bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low-cost synthesis of small molecule acceptors makes polymer solar cells commercially viable
Authors: Fu Hongyuan , Yao Jia , Zhang Ming , Xue Lingwei , Zhou Qiuju , Li Shangyu , Lei Ming , Meng Lei , Zhang Zhi-Guo , Li Yongfang
Published: June 2022

The acceptor-donor-acceptor (A–D–A) or A–DA’D–A structured small molecule acceptors (SMAs) have triggered substantial progress for polymer solar cells (PSCs). However, the high−cost of the SMAs impedes the commercial viability of such renewable energy, as their synthesis via the classical pyridine-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation usually suffers from low reaction efficiency and tedious purifying work-up. Herein, we developed a simple and cheap boron trifluoride etherate-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation for addressing this challenge, and found that the coupling of the aldehyde-terminated D unit and the A-end groups could be quantitatively finished in the presence of acetic anhydride within 15 minutes at room temperature. Compared with the conventional method, the high reaction efficiency of our method is related to the germinal diacetate pathway that is thermodynamically favorable to give the final products. For those high performing SMAs (such as ITIC-4F and Y6), the cost could be reduced by 50% compared with conventional preparation. In addition to the application in PSCs, our synthetic approach provides a facile and low-cost access to a wide range of D–A organic semiconductors for emerging technologies.
Separate luminous structures leading positive leader steps
Authors: Huang Shengxin , Chen Weijiang , Fu Zhong , Fu Yufei , Xiang Nianwen , Qiu Xinjie , Shi Weidong , Cheng Dengfeng , Zhang Zhiyuan
Published: June 2022

The physics governing the propagation of lightning leaders and long spark leaders is still not well understood. Positive and negative leaders seem to behave differently. Negative leaders develop in a step manner, guided by the separate luminous structures termed space stems and space leaders. Positive leaders, on the other hand, are generally thought to have no separate luminous structure involved in their propagation. However, a separate luminous structure observed in a positive leader discharge had been reported in recent literature, suggesting that positive leaders may similarly do steps to negative leaders under certain conditions. Here we report the observation of the positive leader step led by a separate luminous structure at high humidity in laboratory lightning-like discharges. We also found the streamer-like common zone connecting the primary leader channel with the separate luminous structure, as well as the bi-directional development of the separate luminous structure. We hope that these findings would contribute to a better understanding of the nature underlying positive long spark leaders and lightning leaders.
The 22q11.2 region regulates presynaptic gene-products linked to schizophrenia
Authors: Nehme Ralda , Pietiläinen Olli , Artomov Mykyta , Tegtmeyer Matthew , Valakh Vera , Lehtonen Leevi , Bell Christina , Singh Tarjinder , Trehan Aditi , Sherwood John , Manning Danielle , Peirent Emily , Malik Rhea , Guss Ellen J. , Hawes Derek , Beccard Amanda , Bara Anne M. , Hazelbaker Dane Z. , Zuccaro Emanuela , Genovese Giulio , Loboda Alexander A. , Neumann Anna , Lilliehook Christina , Kuismin Outi , Hamalainen Eija , Kurki Mitja , Hultman Christina M. , Kähler Anna K. , Paulo Joao A. , Ganna Andrea , Madison Jon , Cohen Bruce , McPhie Donna , Adolfsson Rolf , Perlis Roy , Dolmetsch Ricardo , Farhi Samouil , McCarroll Steven , Hyman Steven , Neale Ben , Barrett Lindy E. , Harper Wade , Palotie Aarno , Daly Mark , Eggan Kevin
Published: June 2022

It is unclear how the 22q11.2 deletion predisposes to psychiatric disease. To study this, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells from deletion carriers and controls and utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce the heterozygous deletion into a control cell line. Here, we show that upon differentiation into neural progenitor cells, the deletion acted in trans to alter the abundance of transcripts associated with risk for neurodevelopmental disorders including autism. In excitatory neurons, altered transcripts encoded presynaptic factors and were associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia, including common and rare variants. To understand how the deletion contributed to these changes, we defined the minimal protein-protein interaction network that best explains gene expression alterations. We found that many genes in 22q11.2 interact in presynaptic, proteasome, and JUN/FOS transcriptional pathways. Our findings suggest that the 22q11.2 deletion impacts genes that may converge with psychiatric risk loci to influence disease manifestation in each deletion carrier.
Copper-catalyzed regio- and stereo-selective hydrosilylation of terminal allenes to access (E)-allylsilanes
Authors: Chen Shaowei , He Xiaoqian , Jin Yi , Lan Yu , Shen Xiao
Published: June 2022

Regioselectivity and stereoselectivity control in hydrosilylation of terminal allenes is challeging. Although the selective synthesis of vinylsilanes, branched allylsilanes or linear (Z)-allylsilanes have been achieved, transition-metal catalyzed hydrosilylation of terminal allenes to access (E)-allylsilane is difficult. Herein, we report a copper-catalyzed selective hydrosilylation reaction of terminal allenes to access (E)-allylsilanes under mild reaction conditions. The reaction shows broad substrate scope, representing an efficient method to prepare trisubstituted (E)-allylsilanes through hydrosilylation reaction of allenes and can also be applied in the synthesis of disubstituted (E)-allylsilanes. The mechanism study reveals that the E-selectivity is kinetically controlled by the catalyst but not by the thermodynamically isomerization of the (Z)-isomer.
Tailoring the metal electrode morphology via electrochemical protocol optimization for long-lasting aqueous zinc batteries
Authors: Li Qing , Chen Ao , Wang Donghong , Zhao Yuwei , Wang Xiaoqi , Jin Xu , Xiong Bo , Zhi Chunyi
Published: June 2022

Aqueous zinc metal batteries are a viable candidate for cost-effective energy storage. However, the cycle life of the cell is adversely affected by the morphological evolution of the metal electrode surface upon prolonged cycling. Here, we investigate different electrochemical protocols to favour the formation of stable zinc metal electrode surface morphologies. By coupling electrochemical and optical microscopy measurements, we demonstrate that an initial zinc deposition on the metal electrode allows homogeneous stripping and plating processes during prolonged cycling in symmetric Zn||Zn cell. Interestingly, when an initially plated zinc metal electrode is tested in combination with a manganese dioxide-based positive electrode and a two molar zinc sulfate aqueous electrolyte solution in coin cell configuration, a specific discharge capacity of about 90 mAh g−1can be delivered after 2000 cycles at around 5.6 mA cm−2and 25 °C.
Hydroxyl radicals dominate reoxidation of oxide-derived Cu in electrochemical CO2 reduction
Authors: Mu Shijia , Lu Honglei , Wu Qianbao , Li Lei , Zhao Ruijuan , Long Chang , Cui Chunhua
Published: June 2022

Cuδ+ sites on the surface of oxide-derived copper (OD-Cu) are of vital importance in electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, the underlying reason for the dynamically existing Cuδ+ species, although thermodynamically unstable under reductive CO2RR conditions, remains uncovered. Here, by using electron paramagnetic resonance, we identify the highly oxidative hydroxyl radicals (OH•) formed at room temperature in HCO3- solutions. In combination with in situ Raman spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and isotope-labelling, we demonstrate a dynamic reduction/reoxidation behavior at the surface of OD-Cu and reveal that the fast oxygen exchange between HCO3- and H2O provides oxygen sources for the formation of OH• radicals. In addition, their continuous generations can cause spontaneous oxidation of Cu electrodes and produce surface CuOx species. Significantly, this work suggests that there is a “seesaw-effect” between the cathodic reduction and the OH•-induced reoxidation, determining the chemical state and content of Cuδ+ species in CO2RR. This insight is supposed to thrust an understanding of the crucial role of electrolytes in CO2RR.
Approaches for handling high-dimensional cluster expansions of ionic systems
Authors: Yang Julia H. , Chen Tina , Barroso-Luque Luis , Jadidi Zinab , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: June 2022

Disordered multicomponent systems attract great interest due to their engineering design flexibility and subsequent rich space of properties. However, detailed characterization of the structure and atomic correlations remains challenging and hinders full navigation of these complex spaces. A lattice cluster expansion is one tool to obtain configurational and energetic resolution. While in theory a cluster expansion can be applied to any system of any dimensionality, the method has primarily been used in binary systems or ternary alloys. Here we apply cluster expansions in high-component ionic systems, setting up the largest cluster expansion ever attempted to our knowledge. In doing so, we address and discuss challenges specific to high-component ionic systems, namely charge state assignments, structural relaxations, and rank-deficient systems. We introduce practical procedures to make the fitting and analysis of complex systems tractable, providing guidance for future computational studies of disordered ionic systems.
Nanomechanical cat states generated by a dc voltage-driven Cooper pair box qubit
Authors: Radić Danko , Choi Sang-Jun , Park Hee Chul , Suh Junho , Shekhter Robert I. , Gorelik Leonid Y.
Published: June 2022

We study a nanoelectromechanical system consisting of a Cooper pair box qubit performing nanomechanical vibrations between two bulk superconductors. We demonstrate that a bias voltage applied to the superconductors may generate states represented by entanglement between qubit states and quantum ’cat states’, i.e. a superposition of the coherent states of the nanomechanical oscillator. We characterize the formation and development of such states in terms of the corresponding Wigner function and entropy of entanglement. Also, we propose an experimentally feasible detection scheme for the effect, in which the average current that attains the specific features created by the entanglement is measured.
Limits on atomic qubit control from laser noise
Authors: Day Matthew L. , Low Pei Jiang , White Brendan , Islam Rajibul , Senko Crystal
Published: June 2022

Technical noise present in laser systems can limit their ability to perform high fidelity quantum control of atomic qubits. The ultimate fidelity floor for atomic qubits driven with laser radiation is due to spontaneous emission from excited energy levels. The goal is to suppress the technical noise from the laser source to below the spontaneous emission floor such that it is no longer a limiting factor. It has been shown that the spectral structure of control noise can have a large influence on achievable control fidelities, while prior studies of laser noise contributions have been restricted to noise magnitudes. Here, we study the unique spectral structure of laser noise and introduce a metric that determines when a stabilised laser source has been optimised for quantum control of atomic qubits. We find requirements on stabilisation bandwidths that can be orders of magnitude higher than those required to simply narrow the linewidth of a laser. The introduced metric, theχ-separation line, provides a tool for the study and engineering of laser sources for quantum control of atomic qubits below the spontaneous emission floor.
Declining tropical cyclone frequency under global warming
Authors: Chand Savin S. , Walsh Kevin J. E. , Camargo Suzana J. , Kossin James P. , Tory Kevin J. , Wehner Michael F. , Chan Johnny C. L. , Klotzbach Philip J. , Dowdy Andrew J. , Bell Samuel S. , Ramsay Hamish A. , Murakami Hiroyuki
Published: June 2022

Assessing the role of anthropogenic warming from temporally inhomogeneous historical data in the presence of large natural variability is difficult and has caused conflicting conclusions on detection and attribution of tropical cyclone (TC) trends. Here, using a reconstructed long-term proxy of annual TC numbers together with high-resolution climate model experiments, we show robust declining trends in the annual number of TCs at global and regional scales during the twentieth century. The Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) dataset is used for reconstruction because, compared with other reanalyses, it assimilates only sea-level pressure fields rather than utilize all available observations in the troposphere, making it less sensitive to temporal inhomogeneities in the observations. It can also capture TC signatures from the pre-satellite era reasonably well. The declining trends found are consistent with the twentieth century weakening of the Hadley and Walker circulations, which make conditions for TC formation less favourable.
A closed Candidatus Odinarchaeum chromosome exposes Asgard archaeal viruses
Authors: Tamarit Daniel , Caceres Eva F. , Krupovic Mart , Nijland Reindert , Eme Laura , Robinson Nicholas P. , Ettema Thijs J. G.
Published: June 2022

Asgard archaea have recently been identified as the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes. Their ecology, and particularly their virome, remain enigmatic. We reassembled and closed the chromosome of Candidatus Odinarchaeum yellowstonii LCB_4, through long-range PCR, revealing CRISPR spacers targeting viral contigs. We found related viruses in the genomes of diverse prokaryotes from geothermal environments, including other Asgard archaea. These viruses open research avenues into the ecology and evolution of Asgard archaea.
Biosynthesis of saponin defensive compounds in sea cucumbers
Authors: Thimmappa Ramesha , Wang Shi , Zheng Minyan , Misra Rajesh Chandra , Huang Ancheng C. , Saalbach Gerhard , Chang Yaqing , Zhou Zunchun , Hinman Veronica , Bao Zhenmin , Osbourn Anne
Published: June 2022

Soft-bodied slow-moving sea creatures such as sea stars and sea cucumbers lack an adaptive immune system and have instead evolved the ability to make specialized protective chemicals (glycosylated steroids and triterpenes) as part of their innate immune system. This raises the intriguing question of how these biosynthetic pathways have evolved. Sea star saponins are steroidal, while those of the sea cucumber are triterpenoid. Sterol biosynthesis in animals involves cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene to lanosterol by the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) enzyme lanosterol synthase (LSS). Here we show that sea cucumbers lack LSS and instead have two divergent OSCs that produce triterpene saponins and that are likely to have evolved from an ancestral LSS by gene duplication and neofunctionalization. We further show that sea cucumbers make alternate sterols that confer protection against self-poisoning by their own saponins. Collectively, these events have enabled sea cucumbers to evolve the ability to produce saponins and saponin-resistant sterols concomitantly.
City-level impact of extreme temperatures and mortality in Latin America
Authors: Kephart Josiah L. , Sánchez Brisa N. , Moore Jeffrey , Schinasi Leah H. , Bakhtsiyarava Maryia , Ju Yang , Gouveia Nelson , Caiaffa Waleska T. , Dronova Iryna , Arunachalam Saravanan , Diez Roux Ana V. , Rodríguez Daniel A.
Published: June 2022

Climate change and urbanization are rapidly increasing human exposure to extreme ambient temperatures, yet few studies have examined temperature and mortality in Latin America. We conducted a nonlinear, distributed-lag, longitudinal analysis of daily ambient temperatures and mortality among 326 Latin American cities between 2002 and 2015. We observed 15,431,532 deaths among ≈2.9 billion person-years of risk. The excess death fraction of total deaths was 0.67% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58–0.74%) for heat-related deaths and 5.09% (95% CI 4.64–5.47%) for cold-related deaths. The relative risk of death was 1.057 (95% CI 1.046–1.067%) per 1 °C higher temperature during extreme heat and 1.034 (95% CI 1.028–1.040%) per 1 °C lower temperature during extreme cold. In Latin American cities, a substantial proportion of deaths is attributable to nonoptimal ambient temperatures. Marginal increases in observed hot temperatures are associated with steep increases in mortality risk. These risks were strongest among older adults and for cardiovascular and respiratory deaths.
Heterologous expression of cry3Bb1 and cry3 genes for enhanced resistance against insect pests in cotton
Authors: Zafar Muhammad Mubashar , Mustafa Ghulam , Shoukat Fiza , Idrees Atif , Ali Arfan , Sharif Faiza , Shakeel Amir , Mo Huijuan , Youlu Yuan , Ali Qurban , Razzaq Abdul , Ren Maozhi , Li Fuguang
Published: June 2022

Transgenic technology played a crucial role in developing insect-resistant plants resulting in the reduced application of pesticides. This article reports the expression of two cry proteins (Cry3Bb1 and Cry3) in cotton for enhanced resistance against chewing insect pests. The aforementioned genes were synthetically developed and were cloned under appropriate regulatory sequences followed by transformation into Eagle-2 genotype (Gossypium hirsutum) of cotton through shoot apex-cut Agro-infiltration. The transgene integration was validated by polymerase chain reaction using primers flanking the aforementioned cry genes. Transgene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR using GADPH as a reference gene. The relative fold expression analyses revealed the highest expression of the transgene(s) in M1 plants, which is a 4.5-fold expression (Cry3 + Cry3Bb1) followed by M3 (fold expression, 3.0) (Cry3Bb1) and M2 (fold expression, 2.5) (Cry3) transformants of cotton. The confirmed transgenic plants were exposed to insect pests, pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), and army bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). Bioassay results revealed that 60% mortality was observed against pink bollworm, and 75% mortality was observed against army bollworm in transgenic plants containing both Cry3Bb1 and Cry3 genes (M1 transgenic plants). In M2 transgenic plants containing only the Cry3Bb1 gene, the mortality was observed to be 40% in the pink bollworm population, whereas 45% mortality was observed in the army bollworm population. In the case of M3 transgenic plants containing single gene-Cry3, the mortality was 20% in the pink bollworm population, whereas 30% mortality was observed in the army bollworm population. Almost no mortality was observed in non-transgenic Eagle-2 control plants. Hence, the developed cotton transformants have improved resistance against chewing insect pests.
Emergence of a mutation in the nucleocapsid gene of SARS-CoV-2 interferes with PCR detection in Canada
Authors: Isabel Sandra , Abdulnoor Mariana , Boissinot Karel , Isabel Marc R. , de Borja Richard , Zuzarte Philip C. , Sjaarda Calvin P. , R. Barker Kevin , Sheth Prameet M. , Matukas Larissa M. , Gubbay Jonathan B. , McGeer Allison J. , Mubareka Samira , Simpson Jared T. , Fattouh Ramzi
Published: June 2022

The emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was met with rapid development of robust molecular-based detection assays. Many SARS-CoV-2 molecular tests target multiple genetic regions of the virus to maximize detection and protect against diagnostic escape. Despite the relatively moderate mutational rate of SARS-CoV-2, numerous mutations with known negative impact on diagnostic assays have been identified. In early 2021, we identified four samples positive for SARS-CoV-2 with a nucleocapsid (N) gene drop out on Cepheid Xpert® Xpress SARS-CoV-2 assay. Sequencing revealed a single common mutation in the N gene C29200T. Spatiotemporal analysis showed that the mutation was found in at least six different Canadian provinces from May 2020 until May 2021. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this mutation arose multiple times in Canadian samples and is present in six different variants of interest and of concern. The Cepheid testing platform is commonly used in Canada including in remote regions. As such, the existence of N gene mutation dropouts required further investigation. While commercial SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection assays have contributed immensely to the response effort, many vendors are reluctant to make primer/probe sequences publicly available. Proprietary primer/probe sequences create diagnostic ‘blind spots’ for global SARS-CoV-2 sequence monitoring and limits the ability to detect and track the presence and prevalence of diagnostic escape mutations. We hope that our industry partners will seriously consider making primer/probe sequences available, so that diagnostic escape mutants can be identified promptly and responded to appropriately to maintain diagnostic accuracy.
A comparative analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from human and feline plasma
Authors: Howard Jane , Wynne Kieran , Moldenhauer Evelin , Clarke Paul , Maguire Ciaran , Bollard Stephanie , Yin Xiaofei , Brennan Lorraine , Mooney Louise , Fitzsimons Stephen , Halasz Melinda , Aluri Ester Rani , Brougham Dermot F. , Kolch Walter , Dwyer Róisín M. , Potter Shirley , Kelly Pamela , McCann Amanda
Published: June 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles found in all biological fluids, capable of transporting biological material around the body. Extensive research into the physiological role of EVs has led to the development of the Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) framework in 2018. This framework guides the standardisation of protocols in the EV field. To date, the focus has been on EVs of human origin. As comparative medicine progresses, there has been a drive to study similarities between diseases in humans and animals. To successfully research EVs in felines, we must validate the application of the MISEV guidelines in this group. EVs were isolated from the plasma of healthy humans and felines. EV characterisation was carried out according to the MISEV guidelines. Human and feline plasma showed a similar concentration of EVs, comparable expression of known EV markers and analogous particle to protein ratios. Mass spectrometry analyses showed that the proteomic signature of EVs from humans and felines were similar. Asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation, showed two distinct subpopulations of EVs isolated from human plasma, whereas only one subpopulation was isolated from feline plasma. Metabolomic profiling showed similar profiles for humans and felines. In conclusion, isolation, and characterisation of EVs from humans and felines show that MISEV2018 guidelines may also be applied to felines. Potential comparative medicine studies of EVs may provide a model for studying naturally occurring diseases in both humans and felines.
Selecting putative drought-tolerance markers in two contrasting soybeans
Authors: Toum Laila , Perez-Borroto Lucia Sandra , Peña-Malavera Andrea Natalia , Luque Catalina , Welin Bjorn , Berenstein Ariel , Fernández Do Porto Darío , Vojnov Adrian , Castagnaro Atilio Pedro , Pardo Esteban Mariano
Published: June 2022

Identifying high-yield genotypes under low water availability is essential for soybean climate-smart breeding. However, a major bottleneck lies in phenotyping, particularly in selecting cost-efficient markers associated with stress tolerance and yield stabilization. Here, we conducted in-depth phenotyping experiments in two soybean genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance, MUNASQA (tolerant) and TJ2049 (susceptible), to better understand soybean stress physiology and identify/statistically validate drought-tolerance and yield-stabilization traits as potential breeding markers. Firstly, at the critical reproductive stage (R5), the molecular differences between the genotype’s responses to mild water deficit were explored through massive analysis of cDNA ends (MACE)-transcriptomic and gene ontology. MUNASQA transcriptional profile, compared to TJ2049, revealed significant differences when responding to drought. Next, both genotypes were phenotyped under mild water deficit, imposed in vegetative (V3) and R5 stages, by evaluating 22 stress-response, growth, and water-use markers, which were subsequently correlated between phenological stages and with yield. Several markers showed high consistency, independent of the phenological stage, demonstrating the effectiveness of the phenotyping methodology and its possible use for early selection. Finally, these markers were classified and selected according to their cost-feasibility, statistical weight, and correlation with yield. Here, pubescence, stomatal density, and canopy temperature depression emerged as promising breeding markers for the early selection of drought-tolerant soybeans.
Cost of stay and characteristics of patients with stroke and delayed discharge for non-clinical reasons
Authors: Pellico-López Amada , Fernández-Feito Ana , Cantarero David , Herrero-Montes Manuel , Cayón-de las Cuevas Joaquín , Parás-Bravo Paula , Paz-Zulueta María
Published: June 2022

Delayed discharge for non-clinical reasons (bed-blocking) is characteristic of pathologies associated with ageing, loss of functional capacity and dependence such as stroke. The aims of this study were to describe the costs and characteristics of cases of patients with stroke and delayed discharge for non-clinical reasons (bed-blocking) compared with cases of bed-blocking (BB) for other reasons and to assess the relationship between the length of total stay (LOS) with patient characteristics and the context of care. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at a high complexity public hospital in Northern Spain (2007–2015). 443 stroke patients presented with BB. Delayed discharge increased LOS by approximately one week. The median age was 79.7 years, significantly higher than in cases of BB for other reasons. Patients with stroke and BB are usually older patients, however, when younger patients are affected, their length of stay is longer in relation to the sudden onset of the problem and the lack of adequate functional recovery resources or residential facilities for intermediate care.
Transverse oscillating bubble enhanced laser-driven betatron X-ray radiation generation
Authors: Rakowski Rafal , Zhang Ping , Jensen Kyle , Kettle Brendan , Kawamoto Tim , Banerjee Sudeep , Fruhling Colton , Golovin Grigory , Haden Daniel , Robinson Matthew S. , Umstadter Donald , Shadwick B. A. , Fuchs Matthias
Published: June 2022

Ultrafast high-brightness X-ray pulses have proven invaluable for a broad range of research. Such pulses are typically generated via synchrotron emission from relativistic electron bunches using large-scale facilities. Recently, significantly more compact X-ray sources based on laser-wakefield accelerated (LWFA) electron beams have been demonstrated. In particular, laser-driven sources, where the radiation is generated by transverse oscillations of electrons within the plasma accelerator structure (so-called betatron oscillations) can generate highly-brilliant ultrashort X-ray pulses using a comparably simple setup. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a method to markedly enhance the parameters of LWFA-driven betatron X-ray emission in a proof-of-principle experiment. We show a significant increase in the number of generated photons by specifically manipulating the amplitude of the betatron oscillations by using our novel Transverse Oscillating Bubble Enhanced Betatron Radiation scheme. We realize this through an orchestrated evolution of the temporal laser pulse shape and the accelerating plasma structure. This leads to controlled off-axis injection of electrons that perform large-amplitude collective transverse betatron oscillations, resulting in increased radiation emission. Our concept holds the promise for a method to optimize the X-ray parameters for specific applications, such as time-resolved investigations with spatial and temporal atomic resolution or advanced high-resolution imaging modalities, and the generation of X-ray beams with even higher peak and average brightness.
Retracing cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Löptien U. , Dietze H.
Published: June 2022

In late summer, massive blooms and surface scums of cyanobacteria emerge regularly in the Baltic Sea. The bacteria can produce toxins and add bioavailable nitrogen fixed from atmospheric nitrogen to an already over-fertilized system. This counteracts management efforts targeted at improving water quality. Despite their critical role, the controls on cyanobacteria blooms are not comprehensively understood yet. This limits the usability of models-based bloom forecasts and projections into our warming future. Here we add to the discussion by combining, for the first time, satellite estimates of cyanobacteria blooms with output of a high-resolution general ocean circulation model and in-situ nutrient observations. We retrace bloom origins and conditions by calculating the trajectories of respective water parcels backwards in time. In an attempt to identify drivers of bloom development, we find that blooms originate and manifest themselves predominantly offshore where conditions are more nutrient-depleted compared to more coastal environments.
A laser parameter study on enhancing proton generation from microtube foil targets
Authors: Strehlow Joseph , Kim Joohwan , Bailly-Grandvaux Mathieu , Bolaños Simon , Smith Herbie , Haid Alex , Alfonso Emmanuel L. , Aniculaesei Constantin , Chen Hui , Ditmire Todd , Donovan Michael E. , Hansen Stephanie B. , Hegelich Bjorn M. , McLean Harry S. , Quevedo Hernan J. , Spinks Michael M. , Beg Farhat N.
Published: June 2022

The interaction of an intense laser with a solid foil target can drive $$\sim$$
∼
TV/m electric fields, accelerating ions to MeV energies. In this study, we experimentally observe that structured targets can dramatically enhance proton acceleration in the target normal sheath acceleration regime. At the Texas Petawatt Laser facility, we compared proton acceleration from a $$1\, {\upmu }\hbox {m}$$

1

μ
m

flat Ag foil, to a fixed microtube structure 3D printed on the front side of the same foil type. A pulse length (140–450 fs) and intensity ((4–10) $$\times 10^{20}$$

×

10
20

W/cm$$^2$$

2

) study found an optimum laser configuration (140 fs, 4 $$\times 10^{20}$$

×

10
20

W/cm$$^2$$

2

), in which microtube targets increase the proton cutoff energy by 50% and the yield of highly energetic protons ($$>10$$

>
10

MeV) by a factor of 8$$\times$$
×
. When the laser intensity reaches $$10^{21}$$

10
21

W/cm$$^2$$

2

, the prepulse shutters the microtubes with an overcritical plasma, damping their performance. 2D particle-in-cell simulations are performed, with and without the preplasma profile imported, to better understand the coupling of laser energy to the microtube targets. The simulations are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results, and show that the prepulse is necessary to account for when the laser intensity is sufficiently high.
Glacier fluctuations in the northern Patagonian Andes (44°S) imply wind-modulated interhemispheric in-phase climate shifts during Termination 1
Authors: Soteres Rodrigo L. , Sagredo Esteban A. , Kaplan Michael R. , Martini Mateo A. , Moreno Patricio I. , Reynhout Scott A. , Schwartz Roseanne , Schaefer Joerg M.
Published: June 2022

The Last Glacial Termination (T1) featured major changes in global circulation systems that led to a shift from glacial to interglacial climate. While polar ice cores attest to an antiphased thermal pattern at millennial timescales, recent well-dated moraine records from both hemispheres suggest in-phase fluctuations in glaciers through T1, which is inconsistent with the bipolar see-saw paradigm. Here, we present a glacier chronology based on 30 new 10Be surface exposure ages from well-preserved moraines in the Lago Palena/General Vintter basin in northern Patagonia (~ 44°S). We find that the main glacier lobe underwent profound retreat after 19.7 ± 0.7 ka. This recessional trend led to the individualization of the Cerro Riñón glacier by ~ 16.3 ka, which underwent minor readvances at 15.9 ± 0.5 ka during Heinrich Stadial 1, during the Antarctic Cold Reversal with successive maxima at 13.5 ± 0.4, 13.1 ± 0.4, and 13.1 ± 0.5 ka, and a minor culmination at 12.5 ± 0.4 ka during Younger Dryas time. We conclude that fluctuations of Patagonian glaciers during T1 were controlled primarily by climate anomalies brought by shifts in the Southern Westerly Winds (SWW) locus. We posit that the global covariation of mountain glaciers during T1 was linked to variations in atmospheric CO2 (atmCO2) promoted by the interplay of the SWW-Southern Ocean system at millennial timescales.
Excessive hospitalization of patients with seizures in the Germany prehospital emergency system: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Fuest Kristina E. , Hofberger Claudia , Lorenz Marco , Ulm Bernhard , Kanz Karl-Georg , Blobner Manfred , Schaller Stefan J.
Published: June 2022

Seizures are a common reason for calling emergency medical services. A lack of guidelines on prehospital treatment in Germany leads to high transportation rates and reduced confidence in decision making by professionals. Our aim was to investigate the reasons for hospitalization and evaluate their necessity. A retrospective analysis of all emergency medical services records in Munich, Germany was performed in order to examine the reasons for hospitalization of patients with seizures and to evaluate their trajectory following admission to a university hospital. 8882 records were analyzed with 415 records reporting seizures (4.9%). Primary endpoint was transportation to hospital. In 380 cases (92%) patients were transported, of which 177 patients (47%) had known epilepsy; 35 patients (8%) were left at scene. Older patients and patients with higher amounts of administered medication at the scene were hospitalized significantly more often (p = 0.032 and p = 0.004, respectively). Median hospital length of stay was 1 night [IQR 1–2]. In patients with out-of-hospital seizures, high hospital transportation rates were evident, most of which could be considered as not indicated. One possible reason is the lack of guidelines in Germany, which leads to uncertainty among medical staff. This results in distress for the patients, their caregivers and consequently high costs.
Discrimination reveals reconstructability of multiplex networks from partial observations
Authors: Wu Mincheng , Chen Jiming , He Shibo , Sun Youxian , Havlin Shlomo , Gao Jianxi
Published: June 2022

An excellent method for predicting links in multiplex networks is reflected in its ability to reconstruct them accurately. Although link prediction methods perform well on estimating the existence probability of each potential link in monoplex networks by the set of partially observed links, we lack a mathematical tool to reconstruct the multiplex network from the observed aggregate topology and partially observed links in multiplex networks. Here, we fill this gap by developing a theoretical and computational framework that builds a probability space containing possible structures with a maximum likelihood estimation. Then, we discovered that the discrimination, an indicator quantifying differences between layers from an entropy perspective, determines the reconstructability, i.e., the accuracy of such reconstruction. This finding enables us to design the optimal strategy to allocate the set of observed links in different layers for promoting the optimal reconstruction of multiplex networks. Finally, the theoretical analyses are corroborated by empirical results from biological, social, engineered systems, and a large volume of synthetic networks.
Ab initio modeling of H2S dissociative chemisorption on Ag(100)
Authors: Ramothe Vivien , Charlet Laurent , Gilbert Benjamin , Simonnin Pauline , Sassi Michel , Rosso Kevin M.
Published: June 2022

Natural sulfidation of silver nanomaterials can passivate the surface, while preserving desirable optical and electrical properties, which is beneficial for limiting Ag+ release and cytotoxicity.
Emerging investigator series: deposited particles and human lung lining fluid are dynamic, chemically-complex reservoirs leading to thirdhand smoke emissions and exposure
Authors: Sheu Roger , Hass-Mitchell Tori , Ringsdorf Akima , Berkemeier Thomas , Machesky Jo , Edtbauer Achim , Klüpfel Thomas , Filippi Alexander , Musa Bandowe Benjamin A. , Wietzoreck Marco , Kukučka Petr , Tong Haijie , Lammel Gerhard , Pöschl Ulrich , Williams Jonathan , Gentner Drew R.
Published: June 2022

Tobacco combustion products in deposited particles and bodily reservoirs enable persistent thirdhand smoke contamination and transport.
Colorimetric sensor array based on CoOOH nanoflakes for rapid discrimination of antioxidants in food
Authors: Li Yuling , Wu Xiaotong , Wu Zixuan , Zhong Mingmin , Su Xiaoping , Ye Youai , Liu Yan , Tan Lei , Liang Yong
Published: June 2022

The identification of synthetic antioxidants has considerable significance in food safety.
Construction of multifunctional wound dressings with their application in chronic wound treatment
Authors: Long Linyu , Liu Wenqi , Hu Cheng , Yang Li , Wang Yunbing
Published: June 2022

Multifunctional wound dressings or smart dressings with pro-angiogenic function, antibacterial properties, anti-inflammatory/antioxidant activity and tissue adhesion for chronic wound repair.
Synergistically promoted charge separation/transfer in a ZnO nanosheet photoanode via the incorporation of multifunctional 3DrGO
Authors: He Bing , Sheng Hexuan , Liu Qian , Hu Zhifu , Wang Jingnan , Hu Xiaoqin , Yang Yingkui , Wang Yang , Li Zhen , Liu Xueqin
Published: June 2022

This work provides an effective strategy to improve the PEC performance for water splitting of photoanodes via the incorporation of 3D porous architecture rGO with efficient photothermal effect.
Near-infrared photothermally activated DNA nanotweezers for imaging ATP in living cells
Authors: Li Xiao-Qiong , Luo Dan , Song Juan , Jia Yi-Lei , Song Juan , Chen Hong-Yuan , Xu Jing-Juan
Published: June 2022

Split aptamers were assembled into tweezers to construct a gold nanorod-based time-controlled nanosystem for the detection of intracellular ATP.
Polydimethylsiloxane functionalized separator for a stable and fast lithium metal anode
Authors: Lei Xin , Pei Zhibin , Liu Bo , Zhu Zixuan , Mosallanezhad Amirabbas , Qian Yitai , Wang Gongming
Published: June 2022

Lithium dendrite growth and sluggish Li+ desolvation can be alleviated using a polydimethylsiloxane functionalized separator, resulting in a fast and stable lithium metal anode.
A facile method for pre-insertion of cations and structural water in preparing durable zinc storage vanadate cathodes
Authors: Wang Yujian , Wang Shuying , Yang Linyu , Zhao Fengjun , Li Haibing
Published: June 2022

Na2V6O16·1.96H2O and K2V6O16·2.13H2O nanorods are prepared by a facile stirring method at room temperature as cathodes for zinc ion batteries.
Electrochemical CO2 reduction on Cu single atom catalyst and Cu nanoclusters: an ab initio approach
Authors: Rivera de la Cruz José Guillermo , Fontecave Marc
Published: June 2022

The electrochemical CO2 reduction presents a sustainable route to the production of chemicals such as ethylene or ethanol, however the design of selective catalysts is still challenging.
Aerosol mass spectrometry of neutral species based on a tunable vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser
Authors: Zang Xiangyu , Zhang Zhaoyan , Jiang Shukang , Zhao Yingqi , Wang Tiantong , Wang Chong , Li Gang , Xie Hua , Yang Jiayue , Wu Guorong , Zhang Weiqing , Shu Jinian , Fan Hongjun , Yang Xueming , Jiang Ling
Published: June 2022

A vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser photoionization aerosol mass spectrometer was developed and applied to the α-pinene ozonolysis with the observation of two new compounds.
Performance of the nitrogen reduction reaction on metal bound g-C6N6: a combined approach of machine learning and DFT
Authors: Mukherjee Moumita , Dutta Sayan , Ghosh Madhusudan , Basuchowdhuri Partha , Datta Ayan
Published: June 2022

DFT calculations assisted by machine-learning models predict tantalum (Ta) to be a suitable single-atom catalyst (SAC) for the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR).
Ultrafast dynamics of spin relaxation in monolayer WSe2 and the WSe2/graphene heterojunction
Authors: Chen Xin , Zheng Shu-Wen , Wang Xue-Peng , Wang Hai-Yu
Published: June 2022

Ultrafast dynamics of spin relaxation in monolayer WSe2 and the WSe2/graphene heterojunction investigated using a circularly polarized femtosecond pump–probe system.
Intrinsic reactivity of [η5-1,3-(Me3Si)2C5H3]2U(η4-C4Ph2) in small molecule activation
Authors: Wang Shichun , Heng Yi , Li Tongyu , Wang Dongwei , Hou Guohua , Zi Guofu , Walter Marc D.
Published: June 2022

The manuscript describes a qualitative reactivity study on two uranium cumulene adducts. The derivative with the less bulky ligand is significantly more reactive than that with the bulkier ligand.
Metabolomics-based evidence of the hypoglycemic effect and alleviation of diabetic complications by Ficus racemosa fruit in diabetic mice
Authors: Liu Yueqiu , Zheng Wen , Zhang Lu , Hu Liqiang , Liu Xin , Cheng Jingqiu , Li Guoliang , Gong Meng
Published: June 2022

The hypoglycemic and metabolic effects of Ficus racemosa fruit were studied in diabetic mice, and its potential mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity and its alleviation of diabetic complications were explored using a metabolomics approach.
Mercury mediated DNA–Au/Ag nanocluster ensembles to generate a gray code encoder for biocomputing
Authors: Mattath Mohamed Nabeel , Ghosh Debasis , Dong Chunyan , Govindaraju Thimmaiah , Shi Shuo
Published: June 2022

Incorporating a parity generator (pG) and a parity checker (pC) in the transmitter and receiver end for error detection by employing mercury mediated DNA–Au/Ag nanoclusters ensemble to generate the first-ever gray code encoder for biocomputing.
Hydrogenation of furfural over Pd@ZIF-67 derived catalysts: direct hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation
Authors: Lu Shiyu , Zhu Lingyi , Guo Lijun , Li Pei , Xia Xinxin , Li Cuiqin , Li Feng
Published: June 2022

Pd particles coated with ZIF-67 (Pd@ZIF-67) was prepared from the self-reduction of palladium acetate.
Advanced design and development of catalysts in propane dehydrogenation
Authors: Yang Fuwen , Zhang Jie , Shi Zongbo , Chen Jinwei , Wang Gang , He Junjie , Zhao Junyu , Zhuo Runsheng , Wang Ruilin
Published: June 2022

Advanced catalysts with adequate modification could provide high performance for dehydrogenation of propane.
Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of air-stable π-conjugated polymers containing both thiophene-2,5-diyl and fused titanacycle units
Authors: Tanudjaja Alvin , Higuchi Makoto , Imai Tomohiro , Matsumura Yoshimasa , Hifumi Ryoyu , Inagi Shinsuke , Tomita Ikuyoshi
Published: June 2022

π-Conjugated poly(arylene ethynylene)s containing both thiophene-2,5-diyl and fused metallacycles units in their alternating sequence were synthesized and their optoelectronic features were studied by the UV-vis spectra.
Commercially available palladium salts as practical and green single-component catalysts in the coordination polymerization of 1-chloro-2-phenylacetylenes in air
Authors: Chen Jupeng , Wu Xiaolin , Zhang Shaowen , Yan Xiangqian , Wu Xiaolu , Cao Qingbin , Xu Huan , Li Xiaofang
Published: June 2022

Commercially available Pd salts serve as single-component catalysts for coordination polymerization of 1-chloro-2-phenylacetylenes, which affords a new design concept of metal catalysts for coordination polymerization of disubstituted alkynes.
The chiral pyridoxal-catalyzed biomimetic Mannich reaction: the mechanism and origin of stereoselectivity
Authors: Han Li-Li , Zhang Qiao-Yu , Li Xue , Qiao Yan , Lan Yu , Wei Donghui
Published: June 2022

A biomimetic organocatalyst with a pyridoxal-like structure is one of the most successful examples of catalyzing organic reactions under mild conditions in an asymmetric synthesis field.
Solvent-free hydroboration of alkynes catalyzed by an NHC–cobalt complex
Authors: Bołt Małgorzata , Żak Patrycja
Published: June 2022

Cobalt complex bearing bulky NHC ligand enable selective hydroboration of alkynes in solvent-free conditions.
Imparting pH and temperature dual-responsiveness in a micellar solution of cationic surfactants by introducing a hydrotrope
Authors: Lv Dongmei , Liu Qi , Wang Chenyong , Wu Huijun , Zhao Na , Yin Baolin , Wei Xilian , Li Jing
Published: June 2022

Over the recent years, intelligent, multi-responsive micelles have received considerable attention due to their promising application in a variety of fields, including biomedical technology, drug delivery, separation, and catalysis.
An extreme toughening mechanism for soft materials
Authors: Lin Shaoting , Londono Camilo Duque , Zheng Dongchang , Zhao Xuanhe
Published: June 2022

This work utilizes a combined effort of experiment and theory to report a new mechanism and scaling law to account for extreme toughening of diverse soft materials.
A sulfur-containing polymer-plasticized poly(ethylene oxide)-based electrolyte enables highly effective lithium dendrite suppression
Authors: Chen Zhenying , Li Jingyan , Qiu Feng , Lu Chenbao , Zhu Jinhui , Zhuang Xiaodong
Published: June 2022

Herein, a multifunctional S-containing polymer filler to enhance PEO-based composite polymer electrolyte is reported.
Edge- and bridge-engineering-mediated exciton dissociation and charge separation in carbon nitride to boost photocatalytic H2 evolution integrated with selective amine oxidation
Authors: Song Meiyang , Deng Xiaoxu , Li Gen , Wang Qiuchen , Peng Haiyan , Chen Peng , Yin Shuang-Feng
Published: June 2022

Edge and bridge units embedded in carbon nitride frameworks have been well-designed via a facile polymerization method to boost exciton dissociation and charge separation.
A triphenylamine-based Pt(ii) metallacage via coordination-driven self-assembly for nonlinear optical power limiting
Authors: Yin Zihao , Chang Xingmao , Zang Jianyang , Lin Simin , Zhou Zhijie , Liu Taihong , Ding Liping , Peng Haonan , Fang Yu
Published: June 2022

A beautiful 3D metallacage was designed and synthesized via coordination-driven assembly. The metallacage showed a larger 2PA cross-section that was about 2.4-fold that of the ligand, and better optical limiting performance and photo-stability.
A Systematic Review of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Interventions for Children Aged From 0 to 6 Years
Authors: Leonet Oihana , Orcasitas-Vicandi Maria , Langarika-Rocafort Argia , Mondragon Nahia Idoiaga , Etxebarrieta Gorka Roman
Published: June 2022

Purpose:

This systematic review evaluates the latest available evidence regarding augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) interventions in children from 0 to 6 years old diagnosed with various disabilities.

Method:

A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE (OVID), PsycINFO (EBSCO), ERIC (ProQuest), SCIELO (WOS), Teacher Reference Center (EBSCO), and Education Database (ProQuest), and studies on AAC interventions in children from 0 to 6 years old diagnosed with various disabilities were selected independently by two reviewers (A.L.-R. and N.I.M.) according to the purpose of the review.

Results:

Twenty-nine of 1,709 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed, and the characteristics and results of the studies were extracted by a descriptive analysis (O.L.S. and M.O.-V.).

Conclusion:

This analysis revealed that children with different diagnoses show improvements in expressive and receptive communication, functional communication behaviors, communication participation skills, interaction strategies, and symbol and multisymbol production and comprehension by using various AAC systems.