bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photonic crystals in lithium niobate by combining focussed ion beam writing and ion‐beam enhanced etching
Authors: Geiss Reinhard , Diziain Séverine , Steinert Michael , Schrempel Frank , Kley Ernst‐Bernhard , Tünnermann Andreas , Pertsch Thomas
Published: June 2014

The realization of photonic crystals in self‐suspended lithium niobate membranes by means of focussed ion beam writing and ion‐beam enhanced etching is presented. The influence of gallium contamination is discussed and considered in the realization of a L3 photonic crystal resonator that is showing the designed linear optical response in a cross‐polarization resonant scattering experiment.
Detecting stepping stones by abnormal causality probability
Authors: Wen Sheng , Wu Di , Li Ping , Xiang Yang , Zhou Wanlei , Wei Guiyi
Published: June 2014

Locating the real source of the Internet attacks has long been an important but difficult problem to be addressed. In the real world, attackers can easily hide their identities and evade punishment by relaying their attacks through a series of compromised systems or devices called stepping stones. Currently, researchers mainly use similar features from the network traffic, such as packet timestamps and frequencies, to detect stepping stones. However, these features can be easily destroyed by attackers using evasive techniques. In addition, it is also difficult to implement an appropriate threshold of similarity that can help justify the stepping stones. In order to counter these problems, in this paper, we introduce the consistent causality probability to detect the stepping stones. We formulate the ranges of abnormal causality probabilities according to the different network conditions, and on the basis of it, we further implement to self‐adaptive methods to capture stepping stones. To evaluate our proposed detection methods, we adopt theoretic analysis and empirical studies, which demonstrate accuracy of the abnormal causality probability. Moreover, we compare our proposed methods with previous works. The result shows that our methods in this paper significantly outperform previous works in the accuracy of detection malicious stepping stones, even when evasive techniques are adopted by attackers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DMAM: distributed mobility and authentication mechanism in next generation networks
Authors: Zubair Muhammad , Kong Xiangwei , Mahfooz Saeed
Published: June 2014

Traditional centralized approaches toward mobility management such as MIPv6 and its variants suffer because of the performance issues like single‐point failure, non‐optimal routing, low scalability, authentication latency, and signaling messages overhead of the mobility protocols. In this paper, we propose a novel network‐based Distributed Mobility and Authentication Mechanism (DMAM) to focus on these issues. DMAM decomposes centralized mobility functions into Home Address Allocation, mobility routing (MR), and location management (LM). A new entity is introduced in DMAM, called Location and Mobility Manager that distributes MR and LM among multiple routers to which mobile node can be attached. Furthermore, DMAM offers strong authentication mechanism based on symmetric cryptographic and collision‐free one‐way hash function. The performance of proposed scheme is analyzed and compared with existing approaches in terms of handover latency, handover blocking probability, packet loss, communication overhead, and computational cost. The conducted numerical results demonstrate that DMAM outperforms the existing approaches. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TOF–SIMS study of polyester/melamine resin with Ar gas cluster ion beam
Authors: Nishinomiya S. , Toshin K. , Hayashi S. , Iuchi K. , Se N. , Moritani K. , Mochiji K.
Published: June 2014

A pre‐coated steel sheet for household electrical appliances needs to be highly formable and stain resistant. In recent years, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) with a time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass analyzer with an Ar gas cluster ion beam (Ar–GCIB) has been widely used as a structure analysis technology of organic molecules. In this paper, we looked into the effectiveness of Ar–GCIB–TOF–SIMS as a structure analysis technique of paint film. As a result, we could detect the trimer fragment ions of hexamethoxymethylmelamine in the range of m/z = 400–800 for the first time for the spin‐coating of HMMM on a Si wafer. By evaluation of characteristic monomer fragment ions, we could find out the different surface distributions of melamine‐formaldehyde resin with the different formulations of paint films. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural DNA Nanotechnology for Intelligent Drug Delivery
Authors: Chao Jie , Liu Huajie , Su Shao , Wang Lianhui , Huang Wei , Fan Chunhai
Published: June 2014

Drug delivery carriers have been popularly employed to improve solubility, stability, and efficacy of chemical and biomolecular drugs. Despite the rapid progress in this field, it remains a great challenge to develop an ideal carrier with minimal cytotoxicity, high biocompatibility and intelligence for targeted controlled release. The emergence of DNA nanotechnology offers unprecedented opportunities in this regard. Due to the unparalleled self‐recognition properties of DNA molecules, it is possible to create numerous artificial DNA nanostructures with well‐defined structures and DNA nanodevices with precisely controlled motions. More importantly, recent studies have proven that DNA nanostructures possess greater permeability to the membrane barrier of cells, which pave the way to developing new drug delivery carriers with nucleic acids, are summarized. In this Concept, recent advances on the design and fabrication of both static and dynamic DNA nanostructures, and the use of these nanostructures for the delivery of various types of drugs, are highlighted. It is also demonstrated that dynamic DNA nanostructures provide the required intelligence to realize logically controlled drug release.
Are concurrency coverage metrics effective for testing: a comprehensive empirical investigation
Authors: Hong Shin , Staats Matt , Ahn Jaemin , Kim Moonzoo , Rothermel Gregg
Published: June 2014

Testing multithreaded programs is inherently challenging, as programs can exhibit numerous thread interactions. To help engineers test these programs cost‐effectively, researchers have proposed concurrency coverage metrics. These metrics are intended to be used as predictors for testing effectiveness and provide targets for test generation. The effectiveness of these metrics, however, remains largely unexamined. In this work, we explore the impact of concurrency coverage metrics on testing effectiveness and examine the relationship between coverage, fault detection, and test suite size. We study eight existing concurrency coverage metrics and six new metrics formed by combining complementary metrics. Our results indicate that the metrics are moderate to strong predictors of testing effectiveness and effective at providing test generation targets. Nevertheless, metric effectiveness varies across programs, and even combinations of complementary metrics do not consistently provide effective testing. These results highlight the need for additional work on concurrency coverage metrics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new sparse design framework for broadband power amplifier behavioral modeling and digital predistortion
Authors: Li Mingyu , Li Chuan , Chen Gong , Zhang Yu , Dong Qing , Nakatake Shigetoshi
Published: June 2014

In this paper, we propose a new sparse framework for the design of the behavioral model and digital predistorter of a broadband power amplifier (PA). We start by formulating the Volterra kernel to multidimensional memory polynomial by considering the high‐order dynamic truncation of the Volterra model. Then we show how an estimate of the most significant coefficients may be obtained using a matching pursuit (MPT) algorithm by exploiting the sparsity of the model. After the indices of the nonzero coefficients are roughly estimated, the block exact Householder inverse QR‐decomposition‐based recursive least squares (HIQRD‐RLS) algorithm is utilized to estimate the sparse model complex coefficients. For broadband nonlinear PAs, the proposed approach is demonstrated to achieve the best performance among the well‐known traditional approaches in terms of in‐band and out‐of‐band specifications. The proposed approach is also validated by evaluating the digital predistortion (DPD) performance on a Class‐AB PA in terms of adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR). © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Validation of the standalone implementation of the dynamic wake meandering model for power production
Authors: Keck Rolf‐Erik
Published: June 2014

This paper presents validation for using the standalone implementation of the dynamic wake meandering (DWM) model to conduct numerical simulations of power production of rows of wind turbines.

The standalone DWM model is an alternative formulation of the conventional DWM model that does not require information exchange with an aeroelastic code. As a consequence, the standalone DWM model has significantly shorter computational times and lower demands on the user environment. The drawback of the standalone DWM model is that it does not have the capability to predict turbine loads. Instead, it should be seen as an alternative for simulating the power production of a wind farm. The main advantage of the standalone DWM model is the ability to capture the key physics for wake dynamics such as the turbine specific induction, the build‐up of wake turbulence and wake deficit in the wind farm, and the effect of ambient turbulence intensity and atmospheric stability.

The predicted power production of the standalone DWM model is compared with that of full scale measurements from Horns Rev, Lillgrund, Nysted and Weingermeer wind farms. Overall, the difference between the models predictions and the reference data is on the order of 5%. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular force−frequency relationships by measuring carotid arterial wave intensity during exercise stress
Authors: Tanaka Midori , Sugawara Motoaki , Ogasawara Yasuo , Suminoe Isao , Izumi Tadafumi , Niki Kiyomi , Kajiya Fumihiko
Published: June 2014

Background and purpose

Estimation of the contractility of the left ventricle during exercise is important in drawing up a protocol of cardiac rehabilitation. It has been demonstrated that color Doppler- and echo tracking-derived carotid arterial wave intensity is a sensitive index of global left ventricular (LV) contractility. We assessed the feasibility of measuring carotid arterial wave intensity and determining force−frequency (contractility−heart rate) relations (FFRs) during exercise totally noninvasively.

Methods

We measured carotid arterial wave intensity with a combined color Doppler and echo tracking system in 25 healthy young male volunteers (age 20.8 ± 1.2 years) at rest and during exercise. FFRs were constructed by plotting the maximum value of wave intensity (WD1) against heart rate (HR).

Results

We first confirmed that HR increased linearly with an increase in work load in each subject (r
2 = 0.95 ± 0.04). WD1 increased linearly with an increase in HR. The goodness-of-fit of the regression line of WD1 on HR in each subject was very high (r
2 = 0.48−0.94, p < 0.0001, respectively). The slope of the WD1-HR relation ranged 0.30−2.20 [m/s3 (beat/min)].

Conclusions

Global LV FFRs can be generated in healthy young volunteers with an entirely noninvasive combination of exercise and wave intensity. These data should show the potential usefulness of the FFR in the context of cardiac rehabilitation.
Promoting Meaning‐Making to Help our Patients Grieve: An Exemplar for Genetic Counselors and Other Health Care Professionals
Authors: Douglas Heather A.
Published: June 2014

Genetic counselors and other health professionals frequently meet with patients who are grieving a loss. It is thus helpful for medical professionals to be familiar with approaches to bereavement counseling. Grief theory has evolved over the last few decades, from primarily stage theories of grief such as Kübler‐Ross's “five stages of grief” to frameworks that promote more complex and long‐term ways to cope with a loss. Herein I present one recent grief theory – meaning‐making ‐ and describe how it can be applied to help parents of children with disabilities grieve the loss of the child that they expected. In particular, I describe a scenario that many genetic counselors face ‐ meeting with the parents of a child with Down syndrome. I outline the research done on the reactions, grief and coping experienced by parents in this circumstance, and I present suggestions for encouraging healthy coping and adjustment for parents, based on the meaning‐making perspective. The meaning‐making theory can also be applied to many of the other losses faced by genetic counseling patients.
Kleinräumige Siedlungsanalysen zur Abbildung von Veränderungen: Vom Nutzen baulich-räumlicher Daten für die Planung
Authors: Ruprecht Mei-Ing
Published: June 2014

In Germany, a rising relevance of adapting the built environment and a rising relevance of GIS-based analyses of the built environment can be observed. But there seems to be a communication or knowledge lack between planners and providers of built environment data. For this reason, this article investigates potentials for using small-scale built environment data and the additional value of it by conducting a literature review. The focus is on literature concerning settlement development, inner-city development and transformation processes of housing. The literature suggests that built environment data opens up effective ways to analyse patterns and transformation of settlement structures as well as population patterns and transformation related to specific housing types. This information can be used for strategic planning, housing policies and evaluation of planning targets. It is also useful for a computer assisted management of cities. As the official data is insufficient and other data sources limited in access, requirements for built environment data are formulated. In conclusion, this article argues for using small-scale built environment data as an essential part of communal monitoring systems and geo data infrastructure.
Career decisions and gender: the illusion of choice?
Authors: Hill Elspeth J. R. , Giles James A.
Published: June 2014

None
The role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in risk for posttraumatic stress disorder: Taking a nutritional approach toward universal prevention
Authors: Hamazaki K. , Nishi D. , Yonemoto N. , Noguchi H. , Kim Y. , Matsuoka Y.
Published: June 2014

Several cross-sectional studies, but no prospective studies, have reported an association between an abnormal lipid profile and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We hypothesized that an abnormal lipid profile might predict risk for developing PTSD. In this prospective study, we analyzed data from 237 antidepressant-naïve severely injured patients who participated in the Tachikawa Cohort of Motor Vehicle Accident Study. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels at baseline were significantly lower in patients with PTSD than those without PTSD at 6 months after motor vehicle accident (MVA) and were inversely associated with risk for PTSD. In contrast, triglycerides (TG) at baseline were significantly higher in patients with PTSD than in those without PTSD at 6 months post-MVA and were positively associated with risk for PTSD. There was no clear association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or total cholesterol and risk for PTSD. In conclusion, low HDL-C and high TG may be risk factors for PTSD. Determining lipid profiles might help identify those at risk for PTSD after experiencing trauma.
The Practice and Justifications of Plea Bargaining by Hong Kong Criminal Defence Lawyers
Authors: CHENG Kevin Kwok-yin
Published: June 2014

Unlike Western common-law jurisdictions where plea bargaining has been acknowledged, official discourse in Hong Kong denies the existence of plea bargaining. However, defence lawyers are staunch supporters of its use behind the scenes. Using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with Hong Kong criminal defence lawyers, it was found that lawyers’ justifications are based on four main grounds: it is non-coercive because the final decision is left to the accused; negotiations avoid the risks of trials; plea bargaining is a practical solution that is in the best interests of the client and the state; and the courts implicitly tolerate the practice. The findings can be explained by Eisenstein and Jacob’s (1991) courtroom workgroup model. The present study seeks to bridge the gap in the literature where plea bargaining has only been discussed predominately in the context of Western common-law jurisdictions.
MEMBERSHIP AND KNOWLEDGE. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AS A GROUP ACTIVITY
Authors: Tossut Silvia
Published: June 2014

Much scientific research is characterized by a high degree of multidisciplinarity and interdependence between the experts. In these cases research may be described as a group activity, and as such analysed in terms of the intentions of the participants. In this paper I apply Bratman's notion of shared intentionality to explain the relations between social and epistemic elements in groups with a truth-oriented common goal. I argue that in truth-oriented activities the disposition to help – which is a constitutive part of Bratman's notion of shared intentionality – takes the form of a commitment not to lie, and that mutual knowledge of this commitment gives the members an entitlement to rely on other members' testimonies. Thus, in truth-oriented group activities, common knowledge of the disposition toward mutual support gives epistemic relevance to cooperation. Scientific research is shaped by the coexistence of social and epistemic elements: social relations influence knowledge attributions, and the epistemic goal of the activity confers a particular character to these relations.
Generation of high-energy neutrons with the 300-ps-laser system PALS
Authors: Krása J. , Klír D. , Velyhan A. , Krouský E. , Pfeifer M. , Řezáč K. , Cikhardt J. , Turek K. , Ullschmied J. , Jungwirth K.
Published: June 2014

The laser system PALS, as a driver of a broad-beam ion source, delivered deuterons which generated neutrons with energies higher than 14 MeV through the

$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}{}^{7}\mathrm{Li(d,n)}{}^{8}\mathrm{Be}$

reaction. Deuterons with sub-MeV energy were accelerated from the front surface of a massive

$\mathrm{CD}_{2}$

target in the backward direction with respect to the laser beam vector. Simultaneously, neutrons were emitted from the primary

$\mathrm{CD}_{2}$

target and a secondary LiF catcher. The total maximum measured neutron yield from

${}^{2}\mathrm{D(d,n)}{}^{3}\mathrm{He}$

,

${}^{7}\mathrm{Li(d,n)}{}^{8}\mathrm{Be}$

,

${}^{12}\mathrm{C(d,n)}{}^{13}\mathrm{N}$

reactions was

${\sim } 3.5 ({\pm }0.5) \times 10^{8}\ \mathrm{neutrons/shot}$

.
Critical layer and radiative instabilities in shallow-water shear flows
Authors: Riedinger Xavier , Gilbert Andrew D.
Published: June 2014

In this study a linear stability analysis of shallow-water flows is undertaken for a representative Froude number $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}F=3.5$. The focus is on monotonic base flow profiles $U$ without an inflection point, in order to study critical layer instability (CLI) and its interaction with radiative instability (RI). First the dispersion relation is presented for the piecewise linear profile studied numerically by Satomura (J. Meterol. Soc. Japan, vol. 59, 1981, pp. 148–167) and using WKBJ analysis an interpretation given of mode branches, resonances and radiative instability. In particular surface gravity (SG) waves can resonate with a limit mode (LM) (or Rayleigh wave), localised near the discontinuity in shear in the flow; in this piecewise profile there is no critical layer. The piecewise linear profile is then continuously modified in a family of nonlinear profiles, to show the effect of the vorticity gradient $Q^{\prime } = - U^{\prime \prime }$ on the nature of the modes. Some modes remain as modes and others turn into quasi-modes (QM), linked to Landau damping of disturbances to the flow, depending on the sign of the vorticity gradient at the critical point. Thus an interpretation of critical layer instability for continuous profiles is given, as the remnant of the resonance with the LM. Numerical results and WKBJ analysis of critical layer instability and radiative instability for more general smooth profiles are provided. A link is made between growth rate formulae obtained by considering wave momentum and those found via the WKBJ approximation. Finally the competition between the stabilising effect of vorticity gradients in a critical layer and the destabilising effect of radiation (radiative instability) is studied.
Perturbation theory and numerical modelling of weakly and moderately nonlinear dynamics of the incompressible Richtmyer–Meshkov instability
Authors: Velikovich A. L. , Herrmann M. , Abarzhi S. I.
Published: June 2014

A study of incompressible two-dimensional (2D) Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) by means of high-order perturbation theory and numerical simulations is reported. Nonlinear corrections to Richtmyer’s impulsive formula for the RMI bubble and spike growth rates have been calculated for arbitrary Atwood number and an explicit formula has been obtained for it in the Boussinesq limit. Conditions for early-time acceleration and deceleration of the bubble and the spike have been elucidated. Theoretical time histories of the interface curvature at the bubble and spike tip and the profiles of vertical and horizontal velocities have been calculated and favourably compared to simulation results. In our simulations we have solved 2D unsteady Navier–Stokes equations for immiscible incompressible fluids using the finite volume fractional step flow solver NGA developed by Desjardins et al. (J. Comput. Phys., vol. 227, 2008, pp. 7125–7159) coupled to the level set based interface solver LIT (Herrmann, J. Comput. Phys., vol. 227, 2008, pp. 2674–2706). We study the impact of small amounts of viscosity on the flow dynamics and compare simulation results to theory to discuss the influence of the theory’s ideal inviscid flow assumption.
Pilot study on the European Portuguese version of the Confusion Assessment Method
Authors: Martins Sónia , Moldes Patrícia , Pinto-de-Sousa João , Conceição Filipe , Paiva José Artur , Simões Mário R. , Fernandes Lia
Published: June 2014

Objective

To present the pilot study on the European Portuguese validation of the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM).

Methods

The translation process was carried out according to International Society Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research guidelines with trained researchers and inter-rater reliability assessment. The study included 50 elderly patients, admitted (≥24 h) to two intermediate care units. Exclusion criteria were: Glasgow Coma Scale (total score ≤11), blindness/deafness, inability to communicate and not able to speak Portuguese. The sensitivity and specificity of CAM were assessed, with DSM-IV-TR criteria of delirium used as a reference standard.

Results

Findings revealed excellent inter-rater reliability (k>0.81), moderate sensitivity (73%) and excellent specificity (95%).

Conclusion

These preliminary results suggested that this version emerges as a promising diagnostic instrument for delirium.
Exploring the influence of the gut microbiota and probiotics on health: a symposium report
Authors: Thomas Linda V. , Ockhuizen Theo , Suzuki Kaori
Published: June 2014

The present report describes the presentations delivered at the 7th International Yakult Symposium, ‘The Intestinal Microbiota and Probiotics: Exploiting Their Influence on Health’, in London on 22–23 April 2013. The following two themes associated with health risks were covered: (1) the impact of age and diet on the gut microbiota and (2) the gut microbiota's interaction with the host. The strong influence of the maternal gut microbiota on neonatal colonisation was reported, as well as rapid changes in the gut microbiome of older people who move from community living to residential care. The effects of dietary changes on gut metabolism were described and the potential influence of inter-individual microbiota differences was noted, in particular the presence/absence of keystone species involved in butyrate metabolism. Several speakers highlighted the association between certain metabolic disorders and imbalanced or less diverse microbiota. Data from metagenomic analyses and novel techniques (including anex vivohuman mucosa model) provided new insights into the microbiota's influence on coeliac, obesity-related and inflammatory diseases, as well as the potential of probiotics.Akkermansia muciniphilaandFaecalibacterium prausnitziiwere suggested as targets for intervention. Host–microbiota interactions were explored in the context of gut barrier function, pathogenic bacteria recognition, and the ability of the immune system to induce either tolerogenic or inflammatory responses. There was speculation that the gut microbiota should be considered a separate organ, and whether analysis of an individual's microbiota could be useful in identifying their disease risk and/or therapy; however, more research is needed into specific diseases, different population groups and microbial interventions including probiotics.
Citizens and Security Threats: Issues, Perceptions and Consequences Beyond the National Frame
Authors: Stevens Daniel , Vaughan-Williams Nick
Published: June 2014

Citizens are now central to national security strategies, yet governments readily admit that little is known about public opinion on security. This article presents a unique and timely examination of public perceptions of security threats. By focusing on thebreadthof security threats that citizens identify, their psychological origins, how they vary from personal to global levels, and the relationships between perceptions of threats and other political attitudes and behaviours, the article makes several new contributions to the literature. These include extending the levels at which threats are perceived from the national versus personal dichotomy to a continuum spanning the individual, family, community, nation and globe, and showing the extent to which perceptions of threat at each level have different causes, as well as different effects on political attitudes and behaviour. These findings are also relevant to policy communities’ understanding of what it means for a public to feel secure.
Continuous milking of dairy cows disrupts timing of peak IgG concentration appearance in mammary secretions
Authors: Baumrucker Craig R , Zbinden Rahel S , van Dorland H Anette , Remmelink Gerrit J , Kemp Bas , van Knegsel Ariette T M , Bruckmaier Rupert M
Published: June 2014

The length of the dry period in commercial dairy production is under close scrutiny. While the main concern is the composition and volume of milk produced, the evaluation of colostrum quality under these new paradigms has suggested a decline in IgG concentrations, while some reports indicate no change. Colostrum quality has been defined as an adequate concentration (>50 mg/ml) of immunoglobulin in the secretions to provide the newborn with maximal disease resistance. We investigated the appearance of IgG in mammary pre- and post partum secretions in cows without a dry period (continuously milked, Dry0) and compared the secretions with cows that experienced a dry period of 60 d (Dry60). Blood was collected during the experimental period and plasma analysed for progesterone (P4) and prolactin (Prl). Approximately −6 d relative to parturition, the Dry0 animals exhibited increased concentration of IgG in their secretions to an average of ∼35 mg/ml that remained rather constant through subsequent pregnancy and following parturition. Dry0 cows were producing an average IgG concentration in parturition colostrum of 44·2±17·6 mg/ml that was not different than that of controls (66·86±16·8 mg/ml). However, Dry0 cows exhibited high variation, different peak times (day) of IgG concentration including times that occurred both pre and post parturition. IgG mass of the Dry0 cows remained rather constant pre- and post partum and did not show the same declining mass following parturition that was shown for the Dry60 cows. The change in plasma P4 and Prl were shown to have no timing effect on colostrum IgG concentration.
Observations on the ecology and reproductive biology of the sipunculan wormAspidosiphon muelleriin temperate waters
Authors: Ferrero-Vicente L.M. , Marco-Méndez C. , Loya-Fernández A. , Sánchez-Lizaso J.L.
Published: June 2014

A population of the sipunculan wormAspidosiphon muelleri, located in temperate waters of the western Mediterranean Sea, was monitored monthly for a year. Some aspects related to its ecology and reproductive biology are shown in the present work. The sex-ratio for this population was close to 1:1 (54% females vs 46% males), thus indicating a dioecious reproduction, although showing a lack of sexual dimorphism. Oocytes were detected in females from 4–5 mm; this size might be reached byA. muelleriin a few months. The population density increased notably during the summer (June–August). The spawning event date was indirectly estimated from the average size of the oocytes and the percentage of females with free oocytes in the coelom. Both variables were significantly correlated to shallow water temperature (Pearson correlation;P = 0.003 andP = 0.001, respectively). Oocyte size was also significantly correlated to average irradiance level (Pearson correlation;P = 0.044). Spawning took place between August and September (when the water temperature is getting close to its annual maximum) and may last only a few weeks in these temperate waters. The abundance ofA. muelleridecreased drastically in September, likely as a consequence of the spawning event effort. Bivalves of the speciesEpilepton clarkiaewere collected together with specimens ofA. muelleriliving inside the polychaete tubes used as shelters by the sipunculans, with a prevalence of 11.64%. To a lesser extent some Foraminifera were also reported attached to the body of the sipunculans.
Parasites and low temperatures
Authors: Wharton D. A.
Published: June 2014

Low temperatures affect the rate of growth, development and metabolism of parasites and when temperatures fall below 0°C may expose the parasite to the potentially lethal risk of freezing. Some parasites have mechanisms, such as diapause, which synchronise their life cycle with favourable seasons and the availability of hosts. Parasites of endothermic hosts are protected from low temperatures by the thermoregulatory abilities of their host. Free-living and off-host stages, however, may be exposed to subzero temperatures and both freezing-tolerant and freeze-avoiding strategies of cold hardiness are found. Parasites of ectothermic hosts may be exposed to subzero temperatures within their hosts. They can rely on the cold tolerance adaptations of their host or they may develop their own mechanisms. Exposure to low temperatures may occur within the carcass of the host and this may be of epidemiological significance if the parasite can be transmitted via the consumption of the carcass.
ADHD in DSM-5: a field trial in a large, representative sample of 18- to 19-year-old adults
Authors: Matte B. , Anselmi L. , Salum G. A. , Kieling C. , Gonçalves H. , Menezes A. , Grevet E. H. , Rohde L. A.
Published: June 2014

Background

The DSM criteria for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have not been tested in American Psychiatric Association (APA) field trials for either DSM-IV or DSM-5. This study aimed to assess: (a) the prevalence of ADHD according to DSM-5 criteria; (b) the factor solution that provides the best fit for ADHD symptoms; (c) the symptoms with the highest predictive value for clinical impairment; and (d) the best symptomatic threshold for each ADHD dimension (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity).

Method

Trained psychologists evaluated 4000 young adults from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study with an instrument covering all DSM-5 ADHD criteria. A series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) tested the best factor structure. Complex logistic regressions assessed differential contributions of each symptom to clinical impairment. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses tested which would be the best symptomatic cut-off in the number of symptoms for predicting impairment.

Results

The prevalence of DSM-5 ADHD was 3.55% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.98–4.12]. The estimated prevalence of DSM-IV ADHD was 2.8%. CFA revealed that a bifactor model with a single general factor and two specific factors provided the best fit for DSM-5 symptoms. Inattentive symptoms continued to be the most important predictors of impairment in adults. The best cut-offs were five symptoms of inattention and four symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity.

Conclusions

Our results, combined with previous findings, suggest a 27% increase in the expected prevalence of ADHD among young adults, comparing DSM-IV to DSM-5 criteria. The DSM-5 symptomatic organization derived a similar factor structure for adults as DSM-IV symptoms. Data using DSM-5 criteria support lowering the symptomatic threshold for diagnosing ADHD in adults.
Decision making in young people at familial risk of depression
Authors: Mannie Z. N. , Williams C. , Browning M. , Cowen P. J.
Published: June 2014

Background

Major depression is associated with abnormalities in reward processing at neural and behavioural levels. Neural abnormalities in reward have been described in young people at familial risk of depression but behavioural changes in reward-based decision making have been less studied in this group.

Method

We studied 63 young people (mean age 18.9 years) with a parent with a diagnosis of major depression but who had never been depressed themselves, that is with a positive family history of depression (the FH+ group). Participants performed the Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT), which provides several measures of decision making including deliberation time, quality of decision making, risk taking, risk adjustment and delay aversion. A control group of 49 age- and gender-matched young people with no history of mood disorder in a first-degree relative undertook the same task.

Results

Both FH+ participants and controls had low and equivalent scores on anxiety and depression self-rating scales. Compared to controls, the FH+ participants showed overall lower risk taking, although like controls they made more risky choices as the odds of a favourable outcome increased. No other measures of decision making differed between the two groups.

Conclusions

Young people at increased familial risk of depression have altered risk taking that is not accounted for by current affective symptomatology. Lowered risk taking might represent an impairment in reward seeking, which is one of several changes in reward-based behaviours seen in acutely depressed patients; however, our findings suggest that decreased reward seeking could be part of a risk endophenotype for depression.
Identifying keystone plant resources in an Amazonian forest using a long-term fruit-fall record
Authors: Diaz-Martin Zoë , Swamy Varun , Terborgh John , Alvarez-Loayza Patricia , Cornejo Fernando
Published: June 2014

The keystone plant resources (KPR) concept describes certain plant species in tropical forests as vital to community stability and diversity because they provide food resources to vertebrate consumers during the season of scarcity. Here, we use an 8-y, continuous record of fruit fall from a 1.44-ha mature forest stand to identify potential KPRs in a lowland western Amazonian rain forest. KPRs were identified based on four criteria: temporal non-redundancy; year-to-year reliability; abundance of reproductive-size individuals and inferred fruit crop size; and the variety of vertebrate consumers utilizing their fruit. Overall, seven species were considered excellent KPRs: two of these belong to the genusFicus, confirming that this taxon is a KPR as previously suggested.Celtis iguanaea(Cannabaceae) – a canopy liana – has also been previously classified as a KPR; in addition,Pseudomalmea diclina(Annonaceae),Cissus ulmifolia(Vitaceae),Allophylus glabratus(Sapindaceae) andTrichilia elegans(Meliaceae) are newly identified KPRs. Our results confirm that a very small fraction (<5%) of the plant community consistently provides fruit for a broad set of consumers during the period of resource scarcity, which has significant implications for the conservation and management of Amazonian forests.
Disciplining the Market: Debt Imprisonment, Public Credit, and the Construction of Commercial Personhood in Revolutionary France
Authors: Vause Erika
Published: June 2014

In 1847, Raymond-Theodore Troplong, one of France's most distinguished legal minds, presented his recently finished work on debt imprisonment to Paris's prestigiousAcadémie des sciences morales et politiques.He started his narrative with an imaginative reconstruction of debt imprisonment's origins in the “barbaric law” of “primitive peoples.” In such societies, Troplong explained, “the person responds corporally, and principally, to contracted engagements. On one hand, insolvency is assimilated to crime. The debtor who dishonors his word in not paying his creditor differs little from a thief. In dishonoring his word, he has dishonored the gods whom he has taken as witnesses of his oath; his body is therefore engaged by his offense; it belongs to its expiation. On the other hand, in order to make him pay with his possessions, the creditor must seize, first of all, his person.”
Big Bang in the City of London: an intentional revolution or an accident?
Authors: Bellringer Christopher , Michie Ranald
Published: June 2014

In July 1983 an agreement was reached between the British government and the London Stock Exchange that was to transform the London securities market in October 1986. The result was a revolution that extended all the way from the design of the market to those permitted access to the governance of those who traded. Given the speed of change, it was termed ‘Big Bang’ by contemporaries. As the scale of the transformation became known, politicians were quick to claim credit for what had been achieved. Subsequently, Big Bang has been regarded as one of the crowning achievements of the Conservative government led by Mrs Thatcher, providing the foundation for the City of London's re-emergence as the leading international financial centre. However, only now is evidence emerging of the intentions of those involved at the time rather than as expressed in the light of hindsight, which casts doubt on what they were seeking to achieve, whether viewed from the perspective of either the politicians or those in charge of the Stock Exchange. Instead, the longer-term pressure for change in the London securities market, the chain reaction caused by abolition of fixed-commission charges, and the proactive role of the Bank of England appear to be of greater significance. What an examination of the process leading up to Big Bang in 1986 reveals is the complexity of political decision involving the financial sector and the danger of unforeseen consequences. One small change can create a tipping point if the result is to remove an essential element within a complex system.
Crossed pulmonary arteries with hypoplasia of the transverse aortic arch
Authors: Hernandez Lazaro E. , Anderson Robert H. , Hoggard Eric , St. Louis James D. , Shepard Charles W.
Published: June 2014

Background

The entity of crossed pulmonary arteries was first described by Jue, Lockman, and Edwards in 1966, in a patient with trisomy 18. Since then, several series have been described, both in terms of the isolated anatomic variant, or its association with other intracardiac or extracardiac anomalies. We describe a rare association that has previously not been reported.

Methods and results

Institutional Review Board approval for a retrospective chart review was obtained. Over the period 2011 through 2013, we have encountered six patients in whom the crossed origins of the pulmonary arteries from the pulmonary trunk were associated with hypoplasia of the transverse aortic arch, an association that, to the best of our knowledge, has previously not been reported. In all of the patients, the isthmic component of the aortic arch was inserted in an end-to-side manner into the ductal arch, with additional discrete coarctation in half of the patients.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, no cases of crossed pulmonary arteries have been described in association with hypoplasia of the transverse aortic arch. We draw comparisons between the cases with exclusively tubular hypoplasia, and those with the added problem of the more typical isthmic variant of aortic coarctation. In all cases, the ability to reconstruct cross-sectional images added significantly to the diagnosis and understanding of these complex lesions. These findings have specific surgical implications, which are discussed.
Salinity and pH affect Na+-montmorillonite dissolution and amino acid adsorption: a prebiotic chemistry study
Authors: Farias Ana Paula S. F. , Tadayozzi Yasmin S. , Carneiro Cristine E. A. , Zaia Dimas A. M.
Published: June 2014

The adsorption of amino acids onto minerals in prebiotic seas may have played an important role for their protection against hydrolysis and formation of polymers. In this study, we show that the adsorption of the prebiotic amino acids, glycine (Gly), α-alanine (α-Ala) and β-alanine (β-Ala), onto Na+-montmorillonite was dependent on salinity and pH. Specifically, adsorption decreased from 58.3–88.8 to 0–48.9% when salinity was increased from 10 to 100–150% of modern seawater. This result suggests reduced amino acid adsorption onto minerals in prebiotic seas, which may have been even more saline than the tested conditions. Amino acids also formed complexes with metals in seawater, affecting metal adsorption onto Na+-montmorillonite, and amino acid adsorption was enhanced when added before Na+-montmorillonite was exposed to high saline solutions. Also, the dissolution of Na+-montmorillonite was reduced in the presence of amino acids, with β-Ala being the most effective. Thus, prebiotic chemistry experiments should also consider the integrity of minerals in addition to their adsorption capacity.
The effect of financial knowledge and demographic variables on passive and active investment in Chile's pension plan
Authors: KRISTJANPOLLER WERNER D. , OLSON JOSEPHINE E.
Published: June 2014

This paper contributes to research on defined contribution (DC) retirement plans by examining how financial knowledge and demographic factors influenced Chile's pension holders' choice between a default life-cycle retirement plan and active management. About one third of Chileans held default funds in 2009; younger people, men, people with lower incomes, and people with low financial knowledge were more likely to choose the default. For active investors, we examined what variables influenced their choice. Nearly three quarters of active investors chose more risky funds that the defaults for their age group. However, risk taking tended to decrease with age and to increase with income, financial knowledge and risk tolerance.
The future of evolutionary economics: why the modalities of explanation matter
Authors: WITT ULRICH
Published: June 2014

Far from inspiring that paradigmatic shift in economics that was envisioned by its early proponents, ‘evolutionary’ economics today represents a patchwork of unconnected theories and topics. In other disciplines, evolutionary thinking has induced a paradigm shift, resulting from the adoption of the Darwinian paradigm extended by hypotheses about cultural evolution. Concerning economics, however, even a preliminary discourse on the potential of this paradigm for future theorizing remains controversial. The present paper therefore focuses on the methodological implications of the paradigm. It is shown that hitherto unnoticed common ground can be identified underlying the diversity of approaches to evolutionary economics. It rests in the modalities of causal explanations germane to the Darwinian paradigm. Understanding these modalities also makes it possible to distinguish evolutionary from non-evolutionary research irrespective of the specific theories and topics concerned. The argument is illustrated for the exemplary case of institutional economics.
Bribe Taking Acceptability and Bribe Payment Among Thai Organizational Employees: The Mediating Effect of Reciprocity Obligation
Authors: Ariyabuddhiphongs Vanchai , Hongladarom Chanchira
Published: June 2014

Thai people may pay bribes because they view bribe-taking by government officials as being acceptable and bribe-payment as an exchange for benefits received. We hypothesized a relationship of bribe-taking acceptability to bribe-payment, and that the relationship was mediated by reciprocity obligation. In a study of 385 Thai organizational employees, bribe-taking acceptability was operationally defined as the payers’ acceptability of the bribe takers’ action, reciprocity obligation as the payers’ view of bribe-payment as an exchange for benefits, and bribe-payment as the tendency to pay a bribe. Overall, participants thought that bribe-taking was slightly acceptable and they somewhat agreed that bribe-payment was a reciprocal obligation. Regression analysis with bootstrapping was used to test the mediation of reciprocity obligation on the relationship of bribe-taking acceptability to bribe-payment. Results supported our hypothesis: the indirect effect of bribe-taking acceptability to bribe-payment through reciprocity obligation was significant. Thai bribe payers need to change their perception and regard bribe-taking as unacceptable and their bribe-payment as corruption.
A cochlear-bone wave can yield a hearing sensation as well as otoacoustic emission
Authors: Tchumatchenko Tatjana , Reichenbach Tobias
Published: June 2014

A hearing sensation arises when the elastic basilar membrane inside the cochlea vibrates. The basilar membrane is typically set into motion through airborne sound that displaces the middle ear and induces a pressure difference across the membrane. A second, alternative pathway exists, however: stimulation of the cochlear bone vibrates the basilar membrane as well. This pathway, referred to as bone conduction, is increasingly used in headphones that bypass the ear canal and the middle ear. Furthermore, otoacoustic emissions, sounds generated inside the cochlea and emitted therefrom, may not involve the usual wave on the basilar membrane, suggesting that additional cochlear structures are involved in their propagation. Here we describe a novel propagation mode within the cochlea that emerges through deformation of the cochlear bone. Through a mathematical and computational approach we demonstrate that this propagation mode can explain bone conduction as well as numerous properties of otoacoustic emissions.