bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coalescence of drops in liquid‐liquid extraction columns
Authors: Smith A. R. , Caswell J. E. , Larson P. P. , Cavers S. D.
Published: February 2011

Observations have been made of the presence of coalescence within an operating spray liquid‐liquid extraction column, and of the ease or difficulty of coalescence at the column interface. On the basis of a mechanism proposed to explain coalescence and checked against the observations, qualitative predictions can be made as to ease of coalescence for ternary situations where a solute is transferred between two liquids, each saturated with the main component of the other.
Pressure‐temperature critical loci for multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures
Authors: Grieves Robert B.
Published: February 2011

Based upon data reported in the literature, pressure‐temperature critical loci are presented for the methane‐ethane‐n‐butane and ethane‐n‐butane n‐pentane systems. Loci are drawn having fixed values of a composition parameter including the two heavy components of the system. The curves closely resemble the bounding binary loci. Based upon accurate methods of calculating critical temperatures (0.5%) and critical pressures (1.5%), critical loci are presented for the ethane‐propane‐n‐butane‐n‐pentane system. Two families of curves are generated, each family corresponding to a fixed value of the composition parameter including the heaviest components. Each curve corresponds to a constant ratio of propane, n‐butane, and n‐pentane (and to fixed values of two composition parameters). Relations are noted between binary and multicomponent mixtures containing a constant mole fraction of light component, and the concept of a pseudo‐heavy component is discussed. For a fixed value of the heavy component composition parameter, triangular composition diagrams with curves of constant critical temperature and constant critical pressure are presented for the ethane‐propane‐n‐butane‐n‐pentane system. Linear critical temperature parameters connecting the bounding binary and ternary systems adequately describe the critical temperature behavior of the quartenary system. The critical pressure behavior resembles that of a ternary system.
Mass transfer in turbulent flow with and without chemical reaction
Authors: Marangozis J. , Trass O. , Johnson A. I.
Published: February 2011

This paper reports the results of a theoretical study on mass transfer from solid surfaces to fluids in turbulent flow in circular or rectangular conduits. A combined molecular and eddy diffusion mechanism was assumed; three different cases of eddy‐distribution functions were considered.

Analytical results were obtained for concentration profiles, mass transfer coefficients and reaction factors in cases of mass transfer without reaction, with rapid chemical reaction, and with first‐order chemical reaction. Mass transfer coefficients were shown to vary linearly with\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left({\frac{D}{v}} \right)^n $\end{document}. The exponentnincreased from 0.5 to unity as eddy motion assumed near the wall decreased to zero. The reaction factor was shown to increase with decreasing turbulence near the interface, with the reactant concentration ratio,CBL/CA1and with the Schmidt number ratio,ScA/ScB9to the powern.
The hydrates of methane and sulphur hexafluoride
Authors: Sortland L. D. , Robinson D. B.
Published: February 2011

The gas hydrates of sulphur hexafluoride have been studied in the temperature interval from about −9°C. to 15°C. A quadruple point containing the four phases hydrate, water rich liquid, sulphur hexafluoride rich liquid, and vapor was found to exist at 14.0° C. and 293 lb./sq.in.abs. The pressure‐temperature data in the vicinity of 0°C. was used to show that the sulphur hexafluoride hydrate contains 17.02 moles of water per mole of sulphur hexafluoride. The difference in chemical potential between water in the hydrate lattice for Structure II and in ice calculated from this composition was found to be 211 cal/gm mole of water.

Hydrates in the methane‐sulphur hexafluoride‐water system were studied at −3°C. over the full range of composition from 10.6 to 342 lb./sq.in.abs. Agreement between the experimental and predicted composition of the vapor and hydrate phases provides excellent confirmation of the applicability of the solution theory of hydrate formation to the methane‐sulphur hexafluoride system.
Intensity of segregation as a measure of incomplete mixing
Authors: Larosa P. , Manning F. S.
Published: February 2011

Danckwerts suggested that the effect of incomplete mixing on homogeneous reactions could be described by the statistical concept ‐ intensity of segregation. The present experimental study supports use of this concept and presents a correlation in terms of a mixing variable, rpm.
Filled linear polyethylene compositions
Authors: Furter W. F.
Published: February 2011

High‐density coordination polyethylene was blended with finely‐divided, rigid, low‐cost fillers. Compounding was accomplished by Banbury mixing. The purpose was to achieve cost reduction on a unit‐volume basis.

For each of the five fillers investigated, the effects of filler concentration on the flexural stiffness, tensile strength, tear resistance, and melt index of the filled compound were investigated. These compounds were observed to exhibit a considerable increase in stiffness (threefold or more) over that of the polymer itself, at the expense of reductions in tensile yield point, tear resistance, and melt processibility. Little if any reinforcement appeared to exist in the compounds investigated.
Estimation of latent heats of vaporization
Authors: Lu Benjamin C.‐Y.
Published: February 2011

A simple and generalized equation has been developed for estimating latent heats of vaporization over a wide range of conditions up to the critical. The proposed equation extends the reduced reference‐substance plot of Gordon and employs the acentric factor of Pitzer. It is shown that the acentric factor is superior to the critical compressibility factor as the parameter for the correlation.
A new basic form for vapor pressure equations
Authors: Hall Raymond C.
Published: February 2011

A general model for the saturated vapor‐pressure‐temperature relationship is presented. The development of this model centered on the discovery that, on the basis of a constant latent heat, the volume change in vaporization can be described with a simple function of pressure. This relationship substitutes into the Clapeyron equation to give an integrateable form. The resulting model is simple, thus it is readily adaptable to computer use, and tends to be inherently reliable as the critical is approached.

Constants evaluated for water gave an equation which predicts pressure with 0.2 mean percent error and limited range equations with 0.04 or less.
The pipeline flow of capsules part 5 ‐ an experimental investigation of the transport by water of single spherical capsules with density greater than that of the water
Authors: Ellis H. S.
Published: February 2011

Single plastic and aluminum spheres of five different diameters transported by water in a laboratory pipeline travelled at velocities from 4% to 8% greater than the average water velocity when the latter was more than 2 ft./sec. and the diameter of the spheres was over half the pipe diameter.

A short high‐speed photographic investigation showed that the percentage of sliding experienced by the spheres of both materials increased both with increase of water velocity and decrease of sphere diameter, and that it was considerably greater for the plastic spheres. However, motion was predominantly by rolling.
Production of potassium sulphate from naturally occurring sodium sulphate and potassium chloride
Authors: Gunn Brad
Published: February 2011

The production of potassium sulphate from sodium sulphate and potassium chloride is recognized as a two stage operation. In the first stage sodium sulphate and potassium chloride react to form glaserite‐a double salt of sodium and potassium sulphate. In the second stage glaserite reacts with potassium chloride to form potassium sulphate. The re‐use of mother liquor from stage two and the recovery of potassium chloride and sodium sulphate from stage one are important aspects of the problem. The efficiencies of the various operations in the process have been improved by fairly extensive use of phase data which are mainly available in the literature.
Evaporation rates in spray drying
Authors: Bose A. K. , Pei D. C. T.
Published: February 2011

The rate of evaporation of pure water droplets in a co‐current spray dryer was investigated. It was found that the relative motion between the droplet and the air stream is of significant importance in the determination of the rate of heat and mass transfer.
Adsorption Kinetic Modeling of Safranin onto Rice Husk Biomatrix Using Pseudo‐first‐ and Pseudo‐second‐order Kinetic Models: Comparison of Linear and Non‐linear Methods
Authors: Chowdhury Shamik , Saha Papita
Published: February 2011

Batch kinetic studies were carried out for the removal of safranin from aqueous solution using a biomatrix prepared from rice husk. The adsorption kinetic data were modeled using the pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equations. The linear and non‐linear forms of these two widely used kinetic models were compared in this study. In order to determine the best‐fitting equation, the coefficient of determination (r2), the sum of the squares of the errors (SSE), sum of the absolute errors (SAE), average relative error (ARE), hybrid fractional error function (HYBRID), Marquardt's percent standard deviation (MPSD), and the Chi‐squared test (χ2) were used as error analysis methods. Results showed that the non‐linear forms of pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order models were more suitable than the linear forms for fitting the experimental data. Non‐linear method is thus more appropriate for estimating the kinetic parameters and should primarily be used to describe adsorption kinetics.
FLT3 inhibitors in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Pemmaraju Naveen , Kantarjian Hagop , Ravandi Farhad , Cortes Jorge
Published: February 2011

Despite recent modest improvements in the chemotherapy regimens used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML), many patients diagnosed with AML ultimately die of the disease. Commonly occurring genetic alterations have been identified that strongly affect the prognosis for patients with AML. These alterations represent possible targets for investigational therapies that could act to specifically halt the aberrant growth of AML cells while limiting damage to normal cells. One such gene is the Fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene, which is mutated in approximately 30% of adult patients with AML and has a significant impact on prognosis. In particular, internal tandem duplications in FLT3 confer a poor prognosis to this large subgroup of patients with AML. Agents that target FLT3 are in development for the treatment of patients who have AML and offer a potential paradigm change in the current standard treatment of AML. For this report, the authors reviewed the prognostic significance of genetic alterations observed in AML with a focus on the therapeutic implications of targeting FLT3. The introduction of such agents may be the next major step toward the era of personalized therapy in AML. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Technology impacting on biology
Authors: Yamada Yoshiya , Bilsky Mark H.
Published: February 2011

Improvements in technology using image‐guided techniques have allowed the accurate delivery of high‐dose radiation that is characteristic of stereotactic body radiotherapy. Image‐guided high‐dose radiation is a new treatment paradigm that provides tumor ablative therapy.
Effectiveness of a patient and practice‐level colorectal cancer screening intervention in health plan members
Authors: Pignone Michael , Winquist Andrea , Schild Laura A. , Lewis Carmen , Scott Tracy , Hawley Jonathan , Rimer Barbara K. , Glanz Karen
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening reduces CRC incidence and mortality but is underused. Effective interventions to increase screening that can be implemented broadly are needed.

METHODS:

A controlled trial was conducted to evaluate a patient‐level and practice‐level intervention to increase the use of recommended CRC screening tests among health plan members. The patient‐level intervention was a patient decision aid and included stage‐targeted brochures that were mailed to health plan members. Intervention practices received academic detailing to prepare practices to facilitate CRC testing once patients were activated by the decision aid. We used patient surveys and claims data to assess CRC test completion.

RESULTS:

Among 443 active participants, 75.8% were ages 52 to 59 years, 80.9% were white, 62.1% were women, and 46.4% had college degrees or greater education. Among 380 active participants with known screening status at 12 months based on survey results, 39% in the intervention group reported receiving CRC screening compared with 32.2% in the usual care group (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval; [CI], 0.88‐2.05; P = .17). After adjusting for baseline differences and accounting for clustering, the effect was somewhat larger (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 0.98‐2.73; P = .06). Claims analysis produced similar effects for active participants. The intervention was more effective in those who had incomes >$50,000 (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.07‐4.35) than in those who had lower incomes (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.53‐2.94; P = .03 for interaction).

CONCLUSIONS:

Interventions combining a patient‐directed decision aid and practice‐directed academic detailing had a modest but statistically nonsignificant effect on CRC screening rates among active participants. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Molecular fingerprint of neuropeptide s‐producing neurons in the mouse brain
Authors: Liu Xiaobin , Zeng Joanne , Zhou Anni , Theodorsson Elvar , Fahrenkrug Jan , Reinscheid Rainer K.
Published: February 2011

Neuropeptide S (NPS) has been associated with a number of complex brain functions, including anxiety‐like behaviors, arousal, sleep‐wakefulness regulation, drug‐seeking behaviors, and learning and memory. In order to better understand how NPS influences these functions in a neuronal network context, it is critical to identify transmitter systems that control NPS release and transmitters that are co‐released with NPS. For this purpose, we generated several lines of transgenic mice that express enhanced green‐fluorescent protein (EGFP) under control of the endogenous NPS precursor promoter. NPS/EGFP‐transgenic mice show anatomically correct and overlapping expression of both NPS and EGFP. A total number of ∼500 NPS/EGFP‐positive neurons are present in the mouse brain, located in the pericoerulear region and the Kölliker‐Fuse nucleus. NPS and transgene expression is first detectable around E14, indicating a potential role for NPS in brain development. EGFP‐positive cells were harvested by laser‐capture microdissection, and mRNA was extracted for expression profiling by using microarray analysis. NPS was found co‐localized with galanin in the Kölliker‐Fuse nucleus of the lateral parabrachial area. A dense network of orexin/hypocretin neuronal projections contacting pericoerulear NPS‐producing neurons was observed by immunostaining. Expression of a distinct repertoire of metabotropic and ionotropic receptor genes was identified in both NPS neuronal clusters that will allow for detailed investigations of incoming neurotransmission, controlling neuronal activity of NPS‐producing neurons. Stress‐induced functional activation of NPS‐producing neurons was detected by staining for the immediate‐early gene c‐fos, thus supporting earlier findings that NPS might be part of the brain stress response network. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1847–1866, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peripheral sensory cells in the cephalic sensory organs of Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Wyeth Russell C. , Croll Roger P.
Published: February 2011

The peripheral nervous system in gastropods plays a key role in the neural control of behaviors, but is poorly studied in comparison with the central nervous system. Peripheral sensory neurons, although known to be widespread, have been studied in a patchwork fashion across several species, with no comprehensive treatment in any one species. We attempted to remedy this limitation by cataloging peripheral sensory cells in the cephalic sensory organs of Lymnaea stagnalis employing backfills, vital stains, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. By using at least two independent methods to corroborate observations, we mapped four different cell types. We have found two different populations of bipolar sensory cells that appear to contain catecholamines(s) and histamine, respectively. Each cell had a peripheral soma, an epithelial process bearing cilia, and a second process projecting to the central nervous system. We also found evidence for two populations of nitric oxide‐producing sensory cells, one bipolar, probably projecting centrally, and the second unipolar, with only a single epithelial process and no axon. The various cell types are presumably either mechanosensory or chemosensory, but the complexity of their distributions does not allow formation of hypotheses regarding modality. In addition, our observations indicate that yet more peripheral sensory cell types are present in the cephalic sensory organs of L. stagnalis. These results are an important step toward linking sensory cell morphology to modality. Moreover, our observations emphasize the size of the peripheral nervous system in gastropods, and we suggest that greater emphasis be placed on understanding its role in gastropod neuroethology. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1894–1913, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mini questionnaire of personal organization (MQPO): Preliminary validation of a new post‐rationalist personality questionnaire
Authors: Nardi Bernardo , Arimatea Emidio , Giovagnoli Sara , Blasi Stefano , Bellantuono Cesario , Rezzonico Giorgio
Published: February 2011

Background: The Mini Questionnaire of Personal Organization (MQPO) has been constructed in order to comply with the inward/outward Personal Meaning Organization's (PMO) theory. According to Nardi's Adaptive Post‐Rationalist approach, predictable and invariable caregivers' behaviours allow inward focus and a physical sight of reciprocity; non‐predictable and variable caregivers' behaviours allow outward focus and a semantic sight of reciprocity.

Methods: The 20 items of MQPO have been selected from 29 intermediate (n = 160) and 40 initial items (n = 204). Psychometric validation has been conducted (n = 296), including Internal Validity (Item‐Total Correlation; Factor Analysis), Internal Coherence by Factor Analysis, two analyses in Discriminant Validity (n = 132 and n = 80) and Reliability by Test‐Retest Analysis (n = 49). All subjects have been given their written informed consent before beginning the test.

Results: The validation of the MQPO shows that the ultimate version is consistent with its post‐rationalist paradigm. Four different factors have been found, one for each PMO. Validity of the construct and the internal reliability index are satisfying (Alpha = 0.73). Moreover, the results obtained are constant (from r = 0.80 to r = 0.89). There is an adequate agreement between the MQPO scales and the clinical evaluations (72.5%), as well as an excellent agreement (80.0%) between the scores of the MQPO and those of the Personal Meaning Questionnaire.

Conclusion:  The MQPO is a tool able to study personality as a process by focusing on the relationships between personality and developmental process axes, which are the bases of the PMO's theory, according to the APR approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• Adaptive post‐rationalist approach.

• Cognitive psychotherapy.

• Easy and quick subjective screening of personality.

• Personal Meaning Organizations construction supported by Mini Questionnaire of Personal Organization.

• Workup in clinical practice and research.
Low‐temperature preparation of bismuth ferrite microcrystals by a sol‐gel‐hydrothermal method
Authors: Chen Zhiwu , Zhan Guanghui , He Xinhua , Yang Hu , Wu Hao
Published: February 2011

Well‐crystallized pure perovskite bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) powders with various morphologies have been synthesized by a novel sol‐gel‐hydrothermal route for the first time, which combined the conventional sol‐gel process and the hydrothermal method. The as‐prepared samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and ferroelectric test system. The results revealed that the compositions, morphological and dimensional changes in bismuth ferrite samples synthesized by sol–gel–hydrothermal method strongly depend on the concentrations of mineralizer. Ferroelectric hysteresis loops are displayed in the BiFeO3 samples. The bismuth ferrites were hydrothermally synthesized at as low a temperature as 180 °C, which is comparatively lower than that synthesized by the normal sol–gel route. The formation mechanism of the bismuth ferrite crystalline was also discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
CellTracks TDI: An image cytometer for cell characterization
Authors: Scholtens Tycho M. , Schreuder Frederik , Ligthart Sjoerd T. , Swennenhuis Joost F. , Tibbe Arjan G. J. , Greve Jan , Terstappen Leon W. M. M.
Published: February 2011

Characterization of rare cells usually requires high sensitivity quantification of multiple parameters. Detection of morphological features of these cells is highly desired when routinely identifying circulating tumor cells (CTC) in blood of patients. We have designed an image cytometer intended for fast and sensitive routine analysis of CTC. After an initial scan, prospective events can be revisited for more detailed analysis. The image cytometer features: 375, 491, and 639 nm laser lines, a 40×/0.6NA objective, a CCD camera operating in TDI mode, servo stages to move the sample in two dimensions and a piëzo microscope objective positioner to move the objective in the third dimension. ImageJ is used for dedicated image analysis. A homogeneous illumination area, measuring 180 × 180 μm2, was created by the use of a rotating diffuser in combination with two micro‐lens arrays. For feed‐forward automatic focusing of the sample during a scan, a 3D spline was fitted through 30 predetermined focus positions before scanning the sample. Continuous signal acquisition is made possible by using a CCD operating in TDI mode synchronized to the movement of two servo scan stages. The limit of fluorescence sensitivity is 120 PE molecules on a bead with a diameter of 6.8 μm, at a scanning speed of 1.0 mm s−1. The resolution of the imaging system is 0.76 μm in the TDI scan direction at a wavelength of 580 nm. Identification of cells is facilitated by scatter plots of the fluorescent parameters in which each individual event can be viewed for its morphological features by fluorescence as well as bright field. The image cytometer measures quantitative fluorescence and morphological features at a high sensitivity, high resolution, and with minimal overhead time. It has the ability torelocate events of interest for further detailed analysis. The system can be used for routine identification and characterization of rare cells. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Sensitive and selective spectrophotometric assay of gabapentin in capsules using sodium 1, 2‐naphthoquinone‐4‐sulfonate
Authors: Abdulrahman Sameer A. M. , Basavaiah Kanakapura
Published: February 2011

A simple, sensitive, and selective spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of gabapentin (GBP) in capsules. The method is based on the reaction of GBP and sodium 1,2‐naphthoquinone‐4‐sulfonate (NQS) in the presence of Clark and Lubs buffer of pH 11 to form an orange‐coloured product which was measured at 495 nm. The parameters that affect the reaction were carefully optimized and under the optimized conditions, linear relationship was obtained in the concentration range of 7.5–75 µg ml−1GBP. The molar absorptivity, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) and Sandell sensitivity are also reported. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of GBP in capsules with good accuracy and precision and without detectable interference from common excipients. The reliability of the proposed method was further established by parallel determination by the reference method and also by recovery studies. The reaction mechanism is proposed and discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of digit formation: Human malformation syndromes tell the story
Authors: Stricker Sigmar , Mundlos Stefan
Published: February 2011

Identifying the genetic basis of human limb malformation disorders has been instrumental in improving our understanding of limb development. Abnormalities of the hands and/or feet include defects affecting patterning, establishment, elongation, and segmentation of cartilaginous condensations, as well as growth of the individual skeletal elements. While the phenotype of such malformations is highly diverse, the mutations identified to date cluster in genes implicated in a limited number of molecular pathways, namely hedgehog, Wnt, and bone morphogenetic protein. The latter pathway appears to function as a key molecular network regulating different phases of digit and joint development. Studies in animal models not only extended our insight into the pathogenesis of these conditions, but have also contributed to our understanding of the in vivo functions and interactions of these key players. This review is aimed at integrating the current understanding of human digit malformations into the increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of digit development. Developmental Dynamics 240:990–1004, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of vertebrate appendicular structures: Insight from genetic and palaeontological data
Authors: Abbasi Amir Ali
Published: February 2011

The new body of evidence from fossils and comparative‐developmental analysis of subset of appendicular patterning genes has revealed that limb elements seen in tetrapods are assembled in fish fin over evolutionary time. However, despite of deep homology in basic structure and underlying developmental system, there remains a large morphological gap between distal elements of tetrapod limb and distal fin skeleton of tetrapodomorph fish. Understanding the genetic basis of major transformations in distal‐limb morphology is the next challenge for evolutionary developmental biologists. Here by integrating data from fossils, comparative‐developmental and genetic studies, models are proposed describing the evolution of cis‐regulatory elements as a basis for diversification of appendicular architecture. Instead of emphasizing the subset of developmental genes, for instance Hoxd genes, the focus here is on the significance of elucidating cis‐regulatory elements for multiple other key molecular players of limb/fin development and genetic/molecular interactions among them, for a better understanding of the developmental and genetic basis of limb evolution. Developmental Dynamics 240:1005–1016, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
pH‐Sensitive Bis(2,2′:6′,2"‐terpyridine)ruthenium(II) Complexes – A DFT/TDDFT Investigation of Their Spectroscopic Properties
Authors: Lobello Maria Grazia , Fantacci Simona , Credi Alberto , De Angelis Filippo
Published: February 2011

We report a DFT/TDDFT study on the geometric, electronic and optical properties of [Ru{4′‐(4‐pyridyl)‐2,2′:6′,2"‐terpyridine}2]2+. Because of the presence of the basic nitrogen atom on the terminal pyridyl ligands, in solution the complex can exist in three different protonation states depending on the pH, each with markedly different photophysical properties. We investigated the effect of protonation of the terminal pyridine groups on the electronic and optical properties of this RuII complex. TDDFT calculations in vacuo and aqueous solution were performed, finding good agreement between the simulated and the experimental absorption spectra, and reproducing the experimentally observed absorption redshift upon pyridine protonation. The calculated excited‐state data provide a rationale for the luminescence properties observed by varying the solution pH, in terms of the different energy separation between MLCT and MC excited states in the complexes.
Covalently Bonded Bis(phosphane)gold(I) Cations in a Cross‐Linked Phosphazene Polymeric Matrix as Recyclable Supported Catalysts for Thermal and Microwave‐Assisted Hydration of Alkynes
Authors: Carriedo Gabino A. , López Salomé , Suárez‐Suárez Silvia , Presa‐Soto David , Presa‐Soto Alejandro
Published: February 2011

The unexpected finding that the complex [Au(PPh3)2]PF6 (C1) catalyses the specific hydration of 1‐octyne, (p‐phenoxyphenyl)acetylene, phenylacetylene, (p‐chlorophenyl)acetylene and benzylacetylene at 100 °C in the presence of H2SO4 and THF or methanol as solvents, specially using microwave radiation, led to the first gold(I) recyclable catalysts for this reaction. The phosphazene polymeric framework of idealised formula {[NP(O2C12H8)]0.85[NP(OC6H4PPh2)2 (AuPF6)0.5]0.15}n (C2), and the newly synthesised cyclomatrix material of idealised formula {[N3P3(OC6H4PPh2)6](AuPF6)3.5}n (C3), both having cationic [–Ph2P–Au+–PPh2–] cross‐linking sites, catalysed the complete hydration of terminal alkynes at 100 °C and 150 °C and could be used six and four times respectively without significant loss of activity. The mechanism of the catalytic system is based on the initial reversible displacement of one anchoring O–C6H5–PPh2 group from the [–Ph2P–Au+–PPh2–] cross‐linking sites by an alkyne molecule. Using microwave radiation, the hydration of (p‐phenoxyphenyl)acetylene, phenylacetylene, (p‐chlorophenyl)acetylene and benzylacetylene can be completed in 5 min to 2 h in the absence of any gold(I) catalyst.
Neighboring Acetal‐Assisted Brønsted‐Acid‐Catalyzed Si–H Bond Activation: Divergent Synthesis of Functional Siloxanes through Silylation and Hydrolytic Oxidation of Organosilanes
Authors: Chen Xi‐Huai , Deng Yuan , Jiang Kezhi , Lai Guo‐Qiao , Ni Yong , Yang Ke‐Fang , Jiang Jian‐Xiong , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: February 2011

A novel metal‐free intramolecular Brønsted‐acid‐catalyzed domino deprotection–hydrosilylation with hydrosilanes has been developed, and the unexpected Brønsted‐acid‐catalyzed intermolecular hydrolytic oxidation to functional siloxanes was described for the divergent and facile synthesis of functionalized siloxanes containing aldehyde motifs. We propose that these reactions proceed via neighboring acetal‐assisted Si–H bond activation. In addition, a related reaction is expected to open up further opportunities for the development and application of functional organosilicon compounds by organocatalysis.
DMAP‐[2.2]paracyclophane: Observation of an Unusual C–C Insertion
Authors: De Rycke Nicolas , Marrot Jérôme , Couty François , David Olivier R. P.
Published: February 2011

A novel family of nucleophilic catalysts derived from 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) is described. The aminopyridine moiety is attached to a [2.2]paracyclophane skeleton, giving a catalyst with intrinsic planar chirality. Their synthesis is described starting from aminoparacyclophane 5 in four steps. In the course of this preparation, an unprecedented rearrangement involving a C–C bond insertion was observed, leading to an unexpected quinolone‐phenyl[2.2]cyclophane (8). The target catalyst 16 was obtained in enantiopure form by formation of diastereomers with a chiral secondary amine, allowing simple chromatographic separation. Preliminary catalytic studies were also performed.
Enantiodivergent Transannular Rearrangement of 3‐Isopropyl‐1,4‐benzodiazepine‐2,5‐dione by Memory of Chirality
Authors: Farran Daniel , Archirel Pierre , Toupet Loïc , Martinez Jean , Dewynter Georges
Published: February 2011

An unprecedented reactivity has been introduced to 3‐isopropyl‐1,4‐benzodiazepine‐2,5‐dione thanks to N‐Boc activation. Under basic conditions, a transannular rearrangement occurred by ring contraction to furnish a 3‐aminoquinoline‐2,4‐dione with good to excellent enantiomeric purity. Depending on the nature of the base, either enantiomer can be obtained in a stereocontrolled manner. This enantiodivergent synthesis could be assigned to the conformational equilibrium of the starting material, which was studied with the help of DFT calculations.
Effect of the Concentration of Supporting Electrolyte on Spectroelectrochemical Detection of [Ru(bpy)3]2+
Authors: Morris Laura K. , Abu Eme A. , Bowman Christopher , Estridge Carla E. , Andria Sara E. , Seliskar Carl J. , Heineman William R.
Published: February 2011

The effect of different concentrations of supporting electrolytes, either KNO3, NaNO3 or Ca(NO3)2, on the response of a spectroelectrochemical sensor was examined using [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as the analyte. The sensor consisted of an indium tin oxide (ITO) optically transparent electrode (OTE) coated with a thin film of either Nafion or SSEBS (sulfonated polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene‐ran‐butylene)‐block polystyrene) and used attenuated total reflection absorbance for optical detection and cyclic voltammetry for electrochemical detection. The practical implication of these results is the need to take into account the effect of ionic strength of the sample when using a spectroelectrochemical sensor of this type for quantitative analysis.
Modeling Grifola frondosa fungal growth during solid‐state fermentation
Authors: Montoya Barreto Sandra , Orrego Alzate Carlos E. , Levin Laura
Published: February 2011

Grifola frondosa (maitake) is an edible and medicinal mushroom. Considering its increasing popularity, there are limited references for its cultivation. Previous studies demonstrated that carpophore formation is correlated directly with mycelial biomass. The development of a mathematical model for its growth under solid‐state fermentation (SSF) may help to predict the potential of different substrates for maitake production. G. frondosa growth and basidiome development was studied, using oak sawdust and corn bran as substrates. The fungal biomass content was determined by measuring N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine (NAGA). It increased steadily for the first 80 days, to a maximum in coincidence with the first fruiting (60.5 μg NAGA/mg dry sample). Two mathematical models were selected to evaluate G. frondosa development, measuring reducing sugars consumption and NAGA synthesis, as an indirect assessment of fungal growth. Both models showed a good fit between predicted and experimental data: logistic model (R2=0.8896), two‐stage model (R2=0.8878), but the logistic model required a minor number of adjustment parameters.
Effects of ionic substances in bleaching filtrates and of lignosulfonates on the activity of oxalate oxidase from barley
Authors: Winestrand Sandra , Larsson Simona , Cassland Pierre , Nilvebrant Nils‐Olof , Jönsson Leif J.
Published: February 2011

The effects of ionic substances in seven industrial filtrates from kraft pulping, mechanical pulping, and sulfite pulping on the activity of oxalate oxidase from barley were investigated by pre‐treatment of the filtrates with ion‐exchange resins prior to enzymatic degradation of the oxalic acid in the filtrates. The pre‐treatment resulted in increased oxalic acid degradation rates in all filtrates, except for one that was obtained from sulfite pulping. The possibility that lignosulfonates, which were present in the filtrate from sulfite pulping, could affect oxalate oxidase was investigated in a separate set of experiments involving four different preparations of lignosulfonates. At a lignosulfonate concentration of 50 mg/mL and a pH of 3.8, only 2–16% of the activity of oxalate oxidase remained. The results show the effects of anionic and cationic substances in bleaching filtrates on oxalate oxidase and indicate that there is an interaction between the enzyme, which has a positive net charge at pH 3.8, and the polymeric anionic lignosulfonates.
Screening of Kluyveromyces strains for the production of ethyl acetate: Design and evaluation of a cultivation system
Authors: Löser Christian , Urit Thanet , Nehl Franziska , Bley Thomas
Published: February 2011

Some members of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus are known to convert sugars and ethanol into ethyl acetate. This metabolic activity offers a chance for an economically favorable use of whey. An exemplary batch experiment is presented to demonstrate the formation of ethyl acetate by K. marxianus DSM 5422 on whey‐based medium in an aerated 70‐L stirred reactor. A screening system was developed to check Kluyveromyces strains regarding their capability to form ethyl acetate. The designed screening system takes the volatility of ethyl acetate and the requirement of oxygen for sugar conversion into account and allows the analysis of ester formation kinetics. Modeling and measurement of the ester stripping from screening bottles guaranteed reliable data evaluation. Twelve of 23 tested strains produced noteworthy amounts of ethyl acetate with a yield between 0.13 and 0.23 g ester per gram sugar consumed. The productive strains showed individual kinetics of ester formation; some strains had a short interval of intense production while others exhibited a longer period of stable formation. Another factor of interest was the selectivity of product formation expressed as the mass ratio of formed ester and ethanol, which ranged from 0.9 to 3.5 g/g.
Waiting times for elective surgery and the decision to buy private health insurance
Authors: Johar Meliyanni , Jones Glenn , Keane Michael , Savage Elizabeth , Stavrunova Olena
Published: February 2011

More than 45% of Australians buy health insurance for private treatment in hospital. This is despite having access to universal and free public hospital treatment. Anecdotal evidence suggests that avoidance of long waits for public treatment is one possible explanation for the high rate of insurance coverage. In this study, we investigate the effect of waiting on individual decisions to buy private health insurance. Individuals are assumed to form an expectation of their own waiting time as a function of their demographics and health status. We model waiting times using administrative data on the population hospitalised for elective procedures in public hospitals and use the parameter estimates to impute the expected waiting time and the probability of a long wait for a representative sample of the population. We find that expected waiting time does not increase the probability of buying insurance but a high probability of experiencing a long wait does. On average, waiting time has no significant impact on insurance. In addition, we find that favourable selection into private insurance, measured by self‐assessed health, is no longer significant once waiting time variables are included. This result suggests that a source of favourable selection may be aversion to waiting among healthier people. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intention-to-treat analysis of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Living versus deceased donor transplantation
Authors: Bhangui Prashant , Vibert Eric , Majno Pietro , Salloum Chady , Andreani Paola , Zocrato Joao , Ichai Philippe , Saliba Faouzi , Adam Rene , Castaing Denis , Azoulay Daniel
Published: February 2011

For patients who have cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) reduces waiting time and dropout rates. We performed a comparative intention-to-treat analysis of recurrence rates and survival outcomes after LDLT and deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) in HCC patients. Our study included 183 consecutive patients with HCC who were listed for liver transplantation over a 9-year period at our institution. Tumor recurrence was the primary endpoint. At listing, patient and tumor characteristics were comparable in the two groups (LDLT, n = 36; DDLT, n = 147). Twenty-seven (18.4%) patients dropped out, all from the DDLT waiting list, mainly due to tumor progression (19/27 [70%] patients). The mean waiting time was shorter in the LDLT group (2.6 months versus 7.9 months;

P

= 0.001). The recurrence rates in the two groups were similar (12.9% and 12.7%,

P

= 0.78), and there was a trend toward a longer time to recurrence after LDLT (38 ± 27 months versus 16 ± 13 months,

P

= 0.06). Tumors exceeding the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) criteria, tumor grade, and microvascular invasion were independent predictive factors for recurrence. On an intention-to-treat basis, the overall survival (OS) in the two groups was comparable. Patients beyond the Milan and UCSF criteria showed a trend toward worse outcomes with LDLT compared with DDLT (

P

= 0.06).

Conclusion:

The recurrence and survival outcomes after LDLT and DDLT were comparable on an intent-to-treat analysis. Shorter waiting time preventing dropouts is an additional advantage with LDLT. LDLT for HCC patients beyond validated criteria should be proposed with caution. (Hepatology 2011;)
An Iterative Acetylene–Epoxide Coupling Strategy for the Total Synthesis of Aspinolide A
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Reddy Teega Rammohan , Srinivas Chitti , Yadav Jhillu Singh
Published: February 2011

The total synthesis of aspinolide A (1) was successfully achieved by an iterative acetyleneepoxide coupling strategy and a Yamaguchi lactonization as the key steps.
Facile Synthesis of Substituted Ethyl 2‐(Chloromethyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐3‐carboxylates
Authors: Raju Bhimapaka China , Saidachary Gannerla , Kumar Jaladi Ashok , Sridhar Balasubramanian
Published: February 2011

Ethyl 2‐(chloromethyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromene‐3‐carboxylates 2a–2j have been synthesized by reaction of substituted salicylaldehydes with ethyl 4‐chloro‐3‐oxobutanoate, in the presence of piperidine in CH2Cl2 at room temperature, in good yields.
A Different Role of Meldrum's Acid in the Biginelli Reaction
Authors: Svĕtlík Jan , Veizerová Lucia
Published: February 2011

A Biginelli‐type condensation using Meldrum's acid has been accomplished in refluxing AcOH to give 6‐substituted dihydropyrimidine‐2,4‐(1H,3H)‐diones. In contrast to other aldehydes, the three‐component reaction with salicylaldehyde led to an oxygen‐bridged pyridine. A reaction mechanism is proposed.
Two New Constituents from Torricellia tiliifolia Stem Barks
Authors: Huang Ji‐Guang , Zhou Li‐Juan , Xu Han‐Hong
Published: February 2011

A new iridoid, torrilliolide (1), and a new pyridine alkaloid, torricelline (2), were isolated from the stem barks of Torricellia tiliifolia. Their structures were determined by analysis of their spectroscopic data. Both compounds exhibited cytotoxicity against Spodoptera litura cell line.
Stage‐dependent transient storage of phosphorus in alluvial floodplains
Authors: Heeren Derek M. , Fox Garey A. , Miller Ronald B. , Storm Daniel E. , Fox Amanda K. , Penn Chad J. , Halihan Todd , Mittelstet Aaron R.
Published: February 2011

Models for contaminant transport in streams commonly idealize transient storage as a well mixed but immobile system. These transient storage models capture rapid (near‐stream) hyporheic storage and transport, but do not account for large‐scale, stage‐dependent interaction with the alluvial aquifer. The objective of this research was to document transient storage of phosphorus (P) in coarse gravel alluvium potentially influenced by large‐scale, stage‐dependent preferential flow pathways (PFPs). Long‐term monitoring was performed at floodplain sites adjacent to the Barren Fork Creek and Honey Creek in northeastern Oklahoma. Based on results from subsurface electrical resistivity mapping which was correlated to hydraulic conductivity data, observation wells were installed both in higher hydraulic conductivity and lower hydraulic conductivity subsoils. Water levels in the wells were monitored over time, and water samples were obtained from the observation wells and the stream to document P concentrations at multiple times during high flow events. Contour plots indicating direction of flow were developed using water table elevation data. Contour plots of total P concentrations showed the alluvial aquifer acting as a transient storage zone, with P‐laden stream water heterogeneously entering the aquifer during the passage of a storm pulse, and subsequently re‐entering the stream during baseflow conditions. Some groundwater in the alluvial floodplains had total P concentrations that mirrored the streams' total P concentrations. A detailed analysis of P forms indicated that particulate P (i.e. P attached to particulates greater than 0·45 µm) was a significant portion of the P transport. This research suggests the need for more controlled studies on stage‐dependent transient storage in alluvial systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Environmental Conditions on Bottom Oligochaete Communities in Subsidence Ponds (The Silesian Upland, Southern Poland)
Authors: Krodkiewska Mariola , Królczyk Anna
Published: February 2011

The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of environmental conditions resulting from coal mining on the diversity of bottom oligochaete communities in subsidence ponds. In the ponds studied 17 oligochaete species representing the families Lumbriculidae (1 species), Enchytraeidae (1 species) and Naididae (15 species), in the new sense (Erséus et al., 2008) were collected. The presence of Aulodrilus japonicus Yamaguchi, 1953 and Potamothrix bavaricus (Oschmann, 1913), rare species in anthropogenic water bodies, is noteworthy. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the important factors influencing oligochaete distribution in the subsidence ponds studied were the type of substratum, the organic matter content of the sediment as well as the mineralization of the water. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Politics of Welfare State Reform
Authors: Van Kersbergen Kees
Published: February 2011

This article presents and discusses the state of the art in political science research on welfare state reform. While scholars first aimed at explaining the emergence and growth of the welfare state, national variation in its development, and crises of welfare state regimes, more recently the focus has shifted to the persistence and reform of the major welfare state institutions. Research in this direction has typically adopted an institutionalist perspective, stressing how institutional settings affect the feasibility and direction of reforms. These studies have shed light on important aspects of the question, in particular by demonstrating the role of path dependency and veto players in reform processes, but suffer from two main problems, namely the difficulty of defining the dependent variable in an appropriate way, and the neglect of the importance of power resources.