bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of amino acid and glucose absorption following pancreatic diversion in the pig
Authors: Rérat A. , Calmes R. , Corring T. , Vaissade P.
Published: December 2014

An experiment was conducted in the pig to determine the consequences of deprivation of exocrine pancreatic secretion on the composition and quantity of nutrients absorbed after intake of a balanced diet. Five growing pigs (53·8 kg body weight) were fitted with permanent catheters in the portal vein and the carotid artery and with an electromagnetic flow probe around the portal vein to measure the exchanges between the blood and the intestinal lumen. They were also fitted with a permanent catheter in the duct of Wirsung to educe the exocrine pancreatic secretion and another one in the duodenum in order to reintroduce it. In each animal, glucose, amino-N and amino acid absorption as well as insulin and glucagon production were measured over a period of 10 h after the meal (semi-purified diet based on purified starch and containing 180 g fish meal/kg, DM content of the meal 731 g), either in the presence of pancreatic juice (group C : immediate reintroduction), or in the absence of pancreatic juice (group D: deprivation). The deprivation of pancreatic juice provoked a marked depression in the absorption of glucose (D 67·9 (SEM 27·9) g/10 h, C 437·7 (SEM 39·5) g/10 h, P < 0·00l), and of amino-N (D 7·55 (SEM 0·54) g/10 h, C 15·80 (SEM 0·79) g/10 h, P < 0·001). The composition of the mixture of amino acids in the portal blood was only slightly modified: only the levels of histidine (P < 0·05) and of valine (P < 0·06, NS) decreased in the absence of pancreatic juice. Insulin production was much lower (by 64%, P < 0·05) in the absence of pancreatic juice whereas that of glucagon was not affected.
A Concise History of South Africa
Authors: Ross Robert
Published: December 2014

Lays emphasis on the continuing influence of the country's African heritage whilst also chronicling the processes of colonial conquest and of economic development stemming from the industrial revolution. This is followed by an analysis of the fundamental political changes South Africa has undergone, and a background for understanding those many things which have not changed.
Vitruvius: 'Ten Books on Architecture'
Authors: Vitruvius
Published: December 2014

The only full treatise on architecture and its related arts to survive from classical antiquity, the De Architectura libri decem (Ten Books on Architecture) is the single most important work of architectural history in the Western world, having shaped humanist architecture and the image of the architect from the Renaissance to the present. This new, critical edition of Vitruvius' Ten Books of Architecture is the first to be published for an English-language audience in more than half a century. Expressing the range of Vitruvius' style, the translation, along with the critical commentary and illustrations, aims to shape a new image of the Vitruvius who emerges as an inventive and creative thinker, rather than the normative summarizer, as he was characterized in the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
Scaling, Self-similarity, and Intermediate Asymptotics
Authors: Barenblatt Grigory Isaakovich
Published: December 2014

Scaling laws reveal the fundamental property of phenomena, namely self-similarity - repeating in time and/or space - which substantially simplifies the mathematical modelling of the phenomena themselves. This book begins from a non-traditional exposition of dimensional analysis, physical similarity theory, and general theory of scaling phenomena, using classical examples to demonstrate that the onset of scaling is not until the influence of initial and/or boundary conditions has disappeared but when the system is still far from equilibrium. Numerous examples from a diverse range of fields, including theoretical biology, fracture mechanics, atmospheric and oceanic phenomena, and flame propagation, are presented for which the ideas of scaling, intermediate asymptotics, self-similarity, and renormalisation were of decisive value in modelling.
The Great Lone Land
Authors: Butler William Francis
Published: December 2014

An Irish officer in the British army, William Francis Butler (1838–1910) travelled widely during a career which took him from India to Africa. In 1867 he made for Canada with his regiment, and he recalls his adventures in this lively account, first published in 1872 to immediate success, and followed by this second edition in the same year. The book covers Butler's risky reconnaissance mission during the Red River Rebellion, during which he met the Métis leader Louis Riel. Later chapters describe subsequent journeys into the sparsely populated Manitoba and Saskatchewan territories, as well as the US states of Illinois, Minnesota and North Dakota. In vivid detail, Butler describes the landscapes and peoples he encountered, including many Native American tribes. This region of North America was later transformed by an influx of settlers, and Butler's work captures the final days of what was then an underexplored wilderness.
Travels from St Petersburg in Russia, to Diverse Parts of Asia
Authors: Bell John
Published: December 2014

John Bell (1691–1780) trained as a physician, but preferred a life of travel and diplomacy. He entered the service of Tsar Peter the Great of Russia, and had already taken part (as the expedition's doctor) in a government mission to Persia in 1715–18 when he was asked to join a further embassy to China. This two-volume work, published in 1763, describes both these journeys. Volume 2 takes up the story with the embassy's reception in Beijing, with accounts of the Chinese emperor and his court, and the return journey. It also includes the journal of Lorenz Lange (c.1690–1752), a Swede in Russian service who was an agent at the court of Beijing at the time of Bell's own mission, and short accounts of Bell's later visits to Derbent on the Caspian Sea, and to Constantinople. This is a delightful account of an area then hardly known in the west.
The Impracticability of a North-West Passage for Ships, Impartially Considered
Authors: Heywood Peter
Published: December 2014

Peter Heywood (1772–1831) became known for his involvement in the 1789 mutiny aboard the Bounty. After evading a death sentence thanks to a royal pardon, he was able to advance himself in a distinguished naval career, achieving the rank of post-captain. The question of the North-West Passage, a sea route through the Arctic that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, remained an obsession for the British for much of the nineteenth century. Drawing on his experience as a naval hydrographer and writing under the pseudonym 'Scrutator', Heywood considers the question of the North-West Passage in this 1824 publication by surveying accounts of recent expeditions to the Arctic. While he does not dispute the existence of the much-sought route, he argues that the icy waters would not be navigable for ships. It was not until the early twentieth century that Roald Amundsen and his crew achieved the seemingly impossible.
Culinary Culture in Colonial India
Authors: Ray Utsa
Published: December 2014

This book utilizes cuisine to understand the construction of the colonial middle class in Bengal who indigenized new culinary experiences as a result of colonial modernity. This process of indigenization developed certain social practices, including imagination of the act of cooking as a classic feminine act and the domestic kitchen as a sacred space. The process of indigenization was an aesthetic choice that was imbricated in the upper caste and patriarchal agenda of the middle-class social reform. However, in these acts of imagination, there were important elements of continuity from the pre-colonial times. The book establishes the fact that Bengali cuisine cannot be labeled as indigenist although it never became widely commercialized. The point was to cosmopolitanize the domestic and yet keep its tag of 'Bengaliness'. The resultant cuisine was hybrid, in many senses like its makers.
Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis
Authors: Denifle Heinrich , Chatelaine Emile
Published: December 2014

An Austrian Dominican priest, Heinrich Denifle (1844–1905) carried out painstaking research in the archives of the Vatican and in libraries throughout Europe, resulting in several major publications on medieval history and theology. In 1887 he was appointed to edit the medieval records of the University of Paris, with the assistance of the palaeographer Emile Chatelaine (1851–1933). Paris was the centre of theological learning in Europe in the Middle Ages, and the records here contain important information regarding the university's organisation, teachers, students, relations with popes and kings, religious orders, and intellectual controversies. The four volumes published between 1889 and 1897 contain the texts of some 2,700 records, with references to many more in the notes. Volume 3 (1894) covers 1350–94, as the university dealt with the aftermath of the Black Death, and with the Hundred Years War.
A Representation of the Injustice and Dangerous Tendency of Tolerating Slavery
Authors: Sharp Granville
Published: December 2014

This work by the anti-slavery campaigner Granville Sharp (1735–1813) brings together legal and historical documents, as well as the author's own legal arguments, demonstrating that slavery was illegal and therefore could not be upheld in England. Furthering his own intellectual development while working for a linen draper, Sharp later became a government clerk and pursued a writing career. His awakening to the horrors of the slave trade resulted from a chance encounter with an injured slave seeking help from his physician brother. Carrying out the necessary legal research, Sharp published this book in 1769 to demonstrate that slavery has no basis in English law. In 1772, the landmark case of James Somerset was brought before Lord Mansfield, who upheld Sharp's contention: as a result, it was henceforth understood that any slave reaching the shores of England became free. Sharp's memoirs of his life are also reissued in this series.
Nonparametric Estimation under Shape Constraints
Authors: Groeneboom Piet , Jongbloed Geurt
Published: December 2014

This book treats the latest developments in the theory of order-restricted inference, with special attention to nonparametric methods and algorithmic aspects. Among the topics treated are current status and interval censoring models, competing risk models, and deconvolution. Methods of order restricted inference are used in computing maximum likelihood estimators and developing distribution theory for inverse problems of this type. The authors have been active in developing these tools and present the state of the art and the open problems in the field. The earlier chapters provide an introduction to the subject, while the later chapters are written with graduate students and researchers in mathematical statistics in mind. Each chapter ends with a set of exercises of varying difficulty. The theory is illustrated with the analysis of real-life data, which are mostly medical in nature.
The Choanoflagellates
Authors: Leadbeater Barry S. C.
Published: December 2014

Choanoflagellates have three distinctive claims to fame: they are the closest, living, unicellular relatives of animals; they are a major component of aquatic microbial foodwebs; and one group is remarkable for its siliceous basket-like coverings. This landmark book offers a unique synthesis of over forty years of choanoflagellates research. Key areas are covered, from the phylogenetic evidence supporting the sister-group relationship between choanoflagellates and Metazoa, to choanoflagellate distribution and diversity in marine and freshwater environments. The structure and assembly of choanoflagellate loricae is also presented together with a full discussion of a novel example of 'regulatory evolution', suggesting that the switch from nudiform to tectiform cell division and lorica production was achieved by a sudden reorganisation of existing structures and mechanisms. Providing an authoritative summary of what is currently known about choanoflagellates, this title will serve as a foundation upon which future research and discussion can take place.
Resurrecting Democracy
Authors: Bretherton Luke
Published: December 2014

Through a case study of community organizing in the global city of London and an examination of the legacy of Saul Alinsky around the world, this book develops a constructive account of the relationship between religious diversity, democratic citizenship, and economic and political accountability. Based on an in-depth, ethnographic study, Part I identifies and depicts a consociational, populist and post-secular vision of democratic citizenship by reflecting on the different strands of thought and practice that feed into and help constitute community organizing. Particular attention is given to how organizing mediates the relationship between Christianity, Islam and Judaism and those without a religious commitment in order to forge a common life. Part II then unpacks the implications of this vision for how we respond to the spheres in which citizenship is enacted, namely, civil society, the sovereign nation-state, and the globalized economy. Overall, the book outlines a way of re-imagining democracy, developing innovative public policy, and addressing poverty in the contemporary context.
The Life of Sir John Fowler, Engineer
Authors: Mackay Thomas
Published: December 2014

As a civil engineer, Sir John Fowler (1817–98) devoted his life to the railways. His best-known achievements include the first railway bridge across the Thames in London, Manchester Central Station, the development of the London Underground and (with Sir Benjamin Baker) the Forth Bridge - arguably the most remarkable feat of engineering of the nineteenth century. Given access to friends and family papers, the author and social theorist Thomas Mackay (1849–1912) portrays a man who was fascinated by engineering as a child, and who continued to work up until his death. As a portrait of one of the architects of Victorian Britain, this biography, first published in 1900, will be of great interest to historians of the period as well as readers wishing to know more about the development of iconic infrastructure.
Tales of Mystery, Imagination, and Humour
Authors: Poe Edgar Allan
Published: December 2014

According to even his most forgiving biographers, Edgar Allan Poe (1809–49) was a difficult man. Arrested whilst touring Europe, and expelled from the United States Military Academy at West Point, he tended to lose both work and friends through drunkenness. Best known for his goriest stories, Poe is often presented to the modern reader as a writer of horror. However, this collection, published in 1852, offers a broader selection of his work. It includes one of his first pieces of detective fiction, 'The Gold-Beetle', resulting from his preoccupation with cryptography; 'A Descent into the Maelström', an early example of science fiction; the mesmeric verse of 'The Raven'; and some of his lesser-known love poetry. A pioneer of modern genre fiction, Poe remains important and influential in the American literary canon. This lavishly illustrated collection represents an excellent introduction to his work.
Property, Predation, and Protection
Authors: Markus Stanislav
Published: December 2014

What threatens the property rights of business owners? And what makes these rights secure? This book transcends the conventional diagnosis of the issue in modern developing countries by moving beyond expropriation by the state ruler or by petty bureaucratic corruption. It identifies 'agent predation' as a novel threat type, showing it to be particularly widespread and detrimental. The book also questions the orthodox prescription: institutionalized state commitment cannot secure property rights against agent predation. Instead, this volume argues that business actors can hold the predatory state agents accountable through firm-level alliances with foreign actors, labor, and local communities. Beyond securing ownership, such alliances promote rule of law in a rent-seeking society. Taking Russia and Ukraine between 2000 and 2012 as its empirical focus, the book advances these arguments by drawing on more than 150 qualitative interviews with business owners, policy makers, and bureaucrats, as well as an original large-N survey of firms.
Stratification of Surgical Site Infection by Operative Factors and Comparison of Infection Rates after Hernia Repair
Authors: Olsen Margaret A. , Nickel Katelin B. , Wallace Anna E. , Mines Daniel , Fraser Victoria J. , Warren David K.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To investigate whether operative factors are associated with risk of surgical site infection (SSI) after hernia repair.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Patients

Commercially insured enrollees aged 6 months-64 years with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification procedure or Current Procedural Terminology, fourth edition, codes for inguinal/femoral, umbilical, and incisional/ventral hernia repair procedures from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2010.

Methods

SSIs within 90 days after hernia repair were identified by diagnosis codes. The χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to compare SSI incidence by operative factors.

Results

A total of 119,973 hernia repair procedures were analyzed. The incidence of SSI differed significantly by anatomic site, with rates of 0.45% (352/77,666) for inguinal/femoral, 1.16% (288/24,917) for umbilical, and 4.11% (715/17,390) for incisional/ventral hernia repair. Within anatomic sites, the incidence of SSI was significantly higher for open versus laparoscopic inguinal/femoral (0.48% [295/61,142] vs 0.34% [57/16,524], P=.020) and incisional/ventral (4.20% [701/16,699] vs 2.03% [14/691], P=.005) hernia repairs. The rate of SSI was higher following procedures with bowel obstruction/necrosis than procedures without obstruction/necrosis for open inguinal/femoral (0.89% [48/5,422] vs 0.44% [247/55,720], P<.001) and umbilical (1.57% [131/8,355] vs 0.95% [157/16,562], P<.001), but not incisional/ventral hernia repair (4.01% [224/5,585] vs 4.16% [491/11,805], P=.645).

Conclusions

The incidence of SSI was highest after open procedures, incisional/ventral repairs, and hernia repairs with bowel obstruction/necrosis. Stratification of hernia repair SSI rates by some operative factors may facilitate accurate comparison of SSI rates between facilities.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–7
Impact of copy number variations burden on coding genome in humans using integrated high resolution arrays
Authors: VEERAPPA AVINASH M. , LINGAIAH KUSUMA , VISHWESWARAIAH SANGEETHA , MURTHY MEGHA N. , SURESH RAVIRAJ V. , MANJEGOWDA DINESH S. , RAMACHANDRA NALLUR B.
Published: December 2014

Copy number variations (CNVs) alter the transcriptional and translational levels of genes by disrupting the coding structure and this burden of CNVs seems to be a significant contributor to phenotypic variations. Therefore it was necessary to assess the complexities of CNV burden on the coding genome. A total of 1715 individuals from 12 populations were used for CNV analysis in the present investigation. Analysis was performed using Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6·0 chip and CytoScan High-Density arrays. CNVs were more frequently observed in the coding region than in the non-coding region. CNVs were observed vastly more frequently in the coding region than the non-coding region. CNVs were found to be enriched in the regions containing functional genes (83–96%) compared with the regions containing pseudogenes (4–17%). CNVs across the genome of an individual showed multiple hits across many genes, whose proteins interact physically and function under the same pathway. We identified varying numbers of proteins and degrees of interactions within protein complexes of single individual genomes. This study represents the first draft of a population-specific CNV genes map as well as a cross-populational map. The complex relationship of CNVs on genes and their physically interacting partners unravels many complexities involved in phenotype expression. This study identifies four mechanisms contributing to the complexities caused by the presence of multiple CNVs across many genes in the coding part of the genome.
META-CENTRALIZERS OF NON-LOCALLY COMPACT GROUP ALGEBRAS
Authors: LUDKOVSKY S. V.
Published: December 2014

Meta-centralizers of non-locally compact group algebras are studied. Theorems about their representations with the help of families of generalized measures are proved. Isomorphisms of group algebras are investigated in relation with meta-centralizers.
THE GROMOV-LAWSON-ROSENBERG CONJECTURE FOR THE SEMI-DIHEDRAL GROUP OF ORDER 16
Authors: MALHOTRA ARJUN , RODTES KIJTI
Published: December 2014

We show that the Gromov-Lawson-Rosenberg conjecture for the Semi-Dihedral group of order 16 is true.
SOME REMARKS ON LANDAU–GINZBURG POTENTIALS FOR ODD-DIMENSIONAL QUADRICS
Authors: GORBOUNOV VASSILY , SMIRNOV MAXIM
Published: December 2014

We study the possibility of constructing a Frobenius manifold for the standard Landau–Ginzburg model of odd-dimensional quadrics Q2n+1 and matching it with the Frobenius manifold attached to the quantum cohomology of these quadrics. Namely, we show that the initial conditions of the quantum cohomology Frobenius manifold of the quadric can be obtained from the suitably modified standard Landau–Ginzburg model.
Morphology and molecular analysis of Paratylenchus nanjingensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Paratylenchinae) from the rhizosphere soil of Pinus massoniana in China
Authors: Wang K. , Xie H. , Li Y. , Wu W.J. , Xu C.L.
Published: December 2014

Paratylenchus nanjingensis n. sp. was obtained from Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. This new species is characterized by having a female with a slender, vermiform body (243–279 μm), head with distinct submedian lobes, slender and long stylet (64–68 μm), anchor-shaped stylet knobs, excretory pore anterior to the level of the stylet knobs, small lateral vulval flaps and lateral field with four lines; and male with more distinct body annuli, stylet lacking and pharynx degenerate. The internal transcribed spacer sequences of ribosomal RNA (ITS rRNA) gene of the new species were amplified and sequenced in this study. The phylogenetic relationships of the new species with other Paratylenchus species using the ITS rRNA gene sequences are given.
NONPARAMETRIC COINTEGRATING REGRESSION WITH ENDOGENEITY AND LONG MEMORY
Authors: Wang Qiying , Phillips Peter C. B.
Published: December 2014

This paper explores nonparametric estimation, inference, and specification testing in a nonlinear cointegrating regression model where the structural equation errors are serially dependent and where the regressor is endogenous and may be driven by long memory innovations. Generalizing earlier results of Wang and Phillips (2009a,b,Econometric Theory25, 710–738,Econometrica77, 1901–1948), the conventional nonparametric local level kernel estimator is shown to be consistent and asymptotically (mixed) normal in these cases, thereby opening up inference by conventional nonparametric methods to a wide class of potentially nonlinear cointegrated relations. New results on the consistency of parametric estimates in nonlinear cointegrating regressions are provided, extending earlier research on parametric nonlinear regression and providing primitive conditions for parametric model testing. A model specification test is studied and confirmed to provide a valid mechanism for testing parametric specifications that is robust to endogeneity. But under long memory innovations the test is not pivotal, its convergence rate is parameter dependent, and its limit theory involves the local time of fractional Brownian motion. Simulation results show good performance for the nonparametric kernel estimates in cases of strong endogeneity and long memory, whereas the specification test is shown to be sensitive to the presence of long memory innovations, as predicted by asymptotic theory.
Accuracy of influenza vaccination rate estimates in United States nursing home residents
Authors: GROSHOLZ J. M. , BLAKE S. , DAUGHERTY J. D. , AYERS E. , OMER S. B. , POLIVKA-WEST L. , HOWARD D. H.
Published: December 2014

The US Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) requires nursing homes and long-term-care facilities to document residents' vaccination status on the Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI). Vaccinating residents can prevent costly hospital admissions and deaths. CMS and public health officials use RAI data to measure vaccination rates in long-term-care residents and assess the quality of care in nursing homes. We assessed the accuracy of RAI data against medical records in 39 nursing homes in Florida, Georgia, and Wisconsin. We randomly sampled residents in each home during the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 influenza seasons. We collected data on receipt of influenza vaccination from charts and RAI data. Our final sample included 840 medical charts with matched RAI records. The agreement rate was 0·86. Using the chart as a gold standard, the sensitivity of the RAI with respect to influenza vaccination was 85% and the specificity was 77%. Agreement rates varied within facilities from 55% to 100%. Monitoring vaccination rates in the population is important for gauging the impact of programmes and policies to promote adherence to vaccination recommendations. Use of data from RAIs is a reasonable approach for gauging influenza vaccination rates in nursing-home residents.
Traumatic Events and Tonic Immobility
Authors: Bados Arturo , Toribio Lidia , García-Grau Eugeni
Published: December 2014

Tonic immobility is a basic defense strategy which has not been studied in depth in humans. Data suggest that it may be a relatively frequent phenomenon in victims of rape and sexual abuse, but its occurrence has not been systematically explored in other types of trauma. We carried out a retrospective study in a sample of 100 university students to establish whether tonic immobility varies depending on the nature of the worst trauma experienced, defined subjectively by each participant. Immobility was assessed using the Tonic Immobility Scale and traumas were assessed using the modified Traumatic Events Questionnaire. Seventy percent of the sample had experienced trauma of some kind. There were no significant differences in tonic immobility between different types of trauma (e.g., physical abuse, assault or aggression, serious accident), except that the mean tonic immobility score was significantly higher in the group with trauma due to physical/psychological or sexual abuse than in the group with trauma due to receiving news of the mutilation, serious injury, or violent or sudden death of a loved one. We conclude tentatively that tonic immobility may be typical not only of sexual traumas, but of other kinds of directly experienced traumas as well.
AFRICAN LIBERALISM IN THE AGE OF EMPIRE? HASSUNA D’GHIES AND LIBERAL CONSTITUTIONALISM IN NORTH AFRICA, 1822–1835
Authors: COLLER IAN
Published: December 2014

Although in most accounts of liberalism Africans appear only as passive victims or beneficiaries of European policies, in the early nineteenth century many Africans shared liberal aspirations for the “good society” based on free trade, constitutional government and individual property. However, African liberalism was articulated in the context of an existential crisis provoked by the new European world order. Hassuna D’Ghies, educated in Tripoli and Europe, articulated an overtly “African” liberal response to this crisis of adaptation through his writings and political activity in London in the 1820s. By the end of the decade, D’Ghies had abandoned this project and returned to North Africa to take up a more authoritarian model of reform that ultimately led to the reabsorption of Tripoli and its region into the Ottoman Empire. D’Ghies's turn toward an “imperial liberalism” underwritten by Islamic legitimacy suggests the impossibility of reconciling African autonomy with European liberal claims to universality, and the ways in which African political thought was fragmented by imperial globalization.
Responder und Nonresponder in einer ADHS-Therapie von Erwachsenen
Authors: Lauth Gerhard , Minsel Wolf-Rüdiger , Koch Melanie
Published: December 2014

In der vorliegenden Studie werden Patienten- und Störungsmerkmale auf ihre Eignung als Prädiktoren für den Erfolg und Misserfolg eines ADHS-Trainings untersucht. 115 Studierende mit ADHS-Diagnose nahmen an einem Gruppentraining teil, das als Intensivtraining über sechs Sitzungen durchgeführt wird. Der Therapieerfolg wurde anhand von vier Kriterien, der ADHS-Symptomatik, Therapiezufriedenheit, Zielerreichung (Goal attainment scaling) und der Verbesserung des Alltagsfunktionsniveaus, vor und nach der Therapie erhoben. Mittels multipler Regressionsanalysen werden Prädiktoren zwischen den Patientenmerkmalen als unabhängigen Variablen und den Kriterien für den Therapieerfolg berechnet. Zudem wurden eine hierarchische Clusteranalyse und eine Diskriminanzanalyse zur Unterscheidung von Respondern und Nonrespondern berechnet. Anhand der Kriterien für den Therapieerfolg in einer Gruppenbehandlung lassen sich drei Gruppen mit unterschiedlichem Therapieerfolg unterscheiden: Nonresponder (N = 15), Responder (N = 85) und Responder mit sehr gutem Therapieerfolg (N = 15). Dabei profitiert die erste Gruppe kaum, die zweite durchschnittlich und die dritte in hohem Maße von dem Gruppentraining für ADHS-Patienten. Korrelationsberechnungen und Regressionsanalysen machen gleichzeitig deutlich, dass es kaum direkte Vorhersagekriterien für den Therapieerfolg gibt. Alter, Ausgangssymptomatik, soziale Einbettung (Anzahl guter Freunde), Beziehung zu Eltern und Geschwistern, Geschlecht und Bildung (höchster erreichter Abschluss), Schlaflosigkeit hängen nicht mit dem ermittelten Therapieerfolg zusammen. Es wurden keine personenbezogenen Prädiktoren für den Therapieerfolg gefunden. Dies kann mit der angefallenen Auswahl der Merkmale zusammenhängen. Auch scheinen Prozessmerkmale Therapieerfolg zu bedingen.
Enthusiasm for cancer screening in Great Britain: a general population survey
Authors: Waller J , Osborne K , Wardle J
Published: December 2014

Background:

With growing concerns about risk of harm from cancer screening, particularly from overdiagnosis, this study aimed to assess public attitudes to cancer screening in Great Britain.

Methods:

We used a population-based survey to assess attitudes to cancer screening, screening history and demographic characteristics, in men and women aged 50–80 years. Data were collected using face-to-face computer-assisted interviews in 2012.

Results:

In our sample of 2024, attitudes to cancer screening were overwhelmingly positive with almost 90% believing that screening is ‘almost always a good idea’ and 49% saying they would be tested for cancer even if it was untreatable. Attitudes were particularly positive among those who had previously taken part in breast or colorectal screening.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that attitudes to cancer screening are very positive in Great Britain. Widespread enthusiasm for cancer screening may hamper attempts to encourage a greater appreciation of the limitations and potential harms of screening.
Relationships between protein-encoding gene abundance and corresponding process are commonly assumed yet rarely observed
Authors: Rocca Jennifer D , Hall Edward K , Lennon Jay T , Evans Sarah E , Waldrop Mark P , Cotner James B , Nemergut Diana R , Graham Emily B , Wallenstein Matthew D
Published: December 2014

For any enzyme-catalyzed reaction to occur, the corresponding protein-encoding genes and transcripts are necessary prerequisites. Thus, a positive relationship between the abundance of gene or transcripts and corresponding process rates is often assumed. To test this assumption, we conducted a meta-analysis of the relationships between gene and/or transcript abundances and corresponding process rates. We identified 415 studies that quantified the abundance of genes or transcripts for enzymes involved in carbon or nitrogen cycling. However, in only 59 of these manuscripts did the authors report both gene or transcript abundance and rates of the appropriate process. We found that within studies there was a significant but weak positive relationship between gene abundance and the corresponding process. Correlations were not strengthened by accounting for habitat type, differences among genes or reaction products versus reactants, suggesting that other ecological and methodological factors may affect the strength of this relationship. Our findings highlight the need for fundamental research on the factors that control transcription, translation and enzyme function in natural systems to better link genomic and transcriptomic data to ecosystem processes.
Dietary cholesterol directly induces acute inflammasome-dependent intestinal inflammation
Authors: Progatzky Fränze , Sangha Navjyot J. , Yoshida Nagisa , McBrien Marie , Cheung Jackie , Shia Alice , Scott James , Marchesi Julian R. , Lamb Jonathan R. , Bugeon Laurence , Dallman Margaret J.
Published: December 2014

Prolonged ingestion of a cholesterol- or saturated fatty acid-enriched diet induces chronic, often systemic, auto-inflammatory responses resulting in significant health problems worldwide. In vivo information regarding the local and direct inflammatory effect of these dietary components in the intestine and, in particular, on the intestinal epithelium is lacking. Here we report that both mice and zebrafish exposed to high-fat (HFDs) or high-cholesterol (HCDs) diets develop acute innate inflammatory responses within hours, reflected in the localized interleukin-1β-dependent accumulation of myeloid cells in the intestine. Acute HCD-induced intestinal inflammation is dependent on cholesterol uptake via Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 and inflammasome activation involving apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, which leads to Caspase-1 activity in intestinal epithelial cells. Extended exposure to HCD results in localized, inflammation-dependent, functional dysregulation as well as systemic pathologies. Our model suggests that dietary cholesterol initiates intestinal inflammation in epithelial cells.
Social networks in primates: smart and tolerant species have more efficient networks
Authors: Pasquaretta Cristian , Levé Marine , Claidière Nicolas , van de Waal Erica , Whiten Andrew , MacIntosh Andrew J. J. , Pelé Marie , Bergstrom Mackenzie L. , Borgeaud Christèle , Brosnan Sarah F. , Crofoot Margaret C. , Fedigan Linda M. , Fichtel Claudia , Hopper Lydia M. , Mareno Mary Catherine , Petit Odile , Schnoell Anna Viktoria , di Sorrentino Eugenia Polizzi , Thierry Bernard , Tiddi Barbara , Sueur Cédric
Published: December 2014

Network optimality has been described in genes, proteins and human communicative networks. In the latter, optimality leads to the efficient transmission of information with a minimum number of connections. Whilst studies show that differences in centrality exist in animal networks with central individuals having higher fitness, network efficiency has never been studied in animal groups. Here we studied 78 groups of primates (24 species). We found that group size and neocortex ratio were correlated with network efficiency. Centralisation (whether several individuals are central in the group) and modularity (how a group is clustered) had opposing effects on network efficiency, showing that tolerant species have more efficient networks. Such network properties affecting individual fitness could be shaped by natural selection. Our results are in accordance with the social brain and cultural intelligence hypotheses, which suggest that the importance of network efficiency and information flow through social learning relates to cognitive abilities.
Multi-synergetic ZnO platform for high performance cancer therapy
Authors: Tripathy Nirmalya , Ahmad Rafiq , Ah Ko Hyun , Khang Gilson , Hahn Yoon-Bong
Published: December 2014

Hollow structured ZnO with high-performance drug-encapsulation for acid-triggered, chemo-photodynamic cancer therapy.
The peculiar behavior of Picha in the formation of metallacrown complexes with Cu(ii), Ni(ii) and Zn(ii) in aqueous solution
Authors: Marchiò Luciano , Marchetti Nicola , Atzeri Corrado , Borghesani Valentina , Remelli Maurizio , Tegoni Matteo
Published: December 2014

The thermodynamic stability of copper, nickel and zinc metallacrown complexes with picolinehydroxamic acid in aqueous solution has been rationalized.
Tuning the ferroelectric polarization in AA′MnWO6double perovskites through A cation substitution
Authors: Young Joshua , Stroppa Alessandro , Picozzi Silvia , Rondinelli James M.
Published: December 2014

A large enhancement of ferroelectric polarizations in AA′MnWO6double perovskites through cation substitution is predicted and investigated using first-principles calculations.
Environmental forensics evaluation of sources of sediment hydrocarbon contamination in Milford Haven Waterway
Authors: Little David I. , Galperin Yakov , Bullimore Blaise , Camplin Mike
Published: December 2014

Surficial sediment evaluation shows inputs of hydrocarbons from natural, historic and anthropogenic sources including biomass and coal burning, wartime fires, atmosphere, oil refinery effluents, and spills in 1988 and 1996.
Chemical fixation of carbon dioxide by copper catalyzed multicomponent reactions for oxazolidinedione syntheses
Authors: Sharma Siddharth , Singh Ajay K. , Singh Devendra , Kim Dong-Pyo
Published: December 2014

The quest to reduce greenhouse gases has triggered the development of new chemical fixation of carbon dioxide.
Cloud point extraction assisted by silver nanoparticles for the determination of traces of cadmium using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: López-García Ignacio , Vicente-Martínez Yesica , Hernández-Córdoba Manuel
Published: December 2014

The high enrichment factor achieved by CPE results in a very sensitive procedure for the determination of metals.
Toward instrument-free digital measurements: a three-dimensional microfluidic device fabricated in a single sheet of paper by double-sided printing and lamination
Authors: Jeong Seong-Geun , Lee Sang-Ho , Choi Chang-Hyung , Kim Jiyun , Lee Chang-Soo
Published: December 2014

This study demonstrates a simple approach for fabricating a 3D-μPAD from a single sheet of paper by double-sided printing and lamination.
Enantiomeric resolution of [(2,2-diphenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl](2-phenoxyethyl)amine, a potent α1and 5-HT1Areceptor ligand: an in vitro and computational study
Authors: Franchini Silvia , Baraldi Annamaria , Sorbi Claudia , Pellati Federica , Cichero Elena , Battisti Umberto M. , Angeli Piero , Cilia Antonio , Brasili Livio
Published: December 2014

Enantioseparation and stereoselective synthesis of (1), a potent 5-HT1AR ligand, were performed. Surprisingly, the enantiomers proved to be equipotent.
Facile preparation of ordered mesoporous MnCo2O4 for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3
Authors: Qiu Mingying , Zhan Sihui , Yu Hongbing , Zhu Dandan , Wang Shengqiang
Published: December 2014

Ordered mesoporous MnCo2O4 was successfully prepared through a nanocasting route, which exhibits superior NH3-SCR activity at low temperature.
Regulating exocytosis of nanoparticles via host–guest chemistry
Authors: Kim Chaekyu , Tonga Gulen Yesilbag , Yan Bo , Kim Chang Soo , Kim Sung Tae , Park Myoung-Hwan , Zhu Zhengjiang , Duncan Bradley , Creran Brian , Rotello Vincent M.
Published: December 2014

Regulating exocytosis of AuNPs by using host–guest interactions between AuNPs and CB[7] molecules.
Facile synthesis of well-controlled poly(glycidyl methacrylate) and its block copolymers via SARA ATRP at room temperature
Authors: Catalão Francisco , Góis Joana R. , Trino A. S. M. , Serra Arménio C. , Coelho Jorge F. J.
Published: December 2014

The detailed synthesis of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using a catalytic system of Fe(0)/Cu(ii)Br2 at room temperature is reported.
Intracellular redox potential-responsive micelles based on polyethylenimine-cystamine-poly(ε-caprolactone) block copolymer for enhanced miR-34a delivery
Authors: Li Hanmei , Jiang Hao , Zhao Mengnan , Fu Yao , Sun Xun
Published: December 2014

A novel polymer polyethylenimine-cystamine-poly(ε-caprolactone) with intracellular redox potential-responsive cleavable ability was synthesized and fabricated the micelles as smart gene vectors.
Methods to prepare quaternary ammonium groups-containing alternating poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-alt-vinyl ether) copolymers
Authors: Couture Guillaume , Ladmiral Vincent , Améduri Bruno
Published: December 2014

Quaternary ammonium groups-containing alternating poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-alt-vinyl ether) copolymers were synthesized using post-polymerization functionalization methods such as azide–alkyne cycloaddition and cyclocarbonate–amine reaction.
Large-scale synthesis of self-assembled ultralong cannonite nanobelt film as a visible-light photocatalyst
Authors: Zhang Junjun , Gu Heyun , Yang Xiaoning , Chen Min , Yang Zeheng , Zhang Weixin
Published: December 2014

Self-assembled macroscopic cannonite nanobelts could be transferred on substrates as thin films in a large scale and exhibit high visible-light photocatalytic activity, which would be a promising candidate for high-efficiency photocatalysts.
Phononic band structure in carbon microtube composites
Authors: Anjos V. , Arantes A.
Published: December 2014

The phononic band structure of hollow carbon microtubes immersed in a soft medium presents GHz narrow band pass frequencies which may be used as an acoustic filter.
The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles to enhance the antibacterial properties of light-activated polydimethylsiloxane containing crystal violet
Authors: Ozkan Ekrem , Ozkan Feyza Tunali , Allan Elaine , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: December 2014

Crystal violet–ZnO mixtures were incorporated into PDMS by a simple two step method. The modified polymer demonstrated significant antibacterial activity againstE. coliandS. aureus, showing possibly the most potent light-induced antibacterial polymer reported to date.
Evaluation and modeling of a newly designed impinging stream photoreactor equipped with a TiO2coated fiberglass cloth
Authors: Jafarikojour Morteza , Mohammadi Mohammad Moein , Sohrabi Morteza , Royaee Sayed Javid
Published: December 2014

The photocatalytic degradation ofp-nitrophenol (PNP) using TiO2particles immobilized on a fiberglass cloth was investigated in a novel design of a photo-impinging stream reactor.
A t-PA/nanoparticle conjugate with fully retained enzymatic activity and prolonged circulation time
Authors: Tang Zengchao , Li Dan , Wang Xiaojing , Gong Hua , Luan Yafei , Liu Zhuang , Brash John L. , Chen Hong
Published: December 2014

A t-PA/AuNP conjugate prepared by the bio-click reaction exhibited high enzymatic activity and prolonged circulation time.
A generic class of amyloid fibril inhibitors
Authors: Ow Sian-Yang , Bekard Innocent , Blencowe Anton , Qiao Greg G. , Dunstan Dave E.
Published: December 2014

Amyloid fibrils are large ordered fibrillar aggregates formed from mis-folded proteins. Fibril formation is inhibited using a generic macromolecular structure.
Efficient supersonic air vehicle design using the Service-Oriented Computing Environment (SORCER)
Authors: Burton Scott A. , Alyanak Edward J. , Kolonay Raymond M.
Published: December 2014

The Air Force Research Lab’s Multidisciplinary Science and Technology Center is investigating conceptual design processes and computing frameworks that could significantly impact the design of the next generation efficient supersonic air vehicle (ESAV). The ESAV conceptual design process must accommodate appropriate fidelity multidisciplinary engineering analyses (MDAs) to assess the impact of new air vehicle technologies. These analyses may be coupled and computationally expensive, posing a challenge due to the large number of air vehicle configurations analyzed during conceptual design. In light of these observations, a design process using the Service-Oriented Computing Environment (SORCER) software is implemented to combine propulsion, structures, aerodynamics, aeroelasticity, and performance in an integrated MDA. The SORCER software provides the automation and tight integration to grid computing resources necessary to achieve the volume of appropriate fidelity analyses required. Two design studies are performed using a gradient-based optimization method to produce long and short range ESAV wing designs. The studies demonstrate the capability of the ESAV MDA, the optimization algorithm, and the computational scalability and reliability of the SORCER software.
Early Experience with Biodegradable Fixation of Pediatric Mandibular Fractures
Authors: Mazeed AhmedSalah , Shoeib Mohammed Abdel-Raheem , Saied Samia Mohammed Ahmed , Elsherbiny Ahmed
Published: December 2014

This clinical study aims to evaluate the stability and efficiency of biodegradable self-reinforced poly-L/DL-lactide (SR-PLDLA) plates and screws for fixation of pediatric mandibular fractures. The study included 12 patients (3–12 years old) with 14 mandibular fractures. They were treated by open reduction and internal fixation by SR-PLDLA plates and screws. Maxillomandibular fixation was maintained for 1 week postoperatively. Clinical follow-up was performed at 1 week, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 12 months postoperatively. Radiographs were done at 1 week, 3 months, and 12 months postoperatively to observe any displacement and fracture healing. All fractures healed both clinically and radiologically. No serious complications were reported in the patients. Normal occlusion was achieved in all cases. Biodegradable osteofixation of mandibular fractures offers a valuable clinical solution for pediatric patients getting the benefit of avoiding secondary surgery to remove plates, decreasing the hospital stay, further painful procedures, and psychological impact.
Unsteady forces on a circular cylinder at critical Reynolds numbers
Authors: Lehmkuhl O. , Rodríguez I. , Borrell R. , Chiva J. , Oliva A.
Published: December 2014

It is well known that the flow past a circular cylinder at critical Reynolds number combines flow separation, turbulence transition, reattachment of the flow, and further turbulent separation of the boundary layer. The transition to turbulence in the boundary layer causes the delaying of the separation point and an important reduction of the drag force on the cylinder surface known as the drag crisis. In the present work, large-eddy simulations of the flow past a cylinder at Reynolds numbers in the range 2.5 × 105-6.5 × 105 are performed. It is shown how the pressure distribution changes as the Reynolds number increases in an asymmetric manner, occurring first on one side of the cylinder and then on the other side to complete the drop in the drag up to 0.23 at Re = 6.5 × 105. These variations in the pressure profile are accompanied by the presence of a small recirculation bubble, observed as a small plateau in the pressure, and located around ϕ = 105∘ (measured from the stagnation point). This small recirculation bubble anticipated by the experimental measurements is here well captured by the present computations and its position and size measured at every Reynolds number. The changes in the wake configuration as the Reynolds number increases are also shown and their relation to the increase in the vortex shedding frequency is discussed. The power spectra for the velocity fluctuations are computed. The analysis of the resulting spectrum showed the footprint of Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in the whole range. It is found that the ratio of these instabilities frequency to the primary vortex shedding frequency matches quite well the scaling proposed by Prasad and Williamson [“The instability of the separated shear layer from a bluff body,” Phys. Fluids 8, 1347 (1996); “The instability of the shear layer separating from a bluff body,” J. Fluid Mech. 333, 375–492 (1997)] (fKH/fvs ∝ Re0.67).