bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overcoming Christianity
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter
Published: November 2023

my childhood was inundated with Christianity. It’s not that my family was especially religious. They weren’t. It was just that I grew up in Memphis. Like most southern U.S. cities in the 1960s, Memphis was overflowing with Christianity. There was more Christianity in Memphis than water in the Mississippi River. Just as the Mississippi was hard to escape when it flooded, so Christianity was unavoidable in Memphis, especially around Christmas, Easter, and Thanksgiving. Anyway, I didn’t try to avoid it. I went along, like any good child would.
Faith and Fanaticism
Authors: Adler Jonathan E
Published: November 2023

How do you explain the intellectual dimension of fanaticism, particularly as it leads to terrorism? The fanatics I focus on strive to justify their single-minded pursuit, as I illustrate initially from the guilty plea of Eric Rudolph, the convicted bomber. Fanatics put forth arguments with which they try to persuade others to share their commitments. An intellectual thread joins the traits we associate with fanaticism: self-righteousness, intolerance, excessive certainty, zealotry. So convinced are the fanatics that their cause is just that they are willing to pursue actions—including terrorism—that shatter the most fundamental of ethical boundaries.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Authors: O’Brien Thomas R , Welzel Tania Mara , Kaslow Richard A
Published: November 2023

HIV-1 appears to have originated in Central Africa sometime in the first half of the twentieth century (Korber et al., 2000). It was almost surely confined there unrecognized for years before it spread to North America, where its cardinal late complications (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma) appeared among homosexual men in 1981 (CDC, 1981). Once HIV-1 was characterized several years later, the extent of the HIV-1 epidemic was recognized.

HIV-1 is most commonly acquired through sexual intercourse but can also be transmitted parenterally (through needles used for transfusion or drug injection) and perinatally from mother to infant. The epidemic is most severe in sub-Saharan Africa, where about threefourths of worldwide acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) deaths have occurred thus far (Piot et al., 2001). Although HIV-1 reached Asia relatively recently, it has spread rapidly (via sexual transmission and injection drug use) in Southeast Asia and India. The infection is also increasing in China, both among injection drug users and in residents of certain rural areas where the virus was transmitted via contaminated blood collection equipment. In North America, Western Europe, and Australia, the HIV-1 epidemic arose initially among homosexual or bisexual men and then spread to injection drug users and some heterosexuals. HIV-1 infection is also a major problem in parts of the Caribbean and Latin America.
Brahms’s Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel, Op.
Authors: Schenker Heinrich
Published: November 2023

Brahms took the theme of the variations from a keyboard work in Handel’s Lessons for the Harpsichord, composed for the English princesses, in the original edition published by John Walsh (Kalbeck, p. 479).2
Hospice Palliative Care: A Model for Quality End-of-Life Care
Authors: Egan Kathleen A , Labyak Mary J
Published: November 2023

Hospice is a program of care provided across a variety of settings, based on the understanding that dying is part of the normal life cycle. As people experience this last phase of life, hospice provides comprehensive palliative medical and supportive services, compassion, and care with the goals of comfort and quality of life closure. A hospice supports the patient through the dying process and the family through the experience of caregiving, the patient’s illness, dying, and their own bereavement. Understanding that the last phase of life is as individual as each person who experiences it, a hospice advocates so that people may live the remainder of their lives with dignity and die in a manner that is meaningful to them.
Bereavement
Authors: Corless Inge B
Published: November 2023

On June 9, 2004,a faculty member died after a valiant battle to live. She had been afflicted with a type of cancer for which she received a bone marrow transplant. The transplant failed, and this gifted academician died leaving a bereft husband and five children, three of whom were triplets. On the same day, a young girl died. She was the daughter of a faculty member at the same academic program. The faculty member chose not to divulge the slow decline of her lovely 19-year-old daughter, thereby encapsulating the group to which she needed to reveal her sad news. The faculty was devastated to have encountered death in the first person among their ranks, wanting to offer support and condolences to the immediate family—which they did—and also confronting their own grief. Faculty members walked around their school in a daze grieving for their losses. They were the walking wounded.
Ear Models of the Final Common Pathway 2.Basal Ganglia-Thalamocortical Circuits
Authors: Williamson Peter
Published: November 2023

The basal ganglia-thalamocortical neuronal circuits play an important role in learning new behaviors and integrating emotion into behavior (Alexander et al., 1990; Wise et al., 1996). Because these functions are often affected in schizophrenia, there may be a role for these circuits in the pathophysiology of the disorder. The behavior of patients with damage to regions associated with these circuits offers further evidence. Pantelis et al. (1992) highlighted the similarities between subcortical dementia and schizophrenia. Subcortical dementia as defined by Cummings (1986) is associated with slowness of thinking, impaired motivation, attention, and arousal, and sometimes depressed mood and psychotic symptoms. The syndrome occurs following lesions in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and brain-stem structures. With the exception of the brain stem, these structures are part of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits.
Interpreting the Musical Past
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: November 2023

In an era of heightened patriotic fervor following France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, Parisians packed concert halls to hear performances of Handel’s oratorios and Bach’s organ works. At the same time, both royalists and republicans called for the re-evaluation of the once detested musique française of the ancien régime. Musicologist Katharine Ellis examines these unlikely aspects of cultural life in the new Republic as part of a broader study of the early music revival in nineteenth-century France. This revival gives us a vivid sense of how music’s cultural meanings were contested, distilled into dominant visions, and then often revised. Peppering the century are famous fakes, pastiches and other creative negotiations between past and present. Descriptions of these phenomena by contemporary witnesses reveal how dissent could run along social, religious and political lines, and why certain genres became idealized while others were disparaged. After providing an overview of trends and contexts throughout the century, Ellis examines specific repertoires that evoked unusually spirited advocacy and debate. She explores the attempts to revive French Baroque stage music in the 1870s; arguments on the appropriateness of Palestrina’s liturgical music; the reception of Bach and Handel, and their relation to French choral activity; and, finally, musical “Frenchness.” Four case-study chapters focus on key debates and repertories stretching from Adam de la Halle to Rameau, via Josquin, Janequin, Palestrina, Bach and Handel. Interpreting the Musical Past discusses what is at stake in the construction of a musical heritage, and how ideology informs musical value judgements. In its focus on the nature of musical experience and the meaning of music in society, the book explores amateur and professional music-making; working-class, aristocratic and bourgeois cultural life; national pride; religious politics; and ritual, both liturgical and secular. Based on extensive primary research in Paris and the French regions, Interpreting the Musical Past is at once a history of culture, of reception, and of historiography. Covering five centuries of music (from the mid-thirteenth to the mid-eighteenth centuries) and a century of French history, it explains long-term changes of cultural meaning while celebrating the richness of local detail. This study of musical revivalism offers a penetrating analysis of what lies at the heart of the construction, championing, and development of a musical cultural memory.
Hume’s Arguments on Cosmology and Design
Authors: Salmon Wesley C
Published: November 2023

Many different kinds of reasons have been given, in various times and places, for belief in the existence of God. Mystics have sometimes claimed direct experiential awareness of the deity. Other believers have maintained that faith, not reason, is the proper foundation for religious conviction. Pascal, a devout adherent of this latter group, also claimed that belief could be fostered by a pragmatic “wager.” During David Hume’s lifetime—as well as before and after—”natural religion” enjoyed considerable popularity. According to this approach, the existence of a Supreme Being could be established by rational arguments, either a priori or a posteriori. In Hume’s Dialogues (1970) [1779], the a priori arguments—such as Anselm’s ontological argument and Aquinas’s first-cause argument—are treated briefly, but they are given rather short shrift. They are defended by Demea, who is clearly the intellectual inferior of Philo and Cleanthes; they are dispatched quickly and without much ceremony. Indeed, Demea is not even able to stick out the discussion to the end.
Defining Intimate Partner Violence: Controversies and Implications:
Authors: Nicolaidis Christina , Paranjape Anuradha
Published: November 2023

There are many different conceptualizations— and thus definitions—of intimate partner violence (IPV). These various conceptualizations are at times contradictory and may generate controversy. Controversial aspects of the definition of IPV include: Who is considered to be an “intimate partner”; What types of actions constitute physical or sexual violence; Whether or not emotional abuse or threats of violence constitute IPV; The importance of power and control; and The necessity of understanding the patterns, antecedents, and consequences of violent acts. Differences in the conceptualization of IPV may result from differences in which populations are sampled, how data are collected, and what aspects of violence are measured. All these factors play into important ongoing debates such as the existence of gender-symmetry in IPV.
Prevalence of Nonfatal and Fatal Intimate Partner Violence in the United States
Authors: Saltzman Linda E , Houry Debra
Published: November 2023

Many data sources exist on intimate partner violence (IPV)-specific events and prevalence both within health and justice data resources. Intimate partner violence rates vary greatly by data source. Intimate partner violence rates vary by incidence, 1-year prevalence, and lifetime prevalence. Many reported IPV rates are not inclusive and do not take into account all forms of IPV (physical, emotional, or sexual). Intimate partner violence is a term coined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); domestic violence is a criminal justice term; “adult maltreatment” is the nomenclature used in the International Classification of Diseases for IPV, further complicating surveillance efforts.
Explanatory Frameworks of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Mitchell Connie , Vanya Magdalena
Published: November 2023

Key Concepts Although the family is often imagined as a “haven in a heartless world,” women and children are more likely to be hurt or killed by someone they live with than by a stranger on the street. The cultural pressure to perpetuate the loving family ideal in “front stage” contributes to the fact that intimate partner violence (IPV) frequently remains concealed from the public audience in the family’s “back stage” for a long time. According to Goffman’s typology of stigmas, living in a violent relationship would fall into the category of “blemishes of individual character,” and therefore victims of spouse abuse are often seen as having a personal ?aw or a deviant trait.
Diagnosis Through Disclosure and Pattern Recognition
Authors: Anglin Deirdre
Published: November 2023

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is identified in the clinical setting by one of two means: patient disclosure that may be either spontaneous or prompted, or clinically suspected by means of pattern recognition in the history or physical examination. Fostering disclosure of IPV involves practitioner behaviors that promote privacy and safety, as well as addressing institutional, professional, and victim barriers to disclosure. During discussions with patients about stigmatized health issues such as IPV, healthcare providers (HCPs) must convey compassion, interest, and respect, and maintain a nonjudgmental perspective at all times.
Chronic Physical Symptoms in Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Nicolaidis Christina , Liebschutz Jane
Published: November 2023

Numerous studies confirm an association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and poorer general physical health, a wide range of physical symptoms, a greater number of symptoms, and more severe symptoms. Intimate partner violence may also be associated with somatic complaints or symptom syndromes such as irritable bowel disease or fibromyalgia, but it is unclear if functional conditions are any more common in IPV than in conditions with known organic causes. Little is known as to why and how IPV and physical complaints are related. Theories focus on factors that reinforce and sustain both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and pain, on physiologic changes that predispose sensitivity to trauma or occur as a result of trauma, and psychological mechanisms related to the experience of battering.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Wilson Sharon R
Published: November 2023

The mechanisms of injury in intimate partner violence (IPV) must be identified and documented. Clinical symptoms and sequelae exhibited by victims with mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are varied. Etiology and prevalence of TBI in the general population and in IPV victims is an area for further research. Identification of the primary, secondary, and tertiary clinical manifestations of TBI frequently sustained by IPV victims is key to treatment. Understanding “second impact syndrome,” its etiology, and clinical significance in IPV is key to preventing further brain injury.
Intimate Partner Violence and Pregnancy
Authors: Goodman Peggy E
Published: November 2023

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is as prevalent during pregnancy as other commonly screened-for complications of pregnancy such as gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Lack of choice in reproductive health matters within an abusive relationship because it results in an increased prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and unwanted pregnancies. Diagnosis of pregnancy may be an incidental finding during evaluation for other medical problems, and may be associated with delayed prenatal care and poorer antenatal outcomes.
Intimate Partner Sexual Abuse
Authors: Sachs Carolyn , Gomberg Linda J
Published: November 2023

Most perpetrators of sexual assault are not strangers but are well known to their victims. Approximately 8%–14% of women suffer sexual abuse from an intimate partner or former intimate partner during their lifetimes. Intimate partner sexual abuse (IPSA) includes sexual assault/battery, rape, sexual contact without consent, coercion, intimidation, and acquiescence. Traditional societal biases continue to blame victims of intimate partner sexual abuse to a greater extent than victims of sexual assault by a stranger. Intimate partner sexual abuse is associated with harmful psychological and physical sequela at least as severe as sexual assault by other perpetrators.
Acute Intervention for Intimate Partner Violence in the Medical Setting
Authors: Larkin Gregory Luke , Parks Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Acute care creates opportunities for intervention that can reduce both immediate and downstream harms to patients exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). The Harm Reduction Framework may be applied to IPV as a means to construct multivalent strategies that reduce harms to victims at a variety of levels, even when threats of violence cannot be completely eliminated. The initial medical assessment must include a thorough review of systems, relationship and social history, and a detailed obstetric and gynecologic evaluation. Proper injury and trauma care must include a detailed evaluation of neurologic status, cervical spine and neck trauma, and a high index of suspicion for traumatic brain injury (TBI).
The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Children
Authors: Kuelbs Cynthia L
Published: November 2023

Children are overrepresented in violent homes. Living in a violent home constitutes witnessing violence. Abuse to pregnant women may cause direct trauma or harm to the fetus through the effects of stress, inadequate prenatal care, smoking, alcohol and drug use, and poor nutrition. The chronic stress from living in violent homes, by directly affecting brain growth, synapse formation, myelination, and neurotransmitters, may explain the behavioral, mental health, and academic problems seen in exposed children. Not all children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) will have significant problems however.
Intimate Partner Violence Among the Elderly and People with Disabilities
Authors: Koin Diana
Published: November 2023

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a health problem and criminal justice matter that includes elderly and disabled people, but is seldom recognized in that population. Abuse of elders and people with disabilities has the potential of presenting as many different kinds of crimes: assault, neglect, financial abuse, sexual assault, abandonment, and psychological abuse. When IPV affects elders and people with disabilities, reporting guidelines for both IPV and elder/dependent adult abuse must be followed. Dementia, depression, and chronic disabling health problems increase the risk of IPV among older people. Data substantiating incidence of IPV of older people is in its infancy, but suggests that IPV decreases with age.
Caring for the Care Provider
Authors: Liebschutz Jane
Published: November 2023

Vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue, and secondary traumatic stress are related concepts that re?ect the negative psychological impact of caring for trauma survivors. Opening one self up to the patient, combined with a sincere desire to alleviate suffering, can make any provider vulnerable to experiencing secondary traumatic stress symptoms. A clinician’s personal history of trauma exposure may increase his or her vulnerability to secondary traumatic stress symptoms. Greater professional experience caring for trauma survivors may protect a provider against experiencing secondary traumatic stress symptoms. Providers can improve their resiliency to developing secondary traumatic stress symptoms by discussing cases with colleagues or communitybased advocates.
Complement and Adverbial PPs: Implications for Clause Structure
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

In what follows I will consider certain aspects of the syntax of prepositional phrases. In particular I will discuss some evidence from my own work and from that of Schweikert (2004) that suggests that PPs, despite appearances, are rigidly ordered among each other, this order being concealed in certain cases by the application of focus sensitive movements.1 Although the order of PPs in postverbal position (typical of VO languages) is in general the mirror image of the order of the same PPs in preverbal position (typical of OV languages), their relative height (and scope) turns out to be the same, a property that I will take to suggest a universal order of merge of the different PP types. If we start by asking what structure postverbal PPs enter in a VO language like English we immediately run into a curious paradox (Pesetsky 1995). Some of their properties would seem to favor the traditional, pre-antisymmetry, analysis of Chomsky (1981), according to which the PPs are right-adjoined to VP (those on the right being higher than and c-commanding those on the left): This is expected under (1), where the object does not c-command the PP (at least under a definition of c-command that makes reference to “first branching node,” as in Reinhart 1983), but not under (2), where the object necessarily c-commands all of the PPs to its right.4
Responsibility And Self Expression
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

To be morally responsible for one’s behavior is to be an apt target for what Peter Strawson called the “reactive attitudes”-and certain associated practices--on the basis of it.1 The reactive attitudes include resentment, indignation, hatred, love, gratitude, and respect. The associated practices include moral praise and blame, and reward and punishment.
Cyclic Poly(phenylmethylsiloxanes)
Authors: Clarson Stephen J
Published: November 2023

Properties and Applications of Cyclic poly(phenylmethylsiloxanes) The molar cyclization constants from ring–chain equilibration reactions of poly(phenylmethylsiloxane) PPMS in both the bulk state and in solution were investigated in detail by Beevers and Semlyen. Based upon these studies, Clarson and Semlyen have described the scaling up of such reactions to successfully isolate cyclic poly(phenylmethylsiloxanes) [(C6H5)(CH3)SiO]x from ring–chain equilibration reactions carried out in toluene solution at 383 K. Following fractionation, a variety of investigations on the physical properties of these cyclic polymers have been carried out. The properties have also been compared with their linear polymer analogs. It should be noted that the large rings are atactic due to the equilibration used in their preparation. It is possible to obtain the stereoisomers of the small rings for this system. Polymerization of isolated cyclic stereoisomers can lead to stereoregular PMPS. Although a rotational isomeric state model has been developed for the PPMS system by Mark and Ko, no detailed calculations of the properties of the rings using this model have been described so far.
Fullerene-containing Polymers
Authors: Ford Warren T
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Electrical and optical materials, cross-linking of elastomers, low-friction fllms, photovoltaic materials; none are commercial. Properties of Special Interest Electrical conductivity, photoconductivity, nonlinear optical activity.
Nylon 4,6
Authors: Patwardhan Dinesh V
Published: November 2023

Trade Name Stanyl (DSM); TW300 (dry, unfilled Stanyl); TW241F10 (dry, 50% glass fiber-filled Stanyl). Approximately 30 other varieties of Stanyl (filled or unfilled) are available. CA Number 50327-22-5 [Poly(imino-1,4-butanediylimino (1,6-dioxo-1,6-hexanediyl))] 50327-77-0 [Hexanedioic acid, polymer with 1,4-butanediamine] Class Aliphatic polyamides; Nylons
Nylon 6,6
Authors: Viers Brent D
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Gear teeth, pinions, ball bearing cages, switch parts, spools, electro-insulating parts; semifinished products, pipes, profiles; machine parts, parts subject to wear such as friction bearings, roller bearing cages, engine parts, water pump impellers, and also parts of door locks; fan and blower wheels, parts of housings, fuel filters, clips, chain tension rails; sliding bearings for swivel chairs and folding tables, sliding feet and fittings, connecting parts in furniture making; patio and party furniture. Properties of Special Interest High mechanical strength, great rigidity, good deep-drawing behavior, good dimensional stability under heat, good toughness even at low temperatures, favorable tribological properties, good resistance to chemicals, very good electro-insulating properties, good dimensional stability, rapid processing. Relatively high Tm and Tg for aliphatic polyamides (used in synthetic fibers; can be toughened as resin).
Nylon 11
Authors: Apgar George , Hassan Mohammad
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Tubing, hoses, and pipes for automotive, trucking, industrial, and petroleum applications. Examples are heavy truck airbrake tubing, automotive fuel lines, and submarine flexible pipes for off shore oil production. Thermoplastic powder coatings for industrial, transportation, and retail items are prepared in a Nylon 11 base. Nylon 11 has been used in a variety of food-contact applications including sausage casting, beverage tubing, and reusable kitchen devices.
Poly(p–benzamide)
Authors: Rajan Guru Sankar
Published: November 2023

General Information PBA is the first nonpeptide, synthetic condensation polymer reported to form liquid–crystalline solution. There are several routes to obtain PBA. PBA forms liquid–crystalline solutions because of an inherently extended rigid chain structure produced by a combination of the carbon–nitrogen bond in predominantly trans amide linkages. The molecular conformation is TCTC(T = trans,C = cis), where the internal rotation angles about the N C bond of the amide group and about the virtual bond of N phenyl C are T and C conformations, respectively. The chain of all amide groups is in the head-to-tail order for PBA. Major Applications The dopes of PBA can be utilized for the preparation of films, filaments, fibrids, and coatings. Wet extruded, tough, clear, flexible films can be applied to substrates like glass, ceramics, metals, concrete, and polymeric materials. The high temperature resistance of the polyaramids makes them suitable for asbestos replacement in heat-resistant work wear. PBA has been superseded by poly(p–phenylene terephthalamide).
Polypropylene, isotactic
Authors: Howe David V , Dimeska Anita
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Fiber, slit tape, nonwoven fabrics, cast and biaxially oriented film, containers and closures, automotive interior and exterior parts, appliance housing and components, medical applications, component in elastomeric blends with polyethylene and olefinic rubbers.
The Matrix As Metaphysics
Authors: Chalmers David J
Published: November 2023

The Matrix presents a version of an old philosophical fable: the brain in a vat. A disembodied brain is floating in a vat, inside a scientist’s laboratory. The scientist has arranged that the brain will be stimulated with the same sort of inputs that a normal embodied brain receives. To do this, the brain is connected to a giant computer simulation of a world. The simulation determines which inputs the brain receives. When the brain produces outputs, these are fed back into the simulation. The internal state of the brain is just like that of a normal brain, despite the fact that it lacks a body. From the brain’s point of view, things seem very much as they seem to you and me.
If Your Adolescent Has Schizophrenia
Authors: Gur Raque E , Johnson Ann Braden
Published: November 2023

An in-depth look at life with an adolescent recently diagnosed with schizophrenia, this book is designed for parents of teens who have recently been diagnosed with or who are at risk of developing such a disorder. It is also for other adults, such as teachers, athletic coaches and guidance counsellors, who are regularly in contact with at-risk adolescents. The book combines scientific expertise - including information about available treatments and up-to-date research findings on schizophrenia - with the practical wisdom of parents who have raised teenagers with this illness. In clear and accessible language, Dr Raquel E. Gur and Ann Braden Johnson explain in detail what is known about the origins, symptoms, and potential treatments of schizophrenia. The book includes tips on how to go about getting a diagnosis, what a diagnosis means, when and where to get treatment, and how to navigate the healthcare system. There will also be advice on how to handle everyday life - both at home and at school - once the teen is diagnosed. Pointers on red flags to look out for and about the dangers of doing nothing are included as well to help parents and other adults deal effectively with adolescent schizophrenia, so that their children can enjoy the fullest and most productive life possible.
Language, Mind, and Culture
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

This book shows that given the new findings of cognitive linguistics, it is possible to offer a unified account of not only linguistic meaning but also that of meaning in a wide variety of social and cultural phenomena. It is suggested that cognitive linguistics is a much more comprehensive enterprise than is commonly accepted--both inside and outside the field. The book presents a comprehensive account of meaning in many linguistic and cultural phenomena that is crucially based and dependent on cognitive capacities that human understanders and producers of language possess independently of their ability to use language.
Levels of Interacting with the World Cognitive and Cultural Considerations
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

We can think of prototype-based categories as being on a “horizontal” level. Adjacent categories are “next to” each other; we have a prototype for chair, a prototype for TABLE, and a prototype for SOFA. These are neighboring categories within the larger, more inclusive category of furniture. When we look at the “highest-level” category and its “lower-level” members, we are dealing with a “vertical” level of categorization. The categories in such a vertical perspective are at different levels of generalization, or abstraction: The highest-level category is the most general, or abstract, with the categories below it being less general, or abstract. Finally, the categories at the various levels are related to one another in a hierarchy; that is, the highest member includes the members below it. We can call such hierarchies taxonomic hierarchies.
The Frame Analysis of Culture
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

Roughly three decades ago the eminent American sociologist Erving Goffman wrote a book with the title Frame Analysis (1974). Although The did not have exactly the same idea of frame as I do, Goffman’s notion was fairly similar to mine and he applied it masterfully to the study of many aspects of (American) culture. In this chapter I will follow in Goffman’s foot¬ steps and apply the notion of “frame” as worked out in the previous chapter to the analysis of various issues in culture. In particular, with the help of frames I will first study the classification system of an Australian aboriginal language, Dyirbal. Then I turn to alternative conceptualization in the case of certain problematic cultural situations. This will be followed by an examination of the structure and understanding of literary works. Finally, I take up the issue of the role of frames in doing politics.
Conceptual Blends and Material Anchors
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

When mental spaces do not simply map onto each other but partially blend their conceptual content, we talk about “conceptual integration” or, as the process has become commonly known, “blending.” Conceptual integration is one of the newly developed areas of cognitive science. The leading figures in this paradigm of research are Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner, whose book The Way We Think (2002) serves as the basis of this chapter. The theory of conceptual integration owes a great deal to the theory of conceptual metaphor but also complements it in important ways (see, e.g., Grady, Oakley, and Coulson, 1999). The most obvious difference between the two is that instead of working with only two domains (source and target) conceptual integration works with four or more spaces (input space r, input space 2, blended space, and generic space). The resulting model of conceptual integration is often referred to as the Network Model. The name indicates the network of spaces (i.e., input spaces, blended space, etc.) that commonly participate in the creation of meaning.
Clinical Medicine in the Genome Era: An Introduction
Authors: Kumar Dhavendra
Published: November 2023

Ancient civilizations in India, China, Greece, and Egypt had recognized that heredity played a significant part in human health. Writings, paintings, and sculptures belonging to people from these regions, and dating back several thousand years, provide evidence that they knew of a close association between heredity and health. Hippocrates in his medical texts noted that ‘‘heredity affects health.’’ It is likely that this concept and its practical applications were recognized by other societies but lacked documentary evidence. But, there are some examples, such as the reference in ancient Jewish texts to a young boy given exemption from circumcision because he had a male relative who died from bleeding after ritual circumcision. This reflects the practice of heredity medicine. However, scientific support for heredity and its biological relevance was not clearly understood until the mid-nineteenth century, when the ‘‘evolution of species’’ theory proposed by Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel’s seminal observations on crossbreeding various forms of ‘‘green pea’’ plants laid the foundations of the Science of Genetics. Darwin’s theory elucidated the biological importance of genetic variation, and Mendel put in place the fundamental principles of heredity based on individual hereditary factors that were eventually to be identified as genes. Unfortunately, the medical applications of these major discoveries remained unrecognized for almost half a century. Archibald Garrod, one of the pioneers of ‘‘Genetics in Medicine’’ first began applying this knowledge to human health at the start of the twentieth century. In his Harveian Oration of 1924, he quoted from a letter written by William Harvey, the Founder of Modern Medicine:
On Philosophical Method
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle R
Published: November 2023

The doing of philosophy is characterized by certain features or conditions that can be recognized despite differences in individual style, rigor, or orientation.1 These features are described in terms of how philosophy functions, and I call them “symptoms of the philosophical” because they constitute a profile of aspects that are present to a greater or lesser degree and indicate that philosophy is taking place.2 Each of these symptoms will be sketched in turn, with examples cited from the philosophical literatures in aesthetics, education, and music education—literatures from which philosophy of music education properly draws.3 Some methodological differences between philosophers will then be outlined, followed by remarks on the implications of the analysis for doing philosophy in music education.
Assessment’s Potential in Music Education
Authors: Colwell Richard
Published: November 2023

An entire section of the first Handbook of Research on Music Teaching and Learning was devoted to assessment. Those authors successfully summarized the history of assessment in music with chapters on assessment in five areas: teaching, creativity, program, general, and attitude. What is most surprising is the limited research and scholarship devoted to assessment in music over the past several decades. This chapter is an update on a few of the issues raised in the first Handbook.
Benzodiazepines Misuse, Abuse, and Dependence
Authors: Ciraulo Danielle M , Ciraulo Domenic A
Published: November 2023

Inappropriate use of benzodiazepines is an important public health problem. In clinical practice benzodiazepine misuse is generally encountered in one of the three following situations: as part of a complex presentation of polysubstance dependence, in patients who have been prescribed therapeutic doses of benzodiazepines and have difficulty stopping use, and rarely, dependence on benzodiazepines as the primary drug of abuse. Determining the extent of the problem is hindered by various definitions of abuse and dependence. In this chapter, we follow the use of previous publications: ‘‘The terms abuse and misuse refer to the use of a drug in a manner that is not consistent with generally accepted medical practice or social and legal custom, e.g., use without a valid prescription or deliberately to produce intoxication, pleasure or a high’’ (Ciraulo and Sarid-Segal, 2005, p. 1300). Misuse is used to describe patients who use higher than prescribed doses, or obtain medications from a friend or relative for therapeutic purposes.
Reason and Agreement in Social Contract Views
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: November 2023

Social contract views work from the intuitive idea of agreement. The appeal of this notion lies in the liberal idea that cooperation ought to be based in the individuals’ consent and ought to be for their mutual benefit. Social contract views differ according to how the idea of agreement is specified: Who are the parties to the agreement? How are they situated with respect to one another (status quo, state of nature, or equality)? What are the intentions, capacities, and interests of these individuals, and what rights and powers do they have? What is the purpose of the agreement? Is the agreement conceived of in historical or nonhisrical terms? Since these and other parameters have been set in different ways, it is difficult to generalize and speak of the social contract tradition. Hobbes’s idea of agreement differs fundamentally from Rousseau’s, just as Gauthier and Buchanan conceive of agreement very differently than Rawls and Scanlon.

Rather than being a particular kind of ethical view, the general notion of agreement functions as a framework for justification in ethics. This framework is based on the liberal idea that the legitimacy of social rules and institutions depends on their being freely and publicly acceptable to all individuals bound by them. If rational individuals in appropriately defined circumstances could or would agree to certain rules or institutions, then insofar as we identify with these individuals and their interests, what they accept should also be acceptable to us now as a basis for our cooperation. Seen in this way, the justificatory force of social contract views depends only in part on the idea of agreement; even more essential is the conception of the person and the conception of practical reason that are built into particular views.
“Linke Leute von rechts”:Thomas Mann’s Naphta and the Ideological Confluence of Radical Right and Radical Left in the Early Years of the Weimar Republic
Authors: Grenville Anthony
Published: November 2023

The title of this chapter is taken from Otto-Ernst Schüddekopf’s Linke Leute von rechts, a study of the attempts by some extreme right-wing German nationalists, radicalized by Germany’s defeat in 1918, to forge a political alliance with the newly founded German Communist Party, on the basis of a common hatred of the victorious Western bourgeois democracies who had imposed the yoke of “Versailles capitalism” on Germany. Thomas Mann became aware of this threat from the two extremes of the political spectrum to the liberal-democratic center, the parliamentary democracy of the Weimar Republic. That awareness led Mann to create the figure of Naphta, who stands opposed to Settembrini, the representative of the tradition of nineteenth-century liberal humanism, the creed of the German republicans.
Sleep Medicine: Essentials and Review
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo
Published: November 2023

Sleep Medicine is one of the fastest growing fields of medicine and of strong interest to neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, pulmonologists, otolaryngologists, and the technologists who perform sleep studies. In 2007, sleep medicine became an official medical subspecialty, with board examinations being administered by the American Board of Medical Specialties. This book provides a comprehensive, practical guide to managing sleep disorders, written by a major authority in the field. In addition, it includes 150 multiple choice questions with answers and explanations, to help those studying for American Board exams.
Ethical Issues
Authors: Shuy Roger W
Published: November 2023

Linguists don’t need to be reminded that forensic consultants have certain ethical responsibilities. We can’t work for both sides in a given case, for example, and we must tell the truth at all times. Such things are obvious, but some other ethical issues may be raised as well.
Development of the Kidney
Authors: Shah Mita M , Steer Dylan L , Sweeney, Derina E , Nigam Sanjay K
Published: November 2023

The morphogenetic processes that govern embryonic urinary tract development have important implications for human disease. Renal abnormalities attributable to inborn errors of development account for the majority of pediatric chronic renal failure. Moreover, complex adult phenotypes, such as hypertension, may have their origins in subtle defects in more than one developmental pathway. As a model of organ development, kidney organogenesis can shed light on a variety of fundamental developmental patterns, pathways, and programs applicable to different areas of developmental biology. Speci7cally, kidney development involves complex mesenchymal epithelial interactions, whereby the epithelium transforms from a simple outbudding of the Wolf7an duct into an arborized collecting system and the surrounding mesenchyme is rescued from an apoptotic fate to undergo epithelialization, forming the tubular nephron. Furthermore, the nascent renal tubule interacts with the developing vasculature both by de novo vasculogenic mechanisms and by recruitment of extrinsic blood vessels to form the glomerulus. This elaborate program involves initiators (e.g., growth factors and receptors), intracellular mediators (e.g., transcription factors), and extracellular effectors (e.g., matrix proteases and proteoglycans), which affect fundamental developmental processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and migration. Signi7cant developmental abnormalities have been ascribed to aberrations in many of the processes central to this inductive program.
RET and Hirschsprung Disease and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
Authors: Mccallion Andrew S , chakravarti aravinda
Published: November 2023

RET signaling is an integral component of normal embryonic development and neuronal maintenance. Mutations in the RET gene play a central role in two common heritable pathologies affecting neural crest (NC)-derived tissues: constitutive activating mutations lead to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2; OMIM 171400 and 162300), a dominantly inherited cancer predisposition, and lossof-function mutations lead to Hirschsprung disease (HSCR; OMIM 142623), a developmental defect resulting in functional intestinal obstruction in neonates. Genetic analyses of this pathway in human patients and model organisms have resulted in an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie MEN2 and HSCR, and in changes to the clinical care and counseling of patients. In this chapter we review the progress made in elucidating the multiple roles of this pathway in normal human development and inherited disease.
EDNRB, EDN3, and SOX10 and the Shah–Waardenburg Syndrome (WS4)
Authors: Verheij Joke B G M , Hofstra Robert M W
Published: November 2023

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder that is clinically characterized by intestinal obstruction owing to the absence of intramural ganglion cells (aganglionosis) along variable lengths of the colon. In approximately 80% of cases, the aganglionosis is restricted to the rectosigmo (short-segment HSCR). The mode of inheritance of HSCR can be dominant, recessive, or multifactorial, with major and minor genes involved. Mutations in several genes—alone or in combination—are associated with HSCR, the major gene being the RET proto-oncogene (see Chapters 50–52 for a comprehensive review).
HOXA13 and the Hand–Foot–Genital and Guttmacher Syndromes
Authors: Innis Jeffrey w.
Published: November 2023

HOX gene mutations in humans associated with specific morphological defects have been described for 5 of the 39 HOX genes, HOXD13, HOXA13, HOXA11, HOXD10, and HOXA1. Except for the newly described mutations in human HOXA11 (Thompson and Nguyen, 2000), HOXD10 (Shrimpton et al., 2004), and HOXA1 (Tischfield et al., 2005), this subject has been reviewed (Innis, 1997; Veraksa et al., 2000; Goodman and Scambler, 2001). Except for HOXA1, in which cases with homozygous mutations have been described, all of these human syndromes are associated with heterozygous HOX mutations that are inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern with almost complete penetrance. For HOXA13, heterozygous premature chain termination, missense, and polyalanine expansion mutations cause distal limb and genitourinary (GU) malformations in humans.
CHD7 and the CHARGE Syndrome
Authors: VELTMAN JORIS A , RAVENSWAAIJ-ARTS CONNY M A VAN
Published: November 2023

CHARGE syndrome (OMIM 214800) is a common cause of congenital anomalies, including choanal atresia and malformations of the heart, inner ear, and retina. CHARGE syndrome is caused by mostly de novo occurring heterozygous mutations of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding gene 7 (CHD7, OMIM 608892). These mutations are presumed to lead to haploinsufficiency of the CHD7 protein.
POU3F4 and Mixed Deafness with Temporal Bone Defect (DFN3)
Authors: Cremers Frans P M , Cremers, Cor W R J , Kremer Hannie
Published: November 2023

X-linked deafness type 3 (DFN3; McKusick 304400) is characterized by temporal bone abnormalities, stapes fi xation, and, in most cases, a mixed type of deafness. During stapes surgery, a flow of cerebrospinal fluid (“gusher”) is encountered. High-resolution computer assisted tomography has revealed a bulbous dilatation of the lateral portion of the internal auditory canal (IAC) with incomplete separation from the cochlea, and widening of the fi rst part of the facial nerve canal. DFN3 is the most frequent form of X-linked deafness and is caused by muta-tions in the POU3F4 gene, or by deletions overlapping an 8 kb DNA segment located 900 kb proximal to the POU3F4 gene. POU3F4 and its mouse orthologue Pou3f4, are expressed in the developing inner ear, neural tube, pancreas, kidney, and muscle. The gene plays crucial roles in the patterning of the mesenchymal compartment of the inner ear. A mouse mutant that arose in a radiation mutagenesis experiment, sex-linked fidget (slf ), carries an inversion that abolishes Pou3f4 gene expression in the embryonic inner ear, but not in the neural tube, corroborating the existence of an inner-ear-specifi c regulatory DNA element located far upstream of the mouse and human POU3F4 genes.