bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Base-catalyzed controllable reaction of 3-ylideneoxindoles with O-Boc hydroxycarbamates for the synthesis of amidoacrylates and spiroaziridine oxindoles
Authors: Liu Yi-Yin , Duan Shu-Wen , Zhang Rui , Liu Yun-Hang , Chen Jia-Rong , Xiao Wen-Jing
Published: May 2016

A base-catalyzed divergent reaction of 3-ylideneoxindoles and O-Boc hydroxycarbamates has been developed to provide various amidoacrylates and spiroaziridine oxindoles with high yields.
Reagents for diverse iodosilane-mediated transformations
Authors: Shibuya Masatoshi , Abe Masanori , Fujita Shoji , Yamamoto Yoshihiko
Published: May 2016

PhSiH3–I2 and PhSiH3–NIS generate PhSiH2I as a possible active species and cause diverse transformations.
Room temperature phosphorescence of 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride derivative-based polyacrylamide copolymer with photo-stimulated responsiveness
Authors: Chen Hui , Xu Lei , Ma Xiang , Tian He
Published: May 2016

Room temperature phosphorescence emission was achieved by host–guest recognition between γ-cyclodextrin and a 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride polymer, which can be controlled by the photo-isomerization of the azobenzene unit of the other polymer.
A new ionophore for chemical sensing of F−, CN−and Co2+using voltammetric, colorimetric and spectrofluorimetric techniques
Authors: Sharma Rashmi , Chhibber Manmohan , Mittal Susheel K.
Published: May 2016

TPEIis a novel photometric chemosensor for visual detection of cobalt/fluoride/cyanide ions.
Determination of lipophilic and hydrophilic bioactive compounds in raw and parboiled rice bran
Authors: Verardo Vito , Gómez-Caravaca Ana Maria , Marconi Emanuele , Segura-Carretero Antonio , Garrido-Frenich Antonia , Fernández-Gutiérrez Alberto
Published: May 2016

Rice bran is one of the most important rice by-products and represents a source of bioactive compounds.
Influence of doping nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus on activated carbons for gas adsorption of H2, CH4 and CO2
Authors: Li D. , Li W. B. , Shi J. S. , Xin F. W.
Published: May 2016

Heteroatoms doped porous carbons were synthesized with different acids as catalysts and heteroatoms source. Heteroatoms doping enhances gas adsorption capacity.
Preparation of microcapsules containing multi-functional reactive isocyanate-terminated-polyurethane-prepolymer as healing agent, part II: corrosion performance and mechanical properties of a self healing coating
Authors: Haghayegh M. , Mirabedini S. M. , Yeganeh H.
Published: May 2016

Stress–strain curves in three modes (intact, scratched and healed) for; (a) neat epoxy and (b) sample containing 5 wt% microcapsules. SEM micrographs of scratched area of; (c) neat epoxy film, and (d) film with 5 wt% microcapsule.
Modelling of oxygen-evolving-complex ionization dynamics for energy-efficient production of microalgal biomass, pigment and lipid with carbon capture: an engineering vision for a biorefinery
Authors: Subramanian Ganeshan , Dineshkumar Ramalingam , Sen Ramkrishna
Published: May 2016

Development of an algal growth kinetics model, incorporating oxygen-evolving-complex ionization dynamics, for sustainable production of algal biomass, lipid, and chlorophyll (with associated carbon dioxide capture) in an algal biorefinery.
Flexible conducting electrodes based on an embedded double-layer structure of gold ribbons and silver nanowires
Authors: Park SeongHo , Moon Hong Chul , Lee Dong Hyun
Published: May 2016

A hierarchical double-layer structure of gold ribbons and silver nanowires is fabricated for a flexible electronic conductor that can sensitively detect various deformation modes.
Stapled helical o-OPE foldamers as new circularly polarized luminescence emitters based on carbophilic interactions with Ag(i)-sensitivity
Authors: Morcillo Sara P. , Miguel Delia , Álvarez de Cienfuegos Luis , Justicia José , Abbate Sergio , Castiglioni Ettore , Bour Christophe , Ribagorda María , Cárdenas Diego J. , Paredes José Manuel , Crovetto Luis , Choquesillo-Lazarte Duane , Mota Antonio J. , Carreño M. Carmen , Longhi Giovanna , Cuerva Juan M.
Published: May 2016

Chiral stapled o-OPEs show excellent circular polarized luminescence responses (glum of 1.1 × 10−2) which can be modulated by carbophilic interactions.
An ultrathin graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet: a novel inhibitor of metal-induced amyloid aggregation associated with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Li Meng , Guan Yijia , Ding Chao , Chen Zhaowei , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: May 2016

A g-C3N4 nanosheet can act as a nanochelator to inhibit Cu2+ induced Aβ aggregation and disassemble the preformed Aβ–Cu2+ aggregates.
Pro-inflammatory effects of palytoxin: an in vitro study on human keratinocytes and inflammatory cells
Authors: Pelin Marco , Florio Chiara , Ponti Cristina , Lucafò Marianna , Gibellini Davide , Tubaro Aurelia , Sosa Silvio
Published: May 2016

Keratinocytes are actively involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells in response to cutaneous contact with palytoxin.
Catalytic and substrate promiscuity: distinct multiple chemistries catalysed by the phosphatase domain of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase
Authors: Srinivasan Bharath , Marks Hanna , Mitra Sreyoshi , Smalley David M. , Skolnick Jeffrey
Published: May 2016

The presence of latent activities in enzymes is posited to underlie the natural evolution of new catalytic functions. However, the prevalence and extent of such substrate and catalytic ambiguity in evolved enzymes is difficult to address experimentally given the order-of-magnitude difference in the activities for native and, sometimes, promiscuous substrate/s. Further, such latent functions are of special interest when the activities concerned do not fall into the domain of substrate promiscuity. In the present study, we show a special case of such latent enzyme activity by demonstrating the presence of two mechanistically distinct reactions catalysed by the catalytic domain of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase isoform δ (PTPRδ). The primary catalytic activity involves the hydrolysis of a phosphomonoester bond (C─O─P) with high catalytic efficiency, whereas the secondary activity is the hydrolysis of a glycosidic bond (C─O─C) with poorer catalytic efficiency. This enzyme also displays substrate promiscuity by hydrolysing diester bonds while being highly discriminative for its monoester substrates. To confirm these activities, we also demonstrated their presence on the catalytic domain of protein tyrosine phosphatase Ω (PTPRΩ), a homologue of PTPRδ. Studies on the rate, metal-ion dependence, pH dependence and inhibition of the respective activities showed that they are markedly different. This is the first study that demonstrates a novel sugar hydrolase and diesterase activity for the phosphatase domain (PD) of PTPRδ and PTPRΩ. This work has significant implications for both understanding the evolution of enzymatic activity and the possible physiological role of this new chemistry. Our findings suggest that the genome might harbour a wealth of such alternative latent enzyme activities in the same protein domain that renders our knowledge of metabolic networks incomplete.
Fingerprint frequency normalisation and enhancement using two‐dimensional short‐time Fourier transform analysis
Authors: Ghafoor Mubeen , Taj Imtiaz Ahmad , Jafri Mohammad Noman
Published: May 2016

A fingerprint image with non‐uniform ridge frequencies can be considered as a two‐dimensional dynamic signal. A non‐uniform stress on the sensing area applied during fingerprint acquisition may result in a non‐linear distortion that disturbs the local frequency of ridges adversely affecting the matching performance. This study presents a new approach based on Short time Fourier transform analysis and local adaptive contextual filtering for frequency distortion removal and enhancement. In the proposed approach, the fingerprint image is divided into sub‐images to determine local dominant frequency and orientation. Gaussian Directional band pass filtering is then adaptively applied in frequency domain. These filtered sub‐images are then combined in spatial domain using a novel technique to obtain the enhanced fingerprint image of high ridge quality and uniform inter‐ridge distance. Simulation results show the efficacy of the proposed enhancement technique as compared to other well‐known contextual filtering based enhancement techniques reported in the literature.
Mid‐sagittal plane detection in brain magnetic resonance image based on multifractal techniques
Authors: Ramasamy Uthayakumar , Arulprakash Gowrisankar
Published: May 2016

Human brain is separated into two hemispheres by the mid‐sagittal plane (MSP) as bilateral symmetry. Extraction of this symmetry plane from magnetic resonance images is one of the precise processes for diagnosis. The foremost challenge of this work is to analyse the degree of asymmetry between hemispheres. Most of the existing work has analysed primarily on the image intensity to estimate the asymmetry between hemispheres. The present study explores the possibility of the generalised fractal dimensions to measure the asymmetry between hemispheres, in addition multifractal spectra applies to refine the optimal region of interest which characterises the complexity and homogeneity of an object. In order to validate the efficiency of the proposed technique, experimental results are compared with three state‐of‐the‐art methods by the performance evaluation metrics such as yaw angle error and roll angle error. Besides, angular deviation and average deviation of distance between ground truth line and extracted MSP by the developed method is compared.
Mechanism of electrochemical lithiation of a metal-organic framework without redox-active nodes
Authors: Tang Bohejin , Huang Shuping , Fang Yuan , Hu Jinbo , Malonzo Camille , Truhlar Donald G. , Stein Andreas
Published: May 2016

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have many potential uses for separations, storage, and catalysis, but their use as intercalation hosts for batteries has been scarce. In this article, we examine the mechanism of Li insertion in a MOF to provide guidance to future design efforts in this area. As a model system, we choose UiO-66, a MOF with the formula (Zr6O4(OH)4)4(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)6, as an electrode material for lithium-ion batteries; this MOF is of special interest because the zirconium is not redox active. We report both quantum mechanical characterization of the mechanism and experimental studies in which the material is synthesized as nanoparticles to reduce diffusion lengths for lithium ions and increase the contact area with a conductive carbon phase. The calculated changes in the IR spectra of UiO-66 and lithiated UiO-66 are consistent with the experimental FTIR results. We found experimentally that this MOF can maintain a specific discharge capacity of at least 118 mAh/g for 30 lithiation and delithiation cycles at a rate of C/5, exhibiting good cyclability. Density functional electronic structure calculations show that the charge transfer during lithiation is mainly from Li to node oxygens and carboxylate oxygens, that is, it involves anions rather than cations or aromatic rings, and they provide a mechanistic understanding of the potential for increased Li capacity because the theoretical capacity of UiO-66 with Li at the oxygens in the metal oxide nodes and the carboxylate linkers is more than 400 mAh/g. The lithiation process greatly decreases the bandgap of UiO-66, which is expected to increase its electronic conductivity. The electrode material was also characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, which were consistent in confirming that smaller particle sizes were obtained in lower-temperature syntheses.
Mean-field density functional theory of a nanoconfined classical, three-dimensional Heisenberg fluid. I. The role of molecular anchoring
Authors: Cattes Stefanie M. , Gubbins Keith E. , Schoen Martin
Published: May 2016

In this work, we employ classical density functional theory (DFT) to investigate for the first time equilibrium properties of a Heisenberg fluid confined to nanoscopic slit pores of variable width. Within DFT pair correlations are treated at modified mean-field level. We consider three types of walls: hard ones, where the fluid-wall potential becomes infinite upon molecular contact but vanishes otherwise, and hard walls with superimposed short-range attraction with and without explicit orientation dependence. To model the distance dependence of the attractions, we employ a Yukawa potential. The orientation dependence is realized through anchoring of molecules at the substrates, i.e., an energetic discrimination of specific molecular orientations. If the walls are hard or attractive without specific anchoring, the results are “quasi-bulk”-like in that they can be linked to a confinement-induced reduction of the bulk mean field. In these cases, the precise nature of the walls is completely irrelevant at coexistence. Only for specific anchoring nontrivial features arise, because then the fluid-wall interaction potential affects the orientation distribution function in a nontrivial way and thus appears explicitly in the Euler-Lagrange equations to be solved for minima of the grand potential of coexisting phases.
Integrated modeling of cryogenic layered highfoot experiments at the NIF
Authors: Kritcher A. L. , Hinkel D. E. , Callahan D. A. , Hurricane O. A. , Clark D. , Casey D. T. , Dewald E. L. , Dittrich T. R. , Döppner T. , Barrios Garcia M. A. , Haan S. , Berzak Hopkins L. F. , Jones O. , Landen O. , Ma T. , Meezan N. , Milovich J. L. , Pak A. E. , Park H.-S. , Patel P. K. , Ralph J. , Robey H. F. , Salmonson J. D. , Sepke S. , Spears B. , Springer P. T. , Thomas C. A. , Town R. , Celliers P. M. , Edwards M. J.
Published: May 2016

Integrated radiation hydrodynamic modeling in two dimensions, including the hohlraum and capsule, of layered cryogenic HighFoot Deuterium-Tritium (DT) implosions on the NIF successfully predicts important data trends. The model consists of a semi-empirical fit to low mode asymmetries and radiation drive multipliers to match shock trajectories, one dimensional inflight radiography, and time of peak neutron production. Application of the model across the HighFoot shot series, over a range of powers, laser energies, laser wavelengths, and target thicknesses predicts the neutron yield to within a factor of two for most shots. The Deuterium-Deuterium ion temperatures and the DT down scattered ratios, ratio of (10–12)/(13–15) MeV neutrons, roughly agree with data at peak fuel velocities <340 km/s and deviate at higher peak velocities, potentially due to flows and neutron scattering differences stemming from 3D or capsule support tent effects. These calculations show a significant amount alpha heating, 1–2.5× for shots where the experimental yield is within a factor of two, which has been achieved by increasing the fuel kinetic energy. This level of alpha heating is consistent with a dynamic hot spot model that is matched to experimental data and as determined from scaling of the yield with peak fuel velocity. These calculations also show that low mode asymmetries become more important as the fuel velocity is increased, and that improving these low mode asymmetries can result in an increase in the yield by a factor of several.
Charge exchange recombination spectroscopy on the T-10 tokamak
Authors: Klyuchnikov L. A. , Krupin V. A. , Nurgaliev M. R. , Korobov K. V. , Nemets A. R. , Dnestrovskij A. Yu. , Tugarinov S. N. , Serov S. V. , Naumenko N. N.
Published: May 2016

The charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS) diagnostics on the T-10 tokamak is described. The system is based on a diagnostic neutral beam and includes three high etendue spectrometers designed for the ITER edge CXRS system. A combined two-channel spectrometer is developed for simultaneous measurements of two beam-induced spectral lines using the same lines of sight. A basic element of the combined spectrometer is a transmitting holographic grating designed for the narrow spectral region 5291 ± 100 Å. The whole CXRS system provides simultaneous measurements of two CXRS impurity spectra and Hα beam line. Ion temperature measurements are routinely provided using the C6+ CXRS spectral line 5291 Å. Simultaneous measurements of carbon densities and one more impurity (oxygen, helium, lithium etc.) are carried out. Two light collecting systems with 9 lines of sight in each system are used in the diagnostics. Spatial resolution is up to 2.5 cm and temporal resolution of 1 ms is defined by the diagnostic neutral beam diameter and pulse duration, respectively. Experimental results are shown to demonstrate a wide range of the CXRS diagnostic capabilities on T-10 for investigation of impurity transport processes in tokamak plasma. Developed diagnostics provides necessary experimental data for studying of plasma electric fields, heat and particle transport processes, and for investigation of geodesic acoustic modes.
Dynamic modeling of the behavior of permalloy for magnetic shielding
Authors: Sun Z. , Reisner M. , Fierlinger P. , Schnabel A. , Stuiber S. , Li L.
Published: May 2016

The minimization of the remanent magnetization of ferromagnetic materials is a prerequisite for a reproducible low magnetic field inside shields. To realistically describe this so-called magnetic equilibration procedure, this paper proposes two approaches for the calculation of time- and space-dependent fields in the presence of ferromagnetic materials like permalloy. The first method is based on the Jiles-Atherton model and also takes into account frequency dependent effects. The second method is the newly developed empirical phase shift model, tailored specially for the simulation of the equilibration procedure. Both approaches are compared to experimental tests and show good quantitative agreement.
Effects of cesium ion-implantation on mechanical and electrical properties of organosilicate low-k films
Authors: Li W. , Pei D. , Guo X. , Cheng M. K. , Lee S. , Lin Q. , King S. W. , Shohet J. L.
Published: May 2016

The effects of cesium (Cs) ion-implantation on uncured plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposited organosilicate low dielectric constant (low-k) (SiCOH) films have been investigated and compared with an ultraviolet (UV) cured film. The mechanical properties, including the elastic modulus and hardness, of the SiCOH low-k films are improved by up to 30% with Cs implantation, and further up to 52% after annealing at 400 °C in a N2 ambient for 1 h. These improvements are either comparable to or better than the effects of UV-curing. They are attributed to an enhancement of the Si-O-Si network structure. The k-value of the SiCOH films increased slightly after Cs implantation, and increased further after annealing. These increases are attributed to two carbon-loss mechanisms, i.e., the carbon loss due to Si-CH3 bond breakage from implanted Cs ions, and the carbon loss due to oxidation during the annealing. The time-zero dielectric breakdown strength was improved after the Cs implantation and the annealing, and was better than the UV-cured sample. These results indicate that Cs ion implantation could be a supplement to or a substitution for the currently used UV curing method for processing SiCOH low-k films.
Moderation of near-field pressure over a supersonic flight model using laser-pulse energy deposition
Authors: Furukawa D. , Aoki Y. , Iwakawa A. , Sasoh A.
Published: May 2016

The impact of a thermal bubble produced by energy deposition on the near-field pressure over a Mach 1.7 free-flight model was experimentally investigated using an aeroballistic range. A laser pulse from a transversely excited atmospheric (TEA) CO2 laser was sent into a test chamber with 68 kPa ambient pressure, focused 10 mm below the flight path of a conically nosed cylinder with a diameter of 10 mm. The pressure history, which was measured 150 mm below the flight path along the acoustic ray past the bubble, exhibited precursory pressure rise and round-off peak pressure, thereby demonstrating the proof-of-concept of sonic boom alleviation using energy deposition.
Optimized thermal amplification in a radiative transistor
Authors: Prod'homme Hugo , Ordonez-Miranda Jose , Ezzahri Younes , Drevillon Jeremie , Joulain Karl
Published: May 2016

The thermal performance of a far-field radiative transistor made up of a VO2 base in between a blackbody collector and a blackbody emitter is theoretically studied and optimized. This is done by using the grey approximation on the emissivity of VO2 and deriving analytical expressions for the involved heat fluxes and transistor amplification factor. It is shown that this amplification factor can be maximized by tuning the base temperature close to its critical one, which is determined by the temperature derivative of the VO2 emissivity and the equilibrium temperatures of the collector and emitter. This maximization is the result of the presence of two bi-stable temperatures appearing during the heating and cooling processes of the VO2 base and enables a thermal switching (temperature jump) characterized by a sizeable variation of the collector-to-base and base-to-emitter heat fluxes associated with a slight change of the applied power to the base. This switching effect leads to the optimization of the amplification factor and therefore it could be used for thermal modulation purposes.
Communication: Near-locality of exchange and correlation density functionals for 1- and 2-electron systems
Authors: Sun Jianwei , Perdew John P. , Yang Zenghui , Peng Haowei
Published: May 2016

The uniform electron gas and the hydrogen atom play fundamental roles in condensed matter physics and quantum chemistry. The former has an infinite number of electrons uniformly distributed over the neutralizing positively charged background, and the latter only one electron bound to the proton. The uniform electron gas was used to derive the local spin density approximation to the exchange-correlation functional that undergirds the development of the Kohn-Sham density functional theory. We show here that the ground-state exchange-correlation energies of the hydrogen atom and many other 1- and 2-electron systems are modeled surprisingly well by a different local spin density approximation (LSDA0). LSDA0 is constructed to satisfy exact constraints but agrees surprisingly well with the exact results for a uniform two-electron density in a finite, curved three-dimensional space. We also apply LSDA0 to excited or noded 1-electron densities, where it works less well. Furthermore, we show that the localization of the exact exchange hole for a 1- or 2-electron ground state can be measured by the ratio of the exact exchange energy to its optimal lower bound.
Role of updraft velocity in temporal variability of global cloud hydrometeor number
Authors: Sullivan Sylvia C. , Lee Dongmin , Oreopoulos Lazaros , Nenes Athanasios
Published: May 2016

Understanding how dynamical and aerosol inputs affect the temporal variability of hydrometeor formation in climate models will help to explain sources of model diversity in cloud forcing, to provide robust comparisons with data, and, ultimately, to reduce the uncertainty in estimates of the aerosol indirect effect. This variability attribution can be done at various spatial and temporal resolutions with metrics derived from online adjoint sensitivities of droplet and crystal number to relevant inputs. Such metrics are defined and calculated from simulations using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Model, Version 5 (GEOS-5) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model Version 5.1 (CAM5.1). Input updraft velocity fluctuations can explain as much as 48% of temporal variability in output ice crystal number and 61% in droplet number in GEOS-5 and up to 89% of temporal variability in output ice crystal number in CAM5.1. In both models, this vertical velocity attribution depends strongly on altitude. Despite its importance for hydrometeor formation, simulated vertical velocity distributions are rarely evaluated against observations due to the sparsity of relevant data. Coordinated effort by the atmospheric community to develop more consistent, observationally based updraft treatments will help to close this knowledge gap.
Empirical redefinition of comprehensive health and well-being in the older adults of the United States
Authors: McClintock Martha K. , Dale William , Laumann Edward O. , Waite Linda
Published: May 2016

Significance

Health has long been conceived as not just the absence of disease but also the presence of physical, psychological, and social well-being. Nonetheless, the traditional medical model focuses on specific organ system diseases. This representative study of US older adults living in their homes amassed not only comprehensive medical information but also psychological and social data and measured sensory function and mobility, all key factors for independent living and a gratifying life. This comprehensive model revealed six unique health classes, predicting mortality/incapacity. The healthiest people were obese and robust; two new classes, with twice the mortality/incapacity, were people with healed broken bones or poor mental health. This approach provides an empirical method for broadly reconceptualizing health, which may inform health policy.
Natural mutations in a
Staphylococcus aureus
virulence regulator attenuate cytotoxicity but permit bacteremia and abscess formation
Authors: Das Sudip , Lindemann Claudia , Young Bernadette C. , Muller Julius , Österreich Babett , Ternette Nicola , Winkler Ann-Cathrin , Paprotka Kerstin , Reinhardt Richard , Förstner Konrad U. , Allen Elizabeth , Flaxman Amy , Yamaguchi Yuko , Rollier Christine S. , van Diemen Pauline , Blättner Sebastian , Remmele Christian W. , Selle Martina , Dittrich Marcus , Müller Tobias , Vogel Jörg , Ohlsen Knut , Crook Derrick W. , Massey Ruth , Wilson Daniel J. , Rudel Thomas , Wyllie David H. , Fraunholz Martin J.
Published: May 2016

Significance

Staphylococcus aureus
is a major cause of life-threatening bacterial infection. A significant risk factor for infection is nasal carriage. Previously, we reported spontaneous mutations during carriage associated with infection, including loss-of-function of the gene
repressor of surface proteins
(
rsp
). Here we use genomic screens, experimental assays, and molecular examination of
rsp
mutants from patients to understand how
rsp
is involved in infection; we find it has far-reaching effects on gene regulation. Paradoxically,
rsp
mutants exhibited attenuated toxicity and reduced disease severity early in experimental infection, without sacrificing the ability to cause abscesses and bloodstream infection. This work reveals a complex relationship between correlates of disease in the laboratory and in patients, demonstrating that life-threatening disease can be associated with reduced severity early in infection.
Range expansions transition from pulled to pushed waves as growth becomes more cooperative in an experimental microbial population
Authors: Gandhi Saurabh R. , Yurtsev Eugene Anatoly , Korolev Kirill S. , Gore Jeff
Published: May 2016

Significance

Species undergo range shifts in response to changing climate or following an introduction to a new environment. Invasions often incur significant economic cost and threaten biodiversity. Ecological theory predicts two distinct types of expansion waves, pulled and pushed, depending on the degree of cooperativity in the population. Although pulled and pushed invasions differ dramatically in how population-level properties such as the expansion rate depend on the organism-level properties such as rates of growth and dispersal, these theoretical predictions have not been tested empirically. Here, we use a microbial model system to perform these tests and demonstrate that pulled and pushed waves can be distinguished based on their dynamics.
Structure of faustovirus, a large dsDNA virus
Authors: Klose Thomas , Reteno Dorine G. , Benamar Samia , Hollerbach Adam , Colson Philippe , La Scola Bernard , Rossmann Michael G.
Published: May 2016

Significance

Since the discovery of Mimivirus in 2003, many new giant viruses have been isolated and characterized, now that the definition of viruses excludes their ability to pass through the finest available filters. At least one of these viruses can cause serious infections. Here we describe the structure of faustovirus, the prototypic member of a new family of large double-stranded DNA viruses that are homologs of the
Asfarviridae
. Contrary to other large viruses, faustovirus has a double-protein shell surrounding the genomic material, something never described before for a DNA virus. In addition, the gene that encodes the major capsid protein shows an unusual organization, stretching over 17,000 bp in the genome while encoding for only 652 amino acids.
The need to respect nature and its limits challenges society and conservation science
Authors: Martin Jean-Louis , Maris Virginie , Simberloff Daniel S.
Published: May 2016

Significance

The recent Paris accord on global climate change is a key step in acknowledging biophysical limits to human actions, but the challenge of respecting the biosphere’s ecological limits remains underrated. We analyze how respecting these limits squarely conflicts with an economy centered on growth and technology to mitigate environmental stress. The need to mitigate human impacts on species and natural systems has made conservation science a major multidisciplinary discipline. Society and conservation science have tried unsuccessfully to resolve this need within the growth paradigm. We show that its resolution increasingly demands profound shifts in societal values. Our aim is to identify the nature of these necessary shifts and to explore how they define future paths for conservation science.
Variants within the SP110 nuclear body protein modify risk of canine degenerative myelopathy
Authors: Ivansson Emma L. , Megquier Kate , Kozyrev Sergey V. , Murén Eva , Körberg Izabella Baranowska , Swofford Ross , Koltookian Michele , Tonomura Noriko , Zeng Rong , Kolicheski Ana L. , Hansen Liz , Katz Martin L. , Johnson Gayle C. , Johnson Gary S. , Coates Joan R. , Lindblad-Toh Kerstin
Published: May 2016

Significance

Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a canine disease very similar to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans. We previously showed that DM is a promising model for ALS, because genome-wide association identified a mutation in superoxide dismutase 1 gene (
SOD1
), a known ALS gene. This mutation found in many dog breeds increases the risk of DM, and the pathological findings and clinical progression of the two diseases are similar. In this study, we identify a modifier gene, SP110 nuclear body protein (
SP110
)
,
which strongly affects overall disease risk and age of onset in Pembroke Welsh Corgis at risk for DM. Dissecting the complex genetics of this disease in a model organism may lead to new insights about risk and progression in both canine and human patients.
Mammalian African trypanosome VSG coat enhances tsetse’s vector competence
Authors: Aksoy Emre , Vigneron Aurélien , Bing XiaoLi , Zhao Xin , O’Neill Michelle , Wu Yi-neng , Bangs James D. , Weiss Brian L. , Aksoy Serap
Published: May 2016

Significance

Insects are responsible for transmitting protozoan parasites that cause fatal diseases in humans. While the underlying mechanisms by which parasites evade mammalian immune responses have been extensively studied, less is known about how parasites promote their survival in the insect vectors. An in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie vector–parasite associations can lead to the generation of novel transmission-blocking tools. Here, we show an adaptive coevolutionary process that enables the African trypanosomes to overcome the tsetse peritrophic matrix, a major barrier to infection outcome in the gut. Disrupting this manipulative process could prevent establishment of infections in the vector and reduce transmission.
Genetic analysis of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
intestinal colonization
Authors: Hubbard Troy P. , Chao Michael C. , Abel Sören , Blondel Carlos J. , Abel zur Wiesch Pia , Zhou Xiaohui , Davis Brigid M. , Waldor Matthew K.
Published: May 2016

Significance

We conducted a genome-wide screen to identify bacterial factors required for
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
, an important cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis, to survive in vitro and colonize the mammalian intestine. Our analysis revealed uncharacterized components of a horizontally acquired type III secretion system linked to virulence (T3SS2) and hundreds of genes that likely contribute to colonization independent of T3SS2. Our work revealed that
toxR
, a conserved gene in vibrios that governs expression of horizontally acquired virulence factors in
Vibrio cholerae
, was critical for expression of T3SS2. Thus, expression of disparate virulence-linked elements, acquired via lateral gene transfer in independently evolved pathogenic vibrios, is controlled by a common ancestral transcription factor.
Instability of Helios-deficient Tregs is associated with conversion to a T-effector phenotype and enhanced antitumor immunity
Authors: Nakagawa Hidetoshi , Sido Jessica M. , Reyes Edwin E. , Kiers Valerie , Cantor Harvey , Kim Hye-Jung
Published: May 2016

Significance

Depletion or inhibition of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been associated with increased effector T-cell activation that may enhance antitumor responses. A potentially more effective strategy depends on induction of lineage instability that allows conversion of intratumoral but not systemic Tregs into effector T cells (Teffs). We show that targeted deletion of the Helios transcription factor within CD4 Tregs promotes instability and effector cell conversion of Tregs in tumors and increased antitumor immunity. Ab-dependent ligation of Treg surface receptors that diminishes Helios expression can also induce intratumoral Treg conversion. These findings indicate that targeting of signaling pathways that reduce Helios expression by intratumoral Tregs may represent a potentially robust approach to cancer immunotherapy.
Leukotriene E4elicits respiratory epithelial cell mucin release through the G-protein–coupled receptor, GPR99
Authors: Bankova Lora G. , Lai Juying , Yoshimoto Eri , Boyce Joshua A. , Austen K. Frank , Kanaoka Yoshihide , Barrett Nora A.
Published: May 2016

Significance

Leukotriene E4(LTE4), a lipid mediator detected in asthma exacerbations triggered by allergen, viruses, and aspirin, elicits airflow obstruction and lung inflammation in asthmatics. GPR99 is the recently identified high-affinity receptor for LTE4and is resistant to blockade by commercially available cysteinyl leukotriene (cysLT) receptor antagonists. Here we find that GPR99 is expressed in respiratory epithelial cells and mediates mucin release and submucosal swelling in response to LTE4or to cysLTs elicited byAlternaria, a common airborne fungus. Furthermore, among cysLT receptors, only GPR99 regulates baseline numbers of mucin-containing goblet cells. These studies demonstrate a unique role for GPR99 in epithelial cell homeostasis and activation and indicate that epithelial cells may be a dominant site of LTE4action in the lung.
Ayn Rand’s Anthem: Self-Naming, Individualism, and Anonymity
Authors: Knapp Shoshana Milgram
Published: May 2016

Ayn Rand’s dystopian novella Anthem is set in an unspecified future, physically and spiritually desolate, with enforced uniformity and a language bereft of all singular pronouns. Anthem, moreover, is profoundly deficient regarding onomastics in general. The society assigns personal names at birth using a fixed pattern: an abstract word, a single-digit number, a hyphen, and four additional digits. This system befits a society in which one can be condemned for committing the “Sin of Preference,” concerning professions, privacy, or partners. In a world from which most names (for cities, buildings, streets, institutions etc.) have disappeared, the system of assigned anthroponyms is not the source of a problem or the epitome of a problem, but rather, the final downward step of an increasingly nameless culture. The two main characters, in successive episodes of purposeful self-naming, subvert the discourse of the decline and thus reclaim individualism and volition.
Epic World-Building: Names and Cultures in Dune
Authors: Kennedy Kara
Published: May 2016

Names play a significant role in the development of the characters and cultures of the imaginary worlds envisioned by science fiction and fantasy authors. Rather than creating new languages, as J. R. R. Tolkien does in The Lord of the Rings, Frank Herbert accomplishes his world-building in Dune by choosing existing names that evoke a recognizable medieval, feudal setting and depict a desert planet inhabited by a quasi-Arabic and Islamic tribal people. Although names serve to juxtapose the Fremen as an exotic Other with the Western Atreides family, they also gesture towards a possible re-envisioning of this polarized relationship.
An Evaluation of Attractants to Increase Catch Rates and Deplete Age-0 Common Carp in Shallow South Dakota Lakes
Authors: Carl Dray D. , Weber Michael J. , Brown Michael L.
Published: May 2016

Common Carp Cyprinus carpio is a highly invasive species that can alter shallow aquatic ecosystems from clear to turbid water. Although mechanical removals are commonly used to control abundance of adult Common Carp, harvest models suggest that removing age-0 Common Carp also reduces recruitment. Attractants often improve fisheries sampling and commercial harvest and may provide a tool to increase catch rates of age-0 Common Carp. However, techniques and attractants that target age-0 Common Carp have not been evaluated. Our objective was to compare catch rates and size distribution of age-0 Common Carp captured in cloverleaf traps with and without bait (fish meal or bloodworms) or light attractants. To assess whether trapping decreased the abundance of age-0 Common Carp, we also evaluated (1) the total number and proportion of age-0 Common Carp removed from the populations and (2) whether catch rates declined temporally as a result. Traps were fished in emergent vegetation for 5–6 nights in two shallow lakes in South Dakota during August 2010. Catch rates of age-0 Common Carp did not differ among attractants and the control. However, catch rates declined through time, and 3,102 age-0 Common Carp were removed from the two lakes. Depletion population estimates indicated at least 83% of age-0 Common Carp from Brant Lake and 21% (lower limits, 95% confidence intervals) of age-0 Common Carp from Whitewood Lake were removed, suggesting trapping may be successful at depleting abundance. Lighted traps caught larger age-0 Common Carp than did control traps or traps baited with bloodworms or fish meal. These results suggest that the attractants evaluated here do not increase catch rates of age-0 Common Carp. Nonetheless, cloverleaf traps may reduce abundance of age-0 Common Carp and have value in integrated management plans for this species.

Received August 6, 2015; accepted January 6, 2016 Published online May 16, 2016
Indicators to Evaluate the Social Dimensions of the Recreational Fishery in the Great Lakes
Authors: Heck Nadine , Stedman Richard C. , Gaden Marc
Published: May 2016

Natural resource management agencies increasingly engage in monitoring and evaluation activities to become more explicit and transparent about their activities and to demonstrate management achievements. As fishery management focuses on fish resources and the people using these resources, evaluating management performance requires assessing both environmental and human-centered outcomes of a fishery. Our paper addresses the current lack of indicators to evaluate the social dimensions of the recreational fishery in the Great Lakes. We identified management outcomes and evaluation indicators for the social dimensions of the fishery through semistructured interviews with fishery managers. Our study finds that fishery managers identified desired management outcomes and indicators at three distinct levels: individual anglers, local communities, and Great Lakes states and provinces. Managers’ input on outcomes and indicators was key to clarifying generic management goals such as “happy anglers.” Desired outcomes also revealed that managers’ understanding of management effectiveness goes beyond current management goals. Regular adaptation of management goals for the fishery might be critical to make sure that goals reflect what managers would like to achieve. We also suggest extending evaluation efforts beyond the assessment of management goals. Including ecological, social, and economic trends in the basin that influence the performance of the fishery could help managers understand and predict the effect of contextual changes in the basin on the fishery over time.

Received September 3, 2015; accepted January 6, 2016 Published online May 16, 2016
Length Selectivity and Size-Bias Correction for the North American Standard Gill Net
Authors: Shoup Daniel E. , Ryswyk Ryan G.
Published: May 2016

Gill nets are inherently size selective, but selectivity curves can correct this bias. We sampled eight reservoirs with the North American standard gill net to develop a large length-specific data set for six species: Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus, hybrid Striped Bass (White Bass Morone chrysops × Striped Bass M. saxatilis), saugeye (Sauger Sander canadensis × Walleye S. vitreus), Walleye, White Bass, and White Crappie Pomoxis annularis. We then used the SELECT (share each lengthclass's catch total) method to find the best-fit selectivity model to adjust the gill-net catch for contact selectivity. To determine the magnitude of these selectivity corrections, we compared adjusted and unadjusted length frequencies and size indices for each species at each reservoir. The bimodal model was the best fit selectivity model for all species. When selectivity-adjusted length-frequency data were compared with the original data, one-third of hybrid Striped Bass length frequencies and two-thirds of White Bass length frequencies were significantly different (unadjusted distributions underestimated smaller length classes). Roughly one-third of the proportional size distributions (PSDs) from all species analyzed showed meaningful changes (≥5 PSD units) after selectivity adjustments were made (unadjusted PSDs were too large). By correcting for contact selectivity the data are improved, and at times the adjustments can be large enough to alter management decisions. Therefore, we recommend that selectivity adjustments should become a part of routine data analysis for the design of the North American standardized gill net as this will improve data for fisheries management.

Received September 1, 2015; accepted December 21, 2015 Published online May 16, 2016
Variability in Age Estimation Results in Ambiguity and False Understanding of Population Persistence
Authors: Hamel M. J. , Spurgeon J. J. , Chizinski C. J. , Steffensen K. D. , Pegg M. A.
Published: May 2016

Mortality, growth, and recruitment are the primary dynamic rate functions that regulate fish populations. Age data obtained from calcified structures can provide direct and indirect information needed for calculations of these metrics; therefore, knowledge of the fish population age structure is often coveted information. Unfortunately, potential sources of error exist in the form of subjectivity in interpretation of growth increments, inconsistent deposition of growth increments, and lack of validation in age-estimation processes. However, many sources of error are either not known or simply ignored, particularly for long-lived fishes. Therefore, we included a level of uncertainty in our age estimates of a periodic life history strategist, the Shovelnose Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, by incorporating variability in reader assignment of age. We used a bootstrapping procedure to generate a matrix of new age distributions and demonstrated how calculations of mortality varied as a result of reader assignment variability. Varying mortality rates of adult Shovelnose Sturgeon in a three-stage, female-only population projection model resulted in a wide range of potential responses. Hypothetical population projections after simulating for 30 years ranged from 2,249 to 10,673 individuals, despite mortality estimates varying by only 15% (28–43%). Age-determination errors are an impediment to understanding fish population dynamics using conventional age-based assessments; therefore, consequences of aging error should be considered when attempting to model population dynamic processes and long-term viability.

Received August 8, 2015; accepted February 12, 2016 Published online May 16, 2016
Asymmetric microstructure and fracture behaviour of friction stir welded joints of 2024 aluminium alloy under cyclical load
Authors: Li X. , Li J. L. , Liao Z. X. , Jin F. , Zhang F. S. , Xiong J. T.
Published: May 2016

In this study, the effect of asymmetric microstructure on fracture behaviour of friction stir welded joints of 2024-O aluminium alloy under cyclical load was investigated via optical microscopes, electron backscattering diffraction, microhardness and infrared thermography, and digital imaging correlation (DIC). The results demonstrate that the thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) at retreating side possesses a relatively higher fraction of low-angle grain boundaries and coincidence site lattice boundaries in comparison to that at the advancing side (AS), which results in the strain localisation and fracture path along the region between nugget zone and TMAZ at the AS under cyclical load. The profile of microhardness presents the asymmetric characteristic as well. The temperature evolution of the joint obtained by infrared camera is in good agreement with strain distribution measured by DIC. The thermography proves to be generally sufficient to predict the fracture path before failure under cyclical load.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Intrinsic Diophantine approximation on manifolds: General theory
Authors: Fishman Lior , Kleinbock Dmitry , Merrill Keith , Simmons David
Published: May 2016

We investigate the question of how well points on a nondegenerate

k
k

-dimensional submanifold

M
⊆

R

d

M \subseteq \mathbb R^d

can be approximated by rationals also lying on

M
M

, establishing an upper bound on the “intrinsic Dirichlet exponent” for

M
M

. We show that relative to this exponent, the set of badly intrinsically approximable points is of full dimension and the set of very well intrinsically approximable points is of zero measure. Our bound on the intrinsic Dirichlet exponent is phrased in terms of an explicit function of

k
k

and

d
d

which does not seem to have appeared in the literature previously. It is shown to be optimal for several particular cases. The requirement that the rationals lie on

M
M

distinguishes this question from the more common context of (ambient) Diophantine approximation on manifolds, and necessitates the development of new techniques. Our main tool is an analogue of the simplex lemma for rationals lying on

M
M

which provides new insights on the local distribution of rational points on nondegenerate manifolds.
Meta-stable low-level accretion rate states or neutron star crust cooling in the Be/X-ray transients V0332+53 and 4U 0115+63
Authors: Wijnands R. , Degenaar N.
Published: May 2016

The Be/X-ray transients V0332+53 and 4U 0115+63 exhibited giant, type-II outbursts in 2015. Here we present Swift/XRT follow-up observations at the end of those outbursts. Surprisingly, the sources did not decay back to their known quiescent levels but stalled at a (slowly decaying) meta-stable state with luminosities a factor ∼10 above that observed in quiescence. The spectra in these states are considerably softer than the outburst spectra and appear to soften in time when the luminosity decreases. The physical mechanism behind these meta-stable states is unclear and they could be due to low-level accretion (either directly on to the neutron stars or on to their magnetospheres) or due to cooling of the accretion-heated neutron star crusts. Based on the spectra, the slowly decreasing luminosities, and the spectral softening, we favour the crust cooling hypothesis but we cannot exclude the accretion scenarios. On top of this meta-stable state, weak accretion events were observed that occurred at periastron passage and may thus be related to regular type-I outbursts.