bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the incentives in regional city‐to‐city cooperation: A case study of Jiangyin–Jingjiang Industrial Park of Jiangsu Province in the Yangtze River Delta region1 区域城市间合作诱因：以长江三角洲地区江苏江阴‐靖江工业园区为例
Authors: Chan 陈振光 Roger C.K. , Xian 线实 Shi
Published: April 2012

With the rise of cities as geographical units, intercity cooperation has been increasing worldwide. Benefits of regional city‐to‐city (C2C) cooperation can be seen in the political added value and added value of urban competitiveness. This paper focuses on the Jiangyin–Jingjiang Industrial Park in the Yangtze River Delta region as a case study to explore these benefits in regional C2C cooperation in China's local context. It is found that political added value is more effective and efficient in accelerating strategy formulation and partner selection within regional C2C cooperation. The added value of urban competitiveness is more crucial in regional C2C partnership maintenance serving as an internal driving force for sustainable C2C cooperation. In addition, intervention from the provincial government tends to consolidate the impact of urban competitiveness in regional C2C cooperation. The empirical study also sheds light on the dynamics of China's economic decentralisation, political centralisation and the market logic interwoven with state authority.

随着城市作为地理单元的崛起，城市间的合作正在全球范围内不断涌现。通过引入城市竞争力的视角，本文将区域城市间合作（Regional City‐to‐city cooperation）所带来的收益划分为政治附加值和城市竞争力附加值，并以长江三角洲地区江苏江阴‐靖江工业园区为案例着重审视和探讨了中国本土语境下区域城市间合作的激励机制。本研究发现对于推动区域城市间合作战略的形成和伙伴城市的选择，政治附加值更加有效；而对于区域城市间合作关系的维系，城市竞争力附加值则更为关键。因此，城市竞争力附加值是可持续的城市间合作的内在推动力。本文的实证研究折射出转型期中国的经济分权与政治集中，以及市场逻辑与国家权利逻辑的相互交织。
Benefitting from a different perspective: The effect of a complementary matching of psychological distance and habitual perspective on emotion regulation
Authors: Wang Ya‐Ling , Lin Yi‐Cheng , Huang Chin‐Lan , Yeh Kuang‐Hui
Published: April 2012

Psychological distance in terms of its purpose as a psychological adjustment is currently not well understood. Some researchers claim that psychological distance serves as an emotion regulator, while others argue that psychological distance has the reverse effect, leading to cognitive avoidance and rumination. To elucidate upon this discrepancy, we propose that a complementary matching of psychological distance to one's habitual psychological distance perspective may lead to better emotion regulation when compared to the original perspective (i.e. fixing on either psychological immersion or distance). This study hypothesizes that a complementary matching of psychological distance to one's habitual perspective generally leads to better emotion regulation; specifically, individuals with high avoidant attachment, who habitually distance themselves from their experiences, may benefit from psychological immersion, while individuals with high anxious attachment, who habitually immerse themselves in their experiences, may benefit from psychological distancing. A total of 83 participants completed measures of adult attachment orientations; read a conflict scenario, triggering their attachment systems; and then rewrote that scenario using designated pronouns, thereby employing psychological immersion or psychological distance. Participants in the self‐immersed condition were asked to write from the first‐person perspective, whereas those in the self‐distancing condition were asked to write from the third‐person perspective. The results support our hypothesis of a complementary matching of psychological distance and habitual perspective.
‘Chaos, restitution and quest’: one woman’s journey through menopause
Authors: Nosek Marcianna , Kennedy Holly Powell , Gudmundsdottir Maria
Published: April 2012

Menopause, a natural stage in a woman’s reproductive life, is not an illness; yet some women experience severe enough symptoms to cause a breakdown in the body similar to illness or other major health disruptions. As part of a larger narrative analysis investigation of distress during menopause, this case study presents one woman’s transformational journey through menopause, analysed through Frank’s health and illness narratives – chaos, restitution and quest. The narratives were retranscribed using Labov’s elements of a true story and Gee’s poetic restructuring. This report of one woman’s experience of distress during the menopause transition describes a poetic chaos narrative of incessant night sweats resulting in a loss of physicality and a deep‐rooted belief in self‐healing; a restitution narrative of restored health that mandated the surrender to a new healing discourse, experienced simultaneously as a victory and a defeat; and a quest narrative of seeking meaning, insight and new‐found values and identities.
Good sex/bad sex: the individualised focus of US HIV prevention policy in sub‐Saharan Africa, 1995–2005
Authors: Esacove Anne W.
Published: April 2012

The expanding reliance on the health sciences to address social problems is well documented, as are the effects of the social construction of public (health) problems on ‘target’ populations, intervention design and broader social systems. Less attention has been given in the literature to the cultural meanings that configure public health efforts themselves. This study demonstrates how the cultural understandings of sex and sexuality that inform US human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention policy in sub‐Saharan Africa shape policy recommendations. Based on an analysis of 119 US policy documents, a relatively stable and highly gendered narrative of sexual risk was found across the Clinton and (G.W.) Bush administrations. This narrative locates HIV risk in (what is constructed to be) the inevitable clash between women’s sexuality and men’s sexuality, and delineates HIV risk by the form of relationship in which sex occurs. The two narratives diverge at this point, offering different definitions of ‘bad’ sex and ‘good’ sex. This divergence helps to explain the different prevention foci of the administrations – condoms during the Clinton era and abstinence‐outside‐of‐marriage during the Bush administration. In both cases, the sexual risk narrative points to individual targeted prevention strategies, even as the policy identifies structural factors as driving global HIV epidemics.
ISO 9001 and ISO 14001: Towards a Research Agenda on Management System Standards*
Authors: Heras‐Saizarbitoria Iñaki , Boiral Olivier
Published: April 2012

Management system standards, also called meta‐standards, have been adopted by an increasing number of organizations across the world. Although these management system standards are based on the same type of management principles and institutional arrangements, the literature remains scattered, with diverse studies focused on specific standards and published in various journals. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the academic research on meta‐standards through an integrative review intended to shed light on the main conclusions and substantial advances made in this area. This integrative review focuses more specifically on the two main meta‐standards which have been adopted by more than 1.3 million organizations worldwide: ISO 14001 and ISO 9001. The paper contributes insights into the main streams of the literature and current knowledge gaps to be addressed in future research on the various issues related to meta‐standards: global governance, diffusion processes, motivations, benefits of adoption and impacts on performance, internalization, integration, consultancy and auditing.
Illusory line motion and transformational apparent motion during continuous flash suppression1
Authors: YAMADA YUKI , KAWABE TAKAHIRO
Published: April 2012

A static bar is perceived to dynamically extend from a peripheral cue (illusory line motion (ILM)) or from a part of another figure presented in the previous frame (transformational apparent motion (TAM)). We examined whether visibility for the cue stimuli affected these transformational motions. Continuous flash suppression, one kind of dynamic interocular masking, was used to reduce the visibility for the cue stimuli. Both ILM and TAM significantly occurred when the d' for cue stimuli was zero (Experiment 1) and when the cue stimuli were presented at subthreshold levels (Experiment 2). We discuss that higher‐order motion processing underlying TAM and ILM can be weakly but significantly activated by invisible visual information.
Several components of SKP1/Cullin/F‐box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and associated factors play a role in Agrobacterium‐mediated plant transformation
Authors: Anand Ajith , Rojas Clemencia M. , Tang Yuhong , Mysore Kirankumar S.
Published: April 2012

Successful genetic transformation of plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens requires the import of bacterial T‐DNA and virulence proteins into the plant cell that eventually form a complex (T‐complex). The essential components of the T‐complex include the single stranded T‐DNA, bacterial virulence proteins (VirD2, VirE2, VirE3 and VirF) and associated host proteins that facilitate the transfer and integration of T‐DNA. The removal of the proteins from the T‐complex is likely achieved by targeted proteolysis mediated by VirF and the plant ubiquitin proteasome complex.

We evaluated the involvement of the host SKP1/culin/F‐box (SCF)‐E3 ligase complex and its role in plant transformation. Gene silencing, mutant screening and gene expression studies suggested that the Arabidopsis homologs of yeast SKP1 (suppressor of kinetochore protein 1) protein, ASK1 and ASK2, are required for Agrobacterium‐mediated plant transformation.

We identified the role for SGT1b (suppressor of the G2 allele of SKP1), an accessory protein that associates with SCF‐complex, in plant transformation. We also report the differential expression of many genes that encode F‐box motif containing SKP1‐interacting proteins (SKIP) upon Agrobacterium infection.

We speculate that these SKIP genes could encode the plant specific F‐box proteins that target the T‐complex associated proteins for polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome.
INTERGENERATIONAL INCOME MOBILITY IN URBAN CHINA
Authors: GONG HONGE , LEIGH ANDREW , MENG XIN
Published: April 2012

This paper estimates the intergenerational income elasticity for urban China, paying careful attention to the potential biases induced by income fluctuations and life cycle effects. Our preferred estimate indicates that the intergenerational income elasticity for father–son is 0.63. This suggests that while China has experienced rapid growth of absolute incomes, the relative position of children in the distribution is largely related to their parents' incomes. By investigating possible causal channels, we find that parental education plays one of the most important roles in transmitting economic status from parents to children.
The emotion regulation model of attachment:An emotion‐specific approach
Authors: BRENNING KATRIJN M. , BRAET CAROLINE
Published: April 2012

This research applies the emotion regulation (ER) model of attachment to the regulation of specific emotions, namely sadness and anger, in early adolescents. The study investigates how attachment and accompanying ER strategies relate to both internalizing and externalizing problems. Two separate cross‐sectional studies (N = 197 and N = 310) supported different associations between attachment and ER (i.e., dysregulation and suppression). For attachment avoidance, associations with ER strategies seem to depend on the specific type of emotion involved, whereas attachment anxiety related to dysregulation irrespective of the type of emotions. Furthermore, Study 2 found that attachment anxiety and avoidance are associated with internalizing and externalizing problems via different ER strategies. Discussion focuses on the dynamics involved in associations between attachment, ER, and psychological problems.
Telomere length in circulating serum DNA as a novel non‐invasive biomarker for cirrhosis: a nested case–control analysis
Authors: Wan Shaogui , Hann Hie‐Won , Myers Ronald E. , Fu Xiaoying , Hann Richard S. , Kim Su H. , Tang Heng , Xing Jinliang , Yang Hushan
Published: April 2012

Background & Aims

Previous studies have indicated that telomere length is associated with altered risk of various tumours including hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the association between telomere length and the risk of cirrhosis has not been reported.

Methods

In this nested case–control study, we used real‐time quantitative PCR to determine the relative telomere length (RTL) in serum DNA samples from 100 HBV‐related cirrhosis cases and 100 frequency‐matched HBV controls, and evaluated the associations between RTL and cirrhosis risk by logistic regression analyses.

Results

We found that cirrhotic cases had a significantly longer RTL (median, 0.36; range, 0.08–1.87) than non‐cirrhotic controls (median, 0.20; range, 0.05–1.11) (P < 0.0001). Compared with subjects with short RTL, those with long RTL had a significantly increased cirrhosis risk [odds ratio, 2.76, 95% confidence interval, 1.50–5.10; P = 0.001]. Quartile analysis further indicated a dose–response effect for this association. Compared with patients with the lowest quartile of RTL, the cirrhosis risk for those with the second, third and highest quartile of RTL was 2.68 (0.91–7.87, P = 0.073), 3.37 (1.32–10.54, P = 0.013) and 6.64 (2.41–18.32, P < 0.0001) respectively (Ptrend<0.0001). Moreover, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve increased from 0.60 (epidemiological variables) to 0.72 (epidemiological variables plus RTL), with statistically significant difference assessed by bootstrap analysis.

Conclusions

Our study presents the first epidemiological evidence that RTL in serum DNA could potentially be used as a simple, inexpensive and non‐invasive marker of cirrhosis risk, a finding that warrants further investigations in independent retrospective and prospective populations.
Successful Treatment of Pediatric Nail Psoriasis with Periodic Pustular Eruption Using Topical Indigo Naturalis Oil Extract
Authors: Liang Chung‐Yu , Lin Tung‐Yi , Lin Yin‐Ku
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  Psoriasis of the nail greatly affects quality of life because of the difficulty in achieving long‐lasting remission. Pustular psoriasis of the nail apparatus is characterized by the formation of sterile pustules, starting on one or two fingers or less often on the toes, and spontaneous improvement has rarely been observed. This case presents a girl with refractory nail psoriasis accompanied by periodic pustular eruption that responded well to topical treatment with indigo naturalis oil extract drops, achieving a remission of longer than 1 year.
Topical Timolol for Small Hemangiomas of Infancy
Authors: Moehrle Matthias , Léauté‐Labrèze Christine , Schmidt Verena , Röcken Martin , Poets Christian‐F. , Goelz Rangmar
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  Propranolol has become the treatment of choice of large and complicated infantile hemangiomas. There is a controversy concerning the safety of systemic propranolol. Here we show that topical use of the beta‐blocker timolol can also inhibit the growth and promote regression of infantile hemangiomas. In this case series we treated 11 infantile hemangiomas in nine children including six preterm babies with the nonselective betablocker timolol. A timolol containing gel was manufactured from an ophthalmic formulation of timolol 0.5% eyedrops. This gel was applied using a standardized occlusive dressing (Finn‐Chambers) containing approximately 0.25 mg of timolol. In all infants topical timolol was associated with growth arrest, a reduction in redness and thickness within the first 2 weeks. Seven hemangiomas showed almost complete resolution, and four became much paler and thinner. No data are available on the transdermal absorption of timolol. Even supposing complete absorption of timolol from the occlusive dressing, a maximum dose of 0.25 mg of timolol would result per day and hemangioma. Regression of infantile hemangiomas treated using 0.5% timolol gel in this case series occurred earlier than spontaneous regression which is generally not observed before the age of 9–12 months. The promising results need to be verified in prospective randomized trials on topical beta blocker administration for infantile hemangiomas which should address dose, duration, and mode of application.
Metastatic Cutaneous Involvement of Granulomatous Colitis in Hermansky‐Pudlak Syndrome
Authors: Weitz Nicole , Patel Vishal , Tlougan Brook , Mencin Ali , Kadenhe‐Chiweshe Angela , Morel Kimberly D. , Lauren Christine
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal‐recessive disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, a hemorrhagic diathesis due to platelet dysfunction, and lysosomal ceroid accumulation that can cause a Crohn’s‐like granulomatous colitis and pulmonary fibrosis. We report peristomal and vulvar cutaneous involvement of the granulomatous colitis in HPS.
Clinical Characteristics of Becker’s Nevus in Children: Report of 118 Cases from Italy
Authors: Patrizi Annalisa , Medri Matelda , Raone Beatrice , Bianchi Federica , Aprile Sylvia , Neri Iria
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  We performed a retrospective study covering a 10‐year period (January 1997–January 2007) on children referred to our unit or followed up for Becker’s nevus (BN). The aim of this study was to better define the characteristics of BN in childhood, when this hypermelanosis is more frequent than the limited number of studies might suggest. Our data show that BN in children has predilection sites similar to those in adults, but hypertrichosis is rarer. Sun exposure does not appear to play an etiopathogenetic role. The higher incidence in men reported in adult case studies was not found in children. During and after puberty, androgenic stimulation is known to play a pathogenetic role in BN, especially in men, but our cases were mostly younger than 6 years old.
The Effect of Obesity on Skin Disease and Epidermal Permeability Barrier Status in Children
Authors: Nino Massimiliano , Franzese Adriana , Ruggiero Perrino Nunzia , Balato Nicola
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  Obese adult patients have many dermatoses, such as skin tags, candida infection, cellulite, and intertrigo, but only limited data have been published on obese children and the barrier function of their skin. Sixty‐five overweight and obese children (n = 40, BMI 85th–95th percentile; n = 25, BMI > 95th percentile) (aged 8–15; mean age 11.6) and 30 normal‐weight controls (aged 7–15; mean age 11.1) underwent a clinical evaluation and calculation of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Higher weight percentile was associated with a higher incidence of some dermatoses. Skin tags were found in 40% of subjects in the 95th percentile and 2.5% of those in the 85th percentile. Striae distensae were observed in 32% of patients in the 95th percentile and 22.5% of those in the 85th percentile. Plantar hyperkeratosis was observed only in 20% of the 95th percentile subjects and was not observed in the other groups. TEWL values at the forearm site were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in obese children than in the control group, but no significant differences in TEWL values according to BMI level were found between the two groups of obese children. Degree of obesity influences the incidence of some associated dermatoses; skin tags, striae distensae, and plantar hyperkeratosis were more frequent in children in the 95th percentile of BMI. Obesity increases the TEWL rate, suggesting that obese children might become more easily overheated as weight increases, with more profuse sweating because of the thick layers of subcutaneous fat.
Type V Aplasia Cutis Congenita: Case Report, Review of the Literature, and Proposed Treatment Algorithm
Authors: Morrow Daniel , Schelonka Robert , Krol Alfons , Davies Michael , Kuang Anna
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is the congenital absence of skin. There are a number of different classifications based on distribution and associated findings. Type V ACC is unique in that the lesions are typically symmetric and found primarily on the trunk but can also include the upper and lower extremities. Type V is associated with the loss of a monozygotic co‐twin during the late first or early second trimester. Here we present an extensive case of type V ACC and a review of the literature, including a summary of treatment and outcomes. From the available literature, it appears that there is no benefit from early surgical intervention, and therefore we propose a treatment algorithm that starts with conservative management.
Simultaneous Occurrence of Papulonecrotic Tuberculid and Erythema Induratum in a Patient with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Kim Gun‐Wook , Park Hyun‐Je , Kim Hoon‐Soo , Chin Hyun‐Woo , Kim Su‐Han , Ko Hyun‐Chang , Kim Moon‐Bum , Kim Byung‐Soo
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  Although papulonecrotic tuberculid is an uncommon cutaneous manifestation of tuberculosis (TB) associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, the simultaneous occurrence of papulonecrotic tuberculid and erythema induratum is even rarer. Papulonecrotic tuberculid occurs predominantly in young adults and is characterized by eruptions of necrotizing papules that heal with varioliform scars. Histopathologic findings include wedge‐shaped necrosis of the dermis, poorly formed granulomatous infiltration, and vasculitis. Stainings and culture for acid‐fast bacilli from skin biopsies are usually negative for M. tuberculosis, although the eruptions resolve with antitubercular therapy. Few patients with papulonecrotic tuberculid, especially with concurrent occurrence of erythema induratum, have been reported in the English literature. Here we report a case of a 12‐year‐old girl with simultaneous occurrence of papulonecrotic tuberculid and erythema induratum accompanying pulmonary TB.
The Curette Prep: A Modification of the Traditional Scabies Preparation
Authors: Jacks Stephanie K. , Lewis Elizabeth A. , Witman Patricia M.
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  An accurate diagnosis of scabies is critical for proper treatment of this common infestation. In our clinic, we have developed a modification of the traditional method of performing a scabies preparation, called the curette prep, that substitutes a disposable curette for a scalpel blade when obtaining skin scrapings for examination. The major advantages of this technique are greater acceptability and safety for pediatric patients.
Long‐Term Comparison of Video‐Assisted Thoracic Sympathectomy and Clinical Observation for the Treatment of Palmar Hyperhidrosis in Children Younger Than 14
Authors: Neves Samantha , Uchoa Patricia C. , Wolosker Nelson , Munia Marco A. , Kauffman Paulo , de Campos Jose Ribas M. , Puech‐Leão Pedro
Published: April 2012

Abstract:  The results of video‐assisted thoracic sympathectomy (VATS)in children are unknown. To investigate the improvement in quality of life (QOL) of a group of 45 children who did and did not undergo VATS for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis (PH) 4 years after the initial evaluation. Forty‐five children with PH were initially evaluated. Children were divided into two groups: 30 in the VATS group and 15 in the control group. We studied the evolution of PH, negative effect of hyperhidrosis on the QOL before the treatment, and improvement in QOL after treatment. Twenty‐five patients (83.4%) in the VATS group experienced great improvement in PH, and five (16.6%) experienced partial improvement; 12 (80.0%) children from the control group had some type of improvement, and three (20.0%) had partial improvement. Two (13.3%) children in the control group and 23 (76.7%) in the VATS group had great improvement in QOL. For children with PH and poor QOL, VATS is better than no treatment. It produces better results with regard to sweating and greater improvement in QOL.
Ethanol Self‐Administration in Free‐Flying Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in an Operant Conditioning Protocol
Authors: Sokolowski Michel B. C. , Abramson Charles I. , Craig David Philip Arthur
Published: April 2012

Background

This study examines the effect of ethanol (EtOH) on continuous reinforcement schedules in the free‐flying honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). As fermented nectars may be encountered naturally in the environment, we designed an experiment combining the tools of laboratory research with minimal disturbance to the natural life of honeybees.

Methods

Twenty‐five honeybees were trained to fly from their colonies to a fully automated operant chamber with head poking as the operant response. Load size, intervisit interval, and interresponse times (IRTs) served as the dependent variables and were monitored over the course of a daily training session consisting of many visits. Experimental bees were tested using an ABA design in which sucrose only was administered during condition A and a 5% EtOH sucrose solution was administered during condition B. Control bees received sucrose solution only.

Results

Most bees continued to forage after EtOH introduction. EtOH significantly reduced the load size and the intervisit interval with no significant effect on IRTs. However, a look on individual data shows large individual differences suggesting the existence of different kinds of behavioral phenotypes linked to EtOH consumption and effects.

Conclusions

Our results contribute to the study of EtOH consumption as a normal phenomenon in an ecological context and open the door to schedule‐controlled drug self‐administration studies in honeybees.
Prevalence and Correlates of Insomnia in a Polish Sample of Alcohol‐Dependent Patients
Authors: Zhabenko Nataliya , Wojnar Marcin , Brower Kirk J.
Published: April 2012

Background

Insomnia is an important symptom in alcohol‐dependent patients because it may persist despite abstinence and predispose to relapse to drinking. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and clinical correlates of insomnia in a sample of 302 alcohol‐dependent patients admitted to treatment programs in Poland.

Methods

Participants were mostly men (73.8%) with a mean (SD) age of 43.5 (9.7) years. Insomnia in the past 1 month was assessed using a total score of 6 or higher on the Athens Insomnia Scale.

Results

Insomnia affected 62.9% of patients, and delayed sleep induction was the most common subtype. Insomnia was associated in bivariate analyses with less education, inadequate finances, problem drinking at an earlier age of onset, drinking frequency and quantity, drinking‐related consequences, severity of alcohol and nicotine dependence, psychiatric and physical severity, and a childhood history of sexual or physical abuse (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that mental and physical health status, severity of alcohol dependence, number of drinking days in the past 3 months, and childhood abuse were independent predictors of insomnia, explaining approximately 30 to 40% of the variance.

Conclusions

More than 60% of alcohol‐dependent patients in a Polish sample screened positive for insomnia using a validated scale, a rate similar to those assessed with other scales in other countries. The study also showed that insomnia in alcohol‐dependent patients is associated with poor physical health and childhood abuse, similar to the general population. The multifactorial nature of insomnia in alcohol‐dependent patients has treatment implications.
Paper and Paperboard Demand and Associated Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Asia Through 2050
Authors: Kayo Chihiro , Hashimoto Seiji , Moriguchi Yuichi
Published: April 2012

This study estimated paper and paperboard demand, pulpwood demand, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from production of paper and paperboard through 2050 in ten Asian countries. Under scenarios of varying population, gross domestic product (GDP), and per capita paper and paperboard demand, we analyzed the relationship between economic growth and consumption of paper and paperboard. We also evaluated options to reduce CO2 emissions through increased use of black liquor, waste paper pulping, and wood chemical pulping, as well as improvements in pulp, paper, and paperboard production technology. The quadratic curve model (inverted U) for per capita consumption of paper and paperboard against per capita GDP resulted in significant regression coefficients and higher adjusted R2 values than linear and logarithmic curve models for all uses of paper and paperboard. The estimated paper and paperboard demand in the ten countries in 2050 ranged from 112% (328%) to 156% (454%) of total 2005 consumption for the world (for the ten Asian countries). Of this estimated paper and paperboard demand, China accounted for about 50% and India 20%. The estimated pulpwood demand in these ten countries in 2050 ranged from 13% (48%) to 21% (84%) of global (ten country) 2005 wood supply potential. The introduction or increase of the use of black liquor, waste paper pulping, the combination of wood chemical pulping and black liquor, and technological improvements produced CO2 reductions of 24%, 5%, 32%, and 25%, respectively, compared to 2050 emission levels in the no‐measure (unadjusted) option, assuming sustainable forest management.
Frequent Additional Tachyarrhythmias in Patients with Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia Undergoing Sinus Node Modification: An Important Cause of Symptom Recurrence
Authors: FRANKEL DAVID S , LIN DAVID , ANASTASIO NICHOLAS , MOUNTANTONAKIS STAVROS E , DIXIT SANJAY , GERSTENFELD EDWARD P , HUTCHINSON MATHEW D , RILEY MICHAEL P , MARCHLINSKI FRANCIS E , CALLANS DAVID J
Published: April 2012

Additional Tachyarrhythmias in IST. Background: Symptom recurrence following sinus node modification (SNM) for inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) remains significant despite achieving acute procedural success. The impact of non‐IST tachyarrhythmias on symptom recurrence remains poorly characterized.

Objectives:
The objective was to determine the prevalence and nature of additional tachyarrhythmias preceding and following SNM for IST.

Methods:
Consecutive patients with IST undergoing SNM at the University of Pennsylvania were studied. SNM was initially performed using an anatomic approach targeting the superolateral crista terminalis under intracardiac echocardiographic guidance and later using an electrophysiologic approach, targeting the site of the earliest right atrial activation during maximum heart rate (HR) with isoproterenol infusion. An effort was made to shift the site more caudally until a decrease of >25% in resting HR was achieved, with a blunted response to isoproterenol and flattening of the P‐wave axis in leads III and aVF. Patients were followed for arrhythmia recurrence. Tachyarrhythmias were documented with electrocardiographic monitoring and then characterized during EP study.

Results:
Thirty‐three patients underwent SNM and were followed for a mean of 2.0 ± 1.5 years. During follow‐up, 27% developed a non‐IST tachyarrhythmia and 18% developed recurrent IST. Additionally, 42% of patients had a non‐IST tachyarrhythmia prior to SNM.

Conclusions:
Non‐IST tachyarrhythmias are common in patients with IST before and after SNM. A major reason for symptom recurrence following SNM is development of a non‐IST tachyarrhythmia. These tachyarrhythmias should be detected and treated to optimize patient outcomes. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 835‐839, August 2012)
On Sintering Stress in Complex Powder Compacts
Authors: Cardona Cristina G. , Tikare Veena , Patterson Burton R. , Olevsky Eugene
Published: April 2012

Microstructural evolution during sintering can be simulated using the Potts kinetic Monte Carlo model. This model simulates detailed evolution of the powder particles, pore shapes, neck growth, and other microstructural features with sufficient resolution over a sufficiently large compact so that interfacial energies and curvatures of a statistically representative sample of surfaces in a complex compact can be obtained from the simulations. In this work, we present a technique based on measuring curvature of surfaces to obtain sintering stress of sintering powder compacts with arbitrarily complex geometries of powder size and powder shape distributions. The method is applied to three distinct powder compacts with very different sintering behavior to obtain sintering stress for each of these cases. The sintering stress for the three simulated cases were distinct and dependent on the geometric microstructural details of the powder compacts.
Ecological drivers of change at South Georgia: the krill surplus, or climate variability
Authors: Trathan P. N. , Ratcliffe N. , Masden E. A.
Published: April 2012

Macaroni penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus are thought to be one of the most important mesopredators in the Southern Ocean having a greater impact on prey availability and abundance than any other seabird species. Their population centre has long been held to be South Georgia where populations were thought to comprise many million animals. Here we report the results of a recent census of the macaroni population at South Georgia undertaken using aerial survey methods. We report dramatic declines in numbers (∼1.0 million breeding pairs) compared to numbers observed in the late 1970s (∼5.4 million pairs), but show that these reductions have occurred principally at sites where numbers had previously been very large. During the breeding season, the main foraging grounds of birds from these sites overlap with the foraging grounds of Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella, a major competitor for their principal prey, Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. We suggest that the redistribution of the macaroni penguin population at South Georgia reflects the recent recovery of fur seal populations and thus the ongoing consequences of human intervention at South Georgia, a process which started more than 2 centuries previously. The implied resource competition and the observed population changes may also be exacerbated by recent reductions in Antarctic krill abundance which have been linked with reductions in seasonal sea ice following recent, rapid, regional warming in the Antarctic; however, the recovery of fur seal populations, and the ongoing recovery of krill‐eating whale populations argues that tropho‐dynamic interactions may be sufficient to explain the observed changes.
Dietary sphingolipids improve skin barrier functions via the upregulation of ceramide synthases in the epidermis
Authors: Duan Jingjing , Sugawara Tatsuya , Hirose Mayumi , Aida Kazuhiko , Sakai Shota , Fujii Aoi , Hirata Takashi
Published: April 2012

Sphingolipids are ubiquitous in eukaryotic organisms and are significant components in foods. It has been reported that treatment with sphingolipids prevents colon cancer, improves skin barrier function and suppresses inflammatory responses. However, the mechanisms for those effects of dietary sphingolipids are not well understood. In this study, to investigate the effects of dietary glucosylceramide (GluCer) and sphingomyelin (SM) on skin function, we characterized the recovery of skin barrier function and the change in sphingolipid metabolism‐related enzymes in the epidermis using a special Mg‐deficient diet–induced atopic dermatitis‐like skin and tape‐stripping damaged skin murine models. Our results show that dietary GluCer and SM accelerate the recoveries of damaged skin barrier functions. Correspondingly, dietary sphingolipids significantly upregulated the expression of ceramide synthases 3 and 4 in the epidermis of the atopic dermatitis‐like skin model (P < 0.05). In the case of cultured cells, the expression of ceramide synthases 2‐4 in normal human foreskin keratinocytes was significantly upregulated by treatment with 0.001–0.1 μm sphingoid bases (sphinganine, sphingosine and trans‐4,cis‐8‐sphingadienine) (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the effects of dietary sphingolipids might be due to the activation of ceramide synthesis in the skin, rather than the direct reutilization of dietary sphingolipids. Our findings provide a novel insight into the mechanisms of the skin barrier improving effect and a more comprehensive understanding of dietary sphingolipids.
Carrion cycling in food webs: comparisons among terrestrial and marine ecosystems
Authors: Beasley James C. , Olson Z. H. , Devault T. L.
Published: April 2012

In light of current global changes to ecosystem function (e.g. climate change, trophic downgrading, and invasive species), there has been a recent surge of interest in exploring differences in nutrient cycling among ecosystem types. In particular, a growing awareness has emerged concerning the importance of scavenging in food web dynamics, although no studies have focused specifically on exploring differences in carrion consumption between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In this forum we synthesize the scavenging literature to elucidate differences in scavenging dynamics between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and identify areas where future research is needed to more clearly understand the role of carrion consumption in maintaining ecosystem function within each of these environments. Although scavenging plays a similar functional role in terrestrial and aquatic food webs, here we suggest that several fundamental differences exist in scavenging dynamics among these ecosystem types due to the unique selection pressures imposed by the physical properties of water and air. In particular, the movement of carcasses in marine ecosystems (e.g. wave action, upwelling, and sinking) diffuses biological activity associated with scavenging and decomposition across large, three‐dimensional spatial scales, creating a unique spatial disconnect between the processes of production, scavenging, and decomposition, which in contrast are tightly linked in terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, the limited role of bacteria and temporal stability of environmental conditions on the sea floor appears to have facilitated the evolution of a much more diverse community of macrofauna that relies on carrion for a higher portion of its nutrient consumption than is present in terrestrial ecosystems. Our observations are further discussed as they pertain to the potential impacts of climate change and trophic downgrading (i.e. removal of apex consumers from ecosystems) on scavenging dynamics within marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
Expression of CA‐IX is associated with advanced stage tumors and poor survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Pérez‐Sayáns Mario , Suárez‐Peñaranda José Manuel , Pilar Gayoso‐Diz , Supuran Claudiu T. , Pastorekova Silvia , Barros‐Angueira Francisco , Gándara‐Rey José Manuel , García‐García Abel
Published: April 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2012)

Introduction:  Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), a group of ubiquitously expressed metalloenzymes, are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including tumorigenicity. Specifically, CA‐IX has been primarily found in hypoxic tumor tissues.

Material and methods:  This is a retrospective study of tumors from the Tissue Bank of the Pathology Department of the University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela. We selected 50 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) using Tissue Microarray (TMA) technology. The immunohistochemical study was performed to determine CA‐IX expression. The resulting data were subject to statistical analysis and survival curves.

Results:  Of the 50 cases, 23 were detected in early stages (I and II) and 27 in advanced stages (III and IV). In the first year, almost 50% of patients in stages III–IV died, which contrasted with those patients in initial stages who registered a survival rate of 80% (P = 0.019). Regarding the expression of CA‐IX, nine cases (18%) were negative, 18 cases (36%) were moderate, while 23 cases (46%) were intense. Tumors in stages I‐II showed a positivity of 52.6%; however, in advanced stages, the percentage reached 95.5% (P = 0.002). Regarding CA‐IX expression and survival, patients with tumors with strong staining had a lower average survival time (13.8 months) than patients with negative or weak‐moderate staining (33.4 and 32.8 months, respectively), log‐rank = 6.1, P value = 0.0484.

Conclusions:  Early diagnosis of these tumors is essential to improve patient survival. CA‐IX expression augments with increasing tumor stage, probably related with the degree of hypoxia; thus, its measurement can be used as a prognostic factor.
Elevated levels of salivary lactoferrin, a marker for chronic periodontitis?
Authors: Glimvall P. , Wickström C. , Jansson H.
Published: April 2012

Glimvall P, Wickström C, Jansson H. Elevated levels of salivary lactoferrin, a marker for chronic periodontitis? J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 655–660. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  Whole saliva is a complex mixture of fluids essential for the well‐being of the oral hard and soft tissues. Saliva contains numerous antimicrobial proteins that help protect the oral ecosystem from infectious agents. Chronic periodontitis is an infectious chronic inflammatory condition that affects the tooth‐supporting structures and leads to their destruction. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in concentrations of salivary lactoferrin in subjects with and without periodontal disease and correlate these values with clinical variables associated with periodontal disease.

Material and Methods:  Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 17 subjects with chronic periodontitis and 17 periodontally healthy control subjects. Data relating to bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and horizontal bone loss were registered. Concentrations of lactoferrin, lysozyme and IgA in stimulated whole saliva were quantified using ELISA.

Results:  Subjects with chronic periodontits showed higher concentrations of lactoferrin in stimulated whole saliva compared with periodontally healthy control subjects (p < 0.05). Salivary concentrations of lactoferrin were positively correlated with bleeding on probing (p < 0.001) and the number of sites with probing pocket depth ≥ 6 mm (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Lactoferrin is raised in stimulated whole saliva in subjects with chronic periodontitis and is correlated with probing pocket depth ≥ 6 mm.
Salivary cortisol, 17β‐estradiol, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and α‐amylase in patients with burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Kim H‐Il , Kim Y‐Y , Chang J‐Y , Ko J‐Y , Kho H‐S
Published: April 2012

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 613–620

Objective:  The aim of this study was to investigate salivary markers related with burning mouth syndrome (BMS).

Materials and Methods:  Thirty female patients with BMS and twenty female control subjects were included. Unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated whole saliva samples (SWS) were collected, and their flow rates were determined. Salivary levels of cortisol, 17β‐estradiol, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and enzymatic activity of α‐amylase were determined. Salivary transferrin level was measured to determine the level of blood contamination in saliva samples.

Results:  The levels of all analytes in UWS were significantly correlated with those of SWS. The levels of 17β‐estradiol, progesterone, and DHEA in UWS were significantly correlated with age. Age‐matched comparisons revealed that the patient group had significantly higher levels of cortisol in UWS and of 17β‐estradiol in SWS. When the patients were divided into older (≥60 years) and younger (<60 years) groups, the older group showed a significantly lower level of progesterone in UWS. There were no significant relationships between treatment efficacy and levels of salivary analytes.

Conclusions:  In conclusion, patients with BMS showed significantly higher levels of cortisol in UWS and of 17β‐estradiol in SWS compared with controls.
Confirmation of an epilepsy modifier locus on mouse chromosome 11 and candidate gene analysis by RNA‐Seq
Authors: Hawkins N. A. , Kearney J. A.
Published: April 2012

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder affecting approximately 1% of the worldwide population. Mutations in voltage‐gated sodium channels have been identified in several monogenic epilepsy syndromes. Over 800 mutations have been identified in the voltage‐gated sodium channel genes SCN1A and SCN2A in human epilepsies, including genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) and Dravet syndrome. In GEFS+ families, affected members with the same mutation often display variability in clinical severity of the disease. This suggests that additional genes modify the effect of the primary mutation, resulting in the variable clinical presentation. The Scn2aQ54 transgenic mouse model has an epilepsy phenotype that varies depending on the genetic strain background. Scn2aQ54 mice congenic on the C57BL/6J strain exhibit delayed seizure onset and improved survival compared to (C57BL/6J × SJL/J)F1.Q54 mice. Two modifier loci of Scn2aQ54 seizure susceptibility were mapped and designated Moe1 (modifier of epilepsy) on chromosome (chr) 11 and Moe2 on chr 19. To confirm Moe1 and refine its position, we generated interval‐specific congenic lines carrying C57BL/6J‐derived chr 11 alleles on the SJL/J strain and refined the map position to 89–104 Mb. We then used RNA‐Seq for candidate analysis in the modifier region. C57BL/6J and SJL/J male and female brain RNAs were sequenced, revealing numerous significant transcriptome differences and coding single‐nucleotide polymorphisms. Additional consideration of gene function and expression suggested several strong candidate modifier genes, including two voltage‐gated calcium channel subunits, Cacna1g and Cacnb1, and the proline and acidic amino acid‐rich basic leucine zipper transcription factor, Hlf.
The RING‐type ubiquitin ligases Pex2p, Pex10p and Pex12p form a heteromeric complex that displays enhanced activity in an ubiquitin conjugating enzyme‐selective manner
Authors: El Magraoui Fouzi , Bäumer Bastian E. , Platta Harald W. , Baumann Jörg S. , Girzalsky Wolfgang , Erdmann Ralf
Published: April 2012

The RING finger peroxins Pex2p, Pex10p and Pex12p are central components of the peroxisomal matrix protein import machinery. The RING  domain enables each of these proteins to exhibit ubiquitin‐protein ligase activity, which has been linked to ubiquitin‐dependent regulation of the peroxisomal import receptor Pex5p. The RING peroxins are considered to form a heteromeric complex in vivo, although the elucidation of the structural assembly, as well as the functional interplay of the RING domains, has remained elusive. Using in vitro approaches, we show that the RING  domains form a heteromeric complex with Pex10p(RING) as a central component that directly binds the Pex2p(RING) and Pex12p(RING). The RING domains proved to function as heteromeric pairs that display an Pex10p‐dependent enhanced ligase activity in an ubiquitin conjugating enzyme‐selective manner.

Structured digital abstract

 Pex10p binds to Pex2p by pull down (Viewinteraction)

 Pex12p physically interacts with Pex10p and Pex2p by pull down (View Interaction: 1, 2)

 Pex10p binds to Pex12p by pull down (View Interaction: 1, 2)
Self‐Reported Cancer Screening Among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries: A Rural‐Urban Comparison
Authors: Fan Lin , Mohile Supriya , Zhang Ning , Fiscella Kevin , Noyes Katia
Published: April 2012

Purpose: We examined the rural‐urban disparity of screening for breast cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC) among the elder Medicare beneficiaries and assessed rurality's independent impact on receipt of screening.

Methods: Using 2005 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, we applied weighted logistic regression to estimate the overall rural‐urban disparity and rurality's independent impact on cancer screening, controlling for patient, and area factors.

Results: From urban, large rural, small rural, and isolated rural areas, the rates for mammogram last year were 53%, 52%, 45%, and 44%, respectively. They were 56%, 50%, 48%, and 43% for CRC screening, respectively. After controlling for patient and area level characteristics, rurality is significantly associated with CRC screening, but not mammogram.

Conclusions: We found rural‐urban disparities for both mammogram and CRC screenings. Patient and area factors totally eliminated the rural‐urban disparity for mammogram but not CRC screening. Health promotions to improve cancer screening should focus more on small and isolated rural areas.