bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE RELATION OF THE OVARY TO FAT METABOLISM
Authors: Burrows Montrose T. , Johnston Charles G.
Published: June 2004

From these observations there seemed to be little doubt that the follicular fluid of the ovary contains an active growth-stimulating substance and one capable of initiating an active digestion of a foreign fat, which might otherwise remain unabsorbed for an indefinite time in the tissues of these animals (2).

We have not attempted to ascertain whether this substance exciting growth and a digestion of the oil is the same or in any way related to the substance exciting estrus in these animals. That it may be a different substance from the estrus-exciting substance is suggested, however, by the fact that a similar excitant of growth and fat digestion has recently been extracted by the same method from the corpus luteum of pigs. These extracts of corpora lutea have not excited estrus in spayed rats.

In the one rat in which the pure oil was absorbed, the cells did not invade the oil, but the capsule remained cellular and the oil gradually disappeared from the space. In these experiments in which the active substance was added to the oil the cells have always invaded the oil.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF HEARTWATER
Authors: Cowdry E. V.
Published: June 2004

A Gram-negative, intracellular, coccus-like microorganism was found in cases of heartwater in the three species which are susceptible to the disease; namely, goats, sheep, and cattle. It was absent in the case of control animals, both normal ones and those dying of some. other diseases. The presence of this microorganism was definitely related to the febrile reaction. It was most easily detected in the renal glomeruli and in the small capillaries of the cerebral cortex but probably occurred throughout the body. The microorganism was a typical endothelial parasite, being restricted in distribution to the endothelial cells of the smaller blood vessels and to portions of such elements which had broken off into the blood stream. It was never observed to cause injury to the cells other than those incident to mechanical distention through accumulation within them of many individuals in large densely packed masses which were characteristically spherical. A typical attribute was the presence of several of these masses within the cytoplasm of a single endothelial cell. In view of the association of this microorganism with heartwater, a disease of ruminants, and thus far the only one in which microorganisms resembling Rickettsiœ have been reported, the designation Rickettsia ruminantium is proposed.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY
Authors: Cohn Alfred E. , Murray Henry A. ,   With the Assistance of Alma Rosenthal.
Published: June 2004

1. Observations on tissue cultures of heart muscle from chicken embryos indicate that in general the growth rate of the individual cells decreases with age. The negative acceleration of growth is greatest at the beginning of life as in the intact embryo.

2. The latent period before growth commences increases with the age of the implanted tissue, but in a different fashion. The acceleration of the latent period is greatest near the end of the incubation period, thus demonstrating that the factors determining the initiation of growth and those determining the extent of growth are not similar.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY
Authors: Cohn Alfred E. ,   With the Assistance of Edith L. Wile.
Published: June 2004

These experiments show, then, that there are changes in rate which take place during the incubation period and that the direction of the curve expressing them changes in an orderly fashion. No attempt has yet been made to ascertain the influences operative in bringing about these alterations. It is our intention, however, to attempt to correlate them with such processes as changes in the rate of the general metabolism of the body, changes in structure of the heart muscle, and if possible with changes in the inherent dynamics of the muscle.

It will be seen that the number of experiments at a given age is relatively speaking small. The temperature in spite of the precaution mentioned has likewise not been uniform, the range in the greatest number (38) of experiments having been 38°C. ± 1°. A few (four) counts have been made when the temperature was as low as 33.6°C. and a few (two) also at a temperature as high as 40°C.

Although a curve as smooth as the one which has been drawn in all probability represents the general course of heart rate change, an explanation of the deviations which have been found is desirable. At least two influences which may be operative suggest themselves. First may be considered the effect of the unavoidable injury incident to cutting a window in the shell and removing so much of the shell membrane as to make the object visible. It has been a uniform practise to discard those eggs in which hemorrhage took place, so that if opening the egg has a share in the difficulty, this operation may be thought of as exerting a mechanical stimulus on a nervous or other controlling mechanism. But whether, especially at the early ages, a mechanism of such a nature exists within the embryo, we do not know. The search for one lies for the present beyond the range of our interest.

A second influence responsible for the relatively large deviation in rate from the average may be that of fluctuations in temperature. The air of the room in which the observations were made was, in a given situation, fairly uniform at 38°C. ± 1.0°. as the temperature records show. In the earlier experiments the temperature was read at a distance about 1 foot away from the egg. Between this point and the egg a difference unknown to us may well have existed. It is improbable, however, that it can have been more than 2°C., that is to say, 38° ± 2°. Roughly if the change in rate is approximately 15 beats per degree a maximum deviation of 30 beats may be expected. In point of fact a deviation as great as this did not take place. In later experiments the temperature was read in the immediate vicinity of the eggs, so that a correction can be made more accurately.

There is in all probability a high degree of uniformity in the rate of the heart of the chicken embryo at each stage of development, although variation is also found. What the extent of the deviation is that may properly be encountered we do not yet know. It is desirable to pursue this subject further. Observations will accordingly be made and will be reported later.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY
Authors: Cohn Alfred E. ,   With the Assistance of Edith L. Wile.
Published: June 2004

In these experiments we have shown that, with the technique adopted, differences in behavior are exhibited by fragments of the heart taken from different localities. The different localities behave in a more or less uniform manner. The pace-making function, for instance, is found at first throughout the cardiac tube but later it is restricted and comes to reside in a special small area at the back of the right auricle near the center. The pace-making system is able to develop a rate comparable to that shown by the whole intact heart, irrespective of the size of the fragment in which it is contained. Later, under the circumstances of the study, the ventricular structures lose the power of spontaneous contraction, and later still, the auricular ones also. It need scarcely be pointed out, however, that this loss refers only to the function of pace making. In its place, the various localities of the heart undoubtedly take on other capabilities. This is what is meant after all by differentiation.

The question whether the pace-making and conduction systems reside in the remains of primitive portions of the cardiac tube in an undifferentiated form, or whether on the other hand these primitive portions develop into differentiated structures which preside over these functions may be reviewed afresh. Obviously the tube in its early state possesses these functions; obviously also the major part of the heart loses them during the course of development. A knowledge of the changes in form paralleling changes in function would have great interest. On this phase of the problem we hope to report later.

On the basis of these observations, differentiation from the point of view of stimulus production may be viewed perhaps in this manner. Pace making, the conduction of impulses, and contraction are the primitive functions of the tube. As the tube develops into the adult structure, pace making and conduction are supposedly served by tissues resembling in structure the original ones. Whether as a matter of fact a structural change takes place is an interesting and important problem. Those portions of the heart which require to develop greater degrees of energy lose the primitive functions of pace making and conduction, and, in the transformation, take on a differentiated structure. It is, then, not the structures in which the primitive functions of pace making and conduction reside which are differentiated, but the greater mass of ventricular muscle. These reflections have their origin not only from our own work but they grow out of observations to be found in the writings of those (A. Keith and I. Mc-Kenzie) who call the nodal and conduction tissues in the heart, embryonic. But whether from the point of view developed here the use of this term is completely descriptive remains an interesting problem.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC SUBSTANCE OF THE BACTERIAL CELL
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Tamiya Takeo
Published: June 2004

Putting together the results of such experiments as those outlined above, we can set down the following definite facts.

1. The substance of the bacterial cell can be roughly divided into two antigenic entities. One of these is the so called "nucleoprotein" substance, the other the residue substance or soluble material of Dochez and Avery and Avery and Heidelberger, both of which have been repeatedly characterized in preceding papers.

2. Immunization with the nucleoprotein, if such nucleoprotein is rendered free of bacterial bodies or fragments of bacterial bodies by Berkefeld filtration, incites the production only of antinucleoprotein antibodies which, with slight group overlapping, are species-specific but, as determined by the previous studies of Avery and, subsequently, those of Lancefield, are not type-specific to the same degree as the residue antibodies.

3. Immunization with dissolved residue alone leads to no antibody formation whatever. This residue, as indicated in several of our own previous studies, represents the haptophore group upon which specificity depends and which, in the simple process of solution, is disrupted from another substance together with which it represented a complete antigen in the antibody-forming sense.

4. The formation of specific antiresidue antibodies is apparently dependent upon the injection of morphologically formed elements, at least as far as experiment can determine at the present time; for, as in the pneumococcus experiments, the most available process of solution and the injection of all the materials so obtained from the whole bacteria fails to yield antiresidue antibodies, as though in the mere process of dissolving the residue haptophore group were dissociated from its association with the larger molecule to which, in the whole bacteria, it lends specificity.

5. While antiresidue antibodies are only formed when such undisrupted bacterial cell substances are present in the immunizing substance, immunization with whole bacteria, even when attempts are made to preserve them from solution by formalin, leads to the formation of both antiresidue and antinucleoprotein antibodies, probably because a certain amount of solution inevitably takes place after injection within the animal body.
THE ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

1. Intact pneumococci, possessing specific antigenic powers unimpaired by cultural or other procedures, give rise to agglutinins for organisms of the homologous type and to precipitins for the type-specific carbohydrate derived from them.

2. Solutions of pneumococci free of all formed elements, but containing the carbohydrate and protein of the original cell, fail to stimulate the formation of type-specific antibodies. Sera prepared in this manner do not react with the carbohydrate constituent of the cell and do not agglutinate organisms of the homologous type. The loss of this antigenic function is related to changes incurred during dissolution of the bacterial cell.

3. Solutions of the cellular substances of Pneumococcus, although lacking the specific antigen of the whole cell, induce the formation of antibodies reactive with pneumococcus protein regardless of the type from which the latter is derived.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF CELL CONSTITUENTS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Heidelberger Michael
Published: June 2004

In this paper the general immunological significance of the intact pneumococcus cell and of its protein and carbohydrate components is discussed.
STUDIES ON REGENERATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: June 2004

The regeneration of an extreme dilution of bacteriophage in a large volume of broth, as described by Gratia and De Kruif, is due to the influence of partial anaerobiosis upon the regeneration of the principle.

The influence of partial anaerobiosis upon regeneration of an extremely diluted bacteriophage was investigated in relation to different factors with the following results.

1. The

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expresses the degree of anaerobiosis necessary for regeneration of an extreme dilution of the bacteriophage. An increase in this ratio interferes with regeneration.

2. The regeneration of the highly diluted bacteriophage under partial anaerobiosis begins definitely at the 3rd hour of bacterial growth and is completed after about the 6th hour.

3. To obtain the full regeneration of an extreme dilution of bacteriophage it is sufficient to restrict for one hour the supply of air to a culture containing it, providing that this restriction be produced within the first 3 hours of the bacterial growth.
THE PRODUCTION OF PERSISTENT ALOPECIA IN RABBITS BY X-RAYS OF VARIOUS DEGREES OF HARDNESS
Authors: Clark Harry , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

1. The minimum dose of x-ray, of each of three degrees of hardness, required to produce persistent alopecia of the abdominal skin of normal white rabbits has been studied. 40 kilovolt rays filtered by 0.5 mm., 50 kilovolt rays filtered by 1 mm., and 70 kilovolt rays filtered by 1.5 mm. of aluminium were employed. The 70 kilovolt work is unfinished.

2. Under constant conditions of treatment, the animals were found to react with a high degree of consistency.

3. The values of the critical minimum doses expressed in terms of air ionization (pair of ions per gm. of air divided by 1015), for rays produced at 30, 40, 50, and 70 kilovolt peak, are 2.04, 3.7, 4.5, and over 5.1 respectively. The 30 kilovolt value is taken from a previous paper.

4. It is shown that the alopecia reaction does not run parallel to the erythema and pigmentation reactions.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BLOOD AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: Kubie Lawrence S. , Shults Gertrude M.
Published: June 2004

1. If due allowance is made for the slow rate of elaboration of cerebrospinal fluid and for the time that it takes for newly formed fluid to emerge from a needle in the cistema, the amount of sugar, chloride, and non-protein nitrogen in the fluid seems to follow in a general way their concentrations in the blood stream.

2. It is equally evident, however, that for any substance other factors besides its concentration in the blood stream play a part in its distribution between blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Heidelberger Michael , Goebel Walther F.
Published: June 2004

The chemical and immunological properties of the soluble specific substances of a strain of Friedländer's bacillus and Pneumococcus Type II are described and correlated, and the serological and antigenic similarity of these biologically unrelated organisms is discussed as an example of heterogenetic specificity among bacteria.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Goebel Walther F. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

1. Refinements in the methods for the isolation of the soluble specific substances of Types II and III pneumococcus are described.

These improvements have resulted in the isolation of the end-products in a form free from nitrogen and of enhanced activity with immune serum.

2. The soluble specific substance of Type I pneumococcus is described and shown to differ sharply from the corresponding substances of the other two types, each of which, in turn, differs from the other.

3. Progress is reported on the identification of the sugar units from which the polysaccharides are built up.

4. The evidence so far accumulated is believed to favor strongly the view that the polysaccharides isolated are the actual specific substances of Pneumococcus.
THE IMMUNIZING ANTIGEN OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Perlzweig William A. , Keefer Chester S.
Published: June 2004

Actively immunizing fractions of protein nature have been isolated from broth culture filtrates of Pneumococcus Type I by ultrafiltration, precipitation at a definite hydrion concentration, and the separation of a soluble picrate fraction. The method appears to be suitable for the initial purification of this antigen.
THE ALVEOLAR PORES OF PNEUMONIA
Authors: Miller William Snow
Published: June 2004

Evidence is seen in Fig. 1 that the alveoli are lined with a continuous epithelium.

In Fig. 2 there has been extensive shedding of the epithelium and broad sheets of fibrin are attached to the alveolar wall. On the right the exudate has escaped from both sides of the alveolar wall and the network of fibrin has begun to appear beneath the epithelium on its upper side. Owing, however, to the fact that the epithelium is still intact, though slightly raised from the surface, no pore has been formed.

In Fig. 3 the exudate has found its exit from a very definite point and has been converted into fibrin which radiates into the alveolus. No pore has resulted because the epithelium on the opposite side of the alveolus is still intact.

In Fig. 4 the epithelium has been pushed off from diametrically opposite sides of the alveolar wall and a pore has been formed with a thread of fibrin passing from one alveolus to an adjoining alveolus.

Pores are as numerous in edema due to mitral stenosis with in sufficiency of the valves as in pneumonia, but there are no threads of fibrin to direct attention to them.

This study confirms my previously expressed opinion-pores are not normal, preformed openings.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE BLOOD OF THE PRIMATES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Miller C. Philip
Published: June 2004

The bloods of twenty-one anthropoid apes have been examined serologically. It was found possible to assign each to one of the four human blood groups.

The isoagglutinogens of the anthropoids were found to be identical with those of human blood. These very same factors could not be demonstrated in the blood of the lower monkeys.

In the blood of the fourteen chimpanzees examined only the isoagglutinogen A has been found, whereas both A and B were present in the blood of the six orangs.

The significance of these findings for the knowledge of the human blood groups is discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF HIGH PROTEIN DIET ON THE KIDNEYS
Authors: Miller A. James
Published: June 2004

Seven groups of rats were fed on diets containing protein varying in amount from 1.36 to 40.13 per cent derived mainly from grain, casein, meat, and milk with carbohydrate, fat, and vitamines. From a number of animals one kidney was removed to double the load on the remaining one. The time of feeding was from 9 weeks to 6 months. Blood uric acid, blood urea nitrogen determinations, and microscopic examinations of the kidneys revealed no evidence of kidney damage. There was evidence of kidney hypertrophy consisting of increased weight of the kidney, large diameters of the capillary tufts, convoluted tubules, and kidneys in the animals receiving high protein diet. The nephrectomized animals that ate high protein had no kidney changes save hypertrophy and this amounted to an increase in weight of an average of 0.54 gm. or 85 per cent of the average weight of the right kidneys of the controls.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF OXALURIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS FERMENTATIVE ORIGIN
Authors: Baldwin Helen
Published: June 2004

1. As varying amounts of calcium oxalate may be held in solution in the urine, conclusions based upon the presence or number of calcium oxalate crystals found therein are of no real value as an indication of the quantity of oxalic acid present.

2. Unless the utmost care is exercised, the results obtained by quantitative estimation of oxalic acid are subject to large percentages of error. This is especially true in the use of Neubauer's or Shultzen's methods, in which the calcium oxalate is precipitated in an alkaline solution.

3. An ordinary mixed diet regularly contains traces of oxalic acid or its salts.

4. A portion of the oxalic acid ingested with the food may be absorbed and reappear unchanged in the urine.

5. The normal daily excretion of oxalic acid in the urine fluctuates with the amount taken in the food, and varies from a few milligrammes to two or three centigrammes, being usually below ten milligrammes.

6. In health, no oxalic acid, or only a trace, is formed in the body, but that present in the urine has been ingested with the food.

7. In certain clinical disturbances which in some of the cases studied above were associated with absence of free hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice, oxalic acid is formed in the organism.

8. This formation in the organism is connected with fermentative activity in the alimentary canal.

(a) The prolonged feeding of dogs with excessive quantities of glucose, together with meat, leads eventually to a state of oxaluria. (6) This experimental oxaluria is associated with a mucous gastritis, and with absence of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric contents.

(c) The oxaluria and the accompanying gastritis are referable to fermentation induced by the excessive feeding with sugar.

(d) The experimental gastritis from fermentation is associated with the formation of oxalic acid in the gastric contents.

9. The symptoms attributed to an oxalic acid diathesis, with the exception of those due to local irritation in the genitourinary tract, do not appear to be due to the presence in the system of soluble oxalates, but are more likely to depend on other products of fermentation and putrefaction.
A CASE OF GENERAL GASEOUS EMPHYSEMA WITH GAS CYSTS IN THE BRAIN FORMED AFTER DEATH AND DUE TO BACILLUS MUCOSUS CAPSULATUS, WITH A CONSIDERATION OF THE GAS-PRODUCING PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN MEMBERS OF THIS GROUP IN THE CADAVERS OF ANIMALS
Authors: Howard W. T.
Published: June 2004

In the case reported in this article there was septicæmia with special localization of the microorganisms in the brain, with gas cysts of the brain and general gaseous emphysema due to Bacillus mucosus capsulatus (aërogenes group).

The bacillus isolated from the organs of this case, as well as other members of the aërogenic group of Bacillus mucosus capsulatus can cause general gaseous emphysema in the cadavers of rabbits, either with or without the intravenous injection of sugar before the animal is killed, the gas, however, being most abundant and rapidly formed in the former case.

It is not impossible that some of the published cases of gaseous emphysema in which a bacteriological examination was not made, may have been due to members of the Bacillus mucosus capsulatus group.
ON THE RELATION OF CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL PANCREATITIS TO THE ISLANDS OF LANGERHANS AND TO DIABETES MELUTUS
Authors: Opie Eugene L.
Published: June 2004

(1) Congenital syphilitic pancreatitis retards the development of the glandular acini but does not affect the islands of Langerhans. Embedded in the stroma, but not invaded by it, the latter maintain their continuity with the small ducts and acini with which they have a common origin.

(2) Two types of chronic interstitial inflammation affecting the developed pancreas are distinguishable:

(a) Interlobular Pancreatitis.—In the interlobular variety the inflammatory process is localized chiefly at the periphery of the lobule and implicates the islands of Langerhans only when the sclerotic process has reached a very advanced grade. When pancreatitis has followed obstruction of the ducts, the islands long remain unaltered though embedded in dense scar-like tissue.

(b) Interacinar Pancreatitis.—In the interacinar type the process is diffuse, invading the lobules and separating individual acini. The inflammatory change invades the islands of Langerhans.

(3) A relationship has been observed between lesions of the islands of Langerhans and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus.

(a) In one of eleven cases of interlobular panereatitis diabetes of mild intensity occurred. The sclerosis, which in this case followed obstruction of the ducts by calculi, was far advanced and affected the islands of Langerhans.

(b) In two of three cases of interacinar pancreatitis, diabetes was present. The third case was associated with a condition, hæmochromatosis, which at a later stage is associated with diabetes, the result of pancreatic lesion.

(c) In a fourth case of diabetes, hyaline deposit between the capillaries and the parenchymatous cells had so completely altered the islands of Langerhans that they were no longer recognizable.
ALLOXURIC EXCRETION IN A CASE OF LEUCOPENIA
Authors: Hutchison Robert , Macleod J. J. R.
Published: June 2004

1. In the case investigated, one of Malta fever, the leucocytes were reduced to between 1500 and 3000 per cubic millimetre.

2. Notwithstanding this, the alloxur bodies and the phosphoric acid in the urine, the patient being on an alloxur-free diet, showed no distinct diminution from the normal.

3. The suggestion is made that this result may be due to the leucopenia being brought about by an increased destruction of leucocytes in the spleen rather than to a diminished activity of the bone-marrow.
NOTES UPON THE AGGLUTINATIONS OBTAINED BY INTRAPERITONEAL INSERTION OF CELLOIDIN CAPSULES CONTAINING BACILLI AND UPON A MODE OF PREPARING SUCH CAPSULES
Authors: McCrae John
Published: June 2004

1. Capsules made as described above allow dialysis, when placed in the peritoneal cavity.

2. The normal tissues, unstimulated, do not possess the power of causing agglutination; they do not require to be stimulated by the presence of the bacterial bodies, but will produce their share of the agglutinins when acted upon by the bacillary products.

3. Agglutination follows the insertion, in the peritoneal cavity, of "capsuled" bacilli; it gradually increases in degree, and on the removal of the capsule containing the bacilli, begins to disappear.

4. Varieties of bacilli, related closely in morphology and cultural reactions, do not, as a rule, produce serums which inter-agglutinate.
OBSERVATIONS ON A CASE OF CYCLIC ALBUMINURIA
Authors: Mendel Lafayette B. , Hooker Donald B.
Published: June 2004

The preceding observations record a new instance of the occurrence of cyclic albuminuria in an otherwise apparently healthy young man. The typical course of the proteid excretion from hour to hour under various conditions has been reviewed and its independence of the changes in diet or muscular work pointed out. No relationship between the volume of urine eliminated and the quantity of proteid excreted has been ascertained. The specific effect of the horizontal posture in dispelling the albuminuria is the most interesting feature observed. The attempt to refer this to attendant circulatory changes in the kidneys is, for the present, no more than an interesting speculation.

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THE ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE DYSENTERY IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Vedder E. B. , Duval C. W.
Published: June 2004

1. The several standard cultures used in this study are indistinguishable —a conclusion previously reached and stated by Flexner.

2. The acute dysentery of the United States is due to a bacillus indistinguishable from that obtained from the epidemics of dysentery in several other parts of the world.

3. The sporadic and the institutional outbreaks of acute dysentery are caused by the same microorganism, and this organism is identical with that causing epidemic acute dysentery.

4. The cause of acute dysentery, whether sporadic, institutional, or epidemic, is Bacillus dysenteriæ Shiga.
A STUDY OF THE CHANGES IN THE BLOOD AND BLOOD-FORMING ORGANS PRODUCED BY CYTOTOXIC SERA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HÆMOLYMPHOTOXIN
Authors: Woltmann Harro
Published: June 2004

(1) The cytotoxins are not specific.

(2) The changes occurring after the injection of different cytotoxins are similar and do not vary in kind.

(3) The changes do, however, vary in degree in the following order, the one having the most marked effect being placed first, etc.:

(a) Hæmolymphotoxin,

(b) Splenotoxin,

(c) Lymphotoxin,

(d) Endotheliotoxin,

(e) Nephrotoxin,

(f) Hepatotoxin.

(4) Nephrotoxin causes the most specific change.

(5) The hæmolymph glands play some important part in the production of eosinophiles. The hæmolytic action of hæmolymphotoxic serum is greater than that of other cytotoxic sera.

(6) The histological changes which are observed in every case are secondary to the hæmolytic factor present in all cytotoxic sera.
COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF ANTITOXIN HORSES. A STUDY OF THE RECORDS OF ONE HUNDRED HORSES IMMUNIZED TO DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, WITH COMPOSITE OF CURVES
Authors: Hubbert William R.
Published: June 2004

1. Better results in the production of diphtheria antitoxin can be obtained with greater experience in the selection of the most suitable type of horses to be used. Young animals are usually to be preferred. Over one-half of all such horses can be made to yield 300-unit serum, while a third will yield 5oo-unit serum.

2. High-test horses require a shorter time to immunize and will yield a potent serum for a longer period than will low-test horses.

3. The period of usefulness of an antitoxin horse is short, and on an average endures only a few months.

4. A horse having attained a maximal antitoxic height begins to suffer a decline in antitoxin, which is usually as rapid as the ascent has been, and is unaffected by subsequent injections of diphtheria toxin.
SOME QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE VIRULENCE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THEIR IMMUNIZING POWERS
Authors: Strong Richard P.
Published: June 2004

The virulent cholera spirillum possesses a greater number of bacteriolytic and agglutinable haptophore groups, or these groups are endowed with a greater avidity for uni- and amboceptors than the avirulent.

The number or the avidity of the bacteriolytic receptors possessed by a bacterium is directly proportional to its virulence.

However, the agglutinable receptors do not follow this law, i.e., the agglutinable haptophore groups are not necessarily present in the same proportion as the bactericidal ones.

While the energy of growth is a very important factor in relation to virulence, other phenomena must also be considered.

The virulent organism possesses a greater number of toxic haptophore groups than the avirulent.

The binding power of the free receptors of the organisms for bacteriolytic amboceptors in vitro is proportional to the bactericidal immunity produced in animals by each, which latter is in turn proportional to the virulence of the organisms from which the receptors were extracted. The binding power in vitro of the dead micro-organisms of different virulence for bacteriolytic amboceptors is not in proportion to their toxicity. The bactericidal immunity obtained by means of the inoculation with the dead organisms of different virulence, or their extracts obtained by autolytic digestion, is proportional to the virulence of the living strains of the bacteria employed.

With the living organisms, while the bactericidal immunity obtained from the inoculation of animals with the virulent organism is greater than that produced with the avirulent, such immunity is not in direct proportion to the virulence of the bacteria introduced.

These conclusions apply to the two strains of cholera spirilk employed in the foregoing experiments. Whether they will also hold good with other strains of this spirillum or for micro organisms in general, must be decided by further experimenta work.
ENZYMES AND ANTI-ENZYMES OF INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES
Authors: Opie Eugene L.
Published: June 2004

The serum of an inflammatory exudate has the power of inhibiting the action of proteolytic ferments contained in the leucocytes. This anti-enzymotic power is possessed by the blood serum from which it doubtless passes into the exudate.

In the later stages of inflammation there is some diminution of this anti-enzymotic action.

The anti-body contained in the serum is destroyed by a temperature of 75° C.

The proteolytic ferments of the leucocytes act both in an acid and in an alkaline medium but are most efficient in the latter. The anti-enzymotic action of the serum is favored by an alkaline reaction, but is completely lost in an acid medium.
TOXINS AND ANTITOXINS--SNAKE VENOMS AND ANTIVENINS
Authors: Madsen Th. , Noguchi H.
Published: June 2004

A specific antivenin against crotalus venom can be prepared bv the immunization of goats. A specific antivenin against water moccasin venom can be produced by the immunization of goats with this venom, modified by hydrochloric acid. Immunization with the unmodified venom is very difficult.

The toxicity of crotalus venom is diminished more than fifty percent. by passage through a Chamberland filter. There is a simple relation between the toxicity and the body weight for guinea-pigs weighing from 250 to 500 grams. Smaller guinea-pigs (125 grams) are comparatively less resistant. The toxicity is smaller by subcutaneous than by intraperitoneal injection (guinea-pigs), or by intravenous injection (rabbits). White rats are very resistant.

The toxicity of cobra venom is not measurably diminished by filtration through a Chamberland filter. The relation between the amount of venom and the corresponding time of death is very regular, and can be expressed by a curve of asymptotic nature. Lecithin does not increase the toxicity.

The tracings representing toxin-antitoxin neutralization for the three venoms (crotalus, cobra and moccasin) show deviation from the straight line. This deviation is most pronounced for the toxic quota of the venoms. The tracing representing crotalus venomantivenin neutralization, determined on guinea-pigs, can, within errors of experiment, be expressed by the equation:

Free toxin · Free antitoxin = K · toxin-antitoxin.

The corresponding tracing determined on rabbits is somewhat different, but both tracings are much more markedly curved than that for cobra venom-antivenin. The neutralization tracing of water moccasin venom shows the peculiarity, that small amounts of antivenin decrease the toxicity to a minimum, but the toxicity is again increased by further addition of antitoxin.

The tracing representing neutralization of the haemolysins of the three venoms are different from the tracings of neutralization of the toxins, and approach very closely to a straight line. Still, in all instances, the determinations with great concentrations of antilysin show pronounced deviation, perhaps due to some dissociation of the toxin-antitoxin combination.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BACTERIOLOGY OF RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Beattie James M.
Published: June 2004

The conclusions I would draw from this work are merely those stated in a former paper.

1. The results obtained by injections of streptococci are different from those produced by Micrococcus rheumaticus.

2. Micrococcus rheumaticus cannot be regarded as an attenuated streptococcus, nor acute rheumatism as an attenuated streptococcal pyæmia.

3. In uncomplicated cases of acute rheumatism the organism may not be found in the blood or in the joint exudates.
ON THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF THE NATIVE PROTEINS AND THE AGGLUTININS
Authors: Field Cyrus W. , Teague Oscar
Published: June 2004

1. Tetanolysin and antitetanolysin travel toward the cathode under the influence of an electric current.

2. The specific agg-lutinins are electro-positive.

3. The proteid matter of serum is not amphoteric but travels toward the cathode whether its reaction be acid, neutral, or alkaline.

4. The bacteria-agglutinin combination may be disassociated by means of the electric current.
HETEROTRANSPLANTATION OF BLOOD VESSELS PRESERVED IN COLD STORAGE
Authors: Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

The experiments show merely that blood vessels transplanted from dog to cat can act as arteries for seventy-seven days at least; and that having spent several days in cold storage does not interfere with their ordinary functions. The animals operated upon must, however, be kept under observation for several months, or, indeed, for several years, before any conclusion can be drawn concerning the practicability of this method of preservation and heterotransplantation of blood vessels.
RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE INJECTION OF PLACENTA INTO ANIMALS OF THE SAME AND OF DIFFERENT SPECIES
Authors: Frank Robert T.
Published: June 2004

The injection of rabbits' placenta into rabbits produces no isoprecipitins.

From the incomplete experiments performed it would appear that placental injections into animals of the same species cause no changes in the generative organs. Further research into this question will be pursued.

The injection of human placental nucleo-proteid, prepared from placental tissue made nearly blood free, does not produce an antiserum. This result confirms the conclusions of Pearce and Jackson, that nucleo-proteids act merely as mild toxic agents, without specific qualities.

The injection, into rabbits, of human placental tissue, rendered practically blood-free, fails to produce any specific reaction. This confirms the view that the serum reaction following the injection of cells into a foreign organism is largely due to the blood contained in the injected tissues.

The injection into rabbits, of the human placenta, made nearly blood-free, produces a weak " human reaction " which can be demonstrated by the reactions for precipitin, deflection of complement, agglutinin, and hemolysis. No specific placental reaction can be shown. This is in strict accord with the view that cytotoxines are not specific; that there is no morphological specificity.

The anti-sera obtained showed no cytolytic action; therefore no specific syncytiolytic action could be demonstrated.

If the information obtained in this investigation is applied to the theory of Halban, it will be noted that no experimental proof of the specific action of placental tissue upon the female generative organs could be demonstrated. The number of experiments performed, bearing upon this one point, were however too few to permit of a definite and final opinion.

The work dealing with Veit's ingenious hypothesis was more complete and carried out by many methods, which would necessarily act as a check upon one another. As the results of all these experiments were in complete harmony, I feel justified in making a positive statement that no experimental proof of a specific placental immune reaction can be demonstrated by our present biological methods. Whether Veit's hypothesis, thus deprived of its biological proof, must in consequence be discarded, is a question which I do not consider myself competent to answer.
MULTIPLE MYELOMA: A HISTOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF SIX CASES
Authors: Christian Henry A.
Published: June 2004

A histological study of six cases of myeloma shows a striking similarity of cell structure with differences of minor degree. The common characteristics of the cells are a finely granular, slightly basophilic cytoplasm, an eccentrically placed nucleus, a nucleolus, centrosomes, a nuclear membrane and a tendency to mural arrangement of the chromatin. With these characteristics there is a greater resemblance of the tumor cells to bone marrow plasma cells than to myelocytes. In most of the cases reported by other observers the cells show these characteristics and these tumors form a group within which the cells of individual cases show no greater variation than occurs in other tumor groups.
THE HISTOLOGICAL LESIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL GLANDERS
Authors: Duval Charles W. , White Percival G.
Published: June 2004

The bacillus of glanders may be so modified in virulence as to produce experimentally lesions differing widely in their histological features.

The highly virulent culture causes primary necrosis and disintegration of the tissue followed by the invasion of the injured area by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The bacilli of moderate virulence give rise to a primary lesion of an acute inflammatory nature in which the cells show no evidence of necrosis or disintegration. The attenuated bacilli produce primary tissue proliferation with the formation of epithelioid and giant cells.

There is every grade of lesion between the acute exudative and the chronic proliferative depending upon the toxicity of the cultures.

The glanders lesion whether exudative or proliferative is focal in character.

The strong toxins of the glanders bacilli cause degeneration or necrosis of cells and exudation, while the dilute and weak toxins produce proliferation.

The giant cell of glanders undoubtedly originates from the endothelial cell of the blood and lymph channels and is formed by division of the nucleus of the endothelial cell and not by cell fusion.

Histologically the lesion of glanders resulting from the culture of a low degree of virulence is proliferative and is analogous to tuberculosis; the lesions are focal and bear an intimate relation to the glanders bacillus.
EXPERIMENTAL LIVER NECROSIS; I. THE HEXON BASES
Authors: Jackson Holmes C. , Pearce Richard M.
Published: June 2004

1. The liver of the dog in which necrosis has been produced by injection of hæmatoxic immune sera is characterized in the less marked forms by a storing up of nitrogen in the persisting living cells, while in the diffuse forms the total nitrogen content is but slightly above the normal. This last is to be explained by the great diminution in persisting liver substance which limits the power of nitrogen accumulation.

2. In all forms of necrosis there occurs an absolute increase of nitrogen precipitable by phosphotungstic acid (hexon bases) but the percentage increase, in relation to total nitrogen, diminishes in those forms (focal) in which the products of autolysis may be readily carried off by the blood stream and greatly increases in the diffuse form with large areas in which the circulation is seriously impaired.

3. Although the absolute amount of nitrogen representing arginin and histidin varies, a relative increase is evident when this fraction is compared with the total diamino-nitrogen. This increase corresponds to the degree of necrosis and attendant circulatory disturbance and indicates that in necrosis as opposed to degeneration (Wakeman) arginin is not split up by arginase. The lysin also bears a definite relation to the total hexon nitrogen.

4. The diamino-nitrogen of the normal liver after autolysis in vitro shows a slight variable increase over that of the unautolyzed, while the necrotic livers showed a decided decrease.

5. The diamino-acid nitrogen of normal horse liver is only about one half of that of the dog; the relative proportion of the bases is about the same. In necrotic livers with amyloid the diamino-nitrogen is markedly increased which is in accord with Neuberg's observations on the high hexon base content of amyloid.
EXPERIMENTAL LIVER NECROSIS. V. THE FATS AND LIPOIDS
Authors: Jackson Holmes C. , Pearce Richard M.
Published: June 2004

1. Changes which occur in the fat content of the liver of dogs receiving hæmotoxic serum bear no relation to the degree of necrosis produced by this serum.

2. An increase in water content of the tissue seldom occurs, but where present is due to the nitrogenous autolysis rather than to the deposition of fat.

3. The appearance of fat in the cell is not associated with a decomposition of the proteid component of the compound fats, but rather to a simple splitting off of the fatty radical. This is shown by the slight variations occurring in the percentage nitrogen of the fat-free substance.

4. The iodine equivalent diminishes as the fat content increases. This would indicate that in the fatty changes which occur, fats other than those containing oleate radicals make their appearance.

5. The ratio of phosphorus to nitrogen in the alcohol-chloroform extract remains practically constant in all degrees of necrosis. Hence the substances of the protagon and jecorin type hold the same relation to the lecithins during the autolysis as they do normally.

6. In a general way it may be said that the results obtained in the microchemical staining of the fats with Scharlach R agree with those found by chemical extraction methods.
FURTHER INVESTIGATION UPON THE INFLUENCE OF ORGAN EXTRACTS OF COLD-BLOODED ANIMALS ON THE BLOOD PRESSURES
Authors: Joseph Don R.
Published: June 2004

1. None of the extracts examined are very potent in small doses. A noticeable effect, however, is produced upon the blood pressure by the extract of fifteen milligrams of shark testis.

2. A small dose of a five per cent. shark testis extract seems to show more pressor action than a larger dose of the same solution.

3. The fall of blood-pressure is due to a vaso-dilation.

4. After repeated (seven or eight) injections of almost any extract, an injection of more of the same extract, or of another extract, which would be rather potent as a "first" injection, causes very little if any response from the blood-pressure.

5. Continued boiling of an extract destroys the pressor substance.

6. The depressor action is then very pronounced and especially prolonged.

7. The depressor substance will dialyze.

8. The pressor and depressor substances cannot be separated by dialysis, because in the repeated sterilizations the pressor substance disappears.

9. The pressor and depressor substances cannot be separated by absolute alcohol, as each seems to be soluble. The solubility is not, however, very great, at least in the cold.

10. It seems impossible to separate the pressor and depressor substances by means of a difference in solubility in cold physiological salt solution, since the depressor substance is even more soluble in that solution than the pressor. And yet the depressor substance is not nearly all removed by this means, even though it is allowed to stand for some time.

11. After cutting the vagi, the recovery from the effect of the depressor substance is much more rapid than with the vagi intact. The amount of fall of blood-pressure is about equal in either case.

12. Extracts of the testis and pancreas of shark; of the testis and spleen of swordfish; and the spiral valve of dogfish show the presence of a pressor substance.

13. Extracts of the testis, spleen, pancreas and liver of shark; of the testis, liver, spleen and kidney of swordfish, and the spiral valve of dogfish show the presence of a depressor substance.

14. Extracts of shark ovary gave no result. I believe, however, that if sufficient of the parenchymatous tissue of the ovary had been obtained a result would have been given by this organ also.