bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Willapa Bay, Washington: A Highly Unsteady, Partially Mixed Estuary
Authors: Banas N. S. , Hickey B. M. , MacCready P. , Newton J. A.
Published: December 2004

Results from 3 yr of hydrographic time series are shown for Willapa Bay, Washington, a macrotidal, partially mixed estuary whose river and ocean end members are both highly variable. Fluctuating ocean conditions— alternations between wind-driven upwelling and downwelling, and intrusions of the buoyant Columbia River plume—are shown to force order-of-magnitude changes in salinity gradients on the event (2–10 day) scale. An effective horizontal diffusivity parameterizing all up-estuary salt flux is calculated as a function of riverflow: results show that Willapa's volume-integrated salt balance is almost always far from equilibrium. At very high riverflows (the top 15% of observations) the estuary loses salt, on average, while at all other riverflow levels it gains salt. Under summer, low-riverflow conditions, in fact, the effective diffusivity K is large enough to drive a net increase in salinity that is 3–6 times the seaward, river-driven salt flux. This diffusion process is amplified, not damped, by increased tidal forcing, contrary to the expectation for baroclinic exchange. Furthermore, K varies along the length of the estuary as ∼5% of the rms tidal velocity times channel width, a scaling consistent with density-independent stirring by tidal residuals. To summarize Willapa's event- and seasonal-scale variability, a simple diagnostic parameter space for unsteady estuarine salt balances is presented, a generalization from the Hansen and Rattray steady-state scheme.
Ocean Response and Feedback to the SST Dipole in the Tropical Atlantic*
Authors: Joyce Terrence M. , Frankignoul Claude , Yang Jiayan , Phillips Helen E.
Published: December 2004

The equatorial SST dipole represents a mode of climate variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean that is closely tied to cross-equatorial flow in the atmosphere, from the cold to the warm hemisphere. It has been suggested that this mode is sustained by a positive feedback of the tropical winds on the cross-equatorial SST gradient. The role, if any, of the tropical ocean is the focus of this investigation, which shows that at the latitudes of the SST signal (centered on 10°N/S) there is a weak positive feedback suggested in data from the last half century, that the cross-equatorial wind stress is closely coupled to this SST gradient on monthly time scales with no discernable lag, and that the period from January to June is the most active period for coupling. Northward (southward) anomalies of cross-equatorial wind stress are associated with a substantial negative (positive) wind stress curl. This wind system can thus drive a cross-equatorial Sverdrup transport in the ocean from the warm to the cold side of the equator (opposite the winds) with a temporal lag of only a few months. The oceanic observations of subsurface temperature and a numerical model hindcast also indicate a clear relationship between this mode of wind-driven variability and changes in the zonal transport of the North Equatorial Countercurrent. It is estimated that the time-dependent oceanic flow is capable of providing a significant contribution to the damping of the SST dipole but that external forcing is essential to sustaining the coupled variability.
The Traditional Brickmaking Industry and the Rural Economy of Vietnam
Authors: Jensen Rolf , Peppard Donald M.
Published: December 2004

This article analyzes the rural brickmaking industry in Vietnam. The article is based on the results of survey data collected from brick factory owners in 2000 and 2001 and uses this data to develop a model factory based on traditional brickmaking technology. It describes the labor processes associated with this technology, generates income estimates for the different categories of brickmaking jobs, and analyzes the importance of these incomes in the context of overall living standards and poverty levels in Vietnam. The article also looks at the continued ties of brick factory workers to the rural agricultural sector of the economy. It makes the argument that, in many important respects, the brickmaking industry is an ideal rural industry for the largely agricultural population of Vietnam: it is highly labor intensive, and its production schedule and labor processes fit well with the seasonal demands of the agricultural sector. However, because of environmental concerns and technological advances in both agriculture and industry, traditional brickmaking in Vietnam is also confronted with real threats to its survival over the next 10 years. The article looks at some of the potential consequences of the loss of this type of rural industry in terms of household income levels and living standards.
On Understanding the Being of Panic Disorder Patients
Authors: Miyatani Yumi
Published: December 2004

Four different hypothetical phases of the “understanding” that panic disorder (PD) patients seem to go through are presented. The understanding here consists of both “to understand” and “to be understood.” The four phases are divided along with the general course of PD and experiences of the patients in general: (a) naming: diagnosis, (b) knowing: agreeing on the explanation of the mechanism, (c) objectifying: confrontation and control, and (d) surviving: holding the subjective experience of living with “pain” with or without meaning/understanding. The goal of this article is to offer clinical insights helpful in understanding PD by shedding light on different dimensions of the “being” of PD patients.
Motivation in Developmental Context: A New Method for Studying Self-Actualization
Authors: Reiss Steven , Havercamp Susan M.
Published: December 2004

Maslow’s hierarchy implies that human growth is associated with adult maturity, a decrease in the prepotency of “lower” motives and an increase in the prepotency of “higher” motives. These hypotheses were evaluated with data from 1,712 participants who had been tested with the Reiss Profile, which is a standardized assessment of a comprehensive range of enduring (trait) strivings. The results provided some support for Maslow’s general idea of human growth: The lower motives (such as eating and exercise) were stronger for younger versus older adults, whereas the higher motives (such as honor and idealism) were stronger for older versus younger adults. The results demonstrated a new method for studying some of the issues raised by Maslow.
From Dairy Farms to Housing Tracts
Authors: Montrie Chad
Published: December 2004

Focusing on changing land use in a Memphis suburb, this article examines the displacement of dairy farms by housing tracts during the twentieth century as well as the pollution of a local waterway by chemical production wastes. It also investigates the ways in which race shaped evolving residential patterns, determined exposure to environmental hazards, and influenced the activism that developed in response to these problems. This part of the history locates the origins of environmentalism at the grass roots and suggests an early date for the rise of organizing and protest that would later be called “environmental justice activism.”
Building State Structure
Authors: Bian Morris L.
Published: December 2004

This article examines Guomindang institutional rationalization during the Sino-Japanese War and its implications. The author argues that the war witnessed the most intensive Guomindang efforts of state building characterized by rationalization of state institutions. Drawing intellectual resources from theories of public administration in the United States, the Guomindang pushed for institutional rationalization by implementing a three-in-one administrative system through the integration of planning, execution, and assessment. The Guomindang succeeded in creating institutions of central planning and assessment and increased the rationalization of state institutions but failed to achieve the level of administrative efficiency it had hoped for. Guomindang institutional rationalization contributed to the Guomindang’s and the Communists’ recognition of the desirability of central planning and a planned economic system. It also began the process of designating political, economic, and administrative organizations as danwei.
Cries That Shake the Earth
Authors: McCord Edward A.
Published: December 2004

This article examines a rare instance in China’s warlord period when military officers were actually held accountable for military atrocities. These atrocities occurred in 1920, when retreating Northern troops pillaged and murdered their way through three Hunan counties before being forced to surrender to a Hunan army. A popular outcry immediately arose in Hunan to punish the officers for the crimes of their troops. Responding to this pressure, a Hunan military court ultimately sentenced two commanders and several other officers to death. Nonetheless, it was only the specter of possible political disorder, as protests escalated from angry press reports and petitions into actual street demonstrations by atrocity victims, that convinced Hunan’s new and relatively unstable provincial government to accede to these popular demands. The case therefore illuminates both the potential political power and limits of public opinion and popular protests in Republican China.
Sexual “Liberation” and the Older Woman in Contemporary Mainland China
Authors: Shea Jeanne L.
Published: December 2004

Over the past two decades, the People’s Republic of China has witnessed a growing media debate concerning traditional injunctions against romance, sex, and marriage in later life. This article explores middle-aged and older Chinese women’s attitudes concerning sex in later life, the actual prevalence of sexual activity among these women, and the relation of their sexual attitudes to their sexual behavior. By comparing media discourse on the sexual “liberation” of Chinese elders to the views and behaviors reported by 200 rural and 199 urban Chinese women between the ages of 40 and 65, it demonstrates that this discourse is based on many inaccurate assumptions about older Chinese women and the role of “feudalism” in their lives. In addition, the article examines how factors typically associated with “feudalism”—including exposure to various information sources, place of residence, education level, and household composition—relate to women’s sexual views and activity.
A Review of Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Briars Leslie A. , Hilao James J. , Kraus Donna M.
Published: December 2004

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects millions of children worldwide. New pediatric cases are continuing to be diagnosed. However, with the approval and use of various new protocols and antiretroviral agents, transmission rates in perinatally exposed infants have dramatically declined and survival of HIV-infected children has been prolonged. Prevention education is the starting point to try to reduce future transmission; however, increases in HIV cases continue to be seen in the adolescent population. Current pharmacological therapy of HIV includes a multidrug regimen with the potential for numerous drug-drug interactions, adverse effects, and development of resistance. Routine monitoring of adherence is required to try to attain and sustain viral suppression. This review will focus on current treatment recommendations for infants, children, and adolescents infected with HIV, including newly approved agents in 2003. Pediatric considerations, including differences in diagnosis and monitoring, will also be discussed.
Interoperability Issues for Underground Utilities
Authors: Jones Sharon A.
Published: December 2004

Interoperability issues arise when utility managers want to use both geographical information systems (GIS) and computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) for asset management. During summer 2003, the author evaluated the interoperability of CADD and GIS using a case study of the complex subsurface utility systems at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The evaluation included testing the CADD and GIS models and interviewing potential users and developers of the data. The evaluation concluded that the facility’s current approach to using spatial data should be modified with the result that the CADD and GIS are considered an integrated and interoperable system: The GIS supports the spatial analysis and the CADD supports the spatial model. Other issues include the choice of software, the accuracy of the spatial model, and various best management practices for spatial model development from legacy data.
The Median-Voter Model versus the Bureaucracy Model of School Finance Equalization Aid
Authors: Chandler Mark
Published: December 2004

The median-voter and budget-maximizing bureaucracy models imply different effects from intergovernmental aid. In this article, the author uses data from an ambitious school district equalization program in Connecticut to test these models. Finding no clear winner in terms of explanatory power, he uses the results of both models to examine the impact of the equalization aid. The estimated models yield a mean price elasticity of public school expenditure of -0.39 and income elasticities of 0.49 and 0.57 for the median-voter and bureaucracy models, respectively. Simulations indicate that the Connecticut school finance equalization and Education Enhancement aid resulted in a reduction in the standard deviations of per pupil spending across districts of 29% to 33% and halved the standard deviation of net school mill rates.
Using Municipal Residency Requirements to Disguise Public Policy
Authors: Duncan Brian
Published: December 2004

Municipal residency requirements require city employees to live within the city limit. Many cities enacted residency requirements attempting to attract middle-class families into the city and to prevent them from leaving. The model developed in this article suggests that a residency requirement can increase a city’s middle-class population but only if it is accompanied by a municipal wage premium. When effective, a residency requirement can also increase the likelihood that a municipal family will enroll its children in private school through a Tiebout sorting effect. Using U.S. census data, the author finds that comprehensive residency requirements are often but not always accompanied by a municipal wage premium. Furthermore, municipal families living in cities with both a residency requirement and a wage premium are significantly more likely to enroll their children in private school.
Recent Issues Regarding rWG, rWG, rWG(J), and rWG(J)
Authors: LeBreton James M. , James Lawrence R. , Lindell Michael K.
Published: December 2004

A recent article by Lindell and Brandt raised two concerns regarding the use of James, Demaree, and Wolf’s interrater agreement indices rWG and rWG(J). First, they noted that the multi-item rWG(J) equation is mathematically equivalent to inserting rWG into the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula and questioned whether applying a formula developed for a reliability index was also appropriate for an agreement index. Second, they questioned the appropriateness of James et al.’s suggestion of replacing obtained negative values of rWG with zeros. This article addresses these concerns by demonstrating that rWG(J) can be derived independently from the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula and that negative values of rWG can be avoided by reparameterizing the structural equation underlying the data when there is systematic disagreement between subgroups of raters.
A Conditional Reasoning Measure for Aggression
Authors: James Lawrence R. , McIntyre Michael D. , Glisson Charles A. , Green Phillip D. , Patton Timothy W. , LeBreton James M. , Frost Brian C. , Russell Sara M. , Sablynski Chris J. , Mitchell Terence R. , Williams Larry J.
Published: December 2004

This article describes a new approach for assessing cognitive precursors to aggression. Referred to as the Conditional Reasoning Measurement System, this procedure focuses on how people solve what on the surface appear to be traditional inductive reasoning problems. The true intent of the problems is to determine if solutions based on implicit biases (i.e., biases that operate below the surface of consciousness) are logically attractive to a respondent. The authors focus on the types of implicit biases that underlie aggressive individuals’attempts to justify aggressive behavior. People who consistently select solutions based on these types of biases are scored as being potentially aggressive because they are cognitively prepared to rationalize aggression. Empirical tests of the conditional reasoning system are interpreted in terms of Ozer’s criteria for ideal personality instruments. Noteworthy findings are that the system has acceptable psychometric properties and an average, uncorrected empirical validity of 0.44 against behavioral indicators of aggression (based on 11 studies).
Role of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Pathway in Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis
Authors: Hicklin Daniel J. , Ellis Lee M.
Published: December 2004

New blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) is a fundamental event in the process of tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. Hence, the molecular basis of tumor angiogenesis has been of keen interest in the field of cancer research. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway is well established as one of the key regulators of this process. The VEGF/VEGF-receptor axis is composed of multiple ligands and receptors with overlapping and distinct ligand-receptor binding specificities, cell-type expression, and function. Activation of the VEGF-receptor pathway triggers a network of signaling processes that promote endothelial cell growth, migration, and survival from pre-existing vasculature. In addition, VEGF mediates vessel permeability, and has been associated with malignant effusions. More recently, an important role for VEGF has emerged in mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells from the bone marrow to distant sites of neovascularization. The well-established role of VEGF in promoting tumor angiogenesis and the pathogenesis of human cancers has led to the rational design and development of agents that selectively target this pathway. Studies with various anti-VEGF/VEGF-receptor therapies have shown that these agents can potently inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth in preclinical models. Recently, an anti-VEGF antibody (bevacizumab), when used in combination with chemotherapy, was shown to significantly improve survival and response rates in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and thus, validate VEGF pathway inhibitors as an important new treatment modality in cancer therapy.
How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru
Authors: McMillan John , Zoido Pablo
Published: December 2004

Which of the democratic checks and balances–opposition parties, the judiciary, a free press–is the most forceful? Peru has the full set of democratic institutions. In the 1990s, the secret-police chief Montesinos systematically undermined them all with bribes. We quantify the checks using the bribe prices. Montesinos paid a television-channel owner about 100 times what he paid a judge or a politician. One single television channel's bribe was five times larger than the total of the opposition politicians' bribes. By revealed preference, the strongest check on the government's power was the news media.
Policy: Watch Challenges for Terrorism Risk Insurance in the United States
Authors: Kunreuther Howard , Michel-Kerjan Erwann
Published: December 2004

This paper examines the role that insurance has played in dealing with terrorism before and after September 11, 2001, by focusing on the distinctive challenges associated with terrorism as a catastrophic risk. The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA) was passed by the U.S. Congress in November 2002, establishing a national terrorism insurance program that provides up to $100 billion commercial coverage with a specific but temporary risk-sharing arrangement between the federal government and insurers. TRIA's three-year term ends December 31, 2005, so Congress soon has to determine whether it should be renewed, whether an alternative terrorism insurance program should be substituted for it, or whether insurance coverage is left solely in the hands of the private sector. As input into this process, the paper examines several alternatives and scenarios, and discusses their potential to create a sustainable terrorism insurance program in the Unites States.
Non-Contact Skin Moisture Measurement Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Arimoto Hidenobu , Egawa Mariko
Published: December 2004

Non-contact skin moisture measurement based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is proposed in the spectral range from 1300 to 2000 nm. A gap is introduced between the optical fiber probe and the skin surface in order to avoid occluding surface vapor. In vitro and in vivo experiments for measuring the water content of skin are implemented. The measured absorbance spectra are processed by multivariate analyses. Processed results are compared with the water content values obtained by a capacitance method. The correlations between the optical method and the capacitance method obtained by partial-least squares regression are higher than those obtained by multiple linear regression. In addition, a Monte Carlo simulation is implemented to evaluate measurement depths of the optical methods. It is presented that the measurement depth of the optical method depends largely on the water absorption. The simulation result also shows that the measurement depth of the optical method is much deeper than the depth of the capacitance method, especially in the spectral range where water absorption is relatively weak.
Reference Wavelengths for Strong Lines of Atomic Hydrogen and Deuterium
Authors: Reader Joseph
Published: December 2004

Wavelengths of the individual fine-structure components of the n = 1–2 (Lyα), n = 1–3 (Lyβ), n = 1–4 (Lyγ), n = 1–5 (Lyδ), n = 1–6 (Lyε), n = 1–7 (Lyζ), n = 2–3 (Hα), n = 2–4 (Hβ), n = 2–5 (Hγ), n = 2–6 (Hδ), and n = 2–7 (Hε) transitions of H and D are determined from theoretical values for the binding energies. Theoretical line strengths are used to obtain recommended values for the peaks of unresolved blends of these components as likely to be observed with discharge light sources and spectrometers with low to moderate resolution.
Validation of Macroscopic Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging to Study Dissolution of Swelling Pharmaceutical Tablets
Authors: Van Der Weerd Jaap , Kazarian Sergei G.
Published: December 2004

Macroscopic attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared imaging is applied to study the dissolution of realistically sized hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) tablets. The water intake into in situ compacted tablets and pre-compacted tablets was studied as a function of compaction pressure. Rigorous analysis of the imaging datasets show that the speed of water intake into HPMC tablet is approximately 4 μm/min and is hardly affected by the studied range of compaction pressures or the type of ATR crystal used (diamond or ZnSe). This constant speed of water intake implies that leakage (“creeping”) of water into the space between the tablet and the ATR crystal does not occur. It is shown that the radius of the HPMC tablet initially expands to twice the original radius due to swelling.
Comparison of Laser Ablation and Dried Solution Aerosol as Sampling Systems in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Coedo A. G. , Padilla I. , Dorado M. T.
Published: December 2004

This paper describes a study designed to determine the possibility of using a dried aerosol solution for calibration in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The relative sensitivities of tested materials mobilized by laser ablation and by aqueous nebulization were established, and the experimentally determined relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) were used in conjunction with aqueous calibration for the analysis of solid steel samples. To such a purpose a set of CRM carbon steel samples (SS-451/1 to SS-460/1) were sampled into an ICP-MS instrument by solution nebulization using a microconcentric nebulizer with membrane desolvating (D-MCN) and by laser ablation (LA). Both systems were applied with the same ICP-MS operating parameters and the analyte signals were compared. The RSF (desolvated aerosol response/ablated solid response) values were close to 1 for the analytes Cr, Ni, Co, V, and W, about 1.3 for Mo, and 1.7 for As, P, and Mn. Complementary tests were carried out using CRM SS-455/1 as a solid standard for one-point calibration, applying LAMTRACE software for data reduction and quantification. The analytical results are in good agreement with the certified values in all cases, showing that the applicability of dried aerosol solutions is a good alternative calibration system for laser ablation sampling.
Installation of a Multiplexed Raman System in a Chemical Process
Authors: Weyer Lois G. , Yee Dupon , Pearson Gary I. , Wade John
Published: December 2004

A 785 nm laser dispersive Raman system was installed in a hazardous chemical production plant to monitor two reactors, a still, and a holding tank with measurement directly through sight glasses. Compositional information for several raw materials, intermediates, and products was obtained using partial least squares (PLS) calibrations. Discriminate analysis was used to exclude extremely poor spectra while including usable ones. Derivative/standard normal variate (SNV) treatment was found to be effective for correcting for background fluorescence and for large differences in spectral intensity. Final regression equations incorporated temperature fluctuations, occasional fluorescence, some sunlight effects, large intensity variations, and large compositional changes. Various installation problems were solved via data treatment or mechanical changes. The Raman system provides information for control of the process, resulting in cost savings and improved safety.
Identification and Measurement of Dirt Composition of Manufactured Steel Plates Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Orzi Daniel J. O. , Bilmes Gabriel M.
Published: December 2004

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used for the characterization of the main components of the surface residual dirt produced in cold-rolled steel plates as a consequence of the manufacturing stages. At laser fluences between 0.05 J/cm2 < F < 0.30 J/cm2, dirt ablation takes place without any contribution from the substrate. Results show that the main components of the dirt are fine particles of Fe mostly homogeneously distributed in a thin layer of grease and soaps. In the primary stages of the manufacturing process carbon residuals can also be found. By measuring light emission from the λ = 495.9 nm line of Fe(I) after laser ablation, we developed a real-time on-line method for the determination of the concentration of iron particles present in the surface dirt. The obtained results open new possibilities in the design of real-time instruments for industrial applications as a quality control of products and processes.
A Century of Skeletal Biology and Paleopathology: Contrasts, Contradictions, and Conflicts
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Gerven Dennis P. Van
Published: December 2004

For the first half of the 20th century, biological anthropology stagnated in a state in which racial typology was its major theoretical and methodological focus. In 1951, Sherwood Wash burn proposed the "new physical anthropology" that would move biological anthropology beyond description. Washburn repositioned it into a science that focused on process, theory, and hypothesis testing. The commitment to a process‐oriented biological anthropology has been slow, but there has been progress. Biocultural studies and functional anatomy have produced a more dynamic science characterized by hypothesis testing and a heightened concern for causality. Unfortunately, a return to historical particularism has limited progress. An increasing interest in forensic application and resurgent interest in measures of population distances and migrations represents a reversion to an earlier descriptive past. [Keywords: adaptation, osteology, evolution, history]
Coupled Thermo‐Mechanical Analysis of Severe Plastic Deformation for Producing Bulk Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Pei Q.X. , Lu C. , Fu M.W.
Published: December 2004

In recent years, bulk nanostructured materials produced by methods of severe plastic deformation have attracted growing research interest. This article presents a coupled thermo‐mechanical finite element analysis of the severe plastic deformation in the workpiece materials during equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) to optimize the ECAP process and the die design.
Simulation of Solid State Sintering through FE Modeling for the Optimum Design of 3D Parts
Authors: Vallauri D. , Maizza G.
Published: December 2004

Modelling of sintering provides an effective assisting tool for process optimisation and accurate design of near net shape parts. In this paper the shrinkage and shape changes of 3D real components are simulated during solid‐state sintering through a combination of a multi‐physics microscopic model and a macroscopic FE model. The computed stress and temperature fields allow for prediction of sinter distortions with the aim of minimising them and help in manufacturing of near net shape parts. The model results are in good agreement with literature data.
Enhancing the Properties of Magnesium using SiC Particulates in Sub‐micron Length Scale
Authors: Reddy S.U. , Srikanth N. , Gupta M. , Sinha S.K.
Published: December 2004

A novel method of Disintegrated Melt Deposition technique (see Figure) was used to synthesize the magnesium composites containing sub‐micron size SiC particulates. The enhanced mechanical and thermal properties are attributed to the uniform distribution of sub‐micron size SiC particulates and good SiC‐Mg interfacial integrity. The results revealed that SiC particulates in submicron length scale are superior in improving overall properties of magnesium when compared to SiC particulates in micron length scale.
Structure‐Processibility Relationships During Rotational Moulding of Plastics
Authors: Tcharkhtchi A. , Verdu J.
Published: December 2004

During the rotational moulding of plastics there are a number of key temperatures that influence to a large extent the production of good quality parts. Using well established relationships between the structure and processibility of plastics, this paper explains why polyethylene is much easier to process by rotational moulding than other polymers such as polyamides, poly(ethylene terephtalate), poly(vinylchloride) or polypropylene.
Enhancing the Tissue‐Biomaterial Interface: Tissue‐Initiated Integration of Biomaterials
Authors: Wang D.‐A. , Williams C. G. , Yang F. , Elisseeff J. H.
Published: December 2004

Integration of biomaterials within the body is a longstanding problem in medicine. The lack of proper biomaterial integration within the body sacrifices artificial implant longevity and function. Materials such as hydrogels may be able to integrate with soft tissue; however, a challenge remains to improve tissue–biomaterial interaction for hard tissues such as cartilage and bone. Cartilage poses a particularly difficult challenge for biomaterial integration since it has a dense extracellular matrix that impedes cellular migration, additionally, it has a smooth, lubricating surface. Collagen fibers, are abundant in the cartilage matrix and throughout the body, provide structural integrity and were chosen as the target for polymerization initiation, anchoring, and integration of hydrogel biomaterials. Principles of protein biochemistry and polymer science were applied to formulate a novel strategy to initiate and directly polymerize biomaterials to collagen. Initially, proteoglycans were removed from the cartilage surface by enzymatic digestion, followed by treatment with a mild oxidative reagent to create tyrosyl radicals on collagen. Afterwards, polymers containing acrylate groups were added and tyrosyl radicals, confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR) were used to initiate polymerization with light. Chemical (Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy) and morphological (scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) analyses revealed the presence of polymer bound to the cartilage surface after tissue‐initiated photopolymerization. Mechanical analysis by the application of torsional stress demonstrated enhanced functional tissue integration of the tissue‐initiated polymerized material. Cells in the surrounding cartilage tissue and encapsulated in the hydrogel, remained viable during the bonding and polymerization processes.
Affinity Chromatography of Tryptases: Design, Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Matrix‐Bound Bivalent Inhibitor
Authors: Schaschke Norbert , Gabrijelcic‐Geiger Dusica , Dominik Andreas , Sommerhoff Christian P.
Published: December 2004

β‐Tryptases are mast cell‐derived serine proteases that are enzymatically active in the form of an oligomer consisting of four subunits each with trypsin‐like activity. The active‐site clefts, which are directed toward the central pore of the tetramer, form spatial arrays of four negatively charged S1 binding pockets. Therefore, dibasic inhibitors of appropriate geometry can bind in a bivalent fashion to neighboring subunits. We have recently identified a potent bivalent inhibitor (Ki=18 nM), based on the bifunctional scaffold cyclo‐(‐D‐Asp‐L‐Asp‐) and the arginine mimetic dl‐3‐aminomethyl‐phenylalanine methyl ester as a ligand for S1 pockets that takes advantage of the this unique tetrameric geometry. To generate an affinity matrix, the bivalent ligand was modified and immobilized on a Sepharose matrix by use of the PEG derivative Jeffamine ED 900 as spacer. This matrix selectively recognizes and binds β‐tryptase from crude protein mixtures and thus is useful as a geometry‐driven means of isolating and purifying human mast cell tryptases.
Lithium Acetate‐Catalyzed Michael Reaction Between Trimethylsilyl Enolate and α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compound.
Authors: Nakagawa Takashi , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Nagata Yuzo , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Derivatives of Thiazole with Mesomorphous Properties.
Authors: Kuvatov Z. Kh. , Safarov M. G. , Murza M. M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction of 1,2,3‐Selenadiazoles with Phosphines.
Authors: Arsenyan P. , Oberte K. , Rubina K. , Belyakov S. , Lukevics E.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Non‐Covalent Azaphenylalanine Thrombin Inhibitors with an Aminomethyl or Amino Group at the P1 Position
Authors: Obreza A. , Stegnar M. , Urleb U.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selective Cleavage of 2,3‐O‐Isopropylidene Group: A Case of Anchimeric Assistance from O‐Glycoside.
Authors: Wakharkar Radhika D. , Sahasrabuddhe Manjusha B. , Borate Hanumant B. , Gurjar Mukund K.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regio‐ and Diastereoselectivity in the Paterno—Buechi Reaction on Furan Derivatives
Authors: D'Auria Maurizio , Emanuele Lucia , Racioppi Rocco
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polysilanes: Formation, Bonding and Structure
Authors: Jones Richard G.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Integrated planning for enrollment, facilities, budget, and staffing: Penn State University
Authors: Sandmeyer Louise E. , Dooris Michael J. , Barlock Robert W.
Published: December 2004

Integrated planning promotes collaborative thinking and furnishes mechanisms for linking strategic plans with operational plans.
Light-induced switching in back-gated organic transistors with built-in conduction channel
Authors: Podzorov V. , Pudalov V. M. , Gershenson M. E.
Published: December 2004

We report an observation of light-induced switching of conductance in back-gated organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with a built-in conduction channel. In the studied devices, the built-in channel is formed owing to the self-sensitized photo-oxidation of the rubrene surface. In the dark, the back gate controls charge injection from metal contacts into the built-in channel: The high-current ON state corresponds to zero or negative back gate voltage; the low-current OFF state—to a positive back gate voltage that blocks the Schottky contacts. Illumination of an OFET in the OFF state with a short pulse of light switches the device to the ON state, which persists in the dark for days. The OFF state can be restored by cycling the back-gate voltage. The observed effect can be explained by screening the back-gate electric field with the charges photogenerated in the bulk of organic semiconductor.
METHODOLOGICAL INSIGHTS: Comparing the precision and cost‐effectiveness of faecal pellet group count methods
Authors: CAMPBELL D. , SWANSON G. M. , SALES J.
Published: December 2004

Faecal pellet group (FPG) count data are widely used to estimate animal abundance, with two alternative methods normally employed. Faecal accumulation rate (FAR) techniques measure the daily accumulation rate of pellet groups, while faecal standing crop (FSC) techniques measure overall density. To estimate abundance, both methods require estimates of the animal defaecation rate. FSC techniques also require an estimate of pellet group decomposition rate. In general, FAR techniques are considered less prone to bias while FSC methods are considered more precise and cost‐effective. On balance, the majority of authors and practitioners prefer FSC methods, although little empirical evidence supports this decision.

FPG count data were obtained from 26 study areas to compare the precision of FAR and FSC count techniques when applied to wild deer populations in the UK uplands. The time needed to collect count data was quantified in 10 study areas.

The coefficients of variation (CV) of FSC pellet group count data ranged from 9% to 23% and were approximately 0·7–0·9 times those of equivalent FAR data. The precision of both methods was related to the density of pellet groups. On average, FSC count data took 80 min per plot to obtain, with FAR taking 1·6–1·9 times longer.

For the precision of FSC and FAR abundance estimates to be comparable in the range of conditions studied, decomposition rate trials would require a CV of 5–20%. While a number of studies report this to be possible, estimates of the time needed to obtain this level of precision generally exceed the net available time that results from the deployment of FSC rather than FSC pellet group counts.

Synthesis and applications. Using the levels of finance available to most deer managers in the UK uplands, deer abundance estimates obtained using FSC techniques on individual study sites up to 20 000 ha appear generally less cost‐effective than FAR when compared in terms of their overall precision. As FAR methods are also thought to have less potential for bias when applied in the appropriate environmental conditions, they should be preferred over FSC when estimating deer abundance in concealing habitats.
HPLC analysis of alkyl thioureas in an orthopaedic brace and patch testing with pure ethylbutylthiourea
Authors: Bergendorff O. , Persson C. M. L. , Hansson C.
Published: December 2004

Ethylbutylthiourea (EBTU) is an accelerator used in the production of chloroprene (neoprene) rubber. EBTU occurs in a mixture with diethylthiourea (DETU) and dibutylthiourea (DBTU) in the accelerator. An analytical method originally developed for analysis of zinc dithiocarbamates in rubber has been used to analyse EBTU, DETU and DBTU in a knee brace responsible for an allergic contact dermatitis in a gardener suffering from arthrosis. EBTU was isolated and gave positive reactions when tested as a pure compound. The test reaction was accompanied by positive reactions to DETU and DBTU.
Diffusion of Innovations in Service Organizations: Systematic Review and Recommendations
Authors: GREENHALGH TRISHA , ROBERT GLENN , MACFARLANE FRASER , BATE PAUL , KYRIAKIDOU OLIVIA
Published: December 2004

This article summarizes an extensive literature review addressing the question, How can we spread and sustain innovations in health service delivery and organization? It considers both content (defining and measuring the diffusion of innovation in organizations) and process (reviewing the literature in a systematic and reproducible way). This article discusses (1) a parsimonious and evidence‐based model for considering the diffusion of innovations in health service organizations, (2) clear knowledge gaps where further research should be focused, and (3) a robust and transferable methodology for systematically reviewing health service policy and management. Both the model and the method should be tested more widely in a range of contexts.
The meaning of strategy in the public sector
Authors: Stewart Jenny
Published: December 2004

Strategic management remains under‐theorised in the public sector, because the issues it raises straddle three distinct but related fields of analysis—the political, the policy‐related and the managerial. At the theoretical level, making progress requires teasing out all three potential dimensions of the term. In the practical sense, there is a need to define a roomier organisational ‘space’ (and time frame) within which strategy can be formulated.

The article argues for a more ambitious conceptualisation of the place of strategic thinking in the public sector, one that combines the agency's need to sustain its position in its bureaucratic and political environment, with the ‘strategic conversation’ that is needed to link the political and the bureaucratic executives.
THERMAL STABILITY OF Cu/Ta/ULTRA LOW k POROUS POLYMER STRUCTURES FOR MULTILEVEL INTERCONNECTS
Authors: ZHANG D. H. , YANG L. Y. , LI C. Y. , LIU R. , WEE A. T. S. , FOO P. D.
Published: December 2004

This paper reports a detailed study of the thermal stability of Cu (150 nm )/ Ta (25 nm )/ porous polymer (600 nm )/ Si structures for multilevel interconnects of the new generation integrated circuits. The samples were annealed at 400°C for different time periods and we then characterized using sheet resistance measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and cross-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is found that the abrupt increase of the sheet resistance of the Cu film takes place after annealing at 400°C for 150 min. An accumulation of oxygen was observed near the Ta /dielectric interface and both oxygen and Ta were significantly diffused into the Cu films as well as the dielectric. It is revealed that the strain between Cu and Ta accelerates Ta diffusion into the pores of the porous polymer and the Ta diffusion coefficient was 0.05±0.001 nm 2/ s which is more than double of that obtained from the structure without Cu deposited (0.023±0.001 nm 2/ s ).
Mucin biosynthesis: upregulation of core 2 β1,6N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase by retinoic acid and Th2 cytokines in a human airway epithelial cell line
Authors: Beum Paul V. , Basma Hesham , Bastola Dhundy R. , Cheng Pi-Wan
Published: December 2004

Vitamin A and the T helper 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 play important roles in the induction of mucin gene expression and mucus hypersecretion. However, the effects of these agents on enzymes responsible for mucin glycosylation have received little attention. Here, we report the upregulation of core 2 β1,6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT) activity both by all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and by IL-4 and IL-13 in the H292 airway epithelial cell line. Northern blotting analysis showed that the M isoform of C2GnT, which is expressed in mucus-secreting tissues and can form all mucin glycan β1,6-branched structures, including core 2, core 4, and blood group I antigen, was upregulated by both RA and IL-4/13. The L isoform, which forms only the core 2 structure, was moderately upregulated by IL-4/13 but not by RA. Enhancement of the M isoform of C2GnT by RA was abolished by an inhibitor of RA receptor α, implicating RA receptor α in the effect of RA. Likewise, an inhibitor of the Janus kinase 3 pathway blocked the enhancing effects of IL-4/13 on the L and M isoforms of C2GnT, suggesting a role of this pathway in the upregulation of these two C2GnTs by these cytokines. Taken together, the results suggest that IL-4/13 T helper 2 cytokines and RA can alter the activity of enzymes that synthesize branching mucin carbohydrate structure in airway epithelial cells, potentially leading to altered mucin carbohydrate structure and properties.
Stresses on pulmonary blood vessels
Authors: Mitzner Wayne
Published: December 2004

This essay looks at the historical significance of two APS classic papers that are freely available online:

Permutt S, Howell JBL, Proctor DF, and Riley RL. Effect of lung inflation on static pressure-volume characteristics of pulmonary vessels. J Appl Physiol 16: 64–70, 1961 ( http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/16/1/64 ).

Howell JBL, Permutt S, Proctor DF, and Riley RL. Effect of inflation of the lung on different parts of pulmonary vascular bed. J Appl Physiol 16: 71–76, 1961 ( http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/16/1/71 ).
Callable Manuals – Access to Product Documentation via Voice (Anrufbare Bedienungsanleitungen – Zugang zu Produktdokumentation über Sprache)
Authors: Block Hans Ulrich , Caspari Rudolf , Schachtl Stefanie
Published: December 2004

This paper describes the adaptation and usage of a general purpose spoken dialog system (SDS) for an experimental telephony based online help system. It presents the basic philosophy of the SDS, the application building process and the results of a usability test.
Neuartiger Mode-Locking-External-Cavity-Laserdiodensensor zur absoluten Positionsmessung von rauen Oberflächen (Novel Mode-Locking External Cavity Laser Diode Sensor for the Absolute Position Measurements of Rough Surfaces)
Authors: Czarske Jürgen , Möbius Jasper , Moldenhauer Karsten , Razik Thorsten , Tönshoff Hans K. , Müller-Wirts Thomas
Published: December 2004

Konventionelle optische Sensoren nutzen Messeffekte außerhalb der Lichtquelle. Bei dem vorgestellten Lasersensor wird demgegenüber das Messobjekt in einen Fabry–Perot-Laserresonator integriert. Dabei ist die technische Oberfläche des Messobjektes als externer Reflektor des Resonators aufzufassen. Die gesuchte Abstandsinformation wird damit der Laseremission direkt aufgeprägt und steht über die Messung des longitudinalen Modenabstands zur Verfügung. Der realisierte Mode-Locking-External-Cavity-Laserdiodensensor erlaubt axiale, absolute Positionsmessungen mit Mikrometerauflösung und weist als Vorteil eine hohe Messdatenrate auf. Die Anwendungen liegen beispielsweise in der Qualitätskontrolle bei der Lasermaterialbearbeitung und von Schleifprozessen.