bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Characterization of AA8006 Aluminum Alloy through Cold Free Forming Test
Authors: Parodo Gianluca , Giuliano Gillo , Sorrentino Luca , Polini Wilma
Published: June 2023

In this work, for the first time thin, sheets of AA8006 aluminum alloy, that are commonly used for food packaging, were mechanically characterized through an unconventional free-forming technique that was performed at room temperature. This technique constitutes an economically effective solution to determine the constitutive equation of a metal sheet subjected to two-axes stresses. This state of stress reproduces the behavior of the material during the forming process better than the more traditional tensile test, which involves uniaxial stress. Specifically, the material constants were determined by using a simplified analytical model applied to the results of the experimental tests of the free forming process carried out at room temperature and constant pressure. Therefore, the obtained material constant values were used to simulate the same free-forming tests using FEM. In conclusion, the numerical results were in agreement with the experimental ones, thus confirming the goodness of the developed numerical model.
Experimental and Numerical Visualisation of Subsurface Rail Deformation in a Full-Scale Wheel–Rail Test Rig
Authors: Gschwandl Timna J. , Weniger Tristan M. , Antretter Thomas , Künstner David , Scheriau Stephan , Daves Werner
Published: June 2023

To tackle the problem of various types of rail damage, such as rolling contact fatigue (RCF) or wear, a profound knowledge of the occurring mechanisms is necessary. This paper presents a newly developed full-scale test rig experiment that involves inserting softer pins into the rail head. These tests help deepen our understanding of shear deformation in rail steels. Furthermore, a finite element (FE) simulation approach is introduced that can be related to the test rig experiments. With these experiments, in combination with the FE simulation, valuable information regarding the plastic deformation can be obtained. This methodology allows predictions regarding a rail’s material behaviour during cyclic wheel loading. Moreover, it enables an effective and rapid qualitative material assessment, reducing the costs of expensive and time-consuming experiments.
Tear Fluid Biomarkers and Quality of Life in People with Type 2 Diabetes and Dry Eye Disease
Authors: Byambajav Mungunshur , Collier Andrew , Shu Xinhua , Hagan Suzanne
Published: June 2023

Dry eye disease (DED) can be extremely distressing and is common in type 2 diabetes (T2D). To investigate potential biomarkers of DED in T2D, panels of proteins in tears, alongside clinical signs and symptoms of DED, were assessed. Patients were classified into four groups: T2D + DED (n = 47), T2D-only (n = 41), DED-only (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 17). All patients underwent the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Dry Eye-Related Quality of Life (DEQS) questionnaires, tear evaporation rate (TER), fluorescein tear break-up time (fTBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) and Schirmer 1 test assessments. Six metabolic proteins and 14 inflammatory cytokines were analyzed with multiplex bead analysis. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 concentrations in tears were significantly higher in the T2D + DED group, and these biomarkers were positively correlated with CFS. In addition, tear IL-6 was negatively correlated with fTBUT in the T2D + DED group. Clinical signs of DED in the T2D + DED group were similar to the DED-only group. The T2D + DED group had more patients with moderate and severe DED (versus the DED-only group), suggesting a different pathogenesis for DED in T2D versus DED-only. Therefore, IL-6 and IL-8 could potentially be diagnostic biomarkers of DED in T2D.
Effect of Heavy-Metal-Resistant PGPR Inoculants on Growth, Rhizosphere Microbiome and Remediation Potential of Miscanthus × giganteus in Zinc-Contaminated Soil
Authors: Muratova Anna , Golubev Sergey , Romanova Valeria , Sungurtseva Irina , Nurzhanova Asil
Published: June 2023

Microbial-assisted phytoremediation is considered a more effective approach to soil rehabilitation than the sole use of plants. Mycolicibacterium sp. Pb113 and Chitinophaga sp. Zn19, heavy-metal-resistant PGPR strains originally isolated from the rhizosphere of Miscanthus × giganteus, were used as inoculants of the host plant grown in control and zinc-contaminated (1650 mg/kg) soil in a 4-month pot experiment. The diversity and taxonomic structure of the rhizosphere microbiomes, assessed with metagenomic analysis of rhizosphere samples for the 16S rRNA gene, were studied. Principal coordinate analysis showed differences in the formation of the microbiomes, which was affected by zinc rather than by the inoculants. Bacterial taxa affected by zinc and the inoculants, and the taxa potentially involved in the promotion of plant growth as well as in assisted phytoremediation, were identified. Both inoculants promoted miscanthus growth, but only Chitinophaga sp. Zn19 contributed to significant Zn accumulation in the aboveground part of the plant. In this study, the positive effect of miscanthus inoculation with Mycolicibacterium spp. and Chitinophaga spp. was demonstrated for the first time. On the basis of our data, the bacterial strains studied may be recommended to improve the efficiency of M. × giganteus phytoremediation of zinc-contaminated soil.
The Tripartite Lichen Ricasolia virens: Involvement of Cyanobacteria and Bacteria in Its Morphogenesis
Authors: García-Breijo Francisco J. , Molins Arantzazu , Reig-Armiñana José , Barreno Eva
Published: June 2023

Ricasolia virens is an epiphytic lichen-forming fungus mainly distributed in Western Europe and Macaronesia in well-structured forests with ecological continuity that lack eutrophication. It is considered to be threatened or extinct in many territories in Europe (IUCN). Despite its biological and ecological relevance, studies on this taxon are scarce. The thalli are tripartite, and the mycobiont has a simultaneous symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria and green microalgae, which represent interesting models to analyse the strategies and adaptations resulting from the interactions of lichen symbionts. The present study was designed to contribute to a better understanding of this taxon, which has shown a clear decline over the last century. The symbionts were identified by molecular analysis. The phycobiont is Symbiochloris reticulata, and the cyanobionts (Nostoc) are embedded in internal cephalodia. Light, transmission electron and low-temperature scanning microscopy techniques were used to investigate the thallus anatomy, ultrastructure of microalgae and ontogeny of pycnidia and cephalodia. The thalli are very similar to its closest relative, Ricasolia quercizans. The cellular ultrastructure of S. reticulata by TEM is provided. Non-photosynthetic bacteria located outside the upper cortex are introduced through migratory channels into the subcortical zone by the splitting of fungal hyphae. Cephalodia were very abundant, but never as external photosymbiodemes.
Evaluation of the In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Novel Arylsulfonamides against Candida spp.
Authors: Ginestra Giovanna , Gervasi Teresa , Mancuso Francesca , Bucolo Federica , De Luca Laura , Gitto Rosaria , Barreca Davide , Mandalari Giuseppina
Published: June 2023

The antifungal activity of molecules belonging to the arylsulfonamide chemotype has previously been demonstrated. Here, we screened arylsulfonamide-type compounds against a range of Candida spp. and further established the structure–activity relationship based on a “hit compound”. A series of four sulfonamide-based compounds, N-(4-sulfamoylbenzyl) biphenyl-4-carboxamide (3), 2,2-diphenyl-N-(4-sulfamoylbenzyl) acetamide (4), N-(4-sulfamoylphenethyl) biphenyl-4-carboxamide (5) and 2,2-diphenyl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenethyl) acetamide (6), were tested against the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and clinical strains of C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata. Based on the fungistatic potential of prototype 3, a further subset of compounds, structurally related to hit compound 3, was synthesized and tested: two benzamides (10–11), the related amine 4-[[(4-4-((biphenyl-4-ylmethylamino)methyl) benzenesulfonamide (13) and the corresponding hydrochloride, 13.HCl. Both amine 13 and its hydrochloride salt had fungicidal effects against Candida glabrata strain 33 (MFC of 1.000 mg/mL). An indifferent effect was detected in the association of the compounds with amphotericin B and fluconazole. The cytotoxicity of the active compounds was also evaluated. This data could be useful to develop novel therapeutics for topical use against fungal infections.
Laser Interference Lithography—A Method for the Fabrication of Controlled Periodic Structures
Authors: Liu Ri , Cao Liang , Liu Dongdong , Wang Lu , Saeed Sadaf , Wang Zuobin
Published: June 2023

A microstructure determines macro functionality. A controlled periodic structure gives the surface specific functions such as controlled structural color, wettability, anti-icing/frosting, friction reduction, and hardness enhancement. Currently, there are a variety of controllable periodic structures that can be produced. Laser interference lithography (LIL) is a technique that allows for the simple, flexible, and rapid fabrication of high-resolution periodic structures over large areas without the use of masks. Different interference conditions can produce a wide range of light fields. When an LIL system is used to expose the substrate, a variety of periodic textured structures, such as periodic nanoparticles, dot arrays, hole arrays, and stripes, can be produced. The LIL technique can be used not only on flat substrates, but also on curved or partially curved substrates, taking advantage of the large depth of focus. This paper reviews the principles of LIL and discusses how the parameters, such as spatial angle, angle of incidence, wavelength, and polarization state, affect the interference light field. Applications of LIL for functional surface fabrication, such as anti-reflection, controlled structural color, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), friction reduction, superhydrophobicity, and biocellular modulation, are also presented. Finally, we present some of the challenges and problems in LIL and its applications.
Gut Microbiota Perturbation in Early Life Could Influence Pediatric Blood Pressure Regulation in a Sex-Dependent Manner in Juvenile Rats
Authors: Yang Yang , Li Jinxing , Zhou Zhimo , Wu Simou , Zhao Jincheng , Jia Wen , Liu Meixun , Shen Xi , He Fang , Cheng Ruyue
Published: June 2023

The present study aimed to investigate whether gut dysbiosis induced by ceftriaxone in early life could influence pediatric blood pressure regulation in childhood with or without exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD). Sixty-three newborn pups of Sprague-Dawley rats were administered ceftriaxone sodium or saline solution until weaning at 3 weeks, and the rats were fed a HFD or regular diet from 3 to 6 weeks. Tail-cuff blood pressure, the expression levels of genes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the colon and prefrontal cortex, and the composition of fecal microbiota were analyzed. Ceftriaxone treatment significantly increased the diastolic blood pressure of male rats at 3 weeks. At 6 weeks, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly increased only in ceftriaxone treated male rats fed with HFD. The RAS showed increased activation in the kidney, heart, hypothalamus, and thoracic and abdominal aorta of male rats, but only in the kidney, heart, and hypothalamus of female rats. HFD-fed female rats showed a decreased level of IL-6 in the colon. α diversity of gut microbiota decreased and the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio increased in both male and female rats at 3 weeks; however, these parameters recovered to various degrees in female rats at 6 weeks. These results revealed that early-life gut dysbiosis induced by antibiotics combined with a HFD in childhood could be involved in pediatric blood pressure regulation and an increase in SBP in juvenile rats, and these effects occurred in a sex-dependent manner.
Habitual Dietary Patterns, Nutrient Intakes, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet among New Zealand Adults: The NZ MED Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Lovell Amy L. , Roy Rajshri , Klein Alana , Cavadino Alana , Foster Meika , Krebs Jeremy D. , Braakhuis Andrea , Merry Troy L.
Published: June 2023

There is increasing evidence that adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern reduces the incidence of diet-related diseases. To date, the habitual dietary intake of New Zealand (NZ) adults has not been examined in relation to its alignment with a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern. This study aimed to define the habitual dietary patterns, nutrient intakes, and adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in a sample of 1012 NZ adults (86% female, mean age 48 ± 16 years) who had their diabetes risk defined by the Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool (AUSDRISK). Dietary intakes were collected using a validated semi-quantitative NZ food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Reported intakes from the FFQ were used in conjunction with the Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS) to determine adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern. Mixed linear models were used to analyze the association between dietary patterns and MSDPS with demographics, health factors, and nutrient intakes. Two distinct dietary patterns were identified: Discretionary (positive loadings on processed meat, meat/poultry, fast food, sweet drinks, and sugar, sweets, and baked good) and Guideline (positive loadings on vegetables, eggs/beans, and fruits). Adherence to dietary patterns and diet quality was associated with age and ethnicity. Dietary patterns were also associated with sex. Adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern defined by the MSDPS was low, indicating that a significant shift in food choices will be required if the Mediterranean Diet is to be adopted in the NZ population.
Effects of Oral Cannabidiol on Health and Fitness in Healthy Adults: An 8-Week Randomized Trial
Authors: Flores Victoria , Kisiolek Jacob , Ramani Arjun , Townsend Ryland , Rodriguez Edwin , Butler Blake , Stewart Laura
Published: June 2023

Background: There is a lack of research on the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on health-related fitness, physical activity, cognitive health, psychological wellbeing, and concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) in healthy individuals. CBD has potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of CBD on the above-mentioned measures in healthy individuals. Forty-eight participants were randomized into two groups receiving either oral capsules of 50 mg of CBD or a calorie-matched placebo daily. Participants completed pre- and post-intervention assessments, including blood draws, body composition, fitness, physical activity, and self-reported surveys. Results: There were no significant differences between groups regarding body composition, aerobic fitness, muscular strength, physical activity, cognitive health, psychological wellbeing, and resting CRP concentrations. However, the placebo group experienced a decline in mean peak power and relative peak power compared to the CBD group. Conclusions: The results suggest that 8 weeks of CBD supplementation may prevent declines in anaerobic fitness over time. However, long-term CBD supplementation may not be beneficial for altering measures of health-related fitness, mental health, and inflammation in healthy individuals.
The Effects of Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acids on Glucose Metabolism: An Updated Review
Authors: Egalini Filippo , Guardamagna Ornella , Gaggero Giulia , Varaldo Emanuele , Giannone Beatrice , Beccuti Guglielmo , Benso Andrea , Broglio Fabio
Published: June 2023

Massive changes have occurred in our diet. A growing consumption of vegetal oils rich in omega-6 (ω-6) and a depletion of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) in our food has led to an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6. In particular, eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio seems to be an indicator of this derangement, whose reduction is associated to the development of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Our aim was therefore to investigate the literature on the effects of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs on glucose metabolism. We discussed emerging evidence from pre-clinical studies and from clinical trials. Notably, conflicting results emerged. Source of ω-3, sample size, ethnicity, study duration and food cooking method may be responsible for the lack of univocal results. High EPA/AA ratio seems to be a promising indicator of better glycemic control and reduced inflammation. On the other hand, linoleic acid (LA) appears to be also associated to a minor incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it is still not clear if the outcome is related to a reduced production of AA or to its intrinsic effect. More data derived from multicenter, prospective randomized clinical trials are needed.
Secreted Extracellular Products of Flavobacterium covae as Potential Immunogenic Factors for Protection against Columnaris Disease in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
Authors: Sayed Mohamed , Narayanan Lakshmi , Essa Manal , Lawrence Mark , Karsi Attila , Abdelhamed Hossam
Published: June 2023

Columnaris disease caused by Flavobacterium covae leads to substantial economic losses in commercially important fish species worldwide. The US channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) industry is particularly vulnerable to this disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a vaccine to reduce the economic losses caused by this disease. Secreted extracellular products (SEPs) are considered to be essential bacterial virulence factors that often provide immunogenicity and protection. The current study sought to identify the main SEPs of F. covae and to evaluate their potential to provide protection in channel catfish against columnaris disease. SDS-PAGE analysis of SEPs revealed five protein bands with molecular weights ranging from 13 to 99 kDa. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that these SEPs were hypothetical protein (AWN65_11950), zinc-dependent metalloprotease (AWN65_10205), DNA/RNA endonuclease G (AWN65_02330), outer membrane protein beta-barrel domain (AWN65_12620), and chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase/exolyase (AWN65_08505). Catfish fingerlings were vaccinated with SEPs, SEPs emulsified with mineral oil adjuvant, or heat-inactivated SEPs, or they were sham-immunized through intraperitoneal (IP) injection. After 21 days, an F. covae challenge showed 58.77% and 46.17% survival in the catfish vaccinated with the SEPs and the SEPs emulsified with adjuvant compared to the sham-vaccinated control (100% mortality within 120 h post-infection). However, the heat-inactivated SEPs failed to provide significant protection (23.15% survival). In conclusion, although SEPs contain potentially important immunogenic proteins, further work is needed to optimize their use for long-lasting protection against columnaris disease in fish. These results are significant given the economic impact of columnaris disease on fish farming worldwide.
Stage-Dependent Increase of Systemic Immune Activation and CCR5+CD4+ T Cells in Filarial Driven Lymphedema in Ghana and Tanzania
Authors: Rahamani Abu Abudu , Horn Sacha , Ritter Manuel , Feichtner Anja , Osei-Mensah Jubin , Serwaa Opoku Vera , Batsa Debrah Linda , Marandu Thomas F. , Haule Antelmo , Mhidze Jacklina , Ngenya Abdallah , Demetrius Max , Klarmann-Schulz Ute , Hoelscher Michael , Geldmacher Christof , Hoerauf Achim , Kalinga Akili , Debrah Alexander Y. , Kroidl Inge
Published: June 2023

Chronic lymphedema caused by infection of Wuchereria bancrofti is a disfiguring disease that leads to physical disability, stigmatization, and reduced quality of life. The edematous changes occur mainly on the lower extremities and can progress over time due to secondary bacterial infections. In this study, we characterized participants with filarial lymphedema from Ghana and Tanzania as having low (stage 1–2), intermediate (stage 3–4), or advanced (stage 5–7) lymphedema to determine CD4+ T cell activation patterns and markers associated with immune cell exhaustion. A flow cytometry-based analysis of peripheral whole blood revealed different T cell phenotypes within participants with different stages of filarial lymphedema. In detail, increased frequencies of CD4+HLA-DR+CD38+ T cells were associated with higher stages of filarial lymphedema in patients from Ghana and Tanzania. In addition, significantly increased frequencies of CCR5+CD4+ T cells were seen in Ghanaian participants with advanced LE stages, which was not observed in the Tanzanian cohort. The frequencies of CD8+PD-1+ T cells were augmented in individuals with higher stage lymphedema in both countries. These findings show distinct activation and exhaustion patterns in lymphedema patients but reveal that immunological findings differ between West and East African countries.
Application of tris-(4,7-Diphenyl-1,10 phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) Dichloride to Detection of Microorganisms in Pharmaceutical Products
Authors: Hałasa Rafał , Turecka Katarzyna , Smoktunowicz Magdalena , Mizerska Urszula , Orlewska Czesława
Published: June 2023

tris-[(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II)] dichloride (Ru(DPP)3Cl2), a fluorescent sensor which is sensitive to the amount of oxygen in the sample, was applied using the fluorescent optical respirometry (FOR) technique. The oxygen in the samples quenches the fluorescence. The fluorescence intensity depends on the metabolic rate of the viable microorganisms. The effect of DMSO and plant extracts on bacteria was determined by FOR. It was shown that the MIC values obtained by FOR were consistent with the results of the MIC determinations using the method of serial dilutions; at the same time, the effects of concentrations lower than the growth-inhibitory concentrations on microbial cells were demonstrated. The FOR method enables the detection of multiplying bacteria in sterile and non-sterile pharmaceutical preparations in real time, which significantly shortens the time required to obtain results and allows the introduction of repair processes in the production. This method also allows for quick, unambiguous detection and the counting of the viable cells of aerobic microorganisms in non-sterile pharmaceuticals.
Bornyl-Containing Derivatives of Benzyloxyphenylpropanoic Acid as FFAR1 Agonists: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Authors: Pon’kina Darya A. , Kuranov Sergey O. , Marenina Mariya K. , Meshkova Yulia V. , Zhukova Nataliya A. , Khvostov Mikhail V. , Luzina Olga A. , Tolstikova Tatiana G. , Salakhutdinov Nariman F.
Published: June 2023

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. Several classes of hypoglycemic drugs are used to treat it, but various side effects limit their clinical use. Consequently, the search for new anti-diabetic agents remains an urgent task for modern pharmacology. In this investigation, we examined the hypoglycemic effects of bornyl-containing benzyloxyphenylpropanoic acid derivatives (QS-528 and QS-619) in a diet-induced model of T2DM. Animals were given the tested compounds per os at a dose of 30 mg/kg for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, compound QS-619 demonstrated a hypoglycemic effect, while QS-528 showed hepatoprotection. In addition, we performed a number of in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the presumed mechanism of action of the tested agents. Compound QS-619 was determined to activate the free fatty acid receptor-1 (FFAR1) similarly to the reference agonist GW9508 and its structural analogue QS-528. Both agents also increased insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide concentrations in CD-1 mice. Our results indicate that QS-619 and QS-528 are probably full FFAR1 agonists.
Rapid In Vitro Assessment of Antimicrobial Drug Effect Bridging Clinically Relevant Pharmacokinetics: A Comprehensive Methodology
Authors: Nikolaou Michael , Tam Vincent H.
Published: June 2023

Rapid in vitro assessment of antimicrobial drug efficacy under clinically relevant pharmacokinetic conditions is an essential element of both drug development and clinical use. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of a recently developed novel integrated methodology for rapid assessment of such efficacy, particularly against the emergence of resistant bacterial strains, as jointly researched by the authors in recent years. This methodology enables rapid in vitro assessment of the antimicrobial efficacy of single or multiple drugs in combination, following clinically relevant pharmacokinetics. The proposed methodology entails (a) the automated collection of longitudinal time–kill data in an optical-density instrument; (b) the processing of collected time–kill data with the aid of a mathematical model to determine optimal dosing regimens under clinically relevant pharmacokinetics for single or multiple drugs; and (c) in vitro validation of promising dosing regimens in a hollow fiber system. Proof-of-concept of this methodology through a number of in vitro studies is discussed. Future directions for the refinement of optimal data collection and processing are discussed.
Rewiring Drug Research and Development through Human Data-Driven Discovery (HD3)
Authors: Jackson David B. , Racz Rebecca , Kim Sarah , Brock Stephan , Burkhart Keith
Published: June 2023

In an era of unparalleled technical advancement, the pharmaceutical industry is struggling to transform data into increased research and development efficiency, and, as a corollary, new drugs for patients. Here, we briefly review some of the commonly discussed issues around this counterintuitive innovation crisis. Looking at both industry- and science-related factors, we posit that traditional preclinical research is front-loading the development pipeline with data and drug candidates that are unlikely to succeed in patients. Applying a first principles analysis, we highlight the critical culprits and provide suggestions as to how these issues can be rectified through the pursuit of a Human Data-driven Discovery (HD3) paradigm. Consistent with other examples of disruptive innovation, we propose that new levels of success are not dependent on new inventions, but rather on the strategic integration of existing data and technology assets. In support of these suggestions, we highlight the power of HD3, through recently published proof-of-concept applications in the areas of drug safety analysis and prediction, drug repositioning, the rational design of combination therapies and the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude that innovators must play a key role in expediting the path to a largely human-focused, systems-based approach to drug discovery and research.
Comparative Assessment of Antioxidant Activity and Functional Components of Chionanthus virginicus and Chionanthus pubescens from the Andean Region of Ecuador
Authors: Mihai Raluca A. , Espinoza Caiza Iván A. , Melo Heras Erly J. , Florescu Larisa I. , Catana Rodica D.
Published: June 2023

The present study aims to provide information about the antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites from different plant parts of two species that are grown in Ecuador: Chionanthus pubescens (the Ecuadorian national tree), and Chionanthus virginicus (the fringe tree—endemic to the United States of America and adapted to Ecuador’s physiographical and ecological conditions). These two species have still not been investigated for these characteristics. A comparative estimation of the antioxidant activities between the leaf, fruit, and inflorescence extracts was performed. In the quest for new medicines, the extracts were analyzed for phenolic, anthocyanin, and flavonoid content. A slight difference was observed between C. pubescens and C. virginicus flowers, the highest antioxidant activity being found in the C. pubescens leaf (DPPH IC50 = 62.8866 mg/mL, ABTS IC50 = 55.852 mg/mL, and FRAP IC50 = 2.8466 g/mL). Our results showed correlations between antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and flavonoids. This study confirmed that the C. pubescens leaves and fruits from the Andean region of Ecuador represent a good source of antioxidants, especially due to the presence of a high content of phenolic compounds (homovanillic acid, 3,4 dimethoxyphenylacetic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, etc.) as determined by the HPLC-DAD method.
Spruce Balm-Based Semisolid Vehicles for Wound Healing: Effect of Excipients on Rheological Properties and Ex Vivo Skin Permeation
Authors: Eichenauer Elisabeth , Jozić Martina , Glasl Sabine , Klang Victoria
Published: June 2023

The treatment of chronic wounds, an important issue with the growing elderly population, is increasingly hindered by antibiotic resistance. Alternative wound care approaches involve the use of traditional plant-derived remedies, such as purified spruce balm (PSB), with antimicrobial effects and the promotion of cell proliferation. However, spruce balm is difficult to formulate due to its stickiness and high viscosity; dermal products with satisfying technological properties and the scientific literature on this topic are scarce. Thus, the aim of the present work was to develop and rheologically characterize a range of PSB-based dermal formulations with different hydrophilic/lipophilic compositions. Mono- and biphasic semisolid formulations based on different compounds (petrolatum, paraffin oil, wool wax, castor oil, and water) were developed and characterized by their organoleptic and rheological measurements. A chromatographic method of analysis was established, and skin permeation data were collected for pivotal compounds. The results showed that the dynamic viscosity ranged from 10 to 70 Pas at 10/s for the different shear-thinning systems. The best formulation properties were observed for water-free wool wax/castor oil systems with 20% w/w PSB followed by different water-in-oil cream systems. Skin permeation through porcine skin was observed for different PSB compounds (e.g., pinoresinol, dehydroabietic acid, and 15-hydroxy-dehydroabietic acid) using Franz-type diffusion cells. The permeation potential of wool wax/castor oil- and lard-based formulations was shown for all the analyzed substance classes. The varying content of pivotal compounds in different PSB batches collected at different timepoints from different spruce individuals might have contributed to observed differences in vehicle performance.
Sugars and Organic Acids in 25 Strawberry Cultivars: Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation
Authors: Milosavljević Dragica , Maksimović Vuk , Milivojević Jasminka , Djekić Ilija , Wolf Bianca , Zuber Jan , Vogt Carla , Dragišić Maksimović Jelena
Published: June 2023

(1) The nutritional quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) fruits, among others, is largely maintained by the presence of soluble sugars and organic acids. As the primary products of photosynthesis, they are energy depots in plants, necessary for the construction of cell constituents, but also serve as precursors of aromatic compounds and signaling molecules. (2) In this study, fruits of 25 strawberry cultivars were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized concerning individual sugars and organic acids by HPLC, FT-ICR-MS, and MS imaging analysis. In addition, the total quality index (TQI), as a novel mathematical model, was used to compare all individual parameters evaluated to obtain a quantitative single score, as an indicator of overall fruit quality. (3) Regardless of a large number of cultivars and monitored parameters that were studded, several cultivars stood out in terms of selected primary metabolites, such as ‘Rumba’, ‘Jeny’, and ‘Sandra’, while the latter had the best TQI score. (4) Intercultivar variations in sugars and organic acids profiles, along with other bioactive compounds, should be considered for selection of promising cultivars with improved naturally occurring nutraceutical traits. Besides the search for a pleasant taste, increased awareness of healthy nutrition resulted in heightening consumer demand for high-quality fruit.
Different Responses to Water Deficit of Two Common Winter Wheat Varieties: Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics
Authors: Popova Antoaneta V. , Mihailova Gergana , Geneva Maria , Peeva Violeta , Kirova Elisaveta , Sichanova Mariyana , Dobrikova Anelia , Georgieva Katya
Published: June 2023

Since water scarcity is one of the main risks for the future of agriculture, studying the ability of different wheat genotypes to tolerate a water deficit is fundamental. This study examined the responses of two hybrid wheat varieties (Gizda and Fermer) with different drought resistance to moderate (3 days) and severe (7 days) drought stress, as well as their post-stress recovery to understand their underlying defense strategies and adaptive mechanisms in more detail. To this end, the dehydration-induced alterations in the electrolyte leakage, photosynthetic pigment content, membrane fluidity, energy interaction between pigment–protein complexes, primary photosynthetic reactions, photosynthetic and stress-induced proteins, and antioxidant responses were analyzed in order to unravel the different physiological and biochemical strategies of both wheat varieties. The results demonstrated that Gizda plants are more tolerant to severe dehydration compared to Fermer, as evidenced by the lower decrease in leaf water and pigment content, lower inhibition of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry and dissipation of thermal energy, as well as lower dehydrins’ content. Some of defense mechanisms by which Gizda variety can tolerate drought stress involve the maintenance of decreased chlorophyll content in leaves, increased fluidity of the thylakoid membranes causing structural alterations in the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as dehydration-induced accumulation of early light-induced proteins (ELIPs), an increased capacity for PSI cyclic electron transport and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and APX), thus alleviating oxidative damage. Furthermore, the leaf content of total phenols, flavonoids, and lipid-soluble antioxidant metabolites was higher in Gizda than in Fermer.
Flora of Northeast Asia
Authors: Wang Si-Qi , Dong Xue-Yun , Ye Liang , Wang Hong-Feng , Ma Ke-Ping
Published: June 2023

As a component of the MAP project, the study of the flora in Northeast Asia (comprising Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Northeast China, and Mongolia) convincingly underscores the indispensability of precise and comprehensive diversity data for flora research. Due to variations in the description of flora across different countries in Northeast Asia, it is essential to update our understanding of the region’s overall flora using the latest high-quality diversity data. This study employed the most recently published authoritative data from various countries to conduct a statistical analysis of 225 families, 1782 genera, and 10,514 native vascular species and infraspecific taxa in Northeast Asia. Furthermore, species distribution data were incorporated to delineate three gradients in the overall distribution pattern of plant diversity in Northeast Asia. Specifically, Japan (excluding Hokkaido) emerged as the most prolific hotspot for species, followed by the Korean Peninsula and the coastal areas of Northeast China as the second richest hotspots. Conversely, Hokkaido, inland Northeast China, and Mongolia constituted species barren spots. The formation of the diversity gradients is primarily attributed to the effects of latitude and continental gradients, with altitude and topographic factors within the gradients modulating the distribution of species.
Zinc and Potassium Fertilizer Synergizes Plant Nutrient Availability and Affects Growth, Yield, and Quality of Wheat Genotypes
Authors: Bashir Aneela , Khan Qudrat Ullah , Alem Ahmad , Hendi Awatif A. , Zaman Umber , Khan Shahid Ullah , Rehman Khalil ur , Khan Asghar Ali , Ullah Ihsan , Anwar Yasir , Abdelrahman Ehab A.
Published: June 2023

The growth and productivity of wheat crops depend on the availability of essential nutrients such as zinc (Zn) and potassium (K2O), which play critical roles in the plant’s physiological and biochemical processes. This study aimed to investigate the synergizing effect of zinc and potassium fertilizers on uptake of both the nutrients, growth, yield, and quality of the Hashim-08 cultivar and local landrace, during the 2019–2020 growing season in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. The experiment was designed using a split plot pattern in a randomized complete pattern, with main plots for the wheat cultivars and subplots for the fertilizer treatments. Results indicated that both cultivars responded positively to the fertilizer treatments, with the local landrace exhibiting maximum plant height and biological yield, and improved Hashim-08, showing increased agronomic parameters, including the number of tillers and grains and spike length. Application of Zn and K2O fertilizers significantly enhanced agronomic parameters, such as the number of grains per plant, spike length, thousand-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, Zn uptake of grain, dry gluten content, and grain moisture content, while crude protein and grain potassium remained relatively unchanged. The soil’s Zn and K content dynamics were found to vary among treatments. In conclusion, the combined application of Zn and K2O fertilizers proved beneficial in improving the growth, yield, and quality of wheat crops, with the local landrace exhibiting lower grain yield but greater Zn uptake through fertilizer application. The study’s findings highlight that the local landrace showed good response to the growth and qualitative parameter when compared with the Hashim-08 cultivar. Additionally, the combined application of Zn and K showed a positive relation in terms of nutrient uptake and soil Zn and K content.
Increased Ammonium Enhances Suboptimal-Temperature Tolerance in Cucumber Seedlings
Authors: Ma Chao , Ban Tiantian , Yu Hongjun , Li Qiang , Li Xiaohui , Jiang Weijie , Xie Jianming
Published: June 2023

Nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) is widely used in the cultivation of the cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). In fact, in mixed nitrogen forms, partially substituting NO3−-N with NH4+-N can promote the absorption and utilization of nitrogen. However, is this still the case when the cucumber seedling is vulnerable to the suboptimal-temperature stress? It remains unclear as to how the uptake and metabolism of ammonium affect the suboptimal-temperature tolerance in cucumber seedlings. In this study, cucumber seedlings were grown under suboptimal temperatures at five ammonium ratios (0NH4+, 25%NH4+, 50%NH4+, 75%NH4+, 100%NH4+) for 14 days. Firstly, increasing ammonium to 50% promoted the growth and root activity and increased protein and proline contents but decreased MDA content in cucumber seedlings. This indicated that increasing ammonium to 50% enhanced the suboptimal-temperature tolerance of cucumber seedlings. Furthermore, increasing ammonium to 50% up-regulated the expression of the nitrogen uptake-transport genes CsNRT1.3, CsNRT1.5 and CsAMT1.1, which promoted the uptake and transport of nitrogen, as well as the up-regulation of the expression of the glutamate cycle genes CsGOGAT-1-2, CsGOGAT-2-1, CsGOGAT-2-2, CsGS-2 and CsGS-3, which promoted the metabolism of nitrogen. Meanwhile, increased ammonium up-regulated the expression of the PM H+-ATP genes CSHA2 and CSHA3 in roots, which maintained nitrogen transport and membranes at a suboptimal temperature. In addition, 13 of 16 genes detected in the study were preferentially expressed in the roots in the increasing ammonium treatments under suboptimal temperatures, which, thus, promoted nitrogen assimilation in roots to the enhance the suboptimal-temperature tolerance of cucumber seedlings.
Analysis of Important Volatile Organic Compounds and Genes Produced by Aroma of Pepper Fruit by HS-SPME-GC/MS and RNA Sequencing
Authors: Qiu Yinhui , Li Yongqing , Wu Lidong , Wei Hang , Fu Jianwei , Chen Weiting , Lin Shuting , Yang Sheng , Zhang Rui , Shang Wei , Liao Chengshu , Zeng Shaogui , Luo Ying , Cai Weiwei
Published: June 2023

Pepper is an important condiment, and its aroma affects its commercial value. In this study, transcriptome sequencing and combined headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes and volatile organic compounds in spicy and non-spicy pepper fruits. Compared with non-spicy fruits, there were 27 up-regulated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and 3353 up-regulated genes (Up-DEGs) in spicy fruits. The results of KEGG enrichment analysis of the Up-DEGs combined with differential VOCs analysis showed that fatty acid biosynthesis and terpenoid biosynthesis may be the main metabolic pathways for aroma differences between non-spicy and spicy pepper fruits. The expression levels of the fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes FAD, LOX1, LOX5, HPL, and ADH and the key terpene synthesis gene TPS in spicy pepper fruits were significantly higher than those in non-spicy pepper fruits. The differential expression of these genes may be the reason for the different aroma. The results can provide reference for the development and utilization of high-aroma pepper germplasm resources and the breeding of new varieties.
Evaluating Residual Stress in Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) at Microscale Using Fiber Push-Out Experiment and Finite Element Modeling
Authors: Vu Quy Tung Linh , Seon Guillaume , Ghaffari Sarvenaz , Makeev Andrew , Lachaud Frédéric , Charlotte Miguel , Gourinat Yves
Published: June 2023

Microscale residual stress may develop during the manufacturing of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites and negatively affect apparent macroscale mechanical properties. Accordingly, accurately capturing residual stress may be essential in computational methods used for composite material design. This work presents a new data-driven methodology for the evaluation of microscale residual stress in CFRPs using fiber push-out experiments with in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. SEM images reveal significant through-thickness matrix sink-in deformation in resin-rich areas after nearby fibers are pushed out, which is attributed to the release of microscale process-induced residual stress. The sink-in deformation is measured experimentally, and a Finite Element Model Updating (FEMU) method is used to retrieve the associated residual stress. The finite element (FE) analysis includes simulation of the curing process, test sample machining, and fiber push-out experiment. Significant out-of-plane matrix deformation larger than 1% of the specimen thickness is reported and associated with a high level of residual stress in resin-rich areas. This work emphasizes the importance of in situ data-driven characterization for integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) and material design.
Preparation and Properties of High-Temperature-Resistant, Lightweight, Flexible Polyimide Foams with Different Diamine Structures
Authors: Yun Shuhuan , Sheng Xianzhe , Wang Shengli , Miao Xing , Shi Xuetao , Zhao Yongsheng , Qin Jianbin , Zhang Guangcheng
Published: June 2023

Polyimide foam (PIF) is a rising star in high-end applications such as aerospace thermal insulation and military sound absorption. However, the basic rule on molecular backbone design and uniform pore formation of PIF still need to be explored. In this work, polyester ammonium salt (PEAS) precursor powders are synthesized between alcoholysis ester of 3, 3′, 4, 4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDE) and aromatic diamines with different chain flexibility and conformation symmetry. Then, a standard “stepwise heating” thermo-foaming approach is used to prepare PIF with comprehensive properties. A rational thermo-foaming program is designed based on in situ observation of pore formation during heating. The fabricated PIFs have uniform pore structure, and PIFBTDA-PDA shows the smallest size (147 μm) and narrow distribution. Interestingly, PIFBTDA-PDA also presents a balanced strain recovery rate (SR = 91%) and mechanical robustness (0.051 MPa at 25% strain) and its pore structure maintains regularity after 10 compression–recovery cycles, mainly due to high rigidity of the chains. Furthermore, all the PIFs possess lightweight feature (15–20 kg∙m−3), good heat resistance (Tg at 270–340 °C), thermal stability (T5% at 480–530 °C), thermal insulation properties (λ = 0.046–0.053 W∙m−1K−1 at 20 °C, λ = 0.078–0.089 W∙m−1K−1 at 200 °C), and excellent flame retardancy (LOI > 40%). The reported monomer-mediated pore-structure control strategy can provide guidelines for the preparation of high-performance PIF and its industrial applications.
Effect of Antibacterial Agents on Dentin Bond Strength of Bioactive Restorative Materials
Authors: Abuljadayel Roaa , Aljadani Nouf , Almutairi Hazim , Turkistani Alaa
Published: June 2023

Treating dentin surfaces with antibacterial agents prior to bonding bioactive restorations might affect their mechanical properties. In this study, we evaluated the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and chlorhexidine (CHX) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of bioactive restorative materials. Dentin discs were treated with SDF for 60 s or CHX for 20 s and bonded with four restorative materials, namely Activa Bioactive Restorative (AB), Beautifil II (BF), Fuji II LC (FJ), and Surefil One (SO). Control discs were bonded without treatment (n = 10). SBS was determined using a universal testing machine, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for the evaluation of the failure mode and the cross-sectional examination of adhesive interfaces. The SBS of each material between different treatments and of the different materials within each treatment were compared via a Kruskal–Wallis test. The SBS of AB and BF was significantly higher than that of FJ and SO in the control and CHX groups (p < 0.01). In the latter, SBS was higher in FJ than SO (p < 0.01). SO had a higher value with SDF compared to CHX (p = 0.01). The SBS of SDF-treated FJ was higher than that of the control (p < 0.01). SEM showed a more homogenous and improved interface of FJ and SO with SDF. Neither CHX nor SDF compromised the dentin bonding of bioactive restorative materials.
Increasing Surface Functionalities of FeCl3-Modified Reed Waste Biochar for Enhanced Nitrate Adsorption Property
Authors: Kuang Peijing , Cui Yubo , Zhang Zhongwei , Ma Kedong , Zhang Wanjun , Zhao Ke , Zhang Xiaomeng
Published: June 2023

Ferric chloride (FeCl3) modified reed straw-based biochar was synthesized to remove nitrate from aqueous solutions and achieve waste recycling. The adsorption of nitrate onto Fe-RBC-600 adsorbents could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and fitted to Langmuir adsorption, and the maximum adsorption capacity predicted using the Langmuir model was 272.024 mg g−1. The adsorbent characterization indicated that a high temperature of 600 °C and an oxygen-poor environment could develop a hydrophobic surface and O-containing functional groups on the biochar, which provided more binding sites for Fe3+/Fe2+ attachment and increased the surface functionality of Fe-RBC-600 with iron oxide formation. The increasing surface functionality successfully enhanced the nitrate adsorption property. The mechanism of nitrate adsorption was mainly attributed to the physical adsorption onto the positive surface and sequential chemical reduction by Fe2+, and the electrostatic adsorption by protonated amine groups.