bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cope and Grow
Authors: Dai David Yun , Steenbergen-Hu Saiying , Zhou Yehan
Published: February 2015

In this grounded theory qualitative study, we interviewed 34 graduates from one cohort of 51 students from a prestigious early college entrance program in China. Based on the interview data, we identified distinct convergent and divergent patterns of lived experiences and changes. We found several dominant themes, including peers’ mutual stimulation for excellence, academic competition, big-fish-little-pond effect, coping with academic challenges, transition to college life, developing intrinsic interests, and making critical career decisions. Based on the thematic analysis, we developed a Cope-and-Grow model of strivings for academic excellence while developing one’s self-identity. Three interrelated claims are made about the unique situation in which early college entrants found themselves, individual differences in coping and growing experiences, and intrapersonal changes over time. Rich connections are made between the Cope-and-Grow model and the extant empirical research and theories, such as aptitude theory, developmental asynchrony theory, and talent development theory. We also discussed the implications of the findings for curricular and instructional adaptation, counseling interventions, and future research.
Advancing the ‘One Health’ workforce by integrating ecosystem health practice into veterinary medical education: The Envirovet Summer Institute
Authors: Schwind Jessica S , Gilardi Kirsten VK , Beasley Val R , Mazet Jonna AK , Smith Woutrina A
Published: February 2015

Objectives:

The objectives of this study were to assess whether the Envirovet programme served to increase the number of practising ecosystem health professionals, as well as to measure the lasting professional and personal impact of the programme on participants.

Design:

Impact programme evaluation.

Setting:

An emerging strategy among global health programmes is to promote ‘One Health’ – namely, the understanding that human, animal and environmental health are inextricably linked – as a unifying framework of coordinated education, research and practice. Established in 1991, the Envirovet Summer Institute was created to increase worldwide knowledge and capacity of veterinary medicine students and practitioners to support ecosystem health as a critical component of the One Health approach.

Method:

A semi-structured questionnaire was electronically administered to past programme participants.

Results:

The majority of respondents (65 of 88, 74%) indicated that they had held an ecosystem health employment position since their participation in Envirovet. The reach of Envirovet went beyond participants’ own experiences, by influencing local organisations, programmes, colleagues, family and friends. Furthermore, Envirovet reportedly inspired past participants to make environmentally conscious lifestyle choices and spurred them to make changes professionally, including guiding on-the-job decisions and strengthening network contacts.

Conclusion:

Envirovet offers an established example of One Health training. Additional educational programmes might usefully include One Health principles coupled to a comparable evaluation plan to establish a larger, more comprehensively trained and increasingly effective global health workforce.
Chinese multinational corporations’ responses to host country trade unions: An eclectic approach
Authors: Shuqin Zhu Judith
Published: February 2015

This paper explores Chinese multinational corporations’ responses to trade unions in host countries. Using an in-depth case study analysis of the policies on union representation and union–management relations in six Chinese multinational corporations, this paper demonstrates that Chinese multinational corporations’ responses to host country unions are primarily shaped by home and host institutions, rational choices of firms, and organizational learning. It concludes that while rational choice and institutional theory, the two dominant lenses used in existing literature, are helpful in understanding the industrial relations practices in multinational corporations, they need to be supplemented with an organizational learning perspective in an analysis of industrial relation practices in multinational corporations from emerging markets.
Assessing Learning Opportunities in EFL Classroom Interaction: What Can Conversation Analysis Tell Us?
Authors: Cancino Marco
Published: February 2015

The present paper seeks to assess the opportunities for learner involvement and negotiation of meaning that teachers provide in the unfolding interaction in an EFL setting. Classroom data from a Chilean EFL setting were collected in order to assess how teachers deploy a number of interactional features when managing contingent learner turns. The analysis of the interaction was carried out under a conversational analysis framework, which is suited to illuminate local classroom discourse. Analysis of the interaction showed that a number of interactional features were found to influence the quality and amount of negotiation of meaning and learner involvement. The data also suggest that instances for negotiation of meaning can be nurtured and prompted by the teacher, and that their absence can be explained to some extent by a misuse of the interactional features that teachers have at their disposal. It is suggested that teachers should be more aware of the local, dynamic and context-sensitive aspects of their interaction with learners in order to make moment-by-moment decisions that will likely increase negotiation of meaning and opportunities for learning.
Informal Social Control of Drinking in Intimate Relationships—A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Hradilova-Selin Klara , Holmila Marja , Knibbe Ronald A.
Published: February 2015

A number of studies have shown that pressure from others is an important element in decision making concerning entering treatment and that the pressure most often comes from one's partner. Is has also been found that, besides actual drinking habits, togetherness of drinking, i.e., proportion of drinking occasions spent together with partner, is reversely connected to pressure from partner to drink less. This article examines these relationships in a comparative perspective, using GENACIS survey data from 16 countries. The results confirmed that on both individual and aggregated level, there is a relationship between drinking and pressure from partner. There is more pressure reported in “dry” cultures and heavy drinking individuals are more often the object than others—in all cultures studied. In only a few countries with rather a different drinking culture, drinking together prevents the pressure, also when controlled for actual consumption. Except for Uganda and UK, men are generally more exposed to pressure to drink less exerted by their female partners and this cannot only be explained by the fact that they actually drink more.
Deaths Associated with High-Volume Drinking of Alcohol among Adults in Canada in 2002: A Need for Primary Care Intervention?
Authors: Patra Jayadeep , Taylor Benjamin , Rehm Jürgen
Published: February 2015

This study estimates risks of mortality associated with high-volume drinking for Canada in 2002 by age and sex. Distribution of exposure was taken from a major Canadian survey and corrected for per capita consumption from production and sales. High-volume drinking was defined as a daily consumption of ⩾40 grams of pure alcohol (at least 3 Canadian drinks) for men and ⩾20 grams of pure alcohol (at least 1.5 Canadian drinks) for women. Risk relations were taken from the published literature and combined with exposure to calculate age-and sex-specific alcohol-attributable fractions for high-volume drinking. Information on mortality was obtained from Statistics Canada and combined with alcohol-attributable fractions to estimate the overall mortality due to alcohol. About 4,950 net deaths (3,236 in those below 70 years of age) were due to high-volume drinking of alcohol in Canada in 2002. This constituted 2.2% (5.0% among those below 70 years of age) of all deaths. The net deaths were composed of 5,717 deaths caused and 767 deaths prevented. There was an age gradient, with the net deaths highest in 45–59 years age group. About 70.6% (5,717/8,103) of the overall deaths caused by alcohol were the result of high-volume drinking. Overall, the net impact of high-volume drinking of alcohol consumption on mortality in Canada is high. Policies should strive to reduce the burden of high-volume alcohol consumption. In addition to alcohol control measures, individual level interventions should be implemented in primary care to significantly reduce such burden.
Relapse to Injecting Drug Use: A Hepatitis C Treatment Concern
Authors: Harris Magdalena
Published: February 2015

In light of current initiatives to increase hepatitis C treatment uptake amongst current and former injectors, this article aims to explore the barriers and facilitators to treatment uptake from the patient's perspective. Semistructured interviews were conducted with people living with hepatitis C in Auckland, New Zealand and Sydney, Australia in 2004 and 2006. This article explores in detail one significant issue that has not so far been addressed in the social research literature about decision making for hepatitis C treatment. This is the concern expressed by a quarter of the 34 ex-injecting participants regarding the potential for hepatitis C treatment to cause a relapse to injecting drug use. The connection between hepatitis C treatment and relapse to injecting drug use is supported by a substantial clinical literature. Thus the proposed expansion of hepatitis C treatment into alcohol and other drug settings needs to be undertaken with caution.
Integrating Drug-Related Monitoring Systems—An Intelligence Led Approach
Authors: Chandler Martin , McVeigh Jim , Beynon Caryl
Published: February 2015

The Centre for Public Health at Liverpool John Moores University houses a number of distinct, but related, systems that collate attributable monitoring data from drug treatment, criminal justice, and harm reduction services in the North West of England. Briefly, the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System collates data from higher level structured drug treatment services (e.g., substitute prescribing, psychological interventions, and abstinence-based programs), while the Drug Interventions Programme collects data on criminal justice interventions both within the community and prisons, which aim to divert offenders into treatment. Alcohol treatment services for the region are monitored through the Alcohol Treatment Monitoring System. These systems provide regular reports to key stakeholders as well as themed reports to respond to specific public health and commissioning needs. These data are also used to demonstrate client crossover and pathways between services and regional trends in substance use. Finally, the data facilitate investigations into diverse drug-related issues such as injecting behavior, drug-related deaths, modeling to determine hidden drug using populations, epidemiological investigations, changing drug treatment demands, and monitoring the impact of government policy. In combination, these monitoring systems contain information relating to over 100,000 individuals in the North West of England over a 12-year period.
Sweden, the EU and the Alcohol Traveller's Allowances
Authors: Örnberg Jenny Cisneros
Published: February 2015

Restrictive alcohol policies have a long history at the national level in Sweden; however, with the accession to the European Union, the international component of alcohol policy has become clearer, and the national policies have been eroded. Sweden had to abandon low traveller's allowances and gradually adopt the considerably higher European levels by January 1, 2004. On the EU level the traveller's allowances were an issue long before Sweden's accession, and high allowances were a conscious way of forcing down high taxes as an instrument of harmonization. The purpose of the article is to analyze how the changes and the Swedish government's actions on the traveller's allowances issue have been understood. Analyzing this case contributes to understanding the major changes that have occurred in Swedish alcohol policy since the mid-1990s. Different narratives from interviews, official documents, and news articles make it possible to understand alcohol policy developments in Sweden in relation to the EU. The article finds that there are five main narratives which have been used to try to explain the development of the traveller's allowances question: the misinterpretation explanation, the double accounts explanation, the impotence explanation, the humility explanation, and the optimism explanation. The article also shows that the different narratives have developed over time, indicating a learning process among Swedish authorities on the functioning of EU policy processes.
Health Warning Labels on Alcohol Products—The Views of Australian University Students
Authors: Jones Sandra C. , Gregory Parri
Published: February 2015

While Australian legislation does not currently require health warning labels on alcohol products, several medical and advocacy organizations have been campaigning for their mandatory inclusion. The current study examines the attitudes and opinions of university students (a particularly high-risk group) relating to these messages, and the likelihood of such labeling influencing personal behaviors, in order to establish whether the introduction of these labels is likely to be effective. Alcohol warning labels have the potential to influence behaviors of adolescents and young adults, especially if modifications are made to the content and format of these—suggestions are given in this article. Finally, results of this research indicate that such health messages must be integrated with other educational measures and strategies aiming to internalize alcohol risk information by changing beliefs and, ultimately, behaviors.
Cannabis Dependence and Peer Selection in Social Networks of Frequent Users
Authors: Liebregts Nienke , Benschop Annemieke , Van Der Pol Peggy , Van Laar Margriet , De Graaf Ron , Van Den Brink Wim , Korf Dirk J.
Published: February 2015

In a Dutch longitudinal study on the dynamics of cannabis dependence, at baseline 600 frequent cannabis users (? 3 days cannabis use per week in past 12 months) aged 18–30 years were interviewed. Nearly half of all participants (42%) met DSM-IV criteria for cannabis dependence in the 12 months prior to the interview. Participants were recruited by respondent-driven sampling; referrals were understood as proxy for social networks to explore peer associations and social exclusion. Analyses revealed that networks of frequent cannabis users were mostly heterogeneous. Cannabis dependence did not emerge as a main selector. However, within segments of networks some clustering of cannabis dependence (indicating differential inclusion), sex and ethnicity was found. Methodological questions are discussed regarding the applicability of respondent-driven sampling in noninjecting, nonmarginalized drug users. The study's limitations are noted.
Accidental Intimacy: Transformative Emotion and the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre
Authors: Rance Jake , Fraser Suzanne
Published: February 2015

This article widens the debate surrounding supervised injecting facilities (SIFs) by exploring an aspect of SIFs yet to be examined in the scholarly literature: the relationships created between staff and clients within these settings. By analyzing entries made in the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre's (MSIC) client comment books we explore the centrality of emotional connection to clients' experiences of the service. We argue that the everyday contact between staff and clients—including the “accidental intimacy” that develops when clients inject in the presence of staff —counters the sensations of shame identified by many in the comment books, creating new relations, and new performative possibilities for the production of self, belonging and citizenship for clients of the service. In exploring the role of emotions in the operation of the MSIC we also aim to highlight the political, policy, and clinical value of qualitative forms of inquiry for the harm-reduction field.
Heaviest Drinking Locations and the Most Drunk There Predict the Likelihood of Fighting and Being Assaulted
Authors: Greenfield Thomas K. , Ye Yu , Nayak Madhabika B. , Bond Jason , Kerr William C. , Trocki Karen
Published: February 2015

Preference for on-premise drinking affects likelihood of aggression, but how venue affects victimization by other drinkers is less studied. We investigated influence of heavy consumption in specific venues on fighting and assaults by other drinkers in the 2000 U.S. National Alcohol Survey, a representative telephone survey of adults (n = 7,612). In the prior year 4.5% current drinkers were assaulted by drinkers, while < 2% reported fighting while drinking. Logistic regression analyses showed that where one drank most, and usual and peak amounts drunk there, each influenced risks of fighting and (less) being assaulted. For drinking and fighting, heaviest context, usual amount, and difference between usual and peak were all highly significant, but adding age and impulsivity/sensation seeking eliminated effect of venue. Victimization risk curves for maximum were exponential: A peak of 10+ drinks showed odds ratios when at another's home, one's own home, and a bar of 4.5, 5.3 and 10.3, respectively (reference 1–2 home drinks); risk curves were steeper for fighting. Maximum amount consumed dominates the venue in which one drinks the most, once selectivity based on personal characteristics is attended to. We suggest interventions should emphasize ways of addressing overdrinking within a range of settings.
Measuring Young Men's Expected Effects of Alcohol in Provoking Situations in Bars
Authors: Wells Samantha , Graham Kathryn , Tremblay Paul F. , Reynolds Jennie
Published: February 2015

A newly-developed measure of the expected effects of alcohol in provoking situations was examined in terms of its factor structure, differences by situation, and associations with barroom aggression in a sample of male postsecondary students. Participants rated the extent that 49 effects of alcohol would affect their reaction to one of three randomly assigned provoking situations (i.e., guy “hits on” your girlfriend, guy punches your friend, or guy shoves you over spilled drink). Principal component analysis identified three dimensions: Cognitive Impairment, Power/Aggression, and Hyper-Emotional effects. One-way analysis of variance revealed significantly lower means on each of the three scales for the “spilled drink” situation than for the other two situations. All three scales were associated with barroom aggression in multivariate logistic regression models. This new measure provides an important tool for understanding how people perceive the effects of alcohol on their own aggression and the extent that these effects differ by situation.
Public Opinion and Local Government Alcohol Policy: A Study of Seven New Zealand Communities
Authors: MacLennan Brett , Kypri Kypros , Langley John , Room Robin
Published: February 2015

In democratic political systems one would expect public opinion to be a primary determinant of social policy, yet there are numerous examples of discordance between prevailing opinions and government activity. We sought to assess the extent of agreement between public opinion and local government alcohol policies in New Zealand communities during a period of substantial public and political focus on alcohol-related harm. In 2007, we measured public support for various alcohol policies using a cross-sectional postal survey. Local government documents were examined and council staff interviewed to determine the presence or absence of a range of alcohol-related harm countermeasures. Public support was compared with policy status (present vs. absent) in each community. Agreement varied from moderate in a metropolitan city to total in the two rural areas. Despite the majority of residents supporting policies that research suggests would reduce alcohol-related harm, in most communities, and particularly the largest metropolitan area, local government policy did not always reflect public opinion.
Alcohol Retailing in Canadian and Nordic Contexts: Challenges and Opportunities in Balancing Trade and Prevention Agendas
Authors: Giesbrecht Norman , Österberg Esa
Published: February 2015

This article involves a comparison of the Nordic alcohol-monopoly countries with Canadian provinces that have a tradition of off-premise alcohol retail monopolies. The aim of the article is to shed light on recent developments in Canadian and Nordic alcohol-retailing systems, and to propose a way forward for alcohol-control policy that involves balancing alcohol trade and damage-reduction agendas. The article first considers developments over the past three decades in alcohol production, marketing, and retailing involving a concentration of production, and an expansion and increased sophistication of alcohol marketing and retailing, and the underlying international and national pressures. Next, it examines examples of recent alcohol policy making in Canada and the Nordic countries, noting the challenges of controlling total alcohol consumption and high-risk drinking in a market-oriented environment. Third, it offers several steps forward that will facilitate a better balance of alcohol trade and problem-prevention agendas in the context of off-premise alcohol-retail-control systems.
Modest Time-Dependent Misclassification in Recalling Age at First Use of Alcohol and Tobacco
Authors: Liang Wenbin , Chikritzhs Tanya , Lee Andy H.
Published: February 2015

To investigate whether recall of age at first use of alcohol and tobacco is time dependent. Respondents aged 14–89 years from the 2001 and 2007 waves of the Australian National Drug Strategy Household Survey were considered as independent samples of the Australian population at two different time points. The means of reported age at first use of alcohol and age at first use of tobacco from the two surveys were compared for each birth cohort. The mean differences were generally small (< 1 year) across birth cohorts. Overall, the increase in mean age at first use from 2001 to 2007 was 0.31 years for alcohol and 0.33 years for tobacco, after controlling for birth cohort and gender effects. The time lag between actual onset of first use and subsequent survey recall can introduce a small systematic bias, but the error is unlikely to pose a threat to retrospective studies that rely on recall information to estimate cumulative exposure of alcohol and tobacco use.
Carnal Pleasures and Grotesque Bodies: Regulating the Body during a “Big Night Out” of Alcohol and Party Drug Use
Authors: Pennay Amy
Published: February 2015

This article explores the role that discourses of health promotion play in the regulation of the human body during sessions of alcohol and “party drug” use. Drawing on 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork, I show how a group of young “mainstream” recreational drug users attempted to manage the tension between their identification with governing images propagated by public health and their desire for pleasure by regulating their alcohol and drug use in certain ways so as to avoid appearing outwardly disorderly while still pursuing pleasure in spaces they deemed appropriate for transgression. Constructing controlled or moderate drug use as the only acceptable form of pleasure fails to appreciate the dynamic and strategic ways that young drug users attempt to maximize pleasure and minimize risk. Public health messages should avoid representing young alcohol and party drug users as irrational and disordered and should incorporate pleasure into future messages.
Psychoactive Substances and the English Language: “Drugs,” Discourses, and Public Policy
Authors: Tupper Kenneth W.
Published: February 2015

This article undertakes a historical ontology of psychoactive substances, or, in other words, an exploration of the philosophical and political nature of modern categories for plants and chemicals that alter consciousness. Drawing on the ideas of Michel Foucault and Ian Hacking and using the method of critical discourse analysis, I elucidate three distinct contemporary meanings of the English word “drug.” Further, I demonstrate how these meanings of “drug” map onto a modern stereotypology of psychoactive substances that informs public discourses and sustains an ideological drug war paradigm. I trace this paradigm through the generative metaphors of drugs as “malevolent agents” and “pathogens” in modern public discourses, and explore how these metaphors frame and support policy responses within the international drug control regime that are inconsistent with human rights. In so doing, I argue that the language we use to talk and think about “drugs” may not be ideal for crafting sound public policy.
Dual Diagnosis Narratives and Their Implications for the Alcohol and other Drug Sector in Australia
Authors: Roberts Bridget , Jones Rebecca
Published: February 2015

Dual diagnosis discourse, concerning people who are diagnosed with both mental health and substance use problems, has attracted little critical analysis. This article aids reflection on its implications for alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment services. Qualitative analysis of 19 interviews with a purposive sample of service providers and public servants was validated with informants. Three contrasting narratives emerged—progressive (dual diagnosis discourse has lifted the sector to a level where services can better respond to complex needs in general); remedial (it has simply helped to improve the workforce's expertise in AOD treatment and “catch up”with mental health services); and radical (by patching a fragmented system it has dampened demands for major system reform). The diversity of views supports an argument for a metanarrative which, combining the strengths of the three narratives, continues to pioneer, to educate and, crucially, is explicitly conceptualized as part of a broader picture of well-resourced structural reform.
Pressure to Reduce Drinking and Reasons for Seeking Treatment
Authors: Polcin Douglas L. , Korcha Rachael , Greenfield Thomas K. , Bond Jason , Kerr William
Published: February 2015

Individuals with alcohol problems often receive pressure to change their drinking. However, when they enter treatment it is unclear how often it is because of the pressure they received or other reasons. A secondary analysis was conducted using four cross-sectional National Alcohol Surveys collected at 5-year intervals between 1995 and 2010. Treatment seekers (N = 476) were interviewed about a) all reasons for seeking treatment, b) their primary reason, c) lifetime heavy drinking, and d) whether they ever received pressure from six different sources (spouse, family, friends, doctor, work, and police). Over 90% of the sample received pressure from at least one source. Thirty-four percent identified legal problems/felt forced as their primary reason for seeking treatment. Other primary reasons included a desire to improve relationships (25%) and health (15%). When asked about all reasons, 46% endorsed five or more reasons and 74% included legal problems/felt forced. A primary reason for seeking alcohol treatment is drinking-related legal problems or feeling forced. However, legal problems/feeling forced occurs along with a variety of additional reasons. Future research should assess pathways between receipt of pressure from different sources, recognition of different types of problems, and reasons given for seeking treatment.
“My Journey Map”: Developing a Qualitative Approach to Mapping Young People's Progress in Residential Rehabilitation
Authors: Roarty Lynn , Wildy Helen , Saggers Sherry , Conigrave Katherine , Wilson Mandy , di Nicola Kathryn , Webb Jody , Faulkner Joanne
Published: February 2015

Young people with substance misuse issues are at risk of harm from significant negative health and life events. Contemporary research notes both a historical failure to recognize the unique needs of adolescents, and the ongoing need for dedicated adolescent treatment programs and outcome measures. It is concerning that there is so little literature assessing the quality, availability, and effectiveness of adolescent-focused treatment programs, and no adolescent-specific measurement tools centered on a young person's progress in residential treatment. This article reports on the process of developing a qualitative approach to mapping progress in treatment over time. The research seeks to develop an approach that captures, at three points in time and from multiple viewpoints, the progress of young people in four residential rehabilitation services located in New South Wales and Western Australia, across several dimensions of the personal and social aspects of life. Our aim is to develop an approach that is accessible to the alcohol and other drug workforce, and that informs the development of a psychometrically robust quantitative measure of progress that is meaningful and useful both to practitioners and to the young people themselves.
Where There's Smoke There's Fire: Outdoor Smoking Bans and Claims to Public Space
Authors: Bell Kirsten
Published: February 2015

The Canadian city of Vancouver was very early to introduce extensive smokefree legislation. Smoking has been banned in all indoor locations for well over a decade and tobacco control advocates have also recently begun to push for the expansion of such legislation into outdoor spaces in the city. Drawing on a 6-month period of observation of smokers and “not-smokers” on their lunch breaks at office sites in downtown Vancouver, I examine the ways that smokers engage with outdoor public space. I show that while smokers continue to make material claims to such space, these claims have become increasingly tenuous. I argue that tobacco “denormalization” strategies provide essential context for understanding outdoor smoking bans and raise ethical questions about the form of de-facto prohibition they appear to encourage.
Insiders? The Experiences and Perspectives of Long-Term, Regular Cannabis Users
Authors: Chatwin Caroline , Porteous David
Published: February 2015

Much research on the use of illicit drugs begins with questions about lifetime use, intended to estimate the number of people who have ever used drugs (i.e., once or more) in their lifetime. By contrast the research described in this article describes the experience and perspective of “insiders” (as opposed to the “outsiders” of Becker's (1963) famous study): people who have used a class B drug, cannabis, throughout their lifetime. Interviews were thus conducted with cannabis users who were over 35 years of age, had been using cannabis for at least 15 years, and who continued to use on at least a weekly basis. In total, 23 interviews were conducted: 13 of these were face-to-face interviews and a further 10 came from a modest utilization of Internet research methods. Findings suggest that the lifelong, regular users of cannabis that we interviewed did not follow traditional narratives of addiction, but instead participated in responsible and controlled consumption. Furthermore, the perceived health benefits of using cannabis were as important motivations for use as the pursuit of pleasure, and the most damaging aspects of use appeared to stem from the criminality of cannabis rather than any inherent properties of the drug itself.
The Structural Configurations of Alcohol in Denmark: Policy, Culture, and Industry
Authors: Demant Jakob , Krarup Troels Magelund
Published: February 2015

This article analyzes recent developments in Danish alcohol policy, culture, and industry. It reveals cross-sector dynamics and complexities that are often downplayed in existing literature. It traces how a stable “structural configuration” emerged in the 1960s-1980s between the three domains, based on liberalization. A particular adolescent alcohol culture of intoxication, however, emerged in the 1990s, raising public awareness and calls for policy intervention. Contrary to what may have been expected, this did not represent a break with the liberal alcohol configuration in policy, culture, and industry, but an increased segregation of adolescent consumption from adult consumption, exposing the former to severe legal and moral regulation. This analysis of historic-structural dynamics helps explain why adolescent drinking is dependent on more than isolated causal links such as between policy events and consumption.
“The Meth Factor”: Group Membership, Information Management, and the Navigation of Stigma
Authors: McKenna Stacey
Published: February 2015

Methamphetamine (or “meth”), a central nervous system stimulant, has been constructed as a dangerous drug with certain and extreme consequences. Incomplete and sometimes inaccurate portrayals, while aimed at preventing the initiation of use, stigmatize those who do use. Using data from in-depth, qualitative interviews with eight Northern Colorado women who are active meth users, this article explores how female meth users navigate this stigma through negotiation of group membership and management of information. The women in this study internalize and challenge the stigma: They identify as meth users and addicts yet view their own practices as distinguishing them from other users; and, they carefully control the extent to which they tell others of their use, even when contradictory to their sense of self and desirable relationships. These findings support the need for increased recognition and further examination of the role and enactment of agency among drug users and other oppressed groups.
The Pre-Sell Medication Controversy: Restoring Competency at the End of the 20th Century
Authors: Mrad David F.
Published: February 2015

During the last three decades of the 20th Century, significant advances were made in the recognition of rights for mental patients, first regarding involuntary confinement and then regarding involuntary medication. This article summarizes the evolution of those advances and then looks specifically at the application of those rights to incarcerated offenders and more specifically at pretrial defendants. The controversy concerning the involuntary medication of pretrial defendants is reviewed with specific focus on the major federal cases that reflected the differing interpretations of the 1992 Supreme Court decision Riggins v. Nevada. The variations concerning type of judicial review, substantive criteria to justify medication, and procedural due process requirements complicated the treatment of incompetent defendants and led to the 2003 Supreme Court decision in Sell v. U.S.
Implications of the Sell Decision for Treatment Administration
Authors: Brinkley Chad A , Demier Richart L.
Published: February 2015

Despite the large number of incompetent defendants referred for restoration, the published literature on the process of competency restoration and the efficacy of specific interventions remains limited (Noffsinger, 2001; Pinals, 2005). The present manuscript reviews the existing literature, identifies critical components of treatment programs, summarizes the research supporting use of specific interventions, and highlights key ethical concerns/controversies. The manuscript focuses on the implications of the 2003 Sell decision for the process of competency restoration treatment. The means and resources available to forensic clinicians to help them address the Sell criteria in treatment planning, report writing, and testimony are discussed.
A Psychiatrist's Commentary on Sell v. U. S., et al.: How Did We Get Here, and Where are We Going?
Authors: Wolfson James K.
Published: February 2015

Sell v. U. S. [539 US 166 (2003)] has greatly complicated the procedural requirements for administering psychiatric medication to incompetent federal defendants who are unable or unwilling to consent to such treatment. Although intended to further such defendants' legal interests, often the result has been adverse for defendants' medical and legal interests. A comparable theme of unanticipated consequences runs through the case law upon which Sell built; given that Sell created a new class of interloculatory appeal, more unanticipated consequences can be expected to develop. What follows is a personal account of these matters.
Interviewing Suspects of Fraud: An In-Depth Analysis of Interviewing Skills
Authors: Walsh Dave , Bull Ray
Published: February 2015

Whereas much of the limited research concerning the actual investigative interviewing of suspects has involved police interviews, almost no research has involved other agencies who regularly undertake criminal investigations (for example, those various government agencies that conduct investigations regarding benefit fraud). This study examined a sample of 142 of the more demanding interviews, (both from audiotapes and transcripts of actual interviews with suspects) and it revealed that, while investigators generally displayed ethical interviewing standards and tended to use open questioning techniques, few interviews were skilled. Shortcomings were particularly found in terms of rapport development, summarizing, flexibility, and how investigators brought interviews to closure. Given this frequency of ineffective interviewing, it is recommended that further training of interviewers is required and that additional research is required into the reasons for the mediocre performance.
The Evolution of Law Enforcement Attitudes to Recording Custodial Interviews
Authors: Sullivan Thomas P.
Published: February 2015

Year in and year out, in criminal trials throughout the country, trial court judges and juries listen to police and defendants testify to conflicting versions of what occurred when the defendants—then suspects—were brought to the stationhouse and questioned about their alleged participation in crimes.

Detectives conduct stationhouse interviews of persons arrested on suspicion of committing crimes in rooms set aside for that purpose. Most suspects are without funds to retain lawyers, and agree to proceed without legal representation. Later, after the suspects are indicted and have lawyers appointed, questions are presented about what occurred: Were the required Miranda warnings given at the outset? Were the suspects' requests for lawyers ignored? Were coercive tactics used? What was actually said and done behind those closed doors?

A movement is underway throughout the country to adopt a readily available and inexpensive method of putting an end to these disputes: making electronic recordings of the events that occur during the interrogations. Law enforcement agencies throughout the country have begun to install electronic equipment, audio, video or both, to produce recordings of the entire sessions.

Recordings of custodial interrogations almost always yield an incontestable record of what was said and done. They are therefore becoming recognized as a major improvement, which leads to more accurate and just results, and cost savings to all concerned. As a result, an increasing number of state legislatures have been enacting laws, and state supreme courts have begun issuing rulings which either require or strongly urge that electronic recordings be made of custodial interviews in major felony investigations.
Criminal versus HUMINT Interrogations: The Importance of Psychological Science to Improving Interrogative Practice
Authors: Evans Jacqueline R. , Meissner Christian A. , Brandon Susan E. , Russano Melissa B. , Kleinman Steve M.
Published: February 2015

The discovery of many cases of wrongful conviction in the criminal justice system involving admissions from innocent suspects has led psychologists to examine the factors contributing to false confessions. However, little systematic research has assessed the processes underlying Human Intelligence (HUMINT) interrogations relating to military and intelligence operations. The current article examines the similarities and differences between interrogations in criminal and HUMINT settings, and discusses the extent to which the current empirical literature can be applied to criminal and/or HUMINT interrogations. Finally, areas of future research are considered in light of the need for improving HUMINT interrogation.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Brief History
Authors: Jones Kenneth Lyons , Streissguth Ann P.
Published: February 2015

A similar pattern of altered growth and morphogenesis, referred to as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), was reported in 1973 in eleven unrelated children all of whom were born to chronic alcoholic women who continued to drink heavily throughout pregnancy (Jones, Smith, Ulleland, & Streissguth, 1973; Jones & Smith, 1973). Soon after those initial reports, evidence became available indicating that an association between heavy maternal alcohol consumption and serious problems in the offspring was not a new observation.
Suggestibility and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: I'll Tell You Anything You Want to Hear
Authors: Brown Natalie Novick , Gudjonsson Gisli , Connor Paul
Published: February 2015

This article reviews the role of suggestibility as a psychological vulnerability in people with FASD who are arrested and questioned by police. After a review of relevant literature on suggestibility and FASD, preliminary data are presented from a small pilot study on suggestibility involving defendants with FASD in the United States who were involved in either a pre-trial or post-conviction adjudication process. Results of that study suggest that persons with FASD may be highly suggestible in interrogative situations, which appears to stem from a combination of neurologically based tendencies to acquiesce to leading questions and change responses to questions as a function of negative feedback. Interrogative suggestibility found in the FASD population, which is likely due to central nervous system dysfunction, has broad forensic implications.
A Judicial Perspective on Issues Impacting the Trial Courts Related to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Wartnik Anthony P. , Carlson Susan Shepard
Published: February 2015

This article explores issues that judges, prosecutors, defense counsel, treatment providers, and defendants face when a person who has, or may have, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is charged with a crime. The article is divided into three sections: the first section discusses basic legal concepts and how they relate to those in the criminal justice system who suffer from FASD; the second section examines case studies and lessons learned from the therapeutic drug court, a program of the King County Superior Court in Seattle, Washington; the final section presents case studies of serious felonies, and explores constitutional issues.
The Concept of “Conduct Unbecoming” as Applied to a Physician's Extra-Medical Behavior
Authors: Gutheil Thomas G. , Book Howard E. , Brodsky Archie
Published: February 2015

An approach analogous to the military concept of “conduct unbecoming an officer” is increasingly evident in the attempted management of physicians' personal behavior by medical licensing entities—even when such behavior bears little or no relation to medical practice. This article surveys the genesis of this approach, the social and professional forces that have encouraged attempts to regulate extra-medical activities, and the current status of pertinent guild rules and other professional guidelines. Two reported case examples are reviewed with critical commentary.
Expert Professionalism as Judged by Experts: An Empirical Pilot Study
Authors: Gutheil Thomas G. , Miller Patrice Marie , Commons Michael Lamport
Published: February 2015

We conducted a pilot study about the professionalism of opposing expert witnesses as perceived by subject experts. The investigated topics included opponents' disorganization; forgetfulness; failure to examine a relevant party or review relevant documents; ignorance of the legal standard; giving an opinion or espousing a theory beyond the case facts or the relevant science; and replacement of objectivity with advocacy. We also looked at perceptions of opposing experts as “hired guns” and at treating professionals serving as experts. Significant findings were: opposing experts' lack of professionalism was perceived by half of the sample; lack of professionalism was attributed to espousal of idiosyncratic theories and loss of objectivity; participants professed a high degree of certainty about these views. “Hired gun” status in opponents and treating professionals as opposing experts were viewed as rare events.
The Role of Neuroimaging in Assessing Neuropsychological Deficits following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Hayempour Benjamin J. , Rushing Susan E. , Alavi Abass
Published: February 2015

Neuroimaging enables highly accurate and specific identification of treatable brain injuries for the purposes of preventing secondary damage as well as providing useful prognostic information. This article addresses the range of currently employed neuroimaging techniques and their utility in assessing legal claims involving the presence of brain damage.
The Status of Neurolaw: A Plea for Current Modesty and Future Cautious Optimism
Authors: Morse Stephen J.
Published: February 2015

Legislators, jurists, and advocates often turn to science to solve complicated normative problems addressed by the law. This article addresses what motivates these parties, surveys the psychology of law and its concepts of the person and responsibility, and describes the general relation of neuroscience to law in terms of the issue of “translation.” Numerous distractions have clouded our understanding of the relationship between scientific, causal accounts of behavior and responsibility. The notion of “NeuroLaw” is examined here in detail, with the conclusion that a cautious optimism regarding the contributions of neuroscience to the law is warranted.
Drugs and Crime
Authors: Nordstrom Benjamin R. , Dackis Charles A.
Published: February 2015

Drug law violations and other crimes related to substance abuse incur dire costs in terms of both financial outlay and human suffering. This review of the current professional literature addresses the identification of risk factors and the longitudinal course of addiction and criminal behavior. Results indicate that neither criminally active drug users nor drug users in general are monolithic groups in terms of manifestations of criminal behavior. Drug use and criminal activity are depicted as mutually facilitative behaviors, with research outcomes tending to convey that although drug addiction does not turn nonviolent criminals into violent criminals, active addiction does increase the frequency of criminal activity.
Toward a Good Fit between Forensic Psychiatrists and Psychologists
Authors: Dattilio Frank M.
Published: February 2015

The longstanding relationship between forensic psychiatrists and psychologists has been fraught with tension and controversy over the years, particularly pertaining to the issue of their overlapping roles and what some consider a competitiveness in the field. This article reviews some of that controversy and also addresses the issue of how psychiatrists and psychologists actually do different things and can work harmoniously in a collaborative fashion. The text also addresses how this collaborative relationship can be best promoted—not only through forensic training programs, but also in the eyes of attorneys and jurists.
Childhood Trauma and Adverse Experience and Forensic Child Psychiatry: The Penn Center for Youth and Family Trauma Response and Recovery
Authors: Berkowitz Steven J.
Published: February 2015

Clinical traumatologists who treat children constantly work with multiple systems and agencies that have tremendous influence on children's developmental trajectory and may either support or impede recovery by the actions that they take. While the circumstances with which these children contend are not uncommon, they are always extremely intricate and complex. The child and adolescent psychiatrist who is an expert in childhood trauma and adversity has the formidable task of providing expert opinions and recommendations to multiple systems that typically are not knowledgeable about how to support, treat, and promote the development of traumatized children.