bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic behavior of traveling wave solutions of the equations for the flow of a fluid with small viscosity and capillarity
Authors: Boldrini J. L.
Published: December 2016

We study the oscillations of the traveling wave solutions of
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-brace Subscript v Sub Subscript t Subscript equals minus p left-parenthesis u right-parenthesis Sub Subscript x Subscript plus epsilon v Sub Subscript x x Subscript minus delta u Sub Subscript x x x Subscript Superscript u Super Subscript t Superscript equals v Super Subscript x Superscript comma">

{

v
t

=
−
p

(
u
)

x

+
ϵ

v

x
x

−
δ

u

x
x
x

u
t

=

v
x

,

\left \{ {_{{v_t} = - p{{\left ( u \right )}_x} + \epsilon {v_{xx}} - \delta {u_{xxx}}}^{{u_t} = {v_x},}} \right .

\]
for small

ϵ
\epsilon

and

δ
\delta

. These solutions give information about the structure of the shock layers in fluids with small viscosity and capillarity. We conclude that the traveling wave has oscillations with increasing amplitude when

ϵ
\epsilon

and

δ
\delta

approach zero such that

δ
≠
O

(

ϵ
2

)

\delta \ne O\left ( {{\epsilon ^2}} \right )

. When

δ
=
o

(

ϵ
2

)

\delta = o\left ( {{\epsilon ^2}} \right )

, if there are oscillations, their amplitude decreases to zero as

ϵ
\epsilon

and

δ
\delta

approach zero. When

δ
=

ϵ
2

\delta = {\epsilon ^2}

the shape of the traveling wave is independent of the magnitude of

ϵ
\epsilon

and

δ
\delta

.
The ellipsoidal cavity in the presence of a low-frequency elastic wave
Authors: Dassios George , Kiriaki Kiriakie
Published: December 2016

We consider the problem of scattering of a longitudinal or a transverse plane elastic wave by a general ellipsoidal cavity in the low-frequency region. Explicit closed-form solutions for the zeroth- and first-order approximations are provided in terms of the physical and geometric characteristics of the scatterer, as well as the direction cosines of the incidence and observation points. This was made possible with the introduction of an analytical technique based on the Papkovich representations and their interdependence. The leading low-frequency term for the normalized spherical scattering amplitudes and the scattering cross section are also given explicitly. Degenerate ellipsoids corresponding to the prolate and oblate spheroids, the sphere, the needle, and the disc are considered as special cases.
On uniqueness in linear viscoelasticity: a family of counterexamples
Authors: Morro A. , Fabrizio M.
Published: December 2016

Within the framework of linear viscoelasticity a two-parameter family of relaxation functions are exhibited which allow nonuniqueness of the infinitesimal strain, for a given stress, in the space of sinusoidal-in-time strain histories. These relaxation functions are shown to be compatible with thermodynamics and to have a positive equilibrium elastic modulus.
Stabilization of linear systems by time-delay feedback controls
Authors: Yong Jiong Min
Published: December 2016

The notion of

r
r

-stabilizability of linear autonomous systems is introduced. If the system

[

A
,
B

]

\left [ {A,B} \right ]

is completely controllable and the spectrum of

A
A

is contained in the left half of the complex plane then the system is

r
r

-stabilizable for any

r
>
0

r > 0

. Finally, a one-dimensional case is discussed.
Membrane caps
Authors: Dickey R. W.
Published: December 2016

The exact theory for the rotationally symmetric deformation of a membrane cap under either a gravitational force or a normal force is derived. It is shown that in either case the exact theory can be reduced to a single, second-order, ordinary differential equation for the determination of a quantity related to the radial stress. This equation is specialized to the small strain case. Approximate theories are obtained from the exact equations. In particular, the correct approximate equations are obtained when the applied pressure is small and when the membrane cap is shallow. The shallow spherical cap is treated as a special example.
On the roots of 𝑓(𝑧)=𝐽₀(𝑧)-𝑖𝐽₁(𝑧)
Authors: Synolakis Costas Emmanuel
Published: December 2016

The function

f

(
z
)

=

J
0

(
z
)

−
i

J
1

(
z
)

f\left ( z \right ) = {J_0}\left ( z \right ) - i{J_1}\left ( z \right )

is examined to determine its behavior in the complex plane. It is shown that

f

(
z
)

f\left ( z \right )

has no zeroes in the upper half plane.
A singular limit problem for a linear Volterra equation
Authors: Noren Richard
Published: December 2016

We study the dependence on

c
1

{c_1}

and

c
2

{c_2}

of the solution

u

(

t
,

c
1

,

c
2

)

u\left ( {t, {c_1}, {c_2}} \right )

of the equation
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="u prime left-parenthesis t right-parenthesis plus integral Subscript 0 Superscript t Baseline upper A left-parenthesis t minus s comma c 1 comma c 2 right-parenthesis u left-parenthesis s right-parenthesis d s equals 0 comma u left-parenthesis 0 right-parenthesis equals 1 comma">

u
′

(
t
)

+

∫
0
t

A

(

t
−
s
,

c
1

,

c
2

)

u

(
s
)

d
s
=
0
,

u

(
0
)

=
1
,

u’\left ( t \right ) + \int _0^t A \left ( {t - s, {c_1}, {c_2}} \right )u\left ( s \right )ds = 0, \qquad u\left ( 0 \right ) = 1,

\]
where the conditions on

A
A

are stated in terms of its Fourier transform. We obtain sufficient conditions and (weaker) necessary conditions for
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="integral Subscript 0 Superscript normal infinity Baseline sup Underscript 0 less-than-or-equal-to c Subscript i Baseline less-than-or-equal-to 1 Endscripts StartAbsoluteValue u left-parenthesis t comma c 1 comma c 2 right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue d t greater-than normal infinity comma i equals 1 comma 2">

∫
0
∞

sup

0
≤

c
i

≤
1

|

u

(

t
,

c
1

,

c
2

)

|

d
t

>
∞
,
i
=
1
,
2

\int _0^\infty {\sup \limits _{0 \le {c_i} \le 1} \left | {u\left ( {t, {c_1}, {c_2}} \right )} \right |dt} > \infty , i = 1,2

\]
and for
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="integral Subscript 0 Superscript normal infinity Baseline sup Underscript 0 less-than-or-equal-to c 1 comma c 2 less-than-or-equal-to 1 Endscripts StartAbsoluteValue u left-parenthesis t comma c 1 comma c 2 right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue d t greater-than normal infinity">

∫
0
∞

sup

0
≤

c
1

,

c
2

≤
1

|

u

(

t
,

c
1

,

c
2

)

|

d
t
>
∞

\int _0^\infty {\sup \limits _{0 \le {c_1},{c_2} \le 1} } \left | {u\left ( {t, {c_1}, {c_2}} \right )} \right |dt > \infty

\]
The kernel

A
A

is a combination of nonnegative nonincreasing convex functions and arises in the linear theory of viscoelastic rods and plates.
The Atkinson-Wilcox expansion theorem for elastic waves
Authors: Dassios George
Published: December 2016

Consider the problem of scattering of an elastic wave by a three-dimensional bounded and smooth body. In the region exterior to a sphere that includes the scatterer, any solution of Navier’s equation that satisfies the Kupradze’s radiation condition has a uniformly and absolutely convergent expansion in inverse powers of the radial distance from the center of the sphere. Moreover, the coefficients of the expansion can recurrently be evaluated from the knowledge of the leading coefficient, known as radiation pattern. Therefore, a one-to-one correspondence between the scattered fields and the corresponding radiation patterns is established. The acoustic and electromagnetic cases are recovered as special cases.
Korn’s constant for a spherical shell
Authors: Andreou Elias , Dassios George , Polyzos Demosthenes
Published: December 2016

Upon invoking the variational characterization of Korn’s constant and Dafermos’ technique to reduce it to a boundary value problem, the Korn constant of a spherical shell of arbitrary thickness has been evaluated. The classical result of Payne and Weinberger for the sphere is recovered as the special case of vanishing interior radius, while as the thickness of the shell tends to zero, Korn’s constant tends to infinity in a nonuniform sense.
Admissible traction boundary conditions along the crack line in nonlocal elasticity
Authors: Ari Nasit
Published: December 2016

Mixed boundary conditions for integro-differential systems in general lead to overdetermined problems. A specific instance of this problem is encountered in nonlocal elasticity. The ensuing consistency problem is analyzed by utilizing the asymptotic properties of eigenfunctions associated with the kernel of a Fredholm equation of the first kind. Finally as an example, a well-posed set of mixed boundary values are derived for the one-dimensional nonlocal Griffith crack problem.
On the positive square root of the fourth derivative operator
Authors: Russell D. L.
Published: December 2016

It is only for a special subset of the natural boundary conditions for the operator
\[

A
w
=

d
4

w

d

x
4

Aw = \frac {{{d^4}w}}{{d{x^4}}}

\]
that its positive square root is the negative second derivative operator. In this paper we develop a procedure for parametric description of all natural boundary conditions, we show which ones admit

A

1

/

2

{A^{1/2}}

in the form just noted, and we show that in the other cases
\[

−

D
2

w
≡
−

d
2

w

d

x
2

=

[

I
+
P

]

A

1

/

2

w

- {D^2}w \equiv - \frac {{{d^2}w}}{{d{x^2}}} = \left [ {I + P} \right ]{A^{1/2}}w

\]
where

P
P

is a bounded, but in general not compact, operator on the Hilbert space

L
2

[

0
,
π

]

{L^2}\left [ {0, \pi } \right ]

. Possible applications to the theory of the partial differential equation
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="rho StartFraction partial-differential squared w Over partial-differential t squared EndFraction minus 2 gamma StartFraction partial-differential cubed w Over partial-differential t partial-differential x squared EndFraction plus upper E upper I StartFraction partial-differential Superscript 4 Baseline w Over partial-differential x Superscript 4 Baseline EndFraction equals 0">

ρ

∂
2

w

∂

t
2

−
2
γ

∂
3

w

∂
t
∂

x
2

+
E
I

∂
4

w

∂

x
4

=
0

\rho \frac {{{\partial ^2}w}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - 2\gamma \frac {{{\partial ^3}w}}{{\partial t\partial {x^2}}} + EI\frac {{{\partial ^4}w}}{{\partial {x^4}}} = 0

\]
are indicated.
Perturbation of the eigenvalues of a membrane with a concentrated mass
Authors: Leal C. , Sanchez-Hubert J.
Published: December 2016

We study a vibrating membrane with a distribution of density depending on

ε
\varepsilon

, which converges, as

ε
↘
0

\varepsilon \searrow 0

, to a uniform density, plus a point mass at the origin. We establish local vibrations at the vicinity of the origin and global vibrations of the membrane. The asymptotic study for

ε
↘
0

\varepsilon \searrow 0

is performed using the method of matched asymptotic expansions.
Equivalent changes/differences for percentages and probabilities
Authors: Ng Yew-Kwang
Published: December 2016

For percentages and probabilities or other fractions that have to lie between zero and one, it is not legitimate to take equal proportionate or absolute differences for two variables to register equivalent changes, since this may require one variable to exceed one. Reasonable properties for equivalent changes including Interchangeability, Parity, Identity, Differentiability, Monotonicity, Complementarity, Anonymity, and Transitivity are proposed. A specific function satisfying all these properties is provided and the question of the uniqueness of this function is discussed. The acceptance of the proposed function may lead to widespread practical application.
Isochromatic lines and dynamic punching of a stressed elastic plate
Authors: Barclay D. W. , Tait R. J. , Moodie T. B.
Published: December 2016

Diagrams of the developing isochromatic curve patterns associated with the dynamic stress field of a normally impacted isotropic plate under uniaxial tension are computed to show the accompanying wave fronts and zones of stress when plugging occurs.
Sutures in stretched membranes
Authors: Wu Chien H.
Published: December 2016

A suture function defining a one-to-one mapping between the opposite sides of equal or unequal lengths of a hole is introduced. This function specifies the precise manner in which the opposite sides of the hole are sutured. The problem is first formulated in the general context of finite plane-stress theory, and then specialized for large stretching. The suturing of an elliptic hole is worked out as an example.
Transverse shear effect in a circumferentially cracked cylindrical shell
Authors: Delale F. , Erdogan F.
Published: December 2016

The problem of a cylindrical shell containing a circumferential through crack is considered by taking into account the effect of transverse shear deformations. The formulation is given for a specially orthotropic material within the confines of a linearized shallow shell theory. The particular theory used permits the consideration of all five boundary conditions regarding moment and stress resultants on the crack surface. The stress intensity factors are calculated separately for a cylinder under a uniform membrane load, and that under a uniform bending moment for values of

0
≤

λ
2

=

[

12

(

1
−

v
2

)

]

1

/

4

0 \le {\lambda _2} = {\left [ {12\left ( {1 - {v^2}} \right )} \right ]^{1/4}}

.

a

(

R
h

)

1

/

2

≤
10

a{\left ( {Rh} \right )^{1/2}} \le 10

and

0
>
a

/

h
≤
10

0 > a/h \le 10

, where

2
a

2a

,

h
h

, and

R
R

are, respectively, the crack length, the thickness, and the (mean) radius of the cylinder. Sample results showing the nature of the out-of-plane crack surface displacement and the effect of the Poisson’s ratio are also presented.
On the calculation of bulk properties of heterogeneous materials
Authors: McCoy John J.
Published: December 2016

Models for calculating the effective, or bulk, properties of heterogeneous materials are considered in the light of a Dyson equation formalism. It is seen that convergence difficulties, of the same nature as those which necessitated the renormalization effected by the Dyson equation in the first place, are frequently reintroduced, but now in calculating the parameters to use in the equation. Thus the validity of the models must be suspect. Fortunately, in most instances the validity of the models, if properly interpreted, can be established. The proper interpretation to be given is considered.
Turbulent dispersion from a plane surface
Authors: Beran Mark J. , Whitman Alan M.
Published: December 2016

We consider here the turbulent dispersion of a neutral concentrant from a plane surface. Very near the surface the dispersion is by molecular diffusion since the turbulent velocity is zero at the surface. Within a layer near the surface the mode of transport changes to turbulent exchange. Our principal concern in this paper is to determine the concentration distribution near the surface and the flux of concentrant that is transported from or to the surface. We use as our governing equation an integro-differential equation form which was derived in an earlier paper. In this equation we are required to assume a form for the integral kernel which is compatible with a turbulent state. A kernel was chosen using simple arguments and the resulting concentration distribution is presented. It is shown that under suitable conditions the concentration decays at large distances as an inverse power of the distance from the surface. We also present the dependence of flux on the molecular diffusion coefficient. For some physical situations the concentration will decay at a rate inversely proportional to the square of the distance, and the flux will be proportional to

D

2

/

3

{D^{2/3}}

. (

D
D

is the molecular diffusion coefficient.) For two particular physical applications the validity of the above solution is discussed. We also compare the results obtained with those found using an eddy diffusivity. It is shown that in the presence of sources the two results may differ substantially.
A numerical model of the unsteady free boundary of an ideal fluid
Authors: Swarztrauber Paul N.
Published: December 2016

Unsteady two-dimensional flows which have a free boundary are examined numerically. The fluid is considered to be irrotational and incompressible and the boundary is assumed to have a continuous tangent. The use of numerical techniques enables one to treat the nonlinear problem and to include those cases in which the streamlines intersect the boundary. The technique is quite accurate and calculations are required only on the boundary of the fluid.
Elastic waves in rotating media
Authors: Schoenberg Michael , Censor Dan
Published: December 2016

Plane harmonic waves in a rotating elastic medium are considered. The inclusion of centripetal and Coriolis accelerations in the equations of motion with respect to a rotating frame of reference leads to the result that the medium behaves as if it were dispersive and anisotropic. The general techniques of treating anistropic media are used with some necessary modifications. Results concerning slowness surfaces, energy flux and mode shapes are derived. These concepts are applied in a discussion of the behavior of harmonic waves at a free surface.
On balance of forces for mixtures
Authors: Gurtin Morton E. , Oliver Marion L. , Williams William O.
Published: December 2016

The usual theory of mixtures assumes the existence of a partial stress tensor; this leads to a questionable relation of symmetry of forces. We show how a reinterpretation of the concept of partial stress tensor avoids this problem. The usual balance equations hold, but the distinction between the new stress tensor and the old leads to a different interpretation of boundary data.
The transverse vibrations of a pipe containing flowing fluid: Methods of integral equations
Authors: Jones Louise H. , Goodwin Bruce E.
Published: December 2016

Methods are developed to study the problem described in the title. Improvable lower bounds for the first eigenvalue are obtained for the low velocity-thin pipe wall case. It is shown that the eigenvalue changes from real to imaginary as the fluid velocity increases through a “critical” velocity. It is the methods which we wish to emphasize in that while we discuss them only for the present problem they are very general and especially powerful when applied to differential equations with constant coefficients.
Some properties of solutions of initial-value problems associated with the wave equation
Authors: Chambers LL. G.
Published: December 2016

A variational principle and a reciprocity relation are obtained for initial value problems associated with the wave equation.
Expanding axial wave on a submerged cylindrical shell
Authors: Fang Tsun C. , Klosner Jerome M.
Published: December 2016

A double transform method is used to determine the response of a submerged, infinitely long, circular cylindrical shell to a plane acoustic wave which acts initially at an isolated cross section, and then proceeds to propagate along the axis of the cylinder, symmetrically with respect to that cross section.
On random determinants
Authors: Dembo A.
Published: December 2016

The distribution of the determinant

(

U
T

U

)

\left ( {{U^T}U} \right )

, where

U
U

is a

P
×
N

P \times N

matrix

(

P
≤
N

)

\left ( {P \le N} \right )

composed of

P
×
N

P \times N

i. i. d. random variables with symmetrical distribution is investigated. In particular, explicit formulas for the first two moments are obtained, as well as the higher moments for standard normal distribution of the elements of

U
U

. These formulas extend the previously known results for

P
=
N

P = N

.
Some cases of bifurcation in elastic-plastic solids in plane strain
Authors: Ariaratnam S. T. , Dubey R. N.
Published: December 2016

Conditions for initiation of necking, buckling and surface instabilities in an elastic-plastic solid in plane strain are derived. The results constitute a generalization of previous investigations for rigid-plastic and elastic solids.
The linear theory of second-grade elastic materials
Authors: Lardner R. W.
Published: December 2016

Second-grade elastic materials have an energy density which depends on both first and second deformation gradients. The behaviour of these materials is investigated for deformations sufficiently small that the equations of motion can be linearized. The elastic materials with couple stress studied by Mindlin and Tiersten [1] are a special case of the materials studied here, and our results reduce to theirs with an appropriate choice for our elastic constants.
The impulsive starting of a sphere
Authors: Wang Chang-Yi
Published: December 2016

A sphere is started impulsively in an incompressible viscous fluid of infinite extent. The Reynolds number is assumed to be large. The time of investigation is assumed to be small. The Navier–Stokes equations, written in spherical polar coordinates, are then iterated using the method of inner and outer expansions. Uniformly valid solutions are obtained to second order. The drag is also predicted.
Constant surface heating of a variable conductivity half-space
Authors: Cooper Leonard Y.
Published: December 2016

A solution to the problem of constant surface heating of an initially constant-temperature,

T
0
∗

T_0^*

, half-space where the material in question has a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity is obtained. The thermal conductivity,

k
∗

{k^*}

, is specifically given by
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="k Superscript asterisk Baseline equals k 0 Superscript asterisk Baseline exp left-bracket lamda left-parenthesis upper T Superscript asterisk Baseline minus upper T 0 Superscript asterisk Baseline right-parenthesis slash upper T 0 Superscript asterisk Baseline right-bracket">

k
∗

=

k
0
∗

exp
⁡

[

λ

(

T
∗

−

T
0
∗

)

/

T
0
∗

]

{k^*} = k_0^*\exp \left [ {\lambda \left ( {{T^*} - T_0^*} \right )/T_0^*} \right ]

. The solution is valid for both heating and cooling of the material where

λ
\lambda

and

k
0
∗

k_0^*

are arbitrary in magnitude, and

λ
\lambda

can be either positive or negative in sign.
Dispersion relations, stored energy and group velocity for anisotropic electromagnetic media
Authors: Kurss H.
Published: December 2016

The Hermitian and skew-Hermitian components of the susceptibility matrix of a general linear electromagnetic medium are represented as Hilbert transforms of each other. These so-called dispersion relations lead to a priori inequalities which must be satisfied by the susceptibility of a passive medium in a frequency interval in which the medium is lossless. One such inequality states that the stored energy density for a given

E

(
ω
)

E\left ( \omega \right )

and

H

(
ω
)

H\left ( \omega \right )

is always greater than in free space. This is also verified directly from the usual gyrotropic susceptibilities of ferrites and plasmas.
The classification problem for operator algebraic varieties and their multiplier algebras
Authors: Hartz Michael , Lupini Martino
Published: December 2016

We study from the perspective of Borel complexity theory the classification problem for multiplier algebras associated with operator algebraic varieties. These algebras are precisely the multiplier algebras of irreducible complete Nevanlinna-Pick spaces. We prove that these algebras are not classifiable up to algebraic isomorphism using countable structures as invariants. In order to prove such a result, we develop the theory of turbulence for Polish groupoids, which generalizes Hjorth’s turbulence theory for Polish group actions. We also prove that the classification problem for multiplier algebras associated with varieties in a finite-dimensional ball up to isometric isomorphism has maximum complexity among the essentially countable classification problems. In particular, this shows that Blaschke sequences are not smoothly classifiable up to conformal equivalence via automorphisms of the disc.
Proper cytoskeletal architecture beneath the plasma membrane of red blood cells requiresTtll4
Authors: Ijaz Faryal , Hatanaka Yasue , Hatanaka Takahiro , Tsutsumi Koji , Iwaki Takayuki , Umemura Kazuo , Ikegami Koji , Setou Mitsutoshi
Published: December 2016

Mammalian red blood cells (RBCs) circulate through blood vessels, including capillaries, for tens of days under high mechanical stress. RBCs tolerate this mechanical stress while maintaining their shape because of their elastic membrane skeleton. This membrane skeleton consists of spectrin-actin lattices arranged as quasi-hexagonal units beneath the plasma membrane. In this study, we found that the organization of the RBC cytoskeleton requires tubulin tyrosine ligase–like 4 (Ttll4). RBCs from Ttll4-knockout mice showed larger average diameters in smear test. Based on the rate of hemolysis, Ttll4-knockout RBCs showed greater vulnerability to phenylhydrazine-induced oxidative stress than did wild-type RBCs. Ultrastructural analyses revealed the macromolecular aggregation of cytoskeletal components in RBCs of Ttll4-knockout mice. Immunoprecipitation using the anti-glutamylation antibody GT335 revealed nucleosome assembly protein 1 (NAP1) to be the sole target of TTLL4 in the RBCs, and NAP1 glutamylation was completely lost in Ttll4-knockout RBCs. In wild-type RBCs, the amount of glutamylated NAP1 in the membrane was nearly double that in the cytosol. Furthermore, the absence of TTLL4-dependent glutamylation of NAP1 weakened the binding of NAP1 to the RBC membrane. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Ttll4 is required for proper cytoskeletal organization in RBCs.
Fidgetin regulates cultured astrocyte migration by severing tyrosinated microtubules at the leading edge
Authors: Hu Zunlu , Feng Jie , Bo Weijuan , Wu Ronghua , Dong Zhangji , Liu Yan , Qiang Liang , Liu Mei
Published: December 2016

Microtubule (MT) organization is essential for many cellular events, including mitosis, migration, and cell polarity. Fidgetin (Fign), an ATP-dependent, MT-severing protein, contributes to the regulation of MT configuration by cutting and trimming MT polymers. Functions of Fign have been indicated in neurite outgrowth, mitosis, meiosis, and cellular migration. Here we focus on migration of astrocytes. We find that Fign plays an essential role in cultured astrocyte migration by preferentially targeting MTs (or regions of MTs) that are rich in tyrosinated tubulin, a marker for especially dynamic MTs or especially dynamic regions of MTs. Inhibition of cellular migration induced by Fign knockdown can be rescued with concomitant knockdown of kinesin-12, a motor protein best known for its role in mitosis. We propose a novel working model for MT reconfiguration underlying cellular migration elicited by the functional cooperation of two distinct MT-related proteins.
Effects of Colloidal Oatmeal Lotion on Symptoms of Dermatologic Toxicities Induced by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors
Authors: Ke Ya-Ting , Kuo Chia-Chi
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE:

The common adverse effects associated with targeted therapy for cancer, such as epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIs), are dermatologic toxicities that cause the patient physical discomfort and affect treatment. Colloidal oatmeal lotion (COL) has been proven to help prevent dermatitis and xerosis. Evidence of its effect on EGFRI-induced dermatologic toxicities, however, is limited. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of COL on EGFRI-induced dermatologic toxicities.

DESIGN AND SETTING:

This study used a 1-group pretest-posttest design with a convenience sample of 30 patients with cancer who developed EGFRI-induced dermatologic toxicities from a medical center in southern Taiwan. All participants applied topical COL 3 to 5 times a day for 4 consecutive weeks and received a pretest and 4 posttests.

OUTCOME MEASURES:

A generalized estimating equation was used to assess the impact of demographics, disease characteristics, and weeks of COL use on dermatologic toxicity severity, body surface area affected, and level of pruritus.

MAIN RESULTS:

Significant differences were found between the pretest and all posttests after using COL with regard to the severity, body surface area affected, and level of pruritus in participants who developed EGFRI-induced dermatologic toxicities (P < .05). There were no significant differences in demographics or disease characteristics on EGFRI-induced dermatologic toxicities.

CONCLUSIONS:

Based on the study results, COL could improve the symptoms of dermatologic toxicities in those receiving EGFRIs with no adverse effects. Therefore, the authors suggest the use of COL in clinical settings.
Choosing the right journal for your article
Authors: Jenkins Marjorie , Donnald Edward
Published: December 2016

Access to the best tool for the job can be a time-saver when deciding which publication is most appropriate.
Early Postpartum Glucose Testing in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Werner Erika F. , Has Phinnara , Tarabulsi Gofran , Lee Joyce , Satin Andrew
Published: December 2016

(Abstracted from Am J Perinatol 2016;33:966–971)

Research has shown that 3.5% to 7.6% of pregnant women in the United States annually are affected by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Universal GDM screening helps identify cohort of women at high risk of developing prediabetes and diabetes mellitus (DM) postpartum.
Long-term Cognitive and Health Outcomes of School-Aged Children Who Were Born Late-term vs Full-term
Authors: Figlio David N. , Guryan Jonathan , Karbownik Krzysztof , Roth Jeffrey
Published: December 2016

(Abstracted from JAMA Pediatr 2016;170(8):758–764)

Although there is considerable evidence to suggest that full-term infants (born at 39 or 40 weeks’ gestation) have better health and cognitive outcomes in childhood and into adulthood than early-term infants (born at 37 or 38 weeks’ gestation), data supporting these facts are missing. If such information about the long-term outcomes were available, it might prove helpful to the physician and patient to assist in making decisions regarding optimal pregnancy length.
Incidence of Connected Consciousness after Tracheal Intubation
Authors: Sanders Robert D. , Gaskell Amy , Raz Aeyal , Winders Joel , Stevanovic Ana , Rossaint Rolf , Boncyk Christina , Defresne Aline , Tran Gabriel , Tasbihgou Seth , Meier Sascha , Vlisides Phillip E. , Fardous Hussein , Hess Aaron , Bauer Rebecca M. , Absalom Anthony , Mashour George A. , Bonhomme Vincent , Coburn Mark , Sleigh Jamie
Published: December 2016

Background

The isolated forearm technique allows assessment of consciousness of the external world (connected consciousness) through a verbal command to move the hand (of a tourniquet-isolated arm) during intended general anesthesia. Previous isolated forearm technique data suggest that the incidence of connected consciousness may approach 37% after a noxious stimulus. The authors conducted an international, multicenter, pragmatic study to establish the incidence of isolated forearm technique responsiveness after intubation in routine practice.

Methods

Two hundred sixty adult patients were recruited at six sites into a prospective cohort study of the isolated forearm technique after intubation. Demographic, anesthetic, and intubation data, plus postoperative questionnaires, were collected. Univariate statistics, followed by bivariate logistic regression models for age plus variable, were conducted.

Results

The incidence of isolated forearm technique responsiveness after intubation was 4.6% (12/260); 5 of 12 responders reported pain through a second hand squeeze. Responders were younger than nonresponders (39 ± 17 vs. 51 ± 16 yr old; P = 0.01) with more frequent signs of sympathetic activation (50% vs. 2.4%; P = 0.03). No participant had explicit recall of intraoperative events when questioned after surgery (n = 253). Across groups, depth of anesthesia monitoring values showed a wide range; however, values were higher for responders before (54 ± 20 vs. 42 ± 14; P = 0.02) and after (52 ± 16 vs. 43 ± 16; P = 0.02) intubation. In patients not receiving total intravenous anesthesia, exposure to volatile anesthetics before intubation reduced the odds of responding (odds ratio, 0.2 [0.1 to 0.8]; P = 0.02) after adjustment for age.

Conclusions

Intraoperative connected consciousness occurred frequently, although the rate is up to 10-times lower than anticipated. This should be considered a conservative estimate of intraoperative connected consciousness.
Dorsal Distraction Plating and Lunate Decortication for Stage III Kienböck Disease: A Novel Technique
Authors: Wigton Michael D. , Nazir Omar F. , Graves Benjamin R. , Apel Peter J. , Li Zhongyu
Published: December 2016

Kienböck disease (KD) is a progressive condition and difficult to manage. A number of treatment algorithms exist but there is no clear consensus as to which method produces the best outcome, particularly for Lichtman stage III disease. The majority of the current treatment options for KD emphasize lunate unloading and restoration of biology with bone graft. However, less attention has been given to the protection of the lunate during revascularization process. We report a novel technique of lunate decompression and bone grafting, combined with wrist distraction with or without radial shortening osteotomy via dorsal wrist bridge plating for the treatment of stage II-IIIa/b KD. This technique provides the advantages of distraction of the carpus unloading the lunate after bone grafting and during revascularization without the issues inherent to external fixation. In addition, this technique allows compression through a radial osteotomy site when performed. Our approach to the treatment of KD has incorporated this technique for patients with stage II or IIIa/b disease.
Meta-Analysis of Therapeutic Hypothermia for Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult and Pediatric Patients*
Authors: Crompton Ellie M. , Lubomirova Irina , Cotlarciuc Ioana , Han Thang S. , Sharma Sapna D. , Sharma Pankaj
Published: December 2016

Objective:

Therapeutic hypothermia has been used to attenuate the effects of traumatic brain injuries. However, the required degree of hypothermia, length of its use, and its timing are uncertain. We undertook a comprehensive meta-analysis to quantify benefits of hypothermia therapy for traumatic brain injuries in adults and children by analyzing mortality rates, neurologic outcomes, and adverse effects.

Data Sources:

Electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov and manual searches of studies were conducted for relevant publications up until February 2016.

Study Selection:

Forty-one studies in adults (n = 3,109; age range, 18–81 yr) and eight studies in children (n = 454; age range, 3 mo to 18 yr) met eligibility criteria.

Data Extraction:

Baseline patient characteristics, enrollment time, methodology of cooling, target temperature, duration of hypothermia, and rewarming protocols were extracted.

Data Synthesis:

Risk ratios with 95% CIs were calculated. Compared with adults who were kept normothermic, those who underwent therapeutic hypothermia were associated with 18% reduction in mortality (risk ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70–0.96; p = 0.01) and a 35% improvement in neurologic outcome (risk ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.18–1.54; p < 0.00001). The optimal management strategy for adult patients included cooling patients to a minimum of 33°C for 72 hours, followed by spontaneous, natural rewarming. In contrast, adverse outcomes were observed in children who underwent hypothermic treatment with a 66% increase in mortality (risk ratio, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.06–2.59; p = 0.03) and a marginal deterioration of neurologic outcome (risk ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.80–1.01; p = 0.06).

Conclusions:

Therapeutic hypothermia is likely a beneficial treatment following traumatic brain injuries in adults but cannot be recommended in children.
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans-Like Tumor With COL1A1 Copy Number Gain in the Absence of t(17;22)
Authors: Saab Jad , Rosenthal Ian M. , Wang Lu , Busam Klaus J. , Nehal Kishwer S. , Dickson Mark A. , Hameed Meera R. , Hollmann Travis J.
Published: December 2016

A 57-year-old woman presented with a 3-year history of a progressive firm plaque on the right cheek. Skin biopsies revealed a bland, storiform, spindle-cell proliferation involving the deep dermis and subcutaneous fat. By immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for CD34 and caldesmon with multifocal reactivity for epithelial membrane antigen and focal, weak staining for smooth muscle actin. Retinoblastoma protein expression was not detectable in tumor cells by immunohistochemistry. An interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB) gene rearrangement was negative. A single-nucleotide polymorphism array study detected 1) a gain of chromosome segment 17q21.33-q25.3 which overlapped the entire COL1A1 gene with a breakpoint at 17q21.33, approximately 250 Kb centromeric to the 3′ end of COL1A1 gene, 2) several segmental gains on chromosome 11, and 3) an RB1 gene locus with normal copy number and allele frequency. Although the current case resembles dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, it is unique in that it demonstrates a copy number gain of chromosome 17q in the absence of fusion of COL1A1 and PDGFB genes and an unusual immunohistochemical staining profile. The morphologic and molecular findings suggest a novel molecular variant of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans not detectable with standard fluorescence in situ hybridization for PDGFB rearrangement. This variant appears to respond to imatinib after 9 months of follow-up.
Noninvasive Submental Fat Compartment Treatment
Authors: Shamban Ava T.
Published: December 2016

Background:

KYBELLA, ATX-101, is an injectable form of sodium deoxycholic acid. It is currently the only Food and Drug Administration–approved injectable drug for the reduction of submental fat.

Objectives:

A literature review and discussion of the treatment of submental fat.

Results:

KYBELLA is a well-tolerated alternative for the treatment of submental fat.

Conclusions:

KYBELLA is a safe and efficacious, first in class, injectable drug for the reduction of submental fat.
Global Updates on the Future Directions of Neurotoxins and Fillers
Authors: Downie Jeanine B. , Patel Anup , Heningburg Jade
Published: December 2016

Neurotoxins and fillers continue to remain in high demand, comprising a large part of the growing business of cosmetic minimally invasive procedures. Multiple Food and Drug Administration–approved safe yet different products exist within each category, and the role of each product continues to expand. The authors review the literature to provide an overview of the use of neurotoxins and fillers and their future directions.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PARAFOVEAL CAPILLARY NONPERFUSION AND MACULAR FUNCTION IN EYES WITH BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
Authors: Manabe Saki , Osaka Rie , Nakano Yuki , Takasago Yukari , Fujita Tomoyoshi , Shiragami Chieko , Hirooka Kazuyuki , Muraoka Yuki , Tsujikawa Akitaka
Published: December 2016

Purpose:

To investigate the parafoveal perfusion status of the superficial and deep capillary layer in eyes with resolved branch retinal vein occlusion, and to study its effects on retinal sensitivity.

Methods:

In 27 enrolled eyes (27 patients) with resolved branch retinal vein occlusion, superficial and deep capillaries in the macular area (3- × 3-mm, centered on the fovea) were examined with optical coherence tomography angiography. Retinal sensitivity was examined with fundus-monitored microperimetry.

Results:

Optical coherence tomography angiography clearly showed the parafoveal superficial and deep capillaries individually. On the affected side of retina, 25 eyes (92.6%) showed capillary nonperfusion; 23 (85.2%) in the superficial layer and 22 (81.5%) in the deep layer. Capillary nonperfusions of both layers frequently overlapped and appeared to be connected with each other. Mean (±SD) retinal sensitivity at the superficial capillary nonperfusion was 19.2 ± 6.3 dB, significantly lower than that at the superficial capillary perfusion (24.4 ± 2.8 dB, P < 0.001). Similarly, mean retinal sensitivity at the deep capillary nonperfusion was 20.8 ± 5.0 dB, significantly lower than that at deep capillary perfusion (24.3 ± 2.8 dB, P = 0.0016). Mean retinal sensitivity with superficial capillary nonperfusion was significantly lower than that with deep capillary nonperfusion (P = 0.0226).

Conclusion:

Optical coherence tomography angiography visualized parafoveal capillary nonperfusion in superficial and deep layers individually in eyes with resolved branch retinal vein occlusion. Retinal sensitivity was significantly reduced at these capillary nonperfusions.
Age-Stratified Analysis of Diabetes and Pseudophakia Effects on Corneal Endothelial Cell Density: A Retrospective Eye Bank Study
Authors: Chen Yicheng , Tsao Sean W. , Heo Moonseong , Gore Patrick K. , McCarthy Mitchell D. , Chuck Roy S. , Channa Prabjot
Published: December 2016

Purpose:

To perform an age-stratified analysis of the effect of diabetes and pseudophakia on corneal endothelial cell density (ECD).

Methods:

This is a comparative analysis of donor characteristics from data supplied by the Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research on tissue harvested from July 1, 2007, through May 23, 2014. The mixed-effects model was used to compare age-adjusted mean corneal ECD between donors with and without diabetes.

Results:

A total of 20,026 nondiabetic donor eyes and 13,617 diabetic donor eyes were included in this study. ECD was 2604 cells per square millimeter in nondiabetic corneas and 2576 cells per square millimeter in diabetic corneas (P < 0.001). Among phakic patients, diabetic ECD was significantly less in the middle-age subgroups: −33 cells per square millimeter in the 21-to-40-year-old subgroup (P = 0.048) and −25 cells per square millimeter in the 41-to-60-year-old subgroup (P = 0.009). Among pseudophakic patients, diabetic ECD was significantly less only in the subgroup 61 years or older: −56 cells per square millimeter (P = 0.026). The magnitude of difference in ECD between phakic and pseudophakic donors was greater in patients with diabetes in the subgroup 61 years or older (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Donor eyes with a history of diabetes had a slightly lower ECD (−29 cells/mm2) than eyes without a history of diabetes. Although this statistical relationship is consistent with our pathophysiologic understanding of diabetes and the corneal endothelium, such a minor difference in ECD would be expected to have minimal clinical impact on overall corneal endothelial function.
Periorbital Dermoid Cyst With Unique Trichilemmal Differentiation
Authors: Charles Norman C. , Jakobiec Frederick A. , Patel Payal
Published: December 2016

The authors describe a 4-year-old girl presenting with a 2-year history of a superomedial eyelid “bump” that appeared cystic on MRI. The clinical diagnosis was dermoid cyst, possibly of conjunctival origin. Following excision, histology showed a cyst that contained keratin and lanugo hairs in its lumen with sebaceous glands and chronic inflammation in its fibrous wall. An unanticipated finding was the presence of a trichilemmal (pilar) variety of epithelial lining that stained positively for calretinin, an immunostain that identifies trichilemmal epithelium. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first case of a dermoid cyst with trichilemmal lining. This study was conducted in compliance with the rules and regulations of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and in conformity with the Oslo declaration.
The Glasgow Prognostic Score at the Time of Palliative Esophageal Stent Insertion is a Predictive Factor of 30-Day Mortality and Overall Survival
Authors: Driver Robert J. , Handforth Catherine , Radhakrishna Ganesh , Bennett Michael I. , Ford Alexander C. , Everett Simon M.
Published: December 2016

Background:

Optimizing the timing of esophageal stent insertion is a challenge, partly due to difficulty predicting survival in advanced malignancy. The Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) is a validated tool for predicting survival in a number of cancers.

Goals:

To assess the utility of the GPS in predicting 30-day mortality and overall survival postesophageal stent insertion.

Study:

Patients at a tertiary referral center who had received an esophageal stent for palliation of dysphagia were included if they had a measurement of albumin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the week preceding the procedure (n=209). Patients with both an elevated CRP (>10 mg/L) and hypoalbuminemia (<35 g/L) were given a GPS score of 2 (GPS2). Patients with only one of these abnormalities were assigned as GPS1 and those with normal CRP and albumin were assigned as GPS0. Clinical and pathologic parameters were also collected to assess for potential confounding factors in the survival analysis.

Results:

Increasing GPS was associated with 30-day mortality; for patients with GPS0, 30-day mortality was 5% (2/43), for GPS1 it was 23% (26/114), and for GPS2 it was 33% (17/52). The adjusted hazard ratio for overall poststent mortality was 1.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.4; P=0.02) for GPS1 and 2.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.5-3.8; P<0.001) for GPS2 patients compared with GPS0.

Conclusions:

GPS is an independent prognostic factor of 30-day mortality and overall survival after esophageal stent insertion. It is a potential adjunct to clinical assessment in identifying those patients at high-risk of short-term mortality poststent.
Adherence to Surveillance Guidelines in Nondysplastic Barrett’s Esophagus
Authors: Dalal Kunal S. , Coffing Jessica , Imperiale Thomas F.
Published: December 2016

Introduction:

Surveillance patterns in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) are not well characterized. Guidelines published between 2002 and 2008 recommended surveillance esophagogastroduodenoscopy (sEGD) at 3-year intervals for nondysplastic BE (NDBE). We assessed guideline adherence in incident NDBE in a Veterans Affairs (VA)-based study.

Methods:

At a single VA center, we identified incident cases of biopsy-confirmed NDBE between January, 2006 and December, 2008. We excluded patients aged 76 years and above and those who developed BE-associated dysplasia or cancer during follow-up. All sEGDs through October, 2014 were documented. Our primary criteria classified cases as guideline adherent if a sEGD was performed within 6 months of each expected 3-year surveillance interval; in cases with ≥2 sEGDs, 1 sEGD >6 months, and ≤1 year outside an interval was allowed if the average interval was between 2.5 and 3.5 years. Comorbidity, primary care encounters, presence of long-segment BE (LSBE), endoscopist recommendations, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) were assessed.

Results:

We identified 110 patients (96.4% male, 93.6% white) with mean age 58.9±8.5 years at index EGD. Median follow-up was 6.7 years (range, 3.7 to 8.6). Thirty-three (30.0%) cases were guideline adherent; 77 (70.0%) cases were nonadherent, including 52 (47.3%) with irregular surveillance and 25 (22.7%) with no surveillance. Forty cases (14 adherent) had 1 sEGD, 36 (18 adherent) had 2, 8 (1 adherent) had 3, and 1 nonadherent case had 4. Adherent cases were significantly older (61.5 vs. 57.9 y, P=0.04), and tended to have more LSBE (33.3% vs. 20.8%, P=0.16). There were no differences between adherent and nonadherent cases in annual primary care encounters (72.7% vs. 66.2%, P=0.66), CCI≥4 (15.2% vs. 15.6%, P=0.95), biopsy-positive sEGDs (75.8% vs. 76.6%, P=0.92), and any recommendation for subsequent surveillance (81.8% vs. 77.9%, P=0.65). A logistic regression model using age, CCI, and LSBE showed an independent association between adherence and older age (P=0.03).

Conclusions:

In a single-center VA cohort, sEGD of NDBE was mostly nonadherent to guidelines. Adherent cases were older at baseline with a trend toward more LSBE. A larger study is needed to identify medical and social factors associated with adherence or nonadherence to surveillance.