bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Neonatal Resuscitation Educational Intervention among undergraduate students: A systematic review
Authors: Liaqat M. , Hussain M. , Afzal M.
Published: July 2021

Globally 2.7 million neonatal deaths are reported annually and among these 25% instigated by birth asphyxia. A substantial proportion of these deaths can be prevented through simple resuscitation efforts, in which education plays an integral role. Hence, it is important to assess if neonatal resuscitation educational interventions (NREI) integrating with varying instructional methods improve educational outcomes among undergraduates. We searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCT), Non-randomized and cohort design had an education and comparing two educational interventions, describing at least one of our definite outcomes. A total of 13 manuscripts were relevant to the review, in which 7 papers comprises (level I), 5 (level II), and 2 (level III) were included. We found strong evidence on NREI for imparting knowledge and skills among undergraduates, nevertheless, little evidence exists for the long-term sustainability effect. Keywords: Neonatal, Resuscitation, Students, Knowledge, Skills
Cardio Vascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Microalbuminuria
Authors: Samin K. A. , Gardazi A. , Alina H. , Malik S. , ul Saqib Fayyaz M. Najam , Rasheeq T.
Published: July 2021

Objective: Main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in type-2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria. Study Design: Descriptive/ observational study Place and Duration: Study was conducted at Diabetes Hospital Hayatabad Peshawar and Mukhtar A Sheikh Hospital Multan for duration of six months from September, 2019 to February, 2020. Methods: Total 70 patients of both genders diagnosed diabetes 2 mellitus were presented in this study. Patients were aged between 20-80 years. Patients’ details demographics were recorded after taking written consent. Prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction with microalbuminuria was assessed by statistical analysis. Microalbuminuria was diagnosed among patients if urinary albumin excretion was >30-300mg/g and graded into mild, moderate and severe according to value of urinary albumin excretion was (20–50 mg/24 hr, 50–100 mg/24 hr, 100–300 mg/24 hr). Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 20.0 version. Results: Out of 70, 38 (54.3%) were males and 32 (45.7%) were females. Mean age of the patients were 49.71±17.8 years with mean BMI 28.41±9.42 kg/m2. Mean ACR of microalbuminuria was 166.7±47.8 mg/gm. Among 70 cases, mild microalbuminuria was found in 28 (40%) cases, moderate microalbuminuria was among 31 (44.3%) and 11 (15.7%) was severe microalbuminuria. Lethargy was the most common symptom found in 25 (35.7%) followed by anorexia 20 (28.6%). Frequency of Cardiac autonomic neuropathy was 58 (82.86%), Parasympathetic dysfunction found in 59 (84.3%) and sympathetic dysfunction was among 62 (88.6%). Conclusion: We concluded in this study that the cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in type-2 diabetes patients highly associated with microalbuminuria with increased systolic diastolic pressure and heart rate. Keywords: Microalbuminuria, Type 2 Diabetes, Cardio autonomic dysfunction
Association of Cardiovascular Disease with Micro Albuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Gul W. , Iqbal W. , Baig M. R. , Ejaz M. , Gardazi A. , Samin K. A.
Published: July 2021

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease with micro albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Study Design: Observational study Place and Duration: Study was carried out in medicine department of DHQ category A hospital Batkhela and Combined Military Hospital, Multan for duration of six months from January 2020 to June 2020. Methods: Total 120 patients of both genders diagnosed diabetes 2 mellitus were presented in this study. Patients were aged between 20-80 years. Patients’ details demographics were recorded after taking written consent. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease with microalbuminuria was assessed by statistical analysis. Microalbuminuria was diagnosed among patients if urinary albumin excretion was >30mg/g and in normal albuminuria urinary albumin excretion was <30mg/g. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 20.0 version. Results: Out of 120, 66 (55%) were males and 54 (45%) were females. Mean age of the patients were 45.71±16.9 years with mean BMI 26.14±9.22 kg/m2. Cardiovascular disease found in 90 (75%) cases. We found that 80 (66.7%) patients had microalbuminuria with mean ACR 160.4±74.6 mg/gm while rest of the patients 40 (33.3%) had normal albuminuria 19.14±5.4 mg/gm. Among 90 cases of cardiovascular disease frequency of microalbuminuria was 65 (72.22%) and among 30 diabetes patients of non- cardiovascular disease frequency of microalbuminuria were 15 (50%). Microalbuminuria was found significantly higher in patients of cardio vascular disease and increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to normoalbuminuric patients. In patients with microalbuminuria, blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin have increased dramatically. Conclusion: We concluded in this study that the prevalence of cardiovascular disease with micro albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus was significantly high <0.05 with increased systolic diastolic pressure and fasting blood glucose as compared to normal albuminuria. Keywords: Microalbuminuria, Normal albuminuria, Type 2 Diabetes, Cardio vascular disease
Outcome and Incidence of Hypomagnesemia in Children Admitted in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Farrukh R. , Masood S. , Shakoor I. , Naseer A. , Sultana S. , Nasir F.
Published: July 2021

Background: Magnesium deficiency is common in serious diseases and is often associated with mechanical ventilation, mortality, and long-term intensive care. Awareness of hypomagnesaemia is essential because little data is available and may have prognostic and therapeutic implications. Aim: This study was conducted to calculate the incidence of hypomagnesaemia at PICU admission and to relate it to length of PICU stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and outcome of hospital stay or discharge. Place and Duration: In the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi for one-year duration from April 2020 to April 2021. Methods: This is a prospective observational study involving 200 children aged 1 month to 12 years admitted to the PICU. All qualified children underwent an interview and clinical examination. Blood was collected during admission to calculate serum magnesium level. The patients were grouped into three groups: normomagnesemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypermagnesemia, and the data were analyzed. Results: 200 children were included in the inclusion study. Males constituted 57.0%and females 43.0%. The ratio of men to women was 1.2: 1. Most of the respondents were 5 years old. Most of the respondents were in the ICU with neurological symptoms (36.5%), followed by respiratory diseases (27%). Of the 200 patients, 138 (69%) had a mean magnesium level of 1.9 mg / dL. 51(25.5%) patients had hypomagnesaemia. The average magnesium level was 1.3 mg / dL. 11 (5.5%) patients had hypermagnesemia with a mean magnesium content of 2.7 mg / dl. The lowest measured magnesium level was 1 mg / dl and the highest was 4.2 mg / dl. There was no statistically significant association between hypomagnesaemia and gender, age, disease acceptance category, and sepsis. ≤ 27.4% of children under 5 years of age had severe acute malnutrition in the hypomagnesaemia group. Among those with normal magnesium levels, 24% had severe acute malnutrition and 27.3% had severe acute malnutrition among those with hypermagnesemia. In the study, overall mortality was 25% (50 out of 200). Mortality among people with hypomagnesaemia was 29.40%. Among those with normal magnesium levels, 21.2% died and 18.2% in the hypermagnesemia group. Conclusion: Patients with hypomagnesaemia have prolonged PICU stay, other related electrolyte disturbances and increased mortality. Therefore, in severe ill patients, magnesium levels are monitored. Keywords: Children, Hypomagnesaemia, Intensive Care Unit, Mortality, Outcome, ICU
Effectiveness and Safety of Hyaluronic Acid for Chronic Shoulder Pain
Authors: Zeb S. A. , Khan Y. M. , Khanzada M. A. , Ismat S.
Published: July 2021

Objective: To elucidate the functional outcomes of Hyaluronic acid for chronic painful shoulder with improvement of pain and functional scores Study Design: Descriptive study Place and Duration: Study was conducted in Dr.Sulaimanal HabibHospital, Riyadh, KSAfor period of one year June, 2019 to June, 2020. Methodology: Ninety patients with Tendinitis and Rotator cuff syndrome were included in this study. Patients demographics including age, sex, body mass index and complete medical profile were recorded after taking written consent. Injection was given in an aseptic technique in subacromial space in controlled setting with 1 ml of lignocaine 1 percent, 2 ml 0.5 percentmarcaine and 4 ml of hyaluronic acid. The functional outcomes were assessed by Constant Murley scoring. Follow-up was taken at 6 weeks and at 12 weeks and patients satisfaction was recorded. Results: Out of 90 patients 54 (60%) were males while 40% were females with mean age 49.8±10.283 years. Constant Murley score at baseline was 55.18±9.70 and at 6 weeks it was increased to 63.48±7.86 and at final follow-up it was 81.9±12.46. A significant improvement was found at 6 and 12 weeks with p-value <0.05. 5 (5.56%) patients showed complications. None of the patients had severe complication. 75 (83.33%) patients were satisfied. Conclusion: It is concluded that Hyaluronic acid action replaces the traditional form of corticosteroid treatment of chronic shoulders pain associated with Rotator cuff tear and tendinitis. Keyword: Tendinitis, Rotator cuff syndrome, Hyaluronic acid, Range of motion
Research on the Integration of Energy Economic Model and Urban Energy Model
Authors:   School of Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Zu Yaozhong
Published: July 2021

In order to explore the strategy on urban energy and reduction of greenhouse gas, a large number of energy models have been developed by interdisciplinary studies. Mixed patterns are particularly useful as a result that they incorporate more dynamics to simulate the relevant high-level decisions and the provided actual results by building-level factors. However, space and spatial energy models are not often linked, which ignores the spatial impact of energy and emission policies in urban environments. The application of this method shows how it can be used to assess how different policies interact with other and affect building energy needs and greenhouse gas emissions.
Analysis of Casing Side-drilling Technology in a Well in Bohai Oilfield
Authors:   CNOOC (China) Tianjin Branch, Tianjin 300452, Li Jiaxu
Published: July 2021

In the offshore cluster pattern adjustment well operation, casing-opening sideslapping technology can save time and cost by using the original well groove and the old hole section. It has become one of the conventional means to tap the potential of the old well area. In casing-opening operation, the difficulty of milling 13-3/8 "casing is higher than that of other casing sizes. The main reason is that the wall thickness of casing and the window length are relatively long, and the wear of shoes in actual operation is also larger than other sizes. The 13-3/8 "casing window opening of Qikou 17-2-4DH1 well adopts Weatherford's new type of fast one-run window opening tool with carbon tungsten carbide cutting block for shoe grinding. Meanwhile, window opening parameters and window repairing parameters are optimized, so that the whopper, window opening and geological guide drilling can be mounted in one trip, and the passability of the window can be ensured. It provides an effective technical practice for the sidetracking of 13-3/8 "casing in the future.
Research Progress on Degradation and Market Dynamics of PBAT
Authors:   Shanghai Qibao Dwight High School, Shanghai 201101, China, Lu Chengqi , Hou Ruixiang ,   SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing
Published: July 2021

At present, the massive use of traditional plastics which are very hard to degrade and hereinafter referred to as non-degradable plastics has caused serious pollution problems, which has a harmful effect on the environment and human health. Up to now, many countries have enacted strict policies and regulations to limit the use of non-degradable plastics, polyadipate/butanediol terephthalate (PBAT), as a kind of degradable plastic, has drawn more and more attention. In this paper, research progress on the degradation of PBAT is reviewed and the market dynamics of PBAT are introduced. In the next few years, the global capacity of PBAT is surging and is mainly concentrated in China. The prospect of PBAT is discussed which may provide a reference for PBAT producers.
Stability of Graphene Oxide-Al2O3 Hybrid Nanofluids
Authors:   School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Fang Fu , Wu Chengzhen ,   School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Shi Pengfei ,   School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Ning Yilin ,   School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power
Published: July 2021

In recent years, more and more researches and reports on nanofluids have been made, and hybrid nanofluids as new fluids have gradually entered the field of vision. Hybrid nanofluids have many excellent properties at the same time. Because the stability of hybrid nanofluids has an important influence on the thermal properties and flow heat transfer properties of the solution, the stability of nanoparticles suspended in the base liquid has become an important direction of research. The stability of graphene oxide-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluids was studied with ultrasonic time, dispersant and ultrasonic power as variables. The experimental results show that when the ratio of graphene oxide: Nano-Al2O3: dispersant is 1:1:1, ultrasonic time is 2 h and ultrasonic power is 300 w, the stability of graphene oxide- Al2O3 hybrid nanofluid solution is the best.
Gabriel Altmann (1931–2020)
Authors: Andreev Sergey , Wimmer Gejza Wimmer , Kelih Emmerich Kelih
Published: July 2021

Obituary
The Ambiguity of the Relations between Graphemes and Phonemes in the Persian Orthographic System
Authors: Mosavi Miangah Tayebeh , Vulanović Relja
Published: July 2021

In this paper, the degree to which Persian orthography deviates from transparency is quantified and evaluated. We investigate the relations between graphemes and phonemes in Persian, in which the writing system is not fully representative of the spoken language, mostly due to the omission of the short-vowel graphemes. We measure the degree of the Persian orthographic system transparency using a heuristic mathematical model. We apply the same measures to orthographic systems of other languages and compare the results to those obtained for Persian. The results show a relatively high degree of transparency in Persian when it comes to writing, but a low degree of transparency when it comes to reading. We also consider models that avoid the problems related to the short vowels in Persian and these models demonstrate a considerable decrease of the uncertainty in the Persian orthographic system.
Happy Birthday Glottometrics – On the Occasion of the 50th Issue and 20th Anniversary
Authors: Kelih Emmerich , Čech Radek , Mačutek Jan
Published: July 2021

Editorial Note
Gabriel Altmann (1931–2020)
Authors: Andreev Sergey , Wimmer Gejza , Kelih Emmerich
Published: July 2021

Obituary
HSP Türleri ve Testisler Üzerinde Etkili Bir Protein Olan HSP70
Authors: SARMAN Emine , GÜLLE Kanat , SARMAN Abdullah
Published: July 2021

Organizmalar ve hücreler sürekli olarak uyum sağlamaları gereken çeşitli stres faktörlerine maruz kalırlar. Başlangıçta strese duyarlı proteinler olarak tanımlanan Isı Şok Proteinleri (HSP'ler), protein katlanması, taşınması, olgunlaşması ve bozulması gibi birçok hücresel fonksiyonda yer almaktadır. HSP70’in testisler üzerinde önemli rol oynadığı bilinmekte ve özellikle yaşlanmayla birlikte etkisi artmaktadır. Yaşlanmayla spermatogenez ve steroidogenez büyük ölçüde azalmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra yüksek sıcaklık, toksik kimyasallara ve patojenlere maruz kalma ya da çeşitli çevresel faktörler erkek üreme sistemi üzerinde olumsuz etkiler meydana getirmektedir. Özellikle oksidatif stres, erkek infertilitesiyle ilişkili ana konulardan biridir. Çeşitli çalışmalar, reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROS) sperm hareketliliğini azaltarak ve sperm deoksiribo nükleik asit yapısına (DNA), doğrudan zarar vererek infertiliteye neden olduğunu göstermiştir; fakat etiyolojisi ve patogenezi henüz tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Bu derlemede, HSP70’in etki mekanizması, oksidatif stresin erkek infertilitesindeki rolü üzerine yapılan çalışmalar özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
Göçün Getirdiği Yaşamda Kadın Olmak: Üreme Sağlığı ve Hemşirelik Yaklaşımı
Authors: ARSLAN Mücahit , AKTAŞ Demet
Published: July 2021

Kadın hayatı çeşitli süreçlerle karakterizedir. Her biri diğerinden daha anlamlı olan bu döngü içerisinde gelişen birtakım nedenlerle kadın göç etmek zorunda kalabilmektedir. Göç öncesinde, doğup büyüdüğü topraklarda alışmış olduğu düzende yaşamına devam eden kadın göç ile birlikte kendisini büyük bir belirsizliğin içerisinde bulmaktadır. Bu belirsizlikle birlikte göç ettiği yerlerde kadın, üreme sağlığı sorunları başta olmak üzere çeşitli problemler yaşamaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde göçmen kadınlar genel popülasyona göre daha fazla üreme sağlığı sorunlarıyla karşılaştıkları görülmüştür. Göçmen kadınların üreme sağlığı sorunları, sağlık hizmetine ulaşmayı etkileyen tüm etmenlerden (siyasi, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik) etkilenmektedir. Özellikle göçmen kadınların başlıca üreme sağlığı sorunları arasında; cinsel yolla bulaşan enfeksiyonlar, gebelik ve doğum komplikasyonları, şiddet, istismar ve ruhsal bozukluklar yer almaktadır. Göçmen kadınlara yönelik bu doğrultuda etkin sağlık bakım hizmeti ziyaretleri (kamp, ev vb.) uygulanmalıdır. Her göçmen kadın ayrı bir birey olarak ele alınıp kültürel değerleri korunarak, transkültürel hemşirelik yaklaşımıyla sorunlarının tanılaması yapılarak gerekli bakım hizmeti sağlanmalıdır. Hemşirelerin göçmen kadın sağlığının farkında olmaları, göçmen kadınların sağlığını geliştirecek uygulamaları planlayıp gerçekleştirmeleri gerekmektedir. Toplum aile temellidir. Kadın ise ailenin şekillenmesinde önemli bir etkendir. Bu durum göçmen toplumlarda da bu şekildedir. Dolayısıyla göçmen kadınlara hemşireler tarafından verilecek sağlık bakım hizmetlerinin oldukça önemli olduğu unutulmamalıdır.
ERKEN ÇOCUKLUKTA BAĞLANMA: JOHN BOWLBY VE MARY AINSWORTH AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: DALGAR Gül , CİVİL Fatmana , SAVAŞ Ecem , ŞAHİN Aytekin
Published: July 2021

Bağlanma, doğum öncesi dönemden başlayarak, bebeğin dünyaya geldiği ilk günlerden itibaren bakım veren kişi veya kişilerle duygusal olarak kurulan bir bağ olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bakım veren kişilerle kurulan bu bağların, çocukların kişiliği üzerine etkileri, bağlanma teorileri ile açıklanmaktadır. Erken çocukluktan itibaren bireylerin tüm yaşamını etkisi altına alan bağlanma teorisinin temelleri; John Bowlby tarafından ortaya atılmış, daha sonraları ise Mary Ainsworth ile birlikte yaptıkları çalışmalar sonucunda geliştirilmiştir. Ainsworth ise bağlanmayı yapmış olduğu deneysel ve gözlemsel çalışmalarıyla derinleştirmiştir. Bu sayede, bağlanma teorisi hem deneysel hem de teorik çalışmalarla desteklenmiştir. Erken çocukluk yıllarına dayandırılan bağlanma teorisi, Bowlby ve Ainsworth tarafından kişilerarası ilişkilerde temel düzenleyiciler olarak ifade edilmektedir. Erken çocuklukta bağlanma, çocukların kişi/kişiler veya nesne/nesnelerle kurduğu ilişkilerden etkilenerek, onların gelişim sürecinin tamamını etkilemekte ve en önemlisi kişiliklerinin oluşmasında, şekillenmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı, erken çocuklukta bağlanmanın John Bowlby ve Mary Ainsworth açısından incelenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, erken çocuklukta bağlanma teorisiyle ilgili olan Bowlby ve Ainsworth'ün çalışmaları incelenerek, erken çocukluk yıllarında; çocukların anne veya birincil bakıcılarıyla kurdukları ilişkiler tartışılmıştır.
Local Community Perceptions of the Ecological and Socio-Economic Benefits of Spiders in Small-Scale Urban Green Spaces for Conservation Reinforcement
Authors:   Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Mintal, Davao City, Philippines, Sabanal Brian Tampos , Achondo Marion John Michael Macapil ,   Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Mintal, Davao City, Philippines;  2Wildlife-Human Interaction Studies, Ecological Research and Biodiversity Conservation Laboratory,  University of the Philippines Mindanao, Mintal, Davao City, Philippines, Gamalo Lief Erikson Diocampo ,   Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Mintal, Davao City, Philippines;  2Wildlife-Human Interaction Studies, Ecological Research and Biodiversity Conservation Laboratory,  University of the Philippines Mindanao, Mintal, Davao City, Philippines, Alviola IV Pedro ,   School of Management, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines, Responte Mae Alia ,   Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Mintal, Davao City, Philippines
Published: July 2021

Spiders are among the most ubiquitous arthropods that can dwell on diverse habitats, which include small-scale urban green spaces (UGS). To promote urban diversity, we assessed the awareness of a local community situated within UGS in Davao, Philippines about the ecological roles of spiders. Data were obtained by administering survey questionnaires to 80 households using convenience sampling. The survey revealed that the local community is knowledgeable on the occurrence of spiders in their area (97.5%), in which they are mostly acquainted with spiders of Pisauridae (25%) and Araneidae (20.3%). Also, the community has recognized the important ecological roles of spiders, in which they mostly acknowledged the role of spiders as a significant source of food for other organisms (71.62%). However, a high proportion of respondents also recognized the socio-economic benefits of spiders through spider wrestling (60.81%). Henceforth, the ecological roles of spiders could be subjugated as spider wrestling is practiced in the local community, which could be a possible threat to the spider population. Thus, we highly suggest to involve concerned local communities in urban biodiversity management for the conservation of spiders in the Philippines, which is highly at risk due to its perceived socio-economic benefits.
Wildlife diversity along the altitudinal gradients in the Garhwal Himalaya
Authors:   Department of Environmental Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal- 246174, Uttarakhand, India, Singh Ravindra , Raturi Renu ,   Department of Environmental Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal- 246174, Uttarakhand, India, Dhodi Rakesh ,   Centre for Mountain Tourism and Hospitality Studies, Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University  (A Central University), P.O. Kilkeleshwar, Tehri Garhwal 249161, India, Dhodi Rashmi ,   Centre for Mountain Tourism and Hospitality Studies, Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University  (A Central University), P.O. Kilkeleshwar, Tehri Garhwal 249161, India, Uniyal Sarvesh ,   Centre for Mountain Tourism and Hospitality Studies, Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University  (A Central University), P.O. Kilkeleshwar, Tehri Garhwal 249161, India, Sharma Sneha ,   Department of Environmental Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal- 246174, Uttarakhand, India, Merugu Ramchander ,   Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi University, Anneparthy, Nalgonda- 508254, Telangana State, India, Prasad Chandi ,   Department of Environmental Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal- 246174, Uttarakhand, India, Deep Akash ,   Department of Environmental Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal- 246174, Uttarakhand, India, Kumar Rahul ,   Department of Environmental Sciences, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal- 246174, Uttarakhand, India
Published: July 2021

Rich biodiversity is of fundamental significance for the foundation and adaptability of the precipitous biological system. In any case, this huge biodiversity begins vanishing at a quick rate because of human interference and over-exploitation of timberland and other common assets. The status of wildlife in Uttarakhand at Himalaya is much better than in other regions of India. But it becomes slowly disappearing due to the human encroachment and over-exploitation of forest and other natural resources. Musk Deer along the higher spans and Sambar, Yelping Deer, and so forth underneath the tree line are significant warm-blooded creatures. The present investigation was done in the Garhwal Himalayan region of Uttarakhand to uncover the effect of height and microclimatic conditions on wildlife. It is extremely vital and very fundamental for the individuals of the present era to go profoundly through the world of wildlife.
Insights in Biodiversity Management and Conservation in India: Structure and Role of Multi-tier Legal System
Authors:   Madhya Pradesh State Biodiversity Board, Bhopal - 462011, India, Singh Gaurav , Dukariya Garima ,   School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore - 452001, India
Published: July 2021

India, a mega varied nation with merely 2.5% of the earth’s total land region, shelters approx. seven to eight % of entire documented species, comprises of 45,000 floral species and 97,000 species of animals. Although, India can exhibit a notable variety of life diversity but there is barely any possibility for sense of security. The biodiversity experiences a variety of threats like overexploitation of natural resources, climate change, land use changes in natural habitats and spread of invasive species. Number of actions comprising facilitating strategy and official framework, have been put in place to mainstream environment, together with biodiversity. To attain the goals of Convention on Biodiversity, Indian government proclaimed the ‘Biological Diversity Act’ in 2002. The NBA founded under this act operates controlling, advisory and facilitative roles on matters of conservation, balanced usage of biological resources and fair and equitable sharing of benefits of use. The NBA operates through SBBs at the state level and BMCs at the regional level to execute biodiversity policies via development of People's Biodiversity Registers. All these efforts will help in moving forward in the direction of attaining objectives for biodiversity protection and human development. This review summarized the structure of multi-tier system of National Biodiversity Authority with focus on Biodiversity Management Committee and their roles in conservation.
Ecotourism opportunities and conservation challenges: A case study involving some lesser known protected areas of central India landscape
Authors:   Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, India, Patricia Peteneinuo , Acharya Suchitra , Verma Tripti Pal , Sharma Akash , Chaudhry Pradeep ,   Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, India
Published: July 2021

Madhya Pradesh is a wildlife tourism destination in India. However, some Protected Areas are not developed, and their importance is not well-known. Weak management practices and low motivating factors for staff, lack of ownership among the communities were some of the restricting factors why they have not been able to develop to their full potential. In order to support their development, organizations having corporate social responsibility (CSR) funds were identified from various districts of Madhya Pradesh viz. Indore, Dhar, Satna, Katni, Singrauli and Dewas. The primary objective of this study is to throw light on their potential, to generate awareness about their potential and how they can be promoted to boost ecotourism with the help of all concerned stakeholders’ participation.
Plecoptera community of two small streams of Shillong, Meghalaya, North-East India
Authors:   Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, 788011 Silchar, India, Marwein Identicia , Gupta Susmita ,   Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, 788011 Silchar, India
Published: July 2021

A study on diversity and ecology of Plecoptera larvae was carried out at two small streams, Wahdienglieng and Umrisa of Shillong, Meghalaya, North-east India for the year 2014 and 2015. The total number of families and genera recorded during the study were 3 families and 8 genera. During the first year at Wahdienglieng, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the high weighted variables are total alkalinity, pH, electrical conductivity, water temperature and sand while at Umrisa, free carbon dioxide and electrical conductivity were strong variables. The next year at Wahdienglieng, PCA showed pH as the highly weighted variable while at Umrisa, the PCA indicated dissolved oxygen, water temperature and rainfall as influential variables. The CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) dendrogram revealed that Indonemoura spp and Kamimuria spp have positive impact with sandy substratum in Wahdienglieng; while Amphinemura spp showed positive correlation with dissolved oxygen in Umrisa during the first year. In the next year, water temperature showed positive relation with Indonemoura spp and Tetropina spp at Wahdienglieng and Umrisa, respectively. The presence of Plecoptera larvae in these streams indicated that the water is unpolluted and the substratum type enabled the larvae to reside at various microhabitats with diverse species.
Molecular identification of Ergalatax contracta from Yeongdo island, Korea
Authors:   Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology,  Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea, Rho Yangrae , Lee Hoyeon ,   Division of Marine Bioscience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea, Kim Hiyoung ,   Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea, Yang Inho ,   Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology,  Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea, Park Jinsoon ,   Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology,  Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea,   Department of Ocean Science, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea
Published: July 2021

The current study reports the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 sequence of Gastropoda Ergalatax contracta from Busan, Korea. Four specimens were collected and extracted to obtain genomic DNA for the sequencing analysis. This is the first E. contracta sequence from Korea submitted to the NCBI for an accession number.
The diversity of marine invertebrate macrofauna in selected rocky intertidal zones of Matara, Sri Lanka
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara 81000, Sri Lanka, Wickramasinghe M.P. , Sudarshani K.A.M. , Wegiriya H.C.E. ,   Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara 81000, Sri Lanka
Published: July 2021

The present study was conducted in intertidal rocky shores at Wellamadama and Kamburugamuwa of Matara district from June to November 2018. A line transect method was employed perpendicular to the shore and randomly placed quadrats were used to identify and quantify the species. Collectively 34 species of intertidal macroinvertebrate fauna were identified. Shanon-Weiner index, Menhinick’s index, and Pielou’s index for Wellamadama were 1.8271, 0.5612, and 0.7620 respectively, while those in Kamburugamuwa were 1.9281, 0.4307, and 0.7517. Higher species diversity was recorded at the rocky shores of Kamburugamuwa, while higher species richness and evenness at Wellamadama rocky shores. The Jaccard similarity index indicates a low similarity (<50%) between two study rocky shores. Clypidina notata, Cellana rota, and Patelloida striata were the dominant species in the low tide zone. Highly abundant species in mid tidal zone at Wellamadama was Nodilittorina quadricincta, while that of in mid-tide zone at Kamburugamuwa was Chiton sp. Periwinkle snails were dominating the high tide zone of both study rocky shores of which Nodilittorina trochoides dominated at Wellamadama and Littoraria undulata dominated at Kamburugamuwa. The study indicates that community assemblages in intertidal rocky shores vary spatially and comprehensive studies are essential to investigate the controlling factors.
Biodiversity conservation in Botanical Gardens: collection of Cycadales Pers. ex Bercht. & J. Presl representatives in the greenhouses of the Peter the Great Botanical Garden (BIN RAS)
Authors:   Komarov Botanical Institute (BIN RAS) 197376, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, Arnautova E.M. , Yaroslavtseva M.A. ,   Komarov Botanical Institute (BIN RAS) 197376, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Published: July 2021

The role of Botanical Gardens in biodiversity conservation is considered. The analysis of the greenhouse collection of Cycadales representatives is carried out. Both the general characteristics of this group of plants (distribution, growth forms, reproduction, taxonomy) and the characteristics of the families and genera Cycadales presented in the collection of the Peter the Great Botanical Garden are given. In the greenhouses, 47 species of Cycadales belonging to 9 genera are grown, all species have a conservation status: CR - 7 species, EN - 10 species, VU - 6 species, NT - 16 species, LC - 8 species.
Steppe and forest-steppe pine forests as refugiums in the conservation of rare and unique plant species
Authors:   Institute оf Steppe оf the Urаl Branch оf the Russian Academy of Sciences 460000, 11 Pionerskaya str., Orenburg, Russia, Kin N.О. , Velmovskiy P.V. ,   Institute оf Steppe оf the Urаl Branch оf the Russian Academy of Sciences 460000, 11 Pionerskaya str., Orenburg, Russia
Published: July 2021

This report includes data on rare plant species of steppe and forest-steppe pine forests. We have identified the proportion of rare species that live in the studied forests for the regions where they are located, and for Russia as a whole. We have identified regional species found only in pine forests. The article shows that pine forests play an important role in the conservation of forest (boreal, boreonemoral, nemoral and boreonemoral forest-steppe) species and in the conservation of regional phytodiversity.
Checklist of phytoplankton of the foot hill belt of Arunachal Himalayas
Authors:   Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India, Nath Soumin , Baruah Partha Pratim ,   Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
Published: July 2021

Based on a yearlong random floristic survey on various locations, a checklist of the phytoplankton flora in the foot hill belt of Arunachal Himalayas was compiled. The current list contains 116 phytoplankton taxa representing 6 algal phyla, 35 families and 55 genera which were more than the results of all previous survey. With 34 taxa, Chlorophyta was the richest phylum followed by Charophyta (31), Bacillariophyta (27), Euglenozoa (14), Cyanobacteria (6) and Ochrophyta (4) respectively. Among the families, Desmidiaceae was the most species rich one with 19 species. Closterium and Cosmarium were the dominant genera with 11 species each. A total of 90 phytoplankton species were reported for the first time from foot hill belt of Arunachal Himalayas.
Antonimitas dalam al-Qur'an
Authors: Lestari Fuji
Published: July 2021

Ayat-ayat al-Qur’an merupakan petunjuk bagi manusia di bumi. Oleh karena itu al-Qur’an menggunakan bahasa manusia dimana mereka hidup. Nabi Muhammad terpilih sebagai utusan untuk mensyiarkan agama Islam dengan pilar al-Qur’an sesuai lughah yang dipakai. Memahami al-Qur’an tidak cukup dengan membacanya saja, walaupun setiap bacaannya ada ganjarannya. Lebih daripada itu pemahaman pada bahasa yang disampaikan al-Qur’an patut dijadikan perhatian lebih guna mendapatkan pemahaman secara komprehensif dalam segala aspek petunjuk yang diperuntukan seluruh alam ini. Pemahaman secara linguistik seperti antonim dalam al-Qur’an atau dila>lah dalam Q.S al-Hasyr ini akan dibahas dalam artikel ini guna mencari antonim dalam surah tersebut berdasarkan kisaran makna dan jenis dari antonim perspektif semantik AL-Khulli. Adapun metode dalam tulisan ini dengan menggunakan semantik al-Khulli dengan berpacu pada teorinya tentang sembilan jenis antonim dalam bahasa Arab. Akan tetapi, dalam Q.S Hasyr. Dari kesimpulan nya terdapat lima jenis antonim yaitu:  Binary/ ???? ???, Bagian/ ???? ????, Affinity/ ???? ???????, Graded/ ???? ????, Conversense / ???? ???.
Mengeksplanasi Mukjizat Al-Qur'an
Authors: Asrar Mahfudhil
Published: July 2021

Al-Qur’an merupakan sumber rujukan utama yang menempati posisi sentral bagi seluruh disiplin ilmu keislaman. Kitab suci tersebut, disamping menjadi huda (petunjuk), juga bayyinat min al-huda (penjelasan bagi petunjuk-petunjuk tersebut) serta menjadi furqan (tolok ukur pemisah antara yang benar dan yang salah). Dari sini, tidak heran jika Al-Qur’an mendapat perhatian yang amat besar dari semua pihak yang ingin memperoleh cahaya petunjuk dan/atau mengenal lebih dekat ajaran-ajaran Islam.
Diantara keistimewaan Al-Qur’an bahawa ia merupakan kitab yang bersifat i’jaz (melemahkan dan meyakinkan para penentangnya). Allah menjadikannya sebagai tanda kekuasaan terbesar dan mukjizat teragung bagi pamungkas rasul-rasul-Nya, Muhammad saw. Bahkan Allah menjadikannya tanda kebesaran satu-satunya yang bersifat menantang. Allah tidak menantang orang-orang musyrik dengan setiap tanda (kejadian) yang Allah anugerahkan dengan segala keragaman dan kuantitasnya, kecuali Al-Qur’an.
Dan akhirnya penulis menyadari bahawa dalam penulisan makalah ini banyak sekali kekurangan dan keterbatasan. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan masukan serta perbaikan yang sifatnya membangun dari para pembaca. Semoga tulisan yang singkat ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua. Amin
Ibnu Abbas
Authors: Muhtar Zainuddin
Published: July 2021

Kitab Al-Qur’an yang merupakan pusat ajaran Islam telah menjadi bahan pengkajian yang tidak pernah kering. Ia selalu digali agar ditemukan berbagai mutiara dari dalam kandungannya. Sepanjang perjalanan sejarah Al-Qur’an, berbagai kalangan telah menumpahkan segenap waktu, tenaga dan fikirannya untuk selalu dapat berinteraksi dengan kalam yang mulia tersebut. Semakin intens perhatian yang diarahkan kepadanya, semakin besar daya tarik yang ia pancarkan dan daya tarik tersebut tidak pernah habis dan selalu tampak menarik bagaikan kilauan sudut permata yang begitu indah. Salah satu jenis kajian yang terus berkembang seiring perjalanan waktu adalah kajian tafsir yang boleh dikatakan sama tuanya dengan usia Al-Qur’an sejak ia diturunkan oleh Allah kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW 14 Abad yang lalu. Dalam setiap kurun waktu tertentu, cabang ini telah menghasilkan pemikir-pemikir yang brilian yang telah mampu menjelaskan berbagai macam makna yang dikandung oleh Al-Qur’an dan menghasilkan karya-karya besar. Karya-karya tersebut kelak akan menjadi salah satu alat mediasi yang paling jitu untuk mudah memahami Al-Qur’an dan menjadikannya pelita dalam kehidupan ini. Tak pelak lagi, nama Abdullah bin Abbas atau yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Ibnu Abbas menjadi salah satu nama yang paling popular dalam menafsirkan wahyu Allah tersebut. Kemampuan yang ia miliki telah diakui oleh berbagai kalangan, terutama kalangan sahabat-sahabat Nabi yang cukup senior seperti Umar bin Khattab dan Ali bin Abi Thalib. Langkah-langkah Ibnu Abbas dalam penafsiran Al-Qur’an, pun menjadi salah satu model yang mengilhami ulama-ulama besar dalam bidang tafsir beberapa abad kemudian. Kota suci Mekkah menjadi awal perkembangan pemikiran Ibnu Abbas yang juga menghasilkan ulama-ulama besar seperti Said bin Jubair dan Mujahid bin Jabr
Pemikiran Muhammadiyah Tentang Hadits
Authors: Rofi'í Muhammad Arwani Rofi'í
Published: July 2021

Muhammadiyah merupakan salah satu kelompok gerakan Islam besar di Indonesia, oleh karena itu sangat dibutuhkan sekali pengetahuan umat Islam tentang kelompok ini. Dalam Islam hadis merupakan sumber utama agama setelah al-Qur’an karena pentingnya kedudukan hadis dalam Islam, maka sangat penting sekali kita memahami pemahaman kelompok Muhammadiyah terhadap hadis. Metode yang digunakan oleh penulis dalam mengkaji pemahaman Muhammadiyah terhadap hadis adalah dengan metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan cara mengumpulkan data-data berupa teks-teks yang ada kemudian ditelaah untuk mendapatkan pemahaman dari teks tersebut atau dapat disebut dengan content analisys. Penelitian yang penulis dapatkan Muhammadiyah sangat memperhatikan kesahihan sebuah hadis sebagai rujukan dalam bersyariat terutama kritik dalam sanad hadis, dalam bidang Akidah Muhammadiyah hanya menerima hadis mutawatir, namun dalam beberapa hal juga terdapat perbedaan dalam penerapannya.
Urgensi Pendekatan Holistik dalam Metodologi Studi Islam
Authors: Khaidir Piet Hizbullah
Published: July 2021

Metodologi Studi Islam dalam perdebatan ilmiah akademik dipersoalkan: apakah cukup menggunakan pendekatan normative saja, historis saja, atau gabungan keduanya ataukah tidak membutuhkan pendekatan sama sekali. Tulisan ini dengan menggunakan eksemplar kajian pemikiran Prof. M. Amin Abdullah membedah secara kritis bagaimana Metodologi Studi Islam seharusnya menyajikan kajian-kajian keislaman dan isu-isu keislaman. Penulis menguraikan apakah pendekatan normative, pendekatan historis dan gabungan keduanya beserta implikasinya jika diterapkan dalam kajian-kajian teks-teks keislaman dan isu-isu keislaman. Untuk mempertegas kajian metodologis ini, penulis juga menguraikan sedikit tentang pemikir lain yang serupa dengan Prof. Amin Abdullah, yaitu Prof. Fazlurrahman, dan membedah pemikiran Prof. Amin Abdullah yang diposisikan oleh penulis sebagai seorang Ghazalian dan Kantian. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan deskriptis analitis serta komparatif dalam menyajikan tulisan ini. Sehingga diharapkan dapat ditemukan telaah komprehensif atas dua hal: pemikiran Prof. Amin Abdullah dan pentingnya pendekatan holistik dalam Metodologi Studi Islam.
CSR (Corporatesocialresponsibility) dalam Perspektif Islam: Alternatif Strategi untuk Menciptakan GCC (Good Corporate Culture) di Masyarakat
Authors: Anis Ulfiyatin Anis Ulfiyatin
Published: July 2021

Tulisan ini akan membahas tentang konsep CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) dalam perspektif kajian Islam sebagai strategi menciptakan GCC (Good Corporate Culture) di masyrakat. CSR sebagai sebuah konsep yang diyakini mampu menciptakan hubungan yang harmonis antara perusahaan dan masyarakat. Banyak manfaat yang akan diterima perusahaan bila melaksanakan program CSR. Oleh karena itu perusahaan harus memaknai CSR sebagai sebuah kewajiban bukan kesukarelaan. Pelaksanaan CSR membutuhkan kerjasama dari semua pihak yang ada di perusahaan tersebut. Bila CSR telah dimaknai sebagai nilai-nilai perusahaan dan dilaksanakan secara kolektif, maka CSR akan menjadi budaya perusahaan. Salah satu keuntungan bagi perusahaan yang menjalankan program CSR adalah menciptakan image positif di masyarakat.
Fungsi Al-Qur'an bagi Manusia
Authors: Agus Salim Syukran Agus Salim Syukran
Published: July 2021

Al-Qur’an adalah kitab suci terakhir yang diwahyukan Allah Swt kepada nabi dan rasul-Nya. Kitab yang diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad Saw ini merupakan lanjutan dari kitab-kitab suci sebelumnya, seperti Taurat yang diturunkan kepada Nabi Musa, Zabur yang diberikan kepada Nabi Daud, dan Injil yang diwahyukan kepada Nabi Isa. Sebagai kitab suci terakhir, al-Qur’an memiliki fungsi yang lebih luas daripada kitab-kitab sebelumnya. Tulisan ini mencoba meneliti fungsi al-Qur’an bagi manusia. Dengan mengambil perspektif al-Qur’an dan agama Islam, penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Allah Swt telah memberikan kepada al-Qur’an sejumlah nama yang menggambarkan fungsinya. Di antaranya Al-Huda (petunjuk), Al-Furqan (pembeda antara yang hak dan yang batil), Al-Burhan (bukti kebenaran), Al-Dzikr atau Al-Tadzkirah (peringatan), Al-Syifa (obat penyembuh), Al-Mau’idhah (nasihat, pelajaran), dan Al-Rahmah (rahmat). Selain itu, sebagai kitab suci terakhir, al-Qur’an juga membawa fungsi sebagai petunjuk bagi umat manusia hingga akhir zaman, penyempurna kitab-kitab suci sebelumnya, dan sumber pokok ajaran agama Islam yang dibawa oleh Nabi Muhammad Saw.
Kebenaran dan Peranan Al-Qur’an dalam Kesempurnaan Sistem Imun Tubuh Manusia
Authors: Robi'aqalbi Rosydina
Published: July 2021

Al-Qur’an merupakan kitab yang tidak terbantahkan kebenarannya. Berbagai ilmuwan di seluruh belahan dunia tertarik untuk mengkaji secara ilmiah tentang bukti kebenaran firman Allah dalam kitab suci Al-Qur’an. Salah satu bukti kebenaran Al-Qur’an adalah kebenarannya ketika berbicara tentang kesempurnaan penciptaan manusia.  Salah satu kesempurnaan ciptaan manusia yang begitu mengagumkan terdapat pada sistem imun tubuh manusia. Tulisan ini akan mengkaji melalui literature review bagaimana sempurnanya cara kerja sistem imun yang dimiliki oleh manusia dibandingkan dengan makhluk lainnya. Juga akan dibahas tentang peranan Al-Qur’an dalam meningkatkan imunitas tubuh manusia.
Al-Qur'an, Jalan Ilmu Pengetahuan Dan Perubahan Sosial
Authors: Khaidir Piet Hizbullah Khaidir
Published: July 2021

Menurut teori perubahan sosial (al-taghyir al-ijtima’iy) dan peradaban (al-hadlarah wa al-tsaqafah), misalnya seperti dilansir oleh Ibn Khaldun dalam Kitab Muqaddimahnya, dinyatakan bahwa tonggak peradaban yang darinya lahir perubahan sosial itu ditopang oleh unsur luhur kemanusiaan, yaitu: ilmu pengetahuan (budaya baca-tulis), karya peradaban dan upaya bertahan hidup. Semakin tinggi tradisi baca-tulis dimiliki oleh suatu masyarakat, semakin memungkinkannya mereka melakukan perubahan sesuai kemajuan zaman yang dibutuhkan. QS. Al-‘Alaq: 1-5 memberi kita pengertian bahwa pilar peradaban Islam dibentuk oleh tiga gerakan: baca-tulis, spiritual dan amal shaleh. Tiga gerakan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa suatu komunitas perlu memancangkan tiga tradisi gerakan tersebut dalam pikiran dan aktifitasnya untuk menjadi semacam strategi perubahan sosial bila hendak mencapai suatu peradaban seperti dicanangkan al-Qur’an. Tiga tradisi gerakan yang disebutkan dalam QS. Al-‘Alaq: 1-5 di atas menjadi lebih menarik dan penting bila dikaitkan dengan pembacaan ayat-ayat lainnya, misalnya QS. Al-Ra’du: 11 dan Al-Anfal: 53; Al-Rahman: 33; Al-Mujadilah: 11; serta Al-Fatihah dan Al-Muzammil. Tulisan ini, dengan metode pembacaan terhadap ayat-ayat tersebut, dengan menggunakan pendekatan munasabat ayat dan teori perubahan sosial, hendak mengkaji dan mendalami apa dan bagaimana perubahan sosial menurut al-Qur’an; serta apa dan bagaimana strategi perubahan sosial dan tujuan akhir (ghayah) dari konsep perubahan sosial dalam al-Qur’an. Kemudian, aktor perubahan sosial seperti apa dan bagaimana yang dicanangkan Al-Qur’an dalam melakukan perubahan sosial
Manusia dalam Al-Qur'an
Authors: Shaleh Muhammad Dawam
Published: July 2021

Konsep manusia dalam Al-Qur’an dijelaskan sangat komprehensif, mulai dari proses penciptaan, perjanjian manusia dengan penciptanya, kelahiran, tanggung-jawab serta kewajiban yang harus dilakukannya. Manusia sebagai makhluk diberi dua pilihan oleh penciptanya, untuk mengikuti kebajikan atau kejahatan. Manusia selamat karena mengikuti kebajikan, dan sebaliknya. Salah satu kebajikan paling utama adalah shalat, sedangkan kejahatan paling dahsyat adalah kesombongan dan kelalaian dalam shalat. Tulisan ini mengurai, menganalisis dan mendeskripsikan secara lengkap dan kritis menggunakan pendekatan linguistik dan semantik, bagaimana konsep manusia dalam Al-Qur’an.