bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes of Poly(alkyl vinyl ether) with Cyclodextrins.
Authors: HARADA A. , OKADA M. , KAMACHI M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Study of the Structure and Chiral Selectivity of Micelles of Two Isomeric D‐Glucopyranoside‐Based Surfactants.
Authors: TICKLE D. , GEORGE A. , JENNINGS K. , CAMILLERI P. , KIRBY A. J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, NMR Spectroscopy and Conformational Studies of the Four Anomeric Methyl Glycosides of the Trisaccharide D‐Glcp‐(1→3)‐[D‐Glcp‐(1→4)]‐α‐D‐Glcp.
Authors: SOEDERMAN P. , JANSSON P.‐E. , WIDMALM G.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: First Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Melinonine‐E and (.+‐.)‐Strychnoxanthine Using a Radical Cyclization Process as the Core Ring‐Forming Step.
Authors: QUIRANTE J. , ESCOLANO C. , MERINO A. , BONJOCH J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleosides and Nucleotides. Part 172. Stereo‐ and Regioselective Introduction of 1‐ or 2‐Hydroxyethyl Group via Intramolecular Radical Cyclization Reaction with a Novel Silicon‐Containing Tether. An Efficient Synthesis of 4′α‐Branched 2′‐Deoxyadenosines.
Authors: SHUTO S. , KANAZAKI M. , ICHIKAWA S. , MINAKAWA N. , MATSUDA A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise and Stereospecific Synthesis of Novel Bicyclic Dideoxynucleosides as Potential Antiviral Agents.
Authors: CHAO Q. , ZHANG J. , PICKERING L. , JAHNKE T. S. , NAIR V.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Sphingosine Relatives. Part 20. Diastereoselective Epoxidation of the Double Bond at C‐4 of Sphingosines to Provide Phytosphingosine Relatives such as α‐Galactosylceramide KRN7000.
Authors: TAKIKAWA H. , MUTO S. , MORI K.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Evidence for an Octanoate Synthase Operating During the Biosynthesis of Piliformic Acid in Poronia piliformis.
Authors: CULCETH H. , FUCHSER J. , MOSS S. J. , NIESCHALK J. , O'HAGAN D.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Preparation of 1,1‐Dioxo‐7α‐methoxy‐3‐methyl‐Δ3‐cephem‐4‐yl Aryl Ketones.
Authors: ALPEGIANI M. , BISSOLINO P. , D'ANELLO M. , PERRONE E.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Brevioxime: A New Juvenile Hormone Biosynthesis Inhibitor Isolated from Penicillium brevicompactum.
Authors: MOYA P. , CASTILLO M. , PRIMO‐YUFERA E. , COUILLAUD F. , MARTINEZ‐MANEZ R. , GARCERA M.‐D. , MIRANDA M. A. , PRIMO J. , MARTINEZ‐PARDO R.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium‐Mediated Highly Diastereoselective Allenylation in Aqueous Medium: Total Synthesis of (+)‐Goniofufurone.
Authors: YI X.‐H. , MENG Y. , LI C.‐J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gas Hydrates, a New Class of Impurities in High Purity Gases and Gas‐Vapor Mixtures
Authors: VOROTYNTSEV V. M. , MALYSHEV V. M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The “Coloring Problem” in Solids: How It Affects Structure, Composition and Properties
Authors: MILLER G. J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Single Wall Nanotubes. Elaboration and Physical Properties
Authors: BERNIER P. , JOURNET C. , MASER W. K. , LOISEAU A. , LAMY DE LA CHAPELLE M. , LEFRANT S. , DENIARD P. , LEE R. , FISCHER J. E.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthetic Approach to Molybdenum—Silicon Compounds: Structures and Reactivities
Authors: JUTZI P. , PETRI S. H. A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selectfluor10s Reagent F‐TEDA‐BF4 in Action: Tamed Fluorine at Your Service
Authors: BANKS R. E.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists and Bronchial Asthma
Authors: JAEGER L. , KROEGEL C.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Isoprenoid‐Substituted Flavonoids from Artocarpus Plants (Moraceae)
Authors: NOMURA T. , HANO Y. , AIDA M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: From D‐Arabinose to the Marine Natural Product Eleutherobin
Authors: LINDEL T.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Developments in the Pauson—Khand Reaction
Authors: GEIS O. , SCHMALZ H.‐G.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Penicillin Acylase in the Industrial Production of β‐Lactam Antibiotics
Authors: BRUGGINK A. , ROOS E. C. , DE VROOM E.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: P4O10 in Nucleophilic Processes
Authors: EFREMOV D. A. , ZAVLIN P. M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Poly(ethylene Glycol) and Derivatives as Phase Transfer Catalysts
Authors: TOTTEN G. E. , CLINTON N. A. , MATLOCK P. L.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis by Colloids
Authors: LEWIS L. N.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Methods of Glycopeptide Assembly and Biological Analysis of Glycopeptide Products
Authors: MELDAL M. , HILAIRE P. M. S.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of ω‐Epoxyfunctionalized Alkoxysilanes
Authors: SPERVESLAGE G. , STOPPEK‐LANGNER K. , GROBE J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine Coordination to Silicon Revisited
Authors: MULLER G. , WALDKIRCHER M. , PAPE A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Silsesquioxanes as Crown Ether Analogues
Authors: DITTMAR U. , MARSMANN C. , RIKOWSKI E.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemometrics and Its Roots in Physical Organic Chemistry
Authors: WOLD S. , SJOESTROEM M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: How Nature Synthesizes B12 Without Oxygen. Discoveries Along the Ancient, Anaerobic Pathway
Authors: SCOTT A. I.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Synthesis and Biological Signal Transduction
Authors: HINTERDING K. , ALONSO‐DIAZ D. , WALDMANN H.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Combinatorial Models and Polarity Control Rules in Heterocyclic Design
Authors: BABAEV E. V.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ein Netz aus H‐Brücken
Authors: Berkessel Albrecht
Published: July 2010

Netzwerke aus Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen sind nicht nur für die Aktivität und Selektivität biologischer Katalysatoren entscheidend, sondern beschleunigen auch bei niedermolekularen Organokatalysatoren die Reaktion und bewirken Enantioselektivität.
“Wie ein Regisseur im Theater”
Authors: Zbikowski Frauke
Published: July 2010

Gerhard Ertl, Chemie‐Nobelpreisträger des Jahres 2007, war nach dem Anruf aus Stockholm sprachlos. Im Interview mit den Nachrichten aus der Chemie berichtet der Otto‐Hahn‐Preisträger über die Entwicklung seiner Forschung. Außerdem verrät er, welche Bedingungen zu wissenschaftlichem Erfolg führen.
Erkenntnis und Faszination
Authors: Schwedt Georg
Published: July 2010

Öffentliche chemische Experimentalvorlesungen haben eine lange Tradition. Heute tragen Experimentalvorträge zum Dialog zwischen Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft bei – wenn sie nicht bloße Show sind.
Verdienen Sie genug?
Authors: Schmitz Karin
Published: July 2010

Zum fünften Mal ruft die GDCh ihre in der Industrie tätigen Mitglieder zur Gehaltsumfrage auf. Bitte achten Sie auf den Umschlag mit dem Fragebogen, der diesem Heft der Nachrichten beigelegt ist. Nur wer an der Gehaltsumfrage teilnimmt, erhält im Sommer auch die Broschüre mit den Ergebnissen.
Industrielle Forschung mit China
Authors: Dröscher Michael , Drauz Karlhienz
Published: July 2010

Wenn man sich der Risiken bewusst ist und sie beherrschen lernt, dann bietet China große Chancen für Forschungskooperationen. Aber wie sieht das konkret aus?
Radar and in situ observations of small cumulus: physical interpretations of radar Bragg scatter
Authors: Baker Brad , Brenguier Jean‐Louis
Published: July 2010

Radar observations of small cumulus clouds are compared to predictions of radar measurements based on in situ measurements and the theory of radar back‐scatter. At the wavelengths used, both Rayleigh and Bragg scatter can be important in small cumulus. A theoretical derivation of radar back‐scatter from small cumulus clouds, in which both terms are succinctly derived using a common mathematical model, is presented.

For the earliest stages of cumulus clouds, the predictions of Bragg scatter, based on in situ measurements of water‐vapour fluctuations, are in close agreement with radar‐measured Bragg scatter. This suggests that the theory is adequate and our interpretations of the radar observations are correct. These interpretations include identifying regions where entrainment and mixing are ongoing, identifying adiabatic cores, and estimating the Kolmogorov microscale of turbulence.

As the small cumulus develop and enter the early collision and coalescence stages, another source of Bragg scatter can become significant. It is argued, via observations, that the additional Bragg scatter comes from anomalous liquid‐water fluctuations. These liquid‐water fluctuations are called ‘anomalous’ because they exceed what would result if liquid water mixed as a passive scalar. The Bragg scatter caused by liquid water may reach effective values of 5‐10 dBZ, for a 3 cm‐wavelength (X‐band) radar, and thus confounds attempts to derive Rayleigh‐scatter values below this level using a dual‐wavelength (X‐ and S‐band) radar system. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
A monotonically‐damping second‐order‐accurate unconditionally‐stable numerical scheme for diffusion
Authors: Wood Nigel , Diamantakis Michail , Staniforth Andrew
Published: July 2010

We present a new two‐step temporal discretization of the diffusion equation, which is formally second‐order‐accurate and unconditionally stable. A novel aspect of the scheme is that it is monotonically damping: the damping rate is a monotonically‐increasing function of the diffusion coefficient, independent of the size of the time step, when the diffusion coefficient is independent of the variable being diffused. Furthermore, the damping rate increases without bound as the diffusion coefficient similarly increases. We discuss the nonlinear behaviour of the scheme when the diffusion coefficient is a function of the diffused variable. The scheme is designed to maintain any steady‐state solution. We present examples of the performance of the scheme. © Crown Copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variable cirrus shading during CSIP IOP 5. I: Effects on the initiation of convection
Authors: Marsham J. H. , Morcrette C. J. , Browning K. A. , Blyth A. M. , Parker D. J. , Corsmeier U. , Kalthoff N. , Kohler M.
Published: July 2010

Observations from the Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP) show that on 29 June 2005 (Intensive Observation Period 5) cirrus patches left over from previous thunderstorms reduced surface sensible and latent heat fluxes in the CSIP area. Large‐eddy model (LEM) simulations, using moving positive surface‐flux anomalies, show that we expect the observed moving gaps in the cirrus cover to significantly aid convective initiation. In these simulations, the timing of the CI is largely determined by the amount of heat added to the boundary layer, but weak convergence at the rear edge of the moving anomalies is also significant.

Meteosat and rain‐radar data are combined to determine the position of convective initiation for all 25 trackable showers in the CSIP area. The results are consistent with the LEM simulations, with showers initiating at the rear edge of gaps, at the leading edge of the anvil, or in clear skies, in all but one of the cases. The initiation occurs in relatively clear skies in all but two of the cases, with the exceptions probably linked to orographic effects.

For numerical weather prediction, the case highlights the importance of predicting and assimilating cloud cover. The results show that in the absence of stronger forcings, weak forcings, such as from the observed cirrus shading, can determine the precise location and timing of convective initiation. In such cases, since the effects of shading by cirrus anvils from previous convective storms are relatively unpredictable, this is expected to limit the predictability of the convective initiation. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The impact of cirrus microphysical and macrophysical properties on upwelling far‐infrared spectra
Authors: Baran Anthony J.
Published: July 2010

The potential for exploiting upwelling high‐resolution far‐infrared measurements to obtain information on cirrus microphysical properties is evaluated assuming single‐layer and multiple‐layer cirrus embedded in standard midlatitude winter and tropical atmospheres. The microphysical sensitivity of two high‐resolution spectral regions (606 cm−1–333 cm−1 and 250 cm−1–80 cm−1) to changes in optically thin single‐layer cirrus height, and to perturbing the volume mixing ratio of water vapour of the standard midlatitude winter atmosphere by 30% is studied. It is found that there are spectral ‘windows’ in the far‐infrared which are strongly dependent on ice crystal effective size. In particular, ‘windows’ existing between the wave numbers of about 365 cm−1 to 500 cm−1 and 85 cm−1 to 140 cm−1 demonstrate potential sensitivity to ice crystal effective dimension of up to about 100.0 µm and 50.0 µm, respectively. However, these same spectral windows are also shown to be strongly sensitive to assumptions about the shape of the particle size distribution function and ice crystal geometry. Moreover, sensitivity to ice crystal effective dimension is further shown to be dependent on the location of the cirrus layer within the atmosphere, especially in the spectral region 606 cm−1–333 cm−1. Perturbing the volume mixing ratio of water vapour by 30% has its largest impact on the cirrus layer located higher in the atmosphere. In this case the sensitivity to the smallest ice crystal effective dimension of about 8.0 µm is essentially removed and the sensitivity to the largest ice crystal effective dimension of about 100 µm is significantly reduced in the spectral region of 606 cm−1–333 cm−1. Therefore, in order to retrieve cirrus microphysical properties in the far‐infrared, prior information on ice crystal geometry and shape of the distribution function is required. Moreover, the volume mixing ratio of water vapour should be measured to within an accuracy of better than 30%. It is further demonstrated that for selected wave numbers in the far‐infrared, assuming a three‐layer cloud, there is also some dependence on the vertical structure of the atmosphere as well as the vertical profile of ice crystal effective size. © Crown Copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field identification of a unique globally dominant mechanism of thunderstorm electrification
Authors: Latham J. , Petersen W. A. , Deierling W. , Christian H. J.
Published: July 2010

Two wholly distinct studies involving TRMM‐satellite global data were conducted. One involved the relationship between lightning frequency f and brightness temperature, the other between f and ice‐water‐path. Both studies demonstrate that globally valid relationships exist between f and thundercloud ice‐precipitation content, from which it follows that graupel pellets play a crucial role in thundercloud charging. Ground‐based field studies provide further support for this conclusion and show that f is also strongly dependent upon the ice crystal content. All these findings are consistent with the non‐inductive charging mechanism, but not with any other proposed mechanism of thunderstorm electrification. We conclude that the non‐inductive mechanism dominates electric field growth and lightning production in all seasons–for both oceanic and terrestrial thunderstorms–on a global scale. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The value of observations. III: Influence of weather regimes on targeting
Authors: Cardinali Carla , Buizza Roberto , Kelly Graeme , Shapiro Melvyn , Thépaut Jean‐Noël
Published: July 2010

This paper assesses the value of targeted observations over the North Atlantic Ocean for different meteorological flow regimes. It shows that during tropical cyclone activity and particularly tropical cyclone transition to extratropical characteristics, removing observations in sensitive regions, indicated by singular vectors optimized on the 2‐day forecast over Europe, degrades the skill of a given forecast more so than excluding observations in randomly selected regions. The maximum downstream degradation computed in terms of spatially and temporally averaged root‐mean‐square error of 500 hPa geopotential height is about 13%, a value which is 6 times larger than when removing observations in randomly selected areas. The forecast impact for these selected periods, resulting from degrading the observational coverage in sensitive areas, was similar to the impact found (elsewhere in other weather forecast systems) for the observational targeting campaigns carried out over recent years, and it was larger than the average impact obtained by considering a larger set of cases covering various seasons. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Small‐scale variability of orographic precipitation in the Alps: Case studies and semi‐idealized numerical simulations
Authors: Zängl G.
Published: July 2010

This study presents high‐resolution numerical simulations in order to investigate the small‐scale precipitation variability in a north Alpine region with an extraordinarily high density of operational rain‐gauge stations. Some of the simulations have been conducted with realistic analysis data, considering two heavy‐precipitation cases that occurred in July and August 2005. Both cases were related to cyclonic northeasterly flow and exhibited a small‐scale precipitation distribution differing substantially from the climatological mean. Most notably, a station lying on the southwestern flank of a major mountain massif recorded precipitation amounts far exceeding all surrounding stations in both cases, although its precipitation climatology does not show outstanding values. Despite some quantitative differences, all real‐case simulations exhibit a precipitation pattern consistent with the observed one. They indicate that the small‐scale precipitation variability, including the unusual local maximum, was dominated by the classical seeder–feeder mechanism combined with downstream drift of the precipitation hydrometeors.

In addition, a large number of semi‐idealized simulations have been performed, combining realistic topography with synthetic large‐scale flow conditions. Their main purpose is a systematic investigation of the factors controlling the structure and amplitude of the small‐scale precipitation variability. It is found that the ambient wind direction has the largest impact on the small‐scale precipitation patterns. Selecting a 700 hPa wind direction that differs by about 60° from the actual one yields a precipitation pattern that is completely uncorrelated with the observed data. The pattern correlation with the observed data is also degraded when the ambient wind speed is moved away from its real value, but the impact is not as large as for the wind direction. A less systematic impact is found for temperature, or freezing level, but the most realistic precipitation pattern is still obtained when the specified values approximately match those observed in the real cases. Interestingly, when choosing large‐scale flow conditions that approximately match the real ones, the pattern correlation with the observed rain‐gauge data becomes in both cases at least as high as for the best real‐case simulation. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Multiple lightning strokes
Authors: Allibone T. E.
Published: July 2010

An analysis is given of 19 consecutive photographs of lightning taken during a storm on July 11, 1941, in Cheshire. The camera was oscillated by hand during the whole of the storm in order to separate the component strokes of each flash. The average number of strokes per flash was found to be nearly four, and more than 90 per cent of all the flashes were composed of two or more strokes. The results are compared with those obtained elsewhere by different technique.
An enquiry into the possibilities and limits of statistical weather forecasting
Authors: Schumann T. E. W.
Published: July 2010

There are three methods of approach to the problem of weather forecasting:–‐

(a) the physical method; (b) the statistical method; and (c) the current method which in effect is a combination of the first two methods.

The physical or strictly mathematical method has been tried, notably by L. F. Richardson, but has been found to be impracticable. Everyone is acquainted with the degree of success achieved by the current method, but the possibilities and limitations of the statistical approach to the problem have never been fully investigated, and it is a matter of considerable importance that this should be done.

The statistical method essentially amounts to the prediction of the weather element P at a station A by means of the regression equation magnified image in which x1 are the values of a number of weather elements observed at the control stations B1 ……. Bn a specified time before P is observed, and the regression coefficients k1…. kn are computed from previous records of the weather elements P, x1…… xn. The reliability of the predicted value of P depends upon the numerical value of the multiple correlation coefficient between P and x1…. xn, and there exists a limiting maximum value Mz of this correlation coefficient. By the suitable selection of a limited number of control stations this maximum value can be ascertained to a very close degree of approximation. Research should be directed towards determining the value of Mz for different values of the time lapse z, over which the prediction is made.

Once the value of Mz has been found, there is available a direct method of judging between the relative merits of statistical and current weather prediction.

A considerable amount of labour is involved in the full investigation of the nature of the function Mz, but several considerations show that such labour would be fully warranted.
Relative clustering validity criteria: A comparative overview
Authors: Vendramin Lucas , Campello Ricardo J. G. B. , Hruschka Eduardo R.
Published: July 2010

Many different relative clustering validity criteria exist that are very useful in practice as quantitative measures for evaluating the quality of data partitions, and new criteria have still been proposed from time to time. These criteria are endowed with particular features that may make each of them able to outperform others in specific classes of problems. In addition, they may have completely different computational requirements. Then, it is a hard task for the user to choose a specific criterion when he or she faces such a variety of possibilities. For this reason, a relevant issue within the field of clustering analysis consists of comparing the performances of existing validity criteria and, eventually, that of a new criterion to be proposed. In spite of this, the comparison paradigm traditionally adopted in the literature is subject to some conceptual limitations. The present paper describes an alternative, possibly complementary methodology for comparing clustering validity criteria and uses it to make an extensive comparison of the performances of 40 criteria over a collection of 962,928 partitions derived from five well‐known clustering algorithms and 1080 different data sets of a given class of interest. A detailed review of the relative criteria under investigation is also provided that includes an original comparative asymptotic analysis of their computational complexities. This work is intended to be a complement of the classic study reported in 1985 by Milligan and Cooper as well as a thorough extension of a preliminary paper by the authors themselves. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 209‐235, 2010
Two Ta2O5‐Rich Alkali‐Metal Lanthanide(III) Oxotantalates(V): K2LaTa5O15 and NaTm2Ta15O41
Authors: Janka Oliver , Müller‐Bunz Helge , Schleid Thomas
Published: July 2010

Alkali‐metal containing lanthanide oxotantalates(V) with high Ta2O5 content can be obtained using surfacially oxygen‐contaminated tantalum containers for acid‐base reactions with lanthanide oxides and alkali‐metal halides as fluxes. Following this way, the two title compounds K2LaTa5O15 and NaTm2Ta15O41 were prepared as colorless single crystals. K2LaTa5O15 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4/mbm (no. 127) with a = 1256.02(9), c = 392.14(3) pm and c/a = 0.312 (Z = 2), NaTm2Ta15O41 orthorhombically (space group: Pbam, no. 55) with a = 1261.43(7), b = 3080.3(2) and c = 386.05(2) pm (Z = 2). The quite similar a and c axes for both compounds suggest analogies in their structures and there are indeed common motifs within the oxotantalate(V) networks erected from corner‐sharing [TaO6]7– octahedra. Even more interesting is the fact that in NaTm2Ta15O41 an increased coordination number (CN = 7) for some Ta5+ cations can be found just like in the binary Ta2O5.
Choline and Ethanolamine Decompose Lipid Hydroperoxides into Hydroxyl Lipids
Authors: Pan Xiangqing , Irwin Anthony J. , Leonard Michael , Welsby David
Published: July 2010

Analysis of lipid hydroperoxides and hydroxyl lipids in food and biological systems has historically been difficult due to the instability and diversity of these compounds as well as the complexity of the associated purification and derivatization processes. A rapid, high throughput and robust method based on mass spectrometry using multiple reaction monitoring mode of LC–ESI–MS/MS has been developed for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of fatty acid hydroperoxides and hydroxyl fatty acids without purification or derivatization. The method has been used to demonstrate that functional groups of phospholipids, choline and ethanolamine, are capable of decomposing lipid hydroperoxides into their corresponding hydroxyl lipids. In model systems where choline and ethanolamine were added, the amounts of lipid hydroperoxide isomers decreased while the amounts of hydroxyl lipids increased. In similar model systems containing normal food antioxidants such as tocopherols and butylated hydroxytoluene, and in the control without antioxidants, the amounts of lipid hydroperoxide and hydroxyl lipids did not change significantly under current experimental conditions. Data also demonstrated that phospholipids have a much lower hydroperoxide decomposition ability than choline and ethanolamine, and that the antioxidant activity of phospholipids is probably due to the ability of choline, ethanolamine and other amines from phospholipid degradation to convert primary oxidation products to the corresponding hydroxyl lipids.
Dimensions of adolescent subjective social status within the school community: Description and correlates
Authors: Sweeting Helen , West Patrick , Young Robert , Kelly Shona
Published: July 2010

School pupils strive to meet both school‐defined and social goals, and the structure of adolescent self‐concept is multidimensional, including both academic and non‐academic self‐perceptions. However, subjective social status within the school community has been represented as a single dimension. Scottish 15‐year olds participating in a school‐based survey (N = 3194) rated their own status, compared to their school year‐group, via images of seven 10‐rung ladders. These generated a very high response rate, and factor analysis distinguished three dimensions: (1) ladders representing “popular”, “powerful”, “respected”, “attractive or stylish” and “trouble‐maker”; (2) “doing well at school” and “[not] a trouble‐maker”; and (3) “sporty”. Unique relationships with variables representing more objective and/or self‐report behavioural measures suggest these dimensions are markers of “peer”, “scholastic” and “sports” status. These analyses suggest multiple dimensions of adolescent social hierarchy can be very simply measured and contribute towards the development of more robust instruments within this area.
The Communication Problem Solver
Authors: Tattersall Michelle
Published: July 2010

The Communication Problem Solver Nannette Rundle Carroll 2009, AMACOM 294 pages, $18.95 hardcover
Delivery route preferences of urban women of low socioeconomic status
Authors: Kudish Bela , Mehta Shobha , Kruger Michael , Russell Evie , Sokol Robert J.
Published: July 2010

Objective

To identify the main determinants of mode of delivery preference among urban dwelling women of lower socioeconomic status (SES).

Methods

Over a 12‐month period, a self‐completion 36‐item questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of 308 women within the first 3 postpartum days. Non‐parametric tests were used for analysis.

Results

Study participants were mostly African American (> 85%), single mothers (> 75%), and unemployed (≥ 55%). Among the women, 85.7% had vaginal delivery (VD) and 14.3% had cesarean delivery (CD). Women who preferred CD (10%) were more likely to be concerned about a vaginal tear/episiotomy during VD, forceps, and a “big” baby compared with women who preferred VD, for whom “pushing the baby out myself” and “fear of cesarean” were the most important factors. In the final model of 7 factors, the 3 main factors found to positively impact maternal preference for CD were a vaginal cut during VD (P < 0.001), higher mean BMI (P = 0.001), and cesarean as the most recent delivery type (P < 0.001). The total explained variance by this model was 46%.

Conclusions

Short‐term complications of a VD, higher BMI, and a previous cesarean delivery are the most significant factors that impact the preferences of women of lower SES for future mode of delivery.
Evaluation of laparoscopic management of gynecologic emergencies by residents
Authors: Minig Lucas , Velazco Andrea , Lamm Marina , Velez Jorge Iván , Venturini Nadia Caroppo , Testa Roberto
Published: July 2010

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility of laparoscopic management of women with gynecologic emergencies by the residents and the chief resident in an organized resident training program.

Methods

A retrospective study of patients with gynecologic emergencies who underwent laparoscopic surgery between January 1, 1999, and May 31, 2006 was done.

Results

For the 369 patients included, the mean operative time of 74 ± 31.35 minutes was significantly increased by advanced patient age (P < 0.001), pelvic inflammatory disease with or without tubo‐ovarian abscess (PID ± TOA) (P < 0.050), the first semester of chief residency (P < 0.050), and conversion to laparotomy (P < 0.001). Mean length of hospital stay was 40 ± 24 hours. Factors such as advanced patient age (P < 0.001), prolonged length of surgery (P < 0.001), PID ± TOA (P < 0.001), first semester of chief residency (P < 0.050), conversion to laparotomy (P < 0.001), and blood transfusion (P < 0.050) significantly increased the length of hospital stay. The conversion rate to laparotomy was 4.6% (n = 17), and it was significantly associated with advanced women age (OR 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05–1.17, P < 0.001) and PID ± TOA (OR 6.04; 95%CI, 2.17–16.62, P < 0.001). Postoperative complications were recorded in 3 (0.81%) patients.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic management of gynecologic emergencies by senior residents and a chief resident within an organized resident training program is feasible. These results reinforce the relevance of a well‐structured residency endoscopic training program.
The German Experience of Professionalization
Authors: McClelland Charles E.
Published: July 2010

Modern learned professions (medicine, law, teaching, engineering, and others) developed in central Europe just as vigorously as in England or America. Yet their close relationship with state power - more typical of the world development of professions than the Anglo-American model - led to a different historical experience of professionalization. This work is the first to explore that experience in a comprehensive way from the time when modern learned professions arose until the eve of World War II. Based on the history and surviving records of German professional organizations, it shows how the learned professions emerged gradually in the nineteenth century from the shadow of strong state regulation to achieve a high degree of autonomy and control over professional standards by the First World War. By studying professional groups collectively, it gives a more contoured picture of their fate under National Socialism than works dedicated primarily to the phenomenon of fascism itself.
The Great Depression
Authors: Bernstein Michael A.
Published: July 2010

This 1988 book focuses on the real puzzle of 1930s America: why did the economy fail to recover from the downturn of 1929–33? The author presents a convincing case that there were important long-run tendencies within the economy that are crucial to understanding this failure. From a wealth of detail about individual industries emerges a bold thesis about the interwar economy that emphasizes both cyclical and secular factors and shows that some sectors of the economy demonstrated technological dynamism during the 1930s. His approach cuts across the more traditional explanations which have been for the most part tests of economic theories rather than historical explanations of the depression.
The Way of Z
Authors: Jacky Jonathan
Published: July 2010

This 1997 book is a self-contained tutorial on Z, a formal notation for modelling, specifying and designing computer systems and software, for experienced professionals and serious students in programming and software engineering. It presents realistic case studies emphasising safety-critical systems, with examples drawn from embedded controls, real-time and concurrent programming, computer graphics, games, text processing, databases, artificial intelligence, and object-oriented programming. It motivates the use of formal methods and discusses practical issues concerning how to apply them in real projects. It also teaches how to apply formal program derivation and verification to implement Z specifications in real programming languages with examples in C. The book includes exercises with solutions, reference materials, and a guide to further reading.
The Nineteenth-Century Church and English Society
Authors: Knight Frances
Published: July 2010

This is the first study to consider the meaning of Anglicanism for ordinary people in nineteenth-century England. Drawing extensively on unpublished sources, particularly those for rural areas, Frances Knight analyses the beliefs and practices of lay Anglicans and of the clergy who ministered to them. Building on arguments that the Church of England was in transition from state church to denomination, she argues that strong continuities with the past nevertheless remained. Through an examination of denominational identity, personal piety, Sunday church-going, and Anglican rites of passage she shows that the Church continued to cater for the beliefs and values of many Christians. Far from becoming a minority sect, the Anglican Church in the mid-Victorian period continued to claim the allegiance of one in four English people.
Security Threatened
Authors: Arian Asher
Published: July 2010

Public opinion has played a crucial role in the transitions from war to peace in Israel since the 1967 Six Day war. Security Threatened is the first major analysis of the interactions among opinion, politics and policy in that period, based on opinion surveys of thousands of adult Jews conducted between 1962 and 1994. The public divided during those years into militant hardliners and more conciliatory security positions, and power either shifted between, or was shared by, the Likud and Labour parties. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the onset of the intifada, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the American victory in the Gulf War, all segments of the Israeli public became more conciliatory. Policy initiatives reflected shifts in political power which in turn magnified changes in public opinion. Leaders were constrained by public opinion and by perceptions of threat, but they could also alter policy if they had the will because opinion was rather equally divided; since most people had their minds made up, the opposition could not block their policy.
Mothers at Work
Authors: Hoffman Lois , Youngblade Lisa
Published: July 2010

This important 1999 volume examines the effects of the mother's employment on family life and children's well-being. It starts with a thorough review of previous research on this topic and then reports the results of a study designed to answer the key questions that emerge. The study focuses on 448 families, with an elementary school child, living in an industrialized city in the Midwest. They include both one-parent and two-parent families, African Americans and Whites, and a broad range of economic circumstances. Extensive data have been obtained from mothers, fathers, children, teachers, classroom peers, and school records. The analysis reported reveals how the mother's employment status affects the father's role, the mother's sense of well-being, and childrearing patterns and how these, in turn, affect the child. The book provides an intimate picture of urban life and how families cope with mothers' employment.
The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia
Authors: Filtzer Donald
Published: July 2010

This is the first detailed study of the standard of living of ordinary Russians following World War II. It examines urban living conditions under the Stalinist regime with a focus on the key issues of sanitation, access to safe water supplies, personal hygiene and anti-epidemic controls, diet and nutrition, and infant mortality. Comparing five key industrial regions, it shows that living conditions lagged some fifty years behind Western European norms. The book reveals that, despite this, the years preceding Stalin's death saw dramatic improvements in mortality rates thanks to the application of rigorous public health controls and Western medical innovations. While tracing these changes, the book also analyzes the impact that the absence of an adequate urban infrastructure had on people's daily lives and on the relationship between the Stalinist regime and the Russian people, and, finally, how the Soviet experience compared to that of earlier industrializing societies.