bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfoxide—Alkene Hybrids: A New Class of Chiral Ligands for the Hayashi—Miyaura Reaction.
Authors: Thaler Tobias , Guo Li‐Na , Steib Andreas K. , Raducan Mihai , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Mayer Peter , Knochel Paul
Published: September 2011

Novel ligands of type (I)‐(III) can be applied for in situ preparation of catalyst systems which promote the title reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Accelerated Ruthenium‐Catalyzed [2π + 2π] Cycloadditions of Dimethylacetylene Dicarboxylate with Norbornenes.
Authors: Margetic Davor , Troselj Pavle , Murata Yasujiro
Published: September 2011

This is the first account of a microwave‐assisted Mitsudo reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aromatic Trifluoromethylation via Group Transfer from Fluoral Derivatives.
Authors: Kondo Hideaki , Oishi Masahiro , Fujikawa Kenichi , Amii Hideki
Published: September 2011

A new and efficient method to prepare a wide range of trifluoromethylated arenes is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanistic and Computational Studies of Oxidatively‐Induced Aryl—CF3 Bond‐Formation at Pd: Rational Design of Room Temperature Aryl Trifluoromethylation.
Authors: Ball Nicholas D. , Gary J. Brannon , Ye Yingda , Sanford Melanie S.
Published: September 2011

The mechanism of the oxidatively‐induced trifluoromethylation of arenes at Pd is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by a Heterogeneous Guanidinium Salt/Proline System under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Martinez‐Castaneda Angel , Poladura Belen , Rodriguez‐Solla Humberto , Concellon Carmen , del Amo Vicente
Published: September 2011

The reaction of various aromatic aldehydes with cyclic ketones or acetone is effectively catalyzed by the title system.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Branched‐Selective Alkyne Hydroacylation: A Ligand‐Controlled Regioselectivity Switch.
Authors: Gonzalez‐Rodriguez Carlos , Pawley Rebekah J. , Chaplin Adrian B. , Thompson Amber L. , Weller Andrew S. , Willis Michael C.
Published: September 2011

The regioselectivity can be controlled by the diphosphine ligand used.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Three‐Component Reactions of Aryldiazoacetates with Alcohols/Water and Alkynals: Application to Substituted Enelactones.
Authors: Han Xingchun , Jiang Liqing , Tang Min , Hu Wenhao
Published: September 2011

The method results in efficient and stereoselective formation of hydroxycarboxylic acid esters such as (IV), (VII), and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Poly‐Nitrile Aromatics via Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Bromides with Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(II).
Authors: Becker Martin , Schulz Axel , Voss Karsten
Published: September 2011

Polynitrile aromatics are obtained from easily available aryl bromides in a modified Beller′s palladium‐catalyzed cyanation procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Hydrothiolation of Acetylenes with Thiols Catalyzed by a Well‐Defined Supported Rh Complex.
Authors: Yang Yong , Rioux Robert M.
Published: September 2011

A rhodium‐catalyzed hydrothiolation of alkynes (I) and (IV) furnishing (E)‐anti‐Markovnikov adducts (III) and (V) as main or sole reaction products is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Selective C—H Activation/Olefination of Phenol Carbamates.
Authors: Gong Tian‐Jun , Xiao Bin , Liu Zhao‐Jing , Wang Jian , Xu Jun , Luo Dong‐Fen , Fu Yao , Liu Lei
Published: September 2011

The ortho‐C—H activation/olefination method is complementary to the Pd‐catalyzed process for the ortho‐arylation of esters and carbamates.
ChemInform Abstract: A Cascade Process for the Synthesis of gem‐Difluoromethylene Compounds.
Authors: Chen Zixian , Zhu Jiangtao , Xie Haibo , Li Shan , Wu Yongming , Gong Yuefa
Published: September 2011

Treatment of fluoroalkylated β‐enaminoarylketones with K2CO3 or K3PO4 allows efficient access to 2,2‐difluorodihydrofurans.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Rh‐ and Ir‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cycloaddition of Hexaynes for the Construction of New Chiral Skeletons.
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Chiba Tatsuya , Hirashima Hiroyuki , Ueno Yasunori , Endo Kohei
Published: September 2011

The chiral Rh complex catalyzes the consecutive [2+2+2] cycloadditions, whereas the chiral neutral Ir complex causes a single [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel (E)‐5‐Styryl‐2,2′‐bithiophene Derivatives as Ligands for β‐Amyloid Plaques.
Authors: Cui Mengchao , Li Zijing , Tang Ruikun , Jia Hongmei , Liu Boli
Published: September 2011

Wittig reaction of bithiophenecarbaldehydes (I) with triphenyl phosphonium ylides (II) yields the target styrylbithiophene derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Creation of 2‐Substituted Indolin‐3‐ones by Using Primary—Secondary Diamine Catalysts.
Authors: Sun Wangsheng , Hong Liang , Wang Rui
Published: September 2011

The asymmetric organocatalytic conjugate addition of acetylindolinone to enones constitutes an easy and efficient method for the direct preparation of substituted indolinones.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Trifluoromethylation of Indoles at Room Temperature.
Authors: Mu Xin , Chen Shujun , Zhen Xingliang , Liu Guosheng
Published: September 2011

This novel palladium‐catalyzed oxidation strategy is applicable to a wide range of substituted indoles including different substituents on the nitrogen.
ChemInform Abstract: New Carbazole‐Containing Chalcones and Pyrimidines Based Thereon: Synthesis and Electrochemical Study.
Authors: Syutkin R. V. , Abashev G. G. , Shklyaeva E. V. , Kudryavtsev P. G.
Published: September 2011

A variety of new carbazole‐containing chalcones such as (VII), (XI) and (XII) are synthesized via condensations of aldehydes (V) or (X) with methyl ketones (VI) or (IX), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Imidazolinium Salts Using Vinyl Sulfonium Salts.
Authors: McGarrigle Eoghan M. , Fritz Sven P. , Favereau Ludovic , Yar Muhammad , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: September 2011

Symmetrical and unsymmetrical title compounds are prepared with tolerance of functional and sterically hindered groups.
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Bond Arylations and Benzylations on Oxazol(in)es with a Palladium Catalyst of a Secondary Phosphine Oxide.
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Barfuesser Sebastian , Kornhaass Christoph , Kapdi Anant R.
Published: September 2011

The sterically congested palladium catalyst (I) allows a direct arylation of the oxazole (I) and oxazolines (VIII) and the benzylation of (I) and benzoxazole (XI) according to the conditions A), B) or C).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions. Part 21. Catalytic Effects of Lewis Acids on 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of C‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)‐N‐phenyl Nitrone to Benzylidene Acetophenone.
Authors: Acharjee Nivedita , Banerji Avijit , Prange Thierry
Published: September 2011

The catalytic effects of Lewis acids on the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of nitrone (I) to benzylidene acetophenone (II) is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Spirocyclic Thiazolidinediones Using Ring‐Closing Metathesis and One‐Pot Sequential Ring‐Closing/Cross Metathesis.
Authors: Dhara Kalyan , Paladhi Sushovan , Midya Ganesh Chandra , Dash Jyotirmayee
Published: September 2011

It allows a new access to 1‐thia‐3‐azaspiro[4.4]nonene and [4.5]decene ring systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Rhodanine‐Containing Sorafenib Analogues as Potential Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Li Wei , Zhai Xin , Zhong Zheng , Li Guangyue , Pu Yongxiao , Gong Ping
Published: September 2011

A variety of new sorafenib analogues (XII) (29 examples) are synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antitumor activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydro‐4(1H)‐quinolones and the Corresponding 4(1H)‐Quinolones via Low‐Temperature Fries Rearrangement of N‐Arylazetidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Lange Jens , Bissember Alex C. , Banwell Martin G. , Cade Ian A.
Published: September 2011

Compounds (I) and (IV) are synthesized by Goldberg—Buchwald cross‐coupling and compounds (VII) by intramolecular Mitsunobu cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: A Green Expedient Synthesis of Pyridopyrimidine‐2‐thiones and Their Antitubercular Activity.
Authors: Rajesh Stephen Michael , Kumar Raju Suresh , Libertsen Lawzer Arun , Perumal Subbu , Yogeeswari Perumal , Sriram Dharmarajan
Published: September 2011

The pseudo four‐component domino reactions of N‐substituted‐4‐piperidones, substituted aromatic aldehydes and thiourea in the presence of solid sodium ethoxide under solvent‐free conditions affords pyridopyrimidine‐2‐thiones (IV) in almost quantitative yields by simply grinding.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Approach to Azirino and Pyrrolo‐Fused Dibenzazepines. Conformations of Substituted Dibenzo[c,f]pyrrolo[1,2‐a]azepines.
Authors: Khlebnikov Alexander F. , Novikov Mikhail S. , Golovkina Maria V. , Petrovskii Petr P. , Konev Alexander S. , Yufit Dmitry S. , Stoeckli‐Evans Helen
Published: September 2011

The dibenzopyrroloazepines can exist in two different conformations depending on the nature of substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Synthesis of Fused Tricyclic 1,2,4‐Triazole Derivatives.
Authors: Ellis David
Published: September 2011

A straightforward synthesis of a small series of fused tricyclic 1,2,4‐triazoles is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 5‐Membered Rings via Radical Addition‐Translocation‐Cyclization (RATC) Processes Mediated by Diethyl Thiophosphites.
Authors: Lamarque Christophe , Beaufils Florent , Denes Fabrice , Schenk Kurt , Renaud Philippe
Published: September 2011

Monocyclic, bicyclic, and spirocyclic 5‐membered ring products are available.
ChemInform Abstract: Free Radical Addition of α‐Telluroesters to Alkenes.
Authors: Kambe Nobuaki , Han Li‐Biao , Fujiwara Shin‐ichi , Sonoda Noboru
Published: September 2011

The title reaction leads to the compounds (III), (VI), (VIII), and (X) and suppresses the competing olefin polymerization.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Benzoylation of Glycopyranosides by Benzoyl Chloride in the Presence of MoO2(acac)2.
Authors: Evtushenko E. V.
Published: September 2011

The MoO2(acac)2‐catalyzed regioselective benzoylation of glycopyranosides leads to a variety of 3‐benzoylpyranosides, e.g. compounds (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: New Methodology for the Differentiation of the Primary Hydroxyl Groups in 2,3,3′,4,4′‐Penta‐O‐benzylsucrose: Convenient Approach to Sucrose Monophosphines.
Authors: Burdynska Joanna , Lewandowski Bartosz , Jarosz Slawomir
Published: September 2011

The reaction of penta‐O‐benzyl sucrose (I) with tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl chloride proceeds regioselectively to afford 6′‐O‐silyl derivative (III), which is used for the synthesis of iodide (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Ready Access to 3‐Amino‐2,3‐dideoxysugars via Regio‐ and Stereo‐Selective Tandem Hydroamination—Glycosylation of Glycals.
Authors: Ding Feiqing , William Ronny , Wang Siming , Gorityala Bala Kishan , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: September 2011

A simple, efficient, and highly stereoselective method to prepare a wide range of biologically interesting 3‐amino‐2,3‐dideoxysugars is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Approaches to Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisometric Metal Oxide Magnetic Nanomaterials
Authors: Suber Lorenza , Peddis Davide
Published: September 2011

Review: 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Arylation and Alkenylation of Carbonyl and Imino Groups
Authors: Kauffman M. C. , Walsh P. J.
Published: September 2011

Review: 195 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of Carbonyl and Imino Groups
Authors: Santanilla A. Buitrago , Leighton J. L.
Published: September 2011

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Deracemization
Authors: Stoltz B. , Ebner D. C. , Park N.
Published: September 2011

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese‐Catalyzed Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Browne Wesley R. , de Boer Johannes W. , Pijper Dirk , Brinksma Jelle , Hage Ronald , Feringa Ben L.
Published: September 2011

Review: 245 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Calvino‐Casilda Vanesa , Martin‐Aranda Rosa Maria
Published: September 2011

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Steps Toward Green Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Datta Silpi , Sood Abha , Torok Marianna
Published: September 2011

Review: 207 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Glycosides of Glucuronic, Galacturonic and Mannuronic Acids
Authors: Wadouachi Anne , Kovensky Jose
Published: September 2011

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sugar‐Derived Ionic Liquids
Authors: Marra Alberto , Chiappe Cinzia , Mele Andrea
Published: September 2011

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the β‐Rhamnopyranosides and the 6‐Deoxy‐β‐mannoheptopyranosides
Authors: Picard Sebastien , Crich David
Published: September 2011

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective One‐Pot Protection and Protection—Glycosylation of Carbohydrates
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Chung , Zulueta Medel Manuel L. , Hung Shang‐Cheng
Published: September 2011

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Pyrazoles. Properties, Biological Activities, and Syntheses
Authors: Schmidt Andreas , Dreger Andrij
Published: September 2011

Review: 276 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyridinium Ylides in Heterocyclic Synthesis
Authors: Jacobs Jan , Van Hende Eva , Claessens Sven , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: September 2011

Review: 171 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to Macrocycles with an endo Aryl Ether and an endo Aryl—Aryl Bond: Development and Application
Authors: Wang Qian , Zhu Jieping
Published: September 2011

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Metal “Nanosalts” and Their Application in Catalysis: Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Pathways
Authors: Ananikov Valentine P. , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: September 2011

Review: 141 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: O‐Benzenedisulfonimide: An Organic Reagent and Organocatalyst of Renewed Interest
Authors: Barbero M. , Bazzi S. , Cadamuro S. , Dughera S.
Published: September 2011

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Tertiary Thiols and Thioethers
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , MacLellan Paul
Published: September 2011

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Medicinal Chemist′s Toolbox: An Analysis of Reactions Used in the Pursuit of Drug Candidates
Authors: Roughley Stephen D. , Jordan Allan M.
Published: September 2011

Review: 156 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Catalytic Performances of Ruthenium and Rhodium Complexes Directed Toward Organic Synthesis with High Atom Efficiency
Authors: Kondo Teruyuki
Published: September 2011

Review: 397 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Athelstan L. J. Beckwith and the Flowering of Hex‐5‐enyl Radical Cyclization Chemistry. The Adelaide Years
Authors: Serelis Algirdas K.
Published: September 2011

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrate Chemistry in Drug Discovery
Authors: Galan M. Carmen , Benito‐Alifonso David , Watt Gregory M.
Published: September 2011

Review: 134 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Built‐Up Synthesis and Function of Optically Active Helicene Derivatives
Authors: Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: September 2011

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Organic Reactions by Means of Oxidative or Reductive Activation of Sulfur Atom
Authors: Shibaharam Fumitoshi Shibaharam Fumitoshi , Murai Toshiaki
Published: September 2011

Review: ca. 40 refs.
Biotemplated Materials for Sustainable Energy and Environment: Current Status and Challenges
Authors: Zhou Han , Fan Tongxiang , Zhang Di
Published: September 2011

Materials science will play a key role in the further development of emerging solutions for the increasing problems of energy and environment. Materials found in nature have many inspiring structures, such as hierarchical organizations, periodic architectures, or nanostructures, that endow them with amazing functions, such as energy harvesting and conversion, antireflection, structural coloration, superhydrophobicity, and biological self‐assembly. Biotemplating is an effective strategy to obtain morphology‐controllable materials with structural specificity, complexity, and related unique functions. Herein, we highlight the synthesis and application of biotemplated materials for six key areas of energy and environment technologies, namely, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction, solar cells, lithium‐ion batteries, photocatalytic degradation, and gas/vapor sensing. Although the applications differ from each other, a common fundamental challenge is to realize optimum structures for improved performances. We highlight the role of four typical structures derived from biological systems exploited to optimize properties: hierarchical (porous) structures, periodic (porous) structures, hollow structures, and nanostructures. We also provide examples of using biogenic elements (e.g., C, Si, N, I, P, S) for the creation of active materials. Finally, we disscuss the challenges of achieving the desired performance for large‐scale commercial applications and provide some useful prototypes from nature for the biomimetic design of new materials or systems. The emphasis is mainly focused on the structural effects and compositional utilization of biotemplated materials.
In vivo multispectral photoacoustic and photothermal flow cytometry with multicolor dyes: A potential for real‐time assessment of circulation, dye‐cell interaction, and blood volume
Authors: Proskurnin Mikhail A. , Zhidkova Tatyana V. , Volkov Dmitry S. , Sarimollaoglu Mustafa , Galanzha Ekaterina I. , Mock Donald , Nedosekin Dmitry A. , Zharov Vladimir P.
Published: September 2011

Recently, photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) has been developed for in vivo detection of circulating tumor cells and bacteria targeted by nanoparticles. Here, we propose multispectral PAFC with multiple dyes having distinctive absorption spectra as multicolor PA contrast agents. As a first step of our proof‐of‐concept, we characterized high‐speed PAFC capability to monitor the clearance of three dyes (Indocyanine Green [ICG], Methylene Blue [MB], and Trypan Blue [TB]) in an animal model in vivo and in real time. We observed strong dynamic PA signal fluctuations, which can be associated with interactions of dyes with circulating blood cells and plasma proteins. PAFC demonstrated enumeration of circulating red and white blood cells labeled with ICG and MB, respectively, and detection of rare dead cells uptaking TB directly in bloodstream. The possibility for accurate measurements of various dye concentrations including Crystal Violet and Brilliant Green were verified in vitro using complementary to PAFC photothermal (PT) technique and spectrophotometry under batch and flow conditions. We further analyze the potential of integrated PAFC/PT spectroscopy with multiple dyes for rapid and accurate measurements of circulating blood volume without a priori information on hemoglobin content, which is impossible with existing optical techniques. This is important in many medical conditions including surgery and trauma with extensive blood loss, rapid fluid administration, and transfusion of red blood cells. The potential for developing a robust clinical PAFC prototype that is safe for human, and its applications for studying the liver function are further highlighted. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
P‐glycoprotein activity in human Caucasian male lymphocytes does not follow its increased expression during aging
Authors: Vilas‐Boas Vânia , Silva Renata , Gaio A. Rita , Martins Ana Margarida , Lima Sofia Costa , Cordeiro‐da‐Silva Anabela , de Lourdes Bastos Maria , Remião Fernando
Published: September 2011

P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is a transmembrane protein that mediates the efflux of innumerous structurally unrelated compounds. It was initially found over‐expressed in tumor cells, associated to a multidrug resistance phenotype (MDR). Then, P‐gp was found constitutively expressed in excretory cells/tissues and in circulating cells, such as lymphocytes. Considering the importance of this transporter in the establishment of therapeutic protocols and the existence of contradictory results, this study aimed at evaluating the influence of aging in the expression and function of P‐gp in human lymphocytes, comparing two different methodologies to assess both parameters. P‐gp activity and expression were evaluated in lymphocytes isolated from whole blood samples of 65 healthy caucasian male donors, divided into two groups according to age (group 1: under 30‐years old; group 2: above 60‐years old). P‐gp expression was assessed using the anti‐P‐gp monoclonal antibody, UIC2, in the presence and in absence of vinblastine (Vbl). P‐gp activity was evaluated measuring the efflux rate of the fluorescent P‐gp substrate rhodamine 123 (Rho 123) and also using UIC2 shift assay. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to assess all the proceedings. Furthermore, P‐gp expression and each of the P‐gp activity determination methods were compared, through correlation analysis and linear regression models. We observed a significant age‐dependent increase in mean P‐gp expression (p = 0.029), which was not reflected in the transporter's activity (p > 0.050). Statistical analysis allowed selection of UIC2 shift assay over Rho 123 efflux assay as a more selective method to assess P‐gp activity. Despite the significant correlation between P‐gp expression and P‐gp activity found in lymphocytes (Gp1(group 1)—r = 0.609, p < 0.001; Gp2—r = 0.461, p = 0.012), using UIC2 shift assay, these data reinforce the need for P‐gp activity assessment, rather than P‐gp expression determination alone, when starting new therapeutic regimens with P‐gp substrates, especially in men older than 60 years of age. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Development of high‐throughput methods to quantify cysts of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Aldebert D. , Hypolite M. , Cavailles P. , Touquet B. , Flori P. , Loeuillet C. , Cesbron‐Delauw M. F.
Published: September 2011

Toxplasma is a protozoan parasite, which forms persistent cysts in tissues of chronically infected animals and humans. Cysts can reactivate leading to severe pathologies. They also contribute to the transmission of Toxoplasma infection in humans by ingestion of undercooked meat. Classically, the quantification of cyst burden in tissues uses microscopy methods, which are laborious and time consuming. Here, we have developed automated protocols to quantify cysts, based on flow cytometry or high‐throughput microscopy. Brains of rodents infected with cysts of Prugniaud strain were incubated with the FITC‐Dolichos biflorus lectin and analyzed by flow cytometry and high‐throughput epifluorescence microscopy. The comparison of cyst counts by manual epifluorescence microscopy to flow cytometry or to high‐throughput epifluorescence microscopy revealed a good correlation (r = 0.934, r = 0.993, P < 0.001 respectively). High‐throughput epifluorescence microscopy was found to be more specific and sensitive than flow cytometry and easier to use for large series of samples. This reliable and easy protocol allow the specific detection of Toxoplasma cysts in brain, even at low concentrations; it could be a new way to detect them in water and in contaminate food. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Recent advances in dynamic intravital multi‐photon microscopy
Authors: Niesner Raluca A. , Hauser Anja E.
Published: September 2011

Standard multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) has revolutionized our view of physiologic and pathologic processes in living organisms by enlightening different aspects of cellular choreography in immune responses, that is, cellular motility and co‐localization. To understand cellular communication on a molecular level, novel transgenic reporter mice have been generated. In parallel, MPLSM systems have been developed, which make it possible for this technique to be more widely used to address crucial immunological questions. Here, we review the latest progress concerning transgenic mouse technology and multiphoton imaging capacities and discuss further developments which will enable us to visualize all around monitoring and quantification of cellular function at a molecular level directly in vivo. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Efficient use of DS/CDMA signals for broadband communications over power lines
Authors: Al‐Bayati A.K.S. , Aloquili O.M. , Al Nabulsi J.I.
Published: September 2011

This paper investigates the use of direct‐sequence/code‐division multiple access (DS/CDMA) signals for broadband communications over power lines. Each user is assumed to utilize all available spreading codes for sending the information to the destination. The transmitter and the receiver are assumed to have perfect channel knowledge with the receiver employing a zero‐forcing multiuser detector. Based on channel knowledge we attempt to maximize the data throughput by suitable choice of the number of codes used and the power and the constellation size (bit‐load) assigned to the data modulating each spreading code. We employ Gold codes, in addition to special codes derived based on the channel knowledge for ISI minimization, termed ‘eigen codes’. In contrast to some earlier results concerning CDMA and OFDM, we show that DS/CDMA signals can be optimized to achieve an overall data throughput of approximately 80% of that achieved by OFDM systems. This result shows that DS/CDMA signaling can be a good candidate for broadband power line communications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentary on ‘Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne’
Authors: Tan Jerry K.L. , Danby F. William
Published: September 2011

This is a commentary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Ayodele O. Arowojolu, Maria F. Gallo, Laureen M. Lopez, David A. Grimes, and Sarah E. Garner. Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD004425. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004425.pub4.acne.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Persistence of IL‐2 expressing Th17 cells in healthy humans and experimental autoimmune uveitis
Authors: Yu Cheng‐Rong , Oh Hyun‐Mee , Golestaneh Nady , Amadi‐Obi Ahjoku , S. Lee Yun , Eseonu Amarachi , Mahdi Rashid M. , Egwuagu Charles E.
Published: September 2011

Compared with other T‐helper subsets, Th17 cell numbers are very low in human blood but become elevated in chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated mechanisms that may explain the frequent involvement of Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases such as uveitis. We compared Th17 and Th1 subsets and found that Th17 cells expressed lower IL‐2 levels during Ag‐priming and this correlated with their decreased susceptibility to activation‐induced cell death (AICD). However, complete depletion of IL‐2 with IL‐2 neutralizing antibodies rendered Th17 cells as susceptible to apoptosis as Th1 cells, suggesting that the low levels of IL‐2 produced by Th17 cells conferred survival advantages to this subset. We describe here a Th17 subtype that constitutively produces very low levels of IL‐2 (Th17‐DP). The Th17‐DP population increased dramatically in the blood and retina of mice during experimental autoimmune uveitis, indicating their potential involvement in the etiology of uveitis. We further show that the majority of the memory Th17 cells in human blood are Th17‐DP and are targets of daclizumab, an IL‐2R antibody used in treating recalcitrant uveitis. Thus, Th17 cells may persist in tissues and contribute to chronic inflammation by limiting IL‐2 production to levels that cannot provoke IL‐2‐induced AICD yet are sufficient to promote Th17 homeostatic expansion.
Hetero‐Diels–Alder (HDA) Strategy for the Preparation of 6‐Aryl‐ and Heteroaryl‐Substituted Piperidin‐2‐one Scaffolds: Experimental and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Long Sha , Monari Magda , Panunzio Mauro , Bandini Elisa , D'Aurizio Antonio , Venturini Alessandro
Published: September 2011

Preparation of piperidine‐2‐one scaffolds by the hetero‐Diels–Alder (HAD) reaction, assisted by microwaves, is described. The versatility of this new approach has been demonstrated by the synthesis of racemic (±)‐2‐phenylpiperidine. Theoretical calculations have allowed us to clarify the factors that govern ring closure to form four‐membered rings, arising from a Staudinger‐type electrocyclization, and/or six‐membered rings through a classical [4+2] HAD cyclization. This competition may be lowered by increasing the electronic demand of the dienophile, as anticipated by the computational studies.
Advances in the enantioseparation of β‐blocker drugs by capillary electromigration techniques
Authors: Aturki Zeineb , D'Orazio Giovanni , Rocco Anna , Fanali Salvatore
Published: September 2011

β‐Blocker drugs or β‐adrenergic blocking agents are an important class of drugs, prescribed with great frequency. They are used for various diseases, particularly for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, cardioprotection after myocardial infarction (heart attack), and hypertension. Almost all β‐blocker drugs possess one or more stereogenic centers; however; only some of them are administered as single enantiomers. Since both enantiomers can differ in their pharmacological and toxicological properties, enantioselective analytical methods are required not only for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies but also for quality control of pharmaceutical preparations with the determination of enantiomeric purity. In addition to the chromatographic tools, in recent years, capillary electromigration techniques (CE, CEC, and MEKC) have been widely used for enantioselective purposes employing a variety of chiral selectors, e.g. CDs, polysaccharides, macrocyclic antibiotics, proteins, chiral ion‐paring agents, etc. The high separation efficiency, rapid analysi,s and low consumption of reagents of electromigration methods make them a very attractive alternative to the conventional chromatographic methods. In this review, the development and applications of electrodriven methods for the enantioseparation of β‐blocker drugs are reported. The papers concerning this topic, published from January 2000 until December 2010, are summarised here. Particular attention is given to the coupling of chiral CE and CEC methods to MS, as this detector provides high sensitivity and selectivity.
A horizontally curvilinear non‐hydrostatic model for simulating nonlinear wave motion in curved boundaries
Authors: Choi Doo Yong , Yuan Hengliang
Published: September 2011

A horizontally curvilinear non‐hydrostatic free surface model that embeds the second‐order projection method, the so‐called θ scheme, in fractional time stepping is developed to simulate nonlinear wave motion in curved boundaries. The model solves the unsteady, Navier–Stokes equations in a three‐dimensional curvilinear domain by incorporating the kinematic free surface boundary condition with a top‐layer boundary condition, which has been developed to improve the numerical accuracy and efficiency of the non‐hydrostatic model in the standard staggered grid layout. The second‐order Adams–Bashforth scheme with the third‐order spatial upwind method is implemented in discretizing advection terms. Numerical accuracy in terms of nonlinear phase speed and amplitude is verified against the nonlinear Stokes wave theory over varying wave steepness in a two‐dimensional numerical wave tank. The model is then applied to investigate the nonlinear wave characteristics in the presence of dispersion caused by reflection and diffraction in a semicircular channel. The model results agree quantitatively with superimposed analytical solutions. Finally, the model is applied to simulate nonlinear wave run‐ups caused by wave‐body interaction around a bottom‐mounted cylinder. The numerical results exhibit good agreement with experimental data and the second‐order diffraction theory. Overall, it is shown that the developed model, with only three vertical layers, is capable of accurately simulating nonlinear waves interacting within curved boundaries. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slip effects on heat and mass transfer in MHD micropolar fluid flow over an inclined plate with thermal radiation and chemical reaction
Authors: Das K.
Published: September 2011

The influence of partial slip, thermal radiation, chemical reaction and temperature‐dependent fluid properties on heat and mass transfer in hydro‐magnetic micropolar fluid flow over an inclined permeable plate with constant heat flux and non‐uniform heat source/sink is studied. The transverse magnetic field is assumed as a function of the distance from the origin. Also it is assumed that the fluid viscosity and the thermal conductivity vary as an inverse function and linear function of temperature, respectively. With the use of the similarity transformation, the governing system of non‐linear partial differential equations are transformed into non‐linear ordinary differential equations and are solved numerically using symbolic software MATHEMATICA 7.0 (Wolfram Research, Champaign, IL). The numerical values obtained for the velocity, microrotation, temperature, species concentration, skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number are presented through graphs and tables for several sets of values of the parameters. The effects of various physical parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are discussed.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPOILT FOR CHOICE: IMPLICATIONS OF USING ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF COSTING HOSPITAL EPISODE STATISTICS
Authors: Geue Claudia , Lewsey James , Lorgelly Paula , Govan Lindsay , Hart Carole , Briggs Andrew
Published: September 2011

In the absence of a ‘gold standard’ to estimate the economic burden of disease, a decision about the most appropriate costing method is required. Researchers have employed various methods to cost hospital stays, including per diem or diagnosis‐related group (DRG)‐based costs. Alternative methods differ in data collection and costing methodology. Using data from Scotland as an illustrative example, costing methods are compared, highlighting the wider implications for other countries with a publicly financed healthcare system.

Five methods are compared using longitudinal data including baseline survey data (Midspan) linked to acute hospital admissions. Cost variables are derived using two forms of DRG‐type costs, costs per diem, costs per episode—using a novel approach that distinguishes between variable and fixed costs and incorporates individual length of stay (LOS), and costs per episode using national average LOS. Cost estimates are generated using generalised linear model regression.

Descriptive analysis shows substantial variation between costing methods. Differences found in regression analyses highlight the magnitude of variation in cost estimates for subgroups of the sample population.

This paper emphasises that any inference made from econometric modelling of costs, where the marginal effect of explanatory variables is assessed, is substantially influenced by the costing method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of the pharyngeal musculature during wakefulness and sleep: Implications in normal controls and sleep apnea
Authors: Edwards Bradley A. , White David P.
Published: September 2011

Respiration involves the complex coordination of several pump and upper airway/pharyngeal muscles. From a respiratory perspective, the major function of the pharyngeal muscles is to keep the airway patent allowing for airflow in and out of the lung with minimal work by the respiratory pump muscles. The activity of each of the pharyngeal muscles varies depending on its function, but many reduce their activity during sleep. In healthy individuals, these muscles can respond to respiratory stimuli during sleep to prevent airway collapse. However, in individuals with an anatomically small airway, the muscles cannot always compensate for the increased mechanical load. Thus a vulnerable situation in which the airway is prone to collapse may occur with the development of obstructive sleep apnea. This article describes the current understanding regarding the control of the pharyngeal musculature during wakefulness and sleep, as well as the implications for obstructive sleep apnea. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Otolaryngology head and neck surgery: An integrative view of the larynx
Authors: McCulloch Timothy M. , Van Daele Douglas , Ciucci Michelle R.
Published: September 2011

The glottis is composed of muscular, cartilaginous, and other viscoelastic tissues which perform some of our most important, complex, coordinated, and life‐sustaining functions. Dominated by the thyroarytenoid muscles and associated glottic closure muscles, the larynx is involved in respiration, swallowing, voicing, coughing, valsalva, vomiting, laughing, and crying. With respiration continuing in the background, all other “secondary” laryngeal events seamlessly occur. When the delicate balance of coordinating these events is disrupted by disease or disorder, many of these tasks are compromised. Due to the complex innervation of these volitional and reflexive tasks with brainstem central pattern generators, primary sensorimotor areas and importantly, limbic areas, failure can occur due to disease, anatomic compromise, and even emotional state. Understanding the level of sensorimotor control and interaction among systems that share these laryngeal neuromuscular substrates will improve the diagnostic and therapeutic skill of the clinician when treating compromise of laryngeal function. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Central nervous system control of interactions between vocalization and respiration in mammals
Authors: Ludlow Christy L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this review is to examine what is known regarding the competition and synergy between respiratory and airway protective systems with vocalization for speech. It was demonstrated that there are integrative neural mechanisms between vocalization for speech and upper airway protective mechanisms at both the brainstem levels and within cerebral networks. When there is competition between cortical control of learned volitional tasks, usually the upper airway protective systems predominate (eg, the laryngeal adductor response overrides laryngeal muscle control for voice and respiratory tasks). On the other hand, volitional swallowing overrides the laryngeal adductor response. Possible mechanisms for enhanced control of upper airway systems and rehabilitation of abnormal other upper airway systems was also examined. Recently, intensive clinical training using volitional breathing and swallowing tasks has been shown to modulate hyper‐reactive sensory driven reflexes such as cough and paradoxical vocal fold movement disorder secondary to laryngeal hypersensitivity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
GLUT‐1 glucose transporters in the blood–brain barrier: Differential phosphorylation
Authors: Devraj Kavi , Klinger Marianne E. , Myers Roland L. , Mokashi Ashwini , Hawkins Richard A. , Simpson Ian A.
Published: September 2011

Glucose is the primary metabolic fuel for the mammalian brain, and a continuous supply is required to maintain normal CNS function. The transport of glucose across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) into the brain is mediated by the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT‐1. Prior studies (Simpson et al. [2001] J Biol Chem 276:12725–12729) had revealed that the conformations of the GLUT‐1 transporter were different in luminal (blood facing) and abluminal (brain facing) membranes of bovine cerebral endothelial cells, based on differential antibody recognition. This study has extended these observations and, by using a combination of 2D‐PAGE/Western blotting and immunogold electron microscopy, determined that these different conformations are exhibited in vivo and arise from differential phosphorylation of GLUT‐1 and not from alternative splicing or altered O‐ or N‐linked glycosylation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and validation of a chiral capillary electrophoresis method for assay and enantiomeric purity control of pramipexole
Authors: Deng Xiaolan , Hai Xin , Vervoort Ruud , Pamperin Dirk , Adams Erwin , Van Schepdael Ann
Published: September 2011

A rapid method for the enantioseparation of pramipexole and its R‐enantiomer has been developed by capillary electrophoresis. The influence of chemical and instrumental parameters was investigated including the type and concentration of chiral selectors, buffer composition and pH, co‐ions, applied voltage, capillary length and temperature. Optimal separation conditions were obtained using a 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.8) containing 25 mM carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin on a fused‐silica capillary. Online UV detection was performed at 262 nm. A voltage of 25 kV was applied, and the capillary temperature was kept at 25°C. Hydrodynamic injection was performed at 3.45 kPa for 5.0 s. The separation of enantiomers was achieved in <6.5 min. The method was further validated in terms of stability of solutions, selectivity, linearity (both pramipexole and R‐enantiomer, R2>0.995), LOD and LOQ (0.91 and 2.94 μg/mL, respectively), repeatability (RSD<1.5%) and accuracy (pramipexole, 100.4%; R‐enantiomer, 100.5%). The proposed method was then applied to two kinds of pramipexole dihydrochloride monohydrate commercially available tablets, immediate release tablets (1.50 and 0.125 mg) and sustained release tablets (0.52 mg), to quantify the main component in the tablets. The amount of distomer could be quantified in bulk sample materials.
Bisfuran‐s‐Tetrazine‐Based Conjugated Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photovoltaic Properties
Authors: Li Zhao , Ding Jianfu
Published: September 2011

Bisfuran‐s‐tetrazine (FTz) and its copolymers with cyclopenta[2,1‐b:3,4‐b′]dithiophene (CPDT) and benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT) (PCPDTFTz and PBDTFTz) are prepared with the alternating s‐tetrazine and CPDT or BDT units bridged by a furan ring. Their optical and electrochemical properties are studied and compared with their thiophene analogs (PCPDTTTz‐out and PCPDTTTz‐in), in which the bridging unit is 4‐hexylthiophene or 3‐hexylthiophene, respectively. Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells fabricated from these polymers with PC71BM have a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.8%, which is much lower than that from the PCPDTTTz‐out analog (3.2%), due to the low steric hindrance of the furan polymers in the absence of alkyl substitution on the furan ring.
Lp‐uniqueness of Kolmogorov operators associated with 2D‐stochastic Navier‐Stokes‐Coriolis equations
Authors: Stannat Wilhelm
Published: September 2011

We prove that the Kolmogorov operator associated with stochastic Navier‐Stokes‐Coriolis equations on the 2D‐Torus is m‐dissipative in the space Lp(μ) for any p ∈ [1, ∞[, where μ is an infinitesimally invariant measure. The proof is based on exponential moment estimates on μ related to the enstrophy and pointwise gradient estimates on the transition semigroup induced by finite dimensional approximations.
Effect of phosphoric acid on the performance of low antimony grid of Pb‐acid cell under constant current charging and discharging
Authors: Abd El‐Rahman H.A. , Salih S.A. , Abd El‐Wahab A. M.
Published: September 2011

Effect of phosphoric acid on the performance of Pb‐1.7%Sb grid of lead‐acid cell is studied in 5 M H2SO4 by cyclic galvanostatic polarization and impedance spectroscopy. An increase in capacitance to a maximum is recorded during the initial stages of the electro‐reduction of PbO2 into Pb(II) compounds and attributed to concurrent compositional and dimensional changes. These changes include removal of O2 bubbles, insertion of large amounts of H2SO4 and H2O. Efficiency of PbO2 formation decreases, while its rate of self‐discharge increases with increasing the charging current and in the presence of H3PO4. The charge capacity increases with increasing the discharging current due to the decrease in the self‐discharge. The charge capacity is lower in the presence of H3PO4. On increasing the cycle number, the corrodibility of the grid increases, because more layers of the surface Pb are involved in the self‐discharge. H3PO4 significantly retards the effect of cycle number.
GHS in den USA und Asien
Authors: Keßler Eva
Published: September 2011

Das internationale System zur Chemikalienkennzeichnung sollte seit drei Jahren weltweit gelten. Warum haben es noch nicht alle Länder umgesetzt?
The effect of atherosclerosis‐induced chronic bladder ischemia on bladder function in the rat
Authors: Nomiya Masanori , Yamaguchi Osamu , Andersson Karl‐Erik , Sagawa Koji , Aikawa Ken , Shishido Keiichi , Yanagida Tomohiko , Kushida Nobuhiro , Yazaki Junji , Takahashi Norio
Published: September 2011

Aims

To develop a rat model of atherosclerosis‐induced chronic bladder ischemia and investigate the effect of chronic bladder ischemia on voiding behavior and bladder function.

Methods

Adult male rats were divided into three groups. The arterial injury (AI) group underwent endothelial injury of the iliac arteries and received a 2% cholesterol diet. The sham group underwent sham operation and received a 2% cholesterol diet. The control group received a regular diet. After 8 weeks, a metabolic cage study and cystometry were performed without anesthesia. Bladder blood flow was measured using a laser Doppler blood flowmeter. Histological examination of the iliac arteries and the bladder was performed. The bladder was also processed for immunohistochemical staining of oxidative stress markers.

Results

The metabolic cage study showed that in the AI group, voiding frequency significantly increased while voided volume significantly decreased. Cystometry showed that the frequency of reflex bladder contractions was significantly higher in the AI group. Filling‐induced decrease in bladder blood flow was the greatest in the AI group. Histological study showed that in the AI group alone, atherosclerotic occlusion occurred in the iliac arteries as well as in the downstream bladder microvessels. Oxidative stress marker positive cells were more prevalent in the AI bladder than in the other bladders.

Conclusions

Combined with a high‐cholesterol diet, endothelial injury of iliac arteries induced arterial occlusive disease in the downstream vessels and consequent bladder ischemia in rats. This model of chronic bladder ischemia showed detrusor overactivity manifested as an increase in voiding frequency. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:195–200, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corpus callosum growth in normal and growth‐restricted fetuses
Authors: Goldstein Israel , Tamir Ada , Reece Albert E. , Weiner Zeev
Published: September 2011

Objective

The aim of this study was to characterize the normal ultrasonographic growth of the corpus callosum (CC) in normal and in growth‐restricted fetuses throughout gestation.

Methods

This was a prospective cross‐sectional study. Consecutive routine biometric measurements and fetal organ scans were obtained in patients undergoing elective fetal anatomical surveys or evaluation of the fetal growth between 16 to 33 weeks. Special attention was given to the CC of the fetal brain. In addition, we evaluated the growth of the CC in growth‐restricted fetuses throughout pregnancy.

Results

Two hundred and fifty two normal fetuses were scanned between 16 and 36 weeks of gestation. A regression line of the CC was established through gestation and a second‐degree correlation was found between gestational age and CC outer margin. Twenty four growth‐restricted fetuses were also evaluated in which the growth of the CC was significantly below both the 25th and 50th percentiles in 77.3% and 95.5%, respectively, for the same gestational age.

Conclusions

We provide nomograms for the ultrasonographic dimensions of the fetal CC that allows for prenatal diagnosis of abnormal dimensions of CC. The significance of abnormal CC growth in growth‐restricted fetuses should be further evaluated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.