bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prosthetic Coxofemoral Joint Replacement in the Goose (Anser Sp.): II. Histologic and Mechanical Interface Evaluations
Authors: WROBLEWSKI THADDEUS J. , PARK JOON B. , KENNER GERRY H. , von RECUM ANDREAS F.
Published: February 2008

The interfacial tissue‐implant healing reactions have been investigated in the goose to evaluate its suitability as an animal model for joint replacement implant studies. After various implantation periods, geese with one coxofemoral replacement hemiarthroplasty were evaluated for their gait performance and then sacrificed. The implantation sites and femora with implants were subjected to histologic studies, and the interfacial shear strength between the bone and implant was measured. The results were compared with findings reported in the literature on dog and man. Direct bone apposition was found in two geese with a firmly fixed implant. A connective tissue capsule surrounded those seven implant stems that were found to sit loosely in the femoral canal. Whereas the histologic findings were comparable to findings in dog and man, the interfacial shear stress was somewhat lower in the goose. Because of the histopathologically comparable findings of interfacial healing, the goose appears to present a suitable model to study bone implant tissue reactions. Further studies are necessary to determine seasonal‐, age‐, and sex‐related bone tissue differences in the goose.
Repair of a Frontal Sinus Eversion in a Horse
Authors: MARTIN GEORGE S. , McILWRAITH C. WAYNE
Published: February 2008

A large, bony protuberance from the frontal bone of a horse was found radiographically to communicate with the frontal sinus and to be similar in appearance. The mass was removed surgically, and the communicating defect with the sinus was repaired using synthetic mesh. Recovery was uncomplicated.
The Small Animal Operative Practice Laboratory
Authors: ROSIN EBERHARD
Published: February 2008

The small animal operative practice laboratory is the technical component of the fundamentals of surgery lecture course and should give students the basic skills necessary to actively participate in the operative and anesthetic management of client's animals in the teaching hospital. The surgery faculty is challenged with structuring a laboratory that will maximize use of available resources, including clinical and morphologic pathology faculty, for the benefit of the student. The laboratory can be structured as a small animal practice to give students the responsibility and equipment for preoperative, operative, and postoperative care of their animals. The keys to the educational success of the laboratory are the attitude and enthusiasm of the surgery faculty.
Combination of a Corticai Allograft With a Cancellous Autograft in the Canine Tibia
Authors: II JOSEPH P. DESCH , BUTLER HUGH C. , GUFFY MARK M. , LEIPOLD HORST
Published: February 2008

This study was undertaken to determine what difference, if any, occurred when autogenous cancellous bone was placed in the medullary canal of a fresh, 4‐cm cortical allograft compared to a fresh cortical allograft alone. Twelve mature dogs were used. A tubular cortical graft was placed in the midshaft of both tibias. The right tibia received the combination graft while the left tibia received a fresh cortical allograft only. Study periods ranged from one week to 17 weeks. The progress of the grafts was assessed by technetium‐99m radionuclide bone scans, radiographs, gross and histological examination, and tetracycline labeling. Results indicate that autogenous cancellous bone placed in the medullary canal of a fresh cortical allograft was beneficial to the ingrowth of new blood vessels and incorporation of the cortical graft.
Intra‐articular Graftpasser
Authors: A. A. ROBERT , OOSTEROM
Published: February 2008

The over‐the‐top placement of prosthetic materials for repair of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs necessitates much tissue dissection and trauma. Instruments often are stressed beyond their limits, resulting in damage to the instrument. Therefore, an instrument was designed for easier passing of the graft. This graftpasser conforms to the anatomy of the caudal surface of the lateral condyle of the stifle, and facilitates rapid positioning of the graft in close contact with the bone. The instrument was successfully used for this purpose in several surgical cases.
The Tools of Asclepius The Surgical Gear of the Greeks and Romans
Authors: BLIQUEZ LAWRENCE J.
Published: February 2008

Archaeological excavation and occasional chance finds have brought to light many of the surgical tools used in classical antiquity, especially those used in the Roman period. When these instruments are examined in connection with the medical authors of the time, they can frequently be identified and their purposes understood. Their number and variety show how surprisingly active and enterprising Greek and Roman surgeons were.
Cytology of Peritoneal Effusion Following Intestinal Anastomosis and Experimental Peritonitis
Authors: BOTTE ROBERT J. , ROSIN EBERHARD
Published: February 2008

Diagnostic peritoneal lavage was performed one, two or three days following experimental resection and anastomosis of the distal jejunum in nine dogs. The lavage fluid was evaluated by total and differential cell counts, cell morphology, and bacterial culture. Microscopic examination revealed large numbers of nondegenerate neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Bacteria were not observed. Bacterial cultures yielded no growth.

Peritonitis was experimentally induced in four dogs by creating an ischemic segment of jejunum. Peritoneal lavage and fluid analysis were carried out one or two days following surgery. The lavage fluid from these dogs contained large numbers of degenerate neutrophils and bacteria.
Rostral Mandibulectomy Three Case Reports in Dogs
Authors: VERNON F. FOSTER , HELPHREY MELVIN
Published: February 2008

A rostral mandibulectomy was performed on three dogs with mandibular neopiasia. The technique involves stabilization of the mandibular rami, excision of the mandible rostral to the frenulum of the tongue, and cosmetic closure of the wound. Two patients were living 11 months postoperatively. This technique is effective in treating some malignant neoplasms of the rostral mandible.
Lag Screw Fixation of a Sagittal Fracture of the Third Carpal Bone in a Horse
Authors: PALMER SCOTT E.
Published: February 2008

A sagittal fracture of the third carpal bone of a Standardbred racehorse was repaired with lag screw fixation. Healing of the fracture was uncomplicated, and the horse made a successful return to racing. It was concluded that selected sagittal fractures of the third carpal bone may be treated successfully with lag screw fixation. Criteria for selection of cases include fragment size and orientation of the fracture plane.
Surgical Correction of Angular Limb Deformity of the Forelimbs of a 7‐month‐old Calf
Authors: ADAMS STEPHEN B. , AMSTUTZ HAROLD E.
Published: February 2008

Severe angular limb deformity of the forelimbs of a 7‐month‐old calf was treated by temporary physeal bridging of the distal radial physes using screws and wires. Marked straightening of the deformed forelegs and improvement in ambulation were noted when the calf was evaluated at three and nine months after surgery.
Evaluation of Internal Obturator Muscle Transposition in Treatment of Perineal Hernia in Dogs
Authors: HARDIE ELIZABETH M. , KOLATA RONALD J. , EARLEY THOMAS D. , RAWLINGS CLARENCE A. , GORGACZ EDWARD J.
Published: February 2008

A technique that utilizes transposition of the internal obturator muscle for repair of perineal hernias was evaluated. Forty‐two male dogs were followed for at least one year after surgery. The repair failed in only one animal, a dog with previously operated bilateral hernias. Microangiography demonstrated an adequate blood supply to the transposed internal obturator muscles of two dogs examined at three weeks and three months after surgery.
Temporary Bilateral Carotid Artery Occlusion During Surgical Exploration of the Nasal Cavity of the Dog
Authors: HEDLUND CHERYL S. , TANGNER C. H. , ELKINS A. D. , HOBSON H. P.
Published: February 2008

Surgical exploration of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of dogs is often necessary to diagnose or treat conditions causing complete or partial nasal obstruction. Hemorrhage may obscure exploration and be detrimental to the patient. Temporary occlusion of both common carotid arteries reduces blood loss and enhances visualization during rhinotomy. Temporary bilateral common carotid artery occlusion was performed on 15 dogs subjected to nasal exploration. No obvious detrimental effects were noted.
Response of the Equine Metacarpus to Conventional and Ion‐Beam Textured Lag Screws
Authors: KANEPS A. J. , BRAMLAGE L. R. , GABEL A. A.
Published: February 2008

Four pairs of ASIF MP35N stainless steel screws, one conventional smooth surfaced and one that had its surface modified by texturing with an ion‐beam, were inserted in the third metacarpus of six horses. The pairs of screws were placed from dorsal to palmar in the metaphyses and diaphysis of the bone using the lag‐screw principle. When the screws were examined at 90 and 150 days after insertion, micromovement was detected histologically but not radiographically around the screw in the dorsal cortex but not the palmar cortex. The removal torque of all screws 90 days after insertion was reduced compared to the insertion torque, and no difference was found between the rough and smooth screws. At 150 days after insertion, the removal torque of the smooth screws remained low, but the removal torque of the rough screws was increased significantly (p < 0.001). The removal torque of both smooth and rough screws was significantly higher in the diaphysis than in the metaphysis (p < 0.02). Since the need for a screw's holding ability is greatest early after fracture repair, it is doubtful that ion‐beam textured screws have any advantage over smooth screws in the repair of metacarpal fractures. The response of the dorsal and palmar cortices indicated that the equine metacarpus undergoes bending during loading and that the dorsal and palmar cortices of the bone move relative to each other.
Response of Canine Synovial Membrane to Three Different Types of Suture Material
Authors: KUSBA JILL K. , LIPOWITZ ALAN J.
Published: February 2008

The synovial tissue response to three different suture materials was assessed in nine dogs. Stifle joint arthrotomies were sutured with either chromic gut, teflon coated polyester suture, or polypropylene suture; all joint capsule layers were penetrated, exposing the suture material to the joint cavity. The synoviocytic and subsynviocytic layers at the arthrotomy site were examined histologically one, two, and three weeks following surgery. Chromic gut caused the greatest cellular inflammatory response and polypropylene the least. Teflon coated polyester and chromic gut were associated with nearly the same degree of tissue fibrosis. Polypropylene was associated with much less fibrosis than the other suture materials.
An In Vitro Comparison of the Holding Strength of Partially Threaded vs Nonthreaded Intramedullary Pins
Authors: HOWARD PAUL E. , BRUSEWITZ GERALD H.
Published: February 2008

The pin holding strengths of partially threaded and nonthreaded intramedullary pins were compared in an in vitro study. The mean percent holding strength of partially threaded pins to nonthreaded pins was 102%. No relationships could be determined when the holding strength of the pins was evaluated as a function of the dog's weight, bone length, and length of pin within the bone. It was concluded that no statistical difference in in vitro pin holding strength exists between the two types of pins.
Femoral Head Fractures Resulting in Epiphyseal Fragmentation Results of Repair in Five Dogs
Authors: VERNON F. FOSTER , OLMSTEAD MARVIN L.
Published: February 2008

Five mature dogs with fragmented femoral head fractures were treated. Fracture reduction was accomplished with lagged cortex screws and Kirschner wires or Smilley nails. Results were good or excellent in four dogs. Rigid internal stabilization, early surgical treatment, and reduced activity postsurgically are essential for proper healing of these fractures.
Surgical Correction of Bilateral Ectopic Ureters in Two Foals
Authors: MODRANSKY P. D. , WAGNER P. C. , ROBINETTE J. D. , GAVIN P. R. , BURNS G. L.
Published: February 2008

Case reports of ectopic ureters in a 2 1/2‐month‐old colt and a 4 1/2‐month‐old filly are presented. Diagnosis was made by retrograde cystography and excretory urography. The ureters were surgically transposed into the bladder. A functional urinary system was reestablished in both foals, but they died of postoperative complications.
Dorsal Laminectomy in the Horse I. Review of the Literature and Description of a New Procedure
Authors: NIXON ALAN J. , STASHAK TED S.
Published: February 2008

Equine cervical vertebral malformation may result in spinal cord compression that, until recently, has been treated medically. Two descriptions of dorsal laminectomy in the horse indicated the technique could be disastrous, even in the normal horse, and postoperative improvement was variable. In the technique described here, the horse is placed in an oblique lateral position with the neck ventroflexed. A dorsal midline incision is used to expose the cervical vertebrae. Following removal of the soft tissues overlying the dorsal laminae, a Funkquist type B laminectomy is performed. Ligamentum flavum scar tissue, articular facets, and joint capsule are trimmed if they are contributing to the spinal cord compression. The bony defect is filled with a nuchal fat graft, and the surgical site is drained for 4 to 5 days by a suction drainage apparatus. The technique is evaluated in two accompanying articles.
Dorsal Laminectomy in the Horse II. Evaluation in the Normal Horse
Authors: NIXON ALAN J. , STASHAK TED S. , INGRAM JAMES T. , NORRDIN ROBERT W. , COLTER STEVEN B. , LEBEL JACK L.
Published: February 2008

Subtotal dorsal cervical laminectomy was performed on nine normal horses to evaluate positioning, refine the surgical technique, and assess the immediate and long‐term effects of this procedure in the horse. Funkquist type B laminectomies were performed at various levels from C3‐C4 to C6‐C7. Absorbable gelatin sponge or autogenous nuchal fat was placed over the exposed dura mater. Surgery times varied from 2 to 3 hours, and all horses recovered without complication. Rapid primary intention wound healing occurred, with two horses showing neck pain. All remained neurologically normal. The horses were euthanized 6 weeks, 3 months, or 6 months postoperatively. Myelograms performed just prior to euthanasia demonstrated normal or expanded dye column widths. Necropsy revealed that all surgical sites had healed well. The laminectomy membrane was soft and pliable and could be easily separated from the underlying dura mater when fat was used as interpositional material. When gelatin sponge was used, the laminectomy membrane was firmly bonded to the dura. Spinal cords at the level of laminectomy appeared normal and moved freely within the vertebral canal. Histological evaluation of the laminectomy sites and associated spinal cord revealed no abnormalities attributable to the surgery. It was concluded that dorsal cervical laminectomy can be performed in horses without untoward sequelae. The procedure may be useful for the treatment of equine cervical compressive myelopathies.
Kirschner Wire Fixation of Lateral Humeral Condylar Fractures in Small Dogs
Authors: MORSHEAD DON , STAMBAUGH JOHN E.
Published: February 2008

Successful treatment of humeral condylar fractures requires accurate reduction and rigid internal fixation. Lag screw fixation is the traditional method of repair for these fractures. An alternative method using Kirschner wire fixation was used to repair humeral condylar fractures in eight small dogs. Long‐term follow‐up was available for seven dogs: all were reported to have normal limb function.
Techniques for Reconstructing Circular Skin Defects in Dogs
Authors: SWAIM STEVEN F. , LEE ALICE H. , McGUIRE JOHN A.
Published: February 2008

The development of dog‐ears of redundant skin or removal of large areas of additional skin are problems often encountered when closing circular skin defects. Defects 3 cm in diameter were created along the backs of dogs. Eight techniques of reconstruction were evaluated by measuring the area of additional skin removed and length of final suture line and by counting the number of dog‐ears produced. The eight techniques were linear, fusiform, double S, three point, four point, pin wheel, bow tie, and combined V closures. Based on the results of this study, the linear, combined V, and bow tie techniques provide the best closure. In general, the linear technique should be used when skin edges can be apposed without the formation of dog‐ears (e.g., smaller defects). When skin edge apposition results in dog‐ear formation and when there is limited skin for reconstruction surrounding the defect, the combined V technique should be used. When larger dog‐ears form as the skin edges are apposed and when there is an abundance of skin surrounding the defect, the bow tie technique could be considered for closure. One‐half of the bow tie technique can be used to approximate wound edges where one edge is long and curved.
Remembrances of Jacques Jenny, DrMedVet 1917–1971
Authors: ALLAM MARK W. , NUNAMAKER DAVID M.
Published: February 2008

Editor's note: The holding of the 19th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons in Philadelphia in conjunction with the Centennial Celebration of the School of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania provides an opportunity for reflection. Dr. Jacques Jenny, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at the School, was Chairman of the Organizing Committee that gave rise to the American College of Veterinary Surgeons on December 16,1965, and was elected as first President of the College. The solid foundation and high ideals that the Organizing Committee established are in large part responsible for the success of the College. Dr. Jenny died on November 20, 1971. Those of us fortunate to have known him personally realize the immense gap that his premature death left. For those that did not know him, I hope that this article permits some appreciation of the contributions of Dr. Jenny the comparative orthopedic surgeon, as well as of the very special human qualities of Jacques Jenny the man. The first author, Dr. Mark Allam, was Professor of Surgery and Dean of the School of Veterinary Medicine during most of Dr. Jenny's career at the University of Pennsylvania, and was the first Chairman of the Board of Regents of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons. The second author, Dr. David Nunamaker, is the first holder of the Jacques Jenny Professorship in Veterinary Orthopedics at the University of Pennsylvania.
Cholecystoduodenostomy in the Dog Comparison of Two Techniques
Authors: TANGNER C. H.
Published: February 2008

A mucosal apposition technique for cholecystoduodenostomy was compared to the cutting suture technique. The mucosal apposition technique was easier to perform, less traumatic, and produced a significantly larger anastomotic opening than the cutting suture technique. Eleven of 12 dogs returned to normal activity within 5 days after the mucosal apposition technique. Six of 12 dogs required 10 to 21 days after the cutting suture technique before regaining normal activity. Healing was similar for both techniques. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were cultured from the gallbladders of both groups postoperatively.

Cholecystograms demonstrated rapid drainage of the biliary system following mucosal apposition. Drainage of the biliary system following the cutting suture technique was slower; gallbladders tended to be irregularly shaped and distended.

Gallbladders rapidly filled with contrast material during upper gastrointestinal barium studies following cholecystoduodenostomy by mucosal apposition. Gallbladders filled more slowly and less completely following the cutting suture technique: drainage of refluxed contrast material was delayed in some dogs.

Serum enzyme elevations (SGPT, SAP) and subclinical periportal inflammation and fibrosis were found following both techniques. Peripheral circulating eosinophil counts were significantly higher in dogs following the cutting suture technique.
Effect of a Low Frequency Pulsating Magnetic Field on the Healing of Rat Skin Wounds
Authors: COCKSHUTT J. R. , BINNINGTON A. G. , WILCOCK B. P.
Published: February 2008

The ability of a pulsing magnetic field to accelerate wound healing was tested in rats. Full‐thickness skin defects were created surgically in rats. A magnetoelectric coil applicator was used to deliver two 15 minute episodes of pulsing magnetic treatment daily to the rats at a level of 80 Gauss and 60 Hr. Healing was evaluated grossly and by light microscopy 7, 14, 22, 29, 42, and 56 days following wound creation.

No significant change in rate of wound contracture or epithelialization was seen nor was there any microscopic evidence of enhanced collagen formation or cellular organization as compared with untreated wounds.
Dorsal Approach to the Caudal Pelvic Canal and Rectum Effect on Normal Dogs
Authors: McKEOWN D. B. , COCKSHUTT J. R. , PARTLOW G. D. , KLEER V. S. DE
Published: February 2008

A dorsal surgical approach to the perineal area and rectum was made on 10 healthy, adult dogs. The rectococcygeal muscle was incised and the levator ani and external sphincter muscles were separated to the level of the caudal rectal nerve. All dogs were clinically normal throughout a 3 week postoperative observation period.
Muscle Flap Closure of a Frontocutaneous Fistula in a Horse
Authors: CAMPBELL MARTHA L. , PEYTON LLEWELLYN C.
Published: February 2008

A frontal sinus fistula was corrected surgically using a temporalis muscle flap and split thickness skin graft in a horse. The operative approach for temporalis muscle transposition is described. Application of the temporalis muscle flap allowed restoration of a functional covering and excellent final appearance.
Surgical Correction of Congenital Bilateral Choanal Atresia in a Foal
Authors: GORING ROBERT L. , CAMPBELL MARTHA , HILLIDGE CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: February 2008

Congenital bilateral choanal atresia was corrected surgically in a neonatal foal. Presenting clinical signs included complete obstruction of the upper airway, which had been relieved by tracheotomy. The diagnosis was confirmed by endoscopic examination and contrast radiography. Bilateral nasal flaps were used to gain access to the caudal nasal cavity, allowing removal of obstructive tissue and restoration of normal respiration. Malocclusion developed secondary to surgical intervention and resultant damage to suture lines of developing flat bones of the skull. Nine months postoperatively, the asynchronous growth of the mandible and maxilla had not resulted in difficulty during mastication. Respiration, although audible during periods of exercise, was acceptable to the owners.
Castration of Horses with Primary Closure and Scrotal Ablation
Authors: BARBER SPENCER M.
Published: February 2008

Fourteen horses and one pony, 1 to 16 years of age, were castrated with a technique designed to promote primary healing and ablation of the scrotum following removal of descended testicles. Twenty‐six testicles (10 nondescended, 15 normal descended testicles, and 1 neoplastic descended testicle) were removed. Nondescended testicles were removed through a skin incision over the external inguinal ring. Descended testicles were removed, and the scrotum was ablated by excision of the ventral scrotum. All testicles were removed by emasculation. The common vaginal tunic was not opened prior to emasculation of the descended testicles, and transfixation liqation sutures were used in only two horses. All incisions were closed with multiple layers of synthetic absorbable sutures in the subcutaneous and subcuticular tissues. All incisions healed by primary intention, and 14 recovered without complications. As a result of incomplete scrotal ablation, one horse had temporary lameness and swelling of the scrotal area that resembled the presurgical appearance.
Arteriovenous Fistulas as an Aid in Blood Collection from Canine Blood Donors
Authors: WHEATON LYNN G. , REED WILLIE M.
Published: February 2008

To facilitate blood collection from blood donor dogs, arteriovenous fistulas were established between the common carotid arteries and external jugular veins in five adult dogs. Twelve to 16 mm, side‐to‐side anastomoses were created using simple interrupted 6–0 polypropylene sutures. Starting 1 month after the surgical procedure, 500 ml of blood was collected from each dog as required. Electrocardiography, thoracic radiography, and cardiac output and rate were used to monitor cardiac changes. Blood flow characteristics, and proliferative and dystrophic cellular changes occurring in the vessels were documented in one dog.

The mean blood collection times were 2 minutes and 45 seconds from the fistula site and 9.0 minutes from the opposite jugular vein. Ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial changes were observed on electrocardiogram in two dogs, and radiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension was noted in three dogs. Reversed blood flow was documented in the common carotid artery and external jugular vein distal to the arteriovenous fistula. Four dogs were still in use as blood donors 1 to 1 1/2 years after establishment of the fistulas. Clinical signs of congestive heart failure were not observed.
Mandibular Condylectomy Technique and Results in Normal Horses
Authors: BARBER SPENCER M. , DOIGE C. E. , HUMPHREYS S. G.
Published: February 2008

A technique of mandibular condylectomy and menisectomy is described. Unilateral condylectomy and menisectomy were performed in two horses, and two horses were treated by bilateral condylectomy and unilateral meniscectomy. Minor temporary alterations in mastication occurred following unilateral condylectomy; more severe and longer lasting abnormalities of prehension and mastication occurred following bilateral condylectomy. Malocclusion occurred in all horses following surgery but was only clinically significant in one horse that developed occlusion of the lower incisor teeth 3 mm caudal to the upper incisor teeth following bilateral condylectomy. Maximal mouth opening was normal following unilateral condylectomy and increased following bilateral condylectomy, both immediately following surgery and after 16 weeks. Maximal lateral deviation of the mandible was increased immediately following unilateral and bilateral condylectomy; 16 weeks following surgery one joint had increased, and two had normal and three had decreased maximal lateral deviations. On radiographic, gross, and histological evaluation, the condylectomy sites underwent remodelling and bony proliferation to produce “pseudo” condyles. At necropsy, 16 weeks following surgery, five of the six operated temporomandibular joints contained fibrous tissue with single or multiple cavities lined by synoviocytes. The nonoperated temporomandibular joints were normal. Functional use of the mandible was good in three horses; the fourth horse developed significant malocclusion and had satisfactory function following bilateral condylectomy.
Accuracy of Arthroscopic Identification of Equine Carpal Lesions
Authors: HURTIG MARK B. , FRETZ PETER B. , DOIGE CECIL E. , NAYLOR JONATHAN
Published: February 2008

The equine carpal joint was used to evaluate arthroscopic diagnosis of lesions created in joints obtained from horses euthanized for reasons other than lameness. Full‐thickness articular defects were made in 13 sites within the antebrachiocarpal joint and middle carpal joint approximating those found in diseased carpal joints. Arthroscopic evaluation of the lesions included location, depth, and size of the defects. The joints were subsequently examined grossly. Results showed that, when compared to gross evaluation, arthroscopy is capable of accurately identifying subtle changes in articular cartilage and bone. A statistically significant increase in error rate was found for lesions at the medial aspect of the proximal radial carpal bone. Other sites with limited arthroscopic access were the proximal ulnar carpal bone, the proximal fourth carpal bone, and the distal intermediate carpal bone. The accuracy of arthroscopic identification of lesions improved significantly during the study as experience with the technique was gained.
Xylenol Orange as a Vital Stain to Determine the Viability of Skin Flaps in Dogs
Authors: BELLAH J. R. , KRAHWINKEL D. J.
Published: February 2008

Intravenous injection of xylenol orange results in generalized violet staining of vascularized skin. The precision of xylenol orange vital staining was compared to fluorescein sodium vital staining and to assessment of skin flap viability by visual observation (color). Skin flaps in the experimental dogs were evaluated by each method at 0, 24, 72, and 120 hours after surgery and subsequently compared to the length of skin flap that remained viable at 216 hours. No significant differences between methods were found at any time interval; however, assessment of skin flap viability was significantly more precise at 24,72, and 120 hours in comparison to the 0 hour assessments. The use of xylenol orange to assess vascular integrity of skin is precise, but no advantage over fluorescein sodium vital staining or assessment by visual observation was noted.
A Histological Evaluation of Rabbit Tendons Sutured Using the Bunnell Pattern
Authors: STEIN L. E. , PIJANOWSKI G. J. , JOHNSON A. L.
Published: February 2008

Development of ischemia in healing tendons was assessed in 18 rabbits. One superficial digital flexor tendon in each rabbit was incised and anastomosed using a Bunnell pattern. The repair site was enclosed in a porous, woven Dacron tube before skin closure. The limb was immobilized with a cast. Rabbits were euthanized 1, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery, and tendons were harvested and examined microscopically. Regions of the tendon included in the suture pattern were ischemic and acellular at 1 week, while adjacent areas still containing patent vessels remained viable. Within 4 weeks, a well vascularized neotendon with collagen bundles organized parallel to the long axis of the tendon developed along the periphery and between the opposed tendon ends. After 8 weeks, the ischemic regions of the tendon had not revascularized or become integrated with the neotendon. Adjacent collagen bundles not originally included in the Bunnell pattern were integrated with neotendon collagen fibers.
Crosspin Fixation of Fractures of the Proximal Tibia in Three Foals
Authors: WATKINS J. P. , AUER J. A. , TAYLOR T. S.
Published: February 2008

Three foals, each less than 1 month of age, were presented with Salter Type II fractures of the proximal tibial physis. Reduction of the fractures was accomplished manually and maintained by crosspin fixation. Fracture healing in two of the foals was uncomplicated. The third foal developed an infection around the implants, which responded to periodic local antiseptic flushing and administration of penicillin and gentamicin. Follow‐up information ranging from 11 to 22 months after surgery revealed satisfactory results in two of three foals; premature closure of the proximal tibial physis was found in the other foal, resulting in the development of an angular limb deformity.
The Influence of Body Position on the Blood Gas and Acid‐base Status of Halothane‐anesithetized Sheep
Authors: FUJIMOTO JENNIFER I. , LENEHAN TIMOTHY M.
Published: February 2008

Eleven adult sheep were divided into three groups. Baseline arterial blood samples were taken with the sheep standing and breathing room air. They were then anesthetized and placed in right (group one), left (group two), or dorsal (group three) recumbency. Arterial blood samples were taken at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minute intervals during anesthesia, and 15 minutes after the discontinuation of halothane in oxygen.

Anesthetic induction resulted in an increase in arterial oxygen (Pao2) and carbon dioxide (Paco2) tensions and a decrease in arterial pH (pHa) and base excess (BE). During anesthetic maintenance, no positional effects were noted, and pHa and BE increased in all groups. With the termination of anesthesia and the animals breathing room air, pHa increased, and Pao2 and Paco, decreased; BE was elevated in group two when compared to group three. Only BE had returned to control values 15 minutes after halothane was discontinued.
Collateral Ligaments of the Tarsocrural Joint An Anatomic and Functional Study
Authors: ARON DENNIS N. , PURINTON P. TOM
Published: February 2008

Forty canine hock joints were used to study the anatomy and function of the medial and lateral tarsocrural collateral ligament complexes. Dissection of the ligaments was used to describe the anatomic arrangement, and location and tenseness in various positions. The component parts of the ligament complexes were evaluated for their contribution to stability of the tarsocrural joint. The medial and lateral tarsocrural collateral ligament complexes were composed of several components. The medial tibiotalar and lateral calcaneofibular short component parts were important static joint stabilizers in both flexion and extension. The long medial and lateral ligaments and the medial tibiocentral short component were less important in maintaining joint stability in flexion but were important in extension. The stability of the joint as a whole did not depend on any individual ligament component, but rather all components of the ligament complex, including the joint capsule and malleoli, acted together to stabilize the joint.
Repair of Facial Defects with Periosteal Flaps in Two Horses
Authors: SCHUMACHER JAMES , AUER JOERG A. , SHAMIS LARRY
Published: February 2008

Facial defects that extended into the sinuses of two horses were repaired by using adjacent periosteum to cover the defects, using either a single flap or double flap technique. Acceptable cosmetic appearance was restored in both horses. Resistance to penetration of a needle and ultrasonic scanning demonstrated bony bridging in one horse.
Placement of Multiple Full Pins for External Fixation Technique and Results in Four Dogs
Authors: ROE SIMON C. , JOHNSON ANN L. , HARARI JOSEPH
Published: February 2008

A technique using a third bar and guide clamp was developed to permit reduction and stabilization of distal limb fractures with full pins and two connecting bars, one on each side of the bone. The system uses only single Kirschner clamps. Four distal limb fractures were stabilized using this technique. Closed reduction was used in three dogs to avoid devitalization of fragments and avoid contamination of a closed fracture. The fracture site stability achieved with this configuration allowed early return to weight bearing and rapid bone healing.
Neuroanesthesia: A Review of the Effects of Anesthetic Agents on Cerebral Blood Flow and Intracranial Pressure in the Dog
Authors: SHORES ANDY
Published: February 2008

Successful anesthetic management of dogs with reduced intracranial compliance requires a knowledge of the effects of various anesthetic agents on cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure. The major physiologic factors that influence cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure (ICP) include the cerebrovascular autoregulatory mechanism, intracranial compliance, blood pressure, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Intravenous and inhalation anesthetic agents alter cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure in the dog. These alterations can have profound effects in dogs with reduced intracranial compliance, necessitating proper anesthetic management. Suggested guidelines for neuroleptanesthetic and inhalation anesthesia regimens in dogs with reduced intracranial compliance include thorough presurgical evaluation, minimal patient stress during induction, use of an anesthetic protocol that minimizes ICP effects, and hyperventilation to maintain a Pco2 within a range of 25 to 35 mm Hg.
Partial Maxillectomy in the Dog Comparison of Suture Materials and Closure Techniques
Authors: SALISBURY S. KATHLEEN , THACKER H. LEON , PANTZER ELIZABETH E. , WHEATON LYNN G. , RICHARDSON DANIEL C.
Published: February 2008

This study compares the healing of oronasal defects created by partial maxillectomy when closed using two different suture materials and two different suture patterns. In experiment 1, 24 dogs were divided into four equal groups. Partial maxillectomy was performed on each dog and was closed using either a two‐layer simple interrupted suture pattern (12 dogs) or a modified Mayo mattress pattern (12 dogs) with either polyglactin 910 (12 dogs) or polypropylene (12 dogs) sutures. On the seventh postoperative day, the dogs were euthanized, suture line bursting pressures were measured, and wound healing was evaluated grossly and histopathologically. Suture line dehiscence occurred in one dog from each of the four groups. These were the only dogs in which electrocoagulation had been used. The healing of suture lines closed with the two‐layer simple interrupted pattern was superior to that of those closed with the modified Mayo mattress pattern based on the degree of gross oral ulceration, suppurative inflammation, fibrosis and oral epithelial covering at the suture line, and the number of necrotic sites in the adjacent tissue. The healing of suture lines closed with polypropylene was superior to that of those closed with polyglactin 910 based on suture line bursting pressures and the degree of suppurative inflammation and tissue necrosis at the suture sites. In Experiment 2, partial maxillectomies were performed on four dogs, and closure was achieved using a two‐layer simple interrupted suture pattern with either polyglactin 910 (two dogs) or polypropylene (two dogs). On the 30th postoperative day, the dogs were euthanized, and wound healing was evaluated grossly and histopathologically. All suture lines were well healed. All polyglactin 910 oral sutures were absent, while all polypropylene oral sutures were still present.
Triangulated Flap Technique for Nasofrontal Surgery Results in Five Horses
Authors: BLACKFORD J. T. , GOBLE D. O. , HENRY R. W. , GEISER D. R. , HELD J. P.
Published: February 2008

A modified bone‐flap technique was used to expose space occupying lesions that involved the conchofrontal sinus, ethmoturbinates, and caudal nasal cavity in five horses. The most common clinical findings were chronic nasal discharge and upper airway obstruction. Surgical intervention was based on endoscopic and radiographic interpretation. The triangulated bone‐flap technique increased surgical exposure to the conchofrontal sinus by almost twice the area observed in previously described surgical techniques. The major advantages were that this technique allowed excellent visualization, thorough palpation, and surgical manipulation within the sinus and associated structures. Complications were minimal. One horse was euthanized 1 month postoperatively with recurrence and spread of a mycotic granuloma. The technique extended the usefulness of the other four horses in a 9 to 24 month follow‐up period, although the obstructing lesion recurred after 2 years in one of the four horses.
Fracture/Luxations of the Sacrococcygeal Area in the Cat: A Retrospective Study of 51 Cases
Authors: SMEAK DANIEL D. , OLMSTEAD MARVIN L.
Published: February 2008

Traumatic injury of the sacrococcygeal area occurs frequently in young cats of either sex. Case records of 51 cats with injury to this area that were treated at The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were reviewed. Injuries of other structures also were present in 84.3% of the cats. Temporary or permanent urinary incontinence was observed in 37 of the 51 cats. The prognosis was good for return of normal urinary function in cats that had anal tone and perineal sensation at the time of initial examination. Rear limb, tail, and urination dysfunction generally returned to normal within 1 month. Cats that were unable to urinate normally within 1 month after the injury did not recover normal urination habits during the 2 to 36 month follow‐up period.
Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy for Treatment of a Cystic Calculus in a Mare
Authors: MacHARG MARGARET A. , FOERNER JOSEPH J. , PHILLIPS THOMAS N. , BARCLAY WILLIAM P. , McCRACKEN REBECCA J.
Published: February 2008

Electrohydraulic lithotripsy performed through a nephroscope was used to fragment an ammonium urate, triple phosphate calculus in a mare. Calculus fragments were lavaged from the bladder. The mare recovered uneventfully and returned to work on the eighth postoperative day.
Autogenous Cancellous Bone Grafts From the Sternum in Horses Comparison With Other Donor Sites and Results of Use in Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: RICHARDSON G. L. , POOL R. R. , PASCOE J. R. , WHEAT J. D.
Published: February 2008

Cancellous bone was collected from the fourth or fifth sternebra of six horses aged 12 to 36 months, and compared quantitatively and qualitatively with cancellous bone collected from the tuber coxa, proximal tibia, and rib at the time of necropsy, 28 to 49 days after surgery. Cancellous bone collected from the sternum was equivalent in amount and in microscopic appearance to that collected from the other three sites.

Cancellous bone also was collected from the sternum for use during clinical orthopedic surgery in 18 horses. Wound dehiscence occurring in two horses healed uneventfully by second intention. In each horse, an adequate amount of cancellous bone was obtained from one sternebra, with the exception of one horse where cancellous bone from two sternebra was used. Major complications with the donor sites were not encountered.
Partial Maxillectomy and Premaxillectomy in the Treatment of Oral Neoplasia in the Dog and Cat
Authors: Salisbury S. Kathleen , Richardson Daniel C. , LANTZ GARY C.
Published: February 2008

Partial maxillectomies were performed in 17 dogs and three cats to accomplish wide excision of oral tumors. The extent of the maxillectomy was dependent on tumor type, location, size, and invasiveness as determined by clinical and radiographic examination and incisional biopsy. The tumor and involved portions of adjacent facial bones, most commonly the maxillary and incisive bones, were removed. The resulting oronasal defect was closed by suturing a labial mucosal flap based on the lip margin to the hard palate mucoperiosteum. The major postoperative complication was partial suture line dehiscence, which occurred in three dogs. All four dogs with benign tumors were free of disease 7 to 34 months postoperatively (median 21.5 months). Of the 13 dogs treated for malignant neoplasia, seven were tumor‐free at follow‐up times ranging from 3 to 31 months (median 12 months). Five dogs with malignant tumors developed local recurrence 1 week to 10 months postoperatively (median 4.5 months). One cat with a benign tumor and two with malignant tumors were tumor‐free at follow‐up times of 7, 24, and 27 months. Partial maxillectomy can be effective in treating both benign and malignant oral tumors in dogs and cats.
Medial Plating for the Repair of Middle and Distal Diaphyseal Fractures of the Humerus in Dogs
Authors: HARARI JOSEPH , ROE SIMON C. , JOHNSON ANN L. , SMITH CHARLES W.
Published: February 2008

Six middle and distal humeral shaft fractures in dogs were repaired by the application of a bone plate along the medial shaft of the humerus. In all animals, clinical and radiographic evidence of normal bone healing was observed. The bone plate and ancillary implants were removed from five dogs by 10 months. In none of the six dogs were any untoward effects of placing the bone plate along the medial shaft of the humerus detected nor were there any difficulties encountered with the medial humeral soft tissues.
Wound Drainage from Under Full‐thickness Skin Grafts in Dogs Part II. Effect on Cosmetic Appearance
Authors: POPE ERIC R. , SWAIM STEVEN F.
Published: February 2008

Four skin grafting procedures were performed on both sides of the chests of 12 dogs to evaluate the effect of wound drainage on the survival and cosmetic appearance of the grafts. The techniques evaluated were a sheet graft, (control), continuous low level suction, piecrust incisions, and nonexpanded mesh graft. Graft viability was assessed on the 10th postoperative day by visual inspection. The mean survival rate for all grafts was 90%. No significant difference between graft types was observed.

Hair growth on each graft was assessed 3 months postoperatively as “normal” (resembled that on the surrounding skin), “moderate” (thickness of hair growth was less than normal but would nearly conceal the underlying skin), “sparse” (a few hairs were present and the skin below was easily visible), and “none” (no hair growth). No statistical differences in categories of hair growth were detected within types or between types of grafts. Hair growth also was assessed as “acceptable” (those areas having normal and moderate hair growth) and “nonacceptable” (hair growth sparse or none). No difference between graft types was noted. All types exhibited a significantly greater area of acceptable than nonacceptable hair growth.
Cryosurgical Epiphysiodesis in the Dog
Authors: KRAMEK B. A. , WALLACE L. J. , DOWDLE J. A. , BARNES D. M.
Published: February 2008

Transphyseal freezing of the canine distal femur was evaluated to determine its effect on physeal growth and closure. A specially designed cryoprobe was used to freeze the distal right femoral physis in 17 immature dogs. The left distal femoral physis was sham operated to serve as a control. Dogs were radiographed weekly and euthanized from 2 days to 8 weeks following surgery. The rate of long bone growth decreased in all dogs, and the physis was closed at 6 to 8 weeks.

Histologic studies on the distal femoral physes revealed that immediately after freezing, there was extensive hemorrhage in the epiphysis and metaphysis with disruption of the physis. Inflammation and death of the physeal cartilage followed. Blood vessels invaded the physis, and eventually bone was formed between the epiphysis and metaphysis, resulting in complete and premature physeal closure.
Bacterial Culturing for Prediction of Postoperative Complications Following Open Fracture Repair in Small Animals
Authors: STEVENSON SHARON , OLMSTEAD MARVIN L. , KOWALSKI JOSEPH
Published: February 2008

Swab specimens for bacterial culturing were obtained from 82 consecutive dogs and 13 cats undergoing open reduction and internal fixation of 110 fractures. Bacteria were isolated from 51 wounds. When the data were analyzed by stepwise logistic regression, it was found that bacterial contamination of wounds was associated most often with open fractures and with tibia or radius/ulna fractures. Contaminated wounds were five times more likely to develop complications than those without bacterial contamination. Regardless of results of bacterial culturing, postoperative complications developed significantly more often in animals that were febrile (>39.4° C [103° F]). Postoperative complications did not develop in animals that did not have bacterial contamination of wounds and were not febrile.
Removal of Five Canine Cardiac Tumors Using a Stapling Instrument
Authors: WYKES PEGGY M. , ROUSE GLEN P. , ORTON E. CHRISTOPHER
Published: February 2008

Cardiac tumors in five dogs, including four right atrial appendage hemangiosarcomas and one heartbase chemodectoma, were removed, and the excisional edges were closed with a thoracic‐abdominal (TA) stapling instrument. All five dogs recovered from surgery and were discharged from the hospital within 4 days. The four dogs with atrial appendage hemangiosarcomas developed extensive metastasis, although no evidence of tumor recurrence was found at the surgical site in two dogs that were necropsied. The dog with a chemodectoma was alive with no clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrence or metastasis 17 months following surgery.