bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a risk score for serious infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Crowson Cynthia S. , Hoganson Deana D. , Fitz‐Gibbon Patrick D. , Matteson Eric L.
Published: May 2012

Objective

Infection risk is increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and accurate assessment of the risk of infection could inform clinical decision‐making. This study was undertaken to develop and validate a score to predict the 1‐year risk of serious infection in patients with RA.

Methods

We studied a population‐based cohort of Olmsted County, Minnesota residents with incident RA ascertained in 1955–1994 whose members were followed up longitudinally, via complete medical records, until January 2000. The validation cohort included residents with incident RA ascertained in 1995–2007. The outcome measure included all serious infections (requiring hospitalization or intravenous antibiotics). Potential predictors were examined using multivariable Cox models. The risk score was estimated directly from the multivariable model, and performance was assessed in the validation cohort using Harrell's C statistic.

Results

Among the 584 RA patients in the original cohort (72% female; mean age 57.5 years), who were followed up for a median of 9.9 years, 252 had ≥1 serious infection (646 total infections). Components of the risk score included age, previous serious infection, corticosteroid use, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, extraarticular manifestations of RA, and comorbidities (coronary heart disease, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, chronic lung disease, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism). Validation analysis revealed good discrimination (C statistic 0.80).

Conclusion

RA disease characteristics and comorbidities can be used to accurately assess the risk of serious infection in patients with RA. Knowledge of risk of serious infection in RA patients can influence clinical decision making and inform strategies to reduce and prevent the occurrence of these infections.
Toward an improved structural model of the frog‐skin antimicrobial peptide esculentin‐1b(1‐18)
Authors: Manzo Giorgia , Sanna Roberta , Casu Mariano , Mignogna Giuseppina , Mangoni Maria L. , Rinaldi Andrea C. , Scorciapino Mariano A.
Published: May 2012

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found in various classes of organisms as part of the innate immune system. Despite high sequence variability, they share common features such as net positive charge and an amphipathic fold when interacting with biologic membranes. Esculentin‐1b is a 46‐mer frog‐skin peptide, which shows an outstanding antimicrobial activity. Experimental studies revealed that the N‐terminal fragment encompassing the first 18 residues, Esc(1‐18), is responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the whole peptide, with a negligible toxicity toward eukaryotic cells, thus representing an excellent candidate for future pharmaceutical applications. Similarly to most of the known AMPs, Esc(1‐18) is expected to act by destroying/permeating the bacterial plasma‐membrane but, to date, its 3D structure and the detailed mode of action remains unexplored. Before an in‐depth investigation on peptide/membranes interactions could be undertaken, it is necessary to characterize peptide's folding propensity in solution, to understand what is intrinsically due to the peptide sequence, and what is actually driven by the membrane interaction. Circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to determine the structure adopted by the peptide, moving from water to increasing amounts of trifluoroethanol. The results showed that Esc(1‐18) has a clear tendency to fold in a helical conformation as hydrophobicity of the environment increases, revealing an intriguing amphipathic structure. The helical folding is adopted only by the N‐terminal portion of the peptide, while the rest is unstructured. The presence of a hydrophobic cluster of residues in the C‐terminal portion suggests its possible membrane‐anchoring role. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97:873–881, 2012.
Suprahyoid neck fascial configuration, especially in the posterior compartment of the parapharyngeal space: A histological study using late‐stage human fetuses
Authors: Katori Yukio , Kawase Tetsuaki , Ho Cho Kwang , Abe Hiroshi , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Jose Francisco , Murakami Gen , Fujimiya Mineko
Published: May 2012

The fascial configuration in the suprahyoid parapharyngeal space was evaluated using semiserial sagittal sections of 15 late‐stage human fetal heads. The prevertebral fascia covered the longus colli, longus capitis, and rectus capitis lateralis muscles, but was most evident along the longus colli muscle. The carotid sheath and its extension were located around the internal and external carotid arteries and the lower cranial nerves. The superior cervical ganglion was also inside the sheath. Even near full term, the fetal suprahyoid neck was short, with the jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal located at the posterolateral side of the oropharynx. Thus, the glossopharyngeal and accessory nerves ran across the upper part of the carotid sheath. Fasciae of the stylopharyngeus, styloglossus, and stylohyoideus muscles were attached to and joined the anterosuperior aspect of the carotid sheath. All these neurovascular and muscle sheaths are communicated with the visceral fascia covering the pharynx at multiple sites, and, together, they formed a mesentery‐like bundle. This communication bundle was made narrow by the anteriorly protruding longus capitis muscle. The mesentery‐like bundle was covered by the posterior marginal fascia of the prestyloid compartment of the parapharyngeal space. The external carotid artery ran on the lateral and posterior sides of the posterior marginal fascia. Consequently, the typical carotid sheath configuration was modified by muscle sheaths from the styloid process, communicated with the visceral fascia and, anteriorly, constituted the posterior margin of the prestyloid space. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Left‐sided and duplicate inferior vena cava: A case series and review
Authors: Ang Wee Choen , Doyle Terry , Stringer Mark D.
Published: May 2012

Left‐sided and duplicate inferior vena cava (IVC) are two major anatomical variants within the spectrum of IVC malformations, both of which are developmental abnormalities of the supracardinal veins. Four clinical cases are described to highlight the computed tomographic appearances of these vascular malformations and provide novel data on venous dimensions. A systematic review of the recent literature (2000–2011) was conducted focusing on the anatomy, demographics, and associated pathology (congenital and acquired) of isolated left‐sided and duplicate IVC. A total of 73 relevant articles were retrieved, consisting of case reports and small case series. The prevalence of left‐sided IVC is about 0.1–0.4% and that for duplicate IVC about 0.3–0.4%; both anomalies show a slight male preponderance. In each condition, there are documented variations in the course and tributaries of the IVC. The clinical importance of these anomalies lies in three principal areas: the potential for misdiagnosis on imaging; technical difficulties during retroperitoneal surgery (particularly abdominal aortic aneurysm repair and live donor nephrectomy); and their significance in relation to the etiology and management of venous thromboembolism. Clin. Anat. 26:990–1001, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Konjac Glucomannan‐PVA Composite Membrane for Application in Pervaporation Dehydration of Caprolactam Solution
Authors: Lin W. , Li Q. , Zhu T.
Published: May 2012

Konjac glucomannan (KGM)‐polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite membranes were investigated with the aim of proposing an improved caprolactam pervaporation dehydration process. The composite membranes were characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD and degree of swelling measurements. The effect of the proportion of KGM in the composite membranes on pervaporation performance was studied. The best separation factor was achieved with an appropriate content of KGM. Both too much and too little KGM can lead to a low separation factor. Besides, pervaporation performance data showed that a higher separation factor could result in lower caprolactam concentration and operating temperature. Evaluation results indicated that the separation performances of KGM‐PVA composite membranes were strongly related to their intrinsic structure and to operating parameters.
ChemInform Abstract: Promising Oxonitridosilicate Phosphor Host Sr3Si2O4N2: Synthesis, Structure, and Luminescence Properties Activated by Eu2+ and Ce3+/Li+ for pc‐LEDs.
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Ming , Wang Chun‐Hai , Kuang Xiao‐Jun , Zou Ru‐Qiang , Wang Ying‐Xia , Jing Xi‐Ping
Published: May 2012

The title compound is prepared by solid state reaction of SrCO3, α‐Si3N4, and SiO2 (W crucibles, 1550 °C, 8 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Mg1.5Lu1.5Al3.5Si1.5 O12:Ce3+,Mn2+: A Novel Garnet Phosphor with Adjustable Emission Color for Blue Light‐Emitting Diodes.
Authors: Jia Yongchao , Huang Yeju , Guo Ning , Qiao Hui , Zheng Yuhua , Lv Wenzhen , Zhao Qi , You Hongpeng
Published: May 2012

The new title phosphor is synthesized by solid state reaction of MgO, Lu2O3, Al2O3, SiO2, CeO2, and MnCO3 (CO atmosphere, 1350 °C, 3 h) and characterized by XRD and photoluminescence spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Class of Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Production from Water Electrolysis: Metal Monolayers Supported on Low‐Cost Transition Metal Carbides.
Authors: Esposito Daniel V. , Hunt Sean T. , Kimmel Yannick C. , Chen Jingguang G.
Published: May 2012

WC and W2C surfaces are excellent supports for monolayer amounts of Pt enabling hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities comparable to that of bulk Pt.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystallization of New Samarium Polyborates.
Authors: Wu Zheng Ying , Brandao Paula , Lin Zhi
Published: May 2012

The structures of compounds (III), (V), and (VI) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterobimetallic Chalcogenidometallate Strands: Synthesis, Structure, Magnetism, and Conductivity.
Authors: Thiele Guenther , Peter Sabrina , Schwarzer Martin , Ruzin Eugen , Clerac Rodolphe , Staesche Halgard , Roesser Carola , Roling Bernhard , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: May 2012

The crystal structures of the new compounds (VI) and (IX) arte determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: [V15Ge6O42S6(H2O)] 12‐, a Thiogermanatopolyoxovanadate Cluster Featuring the Spin Topology of the Molecular Magnet [V15As6O42(H2O)]6‐
Authors: Wang Jing , Naether Christian , Koegerler Paul , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: May 2012

[Co(tren)(trenH2)]2 [{Co(tren)}2V15Ge6O42 S6(H2O)]·9H2O (tren: tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine) is solvothermally synthesized from an aqueous mixture of NH4VO3, Ge, Co, and tren (autoclave, 140 °C, 7 d, 60% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Cs3UGe7O18: A Pentavalent Uranium Germanate Containing Four‐ and Six‐Coordinate Germanium.
Authors: Nguyen Quang Bac , Chen Chun‐Liang , Chiang Yun‐Wei , Lii Kwang‐Hwa
Published: May 2012

The title compound is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of UO3, CsF, CsI, CsCl, Al, GeO2, and H2O (Au ampule, autoclave, 160 MPa, 585 °C, 2 d, 72% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Sodium Neptunyl(V) Selenate Hydrates: Structures, Raman Spectroscopy, and Magnetism.
Authors: Jin Geng Bang , Skanthakumar S. , Soderholm L.
Published: May 2012

Green crystals of (III), (IV), and (V) are synthesized by a hydrothermal method for (III) and by evaporation of aqueous solutions for (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Ultra Fast Elemental Synthesis of High Yield Copper Chevrel Phase with High Electrochemical Performance.
Authors: Gershinsky Gregory , Haik Ortal , Salitra Gregory , Grinblat Judith , Levi Elena , Nessim Gilbert Daniel , Zinigrad Ella , Aurbach Doron
Published: May 2012

Cu2Mo6S8 is prepared from mixtures of the elements by self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis in quartz tubes or Swagelok stainless steel vessels.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Derivatives of Eight Rare‐Earth‐Metal‐Rich Tellurides: Monoclinic R7Au2Te2 and Orthorhombic R6AuTe2 Types.
Authors: Chai Ping , Corbett John D.
Published: May 2012

Two series of compounds, Ln7Au2Te2 (Ln: Tb, Dy, Ho) and Ln6AuTe2 (Ln: Sc, Y, Dy, Ho, Lu), are synthesized by solid state reactions of LnTe (obtained from the elements at 900 °C for 72 h), Ln, and Au (1000—1050 °C, 240—400 h, about 90% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Short Synthesis of Chiral 4‐Substituted (S)‐Imidazolinium Salts Bearing Sulfonates and Their Use in γ‐Selective Reactions of Allylic Halides with Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Latham Christopher M. , Blake Alexander J. , Lewis William , Lawrence Matthew , Woodward Simon
Published: May 2012

New NHC ligand precursors are synthesized, which serve as highly active catalysts (turnover number about 100) for γ‐selective additions to cinnamyl electrophiles without the need for metal salts.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Azidation of 1,3‐Dicarbonyls.
Authors: Harschneck Tobias , Hummel Sara , Kirsch Stefan F. , Klahn Philipp
Published: May 2012

The direct azidation of a wide variety of β‐dicarbonyl compounds is smoothly achieved with sodium azide using an oxidant in situ generated from sulfonated iodoxybenzoic acid and catalytic amounts of sodium iodide.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct α‐Arylation of α‐Fluoroketones: A Straightforward Route to α‐Fluoro‐α‐arylketones.
Authors: Guo Chen , Wang Ruo‐Wen , Guo Yong , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: May 2012

A variety of quaternary α‐aryl‐α‐fluoroketones are easily prepared by direct Pd‐catalyzed α‐arylation of both open‐chain and cyclic α‐fluoroketones using P(o‐tolyl)3 or RuPhos as ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple, Efficient, and Green Method for Synthesis of Trisubstituted Electrophilic Alkenes Using Lipase as a Biocatalyst.
Authors: Borse Bhushan Nanasaheb , Shukla Sanjeev Ramchandra , Sonawane Yogesh Ashok
Published: May 2012

Knoevenagel condensation of a wide variety of aromatic aldehydes (II) with active methylene compounds (I), (IV) and (VI) proceeds efficiently in the presence of lipase (A.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Cationic Ru(II) Indenylidene Complex and Its Ru(III) Derivatives—Efficient Catalysts for High Temperature Olefin Metathesis Reactions.
Authors: Songis Olivier , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Cazin Catherine S. J.
Published: May 2012

The use of a mixed phosphite/N‐heterocyclic carbene bearing ruthenium precursor permits the synthesis of unprecedented four‐coordinate Ru(II) and Ru(III) cationic complexes adopting an unusual sawhorse structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Hydrogenation of Biomass‐Derived Cyclic Di‐Esters to 1,2‐Diols.
Authors: Balaraman Ekambaram , Fogler Eran , Milstein David
Published: May 2012

An unprecedented mild and neutral homogeneous hydrogenation of dioxolediones (I) and (III) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh(I)‐Catalyzed [5 + 1] Cycloaddition of Vinylcyclopropanes and CO for the Synthesis of α,β‐ and β,γ‐Cyclohexenones.
Authors: Jiang Guo‐Jie , Fu Xu‐Fei , Li Qian , Yu Zhi‐Xiang
Published: May 2012

The method is highly efficient in the presence of 0.2 atm CO to give an access to the assembly of six‐membered carbocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfated Tungstate: A Green Catalyst for Strecker Reaction.
Authors: Pathare Sagar P. , Akamanchi Krishnacharya G.
Published: May 2012

The process can be applied to the reaction of various aldehydes and ketones with amines under solvent‐free conditions at room temperature to form a broad spectrum of functionalized α‐aminonitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Nitro‐Mannich Reaction Catalyzed by Cinchona Alkaloids and N‐Benzotriazole Derived Ammonium Salts.
Authors: Wei Yu , He Wei , Liu Yulong , Liu Peng , Zhang Shengyong
Published: May 2012

The ammonium salt CIA efficiently promotes the reaction to give a wide range of β‐nitroamines with good to high diastereo‐ and excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladacycle‐Catalyzed Tandem Allylic Amination/Allylation Protocol for One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Allylanilines from Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Chen Ke , Li Yongxin , Pullarkat Sumod A. , Leung Pak‐Hing
Published: May 2012

With aryl amines bearing electron‐donating and strong electron‐withdrawing groups, hitherto unaccessible C‐allylated anilines are obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II)‐Catalyzed O‐Arylation of Tertiary Alcohols with Arylbismuth(III) Reagents: A Convenient System for Aryl Transfer.
Authors: Harada Syuji , Hayashi Daisuke , Sato Itaru , Hirama Masahiro
Published: May 2012

Reaction of alcohols (I) and (VI) with generally unstable triarylbismuth diacetates under conditions A) provides the corresponding phenol ethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Oxoammonium Salt Oxidations of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Qiu Joseph C. , Pradhan Priya P. , Blanck Nyle B. , Bobbitt James M. , Bailey William F.
Published: May 2012

The reaction of primary aliphatic alcohols with the oxidant PAB leads directly to the corresponding carboxylic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Cleavage of Sulfonamides: An Efficient and Tunable Strategy to Prevent β‐Fragmentation and Epimerization.
Authors: Viaud Pierre , Coeffard Vincent , Thobie‐Gautier Christine , Beaudet Isabelle , Galland Nicolas , Quintard Jean‐Paul , Le Grognec Erwan
Published: May 2012

The presence of an N‐benzoyl group is necessary to facilitate the sulfonamide cleavage and prevent β‐fragmentation and epimerization.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Chlorosulfonylation of Terminal Alkynes with Aromatic Sulfonyl Chlorides.
Authors: Zeng Xiaoming , Illies Laurean , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: May 2012

The title reaction allows a new and selective access to (E)‐β‐chlorovinylsulfones.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Chemoselective Synthesis of Aryl Allylic Sulfoxides Through Calcium Hypobromite Oxidation of Aryl Allylic Sulfides.
Authors: Pace Vittorio , Castoldi Laura , Holzer Wolfgang
Published: May 2012

A convenient synthesis of functionalized allyl sulfides is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: (Tosylimino)phenyl‐λ3‐iodane as a Reagent for the Synthesis of Methyl Carbamates via Hofmann Rearrangement of Aromatic and Aliphatic Carboxamides.
Authors: Yoshimura Akira , Luedtke Matthew W. , Zhdankin Viktor V.
Published: May 2012

A new, mild, and efficient method to prepare various methyl carbamates as well as other alkyl carbamates is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation of Chloro‐Bridged Arylpalladium Complexes, [Pd2Ar2(μ‐Cl)2 (PR3)2], in Palladium Catalyzed C—C Cross Coupling Reaction of Triarylbismuth with Arylhalides.
Authors: Chaudhari Kamal R. , Wadawale Amey P. , Jain Vimal K.
Published: May 2012

The activity of palladium complexes (I) is studied in the reactions of aryl bromides and iodides with triphenyl‐ and tris(p‐tolyl)bismuth in the presence of a base.
ChemInform Abstract: Isosteviol—Proline Conjugates as Highly Efficient Amphiphilic Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Three‐Component Mannich Reactions in the Presence of Water.
Authors: An Ya‐Jie , Wang Chuan‐Chuan , Liu Zi‐Ping , Tao Jing‐Chao
Published: May 2012

Among the conjugates tested, IPC is found to show good activity and stereoselectivity for the reaction of anilines, aromatic aldehydes and cyclohexanone.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Aminobenzophenone Derivatives and Their Anticancer Activity.
Authors: Cortez‐Maya S. , Cortes‐Cortes E. , Hernandez‐Ortega S. , Ramirez Apan T. , Martinez‐Garcia M.
Published: May 2012

2‐Aminobenzophenone derivatives (IIIa)—(IIIc) show potential anticancer activities, with compound (IIIb), bearing a chlorine atom in the second ring of the benzophenone, being the most potent one.
ChemInform Abstract: Regiospecific and Diastereoselective Aldol Reaction of Chiral N‐Sulfinyl Metalloenamines with α,β‐Unsaturated Trifluoromethyl Ketones: Asymmetric Synthesis of Tertiary Trifluoromethyl Allylic Carbinols.
Authors: Liu Zhen‐Jiang , Zhang Fan , Liu Jin‐Tao
Published: May 2012

The condensation reaction of N‐(tert‐butanesulfinyl) ketimines (I) with α,β‐unsaturated trifluoromethylketones (II) takes place in an 1,2‐addition mode to afford the corresponding tertiary trifluoromethyl allylic carbinols in high yields with good diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Ene‐Type Propargylation of Diarylethylenes with Propargyl Alcohols.
Authors: Peng Shiyong , Wang Lei , Wang Jian
Published: May 2012

Title reaction provides access towards propargylic diarylalkenes (III), (V), (VII) and (IX)/(X) as potentially bioactive products in moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Halonium‐Initiated C—O Bond Formation via Umpolung of α‐Carbon to the Carbonyl: Efficient Access to 5‐Amino‐3(2H)‐furanones.
Authors: Wei Ying , Lin Shaoxia , Xue Hongxun , Liang Fushun , Zhao Baozhong
Published: May 2012

The monosubstituted oxobutanamide (XIIa) is converted in analogy to the cyclopropane substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthesis of γ‐Butyrolactones via AuCl3‐ or Hg(II)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation of 4‐Bromo‐3‐yn‐1‐ols.
Authors: Reddy Maddi Sridhar , Kumar Yalla Kiran , Thirupathi Nuligonda
Published: May 2012

Different catalysts are tested for the procedure and the best choice is found with AuCl3 in wet toluene.
ChemInform Abstract: A Ridge Walk Between Reaction Modes: An Unprecedented Pd‐Catalyzed Domino Sequence of Diynyl‐Substituted Bromoarenes.
Authors: Leibeling Markus , Pawliczek Martin , Kratzert Daniel , Stalke Dietmar , Werz Daniel B.
Published: May 2012

Twofold carbopalladation/C—H activation is used to construct various heterocyclic polycycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Olefination of Furans and Thiophenes with Allyl Esters.
Authors: Zhang Yuexia , Li Zejiang , Liu Zhong‐Quan
Published: May 2012

The reaction proceeds with predominant formation of γ‐substituted allylic esters and ethers with moderate to high (E)‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Diastereoselective Synthesis of Pyrrolidinyl Spirooxindoles Fused to Sugar Lactone via [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Rao J. Naga Siva , Raghunathan R.
Published: May 2012

Azomethine ylides, generated in situ from isatins and amino acids, undergo 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with sugar lactones to give the pharmaceutically interesting heterocyclic scaffold with high regio‐ and diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Azaarene‐Substituted 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles via Broensted Acid Catalyzed sp3 C—H Functionalization.
Authors: Niu Rui , Xiao Jian , Liang Tao , Li Xingwei
Published: May 2012

In contrast to substrate (XV), other acyclic 1,2‐dicarbonyls such as glyoxylates and pyruvates fail to react.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydroxyamination of Oxindoles Catalyzed by Chiral Bifunctional Tertiary Amine Thiourea: Construction of 3‐Amino‐2‐oxindoles with Quaternary Stereocenters.
Authors: Jia Li‐Na , Huang Jun , Peng Lin , Wang Liang‐Liang , Bai Jian‐Fei , Tian Fang , He Guang‐Yun , Xu Xiao‐Ying , Wang Li‐Xin
Published: May 2012

A bifunctional piperidine—thiourea organocatalyst efficiently catalyzes the asymmetric hydroxyamination of oxindoles (I) with nitrosobenzene (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Oxyamination of Unprotected 3‐Substituted Oxindoles.
Authors: Companyo Xavier , Valero Guillem , Pineda Oriol , Calvet Teresa , Font‐Bardia Merce , Moyano Albert , Rios Ramon
Published: May 2012

The asymmetric α‐oxyamination of 3‐substituted oxindoles (I) and (IV) with nitrosobenzene (II) is readily catalyzed by a bifunctional tertiary amine—thiourea organocatalyst to give the corresponding 3‐aminooxindoles (III) and (V) in moderate enantioselectivities (23—72% e.e.).
ChemInform Abstract: Proline‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 5‐Aryl‐2‐oxazolidinones from Carbon Dioxide and Aziridines under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Dou Xiao‐Yong , He Liang‐Nian , Yang Zhen‐Zhen
Published: May 2012

L‐proline can be easily recycled and reused more than five times without appreciable loss of catalytic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyfluoroalkylation of 2‐Aminothiazoles.
Authors: Qi Qingqing , Shen Qilong , Lu Long
Published: May 2012

A highly selective protocol for the efficient polyfluoroalkylation of 2‐aminothiazole derivatives is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Preparation of 2‐Bromodifluoromethyl Benzo‐1,3‐diazoles and Its Application in the Synthesis of gem‐Difluoromethylene‐Linked Aryl Ether Compounds.
Authors: Jiang Haizhen , Yuan Shijie , Cai Yeshan , Wan Wen , Zhu Shizheng , Hao Jian
Published: May 2012

Title compounds (III) can be easily prepared under the conditions shown.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Temperature Continuous Flow Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles via N‐Acylation of 5‐Substituted Tetrazoles.
Authors: Reichart Benedikt , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: May 2012

It is demonstrated that tetrazoles can be readily converted to various biologically interesting 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles using anhydrides or acid chlorides under microwaves or continuous flow.
ChemInform Abstract: New Type of Azacyclization: Thermal Preparation of 4,6‐Disubstituted 2‐Piperidinone from N‐Sulfonyldienamide and Its Substituent Effect.
Authors: Maekawa Yuya , Sakaguchi Taku , Tsuchikawa Hiroshi , Katsumura Shigeo
Published: May 2012

A new thermal cyclization of sulfonamides (I) or (III) proceeds through a 6π‐azaelectrocyclization to yield 4,6‐disubstituted 2‐piperidinones as core structures of alkaloid skeletons.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Azacycloalkenes via Intermolecular Rhodium Carbenoid C—H Insertion/Ring‐Closing Metathesis Sequence.
Authors: McMills Mark C. , Humes Ross J. , Pavlyuk Oksana M.
Published: May 2012

Treatment of amines (I) with diazoester (II) in the presence of a chiral catalyst affords cyclopropanes (III) and C—H insertion products (IV) as single diastereomers and with good to excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Au(III)‐Catalyzed Tandem Amination—Hydration of Alkynes: Synthesis of α‐(N‐2‐Pyridonyl)ketones.
Authors: Romero Nathan A. , Klepser Benjamin M. , Anderson Carolyn E.
Published: May 2012

The silyl ether (IIb) decomposes and only 2‐pyridone is formed.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine Catalyzed One‐Pot Multi‐Component Reaction to CF3‐Containing Spiro[indene‐2,3′‐piperidine] Derivatives.
Authors: Dai Baifan , Duan Yijun , Liu Xiaoqing , Song Liping , Zhang Min , Cao Weiguo , Zhu Shizheng , Deng Hongmei , Shao Min
Published: May 2012

A series of novel trifluoromethyl‐substituted spiro[indene‐2,3′‐piperidine] scaffolds are obtained in one‐pot multicomponent reactions of trifluoroacetoacetate (II), indandione (I), various aromatic aldehydes (III), and ammonium acetate.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Directional Approach for the Rapid Synthesis of 2,4‐Bis‐aminoaryl Pyridine Derivatives.
Authors: Morgentin Remy , Barlaam Bernard , Foote Kevin , Hassall Lorraine , Hawkins Janet , Jones Clifford D. , Le Griffon Antoine , Peru Aurelien , Ple Patrick
Published: May 2012

Two different approaches to synthesize 2,4‐bis‐aminoaryl pyridine derivatives are introduced.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed [5 + 1] Annulation of 2‐Ethynylanilines with an N,O‐Acetal Leading to Construction of Quinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Sakai Norio , Tamura Kosuke , Shimamura Kazuyori , Ikeda Reiko , Konakahara Takeo
Published: May 2012

Conditions A) or B) are found to be suitable for the construction of quinoline or naphthyridine skeletons as basic structures of natural products.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Synthesis and Antibacterial Studies of Some Quinolinones.
Authors: Subashini Radhakrishnan , Khan Fazlur‐Rahman Nawaz
Published: May 2012

The strongly acidic cation exchange resin Amberlite SR1L in Na+ form catalyzes the microwave‐promoted condensation to quinolones (III) as well as a subsequent microwave‐assisted N‐alkylation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,4‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions in Ionic Liquids: A Facile Synthesis of 9aH,15H‐[1]Benzopyrano[3′2′:3,4]pyrido[2,1‐a]isoquinolines (= 9aH,15H‐Benzo[a][1]benzopyrano[2,3‐h]quinolizines).
Authors: Reddy Basi V. Subba , Yadav Nagendra Nath , Srivastava Nikhil , Yadav Jhillu S. , Sridhar Balasubramanian
Published: May 2012

The three‐component reaction is investigated in ionic liquid as a recyclable medium.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyridinium‐Based Broensted Acidic Ionic Liquid as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for One‐Pot Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Seddighi Mohadeseh
Published: May 2012

The inexpensive reusable catalyst allows an efficient preparation of various pyrimidine structures within a short time.
ChemInform Abstract: Amberlyst‐15 Mediated Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones and Their Crystal Structure Analysis.
Authors: Murthy P. VNS , Rambabu D. , Krishna G. Rama , Reddy C. Malla , Prasad K. R. S. , Rao M. V. Basaveswara , Pal Manojit
Published: May 2012

The methodology may be of interest for the synthesis of libraries for drug discovery and for the study of the solid state properties of the heterocyclic system.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Transformation of Isoindoline‐1,3‐diimine (= 1H‐Isoindole‐1,3(2H)‐diimine), Acetylenic Esters, and Triphenylphosphine to Novel Dihydropyrimido[2,1‐a]isoindole Derivatives.
Authors: Baharfar Robabeh , Mohajer Saadieh
Published: May 2012

The reaction of zwitterions generated from diesters (II) and PPh3 with the 1,3‐diimine (I) is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrazines and Quinoxalines from Nef‐Isocyanide Adducts and 1,2‐Diamines.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Pashazadeh Ramin , Hosseinpour Reza
Published: May 2012

Coupling of oxalic ester chlorides (I) with isocyanides followed by reaction of the resulting adducts with 1,2‐diamines constitutes a convenient entry to the title compounds (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Domino Approaches to Multifunctionalized Fused Pyrroles and Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin‐1‐ones.
Authors: Jiang Bo , Li Qiu‐Yun , Zhang Hao , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Pindi Suresh , Li Guigen
Published: May 2012

A broad spectrum of the important heterocyclic scaffolds is prepared and a complete anti diastereoselectivity is achieved for tricyclic fused pyrroles such as (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis, Single‐Crystal Structure, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrazolo[5,1‐d][1,2,5]triazepin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Zheng Liang‐Wen , Xuan Hong‐Zhuan , Liu Ying‐Rui , Zhao Bao‐Xiang , Liu Jin‐Ting , Miao Jun‐Ying
Published: May 2012

An interesting ring transformation reaction of oxazinones (I) with hydrazine hydrate, generates triazepinones (II) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening of Aminocyclopropyl Ugi Adducts.
Authors: Dos Santos Aurelie , El Kaim Laurent , Grimaud Laurence , Ramozzi Romain
Published: May 2012

The Ugi four‐component reaction of various o‐iodosubstituted aromatic substrates with aminocyclopropanes (II), aldehydes (III) and isocyanides (IV) provides the corresponding adducts [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Reaction of Triphenylphosphine, Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates, and Heterocyclic Rings and the Related Iminophosphoranes.
Authors: Anary‐Abbasinejad Mohammad , Hassanabadi Alireza , Khaksari Zahra
Published: May 2012

The title reaction including diester (III) or its diethyl analogue affords phosphorus ylides of type (IV) which exist as mixtures of rotamers.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqueous‐Phase Synthesis of α‐Hydroxyphosphonates Catalyzed by β‐Cyclodextrin.
Authors: Ramesh Katla , Madhav Bandaru , Murthy Sabbavarapu Narayana , Nageswar Yadavalli Venkata Durga
Published: May 2012

The title compounds can be successfully prepared from aromatic or heteroaromatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: anti‐AIDS Agents. Part 85. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of 1R,2R‐Dicamphanoyl‐3,3‐dimethyldihydropyrano‐[2,3‐c]xanthen‐7(1H)‐one (DCX) Derivatives as Novel anti‐HIV Agents.
Authors: Zhou Ting , Shi Qian , Chen Chin‐Ho , Huang Li , Ho Phong , Morris‐Natschke Susan L. , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung
Published: May 2012

Three of the twenty‐four title compounds synthesized, i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Caryophyllene Type Sesquiterpene Lactone from Asparagus falcatus (Linn.); Structure Elucidation and anti‐Angiogenic Activity on HUVECs.
Authors: Ghalib Raza Murad , et al. et al.
Published: May 2012

Aspfalcolide (I) is isolated from the leaves of A.falcatus and characterized by spectroscopic methods and X‐ray single crystal diffraction analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved and Practical Synthesis of 2‐Deoxy‐L‐ribose (V) by Hypophosphite‐Mediated Deoxygenation
Authors: Chen Li‐Li , Ming Xun , Cen Jun‐Da
Published: May 2012

of thionocarbonates (IV) or (VI)
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Molecular Modeling and Biological Evaluation of 2‐(Benzylthio)‐5‐aryloxadiazole Derivatives as Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Liu Kai , Lu Xiang , Zhang Hong‐Jia , Sun Juan , Zhu Hai‐Liang
Published: May 2012

Twenty title compounds like (I) are prepared via substituted benzoylhydrazines by using published methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Inorganic Nanoarchitectonics for Biological Applications.
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko , Ji Qingmin , McShane Michael J. , Lvov Yuri M. , Vinu Ajayan , Hill Jonathan P.
Published: May 2012

Review: 150 refs
ChemInform Abstract: State of the Art of Carbo Nanotube Fibers: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Lu Weibang , Zu Mei , Byun Joon‐Hyung , Kim Byung‐Sun , Chou Tsu‐Wei
Published: May 2012

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Bhowmick Sudipto , Bhowmick Kartick C.
Published: May 2012

Review: complete up to date results concerning organo‐metal‐ and organocatalyzed asymmetric aldol, 1,4‐conjugate addition, Mannich, Diels—Alder, Friedel—Crafts and some other reactions; ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Enediyne Chemistry
Authors: Joshi Mukesh C. , Rawat Diwan S.
Published: May 2012

Review: 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum‐Based Supported Nanocatalysts for Oxidation of Methanol and Ethanol
Authors: Gonzalez Ernesto R. , Ticianelli Edson A. , Antolini Ermete
Published: May 2012

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Catalysts: from Electrocatalysis to Bioelectrocatalysis
Authors: Arvia Alejandro Jorge , Bolzan Agustin Eduardo , Pasquale Miguel Angel
Published: May 2012

Review: 210 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Levo vs. Dextro: Effect of the Headgroup Chirality on Nanoassemblies
Authors: Lo Nostro P. , Peruzzi N. , Giustini L. , Baglioni P.
Published: May 2012

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Applications of Early/Late Heterobimetallic Complexes
Authors: Cooper Benjamin G. , Napoline J. Wesley , Thomas Christine M.
Published: May 2012

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Peptides: Modern Tools for Spectroscopic and Structural Elucidation
Authors: Ivanova B. B.
Published: May 2012

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Dispersion: Strategy to Enhance Solubility
Authors: Patil Rahul M. , Maniyar Ajim H. , Kale Mangesh T. , Akarte Anup M. , Baviskar Dheeraj T.
Published: May 2012

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical‐Mediated Synthesis of α‐Amino Acids and Peptides
Authors: Deska Jan
Published: May 2012

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Different Kinds of Reaction Involved in Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzothiazole and Its Derivatives
Authors: Jaiswal Shiwani , Mishra Abhinav Prasoon , Srivastava Ashish
Published: May 2012

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3‐Dienes by Cycloaddition and Electrocyclic Reactions
Authors: Shindo M. , Yoshikawa T. , Yaji K.
Published: May 2012

Review: 206 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Assembly of Rotaxane‐Based Molecular Switches and Machines
Authors: Yang Wenlong , Li Yongjun , Liu Huibiao , Chi Lifeng , Li Yuliang
Published: May 2012

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids for Green Organic Synthesis
Authors: Sowmiah Subbiah , Cheng Cathy I. , Chu Yen‐Ho
Published: May 2012

Review: 240 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Double Role of Ionic Liquids in Electroorganic Synthesis: Green Solvents and Precursors of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Feroci Marta , Orsini Monica , Rossi Leucio , Inesi Achille
Published: May 2012

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Data and Signal Processing Using Photochromic Molecules
Authors: Gust Devens , Andreasson Joakim , Pischel Uwe , Moore Thomas A. , Moore Ana L.
Published: May 2012

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Accurate Calculations of Reaction Rates: Predictive Theory Based on a Rigorous Quantum Transition State Concept
Authors: Manthe Uwe
Published: May 2012

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: No Barrier Theory and the Origins of the Intrinsic Barrier
Authors: Guthrie J. Peter
Published: May 2012

Review: 142 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Generation and Reactions of Quinone Methides
Authors: Toteva Maria M. , Richard John P.
Published: May 2012

Review: 172 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dendron‐Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Incorporating Polyoxometalates for Water‐Splitting Catalysis
Authors: Toma Francesca Maria , Sartorel Andrea , Carraro Mauro , Bonchio Marcella , Prato Maurizio
Published: May 2012

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Porphyrinic Metal—Organic Frameworks: Crystal Engineering and Applications
Authors: Zou Chao , Wu Chuan‐De
Published: May 2012

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Functionalized Imidazolium‐Based Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids and Composite Materials for Gas Separation and Selective Transport Applications
Authors: Gin D. L. , Noble R. D. , Carlisle T. K. , Voss B. A. , Bara J. E. , LaFrate A. L. , Miller, A. L. II , Hudiono Y. C. , Wiesenauer B. R. , Reynolds M. E.
Published: May 2012

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Extraction and Isolation of Natural Products
Authors: Zhao Wei‐Min
Published: May 2012

Review: 49 refs.
Isoperimetric inequality from the poisson equation via curvature
Authors: Jiang Renjin , Koskela Pekka
Published: May 2012

In this paper, we establish an isoperimetric inequality in a metric measure space via the Poisson equation. Let (X,d,μ) be a complete, pathwise connected metric space with locally Ahlfors Q‐regular measure, where Q > 1, that supports a local L2‐Poincaré inequality. We show that, for the Poisson equation Δu = g, if the local L∞‐norm of the gradient Du can be bounded by the Lorentz norm LQ,1 of g, then we obtain an isoperimetric inequality and a Sobolev inequality in (X,d,μ) with optimal exponents. By assuming a suitable curvature lower bound, we establish such optimal bounds on
$\||Du|\|_{L^\infty_{\rm loc}}$. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Donor/Acceptor‐Substituted Chiral Molecular Clips – Synthesis and Host–Guest Complex Formation
Authors: Klärner Frank‐Gerrit , Madenci Süreyya , Kuchenbrandt Mireia Campañá , Bläser Dieter , Boese Roland , Fukuhara Gaku , Inoue Yoshihisa
Published: May 2012

The synthesis, separation, and characterization of some substituted stereoisomeric dimethylene‐bridged molecular clips bearing donor or acceptor groups at the tips of the naphthalene sidewalls and two acetoxy, hydroxy, or methoxy groups at the central benzene spacer unit are reported. The host–guest complex formation was studied for these substituted molecular clips as host molecules with 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene (TCNB), N‐methyl‐p‐(methoxycarbonyl)pyridinium iodide (Kosower's salt, KS), and N‐methylnicotinamideiodide (NMNA) as guest molecules. The binding constants, Ka, and the complexation‐induced 1H NMR shifts of the guest signals, Δδmax, obtained by NMR titration experiments, are compared with those reported for the parent diacetoxybenzene, hydroquinone, or dimethoxybenzene clips. The diacetoxybenzene clip, bearing donor pyrrolidinyl groups at the tips of both naphthalene sidewalls, forms the most stable complexes with TCNB and KS, overwhelming the corresponding complexes of the parent clip and the clips bearing one nitro or methoxycarbonyl group at the tip of one naphthalene sidewall. The clips bearing two acceptor groups (two nitro or methoxycarbonyl groups) at the tips of both naphthalene sidewalls do not form any complex with TCNB, KS, or NMNA within the limits of NMR detection. The large complexation‐induced 1H NMR shifts of the guest signals provide good evidence that in each complex the guest molecule is clipped between the naphthalene sidewalls of the host molecule by attractive aromatic π–π and CH–π interactions, as suggested by force‐field calculations. This structural assignment of the complexes is further confirmed by a single‐crystal structure of the KS complex of the mono‐nitro‐substituted clip, which resembles the complex structure of the parent clip with KS. The good correlation between the clip's electrostatic potential surface (EPS; calculated by DFT for the donor‐ or acceptor‐substituted molecular clips) and the host–guest complex stability confirms the assumption that in chloroform solution the host–guest binding (resulting from attractive aromatic π–π and CH–π interactions) is largely electrostatic in nature, whereas the EPS values do not correlate with the binding constants found in methanol solution, indicating that additional binding forces (resulting for example from solvophobic effects) contribute to the host–guest binding. The separated optically active diacetoxybenzene clips substituted by one or two methoxycarbonyl groups at the naphthalene sidewalls are a good starting point for future studies of chiral molecular recognition and organic catalysis.
One‐Step Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐5H‐pyrimido[5,4‐b]indoles, Substituted 2‐(1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐indoles, and 1,3,5‐Triazines from Aldehydes
Authors: Biswas Subhasish , Batra Sanjay
Published: May 2012

An efficient one‐step synthesis of 2‐amino‐5H‐pyrimido[5,4‐b]indoles through a copper‐catalyzed cascade reaction between 3‐haloindole‐2‐carbaldehydes and guanidine hydrochloride is described. In contrast, the base‐mediated reactions of either 3‐haloindole‐2‐carbaldehydes or substituted indole‐2‐carbaldehydes with substituted amidine hydrochlorides in DMSO result in the formation of 2‐(1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐indole derivatives in one step in excellent yields. Studies toward exploring the utility of the method demonstrate that even substituted benzaldehydes undergo a similar reaction to efficiently yield 2,4,6‐trisubstituted 1,3,5‐triazines. A plausible mechanism for the formation of substituted 1,3,5‐triazines identifies the role of DMSO as an oxidant during the reaction.
Common genetic variation in vitamin D metabolism is associated with liver stiffness
Authors: Grünhage Frank , Hochrath Katrin , Krawczyk Marcin , Höblinger Aksana , Obermayer-Pietsch Barbara , Geisel Jürgen , Trauner Michael , Sauerbruch Tilman , Lammert Frank
Published: May 2012

Recently, genome-wide studies identified genetic variants that affect serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy populations (rs12785878, near dehydrocholesterol reductase,

DHCR7

; rs10741657, at

CYP2R1

; and rs7041, at vitamin D binding protein,

GC

). Because vitamin D deficiency is associated with advanced liver disease, we hypothesized that these variants are associated with 25(OH)-vitamin D levels and liver fibrosis. Overall, 712 Caucasian patients with chronic liver diseases were included. Liver fibrosis was assessed by transient elastography (TE) and/or histology. Serum levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D were correlated with TE and fibrosis stages. Genotypes were determined using TaqMan assays and tested for association with vitamin D and liver stiffness. Serum 25(OH)-vitamin D levels were inversely correlated with liver stiffness and histology (

P

< 0.001). Homozygous carriers of the rare

DHCR7

allele or the common

CYP2R1

allele presented with reduced 25(OH)-vitamin D levels (

P

< 0.05). The variant rs12785878 in the

DHCR7

locus was associated with liver stiffness in both patients with TE <7.0 kPa and TE between 7.0 and 9.5 kPa. 25(OH)-vitamin D levels correlated with sunshine hours at the time of inclusion (

P

< 0.001).

Conclusion:

Common variation in 25(OH)-vitamin D metabolism is associated with liver stiffness in patients presenting with low to moderately increased elasticity. Although the susceptible

DHCR7

genotype confers small risk, we speculate that the observed stiffness differences indicate a stronger influence of 25(OH)-vitamin D on initiation rather than progression of hepatic fibrosis.
A study of primary care physicians rating their immigrant patients' pain intensity
Authors: André M. , Löfvander M.
Published: May 2012

Background

Few studies focus on how physicians evaluate pain in foreign‐born patients with varying cultural backgrounds. This study aimed to compare pain ratings [visual analogue scale (VAS) 0–100] done by Swedish primary care physicians and their patients, and to analyse which factors predicted physicians' higher ratings of pain in patients aged 18–45 years with long‐standing disabling back pain.

Methods

The two physicians jointly carried out the somatic and psychiatric diagnostic evaluations and alternated as consulting doctor or observer. One‐third of the consultations were interpreted. Towards the end of the consultations, the patients rated their pain intensity ‘right now’ (patients' VAS). After the patient had left, the two physicians independently rated how much pain they thought the patient had, without looking at the patient's VAS score. The mean of the two doctors' VAS values (physicians' VAS) for each patient was used in the logistic regression calculations of odds ratios (OR) in main effect models for physicians' VAS above median (md) with patient's sex, education, origin, depression, psychosocial stress and pain sites as explanatory variables.

Results

Physicians' VAS values were significantly lower (md 15) than patients' VAS (md 66; women md 73, men md 52). The ratings showed no significant association with whether the physician was acting as consultant or observer. The higher physician VAS was only predicted by findings of multiple pain sites.

Conclusions

Physicians appear to overlook psychological and emotional aspects when rating the pain of patients from other cultural backgrounds. This finding highlights a potential problem in multicultural care settings.
Biomechanical effects of simulated resorption cavities in cancellous bone across a wide range of bone volume fractions
Authors: Easley Sarah K , Chang Michael T , Shindich Dmitriy , Hernandez Christopher J , Keaveny Tony M
Published: May 2012

Resorption cavities formed during bone remodeling may act as “stress risers” and impair cancellous bone strength, but biomechanical analyses of the effects of stress risers have been limited. To provide further insight, we assessed the theoretical biomechanical effects of virtually-added resorption cavities in cancellous bone specimens spanning a wide range of bone volume fraction (BV/TV = 0.05–0.36) and across different anatomic sites (hip and spine) and species (human and canine). Micro-CT scans of 40 cubes of cancellous bone were converted into nonlinear finite element models (voxel element size ∼ 20 µm) for strength assessment. In each model, uniform trench-like resorption cavities with nominal dimensions 500 µm (length) × 200 µm (width) × 40 µm (depth), were virtually added either at random locations throughout the specimen, or, preferentially at locations of high tissue-level strain. We found that cancellous bone strength (p < 0.0001) and its relation with BV/TV (p < 0.001) were both altered by the virtual addition of the resorption cavities. When the resorption cavities were added at random locations throughout the specimen, the reduction in strength did not depend on BV/TV or anatomic site or species. When the resorption cavities were instead added preferentially at locations of high tissue-level strain, the effect was accentuated and was greatest in low-BV/TV bone. We conclude that, in theory, uniform-sized resorption cavities can reduce cancellous bone strength over the full range of BV/TV and across species, and the effect is larger if the cavities occur at highly strained locations in low-BV/TV bone. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.