bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulating Patient Perception of Systemic Psoriasis Treatment Risk
Authors: Seger Edward W. , Unrue Emily , Tablazon Ingrid , Cline Abigail , Cardwell Leah A. , Richardson Irma , Feldman Steven R.
Published: May 2019

Background:

Perception of medication risk is often disproportionately greater than actual risk. As a result, patients with psoriasis who would benefit from biologic therapies may be reluctant to start therapy, despite these medications’ favorable safety profile. The purpose of this study is to determine whether perceptions of biologic medications change when reviewing a handout designed to portray risk use alongside common risks unrelated to medication use.

Methods:

A handout designed to put biologic medication risk into perspective was compared to 2 standard of care handouts on systemic and biologic medication for psoriasis. Twenty adult patients and 17 parents who have a child with moderate to severe psoriasis were randomized to receive each handout and complete a questionnaire related to perceived risk and willingness to use. The questionnaire assessed patient’s likeliness of use, and comfort with use, and perceived risks associated with biologic medications. Statistical analysis was performed using t tests and Fisher exact test.

Results:

Patients reported a lower perceived risk with biologic medication use when using the newly designed handout (average score of 4.1 of 10 compared to 4.7 and 5.1 with current standard of care). Comfort with taking biologic medications was also higher with this handout compared to a 15-page standard of care handout ( P = .029).

Limitations:

This study was observational and contained a small sample size.

Conclusions:

Handouts specifically designed to portray risk of biologic medications for the treatment of psoriasis can reduce perceived risk and increase comfort with use as compared to the current standard of care.
Are Mothers of School-Phobic Adolescents Overprotective?
Authors: Berg Ian , McGuire Ralph
Published: May 2019

It has repeatedly been asserted, mainly on clinical evidence, that mothers of school-phobic children are overprotective, even when their youngsters are of secondary school age (Berg, 1970). The project reported in this paper was carried out to see if an objective method of assessment would support this view.
The Effect of Sulthiame on Disturbed Behaviour in Mentally Subnormal Patients
Authors: Al-Kaisi A. H. , McGuire R. J.
Published: May 2019

This paper describes a double-blind drug trial to assess the effect of sulthiame on the behaviour of very disturbed mentally handicapped patients. Behaviour problems (especially hyperkinesis) are among the main causes of admission when parents or guardians cannot cope at home; and in hospital such patients constitute the main problems of management and reduce the time available for other patients. Moreover the present recognized treatments seem to have little effect on such behaviour if given within a dosage that avoids side-effects.
A Double-Blind Trial of Long-Term Lithium Therapy in Mental Defectives
Authors: Naylor Graham J. , Donald J. M. , Poidevin David Le , Reid Andrew H.
Published: May 2019

The therapeutic effect of lithium in mania was first described by Cade (1949), but the possibility that lithium could have a prophylactic action in recurrent affective disorders was not suggested until some years later (Hartigan, 1963; Baastrup, 1964). The early studies of the prophylactic action of lithium were open trials, in which both investigator and patient knew that the patient was receiving the drug. More recently, controlled double-blind studies have confirmed these early reports (Melia, 1970; Coppenet al., 1971; Cundallet al., 19712).
Difficulties in a Dimensional Description of Symptomatology
Authors: Maxwell A. E.
Published: May 2019

Torgerson (1968) has suggested that the most appropriate form of classification of functional mental illnesses may prove to be partly categorical and partly dimensional. Everitt, Gourlay and Kendell (1971) have tended to agree with this conclusion since their attempt at validating existing diagnostic categories by means of cluster analysis proved to be only partially successful. In the present paper the dimensional approach is considered in some detail and it is shown that it has limitations which are due in part to the distributional properties of the data which research psychiatrists record for their patients, and in part to the fact that some key symptoms occur only rarely. In the final paragraphs of the paper an attempt is made to clarify the dimensional and categorical roles in the description of functional illnesses. In doing so it becomes clear that some difficulties remain unresolved.
Depression and the Newcastle Scales Their Relationship to Hamilton's Scale
Authors: Carney M. W. P. , Sheffield B. F.
Published: May 2019

Little has been done to validate the so-called Newcastle scale for the differential diagnosis of endogenous and neurotic depression: neither are we aware of any validating work with the E.C.T. prediction scale or any investigation of the reliability of these indices (Carney, Roth and Garside, 1965). However, the diagnosis scale items, adapted for use with elderly patients (Post, 1970), and described as ‘highly relevant and clearly defined’, discriminated between deeply melancholic and more ‘neurotic’ patients; more recently Naylor and his associates (1971) found it to agree with clinical diagnosis in separating psychotic and neurotic depressives.
The Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnosis: Some New Thoughts
Authors: Ley P.
Published: May 2019

The literature on agreement between psychiatrists on the diagnostic assignment of cases has been extensively reviewed by Ley (1970). Percentage agreement figures ranged from 24 per cent and 28 per cent agreement for type of character disorder and type of neurosis respectively to 80 percent for type of organic illness. Taken at face value these findings suggested that psychiatric diagnosis may often be of little value.
Differential Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disturbance in Pre-School Children
Authors: Frommer Eva A. , Mendelson Wallace B. , Reid M. A.
Published: May 2019

The Child Psychiatric Clinic of the Paediatric Department at St. Thomas' Hospital has had a relatively large number of referrals of disturbed children under 5 years of age, because of the existence of a day hospital where they and their families can be offered treatment together (Frommer, 1967). As there are few reports on psychiatric disturbance in this age-group, we thought it worthwhile to report on some aspects of their problems as we have seen them. Clinical experience led us to the supposition that we would find recurring patterns of family disturbance and symptoms accompanying the main behavioural disturbances for which they were brought. For this reason, we undertook an analysis of the presenting features, symptoms, behaviour, and family circumstances of all pre-school children who were referred to this Clinic during six years from August, 1962, when the day hospital first opened as a part-time pilot venture, to August 1968. The following is an account of some of our findings.
Long-Term Outcomes and Aggressiveness of Hereditary Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: 40 Years of Experience at One Center
Authors: Raue Friedhelm , Bruckner Thomas , Frank-Raue Karin
Published: May 2019

Context

Recent data on long-term outcomes and aggressiveness of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) are lacking for patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2).

Objectives

To analyze the long-term outcomes in MEN2 and compare MTC aggressiveness in three defined RET mutation-risk categories: moderate risk (MOD), high risk (H), and highest risk (HST).

Design, Setting

Retrospective study of 263 operated patients with MEN2 from one German tertiary referral center from 1979 to 2017 comparing demographic, biochemical, genetic, and outcome parameters

Intervention

None (observational study)

Main Outcome Measure

Long-term survival and outcomes in three risk groups

Results

Surgery was performed at a mean age of 35.3 ± 18.8 (MOD, n = 122), 23.0 ± 15.7 years (H, n = 120), and 14.9 ± 9.3 (HST, n = 21) years (P < 0.05). The mean follow-up was 12.9 ± 9.8 years. Age and tumor stage at diagnosis differed among the three risk groups (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis of disease-specific survival (DSS) showed that increasing age [hazard ratio (HR), 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.09], stage III/IV at diagnosis (HR, 7.39; 95% CI, 2.39 to 22.8), and HST group (HR, 14.4; 95% CI, 3.32 to 62.6) were significantly associated with worse DSS; the H group was not (P = 0.175). The DSS rates and outcomes were not different between the MOD and H groups (P = 0.179 and P = 0.893, respectively) but were significantly inferior in the HST group (P < 0.0008 and P < 0.0001, respectively).

Conclusion

MTC in patients with MEN2 showed a clearly different age of onset in the different risk groups. DSS and outcomes after MTC diagnosis were similar in the MOD and H groups, suggesting similar tumor behavior. The HST group had inferior outcomes and survival vs the MOD and or H groups.
A “Weapon of the Weak”
Authors: Pascoe Stephen
Published: May 2019

In April 1931, boycotts of foreign-owned electricity companies were launched across multiple cities of the Arab Levant under French Mandate. This article argues that the boycotts drew on an established local culture of boycotting that was shaped by the social relations formed under the system of “concessionary imperialism.” These “electric boycotts” took on increased potency in the context of the constrained opportunities for anti-imperial protest under the interwar system. They were part of an oft-forgotten history of nonviolent civil disobedience, overshadowed by more violent expressions of opposition to colonial rule. It is argued that the 1931 and 1936 boycotts were novel for the threat of regional conflagration that they posed, as well as the increased “internationalization” in the framing of their meanings. Gandhism, Communism, and later, Fascism, provided competing poles of reference for anti-imperial activists in French Mandate Syria across the decade of the 1930s.
“Shouldn’t You Be Boycotting Coors?”
Authors: Brantley Allyson P.
Published: May 2019

This article argues for the comprehensive and serious treatment of movement ephemera as meaning-making and solidarity-building objects. It uses the boycott of Coors beer as an example of successful and persistent consumer activism in the United States in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. It focuses on the crucial roles that ephemeral memorabilia, such as leaflets, bumper stickers, buttons, and T-shirts, played in providing unifying and motivating narratives that transformed the Coors boycott from an instrumental to an expressive and long-lasting effort. These ephemera helped to forge a boycott counterpublic that extended from California to New York by the late 1980s.
Pulsatile Discharge from Polymeric Scaffolds: A Novel Method for Modulated Drug Release
Authors: Campana Patricia T , Marletta Alexandre , Piovesan Erick , Francisco Kelliton J M , Neto Francisco V R , Petrini Leandro , Silva Thiago R , Machado Danilo , Basoli Francesco , Oliveira Osvaldo N , Licoccia Silvia , Traversa Enrico
Published: May 2019

Controlled drug release holds promise to revolutionize medicine, particularly if short-term and long-term release can be combined in a single system. We present here a new pulsatile release system, in which the pulses were achieved using 3D scaffolds of poly(l-lactic acid), PLLA. From a morphological characterization of the scaffold’s surfaces, before and after releasing experiments at distinct pHs, we infer that release is governed by electrostatic interactions and the fractal geometry of the scaffolds. Furthermore, the scaffold can present short-term (within hours) or long-term (several days long) releasing profiles by varying the pH, which opens the way for unprecedented drug release control.
Direct Decomposition of N2O over C-Type Cubic Yb2O3-Co3O4 Catalysts
Authors: Cho Chang-Min , Nunotani Naoyoshi , Imanaka Nobuhito
Published: May 2019

(Yb1−xCox)2O3−δ catalysts with cubic (C-type) rare-earth sesquioxide structure were synthesized by a co-precipitation method. The introduction of Co2+/3+ ions into the Yb2O3 lattice resulted in an improved catalytic activity for N2O decomposition, due to the enhanced redox properties and increased amount of active sites. Among the prepared catalysts, (Yb0.90Co0.10)2O3−δ exhibited the highest activity for the decomposition of N2O, which was completely converted to N2 and O2 at 500 °C. Moreover, (Yb0.90Co0.10)2O3−δ also showed high durability in the presence of H2O, O2, or CO2.
Development of a Flow-Injection ESR System for Evaluating the Lipophilic Alkoxyl Radical Eliminating Capacities (L-AREC) of Tocopherol Analogues and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Sakurai Yasuhiro , Yamaguchi Tomoko , Ando Kai , Kuwabara Keiko , Nakajima Hiroki , Morimoto Chie , Yoshikawa Shinichi , Niwa Masumi , Miyake Yusuke , Kanaori Kenji , Nakajima Akira , Tajima Kunihiko
Published: May 2019

A new lipophilic spin-trapping flow-injection electron spin resonance (LFI-ESR) system was developed for quantitative detection of DMPO spin-adduct of alkoxyl radical (RO•), which was produced by thermal decomposition of an azo-initiator (AIBN) in ethyl acetate at 70 °C. The 50% and 75% inhibition dose (ID50 and ID75) of a series of lipophilic antioxidants, such as tocopherol derivatives (αToc, βToc, γToc, δToc, Toc, αTocM, βTocM, γTocM, TocM, TRX, and 7TocM), a lipophilic phenol (BHT), and unsaturated fatty acids (Ole, Lin, and Lic), were determined by monitoring the ESR signal intensity of the DMPO spin-adducts of RO• radical (DMPO/OR). On the basis of the observed ID50 and ID75 values, the lipophilic alkoxyl radical eliminating capacities (L-AREC) of these lipophilic antioxidants were determined using TRX as a standard. The evaluated L-AREC values are directly connected to the second order rate constants for the RO• radical induced hydrogen atom abstractions from the hydroxyl groups of the phenolic antioxidants, as well as from the allylic methylene groups of unsaturated fatty acids. The L-AREC values estimated by LFI-ESR method are concluded to be a practical and reliable indicator that reflect the inhibiting abilities of lipophilic antioxidants towards the radical chain reaction involved in the autoxidation processes of unsaturated fatty acids.
Pyrolytic Production of Fluorescent Pyrone Derivatives Produced in the Confined Space of Super-Microporous Silicas
Authors: Hayashi Kosei , Ogawa Shumpei , Watanabe Hiroto , Fujimaki Yasuto , Oaki Yuya , Imai Hiroaki
Published: May 2019

Fluorescent pyrone derivatives were extracted from the pyrolitic product of citric acid confined in supermicroporous silicas (SMPSs). We utilized the tiny spaces of SMPSs to produce fluorescent molecules as small fragments of carbogenic dots. We characterized their optical properties and investigated their structual information. The obtained molecule was determined as a pyrone derivative. The isolated product showed similar optical properties to those of reported carbogenic dots. Therefore, we suggest that the pyrone structure is the key fragment structure of carbogenic dots.
Brain organoids and insights on human evolution
Authors: Muotri Alysson R.
Published: May 2019

Human brain organoids, generated from pluripotent stem cells, have emerged as a promising technique for modeling early stages of human neurodevelopment in controlled laboratory conditions. Although the applications for disease modeling in a dish have become routine, the use of these brain organoids as evolutionary tools is only now getting momentum. Here, we will review the current state of the art on the use of brain organoids from different species and the molecular and cellular insights generated from these studies. Besides, we will discuss how this model might be beneficial for human health and the limitations and future perspectives of this technology.
Abortion knowledge and experiences among young women and men in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Reiger Sarah T. , Dako-Gyeke Phyllis , Ngo Thoai D. , Eva Gillian , Gobah Leonard , Blanchard Kelly , Grindlay Kate
Published: May 2019

Background: Despite the presence of legal abortion services in Ghana, unsafe abortion remains common, particularly among young women. Little is understood about what young people know about safe and legal abortion, and if and how they are utilizing it.

Methods: To characterize abortion use and address gaps in safe access, from September-December 2013, we conducted a cross-sectional survey with 100 men and 250 women aged 18-24 in Accra, Ghana. Participants were asked about abortion experiences, including prior services, providers, methods, satisfaction, perceived support, and knowledge of laws. Descriptive statistics, Fisher’s exact tests, and chi-square tests were performed.

Results: Among surveyed youth, most (87% of women, 64% of men) thought abortion was illegal or did not know the law. In total, 30% of women and 14% of men ever had an abortion and partner who had an abortion, respectively. Among women’s most recent abortions, medication abortion (61%), surgical methods (26%), and unsafe methods categorized “least safe” (14%) were the initial or only methods used. Most women who accessed medication abortion initially or as their only method saw a pharmacist (40%) or no one (33%). Nearly one-quarter of women (n=16, 24%) who initially took tablets used more than one method.

Conclusions: Despite experiences with abortion, most young people in this study were unaware of its legality and unsafe abortions occurred. More needs to be done to ensure young people understand the law and have access to safe methods, and that pharmacists are trained to provide appropriate doses and formulations of medication abortion.
Sociology of social structures
Authors: Подойницына Ирина , Podoynicyna Irina
Published: May 2019

The study of social structure, social stratification of society is the main topic of sociology. Knowledge of the social structure helps sociologists to perform a creative function to transform society. In the textbook I. I. Podoinitsyna examines the evolution of the views of foreign and domestic scientists on the processes of class formation and stratogenesis, comprehensively discusses the theoretical and methodological approaches to differentiation and analysis of class groups and factors of class formation. The textbook analyzes in detail the post-perestroika socio-structural processes in the Russian Federation, new approaches to the study of social differentiation of society, which began to develop in Russia due to transparency, restructuring, openness to ideological teachings penetrating from Abroad. The profile of social stratification of modern Russia appears to us in a new perspective, as if "bifurcated": we see Russia marginalized and Russia entrepreneurs, Russia, immersed in even greater poverty than we have seen in Soviet times, and Russia new managers, rich people, entrepreneurs and innovators. Exclusive are the chapters of the textbook devoted to the analysis of the regional social structure — in this case, the Yakut society, or the society of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The transformation of the social structure of Yakutia is considered in retrospect, since the XVIII century. The author analyzes the socio-professional, socio-cultural "lattice" of the social structure of the Republic, the ways and lifestyles of the population, the "breakthrough" of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the information society. The author of the textbook focuses on the methods by which you can study the social structure of society, including the technology of mathematical and statistical analysis. The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) acts in this textbook as a kind of model of local, regional society, which should be studied by special methods. The tutorial has tests, control questions for each Chapter. Each Chapter is also provided with a detailed summary of the findings of the material presented. The scientific book discusses the prospects for the development of sociology of social structures in postmodern conditions, the emergence of a new approach to scientific truth. A large number of empirical, factual material — the results of studies in Russia and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - is not just illustrative material that enriches the text of the textbook, but also helps to establish a bridge between theoretical and applied methods of analysis, on the example of these studies, the author demonstrates how to interpret the primary sociological data.
PLACE-BASED EDUCATION: UNA ESTRATEGIA PARA LA SOSTENIBILIZACIÓN CURRICULAR DE LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR
Authors: Sánchez Contreras Mª Fernanda , Murga Menoyo Maria Ángeles
Published: May 2019

INTRODUCCIÓN. Numerosos autores defienden la correlación positiva entre un enfoque educativo construido a partir del espacio-contexto del sujeto y la formación de los estudiantes en los principios y valores de la sostenibilidad, premisa que hace suya el Place-Based Education (PBE). Este artículo expone las bases teóricas de dicho enfoque y presenta una revisión sistemática cualitativa de la literatura con el objetivo de conocer si el PBE está presente en la universidad y, si así fuera, sus ventajas y debilidades para la calidad del proceso formativo de las titulaciones, especialmente para la formación del profesorado como agente del cambio educativo por la sostenibilidad. MÉTODO. Se han utilizado como motores de búsqueda las plataformas: Linceo+, que da acceso a más de cincuenta bases de datos, y, complementariamente, Google Scholar. RESULTADOS. Los resultados indican que el PBE es un enfoque viable y con interesantes virtualidades para facilitar los procesos de sostenibilización curricular de las titulaciones de educación superior, aunque requiere un marco institucional coherente con sus más genuinos principios y valores. DISCUSIÓN. Este requisito limita sus posibilidades de aplicación en aquellos centros que para ello precisarían cambios institucionales previos de tipo estructural y pedagógico. Pero también señala una sugerente vía de innovación, generadora de vínculos entre los centros de educación superior y su contexto comunitario, y que permite romper la separación artificial con la naturaleza, favoreciendo en los estudiantes la adquisición de las capacidades, destrezas, valores y características de una ciudadanía consciente y activamente comprometida con el gran desafío que plantean la actual crisis socioecológica y la necesaria transición hacia la sostenibilidad.
VARIABLES QUE INFLUYEN EN LA TRANSICIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA A LA EDUCACIÓN SECUNDARIA OBLIGATORIA. UN MODELO COMPRENSIVO
Authors: González-Rodríguez Diego , Vieira María-José , Vidal Javier
Published: May 2019

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las transiciones entre etapas, concretamente, el paso de la educación primaria a la educación secundaria, son uno de los cambios más complejos que el estudiante experimenta a lo largo de su vida académica. Proporcionar pautas para mejorar este proceso de transición es una tarea compleja que debe ser llevada a cabo teniendo en cuenta todas las variables (académicas y no académicas) que rodean al sujeto. El objetivo del presente estudio es conocer cuáles son las variables que influyen en el estudiante que se encuentra realizando la transición a la educación secundaria desde una perspectiva global, atendiendo tanto a la parte académica como a la no académica y crear un modelo comprensivo que nos ayude a diagnosticar a aquellos estudiantes más vulnerables al proceso de transición. MÉTODO. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática con una selección de artículos que abarcan desde el año 1985 hasta febrero de 2018. La búsqueda se realizó utilizando cuatro bases de datos: Scopus, Web of Science, Eric y Dialnet. RESULTADOS. 80 estudios han formado la muestra final de esta revisión. Los resultados muestran 70 variables descritas que influyen en este proceso de transición. Estas variables han sido clasificadas en seis factores académicos y no académicos (individuales, familiares, estudiante, compañeros de clase, profesorado y centro). DISCUSIÓN. De todas las variables revisadas, las relacionadas con el individuo (individuales y del estudiante) y la familia son aquellas que han sido más estudiadas en la literatura. Se concluye que la identificación de variables de riesgo que pueden influir en el estudiante que realiza el proceso de transición es compleja. Por tanto, es necesario disponer de un modelo comprensivo que facilite el diseño de acciones para la mejora de su rendimiento.
Relationship Violence Typologies and Condom Use in Young Adult Dating Relationships
Authors: Manlove Jennifer , Welti Kate , Karpilow Quentin
Published: May 2019

CONTEXT

Intimate partner violence is one dimension of relationships that may influence condom use, yet few studies have examined male‐ and female‐initiated violence in efforts to understand variation in condom use.

METHODS

Power dynamics and relationship conflict approaches were employed to examine the association between relationship violence and condom use. In a latent class analysis of 8,599 dating relationships from Wave 3 (2001–2002) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, when the respondents were aged 18–25, relationship violence was characterized by the severity and frequency of violence and the perpetrator's gender. Random‐effects logistic regression analyses assessed the association between violence classes and condom use.

RESULTS

One in five young adult dating relationships involved violence in the past year. Four violence classes were identified: one male‐dominant class (3% of relationships), in which many relationships had reciprocal violence; two female‐dominant classes, differentiated by the frequency and severity of violence (2% low‐intensity, 4% medium‐intensity); and one class with limited or no violence (91%). Male‐perpetrated violence was reported less frequently but was more severe than female‐perpetrated violence. Respondents in relationships in the male‐dominant/high‐intensity and the female‐dominant/medium‐intensity classes were less likely to report condom use than those in relationships in the no/low‐violence class (odds ratios, 0.4–0.5).

CONCLUSIONS

This work expands on research focusing only on male‐perpetrated violence and highlights the importance of capturing relationship violence in national data sets. Future surveys that collect information about violence from both partners can inform efforts to prevent violence and to support victims.
PENGARUH PROPORSI BAHAN TERHADAP DAYA TERIMA AGAR-AGAR DENGAN PENAMBAHAN KULIT JERUK DAN KULIT SEMANGKA
Authors: Tamimi Adesta Aulia , Afifah Diana Nur , Fitranti Deny Yudi , Dieny Fillah Fithra
Published: May 2019

Latar Belakang: Kulit buah jeruk dan semangka mencakup hingga 20-30% dari berat total buah. Jumlah tersebut sering hanya dibuang dan tidak dimanfaatkan lebih lanjut terlepas dari kandungan serat yang tinggi. Kandungan serat tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan dengan penambahan kulit buah jeruk dan semangka ke dalam makanan seperti agar-agar sehingga dapat membantu meningkatkan konsumsi serat. Tujuan: Menganalisis daya terima warna, aroma, rasa, dan tekstur dari agar-agar dengan penambahan kulit semangka dan kulit jeruk dengan proporsi yang berbeda.Metode: Penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan acak lengkap satu faktor yaitu variasi proporsi kulit semangka dan kulit jeruk dengan 3 taraf perlakuan (0:5, 80:20, 70:30). Penelitian dilakukan dengan uji hedonik terhadap warna, aroma, rasa, dan tekstur subjek penelitian. Uji hedonik dilakukan oleh 38 panelis tidak terlatih. Hasil uji hedonik kemudian dianalisis statistic dengan uji Friedman dan uji lanjut dengan uji Wilcoxon.Hasil: Perbedaan proporsi bahan berpengaruh terhadap daya terima agar-agar dengan penambahan kulit jeruk dan kulit semangka dari segi warna (p=0.000), aroma (p=0.037), dan rasa (p=0.005), tapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap tekstur (p=0.178).Simpulan: Perbedaan proporsi bahan berpengaruh terhadap daya terima agar-agar dengan penambahan kulit jeruk dan kulit semangka. Agar agar dengan penambahan kulit jeruk sebanyak 5% adalah agar-agar yang paling diterima oleh panelis karena memiliki hasil organoleptik yang baik
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN UBI JALAR UNGU (Ipomoea batatas L. Poir) TERHADAP KADAR LEUKOSIT TOTAL TIKUS WISTAR JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus) YANG DIPAPAR ASAP ROKOK
Authors: Rahma Fadilla , Ardiaria Martha , Panunggal Binar
Published: May 2019

Latar belakang: Asap rokok merupakan salah satu sumber radikal bebas eksogen yang dapat menstimulasi sekresi mediator inflamasi sehingga tubuh memberikan respon inflamasi. Kadar leukosit dapat digunakan sebagai indikator untuk melihat adanya inflamasi dalam tubuh. Ubi jalar ungu diketahui mengandung antioksidan yang berpotensi mengurangi efek negatif dari radikal bebas. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh pemberian ubi jalar ungu terhadap kadar leukosit total tikus yang dipapar asap rokok.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah post-test only control group design. Besar sampel penelitian berjumlah 24 ekor tikus wistar jantan yang dibagi ke dalam 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok K(-), kelompok K(+) yang diberi paparan asap rokok, kelompok P1 yang diberi ubi jalar ungu 8 g/200 g BB, dan kelompok P2 yang diberi paparan asap rokok serta ubi jalar ungu 8 g/200 g BB. Perlakuan dilakukan selama 30 hari. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji One-way ANOVA. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar leukosit total yang signifikan antar kelompok perlakuan (p=0,579). Kadar leukosit total tertinggi berada pada kelompok K(+) dengan nilai 23.56±3.10 x 103/mm3. Kelompok P2 memiliki kadar leukosit total sebesar 21.36±3.52 x 103/mm3.Simpulan: Pemberian ubi jalar ungu tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap kadar leukosit total tikus yang dipapar asap rokok.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA KETEBALAN LEMAK ABDOMINAL DAN KADAR SERUM HIGH SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (HS-CRP) PADA REMAJA
Authors: Nuraini Anis , Murbawani Etisa Adi
Published: May 2019

Latar Belakang: Masalah gizi yang dapat terjadi pada masa remaja yaitu gizi kurang, overweight, dan obesitas. Tebal lemak bawah kulit menunjukkan gambaran deposit lemak subkutan yang dapat memberikan gambaran perkiraan total lemak tubuh. Pengukuran antropometri ini akurat pada anak dan remaja dalam penilaian obesitas. Adipositas berlebih berhubungan dengan terjadinya inflamasi sistemik yang lebih besar. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) adalah protein fase akut utama yang merupakan penanda sensitif terjadinya inflamasi sistemik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan antara ketebalan lemak abdominal dan kadar serum hs-CRP pada remaja. Metode: Penelitian observasional dengan desain cross-sectional ini dilakukan di SMAN 15 Semarang. Subjek ditentukan menggunakan consecutif sampling serta disesuaikan dengan kriteria inklusi dengan jumlah sampel minimal 51 orang. Analisis data dengan menggunakan uji korelasi Rank Spearman. Hasil: Rerata kadar serum hs-CRP remaja adalah sebesar 2,16 ± 4,27 mg/L dan rerata tebal lemak abdominal remaja adalah sebesar 15,13 ± 7,72 mm. Prevalensi subjek dengan kadar serum >3,0 mg/L sebesar 19,61%. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara ketebalan lemak abdominal dan kadar serum hs-CRP (r = 1,000; p = 0,001).  Simpulan:  Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara ketebalan lemak abdominal dan kadar serum hs-CRP.
A wavelet-based method for MRI liver image denoising
Authors: Ali Mohammed Nabih
Published: May 2019

Image denoising stays be a standout amongst the primary issues in the field of image processing. Several image denoising algorithms utilizing wavelet transforms have been presented. This paper deals with the use of wavelet transform for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) liver image denoising using selected wavelet families and thresholding methods with appropriate decomposition levels. Denoised MRI liver images are compared with the original images to conclude the most suitable parameters (wavelet family, level of decomposition and thresholding type) for the denoising process. The performance of our algorithm is evaluated using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and mean square error (MSE). The results show that the Daubechies wavelet family of the tenth order with first and second of the levels of decomposition are the most optimal parameters for MRI liver image denoising.
Drug-drug interaction (DDI) assessments of ruxolitinib, a dual substrate of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, using a verified physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to support regulatory submissions
Authors: Umehara Kenichi , Huth Felix , Jin Yi , Schiller Hilmar , Aslanis Vassilios , Heimbach Tycho , He Handan
Published: May 2019

Ruxolitinib is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 followed by minor contributions of other hepatic CYP enzymes in vitro. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was established to evaluate the changes in the ruxolitinib systemic exposures with co-administration of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 perpetrators. The fractions metabolized in the liver via oxidation by CYP enzymes (fm,CYP3A4 = 0.75, fm,CYP2C9 = 0.19, and fm,CYPothers = 0.06) for an initial ruxolitinib model based on in vitro data were optimized (0.43, 0.56, and 0.01, respectively) using the observed exposure changes of ruxolitinib (10 mg) with co-administered ketoconazole (200 mg). The reduced amount of fm,CYP3A4 was distributed to fm,CYP2C9. For the initial ruxolitinib model with co-administration of ketoconazole, the area under the curve (AUC) increase of 2.60-fold was over-estimated compared with the respective observation (1.91-fold). With the optimized fm values, the predicted AUC ratio was 1.82. The estimated AUC ratios of ruxolitinib by co-administration of the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor erythromycin (500 mg) and the strong CYP3A4 inducer rifampicin (600 mg) were within a 20% error compared with the clinically observed values. The PBPK modeling results may provide information on the labeling, i.e. supporting a dose reduction by half for co-administration of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. Furthermore, an AUC increase of ruxolitinib in the absence or presence of the dual CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 inhibitor fluconazole (100–400 mg) was prospectively estimated to be 1.94- to 4.31-fold. Fluconazole simulation results were used as a basis for ruxolitinib dose adjustment when co-administering perpetrator drugs. A ruxolitinib PBPK model with optimized fm,CYP3A4 and fm,CYP2C9 was established to evaluate victim DDI risks. The previous minimal PBPK model was supported by the FDA for the dose reduction strategy, halving the dose with the concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors and dual inhibitors on CYP2C9 and CYP3A4, such as fluconazole at ≤200 mg. Fluconazole simulation results were used as supportive evidence in discussions with the FDA and EMA about ruxolitinib dose adjustment when co-administering perpetrator drugs. Thus, this study demonstrated that PBPK modeling can support characterizing DDI liabilities to inform the drug label and might help reduce the number of clinical DDI studies by simulations of untested scenarios, when a robust PBPK model is established.
A reactive coupling process for co-production of solketal and biodiesel
Authors: Al-Saadi Luma Sh. , Eze Valentine C. , Harvey Adam P.
Published: May 2019

A “reactive coupling” process for one-pot transesterification of rapeseed oil into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for biodiesel, and in situ acetalisation of the glycerol by-product to solketal was investigated by both an experimental and a kinetic modelling approach. The aim was to develop a process with a more valuable co-products than glycerol, and to minimise glycerol production. The results showed that a one-stage reactive coupling achieved a solketal yield of 39.5 ± 5.1% and FAME yield of 99% after 8 h at 10:7:1 of methanol: acetone: oil molar ratio. However, based on these results and the predictions of the kinetic model developed, a “two-stage” reactive coupling process was investigated, in which some of the acetone was added later in the process. The two-stage process was demonstrated to achieve up to 98 ± 0.5% FAME and 82 ± 4% solketal yields under the same operating conditions.
Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid by aqueous two-phase system formed by PEG and two environmentally friendly organic acid salts - sodium citrate and sodium tartrate
Authors: Zhang Zhi Feng , Wang Rui , Ye Fei , Wang Haibin , Zhao Wenxia
Published: May 2019

Two aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS’s) formed by using PEG and sodium citrate/sodium tartrate are applied and compared for extraction of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from its stock solution. Their binodal curves and tie-lines are studied firstly. Influence of usage amount of the salt and the PEG on the partition coefficient and extraction efficiency is investigated. The highest extraction efficiency and partition coefficient achieved is 73% and 6.5, when the sodium citrate and PEG concentration is 15% and 20% respectively. It is also found that the ATPS based on sodium citrate is better than sodium tartrate for GA extraction. The present study indicates that ATPS formed by biodegradable organic acid salts could be feasible and environment-friendly technique for GA and other bioactive compounds.
The language game of lost meaning: Using literal meaning as a metalinguistic resource
Authors: Carapezza Marco
Published: May 2019

By literal meaning (LM) we usually refer to a theoretical notion which is at the center of a big debate involving philosophers and linguists with various orientations. At the same time, LM is rooted in a linguistic intuition of the speaker, which we could formulate as follows: words taken in isolation have a meaning. Adopting this general take on LM, we are using a notion of LM that seems incompatible with any research program of a contextualist type; I will show, instead, that in a radically contextualist (and Wittgensteinian) perspective, this notion of LM can have legitimate circulation in particular types of language games.

I will propose a recovery of the notion of LM saving the speaker’s intuition showing that this notion can have heuristic power but only in those particular language games in which it is necessary to recover the meaning of words considered in isolation. To put it differently, I will maintain that the LM of a linguistic expression can be considered as a metalinguistic resource available to the speaker making use of it in various cases, for example when the conversational exchange that characterizes communication breaks down.
Von F. Schleiermacher zum religiösen Gefühl ausschließlich als Emotion
Authors: Kirsberg Igor W.
Published: May 2019

Am Beispiel der Konzeption von F. Schleiermacher, die die Religion als Gefühl zeigt – ein unmittelbares bzw. emotionales Wissen –, wird im Aufsatz die Möglichkeit diskutiert, ob das Gefühl ausschließlich als Emotion verstanden werden kann und welche Auswirkungen diese Deutung auf das Verständnis von Religion hätte. Der Entwurf einer solchen Auffassung offenbart sich in der Konzeption Schleiermachers selbst, und zwar durch ihre Mängel: da das Gefühl ausschließlich in der Vermischung, nicht der Vereinigung von Emotion und Denken (der Kognition überhaupt) bestehe, beschreibt Schleiermacher auch keinen Mechanismus einer solchen Vereinigung und überträgt die spezifischen Besonderheiten der Emotion und der Kognition einfach gegenseitig. Das Gefühl ausschließlich als Emotion scheint dennoch in einigen Metaphern Schleiermachers auf – unabhängig von seiner Konzeption des Gefühls. Der Aufsatz unterstützt diese außerkonzeptionelle Deutung, die Konzeption selbst wird abgelehnt. Es wird gezeigt, dass das Verständnis des Gefühls ausschließlich als Emotion zur Aufhellung des Mechanismus von Religion beiträgt (in diesem Verständnis nämlich erscheint die Religion mit all dem ihr eigenen Göttlichen und Wunderbaren nur als Bewusstseinseffekt); die Betrachtung beschränkt sich daher auf die Besonderheiten und Wechselwirkungen von Emotion und Denken, d. h. auf die Auswirkungen der Strukturen des Bewusstseins. Es wird gezeigt, auf welche Weise diese Reduktion der Religion auf die Arbeit des Bewusstseins nicht nur in der Religionswissenschaft (in ihrem phänomenologischen Sachgebiet), sondern auch in der Theologie Verwendung finden kann – zurückgewiesen wird dabei die Begründung der Möglichkeit des Übernatürlichen in der Welt durch irgendwelche Besonderheiten der Religion, und postuliert wird das Übernatürliche ausschließlich als Wunder.
Judas, Nixon und „Ich“
Authors: Klinge Hendrik
Published: May 2019

Laut Leibniz kann sich ein Bauernsohn nicht konsistent wünschen, der Sohn einer Königin zu sein, da die Erfüllung seines Wunsches mit der Aufhebung seiner Existenz koinzidieren würde. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz erörtere ich dieses Argument in Hinblick auf die neuere angloamerikanische Debatte um das Theodizeeproblem. Dafür kläre ich zunächst die metaphysischen Voraussetzungen des Arguments und diskutiere verschiedene Einwände, die vor allem unter Berufung auf das Problem der sogenannten transworld identity gegen Leibniz vorgebracht werden können. In einem letzten Schritt unterscheide ich im Rückgriff auf Überlegungen Robert Adams’ zwischen metaphysischer und personaler Identität, um zu zeigen, dass Leibniz’ Argument, obwohl die damit verbundene These kontrafaktischer Identität problematisch ist, dennoch einen wichtigen Beitrag zum theologischen Umgang mit dem Theodizeeproblem liefert.
The Metaphysics of Jonathan Edwards’s “Personal Narrative”: Continuous Creation, Personal Identity, and Spiritual Development
Authors: Woznicki Christopher
Published: May 2019

Central to evangelical piety is the theme of “conversionism”. Among historical figures who embody this characteristic of evangelical piety one finds that Jonathan Edwards plays an important role, in part, because of his 1740 “Personal Narrative”. In this essay I examine the metaphysics underlying Edwards’s view of conversion in his “Personal Narrative”. Special attention is given to Edwards’s doctrine of continuous creation and to a feature that underlies his understanding of spiritual development, namely the One-Subject Criterion. I weigh two options for how Edwards may coherently hold to continuous creation and the One-Subject Criterion: Mark Hamilton’s relative realism/endurance account and Edwardsean Anti-Criterialism. I conclude that given the textual evidence Edwardsean Anti-Criterialism is to be preferred over Hamilton’s view.
Changing God’s Mind
Authors: Di Muzio Gianluca
Published: May 2019

Since God is perfect, he should never have a reason for changing his mind. However, some biblical passages describe God as modifying his chosen course of action in response to prayer. How could human prayers ever be efficacious if God’s mind is always independently set on doing what is best? This article examines contemporary attempts to answer the question by emphasizing the benefits of prayer for the petitioner. After exposing some difficulties with this solution, the author proposes that one can overcome the problem of petitionary prayer by reflecting on the relationship God wishes to develop with his human creatures. From this vantage point, one can see that God’s willingness to change his mind in response to prayer proceeds from his free decision to accept his human creatures’ input as he partners with them to realize his plan for the world.
Zwischen Nationalismus und Gleichschaltung
Authors: Rohls Jan
Published: May 2019

Der österreichische Schriftsteller Stefan Zweig war ein überzeugter Kosmopolit, der sich nach der Katastrophe des Ersten Weltkriegs publizistisch für eine friedvolle Zusammenarbeit der europäischen Völker einsetzte. Als vorbildhaft galt ihm dabei die Biographie des Erasmus von Rotterdam, einem ausgemachten Feind jeder Art von Fanatismus. In seinem Roman „Triumph und Tragik des Erasmus von Rotterdam“ (1934) porträtierte er ihn als einen Gegenpol zu Luther, dessen religiösen Radikalismus verbunden mit nationalistischen Tendenzen er verabscheute. Zweig stellte den kosmopolitischen Humanismus von Erasmus der deutschen Reformation Luthers gegenüber. Unter dem Eindruck der politischen Machtübernahme durch die Nationalsozialisten, die ihn zur Emigration zwang, wuchs bei Zweig das Interesse an der Geschichte der Reformation in Europa. Nach „Maria Stuart“ (1935) sah er in seinem Roman „Castellio gegen Calvin“ (1936) in Castellio einen Erben des Erasmus, der die menschliche Gewissensfreiheit gegen das repressive theokratische Genfer Regime verteidigte. Calvin wurde für Zweig zu einem Tyrannen, der in vielen Punkten Hitler ähnelte.
The multi-variation approach
Authors: Hasse Cathrine
Published: May 2019

This article argues that a multi-variation approach can be a useful supplement to existing ethnographic studies in the field of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). The multi-variation approach builds on classical ethnographic case studies, where a researcher studies a delimited field in a microstudy of a particular robot, its makers, users, and affected stakeholders. The approach is also inspired by multi-sited studies, where researchers move across fields, adding to the complexity of the ethnographic findings. Whereas both approaches build on analysis of microstudies, the multi-variation approach is further inspired by postphenomenology, where the main aim is to deliberately seek variation – thus again adding to the complexity of the detailed findings. Here, the multivariation approach includes several researchers studying several types of robots across sites. The analytical approach seeks patterns across this complexity – and the claim is that a multi-variation approach has a strength in findings that are systematic and consistent across cases, sites, and variations. The article gives an example of such cross-variation findings in the robot field – namely the tendency for roboticists across cases and robot types to publicly present their robots as more finished and wellfunctioning than they actually are.
Toward a pragmatic and social engineering ethics
Authors: Sorenson Jessica
Published: May 2019

This paper centers on a five-month ethnographic field study among engineers in a Danish collaborative industrial robotics project, to examine how the everyday work of engineers intersects with existing, formally-adopted engineering ethics approaches.Methods included a literature review of engineering ethics, participant observation in a technical research institute and in machine workshops, document and visual media analysis, object elicitation, and qualitative interviews. Empirical findings from this investigation are used to evaluate existing formalized engineering ethics in relation to engineering praxis. Juxtaposed with engineers’ everyday ethical decision-making practices, professional ethics approaches are shown to be based in deontological and virtue ethics, narrowly focused on the individual engineer as a professional, and thus inappropriate and insufficient for the very practical field of engineering. The author argues for an alternative direction toward a situated pragmatic and social ethics in engineering that disrupts the current social arrangement around robot development through ethnographic intervention in the engineers’ negotiation of values in the design process.