bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planejamento familiar na perspectiva do desenvolvimento
Authors: Santos Júlio César dos , Freitas Patrícia Martins de
Published: April 2011

O presente ensaio tem como objetivo analisar criticamente as limitações atuais do planejamento familiar aplicado na saúde pública e propor mudanças considerando o modelo das ciências sociais aplicadas à saúde e a perspectiva do desenvolvimento familiar. A proposta deste trabalho surgiu do elevado número de mulheres que solicitara o auxílio maternidade na região do Recôncavo da Bahia no ano de 2006. Através da análise das variáveis e dos métodos envolvidos no planejamento familiar, foi possível verificar as seguintes falhas: responsabilidade e participação exclusiva das mulheres, foco no indivíduo, o número de filhos como principal meta do planejamento, modelo biológico, desconsideração dos aspectos socioculturais. Neste ensaio, apresentamos a proposta de planejamento familiar na perspectiva do desenvolvimento, que será testada como modelo de intervenção em um estudo futuro.
Perfil e desfecho clínico de pacientes em lista de espera por transplante renal, Belo Horizonte (MG, Brasil), 2000-2005
Authors: Machado Elaine Leandro , Cherchiglia Mariângela Leal , Acúrcio Francisco de Assis
Published: April 2011

Trata-se de um estudo observacional, longitudinal, que teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil dos pacientes inscritos na lista de espera para transplante renal entre 1º/01/2000 e 31/12/2004 em Belo Horizonte (MG) e seu desfecho clínico em 31/12/2005. Dados sociodemográficos e clínicos de pacientes residentes em Belo Horizonte, maiores de 18 anos, foram coletados na Central Estadual de Transplantes de MG. Realizaram-se entrevistas com profissionais vinculados ao processo regulatório de transplantes para relato das dificuldades de acesso a esse procedimento. Foram feitas análises descritivas, comparativas dos dados secundários e qualitativa das entrevistas. Inscreveram-se 835 pacientes. No final do estudo, 22,7% foram transplantados, 15,6% foram a óbito, 15,4% foram desligados e 46,2% permaneciam na fila de espera. Pacientes transplantados eram mais jovens e ativos profissionalmente, apresentaram mais frequentemente grupo sanguíneo A, glomerulonefrites como causa da insuficiência renal crônica, menor prevalência de diabetes e menor tempo do início da diálise à entrada na lista do que pacientes não transplantados. Variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas influenciam o acesso ao transplante renal, considerado um processo complexo que tem determinantes desde a atenção básica até a obtenção do rim.
O papel dos eventos de vida em mães de crianças desnutridas: o outro lado da desnutrição
Authors: Nudelmann Carmen , Halpern Ricardo
Published: April 2011

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a história de vida de mães de crianças desnutridas e as possíveis relações com fatores sociodemográficos e psicossociais. Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado em unidade básica de saúde em Porto Alegre (RS) com 82 mães de crianças desnutridas. Usou-se um questionário estruturado com variáveis sociodemográficas referentes à gestação e relacionadas à história de vida das mães. Realizaram-se análise descritiva e o teste Qui-quadrado para verificar possíveis associações entre as variáveis selecionadas. As mães apresentaram baixa escolaridade, baixa renda familiar, são multíparas, sofreram maus-tratos, experiências negativas com familiar alcoolista (67%) e privação afetiva infantil (65%); rejeitaram a gravidez do filho desnutrido (70%); faltou apoio do companheiro na gestação e pós-parto; 70% relataram sintomas depressivos no período gestacional e em torno de 60% destas apresentaram os mesmos sintomas no pós-parto. Verificou-se diferença na proporção de mães que sofreram maus-tratos na infância e rejeição da gravidez (p<0,001), sintomas depressivos na gravidez e pós-parto (p<0,001). O estudo identificou na história de vida dessas mães fatores que, além da situação de desvantagem social e financeira, apresentam elementos para a formação de fraco vínculo mãe-bebê, contribuindo para a desnutrição.
Avaliação da atividade antiinflamatória do coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.) em roedores
Authors: Zanusso-Junior G , Melo J.O , Romero A.L , Dantas J.A , Caparroz-Assef S.M , Bersani-Amado C.A , Cuman R.K.N
Published: April 2011

Coriandrum sativum L. (Umbelliferae), conhecido popularmente por coentro, é uma planta doméstica cultivada nas diversas partes do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. As folhas e frutos do coentro são utilizados como condimento em culinária e na medicina popular como analgésica, antirreumática, carminativa e colagoga. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento com o óleo essencial (OEC) e o extrato hidroalcóolico (EHC) do coentro em modelos experimentais de inflamação em roedores. A atividade antiinflamatória do coentro foi avaliada por meio dos testes de pleurisia em ratos e formação do edema de orelha em camundongos. A pleurisia foi induzida pela carragenina em animais tratados ou não com EHC. O edema de orelha induzido pela aplicação tópica de óleo de cróton e a atividade da mieloperoxidase foi avaliada em camundongos tratados ou não com OEC ou EHC. No teste da pleurisia o tratamento com EHC promoveu significativa diminuição no edema pleural, mas não sobre a migração leucocitária. Além disso, diferentemente ao observado com o tratamento com OEC, o uso tópico de EHC diminui significativamente o edema de orelha e a migração celular induzidos pela aplicação do óleo de cróton. Os dados indicam que EHC apresenta atividade antiinflamatória quando administrado pelas via oral e tópica, enquanto que OEC não apresenta atividade antiinflamatória tópica.
Essential oil yield and composition of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizomes after different drying periods
Authors: Dabague I.C.M , Deschamps C , Mógor A.F , Scheer A.P , Côcco L
Published: April 2011

Ginger production in Paraná State, Brazil, has predominated in Morretes Municipality, with around 300 ha cultivated area. The aim of this work was to evaluate the essential oil yield and composition of ginger rhizomes produced in Morretes and subjected to different drying periods at room temperature. Experimental design was completely randomized, in a 5x5 factorial arrangement, with four replicates (four plants each), five origins and five drying periods at room temperature (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days). The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type device for 3h and the constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The drying of ginger rhizomes at room temperature for up to 60 days decreased the essential oil yield in most origins. Geranial and neral levels were higher in all origins and as drying periods were longer. Geraniol and geranyl acetate levels decreased after drying in all origins, as well as eucalyptol, camphene, zingiberene and β-bisabolene in most origins.
Genetic variability in the peach palm genebank with RAPD markers
Authors: Araújo Michelly de Cristo , Rodrigues Doriane Picanço , Astolfi Filho Spartaco , Clement Charles Roland
Published: April 2011

Peach palm is a native Amazonian fruit species with broad genetic diversity in its wild and domesticated populations. This study completed the molecular characterization and genetic analysis of the accessions in the Peach Palm genebank, Brazil, using RAPD markers. Eight primers generated 132 markers, of which 128 were polymorphic. Average heterozigosity was 0.35, with 95.5% polymorphism. The genetic variability within the landraces (H S) was 0.32, while genetic divergence (G ST) was 0.09 among the four well-represented landraces. The average gene flow was 5.0, with high gene flow between the Solimões and Pampa Hermosa (Nm=10.07), and between the Putumayo and Solimões (Nm=10.73) landraces, all western landraces. The dendrograms of the Nei's and Rogers' genetic distances of the well-represented landraces presented similar groupings to previous analyses, with the Solimões, Putumayo and Pampa Hermosa landraces grouped together in western Amazonia, and distant from the Pará landrace in central and eastern Amazonia.
Genetic study with Heliconia psittacorum and interspecific hybrids
Authors: Rocha Francisco Herverton Albuquerque , Loges Vivian , Costa Andreza Santos da , Aragão Fernando Antônio Souza de , Santos Venézio F
Published: April 2011

A genetic study of seven cultivars of H. psittacorum and Heliconia interspecific hybrids was carried out. The heritability estimate and genetic variation coefficient were highest for stem diameter (SD) (99.32% and 56.90%, respectively) and for CVg/CVe (1.85), indicating a favorable situation for selection. The genetic correlations of SD with days to inflorescence emergence (DIE) (0.64), period from shoot emergence to stem cut (CYCLE) (0.63) and stem weight (SW) (0.96) showed that the time from inflorescence emergence to cut is longer and the stem weight is greater for genotypes with larger stem diameter. Inflorescence length (IL), SD and DIE were the most important traits, accounting for 99.55% of the total variation. For SD and IL, the repeatability values exceeded 0.60 and for SD, SW, DIE and IL the coefficients of determination exceeded 93%.
Breeding methods and history of bean cultivars released in CBAB - Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology
Authors: Moreira Sarah Ola , Silva Marcelo G. de Morais , Rodrigues Rosana , Viana Alexandre Pio , Pereira Messias Gonzaga
Published: April 2011

Common bean is a staple food of great economic and social importance and breeding programs are being carried out in different institutions in Brazil and abroad. Aiming to determine how many new cultivars were presented in the journal CBAB - Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology and which breeding methods were used to develop the new genotypes, a historical survey of CBAB from 2001 to 2008 was carried out. During this period, 23 new common bean cultivars were described in CBAB, of which all but two that were bred at universities had been developed by public research institutes. The most commonly used breeding method was the pedigree, followed by bulk and the single pod descent (SPD) method. Since the preference of Brazilian consumers for carioca and black grain beans is noticeable, most bean breeders in the country have focused their research on these two bean types.
The role and competence of temporary works coordinators
Authors: Marples Frank
Published: April 2011

The role and competence of temporary works coordinators is not clearly defined in BS 5975. Frank Marples of Vinci Construction sets out to provide a definition and, while recognising that some engineering knowledge is necessary, shows it is not essential that the appointed individual is a chartered civil engineer – technician engineers can be just as effective.
M25 Bell Common tunnel refurbishment: faster, leaner, safer
Authors: Tomkins John
Published: April 2011

The 500 m long cut-and-cover Bell Common tunnel was opened in 1984 as part of the M25 London orbital motorway. This paper describes a recent £90 million refurbishment to bring the tunnel up to European directive standards, including the replacement of all mechanical, electrical, operational and communication systems and the installation of passive fire protection. The project drew on lessons from a similar refurbishment of the nearby M25 Holmesdale tunnel, which was completed by the same team in 2007. Using the same principles of lean construction, the Bell Common project finished ahead of programme, below target cost and with minimal disruption to the 85 million vehicles which passed through the tunnel during the works.
Seismic strengthening of reinforced concrete frames by precast concrete panels
Authors: Baran M. , Okuyucu D. , Susoy M. , Tankut T.
Published: April 2011

An innovative occupant-friendly retrofitting technique has been developed for reinforced concrete (RC)-framed structures which constitute the major portion of the existing building stock. The idea is to convert the existing hollow brick infill wall into a load-carrying system acting as a cast-in-place concrete shear wall by reinforcing it with relatively thin high-strength precast concrete panels epoxy bonded to the plastered infill wall and epoxy connected to the frame members. In this study, results of 11 one-third scale, one-bay, one-storey RC frames, tested by the authors, having the deficiencies commonly observed in residential buildings in Turkey, tested under reverse-cyclic lateral loading until failure are given in detail. It was clearly observed that the seismic performance indicators such as strength, lateral stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of the strengthened frames were significantly improved by the proposed technique.
Strain gradient effect in RC elements subjected to torsion
Authors: Jeng Chyuan-Hwan , Peng Xiaoning , Wong Y. L.
Published: April 2011

The strain gradient effect of two-dimensional (2D) constitutive models of softened concrete used in three-dimensional (3D) torsion problems has never been addressed. The latest 2D theoretical model for reinforced concrete (RC) membrane elements in shear, the softened membrane model (SMM), was recently applied to analyse the torsion of RC members to create a new theory called the softened membrane model for torsion (SMMT). The SMMT framework makes it possible to identify and quantify the strain gradient effect of concrete in RC torsional beams for the first time. Two amplification factors, λ and μ, for the pre-cracking stiffness and the strain at peak stress of the tensile stress–stress relationship of concrete, and a reduction factor R for Poisson's ratio (Hsu/Zhu ratio) v12 are proposed and used in the SMMT. This paper describes the quantification of the two amplification factors and the reduction factor, and discusses and interprets the physical meanings behind the amplification and reduction. This paper also uses the SMMT originally quantified for RC torsional beams to analyse an experiment on RC wall specimens under torsion, and compares the SMMT analytical results with experimental data to demonstrate the physical significance of the SMMT in detail.
Fermentability and Nutritive Value of Corn and Forage Sorghum Silage When in Mixture with Lablab Bean
Authors: Contreras‐Govea Francisco , Marsalis Mark , Angadi Sangamesh , Smith Gerald , Lauriault L. M. , VanLeeuwen Dawn
Published: April 2011

Intercropping legumes with nonlegume crops has shown benefits in improving dry matter (DM) yield, but additional information is needed when crop mixtures are ensiled. This study assessed the fermentation characteristics of forage corn silage (Zea mays L.) (CS) and forage sorghum silage [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (FS) when mixed with different proportions of lablab bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] (LB). Corn, FS, and LB were grown in separate fields at two locations in 2009. At each location, crops were cut and chopped separately and taken to the laboratory for ensiling. Six mixtures were handmade on a percentage fresh weight basis for each CS–LB and FS–LB combination, including (i) 100:0, (ii) 90:10, (iii) 75:25, (iv) 50:50, (v) 25:75, and (vi) 0:100. For each mixture, a 1‐L glass jar (mini‐silo) was filled with 500 g of fresh material, with four jars per treatment. Forage in mini‐silos was fermented for 60 d at room temperature (25°C). Analysis was conducted for nutritive value and fermentation characteristics. The greatest impact of mixing LB with CS or FS was on crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations, with no significant impact on neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Averaging across CS and FS, CP concentration increased from 87 to 173 g kg−1 and ADF concentration from 253 to 306 g kg−1 as LB increased from 0 to 75% in the mixture. Increasing LB in the mixture also increased other constituents, such as pH and lactic and acetic acid concentrations. Adding LB to CS or FS for silage can have a positive effect on the final nutritive value, but additional research is needed to assess the impact in cattle.
Diversity and Population Structure in a Geographic Sample of Tomato Accessions
Authors: Labate Joanne A. , Sheffer Susan M. , Balch Teri , Robertson Larry D.
Published: April 2011

Domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) dispersed out of Latin America nearly 500 yr ago, but little is known about its global patterns of genetic diversity. To gain insight into these patterns we assembled a panel of 30 accessions that sampled five major geographic regions. All accessions were evaluated for highly heritable horticultural traits and nutritional content. Lycopene (mean = 10.41 ug g−1), total soluble solids (mean Brix = 6.03%), and vitamin C (mean = 50.77 ug ml−1) varied two‐ to three‐fold among accessions. Lycopene was somewhat low while Brix was typical of tomato varieties. Amplicons from 49 genes (22.9 kbp in total) were sequenced in two plants per accession. Nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00112) was slightly lower than a panel of landraces but higher than a set of fresh‐market and processing varieties. South America was the only region with a significantly higher mean π relative to the other geographic regions. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of gene frequencies showed that large fractions of the total variation were partitioned into accessions within regions (36%) and individuals within accessions (61%). Therefore, targeted sampling of accessions and individual plants, irrespective of geographic source, is an optimal strategy to obtain diverse genotypes. Population structure analysis defined two clusters that were not associated with a priori groups. South American germplasm is promising as a source of new alleles but no geographic region should be viewed as a poor source of tomato genetic variation.
Wear Tolerance Mechanisms in Agrostis Species and Cultivars
Authors: Dowgiewicz J. , Ebdon J. S. , DaCosta M. , Dest W. D.
Published: April 2011

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) and velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina L.) are important turfgrass for golf putting greens. Investigations into wear tolerance mechanisms are limited in Agrostis The objective of this study was to evaluate anatomical, morphological, and physiological characteristics in Agrostis species and cultivars and relate these to wear tolerance. Seven A. stolonifera and seven A. canina cultivars were evaluated for response to wear. Wear was applied using a grooming brush over two spring and fall periods. Interspecific differences accounted for 98% of the variation in wear tolerance, with velvet bentgrass exhibiting better tolerance. Ten characteristics were measured on greenhouse‐grown spaced‐plants established from field plots. Characteristics included tiller density, tiller dry weight, tiller water content, leaf width, leaf strength, leaf angle, tiller angle, and cell wall constituents (total cell wall [TCW], hemicellulose, and lignocellulose). Depending on the year and season, multiple regression analysis showed TCW accounted for 62.8 to 79.9% of the total variation in wear tolerance followed by tiller density accounting for 53.6 to 66.9% and tiller angle accounting for 75.9% of the variation. SR‐7200 was lowest in wear tolerance among velvet bentgrass and exhibited lower cell wall components, lower tiller density, and a more decumbent tiller (and leaf) angle, which was consistent with the lower responses observed in A. stolonifera
Seasonal Fluctuation of Ergovaline and Total Ergot Alkaloid Concentrations in Tall Fescue Regrowth
Authors: Rogers Wendi M. , Roberts Craig A. , Andrae John G. , Davis David K. , Rottinghaus George E. , Hill Nicholas S. , Kallenbach Robert L. , Spiers Don E.
Published: April 2011

Common cultivars of tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort = Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] host a fungal endophyte that produces ergot alkaloids. These alkaloids are linked to fescue toxicosis, a serious livestock disorder in the United States. This study was conducted to determine how ergot alkaloid concentrations fluctuate throughout the growing season in tall fescue regrowth. In 2005, plots were established in pastures of endophyte‐infected tall fescue growing in Missouri, Georgia, and South Carolina. Each month of the growing season, plots were clipped and forage allowed to regrow; regrowth was sampled from April through October 2006 and analyzed for ergovaline and total ergot alkaloid concentrations. At all three sites, ergovaline concentration was lowest during the spring, increasing slightly through the summer months and then sharply in the early autumn. This pattern of ergovaline fluctuation did not mimic data published from experiments in which tall fescue was grazed or was allowed to grow without defoliation. Total ergot alkaloid concentration followed a bimodal curve, with highest concentration in the spring and fall and lowest concentration in the summer. We conclude that common cultivars of endophyte‐infected tall fescue should be regarded as highly toxic in the autumn and less toxic in the summer, even if pastures are clipped. We also conclude that the toxicity potential of tall fescue regrowth in the spring depends on which ergot alkaloids prove most responsible for fescue toxicosis.
Diurnal Variations of Nonstructural Carbohydrates and Nutritive Value in Alfalfa
Authors: Morin Chantale , Bélanger Gilles , Tremblay Gaëtan F. , Bertrand Annick , Castonguay Yves , Drapeau Raynald , Michaud Réal , Berthiaume Robert , Allard Guy
Published: April 2011

Increasing the nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration of forages improves N use efficiency by dairy cows. We studied the diurnal variations of NSC concentration and other nutritive value attributes in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to determine the best time during the day to cut alfalfa for maximizing NSC concentration. Field‐grown alfalfa was cut every 2 h between 0600 and 2000 h on six different days around the early flower stage of development during spring growth and summer regrowth at two sites in eastern Canada. Concentrations of NSC [soluble carbohydrates (SC) plus starch], neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and N, along with in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of dry matter (DM) and in vitro digestibility of NDF were determined. The NSC concentration increased during the day in all growth cycles and sites due mostly to an increase in starch concentration. The diurnal increase of NSC concentration, however, varied with growth cycles and sites from 15.5 to 41.9 g kg−1 DM, and it was accompanied by a decrease of 1 to 2 g kg−1 DM in N concentration. At the site where the increase in alfalfa NSC concentration was greater than 30 g kg−1 DM, concentrations of ADF and NDF also decreased by 9 to 27 g kg−1 DM while IVTD increased by 3 to 16 g kg−1 DM. Greatest NSC concentrations were reached between 11 and 13 h after sunrise and the best time during the day to cut alfalfa for maximizing NSC concentration in eastern Canada is between 1600 and 1800 h.
Genetic Diversity in White‐ and Orange‐Fleshed Sweetpotato Farmer Varieties from East Africa Evaluated by Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
Authors: Tumwegamire S. , Rubaihayo P. R. , LaBonte D.R. , Diaz F. , Kapinga R. , Mwanga R. O. M. , Grüneberg W. J.
Published: April 2011

Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] farmer varieties are still the backbone of production and breeding programs in Sub‐Sahara Africa. Usually, farmer varieties in Sub‐Sahara Africa are white‐ or cream‐fleshed sweetpotato (WFSP), but recently orange‐fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) were found in East Africa. The objective of the study was to characterize WFSP and OFSP germplasm from East Africa. Eighty‐five East African farmer varieties (29 OFSPs and 56 WFSPs) and seven varieties of non‐African origin as check clones were analyzed for diversity using 26 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 158 alleles were scored with an average of 6.1 alleles per SSR loci. The mean of Jaccard's similarity coefficients was 0.54. The unweighted pair group method analysis (UPGMA) revealed a main cluster for East Africa germplasm at a similarity coefficient of 0.52. At a similarity coefficient of about 0.55 subclusters within the East African germplasm were observed, but these were neither country nor flesh color specific. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) found a significant difference between East African and non‐African germplasm and a nonsignificant difference between OFSP and WFSP germplasm. In conclusion, the East African germplasm appears to be distinct from non‐African germplasm, and OFSP and WFSP farmer varieties from East Africa are closely related. Orange‐fleshed sweetpotato farmer varieties from East Africa might show similar adaptation to Sub‐Sahara African environments as WFSP and a big potential in alleviating vitamin A deficiency.
Freezing Tolerance and Carbohydrate Changes of Two Agrostis Species during Cold Acclimation
Authors: Espevig Tatsiana , DaCosta Michelle , Hoffman Lindsey , Aamlid Trygve S. , Tronsmo Anne Marte , Clarke Bruce B. , Huang Bingru
Published: April 2011

Field trials at two locations in Norway previously demonstrated differences in winter survival between two Agrostis species used for turf, velvet bentgrass (VB; A. canina L.) and creeping bentgrass (CB; A. stolonifera L.). The objectives of this study were to compare freezing tolerance and crown carbohydrate composition of VB and CB. We also compared a direct and two indirect methods of measurements of freezing tolerance. Treatments consisted of: (i) nonacclimated (NA); (ii) acclimation at 2°C for 2 wk (A2); (iii) acclimation at 2°C for 4 wk (A4); and (iv) acclimation at 2°C for 4 wk plus subzero acclimation at −2°C for 2 wk (A4+SZA2). Crowns were harvested for determination of carbohydrates and freezing tolerance. Freezing tolerance (lethal temperature for 50% of the test population [LT50]) was based on whole plant survival (WPS), 2,3,5‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction, and electrolyte leakage (EL). There was no significant difference in freezing tolerance between VB and CB. The LT50 based on WPS was significantly lower for plants exposed to A2 (−12.7°C), A4 (−14.5°C), and A4+SZA2 (−14.6°C) compared to the NA control treatment (−8.4°C). The concentrations of fructans and sucrose were significantly higher in A2 compared to NA plants of both species, but only fructans continued to increase at A4. The LT50 based on TTC reduction showed better correlation with LT50 based on WPS compared to LT50 values based on EL.
Stacking Resistance Alleles from Wild and Domestic Soybean Sources Improves Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance
Authors: Kim Myungsik , Hyten David L. , Niblack Terry L. , Diers Brian W.
Published: April 2011

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is the most economically important soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pathogen in the United States. Field SCN populations are adapting to the narrowly based SCN resistance currently deployed in soybean cultivars. The objective of our research was to measure the effects of combinations of SCN resistance genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) from the wild soybean (Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc.) PI 468916 and the domesticated soybean accessions PI 88788 and PI 437654. Two populations were developed to test the combinations of QTL and genes. Both populations segregated for the G. soja resistance QTL cqSCN‐006 and cqSCN‐007. Population 1 also segregated for resistance from PI 88788 and Population 2 segregated for resistance from PI 437654. The populations were tested for resistance to three SCN isolates in a greenhouse and with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In both populations, the two G. soja resistance alleles significantly increased SCN resistance compared with the alternative alleles. The SCN resistance alleles rhg1 and Rhg4 from PI 437654 and rhg1‐b from PI 88788 also significantly increased resistance compared with the alternative alleles. The two G. soja QTL alleles significantly enhanced the resistance derived from PI 88788. These results show that SCN resistance can be increased through stacking genes and QTL from multiple resistance sources.
Bermudagrass and Buffalograss Drought Response and Recovery at Two Soil Depths
Authors: Steinke K. , Chalmers D. , Thomas J. , White R.
Published: April 2011

Drought responsive turfgrass cultivars are becoming increasingly important in water conservation. Eight cultivars of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], one cultivar of buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.], and two root‐zone depths were evaluated for drought response and recovery during consecutive 60‐d drought and 60‐d recovery periods over 2 yr. Individual cultivar responses to drought and post‐drought recovery time were quantified through digital image analysis as the number of days to decrease to or increase to 50% green ground cover, respectively. No grass survived the 60‐d drought when planted on the restricted 10‐cm soil depth in 2006 or 2007, while all entries survived when planted on the unrestricted native soil depth. Both study years provided unique conditions for investigating drought response as the mean time to reach 50% green ground cover differed by 17 d between the 2 yr of study. Some cultivars lost 50% green ground cover in 20 d while other cultivars lasted the entire 60‐d drought period without losing 50% green ground cover. Post‐drought turfgrass recovery responses differed by as much as 45 d in achieving 50% green ground cover. Documenting individual cultivar responses to drought and recovery may provide perspective on individual grass cultivars that may initiate poor irrigation management behavior due to early leaf firing as well as refine consumer expectations following drought conditions.
Developing Cold‐Chipping Potato Varieties by Silencing the Vacuolar Invertase Gene
Authors: Wu Lei , Bhaskar Pudota B. , Busse James S. , Zhang Ruofang , Bethke Paul C. , Jiang Jiming
Published: April 2011

Accumulation of reducing sugars during cold storage is a persistent and costly problem for the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) processing industry. High temperature processing of potato tubers with elevated amounts of reducing sugars results in potato chips, fries, and other products that are unacceptable to consumers because of their bitter taste and unappealing dark color. More problematically, such products contain increased amounts of acrylamide, a neurotoxin and a potential carcinogen. We have demonstrated that silencing of the potato vacuolar acid invertase gene VInv can prevent reducing sugar accumulation in cold‐stored tubers. Using this approach we developed VInv silencing lines using RNA interference (RNAi) from four potato cultivars grown currently for potato chip production in North America. Accumulation of reducing sugars during cold storage was reduced by ∼93% or more in all RNAi lines that had >90% reduction of VInv transcript. Potato chips produced from these lines were light colored and significantly lower in acrylamide than controls. Changes in growth and tuber yield were not associated with VInv suppression using RNAi. We demonstrate that silencing of VInv is an effective approach to control the cold‐induced sweetening problem in potato.
DNA Polymorphisms at Bermudagrass Microsatellite Loci and Their Use in Genotype Fingerprinting
Authors: Kamps Terry L. , Williams Neil R. , Ortega Victor M. , Chamusco Karen C. , Harris‐Shultz Karen , Scully Brian T. , Chase Christine D.
Published: April 2011

The turf‐type bermudagrasses include diploidCynodon transvaalensisBurtt Davy, tetraploidC. dactylon(L.) Pers., and sterile triploid hybrids produced by crosses of these species. The objective of this study was to develop a set of microsatellite markers that could distinguish among commercially important turf‐type cultivars. A genomic library enriched for the [CA/GT]nrepeat motif was constructed from DNA of the ‘Tifway’ hybrid and sequenced to identify microsatellite regions. Twenty‐five microsatellite‐flanking primer sets were developed and used to genotype two plant introductions and 12 turf‐type cultivars. These primer sets produced an average of 10 amplicons across the 14 DNA templates. Sequences of selected amplicons revealed polymorphism resulting from expansion and/or contraction of the microsatellite and from indel mutations in the microsatellite flanking regions. As few as two primer sets were sufficient to differentiate all unrelated introduction lines and cultivars. The primer sets failed to distinguish among closely related cultivars developed by selection of natural variants, but one primer set uniquely distinguished the cultivar TifEagle from its irradiated parent cultivar. These genomic microsatellites were not derived from gene coding sequences and will supplement the existing expressed sequence tag (EST)‐based bermudagrass microsatellites. They will be most useful for evaluating the genetic diversity ofCynodonaccessions and distinguishing among cultivars that exploit this diversity.
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Grain Arabinoxylan Concentration in Bread Wheat
Authors: Nguyen Van‐Lam , Huynh Bao‐Lam , Wallwork Hugh , Stangoulis James
Published: April 2011

Arabinoxylans (AX) are prebiotics found naturally in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour with well known beneficial effects on human health. Arabinoxylan concentration was measured in wheat grain of the Berkut × Krichauff doubled haploid (DH) population grown at two contrasting environments in South Australia; one at an adequate‐rainfall site in Roseworthy in 2009 and one at a low‐rainfall site in Minnipa in 2007. A linkage map of 528 genetic markers was used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. There was wide variation in the grain AX concentrations within the DH population in both environments, ranging from 5.4 to 8.5% (of dry weight), and there was a significant phenotypic correlation between two environments. Heritability was estimated as 0.51. Quantitative trait loci associated with grain AX concentrations were located on chromosomes 1A, 2A, 3D, 4D, 6B, and 7A. Quantitative trait loci on 2A (QGax.aww‐2A.1) and 4D (QGax.aww‐4D.1) had major effects. At QGax.aww‐2A.1, the favorable allele came from Berkut, while at QGax.aww‐4D.1, the favorable allele was derived from Krichauff. Effects of markers at these two QTLs were further validated using grain from more environments (Roseworthy, Minnipa, and Booleroo, South Australia, in 2006). In all cases, lines carrying both favorable alleles at those loci contributed a significant increase in wheat grain AX concentration compared to lines without the favorable alleles. These genome regions could therefore be useful targets for wheat breeding or mapping of candidate genes controlling grain AX accumulation.
Biomass Yield and Cell Wall Composition of Corn with Alternative Morphologies Planted at Variable Densities
Authors: Hansey Candice N. , de Leon Natalia
Published: April 2011

The demand for biofeedstocks is increasing with the growth of the biofuel industry. Mutations such as grassy tillers1 (gt1), which increase the number of primary lateral branches (tillers) from below ground nodes, as well as Corngrass1 (Cg1), which alters cell wall composition, are hypothesized to increase theoretical ethanol yield on a per hectare basis. To test this, gt1 isogenic hybrids and Cg1 hybrids were evaluated at two densities (20,000 and 70,000 plants ha−1). Stover samples were collected at grain physiological maturity and evaluated for cell wall composition. The effect of density treatment was significant for grain, stover, whole plant yield, and acid detergent lignin (ADL) on the whole data set (p = 0.05). Negative correlations were observed between stover yield and cell wall composition traits, while positive correlations were observed among compositional traits. The Cg1 hybrids were the lowest yielding hybrids and had higher ADL than the commercial checks. Tiller number was positively correlated with grain, stover, and whole plant yield at the low density. Homozygous gt1/gt1 hybrids planted at low density were not different than their wild‐type counterparts planted at high density for stover yield. The ability of tillering plants to equate biomass production of their wild‐type counterparts at nearly four times higher density demonstrates the utility in exploring alternative plant morphologies in an effort to meet the needs of the biofuel industry.
Water Storage in Putting Greens Constructed with United States Golf Association and Airfield Systems Designs
Authors: McInnes Kevin J. , Thomas James C.
Published: April 2011

This research was conducted to facilitate utilization of the widely accepted United States Golf Association (USGA) recommendations for physical properties of root zone mixtures when designing a putting green using geotextile atop Airfield Systems' AirDrain in place of the standard gravel drainage layer. Water storages in greens that utilized geotextile atop AirDrain as the drainage structure were compared with water storage in standard USGA‐design greens constructed with gravel drainage. Three root zone mixture treatments were combined with four geotextile‐atop‐AirDrain drainage treatments and three gravel drainage treatments to cover a range of possible combinations of materials for construction of a putting green. Each root zone drainage treatment was replicated three times in small test greens. After irrigation that produced drainage, water tensions at the bottom of the root zones of greens constructed with geotextile atop AirDrain were, on average, 56 mm water less than those in test greens constructed with gravel. As a consequence of the differences in tensions, about 12 mm (∼1/2 inch) more water was stored in root zones of test greens constructed with geotextile atop AirDrain compared to those constructed with gravel. If the USGA recommendations for a root zone mixture were to be used for an Airfield System's designed putting green, it would appear that the tension at which the air‐filled porosity and capillary porosity were determined should be lowered by approximately 50 mm water.
GGE Biplot Exploration of Resistance to Sheath Blight Disease in Doubled‐Haploid Lines of Rice
Authors: Silva James , Groth Donald E. , Moldenhauer Karen A. , Oard James H.
Published: April 2011

Development of cultivars resistant to sheath blight (SB) disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is an important breeding objective for the southern U.S. rice (Oryza sativa L.) industry. The aim of this research was to explore performance, genotype (G) and genotype × environment (GE) interactions, and stability for SB resistance of 322 doubled‐haploid (DH) lines of the SB2 mapping population produced by the RiceCAP project. Analysis was performed by heritability‐adjusted genotype plus genotype × environment interaction (HA‐GGE) biplot analysis, Hühn's nonparametric stability statistics, median polish, and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI). Genetic material was evaluated in replicated plots for 2 yr (2006 and 2007) in Louisiana and Arkansas. A single mega‐environment was identified consisting of the four year–location combinations. Heritability‐adjusted genotype plus genotype × environment interaction biplot analyses identified 11 DH lines with high and stable levels of resistance at both locations. Five susceptible DH lines were also identified with greater stability than the susceptible parent used to develop the SB2 population. Results from Hühn's nonparametric approach and median polish complemented those of HA‐GGE biplot analysis. Material identified in this study represents a potential source of high and stable SB resistance for cultivar development that warrants additional field‐plot evaluation.
Limitations of the government budget constraint: Users vs. issuers of the currency
Authors: Kelton Stephanie
Published: April 2011

The financial crisis and ensuing economic meltdown has led to sharp increases
in the deficits and debt levels of many advanced economies. The run-up in
public sector indebtedness helped to restore private sector balance sheets,
laying the foundation for economic recovery in these regions. But the
so-called ?sovereign? debt crisis in the Eurozone has undermined the fiscal
resolve that has, thus far, kept truly sovereign governments from slipping
into a bona fide depression. Fearful of becoming the next Greece, governments
that could allow an unlimited fiscal adjustment to restore full employment,
are methodically weakening their fiscal support mechanisms and setting
themselves on a path to becoming the next Japan.
Conceptualizing and Teaching Citizenship as Humanity
Authors: Broom Catherine
Published: April 2011

This article explores a conception of local and global citizenship as humanity framed within a post-structuralist, reintegrative stand. It begins by theorizing the elements of humanity by drawing connections to, and expanding upon, Nussbaum's work. After setting the theoretical foundations of humanity as citizenship grounded in an ethic of care and a ‘thin’ conception of a world community that includes the vital element of deliberation, practical teaching suggestions for developing it are given. These are drawn from the works of three well-known philosophers of education.
Addressing the Challenges of Cross-Cultural Understanding through Service Learning in Higher Education: The Oman Experience
Authors: Al Barwani Thuwayba , Al Mekhlafi Abdu , Neisler Otherine
Published: April 2011

Globally, teachers need to expand their knowledge of other peoples and cultures. As a case in point, Oman is challenged by a problem of separation between national and expatriate populations. Expatriate students attend either international or expatriate community schools, whereas Omani children can only attend government schools or Arabic/English private schools. The teacher education program at Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) in Oman was able to implement a service learning project that helped students cross cultural boundaries while improving their own English language skills. Using a mixed-method approach in data analysis, this study discusses the experiences of thirty EFL student teachers involved in the experiment. Expatriate teachers and principals had expressed a need for their students to learn more about Omani culture. In response, student teachers prepared 45 cultural kits that included written reports, presentations and artefacts, which they presented to classes. Not only did expatriate teachers and K-12 students learn about Omani culture, but more importantly, student teachers developed new cultural awareness about the expatriate populations with whom they seldom have an opportunity to interact or exchange ideas and cultural values. The ‘ELT [English Language Training] Multicultural Awareness Transaction Model’ has application potential not only in teacher education, but also in EFL or ESL classes where cultural exchange is important.
Trainee Teachers' Perceptions of the Values behind the Primary Curriculum in England and the Potential Significance for Future Professional Development
Authors: Jordan Ann , Carey-Jenkins Derval , Irving Sue , Perrigo Alan , Taylor Paul , Wilkes Sarah
Published: April 2011

The aim behind this research was to investigate how one-year Postgraduate Certificate in Education Primary (PGCE) trainee teachers in England perceived the nature of the curriculum and the values inherent within it. A sample of 102 trainee teachers was asked to reflect through a detailed set of questionnaires on how they saw the issues facing them as they prepared to enter the teaching profession. The authors were keen not only to elicit the trainee teachers' views and understanding, but also to place the research within a historical context, as well as analyse and evaluate the responses, to see what patterns and issues were emerging within the national and international context. This was a particularly pertinent time to undertake this study given that, once again, the Primary Curriculum is under review by a newly elected UK government. Therefore, through setting out the historical background, and providing details of a clear methodological approach, as well as the quantitative and qualitative analysis and evaluation, along with an evaluative summary, the authors seek to show to what extent continuity and change in terms of values in regard to the curriculum exist.
Persistence of Individual Variations in Glycated Hemoglobin
Authors: Wilson Darrell M. , Xing Dongyuan , Cheng Jing , Beck Roy W. , Hirsch Irl , Kollman Craig , Laffel Lori , Lawrence Jean M. , Mauras Nelly , Ruedy Katrina J. , Tsalikian Eva , Wolpert Howard ,   for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

To determine the individual persistence of the relationship between mean sensor glucose (MG) concentrations and hemoglobin A1c (A1C) from the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Randomized Trial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

MG was calculated using CGM data for 3 months before A1C measurements at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for the CGM group and at 9 and 12 months for the control group. An MG-to-A1C ratio was included in analysis for subjects who averaged ≥4 days/week of CGM use.

RESULTS

Spearman correlations of the MG-to-A1C ratio between consecutive visits 3 months apart ranged from 0.70 to 0.79. The correlations for children and youth were slightly smaller than those for adults. No meaningful differences were observed by device type or change in A1C.

CONCLUSIONS

Individual variations in the rate of hemoglobin glycation are persistent and contribute to the inaccuracy in estimating MGs calculated from A1C levels.
On the almost monotone convergence of sequences of continuous functions
Authors: Grande Zbigniew
Published: April 2011

A sequence (f
n)n of functions f
n: X → ℝ almost decreases (increases) to a function f: X → ℝ if it pointwise converges to f and for each point x ∈ X there is a positive integer n(x) such that f
n+1(x) ≤ f
n (x) (f
n+1(x) ≥ f
n(x)) for n ≥ n(x). In this article I investigate this convergence in some families of continuous functions.
Influence of anomalous dispersion mirror properties on quantum efficiency of InGaAs/GaAs resonant cavity photodetector
Authors: Gryshchenko S. , Demin A. , Sukhoivanov I. , Lysak V.
Published: April 2011

We present a theoretical analysis of the quantum efficiency of a resonant cavity enhanced InGaAs/GaAs p-i-n photodetector (PD) for the ultrashort optical connections. The numerical method of calculation of quantum efficiency combining a transfer matrix method and an energy conservation law is offered. Using anomalous dispersion (AD) mirror, flat-topped QE spectrum has been obtained. Conditions for ideal flat-topped spectral response have been received. A design with a maximum QE of 93.5% and 3-nm bandwidth at 0.02 dB below the peak is presented.
Geoarchaeological studies on Roman time harbour sediments in Cologne — comparison of different OSL dating techniques
Authors: Lauer Tobias , Bonn Rainer , Frechen Manfred , Fuchs Magret , Trier Marcus , Tsukamoto Sumiko
Published: April 2011

Due to the construction of a new North-South subway in Cologne, Roman time harbour sediments were exposed and were sampled for luminescence dating. A very good independent age control was given by the precise knowledge of the chronology of Roman activity and by radiocarbon ages of charcoal samples. Hence, different methodological approaches within luminescence dating were applied for Holocene heterogeneously bleached fluvial samples and were compared to the known ages. For one sample, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was applied to coarse-grained quartz using a single aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol. After De-measurements, different statistical approaches were tested (i.e. arithmetic mean, median, minimum age model, finite mixture model, leading edge method and the Fuchs and Lang approach). It is demonstrated that the Fuchs and Lang approach along with the leading edge method yielded the best matching OSL ages with respect to the known ages.

For the other sample which showed feldspar contamination within the quartz signal, the post-IR blue stimulated luminescence (double SAR protocol) was measured in three different ways to calculate the Devalue: with continuous wave (CW) stimulation with an IR-bleach at 50°C and at 225°C for 100 s prior to the OSL, and pulsed OSL (POSL). It was demonstrated that the IR-stimulation at 225°C has very good potential to remove the feldspar signal contribution as well as pulsed OSL, but the former might deplete parts of the quartz OSL signal.