bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacologic Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Tran Linda , Zielinski Angela , Roach Arpi H. , Jende Jennifer A. , Householder Ann Marie , Cole Emily E. , Atway Shuruq A. , Amornyard Melinda , Accursi Mallory L. , Shieh Suzanna W. , Thompson Erin E.
Published: February 2015

Objective: To review the oral and injectable pharmacologic treatment options for type 2 diabetes. Data Sources: A literature search was conducted using PubMed electronic database for studies published in English between 1993 and September 2014. Search terms included diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, and the individual name for each antidiabetic medication reviewed. In addition, manual searches were performed for cross-references from publications. Package inserts, United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Web site, Institute for Safe Medication Practices Web site, American Diabetes Association Web site and scientific session poster presentations, and individual drug company Web pages were also reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: This review focused on information elucidated over the past 10 years to assist prescribers in choosing optimal therapy based on individual patient characteristics. Studies leading to the approval of or raising safety concerns for the antidiabetic medications reviewed in this article were included. Data Synthesis: In the past 10 years, there have been 4 novel oral antidiabetic medication classes and 9 new injectable agents and insulin products approved by the FDA for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as well as new information regarding the safety and use of several older antidiabetic medication classes. The distinctions were reviewed for each individual agent, and a comparison was completed if there was more than one agent in a particular therapeutic class. Using current information available, select investigational agents in phase III trials or those with a pending new drug application were highlighted. Conclusion: There are now 9 distinct oral pharmacologic classes and a variety of insulin and noninsulin injectable medications available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin remains the first-line treatment option for most patients. When considering options for alternative or additional treatment, prescribers must weigh the benefits and risks using individual patient characteristics.
Suvorexant
Authors: Patel Kunal V. , Aspesi Anthony V. , Evoy Kirk E.
Published: February 2015

Objective: To review the efficacy, safety, and pharmacology data available for suvorexant and determine its role in therapy as compared with other agents available for the treatment of insomnia. Data Sources: A PubMed search using the terms suvorexant and MK-4305 (the original name given to suvorexant during early trials) was conducted in December 2014 to identify initial literature sources. No time frame was used for exclusion of older trials. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Animal studies and trials written in a language other than English were excluded. Abstracts of the remaining trials were evaluated for determination of relevance to this review. References from these studies along with suvorexant prescriber information were used to identify additional literature. Data Synthesis: Three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials were identified showing suvorexant to be safe, effective, and tolerable for the treatment of insomnia. After 4 weeks of therapy, relative to placebo, the 10- and 20-mg doses improved subjective total sleep time (22.3 and 49.9 minutes, respectively), wake after sleep onset (−21.4 and −28.1 minutes), and latency to persistent sleep (−2.3 and −22.3 minutes). Conclusion: Suvorexant is the first dual orexin receptor antagonist approved for the treatment of insomnia. Clinical trials have shown that it is relatively safe and effective for the treatment of both sleep onset and sleep maintenance at doses of 20 mg or less. Higher doses were studied but not approved because of concerns for next-day somnolence and effects on driving. Further studies are needed to assess this medication in patients with a history of addiction, because they were excluded from clinical trials, as well as to compare suvorexant with other insomnia medications available because no head-to-head studies have yet been conducted. However, its novel mechanism of action and theoretically lower addiction liability make suvorexant an appealing new option.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma With Nodular Fasciitis–Like Stroma
Authors: Ginter Paula S. , Scognamiglio Theresa
Published: February 2015

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a common malignancy with multiple variants, some of which are rarely encountered in routine surgical pathology practice. PTC with exuberant nodular fasciitis–like stroma (PTC-NFS) or PTC with fibromatosis-like stroma (PTC-FMS) is one such variant. We report a case of PTC-NFS, a tumor characterized by an abundant stromal component with an intervening epithelial component with the typical morphologic features of conventional PTC. We review the literature on this rare variant, discuss the importance of a thorough search for epithelial components within any fibroproliferative lesion of the thyroid, and address the diagnostic difficulties created by the tumor’s extensive stromal component.
Lateral Column Lengthening Corrects Hindfoot Valgus in a Cadaveric Flatfoot Model
Authors: Baxter Josh R. , Demetracopoulos Constantine A. , Prado Marcelo Pires , Tharmviboonsri Theerawoot , Deland Jonathan T.
Published: February 2015

Background:

Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity requires a complex operative plan that often utilizes a number of procedures to correct deformity, at both the hindfoot and midfoot. A lateral column lengthening procedure is typically performed to correct abduction deformity across the talonavicular joint; however its effect on hindfoot alignment is not well understood, and overcorrecting the hindfoot deformity can lead to pain and revision surgeries. Therefore, understanding the effect of lateral column lengthening on hindfoot alignment is important for operative planning. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of a lateral column lengthening osteotomy on hindfoot valgus in a simulated flatfoot model.

Methods:

A flatfoot deformity was created in 12 lower limb cadaveric specimens. A step-cut lateral column lengthening osteotomy was performed and changes in hindfoot and midfoot alignment were measured using a motion capture system.

Results:

The lateral column lengthening procedure corrected 60% of the hindfoot valgus deformity ( P < .001). In addition, the abduction deformity at the midfoot was completely corrected with the procedure ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that the lateral column lengthening procedure corrects hindfoot valgus, in addition to midfoot abduction, in a flatfoot deformity.

Clinical Relevance:

Understanding the relative contribution of each operative procedure to the overall deformity correction in flatfoot reconstruction will allow surgeons to accurately correct the foot into a plantigrade position while minimizing the risk of overcorrection.
Antiplatelet Therapy Considerations in Ischemic Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Weeks Phillip A. , Sieg Adam , Paruthi Christina , Rajapreyar Indranee
Published: February 2015

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor antagonist remains a mainstay in the prevention of ischemic events following coronary stent placement. Significant controversy exists regarding the optimal management of high platelet reactivity despite antiplatelet therapy; however this finding has been consistently associated with poor clinical outcomes including greater risk of stent thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Variability in antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel and prasugrel has been linked to genetic polymorphisms and potential drug–drug interactions. Both of these factors have significant influence on the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system activity of the liver responsible for their biotransformation to the active form of both drugs. Very little has been publicized regarding differences in antiplatelet effects which may be associated with conditions in which the functional capacity of the liver may be temporarily compromised. Patients who present with cardiogenic shock due to acute coronary syndromes have evidence of multiorgan dysfunction including liver dysfunction that may affect the activity of these drugs. This review aims to explore existing evidence and propose additional considerations to the selection of antiplatelet therapy in patients with cardiogenic shock who receive catheter-based revascularization and stent placement.
Sample-size calculations for short-term proof-of-concept studies of tissue protection and repair in multiple sclerosis lesions via conventional clinical imaging
Authors: Reich Daniel S , White Richard , Cortese Irene CM , Vuolo Luisa , Shea Colin D , Collins Tassie L , Petkau John
Published: February 2015

Background:

New multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion activity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can test immunomodulatory therapies in proof-of-concept trials. Comparably powerful endpoints to assess tissue protection or repair are lacking.

Objective:

The objective of this paper is to report sample-size calculations for assessment of new lesion recovery.

Methods:

In two sets of six active MS cases, new lesions were observed by monthly MRI for approximately 12 months. Averages and quartiles of normalized (proton density/T1/T2 weighted) and quantitative (T1/T2 and mean diffusivity maps for dataset 1, T2 and magnetization transfer ratio maps for dataset 2) measures were used to compare the lesion area before lesion appearance to afterward. A linear mixed-effects model incorporating lesion- and participant-specific random effects estimated average levels and variance components for sample-size calculations.

Results:

In both datasets, greatest statistical sensitivity was observed for the 25th percentile of normalized proton density-weighted signal. At 3T, using new lesions ⩾15 mm3, as few as nine participants/arm may be required for a six-month placebo-controlled add-on trial postulating a therapeutic effect size of 20% and statistical power of 90%.

Conclusion:

Lesion recovery is a powerful outcome measure for proof-of-concept clinical trials of tissue protection and repair in MS. The trial design requires active cases and is therefore best implemented near disease onset.
Mediation by illness perceptions of the association between the doctor–patient relationship and diabetes-related distress
Authors: Bridges Harriet A , Smith Michael A
Published: February 2015

The quality of the doctor–patient relationship has been shown to impact upon a number of health outcomes in diabetes, including psychological well-being. This cross-sectional study investigated illness perceptions as mediators of the association between the doctor–patient relationship and diabetes-related distress. Individuals with diabetes completed questionnaires which measured the perceptions of their relationship with their doctor, diabetes-related distress and illness perceptions. The association between doctor–patient relationship and diabetes-related distress was fully mediated by Personal Control, suggesting that the individuals’ beliefs surrounding their capacity to control their diabetes mediate the association between the doctor–patient relationship and diabetes-related distress.
Disembedded markets as a mirror of society
Authors: Deutschmann Christoph
Published: February 2015

In the Marxist tradition, capitalism is understood as a commodified society based on markets. The article argues that the ultimate justification of this position does not lie in any ‘materialistic’ approach, but in the disembedding of markets that was the result of the historical ‘Great Transformation’ analysed by Karl Polanyi. Disembedded markets are not an economic subsystem within society but take the place of the most encompassing social system, which Durkheim had reserved for religion. The article distinguishes between spatial, social, material and temporal dimensions of disembedding, thereby elaborating and correcting the analysis of Karl Polanyi. As a genuine form of society, disembedded markets give rise to the epistemological dilemma, which, as Luhmann had shown, is fundamental to any encompassing social theory: Society as a whole cannot be viewed by any observer. According to this viewpoint, economic theories take on ‘theological’ functions, as they provide rationality and legitimacy to a reality that is unknowable.
Optimization of AZ91 friction stir welding parameters using Taguchi method
Authors: Asadi Parviz , Akbari Mostafa , Besharati Givi Mohammad Kazem , Shariat Panahi Masoud
Published: February 2015

In this research, AZ91 alloy sheets were joined using friction stir welding and the process parameters were optimized using Taguchi L27 orthogonal design of experiments. The pin shape, rotational speed, traverse speed, shoulder diameter, penetration depth, pin diameter, tool tilt angle, and shoulder concave angle were the parameters taken into consideration. The optimum process parameters were determined with respect to grain size, hardness, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength of the joint. The predicted optimum values for output parameters were confirmed by conducting the confirmation test using optimum parameters. Analysis of variance shows that the traverse speed is the most dominant factor in determining the joint mechanical properties, hardness, and grain size; and shoulder diameter, tool pin shape, and rotational speed are the 2nd to 4th effective parameters.
Visualising dementia activism: using the arts to communicate research findings
Authors: Bartlett Ruth
Published: February 2015

This article contributes to methodological debates regarding the role of art in communicating research findings in the context of a completed research project on dementia activism. Previous work has focused on the value and effectiveness of using art to communicate research, rather than the actual transformation and creative process. As a result, there has been an inadequate exploration of how the art affects the scholarly endeavour. In this article, I report on a completed project involving a social scientist, curator, and installation artist, and research participants working in partnership to communicate research using art, specifically textile banners and documentary film, for an exhibition based on original research on dementia activism. I contend that art is a powerful tool for communicating research knowledge but it can overshadow the scholarly endeavour to both positive and negative effects. Researchers need to be aware of what art can offer, and what it cannot, when it comes to research communication.
Medical Students’ Beliefs About Screening for Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Aluko Oluwatoni E. , Beck Kenneth H. , Howard Donna E.
Published: February 2015

Researchers have found that medical students who have received training on intimate partner violence (IPV) report greater comfort with screening for IPV and improved IPV interviewing skills than their counterparts. However, less is known about medical students’ beliefs toward screening female patients for IPV and behavioral intention to screen. Semistructured, qualitative interviews were conducted with medical students to assess their beliefs, using the theory of planned behavior and social cognitive theory as theoretical frameworks for the interview questions. Most students felt that screening for IPV could help identify victims but could also potentially offend patients. Perceived barriers to screening included time and negative patient reactions, while perceived facilitators to screening included receiving IPV training and provision of IPV screening questionnaires while interviewing patients. Interviewees identified physicians as both supporters and nonsupporters of IPV screening. Behavioral intention scores ranged from 17 to 50 out of a possible 11 to 55. Findings from the study can help inform the IPV training needs of medical students.
Proposing Codes of Ethics for Iranian Nurses
Authors: Shahriari Mohsen , Mohammadi Eesa , Fooladi Marjaneh M. , Abbaszadeh Abbas , Bahrami Masoud
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this study was to develop codes of ethics for Iranian nurses. Researchers used mixed methods in four stages during 2009-2010 to develop a series of ethical codes for Iranian nurses in Isfahan, Iran. 55 ethical codes in 12 categories were extracted and listed as (1) believe in human dignity, (2) respect for patients’ privacy, (3) empathy for patient, (4) autonomy in decision making, (5) accurate and precise nursing care, (6) being conscience, (7) human relationship, (8) professional commitment, (9) promoting justice, (10) preventing harm and/or injury, (11) honesty and confidentiality, and (12) maintaining and promoting professional values. Study findings serve to the global nursing community on the Islamic view of ethics.
Efficacy and safety profile of autologous blood versus tetracycline pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion
Authors: Keeratichananont Warangkana , Limthon Theeranan , Keeratichananont Suriya
Published: February 2015

Objectives:

Autologous blood pleurodesis (ABP) is used for the treatment of pneumothorax with a good efficacy. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy and safety of ABP in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion (MPE).

Methods:

A prospective study was conducted at Songklanagarind Hospital, Thailand. Symptomatic MPE patients were randomized to receive pleurodesis with either autologous blood or tetracycline. In the ABP group, 100 ml of autologous venous blood was instilled via chest tube followed by 50 ml of sterile normal saline (NSS). In the tetracycline group, 20 ml of 1% lidocaine diluted in 30 ml NSS was instilled followed by 1 g of tetracycline diluted in 100 ml of NSS. The chest tube was clamped for 2 hours, then reconnected to suction and removed. Pleurodesis effectiveness was evaluated according to Paladine’s criteria and adverse events were recorded.

Results:

A total of 48 symptomatic MPE patients were recruited. Of these, 24 cases were randomized to receive ABP and 24 cases received tetracycline. There was no difference between the two groups in baseline characteristics. The overall success rate of pleurodesis was the same in both the autologous blood group and the tetracycline group (83.4% versus 87.5%, p = 0.36). In the ABP group, the pain score and fever were significantly lower (8.3% versus 29.1%, p = 0.003) and there was a small percentage of cases that needed analgesia (4.2% versus 75%, p < 0.001); no serious events occurred.

Conclusions:

ABP was as effective as tetracycline in the treatment of MPE. ABP produced less pain and fever, and could shorten the hospital stay.
Burke and Clausewitz on the limitation of war
Authors: Daniel J Furman , Smith Brian A
Published: February 2015

Restraining the violence of war is difficult under the best of circumstances. In their observations on the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, Edmund Burke and Carl von Clausewitz consider the peculiar violence of wars fought for abstract and world-transformative goals. While the beliefs that animated those wars have faded, in this essay we argue that Burke and Clausewitz offer insight into the ways that modern political violence becomes unmoored from limitation and restraint and that their arguments show a surprising unity between the concerns of realists and just war theorists about the limitation of war.
Energy drink consumption is associated with unhealthy dietary behaviours among college youth
Authors: Poulos Natalie S , Pasch Keryn E
Published: February 2015

Aim:

Energy drink consumption has been associated with a variety of health risk behaviours, yet little research has explored the relationship between energy drinks and dietary behaviours of emerging adults. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between energy drink consumption and dietary behaviours among energy drink users and non-users within a sample of college youth.

Methods:

College freshmen ( n = 585, m age = 18.7 years; 47% non-Hispanic White, 20.9% Hispanic, 25.5% Asian, 2.7% non-Hispanic Black and 4.4% other; 56% female), at a large, southwest university self-reported their energy drink consumption in the past week and a variety of dietary behaviours, including past week soda, diet soda, pre-packaged salty snacks, pre-packaged sweet snacks, fast food, restaurant food, frozen food, fruits, vegetables, milk and breakfast consumption. Linear regression analyses were run to determine associations between energy drink consumption and dietary behaviour among users and non-users of energy drinks. Analyses controlled for gender, race/ethnicity and body mass index (BMI).

Results:

Overall, 17.5% of students had consumed energy drinks in the past week. Energy drink users were more likely to be male, White and have a greater BMI. Students also reported low past week intake of fruits, vegetables, milk and breakfast. Past week energy drink consumption was associated with increased soda and frozen meal consumption.

Conclusion:

Given a rapidly expanding energy drink market, future dietary interventions among college youth may want to consider the implications of energy drinks, as results of this study suggest consumption of these beverages is associated with unhealthy dietary behaviours and a greater BMI.
Providing earplugs to young adults at risk encourages protective behaviour in music venues
Authors: Beach Elizabeth Francis , Nielsen Lillian , Gilliver Megan
Published: February 2015

For some young people, nightclubs and other music venues are a major source of noise exposure, arising from a combination of very high noise levels; relatively long attendance duration; and frequent, sustained participation over several years. Responsibility for hearing protection is largely left to individuals, many of whom choose not to wear earplugs. In order to encourage earplug use in these settings, a new approach is needed. The aim of the study was to examine whether presentation of hearing health information would result in increased use of earplugs, or whether provision of earplugs alone would be sufficient to change behaviour. A total of 51 regular patrons of music venues were allocated to either a low-information (lo-info) or high-information (hi-info) group. Both groups completed a survey about their current noise exposure, earplug usage and perceived risk of hearing damage. Both groups were also provided with one-size-fits-all filtered music earplugs. The hi-info group was also provided with audio-visual and written information about the risks of excessive noise exposure. After 4 weeks, and again after an additional 12 weeks, participants were asked about their recent earplug usage, intention to use earplugs in the future, and perceived risk of hearing damage. The results showed that after 4 weeks, the hi-info group’s perceived personal risk of hearing damage was significantly higher than that of the lo-info group. After 16 weeks, these differences were no longer evident; however, at both 4 and 16 weeks, both the lo- and hi-info groups were using the earplugs equally often; and both groups intended to use earplugs significantly more often in the future. This suggests that the information was unnecessary to motivate behavioural change. Rather, the simple act of providing access to earplugs appears to have effectively encouraged young at-risk adults to increase their earplug use.
Remote Delivery of Local TV News
Authors: Hood Lee
Published: February 2015

Outsourcing of local broadcast news, fueled by technology and industry economics, is a reality in a number of markets around the United States. Contrasted with the trend toward the “hyperlocal” in newspapers and websites, remote delivery produces newscasts for communities at great distance from the source. Under a framework of localism, this study examines the implications of such a delivery system for communities served, using a content analysis in six television markets—markets as large as Omaha, Nebraska. Using a data set of more than 1,000 stories, the study analyzes how local the outsourced newscasts really are. With local TV news still ranked the most used information source in the United States, how much local information outsourced broadcasts offer viewers is a significant topic to scrutinize.
When Marketers and Academics Share a Research Platform
Authors: Breese Elizabeth Butler
Published: February 2015

Social media represents a new data source for marketers and academic researchers to access and analyze the changing opinions and attitudes of large groups around the globe. Without the delay or cost of traditional research methods, social media analytics offer a new pathway to answer pressing research questions in both contexts. This address, delivered at the Association for Applied and Clinical Sociology 2014 Annual Conference in Pittsburgh, outlines the institutional actors and motivating research questions in the new field of social media analytics through the story of the company Crimson Hexagon and its analytics technologies.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of Peroneal Tendon Pathology Associated With Low-Lying Peroneus Brevis Muscle Belly
Authors: Highlander Peter , Pearson Kyle T. , Burns Patrick
Published: February 2015

Background. Low-lying peroneus brevis tendon muscle belly has been speculated to be an associated factor with symptomatic peroneal tendon pathology. Multiple studies have analyzed normal and anomalous anatomy associated with peroneal tendon pathology; however, no study has confirmed the clinical association between peroneal tendon pathology and low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly. Purpose. To identify the correlation of low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly with peroneal tendon pathology. Study Design. Case-control study; Level of evidence 3. Methods. The level of peroneus brevis muscle belly was compared between patients with symptomatic peroneal tendon pathology (experimental group) and asymptomatic individuals with otherwise normal lateral ankle using magnetic resonance images. Results. Of the 32 consecutive patients with symptomatic peroneal tendon pathology, 28 (87.5%) demonstrated peroneus brevis muscle distal to the fibular groove while 53.8% of control patients demonstrated such findings (P = .022). The most common diagnosis associated with peroneal tendon pathology was ankle instability and osteochondral defect of the talus or tibial plafond. Peroneal tendon pathology in isolation was less common. Conclusion. Peroneal tendon pathology is often associated with lateral ankle instability and osteochondral defects of the ankle joint. Low-lying peroneus brevis muscle belly may be a common anatomic variant, but in the setting of instability it can become a source of pain and pathology secondary to overcrowding.

Levels of Evidence: Diagnostic, level III: Case-control study
The Epidemiology of Fifth Metatarsal Fracture
Authors: Kane Justin M. , Sandrowski Kristin , Saffel Heather , Albanese Anthony , Raikin Steven M. , Pedowitz David I.
Published: February 2015

Background. A paucity of data exists studying the epidemiology of fifth metatarsal fractures. While a number of studies exist focusing on specific fracture patterns and patient populations, a large comprehensive epidemiologic study on the general public does not. Objective. We reviewed 1275 fifth metatarsal fractures treated at a multicenter orthopaedic practice attempting to classify mechanism of injury and patient demographics as they pertain to specific fracture patterns. Methods. Patient demographics were recorded and fractures categorized by location and mechanism of injury. Demographics and mechanism of injury were assessed to determine their predictive value for the type of fracture. Statistical analysis was used to predict whether demographics and mechanism of injury were statistically significant for types of fractures and whether gender and age were positive predictive values for fifth metatarsal fractures. Results. Twisting injuries were a statistically significant predictor of zone 1 injuries. A significant correlation between gender and fracture location was seen with women sustaining 75% of zone 1 injuries and 84% of dancer’s fractures. A positive predictive value existed for age and gender with respect to the incidence of fractures. Males accounted for more fractures among younger patients and females accounting for the majority of fractures among older patients. Conclusion. Mechanism of injury is a predictor for fracture location. Gender and age have a role in fracture incidence. In younger patient populations, males account for the majority of fifth metatarsal fractures. In older patient populations, females account for the majority of fifth metatarsal fractures.

Level of Evidence: Prognostic study, Level II: Retrospective Study
Assessment of Parental Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Pediatric Sports-Related Concussions
Authors: Lin Ann C. , Salzman Garrett A. , Bachman Shelby L. , Burke Rita V. , Zaslow Tracy , Piasek Carolina Z. , Edison Bianca R. , Hamilton Anita , Upperman Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2015

Background:

Parents of young athletes play a major role in the identification and management of sports-related concussions. However, they are often unaware of the consequences of concussions and recommended management techniques.

Hypothesis:

This study quantitatively assessed parental understanding of concussions to identify specific populations in need of additional education. We predicted that parents with increased education and prior sports- and concussion-related experience would have more knowledge and safer attitudes toward concussions.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional survey.

Level of Evidence:

Level 5.

Methods:

Participants were parents of children brought to a pediatric hospital and 4 satellite clinics for evaluation of orthopaedic injuries. Participants completed a validated questionnaire that assessed knowledge of concussion symptoms, attitudes regarding diagnosis and return-to-play guidelines, and previous sports- and concussion-related experience.

Results:

Over 8 months, 214 parents completed surveys. Participants scored an average of 18.4 (possible, 0-25) on the Concussion Knowledge Index and 63.1 (possible, 15-75) on the Concussion Attitude Index. Attitudes were safest among white women, and knowledge increased with income and education levels. Previous sports experience did not affect knowledge or attitudes, but parents who reported experiencing an undiagnosed concussion had significantly better concussion knowledge than those who did not.

Conclusion:

Parents with low income and education levels may benefit from additional concussion-related education.

Clinical Relevance:

There exist many opportunities for improvement in parental knowledge and attitudes about pediatric sports-related concussions. Ongoing efforts to understand parental knowledge of concussions will inform the development of a strategic and tailored approach to the prevention and management of pediatric concussions.
Criminality and Victimization in Oromia, Ethiopia
Authors: Jibat Nega , Nigussie Berhanu
Published: February 2015

This study analyzed crime statistics of 2011/2012 with objectives to compare the characteristics of criminals based on correlates of crime such as age, gender, types of occupation, level of education, and marital status and to examine features of victimization by age and sex. The study was conducted in Oromia National Regional State. Police crime data of 2011/2012 were used. Furthermore, key informant interview was used. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequencies, and ratios were primarily used to analyze the aggregate police data. It is found that sociocultural and structural factors affect criminality and victimization patterns. The total number of criminals reported to and recorded by the police was 96,300, which constitute 85,100 male and 11,200 female offenders. About 37% of these criminals committed violent crime. The ratio of male to female offenders was 7.6:1. The dominance of male over female both in criminality and victimization is the extension of their social position in social structure and result of gender role socialization. Age group 19 to 30 was found to be the most criminal population with the criminal rate of 828 per 100,000 people. Unfortunately, the relationship between educational status, types of occupation/employment, and marital status on one hand and criminality on the other were less than conclusive mainly because of lack of adequate information on such variables for individual criminals and victims or the fact that the police data were only aggregate ones. Victimization rate was higher for males and 31 to 50 age category.
Tourism Enterprises as Buyers of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services
Authors: Borodako Krzysztof , Berbeka Jadwiga , Rudnicki Michał
Published: February 2015

This article is an attempt to assess the business relations between the tourism sector and suppliers of various types of business services. It focuses on knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). The reasons why tourism businesses purchase outsourced services are also discussed. An Internet survey was conducted and the results were used to calculate and discuss a number of indices. Cross-tabulation statistics are used to assess the interrelation between types of tourist firms, their localization and size, and the types and number of services they use. The largest numbers of KIBS used by the Polish tourism sector are from the accounting, IT, and advertising sectors, whereas the smallest relate to research and experimental development in the social sciences and humanities. This article fills a gap in the knowledge about usage of KIBS services by the tourism sector at the national level.
Physical simulation of microstructural evolution in linear friction welded joints of Ti–6Al–4V alloy
Authors: Jing L. , Fu R. D. , Li Y. J. , Shi Y. , Wang J. , Du D. X.
Published: February 2015

The novel shear compression specimen was used to simulate the microstructural evolution in linear friction welding joints of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Similar formation mechanisms of microstructures and microtextures were found in the linear friction welding joints and shear compression specimen. Accordingly, the shear compression test was proved to simulate the microstructural evolution and the thermomechanical conditions that occurred in linear friction welding joint. Furthermore, the strain rate in linear friction welding was estimated to exceed the value of 70 s− 1.
Mechanical, electrochemical and magnetic behaviour of duplex stainless steel for biomedical applications
Authors: Gregorutti R. W. , Grau J. E. , Sives F. , Elsner C. I.
Published: February 2015

Mechanical, electrochemical and magnetic properties of duplex stainless steel were analysed to evaluate its use as biomaterial, comparing the results with those obtained for austenitic stainless steel. Yield and ultimate tensile strengths are almost twice in duplex stainless steel, being the values 870 MPa and 564 MPa, respectively. The electrochemical test revealed that this material has lower susceptibility to localised corrosion because of its greater passive range, 1 V from the open circuit potential, while the austenitic stainless steel exhibited a passive region of 0.370 V. Both steels behave as soft magnetic materials, however, duplex stainless steel has higher magnetic saturation and remanence, while austenitic stainless steel is more prone to heating when exposed to a magnetic field.
Phase selection rules for cast high entropy alloys: An overview
Authors: Guo S.
Published: February 2015

This paper summarises existing phase selection rules for cast high entropy alloys. Essentially, they are almost all based on the parametric approach, utilising various descriptors comprising mixing enthalpy, configuration entropy, mismatch entropy, melting points, atomic size mismatch, electronegativity and valence electron concentration. The overview starts from phase selection rules for solid solutions, intermetallic compounds and the amorphous phase in high entropy alloys. Further discussions are relevant to selection rules for solid solution phases in high entropy alloys, more specifically, for face centred cubic and body centred cubic type solid solutions. Finally, some challenges and future prospects of phase selection rules for high entropy alloys are addressed.
Catalytic activities of noble metal atoms on WO3 (001): nitric oxide adsorption
Authors: Ren Xiaoyan , Zhang Shuai , Li Chong , Li Shunfang , Jia Yu , Cho Jun-Hyung
Published: February 2015

Using first-principles density functional theory calculations within the generalized gradient approximation, we investigate the adsorption of NO molecule on a clean WO3(001) surface as well as on the noble metal atom (Cu, Ag, and Au)-deposited WO3(001) surfaces. We find that on a clean WO3 (001) surface, the NO molecule binds to the W atom with an adsorption energy (E
ads) of −0.48 eV. On the Cu- and Ag-deposited WO3(001) surface where such noble metal atoms prefer to adsorb on the hollow site, the NO molecule also binds to the W atom with E
ads = −1.69 and −1.41 eV, respectively. This relatively stronger bonding of NO to the W atom is found to be associated with the larger charge transfer of 0.43 e (Cu) and 0.33 e (Ag) from the surface to adsorbed NO. However, unlike the cases of Cu-WO3(001) and Ag-WO3(001), Au atoms prefer to adsorb on the top of W atom. On such an Au-WO3(001) complex, the NO molecule is found to form a bond to the Au atom with E
ads = −1.32 eV. Because of a large electronegativity of Au atom, the adsorbed NO molecule captures the less electrons (0.04 e) from the surface compared to the Cu and Ag catalysts. Our findings not only provide useful information about the NO adsorption on a clean WO3(001) surface as well as on the noble metal atoms deposited WO3(001) surfaces but also shed light on a higher sensitive WO3 sensor for NO detection employing noble metal catalysts.
Investigation of LRS dependence on the retention of HRS in CBRAM
Authors: Xu Xiaoxin , Lv Hangbing , Liu Hongtao , Luo Qing , Gong Tiancheng , Wang Ming , Wang Guoming , Zhang Meiyun , Li Yang , Liu Qi , Long Shibing , Liu Ming
Published: February 2015

The insufficient retention prevents the resistive random access memory from intended application, such as code storage, FPGA, encryption, and others. The retention characteristics of high resistance state (HRS) switching from different low resistance state (LRS) were investigated in a 1-kb array with one transistor and one resistor configuration. The HRS degradation was found strongly dependent on the LRS: the lower the resistance of the LRS (R
LRS) is, the worse HRS retention will be. According to the quantum point contact model, the HRS corresponds to a tiny tunnel gap or neck bridge with atomic size in the filament. The degradation of HRS is due to the filling or widening of the neck point by the diffusion of copper species from the residual filament. As the residual filament is stronger in case of the lower R
LRS, the active area around the neck point for copper species diffusion is larger, resulting in higher diffusion probability and faster degradation of HRS during the temperature-accelerated retention measurement.
Molecular breeding of thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines of rice for blast resistance using Pi2 gene
Authors: Jiang Jiefeng , Mou Tongmin , Yu Huihui , Zhou Fasong
Published: February 2015

Background

Blast disease caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the big problems in rice production in China, especially for high yield hybrid varieties made from a two-line system in which thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines are used. In this study, we report the introgression of a rice blast resistance gene Pi2 from VE6219 into C815S, an elite rice TGMS line, leading to the development of blast resistant TGMS lines through marker assisted selection (MAS) and phenotypic selection approaches.

Results

Four new TGMS lines with blast resistance gene Pi2 were developed from C815S (an elite TGMS line susceptible to the blast, used as recurrent parent) and VE6219 (a blast resistant line harboring Pi2, used as donor parent). The pathogenicity assays inoculated with 53 blast prevalent isolates in glasshouse showed that the blast resistant frequency of the four TGMS lines was 94.3%-98.1% that is equivalent to blast resistant donor parent VE6219. The field evaluation of the new lines and hybrids made from them at a blast epidemic site also showed high resistant levels against the blast. The genetic background of the newly developed TGMS lines were examined using a whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array (RICE6K) that turned out more than 83% of the genomic markers were derived from the recurrent parent. The critical temperature points of fertility-sterility alteration of the new TGMS lines were between 22°C and 23°C of daily mean temperature, which is similar to that of C815S. The complete male sterility under natural growth conditions at Wuhan last more than 80 days. Their agronomic and grain quality traits meet the requirement for two-line hybrid rice production.

Conclusions

The broad-spectrum and durable rice blast resistant gene Pi2 was introgressed into the elite TGMS line C815S background. The newly developed TGMS lines can be practically used for two-line hybrid rice breeding and must play an important role in sustainable rice production in China.
Neutralization of osteopontin attenuates neutrophil migration in sepsis-induced acute lung injury
Authors: Hirano Yohei , Aziz Monowar , Yang Weng-Lang , Wang Zhimin , Zhou Mian , Ochani Mahendar , Khader Adam , Wang Ping
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Sepsis refers to severe systemic inflammation leading to acute lung injury (ALI) and death. Introducing novel therapies can reduce the mortality in ALI. Osteopontin (OPN), a secretory glycoprotein produced by immune reactive cells, plays a deleterious role in various inflammatory diseases. However, its role in ALI caused by sepsis remains unexplored. We hypothesize that treatment with an OPN-neutralizing antibody (anti-OPN Ab) protects mice against ALI during sepsis.

Methods

Sepsis was induced in 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Anti-OPN Ab or non-immunized IgG as control, at a dose of 50 μg/mouse, was intravenously injected at the time of CLP. After 20 hours, the expression of OPN and proinflammatory cytokines in tissues and plasma was examined by real-time PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were determined by colorimetric assays. Lung damage and neutrophil infiltrations were determined by histological H&E and Gr-1 staining, respectively. The effect of recombinant mouse OPN (rmOPN) on human neutrophil-like cell (HL-60) migration was performed by Boyden chamber assays and the involvement of intracellular signaling molecules in HL-60 cells was revealed by Western blot.

Results

After 20 hours of sepsis, mRNA and protein levels of OPN were significantly induced in lungs, spleen, and plasma. Treatment with an anti-OPN Ab in septic mice significantly reduced the plasma levels of ALT, AST, and LDH, and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and the chemokine MIP-2, compared with the vehicle group. Similarly, the lung mRNA and protein expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine were greatly reduced in anti-OPN Ab-treated animals. The lung histological architecture, MPO and neutrophil infiltration were significantly improved in anti-OPN Ab-treated mice compared with the vehicle animals. Treatment of rmOPN in HL-60 cells significantly increased their migration,in vitro. The neutrophils treated with rmOPN remarkably increased the levels of phospho focal adhesion kinase (pFAK), phospho extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) and phospho p38.

Conclusions

Our findings clearly demonstrate the beneficial outcomes of anti-OPN Ab treatment in protecting against ALI, implicating a novel therapeutic strategy in sepsis.
Serum progranulin levels are elevated in dermatomyositis patients with acute interstitial lung disease, predicting prognosis
Authors: Tanaka Atsushi , Tsukamoto Hiroshi , Mitoma Hiroki , Kiyohara Chikako , Ueda Naoyasu , Ayano Masahiro , Ohta Shun-ichiro , Kimoto Yasutaka , Akahoshi Mitsuteru , Arinobu Yojiro , Niiro Hiroaki , Tada Yoshifumi , Horiuchi Takahiko , Akashi Koichi
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Progranulin (PGRN), a pleiotropic growth factor, has emerged as an immunoregulatory molecule. Because the roles of PGRN in dermatomyositis (DM) are still unknown, we investigated whether serum PGRN levels are associated with disease activity and prognosis in DM patients, particularly in those with DM complicated with interstitial lung disease (ILD).

Methods

The serum levels of PGRN were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with DM (n =57; acute/subacute interstitial pneumonia (A/SIP): n =17, chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP): n =24, without ILD: n =16), polymyositis (PM, n =21; including 6 with ILD) and normal healthy controls (NHCs, n =60). We assessed the correlation between the serum PGRN levels and the activity indexes of ILD or prognosis in DM patients with ILD.

Results

Serum PGRN levels were significantly higher in DM patients than in PM patients (P =0.0025) and in NHCs (P <0.0001). In DM patients, the levels were significantly higher in patients with A/SIP than in those with CIP (P <0.0001) or without ILD (P =0.0003). The serum PGRN levels in DM patients with ILD significantly correlated with serum ferritin (rS =0.77, P <0.0001), lactate dehydrogenase (rS =0.54, P =0.0003) and C-reactive protein (rS =0.48, P =0.0015) levels. Moreover, in DM patients with ILD, the cumulative survival rate for 6 months was significantly lower in the group with serum PGRN levels ≥200 ng/ml (67%) than in the group with serum PGRN levels <200 ng/ml (100%) (P =0.0009).

Conclusions

Serum PGRN is associated with disease activity and prognosis of DM with ILD. PGRN may play a role in the pathogenesis of DM and could be a useful biomarker.
Fixed points of dynamic processes of set-valued F-contractions and application to functional equations
Authors: Klim Dorota , Wardowski Dariusz
Published: February 2015

The article is a continuation of the investigations concerning F-contractions which have been recently introduced in [Wardowski in Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2012:94,2012]. The authors extend the concept of F-contractive mappings to the case of nonlinear F-contractions and prove a fixed point theorem via the dynamic processes. The paper includes a non-trivial example which shows the motivation for such investigations. The work is summarized by the application of the introduced nonlinear F-contractions to functional equations.