bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Desultory Defense of Democracy: OAS Resolution 1080 and the Inter-American Democratic Charter
Authors: Levitt Barry S.
Published: August 2010

This article evaluates the effectiveness of OAS mechanisms for safeguarding democracy through multilateral diplomacy, what some scholars have dubbed the interamerican defense of democracy regime. Drawing on a range of international relations theories, this study derives competing hypotheses about member states' responses to democratic crises in the Americas. It then analyzes all instances in which a collective response—that is, an application of Resolution 1080 or the Inter-American Democratic Charter—was debated in the OAS between 1991 and 2002. Patterns of state behavior suggest that domestic politics, rather than the structural or systemic traits of the interamerican system, best explain foreign policy responses to crises of democracy in the region. The OAS record in confronting such crises is uneven.
Drugs, Violence, and Development in Colombia: A Department-Level Analysis
Authors: Holmes Jennifer S. , Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres Sheila , Curtin Kevin M.
Published: August 2010

Observers say that drug production fuels violence in Colombia, but does coca production explain different levels of violence? This article examines the relationship between coca production and guerrilla violence by reviewing national-level data over time and studying Colombia by department, exploring the interactions among guerrilla violence, exports, development, and displacement. It uses historical analysis, cartographic visualization, and analysis of the trends in four high coca-producing and four violent Colombian departments, along with a department-level fixed effects model. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the department-level analysis suggests that coca production is not the driving force of contemporary Colombian guerrilla violence. Instead, economic factors and coca eradication emerge as prominent explanatory factors.
Elections and Economic Turbulence in Brazil: Candidates, Voters, and Investors
Authors: Spanakos Anthony P. , Renno Lucio R.
Published: August 2010

The relation between elections and the economy in Latin America might be understood by considering the agency of candidates and the issue of policy preference congruence between investors and voters. The preference congruence model proposed in this article highlights political risk in emerging markets. Certain risk features increase the role of candidate campaign rhetoric and investor preferences in elections. When politicians propose policies that can appease voters and investors, elections may have a limited effect on economic indicators, such as inflation. But when voter and investor priorities differ significantly, deterioration of economic indicators is more likely. Moreover, voter and investor congruence is more likely before stabilization, when an inverted Philips curve exists, as opposed to following stabilization, when a more traditional Philips curve emerges.
Gender, Parties, and Support for Equal Rights in the Brazilian Congress
Authors: Htun Mala , Power Timothy J.
Published: August 2010

This article analyzes a dataset of policy views of members of the Brazilian Congress to assess the nature of support for genderrelated policy issues. It makes three core claims. First, liberal and progressive opinions on gender correspond to party membership more than to sex. Left parties have consistent and programmatic policy positions on controversial gender issues. Women and men are more divided, as are parties of the center and the right. Second, coalitions supporting change differ across policy issues. Support for gender quotas, for example, does not translate into support for more liberal abortion laws. Third, there is a large gap between legislators' attitudes toward gender-related policy and actual policy outcomes. Institutional deadlock and executive priorities explain this discrepancy. This article concludes that although women may share some interests by virtue of their position in a gender-structured society, these interests may be trumped by partisan, class, regional, and other cleavages.
Rewarding Lula: Executive Power, Social Policy, and the Brazilian Elections of 2006
Authors: Hunter Wendy , Power Timothy J.
Published: August 2010

This article analyzes Luiz Inácio da Silva's resounding reelection victory in the wake of corruption scandals implicating his party and government. Voters with lower levels of economic security and schooling played a critical role in returning Lula to the presidency. Least prone to punish the president for corruption, poorer Brazilians were also the most readily persuaded by the provision of material benefits. Minimum wage increases and the income transfer programBolsa Famíliaexpanded the purchasing power of the poor. Thus, executive power and central state resources allowed Lula to consolidate a social base that had responded only weakly to his earlier, party-based strategy of grassroots mobilization for progressive macrosocietal change. Although Lula won handily, the PT's delegation to Congress shrank for the first time, and the voting bases of president and party diverged. The PT benefited far less than the president himself from government investment in social policy.
Ending Up in Pizza: Accountability as a Problem of Institutional Arrangement in Brazil
Authors: Taylor Matthew M. , Buranelli Vinícius C.
Published: August 2010

Brazilians often complain that investigations of corruption by public servants drag on for years or bring few legal sanctions on the perpetrators. This lack of accountability is so pervasive that a slang phrase,acabou em pizza, is often invoked when investigations are inconclusive. This article investigates the role of four Brazilian public institutions charged with keeping public servants accountable. For analysis, it breaks the accountability process into its three component stages: oversight, investigation, and sanction. Through a study of six prominent cases of corruption, it shows that the weakness of the accountability process in Brazil is due not entirely to the toothlessness of individual institutions of accountability, but also to the independence of such institutions at each of the three stages. These findings suggest that institutional arrangements influence the degree of accountability, and thereby also public trust and confidence, in Latin America's largest democracy.
The Indian Movement and Political Democracy in Ecuador
Authors: Zamosc Leon
Published: August 2010

This article examines the implications of the Ecuadorian Indian movement for democratic politics. During the 1990s, the movement successfully fostered indigenous and popular participation in public life, influenced government policies, and became a contender in power struggles. But in the institutional domain, the participatory breakthrough had mixed effects. While the movement fulfilled functions of interest representation and control of state power, its involvement in a coup attempt demonstrated that its political socialization had not nurtured a sense of commitment to democracy. The evidence is discussed by reference to the proposition that civil society actors may or may not contribute to democracy. The article argues that the study of the democratic spinoffs of civil activism requires a context-specific approach that considers the particularistic orientations of civil associations and pays attention to their definition of means and ends, the institutional responses evoked by their initiatives, and the unintended consequences of their actions.
Frente Amplio and the Crafting of a Social Democratic Alternative in Uruguay
Authors: Luna Juan Pablo
Published: August 2010

This study of Uruguay's Frente Amplio explores four central questions for the analysis of the “new Latin American left.” How did a leftist alternative emerge and grow inside an institutionalized party system? How do the socioeconomic and political factors that enabled the rise of the left in Uruguay differ from those observed in other Latin American cases? How did Frente Amplio adapt itself to profit from the opportunities that arose during the 1990s? What are the implications of the previous factors for governmental action by the FA? In answering these questions, this study integrates an analysis of the sociological and political-institutional opportunity structures consolidated during the 1990s with one of strategic partisan adaptation processes. This perspective is useful for explaining how, by 2004, Frente Amplio had built a dual support base from its historical constituency and a socially heterogeneous group alienated from traditional parties due to economic and political discontent.
Clientelism and Social Funds: Evidence from Chávez's Misiones
Authors: Penfold-Becerra Michael
Published: August 2010

The latest president in Latin America to adopt social funds on a large scale as an integral part of his government program has been Hugo Chávez Frías of Venezuela. Based on the literature on clientelism and social funds in Latin America, this article finds that Venezuela's latest experiments with social funds were influenced by political variables. It uses empirical data from the distribution of resources for some of the subnational misiones programs to show how, given increased levels of electoral competition and weak institutional constraints, the government used these funds clientelistically, even while distributing oil income to the very poor. Chávez's misiones served two very different purposes: to manipulate the political context and to distribute funds directly to the low-income population.
Issues, Threats, and Institutions: Explaining Oas Responses to Democratic Dilemmas in Latin America
Authors: Arceneaux Craig , Pion-Berlin David
Published: August 2010

Over time, the Organization of American States has become institutionally and normatively more capable of defending democracy in the region. Yet the OAS is as selective in its interventions on behalf of democratic promotion today as it was in the early 1990s. To explain this puzzle, this study disaggregates democratic dilemmas according to issue areas, threats, and contingencies. It finds that the OAS responds more forcefully when the problem presents a clear and present danger both to the offending state and to other members. As threats become weaker or more ambiguous, the OAS tends to act more timidly, unless domestic constituencies cry out for its assistance or the United States puts its full weight behind the effort. Case study capsules provide empirical evidence to illustrate these arguments.
Cognitive Images and Support for International Economic Agreements with the United States Among Mexican Citizens
Authors: Davis Charles L. , Bartilow Horace A.
Published: August 2010

A 1995 survey shows that Mexican citizens depend on their cognitive and affective orientations toward the United States in forming opinions about economic agreements between the two countries. The degree to which respondents utilized general feelings toward the United States rather than images of the United States varies by educational level and across the two agreements that were examined, NAFTA and the Clinton economic stabilization package of 1995. Whether respondents utilized an image of U.S. economic imperialism or of racial discrimination against people of Mexican origin in forming their opinions also depends on the level of education attained and on the policy domain of the agreement. The cognitive processes respondents utilized to form opinions about these economic agreements also differ across educational levels and policy domains. The findings have important implications for the capacity of Mexican elites to mobilize support for agreements with the United States and more generally for U.S.-Mexican relations.
Guatemala's Party Universe: A Case Study in Underinstitutionalization
Authors: Sánchez Omar
Published: August 2010

The article examines the degree of institutionalization of the Guatemalan party universe across four areas: the pattern of interparty competition; the rootedness of parties in society; the legitimacy accorded to parties and democratic institutions; and the nature of internal party organization. Guatemala displays an extremely inchoate party structure across all these variables. There is no stability in the identity of the main parties in the polity. After more than two decades of electoral democracy, no single party has been able to avert a drift into electoral irrelevance or outright disappearance. With respect to the basic facets of internal party organization, Guatemalan parties exhibit a feebleness so pronounced that their very status as parties is questionable. In general, Guatemalan “parties” only fulfill Sartori's minimalist definition as organizations that field candidates for public office, but offer nothing more substantive.
Competitiveness and Democracy
Authors: Feinberg Richard
Published: August 2010

After reviewing progress in Latin America's economic stabilization and international competitiveness in the last two decades, this essay discusses the current post–Washington Consensus “social democratic convergence” agenda, which aims to sharpen market efficiency, improve the quality of democratic governance, and advance equity goals by attacking the social deficit. Two illustrative examples, at opposite ends of the development spectrum, are Nicaragua's pro-CAFTA agenda and Chile's Chile Compete program. More generally, pluralistic democracy can hamper progress by giving veto powers to recalcitrant vested interests; but enlightened political leadership can make gains by combining carefully crafted coalitions, international support, popular pressures, and an attractive ideological message.
Latin America's Neocaudillismo: Ex-Presidents and Newcomers Running for President … and Winning
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: August 2010

Latin Americans have been voting for a surprisingly large number of ex-presidents and newcomers in presidential elections since the late 1980s. This article looks at both the demand and supply sides of this phenomenon by focusing on economic anxieties and party crises as the key independent variables. Sometimes the relationship between these variables is linear: economic anxieties combined with party crises lead to rising ex-presidents and newcomers. At other times the relationship is symbiotic: the rise of ex-presidents leads to party crises, economic and political anxieties, and thus the rise of newcomers. This article concludes that the abundance of ex-presidents and newcomers in elections—essentially, the new face of Latin America's caudillismo—does not bode well for democracy because it accelerates de-institutionalization and polarizes the electorate.
The Repoliticization of Collective Action After Neoliberalism in Peru
Authors: Arce Moisés
Published: August 2010

Examining the popular uprising against the privatization of electric service in Arequipa and other revolts against foreign direct investment in Peru, this article explores the changing basis of antigovernment mobilizations against economic liberalization. It suggests that the transition from Fujimori to Toledo led to a major shift in the political opportunity structure, creating a more conducive environment for greater levels of mobilization while increasing the leverage of challengers, along with their chances to achieve positive goals. These new forms of collective resistance are geographically segmented or territorialized; they present concrete demands; and they often involve unexpected actors, yet they resonate at the national level. These results confirm the expectations from recent repoliticization literature insofar as collective actors remain acutely responsive to market reforms in more democratic settings.
The New Research on Civil Wars: Does It Help Us Understand the Colombian Conflict?
Authors: Gray Vanessa Joan
Published: August 2010

The article synthesizes contributions from the recent comparative research on civil war and the case-specific literature on Colombia to argue that too often, commentators on this conflict overlook some of its key dimensions. A comprehensive analysis shows that no fewer than six factors are fueling violent conflict in Colombia: economic forces, state weakness, landscape, U.S. policies, long-duration and spin-off violence, and malicious opportunism by non-combatants. The first three are the ones that matter most. The case made here is that when analysts disregard the range and interrelatedness of the factors involved, the result is a distortion of reality and a tendency to support policies that will not enhance the prospects for peace.
Campaign Strategies of Afro-Brazilian Politicians: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Mitchell Gladys
Published: August 2010

Racial politics in Brazil have changed dramatically: the nation-state that once denied racism now enacts racial policies for Afro-Brazilians. The discourse of race has also changed: it is now common for the media to discuss Afro-Brazilians as a voting bloc. Using qualitative methods, this article tests the hypothesis that Afro-Brazilian politicians seek a racial vote from the Afro-Brazilian electorate. Analyzing campaign advertisements from select candidates in Salvador and São Paulo, this study finds that most Afro-Brazilian politicians use racial cues, and interviews show that most Afro-Brazilian politicians address racial issues during their campaigns. Not all of them seek racial votes, however: at the federal level, Afro-Brazilian politicians believe that this strategy would not get them elected. Many use campaigns nevertheless to raise racial consciousness among the electorate.
Governance from below in Bolivia: A Theory of Local Government with Two Empirical Tests
Authors: Faguet Jean-Paul
Published: August 2010

This article examines decentralization through the lens of the local dynamics it unleashed in the much-noted case of Bolivia. It argues that the national effects of decentralization are largely the sum of its local-level effects. To understand decentralization, therefore, we must first understand how local government works. The article explores the deep economic and institutional determinants of government quality in two extremes of municipal performance. From this it derives a model of local government responsiveness as the product of political openness and substantive competition. The quality of local politics, in turn, emerges endogenously as the joint product of the lobbying and political engagement of local firms and interests and the organizational density and ability of civil society. The analysis tests the theory's predictions on a database containing all Bolivian municipalities. The theory proves robust. The combined methodology provides a higher-order empirical rigor than either approach can alone.
Public Opinion on Nonwhite Underrepresentation and Racial Identity Politics in Brazil
Authors: Bailey Stanley R.
Published: August 2010

Brazil has an “African-origin” population that is proportionally more than four times larger that of African Americans in the United States, but white Brazilians mostly dominate electoral politics. How do ordinary citizens explain this phenomenon? Drawing on a large-sample survey of public opinion in the state of Rio de Janeiro, this article explores perceived explanations for nonwhite underrepresentation in the political arena. It also examines attitudes toward a particular black candidate, Benedita da Silva, to discern the state ofnegroidentity politics. Most Brazilians in Rio de Janeiro cite racial prejudice to explain nonwhite exclusion, although whites do this less than nonwhites. Indicators of a racial undercurrent in political preferences suggest the importance of allegiances based on perceived common racial origins. Class is robustly associated with voting preferences, suggesting that, in contrast to the United States, class differences among nonwhites in Brazil could attenuate the success ofnegroidentity politics.
Hard Bargains: The Impact of Multinational Corporations on Economic Reform in Latin America
Authors: Egan Patrick J. W.
Published: August 2010

This article promotes the idea that multinational corporations have independent agency in the process of economic reform in Latin American host countries. Through a number of pooled cross-sectional time series analyses, it shows that accumulated foreign direct investment can affect policy reform in ways unanticipated by earlier theories predicated on the obsolescence of firms' influence after initial investment. The influence of firms varies across different reform areas, and competitive pressures lead firms to press alternately for liberal and illiberal reform measures. The study also considers sectoral issues, and argues that a preponderance of natural resource–oriented FDI can alter the impact of multinational investment on policy reform. Indexes of economic reform are measured against stocks of FDI and a number of political and economic control variables. Evidence shows that the dramatic increase in FDI in the region in recent years has bolstered firms' bargaining power and concomitant policy leverage.
Economic Shocks and Democratic Vulnerabilities in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Córdova Abby , Seligson Mitchell A.
Published: August 2010

Historical evidence suggests that bad economic times often mean bad times for democracy, but prior research has given us little guidance on how this process may work. What economic conditions are most threatening, and how might they weaken consolidating democracies? This article uses the AmericasBarometer conducted by the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) to answer these questions by focusing on core attitudes for the consolidation of democracy. We use survey data at the level of the individual and economic data at the country level to help detect democratic vulnerabilities in Latin America and the Caribbean. The study finds that conditions of low levels of economic development, low economic growth, and high levels of income inequality increase those vulnerabilities substantially, but the effects are not uniform across individuals. Some groups, especially the young and the poor, are particularly vulnerable to some antidemocratic appeals.
Primary cutaneous meningioma associated with von Recklinghausen's disease
Authors: Argenyi Zsolt B. , Thieberg Mark D. , Hayes Christine M. , Whitaker Duane C.
Published: August 2010

Cutaneous meningeal tumors are rare and can pose a diagnostic problem. We present a case of a 12‐year‐old girl with a family history of von Recklinghausen's disease. The patient was asymptomatic until the age of 11, when she developed two lesions on the head, both diagnosed as plexiform neurofibroma. Subsequently, she presented with a subcutaneous nodule on the left posterior occipital scalp which was excised. On histology, the tumor was composed of spindle‐shaped cells with diffuse and nested patterns. A whorled configuration of the cells, with occasional giant cells and psammoma bodies, was present. There was no evidence of connection between the tumor and the underlying tissues. Immunohistochemical studies were positive for epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin, and weakly for neuron‐specific enolase. Cytokeratin, S‐100 protein, and muscle markers were negative. Based on these features, the diagnosis of cutaneous meningioma was made. An MRI examination failed to detect any communication between the tumor site and the meninges; however, asymptomatic bilateral acoustic neuromas were identified. This case, besides being of interest as a primary cutaneous meningioma, also documents a unique combination of findings, i.e., plexiform neurofibroma, meningioma, and cerebellopontine acoustic neuromas, which should alert the clinician to a forme fruste presentation of von Recklinghausen's disease.

Argenyi ZB, Thieberg MD, Hayes CM, Whitaker DC. Primary cutaneous meningioma associated with von Recklinghausen's disease.
COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND PURINE NUCLEOTIDASE AND NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORYLASE DEFICIENCY
Authors: ØSTERGAARD POUL AABEL , DEDING AAGE , ERIKSEN JAN , MEJER JOHANNES
Published: August 2010

The results of immunological and purine enzyme investigations in an adult male patient with common variable immunodeficiency, recurrent lymph node granuloma and splenomegaly are presented. Serum immunoglobulins were present in trace amounts only and a progressive loss of Ig‐bearing peripheral lymphocytes were demonstrated. Furthermore, the mitogenic responses to PHA, ConA and PWM were markedly reduced and the ratio of T.m/T.g cells was decreased. Finally, a combined deficiency of lymphocyte purine 5‐nucleotidase‐ and nucleoside phosphorylase was demonstrated in the patient.
ESTABLISHMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO NEOPLASTIC CELL LINES (U‐1285 AND U‐1568) DERIVED FROM SMALL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LUNG
Authors: BERGH JONAS , LARSSON ERIK , ZECH LORE , NILSSON KENNETH
Published: August 2010

Two human cell lines have been established in vitro from patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCC). The U‐1285 line was derived from the classical small cell type of SCC while the U‐1568 orginated from a larger cell variant. The cell lines grow as suspension cultures and have been passaged continuously in vitro for 3 years (U‐1285) and 2 years (U‐1568), respectively. The malignant nature of the lines is suggested by their infinite growth potential, their capacity to form colonies in agarose and their aneuploidy. Both cell lines contain cytoplasmic electron dense particles indistinguishable from classical neurosecretory granules but only in U‐1568 has hormone production (human chorion gonadotropin (α‐HCG)) been proven. The U‐1568 line produces carcino‐embryonic antigen (CEA) while both U‐1285 and U‐1568 produce alpha‐feto‐protein (AFP). Chromosome analysis reveal aneuploidy of both lines. Among structural aberrations, involvement of chromosome 14 in U‐1285 and chromosomes 1, 7 and 12 in U‐1568 is interesting since alterations of these chromosomes have been described previously in other malignant conditions.
GYNECOMASTY
Authors: ANDERSEN JOHAN A. , GRAM JØRGEN B.
Published: August 2010

In a consecutive and unselected series of 83 patients operated upon for gynecomasty, the histological and related clinical aspects were studied. It was convincingly demonstrated that gynecomasty begins in an active proliferating phase and ends in a fibrous inactive phase. Contrary to previous authors we found it justified that the formation of lobules, indistinguishable from what is seen in the reproduceable age in the female breast, is not necessarily related to the administration of exogenic hormones. In five (6.5%) cases, typical multicentric foci of intraductal epithelial hyperplasia were demonstrated – of the atypical hyperplastic or early intraductal carcinoma type. It was concluded that the clinical significance of such morphological changes must not be overestimated.
MALE BREAST AT AUTOPSY
Authors: ANDERSEN JOHAN A. , GRAM JØRGEN B.
Published: August 2010

In a consecutive and unselected series of 100 male autopsies, the breasts were totally extirpated and histologically investigated. Gynecomasty was found in 55 cases, of which 48 were in healed and seven in still active, intermediate phase. All but two cases were bilateral. No clinical evidence of gynecomasty was established in any case. Thus, gynecomasty seems to be very common in men. In seven cases. severe intraductal epithelial hyperplasia was found, three of pagetoid and four of cribriform type. They belonged to the atypical hyperplastic – early intraductal carcinoma type. All cases were incidentally found and without known clinical relevance.
FACTOR VIII RELATED ANTIGEN AND MAST CELLS
Authors: KINDBLOM LARS‐GUNNAR
Published: August 2010

Using an immunoperoxidase technique for the demonstration of factor VIII related antigen, a hitherto undescribed observation was made that human mast cells are positively stained for this coagulation factor. Mast cells of both connective tissue and mucosa origin were positively stained. The observation is considered to support the opinion that mast cells may play a role in local haemostasis.
IMMUNE PROTECTION AGAINST ENTEROTOXINOGENIC E. COLI: SEARCH FOR SYNERGY BETWEEN ANTIBODIES TO ENTEROTOXIN AND SOMATIC ANTIGENS
Authors: Svennerholm A.‐M. , Åhrén C.
Published: August 2010

The protective effect against intestinal challenge with enterotoxinogenic (ent +) E. coli of enterotoxin antibodies alone and in combination with various antibacterial antibodies has been studied in rabbits. Both antibodies against E. coli heat‐labile enterotoxin (LT) and cholera toxin were equally effective against different serotypes of ent+E. coli. Antiserum to purified homologous E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as to cross‐reactive LPS structures (Re LPS and Common antigen) contained protective antibodies which increased the protection obtained with anti‐enterotoxin. Antiserum to whole bacteria acted synergistically with anti‐LT against homologous and sometimes also against heterologous E. coli. This synergy remained after complete absorption of the LPS antibodies from the antibacterial serum.
FUNCTION OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHILIC LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Wandall J. H.
Published: August 2010

The function of polymorphonuclear neutrophils from blood (B‐PMN) and from exudates (E‐PMN) was studied in healthy volunteers. The E‐PMNs were isolated from skin windows with chambers and the chemotactic, phagocytic and Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) reducing activity measured and compared to that of simultaneously obtained B‐PMNs. The chemotactic and random migration of E‐PMNs in Boyden chambers measured by the leading front and by the chemotactic index were reduced compared with B‐PMNs (p < 0.01). Serum independent phagocytosis of paraffin oil emulsions was significantly increased (p <0.01) by E‐PMNs after 12, 24 and 48 hours and not correlated to the function of B‐PMNs. Opsonization with autologous serum increased the phagocytosis by both E‐PMNs and B‐PMNs, but mainly the latter. The NBT reduction by E‐PMNs was increased (p < 0.01) and positively correlated to the NBT reduction by resting B‐PMNs. In contrast, there was no difference in NBT reduction between phagocytosing E‐PMNs and B‐PMNs. Mobilization of PMNs to an inflammatory focus in healthy subjects induces marked changes in the function, and B‐PMN function cannot always be assumed to reflect the function of PMNs from inflammatory sites.
SUPPRESSOR CELL ACTIVITY AND BETA‐CELL FUNCTION IN INSULIN‐DEPENDENT DIABETICS
Authors: Buschard Karsten , Madsbad Sten , Rygaard JØRgen
Published: August 2010

Immunological mechanisms may play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and suppressor cell activity (SCA) has been found depressed at diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether patients with preserved beta‐cell function display a different SCA than other patients. Sixteen patients without and 12 patients with beta‐cell function after averagely 9 years' duration of IDDM were examined. The suppressive effect of lymphocytes was investigated after incubation with concanavalin A followed by inactivation. Suppression was measured as the ability of the lymphocytes to inhibit 3H‐thymidine incorporation in concanavalin A stimulated normal donor lymphocytes. The main findings were: (1) No significant differences in SCA between patients with and without beta‐cell function, and none of these patient groups had SCA significantly different from normal controls. (2) A correlation between SCA and administred dose of insulin among patients without beta‐cell function. It is concluded that the actual SCA several years after diagnosis is not connected with the beta‐cell function in patients with IDDM.
SPECIFICITY OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS SYNTHESIZED WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN NEUROSYPHILIS
Authors: Pedersen Nils Strandberg , Kam‐Hansen Slavenka , Link Hans , Mavra Milica
Published: August 2010

Cerebrospinal fluid from four patients with serologically and clinically verified neurosyphilis contained oligoclonal bands when analysed by isoelectric focusing. By antiserum immunofixation these bands consisted of IgG. and by antigen immunofixation and autoradiography the bands were shown to contain treponemal antibodies. Treponemal antibodies synthesized within the CNS were also detected in polyclonal CSF IgG fractions in two of the patients. In one patient with neurosyphilis followed over 2.5 years, local synthesis of IgM and IgA disappeared within I year after treatment, while IgG synthesis persisted. In this patient, besides treponemal antibodies, antibodies against herpes simplex virus were also detected in oligoclonal and polyclonal IgG fractions of CSF. The presence of treponemal antibodies synthesized within the CNS was identified in 2 of 16 controls with negative serological tests for syphilis. This might reflect a previous contact with apathogenic treponemes, and the intrathecal antibody synthesis might be a result of an unspecific activation of memory lymphocytes in CNS.
INCREASE OF THE IN VITRO COMPLEMENT‐DEPENDENT CYTOTOXICITY AGAINST AUTOLOGOUS INVASIVE HUMAN BLADDER TUMOR CELLS BY NEURAMINIDASE TREATMENT
Authors: Jacobsen Flemming
Published: August 2010

Complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) was measured in a 51‐Cr release assay against tumor cells from 13 non‐invasive and 7 invasive transitional‐cell tumors of the urinary bladder. CDC was compared between mechanically dispersed tumor cells and neuraminidase‐treated tumor cells. Neuraminidase treatment of bladder tumor cells enhanced their susceptibility to complement‐dependent cytolysis. There were no differences in CDC between autologous and allogenic sera. Mechanically dispersed tumor cells showed no significant differences in susceptibility when non‐invasive and invasive tumor cells were compared, whereas significant differences in CDC were seen when neuraminidase‐treated non‐invasive and invasive tumor cells were used as targets. A C2 deficient serum showed significantly reduced cytotoxicity suggesting that the CDC reaction requires classical complement activation. A hypogammaglobulinemic serum showed stronger CDC compared to autologous and other allogenic sera and upon dilution of autologous sera and hypogammaglobulinemic serum CDC declined parallelly.
INVOLVEMENT OF MONOKINES IN ANTIGEN‐ AND LECTIN‐INDUCED HUMAN LYMPHOKINE PRODUCTION
Authors: Petersen JØRgen , Bendtzen Klaus
Published: August 2010

To analyze the role of monocytes/macrophages (Mø's) in the activation of human lymphocytes, suspensions enriched in T cells and markedly depleted of Mø's were prepared. The Mø‐depleted cells challenged by tuberculin did not elaborate the lymphokine, leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF). This reduction in LIF production was negatively correlated to the proportion of residual Mø's being complete in the presence of less than 2% Mø's. In contrast, the LIF response to the polyclonal activator, phytohemagglutinin A, was unimpared by Mø depletion. LIF production of the Mø‐depleted cells could be fully reconstituted by addition of conditioned media obtained from Mø cultures, especially if stimulated by the Mø‐activating agent, phorbol myristate acetate. This effect was dose‐dependent and could be ascribed to molecules of molecular weights 80K and 12K, respectively.
INDUCTION AND ABROGATION OF SUPPRESSOR CELL FUNCTION IN HUMANS: EFFECT ON B CELL ACTIVATION BY DIFFERENT POLYCLONAL ACTIVATORS
Authors: Lilic D. , Petersen J. , Hesse J. , Andersen V.
Published: August 2010

In a reverse plaque forming cell (PFC) assay, the effect of concanavalin A (ConA)‐induced suppressor cells on polyclonally activated B lymphocytes was studied. Differentiation to PFC, as induced by pokeweed mitogen (PWM), Staphylococcus aureus or Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) was in all cases suppressed by the addition of ConA‐pretreated cells. The EBV‐stimulated cells showed the smallest PFC response and appeared least amenable to suppression. IgA‐secreting cells were less suppressible than IgM‐ and IgG‐secreting cells regardless of the polyclonal B lymphocyte activator used. The suppressor cells were radiosensitive.
HUMORAL AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN TYPHOID AND PARATYPHOID CARRIER STATE, INVESTIGATED BY MEANS OF QUANTITATIVE IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS AND IN VITRO STIMULATION OF BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Espersen F. , Mogensen H. H. , HØIby N. , HØJ L. , Greibe J. , Rasmussen S. N. , Gaarslev K. , SALCA‐group Danish
Published: August 2010

The humoral and cellular immunity of 8 Salmonella carriers and 9 non‐carriers was investigated and compared to findings in normal persons. The antibody response in serum and intestinal secretions was investigated by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and blood lymphocytes were investigated by in vitro stimulation. Both carriers and non‐carriers showed increased levels of precipitating antibodies as well as lymphocyte responses, when compared to normal persons. No differences in the antibody responses either qualitatively or quantitatively were found between carriers and non‐carriers. Only few precipitins could be detected in intestinal secretions. Lymphocyte responses to S. typhi and S. paratyphi were significantly higher in carriers and non‐carriers than in the controls. No significant difference in lymphocyte response to S. typhi, S. paratyphi and mitogens was obtained between carriers and non‐carriers. Thus, the carrier state seems not due to detectable major immunodeficiency.
Frequent Occurrence Of Anti‐Rabbit Igm In Iga Deficiency
Authors: Truedsson L. , Axelsson U. , Laurell A.‐B.
Published: August 2010

Analysis of IgA deficient sera revealed impaired hemolysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes when tested by a hemolysis in gel (HIG) assay developed for detection of complement deficiencies. All sera were normal in a test for the alternative pathway. The impaired hemolysis was not related to complement aberrations but was caused by antibodies to rabbit IgM, demonstrated in 14 of 21 IgA deficient sera, by use of HIG technique and by agglutination. The presence of these antibodies was not related to age, sex or disease. One serum was further examined and the antibodies were shown to be of IgG class.
IMMUNOMODULATION IN GUINEA PIGS BY PORCINE SPLEEN CELL DIALYSATE
Authors: Ashorn Ralph
Published: August 2010

The effect of porcine spleen dialysate was studied on delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions, as well as on the phagocytic capacity and intracellular prostaglandin levels of peritoneal macrophages. Porcine spleen cell dialysate was fractionated on Sephadex G‐10 and these fractions, as well as unfractionated dialysate, were injected intraperitoneally into antigen‐primed guinea pigs. The guinea pigs were tested for delayed‐type hypersensitivity towards PPD and SK‐SD. The results show that unfractionated spleen cell dialysate augmented slightly the delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions, and after fractionation a significant augmentory activity was detected in two adjacent, early eluting fractions. This active elution region corresponds to the elution region where most of the guinea pig DTH augmenting activity of leukocyte dialysate is also detected. Furthermore, these fractions significantly augmented the phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages, and decreased the intracellular levels of prostaglandin PGE2, thromboxan B2 and prostacyclin. These results indicate that porcine spleen cells from non‐immunized animals can be used as a source for a non‐specifically acting immunomodulatory preparation, which resembles that found in human leukocyte dialysate. These immunomodulatory substance(s) seem to operate via monocyte activation.
ANTI‐C‐CARBOHYDRATE ANTIBODIES AFTER PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINATION
Authors: Pedersen Freddy Karup , Henrichsen JØRgen , SØRensen Uffe Skov , Nielsen Johan Lanng
Published: August 2010

Similar levels of naturally occurring anti‐pneumococcal C‐carbohydrate antibodies were found in 15 splenectomized children, 10 splenectomized adults and 12 healthy adult volunteers by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Vaccination with a 14‐valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumovax©) that contains approximately 75 μg C‐carbohydrate per dose only led to small anti‐C‐carbohydrate antibody increases; they were significant, however, for all three groups (p < 0.05) but antibody fold increases were below 2 in 34 of the 37 individuals studied.
LOCALIZATION OF EARLY ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS IN THE RIGHT CAROTID BIFURCATION IN HUMANS
Authors: GrøTtum Per , Svindland A. , WalløE Lars
Published: August 2010

The detailed localization of early atherosclerotic lesions in the right carotid bifurcation was studied in 37 carotid arteries obtained from autopsies of young persons who had suffered a violent and sudden death. Drawings of the sudanophilic lesions in the vessel wall were fed to a computer, scaled to a standardized size and shape, and added together. The results are presented as contour lines connecting points with equal frequency of early lesions. The distribution of early lesions reveals a distinct pattern: The early lesions start to develop on the outer walls of the bifurcation, while the inner walls downstream from the flow divider are left free, as are also the lateral walls. In the carotid sinus the distribution of the lesions has a U‐formed pattern.
ORAL SELENIUM INHIBITS SKIN REACTIONS TO UV LIGHT IN HAIRLESS MICE
Authors: Thorling E. B. , Overvad K. , Bjerring P.
Published: August 2010

In different experimental systems oral selenium has a pronounced anti‐carcinogenic effect. This includes both spontaneous and chemically‐induced cancers (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8). Our primary objective was to study the effect of selenium on the carcinogenic potential of UV light in hairless mice. Fairly early in these experiments, however, it became obvious that the selenium‐supplemented mice were considerably more resistant to the acute and sub‐acute effects of UV light than were the unsupplemented animals. This was found for the inflammatory reaction as well as for the development of pigmentation. As far as we know, this effect of selenium has not previously been described.
ARGYROPHIL REACTION IN RECTAL CARCINOIDS
Authors: Wilander Erik , El‐Salhy Magdy , Lundqvist Monalill
Published: August 2010

The Grimelius argyrophil reaction was studied in 27 rectal carcinoids. A majority of the tumour cells were silver‐reactive in 16 tumours and a minority in 11 tumours. Both weakly and strongly stained tumours were found, as well as tumour cells with variable staining properties within the same tumour. Re‐staining resulted in potentiation of the reaction, but this was most obvious in tumours with an initially easily identified argyrophilia. It is suggested that evaluation of the Grimelius argyrophil reaction in combination with routine histology increases the accuracy of the diagnosis of rectal carcinoids.
PLOIDY AND PROLIFERATION PATTERNS IN COLO‐RECTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS RELATED TO DUKES‘ CLASSIFICATION AND TO HISTOPATHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Tribukait B. , Hammarberg C. , Rubio C.
Published: August 2010

The cellular DNA pattern in 66 colo‐rectal adenocarcinomas was studied by means of flow‐cytometric DNA analysis. The degree of ploidy and the proportion of cells in S‐phase were related to the clinical stage according to Dukes' classification and to the histological differentiation. Multiple cell populations were found in about 60 per cent of the tumours but more frequently in advanced clinical stages. According to the DNA index the cell populations were bimodally distributed with one peak in the diploid‐peridiploid region and one peak in the tri‐ to tetraploid region. In the second group there was a higher frequency of more advanced tumours as compared to the first. The proportion of cells in S‐phase was higher in pure diploid tumour cell populations of all clinical stages as compared to normal mucosa but lower as compared to peridiploid and aneuploid cell populations with high DNA index. High as well as low S‐phase values may occur in all clinical stages, but a significant higher mean value was found for Dukes' C compared to Dukes' B tumours. Distant metastases occur at all DNA indices and with various S‐phase values. In conclusion, tumours of different clinical stages and histological differentiation may be subdivided according to DNA index, to the existence of single or multiple cell populations and to the proportion of cells in S‐phase. The biological significance of this subdivision can only be evaluated by means of clinical follow‐up.
FERRITIN (FER) IN TESTICULAR GERM CELL TUMOURS
Authors: Jacobsen Grete Krag , Jacobsen Marianne
Published: August 2010

189 orchidectomy specimens with germ cell tumours were studied for the presence of ferritin (FER) using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. FER was demonstrated in 93% of seminomas and 90% of non‐seminomas. Various epithelial cell types in embryonal carcinoma (EC), yolk sac tumours (YST) and teratoma (T) were FER positive. Carcinoma‐in‐situ (CIS) which was present in the seminiferous tubules adjacent to the tumours was positively stained for FER in 94% of the specimens whether the tumour was a seminoma or a non‐seminoma indicating a functional relationship of CIS to seminomatous as well as to non‐seminomatous germ cell tumours.
SUBMUCOUS LYMPHATIC CYSTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: Aase Steinar , Gundersen Rolf
Published: August 2010

In 150 consecutive autopsies, submucous lymphatic cysts of the small intestine were demonstrated histologically in 35 cases (23%). The mean age of these 35 cases was 74 years. Lymphatic cysts were found in none younger than 55 years. A solitary lesion was observed in 9 cases, whereas more than 10 cysts were encountered in 14 autopsies. The diameter of the lesions never exceeded ca. 1 cm, and histological examination disclosed cystically dilated lymph spaces only in the submucosa. Studies of the clinical records and the autopsy reports revealed no case with symptoms from the lymphatic cysts, and no case with other diseases of the lymphatic system.
HYPERPLASIA AND GROWTH OF THE TRUE MESENTERY IN THE DIABETIC RAT
Authors: Norrby K. , BergströM S. , Druvefors P.
Published: August 2010

The true mesentery was studied in rats 4 weeks after they had been rendered diabetic with streptozotocin. The diabetic animals showed elongation and enlargement of the small intestine despite reduced body growth compared with controls of the same age. The mesentery in diabetic animals showed increased total area and contained an increased number of »windows«, but the increment of total protein, DNA, and histamine (a marker of mast cells) was non‐uniform and less than the increase in area. There appeared to be a close relationship between hyperplasia of the small intestine and its mesentery. The number of mast cells yielded by peritoneal lavage was increased in the diabetics. We suggest that our observation of the hyperplastic mesenteric reaction in diabetic rats may make a useful model for the study of growth, profiferation, and function of the mesentery available.
DNA CYTOMETRY OF PRIMARY BREAST CANCER
Authors: Fosså Sophie D. , Thorud Erik , Vaage Sigmund , Shoaib Mohammed C.
Published: August 2010

In 18 biopsy specimens from human breast carcinoma a comparison was made between DNA measurements obtained by microspectrophotometry (MSP) of Feulgen‐stained nuclei in imprints and flow cytometry (FCM) of nuclei stained with ethidium bromide. For each specimen FCM was performed both with ethanol‐fixed cells and unfixed cells. In addition, single cell suspensions were made from other 11 fresh mammary cancer biopsies. Parts of these suspensions were analysed both by MSP (Feulgen‐stained smears) and FCM (ethanol‐fixed, mitramycin‐stained cells). The MSP histograms show selected tumour cells and tumour‐like cells. This explains the higher proportion of cells with DNA content above the 2 c level. A good agreement was found between the results obtained by MSP and FCM with regard to the ploidy of the DNA stemline(s). FCM of fixed cells (multiple‐step procedure) yielded a slightly lower proportion of diploid cells than FCM of the unfixed cells (one‐step procedure), probably owing to loss of small cells during the different preparation steps. It is concluded that the results from DNA‐histograms obtained from MSP and FCM can be compared as to DNA‐stemline ploidy of the cell population but not as to the proportion of cells with non‐diploid DNA‐content.