bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury, 1893-1972
Authors: Todd Alexander Robertus
Published: December 2006

Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, fifth Marquess of Salisbury, was born at the family seat, Hatfield House, on 27 August 1893, eldest son of the fourth Marquess. After spending his early childhood at Hatfield he went to school at Eton and thence in due course to Christ Church, Oxford. His time at Oxford was cut short by the outbreak of the First World War, when he was gazetted to a commission in the Grenadier Guards and served with his regiment in France. Invalided home in September 1915 after having won the Croix de Guerre, he became, in 1916, Personal Military Secretary to the Secretary of State for War; at the conclusion of hostilities he did not return to Oxford but went into the City as a member of a firm of bill brokers and a Director of the Westminster Bank. As a Cecil, representing the latest generation of a family which had served the state with distinction from the days of Lord Burleigh, Queen Elizabeth I’s Minister, whose son became the first Earl of Salisbury (the Marquessate dates from 1789), it was only to be expected that he would, in due course, turn to politics. This he did when, in 1929, as Viscount Cranborne—the courtesy title by which he was generally known until he succeeded his father in 1947—he entered Parliament as Conservative member for South Dorset, a constituency which he continued to represent until 1941. He first attained junior office in 1934 as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Mr Anthony Eden when the latter became Lord Privy Seal with special responsibility for League of Nations affairs. These two travelled all over Europe on League business and so closely and successfully did they work together that when, in 1935, Eden was made Minister without Portfolio, the Government wished him still to have the assistance of Cranborne as Parliamentary Undersecretary of State. As Eden had no Department of his own this was done by appointing Cranborne Under-Secretary of State to the Foreign Office and passing a special Act of Parliament to permit two Under-Secretaries of State of the Foreign Office to sit in the Commons at the same time.
Ivan de Burgh Daly, 14 April 1893 - 8 February 1974
Authors: Barcroft Henry
Published: December 2006

Ivan de Burgh Daly will be remembered as the first Director and creator of the Agricultural Research Council’s Institute of Animal Physiology at Babraham, near Cambridge. He was a leading authority on the pulmonary and bronchial vascular systems. Ivan Daly’s ancestor, Dermot O’Daly, received a grant of the Manor of Larah in Galway from Queen Elizabeth I; from him descended the Dalys of Castle Daly, of Dunsandle and of Raford, landed gentry in Galway. In 1735, Denis Daly of Raford married Lady Anne Bourke, elder daughter of Michael Bourke the tenth Earl of Clanricarde. Lady Anne’s father was Governor of Galway in 1712; her mother is buried in Westminster Abbey and commemorated there by a monument on the north wall of the nave near the grave of the Unknown Warrior. Lady Anne’s brother, the eleventh Earl, F.R.S. in 1753, resumed by sign manual in 1752 the former Norman surname of de Burgh in lieu of Bourke. Six generations after Lady Anne’s marriage to Denis Daly of Raford, a descendant, the subject of this memoir, was named Ivan de Burgh Daly. Daly’s father, James Thomas Daly (1853-1928), entered the Royal Navy in the late 1860s and sailed three times round the world. He was wrecked on St Paul’s Island in the South Indian Ocean while serving in H.M.S.
Megaera
in 1871, and the crew during the 81 days' sojourn until they were saved lived mainly by fishing and eating penguins’ eggs. Thomas Daly’s log books, which were written up in great detail during his travels, are housed in the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich. He retired young from the Navy, with the rank of First Lieutenant, to take up engineering. He was Director of the Horseley Bridge and Engineering Company for 42 years and Managing Director for 37 years. He was also a Director of the Littleton Colliery, Staffs. He married first, Elizabeth Anne Dempsey, but they had no children; and secondly, Amy, daughter of the Rev. C. W. Pritchard; they had five children: Thomas Denis, Doris, Ivan de Burgh, Anne Vera, and Kathleen Hyacinthe.
Joseph Proudman, 30 December 1888 - 26 June 1975
Authors: Cartwright David Edgar , Ursell Fritz Joseph
Published: December 2006

Joseph Proudman was born on 30 December 1888 at Thurston Fold Farm, Unsworth, near Bury in Lancashire. His father was then a farm bailiff; from 1898 to his death in 1943 he was a small tenant farmer at Bold, near Widnes in Lancashire. Joseph Proudman attended primary school at Unsworth from 1894 to 1898, and at Bold from 1898 to 1902. From 1902 to 1907 he was a pupil-teacher at Farnworth primary school between Bold and Widnes. He tells us that in 1902 his salary was £6 10s. Od. per year, and in 1907 it was £24 per year. His secondary education was begun by the headmaster, A. R. Smith, who gave him a lesson each morning from 8 to 8.45 before the school opened at 9. During the winters of 1902-4 he attended evening classes at the Widnes Technical School, studying art, mathematics and physiography. From 1903 to 1907 he only taught for half of each week; the other half he attended classes at the Widnes Secondary School. This was an excellent school, and it was here that the mathematical bent of his life was determined. From that time onwards his chief recreation became reading, especially the reading of history. One result of this interest was the writing of the unusually full autobiographical papers, of which the present writers have made much use.
Edmund John Bowen, 29 April 1898 - 19 November 1980
Authors: Bell Ronald Percy
Published: December 2006

Edmund John Bowen, known to everyone as Ted Bowen, died on 19 November 1980 after a short illness. He was a pioneer in the study of photochemical reactions and a major contributor to our know ledge of the production and quenching of fluorescence, but his influence goes far beyond his published scientific work. There can be few of his pupils, colleagues and other friends who have not benefited repeatedly from his unselfish and enthusiastic help and advice, and his ability to explain abstruse theories in simple terms has helped the understanding of several generations of scientists.
Gordon Hindle Rawcliffe, 2 June 1910 - 3 September 1979
Authors: Collar Arthur Roderick , Broadway A. R. W.
Published: December 2006

Gordon Rawcliffe was born at Sunny Bank, Sheffield, on 2 June 1910 and died at his home in Clifton, Bristol, on 3 September 1979. For the latter half of his life he was Professor (later Emeritus Professor) of Electrical Engineering in the University of Bristol. Even as a schoolboy he had shown a particular interest in electricity, and as the years passed that interest deepened and became m ore specialized. As a result, his scientific interests were not wide; he was so intensely committed to the problems of heavy current machinery that he had no time even for the startling modern developments in electronics—a subject within his own Department, and one of his own early fields of research—though of course he recognized their importance. On the other hand, his general interests were broad; he was much concerned with music, language and education, and he made something of a hobby of law. Where it could not be avoided, he was also a more than competent administrator, manager and even salesman; but the driving force in his life, which enabled him to overcome many obstacles and difficulties—especially the persistent bronchial asthma which, in more or less severe form, dogged him throughout his life—was his love of the theory of electrical machines, to which he devoted an apparently inexhaustible store of restless energy. In this field he built himself a permanent monument, in the form of his principle of Pole Amplitude Modulation (PAM) for induction motors. Throughout the world, tens of millions of pounds have already been invested in the construction of PAM motors, and their development will undoubtedly continue, consolidating Rawcliffe’s place in history.
George White Pickering, 26 June 1904 - 3 September 1980
Authors: McMichael John , Peart William Stanley
Published: December 2006

George White Pickering was born on 26 June 1904 in Whalton, Northumberland. Whalton is a pleasant agricultural village about six miles west of Morpeth, and the Mansion House in which he was born was a seventeenth century stone house with a large garden. His father’s ancestors had been successful farmers, and his mother’s family had also been farmers in the Otterburn area. George’s great grandfather had farmed Highdown, a substantial holding near Whalton, but he lost all his money in one of the great agricultural depressions of the early nineteenth century. His grandfather married a very remarkable woman, Mary White, whose parents had moved from Penicuik to Otterburn. Her brother, Robert White, was distinguished enough as an antiquarian and ballad writer to be included in the
Dictionary of National Biography
. He left a fine private library in the City of New castle; seventy years after his death in 1872 George inherited a share in this library which was still housed in Claremont Place. He and his sister gave it, with the exception of a few books, to the University of New castle upon Tyne .
Geoffrey Vincent Raynor, 2 October 1913 - 20 October 1983
Authors: Cottrell Alan Howard
Published: December 2006

Geoffrey Vincent Raynor died in Birmingham on 20 October 1983 after a short illness that began on his seventieth birthday. He was born in Nottingham on 2 October 1913, the youngest of three children, all sons (the second of whom died in infancy), of Alfred Ernest and Florence Lottie (
née
Campion) Raynor. They were a small, close-knit family with many relations living nearby. Later in life Geoffrey Raynor missed the ‘small town’ atmosphere of his early days in Nottingham. His family was not academic, his father being a lace dressers’ manager, but he was encouraged to work at his studies in the local infant and primary school at West Bridgford, as a result of which he won a scholarship which took him to Nottingham High School in 1925. This was a most decisive step. The High School had a tremendous influence on him and laid the foundations for all his future academic life. With the general encouragement of the Head master, C. L. Reynolds, and the wise and kind help of his chemistry master, G. F. (‘Freddy’) Hood and house and mathematics master, H. (‘Algy’) Goddard of Maple’s House, reinforced by many happy hours spent at home with a Meccano set, Geoffrey Raynor developed rapidly into a fine scholar who was regularly rewarded with school prizes in chemistry and science generally. His love of scientific study was, however, always balanced by a delight in sport. He won his rugby colours and also enjoyed shooting, winning the musketry prize on two occasions, and swimming; but his main and long-lasting delight was in rowing. He became Captain of Boats in 1931/2.
Frank Leonard Engledow, 20 August 1890 - 3 July 1985
Authors: Bell George Douglas Hutton
Published: December 2006

Frank Leonard Engledow was born on 20 August 1890 at 8 Etta Street, Deptford, Kent. He was the fifth and youngest child of Henry Engledow and his wife Elizabeth (née Prentice) who were married at All Saints in the parish of Sutton, Surrey, in 1878. Frank’s father was a Norfolk man born at Hilgay where his father was a carpenter, while his mother grew up on Shepherd’s Farm at Hockley in Essex. The couple quite probably met at Putney where Henry was a police sergeant and Elizabeth was in service, though it is not known in what circumstances. Henry rose to the rank of station sergeant on merit and held this position on transfer to Bexleyheath, Kent, and he was offered promotion to inspector which he refused because he considered he lacked the education for the post. It seems that this deficiency deeply concerned Henry and he was very sensitive about his lack of scholarship, which affected him emotionally and doubtless determined the upbringing of the children who were provided with the opportunities that he had lacked.
Stanley George Hooker, 30 September 1907 - 23 May 1984
Authors: Young Pierre Henry John , Haworth Lionel , Pearson H. , Wilde G. L. , Ffowcs Williams J. E.
Published: December 2006

The last year of Sir Stanley Hooker’s life was a brave struggle against disease. He was determined to complete his autobiography, and in this, as in most of his enterprises, he was successful. With uncanny precision he managed to put off death until the day before the actual publication of the work under the title
Not much of an engineer
. The authors of the present memoir felt that there was little point in simply writing a précis of that extremely readable book. Instead, we shall concentrate on some technical matters that could not be fully covered in a book that was intended for the general reader, and also on those aspects of Sir Stanley Hooker’s work and personality that both his modesty and his occasional lack of it prevented him from directly revealing in his own book.
Frederick Stratten Russell, 3 November 1897 - 5 June 1984
Authors: Denton Eric James , Southward A. J.
Published: December 2006

Frederick Stratten Russell’s father, William Russell, was an accomplished man who had read classics at Oxford after winning a scholarship to Exeter College. His family had lived mostly around London and many of them were musical, some earning their living as music-wire drawers, and others were schoolteachers. After graduation William became a schoolmaster and taught classics and music in Forest School, Walthamstow. Following his marriage to Lucy Binfield Newman, many of whose family had been dentists, he moved to Bridport on the south coast of Dorset and founded St Andrew’s, a small preparatory school. It was in Bridport that Frederick Stratten Russell was born on 3 November 1897 (the name Stratten being a family name that he shared with his uncle, George). Frederick had one sister, who died when she was quite young, and a brother, William, who was later killed in the Battle of the Somme in World War I. In 1903, when Frederick was about six years old, his father decided, on account of his wife’s health, to move to Newquay in North Cornwall and to establish there a new St Andrew’s School. In Newquay the Russells lived on East Pentire Head, and nothing makes this period seem so remote to those now living in Cornwall as Frederick’s memory that there were then only four houses on the headland and that the Russells generally had the Fistral Beach entirely to themselves. Soon after arriving in Newquay his father became organist at Crantock Church. The journey to Crantock from Newquay entailed crossing the Gannel estuary, and William did this twice on every Sunday. Freddie had vivid recollections of accompanying his father when crossing the Gannel at high tide in a rowing boat on dark and stormy winter nights, journeys on which he was allowed to carry the paraffin hurricane lamp.
Theodore Morris Sugden, 31 December 1919 - 3 January 1984
Authors: Quinn C. P. , Thrush Brian Arthur
Published: December 2006

Morris Sugden was born on 31 December 1919 in the Yorkshire village of Triangle, near Sowerby Bridge. He was educated at Sowerby Bridge and District Secondary School and entered Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1938. Much of his career was spent in Cambridge where he became Reader in Physical Chemistry. In 1964 he moved to Chester to direct research at the Shell Thornton Research Centre, but in 1976 returned to Cambridge as Master of Trinity Hall. He became Physical Secretary of the Royal Society in 1978. He died on 3 January 1984 after a short illness.
William Alexander Waters, 8 May 1903 - 23 January 1985
Authors: Norman Richard Oswald Chandler , Jones J. H.
Published: December 2006

William Alexander Waters, Alec Waters to his friends, died on 28 January 1985. A pioneer in the solution chemistry of free radicals, he was one of the most perceptive and original organic chemists of his generation.
Franz Bergel, 13 February 1900 - 1 January 1987
Authors: Todd Alexander Robertus
Published: December 2006

Franz Bergel was born on 13 February 1900 in the Alsergrund quarter of Vienna and lived there until 1908 when the Bergel family (parents, Franz and his younger brother, Otto, born in 1904) moved to permanent residence in the Viennese suburban area of Doebling. His father was born and brought up in Hungary of peasant forebears and only came to Vienna at the age of 16 where, with his elder brother, he established a wine-importing business specializing in Hungarian wines. Presumably he was a native Magyar speaker because, according to Franz, although he spoke the Viennese dialect fluently, he never really mastered the German language. In marked contrast, Franz’s mother was born in Teplitz- Schönau (now Teplice) in Bohemia (now Czechoslovakia); she was bilingual in Czech and German although German was always the language of the Bergel family, and I doubt whether Franz Bergel could speak either Czech or Magyar with any fluency. Unlike her husband, Franz’s mother came of bourgeois stock, her family having a variety of business and professional interests. Her father was a successful carpet manufacturer who, unfortunately, fell victim to an incurable and incapacitating disease that confined him to a wheelchair and forced him to give up his business in the late 1880s. Undaunted, his wife—Franz Bergel’s grandmother—moved with her husband and family to Vienna where she developed a small but successful business selling Bohemian glass and porcelain. Also in Vienna lived her sister, Hedwig (Franz’s great-aunt), who was married to a Bohemian maker of wickerwork furniture and other goods whose business in Austria was so successful that he and his family settled in Vienna and lived in rather opulent circumstances on the outskirts of the city. Franz’s mother lived during the latter part of her girlhood with her Aunt Hedwig; indeed, it was while living there that she met the young Hungarian wine merchant, Moritz Bergel, whom she later married.
Wilfrid Bennett Lewis, 24 June 1908 — 10 January 1987
Authors: Lovell Alfred Charles Bernard , Hurst D. G.
Published: December 2006

The career of W .B. Lewis divides naturally into two parts. The first part extends from his birth through his years at Cambridge and his wartime involvement with radar. The second part was spent in Canada where he directed Canadian nuclear research and nuclear power development. Each of these parts is the special responsibility of one of the authors.
Joseph Stanley Mitchell, 22 July 1909 - 22 February 1987
Authors: Marrian D. H.
Published: December 2006

Joseph Stanley Mitchell was born in Birmingham on 22 July 1909, the eldest of three children born to Joseph Brown Mitchell and Ethel Maud Mary Arnold, both of whom were schoolteachers and for whom education was always of prime importance. His maternal grandmother, born in 1848, was unusually progressive in her belief in the importance of education for women, and his maternal grandfather, a quiet and thoughtful man, who worked in the construction of machine tools, had an inventive turn of mind and was the author of several patents. Joseph’s mother was an outstanding pupil at, eventually, St Mary’s College, Cheltenham. Her interests included music (she played the violin), poetry, handicrafts and needlework, at which she was particularly skilful. She developed an illness after Joseph’s birth so that his first year was spent in the care of his Aunt Gertrude who had married into the de Saulles family, protestant refugees from Switzerland whom Joseph recognized as an early influence in his liking for languages and whose profession as makers of optical instruments likewise aroused his interest.
Graham Selby Wilson, 10 September 1895 - 5 April 1987
Authors: Anderson Ephraim Saul , Williams Sir Robert
Published: December 2006

When Sir Graham Wilson died in 1987 at the age of 91 he had been scientifically productive for 70 years, and had made major contributions to science and the health of mankind in three spheres: his laboratory research, particularly into tuberculosis, brucellosis and the hygiene of milk; his effective creation of the Public Health Laboratory Service; and his teaching and writing, most notably
Topley & Wilson’s Principles of bacteriology and immunity
.
Andre Michel Lwoff. 8 May 1902–30 September 1994
Authors: Jacob F. , Girard M.
Published: December 2006

With the death of Andre Lwoff, one of the greatest French representatives of science has disappeared. He began his career in 1921, at the age of 19. He lived therefore throughout the century during which biology became a science instead of a collection of heterogeneous disciplines. Andre Lwoff made a major contribution to this unification and became one of the fathers of what has been called molecular biology.

His father, a psychiatrist, and his mother, a painter and sculptor, were both of Russian origin. His taste for research probably came from his father who, like most of the Russian intelligentsia, had had to escape from the oppression of the tsarist regime. Like many of the progressives of this generation, his father cherished an unshakeable faith in science, especially in Darwin's evolutionary biology, which was considered to demonstrate the existence of a natural law of progress.
Norman Bertram Marshall. 5 February 1915–13 February 1996
Authors: Bone Q. , Merrett N. R.
Published: December 2006

Norman Bertram Marshall came from a family that had lived for generations in the small village of Great Shelford, near Cambridge, and was born there in a house built by his father (a builder, as his grandfather had been). Freddy (as he was universally known in later life) was the eldest of three boys and one girl. One of his brothers became an entomologist, the other an architect. The family was not well off, particularly after his father had left for the trenches in France with the Cambridgeshire Regiment before Freddy was born. To supplement his mother's income, Freddy worked in the fields after school and in the holidays, leading horses. He entered the church school in the village in 1920, but he was more interested in trying to catch dace and roach than in his schooling and was evidently rather a trial to his teachers. When his Sunday school teacher, Percy Reed, said T command the Devil to leave this place Freddy felt this was aimed at him and got up and left.
Sir Charles William Oatley, O. B. E. 14 February 1904–11 March 1996
Authors: Smith K. C. A.
Published: December 2006

Charles Oatley made three outstanding contributions to the engineering sciences: he was one of the brilliant team that developed radar in Britain during the Second World War; he revolutionized the teaching of electronics at Cambridge University; and he developed the scanning electron microscope. It is for the last of these that he will be chiefly remembered. He stands with Manfred von Ardenne as one of the two great pioneers of scanning electron microscopy

His involvement with the instrument began shortly after the war when, fresh from his experience in the development of radar, he perceived that new techniques could be brought to bear which would overcome some of the fundamental problems encountered by von Ardenne in his pre–war research. Oatley's work led directly to the launch of the world's first series production instrument—the Stereoscan—in 1965.

Thousands of scanning electron microscopes have since been manufactured and are to be found in practically every research laboratory in the world. The striking three–dimensional images of microscopic organisms produced have been used to illustrate countless newspaper and magazine articles, as well as scientific research papers, giving the general public a new perspective and appreciation of the world that lies beyond the resolution of the human eye. The scanning electron microscope is, arguably, the single most important scientific instrument of the post-war era.
Robert Henry Stewart Thompson, C. B. E.. 2 February 1912–16 January 1998
Authors: Campbell P. N. , Stocken L. A.
Published: December 2006

Robert (Henry Stewart) Thompson was born in Croydon on 2 February 1912, the youngest of three children, but the only son. There seems never to have been any doubt as to the professional destiny of Robert for his father, Joseph Henry, at the time of Robert's birth was a successful general practitioner in Croydon and a member of the honorary staff of the Croydon General Hospital where he served as Senior Physician and Chairman of the Medical Committee until 1939. Robert's father was educated in Londonderry and read medicine at Queen's University, Belfast, but left Ireland after he qualified. His mother, Mary Ellen Rutherford, was the eldest daughter of Dr Robert Rutherford. After Robert's birth his mother became a victim of multiple sclerosis but survived until 1951, after which Robert's father remarried, living to the age of 84. The home life in Croydon was that of a well–to–do doctor, for they had a domestic staff, which included a chauffeur for the rather splendid two–seater Rover, a cook and a gardener as well as parlour maids.
Paul Erdõs. 26 March 1913 — 20 September 1996
Authors: Baker A. , Bollobás B.
Published: December 2006

In the first part of the twentieth century, Hungary produced an unusually large number of world-class mathematicians. They included, most notably, L. Fejér, A. Haar, F. and M. Riesz, J. von Neumann, G. Pólya, G. SzegÕ , P. Turán and perhaps, above all, the subject of this memoir, Pál (Paul) ErdÕs. As Ernst Straus put it, ErdÕs was ‘the crown prince of problem solvers and the undisputed monarch of problem posers’. ErdÕs was born in Hungary but left his native land when he was 21; from then on he lived in England, the USA, Canada, Israel and many other countries but frequently visited Hungary and had many Hungarian friends. Although he never had a ‘proper’ academic job, through his prodigious output, his host of co-authors, his constant travels and his amazing body of unsolved problems, he has greatly influenced mathematics today. He proved fundamental results in number theory, combinatorics, probability and approximation theory, as well as in set theory, elementary geometry and topology, and real and complex analysis. He was instrumental in the birth of probabilistic number theory and was the main advocate of the use of probabilistic methods in mathematics in general. He was also one of the originators of modern graph theory. He had an exceptional ability for joint work and many of his best results were obtained in collaboration; he wrote altogether about 1500 papers, perhaps five times as many as other prolific mathematicians, and he had about 500 collaborators.
John Malcolm Hirst, D.S.C. 20 April 1921 — 30 December 1997
Authors: Bainbridge A. , Brent K.J.
Published: December 2006

John Malcolm Hirst, ‘Jim’ to all who knew him, was one of the leading aerobiologists of the twentieth century. He designed the Hirst spore-trap, an air sampler that made possible for the first time the routine quantitative and continuous estimation of spore and pollen concentrations in the atmosphere. Its use led to a breakthrough in the understanding of plant disease epidemics, to the identification of many airborne allergens and to the development of the national system of warnings for allergy sufferers.

Before embarking on his scientific career, Jim Hirst served with distinction in World War II as a Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. His research years were spent at Rothamsted Experimental Station, where he became Head of the Plant Pathology Department, a post he held for nine years. He then became Director of Long Ashton Research Station, which he sustained and strengthened through a period of great change. He also worked for international aid bodies, giving valuable guidance to agricultural research centres in developing countries.
Warner Tjardus Koiter. 16 June 1914 — 2 September 1997
Authors: van Campen D.H.
Published: December 2006

On 2 September 1997, Warner Tjardus Koiter, Emeritus Professor in the theory of the stiffness, strength and stability of structures, died in Delft.

A teacher's on, Koiter was born in Amsterdam in 1914, but grew up and went to school in the town of Zutphen. From 1931 to 1936 he studied mechanical engineering at what was then the Technische Hogeschool Delft (now the Technische Universiteit Delft), where he graduated with honours. His first position was at the former Rijks‐Studiedienst voor de luchtvaart (now the Nationaal Lucht‐ en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium), where he immersed himself further in applied mechanics and more especially its practical application to engineering under the guidance of A. van der Neut. Koiter spent his evenings working on his dissertation, which he defended shortly after the war, in November 1945—again with honours, with C.B. Biezeno being his supervisor. Koiter had actually finished the dissertation in 1942 but, not wanting to graduate from a university that required a pledge of loyalty to the occupying forces, he waited until 1945. It was published in Dutch because German had been the only foreign language permitted during the war. Another fifteen years would pass before the original text was translated into English, under the auspices of NASA in the USA. At Harvard University in the late 1950s, Koiter presented the results of his research, which were received enthusiastically. However, when an American colleague asked whether he could publish it, the Dutchman was rather indignant: it had already appeared in 1945, after all.
Richard Ellis Ford Matthews, O.N.Z. 20 November 1921 — 19 February 1995
Authors: Harrison Bryan D.
Published: December 2006

Richard (Dick) Ellis Ford Matthews was a distinguished plant virologist, a proud fourth-generation New Zealander, and a man of great energy, enthusiasm and scientific integrity. He pioneered the use of nucleotide analogues for interfering with virus infection; he showed the merits of turnip yellow mosaic virus as a model for studying many aspects of plant virology; he informed and influenced many aspiring plant virologists worldwide by his comprehensive textbook on the subject; and he led the drive to establish molecular biology in New Zealand.
Edward Mills Purcell. 30 August 1912 — 7 March 1997
Authors: Bleaney Brebis
Published: December 2006

Professor Edward Purcell was a physicist of great distinction. With Felix Bloch he received the joint award of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952, for the developments respectively of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and nuclear induction. In 1951, H.L. Ewen and Purcell (21)* detected radiation at the hydrogen hyperfine frequency of 1421 MHz coming from interstellar space, which created a new branch of astronomy. The Smith–Purcell effect (28) is now regarded as a potentially powerful source of radiation in the far infrared region of the spectrum. These were further achievements of prize–winning quality.

Edward Mills Purcell was born in Taylorville, Illinois, USA, the son of Edward A. Purcell and Mary Elizabeth Mills, both natives of Illinois. From public schools in Taylorville and Mattoon, Illinois, he won a scholarship to Purdue University, Indiana. He graduated in 1933 in electrical engineering and published two papers (1, 2) on thin films with Professor K. Lark–Horowitz.

Realizing that Purcell's gifts and interests lay in mathematics and physics, Lark–Horowitz invited him to take part in a research project on electron diffraction while he was still an undergraduate, and then recommended him for an exchange studentship in Germany. Purcell spent a year studying physics at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, with Professor W. Wenzel. On his return he entered Harvard University to work under J.H. Van Vleck (For.Mem.R.S. 1967; Nobel Laureate in Physics 1981). With Malcolm Hebb, who later became Director of Research at the Laboratories of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, he made a theoretical study (3) of the properties of paramagnetic salts below 1 K. This publication was widely used for the interpretation of magnetic cooling experiments in low–ndash;temperature physics, including my own thesis work in 1937–39. Later, when I mentioned it, Purcell, always a modest man, said, ‘that was all Hebb’.
Philip Frank Wareing. 27 April 1914 — 29 March 1996
Authors: Hall Michael A.
Published: December 2006

Philip Wareing was born in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex, and after World War I moved to Benfleet and then to Watford, where he received his schooling. After leaving school he entered the Civil Service and took his BSc at Birkbeck College, University of London, where he studied part-time. After service during World War II in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, he took up a post as a demonstrator and then an assistant lecturer at Bedford College, University of London, obtaining his PhD in 1948. In 1950 he moved to the Department of Botany at Manchester and in 1958 he was appointed Professor of Botany in the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, in which post he remained until his retirement in 1981.
Dame Mary (Lucy) Cartwright, D.B.E. 17 December 1900 – 3 April 1998
Authors: Hayman W.K.
Published: December 2006

Mary Cartwright, with J.E. Littlewood, F.R.S., first observed the phenomena that developed into Chaos Theory. Thus she had a significant effect on the modern world. She was the only woman so far to be a president of the London Mathematical Society, one of the first to be a Fellow of The Royal Society and the first woman to serve on its Council.
John Hugh Chesters, O.B.E. 6 October 1906 – 14 December 1994
Authors: Greenwood G.W.
Published: December 2006

John Hugh Chesters, fulfilling his ambitions as a schoolboy, had a lifelong involvement in the application of science to solve practical and industrially important problems. His major contributions relate mainly to the efficiency and reliability of furnaces for steel melting. These were accomplished through research on refractory materials for furnace linings and on heat flow. His work led to great improvements in the processing and use of ceramics in bulk and in the characterization of the structure and properties of these materials. As a result, the capability of appropriate refractory materials to withstand stresses, sudden thermal shock, and corrosive environments for the long periods at high temperatures that arise in iron and steelmaking processes was substantially increased.
Douglas Harold Copp. 16 January 1915 – 17 March 1998
Authors: MacIntyre Iain
Published: December 2006

Harold Copp was born on 16 January 1915 in Toronto and died peacefully at home on 17 March 1998 after a prolonged and brave struggle against ill health. He died surrounded by his family including Freddie, his wife of fifty-eight years, and their three daughters.
John Heslop-Harrison. 10 February 1920 – 7 May 1998
Authors: Gunning Brian E.S.
Published: December 2006

There could be no better words with which to open an account of John (Jack) Heslop–Harrison's life than his own advice to students: ‘He who makes botany his life's work has many satisfactions before him; not least the sheer pleasure of investigating and handling entities so intrinsically beautiful and perfect at all levels of organization as plants’ (1).*
Charles Kemball, C.B.E. 27 March 1923 — 4 September 1998
Authors: Wyn Roberts M.
Published: December 2006

Charles Kemball was born in Edinburgh on 27 March 1923, the only child of Charles Henry and Janet Kemball. His father was a dental surgeon and latterly a part–time senior lecturer in dental anatomy at the University of Edinburgh. The Kemballs were associated with the farming community in the county of Suffolk, his grandfather, Charles Kemball, being a farmer, maltster, brewer and undertaker in Boxford. Charles's father was first apprenticed in 1905 to a dentist in Ipswich, but moved to Edinburgh to complete his dental studies; there he spent the rest of his life, except for a year in Philadelphia, and was elected to Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1936. Charles's mother, Janet (née White) was a Scot born in the west of Scotland.
Fritz Albert Lipmann. 12 June 1899 — 24 July 1986
Authors: Jencks William P. , Wolfenden Richard V.
Published: December 2006

Fritz Lipmann was largely responsible for identifying and characterizing the connection between metabolism and the energetics of living systems that makes life possible.
Sir Alan Walsh. 19 December 1916 — 3 August 1998
Authors: Hannaford Peter
Published: December 2006

Alan Walsh was the originator and developer of the atomic absorption method of chemical analysis, which revolutionized quantitative analysis in the 1950s and 1960s. Atomic absorption provided a quick, easy, accurate and highly sensitive method of determining the concentrations of more than sixty-five of the elements, rendering traditional wet-chemical methods obsolete. The method has found important application worldwide in areas as diverse as medicine, agriculture, mineral exploration, metallurgy, food analysis, biochemistry and environmental control, and has been described as ‘the most significant advance in chemical analysis this [the twentieth] century‘ (Wark 1968).
Robert Ernest DAVIES. 17 August 1919 – 7 March 1993
Authors: Kushmerick Martin J.
Published: December 2006

Bob Davies was born at Barton–upon–Irwell, Lancaster, to Willian Owen Davies and Clarice Stella Davies (née Spencer) on 17 August 1919. His only sibling is a brother two years older, Arton Owen Davies. His father worked at a chemical factory, the Clayton Aniline Works in M's Educational Association, but only after raising her children did Stella Davies return to school and earn an MA and PhD at Manchester University. She obtained a position as a historian in the extramural staff of the university.
John Anthony Hardinge Giffard, 3rd Earl of Halsbury. 4 June 1908 – 14 January 2000
Authors: Lindsay Colonel O.J.M.
Published: December 2006

Tony Giffard, as he was first known before inheriting the titles of Viscount Tiverton and then 3rd Earl of Halsbury, was born on 4 June 1908. He had a difficult early life because his mother was constantly ill. His childhood's prayers always ended with ‘…and please make Mummy well again’. His father, a struggling lawyer, was a stern disciplinarian and had an intimidating presence. Each Sunday young Giffard lunched with his much loved grandparents–the 1st Earl and Countess of Halsbury.
Clement Henry Bamford. 10 October 1912 – 7 November 1999
Authors: Feast W. J.
Published: December 2006

Clement Henry Bamford (′Bam‵) was born in Stafford to Frederic Jesse and Catherine Mary Bamford (nèe Shelley). His father was the son of a Congregationalist minister and his mother the daughter of a farming family from the northern outskirts of Stafford. The Bamfords were miners from the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire coalfields. Bam's grandfather was the only one of eight brothers who avoided coalmining, a job that started for all of his brothers at the age of 10 years. He served a congregation in Cornwall, where Bam's father was born, before transferring to North Staffordshire during the 1890s. Bam's father became an accountant and worked for the same firm until his death in 1935. Stafford was a bustling place with good educational and cultural opportunities. It was the administrative centre of the county and in addition to this it had footwear, electrical machinery and other manufacturing activities to keep its population of 30000 busy. Bam was an only child and in matters of upbringing his mother held sway; he was raised as a Catholic and attended St Patrick's primary school, where he appears to have been happy, successful and well regarded by his teachers. Scholarship entry to academically ambitious secondary schools was rare for the pupils of St Patrick's, who usually went directly from school to employment locally. When Bam was entered for a scholarship to King Edward VI School he did not share his parents' joy at first because he believed the extra work would distract him from two activities that already received his attention and turned out to be the lifelong enthusiasms that brought him pleasure and success; namely, chemistry and music.
William Donald Hamilton. 1 August 1936 — 7 March 2000
Authors: Grafen Alan
Published: December 2006

William Donald Hamilton was born in 1936 in Cairo to New Zealander parents, and was brought up for the most part in a rural and wooded part of Kent, England. He described his childhood as idyllic, full of freedom to roam, and of maternal inspiration and encouragement, and himself as a great burrower. He was fascinated by insects from an early age. A great–aunt gave him her insect collection, whose cases he used for his own (later rueing his discarding of the insects themselves), and also lent him a translation from Fabre, the great French naturalist and one of the first to study behaviour scientifically. A birthday present from his parents was a much coveted copy of E. B. Ford's
Butterflies
(Ford 1945) in Collins's New Naturalist Series, which introduced the 12–year–old to genetics, to a scientific sensibility that looked down on ‘mere collecting’, to mathematical biology in the shape of Mendelian segregation ratios, and to the modern study of evolution. After reading Ford, he asked for a copy of Darwin's Origin of Species as a school prize. To have inspired this one young biologist would by itself justify Ford's efforts in writing
Butterflies.
Sir William Macgregor Henderson. 17 July 1913 – 29 November 2000
Authors: Boden Edward
Published: December 2006

W. M. ‘Gregor’Henderson belonged to the great tradition of veterinary involvement in the control of epizootic diseases that was such a feature of the middle part of the twentieth century. He was one of the pioneers of research into the virology of foot–and–mouth disease and the development and application in the field of vaccines to control it. Throughout his career, first as scientist, latterly as administrator, he maintained a close interest in the animals to whose wellbeing research was directed and in the work of the practising veterinary surgeons who ultimately translated veterinary science into veterinary practice.
Walter Laing Macdonald Perry KT OBE, Baron Perry of Walton. 21 June 1921 – 17 July 2003
Authors: Kelly John S. , Horlock John H.
Published: December 2006

Lord Perry of Walton died suddenly on 17 July 2003, at the age of 82 years. Walter Laing Macdonald Perry was a native of Dundee, educated at Morgan Academy Dundee, Ayr Academy, Dundee High School and St Andrews University (MB ChB, MD and DSc), winning the Rutherford Silver Medal for his MD thesis and the Sykes Gold Medal for his DSc thesis. After Casualty Officer and House Surgeon posts in 1943–44, he served as a Medical Officer in the Colonial Medical Service in Nigeria in 1944–46, then briefly as a Medical Officer in the RAF, 1946–47, before embarking on a scientific career on the staff of the Medical Research Council at the National Institute for Medical Research from 1947 to 1958, serving as Director of the Department of Biological Standards from 1952 to 1958. Professionally, he achieved MRCP (Ed) in 1963 and was elected FRCPE in 1967, FRCP in 1978, FRSE in 1960 and FRS in 1985.
Martyn Christian Raymond Symons. 12 November 1925 – 28 January 2002
Authors: Atkins Peter
Published: December 2006

Martyn Christian Raymond Symons was born on 12 November 1925 in Ipswich, Suffolk. The talents he was later to develop were a reflection of his genetic and cultural environment. Thus, his grandfather was William Christian Symons, who achieved contemporary minor fame as a painter in water colour and oils even though his work is now largely forgotten. His grandmother, Cecilia Davenport, was a concert pianist before her marriage. Symons was to display both artistic attributes, for he was a skilful self–taught pianist and an accomplished water colourist. The environment was richer than that, though, for the three sons of the grandparent's marriage were Mark, a painter, Phillip, who became a Benedictine monk and served as organist at Downside, and Stephen, Martyn's father. Painting, as already remarked, was one of Symons's great relaxations, and in early life (but not in middle age and after) the Catholic version of the Christian religion gave him guidance and solace. Indeed, there was a stage when he was poised to become a priest, but the passion passed and after the suffering and death of his first wife, who had become a Catholic in order to marry him, he rejected religion.The technical contribution to Symonss environment came from his father, Stephen White Symons, a consultant mechanical engineer, ably supported in the female manner of the day by his wife Marjorie. Here, though, the environment temporarily withdrew its support, for the young Symons entered the John Fisher School in Purley (1933–40), and hated every minute of it. Ill taught (he claimed) and bullied (he interpreted), the teachers—with the freedom of the age–almost literally hammered knowledge of a sort into him, not realizing the sensitivity of the child in their care and presumably contributing at least a little to his unusual psychology.
The light of the night-sky: Analysis of the intensity variations at three stations
Authors: Strutt Robert John , Spencer Jones Harold
Published: December 2006

The present paper may be regarded as a continuation and elaboration of previous papers.

A description of the instruments and methods is given in these papers, and it is not proposed to repeat it here. It will be sufficient to state that the light of the night sky was analysed by appropriate colour filters into three spectral regious. The central one is designed to transmit the yellow-green light of the auroral line λ 5577 with as little else as may be. The others transmit red and blue regions of the spectrum to the exclusion of this line. The light transmitted is equated to an artificial self-luminous source, consisting of potassium uranyl sulphate, which is fluorescent under the radioactivity of the contained uranium. Neutral glasses have densities (log
10
opacity) of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, . . . , etc.―from one glass to the next is an increase of one unit on the scale of brightness adopted.
On crystal and slit systems for X-ray monochromatization and spectroscopy
Authors: Harper G. I.
Published: December 2006

Crystal and slit systems are used for four purposes in X-ray physics: (i) analysis of crystal structure; (ii) wave-length determinations; (iii) spectroscopic analysis of composite radiations; and (iv) the production of monochromatic beams. The theory of (i) and (ii) has been discussed by many authors; but hitherto the theory of (iii) and (iv) has received but little attention, through Richtmyer has pointed out that serious errors may arise from a neglect of the proper consideration of (iv). In this paper a systematic theory of could hardly have been anticipated on general grounds. Furthermore, an application of the theory to the design of monochromators leads to notable departures from the conventional pattern.