bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vilmoskörte párlatok gázkromatográfiás és érzékszervi profilanalitikus eredményeinek elemzése egy- és többváltozós statisztikai módszerekkel
Authors: Sipos László , Kovács Sándor , Nagygyörgy László , Lázár János , Gere Attila László , Kókai Zoltán
Published: May 2020

A nemzetközi kutatási eredmények azt mutatják, hogy a műszeres analitikai eredmények és az emberi érzékelés paraméterei között nagyfokú korreláció adódik a termékek különböző összetevőire vetítve. Munkánkban célul tűztük ki 6 magánfőzött és 4 kereskedelmi forgalomban kapható vilmoskörte párlat gázkromatográfiás (GC-MS) és érzékszervi profilanalitikus vizsgálatát. A gázkromatográfiás vizsgálatokat a Wessling Hungary Kft. végezte, míg az érzékszervi profilanalitikus vizsgálatokat (ISO 13299:2016) a Szent István Egyetem Érzékszervi Minősítő Laboratóriumában (ISO 8589:2007) szakértői bírálócsoport segítségével (ISO 8586:2012) végeztük. Az egyváltozós elemzésekkel illó komponensenként és érzékszervi tulajdonságonként értékeltük az egyes párlatokat, az érzékszervi bírálói teljesítmény megfelelőségének szoftveres értékelése után (PanelCheck, ISO 11132:2012). Munkánkban sokdimenziós térredukciós módszerek matematikai módszereket alkalmazunk (principal component analysis, PCA; multiple factor analysis, MFA). Eredményeinkben bemutatjuk az érzékszervi és analitikai dimenziók közötti összefüggéseket, melyek során többek között alátámasztottuk, hogy a vilmoskörte vezéraromák (metil-2-transz-4-cisz-dekadienoát, etil-2- transz-4-ciszdekadienoát) szoros kapcsolatban vannak a körte íz érzékszervi dimenziójával.
Egy soltvadkerti szőlőgazdaság logisztikai problémái
Authors: Lendvai Edina , Nagy Adrienn
Published: May 2020

Kutatásunk során egy szőlőtermesztő gazdaságot vettünk górcső alá. Megvizsgáltuk a termelés után folyamatok, a szüretelés és az értékesítés főbb lépéseit, problémát, megoldásait. Egyszerű számítást végezve összegeztük a kiadásokat, illetve a bevételt. Mivel az egyik szerző ebben a gazdaságban a vezető őstermelő családtagja, így személyesen tudott minden kérdésre választ adni. A következtetések levonása után javaslatokat tettünk a problémák csökkentése érdekében.
A területhasználat változásainak tendenciái a Hármas-Körös vízgyűjtőjén településsoros statisztikai adatok tükrében
Authors: Csengeri Erzsébet , Darida András , Kepenyes Réka
Published: May 2020

A területhasználat változásait leginkább az emberi tevékenységek befolyásolják. A vizsgálatra számos módszertan áll rendelkezésre, topográfiai térképek, légifotók, összehasonlító analízise. A vizsgálat eredménye figyelmeztethet bennünket, milyen mértékben alakítottuk át természeti környezetünket, elgondolkodhatunk, hogy ezek a tendenciák tarthatók-e, illetve a jövő generációnak biztosítani tudjuk-e természeti, gazdasági környezetet. A vizsgált területen a XIX. század elejei vízszabályozások jelentették a jelentősebb területhasználati változást. A szabályozás eredményeként az árterületek vízborítottsága megszűnt, a területek kiszáradtak. Ennek eredményeként az ipari mezőgazdaság teret nyert és megállíthatatlanul indult fejlődésnek. Eltűntek a ligeterdők, a nádas területek, jelentős átalakuláson ment keresztül a kert, gyümölcs és szölőgazdálkodás. A rét- és legelőgazdálkodás csökkenése a legszembetűnőbb. A század elejei gazdálkodási formák a fejlődési igények szerint átalakultak, eredeti formájukban a hagyományőrző egyesületek tevékenységei közt, illetve a Nemzeti Park gondozásában találkozhatunk velük.
Celtis taxonok törzsmorfológiájának és növekedésintenzitásának megfigyelése faiskolai és fasori környezetben
Authors: Ecseri Károly , Schmidt Gábor
Published: May 2020

A Celtis occidentalis, a Celtis occidentalis 'Magnifica' fajta, és a Celtis australis törzs egyenességét és a törzs vastagodásának mértékét vizsgáltuk a Tahi Faiskolában, valamint három budapesti fasorban, két vegetációs perióduson keresztül. A mérések eredményei alapján következtettünk a vizsgált taxonok várostűrő képességére. A Celtis occidentalis a legrosszabb törzsnevelő volt a faiskolában, törzsvastagodása pedig átlagosnak mondható. A Celtis occidentalis 'Magnifica' fajta bonitálási értékei közepesek voltak, törzse igen jól vastagodott, különösen a faiskolai állományban. A Celtis australis a legkiválóbb törzsnevelő mindkét vizsgálati helyszínen, és törzsvastagodása is kiemelkedett a másik két fajhoz-fajtához viszonyítva a faiskolai állományban.
Ökológiai termesztésben alkalmazható talajtakarási módok gyomelnyomó hatása szamócaültetvényben
Authors: Király Ildikó , Maczkó Márton , Palkovics András , Mihálka Virág
Published: May 2020

Az ökológiai gazdálkodás legfontosabb eleme a talaj termékenységének megőrzése. Ennek érdekében környezetkímélő talajmüvelést kell folytatni, melynek egyik módja a talajtakarás szerves vagy szervetlen anyagokkal. Kísérletünkben háromféle talajtakarási mód (agroszövet, szalma, széna) gyomelnyomó hatását értékeltük. Mindhárom alkalmazott talajtakarási mód jelentősen csökkentette a gyomtömeget a takaratlan kontroll parcellához viszonyítva. A legnagyobb gyomelnyomó hatása az agroszövetnek volt, viszont ez a talajtakarási mód nehezítette a kísérletben alkalmazott (szerves eredetű trágyaféleségek adagolása 2 havonta) tápanyag-visszapótlási módot.
Baktériumkészítmény alkalmazásának hatása konténerben nevelt szamóca (Fragari A X Ananassa CV. Joly) terméshozamára
Authors: Mihálka Virág , Palkovics András , Király Ildikó
Published: May 2020

Különböző mikrobiológiai készítmények termésnövelő szerként történő alkalmazása lehetővé teheti az alkalmazott kemikáliák mennyiségének csökkentését. Kevés publikációt találunk azonban kereskedelmi forgalomban levő mikrobiológiai készítmények hatásairól. Vizsgálataink célja, hogy kontrollált kísérletek beállításával állapítsuk meg, milyen hatást fejt ki a különböző növényi növekedést serkentő rizobaktérium törzseket tartalmazó baktériumkészítmények alkalmazása szamócatermesztésben. Jelen előkísérletünkben tenyészedénybe, tőzeggel kevert komposztba ültetett szamócanövények közegét BactoFil B-10 (Agrobio) készítménnyel kezeltük, három különböző koncentrációban (1,5 l/ha, 15 l/ha, 30 l/ha), két ismétlésben. Eredményeink alapján, konténerben alkalmazva, rövidtávon csak a legmagasabb koncentráció (30 l/ha) kijuttatása esetén mutatkozott számottevő növekedés a terméshozamban.
Klimatikus anomáliák hatása gyümölcsösök tápanyag-gazdálkodására
Authors: Nagy Péter Tamás , Szegedi László
Published: May 2020

Az időjárás szerepe a termés mennyiségére és minőségére ősidőktől fogva ismert. Napjainkban a gazdálkodóknak meg kell tanulniuk ezekkel az extrém időjárási események együtt élni és ellenük a lehető legjobb technológia alkalmazásával védekezni. Jelen munkámban azt mutatom be, hogy az időjárási hatások az utóbbi évtizedekben felerősödtek, hatásaik a mai - a termés mennyiségre és minőségre érzékeny - korban felértékelődtek. A dolgozatban több éves adatsorok elemzésével azt mutatom be, hogy az extrém időjárási események gyakran ciklikusan visszatérnek és az extrémitásuk fokozódásával hatásaik többéves vegetációs ciklusokra kihatnak jelentősen befolyásolva ezzel a termőhelyen kialakult termés nagyságát és minőségét.
Mikrohullámú kezelések hatékonyságvizsgálata és dielektromos mérések alkalmazási lehetőségei szennyvíz és iszapkezelés során
Authors: Beszédes Sándor , Kovács Róbertné , Keszthelyi-Szabó Gábor , Hodúr Cecília
Published: May 2020

A mikrohullámú energiaközléses műveletek az élelmiszeripar, a vegyipar, a biotechnológia és a környezetvédelmi eljárások gyakorlatában is egyre inkább elterjednek. A mikrohullámú kezelési eljárások hatékonyságának részletesebb elemzése és a léptéknövelés azonban szükségessé tenné a folytonos anyagáramú kezelőrendszerekben végzett kísérletek végrehajtását. A kutatási munkánk során szennyvizek és iszapok biológiai hasznosíthatóságát befolyásoló szerkezeti és biológiai lebonthatósági változásokat vizsgáltuk folytonos anyagáramú mikrohullámú kezelések esetében. A vizsgálataink emellett kiterjedtek a mikrohullámú sugárzás hőkeltési hatékonyságát meghatározó dielektromos jellemzők mérésére is.
Kenyérfogyasztási szokások a gluténmentes diétában
Authors: Csapóné Riskó Tünde
Published: May 2020

A cöliákia egy autoimmun rendellenesség, melynek kiváltó ágense egy a gabonafélékben (búza, rozs, árpa, zab) található fehérje, a glutén. Ha egy cöliákiás személy gluténtartalmú élelmiszert fogyaszt, szervezete a glutént veszélyes anyagként érzékeli és negatívan reagál rá. A gluténra adott immunreakció során károsodik a vékonybél és akadályozódik a tápanyagok felszívódása. A cöliákia napjaink tudományos eredményei szerint nem gyógyítható, az egyetlen kezelési lehetőség az élethosszig tartó gluténmentes diéta. A cöliákia a világ népességének átlagosan 1 százalékát érinti, diagnosztizálásra azonban minden 10. eset kerül. A kenyér alapvető és igen gyakran fogyasztott élelmiszer, ami alapvetően gluténtartalmú gabonákból készül. Számos közmondásunk, szólásmondásunk is utal a kenyér központi helyére, szerepére a magyar étkezési kultúrában. A gluténmentes termékek piaca folyamatosan bővül, így hazánkban is egyre többféle gluténmentes termék közül tudnak választani a gluténmentes diétát folytatók. Primer kutatásunk során gluténmentes diétát folyatok kenyérvásárlási, -fogyasztási szokásait mértük fel.
Vállalati felelősség
Authors: Csapóné Riskó Tünde , Tóth Eszter
Published: May 2020

A vállalati felelősség kérdését a vállalat érintettjei felől vizsgálva különbséget tehetünk belső és külső érintettek között. Tanulmányunk középpontjában a belső érintetteket, azaz a munkavállalókat célzó felelős vállalati megfontolások, kezdeményezések, programok állnak. A munkaszervezés, a bérek rendszerének kialakítása és a vállalati résztulajdon-szerzés kérdése mind olyan kérdések, amelyek kapcsán a vállalat kifejezheti munkavállalóival szembeni megbecsülését. A humán erőforrás „helyén kezelése" egyre inkább aktuális kihívás, hiszen a modern kommunikációs eszközöket és social media csatornákat felvonultató világban pillanatok alatt hitelét vesztheti az a vállalat, amelyik csak a „kirakatnak szánt" CSR tevékenységével próbál jó színben feltűnni. Célunk a szakirodalmi háttér ismertetése mellett olyan jó vállalati példák, gyakorlatok bemutatása, amelyek mind nagyvállalati, mind KKV szinten megvalósíthatóak.
A digitális pénzügyi fejlettség alakulása az Európai Unióban
Authors: Szüle Borbála
Published: May 2020

Az infokommunikációs technológiák fejlődése napjainkban a pénzügyi szektorra is hatással van. A pénzügyi szolgáltatások esetében az internetes ügyintézés az utóbbi években egyre elterjedtebbé vált, és a FinTech szolgáltatások jellemzői akár a pénzügyi szektor stabilitását is befolyásolhatják. Jelen tanulmány fő célja annak feltérképezése, hogy az internetes ügyintézési módszerek elterjedtségének néhány indikátora alapján hogyan alakult a digitális pénzügyi fejlettség az Európai Unióban. A tanulmány elsősorban a 2016-ra és 201 l-re vonatkozó régiós adatok összehasonlításával szeretne hozzájárulni a korábbi szakirodalomhoz. Az elemzésben szereplő indikátorokkal végzett faktoranalízisek egyik fő eredménye, hogy a magyar régióknak a hozzájuk hasonlónak tekinthető európai uniós régióktól számított digitális fejlettségi különbsége 2011 és 2016 között csökkent.
Egy sertéshús feldolgozó üzem vállalati tevékenységének bemutatása, valamint az új füstöléstechnológiai beruházásával kapcsolatos vállalat gazdaságtani és pénzügyi számításai
Authors: Zsótér Brigitta , Túri István
Published: May 2020

A sertéstenyésztés, illetve a sertéshústermelés és feldolgozás, valamint ezek logisztikája egyre nehezebb helyzetben van napjainkban. Ezt figyelembe véve egyre nehezebb egy vállalatnak egy sertéshús feldolgozó üzemet beindítania és működtetnie, úgy, hogy az gazdaságos is legyen. Egy ilyenfajta üzem logisztikai folyamatainak fontos része a füstölő rendszer, mely a feldolgozott hústermékeknek nem csupán ízét, hanem illatát, illetve tartósságát is meghatározza. Egy füstölő rendszer gazdaságossági számításait végeztük el a megtérülési idő, a diszkontált megtérülési idő, a nettó jelenérték, a belső kamatláb és a jövedelmezőségi index kiszámításával. Ezeket a 20, a 40, a 60, a 80 és a 100 százalékos kibocsátási szintnél vizsgáltuk meg. Ezen számítások elvégzése után megállapítható, hogy a 60 százalékos szinttől kezdődően jövedelmező a beruházás.
Mérési körülmények hatásának vizsgálata folyadékok dielektromos jellemzőinek meghatározásánál
Authors: Kovács Róbertné , Sziládi Katalin , Keszthelyi-Szabó Gábor , Beszédes Sándor
Published: May 2020

2017-ben beszerzésre került egy DAK-3.5 mérőrendszer, mely alkalmas folyadékok, szilárd halmazállapotú és gél állagú anyagok dielektromos paramétereinek meghatározására. Mivel a mérőrendszerrel kapcsolatban csak csekély tapasztalat áll rendelkezésre, a próbamérések során különböző folyadék halmazállapotú anyagokat vizsgáltunk, a mintatartó geometriájának, anyagának, és a mérőszonda elhelyezésének változtatása mellett. A különböző beállítások során kapott eredményeket összehasonlítottuk a gyártó által megadott kalibrációs értékekkel, illetve megvizsgáltuk, hogy a mérési körülmények milyen hatással vannak a mért dielektromos jellemzőkre.
Többváltozós folyamatszabályozás vizsgálata R környezetben
Authors: Mihalkó József , Rajkó Róbert
Published: May 2020

Munkánk első fázisában a többváltozós statisztikai folyamatszabályozás (MSPC) használatához szükséges elméleti ismereteket néztük át. Előző évben az alkalmazható összefüggések alakjait és szerepüket tisztáztuk (Mihalkó-Rajkó, 2016). A második fázisban R project-ben megvalósított szimulációs vizsgálatokkal és különböző gyakorlati alkalmazási illusztrációkkal igazoljuk az MSPC előnyeit az egyváltozós statisztikai folyamatszabályozással (USPC-vel) szemben. Emellett főkomponéns-elemzéssel kielemezzük azt, hogy mi okozhatja a jel tartományon kívülre kerülését, illetve bemutatjuk az MYT-felbontás alkalmazását.
Programas de Fomento nos cursos de Licenciatura na Modalidade EaD: políticas públicas para formação docente / Programs in the Degree in Distance Education: public policies for teacher training
Authors: Ribeiro Marcela Arantes , Souza Jonimar da Silva
Published: May 2020

Esse texto analisa a estrutura dos programas de fomento a graduação propostos pela CAPES, direcionados para os cursos de licenciatura. Apresenta como objetivo refletir sobre a inter-relação dos programas de formação docente com o ensino a distância, a fim de demonstrar uma interpretação desses programas e, diante do objetivo definido, conclui-se pela necessidade de continuidade dos programas. É uma pesquisa descritiva, de natureza qualitativa e classificada como documental, subsidiada na interligação das teorias da formação docente e da Educação a Distância. Os pontos analisados abordam os objetivos, adesão e modalidades de bolsas dos programas. Os dados apontam que os editais não fazem distinção na modalidade de oferta dos cursos e que os programas qualificam a formação do aluno.
Potencial de investimento e remuneração docente: um estudo longitudinal a partir da arrecadação per capita dos municípios brasileiros (2008 – 2016) / Investment potential and teaching remuneration: a longitudinal study from the per capita collection of br
Authors: Silva Marcus Quintanilha da
Published: May 2020

Este artigo teve por objetivo analisar o movimento de remuneração docente das redes municipais de ensino no Brasil a partir do potencial financeiro de 3822 casos, delimitando como período de análise os anos de 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 e 2016. Em uma abordagem quantitativa, utilizou-se de revisões de literatura e legislação que situassem as características do financiamento da educação no Brasil, o município como um espaço de relativa autonomia na alocação de recursos e as disputas em torno do fundo público. Os resultados apontaram que, no período analisado, a arrecadação per capita dos municípios como categorização indicam um esforço maior dos entes federados com menor potencial de investimento na valorização da remuneração docente.
A inovação como política na educação e na modalidade a distância / Innovation as a policy in education and distance mode
Authors: Pimentel Nara Maria
Published: May 2020

Nas últimas décadas, no Brasil, assistimos a alterações nas políticas de educação e na modalidade a distância. As facilidades de acesso, os apelos do baixo custo atreladas às mensagens das propostas inovadoras graças ao uso das tecnologias de informação e comunicação colocam um novo olhar sobre as concepções de inovações. A luz destes referenciais e como tema de estudo verifica-se que as concepções teóricas e práticas andam paralelas à ideologia dominante refletida nos projetos e programas bem como na atuação dos professores e das instituições. A intenção é contribuir para ampliar o debate sobre inovação na educação, políticas educacionais e a modalidade a distância.
Tutoria online: desafios da docência em tempos e espaços digitais / Online tutoring: challenges of the teaching in digital times and spaces
Authors: Franco Aléxia Pádua , Carmo Renata de Oliveira Souza
Published: May 2020

Este artigo aborda a tutoria online no ensino superior na modalidade a distância como prática docente mediada pelas tecnologias digitais de informação e comunicação (TDIC). Apoia-se na pesquisa documental para apresentar uma síntese de marcos legais da educação a distância (EAD) no Brasil a fim de refletir sobre o papel do tutor em cursos de graduação nessa modalidade. Além disso, revisa referenciais teóricos sobre o tutor online por sua importância na mediação do processo de ensino e aprendizagem na sala de aula eletrônica. Conclui que, no campo das políticas de educação a distância, é necessário o debate sobre a tutoria online para compreensão e reconhecimento do trabalho docente desempenhado pelo tutor atuante no ensino superior não presencial.
A (não) presença da Educação a Distância nas políticas públicas contemporâneas para a formação inicial de docentes da Educação Básica / The absence or presence of Distance Education in contemporary public policies for the initial training of Basic Educat
Authors: Will Daniela Erani Monteiro , Oliveira Edna Araujo dos Santos de , Cerny Roseli Zen
Published: May 2020

Este artigo analisa aspectos relevantes para a compreensão da presença ou da “não” presença da Educação a Distância nas políticas públicas vigentes na contemporaneidade. O recorte deste estudo compreende desde a Conferência Nacional de Educação de 2010 às Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a formação de professores da educação básica, de 2019. Adotamos como procedimento metodológico a análise documental de textos legais e dialogamos com Dourado, Barreto, Mill e Minto para tecer considerações sobre o movimento da EaD na formação dos professores. Concluímos que, a despeito das resistências e mobilizações para a demarcação e implementação da EaD no ensino superior, as especificidades da modalidade não se fazem presentes nas políticas públicas de formação inicial de docentes de maneira efetiva.
Spatial diversity of absorption of EU Assistance funds and the level of socio-economic development in Poland
Authors: Rudnicki Roman , Dubownik Anna , Szyda Barbara , Adamiak Czesław
Published: May 2020

The article presents the level and spatial structure of the absorption of EU funds within Cohesion Policy and Common Agricultural Policy during the 2007–2013 EU financial framework in Poland. The data analysed include all of the payments from European programmes, divided into two groups: the support dedicated for the development of agriculture and rural areas, and the cohesion policy. It has been demonstrated that the level and structure of delivery of these funds is spatially diversified. The index of the absorption of EU funds per capita is negatively correlated with the level of socio-economic development, which results from the allocation of payments dedicated for development of agriculture and rural areas. The distribution of cohesion funds is not correlated with the level of socio-economic development in poviats.
Miejskie przestrzenie publiczne – przykład orientacyjnej wyceny terenu zieleni w Częstochowie
Authors: Rykała Piotr
Published: May 2020

Zamierzeniem artykułu jest ogólne scharakteryzowanie miejskich przestrzeni publicznych, ukazanie ich wartości, a także przedstawienie potencjalnych metod ich wyceny. Artykuł w pierwszych czterech częściach ma w głównej mierze charakter teoretyczny bazujący na studiach literaturowych. Dotyczą one przede wszystkim miejskich przestrzeni publicznych oraz metod wyceny dóbr nierynkowych. Ostatnia część ma charakter badawczy. Zawiera ona przykład orientacyjnej oraz bardzo uproszczonej wyceny przestrzeni publicznej w postaci skweru. Artykuł kończą wnioski odnoszące się do przestrzeni publicznych oraz metodyki wyceny warunkowej wykorzystanej do określenia wartości wybranego terenu zieleni.
Landscapes of (re)conquest: dynamics of multicultural frontiers in medieval South-west Europe
Authors: García-Contreras Guillermo , Pluskowski Aleks , Alexander Michelle , Banerjea Rowena , García Marcos García
Published: May 2020

The ‘Landscapes of (Re)Conquest’ project investigates the dynamics of medieval frontier societies in South-west Europe through the lens of the cultural landscape. It compares diverse regional borderlands in Spain, created by successive waves of Islamic and Christian conquests, with the Pyrenean frontier on either side of the Albigensian Crusade and aims to reconnect the castles of frontier authorities with their associated territories from a heritage perspective.
Active and Passive Social Networking Sites Usage and Negative Emotions: A Reciprocal Relationship?
Authors: Zhang Xin-Xue , Rost Detlef H. , Wang Jin-Liang , Reynolds Katherine J
Published: May 2020

Introduction: The increasing popularity of social networking sites (SNS) has stimulated research on the relationship between SNS usage and users' mental health. The current study aims to shed light on the possible reciprocal relationship between type of SNS usage and subsequent mental health among Chinese college students.

Method: A latent variable cross-lagged panel analysis (two waves) was conducted (N = 266). Results showed that negative emotions (loneliness, depression) at Time 1 (T1) was positively related to both active SNS usage and passive SNS usage at Time 2 (T2). However, neither active nor passive SNS usage at T1 was found to be associated with negative emotions at T2.

Discussion: In this current research, the key finding is that type of usage did not impact on users' mental health. Future research might investigate the role of individual and social factors (e.g., self-esteem and life satisfaction) in moderating the relationship between SNS use and mental health.
Unit Cohesion and Social Support as Protective Factors Against Suicide Risk and Depression Among National Guard Service Members
Authors: Rugo Kelsi F. , Leifker Feea R. , Drake-Brooks Malisa M. , Snell Michael B. , Bryan Craig J. , Bryan Annabelle O.
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Suicide and depression continue to be pervasive problems across military populations, including within the National Guard. Existing literature highlights the protective effects of social support and unit cohesion for both suicide risk and depression, yet to our knowledge, these associations have never been confirmed in National Guard populations. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of social support resources (i.e., general social support and unit cohesion) on depression and suicide risk among a large sample (n = 877) of National Guard service members.

Methods: Multilevel modeling was used to examine the impact of social support resources on depression and suicide ideation at both the individual and unit level.

Results: Results indicated that higher levels of perceived social support were associated with lower levels of depression and suicide ideation at both the individual and unit levels. Additionally, higher levels of perceived unit cohesion significantly predicted lower levels of depression and suicide ideation at the individual, but not unit level.

Discussion: Limitations include self-report measurement and cross-sectional nature of the data. These findings hold implications for improvement of operational climate within military units and reduction of suicide risk and depressive symptoms among National Guard service members.
The Accumulation of Visceral Fat and Preventive Measures among the Elderly
Authors: Ayenigbara Israel Oluwasegun
Published: May 2020

Visceral fat is a specific fat that is produced in the body, transformed into cholesterol, and circulated in the blood to other parts of the body. The circulated cholesterol usually in the form of low-density lipoproteins forms plaque on the walls of the arteries, thereby constricting and blocking them and preventing the free flow of nutrients to various vital organs in the body. Visceral fat is deleterious to the health of elderly people because it is mostly found in the region of the abdomen that houses vital organs such as the pancreas, liver, and digestive tract, and it further affects the normal functioning of hormones in the body. Globally, 15 million people die of a noncommunicable disease (NCD) annually between the age of 30 years and the age of 69 years, and there is an increase in NCD morbidity among people older than 70 years. Accumulated visceral fat in elderly people could have deleterious health consequences, as it is a predisposing factor for many other NCDs and chronic health conditions. Sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy eating, stress, and inactivity are the major causes of excessive visceral fat. However, measures to prevent the accumulation of visceral fat are straightforward, and impressive results are achieved with regular physical exercise, healthy diet choices, and proper stress management.
Bouteflika and Algeria's Path from Revolt to Reconciliation
Authors: Mortimer Robert
Published: May 2020

“Balancing the role of the army against the grievances of civil society,” Abdelaziz Bouteflika, Algeria's new president, is “apparently in charge of a process of national reconciliation that may finally allow Algeria to address the social and economic needs that a decade of political turbulence and violence has made even more urgent.”
The Middle East's Information Revolution
Authors: Alterman Jon B.
Published: May 2020

It may be some time before the Internet becomes firmly entrenched in much of the Middle East. The obstacles to adoption, especially with the current technology, appear significant. But the information revolution has already arrived in the Middle East, and it poses significant challenges for the status quo.
Demystifying Venezuela's Hugo Chávez
Authors: McCoy Jennifer L.
Published: May 2020

The challenge for the [Chávez] administration is to devise a way to include dissenting voices and respect minority views while still carrying out the changes desired by the Venezuelan people. The alternative is a tyranny of the majorityin the name of revolutionary change.
Cyberwar or Sideshow? The Internet and the Balkan Wars
Authors: Bieber Florian
Published: May 2020

Although the Internet alleviated some information shortages in Yugoslavia during the war in Kosovo, its small audience of users within the country meant that only a minuscule segment of the population was as well informed as many Western media consumers. … Still, the Internet gave the independent Yugoslav media tremendous support and helped reduce the isolation that had enveloped Yugoslavia.
Macedonia's Quest for Security and Stability
Authors: Perry Duncan
Published: May 2020

If the new [Macedonian] government, like previous governments, confuses motion with progress and fails to deal seriously with interethnic and economic issues, trouble will follow. If, however, it does commence a healing process that involves reform, Macedonia's future will be much more secure.
Why Milosevic Still?
Authors: Gordy Eric D.
Published: May 2020

Milosevic has so far survived the erosion of his political base by relying on the one instrument he has under his undisputed control: state power. … [But] Milosevic does not deserve all the credit for his own improbable survival. Even at his weakest moments it is impossible to overestimate the impact of the opposition's repeated failure to present a credible alternative.
Information-Age Terrorism
Authors: Arquilla John , Ronfeldt David , Zanini Michele
Published: May 2020

While some terrorists will eventually have the technological skills or opportunities to engage in extremely damaging cyberterrorism, this is not the only dangerous implication of the information revolution. More seriously, this revolution is enabling new forms of organization and new doctrines that will affect the spectrum of conflict, including terrorism.
Making the Connection: Africa and the Internet
Authors: Jensen Mike
Published: May 2020

The development of the Internet is at a critical point in Africa. Web-based services could help accelerate the continent's economic growth and aid poverty alleviation, but these tools place large demands on an underlying infrastructure that is currently incapable of servicing them.
Cyberspace with Chinese Characteristics
Authors: Hartford Kathleen
Published: May 2020

Pundits outside China sometimes assume both the inevitability of the Internet's growth and the inexorability of the political opening—alternative sources of information, communications channels beyond government control—that may follow. But Internet growth is anything but inevitable, and in China, the government's efforts have both nurtured and structured the country's Internet.
Does China Have a Grand Strategy?
Authors: Swaine Michael D.
Published: May 2020

The guiding elements of China's calculative grand strategy are clearly reflected in the policies China is pursuing in four separate areas: policies toward the United States; policies toward military modernization; policies toward territorial claims and the recourse to force; and policies toward international regimes.
Taiwan's Turnaround
Authors: Rigger Shelley
Published: May 2020

“The election of Chen Shui-bian as president of the Republic of China on Taiwan was a political earthquake of even greater magnitude than the quake that struck the island in September 1999.” The opposition party's “election revealed and reinforced changes that had been building beneath the surface of the Taiwanese political landscape for years.”
Russia's New Security Policy and the Ballistic Missile Defense Debate
Authors: Wallander Celeste A.
Published: May 2020

An understanding of Russia's concerns about missile defense “requires an understanding of Russia's new security, military, and foreign policy doctrines; the complex role nuclear weapons play in defense policy; the relationship between Russian conventional and nuclear capabilities; and the priorities for economic reform articulated by President Vladimir Putin's administration.”
Why Environmental Ethics Matters to International Relations
Authors: Barkdull John
Published: May 2020

Environmental ethics [should] not be seen as an add-on to be approached after the important issues of security and economics have been settled. Instead, we [should] recognize that all our important social choices are inherently about the ‘natural’ world we create.
United States—Latin American Relations: Preparing for the Handover
Authors: Shifter Michael
Published: May 2020

George W. Bush has expressed a special interest in invigorating Americaís relationship with Latin America. But his campaign rhetoric also called for a return to America's “traditional” national interests, which could mean an even stronger tendency toward the unilateralism that crept into the relationship during the second Clinton administration and has evoked growing displeasure within Latin America.
Bosnia: The Democracy Paradox
Authors: Chandler David
Published: May 2020

There is an alternative to the paradox of establishing new protectorate powers and more invasive international mandates to bring about democracy and selfgovernment in Bosnia, an option never advocated by policy advisers from international institutions: allow people in the region greater autonomy to develop their own solutions.
Post-Milosevic Serbia
Authors: Cohen Lenard J.
Published: May 2020

The process of democratic consolidation in Serbia has begun in earnest. Equally important, the more virulent xenophobic and authoritarian aspects of Serbian political culture have waned considerably. … For the foreseeable future, the specious superpatriotism and discredited soft dictatorship of the Milosevic variety are likely to hold only marginal appeal.
Coalition Politics in the Philippines
Authors: Abinales Patricio N.
Published: May 2020

To understand the rise and fall of the Estrada presidency, it is not enough to focus on the ‘personalistic’ leadership style for which Estrada was notorious. We must also look at the nature of coalition politics itself and how it will affect governing in the Philippines in the new century.
Kenya: Democracy, Decline, and Despair
Authors: Holmquist Frank , Oendo Ayuka
Published: May 2020

The 1990s saw a great deal of positive political change in Kenya—most notably, relative freedom of speech and organization, [and] regular multiparty elections. … But almost counterintuitively, the regime has shrunk into something of a corrupt and hollow shell. … As the 2002 election begins to loom, echoes of the repression of the one-party era have begun to be felt.
The Kabilas' Congo
Authors: Turner Thomas
Published: May 2020

[I]s the optimism that followed the installment of Joseph Kabila misplaced? Even if most of the participants in Congo's multisided war appear to want out, can a formula be found by which they can disengage? And if the war ends, is there any way to restore an effective Congolese state and economy?
The Failure of Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone
Authors: Reno William
Published: May 2020

RUF commanders have fought the government with guns bought with diamonds, brought from Liberia, or captured from their enemies. They do not have to rely on the goodwill of local inhabitants. … The RUF bases its political power on control over diamonds.
Human Rights and the Lessons of History
Authors: Wasserstrom Jeffrey N.
Published: May 2020

When attempting to bring pressure on Beijing, the United States should stop using vague universal standards or comparisons with the contemporary United States. Washington's criticisms of the Chinese Communist Party should instead build on Beijing's own claims about history and politics.
Tibet: Myths and Realities
Authors: Sautman Barry
Published: May 2020

As the myths surrounding the Tibetan cause are challenged by scholars, emigre leaders may reconsider their claim that an independent Tibet is inevitable. And China's leaders may confront the self-delusion that because the Tibet question will end with the Dalai Lama, a compromise settlement is unnecessary.
Reforming China's Financial Markets
Authors: Thomas Stephen , Chen Ji
Published: May 2020

China has begun another major stage of its market reforms in its financial system. These reforms will continue to move China gradually but inevitably toward modern financial institutions that will provide an additional stimulus to China's overall economic development.
Simulations of Power in Putin's Russia
Authors: Holmes Stephen
Published: May 2020

Although the identity of power wielders changes from year to year, we will not soon witness the emergence of a form of power accountable to ordinary Russian citizens. The state will remain detached and nonresponsive to society. It will remain a ‘corporation’ that, however wracked by internal struggles, basically looks after itself.
Realistic Engagement: A New Approach to American–Russian Relations
Authors: McFaul Michael
Published: May 2020

The soundest strategy for both American and Russian policymakers is to carve a middle position between obsessive engagement and active disengagement. Russian and American leaders have to define a United States–Russian relationship that neither rekindles cold war rivalry nor refuels illusions about alliances and special relationships. More distance than a decade ago might be healthy for the bilateral relationship. Too much distance will be dangerous.
The Russian Media: From Popularity to Distrust
Authors: Fossato Floriana
Published: May 2020

President Putin has repeatedly said that a free press is the ‘most important guarantor of the irreversibility of our country's democratic course.’ Yet during the last year the Kremlin has appeared more interested in organizing a consistent flow of ‘correct’ information than in strengthening a free media.
Preparing for a War on Terrorism
Authors: Stern Jessica
Published: May 2020

America's goal must be to prevent future strikes by its enemies. The United States cannot afford to allow an emotional desire for quick retribution to override its long-term national security interests. It would not be difficult to make things worse rather than better.
Croatia's Second Transition and the International Community
Authors: Ottaway Marina , Maltz Gideon
Published: May 2020

The international community should rethink the applicability in the short run of some of the high principles that guide its demands, and accept instead the basic lesson of democracy: democratic governments succeed and indeed only survive when they strike a compromise between what they should do ideally and what their constituencies demand.
A Dream Become Nightmare? Turkey's Entry into the European Union
Authors: Aydinli Ersel , Waxman Dov
Published: May 2020

As long as Turkey's desire for EU membership represented an abstract ideal…, Turkey's military and civilian elite could avoid acknowledging the potential political costs of membership in the eu. And as long as the Europeans kept Turkey at arm's length, that elite's willingness to implement the domestic reforms necessary for EU membership was never put to the test.
Europe's Eastern Enlargement: Who Benefits?
Authors: Hall John , Quaisser Wolfgang
Published: May 2020

The historical experience of the East European countries is to dance to the tunes played by regional powers to their west and to their east. Is this just one more round, with Brussels choreographing the show now, rather than Vienna, Berlin, or Moscow?
The Fourth Wave: September 11 in the History of Terrorism
Authors: Rapoport David C.
Published: May 2020

The September 11 attack has created a resolve in America and elsewhere to end terror everywhere. But the history of terror does not inspire much confidence that this determination will be successful.
America's Approach to the Middle East: Legacies, Questions, and Possibilities
Authors: Norton Augustus Richard
Published: May 2020

Will America now define national security as it did half a century ago to see the betterment of others' conditions as key to ensuring its own safety and well-being? Or will it be satisfied merely to aggressively police the frontiers of hostility at home and abroad to reduce the likelihood of a new terrorist-inflicted disaster?
Fox's Mexico: Same as It Ever Was?
Authors: Starr Pamela K.
Published: May 2020

Since the arrival of Vicente Fox to the presidency, Mexico has been stuck in neutral. The executive has been characterized by confusion, indecision, and repeated policy mistakes. Mexican political parties have shown a striking inability to adjust their behavior to the new democratic political environment. And Mexicans of all stripes remain steeped in an authoritarian culture that has prevented them from embracing the political opportunities offered by Mexico's new democratic setting.
Sunset for Kim Dae-jung's Sunshine Policy?
Authors: Lee Manwoo
Published: May 2020

Although Kim Dae-jung's sunshine policy has been buffeted by political turbulence, it is not dead; his successor can only modify his policy, not abandon it altogether.
Zimbabwe: The Making of an Autocratic “Democracy”
Authors: Lloyd Robert B.
Published: May 2020

Two decades after independence, the fruits of President Robert Mugabe's rule are a rapidly declining economy, the systematic dismantling of constitutional government, growing political violence, a costly war in Congo, and international condemnation.
George W. Bush and Russia
Authors: Goldgeier James , McFaul Michael
Published: May 2020

Why the major reversal in Bush's thinking on Russia? Most have attributed this amazing transformation to September 11. … But September 11 is only part of the story.
America and Russia: Make-Believe Arms Control
Authors: Mendelsohn Jack
Published: May 2020

By playing make-believe arms control with Moscow and negotiating a vaguely drafted and potentially contentious nuclear weapons agreement, the Bush administration has sacrificed the security of structure and predictability for the putative virtues of flexibility and unilateralism.
Same War, Different Views: Germany, Japan, and the War on Terrorism
Authors: Katzenstein Peter J.
Published: May 2020

The tendency of the Bush administration to frame terrorism as a threat posed equally by evil states and nonstate groups is … distinctive. It is easy to lose sight of how atypical, even among liberal democracies, are the American view of international life in Manichaean terms and the American emphasis on the military dimension of society. Germany's and Japan's very different approaches to counterterrorism are useful reminders of American exceptionalism.
Breaking the Yemen–Al Qaeda Connection
Authors: Katz Mark N.
Published: May 2020

It is the tribal view that the ‘enemy of my enemy is my friend’—more so than common religious and ideological affinities or hostility toward the West—that motivates certain Yemeni tribes to cooperate with Al Qaeda. … Al Qaeda is merely the most recent in a string of ‘friends’ who have supported these tribes against the government.
East Asia's Slow Recovery from Financial Crisis
Authors: Blanchard Jean-Marc F.
Published: May 2020

Given East Asia's positive economic attributes, it is easy to conclude that the region's long-term economic future will be bright. … Unfortunately, the capacity and political will to implement the right choices may be lacking.
Anticipatory Self-Defense: The Terrorism Exception
Authors: Nabati Mikael F.
Published: May 2020

The traditional interpretation of the right of self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter, by prohibiting preemptive actions, gives terrorists and states sponsoring terrorist activities de facto immunity from justice and legality. Contemporary terrorist threats make the permissibility of anticipatory self-defense not only necessary, but reasonable, fair, and just. … Preemptive strikes should not be the ‘rule,’ but they may be legitimate as an exception to the charter's prohibition against the use of force.
Changing Course on China
Authors: Economy Elizabeth
Published: May 2020

Relations between China and the United States are perhaps the best they have been since 1989. … What accounts for this seemingly dramatic transformation?
Feeding China: From Wanting to Wasting
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: May 2020

The food-related China fears of yesterday—the country's predicted inability to feed itself, thus putting an unbearable burden on global food supplies—have today been replaced by new worries, about pandemic possibilities.
Chechnya's Russia Problem
Authors: Evangelista Matthew
Published: May 2020

As long as President Putin insists on framing the war in Chechnya as a struggle with international terrorism … and as long as the West tacitly acquiesces to his approach, there may be no end to the bloodshed.
The Middle Easternization of Central Asia
Authors: Luong Pauline Jones
Published: May 2020

The United States will only exacerbate the threat of terrorism in Central Asia if it continues to encourage the region's leaders to combat radical Islamic groups with greater militancy rather than with increased economic opportunities and something other than rhetorical respect for human rights.
Is America an Imperial Power?
Authors: Cumings Bruce
Published: May 2020

That the United States would be hegemonic was inevitable from Bretton Woods onward. That it might also become an empire was not.
Saudi Arabia Challenged
Authors: Gause F. Gregory
Published: May 2020

It would be unwise to bet against the Saudi monarchy, based on its track record of staying in power. But the odds are getting shorter.
NAFTA at 10: A Plus or a Minus?
Authors: Castañeda Jorge G.
Published: May 2020

NAFTA has not been the win-win situation some of its supporters said it would be. Nor has it been the catastrophe its critics predicted.
The US and Latin America Through the Lens of Empire
Authors: Shifter Michael
Published: May 2020

An unvarnished sense of superiority, displayed proudly on the regional and global stage, has revived the resentment and distrust of Latin Americans toward the United States that had recently shown signs of receding.
Argentina after the Crash: Pride and Disillusion
Authors: Peruzzotti Enrique
Published: May 2020

Argentine democracy appears to be weathering its most serious challenge since 1983 with relative success. … The political and economic crisis … has not led to the collapse of democratic institutions or prompted calls for authoritarianism.
In the Mirror of Europe: The Perils of American Nationalism
Authors: Lieven Anatol
Published: May 2020

One way of looking at the United States today is as a European state that has avoided the catastrophes nationalism brought upon Europe in the twentieth century, and whose nationalism therefore retains some of the power, intensity, bellicosity, and self-absorption that European nationalisms have had kicked out of them by history.
Pakistan, the Other Rogue Nation
Authors: Ganguly Sumit
Published: May 2020

There is little question that ultimate responsibility for the dispersal of nuclear technology from Pakistan rests squarely with the Pakistani military.
(Re)Building Afghanistan: The Folly of Stateless Democracy
Authors: Rubin Barnett R.
Published: May 2020

Unlike Iraq, in Afghanistan an international consensus supports common goals for the entire operation, providing a test of whether the ‘international community’ is capable of effective joint action to make societies secure, even when their insecurity threatens the whole world. So far the results indicate that governments and international institutions are not up to the job.
Southeast Asia's Marred Miracle
Authors: Thayer Carlyle A.
Published: May 2020

Although midterm economic prospects for Southeast Asia appear reasonably good, the region's political and security dynamics pose considerable risks to a full recovery from the crisis of 1997.
China and Europe: The Emerging Axis
Authors: Shambaugh David
Published: May 2020

The China-Europe relationship will continue to grow and develop at a steady pace. Over time it will become a new axis in world affairs, and will serve as a source of stability in a volatile world.
The Mao® Industry
Authors: Dutton Michael
Published: May 2020

One can indeed say that political reform has been visited upon China. It came, however, not in the form of an institutional transformation of the state-based political system … but in a far subtler yet profoundly life-transforming manner. No longer are people enthralled by the political, or even intimidated by it.
Hong Kong: “One Country, Two Systems” in Troubled Waters
Authors: Canning Craig N.
Published: May 2020

Chinese central government officials are reluctant to allow political reform in Hong Kong to proceed too rapidly or to be driven primarily by public demonstrations and aggressive pro-democracy activists.
Exploiting Rivalries: Putin's Foreign Policy
Authors: Katz Mark N.
Published: May 2020

Russian foreign policy-makers seem convinced that playing both sides against the middle with other nations is a clever way to advance Moscow's interests. It may take many more foreign policy setbacks before they are persuaded otherwise.
Fox's Mexico: Democracy Paralyzed
Authors: Dresser Denise
Published: May 2020

Mexico appears to be speaking the vocabulary of disenchantment. The words ‘failure,’ ‘disillusion,’ ‘lack of leadership’ have become a daily part of national conversation. The consensus seems to be that [Vicente] Fox's presidency is over, that he is no longer a lame duck but a dead duck.
America and Pakistan: Is the Worst Case Avoidable?
Authors: Cohen Stephen Philip
Published: May 2020

America should be concerned about the deeper causes of Pakistan's malaise, lest the country become the kind of nuclear-armed monster state that its critics already think it is.