bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
12. The Smell of Beer as a Factor Affecting the Emission of Carbon Dioxide by Arion Lusitanicus Auct. Non-Mabille
Authors: Piechowicz Bartosz , Rębisz Elżbieta , Grodzicki Przemysław , Zaręba Lech , Balawejder Maciej , Pieniążek Marcin , Stawarczyk Kinga , Piechowicz Iwona
Published: March 2016

More and more frequently beer is used as an attractant in traps to eliminate the slug Arion lusitanicus auct. non-Mabille. The smell of beer is not indifferent to animals. Hence it is highly probable that it affects the physiological processes in the slug’s body. The aim of our study was to examine whether the smell can induce changes in respiration activity (measured as CO2 emission) of adult individuals of Arion lusitanicus. The results showed that all the tested brands of beer caused an increase in CO2 emission. Furthermore, in all the samples of studied brands of beer, this increase in CO2 emission correlated negatively to the content of the following compounds: acrylic acid N- hydroxysuccinimide ester, decanoic acid, (9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-1- [(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl ester, bicyclo[4,1,0]heptane and ethyl caprylate.
The Genetic Structure of Five Pig Breeds Maintained in Poland
Authors: Szmatoła Tomasz , Ropka-Molik Katarzyna , Tyra Mirosław , Piórkowska Katarzyna , Żukowski Kacper , Oczkowicz Maria , Blicharski Tadeusz
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic variability of five pig populations maintained in Poland with the usage of model based clustering method (MCMC approach) on microsatellite data. A high degree of genetic diversity with the values corrected for sample sizes was observed for four breeds: 0.740 for Polish Landrace, 0.697 for Pietrain, 0.692 for Polish Large White and 0.688 for Puławska. Duroc breed, however, was characterized by the lowest genetic diversity (0.589), allelic richness and number of effective alleles. As for Structure software results, each breed was represented by their own cluster while maintaining a possible small admixture of other breeds. The results obtained suggest a moderate gene flow between breeds, especially between Polish Landrace and Polish Large White has occurred. The lowest admixture was presented for Duroc breed, which confirms its high purity. The presented results can be used to study the structure and as a genetic information for the preservation and further genetic improvement of the pig breeds maintained in Poland. It seems also advisable to conduct further studies with a larger number of microsatellites and by analysis of mitochondrial DNA.
Effects of Caponization on Growth Performance, Carcass and Meat Quality of Mos Breed Capons Reared in Free-Range Production System
Authors: Franco Daniel , Pateiro Mirian , Rois Diego , Vázquez Jose Antonio , Lorenzo José Manuel
Published: March 2016

The effects of caponization on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid profile of breast and drumstick of Mos and Sasso genotypes, reared in free-range production system were examined. A total of 47 birds of Mos breed (19 Castrated and 25 Entire) and 37 of Sasso X-44 (18 Castrated and 19 Entire) slaughtered at 32 weeks were used in this trial. The growth of broilers and the differences between genotypes and caponization effects were modelled by Weibull-growth equation. Capon’s growth was higher than that obtained by roosters and Sasso weight was greater than Mos results (P<0.05). For both genotypes the chemical composition of breast and drumstick cuts showed significantly higher values of intramuscular fat (P<0.0001) and lesser values of moisture (P<0.0001) in capons in comparison with intact ones. In Mos breed, capons exhibited significantly (P<0.0001) higher values of breast and drumstick luminosity and yellowness, as well as lower values of redness. Regarding Warner-Braztler test (WB), there were no significant differences (P>0.05) by caponization effect, but hardness measured using textural profile analysis was lesser in meat from capons. Finally castration of animals led to important modifications in the intramuscular fat because meat from capons showed significantly lower values for total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA ). Nutritional indices were also more favorable in capon’s meat, so overall fatty acid profile of capons was desirable from the viewpoint of human nutrition.
Aspects Regarding Shock Wave Mitigation Through Different Media
Authors: Pană Iuliana Florina , Alil Luminiţa Cristina , Ilie Florin
Published: March 2016

The main application of underwater detonation since the Second World War is to destroy military ships. Nowadays, a lot of studies are performed in order to discover a controlled and safe application of shock waves through different media. The paper presents the results of a research on a bubble curtain behaviour subjected to shock waves generated by an underwater TNT blast. The main objective was to analyze the mitigation solution of underwater explosion effects by means of gas bubbles. Simulations using ANSYS AUTODYN and explicit dynamics procedures were performed on a 3D model, in order to better understand the physical process of formation and propagation of a shock wave in the biphasic medium which represents the purpose of many researchers. The numerical simulations were performed taking into account the interaction between a shock wave and the bubble curtain considering a random distribution in space and bubble dimensions.
Statistical Analysis of Results Obtained in the Hardening Surface of the Metal Powder Materials with Optical Radiation Impulses
Authors: Virca Ioan
Published: March 2016

The paper presents how is processed the data resulted from application of pulsed optical superficial treatments on surfaces of materials made of metal powders.

The parameters of the electrotechnological regime work are variable in the experimental program, namely the distance between the axis focal energy sources and surfaces play, the number of energy pulses applied to the voltage pulse of optical radiation, which causes a statistical analysis more complex, after which it will precise drawing lessons that will lead to a calculation microhardness model in the superificial layer of material.
Integrated Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and Organic Storage System
Authors: Al-Haik Mohammad Y. , Hajj Muhammad R.
Published: March 2016

An experimental investigation of an integrated piezo-electric based energy harvester and an organic energy storage device is performed. The energy is harvested from a vibrating composite unimorph beam. The storage device is made out of an organic semiconductor material and storage elements from synthesized nanoparticles. The semiconducting polymer is obtained by blending poly (vinyl alcohol) and poly (acrylic acid) in crystal state polymers with sorbitol acting as the plasticizer. Zinc-Oxide nanoparticles with a diameter size between 50 and 70 nm are used as charge storage elements. A piezoelectric energy generation element made out of macro-fiber composite is used to harvest the energy from the vibrating beam. The harvested energy is stored in the organic capacitor. The performance of the organic device is evaluated through its comparison with commercial capacitors. The results show that the voltage produced was high enough to store the harvested energy in the organic capacitor. The charge and energy levels of the organic capacitor are reported.
Sexual Fears and Avoidant Sexual Behavior in Medical Students / Сексуальные Страхи И Отклоняющееся Сексуальное Поведение Среди Студентов-Медиков
Authors: Popov Stefan P. , Mateva Nonka G. , Iliev Yanko T. , Dechev Ivan D. , Karalilova Rositsa V.
Published: March 2016

Sexual fears, sometimes in the form of phobias, lead to aversive or sexually avoidant behavior blocking sexual closeness and resulting in deep personal and interpersonal distress. OBJECTIVE: To determine the types of sexual fears and aversive behavior in young people of reproductive age (students) and their degree of markedness as to encourage a further implementation of prevention programs and interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 116 fifth-year medical students in Plovdiv Medical University. Of these, 55 men and 61 women were assessed with the Sexual Aversion Scale, a 30-item self-rating questionnaire. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria of sexual aversion were used. The statistical analyses used were descriptive statistics and independent samples t-test. RESULTS: Sexual fears and aversive or blocking behavior are mild to moderate, mean score of 1.54 ± 0.04, without statistically significant gender differences. Both sexes have established fear-related sexual aversive motives of sexual behavior related to the risk of unwanted pregnancy and HIV infection. Women have significantly higher average scores for the following statements: fear of sexual intercourse (1.61 vs 1.25), avoidance of situations in which they may be involved sexually (1.95 vs 1.51), avoidance of genital sexual contact (1.44 vs 1.16), fear of catching a sexually transmitted disease (2.46 vs 2.09 ), fear of pregnancy (2.61 vs 2.15) and concerns what other people think of them (2.34 vs 1.93 ). CONCLUSIONS: Sexual fears and aversive or blocking behavior were mild to moderate. In both sexes similar fears - aversive or blocking patterns of sexual behavior were found, mainly associated with the fear of unwanted pregnancy and the risk of HIV infection, more expressed in women.
Dietary adaptation of white-headed langurs in a fragmented limestone habitat
Authors: Dayong Li , Yuan Peisong , Krzton Ali , Huang Chengming , Zhou Qihai
Published: March 2016

Information on feeding habits and food choices of species living in heavily disturbed and fragmented habitats is critical to developing conservation plans for these animals. We collected data on the diet and food choices of two groups (Groups 1 and 2) of white-headed langurs (
A Biometrological Procedure Preceeding the Resurfacing
Authors: Ryniewicz Anna M. , Madej Tomasz , Ryniewicz Andrzej , Bojko Łukasz
Published: March 2016

This paper presents a preoperative hip reconstruction method with diagnosed osteoarthritis using Durom Hip Resurfacing System (DHRS). The method is based on selection and application of the resurfacing to the pelvis reconstructed on the basis of computed tomography. Quality and geometrical parameters of distinguished tissues have a fundamental significance for locating and positioning the acetabular and femoral components. The application precedes the measurements of anatomical structures on a complex numerical model. The developed procedure enables functional selection of endo-prosthesis and its positioning in such a way that it secures geometric parameters within the bone bed and the depth , inclination angles and ante-version of the acetabular component, the neck-shaft angle and ante-torsion angle of the neck of the femoral bone, and reconstruction of the biomechanical axis of the limb and the physiological point of rotation in the implanted joint. Proper biomechanics of the bone-joint complex of the lower limb is determined by correlation of anatomical-geometrical parameters of the acetabular component and parameters of the femoral bone.
Random-Resistor-Random-Temperature Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-Noise (RRRT-KLJN) Key Exchange
Authors: Kish Laszlo B. , Granqvist Claes G.
Published: March 2016

We introduce two new Kirchhoff-law-Johnson-noise (KLJN) secure key distribution schemes which are generalizations of the original KLJN scheme. The first of these, the Random-Resistor (RR-) KLJN scheme, uses random resistors with values chosen from a quasi-continuum set. It is well-known since the creation of the KLJN concept that such a system could work in cryptography, because Alice and Bob can calculate the unknown resistance value from measurements, but the RR-KLJN system has not been addressed in prior publications since it was considered impractical. The reason for discussing it now is the second scheme, the Random Resistor Random Temperature (RRRT-) KLJN key exchange, inspired by a recent paper of Vadai, Mingesz and Gingl, wherein security was shown to be maintained at non-zero power flow. In the RRRT-KLJN secure key exchange scheme, both the resistances and their temperatures are continuum random variables. We prove that the security of the RRRT-KLJN scheme can prevail at a non-zero power flow, and thus the physical law guaranteeing security is not the Second Law of Thermodynamics but the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem. Alice and Bob know their own resistances and temperatures and can calculate the resistance and temperature values at the other end of the communication channel from measured voltage, current and power-flow data in the wire. However, Eve cannot determine these values because, for her, there are four unknown quantities while she can set up only three equations. The RRRT-KLJN scheme has several advantages and makes all former attacks on the KLJN scheme invalid or incomplete.
Measurement of Silver Nanolayer Absorption by the Body in an in Vivo Model of Inflammatory Gastrointestinal Diseases
Authors: Siczek Krzysztof , Pawlak Wojciech , Zatorski Hubert , Fichna Jakub
Published: March 2016

Layers of silver particles are used in the studies on pathophysiology and treatment of diseases, both in pre-clinical and clinical conditions. Silver layers can be formed using different techniques and on different substrates. Deposition by magnetron sputtering on glass beads was used in this study. Silver absorption by the body was estimated by calculating the difference in thickness of the silver nanolayer deposited on a bead and measured before and after application of the bead in an animal model of gastrointestinal inflammation. Recommendations for the minimal thickness of silver nanolayer deposited on glass beads were worked out for further studies.
Code-switching and vernacular support: an early Middle English case study
Authors: Skaffari Janne
Published: March 2016

In the multilingual history of England, the period following the Norman Conquest in 1066 is a particularly intriguing phase, but its code-switching patterns have so far received little attention. The present article describes and analyses the multilingual practices evinced in London, British Library, MS Stowe 34, containing one instructional prose text from c. 1200,
Minority voices in literary fiction: a case study of translating multilingual practices
Authors: Nurmi Arja
Published: March 2016

Translating multilingual texts is still a new field of inquiry. Transplanting a text where the function of embraced multilingual practices is strongly related to local ethnic identities can provide challenges for translators and readers alike. This study discusses the translation strategies adopted by second-year translation students on an assignment to translate part of Patricia Grace’s short story “The Dream” into Finnish. The strategies for dealing with the Maori passages in the story varied, both in terms of how many of the Maori passages were preserved and how much intratextual translation was included in the text. The strategies were investigated both in the translations themselves and in the accompanying translation comments the students produced. The degree to which the translators showed an in-depth understanding of the nuances relevant to the representation of an ethnic minority of another culture varied. There was more sensitivity to a Finnish reader’s insufficient familiarity with the Maori language and culture than to the meaning of the representations of Maori language and culture in the original text.
Breathing Air Purification for Hyperbaric Purposes, Part II
Authors: Woźniak Arkadiusz
Published: March 2016

Determining the efficiency of breathing air purification for hyperbaric purposes with the use of filtration systems is of a crucial importance. However, when the Polish Navy took samples of breathing air from their own filtration plant for quality purposes, these were found to not meet the required standard. The identification of this problem imposed the need to undertake actions aimed at the elimination of the identified disruptions in the process of breathing air production, with the objective of assuring its proper quality. This study presents the results of the initial tests on the air supply sources utilised by the Polish Navy, which were carried out for the purpose of setting a proper direction of future works and implementing corrective measures in order to optimise the breathing air production process. The obtained test results will be used in a subsequent publication devoted to the assessment of the level of efficiency of air purification with the use of a multifaceted approach consisting in the utilisation of various types of air supply sources and different configurations of purification systems.
Design and Development of a User-Friendly Motorized Apparatus for the Filling of Portable Infusion Pumps by Hospital and Homecare Health Workers
Authors: Bourget Philippe , Amin Alexandre , Loeuillet Richard , De Almeida Tavares Laura Simoes , Violain Cendrine , Thromas Nathalie , Dupont Christian , Gohier Eric
Published: March 2016

: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) remain the most common occupational disease in the Western countries. Beside the effects on workers themselves, MSDs may lead to high costs to enterprises and the society as a whole. Among the painful or tiring positions encountered in healthcare settings, caregivers often cite the filling of portable infusion pumps (PIP). This context was conducive to achievement of the goal of the following project: the development of a motorized apparatus designed to minimize the risk of MSDs caused by repeated gestures of filling PIPs.

: The development of the tool followed eleven steps including: (a) a market analysis, (b) a SWOT analysis, (c) definition of the specifications of the apparatus, and (d) a concurrent engineering methodology.

: In approximately 18 months, a dynamic project group supported by a concurrent engineering methodology has designed and developed a compact and lightweight motorized apparatus able to suppress the risk of MSDs caused by manual filling of PIPs. After a mandatory step of familiarization, all involved operators have unanimously endorsed the new tool.

: We believe that this new motorized apparatus may now simply and substantially alleviate occupational MSDs caused by the manually filling of PIPs. Another major benefit of this research program is the clear improvement of the intrinsically quality of therapeutic objects (TO) through the creation of a more accurate and reproducible method of PIP filling.
Exposure to Systemic Risk of the European Too-Big-to-Fail Banks During Crisis
Authors: Mutu Simona
Published: March 2016

This paper investigates the exposure to systemic risk of “too-bigto- fail” banks. Using a sample of top ten European banks by total assets at the debut of the most recent financial crisis we assess the contagion effects during 2008-2010 by employing the Conditional Value at Risk methodology. Empirical results suggest an intensification of banks’ exposure to systemic risk during the crisis period. The vulnerability to systemic events is significantly and positively associated with higher long term government bonds yields and lower interbank offered rates for unsecured lending transactions.
From Rational to Spiritual in the Economic Thought
Authors: Benea-Popuşoi Elina
Published: March 2016

The paper examines the evolution in the patterns of human economic behavior across the history of economic thought. The author considers the development of the Homo Economicus concept in the view of the scarcity problem in economics and the Homo Socialis concept, with its extreme manifestation - Homo Sovieticus, attested in the former socialist countries of the world. In this context, the author examines the phenomenon of societal constraint on personality. Another prototype of economic behavior - Homo Informaticus and, its boundary manifestation - Homo Interneticus are discussed in the view of the informational constraint phenomenon. The author introduces the Homo Creativus ‘character’, whose behavior is characterized by the attempt to overcome the rational mind constraint. The paper considers the need to adopt the Homo Spiritualis paradigm within the frame of economic thought - a need already highlighted by notorious scholars. According to the writer the urge to develop this paradigm is implicitly determined by the spreading of the underground economy, the globalization and virtualization of the human activity, their impact on human personality. In her approach of the Homo Spiritualis concept the author supports the view that spirituality should not be confused with religion, although the two are related. In practical terms the issue of incorporating spirituality into economics and business courses is approached.
Challenges for Business Competitiveness from Managerial and Knowledge Economy Perspectives
Authors: Herciu Mihaela
Published: March 2016

The complex and networked economy arises a series of challenges for business competitiveness in order to develop or redefine business models and theories. This paper tries to capture a relevant part of our previous studies by emphasizing the challenges that business competitiveness has to cope and integrate, such as: behavioral model of management, firm competitiveness (leveraging tangible and intangible assets), new models of business (Panarchy Corporation and ambidexterity) and management functions.
Corporate Initiatives and Strategies to Meet the Environmental Challenges – Contributions Towards a Green Economic Development
Authors: Claudia Ogrean
Published: March 2016

The paper aims to emphasize, based on an interdisciplinary and multi-level approach, on the actual and potential contributions of businesses towards a green economic development - through the positive integration of the environmental challenges within their initiatives and strategies. The main objectives that the paper will target in order to accomplish this mission are: (1). to outline the general framework of the green economic development; (2). to identify the specific environmental challenges businesses could and have to address in order to support the green economic development; (3). to analyze particular initiatives and strategies which have been successfully developed by companies aiming at internalizing the environmental imperative - and to argue in favor of a new business model, able to end, through the green economic development, a virtuous circle of co-evolution between businesses and the environment.
The Official Use of International Currencies – Assessments and Implications
Authors: Orăștean Ramona
Published: March 2016

The paper analyses the official use of international currencies as reserve currency (store of value) and anchor currency (unit of account). Examining the role as a reserve currency we note that the US dollar is the main reserve currency even if it recorded a decline given the decrease of the value of the US dollar reserve holdings and the gradual diversification of the currencies used. Since 2010, the euro's share decreased continuously may be due to the Eurozone crisis and the euro's depreciation against the US dollar. Then we show that the US dollar dominates as an anchor currency, though it was temporary abandoned during crisis time, having more than a regional dimension. At the same time, the use of the euro in exchange rate arrangements appears mainly in the regions that have close links with the euro area. Over the last few years, we have witnessed a gentle orientation towards a multimonetary world, especially regarding the use of the international currencies as reserve currency given the diversification of the currencies in which central banks understand to hold international reserves and the increasing share of the nontraditional currencies in total foreign exchange reserves.
How Sanctions on Russia Impact the Economy of the European Union
Authors: Năsulea Christian , Crețu Beatrice Nicolle , Spînu Diana Florentina
Published: March 2016

Although new sanctions have been imposed, to varying degrees, on Russia since the debut of the Crimean crisis, few experts are taking the chance of publishing an assessment of the impact these sanctions will have on Russia or the European Union. On one hand, the complexity of the variables involved makes it extremely difficult to predict the outcome of said sanctions; on the other hand, an accurate assessment would make an invaluable tool in the hands of decision makers, no matter if their decisions are made with regards to foreign policy, public policy or the daily business of private companies. This article sets out to examine the context, some of the variables involved and some of the forecasts that have been put forward by various experts, while trying to provide a simplified model for assessing the impact of sanctions enacted by the EU on its own economy.
Loss ofPtf1aLeads to a Widespread Cell-Fate Misspecification in the Brainstem, Affecting the Development of Somatosensory and Viscerosensory Nuclei
Authors: Iskusnykh Igor Y. , Steshina Ekaterina Y. , Chizhikov Victor V.
Published: March 2016

The brainstem contains diverse neuronal populations that regulate a wide range of processes vital to the organism. Proper cell-fate specification decisions are critical to achieve neuronal diversity in the CNS, but the mechanisms regulating cell-fate specification in the developing brainstem are poorly understood. Previously, it has been shown that basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Ptf1a is required for the differentiation and survival of neurons of the inferior olivary and cochlear brainstem nuclei, which contribute to motor coordination and sound processing, respectively. In this study, we show that the loss ofPtf1acompromises the development of the nucleus of the solitary tract, which processes viscerosensory information, and the spinal and principal trigeminal nuclei, which integrate somatosensory information of the face. Combining genetic fate-mapping, birth-dating, and gene expression studies, we found that at least a subset of brainstem abnormalities inPtf1a−/−mice are mediated by a dramatic cell-fate misspecification in rhombomeres 2–7, which results in the production of supernumerary viscerosensory and somatosensory neurons of the Lmx1b lineage at the expense of Pax2+GABAergic viscerosensory and somatosensory neurons, and inferior olivary neurons. Our data identifyPtf1aas a major regulator of cell-fate specification decisions in the developing brainstem, and as a previously unrecognized developmental regulator of both viscerosensory and somatosensory brainstem nuclei.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCell-fate specification decisions are critical for normal CNS development. Although extensively studied in the cerebellum and spinal cord, the mechanisms mediating cell-fate decisions in the brainstem, which regulates a wide range of processes vital to the organism, remain largely unknown. Here we identified mousePtf1aas a novel regulator of cell-fate decisions during both early and late brainstem neurogenesis, which are critical for proper development of several major classes of brainstem cells, including neurons of the somatosensory and viscerosensory nuclei. Since loss-of-functionPTF1Amutations were described in human patients, we suggestPtf1a-dependent cell-fate misspecification as a novel mechanism of human brainstem pathology.
Laminar- and Target-Specific Amygdalar Inputs in Rat Primary Gustatory Cortex
Authors: Haley Melissa S. , Fontanini Alfredo , Maffei Arianna
Published: March 2016

The primary gustatory cortex (GC) receives projections from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). Behavioral and electrophysiological studies demonstrated that this projection is involved in encoding the hedonic value of taste and is a source of anticipatory activity in GC. Anatomically, this projection is largest in the agranular portion of GC; however, its synaptic targets and synaptic properties are currently unknown.In vivoelectrophysiological recordings report conflicting evidence about BLA afferents either selectively activating excitatory neurons or driving a compound response consistent with the activation of inhibitory circuits. Here we demonstrate that BLA afferents directly activate excitatory neurons and two distinct populations of inhibitory neurons in both superficial and deep layers of rat GC. BLA afferents recruit different proportions of excitatory and inhibitory neurons and show distinct patterns of circuit activation in the superficial and deep layers of GC. These results provide the first circuit-level analysis of BLA inputs to a sensory area. Laminar- and target-specific differences of BLA inputs likely explain the complexity of amygdalocortical interactions during sensory processing.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProjections from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) to the cortex convey information about the emotional value and the expectation of a sensory stimulus. Although much work has been done to establish the behavioral role of BLA inputs to sensory cortices, very little is known about the circuit organization of BLA projections. Here we provide the first in-depth analysis of connectivity and synaptic properties of the BLA input to the gustatory cortex. We show that BLA afferents activate excitatory and inhibitory circuits in a layer-specific and pattern-specific manner. Our results provide important new information about how neural circuits establishing the hedonic value of sensory stimuli and driving anticipatory behaviors are organized at the synaptic level.
Flexion Reflex Can Interrupt and Reset the Swimming Rhythm
Authors: Elson Matthew S. , Berkowitz Ari
Published: March 2016

The spinal cord can generate the hip flexor nerve activity underlying leg withdrawal (flexion reflex) and the rhythmic, alternating hip flexor and extensor activities underlying locomotion and scratching, even in the absence of brain inputs and movement-related sensory feedback. It has been hypothesized that a common set of spinal interneurons mediates flexion reflex and the flexion components of locomotion and scratching. Leg cutaneous stimuli that evoke flexion reflex can alter the timing of (i.e., reset) cat walking and turtle scratching rhythms; in addition, reflex responses to leg cutaneous stimuli can be modified during cat and human walking and turtle scratching. Both of these effects depend on the phase (flexion or extension) of the rhythm in which the stimuli occur. However, similar interactions between leg flexion reflex and swimming have not been reported. We show here that a tap to the foot interrupted and reset the rhythm of forward swimming in spinal, immobilized turtles if the tap occurred during the swim hip extensor phase. In addition, the hip flexor nerve response to an electrical foot stimulus was reduced or eliminated during the swim hip extensor phase. These two phase-dependent effects of flexion reflex on the swim rhythm and vice versa together demonstrate that the flexion reflex spinal circuit shares key components with or has strong interactions with the swimming spinal network, as has been shown previously for cat walking and turtle scratching. Therefore, leg flexion reflex circuits likely share key spinal interneurons with locomotion and scratching networks across limbed vertebrates generally.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe spinal cord can generate leg withdrawal (flexion reflex), locomotion, and scratching in limbed vertebrates. It has been hypothesized that there is a common set of spinal cord neurons that produce hip flexion during flexion reflex, locomotion, and scratching based on evidence from studies of cat and human walking and turtle scratching. We show here that flexion reflex and swimming also share key spinal cord components based on evidence from turtles. Foot stimulation can reset the timing of the swimming rhythm and the response to each foot stimulation can itself be altered by the swim rhythm. Collectively, these studies suggest that spinal cord neuronal networks underlying flexion reflex, multiple forms of locomotion, and scratching share key components.
ἡ ἀληθεστάτη πρόφασις: Historia, Medicina e Historia de la Medicina
Authors: Sierra Martín César
Published: March 2016

El presente trabajo analiza el interés despertado en la segunda mitad del XIX por las verdaderas causas de la Guerra del Peloponeso narradas por Tucídides. En este contexto y, a medida que crecían en importancia y complejidad los estudios, se fueron incorporando nuevas disciplinas, cómo la medicina, que renovaron las interpretaciones y dibujaron gradualmente un método basado en la combinación de fuentes de distinta naturaleza.
Lorenzo Hervás, o celtismo galego e a lenda de Breogán
Authors: Pereira González Fernando
Published: March 2016

O artigo analiza as ideas de Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro acerca dos celtas e céntrase especialmente nas súas opinións sobre o asentamento de xentes celtas en territorio galego. Os dous trazos que salientan do celtismo deste autor son a importancia dos datos lingüísticos e o aproveitamento de lendas irlandesas como a de Breogán para construír con elas un relato histórico relativo ás migracións célticas na Antigüidade.
Buscando a La Ragazzona. Prospección arqueológica subacuática en la ensenada de Cariño, Ferrol
Authors: Fernández Abella David
Published: March 2016

This paper presents the first results of an archaeological research project to find and identify the archaeological remains of La Ragazzona, Levantine ship from The Armada, the Philip II´s fleet who was sent against England, and who shipwrecked before returned to La Corunna, in Ferrol waters.
Cerámica en silos. Contextos Medievais e Modernos na Rúa do Franco nº 31, Santiago de Compostela
Authors: Alonso Toucido Francisco , Prieto Martínez María Pilar , Rodríguez Resino Álvaro
Published: March 2016

Preséntanse os resultados do estudo de materiais medievais e postmedievais da escavación realizada na rúa do Franco nº 31, en Santiago de Compostela. O xacemento consiste nun conxunto de silos de almacenamento escavados na rocha, de cronoloxía medieval e unha serie de niveis superiores postmedievais; escavados nunha intervención arqueolóxica de urxencia realizada en 2011. Mediante o estudo aportamos novos datos tipolóxicos sobre cerámica medieval e postmedieval galega, así como aspectos relacionados coa fabricación da mesma, afondando nas formas e as decoracións, pero tamén no tratamento técnico das pastas. Mentres que a cerámica medieval parece de producción local a moderna ofrece unha maior variedade de centros de producción, maioritariamente foráneos. Así mesmo formúlase, a partir dunha análise de contexto e de paralelos cerámicos que a fase medieval poderíase encadrar no século XII, mentres que a fase moderna correspondese co século XVII. Este estudo é unha aportación interesante dado que a investigación nestes campos está escasamente desenrolada na arqueoloxía galega.
El alfar romano de Panxón (Nigrán. Pontevedra)
Authors: Villar Quinteiro Rosa
Published: March 2016

La actividad arqueológica preventiva llevada a cabo en la finca 6-8 de la rúa Mirambel de Panxón (Nigrán, Pontevedra) ha permitido la localización y excavación de un taller de producción alfarera de cronología romana, totalmente inédito en el NO peninsular y que viene a completar el pasado romano de esta villa costera. Dedicado a la producción de materiales de construcción y ánforas, ha aportado diversos grafitti identificativos que tendrán que ser rastreados entre los yacimientos geográficamente próximos
Pinturas murales del yacimiento romano de Cambre (A Coruña)
Authors: Loira Enríquez María
Published: March 2016

Se trata de un estudio sobre las pinturas murales musealizadas en el Centro de Recepción del yacimiento romano de Cambre, pertenecientes al balneum de una villa tardoantigua documentada en el área. Se inicia con el contexto arqueológico, descripción de los restos y restitución hipotética;  se analizan las técnicas de ejecución de las pinturas; se establecen los paralelos; se fija una  cronología y, por último, una propuesta de interpretación.
Manuel Murguía e a lenda de Breogán
Authors: Pereira González Fernando
Published: March 2016

Neste traballo fago un estudo da presenza da lenda irlandesa de Breogán dentro dos escritos de Manuel Murguía. Cinco son os aspectos que quero analizar: a narrativa da lenda; a interpretación que fixo dela; a adaptación da lenda á súa particular concepción do pasado galego; as funcións que exerceu dentro da obra de Murguía; e as fontes de información nas que el se baseou para coñecer o relato irlandés. No derradeiro apartado analizo algunhas das achegas do autor á popularización de Breogán dentro da cultura galega.
La cerámica común del campamento romano de Cidadela (Sobrado dos Monxes, A Coruña). Campaña 2007.
Authors: Barbazán Domínguez Sara , Caamaño Gesto José Manuel , Lozano Hermida Hugo , Ramil Rego Eduardo
Published: March 2016

En este artículo se estudia una colección cerámica, altamente significativa, de un asentamiento militar romano. Para ello se utilizan metodologías formales de ámbito regional, con las que se procede a una clasificación tipológica que determina la preponderancia de la vajilla de cocina frente a la de mesa. Asimismo su análisis formal y tecnológico permite ponerla en relación con las producciones documentadas en la capital del Conventus, Lucus Augusti.
Achados e depósitos metálicos do Bronze Final na bacia hidrográfica do rio Ave (NW de Portugal). Considerações espaciais
Authors: Sampaio Hugo Aluai
Published: March 2016

considerando achados avulsos e conjuntos de objetos (depósitos) em bronze do Bronze Final conhecidos na bacia do rio Ave (NW de Portugal), são propostas algumas interpretações articulando essas materialidades com o povoamento, a orografia e a hidrologia. Por questões práticas, estes foram incluídos em distintas “categorias”.Na ausência de provas inequívocas de relação entre estes materiais e povoados, parece prevalecer a sua “aproximação” a certas caraterísticas naturais (orografias, cursos de água ou nascentes), percebidas no âmbito de uma forma animista de inter-relação com o mundo, prática quiçá iniciada durante o Bronze Médio.
Integración de información geológica en un Sistema de Información Geográfico con objetivos arqueométricos
Authors: Guimarey Beatriz , Lantes-Suárez Oscar , Cordero Miguel , Prieto-Martínez María Pilar
Published: March 2016

El trabajo realizado se plantea en el marco de un proyecto de investigación financiado por la Xunta de Galicia titulado ‘Isótopos de Pb y Sr en cerámicas arqueológicas de Galicia: estudio de la procedencia y el acceso a las materias primas’. El objetivo de este trabajo es arqueométrico: determinar de una forma más rápida, directa y fiable las fuentes de materias primas potenciales de las cerámicas antiguas recuperadas en contextos arqueológicos gallegos, a través del establecimiento de una metodología y protocolos de trabajo para la gestión de información arqueológica, arqueométrica y geológica (MAGNA50) dentro de un Sistema de Información Geográfico. Debido a la ausencia de investigación de la arqueología en este ámbito en la región, el proceso de trabajo fue complejo. Sus resultados aportan un gran beneficio y utilidad a la arqueometría y poseen un gran potencial de cara a futuras investigaciones.
Un nuevo castellum limicorum en San Vicente de Alcántara (Badajoz)
Authors: Esteban Ortega Julio , Redondo Rodríguez José Antonio
Published: March 2016

El hallazgo de una inscripción romana en Extremadura, en la que se menciona a un individuo del pueblo Galaico de los Limicos, nos ha permitido documentar un castellum desconocido. Incluimos el estudio de la inscripción y a partir de ella se analizan otras cuestiones relativas a su territorio y a la localización del emplazamiento del nuevo castellum.
Colour and antioxidant properties of malvidin-3-glucoside and Vitisin A
Authors: Tománková E. , Balík J. , Soural I. , Bednář P. , Papoušková B.
Published: March 2016

This study presents findings from comparing the properties of anthocyanin pigments: i. malvidin-3-glucoside (Mal-3-G), the most significant anthocyanin present in young red wine; ii. Vitisin A (5-carboxypyranomalvidin-3-glucoside), a major product from a reaction induced in red wine between Mal-3-G and pyruvic acid during its ageing. These pigments were determined and compared to the absorption spectrum in 200–770 nm at various pH values, such results including the ability of cation Al3+ to change the values of absorbance. Changes in the colour parameters L* a* b* were determined in the CIELAB colour space of Mal-3-G and Vitisin A in relation to pH and the addition of AlCl3. Both coloured compounds were investigated for their resistance to discoloration by sulphur dioxide. Total antioxidant activity was evaluated by two methods (FRAP, DPPH), and the values were compared to other phenols.
Effect of coating concentration and combined osmotic and hot-air dehydration on some physico-chemical, textural and sensory properties of apple slabs
Authors: Taghizadeh M. , Fathi M. , Sajjadi A.L.
Published: March 2016

In a 120 min osmotic dehydration procedure followed by an air drying process, the effect of carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC) on some qualitative characteristics of apple slabs including browning index (BI) and rehydration capacity were studied. Moreover, the relation between textural and sensory properties, such as hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, adhesiveness and chewiness, was investigated. Samples containing higher coating concentrations (1–1.5%) showed higher rehydration capacity and lower browning index compared to those with lower coating concentrations (0.25–0.5%). Weibull distribution model was used to investigate the effect of coating concentration on drying kinetics. The results of sensory tests showed that the overall acceptance of samples is increased with decreasing coating concentration, and an appropriate correlation was found between sensory properties and textural parameters.
Effect of incorporation levels of oat and green pea flour on the properties of an extruded product and their optimization
Authors: Wani S.A. , Kumar P.
Published: March 2016

An extruded product was made based on oats and dried green pea using central composite rotatable design. Effects of incorporation level of oat flour (OF, 15.86 to 44.14%) and dried green pea flour (DGPF, 7.93 to 22.07%) on the physical and functional characteristics of extruded products based on composite flour were studied using response surface methodology. Second order polynomial equation was used to describe the effect of OF and DGPF on lateral expansion (LE), bulk density (BD), water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), and hardness (HD). Results indicated that OF had negative effect on LE, while positive effect on BD, WSI, WAI, and HD. On increasing DGPF, LE and WSI increased, but it had negative effect on BD, WAI, and HD. Numerical optimization resulted in 41.91% OF and 7.93% DGPF to produce acceptable extrudates. The results suggest that oats and dried green pea flour can be extruded with rice flour and corn flour into an acceptable snack food.
Post-embriononic development of Chrysomya putoria(Diptera: Calliphoridae) on a diet containing ampicillin in different concentrations
Authors: FERRAZ ADRIANA C.P. , DALLAVECCHIA DANIELE L. , SILVA DÉBORA C. , SILVA-FILHO RENATO G. , AGUIAR VALÉRIA M.
Published: March 2016

Here we evaluate the effects of different concentrations of the antibiotic ampicillin on the growth and development of Chrysomya putoria. Third-generation, first instar larvae (L1) reared on 60 grams of homogenate+agar 65% were treated with ampicillin sodium. The experiment consisted of four replicates (40 larvae/replicate) of each antibiotic concentration tested (T1: 466µg/mL ; T2: 81.33 mg/mL and T3: 166.66mg/mL) and a T4: control. The body mass of the mature larvae, after they abandoned the diet, were recorded in batches of five. The variation between the mean body mass of larvae and the duration of larval and pupal stages, and overall duration of the development, viability and normal rates were analyzed by ANOVA. There were no significant differences between the four treatments in the following parameters: body mass of larvae that discontinued the diet as well as the duration of larval, pupal, and total development. The sex ratios found in the four treatments did not differ from those expected. Normality rates were 100% for all treatments. There were no significant differences between treatments for larval and overall viability, but pupal viability differed significantly between T1 and the control, T1 and T2, and between the control and T3. The antibiotic did not appear to significantly alter the development of C. putoria.
Green method by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and spectral region selection for the quantification of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Silva Fabiana E.B. da , Flores Érico M.M. , Parisotto Graciele , Müller Edson I. , Ferrão Marco F.
Published: March 2016

An alternative method for the quantification of sulphametoxazole (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and partial least square regression (PLS) was developed. Interval Partial Least Square (iPLS) and Synergy Partial Least Square (siPLS) were applied to select a spectral range that provided the lowest prediction error in comparison to the full-spectrum model. Fifteen commercial tablet formulations and forty-nine synthetic samples were used. The ranges of concentration considered were 400 to 900 mg g-1SMZ and 80 to 240 mg g-1 TMP. Spectral data were recorded between 600 and 4000 cm-1 with a 4 cm-1 resolution by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The proposed procedure was compared to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained from the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), during the validation of the models for samples of sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) using siPLS, demonstrate that this approach is a valid technique for use in quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. The selected interval algorithm allowed building regression models with minor errors when compared to the full spectrum PLS model. A RMSEP of 13.03 mg g-1for SMZ and 4.88 mg g-1 for TMP was obtained after the selection the best spectral regions by siPLS.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for classification of18F-NaF uptake on PET/CT
Authors: Valadares Agnes Araujo , Duarte Paulo Schiavom , Carvalho Giovanna , Ono Carla Rachel , Coura-Filho George Barberio , Sado Heitor Naoki , Sapienza Marcelo Tatit , Buchpiguel Carlos Alberto
Published: March 2016

Abstract Objective: To assess the cutoff values established by ROC curves to classify18F-NaF uptake as normal or malignant. Materials and Methods: PET/CT images were acquired 1 hour after administration of 185 MBq of18F-NaF. Volumes of interest (VOIs) were drawn on three regions of the skeleton as follows: proximal right humerus diaphysis (HD), proximal right femoral diaphysis (FD) and first vertebral body (VB1), in a total of 254 patients, totalling 762 VOIs. The uptake in the VOIs was classified as normal or malignant on the basis of the radiopharmaceutical distribution pattern and of the CT images. A total of 675 volumes were classified as normal and 52 were classified as malignant. Thirty-five VOIs classified as indeterminate or nonmalignant lesions were excluded from analysis. The standardized uptake value (SUV) measured on the VOIs were plotted on an ROC curve for each one of the three regions. The area under the ROC (AUC) as well as the best cutoff SUVs to classify the VOIs were calculated. The best cutoff values were established as the ones with higher result of the sum of sensitivity and specificity. Results: The AUCs were 0.933, 0.889 and 0.975 for UD, FD and VB1, respectively. The best SUV cutoffs were 9.0 (sensitivity: 73%; specificity: 99%), 8.4 (sensitivity: 79%; specificity: 94%) and 21.0 (sensitivity: 93%; specificity: 95%) for UD, FD and VB1, respectively. Conclusion: The best cutoff value varies according to bone region of analysis and it is not possible to establish one value for the whole body.