bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commitment Problems in Coalitions: A New Look at the Fiscal Policies Of Multiparty Governments
Authors: Bäck Hanna , Lindvall Johannes
Published: August 2014

Many political scientists and economists have argued that coalition governments tend to accumulate more debt than single-party governments do, but the evidence for this proposition is mixed. This article argues that only some coalition governments are more likely to increase public debt than single-party governments: those in which parties are unable to make credible promises to their partners about future policy. It introduces the concept of ‘commitment potential’ within coalitions and proposes a way of measuring it. The study evaluates its theoretical claims using data on 20 advanced democracies observed over a period of almost 50 years. It finds that multiparty governments with high commitment potential do not, on average, accumulate more debt than single-party governments, but that governments with low commitment potential do.
Beneficial effects of heat-treated Enterococcus faecalis FK-23 on high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in mice
Authors: Kondoh Masatoshi , Shimada Takashi , Fukada Kazutake , Morita Mayuko , Katada Kazuhiro , Higashimura Yasuki , Mizushima Katsura , Okamori Mariko , Naito Yuji , Yoshikawa Toshikazu
Published: August 2014

A high-fat diet (HFD) is one of the causes of hepatic steatosis. We previously demonstrated that Enterococcus faecalis FK-23 (FK-23), a type of lactic acid bacteria, exhibits an anti-obesity effect in mice fed a HFD. In the present study, we examined the effects of FK-23 on HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups and given one of four treatments: standard diet (SD); standard diet supplemented with FK-23 (SD+FK); HFD; or HFD supplemented with FK-23 (HFD+FK). For the administration of FK-23, the drinking water was supplemented with FK-23 at a concentration of 2 % (w/w). After 11 weeks, histological findings revealed hepatic steatosis in the liver of HFD-fed mice; however, this effect was attenuated by the administration of FK-23. The expression levels of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in the liver tissue were significantly reduced in the HFD group compared with the SD group, but FK-23 supplementation tended to up-regulate the expression levels of these genes. Our findings show that the inhibitory effect of FK-23 against hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed mice can be explained by the prevention of fat accumulation in the liver through the modulation of the activities of genes involved in hepatic fatty acid oxidation.
God and his imaginary friends: a Hassidic metaphysics
Authors: LEBENS SAMUEL
Published: August 2014

What happens when you assume that the world is a dream in the mind of God, or that the world's history is a story that God is spinning? Focusing on the role that this assumption plays in the thought of Rabbi Mordechai Yosef Leiner (1801–1854), at least as it is understood by Rabbi Herzl Hefter, I argue that this assumption generates interesting solutions to old riddles in the philosophy of religion and interesting insights into the nature of religious language.
Spatial and temporal variation in amphibian metacommunity structure in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Ochoa-Ochoa Leticia Margarita , Whittaker Robert James
Published: August 2014

Amphibians are known to be sensitive to environmental change but their responses at the level of metacommunities to short-term environmental variability are poorly understood. We used field data from two protected areas, La Pera and Nahá (Chiapas, Mexico) to test for variation in metacommunity properties for two consecutive years (2009 and 2010). Amphibians and accompanying environmental data were recorded to a standardized protocol within each landscape, in four or five transects of 50 × 2-m per patch, for 30 and 31 patches, respectively. We found 23 species in La Pera and 30 in Nahá (21 species shared). Metacommunity structure was analysed using reciprocal averaging (RA) ordination by means of metrics for coherence, turnover and boundary clumping, with Spearman rank correlation used to examine relationships with environmental variables. The metacommunity structure varied differentially among the landscapes between years, being classed as quasi-Gleasonian in La Pera in both years, but Clementsian for Nahá in 2009 and Gleasonian for Nahá in 2010. In further illustration of variation between years, in 2009 the principal community gradient (RA axis 1) for La Pera was significantly positively correlated with altitude (r = 0.36), forest disturbance status (r = 0.78), mean canopy cover (r = 0.79) and mean litter depth (r = 0.67), while in 2010 it was correlated with latitude (r = 0.38), mean grass-layer height (r = 0.38), incidence of rainfall prior to sampling (r = 0.35) and presence of temporary ponds (r = 0.45). Our findings support the notion that amphibians respond to short-term environmental changes by individualistic movement within the landscape as well as via population dynamic responses.
Real-time comprehension of gender and number in four- to seven-year-old children: a study of the relationship between Italian clitic pronouns and visual picture referents
Authors: DISPALDRO MARCO , RUGGIERO ANNA , SCALI FRANCESCA
Published: August 2014

The gender and number of a direct object clitic pronoun are based on the gender and number of the noun to which it refers. Grammatical gender is an intrinsic property of the lexical item that is independent from the natural sex of referents, whereas number is a non-intrinsic feature of nouns based on the conceptual level of quantity. The aim of this paper is to investigate children's ability in matching Italian direct object clitic pronouns to an inanimate visual referent on the basis of number or gender information. The dependent variables are accuracy and response time. A total of sixty-nine children aged from 4;6 to 7;5 participated. The results show that children are more accurate and faster in selecting the referent when they use number information compared to the condition in which this matching operation is led by gender.
Governing Mentalities: The Deportation of ‘Insane’ and ‘Feebleminded’ Immigrants Out of British Columbia From Confederation To World War II
Authors: Menzies Robert
Published: August 2014

This paper chronicles the role of British Columbian provincial authorities and medical practitioners in engineering the deportation of psychiatrically disordered and cognitively disabled immigrants out of the province between Confederation and 1939. Approximately 750 mental patients were removed from BC during the 1920s and 1930s alone, and more than 5000 had been deported from the country as a whole by the outbreak of World War II. With the use of provincial and federal government records and correspondence, institutional documents, print media clippings and patient files, I probe the professional practices and discourses that fuelled this movement to banish asylum inmates. Across these seven decades, medical authorities, in alliance with bureaucrats and various anti-immigration forces, succeeded in assembling a powerful and efficient system for screening out and expelling those new Canadians who ostensibly failed to meet the mental standards for Canadian citizenship. Bolstered by theories of eugenics and race betterment, and drawing on public fears about the unregulated influx of aliens and the associated scourge of madness, officials turned to deportation as an expedient means for ridding hospitals of their least desirable denizens. I argue more generally that the deportation of ‘insane’ and other ‘unfit’ immigrants was nourished by the flood ofnativist, rac(ial)ist, exclusionist, eugenist, and mental hygienist thinking that dominated British Columbian and Canadian political and public culture throughout this ‘golden age’ of deportation.
Canadian Refugee Determination and Advanced Liberal Government
Authors: Lippert Randy
Published: August 2014

Significant changes in the refugee determination domain during the 1980s are made intelligible by deploying the concepts of programme, rationality, and technology drawn from the recent governmentality literature. Following a crisis of governability in the mid-1980s, refugee determination continued to move farther from the reach of political authorities. By 1989 it was reassembled in a manner involving a greater reliance on law, on the regular production of medical and psychiatric knowledge in new sites outside the state and a documentation centre, all of which is consistent with the onset of advanced liberal government. Closer examination of the documentation centre shows it permits scrutiny of information destined for use in legal oral hearings; is a form of political subjectification; and serves as a panoptic device that targets non-Western nations and populations consistent with advanced liberalism. In this way the documentation centre also illustrates the overlap of Canadian and international refugee regimes.
Outsiders/Insiders: Women and Professional Norms
Authors: Tancred Peta
Published: August 2014

This paper enlarges the discussion of normative systems by arguing that the professional domain is just as normatively “gendered” as any such systems at the societal level. Taking off from recent media discussion, the author underlines the extent to which the implicit normative systems of the work world are overwhelmingly male and she demonstrates how the currently accepted definitions distort our understanding not only of women's work but also of men's. She employs her recent research on women professionals (particularly architects and engineers) to argue that a variety of definitional norms of the professions are credible, but that these are differentially exclusive of women. She ends with a wide-ranging discussion of definitional criteria for feminists which would serve to ensure that women's modal experience within professional arenas is included to the same extent as men's, for women's contributions to the workplace can only be grasped if male normative approaches are abandoned.
Legal Forms, Family Forms, Gendered Norms: What is a Spouse?
Authors: Gavigan Shelley A.M.
Published: August 2014

The limits of the normative nature of law may be illustrated in the current English Canadian context by apparently contradictory phenomena: legal defeats of welfare mothers (e.g.MasseandFalkiner), and the legal victories of lesbian mothers (Re K). Drawing upon Fine, this paper employs the analytic frame of form and content to analyse contradictions within the legal form, notably in respect of the definition of spouse and the regulation of relations of property and poverty, and the struggles of lesbian parents who have applied to the courts to formalize their relationships to their children by way of adoption, and who, in so doing, have challenged the normative content of spousal relations. In analysing law as a gendering strategy, it is necessary to be mindful that law may not be the dominant site through and in which gender relations are constructed, regulated, reconstructed, or resisted. In this paper, the author examines and analyzes the contradictions in the legal form that have been mobilized, the ‘stirring up’ of the content that has been done, and the constraints and limits that shape the results.
Affirmative Action and Aboriginal Government: The Case for Legal Education in Nunavut
Authors: Gallagher-Mackay Kelly
Published: August 2014

The Nunavut Land Claim Agreement commits federal and territorial governments to the recruitment and training of Inuit for positions throughout government. In the justice sector, there is currently a major shortage of Inuit lawyers or future judges. However, there also appears to be a fundamental mismatch between what existing law schools offer and what Inuit students are prepared to accept. A northern-based law school might remedy some of these problems. However, support for a law school requires un-thinking certain key tenets of legal education as we know it in Canada. In particular, it may require a step outside the university-based law school system. Universities appear to be accepted as the exclusive guardian of the concept of academic standards. Admission standards, in particular, serve as both a positivist technology of exclusion, and a political rationale for the persistence of majoritarian institutions as the major means of training members of disadvantaged communities. Distinctive institutions – eventually working with university-based law schools – have the potential to help bridge the education gap between Inuit and other Canadians. In so doing, they have the potential to train a critical mass of Inuit to meaningfully adapt the justice system to become a pillar of the public government in the Inuit homeland of Nunavut.
Fetal Syndromes and the Charter: The Winnipeg Glue-Sniffing Case
Authors: McCormack Thelma
Published: August 2014

The relationship between scientific knowledge and legal discourse is raised once again by a recent decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, a case involving a young Aboriginal woman who was pregnant and ordered by the court to remain in a drug treatment program at a health center until the baby was born. Her glue-sniffing habit was deemed dangerous to the normal development of the fetus. The Court held that her solvent-dependency did not justify the original court action, but both the Court and the various interveners disregarded the current state of our knowledge on the fetal syndromes. There is thus a continuing disconnect between the scientific understanding of fetal risk and the development of Constitutional law around women's reproductive rights. This paper reviews the case and follows it through the appellate process; we examine the research literature on fetal syndromes tracking the changes over time. Finally we comment on the interventions by the Winnipeg Child and Family Services, the Women's Health Rights Coalition, by The Canadian Civil Liberties Association, and both The Canadian Abortion Rights Action League and the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund.
The Category of “Woman/Women” in Discrimination Based on Sex
Authors: Boivin Michelle
Published: August 2014

This paper deals with a crucial problem in feminist theory and in law, namely the issue of the “Woman/Women” category. Does the presence of a single man invalidate the label and remove the issues from the field of equality between the sexes? Moreover, in order to avail oneself successfully of the non-discrimination provision of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, does one necessarily have to prove prejudice towards all women, or seek a remedy likely to improve the situation of all women? Is the category “Woman” necessarily universal and all-embracing? To answer these questions, the author deals with the relationship between women and men and concludes that this relationship is not one of absolute binary opposition, but rather of secular domination. The author then analyzes the category of Women in relation to society as a whole where women are often subsumed into minorities, absorbed into the family or collapsed into “Universal” Woman. Fully recognizing the arbitrary and artificial character as well as the deceptive and reductionist aspects of categories per se, the author observes nonetheless that the law obliges us to keep the category of “Woman” for as long as women will not have collectively attained an economic, legal, political, symbolic, etc. status equal to that of men collectively.
Keeping the Ivory Tower White: Discourses of Racial Domination
Authors: Schick Carol
Published: August 2014

La manière de désigner les espaces et les places est significatif dans l'histoire et la formation du Canada comme pays identifié blanc. Dans cet article, les espaces de l'éducation publique post-secondaire sont analysés comme indicateurs d'appartenance dans la production identitaire des étudiants. Les étudiants blancs de cette recherche ont besoin de la fonction légitimante de l'université tout autant que des processus idéologiques de sa formation pour «devenir des enseignants». Les exigences de l'institution d'apprendre à «gérer» les relations interculturelles les autorisent à devenir des citoyens et des enseignants légitimes. Maintenir le statut de sites d'élites demande de surveiller la production du savoir en termes d'hiérarchies de race, de classe et de genre. Les relations sociales de l'élite désignent également quelles identifications et quelles connaissances seront considérées rationnelles et légitimes. Dans l'enquête qui fonde cet article, des étudiants-enseignants identifiés comme blancs dépendent des hiérarchies raciales d'espaces éducationnels d'élite pour assurer leur propre respectabilité dans la profession d'enseignants à domination blanche. C'est une respectabilité exigée et possible par le fait qu'ils sont blancs.
The Unspeakability of Racism: Mapping Law's Complicity in Manitoba's Racialized Spaces
Authors: Gill Sheila Dawn
Published: August 2014

Cet article traite des connexions critiques que la loi occulte dans un contexte libéral et colonial. Il analyse comment la loi, en déclarant irrecevables et hors de propos les violents incidents qui ont jalonné la dépossession des Autochtones, produit et maintient un ordre social que je qualifierais de racial. Le 1er novembre 1995, le président de l'Assemblée législative du Manitoba a décidé de bannir le mot «raciste» du langage parlementaire. L'autorité parlementaire venait donc d'imposer le silence à un membre Cri de l'opposition, qui a finalement été expulsé de la Chambre. Dans mon analyse de ce qui sous-tend l'égalité «universelle» au Canada, et dans le but de souligner la violence systémique inhérente à l'éviction légale de M. Oscar Lathlin de la Chambre, j'entreprends de redessiner les paramètres provinciaux de façon à «rebrancher» le législateur à certaines zones «racialisées» qu'il a pour mandat de représenter. Je montre en quoi la loi produit des zones et des sujets racialisés qui sont forcés d'exister à l'extérieur des frontières protégées de «l'égalité des personnes». Parallèlement, je souligne le rôle indispensable de la loi dans la fabrication du sujet moral, à la peau blanche: un sujet qui n'est, en dépit des preuves navrantes d'une autre facette de la réalité, nullement tenu de s'attribuer à la fois les méfaits et les avantages des relations coloniales de domination qui ont cours au Canada.
Introduction
Authors: Lamarche Lucie , De Troyer Marianne
Published: August 2014

Citizenship, social rights and social cohesion: A priori, the concept of social cohesion evokes the idea of a body of values, norms, behaviours and expectations that, because they are shared, give meaning to “living together”. This is why, at a time of globalization, neo-liberalism, and economic growth at all costs, implementing strategies designed to promote social cohesion is often presented as the antidote to the ills of society and the prerequisite to development. In the literature and political discourse, the concept of social exclusion is used to describe the reality of many social groups today who feel deprived of security and identity and are convinced that they have lost something they once possessed. The question, then, is one of knowing what the obstacle to social cohesion is. Research efforts, as well as international institutions, have abundant recourse to this logic in order to identify and remedy some of the obstacles they perceive as being the causes of social exclusion. For example, in this respect, inclusion and participation in the labour market is the object of sustained attention; the same applies to the war against poverty. Meanwhile, everything points to social exclusion and its opposite, social cohesion, being phenomena that cannot, for the purpose of analysis, be reduced to questions of material dysfunction in a given society. By the same token, social cohesion cannot be reduced to a matter of integration or a fight to leave the margins of society. This is only part of what we learn from the work of Jane Jenson and Mateo Alalouf, whose earlier efforts have inspired several contributions that follow.
Individualizing Social Risks: International and Legal Dimensions of Privatization of Pension Schemes in Latin America
Authors: Bernstein Stephanie
Published: August 2014

Depuis dix ans, le modèle chilien de privatisation des régimes de pension s'est répandu en Amérique latine et suscite beaucoup d'intérêt sur le plan international. Ceci soulève des questions importantes quant à l'individualisation des risques sociaux et à l'érosion des bases de la sécurité sociale fondées sur les droits de la personne. Cet article examine les caractéristiques des régimes privatisés de pensions en Amérique latine et explore certains facteurs qui ont motivé la tendance vers la privatisation. Les approches préconisées par la Banque mondiale et l'Organisation internationale du travail pour la réforme des régimes de pension sont également comparées. Les normes juridiques et les principes généralement reconnus pour l'élaboration des régimes de pension fournissent une toile de fond pour l'examen de questions entourant la mise en œuvre de régimes privatisés, notamment le rôle changeant de l'État relativement à la protection.
Re-Configuring the Margins: Tracing the Regulatory Context of Ottawa Strip Clubs, 1974–2000
Authors: Bruckert Chris , Dufresne Martin
Published: August 2014

En s'inspirant de la littérature sur la gouvernementalité, cette étude cherche à saisir la re-configuration du travail en marge du marché et de la moralité. En suivant l'évolution des clubs de «strip tease» à Ottawa de 1974 jusqu'en 2000, les auteurs expliquent comment des transformations du contexte discursif et des processus économique, légal et social de la modernité avancée re-constituent l'industrie et ses travailleuses. Les transformations d'une structure du travail organisée à partir du divertissement puis du service s'accompagnent d'une succession de stratégies de régulation incluant la contamination morale, la planification urbaine et la gestion de la santé. Les auteurs montrent que des questions de moralité, de responsabilité et de risque jouent dans le cadre de paramètres normatifs posés par les tribunaux. Dans ces débats et sous l'influence du néo-libéralisme, les travailleuses sont progressivement constituées comme des sujets éthiques auto-régulés. Or dans les marges, la «liberté» que confère ce statut n'en est pas moins contrainte et organisée par les discours et pratiques du droit, de la communauté et du travail.
La justice pénale et les Autochtones: D'une justice imposée au transfert de pouvoirs
Authors: Jaccoud Mylène
Published: August 2014

The administration of the justice system within Native communities went through several transformations in Canada. Under the pressures of First Nations' claims, the model of imposition has left room for others based on adapation of practices, participation, consultation and partial power transfers towards Native communities. Such processes of power transfers within the justice field, which started in the 1990's, are part of a more general movement of communitarisation of the penal system or diversion of some conflicts. They are not specific to native communities and limited by several factors, particularly by the founding premisses of the relations between the State and the First Nations, meaning the principle of incorporation of Native Peoples into the law of the State and the socio-economic conditions of Native communities.
Teaching Is Part of Legal Education
Authors: Majury Diana
Published: August 2014

In my contribution to this discussion or theArthurs Reporttwenty years later, I want to talk briefly about the teaching aspect of legal education. I want to be emphatic in my focus on teaching because I fear that teaching is increasingly diminishing as an object of our attention and as a subject of our scholarly work. I fear that, for many of us, teaching is becoming a less and less significant part of our discussions, our hirings, our preoccupations, our energy … To me, this is both short-sighted and sad, particularly for those of us who are committed to a law and society approach to legal education. If we are committed to social change, then education, in the form of teaching and learning, is critically important – that is, what we teach and how we teach, and what we model as teachers and thinkers are important instigators and promoters of change. I make this assertion of a lack of serious interest in law teaching despite the fact that there have been a number of Canadian forums on legal education recently. However, admissions and administrative matters largely overshadowed teaching as issues of primary concern and discussion in the two forums that I attended. I do not think these forums generated the kind of on-the-ground, in-our-work-places re-energization and rethinking of legal education and specifically about teaching that was perhaps hoped for.
Droit et gestion de l'environnement en pays Bassari (Sénégal oriental): réflexions sur un droit de l'environnement au Sénégal
Authors: Barrière Olivier
Published: August 2014

This analysis of Senegal environmental law is based on the example of a local context of rural communities located in the eastern Senegal area where the Bassari population is settled. The environmental legislation in Senegal does not seem to fit the local and rural realities. Our approach proposes to build a patrimonial legal system involving responsibility of the different actors in decision making. Law should be elaborated consensually by the different stakeholders, so that it will be easier to implement. We have conceived a «local environmental agreement» in order to link the local (legitimate) and national (legal) requirements. The aim of this article is to develop a conceptual and practical basis for legal and institutional patrimonial management of the natural resources.
Tapping into Water Rights: An Exploration of Native Entitlement in the Treaty 8 Area of Northern Alberta
Authors: Statt Graham R.
Published: August 2014

L'activité industrielle, l'agriculture intensive, la déviation de cours d'eau et le développement hydroélectrique ont, parmi d'autres activités, le potentiel d'avoir des conséquences directes et indirectes sur la durabilité physique et culturelle des communautés autochtones modernes. Toutefois, les droits relatifs à l'eau des peuples autochtones au Canada demeurent incertains. Cet article discute comment les collectivités dans la région du traité numéro 8 au Nord de l'Alberta possèdent des droits relatifs à l'eau, issus du traité et de laCommon Law, et, en quelques situations, ont possiblement reçu titre aux lits de cours d'eau navigables dans les réserves, implicitement. l'discute ensuite quelques conséquences indirectes de l'aménagement hydroélectrique sur l'économie traditionnelle et la manière par laquelle les collectivités peuvent empêcher ou participer dans de tels développements.
Culture and the Judiciary: The Meaning of the Culture Concept as a Source of Aboriginal Rights in Canada
Authors: Niezen Ronald
Published: August 2014

L'auteur examine la démarche canadienne à l'égard de la reconnaissance des droits des peuples autochtones. La discussion porte surtout sur les problèmes, autant conceptuels que juridiques, au centre du discours culturel de la Cour suprême du Canada. L'approche de la Cour envers la culture, la “spécificité culturelle” et les “droits culturels” ne concorde pas avec les conceptions anthropologiques ou historique contemporaines de la culture. En particulier, cette approche a tendance à “figer dans le temps” les droits culturels autochtones. Les idées culturelles de la Cour sont basées en partie sur les témoignages des experts (y compris des perspectives autochtones), sur les droits de l'homme et sur l'opinion publique, mais ils ont aussi des qualités qui leur sont propres. Ces dernières sont orientées vers les questions politiques entourant la souveraineté de la Couronne et les revendications d'autodétermination des peuples autochtones. Le discours culturel de la Cour est inséparable d'une opposition entre une politique libérale d'égalité et les droits et revendications spécifiques des peuples distincts.
Back to the Future: The Centrality of Plea Bargaining in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Heumann Milton
Published: August 2014

Using Professor George Fisher's wonderful new book,Plea Bargaining's Triumphas a springboard and roadmap for a journey into plea bargaining's past and present status, this brief essay will attempt to build a theory accounting for the centrality of plea bargaining in today's—and tomorrow's—criminal justice system. By looking back, Fisher illuminates the present, and suggests a future for plea bargaining in the disposition of the cases. His analysis ends with “plea bargaining's triumph;” with its emergence as the single most important (and powerful) factor in the disposition of criminal cases. I will applaud, but qualify his arguments and speculate about “plea bargaining's future.” His looking back, led him to conclude that plea bargaining coopted or caused most criminal justice innovations of the past two decades, and that almost anthropomorphically, it emerged victorious. His understanding of the “causes” of plea bargaining's centrality deserves applause along with qualification; his painting of a picture of plea bargaining “victory” is correct, and is fruitfully linked to a future informed by his understanding of a past.

First, some general ground rules for what I will and will not do in this essay. I will not systematically or exhaustively summarize Fisher's arguments, nor will I referee the disagreements he surfaced with the respect to the work of many major studies of plea bargaining and its history. Suffice it to say that this is a very careful historical study of the origins of plea bargaining, and that it primarily relies on a very detailed and very, very careful analysis of the court records of Middlesex County, Mass., mostly for cases disposed of in the 19thcentury. Based on these data, and secondary analyses of data from studies of plea bargaining in other jurisdictions, Fisher builds a theory of the growth of plea bargaining that is sometimes original, always engaging, and inevitably provocative. Though I take issue with some of his arguments, he must be lauded for the care and clarity of his presentation, and for the enormous literature he uses to develop and support his case.
Wag the Dog: Towards a Harmonization of the International Hazardous Waste Transfer Regime
Authors: Dawson Karen
Published: August 2014

Cet article étudie les problèmes liés au régime international encadrant le mouvement transfrontière de déchets dangereux. Il est souligné que d'importantes brèches existent dans ce régime car, historiquement, les intérêts des pays industrialisés ont prédominé les politiques au détriment des pays en développement qui sont le plus souvent destinataires des déchets. Afin de mieux comprendre pourquoi, ce régime est examiné sous l'angle de la théorie critique sur les races (Critical Race Theory – CRT), une théorie qui défend notamment la nécessité de tenir compte du contexte dans lequel le problème se situe, au-delà du cadre du juridique qui n'est guère défini et modifié par les affranchis. Une première partie du texte expose l'importance du problème ainsi que les principes deCRTqui serviront comme outils d'analyse. La deuxième partie aborde les mesures internationales, régionales et bilatérales et vise à identifier certaines brèches du régime dans la perspective deCRT.Enfin, trois sujets sont suggérés à considérer lors de futures négociations: l'amélioration du régime de consentement informé préalable; l'établissement d'un mécanisme pour créer un fonds international; et des instances judiciaires envisageables pour régler les litiges.
Le terrorisme international et la cage d'escalier. La sécurité publique dans le débat politique en France, 2000–2003
Authors: Monjardet Dominique
Published: August 2014

In the spring of 2001, statistics concerning criminality in France, - on the decline over the preceding five years, - showed an increase. The principal measure recommended by a Conference on Interior Security held in January 2001 was the adoption of legislative changes to combat the offences responsible for this increase in criminal activity, which the opposition was using to advantage in anticipation of the coming elections (legislative and presidential elections were slated for the spring of 2002). Thus in March 2001 the French Parliament approved first reading of a new “interior security law.” By the time of second reading in October 2001 the issue had become highly emotionally charged because of the events of September 11 in the United States, which resulted in the bill being “fortified” with a chapter “with a view to strengthening the war against terrorism.” Thus a link was made in the framework of a legislative text between daily security issues and international terrorism, - petty crime irritants to public order and epic conflicts affecting the entire planet. This link persisted, notably in polemics on security issues launched during the election campaigns, and subsequently in the measures instituted by the new government in May 2002. This paper exposes and criticizes this conflation.
Ofcombats livrésandcombats livresques
Authors: Kasirer Nicholas
Published: August 2014

À partir d'une lecture de mélanges publié en hommage à Claude Masse, professeur de carrière à l'Université du Québec à Montréal et avocat engagé, l'auteur étudie les publications de recherche ayant pour objet la justice sociale en tant que genre de la littérature juridique québécoise. Portant le sous-titre ‘en quête de justice et d'équité’, lesMélanges Claude Masseoffrent au lecteur l'occasion de réfléchir au rôle de la doctrine en tant qu'instrument d'évolution sociale en la comparant à la doctrine n'ayant que des ambitions spéculatives. La recherche en droit privé a subi des influences particulières au Québec pendant les trente dernières années – la jeunesse relative de la vocation de professeur de carrière, l'impact de la Révolution tranquille sur la théorie des sources du droit, et le poids massif de la révision du code civil dans la culture juridique. Ces influences expliquent, en partie, l'importance des publications ayant pour objet la réforme du droit au cours de cette période. Toutefois, lesMélanges Claude Masseet l'homme que l'ouvrage met en valeur soulignent un deuxième aspect de la recherche en droit visant la justice et l'équité. L'auteur prétend que la recherche juridique peut être vue comme une forme de résistance en soi, abstraction faite de ses finalités, puisqu'elle implique, par sa nature, une prise de parole dans la cité au nom de la différence. L'équilibre entre ces deux thèmes – la recherche en droit comme instrument de changement social, d'une part et, d'autre part, la recherche en droit comme acte de justice sociale en ellemême – est un aspect marquant de la culture universitaire du droit au Québec.
Reconciling Human Rights and Traditional Practices: The Anti-TrokosiCampaign in Gnana
Authors: Ameh Robert Kwame
Published: August 2014

Une abondante littérature documente de nombreux exemples de tentatives d'abolir ou de réformer des pratiques traditionnelles allant à l'encontre des droits humains dans différentes sociétés, mais peu de cas de succès ont été rapportés. Celui de la campagne récente contre le systèmetrokosiau Ghana, qui implique la servitude rituelle de femmes, est une exception notable. Jusqu'en août 2000, 59% de toutes lestrokosisavaient été libérées, et en 2004, on estimait leur nombre à moins de 200. La campagne antitrokosi, menée d'abord sous la bannière d'une croisade chrétienne contre la pratique religieuse traditionnelleEwe, avait suscité l'hostilité et peu de coopération auprès les propriétaires des temples et les pratiquants. Ce n'est qu'en changeant la stratégie, à partir de 1995, en campagne internationale pour les droits humains que la voie s'ouvrit pour une première libération massive detrokosis, en 1996. L'auteur soutient que le succès de la campagne est surtout dû à l'approche particulière des droits humains fondée sur l'éducation, le dialogue, la sensibilité culturelle et le respect mutuel.
Empirical analysis suggests continuous and homogeneous circulation of Newcastle disease virus in a wide range of wild bird species in Africa
Authors: CAPPELLE J. , CARON A. , SERVAN De ALMEIDA R. , GIL P. , PEDRONO M. , MUNDAVA J. , FOFANA B. , BALANÇA G. , DAKOUO M. , OULD EL MAMY A. B. , ABOLNIK C. , MAMINIAINA O. F. , CUMMING G. S. , De VISSCHER M.-N. , ALBINA E. , CHEVALIER V. , GAIDET N.
Published: August 2014

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important poultry diseases worldwide and can lead to annual losses of up to 80% of backyard chickens in Africa. All bird species are considered susceptible to ND virus (NDV) infection but little is known about the role that wild birds play in the epidemiology of the virus. We present a long-term monitoring of 9000 wild birds in four African countries. Overall, 3·06% of the birds were PCR-positive for NDV infection, with prevalence ranging from 0% to 10% depending on the season, the site and the species considered. Our study shows that ND is circulating continuously and homogeneously in a large range of wild bird species. Several genotypes of NDV circulate concurrently in different species and are phylogenetically closely related to strains circulating in local domestic poultry, suggesting that wild birds may play several roles in the epidemiology of different NDV strains in Africa. We recommend that any strategic plan aiming at controlling ND in Africa should take into account the potential role of the local wild bird community in the transmission of the disease.
On The Ambiguous Status of Pleasure in Bentham's Theory of Fictions
Authors: CLÉRO JEAN-PIERRE
Published: August 2014

If pleasure is more open than pain to a double definition, first as a real sensation, second as a more indirect impression, it is clear that the calculus – the advantages of which Bentham praised so fulsomely − cannot be identical for pleasure and pain alike. Sensations may be combined in the infinitesimal calculus in a substantive way, but this is impossible for the more indirect reflective impressions, which require other sorts of mathematics. For Bentham, it is not a question of eschewing calculation, but of facilitating it, perhaps through a probability calculus in a Bayesian or subjective style. The theory of fictions permits the combination or substitution of the two aspects of pleasure, so that what seems to be an ambiguity in Bentham's approach to pleasure is really an attempt to render the concept useful, that is, capable of utilization in calculations bearing on important areas of practical policy.
Alienation, Deprivation, and the Well-being of Persons
Authors: YELLE BENJAMIN
Published: August 2014

While many theories of well-being are able to capture some of our central intuitions about well-being, e.g. avoiding alienation worries, they typically do so at the cost of not being able to capture others, e.g. explaining deprivation. However, both of these intuitions are important and any comprehensive theory of well-being ought to attempt to strike the best balance in responding to both concerns. In light of this, I develop and defend a theory of well-being which holds that our well-being depends, in part, on the nature of our well-being qua person, a class whose members are defined by their possessing certain cognitive and volitional capacities including those capacities constitutive of autonomy. I argue that this ‘person-centred’ theory of well-being is able to address concerns about alienation and deprivation, along with capturing the importance of autonomy to well-being, better than many popular subjective and objective theories of well-being.
Unsteady flow over a submerged source with low Froude number
Authors: LUSTRI CHRISTOPHER J. , CHAPMAN S. JONATHAN
Published: August 2014

In the low-Froude number limit, free-surface gravity waves caused by flow past a submerged obstacle have amplitude that is exponentially small. Consequently, these cannot be represented using an asymptotic series expansion. Previous studies have considered linearized steady flow past a submerged source in infinite-depth fluids, in which exponential asymptotics were used to determine the behaviour of downstream longitudinal and transverse free-surface gravity waves. Here, unsteady flow past a submerged source in an infinite-depth fluid is investigated, with the free surface taken to be initially waveless. The source is taken to be weak, and the flow is linearized about the undisturbed solution. Exponential asymptotics are applied to determine the wave behaviour on the free surface in terms of the two-dimensional plan-view, in order to show how the free surface waves evolve over time and eventually tend to the steady solution.
Assessment of coronary ischaemia by myocardial perfusion dipyridamole stress technetium-99 m tetrofosmin, single-photon emission computed tomography, and coronary angiography in children with Kawasaki disease: pre- and post-coronary bypass grafting
Authors: Mostafa Mostafa S. , Sayed Ashraf O. , Al Said Yasser M.
Published: August 2014

Background: Coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease invasively assessed by coronary angiography. Evaluation of myocardial perfusion by single-photon emission computed tomography may identify the haemodynamic significance of coronary lesions.Objective: To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of dipyridamole stress technetium-99 m tetrofosmin, single-photon emission computed tomography as a possible alternative to invasive coronary angiography for detection and follow-up of myocardial ischaemia in patients with Kawasaki disease, and pre- and post-coronary bypass grafting.Patients and methods: Coronary angiography and single-photon emission computed tomography were performed on 21 patients who were classified into three groups – group I (stenosis), group II (giant aneurysms), and group III (small aneurysms). Of the 21 patients, 16 (groups I and II) patients with myocardial perfusion defects, who underwent coronary bypass grafting, were followed up with single-photon emission computed tomography.Result:In group I, all patients had significant coronary stenosis and 100% of them had perfusion defects in the anterior and septal walls. In group II, all patients had giant aneurysms and 83% of them had inferior and inferolateral perfusion defects. In group III, all patients had small aneurysms and 100% of them had normal perfusion. Pre-coronary bypass grafting myocardial ischaemic defects disappeared in all patients after surgery. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of single-photon emission computed tomography were 94, 100, and 95%, respectively.Conclusion:Technetium-99 m tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomography can be applied as an accurate non-invasive diagnostic technique for detecting myocardial perfusion defects with coronary artery lesions, and to show improved or even normalised perfusion of the myocardium in patients after surgical revascularisation.
The role of perceived barriers in explaining socio-economic status differences in adherence to the fruit, vegetable and fish guidelines in older adults: a mediation study
Authors: Dijkstra S Coosje , Neter Judith E , van Stralen Maartje M , Knol Dirk L , Brouwer Ingeborg A , Huisman Martijn , Visser Marjolein
Published: August 2014

Objective

We aimed to identify barriers for meeting the fruit, vegetable and fish guidelines in older Dutch adults and to investigate socio-economic status (SES) differences in these barriers. Furthermore, we examined the mediating role of these barriers in the association between SES and adherence to these guidelines.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Setting

Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), the Netherlands.

Subjects

We used data from 1057 community-dwelling adults, aged 55–85 years. SES was measured by level of education and household income. An FFQ was used to assess dietary intake and barriers were measured with a self-reported lifestyle questionnaire.

Results

Overall, 48·9 % of the respondents perceived a barrier to adhere to the fruit guideline, 40·0 % for the vegetable and 51·1 % for the fish guideline. The most frequently perceived barriers to meet the guidelines were the high price of fruit and fish and a poor appetite for vegetables. Lower-SES groups met the guidelines less often and perceived more barriers. The association between income and adherence to the fruit guideline was mediated by ‘perceiving any barrier to meet the fruit guideline’ and the barrier ‘dislike fruit’. The association between income and adherence to the fish guideline was mediated by ‘perceiving any barrier to meet the fish guideline’ and the barrier ‘fish is expensive’.

Conclusions

Perceived barriers for meeting the dietary guidelines are common in older adults, especially in lower-SES groups. These barriers and in particular disliking and cost concerns explained the lower adherence to the guidelines for fruit and fish in lower-income groups in older adults.
Civil unrest linked to intrauterine growth restriction in western Kenya
Authors: Dybjer E. , Linvik J. , Nilsson P. M.
Published: August 2014

Risk factors associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have previously been identified, but few studies have described the relationship between IUGR and maternal stress caused by exposure to civil unrest. Here, we investigate this relationship during the Mount Elgon crisis in western Kenya between 2006 and 2008, following a period of violence. Birth weight data were compared between three hospitals in an exposed area, Mount Elgon (n=570), and one hospital in a control area, Kimilili (n=530). In a sub-analysis, the most stress exposed hospital, Bungoma West (n=211), was compared with the control hospital in Kimilili. Adjustments were made for offspring sex, gestational age and parity. The difference in mean birth weight between the most stress-exposed hospital (Bungoma West) and the control hospital (Kimilili) was 91 g after full adjustment (P=0.041). In conclusion, epidemiological data suggest a significant relationship between exposure to civil unrest and IUGR causing lower birth weight.
Label free detection of specific protein binding using a microwave sensor
Authors: Salazar-Alvarez Marcela , Korostynska Olga , Mason Alex , Al-Shamma'a Ahmed , Cooney Jakki C. , Magner Edmond , Tofail Syed A. M.
Published: August 2014

The specific binding of streptavidin to biotinylated protein A was demonstrated using a label free microwave sensor.
Enabling robust quantitative readout in an equipment-free model of device development
Authors: Fu Elain
Published: August 2014

This critical review focuses on work to enable bioassays with visible quantitative readout in a fully-disposable device.
Incorporation of57Fe-isotopically enriched in apoferritin: formation and characterization of isotopically enriched Fe nanoparticles for metabolic studies
Authors: Konz T. , Montes-Bayón M. , Sanz-Medel A.
Published: August 2014

The use of57Fe-isotopically enriched ferritin for the accurate measurement of Fe : ferritin ratios is proposed for metabolic studies.
Preparation of surface molecularly imprinted polymers as the solid-phase extraction sorbents for the specific recognition of penicilloic acid in penicillin
Authors: Luo Zhimin , Zeng Aiguo , Zheng Penglei , Guo Pengqi , Du Wei , Du Kangli , Fu Qiang
Published: August 2014

The schematic representation of the route for the synthesis of SMIPs and the analysis of samples.
Alkylation of benzene with carbon monoxide over Zn/H-ZSM-5 zeolite studied using in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Xiumei , Xu Jun , Qi Guodong , Wang Chao , Wang Qiang , Deng Feng
Published: August 2014

Alkylation of benzene with CO produces toluene over a Zn/H-ZSM-5 zeolite, in which CO provides the methyl group of toluene via a methoxy intermediate.
Performance enhancement of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) based field effect transistors through surfactant treatment of the poly(vinyl alcohol) gate insulator surface
Authors: Nawaz Ali , Cruz-Cruz Isidro , Rodrigues Rafael , Hümmelgen Ivo A.
Published: August 2014

Surfactant treatment of the poly(vinyl alcohol) gate insulator enhances the field-effect mobility of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) transistors.