bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROCESSO DE FORMAÇÃO DOS MONITORES DO MUSEU DE ANATOMIA HUMANA E COMPARATIVA
Authors: Lima Vanessa Morais , Pereira Kleber Fernando
Published: June 2014

O processo ensino-aprendizagem apresenta-se complexo e difícil no que diz respeito ao ensino em morfologia, uma vez que a memorização de estruturas infindáveis e com nomes não muito fáceis torna a tarefa monótona demais e desestimulante para a maioria dos alunos quando não ministrada de maneira mais participativa. Para isso existem vários métodos de ensino-aprendizagem em anatomia humana e comparativa, verificados em livros, artigos e teses percebendo a diversidade desses métodos. A literatura nacional e internacional vêm apontando para a importância de espaços educacionais não formais, como museus e centros de ciências, visando a popularização da ciência. O museu é responsável pela produção do conhecimento e a convergência dos saberes científicos. Sem uma pesquisa permanente, a instituição fica subestimada a um centro de lazer e turismo. Cabe aos pesquisadores inserir os objetos, reclusos em suas reservas técnicas, como fontes históricas. Nesse ambiente de entretenimento, de opções e educação surge a figura do monitor. O presente trabalho se justifica pela necessidade de melhor capacitação dos monitores do Museu de Anatomia Humana e Comparativa da UFG – Campus de Jataí, com um preparo além da prática. O monitor deve funcionar como um mediador entre a exposição e o visitante. O trabalho de monitoria pretende contribuir com o desenvolvimento da competência pedagógica e auxiliar os acadêmicos na apreensão e produção do conhecimento. Os acadêmicos dissecaram estruturas de morfologia humana e animal, prepararam peças e aprenderam técnicas anatômicas, como a montagem de esqueleto animal, injeção em vasos sangüíneos com látex, prepararam tecido dérmico para taxidermia e iniciaram a consolidação do espaço do Museu de Anatomia para atender ao público da UFG e posteriormente, um público externo à UFG. Podemos perceber que o estágio no museu contribui, tanto para a formação pedagógica, quanto para a formação científica do acadêmico.DOI: 10.5216/rir.v1i8.992
ESBOÇOS EPISTEMOLÓGICOS EM PSICOPEDAGOGIA CLÍNICA NO BRASIL
Authors: Chaves Hamilton Viana , Pascual Jesus Garcia
Published: June 2014

As práticas psicopedagógicas são relativamente novas no território brasileiro. Datam da década de 1960 e foram trazidas a esta pátria por profissionais e estudiosos argentinos. O objetivo de nossa pesquisa foi traçar um percurso epistemológico da psicopedagogia clínica no Brasil para tentar compreender os pilares científicos que a sustentam, a fim de estabelecer suas bases. A partir de um levantamento prévio de autores a serem investigados, passamos à fase de leitura e análise dessas obras. Nossa investigação seguiu por duas vias de análise: a primeira delas foi construir uma epistemologia da teoria à prática psicopedagógica. Por esta primeira via, o percurso se mostrou um pouco confuso. Partindo dessa dificuldade, passamos a investigar as diversas práticas psicopedagógicas e a partir de uma segunda via, ou seja, analisamos as práticas para só então pensarmos em suas teorias. Por esse caminho tivemos condições de traçar um trajeto da epistemologia da Psicopedagogia Clínica no Brasil. Compreendemos que por seu caráter de uma nova prática nas questões de problemas de aprendizagem e, por ser altamente tributária da psicologia, da pedagogia, da psicanálise etc., a psicopedagogia ainda tem de dar muitos passos no sentido de sua afirmação epistemológica.
A INFLUÊNCIA DO CONVÍVIO UNIVERSITÁRIO NA ADESÃO AO ALCOOLISMO
Authors: Barros Cleiciane Vieira de Lima , Barros David Antônio Costa , Bernardes Milton J. C. , Lima Warlley Vieira de , Silva Ludimila Cristina Souza
Published: June 2014

Introdução - O alcoolismo é definido como consumo compulsivo de bebidas alcoólicas, cuja compulsão afeta sua saúde física e mental e é uma doença causada por fatores biológicos, patológicos, psicológicos, sociais e existenciais. Em estudantes, o álcool é geralmente a droga mais utilizada, com prevalência significativa; os jovens apresentam dependência de álcool mais grave, parecem ser bebedores mais pesados e sofrem diversos problemas consequentes ao abuso alcoólico. O presente artigo propôs descobrir a relação entre o uso do álcool e o ingresso universitário dentro da problemática do alcoolismo. Método - A amostra compreendeu 200 alunos do curso de graduação em enfermagem da Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, na cidade de Goiânia, os quais responderam a questionário anônimo e de auto-preenchimento em 2008. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa descritiva. Resultados - 29% dos entrevistados tinham o hábito de beber antes do ingresso na universidade, hoje 53% ingerem a bebida, 59% possuem colegas que bebem, 11% sentem falta da bebida, 2% apresenta sintomas de abstinência, 36% aumentou o consumo após ingressar na universidade e 19% admitiram faltar aulas para frequentar bares próximos à instituição. Discussão - Em relação aos dados sobre a quantidade e frequência de doses ingeridas, pode-se observar o quão alarmante são os números encontrados, visto que mais da metade (53%) dos entrevistados têm o hábito de beber toda semana. Conclusão - Estratégiasde prevenção e informação relacionadas ao uso e abuso de álcool devem ser estabelecidas, pois boa parte desses jovens, em um futuro próximo, terá acesso a medicamentos ou desempenharão papel educacional de formação ou “má-formação” importante dentro da população estudantil e geral.
AS CONTRADIÇÕES PRESENTES NAS REINVIDICAÇÕES DO MOVIMENTO POR UMA EDUCAÇÃO DO CAMPO E A PEDAGOGIA HISTÓRICO-CRÍTICA
Authors: Basso Jaqueline Daniela , Neto Luiz Bezerra
Published: June 2014

RESUMO: Neste texto, pretendemos esboçar algumas considerações sobre a pedagogia histórico-crítica e, a partir dela, realizar discussões acerca da reivindicação do Movimento “por uma educação do campo”, investigando suas contradições frente à escola única. Iniciamos o trabalho em busca da compreensão da pedagogia histórico-crítica e suas diferenças em relação às teorias que a precederam. A partir da percepção de que a pedagogia histórico-crítica busca entender a questão educacional a partir do desenvolvimento histórico objetivo e oferecer aos homens, sejam eles do campo ou da cidade, uma educação que lhes permita compreender a situação de dominação a que são sujeitados pelo capital. Debatemos aqui as reivindicações dos movimentos sociais, dentre eles o MST e do Movimento por uma Educação do Campo, identificada com os homens que habitam este meio.   Uma pedagogia crítica só poderá surgir em meio aos dominados, portanto, espera-se que a educação ambicionada por um movimento social do campo, como o MST esteja alinhada com esta teoria, contudo, ao observarmos a educação pretendida por estes Movimentos percebemos que, embora suas reivindicações por educação sejam autênticas, ao almejarem uma educação que considere as inúmeras especificidades dos diferentes indivíduos que formam o campo brasileiro, acabam rendendo-se ao interesse do capital, que é restringir o acesso das camadas populares aos conhecimentos gerais produzidos historicamente pelo homem e aos saberes desinteressados que lhes permitirão exercer funções técnicas ou intelectuais. Desta maneira, podemos concluir, sob a luz da pedagogia histórico-crítica, que os mecanismos de manutenção da ordem social imposta pelo capital, dentre eles a educação, cooptam os interesses do Movimento por uma Educação do Campo, fazendo com que eles inconscientemente reivindiquem uma educação que colabora para a perpetuação da ordem social vigente e manutenção da divisão social em classes.
AMBIGUIDADES E FRAGILIDADES NAS RELAÇÕES AMOROSAS NA PÓS-MODERNIDADE
Authors: Vieira. Erico Douglas , Stengel. Márcia S
Published: June 2014

RESUMO Este trabalho busca compreender os ideais e as práticas amorosas na Pós-Modernidade. Trata-se de um período marcado por uma forte ênfase em questões como a liberdade individual, a busca de sensações prazerosas e a fruição do momento presente. O amor líquido é um roteiro amoroso criado na Pós-Modernidade, transpondo a lógica das relações de consumo para o relacionamento amoroso, que se não estiver sendo fonte de prazer, é percebido como uma prisão. Ao mesmo tempo ainda há a permanência de alguns ideais românticos, colocando o vínculo amoroso como especial e a possibilidade de grande intimidade com o outro. Interessa compreender como se dá a convivência simultânea de mapas amorosos contraditórios na Pós-Modernidade. Os sujeitos buscam a segurança presente em um vínculo amoroso, mas ao mesmo tempo se ressentem da perda da liberdade e da responsabilidade do compromisso. O contrato entre o casal pode ser quebrado a qualquer momento e precisa ser constantemente negociado. O amor é mais importante do que nunca, mas cada vez mais difícil de realizar-se.
O PROEJA E O PERFIL DE SEUS ALUNOS NO CURSO TÉCNICO DE EDIFICAÇÕES
Authors: E Silva Luciana Cândido , De Souza Paulo Henrique
Published: June 2014

Esse artigo apresenta o resultado de uma pesquisa documental desenvolvida no Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás – Campus Jataí, que visa a analisar as características sociais e econômicas dos alunos do Programa Nacional de Educação Profissional Integrada à Educação Básica na Modalidade da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (PROEJA). O objetivo foi traçar o perfil dos alunos e levantar as possíveis causas dos índices de evasão no curso. A pesquisa foi realizada em documentos institucionais de campus entre os anos de 2009 e 2012. Foi verificado que 56% dos alunos são do sexo masculino, 62% dos alunos são solteiros, 45% estão entre 20 e 29 anos e 33% estão entre 30 e 39 anos, 72% são jovens e adultos trabalhadores e que a renda familiar de 48% dos alunos está entre 1 e 2 salários mínimos e 31% entre 2 e 3 salários. Assim, são cidadãos de baixa renda que buscam um ensino de qualidade e que ofereça oportunidade de bom emprego ao final do curso com o objetivo de melhorarem a renda familiar. Os índices de evasão nas turmas com ingresso em 2011 foi de aproximadamente 50%, nos últimos períodos há índices de evasão superior a 60%.
REFLEXÃO SOBRE O ENSINO DE MATEMÁTICA NOS ANOS INICIAIS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL: AS TECNOLOGIAS NO ESPAÇO DA SALA DE AULA
Authors: Da Silva Valéria Gomes , De Oliveira Guilherme Saramago
Published: June 2014

Este estudo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a prática educativa de professores de Matemática dos primeiros anos do Ensino Fundamental, além de discutir as tecnologias como uma alternativa metodológica nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. Atualmente a prática pedagógica predominante em Matemática, no espaço da sala de aula, é a tradicional, cujos papeis do professor é transmitir os conteúdos e do aluno é de receber e acatar as informações, além de reproduzir os saberes expostos pelo docente. A partir disso, entendemos que muitos dos problemas presentes nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem de Matemática são decorrentes da metodologia desenvolvida pelos docentes. No entanto, de maneira geral, é fundamental uma reflexão sobre a metodologia desenvolvida pelo professor no que diz respeito aos recursos didáticos utilizados por ele, pois nas escolas, o docente ainda utiliza muito a lousa, giz ou pincel e o livro didático. Com o avanço das tecnologias na sociedade foi iniciada a inserção delas em muitas escolas da Educação básica, possibilitando aos docentes novas alternativas de recursos didáticos no ensino. Portanto, as tecnologias no ensino de Matemática podem ser uma alternativa que propiciará ao aluno a construção de novos saberes, mas para isso é necessário que o professor esteja preparado para desenvolver as atividades pedagógicas utilizando as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação - TICs como um aparato que contribuirá de forma eficaz na aprendizagem de conteúdos da Matemática.
O USO DE MODELAGEM MATEMÁTICA NO ENSINO DE FUNÇÕES NAS SÉRIES FINAIS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL: UM ESTUDO DE CASO
Authors: Fortes Elenilson De Vargas , De Souza Junior Airton Wagner , De Oliveira Ana Maria Libório
Published: June 2014

No presente trabalho apresenta-se uma proposta de aplicação da técnica Modelagem Matemática para o Ensino Fundamental, especificadamente no 9° ano, onde o principal objetivo foi discutir aplicações de funções. Destacaram-se por meio deste artigo, alternativas para o ensino-aprendizagem de funções, no qual se estimulou o aluno a formular e analisar seus próprios modelos matemáticos obtidos por meio de um estudo de caso. Para utilizar esta técnica, trabalhou-se o tema reciclagem, de forma interdisciplinar, com as aulas de Geografia. Esta escolha, como será prontamente discutida em seções futuras deste trabalho, não foi por acaso e tornou-se ferramenta fundamental para se trabalhar o conteúdo de funções por intermédio da modelagem matemática.  Mostrou-se através desta pesquisa, por meio da modelagem, que a aulas de matemática tornaram-se mais produtivas, aumentou o interesse dos alunos pela matemática e, por fim, os alunos envolvidos nesta pesquisa vivenciaram a importância da matemática escolar no que tange ao conteúdo de funções através da modelagem matemática. Além disso, foi possível observar significativas mudanças no processo de ensino e aprendizagem nesta série do ensino fundamental através de alterações na prática pedagógica docente, pois houve melhoras significativas nas médias dos alunos envolvidos na pesquisa.
O CURSO TÉCNICO EM INFORMÁTICA NO IFNMG: PARA ONDE VAI O CURRÍCULO?
Authors: Barreto Kelly Coelho , Xavier Josimara , Araújo Wanderson Pereira
Published: June 2014

O texto apresenta uma análise a partir do Projeto do Curso Técnico em Informática Integrado ao Ensino Médio do IFNMG/MG, Campus Januária, proposta política e pedagógica da integração entre educação básica e profissional na EJA, na perspectiva de desvelar a característica do currículo traçado pela instituição e seus atores. Nesse sentido, temos como referências diretrizes que defini a forma da educação profissional e tecnológica, a fim de compreender a lógica de sua organização e intencionaliade, utilizaram também as teorias críticas sobre o currículo na interpretação de: Frigotto, Ciavata, Ramos (2010); Bernstein (1994); Torres Santomé (1998); Gimeno Sacristán (2000); Silva (2011), entre outros. O artigo traz uma reflexão crítica sobre a proposta pedagógica, com foco principal na organização curricular do documento citado elaborado pelo corpo docente da instituição com o objetivo de apontar as suas metas educacionais. Trata-se de um currículo de tradição pedagógica voltada para dimensões técnicas com a finalidade de formar o indivíduo para atender o mercado de trabalho.
A EDUCAÇÃO RURAL NOS ANOS DE 1970: UM ESTUDO NO MUNICÍPIO DE MONTE ALEGRE DE MINAS, MG, BRASIL
Authors: Silva Júnior Astrogildo Fernandes
Published: June 2014

O objetivo deste texto consistiu em apresentar o perfil da educação escolar no meio rural de Monte Alegre de Minas, estabelecendo relações com a educação do Brasil na década de 1970.  Como metodologia, partiu-se do princípio de que toda pesquisa histórica requer trabalhar teoria e fontes, dessa forma, seguiram-se os seguintes passos: 1) a busca por uma bibliografia que tratasse do tema; 2) investigação da existência de fontes; essa etapa consistiu em uma pesquisa nos arquivos da Secretaria de Educação da cidade; 3) realização de uma pesquisa no site do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE -, sobre o município de Monte Alegre de Minas e no site da Prefeitura da cidade, por fim, realizou-se uma entrevista com a Maria Aparecida da Silva, professora que atuou na Escola Municipal Olímpio dos Santos, nos anos de 1970.    Concluiu-se que a educação rural que se efetivou no município de Monte Alegre de Minas foi marcada pela precarização tanto no que se refere ao espaço físico, como na formação de professores. Privilegiou o ensino das primeiras letras e a propagação do ideário da ditadura civil militar. Por meio do estudo do local, foi possível estabelecer relações com o global.
Short communication. Post-thawing evaluation of Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) epididymal spermatozoa recovered postmortem
Authors: Santiago-Moreno J. , Toledano-Díaz A. , Pulido-Pastor A. , Gómez-Brunet A. , González-Bulnes A. , López-Sebastián A.
Published: June 2014

The current study was conducted to describe the sperm parameters of post thawed epididymal spermatozoa collected postmortem from 14 Spanish ibex males. All samples were recovered in the rutting season established for this species (December-January). The spermatozoa from 11 Spanish ibex were diluted at environmental temperature (13-14 deg C) in a commercial medium (Triladyl-20% egg yolk). In three males, the sperm mass of each epididymis was diluted in a Triladyl-20% egg yolk and a Tris-6% egg yolk medium, respectively. A strong individual variation was found for whole sperm parameters: motility (mean +/- SD, 48 +/- 21.5%), normal morphology (69.4 +/- 9.9%), normal acrosomes (75.7 +/- 10%), viability (69.4 +/- 18.6%). The sperm parameters were significantly (p
How much does it cost to include a marginal rural area as a Natura 2000 site?. Social costs and expenditures for compensation schemes
Authors: Barreiro J. , Soler F. , Pérez y Pérez L.
Published: June 2014

Following the identification of sites of community importance (SCI) under the habitats directive (43/92 EEC), managing authorities are designing conservation plans to maintain and/or enhance the natural values of the sites. This paper presents both an estimate of the costs associated with the implementation of the management plan and an estimate of the compensation payments that will be established. This allows us to know whether including this area in Natura 2000 is profitable from an economic perspective and managing authorities to budget suff icient resources for implementing conservation plans. The paper ends with some considerations regarding the global cost of Natura 2000 network in Europe.
Review. The use of cryopreservation for germplasm conservation of vegetatively propagated crops
Authors: Gonzalez Benito M.E. , Clavero-Ramirez I. , López-Aranda J.M.
Published: June 2014

Cryopreservation is the conservation at very low temperature (
Variability of fatty acid composition in olive (Olea europaea L.) progenies
Authors: León L. , Uceda M. , Jiménez A. , Martín L. M. , Rallo L.
Published: June 2014

Seedlings from crosses between the olive cultivars "Arbequina", "Frantoio" and "Picual" were evaluated for fatty acid composition over two consecutive years. Gas chromatography was used for analyzing the main fatty acids of olive oil: palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2). Wide ranges of variation were obtained for all the fatty acids; as large or even larger than the ranges reported from the evaluation of olive cultivar collections. Significant differences were found between crosses for all the fatty acids analysed except for palmitic acid and between years for all of them except stearic acid, being the interaction crosses x year non significant for any of them. The wide variability observed for all the fatty acids represents a very promising base to obtain new olive cultivars with high oil quality, as vegetative propagation allows the conservation of the most interesting plants.
Scientific bases for the development of water quality objectives in Spain. Ecotoxicological criteria
Authors: Fernández C. , Carbonell G. , Tarazona J. V.
Published: June 2014

Water Directive Framework (2000/60/CE) deals with the pollution caused by dangerous substances being discharged into the aquatic environment. In accordance with this directive, prevention and control of pollution may be enforced by means of limiting discharges or having water quality objectives (WQOs). The directive is a framework directive, which has to be followed by implementation directives in order to be effective. This study describes the methodology, based on the application of a deterministic model, for the development of WQOs. Following this procedure, national water quality criteria for 7 metals, 15 organic compounds, ammonia, nitrites and fluoride were developed. Finally, WQOs dependant of water hardness were established, between 1 and 10 micro g L-1 for Cu and Pb and between 10 and 100 micro g L-1 for Ni and Zn. Other WQOs of metals like Sn, Cr and Se ranged from 1 to 10 micro g L-1 taking into account the metal oxidation level. WQO for ammonia was established between 0.25 and 10 mg N L-1 depending on the pH. WQO dependant of chloride concentration was established for nitrites, finding a linear relation for waters with chloride concentrations higher than 10 mg L-1. For organic compounds, WQOs for several pesticides (atrazine, simazine, molinate, terbuthylazine and metolachor,
A Counterpart of the Wadati–Konno–Ichikawa Soliton Hierarchy Associated with so(3,R)
Authors: Ma Wen-Xiu , Manukure Solomon , Zheng Hong-Chan
Published: June 2014

A counterpart of the Wadati-Konno-Ichikawa (WKI) soliton hierarchy, associated with so(3;R), is presented through the zero curvature formulation. Its spectral matrix is defined by the same linear combination of basis vectors as the WKI one, and its Hamiltonian structures yielding Liouville integrability are furnished by the trace identity
Catalyst-free, Solvent-promoted and Scalable Multicomponent Synthesis of 3-Aminoalkylated Indoles via a Mannich-type Reaction
Authors: Cao Jian-Fei , Chen Yan-Li , Guan Zhi , He Yan-Hong
Published: June 2014

A catalyst-free, solvent-promoted and scalable three-component Mannich-type reaction of indoles, aromatic aldehydes and secondary amines for the synthesis of 3-(1-dialkylaminoalkyl)-1H-indoles has been developed. The protocol provided a mild, simple and highly atom-economic alternative to prepare the title compounds, and the corresponding products could be obtained in good to excellent yields in most cases.
tRNA synthetase counteracts c-Myc to develop functional vasculature
Authors: Shi Yi , Xu Xiaoling , Zhang Qian , Fu Guangsen , Mo Zhongying , Wang George S , Kishi Shuji , Yang Xiang-Lei
Published: June 2014

Recent studies suggested an essential role for seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) in vascular development. This role is specific to SerRS among all tRNA synthetases and is independent of its well-known aminoacylation function in protein synthesis. A unique nucleus-directing domain, added at the invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition, confers this novel non-translational activity of SerRS. Previous studies showed that SerRS, in some unknown way, controls VEGFA expression to prevent vascular over-expansion. Using in vitro, cell and animal experiments, we show here that SerRS intervenes by antagonizing c-Myc, the major transcription factor promoting VEGFA expression, through a tandem mechanism. First, by direct head-to-head competition, nuclear-localized SerRS blocks c-Myc from binding to the VEGFA promoter. Second, DNA-bound SerRS recruits the SIRT2 histone deacetylase to erase prior c-Myc-promoted histone acetylation. Thus, vertebrate SerRS and c-Myc is a pair of ‘Yin-Yang’ transcriptional regulator for proper development of a functional vasculature. Our results also discover an anti-angiogenic activity for SIRT2.
Serenoa Repens Induces Growth Arrest, Apoptosis and Inactivation of STAT3 Signaling in Human Glioma Cells
Authors: Zhou Tiezhu , Yang Yang , Zhang Hongyan , Che Yuqin , Wang Wei , Lv Hui , Li Jie , Wang Yuanyuan , Hou Shuai
Published: June 2014

Serenoa repens, the extract of berry in Southeastern United States, is one of several phytotherapeutic agents available for the treatment of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In this study, we found for the first time that Serenoa repens effectively inhibited the growth of human U87 and U251 glioma cells. Flow cytometry assay showed that Serenoa repens induced apoptosis of U87 and U251 glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, Serenoa repens increased the expression of cleaved-PARP, Caspase-3 or p27 protein in these two cell lines, respectively. In addition, we found that Serenoa repens down-regulated basal level of phosphorylated form of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT 3) in both U87 and U251 glioma cells. Furthermore, it was discovered that a Janus family of tyrosine kinase (JAK) inhibitor AG490 inhibit the growth of human U87 and U251 glioma cells and AG490 enhanced the ability of Serenoa repens to inhibit the growth of U87 and U251 glioma cells as measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. These results indicate that Serenoa repens reduces the growth, causes apoptosis of Glioma cells and inhibits STAT 3 signaling. In addition, it might also be useful for the treatment of individuals with glioma.
Quality Assurance Results for a Commercial Radiosurgery System
Authors: Ruschin Mark , Lightstone Alexander , Beachey David , Wronski Matt , Babic Steven , Yeboah Collins , Lee Young , Soliman Hany , Sahgal Arjun
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this communication is to inform the radiosurgery community of quality assurance (QA) results requiring attention in a commercial FDA-approved linac-based cone stereo-tactic radiosurgery (SRS) system. Standard published QA guidelines as per the American Association of Physics in Medicine (AAPM) were followed during the SRS system’s commissioning process including end-to-end testing, cone concentricity testing, image transfer verification, and documentation. Several software and hardware deficiencies that were deemed risky were uncovered during the process and QA processes were put in place to mitigate these risks during clinical practice. In particular, the present work focuses on daily cone concentricity testing and commissioning-related findings associated with the software. Cone concentricity/alignment is measured daily using both optical light field inspection, as well as quantitative radiation field tests with the electronic portal imager. In 10 out of 36 clini-cal treatments, adjustments to the cone position had to be made to align the cone with the collimator axis to less than 0.5 mm and on two occasions the pre-adjustment measured offset was 1.0 mm. Software-related errors discovered during commissioning included incorrect transfer of the isocentre in DICOM coordinates, improper handling of non-axial image sets, and complex handling of beam data, especially for multi-target treatments. QA processes were established to mitigate the occurrence of the software errors. With proper QA processes, the reported SRS system complies with tolerances set out in established guidelines. Discussions with the vendor are ongoing to address some of the hardware issues related to cone alignment.
Preparation of (

E

)‐

N,N

‐Diethyl‐2‐styrylbenzamide by Rh‐Catalyzed
C
‐
H
Activation
Authors: Patureau Frederic W. , Besset Tatiana , Glorius Frank
Published: June 2014

(
E
)‐
N
,
N
‐Diethyl‐2‐styrylbenzamide

Silver hexafluorophosphate

Copper(II) acetate

Dichloro(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium(III)

1,4‐Dioxane

N
,
N
‐Diethylbenzamide
Preparation of 1,5‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles via Ruthenium‐catalyzed Azide Alkyne Cycloaddition
Authors: Oakdale James S. , Fokin Valery V.
Published: June 2014

Phenylacetylene

Benzyl azide

Chloro(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)‐ruthenium

1‐Benzyl‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole
Enantioselective Alkylation of 2‐[(4‐Chlorobenzyliden)Amino]Propanoic Acid
tert
‐Butyl Ester: Synthesis of (

R

)‐2‐Amino‐2‐Methyl‐3‐Phenylpropanoic Acid
tert
‐Butyl Ester
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Yamamoto Kenichiro , Liu Kun , Maruoka Keiji
Published: June 2014

L
‐Alanine
tert
‐butyl ester hydrochloride

4‐Chlorobenzaldehyde

Toluene

Triethylamine

(

R

)‐2‐Amino‐2‐methyl‐3‐phenylpropanoic acid
tert
‐butyl ester

2‐[(4‐chlorobenzyliden)amino]propanoic acid
tert
‐butyl ester

(

S

)‐4,4‐Dibutyl‐2,6‐bis(3,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐3H‐dinaphtho[2,1‐c:1',2'‐e]azepiniumbromide

Benzyl bromide

Cesium hydroxide

Citric acid monohydrate

Tetrahydrofuran
Direct Conversion of Benzylic and Allylic Alcohols to Diethyl Phosphonates
Authors: Richardson Rebekah M. , Wiemer David F.
Published: June 2014

Tetrahydrofuran

Triethyl phosphite

Benzyl alcohol

Diethyl benzylphosphonate 2
Synthesis of 1‐Naphthol via Oxidation of Potassium 1‐Naphthyltrifluoroborate
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Siddiqui Sabahat Zahra , Fleury‐Brégeot Nicolas
Published: June 2014

Potassium 1‐Naphthyltrifluoroborate

1‐Naphthol

1‐Naphthaleneboronic acid

Potassium hydrogen fluoride
Potassium
tert
‐Butoxide Mediated Synthesis of Phenanthridinone
Authors: Bhakuni Bhagat Singh , Shrimali Kaustubh , Kumar Amit , Kumar Sangit
Published: June 2014

Potassium
tert
‐Butoxide

Phenanthridinone

2‐Iodo‐

N

‐phenylbenzamide

2‐Iodobenzoyl chloride

Aniline

Dichloromethane
Discussion Addendum for: Stereoselective Synthesis of
anti
α‐Methyl‐β‐Methoxy Carboxylic Compounds
Authors: Romea* Pedro , Urpí* Fèlix , Gálvez E. , Romea P. , Urpí F.
Published: June 2014

4‐Pyridinecarboxaldehyde

Dichloromethane

3‐
tert
‐Butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde

Sodium borohydride

Methanol

2‐(1,1‐Dimethylethyl)‐6‐[[[(1
R
,2
R
)‐2‐[(4‐pyridinylmethyl)amino]‐cyclohexyl]amino]methyl]‐phenol

(1
R
,2
R
)‐1,2‐Diaminocyclohexane

(1
S
)‐1‐(4‐Nitrophenyl)‐2‐nitroethane‐1‐ol

Copper acetate

Ethanol

p
‐Nitrobenzaldehyde

Nitromethane
Discussion Addendum for: Preparation of 4‐Acetylamino‐2, 2, 6, 6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxoammonium Tetrafluoroborate and the Oxidation of Geraniol to Geranial (2,6‐Octadienal, 3,7‐dimethyl‐, (2e)‐)
Authors: Bobbitt* James M. , Eddy Nicholas A. , Richardson Jay J. , Murray Stephanie A. , Tilley Leon J.
Published: June 2014

4‐Acetylamino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy

4‐Acetamido‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐oxopiperidinium tetrafluoroborate

Tetrafluoroboric acid

Sodium hypochlorite

Water

Silica gel

Methylene chloride
Air Oxidation of Primary Alcohols Catalyzed by Copper(I)/TEMPO. Preparation of 2‐Amino‐5‐bromo‐benzaldehyde
Authors: Hoover Jessica M. , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: June 2014

2‐Amino‐5‐bromobenzyl alcohol

2‐Amino‐5‐bromobenzoic acid

Lithium aluminum hydride

Tetrahydrofuran

2‐Amino‐5‐bromobenzaldehyde

2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl

2,2'‐Bipyridine

Tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) hexafluorophosphate

N‐methyl imidazole

Acetonitrile
Allyl Cyanate‐To‐Isocyanate Rearrangement: Preparation of
tert
‐Butyl 3,7‐Dimethylocta‐1,6‐dien‐3‐ylcarbamate
Authors: Ichikawa Yoshiyasu , Kariya Noriko , Hasegawa Tomoyuki
Published: June 2014

Geraniol

Dichloromethane

Trichloroacetyl isocyanate

Trichloroacetyl carbamate

Methanol

Potassium carbonate

(
E
)‐3,7‐Dimethylocta‐2,6‐dien‐1‐ylcarbamate

Triphenylphosphine

Triethylamine

Carbon tetrabromide

t
‐Butyl 3,7‐dimethylocta‐1,6‐dien‐3‐ylcarbamate

3‐Isocyanato‐3,7‐dimethylocta‐1,6‐diene

Tetrahydrofuran

Lithium
t
‐butoxide

N‐Butanol
Low‐epimerization Peptide Bond Formation with Oxyma Pure: Preparation ofZ‐L‐Phg‐Val‐OMe
Authors: Subirós‐Funosas* Ramon , El‐Faham* Ayman , Albericio* Fernando
Published: June 2014

Ethyl 2‐cyano‐2‐hydroxyimino acetate

1‐Ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride

N,N‐Ethyldiisopropylamine

Dichloromethane

N,N‐dimethylformamide

Z‐L‐Phg‐Val‐OMe
Practical Synthesis of Di‐tert‐Butyl‐Phosphinoferrocene
Authors: Busacca Carl A , Eriksson Magnus C. , Haddad Nizar , Han Z. Steve , Lorenz Jon C. , Qu Bo , Zeng Xingzhong , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: June 2014

Ferrocene

Tetrahydrofuran

Potassium
tert
‐butoxide

tert
‐Butyllithium

Di‐
tert
‐butylchlorophosphine

Tetrafluoroboric acid

Di‐
tert
‐butylphosphinoferrocene
Practical and Efficient Synthesis ofN‐Formylbenzotriazole
Authors: Matheson Mhairi , Pasqua Adele E. , Sewell Alan L. , Marquez.* Rodolfo
Published: June 2014

Benzotriazole

Acetic formic anhydride

Tetrahydrofuran

N‐Formylbenzotriazole
Resolving the strange behavior of extraterrestrial potassium in the upper atmosphere
Authors: Plane J. M. C. , Feng W. , Dawkins E. , Chipperfield M. P. , Höffner J. , Janches D. , Marsh D. R.
Published: June 2014

It has been known since the 1960s that the layers of Na and K atoms, which occur between 80 and 105 km in the Earth's atmosphere as a result of meteoric ablation, exhibit completely different seasonal behavior. In the extratropics Na varies annually, with a pronounced wintertime maximum and summertime minimum. However, K varies semiannually with a small summertime maximum and minima at the equinoxes. This contrasting behavior has never been satisfactorily explained. Here we use a combination of electronic structure and chemical kinetic rate theory to determine two key differences in the chemistries of K and Na. First, the neutralization of K+ ions is only favored at low temperatures during summer. Second, cycling between K and its major neutral reservoir KHCO3 is essentially temperature independent. A whole atmosphere model incorporating this new chemistry, together with a meteor input function, now correctly predicts the seasonal behavior of the K layer.
The scale dependence and structure of convergence fields preceding the initiation of deep convection
Authors: Birch Cathryn E. , Marsham John H. , Parker Douglas J. , Taylor Christopher M.
Published: June 2014

Links between convergence and convection are poor in global models, and poor representation of convection is the source of many model biases in the tropics. State‐of‐the‐art convection‐permitting simulations allow us to analyze realistic convection statistically. The analysis of fractal dimension is used to show that in convection‐permitting simulations (grid spacings 1.5, 4, and 12 km) of the West African monsoon, 50% of deep convective initiations occur in the near vicinity of low‐level boundary layer convergence lines that are orientated along the mean wind. In these simulations, more than 80% of the initiations occur within large‐scale (300 × 300 km) convergence, with some 20% in large‐scale divergence, and almost all cases occur within local scale (60 × 60 km) convergence. The behavior alters in a simulation with a convection scheme and a grid spacing of 12 km; initiation is less frequent over convergence lines, and there is less dependency on high‐magnitude low‐level local convergence.
Animal milk sustains micronutrient nutrition and child anthropometry among pastoralists in Samburu, Kenya
Authors: Iannotti Lora , Lesorogol Carolyn
Published: June 2014

Milk has been integral to pastoralist nutrition for thousands of years, but as communities move toward settled livelihoods, milk consumption is dropping with only minimal evidence for the health and nutrition implications. This longitudinal study aimed to first test whether increased dependency on agriculture reduced household milk production and consumption, and ultimately, nutrient adequacy among the Samburu pastoralists. Second, we investigated whether household milk availability affected child milk intakes and anthropometry. Socioeconomic and dietary intake data were collected from households (n = 200) in 2000, 2005, and 2010, and anthropometric measures and individual child milk intakes in 2012. Nutrient intakes were assessed by the probability of nutrient adequacy method, and generalized least‐squared regression modeling with mixed effects was applied to identify predictors of milk consumption. Milk contributed 10% of energy intakes, below maize (52%) and sugar (11%), but over one‐half of critical micronutrients, vitamins A, B12, and C. Livestock holdings and income increased the likelihood of higher milk intakes (overall adj R2 = 0.88,P < 0.001). Undernutrition was widely prevalent among young children: stunting (30.6%); underweight (23.9%); and wasting (8.6%). There was evidence for a previously described Nilotic body type in the youth, who were taller and thinner than the international reference. Milk consumption at the household level was positively associated with higher body mass index z scores among youth (P < 0.001). Programming for livestock development may better ensure micronutrient nutrition in Samburu, while deeper investigation into the diet and growth patterns of pastoralists could provide insight into leaner and taller anthropometrics for other populations globally. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:66–76, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N‐terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide and cognitive decline in older adults at high cardiovascular risk
Authors: Wijsman Liselotte W. , Sabayan Behnam , van Vliet Peter , Trompet Stella , de Ruijter Wouter , Poortvliet Rosalinde K. E. , van Peet Petra G. , Gussekloo Jacobijn , Jukema J. Wouter , Stott David J. , Sattar Naveed , Ford Ian , Westendorp Rudi G. J. , de Craen Anton J. M. , Mooijaart Simon P.
Published: June 2014

Objective

Elevated levels of N‐terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) are associated with cognitive impairment, which might be explained by cardiovascular diseases or risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of NT‐proBNP with cognitive function and decline in older adults at high risk of cardiovascular disease.

Methods

We studied 5,205 men and women (mean age = 75 years) who were recruited into the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk. All participants had pre‐existing cardiovascular disease or risk factors thereof. Four domains of cognitive function were tested at baseline and repeated during a follow‐up period of 3.2 years.

Results

Participants with higher NT‐proBNP (≥450ng/l) had worse baseline cognitive function, including reaction time (mean difference high vs low group = 3.07 seconds, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83 to 5.32), processing speed (−1.02 digits coded, 95% CI = −1.65 to −0.39), and immediate memory (−0.13 pictures remembered, 95% CI = −0.29 to 0.04). There was no significant difference in delayed memory (−0.14, 95% CI = −0.38 to 0.10) between the NT‐proBNP groups. Participants with higher NT‐proBNP had a steeper cognitive decline, including reaction time (mean annual change high vs low group = 0.60 seconds, 95% CI = 0.14 to 1.07), processing speed (−0.15 digits coded, 95% CI = −0.25 to −0.05), immediate memory (−0.05 pictures remembered, 95% CI = −0.09 to 0.00), and delayed memory (−0.05 pictures remembered, 95% CI = −0.11 to 0.01). Associations were independent of cardiovascular diseases and risks.

Interpretation

Higher NT‐proBNP associates with worse cognitive function and steeper cognitive decline, independent of cardiovascular diseases and risks. Further studies to unravel the underlying mechanisms are warranted. Ann Neurol 2014;76:213–222
Cell‐Based Biological Evaluation of a New Bisamide FMS Kinase Inhibitor Possessing Pyrrolo[3,2‐c]pyridine Scaffold
Authors: El‐Gamal Mohammed I. , Abdel‐Maksoud Mohammed S. , El‐Din Mahmoud M. Gamal , Yoo Kyung Ho , Baek Daejin , Oh Chang‐Hyun
Published: June 2014

A bisamide compound 1 possessing the pyrrolo[3,2‐c]pyridine nucleus was synthesized and biologically evaluated. It was tested for kinase inhibitory activity over a panel of 47 kinases, and its selectivity toward the FMS kinase was accidentally discovered. Compound 1 was tested over a panel of seven ovarian, two prostate, and six breast cancer cell lines at a single dose concentration of 10 µM and showed high activity. It was further tested in a 5‐dose mode to determine its IC50 and total growth inhibition (TGI) values over the 15 cell lines. Compound 1 showed high potency on the submicromolar scale and good efficacy. The cytotoxic effect of compound 1 over peritoneal macrophages was also investigated. Compound 1 demonstrated higher selectivity against different cancer cell lines compared with HS‐27 fibroblasts.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Thalidomide and Phthalimide Esters as Antitumor Agents
Authors: Zahran Magdy A. H. , Abdin Yasmin G. , Osman Amany M. A. , Gamal‐Eldeen Amira M. , Talaat Roba M. , Pedersen Erik B.
Published: June 2014

A series of thalidomide and phthalimide ester analogs were efficiently synthesized from N‐chloromethylthalidomide, N‐chloromethylphthalimide, and N‐(2‐bromoethyl)phthalimide derivatives with various biologically important carboxylic acids. The synthesized compounds were purified and characterized by various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The antitumor activity of all the synthesized compounds was screened against human liver and breast cancer cells, which showed that phthalimide ester 6a was the best cytotoxic compound against MCF7 cells, while all of the tested compounds showed a non‐cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells. Compounds 5a, 6a, and 7a possess immunosuppressant effect, while compounds 5c, 5d, 6c, 6d, 7c, and 7d showed an immunostimmulatory effect. Meanwhile, estimation of the binding affinity for all the synthesized compounds toward the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) showed that compounds 5a, 5b, and 7d were the most potent inhibitors.
Contribution of Mast Cell–Derived Interleukin‐1β to Uric Acid Crystal–Induced Acute Arthritis in Mice
Authors: Reber Laurent L. , Marichal Thomas , Sokolove Jeremy , Starkl Philipp , Gaudenzio Nicolas , Iwakura Yoichiro , Karasuyama Hajime , Schwartz Lawrence B. , Robinson William H. , Tsai Mindy , Galli Stephen J.
Published: June 2014

Objective

Gouty arthritis is caused by the precipitation of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals in the joints. While it has been reported that mast cells (MCs) infiltrate gouty tophi, little is known about the actual roles of MCs during acute attacks of gout. This study was undertaken to assess the role of MCs in a mouse model of MSU crystal–induced acute arthritis.

Methods

We assessed the effects of intraarticular (IA) injection of MSU crystals in various strains of mice with constitutive or inducible MC deficiency or in mice lacking interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) or other elements of innate immunity. We also assessed the response to IA injection of MSU crystals in genetically MC‐deficient mice after IA engraftment of wild‐type or IL‐1β–/– bone marrow–derived cultured MCs.

Results

MCs were found to augment acute tissue swelling following IA injection of MSU crystals in mice. IL‐1β production by MCs contributed importantly to MSU crystal–induced tissue swelling, particularly during its early stages. Selective depletion of synovial MCs was able to diminish MSU crystal–induced acute inflammation in the joints.

Conclusion

Our findings identify a previously unrecognized role of MCs and MC‐derived IL‐1β in the early stages of MSU crystal–induced acute arthritis in mice.
Tracking middle school students' information behavior via Kuhlthau's ISP Model:Temporality
Authors: Beheshti Jamshid , Cole Charles , Abuhimed Dhary , Lamoureux Isabelle
Published: June 2014

The article reports a field study investigating the temporality of the information behavior of 44 grade 8 students from initiation to completion of their school inquiry‐based history project. The conceptual framework for the study is Kuhlthau's 6‐stage information‐search process (ISP) model. The objective of the study is to test and extend ISP model concepts. As per other ISP model studies, our study measured the evolution of the feelings, thoughts, and actions of the study participants over the 3‐month period of their class project. The unique feature of this study is the unlimited access the researchers had to a real‐life history class, resulting in 12 separate measuring periods. We report 2 important findings of the study. First, through factor analysis, we determined 5 factors that define the temporality of completing an inquiry‐based project for these grade 8 students. The second main finding is the importance of the students' consultations with their classmates, siblings, parents, and teachers in the construction of the knowledge necessary to complete their project.
Promoting microtubule assembly: A hypothesis for the functional significance of the +TIP network
Authors: Gupta Kamlesh K. , Alberico Emily O. , Näthke Inke S. , Goodson Holly V.
Published: June 2014

Regulation of microtubule (MT) dynamics is essential for many cellular processes, but the machinery that controls MT dynamics remains poorly understood. MT plus‐end tracking proteins (+TIPs) are a set of MT‐associated proteins that dynamically track growing MT ends and are uniquely positioned to govern MT dynamics. +TIPs associate with each other in a complex array of inter‐ and intra‐molecular interactions known as the “+TIP network.” Why do so many +TIPs bind to other +TIPs? Typical answers include the ideas that these interactions localize proteins where they are needed, deliver proteins to the cortex, and/or create regulatory pathways. We propose an additional and more mechanistic hypothesis: that +TIPs bind each other to create a superstructure that promotes MT assembly by constraining the structural fluctuations of the MT tip, thus acting as a polymerization chaperone.
Sharing clinical trial data on patient level: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Koenig Franz , Slattery Jim , Groves Trish , Lang Thomas , Benjamini Yoav , Day Simon , Bauer Peter , Posch Martin
Published: June 2014

In recent months one of the most controversially discussed topics among regulatory agencies, the pharmaceutical industry, journal editors, and academia has been the sharing of patient‐level clinical trial data. Several projects have been started such as the European Medicines Agency´s (EMA) “proactive publication of clinical trial data”, the BMJ open data campaign, or the AllTrials initiative. The executive director of the EMA, Dr. Guido Rasi, has recently announced that clinical trial data on patient level will be published from 2014 onwards (although it has since been delayed). The EMA draft policy on proactive access to clinical trial data was published at the end of June 2013 and open for public consultation until the end of September 2013. These initiatives will change the landscape of drug development and publication of medical research. They provide unprecedented opportunities for research and research synthesis, but pose new challenges for regulatory authorities, sponsors, scientific journals, and the public. Besides these general aspects, data sharing also entails intricate biostatistical questions such as problems of multiplicity. An important issue in this respect is the interpretation of multiple statistical analyses, both prospective and retrospective. Expertise in biostatistics is needed to assess the interpretation of such multiple analyses, for example, in the context of regulatory decision‐making by optimizing procedural guidance and sophisticated analysis methods.
Using an aqueous two‐phase polymer‐salt system to rapidly concentrate viruses for improving the detection limit of the lateral‐flow immunoassay
Authors: Jue Erik , Yamanishi Cameron D. , Chiu Ricky Y.T. , Wu Benjamin M. , Kamei Daniel T.
Published: June 2014

The development of point‐of‐need (PON) diagnostics for viruses has the potential to prevent pandemics and protects against biological warfare threats. Here we discuss the approach of using aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPSs) to concentrate biomolecules prior to the lateral‐flow immunoassay (LFA) for improved viral detection. In this paper, we developed a rapid PON detection assay as an extension to our previous proof‐of‐concept studies which used a micellar ATPS. We present our investigation of a more rapid polymer‐salt ATPS that can drastically improve the assay time, and show that the phase containing the concentrated biomolecule can be extracted prior to macroscopic phase separation equilibrium without affecting the measured biomolecule concentration in that phase. We could therefore significantly decrease the time of the diagnostic assay with an early extraction time of just 30 min. Using this rapid ATPS, the model virus bacteriophage M13 was concentrated between approximately 2 and 10‐fold by altering the volume ratio between the two phases. As the extracted virus‐rich phase contained a high salt concentration which destabilized the colloidal gold indicator used in LFA, we decorated the gold nanoprobes with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to provide steric stabilization, and used these nanoprobes to demonstrate a 10‐fold improvement in the LFA detection limit. Lastly, a MATLAB script was used to quantify the LFA results with and without the pre‐concentration step. This approach of combining a rapid ATPS with LFA has great potential for PON applications, especially as greater concentration‐fold improvements can be achieved by further varying the volume ratio. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2499–2507. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.