bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seawater Desalination with Light Energy Incorporating Artificial Transpiration Stream Using Gas Injection Tube
Authors: Fujiwara Masahiro , Tomita Kisho , Kikuchi Masaki
Published: April 2019

Transpiration is a function of plants to evaporate water from their leaf stomata, which enables plants to take up ground water from their roots to their leaves through the xylem. This water flux function is called the transpiration stream. This paper shows the application of the concept of a transpiration stream to seawater desalination using sunlight as a single energy source. This approach uses a simple mimic of plants using a glass gas injection tube, where its inside channel, porous glass part and small pores of the porous part are paralleled with xylem, leaf and stomata of plants, respectively. Aqueous solutions of a dye (methylene blue) absorbing visible light were evaporated from the porous part under visible light irradiation and upward pumping of a dye solution was observed in the channel. When the porous part of the glass gas injection tube was modified with solvent black 5 as non-water-soluble dye, the vaporization and the upward pumping of water in the tube were observed. Recovered vaporized water from artificial seawater was successfully desalinated. Using the mechanism of a transpiration stream, desalination and automatic supply of seawater were achieved only using sunlight.
Internal control and controlling
Authors: Серебрякова Татьяна , Serebryakova Tatyana , Бирюкова Ольга , Biryukova Ol'ga
Published: April 2019

The main purpose of mastering the discipline "Internal control and controlling" is the development of students ' personal qualities, as well as the formation of General cultural and professional competencies in accordance with the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of higher education in this field of training. Functionally-oriented target orientation of the discipline - the acquisition of knowledge by students on the organization of control work, including in the field of costs of production of labor products, the calculation of their cost, as well as the preparation of the necessary information for the purposes of planning, analysis and control of the effectiveness of previous management decisions of financial and economic activities.
Practice Prize Paper–Managing Advertising Campaigns for New Product Launches: An Application at Mercedes-Benz
Authors: Fischer Marc
Published: April 2019

This paper introduces a new decision support tool to optimize advertising campaigns for new product launches based on learnings from an ex post analysis of prior campaigns.
Safe, effective and appropriate prescribing of anticoagulant therapies
Authors: Khan Nazish
Published: April 2019

Anticoagulation can be prescribed for numerous indications. Some examples include stroke prevention in the context of non-valvular atrial fibrillation; thromboprophylaxis following mechanical heart valve replacement and orthopaedic surgery; prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism; and the prevention of arterial thrombosis in patients who present following an acute coronary syndrome. The armamentarium of anticoagulant therapy has evolved considerably over the last decade with the introduction of several new agents. This article will provide an overview of the mechanism of action for each agent, in addition to its place in therapy, contra-indications, cautions for use and the monitoring requirements that should be considered to ensure safe, effective and appropriate prescribing of anticoagulant therapies
Management of ankle fractures in children
Authors: Marson Ben A , Craxford Simon , Ollivere Benjamin J
Published: April 2019

Ankle fractures are a common injury in children and adolescents – 1 in 1000 children will sustain an ankle fracture each year. Understanding the diagnosis and management of these injuries is vital for any doctor or clinician working in the emergency department, orthopaedics or providing community care. This review identifies the important features of high- and low-risk ankle fractures, how to prevent the use of unnecessary radiation and the management of these injuries. Fractures may be at high or low risk of instability and are managed accordingly. Many can be treated with conservative management in a cast, including unstable injuries following reduction. However, particular fracture patterns associated with the tibial growth plate need careful assessment of fracture reduction with cross-sectional imaging before committing to conservative management.
Foundation forum: developing leadership skills among foundation trainees
Authors: Kadhum Murtaza , Sinclair Pierre , Narshi Chetan
Published: April 2019

Foundation forums have been adopted over the last few years to provide representation for newly qualified doctors, but they do not develop essential leadership, management and quality improvement skills for those recruited – key attributes that have been formally identified by General Medical Council (2012) guidance. A foundation forum was set up across three Oxford deanery hospitals. Forum members were assigned classical forum roles, but were also tasked to complete quality improvement projects, organize a national quality improvement conference, and undergo formal leadership and management training. Members were surveyed before and after completion of training, revealing statistically significant increases in confidence in leadership, management and quality improvement skills. All members revealed an eagerness to continue formal leadership and management training. The foundation forum proved a successful initiative to improve overall trainee experience and involvement, while providing a platform for leadership and management training to satisfy key domains within the Medical Leadership Competency Framework.
Putting Ofsted's new framework into practice
Authors: Rollett Stephen
Published: April 2019

With a new curriculum-focused inspection framework due to hit schools in September, specialist Stephen Rollett offers his practical advice on how we should be preparing
Differentiation in the classroom
Authors: Bromley Matt
Published: April 2019

If we are to ensure that every pupil can make progress then a key skill for every teacher is the art of differentiation, both in their lesson planning and their teaching. For this SecEd Best Practice Focus, Matt Bromley discusses practical approaches for effective differentiation
Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Evaluation of Meat Analog Mixed With Different Liquid Materials as an Animal Fat Substitute
Authors: Kim Honggyun , Bae Junhwan , Wi Gihyun , Kim Hyo Tae , Cho Youngjae , Choi Mi-Jung
Published: April 2019

In this study, the physical and sensorial properties of the meat analog were studied for the purpose of improving sensory preference and mimicking animal meat. The meat analog was made with different types of liquid materials such as oil, water, lecithin, polysorbate 80, or the emulsion of these components. At the aspect of density, the sample mixed with oil was higher than the sample mixed with water. Cooking loss value was higher at the sample with water than the sample with oil and this was the result opposite to the liquid holding capacity analysis. Also, texture profile analysis result showed that the samples with medium chain triglycerides (MCT) oil only showed the highest values in all attributes except for adhesiveness. Principal component analysis was carried out to analyze sensorial properties and it showed that the overall acceptance was high when the juiciness and softness increased. This result was highly related with the addition of emulsion. Therefore, emulsion technology can be a good candidate for improving the quality of meat analog and for mimicking the taste of animal meat.
Effect of Hypotonic and Hypertonic Solution on Brining Process for Pork Loin Cube: Mass Transfer Kinetics
Authors: Park Min , Lee Nak Hun , In Ye-Won , Oh Sang-Yup , Cho Hyung-Yong
Published: April 2019

The impregnation of solid foods into the surrounding hypotonic or hypertonic solution was explored as a method to infuse NaCl in pork loin cube without altering its matrix. Mass transfer kinetics using a diffusive model as the mathematical model for moisture gain/loss and salt gain and the resulting textural properties were studied for the surrounding solutions of NaCl 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15% (w/w). It was possible to access the effects of brine concentration on the direction of the resulting water flow, quantify water and salt transfer, and confirm tenderization effect by salt infusion. For brine concentrations up to 10% it was verified that meat samples gained water, while for processes with 15% concentration, pork loin cubes lost water. The effective diffusion coefficients of salt ranged from 2.43×10-9 to 3.53×10-9 m2/s, while for the values of water ranged from 1.22×10-9 to 1.88×10-9 m2/s. The diffusive model was able to represent well salt gain rates using a single parameter, i.e. an effective diffusion coefficient of salt through the meat. However, it was not possible to find a characteristic effective diffusion coefficient for water transfer. Within the range of experimental conditions studied, salt-impregnated samples by 5% (w/w) brine were shown with minimum hardness, chewiness and shear force.
Cannabis als Dopingmittel
Authors: Egbert Simon , Thane Katja , Urban Monika
Published: April 2019

Simon Egbert, Katja Thane und Monika Urban befassen sich in ihrem Beitrag mit den Begründungen von Sportverbänden und Dopingbehörden, Cannabis als Dopingmittel zu klassifizieren. Im Zuge ihrer so verstandenen substanzzentrierten Analyse greifen die Autor_innen auf den Begriff der Rationalität, wie er im Rahmen der Gouvernementalitätsstudien Kontur gewonnen hat, zurück. Anhand dessen entwickeln und bearbeiten sie die These, dass die Anti-Doping-Praktiken im (Hoch-)Leistungssport einer spezifischen Denk- und Handlungsweise folgen, die die widersprüchliche Bestimmung von Cannabis als leistungssteigernde Substanzgruppe zu erklären vermag. Grundlage der Analyse sind empirische Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojektes zu »Anwendungsrationalitäten und Folgen von Drogentests«, und als empirische Basis dient ein multimethodischer Mix aus Expert_inneninterviews, Dokumenten- und Forenanalysen.
Zwischen Offenbarung und metaphysischer Losigkeit
Authors: Bräutigam Antonia
Published: April 2019

Infolge der Moderne schwinden absolute Erklärungsprinzipien: Man sucht Orientierung, um seine Lebenswelt und den erfahrungswissenschaftlich aufgeschlossenen Kosmos zu überschauen. Seine sich in diesem Kontext ausbildende, nie ganz bewusst gestaltete Weltanschauung artikuliert der Mensch auch in der Literatur. Antonia Bräutigam analysiert anhand von Jenseitsreisen in Werken von Autoren wie Thomas Mann, Samuel Beckett und C.S. Lewis die durch die Moderne geprägte Weltanschauung und reflektiert diese philosophisch-theologisch. Literatur erweist sich dabei als locus theologicus, als Erkenntnisort für die Theologie, das Motiv der Jenseitsreise als Daseinsmetapher von hoher theologischer Relevanz.
L’école maternelle par les directrices et les maître-sse-s
Authors: Legris Patricia
Published: April 2019

À partir d’archives versées par les écoles maternelles publiques de la Ville de Paris entre 1945 et les années 1990, cet article étudie la façon dont les injonctions officielles sont traduites par les maître-sse-s. Ces professionnels de la petite enfance négocient également avec les interlocuteurs que sont les parents et les représentants de la mairie et de l’inspection. En cela, il-elle-s représentent une catégorie centrale dans la production des politiques éducatives locales : ils traduisent les demandes du ministère en tenant compte des contraintes de leur établissement et de leur identité professionnelle, de leur représentation du public visé. Selon le rôle qu’ils conçoivent, les maître-sse-s privilégient une représentation de l’enfant de maternelle comme un tout petit aux besoins spécifiques, un enfant heureux à l’école ou un élève social à scolariser. Cependant, cette liberté dont il-elle-s disposent se réduit à partir des années 1980 quand la maternelle calque ses attentes scolaires sur le primaire.
Devenir élève à quatre ans
Authors: Amendola Catherine , Angéloz Huguenot Sandrine , Jacobs Marie
Published: April 2019

Depuis plusieurs années, les politiques éducatives en Europe considèrent l’encadrement des jeunes enfants comme un des leviers pour réduire les inégalités sociales et favoriser la réussite scolaire. La Suisse a rejoint ces préoccupations et harmonisé son système éducatif en faisant débuter la scolarité obligatoire à l’âge de quatre ans sur l’ensemble de son territoire. Cette contribution examine les tensions entre enfance et scolarité et présente les premiers résultats d’une enquête par questionnaire en ligne auprès des enseignant-e-s encadrant les enfants de quatre à six ans dans le canton de Vaud. La présentation des données est organisée selon trois axes d’analyse : les approches pédagogiques sous-jacentes dans les réponses des répondant-e-s, les caractéristiques de l’apprentissage dans les pratiques déclarées, la manière de définir leur rôle et celui de l’élève.
L’entrée dans le métier d’enseignant
Authors: Bailleul Michaël , Obajtek Sylvain
Published: April 2019

Cet article propose d’interroger les représentations de fonctionnaires étudiants stagiaires (FES) de l’académie de Lille durant l’année de titularisation sur les manières d’être enfant à l’école. Quelle part de l’enfance peut être perçue dans leur première approche du « métier d’élève » ? Comment envisagent-ils les possibilités et modalités d’être enfant à l’école dans leurs primo-pratiques de classe ? L’enquête menée (observation ethnographique et entretiens semi-directifs) met en exergue tout d’abord l’existence de trois profils correspondant à des représentations distinctes de l’enfance chez les enseignants novices. L’analyse des représentations des FES, croisée aux pratiques exercées en cycle 1, montre ensuite toute la complexité de faire classe face à un contexte d’action singulier, où les apprentissages sont orientés vers l’acquisition de la vie sociale.
Les sociabilités enfantines à l’école au prisme de la mixité culturelle et linguistique
Authors: Rigoni Isabelle
Published: April 2019

Cet article s’intéresse aux sociabilités entre pairs d’élèves d’école élémentaire (6-11 ans) scolarisés dans des établissements composés de populations culturellement et linguistiquement hétérogènes. Il s’appuie sur les résultats de plusieurs programmes de recherche menés de 2014 à 2018 relatifs à la structuration des expériences socio-scolaires d’élèves dans un contexte de forte mixité. Les méthodes d’enquêtes par observation, entretiens et questionnaires ont été adaptées à l’âge et aux contraintes linguistiques des enfants. L’article porte dans un premier temps sur les solutions proposées par l’institution scolaire aux élèves migrants allophones et leurs effets sur les rapports sociaux entre élèves de différentes origines. Nous analysons ensuite, dans ce contexte, les relations amicales et de camaraderie entre enfants en tenant compte des variables à la fois culturelle, linguistique, de l’âge et du genre. Enfin, nous tentons de cerner le rôle des équipes éducatives quant aux relations interpersonnelles entre les élèves ainsi que dans la facilitation ou la médiation dans l’espace de socialisation qu’est l’École.
S’affranchir de l’institution scolaire pour émanciper l’enfant ?
Authors: Proboeuf Pauline
Published: April 2019

En France, certains parents font le choix de ne pas envoyer leurs enfants à l’école. Ils décident de donner eux-mêmes une instruction à leurs enfants, à rebours des apprentissages programmatiques de l’Éducation nationale. Cette contribution analyse leurs représentations du monde de l’enfance et interroge le rôle qu’ils s’octroient en tant que parent. Elle apporte un éclairage particulier sur la remise en cause du partenariat parents-école par la prise en compte des valeurs et croyances dans les choix de non-scolarisation.
Enfances à l’école : un singulier pluriel
Authors: Garnier Pascale
Published: April 2019

Bien évidemment, s’agissant de l’enfance, le pluriel s’impose : il met en exergue, dès le titre de ce numéro, sa diversité pour mieux dénaturaliser cet âge de la vie, l’abstraire en particulier de ses substrats biologiques. Le pluriel des enfances s’oppose également à une universalité qui occulterait la multiplicité de ses formes et contenus à travers le temps et l’espace, ainsi que la pluralité des expériences des enfants.
Interdyscyplinarny charakter nauczania języka niemieckiego a zdobycie kompetencji w drugim przedmiocie jako szansa dla nauczyciela języka obcego drugiego na rynku pracy
Authors: Niemiec-Knaś Małgorzata
Published: April 2019

The current perspective of teaching German as a second or foreign language is very important in the context of teacher education reform. This article addresses the questions associated with the notion of interdisciplinarity in foreign language teaching and teacher education. The key question is how to prepare foreign language teachers for the difficult labor market. Two aspects are relevant to a future German teacher: one is professional knowledge on teaching German as a foreign language, the second is the knowledge and ability of teaching the second school subject.
SEVERAL PURPOSES WITH ONE COURSE – THE CHALLENGE OF TEACHING TERMINOLOGY AS PART OF A PRACTICAL TRANSLATOR TRAINING PROGRAMME
Authors: Richter Borka
Published: April 2019

Within the field of Translation Studies, terminology plays an important role, as does the study of Terminology. This paper investigates the possibilities available within the constraints of a single course aiming to achieve multiple aims. A brief overview of how terminology is studied is followed by a presentation of the context, looking at the position of the course in relation to other courses in the same programme, and at the broader context of Translation Studies in Europe. The case study is of a Terminology course, as part of a post-graduate, two-semester, part-time programme in Translation, at Kodolányi János University of Applied Sciences in Hungary. The question of why terminology has a course to itself is likewise placed in the context of Terminology Studies and theoretical issues related to what terminology is. Finally, the course is also placed within the context of training students to become professionals in translation and related fields.
Anthropometric and Motor Characteristics of South African National Level Female Soccer Players
Authors: Booysen Marc Jon , Gradidge Philippe Jean-Luc , Constantinou Demitri
Published: April 2019

Data regarding anthropometric and motor characteristics of elite national level female soccer players are scarce. Determining these characteristics may likely assist in evaluating the specificity of current training programmes, identify players who might lack specific qualities deemed critical for the successful execution of their tactical roles, and benchmark norms for developing future playing talent. Therefore, the aims of this study were to describe anthropometric and motor characteristics of South African national level female soccer players (n = 37) and determine possible differences with regard to their playing position. The following measurements and tests were performed: anthropometry (body mass index and sum-of-skinfolds), the countermovement jump, sprints (10 m, 20 m and 40 m), upper body muscle endurance (push-ups) and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test - level 1. One-way analysis of variance revealed few differences in the main outcome variables. Fischer Least Significant Difference (LSD) showed that strikers had a greater body mass index than midfielders and defenders (both p = 0.04) and goalkeepers were heavier than defenders (p = 0.02). Goalkeepers were slower than strikers and defenders over 10 m (p = 0.01; p = 0.03) and 20 m (p = 0.001; p = 0.01). Midfielders were slower than strikers over 20 m (p = 0.02), and with strikers and defenders over 40 m (both p = 0.04). Defenders performed better than goalkeepers in the upper body muscle endurance test (p = 0.02). In conclusion, both strikers and defenders require speed to win ball possession, which may explain their fast sprint times. However, the similarity of certain motor characteristics across playing positions may suggest that conditioning coaches train players similarly, irrespective of their tactical position. The authors suggest that South African fitness professionals, particularly at a club level, develop physical conditioning programs specific to each field position. Furthermore, fitness assessments should occur on a continuous basis and comparisons should be made with existing normative data in order to guide the development of players over the course of their careers.
Monte Carlo Evidence on the Estimation Method for Industry Dynamics
Authors: Yamana Kazufumi
Published: April 2019

This study presents a structural estimation method for nonlinear stochastic dynamic models of heterogeneous firms. I perform a Monte Carlo experiment to evaluate the performance of the estimators for the AR(1) dynamic panel data subject to sample selection without exogenous regressors. The results suggest a strong need to correct the sample selection and that the proposed structural estimation method works well. These results are important for practical situations where the assumptions of the standard sample selection correction methods are not satisfied.
Reach Enhancement of Designed Free Space Optical Communication System Using Hybrid Optical Amplifier
Authors: Kumar Suresh , Arora Payal
Published: April 2019

Free space optical (FSO) communication is coming up as an attractive alternative to solve the connectivity hindrances. It is an efficient optical technology having several advantages such as narrow beam size, unlicensed spectrum, high reliability, huge modulation bandwidth, low power and higher grade of security. In this paper, we have proposed an FSO communication system model using EDFA-EDFA hybrid optical amplifier (HOA) configuration which provides enhanced reach and higher data rate. For transmitting channel, weak turbulence approximation which exhibits log-normal statistics is considered. Q-factor, bit error rate (BER) and Eye diagram have been taken as performance metrics. From simulative results, it has been observed that the designed FSO communication system efficiently enhances the transmission reach from 1,000 to 5,000 m along with a substantial improvement in Q-factor and BER.
Effects of Order Super Gaussian Pulses on the Performance of High Data Rate Optical Fiber Channel in the Presence of Self Phase Modulation
Authors: Amiri IS , Rashed Ahmed Nabih Zaki , Yupapin P.
Published: April 2019

The work has simulated different order Gaussian pulses effects on the high data rate fiber communication channel and optical receiver sensitivity with/without self-phase modulation (SPM). The light signal per noise ratio, and total dispersion coefficient after optical fiber communication channel are measured at different order Gaussian pulses. Receiver sensitivity and maximum Q-factor are also measured for an optical receiver at high transmission data rates at different order Gaussian pulses. As well as Soliton peak power is measured for different transmission data rates with/without SPM effects. It is observed that the system performance is degraded over 100 Gb/s data transmission and 50 km fiber distance especially in the presence of SPM effects. It is evident that the system performance efficiency is degraded with high order Gaussian pulses. It is recommended to use first-order Gaussian pulse for upgrade optical communication system performance efficiency.
Mathematical Model Analysis of Dispersion and Loss in Photonic Crystal Fibers
Authors: Amiri IS , Yupapin P. , Rashed Ahmed Nabih Zaki
Published: April 2019

This study has deeply investigated the basic equations analysis of dispersion and loss in photonic crystal fibers (PCF) within the operating wavelengths of 850, 1,300, and 1,550 nm. The confinement loss, effective refractive index, and effective cross-section area of PCF are also studied. The variations of total dispersion and losses against hole diameter and distance between holes variations in PCF are clarified. Confinement loss, effective refractive index, and effective cross-section area variations for PCF are sketches with the variations of the operating wavelength.
More than Global? A Roundtable Discussion
Authors: Wilson Rob , Banerjee Sandeep , Schulze-Engler Frank , Zalloua Zahi , Xie Ming , Ghosh Ranjan
Published: April 2019

In 2016, Duke University press published a book-length dialogue between two leading literary and cultural critics, Ranjan Ghosh and J. Hillis Miller,Thinking Literature Across Continents, which provides the starting point for this discussion forum. Particularly pertinent both for this forum and, more generally, special issue, in the fifth chapter ofThinking Literature Across Continents, Ghosh examines the possibilities of “more than global” as a lens through which to assess the possibilities not only of literary but of all thought processes. Here, five scholars – Rob Wilson, Sandeep Banerjee, Frank Schulze-Engler, Zahi Zalloua, and Ming Xie – meditate on the potential of Ghosh‘s “more than global” thesis. Finally, Ghosh responds to these meditations in the light of his ever-developing thesis.
Collagen as a Potential Biomaterial in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Muthukumar T. , Sreekumar G. , Sastry T.P. , Chamundeeswari M.
Published: April 2019

Collagen, a biopolymer finds its application in the preparation of pharmaceutical products that are used in wound management, ophthalmic, orthopaedic and oral surgeries. This wide applicability is due its special properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, easy availability and high versatility. Collagen is isolated from various sources such as bovine skin, fish skin, chicken skin, skin waste of marine organisms, solid wastes of leather industry, short tendons of slaughtered cattle and bone. The isolated collagen from biological wastes is found to be cost effective due to the adaptation of simple methods for its isolation when compared with other commercially available biological macromolecules. The functional groups such as amino and carboxylic acid present in collagen helps in its modification that suits for various end uses which include wound healing, ophthalmic defects, drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. These beneficial properties impart uniqueness to collagen molecule among the available bio molecules.
Recent Advances in Porous Silicon Based Optical Biosensors
Authors: Maniya Nalin H.
Published: April 2019

PSi structures have unique physical and optical properties, which are being exploited for a numerous biomedical applications including biosensing, bioimaging, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. Different PSi optical structures can be fabricated to improve the sensitivity of the optical measurements. A very high surface area per volume of PSi can be used for the higher loading of target analytes in a small sensor area, which helps in increasing sensitivity and allows the miniaturization of biosensor. The specificity of PSi biosensor to the target analyte can be inferred by immobilizing the corresponding bioreceptor such as DNA, enzyme, or antibody via different conjugation chemistries. Finally, PSi is biocompatible material that offers additional advantage in comparison to other sensing platforms for in vivo implantable biosensing applications. This paper reviews fabrication, surface modification, biofunctionalization, and optical biosensing applications of PSi structures with special emphasis on in vivo and PSi photonic particles biosensing.
Current Progressand Future Prospective of Perovskite Solar Cells: A comprehensive Review
Authors: Kumari N. , Patel S. R. , Gohel J. V.
Published: April 2019

In the present study, a topical review of recent advances in the perovskite solar cell (PSC) is discussed in detail. Organolead halide perovskite materials have many qualities to make them suitable for the fabrication of low solar cells. High absorption coefficient, long charge carrier diffusion length, low temperature processing and ambipolar behaviour are the main advantages of perovskite materials. The efficiency of the perovskite solar cell is considerably increased from 3.9-22.1%since 2009. In the present review, firstly, the fundamentals and progress in the field of PSC are discussed. The types and structures of PSC are also discussed. Three are four main layers (electron transport layer (ETL), photo-active layer (perovskite layer), the hole transport layer (HTL) and the back contact (the counter electrode)) present in PSC structure. Each and every layer has their importance and it plays an important role to make a low cost solar cell. So study is also focused on the ETL/HTL free PSC. Although the efficiency of PSC is increasing every year, the reproducibility, stability and large scale production are the main challenges. So, the use of mixed cations in active layer to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of PSC are also discussed in detail. Pb-free PSCs are also discussed rigorously to make harmless PSC. The processing cost of metal electrode deposition in PSC is very costly. So, the replacement of the metal electrode by some other low cost counter electrode is discussed comprehensively in the present review. Lastly, some future research scope of PSC is also discussed.
Studies on the Superplasticity Effect in UFA: History and Development (In Memory of Prof. O.A. Kaibyshev)
Authors: Valiev Ruslan Z. , Salishchev Gennady A. , Utyashev Farid Z. , Langdon Terence G.
Published: April 2019

Prof. O.A. Kaibyshev initiated studies on superplasticity of metals and alloys in Ufa in the 70s-80s of the last century. These studies gave momentum to the development of fundamental and applied studies on superplasticity not only in Russia but in numerous laboratories around the world. This paper highlights the major results of this early work and considers their state-of-the-art and development perspectives for the science and practice of materials superplasticity.
Manufacturing of the Aluminum Metal-Matrix Composite Reinforced with Micro- and Nanoparticles of Tio2 Through Accumulative Roll Bonding Process (Arb)
Authors: Yousefian Razieh , Emadoddin Esmaeil , Baharnezhad Sadreddin
Published: April 2019

The aluminum metal-matrix composites reinforced with the micro- and nanoparticles of TiO2 were manufactured in the form of sheets through the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process which has been lately considered as a novel method under an intense plastic deformation so as to produce particulate-reinforced metal-matrix composites. Themicrostructural examinations via optic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) depict that the distribution of TiO2 particles in the aluminum matrix is almost uniform and also the dispersion of the microparticles of TiO2 is more homogeneous than that of the nanoparticles one. Furthermore, the tensile tests demonstrate the noteworthy enhancements in the tensile strengths of the composites, compared to the Al 1100 as the virgin metal, however, by attenuating the size of the particles, i.e. from micron to nano, the composite tensile strengths are augmented. The fractographic analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed that the fracture mode in the ARB-processed Al/TiO2 composite is the shear ductile rupture type.
Characteristics of Silicone Composites for High Voltage Insulations
Authors: Khan Hidayatullah , Amin Muhammad , Ahmad Ayaz
Published: April 2019

Silicone rubber (SiR) composites have been widely used for high voltage (HV) electrical and non-electrical applications for the last three decades. To increase the long-term performance of SiR composites under diverse environmental, mechanical and electrical stresses; detailed characterization and aging analysis is required. This review article presents a comprehensive survey on SiR composites that are used in HV applications. Particular emphasis is on silicon (Si) applications, chemistry, polymerization, silicone rubber properties enhancement by addition of fillers, composite materials, engineering requirements of polymer insulants, overview of high voltage (HV) electrical insulators and their aging. In addition, this review article includes appropriate discussions concerning the influence of fillers (micro/nano-sized) on the physical, thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of base polymer. Tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, thermal degradation, dielectric strength, surface resistivity, volume resistivity, tracking/erosion resistance, partial discharge and water immersion resistance of SiR composites are analyzed. Finally, it was inferred that in order to diversify the SiR blends with micro/nano fillers and optimize their properties for particular applications further research work must be conducted.
A Model of Enhanced Strain Rate Sensitivity in Nanocrystalline and Ultrafine-Grained Metals
Authors: Sheinerman A.G. , Bobylev S.V.
Published: April 2019

A model is suggested that describes enhanced strain rate sensitivity of nanocrystalline and ultrafine-grained metals. Within the model, plastic deformation of such metals incorporates dislocation transmission across grain boundaries (GBs) in the stress fields of dislocation pileups, the emission of individual dislocations from GBs as well as GB sliding accommodated by GB dislocation climb and/or Coble creep. The model predicts a strong increase in the strain rate sensitivity and a decrease in the activation volume with decreasing grain size, in accord with experimental data.We also considered the effect of GB sliding and Coble creep on the anomalous dependence of the activation volume on temperature observed in nanocrystalline Ni. It is demonstrated that although an account for GB sliding and Coble creep leads to the appearance of cusps in the temperature dependence of the activation volume, these mechanisms alone cannot be responsible for the observed anomalous dependence of the activation volume on temperature.
Structural Characterization of Movpe Grown Algan/Gan for Hemt Formation
Authors: Popok V.N. , Aunsborg T.S. , Godiksen R.H. , Kristensen P.K. , Juluri R.R. , Caban P. , Pedersen K.
Published: April 2019

Results on structural, compositional, optical and electrical characterization of MOVPE grown AlGaN/GaN heterostructures with focus on understanding how the AlN buffer synthesis affects the top films are reported. The study demonstrates very good correlation between different methods providing a platform for reliable estimation of crystalline quality of the AlGaN/GaN structures and related to that electrical performance which is found to be significantly affected by threading dislocations (TD): higher TD density reduces the electron mobility while the charge carrier concentration is found to be largely unchanged. The attempt to vary the ammonia flow during the AlN synthesis is found not to affect the film composition and dislocation densities in the following heterostructures. An unusual phenomenon of considerable diffusion of Ga from the GaN film into the AlN buffer is found in all samples under the study. The obtained results are an important step in optimization of AlGaN/GaN growth towards the formation of good quality HEMT structures on sapphire and transfer of technology to Si substrates by providing clear understanding of the role of synthesis parameter on structure and composition of the films.
The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Optical Properties of Copper-Containing Lithium-Potassium-Borate Glasses
Authors: Shirshnev P.S. , Ugolkov V.L. , Snezhnaia Zh.G. , Panov D.I. , Shirshneva-Vaschenko E.V. , Lipnitskaya S.N. , Romanov A.E. , Bougrov V.E.
Published: April 2019

The paper presents the investigation of lithium-potassium-alumoborate glasses (0- 25 mol.% Li2O) doped by copper ions. The effect of glass annealing on the Raman scattering patterns is discussed. It is shown that such an annealing results in drastic changes in the Raman scattering patterns for the glass with 10 mol.%of Li2O: the band at 481 cm-1 conventionally attributed to boron-oxygen bonds in metaborate rings disappears, while a set of narrow bands at 1236, 1500, and 1783 cm-1 is observed. We consider one of these bands, 1783 cm-1, as being the identifier of the formed Li(Al7B4O17) nanophase, XRD analysis supported the above suggestion. The effect of newly formed nanophase on the luminescence spectra is discussed.
Plastic Deformation Micromechanism in Nanotwinned Films
Authors: Skiba N.V.
Published: April 2019

A theoretical model is suggested which describes micromechanism of the plastic deformation in nanotwinned metallic film formed by electrical deposition onto metallic substrate. In the framework of the model, the micromechanism of the plastic deformation is widening of nanoscale twins due to migration of twin boundaries. The energy and stress characteristics of the twin widening are calculated.
Calculating Endogenous and Exogenous Exergy Destruction for an Experimental Turbojet Engine
Authors: Ekici Selcuk , Orhan İlkay , Şöhret Yasin , Altuntaş Önder , Karakoç T. Hikmet
Published: April 2019

Thermodynamic analysis that provides the status and amount of irreversibility is a powerful tool to determine performance parameters of energy conversion systems. However, specifying the location and amount of irreversibility of a system or component does not reveal the full extent of the relationship of the irreversibility between component-component/component-system. Therefore, splitting the exergy destruction into endogenous and exogenous parts provides detailed information on the relationship of the irreversibility between component-component/component-system. The purpose of this paper is to identify the endogenous and exogenous parts of exergy destruction of an experimental turbojet engine (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Turbojet – UAVT). Test data used for exergy analysis were evaluated at the maximum load of the experimental turbojet engine which consisted of a compressor, a combustion chamber and a turbine. As a result of the endogenous and exogenous parts of the exergy destruction, the majority of the total exergy destruction (15.1416 kW) was calculated as the endogenous part of exergy destruction (13.5473 kW), and the exogenous exergy destruction rate was calculated to be 1.5943 kW in the compressor component of the turbojet engine. In this study, the endogenous and exogenous exergy destruction amounts of other components are also presented in details.
Volume increments of some pseudohalide anions
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf
Published: April 2019

Basic values for the volume increments are calculated for pseudohalide anions such as N3−, CN−, OCN−, SCN−and C(CN)3−using Biltz’s methods and Biltz volumes for monoatomic cations. The results are compared within the cohort and with the reported data for halide anions and for N(CN)2−.
Acute Kinematic Effects of Sprinting With Motorized Assistance
Authors: Clark Kenneth , Cahill Micheál , Korfist Christian , Whitacre Tyler
Published: April 2019

Clark, K, Cahill, M, Korfist, C, and Whitacre, T. Acute kinematic effects of sprinting with motorized assistance. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1856–1864, 2021—Although assisted sprinting has become popular for training maximum velocity, the acute effects are not fully understood. To examine this modality, 14 developmental male sprinters (age: 18.0 ± 2.5 years, 100-m personal best: 10.80 ± 0.31 seconds) performed maximal trials, both unassisted and assisted with a motorized towing device using a load of 7 kg (9.9 ± 0.9% body mass). Significant increases in maximum velocity (+9.4%, p ≤ 0.001, d = 3.28) occurred due to very large increases in stride length (+8.7%, p ≤ 0.001, d = 2.04) but not stride rate (+0.7%, p = 0.36, d = 0.11). Stride length increased due to small changes in distance traveled by the center of mass during ground contact (+3.7%, p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.40) combined with very large changes in distance traveled by the center of mass during flight (+13.1%, p ≤ 0.001, d = 2.62). Although stride rate did not demonstrate significant between-condition differences, the combination of contact and flight time was different. Compared to unassisted sprinting, assisted sprinting caused small but significant decreases in contact time (−5.2%, p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.49) and small but significant increases in flight time (+3.4%, p < 0.05, d = 0.58). Sprinting with motorized assistance elicited supramaximal velocities with decreased contact times, which may represent a neuromuscular stimulus for athletes attempting to enhance sprinting performance. Future research is needed to investigate the effects of this modality across various assistive loads and athletic populations, and to determine the longitudinal efficacy as a training method for improving maximum-velocity sprinting performance.
Comparison of Velocity-Based and Traditional Percentage-Based Loading Methods on Maximal Strength and Power Adaptations
Authors: Dorrell Harry F. , Smith Mark F. , Gee Thomas I.
Published: April 2019

Dorrell, HF, Smith, MF, and Gee, TI. Comparison of velocity-based and traditional percentage-based loading methods on maximal strength and power adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 46–53, 2020—This study explored the effects of velocity-based training (VBT) on maximal strength and jump height. Sixteen trained men (22.8 ± 4.5 years) completed a countermovement jump (CMJ) test and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) assessment on back squat, bench press, strict overhead press, and deadlift, before and after 6 weeks of resistance training. Participants were assigned to VBT or percentage-based training (PBT) groups. The VBT group's load was dictated through real-time velocity monitoring, as opposed to pretesting 1RM data (PBT). No significant differences were present between groups for pretesting data (p > 0.05). Training resulted in significant increases (p < 0.05) in maximal strength for back squat (VBT 9%, PBT 8%), bench press (VBT 8%, PBT 4%), strict overhead press (VBT 6%, PBT 6%), and deadlift (VBT 6%). Significant increases in CMJ were witnessed for the VBT group only (5%). A significant interaction effect was witnessed between training groups for bench press (p = 0.004) and CMJ (p = 0.018). Furthermore, for back squat (9%), bench press (6%), and strict overhead press (6%), a significant difference was present between the total volume lifted. The VBT intervention induced favorable adaptations in maximal strength and jump height in trained men when compared with a traditional PBT approach. Interestingly, the VBT group achieved these positive outcomes despite a significant reduction in total training volume compared with the PBT group. This has potentially positive implications for the management of fatigue during resistance training.
Influence of Resistance Training Exercise Order on Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy, and Anabolic Hormones in Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tomeleri Crisieli M. , Ribeiro Alex S. , Nunes João Pedro , Schoenfeld Brad J. , Souza Mariana F. , Schiavoni Durcelina , Junior Paulo S. , Cavaglieri Cláudia R. , Cunha Paolo M. , Venturini Danielle , Barbosa Décio S. , Cyrino Edilson S.
Published: April 2019

Tomeleri, CM, Ribeiro, AS, Nunes, JP, Schoenfeld, BJ, Souza, MF, Schiavoni, D, Junior, PS, Cavaglieri, CR, Cunha, PM, Venturini, D, Barbosa, DS, and Cyrino, ES. Influence of resistance training exercise order on muscle strength, hypertrophy, and anabolic hormones in older women: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3103–3109, 2020—The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of resistance training (RT) exercise order on muscle strength, hypertrophy, and anabolic hormones in older women. Forty-four older women were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: a nonexercise control group (CON, n = 15) and two RT groups that performed a 12-week RT program in a multijoint to single-joint order (MJ-SJ, n = 14), or in a single-joint to multijoint order (SJ-MJ, n = 15). The RT protocol (3×/week) encompassed 8 exercises, with 3 sets of 10–15 repetitions performed per exercise. One repetition maximum tests were used to evaluate muscle strength; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to estimate lean soft tissue. Both training groups showed significant and similar increases in muscle strength (MJ-SJ = 16.4%; SJ-MJ = 12.7%) and mass (MJ-SJ = 7.5%; SJ-MJ = 6.1%), whereas there were no significant changes in testosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1. The results suggest that both approaches are similarly effective in eliciting morphofunctional improvements in older women.
Painting a Deceptive Portrait
Authors: Conklin Michael
Published: April 2019

This is a critical review of the book, Deadly Justice: A Statistical Portrait of the Death Penalty. Parts of the book addressed are public opinion polling, racial disparities, and death-qualified juries. Numerous examples are provided for how the book, while informative, provides a deceptive view on the subject through the selective use of statistics and provided explanations.
Nutrient solution salinity effect of greenhouse melon (Cucumis melon L. cv. Néctar)
Authors: Dias Nildo Da Silva , Morais Patrícia Lígia Dantas de , Sarmento José Darcio Abrantes , Sousa Neto Osvaldo Nogueira de , Palácio Vilauba Sobreiro , Freitas Jair José Rabelo de
Published: April 2019

In Mossoró-RN, which is part of the semi-arid region of Brazil, a large part of the country’s melon production is concentrated, whose great potential is currently limited by water quality due to salt concentration. Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate the use of saline nutritive solutions in the irrigation of greenhouse melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Néctar) culture in coconut fiber. The experiment was carried out using a randomized block design with a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, with four replications, where the treatments consisted of nutritivesolutions with five salinity levels (1.25 - control, 1.43, 1.86; 2.96 and 4.86 dS m-1) and for two different times to evaluate fruit quality parameters (at harvest and after 12 days of storage). Increasing the salinity in the nutrient solution reduces fruits’ mean weight, while total yield is only reduced with EC above 3.5 dS m-1. Fruit length anddiameter and peel and pulp thickness, SS and pH, decrease when submitted to nutrient solution with EC above 3.8 dS m-1. The peel and pulp thickness, pulp internal cavity, firmness, SS, pH, TA and fruit SS/TA ratio were influenced by the storage period.
Periods of interference by Cyperus esculentus L. in Pennisetum purpureum Schum.
Authors: Brighenti Alexandre Magno , Fernandes-Oliveira Maurílio
Published: April 2019

Interference from weeds directly affects the productivity and the quality of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) fodder. The difficulty in controlling weed species is one of the primary limitations to the production and use of elephant grass as forage in dairy farming and for biomass production in energy generation. The objective ofthis study was to determine the different periods in which yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) interfered with elephant grass forage yield. Two field experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replicates in Valença, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Elephant grass and weeds were maintained togetherfor increasing periods of time: 0, 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 days after planting (DAP) (experiment 1). The plants were kept free of competition with weekly hand hoeing after each period. The elephant grass crop used in experiment 2 was kept free of weeds for the same periods of time. The weeds that emerged after these intervals were notcontrolled further to the end of the experiment. The elephant grass coexisted with C. esculentus up to 23 days after planting with no loss in yield, which corresponded to the period before interference. The total period of preventing interference was 42 DAP, and the critical period of preventing interference extended from 23 to 42 days after planting (DAP)