bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Key Construction Techniques of Long Span Continuous Rigid Frame Bridge of the Expressway in Mountain Areas
Authors: Shen Dian Dong , Zheng Quan
Published: November 2014

At present, long span continuous rigid frame bridge is widely used in the expressway in mountain areas. Mountain areas have the features of terrain with continuous ridges and peaks, crisscross network of ravines, changeable climate and large temperature difference between day and night, while continuous rigid frame bridge of the expressway in mountain areas usually has long pile foundation, great bulk of bearing platform, high main pier and long span, which all increase the construction difficulty of long span continuous rigid frame bridge of the expressway in mountain areas. This paper will take the construction process of Longtan River Bridge built in Hurong Xi highway in Hubei province as an example, to study and discuss the key construction techniques of long span continuous rigid frame bridge of the expressway in mountain areas.
Effect of Bionic Concave Surface to the Drag Reduction Performance of Cylinder Sealing Ring
Authors: Zhao Gang , Li Fang , Liu Wei Xin , Zhao Jian Ying , Bi Hong Shi
Published: November 2014

According to the problem of large friction resistance exists between the sealing ring and the cylinder block when the piston cylinder works, the drag reduction technology of bionic concave surface was applied in the sealing ring. By building a drag reduction motion model of sealing ring with concave surface of triangular arrangement, the effect of drag reduction performance decided by concave diameter and piston velocity was studied with the method of numerical simulation. The results show that: when the piston velocity is fixed, the maximum drag reduction rate can be achieved with the concave diameter is 1.5mm, and the maximum drag reduction rate is 15.72%. Meanwhile when the diameter of the concave is fixed, the drag reduction rate increased gradually with the increase of initial speed, the drag reducing effect is best at the speed of 0.6m/s. In the process of piston movement, lubricating oil in concave shakes, and makes the lubricating oil flow to the inside wall of cylinder, which play the role of lubrication, so as to achieve the effect of reducing friction and increasing the movement speed of piston.
MPPT Techniques - A Review
Authors: Sahoo Sarat Kumar , Bansal Mayur
Published: November 2014

The use of solar energy is increased now due to its renewable and pollution-free characteristics. The grid connected dc-ac inverters are largely needed for solar power generation which can be used for power transmission and distribution. The electrical power supplied by the solar arrays depends on temperature, isolation and array voltage. It is therefore necessary to adopt MPPT in order to bring the solar array operating voltage near the peak power point. It will help in drawing maximum possible power from the array. This paper presents various techniques used for achieving this target and compares them with each other to know the benefits and drawbacks with each method.Keywords: MPP, P&O, IC, PV, TF.
A Study on the Change of Fluorescent Powder Component by Orthogonal Design
Authors: Zhang Dong , Zhang Ying , Hu Ya Fei , Liu Yang
Published: November 2014

This paper explained the basic principles of single factor experiment and orthogonal design which were used to change the component of fluorescent powder and improve latent fingerprint appearing effect on object surface. Besides, the author also commented on the characteristics of optimized formulation.
Analysis of Thermal Performance of Solar Collector in Solar Water Heating System
Authors: Zhao Jing , Wang Zhi Ping , Wang Ke Zhen , Lu Xin
Published: November 2014

The daily collected heat energy of solar collector in solar water heating system is calculated by the modeling of solar collector and stratified tank, and the result is verified by experiments. Through analysis of the calculation results, the simplified formula for calculating the daily collected heat energy is given. Using this simplified formula, the daily collected heat energy under different flow rates is calculated. The result shows that the daily collected heat energy of solar collector running in solar water heating system tends to stable when the flow rate above 0.005kg/(m2.s).
Switch Equipment Interface Properties Testing System Design Based on the Reconfigurable Concept
Authors: Wu Zhi Chao , Tan Ye Shuang , Zhang Tian Hui , Sun Hui Xian
Published: November 2014

For the situation that digital switching device interface testing is relied on manual and automatic testing system development cost is high, the paper has adopted the reconfigurable technology. And by using the reusable character of general testing system, a special testing system is built, which can solve the contradiction between testing benefit and testing efficiency. The new system consists of hardware reconfigurable matching front-end and software reconfigurable virtual instrument. It has improved the switching device interface testing efficiency and accuracy, and shorten the construction cycle. Its component parts are reconfigurable, and flexible to assemble. It has good generality and expansibility, and certain practical utility. The idea has also provided instructions for designing similar testing system.
Experimental Study on the Influencing Factors of Piston Liquid Filling Accuracy
Authors: Shen Guo Tao , Wu Bo , Wan Jun , Xiang Kang , Chen Li Qun
Published: November 2014

By using self-designed servo piston liquid filling system, the filling nozzle diameter, the shape of the liquid outlet the irrigation fluid velocity curve, level track distance for filling accuracy to determine optimal filling of the low viscosity liquid parameters are studied using orthogonal experimental method. The experiment results showed that: highest accuracy is got under the nozzle diameter of is 8 mm, the shape of the liquid outlet is straight mouth, the speed of the low-speed range is 55ml / s, the liquid level tracking distance is 0cm.Key words: plunger type; orthogonal test; filling accuracy; optimal filling parameters
Analysis of the Effect and Position of the Guangdong Province Standard in Engineering Construction Quality Assurance
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wei Ai Min , Wang You Song , Zhang Yan , Cheng Yi Fei
Published: November 2014

This research applied the Likert-type scale to design the questionnaire. Then, we did research on the professionals in the field of construction in Guangdong province, which aimed to know about the effect and position of the Guangdong province local standard in engineering construction quality assurance. The statistic analysis shows that there are 73 items of existing Guangdong province engineering construction local standard. Among them, 28.10% takes the local standard as the common basis in engineering construction. While, the national standard is 38.08%; the industry rule is 29.20%. The three almost is in the same position. The whole industry thinks that the local standard has the equivalent status and effect as the national standard and industry rule in the engineering construction. Therefore, it is necessary to suggest the government sector to perfect the basis of the establishment of engineering construction local standard. In this way, it can be ensured that the procedure is open and transparent, the standard is formulated according to development of the productive force and the implementation process can be supervised by the public. What’s more, we can formulate the local standard with local features according to the region’s real need and local natural conditions. So, the effects of Guangdong province local standard can be played more efficiently in the engineering construction quality assurance.
The Summary on Important Damage Detection Technology of Composite Materials
Authors: Liu Tian Jiao , Zhang Wei Fang , Fang Xiao Liang
Published: November 2014

It mainly introduces four methods, permeation testing method, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection and measurement and holographic speckle detection, to test composite structure defects, including their testing principles, field of application, specific testing steps,etc. Among the four nondestructive testing technologies for composite materials, the holographic speckle detection is the most advanced and widely used one and has been being improved.
Research on Intelligent Control Framework Applied in Agricultural Production Process Based on Internet of Things
Authors: Cheng Rong Hua , Ma Fei , Liang Ya Hong
Published: November 2014

With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT), thus the agriculture application based on IoT comes into being, more and more extensive used in agriculture field. Intelligent control framework applied in agricultural production process based on IoT is an important part of research work. The paper first expatiates on the basic concepts of IoT, agricultural IoT, Intelligent control over production process, then sets forth a framework model of agricultural production process based on the framework model of IoT. On this basis, the paper studies the building and development environment controlling system for livestock and poultry rising based on IoT. Its application shows that the control system can well build a relatively independent raising environment and furthermore it can reduce cost, guarantee quality, decrease pollution and prevent the incidence of animal diseases.
Research and Design of the Rehabilitation Platform Based on the Kinect Motion Acquisition
Authors: Zhang Mei
Published: November 2014

Computer vision have a wide application in the modern information technology industry, the rapid development of content-based image analysis technology has been successfully applied in the analysis of transport vehicles, in various fields of industrial product testing, agricultural pest control, interactive advertising, visual intercom and detection of other medical illnesses occasions. Rehabilitation in the medical field, mainly in artificial robot-assisted rehabilitation and rehabilitation in two ways. for its expensive, high maintenance costs and single actual intelligence, Robot-assisted rehabilitation system is bad in the market promotion and application dismal; artificial rehabilitation is the best choice for the rehabilitation of patients, but in reality the patient needs to be recovered ambitious rehabilitation coach on the supply side. Provide a rehabilitation patients meet rehabilitation purchasing power and ease of use of the system is an important topic in the field of rehabilitation. Aiming at this problem, this paper take computer vision as the core to collect spatial depth chart patients through Kinect device and rebuild the action flow in patients with rehabilitation training. System Settings roles in two sports: Rehabilitation coaches and rehabilitation patients by assessing the actions of its demonstration and training flows back to the doctor the patient rehabilitation progress reports.
Wind Farm Micro-Siting Optimization and Benefits Analysis
Authors: Hua Ze Jia , Gu Yan Zhang , Hou Chen Xuan
Published: November 2014

This paper puts forward a creative turbine micro-siting scheme breaking the 3D-5D rule, and calculates wake losses, power production and its economic benefits in traditional wind farm micro-siting scheme and creative wind farm micro-siting scheme by evaluating software WEPAS and MWVE. Results show that the micro-siting scheme breaking 3D-5D is more feasible and effective. It not only ensures the safe and stable operation of the wind turbines and technical parameters, but also the power production and the initial investment have been optimized.
Preparation of Gel-Formed Dachuanxiong Prescription Delivered through Nasal Mucosa
Authors: Jin Hui , Liu Xiao Yang , Quan Wei , Han Ying Ying , Chen Jia Jun
Published: November 2014

Purpose: Preparation of gel-formed Dachuanxiong prescription. Method: In this experiment, liquid chromatograph is used to measure the content of gastrodin in gastrodia elata and orthogonal design method is adopted to optimize the technological conditions for extracting gastrodin. Comprehensive evaluation is conducted based on examination factors including dry powder, glycerol, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and borneol as well as indexes including viscosity, appearance and spreadability, through which prescription can be screened and optimized, and gel-formed Dachuanxiong prescription can thus be prepared. Result: Content of gastrodin in gastrodia elata as raw material is 0.53%, and excipient should be gel made from 1 g of ethanol, 1.5 g of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, 10 g of glycerol, 0.01 g of borneol and 100 g of water. Conclusion: This technology for preparation of gel is stable and simple, which can increase the content of ferulic acid obviously. Preparation of pure traditional Chinese medicine is delivered through nasal mucosa to relieve headache and mainly used to treat headache.[1]Chuanxiong Prescription was established by Liu Wansu, a well-known doctor living in the Jin and Yuan Dynasty. In this prescription, ligusticum wallichii can invigorate the circulation of blood and promote the circulation of qi, and gastrodia elata can relieve dizziness and pain. Combination of them can realize a good effect for the treatment of migraine caused by blood stasis and fire. This prescription is simple and effective. Based on physical and chemical properties of various medical materials, active ingredients in them can be extracted with the method of alcohol extraction. [2-4]According to result of document retrieval and patent search, volume fraction, number of times of extraction and time of extraction should be used as conditions of examination. [1]However, it can be verified through in-depth research on physical and chemical properties and pharmacological actions of medical materials in the prescription as well as repetitive tests that number of times of extraction have an obvious influence on extraction rate. Based on the above content, factors of examination in the experiment are determined and examination through orthogonal experiment is thus carried out, through which technological conditions that can realize a high rate of extraction of gastrodin (index component) is screened out. This experiment selects the optimal technology for extracting gel which can relieve headache and be delivered through nasal mucosa, in which orthogonal test method is applied, and content of gastrodin is viewed as an index. Ethanol should be used in the optimal extraction technology. The optimal technology is stable and practicable, which can obviously increase the content of ferulic acid.
Research on Dedusting Technology in the Concrete Mixing Station Powder Silo
Authors: Zhang Peng , Guo Xing Yu , Guan Zhi Guang
Published: November 2014

The dust emissions from the concrete mixing station has seriously affected the lives of the residents and the workers' health, and it is difficult to achieve national environmental standards. Dedusting and its high environmental cost are currently facing important problem for the concrete mixing station. A spray and whirlwind composite dedusting technology and equipment are put forward by this paper, and applied to the actual concrete mixing station. After application, it can be seen that the spray and whirlwind composite dedusting technology play the effect of dust and match the environmental requirements.
Experimental Research on the Characteristics of the Magnetic Compound Fluid by Grinding Solar Wafers
Authors: Chen Zhi Chun , Wu Bo , Fan Wei , Zhou Ya Li
Published: November 2014

This paper studies the grinding characteristics of magnetic compound fluid by conducting large amounts of experiments. Magnetic compound fluid (MCF) is formed by mixing abrasive grains, α-cellulose, iron powder and Magnetic-Fluid together according to a certain proportion. The experiments are conducted to test the effect of process parameters (such as different period of time, various speed of main axle and fluctuating magnetic field) on grinding results using Solar wafers. The results showed that the grinding surface of solar wafers is within Ra0.1 after 3 minutes and the microscopic appearance of the surface is flat and free of burns phenomenon.
The Reproduction of New Clothing Materials - Lotus Effect
Authors: Wei Xian Yuan
Published: November 2014

In modern life, textile fabrics are widely used. When using a great variety of new type fabrics, the reproduction of new materials is frequently treated as an innovative method. The redesign of fabrics has injected boundless vitality and vigor into clothing design. The lotus fiber, as a novel kind of fiber, has brought great pleasant to our lives.
Preparation of α-Tricalcium Phosphate Powders Surface-Modified with Inositol Phosphate for Cement Fabrication
Authors: Konishi Toshiisa , Honda Michiyo , Yoshioka Tomohiko , Hayakawa Satoshi , Aizawa Mamoru
Published: November 2014

We have previously developed biodegradable β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) cement based on the chelate-setting mechanism of inositol phosphate (IP6). The β-TCP cement powder for the cement fabrication was prepared via a novel powder preparation process, in which the starting β-TCP powders were prepared by simultaneous ball-milling and surface-modification in the IP6 solution. In the present study, the novel powder preparation process was applied to an α-TCP powder, and effect of milling time and beads size for ball-milling on the material properties of the α-TCP powders was investigated. The α-TCP powder ball-milled in 1000 ppm IP6 solution for 4 h with 2 mm-diameter beads was composed of single phase α-TCP with the smallest particle size of 2.2 µm. Dissolution of 4 h-milled α-TCP powder was approximately twice higher than that of starting α-TCP powder before ball-milling. The α-TCP powder with high dissolution property prepared via the novel powder preparation process is potential candidate for fabrication of the chelate-setting cement.
Fibers Obtaining and Characterization Using Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) and Poly (Isoprene) Containing Hydroxyapatite and α TCP Calcium Phosphate by Electrospinning Method
Authors: Vechietti Fernanda Albrecht , Marques D. , Muniz Nathália Oderich , Santos Luis Alberto
Published: November 2014

Natural bone is formed by a complex composite, essentially constituted of biological apatite and fibers of collagen. The combination of materials such as biopolymers and bioceramics may result in an interesting material for application in bone tissue regeneration. This work aims to obtain polymeric fibers containing Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) and Poly (Isoprene), supplemented with hydroxyapatite (HA) and α-tricalcium phosphate (TCP). The thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of the fibers were evaluated . Even presenting a larger diameter, fibers with α-TCP presented lower elastic modulus than fibers with HA. Both fibers presented similar thermal behavior, with glass transition temperature in the same range that the one presented by raw PLGA and similar degradation temperatures. Is safe to say that the presence of ceramics in the fibers have a potential for further investigations aiming bone tissue regeneration.
Nanostructured Bone Grafting Substitutes Versus Autologous Cancellous Bone – An Animal Experiment in Sheep
Authors: Gerber Thomas , Ganz Cornelia , Götz Werner , Helms Kai , Harms Christoph , Mittlmeier Thomas
Published: November 2014

In an In vivo study the full synthetic bone substitute NanoBone® S (NBS) was analyzed using a standardized bone defect (6 x 12 x 24mm) model in the ovine tibial metaphysis. The defect on the left side was filled with NBS granules and on the right side, autologous bone, harvested from the hip of the same animal, was inserted. After six, 12 and 26 weeks sheep were sacrificed and the tibiae analyzed. Quantitative histomorphological analysis after six weeks showed a resorption of biomaterial from over 60 to 24 percent. In contrast the bone formation after 6, and 12 weeks revealed an osteoneogenesis of 19%, and 34%, respectively. Hematoxylin and eosin sections demonstrated multinucleated giant cells on the surface of the biomaterial and resorption lacunae, indicating osteoclastic resorptive activity.
Fabrication of Bioactive Apatite Nuclei Precipitated Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al Alloy by Using Doubled Sandblasting Process
Authors: Yabutsuka Takeshi , Mizuno Hiroshi , Karashima Ryoki , Yao Takeshi
Published: November 2014

Micropores were formed on the surface of Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al alloy plate by doubled sandblasting process using silicon carbide particles with 14.0 μm and/or 3.0 µm average particle size by changing the combination of the size of particles. Apatite Nucleus (AN) was precipitated in the pores. By these treatments, bioactive AN precipitated Ti alloys were fabricated. Bioactivity of the Ti alloys was examined by soaking in SBF. Formed hydroxyapatite showed highest adhesive strength in the case of sandblasting using 14.0 μm particles then using 3.0 μm particles.
A Comparative Investigation on a Novel Bioactive Glass Synthesized via Sol-Gel Processing
Authors: Seyedmomeni S.S. , Naeimi M. , Raz Majid , Aghazadeh Mohandesi J. , Moztarzadeh F.
Published: November 2014

Various kinds of bioactive materials are developed as bone substitutes. Bioactive materials may affect attachment, proliferation and differentiation of cells and the subsequent integration in a host tissue. In this research 21%CaO–5%P2O5–64%SiO2–5%ZnO-5%B2O3and 16%CaO–5%P2O5–64%SiO2–5%ZnO-10%B2O3bioactive glasses were successfully synthesized by the sol–gel technique. Then the prepared bioactive glasses were soaked into simulated body fluid. Then the prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was seen that addition of boron to the structure remarkably enhances the formation of hydroxyapatite on the surface of the bioactive glass and subsequently improves the bioactivity. The obtained results from SEM and XRD were in good agreement with each other. Besides, effect of boron on atomic arrangement of the prepared bioactive glass was studies and compared with previous researches. It was shown that by increasing the boron content, more crystalline domains would be observed.
A Novel Treatment for Dentine Cavities with Intraoral Laser Ablation Method Using an Er:YAG Laser
Authors: Yamamoto Ei , Kato Nobuhiro , Isai Arata , Nishikawa Hiroaki , Hashimoto Yoshiya , Yoshikawa Kazushi , Hontsu Shigeki
Published: November 2014

Once tooth decay reaches to the inside of dentin, the damage remains permanently. Therefore, the restoration of dentin is important in dental treatment. In the present study, we newly proposed a tooth restoration technique with intraoral laser ablation method. A thin layer of a-tricalcium phosphate (a-TCP) was deposited on dentin surface in the atmosphere by ablation phenomenon using an Er:YAG (Erbium: Yttrium-Aluminium-Garnet) laser irradiated to the target of a-TCP. Then, the deposited layer was hydrolyzed by dripping pure water on its surface in order to create hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating. Interface structure between the HAp coating and dentin surface was observed by a scanning electron microscope. Electron micrographs showed that the HAp layer of 10-20 mm in thickness was formed on the dentin surface. Moreover, dentinal tubules were sealed with the HAp particles. These results indicate that our newly proposed technique is useful for the treatment of dentin cavities.
Controlled Release of a Protein Using a Ceramic Carrier and Zinc Ions as a Novel Approach to the Treatment of Osteoporosis
Authors: Watanabe H. , Ikoma Toshiyuki , Tanaka M. , Yoshioka T. , Tanaka J.
Published: November 2014

The release property of osteoprotegerin (OPG) from hydroxyapatite / chondroitin sulphate (HAp/ChS) microparticles was described in this paper. The formulation was conducted by subsequent addition of zinc chloride solution into the mixture of HAp/ChS microparticles as a ceramic carrier and OPG solution. The release of OPG from the microparticles in PBS was positively correlated with soaking time without initial burst. The release rate of OPG was decreased with the increase of the amounts of zinc cation, which was not dependent of ChS wt% in the microparticles. The controlled release of OPG would provide the improvement of drug effect and the reduction of adverse effects. These findings reveal further investigation of the other antiresortive agents as a potential safer medication for osteoporosis.
Effect of Surface Silver Ions towards Inhibiting Bacterial Growth on Apatite
Authors: Thian Eng San , Lim Poon Nian , Ho Bow , Tay Bee Yen , Wang Wilson
Published: November 2014

This work revealed the ability of silver,silicon co-substituted apatite (Ag,Si-HA) to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), with a 7-log reduction of adherent bacteria on Ag,Si-HA as compared to HA. Furthermore, it demonstrated that surface-bound Ag+ ions was responsible for the antibacterial action since there was not much Ag+ ions being released.
Radiographic Changes Observed in THA Cemented Sockets Using Bone Cement and Hydroxyapatite Granules
Authors: Tamura Jiro , Asada Y. , Nishida H. , Oota M. , Izeki M. , Yoshida S. , Hira Y. , Matsuda Y.
Published: November 2014

The middle-term clinical and radiographic results were investigated in total hip arthroplasty (THA) cases using bone cement and hydroxyapatite (HA) granules (the interfacial bioactive bone cement technique; IBBC). 42 hip joins (39 cases) were operated between October 2005 and July 2007, and followed. The minimum follow-up was 6 years, average follow-up period was 7.0 years and average age at operation was 67 years. One revision was performed due to late infection. Average Japanese orthopaedic association (JOA) score improved from 48 to 87. Socket loosening was not observed radiographically. X-p findings of sockets demonstrated radiolucent line in the outer part of Zone 1 in 12% immediately after the operation, 24% at 2 years postoperatively. After 2 years there was no progressive change, however, improvement of radiolucent line (gap filling) with bone remodeling was observed in three cases after 3 years postoperatively.
NMR Structural Characterization of Mg-Containing Nano-Apatite
Authors: Hayakawa Satoshi , Konishi Toshiisa , Yoshioka Tomohiko , Fujii Eiji , Kawabata Kouji
Published: November 2014

Nanometer scale Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite (nanoapatite) is a potential candidate as artificial bone substitute materials owing to its similarity to the bone with respect to composition, morphology and osteoclastic degradation or adsorbent materials for blood purification therapy to remove pathogenic substances. The initial biodegradation behaviors, the initial cell-material interaction and the protein adsorption properties of nanoapatite must depend on the microstructure. The purpose of this study is the preparation of nanoapatite particles and their structural characterization by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The nanoapatite particles were prepared by precipitation processing method, and the effects of magnesium ions on the precipitation of calcium phosphate were examined, because Mg ions are well-known to play a role of inhibition of crystal growth. The addition of Mg ions led to the precipitation of nanometer scale Ca-deficient apatite crystals having 1.33-1.63 of the molar ratio (Mg+Ca)/P. NMR analyses showed that the microstructure of Mg•HAp particles can be explained by a crystalline HAp core covered with a thin amorphous hydrated calcium phosphate layer.
Synthesis of Peroxyapatite by Hydrothermal Processing
Authors: Gross Kārlis , Jersova Anastasija , Viksna Arturs
Published: November 2014

Peroxide ions in apatite provides an additional resource for imparting an antibacterial capability in apatite. A hydrothermal process has been developed for including peroxide ions into the apatite lattice. Three oxygen generation compounds, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium persulphate and paracetic acid were investigated for peroxyapatite generation. Hydrogen peroxide provides the highest peroxide containing apatite. Both the oxygen generation and the apatite lattice formation represented the two critical factors for producing peroxyapatite. Unlike with high temperature processing, the cooling rate did not influence the retained peroxide content. This new process provides a building block for investigating antibacterial properties of peroxyapatite in a low temperature process.
Effect on Drying Conditions on Amorphous Calcium Phosphate
Authors: Brangule Agnese , Gross Kārlis
Published: November 2014

Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) plays an important role in the body and can be used as an intermediate phase for forming calcium phosphates. All ACPs are thermodynamically unstable compounds, unless stored in dry conditions or at low temperature (-18oC), and spontaneously undergo transformation to crystalline calcium phosphates (CaP). This work will investigate the influence of drying on the stability of ACP. ACPs powders were prepared by wet synthesis; mixing solution made of Ca (NO3)2∙4H2O and 30% ammonia with (NH4)2HPO4 and (NH4)2CO3 solution at room temperature. The suspension was stirred, filtered and washed several times with deionized water containing ammonia. ACP samples were dried at different conditions and with different drying agents (DA). XRD and FTIR spectra showed poorly crystallinity powders after drying. Some FTIR spectra indicated residual organic compounds from drying. The Rietveld’s method and Schrrer’s relationship estimated the particle size (0.5 – 20 nm) of ACP. Thermogravimetry (TG) revealed that the moisture (7% – 25%) is released upon drying, and the drying agents have no significant effect on. The drying methods are ordered to show which the most effective for removing moisture. By changing the drying conditions, it is a possible to obtain poorly crystalline ACPs with different particle size and moisture content.
Preliminary Assessment of the Influence of the Type of a Curing Agent upon Impact Loading of a Multi-Layered Composite
Authors: Przybyłek Paweł , Komorek Andrzej , Kucharczyk Wojciech
Published: November 2014

The properties of a multi-layered composite can be moulded through a selection of type, shape, and the number of layers of reinforcement material as well as powder fillers. Furthermore, the type and share of the matrix as well as the kind of hardeners also exert a significant influence on mechanical properties of composites. We attempted to experimentally establish the influence of the type of hardeners on mechanical properties. The test used Charpy’s hammer, and it was performed in the configuration of impact loading parallel to the edge. We prepared specimens of the materials. The specimens contained 12 layers of different fibre reinforcement: aramid (kevlar) fibre of 230 g/m2 basis weight, glass fibre of 150 g /m2, and carbon fibre of 160 g/m2 basis weight. The base was epoxy resin – Epidian 52, which was cured at room temperature by means of the following curing agents: PAC, TFF or Z-1, manufactured by Z. Ch. Organika-Sarzyna S.A. in Nowa Sarzyna. The experiments proved the tremendous influence of the type of the hardeners on toughness KC. It can be increased even by 25% for glass fibre reinforcement, about 20% for carbon fibre reinforcement and about 10% for aramid fibre reinforcement due to the use of an appropriate type of hardener.
Quality Parameters in Wireless Distributed Control Systems
Authors: Zabłudowski Łukasz , Marciniak Beata , Lutowski Zbigniew , Bujnowski Sławomir
Published: November 2014

Controlling and monitoring industrial processes are important elements that allow high quality tasks to be performed, thanks to discovering all anomalies in those processes and making rapid responses to emerging issues. Currently, the most commonly used approaches are distributed systems, which consist of intelligent modules (motes) whose tasks are to collect the information, analyse it and perform the correct actions. Those modules are commonly cooperating with each other by exchanging the information using a network connecting those elements. For passing the information in distributed systems, wireless motes can be used which work in the ISM band. In the presented article, the authors show the results of the examination of the proposed routing protocols, which were implemented in the simulation environment. Each of the protocols has been tested for purposes of the quality parameters. The determinant of the quality parameter is the probability of the correctly received information by the motes of the exemplary distributed system.
System for the Measurement of Efficiency of Heat Recuperation in Ventilation Systems in Energy Efficient Buildings
Authors: Kozioł Stanisław , Zbrowski Andrzej
Published: November 2014

The system developed at the Institute for Sustainable Technologies – National Research Institute is intended for heat recuperation efficiency tests for recuperators used in ventilation systems in modern, passive buildings. It allows a complex and precise assessment of the efficiency of recuperators, directly influencing the cost of energy used to provide thermal comfort inside a building.
Determination of Fatigue Limit by Locati Methodusing S-N Curve Determined by Means of Thermographic Method
Authors: Lipski Adam
Published: November 2014

Selected results of experimental research showing possibilities to combined accelerated methods, i.e. thermographic determination of the fatigue curve and estimating the fatigue limit, were presented in this paper. The tests were performed using the reversed bending fatigue-testing machine with a rotational frequency of 77 Hz. The main item of the test station was the thermographic camera. Test specimens were made of C45 (1.0503) steel drawn bars. The full tests results were presented for the fatigue S-N curve (23 specimens at 10 load levels) and fatigue limit by the Staircase method (25 specimens) based on 107 cycles to failure was determination. The accelerated test for determining the slope of the S-N curve and the fatigue limit were made by a single specimen based on gradually increasing loading. Methods previously presented in the literature are based on the phenomenon of temperature stabilization during most of the fatigue process. The results presented in this work did not show the occurrence of such a phenomenon. For that reason, the new approach to the determination of the slope of S-N curve was proposed. Combined application of both experimental methods, Locati and thermographic, with a new approach to the determination of this slope might allow one to develop automatic equipment for the accelerated determination of the fatigue limit which would contribute to significant reduction of the test costs and time, thus increasing availability of such tests.
The ‘political society’ of the governed? Marginalia beyond ‘marginalisation’
Authors: Kistner Ulrike
Published: November 2014

Between the sphere of civil society associated with the idea of active, democratic citizenship, and the governance of precariously living populations ‘in most of the world’ (i.e. not simply ‘in the margins’), lies the domain, famously outlined by Partha Chatterjee, of ‘the political society of the governed’. This article investigates the concept of ‘the political society of the governed’, starting with its current definition, social and political contexts and a conceptual history. The article then proceeds to problematise the corollary of a bio-political ‘governmentality from below’, theoretically questioning the extent of its capacity to inform political agency, and practically examining the forms of such political agency, with special reference to studies on insurgent citizenship in South Africa.
Agter die syfers is gelowiges, gemeentes en die kerk, ’n prakties teologiese refleksie oor lidmaatskap
Authors: Schoeman W.J.
Published: November 2014

Behind the numbers are believers, congregations and the church, a practical theological reflection on membership. Churches, especially mainline churches, reported the past few years a decline in their membership numbers. This trend of declining membership deserves attention and asks for a practical theological reflection. Behind the declining statistics are believers, congregations and churches that should be part of a broader reflection. Membership not only describes a static and geographic relationship, it can also be described as dynamic and fluid. The purpose of this article is to discuss this declining trend of church membership from a practical theological perspective. This phenomenon is discussed for the church in general and then the specific situation of the Dutch Reformed Church is described in more depth. The latest Church mirror data (an empirical survey in the DRC) is used as a quantitative lens. Against this background it is clear that the relationship between member and congregation exists within a dynamic and changing context, which can no longer be described in simplistic terms. Membership should be seen as a fluid and variable concept that describes the relationship with the congregation. The challenge is to develop a new ecclesiology with new terms and metaphors to describe this relationship.
Die retoriese analise van die Brief aan Filemon in die lig van Johannes Chrysostomus se homilieë oor dié brief
Authors: Tolmie D. Francois
Published: November 2014

The rhetorical analysis of the Letter to Philemon in the light of John Chrysostom ‘s homilies about this letter. The study of Paul’s Letter to Philemon benefitted from the renewed interest in the rhetorical analysis of New Testament writings in recent times, in the sense that a large number of rhetorical studies of the letter have been published. These rhetorical analyses of the letter have been done from various perspectives, but until now no one has systematically investigated the way in which John Chrysostom interpreted the letter rhetorically in his three ‘Homilies on Philemon’. Accordingly, the study offers a detailed investigation of this issue. It is shown that John Chrysostom identified several important rhetorical aspects that have been neglected by modern scholars – aspects which could be used to enhance current interpretations of the rhetoric of the letter.
Die ‘vergroening’ van die Christelike godsdiens: Charles Darwin, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin en Lloyd Geering
Authors: Spangenberg Izak J.J.
Published: November 2014

The greening of Christianity: Charles Darwin, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Lloyd Geering. Since the time of Charles Darwin, evolutionary biology challenged the metanarrative of Christianity which can be summarised as Fall-Redemption-Judgement. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin tried to circumvent these challenges by integrating the traditional Christian doctrines with evolutionary biology. However, he did not succeed since the Catholic Church, time and again, vetoed his theological publications. A number of Protestant theologians promoted his views but even they could not convince ordinary Christians to accept his views. These were too esoteric for Christians. Most of them were convinced that the acceptance of the theory of evolution will eventually undermine their faith. In recent years Lloyd Geering argued a case for the creation of a new narrative in which the Big Bang and the theory of evolution do play a role. He calls it the ‘Greening of Christianity’. This article discusses the metanarrative of Christianity and the challenges the theory of evolution presents before it assesses the views of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Lloyd Geering.
The lived theology of the Harry Potter series
Authors: Apostolides Anastasia , Meylahn Johann-Albrecht
Published: November 2014

This article will argue that the recent turn towards lived theology or religion in practical theology can offer a useful hermeneutic to interpret the impact of the Harry Potter series on the spiritual formation and identity creation of adolescents. In practical theology there has been a turn towards lived theology or religion as lived religion has moved out of institutions into social–cultural phenomena as people seek to find meaning and purpose for their lives in alternative places to institutionalised religion.
An economic system that crushes the poor
Authors: Masango Maake J.
Published: November 2014

The article focuses on economic structures that crush the poor, especially global economic structures that trap and keep people in poverty. The concept of poverty occupies centre stage in South Africa and many other developing countries. There is no longer a middle class. One is either rich or poor. Globalisation has created a system or program that continues to crush the poor, while also breeding greed and selfishness. The rich always accumulate resources while the poor struggle to make ends meet. These problems are created by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and Structural Adjustment Programs, to name a few. These structures have introduced a system of inequality that widens the gap between the rich and the poor because of self-interest, which continues to crush the latter. The end result is that the concept of Ubuntu or Botho among African communities is destroyed. Injustice becomes the order of the day.
Human rights and divine justice
Authors: Muis Jan
Published: November 2014

This article discusses the view of the Leiden professor Paul Cliteur that human rights are essentially secular and require rejection of God’s will as source of moral authority. Firstly, it analyses Cliteur’s reception of Kant and his claim that an exclusively anthropological grounding of human rights is the only possible one. Next, it investigates Nicholas Wolterstorff’s criticism of Kant’s grounding of human dignity in the rational capacity of mankind and his theistic grounding of human rights in God’s love by the mediating concept of human worth. Although Wolterstorff rightly believes that God’s special relationship with human beings is ultimately the best ground for human rights, his understandings of God’s love and of human worth appear to be problematic. Finally, the article explores the possibility to ground human rights directly in God’s justice by construing creation, the giving of the Ten Commandments and the justification of the sinner as central divine acts of justice in which God has given human rights to all human beings.
Robertson’s century: The reception and impact of an epoch-making grammar of the Greek New Testament
Authors: Swart Gerhard
Published: November 2014

The author endeavours, firstly, to present a vivid account of the reception that A.T. Robertson’s A grammar of the Greek New Testament in the light of historical research found in scholarly circles when first published (in 1914) and during the ensuing years; secondly, to probe the question whether, during the course of the past century, the renown of both the man and the book has outlasted the scientific value and the actual utilisation of ‘Robertson’ in New Testament commentaries and scholarly publications; and thirdly, to address a few grammatical points stated by Robertson that seem to have gone unchallenged despite major shifts affecting the study of language generally, and New Testament Greek specifically, since the publication of his Grammar.
Spirituality of liberation: A conversation with African religiosity
Authors: Vellem Vuyani S.
Published: November 2014

The arrival of a salvationist, authoritative religiosity through Western Christianity in South Africa, in the company of a capitalist modernity, did not only dismantle and subvert the African indigenous dispensation of religiosity. It also sought to destroy it completely and arguably continues to do so in subtle forms in the 21st century, by attacking the imagination and consciousness of black Africans. This article argues that African religiosity as expressed in African Initiated Churches (AICs) is the site of the spirituality of liberation. Employing the notion of mokhukhu – a shack – the article places the sanity of black Africans, the spirituality of liberation, black African agency and consciousness within the narrative of African religiosity. It concludes by offering African religiosity as a resource for an alternative civilisation and an important agenda in the current debates of the World Communion of Reformed Churches.
Crucifixion at Qumran
Authors: Geyser-Fouche Ananda
Published: November 2014

When the last texts of Qumran cave 4 were published, another text that refers to crucifixion came to the fore, namely 4Q524 14:1–6, part of which is verbatim the same as 11QTª 64:6–13. Both texts add to the Pentateuchal text by giving the reason why persons were hanged. Therefore I will compare these two texts with each other, but also with their Pentateuchal parallels Deuteronomy 21:18–23, 22:1–2 and 22:11. I will attempt to explain the differences against the social text, by studying the crucifixion and/or hanging practices of neighbouring cultures (social text) and by reading these two texts against the fragmented text of 4QpNahum 3–4 I:7–8, which is a Qumran text that deals with execution.
Geestelike veerkragtigheid as reaksie op kerkskeuring
Authors: Dreyer Yolanda
Published: November 2014

Resilience as answer to the problem of church schism. The article investigates theories of resilience as applied to individuals and groups. From a group perspective, the potential of and obstacles to resilience are examined against the backgound of post-apartheid South Africa. Individual perpetrators and victims, as well as corporate bodies such as institutionalised faith communities have been affected. For the liberation of South Africa’s wounded soul, resilience is needed. In the article, psychological dimensions of resilience theory are brought into dialogue with the theological hermeneutical model of Ernst Fuchs in order to show how an encounter with the Jesus narrative of care for wounded people can foster resilience, liberate and bring healing to both faith communities and to this predominantly religious country.
Teologie as werklikheidsverstaan – anders dink, anders doen: Aantekeninge oor die teologie van Johan Buitendag
Authors: Van Aarde Andries G. , Van Wyk Tanya
Published: November 2014

Theology as understanding reality – thinking differently, acting differently: Notes about the theology of Johan Buitendag. The article investigates the theological contours delineated from the publications of the systematic theologian Johan Buitendag. His theology represents a relational integrity of ontology, epistemology and ethics. It can be characterised as an existential ecotheology. In the introduction this rhizome (epistemological metaphor borrowed from Giles Deleuze and Félix Guattari) existence in Buitendag’s theology is discussed. The article consists of nine sections: the hermeneutical circle as introduction; the polemic attitude of Karl Barth with regard to a theologia naturalis; understanding the notion paradigm; being church as a relational event; engaged epistemology; existential theo-anthropology and ecotheology; existential ecclesiology; existential engagement; and an autobiographical reflection.