bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow and Transport in Tight and Shale Formations: A Review
Authors: Salama Amgad , Amin Mohamed F. El , Kumar Kundan , Sun Shuyu
Published: September 2017

A review on the recent advances of the flow and transport phenomena in tight and shale formations is presented in this work. Exploration of oil and gas in resources that were once considered inaccessible opened the door to highlight interesting phenomena that require attention and understanding. The length scales associated with transport phenomena in tight and shale formations are rich. From nanoscale phenomena to field-scale applications, a unified frame that is able to encounter the varieties of phenomena associated with each scale may not be possible. Each scale has its own tools and limitations that may not, probably, be suitable at other scales. Multiscale algorithms that effectively couple simulations among various scales of porous media are therefore important. In this article, a review of the different length scales and the tools associated with each scale is introduced. Highlights on the different phenomena pertinent to each scale are summarized. Furthermore, the governing equations describing flow and transport phenomena at different scales are investigated. In addition, methods to solve these equations using numerical techniques are introduced. Cross-scale analysis and derivation of linear and nonlinear Darcy’s scale laws from pore-scale governing equations are described. Phenomena occurring at molecular scales and their thermodynamics are discussed. Flow slippage at the nanosize pores and its upscaling to Darcy’s scale are highlighted. Pore network models are discussed as a viable tool to estimate macroscopic parameters that are otherwise difficult to measure. Then, the environmental aspects associated with the different technologies used in stimulating the gas stored in tight and shale formations are briefly discussed.
The Concept Drift Problem in Android Malware Detection and Its Solution
Authors: Hu Donghui , Ma Zhongjin , Zhang Xiaotian , Li Peipei , Ye Dengpan , Ling Baohong
Published: September 2017

Currently, the Android platform is the most popular mobile platform in the world and holds a dominant share in the mobile device market. With the popularization of the Android platform, large numbers of Android malware programs have begun to emerge on the Internet, and the sophistication of these programs is developing rapidly. While many studies have already investigated Android malware detection through machine learning and have achieved good results, most of these are based on static data sources and fail to consider the concept drift problem resulting from the rapid growth in the number of Android malware programs and normal Android applications, as well as rapid technological advancement in the Android environment. To address this problem, this work proposes a solution based on an ensemble classifier. This ensemble classifier is based on a streaming data-based Naive Bayes classifier. Android malware has identifiable feature utilization tendencies. On this basis, feature selection algorithm is introduced into the ensemble classifier, and a sliding window is maintained inside the ensemble classifier. Based on the performance of the subclassifiers inside the sliding window, the ensemble classifier makes dynamic adjustments to address the concept drift problem in Android malware detection. The experimental results from the proposed method demonstrate that it can effectively address the concept drift problem in Android malware detection in a streaming data environment.
Predicted Cold Shock Proteins from the Extremophilic Bacterium Deinococcus maricopensis and Related Deinococcus Species
Authors: LaGier Michael J.
Published: September 2017

While many studies have examined the mechanisms by which extremophilic Deinococci survive exposure to ionizing radiation, very few publications have characterized the cold shock adaptations of this group, despite many species being found in persistent cold environments and environments prone to significant daily temperature fluctuations. Bacterial cold shock proteins (Csps) are a family of conserved, RNA chaperone proteins that commonly play a role in cold temperature adaptation, including a downward shift in temperature (i.e., cold shock). The primary aim of this study was to test whether a representative, desert-dwelling Deinococcus, Deinococcus maricopensis, encodes Csps as part of its genome. Bioinformatic approaches were used to identify a Csp from D. maricopensis LB-34. The Csp, termed Dm-Csp1, contains sequence features of Csps including a conserved cold shock domain and nucleic acid binding motifs. A tertiary model of Dm-Csp1 revealed an anticipated Csp structure containing five anti-parallel beta-strands, and ligand prediction experiments identified N-terminally located residues capable of binding single-stranded nucleic acids. Putative Csps were identified from 100% of (27 of 27) Deinococci species for which genome information is available; and the Deinococci-encoded Csps identified contain a C-terminally located region that appears to be limited to members of the class Deinococci.
Combined Heuristic Attack Strategy on Complex Networks
Authors: Šimon Marek , Dirgová Luptáková Iveta , Huraj Ladislav , Hosťovecký Marián , Pospíchal Jiří
Published: September 2017

Usually, the existence of a complex network is considered an advantage feature and efforts are made to increase its robustness against an attack. However, there exist also harmful and/or malicious networks, from social ones like spreading hoax, corruption, phishing, extremist ideology, and terrorist support up to computer networks spreading computer viruses or DDoS attack software or even biological networks of carriers or transport centers spreading disease among the population. New attack strategy can be therefore used against malicious networks, as well as in a worst‐case scenario test for robustness of a useful network. A common measure of robustness of networks is their disintegration level after removal of a fraction of nodes. This robustness can be calculated as a ratio of the number of nodes of the greatest remaining network component against the number of nodes in the original network. Our paper presents a combination of heuristics optimized for an attack on a complex network to achieve its greatest disintegration. Nodes are deleted sequentially based on a heuristic criterion. Efficiency of classical attack approaches is compared to the proposed approach on Barabási‐Albert, scale‐free with tunable power‐law exponent, and Erdős‐Rényi models of complex networks and on real‐world networks. Our attack strategy results in a faster disintegration, which is counterbalanced by its slightly increased computational demands.
Effects of Nutrient-Fortified Milk-Based Formula on the Nutritional Status and Psychomotor Skills of Preschool Children
Authors: Cervo Mavil May C. , Mendoza Diane S. , Barrios Erniel B. , Panlasigui Leonora N.
Published: September 2017

This randomized, single-masked, controlled trial examined the effects of nutrient-fortified milk-based formula supplementation on nutritional status, nutrient intake, and psychomotor skills of selected preschool children with mean age of 4.10 ± 0.14 years. The study participants were divided equally into three major groups, normal, underweight, and severely underweight based on WHO-Child Growth Standards, and were further divided into two groups: fortified milk group who was given two glasses of fortified milk (50 g of powdered milk/serving) a day for twelve weeks in addition to their usual diet and the nonintervention group who was not given fortified milk and thus maintained their usual intake. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, and psychomotor developmental score were analyzed. Results showed that consumption of two servings of fortified milk a day for twelve weeks significantly increased the height of preschool children by 1.40 cm, weight by 1.35 kg, body mass index by 0.96 kg/m2, mid-upper arm circumference by 0.66 cm, and psychomotor scores by 13.74% more than those children who did not consume fortified milk (p<0.0001). Hence, fortified milk-based supplement in the diet of preschool children improved overall nutritional status, nutrient intake, and performance in psychomotor scale. This study is registered in Philippine Health Research Registry: PHRR140923-000234.
Comparisons of Faulting-Based Pavement Performance Prediction Models
Authors: Wang Weina , Qin Yu , Li Xiaofei , Wang Di , Chen Huiqiang
Published: September 2017

Faulting prediction is the core of concrete pavement maintenance and design. Highway agencies are always faced with the problem of lower accuracy for the prediction which causes costly maintenance. Although many researchers have developed some performance prediction models, the accuracy of prediction has remained a challenge. This paper reviews performance prediction models and JPCP faulting models that have been used in past research. Then three models including multivariate nonlinear regression (MNLR) model, artificial neural network (ANN) model, and Markov Chain (MC) model are tested and compared using a set of actual pavement survey data taken on interstate highway with varying design features, traffic, and climate data. It is found that MNLR model needs further recalibration, while the ANN model needs more data for training the network. MC model seems a good tool for pavement performance prediction when the data is limited, but it is based on visual inspections and not explicitly related to quantitative physical parameters. This paper then suggests that the further direction for developing the performance prediction model is incorporating the advantages and disadvantages of different models to obtain better accuracy.
Neural Networks Approximator Based Robust Adaptive Controller Design of Hypersonic Flight Vehicles Systems Coupled with Stochastic Disturbance and Dynamic Uncertainties
Authors: Zhu Guoqiang , Sun Lingfang , Zhang Xiuyu
Published: September 2017

A neural network robust control is proposed for a class of generic hypersonic flight vehicles with uncertain dynamics and stochastic disturbance. Compared with the present schemes of dealing with dynamic uncertainties and stochastic disturbance, the outstanding feature of the proposed scheme is that only one parameter needs to be estimated at each design step, so that the computational burden can be greatly reduced and the designed controller is much simpler. Moreover, by introducing a performance function in controller design, the prespecified transient and performance of tracking error can be guaranteed. It is proved that all signals of closed‐loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded. The simulation results are carried out to illustrate effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.
The Genetic Basis of Delayed Puberty
Authors: Howard Sasha R. , Dunkel Leo
Published: September 2017

The genetic control of puberty remains an important but mostly unanswered question. Late pubertal timing affects over 2% of adolescents and is associated with adverse health outcomes including short stature, reduced bone mineral density, and compromised psychosocial health. Self-limited delayed puberty (DP) is a highly heritable trait, which often segregates in an autosomal dominant pattern; however, its neuroendocrine pathophysiology and genetic regulation remain unclear. Some insights into the genetic mutations that lead to familial DP have come from sequencing genes known to cause gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency, most recently via next-generation sequencing, and others from large-scale genome-wide association studies in the general population. Investigation of the genetic control of DP is complicated by the fact that this trait is not rare and that the phenotype is likely to represent a final common pathway, with a variety of different pathogenic mechanisms affecting the release of the puberty “brake.” These include abnormalities of GnRH neuronal development and function, GnRH receptor and luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone abnormalities, metabolic and energy homeostatic derangements, and transcriptional regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Thus, genetic control of pubertal timing can range from early fetal life via development of the GnRH network to those factors directly influencing the puberty brake during mid-childhood.
False Lumen Status in Patients With Acute Aortic Dissection: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Li Dongze , Ye Lei , He Yarong , Cao Xiaoping , Liu Jining , Zhong Wu , Cao Linghong , Zeng Rui , Zeng Zhi , Wan Zhi , Cao Yu
Published: September 2017

Background

The long‐term association between the status of the false lumen and poor patient outcomes in acute aortic dissection (
AAD
) remains unclear. This systematic review and meta‐analysis investigated whether the status of the false lumen was a predictor of poor long‐term survival in
AAD
.

Methods and Results

Eleven cohort studies (2924 participants) exploring the association between the false lumen status and long‐term outcomes (>1 year) in
AAD
were included. All studies reported multivariate‐adjusted hazard ratios (
HR
s) with 95%
CI
s for long‐term outcomes, according to false lumen status. Pooled
HR
s for mortality and aortic events were computed and weighted using generic inverse‐variance and random‐effect modeling. Residual patent false lumen was an independent predictor of long‐term mortality in
AAD
type A (
HR
, 1.71; 95%
CI
, 1.16–2.52;
P
=0.007) and type B (
HR
, 2.79; 95%
CI
, 1.80–4.32;
P
<0.001).
AAD
patients with residual patent false lumen exhibited an increased risk of aortic events (
HR
, 5.43; 95%
CI
, 2.95–9.99;
P
<0.001). Partial false lumen thrombosis was independently associated with long‐term mortality in type B
AAD
(
HR
, 2.24; 95%
CI
, 1.37–3.65;
P
=0.001). This association was not observed in
AAD
type A patients (
HR
, 1.75; 95%
CI
, 0.88–3.45;
P
=0.211).

Conclusions

The false lumen status influences late outcomes in
AAD
. Residual patent false lumen is independently associated with poor long‐term survival in
AAD
. However, only type B
AAD
patients with partial false lumen thrombosis had an increased late mortality risk.
Concomitant Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Add to the Atrial Arrhythmogenic Phenotype in Male Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Hohl Mathias , Lau Dennis H. , Müller Andreas , Elliott Adrian D. , Linz Benedikt , Mahajan Rajiv , Hendriks Jeroen M. L. , Böhm Michael , Schotten Ulrich , Sanders Prashanthan , Linz Dominik
Published: September 2017

Background

Besides hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome have recently emerged as risk factors for atrial fibrillation. This study sought to delineate the development of an arrhythmogenic substrate for atrial fibrillation in hypertension with and without concomitant obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Methods and Results

We compared obese spontaneously hypertensive rats (
SHR
‐obese, n=7–10) with lean hypertensive controls (
SHR
‐lean, n=7–10) and normotensive rats (n=7–10). Left atrial emptying function (MRI) and electrophysiological parameters were characterized before the hearts were harvested for histological and biochemical analyses. At the age of 38 weeks,
SHR
‐obese, but not
SHR
‐lean, showed increased body weight and impaired glucose tolerance together with dyslipidemia compared with normotensive rats. Mean blood pressure was similarly increased in
SHR
‐lean and
SHR
‐obese when compared with normotensive rats (178±9 and 180±8 mm Hg [not significant] versus 118±5 mm Hg,
P
<0.01 for both), but left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure was more increased in
SHR
‐obese than in
SHR
‐lean. Impairment of left atrial emptying function, increase in total atrial activation time, and conduction heterogeneity, as well as prolongation of inducible atrial fibrillation durations, were more pronounced in
SHR
‐obese as compared with
SHR
‐lean. Histological and biochemical examinations revealed enhanced triglycerides and more pronounced fibrosis in the left atrium of
SHR
‐obese. Besides increased expression of profibrotic markers in
SHR
‐lean and
SHR
‐obese, the profibrotic extracellular matrix protein osteopontin was highly upregulated only in
SHR
‐obese.

Conclusions

In addition to hypertension alone, concomitant obesity and metabolic syndrome add to the atrial arrhythmogenic phenotype by impaired left atrial emptying function, local conduction abnormalities, interstitial atrial fibrosis formation, and increased propensity for atrial fibrillation.
Cortical Correlates of the Simulated Viewpoint Oscillation Advantage for Vection
Authors: Kirollos Ramy , Allison Robert S. , Palmisano Stephen
Published: September 2017

Behavioural studies have consistently found stronger vection responses for oscillating, compared to smooth/constant, patterns of radial flow (the simulated viewpoint oscillation advantage for vection). Traditional accounts predict that simulated viewpoint oscillation should impair vection by increasing visual–vestibular conflicts in stationary observers (as this visual oscillation simulates self-accelerations that should strongly stimulate the vestibular apparatus). However, support for increased vestibular activity during accelerating vection has been mixed in the brain imaging literature. This fMRI study examined BOLD activity in visual (cingulate sulcus visual area — CSv; medial temporal complex — MT+; V6; precuneus motion area — PcM) and vestibular regions (parieto-insular vestibular cortex — PIVC/posterior insular cortex — PIC; ventral intraparietal region — VIP) when stationary observers were exposed to vection-inducing optic flow (i.e., globally coherent oscillating and smooth self-motion displays) as well as two suitable control displays. In line with earlier studies in which no vection occurred, CSv and PIVC/PIC both showed significantly increased BOLD activity during oscillating global motion compared to the other motion conditions (although this effect was found for fewer subjects in PIVC/PIC). The increase in BOLD activity in PIVC/PIC during prolonged exposure to the oscillating (compared to smooth) patterns of global optical flow appears consistent with vestibular facilitation.
Formation of Long-Lived Summertime Mesoscale Vortices over Central East China:Semi-Idealized Simulations Based on a 14-Year Vortex Statistic
Authors: Fu Shen-Ming , Sun Jian-Hua , Luo Ya-Li , Zhang Yuan-Chun
Published: September 2017

Regions around Dabie Mountain (DBM) in the Yangtze River basin (YRB) are the source of a mesoscale vortex: the Dabie vortex (DBV). Based on a 14-yr statistical study, 11 long-lived heavy-rain-producing DBVs were composited for convection-permitting semi-idealized simulations. A control simulation, initialized 12 h before the composite vortex formation, successfully reproduced a DBV, with all the salient characteristics of the 11 events. Sensitivity experiments were designed to understand the impacts of large-scale environmental conditions, regional topography, and latent heating on DBV formation. The main results were as follows: (i) Supposition of a 500-hPa shortwave trough with an east–west-oriented lower-level transversal trough around the DBM is crucial for the formation of vortices. A nocturnal lower-level jet on the southern side of the transversal trough accelerates DBV formation by enhancing convergence, triggering/sustaining convection, and producing cyclonic vorticity. (ii) During the simulation period, the topography east of the second-step mountain ranges, including the DBM, significantly affects nearby precipitation and convective activity, whereas this is not crucial for DBV formation. (iii) Latent heating is not required for generating DBVs, but it enhances the intensity, longevity, and eastward progression of these vortices along the shear line associated with the transversal trough. (iv) The vorticity budget suggests the convergence-related (horizontal) shrinking and vertical transport dominate the cyclonic-vorticity increase associated with DBVs, whereas tilting and horizontal transport mainly act in the opposite manner.
Orographically Anchored El Niño Effect on Summer Rainfall in Central China
Authors: Hu Kaiming , Xie Shang-Ping , Huang Gang
Published: September 2017

Year-to-year variations in summer precipitation have great socioeconomic impacts on China. Historical rainfall variability over China is investigated using a newly released high-resolution dataset. The results reveal summer-mean rainfall anomalies associated with ENSO that are anchored by mountains in central China east of the Tibetan Plateau. These orographically anchored hot spots of ENSO influence are poorly represented in coarse-resolution datasets so far in use. In post–El Niño summers, an anomalous anticyclone forms over the tropical northwest Pacific, and the anomalous southwesterlies on the northwest flank cause rainfall to increase in mountainous central China through orographic lift. At upper levels, the winds induce additional adiabatic updraft by increasing the eastward advection of warm air from Tibet. In post–El Niño summers, large-scale moisture convergence induces rainfall anomalies elsewhere over flat eastern China, which move northward from June to August and amount to little in the seasonal mean.
Language as a Window into Culture
Authors: Srivastava Sameer B. , Goldberg Amir
Published: September 2017

Culture is assumed to play a pivotal role in organizational success and failure. In contrast to prevailing top-down perspectives, this article proposes an approach to studying culture that accounts for myriad organizational subcultures, how individuals fit into those subcultures, and the causes and consequences of shifts in culture and cultural fit. The language through which people communicate with colleagues offers a powerful lens for studying cultural dynamics and its relationship to individual, group, and organizational success. This article describes a burgeoning stream of research that uses language as a window into culture and discusses its implications for managerial practice.
Social Diversity Affects the Number of Parties Even Under First-Past-the-Post Rules
Authors: Milazzo Caitlin , Moser Robert G. , Scheiner Ethan
Published: September 2017

Nearly all systematic empirical work on the relationship between social diversity and the number of parties asserts the “interactive hypothesis”—Social heterogeneity leads to party fragmentation under permissive electoral rules, but not under single-member district, first-past-the-post (FPTP) rules. In this article, we argue that previous work has been hindered by a reliance on national-level measures of variables and a linear model of the relationship between diversity and party fragmentation. This article provides the first analysis to test the interactive hypothesis appropriately by using district-level measures of both ethnic diversity and the effective number of parties in legislative FPTP elections and considering a curvilinear relationship between the variables. We find that there is a strong relationship between social diversity and the number of parties even under FPTP electoral rules, thus suggesting that restrictive rules are not as powerful a constraint on electoral behavior and outcomes as is usually supposed.
International intellectual history and International Relations: contexts, canons and mediocrities
Authors: Keene Edward
Published: September 2017

This article reviews contextualist methods in intellectual history and discusses some of the specific challenges involved in their application to the study of International Relations (IR) and hence international intellectual history. While the broad thrust of these developments has been highly positive, the article argues that a distinction between classic and lesser works is a crucial part of the apparatus of the contextualist approach, which poses a problem in IR, where the idea of an established canon of great works has historically been less well developed than in the study of Political Theory or Law. As a result, the move towards contextualist methods of interpretation can force authors to restrict their focus onto a newly conceived, and somewhat narrow, canon, with a strongly political and legal flavour. The eclectic range of earlier, albeit less methodologically sophisticated, histories offer considerable resources for defining the scope of new empirical enquiries in international intellectual history, and the article concentrates on early modern journalism as an example of this opportunity.
Neural correlates of oral word reading, silent reading comprehension, and cognitive subcomponents
Authors: Xia Zhichao , Zhang Linjun , Hoeft Fumiko , Gu Bin , Gong Gaolang , Shu Hua
Published: September 2017

The ability to read is essential for cognitive development. To deepen our understanding of reading acquisition, we explored the neuroanatomical correlates (cortical thickness; CT) of word-reading fluency and sentence comprehension efficiency in Chinese with a group of typically developing children ( N = 21; 12 females and 9 males; age range 10.7–12.3 years). Then, we investigated the relationship between the CT of reading-defined regions and the cognitive subcomponents of reading to determine whether our study lends support to the multi-component model. The results demonstrated that children’s performance on oral word reading was positively correlated with CT in the left superior temporal gyrus (LSTG), left inferior temporal gyrus (LITG), left supramarginal gyrus (LSMG) and right superior temporal gyrus (RSTG). Moreover, CT in the LSTG, LSMG and LITG uniquely predicted children’s phonetic representation, phonological awareness, and orthography–phonology mapping skills, respectively. By contrast, children’s performance on sentence-reading comprehension was positively correlated with CT in the left parahippocampus (LPHP) and right calcarine fissure (RV1). As for the subcomponents of reading, CT in the LPHP was exclusively correlated with morphological awareness, whereas CT in the RV1 was correlated with orthography–semantic mapping. Taken together, these findings indicate that the reading network of typically developing children consists of multiple sub-divisions, thus providing neuroanatomical evidence in support of the multi-componential view of reading.
High Degree of Variability in Reporting of Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopy
Authors: Stone Austin V. , Jacobs Cale A. , Luo T. David , Meadows Molly C. , Nho Shane J. , Stubbs Allston J. , Makhni Eric C.
Published: September 2017

Background:

Hip arthroscopy for the treatment of intra-articular pathology is a rapidly expanding field. Outcome measures should be reported to document the efficacy of arthroscopic procedures; however, the most effective outcome measures are not established.

Purpose:

To evaluate the variability in outcomes reported after hip arthroscopy and to compare the responsiveness of patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments.

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Methods:

We reviewed primary hip arthroscopy literature between January 2011 and September 2016 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Patient and study characteristics were recorded. Pre- and postoperative means and SDs of PROs were recorded from articles that used 2 or more PROs with a 1-year minimum follow-up. From this subset of articles, we compared the responsiveness between PRO instruments using the effect size, standard response mean, and relative efficiency.

Results:

We identified 130 studies that met our inclusion/exclusion criteria, which totaled 16,970 patients (17,511 hips, mean age = 37.0 years, mean body mass index = 25.9 kg/m2). Radiographic measures were reported in 100 studies. The alpha angle and center-edge angle were the most common measures. Range of motion was reported in 81 of 130 articles. PROs were reported in 129 of 130 articles, and 21 different PRO instruments were identified. The mean number of PROs per article was 3.2, and 78% used 2 or more PROs. The most commonly used PRO was the modified Harris Hip Score, followed by the Hip Outcome Score (HOS)–Activities of Daily Living, HOS-Sport, visual analog scale, and Nonarthritic Hip Score (NAHS). The 2 most responsive PRO tools were the International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT)–12 and the NAHS.

Conclusion:

Outcomes reporting is highly variable in the hip arthroscopy literature. More than 20 different PRO instruments have been used, which makes comparison across studies difficult. A uniform set of outcome measures would allow for clearer interpretation of the hip arthroscopy literature and offer potential conclusions from pooled data. On the basis of our comparative responsiveness results and previously reported psychometric properties of the different PRO instruments, we recommend more widespread adoption of the iHOT PROs instruments to assess hip arthroscopy outcomes.
Presenting the (Dictatorial) Past in Contemporary Argentina
Authors: Bell Vikki , Di Paolantonio Mario
Published: September 2017

Drawing upon Isabelle Stengers’ notion of an ‘ecology of practices’ this article explores some of the divergent ways in which truths about the violence of Argentina’s last dictatorship period emerge in different forums. We consider how these forums deploy ‘arts of dramatization’, which is to say, the ways they stage questions about the violence of the last dictatorship period in order to propose, explore, confirm and sometimes refute ‘candidates for truth’. Following Stengers’ provocations, we argue that the various modes of staging the past conjure up its violence in distinct ways, placing different constraints on how it can appear, using different material apparatus and probing it according to different values under different obligations. Based on interviews and observational research with key personnel – including lawyers, artists, forensic anthropologists and psychologists – we suggest that while each of the forums within this ecology is concerned with truth, how and what emerges as truth necessarily differs. What counts as evidence, what is understood as ‘successful’, what is dismissed as irrelevant are all dependent upon the concerns of the forum, such that truths about Argentina’s dictatorship are not only ‘situated’ but also necessarily ‘partial’ forms of world-making. In an attempt to propose a shift from over-determined and usually binary lines of debate, we suggest that these truths exist within an ‘ecology of practices’, to use Stengers’ term, insofar as these forums are not closed off from each other, but are becoming a web of often highly interdependent connections, wherein personnel, practices, audiences and resultant ‘truths’ travel.
The right to refuse: The Victorian Mental Health Act 2014 and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Maylea Chris , Hirsch Asher
Published: September 2017

This article considers how the Victorian Mental Health Act 2014 extinguishes the right of people with a mental illness to refuse treatment in light of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which prohibits detention or compulsory treatment on the basis of a person’s disability. Three possible resolutions of this inconsistency are proposed and considered: repealing the Mental Health Act 2014, de-linking disability from compulsory treatment, and maintaining legal capacity by supporting mental capacity.
Designing and Developing Cell Phone Applications for Qualitative Research
Authors: Do Jaewoo , Yamagata-Lynch Lisa C.
Published: September 2017

Recent technological developments have made it feasible for qualitative researchers to develop their own digital tools. As an example, the goal of this article is to explore the design process involved in developing cell phone applications for qualitative research. Cell phones, ubiquitous in our daily lives, can serve researchers in many ways. Cell phones can be used for recording conversations during interviews and taking pictures during observations. We will introduce two cell phone applications—Interview and Observation Tools—developed by the first author in response to data collection and analysis tasks carried out in discussion with the second author, his dissertation advisor. We will also introduce App Inventor, which is an open-source web application for the android operating system that the first author used to program and develop both applications. We will discuss why and how we included specific features based on the first author’s reflections. This work will provide qualitative researchers with practical tips for developing their own digital tools and generate ideas for future research by introducing the methodological problems the first author encountered and how he addressed them in the design and development processes of his cell phone applications.
Numerical modelling of nonlinear thermo-electro-elasticity
Authors: Mehnert Markus , Pelteret Jean-Paul , Steinmann Paul
Published: September 2017

This work presents the numerical modelling of nonlinear thermo-electro-elasticity in the context of electro-active polymers (EAPs). EAPs are characterised by their electro-mechanical coupling behaviour that converts electrical into mechanical energy. As polymeric materials in general are sensitive to the influence of temperature, thermal effects play an important role in the material behaviour of EAPs. Based on a thermo-electro-mechanically coupled constitutive framework presented in an earlier contribution, a variational formulation is developed and the finite-element method is employed to solve the nonlinear thermo-electro-mechanical coupling problem. The numerical implementation is studied by means of several examples.
Effects of Weapons on Aggressive Thoughts, Angry Feelings, Hostile Appraisals, and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Weapons Effect Literature
Authors: Benjamin Arlin J. , Kepes Sven , Bushman Brad J.
Published: September 2017

A landmark 1967 study showed that simply seeing a gun can increase aggression—called the “weapons effect.” Since 1967, many other studies have attempted to replicate and explain the weapons effect. This meta-analysis integrates the findings of weapons effect studies conducted from 1967 to 2017 and uses the General Aggression Model (GAM) to explain the weapons effect. It includes 151 effect-size estimates from 78 independent studies involving 7,668 participants. As predicted by the GAM, our naïve meta-analytic results indicate that the mere presence of weapons increased aggressive thoughts, hostile appraisals, and aggression, suggesting a cognitive route from weapons to aggression. Weapons did not significantly increase angry feelings. Yet, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis indicated that not all naïve mean estimates were robust to the presence of publication bias. In general, these results suggest that the published literature tends to overestimate the weapons effect for some outcomes and moderators.
The Expendables: A Qualitative Study of Police Officers’ Responses to Organizational Injustice
Authors: Reynolds Paul D. , Fitzgerald Brett A. , Hicks Jeremiah
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study was to identify events linked to police officers’ assessments of fairness within their departments, identify how officers’ felt about events they perceived as unfair, and record officers’ responses to perceived organizational injustice. This was a qualitative study that applied a phenomenological approach and information was collected from 24 officers through the use of semistructured interviews. The predominant organizational events linked to fairness assessments among participants included disciplinary actions, citizen complaints, blocked career aspirations, and officer–supervisor conflicts. Overwhelmingly, officers reported these events made them feel angry. These events fostered feelings of increased skepticism and not being supported or feeling expendable. Analyses of data revealed two salient forms of negative work outcomes as responses to perceived organizational injustice: production deviance and self-protective behaviors. This study expands our understanding of which events foster negative perceptions of injustice while exposing how police officers react to those experiences. These findings should be of particular interest to individuals interested in policing, organizational justice, or organizational behavior.
Māori nurses’ experiences of the Nursing Entry to Practice Transition Programme
Authors: Foxall Donna , Forrest Rachel , Meyer Salome
Published: September 2017

This study captures the kōrero pūrūkau (spoken experiences/perspectives) of Māori Registered Nurses from two New Zealand District Health Boards who transitioned from undergraduate study to practice by completing the Nursing Entry to Practice Transition Programme during 2010 to 2012. The research approach was informed by Kaupapa Māori (Māori approach), and semi-structured one-to-one interviews allowed participants to share their visions, feelings, and memories. A thematic analysis of the transcribed interviews identified two main categories: (a) Work Environment, with Māori Identity, Workload, Study, and Support being the emergent sub-themes and (b) Nursing Entry to Practice Transition Programme Experiences and Perceptions, with three sub-themes, namely, Before Nursing Entry to Practice Transition Programme, During Nursing Entry to Practice Transition Programme, and After Nursing Entry to Practice Transition Programme. The findings highlighted the challenges faced by new Māori Registered Nurses during Nursing Entry to Practice Transition Programme and identified the critical importance of support during this time of change. This study may provide useful information for the future development of Nursing Entry to Practice Transition Programme in New Zealand with the aim of retaining indigenous Registered Nurses.
Upregulated Heat Shock Proteins After Hyperthermic Chemotherapy Point to Induced Cell Survival Mechanisms in Affected Tumor Cells From Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Authors: Grimmig Tanja , Moll Eva-Maria , Kloos Kerstin , Thumm Rebecca , Moench Romana , Callies Simone , Kreckel Jennifer , Vetterlein Malte , Pelz Joerg , Polat Buelent , Tripathi Sudipta , Rehder Roberta , Ribas Carmen M , Chandraker Anil , Germer Christoph-T , Waaga-Gasser Ana Maria , Gasser Martin
Published: September 2017

In patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) represents a promising treatment strategy. Here, we studied the role of hyperthermic chemotherapy on heat shock protein (HSP) expression and induction of tumor cell death and survival. HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 combined with effects on tumor cell proliferation and chemosensitivity were analyzed in human colon cancer. Hyperthermic chemotherapy resulted in significant HSP27/HSP70 and HSP90 gene/protein overexpression in analyzed HT-29/SW480/SW620 colon cancer cells and peritoneal metastases from patients displaying amplified expression of proliferation markers, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL. Moreover, functionally increased chemoresistance against 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin C and oxaliplatin after hyperthermic chemotherapy points to induced survival mechanisms in cancer cells. In conclusion, the results indicate that intracellular HSP-associated antiapoptotic and proliferative effects after hyperthermic chemotherapy negatively influence beneficial effects of hyperthermic chemotherapy-induced cell death. Therefore, blocking HSPs could be a promising strategy to further improve the rate of tumor cell death and outcome of patients undergoing HIPEC therapy.
‘We report the world as it is, not as we want it to be’: Journalists’ negotiation of professional practices and responsibilities when reporting on suicide
Authors: Yaqub Michael Mead , Beam Randal A , John Sue Lockett
Published: September 2017

Media coverage of suicide can play a pivotal role in raising public awareness of an important public health issue. But research suggests that reporting on suicide can potentially trigger suicidal behavior in vulnerable individuals. To encourage the responsible reporting of suicide as a public health issue, media recommendations have been developed. Based on interviews with 50 US journalists, this study explores journalists’ awareness of and attitudes toward suicide reporting risks and US media recommendations. Through the lens of suicide news reporting, this is a study examining how journalists view their professional roles and sense of social responsibility when reporting on issues, like suicide, with potential public health consequences. We find that while the journalists interviewed want to cover suicide responsibly, and as a public health issue, they often deviate from recommendations. In many cases, professional conventions and routines conflict with or hinder guideline compliance. Moreover, many journalists deliberately disregard suicide reporting guidelines because they clash with their professional values and perceived responsibility of serving the public via truth-telling and full disclosure of information.
Democratization via aid? The European Union’s democracy promotion in the Western Balkans 1994–2010
Authors: Grimm Sonja , Mathis Okka Lou
Published: September 2017

In this article, we investigate the effect of European Commission democracy assistance on democratization in the countries of the Western Balkans. The analysis is based on a comprehensive dataset of the financial assistance given by the European Commission to the region from 1994 to 2010. Since this dataset is disaggregated into different sectors, it allows for the distinction between direct and indirect approaches to democracy promotion. The regression results do not confirm the expected positive association between direct democracy promotion and democratization in the Western Balkans. We contextualize our findings by considering the specific post-conflict context in the region and the European Commission’s conflicting policy objectives in play.
Phonological Development of Monolingual Haitian Creole–Speaking Preschool Children
Authors: Archer Justine , Champion Tempii , Tyrone Martha E. , Walters Sylvia
Published: September 2017

This study provides preliminary data on the phonological development of Haitian Creole–Speaking children. The purpose of this study is to determine phonological acquisition in the speech of normally developing monolingual Haitian Creole–Speaking preschoolers, ages 2 to 4. Speech samples were collected cross-sectionally from 12 Haitian children divided into three age groups. Participants’ utterances were recorded from spontaneous and/or imitative productions of target words. Data were analyzed through a relational analysis to determine phonemic inventories occurring in each age group’s speech. A gradual increase in speech sound inventories was observed from 2 to 4 years of age. Results indicate that phonological development in Haitian Creole–Speaking children was influenced by both language-universal patterns and language-specific patterns. In conclusion, data obtained on the phonological development of monolingual Haitian Creole preschoolers can provide insight to speech language pathologists during the clinical assessment and intervention process of this population.
Attitudes, beliefs and common practices of hand therapists for base of thumb osteoarthritis in Australia (The ABC Thumb Study)
Authors: Duong Vicky , Bennell Kim L , Deveza Leticia A , Eyles Jillian P , Hodges Paul W , Holden Melanie A , Hunter David J , Jongs Ray , Knapp Donna , Mei Yifang , Vicenzino Bill , Wajon Anne , Robbins Sarah R
Published: September 2017

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to identify attitudes, beliefs and common practices of hand therapists in Australia regarding assessment and management of base of thumb osteoarthritis.

Methods

Monthly emails with a link to a 57-item cross-sectional survey were sent to members of the Australian Hand Therapy Association between November 2015 and February 2016. The survey included a case scenario of a patient with base of thumb osteoarthritis with questions about assessment and non-pharmacological and non-surgical treatment interventions for this case. Participants also rated their agreement with a series of 20 attitude and belief statements on a 6-point Likert scale. Data underwent descriptive analysis.

Results

A total of 124 therapists accessed the survey, of which 77 (62%) returned completed answers and 47 (38%) partially completed it. The majority were occupational therapists (n = 92, 74%), and the remaining were physiotherapists. The most common clinical assessment methods used for base of thumb osteoarthritis were palpation (96%), range of motion (90%), the grind test (85%), and pain on opposition across the palm (82%). The commonly reported treatments included a combination of orthosis prescription (92%), pain education (78%), heat (75%) and exercise (74%).

Conclusion

The findings highlight commonly used assessment tools and treatments for a typical patient with base of thumb osteoarthritis. Despite the low response rate, there is consistency among general treatment for base of thumb osteoarthritis. Variation exists within the specifics of exercise and orthosis prescription. The results of the survey reflect the lack of standardised recommendations for the management of base of thumb osteoarthritis.
Obese Patients Have Fewer Wound Complications Following Fixation of Ankle Fractures
Authors: Matson Andrew P. , Morwood Michael P. , Peres Da Silva Ashwin , Cone Eugene B. , Hurwitz Shepard R. , Zura Robert D.
Published: September 2017

Outcomes following ankle fracture surgery have been well studied; however, factors associated with surgical wound healing specifically are less clear. We aimed to study the relationship between wound healing and body mass index, as well as other variables following surgical treatment of ankle fractures. There were 127 consecutive, isolated, closed, malleolar ankle fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation at a level-1 trauma center from 2008 to 2012. Patient, injury, and treatment variables were recorded and clinical records were reviewed to identify wound complications. There were 6 major and 18 minor wound complications. The overall rate of wound complication of any type was significantly lower in obese patients at 11.7% (7/60) compared with 25.4% (17/67, P < .05) in nonobese patients. When controlling for other variables obesity was associated with a significantly lower risk of developing a wound complication (OR 0.267, 95% CI 0.087-0.822), as was low energy mechanism (OR 0.246, 95% CI 0.067-0.906). No other covariates tested were associated with an increased risk of a wound infection. Ankle anatomy may present a unique situation whereby obesity may be protective against wound complications. Further studies are needed to confirm this clinical observation, and to demonstrate the mechanism through which this may occur.

Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV: Retrospective
Consumer Value and Time
Authors: Paswan Audhesh K. , Guzmán Francisco
Published: September 2017

Most agree that consumers buy goods and services because of the value they receive. However, answers to questions such as what is value, how is it created, who creates it, for whom, and does it remain constant, are not very clear. Extant literature has focused on the two components of value—benefits and costs—in a static manner. It overlooks one key component, that is, time. This study looks at these two components as a function of time and suggests a consumer value typology. The typology is based on whether both benefits and costs exist in the same time dimension or if one of them occurs before another.