bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satellite‐Derived, Smartphone‐Delivered Geospatial Cholera Risk Information for Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Nusrat Farah , Akanda Ali S. , Islam Abdullah , Aziz Sonia , Pakhtigian Emily L. , Boyle Kevin , Hanifi Syed Manzoor Ahmed
Published: November 2024

Cholera, an acute waterborne diarrheal disease, remains a major global health challenge. Despite being curable and preventable, it can be fatal if left untreated, especially for children. Bangladesh, a cholera‐endemic country with a high disease burden, experiences two peaks annually, during the dry pre‐monsoon spring and the wet post‐monsoon fall seasons. An early warning system for disseminating cholera risk, which has potential to reduce the disease burden, currently does not exist in Bangladesh. Such systems can raise timely awareness and allow households in rural, riverine areas like Matlab to make behavioral adjustments with water usage and around water resources to reduce contracting and transmitting cholera. Current dissemination approaches typically target local government and public health organizations; however, the vulnerable rural populations largely remain outside the information chain. Here, we develop and evaluate the accuracy of an early warning system—CholeraMap that uses high‐resolution earth observations to forecast cholera risk and disseminate geocoded risk maps directly to Matlab's population via a mobile smartphone application. Instead of relying on difficult to obtain station‐based environmental and hydroclimatological data, this study offers a new opportunity to use remote sensing data sets for designing and operating a disease early warning system. CholeraMap delivers monthly, color‐coded geospatial maps (1 km × 1 km spatial resolution) with household and community cholera risk information. Our results demonstrate that the satellite‐derived local‐scale risk model satisfactorily captured the seasonal cholera pattern for the Matlab region, and a detailed high‐resolution picture of the spatial progression of at‐risk areas during outbreak months.
Better Resolved Orography Improves Precipitation Simulation Over the Tibetan Plateau in High‐Resolution Models
Authors: Chen Xiaolong , Zhou Tianjun , Wu Peili , Roberts Malcolm J.
Published: November 2024

Regarded as the Asian Water Tower, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) collects atmospheric precipitation from a vast area of land and feeds into major rivers that sustain the livelihood of billions of people in East, South and Central Asia. It is critical to reasonably simulate the hydrological cycle over the TP in order to assess future climate risks to agriculture, water resources and ecosystem services. To address the chronic wet biases over the TP in state‐of‐the‐art climate models, we have compared 12 high‐resolution (HR) climate models (25–50 km) to their corresponding low‐resolution versions (100–200 km) with respect to the 1979–2014 climatology. It is found that the HR models consistently reduce about half of the wet biases over the TP, mainly from better resolved orography. The wet biases are reduced by 41% over the northern and western TP, mainly contributed by decreased frequency of light precipitation (0.1–10 mm day−1), which is attributed to reduced evaporation because of weakened surface wind by raised orography. The most significant reduction of biases (53%) rising from decreased frequency of mid‐heavy precipitation (10–50 mm day−1), appears over the southern and eastern TP, on the leeside of elevated orography where steeper orography enhances rain shadow effect by stronger downward motion along the sharper slope, while partly compensated by air column convergence due to vertical stretching of the downward flow for potential vorticity conservation. This study highlights the importance of surface processes and resolving complex orography in simulating precipitation and large‐scale hydrology around the TP which potentially benefits the future hydrological projection.
Transport of Exogenous Anthropogenic Atmospheric Mercury to the Tibetan Plateau Identified Using Mercury Stable Isotopes
Authors: Tang Kaihui , Yin Xiufeng , Zhang Hui , Fu Xuewu , Zhang Hui , Zhang Leiming , Zhang Qianggong , Chen Pengfei , Jia Longyu , de Foy Benjamin , Kang Shichang , Feng Xinbin
Published: November 2024

Transport of exogenous anthropogenic mercury (Hg) is an important source of Hg pollution in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its downstream water ecosystems, but the origins and contributions of Hg sources remain uncertain. Here, we investigate the concentrations and isotopic compositions of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) at four rural sites in the TP and three urban sites surrounding the TP to quantify the sources of GEM in the TP. GEM concentrations in the surrounding cities (site‐specific means: 2.36–9.12 ng m−3) were highly elevated mainly due to strong local anthropogenic emissions as indicated by their negative δ202Hg and near zero Δ199Hg and Δ200Hg signatures. GEM isotopes indicate that GEM pollution in the TP, typically observed during the summer monsoon and the pre‐monsoon, were mainly caused by trans‐boundary transport of anthropogenic Hg from surroundings. Using an Hg isotope mixing model, we estimate that exogenous anthropogenic emissions on average contributed 26 ± 5% (1sd) to the GEM in the TP. Further analysis of the transport of anthropogenic Hg emissions based on the backward trajectory and gridded anthropogenic Hg emissions suggests that 16 ± 9% and 6 ± 13% of the GEM in the TP were derived from anthropogenic sources in South Asia and China, respectively. Our study suggests that anthropogenic Hg emissions in South Asia could be effectively transported to the TP across the Himalayan range. Future studies are needed to better assess the role of rapidly increasing anthropogenic Hg emissions in South Asia on the regional to global scale atmospheric Hg cycling.
Analyzing the Mineralogy and Space Weathering Characteristics of the Finest Fraction in Apollo Core Sample 73002
Authors: McFadden J. A. , Thompson M. S. , Keller L. P. , Christoffersen R. , Morris R. V. , Shearer C. ,   The ANGSA Science Team
Published: November 2024

Apollo 17 core sample 73001/2 was recently made available to researchers for analysis using state‐of‐the‐art techniques in the framework of a modern understanding of lunar surface processes. In this work, we employ transmission electron microscopic analysis to observe the mineralogy, microstructural, and chemical characteristics of space weathering and solar energetic particle (SEP) track distribution in soil grains in the <20 μm size fraction in core sample 73002. The modal mineralogy and stratigraphic space weathered grain abundance suggests that a geologically recent mixing event affected the top 3 cm of 73002. Surface exposure age distributions derived from SEP tracks demonstrate that individual regolith grains rarely reside on the surface for longer than ∼4 million years. The abundance of surface exposed monomineralic fragments with respect to depth correlates well with bulk measurements of space weathered soils using other techniques, such as ferromagnetic resonance. Exposure age distributions suggest the presence of two unique in situ reworking zones spanning the top 8 cm of the core and median exposure ages decrease with increasing depth for both reworking zones, albeit at different rates. These rates were compared to reworking models and suggest a relationship between median exposure age and reworking rate with respect to depth. Applications of modern transmission electron microscopy to core sample 73001/2 have proven useful in understanding lunar regolith evolution both within the context of the Apollo 17 field site and more broadly via in situ reworking.
Diel Greenhouse Gas Emissions Demonstrate a Strong Response to Vegetation Patch Types in a Freshwater Wetland
Authors: Taylor Aileen K. , Sharp Sean J. , Stewart Graham A. , Williams Michael R. , McCarty Greg W. , Palmer Margaret A.
Published: November 2024

Wetland methane (CH4) fluxes are highly variable over spatial and temporal scales due to variations in CH4 production, oxidation, and transport. While some aspects of temporal variability in CH4 fluxes are well documented, diel variability is poorly constrained, and studies report conflicting findings, making it difficult to generalize. Topographic, geochemical, hydroclimatic, and vegetative variability can result in characteristically different “patches” that likely influence differences in diel patterns. We investigated diel patterns of CH4 fluxes from a large seasonal‐mineral soil wetland in Maryland (USA) across three functionally unique patches: two with vegetation (emergent and submerged aquatic vegetation) and one without (open water) during the summer of 2021. To explore the relationships between vegetation, environmental conditions, and flux patterns, we also measured physiochemical variables (air and water temperature, pH, relative humidity, PAR, dissolved oxygen, and water depth). To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing diel variability using chambers across such distinct vegetation patch types. We found that diel patterns were strongly linked to patch types: CH4 fluxes from the emergent vegetation did not display a consistent diel pattern, while fluxes from the submerged vegetation and no vegetation patches frequently peaked at 13:00 and 05:00, respectively. These differences could be a direct result of vegetation impact on production, oxidation, and/or transport of CH4 or on conditions covarying with patch type. This study contributes to the growing understanding of how CH4 fluxes vary spatially over diel cycles and emphasizes the importance of considering spatially varying diel patterns when estimating fluxes.
Harnessing Information From Shortwave Infrared Reflectance Bands to Enhance Satellite‐Based Estimates of Gross Primary Productivity
Authors: Ranjbar Sadegh , Losos Danielle , Dechant Benjamin , Hoffman Sophie , Başakın Eyyup Ensar , Stoy Paul C.
Published: November 2024

Monitoring gross primary productivity (GPP), the rate at which terrestrial ecosystems fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, is crucial for understanding global carbon cycling. Remote sensing offers a powerful tool for monitoring GPP using vegetation indices (VIs) derived from visible and near‐infrared reflectance (NIRv). While promising, these VIs often suffer from sensitivity to soil background, moisture, and variations in solar and view zenith angle (SZA and VZA). This study investigates the potential of incorporating shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance from MODIS and GOES‐R advanced baseline imager (ABI) sensors to improve GPP estimation. We evaluated various formulations for creating SWIR‐enhanced Near‐InfraRed reflectance of Vegetation (sNIRv) by integrating SWIR information into established VIs across 96 Ameriflux and NEON research sites. Our findings reveal that sNIRv improves correlation with GPP for ABI data by up to 0.19 on a half‐hourly basis for normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values below 0.25, with diminishing gains as NDVI values rise. Using MODIS data, sNIRv matches r values of NIRv for NDVI above 0.25, with a slight 0.05 increase for NDVI below 0.25. Analyses using SCOPE model simulations further support the ability of sNIRv to capture fractional photosynthetically active radiation, a proxy for GPP, especially for ecosystems with low leaf area index. Results highlight that sNIRv‐based VIs are less sensitive to soil background, SZA, and VZA compared to NIRv. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) value analysis also identifies sNIRv as the best feature for GPP estimation using machine learning modeling across different land covers, NDVI ranges, and soil water content levels.
Precipitation Extremes and Their Modulation by Convective Organization in RCEMIP
Authors: O’Donnell Graham L. , Wing Allison A.
Published: November 2024

We examine the influence of convective organization on extreme tropical precipitation events using model simulation data from the Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium Model Intercomparison Project (RCEMIP). At a given SST, simulations with convective organization have more intense precipitation extremes than those without it at all scales, including instantaneous precipitation at the grid resolution (3 km). Across large‐domain simulations with convective organization, models with explicit convection exhibit better agreement in the response of extreme precipitation rates to warming than those with parameterized convection. Among models with explicit convection, deviations from the Clausius‐Clapeyron scaling of precipitation extremes with warming are correlated with changes in organization, especially on large spatiotemporal scales. Though the RCEMIP ensemble is nearly evenly split between CRMs which become more and less organized with warming, most of the models which show increased organization with warming also allow super‐CC scaling of precipitation extremes. We also apply an established precipitation extremes scaling to understand changes in the extreme condensation events leading to extreme precipitation. Increased organization leads to greater increases in precipitation extremes by enhancing both the dynamic and implied efficiency contributions. We link these contributions to environmental variables modified by the presence of organization and suggest that increases in moisture in the aggregated region may be responsible for enhancing both convective updraft area fraction and precipitation efficiency. By leveraging a controlled intercomparison of models with both explicit and parameterized convection, this work provides strong evidence for the amplification of tropical precipitation extremes and their response to warming by convective organization.
On the Growth and Evolution of Nocturnal Ionospheric Irregularities Using HF Radar Observations Along With Digisonde and GNSS Data Over Trivandrum, India
Authors: Sruthi T. V. , Manju G.
Published: November 2024

The growth and evolution of nocturnal ionospheric plasma irregularities are analyzed over the geomagnetic equatorial station Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77°E, dip latitude 1.9°N) using multi‐instrumental techniques during various seasons of moderate and high solar activity periods. Irregularities are classified into three categories based on their structure and the vertical extent of radar backscattered echoes as Bottom Type, Top Side, and Bottom Type‐Top Side structures. The presence or absence of energy cascading across different scale sizes is identified from the presence of irregularities as Equatorial Spread F (ESF) in digisonde, scintillation in GNSS and backscattered echoes in HF radar with the signals manifesting sequentially or otherwise in these instruments. Threshold values of the duration (2.25 hr) and altitudinal extent (430 km) of ESF irregularities (observed with the digisonde) required for effective energy cascading across scale sizes are identified. The bottom type irregularity layers are observed to form in the equatorial region, Trivandrum, when the post‐sunset F region height varied within the range of 280–370 km which is broader in comparison to those observed at low latitudes. An empirical model is developed using post‐sunset ionospheric height to predict the maximum altitudinal extent of ESF irregularities. This serves as an indicator of the energy cascading process across scale sizes. The altitudinal extent of irregularities predicted by the empirical model also serves as a proxy for the occurrence of plasma bubbles, which has significant adverse implications for communication and navigation systems.
Knowledge and awareness of emergency department residents and physicians regarding the management of dentofacial traumatic injuries: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Yousuf Tahoora , Subhan Khan Muhammad , Ghafoor Robia
Published: November 2024

Background

Majority of patients with Dento-Facial Traumatic Injuries (DFTI) seek initial care at an Emergency Department (ED). The timely management of DFTI is of utmost importance in determining long-term prognosis of the tooth and the patient’s overall quality of life. Thus, knowledge and awareness of ED residents & physicians regarding the management of DFTI is crucial for better patient outcomes. Numerous studies have investigated the knowledge of ED specialists regarding initial management of dental trauma, however, scientific evidence in this domain is scarce in our region.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of ED residents and physicians regarding diagnosis and management of DFTI using a web-based survey on REDCap.

Methods

An observational cross-sectional study was conducted among the ED residents and physicians of private and public hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. Data was collected through a web-based questionnaire, sent via email to the participants. The survey comprised of questions assessing their knowledge regarding the diagnosis and management of various dental and maxillofacial injuries. Responses from the participants were graded as low, moderate or high knowledge levels according to a pre-determined criteria. Pearson’s chi-square test was applied to determine the association between knowledge scores.

Results

The total response rate was 47.6%. Out of 116 participants, 49 (42%) responses were received from physicians and 67 (58%) from residents. The overall knowledge level of participants was low (46.6%) and there was no significant difference in the knowledge level between residents and physicians (p = 0.157). Participants who had received formal training in dental trauma (p = 0.038) and those with more years of clinical experience (p = 0.004) had higher knowledge scores, that were statistically significant.

Conclusions

The knowledge and awareness of ED residents and physicians in dental trauma management was generally low. Specialized training courses are required to provide timely and adequate management of traumatic dental injuries in order to improve patient-related outcomes.
PIGK defects induce apoptosis in Purkinje cells and acceleration of neuroectodermal differentiation
Authors: Chen Siyi , You Jiali , Zhou Xiaowei , Li Yan , Liu Fang , Teng Yanling , Teng Hua , Li Yunlong , Liang Desheng , Li Zhuo , Wu Lingqian
Published: November 2024

Biallelic mutations in PIGK cause GPI biosynthesis defect 22 (GPIBD22), characterized with developmental delay, hypotonia, and cerebellar atrophy. The understanding of the underlying causes is limited due to the lack of suitable disease models. To address this gap, we generated a mouse model with PIGK deficits, specifically in Purkinje cells (Pcp2-cko) and an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model using the c.87dupT mutant (KI) found in GPIBD22 patients. Pcp2-cko mice demonstrated cerebellar atrophy, ataxia and progressive Purkinje cells loss which were accompanied by increased apoptosis and neuroinflammation. Similarly, KI iPSCs exhibited increased apoptosis and accelerated neural rosette formation, indicating that PIGK defects could impact early neural differentiation that confirmed by the RNA-Seq results of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). The increased apoptosis and accelerated NPC differentiation in KI iPSCs are associated with excessive unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway activation, and can be rescued by UPR pathway inhibitor. Our study reveals potential pathogenic mechanism of GPIBD22 and providing new insights into the therapeutic strategy for GPIBD.
Aurora B inhibitors promote RB hypophosphorylation and senescence independent of p53-dependent CDK2/4 inhibition
Authors: Vora Shivam , Andrew Ariel , Kumar Ramyashree Prasanna , Nazareth Deborah , Bonfim-Melo Alexis , Lim Yoon , Ong Xin Yee , Fernando Madushan , He Yaowu , Hooper John D. , McMillan Nigel AJ , Urosevic Jelena , Travers Jon , Saeh Jamal , Kumar Sharad , Jones Mathew JK , Gabrielli Brian
Published: November 2024

Aurora B kinase (AURKB) inhibitors have been trialled in a range of different tumour types but are not approved for any indication. Expression of the human papilloma virus (HPV) oncogenes and loss of retinoblastoma (RB) protein function has been reported to increase sensitivity to AURKB inhibitors but the mechanism of their contribution to sensitivity is poorly understood. Two commonly reported outcomes of AURKB inhibition are polyploidy and senescence, although their relationship is unclear. Here we have investigated the major cellular targets of the HPV E6 and E7, p53 and RB, to determine their contribution to AURKB inhibitor induced polyploidy and senescence. We demonstrate that polyploidy is a universal feature of AURKB inhibitor treatment in all cell types including normal primary cells, but the subsequent outcomes are controlled by RB and p53. We demonstrate that p53 by regulating p21 expression is required for an initial cell cycle arrest by inhibiting both CDK2 and CDK4 activity, but this arrest is only triggered after cells have undergone two failed mitosis and cytokinesis. However, cells can enter senescence in the absence of p53. RB is essential for AURKB inhibitor-induced senescence. AURKB inhibitor induces rapid hypophosphorylation of RB independent of inhibition of CDK2 or CDK4 kinases and p53. This work demonstrates that p53 activation determines the timing of senescence onset, but RB is indispensable for senescence.
Absence of bulk charge density wave order in the normal state of UTe2
Authors: Kengle C. S. , Vonka J. , Francoual S. , Chang J. , Abbamonte P. , Janoschek M. , Rosa P. F. S. , Simeth W.
Published: November 2024

A spatially modulated superconducting state, known as pair density wave (PDW), is a tantalizing state of matter with unique properties. Recent scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies revealed that spin-triplet superconductor UTe2 hosts an unprecedented spin-triplet, multi-component PDW whose three wavevectors are indistinguishable from a preceding charge-density wave (CDW) order that survives to temperatures well above the superconducting critical temperature, Tc. Whether the PDW is the mother or a subordinate order remains unsettled. Here, based on a systematic search for bulk charge order above Tc using resonant elastic X-ray scattering (REXS), we show that the structure factor of charge order previously identified by STM is absent in the bulk within the sensitivity of REXS. Our results invite two scenarios: either the density-wave orders condense simultaneously at Tc in the bulk, in which case PDW order is likely the mother phase, or the charge modulations are restricted to the surface.
A tripartite synergistic optimization strategy for zinc-iodine batteries
Authors: Yan Weibin , Liu Ying , Qiu Jiazhen , Tan Feipeng , Liang Jiahui , Cai Xinze , Dai Chunlong , Zhao Jiangqi , Lin Zifeng
Published: November 2024

The energy industry has taken notice of zinc-iodine (Zn-I2) batteries for their high safety, low cost, and attractive energy density. However, the shuttling of I3− by-products at cathode electrode and dendrite issues at Zn metal anode result in short cycle lifespan. Here, a tripartite synergistic optimization strategy is proposed, involving a MXene cathode host, a n-butanol electrolyte additive, and the in-situ solid electrolyte interface (SEI) protection. The MXene possesses catalytic ability to enhance the reaction kinetics and reduce I3− by-products. Meanwhile, the partially dissolved n-butanol additive can work synergistically with MXene to inhibit the shuttling of I3−. Besides, the n-butanol and I− in the electrolyte can synergistically improve the solvation structure of Zn2+. Moreover, an organic-inorganic hybrid SEI is in situ generated on the surface of the Zn anode, which induces stable non-dendritic zinc deposition. As a result, the fabricated batteries exhibit a high capacity of 0.30 mAh cm−2 and a superior energy density of 0.34 mWh cm−2 at a high specific current of 5 A g−1 across 30,000 cycles, with a minimal capacity decay of 0.0004% per cycle. This work offers a promising strategy for the subsequent research to comprehensively improve battery performance.
Parabrachial Calca neurons mediate second-order conditioning
Authors: Park Sekun , Zhu Anqi , Cao Feng , Palmiter Richard D.
Published: November 2024

Learning to associate cues, both directly and indirectly, with biologically significant events is essential for survival. Second-order conditioning (SOC) involves forming an association between a previously reinforced conditioned stimulus (CS1) and a new conditioned stimulus (CS2) without the presence of an unconditioned stimulus (US). The neural substrates mediating SOC, however, remain unclear. Parabrachial Calca neurons, which react to the noxious US, also respond to a CS after pairing with a US, suggesting that Calca neurons mediate SOC. We established an aversive SOC behavioral paradigm in mice and monitored Calca neuron activity via single-cell calcium imaging during conditioning and subsequent recall phases. These neurons were activated by both CS1 and CS2 after SOC. Chemogenetically inhibiting Calca neurons during CS1-CS2 pairing attenuated SOC. Thus, reactivation of the US pathway by a learned CS plays an important role in forming the association between the old and a new CS, promoting the formation of second-order memories.
Enhancing anti-EGFRvIII CAR T cell therapy against glioblastoma with a paracrine SIRPγ-derived CD47 blocker
Authors: Martins Tomás A. , Kaymak Deniz , Tatari Nazanin , Gerster Fiona , Hogan Sabrina , Ritz Marie-Françoise , Sabatino Valerio , Wieboldt Ronja , Bartoszek Ewelina M. , McDaid Marta , Gerber Alexandra , Buck Alicia , Beshirova Aisha , Heider Anja , Shekarian Tala , Mohamed Hayget , Etter Manina M. , Schmassmann Philip , Abel Ines , Boulay Jean-Louis , Saito Yasuyuki , Mariani Luigi , Guzman Raphael , Snijder Berend , Weiss Tobias , Läubli Heinz , Hutter Gregor
Published: November 2024

A significant challenge for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy against glioblastoma (GBM) is its immunosuppressive microenvironment, which is densely populated by protumoral glioma-associated microglia and macrophages (GAMs). Myeloid immune checkpoint therapy targeting the CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) axis induces GAM phagocytic function, but CD47 blockade monotherapy is associated with toxicity and low bioavailability in solid tumors. In this work, we engineer a CAR T cell against epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII), constitutively secreting a signal regulatory protein gamma-related protein (SGRP) with high affinity to CD47. Anti-EGFRvIII-SGRP CAR T cells eradicate orthotopic EGFRvIII-mosaic GBM in vivo, promoting GAM-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis. In a subcutaneous CD19+ lymphoma mouse model, anti-CD19-SGRP CAR T cell therapy is superior to conventional anti-CD19 CAR T. Thus, combination of CAR and SGRP eliminates bystander tumor cells in a manner that could overcome main mechanisms of CAR T cell therapy resistance, including immune suppression and antigen escape.
Non-targeted N-glycome profiling reveals multiple layers of organ-specific diversity in mice
Authors: Helm Johannes , Mereiter Stefan , Oliveira Tiago , Gattinger Anna , Markovitz David M. , Penninger Josef M. , Altmann Friedrich , Stadlmann Johannes
Published: November 2024

N-glycosylation is one of the most common protein modifications in eukaryotes, with immense importance at the molecular, cellular, and organismal level. Accurate and reliable N-glycan analysis is essential to obtain a systems-wide understanding of fundamental biological processes. Due to the structural complexity of glycans, their analysis is still highly challenging. Here we make publicly available a consistent N-glycome dataset of 20 different mouse tissues and demonstrate a multimodal data analysis workflow that allows for unprecedented depth and coverage of N-glycome features. This highly scalable, LC-MS/MS data-driven method integrates the automated identification of N-glycan spectra, the application of non-targeted N-glycome profiling strategies and the isomer-sensitive analysis of glycan structures. Our delineation of critical sub-structural determinants and glycan isomers across the mouse N-glycome uncovered tissue-specific glycosylation patterns, the expression of non-canonical N-glycan structures and highlights multiple layers of N-glycome complexity that derive from organ-specific regulations of glycobiological pathways.
Corrosion evaluation of Al-Cu-Mn-Zr cast alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution
Authors: Jun Jiheon , Shyam Amit , Bahl Sumit , Su Yi-Feng , Haynes J. Allen
Published: November 2024

Corrosion behavior of cast Al-Cu-Mn-Zr (ACMZ) and RR350 alloys was compared to a cast 319 alloy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl. After 168 h immersion, ACMZ and RR350 alloys suffered from preferential attack adjacent to intermetallic particles decorated at grain boundaries while the attack in 319 occurred in eutectic Al-Si dendritic boundaries. Electrochemical data allowed semiquantitative comparison of alloy resistance to corrosion initiation, and ACMZ type alloys, including RR350 and three alloys with higher Cu, were considered more resistant than 319 due to the absence of deleterious Si particles. In case of 319, such Si particles presumably drove higher micro-galvanic influence to initiate and sustain Al corrosion. With lower susceptibility to corrosion initiation, ACMZ alloys should exhibit higher or at minimum similar resistance compared to cast 319.
A kinematic dataset of locomotion with gait and sit-to-stand movements of young adults
Authors: Hanisch Simon , Pogrzeba Loreen , Muschter Evelyn , Li Shu-Chen , Strufe Thorsten
Published: November 2024

Kinematic data is a valuable source of movement information that provides insights into the health status, mental state, and motor skills of individuals. Additionally, kinematic data can serve as biometric data, enabling the identification of personal characteristics such as height, weight, and sex. In CeTI-Locomotion, four types of walking tasks and the 5 times sit-to-stand test (5RSTST) were recorded from 50 young adults wearing motion capture (mocap) suits equipped with Inertia-Measurement-Units (IMU). Our dataset is unique in that it allows the study of both intra- and inter-participant variability with high quality kinematic motion data for different motion tasks. Along with the raw kinematic data, we provide the source code for phase segmentation and the processed data, which has been segmented into a total of 4672 individual motion repetitions. To validate the data, we conducted visual inspection as well as machine-learning based identity and action recognition tests, achieving 97% and 84% accuracy, respectively. The data can serve as a normative reference of gait and sit-to-stand movements in healthy young adults and as training data for biometric recognition.
Sublethal effects of nanoformulated Mentha pulegium L. essential oil on the biological and population growth parameters of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Sharifiyan Mohammad , Mehrkhou Fariba , Negahban Maryam
Published: November 2024

We evaluated the toxicity and sublethal effects of essential oil (Mentha pulegium L.) and its nanoformulation against greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, which is one of the most destructive pests of a wide range of crops. The essential oil was extracted from the plant by steam distillation using a Clevenger apparatus, and 14 chemical components of M. pulegium were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results illustrated that monoterpenoids were main characterized components including pulegone (%66), menthofren (%10.54), 1, 8 Cineole (%8.36), betapenin (%3.49) and limonene (%2.01). The nanoformulation was characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing that the particles were spherical in shape with an average size of 156.40 nm. The leaf dipping was used for the bioassays. The obtained LC50 and LC25 values of treatments indicated that the nanoformulation of essential oil (LC50: 2418.96 and LC25: 1724. 25 ppm) was more toxic than the pure of M. pulegium oil (LC50: 3223.083 and LC25: 779.439 ppm ppm) against greenhouse whitefly adults after 24 h. The life table data were analyzed based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory using computer program of TWOSEX–MSChart. Also, the sublethal concentration (LC25) of its nanoformulation led to delaying in preadult stage and decreased the adult longevity, and fecundity compared to treatments. Moreover, the sublethal concentration of either M. pulegium oil or its nanoformulation affected the population growth parameters of T.vaporariorum compared to the control. However, the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), of adults who exposed to the nanoformulation was lower than the pure form of M. pulegium. The overall results demonstrated that the nanoformulation of M. pulegium has the most lethal and sublethal effects on greenhouse whitefly compared with the pure form of essential oil which can be consider in integrated pest management program (IPM) of this pest.
Meniscus gene expression profiling of inner and outer zone meniscus tissue compared to cartilage and passaged monolayer meniscus cells
Authors: Fei Kaileen , Andress Benjamin D. , Kelly A’nna M. , Chasse Dawn A. D. , McNulty Amy L.
Published: November 2024

Meniscus injuries are common and while surgical strategies have improved, there is a need for alternative therapeutics to improve long-term outcomes and prevent post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Current research efforts in regenerative therapies and tissue engineering are hindered by a lack of understanding of meniscus cell biology and a poorly defined meniscus cell phenotype. This study utilized bulk RNA-sequencing to identify unique and overlapping transcriptomic profiles in cartilage, inner and outer zone meniscus tissue, and passaged inner and outer zone meniscus cells. The greatest transcriptomic differences were identified when comparing meniscus tissue to passaged monolayer cells (> 4,600 differentially expressed genes (DEGs)) and meniscus tissue to cartilage (> 3,100 DEGs). While zonal differences exist within the meniscus tissue (205 DEGs between inner and outer zone meniscus tissue), meniscus resident cells are more similar to each other than to either cartilage or passaged monolayer meniscus cells. Additionally, we identified and validated LUM, PRRX1, and SNTB1 as potential markers for meniscus tissue and ACTA2, TAGLN, SFRP2, and FSTL1 as novel markers for meniscus cell dedifferentiation. Our data contribute significantly to the current characterization of meniscus cells and provide an important foundation for future work in meniscus cell biology, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.
Leveraging uncertainty in collective opinion dynamics with heterogeneity
Authors: Mengers Vito , Raoufi Mohsen , Brock Oliver , Hamann Heiko , Romanczuk Pawel
Published: November 2024

Natural and artificial collectives exhibit heterogeneities across different dimensions, contributing to the complexity of their behavior. We investigate the effect of two such heterogeneities on collective opinion dynamics: heterogeneity of the quality of agents’ prior information and of degree centrality in the network. To study these heterogeneities, we introduce uncertainty as an additional dimension to the consensus opinion dynamics model, and consider a spectrum of heterogeneous networks with varying centrality. By quantifying and updating the uncertainty using Bayesian inference, we provide a mechanism for each agent to adaptively weigh their individual against social information. We observe that uncertainties develop throughout the interaction between agents, and capture information on heterogeneities. Therefore, we use uncertainty as an additional observable and show the bidirectional relation between centrality and information quality. In extensive simulations on heterogeneous opinion dynamics with Gaussian uncertainties, we demonstrate that uncertainty-driven adaptive weighting leads to increased accuracy and speed of consensus, especially with increasing heterogeneity. We also show the detrimental effect of overconfident central agents on consensus accuracy which can pose challenges in designing such systems. The opportunities for improved performance and observablility suggest the importance of considering uncertainty both for the study of natural and the design of artificial heterogeneous systems.
Nested cross-validation Gaussian process to model dimethylsulfide mesoscale variations in warm oligotrophic Mediterranean seawater
Authors: Mansour Karam , Decesari Stefano , Paglione Marco , Becagli Silvia , Rinaldi Matteo
Published: November 2024

The study proposes an approach to elucidate spatiotemporal mesoscale variations of seawater Dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentrations, the largest natural source of atmospheric sulfur aerosol, based on the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) machine learning model. Presently, the GPR was trained and evaluated by nested cross-validation across the warm-oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea, a climate hot spot region, leveraging the high-resolution satellite measurements and Mediterranean physical reanalysis together with in-situ DMS observations. The end product is daily gridded fields with a spatial resolution of 0.083° × 0.083° (~9 km) that spans 23 years (1998–2020). Extensive observations of atmospheric methanesulfonic acid (MSA), a typical biogenic secondary aerosol component from DMS oxidation, are consistent with the parameterized high-resolution estimates of sea-to-air DMS flux (FDMS). This represents substantial progress over existing coarse-resolution DMS global maps which do not accurately depict the seasonal patterns of MSA in the Mediterranean atmospheric boundary layer.
Superconductivity in the pressurized nickelate La3Ni2O7 in the vicinity of a BEC–BCS crossover
Authors: Schlömer Henning , Schollwöck Ulrich , Grusdt Fabian , Bohrdt Annabelle
Published: November 2024

Ever since the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates, gaining microscopic insights into the nature of pairing in strongly correlated systems has remained one of the greatest challenges in modern condensed matter physics. Following recent experiments reporting superconductivity in the bilayer nickelate La3Ni2O7 (LNO) with remarkably high critical temperatures of Tc = 80 K, it has been argued that the low-energy physics of LNO can be described by the strongly correlated, mixed-dimensional bilayer t–J model. Here we investigate this bilayer system and utilize density matrix renormalization group techniques to establish a thorough understanding of the model and the magnetically induced pairing through comparison to the perturbative limit of dominating inter-layer spin couplings. In particular, this allows us to explain appearing finite-size effects, firmly establishing the existence of long-range superconducting order in the thermodynamic limit. By analyzing binding energies, we predict a BEC–BCS crossover as a function of the Hamiltonian parameters. We find large binding energies of the order of the inter-layer coupling that suggest strikingly high critical temperatures of the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition, raising the question of whether (mixD) bilayer superconductors possibly facilitate critical temperatures above room temperature.
Salt marsh litter decomposition varies more by litter type than by extent of sea-level inundation
Authors: Arnaud Marie , Bakhos Melissa , Rumpel Cornelia , Dignac Marie-France , Bottinelli Nicolas , Norby Richard J. , Geairon Philippe , Deborde Jonathan , Kostyrka Pierre , Gernigon Julien , Lemesle Jean-Christophe , Polsenaere Pierre
Published: November 2024

Salt marshes are among the most efficient blue carbon sinks worldwide. The fate of this carbon is uncertain due to limited knowledge about organic matter (OM) decomposition processes under sea-level rise. In an in-situ manipulative experiment, we compared salt marsh OM decomposition and quality across simulated sea-level scenarios (by modifying the inundation) and litter types (absorptive root, fine transportive root, leaves, and rhizomes of Halimione portulacoide) for 170 days. The litter decomposition varied only between the inundation treatments with the longest and shortest durations, while the decomposition differed significantly across litter types, with absorptive roots releasing up to 40% less carbon than other litters. Changes in lignin composition were minimal for absorptive roots and were unaffected by sea-level rise scenarios. Our study suggests that (i) current projections of sea-level rise are unlikely to decrease litter decomposition; (ii) separating litter types might lead to better assessments of salt marshes’ OM dynamics.
Psychological health declined during the post-monsoon season in communities impacted by sea-level rise in Bangladesh
Authors: Kabir Sajjad , Newnham Elizabeth , Dewan Ashraf , Islam Md. Monirul , Hamamura Takeshi
Published: November 2024

Sea level rise affects the long-term psychological health of coastal communities. However, research on long-term and seasonal impacts on vulnerable communities’ psychological health is limited. Here, we explore the effect of sea-level rise on the psychological health of the coastal population in Satkhira and Khulna districts of southwest Bangladesh across two seasons: before monsoon (March to April) and post-monsoon months (October to November) in 2021. We leveraged the longitudinal research that involved 1144 participants. We collected data on psychological health using established scales for distress, depression, anxiety, and stress and also measured environmental factors and resource losses. Results indicate that psychological health, particularly distress, depression, anxiety, and stress, increased during the post-monsoon months in communities more vulnerable to sea-level rise. Highly vulnerable communities showed increased psychological distress post-monsoon. Environmental stressors and resource loss escalated during the post-monsoon period, especially in moderate and highly vulnerable communities. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for targeted support and resilience-building interventions in affected communities to alleviate the psychological health impacts of sea-level rise.
The 4A climate action framework
Authors: Sattar Usman
Published: November 2024

Climate action under the Paris Agreement (PA) requires a strategic approach that addresses the climate action needs of the participating countries. The most relevant documents for identifying such needs are the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) submitted by the parties to the PA. Academia has paid insufficient attention to this dataset and has attempted to clarify climate action pathways by utilizing various established theories from different fields. As a result, a strategic framework for global climate action is lacking. This article examines the NDCs of 19 lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) to consolidate their climate action needs into a cohesive framework. A grounded theory approach with process coding techniques is employed, and the data are analyzed through three coding cycles: initial process coding, focused process coding, and conceptual process coding. The results suggest a 4 A cyclic process: assess, arrange, access, and action, which forms an integrated global response to climate change.
Comparing strategies for the mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 airborne infection risk in tiered auditorium venues
Authors: Geisler S. Mareike , Lausch Kevin H. , Hehnen Felix , Schulz Isabell , Kertzscher Ulrich , Kriegel Martin , Paschereit C. Oliver , Schimek Sebastian , Hasirci Ümit , Brockmann Gerrid , Moter Annette , Senftleben Karolin , Moritz Stefan
Published: November 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that reliable risk assessment of venues is still challenging and resulted in the indiscriminate closure of many venues worldwide. Therefore, this study used an experimental, numerical and analytical approach to investigate the airborne transmission risk potential of differently ventilated, sized and shaped venues. The data were used to assess the magnitude of effect of various mitigation measures and to develop recommendations. Here we show that, in general, positions in the near field of an emission source were at high risk, while the risk of infection from positions in the far field varied depending on the ventilation strategy. Occupancy, airflow rate, residence time, virus variants, activity level and face masks affected the individual and global infection risk in all venues. The global infection risk was lowest for the displacement ventilation case, making it the most effective ventilation strategy for keeping airborne transmission and the number of secondary cases low, compared to mixing or natural ventilation.
Stress-induced artificial neuron spiking in diffusive memristors
Authors: Pattnaik D. P. , Sharma Y. , Savel’ev S. , Borisov P. , Akhter A. , Balanov A. , Ferreira P.
Published: November 2024

Diffusive memristors owing to their ability to produce current spiking when a constant or slowly changing voltage is applied are competitive candidates for development of artificial electronic neurons. These artificial neurons can be integrated into various prospective autonomous and robotic systems as sensors, e.g. ones implementing object grasping and classification. We report here Ag nanoparticle-based diffusive memristor prepared on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate in which the electric spiking behaviour was induced by the electric voltage under an additional stimulus of external mechanical impact. By changing the magnitude and frequency of the mechanical impact, we are able to manipulate the spiking response of our artificial neuron. This functionality to control the spiking characteristics paves a pathway for the development of touch-perception sensors that can convert local pressure into electrical spikes for further processing in neural networks. We have proposed a mathematical model which captures the operation principle of the fabricated memristive sensors and qualitatively describes the measured spiking behaviour. Employing such flexible diffusive memristors that can directly translate tactile information into spikes, similar to force and pressure sensors, could offer substantial benefits for various applications in robotics.
Varied CO2 photoreduction activities of UiO-66-NH2 MOFs with different aggregation morphologies
Authors: Zhang Shu-Ran , Zou Yan-Hong , Wang Hai-Ning , Xu Guang-Juan , Xie Wei , Xu Na , Xu Yan-Hong , Lan Ya-Qian
Published: November 2024

Different kinds of UiO-66-NH2 with different aggregation morphologies were prepared to prove that morphology influences photogenerated charge transfer, and hence also photocatalytic efficiency.
Production of propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate via selective hydrogenolysis of lignin catalyzed by Ni/MFI-ns
Authors: Li Lixia , Rao Yinan , Jiang Menghao , Long Jinxing
Published: November 2024

An efficient approach is proposed for producing the value-added petrochemical propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate via the selective hydrogenolysis of lignin catalyzed by Ni/MFI-ns featuring enhanced mass diffusion.
Treatment of chromium-contaminated water using a highly efficient, novel ternary synergistic S–rGO–BiOBr–In2S3 heterojunction
Authors: Sahoo Satyanjib , Sahoo Naresh Kumar , Sahoo Prasanta Kumar , Mishra Soumya , Kumar Arun , Naik Brundabana , Rout Prangya Ranjan
Published: November 2024

A novel S–rGO–BiOBr–In2S3 Z-scheme heterojunction was constructed. SrGO improves surface area, electron conductivity and encourages the nucleation of BiOBr and In2S3. Cr(vi) reduction proved to be superior with 96.6% removal at 100 mg L−1 initial dosages.
Nanoparticle shape is the game-changer for blood–brain barrier crossing and delivery through tunneling nanotubes among glioblastoma cells
Authors: Sierri Giulia , Saenz-de-Santa-Maria Ines , Renda Antonio , Koch Marcus , Sommi Patrizia , Anselmi-Tamburini Umberto , Mauri Mario , D'Aloia Alessia , Ceriani Michela , Salerno Domenico , Mantegazza Francesco , Zurzolo Chiara , Re Francesca
Published: November 2024

Discoidal nanoparticles showed highest blood-brain barrier permeability and transfer efficiency via tunneling nanotubes in glioblastoma cells, offering a promising strategy for nanoparticles delivery and intercellular distribution within tumors.