bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SELEÇÃO DE CLONES DE Hevea brasiliensis PARA A REGIÃO DE MOCOCA, ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO
Authors: Lima Israel Luiz de , Macedo Hugo Rodrigo , Gallo Paulo Boller , Gonçalves Paulo de Souza , Garcia José Nivaldo , Longui Eduardo Luiz , Freitas Miguel Luiz Menezes , Sebbenn Alexandre Magno
Published: March 2016

Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. Juss.), a seringueira, é utilizada para a produção de látex e, ao final do ciclo produtivo, a madeira também pode ser aproveitada. Dessa maneira, o melhoramento genético visa aumentar a produção tanto de látex quanto de madeira. Este estudo teve por objetivo determinar a variabilidade genética, o controle genético de caracteres de crescimento e a seleção de clones para a região de Mococa, Estado de São Paulo. Um teste clonal foi instalado no município de Mococa, com delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos (clones), três repetições e 12 plantas por parcela, utilizando-se o espaçamento entre plantas de 7 x 2 m. Os caracteres avaliados foram: diâmetro à altura do peito – DAP, altura total – ALT, altura da bifurcação – AB e volume real individual de madeira – VOL. Diferenças significativas foram detectadas entre os clones para todos os caracteres, o que indica a possibilidade de melhoramento pela seleção. O coeficiente de herdabilidade no sentido amplo foi alto (0,72) para AB e baixo para DAP e VOL. O coeficiente de correlação genética foi alto, positivo e significativo para os caracteres DAP x ALT, DAP x VOL e ALT x VOL, o que indica que a seleção em um caráter pode trazer ganhos indiretos em outro. Os resultados mostraram que a seleção de clones com maior DAP pode resultar no aumento da ALT e VOL de plantios comerciais da espécie. Pode-se destacar o clone RRIM701, proveniente da Malásia, como o mais indicado para todos os caracteres de crescimento, bem como para o cultivo em Mococa-SP.
Joel
Authors: Seitz Christopher R.
Published: March 2016

The book of Joel is held to be one of the latest prophetic witnesses; it cites other books of the book of the Twelve prophets with a density that distinguishes it from its neighbours. The concept of the “Day of the LORD” which runs throughout the Minor Prophets as a whole reaches its zenith in Joel and its co-mingling of ecological and military metaphors advances Hosea on the former and anticipates later texts on the latter.

In this volume within T&T Clark’s International Theological Commentary Series Christopher Seitz starts from a foundation of historical-critical methodology to provide an account of Joel’s place and purpose within the book of the Twelve prophets as a whole. Seitz examines the theology and background of Joel, and shows how Joel’s theological function can provide a major hermeneutical key to the interpretation of the wider collection, and teases out the precise character of that role.
Literature as Cultural Ecology
Authors: Zapf Hubert
Published: March 2016

Drawing on the latest debates in ecocritical theory and sustainability studies, Literature as Cultural Ecology: Sustainable Texts outlines a new approach to the reading of literary texts. Hubert Zapf considers the ways in which literature operates as a form of cultural ecology, using language, imagination and critique to challenge and transform cultural narratives of humanity’s relationship to nature. In this way, the book demonstrates the important role that literature plays in creating a more sustainable way of life. Applying this approach to works by writers such as Emily Dickinson, Edgar Allen Poe, Herman Melville, William Faulkner, Toni Morrison, Zakes Mda, and Amitav Ghosh, Literature as Cultural Ecology is an essential contribution to the contemporary environmental humanities.
Colonial Food in Interwar Paris
Authors: Janes Lauren
Published: March 2016

In the wake of the First World War, in which France suffered severe food shortages, colonial produce became an increasingly important element of the French diet. The colonial lobby seized upon these foodstuffs as powerful symbols of the importance of the colonial project to the life of the French nation. But how was colonial food really received by the French public? And what does this tell us about the place of empire in French society?

In Colonial Food in Interwar Paris, Lauren Janes disputes the claim that empire was central to French history and identity, arguing that the distrust of colonial food reflected a wider disinterest in the empire. From Indochinese rice to North African grains and tropical fruit to curry powder, this book offers an intriguing and original challenge to current orthodoxy about the centrality of empire to modern France by examining the place of colonial foods in the nation’s capital.
Shakespeare’s Insults
Authors: Vienne-Guerrin Nathalie
Published: March 2016

Why are certain words used as insults in Shakespeare’s world and what do these words do and say? Shakespeare’s plays abound with insults which are more often merely cited than thoroughly studied, quotation prevailing over exploration. The purpose of this richly detailed dictionary is to go beyond the surface of these words and to analyse why and how words become insults in Shakespeare’s world. It's an invaluable resource and reference guide for anyone grappling with the complexities and rewards of Shakespeare's inventive use of language in the realm of insult and verbal sparring.
Experimental sand burial affects seedling survivorship, morphological traits and biomass allocation of Ulmus pumila var. sabulosa in Horqin Sandy Land
Authors: Tang Jiao , Busso Carlos Alberto , Jiang Deming , Musa Ala , Wu Dafu , Wang Yongcui , Miao Chunping
Published: March 2016

Abstract. As a native tree species, Ulmus pumila var. sabulosa (Sandy elm) is widely distributed in Horqin Sandy Land. However, seedlings of this species have to withstand various depths of sand burial after emergence because of increasing soil degradation. So an experiment was conducted to evaluate the changes in the survivorship, morphological traits and biomass allocation buried with different burial depths (unburied, and seedlings buried vertically up to 33, 67, 100 or 133 % of the initial mean seedling height). The results showed that partial sand burial treatments (i.e., less than 67 % burial) did not influence seedling survivorship, which still reached 100 %. However, seedling mortality increased as sand burial was equal to or greater than 100 %. Seedling height and stem diameter increased at least by 6 to 14 % with partial burial in comparison with control treatment. Whilst seeding taproot length, total biomass, and relative growth rates at least enhanced by 10 %, 15.6 %, and 27.6 %, respectively, with the partial sand burial treatment. Furthermore, sand burial decreased total leaf area and changed biomass allocation on seedlings, transferring more biomass to aboveground rather than belowground parts. Complete sand burial after seedling emergence inhibited its growth, and even lead to death. Our findings indicated that seedling of sandy elm had a certain resistance to partial sand burial and acclimated to sandy environments. The negative effects of common excessive sand burial after seedling emergence help to understand failures in recruitment of sparse elm woodland in the Horqin sandy land.
Comments on Manning, Zhang, and Yi’s "Volume and Direction of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1650-1870”
Authors: Eltis David , Lachance Paul
Published: March 2016

Patrick Manning, Yun Zhang and Bowen Yi’s essay is, to our knowledge, the first since Slavevoyages went live in late 2008 to address the question of the size and direction of the largest coerced migration in global history. Given that the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methodology that they employ has moved to center stage of statistical inquiry in this eight-year interval, their work is indeed timely. Our commentary has three parts. First we point out several problems in their use of data from the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database (hereafter TASTDB) on which their estimates are based; second we call attention to our own estimates of the volume of the slave trade which are higher than those mentioned in the essay; and third we argue that, as currently constituted, their work is broadly supportive of the statistical picture that we drew in 2008 ­ albeit without the benefit of MCMC.
Towards a Social Weather Service: Linking Social Sciences and Information Sciences in Large-Scale Inequality Analysis
Authors: Zadorozhny Vladimr , Manning Patrick , Drwenski Matthew , Karataev Evgeny
Published: March 2016

n/a
Trade Firms Managers' Authorities in Iranian Trade Law
Authors: Abtahi Hamideh Sadat , Jebeil Ali Radan , Bonakdar Majid , Darvishpoorian Omolbanin , Masud Gholamhossein
Published: March 2016

Corporate of joint-stock companies with the rule of law is done by a group of directors as the Board of Directors and the CEO assignment but corporate of other firms such conduct is not legally binding and can also pay a manager to manage them individually that this a great damage because of his individual actions contradict interests of the firms and director, he/she will be taking a personal interest and this not only for the third parties but also for partners will be susceptible to harm and great responsibilities. The studies in this paper indicate that the authorities and duties of managers in joint-stock companies in law stated separately but about the other trade, generally known as a lawyer and representative. Managers of joint-stock companies must be in accordance with the law and the resolutions of the General Assembly and the Board of Directors' decisions on corporate governance but in other trade firms, most of the managers' authorities, is general.
Waterfront Public Realm Design: Towards a Sustainable Identity Urban Projects in Vancouver and Portland
Authors: Lacilla Elena , Ordeig Jose Maria
Published: March 2016

The renovation of the waterfronts, such as those in the main public spaces of large cities, started in 1970s. Core industries had found other places to develop far from the city; thereafter key areas fell out of use and into disrepair. As a consequence, a huge number of urban areas became in urgent need of renewal. However, urban design guidelines to regenerate these open spaces have significantly changed since then. The approach towards returning these parts of the city to its inhabitants has evolved from an emphasis on building new housing in the nineties, to considering the broader aspects of sustainability in the early years of the current century and finally to searching for the areas’ identity in more recent years. Therefore, currently this identity is one of the main aspects designers are looking for. At the same time, the sustainability of the waterfront areas may be achieved through the establishment of this place´s sense of identity. In order to do this, we assess three urban actions undertaken in Portland and Vancouver -False Creek North, South Waterfront and Southeast False Creek-. The article suggests that the interplay between urban design, sustainability and identity is becoming the new driver for the design of the waterfronts.
Sustainable Development: The Role of Scientific Literature in Dutch Municipal Spatial Planning
Authors: Vroom Lucas , Van Straalen Fenje M.
Published: March 2016

The objective of this article is to show how Dutch municipalities use scientific literature about sustainable development in their spatial planning policies and processes. The approach to this research is twofold. First, we conducted a literature review that summarized the most important discourses in the international and Dutch literature. Secondly, we interviewed Dutch municipalities and asked them how they interpret and define sustainable (spatial) development, how they keep up with the quick developments surrounding sustainability and how they approach sustainable development in their own planning practices. Results show that many municipalities claimed to interpret sustainable development in a broad manner and claim to use a sufficient amount of scientific literature, but their planning practices suggest otherwise. We conclude that the trichotomy ‘international scientific literature – national professional literature - planning practice’ is not self-evident within Dutch sustainable (spatial) development.
Religion as an Existential Resource : On Meaning-Making, Religious Coping and Rituals
Authors: Van Uden Marinus H.F. , Zondag Hessel J.
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we make a contribution to the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. We show how religion can function as an existential resource. Religions enable people to perceive an underlying pattern of order and purpose below the surface of life’s incomprehensible inevitabilities such as death and suffering. Religion then works as a meaning-making system that can positively influence the individual’s mental health. Recently, the relations between religion and health have been studied particularly in the context of the ‘religious coping paradigm’. Religious coping is aiming at a ‘search for significance’. Religious coping will often occur where non-religious coping fails, especially in situations involving loss of life, health and relational embeddedness. Religious activities and acts can also enable religious coping. A crucial religious act is the ritual. What are the functions of ritual, and how can a ritual contribute to the mental health of an individual in crisis? What is, in this context, the role of myths and symbols? Several examples are given of how rituals can work as therapeutic tools in the treatment of traumatic disorders. We conclude by stating that religion, being a robust form of meaning-making, is not the sole system able to contribute to working through a trauma, and that its success is far from guaranteed.
Mental Healthcare Reforms in Post-Soviet Russian Media : Negotiating New Ideas and Values
Authors: Shek Olga , Lumme-Sandt Kirsi , Pietilä Ilkka
Published: March 2016

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, democratic principles began to enter into different branches of Russian social and health policy. As part of these changes, the country demonstrated an intention to develop a new mental health policy based on approaches consonant with the principles of the World Health Organization. This study analyses how these new policy ideas and values are reflected in the Russian mass media, and in particular whether media discourses build upon those ideas or oppose them. It is based on a qualitative analysis of newspapers from the late Soviet period (1980s) through the transition period (1990s) to the present (2000s). The analysis focuses on (1) the protection of patients’ rights, (2) the reorganisation of mental healthcare services and (3) activities preventing stigmatisation. While there was an absence of discussion of mental health problems in Soviet newspapers, the democratic changes of the 1990s triggered the recognition of the existence of mental illness, critiques of Soviet psychiatry and calls for reform. The media response to the new policies was quite ambivalent. Support for patients’ rights and the social integration of the mentally ill was accompanied by fear about the detrimental effects of the reforms on public safety. Articles that challenged stigmatisation also contained negative images of mentally ill people. The media were sceptical about the success of the reforms due to the particularities of Russia’s socio-economic situation and history.
Catholic Charitable Social Work in the Former Czechoslovakia : With a Focus on the Czech Lands
Authors: Doležel Jakub
Published: March 2016

Roman Catholic Charity, an organised and community-centred form of volunteer activity in social and healthcare services exceeding the framework of individual and private benevolence, had seen years of abundant and – in many aspects – still unrivalled development between the founding of the independent state of Czechoslovakia (1918) and the onset of the totalitarian Communist regime (1948). As the Communist Party took control of the country, the entire system of charity was dissolved, in contrast to the neighbouring countries of the Soviet Bloc (East Germany, Poland and Hungary) where some forms were allowed to function. The objective of the present study is to map out those dramatic changes and highlight individual key events and dates. The opening sections outline the well-developed system of charity that existed before the Communist seizure of power. The final sections present the developing trends of charitable work after the fall of Communism in 1989.
Experiências Religiosas/Espirituais: dissociação saudável ou patológica?
Authors: Alminhana Letícia Oliveira , Menezes Jr. Adair
Published: March 2016

Contexto: Algumas experiências religiosas e/ou espirituais apresentam um caráter dissociativo. Há carência de estudos que indiquem critérios diferenciais entre a dissociação patológica e saudável em contexto religioso. Objetivo: Este estudo pretende observar as experiências dissociativas sob diferentes perspectivas: uma ligada à psicopatologia e a outra, à saúde. Método: Ensaio temático com a literatura disponível sobre o assunto.  Bases de dados: Pubmed e PsychINFO. Também foi feita busca manual de artigos relacionados ao assunto. Resultados: 1. Historicamente, alguns autores se debruçaram sobre as relações entre dissociação e fenômenos religiosos, mas os dados não são conclusivos; 2. A dissociação acontece em um continuum entre saúde e doença; 3. A psiquiatria transcultural oferece aporte para a compreensão de experiências dissociativas, como o transe de possessão, contextualizando-as culturalmente; 4. Há uma série de estudos feitos no Brasil, que exploram o diagnóstico diferencial entre experiências religiosas saudáveis e patológicas. Conclusões: Experiências religiosas/espirituais de caráter dissociativo (como a possessão), podem ser consideradas saudáveis se apresentarem ausência de sofrimento, controle, forem contextualizadas e trouxerem benefício para o indivíduo. Indivíduos sem Autodirecionamento e com experiências autocentradas mostram maior probabilidade de desenvolver patologia.    Futuros estudos deverão explorar empírica e longitunalmente estas questões.
Giant Glomus Tumor and Neuroma in the Fifth Ray
Authors: Valero José , Gallart José , González David , Deus Javier , Lahoz Manuel
Published: March 2016

We present the case of a patient with a glomus tumor that was atypical because of its large size and histologic characteristics. It was located in the dorsal-distal zone of the fifth ray of the left foot and was associated with a neuroma under the fifth metatarsal head. Although the pain (of a neurologic type) was attributed to the neuroma, the unknown nature and evolution of the dorsal lesion (glomus tumor) made surgical treatment necessary. Surgery, together with compensating treatment of the functional alterations of the patient's feet (pronation of the subastragalar joint, supination of the forefoot, and fifth metatarsal overload syndrome), resolved the case.
Spatial sequestration and detoxification of Huntingtin by the ribosome quality control complex
Authors: Yang Junsheng , Hao Xinxin , Cao Xiuling , Liu Beidong , Nyström Thomas
Published: March 2016

Huntington disease (HD) is a neurological disorder caused by polyglutamine expansions in mutated Huntingtin (mHtt) proteins, rendering them prone to form inclusion bodies (IB). We report that in yeast, such IB formation is a factor-dependent process subjected to age-related decline. A genome-wide, high-content imaging approach, identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Ltn1 of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC) as a key factor required for IB formation, ubiquitination, and detoxification of model mHtt. The failure of ltn1∆ cells to manage mHtt was traced to another RQC component, Tae2, and inappropriate control of heat shock transcription factor, Hsf1, activity. Moreover, super-resolution microscopy revealed that mHtt toxicity in RQC-deficient cells was accompanied by multiple mHtt aggregates altering actin cytoskeletal structures and retarding endocytosis. The data demonstrates that spatial sequestration of mHtt into IBs is policed by the RQC-Hsf1 regulatory system and that such compartmentalization, rather than ubiquitination, is key to mHtt detoxification.
Optimization of hollow cathode discharge electrode for damage free remote plasma removal process for semiconductor manufacturing
Authors: Cho Tae S. , Han Qing , Yang Dongqing , Park Soonam , Lubomirsky Dima , Venkataraman Shankar
Published: March 2016

Cone-shaped hollow cathode electrode configuration for a damage free remote plasma removal process has been optimized for given pressures based on Paschen characteristic curves, voltage–current characteristics and time-resolved discharge observations as well as oxide film removal performances. Remote plasmas have been generated in two types of cone-shaped electrodes with mixtures of He, NF3, and NH3 for pressure range of 1–30 Torr. Paschen characteristic curves and voltage–current (V–I) characteristics define an operating pressure for low breakdown voltage and the hollow cathode effect to minimize the particles. Sinusoidal voltage waveform and asymmetry electrode configuration alternate the glow discharge and hollow cathode discharge modes in a cycle. The current and infrared emission intensity from the glow discharge increases together for both cone-shaped electrodes with increasing pressure, whereas the hollow cathode discharge plasma emits strong infrared only when pD condition is satisfied. For the wide cone electrode configuration, high voltage operation at higher pressure results in particle contamination on the processed wafer by high energy ion bombardment. Operating at optimum pressure for a given electrode configuration shows faster oxide etch rate with better uniformity over a whole 300 mm wafer.
Polarity control of GaN grown on pulsed-laser-deposited AlN/GaN template by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Yoo Jinyeop , Shojiki Kanako , Tanikawa Tomoyuki , Kuboya Shigeyuki , Hanada Takashi , Katayama Ryuji , Matsuoka Takashi
Published: March 2016

We report on the polarity control of GaN regrown on pulsed-laser-deposition-grown N-polar AlN on a metalorganic-vapor-phase-epitaxy-grown Ga-polar GaN template. The polarity of the regrown GaN, which was confirmed using aqueous KOH solutions, can be inverted from that of AlN by inserting a low-temperature GaN (LT-GaN) buffer layer. We hypothetically ascribe the Ga-polarity selection of GaN on the LT-GaN buffer layer to the mixed polarity of LT-GaN grains and higher growth rate of the Ga-polar grain, which covers up the N-polar grain during the initial stage of the high-temperature growth. The X-ray rocking curve analysis revealed that the edge-dislocation density in the N-polar regrown GaN is 5 to 8 times smaller than that in the Ga-polar regrown GaN. N-polar GaN grows directly on N-polar AlN at higher temperatures. Therefore, nucleus islands grow larger than those of LT-GaN and the area fraction of coalescence boundaries between islands, where edge dislocations emerge, becomes smaller.
Structural and magnetic characterization of Sm-doped GaN grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Dehara Kentaro , Miyazaki Yuta , Hasegawa Shigehiko
Published: March 2016

We have investigated structural, optical and magnetic properties of Sm-doped GaN thin films grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction reveal that Ga1−

x
Sm
x
N films with a SmN mole fraction of ∼8% or below are grown on GaN templates without segregation of any secondary phases. With increasing SmN mole fraction, the c-axis lattice parameter of the GaSmN films linearly increases. GaSmN films with low Sm concentrations exhibit inner-4f transitions of Sm3+ in photoluminescence spectra. The present findings show that Sm atoms are substituted for some Ga atoms as trivalent ions (Sm3+). The Ga1−

x
Sm
x
N films display hysteresis loops in magnetization versus external magnetic field (M–H) curves even at 300 K. We will discuss the origin of these features together with the corresponding temperature dependences of magnetization.
Selective-area growth of GaN microrods on strain-induced templates by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Lekhal Kaddour , Bae Si-Young , Lee Ho-Jun , Mitsunari Tadashi , Tamura Akira , Deki Manato , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we discuss the influence of parameters such as type of carrier gas and NH3/HCl flow ratio on the growth of vertical GaN microstructures by selective-area growth (SAG) hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). On various strain-induced templates such as GaN/sapphire, GaN/Si, and AlN/Si, regular arrays of Ga-polar GaN microrods were properly achieved by adjusting the growth parameters. The photoluminescence and micro-Raman measurements reveal not only the crystal quality of the GaN microrods but also strain distribution. These results will give insight into the control of the morphology of GaN microrods in terms of the strain induced from templates in SAG-HVPE. The precisely controlled arrays of GaN microrods can be used for next-generation light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by realizing InGaN/GaN multi–quantum wells (MQWs) with a radial structure.
Systematic approach to developing empirical interatomic potentials for III–N semiconductors
Authors: Ito Tomonori , Akiyama Toru , Nakamura Kohji
Published: March 2016

A systematic approach to the derivation of empirical interatomic potentials is developed for III–N semiconductors with the aid of ab initio calculations. The parameter values of empirical potential based on bond order potential are determined by reproducing the cohesive energy differences among 3-fold coordinated hexagonal, 4-fold coordinated zinc blende, wurtzite, and 6-fold coordinated rocksalt structures in BN, AlN, GaN, and InN. The bond order p is successfully introduced as a function of the coordination number Z in the form of p = a exp(−bZn
) if Z ≤ 4 and p = (4/Z)α if Z ≥ 4 in empirical interatomic potential. Moreover, the energy difference between wurtzite and zinc blende structures can be successfully evaluated by considering interaction beyond the second-nearest neighbors as a function of ionicity. This approach is feasible for developing empirical interatomic potentials applicable to a system consisting of poorly coordinated atoms at surfaces and interfaces including nanostructures.
Improved ultrastructure of marine invertebrates using non-toxic buffers
Authors: Montanaro Jacqueline , Gruber Daniela , Leisch Nikolaus
Published: March 2016

Many marine biology studies depend on field work on ships or remote sampling locations where sophisticated sample preservation techniques (e.g., high-pressure freezing) are often limited or unavailable. Our aim was to optimize the ultrastructural preservation of marine invertebrates, especially when working in the field. To achieve chemically-fixed material of the highest quality, we compared the resulting ultrastructure of gill tissue of the musselMytilus eduliswhen fixed with differently buffered EM fixatives for marine specimens (seawater, cacodylate and phosphate buffer) and a new fixative formulation with the non-toxic PHEM buffer (PIPES, HEPES, EGTA and MgCl2). All buffers were adapted for immersion fixation to form an isotonic fixative in combination with 2.5% glutaraldehyde. We showed that PHEM buffer based fixatives resulted in equal or better ultrastructure preservation when directly compared to routine standard fixatives. These results were also reproducible when extending the PHEM buffered fixative to the fixation of additional different marine invertebrate species, which also displayed excellent ultrastructural detail. We highly recommend the usage of PHEM-buffered fixation for the fixation of marine invertebrates.
Shadowing and anisotropy of solar energetic ions at Mars measured by MAVEN during the March 2015 solar storm
Authors: Lillis Robert J. , Lee Christina O. , Larson Davin , Luhmann Janet G. , Halekas Jasper S. , Connerney Jack E. P. , Jakosky Bruce M.
Published: March 2016

The Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) Instrument on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft is meant to characterize the variability of SEP fluxes at Mars. SEP ion precipitation is an important source of heating, ionization, and chemical changes in the upper atmosphere of Mars and may have played a substantial role in driving atmospheric escape over the history of the solar system. Here we examine SEP fluxes during a series of solar disturbances in late February through early March 2015. We present the first SEP ion pitch angle distributions measured at Mars and show how SEP anisotropy changes over the course of the event period. We present examples and explanations of several different kinds of variability in the SEP flux measured in the four fields of view of the instrument. Finally, we present a statistical study of energy‐ and angle‐dependent shadowing of SEP under three different sets of heliospheric conditions, showing that the direct shadowing of SEP by the solid planet may be better explained in terms of simple geometry under quieter heliospheric conditions. In‐depth understanding of the effects on SEP fluxes and precipitation patterns by the complex interplay between solar wind disturbances and Mars' magnetospheric configuration awaits detailed modeling studies.
On the secular trend of COx and CO2 in the lower thermosphere
Authors: Garcia Rolando R. , López‐Puertas Manuel , Funke Bernd , Kinnison Douglas E. , Marsh Daniel R. , Qian Liying
Published: March 2016

An analysis of recent observations (2004–2013) made by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) instrument indicate that total carbon (COx = CO + CO2) has been increasing rapidly in the lower thermosphere, above 10−3 hPa (90 km). The estimated trend (~9% per decade) is about a factor of 2 larger than the rate of increase that can be ascribed to anthropogenic emissions of CO2 (~5% per decade). Here we investigate whether the observed trends of CO2 and COx can be reproduced using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), a comprehensive global model with interactive chemistry, wherein vertical eddy diffusion is estimated from a parameterization of gravity wave breaking that can respond to changes in the model climate. We find that the modeled trends of CO2 and COx do not differ significantly at any altitude from the value expected from anthropogenic increases of CO2 and that WACCM does not produce significant changes in eddy diffusivity. We show that the discrepancy between model and observations cannot be attributed to uncertainties associated with geophysical noise and instrumental effects, to difficulties separating a linear trend from the 11 year solar signal, or to sparse sampling by ACE‐FTS. Estimates of the impact of vertical diffusion on CO2 in the model indicate that a large increase in Kzz (~30% per decade) would be necessary to reconcile WACCM results with observations. It might be possible to ascertain whether such a large change in vertical mixing has in fact taken place by examining the trend of water vapor in the upper mesosphere.
Assessing the impact of satellite‐based observations in sea surface temperature trends
Authors: Huang Boyin , Liu Chunying , Banzon Viva F. , Zhang Huai‐Min , Karl Thomas R. , Lawrimore Jay H. , Vose Russell S.
Published: March 2016

Global trends of sea surface temperature (SST) are assessed for the existing and new experimental SST analyses that incorporate advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) observations from NOAA polar‐orbiting satellites. These analyses show that globally and annually averaged SST trends over the 21st century (2000–2015) are similar to the trends for the full satellite record period (1982–2015), regardless of whether AVHRR data are included in the analyses. It is shown that appropriate bias correction is an important step to remove discontinuities of AVHRR data for consistent time series and trend analysis.
Compression of Fe–Si–H alloys to core pressures
Authors: Tagawa Shoh , Ohta Kenji , Hirose Kei , Kato Chie , Ohishi Yasuo
Published: March 2016

We examined the compression behavior of hexagonal‐close‐packed (hcp) (Fe0.88Si0.12)1H0.61 and (Fe0.88Si0.12)1H0.79 (in atomic ratio) alloys up to 138 GPa in a diamond anvil cell (DAC). While contradicting experimental results were previously reported on the compression curve of double‐hcp (dhcp) FeHx (x ≈ 1), our data show that the compressibility of hcp Fe0.88Si0.12Hx alloys is very similar to those of hcp Fe and Fe0.88Si0.12, indicating that the incorporation of hydrogen into iron does not change its compression behavior remarkably. The present experiments suggest that the inner core may contain up to 0.47 wt % hydrogen (FeH0.26) if temperature is 5000 K. The calculated density profile of Fe0.88Si0.12H0.17 alloy containing 0.32 wt % hydrogen in addition to geochemically required 6.5 wt % silicon matches the seismological observations of the outer core, supporting that hydrogen is an important core light element.
Stability analysis of a combined direct variable structure adaptive control – the discrete‐time case
Authors: Stefanello Márcio , Gründling Hilton A.
Published: March 2016

This paper presents the proofs of robust stability of a discrete‐time robust model reference controller combined with variable structure in an adaptive framework. All the proofs of robust stability are derived for the discrete‐time case and are similar to those already existing for the conventional non‐combined case. The controller is applied to a SISO LTI plant with unmodeled dynamics of multiplicative and additive types. It is shown that the combined controller can arbitrarily improve the convergence of the error while maintaining the robustness if compared with the non–combined case. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the proposed control strategy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Two‐Step Heat Treatment to Eliminate the Micro‐Segregation of Ti–45Al–8.5Nb–0.2W–0.2B–0.02Y Alloy
Authors: Zhang Yan , Kou Hongchao , Yang Guang , Tang Bin , Xue Xiangyi , Li Jinshan
Published: March 2016

Micro‐segregation in high Nb‐containing TiAl alloys usually causes the inhomogeneous of microstructure and the initiation of microcracks. In this paper, a novel two‐step heat treatment (HT) approach is proposed based on the phase transformation sequence to remove the micro‐segregation. In the first step, Ti–45Al–8.5Nb–0.2W–0.2B–0.02Y alloy is annealed in 1470 °C for 30 min to eliminate the solidification segregation and reduce the stability of β phase. The alloy is then cooled to 1340 °C, slightly above the α + β transus (Tα + β) for about 60 min in order to remove the β‐segregation. Results show that the homogeneity of the lamellar colony is improved after the two‐step HT.
Engineering Thermal Conductivity for Balancing Between Reliability and Performance of Bulk Thermoelectric Generators
Authors: Kim Hee Seok , Wang Tianbao , Liu Weishu , Ren Zhifeng
Published: March 2016

The nanostructuring approach has significantly contributed to the improving of thermoelectric figure‐of‐merit (ZT) by reducing lattice thermal conductivity. Even though it is an effective method to enhance ZT, the drastically lowered thermal conductivity in some cases can cause thermomechanical issues leading to decreased reliability of thermoelectric generators. Here, an engineering thermal conductivity (κeng) is defined as a minimum allowable thermal conductivity of a thermoelectric material in a module, and is evaluated to avoid thermomechanical failure and thermoelectric degradation of a device. Additionally, there is dilemma of determining thermoelectric leg length: a shorter leg is desired for higher W kg−1, W cm−3, and W $−1, but it raises the thermomechanical vulnerability issue. By considering a balance between the thermoelectric performance and thermomechanical reliability issues, it is discussed how to improve device reliability of thermoelectric generators and the engineering thermal conductivity of thermoelectric materials.
Dual‐Targeted Photopenetrative Delivery of Multiple Micelles/Hydrophobic Drugs by a Nanopea for Enhanced Tumor Therapy
Authors: Lin Chien‐Ting , Lin I‐Chieh , Sung Shou‐Yuan , Su Yu‐Lin , Huang Yu‐Fen , Chiang Chi‐Shiun , Hu Shang‐Hsiu
Published: March 2016

A photoresponsive pea‐like capsule (nanopea) that also represents a photothermal agent is constructed by wrapping multiple polymer micelles (polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) in reduced graphene oxide nanoshells through a double emulsion approach. Resulting nanopeas can transport multiple PVA micelles containing the fully concealed hydrophobic drug docetaxel (DTX) which can be later released by a near‐infrared photoactuation trigger. Through integrating the rod‐shaped adhesion and lactoferrin (Lf) targeting, the nanopea enhances both uptake by cancer cellc in vitro and particle accumulation at tumor in vivo. A photopenetrative delivery of micelles/DTX to the tumor site is actuated by NIR irradiation which ruptures the nanopeas as well as releases nanosized micelles/DTX. This trigger also results in thermal damage to the tumor and increases the micelles/DTX permeability, facilitating drug penetration into the deep tumor far from blood vessels for thermal chemotherapy. This nanopea with the capability of imaging, enhanced tumor accumulation, NIR‐triggered tumor penetration, and hyperthermia ablation for photothermal chemotherapy boosts tumor treatment and shows potential for use in other biological applications.
Bioactive factors in milk across lactation: Maternal effects and influence on infant growth in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Bernstein Robin M. , Hinde Katie
Published: March 2016

Among mammals, numerous bioactive factors in milk vary across mothers and influence offspring outcomes. This emerging area of research has primarily investigated such dynamics within rodent biomedical models, domesticated dairy breeds, and among humans in clinical contexts. Less understood are signaling factors in the milk of non‐human primates. Here, we report on multiple bioactive components in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) milk and their associations with maternal and infant characteristics. Milk samples were collected from 59 macaques at multiple time points across lactation in conjunction with maternal and infant morphometrics and life‐history animal records. Milk was assayed for adiponectin (APN), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGF‐R), and transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF‐β2). Regression models were constructed to assess the contributions of maternal factors on variation in milk bioactives, and on the relationship of this variation to infant body mass and growth. Maternal body mass, parity, social rank, and infant sex were all predictive of concentrations of milk bioactives. Primiparous mothers produced milk with higher adiponectin, but lower EGF, than multiparous mothers. Heavier mothers produced milk with lower EGF and EGF‐R, but higher TGF‐β2. Mothers of daughters produced milk with higher TGF‐β2. Mid‐ranking mothers produced milk with higher mean EGF and adiponectin concentrations than low‐ranking mothers. Milk EGF and EGF‐R were positively associated with infant body mass and growth rate. Importantly, these signaling bioactives (APN, EGF, EGF‐R, and TGF‐β2) were significantly correlated with nutritional values of milk. The effects of milk signals remained after controlling for the available energy in milk revealing the added physiological role of non‐nutritive milk bioactives in the developing infant. Integrating analyses of energetic and other bioactive components of milk yields an important perspective for interpreting the magnitude, sources, and consequences of inter‐individual variation in milk synthesis. Am. J. Primatol. 78:838–850, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hochgespannte Heterocyclen, gebildet aus Bor‐Bor‐Mehrfachbindungen und höheren Homologen der Chalcogene
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Constantinidis Philipp , Dellermann Theresa , Ewing William C. , Fischer Ingo , Hess Merlin , Knight Fergus R. , Rempel Anna , Schneider Christoph , Ullrich Stefan , Vargas Alfredo , Woollins J. Derek
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktionen eines Diborens mit elementaren Selen oder Tellur führen zur Bildung eines Diboraselenirans bzw. eines Diboratellurirans. Diese Reaktionen erinnern an die Bindung von niedervalentem Sauerstoff und Stickstoff bei der Bildung von Oxiranen und Aziridinen. Eine solche Reaktivität wurde jedoch zwischen Alkenen und den höheren Homologen der Chalcogene bisher nicht beobachtet. Während die Elektronegativität von Kohlenstoff zu groß ist, um Elemente mit niedriger Elektronegativität zu reduzieren, ermöglicht das hohe Reduktionspotential der B‐B‐Doppelbindung eine Reaktion mit Se0 und Te0. Die Fähigkeit einer Bor‐Bor Mehrfachbindung, Elektronendichte zu donieren, wird durch Reaktionen verdeutlicht, in denen diese als Nukleophil an einem der beiden Tellurzentren von Diarylditelluriden angreift. Die entstehenden salzartigen Verbindungen bestehen aus einem Diboratellurirenium‐Kation und einem Aryltellurid‐Anion.
Bio‐based hydrophobic epoxy‐amine networks derived from renewable terpenoids
Authors: Garrison Michael D. , Harvey Benjamin G.
Published: March 2016

Carvacrol and p‐cymene are sustainable and versatile starting materials for the preparation of hydrophobic monomers. These molecules can be readily derived from pine resin or produced from other sustainable feedstocks via a biosynthetic approach. A hydrophobic epoxy monomer [bis(2‐isopropyl‐5‐methyl‐4‐(oxiran‐2‐ylmethoxy)phenyl)methane, 3] with methyl and isopropyl substituents on the aromatic rings was synthesized from carvacrol. A bisaniline [4,4′‐methylenebis(5‐isopropyl‐2‐methylaniline, 4] was then synthesized from p‐cymene. Using a cured epoxy‐amine network prepared from the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and 4,4′‐methylenedianiline (MDA) as a baseline system, three additional networks were prepared from DGEBA:4, 3:MDA, and 3:4. The cured epoxy‐amine networks were tested for moisture uptake as well as changes in thermomechanical properties after exposure to boiling water for several days. Incorporation of the bio‐based monomers resulted in up to 53% lower water uptake compared to the baseline system. The bio‐based resins also showed greater resistance to degradation under hot‐wet conditions, with wet‐TG knockdowns as low as 8% as compared to a 19% decrease for the baseline system. These results show that the unique functionality of the renewable bisphenol and aniline used in this study can result in materials with improved hot/wet performance as compared to conventional thermosetting resins. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43621.
Movement, depth distribution and survival of spinetail devilrays (Mobula japanica) tagged and released from purse‐seine catches in New Zealand
Authors: Francis Malcolm P. , Jones Emma G.
Published: March 2016

Mobulid rays are protected in New Zealand, but the spinetail devilray Mobula japanica is caught as bycatch in skipjack tuna purse seine fisheries.

Between 2005 and 2014, rays were recorded in 8.2% of observed purse seine sets. Rays were caught during summer, with a ‘hotspot’ (24.3% of sets) near the shelf edge off North Island over seabed depths of 150–350 m. Rays were usually brailed aboard with the tuna catch from successful sets, but were often entangled in the bunt of the net during unsuccessful sets.

Observers tagged nine rays with popup archival tags to obtain preliminary information on their post‐release survival, and spatial and vertical movements. Seven of the nine tags reported data, and four of those rays died within 2–4 days of release. All four rays that died had been brought aboard entangled in the bunt. The three surviving rays were all brailed aboard with the tuna catch.

One surviving ray remained near New Zealand for 2.7 months during summer, and the other two migrated 1400–1800 km northward to tropical waters near Vanuatu and Fiji at minimum speeds of 47 and 63 km day−1 at the end of summer.

Archive data from one ray showed that it made regular vertical movements of 25–100 m amplitude, but spent most of its time shallower than 50 m, more so during the night (89.6%) than the day (76.6%), and mainly experienced temperatures of 18−22 °C. Dives deeper than 200 m were usually made during the day or twilight.

All three surviving rays typically moved between the surface and 200–300 m daily, and reached greatest depths of 649 m, 1000 m and 1112 m, respectively, substantially exceeding the previous depth record for this species of 445 m.

Recommendations are made for reducing purse seine mortality of mobulid rays by avoiding areas of high ray abundance, avoiding setting on ray‐associated tuna schools, and adopting best‐practice methods of returning rays to the sea from the net or vessel.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Hydroxyquinoline‐Based Derivatives as Potent Modulators of Amyloid‐β Aggregations
Authors: Fu Chin‐Lan , Hsu Li‐Shin , Liao Yung‐Feng , Hu Ming‐Kuan
Published: March 2016

Copper and zinc have been found to contribute to the burden of amyloid‐β (Aβ) aggregations in neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dysregulation of these metals leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and eventually results in oxidative damage and accumulation of the Aβ peptide, which are the key elements of the disease. Aiming to pursue the discovery of new modulators for the disease, we here rationally focused on conjugating the core hydroxyquinoline of the metal‐protein attenuating compound PBT2 and the N‐methylanilide analogous moiety of the Aβ imaging agent to build a new type of multi‐target modulators of Aβ aggregations. We found that the N,N‐dimethylanilinyl imines 7a, 8a, and the corresponding amines 7b, 8b exerted efficient inhibition of Cu2+‐ or Zn2+‐induced Aβ aggregations and significant disassembly of metal‐mediated Aβ aggregated fibrils. Further, 7a and 7b also exhibited significant ROC scavenging effects compared to PBT2. The results suggested that 7a and 7b are promising lead compounds for the development of a new therapy for AD.
Dipolar Dyes with a Pyrrolo[2,3‐b]quinoxaline Skeleton Containing a Cyano Group and a Bridged Tertiary Amino Group: Synthesis, Solvatofluorochromism, and Bioimaging
Authors: Łukasiewicz Łukasz G. , Deperasińska Irena , Poronik Yevgen M. , Jun Yong Woong , Banasiewicz Marzena , Kozankiewicz Bolesław , Ahn Kyo Han , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: March 2016

Two strongly polarized dipolar chromophores possessing a cyclic tertiary amino group at one terminus of the molecule and a CN group at the opposite terminus were designed and synthesized. Their rigid skeleton contains the rarely studied pyrrolo[2,3‐b]quinoxaline ring system. The photophysical properties of these regioisomeric dyes were different owing to differing π conjugation between the CN group and the electron‐donor moiety. These dipolar molecules showed very intense emission, strong solvatofluorochromism, and sufficient two‐photon brightness for bioimaging. One of these regioisomeric dyes, namely, 11‐carbonitrile‐2,3,4,5,6,7‐hexahydro‐1H‐3a,8,13,13b‐tetraazabenzo[b]cyclohepta[1,2,3‐jk]fluorene, was successfully utilized in two‐photon imaging of mouse organ tissues and showed distinct tissue morphology with high resolution.