bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High sensitivity UV photodetectors based on low-cost TiO2 P25-graphene hybrids
Authors: Chen Zilong , Zhu Zhaowei , Huang Liting , Cheng Chuantong
Published: November 2021

Photodetectors (PDs) are the core component of multiple commercial optical sensing systems. Currently, the detection of ultra-weak ultraviolet (UV) optical signals is becoming increasingly important for wide range of applications in civil and military industries. Due to its wide band gap, low cost, and long-term stability, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an attractive material for UV photodetection. A kind of low-cost TiO2 nanomaterial (named as P25) manufactured by flame hydrolysis is an easily available commercial material. However, a low-cost and high-sensitivity UV PD based on P25 has not been achieved until now. Here, a hybrid UV PD with monolayer CVD graphene covered by a thin film of P25 quantum dots was prepared for the first time, and its responsivity was approximately 105 A W−1 at 365 nm wavelength. The response time and recovery time of the UV PD were 32.6 s and 34 s, respectively. Strong light absorption and photocontrolled oxygen adsorption of the P25 layer resulted in high UV sensitivity. The UV PDs proposed in this work have great potential for commercialization due to their low cost and high sensitivity.
High polarization and wake-up free ferroelectric characteristics in ultrathin Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 devices by control of oxygen-deficient layer
Authors: Yadav Manoj , Kashir Alireza , Oh Seungyeol , Nikam Revannath Dnyandeo , Kim Hyungwoo , Jang Hojung , Hwang Hyunsang
Published: November 2021

The formation of an interfacial layer is believed to affect the ferroelectric properties in HfO2 based ferroelectric devices. The atomic layer deposited devices continue suffering from a poor bottom interfacial condition, since the formation of bottom interface is severely affected by atomic layer deposition and annealing process. Herein, the formation of bottom interfacial layer was controlled through deposition of different bottom electrodes (BE) in device structure W/HZO/BE. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses done on devices W/HZO/W and W/HZO/IrO
x
suggest the strong effect of IrO
x
in controlling bottom interfacial layer formation while W/HZO/W badly suffers from interfacial layer formation. W/HZO/IrO
x
devices show high remnant polarization (2P
r) ∼ 53 μC cm−2, wake-up free endurance cycling characteristics, low leakage current with demonstration of low annealing temperature requirement as low as 350 °C, valuable for back-end-of-line integration. Further, sub-5 nm HZO thicknesses-based W/HZO/IrO
x
devices demonstrate high 2P
r and wake-up free ferroelectric characteristics, which can be promising for low power and high-density memory applications. 2.2 nm, 3 nm, and 4 nm HZO based W/HZO/IrO
x
devices show 2P
r values 13.54, 22.4, 38.23 μC cm−2 at 4 MV cm−1 and 19.96, 30.17, 48.34 μC cm−2 at 5 MV cm−1, respectively, with demonstration of wake-up free ferroelectric characteristics.
Hierarchical coral-like MnCo2O4.5@Co–Ni LDH composites on Ni foam as promising electrodes for high-performance supercapacitor
Authors: Ji Yajun , Chen Fei , Tan Shufen , Ren Fuyong
Published: November 2021

Transition metal oxides are generally designed as hybrid nanostructures with high performance for supercapacitors by enjoying the advantages of various electroactive materials. In this paper, a convenient and efficient route had been proposed to prepare hierarchical coral-like MnCo2O4.5@Co–Ni LDH composites on Ni foam, in which MnCo2O4.5 nanowires were enlaced with ultrathin Co–Ni layered double hydroxides nanosheets to achieve high capacity electrodes for supercapacitors. Due to the synergistic effect of shell Co–Ni LDH and core MnCo2O4.5, the outstanding electrochemical performance in three-electrode configuration was triggered (high area capacitance of 5.08 F cm−2 at 3 mA cm−2 and excellent rate capability of maintaining 61.69% at 20 mA cm−2), which is superior to those of MnCo2O4.5, Co–Ni LDH and other metal oxides based composites reported. Meanwhile, the as-prepared hierarchical MnCo2O4.5@Co–Ni LDH electrode delivered improved electrical conductivity than that of pristine MnCo2O4.5. Furthermore, the as-constructed asymmetric supercapacitor using MnCo2O4.5@Co–Ni LDH as positive and activated carbon as negative electrode presented a rather high energy density of 220 μWh cm−2 at 2400 μW cm−2 and extraordinary cycling durability with the 100.0% capacitance retention over 8000 cycles at 20 mA cm−2, demonstrating the best electrochemical performance compared to other asymmetric supercapacitors using metal oxides based composites as positive electrode material. It can be expected that the obtained MnCo2O4.5@Co–Ni LDH could be used as the high performance and cost-effective electrode in supercapacitors.
Local well-posedness of the coupled Yang–Mills and Dirac system for low regularity data
Authors: Pecher Hartmut
Published: November 2021

We consider the classical Yang–Mills system coupled with a Dirac equation in 3 + 1 dimensions. Using that most of the nonlinear terms fulfill a null condition we prove local well-posedness for data with minimal regularity assumptions. This problem for smooth data was solved forty years ago by Choquet-Bruhat and Christodoulou. Our result generalises a similar result for the Yang–Mills equation by Selberg and Tesfahun.
A new DOSXYZnrc method for Monte Carlo simulations of 4D dose distributions
Authors: Su S , Atwal P , Lobo J , Duzenli C , Popescu I A
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study is to present a novel method for generating Monte Carlo 4D dose distributions in a single DOSXYZnrc simulation. During a standard simulation, individual energy deposition events are summed up to generate a 3D dose distribution and their associated temporal information is discarded. This means that in order to determine dose distributions as a function of time, separate simulations would have to be run for each interval of interest. Consequently, it has not been clinically feasible until now to routinely perform Monte Carlo simulations of dose rate, time-resolved dose accumulation, or electronic portal imaging devices (EPID) cine-mode images for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. To overcome this limitation, we modified DOSXYZnrc and defined new input and output variables that allow a time-like parameter associated with each particle history to be binned in a user-defined manner. Under the new code version, computation times are the same as for a standard simulation, and the time-integrated 4D dose is identical to the standard 3D dose. We present a comparison of scintillator measurements and Monte Carlo simulations for dose rate during a VMAT beam delivery, a study of dose rate in a VMAT total body irradiation plan, and simulations of transit (through-patient) EPID cine-mode images.
Coherent parallelization of universal classical computation
Authors: Perez-Delgado Carlos A , Vinjanampathy Sai
Published: November 2021

Previously, higher-order Hamiltonians (HoH) had been shown to offer an advantage in both metrology and quantum energy storage. Here, we axiomatize a model of computation that allows us to consider such Hamiltonians for the purposes of computation. From this axiomatic model, we formally prove that an HoH-based algorithm can gain up to a quadratic speed-up over classical sequential algorithms—for any possible classical computation. We show how our axiomatic model is grounded in the same physics as that used in HoH-based quantum advantage for metrology and battery charging. Thus we argue that any advance in implementing HoH-based quantum advantage in those scenarios can be co-opted for the purpose of speeding up computation.
Large violations in Kochen Specker contextuality and their applications
Authors: Ramanathan Ravishankar , Liu Yuan , Horodecki Paweł
Published: November 2021

It is of interest to study how contextual quantum mechanics is, in terms of the violation of Kochen Specker state-independent and state-dependent non-contextuality inequalities. We present state-independent non-contextuality inequalities with large violations, in particular, we exploit a connection between Kochen–Specker proofs and pseudo-telepathy games to show KS proofs in Hilbert spaces of dimension d ⩾ 217 with the ratio of quantum value to classical bias being

O

(

d

/
log

d

)

. We study the properties of this KS set and show applications of the large violation. It has been recently shown that Kochen–Specker proofs always consist of substructures of state-dependent contextuality proofs called 01-gadgets. We show a one-to-one connection between 01-gadgets in

C

d

and Hardy paradoxes for the maximally entangled state in

C

d

⊗

C

d

. We use this connection to construct large violation 01-gadgets between arbitrary vectors in

C

d

, as well as novel Hardy paradoxes for the maximally entangled state in

C

d

⊗

C

d

, and give applications of these constructions. As a technical result, we show that the minimum dimension of the faithful orthogonal representation of a graph in

R

d

is not a graph monotone, a result that may be of independent interest.
A Low-rank Approach to Image Defringing
Authors: Prunet Simon
Published: November 2021

In this work, we revisit the problem of interference fringe patterns in CCD chips occurring in near-infrared bands due to multiple light reflections within the chip. We briefly discuss the traditional approaches that were developed to remove these patterns from science images, and mention their limitations. We then introduce a new method to globally estimate the fringe patterns in a collection of science images without additional external data, allowing for some variation of the patterns between images. We demonstrate this new method on near-infrared images taken by the CFHT wide-field imager Megacam.
Effects of recycling neutral on density shoulder formation in tokamak plasmas
Authors: Wu Xingquan , Xu Guosheng , Yan Ning , Chen Ran , Wang Liang , Wan Baonian
Published: November 2021

Towards a physical understanding of the formation of flattened upstream scrape-off-layer (SOL) density profiles, namely ‘density shoulders’, a self-consistent one-dimensional radial transport model has been developed to estimate the upstream profiles covering both the core plasma and SOL region at the tokamak midplane. For the SOL region, the effective density and temperature profiles for the ionization process are obtained by the weighted averaging of the upstream and downstream profiles, which can distinguish the open-target operation from the closed-target operation by a weighting factor. Compared with enhanced turbulent convective transport, it is complementary for the model to study the competition between the effective source S
eff and the parallel particle loss L
SOL. It indicates that: (1) an appropriate S
eff intensity controlled by the neutral pressure due to divertor or wall recycling and (2) an appropriate S
eff peak position in a far SOL region adjusted by the plasma current as well as the weighting factor could offset the damping effect of L
SOL on the density profile. Then S
eff over L
SOL in a far SOL region could be the sole process involved in bringing about SOL density shoulders.
Target electron removal in C5+ + H collision
Authors: Al Atawneh Saed J. , Tőkési K.
Published: November 2021

We present target ionization and charge exchange cross sections in a collision between C5+ ion and H atom. We treat the collision dynamics classically using a four-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) and a four-body quasi-classical Monte Carlo (QCTMC) model when the Heisenberg correction term is added to the standard CTMC model via model potential. The calculations were performed in the projectile energy range between 1.0 keV/amu and 10 MeV/amu. We found that the cross sections obtained by the QCTMC model are higher than that of the cross sections calculated by the standard CTMC model and these cross sections are closer to the previous experimental and theoretical data. Moreover, for the case of ionization, we show that the interaction between the projectile and the target electrons plays a dominant role in the enhancement of the cross sections at lower energies.
On a problem of Chirka
Authors: Dinew Sławomir , Dinew Żywomir
Published: November 2021

We observe that a slight adjustment of a method of Caffarelli, Li, and Nirenberg yields that plurisubharmonic functions extend across subharmonic singularities as long as the singularities form a closed set of measure zero. This solves a problem posed by Chirka.
Enantioselective synthesis of 6-methyloctanal and 8-methyldecanal, the characteristic aroma components in yuzu Citrus junos, and the analysis of their enantiomeric compositions in yuzu essential oil
Authors: Ohkubo Yasutaka , Tomita Naomi , Ogura Yusuke , Takikawa Hirosato
Published: November 2021

6-Methyloctanal and 8-methyldecanal are the characteristic aroma components of yuzu Citrus junos. However, their absolute configurations and enantiomeric compositions in yuzu essential oil have not been analyzed. A concise enantioselective synthesis of both aldehydes was successfully carried out to determine their absolute configurations and enantiomeric compositions. Both aldehydes in yuzu essential oil were found to be (S)-form with high enantiomeric excess.
“This rug, handmade by a resident of the old age home, should serve as evidence of the

willingness

and

ability

of elderly people to work”: Elderly Survival Strategies in the Łódź Ghetto
Authors: Strauss Elizabeth C
Published: November 2021

As a path to survival in the Łódź ghetto, “rescue through work” privileged the young and able-bodied. How did elderly ghetto inhabitants respond to the policies and demands of a strategy that inherently marginalized and disadvantaged them? Older men and women worked as long as physically possible, but the limitations of aging bodies were compounded by the deleterious effects of living in the ghetto. A scarcity of viable employment opportunities, taxing manual labor, and lack of food, forced most elderly men and women to seek alternative strategies. Petitions for survival reveal how older men and women supported the ghetto’s collective strategy for survival while simultaneously exploiting the rhetoric of “rescue through work” to challenge the ideological tenets at the very core of that strategy.
Spatial and interannual variability in the distribution of euphausiid life stages in the permanent upwelling system off northern Chile
Authors: Díaz-Astudillo Macarena , Saldías Gonzalo S , Letelier Jaime , Riquelme-Bugueño Ramiro
Published: November 2021

Euphausiids are crustaceans with a complex life cycle that play a significant role in the trophic pathways of the highly productive Humboldt Upwelling System. We studied the effect of upwelling and climate variability on the austral spring distribution and abundance of krill life stages using 8 years of physical and biological sampling off northern Chile. During the study period, conditions shifted from negative to positive temperature anomalies and climate indices. Consequently, large interannual variability associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation was observed in all life stages, with lower abundances during their positive phases. The distribution patterns and the statistical associations with environmental variables show that the effect of upwelling varies ontogenetically. Eggs, nauplii, calyptopis, and furcilia larvae had higher abundances offshore, suggesting they are transported offshore through the Ekman layer. Juveniles and adults avoid advection via their deeper distribution and vertical migrations, and although they were present in the entire study area, abundances were higher to the south associated with lower salinity. This is the first study evaluating the impacts of climate variability on krill life stages and finds a direct effect of these low-frequency oscillations on krill reproduction and abundance in the HUS.
A new method for measuring the 3D turbulent velocity dispersion of molecular clouds
Authors: Stewart Madeleine , Federrath Christoph
Published: November 2021

The structure and star formation activity of a molecular cloud are fundamentally linked to its internal turbulence. However, accurately measuring the turbulent velocity dispersion is challenging due to projection effects and observational limitations, such as telescope resolution, particularly for clouds that include non-turbulent motions, such as large-scale rotation. Here, we develop a new method to recover the 3D turbulent velocity dispersion (σv,3D) from position–position–velocity (PPV) data. We simulate a rotating, turbulent, collapsing molecular cloud, and compare its intrinsic σv,3D with three different measures of the velocity dispersion accessible in PPV space: (1) the spatial mean of the 2nd-moment map, σi, (2) the standard deviation of the gradient/rotation-corrected 1st-moment map, σ(c − grad), and (3) a combination of (1) and (2), called the ‘gradient-corrected parent velocity dispersion’, $\sigma _{\mathrm{(p}-\mathrm{grad)}}=(\sigma _{\mathrm{i}}^2+\sigma _{(\mathrm{c}-\mathrm{grad)}}^2)^{1/2}$. We show that the gradient correction is crucial in order to recover purely turbulent motions of the cloud, independent of the orientation of the cloud with respect to the line of sight. We find that with a suitable correction factor and appropriate filters applied to the moment maps, all three statistics can be used to recover σv,3D, with method 3 being the most robust and reliable. We determine the correction factor as a function of the telescope beam size for different levels of cloud rotation, and find that for a beam full width at half-maximum f and cloud radius R, the 3D turbulent velocity dispersion can best be recovered from the gradient-corrected parent velocity dispersion via $\sigma _{v,\mathrm{3D}}= \left[(-0.29\pm 0.26)\, f/R + 1.93 \pm 0.15\right] \sigma _{\mathrm{(p}-\mathrm{grad)}}$ for f/R < 1, independent of the level of cloud rotation or LOS orientation.
The Ghost in the Image
Authors: Sayad Cecilia
Published: November 2021

The Ghost in the Image offers a new take on the place that supernatural phenomena occupy in everyday life by examining the horror genre in fiction, documentary, and participative modes. The book covers a variety of media: spirit photography, ghost-hunting reality shows, documentary and fiction films based on the Amityville and Enfield hauntings, found-footage horror movies, experiential cinema, survival games, and creepypasta. These works transform our interest in ghosts into an interactive form of entertainment. Through a transmedial approach to horror, this book investigates our expectations regarding the ability of photography and video to work as evidence. A historical examination of technology’s role in at once showing and forging truths invites questions about our investment in its powers, which is pertinent to the so-called post-fact scenario. Behind our obsession with documenting everyday life lies the hope that our cameras will reveal something extraordinary. The obsessive search for ghosts in the image, however, shows that the desire to find them is matched by the pleasure of calling out a hoax.
Seeking ghosts
Authors: Sayad Cecilia
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the use of audiovisual and other indexical technology to capture evidence of supernatural phenomena in ghost-hunting reality television shows like Most Haunted, Ghost Hunters, and Paranormal State, among many others. It explores these programs’ connections with early practices such as spirit photography and phantasmagoria. The chapter also examines the ways in which the shows invite interaction with viewers through web forum discussions and live broadcasts. At the basis of this investigation is the question of how photography and film are seen to reveal hidden aspects of the material world and our expectations about the evidential power of images.
Tales from a Late Bloomer
Authors: Robinson Sandra Lynn
Published: November 2021

Despite a slow start, and some setbacks and mistakes along the way, the essay asserts that the author has had much success and happiness in her academic career. This chapter highlights some of the guiding principles that determined how her career unfolded and illustrates these principles with experiences she has had in the last three decades. This chapter is intended to provide a bit of guidance to others, as well as hope and reassurance if they sometimes feel discouraged.
An Art Class for Music
Authors: Kuhn Will , Hein Ethan
Published: November 2021

This chapter describes in detail a constructivist philosophy for music curricula. Alternatives to traditional performance ensembles, including songwriting, sound design, remixing, sampling, and other computer-based music creation techniques, are discussed. The constructivist approach adopts learning strategies used by popular musicians, including aural learning by listening to and copying recordings, and personal learning with minimal adult guidance and intervention. Furthermore, project prompts are designed to guide students from tightly scaffolded and formulaic production exercises to more open-ended creative projects. The affordances of digital audio workstations support trial-and-error experimentation by linking visualization to immediate auditory feedback for each action. The chapter also covers the role of sound design in popular music production, the remix as a scaffold for creating original songs, and the intellectual property considerations inherent in sampling. The goal is for students to have created a portfolio of music that expresses their tastes and identities, and that they are proud of.
Tech You Will Need for Your Program
Authors: Kuhn Will , Hein Ethan
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents an optimal equipment list for establishing a creative music technology lab. While preservice music teachers are taught how to purchase and maintain instruments, they are rarely given equivalent advice for music production tools. This chapter provides practical recommendations for purchasing and maintaining hardware, software, and furniture, including computers, digital audio workstation software, headphones, MIDI controllers, microphones, tables, podiums, display screens, and soundproofing. Suggestions are given for arrangement and design of the overall space as well as design of individual workstations. The chapter also includes suggestions for managing wear and tear on equipment, for maintenance and cleaning routines, and for sustainable budgeting. Finally, for situations where the optimal setup is not immediately attainable, the various items described here are ranked in terms of priority.
Designing Creative Music Projects
Authors: Kuhn Will , Hein Ethan
Published: November 2021

This chapter offers a guide to designing relevant, lasting, and engaging music creation projects for students of all levels of ability, as well as suggestions on how to assess these projects. Project design is approached from the perspective of beginners and their distinct needs. The constructivist philosophy of pedagogy is applied to a process through which students can gain a set of relevant skills in music production that will help them to develop a unique creative voice. The method scaffolds learning so that students are able to attain meaningful creative success at any level of skill and ability. Furthermore, the projects have sufficiently high ceilings that experienced musicians can benefit from them as well. The chapter also describes an iterative methodology that electronic music teachers can apply as students with varying tastes and goals cycle in and out of their programs. This includes a strategy of pop-cultural ethnographic observation.
Teaching Recording and Sampling with Audio Projects
Authors: Kuhn Will , Hein Ethan
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents a first set of project plans, which deal mainly with the mechanics of working with recorded sound, with basic editing techniques, and with the concept of the multitrack timeline. As projects progress, they introduce successively more complex techniques. The projects include making a song from pre-existing audio clips, making a radio advertisement, creating a simple remix using acapella tracks, analyzing a professional multitrack recording, creating custom cover songs, and using a variety of editing techniques to create a fully formed soundtrack for a movie clip. The chapter also discusses the specific affordances of Ableton Live for arranging and performing audio clips, compares the traditionally linear Arrangement View with the innovative nonlinear Session View, and explains rationales for using each one depending on musical context.
Teaching Creativity with Outside-the-Box Projects
Authors: Kuhn Will , Hein Ethan
Published: November 2021

The projects in this chapter are designed to teach musical originality. They strike a balance between regimented sequences and playful open-endedness. The goal of the projects is to foster students’ development of their own unique voices by leading them from executing teachers’ instructions to setting and attaining their own creative goals. The projects include unconventional musical forms: untimed abstract soundscapes, vaporwave tracks based on samples of commercial music and advertisements, turning finely edited video clips into a “beatboxed” drum pattern, creating music using samples of existing songs, and, finally, having students design their own projects. Throughout, the aim is to move beyond simply teaching technical skills and toward fostering imaginative thinking, the expression of emotions through sound, authenticity of voice, and irreverence. Another aim is to empower teachers to use tools and techniques unconventionally, and to adapt creative deviation methods to their own project planning and curriculum design.
Understanding Student-Led Groups
Authors: Kuhn Will , Hein Ethan
Published: November 2021

Moving beyond traditional education structures to build a lasting electronic music school movement requires more than charismatic teachers and compelling outcomes. It requires a generation of students who feel ownership of their work, and their work has to make a meaningful impact on the school and the community of students at large. This chapter discusses the teacher’s role in such groups, as a facilitator rather than director. The chapter explains the organizational psychology behind creative teams and gives methods for helping students work in groups that highlight their strengths and that match projects to their abilities and interests. The text outlines the facilitator’s responsibility to motivate productivity, to provide logistical support and resources, and to act as a proxy for the audience. Finally, the chapter shows how these methods can expand beyond music projects to encompass film, TV shows, and other multimedia production.
Addressing Spatial Inequality in Broadband Use and Community-Level Outcomes
Authors: Tolbert Caroline J. , Mossberger Karen , Gaydos Natasha , Caldarulo Mattia
Published: November 2021

This chapter considers the significance of place for broadband policy evaluation and examines long-term data on Chicago neighborhoods as an example of quasi-experimental design. Interventions are often targeted to low-income urban neighborhoods or rural communities, with goals for increased local employment, economic development, or community health. Measuring outcomes by place provides a way to aggregate impacts for individual residents and to suggest potential spillover benefits for communities. Evaluating broadband use (i.e., subscriptions) over time in communities can address issues of causation as well as long-term outcomes of use. Chicago’s Smart Communities program illustrates the benefits of conducting long-term evaluation, taking advantage of new American Community Survey data that allows tracking of broadband subscriptions in smaller or less-populated geographies such as neighborhoods or rural communities. Finally, the chapter discusses strategies for expanding community-level research through other quasi-experimental designs and the creation and utilization of community-level data on broadband adoption and use.
Broadway Baby
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses Tommy Tune’s dance and theater training in his native Texas and his early career in New York, where he immediately found work as a dancer. He appeared in the ensemble of three Broadway shows while also traveling out of town to dance and choreograph on the thriving summer stock circuit. He learned to work fast and efficiently, in every style of musical theater dance. Roles in movies and television convinced Tune that singing and dancing in front of live audiences suited him better than performing for a camera. His friend and early mentor, Michael Bennett, provided Tune with both his first opportunity to choreograph on Broadway and his breakthrough as a performer. Originally hired to choreograph two numbers for the struggling musical Seesaw, Tune was also promoted by Bennett to a featured role in the show as a gay choreographer. It was one of musical theater’s first attempts to portray gays as more than stereotypes. Tune’s showstopping Seesaw number, “It’s Not Where You Start,” which he also choreographed, served as a template for much of his later work. It drew on early show business performing styles and tropes and infused them with contemporary energy and attitude. In both his staging and performance, Tune blended the old and the new into something fresh and original.
The Influence of Funders and Resources
Authors: Shumate Michelle , Cooper Katherine R.
Published: November 2021

Generally, goal-directed networks are a more, not less, expensive way to coordinate organizational activity. This chapter describes the different types of resources typically required to achieve social impact, including financial resources, human resources, technology, and time. It describes the unique challenges in managing network resources, including when networks compete with their partners for resources and the significant time that networks require to achieve social impact. It includes recommendations for networks that lack the resources they need to make a social impact and funders that wish to forge a path for social impact. Throughout the chapter, case illustrations are used to describe both the types of resources networks require and the varied ways that they secure and manage those resources. It also includes recommendations for fiscal sponsorship and explains how to conduct a community asset inventory.
Power and Conflict
Authors: Shumate Michelle , Cooper Katherine R.
Published: November 2021

Most network research reflects a positive bias, suggesting that organizations can accomplish more by working together than they can by working alone. However, networks can also catalyze conflict between partners. This chapter identifies the various forms of power and describes how power imbalances can increase the potential for conflict in networks. It introduces a typology of conflict occurring at three interfaces. Micro-level conflicts take place at the interface between individuals and organizations. Meso-level conflicts occur between the organization and the network. And, macro-level conflicts are those in which the network conflicts with the broader community or system in which it resides. The chapter uses examples of network conflict from case studies, noting the consequences of the conflict. The chapter identifies different ways that networks can successfully manage conflict. Finally, the chapter includes two tools for addressing power and conflict: the stakeholder participation tool and the VOICE heuristic.
Open-Access and Pay-to-Publish Journals
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter introduces readers to the open-access movement and to journals that charge authors to publish. Differences between open-access journals and traditional subscription journals are outlined in terms of sources of publisher revenue, peer-review processes, and editorial approaches. The chapter suggests that open- access journals may be best suited for papers from “hot” fields or for papers focusing on urgent social or health issues, whereas subscription journals are likely better suited for theoretical and literature-review papers. Authors are cautioned regarding “predatory” open-access journals that advance dubious claims regarding the speed of peer review and that misrepresent the qualifications of the editor or editorial board. The chapter provides guidance for authors considering submitting their work to legitimate open-access journals.
Worship of Yakṣas and Nāgas
Authors: Saxena Kanika Kishore
Published: November 2021

This chapter urges the need to study the yakṣas and nāgas cults and accord them their importance, which has been long overdue. The intention is to discuss them together, yet understand their individual presence. It emphasises that the yakṣa cult was the earliest in Mathura. Here, a few fragmentary inscriptions have also been incorporated, attesting to the presence of the yakṣa cult from the first to the third centuries CE. Since the discovery of an apsidal temple dedicated to the nāgas at Sonkh, many scholars have emphasised the sophistication with which nāgas were worshipped in temples. This book highlights the great importance of the nāga donative inscriptions. Although the nāga inscriptions have been discussed before by some scholars, they have not been studied together as a collective set like the Buddhist and Jaina epigraphs.
The ‘Indian Sandhurst’
Authors: Dutta Vipul
Published: November 2021

This chapter deals with the initial decades in the life of the Indian Military Academy (IMA). Envisaged as the ‘Indian Sandhurst’, the academy was inaugurated in 1932 and was the first institution that generated a new class of commissioned Indian officers. The IMA, in its early years, grappled with the same administrative and institutional challenges as those of the feeder colleges, highlighting the inter-dependent nature of institutional expansion and reorganisation in the subcontinent. This chapter will shed light on the initial years of its operation where the provisions for joint examinations in India and England; entry for Anglo-Indians; and the IMA’s suitability for sons of the Princely Rulers threatened to erode its legitimacy. The establishment of the IMA also spurred the development of other military institutions in India both on the scale of higher training as well as feeder institutions, chief among them being the National Defence Academy.
Thinking as Heretics
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: November 2021

The significance of thinking in the world and about the world constitutes the value of heresy. Thus, the best in the sense of nobility of human spirit is the capacity of heretic questioning. The unique paradox of this situation is such that, even though the progress of civilisation has always been the work of heretics, civilisations are themselves destroyers of heretics. Thus, those who contemplated the future of mankind from the heretical perspectives, were all, during the past centuries, inspired with a sense of danger. They lived with a rare conviction that everything had become questionable and that history was no more inspired with a consciousness of its nullity. As compared with these heretics, we have become meaningless creatures, for whom the awareness of life has ceased to exist. That is why we live in a process of changing life which enforces no change in our mode of thinking. It follows, then, that humankind is voyaging upon an uncharted sea, unable to reach any shore which will give it a clear perspective on the whole.
Ambedkar and the Heretical Imperative
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: November 2021

Of all the heretic thinkers and artists discussed in this book, B.R. Ambedkar may have had the most complex relationship with the idea of heresy. He certainly followed neither any Gods nor any masses. In that sense, he was an autonomous individual who took his destiny in his own hands. Unlike Mishima, he had no necrophilic or aesthetic vision of life. Likewise, in difference of Camus, who believed that humans live in a world that is indifferent to their sufferings, Ambedkar’s philosophy of existence was oriented toward the end of suffering as a social curse. Ambedkar fought against Untouchability throughout his career. For him, the struggle for democracy in India was an act of heretical imperative.
Introduction
Authors: Perea Jessica Bissett
Published: November 2021

This book argues that Native ways of doing music history requires relational and radical ways of listening to and for the density of Indigeneity. To advance a more Indigenized sound studies and a more sounded Indigenous studies asks researchers to prioritize analytics of density and audibility, and to hear performances of Indigeneity intimately intertwined articulations of Peoples (ways of being), places/spaces (ways of knowing), and projects (ways of doing). When Indigeneity is understood as more than simply the “condition of being Indigenous,” it becomes possible to emphasize structures of Indigeneity and to operationalize Indigenous logics, or what one might call Indigelogics. Indigelogical ways of doing music history are some of many ongoing projects seeking to unsettle and decolonize dominant narratives, and reframe larger debates of race, Indigeneity, power, and representation in twenty-first-century American music historiography. Sound Relations offers Indigenous-led and Indigeneity-centered terms of engagement as pathways to resurgent world-making and more equitable futures for all human and more-than-human kin.
Introduction
Authors: Sierra Sylvia
Published: November 2021

This introductory chapter, “Intertextual Media References in Millennial Friend Discourse,” begins with a brief “field work narrative,” which includes an explanation of how the author began to record conversations among Millennials in their late twenties for this study, the crystallization of the topic, and the events that occurred before and afterwards that would make their way into the recorded conversations, in which Millennial friends use media references to navigate awkward or difficult moments in talk. Included in this chapter is the purpose of the book, followed by a brief review of the key concepts: knowledge (intertextuality and epistemics), framing, and identity construction. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the interactional sociolinguistic methodology and conversational data and a preview of each following chapter.
“Friends don’t let friends skip rat day”
Authors: Sierra Sylvia
Published: November 2021

Building on literature detailing the use of internet memes online, this chapter analyzes the repetition of memes offline in the everyday face-to-face conversations of Millennial friends in their late twenties, who appropriate texts from memes to serve particular functions in their talk. When these speakers encounter interactional dilemmas due to epistemic (knowledge) imbalances, they make references to internet memes, which allow the epistemic territory of talk to shift to a topic to which at least most of the speakers have epistemic access. These epistemic shifts underlie the construction of play frame laminations, allowing for different structures of participation and conversational involvement around shared knowledge of the memes, which serve for group identity construction. At the same time, this chapter highlights how the references to internet memes in particular invoke various cultural stereotypes. This chapter contributes to understanding how intertextual references to different forms of media can resolve interactional dilemmas in conversation by shifting epistemics and laminating frames, ultimately reinforcing a group identity based on shared knowledge.
What Privacy Isn’t
Authors: Richards Neil
Published: November 2021

This chapter cuts through some of the common myths about privacy in our digital society. First, privacy isn’t about hiding dark secrets. Saying that those with nothing to hide have nothing to fear ignores that we all have aspects of our selves we don’t want shared indiscriminately, ignores that privacy matters because privacy is about power, and incorrectly focuses on privacy as an individual rather than a social matter. Second, privacy isn’t about creepiness. Using socially contingent psychological reactions as a trigger for whether privacy is menaced is a trap because it is underinclusive, overinclusive, and malleable by those who collect data. Third, privacy isn’t about “controlling our data.” In our complex world, control of data is an illusion that actually cedes control to powerful companies, thereby completing the creepy trap. Fourth, privacy isn’t dying; it’s the ongoing social conversation about the social power that human information confers.
Post/Colonial Bach
Authors: Liao Yvonne
Published: November 2021

This chapter contributes a new post-European perspective to Bach studies, re-examining J. S. Bach as a colonial import in Hong Kong in relation to its post/colonial condition across a British colony (1842–1997) and a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (1997–present). Based on its proposition of rethinking Europe “after Europe,” the chapter considers post/colonial Bach across three specific institutions: The Helena May, a colonial club originally for women members; the Anglican St John’s Cathedral in the early 1900s and “landmark churches” (i.e., declared monuments or listed buildings) in the 2010s; and the City Hall in the later decades of the twentieth century. The chapter concludes with some further thoughts on the symbolism of post/colonial Bach, extending from its significance for Bach studies to related matters of historiography.
Bach Anxiety
Authors: Markham Michael
Published: November 2021

A recent Twitter post by the composer Nico Muhly aligns with a recurring trope of “Bach-ness” that defines Bach’s public mythic profile. This chapter focuses on similar images of Bach, whether visual or aural. Bach has been most commonly imagined in the popular consciousness as representing not the human but the superhuman, the inhuman, the dehumanized, and the sublime. One can sense in recent writings on Bach an anxiety about how well these attributes can continue to resonate in our current moment of political or cultural relevance tests, and about which works by Bach are most likely to thrive in this new postmodern media world. I will wonder aloud, with some trepidation, whether Bach’s public mythic profile, long solidified along Modernist lines as the encyclopedic mathematical mystic, is undergoing a broad, gradual change; indeed, if it needs to in order for his music to survive in a twenty-first-century media environment and amid a postmodern audience sensibility.
Introduction
Authors: Meere Michael
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this book is to examine the multiple histories, functions, and effects of putting violence on the stage in tragedies written in French during the sixteenth century. This inquiry may come as a surprise, as many of the most well-known plays of the period do not include onstage physical violence....
Integration
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

The concept of an integral on a general measure space is developed from first principles. Riemann–Stieltjes and Lebesgue–Stieltjes integrals are defined. The monotone convergence theorem, fundamental properties of integrals, and related inequalities are covered. Other topics include product measure and multiple integrals, Fubini’s theorem, signed measures, and the Radon–Nikodym theorem.
The Classical Central Limit Theorem
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, the first approach is made to establishing the convergence of scaled random sums, considering independent sequences. The classic Lindeberg–Lévy, Khinchine, Lindeberg–Feller, and Liapunov theorems are proved. The main focus is on the treatment of heterogeneous summands, applying the Lindeberg condition, and extensions are given to allow trending (growing or shrinking) variances. The final sections review cases of the central limit theorem under non-standard conditions and α-stable convergence.
Rüdiger Bittner on Autonomy
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

This essay addresses several of Bittner’s challenges, including his radical dismissal of ideas of freedom imbedded in ordinary language and his argument that it is incoherent to claim, as Kant does, that fundamental principles are both moral laws and self-imposed. By analogy with a legal system, Kant can view the supreme moral principle as the necessary constitutional requirements on moral legislation, which is distinct the activities of deriving specific principles and imposing them on oneself. The metaphors of law-giving and self-imposing must be interpreted differently when referring to a rational person’s recognition of an unconditionally rational principle and when referring to a rational person’s working out more specifically what must be done and resolving to do it.
Kantian Perspectives on the Rational Basis of Human Dignity
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

Kant made the dignity of humanity central in his moral philosophy. This essay sketches a broadly Kantian understanding of his position, noting occasionally alternative interpretations. The main questions are these: (1) What is human dignity? (2) By virtue of what do human beings have dignity? (3) Why believe in human dignity? (4) What are the practical implications? The Kantian view is that human dignity is an innate worth or status that we did not earn and cannot forfeit, which we have by virtue of our rational autonomy. A Kantian argument for this belief turns on how we must understand ourselves from practical standpoint. We must strive to make our individual choices worthy of this moral standing, which elevates us above animals and mere things, by never treating persons as mere means and by honouring and promoting humanity positively.
The Kingdom of Ends as an Ideal and a Constraint on Moral Legislation
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

In this broadly Kantian account of deliberation about moral principles, human dignity is not a metaphysical ground for the norms that we associate with it. Rather it is a comprehensive status defined by the basic moral principles and values, such as the requirements of justifiability to all and treating humanity as an end in itself. The essay comments on the sense in which dignity is an elevated though inclusive status, in contrast to a conventional status, and an inner worth, in contrast to a derivative value. Human dignity has an important role in practical deliberations, but its specific requirements must be determined and justified by the theory in which it is embedded. Many have discussed the constraints and limits required to respect the dignity of every human person, but this essay emphasizes that this also calls for certain positive attitudes and ideals beyond these negative duties.
Varieties of Constructivism
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

This essay contrasts several versions of constructivism proposed by Onora Neill and John Rawls, and reviews critically O’Neill’s objections to Rawls’ theory of justice. O’Neill’s objections to Rawls also seem to implicate the author’s Kantian constructivist framework for normative ethics, but arguably neither this nor Rawls’ constructivisms need necessarily compete with O’Neill’s deepest aspirations for the constructive powers of reason.
Conscientious Conviction and Conscience
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

This essay concerns aspects of Kimberley Brownlee’s defense of civil disobedience for those who act on conscientious conviction and conscience. Discussion focuses on Brownlee’s treatment of these central concepts. For example, she offers four criteria for identifying a sincere conscientious moral judgment: consistency, universality, non-evasion, and communication and dialogue. This essay argues from examples that the criteria as explained fail to serve the purpose of identifying when normative convictions are conscientious and moral. Then it contrasts her conception of conscience with those of Joseph Butler and Immanuel Kant, considering their merits for her purposes.