bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An overview of solid–liquid separation of residues from coal liquefaction processes
Authors: Khare S. , Dell'Amico M.
Published: February 2012

Direct coal liquefaction process typically produces mixed oils (60%) and gases (15%). The remainder is a high‐boiling viscous residue that contains oils, asphaltenes, unreacted coal, mineral matter and potentially valuable liquefaction catalyst. Effective separation of the components of the residue stream is important to the economic and environmental performance of the process. Solid–liquid separation technologies, such as filtration, hydrocyclones, centrifugation, critical solvent deashing and distillation have been reviewed in relation to their use in coal liquefaction processes. Individual operations used have not been completely satisfactory, and a better overall result is obtained when they are used in combination. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Arylpiperazine Dopamineric Ligands Protect Neuroblastoma Cells from Nitric Oxide (NO)‐Induced Mitochondrial Damage and Apoptosis
Authors: Tovilovic Gordana , Zogovic Nevena , Harhaji‐Trajkovic Ljubica , Misirkic‐Marjanovic Maja , Janjetovic Kristina , Vucicevic Ljubica , Kostic‐Rajacic Sladjana , Schrattenholz Andre , Isakovic Aleksandra , Soskic Vukic , Trajkovic Vladimir
Published: February 2012

The protective ability of novel arylpiperazine‐based dopaminergic ligands against nitric oxide (NO)‐mediated neurotoxicity is investigated. The most potent neuroprotective arylpiperazine identified during the study was N‐{4‐[2‐(4‐phenyl‐piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl]‐phenyl}picolinamide, which protected SH‐SY5Y human neuron‐like cells from the proapoptotic effect of NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) by decreasing oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, caspase activation and subsequent phosphatydilserine externalization/DNA fragmentation. The protective effect was associated with the inhibition of proapoptotic (JNK, ERK, AMPK) and activation of antiapoptotic (Akt) signaling pathways, in the absence of interference with intracellular NO accumulation. The neuroprotective action of arylpiperazines was shown to be independent of dopamine receptor binding, as it was not affected by the high‐affinity D1/D2 receptor blocker butaclamol. These results reported support the further study of arylpiperazines as potential neuroprotective agents.
A survey and comparison of multichannel protocols for performance anomaly mitigation in IEEE 802.11wireless networks
Authors: Kim Sok‐Hyong , Kim Dong‐Wook , Suh Young‐Joo
Published: February 2012

Providing multichannel functionality can improve the performance of wireless networks. Although off‐the‐shelf IEEE 802.11 physical layer and medium access control specifications support multiple channels and multiple data rates, one of the major challenges is how to efficiently utilize available channels and data rates to improve network performance. In multirate networks, low‐rate links severely degrade the capacity of high‐rate links, which is known as performance anomaly. To overcome the performance anomaly problem, different data rate links can get equal air‐time by exploiting time diversity and frequency diversity, or they can be separated over nonoverlapping channels. In this paper, we study existing multichannel protocols proposed to mitigate the performance anomaly problem by classifying them into single‐radio protocols, multiradio single‐hop protocols, and multiradio multihop protocols. To investigate the effectiveness of multichannel solutions for performance anomaly, we compare these protocols with well‐known multichannel protocols that do not consider performance anomaly. In addition, this paper gives insightful research issues to design multichannel protocols that mitigate performance anomaly in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mediastinal seminoma: A case report with special emphasis on SALL4 as a new immunocytochemical marker
Authors: Iwamoto Nozomi , Ishida Mitsuaki , Yoshida Keiko , Kagotani Akiko , Iwai Muneo , Okabe Hidetoshi
Published: February 2012

Cytological diagnosis is a valuable method for detection of mediastinal tumors, and recent reports have shown the usefulness of fine‐needle aspiration cytology for diagnosis of mediastinal tumors, including germ cell tumors. We report a case of mediastinal seminoma diagnosed intraoperatively by cytological examination of cystic fluid containing tumor cells.

An anterior mediastinal tumor with cystic component was incidentally found in a 28‐year‐old Japanese male. Cytological examination of the cystic fluid at the time of tumor resection showed single and loose aggregates of large round to polygonal cells with large round nuclei, vesicular chromatin and nucleoli, and mild to moderate amounts of PAS‐positive cytoplasm admixed with mature lymphocytes. A diagnosis of seminoma was made intraoperatively. On subsequent immunostaining, the tumor cells showed nuclear positivity for SALL4, a recently recognized germ cell marker that, in the appropriate setting, can be helpful to distinguish germ cell tumors from other mediastinal neoplasms, such as malignant lymphoma, thymoma, and thymic carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:821–824. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacological and Toxicological Profile of Extract from Heliopsislongipes and Affinin
Authors: Déciga‐Campos Myrna , Arriaga‐Alba Myriam , Ventura‐Martínez Rosa , Aguilar‐Guadarrama Berenice , Rios María Yolanda
Published: February 2012

Strategy, Management and Health Policy

Enabling Technology, Genomics, Proteomics
Preclinical Research
Preclinical Development Toxicology, Formulation Drug Delivery, Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Development Phases I‐III Regulatory, Quality, Manufacturing
Postmarketing Phase IV

Heliopsis longipes is a popular medicinal plant in Mexico. One of the main constituents that can be extracted from H. longipes is affinin (N‐isobutylamide). However, available information regarding this compound is scarce, and there is only a single report related to the effect of affinin on the central nervous system. Affinin extracted from H. longipes was evaluated for its psychopharmacological activity in several models and for its safety. H. longipes extract and affinin demonstrated antinociceptive effect, modified anxiety behavior and prolonged the time of sodium pentobarbital‐induced hypnosis. Affinin elicited these activities at high doses. Both the extract and affinin decreased the time of clonic and tonic PTZ‐induced seizures. In the Ames test, neither the extract nor affinin induced mutations in the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 or TA102 with or without the S9 microsomal fraction. Lethal dose 50 values in mice suggest that the H. longipes extract may contain sedative principles with potential anxiolytic activity; however, it may also increase convulsive activity.
Adenosine A2A receptors modulate glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes and gliosomes
Authors: Matos Marco , Augusto Elisabete , Santos‐Rodrigues Alexandre Dos , Schwarzschild Michael A. , Chen Jiang‐Fan , Cunha Rodrigo A. , Agostinho Paula
Published: February 2012

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, where its toxic build‐up leads to synaptic dysfunction and excitotoxic cell death that underlies many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, efforts have been made to understand the regulation of glutamate transporters, which are responsible for the clearance of extracellular glutamate. We now report that adenosine A2A receptors (A2
AR) control the uptake of D‐aspartate in primary cultured astrocytes as well as in an ex vivo preparation enriched in glial plasmalemmal vesicles (gliosomes) from adult rats, whereas A1R and A3R were devoid of effects. Thus, the acute exposure to the A2
AR agonist, CGS 21680, inhibited glutamate uptake, an effect prevented by the A2
AR antagonist, SCH 58261, and abbrogated in cultured astrocytes from A2
AR knockout mice. Furthermore, the prolonged activation of A2
AR lead to a cAMP/protein kinase A‐dependent reduction of GLT‐I and GLAST mRNA and protein levels, which leads to a sustained decrease of glutamate uptake. This dual mechanism of inhibition of glutamate transporters by astrocytic A2
AR provides a novel candidate mechanism to understand the ability of A2
AR to control synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration, two conditions tightly associated with the control of extracellular glutamate levels by glutamate transporters. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ATP‐P2X7 receptor signaling controls basal and TNFα‐stimulated glial cell proliferation
Authors: Zou Jian , Vetreno Ryan P. , Crews Fulton T.
Published: February 2012

Activation and proliferation of glial cells and their progenitors is a key process of neuroinflammation associated with many neurodegenerative disorders. Under neuropathological conditions where glial cell activation and proliferation is evident, controlling the population of glia might be of therapeutic importance. The proliferative action of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) on microglia has been reported, but the molecular mechanism of TNFα regulation of glial cell proliferation is largely unknown. Using a model of organotypic hippocampal–entorhinal cortex (HEC) slice culture, we investigated the role of ATP‐P2X7 receptor signaling in glial proliferation by TNFα. Populations of proliferating cells in HEC culture were labeled with 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU). Treatment with TNFα induced strong expression of P2X7 receptor mRNA and immunoreactivity in BrdU+ cells while markedly increasing proliferation of BrdU+ cells. In addition, TNFα increased aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression, an ion channel involved in glial proliferation. The proliferative action of TNFα was attenuated by blocking the P2X7 receptors with the specific antagonists oxATP, BBG, and KN62, or by lowering extracellular ATP with ATP hydrolysis apyrase. Basal proliferation of BrdU+ cells was also sensitive to blockade of ATP‐P2X7 signaling. Furthermore, TNFα activation of P2X7 receptors appear to regulate AQP4 expression through protein kinase C cascade and down regulation of AQP4 expression can reduce TNFα‐stimulated BrdU+ cell proliferation. Taken together, these novel findings demonstrate the importance of ATP‐P2X7 signaling in controlling proliferation of glial progenitors under the pathological conditions associated with increased TNFα. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overexpression of hTERT extends replicative capacity of human nucleus pulposus cells, and protects against serum starvation‐induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest
Authors: Liang Weiguo , Ye Dongping , Dai Libing , Shen Yan , Xu Jiake
Published: February 2012

The nucleus pulposus (NP) cells are chondrocyte‐like cells that are required for the resistance of compressive loads through the synthesis of collagen fibrils and proteoglycan aggrecans, and the generation of a hydrostatic swelling pressure, and thus play an important role in the intervertebral disc. Here, we report the production and characterization of an immortalized human NP cell line from normal NP cells using stable transfection of recombinant human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene. The hTERT‐transfected NP cells exhibited morphological characteristics typical of native cells. When compared with the first generation of normal NP cells, the hTERT‐transfected NP cells grew faster and had an increased level of IGF‐1 and TGF‐β gene expression. They were successfully passaged over 20 generations without significant change in the levels of type II collagen and proteoglycan aggrecan expression. In addition, they showed resistance to serum starvation‐induced apoptosis, G1 cell cycle arrest, and gene expression of p53, CCNE1, Fas, and Caspase 3. Moreover, histology revealed that no tumorigenicity of NP cells over expressing hTERT was observed after they were implanted in nude mice. Taken together, an immortalized human NP cell line was established, which has an extended lifespan, retains phenotypic features similar to primary parent NP cells, and should provide a suitable model for studying the biology of NP cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2112–2121, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical significance of circulating interleukin‐23 as a prognostic factor in breast cancer patients
Authors: Gangemi Sebastiano , Minciullo Paola , Adamo Barbara , Franchina Tindara , Ricciardi Giuseppina R.R. , Ferraro Maria , Briguglio Roberta , Toscano Giuseppe , Saitta Salvatore , Adamo Vincenzo
Published: February 2012

Little is known about specific IL‐23 alterations associated with breast cancer and the data available are still controversial. Therefore, the evaluation of changes in serum IL‐23 levels may add further information on the role of this cytokine in breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate prospectively the prognostic importance of circulating IL‐23 in patients with untreated breast cancer, respect to healthy controls, and the association with clinico‐pathological variables. The study involved 50 women diagnosed with stages I–IV breast cancer and 38 healthy controls. Of the 50 breast cancer patients, 37 women were recruited prior to their initial adjuvant chemotherapy and 13 prior to receive first line chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Adjuvant chemotherapy patients were at least in their 4th week post‐surgery. IL‐23 serum concentrations were measured by a quantitative enzyme immunoassay technique. We found a statistically significant higher systemic cytokine value in women with cancer in comparison with the control group (14.52 ± 11.39 pg/ml vs. 6.35 ± 4.63 pg/ml, P < 0.0001). Patients with shorter overall survival presented higher IL‐23 values, suggesting a negative prognostic correlation. There was no significant differences in IL‐23 levels among patients according to the biomolecular characteristics, the different subtypes and the presence of metastatic disease. This work investigated, for the first time, the role of IL‐23 in breast cancer patients showing a significant increase respect the control group. However, further validations are needed in larger studies to better investigate the implications of IL‐23 increase in these patients. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2122–2125, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decursin inhibits vasculogenesis in early tumor progression by suppression of endothelial progenitor cell differentiation and function
Authors: Jung Seok Yun , Choi Jin Hwa , Kwon Sang‐Mo , Masuda Haruchika , Asahara Takayuki , Lee You‐Mie
Published: February 2012

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to the tumor vasculature during tumor progression. Decursin isolated from the herb Angelica gigas is known to possess potent anti‐inflammatory activities. Recently, we reported that decursin is a novel candidate for an angiogenesis inhibitor [Jung et al., 2009]. In this study, we investigated whether decursin regulates EPC differentiation and function to inhibit tumor vasculogenesis. We isolated AC133+ cells from human cord blood and decursin significantly decreased the number of EPC colony forming units of human cord blood‐derived AC133+ cells that produce functional EPC progenies. Decursin dose‐dependently decreased the cell number of EPC committing cells as demonstrated by EPC expansion studies. Decursin inhibited EPC differentiation from progenitor cells into spindle‐shaped EPC colonies. Additionally, decursin inhibited proliferation and migration of early EPCs isolated from mouse bone marrow. Furthermore, decursin suppressed expression of angiopoietin‐2, angiopoietin receptor Tie‐2, Flk‐1 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in mouse BM derived EPCs in a dose‐dependent manner. Decursin suppressed tube formation ability of EPCs in collaboration with HUVEC. Decursin (4 mg/kg) inhibited tumor‐induced mobilization of circulating EPCs (CD34 + /VEGFR‐2+ cells) from bone marrow and early incorporation of Dil‐Ac‐LDL‐labeled or green fluorescent protein (GFP)+ EPCs into neovessels of xenograft Lewis lung carcinoma tumors in wild‐type‐ or bone‐marrow‐transplanted mice. Accordingly, decursin attenuated EPC‐derived endothelial cells in neovessels of Lewis lung carcinoma tumor masses grown in mice. Together, decursin likely affects EPC differentiation and function, thereby inhibiting tumor vasculogenesis in early tumorigenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1478–1487, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phosphorylation target site specificity for AGC kinases DMPK E and lats2
Authors: Gerrits Lieke , Venselaar Hanka , Wieringa Bé , Wansink Derick G. , Hendriks Wiljan J.A.J.
Published: February 2012

Serine/threonine kinases of the AGC group are important regulators of cell growth and motility. To examine the candidate substrate profile for two members of this group, DMPK E and Lats2, we performed in vitro kinase assays on peptide arrays. Substrate peptides for both kinases exhibited a predominance of basic residues surrounding the phosphorylation target site. 3D homology modeling of the kinase domains of DMPK E and Lats2 indicated that presence of two negative pockets in the peptide binding groove provides an explanation for the substrate preference. These findings will aid future research toward signaling functions of Lats2 and DMPK E within cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2126–2135, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fourier transform general formula for systematic potentials
Authors: Ishida Kazuhiro
Published: February 2012

For calculating molecular integrals of systematic potentials, a three‐dimensional (3D) Fourier transform general formula can be derived, by the use of the Abel summation method. The present general formula contains all 3D Fourier transform formulas which are well known as Bethe–Salpeter formulas (Bethe and Salpeter, Handbuch der Physik, Bd. XXXV, 1957) as special cases. It is shown that, in several of the Bethe–Salpeter formulas, the integral does not converge in the meaning of the Riemann integral but converges in the meaning of a hyper function as the Schwartz distribution. For showing an effectiveness of the present general formula, the convergence condition of molecular integrals is derived generally for all of the present potentials. It is found that molecular integrals can be converged in the meaning of the Riemann integral for the present potentials, except for those for extra super singular potentials. It is also found that the convergence condition of molecular integrals over the Slater‐type orbitals is exactly the same as that of the corresponding integrals over the Gaussian‐type orbitals for the present systematic potentials. For showing more effectiveness, the molecular integral over the gauge‐including atomic orbitals is derived for the magnetic dipole‐same‐dipole interaction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reply to comment on the paper “An efficient Algorithm for Energy Gradients and Orbital Optimization in Valence Bond Theory”
Authors: Wu Wei , Mo Yirong
Published: February 2012

van Lenthe, Broer, and Rashid made comments on our 2009 paper [Song et al., J. Comput. Chem. 2009, 30, 399] by criticizing that we did not properly reference the work by Broer and Nieuwpoort in 1988 [Broer and Nieuwpoort, Theor. Chim. Acta. 1988, 73, 405], and we favorably compared our valence bond self‐consistent field (VBSCF) algorithm with theirs. However, both criticisms are unjustified insignificant. The Broer–Nieuwpoort algorithm, properly cited in our paper, is for the evaluations of matrix elements between determinants of nonorthogonal orbitals. Stating that this algorithm “can be used for an orbital optimization” afterwards [van Lenthe et al., submitted] is not a plausible way to require more credits or even criticize others. While we stand by our statement that our algorithms scales at O(m4) and van Lenthe et al.'s approximate Newton Raphson algorithm scales at O(mN5) (here m and N are the numbers of basis functions and electrons), as we discussed in our original paper, it becomes obvious that any strict comparison among different algorithms is difficult, unproductive, and counteractive. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biopurification of air containing a low concentration of TEX: comparison of removal efficiency using planted and non‐planted biofilters
Authors: Rondeau Anne , Mandon Agnès , Malhautier Luc , Poly Franck , Richaume Agnès
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Underground car parks are confined spaces where traffic generates many pollutants such as toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (TEX) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The objective of this work was to evaluate the removal efficiency of low concentrations of TEX using planted and non‐planted biofilters. Two pilot‐scale units of biofiltration were set up. The gaseous mixture was generated to obtain a total TEX concentration of 600 µg m−3. Elimination performance of both biofilters was monitored for 96 days. Microbial behavior and the potential capacity to degrade the NOx, were investigated.

RESULTS: The removal efficiency (RE) was 30% in the non‐planted and 15% in the planted biofilter at day 3. The RE decreased more rapidly in planted biofilter than in non‐planted until nutrient addition at day 77. Consequently, the RE increased to 70% in both reactors. The potential for carbon mineralization was higher than those found in soils. The denitrification activity indicated good conditions for synthesis and maintenance of the denitrifying enzyme pool in the mound of soil. This suggested that NOx could also be treated in such a system.

CONCLUSION: The efficiency of the planted biofilters in removing TEX was evaluated and found to have good potential for improving air quality. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Gross and microscopic observations on the lingual structure of the franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei — gervais and d'orbigny, 1844)
Authors: Guimarães J.P. , Mari R.B. , Marigo J. , Rosas F.C.W. , Watanabe I.
Published: February 2012

In most anatomical studies developed with mammals, the tongue is described as highly differentiated among different species. However, studies on the tongue of aquatic mammals are still limited as compared to those on terrestrial mammals. The aim of this study was to describe the tongue morphology of the Franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) using macroscopic observations, light, and scanning electron microscopy. Microscopically, the dorsal surface was covered by a keratinized stratified epithelium. Salivary gland acini were found on the middle and caudal third of the tongue. The dorsal surface was totally covered by filiform papillae with a connective tissue core and a connective tissue structure round in shape in the middle and caudal regions. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:737–742, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of TRPV4 in the zebrafish retina during development
Authors: Sánchez‐ramos C. , Guerrera M.C. , Bonnin‐Arias C. , Calavia M.G. , Laurà R. , Germanà A. , Vega J.A.
Published: February 2012

The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are involved in sensing mechanical/physical stimuli such as temperature, light, pressure, as well as chemical stimuli. Some TRP channels are present in the vertebrate retina, and the occurrence of the multifunctional channel TRP vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) has been reported in adult zebrafish. Here, we investigate the expression and distribution of TRPV4 in the retina of zebrafish during development using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry from 3 days post fertilization (dpf) until 100 dpf. TRPV4 was detected at the mRNA and protein levels in the eye of zebrafish at all ages sampled. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of TRPV4 in a population of the retinal cells identified as amacrine cells on the basis of their morphology and localization within the retina, as well as the co‐localization of TRPV4 with calretinin. TRPV4 was first (3 dpf) found in the soma of cells localized in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers, and thereafter (10 dpf) also in the inner plexiform layer. The adult pattern of TRPV4 expression was achieved by 40 dpf the expression being restricted to the soma of some cells in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layers. These data demonstrate the occurrence and developmental changes in the expression and localization of TRPV4 in the retina of zebrafish, and suggest a role of TRPV4 in the visual processing. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:743–748, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody in salivary glands of spontaneously diabetic mice
Authors: Metidieri Hugo Tadeu , Mancio Rafael Dias , Mayoral Éber Emanuel , Rojas Fernanda Alvarez , Peroni Luis Antonio , Ferri Alan Telles , Lourenço Edmir Américo , Caldeira Eduardo José
Published: February 2012

Background: Diabetes mellitus results in many complications, also compromising the salivary glands. The current treatment for this condition should be a substituting method to exogenous insulin. In this aspect, the immunotherapy has been tested, but, it can be inefficient as an agent for the control of damage caused by diabetes. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody as alternative immunotherapy in the recovery of salivary glands of spontaneously diabetic NOD (nonobese diabetic) mice. Methods: NOD mice were divided into two groups of 10 animals: group I (untreated diabetic mice) and group II (anti‐CD3‐treated diabetic mice). After treatment, the samples of salivary glands were collected for histological examination under both transmitted and polarized light microscopy. Results: Alterations in tissue architecture; increase in extracellular matrix and presence of inflammatory process were observed in untreated animals. Recovery of the salivary acinar cells occurred in treated animals. The parotid glands demonstrated a smaller amount of collagen fibers and were not observed severe inflammatory processes. Conclusion: These results indicate that immunotherapy contributed to reestablishment of tissue damaged by the hyperglycemic condition, demonstrating that the immunomodulation plays an important role in the recovery of salivary glands. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolation and identification of spermidine derivatives in tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers and their distribution in floral organs
Authors: Yang Ziyin , Dong Fang , Baldermann Susanne , Murata Ariaki , Tu Youying , Asai Tatsuo , Watanabe Naoharu
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Recently, tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers have attracted increasing interest because of their content of bioactive compounds such as catechins. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of some characteristic compounds in tea flowers.

RESULTS: A principal component analysis of metabolites using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry showed differences in metabolite profile between flowers and leaves of C. sinensis var. Yabukita. Four spermidine derivatives were isolated from tea flowers. One of them was determined as N1,N5,N10‐tricoumaroyl spermidine based on NMR, MS and UV data. The other three were identified as feruoyl dicoumaroyl spermidine, coumaroyl diferuoyl spermidine and triferuoyl spermidine based on MSn data. Tricoumaroyl spermidine as the major spermidine conjugate was not detected in tea leaves. Furthermore, it decreased during floral development and mainly occurred in anthers.

CONCLUSION: This study has provided the first evidence that spermidine‐phenolic acid conjugates occur in tea flowers in considerable amounts. Their presence should prompt a reconsideration of the ecological role of tea flowers. From an economic point of view, tea flowers might be suitable as a raw material in the healthcare food and pharmaceutical industries. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Prebiotic effect of soluble fibres from modern and old durum‐type wheat varieties on Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains
Authors: Marotti Ilaria , Bregola Valeria , Aloisio Irene , Di Gioia Diana , Bosi Sara , Di Silvestro Raffaella , Quinn Robert , Dinelli Giovanni
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Wheat grains are a rich source of dietary fibres, particularly in the western human diet. Many of the health effects attributed to dietary fibres are believed to be related to their microbial fermentation in the gut. This study evaluated the ability of two potentially probiotic strains, Lactobacillus plantarum L12 and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum B7003, to ferment soluble dietary fibres (SDFs) from modern and ancient durum‐type wheat grains.

RESULTS: Fibre microbial utilisation was highly variable and dependent on the strain. SDFs from the varieties Svevo and Solex supported the growth of L. plantarum L12 the best, whereas those from the varieties Anco Marzio, Solex and Kamut® Khorasan were good carbohydrate substrates for B. pseudocatenulatum B7003. The highest prebiotic activity scores (describing the extent to which prebiotics support selective growth of probiotics) for B7003 were obtained with SDFs from the varieties Solex (0.57), Kamut® Khorasan (0.56) and Iride (0.55), whereas for L12 the highest scores were achieved with the varieties Orobel (0.63), Kamut® Khorasan (0.56) and Solex (0.53).

CONCLUSION: The present study has identified some SDFs from durum‐type wheat grains as suitable prebiotic substrates for the selective proliferation of B. pseudocatenulatum B7003 and L. plantarum L12 in vitro. The results provide the basis for the potential utilisation of wheat‐based prebiotics as a component of synbiotic formulations. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Adolescents' reactions after a wildfire disaster in Greece
Authors: Papadatou Danai , Giannopoulou Ioanna , Bitsakou Paraskevi , Bellali Thalia , Talias Michael A. , Tselepi Konstantina
Published: February 2012

This cross‐sectional study examined the factors associated with higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms in 1,468 adolescents, 6 months after a wildfire. The rate of probable PTSD was 29.4% and 20% for probable depression. Findings on predisaster, disaster‐related, and postdisaster factors revealed that disaster‐related factors—specifically objective and perceived threat to self and others—were associated with symptoms of PTSD but not depression. Predisaster life events, postdisaster losses, and escape‐oriented coping strategies were associated with higher levels of both PTSD and depression symptoms, while control‐oriented coping and perceived social support were differentially associated with symptoms of and depression. Findings have implications for the assessment and treatment of traumatized and depressed adolescents after a disaster.
Heat Waves, Droughts, and Preferences for Environmental Policy
Authors: Owen Ann L. , Conover Emily , Videras Julio , Wu Stephen
Published: February 2012

Using data from a new household survey on environmental attitudes, behaviors, and policy preferences, we find that current weather conditions affect preferences for environmental regulation. Individuals who have recently experienced extreme weather (heat waves or droughts) are more likely to support laws to protect the environment. We find evidence that the channel through which weather conditions affect policy preference is via perceptions of the importance of the issue of global warming. Furthermore, environmentalists and individuals who consult more sources of news are less likely to have their attitudes toward global warming changed by current weather conditions. These findings suggest that communication and education emphasizing consequences of climate change salient to the individual's circumstances may be the most effective in changing attitudes of those least likely to support proenvironment policy. In addition, the timing of policy introduction could influence its success.
The Effects of Building Strong Families: A Healthy Marriage and Relationship Skills Education Program for Unmarried Parents
Authors: Wood Robert G. , McConnell Sheena , Moore Quinn , Clarkwest Andrew , Hsueh JoAnn
Published: February 2012

This article examines the impacts of Building Strong Families, a healthy marriage and relationship skills education program serving unmarried parents who were expecting or had recently had a baby. Based on a random assignment research design, the analysis uses survey data from more than 4,700 couples across eight research sites to estimate program effects. Results varied across sites, with one site having a pattern of positive effects (but no effect on marriage) and another having numerous negative effects. However, when impacts are averaged across all research sites, the findings indicate that the program had no overall effects on couples’ relationship quality or the likelihood that they remained together or got married.
Electrospun nanocomposite polyacrylonitrile fibers containing carbon nanotubes and cobalt ferrite
Authors: Jin Xudong , Ni Qing‐Qing , Fu Yaqin , Zhang Li , Natsuki Toshiaki
Published: February 2012

Nanocomposite fibers made from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles were fabricated by electrospinning. The 10–25 nm CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were made by a simple hydrothermal process. Characterization by X‐ray diffraction confirmed that the CNTs and the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were successfully incorporated into the PAN matrix. Scanning electron microscopy showed nanocomposite fibers with regular morphologies. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the internal distribution of the CNTs and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. The nanocomposite fibers exhibited effective electromagnetic interference shielding attenuation of about 3.9 dB. Magnetic measurement using a vibrating sample magnetometer showed saturation magnetization of 4.7 emu g−1, thus this property can be accurately tailored by adjusting the loading of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Improved mechanical and thermal properties of bamboo–epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Kumar V. , Kumar Rakesh
Published: February 2012

Natural fiber‐reinforced hybrid composites based on bamboo/epoxy/nanoclay were prepared. Ultrasound sonication was used for the dispersion of nanoclay in the bamboo–epoxy composites. The morphology of bamboo–epoxy nanocomposites was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The results show that there exists an optimum limit in which the mechanical properties of composites improved by continuously increasing the nanoclay content. The tensile and flexural strength of bamboo–epoxy nanocomposites with 3 wt% nanoclay increased by 40% and 27%, respectively, as compared to pure composites. The highest value of impact strength was obtained for 1 wt% nanoclay content bamboo–epoxy nanocomposites. The enhanced impact strength of bamboo–epoxy nanocomposites was one of the key advantages brought by nanofiller. The results show that incorporation of nanoclay substantially increases the water resistance capability and thermal stability of bamboo–epoxy nanocomposites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Electrically conductive foamed polyurethane/silicone rubber/graphite nanocomposites as radio frequency wave absorbing material: The role of foam structure
Authors: Shafieizadegan‐Esfahani Ahmad R. , Katbab Ali A. , Pakdaman Ali R. , Dehkhoda P. , Shams Mohammad H. , Ghorbani Ayaz
Published: February 2012

Radio frequency wave absorber nanocomposites based on a flexible polyurethane (PU) foam has been manufactured by impregnation of the foam in n‐hexane solution of room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber (SR), hybridized with graphite nanosheets (GNs) called doping solution. After impregnation, dried samples were kept at ambient temperature for the curing of the soaked graphitized SR. To evaluate the influences of the PU foam structural parameters on electrical conductivity, permittivity, and reflection loss characteristics, various foams with different structures were impregnated in the crosslinkable doping solution. Electrical conductivity, real, and imaginary parts of permittivity were measured within the frequency range of 4–6 GHz via performing waveguide measurements. The coarse thick wall PU foam sample exhibited higher conductivity and permittivity than the fine wire mesh sample having similar amounts of conductive SR/GN doping agent. Moreover, nanocomposites based on coarse foam samples showed higher potential for the wave absorption at lower absorber thickness than the fine wire mesh PU foam. The higher conductivity and hence imaginary permittivity of the coarse structure is attributed to the better coincidence of conductive paths in the PU/SR/GN nanocomposite foam with lines of electric field of the incident wave. The higher real permittivity of the coarse nanocomposite is suggested to be related to the more mutual interactions between graphite nanolayers and aggregates which form a network of minicapacitors in the structure of nanocomposites, leading to a higher capacitance and hence more real permittivity. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Contribution of nanoclays to the performance of traditional flame retardants in ABS
Authors: Ozkaraca Ayse Cagil , Kaynak Cevdet
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate contribution of nanoclays to the flame retardancy performance of a traditional brominated flame retardant compound with various combinations of antimony trioxide and zinc borate. The matrix polymer acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) was compounded by melt mixing in a laboratory size twin‐screw extruder. X‐ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy revealed that nanoclay silicate layers were mainly intercalated with certain level of exfoliation in ABS matrix. Flammability analysis investigated by mass loss calorimeter, limiting oxygen index, and UL‐94 tests indicated that use of nanoclays improved all flame retardancy parameters significantly. For instance, the increase in the limiting oxygen index was up to 32% O2, while the suppression in peak heat release rate value was as much as 82%, of course in each specimen the highest rating of V‐0 in UL‐94 test was obtained. Thermogravimetric and other residue analyses pointed out that these contributions were especially due to the condensed phase flame retardancy mechanism of nanoclay which contributes stronger and carbonaceous char formation acting as a barrier to heat and flammable gases and retarding volatilization via tortuous pathway. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Removal of 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene from “Pink Water” Using Molecularly‐Imprinted Absorbent
Authors: Meng Zihui , Zhang Qiuyue , Xue Min , Wang Dan , Wang An
Published: February 2012

Molecularly‐Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) were designed, prepared, and tested for the removal of TNT from “pink water”, which contains 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and other nitrobenzene compounds (NBCs) produced in army ammunition plants. We have investigated the interactions between TNT template and different monomers using molecular modeling and spectrometric methods, which enables us to optimize the MIP compositions. A suspension polymerization method was utilized to prepare MIP beads with an average diameter of 25 µm, and an imprinting effect of 4.3 was achieved. Furthermore, we have constructed a model absorbance reactor using a flash chromatography system, which was successfully used to monitor the removal of TNT and other NBCs on‐line, and the MIP absorbent was regenerated in‐situ. Compared with granular activated carbon, the capacity of the MIP absorbent is 65‐fold higher. In addition, the MIP absorbent can be regenerated easily, and the capacity only decreases by 7 % after four rounds of regeneration. Besides “pink water”, the MIP absorbent can also be used to remove NBCs in the waste stream from TNT production.
Dysregulation of circulating microRNAs and prediction of aggressive prostate cancer
Authors: Shen Jing , Hruby Gregory W. , McKiernan James M. , Gurvich Irina , Lipsky Michael Jeffrey , Benson Mitchell C. , Santella Regina M.
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND

It is becoming increasingly evident that microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa).

METHODS

We examined the hypothesis that plasma miRNA levels can differentiate patients by aggressiveness in 82 PCa patients. Taqman based quantitative RT‐PCR assays were performed to measure copy number of target miRNAs.

RESULTS

miR‐20a was significantly overexpressed in plasma from patients with stage 3 tumors compared to stage 2 or below (P = 0.03). The expression levels for miR‐20a and miR‐21 were significantly increased in patients with high risk CAPRA scores (16,623 and 1,595 copies, respectively). Significantly increased miR‐21 and miR‐145 expression were observed for patients with intermediate or high risk D'Amico scores compared to patients with low risk scores (P = 0.047 and 0.011, respectively). The relapse rates for CAPRA scores ranged from 1.9% for low risk to 9.5% for intermediate risk and to 22.2% for high risk patients (P = 0.023). For D'Amico scores, the relapse rates ranged from 0.0% for low risk to 7.4% for intermediate risk and 17.6% for high risk patients (P = 0.039). Expression of miR‐21 and miR‐221 significantly differentiated patients with intermediate risk from those with low risk CAPRA scores (AUC = 0.801, P = 0.002). Four miRNAs (miR‐20a, miR‐21, miR‐145, and miR‐221) could also distinguish high versus low risk in PCa patients by D'Amico score with an AUC of 0.824.

CONCLUSIONS

These preliminary data suggest that altered plasma miRNAs may be useful predictors to distinguish PCa patients with varied aggressiveness. Further larger studies to validate this promising finding are warranted. Prostate 72:1469–1477, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification and expression profiles of nine glutathione S‐transferase genes from the important rice phloem sap‐sucker and virus vector Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Zhou Wen‐Wu , Li Xi‐Wang , Quan Yin‐Hua , Cheng Jiaan , Zhang Chuan‐Xi , Gurr Geoff , Zhu Zeng‐Rong
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) have received considerable attention in insects for their roles in insecticide resistance. Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) is a serious rice pest. L. striatellus outbreaks occur frequently throughout eastern Asia. A key problem in controlling this pest is its rapid adaptation to numerous insecticides. In this research, nine cDNAs encoding GSTs in L. striatellus were cloned and characterised.

RESULTS: The cloned GSTs of L. striatellus belonged to six cytosolic classes and a microsomal subgroup. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of each of the six insecticides, DDT, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, imidacloprid, buprofezin and beta‐cypermethrin, quickly induced (6 h) up‐expression of LsGSTe1. The expression of LsGSTs2 was increased by chlorpyrifos, fipronil and beta‐cypermethrin. Furthermore, exposure of L. striatellus to fipronil, imidacloprid, buprofezin and beta‐cypermethrin increased the expression of the LsGSTm gene after 24 or 48 h.

CONCLUSION: This work is the first identification of GST genes from different GST groups in Auchenorrhyncha species and their induction characteristics with insecticide types and time. The elevated expression of GST genes induced by insecticides might be related to the enhanced tolerance of this insect to insecticides and xenobiotics. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Management of resistant Gram‐negative urinary tract infections
Authors: Macnaughton Emily , Brindle Richard
Published: February 2012

The authors discuss current oral and intravenous treatment options in the management of multiresistant Gram‐negative urinary tract infections in the community. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Interface Ltd
A new stable core structure of 60° shuffle dislocation in silicon and associated mobility behavior
Authors: Zhong Kangyou , Meng Qingyuan , Zhao Wei
Published: February 2012

We performed density‐functional theory simulations and obtained a new stable reconfiguration of shuffle 60° dislocation in silicon. The configuration is characterized by a complex of a shuffle 60° dislocation and an additional bond defect. Its mobility is discussed by determining the critical shear strain for dislocation glide. The critical shear strain is 10.6% without thermal activation, and decreases to 7.9% at a temperature ranging from 100 to 600 K. It can take part in the process of plastic deformation by emitting a common glissile shuffle 60° dislocation under high stress at low temperature.
Investigating the Effectiveness of St John's Wort Herb as an Antimicrobial Agent against Mycobacteria
Authors: Mortensen Trent , Shen Shujie , Shen FenAnn , Walsh Marie K. , Sims Ronald C. , Miller Charles D.
Published: February 2012

A persistent need exists for effective treatment agents for mycobacterial infections. This research investigated the effectiveness of the Hypericum perforatum herb (commonly known as St John's wort; SJW) in its growth inhibition of mycobacteria. A SJW extract was effective at inhibiting five nonpathogenic Mycobacterium isolates and Bacillus subtilis, but not Escherichia coli. Quantitative studies of concentration sensitivity to the SJW extract were performed with minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranging from 0.33 to 2.66 mg extract/mL. The SJW compounds hyperforin (Hfn), hypericin (Hpn), and pseudohypericin (Phn) were quantified in the extract using HPLC. The SJW extract solution of 133 mg extract/mL used in this study contained 2.3 mg Hfn/mL, 0.8 mg Hpn/mL, and 2.1 mg Phn/mL. Purified Hfn, Hpn, and Phn were tested for inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium JLS (M. JLS) at similar concentrations used in the crude extract. While Hfn was inhibitory at 46 µg/mL, none of the purified SJW constituents were bactericidal at concentrations corresponding to SJW treatments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of SJW‐treated M. JLS cells showed changes in cell surface morphology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protocatechuic Aldehyde Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide‐induced Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Apoptosis via Regulation of Caspase‐3
Authors: Xing Ya‐Ling , Zhou Zhe , Agula  , Zhong Zhi‐Yin , Ma Yong‐Jie , Zhao Yan‐ling , Xiao Xiao‐He , Wang Sheng‐Qi
Published: February 2012

Apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells results in the loss of endothelial integrity, and is a risk factor of atherosclerosis (AS). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates inflammation during AS. The current study examined the effect of a potent water‐soluble antioxidant, protocatechuic aldehyde (PCA; derived from the Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza) on apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with LPS. The LPS (15 µg/ml) stimulation for 30 h resulted in significant HUVEC apoptosis, as detected by Hoechst 33258 staining and Annexin V analysis. The PCA (0.25–1.0 mmol/L, 12 h) inhibited LPS‐induced HUVEC apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. Lipopolysaccharide induced caspase‐3 activation, but had no significant effect on caspase‐2, Bcl‐2/Bax, cytochrome c, caspase‐9 and granzyme B expression. Protocatechuic aldehyde (0.25–1.0 mmol/L) significantly inhibited caspase‐3 activation in a dose‐dependent manner. A specific caspase‐3 inhibitor also protected against LPS‐induced apoptosis; however, no cooperative effect of PCA and the inhibitor was observed in this study. Collectively, these results indicate that PCA inhibits LPS‐induced apoptosis in HUVECs through a mechanism that involves caspase‐3. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.