bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of dyslipidemia as a risk factor for sudden sensorineural hearing loss: A multicenter case‐control study
Authors: Li Xiaoqing , Chen Binghua , Zhou Xingxing , Ye Fan , Wang Yumin , Hu Wangqiang
Published: October 2021

Background

Recently, several studies have reported an association between lipid profiles and sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), yet there is considerable variability between the individual studies in defining the precise association between serum lipids levels and SSNHL. This study sought to identify a possible relationship between dyslipidemia and the prevalence and prognosis of SSNHL.

Methods

A case‐control study was carried out at two independent medical centers, including 2,288 SSNHL patients and 2,288 healthy controls. Clinical characteristics and serum lipid parameters were assessed, including total cholesterol (CHOL), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (Trig), apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and lipoprotein a (Lpa). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between lipid profiles and SSNHL in the 4,576 subjects.

Results

Significant differences were identified in several conventional serum lipid markers including CHOL, Trig, HDL, LDL, ApoAI, ApoB, and Lpa, between SSNHL patients and healthy controls. Serum ApoAI levels were significantly lower in patients with bilateral SSNHL compared to unilateral SSNHL. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that higher levels of ApoB, LDL, Trig, and lower levels of ApoAI and HDL were all associated with an increased risk of SSNHL. After clinical characterization, multivariate analysis showed that only low levels of ApoB predicted likelihood of a recovery of more than 30 dB among patients with SSNHL.

Conclusions

Serum lipids are associated with the incidence and prognosis of SSNHL. Identification of dyslipidemia may improve early evaluation and management of SSNHL risks.
Update on Cilostazol: A Critical Review of Its Antithrombotic and Cardiovascular Actions and Its Clinical Applications
Authors: Manolis Antonis A. , Manolis Theodora A. , Melita Helen , Mikhailidis Dimitri P. , Manolis Antonis S.
Published: October 2021

Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, has vasodilating and antiplatelet properties with a low rate of bleeding complications. It has been used over the past 25 years for improving intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Cilostazol also has demonstrated efficacy in patients undergoing percutaneous revascularization procedures for both PAD and coronary artery disease. In addition to its antithrombotic and vasodilating actions, cilostazol also inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via phosphodiesterase III inhibition, thus mitigating restenosis. Accumulated evidence has shown that cilostazol, due to its “pleiotropic” effects, is a useful, albeit underutilized, agent for both coronary artery disease and PAD. It is also potentially useful after ischemic stroke and is an alternative in those who are allergic or intolerant to classical antithrombotic agents (eg, aspirin or clopidogrel). These issues are herein reviewed together with the pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of cilostazol. Large studies and meta‐analyses are presented and evaluated. Current guidelines are also discussed, and the spectrum of cilostazol's actions and therapeutic applications are illustrated.
Effects and tolerability of exercise therapy modality on cardiorespiratory fitness in lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Scott Jessica M. , Thomas Samantha M. , Herndon James E. , Douglas Pamela S. , Yu Anthony F. , Rusch Valerie , Huang James , Capaci Catherine , Harrison Jenna N. , Stoeckel Kurtis J. , Nilsen Tormod , Edvardsen Elisabeth , Michalski Meghan G. , Eves Neil D. , Jones Lee W.
Published: October 2021

Background

Poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a cardinal feature of post‐treatment primary lung cancer. The most effective exercise therapy regimen to improve CRF has not been determined.

Methods

In this parallel‐group factorial randomized controlled trial, lung cancer survivors with poor CRF (below age–sex sedentary values) were randomly allocated to receive 48 consecutive supervised sessions thrice weekly of (i) aerobic training (AT)—cycle ergometry at 55% to >95% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak); (ii) resistance training (RT)—lower and upper extremity exercises at 50–85% of maximal strength; (iii) combination training (CT)—AT plus RT; or (iv) stretching attention control (AC) for 16 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in CRF (VO2peak, mL O2·kg−1·min−1). Secondary endpoints were body composition, muscle strength, patient‐reported outcomes, tolerability (relative dose intensity of exercise), and safety. Analysis of covariance determined change in primary and secondary endpoints from baseline to post‐intervention (Week 17) with adjustment for baseline values of the endpoint and other relevant clinical covariates.

Results

Ninety patients (65 ± 9 years; 66% female) were randomized (AT, n = 24; RT, n = 23; CT, n = 20; and AC, n = 23) of the planned n = 160. No serious adverse events were observed. For the overall cohort, the lost‐to‐follow‐up rate was 10%. Mean attendance was ≥75% in all groups. In intention‐to‐treat analysis, VO2peak increased 1.1 mL O2·kg−1·min−1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0, 2.2, P = 0.04] and 1.4 mL O2·kg−1·min−1 (95% CI: 0.2, 2.5, P = 0.02) in AT and CT, respectively, compared with AC. There was no difference in VO2peak change between RT and AC (−0.1 mL O2·kg−1·min−1, 95% CI: −1.2, 1.0, P = 0.88). Favourable improvements in maximal strength and body composition were observed in RT and CT groups compared with AT and AC groups (Ps < 0.05). No between‐group changes were observed for any patient‐reported outcomes. Relative dose intensity of exercise was lower in RT and CT compared with AT (Ps < 0.05).

Conclusions

In the context of a smaller than planned sample size, AT and CT significantly improved VO2peak in lung cancer survivors; however, the tolerability‐to‐benefit ratio was superior for AT and hence may be the preferred modality to target impaired CRF in post‐treatment lung cancer survivors.
Strength of the genetic counselor: patient relationship is associated with extent of increased empowerment in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Murray Brittney , Tichnell Crystal , Burch Ashley E. , Calkins Hugh , James Cynthia A.
Published: October 2021

Genetic testing and genetic counseling (GC) are increasingly recommended in the cardiovascular setting, with multiple guidelines recommending GC for patients with or at risk for inherited cardiovascular conditions. There are scant data, however, describing patient outcomes to guide evidence‐based care. No studies have quantified the influence of the strength of the genetic counselor:patient relationship on outcomes. Individuals referred for first time GC at the Johns Hopkins Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM) center were surveyed prior to their visit and immediately after, before any genetic test results ordered at the session had been returned. Outcomes and measures were selected based on the Reciprocal Engagement Model of GC and include empowerment assessed by the Genetic Counseling Outcome Scale (GCOS), anxiety assessed by the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ), and genetic counselor:patient therapeutic alliance assessed by the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI‐SR). Response rate was 59% (120/203). 54 (45%) of patients had genetic testing ordered prior to their GC visit. There was a significant increase in GCOS score (mean 15.7 points) within 4 weeks post‐GC session (p<.0001) with no significant difference in GCOS change between patients who had genetic testing ordered previously and those attending pre‐test counseling (17.4 ± 18.2 versus. 14.1 ± 16 [p=.35]). Average CAQ score was high at baseline (1.67 ± 0.68), and there was a significant inverse relationship between pre‐GC CAQ score and extent of increase in GCOS score (p=.008) post‐GC. Controlling for baseline anxiety, there was a strong positive relationship between the WAI‐SR score and GCOS change (B = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.43, 1.17, p<.001). These results demonstrate a significant increase in empowerment after GC in ACM patients and that this outcome is not reliant on the ordering of a genetic test but instead sensitive to the quality of the genetic counselor:patient relationship. Genetic counselors can strive to further improve empowerment by focusing on reducing pre‐visit anxiety and alliance building with the patient.
Modelling the impact of HIV and HCV prevention and treatment interventions for people who inject drugs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Fraser Hannah , Stone Jack , Wisse Ernst , Sambu Veryeh , Mfisi Peter , Duran Ivan J. , Soriano Mireia Aguirre , Walker Josephine G. , Makere Nobelrich , Luhmann Niklas , Kafura William , Nouvellet Maieule , Ragi Allan , Mundia Bernard , Vickerman Peter
Published: October 2021

Introduction

People who inject drugs (PWID) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, have a high prevalence of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV). While needle and syringe programmes (NSP), opioid agonist therapy (OAT) and anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) are available in Tanzania, their coverage is sub‐optimal. We assess the impact of existing and scaled up harm reduction (HR) interventions on HIV and HCV transmission among PWID in Dar es Salaam.

Methods

An HIV and HCV transmission model among PWID in Tanzania was calibrated to data over 2006–2018 on HIV (∼30% and ∼67% prevalence in males and females in 2011) and HCV prevalence (∼16% in 2017), numbers on HR interventions (5254 ever on OAT in 2018, 766–1479 accessing NSP in 2017) and ART coverage (63.1% in 2015). We evaluated the impact of existing interventions in 2019 and impact by 2030 of scaling‐up the coverage of OAT (to 50% of PWID), NSP (75%, both combined termed “full HR”) and ART (81% with 90% virally suppressed) from 2019, reducing sexual HIV transmission by 50%, and/or HCV‐treating 10% of PWID infected with HCV annually.

Results

The model projects HIV and HCV prevalence of 19.0% (95% credibility interval: 16.4–21.2%) and 41.0% (24.4–49.0%) in 2019, respectively. For HIV, 24.6% (13.6–32.6%) and 70.3% (59.3–77.1%) of incident infections among male and female PWID are sexually transmitted, respectively. Due to their low coverage (22.8% for OAT, 16.3% for NSP in 2019), OAT and NSP averted 20.4% (12.9–24.7%) of HIV infections and 21.7% (17.0–25.2%) of HCV infections in 2019. Existing ART (68.5% coverage by 2019) averted 48.1% (29.7–64.3%) of HIV infections in 2019. Scaling up to full HR will reduce HIV and HCV incidence by 62.6% (52.5–74.0%) and 81.4% (56.7–81.4%), respectively, over 2019–2030; scaled up ART alongside full HR will decrease HIV incidence by 66.8% (55.6–77.5%), increasing to 81.5% (73.7–87.5%) when sexual risk is also reduced. HCV‐treatment alongside full HR will decrease HCV incidence by 92.4% (80.7–95.8%) by 2030.

Conclusions

Combination interventions, including sexual risk reduction and HCV treatment, are needed to eliminate HCV and HIV among PWID in Tanzania.
The potential and limitations of intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids to study inborn errors of metabolism
Authors: Lehmann Vivian , Schene Imre F. , Ardisasmita Arif I. , Liv Nalan , Veenendaal Tineke , Klumperman Judith , van der Doef Hubert P. J. , Verkade Henkjan J. , Verstegen Monique M. A. , van der Laan Luc J. W. , Jans Judith J. M. , Verhoeven‐Duif Nanda M. , van Hasselt Peter M. , Nieuwenhuis Edward E. S. , Spee Bart , Fuchs Sabine A.
Published: October 2021

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) comprise a diverse group of individually rare monogenic disorders that affect metabolic pathways. Mutations lead to enzymatic deficiency or dysfunction, which results in intermediate metabolite accumulation or deficit leading to disease phenotypes. Currently, treatment options for many IEMs are insufficient. Rarity of individual IEMs hampers therapy development and phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity suggest beneficial effects of personalized approaches. Recently, cultures of patient‐own liver‐derived intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) have been established. Since most metabolic genes are expressed in the liver, patient‐derived ICOs represent exciting possibilities for in vitro modeling and personalized drug testing for IEMs. However, the exact application range of ICOs remains unclear. To address this, we examined which metabolic pathways can be studied with ICOs and what the potential and limitations of patient‐derived ICOs are to model metabolic functions. We present functional assays in patient ICOs with defects in branched‐chain amino acid metabolism (methylmalonic acidemia), copper metabolism (Wilson disease), and transporter defects (cystic fibrosis). We discuss the broad range of functional assays that can be applied to ICOs, but also address the limitations of these patient‐specific cell models. In doing so, we aim to guide the selection of the appropriate cell model for studies of a specific disease or metabolic process.
Untargeted plasma metabolomics identifies broad metabolic perturbations in glycogen storage disease type I
Authors: Mathis Tamara , Poms Martin , Köfeler Harald , Gautschi Matthias , Plecko Barbara , Baumgartner Matthias R. , Hochuli Michel
Published: October 2021

Background

The metabolic defect in glycogen storage disease type I (GSDI) results in fasting hypoglycemia and typical secondary metabolic abnormalities (eg, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlactatemia, hyperuricemia). The aim of this study was to assess further perturbations of the metabolic network in GSDI patients under ongoing treatment.

Methods

In this prospective observational study, plasma samples of 14 adult patients (11 GSDIa, 3 GSDIb. Mean age 26.4 years, range 16‐46 years) on standard treatment were compared to a cohort of 31 healthy controls utilizing ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) in combination with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HR‐MS/MS) and subsequent statistical multivariate analysis. In addition, plasma fatty acid profiling was performed by GC/EI‐MS.

Results

The metabolomic profile showed alterations of metabolites in different areas of the metabolic network in both GSD subtypes, including pathways of fuel metabolism and energy generation, lipids and fatty acids, amino acid and methyl‐group metabolism, the urea cycle, and purine/pyrimidine metabolism. These alterations were present despite adequate dietary treatment, did not correlate with plasma triglycerides or lactate, both parameters typically used to assess the quality of metabolic control in clinical practice, and were not related to the presence or absence of complications (ie, nephropathy or liver adenomas).

Conclusion

The metabolic defect of GSDI has profound effects on a variety of metabolic pathways in addition to the known typical abnormalities. These alterations are present despite optimized dietary treatment, which may contribute to the risk of developing long‐term complications, an inherent problem of GSDI which appears to be only partly modified by current therapy.
NK cell-based therapies for HIV infection: Investigating current advances and future possibilities
Authors: Perera Molligoda Arachchige Arosh S
Published: October 2021

NK cells are well-known for their antiviral functions. Also, their role in HIV has been well established, with rapid responses elicited during early HIV infection. Most immune cells including CD4+ T cells, monocytes, Mϕs, and dendritic cells are readily infected by HIV. Recent evidence from multiple studies has suggested that similar to these cells, in chronic conditions like HIV, NK cells also undergo functional exhaustion with impaired cytotoxicity, altered cytokine production, and impaired ADCC. NK-based immunotherapy aims to successfully restore, boost, and modify their activity as has been already demonstrated in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The utilization of NK cell-based strategies for the eradication of HIV from the body provides many advantages over classical ART. The literature search consisted of manually selecting the most relevant studies from databases including PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrial.gov. Some of the treatments currently under consideration are CAR-NK cell therapy, facilitating ADCC, TLR agonists, bNAbs, and BiKEs/TriKEs, blocking inhibitory NK receptors during infection, IL-15 and IL-15 superagonists (eg: ALT-803), and so on. This review aims to discuss the NK cell-based therapies currently under experimentation against HIV infection and finally highlight the challenges associated with NK cell-based immunotherapies.
Role of toll‐like receptors in modulation of cytokine storm signaling in SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced COVID‐19
Authors: Manik Moumita , Singh Rakesh K.
Published: October 2021

Balanced immune regulation is crucial for recognizing an invading pathogen, its killing, and elimination. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the key regulators of the innate immune system. It helps in identifying between self and nonself‐molecule and eventually eliminates the nonself. Endosomal TLR, mainly TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and membrane‐bound TLR4, has a role in the induction of cytokine storms. TLR7/8 recognizes the ssRNA SARS‐COV‐2 and when it replicates to dsRNA, it is recognized by TLR3 and drives the TRIF‐mediated inflammatory signaling like NF‐κB, MAPK. Such signaling leads to significant transcription and translation of pro‐inflammatory genes, releasing inflammatory molecules into the systemic circulation, causing an imbalance in the system. So, whenever an imbalance occurs, a surge in the pro‐inflammatory mediators is observed in the blood, including cytokines like interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐8, interferon (IFN)‐γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. IL‐6 and IL‐1β are one of the driving factors for bringing the cytokine storm into the systemic circulation, which migrates into the other organs, causing multiple organ failures leading to the death of the individual with severe illness.
Development, construction, and validation of a thinner uniplanar calibration cage for radiostereometry
Authors: Jürgens‐Lahnstein Jonathan Hugo , Petersen Emil Toft , Laursen Mogens , Hauskov Iversen Christian , Kaptein Bart L. , Lindgren Lars , Stilling Maiken
Published: October 2021

Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) is an accurate and precise radiographic method that can be used to measure micromotion of implants and study joint kinematics in vivo. A calibration cage with radiopaque markers is used to calibrate the RSA images; however, the thickness (250 mm) of the calibration cage restricts the available area for the patient and equipment during RSA recordings. A thinner calibration cage would increase the recording area, facilitate handling of the cage, and ease integration of the cage with the RSA system. We developed a thinner calibration cage without compromise of accuracy and precision. First, we performed numerical simulations of an RSA system, and showed that the calibration cage thickness could be decreased to 140 mm maintaining accuracy and precision using 40 fiducial and 30 control markers. Second, we constructed a new calibration cage (NRT cage) according to the simulation results. Third, we validated the new calibration cage against two state‐of‐the‐art calibration cages (Umeaa cage and Leiden cage) in a phantom study. All cages performed similar for marker‐based analysis, except for y‐rotation, where the Umeaa cage (SD = 0.064 mm) was less precise compared to the NRT (SD = 0.038 mm) and Leiden cages (0.042 mm) (p = .01). For model‐based analysis the NRT cage had superior precision for translations (SD ≤ 0.054 mm) over the Leiden cage (SD ≤ 0.118 mm) and Umeaa cage (SD ≤ 0.093 mm) (p < .01). The combined study confirmed that the new and thinner calibration cage maintained accuracy and precision at the level of existing thicker calibration cages.
Association Between Asthma and Meniere's Disease: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Kim So Young , Lee Chang Ho , Yoo Dae Myoung , Min Chanyang , Choi Hyo Geun
Published: October 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

This study aimed to investigate the association between Meniere's disease and prior history of asthma.

Study Design

A nested case‐control study.

Methods

Among the patients aged ≥40 years from the Korean National Health Insurance Service‐Health Screening Cohort 2002–2015, 7,734 diagnosed with Meniere's disease between 2004 and 2015 were enrolled in this study. From the 505,834 participants without a prior history of Meniere's disease, 30,936 control participants were selected based on age, sex, income, and region of residence. The presence of a prior history of asthma before the diagnosis of Meniere's disease was compared between the Meniere's disease group and control group using conditional logistic regression with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

Results

Prior history of asthma was associated with 1.30 (1.21–1.39) times higher odds of Meniere's disease (E‐value = 1.92 [1.71]). Both allergic asthma and nonallergic asthma patients demonstrated higher odds of Meniere's disease than the control group (adjusted OR = 1.21 [1.08–1.36] and E‐value = 1.72 [1.37] for allergic asthma; adjusted OR = 1.26 [1.17–1.36] and E‐value = 1.83 [1.60] for nonallergic asthma).

Conclusions

This study is the first to demonstrate a positive relationship between Meniere's disease and prior asthma history in adults. The association between prior asthma history and Meniere's disease was noted in both allergic and nonallergic asthma cases. The potential development of Meniere's disease should be considered when managing the asthma patients with dizziness or vertigo.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 132:864–872, 2022
In situ estimates of kelp forest productivity in macro‐tidal environments
Authors: White Lydia , Loisel Stéphane , Sevin Laure , Davoult Dominique
Published: October 2021

Accurately quantifying primary productivity of marine macrophytes is essential to further understanding of coastal ecosystem functioning and will allow its inclusion within marine ecosystem models. Traditional quantification of carbon standing stock and biomass accumulation only allow rough estimates of net primary production whereas incubations that measure photosynthesis in the laboratory lack realism and underestimate true photosynthetic rates. We developed in situ photorespirometry methods to estimate productivity of Laminaria hyperborea, the dominant forest‐building kelp species in Northeast Atlantic. We show that sub‐canopy individuals are better adapted to low light levels with higher photosynthetic efficiency and lower compensation point than larger canopy individuals. Laboratory incubations of L. hyperborea stipes revealed that productivity rates could be positive or negative, even at saturating irradiances, depending on whether they were dominated by autotrophic or heterotrophic communities, respectively. Scaling up productivity estimates based on local population demographics resulted in mean daily net productivity rates of 13.3 and −30.1 g C m−2 d−1, for shallow L. hyperborea forest during late summer and autumn, respectively. At saturating irradiances in the late summer–autumn study period, estimates of net and gross productivity reached 9.4 and 12 g C m−2 h−1, respectively. Sub‐canopy individuals were responsible for 12% of estimated daily productivity during summer, but 20% in autumn. We conclude that in situ photorespirometry provides a more direct measurement of production, unaffected by exudation of dissolved carbon or tissue loss, that can account for sub‐canopy and stipe components of the kelp forest, commonly excluded from traditional studies.
Assessing bioorganic gum performance as a corrosion inhibitor in phosphoric acid medium: Electrochemical and computational analysis
Authors: T. Sathiyapriya , Dhayalan Manikandan , R. Jagadeeswari , Govindasamy Rathika , S. U. Mohammed Riyaz , Ali Khan Moonis , Sillanpää Mika
Published: October 2021

The present investigation was aimed at exploring the anticorrosive behavior of bio‐organic Auraucaria heterophylla gum exudate (AHGE) on mild steel (MS) corrosion in 1 M phosphoric acid solution by weight loss technique, electrochemical studies, and computational analysis. Additionally, the performance was analyzed by morphological and quantum chemical analyses. The weight loss data revealed that AHGE showed 80% of inhibition efficiency at 303 K temperature. Inhibitor adsorption on MS was in line with Langmuir and Tempkin adsorption isotherms. Potentiodynamic studies showed that the investigated AHGE performed as a mixed‐type inhibitor. Electrochemical parameters like charge transfer resistance, double‐layer capacitance, and inhibition efficiency were determined and presented. Results obtained through computational analysis, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, and atomic force microscopy studies were well supported by the inhibitive potential of AHGE.
Adhesively bonded CFRP/Al joints: Influence of the surface pretreatment on corrosion during salt spray test
Authors: Schanz Jochen , Nester Sara , Meinhard Dieter , Pott Timo , Riegel Harald , De Silva Anjali K. M. , Harrison David K. , Knoblauch Volker
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of different surface pretreatments on the aging behavior of adhesively bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymers/Al joints in a standardized salt spray environment. Therefore, the bonding surfaces were acetone‐cleaned or laser‐pretreated by near‐infrared laser radiation. The pretreated surfaces were examined using optical microscopes, roughness measurements, and infiltration tests. Mechanical testing of the joints was performed in the unaged state and after five aging durations from 120 to 1440 h. The acetone‐cleaned specimens lose a maximum 20% of their initial average shear strength of 22 MPa after aging up to 1440 h. In contrast, the fracture patterns of the laser‐pretreated samples show corrosive degradation after 720 h, indicating galvanic coupling and crevice corrosion. This leads to a significant decrease in shear strength up to 50% after 1440 h of aging. Therefore, some strategies to avoid contact corrosion via the pretreatment and joining process are presented additionally.
Static and Dynamics of Concentrated Colloidal System Close to the Freezing Transition: Effect of Varying Particle Softness
Authors: Samukcham Jimpaul , Shagolsem Lenin S.
Published: October 2021

By means of dissipative particle dynamics simulations, we study static and dynamic properties of a concentrated colloidal system. In particular, we look at the effect of particle softness on the transition temperature, and on the ordering and dynamics of the system. It is shown that the transition temperature decreases linearly with increasing softness. Also, we study the spatial ordering of particles through radial distribution function and compare among different systems with varying degree of particle softness at the thermodynamic melting temperature. We further investigate the dynamical behaviors of the colloidal system in the vicinity of transition temperature and study the variation of diffusion constant as a function of both temperature and degree of softness. We find that, with increasing particle softness, the particle relaxation time increases and thus the diffusion constant also decreases.
Study on Adsorbent Characteristics of Coconut Coir as a Bio Sorbent for Removal of Methylene Blue Dye
Authors: Malhotra Anu , Lokhande Rama S , Sahu Rajesh , Jain Sushil K. , Sharma K. B. , Tripathi Balram
Published: October 2021

Adsorption of a cationic dye, like methylene blue (MB) onto coconut coir dust, is investigated. Coconut coir is a by‐product of coconut industries. Increasing concerns about environment, global warming have led the scientists to focus on the use of agricultural residue and plant waste fibers. Due to the presence of hydroxyl and polar groups in various constituents of cellulosic fibers, the moisture sorption is expected quite high. Objective of this study is to investigate the potential of coconut coir as bio sorbent for the removal of cationic dye (methylene blue). Adsorption is studied as a function of concentration of both adsorbate and adsorbent with pH and temperature.
Pulmonary vascular system: A vulnerable target for COVID‐19
Authors: Ai Jiayuan , Hong Weiqi , Wu Min , Wei Xiawei
Published: October 2021

The number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) cases has been increasing significantly, and the disease has evolved into a global pandemic, posing an unprecedented challenge to the healthcare community. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2, the binding and entry receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in hosts, is also expressed on pulmonary vascular endothelium; thus, pulmonary vasculature is a potential target in COVID‐19. Indeed, pulmonary vascular thickening is observed by early clinical imaging, implying a tropism of SARS‐CoV‐2 for pulmonary vasculature. Recent studies reported that COVID‐19 is associated with vascular endothelial damage and dysfunction along with inflammation, coagulopathy, and microthrombosis; all of these pathologic changes are the hallmarks of pulmonary vascular diseases. Notwithstanding the not fully elucidated effects of COVID‐19 on pulmonary vasculature, the vascular endotheliopathy that occurs after infection is attributed to direct infection and indirect damage mainly caused by renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system imbalance, coagulation cascade, oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and intussusceptive angiogenesis. Degradation of endothelial glycocalyx exposes endothelial cell (EC) surface receptors to the vascular lumen, which renders pulmonary ECs more susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The present article reviews the potential pulmonary vascular pathophysiology and clinical presentations in COVID‐19 to provide a basis for clinicians and scientists, providing insights into the development of therapeutic strategies targeting pulmonary vasculature.
Determinants of employees' participation in decision‐making in developing countries: Does a firm's formal versus informal status matter?
Authors: Kouakou Dorgyles C.M.
Published: October 2021

Prior studies on the determinants of employees' participation in decision‐making have ignored the sector dualism (formal sector vs. informal sector) in developing countries, despite the differences in the characteristics of formal and informal firms. This paper tests the idea that a firm's formal versus informal status matters, using firm‐level data from Côte d'Ivoire. It emerges that a firm's formality status influences positively its probability to involve employees in decision‐making. This result holds after controlling for manager‐, firm‐, and sector‐level factors. Ultimately, the paper contributes to sending the signal that formalization of informal firms in developing countries should be beneficial to their decision‐making process and thereby to their performance.
Epidemiology of variant transthyretin amyloidosis at a reference center in Argentina
Authors: Saez Maria S. , Aguirre Maria A. , Pérez de Arenaza Diego , Sorroche Patricia , Nucifora Elsa , Posadas Martinez Maria L.
Published: October 2021

Background

In Argentina, there is limited data of prevalence of variant transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) and phenotype‐genotype correlation. The laboratory of Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA) is a reference center for transthyretin (TTR) gene sequencing. The Institutional Amyloidosis Registry (RIA) enable us to characterize people with ATTRv. Our aim was to describe the prevalence of TTR mutations at a reference center in Argentina and the phenotypic presentations of patients with ATTRv included in an institutional registry.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with genetic variants in the TTR gene identified from 2012 to 2019 in the laboratory. We collected all phenotypic characteristics of patients who were clinically evaluated by HIBA doctors.

Results

Five hundred seventy‐six patients tested, 141 positive: p.Val50Met 107, p.Thr80Ala 16, p.Ala117Ser 9, p.Phe84Leu 2, p.Ile127Val 2, p.Tyr134Cys 2, p.Ala56Pro 2, p.Val142Ile 1. Only 20 patients were clinically evaluated. The mean age at diagnosis was 54 years; 70% had family history with a pedigree median of 4. Mutations were p.Thr80Ala 9, p.Val50Met 6, p.Ala56Pro 2, p.Val142Ile 1, p.Phe84Leu 1, and p.Tyr134Cys 1. Eleven patients presented polyneuropathy, 11 had gastrointestinal compromise, six patients had autonomic compromise, six presented cardiac symptoms and four patients presented ocular involvement.

Conclusion

We present the first prevalence report of TTR mutations in a reference center of amyloidosis in Argentina. The most frequent genetic variant was p.Val50Met. Our data show considerable phenotypic heterogeneity in the patients with ATTRv.
Optimal control strategies for an age‐structured SEIR epidemic model
Authors: Khan Asaf , Zaman Gul
Published: October 2021

We formulate an age‐structured SEIR epidemic model using vaccination and treatment as control measures. Using the method of characteristics and fixed point arguments, we prove the existence of a unique positive solution to our proposed nonlinear model. We use a suitable objective functional and prove the existence of optimal control variables. Depending on the nature of the problem, the necessary conditions for the optimal control problem are established using the maximum principle of Pontryagin's type. Tools of control theory are used for obtaining optimal control characterizations in terms of state and adjoint variables. To illustrate theoretical results, parameter values are chosen to simulate both with and without control problems. Numerical findings reveal that when, where, and to whom control measures should be implemented for best results of a control program.
Existence results for a fractional Schrödinger–Poisson equation with concave–convex nonlinearity in ℝ3
Authors: Jiang Ruiting , Guo Fangping , Zhai Chengbo
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we consider the following nonhomogeneous fractional Schrödinger–Poisson equations:

where λ ≥ 0, s ∈ (3/4, 1],  t ∈ (0, 1], (− Δ)s denotes the fractional Laplacian. g(x, u) is of general 3‐superlinear growth at infinity, f(x, u) satisfies sublinear growth conditions. By means of some critical point theorems, we obtain the following results: (1) the existence of at least one solution for
, (2) the existence of at least two nontrivial solutions for λ > 0 small enough, (3) the infinitely many solutions when f(x, u) is odd in u and λ > 0.
A single consumer model with Neumann boundary condition
Authors: Li Rui , Yao Ruofei
Published: October 2021

This paper is concerned with the positive solution of a scalar problem

We show that the maximum and the minimum of the solution w are monotone with respect to the diffusion rate d. We also prove that there exists a threshold value d0 such that the problem admits a unique positive solution when d > d0 and not the other way around.
Deep neural network based CEST and AREX processing: Application in imaging a model of Alzheimer’s disease at 3 T
Authors: Huang Jianpan , Lai Joseph H. C. , Tse Kai‐Hei , Cheng Gerald W. Y. , Liu Yang , Chen Zilin , Han Xiongqi , Chen Lin , Xu Jiadi , Chan Kannie W. Y.
Published: October 2021

Purpose

To optimize and apply deep neural network based CEST (deepCEST) and apparent exchange dependent‐relaxation (deepAREX) for imaging the mouse brain with Alzheimer's disease (AD) at 3T MRI.

Methods

CEST and T1 data of central and anterior brain slices of 10 AD mice and 10 age‐matched wild type (WT) mice were acquired at a 3T animal MRI scanner. The networks of deepCEST/deepAREX were optimized and trained on the WT data. The CEST/AREX contrasts of AD and WT mice predicted by the networks were analyzed and further validated by immunohistochemistry.

Results

After optimization and training on CEST data of WT mice, deepCEST/deepAREX could rapidly (~1 s) generate precise CEST and AREX results for unseen CEST data of AD mice, indicating the accuracy and generalization of the networks. Significant lower amide weighted (3.5 ppm) signal related to amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) plaque depositions, which was validated by immunohistochemistry results, was detected in both central and anterior brain slices of AD mice compared to WT mice. Decreased magnetization transfer (MT) signal was also found in AD mice especially in the anterior slice.

Conclusion

DeepCEST/deepAREX could rapidly generate accurate CEST/AREX contrasts in animal study. The well‐optimized deepCEST/deepAREX have potential for AD differentiation at 3T MRI.
Group and individual telehealth for chronic musculoskeletal pain: A scoping review
Authors: Wallace L. M. , Falla D. , Rushton A. , Heneghan N. R.
Published: October 2021

Background context

Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain presents a global challenge. Individual and group pain management programmes (PMPs) are recommended approaches for patients with chronic MSK disorders. With advances in remote healthcare capability, telehealth, and the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, the importance of telehealth PMPs has become even more evident. Nevertheless, it is not known how patients perceive PMPs for their MSK complaint when delivered via telehealth.

Objective

To synthesise the evidence of patients' experiences of group and individual telehealth PMPs for chronic MSK pain.

Design

A scoping review informed by the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews.

Data sources

Based on a planned search strategy, modified following initial searches, an electronic search was conducted of key databases: Cochrane Library, Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, AMED, SportDiscus and APA PsychInfo from 2010 until 11 May 2021.

Study selection

Any qualitative or mixed methods study reporting patient experiences of telehealth PMPs for patients with MSK disorders.

Data extraction and data synthesis

Data were extracted and synthesised using thematic analysis.

Results

From 446 identified studies, 10 were included. Just two studies investigated group telehealth PMPs for patients with MSK disorders, with eight delivered individually. Four main themes emerged: (1) Usability of the technology, (2) Tailored care, (3) Therapeutic alliance and (4) Managing behaviour. The findings highlight patient acceptability of telehealth to support self‐management for chronic MSK disorders, with appropriate clinical and technical support. Group telehealth has the potential to empower patients with peer support. Remote delivery of PMPs also impacts on how patients and providers interact, communicate and develop a therapeutic relationship.

Conclusions and implications

Barriers and enablers to engagement in telehealth PMPs for patients with chronic MSK disorders have been identified. Peer support and group cohesiveness can be achieved remotely to enhance the patient experience. There is a critical need for further research in this area.
Spectral deferred correction methods for high‐order accuracy in poroelastic problems
Authors: Yoon Hyun C. , Kim Jihoon
Published: October 2021

We investigate high‐order accuracy in time integration by examining two operator splitting methods for poroelastic problems: the two‐pass and the spectral deferred correction (SDC) methods. To enhance the order of accuracy, the two‐pass method partitions a coupled operator symmetrically, whereas the SDC method corrects truncation errors by establishing an error equation. These high‐order methods are applied to underlying solution strategies, that is, monolithic, fixed‐stress sequential, and undrained sequential methods. We observe that semi‐discretized systems from spatial discretization have forms similar to those of index‐1 differential algebraic equations (DAEs), causing order reduction against the two‐pass method when it is used in conjunction with either the monolithic or sequential method. On the other hand, the SDC in conjunction with the monolithic method exhibits the desired second‐order accuracy in poroelastic problems while increasing the order of accuracy for index‐1 DAEs. However, the SDC in conjunction with either of the two sequential methods does not achieve the desired order of accuracy, and maintains first order because the flow equation for poroelasticity has an additional approximation associated with the volumetric strain rate term, which does not yield exactly the same forms as those of conventional DAEs. Thus, the monolithic SDC method can achieve higher‐order accuracy, but may require higher computational costs because it involves solving matrix systems larger than those for the sequential methods.
Metabolism of hyperpolarised [1–13C]pyruvate in awake and anaesthetised rat brains
Authors: Hyppönen Viivi , Stenroos Petteri , Nivajärvi Riikka , Ardenkjær‐Larsen Jan Henrik , Gröhn Olli , Paasonen Jaakko , Kettunen Mikko I.
Published: October 2021

The use of hyperpolarised 13C pyruvate for nononcological neurological applications has not been widespread so far, possibly due to delivery issues limiting the visibility of metabolites. First proof‐of‐concept results have indicated that metabolism can be detected in human brain, and this may supersede the results obtained in preclinical settings. One major difference between the experimental setups is that preclinical MRI/MRS routinely uses anaesthesia, which alters both haemodynamics and metabolism. Here, we used hyperpolarised [1–13C]pyruvate to compare brain metabolism in awake rats and under isoflurane, urethane or medetomidine anaesthesia. Spectroscopic [1–13C]pyruvate time courses measured sequentially showed that pyruvate‐to‐bicarbonate and pyruvate‐to‐lactate labelling rates were lower in isoflurane animals than awake animals. An increased bicarbonate‐to‐lactate ratio was observed in the medetomidine group compared with other groups. The study shows that hyperpolarised [1–13C]pyruvate experiments can be performed in awake rats, thus avoiding anaesthesia‐related issues. The results suggest that haemodynamics probably dominate the observed pyruvate‐to‐metabolite labelling rates and area‐under‐time course ratios of referenced to pyruvate. On the other hand, the results obtained with medetomidine suggest that the ratios are also modulated by the underlying cerebral metabolism. However, the ratios between intracellular metabolites were unchanged in awake compared with isoflurane‐anaesthetised rats.
Computation of generalized inverses of tensors via t‐product
Authors: Behera Ratikanta , Sahoo Jajati Keshari , Mohapatra Ram N. , Nashed M. Zuhair
Published: October 2021

Generalized inverses of tensors play increasingly important roles in computational mathematics and numerical analysis. It is appropriate to develop the theory of generalized inverses of tensors within the algebraic structure of a ring. In this paper, we study different generalized inverses of tensors over a commutative ring and a noncommutative ring. Several numerical examples are provided in support of the theoretical results. We also propose algorithms for computing the inner inverses, the Moore–Penrose inverse, and weighted Moore–Penrose inverse of tensors over a noncommutative ring. The prowess of some of the results is demonstrated by applying these ideas to solve an image deblurring problem.
Stress constrained topology optimization simultaneously considering the uncertainty of load positions
Authors: Oh Min Kyu , Lee Dok Soo , Yoo Jeonghoon
Published: October 2021

This study presents a topological optimization method simultaneously considering the stress constraint and the uncertainty of the load positions for practical applications. The phase field design method is used to derive the topologically optimal structure shape. The stress penalization function, which makes intermediate design variable values disproportionately expensive, is employed to ensure numerical stability and avoid the singularity during the optimization process. The adaptive mesh refinement and a modified P‐norm stress with correction factor are also employed to reduce the computational cost. As numerical examples, cantilever beam, L‐shaped, and MBB‐beam are presented to verify the proposed design method. The open‐source code FreeFEM++ is used for the finite element analysis and the design process.
A rollercoaster of emotions: An integrative review of emotions and its impact on health professional students' learning in simulation‐based education
Authors: Madsgaard Anine , Smith‐Strøm Hilde , Hunskår Irene , Røykenes Kari
Published: October 2021

Aim

Simulation‐based education establishes a specific learning environment capable of activating emotions before, during and after the task. Research has identified stress and anxiety related to simulation. However, the role of various emotional experiences in a simulation that favour learning is still unclear. This review describes, interprets and synthesizes the current research findings on health professional students' experience of emotions and the effects on student learning in simulations.

Design

This study design was guided by integrative review method.

Methods

Databases were systematically searched for articles. 9,323 records were screened and 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The study protocol was reported in Prospero.

Results

Three themes emerged from the analysis: (a) simulation as a fearful and stressful situation, (b) variability in emotions experienced during simulation as a rollercoaster of emotions and (c) emotions wide‐ranging effects on students' learning in the simulation.
A second order ensemble method with different subdomain time steps for simulating coupled surface‐groundwater flows
Authors: Jiang Nan , Li Ying , Yang Huanhuan
Published: October 2021

In this article, we propose and study a second order, artificial compressibility ensemble method with different subdomain time steps for the Stokes–Darcy equations, which are the core model for simulating the coupled surface‐groundwater flow ensembles. The algorithm decouples the system into two subphysics problems and allows larger time steps in the porous media region while using smaller time steps in the free flow region. We also adopt an artificial compressibility technique to further decouple the computation of the velocity and the pressure for which the pressure can be updated directly without solving a Poisson equation. The ensemble algorithm results in a common coefficient matrix for all realizations of different samples, consequently allows the use of efficient direct or iterative solvers to reduce the computational cost. We provide comprehensive stability analysis for both the nonensemble and the ensemble algorithms. Our numerical experiments illustrate the algorithm is second‐order convergent and the ensemble scheme reduces the computational time of the nonensemble counterpart by 96%. A realistic numerical experiment on a curvy domain is also presented.
Co‐Crystal Formation of Partially Fluorinated 1,3,5‐Tris(phenylethynyl)benzenes
Authors: Weddeling Jan‐Henrik , Waltersmann Paul Lukas , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: October 2021

Several rigid 1,3,5‐tris(phenylethynyl)benzenes with different fluorination patterns were synthesized through selective Sonogashira‐Hagihara coupling reactions to analyze the packing behavior in solid‐state structures. The aggregation is dominated by various intermolecular interactions between aryl substituents, triple bonds, C−H bonds and H⋅⋅⋅F contacts. Co‐crystallization experiments for the analysis of preferred aryl‐aryl‐interactions led to 1 : 1 complexes. Intermolecular phenyl‐perfluorophenyl interactions with short centroid‐centroid distances are dominating these co‐crystal structures. They lead to melting point increases of up to 49 °C for the co‐crystals compared to the pure substances.