bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Law
Authors: Douglas Heather
Published: March 2021

This chapter maps women’s engagement with different aspects of law over time in response to intimate partner violence (IPV). It considers the variety of legal systems women interact with at different points on their journeys, including immigration law, the child protection system, criminal law and police, civil protection order processes, and family law. The chapter identifies differences in engagements linked to women’s intersecting identities. In particular, it considers the different legal journeys experienced by migrant women, especially those who have insecure migration status, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. The chapter explores how the law itself is sometimes used by an abusive partner as a form of nonphysical abuse to extend IPV after separation.
Policing Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Douglas Heather
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores women’s experiences with police responses to intimate partner violence (IPV), considering three interrelated themes that emerged from the women’s experiences. These themes were police failing to understand the dynamics of IPV, especially failing to recognize nonphysical forms of IPV; women’s sense that the police were aligning with the abuser; and police failing to intervene when there were children in the relationship. The chapter also highlights some of the positive interactions women experienced with police and some of the unexpected safety strategies, involving police, that they developed over time. The chapter concludes with suggestions about how to encourage change in the police response to IPV.
Introduction
Authors: Eden Jeff
Published: March 2021

The Second World War was a period of “religious revolution” in the Soviet Union. The Introduction describes how this book, focusing on Soviet Muslims, approaches pivotal developments related to this revolution: the way religion was mobilized as a new tool of state propaganda; the way religious repression receded, and then changed shape; and the way Soviet Muslim communities responded to the dawn of unprecedented religious freedoms, some of which were shepherded by the state and some of which were achieved thanks to its incompetence or indifference. The Introduction then addresses debates on the biggest questions of all: Why did the revolution in religious life take place? What role did “popular” religiosity and public religious devotion play? Why did the Soviet state, just a few years after slaughtering religious elites by the tens of thousands during the Great Terror of 1937–38, shift dramatically toward religious tolerance?
Red Army Prayers and Homefront Lyrics
Authors: Eden Jeff
Published: March 2021

This chapter offers a rare glimpse of Muslim devotional life in the war era and the immediate postwar years, drawing on sources such as Islamic war poetry, veterans’ remembrances, eyewitness reportage, Soviet agents’ dispatches, and letters to and from Muslim Red Army soldiers. It argues that it is possible to reconstruct not only some aspects of religious change that were particular to the war era but also to trace these changes into the postwar years. In other words, this chapter proposes that the war era is a turning point not only in Soviet religious policy—as many have previously argued—but in Soviet Muslim life more generally. These changes include the flourishing of Soviet Muslim poetry (much of it devoted to wartime experiences) and the increasing level of women’s participation and leadership in ritual life.
With “App” Attention
Authors: Kaschub Michele , Smith Janice
Published: March 2021

The chapter addresses how teachers can guide the development of students’ musical capacities through creative projects in digital environments. Specific suggestions are tailored to suit the needs of student composers, performers, and listeners as they develop their individual musicianship skills. Students can be guided beyond simply exploring apps by focusing on feelingful intention, musical expression, and artistic craftsmanship as they create music of their own. Student performers in iPad ensembles can be helped to anticipate sonic possibilities and artistically interpret the music of others as sensitive expressions of feeling. Listening experiences become more purposeful when students attend to musical impressions through artistic perception and create a personally meaningful relationship with music. These capacities are available in all manner of musical media, but they especially can assist and focus student expressivity in technological environments. This allows students to more artistically engage their personal creativity. Whether working alone or in collaboration with others, students may use a variety of apps to broaden their conceptions of music and the role of technology in music. Teaching examples designed to develop role-specific musical capacities are provided for composition, performance, and listening activities.
The iPad as a Musical Instrument!
Authors: Williams David A.
Published: March 2021

When used to make music, the tablet device is a musical instrument and has several things in common with traditional wind and string instruments: It can be played well, making wonderful music, and it can be played poorly, producing sounds that are wanting in terms of musicality. First, and foremost, a tablet will make no sound until a human touches it. Second, practice is required to perform correctly on a tablet, and the performer must build technique. The tablet, like an oboe or violin, will do nothing musical until a human being interacts with it, develops technique through practice, and makes musical decisions using it. It is possible to use tablets in live performance by examining real-life examples by an iPad ensemble that model learner-centered pedagogical principles. Taking into account the social and musical aspects of the musicians, the chapter discusses possible approaches to rehearsals, what performances might involve, including collaborations with other artists, and breaking down the artificial fourth wall that too often is placed between musicians and audience.
Opera as Hypermedium
Authors: Havelková Tereza
Published: March 2021

This book deals with contemporary relationships between opera and the media. It is concerned with both the use of media on stage and opera on screen. Drawing on the concept of hypermediacy from media studies, it situates opera within the larger context of contemporary media practices, and particularly those that play up the multiplicity, awareness, and enjoyment of media. The discussion is driven by the underlying question of what politics of representation and perception opera performs within this context. This entails approaching operas as audiovisual events (rather than works or texts) and paying attention to what they do by visual means, along with the operatic music and singing. The book concentrates on events that foreground their use of media and technology, drawing attention to opera’s inherently hypermedial aspects. It works with the recognition that such events nevertheless engender powerful effects of immediacy, which are not contingent on illusionism or the seeming transparency of the medium. It analyzes how effects like presence, liveness, and immersion are produced, contesting some critical claims attached to them. It also sheds light on how these effects, often perceived as visceral or material in nature, are related to the production of meaning in opera. The discussion pertains to contemporary pieces such as Louis Andriessen and Peter Greenaway’s Rosa and Writing to Vermeer, as well as productions of the canonical repertory such as Wagner’s Ring Cycle by Robert Lepage at the Met and La Fura dels Baus in Valencia.
Synaesthesia or Anaesthesia?
Authors: Havelková Tereza
Published: March 2021

Chapter 4 starts from the observation that hypermediacy elicits an embodied, multisensory mode of perception. At stake here is a mode of experience whereby the perceiver “loses oneself” in the perceived, and the question of how such experience may be critically productive. The chapter is intent on making a distinction between an effect of immediacy based on (over)saturation of the senses, and a physiological, intersubjective relationship with the perceived that harbors a political potential. Drawing on critical readings of Walter Benjamin, the chapter works with the twin concepts of synaesthetics and anaesthetics. The latter allows for developing a connection between the sensory effects of hypermediacy and the Wagnerian Gesamtkunstwerk, fostering a critique of the notions of immersion and embodiment associated with new media experiences. The former helps understand the political potential of the media of reproduction in terms of the possibility of sensory reconfiguration and a renewed sensibility to the perceived.
Conclusion
Authors: Havelková Tereza
Published: March 2021

The conclusion summarizes the book’s main themes and points out the consequences of its analyses for contemporary debates about performance, digital media, and the “culture of presence.” It highlights the ways hypermedial opera productively intervenes in these artistic and theoretical debates.
The Creation and Recreation of Borderlands Among Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Hernández-Wolfe Pilar , Muchavisoy Santos Jamioy
Published: March 2021

In this chapter the authors discuss processes of survival and resilience for indigenous communities impacted by the enduring effects of colonization and coloniality. They focus on what resilience means for the Kamentza people, thus relocating the concept to a borderlands space where Western notions of resilience can dialogue with and be transformed by the local context of this community. They situate their analysis within an epistemology of the South; discuss resilience as a process occurring in borderland spaces; offer a narrative about the Kamentza people of Colombia highlighting key struggles, historical processes, and ways of coping with adversity; and finally, offer their view on the type of research/practice that is needed in the future from this perspective. Examining resilience processes within historical context, power differentials, and cultural systems helps us identify the complexities of communities still surviving at the margins of capitalism and Western ways of being.
Conceptualizing Cascading Effects of Resilience in Human–Water Systems
Authors: Xu Li , Mao Feng , Famiglietti James S. , Pomeroy John W. , Pahl-Wostl Claudia
Published: March 2021

People and water interact over time and across space as coupled systems. Investigating the resilience of such coupling should take a multisystemic approach to address not only the resilience in different human and water systems, but also the interrelationship between their resilience processes. Based on the three framings of resilience in the coupled human–water context (i.e., social resilience, hydrological resilience, and socio-hydrological resilience), a conceptual framework is proposed for understanding the cascading effects of resilience along a chain of resilience change across systems and scales. The authors use a case example from a drainage basin in the Canadian Prairies to exemplify this framework and demonstrate how a change in the resilience of one system can exert an impact on the resilience of another, in socio-hydrological systems that are under the influence of both human activities and climate change.
Dispersal
Authors: Morgan Steven G.
Published: March 2021

Dispersal of benthic crustaceans primarily occurs by larvae, which can be transported far from parents. However, larval dispersal is reduced by depth regulation in a sheared water column, where surface and bottom currents flow at different rates or directions, and navigation by postlarvae recruiting to adult habitats. Larvae undertake migrations between adult and larval habitats that range from retention near adult habitats to cross-shelf migrations. The extent of these migrations is regulated by depth preferences and vertical migrations that are timed exogenously or endogenously by diel and tidal cycles over planktonic development. Depth regulation is cued primarily by gravity, hydrostatic pressure, and light, and secondarily by temperature, salinity, and turbulence. Settlement stages navigate to suitable settlement sites using hierarchies of acoustic, chemical, visual, and celestial cues that are effective at different distances. The extent of larval migrations between adult and larval habitats as well as diel vertical migrations may be set by the vulnerability of larvae to abundant planktivorous fish in estuaries and nearshore waters. The timing of larval release and vertical swimming by larvae changes across tidal regimes to conserve migrations between adult and larval habitats across species ranges while minimizing predation.
The Blob and the Mob
Authors: Gage Beverly
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores social movements as a new lens through which to approach grand strategy. Although grand strategists and social movement strategists often view each other as opposites, they have more to learn from each other—and more in common—than either group might think. Within the realm of strategic thought, there has long been significant intellectual overlap between military, political, and social-movement approaches. Far from standing apart from questions of war and peace, stability and instability, conflict and diplomacy, nearly every significant movement for social change has actively engaged these questions, including the real or potential use of violence. Around the world, still more radical movements, many of them at least nominally Marxist in orientation, produced vast literatures on the virtues and vices of revolutionary strategy, as well as the complex task of transforming members and leaders, after victory, from revolutionaries into statesmen. In modern Western democratic societies, social-change strategists tend to favor non-violent methods, but debates rage nonetheless.
Turning the Tide
Authors: Bradley Elizabeth H. , Taylor Lauren A.
Published: March 2021

This chapter describes the principles of grand strategy as applied to global health and public health. It analyzes President George W. Bush's program, called the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (known as PEPFAR). Developed largely in secret and placed outside the traditional USAID bureaucracy, the PEPFAR program pole vaulted the United States into a leadership role in global health. The chapter then highlights how the use of grand strategic principles resulted in a highly successful, if still limited, global health intervention. The Bush Administration articulated explicit goals, or ends, and connected those to the larger ecology of national interests related to demonstrating American morality, and protecting the United States from the threat of pandemic HIV/AIDS. However, PEPFAR as a strategy was incomplete. It failed to address critical root causes of the spread of HIV/AIDS—the social and economic conditions in which such pathogens emerge and spread.
Extending the Sphere
Authors: Edel Charles
Published: March 2021

This chapter traces the development of early American grand strategy by examining the context in which the Federalist Papers were written, drawing out the grand strategy for America's rise to power as articulated by its authors, and evaluating the impact of, and departure from, those ideas on subsequent American statecraft. In doing so, it makes several arguments. First, there was a coherent set of ideas guiding American grand strategy from the outset, even as those ideas evolved over time. Second, the Federalist Papers are usually read as a defense of the United States Constitution and in a largely domestic political context for what they have to say about the structure of the government, the powers and limitations of its component parts, and the nature of federalism. But, even by a numerical count, it is clear that the requirements of national security played a dominant role in the minds of the drafters. Third, grand strategy, conceived in this manner, can be understood as the integration of foreign policy and domestic developments; politics and the economy play as much a part in grand strategy as do diplomacy and military force. Finally, evaluation of a grand strategy entails charting its successes and failures, consistencies and inconsistencies, internal tensions and unintended consequences.
A Useful Category of Analysis?
Authors: Epstein Katherine C.
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines the transformation of US foreign relations in the period from 1865 to 1918. Some historians have explicitly analyzed this transformation in terms of “grand strategy.” Others who have not used the concept as an analytical tool have nevertheless offered interpretations that can be easily assimilated by the concept's enthusiasts and, if so desired, given a different ideological edge. Whether the emergence of the United States as a great power is to be welcomed or lamented, both celebrants and critics can agree that it happened, and that it happened largely as a result of the deliberate peacetime melding of industrial and naval power. Although the concept of grand strategy cannot be blamed for creating the problems with the existing literature on US foreign relations from the Civil War through World War I, it tends to worsen them, in two related ways. First, the concept of grand strategy privileges the nation-state as the unit of analysis, when no less important units in this case are the sub-national and the global. Second, the “grandness” of grand strategy encourages scholars to neglect critically important details of US economic and naval power. These details are more than isolated anomalies: taken together, they compel a new explanatory paradigm.
National Security as Grand Strategy
Authors: Preston Andrew
Published: March 2021

This chapter addresses the historian Edward Mead Earle, who is widely credited with sanctifying the concept of “grand strategy.” By making strategy “grand,” Earle broadened its scope from a Clausewitzian basis that had been exclusively military to one that incorporated all of statecraft, indeed, virtually all of politics. At precisely the same time he was codifying “grand strategy,” he was also deeply involved in the construction of another new foreign-policy term, one that would become more frequently used and politically effective than grand strategy, at least in the United States: “national security.” Earle was not the first to deploy the term national security, but he played an instrumental role in establishing its tenets and determining its uses. Not coincidentally, Earle's codification of “national security” involved the same expansionary impulse that gave rise to “grand strategy.” In an age of industrialized warfare, air power, and a truly global politics of security, Earle believed that existing notions of safety and strategy needed to be stretched and broadened. His new definitions did precisely that.
Disastrous Grand Strategy
Authors: Irwin Julia F.
Published: March 2021

This chapter traces the evolution of the US government’s international disaster assistance policy, beginning at the dawn of the nineteenth century and culminating with the landmark enactment of Public Law (P.L.) 94–161, the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975. Avowing the United States’ readiness to provide humanitarian relief in the wake of foreign catastrophes, it empowered the president (or his appointed delegates) to furnish relief and short-term rehabilitation assistance to any country affected by “natural or manmade disasters.” With this act, US international disaster assistance was officially codified as an instrument of US foreign policy. The chapter then analyzes the state's gradually expanding role in the humanitarian sphere in light of the shifting architecture of nineteenth- and twentieth-century US grand strategy. If a grand strategy framework can help make sense of US international disaster assistance, studying the history of catastrophes and disaster relief—and the history of humanitarian aid, more broadly—also stands to say something new about US grand strategy itself.
Reproductive Politics and Grand Strategy
Authors: Briggs Laura
Published: March 2021

This chapter highlights the ways that transnational adoption and reproductive politics more broadly have been quite important to US foreign policy, and are, in fact part of US grand strategy. They do much more political work than is generally acknowledged, and do so in ways that merit scholarly attention. Too often, scholars of grand strategy have relied on the same gendered logic that Donald Trump has, in which reproductive politics belong to a feminized, private world of children and families rather than the robust, masculine world of politics, militaries, and foreign policy. That logic has made the signal importance of things like transnational adoption, overpopulation, and birth control invisible in studies of grand strategy. The chapter seeks to rectify that oversight, restoring reproductive politics to its rightful place as a real and important element in grand strand strategy.
Casualties and the Concept of Grandness
Authors: Dudziak Mary L.
Published: March 2021

This chapter reflects on the Korean War, considering how casualties affect American perceptions of the cost of war. It was the first large-scale overseas US war that was not declared or authorized by Congress, and the war's greatest impact was on Korean civilians. Using the example of Korean War casualties, the chapter explores the tension between the idea of “grandness” in grand strategy and the importance of granular, concrete consequences. The “grandness” of grand strategy relates both to the scale of strategizing and to the ideas that inform it. For American policymakers, it proceeds from a broad theory of the United States’ role in the world. On the ground, however, a strategy can result in mass death. Therefore, an understanding of the concrete human experience of the use of force should be firmly incorporated into grand strategy—both the practice and the pedagogy.
Legal Pluralism Explained
Authors: Tamanaha Brian Z.
Published: March 2021

Legal pluralism involves the coexistence of multiple forms of law. This includes state law, international law, transnational law, customary law, religious law, indigenous law, and the law of distinct ethnic or cultural communities. Legal pluralism is a subject of discussion today in legal anthropology, legal sociology, legal history, comparative law, international law, transnational law, jurisprudence, and law and development scholarship. This book places legal pluralism in historical context going back to the Medieval period, describes the origins of legal pluralism in postcolonial countries and its implications today, identifies manifestations of legal pluralism within Western societies, discusses contemporary transnational legal pluralism, identifies problems with current theoretical accounts of legal pluralism, and articulates an approach to legal pluralism that avoids theoretical problems and is useful for social scientists, theorists, and law and development scholars and practitioners.
Sweet Thing
Authors: Stoia Nicholas
Published: March 2021

Sweet Thing: The History and Musical Structure of a Shared American Vernacular Form is a historical and analytical study of one of the most productive and enduring shared musical resources in North American vernacular music. Many of us learn the form as children, when we sing “If you’re happy and you know it clap your hands,” and we hear it frequently in popular music, but usually without realizing that this poetic and rhythmic pattern has been penetrating the minds of musicians and listeners for centuries. The antecedents of the form date back to sixteenth-century Scotland and England, and appear in seventeenth-century English popular music; eighteenth-century English and American broadside balladry; nineteenth-century American folk hymnody, popular song, gospel hymnody, and ragtime; and American folk repertoire collected in the early twentieth century. It continued to generate many songs in early twentieth-century popular genres, including blues, country, and gospel music, through which it entered into many postwar popular genres like rhythm and blues, rock and roll, soul, country pop, the folk revival, and rock music. This book offers the most comprehensive examination to date of the centuries-long history of the scheme, and defines its musical parameters in twentieth-century popular music.
Silicon Valley Leaders in Federal Elections
Authors: Halpin Darren R. , Nownes Anthony J.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 3 examines one individual form of corporate elite political engagement—campaign giving. The chapter undertakes an in-depth look at the itemized federal campaign contributions of Silicon Valley CEOs and founders during the 2015–2016 federal election cycle. Relying upon publicly available Federal Election Commission data on individual contributions, the chapter answers questions including: How prevalent is campaign giving among the corporate elites on our SV150+ CEO and founder lists? Do these corporate elites give more or less than other sets of corporate elites? In their giving, are SV150+ CEOs and founders as Democratic as previous studies suggest they are? Are they indeed a new financial constituency of the Democratic Party? Are Silicon Valley corporate elites simply furthering their firms’ interests when they give, or are they “free agents” following their own, personal preferences?
Associative Action
Authors: Halpin Darren R. , Nownes Anthony J.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 6 turns to another form of associative leader engagement. Specifically, Chapter 6 examines the rise of organizations founded by SV150+ CEOs and founders. Special attention is paid to a new organizational form: the corporate social advocacy organization (CSAO), which we define as a political organization, founded directly by corporate elites, that pursues a narrow issue or public interest policy agenda, and seeks to involve the general public in its advocacy work (as members or supporters). The chapter uncovers nineteen groups founded by SV150+ elites, among them several CSAOs. Chapter 6 examines where these groups came from, what they do, and how they connect with other forms of SV150+ political activity.
Introduction
Authors: Marzola Luci
Published: March 2021

While the early years of Hollywood are usually seen in light of legendary figures such as Adolph Zukor, it is the engineers, technicians, and bureaucrats who supported the system that were responsible for every frame Hollywood produced. This introduction reorients the reader away from stars and producers and toward these technical workers and their organizations. It discusses the role of concepts such as creative industries, Hollywood’s invisible style, scientific management, technological determinism, scientific progressivism, engineering history, and trade organizations in the broader arguments presented throughout the book. When we look at Hollywood motion picture production as a technology business, rather than an anomalous industry, the studio system takes its place within its proper historical context of the American economy and culture as a whole.
“Maintained Solely for Your Benefit”
Authors: Marzola Luci
Published: March 2021

Chapter 2 centers on the specialized technology companies and service firms that formed around the motion picture producers in Los Angeles, creating an industrial “cluster” in the region. The movement of independent technology distributors, inventors, and laboratories to Southern California to cater exclusively to the needs of the motion picture producers was essential to the growth and stability of Hollywood. The relationship between the studio workers and companies such as Technicolor, Mole-Richardson, and Mitchell Cameras helped establish the community of Hollywood as the center of the motion picture industry, even as the studios themselves dispersed throughout Los Angeles. These companies, unlike their corporate brethren in the East, were eager to adapt their technical training to the creative needs of the studio, thus forming a unique engineering community around the production studios.
The Academy Technical Bureau, Cooperative Research, and the Building of the Studio System
Authors: Marzola Luci
Published: March 2021

At the end of the 1920s, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) harnessed its role in the transition to sound to shift leadership of technical research to Hollywood. At the same time that it began the Sound School, the Academy established a Producers-Technicians Committee designed to pool knowledge of universal production practices. This chapter argues that AMPAS was able to establish itself as the authority over everyday technology in Hollywood through this committee and by absorbing the AMPP’s Technical Bureau. Through their collective scientific activities, the studios were able to take advantage of the knowledge and skills of their workers to solidify Hollywood’s dominance over the motion picture industry. At the same time, several new journals and publications for the dissemination of technical knowledge were established, including the International Photographer, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, and the Academy Technical Digest, determining who disseminated knowledge, generated definitions, and created standards. The institutional structure established by the start of 1930 would remain stable throughout the golden age of Hollywood, making AMPAS both the clearinghouse and the gatekeeper that determined what the basic standards for technology would be and who would have access to this knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A.
Published: March 2021

Providing an introduction to the planning process for the Waste Isolation Pilot Project and the marker design that continues to be the basis of nuclear waste repository proposals in the United States, including for Yucca Mountain, this chapter lays the groundwork for consideration of the contradictions between opinions produced through expert consultation and the expertise of archaeologists. US government efforts described enlisted a variety of “experts” to propose alternative futures, identify models for communication over long spans of time, and assess the likely durability of proposed designs for a marker over nuclear waste repositories. To understand these expert reports, this chapter introduces the concept of an anthropology of common sense as a way to understand how government experts understood the archaeological sites that they offered as models.
Enduring Meaning
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A.
Published: March 2021

This chapter provides a deeper discussion of the theories of meaning and communication that were employed by the experts involved in developing plans for nuclear waste repository marker systems. These linguistic, semiotic, and psychological models were more important to planners than archaeological models for the material form. These models emphasized the intentions of people creating messages with the intention of having them be understood by receivers. The models used are contrasted with the kind of semiotic approaches, especially those rooted in the work of pragmatic philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, that contemporary archaeologists employ, in which rather than having preformed meanings conveyed by a vehicle, meanings are constantly emerging in practice.
“A consummate actress, hampered by beauty”
Authors: Stead Lisa
Published: March 2021

The chapter explores the archival record of Vivien Leigh’s stage and screen craft. It considers how the archive illuminates her struggle to position her performative talent and craft in the “right” way relative to her status as glamourous star body. The chapter interrogates material in her archive at the V&A, her papers at the British Library, and connected archives of those performers and directors with whom she worked. Key case studies include her written correspondence with Laurence Olivier during the filming of Gone with the Wind, which illuminates her approach to male mentorship more broadly across her career. The chapter also focusses on two key aspects of her stage and screen craft often singled out for criticism in the reception of her performances: her voice and physical stamina.
Collaboration, adaptation, and unmade projects
Authors: Stead Lisa
Published: March 2021

The chapter examines two key roles from different stages of Vivien Leigh’s career that highlight her work as an active collaborator in adapting roles from stage and page to screen. It looks firstly at her work on A Streetcar Named Desire in the early 1950s, considering how she exercised authorial agency in assisting with the adaptation of the script from stage to screen. The chapter then examines how she navigated the interlocking issues of age and gender and their impact on star labor in the 1965 adaptation of Ship of Fools. I consider how materials such as script annotations, paper correspondence, and phone call transcripts speak more broadly to the archive’s potential to deconstruct the film performance by mapping out its prehistory, interrogating this as a process of personal and collaborative development. The chapter also considers the material record of projects documented in Vivien Leigh’s archive that did not come to fruition.
Documenting other roles
Authors: Stead Lisa
Published: March 2021

The final chapter of the section focuses on archival traces of off-screen labor, looking at Vivien Leigh’s alternative “roles” between the 1930s and 1960s. These are illuminated via letters, business records, scrapbooks, ephemera, and photographs. Case studies include an exploration of Leigh’s war work in the 1940s; her agency as a producer with V. L. Productions from the 1950s; and her role as a campaign figurehead in the fight against the closure of the St. James’s Theatre later in the same decade. The chapter interrogates how these roles are organized and represented within the archive and the kinds of alternative labor histories that Leigh and her associates produced through her material collections. It looks in particular at how archival preservation offers counternarratives to existing biographical and popular accounts of these aspects of her public profile and star image.
The posthumous archive
Authors: Stead Lisa
Published: March 2021

The chapter looks at alternative kinds of material collections and the archival methods that have been applied to them. These collections originate not from Vivien Leigh’s personal papers but from acts of posthumous collection by a range of other parties. As a central case study, I foreground new research into the practices of the Vivien Leigh Circle, a fan collective established in the late 1960s. I examine the private collections of its membership past and present and how their unofficial curatorial practices have developed over time. Based on original interviews with founding and current members, the chapter looks at clusters of correspondence between Leigh and her fans, exploring how such private, intimate “archives” have transitioned from the domestic spaces of individuals into official repositories like the V&A.
Brain for Learning
Authors: Lee Daeyeol
Published: March 2021

Long-lasting effects of brief sensory experience must be mediated by long-term changes in the strength of connections between neurons in the brain. This phenomenon is known as synaptic plasticity, and the physical location of such change is referred to as the engram. This chapter illustrates how multiple learning and memory systems might be implemented in different anatomical modules of the brain and what role dopamine plays in learning. Most of these neurobiological and behavioral observations can be accounted for by reinforcement learning theory. The goal of reinforcement is to understand how utilities must be altered by experience so that rational choices based on the utility functions can result in the most desirable outcomes through learning.
Social Intelligence and Altruism
Authors: Lee Daeyeol
Published: March 2021

According to the social intelligence hypothesis, the unusual enlargement of primate brains, including the human brain, was driven by the complexity of social decision-making primates face in their societies. Social decision-making is fundamentally more complex due to the recursive nature of social reasoning. This chapter begins with the review of game theory and illustrates how game theory has transformed neuroscience research on social decision-making. Some of the topics covered include the supposed death of game theory, altruism and its dark side, cooperation, the theory of the mind, the prisoner’s dilemma, the recursive mind, and the social brain.
The Power of the Sacred
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2021

“Disenchantment” is a key term in the self-understanding of modernity. But what exactly does this concept mean? What was its original meaning when Max Weber introduced it? And can the conventional meaning or Max Weber’s view really be defended, given the present state of knowledge about the history of religion? This book attempts to divest this concept of its enduring enchantment. The first chapters of the book deal with three empirical disciplines—history, psychology, and sociology of religion—to develop an understanding of religion that then lays the groundwork for chapter 4, which amounts to the most thorough study ever undertaken of Weber’s views on disenchantment. It turns out that Weber’s use of this term was highly ambiguous and that his grand narrative leading from the prophets of ancient Judaism to the crisis of meaning on the eve of World War I collapses when we recognize this ambiguity. This makes it possible to construct an alternative that takes into account the dynamics of ever new sacralizations, their normative evaluation in light of a universalist morality, and the dangers of the misuse of religion in connection with the formation of power. This book constitutes a challenge—for believers and nonbelievers alike.
History of Religion as Critique of Religion?
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2021

The Scottish eighteenth-century philosopher and historian David Hume can be considered a pioneer of the “natural history of religion” in the sense of a universal history of religion that is not based on theological presuppositions. This chapter offers a characterization of his methodological achievements and a reevaluation of his empirical claims concerning monotheism, polytheism, religion and tolerance. It also interprets the German reception of Hume in Herder and other eighteenth-century thinkers as a serious critical continuation that is free from Hume’s anti-Christian motives. This continuation opens the perspective of a serious study of the literary character of religious texts, in this case of the Bible. All simple contrasts between Enlightenment and religion are overcome as soon as we take this interaction of thinkers into account.
Ritual and the Sacred
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2021

Émile Durkheim’s sociology of religion is presented in this chapter not as a functionalist analysis, but as an understanding of religion that sees it as anchored in collective corporeal practices. These practices and the intense experiences to which they give rise lead to the attribution of sacredness to times, places, persons, and ideas and make ideals possible. This Durkheimian idea has a rich prehistory which is reconstructed here with a special focus on Fustel de Coulanges and Robertson Smith. This prehistory sensitizes us to the persistence of ritual in modernity and even under conditions of the decline of religion. This chapter adds the discussion about a sociological perspective in the study of religion to the discussions about historiography and psychology in the previous chapters.
The Sacred and Power
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2021

This chapter presents the outlines of an alternative to Max Weber’s narrative of disenchantment. It does so first by setting out a theory of the dynamics of sacralization in summary form. Second, this theory is applied to the history of the fusions of this dynamic and the dynamics of power formation and the history of the tensions between the two. The guiding thread for this alternative history is the topic of collective self-sacralization and the sources of resistance to it. The chapter ends with a short reflection on the normative implications of this alternative.
Managers as Insiders or Outsiders to Public Organizations
Authors: James Oliver , Nakamura Ayako , Petrovsky Nicolai
Published: March 2021

The heart of public management is that the public sector context matters in ways that generic management research typically neglects. Generic management scholarship has found that the degree of match between top managers’ career experience and the characteristics of their current organizations creates managerial fit or misfit. However, public sector management adds the insight of “publicness fit” and the empirical finding that managers appointed from outside of public organizations tend to have shorter tenures, and in some contexts, weaker performance than managers with experience managing inside public organizations. This chapter reviews the current state of research on managerial publicness fit. First, the publicness fit on dimensions of public ownership, funding, and regulation is presented and a systematic review of broader studies of managerial fit for their relevance to the topic is given. Then, review evidence on publicness “insider/outsider” fit and its consequences for the public sector is offered. The third section concludes with an agenda for integrating publicness fit with the other dimensions of managerial fit identified in the review.
How Can Public Managers Use Performance Management for Improvement Without Demotivating Employees?
Authors: Nielsen Poul A. , Grøn Caroline H.
Published: March 2021

Performance management systems in public organizations have grown in importance since the advent of new public management, but they often have a hard time delivering on their promises. This chapter discusses how managers can use performance management tools without demotivating their employees. The chapter points to six guidelines which should be kept in mind when using such tools. Managers should be given procedural autonomy; performance information should be used to increase learning; links between performance and rewards should be considered carefully; performance information and management practices should be used to support professional development and to avoid negative motivational effects and gaming; performance information should be used as a basis for dialogue; and, finally, performance management should increase employee autonomy and avoid documentation overload.
Managing a Diverse Workforce
Authors: Ashikali Tanachia , Groeneveld Sandra , Ritz Adrian
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses the conditions that may impact workforce diversity outcomes and their underlying processes. Managing a diverse workforce is a growing concern for many public organizations that aim to improve their representativeness and responsiveness. This is a complex challenge given the multiple and sometimes conflicting motives that underpin public organizations’ HR and diversity policies. Public organizations aspire to workforce diversity in order to diminish discrimination and to support the inclusion of underrepresented groups. At the same time, workforce diversity can be seen as a resource that informs work practices and policies, enhancing organizational performance. Since workforce diversity may yield group processes with positive as well as negative consequences for individual and organizational outcomes, the role of leadership gains more attention. Leaders’ influence in fostering inclusiveness in diverse work groups is highly relevant and is increasingly being explored, both in academia and in practice. The chapter concludes with a conceptual framework that may guide future research.
Berkeley, Suárez, and the Esse–Existere Distinction
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

For Berkeley, a thing’s existence (esse) is nothing more than its being perceived “as that thing”. It makes no sense to ask (with Samuel Johnson) about the esse of the mind or the specific act of perception, for that would be like asking what it means for existence to exist. Berkeley’s “existere is percipi or percipere” thus carefully adopts the scholastic distinction between esse and existere ignored by Locke and others committed to a substantialist notion of mind. Following the Stoics, Berkeley proposes that, as the existence of ideas, minds “subsist” rather than “exist” and thus cannot be identified as independently existing things.
Berkeley on Representation
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

There are two different contexts in which Berkeley speaks about representations: first, in regard to ideas that “re-present” in memory or imagination the things in experience they resemble; and second (and less familiarly), in regard to how minds organize the objects of experience in the specifically linguistic ways that make those objects intelligible. This second sense does not treat minds like ideas but as the active principles by which ideas are made intelligible.
Berkeley and Hobbes
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

By focusing on the exchange between Descartes and Hobbes on how the self is related to its activities, Berkeley draws attention to how he and Hobbes explain the forensic constitution of human subjectivity and moral/political responsibility in terms of passive obedience and conscientious submission to the laws of the sovereign. Formulated as the language of nature or as pronouncements of the supreme political power, those laws identify moral obligations by locating political subjects within those networks of sensible signs. When thus juxtaposed with Hobbes, Berkeley can be understood as endorsing a theologically inflected version of deontological ethics in which moral laws are linked directly to the constitution of the self.
Berkeley and Arnauld on Ideas
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

Perception, for Berkeley, has both an active and a passive aspect. They cannot be abstracted from one another, for ideas are unintelligible apart from being objects of mind, and minds are unintelligible apart from their differentiation and identification of ideas. For Arnauld, this means that I define my essence in thinking my thoughts. As such, Arnauld is much closer to Berkeley’s position than Descartes’s in denying that there is a parallel between modes of thought and modes of extension.
Berkeley’s Christian Neoplatonism and Malebranchean Divine Ideas
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

Berkeley’s doctrine of archetypes explains how God perceives and can have the same ideas as finite minds. His appeal to Christian Neoplatonism opens up a way to understand how the relation of mind, ideas, and their union is modeled on the Cappadocian Church Fathers’ account of the Persons of the Trinity. This way of understanding Berkeley indicates why he, in contrast to Descartes or Locke, thinks that mind (spiritual substance) and ideas (objects of mind) cannot exist or be thought of apart from one another. It also hints at why Gregory of Nyssa’s immaterialism sounds so much like Berkeley’s.
Berkeley’s Appropriation of Bayle’s Constitutive Skepticism
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

Both Bayle and Berkeley retain the concept of substance without endorsing either (a) the Cartesian view that spiritual substance is conceivable apart from its faculties of will and understanding, or (b) the Lockean view that we do not know the essential attributes or properties of either material or spiritual substance. Like Bayle, Berkeley speaks of substance not as something that can be abstracted from its attributes or modes but as constituted only by properties that are known to us (including its attributes or modes).