bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The FOMC Meeting Minutes: An Update of Counting Words
Authors: Meade Ellen E. , Burk Nicholas A. , Josselyn Melanie
Published: August 2017

The Federal Reserve&amp;#x27;s communications with the public have evolved substantially since the early 1990s and today include: policy statements released shortly after the conclusion of monetary policy meetings; minutes of those meetings issued three weeks later; quarterly economic forecasts from the members of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors and the presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks; the Chair&amp;#x27;s press conferences four times per year; a semi-annual Monetary Policy Report that is submitted to the Congress and released to the public, along with the Chair&amp;#x27;s testimony on that report; and transcripts of monetary policy meetings published after five years. In this note, we focus on the minutes of Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meetings.
Exporting and Frictions in Input Markets: Evidence from Chinese Data
Authors: Tito Maria D. , Wang Ruoying
Published: August 2017

This paper investigates the impact of international trade on input market distortions. We focus on a specific friction, binding borrowing constraints in capital markets. We propose a theoretical model where a firm's demand for capital is constrained by an initial asset allocation and past sales. While the initial distribution of assets induces misallocation if the asset endowment at more productive firms does not fully cover their demand for capital, the dependence of the borrowing constraint from past sales proxies for cross-firm differences in the cost of default, which is empirically higher at larger firms. Overtime, an increase in sales relaxes the borrowing constraint; similarly, shocks to market access--such as opening to trade--contribute to easing the financial constraints, thus accelerating the convergence toward the frictionless allocation. To analyze the empirical relationship between market access and credit frictions, we draw on the annual surveys conducted by the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) for 1998 to 2007, and we construct firm-level measures of distortions that control for firm heterogeneity. We find smaller labor and capital distortions across exporting firms; such distortions are even smaller in sectors where firms face lower tariffs or are more dependent on external financing, a proxy for the presence of binding financial constraints. Our empirical analysis also shows that export shocks significantly reduce the dispersion across input returns over time, with the effect mostly occurring at constrained firms. Our findings point to within-sector input reallocation as an important channel to overcome misallocation in open economies.
The use of maxillary first molar as forensic aid in racial and sexual dimorphism of Kurdish populaton in Sulaimani city
Authors: Ahmed Azhar
Published: August 2017

Objectives: To find out the utility of using permanent maxillary first molar as a forensic tool for sex determination, and to compare tooth size for both side in the same sex in Kurdish people.
Materials and Methods: The study sample comprised 120 casts of Kurdish peoples (67 females and 53 males) from Sulaimani city - Iraq, with age ranging from 13-33 years. The bucco-lingual (B-L) and mesio-distal (M-D) linear measurements of the maxillary first molars were calculated using digital vernier calipers. Percentage of sexual dimorphism was calculated.
Results: The mean values of B-L and M-D parameters were greater in males than females and greater on right side compared to with left side. The mean values of B-L parameters showed statistically significant differences between males and females with p ˂0.05.The differences in B-L and M-D parameters between the right and the left side were statistically significant in males. Sexual dimorphism amounted to 3.48%, 2.83% for the right and left bucco-lingual diameter respectively as compared to 1%, 0.91 % for right and left mesio-distal diameters of the maxillary first molars respectively.
Conclusion: The result of the study showed that the bucco-lingual diameters of permanent maxillary first molars exhibiting significant sexual dimorphism in Kurdish sample and can be used as adjunct in sex determination.
Comparison of volume loss of tooth structure between traditional and conservative FPD designs
Authors: Al-Zahawi Abdulsalam , Tsitrou Effrosyni , Noort Richard
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the amount of tooth structure that is sacrificed with the conventional preparation of a 3-unit bridge and compare this with a variety of more conservative 3-unit bridge designs.
Materials and Methods: Fifty typodont Frasaco teeth were used to prepare five 3-unit FPD preparation designs (25 lower right first premolar teeth and 25 lower right first molar teeth). One conventional full coverage crown retainer, two different innovative partial coverage crown retainer and two different Inlay design retainer. The volume of tooth structure lost was measured for each design and statistically analyzed.
Results: One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test statistical analysis of the results at (p˂ 0.001), revealed that there was a highly significant effect of the preparation design on the volume loss of tooth structure. Volume tooth structure saved design IV and V was about twice that saved with the partial coverage crown in design II and III.
Conclusion: The amount of tooth structure sacrificed in the proposed conservative FPD designs is significantly less than that calculated for the traditional design.
The prevalence of fracture in acrylic removable dentures in Sulaimani city
Authors: Al-Jmoor Cheman
Published: August 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of fractures in Acrylic Removable Dentures in Sulaimani City.
Patients and Methods: A questioner was used to collect the data from two dental laboratories. 264 fracture cases were collected.  The variables evaluated were; the fracture area, the possible cause of fracture, fracture frequency, place of denture construction, the age of the denture, and the type of Removable Denture, Partial or Complete Denture.
Results: The data result showed; The ratio of fracture incidence in complete denture to partial denture fracture was nearly 4:1, the ratio of upper to lower denture was 2:1, the most common fractures was midline fracture 112 (42.424%), followed by the De-Bonding of the artificial teeth 62 (23.484%). Dropping was the main possible cause of fracture 66 (25%), followed by poor occlusion 38 (14. 393%). 128 (48.484%) of the denture fractures was first time fracture, 136 (51.515%) of the dentures had repeated fracture. 112 (42.424%) of the fractured dentures were constructed by a technician like people (Dan Saz), 76 (28.787%) were constructed in dental hospital. 58 (21.969%) of the fractured dentures were constructed 1 years ago or less, 146 (55.303%) of the fractured dentures were more than 3 years old.      
Conclusion: Midline fracture had the highest rate among all the other types of fractures; fracture of upper denture was more than lower dentures. Dropping followed by the De-bonding of the artificial teeth was the most possible cause of fracture. Fracture rate increased among the dentures which were first constructed by a technician like people (Dan Saz).  Fracture frequency increased as the denture age increased, also increased among dentures with repeated fracture.
Prevalence of common white lesions in oral cavity among patients attended School of Dentistry in Sulaimani/ Iraq
Authors: Abd-Sada Akeel
Published: August 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of common white lesions in the oral cavity.
Patients & Methods: Examination was done for 500 patients visiting dental school, in Sulaimani city, Kurdistan region-Iraq from different age groups and sexes for presences of white lesions. Examination includes the type, site and size of the lesion in oral cavity. 
Results: The result showed that about 44.2% (221 patients) had one type of white lesions with male predominance. Candidiasis and hyperkeratosis represented the majority of these cases 54.2% and 38% respectively while leukoplakia represented the less finding in this study (3.6%). According to the age group these lesion were founded in above 50 years patients more than the other groups. 
Conclusion: White lesions in oral cavity may be symptomless and can be found by routine oral examination. Early diagnosis may aid in the treatment of these lesions.
Prevalence of cigarette smoking among Sulaimani University students
Authors: Ramzi Zhian
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking and find out the socio-demographic correlates of smoking among Sulaimani University students.
Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November 2007 on 2750 students in Sulaimani University. A systematic stratified sampling technique was used. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection on age and gender of students, college, years of study, and age of starting smoking.
Results: Out of 2722 respondents, 302 students were smokers giving a prevalence rate of 11.1%. The prevalence of smokers was significantly (P< 0.001) higher in males than females (19% and 1% respectively). The highest rate of smokers was among the age group 23-26 years in both sexes. About 10% of students started smoking at age less than 12 years, 8.2% at age 12-17 years, 50% at 18-22, and 31.7% at 23-26 years.
Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking was moderate. More than half of the students started smoking during their study years in the university. Males and students in third and fourth academic years were more likely to smoke. The results provide baseline data to develop an anti-smoking program to limit smoking in the university.
Prevalence of orofacial changes in patients with β-thalassemia major in Karbala City, Iraq
Authors: Abulsattar Muhanned , Al-Yassiri Ali
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate findings of oral abnormalities or changes in these patients, and compare it to healthy control subjects.
Materials and Methods: Patients were selected from Thalassemia Center of Pediatric of Al Hussaini Teaching Hospital in Holy-Karbala during the period from March to September 2013. Forty (40) subjects were incorporated in this study. All these patients with age range (4-15) years, (22 males, and 18 females). All these patients were without any other systemic diseases. 
Results: The prevalence of orofacial complications in β-thalassemia major patients was: prominent maxilla (85%), bad oder (80%), oral ulcers (50%), angular stomatitis (40%), candidal infection (35%), changes in oral mucosa (30%), xerostomia (15%), and the last one was enlargements of salivary glands (zero).
Conclusions: Knowing the prevalence of complication can help the dentists to do properly for these patients to solve their problems and improve knowledge of the parents about their children's dental health.
Evaluation of some intracanal irrigants on push-out bond strength and mode of failure of resin and non resin cements to root canal dentin (in vitro comparative study)
Authors: Ibrahim Rawa , Al-Qaisi Salam
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of five intracanal irrigants [distilled water, NaOCl, NaOCl + EDTA, ozonated water and NaOCl + ozonated water] on push-out bond strength of (zinc phosphate cement and Calibra® esthetic resin cement) and to determine the mode of failure.  Materials and Methods: Seventy extracted single straight rooted teeth were selected. The crowns were sectioned at cemento-enamel junction. The sectioned roots were embedded vertically in clear acrylic resin. The root canals were prepared with K-files and Gates Glidden drills using step-back technique then the specimens were randomly assigned to five main groups according to the types of irrigant used and each main group were divided in to two subgroups and filled with zinc phosphate cement and Calibra® esthetic resin cement. The samples were sectioned horizontally to provide 4 millimeter dentin disc from coronal third of the roots. Each sectioned specimen was tested by using computerized universal testing machine. Finally each de-bonded specimens was examined under stereomicroscope to determine the mode of failure.  Results: Two-way ANOVA  tests showed that there was statistical significance difference between the two type of cement used in this study, also there was statistical significance difference between the types of irrigant; while the interaction between  types of cement with types of irrigant was not statistically  significant. Considering the dentine surface treatment, Paired T-test showed that irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl produce statistically significant reduction in bond strength to root canal dentin in comparison to control group, while irrigation with distilled water, 5.25 NaOCl plus 17% EDTA, 5.25% NaOCl plus 5gm/L ozonated water, 5gm/L ozonated water alone had no statistical significant affect on bond strength to root canal dentin. Comparing the cements, zinc Phosphate cement showed higher bond strength in comparison to Calibra® esthetic resin cement. Conclusions: NaOCl have negative effect on bond strength to root canal dentin, while distilled water, NaOCl plus EDTA, ozonated water alone or after NaOCl had no effect. Zinc phosphate cement had higher bond strength than Calibra® esthetic resin cement. The adhesive and mixed failures were higher than the cohesive failure for all groups in general.
The prevalence and etiology of maxillary midline diastema among orthodontic patients attending Shorsh Dental Clinic in Sulaimani City
Authors: Talabani Ranjdar , Ahmad Shawbo , Noori Arass
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of MMD among Shorish dental clinic`s patients seeking orthodontic treatment and to find the factors associated with this anomaly.
Materials and Methods: During 6 months, 507 patients with age (13 – 40) years old attending Shorish Dental Clinic, seeking orthodontic treatment were screened to find the prevalence and etiology of MMD.
Result: The MMD was present in 110 patients (21.7%). The frequency of MMD was the same in males and females. It is highest in the young age group and lowest in the older age group (29% vs. 4%).
Conclusion: The most frequent factor among the observed etiological factors was oral unhealthy habit which was found in 40% of MMD patients and 8.7% of all cases.
Angle’s classification of first molar occlusion among patients attending a private orthodontic clinic in Sulaimani City
Authors: Amin Anwar , Arf Awder , Rashid Zhwan
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study were to find the prevalence of Angle’s classification and distribution of malocclusion amongst patients attending a private orthodontic clinic in Sulaimani City.
Method: Pre-treatment orthodontic records of 171 patients of both genders and different age groups fulfilled selection criteria were obtained for the study. The data from case sheets and dental casts were analyzed to determine the prevalence of angles class I, class II, and class III malocclusion.
Results: Malocclusion was found to be higher in females than males. Patient’s malocclusions were as follow: 56 (33%) Class I, 83 (48%) Class II, and 32 (19%) Class III. Patients of 12-17 years age group were found to be  more interested in orthodontic treatment than other age groups.
Conclusions: Class II malocclusion created almost half of the patients seeking orthodontic treatment in private clinic in Sulaimani City. Furthermore majority of orthodontic cases were young patients (12-17 age group) with females showing a higher percentage than males.
Immunohistochemical expression of P-cadherin and cortactin in oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Mohammad Dena , Garib Balkees , Khudeir Hassanain , Abdul–Majeed Ban
Published: August 2017

Objectives: to assess the expression and pattern distribution of P-cadherin and cortactin in OSCC, and to relate such expression to the histopathological grading.

Materials and Methods: An immunohistochemical staining for P-cadherin and cortactin was performed on paraffin blocks of 40 oral squamous cell carcinoma and five normal mucosa. Fisher's exact test and Spearman's rank-order correlation were applied for analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: P-cadherin was either aberrantly cytoplasmic re-localized or lost in 45% of cases. 58.6% of positive cases were in grade I. Focal heterogeneous pattern was the commonest pattern (27.5%) and related to the degree of cell differentiation. The expression percentage was reported mainly in score 1 and 2 with no differences among histopathological grades (P=0.778). On the other hand, 70% of oral SCC had cytoplasmic cortactin expression. The majority of cases (85.7%) expressed diffuse pattern including all positive grade II and III cases. Nevertheless, statistical analysis did not reach a significant level (P= 0.722). Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between P-cadherin and cortactin expression.

Conclusion: Oral SCC had P-cadherin under-expression (focal) and cortactin over-expression (diffuse). The P-cadherin pattern distribution rather than expression percentage was related to the degree of cell differentiation. The expressions of these molecules were unrelated to each other.
Subgingival application of 25% metronidazole gel, 1% chlorhexidine gel as adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing in treatment of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Karim Shokhan , Ali Basima , Saeed Kamal
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical effect of subgingival application of 25% metronidazole gel or 1% chlorhexidine gel as an adjunctive to scaling and root planing over a root planing alone.

Materials and Methods: Ten adults (6 females and 4 males) with an age range of (30-60) years, each with at least three non-adjacent periodontally involved teeth with a probing pocket depth of ≥ 5mm and bleeding on probing participated in this randomized, split mouth, clinical study. A total of (394) sites were included in the study, the selected sites in each patient were divided into: Group 1 (root planing plus 25% metronidazole gel), Group 2 (root planing plus 1% chlorhexidine gel) and Group 3 (root planing alone).Clinical evaluation included: plaque index PLI (Silness and Loe, 1964), gingival index GI (Loe and Silness, 1963), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL).

Results: All groups showed a fluctuated mean PLI scores between visits and a gradual reduction of GI, BOP, PPD and CAL scores for all groups during subsequent visits. Intergroup comparisons for PLI, BOP, PPD and CAL parameters showed no significance difference between the 3 groups, whereas GI showed a significant difference between groups except at week 2 only; this significance observed when group 1 compared with group 3.

Conclusions: The 3 treatment modalities similarly showed improvement in almost all clinical parameters applied in this study. Also, there was no significance difference between the application of metronidazole gel and chlorhexidine gel on improvement of clinical periodontal parameters.
Prevalence of endodontically treated teeth in Sulaimani adult population
Authors: Talabani Ranjdar , Khursheed Dler , Abdulkareem Bamo
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of root filled teeth in a Sulaimani adult population.

Material and Methods: Panoramic radiographs of 1015 patients were examined for the presence of endodontically treated teeth between April 2009 and October 2014. Two independent examiners discussed interpretation criteria and classified specimens according to the following data: presence of root canal treatment, which was defined as partially or completely filled canal space, regardless of whether filling ended at the radiographic apex or not; presence of intracanal post; and associated apical periodontitis.

Results: Chi-square test and descriptive analysis were used for statistical analyses. Significance level was set at p<0.05. Of 24218 teeth evaluated, 4534 (18.7 %) were treated endodontically. Endodontic treatment was most frequent in mandibular molars, whereas mandibular incisors showed the lowest. Most endodontically treated teeth were found in people aged 18-29 years old. Females (54.29%) showed a higher prevalence of teeth with root fillings than males.

Conclusions: The present study found a higher prevalence of endodontically treated teeth in lower molars; females had more endodontically treated teeth than males.
Pattern, incidence and causes of partial edentulism in a group of patients attending dental school of Sulaimani university
Authors: Mohammed Kaml , Abdullah Dana
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of partial edentulism and its relationship with age, gender and etiological factors in group of patients attending prosthodontic department, School of dentistry, University of Sulaimani-Iraq.

Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 274 patients attending prosthodontic department, the partial edentulism was recorded by visual examination using Kennedy’s Classification. The source of data was patient’s case sheets and the patients were informed that the recorded informations were required for a research purpose and their consent and agreements were taken verbally. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 and presented as a simple frequency table and figures.

Results: The study results showed that 170 of the patients were female (62.1%) and 104 of the patient were male (37.9%). The most frequently occurred Kennedy class was Kennedy Class I (39.2%) followed by Kennedy Class III and II (31.9%), (27.6%) respectively and the least frequent was Kennedy Class IV (1.3%). The highest percentage of Kennedy class I arch was seen in the mandible (49.4%), while the most frequently seen Kennedy class in the maxilla was class III arch (40.9%), with an increase in age, there is an increase in class I and class II dental arches and a decrease in class III arch both in maxilla and in mandible. Finally, the results revealed that the most frequent reason of exodontias stand out to be caries in both male and female (81.7%), (85.2%) respectively.

Conclusions: It was concluded that the most common pattern of partial edentulism in examined sample was found to be class I in mandible then class III in maxilla and class IV being the least common in both jaws. The mandibular arches are more partially edentulous than maxillary arches and female patients more demanding Prosthodontic treatments than male patients. With an increase in age there is a transition of bounded saddle to free end saddles and the principle cause of tooth loss was dental caries.
The prevalence of enamel white spot lesions before and after fixed orthodontic treatment among patients attending Shorish Dental Center
Authors: Fatehulla Khoshy , Hamasaeed Omed , Abdulateef Darwn
Published: August 2017

Objectives: This study was done to determine the prevalence of WSLs among orthodontic patients visiting Shorish Dental Center in Sulaimani City during 4 months (1st June 2013- 30 sep 2013) requiring fixed orthodontic treatment.

Materials and Methods: Six hundred and seventy patients (223control and 447study groups) who attended orthodontic department of Shorish Dental Center during 4 months were included in this study. The presence of white spot lesions was determined by visual examination in two groups of patients. The study group consisted of patients who did wear fixed orthodontic appliance, and the control group consisted of patients who didn’t having their braces placed on their teeth.

Results: Out of 477 orthodontic patients, 148 cases presents WSL, and their prevalence was equal to (31%). Conclusion: The development of white spot lesion during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance was not a significant clinical problem and its prevalence didn’t affect by the age and the gender of the patients, suggesting that any preventive therapy provided appeared to be effective.

Conclusions: Fixed orthodontic appliance was not a critical factor that contributed to the development of WSL. The age and the gender of the patient didn’t play a role in the prevalence of the WSLs.
Height, weight and the number of erupted permanent teeth among 6-16 years old children in Sulaimani City
Authors: Noori Arass , Hussein Shokhan , Ali Dilsoz
Published: August 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to evaluate the influence of gender, weight, and height on number of permanent teeth emerged among 6-16 years age group children in Sulaimani city.

Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out among randomly selected primary school in Sulaimani city including an oral clinical examination, and weight and height measurements. All measurements were carried out following standardized guidelines. Missing teeth due to extraction were counted as erupted and other cases were excluded from the study if missing of teeth were not approved to be due to tooth extraction.

Results: A total of 1125 children aged 6-16 years were recruited for the study. The overall mean age of the children was 10.7 ± 2.8 years (boys, 10.6 ± 2.6; girls, 10.9 ± 3.0). Females showed higher number of erupted teeth than males by an average of about 1.4 teeth/ child and the total number of erupted teeth was 18.2 teeth/ child in the total sample. Partial correlation coefficient of total numbers of erupted teeth was positively significant with weight in both males and females and was significant with height among females only. The partial correlation results of the eruption (presence) of individual teeth with height and weight were mixed as; all incisor teeth showed no significant relation, but the teeth number 17, 15, 13, and 47 showed positive significant correlation with height and weight.

Conclusions: The mean total number of erupted teeth per child increased with age and the mean total number of erupted teeth was higher in females than males. The influence of weight on the number of erupted teeth was obvious among both males and females, while the height of the child showed a significant influence on the number of erupted teeth only among females. Furthermore, the influences of height and weight on the eruption of individual teeth were inconclusive.
Effect of fixed orthodontic appliance on some factors and elements of saliva
Authors: Altaee Zena , Al-Ajeely Muhammad , Abdulateef Yasir
Published: August 2017

Objectives: to determine the prevalence, severity and extension of gingival recession in an adult population in Sulaimani city – Iraq.

Materials and Methods: 627 subjects, males and females were examined at Shorsh teaching hospital - dental center in Sulaimani city to determine the prevalence, severity and extension of gingival recession. The sample was divided into four age groups, group 1 (20 to 29 years) 232 patients, group 2 (30 to 39 years) 223 patients, group 3 (40 to 49 years) 128 patients and group 4 (above 50 years) 44 patients. A calibrated periodontal probe marked up to 15 mm was employed for measuring the amount of gingival recession from cementoenamel junction to the gingival margin on four surfaces of each tooth - mesial, buccal, distal and lingual. Miller’s classification was used to evaluate the severity of the recession.

Results: In this study a total of 249 subjects out of 627 recorded gingival recession. Whereas, 1453 teeth out of 6776 adding up to 2340 sites displayed (≥1 mm) gingival recession. Furthermore, the majority of older age group (≥ 50 years) sample revealed gingival recession (93.2%). Statistically gingival recession among male subjects were non-significantly higher than female subjects 46% against 34.5% respectively, whereas females recorded higher number of teeth and sites affected by gingival recession than males (823 teeth against 630 teeth and 1277 sites against 1063 sites). According to Miller’s classification, class one recession was most prevalent (55%) followed by class III (38.2%). According to age, Class I recessions decreased as age increased, however, Class III and Class IV recessions showed an increasing status as age increased. According to tooth type, mandibular central and lateral incisors showed the highest percentages of gingival recession (23.6% and 19.4%) respectively.

Conclusion: Prevalence of the gingival recession was high among the population examined in this study with a predilection for males. Gingival recession was more prevalent in higher age groups. Furthermore, mandibular central and lateral incisors were the most frequent teeth revealing recession among the total dentition.
The Effect of Lase Peroxide Sense and Whitening Lase II radiation on Gingival Microleakage of Different Types of Composite Resin Filling Materials. (An in Vitro Study)
Authors: Hama-Saeed Niaz
Published: August 2017

Aim: This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lase peroxide sense, and whitening lase II radiation on gingival microleakage of three types of composite filling materials (tartaric N Ceram, SDR, GC).

Materials and Methods: This study was performed on thirty caries free upper first premolar teeth. The Standardized class V cavity preparation on buccal and lingual surfaces of each tooth was done, then the teeth were randomly divided into two major groups: group 1 unbleached and group 2 bleached composites, then each main group divided into three subgroups; ten cavities (5teeth) for each group. The cavities were cleaned, and acid etched with 37% phosphoric acid, then bonding agent (G-permio bond) was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. Group I and II the cavities were filled with tetric N ceram composite(Vivadent), group III and IVthe cavities were filled with SDR composite (SDI), and group V and VI the cavities filled with GC Essentia composite(GC). After filling the teeth in groups II, IV, VI were subjected to whitening lase II (DMC, USA) laser bleaching, according to manufacturer's instructions, then the teeth were thermo cycled for 500 cycles. After thermocycling all teeth were immersed in a freshly prepared solution of 2% methylene blue for 24 hours at 37Co then sectioned longitudinally. For gingival margins, dye penetration at the tooth/composite interfaces was analyzed using a stereomicroscope.

Results: Statistical analysis of data by using Mann-Whitney Test Revealed that there was a significant difference among the different groups in both bleached and unbleached composite, Kruskal-Wallis Test revealed that there is a significant difference between bleached and unbleached composite for every type of material.

Conclusions: All samples in this study showed microleakage with different levels. Hydrogen peroxide increased Microleakage in all tested materials.
Evaluation of different modalities of intraorally harvested bone graft in oral and maxillofacial reconstructive surgery
Authors: Aloosi Suha , Jaleel Waleed
Published: August 2017

Objectives: Although the iliac crest is most often used in major jaw reconstruction for dental implants and other maxillofacial reconstructive surgeries it has the disadvantages of higher costs, alteration of ambulation, and the need for hospitalization and general anesthesia. , bone grafts harvested from the maxilla and mandible offer several benefits. This study was conducted to the quality and the quantity of intraorally harvested bone graft from different sites, and assessing the suitability of each donor site for the selected recipient site.

Material and Methods: Twenty-two patients (27 bone graft donor sites) (5 of them with bilateral alveolar reconstruction), of both sexes (9 males and 17 females), were operated on by harvesting intraoral bone grafts from different sites used in different reconstructive surgeries. Specific intraoral donor sites were used for specific type of surgery according to the feasibility and need. Preoperative and intraoperative evaluation of the recipient defect size and selecting proper intraoral donor sites was the paramount parameter in our study.

Results: The success rate was 96.2% in a follow-up period of 6-18 months, the patients were evaluated for bone graft stability, ability to insert the dental implant, stability of the implant, stability in orthognathic surgery, and the satisfactory aesthetic and functional results, all the patient had satisfactory results and only one case of particulates cortical bone had developed fibrous union ,

Conclusion: Intraoral bone graft can successfully be used for treating small and selected facial and alveolar defect with minimal complications in the donor sites, patients report minimal discomfort and morbidity and all complications were temporary. Types of fixation, prompt graft adaptation were the most important factors for success. Symphysis of the mandible has the advantage of easy access and visibility and can easily be done under local anesthesia. However, for reconstruction of a bigger bony defect, an extraoral bone.
Effect of different bonded base materials on the fracture resistance and failure mode of complex cavity of endodontically treated premolars. (An in Vitro Study)
Authors: Mhammed Gollshang , Faraj Bestoon , Abdalrahim Rukhosh , Mahmood Mohammed
Published: August 2017

Objectives: Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different bonded base materials on fracture resistance of endodontically with complex cavities, and the assessment of the mode and type of fracture of each experimental group.

Materials and Methods: Fifty freshly extracted, intact, non-carious human maxillary second premolar teeth with similar anatomic characteristics were selected, the teeth were classified according to their mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions into five groups. Endodontic treatment performed for all the groups except Group 1

Group 1 intact teeth (control group).

Group 2 unrestored teeth with endodontic treatment.

Group 3 endodontically treated as in group 2 and restored with (smart dentine replacement) SDR bulk-fill.

Group 4 restored with Vertise flow self-adhering flowable composite with optibond technology.

Group 5 endodontically treated as in group 2 and restored with GC EQUIA Fill.

The cavities in group 3,4 and five were then filled with Filtek Z250XT composite. Fracture resistance testing: All specimens were subjected to axial compressive loading until fracture in Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine (WDW 2006, China). The force required fracturing each tooth was recorded in kilo-Newtons. Assessment of fracture type and mode: After using ink perfusion of each sample for 5 min. Macroscopic fracture patterns were observed.

Results: the results showed that the mean fracture load values were (1.94, 1.61, 1.79, 1.91 and 1.89 Kn) for each group from group1 to group 5 respectively. The mean fracture load value recorded by each material (group3, 4 and 5) was near the mean value of the sound intact tooth (group 1) which means that all of the bonded base materials used in this study can improve the fracture resistance of the endodontically treated teeth to a great extent. Although the group 4 (self-bonded Vertise flow base material) showed the highest value of the other materials (group 3 and 5), there were no significant statistical differences.

Conclusion: The results predict that the three types of bonded base materials can increase the fracture resistance of the endodontically treated teeth to different extents depending on their bonding mechanisms and physical characteristics.
Correlations of the number of emerged primary teeth with physical growth among Kurdish children
Authors: Ali Dilsoz , Muhammad Niyaz , Noori Arass , Kareem Fadil
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The need for deeper understanding of the influence of growth parameters on the human dentition is of importance for the dental as a well as forensic specialists. The present study tries to provide reference data on normal dental development and to evaluate the influence of age, gender, weight, and height on the number of erupted primary teeth among Kurdish population.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out over the course of 10 months involving a clinical oral examination, and weight and height measurements of 867 children from patients of health care center in Sulaimani city. All measurements were carried out following standardized guidelines according to the Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. A tooth is counted as erupted if any part of its crown has emerged through the gingiva of the oral cavity.

Results: A total of 867 children aged 4-48 months were examined for this study and the numbers of children were categorized in 3-month interval age groups. The overall mean age (±S.D.) of the children was 17.1  ±  10.9 months (Males, 17.5  ±  10.8; Females, 16.7  ±  10.8). The total number of erupted teeth increased with age with a mean number of erupted teeth of 8.6 teeth/child (For Males: 9.1 teeth/child and for Females: 8.1 teeth/child). Males had more teeth than females by an average of about one tooth per child (P<0.05). Partial correlation coefficients of the total numbers of erupted teeth were positively significant with both height and weight while controlling for age in both males and females (P<0.001). Furthermore, the same results were present, when Z-scores for length/height for age and weight for age were partially correlated with the total number of erupted deciduous teeth while controlling for age (P<0.01).

Conclusions: According to the results of the present study and the data presented; it can be concluded that there is a relation between gender, height and weight and the total number of erupted primary teeth.
Assessment of denture hygiene habits among complete denture wearers attending Sulaimani Dental School
Authors: Al-Kaisy Neda , Saddq Tanya , Raouf Lazyan
Published: August 2017

The purpose of the study was to record self-reported hygiene habits and examine the influence of denture hygiene level on the prevalence and intensity of denture stomatitis and traumatic ulcers in the edentulous maxilla of older patients wearing a complete maxillary denture. The study population comprised 38 maxillary complete denture (UCD) wearers (20 males and 18 females) aged 50–80 attending prosthodontics department of Sulaimani School of Dentistry. Denture hygiene habits were assessed and recorded. Biofilm on the internal surface of UCD was quantified using digital photos. Any relationships between denture hygiene habits, denture plaque and the condition of oral tissue were assessed.Of the participants, 94.7% cleaned their dentures with a toothbrush and 50% of them used toothpaste as cleaning method. The majority of them did not remove their dentures overnight and knew nothing about chemical denture cleansers for denture immersion. Only 26.3% of participants received instruction about denture and oral care from their dentists. Stomatitis was observed in 68.4% and traumatic ulcers in 18.4% of participants. A positive relation was observed between overnight removal of the denture and the presence of denture-related stomatitis. Data was analyzed using Chi-square test (P < 0.05).The degree of denture hygiene was significantly associated with sex, education, and overnight denture removal. No significant relation was found between denture plaque and denture stomatitis.Participants surveyed had limited awareness of denture hygiene care.
Effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles on the bonding strength of maxillofacial silicone to acrylic substrate
Authors: Ikram Fahd , Al-Samarraie Salem , Mikaeel Jawad
Published: August 2017

The clinical life of a maxillofacial prosthesis averages about six months before it needs to be re-fabricated. Most of maxillofacial prosthesis attached to the acrylic resin via adhesive primers detached and have to be re-attached every few months. This in vitro study established to evaluate the effect of adding calcium carbonate nanoparticles at different concentrations on the bonding strength of maxillofacial silicone elastomer to the acrylic resin, before and after accelerated aging. Seventy samples were prepared, ten samples per each group. Each silicone sample sandwiched between two strips of acrylic resin via A-330-G adhesive primer. From each group five samples were undergoing accelerated aging. All samples were tested for shear bond strength by using Instron testing machine. Calcium carbonate nanoparticles have a significant effect on the shear bond strength of maxillofacial silicone to the acrylic resin and the groups that contain the lowest concentrations of calcium carbonate nanoparticles showed the most significant changes. It CaCO3 nanoparticles in trace amount can improve the shear bond strength of maxillofacial silicone elastomer to the acrylic resin after subjecting to accelerated aging.
A review on pregabalin for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Saini Aryendu Kumar , Singh Anurag , Gupta Aditya , Singh Shubham
Published: August 2017

Pregabalin is an anti-epileptic drug which has been used for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Earlier, it was more prescribed as an adjuvant therapy for treating the partial seizures with or without secondary generalization in adults. It is an antagonist of voltage sensitive calcium ion channel on the presynaptic neuron. Pregabalin has a very good pharmacokinetic profile, possesses linear pharmacokinetics with low inter-variability of subjects. It does not show protein binding and does not interfere with the metabolism of other drugs because pregabalin undergoes very less metabolism. This factor has confirmedly shown that its benefits outweigh the risk. Different clinical trials and case reports have confirmed the fact that is reduces the pain involved in peripheral neuropathy. Though, more drugs have come like tricyclic antidepressant to manage the pain but due to their adverse effects, they are less used. This reappraisal is all about the pregabalin, its role, and where it stands among other drugs for management of pain aassociaed with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Study of stressors among undergraduate medical students of a teaching medical institution
Authors: Patil Subita P. , Sadhanala Snehashree , Srivastav Manissha U. , BansodeGokhe Seema S.
Published: August 2017

Background: Stress is a response by which we perceive and cope with environmental threats and challenges. Personal and environmental events that cause stress are known as stressors. Medical students undergo tremendous stress throughout their education. The same stressors may be perceived differently by different medical students, depending on their cultural background, personal traits, experience and coping skills. Inability to cope with the stress may affect their physical and mental well-being. The objectives of the study were to find out stressors among the medical students and study their socio-demographic variables. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 205 undergraduate medical students of III and VII semester posted in the department during August 2016 to January 2017 with a pre- designed, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire which consisted of 2 parts: socio-demographic details and MSSQ-20 (medical student stressor questionnaire) after taking their informed consent and Institutional Ethical Committee approval. Results: Out of 205 students, 120 were males and 85 females with a mean age of 20.31±1.74 years. MSSQ-20 analysis revealed that academics, social related, group activities, were the major stressors in the descending order of occurrence. Some of the ways of relieving stress were listening to music, sharing with friends, physical activities etc. Conclusions: Although academic domain was the major stressor, its levels were only moderate due to the student friendly atmosphere at college.
Hospitalization of elders: study of a socioeconomical profile
Authors: Rios Thamiris Inoué , Farinelli Marta Regina
Published: August 2017

Esta investigação tem como objetivo conhecer o perfil socioeconômico dos (as) idosos (as) internados (as) num hospital público federal, identificando a realidade social destes, como forma de contribuir para a atuação do profissional do Serviço Social. Esta é uma pesquisa quantitativa que usou entrevista e formulário semiestruturados. Destaca-se que a maioria reside em casa própria, são brancos, sexo masculino, casados, jovens idosos, e católicos, tendo como rede de suporte informal: cônjuge, filhos, irmãos, noras; aposentados; rendimento médio de um salário mínimo. Constatou-se que os fatores sociais, econômicos e culturais “fragilizados” contribuem para o adoecimento e dificultam o envelhecimento ativo e saudável.
Analisis Cerpen Godlob Karya Danarto Dengan Pendekatan Semiotik dalam Perspektif Kristen [A Semiotic Analysis from a Christian Perspective of Godlob, a Short Story by Danarto]
Authors: Tri Gumono Abednego
Published: August 2017

Language in a literary work facilitates authors conveying motives in their works. Through language, the authors send messages to the readers. Therefore, a literary discourse analysis with limitless meanings could reveal the author’s motives. This analysis used a semiotic approach which focuses on literacy analysis through language as a symbol. A short story called Godlob by Danarto has a dimension of a communal language that is immediately digestible. But it does not mean that the author’s motives can be easily grasped by the readers. This might happen because the implicit purposes lie within the uncommon language used in this short story. With that, the story contains a logical path that needs to be analyzed which prioritizes language as a symbol with certain meanings. Based on a semiotics approach, Goldlob addresses critical issues relating to a Christian faith -- how Jesus was killed and nailed on the cross was God’s way to cleanse the sin of man. This issue is a way to explain and share the history of Jesus’ death to save the world and becomes the truth and a Christian doctrine. A Christian literacy teaching sustains a Christian faith. 

BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK: Bahasa dalam karya sastra merupakan sarana pengarang untuk menyampaikan motif dalam karya-karyanya. Melalui bahasa, pengarang menyampaikan pesan yang ingin disampaikan kepada pembaca. Dengan itu, pengkajian sastra sebagai tanda (sign) yang memiliki kekayaan makna tersebut menjadi penting dilakukan untuk menyingkap maksud pengarang. Analisis ini menggunakan pendekatan semiotika yaitu pendekatan yang memfokuskan analisis sastra melalui bahasa sebagai tanda. Cerita pendek berjudul  Godlob karya Danarto memiliki dimensi bahasa komunal yang dapat dicerna sesekemudian mungkin. Namun bukan berarti bahwa maksud pengarang juga sedemikian cepat ditangkap oleh pembaca. Hal itu dimungkinkan karena cerita ini memiliki maksud yang tersirat dengan penggunaan bahasa tak lazim seperti yang tertuang dalam judul cerita pendek ini. Dengan itu, jalinan kisah cerita ini juga mengandung logika yang harus dikaji secara semiotika dengan mengutamakan bahasa sebagai tanda yang memiliki maksud-maksud tertentu. Berdasarkan pendekatan semiotika isi cerpen Godlob mengarahkan kepada pertanyaan kritis pokok iman Kristen yaitu apakah Yesus yang dibunuh dan  disalibkan adalah cara Tuhan menebus dosa manusia. Pertanyaan ini menjadi sarana untuk menjelaskan dan mewartakan sebuah sejarah kematian Yesus untuk menyelamatkan dosa manusia yang telah menjadi kebenaran dan dogma Kristen. Pengajaran sastra secara Kristen dapat memperkokoh iman kristiani.