bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Passives in Lithuanian (in comparison with Russian)
Authors: Geniušienė Emma Š.
Published: March 2014

This paper is concerned with passives and related phenomena in Lithuanian, namely, actional, statal, and evidential passives (all of these marked with the help of passive participles), and quasi-passives (with reflexive marking). The purpose is to show the features they share and the distinctions between them in the formation, tense paradigms, and functions. Comparisons with Russian are drawn to bring into relief the specific nature of Lithuanian passives and quasi-passives.

The passive form of the verb serves the functions of marking (a) syntactic changes, viz. patient promotion and/or agent demotion/deletion, (b) the pragmatic function of highlighting the action denoted by the verb, and (c) semantic functions, i.e. expression of a meaning absent in the active forms, viz. stativization (the meaning of the state resultaing from a prior action) and evidentiality – in the case of statal and evidential passives. The syntactic changes named are not the ultimate goal of passive marking. They in their turn have the pragmatic functions of foregrounding and/or backgrounding of the arguments (cf. Kazenin 2001:907–908). Passive forms are assigned to the class of actional, statal or evidential passives by force of their function.

This paper is based on my previous research on passives, reflexive verbs and resultatives (Geniušiene 1973, 1974, 1987; Geniušiene & Nedjalkov 1988).
Passive as a feature-suppression operation
Authors: Kallulli Dalina
Published: March 2014

The major goal of this article is to examine some properties of the passive crosslinguistically and the ensuing ramifications for a universal theory of the passive. Building on my previous work (Kallulli 2006a, b), this article argues for a uniform derivation of the passive and the anticausative construction. The main claim is that passives and anticausatives differ only with respect to the respective building blocks that enter syntactic computation but both arise through the same operation, namely suppression of a feature in v. Passive constructions across languages can be made compatible by relegating the differences to simple combinatorial properties of verb and prepositional types and their interactions with other event functors/aspectual operators, which are in turn encoded differently morphologically across languages.
Structures with omitted prepositions: Semantic and pragmatic motivations
Authors: Bar-Aba Esther Borochovsky
Published: March 2014

In Hebrew syntax, the verb may be linked to its complement by mediation of various prepositions such as be- “in”, 'im “with”, or without mediation of prepositions (Ø, which in certain conditions, may be substituted by the direct object marker 'et). The article discusses instances in which the addresser chooses to use a structure without a preposition, whether such structure exists alongside a structure with a preposition, or whether the addresser innovatively creates a structure without a preposition. The preference of the structure without a preposition is due to various semantic and pragmatic motivations, such as expressing a more complete action or an action with the addition of adverbial meaning of intensity, and elevating the entity that is indicated by the complement to a higher level of importance.
Particles and postpositions in Korean
Authors: Choi-Jonin Injoo
Published: March 2014

In Korean, certain postpositions which may be used on their own may be also combined with another postposition, while others are necessarily complex. This latter case is considered by some scholars as peripheral or secondary postpositions and weakly grammaticalized. I propose, then, to examine the hypothesis of the degree of grammaticalization based on particle-omissibility of complex postpositions, on the one hand, and the categorial status of particles, on the other.
Areal convergence in grammaticalization processes
Authors: Giacalone Ramat Anna
Published: March 2014

This paper discusses a number of developments within Standard Average European, which prove that the universal properties of grammaticalization processes can be reconciled with the specificity of situations of language contact. The four changes examined in the article are the development of periphrastic ‘have’-perfects, the extension of the definite article area, the renewal of the relative pronoun paradigm and the development of reflexive markers towards passive and impersonal constructions. The selected case studies illustrate how language contact may play a role in the initial stage of a given grammaticalization process or may reinforce and accelerate grammaticalization. The paper also shows that canonical grammaticalization and contact-induced grammaticalization develop along similar lines and that contactinduced grammaticalization should be distinguished from cases of mere calquing or transfer of grammatical forms.
A Preliminary study of same-turn self-repair initiation in Wichita conversation
Authors: Mirzayan Armik
Published: March 2014

The main goal of this study is to explore some of the phonetic, morphological, and syntactic resources of same-turn self-repair initiation that are available to speakers of Wichita, an indigenous North American language from the Caddoan family. A 28-minute natural conversation between three Wichita speakers is coded and analyzed within a conversation analytic approach. Within this approach the study focuses on same-turn self-repair, a subtype of natural conversational repair process in which an emerging utterance is stopped by the current speaker in some way and is then aborted, recast, continued, or redone by the speaker within the same turn.

Wichita is a polysynthetic language with complex morphology and morphophonemic alternations that accompany the formation of phrases and sentences (Rood 1976, 1996). Conversational analysis research in Wichita – and in structurally similar languages in general – is at a very early stage. This pioneering study thus focuses on a form-based analysis that illuminates the possible means for self-repair initiation in Wichita conversation, as well as giving insight into some of the phonetic and prosodic aspects that accompany the self-repair initiations. The study also touches on a few fundamental morphosyntactic issues by considering the nodes within complex Wichita “words” where self-repairs are generated.

This detailed form-based analysis yields some interesting conclusions about morphosyntactic constraints on self-repair in a polysynthetic language. In particular, the study uncovers what the relationship between conversational repair, syntax, and morphology is and how these facets of interaction and grammar are interdependent (Schegloff 1979). Furthermore, the results of the study help enrich our general understanding of the function of self-repair in conversational interaction, either in terms of the types of variations that we can expect cross-linguistically or in terms of the generalizations that we can make about natural discourse structure. The discussion at the end of the paper sketches how some of the findings are, or are not, compatible with general results from previous work on same-turn self-repair as outlined by Schegloff, Jefferson, and Sacks (1977) and Jasperson (1998, 2002).
Towards an understanding of the progressive form in English: The Imperative as a heuristic tool
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt , Bond Marion , Heintzelman Lori , Keller Dan , Ogihara Saeko , Shay Erin
Published: March 2014

The general aim of the study is an exploration into the meaning of a grammatical form and the proofs of its meaning. The scope of this study is the form referred to as the “progressive aspect” in English. The absence of an imperative progressive is used as a heuristic tool in the determination of the categoriality of the progressive. The study proposes that the primary function of the progressive form in English is not that of indicating the internal structure of the event, that is, an aspect, but rather of coding the clause as pragmatically dependent. Such clauses must be interpreted in connection with another proposition or time. The other proposition might be mentioned in the preceding or the following discourse. The time may be overtly coded in the same or in a different clause. If no time or other proposition is overtly coded, the clause containing the progressive form is interpreted with respect to the time of speech or the situation surrounding the speech event.
On quotative constructions in Iberian Spanish
Authors: Etxepare Ricardo
Published: March 2014

In colloquial speech, main clauses in Iberian Spanish can be headed by an overt complementizer. This paper develops the idea that such structures in Spanish involve an extra speech eventuality, and that this speech eventuality is syntactically mapped as a complex verbal predicate. This complex predicate is composed by a light verb and a quotative dependent. It is thus akin to what in other languages are called “Quotative Verbs” framing direct or semi-direct speech (Güldemann 2001). Several types of evidence are brought to bear on issues such as the semantic primitives involved in the quotative predication, and the syntactic configurations giving rise to the complex predicate.
Bulgarian adversative connectives: Conjunctions or discourse markers?
Authors: Fielder Grace E.
Published: March 2014

This paper examines three adversative connectives in Bulgarian, /no/, /ama/, and /ami/, all of which correspond to English “but”, and are described as conjunctions, particles, and/or discourse markers. Rather than homonymous lexical items that reflect a binary opposition between conjunctions and discourse markers, these connectives are better conceptualized as operating along a continuum. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of corpora shows that they operate on multiple levels of linguistic structure: syntactic, semantic, and discourse-pragmatic. Systematic correlations are found between the function of connectives and a variety of factors such as initial versus medial position, genre, and register, as well as interactional factors such as politeness and power relations.
Projectability and clause combining in interaction
Authors: Hopper Paul J. , Thompson Sandra A.
Published: March 2014

We examine a set of supposedly “biclausal” constructions in natural conversations in English and German, and argue that: (1) these constructions are not biclausal, since the second “clause” is typically not a clause but an indeterminate stretch of discourse without a consistent syntactic structure; (2) the first “clause” functions to strongly project this upcoming discourse segment; (3) in certain of the allegedly biclausal constructions even the first part is not really a clause but is instead a fixed sequence with limited lexical choices. We suggest that these apparently “biclausal” constructions should be analyzed as single, partly formulaic clauses deployed by speakers in managing interactional discourse. This analysis accounts for a number of previously unnoticed restrictions on the grammatical and prosodic form the formulaic clauses take, as well as for their projective properties.
The grammaticization of but as a final particle in English conversation
Authors: Mulder Jean , Thompson Sandra A.
Published: March 2014

We examine the behavior of turn-final but in a corpus of spoken American and Australian English, proposing two hypotheses. First, the behavior of but can be modeled as a continuum from a prosodic-unit-initial to a prosodicunit-final discourse particle. Second, as but “moves” along this continuum, its conversational function changes, in a way that is consistent with what has been described in the grammaticization literature.

In both our American and Australian data, both prosodically and sequentially, speakers give evidence of taking another’s prior but-ending utterance as having been finished, but with an implication left “hanging”. However, our Australian data provide considerable evidence of Australian English “final but” having become a “fully-developed” final particle marking contrastive content.
Case in Ingush syntax
Authors: Nichols Johanna
Published: March 2014

This paper reviews the morphological and syntactic patterns and the patterns of lexical derivation in Ingush (Nakh-Daghestanian, Caucasus) in pursuit of a typological generalization about alignment in the language. Morphological case paradigms are almost entirely ergative. Simple clause alignment is split among several salient and several minor patterns. Wherever constraints on syntactic phenomena refer to morphology (and many of them do), they are ergative (verb agreement, agreement climbing, argument sharing in serialization); if constraints are syntactic they refer almost exclusively to subjects (case climbing, reflexivization, control of infinitive). Patterns of lexical derivation are ergative for simplex verbs (a large but closed class) and varied for compound verbs. Overall, there is a good deal of what is at first glance syntactic ergativity but on closer analysis turns out to be due to ergative morphological constraints on syntactic processes.
Leipzig fourmille de typologues: Genitive objects in comparison
Authors: Haspelmath Martin , Michaelis Susanne Maria
Published: March 2014

In this paper we examine genitive objects in some of the major European languages (French, Italian, Latin, German, English) and propose a semantic invariant for them: We claim that in the great majority of cases, the genitive object can be said to express a background theme, i.e., a participant whose location (concrete or abstract) is at issue and which is not a (secondary) figure (e.g., Grev cleared the table of the dishes, where the genitive object of the dishes is a moving object, but the location is the secondary figure). Genitive objects also occur with verbs in the semantic domains of possession (e.g., French fournir ‘supply’), cognition (e.g., English warn of), and emotion (e.g., German sich erbarmen ‘have pity’). These other domains can be thought of as modeled on the local domain, with the roles of possessor, cognizer and emoter taking the place of the location.
Formulaic language and the relater category – the case of about
Authors: Hudson Jean , Wiktorsson Maria
Published: March 2014

Relaters in English are words that are traditionally referred to as prepositions, particles, or adverbs, such as: in, for, with, at, about. They are highly decategorialized and polysemous. Furthermore, with few word forms which occur very frequently, they are problematic for linguists and learners alike. In our data (naturally occurring conversation in the BNC), we find many formulaic patterns around these words, providing new insights into the meanings created through and around them. In this paper we report on a study of the relater about. We find that the greater proportion of the occurrences can be adequately described as part of substantive or schematic constructions, and that they to a large extent pattern with meanings with a negative or generally unfavourable orientation.
The aim is to analyze NP
Authors: Kerz Elma , Haas Florian
Published: March 2014

In the present study we investigate the use and function of prefabricated chunks in academic writing by focusing on what we will term “research predicates”, i.e., high-frequency lexical items designating the research process with its key stages. We conducted a manual analysis of these predicates in the academic subcomponent of the British National Corpus and extracted a set of partially lexically filled constructions. Adopting a usage-based constructionist approach and examining its ability to study prefabricated chunks in the register of academic writing, we show that research predicates are part of more complex partially substantive constructions which commonly occur in the register of academic texts and have a acquired a more or less formulaic status. The function of these constructions is to mirror the key phases of an idealized research process.
Genre-controlled constructions in written language quotatives
Authors: Sams Jessie
Published: March 2014

Quotatives in written language serve a variety of functions, depending on genre. Newspaper quotatives often introduce new participants by providing appropriate background information and tend to be more formulaic; fiction quotatives can describe narrativeadvancing events or develop characters and are often more creative. This study examines quotatives from these two major written genres and uses a set of lexical and grammatical features (quotative position, quoting verb type, nominal versus pronominal speakers, adverb and adjective use, quotative inversion, and null quotatives) to illustrate that these functional differences affect quotative form. This paper also examines quotatives from a gossip column, which is functionally and formally similar in some ways to both newspapers and fiction books, to further distinguish genre-dependent features.
Multiple routes to clause union
Authors: Givón T.
Published: March 2014

This paper investigates the diachronic pathways that lead to the rise of complex predications. It suggests that the great variety of complex predicate constructions can be traced back to two major pathways. Both pathways begin their life as paratactic verb-complement constructions (complex VPs) under separate intonation contours. Both then condense into syntactic V-complement construction under a single intonation contour. In the first type, the complement clause begins as chained (conjoined) to the main clause, and the chain then condensed into a serial verb construction. In the second type, a finite main clause and a non-finite (nominalized) object clause undergo a similar condensation. Both types can then go on to create morphologically complex lexical verbs. Both thus share the general diachronic trend of parataxis-to-syntaxis to lexis, albeit with somewhat different synchronic properties of both the syntactic and lexical product.
The co-evolution of syntactic and pragmatic complexity
Authors: Koops Christian , Hilpert Martin
Published: March 2014

This chapter examines the diachronic rise of a syntactically and pragmatically complex construction type: pseudoclefts. Given that cleft constructions combine available components of grammar — relative clauses and copular clauses — do they arise in full-fledged form? If they emerge gradually, what constrains their development? We first present a corpus-based analysis of the history of English pseudoclefts and develop qualitative and quantitative measures to identify properties of pseudoclefts at different developmental stages. We then apply the same measures of grammaticalization in a synchronic comparison of pseudoclefts in contemporary spoken and written German, Swedish, and English in order to test their cross-linguistic validity. We find that pseudoclefts develop gradually in a process driven by the pragmatic exploitation of their presuppositional structure (Lambrecht 1994).
‘Starting small’ effects in the acquisition of early relative constructions in Spanish
Authors: Rojas-Nieto Cecilia
Published: March 2014

This paper builds on previous Usage-based accounts of developing sentence complexity (Diessel 2004; Diessel & Tomasello 2000, 2001), considering early relative constructions (RC) in Spanish. RCs development shows various “starting small” processes (Elman 1993): Most CRs show no embedding; they are dialogical co-constructional results or take an absolute position and not intonation integration to any verbal frame. When embedded, constructional frames are lexically biased with an open slot for Head RC insertion. CRs internal structure is mostly similar to independent clause type, with no gap nor genuine ‘relative’ function for the relative pronoun. In sum, CRs show an exemplar based acquisition and individually preferred constructional frames. All these phenomena point towards a non linear, experience based learning, affected by frequency and oriented by function.
The emergence of linguistic complexity
Authors: MacWhinney Brian
Published: March 2014

Linguists have often argued that recursion produces linguistic complexity. However, recursion itself preexisting processes such as lexical insertion, lexical combination, memory stacks, and methods of interpretation. In the brain, recursion is an emergent property of a set of adaptations that involve at least six processing systems. Linguistic complexity arises from the interplay of all six of these systems. The complexity of this neuronal support means that the full complexity of human language could not have arisen fortuitously at some single moment in evolution. However, there is evidence that some pieces of the six systems supporting complexity have developed more recently than others.
Syntactic complexity in the brain
Authors: Friederici Angela D. , Brauer Jens
Published: March 2014

The current chapter considers neuronal circuits in the human brain that represent a neuroanatomical basis for the processing of syntactic complexities. We will present data from event-related brain potential studies and from functional and structural brain imaging studies to elucidate the brain’s underpinnings for syntactic processing. The data shall indicate that the processing of syntactic dependencies is subserved by two distinct networks of brain areas, one involving the deep frontal operculum and the anterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), holding responsible for the processing of local dependencies, the other involving Broca’s area and the posterior part of the STG, holding responsible for the processing of hierarchical dependencies. Structural brain data are referred that identify two separate neural fiber pathways for these two networks. These findings are supported by ontogenetic and phylogenetic comparison. The data suggest functional and structural separation for the processing of different levels of syntactic complexity.
Objective conjugations in Eskaleut and Uralic
Authors: Mahieu Marc-Antoine
Published: March 2014

Languages in several eastern branches of the Uralic family have “objective” verbal paradigms, so called because they encode information on both the subject and the direct object. This feature has traditionally been compared, particularly from the genetic standpoint, with the Eskaleut transitive conjugation. The justification for this comparison is nevertheless weakened by current views on the nature and functioning of the objective conjugation in Proto-Uralic. In particular, it is now assumed that pronominal endings were always directly attached to the verb root. In this paper, I use data from Mansi (traditionally classified as Ob-Ugrian) to show that the Uralic objective conjugation must have resembled, and still resembles today, the Eskaleut transitive conjugation more than is currently allowed, at least in structural terms.
Complex verb formation revisited
Authors: Pittman Christine M.
Published: March 2014

This paper analyzes North Baffin Inuktitut affixal verbs as restructuring verbs. According to Wurmbrand (2001), restructuring verbs select complements of differing sizes. The sizes result in different behaviors. I show that there are three types of restructuring verbs in Inuktitut: (1) functional verbs; (2) verbs that select a thematically saturated complement; (3) verbs that select a tensed complement. The first two are also found in Nuu-chah-nulth, as discussed by Wojdak (2005). The present paper thus shows how restructuring is manifested in two polysynthetic languages. The case patterns found in the Inuktitut constructions are also discussed. We see that they are similar to patterns in other languages such as French, and they may shed light on some crosslinguistic puzzles.
Space and structure in Greenlandic oral tradition
Authors: Grove Arnaq
Published: March 2014

A short story told in Inuktun is transcribed to include the channels of gesture and prosody. A preliminary identification of rhetorical components in each channel is suggested, and gesture is also analyzed according to McNeill’s (1995) concepts. Some traits of the interplay between the channels is thereby is revealed. The register of language presented is an example of a kind which can still occasionally be found in Greenland today. It is highly introverted and intense. It can be said to use gesture as its the crucial component while the words have only an accompanying role.
Songhay verbal negation in its dialectal and areal context
Authors: Zima Petr
Published: March 2014

The paper analyzes the TAM negation in Songhay as a complex paradigm, data from
different sub-structures of various tonal and non-tonal dialects of Songhay are
contrasted.Two exponents of negatives, displaying different dialectal varieties of
*MANA/*NA and *SI/SU, are used in the indicative perfective and imperfective. In these
core paradigms, polarity contrasts of positive/negative is expressed in a suppletive
way. For less gramaticalised periphrastic TAM paradigms, the features of suppletivity
are weaker or non/existent. Classical, non/suppletive negation is used for
non/indicative subjunctive paradigms.Typological parallels in Chadic (Hausa) and
Niger/Congo (including Mande and Bantu) are thus no specific exceptions, their more
general roots are yet to be established
Het Meten van Spreekvaardigheid in de Vreemde Taal
Authors: Dekkers Joost
Published: March 2014

The way in which a test (in this case one to measure the speaking skill in a foreign language) is administered has a direct bearing on the testee's achieve-ment.
This article discusses a particular type of oral proficiency test. This test, originally developed by Nienhuis, employs visual stimuli. It will be shown that a slight change in the instruction which accompanied the original test leads to significant higher scores.
De Vertaling als Schrijfvaardigheidstoets Voor Gevorderden
Authors: Nienhuis LJ.A. , Bogaards Paul , v.d. Linden E. , Willigen M.v. , de Wolf T.
Published: March 2014

In European universities, translation from native to target language continues to be a commonly used testing tool in programs of modern language writing proficiency.
The selection of native language texts that are used as source texts in the translation test and especially the question of determining their degree of difficulty are discussed in the first part of this article. Prediction of the difficulty of these texts proves to be rather problematic.
In the second part of our article, we discuss and investigate the possible construction of short, efficient translation tests consisting of a relatively small number of items. The selection of these translation items can be based on the statistics that constitute the output of a traditional item analysis; such an analysis has to be performed on the translations of groups of students. Scores on these short tests correlate rather promisingly with the original translation scores. The selected items in the two texts we analysed in this purpose proved to be, for the most part, lexical problems.
Het Taalaanbod Voor Lexicale Ontwikkeling
Authors: Donkervoort Mireille , Eibers Loekie
Published: March 2014

The main goal of this research is to investigate whether the Principle of Contrastive Usage holds for the linguistic input that young children receive from their parents. This principle predicts that words which are used contrastively are not only different but also similar in meaning. That is, contrasted words will tend (a) to be semantically related, and (b) the semantic relation will tend to be the coordinate relation, since coordinates are conceptually similar (e.g., cat and dog both refer to a kind of animal). Related research questions are what forms of 'contrasting' and/or 'correcting' can be distinguished in the input to children, and what role individual and situational variables play in the occurrence of these forms. The spontaneous speech produced by two mother-child dyads, in natural interaction at home, was analysed. Speech samples had been collected at regular intervals over the second half of the children's third year. Only nouns were examined. Two communicative situations were distinguished, 'free conversation' and 'visually guided conversation' (book reading, making a jig-saw puzzle). Several subcatego-ries of contrast and correction were discriminated. Subcategories shared by both are corrective explicit contrast and corrective implicit contrast. A contrast-specific subcategory is descriptive contrast, correction-specific subcategories are global negation, specific negation, correction by demonstration, and correction by acknowledging similarity. It was found that contrast and correction are strongly correlated in the input, and tend to go together. However, it was also found that contrast but not correction is sensitive to aspects of communicative situation, whereas correction but not contrast is sensitive to individual differences. As to the character of the relationships between the contrasted terms, it was found that the coordinate relation is indeed predominant, most notably in descriptive contrast. Additionally, it was found that parents, when correcting their children, have a clear preference for explicit over implicit contrast when there is any kind of similarity between referents involved, i.e., when the relation between contrasted terms is either coordinate (conceptual similarity) or is based on perceptual or functional similarity.
Kennis van Collocaties Bij NT2-Verwervers
Authors: De Angelis Aline
Published: March 2014

The research which is reported in this paper concerns the knowledge of certain 'collocations' of adult learners of Dutch as a second language.
The term collocation refers to a sequence of lexical items which habitually co-occur and which have a kind of semantic cohesion (Cruse, 1986). In my research I look at one specific collocation, that is the one between an article, an adjective and a substantive. Moreover, the adjective must have a context-specific meaning. This type of collocation is called a strong collocation. An example is a heavy drinker.
I believe that the knowledge of strong collocations is important for second language learners in the process of fully acquiring the second language and of acquiring a native-speakerlike competence.
I developed a receptive and a productive test to measure the knowledge of collocations of learners of Dutch as a second language. Furthermore I examined educational methods on the appearance and use of collocations.
It turns out that Newmarks (1982) statement that "A foreigner appears to go on making collocational mistakes however long he lives in his adopted country" can be affirmed.
Kritische Materiaalanalyse Door Docenten Moderne Vreemde Talen
Authors: Driessen Carla , Haenen Jacques , Westhoff Gerard
Published: March 2014

First, this article focuses on a model for the analysis, evaluation and revision of foreign language learning tasks that has recendy been developed. A description is given of the function, form and content of the model and examples are provided. Second, the article explains how the usability of the model for foreign language teachers will be investigated in terms of its accessibility and its relevance. The research methods proposed are mainly qualitative in nature. The research questions that will be answered are:
1. Can foreign language teachers work with the model in order to analyse, evaluate and revise foreign language learning tasks?
2. Do foreign language teachers evaluate positively the accessibility of the model?
3. Do foreign language teachers gain insight into the factors that influence the effective-ness of foreign language learning tasks?
4. Does the model make foreign language teachers critical of foreign language learning tasks?
Het Doen en Laten van NT2'ers
Authors: Campo Mirjam
Published: March 2014

Modern Dutch has two causative verbs: 'doen' and laten'. According to Verhagen & Kemmer (1992; 1997), combinations with laten' can best be characterized as indirect causation, while combinations with 'doen' can be characterized as direct causation. Second-language learners of Dutch never get any explicit instruction about the difference between these verbs. This paper presents the results of an experiment on the knowledge of second-language learners of Dutch about the verbs 'doen' and laten'. Two groups of foreign students at the Leiden University participated in a test on these verbs. The first group had received one year of Dutch language lessons, and the second group had had approximately four years of lessons in Dutch. A group of Dutch students did the test as well. The results of this study show that both groups of foreign students had learnt something about the use of 'doen' en laten', although they had not received explicit instruction in these verbs. Their knowledge improved when they received more lessons in Dutch. They did not reach the same level as the Dutch students.
'Phonetic' Or 'Fanatic'?
Authors: Bultena Sybrine
Published: March 2014

Non-native phoneme contrasts are hard to perceive for second-language learners. A case in point is the English /æ/-/e/contrast, which is notoriously difficult for Dutch listeners. Previous research has shown, however, that Dutch listeners are not oblivious to this contrast. This may either be caused by word-specific learning or by incomplete phonological learning which may falter if the vowels are slightly hypo-articulated. In this study it was investigated whether Dutch listeners' performance may be related to the acoustic, phonological, and lexical characteristics of minimal pairs distinguished by the vowels /æ/ and /ε/ in a 2AFC perceptual discrimination task. Acoustic differences, lexical frequency, and number of syllables per word all affected listeners' sensitivity to the contrast. However, regression analyses showed that lexical frequency had no effect once number of syllables was accounted for. This may indicate that listeners indeed learn a new phonological contrast, rather than a contrast between unanalysed whole words.
Verwervingsvolgorde In Het Nederlands Als Tweede Taal
Authors: Arends Myra
Published: March 2014

The assumption that L2 acquisition is constrained by processing is the basis for several approaches to SLA. Pienemann's Processability Theory (PT) is one of them (Pienemann, 1998; 2005). PT is a universal framework that predicts the order in which certain morphological and syntactic phenomena of a specific language are acquired. The current paper presents the results of a test of the validity of PT for L2 Dutch. For this study I elicited utterances of 32 foreign students learning Dutch. Three phenomena were chosen for this test: (i) attributive adjective-noun agreement; (ii) subject-verb agreement in main clauses: (iii) the placement of conjugated verbs in subordinate clauses. These phenomena are located at successive developmental stages in the hierarchy predicted by PT. The presented results appear not to support PT and raise questions about the predictions made by the theory.
Over de Interpretatie van Representationele Gebaren
Authors: van de Sande E.
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this research was to establish an effect of the communicational environment on the interpretation of representational gestures. In particular, it was tested whether having a more concrete or abstract mindset influences the way gestures are interpreted. As in Krahmer & Stapel (to appear), the mindset of 46 participants was manipulated by letting them solve word puzzles with only abstract or concrete concepts. Participants then interpreted gestures shown on film by choosing between a given concrete and abstract interpretation. Results show that despite an overall abstract bias, there was a difference between the conditions in interpreting the gestures in the hypothesized direction. Furthermore, the control condition that was not put in a specific mindset scored an average in-between these two conditions. Since this effect was only significant at the beginning, it is concluded that there is a brief but generalisable environmental effect on the interpretation of representational gestures.
Lees Niet Verder! Ga Iets Nuttigs Doen
Authors: Hodiamont Didier , Burgers Christian , van Mulken Margot
Published: March 2014

In this research, we investigated the influence of co-text (the text of which an utterance is part of) on the processing of ironic evaluations. In an experiment, we adapted and manipulated fragments from film, book and music reviews. Participants randomly read versions with either two ironie evaluations, two literal evaluations, or an ironie evaluation preceded by a literal evaluation. Findings show that literal evaluations (such as "we don't want to hear the local brass band play at a rock festival") were read faster than ironie evaluations (such as "we all love to hear the local brass band play at a rock festival"). However, ironie evaluations were read faster if they were marked by a preceding ironie evaluation. Fragments of negative reviews were interpreted as less negative if they contained irony. Irony thus muted criticism. In addition, appreciation of the reviews was higher if fragments contained two ironie evaluations.
Researching And Applying Metaphor
Authors: Steen Gerard J.
Published: March 2014

Metaphor has become an important area of investigation where fundamental and applied research on language and its use meet. This article presents metaphor as a rapidly developing area of study for applied linguists who are adding an interventionist dimension to the more fundamental research on metaphor pursued in linguistics, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics. First a brief history of the study of metaphor since the 1980s will be offered, in order to relate the cognitive-linguistic view of metaphor to general interest in metaphor in linguistics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. Then a few comments will be made about a number of important aspects of metaphor in applied linguistics, including metaphor identification and the distinction between deliberate versus non-deliberate metaphor. Finally an impression will be offered of the applied-linguistic study of metaphor in a few distinct domains of discourse, including politics and health. These topics are intended to demonstrate that metaphor forms an interesting opportunity for applied linguists to engage with complex aspects of meaning and use in a variety of ways in order to develop effective applied research.
Prologue
Authors: Collins Peter
Published: March 2014

The characteristic phonological and lexical features of Australian English (AusE) and New Zealand English (NZE) have attracted a good deal of scholarly interest for about half a century, e.g., Mitchell and Delbridge 1965; Ramson 1966; Delbridge et al. 1981; Horvath 1985; Gordon and Deverson 1985; Orsman 1997. This is not surprising, given that it is in these areas that AusE and NZE are generally perceived to differ most significantly from other national varieties.
Finding one’s own vowel space
Authors: Thompson Laura , Watson Catherine I. , Starks Donna
Published: March 2014

This paper compares the vowel system of five New Zealand Niuean children to that of speakers of New Zealand English (NZE), via an acoustic analysis. The Niuean children’s vowel systems show a vowel inventory, triangular vowel space, and front vowel raising characteristic of New Zealand English. However, the analysis also found differences. In the monophthongs, the Niuean speakers retain the qualitative and quantitative distinction between /%/ and /a:/, whereas NZE retains only a quantitative distinction. Diphthongal differences are found in the degree and direction of movement, as well as the monophthongisation of /ei/ and /ou/. Such differences may be markers of NZ Niuean or a broader pan-Pasifika English.
Language in Hong Kong
Authors: Webster Jonathan J.
Published: March 2014

Ten years after the return of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty, English continues to play a significant role in the life of the Hong Konger. This paper surveys the changing perception of English in Hong Kong since 1997: while it used to be considered a colonial language, it has now turned into an “international language of ‘upward and outward mobility’” (Flowerdew and Scollon 1997: 419). In particular, the educational policies concerning English as a medium of instruction at the secondary school level in the special administrative region (SAR) will be discussed. Finally, it will be argued that in the future Hong Kong’s language policy will most likely continue to promote development of biliteracy and trilingualism.
Not just an “Outer Circle”, “Asian” English
Authors: Lim Lisa
Published: March 2014

Englishes like Singapore English (SingE) are oft-used examples of “Outer Circle” or “Asian” Englishes – categories intended as sociohistorical or regional groupings, but which cannot suggest shared linguistic properties. To discuss structural similarities or differences between Englishes in an empirical way, we must engage with a typological comparison of adstrates in the specific linguistic ecology, not rely on “classification”. Crucially, ecologies are dynamic, and their careful reconstruction is vital for ascertaining specific and potentially different sources of features at different moments in a language’s development, illustrated here with the framework of linguistic eras in SingE’s evolution, focusing on particles. Change across different eras can, moreover, lead to convergence or divergence between different Englishes, regardless of the circles they move in.
Global feature — local norms?
Authors: Hundt Marianne
Published: March 2014

This paper looks at the usage of the progressive passive in Inner and Outer Circle varieties of English. This syntactic pattern is a global feature in that it is found in practically all varieties of English world wide, but it is used with different frequencies in different Englishes and also shows differences at the micro-variational level (co-occurrence patterns, choice of subject, etc.). In other words, globally used grammatical patterns may display divergent behaviour locally, a phenomenon that has been labelled “glocalisation”. The evidence for this study comes mainly from relevant components of the International Corpus of English (ICE).
Perspectives on English as a lingua franca
Authors: Berns Margie , Jenkins Jennifer , Modiano Marko , Seidlhofer Barbara , Yano Yasukata
Published: March 2014

The following contribution is a joint article by the above authors, which summarizes the results of a workshop on English as a lingua franca at the 13th annual IAWE conference. The authors critically examine the Kachruvian terminology and present five complementary perspectives on the use of English as a lingua franca.The Lingua Franca Movement has not only adopted the construct lingua franca, but has also redefined it. In doing so, the formal properties of a variety of a language, in this case Lingua Franca English (LFE), and its communicative function are both denoted by the term. However, this act of naming has initiated considerable discussion not only about the canonical meaning of lingua franca as a linguistic concept, but in addition has invited scrutiny of the assumptions and theoretical underpinnings of LFE research. This paper extends such scrutiny of the relationship of LFE to English in Europe and the adequacy of “lingua franca” to represent the sociolinguistic realities of World Englishes.
Competing with entrepreneurial diasporians: origins of anti-Semitism in nineteenth-century Russia
Authors: Kolstø Pål
Published: March 2014

The popular, stereotype perception of Russian anti-Semitism is marred by a number of misconceptions. It is generally believed that it originated among the peasants, partly as a result of religious bigotry and partly as a reaction against an alleged Jewish exploitation. In actual fact, pogroms almost invariably started in towns and cities, and the main instigators were artisans and merchants and other people who plied the same trade as the Jews, later also professionals such as lawyers. Hence, economic competition rather than exploitation was the most important driving force. This is reflected in the writings of Russian anti-Semites and is also how most contemporary Jews understood their causes behind their ordeals. The Jews could be targeted for persecution because they were a diaspora group and did not enjoy the same protection as the indigenous population. Thus, even though the tsarist regime can be cleared of any suspicion that they deliberately whipped up the pogroms, they contributed to them by failing to give the Jews the same rights as other subjects of the empire.
Tending the “oasis of socialism.” Transnational political mobilization of Yugoslav economic emigrants in the FR Germany in the late 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Baković Nikola
Published: March 2014

The article examines the development of the Yugoslav state's policy of transnational political engagement of Yugoslav citizens on temporary work in the FR Germany during the late 1960s and 1970s. This politicization of labor migrations was shaped by the interplay of the internal turmoil in the Yugoslav federation and the conditions peculiar to West Germany of the time. The change of the state's perception of external migrations is being examined through the extension of the agitation apparatus of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia onto the territory of the FR Germany and the mobilization of economic emigrants against the “hostile” political emigrants residing in that country. The main goal of these measures was to maintain the emigrants' transnational links to their homeland and ensure that their political standing was kept in line with the official Yugoslav ideological tenets until the time of the prospective return migration cycle. The extraterritorial character of these measures, coupled with the specific position of Yugoslavia within the Cold War diplomacy, led to a peculiar ideological interplay and shifting web of cooperation and confrontation between various actors.
Response to Dettmers et al. (2012): Great Lakes Fisheries Managers Are Pursuing Appropriate Goals
Authors: Claramunt Randall M , Clapp David F
Published: March 2014

After reading the article by Dettmers et al. in the November 2012 issue of Fisheries (“Management of Alewife Using Pacific Salmon in the Great Lakes: Whether to Manage for Economics or the Ecosystem?”), we feel compelled to respond and to present a different perspective on this important management issue. Despite the generally positive contribution to Great Lakes literature made by this article, it contains several inaccuracies concerning the past and current state of Great Lakes ecosystems. Dettmers et al. present an oversimplification of options currently available to Great Lakes fisheries managers; a false dichotomy describing only two future options for management of these fisheries. We submit that managers could strive to “… maintain a diverse salmonid community, [while proceeding] (to the extent possible) with native species rehabilitation” and we conclude that, “… on each of the Great Lakes, managers are pursuing appropriate goals, managing the aquatic resources of the lakes for the greatest public good, given the variability in conditions and likelihood for success specific to each lake.”

RESUMEN

después de leer el artículo de Dettmers et al. que apareció en el volumen de noviembre de 2012 de la revista Fisheries (“Manejo de la alosa utilizando el salmón del Pacífico en los Grandes Lagos: manejo de la economía o el ecosistema”) nos sentimos obligados a dar una respuesta y presentar una perspectiva distinta a este importante asunto de manejo. Pese a que la contribución del citado artículo a la literatura sobre los Grandes Lagos es positiva en términos generales, contiene numerosas imprecisiones en cuanto al estado pasado y presente de los ecosistemas de los Grandes Lagos. Dettmer et al. presentan una lista sobre-simplificada de opciones disponibles para los administradores pesqueros en los Grandes Lagos; una falsa dicotomía que describe sólo dos opciones futuras para el manejo de estas pesquerías. Sostenemos que los administradores pudiesen basarse en “…mantener una comunidad diversa de salmónidos [mientras se avanza] (en la medida de lo posible) hacia la rehabilitación de especies nativas” y concluimos que “…en cada uno de los Grandes Lagos, los administradores persiguen objetivos adecuados y, dada la variabilidad de condiciones y verosimilitud de éxito específicos de cada lago, gestionan los recursos acuáticos de los lagos en pos de un mayor bien público.”