bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Pulse Polarographic and UV‐Vis Spectrophotometric Study of Inclusion Complexes Formed by 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Calcium Antagonists, Nifedipine and Nicardipine with β‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Yáñez C. , Núñez‐Vergara L. J. , Squella J. A.
Published: November 2003

The formation of inclusion complexes of well‐known 1,4‐dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, such as nifedipine (NF) and nicardipine (NC), with β‐cyclodextrin (βCD) was investigated by differential pulse polarography (DPP) and UV‐vis spectrophotometry. The equimolar variation method indicated the formation of the NF‐βCD (1 : 1, M : M) and a NC‐βCD (1 : 1, M : M) inclusion complexes. Titrations using the DPP peak currents for NF and NC permitted one to determine formation constant values of (135±20) M−1 and (357±41) M−1 for NF‐βCD and NC‐βCD, respectively. For comparative purposes we have also applied phase solubility studies with spectrophotometric detection obtaining formation constant values of (129±5) M−1 and (385±19) M−1 for NF‐βCD and NC‐βCD, respectively. According to the DPP studies, we can postulate that the inclusion moiety were the nitroaromatic group, in the case of NF‐βCD, and the phenyl group on 3‐position of the 1,4‐DHP, in the case of NC‐βCD. The solubility of NF in water was increased about three times due to the formation of an inclusion complex with βCD. For NC the solubility was increased almost seven times.
Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Cobalt and Iron Phthalocyanine Complexes on Gold Electrodes: Comparative Surface Electrochemistry and Electrocatalytic Interaction with Thiols and Thiocyanate
Authors: Ozoemena Kenneth I. , Nyokong Tebello , Westbroek Philippe
Published: November 2003

The self‐assembling of the octa(hydroxyethylthio)‐metallophthalocyanine {MOHETPc (M=Co and Fe)} complexes and their similar analogues, octabutylthiometallophthalocyanine {MOBTPc (M=Co and Fe)} complexes on gold electrodes are investigated. Comparative surface voltammetric insights into their distinct self‐assembling properties with respect to the passivation of Faradaic processes and surface coverages, including their solution electrochemistry, suggest different orientations and non‐cleavage of their CS bonds. In the pH 2−9 range, the reversible [M(III)Pc(−2)]+ / [M(II)Pc(−2)] redox couples show potential shifts close to −59 mV / pH. The gold electrodes modified with the SAMs of these species show electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of thiols (L‐cysteine, homocysteine and penicillamine) and thiocyanate in acidic media with detection limits in the region of 10−7–10−6 mol dm−3. These monolayers are stable and easily reproducible.
Composite Multienzyme Amperometric Biosensors for an Improved Detection of Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Serra B. , Reviejo A. J. , Pingarrón J. M.
Published: November 2003

A biosensor design, in which glucose oxidase and peroxidase are coimmobilized by simple physical inclusion into the bulk of graphite‐Teflon pellets, is reported for the detection of phenolic compounds. This design allows the “in situ” generation of the H2O2 needed for the enzyme reaction with the phenolic compounds, which avoids several problems detected in the performance of single peroxidase biosensors as a consequence of the presence of a high H2O2 concentration. So, a much lower surface fouling was found at the GOD‐HRP biosensor in comparison with a graphite‐Teflon‐HRP electrode, suggesting that the controlled generation of H2O2 makes more difficult the formation of polymers from the enzyme reaction products. The construction of trienzyme biosensors, in which GOD, HRP and tyrosinase were coimmobilized into the graphite‐Teflon matrix is also reported, and their performance was compared with that of GOD‐HRP bienzyme electrodes. The practical applicability of the composite multienzyme amperometric biosensors was evaluated by the estimation of the phenolic compounds content in waste waters from a refinery, and the results were compared with those obtained by using a colorimetric official method based on the reaction with 4‐aminoantipyrine.
Two‐generation reproductive toxicity study of inhaled tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) vapor in CD® rats
Authors: Tyl R. W. , Myers C. B. , Marr M. C. , Fail P. A. , Seely J. C. , Elswick B. , James A. , Welsch F.
Published: November 2003

Under Ofﬁce of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances draft guidelines, CD® weanling F0 rats (30 of each gender per group) inhaled tertiary amyl methyl ether vapor at 0, 250, 1500 or 3000 ppm 5 days a week and 6 h a day for 10 weeks, with vaginal cytology evaluated for weeks 8–10. The F0 animals then produced F1 offspring, with exposure 7 days a week from mating through to lactation. During the F1 prebreed exposure period, vaginal patency, preputial separation (PPS) and vaginal cytology were evaluated. The F1 animals were mated, with F2 anogenital distance measured on postnatal day zero. At F2 weaning 30 of each gender per group were selected for postwean retention, with no exposures, through vaginal patency and PPS. Body weights, feed consumption and clinical signs were recorded throughout the study. Adult F0 and F1 systemic toxicity was present at 1500 and 3000 ppm. Minor adult male reproductive toxicity was present at 3000 ppm. There were no adult effects on vaginal cyclicity, estrous cycle length, mating, fertility, pregnancy, gestational length or ovarian and uterine weights. There were no treatment‐related gross or histopathologic ﬁndings in parental male or female systemic or reproductive organs. The F1 and F2 offspring toxicity was present at 1500 and 3000 ppm. The no‐observable‐adverse‐effect level for adult systemic and offspring toxicity was 250 ppm and 1500 ppm for male reproductive toxicity (females at >3000 ppm). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blood pharmacokinetics of tertiary amyl methyl ether in male and female F344 rats and CD‐1 mice after nose‐only inhalation exposure
Authors: Sumner Susan C. J. , Janszen Derek B. , Asgharian Bahman , Moore Timothy A. , Bobbitt Carol M. , Fennell Timothy R.
Published: November 2003

Interest in understanding the biological behavior of aliphatic ethers has increased owing to their use as gasoline additives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the blood pharmacokinetics of the oxygenate tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME), its major metabolite tertiary amyl alcohol (TAA) and acetone in rats and mice following inhalation exposure to TAME. Species differences in the area under the curve (AUC) for TAME were signiﬁcant at each exposure concentration. For rats, the blood TAME AUC increased in proportion with an increase in exposure concentration. For mice, an increase in exposure concentration (100–500 ppm) resulted in a disproportional increase in the TAME AUC. Mice had greater (two‐ to threefold) blood concentrations of TAA compared with rats following exposure to 2500 or 500 ppm TAME. Mice had a disproportional increase in the TAA AUC with an increase in exposure concentration (100–500 ppm). This difference could result from saturation of a process (e.g. oxidation, glucuronide conjugation) that is involved in the further metabolism of TAA. For each species, gender and exposure concentration, acetone increased during exposure and returned to control values by 16 h following exposure. The source of acetone could be both as a metabolite of TAA or an effect on endogenous metabolism produced by exposure to TAME. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Filtration of zinc ions utilising pretreated Streptomyces rimosus biomass
Authors: Addour L , Bakhti Z , Belhocine D , Grib H , Lounici H , Pauss A , Piron DL , Mameri N
Published: November 2003

The performance of biofiltration of zinc utilising pretreated Streptomyces rimosus was studied. Streptomyces rimosus biomass is able to bind zinc ions in batch mode. The biomass granules may be regenerated easily by using a biomass pretreatment which confers rigidity to biosolids, without decreasing the zinc uptake capacity, thus allowing collection of the biomass by filtration. Accordingly, biomass was pretreated with an anionic enzymatic tension active product (Extran AP41) and regeneration with a cleaning product (HCl) was successfully realised. It was shown that the optimum concentration of biomass and pressure range are found to be between 50 and 120 g dm−3 and 0.5 and 1 × 105 Pa, respectively. Complete regeneration was reached after three cycles under optimal experimental conditions when the biosorbent was saturated with synthetic ZnCl2 solution. The filterability of biosolids was demonstrated. A combination of a batch reactor and a filtration process made it possible to increase the performance of the complete treatment process. The biosorption capacity of the biomass to bind Zn ions was slightly increased (from X = 14 mg g−1 in batch mode to X = 16.1 mg g−1 in a process combining batch reactor and pressure filtration) and the experimental contact time was considerably reduced. Integration of the filtration process produced a dewatering cake which considerably facilitated the regeneration operation. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Base‐catalyzed organosolv pulping of jute
Authors: Sahin Halil Turgut
Published: November 2003

Jute fibers were pulped using a novel caustic soda and ethanol–alkali (EtOH–NaOH) pulping process with the aim of minimizing problems associated with conventional chemical pulping. The effects of reaction conditions on the pulp yield, degree of delignification and selected physical properties were evaluated. The results indicate that adding ethanol to the conventional soda process was effective for improving both delignification and the physical properties of jute pulps. It was found that the delignification proceeded more rapidly and more selectively with ethanol–alkali than with alkali alone, giving higher yields at a given kappa number. Strength properties were markedly improved. The greatest values for burst (5.8 kPa m2 g−1) and tensile strength (68 N m g−1) were obtained at 175 °C and 2.5 h reaction time. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a potential tool for differentiating between abdominal fluid collections
Authors: Burn Paul R. , Haider Masoom A. , Alfuhaid Turki , Brown M. Peter , Roberts Timothy P.L.
Published: November 2003

Purpose

To determine the utility of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in distinguishing abdominal fluid types.

Materials and Methods

Abdominal fluid samples were obtained from patients undergoing therapeutic percutaneous drainage. In vitro spectroscopy was performed using a 1.5‐T scanner and a head coil. Single voxel spectra were obtained using a point resolved spin‐echo sequence with water suppression (TR/TE 2000 msec/35 msec). The peak pattern for each sample was examined and the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) estimated (ratio of tallest peak to noise at <0 ppm).

Results

Thirty‐five samples were analyzed: purulent collection (eight), serosanguinous collection (eight), non‐chylous ascites (six), chylous ascites (one), bile (seven), and bile with iodinated contrast media (five). The mean SNR of the dominant peak was: purulent collection, 12.7; serosanguinous collection, 3.2; non‐chylous ascites, 2.4; chylous ascites, 8.8; bile, 1.4; and bile with contrast media, 60.8. Pus samples had a broad based peak pattern with continuous signal of >1.5 ppm width situated within the range 0.2–2.5 ppm, not found in other samples. Chylous ascites (one sample) had a distinctive peak at 1.2 ppm. Bile with contrast had three peaks at 3.5/3.6, 2.6, and 2.1 ppm. No other patterns were found to be discriminatory. Common non‐specific patterns seen included a bifid peak at 1.1–1.3 ppm and a broad based peak situated between 3 and 4 ppm.

Conclusions

The H1 spectra of purulent fluid has a higher SNR than common non‐purulent abdominal fluids and a distinct broad based peak pattern from 0.2–2.5 ppm. Proton spectroscopy may be a useful tool for distinguishing purulent from non‐purulent intra‐abdominal collections. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:740–744. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A panel of repeat markers for detection of microsatellite instability in murine tumors
Authors: Kabbarah Omar , Ann Mallon Mary , Pfeifer John D. , Edelmann Winfried , Kucherlapati Raju , Goodfellow Paul J.
Published: November 2003

A substantial fraction of human malignancies lack functional DNA mismatch repair (MMR), accumulate mutations at high frequency, and exhibit microsatellite instability (MSI). In order to distinguish between MMR‐competent and MMR‐deficient malignancies, a consensus panel of microsatellite repeats has been adopted for MSI analysis of human tumors. There is no reference panel of repeats for MSI typing of murine malignancies. In this study, we present six new microsatellite repeat markers for MSI typing of mouse tumors. Analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐amplified tumor DNA from MMR‐deficient and ‐proficient mice on denaturing polyacrylamide gels revealed that the new panel of microsatellites was more sensitive in detecting MSI than six commonly used CAn repeats. Using the new set of microsatellite markers, we demonstrated the presence of MSI in endometrial carcinoma and cancer precursors from diethylstilbestrol (DES)‐treated mice, pointing to a possible role for loss of MMR in hormonally promoted endometrial tumorigenesis. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TP53 is frequently altered by methylation, mutation, and/or deletion in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Agirre Xabier , Novo Francisco J. , Calasanz María J. , Larráyoz María J. , Lahortiga Idoya , Valgañón Mikel , García‐Delgado Marina , Vizmanos José L.
Published: November 2003

Different mechanisms, such as chromosomal rearrangements, deletions, mutations, and methylation/demethylation of the promoter regions of genes, have been shown to be involved in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). These genetic and epigenetic alterations lead to the activation of protooncogenes or to inactivation of tumour supressor genes promoting cell proliferation. One of the most frequently inactivated tumour supressor genes is TP53, which is altered in 50% of human tumours. In this study, we have analysed: (1) the complete coding region, all intron‐exon junctions and noncoding regions of exons 1–11 of TP53 by lexon‐DGGE; (2) the methylation status of the 5′ region of TP53 and (3) the deletion of one or both alleles of the gene by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in 57 ALL patients. Using these techniques, we have found promoter methylation in 32% of the cases, missense mutations in 8.8%, and deletion of one allele in 7.5% of the samples, with TP53 being altered in 40% of the ALL samples studied in this series. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Young‐ versus older‐onset Parkinson's disease: Impact of disease and psychosocial consequences
Authors: Schrag Anette , Hovris Anna , Morley David , Quinn Niall , Jahanshahi Marjan
Published: November 2003

The effect of Parkinson's disease (PD) on young patients' lives is likely to differ from that in older patients. For this study, 75 patients with onset of PD before the age of 50 and 66 patients with later onset completed a booklet of questionnaires on demographic and clinical variables, quality of life, and psychosocial factors. Apart from a higher rate of treatment‐related dyskinesias in the younger onset group, the two groups did not differ in self‐reported disease severity or disability. A higher percentage of young‐onset patients was unemployed due to disability or had retired early. Quality of life as measured on the PDQ‐39 was significantly worse in young‐onset patients than in older‐onset patients. Young‐onset patients also had worse scores on the stigma and marital satisfaction scales, and were depressed more frequently. Differences between the two groups in their most commonly employed coping strategies and in terms of their satisfaction with emotional support did not reach significance. We conclude that young‐onset patients more frequently experience loss of employment, disruption of family life, greater perceived stigmatization, and depression than do older‐onset patients with PD. In addition to more severe treatment‐related motor complications, social and psychosocial factors may contribute to greater impairment of quality of life in young patients with PD. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Pilot study of effect of emotional stimuli on tic severity in children with Tourette's syndrome
Authors: Wood Beatrice L. , Klebba Kendra , Gbadebo Olufowbi , Lichter David , Kurlan Roger , Miller Bruce
Published: November 2003

To assess objectively the effects of emotional stimuli on the severity of tics and to determine if such effects were mediated by the autonomic nervous system, we carried out videotape ratings of tics and electrophysiological monitoring of heart beat and respiration on 4 children with Tourette's syndrome while they were watching a movie known to elicit emotional responses relevant to normal childhood events. Measured tic severity was highest during periods associated with anticipation, resolution of emotional changes, and lower concentration, lowest during periods of anger and happiness, and intermediate during periods of sadness and fear. Tic severity did not correlate with heart or respiratory rate. Thus, tics seem influenced differentially by various emotional states, but this effect does not seem to be autonomically mediated. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Ring current and steric effects on 1H chemical shifts of Ru coordinated 2,2′‐bipyridyls
Authors: Brownstein Sydney , Zhou Ming
Published: November 2003

Ring current and proximity effects may be responsible for both low‐ and high‐frequency shifts of the aromatic protons of Ru coordinated bipyridyls according to the different geometries depending on whether two or three bipyridyls are coordinated. Copyright © 2003 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lumbosacral radiculopathy following radiofrequency ablation therapy
Authors: Coskun D. Jim , Gilchrist James , Dupuy Damian
Published: November 2003

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a treatment modality for several types of malignancies and vascular malformations. Only limited information is available on neurologic complications following RFA. We report three cases of acute lumbosacral radiculopathy after abdominal RFA, in two of which electrophysiologic studies were performed. All three patients had significant spontaneous clinical improvement. We suggest the underlying cause was partial axonopathy due to thermal injury, but with a good prognosis. Muscle Nerve 28: 754–756, 2003
Laryngeal electromyography: An evidence‐based review
Authors:   AAEM Laryngeal EMG Task Force
Published: November 2003

This article reports on an evidence‐based review of laryngeal electromyography (EMG) as a technique for use in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of laryngeal movement disorders including the laryngeal dystonias, vocal fold paralysis, and other neurolaryngological disorders. The authors performed a systematic review of the medical literature from 1944 through 2001 on the clinical application of EMG to laryngeal disorders. Thirty‐three of the 584 articles met the predefined inclusion criteria. The evidence demonstrated that in a double‐blind treatment trial of botulinum toxin versus saline, laryngeal EMG used to guide injections into the thyroarytenoid muscle in persons with adductor spasmodic dysphonia was beneficial. A cross‐over comparison between laryngeal EMG‐guided injection and endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in abductor spasmodic dysphonia found no significant difference between the two techniques and no significant treatment benefit. Based on the evidence, laryngeal EMG is possibly useful for the injection of botulinum toxin into the thyroarytenoid muscle in the treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia. There were no evidence‐based data sufficient to support or refute the value of laryngeal EMG for the other uses investigated, although there is extensive anecdotal literature suggesting that it is useful for each of them. There is an urgent need for evidence‐based research addressing the use of laryngeal EMG for other applications. Muscle Nerve 28: 767–772, 2003
Quantiﬁcation of tagitinin C in Tithonia diversifolia by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Gofﬁn Eric , da Cunha Antonio Proença , Ziemons Eric , Tits Monique , Angenot Luc , Frederich Michel
Published: November 2003

A simple, rapid and reliable reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tagitinin C, an anti‐plasmodial sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the aerial parts of Tithonia diversifolia, has been developed. The assay has been used to quantify tagitinin C in various extracts of the aerial parts of T. diversifolia. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ductus venosus assessment at the time of nuchal translucency measurement in the detection of fetal aneuploidy
Authors: Borrell Antoni , Martinez Josep M. , Serés Agustí , Borobio Virginia , Cararach Vicenç , Fortuny Albert
Published: November 2003

Objective

To assess the potential value of ductus venosus Doppler studies in the detection of fetal aneuploidy on measurement of nuchal translucency.

Methods

The pulsatility index for veins (PIV) and the lowest velocity during atrial contraction (A‐wave) were determined in the fetal ductus venosus in 3382 consecutive pregnancies at 10 to 14 weeks and studied from December 1996 to December 2001. Nuchal translucency was also measured. The population studied included 1664 pregnancies at high risk and 1718 at low risk for fetal aneuploidy.

Results

In relation to the prenatal detection of trisomy 21, the ductus venosus PIV was increased in 75% (36/48), the A‐wave was decreased in 58% (28/48), and nuchal translucency was enlarged in 81% (39/48) of the trisomy 21 fetuses [71% (22/31) when nuchal translucency referrals were excluded]. The corresponding figures for trisomies 18 and 13 were 71, 58 and 83%, respectively, being 33, 33 and 33% for other unbalanced anomalies.

Conclusion

There is a high proportion of fetuses with trisomies 21, 18 and 13 (around 75%) in which the ductus venosus PIV is increased (above the 95th percentile) at 10 to 14 weeks, this proportion being similar to that observed for increased nuchal translucency measurement. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal serum alpha‐fetoprotein in alloimmunised pregnancies
Authors: Bartha Jose L. , Harrison Gayle , Kyle Phillipa M. , Soothill Peter W.
Published: November 2003

Objectives

Maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) levels have been known to be increased in red blood cell alloimmunisation. Since AFP is now thought be a pro‐erythropoietic factor, we wished to evaluate fetal serum levels of AFP in cases of alloimmunised pregnancies.

Methods

We studied AFP levels in 32 fetal serum samples from women with red blood cell alloimmunisation at the time of the first fetal blood sampling. We expressed the levels of AFP and haemoglobin as absolute numbers and as delta values (number of SDs by which the observed value differed from the normal mean for the same gestation). Main outcome measures were fetal serum AFP levels and fetal haemoglobin concentration.

Results

Overall, fetal AFP level was higher than normal in the cases (delta values 2.4 ± 5.5 SD). However, mildly affected non‐hydropic cases had higher levels than severely affected fetuses with hydrops.

Conclusions

Fetuses affected by red blood cell alloimmunisation have increased levels of serum AFP but these levels fall back to low levels in severe anaemia especially with hydrops, which could represent the failing of a compensatory erythropoietic mechanism. Our results suggest that fetal haematopoiesis is activated early in red blood cell alloimmunisation but was subsequently impaired. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Family therapy and sex rôle development throughout the life‐cycle: a useful concept*
Authors: Reibstein Janet
Published: November 2003

Sex rôle development proceeds throughout the family life‐cycle. Significant transition points in the life‐cycle may be times in which families get stuck because such development has been hampered in a variety of ways. A life‐cycle view of sex rôle development in families has useful, practical implications for family therapists. A five‐point model for such development is presented and its use in dealing with family‐or‐origin, hierarchical/structural and belief system issues in treatment is discussed.
‘More in sickness than in health’: a case study of Munchausen by Proxy in the elderly
Authors: Smith N. J. , Ardern M. H.
Published: November 2003

The case of a 69‐year‐old male with features of Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy is described. The identified patient was referred to 25 different medical teams, over a four‐year period, through the insistence of his 55‐year‐old female companion, an ex‐nurse. Significant factors relating to the diagnosis of patients with Munchausen by Proxy are discussed, and comparisons made between the syndrome as originally described in children and those features presenting later in life. Munchausen by Proxy involving the elderly, may also involve abuse. The authors wish to draw attention to some of the systemic issues involved in such a process, and discuss possible interventions. Attention is also drawn to the difficulties in management of this particular case, and the possible widespread prevalence of less florid and therefore, unrecognized cases in the elderly.
General practitioners and family therapy—a dialogue
Authors: Tomson P. R. V.
Published: November 2003

General or family practice and family therapy seem natural allies but few general practitioners are doing family therapy or consciously using the ideas derived from it. This paper explores some of the reasons why this relationship has not been consummated.
First steps in family therapy: a personal construct analysis
Authors: Green David , Kirby‐Turner Nick
Published: November 2003

This article describes the career of a small multi‐disciplinary group undergoing a training in family therapy. It is a personal tale attempting to give the ‘inside story’ on the trainee's struggle to become an effective family therapist. The group's experience, both corporately and individually, is described using the theoretical framework and research methodology of Personal Construct Psychology.
A factor analytic study of structural family therapy constructs
Authors: Street Eddy , Foot Hugh
Published: November 2003

The lack of empirical work on therapists' use of Structural Family Therapy (SFT) concepts is discussed. The important SFT dimensional models are briefly reviewed. Three groups of therapists were required to make judgements of video‐taped interviews using a set of SFT concepts. The data were factor analysed and the results discussed in terms of the relationship between the therapists' produced factors and theoretical models of SFT.
Effectiveness of family therapy: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Markus Evelyn , Lange Alfred , Pettigrew Thomas F.
Published: November 2003

The effectiveness of family therapy is assessed in a meta‐analysis of 19 studies. At post‐treatment, the average patient with family therapy is better off than 76% of the patients with an alternative treatment, a minimal treatment or no treatment. This effect is comparable to that assessed of other psycho‐therapies at post‐treatment. Our data suggest, that the effect of family therapy increases during the first year after treatment, but that the effect may diminish sharply 18 months after the end of therapy. However, more studies with extended follow‐ups will be needed before firm conclusions about the long‐term effectiveness of family therapy can be advanced.
The semantics of therapeutic change
Authors: Frosh Stephen
Published: November 2003

Some contemporary theorists of family therapy have recently addressed the question of how to explore the ‘meaning’ dimension of therapeutic change, particularly in the context of the fragmentation of ‘post‐modern’ culture. A particularly interesting strand of work has focused on the narrative or discursive components of the family therapeutic encounter. In this article an argument is made for the importance of a ‘semantic’ element in theories of family therapeutic change, and the general shape of such a semantic element is outlined.
ICT implementation: what makes the difference?
Authors: Tearle Penni
Published: November 2003

This paper addresses the question of why some schools have managed to introduce widespread use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) into teaching and learning across the curriculum, where other schools have had much less “success” in this matter. The issue is addressed through interpretive, case study research in a UK secondary school where almost all staff are now using ICT to enhance and extend learning in their subject areas. After setting the context, a summary of the methods used and an overview of the findings are presented. Whilst some of the findings are specific to the context, it is suggested that much can be learnt from the single case, both by practitioners seeking to develop ICT use and researchers interested in taking the subject forward in other contexts.
Scaling the Socioeconomic Ladder: Low‐Income Women's Perceptions of Class Status and Opportunity
Authors: Bullock Heather E. , Limbert Wendy M.
Published: November 2003

This study examined how 69 low‐income women enrolled in an educational training program perceived social class and upward mobility. Participants identified their social class during childhood, their current status, and their anticipated post graduate status. Beliefs about income inequality and attributions for wealth and poverty were also assessed. Respondents expected to achieve middle class status and perceived higher education as a route to upward mobility, although the accessibility of post‐secondary programs was questioned. Consistent with previous research involving low‐income groups (Bullock, 1999; Kluegel & Smith, 1986), structural attributions for poverty and wealth were favored over individualistic causes. Also, respondents perceived income inequality as unjust. The construction of class identity and implications for class‐based mobilization are discussed.

It [the American dream] means the opportunity to go as far in life as your abilities will take you. Anyone in America can aspire to be a doctor, a teacher, a police officer or even, as Oprah said, a President. But you can't get any of those important jobs if you don't have the opportunity to acquire the skills you need … . And that's why I believe that the key to the American Dream is education.

—————Former President George Herbert Walker Bush, 1997
Race, Class and the Dilemmas of Upward Mobility for African Americans
Authors: Cole Elizabeth R. , Omari Safiya R.
Published: November 2003

We use the concept of intersectionality to explore the psychological meaning of social class and upward mobility in the lives African Americans. Throughout, we pay special attention to the context of education, a site which many Black Americans feel represents their best hope for upward mobility. Literature related to three themes is reviewed and discussed: (a) the history and significance of class divisions within the Black community, (b) experiences of educational institutions as entryways to upward mobility, and (c) the hidden costs of mobility. It is suggested that future research should address the intersection of gender with class and race, the relevance of class to racial identity, and the experience of downward mobility among Black Americans.
Social Class in Public Schools
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer L.
Published: November 2003

This article shows the pattern of socioeconomic class differences in schooling outcomes and indicates some of the causes for those differences that lie within the public realm. Those causes include “nested inequalities” across boundaries of states, school districts, schools within a district, classes within a school, and sometimes separation within a class. In addition, urban public schools demonstrate a particular set of problems that generate differential schooling outcomes by economic class. The article also demonstrates ways in which class biases are closely entwined with racial and ethnic inequities. It concludes with the broad outlines of what would be necessary to reduce class (and racial) disparities in American public schools.

The American dream will succeed or fail in the 21st century in direct proportion to our commitment to educate every person in the United States of America.

      —President Bill Clinton, 1995 (Clinton, 1995: 617)

There is no greater test of our national responsibility than the quality of the education we provide.

   —Democratic presidential candidate Al Gore, 2000 (Gore, 2000)

Both parties have been talking about education for quite a while. It's time to come together to get it done, so that we can truthfully say in America: No child will be left behind.

        —President George W. Bush, 2001 (Bush, 2001)
Extracurricular Activities and Adolescent Development
Authors: Eccles Jacquelynne S. , Barber Bonnie L. , Stone Margaret , Hunt James
Published: November 2003

In this article, we summarize: (a) the arguments linking participation in structured leisure activities to positive youth development, (b) our findings on the association of extracurricular activity involvement with both educational and risky behavior outcomes during adolescence and young adulthood, and (c) our findings regarding possible mediating mechanisms of these associations. Participants in most extracurricular activities achieved better educational outcomes than non‐participants even after controlling for social class, gender, and intellectual aptitude. Participation in service and religious activities predicted lower rates of drinking and drug use. Participation on school sports teams predicted both better educational outcomes and higher rates of drinking. The mediating mechanisms we discuss relate to identity formation, peer group membership, and attachment to non‐familial adults.
Anaesthesia for lung volume reduction surgery
Authors: Hillier J. , Gillbe C.
Published: November 2003

Lung volume reduction surgery is a surgical treatment for severe emphysema that is increasing in popularity. The aim is to reverse the hyperexpansion of the lungs that leads to expiratory airflow limitation, compromises the diaphragm and chest wall mechanics, and tamponades the right ventricle. Optimal patient selection has not yet been established, but it has become clear that those patients with the most severe disease have an unacceptably high surgical mortality. The anaesthetic management of patients undergoing lung volume reduction surgery requires a good understanding of both the pathophysiology of the disease and the surgical procedure. It is important for the anaesthetist and the surgeon to work closely, supported by a large multidisciplinary team. Excellent analgesia is essential to a successful outcome; whether this is best provided by thoracic epidural is as yet unclear.
Effect of postoperative skin‐surface warming on oxygen consumption and the shivering threshold*
Authors: Alfonsi P. , Nourredine K. E. A. , Adam F. , Chauvin M. , Sessler D. I.
Published: November 2003

Cutaneous warming is reportedly an effective treatment for shivering during epidural and after general anaesthesia. We quantified the efficacy of cutaneous warming as a treatment for shivering. Unwarmed surgical patients (final intra‐operative core temperatures ∼ 35 °C) were randomly assigned to be covered with a blanket (n = 9) or full‐body forced‐air cover (n = 9). Shivering was evaluated clinically and by oxygen consumption. Forced‐air heating increased mean‐skin temperature (mean (SD) 35.7 °C (0.4) vs. 33.2 °C (0.8); p < 0.0001) and lowered core temperature at the shivering threshold (35.7 °C (0.2) vs. 36.4 °C(0.2); p < 0.0001). Active warming improved thermal comfort and significantly reduced oxygen consumption from 9.7 (4.4) ml.min−1.kg−1 to 5.6 (1.9) ml.min−1.kg−1(p = 0.038). However, the duration of shivering was similar in the unwarmed (37 min (11)) and active warming (36 min (10)) groups. Core temperature contributed about four times as much as skin temperature to control of shivering. Cutaneous warming improved thermal comfort and reduced metabolic stress in postoperative patients, but did not quickly obliterate shivering.
Lipid production in natural phytoplankton communities in a small freshwater Baltic lake, Lake Schöhsee, Germany
Authors: RAI HAKUMAT , ARTS MICHAEL , WAINMAN B.C. , DOCKAL N. , KRAMBECK H.J.
Published: November 2003

1. Seasonal patterns in lipid production and the photosynthetic parameters describing lipid production in Lake Schöhsee (a small freshwater, mono‐dimictic and moderately eutrophic North German Baltic lake) were determined.

2. The mean lipid fraction of C fixation (LIP‐FCF) was 13.2% (range 7.6–21%), measured bimonthly from January to December 1995. Periods of high nutrient concentration, low temperatures and particular species of algae (diatoms and/or cryptophytes), were associated with the highest LIP‐FCF values.

3. None of the static indicators of nutrient status [dissolved nitrate, soluble reactive silica (SRS); C/N or N/P] are apparently related to the allocation of carbon to lipid in Lake Schöhsee.

4. The light saturation parameters (Ik : Ik‐LIP) indicated that carbon fixation into lipid was saturated at much lower light than that of total carbon fixation. This suggested that carbon fixation into lipid was more light efficient than total carbon fixation.

5. The relative allocation of carbohydrate and protein was related to daylength and temperature, respectively.
Enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli deliver a novel effector called Cif, which blocks cell cycle G2/M transition
Authors: Marchès Olivier , Ledger Terence Neil , Boury Michèle , Ohara Masaru , Tu Xuanlin , Goffaux Frédéric , Mainil Jacques , Rosenshine Ilan , Sugai Motoyuki , De Rycke Jean , Oswald Eric
Published: November 2003

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are closely related pathogens. Both use a type III secretion system (TTSS) encoded by the ‘locus of enterocyte effacement’ (LEE) to subvert and attach to epithelial cells through the injection of a repertoire of effector molecules. Here, we report the identification of a new TTSS translocated effector molecule called Cif, which blocks cell cycle G2/M transition and induces the formation of stress fibres through the recruitment of focal adhesions. Cif is not encoded by the LEE but by a lambdoid prophage present in EPEC and EHEC. A cif mutant causes localized effacement of microvilli and intimately attaches to the host cell surface, but is defective in the ability to block mitosis. When expressed in TTSS competent LEE‐positive pathogens, Cif is injected into the infected epithelial cells. These cells arrested at the G2/M phase displayed accumulation of inactive phosphorylated Cdk1. In conclusion, Cif is a new member of a growing family of bacterial cyclomodulins that subvert the host eukaryotic cell cycle.
BARRIERS TO MANAGING MENTAL HEALTH IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Sweeney Pam , Kisely Stephen
Published: November 2003

Objective: To explore the views of community‐care and mental health workers on barriers to the management of mental health problems in rural Western Australia, and how these could be addressed.

Design: Qualitative content analysis of semi‐structured interviews.

Setting: Community and mental health services in Esperance.

Subjects: One hundred per cent of relevant mental health workers, 86% of community health professionals and representatives from a wide range of community organisations were interviewed (n =38).

Main outcome measures: The views of community‐care and mental health workers on barriers to the management of mental health, and how these could be addressed.

Results: Barriers included confusion about the role of mental health services, limited after‐hours access and help for those in situational crisis, communication problems between services, differences in working practices and difficulties in dealing with the stigma of mental illness in rural communities. Suggested solutions were an expansion of counselling services and multi‐agency shared care with clinical streams for adults, those aged > 65 and children.

Conclusion: This study revealed a number of barriers that are being addressed through a memorandum of understanding between services.
HEALTH CAREER PROMOTION IN THE NEW ENGLAND AREA OF NEW SOUTH WALES: A PROGRAM TO SUPPORT HIGH SCHOOL CAREER ADVISERS
Authors: Fraser John , Alexander Christian , Simpkins Berniece , Temperley John
Published: November 2003

Objective: To facilitate the area's high school careers advisers' ability to effectively promote health careers to students.

Design: Three cross sectional evaluation surveys at the end of each one‐day workshop.

Setting: Conference rooms in three regional centres (Armidale, Moree and Tamworth, New South Wales).

Subjects: Twenty‐two high school careers advisers.

Intervention: One‐day workshop.

Main outcome measures: High school careers advisers' self‐rated assessment in terms of the effective delivery of appropriate information and opportunities to network.

Results: Participants agreed that the workshop conveyed relevant information (3.8), were of high standard (3.5) and enabled them to identify students wanting to pursue health careers (2.9). Networking between health professionals and career advisers was rated as the most beneficial aspect by a majority of participants (60%). The scenario was rated as a useful tool to educate advisers about health careers (3.8).

Conclusion: Collaborative workshops between advisers and health professionals are useful in facilitating networks to promote health careers in high schools in rural areas. The use of a farm injury scenario as a learning tool was effective in educating advisers about health careers.
Stem cell‐derived angiogenic/vasculogenic cells: Possible therapies for tissue repair and tissue engineering
Authors: Zwaginga JJ , Doevendans P
Published: November 2003

1. The recent ability to isolate stem cells and study their specific capacity of self‐renewal with the formation of different cell types has opened up exciting vistas to help the repair of damaged tissue and even the formation of new tissue. In the present review, we deal with the characteristics and sources that stem cells can be derived and cultured from.

2. We focus on the role that stem cell‐derived vascular cells or endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) may play in (re)vascularization of ischaemic and engineered tissues. This so‐called vasculogenesis resembles the embryological process in which ‘haemangioblasts’ differentiate in blood cells, as well as in primitive vessels. Although also derived from the blood‐forming bone marrow, in adult life vasculogenic stem cells contribute only little to the regular vascular repair mechanisms: namely (i) angiogenesis (outgrowth of vessels from existing vessels); and (ii) arteriogenesis (monocyte‐aided increase in the calibre of existing arteriolar collaterals).

3. Most attempts to increase vascular repair by stem cells involve the use of growth factors, which mobilize stem cells from bone marrow into the blood, sometimes combined with isolation and reinfusion of these cells after ex vivo expansion and differentiation into EPC.

4. Clear improved perfusion of ischaemic sites and new vasculature has been observed in vivo mostly in animal models. Specific homing or administration of these cells and regulated and quantitative expansion and (final) differentiation at these vascular (repair) sites are less studied, but are paramount for efficacy and safety.

5. In conclusion, the use of embryonic stem cells will still encounter ethical objections. Moreover, special attention and measures are needed to cope with the allogeneic barriers that these cells usually encounter. In general, the long and complicated ex vivo cultures to obtain sufficient offspring from the very small numbers of stem cells that can be obtained as starting material will be costly and cumbersome. Both basic research on conceptual matters and cost‐effective development of the product itself will have to go a long way before the clinical use of some volume can be expected.
Development of chemical weed control and integrated weed management in China
Authors: ZHANG ZE PU
Published: November 2003

More than 200 species of weeds are infesting main crop fields in China, among which approximately 30 species are major weeds causing great crop yield losses. About 35.8 million hectares of crop fields are heavily infested by weeds and the annual reduction of crop yields is 12.3–16.5% (weighted average). Along with rural economic development, approximately 50% of the main crop fields undergo herbicide application. Chemical weed control has changed cultural practices to save weeding labor in rice, wheat, maize, soybeans and cotton. At the same time, continuous use of the same herbicides has caused weed shift problems and weed resistance to herbicides. Consequently, integrated weed management in main crops is being developed.
The Retreat from Government Support for Social Dialogue in the Australian Public Service
Authors: Forsyth Anthony
Published: November 2003

This article explores the impact of the Coalition government's federal public sector reforms since 1996 in the Australian Public Service (APS). Under the Labor governments from 1983 to 1996, a range of measures operated to facilitate the development of social dialogue practices in the APS. There were also various mechanisms for consultation, information sharing and employee participation in decision‐making, such as the Joint Council and Departmental Councils, statutory provisions for Industrial Democracy Plans, award provisions for consultation over business restructuring and support for consultative structures under enterprise bargaining and health and safety legislation. Nearly all of these measures have been dismantled or downgraded since the Coalition government came to office, especially those requiring consultation with trade unions or providing unions with a central role in participative mechanisms. It is argued here that the government's reforms have involved a substantial reduction in formal support for social dialogue in the APS, and a rejection of the benefits that such an approach offers.
South Asia: Does Preferential Trade Liberalisation Make Sense?
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: November 2003

This paper systematically analyses the issue of trade liberalisation in the South Asia region and offers a qualitative assessment of alternative approaches. I compare two broad approaches to trade liberalisation: non‐discriminatory and preferential. The former approach can be pursued on a unilateral basis by each country in the region, on a concerted basis by the countries in the region, or multilateral basis under the auspices of the WTO. The latter approach can take the form of criss‐crossing bilateral free trade areas between various countries in the region or a region‐wide free trade area. The view I take in the paper is that the move towards preferential trading is a mistake, at least from the viewpoint of India. India continues to have very high trade barriers so that the scope for trade diversion and the losses accompanying it are likely to be considerable. Business lobbies being relatively powerful in most of the countries in the region, they are likely to exploit the rules of origin and sectoral exceptions in these arrangements in ways that will maximise trade diversion and minimise trade creation. Inasmuch as the rules of origin give bureaucrats power, employment and opportunities to share in the rents created by tariff preferences, they too will become active parties to the diversionary tactics of business lobbies. Therefore, the member countries are better advised to proceed along non‐discriminatory lines in achieving further liberalisation.