bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expert opinion on the criteria and indicator process and Aboriginal communities: Are objectives being met?
Authors: Adam M.-C. , Kneeshaw D.
Published: February 2014

Developed in the 1990s, the process of criteria and indicators (C&I) has been used to conceptualize, evaluate and implement sustainable forest management (SFM). However, to assess their effectiveness we explore whether their use in management leads to changes, especially at the local level in Aboriginal communities. More specifically, can C&I justify Aboriginal use of C&I? Since local-level C&I are a recent initiative, the effectiveness of the C&I process in assessing progress towards SFM was assessed via interviews with experts associated with the development of local-level Aboriginal C&I frameworks in Canada on use, integration and needs of Aboriginal communities for C&I. Our results suggest that C&I in Aboriginal communities are considered to be “just another reference point” because: 1) Aboriginal objectives are maintained at arm's length from the forest management process; 2) the use of C&I as a negotiating tool has not been sufficient to culturally adapt forest management for Aboriginal values and objectives and 3) Aboriginal values have been restricted to the elaboration of C&I and the Aboriginal definition of SFM, but they are not part of the evaluation nor the implementation of SFM. In contrast to the forest industry, Aboriginal communities identified the following objectives as motivation for using C&I: Aboriginal representation, Aboriginal engagement, capacity building and empowerment. Without explicitly acknowledging these Aboriginal community objectives, C&I becomes a tool restricted primarily to forest managers and thus sustainable forest management becomes unattainable. In effect, the underlying issue is not C&I in themselves but the limited role Aboriginal communities have been allowed to have in the SFM process.
Language Creep: Is the language in forest practitioner journals getting more complicated?
Authors: D’Eon Steve
Published: February 2014

An examination of the length of titles for articles in scientific and practitioner forestry journals found that titles have become longer in the 35-year period from 1977 to present. The average title length in practitioner journals is approaching that of the scientific journals sampled. In comparison, titles of oral presentations targeted to practitioners have remained short. Using title length as an indicator of language there is a disjoint between oral presentations of research developments to practitioners and journal articles for the same audience. A common language is essential for effective knowledge exchange between researcher and practitioner for the new developments to be understood and applied in the correct context. Practitioner journals play an important role in knowledge exchange. Practitioner journal authors, reviewers, and editors should be leery of some potential factors impeding communication between researchers and practitioners in this media.
Effect of site preparation on Armillaria ostoyae infection and growth of spruce after partial cutting in a Boreal Mixedwood Forest
Authors: Dumas M.T.
Published: February 2014

Site preparations methods, mixing, scalping and no treatments (control), were evaluated to promote establishment of white and black spruce and reduce mortality by Armillaria ostoyae in partial cuts of Boreal Mixedwoods of northern Ontario. Soil mixing using a Meri Crusher MJ80 reduced the initial inoculum potential of A. ostoyae. Tree mortality was determined each year in the spring and fall for 15 years and all deaths resulted from infections by A. ostoyae. Diameters and heights were assessed after 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 growing seasons. Overall mortality was lower with Picea glauca but was not a result of the different site preparation methods. Mortality of Picea mariana was lower in the screefed treatment. Growth of both species was better in the mixed treatment.
Are community forestry principles at work in Ontario’s County, Municipal, and Conservation Authority forests?
Authors: Teitelbaum Sara , Bullock Ryan
Published: February 2014

Ontario’s County, Municipal and Conservation Authority forests have received little attention within the academic literature on community forestry in Canada. These “Agreement Forests”, as they were once called, are a product of the early 20thcentury and have been under local government management since the 1990s. Most are situated in Southern Ontario. In this article we investigate the extent to which community forestry principles are at work in these forests. Three principles— participatory governance, local benefits and multiple forest use—are analyzed using a composite score approach derived from survey data collected from nearly all of these forest organizations (response rate = 80%). Results indicate that most of these organizations do display attributes associated with community forestry principles, including a local governance process, public participation activities, local employment and multiple-use management. Traditional forestry employment is less strong than in similar studies of Crown land community forests; however, there is an important emphasis on non-timber activities. The article concludes that the County, Municipal and Conservation Authority forests represents a unique approach, which reflects the specific geographic and socio-economic context in which it resides.
Incidence of beech bark disease resistance in the eastern Acadian forest of North America
Authors: Taylor Anthony R. , McPhee Donnie A. , Loo Judy A.
Published: February 2014

Beech bark disease (BBD) is a fatal affliction of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in North America. Although natural resistance to BBD has been observed, reports vary with respect to incidence of resistance, with 1% being most commonly acknowledged. In this paper, we provide the first formal, empirical estimate of BBD resistance over a wide geographical area where BBD has been prevalent for longest in North America. We conducted our study in the Acadian Forest region of eastern Canada. Thirty-five beech-dominated stands (>5 ha each) were surveyed across the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, spanning a time since infection (TSI) period between 1890 and 1975. Stands were surveyed for incidence of disease-free beech trees, which was used as a proxy for BBD resistance. Across our study area, the average percentage of disease-free trees observed was 3.3%; however, the occurrence of disease-free trees varied significantly geographically, with the oldest, most southerly TSI zone indicating 2.2% and the youngest, most northerly TSI zone showing 5.7%. Although geographic variation of disease-free beech trees may reflect disease exposure time, we speculate that lower minimum winter temperatures, combined with less intensive land-use history are the underlying mechanisms that explain the higher observed percentage of disease-free trees in the most northerly TSI zones.
THE USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY IN MAPPING SOIL SITES
Authors: Hills G. Angus
Published: February 2014

The first part of this paper deals with a basic site classification designed to provide a framework for assessing the capability of any area for forest production; the second part is a discussion of mapping methods with emphasis on the use of aerial photographs.Basic soil sites are described in terms of the moisture regime and the permeability of the soil materials and of the temperature and the evaporativity of the local atmosphere. The simple terms or symbols used to indicate sequence in the intensity or level of these three most essential characteristics are also handles for a class of forest sites which can be subdivided on the basis of any significant site feature. Though this is necessary for detailed studies, refinement is avoided as much as possible because of the overwhelming number of types. Grouping rather than subdivision is necessary for practical purposes since there are at least three hundred basic soil sites (several times this figure, in fact, if even the most important variations are considered) for each climatic region. A chart is presented in which the one hundred and twenty-one sites (based on moisture and permeability and excluding ecoclimate), are grouped in thirty-three groups. An indication is given by the use of letter symbols, of the method by which these can be further grouped into five merchantable sites, four partially merchantable sites and two unmerchantable ones (the very dry and the very wet) making a total of eleven sites occurring within the normal or zonal ecoclimate of any one site region.Using a knowledge gained from field studies of the relationships of moisture and permeability to various recognizable characteristics of patterns of the following: (a) forest cover, (b) landform including length and per cent slope, (c) waterways, (d) rock-outcrop, and (e) land-use, basic soil si es are mapped from aerial photographs by noting the coincidences of moisture and permeability classes indicated by the overlapping patterns of the above named 'single' site characteristics. Seldom are the boundaries of the single characteristics actually marked on the photographs. It is with the aid of these invisible boundaries that the interpreter maps the integration of all site features known as "basic soil sites".Though this classification would appear to be designed for local ratings of forest capabilities within a single region, it is well adapted for regional comparisons with universal application. The grid establishes 'normal' positions defined in terms of moisture, permeability, ecoclimate, etc., which are reference points for the comparison of patterns of 'climatic soil types' (e.g. podsols, etc.) in two or more regions. On the other hand the system can be used without involving the forester in complicated regional studies, though these are usually to his advantage.
PATHOLOGICAL DETERIORATION IN WIND-THROWN BALSAM FIR IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Davidson A. G. , Newell W. R.
Published: February 2014

Fifty wind-thrown balsam fir were examined in Newfoundland for pathological deterioration 3 to 4 years following death. Ninety-eight per cent of the trees examined possessed incipient deterioration in the form of a reddish-brown, or occasionally, a yellowish discoloration. The average depth of radial penetration of incipient deterioration was 0.5 inches. Twenty-two per cent of the trees possessed advanced deterioration, mostly a brown cubical sap rot. The incipient deterioration, caused predominantly by STEREUM CHAILLETHI Pers., occupied approximately 33 per cent of the total merchantable volume. The advanced deterioration was caused chiefly by LENZITES SAEPIARIA Wulf. ex Fr. and occupied less than 1 per cent of the total merchantable volume. Based on present practices in Newfoundland, the loss from deterioration in these windthrown trees once the wood has reached the mill amounts to the volume occupied by advanced deterioration, less than 1 per cent. There are, however, several types of losses which may be incurred before the raw material has reached the mill.
THE SASKATCHEWAN FOREST INVENTORY
Authors: Palley M. N.
Published: February 2014

One approach to forest inventory which has been employed in the west-central part of Canada is described and discussed. The means employed in arriving at a land classification, timber estimate, growth forecast and forest map are dealt with. Man-day requirements for the individual inventory work operations are cited, as well as sampling error of estimate of total growing stock. A general statement of the characteristics of Saskatchewan's accessible forests is given and some of the by-products of a forest inventory survey are listed.
FOREST SURVEYS IN ALBERTA
Authors: Loomis R. D.
Published: February 2014

A review of the need, method and application of a provincial forest inventory to conditions in Alberta.
SOME PROBLEMS AND APPROACHES IN CLASSIFICATION OF SITE IN JUVENILE STANDS OF DOUGLAS FIR
Authors: Smith J. H. G. , Ker J. W.
Published: February 2014

Although several easily-determined, single-factor approaches to estimation of site quality are available for use in juvenile stands of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), not one of them is wholly suitable. Conventional height-age relationships in use are based on scanty data for very young stands, are most representative of fully stocked stands, and depend considerably upon the yield table used as a reference.Recently the growth-intercept method (Wakeley, 1954) has been developed independently for Douglas fir by Wiley (1951) and tested fairly generally by Warrack and Fraser (1955). The growth-intercept method employs the lengths of the first few internodes above breast height as indicators of site quality. This method has the advantages of direct measurement and early classification but indicates current or juvenile site qualities rather than total site capabilities over a long period of time. The utility of another measure of site quality, number of years to reach breast height, is demonstrated by data secured in this study. Schmidt (1954) illustrated possible uses of stump diameters to indicate site quality; unfortunately only past site quality is estimated and direct examination of stumps is necessary. Topographic positions (ridge, upper slope, lower slope, and valley) are, in themselves, often indicative of site quality. Species and abundance of lesser vegetation will also provide indications of the site quality of Douglas fir, but these interrelationships are often complicated and require interpretation by experts. This report illustrates certain problems and possible uses of most of the above-mentioned methods. In addition problems of age-class distribution and succession are discussed. Data used were collected in Douglas fir types on the University Research Forest at Haney and on Vancouver Island.
FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT — DUAL ENDEAVORS ON FOREST LAND
Authors: Edwards R. Y. , Fowle C. D. , Cringan A. T. , Passmore R. C. , Reeve A. J. , Robinson D. J.
Published: February 2014

The main theme of the paper is that forest management influences the abundance of wildlife, and that wildlife is part of every forest. Forest management and wildlife management are inescapably linked by similar aims on the same land. The use of the forests for wood production is an imposed condition on wildlife managers, and the report shows by interesting examples the interplay of these two influences on the management problems of each.
THE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL DEFOLIATION OF VARIOUS AGES OF LEAVES UPON WHITE PINE GROWTH
Authors: Linzon S. N.
Published: February 2014

Foliage injuries produced by disease-causing organisms or adverse environmental influences may be confined to leaves of a specific age occurring among the "perennial" foliage of coniferous trees. Inadequate information exists concerning the effectiveness of leaves of different ages in promoting the growth of forest trees. An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of artificial removal of foliage of different ages from white pine trees upon height and diameter growth, subsequent axial development and foliage vigor. Although the observations show that all three ages of foliage are utilized in the growth of white pine, it is indicated that during the growing season the one-year-old foliage may be more important than the two-year-old foliage or foliage produced during the current year.
DECAY LOSSES IN SUBALPINE SPRUCE ON THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST RESERVE IN ALBERTA
Authors: Etheridge D. E.
Published: February 2014

Subalpine spruce on the Rocky Mountain Forest Reserve in Alberta was found to have decay amounting to 20% of the gross merchantable volume with variations in the amount of decay among the different sample areas ranging from 1.4% to 41.9%. A large part of this variation is attributed to the influence of site since it was possible to distinguish two types of sites which differed in the nature of the ground vegetation, the growth rate of the trees, and in the incidence and amount of decay. The average gross volume for survival trees on sites which were described as moist on the basis of distinctive ground cover associations was 174 board feet compared with 87 board feet on the dry sites. The average percentage of cull for trees in each of the two site classes was 24.5 and 9.2 respectively. In trees with a d.b.h. of 8 ins., 4.2% of the gross merchantable volume was cull, increasing to 24.7% in trees of 21 ins. The percentage of cull was higher in the faster-growing trees of the over-storey (20.6%) than in the slower-growing trees of the understorey (16.4%). In cubic feet, the percentage of decay was 7.8% and 5.4% respectively for the two classes of trees.
BASAL FIRE SCARS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF DECAY IN LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Nordin V. J.
Published: February 2014

An examination of lodgepole pines with basal fire scars has shown a correlation between the incidence of fungi entering the scars and the area of the scars. A number of fungi entering the scars and associated with red stain, other decays, and blue stain, are identified and illustrated. The significance of fire scars in the management of lodgepole pine in Alberta is discussed.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE PATHOLOGICAL DETERIORATION IN WIND-THROWN BALSAM FIR IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Stillwell M. A.
Published: February 2014

The rate of pathological deterioration was determined for 175 wind-thrown balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., four to eight years following death. Incipient sapwood decay in the form of reddish-brown or yellowish discoloration decreased from 32 to 13 per cent of the total gross merchantable volume from the fourth to the eighth year. The volume of unfirm sapwood increased from two per cent in the fifth year to 45 per cent in the eighth year. All trees examined in the seventh and eighth years following death contained unfirm sapwood decay and the average depth of radial penetration was 0.5 and 0.8 inches respectively. Stereum sanguinolentum Alb. & Schw. ex Fr. and S. chailletii Pers. were the two main fungi associated with incipient decay. Advanced deterioration was caused chiefly by Lenzites saepiaria Wulf. ex Fr. with Polyporus abietinus Dicks. ex Fr. making up most of the balance. Commercial salvage operations were concluded in the study area eight years following windthrow.
DECAY ASSOCIATED WITH LOGGING INJURY TO SPRUCE AND BALSAM IN THE PRINCE GEORGE REGION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Parker A. K. , Johnson A. L. S.
Published: February 2014

In a study decay associated with logging damage in the Prince George region of British Columbia, 873 spruce and balsam trees with 2938 scars were analyzed. Scars averaged 5, 15, and 31 years of age and were classified according to their position, size, and depth. The relation of scar infection to locality, tree diameter, site, and to scar position, size, depth, and age was studied. The average volume of decay associated with scars of different types and ages was determined, and the fungi most frequently found associated with the decay are reported.
A VARIABLE QUADRAT REGENERATION SURVEY METHOD
Authors: Bickerstaff A.
Published: February 2014

The theory and application of a variable quadrat technique which may be used to assess the adequacy of stocking in stands of young growth are described.
RAINFALL AND THE WIDTH OF ANNUAL RINGS IN PLANTED WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Gagnon Daniel
Published: February 2014

The influence of monthly rainfall on the mean annual ring width in a 31-year-old plantation of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, on sandy soils near Grand'Mère, Quebec, was studied. Analysis carried out on 43 dominant trees growing without competition on a very poor dry site of coarse material indicated that current mean annual ring width is closely related to the mean monthly precipitation during June, July and August of the preceding year. Although this relationship was evident for the past 18 years, the possibility that other factors may act concurrently is recognized.
AIRCRAFT IN FOREST FIRE CONTROL IN ONTARIO
Authors: Foster W. T.
Published: February 2014

Aircraft play a major role in forest fire control in Ontario. The Ontario Department of Lands and Forests has used aircraft in this work since 1921 and today owns and operates a fleet of 44 float-equipped aircraft and leases five helicopters. The Province with extensive forest areas dotted with many lakes is naturally suited to the use of float-planes.Aircraft are deployed at a number of strategically located bases across the Province. The organization, location of air bases and communication system contributes to a highly flexible air operation permitting a rapid concentration of aircraft to fire areas. Commercial planes and aircraft operated by other government agencies are employed in peak load periods.The use of aircraft has been a main factor in reducing forest fire losses in Ontario. A number of uses and techniques are discussed. Although primarily for fire control use aircraft carry out flying during low fire danger periods in connection with other forestry or wildlife activities. The paper concludes with some of the essential requirements for an effective fire control air operation.
REGENERATION IN MANITOBA
Authors: Haig R. A.
Published: February 2014

Surveys have shown that after normal logging operations in Manitoba, the regeneration of white spruce, jack pine and black spruce was not sufficient to provide future well-stocked stands. Other studies, in Manitoba and elsewhere, have determined many of the factors affecting regeneration, and of these the two important ones subject to some degree of control appeared to be seed supply and seedbed conditions. By modifying the seed supply and seedbed conditions excellent regeneration of all three species has been obtained under experimental conditions. The costs involved in these treatments were less than those normally associated with artificial regeneration. It is suggested that the recommended treatments to promote natural regeneration be introduced in current logging operations carried out on an operational scale.
TREE SWAY PERIOD—A POSSIBLE NEW PARAMETER FOR CROWN CLASSIFICATION AND STAND COMPETITION
Authors: Sugden Martin J.
Published: February 2014

The natural sway periods of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and some white pine (Pinus strobus L.) trees were measured with a stop watch in four plantations and one native stand. This new parameter showed fair correlation with the ratio diameter/height; deviations therefrom were thought to be due largely to the variable mass and height of the crown. The crowns were pruned from six large red pines and the sway periods of their pruned boles were observed. "Crown moment" was postulated as a more all-inclusive index than either crown density or crown class alone. Other possible factors affecting tree sway period were discussed, although the relative importance of each remains to be investigated. Sway period frequency curves for each stand suggested that the mean sway period of a stand increases with age and with increasing competition.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF DOUGLAS-FIR FOLIAGE BY AGE
Authors: Silver G. T.
Published: February 2014

The percentage of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, foliage by age was calculated for four trees for four consecutive years. The percentage of foliage for the five youngest years was 28, 23, 17, 13, and 10 per cent, respectively. Distribution of foliage by age was fairly uniform within individual branches. Although there was considerable variation between crown levels, trees, and years, the averages were reasonably uniform.
AMOUNTS AND DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL REGENERATION IN THREE DOUGLAS FIR PLANTATIONS ON VANCOUVER ISLAND
Authors: Foster R. E. , Johnson A. L. S.
Published: February 2014

Considerable differences in the species composition, density, and pattern of natural regeneration were encountered within and between 16- to 18-year-old Douglas fir plantations as small as and smaller than one acre. The findings suggest that evidence on which to forecast the structure and composition of the mature forest is more likely to accrue from successive total enumerations than from sampling.
RELATION OF SOILS AND GROUND COVER VEGETATION IN EVEN-AGED PINE STANDS OF CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: Heringa P. K. , Cormack R. G. H.
Published: February 2014

The present paper describes the ground vegetation of even-aged pine stands in West Central Alberta on six different sites and attempts to relate the ground vegetation to soil conditions.
DECAY OF LODGEPOLE PINE IN TWO FOOTHILLS SECTIONS OF THE BOREAL FOREST IN ALBERTA
Authors: Loman A. A. , Paul G. D.
Published: February 2014

Cull in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) is highly variable in the B19a and B19c Sections of the Boreal Forest in Alberta, depending upon whether the wood is used for pulp or sawed products. Sixty-nine per cent of 2,436 sample trees were suspected of containing volumes of red heartwood stain and advanced decay on the basis of the presence of external defects. Fifty-three per cent of the suspects were sound, 36 per cent had red heartwood stain and 11 per cent were partly or entirely decayed. Sixty per cent of the trees without external defects were sound, and 40 per cent had red heartwood stain. In cubic-foot measure decay was unimportant in stands less than 100 years old. In older stands a few infested trees accounted for most of the decay. In foot-board measure 62 of 2,746 sample trees were totally culled and 122 were partially culled. Considerable loss occured in 90-year old and older stands near Whitecourt and in 170-year old stands in the other sample areas. Fomes pini (Thore) Lloyd and Polyporus tomentosus Fr. were the principal fungi isolated from white pitted trunk rots. P. tomentosus and Flammula alnicola (Fr.) Kummer were isolated most frequently from white pitted root and butt rots, and Coniophora puteana (Schum. ex Fr.) Karst. from brown cubical root and butt rots. Peniophora pseudo-pini Weres. and Gibson was the most frequently isolated fungus but was always associated with red heartwood stain. Scars of all kinds were the most important points of entry for decay fungi.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SITE INDEX AND FOLIAGE NITROGEN AT TWO CROWN LEVELS FOR MATURE BLACK SPRUCE
Authors: Gagnon J. D.
Published: February 2014

The concentration of nitrogen in current year lateral needles of 122 mature dominant and codominant black spruce trees (Picea mariana Mill.) growing on different site qualities has been studied. Analyses carried out on needles collected at the end of the growing season and within two feet of both the top and base of the crown indicated that samples obtained from either position on the crown can be related to site index or site quality. It seems, therefore, that the concentration of nitrogen in needles from the lower branches is as good a criterion of growth or productivity as that in the needles from the upper branches.
EVALUATION OF THE TRANSECT AREA - METER METHOD OF MEASURING MAP AREAS
Authors: Aldred A. H.
Published: February 2014

Planimetering of map areas was studied to find a more efficient method in terms of speed and accuracy, than those currently in use. A transect method was developed using a simple map measurer which was adapted to scan the transects, to mark area covered, and to store accumulated lengths of transects scanned. The modified version of the instrument, called a transect area meter was tested against the dot grid and the polar planimeter used as standards of speed and accuracy respectively and found to be both faster and more accurate than conventional methods.
THE INFLUENCE OF STAND DENSITY ON THE CORRELATION OF STEM DIAMETER WITH CROWN WIDTH AND HEIGHT FOR LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Bonnor G. M.
Published: February 2014

A statistical comparison of eight lodgepole pine plots of different stand density but of similar site and age revealed that stand density did not influence the correlation of stem diameter with crown width and tree height.
A MACHINE METHOD FOR MAPPING INSECT SURVEY RECORDS
Authors: Brown C. E.
Published: February 2014

The Canadian Forest Insect and Disease Survey has accumulated a large volume of insect distribution records on punched cards. The time and labor needed to process this large volume of cards together with recent developments in the card processing and computer fields stimulated a search for new handling techniques. A program for the automatic plotting of insect distribution records from punched cards using a Univac computer and tabulator is described.
MAPLE DIEBACK IN ONTARIO
Authors: Griffin H. D.
Published: February 2014

Maple dieback, a disease condition of unknown etiology affecting sugar maple and other hardwoods in woodlots, was studied over a 6-year period to determine its severity and extent. Data from permanent sample plots showed a consistent recovery trend during this period among moderately affected maple and other hardwood species. Severely affected trees did not recover. Dieback did not spread to new areas. The condition was not associated with either fungous pathogens or insect pests. Adverse environmental factors are postulated as important contributing casual agents.
CONE PRODUCTION AND SEEDFALL IN A MATURE WHITE SPRUCE STAND
Authors: Waldron R. M.
Published: February 2014

Between 1954 and 1963 cone production of individual trees and seedfall were measured in a mature white spruce stand at the Riding Mountain Forest Experimental Area in Manitoba.Results showed that dominant and co-dominant trees produced heavier cone crops and produced them more frequently than intermediates; intermediates produced heavier and more frequent cone crops than suppressed trees.Over the ten-year period 11.7 million white spruce seed fell per acre, of which 6.7 million were sound. Total annual recorded seedfall varied with a high of 5,625,000 seeds per acre in 1960 and a low of 10,000 per acre in 1958. Seed soundness was highest in years of heavy seedfall and lowest in years of nil and light seedfall.Seedfall generally began in early August with peak seedfall occuring in late August or early September. However, in several years below average air temperatures and sunshine and above average precipitation delayed peak seedfall until late September. Early- and late-falling seed was not as sound as that which fell during the period of peak seedfall.
A GEOGRAPHICAL APPRAISAL OF THE SOVIET FOREST RESOURCE
Authors: Bone Robert M.
Published: February 2014

The presence of a vast forest represents a valuable natural asset to any nation. In the case of the Soviet Union, the harnessing of this resource greatly facilitated its economic development. The particular distribution of forest has resulted in certain regional problems and trends. Presently there is a shift of logging and a slow but gradual migration of associated processing industries northward and eastward from the traditional logging region of central European Soviet Russia. The new emphasis on expanding the wood and paper fabricating industries reflects the growing sophistication of this Soviet industry. Not withstanding the recognized potential of this segment of the Soviet forest industry, there are presently certain shortages of wood and paper products.
A FIELD TRIAL OF WEIGHT-SCALING
Authors: Moss Alan
Published: February 2014

A field trial of Weight-Scaling and Load Count-Scaling was conducted in the Southern Interior of British Columbia to determine the suitability of these methods of determining wood volume for contractor logging.The results are discussed and conclusions given.
FOREST MANAGEMENT ON THE SMALL FOREST PROPERTY
Authors: MacArthur J. D.
Published: February 2014

Small privately owned forest properties located in settled and predominantly agricultural areas provide about one third of the industrial wood supply in eastern Canada. Climate, soil fertility, accessibility, proximity to markets and availability of labour make these forest lands potentially highly productive. But, despite their potential, they are generally considered to be the worst managed of all forest lands.This situation is discussed briefly and some suggestion advanced for a new approach to small property management. It is suggested that foresters should make this problem their own. Demands exist for the various products these lands could produce and foresters are the most likely candidates for the task of making the most of the resource for the benefit of all concerned.
A PLEA FOR STANDARD TREE NAME ABBREVIATIONS
Authors: Day R. J.
Published: February 2014

In Canada's Centennial Year a plea is made for replacing the six current systems of abbreviating tree names in the vernacular by a single system based on botanical nomenclature. Simple rules for the abbreviations are proposed and an up-to-date list of abbreviations is presented.
ROOT EXPOSURE OF WHITE SPRUCE NURSERY STOCK
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

Two lots of 2-0 white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in soil blocks were brought into the greenhouse in February. The first lot, called "active" was left in the greenhouse for 10 days before transplanting. The second lot, called "dormant" was left in the greenhouse for 3 days before transplanting. The seedlings were then washed from the soil, graded, and exposed to the air on nets, some in the greenhouse, some in an adjacent laboratory. The exposure varied from 0 (immediate planting), to ½, 1, 1½, 2 and 2½ hours. After planting, the seedlings were grown in the greenhouse for four months, then removed from the soil and measured.The results showed greater mortality from root exposure of the "active" seedlings. The mortality increased with the length of exposure. Growth also was inhibited most within the "active" stock. However, growth was reduced even in the "dormant" stock by root exposures of ½ hour or longer. Differences due to location in greenhouse or laboratory during root exposure were not significant.
HEART ROT OF JACK PINE IN ONTARIO. III. DECAY RELATIONSHIPS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MANAGEMENT
Authors: Basham J. T.
Published: February 2014

A total of 4,287 jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees were sampled throughout most of the range of this species in Ontario. Tree age was the factor associated with the greatest variation in the extent of defects of fungal origin (decay) within the merchantable bole. The amount of decay increased with host age, accelerating markedly after 90 to 100 years. A close relationship also was found between the extent of defective jack pine heartwood and three geographical regions of the Province. Roughly twice as much decay, on a volume percentage basis, was encountered in western Ontario as in eastern Ontario. A tendency for more decay to occur in relatively slow growing jack pine was observed; however, this was not statistically significant. Site, based on soil moisture regime, was related to the incidence of decay in the sample trees. There is evidence from this and other investigations that the growth rate of jack pine is highest on moderately dry to moderately fresh sites with soil moisture regimes 2 or 3. Most jack pine in Ontario occurs on very dry or dry soil moisture regimes 0 or 1. The extent of decay was significantly less on regimes 2 and 3 which represent the optimum sites for jack pine quality and growth in Ontario.
CONE CROPS OF WHITE AND BLACK SPRUCE ARE PREDICTABLE
Authors: Eis S.
Published: February 2014

In the spring of 1963 an experiment was initiated to find ways of predicting seed crops of white and black spruce in the Interior of British Columbia. Morphology and anatomy of the buds were studied. Initiation of reproductive buds of both species started in late July. Positive identification of the buds at this stage of development required dissection under low magnification. By late August, reproductive buds of white spruce and male buds of black spruce could be distinguished macroscopically by their size and shape. It was difficult to distinguish between white spruce male and female buds and, between black spruce female and vegetative buds in the fall without dissection.
Conversion Surplus as a Measure of Value
Authors: Duerr William A. , Guttenberg Sam
Published: February 2014

Conversion surplus is a measure of a producer's prospective gain or loss from converting goods-in-process (e.g., standing timber, logs) to end products. It is useful as an index to merchantability and for purposes of comparative valuation, as in calculating financial maturity of a tree or the best timber stocking or rotation. It considers the costs and revenues which are variable with (i.e., relevant to) the management decision, and it considers them for the firm as a whole.
Species Composition and Development of Second-Growth Hardwood Stands in Quebec
Authors: Winget Carl H.
Published: February 2014

Second-growth, tolerant hardwood stands developed rapidly and, almost entirely from shade-tolerant advance growth, regardless of cutting intensity. Non-commercial woody species were seldom important competitors. Sugar maple, associated with beech on upland and balsam fir on lowland sites, was the dominant species. Yellow birch, basswood and hemlock, important contributors to wood volumes harvested, were minor components of second-growth stands. Valuable minor species such as red oak, white ash, and black cherry had practically disappeared. The application of known techniques for regenerating disturbance-dependent species is urgently required.
The Future Value of Canada's Northern Forests
Authors: Naysmith John K.
Published: February 2014

not available
Plans and Progress of Artificial Regeneration in British Columbia
Authors: Robinson Eric W.
Published: February 2014

The immediate objective is to grow and plant 75,000,000 seedlings by 1975. At the present time there is, under B.C. Forest Service ownership, enough good quality nursery land to produce 100,000,000 two-year-old bare root seedlings annually on a three-year rotation. In the public interest obligations exist to restock current high site forest land artificially in priority. At this time, the larger percentage of restocking (60-70%) will be by natural means with assistance through silvicultural and logging practices, particularly in the interior of the province. Planting of bare root is expensive and with the advent of container stock, improved seed and improvements in quality of all stock, in planting techniques, and in utilization, we look forward to greater planting production and survival per dollar spent. Working plans are presently being developed to introduce container stock into our operational program by 1972. Operational direct seeding is dependent on the availability of large quantities of seed and the right conditions for limited success.
Growth and foliar nutrients in direct seeded red pine in relation to micro-site
Authors: Mader Donald L.
Published: February 2014

not available
Hardiness of jack pine hybrids and provenances in the boreal forest
Authors: Yeatman C. W. , Holst M. J.
Published: February 2014

not available
Machine planting of red pine
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

not available
Foresters, forestry and wildlife
Authors: Bunnell Fred , Dumont William E.
Published: February 2014

not available
Root rot losses in upland spruce at Candle Lake, Saskatchewan
Authors: Whitney R. D.
Published: February 2014

not available
Stumpage dimensions and stumpage value
Authors: Rose Dietmar W.
Published: February 2014

not available
Using fire to eliminate understory balsam fir in pine management
Authors: Methven Ian R. , Murray W. G.
Published: February 2014

not available
Effect of Balsam Woolly Aphid on Cone and Seed Production by Balsam Fir
Authors: Schooley Hugh O.
Published: February 2014

The size of cones and the quantity and quality of seed produced by balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, in five balsam woolly aphid Adelges piceae (Ratz.), damage classes were compared. No cone or seed abnormalities that could be attributed to aphid infestation or the amount of aphid damage to the trees were detected. Also, the severity of aphid damage had no influence on the incidence of damage to cones and seed caused by cone insects. No balsam woolly aphids were found on cones.
Urban Forestry in Windsor, Ontario
Authors: Morsink W. A. G. , Burridge L. O. W.
Published: February 2014

An urban forestry program in Windsor, Ontario, focuses on the planting and maintenance of a permanent canopy of street and park trees. Diversification of the tree population has resulted from an emphasis on the use of native tree species, together with various management techniques.
Urban Forestry Legislation in Ontario
Authors: Andresen John W.
Published: February 2014

Ontario's urban trees and forests lack comprehensive protection under contemporary legislation and regulation. Although the Ontario Municipal Act enables any municipality to compose and enforce tree by-laws, only larger municipal governments have enacted tree protection legislation, often based upon the Plant Diseases Act. In general, municipal trees are more subject to removal than conservation. Increased civic activism, however, has alerted municipal officials to investigate more adequate tree protection legislation. Results of a survey of municipal tree policies, regulations and by-laws is presented.
Labor: The Key to Ontario's Silvicultural Program
Authors: Ketcheson D. E. , Smyth J. H.
Published: February 2014

The demand for labor for Ontario's regeneration program is forecast to increase from 114,000 man-days in 1973-1974 to 187,000 man-days in 1982-1983, a rise of 64%. Most of this demand is expected to be centered in northern Ontario. Projected population estimates for 1981 and beyond, coupled with other interacting factors, strongly suggest that sufficient labor may not be readily available for the level of regeneration activity proposed.
Herbicide and Container System Effects on Survival and Early Growth of Conifers in Northern Wisconsin
Authors: Noste Nonan V. , Phipps Howard M.
Published: February 2014

Seedlings of four conifer species grown in four container systems were field tested on intensively prepared sites. Plots were treated with the herbicides Casoron and Roundup for follow-up weed control Jack pine survived and grew best after two full growing seasons. The Rootrainer container and a plug container bound with an experimental polymer gave consistently good results for all species. Height and diameter growth were best on plots treated with Roundup. Casoron decreased survival slightly. In the initial phase of establishment, use of these herbicides may not be justified, if mechanical site preparation is thorough enough, but this must await further evaluation.
Effects of Four Thinnings on the Growth, Yields and Financial Returns of a 62-Year-Old Red Pine Plantation
Authors: Althen F. W. von , Stiell W. M. , Forster R. B.
Published: February 2014

Growth data for a 62-year old plantation of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) at Rockland, Ontario, part of which was thinned four times between 1938 and 1972, and part of which was left unthinned, are presented for the two stand conditions, together with associated product yields and economic implications of alternative treatments. The investment in thinning, when based on historical costs and revenues, was attractive: the thinning program increased net present worth at each stage. When based on current costs and revenues, with no increase at an assumed inflation rate, the investment in thinning was less attractive, and it was not proved conclusively that the thinning program would be profitable. Financial growth peaked at a rotation age of approximately 50 years.
A Field Comparison of Distance and Plot Methods for Regeneration Surveys
Authors: MacLeod D. A. , Chaudhry M. A.
Published: February 2014

A survey method involving the measurement of the distance from a sample point to the nearest seedling was compared with the usual stocked plot approach for estimating percent stocking to 1-milacre (4 m2) plots. Ten separate surveys were run for each method over a 100-acre (40 ha) test area, and the results compared with respect to stocking accuracy and practical utility. The distance approach was found to be more efficient, requiring on the average substantially fewer samples to achieve the same level of accuracy. Time requirements per sample were slightly greater than for the stocked plot approach and the equipment was more cumbersome.The theoretical basis for estimating stocking from a distance survey is described, and an estimation procedure is presented.
Growth to Early Maturity of Sugar Pine Trees Derived from Excised Mature Embryos Germinated In Vitro
Authors: Haddock Philip G.
Published: February 2014

Excised mature embryos of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) of the 1940 seed crop from a single, open-pollinated tree in a natural stand in California were cultured on a nutrient-agar medium in 1941, transferred to forest soil, and outplanted in 1943 at the Eddy Aboretum of the Institute of Forest Genetics, Placerville, California. Development to the sapling stage was reported in 1954. This paper extends to 1979 the development record of the tree surviving several thinnings. The single remaining tree first produced fertile seed in 1977, and at an age of 39 years in June, 1979, was 25 m in height and 75 cm in diameter, bh. It has a long live-crown and gives every evidence of vigorous health. Similarity of seed source and planting site environments is suggested as one possible reason for excellent growth. Potential for ultimately normal growth to maturity of tissue and cell cultures of forest trees is believed promising.
Assessing the Accuracy of a Product-form Tree Volume Equation
Authors: Roebbelen Peter , Smith Victor G.
Published: February 2014

In a continuing investigation of product-form as a predicting variable in volume estimation, this study compares a product-form tree volume equation with two standard volume equations and the Dominion Forestry Service form-class 70 and 75 volume tables in their ability to estimate individual tree red pine volumes. Using weighted regression and measurements from 3607 individual trees, coefficients for the three equations were developed. Freese's test of accuracy was used as the criterion of choice in deciding which method proved most accurate in estimating the volumes of a set of test data.The product-form volume equation gave the most accurate estimates.
Response of Suppressed Conifer Seedlings to Release from an Aspen-pine Overstorey
Authors: Berry A. B.
Published: February 2014

Seedlings of white pine, red pine, and white spruce which had germinated in a spot-seeding experiment, and which had been suppressed for 27 years under a mature aspen-pine stand were released in 1950. The development of a new dense stand of aspen suckers permitted conifer growth rates of about 0.3 m per year for the next 30 years (not as rapid as for open grown trees) yet limited white pine weevil damage. The stand was thinned in 1980 to remove the aspen and all but the best stem of the coniferous species at each seed spot.
Impact du chancre hypoxylonien sur le tremble de 2 unités de gestion du Québec
Authors: Archambault Louis
Published: February 2014

A survey was conducted in the management units of Portneuf and Grand-Portage, Québec to determine the impact of Hypoxylon canker (Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.)) on aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). In 78 forest stands (2340 stems) of Portneuf, sampling revealed 2.6% of stems (2.0% of volume) affected or dead. In the 82 Grand-Portage stands (2460 stems) 4.1% of stems (2.8% of volume) were affected or dead. Other analyses were carried out on the frequency of the disease in relation to stand characteristics.Although annual losses which represent only a sixth of this evaluation are relatively low, we must emphasize that they are cumulative over the whole life of the stands. Moreover, the importance of the impact could increase if aspen was widely used.