bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress and Modal Analysis Assessment of Race Cars Chassis Structure
Authors: Fazidah S. , Nor Azrin N.A. , Zulkarnain A.L.
Published: October 2014

A simulation investigation was conducted to compare and validate results for using bended and non-bended chassis structure for race cars. In this study, the basic engineering design criteria which are material selection, type of material used and production processes were presented. Modal analysis was used to validate the effect of chassis stiffness between the two different frames which is bended and non-bended frame using torsional and bending loads. The results reveals that the maximum displacement and Von Misses stress of the frame occur at the non-bended frame, instead of the bended frame with the value of 539.93 mm and 4.67 x 1010 Nm2 respectively. However, the critical area occurs on the main roll bar instead of on the frame structure itself. It was found that in the bended frame, the maximum Von Misses stress occurs at the rear section of the frame structure, which indicates possible chassis failure at given frequency of 62.16 Hz. The results indicate that there is only slight difference in the natural frequencies for both frames and the modeshape of both frames starts with torsional mode. For the second modeshape of the frames, the non-bended frame still remain having the torsional mode while the bended frame start to have the bending mode. The results presented here may facilitate improvements in the race car frame where the non-bended frame is having better structural frame than the bended frame. This was proved by the bended frame had a changed of modeshape from torsional mode to bending mode. The significance of the results indicates that the bended frame has less stiffness than the non-bended frame and it is not permittable for a race car frame.
Estimation of Counterweight for Shaking Force Balancing of a Crank-Rocker Mechanism
Authors: Mohammed S.E. , Baharom M.B. , Aziz A. Rashid A.
Published: October 2014

This paper proposes a method of balancing the shaking force of a crank-rocker mechanism which rotates at a constant angular speed with zero-unbalanced angle. In this approach, the kinematic synthesis and dynamic behavior of the mechanism are combined. The method is realized by modeling the mass of the connecting rod to represent two concentrated masses placed at the crank and rocker pins. The shaking forces balancing are done by adding counterweight masses to the crank and the rocker. The verification and numerical computation of the proposed balancing technique were carried out using ADAMS Software. The results showed that the sum of all the resultant forces was completely eliminated for the newly-balanced crank rocker mechanism.
Suspension Parametric Analysis of Conventional Bus through Finite Element Modal Simulation
Authors: Kong Y.S. , Omar Mohammed Zaidi , Chua L.B. , Abdullah Shahrum
Published: October 2014

Vehicle dynamic response of urban bus for common manoeuvres enhancing purpose has been investigated. Nowadays, increasing concerns on human driver comfort and emerging demands on suspension systems for off-road vehicles call for an effective vehicle ride dynamics model. This study devotes an analytical effort in developing a comprehensive vehicle ride dynamics simulation model. A bus simulation model which consists of two sets of different parabolic leaf springs and shock absorbers, front and rear axle, one dimensional tyres, anti-roll bars and simplified bus body with assumption the chassis is rigid has been built in finite element (FE) environment. Modal analysis is further to be performed in order to calculate the mode shapes and associated frequencies. Subsequently, suspension parameters analysis has been conducted to identify the sensitivity of every component towards the vehicle vibration behaviour. The related suspension parameters in the sensitivity analysis are parabolic leaf spring stiffness, anti-roll bars bending moment, and shock absorber damping characteristics respectively. The mode shapes and natural frequencies change due to the suspension parameters modification could be obviously visualized through finite element method. The visualization capabilities of the mode shape would provide an insight understanding of vehicle vibration behaviour in which is generally complex. The developed vehicle ride dynamics model could serve as an effective and efficient tool for predicting vehicle ride vibrations, to seek designs of primary and secondary suspensions, and to evaluate the roles of various operating conditions.
Parameter Analysis of Electromagnetic Braking Using Fully Nested and Two Way ANOVA
Authors: Baharom Mohamad Zairi , Nuawi M.Z. , Priyandoko Gigih
Published: October 2014

This paper presents the statistical analysis that was used to define optimized parameter for the electromagnetic braking using eddy current study. It illustrates parametric study on four different parameters affecting the braking performance using eddy current which are air-gap, number of electromagnet turns, current induced and disc thickness. These four parameters are defined as the factors which contribute to the reduction of RPM speed as the effect. Fully nested ANOVA was used as the first analysis to determine two most significant factors to eddy current braking system. Then, two-way ANOVA was applied to clarify the most significant factors to be used as the controllable parameters in the verification study. Results from both ANOVA test shows that current induced and air-gap are the two most significant factors that affected braking using eddy current.
Optimized Potential Radius Reference Generator Algorithm for Autonomous Vehicle Controller Development
Authors: Zakaria Muhammad Aizzat , Zamzuri Hairi , Mamat Rosbi , Mazlan Saiful Amri
Published: October 2014

Trajectory tracking for autonomous vehicle is one of the field that researchers pay attention. The ultimate goal for trajectory tracking is to track the pre-defined path and follow the reference path with zero steady state error. The common modules for trajectory tracking field are reference generator, controller and plant. While most of the researchers are focusing on the controller development, less work has focused on the optimized reference generator. Optimized reference generator ensures the reference input to the controller is the optimized desired points in order to develop a good controller. Therefore, this work presents the reference generator algorithm that select the best point from the road coordinate profile before being send to the controller. The method is using the vehicle potential field and the modification from Dijkstra’s algorithm to generate the path. This algorithm is useful for trajectory tracking controller development. The algorithm is verified using simulation and experiment.
Experimental Test Rig for Electo-Mechanical Friction Clutch Actuator
Authors: Tawi Kamarul Baharin , Abidin Yusrina Zainal , Supriyo Bambang , Darus Abu Intan Zaurah Mat , Che Kob Mohd Salman , Mazali Izhari Izmi
Published: October 2014

With the introduction of clutch-by-wire technology, electro-mechanical Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) has comes into existence. This leads the Drivetrain Research Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia to design and developed an indigenous drive-by-wire transmission for the future; which is the electro-mechanical dual acting pulley (EMDAP) continuously variable transmission (CVT). The group then designed and developed an indigenous drive-by-wire clutch, i.e. the electro-mechanical friction clutch (EMFC) to be integrated with the EMDAP CVT. However, to effectively electro-mechanically control the friction clutch, the relationship between motor current and clutch torque and normal force need to be fundamentally studied and established. The purpose of this paper is to set-up an experimental test rig to study electro-mechanical friction clutch actuator behavior and evaluate the correlation between the DC motor current, clutch torque and normal force of the friction clutch. Results from the correlation study will allow researchers not only to measure but also to later control the clutch clamping force using current sensor which relatively would be much simpler and less expensive than using force sensor.
Non-Linear Complementary SO(3) Filters for Attitude Estimation and Navigation of Ground Vehicles
Authors: Sandhu Fargham , Selamat Hazlina , Sam Yahaya Md
Published: October 2014

The use of Inertial Navigational System (INS) has been proven to be suitable for vehicular stability and control. The same system can be used for inertial based navigation in the absence of GPS. In this paper, the problem of obtaining good attitude estimates from low cost sensors used for car navigation in the absence of GPS data is discussed. The states to be estimated are using angular velocity and linear accleration signals obtained from the sets of gyros and accelerometers of the INS. The special orthogonal group, the SO(3)-based complementary filters, have been used as the estimators as they are most suited for embedded systems to generate highly efficient algorithms for navigation. The INS has also been integrated with a set of magnetometers to assist in achieving global navigation. This integration requires kinematics equations as well as the inclusion of the gyro and accelerometer calibration and filtering. By using the quatronion representation, not only highly compact algorithms for integration can be generated, but it can also estimate and remove the effects of other biases and misalignments caused by, for instance, inaccurate installations and inherent sensors problems. The results obtained through simulation indicate better performance then Kalman filter approach as well as iterative recursive least square approach even with low grade sensors. The results are comparable with attitude estimation using roll index but with much less computations and better performance.
Refinement of Mg2Si Particulate Reinforced Al-20%Mg2Si In Situ Composite with Addition of Antimony
Authors: Nordin Nur Azmah , Farahany Saeed , Ourdjini Ali , Abu Bakar Tuty Asma , Hamzah Esah
Published: October 2014

Al-Mg2Si in-situ composite have received wider attention due to their improved properties which mark them as attractive candidate to manufacture most of automotive and aerospace components. Result show that the melt treatment of the in-situ composite by addition of antimony caused to refining the morphology of primary Mg2Si reinforcement which would expect to improve the mechanical properties. Effect of Sb on the characteristics parameters of Mg2Si particles have been investigated by thermal and microstructural analysis. The result has revealed that addition of 0.8 wt.% Sb produced optimum refinement effect on the morphology as coarse structure has been changed to polygon one. The result also showed depression with nucleation temperature, TN and growth temperature, TG which also correspond to the refinement effect.
The Interface Morphology of Thixo-Joined Cold Work Tool Steel
Authors: Mohammed M.N. , Omar Mohammed Zaidi , Syarif Junaidi , Sajuri Zainuddin , Salleh M. Shukor , Alhawari Khaled S.
Published: October 2014

Cold-work tool steel is considered to be a nonweldable metal due to its high percentage content of carbon and alloying elements. The application of a new process of the semi-solid joining of two parts of AISI D2 cold-work tool steel is proposed using a partial remelting method. Samples were heated in an argon atmosphere up to 1275°C which corresponded to about 20% of liquid fraction and held for 10 minutes. Metallographic analyses along the joint interface showed a smooth transition from one to the other and neither oxides nor micro-cracking was observed. The current work successfully confirmed that avoidance of a dendritic microstructure in the semi-solid joined zone and high bonding quality components can be achieved without the need for force or complex equipment when compared to conventional welding processes.
Measuring and ANFIS Modelling for Thermal Conductivity of Cu/Zn Bimetallic Nanofluids
Authors: Balla H.H. , Abdullah Shahrir , Wan Mahmood Wan Mohd Faizal , R. Zulkifli , Sopian K.
Published: October 2014

The enhancement of the thermo-physical properties for working fluids reduces many limitations in the car design such as reduce the size of the car radiator as well as increase thermal efficiency of the engine. A fluid with a suspension of nanometre size particles is called a nanofluid, which has the higher thermal properties than its base fluid. A bimetallic core/shell Cu/Zn nanoparticle was suspended in a base fluid to prepare a nanofluid. A coated transient hot wire apparatus was used to measure the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid for bimetallic ratio, volume factions, and temperature of the base fluid. Then the ANFIS model was used to modeling the measured data. The comparisons of thermal conductivity of bimetallic Cu/Zn nanofluids with the monocular Zn and Cu metallic nanofluids are presented. It is found that thermal conductivity increases with the particle volume concentration. However, the shape of the nanoparticles demonstrates anomalous enhancement in thermal conductivity of bimetallic than monocular metallic nanofluid.
Effect of Vaned Diffuser on a Modified Turbocharger Centrifugal Compressor Performance
Authors: Jawad Layth H. , Abdullah Shahrir , R. Zulkifli , Mahmood Wan Mohd Faizal Wan
Published: October 2014

A numerical study that was made in a three-dimensional flow, carried out in a modified centrifugal compressor, having vaned diffuser stage, used as an automotive turbo charger. In order to study the influence of vaned diffuser meridional outlet section with a different width ratio of the modified centrifugal compressor. Moreover, the performance of the centrifugal compressor was dependent on the proper matching between the compressor impeller along the vaned diffuser. The aerodynamic characteristics were compared under different meridional width ratio. In addition, the velocity vectors in diffuser flow passages, and the secondary flow in cross-section near the outlet of diffuser were analysed in detail under different meridional width ratio. Another aim of this research was to study and simulate the effect of vaned diffuser on the performance of a centrifugal compressor. The simulation was undertaken using commercial software so-called ANSYS CFX, to predict numerically the performance charachteristics. The results were generated from CFD and were analysed for better understanding of the fluid flow through centrifugal compressor stage and as a result of the minimum width ratio the flow in diffuser passage tends to be uniformity. Moreover, the backflow and vortex near the pressure surface disappear, and the vortex and detachment near the suction surface decrease. Conclusively, it was observed that the efficiency was increased and both the total pressure ratio and static pressure for minimum width ratio are increased.
Smoke Simulation in an Underground Train Station Using Computational Fluid Dynamic
Authors: Harun Zambri , bin Sahari Muhammad Saiful , Mohamad Taib Iskandar
Published: October 2014

The design of the ventilation and fire safety systems for the Johor Bahru Sentral, a semi-underground train station, part of the Integrated Custom, Immigration and Quarantine Complex (ICIQ) is based on normal Malaysian Standards (MS), British Standards and the local fire department’s requirements. However, the large and complex space in the underground station coupled with scheduled diesel-powered locomotives which frequent the station by stopping or passing require detailed simulations. Both ventilation and the fire safety systems employ Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) methods to provide realistic balance against the typical calculations based on spread sheets and certain design software. This study compares smoke simulations results performed by the mechanical and fire consultants with the simulations carried out through this project. An assumption of a locomotive catches fire near the main platform is made. The burning locomotive is the source of the smoke while the occupants on platforms and waiting areas are the subjects to escape safely. The process of the simulation includes modelling and meshing processes on the structure of the railway station imported from Inventor CAD Autodesk software drawing. The CFD simulations are performed using Star-CCM+. The smokes flow around the building with buoyancy forces and extracted via exhaust fans. Through these simulations, we found that when a locomotive catches fire, the passengers could evacuate the building safely before the fire department machinery arrives. Furthermore, we notice that the ventilation fans activation based on detection of hazardous gases may not be efficient way to remove the latter. A schedule clean-up sync with train arrivals effectively removes toxic gas.
Development of Semi-Active Panel Design for Sound Absorption
Authors: Selamat N.S.S. , Tahir Mohd Faizal Mat , Zulkifli Rozli , Mohd Nor Mohd Jailani , Mohd Sabri Mohd Anas , Elwaleed A.K. , Siti-Munirah M.Y.
Published: October 2014

Various noise-absorbing materials and apparatus were developed not only for industry purposes but also for increased personal convenience through the absorption of unwanted sound. Absorbing products are typically passive mediums, whereas active-control absorption is expensive and complicated to install. Thus, in this study, a semi-active panel design for the sound absorber is developed to ensure operation at a required absorption level for a particular environment and to allow manual control. This study focused on producing an optimum design from several blueprints by using the simulation program, WinFlag. Simulation results are validated by using the impedance tube method. The samples used are perforated plates with open areas of 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, ​​and 15%. The second layer is a 35-mm thick coconut coir fiber as the main absorbing material. The third layer is air cavity. Simulation results indicate that the panel with perforation plates with 15% open areas gained the highest peak of sound absorption coefficient (0.851) at 5000 Hz. By using 30 mm thick air cavities, the highest peak is 0.963 at 3129 Hz. Experimental results indicate that the highest peak of sound absorption coefficient is 0.847 for the 15% open area of perforated plates, whereas the highest peak is 0.934 when 30 mm thick air cavities are used. The same pattern in the overall results denotes that the experiment result agrees with that of the simulation
Prospect of Parallel Biodiesel and Bioethanol Production from JatrophaCurcas Seed
Authors: Zahari Mohamed Shahrir Mohamed , Ibrahim Mohd Zamri , Lam Su Shiung , Mat Ramli
Published: October 2014

This study focuses on the utilization prospect of JatrophaCurcas seed solely as transport sector renewable fuel for producing biodiesel and bioethanol in a parallel system. Diesel (biodiesel) and petrol (bioethanol as petrol additive) engine fuel could be produce from J. Curcas seed oil portion and its’ seed residue, respectively. Ultrasonic-assisted reactive extractions were used for simultaneous oil extraction and esterification/transesterification of J. Curcas seed. The use of acid/alkaline catalyst and ultrasound resulted in a completely de-oiled seed residual by extracting about 50% oil which is equivalent to the Soxhlet extraction performance. The seeds were being chemically and physically characterized with ultimate analyses and TGA for its suitability as bioethanol raw material. Ultimate analyses revealed similarity with other bioconversion feedstock having carbon and oxygen as the major chemical compositions; with slightly lower carbon content in the residuals due to the oil extraction during the in-situ process. However, TG profile exhibited better decomposition of mass in the ultrasonicated residues having easier accessible and better degradable fiber for bioethanol production process. These shown positive effects on the J. Curcasseed pre-treatment during biodiesel reactive extraction process and for further bioconversion toward bioethanol.
Material Characterization by Using Non-Contact Ultrasonic Method
Authors: Nuawi Mohd Zaki , Huat K.K. , Tahir Mohd Faizal Mat , Mohd Sabri Mohd Anas , Khamis Nor Kamaliana , Rasani Mohammad Rasidi
Published: October 2014

Non-destructive characterization of material is given more attention due to its advantages in cost of research, procedure of experiment, accuracy of results and time taken to undergo experiment. As compare to other non-destructive characterization method, non-contact ultrasonic method does not need physical contact with specimen, surface specimen no need special preparation, analysis of any stage of formation of specimen and non-hazardous.This study is to carry out the experiment of material characterization by using non-contact ultrasonic method. First, the grid on the specimen is identifying by plot the chart grid in 5x5 mm size grid. Next, ‘surfer’software will generate a contour map, specimenimage and wire-frame image for each specimen by using the data taken. According to the specimenimage and wire-frame image, the shape, position of the defects of specimen and the change of density of defects can be identified. The area of defects of specimen is calculated by using the mean value calculation method. The accuracy of calculation area of defects is calculated by comparing the area of defects by experimental and theoretical. The result of this study shows the accuracy of this study depend of the ratio of size of defects which is the area of defects and grid size which is the area of data be taken.
Transmissibility of Z-Axis Vibration from Car-Body to Pedal-Pad on Tarmac and Paved Road Surfaces
Authors: Yusoff A.R. , Deros B.M. , Daruis Dian Darina Indah
Published: October 2014

Vibration at the pedal-pad can contribute to discomfort of foot plantar fascia during driving. This study was conducted to determine the Pedal-pad Effective Amplitude Transmissibility (PEAT) value and comparison frequency-weighted root-mean-square (r.m.s) acceleration on z-axis vibration magnitude for three different sizes of pedal-pad on the two different road surfaces (tarmac and paved). ISO 2631-1:1997 was used for frequency-weighting (Wk) and frequency weighting r.m.s acceleration values calculated in one-third octave step with range of frequency 0.5 Hz to 80 Hz in z-axis vibration. The result shows that the percentage of PEAT value on paved road surface is more than 100% and when compared to tarmac road surface are much higher for all three sizes of pedal-pads. Based on frequency-weighted r.m.s acceleration for three different sizes of pedal-pad, the paved road surface contributed more vibration to pedal-pad compared with the tarmac road surface. In conclusion, the paved road surface produced higher Z-axis vibration transmissibility from car-body to pedal-pads compared to tarmac road surface.
The Study of Thermal Comfort and Noise Level in Battery Plate Factory
Authors: Mohd Sabri Mohd Anas , Tahir Mohd Faizal Mat , Sopian Kamaruzaman , Rosdi Muhammad Hadi Zabidi
Published: October 2014

The successful of manufacturing factories in industry is highly dependent on a productivity of their employees especially operators. It was identified that comfort and noise level can reduce the productivity of their workers. This study is to determine the level of thermal and noise comfort in the battery plate factory. This study was conducted in three days and location of the study is at battery plate factory in Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia. The scope of study is focused at plate manufacturing area where the employee estimated 40 persons. The thermal comfort level can be determined by calculating PMV and PPD. This study involved six factors of comfort which is air temperature, average radiant temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, metabolic rate and clothes insulation. Then the study of noise level was conducted by determining LAeq, T, Lmax and Lmin. To carry out this study, Babuc-A equipment were used. The analysis show the area of the manufacturing battery plate having a discomfort condition and PMV result is between 1.5 until 3. Air temperature on the other hand is between 27.4°C-37.8°C while relative humidity is between range 35.35% -92.1% and air velocity 0 m/s-1.28 m/s. Meanwhile the LAeq,T value in the factory is varied from 68 to 80 dB.
Design and Development of Low Cost All Terrain Vehicle (ATV)
Authors: Abdullah Mohd Azman , Tamaldin Noreffendy , Ramli Faiz Redza , Sudin Mohd Nizam , Mu’in Muslim Abdul Mohamed
Published: October 2014

Two units of all terrain vehicles (ATV) have been designed and developed by 3rd year automotive students of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (FME), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). The purposes of this project are to design and develop low cost ATVs. The students have to organize themselves to design and build the ATVs within budget constraint. This project emphasizes on the practical and engineering applications of the subjects Vehicle Dynamics and Automotive Technology which are taken by the students within the same semester (Semester II, Session 2012/2013). The students have all the freedom in deciding the specifications of the ATVs. A 110 cc 4 strokes motorcycle engine is used for the powertrain. Design and analysis of the components are performed using commercial computer aided design (CAD) software. Basic fabrication processes such as cutting, fitting and welding are carried out by the students. The ATVs are evaluated based on functionality and design. The low cost conceptual ATVs have been successfully designed, developed and tested. With further development and research, the ATVs are subjected for improvement. The sustainability of the design and development of the ATVs depends on the material selection, design criteria and components availability.
Development of Mobile Deformable Barrier for Side Impact Crashworthiness Evaluation in ASEAN New Car Assessment Programme (ASEAN NCAP)
Authors: Ariffin Aqbal Hafeez , Solah Mohd Syazwan , Azhar Hamzah , Mohd Isa Mohd Hafzi , Rahman Mohd Khairudin , Mohd Jawi Zulhaidi , Paiman Noor Faradila , Ahmad Yahaya , Abu Kassim Khairil Anwar
Published: October 2014

Side impact crash test simulates a road crash wherein the side of a vehicle is being impacted, either perpendicularly or at an angle, by the front-end of another vehicle of about similar mass. In Malaysia, this crash configuration is the second leading cause of fatality and injury in road crashes after frontal collision. Extensive research have been carried out worldwide in order to mitigate occupant injury in side impact collision through provision of side impact protection system in vehicle such as side impact airbags and side door bars. As a result, various global regulations and consumer test requirements concerning side impacts have been established to evaluate the effectiveness of the said protection system. Recently, the Malaysian government has implemented the United Nation’s regulation pertaining to side impact protection (UN Regulation 95) for new passenger vehicles in the country. Hence, as a newly established automobile safety rating programme in the region, the ASEAN New Car Assessment Programme (ASEAN NCAP) has a plan in the pipeline to implement UN R95 side impact crash test tentatively in its future assessment scheme. A mobile deformable barrier (MDB) was developed as a preparation towards implementing the ASEAN NCAP’s side impact crashworthiness evaluation. This paper describes characteristics and requirements of the UN R95 as well as the development of the MDB according to the regulation. Several tests and improvements were conducted to ensure the MDB is reliable and having high repeatability for testing.
Investigation of Thickness Influences on Energy Absorption for Side Doors and B Pillar in Euro NCAP Pole Side Impact Test
Authors: Lilehkoohi A.H. , Faieza A.A. , Sahari B.B. , Nuraini A.A. , Halali M.
Published: October 2014

To assess a car under the Euro New Car Assessment Program (Euro-NCAP), Adult Occupant Protection is one out of three parameters which need to be calculated with a weight factor of 50% while the other parameters, Child Occupant Protection and Pedestrian Occupant Protection, have a weight factor of 20%. The Pole Side Impact Test, beside two other tests, Side & Front Impact, is also required to calculate the Adult Occupant Protection. It shows how important the Pole Side Impact Test is and what an effective role it has in the car rating assessment. In this paper, the objective is to evaluate the effect of thickness on the energy absorbed by the side doors and the B pillar and its crashworthiness in a Pole Side Impact Test based on the Euro NCAP. In this matter, a vehicle model has been designed and prepared using CATIA and meshed using Hypermesh. Five thicknesses have been chosen including 0.6 mm, 1 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.4 mm and the original thickness of the side doors, 0.75 mm. The simulations have been repeated, using LS DYNA solver, assigning each of five thicknesses to the side doors and the B pillar of the vehicle. Initial conditions defined by the Euro NCAP, including velocity and directions, have been applied to the model. A total of 5 simulations have been conducted. The results showed that changing the thickness of the side doors and the B pillar does not necessarily have a direct influence on energy absorbed. The conclusion is that there are different proper thicknesses for each part which will result in optimized energy absorption.
Crash Kinematics and Injury Criteria Validation for a Deformable Hybrid Vehicle Model
Authors: Venkatason Kausalyah , Abdullah Kassim A. , Sivaguru Shasthri , Idres Moumen M. , Shah Qasim H. , Wong S.V.
Published: October 2014

Pedestrians are vulnerable road users who are at high risks in a road traffic collision with motor vehicles. A large number are getting killed in traffic accidents each year, the majority of them being children and senior citizens. During impact with an automobile, pedestrians suffer multiple impacts with the bumper, hood and windscreen. Fatality is seen mostly due to the head injuries obtained by the pedestrians. Thus this paper aims to introduce the development and validation of a simplified hybrid vehicle front end profile for the mitigation of head injury. The vehicle model is represented by a multi body windscreen and finite element cowl, hood and bumper. A two step validation procedure is performed, firstly the crash kinematics validation to determine the overall kinematics and fall pattern of the pedestrian during impact. Secondly, the hybrid vehicle model is tested against the pedestrian injury criteria values for pertinent body parts namely the neck, sternum, lumbar, femur and tibia. The hybrid vehicle model is made to impact an adult human dummy model obtained from TNO (TASS Netherlands). The injury criterias are reprensented through the Head Injury Criteria (HIC), neck compression force, sternum and tibia accelerations and lumbar and femur bending moments. The simulation results were compared to the experimental values and a good correlation was achieved.
Driver’s Perception on Electric Vehicles and its Commercial Marketability in Malaysia
Authors: Deros Baba M. , Khamis Nor Kamaliana , Mohd Fauzi Ahmad Fakaruddin
Published: October 2014

Today, majority of the world population are getting more concern on products impact towards the environment. In many parts of the world, electric vehicles (EV) are gaining popularity with vehicle owners due to higher fuel price and lower carbon monoxide emitted to the environment. In Malaysia EV technology is still in infancy stage and many Malaysian drivers are not familiar with this technology. The two main objectives of this study are to investigate the Malaysian driver’s perceptions and awareness on EV technology (i.e. price, driving range, charging point infrastructure and cost of ownership) and to identify EV potential and marketability. A set of questionnaire was developed, pilot tested for its reliability and validity; and distributed to 300 respondents. However, only 112 respondents returned the completed survey questionnaire giving a response rate of 37.3%. The survey finding shows the respondents’ perceptions and knowledge were varied with respect to gender, age, educational level and monthly household income. In depth analysis of the survey results revealed that respondents with higher educational level, age and household income are more likely willing to invest in EV compared to those with lower educational level and household income. Their main positive perceptions on EV are less maintenance, zero carbon monoxide emission to the atmosphere and lower energy cost (i.e. charging cost) compared to fuel cost.
The Effect of High Carbon Dioxide Content on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Direct Injection (DI) Compressed Natural Gas Engine
Authors: Ayandotun Wasiu B. , Aziz A. Rashid A. , Heikal Morgan R.
Published: October 2014

This paper investigates the potential of utilizing the undeveloped natural gas fields in Malaysia with high carbon dioxide (CO2) content ranging from 28 to 87%. For this experiment, various CO2 proportions by volume were added to pure natural gas as a way of simulating raw natural gas compositions in these fields. The experimental tests were carried out using a 4-stroke single cylinder spark ignition (SI) direct injection (DI) compressed natural gas (CNG) engine. The tests were carried out at 180°CA BTDC injection timing and 3000 rpm, to establish the effects on the engine performance. The findings revealed that the brake torque decreased by 9% with 20% CO2 proportion in the mixture due to the decrease in the heating value of the mixture. At the same proportion of CO2, the brake specific fuel consumption decreased by about 8.5% and the brake thermal efficiency increased by 9.2%. There was a reduction in the unburnt hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 15% and 89% respectively, but the NOx emissions increased by 78%. The utilization of natural gas with 20% CO2 content as fuel in DI-CNG engine was found to be viable with insignificant drop in engine performance and with reductions in exhaust emissions.
Bypass Rotary Magnetorheological Damper for Automotive Applications
Authors: Imaduddin Fitrian , Mazlan Saiful Amri , Zamzuri Hairi , Abdul Rahman Mohd Azizi
Published: October 2014

A novel concept of bypass rotary Magneto-rheological (MR) damper is studied in the automotive suspension application. The proposed design is developed based on a vane-type damper structure with an MR control valve located outside of the damper. The design is intended to enhance the ease of maintenance and to reduce the thermal effect from the coil to the MR fluid. The valve is the key component of the damper that exploits the advance characteristics of MR fluid in which have sensitive rheological properties to magnetic field. The ability of the valve to modify the strength of magnetic field has given an advantage that the valve can be operated without any moving parts. The elimination of these parts in the throttling mechanism of the valve will provide benefit in terms of product lifetime and responsiveness. The main objective of this paper is to elaborate the advantages of the bypass rotary MR damper and to demonstrate the damper performance through force-velocity characteristics. The analytical model of the damper is developed and used in the determination of the force-velocity curves and the equivalent damping coefficients.
Application of the Wavelet Transforms for Compressing Lower Suspension Arm Strain Data
Authors: Putra Teuku Edisah , Abdullah Shahrum , Schramm Dieter , Nuawi Mohd Zaki , Bruckmann Tobias
Published: October 2014

This paper presents the ability of the wavelet transforms for compressing automobile strain data. The wavelet transforms identified and extracted higher amplitude segments and produced shorter edited signals. Based on the comparison of the edited signals resulted, it was found that the Morlet wavelet gave the shortest signals. It was able to summarize strain signals up to 77% and maintain more than 90% of the statistical parameters and the fatigue damage. Meanwhile the continuous and discrete Daubechies wavelet transforms summarized the signals below 60%. It proved that the Morlet wavelet was the best technique for fatigue data editing, especially for the automotive applications.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Aluminum Foam Double Tube Subjected to Oblique Impact Loading for Automobile Bumper Beam
Authors: Djamaluddin F. , Abdullah Shahrum , Arrifin A.K. , Nopiah Z.M.
Published: October 2014

This paper presents the multi-objective optimization of aluminum foam double circular tube under oblique load for various load angle and geometry parameters. Thin-walled metallic tubes are used in vehicle structures to absorb impact energy, such as in bumper beams. In this research, aluminum alloy AA6063 T6 foam filled tube which both end were clamped, at bottom as boundary condition and at the top of tube applied quasi-static force of load angle of 0o to 30o with respect to longitudinal direction of tubes. The finite element analysis using ABAQUS code was validated according to the relevant experimental data, and the deformation modes of the tubes were studied. Multi-objective optimization design of crush parameters such as minimum peak crushing force and maximum specific energy absorption were performed using particle swarm optimization algorithm. Different optimal designs for different angles of loading and geometries of double circular tubes was identified.
An Effective Multicast Stream Scheduling Mechanism in Passive Optical Networks
Authors: Miao Fang , Zhang Yue , Feng Li
Published: October 2014

In this paper, an effective multicast stream scheduling mechanism in PON is proposed. The weights of buffered queues in the SCB port of OLT are calculated based on the multicast efficiency, aiming to achieve maximized effective multicast throughput. Simulation results confirm that the proposed mechanism can obtain better performance than previous method when system is heavy loaded.
Domain Names Based on Fault Tree Analysis
Authors: Zhang Ning , Chi Le Jun , Xu Hai Yan
Published: October 2014

The success rate of domain name resolution has a direct influence on the service of DNS. Analytical performance of DNS server is the key to measure the satisfaction degree of users when they access to the network. This article establishes the dependence model for the domain name server. In order to get DNS fault model and analytical model, this article uses Fault Tree Analysis theory to describe the relationship of tree basic events and target events of fault tree of dependency. On the basis of fault tree model, dependencies of domain names are qualitative analyzed, including number of sets and element composition of fault model and analytical model. This study provided a theoretical basis for DNS dependencies and technical support for the DNS vulnerability analysis. It has a great importance for domain name system security.
Performance Evaluation of Ethernet Passive Optical Network for Smart Grid
Authors: Meng Fan Bo , Fu Tai Yi , Wang Jun Nan , Yu Jing Tao , Zhu Chan Nan
Published: October 2014

As a mature access technology for the communication in smart grid, Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) is widely considered as a promising solution due to high bandwidth capacity and stability. In recent years, EPON technology has received much attention and introduced into smart grid. The particularity of smart grid largely depends on bandwidth allocation. In this paper, we evaluate the performances of smart grid with three bandwidth allocation algorithms, i.e., Poll with Stop (PS), Max and Min Bandwidth Bounds (MMBB) and Cyclic Strategy (CS), respectively. The simulation results in this paper show the advantages of CS algorithm in terms of packet delay and throughput.
A New Method of Image-Based Virtual Space Based on Image Array Interpolation
Authors: Ran Fei Peng , Dai Hua Yang
Published: October 2014

As an important means of virtual reality, image-based virtual space has become the key technology of strategy implementation of Digital Earth and Digital City, and the authenticity of walkthrough simulation is the focus of image-based virtual space systems. In this paper, we first analyzed the shortcomings and deficiencies of existing virtual space, and then proposed image array interpolation method. We inserted image array between adjacent scenes, and loaded it within the set time at the change of the scenes to achieve smooth transition. Finally, we designed and a free image-based virtual space system based on ArcGIS Server and Flex. The results show that this method is feasible and generally applicable.
Design and Calibration of a Six-Axis Force Sensor for Docking Mechanism
Authors: Lin Sheng , Zhang Ling Xuan , Shao Ji Ming , Zhang Chong Feng
Published: October 2014

A six-axis force sensor for docking system is presented based on the piezoelectric force sensing element. The dynamic character of the six-axis force sensor is analyzed. The natural frequency and the main vibration mode are obtained. A calibration machine with three force sources is developed for calibration of the six-axis force sensor. A calibration arm is designed for loading of the torque. Static force analysis is conducted for the calibration arm. Result show that the deformation influence of the arm can be ignored.
Fault Manager of Diagnostic System in the Gasoline Engine ECU
Authors: Ma Sha , Zhai Gang , Tian Feng Min , Zhang Fan Wu , Zhou Gen
Published: October 2014

A structure of fault manager is established. Under the premise of combining relevant standards, the five main modules of the fault manager effectively integrated and handled fault information. This fault manager is implemented in a home-ECU for its upcoming production.
PMSM Sensorless Field-Oriented Control System Based on Sliding-Mode Observer
Authors: Lv Cheng Xing , Gao Qian
Published: October 2014

In this paper, to eliminate the mechanical sensors, a sliding-mode observer is designed to identify the speed of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based on a field-oriented control system. The results of simulation by Simulink indicate that the speed could be estimated and adjusted precisely. The three-phase current and torque of the motor also have a good dynamic response.
The System Structure Design and Test of Small UAV Airborne Pod
Authors: Wang Jin Dong , Yu Hua Dong , Xu Jin Kai , Chen Bing Yan
Published: October 2014

According to operation requirement for overhead transmission lines inspection, designing and manufacturing the small UAV airborne pod system structure which has two axis three framework with spring damping system , assembling into the UAV for ultrahigh pressure overhead transmission lines inspection test. The test data showed that the accuracy of the small UAV airborne pod system stabilization met the requirement of transmission line inspection. The operation situation of transmission line and the growth situation of the trees around the transmission lines could be clearly observed. In order to quickly, effectively discover and eliminate ultrahigh pressure transmission line fault by providing clear image information, which had obvious superiority with the environment of high altitude and low temperature. The rationality of theoretical analysis and the practicability of transmission lines inspection for small UAV airborne pod system were verified.
Implement an Indoor Low Frequency Noise Reduction System Based on FXLMS Algorithm
Authors: Wu Bin , Ma Ji Tao , Wu Ping
Published: October 2014

In order to solve the hazards of indoor low-frequency noise on the human body, the low-frequency noise reduction system is designed for a confined space by using the active control theory, and the process of adaptive noise elimination is achieved through the FX-LMS algorithm. The system hardware is integrated with the sound sensor, the complex programmable logic devices, the digital to analog converter and micro control unit to build the core circuit. Furthermore, the processing software of noise reduction is implemented by the FXLMS. Through the system test, the result shows that the noise reduction system can effectively reduce the low frequency noise intensity in the confined space.
Research on Performance Evaluation of Finance Transportation Projects Based on Fuzzy Neural Network
Authors: Guo Wei , Zhang Zhen Ji
Published: October 2014

A performance evaluation system of finance transportation projects is mainly researched, in which the sub-module of the highway projects evaluation, waterway projects evaluation, Passenger stations projects evaluation, Energy saving projects evaluation are incorporated. In addition, the expert knowledge are inserted in the system, the multi-layer neural network and fuzzy-set theory are used to implement Performance Evaluation system of Finance invest Transportation Projects, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the evaluation system are finally verified by practice.
Key Technologies for High-Speed Railway Timetable Parameter Design Based on Train Operation
Authors: Wang Jin , Zhou Lei Shan
Published: October 2014

This paper defines a new method of modeling the running line by describing a station with the station plan, which originally is just a point of the line. It analyzes the problems of using the original method to calculate the brake point. Then this paper provide an algorithm of forward prediction based on clock-step method to calculate the brake point, the result is proved more accurate and more feasible.
GaN Radiation Detection Research Based on Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhu Guo Zheng , Xing Zhen Ni
Published: October 2014

Gallium nitride (GaN) is the third generation of semiconductor material; it has a large band gap, high thermal conductivity, low dielectric constant, high drift speed, etc. Radiation detectors based on GaN material have small volume, high radiation resistance, and fast response, can be used to replace the existing Large Hadron Collider vertex detector and track detector. Energy deposition characteristic of GaN detectors to radiation beam is an important factor for detection efficiency, and there are many factors that affect the energy deposition characteristics of the detector, like the detection mechanism, the impact of material properties, the type of incident ray, radiation energy, and many other factors. This paper studies the physical properties of GaN detector by calculation based on Monte Carlo simulation. Energy deposition characteristics are discussed respectively for incident γ-ray with different energy, in the front-end and back-end add PTFE material. The results of our study present the theoretical properties of GaN radiation detectors.
Failure Analysis of Differential Pressure Transmitter Impulse Pipe in High Sulfur Purification Device
Authors: Chen Xiao , Zhu Zheng , Wang Yan Lin , Pang Xiao Lu , Pei Ai Xia , Zhang Li Sheng , Gao Ke Wei , Wang Zhi Xin , Volinsky Alex A.
Published: October 2014

In this paper, metallographic examination, visual examination and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the perforation failure of the differential pressure transmitter impulse pipe. Macrostructure and microstructure of the hole, corrosion characteristics, and corrosion products were studied. Combined with the service conditions of natural gas pipe, relationship between the pipe material quality and the formation process of the perforation failure was determined utilizing fracture mechanics and corrosion analysis. The perforation failure may be caused by the defects and stress corrosion.
A Face Tracking Method Based on Camshift and SCKF in Rapid Moving Process
Authors: Cao Fu Cheng , Xing Xiao Xue
Published: October 2014

Aiming at the problem of face tracking under rapid moving process, a fast and robust tracking method is proposed. The possible position of face detected by the Camshift algorithm in the next frame is predicted by the square-root cubature Kalman filte (SCKF). Then, the localization and tracking of face are got frames by frames. The experimental results show that: the use of SCKF to solve the nonlinear effect caused by non-uniform motion of face and overcome the target loss problem of the linear Kalman algorithm. The proposed method greatly improves the tracking accuracy of face in the process of rapid movement.