: Stokinger Herbert E.
Published: February 2018

The author finds it difficult to believe that the chloroform levels present in drinking water constitute a health hazard. The Natl. Cancer Inst. (NCI) reported chloroform to be carcinogenic in mice and rats when administered by mouth. The tumors occurred in highly debilitated animals, resulting from the use of a maximal tolerated chloroform dose to which significant numbers of the test animals succumbed and the survivors ended up in an unhealthy condition. On the other hand, feeding experiments conducted in another laboratory involving chloroform in lower doses (one sixth to one eighth those at the NCI) yielded no malignancies in mice. In addition, no dogs developed liver tumors after 7.5 years of exposure to 30 mg/kg/day of chloroform. Thus, chloroform must be regarded as an animal carcinogen of extremely low potency.

Extrapolating animal data to man for the purpose of estimating the incidence of cancer in human populations can prove a fallacy. Biologic response to a toxic agent is not the same at low and high dosages—an assumption made by data extrapolators. The body has built‐in antagonists that can counteract the toxicity of foreign substances, including potential carcinogens. Natural and dietary sources of anticarcinogens also exist. Instances are cited where thresholds for cancer production have been demonstrated in animals and man. The threshold for tumor formation in rat livers ranges between 10 and 50 ppm in air of vinyl chloride. The incidence of liver tumors in vinyl chloride workers is extremely low and may be based genetically on inborn errors of metabolism.
The Impact of Industrial Water Use on Public Water Supplies
Authors: Kollar K.L. , Brewer R.
Published: February 2018

The Second National Assessment of Water and Related Land Resources indicates that, although reliance on public water supplies by industry will increase, the growth of recycling will reduce industrial water use.
Consumer Attitudes Toward Taste and Odor in Water
Authors: Bruvold William H.
Published: February 2018

The rationales behind several approaches to investigating consumer perception of taste and odor in water are explored.
Good Communications for the Small Utility
Authors: Hansen Robert E.
Published: February 2018

Tips to ensure maximum communication with the public, gleaned from years of experience with a small utility, are discussed.
Corrosion Control by Deposition of CaC03 Films: Part 1, A Practical Approach for Plant Operators
Authors: Merrill Douglas T. , Sanks Robert L
Published: February 2018

This is the first of three presentations conceived to improve the operator's understanding of the process of pipe protection by calcium carbonate precipitation.
Health Effects of Organics: Risk and Hazard Assessment of Ingested Chloroform
Authors: Tardiff R. G.
Published: February 2018

In the July 1977 JOURNAL, H.E. Stokinger presented a thesis critical of the methodology that stigmatizes certain impurities in water as cancer‐inducing agents. This article is meant to put the total situation in better perspective by explaining the rationale of conservative analysis used to set limits on suspected carcinogens such as chloroform.
Health Effects Associated With Manganese in Drinking Water
Authors: Bull Richard J. , Craun Gunther F.
Published: February 2018

The presence of manganese in drinking water can represent an unusual treatment problem for the water supplier: is the cure worse than no treatment at all?
Marginal‐Cost Pro:
Authors: Ambrose Bruce J.
Published: February 2018

The economist's espousal of marginal‐cost pricing is based on the belief that such pricing encourages an efficient use of a scarce resource. Rates based on marginal cost tell each consumer that he must pay a sum equal to the current cost of resources he is consuming. Price elasticity and water demand is discussed.
A Survey of Practices and Regulations for Reuse of Water by Groundwater Recharge
Authors: Schmidt Curtis J. , III Ernest V. Clements , Shelton Stephen P.
Published: February 2018

Current practices in the formal reuse of wastewater through groundwater recharge are reviewed along with the regulations governing them.
Groundwater Law‐The Riparian Problem
Authors: Pagan Alfred R.
Published: February 2018

One court case stands out as affecting many current decisions on legal groundwater disputes. It took place in New Jersey; its outcome now affects statutory regulations of groundwater in many states.
To Mine or Not to Mine Groundwater
Authors: Sasman Robert T. , Schicht Richard J.
Published: February 2018

Although groundwater mining is an obvious means of increasing water supply to meet the demands of a growing population, it is in many areas a debatable issue. The advantages and disadvantages of continued mining of groundwater in the Chicago, III., area, as determined through a series of studies conducted by the Illinois State Water Survey, are discussed.
The Effects of Solid Waste Landfill Leachates on Receiving Waters
Authors: Cameron Robert D.
Published: February 2018

The types and sources of possible contaminants in leachate from solid waste landfills, the factors influencing their entry to receiving ground and surface waters, and the potential problems that may result are discussed.
Application of Computer Modeling for Capacity Staging of Denver, Colo., Water‐Treatment Facilities
Authors: Brooks Joan N. , Miller K.J. , McWhinnie Robert C. , Bennett Edwin R. , Linstedt K. Daniel
Published: February 2018

Planning ahead often involves model concepts—the simpler, the better, at least for Denver's purposes as described here.
Approaches to Water Pricing Structures: Let All Flowers Bloom
Authors: Seidel Harris F.
Published: February 2018

An editorial solicited by the JOURNAL, authored by Harris F. Seidel (Active Member, AWWA), dir., water and pollution control, City of Ames, Iowa.
An Updated Hartford Metropolitan District Water Rate Survey
Authors: Helt A. , Chambers Denise , Paul Steven
Published: February 2018

A survey of 1977 monthly water rates and charges of responding water utilities across the country, conducted by the Water Bureau of the Hartford (Conn.) Metropolitan Dish, supplements and updates a similar survey undertaken by the district in 1975.∗
A New and Equitable Cost‐of‐Living Adjustment
Authors: Owen Gary L.
Published: February 2018

The “½‐cent method“—an alternative to the commonly used flat‐percentage salary increase for cost‐of‐living adjustments—is presented.
Plan for an Emergency Before It Happens
Authors: Kutchins Kay
Published: February 2018

The time for emergency planning by water utilities is before the onset of an actual emergency. The process of predicting a utility's emergency response capability is discussed as a prerequisite for developing a formal emergency operations plan.
Public Health Aspects of Asbestos Fibers in Drinking Water
Authors: Cooper Robert C. , Cooper W. Clark
Published: February 2018

Several health‐related aspects of the presence in drinking water of asbestos fibers are reviewed.
The Analysis of Large, Complex Water Networks With Small Computer Systems
Authors: Dodge Eldon R. , Hoellein Henry R. , Tetmajer Laszlo
Published: February 2018

Computer analysis of large and complicated water distribution systems need not require correspondingly large computers if disc pack is available. The program described here solves networks of up to 1000 nodes using computer memory of 35 K words and disc capability.
Recovery and Reuse of Iron Coagulants in Water Treatment
Authors: Pigeon Paul E. , Linstedt K.D. , Bennett E.R.
Published: February 2018

Motivated by the difficulties and costs involved in sludge disposal, a laboratory study investigated a combined acidification‐sulfide reduction method for recovering iron from water treatment plant sludge.
Suppression off Water Use by Physical Methods
Authors: Stone Brian G.
Published: February 2018

Water use suppression methods, if effective, can increase conservation and reduce required system peaking capacity. Outlined are various physical methods to achieve these goals.
Is Your Water Stable and What Difference Does It Make?
Authors: Curry Michael D.
Published: February 2018

Stability—the tendency of treated water to form scale or to be corrosive—too often is overlooked by water utilities. Outlined here are techniques for measuring and controlling stability in potable water supplies and the reasons why this is necessary.
Tracing a Giardiasis Outbreak at Berlin, New Hampshire
Authors: Lippy Edwin C.
Published: February 2018

Members of the water supply industry sometimes have to play Sherlock Holmes—in this case, to find causes and solutions to an outbreak of giardiasis in Berlin, N.H. The tale has all the elements of a good mystery, including a furry villain.
Fluoride Removal From Drinking Water by Fluidized Activated Alumina Adsorption
Authors: Bishop Paul L. , Sansoucy George
Published: February 2018

Although most communities have problems persuading people to add fluoride to drinking water supplies, some natural waters have too high a fluoride concentration. Described here are studies using fluidized active alumina adsorption to remove excess fluoride.
Preservation of Some Anionic Species in Natural Waters
Authors: Chakrabarti C.L. , Subramanian K.S. , Sueiras J.E. , Young D.J.
Published: February 2018

Recommendations based on experimental study are given for preserving nitrate, ammonium, organic nitrogen, soluble inorganic phosphate, soluble organic phosphate, sulfide, cyanide, and fluoride in natural water samples stored in linear polyethylene containers.
Adsorption of Organics From Domestic Water Supplies
Authors: McGuire Michael J. , Suffet Irwin H.
Published: February 2018

The current state of the art of organics removal by adsorption is outlined here. Various theoretical explanations of the adsorption process are given, along with practical results from laboratory, pilot‐scale, and full‐scale applications.
Contaminants In Drinking Water Prudent Action
Authors: Williamson Shelley J.
Published: February 2018

Assuming there is a potential health risk from various organic chemicals in drinking water, then it is incumbent upon EPA, under the Safe Drinking Water Act and other laws, to attempt to control such exposures for public safety. The method and implementation strategy of EPA is not altogether rigid or fixed; there are alternatives, particularly for THM control. In no case can reduction of the barriers to waterborne infectious disease transmission be tolerated in the name of chemical control.
Treatment Technology to Meet the Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Inorganics: Part 3
Authors: Sorg Thomas J. , Csanady Mihaly , Logsdon Gary S.
Published: February 2018

The third in a series summarizing existing treatment technology to meet the inorganic National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, this report describes current treatment methods for removing cadmium, lead, and silver from drinking water.
Determination of Vinyl Chloride Migration From Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe Into Water
Authors: Dressman Ronald C. , McFarren Earl F.
Published: February 2018

Gas‐chromatograph determinations of possible vinyl chloride leaching from polyvinyl chloride pipe into potable water systems alleviate fears of harmful concentrations in the systems tested.
Connection Charges: One Way to Finance System Expansion
Authors: Ferry William K.
Published: February 2018

Identified and discussed here are a number of methods of financing water utility capital expansion. Emphasis is placed on connection charges—their function, ways in which they can be applied equitably, and methods for computing them.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Wheeler William
Published: February 2018

This comment pertains to an article that appeared in the January 1978 Journal AWWA authored by Douglas T. Merrill and Robert L. Sanks and entitled “Corrosion Control by Deposition of CaCO3 Films: Part 3, A Practical Approach for Plant Operators.”
Leak Detection: Modern Methods, Cost, and Benefits
Authors: Laverty Gordon L.
Published: February 2018

The savings gained from leak detection and repair programs will increase in the future, as electrical power, chemical, and construction costs skyrocket and water resources become scarce.
Leakage Problems and the Benefits off Leak Detection Programs
Authors: Brainard Frank S.
Published: February 2018

Water utility managers must use existing technologies to start or upgrade leak detection and repair programs.
A Do‐lt‐Yourselff Leak Survey Benefit‐Cost Study
Authors: Kingston William L.
Published: February 2018

The continuation of the Los Angeles leak survey program was justified on the basis of economy as well as conservation, drawing on economic data derived from a benefit–cost analysis. Other utilities may find a benefit–cost analysis of their operations similarly rewarding.
Air Binding in Pipes
Authors: Edmunds Robert C.
Published: February 2018

A survey of current research and recent case histories on the phenomenon of air binding suggests that while there is no generally agreed‐upon solution to this problem, the adoption of some simple procedures can minimize its occurrence.
A New Method for Installing a Large‐Diameter, Continuously Welded Steel Submarine Pipeline
Authors: Gillis D.A.
Published: February 2018

A circular profile method has been used to install a new transmission main across the Burrard Inlet, Vancouver, B.C. The new main is well protected and has a large enough capacity to meet increased future demand. Costs were high, however, especially for tunnelling and excavation.
Streamlining a Transmission Main Construction Project
Authors: Ensor W. Douglas , Dolecki Robert C.
Published: February 2018

The economical and efficient completion of a transmission main construction project in Newport News, Va., can be attributed to the cooperative efforts of the two contractors and the city's public utilities, public works, and traffic departments.
Polyelectrolyte Selection for Direct Filtration
Authors: Stump Vernon L. , Novak John T.
Published: February 2018

Cationic polymers used for water treatment have proved to be very effective either as filter aids or as primary coagulants. However, which polymer works best seems to depend upon several variables including mixing conditions and polymer molecular weights. This study evaluates the performance of several different commercial polymers in direct filtration applications.
Analytical Note: Sampling and Storage Methodology for the Detection of Sulfate‐Reducing Bacteria
Authors: Lesar David J. , Standridge Jon H.
Published: February 2018

Little is known about the storage parameters of samples to be tested for sulfate‐reducing bacteria, a major source of hydrogen sulfide gas in potable waters. The study outlined here showed that water samples submitted by techniques acceptable for total coliform analysis are also suitable for sulfate‐reducing bacteria analysis.
Is Your Chlorine Safe to Drink?
Authors: Cairo Patrick R. , Lee Ramon G. , Aptowicz Bruce S. , Blankenship William M.
Published: February 2018

As a result of a recent contamination problem, an interim maximum level of 100 mg/L for the carbon tetrachloride content of chlorine used for water treatment has been established by the USEPA and agreed to by chlorine manufacturers.
Trihalomethanes in Water: A Report on the Occurrence, Seasonal Variation in Concentrations, and Precursors of Trihalomethanes
Authors: Arguello M.D. , Chrisweii C.D. , Fritz J.S. , Kissinger L.D. , Lee K.W. , Richard J.J. , Svec H.J.
Published: February 2018

This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of trihalomethanes in raw water, in water after the initial introduction of chlorine, and in finished water from fourteen utilities at monthly intervals for a period of one year.
Evaluating Home Plumbing Corrosion Problems
Authors: Hoyt Brian P. , Kirmeyer Gregory J. , Courchene John E.
Published: February 2018

Although the utility has been made responsible for water quality degradation caused by corrosion, there is presently no approved way to document compliance. The authors also believe that federal guidance in identifying and solving domestic water corrosion problems is lacking, but that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) could help to fill this void by preparing a manual that would define the state of the art in corrosion testing and water quality monitoring at the customer's tap.
Velocity Gradients in Granular Filter Backwashing
Authors: Valencia Jorge Arboleda , Cleasby John L.
Published: February 2018

Applying the velocity gradient concept to granular filter backwashing provides the engineer a valuable tool for analyzing shear forces in the filter bed and their effect on the cleaning process.
Activated Carbon Versus Resin Adsorption of Humic Substances
Authors: Boening P.H. , Beckmann D.D. , Snoeyink V.L.
Published: February 2018

In this study adsorption isotherms and bench scale column tests were used to compare the performance of five types of commercially available activated carbon and six types of resin for the removal of humic and fulvic acids from water.
Controlling Bed Losses of Granular Activated Carbon Through Proper Filter Operation
Authors: Ferrara A. Peter
Published: February 2018

Carbon suppliers can examine a plant prior to GAC installation, make bed measurements, and suggest the best mesh size carbon and the optimum wash rate. The method described here was developed by one supplier for predicting prior to the installation of GAC in rapid gravity filters whether bed losses will occur. Its application can enable treatment plants to operate efficiently using GAC.
Evaluation of the Tentative Standard Method for Enteric Virus Concentration From Large Volumes of Tap Water
Authors: Sobsey Mark D. , Glass J. Steven , Carrick Robert J. , Jacobs Robert R. , Rutala William A.
Published: February 2018

During 24 months of evaluation the tentative standard method was found to be inefficient—and sometimes ineffective—for concentrating low levels of laboratory‐grown and naturally occurring sewage‐extracted enteric viruses from 380‐L (100‐gal) volumes of experimentally contaminated tap water.
Experience With Riverbank Filtration Along the Rhine River
Authors: Sontheimer Heinrich
Published: February 2018

Bank filtration, used along the Rhine River for many decades, has proved to be a valuable treatment step. Its use in combination with activated carbon filters ensures a safe drinking water.
The Role of Groundwater Recharge in Wastewater Reuse: Israel's Dan Region Project
Authors: Idelovitch Emanuel , Terkeltoub Richard , Michail Medy
Published: February 2018

Groundwater recharge with tertiary effluent via spreading basins is practiced in the Dan region project for indirect reuse of municipal wastewater from the Tel Aviv metropolitan area. In addition to effluent treatment, groundwater recharge provides seasonal and multiannual storage, ensures economic as well as psychological merits, and enhances the reliability of the reclamation system.
Coagulation: Experiences in Organics Removal
Authors: Semmens Michael J. , Field Ted K.
Published: February 2018

The results of a one‐year study suggest that organics removal is expedited with increasing alum doses, and that alum doses higher than those normally used for turbidity removal are needed to obtain the best organics removal. Alum dose and pH were the most important variables.