bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reassessment of the cyanobacterial family Microchaetaceae and establishment of new families Tolypothrichaceae and Godleyaceae
Authors: Hauer Tomáš , Bohunická Markéta , Johansen Jeffrey R. , Mareš Jan , Berrendero‐Gomez Esther
Published: October 2014

The family Microchaetaceae is a large group of heterocytous cyanobacteria, whose members bear typical morphological features of uniseriate heteropolar filaments never terminated by thin hairs and with simple false branching. However, phylogenetic analyses of the gene for 16S rRNA showed that members of this traditionally morphologically delimited family form several distant groups and therefore the current concept is hereafter indefensible. In this study, we provide reassessment of the status of the family Microchaetaceae based on morphology, ecology, biogeography, and phylogeny of 16S rRNA gene. Thorough examination of strains of the nominate genus Microchaete revealed their affiliation to two groups, Nostocaceae and Rivulariaceae, and their distant position to other traditional members of Microchaetaceae such as Tolypothrix, Hassallia, and Coleodesmium. To reflect the phylogenetic relationships and to accommodate members of the traditional family Microchaetaceae that are clearly not related to any of the Microchaete representatives, we propose establishment of two new families, Tolypothrichaceae and Godleyaceae. Based on both molecular and morphological evidence, we also provide a description of three new species of the genus Fortiea.
PRDM1 expression on the epithelial component but not on ectopic lymphoid tissues of Warthin tumour
Authors: Wang Y , Zhou J , Zhang Y , Wang L , Liu Y , Fan L , Zhu J , Xu X , Huang G , Li X , Xun W
Published: October 2014

Objective

To determine the role of PRDM1, a key molecule for modulating the immune cells, in Warthin tumour (WT) pathogenesis.

Subjects and methods

Forty paraffin‐embedded parotid tissues of patients (mean age: 62.08 ± 11.90) with WT were retrieved from the pathology archives of Qindu Hospital from January 2012 to December 2012. The PRDM1 expression was investigated in a cohort of WT by immunohistochemistry.

Results

PRDM1 was expressed only on the epithelial component but not on ectopic lymphoid tissue of the tumour. Statistically, PRDM1 expression rates between WT glandular epithelial cells (40/40 cases) and the tumour‐adjacent tissues (0/9 cases), and WT germinal centres (0/34 cases) and tonsil tissues (10/10 cases) were significantly different (P < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusions

The PRDM1 expression appeared to play an essential role in WT pathogenesis. A better understanding of it might give options for revealing possible novel management strategies.
Pain in children – are we accomplishing the optimal pain treatment?
Authors: Lundeberg Stefan
Published: October 2014

Morphine, paracetamol and local anesthetics have for a long time been the foremost used analgesics in the pediatric patient by tradition but not always enough effective and associated with side effects. The purpose with this article is to propose alternative approaches in pain management, not always supported up by substantial scientific work but from a combination of science and clinical experience in the field. The scientific literature has been reviewed in parts regarding different aspects of pain assessment and analgesics used for treatment of diverse pain conditions with focus on procedural and acute pain. Clinical experience has been added to form the suggested improvements in accomplishing an improved pain management in pediatric patients. The aim with pain management in children should be a tailored analgesic medication with an individual acceptable pain level and optimal degree of mobilization with as little side effects as possible. Simple techniques of pain control are as effective as and complex techniques in pediatrics but the technique used is not of the highest importance in achieving a good pain management. Increased interest and improved education of the doctors prescribing analgesics is important in accomplishing a better pain management. The optimal treatment with analgesics is depending on the analysis of pain origin and analgesics used should be adjusted thereafter. A multimodal treatment regime is advocated for optimal analgesic effect.
Health Literacy and Obesity Among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders in the United States
Authors: Lassetter Jane H. , Clark Lauren , Morgan Sharla E. , Brown Lora Beth , VanServellen Gwen , Duncan Katrina , Hopkins Elizabeth S.
Published: October 2014

Objectives

Our purpose was to describe relationships between demographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI), and health literacy among Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (NHPIs).

Design and Sample

In this cross‐sectional survey, we interviewed 364 NHPI adults.

Measures

We used Newest Vital Sign (NVS), a health literacy tool; measured heights and weights; and demographic questions.

Results

According to participants' NVS scores, 45.3% had at least a possibility of low health literacy. Lower NVS scores were associated with increased BMI (r = −0.12, p = .027) and increased age (r = −0.26, p < .001). Higher NVS scores were associated with higher incomes (r = 0.21, p = .001) and higher education (r = 0.27, p < .001). Women scored significantly better than men (t = −2.0, p = .05). Participants' NVS scores in Hawaii versus Utah were not significantly different (t = .26, p = .80).

Conclusions

Pathways to health literacy are complex; however, age, income, education, and BMI explained a modest 19.95% of the combined variance in NVS scores. Public health nurses working to improve health literacy could include review of critical information on nutrition facts labels, frequently used calculations, and application of this information when making food choices.
Dissecting the molecular pathways of primary aldosteronism
Authors: Nakamura Yasuhiro , Felizola Saulo J.A. , Satoh Fumitoshi , Konosu‐Fukaya Sachiko , Sasano Hironobu
Published: October 2014

The great majority of the cases clinically diagnosed as primary aldosteronism (PA) have been caused by aldosterone‐producing adenoma (APA) or idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA). The differential diagnosis of both subtypes of PA is important due to the different therapeutic modes but clinically it is sometimes difficult. It is also important to understand the morphological features of these two subtypes with special emphasis upon differences of the status for aldosterone biosynthesis. In the last decade, molecular mechanisms of PA including the aberrant expression of G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), key regulators of the intracellular calcium signaling pathway and somatic mutations of ion channels, have been revealed and our understanding of the molecular pathways involved in excessive aldosterone production has been markedly advanced. In addition, newly developed monoclonal antibodies specific to the isoform of adrenal steroidogenic enzymes have demonstrated the novel profiles of adrenal steroidogenesis in PA. These novel findings indicate that the molecular mechanisms on the onset and pathophysiology of PA are more complicated than previously considered and further clarification of clinical relevance of these findings is required at this juncture.
Statistical Estimation for a Class of Self‐Regulating Processes
Authors: Echelard Antoine , Véhel Jacques Lévy , Philippe Anne
Published: October 2014

Self‐regulating processes are stochastic processes whose local regularity, as measured by the pointwise Hölder exponent, is a function of amplitude. They seem to provide relevant models for various signals arising for example in geophysics or biomedicine. We propose in this work an estimator of the self‐regulating function (that is, the function relating amplitude and Hölder regularity) of the self‐regulating midpoint displacement process and study some of its properties. We prove that it is almost surely convergent and obtain a central limit theorem. Numerical simulations show that the estimator behaves well in practice.
Identification of the novel HLA‐A*11:192 allele by HLA typing of a Caucasian individual
Authors: Todorova K. , Zuber K. , Neuwirt P. , Arnold R. , Schönemann C. , Schulze H.
Published: October 2014

We report the new HLA‐A*11:192 allele differing from A*11:01 by one nucleotide in exon 2.
A protein with an inactive pterin‐4a‐carbinolamine dehydratase domain is required for Rubisco biogenesis in plants
Authors: Feiz Leila , Williams‐Carrier Rosalind , Belcher Susan , Montano Monica , Barkan Alice , Stern David B.
Published: October 2014

Ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) plays a critical role in sustaining life by catalysis of carbon fixation in the Calvin–Benson pathway. Incomplete knowledge of the assembly pathway of chloroplast Rubisco has hampered efforts to fully delineate the enzyme's properties, or seek improved catalytic characteristics via directed evolution. Here we report that a Mu transposon insertion in the Zea mays (maize) gene encoding a chloroplast dimerization co‐factor of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (DCoH)/pterin‐4α‐carbinolamine dehydratases (PCD)‐like protein is the causative mutation in a seedling‐lethal, Rubisco‐deficient mutant named Rubisco accumulation factor 2 (raf2‐1). In raf2 mutants newly synthesized Rubisco large subunit accumulates in a high‐molecular weight complex, the formation of which requires a specific chaperonin 60‐kDa isoform. Analogous observations had been made previously with maize mutants lacking the Rubisco biogenesis proteins RAF1 and BSD2. Chemical cross‐linking of maize leaves followed by immunoprecipitation with antibodies to RAF2, RAF1 or BSD2 demonstrated co‐immunoprecipitation of each with Rubisco small subunit, and to a lesser extent, co‐immunoprecipitation with Rubisco large subunit. We propose that RAF2, RAF1 and BSD2 form transient complexes with the Rubisco small subunit, which in turn assembles with the large subunit as it is released from chaperonins.
Analysis of microRNA‐203 function in CREB/MITF/RAB27a pathway: comparison between canine and human melanoma cells
Authors: Noguchi S. , Kumazaki M. , Mori T. , Baba K. , Okuda M. , Mizuno T. , Akao Y.
Published: October 2014

MicroRNA (miR)‐203 is downregulated and acts as an anti‐oncomir in melanoma cells. Here, using human and canine melanoma cells, we elucidated the effects of miR‐203 on cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB)/microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF)/RAB27a pathway, which is known to be important for the development and progression of human melanoma. In this study, we showed that miR‐203 directly targeted CREB1 and regulated its downstream targets, MITF and RAB27a. miR‐203 significantly suppressed the growth of human and canine melanoma cells and inhibited melanosome transport through the suppression of the signalling pathway. In conclusion, miR‐203 was shown to be a common tumour‐suppressive miRNA in human and canine melanoma and thus to play a crucial role in the biological mechanisms of melanoma development.
Reporting and interpreting red blood cell morphology: is there discordance between clinical pathologists and clinicians?
Authors: Newman Ashleigh W. , Rishniw Mark , Behling‐Kelly Erica
Published: October 2014

Background

Clinical pathologists (CPs) report RBC morphologic (RBC‐M) changes to assist clinicians in prioritizing differential diagnoses. However, reporting is subjective, semiquantitative, and potentially biased. Reporting decisions vary among CPs, and reports may not be interpreted by clinicians as intended.

Objectives

The aims of this study were to survey clinicians and CPs about RBC‐M terms and their clinical value, and identify areas of agreement and discordance.

Methods

Online surveys were distributed to small animal clinicians via the Veterinary Information Network and to CPs via the ASVCP listserv. A quiz assessed understanding of RBC‐M terms among respondent groups. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze responses to survey questions, and quiz scores were compared among groups.

Results

Analyzable responses were obtained from 1662 clinicians and 82 CPs. Both clinicians and CPs considered some terms, eg, agglutination, useful, whereas only CPs considered other terms, eg, ghost cells, useful. All groups interpreted certain terms, eg, Heinz bodies, correctly, whereas some clinicians misinterpreted others, eg, eccentrocytes. Responses revealed that CPs often do not report RBC‐M they consider insignificant, when present in low numbers. Twenty‐eight percent of clinicians think CPs review all blood smears while only 19% of CPs report reviewing all smears.

Conclusions

Important differences about the clinical relevance of certain RBC‐M terms exist between clinicians and CPs. Inclusion of interpretive comments on CBC reports is the clearest way to ensure that RBC‐M changes are interpreted as intended by the CP. Reporting practices should be examined critically to improve communication, transparency, and ultimately medical decisions.
Effects of short‐term oral administration of trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole on tear production in clinically normal Syrian hamsters
Authors: Rajaei Seyed Mehdi , Ansari mood Maneli , Selk ghaffari Masoud , Razaghi manesh Seyed Morteza
Published: October 2014

Objective

To determine effects of 14 days of oral administration of trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole on aqueous tear production in clinically normal Syrian hamsters.

Animal studied

Fifteen healthy adult Syrian hamsters.

Procedure

Baseline phenol red thread test (PRTT) values were recorded 1 day prior to treatment. Eight hamsters in treated group received 15 mg/kg trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole orally twice a day for 14 days. The remaining seven hamsters were used as untreated controls and received a placebo. All ophthalmic tests were performed without chemical restraint. PRTT values were evaluated in both eyes of all Syrian hamsters using a commercial PRTT strip of a single lot number.

Results

The mean ± SD baseline PRTT values for treatment group and control group were 7.25 ± 1.3 mm/15 s and 5.42 ± 1.13 mm/15 s, respectively. After 14 days of drug administration, the mean ± SD PRTT values for treatment group and control group were 5.62 ± 1.5 and 5.64 ± 0.74, respectively. Significant decreases in the PRTT values, compared with baseline values, were observed in the treatment group on day 15 (P = 0.042).

Conclusions

Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole decreased tear production in the hamster in this study.
Selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests, bony orbit anatomy, and ocular histology in sambar deer (Rusa unicolor)
Authors: Oriá Arianne P. , Gomes Junior Deusdete C. , Oliveira Alberto Vinícius D. , Curvelo Victor P. , Estrela‐Lima Alessandra , Pinna Melissa H. , Meneses Íris D. S. , Filho Emanoel F. M. , Ofri Ron
Published: October 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to establish reference values for diagnostic ophthalmic tests in sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) as well as to describe the most relevant features of the bony orbital anatomy and ocular histology.

Method

Twenty healthy animals, free living in a forest reserve, that were captured for clinical evaluation as part of a health survey were evaluated. Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT1), conjunctival microbiota, intraocular pressure (IOP), conjunctival cytology, anatomy of the bony orbit, and ocular histology were studied.

Results

Mean ± SD STT1 andIOPvalues were 18.8 ± 4.7 mm and 11.4 ± 2.8 mmHg, respectively.IOPwas significantly higher in adult (4–8 years) animals (P = 0.04). Bacterial growth was present in 100% of the samples, with a prevalence for Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. The conjunctival cytology revealed predominance of columnar epithelial cells with mild pigmentation. The sambar deer orbit is completely encompassed by bone. The ocular histology was very similar to most mammalians.

Conclusions

The findings in this study will be useful in the diagnosis of ocular diseases inRusa unicolor.
Compressible Direct Numerical Simulation of Low-Pressure Turbines—Part I: Methodology
Authors: Sandberg Richard D. , Michelassi Vittorio , Pichler Richard , Chen Liwei , Johnstone Roderick
Published: October 2014

Modern low pressure turbines (LPT) feature high pressure ratios and moderate Mach and Reynolds numbers, increasing the possibility of laminar boundary-layer separation on the blades. Upstream disturbances including background turbulence and incoming wakes have a profound effect on the behavior of separation bubbles and the type/location of laminar-turbulent transition and therefore need to be considered in LPT design. Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) are often found inadequate to resolve the complex wake dynamics and impact of these environmental parameters on the boundary layers and may not drive the design to the best aerodynamic efficiency. LES can partly improve the accuracy, but has difficulties in predicting boundary layer transition and capturing the delay of laminar separation with varying inlet turbulence levels. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is able to overcome these limitations but has to date been considered too computationally expensive. Here, a novel compressible DNS code is presented and validated, promising to make DNS practical for LPT studies. Also, the sensitivity of wake loss coefficient with respect to freestream turbulence levels below 1% is discussed.
Hydrodynamic Performance Produced by Nanotexturing in Submicrometer Clearance With Surface Roughness
Authors: Hirayama Tomoko , Shiotani Heinosuke , Yamada Kazuki , Yamashita Naoki , Matsuoka Takashi , Sawada Hiroshi , Kawahara Kosuke
Published: October 2014

Surface texturing is a promising way to expand the hydrodynamic lubrication regime and thereby modify the tribological properties of sliding surfaces. Spiral-groove textures in particular have attracted much attention over the past several decades because they produce a thicker lubrication film in the gap. However, no research has been reported on the effect of periodic texturing with a several 100 nm depth on hydrodynamic performance in submicrometer clearance with surface roughness. The purpose of the study reported here was to investigate the effect of such nanotexturing on hydrodynamic performance. This was done by conducting ring-on-disk friction tests, focusing on the existence of surface roughness in the narrow clearance. The samples were rings with various degrees of surface roughness and disks with spiral-groove textures produced by femtosecond laser processing. The friction coefficients experimentally obtained were plotted as a Stribeck curve and compared with a theoretical one calculated using a Reynolds equation formulated from two physical models, the Patir–Cheng average flow model and a sinusoidal wave model. The results showed that surface roughness did not affect the friction coefficient in the hydrodynamic lubrication regime. However, the hydrodynamic lubrication regime gradually shrank with an increase in surface roughness, and mild transitions to the mixed lubrication regime were observed at higher rotational speeds. The minimum clearances reached at the transition speed were almost the same, about 200–300 nm, for all experiments regardless of surface roughness.
Stability of a Cracked Rotor Subjected to Parametric Excitation
Authors: Sawicki Jerzy T. , Kulesza Zbigniew
Published: October 2014

It is well known that parametric vibrations may appear during the rotation of a rotor with a cracked shaft. The vibrations occur due to periodic stiffness changes being the result of the crack breathing. A parametrically excited system may exhibit parametric resonances and antiresonances affecting the stability of the system. In most cases the destabilizing effect due to parametric resonances is studied. Antiresonant cases seem to be uninteresting. However, the antiresonances have a unique property of introducing additional artificial damping to the system, thus improving its stability and reducing the vibration amplitude. Apart from different control applications, this stabilizing effect may be interesting for its probable ability to indicate the shaft crack. The possible application of the additional damping introduced by parametric excitation for the shaft crack detection is analyzed in the present paper. The approach is demonstrated with a mathematical model of a rotor with a cracked shaft. The stability analysis of the rotor is performed analytically by employing the averaging method. Stability boundaries for different frequencies of the parametric excitation and for different crack depths are derived. The results of this analysis are checked numerically by means of the Floquet's theory. Next, possible applications of the parametric excitation for the shaft crack detection are validated numerically.
A New Direct Strain Measurement Using Optical Grid Method
Authors: Zhao Bing , Yang GuoBiao
Published: October 2014

Normally the strain field is indirectly determined by differentiating the displacement fields. This indirect method always suffers from noise, and the shear strain accuracy is poor due to the rigid body rotation effect. In this paper, a direct strain measurement method based on affine transform matrix decomposition is introduced. A new method for strain matrix inversion without determining the rotation is proposed. This can be used for both local and global 2D/3D strain determination. A uniaxial tensile test with grid measurement technique is carried out to validate this method.
Application of System Learning to Precedence Graph Generation for Assembly Line Balancing
Authors: Antani Kavit R. , Pearce Bryan , Mears Laine , Renu Rahul , Kurz Mary E. , Schulte Joerg
Published: October 2014

Manufacturing Process Planning is the systematic development of the detailed methods by which products can be manufactured in a cost-efficient manner, while achieving their functional requirements. An assembly line is a flow-oriented production system where the productive units performing the operations, referred to as stations, are aligned in a serial manner. The work pieces visit stations successively as they are moved along the line usually by some kind of transportation system, e.g., a conveyor belt. An important decision problem, called Assembly Line Balancing Problem (ALBP), arises and has to be solved when (re-) configuring an assembly line. It consists of distributing the work tasks among the work stations along the line due to changes in task requirements for planned production. The assignment of tasks to stations is constrained by task sequence restrictions which can be expressed in a precedence graph. However, most manufacturers usually do not have precedence graphs or if they do, the information on their precedence graphs is inadequate. As a consequence, the elaborate solution procedures for different versions of ALBP developed by more than 50 years of research are often not applicable in practice as not all constraint information is known. This is a common problem in automotive final assembly. In this work we describe a novel precedence generation technique that is based on system-learning from past feasible production sequences. This technique forms a sufficient precedence graph that guarantees feasible line balances. Experiments indicate that the proposed procedure is able to approximate a precedence graph generated by an expert sufficiently well to detect nearly-optimal solutions even for a real-world automotive assembly line segment. Thus, the application of system learning seems to provide a simple and practical way to implement Decision Support Systems to make assembly line planning more efficient.
Modeling and Analyzing the Material Flow of Crowdsourcing Processes in Cloud-Based Manufacturing Systems Using Stochastic Petri Nets
Authors: Wu Dazhong , Rosen David W. , Schaefer Dirk
Published: October 2014

Cloud-based manufacturing (CBM), also referred to as cloud manufacturing, has the potential to allow manufacturing enterprises to be rapidly scaled up and down by crowdsourcing manufacturing tasks or sub-tasks. To improve the efficiency of the crowdsourcing process, the material flow of CBM systems needs to be managed so that several manufacturing processes can be executed simultaneously. Further, the scalability of manufacturing capacity in CBM needs to be designed, analyzed, and planned in response to rapidly changing market demands. The objective of this paper is to introduce a stochastic petri nets (SPNs)-based approach for modeling and analyzing the concurrency and synchronization of the material flow in CBM systems. The proposed approach is validated through a case study of a car suspension module. Our results have shown that the SPN-based approach helps analyze the structural and behavioral properties of a CBM system and verify manufacturing performance.
Stress Triaxiality in Chip Segmentation During High Speed Machining of Titanium Alloy
Authors: Zhang Xueping , Shivpuri Rajiv , Srivastava Anil K.
Published: October 2014

Beside strain intensity, stress triaxiality (pressure-stress states) is the most important factor to control initiation of ductile fracture in chip segmentation through affecting the loading capacity and strain to failure. The effect of stress triaxiality on failure strain is usually assessed by dynamic Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) or quasi-static tests of tension, compression, torsion, and shear. However, the stress triaxialities produced by these tests are considerably different from those in high speed machining of titanium alloys where adiabatic shear bands (ASB) are associated with much higher strains, stresses and temperatures. This aspect of shear localization and fracture are poorly understood in previous research. This paper aims to demonstrate the role of stress triaxiality in chip segmentation during machining titanium alloy using finite element method. This research promotes a fundamental understanding of thermo-mechanics of the high-speed machining process, and provides a logical insight into the fracture mechanism in discontinuous chips.
Review on Grinding Tool Wear in Terms of Sustainability
Authors: Linke Barbara S.
Published: October 2014

Products and manufacturing processes need to become more sustainable. Grinding tools and grinding processes are no exception. The wear of grinding tools is an important factor in their grinding performance and affects the grinding process outcome strongly. Different wear mechanisms on the grit and bond level lead to a change in tool profile and sharpness. This paper discusses and defines common terms used in the literature. Wheel wear occurs in three phases, initial wear, steady-state wear, and wheel collapse. In multi-layer tools, a steady self-sharpening state is preferable. This means that tool material loss is intrinsic to grinding processes and needed for the process to function. The G-ratio is a common parameter to evaluate tool life but not exhaustive. Economic, environmental and social sustainability of tool wear touches many different aspects which are sometimes contrary, e.g. in terms of economic sustainability tool manufacturers need tool wear to sell replacements, but tool wear leads to more waste and reduces environmental sustainability.
Manufacturing Scheduling for Energy Cost Reduction in a Smart Grid Scenario
Authors: Zhang Hao , Zhao Fu , Sutherland John W.
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of reducing electricity cost for a manufacturing factory through scheduling in a smart grid scenario while maintaining production throughput. Different from traditional rate structure, electricity price of smart grid is time varying and dependent on the total demand. The most common strategy for a factory to reduce electricity cost is to shift electricity usage from on-peak hours to off-peak hours. However, changes in manufacturing schedules affect power demand and electricity price. Moreover, a manufacturing process cannot be interrupted after being started. This dynamic coupling brings additional challenges to scheduling problem that is already NP-hard. In this paper, a time-indexed integer programming scheme is developed and implemented in General Algebraic Modeling System to solve the scheduling problem. To demonstrate the approach, a hypothetical region including power distribution/transmission system, residential/commercial buildings and a flow shop operating 8/16 working hours/day is considered. The operation of residential/commercial buildings is subject to time-of-use tariff and described in GridLAB-D. Simulation results show that the factory electricity cost is reduced by 2%–4% without any production loss. The results also suggest that in addition to residential/commercial buildings, it is possible to involve manufacturing facilities in demand-side management.
Experimental Investigation of the Adhesion Between Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Substrate
Authors: Stan Felicia , Fetecau Catalin
Published: October 2014

In this paper we investigated the direct-adhesion of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) to Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS). Specimens with an initial pre-crack were obtained by overmolding the TPU onto ABS substrates, at different melt and mold temperatures. The interfacial adhesion between these two dissimilar polymers, represented by the peeling force, was measured directly by using the standard T-peel test at room temperature and at a crosshead speed of 254 mm/min. The peeled fracture surfaces were observed under optical microscope to identify the failure mechanism (adhesive or cohesive). A qualitative correlation was established between the adhesion strength and the injection molding parameters.
In-Mold Monitoring of Temperature and Cavity Pressure During the Injection Molding Process
Authors: Fetecau Catalin , Stan Felicia , Sandu Laurentiu I.
Published: October 2014

This paper focuses on the in-mold monitoring of temperature and cavity pressure. The melt contact temperature and the cavity pressure along the flow path were directly measured using two pressure sensors and two temperature sensors fitted into the cavity of a spiral mold. Three melt temperatures and dies of different heights (1.0, 1.5 and 2 mm) were used to achieve a wide range of practically relevant shear rates. In order to analyze the extent to which the numerical simulation can predict the behavior of the molten polymer during the injection molding process, molding experiments were simulated using the Moldflow software and the simulation results were compared with the experimental data under the same injection molding conditions.
Enhanced Surface Residual Compression of Carburized Steel Parts Using Laser Peening Process With Preload
Authors: Li Zhichao (Charlie) , Ferguson B. Lynn
Published: October 2014

Residual stresses are critical to the fatigue performance of parts. In general, compressive residual stress in the surface is beneficial, and residual tension is detrimental because of the effect of stress on crack initiation and propagation. Carburization and quench hardening create compressive residual stresses in the surface of steel parts. The laser peening process has been successfully used to introduce residual compression to the surface of nonferrous alloy parts. However, the application on carburized steel parts has not been successful so far. The application of laser peening on carburized steel parts is limited due to two main reasons: 1) the high strength and low ductility of carburized case, and 2) the compressive residual stresses in the surface of the part prior to laser peening. In this paper, the carburization, quench hardening, and laser peening processes are integrated using finite element modeling. The predicted residual stresses from quench hardening and laser peening are validated against residual stresses determined from X-ray diffraction measurements. An innovative concept of laser peening with preload has been invented to enhance the residual compression in a specific region of laser peened parts. This concept is proved by FEA models using DANTE-LP.
A New RFID-Based RTLS for Discrete Manufacturing Workshop
Authors: Nian Liyun , Guo Yu , Wei Fangjian , Jiang Jiajun , Yuan Liuyin
Published: October 2014

The research is concerned with the practical use of RFID-based traceability approach in large discrete manufacturing workshop. An RFID-based RTLS (Real-time location system) is proposed for tracking WIPs (work in processes), Tool, Measuring tool, and AGV to achieve new levels of process visibility and control. The positioning methods and principle are introduced and the framework of the proposed system is provided. A prototype system is developed to verify the proposed system and a simulation model is built to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The results indicate that the proposed system generates better performance compared with traditional system with regard to cycle time and machine utilizations, especially when some disruptions occur.
Pulsed Laser Ablation of Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Lutey Adrian H. A. , Fortunato Alessandro , Ascari Alessandro , Carmignato Simone , Orazi Leonardo
Published: October 2014

Lithium ion battery electrodes have been exposed to 1064nm nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation with pulse energy in the range 8μJ – 1mJ and fluence in the range 3.2 – 395J/cm2. Experiments have been executed at translational velocities of 100mm/s and 1m/s, allowing individual characterization of the graphite and lithium metal oxide coatings of the copper anode and aluminum cathode, respectively, as well as that of the complete multi-layer structures. A 3D optical profiler has been utilized to measure the incision depth of all samples and allow observation of the process quality. At high velocity, partial or complete removal of the upper coating layers was achieved with little or no impact on the underlying metallic layers. At low velocity, complete cuts were possible under certain conditions, with process efficiency found to be almost entirely governed by the response of the metallic layers. While the coating layers of each electrode exhibited different responses than the metallic layer, the influence of the latter was found to be dominant for cutting operations. Shorter pulses with fluence in the range 30 – 60J/cm2 were found to lead to optimum process outcomes with the employed laser source.
A Methodology for the Parametric Exploration of the Impact of Production Planning on the Early Stages of Design
Authors: Siedlak Dennis J. L. , Schmidt Todd M. , Pinon Olivia J. , Mavris Dimitri N.
Published: October 2014

The increasing use of advanced composite materials in recent aircraft programs calls for new ways to conduct design. This paper presents a methodology that brings manufacturing and production considerations in the early stages of aircraft design as a means to help alleviate some of the new design challenges that the aircraft manufacturing industry is facing. In particular, this paper discusses how the proposed methodology integrates surrogate modeling techniques with visual analytics capabilities to provide the designer with a better understanding of the interface and trades that exist between performance, manufacturing, and production at the later stages of Conceptual design. A composite redesigned F-86 Sabre wing-box is used as a proof-of-concept for this research.
Analysis of the Micro/Meso Scale Sheet Forming by Strain Gradient Plasticity and its Characterization of Tool Feature Size Effects
Authors: Peng Linfa , Yi Peiyun , Hu Peng , Lai Xinmin , Ni Jun
Published: October 2014

For conventional metal forming, finite element (FE) method becomes a powerful tool in process design. However, conventional material models cannot describe material behaviors precisely in micro/meso scale due to the size/scale effects. As a result, know-how obtained in traditional macro-forming is not suitable for the micro-forming process. In micro/meso scale forming process, the reaction force, localized stress concentration and formability are not only dependent on the strain distribution and strain path but also the strain gradient and strain gradient path caused by decreased scale.

This study presented a model based on conventional mechanism based strain gradient (CMSG) plasticity. A user-defined material (UMAT) subroutine incorporating the CMSG plasticity in the ABAQUS finite element (FE) program was established. Based on the subroutine, FE simulations were performed to analyze the effects of the channel width in sheet forming process of micro-channel features. Die sets were fabricated according to the scale law and Micro/meso scale sheet forming experiments were conducted to study the effect of channel width in the die. Experimental results indicated that the CMSG plastic theory achieved better agreements compared to the conventional plastic theory. It found that the influence of the strain gradient to the forming process increased with the decrease of the geometrical parameters of the tools. Furthermore, various tool geometrical parameters were designed by Taguchi Method to explore the feature size effects caused by the decrease of tool geometrical dimensions. According the scale law, similarity difference and the similarity accuracy were calculated to evaluate the size effects. Greater equivalent strain gradient was found with the decrease of the tool geometric dimension, which lead larger maximum reaction force error due to increasing size effects. The main effect plots for equivalent strain gradient and reaction force indicated that the influence of the tools clearance was larger than punch radius, die radius and die width.
Fabrication of Aluminum Nanocomposite by Ultrasonic Spray Deposited Sheet Bonding
Authors: Bastwros Mina , Kim Gap-Yong , Wang Jie
Published: October 2014

Reinforcement with nano-sized particles offers a promising potential to significantly enhance the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of a metal matrix composite (MMC). One of the challenges of synthesizing nanocomposites, however, has been the dispersion and control of the nano-reinforcement materials. In this study, a laminate nanocomposite has been synthesized by incorporating ultrasonic spray deposition technique. An ultrasonic spray deposition system was used to deposit nano-particles on substrate foils, which were consolidated to synthesize a laminate composite. Aluminum 6061 (Al6061) alloy foils were used as the matrix material. Nano-silicon carbide (SiC) particles were used as the reinforcement phase (deposited layer). The sprayed foils were stacked together to form the composite. The composite was then consolidated by hot compaction in the semi-solid regime of the Al6061. A three point bend test was carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties. In addition, the suspension and spraying parameters that control the deposited microstructure was studied to help control the final properties of the deposited structure. The yield and ultimate flexural strength of the SiC sprayed Al6061 laminate composite showed an increase (32% and 15%, respectively) compared with that of the unsprayed sample (reference sample) processed at the same condition.
Fabrication of Aluminum-Silicon Carbide Composites Using Spray-Assisted Roll Bonding
Authors: Orlowsky Nick , Kim Gap-Yong , Bastwros Mina , Messmer Caleb
Published: October 2014

The fabrication of nanoparticle reinforced sheet metal composites may result in composites with promising mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Cold roll bonding (CRB) is a good candidate for fabricating such composites as it can be easily scaled up for industrial production. Moreover, it eliminates some of the problems accompanied with conventional metal matrix composite (MMC) fabrication methods. This study begins by looking at the effects of surface preparation on the CRB process. Additionally, it looks at fabrication of aluminum-silicon carbide (Al-SiC) composites using CRB and an ultrasonic spray deposition technique. Further, the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process is investigated as a possibility for increasing the loading capacity of reinforcement particles. The bond strength was tested using a peel test and the bonding and process quality was inspected and analyzed with optical microscopy. The addition of the SiC nanoparticles at the interface increased the bond strength by approximately 1.5 and 2.0 times that of the unsprayed sample. The samples fabricated using ARB were successfully bonded and samples composed of up to 128 layers were successfully fabricated.
A Comprehensive Experimental Study on the Effect of Process Parameters in Warm Roll Bonding of Aluminum Sheets
Authors: Strano Matteo , Sanchez Juan S. , Mussi Valerio , Monno Michele
Published: October 2014

Roll bonding of aluminum sheets is a technology with actual and potential applications in several fields, such as the production of special materials or all-aluminum channeled products. The strength of the rolled bonds clearly depends on the main process parameters, including the rolling conditions (entry temperature, reduction, speed, etc.) and the pre-rolling treatment conditions (annealing temperature and time, surface preparation technique, etc.). The purpose of this paper is to further investigate, experimentally, the effect of additional parameters that have been generally neglected by the scientific literature, such as the initial wall thickness of the sheets and the post-rolling heat treatment. An extensive plan of experiments has been designed for evaluating the simultaneous effect of several process variables. The results have been analyzed with a statistical approach, using the strength of the bond as the main response variable, evaluated though peel tests. The analysis demonstrated that thicker sheets are easier to weld than thin sheets. The study also proved that a prolonged post-rolling heat treatment is useful to enhance the bond strength (by solid state diffusion), but only if a good mechanical bond has already been obtained by rolling. Furthermore, the surface quality of the rolled products has been measured and correlated to the strength of the bond.
Relationship Investigation Between Energy Consumption and Parameters in Size Reduction and Pelleting Processes of Biofuel Manufacturing
Authors: Sun Zeyi , Wang Donghai , Li Lin , Zhang Meng
Published: October 2014

Biofuel is considered a sustainable substitute for traditional liquid transportation fuels. The wide adoption of biofuel can effectively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and secure the energy supply of the U.S. One major concern of the wide adoption of biofuel is the energy consumption during biofuel manufacturing processes, which plays a critical role in successful substitution. In this paper, we focused on the investigations of the relationships between the energy consumption and process parameters of the processes on size reduction and ultrasonic vibration-assisted pelleting. The methodology of design of experiments was used to analyze the experimental results of energy consumptions with different process parameter settings of the two processes. Critical parameters that significantly influence the energy consumption were identified. The optimal configurations of the process parameters were recommended.
Plant Level Energy Supply Analysis and Optimization in Energy, Economy and Environment
Authors: Feng Lujia , Mears Laine , Zhu Qilun , Beaufort Cleveland , Schulte Joerg
Published: October 2014

Increasing attention has recently been drawn to the energy consumption of the manufacturing process. Facing the challenges from reducing emission, rising raw material prices and energy costs, manufacturers are trying to balance the energy usage strategy among the total energy consumption, economy and environment, which can be self-conflicting at times. This paper focuses on the objective optimizations of a plant level energy supply system, and describes how a multi-objective optimization strategy can be effectively formulated for making the best use of energy delivered to the manufacturing process. An example from an automotive assembly manufacturer is described.
High-Definition Metrology Enabled Surface Variation Control by Reducing Cutter-Spindle Deflection
Authors: Nguyen Hai Trong , Wang Hui , Hu S. Jack
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a method to reduce surface variation in face milling processes based on high-definition metrology (HDM) measurements. Our previous research has found and established the relations between surface variation patterns, cutting forces, and process variables. The findings revealed that varying feed rate and proper cutter path planning are the most feasible and cost-effective approaches for reducing variation along the feed direction. This paper explores the HDM data pattern that reflects surface tilting along the circumferential direction induced by cutter-spindle deflection. It is found that such a tilt is caused by the cutting load imbalance between the two sides of the cutter path. Cutting force modeling is then conducted to estimate such cutting load imbalance. Based on the model, a cutter load balancing algorithm is developed to reduce surface variations by adjusting cutter path and/or feed rate. A case study based on a cutting experiment is conducted to demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the surface flatness by 25%.
Cloud Manufacturing in Support of Sustainability
Authors: Wang Xi Vincent , Xu Xun
Published: October 2014

In a modern manufacturing business, collaborations not only exist among its own departments, but also among business partners. Cloud Manufacturing can assist this type of collaborations. As a new paradigm of manufacturing network, Cloud Manufacturing combines Cloud Computing with networked manufacturing under service-oriented architecture. It is set to fundamentally change how products are designed, manufactured, shipped and maintained. Besides the support to collaborative and intelligent manufacturing processes, it is also possible to realize sustainability in the Cloud Manufacturing paradigm. In this paper, recent Cloud Manufacturing approaches are discussed from the sustainable manufacturing perspective. The major difference between Cloud Manufacturing and web-based manufacturing systems are specifically discussed. Cloud-based methods are analyzed to support reasonable and logic strategies. It is believed that Cloud Manufacturing can provide a strong support to the manufacturing industry, in particular for sustainability.
Residual Stress Modeling of Powder Injection Laser Surface Cladding for Die Repair Applications
Authors: Paul Santanu , Ashraf Kaunain , Singh Ramesh
Published: October 2014

Laser cladding is a technique in which a layer of material is deposited over a base material in order to improve its wear/corrosion resistance. It is also used as an additive manufacturing and repair technique. In the present work crucible steel CPM9V is deposited over H13 tool steel which could potentially be used for die repair purposes. CO2 laser is used to melt the powder which is deposited by powder injection technique. Note that the dies are exposed to cyclic thermo-mechanical loading and prone to fatigue. Consequently, major issues which needed to be analysed are residual stresses and the heat affected zone. The residual stresses are produced due to high thermal gradients and difference in values of coefficient of thermal expansions of clad and substrate. A three dimensional finite element model is developed to evaluate residual stresses incorporating conductive, convective and radiative heat transfer and assuming temperature dependent thermo-mechanical behaviour for both materials. Experimental analysis is performed using X-ray diffraction technique to evaluate residual stresses and the heat affected zone (HAZ) is characterized via optical microscopy. A comparison between the model predictions and the experimental results shows that model is able to capture the phenomena during the repair process.