bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of Freeze‐Dried Skin Allografts in Humans: Cell‐Mediated Response
Authors: Gher Marlin E. , Vernino Arthur R. , Maluish Annette E. , Strong Douglas M.
Published: March 2012

Patients receiving freeze‐dried skin (FDS) allografts were evaluated for cell‐mediated response by a lymphocytotoxicity test. Eleven patients received single or multiple FDS allografts from a donor typed for human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Heparinized blood samples were drawn before the procedure and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after grafting. Mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll‐Hypaque gradients. Cell‐mediated lymphocytotoxicity tests were conducted, with mononuclear cells from the FDS allograft recipients used as effector cells. Phytohemagglutinin‐stimulated blast target cells of the same HLA type as that of the skin donor were labeled with chromium 51. Lympholysis was evaluated by measuring the amount of 51Cr release after 18 hours' incubation with target/effector cell ratios of 1:100, 1:50, and 1: 25. Negative control wells contained target cells alone. Positive control wells contained target cells and effector cells sensitized in vitro against the target cells. Viability of effector cells was tested by trypan‐blue dye exclusion and response to phytohemagglutinin. None of the experimental blood samples showed 51Cr release significantly greater than that shown by the negative controls. Our findings of no cell‐mediated response and the findings of a previous study showing no production of anti‐HLA antibody in response to FDS allografts indicate that allogeneic FDS is an immunologically safe material for use in periodontal surgical procedures.
Repair in Different Zones of the Periodontium After Tooth Reimplantation
Authors: Proye Michel P. , Polson Alan M.
Published: March 2012

This study was undertaken to clarify the dynamics of tissue repair in the transseptal region and periodontal ligament after tooth reimplantation. Twelve teeth, distributed in four squirrel monkeys, were extracted and reimplanted within 3 minutes. The reimplantation schedule provided three teeth at 1, 3, 7 and 21 days after reimplantation. Tritiated proline was injected 8 hours before animal sacrifice. Histologic characteristics and autoradiographic grain densities were compared in the transseptal and periodontal ligament areas. One day after reimplantation there was a distinct break in the continuity of transseptal and periodontal ligament fibers. Regions bordering the tear, and the entire ligament, were virtually acellular. Cell repopulation was occurring in the transseptal region at 3 days, in contrast to the ligament which was still acellular. At 7 days, cell repopulation appeared complete in the transseptal area, and new fibers were evident bridging the tear. The periodontal ligaments still had acellular areas, lacked fiber continuity, and were repopulating primarily from the adjacent alveolar bone which had enlarged marrow spaces and active osteoclastic resorption. Proline grain density was significantly greater in the transseptal area compared with the periodontal ligament. In 21 day specimens, the transseptal region appeared normal. Although cell repopulation and restoration of fiber continuity had occurred in the periodontal ligament, normal orientation was absent. Grain density in the periodontal ligament was significantly greater than in the transseptal region. The results indicated that healing after tooth reimplantation occurred more rapidly in the transseptal region than within the periodontal ligament. The transseptal healing resembled that reported following incisional wounds, whereas healing in the periodontal ligament was dependent primarily upon repopulation from the adjacent alveolar bone.
Stability of Citric Acid Solutions During a Five Month Period
Authors: Corley J. Monty , Killoy William J.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of time, light and air exposure on the pH stability and demineralization ability of a standardized pH 1 citric acid solution. A 0.5 liter pH 1 citric acid solution was prepared and examined over a 5 month period. The results indicated that pH 1 citric acid solutions prepared under the described conditions remained stable during the examination period with regards to all tested variables.
Free Soft Tissue Autografts: Hemostasis and Protection of the Palatal Donor Site with a Microfibrillar Collagen Preparation
Authors: Saroff Stephen A. , Chasens Abram I. , Eisen Stephen F. , Levey Stuart H.
Published: March 2012

The use of free soft tissue autograft procedures has been well established and documented. However, little attention has been devoted to the care of the donor site which most frequently consists of palatal mucosa. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hemostasis and protection of the palatal donor site of free soft tissue autografts using a microfibrillar collagen hemostat preparation. Twenty healthy adult subjects were selected. Ten patients in the experimental group received the microfibrillar collagen hemostat as a dressing while the control group received a conventional dressing. The results demonstrated that 10 minutes after the split thickness mucosal grafts were removed, the mean volume of blood absorbed by the sampling technique was 0.96 ml in the treated wounds vs. 1.85 ml in the control. There were no apparent differences in the quality of healing or the pain perceived by the patients in the experimental and control groups. It was concluded that the microfibrillar collagen hemostat produced rapid and effective hemostasis and protected the denuded palatal donor sites obviating the need for a conventional periodontal dressing.
Movements of Healthy and Periodontally Involved Teeth Measured With Laser Reflection Technique
Authors: Rydén Hans , Bjelkhagen Hans , Söder Per‐Östen
Published: March 2012

The laser reflection method of remote measurement was used to register small tooth movements of upper central incisors from a group of subjects with healthy teeth and another group with periodontally involved teeth. The mobility of the healthy maxillary incisors over a period of 24 hours was well within normal limits. Among orthodontically treated and periodontally involved maxillary incisors relapse was larger sagittally than laterally and largest buccally. This tendency was greatest during the first 5 hours and almost reached its maximum after 1 day. These movements were within the limits of mobility but were not always correlated with mobility or the loss of marginal bone. Furthermore, the relapse was not correlated with the magnitude of orthodontic correction. In this respect, the mean buccal relapse was low, however, individual variations were large. The extent of relapse may be related to the varying intensity of parafunctional habits.
Gingival Crevice Neutrophil Function in Periodontosis
Authors: Newman H. N. , Addison I. E.
Published: March 2012

This study examined gingival crevicular polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in periodontosis patients. Cells were examined for viability, function and ultrastructure. Eighty percent or more of the cells in each sample were viable as assessed by the fluorescein diacetate technique, but the test organism, Candida guillermondiae, was not phagocytosed. Gingival crevicular fluid contained many lysing neutrophils and nonphagocytosed organisms. Recognizable polymorphs contained Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive organisms. On the basis of this and previous studies it is concluded that gingival crevice neutrophils from periodontosis sites show reduced phagocytic function compared with cells from normal or periodontitis‐affected gingival crevices. It is possible that the behavior of neutrophils from gingival crevices may be irrelevant. Original changes by that stage may have obscured their capabilities.
Clinical Evaluation of Freeze‐Dried Bone Allografts in Periodontal Osseous Defects: Part III. Composite Freeze‐Dried Bone Allografts With and Without Autogenous Bone Grafts
Authors: Sanders John J. , Sepe Walter W. , Bowers Gerald M. , Koch Robert W. , Williams John E. , Lekas James S. , Mellonig James T. , Pelleu George B. , Gambill Vernon
Published: March 2012

Freeze‐dried bone allografts (FDBAs) were evaluated alone and in combination with various types of autogenous bone in the treatment of periodontal osseous defects. A total of 381 defects were evaluated by surgical reentry approximately 1 year after grafting. Reentry data were compared with similar data obtained when the grafts were placed. Osseous regeneration and pocket reduction were rated as complete, greater than 50%, less than 50%, or failed. Complete or greater than 50% regeneration was considered successful. When compared with FDBAs, composite freeze‐dried bone allografts/autogenous bone grafts (FDBA/ABGs) appear to offer significantly improved results in both osseous regeneration and pocket reduction. Use of composite FDBA/ABGs resulted in significant improvement in the treatment of combination one/two‐wall defects and furcation involvements. A trend of improvement was seen with two‐wall defects. The surgical data indicated that complete wound closure and the use of antibiotics enhanced graft success. The results also indicated that the presence of endodontically obturated teeth may be a consideration in the success or failure of the graft.
Experimental Periodontal Disease: Immediate Hypersensitivity,
Authors: Asaro John P. , Nisengard Russell , Beutner Ernst H. , Neiders Mirdza
Published: March 2012

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions were induced in the periodontium and skin of monkeys sensitized with novo alcalase. Animals were challenged in the gingival papillae with 0.1, 1.0, and 10 μg of antigen for 1, 3, 5, or 7 consecutive days prior to sacrifice. At the same time, skin sites were challenged with 1 μg of antigen. With repetitive immediate hypersensitivity reactions, the inflammatory infiltrate changed from one characterized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes to one characterized by plasma cells and lymphocytes. The repetitive gingival exposure to bacterial antigens which occur in periodontal disease could lead to repetitive immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Such reactions could play a role in the histopathology of human periodontal disease.
Albers‐Schönberg Disease Complicated With Periodontal Disease: Report of a Case With 36‐Year History
Authors: Svoboda Paul J. , Mendieta Carlos , Reeve Charles M.
Published: March 2012

A patient had the benign form of Albers‐Schönberg disease complicated by periodontitis. Review of the patient's 36‐year history revealed that the long‐term prognosis can be good. Determining factors in the prognosis are the severity of bony involvement and proper periodontal and dental maintenance.
Incidence and Extent of Venous Sequelae With Intravenous Diazepam Utilizing a Standardized Conscious Sedation Technique: Part II: Effects of Injection Site
Authors: Morgan Marshall , Thrash William J. , Blanton Patricia L. , Glaser Jeff J.
Published: March 2012

The effects of site of venipuncture on the incidence of venous sequelae, utilizing a standard protocol, were assessed on 48 human subjects. Data were also recorded based on various demographic and clinical variables, including age, sex, race, vein diameter, dose, procedure time, IV fluid volume, injection pain and initial blood flow velocity. When the site of venipuncture was the antecubital fossa there was a significantly lower incidence of venous sequelae than when the venipuncture site was the dorsum of the hand, with the significant variables being venous diameter and procedure time. These findings further support the antecubital fossa as a preferred venipuncture site to the dorsum of the hand; however, there was a sufficient incidence of venous complications (37%) when the antecubital fossa was used to warrant consideration of contributory factors other than site. It appears that time of continuous infusion is a critical element and should be kept at a minimum. Also, subjects in whom Valium was injected demonstrated significantly more venous sequelae than those in whom 5% dextrose in water was injected, confirming previous reports that diazepam is irritating to the endothelial lining and thus is thrombogenic.
Chronic Pemphigus Vulgaris of the Gingiva: A Case Report With a 6‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: Orlowski Walter A. , Bressman Edward , Doyle John L. , Chasens Abram I.
Published: March 2012

Since the initial lesions of pemphigus vulgaris often appear in the oral cavity, dentists have a major role in the recognition and diagnosis of this condition. The patient reported here was seen with a mild gingival form of the disease and has been managed successfully for the past 6 years without systemic steroids and with minimal topical steroid therapy. For most of that period he was managed without medication. Various aspects of the disease, including diagnosis, the significance of pemphigus antibodies and therapy are reviewed to provide a better perspective on this case.
Gingival Findings in Spontaneous Scurvy: A Case Report
Authors: Charbeneau Thomas D. , Hurt William C.
Published: March 2012

This case report presents clinical observations of alterations in periodontally diseased soft tissues associated with the development of scurvy. The sudden clinical appearance of the gingival lesions suggested a differential diagnosis of scurvy, acute leukemia and diabetes. Such lesions may develop prior to or simultaneous with extraoral findings. Coordination of systemic and local therapy effectively resolved the disease state. The dentist may be the first source of consultation for the patient with scurvy. An appreciation for this rare but potentially devastating condition is necessary for satisfactory management of the disease.
Microbiological Study of Localized Juvenile Periodontitis in Panama
Authors: Eisenmann A Ana C. , Eisenmann Rodrigo , Sousa Octavio , Slots Jørgen
Published: March 2012

The occurrence of subgingival Aclinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Capnocytophaga in 12 localized juvenile periodontitis and 10 gingivitis patients from Panama was determined using selective culture techniques. A actinomycetemcomitans was present in all localized juvenile periodontitis lesions studied and was, on average, recovered in hundredfold‐higher numbers from localized juvenile periodontitis lesions than from gingivitis lesions. Capnocytophaga was only recovered in approximately threefold‐higher numbers from localized juvenile periodontitis than from gingivitis. The study confirms and extends previous data indicating a close relationship between A actinomycetemcomitans and localized juvenile periodontitis. It is proposed that identification of A actinomycetemcomitans may be a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of localized juvenile periodontitis.
The Effect of Electrosurgery on Alveolar Bone
Authors: Azzi R. , Kenney E. B. , Tsao T. F. , Carranza F. A.
Published: March 2012

the facial marginal alveolar bone of dogs was exposed with a full‐thickness flap and touched by an activated electrosurgery electrode for periods of 0, 1, 5 and 10 seconds. Microscopic results were evaluated after periods ranging from 0 hours to 28 days. Various electrode exposure times produced similar changes in bone and periodontal ligament. The extent of the destruction was greater than that found in surgical areas not exposed to electrosurgery; healing and remodeling phases were also delayed in the electrosurgical sites.
Purification and Characterization of Galactosephilic Component Present on the Cell Surfaces of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10557
Authors: Nagata K. , Nakao M. , Shibata S. , Shizukuishi S. , Nakamura R. , Tsunemitsu A.
Published: March 2012

Previous studies have indicated that a galactosephilic component present on the bacterial cell surfaces of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10557 may be responsible for the salivary glycoprotein‐medtated binding of the cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the purification and characterization of galactosephilic cell surface component from S. sanguis ATCC 10557. A galactosephilic component involving fibrils on the cell surfaces was isolated by the techniques of freezing and thawing, and purified by an affinity chromatography on β‐d‐galactose binding‐Bio‐Gel P‐2 followed by gel filtrations on Bio‐Gel P‐150 and on Bio‐Gel P‐30. Both disk gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the purified product was homogeneous. The isoelectric point of the purified sample was 8.5 to 9.0. Treatment of the purified sample with pronase E reduced remarkably either the hemagglutinating activity or the precipitation reaction with proline‐rich glycoprotein in human parotid saliva, suggesting that the active site may be present on the peptide moieties. When sugar specificity was examined by hemagglutination‐inhibition test, d‐galactose was the strongest inhibitor. The results of this study suggest that the galactosephilic component may be a bacterial lectin.
Prepubertal Periodontitis. I. Definition of a Clinical Disease Entity,
Authors: Page Roy C. , Bowen Thomas , Altman Leonard , Vandesteen Edward , Ochs Hans , Mackenzie Patrick , Osterberg Stig , Engel L. David , Williams Betsy L.
Published: March 2012

Five cases are reported of periodontitis affecting the deciduous teeth in young children. The purpose of the report is to define prepubertal periodontitis as a clinical entity, establish diagnostic criteria, demonstrate clinical, radiographic, and historical features, document progression, and explore methods of treatment. The disease occurs in localized and generalized forms. In the localized form, either few teeth or many may be affected. The onset appears to be around the age of 4 years or before. The gingival tissue manifests only minor inflammation, if any, and microbial plaque is minimal. Alveolar bone destruction proceeds more rapidly than in adults or teenagers with periodontitis, but much slower than in individuals with generalized prepubertal periodontitis. In some cases, otitis media and upper respiratory infections are also present, although these are not life‐threatening. The progress of the disease can be halted, so far as is known, by curettage coupled with antibiotic therapy and improved toothbrushing. The hallmarks of generalized prepubertal periodontitis include a fiery red acute inflammation pervading the marginal and attached gingiva around all the teeth, gingival proliferation, cleft formation, and recession. Onset is at the time of tooth eruption. Alveolar bone destruction, sometimes accompanied by destruction of the tooth roots, proceeds at an alarming rate. The affected children have otitis media and recurrent, sometimes life‐threatening infections. Their periodontitis seems to be refractory to antibiotic therapy. In one case, the disease was controlled by extraction of the hopeless teeth combined with meticulous plaque control. Abnormalities in peripheral blood leukocyte chemotaxis have been found in all children with prepubertal periodontitis studied so far. In our children with the generalized form of the disease, both neutrophils and monocytes were profoundly abnormal and the basic defect appeared to be in cell adherence, while in children with localized disease, either neutrophils or monocytes but not both cell types were affected, and the defects were not profound. Prepubertal periodontitis seems to be more common in females than in males. In some families susceptibility appears to have a maternal pattern of inheritance, while in others no pattern of transmission is apparent. Prepubertal periodontitis may be followed by severe periodontitis of the permanent teeth or by a normal permanent dentition.
An Electron Microscopic Study of Human Neutrophils Obtained by Crevicular Washing
Authors: Barnett M. L. , Baker R. L.
Published: March 2012

The application of electron microscopic methods to the study of neutrophils obtained from single sites by crevicular washing is described. A subsequent preliminary study of neutrophils and neutrophil‐bacterial interactions at advanced lesions in patients with juvenile periodontitis and juvenile diabetes indicated that the neutrophils are phagocytically active at these sites. It is suggested that in vitro assays of crevicular neutrophil function may exaggerate the extent of impairment of phagocytosis because of cellular activity which has taken place prior to the time of sampling.
Effects of Oral Hygiene on the Results of Periodontal Surgery in Beagle Dogs With Artificially Created Defects
Authors: van Dijk L. J. , Wright W. H.
Published: March 2012

The effect of oral hygiene on periodontal surgery was evaluated clinically, radiographically and histologically during 24 months. In 13 beagle dogs artificial periodontal defects were created around the second, third and fourth premolars of the mandible. One week after removal of the plaque retention ligatures, periodontal surgery consisting of mucoperiosteal flaps and osseous recontouring was performed. Postoperatively, plaque accumulation was prevented by daily application of a 2% chlorhexidine solution for 2 weeks and daily toothbrushing for the next 2 weeks. Toothbrushing was continued in seven dogs; oral hygiene was discontinued in the other six. All dogs were scaled and polished at 1, 6, 12 and 18 months after surgery. Plaque accumulation in the nonbrushed dogs resulted in a heavy inflammation of the periodontium. Probing depths that had been reduced by the surgery increased and subsequently the clinical attachment level changed into a more apical level compared to the brushed dogs. Histometrically, however, no difference in attachment level could be recorded, indicating that oral hygiene did not affect the attachment level in the 2 years after surgery. It appears that oral hygiene stimulated bone formation and that the periodontal tissues had not matured in the 2 years after surgery.
Self‐inflicted Gingival Injuries: Literature Review and Case Report
Authors: Pattison Gordon L.
Published: March 2012

A case of self‐inflicted gingival injury in a 25‐year‐old male patient caused by compulsively overzealous oral hygiene practices is presented. Such injuries are rare among adults and, therefore, can be difficult to diagnose. Most reported cases have involved children who produced their injuries during periods of emotional turmoil. Evidence in this case indicates that this patient may have initiated the destructive process as a child. Guidelines which may help the clinician recognize self‐inflicted gingival injuries are presented.
Lysozyme and Lactoferrin Quantitation in the Crevicular Fluid
Authors: Friedman Susan A. , Mandel Irwin D. , Herrera Miriam S.
Published: March 2012

This study was designed to determine if quantitation of lysosomal products in crevicular fluid may be useful as a diagnostic test to evaluate clinical status in periodontal disease. Levels of lysozyme and lactoferrin were quantitated in crevicular fluid from patients with gingivitis, generalized adult periodontitis, localized juvenile periodontitis and normals. Crevicular fluid (CF) was collected from each patient by standardized filter paper strips and evaluated for lysozyme and lactoferrin by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Levels of lysozyme (micrograms of protein per microliter of CF) were significantly higher in localized juvenile periodontitis patients as compared to gingivitis and adult periodontitis. On the other hand, levels of lactoferrin (micrograms of protein per microliter of CF) did not show significant differences between gingivitis, adult periodontitis and localized juvenile periodontitis. These results indicate that a lysozyme to lactoferrin ratio could be of value as a diagnostic test for localized juvenile periodontitis patients.
Specific Herpes Simplex Virus Antigen in Human Gingiva
Authors: Ehrlich J. , Cohen G. H. , Hochman N.
Published: March 2012

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) specific antigens were found to be present in the sulcular epithelial cells of patients that were undergoing periodontal treatment. Four out of 14 cases were positive to specific HSV‐1 antigen, as demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescent assay. No nuclear staining was seen in any epithelial cells. These observations seem to indicate that the viral genome resides in the sulcular epithelial cells of the gingiva and is possibly localized in the stratum granulosum and spinosum.
Risk Factors in Phenytoin‐Induced Gingival Hyperplasia
Authors: Addy V. , McElnay J. C. , Eyre D. G. , Campbell N. , D'Arcy P. F.
Published: March 2012

A survey was carried out into the degree of gingival hyperplasia in 68 patients receiving phenytoin in a hospital for the mentally handicapped. Comparisons of degree of gingival hyperplasia exhibited by the patients were made with a range of parameters by analysis of variance and Chi square tests. The severity of the hyperplasia increased with increasing dose, increasing dose per unit body weight and serum levels of phenytoin and also with decreasing age and weight of the patients. No significant relationship (P < 0.2) was found between serum folate levels and degree of hyperplasia. Poor oral hygiene predisposed patients to hyperplasia.
The Incidence of Clinical Infection After Periodontal Surgery: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Pack Philip D. , Haber Jerome
Published: March 2012

A large‐scale retrospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence of clinical infection after periodontal surgery and the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotic therapy in preventing postoperative infection. All second‐year postgraduate students reviewed their patient records and completed a questionnaire. Eight infections were found in 884 operations performed without antibiotics, while one infection was found in 43 operations performed with antibiotics. Of 268 operations involving osseous surgery, six infections were noted while two infections were observed following 336 operations involving flap surgery without osteoplasty or ostectomy. The data indicated that the incidence of infection after periodontal surgery is very low in patients treated with or without antibiotics. It was concluded that unless there is a medical indication, there is no justification for using prophylactic antibiotic therapy to prevent infection following periodontal surgery.
Histological Assessment of Human Periodontal Defect After Durapatite Ceramic Implant: Report of a Case
Authors: Moskow Bernard S. , Lubarr Alan
Published: March 2012

Durapatite particles were employed along with autogenous bone chips to treat an extensive periodontal defect on a mandibular first molar which involved the bifurcation area and the distal root. Nine weeks after treatment the tooth was found to be cracked and was extracted along with tissue containing the grafted sites. The histologic specimen demonstrated that the ceramic graft particles were compatible with the periodontal tissues and showed no evidence of rejection or extrusion. They appeared completely encapsulated by connective tissue fibers while active Osteogenesis was noted on the bone fragments implanted with them. Cementogenesis and connective tissue attachment to the root were seen adjacent to the durapatite particles. This healing was believed to be related to the earlier surgical denudation of this portion of the root during treatment and was unrelated to the placement of the graft.
Freeze‐Dried Skin Allografts: A Human Clinical and Histological Study
Authors: Ouhayoun J. P. , Holzman S. , Etienne D. , Pierre C. , Forest N.
Published: March 2012

Free gingival autografts still remain the most predictable method for creating attached gingiva. However, a need exists for sources of connective tissue other than the patient's own connective tissue. Yukna et al. have proposed freeze‐dried skin (FDS) allografts as a substitute for gingival autografts. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate FDS allografts on humans, clinically and histologically. Ten FDS allografts and two free gingival (FG) autografts were performed on ten patients, two of them receiving both FDS and FG grafts. Clinical measurements were made before surgery, immediately after surgery and then 2 and 6 months after surgery. After 4 and 24 months, biopsies were performed on both FG and FDS grafts. Routine histologic staining was done. The results show a mean gain of attached gingiva of 0.32 mm with a range from 0 to 0.8 mm. Compared biopsies sections of FDS allografts and FG autografts show that the tissue obtained with the FDS allografts do not display the histomorphologic pattern of attached gingiva. The FDS allografts do not seem to represent a good substitute to free gingival autografts. However, they might be used successfully as a biological bandage.
Evaluation of Periodontal Probing Forces
Authors: Freed H. Kathleen , Gapper Richard L. , Kalkwarf Kenneth L.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate interexaminer and intraexaminer probing force variations in various regions of the mouth and adjacent to different tooth surfaces. Fiftyeight dental clinicians composed of 13 periodontists, 15 general dentists, 15 hygienists and 15 senior dental students probed the facial surfaces of periodontally healthy volunteers with a modified pressure‐sensitive periodontal probe. The forces used during probing were calculated and analyzed by analysis of variance and t‐statistics. There was wide variation in probing forces used by individuals within each clinician group. No statistical differences between the groups in mean probing force or absolute range of probing force could be detected. When pooled data were analyzed, it was found that the clinicians: (1) used probing forces ranging from 5 to 135 g, (2) probed in posterior regions with greater force than in anterior regions, and (3) probed midfacial, mesial and distal gingival units with different force. Midfacial regions were probed with the lightest force and distal regions with the heaviest force.
Squamous Odontogenic Proliferation With Probable Origin From the Rests of Malassez (Early Squamous Odontogenic Tumor?)
Authors: Swan Richard H. , McDaniel R. Keith
Published: March 2012

A case is presented documenting an apparent nonreactive squamous odontogenic proliferation of the rests of Malassez. The nonreactive nature of the tumor is discussed along with the possible association between this lesion and the recently reported squamous odontogenic tumor.
Cell Populations Associated With Gingival Bleeding
Authors: Cooper P. G. , Caton J. G. , Polson A. M.
Published: March 2012

The presence of crevicular bleeding after probing is an objective clinical sign of gingival inflammation. It has been associated with a plasma cell‐dominated inflammatory infiltrate in deep pockets and has been suggested as an indication of active periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to characterize the cellular composition of gingival connective tissue associated with shallow pockets which bled after probing. Prior to biopsy, the mid‐facial gingiva associated with 30 teeth from 26 patients was assessed for the presence or absence of visual inflammation, pocket depth and bleeding after probing with a standardized force of 25 g. A horizontal reference incision was made on the facial aspect of the gingiva to demarcate for histologic analysis the specific gingival area probed and evaluated for inflammation. Cell populations were determined from histological sections using morphometric point counting techniques in six standard fields at and coronal to the level of the reference incision. The percentage of cell types and the per cent volume densities of all tissue components were compared between clinically normal and inflamed gingiva. In clinically inflamed gingiva there was a significantly greater percentage of lymphocyte/macrophage/monocyte cells and a smaller percentage of fibroblast/endothelial cells. The percentage of plasma cells was only a fraction of that found for other inflammatory cells. The results of this study indicated that a lesion in the gingiva associated with bleeding after probing can consist of an inflammatory infiltrate which is not dominated by plasma cells.
Experimental Gingivitis in Humans: A Clinical and Histologic Investigation
Authors: Seymour G. J. , Powell R. N. , Aitken J. F.
Published: March 2012

An experimental gingivitis study was carried out to relate the clinical parameters (plaque and gingival index) to the histologic appearance of the associated gingival lesions. Fifteen third‐year dental students took part in the study. Following the withdrawal of oral hygiene, biopsies were taken on days 0, 4, 8 and 21 of the experimental period.

A statistically significant association was found between the plaque and gingival indices and the various time intervals throughout the experimental period (P < 0.001). At day 0, although all sites had a GI of 0, all but 2 of the 15 specimens showed some degree of inflammation. Histologically, these lesions consisted of over 60% lymphocytes, while plasma cells comprised less than 5% of the infiltrating population. Although the degree of inflammation increased both clinically and histologically throughout the experimental period, the nature of the infiltrate did not change significantly. Lymphocytes remained as the dominant cell type. In fact, no association was seen between the degree of inflammation and the nature of the infiltrating cells.
Relationship Between Proximal Tooth Open Contacts and Periodontal Disease
Authors: Jernberg Gary R. , Bakdash M. Bashar , Keenan Kathleen M.
Published: March 2012

One hundred four adult subjects (mean age 42.8 years, SD = 16.3 years) with unilateral open contacts were assessed interproximally for periodontal status at both the open and contralateral closed contact. An open contact was defined by unrestricted passage of unwaxed dental floss through the interproximal area. Gingival index, crevicular bleeding, probing depth, attachment level, debris, calculus and tendency for food impaction in each study area were recorded.

Less debris was seen at open contacts (P < 0.001). However, increased probing depth (0.27 mm, P = 0.002) and attachment loss (0.48 mm, P < 0.001) were found at the open contacts. Small but statistically significant relationships were observed between side to side differences in food impaction and both probing depth (P = 0.005) and attachment level (P = 0.006). Differences in calculus index and attachment level were associated similarly (P = 0.003).
Distribution and Readability of Periodontal Health Education Literature
Authors: Bakdash M. Bashar , Odman Per A. , Lange Allan L.
Published: March 2012

This investigation was undertaken to determine the distribution pattern and readability level of 20 widely distributed printed items containing periodontal health education literature. Average annual distribution was obtained from distributors of the material. The Minnesota Interactive Readability Approximation Program (MNIRAP) was used to determine the reading skill (educational grade level) necessary to understand each of the pieces of literature. Results indicated that over two million pieces of printed materials were distributed annually. The MNIRAP analysis revealed that three of the 20 materials studied (15%) would be understood by persons reading at the sixth‐grade level. Those reading at the 10th‐grade level would understand seven of the 20 materials (35%), while the 12th‐grade level would allow individuals to understand 17 of them (85%). Only those reading as well as a typical third‐year college student could be expected to understand all of the materials analyzed.
The Effect of an Air‐Powder Abrasive System on in Vitro Root Surfaces
Authors: Atkinson D. Ross , Cobb Charles M. , Killoy William J.
Published: March 2012

An air‐powder abrasive system, the Prophy‐Jet model C‐100, is now available for use by the dental community. However, its use has been restricted to cleaning enamel surfaces of stain and dental plaque.

The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the effects of this air‐powder abrasive system on root surfaces of extracted human teeth. Thus, root surfaces of 20 teeth were covered with a template consisting of a metal band with a centrally located 2‐mm diameter hole. The banded root surfaces, under controlled conditions, were exposed to the air‐powder abrasive for 30 seconds. The resulting defects were measured by using a light microscope equipped with a graduated focus knob.

Three teeth were randomly selected for examination by scanning electron microscopy and one was selected for histologic evaluation by light microscopy. Untreated extracted teeth were used as controls. In addition, one untreated tooth root was exposed to the air‐powder abrasive without use of the template. In this instance, a brush stroke was used for approximately 1 minute, as might be done in a clinical situation. This tooth root was also examined by scanning electron microscopy.

The Prophy‐Jet air‐powder abrasive system removed an average of 636.6 μm of root structure in 30 seconds of exposure time. The resulting surface was smooth, free of connective tissue fibers and debris, and all cementum was removed. Few open dentin tubules were observed since most appeared to have been obliterated. The powder crystals, as viewed by scanning electron microscopy, were sharp‐pointed, somewhat elongated and of varying lengths.

The Prophy‐Jet air‐powder abrasive system appears to have considerable potential for treatment of periodontally diseased root surfaces. However, its use should be tempered by the results of this and future research and sound clinical judgment.
Phenytoin‐Induced Gingival Overgrowth Resulting in Delayed Eruption of the Primary Dentition: A Case Report
Authors: Church Lloyd F. , Brandt Stephen K.
Published: March 2012

A case of delayed eruption of the primary dentition secondary to Phenytoin therapy in a 4‐year‐old child is reported. The patient had been on phenytoin therapy since the first months of life. Radiographs revealed that alveolar but not gingival emergence had occurred. Surgical excision of the excess gingival tissue was accomplished under general anesthesia. Oral hygiene procedures were stressed and parental cooperation solicited. Three‐ and ninemonth postoperative visits revealed no regrowth of gingival tissue and continued eruption of the primary dentition.
History of Periodontitis in a Child With Papillon‐Lefèvre Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Rateitschak‐Plüss Edith M. , Schroeder Hubert E.
Published: March 2012

An unusual case of Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome is reported. The 10‐year‐old boy exhibited all symptoms typical of this disease except premature loss of primary teeth. The patient's past history, his status at first examination, an initial successful treatment phase, the efforts made at long‐term maintenance and the eventual treatment failure are described. The bacterial plaque covering subgingival root surfaces was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and the histopathologic alterations of glossy, glaring red gingival tissue halos are described and discussed with respect to the pathogenesis of periodontitis associated with this syndrome.
Bilateral Symmetrical Lymphangiomas of the Gingiva: A Case Report
Authors: Josephson Pat , van Wyk C. Werner
Published: March 2012

This is a report of a patient with bilateral symmetrical lymphangiomas of the mandibular gingiva which presented clinically as chronic localized gingivitis. The lesions were removed by conventional gingivectomy and have not recurred after 2 years. Both lesions were of the cavernous type and apparently confined to the gingiva. Their distribution indicates them to be developmental anomalies rather than tumors. For this reason it is felt that local excision is adequate even if the mass is incompletely removed. Anomalies should not recur in the same fashion as a tumor.
Salivary Immunoglobulins in Patients With Juvenile Periodontitis and Their Healthy Siblings
Authors: Sandholm Leena , Grönblad Eva
Published: March 2012

The concentrations of the salivary immune‐globulins IgA, IgG and IgM were determined with a solid phase radioimmunoassay in the unstimulated whole saliva of 21 patients with juvenile periodontitis (JP), their 27 healthy siblings and 17 healthy age‐matched controls.

In the JP group the concentrations of IgA were increased, averaging 188 ± 32.5 (SE) mg/L as compared with the mean of 139 ± 21.2 mg/L in their healthy siblings and 130 ± 24.5 mg/L in the controls. An elevation was found in the amount of IgG in the JP patients: 45.6 ± 12.5 mg/L as compared with 18.1 ± 5.9 mg/L in the siblings and 21.0 ± 5.6 mg/L in the controls. The mean IgM was 22.5 ± 5.4 mg/L in the JP group, 13.3 ± 2.9 mg/L in the siblings and 8.7 ± 1.6 mg/L in the controls, indicating an increase of IgM in the JP group and the siblings.

A significant difference was found in the mean IgM values in the juvenile periodontitis group when compared to the control group. (0.02 > P > 0.01).
Effect of Retention of Gingival Sulcular Epithelium on Attachment and Pocket Depth after Periodontal Surgery
Authors: Svoboda Paul J. , Reeve Charles M. , Sheridan Phillip J.
Published: March 2012

Both the modified Widman flap and the intrasulcular incision technique produced significant and similar reductions in pocket depth and increases in attachment. Loss of attachment occurred where the initial pocket depth was less than 3 mm. Both techniques resulted in significant and similar increases in gingival recession. Neither technique affected tooth mobility or plaque scores to a clinically important degree. Historically, the necessity for removal of the sulcular epithelium in the course of periodontal therapy is a widely accepted tenet. This study fails to clinically validate this concept.
Pulmonary Actinomycosis of Periodontal Origin
Authors: Suzuki Jon B. , Delisle Allan L.
Published: March 2012

A case of pulmonary actinomycosis of periodontal origin is presented. Microbiologic testing including culture and typing of multiple systemic and oral lesions revealed the presence of Actinomyces naeslundii and A viscosus in all sites. In addition, biopsies demonstrating branching filamentous forms and “sulfur granules” were found in exudates from the lungs, submandibular region and left quadrants of the oral cavity. Seeding of tooth‐associated materials containing Actinomyces sp into the pulmonary field may have resulted in this case of pulmonary actinomycosis. Therapy of the pulmonary and periodontal infections was completed and the patient is maintaining satisfactory health 18 months later.
Restoration of Periodontal Attachment Employing Enriched Collagen Solution in the Dog
Authors: Yaffe A. , Ehrlich J. , Shoshan S.
Published: March 2012

Three wall intrabony defects were produced in 11 dogs using a round bur followed by curettes and hoes. A copper band was fixed to the tooth with stainless steel ligature wire. Six weeks later, the copper band was removed and the defect was treated with an enriched collagen solution (ECS) prepared from acid‐extracted dog skin collagen. Thirty‐three defects were treated with ECS and 33 defects were controls. Healing was assessed histologically 4 and 6 weeks after treatment for the presence of new cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, as well as arrested epithelial downgrowth along the dental root. Unlike the controls, treatment with ECS resulted in restoration of periodontal attachment after 4 weeks. This included formation of new cementum, new alveolar bone and dense connective tissue fibers running between bone and cementum. Control sections showed epithelial migration along the root, separating it from the adjacent connective tissue and thus preventing new attachment.
Focal Facial Inflammation of the Attached Gingiva
Authors: Baer Paul N. , Archard Howell O. , Klingsberg Jules
Published: March 2012

An unusual gingivitis noted as a discrete lesion involving the facial attached gingiva in a focal and confined area has been described in two adolescent females. A unique histopathologic appearance includes a striking intraepithelial edema associated with a focal area of acute and chronic inflammation.

Inconclusive immunologic study of one patient indicated an epithelial‐connective tissue immune complex deposition suggestive of but not typical of that seen in pemphigoid.
Possible Role of Calcium in Periodontal Disease
Authors: Aleo Joseph J. , Padh Harish , Subramoniam Appian
Published: March 2012

The uptake of Ca2+ by endotoxin‐challenged 3T6 fibroblasts, in vitro, was studied. In recent years, the role of calcium in cell injury ultimately leading to cell death has attracted a fair amount of interest. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the direct toxic action of endotoxin is related to a disturbance in Ca2+ homeostasis. Increased calcium uptake in endotoxin‐challenged cells was found to be directly related to the bacterial source and method of extraction of endotoxin, the cell density of the culture and the pH of the medium. The effect of endotoxin on calcium uptake was completely reversed by polymyxin B which is known to neutralize the endotoxicity of lipopolysaccharides. These results imply that the increased calcium uptake may be one of the mechanisms by which endotoxin causes direct tissue damage. The potential significance of these data to periodontal disease is discussed.
Efficacy of Epinephrine Concentration in Local Anesthesia during Periodontal Surgery
Authors: Buckley Joseph A. , Ciancio Sebastian G. , McMullen James A.
Published: March 2012

Blood loss in periodontal flap surgery using lidocaine 2% with either 1:50,000 or 1:100,000 epinephrine was compared. Ten patients from the graduate periodontal clinic were selected for the study. After the initial therapy which included oral hygiene instruction, scaling and root planing and occlusal adjustment, 20 surgical procedures were performed. In any one patient if 1:50,000 epinephrine was used on the posterior sextant of an arch, then 1:100,000 epinephrine was used on the contralateral side, with similar volumes being injected by the same method. Blood loss was determined by the cyanmethemoglobin comparison technique. Procedures using lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine generally had more than twice as much blood loss as those using lidocaine 2% with 1:50,000 epinephrine.
Bilateral Creeping Attachment Using Free Mucosal Grafts: A Case Report with 4‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Pollack Ralph P.
Published: March 2012

Two extensive peridontal recessive lesions in bilateral maxillary cuspid areas were treated surgically with free autogenous masticatory mucosal grafts. No attempt was made initially to achieve total root surface coverage. Evaluation of the sites during a 4‐year postoperative period demonstrated unusual degrees of “creeping attachment.” The maxillary left cuspid graft completely covered the root with 9 mm of gingival‐equivalent tissue while the maxillary right cuspid area displayed 90% (7 mm) root surface coverage.
The Role of Bleeding upon Probing in the Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease: A Literature Review
Authors: Greenstein Gary
Published: March 2012

Assessment of bleeding upon probing is an integral part of a periodontal examination. Recent investigations have indicated that bleeding reflects histological, clinical and bacteriological alterations associated with periodontal disease. Furthermore, clinical and histologic data suggest that bleeding is an earlier sign of gingivitis than visual signs of inflammation (redness and swelling). The current literature referring to the role of bleeding upon probing in the diagnosis of periodontal disease is reviewed, and its limitations as a clinical parameter are discussed.