bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Promotion
Authors: Watts Eugene J.
Published: February 2016

Throughout the early decades of this century, reformers bemoaned the unsystematic nature of police management, reserving particular criticism for the influence of nonbureaucratic and nonmeritocratic matters on promotions. Their advocacy of greater routinization and regularity, cloaked in the rhetoric of professionalism, eventually won acceptance in formal police administration. Few proponents of change, however, measured the consequences of their efforts upon the actual careers of officers (Fosdick, 1972; Vollmer, 1972; Smith, 1940; Wilson and McLaren, 1950; Price, 1977).
Professor Blumin on Age and Inequality
Authors: Gallman Robert E.
Published: February 2016

In his essay in this issue, Stuart Blumin attempts to sort out the debate between Edward Pessen and me. Professor Blumin begins: “Gallman advances the view that inequality between generations—the association between age and wealth—does explain nearly all of the very striking differences in personal fortune that Pessen and others have discovered.” This is not the view I had intended to advance and is certainly not a view I hold. Many factors bore on the wealth distribution of the United States in the “age of the common man.” The age structure of population surely did not account for “nearly all” of the observed wealth differences. (See, for example, my treatment of this subject— based on manuscript census data for 1860—in Davis et al., 1972: 31-32. This discussion treats the influences on wealth holding of age, sex, nativity, color, occupation, and inheritance.) How Professor Blumin came to misunderstand me so badly I cannot say, but I suspect he was misled by my ill-advised comparison of the results drawn from my model with the actual distribution of wealth in 1860 (Gallman, 1978:198).
“New Political History”: Some Statistical Questions Answered
Authors: Kousser J. Morgan , Lichtman Allan J.
Published: February 2016

William G. Shade’s (1981) “New Political History: Some Statistical Questions Raised” has two sometimes conflicting purposes: first, to remind historians to “think statistically” and to “give more self-conscious attention to the details and logic of research design,” and second, to defend such ethnocultural historians as Ronald P. Formisano and Paul Kleppner against published criticisms. Too often confusing the former with the latter aim, Shade attains neither. His article is further compromised by distortions of other scholars’ work and neglect of relevant literature published since 1974. With Shade’s two major prescriptions—plan research carefully and use genuinely multivariate methods—we have no quarrel. Often breached in practice, these familiar commandments can never be repeated too many times. To his lack of conceptual rigor, to his employment of a series of either meaningless or misleading “tests,” and to several of his methodological dicta, we do take exception—thus the necessity for this note.
People’s History and Social Science History
Authors: Tilly Louise A.
Published: February 2016

A friend and colleague of an author reviews a two-volume history. Acknowledging his relationship with the author the reviewer calls the books “excellent, full of rich new insights, sparkling with intelligence, the sentiment which underlies our empassioned love for the historian’s craft, one of the most beautiful of the discplines devoted to the study of man.” “Yet,” the reviewer continues, “it is striking that the individual is almost entirely absent…. Psychology, although not totally ignored, is always collective psychology.…Is not the author,” the review continues, “turning back to the schematic.…toward the sociological, a seductive form of the abstract?” (Febvre, 1941b: 177, 128).

Sit back and imagine the time, place, and people involved in this story: a 1980s traditional historian, perhaps a radical people’s historian, excoriating a social scientific colleague? Not at all; this is no case of contemporary backlash. The time was 1941, the review Lucien Febvre, the author Marc Bloch, the book, La société féodale.
Localism, Factional Fluidity, and Factionalism: Louisiana and Mississippi Gubernatorial Contests
Authors: Van Wingen John R.
Published: February 2016

In his classic, Southern Politics, Key used the term “one-party factionalism” to describe the electoral politics of the South during the 1930s and 1940s: “one-party” because the Republicans offered, at best, only minimal opposition to the Democrats, and “factional” because several groups tended to vie for control of the top state offices via electoral victories in the Democratic primaries. According to Key, severe consequences accompanied one-party factionalism. In most of the southern states, primary voters could not even vote the “ins” out of office, for the competing factions were so fluid that it was never clear who, if anyone, represented the ins. The haves in southern society normally controlled government; although those in power had their differences, particularly in style, most of them agreed that the status quo needed protection. The less privileged lacked organized avenues for expressing their needs.
Quantitative History and People’s History: Two Methods in Conflict?
Authors: Floud Roderick
Published: February 2016

It was fashionable some years ago for historians to speak of the quantitative revolution in their subject and to look forward, either with hope or with foreboding, to the day when history, like geography, sociology, and other social sciences before it, would be dominated by practitioners skilled in quantitative methods. New questions would be asked, new methods used, new sources exploited, and new discoveries made. In the process, those historians without training in quantitative methods would be swept from the battlegrounds of the subject. They would be forced to retreat either into the antiquarianism within which many quantitative historians, privately, located them or they would be forced to undergo a painful process of retooling in a struggle to avoid technological obsolescence. It was a reasonable expectation in those days that a statistical training would become as essential to a historian as a training in foreign languages or experience in burrowing for sources in the record office: As Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie put it in 1968, by the 1980s “the historian will be a programmer or he will be nothing” (Le Roy Ladurie, 1968). As a result, quantitative historians gathering in the early 1970s thought that the quantitative revolution would be largely complete as the world entered the 1980s.
On the Move: Migration in an Italian Community, 1865–1921
Authors: Kertzer David I. , Hogan Dennis P.
Published: February 2016

Internal migration remains one of the most important issues in European social history. Our entire concept of community and of social life rests on certain assumptions about residential stability, yet these assumptions have only been inadequately tested for most historical periods and in most places. We now know that previously accepted characterizations of the stable peasant community are erroneous, for numerous studies have documented the great population flux in much of western Europe in preindustrial times (Schofield, 1970; Tilly, 1978). Yet, for the most part, our ideas about life in communities of the past tend to rest on an assumption of a bedrock of residential stability to which the limited population movement is anchored.
Alchemist’s Gold: Inferring Individual Relationships from Aggregate Data
Authors: Flanigan William H. , Zingale Nancy H.
Published: February 2016

It is an article of faith for social scientists that substantive considerations should guide the choice of research topics and dictate the selection of analytic tools, never the reverse. Most scholars share a certain disdain for colleagues who learn a new statistical technique and then apply it willy-nilly to every set of data within reach. Although we would not want, in general, to quarrel with the venerable maxim that technique should be the slave and not the master of substance, exceptions exist. In the Middle Ages a tremendous amount of scientific and creative energy was invested in the attempt to transform base metals into gold—surely an activity of great substantive interest but, ultimately, no payoff. On the other hand, vast new areas of scientific achievement were opened when someone built a better telescope and turned it on the stars or when cathode ray equipment, developed for other purposes, led to the discovery of X-rays. As Thomas Kuhn (1962) notes, increased precision in instrumentation is usually undertaken to test hypotheses under an existing paradigm. Yet these technical advances in measurement occasionally lead to surprising anomo-lies that open up entirely new substantive areas.
Introduction: The Transatlantic Slave Trade, Part I
Authors: Inikori Joseph E. , Engerman Stanley L.
Published: February 2016

These three papers were among those presented at a conference entitled “The Atlantic Slave Trade: Who Gained and Who Lost?” held under the auspices of the Frederick Douglass Institute of the University of Rochester in October 1988. Other papers from this conference will be published in Social Science History over the next several issues, and the full set of papers will be published by Duke University Press.
Rural Nonfarm Households: Leaving the Farm and the Retirement of Older Men, 1860–1980
Authors: Moen Jon R.
Published: February 2016

The fall in the labor force participation rate of older men in the United States has been dramatic. In 1860 approximately 76% of men 65 and older were in the labor force. Today less than 20% work. Much of the decline has been explained in terms of a shift from agricultural occupations to manufacturing or industrial occupations, where participation historically has been lower at older ages. Participation rates, however, appear to have been constant in both farm and urban households through 1930, thus challenging the thesis that industrialization and urbanization were causes of the fall in the participation rate of older men.
Family Structure in Los Angeles, California: 1850–1900
Authors: Laslett Barbara , Nash Katherine
Published: February 2016

In an overview of recent research on the history of the family, Tamara Hareven (1991) points out that this field of study took its inspiration from developments in historical demography and from the “new social history” of the 1960s. Family historians, like other social historians, had “a commitment to reconstructing the life patterns of ordinary people, to viewing them as actors as well as subjects in the process of change” (ibid.: 95). The flowering of research in this field has provided us with a more detailed understanding of the relationship between social change and family life than was previously available. We have learned, among other things, that rather than a single trajectory of change from extended family life before industrialization to the nuclear family afterward, changes in family organization have rarely been invariant, linear, or unidirectional.
Protoindustrialization and Agriculture in the Eastern Netherlands
Authors: Mastboom Joyce M.
Published: February 2016

It has long been known that manufacturing in the countryside for interregional and international markets was an important forerunner of industrialization during the formative period of capitalism. Every standard account of industrialization in Europe discusses the development of the domestic system of production, particularly its early predominance in textile manufacturing.
Gender, Race, and Class
Authors: Glenn Evelyn Nakano
Published: February 2016

For social historians and historical sociologists working in the interdisciplinary fields of ethnic studies and women's studies, the challenges posed by poststructuralism are neither purely intellectual matters nor disciplinary quibbles. Rather, a concern with “rescuing political economy” from being washed away by the tide of poststructuralism is impelled by larger political commitments that transcend the academy.

Unlike mainstream disciplines, these fields historically have been connected to social movements dedicated to empowering people marginalized by reason of race, class, and/or gender. Poststructuralism has become a thorny issue in these fields: Many social science- and political economy-oriented scholars have come to feel, whether justifiably or not, that these fields are being “taken over” by literary, film, and cultural studies scholars.
Ethnic Distinctions and Wealth among Colonial Jamaican Merchants, 1685–1716
Authors: Meyers Allan D.
Published: February 2016

For most of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Jamaica was the center of trade and commerce in the English Caribbean. Its economic growth was influenced little by the planter class, which was slow to develop and would not fully emerge until the mid-eighteenth century (Dunn 1973: 204; Sheridan 1965: 292–311). Jamaica grew prosperous, instead, from a merchant class that mediated international trade on one level and distributed goods to the island's inhabitants on another. It was the capital derived from such trade and commerce that ultimately fueled the island's agricultural revolution (Zahedieh 1986b), because many merchants became affluent from trade and then financed investments in sugar plantations, livestock, and secondary staples (Claypole 1970: 174–95). So, unlike other colonies in the Caribbean, where most capital investment originated in England and was sustained by agriculture, Jamaica's capital was locally generated with predominantly external commodities. The early merchants thus have a prominent position both in the history of the island and in Caribbean history in general.
The Extent of the Labor Market in the United States, 1870–1914
Authors: Rosenbloom Joshua L.
Published: February 2016

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the spread of railroad and telegraph networks in the United States and Europe, the introduction of steamships on transatlantic routes, and the laying of transatlantic telegraph cables initiated a period of pronounced economic integration within and between countries (Williamson 1996; Thomas 1954; Chandler 1977; Perloffet al. 1965; James 1978). This period was also characterized by a rapid pace of growth and pronounced international convergence in standards of living among the countries of western Europe, North America, and Australia (Maddison 1991). Jeffrey Williamson (1996) has recently argued that the increasing integration of factor markets, especially labor markets, in this era was a crucial factor in the pace of international convergence.
Suburban Social Change and Educational Reform: The Case of Somerville, Massachusetts, 1912-1924
Authors: Ueda Reed
Published: February 2016

In the early twentieth century, a drive for educational reform converged with the progressive movement in the street-car suburb of Somerville, Massachusetts to establish a local junior high school, an innovation that was sweeping through public school systems across the country (Krug, 1964: 327-335; Bunker, 1914; Annual Reports of Somerville, 1920: 183; Smith, 1920: 139). Proponents of the junior high school argued in national educational journals and scholarly monographs that this intermediate school would provide the special education appropriate for those students making the difficult transition from childhood to adolescence (Bonser, 1915; Judd, 1918; Briggs, 1920; Koos, 1921; Smith, 1926; Spaulding, 1927; Van Denberg, 1922; Thomas-Tindal and Myers, 1927). It would earlier supply, they said, “high-school type courses,” and equip students with the managerial and technical skills increasingly demanded by the gradual expansion of the white-collar occupational sector in the early twentieth century (Foote and Hatt, 1953; Thernstrom, 1973: 50-51). These two features, a more mature educational setting and useful technical courses, would make the junior high school an effective device for keeping students in school longer and for attracting them to high school. It appealed to progressive reformers because it promised an extension of schooling, a better-informed citizenry, and improved vocational preparation. In early twentieth-century Somerville, middle-class ethnic Democrats, who sought these objectives, used the political process to install this educational reform.
Poverty and Physical Stature: Evidence on the Standard of Living of London Boys 1770–1870
Authors: Floud Roderick , Wachter Kenneth W.
Published: February 2016

To many historians, and to most of their students, the question of the impact of the Industrial Revolution upon the poor of Britain has become confused, an arcane debate of ever greater statistical complexity. This is a pity, for “the most sustained single controversy in British economic history” still has, and should have, the capacity to excite and rouse the imagination, as it did for those who began, in the first half of the nineteenth century, the Condition of England debate (Mathias, 1975: vii; Taylor, 1975: xi). For Friedrich Engels, Edwin Chadwick, John Stuart Mill, or Lord Shaftesbury, and for many who as government inspectors or members of local statistical societies provided the evidence, the condition of the working classes was something tangible, to be seen in the streets of Manchester or London, demonstrated in the faces and bodies of the artisans and laborers who walked those streets and worked in the workshops and factories. The moral outrage felt by Engels, Chadwick, Shaftesbury, Barnardo, and many others in the nineteenth century came from the sight not only of squalid living conditions but of the malnourished bodies of the poor themselves.
Controversy and Demarcation in Early-Twentieth-Century Demography: The Rise and Decline of Walker’s Theory of Immigration and the Birth Rate
Authors: Prévost Jean-Guy
Published: February 2016

Population growth has always been a politically loaded object of inquiry. From the debate sparked by Malthus’s classic Essay to the still present apocalyptic warnings about overpopulation or the declining birth rate, demographers and statisticians have worked in troubled waters, where progressively more sophisticated quantitative techniques have sometimes gone hand in hand with dubious social philosophy. In her recent survey of post-1930 American demography, Susan Greenhalgh (1996: 30–31) argued that the institutionalization and professionalization of this field as an academic discipline required scholars to draw “sharp boundaries between themselves and activists,” such as those involved in the promotion of objectives like birth control, eugenics, or immigration restriction. A detailed inquiry into the origins of the Population Association of America (PAA) has shown that up to the 1930s the study of population attracted more activists than social scientists and that the two types could coexist quite happily within the same organization (Hodgson 1991). Greenhalgh added (1996), however, that despite the efforts expanded in its quest for scientific status, this field of study has remained quite open to ideological influence, fundamentally Eurocentric and devoid of reflexivity. The polemic that stirred the French Institut national d’études démographiques in the early 1990s shows that the demarcation lines can easily get blurred and that the simultaneously cognitive and political dimensions of population study can reappear with utmost clarity (Le Bras 1991).
Rationality does not specialise among terminal varieties
Authors: TOTARO BURT
Published: February 2016

A limit of rational varieties need not be rational, even when all varieties in the family are projective and have at most terminal singularities.
An Enhanced GPS/INS Integrated Navigation System with GPS Observation Expansion
Authors: Li Zengke , Wang Jian , Gao Jingxiang
Published: February 2016

In Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System (GPS/INS) integrated navigation, the low sampling rate of GPS receivers reduces the observability of state variables. GPS observation expansion is proposed to enhance the GPS/INS integrated navigation system. During the process of observation expansion, the state variables are updated by the same GPS information repeatedly. According to uncertainty theory, the probability density function of GPS observation information is analysed to demonstrate the feasibility of GPS observation expansion. The formula and calculation method of an adaptive filter algorithm are presented to control the uncertainty of GPS observation expansion. Furthermore, an experiment is performed to validate the new algorithm. The results indicate that compared with GPS/INS integrated navigation without observation expansion, the enhanced GPS/INS integrated navigation system can improve the position, velocity and attitude accuracy significantly, especially while a land vehicle is in slow motion. At the same time, the adaptive filter factor is introduced into the new algorithm, which can control the uncertainty caused by the expanded GPS observation.
Clustering Bathymetric Data for Electronic Navigational Charts
Authors: Wlodarczyk–Sielicka Marta , Stateczny Andrzej
Published: February 2016

An electronic navigational chart is a major source of information for the navigator. The component that contributes most significantly to the safety of navigation on water is the information on the depth of an area. For the purposes of this article, the authors use data obtained by the interferometric sonar GeoSwath Plus. The data were collected in the area of the Port of Szczecin. The samples constitute large sets of data. Data reduction is a procedure to reduce the size of a data set to make it easier and more effective to analyse. The main objective of the authors is the compilation of a new reduction algorithm for bathymetric data. The clustering of data is the first part of the search algorithm. The next step consists of generalisation of bathymetric data. This article presents a comparison and analysis of results of clustering bathymetric data using the following selected methods:K-means clustering algorithm, traditional hierarchical clustering algorithms and self-organising map (using artificial neural networks).
Well-founded coalgebras, revisited
Authors: JEANNIN JEAN-BAPTISTE , KOZEN DEXTER , SILVA ALEXANDRA
Published: February 2016

Theoretical models of recursion schemes have been well studied under the names well-founded coalgebras, recursive coalgebras, corecursive algebras and Elgot algebras. Much of this work focuses on conditions ensuring unique or canonical solutions, e.g. when the coalgebra is well founded.

If the coalgebra is not well founded, then there can be multiple solutions. The standard semantics of recursive programs gives a particular solution, typically the least fixpoint of a certain monotone map on a domain whose least element is the totally undefined function; but this solution may not be the desired one. We have recently proposed programming language constructs to allow the specification of alternative solutions and methods to compute them. We have implemented these new constructs as an extension of OCaml.

In this paper, we prove some theoretical results characterizing well-founded coalgebras, along with several examples for which this extension is useful. We also give several examples that are not well founded but still have a desired solution. In each case, the function would diverge under the standard semantics of recursion, but can be specified and computed with the programming language constructs we have proposed.
Swartzia langsdorffii Raddi: morphophysiological traits of a recalcitrant seed dispersed during the dry season
Authors: Vaz Tatiana A.A. , Davide Antonio C. , Rodrigues-Junior Ailton G. , Nakamura Adriana T. , Tonetti Olívia A.O. , da Silva Edvaldo A.A.
Published: February 2016

Swartzia langsdorffii seeds have recalcitrant characteristics. Nonetheless, dispersal begins in the month with the lowest precipitation in the studied region, which could lead to seed death by desiccation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to characterize the physiological behaviour of S. langsdorffii seeds related to their desiccation sensitivity/tolerance; and (2) to assess the morphophysiological characteristics that enable the seeds to remain viable after dispersal. Fruits and seeds were subjected to biometric evaluation and the anatomical and ultrastructural features of the seeds were determined. Field assessments were performed to determine the capacity of the seeds to maintain viability and to verify the relation between seed viability, diaspore water content and environmental variables. Seeds of this species were found to be recalcitrant and showed pores distributed throughout the seed coat, and contained a large number of stomata in the hypocotyl–radicle axis epidermis. Moreover, phenolic compounds were found throughout the radicle region. Seeds remained viable in the soil for up to 7 months after dispersal without a significant decrease in water content, despite the low precipitation and soil water content. Radicle protrusion began 5 months after dispersal and coincided with partial fruit decomposition at the beginning of the rainy season. Thus, the possible microclimate created by the pericarp, with the moisture content of the aril and the soil, the presence of the structures in the axis, such as the pores and stomata, the chemical composition and the morphology of S. langsdorffii seeds could favour maintenance of their viability until the beginning of the rainy season.
Coexistence in Preferential Attachment Networks
Authors: ANTUNOVIĆ TONĆI , MOSSEL ELCHANAN , RÁCZ MIKLÓS Z.
Published: February 2016

We introduce a new model of competition on growing networks. This extends the preferential attachment model, with the key property that node choices evolve simultaneously with the network. When a new node joins the network, it chooses neighbours by preferential attachment, and selects its type based on the number of initial neighbours of each type. The model is analysed in detail, and in particular, we determine the possible proportions of the various types in the limit of large networks. An important qualitative feature we find is that, in contrast to many current theoretical models, often several competitors will coexist. This matches empirical observations in many real-world networks.
A Case Study of the High-speed Train Crash Outside Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
Authors: Forsberg Rebecca , Vázquez José Antonio Iglesias
Published: February 2016

Introduction

The worldwide use of rail transport has increased, and the train speeds are escalating. Concurrently, the number of train disasters has been amplified globally. Consequently, railway safety has become an important issue for the future. High-velocity crashes increase the risk for injuries and mortality; nevertheless, there are relatively few studies on high-speed train crashes and the influencing factors on travelers’ injuries occurring in the crash phase. The aim of this study was to investigate the fatal and non-fatal injuries and the main interacting factors that contributed to the injury process in the crash phase of the 2013 high-velocity train crash that occurred at Angrois, outside Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

Methods

Hospital records (n=157) of all the injured who were admitted to the six hospitals in the region were reviewed and compiled by descriptive statistics. The instant fatalities (n=63) were collected on site. Influencing crash factors were observed on the crash site, by carriage inspections, and by reviewing official reports concerning the approximated train speed.

Results

The main interacting factors that contributed in the injury process in the crash phase were, among other things, the train speed, the design of the concrete structure of the curve, the robustness of the carriage exterior, and the interior environment of the carriages. Of the 222 people on board (218 passengers and four crew), 99% (n=220) were fatally or non-fatally injured in the crash. Thirty-three percent (n=72) suffered fatal injuries, of which 88% (n=63) died at the crash site and 13% (n=9) at the hospital. Twenty-one percent (n=32) of those admitted to hospital suffered multi-trauma (ie, extensive, severe, and/or critical injuries). The head, face, and neck sustained 42% (n=123) of the injuries followed by the trunk (chest, abdomen, and pelvis; n=92; 32%). Fractures were the most frequent (n=200; 69%) injury.

Conclusion

A mass-casualty incident with an extensive amount of fatal, severe, and critical injuries is most probable with a high-velocity train; this presents prehospital challenges. This finding draws attention to the importance of more robust carriage exteriors and injury minimizing designs of both railway carriages and the surrounding environment to reduce injuries and fatalities in future high-speed crashes.

ForsbergR, VázquezJAI. A case study of the high-speed train crash outside Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(2);163–168.
First Responder Accuracy Using SALT during Mass-casualty Incident Simulation
Authors: Lee Christopher W.C. , McLeod Shelley L. , Van Aarsen Kristine , Klingel Michelle , Franc Jeffrey M. , Peddle Michael B.
Published: February 2016

Introduction

During mass-casualty incidents (MCIs), patient volume often overwhelms available Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel. First responders are expected to triage, treat, and transport patients in a timely fashion. If other responders could triage accurately, prehospital EMS resources could be focused more directly on patients that require immediate medical attention and transport.

Hypothesis

Triage accuracy, error patterns, and time to triage completion are similar between second-year primary care paramedic (PCP) and fire science (FS) students participating in a simulated MCI using the Sort, Assess, Life-saving interventions, Treatment/Transport (SALT) triage algorithm.

Methods

All students in the second-year PCP program and FS program at two separate community colleges were invited to participate in this study. Immediately following a 30-minute didactic session on SALT, participants were given a standardized briefing and asked to triage an eight-victim, mock MCI using SALT. The scenario consisted of a four-car motor vehicle collision with each victim portrayed by volunteer actors given appropriate moulage and symptom coaching for their pattern of injury. The total number and acuity of victims were unknown to participants prior to arrival to the mock scenario.

Results

Thirty-eight PCP and 29 FS students completed the simulation. Overall triage accuracy was 79.9% for PCP and 72.0% for FS (∆ 7.9%; 95% CI, 1.2-14.7) students. No significant difference was found between the groups regarding types of triage errors. Over-triage, under-triage, and critical errors occurred in 10.2%, 7.6%, and 2.3% of PCP triage assignments, respectively. Fire science students had a similar pattern with 15.2% over-triaged, 8.7% under-triaged, and 4.3% critical errors. The median [IQR] time to triage completion for PCPs and FSs were 142.1 [52.6] seconds and 159.0 [40.5] seconds, respectively (P=.19; Mann-Whitney Test).

Conclusions

Primary care paramedics performed MCI triage more accurately than FS students after brief SALT training, but no difference was found regarding types of error or time to triage completion. The clinical importance of this difference in triage accuracy likely is minimal, suggesting that fire services personnel could be considered for MCI triage depending on the availability of prehospital medical resources and appropriate training.

LeeCWC, McLeodSL, Van AarsenK, KlingelM, FrancJM, PeddleMB. First responder accuracy using SALT during mass-casualty incident simulation. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(2):150–154.
Vaccination Against Seasonal or Pandemic Influenza in Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Moser Alexandre , Mabire Cédric , Hugli Olivier , Dorribo Victor , Zanetti Giorgio , Lazor-Blanchet Catherine , Carron Pierre-Nicolas
Published: February 2016

Introduction

Influenza is a major concern for Emergency Medical Services (EMS); EMS workers’ (EMS-Ws) vaccination rates remain low despite promotion. Determinants of vaccination for seasonal influenza (SI) or pandemic influenza (PI) are unknown in this setting.

Hypothesis

The influence of the H1N1 pandemic on EMS-W vaccination rates, differences between SI and PI vaccination rates, and the vaccination determinants were investigated.

Methods

A survey was conducted in 2011 involving 65 Swiss EMS-Ws. Socio-professional data, self-declared SI/PI vaccination status, and motives for vaccine refusal or acceptation were collected.

Results

Response rate was 95%. The EMS-Ws were predominantly male (n=45; 73%), in good health (87%), with a mean age of 36 (SD=7.7) years. Seventy-four percent had more than six years of work experience. Self-declared vaccination rates were 40% for both SI and PI (PI+/SI+), 19% for PI only (PI+/SI-), 1.6% for SI only (PI-/SI+), and 39% were not vaccinated against either (PI-/SI-). Women’s vaccination rates specifically were lower in all categories but the difference was not statistically significant. During the previous three years, 92% of PI+/SI+ EMS-Ws received at least one SI vaccination; it was 8.3% in the case of PI-/SI- (P=.001) and 25% for PI+/SI- (P=.001). During the pandemic, SI vaccination rate increased from 26% during the preceding year to 42% (P=.001). Thirty percent of the PI+/SI+ EMS-Ws declared that they would not get vaccination next year, while this proportion was null for the PI-/SI- and PI+/SI- groups. Altruism and discomfort induced by the surgical mask required were the main motivations to get vaccinated against PI. Factors limiting PI or SI vaccination included the option to wear a mask, avoidance of medication, fear of adverse effects, and concerns about safety and effectiveness.

Conclusion

Average vaccination rate in this study’s EMS-Ws was below recommended values, particularly for women. Previous vaccination status was a significant determinant of PI and future vaccinations. The new mask policy seemed to play a dual role, and its net impact is probably limited. This population could be divided in three groups: favorable to all vaccinations; against all, even in a pandemic context; and ambivalent with a “pandemic effect.” These results suggest a consistent vaccination pattern, only altered by exceptional circumstances.

MoserA,
MabireC,
HugliO,
DorriboV,
ZanettiG,
Lazor-BlanchetC,
CarronPN. Vaccination against seasonal or pandemic influenza in Emergency Medical Services. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(2):155–162.
Service Robots for Citizens of the Future
Authors: Torras Carme
Published: February 2016

Robots are no longer confined to factories; they are progressively spreading to urban, social and assistive domains. In order to become handy co-workers and helpful assistants, they must be endowed with quite different abilities from their industrial ancestors. Research on service robots aims to make them intrinsically safe to people, easy to teach by non-experts, able to manipulate not only rigid but also deformable objects, and highly adaptable to non-predefined and dynamic environments. Robots worldwide will share object and environmental models, their acquired knowledge and experiences through global databases and, together with the internet of things, will strongly change the citizens’ way of life in so-called smart cities. This raises a number of social and ethical issues that are now being debated not only within the Robotics community but by society at large.
Viral Quasispecies and Lethal Mutagenesis
Authors: Domingo Esteban , Perales Celia
Published: February 2016

Virology has undergone a profound transformation with the incorporation of quasispecies theory to the understanding of the composition and dynamics of viral populations as they cause disease. RNA viral populations do not consist of a genome class with a defined nucleotide sequence but of a cloud or swarm or related mutants due to high mutation rates (number of incorrect nucleotides introduced per nucleotide copied) during replication. DNA and RNA viruses whose multiplication is catalysed by a low fidelity polymerase replicate close to an error threshold for maintenance of their genetic information. This means that modest increases in mutation rate jeopardize their genetic stability. Realization of this important corollary of quasispecies theory has opened new approaches to combating viral disease. One of these approaches is lethal mutagenesis that consists of forcing virus extinction by an excess of mutations evoked by virus-specific mutagenic agents. This article summarizes the origin and current status of this new antiviral approach.
Luxurious Laughter. Wasteful Economy in Ben Jonson’s ComedyVolpone, or the Fox(1606)
Authors: Ladegaard Jakob
Published: February 2016

In the 16th and 17th centuries, London became an international centre of commerce. The trade in exotic luxury goods played a significant part in this process. In contemporary society, the taste for luxury and the economic, social and cultural changes it embodied were viewed with both fascination and distrust. The new shopping centres where luxury goods were on display were thus accused of corrupting public morality and damaging national trade. The public debate about luxury was in part conducted on the stage of the commercial Elizabethan theatre, especially in the new genre of so-called city comedies that portrayed, parodied and criticized social life in the expanding city. Ben Jonson was a master of this genre and his most famous comedy,Volponeor the Fox (1606), dealt with the contested issue of luxury. In contrast to many previous readings that have interpreted the play in terms derived from later liberal and Marxist economic thinking, this article analyses the theme of luxury in relation to contemporary economic and moral debates. I will argue that the play depicts the main character Volpone’s taste for luxury and the way he acquires it as both morally and economically damaging for an economy such as the English one, which at the time was built on personal debt and credit and therefore heavily reliant on credibility and reciprocal social obligations. However, this lesson is complicated by the fact thatVolponeitself was in fact part of the economic relations Jonson criticized, since it was a commodity – and, in the eyes of many contemporaries, indeed a luxury commodity – on London’s thriving theatre market. I argue that Jonson is aware of this contradiction without being able to resolve it. Ultimately, then,Volponeis an ambivalent comedy intended to provoke reflection in the audience about their consumption of spectacular luxury both inside and outside the theatre.
From Political Theater in Yugoslav Socialism to Political Performance in Global Capitalism: The Case of Slovenian Mladinsko Theater
Authors: Juvan Marko
Published: February 2016

Political theater is a trend that, during the avant-garde 1920s, emerged at the intersection of efforts to liberate artistic forms and oppressed groups in society. It was an influence on Slovenian theatrical artists at the Workers’ Stage (Delavski oder) already in the interwar period. A trend towards ‘political theater’, one of the tendencies of politicized performing arts in the period, flourished in Slovenia and other republics of the former Yugoslavia in the 1980s. Against the background of an identity crisis of the Yugoslav state and its ideology, political theater addressed great stories of History and the Revolution in a post-avant-garde manner. During the transition, political theater initially lost its edge but was reborn in the 21st century. As a post-dramatic practice associated with performance, it now parses its own politics. It is a forum for critiquing small, local stories that nonetheless evince the contradictions of a peripheral nation-state in the era of transnational late capitalism.
How to make money in the translation business
Authors: DALE ROBERT
Published: February 2016

Machine Translation research suffered a major blow in the 1960s, but it came back with a vengeance. From a commercial point of view, it’s now a mature technology that many Internet users take for granted. We look at where we are now, and consider the scope for new entrants into the market.
Code-blending of functional heads in Hong Kong Sign Language and Cantonese: A case study
Authors: FUNG CAT H.-M. , TANG GLADYS
Published: February 2016

In analyzing code-switching in spoken languages, Chan (2003, 2008) proposes that only functional heads with their associated language determine the order of the complement. In this paper, we examine whether Chan's analysis can account for code-blending in Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL) and Cantonese by a deaf child (2;0.26–6;6.26) and three deaf adult native signers. HKSL and Cantonese differ in head directionality so far as the functional elements of modals, negators, and auxiliaries are concerned. They are head-final in HKSL but head-initial in Cantonese. The HKSL–Cantonese code-blending data in this study largely conform to Chan's analysis, where the order of the complement is determined by which language the functional head appears in. However, code-blending the functional heads of a similar category in both languages leads to either order of the complement. Also, the deaf child's apparent violations of adult HKSL grammar reveal crosslinguistic influence from Cantonese to HKSL during code-blending.
Does formal training in translation/interpreting affect translation strategy? Evidence from idiom translation
Authors: TZOU YEH-ZU , VAID JYOTSNA , CHEN HSIN-CHIN
Published: February 2016

This study examined whether training in translation/interpretation leads to a reliance on a ‘vertical’ translation strategy in which the source language text is comprehended before the message is reformulated. Students of translation/interpreting and untrained bilinguals were given an idiom translation judgment task with literal (form and meaning) or figurative equivalents (meaning only). Dependent measures included the time taken to comprehend the first presented sentence and the accuracy and speed of judging if the second presented sentence was a translation of the first sentence. The groups did not differ in their speed of reading the first presented sentence but translation verification times differed by group and translation type: untrained bilinguals were significantly faster at verifying literal than figurative translations while trained bilinguals were equally fast for the two types. The pattern of findings is consistent with the view that training in translation fosters a processing-for-meaning-before reformulating, or vertical, translation strategy.
An evaluation of portion size estimation aids: precision, ease of use and likelihood of future use
Authors: Faulkner Gemma P , Livingstone M Barbara E , Pourshahidi L Kirsty , Spence Michelle , Dean Moira , O’Brien Sinead , Gibney Eileen R , Wallace Julie MW , McCaffrey Tracy A , Kerr Maeve A
Published: February 2016

Objective

The present study aimed to evaluate the precision, ease of use and likelihood of future use of portion size estimation aids (PSEA).

Design

A range of PSEA were used to estimate the serving sizes of a range of commonly eaten foods and rated for ease of use and likelihood of future usage.

Setting

For each food, participants selected their preferred PSEA from a range of options including: quantities and measures; reference objects; measuring; and indicators on food packets. These PSEA were used to serve out various foods (e.g. liquid, amorphous, and composite dishes). Ease of use and likelihood of future use were noted. The foods were weighed to determine the precision of each PSEA.

Subjects

Males and females aged 18–64 years (n 120).

Results

The quantities and measures were the most precise PSEA (lowest range of weights for estimated portion sizes). However, participants preferred household measures (e.g. 200 ml disposable cup) – deemed easy to use (median rating of 5), likely to use again in future (all scored either 4 or 5 on a scale from 1=‘not very likely’ to 5=‘very likely to use again’) and precise (narrow range of weights for estimated portion sizes). The majority indicated they would most likely use the PSEA preparing a meal (94 %), particularly dinner (86 %) in the home (89 %; all P<0·001) for amorphous grain foods.

Conclusions

Household measures may be precise, easy to use and acceptable aids for estimating the appropriate portion size of amorphous grain foods.
Church Uniforms as an Indigenous Form of Anglicanism: A South African Case Study
Authors: Haddad Beverley
Published: February 2016

African women members of the Mothers’ Union in South Africa have forged a neo-indigenous expression of Christianity best expressed in the characteristics of the manyano movement (women’s prayer groups) which include extempore prayer and preaching, extensive fundraising, and the wearing of a church uniform. These women had to resist the restrictions placed upon them by women missionaries and church leadership from England, which included the abolishment of the church uniform during the 1950s. The article traces their struggle of resistance during this period and shows how they fought to wear a uniform and so identified themselves with the movement of women’s prayer unions existing in other churches. It also addresses the significance of the uniform as identified by elderly women from Vulindlela, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and suggests some of the existing ambiguities of the church uniform in the current church context.
HARMONIC INFERENTIALISM AND THE LOGIC OF IDENTITY
Authors: READ STEPHEN
Published: February 2016

Inferentialism claims that the rules for the use of an expression express its meaning without any need to invoke meanings or denotations for them. Logical inferentialism endorses inferentialism specifically for the logical constants. Harmonic inferentialism, as the term is introduced here, usually but not necessarily a subbranch of logical inferentialism, follows Gentzen in proposing that it is the introduction-rules which give expressions their meaning and the elimination-rules should accord harmoniously with the meaning so given. It is proposed here that the logical expressions are those which can be given schematic rules that lie in a specific sort of harmony, general-elimination (ge) harmony, resulting from applying a certain operation, the ge-procedure, to produce ge-rules in accord with the meaning defined by the I-rules. Griffiths (2014) claims that identity cannot be given such rules, concluding that logical inferentialists are committed to ruling identity a nonlogical expression. It is shown that the schematic rules for identity given in Read (2004), slightly amended, are indeed ge-harmonious, so confirming that identity is a logical notion.
Implications of Future Changes in the Asian Monsoon's Intensity
Authors: Clift Peter , Lau Gabriel , Rolett Barry , Gibson J.
Published: February 2016

AGU Chapman Conference on the Evolution of the Asian Monsoon and Its Impact on Landscape, Environment, and Society; Hong Kong, China, 14–18 June 2015
Methyl Chloride Can Track Tropical Air in the Lower Stratosphere
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: February 2016

A new study shows that trace gas samples collected aboard commercial airliners can be used to determine the origin and dynamics of atmospheric air masses.
What Drives Pollutant Dispersion at Night?
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: February 2016

Better understanding of waves and turbulence in calm air could improve predictions of weather and pollutant dispersion.
Final Mirror Segment Added to Powerful Future Space Observatory
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2016

After years of planning, testing, and assembly, the James Webb Space Telescope, the world's largest infrared, space-based observatory, is taking shape.