bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring eddy heat, constituent, and momentum fluxes with high‐resolution Na and Fe Doppler lidars
Authors: Gardner Chester S. , Liu Alan Z.
Published: July 2014

Vertical transport by turbulent mixing plays a fundamental role in establishing the thermal and constituent structure of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Because of observational challenges, eddy heat, constituent, and momentum fluxes, and the associated coefficients for thermal (kH), constituent (kzz), and momentum (kM), diffusion have not been well characterized in the MLT. We show that properly configured Na and Fe Doppler lidars, with sufficient resolution to observe the turbulence‐induced wind, temperature, and density fluctuations, can make direct measurements of eddy fluxes throughout the mesopause region. When the horizontal (zθL with z = altitude and θL = full width at half maximum laser divergence), vertical (Δz), and temporal (Δt) resolutions of the lidar satisfy the condition ≤ 270 m (125 m), where is the mean horizontal wind velocity, the observations include more than 80% (90%) of the energy in the turbulence fluctuations, and the observed fluxes and derived diffusivities will be highly representative of the actual values. For existing Na and Fe Doppler lidars, which have modest power‐aperture products of about 1 W m2, long averaging times (5–20 h) are required to obtain statistically significant estimates of the eddy fluxes, kzz, kH, and kM profiles, and the turbulent Prandtl number (Pr = kM/kH) between about 85 and 100 km. These systems are capable of measuring the weekly or monthly mean flux and diffusivity profiles. Systems with power‐aperture products of 5–100 W m2 or larger could be used to study the eddy fluxes generated by the dissipation and breaking of individual gravity waves to altitudes as high as the turbopause (~110 km).
Understanding Icy Worlds to Maximize Science Return on Future Missions
Authors: Cable Morgan L. , Beauchamp Patricia M. , Senske David
Published: July 2014

Missions to the outer planets are challenging. Far beyond the asteroid belt, the Sun is a weak source of energy—radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) tend to be the power system of choice over solar panels. The radiation environments can be extreme. Yet these icy worlds call to us. Some have icy plumes erupting into space; some are laden with organic material. All of the ingredients for life are there—water, chemistry, and energy—meaning that these planets could be livable environments.
Huss Receives 2013 Cryosphere Young Investigator Award: Citation: Response
Authors: Huss Matthias
Published: July 2014

I would like to thank the AGU Cryosphere focus group for this award. Gaining such an important recognition at this stage of a scientific career is indeed both a great honor and a motivation to me. I was a little child when I first stepped onto a glacier. There was an unforgettable sensation of attraction and interest that touched me—one might call it a magic moment. Back then, I would never have imagined being a glaciologist one day. But it feels right, and I am grateful to have received the opportunity of exploring this wonderful element of nature.
Mitchell Receives 2013 Ronald Greeley Early Career Award in Planetary Science: Response
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan L.
Published: July 2014

I am honored to receive this award in memory of Ron Greeley. Although I did not have the opportunity to know him, I had the pleasure of getting to know his wife, Cynthia, at a luncheon prior to the special awards session at the AGU Fall Meeting. Cynthia is an intelligent and elegant southern woman with a confident gaze. She spoke fondly of Ron and of her sincere respect for his work ethic and dedication to planetary science. What most impressed me, though, was the respect Ron showed to her and the kids by always “giving them the evenings”; no matter how busy things got, Ron always kept his evenings open for Cynthia. This clearly meant the world to her. As a family man, I can only hope that my wife and kids will speak so kindly of me many years from now. I would like to dedicate this award to them in gratitude for their seemingly unconditional love and support.
Boom and bust for radiation belt high‐energy electron populations
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2014

Launched on 30 August 2012, the twin Van Allen probes constitute the first dedicated mission in decades to study the Earth's radiation belts. The sensor‐laden spacecraft follow a nearly equatorial orbit, which gives them a complete view of the full range of radiation belt processes. In a new study, Baker et al. lay out some of the surprising results unveiled by the crafts' first year in orbit.
Deciphering bottom current velocity and paleoclimate signals from contourite deposits in the Gulf of Cádiz during the last 140 kyr: An inorganic geochemical approach
Authors: Bahr André , Jiménez‐Espejo Francisco J. , Kolasinac Nada , Grunert Patrick , Hernández‐Molina F. Javier , Röhl Ursula , Voelker Antje H. L. , Escutia Carlota , Stow Dorrik A. V. , Hodell David , Alvarez‐Zarikian Carlos A.
Published: July 2014

Contourites in the Gulf of Cádiz (GC) preserve a unique archive of Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) variability over the past 5.3 Ma. In our study, we investigate the potential of geochemical data obtained by XRF scanning to decipher bottom current processes and paleoclimatic evolution at two different sites drilled during IODP Expedition 339 through contourites in the northern GC: Site U1387, which is bathed by the upper MOW core, and Site U1389, located more proximal to the Strait of Gibraltar. The lack of major downslope transport during the Pleistocene makes both locations ideally suited for our study. The results indicate that the Zr/Al ratio, representing the relative enrichment of heavy minerals (zircon) over less dense alumnosilicates under fast bottom current flow, is the most useful indicator for a semiquantitative assessment of current velocity. Although most elements are biased by current‐related processes, the bromine (Br) record, representing organic content, preserves the most pristine climate signal rather independent of grain‐size changes. Hence, Br can be used for chronostratigraphy and site‐to‐site correlation in addition to stable isotope stratigraphy. Based on these findings, we reconstructed MOW variability for Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1–5 using the Zr/Al ratio from Site U1387. The results reveal abrupt, millennial‐scale variations of MOW strength during Greenland Stadials (GS) and Interstadials (GI) with strong MOW during GS and glacial Terminations and a complex behavior during Heinrich Stadials. Millennial‐scale variability persisting during periods of poorly expressed GS/GI cyclicities implies a strong internal oscillation of the Mediterranean/North Atlantic climate system.
Rainfall monitoring based on microwave links from cellular telecommunication networks: First results from a West African test bed
Authors: Doumounia Ali , Gosset Marielle , Cazenave Frederic , Kacou Modeste , Zougmore François
Published: July 2014

Rainfall monitoring based on commercial terrestrial microwave links is tested for the first time in Burkina Faso, in Sahelian West Africa. In collaboration with one national cellular phone operator, Telecel Faso, the attenuation on a 29 km long microwave link operating at 7 GHz was monitored at 1 s time rate for the monsoon season 2012. The time series of attenuation is transformed into rain rates and compared with rain gauge data. The method is successful in quantifying rainfall: 95% of the rainy days are detected. The correlation with the daily rain gauge series is 0.8, and the season bias is 6%. The correlation at the 5 min time step within each event is also high. These results demonstrate the potential interest of exploiting national and regional wireless telecommunication networks for monitoring rainfall in Africa, where operational rain gauge networks are degrading and the hydrometeorological risk increasing.
The role of large‐scale convective organization for tropical high cloud amount
Authors: Radley C. , Fueglistaler S.
Published: July 2014

Tropical high clouds are closely coupled to deep convection, but local cloud amount and convective mass flux are nonlinearly related. We use the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory atmosphere‐only model AM2 forced with idealized sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations to study the sensitivity of high clouds to the large‐scale distribution of convection. Increasing/decreasing the SST contrast between convective and nonconvective regions decreases/increases the tropical deep convective area, and warming of convective areas decreases the tropical average convective mass flux (〈mc〉). In all experiments, fractional high cloud amount changes are less than fractional changes in 〈mc〉. High cloud amount is half as sensitive as expected from the climatological average cloud amount, as a function of convective mass flux, due to strong compensation from nonconvective high clouds. The latter results from changes in relative humidity related to the change in 〈mc〉. This effect renders high cloud amount remarkably robust to perturbations, though radiative effects of convective and nonconvective clouds will differ.
On the nature and location of the proposed twin vortex systems in Saturn's polar upper atmosphere
Authors: Smith C. G. A.
Published: July 2014

Twin vortices in Saturn's northern and southern polar ionospheres have been proposed as the drivers of the ∼10.7 h periodicities in the magnetosphere. We critically analyze this model from an atmospheric perspective, identifying two broad problems: first, the difficulty in reconciling a ∼10.7 h periodicity with the strongly subcorotational flows that are observed in the polar ionosphere; second, the very large energy requirement for sustaining the vortices against Joule dissipation. We propose a model in which the twin vortex originates neither in the plasma nor in the thermosphere but deeper in the atmosphere, around 750 km altitude. At this altitude the gas is expected to be close to corotation, and Joule dissipation is low. A twin vortex system at this altitude blowing laterally across the Hall conductance gradient at the main auroral oval generates field‐aligned currents which are qualitatively similar to those driven by a plasma vortex or thermospheric vortex at higher altitudes.
Coseismic magnetization of fault pseudotachylytes: 1. Thermal demagnetization experiments
Authors: Ferré E. C. , Geissman J. W. , Demory F. , Gattacceca J. , Zechmeister M. S. , Hill M. J.
Published: July 2014

Fault pseudotachylytes form by quenching of silicate liquids produced through coseismic frictional melting. Here we show that in natural pseudotachylytes the main carrier of magnetic remanence blocked in during cooling of the frictional melt is fine‐grained magnetite. This confirms previous studies on friction melt experiments. Stoichiometric magnetite, produced during earthquakes by the breakdown of ferromagnesian silicates, records the ambient magnetic field during seismic slip. We find that most fault pseudotachylytes exposed in the Santa Rosa Mountains, southern California, a classic pseudotachylyte locality, acquired their natural remanent magnetization (NRM) upon cooling of the frictional melt through the range of magnetization blocking temperatures of the magnetite grains and this primarily constitutes a thermal remanent magnetization. NRM intensities typical of most pseudotachylyte veins range from 1 to 60·10−4 Am2/kg. A few specimens, however, contain magnetizations significantly higher than that caused by the Earth's field as well as magnetization directions that are highly variable over short distances. Other magnetization processes, possibly related to coseismic electric currents, may be involved during the seismogenic process to control NRM acquisition.
Evidence of Mediterranean Water dipole collision in the Gulf of Cadiz
Authors: L'Hégaret Pierre , Carton Xavier , Ambar Isabel , Ménesguen Claire , Hua Bach Lien , Chérubin Laurent , Aguiar Ana , Le Cann Bernard , Daniault Nathalie , Serra Nuno
Published: July 2014

A collision of Mediterranean Water dipoles in the Gulf of Cadiz is studied here, using data from the MedTop and Semane experiments. First, a Mediterranean Water eddy (meddy) was surveyed hydrologically in November 2000 southwest of Cape Saint Vincent. Then, this meddy drifted northeastward from this position, accompanied by a cyclone (detected only via altimetry), thus forming a first dipole. In February 2001, a dipole of Mediterranean Water was measured hydrologically just after its formation near Portimão Canyon. This second dipole drifted southwestward. The western and eastern meddies had hydrological radii of about 22 and 25 km, respectively, with corresponding temperature and salinity maxima of (13.45°C, 36.78) and (11.40°C, 36.40). Rafos float trajectories and satellite altimetry indicate that these two dipoles collided early April 2001, south of Cape Saint Vincent, near 35°30′N, 10°15′W. More precisely, the eastern meddy wrapped around the western one. This merger resulted in an anticyclone (a meddy) which drifted southeastward, coupled with the eastern cyclone. Hydrological sections across this final third resulting dipole, performed in July 2001 in the southern Gulf of Cadiz, confirm this interaction: the thermohaline characteristics of the final meddy can be tracked back to the original structures. The subsequent evolution of this dipole was analyzed with Rafos float trajectories. A numerical simulation of the interaction between the two earlier dipoles is also presented. We suggest that these dipole collisions at the Mediterranean Water level may represent a mechanism of generation of the larger meddies that finally leave the Gulf of Cadiz.
Global observations of quasi‐zonal bands in microwave sea surface temperature
Authors: Buckingham C. E. , Cornillon P. C. , Schloesser F. , Obenour K. M.
Published: July 2014

Global observations of quasi‐zonal jet‐like structures have recently been reported in estimates of upper ocean circulation. To date, these observations have come primarily from float‐derived and altimeter‐derived estimates of zonal velocity. Here, we explore the existence of similar structures in the ocean using satellite‐derived estimates of sea surface temperature (SST) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR‐E). Applying an ocean front detection algorithm globally to microwave measurements of SST, we find that repeated ocean fronts occur along quasi‐zonal bands in a multiyear (2002–2011) average of detections. Such a pattern is also observed in SST gradient magnitude. Composite analyses of SST, sea surface height (SSH), and upper ocean temperatures from Argo profiling floats suggest repeated fronts in the subtropics occur as a result of neighboring anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies. Horizontal advection in the presence of a background temperature gradient likely plays a role as evidenced by the tilt of temperature anomalies with depth. High gradient events found within the bands are observed to propagate westward with speed comparable to mesoscale eddies and we estimate these events explain 20% of the observed variance in SST gradient magnitude (2002–2011). In a final analysis, we regress the decay of the bands with averaging period and observe mild‐to‐strong persistence throughout much of the World Ocean. These findings support the view that propagating eddies help give rise to the bands. Whether or not eddies follow preferred paths remain unanswered.
Synoptic scale outbreak of self‐initiated upward lightning (SIUL) from tall structures during the central U.S. blizzard of 1–2 February 2011
Authors: Warner Tom A. , Lang Timothy J. , Lyons Walter A.
Published: July 2014

A major central U.S. winter cyclone on 1–2 February 2011 produced a band of high winds, up to 75 cm of snow, and numerous reports of thundersnow from Oklahoma into Ontario over a 26 h period. The National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) recorded 282 flashes comprised of 1153 events which were >96% negative polarity. Hopes of imaging winter sprites associated with energetic positive cloud‐to‐ground events that sometimes accompany such winter storms did not materialize. However, the lack of lightning over the Great Lakes waters, plus media reports of numerous thundersnow events in downtown Chicago, prompted a detailed analysis of the NLDN data. This revealed that >93% of all lightning in the snow band was likely or possibly associated with self‐initiated upward lightning (SIUL) events from a variety of tall, and some not so tall, structures. In addition to 43 events from two Chicago skyscrapers, many shorter structures were involved, including wind turbines (13.1% of the total) and transmission line towers (6.7%). Wind speeds for all events exceeded the 8 m s−1 minimum threshold associated with SIULs in Japanese winter lightning storms. Radar reflectivities at the event locations had a mean of 28 dBZ and were almost always <35 dBZ. While conventional radar displays suggested stratiform precipitation in the thundersnow region, detailed analysis of 3‐D‐gridded NMQ (National Mosaic and Multi‐Sensor Quantitative Precipitation Estimation) radar reflectivity data confirmed elevated embedded cellular convection spanning the −10°C region associated with isentropic lifting above a frontal surface, evidence of noninductive charge generation sufficient to allow upward leader initiation from tall objects.
Aerosol effects on cirrus through ice nucleation in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5 with a statistical cirrus scheme
Authors: Wang Minghuai , Liu Xiaohong , Zhang Kai , Comstock Jennifer M.
Published: July 2014

A statistical cirrus scheme that tracks ice saturation ratio in the clear‐sky and cloudy portion of a grid box separately has been implemented into the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5 to provide a consistent treatment of ice nucleation and cloud formation. Simulated ice supersaturation and ice crystal number concentrations strongly depend on the number concentrations of heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN), subgrid temperature formulas, and the number concentration of sulfate particles participating in homogeneous freezing, while simulated ice water content is insensitive to these perturbations. Allowing 1–10% of dust particles to serve as heterogeneous IN is found to produce ice supersaturation in better agreement with observations. Introducing a subgrid temperature perturbation based on long‐term aircraft observations produces a better hemispheric contrast in ice supersaturation compared to observations. Heterogeneous IN from dust particles alter the net radiative fluxes at the top of atmosphere (TOA) (−0.24 to −1.59 W m−2) with a significant clear‐sky longwave component (0.01 to −0.55 W m−2). Different cirrus treatments significantly perturb the net TOA anthropogenic aerosol forcing from −1.21 W m−2 to −1.54 W m−2, with a standard deviation of 0.10 W m−2. Aerosol effects on cirrus exert an even larger impact on the atmospheric component of the radiative fluxes (2 or 3 times the changes in the TOA radiative fluxes) and therefore through the fast atmosphere response on the hydrological cycle. This points to the urgent need to quantify aerosol effects on cirrus through ice nucleation and how these further affect the hydrological cycle.
Modeling irrigation behavior in groundwater systems
Authors: Foster Timothy , Brozović Nicholas , Butler Adrian P.
Published: July 2014

Integrated hydro‐economic models have been widely applied to water management problems in regions of intensive groundwater‐fed irrigation. However, policy interpretations may be limited as most existing models do not explicitly consider two important aspects of observed irrigation decision making, namely the limits on instantaneous irrigation rates imposed by well yield and the intraseasonal structure of irrigation planning. We develop a new modeling approach for determining irrigation demand that is based on observed farmer behavior and captures the impacts on production and water use of both well yield and climate. Through a case study of irrigated corn production in the Texas High Plains region of the United States we predict optimal irrigation strategies under variable levels of groundwater supply, and assess the limits of existing models for predicting land and groundwater use decisions by farmers. Our results show that irrigation behavior exhibits complex nonlinear responses to changes in groundwater availability. Declining well yields induce large reductions in the optimal size of irrigated area and irrigation use as constraints on instantaneous application rates limit the ability to maintain sufficient soil moisture to avoid negative impacts on crop yield. We demonstrate that this important behavioral response to limited groundwater availability is not captured by existing modeling approaches, which therefore may be unreliable predictors of irrigation demand, agricultural profitability, and resilience to climate change and aquifer depletion.
Fine‐Tuning of Superhydrophobicity Based on Monolayers of Well‐defined Raspberry Nanoparticles with Variable Dual‐roughness Size and Ratio
Authors: Carcouët Camille C. M. C. , Esteves A. Catarina C. , Hendrix Marco M. R. M. , van Benthem Rolf A. T. M. , de With Gijsbertus
Published: July 2014

Superhydrophobic surfaces have been extensively investigated for self‐cleaning, low‐adhesion, anti‐corrosion or reduced‐drag applications. Roughness and its characteristics, i.e., morphology, overall roughness and individual feature size, is an essential factor for superhydrophobicity. Several experimental methods and theoretical models strived to predict how the surface wettability is affected by the surface roughness. However, due to the difficulty of making practical surfaces with well‐defined roughness profiles, only limited and arbitrary experimental studies focused on practical superhydrophobic films. Here, the roughness factors which determine the wetting properties of films are reported, based on monolayers of well‐defined raspberry silica‐silica nanoparticles, exhibiting a wide‐range and systematic variation of individual features sizes and ratios (large over small features). The advancing water contact angle does not depend on the feature size or ratio, while the contact angle hysteresis (CAH) is strongly dependent on both. The minimum size and size ratio to reach superhydrophobicity were determined. These new insights into the wetting of rough surfaces can be used to direct the design of practical superhydrophobic materials for advanced applications such as solar panels, microelectronics or microfluidic devices.
Highly Stretchable or Transparent Conductor Fabrication by a Hierarchical Multiscale Hybrid Nanocomposite
Authors: Lee Phillip , Ham Jooyeun , Lee Jinhwan , Hong Sukjoon , Han Seungyong , Suh Young Duk , Lee Sang Eon , Yeo Junyeob , Lee Seung Seob , Lee Dongjin , Ko Seung Hwan
Published: July 2014

As is frequently seen in sci‐fi movies, future electronics are expected to ultimately be in the form of wearable electronics. To realize wearable electronics, the electric components should be soft, flexible, and even stretchable to be human‐friendly. An important step is presented toward realization of wearable electronics by developing a hierarchical multiscale hybrid nanocomposite for highly flexible, stretchable, or transparent conductors. The hybrid nanocomposite combines the enhanced mechanical compliance, electrical conductivity, and optical transparency of small CNTs (d ≈ 1.2 nm) and the enhanced electrical conductivity of relatively bigger Ag nanowire (d ≈ 150 nm) backbone to provide efficient multiscale electron transport path with Ag nanowire current backbone collector and local CNT percolation network. The highly elastic hybrid nanocomposite conductors and highly transparent flexible conductors can be mounted on any non‐planar or soft surfaces to realize human‐friendly electronics interface for future wearable electronics.
Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly of Light‐Responsive Polymeric Multilayer Systems
Authors: Borges João , Rodrigues Luísa C. , Reis Rui L. , Mano João F.
Published: July 2014

Layer‐by‐Layer (LbL) assembly is a simple and highly versatile method to modify surfaces and fabricate robust and highly‐ordered nanostructured coatings over almost any type of substrate. Such versatility enables the incorporation of a plethora of building blocks, including materials exhibiting switchable properties, in a single device through a multitude of complementary intermolecular interactions. Switchable materials may undergo reversible physicochemical changes in response to a variety of external triggers. Although most of the works in the literature have been focusing on stimuli‐responsive materials that are sensitive to common triggers such as pH, ionic strength, or temperature, much less has been discussed on LbL systems which are sensitive to non‐invasive and easily controlled light stimulus, despite its unique potential. This review provides a deep overview of the recent progresses achieved in the design and fabrication of light‐responsive LbL polymeric multilayer systems, their potential future challenges and opportunities, and possible applications. Many examples are given on light‐responsive polymeric multilayer assemblies built from metal nanoparticles, functional dyes, and metal oxides. Such stimuli‐responsive functional materials, and combinations among them, may lead to novel and highly promising nanostructured smart functional systems well‐suited for a wide range of research fields, including biomedicine and biotechnology.
Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: 2014 Update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Wilcox Ryan A.
Published: July 2014

Disease overview: Cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas are a heterogenous group of T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders involving the skin, the majority of which may be classified as Mycosis Fungoides (MF) or Sézary Syndrome (SS).

Diagnosis: The diagnosis of MF or SS requires the integration of clinical and histopathologic data.

Risk‐adapted therapy: TNMB (tumor, node, metastasis, and blood) staging remains the most important prognostic factor in MF/SS and forms the basis for a “risk‐adapted,” multidisciplinary approach to treatment. For patients with disease limited to the skin, expectant management or skin‐directed therapies is preferred, as both disease‐specific and overall survival for these patients is favorable. In contrast, patients with advanced‐stage disease with significant nodal, visceral or blood involvement are generally approached with biologic‐response modifiers or histone deacetylase inhibitors prior to escalating therapy to include systemic, single‐agent chemotherapy. Multiagent chemotherapy (e.g., CHOP) may be employed for those patients with extensive visceral involvement requiring rapid disease control. In highly selected patients, allogeneic stem‐cell transplantation may be considered. Am. J. Hematol. 89:837–851, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid flow cytometry in patients with and without prior hematologic malignancy
Authors: Kovach Alexandra E. , DeLelys Michelle E. , Kelliher Abigail S. , Dillon Laura J. , Hasserjian Robert P. , Ferry Judith A. , Preffer Frederic I. , Sohani Aliyah R.
Published: July 2014

Flow cytometry (FCM) is an adjunct study to routine analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to investigate for involvement by a hematologic malignancy. However, in our experience, FCM only infrequently detects abnormalities in CSF. To help optimize resources without forfeiting clinically important data, we sought to determine evidence‐based indications and criteria for performing FCM on CSF. FCM results of 316 consecutive CSF specimens were retrospectively reviewed and correlated with clinical history, total nucleated cell (TNC) counts, and results of concurrent cytologic review. Of 255 samples adequate for analysis, 54% were from patients with a prior history of hematologic malignancy, of which 12% (17 cases) were abnormal by FCM. Corresponding TNC counts among samples with abnormal FCM ranged from 0–1050 cells/µL, and only 44% showed abnormal morphology on concurrent cytology. Of the remaining 46% of samples from patients with no known history of hematologic malignancy who had CSF sampling for neurological indications, only one (1%) was abnormal by FCM. This specimen had an elevated TNC count (39 cells/µL) but lacked clearly abnormal findings on concurrent cytology. These results support the use of CSF FCM only in patients with a history of hematologic malignancy or, in the absence of such a history, in samples showing pleocytosis. If these criteria were applied to the current cohort using a TNC count cut‐off of >5 cells/µL, 23% of samples would have been deferred from testing, resulting in decreased cost, improved efficiency, and reduction in the need for unnecessary testing without a negative impact on clinical care. Am. J. Hematol. 89:978–984, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eight years experience from a skeletal dysplasia referral center in a tertiary hospital in Southern India: A model for the diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases in a developing country
Authors: Nampoothiri Sheela , Yesodharan Dhanya , Sainulabdin Gazel , Narayanan Dhanyalakshmi , Padmanabhan Laxmi , Girisha Katta Mohan , Cathey Sara S. , De Paepe Anne , Malfait Fransiska , Syx Delfien , Hennekam Raoul C. , Bonafe Luisa , Unger Sheila , Superti‐Furga Andrea
Published: July 2014

We report on a series of 514 consecutive diagnoses of skeletal dysplasia made over an 8‐year period at a tertiary hospital in Kerala, India. The most common diagnostic groups were dysostosis multiplex group (n = 73) followed by FGFR3 (n = 49) and osteogenesis imperfecta and decreased bone density group (n = 41). Molecular confirmation was obtained in 109 cases. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was obtained in close diagnostic collaboration with expert groups abroad through Internet communication for difficult cases. This has allowed for targeted biochemical and molecular studies leading to the correct identification of rare or novel conditions, which has not only helped affected families by allowing for improved genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis but also resulted in several scientific contributions. We conclude that (1) the spectrum of genetic bone disease in Kerala, India, is similar to that of other parts of the world, but recessive entities may be more frequent because of widespread consanguinity; (2) prenatal detection of skeletal dysplasias remains relatively rare because of limited access to expert prenatal ultrasound facilities; (3) because of the low accessibility to molecular tests, precise clinical‐radiographic phenotyping remains the mainstay of diagnosis and counseling and of gatekeeping to efficient laboratory testing; (4) good phenotyping allows, a significant contribution to the recognition and characterization of novel entities. We suggest that the tight collaboration between a local reference center with dedicated personnel and expert diagnostic networks may be a proficient model to bring current diagnostics to developing countries. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An osteosclerotic form of Robinow syndrome
Authors: Bunn Kieran J. , Lai Angeline , Al‐Ani Azza , Farella Mauro , Craw Susan , Robertson Stephen P.
Published: July 2014

Robinow syndrome (RS) is a clinically and genetically heterogenous condition primarily characterized by short stature, mesomelia, genital hypoplasia, oral abnormalities, and a facial gestalt that includes hypertelorism, a short nose, and a broad mouth. The disorder exists in both a dominant and a more severe recessive form. Here two unrelated cases of sporadic RS are described with the additional finding of axial and appendicular osteosclerosis. These two patients, coupled with three additional patients previously described in the literature, may represent a distinct sub‐phenotype of this condition. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Whole exome sequencing identifies three novel mutations in ANTXR1 in families with GAPO syndrome
Authors: Bayram Yavuz , Pehlivan Davut , Karaca Ender , Gambin Tomasz , Jhangiani Shalini N. , Erdin Serkan , Gonzaga‐Jauregui Claudia , Wiszniewski Wojciech , Muzny Donna ,   Baylor‐Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Elcioglu Nursel H. , Yildirim M. Selman , Bozkurt Banu , Zamani Ayse Gul , Boerwinkle Eric , Gibbs Richard A. , Lupski James R.
Published: July 2014

GAPO syndrome (OMIM#230740) is the acronym for growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, and optic atrophy. About 35 cases have been reported, making it among one of the rarest recessive conditions. Distinctive craniofacial features including alopecia, rarefaction of eyebrows and eyelashes, frontal bossing, high forehead, mid‐facial hypoplasia, hypertelorism, and thickened eyelids and lips make GAPO syndrome a clinically recognizable phenotype. While this genomic study was in progress mutations in ANTXR1 were reported to cause GAPO syndrome. In our study we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) for five affected individuals from three Turkish kindreds segregating the GAPO trait. Exome sequencing analysis identified three novel homozygous mutations including; one frame‐shift (c.1220_1221insT; p.Ala408Cysfs*2), one splice site (c.411A>G; p.Gln137Gln), and one non‐synonymous (c.1150G>A; p.Gly384Ser) mutation in the ANTXR1 gene. Our studies expand the allelic spectrum in this rare condition and potentially provide insight into the role of ANTXR1 in the regulation of the extracellular matrix. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Medical management of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis following endoscopic sinus surgery: an evidence‐based review and recommendations
Authors: Gan Eng Cern , Thamboo Andrew , Rudmik Luke , Hwang Peter H. , Ferguson Berrylin J. , Javer Amin R.
Published: July 2014

Background

Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a subset of polypoid chronic rhinosinusitis that is characterized by the presence of eosinophilic mucin with fungal hyphae within the sinuses and a Type I hypersensitivity to fungi. The treatment of AFRS usually involves surgery in combination with medical therapies to keep the disease in a dormant state. However, what constitutes an optimal medical regimen is still controversial. Hence, the purpose of this article is to provide an evidence‐based approach for the medical management of AFRS.

Methods

A systemic review of the literature on the medical management of AFRS was performed using Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Review Databases up to March 15, 2013. The inclusion criteria were as follows: patients >18 years old; AFRS as defined by Bent and Kuhn; post–sinus surgery; studies with a clearly defined end point to evaluate the effectiveness of medical therapy in postoperative AFRS patients.

Results

This review identified and assessed 6 medical modalities for AFRS in the literature: oral steroids; topical steroids; oral antifungals; topical antifungals; immunotherapy; and leukotriene modulators.

Conclusion

Based on available evidence in the literature, postoperative systemic and standard topical nasal steroids are recommended in the medical management of AFRS. Nonstandard topical nasal steroids, oral antifungals, and immunotherapy are options in cases of refractory AFRS. No recommendations can be provided for topical antifungals and leukotriene modulators due to insufficient clinical research reported in the literature.
Novel approach to the Dember effect
Authors: Meriuts Andrey V. , Gurevich Yuri G.
Published: July 2014

In this paper it is demonstrated that the precise physical nature of the Dember effect is a concentration gradient of nonequilibrium carriers under nonuniform illumination. We used the fact that any photo‐EMF (electromotive force) can only exist in the presence of nonequilibrium charge carriers, when there are two different Fermi quasilevels. That is why the Dember EMF (as the photo‐EMF of any nature ) is not identified as a voltage drop arising between the device contacts in open circuit. Moreover, a correct definition of the EMF is only possible if the problem is solved in a closed circuit. It is shown that the Dember EMF does not depend on the difference of electron‐to‐hole diffusion coefficients and it is not linked to ambipolar diffusion. Additionally, it is found that the sign of the EMF depends on the ratio between the recombination rates on the contacts, which can be detected from the spectral characteristic of the Dember EMF.

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BN‐Phenanthrin: Cyclotetramerisierung eines 1,2‐Azaborinderivats
Authors: Müller Matthias , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Bettinger Holger F.
Published: July 2014

Die Thermolyse des 9‐Azido‐9‐borafluorens in Heptanlösung bildet das Tetramer des BN‐Phenanthrins. Die Isolierung des Selbstabfangprodukts liefert den Hinweis für die Beteiligung des BN‐Arins bei der Thermolyse. Dessen Bildung kann durch Stickstoffabspaltung und Ringerweiterung erklärt werden.
Selective Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Aqueous CO2 to CO by Solvated Electrons
Authors: Zhang Linghong , Zhu Di , Nathanson Gilbert M. , Hamers Robert J.
Published: July 2014

Reduction of CO2 by direct one‐electron activation is extraordinarily difficult because of the −1.9 V reduction potential of CO2. Demonstrated herein is reduction of aqueous CO2 to CO with greater than 90 % product selectivity by direct one‐electron reduction to CO2.− by solvated electrons. Illumination of inexpensive diamond substrates with UV light leads to the emission of electrons directly into water, where they form solvated electrons and induce reduction of CO2 to CO2.−. Studies using diamond were supported by studies using aqueous iodide ion (I−), a chemical source of solvated electrons. Both sources produced CO with high selectivity and minimal formation of H2. The ability to initiate reduction reactions by emitting electrons directly into solution without surface adsorption enables new pathways which are not accessible using conventional electrochemical or photochemical processes.
Synthesis of Triazole‐linked Homonucleoside Polymers through Topochemical Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition
Authors: Pathigoolla Atchutarao , Sureshan Kana M.
Published: July 2014

There is a great deal of interest in developing stable modified nucleic acids for application in diverse fields. Phosphate‐modified DNA analogues, in which the phosphodiester group is replaced with a surrogate group, are attractive because of their high stability and resistance to nucleases. However, the scope of conventional solution or solid‐phase DNA synthesis is limited for making DNA analogues with unnatural linkages. Other limitations associated with conventional synthesis include difficulty in making larger polymers, poor yield, incomplete reaction, and difficult purification. To circumvent these problems, a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) synthesis of a 1,5‐triazole‐linked polymeric ssDNA analogue from a modified nucleoside through topochemical azide–alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) is reported. This is the first solvent‐free, catalyst‐free synthesis of a DNA analogue that proceeds in quantitative yield and does not require any purification.
Synthesis of the Highly Glycosylated Hydrophilic Motif of Extensins
Authors: Ishiwata Akihiro , Kaeothip Sophon , Takeda Yoichi , Ito Yukishige
Published: July 2014

Extensin, the structural motif of plant extracellular matrix proteins, possesses a unique highly glycosylated, hydrophilic, and repeating Ser1Hyp4 pentapeptide unit, and has been proposed to include post‐translational hydroxylation at proline residue and subsequent oligo‐L‐arabinosylations at all of the resultant hydroxyprolines as well as galactosylation at serine residue. Reported herein is the stereoselective synthesis of one of the highly glycosylated motifs, Ser(Galp1)‐Hyp(Araf4)‐Hyp(Araf4)‐Hyp(Araf3)‐Hyp(Araf1). The synthesis has been completed by the application of 2‐(naphthyl)methylether‐mediated intramolecular aglycon delivery to the stereoselective construction of the Ser(Galp1) and Hyp(Arafn) fragments as the key step, as well as Fmoc solid‐phase peptide synthesis for the backbone pentapeptide.
N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Aryl Indoles
Authors: Hovey M. Todd , Check Christopher T. , Sipher Alexandra F. , Scheidt Karl A.
Published: July 2014

A convergent and efficient transition‐metal‐free catalytic synthesis of 2‐aryl‐indoles has been developed. The interception of a highly reactive and transient aza‐ortho‐quinone methide by an acyl anion equivalent generated through N‐hetereocyclic carbene catalysis is central to this successful strategy. High yields and a wide scope as well as the streamlined synthesis of a kinase inhibitor are reported.
A Multifunctional Nanomicelle for Real‐Time Targeted Imaging and Precise Near‐Infrared Cancer Therapy
Authors: Tian Jiangwei , Ding Lin , Ju Huangxian , Yang Yongchao , Li Xilan , Shen Zhen , Zhu Zhi , Yu Jun‐Sheng , Yang Chaoyong James
Published: July 2014

Simultaneous targeted cancer imaging, therapy and real‐time therapeutic monitoring can prevent over‐ or undertreatment. This work describes the design of a multifunctional nanomicelle for recognition and precise near‐infrared (NIR) cancer therapy. The nanomicelle encapsulates a new pH‐activatable fluorescent probe and a robust NIR photosensitizer, R16FP, and is functionalized with a newly screened cancer‐specific aptamer for targeting viable cancer cells. The fluorescent probe can light up the lysosomes for real‐time imaging. Upon NIR irradiation, R16FP‐mediated generation of reactive oxygen species causes lysosomal destruction and subsequently trigger lysosomal cell death. Meanwhile the fluorescent probe can reflect the cellular status and in situ visualize the treatment process. This protocol can provide molecular information for precise therapy and therapeutic monitoring.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐Supported Ionogels with a High Ionic Liquid Loading
Authors: Horowitz Ariel I. , Panzer Matthew J.
Published: July 2014

The immiscibility of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and ionic liquids (ILs) was overcome to create PDMS‐supported IL gels (ionogels) with IL loadings of up to 80 % by mass through a simple sol–gel reaction at room temperature. By stirring a mixture of a functionalized PDMS oligomer, formic acid, and an IL (or lithium‐in‐IL solution), a resin was formed that could be cast to create a freestanding, flexible ionogel. PDMS‐supported ionogels exhibited favorable ionic conductivity (ca. 3 mS cm−1) and excellent mechanical behavior (elastic modulus: ca. 60 kPa; fatigue life: >5000 cycles; mechanically stable at temperatures up to 200 °C). The activation energy of ionic conductivity was shown to be nearly identical for the ionogel and the neat IL, in contrast to ionogel systems wherein the scaffold material is miscible with the IL. This similarity indicates that IL/scaffold chemical interactions are key to the understanding of ionogel electrical performance, especially at elevated temperatures.
Functionalized Graphene as a Gatekeeper for Chiral Molecules: An Alternative Concept for Chiral Separation
Authors: Hauser Andreas W. , Mardirossian Narbe , Panetier Julien A. , Head‐Gordon Martin , Bell Alexis T. , Schwerdtfeger Peter
Published: July 2014

We propose a new method of chiral separation using functionalized nanoporous graphene as an example. Computational simulations based on density functional theory show that the attachment of a suitable chiral “bouncer” molecule to the pore rim prevents the passage of the undesired enantiomer while letting its mirror image through.
Mild and Versatile Nitrate‐Promoted CH Bond Fluorination
Authors: Lou Shao‐Jie , Xu Dan‐Qian , Xu Zhen‐Yuan
Published: July 2014

A novel and facile CH bond fluorination proceeds under remarkably mild conditions (close to room temperature in most cases). Both aromatic and olefinic C(sp2)H bonds with a wide range of electronic properties are selectively fluorinated in the presence of a catalytic amount of simple, cheap, and nontoxic nitrate as the promoter. A PdII/PdIV catalytic cycle that is initiated by an in situ generated cationic [Pd(NO3)]+ species was proposed based on preliminary mechanistic studies.
Synthesis of (+)‐Discodermolide by Catalytic Stereoselective Borylation Reactions
Authors: Yu Zhiyong , Ely Robert J. , Morken James P.
Published: July 2014

The marine natural product (+)‐discodermolide was first isolated in 1990 and, to this day, remains a compelling synthesis target. Not only does the compound possess fascinating biological activity, but it also presents an opportunity to test current methods for chemical synthesis and provides an inspiration for new reaction development. A new synthesis of discodermolide employs a previously undisclosed stereoselective catalytic diene hydroboration and also establishes a strategy for the alkylation of chiral enolates. Furthermore, this synthesis of discodermolide provides the first examples of the asymmetric 1,4‐diboration of dienes and borylative diene–aldehyde couplings in complex‐molecule synthesis.
Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic behavior of copper complexes with fluorosubstituted β‐ketoimine ligands
Authors: Xie Guangyong , Song Wen , Li Tingcheng , Xu Xiaohang , Lan Zhi , Li Yongsheng , Zhang Aiqing
Published: July 2014

A series of β‐ketoimine ligands with various fluorine substitutions on the N‐aryl ring and the corresponding copper complexes were synthesized. The fluorosubstituents exerted significant effects on the structures and catalytic activities of the copper complexes. X‐ray diffraction revealed that the copper(II) central ions were coordinated by two trans‐oriented β‐ketoimino ligands with delocalized double bonds. Complex 2b (with mono‐o‐fluorosubstitution on the N‐aryl moiety) adopted a central symmetric square planar structure, whereas complex 2f (with bis‐o‐fluorosubstitution) had a distorted square planar structure with a dihedral angle of 28.2°. The CuN bond length in 2f was appreciably shorter than that in 2b. When activated by modified methylaluminoxane, the copper complexes effectively polymerized methyl acrylate. Furthermore, substitution with more fluorine atoms resulted in a higher activity. The catalytic activity of the pentafluorosubstituted complex 2h reached 57.5 kg (mol of Cu)−1·h−1 under optimized conditions; this was the highest value reported up to this point for copper complexes in acrylic monomer polymerization. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41178.
Properties of electrically responsive hydrogels as a potential dynamic tool for biomedical applications
Authors: Adesanya Kehinde , Vanderleyden Els , Embrechts Anika , Glazer Piotr , Mendes Eduardo , Dubruel Peter
Published: July 2014

Hydrogels with electric responsive properties are gaining research focus due to increasing demand for miniaturized devices that can be precisely controlled using an external stimulus. Such systems are well suited due to their ability to expand and contract when in contact with different types of fluid. This study reports on the synthesis of a “smart” electroresponsive network, using a neutral, “non‐smart,” biocompatible hydrogel forming building block, Pluronic F127 (PF127), as a starting molecule. The PEO–PPO–PEO copolymer was modified with telechelic methacrylic end functionalities to form a triblock linear prepolymer with crosslinkable end groups (crosslinker). This bifunctional prepolymer, PF127 bismethacrylate (PF127BMA), was copolymerized covalently with anionic methacrylic acid sodium salt groups into a nonsoluble 3D hydrogel network in the presence of redox initiators. The polyelectrolyte domains in the pluronic hydrogel afforded controllable swelling capabilities with volumetric expansion exceeding 8500% in deionized water or 1400% in Krebs solution. The hydrogels were further assessed for their mechanical and electroactive response as a function of increasing acid salt content. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41195.
Aliphatic Amine Discrimination by Pentafluorophenyl Dibromo BODIPY
Authors: Sekhar Adiki Raja , Kaloo Masood Ayoub , Sankar Jeyaraman
Published: July 2014

Two new fluorescent BODIPY dyes have been designed and synthesized. They dyes differ in their meso substituents, which have different electronic properties. Their selective reactivity towards an Ar‐SN2 reaction has been explored as a potential basis for colorimetric and fluorescent discrimination of primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines. This dual‐mode, instantaneous recognition event is unprecedented.