bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A philosophical pursuit: Natural models and the practical arts in establishing the structure of the earth
Authors: Ksiazkiewicz Allison
Published: August 2015

During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries antiquarians, geologists and savants debated whether the summits of particular Highland mountains were the vestiges of iron-age forts or evidence of extinct volcanoes. A blend of antiquarian-historical methodology deeply affected the geological narratives that British savants and gentlemen of science developed during this period. The histories of architecture, and the fine and practical arts regularly functioned as proxies for visualizing the history, structure and operations of the earth. The case of vitrified forts discovered in Scotland highlights how the theoretical and practical arts directly informed geological theory to create what George Bellas Greenough (1778–1855) claimed was a ‘philosophical pursuit’. Focusing on the contributions of John MacCulloch (1773–1835) over the ambiguous identification of vitrified ruins, this paper shows how geological history was entwined with broad cultural interests in the progress of society and its rise from Nature. First, the essay examines the meaning and role of ‘imitation’ and ‘copying’ in art and architecture. Second, it applies these concepts within the framework of the vitrified-ruin debate that antiquarians and geologists engaged. Third, it demonstrates how the ‘imitation’ of Nature in the practical arts was a useful tool for making claims about earth structure.
Marriage Squeeze and Intergenerational Support in Contemporary Rural China
Authors: Jin Xiaoyi , Guo Qiuju , Feldman Marcus W.
Published: August 2015

With China’s gender imbalance and increasingly severe male marriage squeeze, patterns of intergenerational support in rural areas are likely to undergo significant change. Using data from a survey of four towns from X county in Anhui province carried out in 2008, this article analyzes the effects of sons’ marital status on intergenerational support. Random-effect regression analysis shows that son’s marital status has strong effects on financial support to and coresidence with parents. Compared with married sons, older unmarried sons (so-called forced bachelors) tend to provide less financial support to their parents and are more likely to live with their parents. Parents’ support of sons, as well as the parents’ own needs and sons’ capabilities all affect the support provided by sons. These results show that both theories of exchange and altruism are simultaneously relevant in the context of the marriage squeeze of contemporary rural China.
Have I Ever Done Anything Like This Before? Older Adults Solving Ill-Defined Problems in Intensive Volunteering
Authors: Cheek Cheryl , Piercy Kathleen W. , Kohlenberg Meranda
Published: August 2015

This study examined the ways in which individuals over 50 years old solved problems while volunteering in intensive humanitarian and disaster relief service. Thirty-seven men and women in the sample were sponsored by three religious organizations well known for providing humanitarian and disaster relief service. Semistructured interviews yielded data that were analyzed qualitatively, using McCracken’s five-step process for analysis. We found that volunteers used three different abilities to solve problems: drawing upon experience to create strategies, maintaining emotional stability in the midst of trying circumstances, and applying strategies in a context-sensitive manner. These findings illustrate that these factors, which are comparable to those used in solving everyday problems, are unique in the way they are applied to intensive volunteering. The volunteers’ sharing of knowledge, experience, and support with each other were also noticeable in their accounts of their service. This sharing contributed strongly to their sense of emotional stability and effectiveness in solving problems.
Assembling a Career
Authors: Matheny Christopher J. , Chan Hsun-yu , Wang Xueli
Published: August 2015

Objective:

Research on labor market outcomes for individuals who enroll in technical colleges is limited, with even less attention to the effects of short-term certificates than associate degrees. Also, despite the importance of manufacturing programs, there is a lack of research on employment outcomes for individuals who enroll in these programs at technical colleges. In this study, we explored how types of credential earned are related to employment outcomes 4 years post-enrollment for students in manufacturing programs at public 2-year technical colleges in Wisconsin.

Method:

We drew upon administrative and wage data on over 6,000 first-time students matriculating into manufacturing-related programs at Wisconsin’s technical colleges between July 1, 2007, and June 30, 2009. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regression, we investigated the association between types of credentials earned and labor market outcomes while controlling for the sample’s socio-demographic background and academic experiences.

Results:

Our analyses revealed that students, particularly males, who completed an associate degree or a 2-year technical diploma were at an advantage in both rates of employment and earnings. White male students also enjoyed a stronger likelihood of being employed and earned higher annual wages than their ethnic minority counterparts. These advantages were not as manifest among female students.

Contributions:

Our study indicates that, to advance the employment prospects of technical college students, it is critical to expand institutional efforts to support longer term credential attainment. Our findings did not support the popular jobbing-out myth lingering in manufacturing education at the 2-year college level.
Does singlehood isolate or integrate? Examining the link between marital status and ties to kin, friends, and neighbors
Authors: Sarkisian Natalia , Gerstel Naomi
Published: August 2015

This article addresses a debate about the relationship of singlehood and informal ties—singlehood as isolating versus integrative—and evaluates structural explanations for this relationship, focusing on life course characteristics and socioeconomic resources. Using the National Survey of Families and Households (1992–1994) and the General Social Survey (2000, 2004, 2006, 2012), we examine ties to relatives, neighbors, and friends among U.S. adults. We find that single individuals are more likely to frequently stay in touch with, provide help to, and receive help from parents, siblings, neighbors, and friends than the married. These differences between the single and the married are more prominent for the never married than for the previously married, suggesting that marriage extends its reach after it ends. Being single increases the social connections of both women and men. Overall, much of the positive relationship between singlehood and social ties remains even when we take into account structural explanations. We conclude that instead of promoting marriage, policy should acknowledge the social constraints associated with marriage and recognize that single individuals have greater involvement with the broader community.
Compact development and VMT—Environmental determinism, self-selection, or some of both?
Authors: Ewing Reid , Hamidi Shima , Grace James B
Published: August 2015

There is a long-running debate in the planning literature about the effects of the built environment on travel behavior and the degree to which apparent effects are due to the tendency of households to self-select into neighborhoods that reinforce their travel preferences. Those who want to walk will choose walkable neighborhoods, and those who want to use transit will choose transit-served neighborhoods. These households might have walked or used transit more than their neighbors wherever they lived. Most previous studies have shown that individual attitudes attenuate the relationship between the residential environment and travel choices, and so the effect of the built environment on travel may be overestimated. But there are other researchers who argue the reverse, claiming that residential preferences reinforce built environmental influences. This study assesses the relative importance of the built environment and residential preferences/travel attitudes for a sample of 962 households in the Greater Salt Lake region using structural equation modeling. For the sake of simplicity, we extracted two factors using principal component analysis, one representing the built environment and the other representing residential preferences/attitudes. Our findings are consistent with the view that the neighborhood built environment and residential preferences both influence household’s travel, that the built environment is the stronger influence, and that the built environment affects travel through two causal pathways, one direct and the other indirect, through attitudes.
An urban form response to disaster vulnerability: Improving tsunami evacuation in Iquique, Chile
Authors: León Jorge , March Alan
Published: August 2015

As urbanization gathers pace and climate change increases the number and magnitude of many natural hazards, cities are increasingly becoming hot spots for disasters. Although the role of appropriate urban forms in reducing disaster vulnerability has been recognized for some time, the majority of its potential remains focused on long-term mitigation efforts. In contrast, examination of the relationships with short-term disaster management activities such as response and immediate recovery has not been thoroughly conducted. This paper contributes to this shortfall by analysing a critical type of rapid onset disaster, a near-field tsunami, and the role of urban form in supporting the populations’ core response activities of evacuation and sheltering. The Chilean city of Iquique (affected by a severe earthquake and minor tsunami in 2014) is examined using a mixed methods approach that provides the basis for proposed macro-scale and micro-scale changes in its urban form; these modifications, in turn, are assessed with geographic information system (GIS) and agent-based computer models. The results show important existing evacuation vulnerability throughout major areas of the city (as the result of interrelated critical conditions), which nonetheless could be significantly reduced by the changes proposed. Further steps in this iterative process, in turn, could lead to the development of evacuation-based urban design standards capable of being transferred to different tsunami-prone contexts around the world.
Perceived Stress, Thinking Style, and Paranormal Belief
Authors: Lasikiewicz Nicola
Published: August 2015

Paranormal beliefs often become stronger in times of stress. Such beliefs have also been found to vary in accordance with thinking style, whereby stronger beliefs are often observed in experiential thinkers. Little research, however, has explored the interaction between perceived stress and thinking style. Eighty-two males and females aged 18 to 62 years ( M = 29.96 ± 12.53 years) completed measures of perceived stress, thinking style (rational and experiential), and paranormal belief. The results revealed stronger beliefs in experiential thinkers, compared with those with a rational thinking style. Perceived stress alone was not a prominent predictor of belief, but the combination of stress and thinking style, specifically high-perceived stress with a rational thinking style, significantly predicted greater global paranormal belief, belief in superstition, traditional religious belief, and belief in psi. High-perceived stress appeared to facilitate belief in rational thinkers as conversely belief was lowest in rational thinkers under conditions of low-perceived stress. These findings suggest that stress may lower the propensity for rational thinking and consequently encourage belief in scientifically unsubstantiated phenomena. This interaction may have implications for coping during stressful situations.
Crude residues: The workings of failing oil infrastructure in Poza Rica, Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Landa Mónica Salas
Published: August 2015

Drawing on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork in and around Poza Rica—an emblematic oil town that flourished in the aftermath of the nationalization of the Mexican oil industry in 1938—this article looks at how the material and social visibility and invisibility of failing infrastructure is constantly being renegotiated and achieved by those living amid it. Rather than a given physical quality, I demonstrate how (in)visibility is the outcome of everyday corporate practices, toxic mundane encounters, air technologies, as well as affective attachments that illuminate or obscure the harmful presence of oil and its infrastructure in this industrial town. I suggest that the ways in which different contours of perceptions and imperceptions are negotiated are central to understanding how people living in and on oil endure risk, precariousness, and suffering.
The University of Cambridge, academic expertise and the British empire, 1885–1962
Authors: Jöns Heike
Published: August 2015

This paper examines how imperial travel of British academics shaped the production of knowledge and colonial policy from the 1880s to the 1960s. It employs an innovative, archive-based methodology that examines the changing geographies of all recorded academic travel from the University of Cambridge in conjunction with the extensive overseas journeys of Sir Frank Leonard Engledow, Drapers’ Professor of Agriculture from 1930 to 1957 and a key advisor to the Colonial Office on tropical agriculture. Drawing on recent work in geography and science studies, this study outlines how scientific expertise was increasingly sought by colonial governments at the eve of decolonisation due to a lack of scientific infrastructure and growing social upheavals in the colonies. The analysis discusses related geographical shifts in the engagement of British academics with the colonial world and identifies a profound deepening of the uneven integration of different areas of empire into academic networks after 1945. Based on Engledow’s contribution to the Moyne Commission on the West Indies (1938–1939) and ensuing colonial reform, it is argued that he represented, like many other late colonial British academic experts, a distinctively post-Victorian imperialist, whose strong belief in Christian faith, racial differences, colonial networks, humanitarianism, science and planning created an ambivalent positionality that explains why his expertise both supported and undermined colonial rule.
Mimicry, friction and trans-urban imaginaries: Mumbai taxis/Singapore-style
Authors: Bedi Tarini
Published: August 2015

As Mumbai globalizes, the city’s aesthetic, aspirational, and imaginative transformations draw from other commercial centers in Asia. Mumbai’s owner-operated and hereditary kaalipeeli (black and yellow) taxi-trade is being modeled along the lines of Singapore’s fleet-taxi industry. This paper focuses on the political and cultural transformations that accompany this ‘Singapore model’ as manifest in contemporary Mumbai’s taxi-trade. Through a discussion of taxi-modernization in Mumbai it highlights four dimensions of an “Asian mobilities” approach, namely an examination of: the movement of ideas and people; how ideas about moving people around spaces of Asian cities themselves move between different cities; how in turn imaginaries transform the lives of those who labor to move people about; and finally how new kinds of mobilities are constituted through frictions.
Asian mobilities and state governance at the geographic margins: Geopolitics and oil tales from Karachi to Taftan
Authors: Anwar Nausheen H
Published: August 2015

This article’s central concern is to consider the geographic ‘margins’ in relationship to state governance in Pakistan. In doing so, it gestures toward wider theoretical lessons that can be drawn through ethnographic explorations of Karachi’s periphery and of Pak–Iran border towns such as Taftan located in the province of Baluchistan. Central to the discussion is the idea of mobility. The article considers three different types of mobility across Pakistan set in the broader context of Central-South Asian historical connectivities. First is the movement of ‘illicit’ commodities such as diesel across Pakistan’s border with Iran, forced migrations across Pakistan’s northwest region in relationship to the war on terror, and finally, the role of road networks in mediating mobilities: in short, mobility is considered across commodities, displacement, and infrastructure. How do these Asian mobilities shed light on the state? The idea of the margins is particularly helpful in theorizing the role of the state. These are liminal zones of creativity where money can be made but are also fraught with risk and conflict because they are beyond the reach of formal governance. The article opens with a history of Karachi and its surrounding regions, including its colonial past and the making of the Indus River which has always been of geopolitical importance. It then moves to a discussion of the diesel trade in the region. The flow of Iranian diesel into Karachi via towns like Taftan in Baluchistan represents a mingling of actors—mercenaries, drug traffickers, and diesel merchants—and the Pakistani state’s failure to sufficiently control this flow, which has become a lucrative business for some and a lifeline for others across Baluchistan and in Karachi’s periphery. The article then prefaces the role of infrastructure and its relationship with modernity and the Pakistani state. In conclusion, the article argues the margins should not be seen as being ‘outside’ of the nation-state or as some kind of ‘exceptional’ space. Rather they should be understood as constitutive of the state’s very ‘inside’ precisely because they are beyond its reach.
On the road to the in-between city: Excavating peripheral urbanisation in Chicago’s ‘Crosstown Corridor’
Authors: Addie Jean-Paul D
Published: August 2015

This paper critically engages the uneven distribution of infrastructure provision, connectivity and mobility in contemporary neoliberal urban landscapes by uncovering the path-dependent trajectories and politics of transportation in post-suburbia. Departing from contemporary debates on the evolving geography of urban peripheries, I utilise a relational theorisation of the ‘in-between city’ to empirically unpack the urbanisation processes internalised in the evolution of the ‘ Zwischenstadt’ in a North American context. Through a longue durée case study of transportation planning, politics and spatial practice in Chicago’s ‘Crosstown Corridor’, in-between urbanisation is demonstrated to express an on-going multiscalar mediation of co-habiting modes of urbanism and strategic state actions that challenge generalised (sub)urbanisation narratives. Despite continued interest from planners, politicians and business groups, proposals for both a major urban expressway and rapid transit line have proved political lightning rods. Consequently, neighbourhood protests, personal political battles and macro-economic trends have locked-in a neglected development pathway for Chicago’s inner suburbs. I argue that through disclosing key contradictory political-economic imperatives and conflicting scales of mobility, it is possible to identify space for political and planning interventions that can adapt to, and develop, polycentric urban practice in and through in-between urban space.
Spatio-temporal dimensions of child poverty in America, 1990–2010
Authors: Call Maia A , Voss Paul R
Published: August 2015

The persistence of childhood poverty in the United States, a wealthy and developed country, continues to pose both an analytical dilemma and public policy challenge, despite many decades of research and remedial policy implementation. In this paper, our goals are twofold, though our primary focus is methodological. We attempt both to examine the relationship between space, time, and previously established factors correlated with childhood poverty at the county level in the continental United States as well as to provide an empirical case study to demonstrate an underutilized methodological approach. We analyze a spatially consistent dataset built from the 1990 and 2000 U.S. Censuses, and the 2006–2010 American Community Survey. Our analytic approach includes cross-sectional spatial models to estimate the reproduction of poverty for each of the reference years as well as a fixed effects panel data model, to analyze change in child poverty over time. In addition, we estimate a full space–time interaction model, which adjusts for spatial and temporal variation in these data. These models reinforce our understanding of the strong regional persistence of childhood poverty in the U.S. over time and suggest that the factors impacting childhood poverty remain much the same today as they have in past decades.
Adhesive behaviour and virulence of coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from Italian cheeses
Authors: Artini Marco , Cellini Andrea , Papa Rosanna , Tilotta Marco , Scoarughi Gian Luca , Gazzola Simona , Fontana Cecilia , Tempera Gianna , Cocconcelli Pier Sandro , Selan Laura
Published: August 2015

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) belong to saprophytic microbiota on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals and humans, but are also isolated from foodstuffs such as meat, cheese, and milk. In other circumstances, some CoNS can act as pathogens. Thus the presence of CoNS may not be an immediate danger to public health, but can become a risk factor. In particular antibiotic-resistant genes could be transferred to other potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, CoNS are known to be strong biofilm producers and this is also a risk factor for public health.

The aim of the present work was to determine the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of 106 CoNS belonging to four different species isolated from five different Italian cheeses for the presence of some adhesion and virulence features. In order to verify a possible correlation between the formation of biofilm and staphylococcal virulence factors, we checked the presence of adhesin genes by PCR and we investigated the ability of these strains to make biofilm at different temperatures. Furthermore, in some conditions, we analyzed surface proteins and autolytic pattern of selected strains. In conclusion, we checked the presence of norA and mecA genes responsible for fluoroquinolones and methicillin resistance, respectively. We found resistant genes in a proportion of the food isolates in amounts of 9.4% ( mecA) and 5.7% ( norA). These data support the importance to continuously examine the microbiota not only for the creation of a database but also to safeguard public health.
‘Nine months by sand and sea’: The naval odyssey of Helmut von Mücke, 1914–1915
Authors: Gottschall Terrell D.
Published: August 2015

Lieutenant Commander Helmut von Mücke, late of His Imperial Majesty’s cruiser Emden, completed an epic journey during the opening months of the Great War. Although his story – which Mücke described as ‘nine months by sand and sea’1 – began in August 1914, his true odyssey really took form in November when Emden’s destruction stranded Mücke and a small naval detachment on a tropical island in the vast reaches of the Indian Ocean. To escape capture by Allied forces, Mücke and his crew first commandeered the small schooner Ayesha, avoided internment in the neutral Dutch East Indies, sneaked past British patrols in the Red Sea, survived shipwrecks in the shoals of the Red Sea, and fought off a desert ambush by Bedouin bandits in Arabia, before reaching sanctuary with their erstwhile Ottoman allies in Constantinople in May 1915. This article charts the naval odyssey of Helmut von Mücke.
Hoofing it on deck: Images of dancing in the maritime past
Authors: Stanley Jo
Published: August 2015

‘Flotsams’ explores the oddly significant ephemera that surface during the research process. Visual representations of dancing on vessels – the focus of this piece – are one such category of telling flotsam. This is not, however, an attempt to examine the role of dance on ship, but to raise points about the rare visual images of this practice, which happen to be publicly available. Their interpretation can benefit from a multi-disciplinary approach. This would include cultural geography, which enables an examination of the overlooked uses of ships’ public spaces, and the sociological study of dance as a social practice and habitus, in Bourdieu’s terms, engaged in a non-traditional Palais de Danse.
A Single-Center Experience of CNS Anomalies or Neural Tube Defects in Patients With Jarcho–Levin Syndrome
Authors: Demir Nihat , Peker Erdal , Gülşen İsmail , Ağengin Kemal , Kaba Sultan , Tuncer Oğuz
Published: August 2015

Jarcho–Levin syndrome (JLS) is a genetic disorder characterized by distinct malformations of the ribs and vertebrae, and/or other associated abnormalities such as neural tube defect, Arnold–Chiari malformation, renal and urinary abnormalities, hydrocephalus, congenital cardiac abnormalities, and extremity malformations. The study included 12 cases at 37-42 weeks of gestation and diagnosed to have had Jarcho–Levin syndrome, Arnold–Chiari malformation, and meningmyelocele. All cases of Jarcho–Levin syndrome had Arnold–Chiari type 2 malformation; there was corpus callosum dysgenesis in 6, lumbosacral meningmyelocele in 6, lumbal meningmyelocele in 3, thoracal meningmyelocele in 3, and holoprosencephaly in 1 of the cases. With this article, the authors underline the neurologic abnormalities accompanying Jarcho–Levin syndrome and that each of these abnormalities is a component of Jarcho–Levin syndrome.
Dysregulation of FMRP/mTOR Signaling Cascade in Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury of Premature Human Brain
Authors: Lechpammer Mirna , Wintermark Pia , Merry Katherine M. , Jackson Michele C. , Jantzie Lauren L. , Jensen Frances E.
Published: August 2015

In this study the authors investigated whether dysregulation of the fragile X mental retardation protein and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling cascade can have a role in the pathogenesis of encephalopathy of prematurity following perinatal hypoxia-ischemia. The authors examined the brain tissue of newborns with encephalopathy and compared it to age-matched controls with normal brain development and adults. In normal controls, the fragile X mental retardation protein expression in cortical gray matter spiked 4-fold during 36-39 gestational weeks compared to the adult, with a concomitant suppression of p70S6K and S6. In encephalopathy cases, the developmental spike of fragile X mental retardation protein was not observed, and fragile X mental retardation protein levels remained significantly lower than in normal controls. Importantly, this fragile X mental retardation protein downregulation was followed by a significant overexpression of p70S6K and S6. These novel findings thus suggest that premature hypoxic-ischemic brain injury can affect the fragile X mental retardation protein/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, as otherwise observed in inherited syndromes of cognitive disability and autism spectrum disorders.
Children Experiencing First-Time or Prolonged Febrile Seizure Are Prone to Stress Hyperglycemia
Authors: Lee Jeong-Yong , Kim Jung-Heon , Cho Hyung-Rae , Lee Jong-Seung , Ryu Jeong-Min , Yum Mi-Sun , Ko Tae-Sung
Published: August 2015

The risk factors and clinical implications of stress hyperglycemia in children with febrile seizure remain uncertain. Among 479 children with febrile seizure, the prevalence of the stress hyperglycemia (blood glucose concentration ≥ 150 mg/dL) was 10.0%. Stress hyperglycemia group included larger proportion of first-time febrile seizure, prolonged febrile seizure, and smaller proportion of short febrile seizure in comparison with the non–stress hyperglycemia group. Stress hyperglycemia group demonstrated a lower pH and higher lactate levels than the non–stress hyperglycemia group. Multivariate analysis revealed that first-time febrile seizure (aOR = 3.741, P = .004) and prolonged febrile seizure (aOR = 12.855, P < .001) were significant risk factors for stress hyperglycemia. The rate of early febrile seizure recurrence in the emergency department was not different between the groups. These findings suggest that children experiencing first-time or prolonged febrile seizure are prone to stress hyperglycemia, and this can be related to febrile seizure severity. However, stress hyperglycemia is not predictive of early febrile seizure recurrence in the emergency department.
Making “Sense” of Identity
Authors: Ricke Audrey
Published: August 2015

This article expands the recent sensorial turn in identity studies. It illustrates how individuals embody and link together multiple identities through the multivocality of a particular sensory experience as well as the various meanings encapsulated within the sensory experiences of a particular event. Through a case study of King and Queen celebrations in Santa Catarina, Brazil, this article investigates the social meanings associated with the aesthetics of one of the oldest German traditions in the country. While on the surface the King and Queen celebration appears to be solely a celebration of German roots, a focus on the multivocality of the sensory experiences reveals a more complicated situation where the hosts are claiming not just a German ethnic identity but a Brazilian national identity by drawing upon the multiple social meanings associated with certain sensory experiences and foregrounding particular aesthetics.
Reactions to Discredit in Memory Consultation
Authors: Brossard Baptiste
Published: August 2015

Based on the observation of around seventy memory consultations, this article provides an analysis of cognitive assessment in the elderly in a Goffmanian perspective. During these interactions, patients run the risk of losing their credibility, given that what they say is both solicited by the geriatrician in order to spot potential daily difficulties and examined as potential signs of dementia. After having described how observed consultations work, the author presents the main strategies that patients seem to develop when doctors place their credibility in doubt and concludes with some reflections about interpretive issues regarding the elderly patients’ behavior during medical assessment.
Foreign-Born Status, Gender, and Hispanic Business Ownership Across U.S. Metropolitan Labor Markets
Authors: Wang Qingfang
Published: August 2015

Using the Public Use Microdata Sample from 2006 to 2010 American Community Survey and a hierarchical regression, this study examines how metropolitan-area-level labor market conditions are associated with the propensity of business ownership for the Hispanic labor force in the United States, and how the relationship differs between the foreign born and the native born, and between men and women. Findings from this study suggest that, in addition to personal and household characteristics, metropolitan labor market characteristics such as demographic composition, economic structure, and general labor market strength are important for Hispanic business ownership, contingent on gender and foreign-born status of the individual labor force.
Class Diversity and Youth Volunteering in the United Kingdom
Authors: Dean Jon
Published: August 2015

This article utilizes Pierre Bourdieu’s theories of habitus and cultural capital to offer some explanation as to why there is a lack of class diversity in formal volunteering in the United Kingdom. Recent studies have shown that participation in volunteering is heavily dependent on social class revolving around a highly committed middle-class “civic core” of volunteers. This article draws on original qualitative research to argue that the delivery of recent youth volunteering policies has unintentionally reinforced participation within this group, rather than widening access to diverse populations including working-class young people. Drawing on interviews with volunteer recruiters, it is shown that the pressure to meet targets forces workers to recruit middle-class young people whose habitus allows them to fit instantly into volunteering projects. Furthermore, workers perceive working-class young people as recalcitrant to volunteering, thereby reinforcing any inhabited resistance, and impeding access to the benefits of volunteering.
Numerical and experimental study on aerodynamic optimization of part-span connectors in the last stage of a low-pressure industrial steam turbine
Authors: Häfele Markus , Traxinger Christoph , Grübel Marius , Schatz Markus , Vogt Damian M , Drozdowski Roman
Published: August 2015

Industrial steam turbines are operated over an extremely wide range of operating conditions. In order to ensure safe turbine operation, even in blade resonance condition, conical friction bolts are mounted between blade reinforcements of adjacent last stage low-pressure blades. These part-span connectors (PSC) provide blade damping and coupling. However, additional losses are generated, which affect the performance of the turbine. In this paper, a numerical and experimental study on aerodynamic optimization of PSCs is presented. State-of-the-art three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applying a nonequilibrium steam model is used to examine the wet steam flow in coupled last stage blading. The one-passage CFD model with parameterized PSC geometry features structured high-resolution hexahedral meshes. Experimental data of measurements with pneumatic multi-hole probes in an industrial steam turbine test rig are used for validation. According to the good agreement between measured and predicted flow field downstream of the last stage rotor blading, the CFD model is valid to capture the loss induced by the PSC. A numerical study on the aerodynamic effects of geometrical variations of PSCs concerning blockage area and shape is presented in this work. Based on this study, a performance assessment of different PSC designs is discussed and numerical results are compared to the loss coefficients predicted by Traupel’s analytical correlation, which is widely used in industry.
Experimental identification of rotating instability of an axial fan with shrouded rotor
Authors: Pardowitz Benjamin , Moreau Antoine , Tapken Ulf , Enghardt Lars
Published: August 2015

The rotating instability phenomenon is investigated experimentally on a laboratory low-speed axial fan. Unsteady pressure measurements are performed close to the rotor leading edge, in the far-field in the upstream-duct section, and within the rotating frame by using Kulite sensors near the blade tip. As reference, the occurrence of rotating instability is proven for a rotor configuration with large clearance size. Existing explanations assume that rotating instability is induced by the tip clearance vortex. Following these models, the characteristic spectral and modal signatures of rotating instability are generated by the circumferentially coupled unsteady vortex systems within the individual blade passages. However, some early findings on a shrouded rotor setup and a study on an annular cascade without clearance have raised questions about the validity of the existing theories. To answer these questions, a second configuration is investigated using the identical rotor in a shrouded version. Here, a shrouding band covers the blade tips over the whole circumference. By using a comprehensive sensor arrangement in a wide variation of operating conditions, the existence of spectral and modal rotating instability signatures is proven on the shrouded-rotor configuration, as well. In this case, the tip clearance vortex system and, respectively, the leakage flow are suppressed. The present study underlines that novel explanations are required to describe the physical mechanism that generates rotating instability.
Validation of time-domain single-passage methods for the unsteady simulation of a contra-rotating open rotor
Authors: Stapelfeldt Sina , Parry Tony , Vahdati Mehdi
Published: August 2015

The growing pressure to reduce fuel consumption and cut emissions has triggered renewed interest in contra-rotating open rotor technologies. Open rotors achieve a significant reduction in fuel consumption by allowing large increases in bypass ratio without the weight and drag penalties which arise from simply scaling up a turbofan bypass duct. However, in addition to potential noise issues, open rotors are susceptible to self-exited or forced vibration because of their unducted, light-weight, highly swept blades. The prediction of aeroelastic instabilities requires numerical methods which can accurately model the unsteady environment. Compared to full circumference simulations, single-passage multi-row methods with phase-lagged boundary conditions can offer significant savings in computational time but need to be validated for contra-rotating open rotor geometries operating at angle of attack. This paper presents the application of a time-domain single-passage method with multi-frequency phase-lagged boundary conditions for the unsteady simulation of a contra-rotating open rotor rig at take-off operating conditions. The single-passage solution is compared to the reference full circumference solution as well as experimental measurements. It is demonstrated that the single-passage multi-row approach provides a good approximation for open rotors operating at angles of attack at significantly reduced computational cost.
Stakeholder participation and policy integration in local social and employment policies: Germany and Italy compared
Authors: Aurich-Beerheide Patrizia , Catalano Serida L. , Graziano Paolo R. , Zimmermann Katharina
Published: August 2015

The majority of the European countries experienced a turn towards activation policies during the last decades. The aim of increasing employment rates of groups formerly excluded from the labour market has required closer links with training, family or social policies with employment policy. As a result of this, we can observe modifications also in regard to policy governance, particularly emphasizing the role of the local level in implementing integrated activation policies. This article aims at testing the hypothesis of whether higher levels of stakeholder participation in the policy process lead to greater policy integration. In an explorative manner, the research hypothesis will be tested with reference to two very different cases of local activation policy. Driving factors for the differential impact of participation on policy integration will be identified through the analysis of two in-depth case studies. A qualitative process-tracing method is used in order to conduct our analysis.
Bibliometric analysis of poison center-related research published in peer-review journals
Authors: Forrester MB
Published: August 2015

Poison centers advance knowledge in the field of toxicology through publication in peer-review journals. This investigation describes the pattern of poison center-related publications. Cases were poison center-related research published in peer-review journals during 1995–2014. These were identified through searching the PubMed database, reviewing the tables of contents of selected toxicology journals, and reviewing abstracts of various national and international meetings. The following variables for each publication were identified: year of publication, journal, type of publication (meeting abstract vs. other, i.e. full article or letter to the editor), and the country(ies) of the poison center(s) included in the research. Of the 3147 total publications, 62.1% were meeting abstracts. There were 263 publications in 1995–1999, 536 in 2000–2004, 999 in 2005–2009, and 1349 in 2010–2014. The publications were in 234 different journals. The journals in which the highest number of research was published were Clinical Toxicology (69.7%), Journal of Medical Toxicology (2.2%), and Veterinary and Human Toxicology (2.1%). The research was reported from 62 different countries. The countries with the highest number of publications were the United States (67.9%), United Kingdom (6.5%), Germany (3.9%), France (2.5%), and Italy (2.4%). The number of publications increased greatly over the 20 years. Although the publications were in a large number of journals, a high proportion of the publications were in one journal. While the research came from a large number of countries, the preponderance came from the United States.
Synchrony in chronotype and social jetlag between dogs and humans across Europe
Authors: Randler Christoph , Díaz-Morales Juan Francisco , Jankowski Konrad S
Published: August 2015

People choosing a pet have a number of factors to consider. The important one is whether a pet can synchronize with humans in sleep timing. Chronotype reflects individual differences in sleep timing. Social jetlag referring to a misalignment of one’s own biological (internal) time compared to the social time reflects variability in sleep timing between work and free days and is considered a health risk factor. In this study, chronotype and social jetlag of dogs and people living together were assessed based on a survey carried out in Poland, Germany and Spain ( N = 730; 74% female; age = 36.1 ± 12.8). Participants living with dogs informed about their own and their dogs’ sleep habits. This study demonstrates synchrony in sleep timing between humans and dogs living together. Dogs experienced less social jetlag than their owners and differences between owners and dogs were more pronounced in Poland than in Germany and Spain. Polish dogs had the lowest social jetlag amongst dogs from the three countries, suggesting a greater stability of their sleep–wake cycle and less influence of the owners’ activity on their rhythm. Chronotype of dogs was earlier than that of their owners in all countries. Spanish dogs had the latest sleep pattern, followed by German dogs, with Polish dogs being the earliest. Analyses also revealed that both chronotype and social jetlag in dogs and humans living together are correlated – the later the chronotype of the owner the later the chronotype of his/her dog. The results suggest that dogs synchronize to humans in their sleep patterns.
The status of neonatal screening in China, 2013
Authors: Zhong Kun , Wang Wei , He Falin , Wang Zhiguo
Published: August 2015

Objectives

To investigate the status of neonatal screening in China in 2013.

Method

All Chinese neonatal screening laboratories were asked to submit information about the number of newborns screened and for which diseases, the rate of acceptable blood spots, and the time between sample collection and delivery to laboratories and reporting.

Results

Of the 202 laboratories, 194 (96%) submitted data. In 2013, 73.6% (142/193) of laboratories testing for phenylketonuria (PKU), 72.7% (141/194) for congenital hypothyroidism (CH), 58.9% (43/73) for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and 53.1% (34/64) for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) screened more than 30,000 newborns. The incidences of PKU, CH, G6PD deficiency, and CAH were 1:12189, 1:2281, 1:44 and 1:6084, respectively. The estimated coverage of screening for PKU, CH, G6PD deficiency, and CAH were 86.3 ∼ 87.5%, 87.9 ∼ 89.1%, 24.0 ∼ 25.0% and 18.9% ∼ 19.9%, respectively. The rates of acceptable blood spots were ≥98% in 161 (87.0%) of 185 laboratories. More than half the laboratories could not achieve a time from collection to reporting of 5 days.

Conclusion

Neonatal screening has developed rapidly in China but the biggest challenge is still to increase coverage and expand the screening disease panel across the entire country. More government support is needed to make neonatal screening more efficient.
New Patterns in Indian Urbanization
Authors: Mitra Arup , Kumar Rajnish
Published: August 2015

This study focuses on the new patterns related to urbanization in India from the 2011 census data, particularly with regard to the emergence of the census towns. What forces are involved in explaining the growth of such towns is an important question and this is what the present article tries to explore. The regional spread of these census towns is examined and based on the district-level data, the growth dynamics of such reclassification of areas from rural to urban status is brought out through factor analysis. Further, the viability of such new towns to sustain economic activities and population growth is also discussed. Findings tend to suggest that activities in areas which have already been urban tend to spillover to the rural hinterland and then usher in a change in their classification status, in a limited sense though. On the other hand, the shift of labour to non-farm activities due to the lack of productive sources of livelihood in the agricultural sector is also a strong possibility. Finally, the policy implications are brought out.
Activity Theory and Analyzing Learning in Simulations
Authors: Battista Alexis
Published: August 2015

Purpose. The purpose of this theoretical article is to demonstrate how activity theory, a neo-Vygotskian sociocultural theory, can be used to analyze learning during simulation-based activities.

Background. Simulations are complex, dynamic environments that evolve and change throughout implementation. Moreover, simulations simultaneously support multiple participants’ assigned different roles. This means that the learning within them is often co-constructed, rather than individually derived. These characteristics complicate understanding the learning within them.

Method. This article presents a summary of the basic tenants of activity theory (AT), followed by a worked example to demonstrate how AT can be used as an analytic lens to generate rich description and analysis of participant activities as embedded in a complex dynamic simulation.

Conclusions. Activity theory can be used as a theoretical lens in order to account for how participants partake in simulation-based learning contexts, which supports the rich description and analysis of how participants accomplish their goals.
New Insulin Glargine 300 U/mL for the Treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Goldman Jennifer , White John R
Published: August 2015

Objective: To describe the studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of new insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla-300) as a basal insulin in the treatment of type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus. Data Sources: A literature search of MEDLINE was conducted (January 2008-June 2015) using the terms U300, Gla-300, and insulin glargine 300 units/mL and supplemented with congress abstracts published in 2014 and 2015. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English language studies assessing the efficacy and/or safety of Gla-300 were evaluated. Data Synthesis: The efficacy and safety of once-daily Gla-300 has been compared with insulin glargine 100 U/mL (Gla-100) in the EDITION trials, 6 phase-3, multinational, open-label studies in T1DM and T2DM. Across these studies, Gla-300 consistently demonstrated glycemic control comparable to Gla-100; a mean (standard error) change in glycated hemoglobin A1c of −1.02% (0.03) with both Gla-100 (n = 1235) and Gla-300 (n = 1239) was seen in a patient-level meta-analysis. Gla-300 was associated with comparable or reduced nocturnal hypoglycemia compared with Gla-100; the relative risk for nocturnal hypoglycemia with Gla-300 versus Gla-100 was 0.75 (95% CI = 0.68 to 0.83) in a patient-level meta-analysis. There is also some evidence for less weight gain with Gla-300 compared with Gla-100, despite a higher insulin dose. Gla-300 was well tolerated, with the number of adverse events being comparable to that with Gla-100. Conclusions: These results suggest that Gla-300 may have a place as an alternative, long-acting basal insulin for patients with T1DM or T2DM, with the possibility for improved tolerability.