bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consonant mutation in Seereer-Siin
Authors: McLaughlin Fiona
Published: September 2021

This study presents a description and analysis of stem-initial consonant mutation within the nominal system of Seereer-Siin, a West Atlantic language closely related to Fula. Two distinct mutation patterns are isolated. The first consists of a voiced stop--voiceless stop--prenasalized stop set of alternations, while the second is a Fula-like pattern consisting of continuant-stop-pre nasalized stop alternations. Consonant mutation is shown to be the result of the prefixation of a class marker that contains a floating autosegment which associates to an underspecified stem-initial consonant. Both mutation patterns occur in the same morphological environments, thereby presenting a potential problem for an auto segmental analysis: e.g., How can we account for the occurrence of continuants and voiced stops in the same environment? By positing different underlying forms for each of the mutation patterns we show how consonant mutation in Seereer is quite complex but also more regular than previously thought.
Underlying low tones in Ruwund
Authors: Nash Jay A.
Published: September 2021

In this paper the author examines data from Ruwund, a language with surface tone patterns often the reverse of those reconstructed for ProtoBantu, and proposes that, whereas most contemporary Bantu languages are believed to have tonal systems based on an underlying high/toneless contrast, Ruwund is based on a low/toneless contrast. Rules of tone spread and deletion apply to low tones rather than high tones, and the "default low insertion" rule of other languages is replaced in Ruwund by a rule adding default high tones. This finding is theoretically significant in that it contradicts Pulleyblank's [1986] proposal that "low" is always the default value in a two-tone language.
Grammaticalisation de la structure infinitif verbe dans quelues langues Bantoues
Authors: Hadermann Pascale
Published: September 2021

Dans certaines langues bantoues, nous avons reI eve I' existence de formes verbales complexes ou l'auxilie precede l'auxiliant. Nous nous proposons ici d'analyser quelques-unes de ces formes verbales a partir d'un corpus constitue de langues des zones B40-50 et HIO-H30 (+L) de Guthrie. En realite il y a lieu de distinguer entre deux structures differentes: "infinitifx + verbe conjuguex" et "infinitif + auxiliant". Dans cet article nous examinerons comment ces structures ont pu etre generees et queUes sont les raisons qui motivent leur existence. Nous montrerons qu'il faudra tenir compte de plusieurs parametres, tels que la tendance a accepter un ordre SOV, Ie facteur pragmatique de la mise en emphase et I 'usure phonetique et semantique d'anciennes formes verbales composees.
Noun classification in Wolof when affixes are not renewed
Authors: McLaughlin Fiona
Published: September 2021

The Wolof noun class system exhibits a variety of class assignment strategies based on the intersection of semantic, morphological, phonological and sociolinguistic criteria. This study examines and analyzes the many strategies for class assignment that have coalesced in the Wolof noun class system, including the tendency towards a single default class, and an unusual copy process in which phonological material is copied from the stem to the class marker in a process that looks superficially like reduplication. Wolof noun classification is examined within the comparative context of its two closest sister languages, Pulaar and Seereer-Siin, and is shown to contrast with them in that the disappearance of class prefixes did not entail their replacement by suffixes. Finally, an argument is made that noun class systems like that of Wolof which appear to be somewhat incoherent from a semantic point of view are actually typical because noun classification is not only an artifact of the human mind, but also an artifact of human language.
Lʹinfluence des consonnes sure les tons en Dagara langue Voltaïque du Burkina Faso
Authors: Somé Penou-Achille
Published: September 2021

Phonologists have noted in a number of African language families the occurrence of certain consonants that influence tonal behavior. However, this phenomenon has never been noted in the Voltaic family. In this paper, the author contrasts three varieties of Dagara-Wule, Lobr, and Blrfmr-spoken in southern Burkina Faso and northern Ghana, demonstrating that certain consonants in Wule and Lobr are "transparent", permiting the spread of high tones, while others are "opaque", blocking the spread of high tones.
Restrictive vs non-restrictive relative clauses in Hausa where morphosyntax and semantics meet
Authors: Jaggar Philip J.
Published: September 2021

Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses in Hausa are characterized by morpho syntactic properties which are in (near) complementary distribution. Restrictives are introduced by one of two relative markers--either complex HL(L) tone wanda/wadda/waaanda (MSG/FSG/PL) 'the one(s) who(m), which, that etc', or simplex da 'who(m), which, that, etc.'-and (normally) require a focus (suka, suke, etc.) form of the inflectional (perfective/imperfective) agreementaspect paradigms. Non-restrictives, in contrast, are (for many speakers) distinguished from restrictives as follows: (1) they are introduced by a distinctive all L tone allomorph of the explicit relativizing pronoun wanda/wadda/waa anda; and (2) some speakers also allow either the same focus form of the !NFL as occurs in restrictives, or use the neutral non-focus (sun, suna, etc.) form as a possible alternative. This tense-aspect variation is attributable to the fact that non-restrictive relative clauses are (coordinate-like) appositional constructions which do not uniquely restrict/define/identify, etc. their antecedents.
Vowel harmony and vowel alternation in Mayak
Authors: Andersen Torben
Published: September 2021

Like several other Western Nilotic languages, the Mayak variety of Northern Burun has two sets of vowels distinguished by the feature [ATR], the [-ATR] vowels [I, E, a, i, u] and the [+ATR] vowels [i, e, A, 0, u]. However, the mid [+ATR] vowels [e] and [o] are variants of the mid [-ATR] vowels /e/ and /i/ conditioned by a following high I+ATR] vowel. This allophony is the effect of one of four general vowel harmony processes. In addition, [-ATR) root vowels exhibit grammatically conditioned alternation which affects either [ATR] or height. The mixed character of this alternation invites the hypothesis that original mid [+ATR] vowels have merged with the high [-ATR] vowels, and this hypothesis is confirmed by a comparison of Mayak with other Western Nilotic languages.
ATR vowel harmony in Akposso
Authors: Anderson Coleen G.
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a description of the vowel harmony system of Akposso (Uwi), a Kwa language of Ghana and Togo, one of only a handful of Kwa languages with a complete ten vowel system with ATR harmony. However, the tenth vowel, hi, does not function as the harmonic counterpart of the low [-ATR] central vowel lal in affixes as it does in other ten vowel languages with crossheight vowel harmony systems. Rather, in some instances Ia! alternates with lei in [+ATR] contexts, while in other instances it surfaces invariably as lal in both [-ATR] and l +ATR] contexts. Formant measurements show the [+ATR] central vowel occupying the mid area of acoustic space, thus adding some support to the view that [+ATR] central vowels in ATR harmony systems are phonetically nonlow rather than low, the more widely-assumed position. Although vowel harmony applies to a significant number of affixes, especially in the verb morphology, there are interesting limitations on how far harmony extends.
Length and syllable weight in Ibibio
Authors: Urua Eno-Abasi E.
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a study of segment length and its relationship to the syllable in Ibibio, a Lower Cross language spoken in Nigeria. Syllable structure processes such as consonant lengthening, lenition, vowel lengthening and truncation all occur to satisfy syllable weight requirements.
A sketch of Ongota a dying language of southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Savà Graziano , Tosco Mauro
Published: September 2021

The article provides a grammatical sketch of Ongota, a language on the brink of extinction (actively used by eight out of an ethnic group of nearly one hundred) spoken in the South Omo Zone of Southwestern Ethiopia. The language has now been largely superseded by Ts'amakko, a neighboring East Cushitic language, and code-switching in Ts'arnakko occurs extensively in the data. A peculiar characteristic of Ongota is that tense distinctions on the verb are marked only tonally. Ongota's genetic affiliation is uncertain, but most probably Afroasiatic, either Cushitic or Omotic; on the other hand, it must be noted that certain features of the language (such as the almost complete absence of nominal morphology and of inflectional verbal morphology) point to an origin from a creolized pidgin.
Tone in Buli
Authors: Akanlig-Pare George , Kenstowicz Michael
Published: September 2021

The paper analyzes the principal tonal contrasts and alternations in Buli from both synchronic and diachronic, comparative perspectives. The role of tone in the inflectional morphology as well as the phonetic implementation of tonal contrasts is also discussed.
Palatalization in West Chadic
Authors: Schuh Russell G.
Published: September 2021

Morphological palatalization is a phenomenon whereby palatal articulation (fronting of vowels, adding palatalization as a secondary articulation to consonants, changing alveolars to alveopalatals) is a property associated with an entire morpheme, not with individual segments. Within the Chadic language family, morphological palatalization is best documented in the Biu-Mandara branch, but it has been inherited as a feature in the West branch as well. This paper explores palatalization phenomena in the West Branch that conceivably trace their origin to morphological palatalization. In Miya, morphological palatalization operates much as it does in Biu-Mandara languages, affecting entire morphemes and associating with specific morphological processes. Duwai exhibits remnants of morphological palatalization in certain verb alternations. Bole shows alveolar/alveopalatal variations in specific lexical items that have no local phonological explanation. In Hausa, the origin of palatal consonants has long been a source of controversy. The paper argues that local phonological processes of palatalization cannot account for a large number of the palatals in modern Hausa, a claim that has implications for the analysis of the system of high vowels.
Tonal alternations in the Urhobo noun phrase
Authors: Aziza Rose O.
Published: September 2021

Urhobo is an Edoid language spoken extensively in Delta State, Nigeria. This paper examines tonal alternations in the Urhobo noun phrase with a view to providing more data that can lead to a better understanding of tonal behavior in Edoid languages. The language has two basic tones, high and low, two gliding tones, high-low (falling) and low-high (rising), plus a phenomenon of downstep, both automatic and non-automatic. A number of noun phrases are examined here and, as will become obvious later, the language relies heavily on tone to express many grammatical categories. The main points of interest from this study include the preservation of H at the expense of L, the fact that the loss of L does not result in downstep, that 'H plus following H can give H so the down step can be deleted, and that there are syntactically conditioned floating H tones in certain constructions.
Why Kiswahili adopted the words for six, seven and nine.pdf
Authors: Johansen Aimee
Published: September 2021

This squib addresses the topic of the numeral system of Kiswahili, in which some numerals are of Bantu origin and others are borrowed from Arabic. The main issue of interest is the following: Why did Kiswahili adopt the Arabic words for 'six', 'seven' and 'nine', when Kiswahili words already existed for these numerals? Little has been written on this topic, other than simple descriptions of the facts. I argue that sita 'six' and saba 'seven' were borrowed to replace the existing Bantu forms because they fit better into the pattern of disyllabic words found in the Kiswahili numbers from 1 to 10. The word for 'eight' was not borrowed because the Bantu word already fit this pattern. I also demonstrate that tisa 'nine' was borrowed into the language later than sita and saba, and probably for different reasons.
The abscence of the linker in double object constructions in Nuu
Authors: Collins Chris
Published: September 2021

The linker in Nluu appears before various types of nominal expressions, but not before the second object in a double object construction. Linkers in Khoisan languages such as +Hoan and Jul'hoansi do appear in this position. I will show that this property of the linker in Nluu is related to the fact that Nluu has a dative Case marker -a which appears after the first object of a DOC, whereas +Hoan and Jul'hoansi do not. 1.
A diachronic onomasiological approach to early Bantu oil palm vocabulary
Authors: Bostoen Koen
Published: September 2021

Despite its ancient and long-lasting importance to sub-Saharan African economies, there has been no systematic attempt to reconstruct Proto-Bantu vocabulary referring to the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Scholars have identified four common noun stems for 'oil palm', i.e. *-bida (cl. 5/6, 7/8), o_bd (cl. 5/6), *-gadi (cl. 9/10), and *-tende (el. 3/4) but determined the stems' geographic distributions within the Bantu domain to be insufficiently widespread to reflect a Proto-Bantu origin. From the wider perspective of Niger-Congo, certain of these nouns undoubtedly reconstruct to a level higher than Narrow Bantu. This paper presents an onomasiological approach to the earliest Bantu 'oil palm' vocabulary, offering a diachronic semantic analysis of the main noun stems, and an evaluation of the historical implications of their current-day distribution, both with respect to each other and in the light of the available Niger-Congo data.
Relic noun-class structure in Leggbo
Authors: Hyman Larry M. , Udoh Imelda
Published: September 2021

No abstract is available for SAL supplements.
Bilabial and labio-dental fricatives in Ewe
Authors: Maddieson Ian
Published: September 2021

No abstract is available for SAL supplements.
Aspects of Maay phonology and morphology
Authors: Paster Mary
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a descriptive overview of the phonology and morphology of the Lower Jubba dialect of Maay, a language of southern Somalia. The paper highlights several points of typological, dialectological, and theoretical interest in this language. For example, the nominal morphology exhibits a somewhat unusual pattern of plural marking that interacts in a complex way with the gender marking system. Where relevant, comparisons are made between this dialect and other dialects of Maay and Somali, and speculation is made as to the historical origin of some of the unusual phonological and morphological phenomena observed in this dialect.
Motion time and tense on the grammaticalization of come and go to future markers in Bantu
Authors: Botne Robert
Published: September 2021

Many Bantu languages have grammaticized one or both types of motion verb -COME and GO - as future markers. However, they may differ in the semantics of future temporal reference, in some cases referring to a "near" future, in others to a "remote" future. This paper explores how the underlying image-schemas of such verbs in several languages - Bamileke-Dschang, Bamun, and Lamnso' (Grass fields Bantu), Duala, Chimwera, Chindali, Kihunde, and Zulu (Narrow Bantu) - contribute to how the verbs become grammaticized in relation to the dual construals of linguistic time: ego-moving vs. moving-event.
Kurmuk phonology
Authors: Andersen Torben
Published: September 2021

This article describes the basic aspects of the phonology of Kurmuk, a previously undescribed language belonging to the Northern Burun subbranch of the Western Nilotic family. After a morpho syntactic overview, the treatment of the phonology includes syllable structure and word shapes, vowels and vowel alternation, consonants and consonant alternation, and tones and tonal processes.
Polysemie du verbe manger chez les Dagara du Burkina Faso
Authors: Some Penou-Achille
Published: September 2021

In Dagara, the most common translation for the verb di is 'eat'. Other translations, however, are: 'spend, take advantage of 'burn, wear out, hurt, be infected,' 'be named x, look like x, be x only by name,' and 'be topmost, reach the target, make good for a bad situation'. For each of these meanings, di always differs from its false-synonyms ('munch, blaze, wear, hurt, call, be or have, resemble, manage, make up for. . .'). We distinguish two main types, one where di is a verb of accomplishment, and one where di is a verb of state. The investigation reveals how grammatical structure fits with semantics as well as ethnological data, mainly through a constant valuation of the state of affairs by the Speaker. The article concludes by showing how all of the meanings can be united around a single common, abstract schema.
A generative account of consonant alternations in Baba 1
Authors: Pepandze Nashipu Julius
Published: September 2021

This paper analyses and accounts for various patterns of alternations exhibited by consonants as they interact within morphemes in Baba I. Most of the alternations manifested by the consonantal segments of this language are in accordance with general phonological principles. Nevertheless, there are some apparently complex alternations that may not be sufficiently accounted for using simple phonetic logic, and that exhibits some typological novelties, which may be of some theoretical interest to specialists in the field. Moreover, the underlying consonant system of this language constitutes a typological curiosity rarely documented in the world's languages. The contrast between voiced and voiceless consonants is highly restricted, appearing only with labio-dental, but never alveolar sounds.
Voice contrast and culumative faithfulness in Luwanga nouns
Authors: Green Christopher R. , Farris-Trimble Ashley W.
Published: September 2021

Luwanga has a seemingly allophonic surface distribution of voiced and voiceless obstruents. This commonplace distribution typically requires the proposition that segments are specified as either [±voice] underlyingly, with their counterparts derived via phonological rule. Drawing evidence from consonant alternations in Class 9/10 nouns and their derivatives, obstruents contrast for [voice], at least in stem-initial position. Elsewhere, voice is non-contrastive. The outcome of this alternation, although transparent, cannot be captured in a standard constraint-based optimality theoretic framework and instead requires machinery employed to address surface opacity. This paper illustrates that the result of competing pressures to remain faithful to the underlying segmental structure, as well as to a consonant’s specification for [voice], is the seemingly transparent but analytically opaque retention of marked structure. We illustrate that this type of cumulative faithfulness is best addressed via one of two evaluative mechanisms capable of capturing additive effects, namely Local Constraint Conjunction and Harmonic Grammar.
Second person agreement allomorphy in Masarak
Authors: Brillman Ruth
Published: September 2021

Masarak (also known as Masalit, sometimes spelled Massaleit), an endangered Nilo-Saharan language spoken in Darfur, is characterized by complex agreement patterns, particularly in the second person. This article outlines Masarak agreement patterns in the declarative, imperative and prohibitive verb forms, paying particular attention to second singular declarative allomorphy. In addition, this article describes a series of verb root-form alternations. Understanding these alternations is necessary in understanding the interpretation of different declarative, imperative and prohibitive verb forms.
A case for revisiting definitions of serial verb constructions: Evidence from Akan serial verb nominalization
Authors: Kambon Obadele , Osam E. Kweku , Amfo Nana Aba Appiah
Published: September 2021

In this study, we undertook an experiment in which native speakers of Akan were given serial verbs both with and without oblique non-verbal elements (such as relator nouns, direct objects, postpositions, etc.) and asked them to construct Serial Verb Construction Nominals (SVCNs) from them. We found that, by and large, when not given said non-verbal elements, speakers were not able to construct nominal forms. In another task, we gave speakers nominal forms and asked them to deconstruct them to the constituent serial verbs from which they were derived. Time and again, speakers gave, not only the serial verbs, but also the non-verbal elements even though they were not asked to do so. Gestalt meanings were also given by speakers when asked the meanings of individual elements. Thus, the semantic integration and lexicalization that takes place in full lexicalized-integrated serial verb constructions extends not only to serial verbs but also to these non-verbal elements which, to native speakers, seem to form just as important a part of the SVC as the verbal elements. Thus, we argue that definitions of SVCs, henceforth, should not prejudice the serial verbs to the detriment of other equally important parts of the construction.
Relative clause constructions in Nkami
Authors: Asante Rogers Krobea , Ma Qiuwu
Published: September 2021

This paper provides a systematic descriptive account of relative clause constructions (RCCs) of Nkami, an endangered Ghanaian language, based on synchronic data. It addresses issues that are of general interest in relativization, typology, syntax and grammaticalization. Among other things, it is observed that in Nkami’s RCCs both the head noun and its referent within the relative clause (RC) are explicitly stated, save when the referent is inanimate in non-subject function. Thus, Nkami is among the very few languages that employ the pronoun retention strategy to obligatorily state relativized NPs in subject position within RCs. It also departs from the norm of some Kwa linguists by recognizing a marker, which is similar in distribution and function to what is so-called ‘Clause (final) Determiner (CD)’, as a Relative Marker (cf. Lefebvre 1993, Saah 2010). Hence, Nkami’s RCC is couched as one that employs a ‘bracket strategy’, where two enclosing relative makers are simultaneously placed at the ends of the RC (cf. Kuteva and Comrie 2005). Moreover, unlike most Kwa languages, the head noun is never flanked by a definite determiner. Lastly, we suggest that both relativizers evolved from demonstratives.
A corpus study of Swahili conditionals
Authors: Mwamzandi Mohamed
Published: September 2021

In this paper I analyze Swahili conditional constructions via corpus analysis. Previous works on Swahili conditional markers categorize ki as a high possibility marker and ikiwa as a low possibility marker. In this corpus based study, I show that Swahili conditional markers cannot be imbued with specific pragmatic implicatures. Further, I extend the analysis to include the relationship between the protasis and apodosis and how this relationship impacts the choice of Swahili conditional markers. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results indicate that both ki and ikiwa may be used in conditionals with a high as well as neutral possibility of realization. However, the conditional conjunction ikiwa significantly differs from the ki conditional morpheme in the analysis based on the relationship between the protasis and apodosis. While ki is more frequently used in content and speech act conditionals, ikiwa is more frequently used in epistemic conditionals. The study is also extended to include the Swahili subjunctive morphemes nge, used in conditionals with a low possibility of realization (hypotheticals) as well as counterfactuals, and ngeli/ngali, predominantly used in counterfactuals.
What does that Lugwere demonstrative refer to? A semantic analysis of proximity and exteriority
Authors: Ahn Dorothy , Van der Wal Jenneke
Published: September 2021

The Bantu language Lugwere (Uganda, JE17) has what at first sight appears to be a typical three-way distinction in its demonstratives, with a proximal, medial, and distal series of demonstratives. Upon closer inspection, however, the second series in Lugwere can also be used for distal and anaphoric referents, whereas the third series has a more restricted use. We propose a better fitting semantic analysis in terms of the features [±proximal] and [±exterior], the latter referring to the status of a referent being inside or outside a certain perimeter, which is set by either the spatial environment of the conversation or the constantly updated discourse ground. This captures the semantic distinctions in the three series of demonstratives in Lugwere and provides an insight into the building blocks of demonstrative meaning.
The map of ti in Kituba - testing and expanding the typological model of the polysemy of conjunctive coordinators
Authors: Andrason Alexander
Published: September 2021

The present article analyzes the polysemy of the element ti in Kituba from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, by applying the framework of dynamic semantic maps and waves. The qualitative and quantitative corpus study, enhanced by evidence provided by Kituba native speakers, demonstrates the following: although ti spans most parts of the typological map of the polysemy of conjunctive coordinators, its center of prototypicality is located in the initial stage (comitative) and two intermediate stages (possessive and certain types of coordinate-hood) available along the grammaticalization pathway underlying the map. This suggests a semi-advanced grammaticalization profile for ti. The study also proposes certain changes in the typological map of the polysemy of conjunctive coordinators, postulating new components of the map (or grammaticalization stages), and alternative linking directions. Additionally, a possible manner of introducing quantitative data (related to prototypicality) to the qualitative map of polysemy is presented. The resulting model is argued to exhibit properties typical of complexity: structural intricacy, gradience, fuzziness, and multi-causality.
The Tonal Residue of the Conjoint/Disjoint Alternation in Rukiga
Authors: Van der Wal Jenneke , Asiimwe Allen
Published: September 2021

The Bantu language Rukiga (JE14, Uganda) shows tonal reduction on the verb in a subset of tenses, similar to the conjoint/disjoint alternation in Haya. Whereas in other languages the conjoint/disjoint alternation is usually marked by segmental morphology in at least one tense, Rukiga is unique in showing only tonal reduction. Nevertheless, our analysis shows that tonal reduction in Rukiga is not merely a phonological rule, but it encodes the conjoint/disjoint alternation. Furthermore, we show that tonal reduction in Rukiga is determined by constituent-finality, and there is no direct relation to focus
Subject marking in Awing
Authors: Fominyam Henry Zamchang , Georgi Doreen
Published: September 2021

This paper investigates the principles that govern subject marking in Awing (Grassfields Bantu). We observe that the subject marker (SM) that doubles the subject is sometimes obligatory, sometimes optional and sometimes prohibited. We argue that it is the referentiality of the subject that controls the distribution of the SM in Awing, rather than factors such as its morpho-syntactic features or its information structural status, which have been identified to govern argument doubling in a number of other languages with a similar phenomenon. The empirical evidence leads us to conclude that the SM is a pronominal element in Awing rather than an agreement marker. When it occurs, it functions as the argument of the verb and the associated subject NP is base-generated in the left periphery of the clause; when it is absent, the NP is the verbal argument. Awing thus qualifies as a pronominal argument language in the sense of Jelinek (1984); Bresnan and Mchombo (1987); Baker (1996).
Reminiscences of the last 50 years and the way forward
Authors: Essegbey James , Givon Thomas , Hyman Larry , Hinnebusch Thomas , Botne Robert , Schrock Jedd , Odden David , Henderson Brent , McLaughlin Fiona
Published: September 2021

This article is a retrospective and a prospective look at SAL on the occasion of its 50th anniversary. The founding editors and various editors reflect on their experiences
‘Not’ in focus:
Authors: Zeller Jochen
Published: September 2021

This paper investigates the interaction of focus and negation in the Bantu language Zulu (Nguni; S42). I discuss four strategies that are used to negate transitive sentences in Zulu. The default strategy, in which an object marker is added to the negated verb, expresses polarity focus by dislocating the object-marked object from the VP-focus domain. In the second strategy, no object marker occurs, and focus falls on the object or the VP. I show that in this strategy, negation typically associates with the focus and is not part of the presupposition, and I argue that this is responsible for a (hitherto unexplained) additional contrastive inference that speakers report with this negation strategy. The third strategy, a cleft, is used to remove the focused object from the scope of negation; as a result, negation can associate with the presupposition. In the fourth strategy, the object noun loses its augment and is interpreted as a negative polarity item (NPI). Based on a proposal by Lahiri (1998), I argue that in negated sentences with NPI-objects, focus is placed on an implicit cardinality predicate which is associated with the semantic representation of the indefinite NPI-object.
Upaya Guru BK dalam Mengembangkan Adversity Quotient Pada Siswa SMAN 1 Manyak Payed
Authors: Muliani Muliani , Siregar Mawardi , Pohan Rizky Andana
Published: September 2021

This study aims to describe the adversity quotient of SMAN 1 Manyak Paid students and the efforts of the BK teacher in developing adversity quotient in students. The research method used in this study is a qualitative type with a descriptive approach. Data were collected using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The determination of research subjects or informants in this study was done by purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman technique. The results showed that (1) the description of adversity quotient in SMAN 1 Manyak Paid students can be seen from all four dimensions, namely a) Dimension of control, students cannot control themselves when facing a problem. b) The dimension of ownership (recognition), students can admit mistakes made by apologizing and promising not to repeat the same mistakes again. c) The reach dimension (achievement), some students have the ability to limit difficulties so that they do not enter into other lives and some students have not been able to limit it. d) The dimension of endurance students assumes every problem they face requires a long time in solving it. (2) the efforts of BK teachers in developing adversity quotient in SMAN 1 Manyak Payed students in the form of classical guidance and individual counseling services, where classical guidance is used first if there is no change, then individual counseling and forms of collaboration between BK teachers and teachers will be conducted Students and parents to support the process of solving students' difficulties
Relevansi Teori Hierarki Kebutuhan Abraham Maslow Terhadap Motivasi Kerja Anggota Organisasi Penyuluhan Agama Islam
Authors: Bagas Muhammad Ali
Published: September 2021

This study aims to describe the relevance of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory with the work motivation fellow of Islamic counseling organizations. The research used is; library research that using content analysis as a technique in analyzing related data. The results of this study, namely; Fulfilling the needs of each fellow Islamic counseling organization are one of the causes that can describe the ups and downs of work motivation fellow. The fulfillment needs to be referred to here, namely; needs formulated by Abraham Maslow, the physiological needs, the safety needs, the belongingness and love needs, the esteem needs, and the need for self-actualization.
Pola Asuh Ibu Tiri dalam Membangun Karakter Anak Pra Sekolah
Authors: Nurhaliza Siti , Yusmami
Published: September 2021

This study discusses the Stepmother Parenting in Building the Character of Pre-School Children in Alur Nunang Village, Kec. Banda Mulia is experiencing various obstacles. This study aims to determine the parenting style of stepmothers in building the character of pre-school children in the village of groove nunang, sub-district. Banda Mulia and to find out the stepmother's obstacles in building the character of pre-school children in the village of groove nunang kec. Noble band. The type of approach used in this research is qualitative research. The results showed that stepmother parenting in building character in pre-school children in Alur Nunang village, Kec. Banda Mulia is to educate them gently, we position them as our biological children so that their mental and character can be confident and as if they still have a biological mother. Parenting should not be authoritarian, because it will result in their mental and self-confidence will be down. The influence of the stepmother's parenting style on the child's character is very important, namely in the form of preventive action (prevention). Then in the form of repressive actions (active), as well as curative actions (supervision) on children's behavior both at home and outside the home. factors and barriers to stepmothers in building the character of pre-school children in Alur Nunang Village, Kec. Banda Mulia are children who have a stepmother who are often feared by their friends playing in their environment, saying that the stepmother is very cruel, so that the psychology of the children becomes timid in front of their stepmother, then automatically, the stepmother's upbringing in building the children's character will experience obstacles
Surgical Site Infection Post Caesarean Section: A Case Report
Authors: Hartati  , Febi Stevi Aryani  , M Satria Erlangga Sinum  , Emasrissa Murwani
Published: September 2021

Background. Surgical site infection (SSI) is a major complication of surgery which can increase morbidity, mortality and cost of hospitality. Incidence of SSI at a healthcare provider/facility reflected a service quality of that institution.

Case presentation. A 28-years-old woman, a housewife, P2A1, post-caesarean section 12 days ago. Pasien datang dengan keluhan utama badan lemas dan terdapat nanah pada luka bekas operasi. Ia mengeluh perutnya terasa semakin panas, dan keluar cairan bening sebelum muncul nanah pada luka operasi. Pasien juga mengeluh demam, mual dan lemas akhir-akhir ini Laboratory investigations showed Hb 11,9 g/dL, Leukosit 11.100 m/L, trombosit 601.000.  MCV 70,7 fL MCH 24 pg MCHC 32 g/dL TIBC 392 mg/dL serum Iron 54 mg/dL  Ferritin 19,8 ng/mL, CRP reactive. Patient was wound dressing and given levofloxacin 500mg three times a day intravascular for three days and continue with ciprofloxacin three time a day oral. Patient was suggest to repeat laboratory test after therapy to evaluate therapy response.

Conclusion: The result showed that time of prophylactic antibiotics can used to minimize the occurrence of SSI in post-caesarean section patients.
Linguistic democratization in HKE across registers: The effects of prescriptivism
Authors: Loureiro-Porto Lucía
Published: September 2021

The second half or the twentieth century witnessed the emergence and expansion of linguistic changes associated to a number of processes related to changes in socio-cultural norms, such as colloquialization, informalization and democratization. This paper focuses on the latter, a phenomenon that has been claimed to be responsible for several ongoing changes in inner-circle varieties of English, but is rather unexplored in outer-circle varieties. The paper explores Hong Kong English and studies two linguistic sets of markers that include items that represent the (old) undemocratic alternative and the (new) democratic option, namely modal must vs. semi-modals have (got) to, need (to) and want to, and epicene pronouns including undemocratic generic he, on the one hand, and democratic singular they and conjoined he or she, on the other. Using the Hong Kong component of the International Corpus of English, and adopting a register approach, the paper reaches conclusions regarding the role played by prescriptivism in the diffusion of democratic items.
Pelatihan Dasar Preventif Maintenance 1 Untuk Masyarakat Kecamatan Cipayung, Depok
Authors: Rahayu Minto , Apriana Asep , Abdillah Aziz
Published: September 2021

Pemda Depok mempunyai Tempat Pengolahan Sampah (TPS) di Kecamatan Cipayung. Selama ini masyarakat Cipayung hanya menjadi penonton dan menerima dampak negatif dari keberadaan TPS, tanpa dapat berkontribusi dan mendapatkan keuntungan keekonomian. Progran Studi Alat Berat mempunyai tanggung jawab terhadap pemberdayaan masyarakat sehingga bermaksud melaksanakan pengabdian kepada masyarakat sesuai dengan kompetensi, yaitu Pelatihan dasar Preventive Mantenance 1 (PM 1) pada masyarakat Cipayung, Depok. Hasilnya masyarakat mempunyai keterampilan preventive maintenance, khususnya pada mesin pengolah sampah sehingga masyarakat dapat  menjadi  mitra Pemda Depok dalam hal pelayanan perawatan berkala terhadap unit alat berat.
Tratados internacionais no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro: convenção americana sobre direitos humanos e liberdade de expressão
Authors: Akabassi Evelyne
Published: September 2021

A liberdade de expressão consta do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro como uma das principais garantias fundamentais da Constituição Federal de 1988, e é reforçada na Convenção Americana sobre Direitos Humanos de 1969 ratificada pelo Brasil. O presente artigo tem como questão norteadora: Há cerceamento do direito fundamental à liberdade de expressão previsto na Carta Magna de 1988 e na Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos de 1969 em caso de tipificação de desacato de acordo com o Código Penal e o Código Penal Militar? Tem a finalidade de investigar se é possível falar em cerceamento do direito à liberdade de expressão em caso de crime de desacato. Neste contexto, foram realizadas pesquisas e análises jurisprudenciais sobre o tema, bem como revisão bibliográfica pautada em obras de juristas consagrados, artigos científicos em periódicos e sites especializados. Ademais, analisou-se como a decisão do Habeas Corpus 141.949, do Distrito Federal, julgado pela Segunda Turma do Supremo Tribunal Federal em 2018 cristalizou um relevante precedente ao entender, no caso concreto, que o crime de desacato não afronta o disposto na Constituição Federal ou o previsto na Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos. A partir desta pesquisa foi possível demonstrar a existência de compatibilidade entre o direito à liberdade de expressão, previsto em ambos os regulamentos normativos, e o crime de desacato disposto na legislação penal brasileira, o que conduz a uma maior segurança jurídica em caso de futuras demandas judiciais sobre a matéria.
КОНКУРЕНТНА КУЛЬТУРА В СИСТЕМІ ДОБРОБУТУ НАЦІЇ
Authors: Лепак Павло
Published: September 2021

У статті розглянуто конкурентну культуру, як одну з складових економічної культури суспільства, яка в свою черга репрезентує неформальний інститут, що впливає на добробут нації. У статті досліджується та аналізується поняття конкурентна культура у системі формування передумов сталого розвитку економіки країни. Визначено основні наукові підходи до розкриття сутності конкурентна культура у становленні конкурентного підприємництва. Досліджено чинники, що впливали на формування конкурентної культури в Україні. Запропоновані перспективи підвищення конкурентної культури у вітчизняній економіці. Сучасний стан характеризується різноманітними гібридними загрозами, що визначає ключове властивість конкурентної політики, а саме резильєнтність – збереження збалансованого розвитку конкуренції та готовність протистояти зовнішнім і внутрішнім викликам.
УПРАВЛІННЯ ЯКІСТЮ ЯК ФАКТОР ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ТУРИСТИЧНИХ ТА РЕСТОРАННИХ ПОСЛУГ В СФЕРІ МІЖНАРОДНОГО ТУРИСТИЧНОГО БІЗНЕСУ
Authors: Чуєва Інна , Сидорук Анна , Кравченко Дар’я
Published: September 2021

У статті розглядаються особливості категоріального апарату туристичних та ресторанних послуг. Проаналізовані основні поняття, на яких базується система управління якістю в туризмі та ресторанному бізнесі. На сьогоднішній день структура гостинності склалася таким чином, що не повністю відповідає потребам економіки, з перевагою в бік позакатегорійних і високо розрядних туристичних та ресторанних підприємств, тоді як найбільш затребуваними є середнього рівня. Наразі не тільки окремі організації, а й більшість територіальних туристично-рекреаційних комплексів не мають чіткого позиціонування на ринку, існує розрив між рівнем якості та іншими споживчими характеристиками пропонованими споживачам туристичними та ресторанними послугами. Процеси, що відбуваються в туристичній сфері, обумовлюють необхідність пошуку і впровадження нових підходів, форм і методів ефективного управління складовими споживчої привабливості туристичних та ресторанних послуг в умовах обмежених ресурсів, формування систем управління факторами  домінантами, серед яких найбільш вагоме значення при виборі того чи іншого виробництва має саме якість послуг, що надаються. Необхідно використовувати позитивний міжнародний досвід застосування стандартів якості серії ISO 9000, реалізації концепції загального управління якістю.
STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP AS THE BASIS OF MODERN BUSINESS
Authors: Воскобоєва Олена , Ромащенко Ольга
Published: September 2021

The article discusses approaches to defining the concept of "strategic partnership" and its varieties. Highlighted the main goals and objectives to be solved with the help of strategic partnerships. Determination of the main directions of interaction, means of achieving them and factors that can become an obstacle to achieving the planned. The main characteristics of strategic partnership are formulated. Two approaches to building strategic partnerships are identified, and it is also noted that obstacles to partnerships can take different forms. It has been determined that the formation of partnerships can be associated with certain risks. Certain advantages and disadvantages of strategic partnerships have been investigated, which necessitates a thorough analysis of the choice of possible partners and forms of cooperation with them, as well as compliance with certain rules of cooperation.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ДИТЯЧОЇ АНІМАЦІЇ У ГОТЕЛЯХ КУРОРТНОГО ТИПУ
Authors: Носа Богдана
Published: September 2021

Стаття присвячена вивченню теоретичних і практичних аспектів організації дитячої анімації у готелях курортного типу. У ній узагальнено фактори впливу, можливі формати та місце дитячого дозвілля в контексті готельного обслуговування. З урахуванням практичного досвіду закордонних курортів висвітлено особливості матеріально-технічного, кадрового і програмного забезпечення дитячої анімації. Наведено приклади типових анімаційних заходів для дітей в курортних готельних програмах. Особливу увагу звернено на організаційні аспекти функціонування мініклубів, їх структуризацію та моделі взаємодії із закладами готельного господарства. Окреслено особливості обслуговування дитячих клубів туроператорів. Відзначено вплив карантинних обмежувальних заходів у зв`язку із COVID-19 на готельну анімацію.
Financial Management, Motivation and the Teaching Effectiveness of Physical Education Lecturers in Colleges of Education in South-South Nigeria
Authors: Apie Martina Ayibeya , Akah Levi Udochukwu , Ogabor Joseph Odey , Usoro Abosede Abimbola , Upkong Joseph
Published: September 2021

This study was conducted to determine the extent to which financial management and staff motivation associate with the teaching effectiveness of Physical Education lecturers in colleges of education in south-south Nigeria. Two null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. A 10 item questionnaire was structured to obtain data for the study. Ex-post Facto research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 69 physical education lecturers was used for the study, based on the census technique. Pearson Product Moment Correlation and independent t-test statistical techniques were used in testing the two hypotheses (where applicable). Findings show that financial management and staff motivation significantly affect Physical Education lecturers’ teaching effectiveness respectively. It was recommended among others that the Nigeria Government and college administrators should provide appropriate motivation and adequate fund for Physical Education Programmes.
Use of Ultrasounds to Reduce the Count of Campylobacter coli in Water
Authors: SELWET MAREK
Published: September 2021

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of low-frequency ultrasounds applied to eliminate Campylobacter spp. from water. The strains used in this research were isolated from water contaminated with sewage. Campylobacter coli alone was detected in the samples and used for further research. The reference strain C. coli ATCC 33559 was simultaneously tested. The isolate was exposed to ultrasounds at frequencies of 37 kHz and 80 kHz in a continuous operation device with ultrapure deionized water. After 5 min of sonication, the count of C. coli decreased by 5.78% (37 kHz) and 6.27% (80 kHz), whereas the temperature increased by 3°C (37 kHz), and 6°C (80 kHz). After 30 min of sonication, the death rates of bacterial cells were 40.15% (37 kHz) and 55.10% (80 kHz), whereas the temperature reached the maximum values of 36°C (37 kHz), and 39°C (80 kHz). Sonication at the frequency of 80 kHz reduced the bacterial count from 6.86 log CFU/ml to 3.08 log CFU/ml, whereas the frequency of 37 kHz reduced the bacterial count from 6.75 log CFU/ml to 4.04 log CFU/ml. Despite significant differences (p < 0.05) in the number of C. coli cells, the cell death rate remained at the same level.
Learning from Pandemic Mode to Create a Sustainable Digital Future
Authors: Thompson Kim M. , Reed Amanda
Published: September 2021

Public libraries are known as places for information, communication, and gathering, but what happens when a pandemic restricts social contact? In the years 2020 and 2021, in response to the coronavirus pandemic, libraries worldwide revised services and explored new ways to provide information and support to communities—primarily through digital services. This conceptual analytical paper responds to this approach by suggesting the use of a tripartite information access and digital inclusion model that can be used for evaluative processes related to ensuring ongoing physical, intellectual, and social access to public library services during a public crisis shutdown. We provide an overview of some of the new and altered services provided within the case of the Richland Library system in South Carolina, USA, and then discuss these changes using the tripartite model as a means to illustrate how this theoretical model can be employed for practical evaluation and decision-making.
Archives and Special Collections as Sites of Contestation
Authors: Loera Alyssa
Published: September 2021

Book Review
LIS’s Climate Change
Authors: Irvin Vanessa
Published: September 2021

Editorial
EUROPEAN AUGMENTED REALITY TRAINING NEEDS
Authors:   Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic, Richterek Lukáš , Říha Jan ,   Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
Published: September 2021

The report of AROMA project (AROMA project consortium, 2018) summarizes a detailed study performed within project partner countries (Belgium, Czech Republic, Greece, Malta, Romania, Spain and Sweden) aimed at identifying the training needs connected with augmented reality technology (AR) and entrepreneurial skills and mapping an awareness about the AR technology. For the project, the research also serves as a first step to identify gaps that need to be addressed to offer a holistic syllabus integrating AR with selected skills and competencies. Keywords: augmented reality, competencies for entrepreneurship, vocational education and training.