bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing a deeper understanding of the osteogenic differentiation of monolayer cultured human pluripotent stem cells using novel and detailed analyses
Authors: Zhou Ping , Shi Jia-Min , Song Jing-E , Han Yu , Li Hong-Jiao , Song Ya-Meng , Feng Fang , Wang Jian-Lin , Zhang Rui , Lan Feng
Published: November 2020

Background: Derivation of osteoblast-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is a popular topic in bone tissue engineering. Although many improvements have been achieved, the low induction efficiency because of spontaneous differentiation hampers their applications. To solve this problem, a detailed understanding of the osteogenic differentiation process of hPSCs is urgently needed.Methods: Monolayer cultured human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells were differentiated in commonly applied serum-containing osteogenic medium for 35 days. In addition to traditional assays such as cell viability detection, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and alizarin red staining, we also applied studies of cell counting, cell telomerase activity, and flow cytometry as essential indicators to analyse the cell type changes in each week.Results: The population of differentiated cells was quite heterogeneous throughout the 35 days of induction. Then, cell telomerase activity and cell cycle analyses have value in evaluating the cell type and tumourigenicity of the obtained cells. Finally, a dynamic map was made to integrated the analysis of these results during osteogenic differentiation of hPSCs, and the cell types at defined stages were concluded.Conclusions: Our results lay the foundation to improve the in vitro osteogenic differentiation efficiency of hPSCs by supplementing with functional compounds at the desired stage, and then establishing a step-wise induction system in the future.
Long-term oncological outcomes of low anterior resection for rectal cancer with and without preservation of the left colic artery: A retrospective cohort study.
Authors: Luo Yuwen , Li Rongjiang , Wu Deqing , Zeng Jun , Wang Junjiang , Chen Xianzhe , Huang Chengzhi , Li Yong , Yao Xueqing
Published: November 2020

BackgroundThere is uncertainty in the literature about the best surgical approach for low anterior resection of rectal cancer to deal with the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), that is to preserve left colic artery or not. We analyzed the effect of preserving the left colic artery (LCA) on long-term oncological outcomes. MethodsWe retrospectively collected clinicopathological and follow-up details of patients who underwent low anterior resection for rectal cancer in the General Surgery Department of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, from January 2014 to December 2015. Cases were divided into low ligation (LL) or high ligation (HL) of the IMA The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were compared between the two groups. ResultsAltogether, there were 221 cases in the LL group (LCA preserved) and 295 cases in the HL group (LCA not preserved). Postoperative 30-day mortality was 0.9% in the LL group and 1.4% in the HL group. Early complications occurred in 41.2% patients in the LL group and 38.3% in the HL group. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 8.6% of patients in the LL group and in 13.2% in the HL group. The numbers of lymph nodes harvested were 18.8 ± 9.6 in the LL group and 17.0 ± 6.6 in the HL group. The median follow-up periods were 51.4 (7–61) months in the LL group and 51.2 (8–61) months in the HL group. During follow-up, the percentages of patients who died, had local recurrence, or had metastases were 39.8%, 7.7%, and 38.5%, respectively, in the LL group and 39%, 8.5%, and 40%, respectively, in the HL group; these differences were not significant (all P ＞ 0.05). The 5-year OS and DFS were 69.6% and 59.6% in the LL group, respectively, and 60.1% and 56.2% in the HL group, respectively; these differences were not significant (all P ＞ 0.05). After stratification by tumor-node-metastasis stage, the difference between the 5-year OS and DFS for stages I, II, and III cancer were not significant (all P ＞ 0.05). ConclusionsThe long-term oncological outcomes of low anterior resection for rectal cancer with preservation of the LCA are comparable with those of ligation at the IMA origin.
Effects of Whole Body Vibration exercise on Lumbar-Abdominal Muscles Activation for patients with chronic low back pain
Authors: dong yulin , wang huifang , Zhu Yan , Chen Binlin , Zheng Yili , liu xiaochen , qiao jun , wang xueqiang
Published: November 2020

Background: Whole body vibration (WBV) training as an intervention method can cure chronic low back pain (CLBP). Different WBV parameters exert different effects on lumbar-abdominal muscle performance. Currently, there is a lack of study researched the influence of WBV training on patients with CLBP by lumbar–abdominal muscle activity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how WBV and exercise and their interactions influence lumbar-abdominal muscle activity in patients with CLBP.Methods: a group of ambulatory patients with chronic low back pain. Muscle activities of the multifidus (MF), erector spinae (ES), abdominal oblique externus muscle (AOE) and the rectus abdominis muscle (RA) were measured by surface electromyography, whereas participants performed 4 different exercises (single bridge, plank, side stay and V crunch) during three whole body vibration conditions and a no-vibration condition in a single experimental session. Results: Compared with the same exercises without whole body vibration, muscle activity increased when whole body vibration was added to the exercises. MF；the WBV frequency (P=0.002,) and exercise (P<0.001) presented significant effects on the root mean square of MF, whereas exercise * frequency (P=0.044) also resulted in significant interaction effects. ES: the significant differences were detected at WBV frequency (P<0.001), exercise (P<0.001), the interaction effect of exercise and frequency (P=0.225) was no significant. RA: the significant difference was detected at WBV frequency (P=0.018), the effect of exercise (P=0.590) and the exercise * frequency interaction (P=0.572) were no significant. AOE: the significant difference was detected at WBV frequency (P<0.001), the effect of exercise (P=0.152) and the exercise * frequency interaction (P=0.380) were no significant.Conclusion: Adding whole body vibration to exercise could increase muscle activation of lumbar–abdominal muscle in patients with CLBP. The optimum frequency for lumbar–abdominal muscles is 15 Hz. The best exercises include plank for multifidus and erector spinae, V crunch for rectus abdominis and single bridge for abdominal oblique externus.
Hyaluronic acid modified covalent organic polymers for efficient targeted and oxygen-evolved phototherapy
Authors: Shu Fangpeng , Yang Taowei , Zhang Xuefeng , Chen Wenbin , Wu Kaihui , Luo Junqi , Zhou Xumin , Liu Guochang , Lu Jianming , Mao Xiangming
Published: November 2020

The integration of multiple functions with organic polymers-based nanoagent holds great potential to potentiate its therapeutic efficacy, but still remains challenges. In the present study, we design and prepare an organic nanoagent with oxygen-evolved and targeted ability for improved phototherapeutic efficacy. The iron ions doped poly diaminopyridine (FeD) is prepared by oxidize polymerization and modified with hyaluronic acid (HA). The obtained FeDH appears uniform morphology and size. Its excellent colloidal stability and biocompatibility are demonstrated. Specifically, the FeDH exhibits catalase-like activity in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. After loading of photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG), the ICG@FeDH not only demonstrates favorable photothermal effect, but also shows improved generation ability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under near-infrared laser irradiation. Moreover, the targeted uptake of ICG@FeDH in tumor cells is directly observed. As consequence, the superior phototherapeutic efficacy of the targeted ICG@FeDH over non-targeted counterparts is also confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Hence, the results demonstrate that the developed nanoagent rationally integrates the targeted ability, oxygen-evolved capacity and combined therapy in one system, offering a new paradigm of polymer-based nanomedicine for tumor therapy.
Incidence and Time-Varying Predictors of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Male Sex Workers in Mexico City
Authors: Ganley Karla , Wilson-Barthes Marta , Zullo Andrew R. , Sosa-Rubí Sandra G. , Conde-Glez Carlos J. , García-Cisneros Santa , Lurie Mark N. , Marshall Brandon D.L. , Operario Don , Mayer Kenneth H. , Galarraga Omar
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Male sex workers are at high-risk for acquisition of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus. We quantified incidence rates of sexually transmitted infections and identified their time-varying predictors among male sex workers in Mexico City.  Methods: Male sex workers recruited from the largest human immunodeficiency virus clinic and community sites in Mexico City were tested for chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, hepatitis, and human immunodeficiency virus at baseline, 6-months, and 12-months. Incidence rates with 95% bootstrapped confidence limits were calculated. We examined potential time-varying predictors using generalized estimating equations for a population averaged model. Results and Discussion: Among 227 male sex workers, median age was 24 and baseline human immunodeficiency virus prevalence was 32%. Incidence rates (per 100 person-years) were as follows: human immunodeficiency virus (5.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.15, 10.31), chlamydia (5.15; 95% CI: 2.58, 9.34), gonorrhea (3.93; 95% CI: 1.88, 7.83), syphilis (13.04; 95% CI: 8.24, 19.94), hepatitis B (2.11; 95% CI: 0.53, 4.89), hepatitis C (0.95; 95% CI: 0.00, 3.16), any sexually transmitted infection except human immunodeficiency virus (30.99; 95% CI: 21.73, 40.26), and any sexually transmitted infection including human immunodeficiency virus (50.08; 95% CI: 37.60, 62.55). In the multivariable-adjusted model, incident sexually transmitted infections (excluding human immunodeficiency virus) were lower among those who reported consistently using condoms during anal and vaginal intercourse (odds ratio = 0.03, 95% 0.00, 0.68) compared to those who reported inconsistently using condoms during anal and vaginal intercourse. Conclusions: Incidence of sexually transmitted infections is high among male sex workers in Mexico City. Consistent condom use is an important protective factor for sexually transmitted infections, and should be an important component of interventions to prevent incident infections.
Iron Accumulation in Macrophages Promotes the Formation of Foam Cells and Development of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Cai Jing , Zhang Meng , Liu Yutong , Li Huihui , Shang Longcheng , Xu Tianze , Chen Zhipeng , Wang Fudi , Qiao Tong , Li Kuanyu
Published: November 2020

Background Macrophages that accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques contribute to progression of the lesions to more advanced and complex plaques. Although iron deposition was found in human atherosclerotic plaques, clinical and pre-clinical studies showed controversial results. Several epidemiological studies did not show the positive correlation between a systemic iron status and an incidence of cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that the iron involvement occurs locally, rather than systemically.Results To determine the direct in vivo effect of iron accumulation in macrophages on the progression of atherosclerosis, we generated Apoe-/- mice with a macrophage-specific ferroportin (Fpn1) deficiency (Apoe-/-Fpn1LysM/LysM). Fpn1 deficiency in macrophages dramatically accelerated the progression of atherosclerosis in mice. Pathophysiological evidence showed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, aggravated systemic inflammation, and altered plaque-lipid composition. Moreover, Fpn1 deficiency in macrophages significantly inhibited the expression of ABC transporters (ABCA1 and ABCG1) by decreasing the expression of the transcription factor LXRα, which reduced cholesterol efflux and therefore promoted foam cell formation and enhanced plaque formation. Iron chelation relieved the symptoms moderately in vivo, but drastically ex vivo.Conclusions Macrophage iron content in plaques is a critical factor in progression of atherosclerosis. The interaction of iron and lipid metabolism takes place in macrophage-rich atherosclerotic plaques. And we also suggest that altering intracellular iron levels in macrophages by systemic iron chelation or dietary iron restriction may be a potential supplementary strategy to limit or even regress the progression of atherosclerosis.
Serum proteins potentiate therapeutic efficacy of lysocin E against S. aureus
Authors: Sekimizu Kazuhisa , Hamamoto Hiroshi , Panthee Suresh , Paudel Atmika , Ishii Kenichi , Yasukawa Jyunichiro , Jie Su , Itoh Hiroaki , Tokumoto Kotaro , Inoue Masayuki
Published: November 2020

The development of antimicrobials that exert therapeutic efficacy by novel mechanisms is crucial toward combatting multidrug-resistant bacteria. We previously reported a novel antibiotic, lysocin E, that is effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)1. Lysocin E exhibits more prominent therapeutic effects against S. aureus in a mouse systemic infection model compared with its basal antibacterial activity in vitro, but the detailed mechanism underlying this discrepancy was unclear. Here we show that serum or plasma from various species, including humans, increases the antimicrobial activity of lysocin E, and identified apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) as an enhancing factor in the serum. Using gene knockout mice, we further revealed that ApoA-I contributes to the therapeutic effects of lysocin E. The binding capacity of lysocin E to ApoA-I was enhanced by lipid II, an intermediate component of S. aureus cell wall synthesis in the membrane, and ApoA-I enhanced the membrane-damaging activity of lysocin E at a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC). Our results are the first to demonstrate that antimicrobial activity can be potentiated through interactions of host serum proteins with microbial components to enhance the therapeutic effect, which broadens the strategies for developing antimicrobials by taking advantage of host-microbe interactions.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE PARTITION ON INDIA AND PAKISTAN
Authors:   ijar, Mehra Aryaan
Published: November 2020

The paper reflects on the events of partition that took place in 1947, following the nation gaining its independence from 200 years of imperial British rule. The occasion resulted in the birth of two dominion states - India and Pakistan, with the later also occupying the territory of Bangladesh, then referred to as East Pakistan. In this paper, factors that impacted the economic conditions of both countries have been analyzed to understand their outcomes in the post-independence period.
CASE REPORT: METASTATIC PHYLLODE TUMOR
Authors:   Service De Gynecologie Obstetrique « I »CHU Hassan II, Fes. Maroc., Lemrabott E. , Abdelkader N. ,   Service De Gynecologie Obstetrique « I »CHU Hassan II, Fes. Maroc., Cheikh A. ,   Service De Gynecologie Obstetrique « I »CHU Hassan II, Fes. Maroc., Mamouni N. ,   Service De Gynecologie Obstetrique « I »CHU Hassan II, Fes. Maroc., Errarhay S. ,   Service De Gynecologie Obstetrique « I »CHU Hassan II, Fes. Maroc., Bouchikhi C. ,   Service De Gynecologie Obstetrique « I »CHU Hassan II, Fes. Maroc., Banani A. ,   Service De Gynecologie Obstetrique « I »CHU Hassan II, Fes. Maroc.
Published: November 2020

Rationale: Malignant phyllodes tumors are rare breast neoplasms that are associated with a 6.2% to 25% incidence rate of distant metastasis the lung is the most common metastatic site. To date, there is no consensus regarding the treatment of metastatic malignant phyllodes breast tumors. Patient concern: A 34-year-old woman was admitted into the gynecology department for a rapidly growing left breast tumor that was first noticed month prior. Diagnosis: Core needle biopsy revealed a malignant phyllodes tumor. A chest computed tomography tomography/CT showed metastatic lymph nodes that appeared to have spread to the right axilla She was subsequently followed by course of radiotherapy, she consulted again 3 months later for a productive cough, X-ray thorax in comparison with that made preoperatively: presence of the left peri-hilar nodules which were not present on the first X-ray Interventions: A left mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection was conducted and a thoracoabdominal flap and a split thickness skin graft were performed for the skin defect. And radiotherapie adjuvant. Lessons: As standard treatment guidelines for metastatic malignant phyllodes tumors are lacking, we opted for the aforementioned aggressive treatments that resulted in complete remission of the lung metastasis. Therefore, aggressive treatment, whenever possible, is warranted.
A GIS TOOL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE NATURE OF INSURGENCY IN BORNO STATE
Authors:   Department of Geography Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Kaduna State., I.A Mustafa
Published: November 2020

The various activities carried out by the fundamentalist group called Boko Haram have created fear among the populace and the international communities. This group was the first set in Nigeria to be labeled as an insurgent organization by the United State of America and its associates. Since 2009 to date the group has carried out so many violent activities in the North-eastern Nigeria through Kidnapping, suicide bombing, attacks on innocent citizens and robbery. The study explores the usefulness of Geographical Information System (GIS) in understanding the various pattern and nature of insurgency in Borno State. In other to achieve this aim, the study provided the following objectives which include updating the existing database of insurgency activities in Borno State showing the pattern of the nature of insurgency in Borno state from 2009 to 2017 and identifing the area with the highest and lowest insurgency activities in the state. Secondary data where utilized from Armed Conflict Location and Events Dtat (ACLED) 2018 version, and security records. ArcGIS was employed for the analysis of the spatial pattern of the nature of insurgency. The result shows that suicide bombing was the commonest nature of insurgency in the study area with 505 incidence, while attacks on foreigners was the least with 9 incidence. It further shows that Maiduguri had the highest insurgency incidence throughout the period of study. The study therefore recommended that adequate security measures showed be employed, rollout counter violent extremism programs and emphasized the humanitarian dimension of international aid.
COMPARAISON DE LEFFICACITE ANALGESIQUE DU BLOC DES ERECTEURS VERSUS BLOC PARAVERTEBRAL POUR CHIRURGIE DE LA HANCHE EN PEDIATRIE
Authors:   ijar, Lahyani Hind , Ed-Dafali Larbi , Bougataya Latifa , Najout Hamza , Mouldouira Safae , Elkoraichi Alae
Published: November 2020

International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR)
ANALYSIS OF THE MICROCONTROLLER-BASED ELECTROCOAGULATOR IN TREATING LAKE WATER
Authors:   ijar, K. Pabico Jonnel
Published: November 2020

The Automatic Tubig Machine: A Microcontroller-Based Lake Water Treatment with Electrocoagulation is an integration of different ways of treating and purifying lake water from the Caliraya Lake emphasizing the performance of electrocoagulation in the whole process. Its main purpose is to treat water samples from different barangays surrounding Caliraya and Lumot Lake. The two adjacent lakes are strategically designed to gather water from the surrounding and use it to power the turbine, which generates electricity. The water from the lake is considered because the quality is deteriorating and needs some analysis.Aside from the sedimentary filters, electrocoagulation, reverse osmosis, and UV treatment are used in optimizing the quality of the water. The sedimentary filters are strategically designed and confined in a 3-inch diameter PVC piped for the natural horizontal flow of the water to be treated. The system is controlled using Arduino Mega especially in the control of the pump operation, sensors, and electro-coagulators. To avoid passivation on the aluminum pipes which are used as electrodes, the system is designed to change polarity every 30 seconds.The general water quality indicators such as pH level, turbidity, TDS, and coliform level are considered during the tests. The results were confirmed by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Treated water has had optimum value and is considered to be usable at homes and for cooking. The system is 92.66 % reliableand97.3% accurate.
NODULE DU SEIN REVELANT UN LYMPHOME PRIMITIF MAMMAIRE: A PROPOS DUN CAS
Authors: Aboulfath K. , Mohamed Zeine N.A. , Mamouni N. , Errarhay C. Bouchikhi S. , Banani A.
Published: November 2020

The breast may be the site of primary lymphoma or be invaded secondarily by lymphoma from another organ [1]. Unilateral localisation is the most frequent.. The majority of lymphomas are of B-cell type. The most frequent type is represented by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, which present, when primary, a peculiar type of relapse in the central nervous system. Only limited surgery should be done in all type of lymphomas. The treatment is based on chemotherapy and immunotherapy,The prognosis is generally pejorative with.We report a case of primary breast non-Hodgkins malignant lymphoma in a 70-year-old patientAt the same time, a review of the literature is undertaken evoking the epidemiological, clinical, histological and therapeutic aspects of this neoplasm.
CORRELATES OF STUDENTS ENGLISH ADROITNESS
Authors:   Education Program Supervisor, Department of Education, Philippines, Professor, Meycauayan College, Inc./Btech/BASC., Arr V. Sangoyo , PhD Jay
Published: November 2020

The study was conducted to determine the factors of students English adroitness. Findings revealed that in terms of reading and literature grasp, writing discourse, listening, oral language and viewing were described as highly evident. The assessment of the teacher-respondents on students English adroitness in terms of reading and literature grasp was significantly higher than the assessment of the student-respondents. However, no significant differences were found between the assessments of the teacher and student-respondents with regard to English adroitness of the students themselves in terms of writing discourse, listening, oral language, and viewing. Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn. There is no significant difference between the two groups of respondents assessment on students English adroitness. There is a significant relationship between the students factors in English adroitness and the students English adroitness. There is a significant correlation between the teachers factors in the teaching and learning of English and the students English adroitness.
VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN INDIA
Authors:   ijar, Dhopte Pragati , Hari Irrusappan
Published: November 2020

Vectors are transmitted diseases from person to person that diseases are known as vactor borne diseases. There are mainly six vector borne diseases present in India, tropical and subtropical rigion also. As per current medical importance, geographic distribution, epidemiology and potential spreading of vector borne diseases, Malaria total cases were 29340 and deaths 2 and Japanese encephalitis total cases were 111. Chikungunya and Kala azar total cases were 700 and no deaths were found in 2020 respectively. 87.25% of MDA were supplied to total population and the dengue cases were 136422 and deaths 132 were observed in 2019. The vector borne diseases in India are reviewed in this article.
SCREENING OF BEST ARSENIC TOLERANT RICE VARITY FOR ECOLOGICAL SECURITY AND SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTOFRICE GROWERSIN ARSENIC AFFECTED AREA
Authors:   Women Scientist- B, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi., Bokaria Kanta , a Vardan ,   Student, St. Xaviers College, Park Street, Kolkata.
Published: November 2020

The effect of arsenic causes inhibition of seed germination decrease in plant height reduction in root growth, leaf area and photosynthesis and low grain yield.Arsenic and its compounds are known to have adverse health effects on humans, including cancers of the skin, bladder, kidney & lung, and diseases of the blood vessels of the legs and feet and diabetes. Atoms of arsenic bond with other elements forms molecules — if carbon is one of these elements, then the arsenic compound is an organic compound. The toxicity of arsenic is more in inorganic arsenicwhich is a known human carcinogen — organic and inorganic together are referred to as total arsenic. Inorganic Arsenate, Arsenate in ground water have caused tremendous epidemic poisoning across the globe. The persistence of heavy metals in the environment may pollute or contaminate soils and aqueous streams. Rice is cultivated an aerobically, rather than aerobically which leads to much greater arsenic mobilization.High soil arsenic caused by the reduction of phosphate and arsenate uptake through phosphate transporter. The goal of my work is to find method of reduction of arsenic content in rice. Rice is an important staple food for more than 3.5 billion people whodepend upon rice for more than 20 of their daily calories. It is cultivated over an area of 146 million hectares, which produces 474 million tons annually. Rice farming is the largest single use of land for food. India ranks number one globally in area 44 m ha under rice cultivation with 106 mt. production that stands next to China in total production. Our farmers are less aware in the field of use of rice variety specially arsenic tolerant. Although scientist have developed many good varieties of Rice but the information is either not reached to them or seeds are not available to the farmers so that the old variety they use may be not very nutritional, disease resistant and Arsenic tolerant.Instead of making people healthy they may be more effected by arsenic which causes dangerous diseases. Rice growers still face the challenge of meeting food and ecological security and raising standard of living of their families. To sustain even the present level of per capita availability of rice, we have to add another 70-80 million tones by 2050. This can be achieved by adopting long term strategy of crop productivity improvement,Arsenic and diseases resistant variety along with best growth management practice. I have taken this project on Quality and Quantity of Rice production for ecological security and socio economic development of Rice growers and rural people by use of correct suitable variety.
EFFICACY OF NYAGRODHA TWAK CHOORNA, ELA CHOORNA WITH MADHU IN MUKHAPAKA IN CHILDREN
Authors:   Final Year PG Scholar., Kumar Yadav Narendra , Munnoli B.T. ,   Prof., HOD and Guide., Kamatnur Nabisab ,   Lecturer.
Published: November 2020

Mukhapaka is one of the common diseases in day today practice which disturbs childrens ability to eat, drink, talk and lack of sleep. This disease is relentlessly increasing among the children in India, with an overall incidence of 25%.Vitamins deficiency, nutrition deficiency, iron deficiency, is very common in children and one of the causative factors of Mukhapaka, so patients of Mukhapaka are in need of a cost effective, palatable and easily available medicine. Therefore, NyagrodhaTwakchoorna, Elachoorna with Madhu, has been selected.These drugs have an action of anti-inflammatory, haemostatic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, improves wound healing and provides cooling effect by their Pitta samaka property. These can be administered both internally and externally.Currently the treatment for the Mukhapka being very limited, the present clinical study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Nyagrodhatwakchoorna and Elachoorna with Madhu for Pralepa in Mukhapaka.
CRISPR - CAS9 GENE EDITING: A REVIEW
Authors:   ijar, Desai Devam , Panchal Hiral , Patel Shivani , Nayak Ketul
Published: November 2020

CRISPR is an RNA guided genome editing technique of genetic engineering which works like genetic scissors. Based on simplified version of bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 antiviral defense system. It is more accurate, faster and cost efficient than other genome editing methods. There are two components in this system: First component includes a single guide RNA (sgRNA) of system which will identify target sequence in genome and Second component will include Cas9 nuclease of system which will act as a pair of scissors to spilt the double strands of DNA. CRISPR has promising therapeutic applications. This current review focuses on mechanism, therapeutic applications, delivery systems, limitations and different approaches used for gene editing using CRISPR.
Automation and real-time control of urban wastewater systems: a review of the move towards sustainability
Authors: Ashagre Biniam B. , Fu Guangtao , Butler David
Published: November 2020

Automation and real-time control have long been used in urban wastewater systems. However, there is a critical need to review how real-time control contributes to sustainable water management. This review provides a systematic review of the role of real-time control towards creating a sustainable wastewater system. This review identifies the social, economic and environmental pillars of sustainability that can be achieved using automation and control systems, considering individual systems and different scales of integration. Results obtained from a systematic literature review show that previous research on automation and control related to sustainability in the water sector focuses on addressing economic issues (mainly operational cost reduction) and improving the quality of the water environment, while the social pillar of sustainability is not addressed to a significant degree. Integrated control is identified as a promising approach to address the three pillars of sustainability. Future research on automaton and real-time control in the water and wastewater system needs to explicitly demonstrate the contribution of control strategies towards the attributes of sustainability. To this end, regulatory bodies should focus on creating an overarching sustainability framework with indicators of sustainability clearly defined. Further, addressing three pillars of sustainability requires an integrated approach at a catchment scale where upstream and downstream processes are considered.
Tracing the past: an insight on flood risk management strategies in the development instruments of Bangladesh and Dhaka city
Authors: Fatemi Md. Nawrose , Rahman Tahmina , Kita Michihiro
Published: November 2020

Confronting devastating floods regularly is a critical challenge for Bangladesh. Dhaka, the capital and a megacity at the forefront of rapid, unplanned urbanization, has been experiencing consistent challenges and threats of flood since 1954. Since then, to ensure flood protection and control, the city authorities have adapted diverse flood risk management strategies (FRMS). Regardless of the overall progress in flood risk management policies in the national development agenda, the inertness of their implementation means the city remains vulnerable. Along with that, several divergences from the development plans, for instance, the new town development in flood flow zone, the declaration to convert a residential zone into a retention area, illegal acquisition of wetlands for property development have also been observed. Therefore, the objective is to review the diversification of FRMS at the national level and to identify the convergence or divergence on the development plans at the sub-national level, in this case, Dhaka Metropolitan Area. This study provides a commentary to support policy-makers and researchers in integrating FRMS with the development plans at the local level.
Water prices: persistence, mean reversion and trends
Authors: Monge Manuel , Gil-Alana Luis A.
Published: November 2020

Time series referring to water prices at different regions all over the world are examined in this paper by using fractionally integrated methods. We look at series corresponding to the following regions: Asia Pacific and Russia, Europe, United States and Latin America as well as global data. The results indicate large degrees of persistence, with the values of the differencing parameter being close to one in all cases and higher under the assumption of uncorrelated errors. If autocorrelation is permitted, a small degree of mean reversion is found in all except the Latin American series. The possibility of structural breaks is also investigated and the results indicate the presence of multiple breaks in the data: three in the case of Latin America and global data; four in Europe and USA and five for the Asian Pacific and Russia. Nevertheless, we do not observe a significant change in the degree of persistence across subsamples and once more mean reversion is found if autocorrelation is permitted.
Energy audit in water supply systems: a proposal of integrated approach towards energy efficiency
Authors: da Silveira Ana Paula Pereira , Mata-Lima Herlander
Published: November 2020

An integrated procedure has been designed to identify and rank the opportunity for energy efficiency in water supply systems (WSS). The main objective is to help WSS managers to identify key issues to be treated as nonconformity and develop a program for continual improvement of energy efficiency. The procedure was built in collaboration with practitioners and implemented in a company. One of the concerns during the development of the procedure was to provide companies with a fast and user-friendly tool. Complementarily, it also complies with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and European Committee for Standardization (CEN) standards, and is of great relevance for any company of the sector of water utility. Recommendations for enhancing the energy management in WSS are also addressed in the audit procedure. The findings derived from the evaluation of the state-of-the-art and applications have led to the identification of key issues for energy saving. The success of energy management programs will be based on energy audit and on the top managements' engagement, workers' attitude and qualification, and the financial resources available.
A regulation-allocation coupling approach for agricultural water resources management based on water quantity orientation
Authors: Liu Siyuan , Wang Ni , Xie Jiancang , Jiang Rengui , Zhao Menglong
Published: November 2020

In water-scarce areas with low grain yields, people have to expand the farmland scale to gain more food. Rapid expansion of agricultural scale may lead to a higher risk of re-abandonment of wasteland due to waterless irrigation in water-deficient areas. Against this background, this study proposed a water resources regulation-allocation coupling model. The ‘regulation’ is to control the water consumption of agriculture and regulate the utilized scale with water resources as the main constraint; the ‘allocation’ is to optimize the water resources allocation among crops and arrange the crop planting system according to the water quota for different crops and the economic, social and ecological benefits brought by crops, so as to control the water resources among crops. Afterwards, taking an agro-pastoral ecotone in Northwest China as the study case, schemes of feasible agricultural scale and planting structure suitable for local conditions were obtained. Lastly, the matching patterns of land and water resources were raised gradually from ‘poor’ into ‘good’ degree from 2015 to 2030. This study is expected to provide a reference for controlling the ordered and balanced development of land and water resources of agriculture as well as effectively improving the sustainable development ability in water-deficient areas.
Modeling phosphorus adsorption onto polyaluminium chloride water treatment residuals
Authors: Duan Runbin , Fedler Clifford B.
Published: November 2020

Beneficial reuse and appropriate disposal of water treatment residuals (WTRs) are of great concern for sustainable drinking water treatment. Using WTRs to remove phosphorus (P) is widely regarded as a feasible approach. However, the information is still limited on air-dried WTRs containing polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) used to adsorb P. The objectives of this study were to construct artificial neural network (ANN) models for P adsorption onto WTRs from distilled de-ionized (DDI) water solution and stormwater, to investigate the performance of ANN in predicting phosphorous adsorption, and to model isotherm adsorption, kinetics, and thermodynamics by using the index of model performance. Batch experiments were performed with different WTRs dosage, pH, initial P concentration, temperature, and time. ANN models accurately predicted the P concentration at equilibrium. Non-linearized Langmuir model fitted the isotherm data best. Pseudo second-order kinetic model provided a better fit to experimental data. The adsorption process may be at least simultaneously controlled by surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion. The P adsorption is a homogenous monolayer adsorption that is spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy production process. WTRs were found to be favorable and effective in removing P, but the P removals had significant differences in both solutions.
Judiciary Saga in Poland: an Affair Torn Between European Standards and ECtHR Criteria
Authors: Mastracci Matteo
Published: November 2020

Judicial independence is a cornerstone of contemporary constitutional systems within European legal orders that Poland, among many other European States, codified the principle at a constitutional level through Article 173 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. Nonetheless, the concrete implementation of the theoretical framework remains a bone of contention between the national States and the main international actors. The latter faction, based on the acknowledgement that no single political model could ideally comply with the principle of the separation of powers and secure complete independence of the judiciary, has developed an impressive number of legal tools that are part of a more diffuse European trend of interpretation, which should be labelled as European standard or European corpus aiming at preserving the judiciary order from outward interferences by the legislative and executive powers. In Poland, after the extensive victory earned by the Law and Justice (PIS) party in the Parliamentary election of 2015, the executive branch propelled a series of interlock reforms with the aim of reshuffling the whole judicial asset of the country. In the first place, the way forward was marked by a compound diatribe concerning the Constitutional Tribunal, and the essence of the dispute concerned the mandate’s legitimacy of three sitting judges after the Court’s reinterpretation of the K 34/15 ruling that ended up on 2.12.2015 with the election of five new judges appointed ex novo by the ruling party. Afterwards, the attention shifted towards the rethinking of the National Council of Judiciary (KRS), a mixed judicial body guardian of the independence of the judiciary, asserting, firstly, the unconstitutionality of its statute and, subsequently, planning a new method of appointment for the judicial members previously elected by the judiciary itself. Ultimately, as a closing step, the spotlight turned in the direction of the Supreme Courts judges, where the most spectacular sweep was the provision aimed at lowering the retirement age for the sitting judges on a scheme similar to the proposal made by the Hungarian government in 2011, where voices were raised, respectively, by the Hungarian Constitutional Court, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights, and where, regretfully, the judicial independence standard played a minor role in the Courts’ reasoning. This concluding phase convinced the Commission to launch an expedited procedure against Poland before the Court of Justice, thus forcing the Polish government to retracts previous law through the adoption of a repealing law on 17.12.2018; in any event, as predicted earlier by the Opinion delivered by the AG Tanchev in Case C-619/18, the ECJ epilogue released on 24.6.2019, dissimilar to the one reached in the Hungarian case, was the heaviest ‘contrariness to EU law’.
EEA Law and the Climate Change. The Case of Norway
Authors: Cyndecka Małgorzata Agnieszka
Published: November 2020

In 2019 the European Economic Area Agreement (EEA) celebrated 25 years of promoting the European integration and cooperation in economic and many other relevant matters. Climate issues were, however, not included in the negotiations of the EEA Agreement. Combating climate change is thus not listed as one of the objectives of the EEA environmental law. Furthermore, the Main Part of the EEA Agreement has not been updated since its entry into force. Still, the Agreement is the most relevant platform for the European cooperation in combating climate change. This article sheds light on the EU/EEA climate law and policy from the perspective of Norway that due to its energy sector is quite unique in the context of the EU climate policy. Moreover, Norway not only participates in most of the EU initiatives, but also takes actions to strengthen the EU/EEA cooperation in climate action and promotes setting ambitious climate goals.
In Search for the Scope of Main Subject Matter within Article 4(2) of Directive 93/13 after Andriciuc. Practical Consequences of the General CJEU Pronouncements
Authors: Sitnik Piotr
Published: November 2020

The paper delves into the intricacies surrounding the ‘main subject matter’ requirement with a view to delineating its scope by reference to CJEU jurisprudence. Specifically, regard is had to the recent case of Andriciuc, its dictum and potential ramifications it may have for the judicial purview in the field of unfair terms control. Practice in recent years has brought to the fore the issue of indexation clauses as the focal point for doctrinal disputes. Comprehensive analyses of the main subject matter have also been carried out by Polish courts at all instances, including that in the Supreme Court, within the context of claims brought by consumers who entered into loans denominated in the Swiss Franc following the events of the so-called ‘Black Thursday’. The paper strives to decode the practical ramifications of the CJEU’s general doctrinal interpretations, offeringsuccinct corollaries pertaining to the compatibility with the EU standard, of the judicial interpretations of Poland’s courts with regard to the concept.
The European Union, its Economic and Monetary Union, and the (Apparent) Perception of Crisis Reflected in Immediate Regulatory Actions
Authors: Nowak-Far Artur
Published: November 2020

While neither its institutional, nor legal arrangements fundamentally contributed to the emergence of the Eurozone crisis in the late 10’s of the 21st Century, the crisis exposed significant weaknesses of the EU economic governance, especially its inability to achieve a sustainable level of budgetary discipline. The crisis in particular highlighted the existing divisions of the EU Member States into different integration groups having divergent interests. Notably, it sharpened the division between the Eurozone states and non-Eurozone ones, as well as between the creditor-countries and debtor-countries. The EMU reform agenda adopted after 2008 gave more weighting to the interests of the former states. The emerging post-2008 economic governance-reform arrangements also gave more weight to the ECOFIN Council, at an expense of the European Commission. In the resulting institutional setting, the main aim of the EMU reform agenda was to assure the stability of the Eurozone and to reinforce its resistance to economic shocks. In this context, however, benefits arising from the reformed EMU are unevenly distributed, as they are more likely to avail the Eurozone countries than non- Eurozone countries, and more the creditor countries than the debtor ones.
The Migrant Crisis and Refugees – a Crisis of EU Solidarity
Authors: Mikołajczyk Barbara
Published: November 2020

The migration and refugee crisis in Europe 2015–2016 has posed a great challenge to the international and European community in terms of solidarity with refugees, forced migrants and countries most vulnerable to large waves of migration. It would seem that solidarity in the European Union is well established, but it turned out that the crisis situation triggered a different interpretation of solidarity within the EU and revealed the weaknesses of burden sharing mechanisms. The intra-EU solidarity proved to be the most difficult to achieve in practice.

In this study considerable attention is paid to the principle of solidarity in the EU law and its interpretation by Member States as well as the Court of Justice. Moreover, the conducted analysis concerns three main EU solidarity and burden sharing measures – the Dublin mechanism, the applied in 2015 relocation schemes and ‘forgotten’ temporary protection measures. Their inadequacy in times of crisis became an important lesson both for the States as well as for the European Union itself and makes us rethink the concept of solidarity and its practical application.
Unfair Terms in Loan Agreements Connected with Foreign Currency. Comment to the Judgement in Case C-186/16 Ruxandra Paula Andriciuc e.a. contre Banca Românească SA
Authors: Sieradzka Małgorzata
Published: November 2020

In the judgment under appeal, the referring court asked the Court in the context of proceedings between a banking institution and several individual borrowers, the interpretation to be given to Article 3(1) and Article 4(2) of Directive 93/13/EEC Council Directive of 5.4.1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts (OJ L 95, 21.4.1993, p. 29–34). The Court indicated that a term such as that at issue in the main proceedings, incorporated into a loan agreement concluded in a foreign currency between a seller or supplier and a consumer without being individually negotiated, on terms by which the loan must be repaid in the same currency, is covered by the notion of ‘main subject matter of the contract’ within the meaning of Article 4(2) of Directive 93/13. Furthermore, it is for the national court, upon considering all the circumstances surrounding the conclusion of the contract, to ascertain whether, in the case concerned, all the information likely to have a bearing on the extent of this commitment had been communicated to the consumer, enabling him/her to estimate in particular the total cost of his/her loan. The Court accepted in a judgment that Article 3(1) of Directive 93/13 must be interpreted as meaning that the assessment of the unfairness of a contractual term must be made by reference to the time of conclusion of the contract at issue, taking account all of the circumstances which could have been known to the seller or supplier at that time, and which were such as to affect the future performance of that contract.