bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of homogenization and heat treatment on fatty acids in milk from five dairy species
Authors: Fan Rongbo , Shi Runjia , Ji Zhongyuan , Du Qijing , Wang Jun , Jiang Hongning , Han Rongwei , Yang Yongxin
Published: November 2022

Milk fatty acids significantly contribute to human nutrition and clinical health. However, previous evidence for changes in the fatty acid profiles of different dairy species following homogenization and heat treatment is lacking. Here, changes in fat globule particle size and fatty acids in samples of Holstein, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk following homogenization (20 MPa) and heat treatment (63 °C for 30 min and 90 °C for 15 min) were investigated using a laser particle sizer and gas chromatography approach. The results indicated that the milk fat globule particle size of all studied dairy species significantly decreased after homogenization and heat treatment, in which there was no difference. The fatty acid composition of C10:0 and medium-chain fatty acid in goat milk, C18:0 and long-chain fatty acid in camel milk, and C16:0 in buffalo and yak milk served as the characteristic traits of these milks. Changes in the relative contents of several fatty acids (C4:0, C10:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9c, and C18:3n3) were dependent on homogenization, heat treatment, and the type of dairy species. In particular, C18:3n3 significantly decreased in goat and camel milk after homogenization and heat treatment. These findings provide new insights into how homogenization and heat treatment affect the fatty acid profile and can be used to further improve the heat treatment of milk from minor dairy species.
Temporal variations in plume flux: characterizing pulsations from tilted plume conduits in a rheologically complex mantle
Authors: Neuharth Derek , Mittelstaedt Eric
Published: November 2022

Along age-progressive hotspot volcano chains, the emplacement rate of igneous material varies through time. Time-series analysis of changing emplacement rates at a range of hotspots finds that these rates vary regularly at periods of a few to several tens of millions of years, indicative of changing melt production within underlying mantle plumes. Many hotspots exhibit at least one period between ∼2 and 10 Myr, consistent with several proposed mechanisms for changing near-surface plume flux, and thus melting rate, such as small-scale convection, solitary waves and instability formation in tilted plume conduits. Here, we focus on quantifying instability growth within plumes tilted by overlying plate motion. Previous studies using fluids with constant or temperature-dependent viscosity suggest that such instabilities should not form under mantle conditions. To test this assertion, we use a modified version of the finite element code ASPECT to simulate 400 Myr of evolution of a whole-depth mantle plume rising through the transition zone and spreading beneath a moving plate. In a 2-D spherical shell geometry, ASPECT solves the conservation equations for a compressible mantle with a thermodynamically consistent treatment of phase changes in the mantle transition zone and subject to either a temperature- and depth-dependent linear rheology or a temperature-, depth- and strain-rate dependent non-linear rheology. Additionally, we examine plume evolution in a mantle subject to a range of Clapeyron slopes for the 410 km (1–4 MPa K–1) phase transitions. Results suggest that plume conduits tilted by >67° become unstable and develop instabilities that lead to initial pulses in the transition zone followed by repeated plume pulsing in the uppermost mantle. In these cases, pulse size and frequency depend strongly on the viscosity ratio between the plume and ambient upper mantle. Based upon our results and comparison with other studies, we find that the range of statistically significant periods of plume pulsing in our models (∼2–7 Myr), the predicted increase in melt flux due to each pulse (3.8–26 × 10−5 km3 km−1 yr−1), and the time estimated for a plume to tilt beyond 67° in the upper mantle (10–50 Myr) are consistent with observations at numerous hotspot tracks across the globe. We suggest that pulsing due to destabilization of tilted plume conduits may be one of several mechanisms responsible for modulating the melting rate of mantle plumes as they spread beneath the moving lithosphere.
Appreciating mergers for understanding the non-linear Mbh–M*,spheroid and Mbh–M*, galaxy relations, updated herein, and the implications for the (reduced) role of AGN feedback
Authors: Graham Alister W , Sahu Nandini
Published: November 2022

We present revised (black hole mass)–(spheroid stellar mass) and (black hole mass)–(galaxy stellar mass) scaling relations based on colour-dependent (stellar mass)-to-light ratios. Our 3.6 $\mu$m luminosities were obtained from multicomponent decompositions, which accounted for bulges, discs, bars, ansae, rings, nuclear components, etc. The lenticular galaxy bulges (not associated with recent mergers) follow a steep $M_{\rm {bh}}\propto ~M_{\rm {*,bulge}}^{1.53\pm 0.15}$ relation, offset by roughly an order of magnitude in black hole mass from the $M_{\rm {bh}}\propto ~M_{\rm {*,ellip}}^{1.64\pm 0.17}$ relation defined by the elliptical (E) galaxies which, in Darwinian terms, are shown to have evolved by punctuated equilibrium rather than gradualism. We use the spheroid (i.e. bulge and elliptical) size–mass relation to reveal how disc-galaxy mergers explain this offset and the dramatically lower Mbh/M*,sph ratios in the elliptical galaxies. The deceptive near-linear Mbh–M*,sph ‘red sequence’, followed by neither the bulge population nor the elliptical galaxies, is shown to be an artefact of sample selection, combining bulges and elliptical galaxies from disparate Mbh–M*,sph sequences. Moreover, both small bulges with ‘undermassive’ black holes and big lenticular galaxies (including relic ‘red nuggets’) with ‘overmassive’ black holes – relative to the near-linear Mbh–M*,sph sequence – are no longer viewed as outliers. We confirm a steep $M_{\rm {bh}}\propto ~M_{\rm {*,bulge}}^{2.25\pm 0.39}$ relation for spiral galaxies and discuss numerous implications of this work, including how mergers, rather than (only) feedback from active galactic nuclei, have shaped the high-mass end of the galaxy mass function. We also explain why there may be no useful Mbh–M*,sph–Re,sph plane due to M*,sph scaling nearly linearly with Re,sph.
Spectral classification of the 100 pc white dwarf population from Gaia-DR3 and the virtual observatory
Authors: Jiménez-Esteban F M , Torres S , Rebassa-Mansergas A , Cruz P , Murillo-Ojeda R , Solano E , Rodrigo C , Camisassa M E
Published: November 2022

The third data release of Gaia has provided low-resolution spectra for ∼100 000 white dwarfs (WDs) that, together with the excellent photometry and astrometry, represent an unrivalled benchmark for the study of this population. In this work, we first built a highly complete volume-limited sample consisting in 12 718 WDs within 100 pc from the Sun. The use of Virtual Observatory Spectral energy distribution Analyzer tool allowed us to perform an automated fitting of their spectral energy distributions to different atmospheric models. In particular, the use of spectrally derived Javalambre-Physics of the Accelerating Universe Astrophysical Survey photometry from Gaia spectra led to the classification of DA and non-DA WDs with an accuracy >90 per cent, tested in already spectroscopically labelled objects. The excellent performance achieved was extended to practically the whole population of WDs with effective temperatures above 5500 K. Our results show that while the A branch of the Gaia WD Hertzsprung–Russell diagram is practically populated by DA WDs, the B branch is largely formed by non-DAs (65 per cent). The remaining 35 per cent of DAs within the B branch implies a second peak at ∼0.8 M⊙ in the DA mass distribution. Additionally, the Q branch and its extension to lower temperatures can be observed for both DA and non-DA objects due to core crystallization. Finally, we derived a detailed spectral evolution function, which confirms a slow increase of the fraction of non-DAs as the effective temperature decreases down to 10 500 K, where it reaches a maximum of 36 per cent and then decreases for lower temperatures down to ∼31 per cent.
Linking the internal properties of infant globular clusters to their formation environments
Authors: Phipps Frederika , Khochfar Sadegh , Varri Anna Lisa , Dalla Vecchia Claudio
Published: November 2022

We investigate the formation of infant globular cluster (GC) candidates in high-resolution cosmological simulations from the First Billion Years project. By analysing the evolution of the systems in the energy and angular momentum plane, we identify the redshift at which the infant GCs first became gravitationally bound, and we find evidence of radial infall of their gaseous and stellar components. The collapse appears to be driven by internal self-gravity; however, the initial trigger is sourced from the external environment. The phase space behaviour of the infant GCs also allows us to identify some characteristic groupings of objects. Such a classification based on internal properties appears to be reflected in the formation environment: GC candidates that belong to the same class are found in host galaxies of similar morphology, with the majority of the infant GCs located in clumpy, irregular proto-galaxies. Finally, through the inspection of two GC candidates that contain only stars by z = 6, we find that supernova feedback is the main physical mechanism behind their dearth of gas and that the systems subsequently respond with an approximately adiabatic expansion. Such infant GC candidates already resemble the GCs we currently observe in the local Universe.
The role of the turbulence driving mode for the initial mass function
Authors: Mathew Sajay Sunny , Federrath Christoph , Seta Amit
Published: November 2022

Turbulence is a critical ingredient for star formation, yet its role for the initial mass function (IMF) is not fully understood. Here we perform magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations of star cluster formation including gravity, turbulence, magnetic fields, stellar heating, and outflow feedback to study the influence of the mode of turbulence driving on IMF. We find that simulations that employ purely compressive turbulence driving (COMP) produce a higher fraction of low-mass stars as compared to simulations that use purely solenoidal driving (SOL). The characteristic (median) mass of the sink particle (protostellar) distribution for COMP is shifted to lower masses by a factor of ∼1.5 compared to SOL. Our simulation IMFs capture the important features of the observed IMF form. We find that turbulence-regulated theories of the IMF match our simulation IMFs reasonably well in the high-mass and low-mass range, but underestimate the number of very low-mass stars, which form towards the later stages of our simulations and stop accreting due to dynamical interactions. Our simulations show that for both COMP and SOL, the multiplicity fraction is an increasing function of the primary mass, although the multiplicity fraction in COMP is higher than that of SOL for any primary mass range. We find that binary mass ratio distribution is independent of the turbulence driving mode. The average specific angular momentum of the sink particles in SOL is a factor of 2 higher than that for COMP. Overall, we conclude that the turbulence driving mode plays a significant role in shaping the IMF.
A new residual distribution hydrodynamics solver for astrophysical simulations
Authors: Morton B , Khochfar S , Wu Z
Published: November 2022

Many astrophysical systems can only be accurately modelled when the behaviour of their baryonic gas components is well understood. The residual distribution (RD) family of partial differential equation (PDE) solvers produce approximate solutions to the corresponding fluid equations. We present a new implementation of the RD method. The solver efficiently calculates the evolution of the fluid, with up to second order accuracy in both time and space, across an unstructured triangulation, in both 2D and 3D. We implement a novel variable time stepping routine, which applies a drifting mechanism to greatly improve the computational efficiency of the method. We conduct extensive testing of the new implementation, demonstrating its innate ability to resolve complex fluid structures, even at very low resolution. We can resolve complex structures with as few as 3–5 resolution elements, demonstrated by Kelvin–Helmholtz and Sedov blast tests. We also note that we find cold cloud destruction time scales consistent with those predicted by a typical PPE solver, albeit the exact evolution shows small differences. The code includes three residual calculation modes, the LDA, N, and blended schemes, tailored for scenarios from smooth flows (LDA), to extreme shocks (N), and both (blended). We compare our RD solver results to state-of-the-art solvers used in other astrophysical codes, demonstrating the competitiveness of the new approach, particularly at low resolution. This is of particular interest in large scale astrophysical simulations, where important structures, such as star forming gas clouds, are often resolved by small numbers of fluid elements.
Radiative transfer as a Bayesian linear regression problem
Authors: De Ceuster F , Ceulemans T , Cockayne J , Decin L , Yates J
Published: November 2022

Electromagnetic radiation plays a crucial role in various physical and chemical processes. Hence, almost all astrophysical simulations require some form of radiative transfer model. Despite many innovations in radiative transfer algorithms and their implementation, realistic radiative transfer models remain very computationally expensive, such that one often has to resort to approximate descriptions. The complexity of these models makes it difficult to assess the validity of any approximation and to quantify uncertainties on the model results. This impedes scientific rigour, in particular, when comparing models to observations, or when using their results as input for other models. We present a probabilistic numerical approach to address these issues by treating radiative transfer as a Bayesian linear regression problem. This allows us to model uncertainties on the input and output of the model with the variances of the associated probability distributions. Furthermore, this approach naturally allows us to create reduced-order radiative transfer models with a quantifiable accuracy. These are approximate solutions to exact radiative transfer models, in contrast to the exact solutions to approximate models that are often used. As a first demonstration, we derive a probabilistic version of the method of characteristics, a commonly-used technique to solve radiative transfer problems.
Fine-structure transitions of the carbon isoelectronic sequence C, N+, and O2 + induced by collisions with atomic hydrogen
Authors: Yan Pei-Gen , Babb James F
Published: November 2022

Fine-structure transitions can be involved in various processes including photon absorption, charge transfer, and inelastic collisions between ions, electrons, and neutral atoms. We present fine-structure excitation and relaxation cross-sections for the collisions of the first few members of the carbon isoelectronic sequence (C, N+ and O2 +) with atomic hydrogen calculated using quantum-mechanical methods. For C, the scattering theory and computational approach is verified by comparison with previous calculations. The rate coefficients for the collisional processes are obtained. For N+ and O2 +, the transitions correspond to the lines [O iii] 52 μm, [O iii] 88 μm, [N ii] 122 μm, and [N ii] 205 μm, observed in the far-infrared in the local universe and more recently in high-redshift galaxies using radio interferometry. The influence of different potentials on the cross-sections and rate coefficients are demonstrated.
The statistical properties of stars at redshift, z = 5, compared with the present epoch
Authors: Bate Matthew R
Published: November 2022

We report the statistical properties of stars and brown dwarfs obtained from three radiation hydrodynamical simulations of star cluster formation with metallicities of 1, 1/10, and 1/100 of the solar value. The star-forming clouds are subjected to cosmic microwave background radiation that is appropriate for star formation at a redshift z = 5. The results from the three calculations are compared to each other, and to similar previously published calculations that had levels of background radiation appropriate for present-day (z = 0) star formation. Each of the calculations treats dust and gas temperatures separately and includes a thermochemical model of the diffuse interstellar medium. We find that whereas the stellar mass distribution is insensitive to the metallicity for present-day star formation, at z = 5 the characteristic stellar mass increases with increasing metallicity and the mass distribution has a deficit of brown dwarfs and low-mass stars at solar metallicity compared to the Galactic initial mass function. We also find that the multiplicity of M-dwarfs decreases with increasing metallicity at z = 5. These effects are a result of metal-rich gas being unable to cool to as low temperatures at z = 5 compared to at z = 0 due to the hotter cosmic microwave background radiation, which inhibits fragmentation at high densities.
Bayesian jackknife tests with a small number of subsets: application to HERA 21 cm power spectrum upper limits
Authors: Wilensky Michael J , Kennedy Fraser , Bull Philip , Dillon Joshua S , Abdurashidova Zara , Adams Tyrone , Aguirre James E , Alexander Paul , Ali Zaki S , Baartman Rushelle , Balfour Yanga , Beardsley Adam P , Bernardi Gianni , Billings Tashalee S , Bowman Judd D , Bradley Richard F , Burba Jacob , Carey Steven , Carilli Chris L , Cheng Carina , DeBoer David R , de Lera Acedo Eloy , Dexter Matt , Eksteen Nico , Ely John , Ewall-Wice Aaron , Fagnoni Nicolas , Fritz Randall , Furlanetto Steven R , Gale-Sides Kingsley , Glendenning Brian , Gorthi Deepthi , Greig Bradley , Grobbelaar Jasper , Halday Ziyaad , Hazelton Bryna J , Hewitt Jacqueline N , Hickish Jack , Jacobs Daniel C , Julius Austin , Kariseb MacCalvin , Kern Nicholas S , Kerrigan Joshua , Kittiwisit Piyanat , Kohn Saul A , Kolopanis Matthew , Lanman Adam , La Plante Paul , Liu Adrian , Loots Anita , MacMahon David Harold Edward , Malan Lourence , Malgas Cresshim , Malgas Keith , Marero Bradley , Martinot Zachary E , Mesinger Andrei , Molewa Mathakane , Morales Miguel F , Mosiane Tshegofalang , Murray Steven G , Neben Abraham R , Nikolic Bojan , Nuwegeld Hans , Parsons Aaron R , Patra Nipanjana , Pieterse Samantha , Razavi-Ghods Nima , Robnett James , Rosie Kathryn , Sims Peter , Swarts Hilton , Thyagarajan Nithyanandan , van Wyngaarden Pieter , Williams Peter K G , Zheng Haoxuan
Published: November 2022

We present a Bayesian jackknife test for assessing the probability that a data set contains biased subsets, and, if so, which of the subsets are likely to be biased. The test can be used to assess the presence and likely source of statistical tension between different measurements of the same quantities in an automated manner. Under certain broadly applicable assumptions, the test is analytically tractable. We also provide an open-source code, chiborg, that performs both analytic and numerical computations of the test on general Gaussian-distributed data. After exploring the information theoretical aspects of the test and its performance with an array of simulations, we apply it to data from the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) to assess whether different sub-seasons of observing can justifiably be combined to produce a deeper 21 cm power spectrum upper limit. We find that, with a handful of exceptions, the HERA data in question are statistically consistent and this decision is justified. We conclude by pointing out the wide applicability of this test, including to CMB experiments and the H0 tension.
The nature of 500 micron risers – II. Multiplicities and environments of sub-mm faint dusty star-forming galaxies
Authors: Cairns J , Clements D L , Greenslade J , Petitpas G , Cheng T , Ding Y , Parmar A , Pérez-Fournon I , Riechers D
Published: November 2022

We present Submillimeter Common User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2) and Submillimeter Array (SMA) follow-up observations of four candidate high-redshift dusty star-forming galaxies, selected as sources with rising spectral energy distributions in the 250, 350, and 500 μm Herschel SPIRE bands. Previous SMA observations showed no counterparts to these sources, but in our deeper sub-mm observations we detect counterparts to all four 500 μm risers, with three resolving into multiple systems. For these three multiple systems, the SMA 345 GHz (≈870 μm) observations recover $123 \pm 73{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, $60 \pm 15{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, and $19 \pm 4{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the integrated 850 μm flux density from SCUBA-2, indicating that there may be additional sources below our SMA detection limit making up a dense, protocluster core. The fourth 500 μm riser was observed at a lower frequency and so we cannot make a similar comparison. We estimate photometric redshifts based on FIR/sub-mm colours, finding that three fourths likely lie at z ≥ 2. This fits with the interpretation that the 500 μm riser selection criterion selects both intrinsically red, individual galaxies at z > 4, and multiple systems at more moderate redshifts, artificially reddened by the effects of blending. We use the SCUBA-2 850 μm maps to investigate the environments of these 500 μm risers. By constructing cumulative number counts and estimating photometric redshifts for surrounding SCUBA-2 detections, we find that one of our 500 μm risers could plausibly reside in a z ≥ 2 protocluster. We infer that bright 500 μm risers with faint 850 μm flux densities are typically multiple systems at z ≥ 2 that may reside in overdensities of bright sub-mm galaxies.
The development and use of metal-based probes for X-ray fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Victor-Lovelace Tiffany W , Miller Lisa M
Published: November 2022

X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) has become a widely used technique for imaging the concentration and distribution of metal ions in cells and tissues. Recent advances in synchrotron sources, optics, and detectors have improved the spatial resolution of the technique to <10 nm with attogram detection sensitivity. However, to make XFM most beneficial for bioimaging—especially at the nanoscale—the metal ion distribution must be visualized within the subcellular context of the cell. Over the years, a number of approaches have been taken to develop X-ray-sensitive tags that permit the visualization of specific organelles or proteins using XFM. In this review, we examine the types of X-ray fluorophore used, including nanomaterials and metal ions, and the approaches used to incorporate the metal into their target binding site via antibodies, genetically encoded metal-binding peptides, affinity labeling, or cell-specific peptides. We evaluate their advantages and disadvantages, review the scientific findings, and discuss the needs for future development.
GENCODE: reference annotation for the human and mouse genomes in 2023
Authors: Frankish Adam , Carbonell-Sala Sílvia , Diekhans Mark , Jungreis Irwin , Loveland Jane E , Mudge Jonathan M , Sisu Cristina , Wright James C , Arnan Carme , Barnes If , Banerjee Abhimanyu , Bennett Ruth , Berry Andrew , Bignell Alexandra , Boix Carles , Calvet Ferriol , Cerdán-Vélez Daniel , Cunningham Fiona , Davidson Claire , Donaldson Sarah , Dursun Cagatay , Fatima Reham , Giorgetti Stefano , Giron Carlos Garcıa , Gonzalez Jose Manuel , Hardy Matthew , Harrison Peter W , Hourlier Thibaut , Hollis Zoe , Hunt Toby , James Benjamin , Jiang Yunzhe , Johnson Rory , Kay Mike , Lagarde Julien , Martin Fergal J , Gómez Laura Martínez , Nair Surag , Ni Pengyu , Pozo Fernando , Ramalingam Vivek , Ruffier Magali , Schmitt Bianca M , Schreiber Jacob M , Steed Emily , Suner Marie-Marthe , Sumathipala Dulika , Sycheva Irina , Uszczynska-Ratajczak Barbara , Wass Elizabeth , Yang Yucheng T , Yates Andrew , Zafrulla Zahoor , Choudhary Jyoti S , Gerstein Mark , Guigo Roderic , Hubbard Tim J P , Kellis Manolis , Kundaje Anshul , Paten Benedict , Tress Michael L , Flicek Paul
Published: November 2022

GENCODE produces high quality gene and transcript annotation for the human and mouse genomes. All GENCODE annotation is supported by experimental data and serves as a reference for genome biology and clinical genomics. The GENCODE consortium generates targeted experimental data, develops bioinformatic tools and carries out analyses that, along with externally produced data and methods, support the identification and annotation of transcript structures and the determination of their function. Here, we present an update on the annotation of human and mouse genes, including developments in the tools, data, analyses and major collaborations which underpin this progress. For example, we report the creation of a set of non-canonical ORFs identified in GENCODE transcripts, the LRGASP collaboration to assess the use of long transcriptomic data to build transcript models, the progress in collaborations with RefSeq and UniProt to increase convergence in the annotation of human and mouse protein-coding genes, the propagation of GENCODE across the human pan-genome and the development of new tools to support annotation of regulatory features by GENCODE. Our annotation is accessible via Ensembl, the UCSC Genome Browser and https://www.gencodegenes.org.
Nicotine Enhances Intravenous Self-administration of Cannabinoids in Adult Rats
Authors: Stringfield Sierra J , Sanders Bryson E , Suppo Jude A , Sved Alan F , Torregrossa Mary M
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Nicotine and cannabis are commonly used together, yet few studies have investigated the effects of concurrent administration. Nicotine exhibits reinforcement enhancing effects by promoting the reinforcing properties of stimuli including other drugs. As many studies of this effect used non-contingent nicotine, we implemented a dual-self-administration model where rats have simultaneous access to two drugs and choose which to self-administer throughout a session. Here, we investigated the effect of self-administered or non-contingently delivered nicotine on cannabinoid self-administration.

Methods

Adult male rats were allowed to self-administer the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) intravenously, with or without subcutaneous nicotine injections before each session. A separate group of animals were allowed to self-administer WIN, nicotine, or saline using a dual-catheter procedure, where each solution was infused independently and associated with a separate operant response. A third group of male and female rats were allowed to self-administer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with or without pre-session injections of nicotine.

Results

Nicotine injections increased self-administration of WIN and THC. During dual self-administration, nicotine availability increased saline and WIN infusions but nicotine intake was not changed by WIN or saline availability. Rats preferred nicotine over saline, but preferred nicotine and WIN equally when both were available. The effect of nicotine on cannabinoid self-administration was acute and reversible when nicotine was no longer present.

Conclusions

These results expand our understanding of the ability of nicotine to enhance reinforcement of other drugs and suggest that co-use of nicotine and cannabinoids promotes cannabinoid use beyond what would be taken alone.

Implications

This study utilizes a dual intravenous self-administration model to investigate the ability of nicotine to enhance cannabinoid intake. Our results demonstrate that the reinforcement enhancing properties of nicotine on drug use extend to include cannabinoids, but that this effect occurs specifically when nicotine is administered alongside the cannabinoid. Interestingly, cannabinoid use did not promote nicotine intake, suggesting this mechanism of reinforcement is specific to nicotine.
Immigration and Substance Use
Authors: Salas-Wright Christopher P. , Duque María , Idriss Sariya , Hai Audrey Hang , Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2022

The purpose of the present article is to provide an annotated bibliography of key references that provide information pertinent to substance use among immigrants in the United States over the past two decades. This includes studies examining immigrants from multiple sending regions (e.g., Africa, Asia), but—as a reflection of the long-standing trend in this area of research—the bulk of the literature cited in this article is focused on immigrants from Latin America. We focus on several main streams of research. First, we provide an overview of recent studies examining substance use risk among immigrants using national data. Second, we explore the question of why rates of alcohol and drug use—and, indeed, other behavioral health outcomes—tend to be lower among foreign-born individuals than among those born in the United States. This pattern has opened scholarly inquiry to examine the importance of pre-migration cultural factors, self-selection factors related to migration, and post-migration deterrent factors related to risky/illegal behaviors, including drug use. Another important research stream has examined the complex interplay between acculturation and substance use risk among immigrants, emphasizing the importance of factors such as age of migration, time spent living in the United States, ethnic enclaves, and other contextual factors. Additionally, scholars have begun in earnest to examine adverse migration-related cultural stress experiences such as discrimination, stereotyping, and marginalization as risk factors for alcohol and drug misuse among immigrants. In this article, we examine these and other factors to provide social work practitioners and scholars with an informed overview related to immigrants and substance use.
Cyrus
Authors: Silverman Jason
Published: November 2022

Cyrus (II) “the Great” (d. 530 BCE) appears abruptly in the historical record. Inheriting the throne of a small principality, his military campaigns would greatly expand the tradition of ancient Near Eastern imperialism to cover the largest territory yet seen in history. Though the empire was threatened by a dynastic break not long after Cyrus’s death, the polity would endure for roughly 200 years. Cyrus and his sons (Cambyses II and Bardiya) are known as the Teispid dynasty and Darius I and his heirs as the Achaemenid dynasty, though the latter is typically used for the empire to distinguish it from later Persian empires. The seemingly unprecedented conquests of Cyrus and his relations with his new subjects deeply impacted classical and biblical authors. These latter two sets of sources would shape both the memory and the historiography of the Persian Empire, and they continue to do so today. A recent uptick in scholarly interest in the Persian Empire as it can be understood from Persian and Akkadian sources has begun to illuminate both the empire at large and its origins. The limited nature of the direct sources for Cyrus himself means his reign must be contextualized both with previous ancient Near Eastern evidence and from the subsequent Persian Empire. This article focuses on Cyrus himself as much as possible rather than the empire he founded.
Buddhism, Immigrants, and Refugees
Authors: Kilby Christina
Published: November 2022

The title “Buddhism, Immigrants, and Refugees” appeals to a distinctly modern context where states take the form of sovereign territories defined by borders whose crossing legally marks a person as “immigrant” and, in certain cases, “refugee.” For most of Buddhism’s history, states as they are known in the twenty-first century did not exist, and the people who carried Buddhism across cultural and geographical space inhabited many roles. They were monks, merchants, emissaries, exiles, brides, pilgrims, missionaries, and students; their movement was motivated by invitation, by command, by crisis, by opportunity, or by visions. As they lived and moved, their traditions lived and moved with them––and the places where they settled changed in response. While migration and cultural adaptation have been woven into the fabric of the Buddhist tradition from its very beginnings, the categories of “immigrant” and “refugee” are relatively new to Buddhist experience. This article overviews scholarship on “Buddhism, Immigrants, and Refugees” primarily in the modern era of bordered states, which is deeply intertwined with scholarship on globalization (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article “Globalization”). It includes sources that describe Buddhist experiences of movement, exile, and acculturation as well as sources that investigate the political, ethical, social, and psychological dimensions of immigration from Buddhist perspectives. This article is limited by its reliance on Anglophone scholarly literature, which disproportionately treats Anglophone contexts of Buddhist immigration (explained in part by the large number of Asian Buddhist immigrants to the United States and Canada in the twentieth century). Although the title of this article omits the term “internally displaced people” (people who are uprooted from their homes and communities, yet do not cross state borders), this article includes sources that address internally displaced people who are construed as immigrants by those in power as a technique of marginalization. Additionally, this article includes sources that address not only immigrants, refugees, internally displaced people, host communities, and aid organizations who serve them, but also governments and militaries who regulate state borders and who choose whom to include and exclude, often with violent consequences (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article “Buddhism and Nationalism”).
Olive Schreiner
Authors: Free Melissa
Published: November 2022

Olive Schreiner (b. 1855–d. 1920) was the first internationally successful South African writer. She was also the author of the first New Woman novel, The Story of an African Farm (1883). Born in the eastern Cape Colony (modern day South Africa), she was the ninth of twelve children. Her father was a German missionary, her mother was English, and the family struggled financially. Though Schreiner received no formal education, she read widely and began writing her first novel (the posthumously published From Man to Man or Perhaps Only, which she never completed) while still in her teens. Before she left South Africa for Britain in 1881, she had completed two novels, Undine (also published posthumously) and The Story of an African Farm. Though Schreiner went to Britain to pursue a medical education, her asthma compelled her to abandon that goal. Instead, she sought and eventually found a publisher for The Story of an African Farm. Published under the pseudonym Ralph Iron, the novel was an immediate success. Her real identity soon became known and Schreiner, now something of a celebrity, stayed in England (with some travel in Europe), mixing with other progressive thinkers, for several more years. She spent the decade before and after the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) in South Africa. During these years, she published allegories, short fiction, and political writing, including Woman and Labour (1911), which historicizes, theorizes, and asserts the social value of women’s productive labor and explodes the separate spheres ideology. She married, had a child (who lived for less than twenty-four hours), and, in 1913, went back to England (without her husband). In 1920, not long after returning (again) to South Africa, Schreiner died of heart disease. Her reputation has endured in South Africa, but in the half century between her death and the rise of Second Wave feminism, she received little attention elsewhere. Feminist and postcolonial scholarship has given her reputation new life, and if she began the turn of the twenty-first century “poised on the cusp of canonicity” (Patricia Murphy, “Dissolving the Boundaries: Temporal Subversion in The Story of an African Farm,” p. 253 n. 3, cited under The Story of an African Farm: Genre and Form), she has since crossed its threshold.
Philip Larkin
Authors: Hibbett Ryan
Published: November 2022

As a central, highly acclaimed representative of postwar poetry in Britain whose status beyond is less conspicuous, Philip Larkin marks to some extent the death of the transnational poetic giant; from the cosmopolitan lineage of Yeats, Eliot, and Auden we arrive at a poet often characterized as exclusively English and anti-modernist, whose poetry strives toward an aesthetic of straightforwardness and accessibility. At the same time, Larkin, in his role as “people’s poet” or “unofficial laureate,” manifests a felt division between an authentic, popular, democratic poetry versus an institutionalized, elitist one. Larkin remains a frequently written-about and polarizing figure, with initial criticisms of his provincialism and, later, reactions to the racism and misogyny within his published letters opening vast and ongoing space for a scholarship of apologetics and revaluation. That is, the bulk of Larkin scholarship since the mid-1990s aims to defend his work and/or person as having been unfairly diminished or attacked; scholars routinely cite the flurry of post-letters indignation and anti-Larkin sentiments (represented in Larkin under Attack), then proceed, by various methods, to demonstrate overlooked complexities, virtues, and achievements—aspects of the man and his writing that undermine simplistic portraits (including Larkin’s self-characterizations), thereby displacing a singular version of Larkin with a myriad of identities, voices, influences, and contradictions. This basic polemic—thoroughly documented in the critical survey Evans 2017 (cited under Reference Works), whose chronology tracks a cherished-yet-fallen poet’s return to “triumph”—anticipates and overlaps to some degree the broader conflicts embedded in terms like political correctness, cancel culture, toxic masculinity, and identity politics, yet has also, in a manner recalling the Joseph Conrad debates instigated by Chinua Achebe, brought to Larkin familiar disputes regarding the proper boundaries of literary scholarship, and the question of whether the artist and/or their politics can be separated from what Larkin once called the “sole freshly created universe” of the poetic text. Across the various categories and chronologies found in this bibliography some notable trends prevail: 1) an approach to Larkin’s poetry as a system of conflicted binaries (Swarbrick’s “aesthete/philistine” paradigm, Motion’s empiricist/symbolist split, Carey’s dueling speech registers, etc.); 2) a recognition of Larkin’s unique use of persona, which tends to complicate the lines between poet and speaker, life and text; and 3) a (contested) effort to analyze Larkin in relation to place—be it city, region, nation, or empire—and within the complicating developments of a post-imperial consciousness and globalized market.
Philology and Science in Imperial China
Authors: Sela Ori , Zhang Xue
Published: November 2022

Philology and science have been intertwined throughout Chinese history. The specific characteristics of each changed over time, yet their general meaning in premodern China lingered. Philological practices entailed deep engagement with language and text, and science, more specifically, natural and exact studies often followed the Confucian dictum of “investigating things” (gewu格物). In imperial China, and especially in Confucianism, the term for philology was xiaoxue小學 (literally: lesser or minute scholarship), and understood, for the most part, as subservient of daxue大學 (literally: great learning), the realm of broad scholarship and big ideas. Xiaoxue originally referred to paleography (wenzi文字), as comprehension of scripts their historical changes was key to understanding early texts in various forms. By the eleventh century, xiaoxue had broadened to include paleography, phonology (yinyun音韵), and exegesis (xungu訓詁). In the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), scholars associated with evidential scholarship (kaozheng/kaoju xue考證/考據學) elevated the status of xiaoxue to an unprecedented height: textual studies became the singular most important path to Confucian—and other—teachings, and more generally, to the pursuit of facts and scientific knowledge. Although science had no exact correlation in premodern China, systematic attempts to comprehend natural phenomena (e.g., calculation, observation, and experimentation) certainly existed. Chinese categories relevant to such endeavors were diverse, and often discipline-specific (e.g., mathematics), and the umbrella term “investigating things” designated many of them. “Things” could refer to nature, but frequently referred to texts. Thus, the methodology of investigating nature through textual inquiry had inspired Chinese thinkers through the ages, and during the Qing, as evidential scholarship became the mainstay of research, the nexus of philology and science intensified and lingered into the modern era. This bibliographic entry deals with Chinese philology and science, that is, up to the late nineteenth century, when a host of new terms and ideas flowing from around the world changed philology, science, and their nexus dramatically in China. In what follows, we engage, first, philology, its contents, and its development (also as one form of “science”), and then the relationship between philology and the sciences, or, as the traditional Chinese category has it: “the investigation of things.” The final section situates the nexus between Chinese philology and science in a broader context, in which exchanges between China and the West are discussed.
Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein Antibody Titers and Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Coghill Anna E , McGuire Andrew , Sinha Sweta , Homad Leah , Sinha Irika , Sholukh Anton , Koh Woon-Puay , Yuan Jian Min
Published: November 2022

We evaluated antibody against Epstein-Barr virus glycoproteins (gp350, gH/gL, gB, gp42) in 97 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cases and 97 cancer-free controls. Each unit increase in log-transformed antibody against gp350 and gH/gL was associated with 2.27 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–4.29) and 2.18 (95% CI, 1.22–3.90) higher odds of NPC, respectively. This association was more apparent for NPC diagnosed within 5 years of antibody measurement.
PHOSPHATE RESPONSE 1 family members act distinctly to regulate transcriptional responses to phosphate starvation
Authors: Wang Zhen , Zheng Zai , Zhu Yumin , Kong Shuyao , Liu Dong
Published: November 2022

To sustain growth when facing phosphate (Pi) starvation, plants trigger an array of adaptive responses that are largely controlled at transcriptional levels. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the four transcription factors of the PHOSPHATE RESPONSE 1 (PHR1) family, PHR1 and its homologs PHR1-like 1 (PHL1), PHL2, and PHL3 form the central regulatory system that controls the expression of Pi starvation-responsive (PSR) genes. However, how each of these four proteins function in regulating the transcription of PSR genes remains largely unknown. In this work, we performed comparative phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses using Arabidopsis mutants with various combinations of mutations in these four genes. The results showed that PHR1/PHL1 and PHL2/PHL3 do not physically interact with each other and function as two distinct modules in regulating plant development and transcriptional responses to Pi starvation. In the PHR1/PHL1 module, PHR1 plays a dominant role, whereas, in the PHL2/PHL3 module, PHL2 and PHL3 contribute similarly to the regulation of PSR gene transcription. By analyzing their common and specific targets, we showed that these PHR proteins could function as both positive and negative regulators of PSR gene expression depending on their targets. Some interactions between PHR1 and PHL2/PHL3 in regulating PSR gene expression were also observed. In addition, we identified a large set of defense-related genes whose expression is not affected in wild-type plants but is altered in the mutant plants under Pi starvation. These results increase our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying plant transcriptional responses to Pi starvation.
Associations between levels of Internet Gaming Disorder symptoms and striatal morphology–replication and associations with social anxiety
Authors: Klugah-Brown Benjamin , Zhou Xinqi , Wang Lan , Gan Xianyang , Zhang Ran , Liu Xiqin , Song Xinwei , Zhao Weihua , Biswal Bharat B , Yu Fangwen , Montag Christian , Becker Benjamin
Published: November 2022

Background

Brain structural alterations of the striatum have been frequently observed in internet gaming disorder (IGD); however, the replicability of the results and the associations with social-affective dysregulations such as social anxiety remain to be determined.

Methods

The present study combined a dimensional neuroimaging approach with both voxel-wise and data-driven multivariate approaches to (i) replicate our previous results on a negative association between IGD symptom load (assessed by the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form) and striatal volume, (ii) extend these findings to female individuals, and (iii) employ multivariate and mediation models to determine common brain structural representations of IGD and social anxiety (assessed by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale).

Results

In line with the original study, the voxel-wise analyses revealed a negative association between IGD and volumes of the bilateral caudate. Going beyond the earlier study investigating only male participants, the present study demonstrates that the association in the right caudate was comparable in both the male and the female subsamples. Further examination using the multivariate approach revealed regionally different associations between IGD and social anxiety with striatal density representations in the dorsal striatum (caudate) and ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens). Higher levels of IGD were associated with higher social anxiety and the association was critically mediated by the multivariate neurostructural density variations of the striatum.

Conclusions

Altered striatal volumes may represent a replicable and generalizable marker of IGD symptoms. However, exploratory multivariate analyses revealed more complex and regional specific associations between striatal density and IGD as well as social anxiety symptoms. Variations in both tendencies may share common structural brain representations, which mediate the association between increased IGD and social anxiety.