bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Effort on Percentage of Short Interresponse Times: Constant and Varied Effort Conditions
Authors: Ginter Cindylee A. , Armus Harvard L.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effect of response effort on the percentage of short interresponse times under constant and varied effort conditions. After training on a lever-pressing task, rats were subjected to either a constant or a varied 10-g or 55-g response force (effort) requirement. The percentage of short interresponse times (under 1 sec.) was recorded in both acquisition and extinction phases of testing. The findings showed no effect of effort on the occurrence of short interresponse times during acquisition. However, there was a significant effort effect in extinction for the varied effort group, the higher force requirement resulting in a greater percentage of short interresponse times.
A Perspective on Tachibana's Eta-Squared Analyses of the Results of the Nctr Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study
Authors: Vorhees Charles V.
Published: August 2011

The NCTR Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study (CBTS) data have been reanalyzed by Tachibana (1989) using the strength of association statistic η2 as a means of examining the reliability of the data. This is an important issue, because determining the reliability of behavioral teratological measures was one of the CBTS's principal aims. The η2 approach is a useful one, but its value is critically dependent on the assumption that it is applied to the data appropriately. The CBTS was a project which involved large numbers of pregnant rats and their offspring, tested postnatally on a large number of physical and behavioral tests. The project was conducted in six laboratories and involved two experiments with four treatment groups/experiment, 16 dams/group, and 8 offspring/dam. For practical more than theoretical reasons, each of these large experiments was conducted in balanced replicates of 4 dams/group. Since this had to be done, replicate was included in the statistical models used to evaluate the data. Tachibana (1989) has performed a series of η2 analyses on the CBTS data as if each replicate constituted an independent experiment and concluded that the reproducibility of the CBTS data was not particularly good. Tachibana's η2 analyses are discussed as problematic because the data should have been analyzed as intended, by experiment ( n = 16/group), not by replicates. There are well-known problems associated with the reliability of small sample sizes in any experiment and Tachibana's conclusion, based as it is on replicates, offers little insight into the reproducibility of behavioral teratogenicity data generally or from the CBTS project specifically.
Effects of an Affirmative Gay Psychotherapy Workshop on Counselors' Authoritarianism
Authors: Rudolph James
Published: August 2011

21 counselors and trainees enrolled in a 3-day workshop showed decreased scores on authoritarianism, measured on the Ray Directiveness Scale, after the training and at 2-mo. follow-up, and lower scores than controls, although scores were like the control group's at pretest.
On the Factor Structure of the Personality Research Form-E
Authors: Ramanaiah Nerella V. , Conn Steven R.
Published: August 2011

Contrary to Jackson's 1974 theoretical conceptualization of the factors underlying the Personality Research Form-E, later in 1985 Fowler found a nurturance factor but not an achievement factor. A major problem may be the predominantly female sample in Fowler's study. This study replicated Fowler's using a sample with equal proportions of men and women. Among other things, analyses yielded an achievement factor and not a nurturance factor. Implications of the results were discussed.
Assessment of College Adjustment in Three Freshman Groups
Authors: Kaczmarek Peggy G. , Matlock C. Glenn , Franco Juan N.
Published: August 2011

This is a report of the administration of the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire at a university which has an enrollment of approximately 24% Hispanic and 69% AngloAmericans. The questionnaire was given to three groups of first semester freshmen: a general, comparison sample of 57 students, 24 students who voluntarily participated in a federally funded peer counseling program, and 68 students targeted as academically marginal and mandated into a remedial track. On all subscales—academic, social, personal-emotional, institutional attachment, and on the full scale—the academically marginal students scored significantly lower than the other two groups. The study provides additional normative data which suggest the instrument is appropriate for use with diverse populations.
Effect of Death Anxiety on Perception of Death-Related Humor
Authors: Mager Marlowe , Cabe Patrick A.
Published: August 2011

Scores on a humor scale containing both death-related and non-death-related items were compared among three groups of 10 college students who scored high, medium, or low on death anxiety. Ratings of humor differed significantly among the groups, but there was no significant interaction between death anxiety and ratings of death-related humor. Subjects high in death anxiety showed lower humor ratings over-all than the other two groups.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXVIII. Louis Pons: From Physics to Psychophysics and Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Eustache Francis
Published: August 2011

Professor Louis Pons (1928-1989), Doctor of Physics, turned toward psychological research in 1975, after some time spent in the United States where he had begun to collaborate with researchers of the National Institute of Mental Health. His first publications in psychophysics centered on the influence of acoustic parameters on various cognitive indices through the free word-association technique. After founding the Cognitive Psychology Laboratory at the University of Caen, he improved this technique and used it to describe psychological characteristics of a number of mental and neurological diseases as well as the effects of various pharmacological agents. His works constitute groundwork for the field of word association and its application in psychiatry and clinical psychopharmacology. As a person, Louis Pons was an enthusiast with a profound sense of friendship and of giving, who devoted himself to help those who suffered socially and morally.
Effects of a Forced Institutional Relocation on the Mortality and Morbidity of Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Davis R. Ellen , Thorson James A. , Copenhaver John H.
Published: August 2011

Residents of a county nursing home underwent a forced, mass relocation. Gerontologists advised on preparation of staff and residents. No increase in residents' mortality or morbidity was found after the relocation. The highest death rate was in the anticipatory period, the year prior to the move.
Additional Construct Validity Evidence for the Harder Personal Feelings Questionnaire Measure of Shame and Guilt Proneness
Authors: Harder David W.
Published: August 2011

The present study was done to provide additional evidence for the construct validity of the Harder Personal Feelings Questionnaire, a measure of shame and guilt proneness. Two samples of university students ( n = 96 and n = 109) completed the questionnaire and scales assessing self-derogation, instability of self-concept, inadequacy of self-concept, social desirability, and locus of control. The correlations among these scores were generally consistent with predictions, although the evidence was only mildly supportive of the discriminant validity of the shame and guilt scales.
Intensity of Affect, Role Self-Concept, and Self-Evaluative Judgments
Authors: Dance K. , Kuiper N. , Martin R.
Published: August 2011

Affect intensity was significantly related to both the number of self-relevant roles endorsed by an individual and the overlap of these roles for 62 undergraduates (43 women) of mean age 21.5 yr. Affect intensity was not related to specific judgments concerning the importance, stressfulness, and perceived satisfaction of these roles but did yield a significant relationship with a more general measure of dysfunctional self-evaluative standards. These findings are related to previous 1990 research by Calloni and Ross on trait self-schemata and affect intensity.
Alcohol-Related Expectancies Reported by College Women to a Large Dose of Alcohol
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

A sample of 50 college women taking part in a previous study about expected effects of moderate doses of alcohol were contacted a second time. Of the original 50 subjects 47 now reported their expectancies for a large dose of alcohol both for themselves and for others by simply stating the three most probable effects in terms of behavior and emotion. They primarily expected themselves to become happy and others generally to misbehave. When answers were coded as positive or negative, subjects expected positive or negative effects both for themselves and others on the first choice. On the second and third choices, the proportion of negative expectancies increased significantly, especially for others. Results from the previous and the present study were compared, and it was concluded that subjects seem to have very few but dominant expectancies.
Development and Testing of a Scale to Measure Locus of Control in South African Political Detainees
Authors: Perkel Adrian , Govender Rajen
Published: August 2011

Political detention in South Africa has characteristically involved a process of systematised abuse aimed at breaking down individuals and gaining information from them. The inherent characteristics of detention have been documented as particularly pathogenic and inducing of psychological and psychiatric sequelae. Generalised perceived locus of control has played a mediating role in determining individuals' responses to particular stressors. A specific scale to measure locus of control in the detention-specific context was constructed and validated according to locus of control theory. Results indicated a valid and reliable instrument for determining perceived locus of control in detention. Ascertaining the mediating capacity of this construct in this context and therapeutic implications are discussed.
Measuring Support for Organizational Innovation: A Validity Study
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: August 2011

A 30-item version of the Perceived Support for Innovation scale was completed by 30 employees from an engineering firm judged to be ‘innovative’ by local businesspersons and 30 from a similar firm judged to be ‘noninnovative’ by these persons. Employees from the innovative firm obtained significantly higher mean scores than those from the noninnovative firm on each of the five subscales. Factor analysis of the responses of the two groups of employees both yielded a single general factor, rather than the five separate factors posited by the scale developers. Significant positive relationships were found between the scores on Perceived Support for Innovation and, respectively, job satisfaction, work motivation, and job involvement. These results are interpreted as providing some support for the validity of the inventory, beyond the school setting in which it was developed.
Body Attitudes and Eating Behaviors of Female Clothing Sales Personnel
Authors: Waddell-Kral Leslie , Thomas Cheryl D.
Published: August 2011

Recent research suggests that social standards for ideal female beauty are related to negative body-image and dieting among young women We hypothesized that women who work in settings that emphasize physical appearance (women's fashion clothing sales) would have more disturbed body attitudes and eating behaviors than college women. Sales personnel ( n = 21) and students ( n = 25) answered questions about their occupational status, weight, and demographic characteristics, and completed the Body-esteem Scale and the Eating Disorder Inventory. Weight and scores on the two scales were similar in both groups except that sales personnel reported more dissatisfaction with their body parts on the Body dissatisfaction scale of the Eating Disorder Inventory. Among sales personnel, those who perceived their appearance to be of greater importance in their work also reported more concern about dieting and weight, as reflected on the Drive for thinness subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory. Results are discussed with regard to situational influences on women's body attitudes and their implications for eating behaviors.
Job Preferences of Part-Time Workers Have Changed
Authors: Phillips Dave R. , Weaver Charles N. , Matthews Michael D.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of data from the General Social Surveys: 1972–1988 indicated job preferences for part-time workers were less likely for important, meaningful work and more for high pay.
Study Abroad: A Case Study in International Education
Authors: Gurman Ernest B. , Taylor William B. , Hudson Tim W.
Published: August 2011

In recent years study abroad programs offered by American universities have grown rapidly, but little evaluation has been done. An exploratory analysis of one such program is described because no formal attempt had been made since its inception in 1976. Participants from 39 states were 309 men and women who ranged in age from 19 to 56 yr. A 30-item questionnaire, administered after the summer program, showed great variation in responses as students adjusted to living and going to school in a foreign country. The implications for the program's value were discussed.
Statistical Comparison of the Index of Dissimilarity of School Desegregation and Percentages of Pupils
Authors: Sapp Marty
Published: August 2011

This study examined the statistical validity of the school desegregation Index of Dissimilarity when applied to data from the Cincinnati, Ohio school district. Testing use of this Index against inferential statistics indicates the Index does not measure school desegregation.
Factor Structure of the Comrey Personality Scales, the Personality Research Form—E, and the Five-Factor Model
Authors: Conn Steven R. , Ramanaiah Nerella V.
Published: August 2011

According to McCrae and Costa, Norman's 1963 five-factor model of personality based on peer ratings provides a universal and comprehensive framework for describing individual differences in personality and also for interpreting different personality systems. This study tested the generality and comprehensiveness of the five-factor model using Comrey Personality Scales and Jackson's 1984 Personality Research Form-E. Separate principal axis analyses of scales from each inventory indicated three factors for the Comrey scales and five for the Research Form—E. The three Comrey factors were similar to Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion in the five-factor model, and the five Research Form—E factors were similar to those in the five-factor model. These results provided strong empirical evidence for the generality and comprehensiveness of the five-factor model.
Traits Associated with Poor Mathematics Performance
Authors: Ecker Christine , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Analysis of responses of 19 men and 28 women, who were 18 or 19 years old and who performed poorly on a mathematics entrance test showed attitudes toward mathematics was a stronger correlate of performance in mathematics than scores on locus of control.
Mmpi Differences among Mexican-American Male and Female Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Velasquez Roberto J. , Callahan Wendell J. , Carrillo Ricardo
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent Mexican-American male and female psychiatric patients, who share similar DSM-III—R diagnoses, differ on the MMPI. Differences were found on the Infrequency, Masculinity-Femininity, and Paranoia scales, with the 39 men obtaining significantly higher scores than the 21 women. These results, while suggesting possible differences in the phenomenology of depression, also suggest that MMPI differences between Mexican-American men and women may be reflective of culturally-defined sex roles. These results, when taken within the context of Mexican-American MMPI literature, indicate that researchers should always attempt to account for “gender” when conducting cross-ethnic MMPI comparisons. The practice of grouping the MMPIs of Mexican-American men and women for comparison with other ethnic groups should be discontinued in favor of comparisons that consider the effects of gender and ethnicity.
Relationship between the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement—Brief Form and the Wide Range Achievement Test—Revised Level 2 with Incarcerated Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Prewett Peter N. , Lillis Wanda T. , Bardos Achilles N.
Published: August 2011

The Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement—Brief Form and the Wide Range Achievement Test—Revised Level 2 were administered in counterbalanced order to 50 male incarcerated juvenile delinquents. The analyses showed the similar subtests on the two tests, i.e., Kaufman Reading test and WRAT—R Reading, were highly correlated. The mean standard scores of the similar subtests were not significantly different from each other. These results contrast with the significantly lower WRAT—R scores found when scores on the WRAT—R Level 1 are compared with those on the Kaufman test.
Bias by Male Engineering Undergraduates in Their Evaluation of Teaching
Authors: Haemmerlie Frances M. , Highfill Lois A.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the gender biases of male engineering undergraduates when evaluating a college teacher of a technical course. Students ( n = 126) rated an hypothetical calculus teacher on a variety of personal, interpersonal and professional dimensions. Evidence of a promale bias was found with regard to what subjects thought the teacher's personal attitudes and interpersonal behavior would be toward students.
Biofeedback as a Treatment for Childhood Hyperactivity: A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Lee Steven W.
Published: August 2011

Hyperactivity is a significant problem for which no causal theories have been unequivocally substantiated and one in which treatment approaches have met with limited success. Recent research in behavioral medicine has brought biofeedback into use as a treatment for disorders that are mediated by physiologic functioning, with hyperactivity as one such disorder. 36 studies are reviewed in which biofeedback was used as a treatment for hyperactivity. This review indicated that biofeedback treatments alone have not been effectively evaluated, and methodological problems with the current studies severely limit generalizations that may be made to hyperactive populations. Biofeedback in conjunction with other techniques appears to have promise for reducing some of the behavioral symptoms of the hyperactivity syndrome. Directions for further research are presented.
Measuring Psychological Kinship: Scale Refinement and Validation
Authors: Nava Gustavo R. , Bailey Kent G.
Published: August 2011

The Kinship Scale was designed to measure the construct of psychological kinship. A revised version of the scale was validated against several measures of intimacy and relatedness. Subjects were undergraduate psychology students (56 men, 144 women) who were administered test packets including the Revised Kinship Scale, the Rubin Love and Liking Scales, the Adolescent Parent Relations Scale (Attachment), and the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. The scales (except for Loneliness) were taken relative to two different cognitive sets, Closest Parent and Boyfriend or Girlfriend. As predicted, psychological kinship was positively correlated with attachment, love, and liking; however, sex differences complicated the picture. The prediction of a negative correlation between Kinship and Loneliness was not supported. Factor analysis yielded four factors, accounting for 51% of the total variance. The strongest factor (“family love”) contained 10 of the 20 items on the Revised Kinship Scale and accounted for 37 7% of the variance. It correlated as highly with the external affiliative measures as did the revised scale, and so may be a good short form of the test.
Regional Differences in Sodomy Laws
Authors: Young Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

As of 1989, 24 states prohibited either heterosexual or homosexual sodomy. This raises for study the following question: in what ways do states with sodomy laws differ from states without sodomy laws. It was hypothesized that states with sodomy laws are more punitive (as measured by the rate of adults under correctional supervision and the number of restricted civil rights for a felony conviction), rural, and southern. Although the first two hypotheses were rejected, states with sodomy laws scored significantly higher than states without such laws on Gastil's Index of Southernness. Sodomy laws may be more commonly found in the South given regional differences in social values about sex, morality, and family life.
Differences in Level of Aspiration and Performance as a Function of Whether a Task is Perceived as an Ability Test
Authors: Siry JoAnne M.
Published: August 2011

It was hypothesized that, when 73 college students were presented with two digit-symbol tasks and asked to estimate their score before each one, (1) they would make a second estimate that was higher than their first score, (2) they would make higher estimates and perform better on both tasks if the task was presented as an ability test than if it was presented as a visual-matching task, and (3) there would be a correlation between long-term educational aspirations and performance on the first task. The results showed that the students did not set a positive goal discrepancy based on their performance on the first task, although they did perform significantly better on the second than on the first task. The ability group did not make significantly higher estimates or perform significantly better than the visual-matching group. There was a significant positive correlation between students' long-term educational aspirations and their performance on the first task.
Is There a Natural Suicide Rate for a Society?
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

It was argued that no society could be free of suicide. To test this, from published literature 27 social variables related to suicide were set to zero in the multiple regression equations, and the estimated suicide rate was observed to be positive and nonzero.
Association between War and Suicide and Homicide
Authors: Lester David , Yang Bijou
Published: August 2011

The size of the military was observed to be associated with lower suicide and homicide rates in the USA from 1933 to 1986, but military build-up versus demobilization had no discernible effect.
The Power of Negative Thinking
Authors: Bennett J. C.
Published: August 2011

Ideas are often expressed in a negative way to call attention to a drastic need for change. To many educators such criticism is unwarranted and undesirable. Here an in-depth view of these educators' intolerance of negatively expressed ideas and opinions is presented. The effects of this approach are discussed.
An Examination of Personal and Situational Factors Which Affect Female Managers and Their Employees
Authors: Leventhal Gloria , Garcia Victoria L.
Published: August 2011

This study examined personal characteristics of 19 male and 47 female employees and 38 female bosses, and situational factors which may affect women in management. Variables included sex, age, attitude towards women, years on the job, nature of the job (male-dominated or female-dominated), perceived gender-role of boss, employees' satisfaction with boss, bosses' satisfaction with employees, and job satisfaction. Results indicated (a) male and female employees perceived their female bosses, and female bosses perceived themselves, to be high on the masculine scale, i.e., to have characteristics related to managerial success, (b) nature of job was a critical factor for sex-role stereotyping, (c) years on the job mitigated sex-role stereotyping, (d) job satisfaction was related to satisfaction with the employee or the boss. Implications for the workplace were discussed.
Sex Differences in the Jokes College Students Tell
Authors: Johnson A. Michael
Published: August 2011

Jokes were solicited from 214 college women and 136 college men. These jokes were then sorted into four major categories: sexual jokes, aggressive jokes, blended sexual and aggressive jokes, and nontendentious jokes. Men and women did not generally differ in telling sexual and aggressive jokes. Women were more likely to tell nontendentious jokes and to tell no joke at all than were men. Men were more likely to tell sexual and aggressive blends. The possible implications concerning the attitudes of college students are discussed.
Combined Effects of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards on Motivation
Authors: Wiersma Uco J.
Published: August 2011

Contrasting predictions from expectancy valence and cognitive evaluation theories were tested in a 2 × 2 factorial design in which intrinsic and extrinsic rewards were independently manipulated. Based on critiques of earlier research, several relevant factors were considered in the present design: type of extrinsic reward, measure of intrinsic motivation, and use of moderator variables, such as higher order need strength. 94 college students worked on either an interesting or boring task for a low or high extrinsic reward. The primary measure of intrinsic motivation was subjects' return rate to a second experimental session. Results support the expectancy valence hypothesis that intrinsic and contingent extrinsic rewards have an additive effect on motivation. Both types of rewards show significant main effects. There were no significant moderator effects. Differences between this study and research supporting cognitive evaluation theory are discussed.
The Academic Elite in Law: Linkages among Top-Ranked Law Schools
Authors: Bair Jeffrey H. , Boor Myron
Published: August 2011

The 9 top-ranked law schools, based on the rankings of a national sample of 183 law school deans, were substantially linked to one another by hiring one another's graduates. It is suggested that this linkage helps these law schools to maintain and enhance their prestige.
Regional Correlations between Suicide and Homicide Rates for 1986
Authors: Saucer Patrick R.
Published: August 2011

In reporting the suicide rate and the homicide rate for 1986, the Bureau of the Census divided the United States into nine divisions. This note reports the Pearson correlation between the suicide rate and homicide rate for the states in each division for 1986. Except for the East South Central division, the correlation between the suicide rate and the homicide rate for each division for 1986 was not significant.
Educators' Appraisal of Their Stressors and Coping Strategies
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Ginther Dean W. , Tomcala Maryjane , Bryant George W.
Published: August 2011

An assessment of 188 educators' perceptions of their appraisal of stress producers and coping mechanisms on McWilliams and Schnorr's questionnaire were studied. Subjects identified their stress as mild, moderate, and severe. Analysis of scores identified educators' stressors and coping strategies and showed significant differences among the three stress-level groups on statements about 12 stress producers and 8 coping mechanisms.
Psychology of Adjustment at Research Universities
Authors: Bridges K. Robert
Published: August 2011

Only 38 of 140 universities with the top research programs in psychology offer courses on adjustment. At some schools adjustment has been replaced by a similar course with a new title and more narrow course description.
Military Wives: Ambiguity in a Traditional Role
Authors: Levy Diane E. , Faulkner Gary L. , Steffensmeier Renee
Published: August 2011

The traditional pattern of the two-person career in the military has undergone a transition so that the contemporary role of the military wife has become similar to the civilian one. Data from 111 women married to servicemen stationed overseas at 13 bases in 4 countries suggest that, although the traditional dependent pattern is no longer universal, much role ambiguity and conflict remain as families adapt to the changing military environment.
Relationship between Familial Style and Creative Potential of Preschool Children
Authors: Bomba Anne K. , Moran James D. , Goble Carla B.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between familial style and creative potential in preschool children was explored with a sample of 32 children (17 girls, 15 boys) and their parents. The children's ages ranged from 36 to 61 months ( M = 51). The children were given the Multidimensional Stimulus Fluency Measure as an assessment of creative potential. Parents completed FACES III, a measure of family interaction patterns. Analysis yielded a positive though nonsignificant r of .32 between FACES adaptability and total fluency of the stimulus fluency measure and a significant negative r of −.34 ( p<.05) for FACES cohesion and total fluency of children. Regression analyses indicated that, when cohesion and adaptability are used together, 15% of the variance can be accounted for.
Graduate Students' Moral Reasoning
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

Kohlberg's theory of moral development states that there are six stages of moral development acquired during childhood and adulthood. To estimate the level of 10 graduate students' development a moral judgement interview, Form A, was administered. Most of this small sample (7 women and 3 men) reasoned at Stage 4, although there were some responses at Stage 6, which, however, were not sufficient for most of these students to sustain the level.
Stability of Kindergarten Children's Career Aspirations
Authors: Trice Ashton D. , King Robert
Published: August 2011

211 kindergarten children were interviewed in September and again in May concerning their career aspirations. On both occasions the interviewer asked for a first career choice; if something other than a real job was given, the interviewer asked for a second choice. During the September interview, 74% supplied a “real” career as their first choice and 10% gave real career responses as a second choice. Eight months later, 89% gave real careers as a first choice. Of those giving a real career response on the first occasion 46% chose the same occupation at the second interview, suggesting that kindergarten children have realistic career aspirations, and these aspirations are stable. Nonreal career aspirations appear to diminish during this period. Children from inner city schools had higher rates of nonreal responses and lower stability of choice than other groups.
Work Values and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Elizur Dov
Published: August 2011

In reviewing work values and job satisfaction questionnaires one may find similar items included in both. It is argued that the item range (important to unimportant, satisfied to dissatisfied) defines the research problem rather than the item domain, and so the same item domain may be included in both questionnaires.
Relationships between Steps Taken in Selecting a Nursing Home and Consumers' Satisfaction
Authors: Prawitz Aimee , Lawrence Frances , Draughn Peggy , Wozniak Patricia
Published: August 2011

Analysis of data related to selection of a nursing home by 411 families of nursing home residents led to the conclusion that steps selected and taken by consumers in the selection of a home were associated with their subsequent satisfaction with the home. Satisfaction was greater (a) for families in agreement about the home selected and (b) for families who investigated all homes in an area before selecting one. Less satisfied were families (a) who were forced to make an immediate decision about placement following illness of a patient, (b) who felt they lacked sufficient time to investigate homes, and (c) who chose the first home with space available.
Religion as a Cultural Phenomenon, and National Mortality Rates from Heart Disease
Authors: Watson John S.
Published: August 2011

An hypothesis is developed which proposes that mortality rates from heart disease are a function of a nation's dominant religious tradition, with predominantly Catholic countries having lower rates than the more Protestant countries. The hypothesis was tested on data from 24 economically developed Western countries. A significant inverse relationship of −0.588 was found between the proportion of Catholics in the 24 nations and mortality rates from heart disease, which supports the hypothesis.
Predicting Scores on the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule from Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Categories
Authors: Tucker Irving F.
Published: August 2011

This study provided preliminary data on the relationship between Myers-Briggs Type Indicator categories and assertiveness. The AV Form G and the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule were administered to 35 male and 107 female undergraduates. The scores on the four dimensions of the Myers-Briggs were correlated individually with subjects' corresponding Rathus scores. Extraversion-introversion and thinking-feeling were significantly correlated with assertiveness for women. Thinking-feeling was significantly correlated with Rathus scores for men. Multiple regression equations were generated to predict Rathus scores from any given set of extraversion-introversion and thinking-feeling scores for women and from thinking-feeling scores for men. Analysis of the Rathus scores for the Myers-Briggs profile combinations of extraversion and thinking, introversion and thinking, extraversion and feeling, and introversion and feeling indicated significant differences among these. For both sexes, subjects with extraverted thinking in their four-letter type profiles were the most assertive. Those with introverted feeling were the least assertive. The other two groups, extraverted feeling and introverted thinking, occupied intermediate positions.
Timing of Reasons Analysis and Attitude-Behavior Consistency
Authors: Johnson Ronald W. , MacArthur Annette , Wright Edward F.
Published: August 2011

Having people think about reasons why they hold particular attitudes has been shown to reduce the correlation between attitudes and behaviors. Failures to replicate this phenomenon may have been due to the timing of reasons-analysis manipulations. In this study, 81 subjects were divided into three groups. As they familiarized themselves with a set of photographs of opposite-sex adults, the first group was asked to think of reasons why they found each picture attractive or unattractive. After they had rated the attractiveness of each photogTaph and had completed a 20-min. “filler” task, they were asked to refamiliarize themselves with the photographs. The behavior, time spent looking at each photograph, was recorded on videotape. A second group of subjects analyzed reasons following an initial perusal of the photographs. A control group did not analyze reasons. Mean attitude-behavior correlations between attractiveness ratings and times spent looking at pictures were .35 in the control group, .46 in the reasons-analysis-after-familiarization group, and .05 in the reasons-analysis-during-familiarization group. These results suggest that the timing of reasons-analysis manipulations may be an important limiting condition on the reasons-analysis effect.
Poverty and Aggression Management among Native Americans
Authors: Young Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

For 12 areas of the Indian Health Service analysis of data, available from the US Department of Health and Human Services, yielded a nonsignificant Pearson correlation of −.13 between estimates of poverty and Field's concept of outward aggression and a nearly significant r of .48 with genera] aggression (suicide rate plus homicide rate). These findings raise for study questions about social disintegration and aggression among Native Americans.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Borderline Syndrome Index
Authors: D'Angelo Eugene J.
Published: August 2011

The convergent and discriminant validity of the Borderline Syndrome Index was examined by using a multitrait-multimethod matrix 80 subjects with DSM-III—R diagnoses of Borderline Personality Disorder completed three self-report measures, namely, the Borderline Syndrome Index, the MMPI Schizophrenia subscale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. A semistructured interview was blindly conducted with each subject, and symptom ratings were made on the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines, New Haven Schizophrenia Index, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. High convergent validity was found on the Borderline Index and the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines. While fulfilling most of the criteria for discriminant validity, the Borderline Syndrome Index scores were also significantly correlated with depression scores on the Beck and Hamilton measures of depression.
Role of Craving for Carbohydrates upon Completion of a Protein-Sparing Fast
Authors: Sitton Sarah C.
Published: August 2011

Pretreatment measures of craving for carbohydrates were related to higher dropout rates during the first month of a protein-sparing fast. 97 patients in a medically supervised weight-loss program, who were at least 50 pounds overweight, completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Eating Inventory, and a questionnaire about their food habits before beginning a supplemented fast While self-reported cravers of carbohydrates were significantly more likely to drop out during the first month of treatment than noncravers, this result does not appear to be related to differences in depression, disinhibition, or cognitive restraint.
Emigration from Europe to the Usa
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Emigration rates from 13 European nations to the USA were predicted by the size of that population group already in the USA and the nation's suicide rate.
Undergraduate Students' Perceptions of Graduate Admissions Criteria in Psychology
Authors: Cashin Jeffrey R. , Landrum R. Eric
Published: August 2011

36 undergraduate psychology majors from the University of Wisconsin—Platteville completed a questionnaire by listing what they believed to be relevant criteria in the admissions process for graduate school. Students subsequently rank-ordered by importance each of the criteria they generated. Their list of criteria was similar to those of previous studies; however, the relative importance of the criteria differed substantially between the present study and previous ones. Faculty advising students about graduate school may want to use this information to help students better understand the graduate school admissions process.
Job Satisfaction and Work Values
Authors: Drummond Robert J. , Stoddard Ann
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship of work values with job satisfaction. 69 graduate and undergraduate female education majors working in the helping professions were administered the Work Values Scale and the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale. Scores on five values scales, measuring intrinsic values, were correlated significantly with scores on job satisfaction. The correlations indicated a negative relationship. Way of Life, Altruism, and Achievement were rated the highest work values by the group.
Service on the Maryland Board: Reflections and Comments
Authors: Ross Sherman
Published: August 2011

A brief description of the responsibilities and activities of the Maryland State Board of Examiners of Psychologists is given from the view of long-term service.
Cross-Cultural Application of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale: A Study of Black South African Students
Authors: Pretorius T. Brian
Published: August 2011

This article reports normative and psychometric data for the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale when used with black South African students. Subjects were 450 undergraduate students in psychology. The reliability, validity, and factor structure of the scale were consistent with previously reported findings. The correlations of CES-Depression Scale scores with certain demographic variables are also reported.
Teachers' Implicit “Theories” of Children's Intelligence
Authors: Murrone Jeanne , Gynther Malcolm D.
Published: August 2011

Information about teachers' implicit notions of children's intelligence was obtained by having 50 student-teachers and 79 teachers with 1 to 4 years of experience rate 150 descriptors on applicability to an hypothetical child described as above average, average, or below average in intellectual functioning. Each teacher-subject was classified by dogmatism score and by years of teaching experience. A factor analysis disclosed that Academic Skills and Interpersonal Competencies summarize the implicit notions. Analysis of variance showed that all levels of hypothesized intelligence only affected teachers' expectations of academic skills and that the effect of intelligence was dependent upon the teachers' dogmatism. There were no clear-cut findings associated with years of experience. Results supported previous observations that people have implicit “theories” of intelligence; however, the specific composition of their ideas varies according to the context within which the rater and the person observed are placed.
Verbal Aggression: A Critical Reply to Reported Gender Differences
Authors: Burgoon Michael
Published: August 2011

A 1991 analysis by Sallinen-Kuparinen, Thompson, and Klopf of a measure of verbal aggression for adults from Finland and the USA is subject to serious errors in analysis, presentation, and interpretation.
Africans and Canadians: Cross-Cultural Personality Similarity in Extraversion
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

Eysenck developed a theory and an inventory for classifying people along a continuum as extraverts to introverts. When examined cross-culturally, no difference in personality was noted between 98 black South Africans and 192 Canadians (mean age 22.4 yr. and 17.4 yr., respectively). Statistically significant sex differences were observed between women and men within both Canadian and South African samples.
Health Psychology and Community Psychology: A Comparison through Content Analysis of Representative Journals
Authors: Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

This is an extension of previous analyses comparing the content of health psychology journals with the content of journals in health education and clinical psychology. The present content analysis of two journals in health psychology and two journals in community psychology identified commonalities and differences between the two specialties as well as between the two community psychology journals.
Correlations of the Wisc—R, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition, and the Reading Subtests of Three Popular Achievement Tests
Authors: Prewett Peter N. , Giannuli Maria M.
Published: August 2011

The WISC—R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs of 66 referred students and the Stanford-Binet IV Test Composite scores of a different sample of 48 referred students correlated significantly with the reading subtests of the Woodcock-Johnson Revised, Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test—Revised. The WISC—R Full Scale IQ correlated similarly with each reading score. The Verbal IQ correlated significantly more strongly than the Performance IQ with the reading scores.
Beliefs about How to Reduce Anger
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: August 2011

To learn more about people's beliefs about how to reduce anger, 416 college students were asked what they thought would be the effects of various responses to feeling angry. In general, they thought that behaving aggressively would make them feel worse and that distracting themselves and doing something nice for another would make them feel better. However, males, younger subjects, and those who had behaved more aggressively in the past were more likely to feel that behaving aggressively would elevate their mood. These observations are consistent with theories emphasizing the importance of cognitive variables in the experiences of anger and aggression.
Self-Reported Marital Instability as Correlated with the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale for a Sample of Midwestern Wives
Authors: Jeong Gyung Ja , Bollman Stephan R. , Schumm Walter R.
Published: August 2011

Family theory predicts a strong relationship between marital quality and marital stability; however, relatively little research with the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale has concerned marital stability as a correlate. In a random sample of 130 wives from a midwestern community, a moderate correlation obtained between the satisfaction scale and marital stability, as measured by the Marital Status Inventory. The magnitude of the correlation did not appear to be an artifact of individual social desirability.
Family and Social Attitudes across Four Generations of Women of Maternal Lineage
Authors: Clebone Bettina Lee , Taylor Claribel M.
Published: August 2011

This study was done to differentiate for women from 35 families between those attitudes vulnerable to environmental change and those which may be resilient and transfer across four generations of maternal lineage. Differences were noted among the four groups on their attitudes regarding children, parents, health, future, leisure, and school.
Psychotherapy with Religious Professionals: An Aspect of the Interface of Psychology and Religion
Authors: Duckro Paul N. , Busch Christina , McLaughlin Lynn J. , Schroeder James
Published: August 2011

Antipathy between psychology and religion is waning. The present paper describes one way in which an interaction of religion and psychology has developed in our own practice, the treatment of religious professionals. We discuss clinical issues which characterize this type of intervention and which may affect success.
Reliability of Perceptual Learning Style Preferences of Chronically Mentally Ill Adults
Authors: Stawar Terry L. , Stemm William , Truett Susan
Published: August 2011

36 chronically mentally ill adults were administered the perceptual learning style items (auditory, visual, kinesthetic) from the Productivity Environmental Preference Survey. A retest was given 6 months later. Analysis showed that, although the instrument can be reliably scored, content and time sampling error more than account for the variance in these subtests. Self-reported perceptual learning style appears to be a transient phenomenon of limited practical utility in this population.
Parental Control in Child Rearing and Multidimensional Locus of Control
Authors: De Man A. F. , Leduc C. P. , Labrèche-Gauthier L.
Published: August 2011

272 French-Canadian adolescent boys and 286 girls took part in a study of the association between parental control in child-rearing and Levenson's locus of control dimensions. Analysis showed relations between parental control and the two external dimensions but not with the internal one. Age and gender did not contribute to the various relationships.
Correlates of Local Union Officers' Satisfaction
Authors: Heshizer Brian P. , Martin Harry J.
Published: August 2011

Three models of satisfaction with the national union were tested by regression analysis on a sample of 139 elected local union officers. The first model ( expectations-performance) hypothesized satisfaction to be a function of expectations of union performance and perceived performance on three dimensions, wages and benefits, quality of worklife, and member-union relations. The second model ( discrepancy) considered satisfaction to be a function of the difference between expectations and performance on these three dimensions. The third model ( instrumentality) hypothesized satisfaction as a function of union beliefs and demographic variables in addition to the expectations and perceived performance measures. The expectations-performance and discrepancy models accounted for less variance in satisfaction than the instrumentality model. Satisfaction with the national union was related to union strength and quality of leadership. These findings indicate that the theoretical conceptualization and correlates of satisfaction with the national union differ from models of satisfaction with the local union.