bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil microbial biomass and function are altered by 12 years of crop rotation
Authors: McDaniel Marshall D. , Grandy A. Stuart
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Declines in plant diversity will likely reduce soil microbial biomass, alter microbial functions, and threaten the provisioning of soil ecosystem services. We examined whether increasing temporal plant biodiversity in agroecosystems (by rotating crops) can partially reverse these trends and enhance soil microbial biomass and function. We quantified seasonal patterns in soil microbial biomass, respiration rates, extracellular enzyme activity, and catabolic potential three times over one growing season in a 12-year crop rotation study at the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station LTER. Rotation treatments varied from one to five crops in a 3-year rotation cycle, but all soils were sampled under a corn year. We hypothesized that crop diversity would increase microbial biomass, activity, and catabolic evenness (a measure of functional diversity). Inorganic N, the stoichiometry of microbial biomass and dissolved organic C and N varied seasonally, likely reflecting fluctuations in soil resources during the growing season. Soils from biodiverse cropping systems increased microbial biomass C by 28–112 % and N by 18–58 % compared to low-diversity systems. Rotations increased potential C mineralization by as much as 53 %, and potential N mineralization by 72 %, and both were related to substantially higher hydrolase and lower oxidase enzyme activities. The catabolic potential of the soil microbial community showed no, or slightly lower, catabolic evenness in more diverse rotations. However, the catabolic potential indicated that soil microbial communities were functionally distinct, and microbes from monoculture corn preferentially used simple substrates like carboxylic acids, relative to more diverse cropping systems. By isolating plant biodiversity from differences in fertilization and tillage, our study illustrates that crop biodiversity has overarching effects on soil microbial biomass and function that last throughout the growing season. In simplified agricultural systems, relatively small increases in crop diversity can have large impacts on microbial community size and function, with cover crops appearing to facilitate the largest increases.
Fé e festejar: espaço, folkcomunicação e imaginário religioso nas comunidades quilombolas do Vale do Ribeira –SP
Authors: Cardias Renata Castro
Published: November 2016

O presente trabalho é parte de pesquisa doutoral e introduz considerações primárias sobre inter-relações entre espaço, imaginário, folkcomunicação e religiosidade popular. Foi possível até o momento, por intermédio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, buscar melhor compreensão em relação a permanência das “culturas tradicionais”, a partir de sua vertente religiosa, na contemporaneidade. Como é o caso dos quilombos do Vale do Ribeira, enquanto cultura de resistência. Apresentam-se contribuições de alguns pesquisadores dos Estudos Culturais e do Pensamento Latino-americano para compreender a cultura quilombola, a partir de suas manifestações religiosas populares. Como resultado parcial, verificamos que as festas dos santos padroeiros são importantes na construção da identidade, do imaginário e da cultura. Caracterizam-se, também, como processos comunicacionais, pois apresentam a realidade e os valores dessas comunidades.
Memorias y reflexiones en torno a un antiguo carnaval en el sur de Chile
Authors: Zambra Paulette , Aguilar Cristian Yáñez
Published: November 2016

La Fiesta del Chalilo fue una actividad carnavalesca en que hombres y mujeres se tiraban agua o challa durante el fin de semana previo al inicio de la cuaresma en Chiloé, un archipiélago ubicado en el sur de Chile. Bernardo O’Higgins ordenó suprimir la actividad, sin éxito, por considerarla inmoral y el Magisterio de la Iglesia Católica la criticó duramente. Sin embargo, el profundo luto con que se vivía en Chiloé los cuarenta días previos a la Semana Santa y la fuerte hegemonía de la Iglesia Católica permiten postular al Chalilo como un espacio carnavalesco en que, temporalmente, las personas subvierten el orden social. Como hipótesis proponemos que antes de las transformaciones económicas y socioculturales que Chiloé vivió después desde los años sesenta y con énfasis desde los 80, la Fiesta del Chalilo fue una manifestación cultural con características de resistencia cultural en el contexto de una sociedad rural agraria donde la estructura propiciada por la Iglesia Católica era preponderante.
Status of E-learning Usage as Perceived by Jadara University Students - Jordan
Authors: Qablan Basam Mahmoud Ahmad
Published: November 2016

This study aimed to identify the status of e-learning usage as perceived by Jadara University students, a total of (90) university students in the fourth -year at Jadara University participated in the study by completing the questionnaire designed by the researcher. Results indicated that there is no significant difference between the average scores of students on (the usage of students of the e-learning), the study results indicated that there was significant difference between the usage scores of students on the Domain of (advantage, Disadvantage and obstacle of e-learning) at Jadara University. And the study result shows a statistically significant difference between the average scores of students on the Domain of (the extent of using E-learning, and the positives) in favor of the scientific major, also results indicated that there is no a statistically significant difference between the average scores of students on the Domain of Disadvantage of e-learning, and constraints in regard speciality. In addition the results showed that the E-learning usage was moderate, and the uses of e-mail to communicate with teachers, and broadcasts of video and audio lectures of low use. and the highest advantage of using e-learning is the retention of information for long periods of time, while the highest Disadvantage of using e-learning is like a prolonged sitting in front of the computer causes a lot of diseases, beside that the highest obstacles was the lack of computer labs equipped with the necessary printers, headphones and paper.
The Devil's Coach House and Skeleton Cave: Colonial Tales, the Medieval Demonic, and the Absence of the Indigenous
Authors: Ruys Juanita Feros
Published: November 2016

The Jenolan Caves, west of Sydney, Australia, first came to the notice of European settlers in the late 1830s. Their “discovery” and exploration was presented as a tale of daring settlers, intrepid travelers, desperate bushrangers, and even a medieval demonic figure drawn from the European Christian imaginary, for whom a large cavern was named the Devil's Coach House. Also evident, however, is a silence regarding the Indigenous history of this area—until the discovery in 1903 of the bones of an Indigenous person calcified into the floor of a cave, consequently named the Skeleton Cave. Yet the history of New South Wales in this period was one of bloody massacres of Indigenous people. This article explores how this history, though repressed, erupts in the naming processes of the Jenolan Caves, and how the Indigenous reappears as a revenant, displaced onto other aliens of settler society—bushrangers, convicts, and the Devil himself.
Seeking the Optimal Time for Integrated Curriculum in Jinan University School of Medicine
Authors: Pan Sanqiang , Cheng Xin , Zhou Yanghai , Li Ke , Yang Xuesong
Published: November 2016

The curricular integration of the basic sciences and clinical medicine has been conducted for over 40 years and proved to increase medical students’ study interests and clinical reasoning. However, there is still no solid data suggesting what time, freshmen or year 3, is optimal to begin with the integrated curriculum. In this study, the integrated courses on cardiovascular and respiratory systems were performed to part of year 1 and year 3 medical students while non-participant students acted as control. We tried to explore the optimal time through comparison of the exam results and questionnaire of participated students. It was demonstrated that year 3 participant students got better exam score than year 1 students did, and the questionnaire showed that it might be due to the year 1 participants difficultly caught up with the contents of integrated courses without appropriate background knowledge. Three years later, the participant students got higher ability to analytical thinking of clinical diseases in comparison to non-participant students, while it did not improve the acquirement of their clinical practical skills. Taken together, our study in Jinan University School of Medicine indicated that the integrated courses would be approximately effective if combined to conventional medical teaching at year 3 after the students obtain relevant basic sciences knowledge.
The effects of lumbar sympathectomy on bone and soft tissue haemodynamics of the leg recorded using near infrared spectroscopy: A case report
Authors: Meertens Robert M , Knapp Karen M , Casanova Francesco , Strain William D
Published: November 2016

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an established tool for the measurement of microvascular haemodynamics in different tissue types.  This case report outlines the novel use of NIRS for measuring total oxygenation index (TOI) and relative oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin concentration changes as markers of oxygenation and blood volume in muscle and bone tissue.  In particular, NIRS is used to examine differences between the left and right leg in a participant who has experienced a permanent unilateral lumbar sympathectomy following an anterior lumbar intervertebral fusion.  Anatomical sites at the lateral head of the gastrocnemius, tibial diaphysis and proximal tibia were investigated with NIRS during an arterial occlusion protocol at the distal femur.  Consistent differences were observed between the sympathectomised left leg and the normal right leg.  These included reduced baseline TOI, reduced deoxygenation rates during occlusion, and reduced reoxygenation rates post occlusion release in the sympathectomised leg at all anatomical sites.  This case report demonstrates the potential of NIRS as a research tool for investigating the microvascular effects of lumbar sympathectomy.  This may be useful for further investigation into the merit of chemical lumbar sympathectomy for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including hyperhidrosis and peripheral vascular disease.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Facebook: A Splashy Combination?
Authors: Korzilius Hubert P. L. M. , Arias Maria Margarita
Published: November 2016

Literature widely explores Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Online Social Networks and consumer behavior individually. However, research linking them has been scarce. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effect of CSR information provided through Facebook on consumers’ brand image and purchase intention, considering the role of consumer´s product involvement. A fictitious brand profile “Splash Citrus” was designed for an online experiment conducted with participants from two countries, Colombia and the Netherlands, studying the effect of the stimulus, communication channel, Facebook versus Video commercial, on purchase intention and brand image. There was evidence that participants receiving CSR information through Facebook have a higher Brand image than participants receiving information through a video commercial. This effect on brand image appears particularly in higher product involved participants. Cross-cultural values did not affect these relationships. CSR and Facebook thus seem a splashy combination allowing managers to implement innovative strategies to achieve financial, social, and, environmental sustainability.
Buurtwachten in Nederland: ontwikkeling, mechanismen en morele implicaties
Authors: Lub V.
Published: November 2016

Neighborhood watch groups in the Netherlands: development, mechanisms and moral implications

Neighborhood watch schemes have become increasingly popular in the Netherlands. Drawing from data from 340 municipalities and fieldwork in four districts, the article shows how neighborhood watch groups have developed in the Netherlands and illustrates how they contribute to lower crime levels and collective efficacy, advancing theoretical notions from the literature. However, this form of coproduction of public safety is not without its moral problems. Stigmatization, ethnic profiling and excessive social control are real issues.
Buurtsurveillance in de Haagse Schilderswijk – door de ogen van jongeren uit de buurt
Authors: Boutasmit M. , Snel E.
Published: November 2016

Neighborhood watch as experienced by young Dutch-Moroccans in the Schilderswijk in The Hague

This article examines how Dutch-Moroccan juveniles from the Schilderswijk in The Hague, a neighborhood known as relatively unsafe, experience neighborhood watch and how they cope with it. Does neighborhood watch make juveniles to reduce or to continue their deviant behavior? The authors found that particularly neighborhood watchers from their own ethnic community (‘residential fathers’) have a positive influence on juveniles. Juveniles tend to obey them more because they feel treated with understanding and respect. Also they feel uncomfortable when realizing that supervisors from their own community might know their parents and families and might tell them about their deviant behavior. The role of the family in reducing deviant behavior of migrant juveniles was not yet mentioned in the literature.
Comparison of Wind Potential of Ormara and Jiwani (Balochistan), Pakistan
Authors: Tariq Jamil  , G.S. Akram Ali Shah
Published: November 2016

This paper presents comparison of wind potential of Ormara and Jiwani and evaluation of Weilbull distribution function for two coastal areas of Balochistan. Ten years data (1998-2007) of wind speed have been obtained from Pakistan Meteorological | department (PMD) of Karachi, Pakistan. The analysis of wind data is carried out and fitted by Weibull function. The two parameters of the distribution are also evaluated. Monthly mean wind speed of two coastal locations (Ormara and Jiwan) was also predicted.
Ultrasonography-Guided Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment for a Patient With Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Authors: Sucher Benjamin M.
Published: November 2016

Patients with thoracic outlet syndrome can be treated with osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) to alleviate dysfunction and restriction of the pectoralis minor muscle (PMM) and the resulting compression of the brachial plexus. Neuromuscular ultrasonography (US) can demonstrate abnormalities in the thoracic outlet that are amenable to OMT and can be used to monitor intervention. The present report identifies PMM deformation and brachial plexus compression in a 32-year-old woman with thoracic outlet syndrome who was treated successfully with OMT. Neuromuscular US results were used to measure the degree of PMM deformation with the pectoral bowing ratio and confirm the diagnosis. Osteopathic manipulative treatment was applied and monitored using neuromuscular US to confirm that the operator's manipulating hand had direct contact with the PMM. Symptoms abated immediately after treatment. Results of a second neuromuscular US examination showed that the pectoral bowing ratio decreased into the normal range and thus confirmed that PMM deformation had resolved.
Physical and electrical properties of induced high-k ZrHfO crystallization with ZrN cap by high power impulse magnetron sputtering for metal–gate metal–insulator–semiconductor structures
Authors: Tsai Jung-Ruey , Juan Pi-Chun , Lin Cheng-Li , Lin Guo-Cheng
Published: November 2016

Metal–gate TiN/ZrN/ZrHfO/p-Si metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) structures have been fabricated in this work. The physical and electrical properties were characterized. The crystallization of high-k ZrHfO thin-film is induced by high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) during the deposition of ZrN capping layer. The binding energies and depth profiles were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is found that Zr and Hf out-diffusion from high-k dielectric in samples with HIPIMS is lesser than those in samples with the conventional DC magnetron sputtering (DCMS). The dielectric constant which strongly relates to the tetragonal phase becomes higher and the flatband voltage shift shows smaller by using the HIPIMS method than by the conventional DCMS. The cation and anion vacancies have been investigated by the defect reaction model.
Article Deposit Services in Support of Federal Agency Public Access Requirements
Authors: Boock Michael , Zhang Hui , Clark Erin
Published: November 2016

INTRODUCTION Academic libraries have experimented with a variety of services to encourage article deposit to institutional repositories, with varying degrees of success. Universities now face the challenge of meeting federal agency public access requirements. Following the White House Office of Science Technology and Policy public access directive in 2013, Oregon State University (OSU) initiated an article deposit service to help faculty meet funding agency requirements and facilitate deposit of articles to both federal agency repositories and the institutional repository. This case study describes the article deposit form developed by the library to encourage article deposits to the institutional repository and federal agency repositories, the processes and people put in place to request and deposit the articles, and the impact of the service on the number of articles deposited to federal agency repositories. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT In the two years since the article deposit service was initiated, a total of 102 articles have been deposited by the library to the PubMed Central or PAGES federal agency repositories. The inclusion of a request for faculty to indicate federal funding in the article deposit form has not resulted in increased article self deposits. Identifying and requesting National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Energy funded articles from faculty for deposit to the institutional repository and to the agency repositories has also not received substantial uptake. The majority of articles that have been deposited to federal agency repositories by the library were received after library staff reviewed bibliographies of grant funded research for compliance with public access policies. NEXT STEPS As a result, the library is now working with the university office of research to promote a service that asks faculty for a bibliography of their articles that result from NIH or DOE funding, identifies those that need to be deposited to the agency repositories, and provides a link to the library’s article deposit form for them to initiate article deposits to the institutional repository and to agency repositories.
Analyzing pathogen suppressiveness in bioassays with natural soils using integrative maximum likelihood methods in R
Authors: Rall Björn C. , Latz Ellen
Published: November 2016

The potential of soils to naturally suppress inherent plant pathogens is an important ecosystem function. Usually, pathogen infection assays are used for estimating the suppressive potential of soils. In natural soils, however, co-occurring pathogens might simultaneously infect plants complicating the estimation of a focal pathogen’s infection rate (initial slope of the infection-curve) as a measure of soil suppressiveness. Here, we present a method in R correcting for these unwanted effects by developing a two pathogen mono-molecular infection model. We fit the two pathogen mono-molecular infection model to data by using an integrative approach combining a numerical simulation of the model with an iterative maximum likelihood fit. We show that in presence of co-occurring pathogens using uncorrected data leads to a critical under- or overestimation of soil suppressiveness measures. In contrast, our new approach enables to precisely estimate soil suppressiveness measures such as plant infection rate and plant resistance time. Our method allows a correction of measured infection parameters that is necessary in case different pathogens are present. Moreover, our model can be (1) adapted to use other models such as the logistic or the Gompertz model; and (2) it could be extended by a facilitation parameter if infections in plants increase the susceptibility to new infections. We propose our method to be particularly useful for exploring soil suppressiveness of natural soils from different sites (e.g., in biodiversity experiments).
Mathematical models are a powerful method to understand and control the spread of Huanglongbing
Authors: Taylor Rachel A. , Mordecai Erin A. , Gilligan Christopher A. , Rohr Jason R. , Johnson Leah R.
Published: November 2016

Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening, is a global citrus disease occurring in almost all citrus growing regions. It causes substantial economic burdens to individual growers, citrus industries and governments. Successful management strategies to reduce disease burden are desperately needed but with so many possible interventions and combinations thereof it is difficult to know which are worthwhile or cost-effective. We review how mathematical models have yielded useful insights into controlling disease spread for other vector-borne plant diseases, and the small number of mathematical models of HLB. We adapt a malaria model to HLB, by including temperature-dependent psyllid traits, “flushing” of trees, and economic costs, to show how models can be used to highlight the parameters that require more data collection or that should be targeted for intervention. We analyze the most common intervention strategy, insecticide spraying, to determine the most cost-effective spraying strategy. We find that fecundity and feeding rate of the vector require more experimental data collection, for wider temperatures ranges. Also, the best strategy for insecticide intervention is to spray for more days rather than pay extra for a more efficient spray. We conclude that mathematical models are able to provide useful recommendations for managing HLB spread.
Phytogeographic and genetic variation inSorbus, a traditional antidiabetic medicine—adaptation in action in both a plant and a discipline
Authors: Bailie Anna , Renaut Sebastien , Ubalijoro Eliane , Guerrero-Analco José A. , Saleem Ammar , Haddad Pierre , Arnason John T. , Johns Timothy , Cuerrier Alain
Published: November 2016

Mountain ash (Sorbus decoraandS. americana) is used by the Cree Nation of the James Bay region of Quebec (Eeyou Istchee) as traditional medicine. Its potential as an antidiabetic medicine is thought to vary across its geographical range, yet little is known about the factors that affect its antioxidant capacity. Here, we examined metabolite gene expression in relation to antioxidant activity, linking phytochemistry and medicinal potential. Samples of leaf and bark fromS. decoraandS. americanawere collected from 20 populations at four different latitudes. Two genes known to produce antidiabetic substances, flavonol synthase and squalene synthase, were analyzed using quantitative real time PCR. Gene expression was significantly higher for flavonol synthase compared to squalene synthase and increased in the most Northern latitude. Corresponding differences observed in the antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extracts from the bark ofSorbusspp. confirm that plants at higher latitudes increase production of stress-induced secondary metabolites and support Aboriginal perceptions of their higher medicinal potential. Modern genetic techniques such as quantitative real time PCR offer unprecedented resolution to substantiate and scrutinise Aboriginal medicinal plant perception. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights into how environmental stress can trigger an adaptive response resulting in the accumulation of secondary metabolites with human medicinal properties.
Accuracy of Imaging Modalities in Choledocholithiasis: A Real-Life Data
Authors: Orman Suleyman , Senates Ebubekir , Ulasoglu Celal , Tuncer Ilyas
Published: November 2016

In this retrospective study of real-life data, we aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy in patients with choledocholithiasis of some current imaging modalities, including ultrasonography (US), computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). This study utilized a database of imaging records from 86 consecutive patients with ERCP-proven choledocholithiasis in a single-center outpatient clinic. Features of the stones found, namely number, size, localization, choledochal dilation and cholestasis, were determined using various imaging modalities and liver function tests (LFTs). Our study focused on a total of 86 patients (43 female; 43 male) who underwent the ERCP procedure. Hepatobiliary ultrasound was performed in 71 (82.6%); MRCP in 59 (68.6%); and CT in 13 (15.1%) patients. All 86 patients had choledocholithiasis: 59 (68.6%) with multiple stones and 21 (24.4%) with stones over 10 mm in diameter. Sensitivity for the presence of choledocholithiasis was 40.8% for US, 76.9% for CT, and 86.4% for MRCP, where ERCP was taken as the reference method. Even though US, CT, and MRCP are widely used as noninvasive imaging modalities for CL, in our real-life data their sensitivity for choledocholithiasis was lower than expected. MRCP is preferred when a nontherapeutic but only diagnostic evaluation is aimed for; however, while highly competent in establishing the level of choledochal dilation, it had a low yield in differentiating the localization, size, and number of the stone(s).
Effects of Li on Microstructures, Mechanical, and Biocorrosion Properties of Biodegradable Mg94‐xZn2Y4Lix Alloys with Long Period Stacking Ordered Phase
Authors: Zong Ximei , Zhang Jinshan , Liu Wei , Chen Jingai , Nie Kaibo , Xu Chunxiang
Published: November 2016

Mg94‐xZn2Y4Lix alloys (at%) (x = 0, 1, 5, 9, 13) are designed to develop a novel, biodegradable magnesium alloy. Microstructures evolution and mechanical properties are evaluated by using OM, XRD, SEM, and tensile tests. The biocorrosion behaviors of the alloys are investigated by using hydrogen evolution and electrochemical measurements. The precipitation of 18R LPSO phase is facilitated by a little Li (<1 at%), while exceeded Li (>1 at%) inhibits the formation of 18R LPSO phase and favors the formation of (Mg,Zn)24Y5 eutectic phase. The grain size of α‐Mg phase is refined with 5 at% Li. Besides the optimal combined mechanical properties (UTS = 190 MPa, elongation = 3.1%), the as‐cast Mg89Zn2Y4Li5 alloy has the lowest corrosion rate and the highest biocorrosion resistance, which are desirable for use as a biomaterial.
Two‐Dimensional Boron Crystals: Structural Stability, Tunable Properties, Fabrications and Applications
Authors: Sun Xu , Liu Xiaofei , Yin Jun , Yu Jin , Li Yao , Hang Yang , Zhou Xiaocheng , Yu Maolin , Li Jidong , Tai Guoan , Guo Wanlin
Published: November 2016

Boron, as a unique element nearest to carbon in the periodic table, has been predicted to form many distinctive two‐dimensional (2D) structures that significantly differ from other well‐studied 2D materials, owning to its exceptional ability to form strong covalent two‐center‐two‐electron bonds as well as stable electron‐deficient multi‐center‐two‐electron bonds. Until recently, the successful syntheses of atomically thin crystalline 2D boron sheets (i.e., borophenes) provoked growing passion in 2D boron crystals. In this feature article, we present a survey of the latest achievements on 2D boron structures, starting from a concise introduction of the structures and properties of the bulk allotropes of boron, boron clusters, and especially potential building blocks for 2D boron crystals. Then we review important achievements and the current status of research on single‐layered metallic borophene, and discuss 2D few‐layered boron sheets, from their possible structures to tunable properties and potential applications in electronics, spintronics, and photoelectronics. We also systematically investigate the stability and functionalization of 2D icosahedral boron sheets in comparison with borophenes through first‐principles studies. Finally, we present an outlook on the advance in fabrications of 2D boron sheets, and the challenges and prospects in the realm of 2D boron crystals.
Magnetically Controlled Drug Release System through Magnetomechanical Actuation
Authors: Barbosa João , Correia Daniela Maria , Gonçalves Renato , Ribeiro Clarisse , Botelho Gabriela , Martins Pedro , Lanceros‐Mendez Senentxu
Published: November 2016

A drug release system is developed capable to modulate the drug release kinetics by the application of a magnetic field. Thus, this work reports on the production, characterization, and release kinetics of a poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) microporous membrane containing a zeolite (Faujasite) and a magnetic stimuli‐sensitive component, magnetostrictive Terfenol‐D (TD), for the release of ibuprofen (IBU) as drug model. For membranes containing IBU‐loaded zeolites and TD without an applied AC magnetic field, the release kinetics is characterized by a first order release. On the other hand, the application of an AC magnetic field modifies the release profile of the membrane, leading to an increase of the release rate by more than 30%, the magnetically driven release being characterized by a super case‐II within the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, indicating a release mainly driven by a swelling or erosion mechanism, induced by the magnetostrictive particles under the applied magnetic field. The increase of the TD w/w from 10% to 20% has as a consequence a decrease in the quantity of IBU released from 79% to 70%; on the contrary, increasing the H
AC intensity from 100 to 200 mT promotes an increase on the percentage of IBU released from 67% to 75%.
Recent Development in Durable Super‐Liquid‐Repellent Fabrics
Authors: Zhou Hua , Zhao Yan , Wang Hongxia , Lin Tong
Published: November 2016

Super‐liquid‐repellent fabrics have attracted considerable interest owing to their fundamental importance and complexity and application potential in many fields. Despite the fact that a significant progress has been made to develop super‐liquid‐repellent fabrics, durability has been the main obstacle to their wide use in practice. In this progress report, the authors summarize the research progress in the developments of durable super‐liquid‐repellent fabrics, especially for the works published since 2006. The report focuses on fabrication strategies to improve the functional durability, evaluation approaches, and the quality level of the existing super‐liquid‐repellent fabrics. Challenges for further development of high quality, super‐liquid‐repellent fabrics in terms of practical application are highlighted.
Lithium Salt Inclusion as a Strategy for Improving the Li+ Conductivity of Nafion Membranes in Aprotic Systems
Authors: Yang Liuqing , Zeng Jie , Ding Bo , Xu Chaohe , Lee Jim Yang
Published: November 2016

Though popular in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and vanadium redox flow batteries, Nafion membranes are rarely used in lithium batteries because of their poor Li+ conductivity in aprotic solvents. The performance of Nafion membranes in aprotic systems can however be improved by the following procedures: H+/Li+ exchange, membrane swelling, and contraction in selected aprotic solvents to implant lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) into the membrane interior. A Nafion membrane prepared as such, and containing 7.15 wt% of dispersed LiClO4, can have a Li+ conductivity as high as 1.22 × 10−3 S cm−1 in propylene carbonate, and 2.6 × 10−4 S cm−1 in an ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate mixture at room temperature. The inclusion of LiClO4 also increases the tensile strength of Nafion 117 membrane by 123.7% and decreases the permeabilities of ferrocene and 1,1′‐dibromoferrocene, the common mediators for redox‐flow Li‐ion batteries, to 9.43 × 10−7 and 1.50 × 10−5 cm2 h−1, respectively, to deliver a good performance in an experimental flow cell.
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy of Hot Electron Transport between Gold Nanoantennas and Molybdenum Disulfide by Plasmon Excitation
Authors: Forcherio Gregory T. , Benamara Mourad , Roper D. Keith
Published: November 2016

Hot electron transport from single gold nanoantennas to underlying monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is examined using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). EELS allows nanometer‐scale resolution and avoids confounding effects of optical excitation. Experimental EELS measures of plasmon bandwidth in the presence and absence of MoS2 are compared with calculated bandwidth contributions from radiative, nonradiative, and interfacial damping. Transport of plasmon hot electrons from 80 nm gold nanospheres to underlying MoS2 is estimated. A 6 ± 1% hot electron transport quantum efficiency is inferred from a measured 0.08 eV increase in plasmon damping in the presence of MoS2. Hot electron transport can contribute to reported enhancements in catalysis and photodetection of MoS2 decorated with gold nanoantennas. Improved understanding of resonant electric interactions between noble metal nanoantennas and transition metal dichalcogenides can benefit emerging optoelectronics.
Immunoglobulin A and nutrients in milk from great apes throughout lactation
Authors: Garcia Miriam , Power Michael L. , Moyes Kasey M.
Published: November 2016

Differences in macronutrients between human and ape milks appear relatively small, but variation in other components such as immunoglobulins (Ig) may be greater. This study characterized the macronutrient and secretory (sIgA) profiles in milk from gorillas and orangutans throughout lactation. Fifty‐three milk samples from four gorillas and three orangutans were collected throughout 48 and 22 months postpartum (MPP), respectively. Samples were grouped in five stages of lactation (0 to 6 months, more than 6 months to 12 months, more than 12 months to 18 months, more than 18 months to 36 months, and more than 36 months to 48 months). Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design. Concentration of sIgA did not change due to species or its interaction with MPP. Crude protein, regardless of MPP, was greater for gorillas compared with orangutans (1.27 vs. 0.85%). Fat, sugar, and gross energy were affected by the interaction of species × MPP. For gorilla milk, concentrations of sIgA were 43 mg/L at 6 MPP increasing to 79 mg/L at 48 MPP. Protein was highest at 48 MPP. Sugar was lowest at 48 MPP. Values for fat and gross energy were the highest 36 MPP. For orangutan milk, concentrations of sIgA were highest at 6 MPP. Sugar decreased with MPP. Protein, dry matter, or fat were unaffected by MPP. Gross energy content was steady during the first 18 MPP but it tended to decrease by 36 MPP. The results indicate that macronutrients are similar between human, published data, and great ape milk, though gorilla milk has higher protein and human milk higher fat (published data). Concentrations of sIgA in ape milk were about 10‐fold lower than human values from the literature. Differences between human and ape milk may lie more in bioactive/immune molecules than nutrients.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Milk macronutrients from great apes differed throughout lactation.

Milk macronutrients but not IgA from non‐human great apes and humans were quite similar.

Milk protein was greater in Gorilla compared with Orangutan.
Humeral correlates of forelimb elevation in four West African cercopithecid monkeys
Authors: Dunham Noah T. , Kane Erin E. , McGraw W. Scott
Published: November 2016

Objectives

We previously found that differing degrees of forelimb flexion, elevation, and abduction during nonlocomotor foraging activities covaried with scapular morphology among four sympatric cercopithecids. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether features of the proximal humerus are similarly related to forelimb elevation during foraging.

Methods

Our sample consists of humeri (n = 42) of adult Cercocebus atys, Cercopithecus diana, Colobus polykomos, and Piliocolobus badius collected from Côte d'Ivoire's Taï National Park. Features of the proximal humerus known to correspond with varying degrees of forelimb mobility were examined using a combination of 2‐dimensional caliper‐based indices and 3‐dimensional analyses.

Results

Some features of the proximal humerus are consistent with the varying frequencies of forelimb elevation during foraging. For instance, the red colobus (P. badius) has a variety of features consistent with more pronounced shoulder mobility and forelimb flexibility including a wider, more distally projecting deltoid plane, greater tuberosity positioned below the humeral head articular surface, and larger intertuberosity angle.

Conclusions

The colobines, particularly P. badius, display a number of humeral and scapular features indicative of greater arm flexion, elevation, and abduction compared to the two cercopithecines. We conclude that idiosyncrasies in forelimb use during foraging are reflected in functionally relevant features of the cercopithecid proximal humerus, highlighting that postural behavior, in additional to locomotor behavior, can exert selective pressures on primate skeletal form. This result should provide for more informed reconstructions of the full positional repertoires in fossil taxa.
Ein Nernst‐Biosuperkondensator
Authors: Pankratov Dmitry , Conzuelo Felipe , Pinyou Piyanut , Alsaoub Sabine , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Shleev Sergey
Published: November 2016

Wir stellen hier einen “Nernst‐Biosuperkondensator” vor, der auf nur einem Redoxpolymer, Poly(vinylimidazol‐co‐allylamin)‐Os(bpy)2Cl] und zwei Biokatalysatoren beruht. Während des Ladevorgangs des Biosuperkondensators sind Bioanode und Biokathode elektrisch voneinander getrennt. An der Bioanode werden die am Redoxpolymer gebundenen Os3+‐Komplexe über die Oxidation von Glukose an der PQQ‐abhängigen Glukosedehydrogenase zu Os2+ reduziert, sodass das Nernst‐Potential des Os3+/Os2+‐Redoxpaars zu negativen Werten verschoben wird. Die gleichzeitige durch Bilirubinoxidase katalysierte Reduktion von O2 an der Biokathode führt zur Oxidation der polymergebundenen Os‐Komplexe und damit zu einer Verschiebung des Nernst‐Potentials zu positiveren Werten. Trotz der Nutzung nur eines Redoxpolymers wurde während des Ladevorgangs eine Leerlaufspannung größer 0.45 V erreicht, wobei die Ladung im Redoxpolymer an Bioanode und Biokathode gespeichert wird. Nach Kontaktieren der beiden Elektroden über einen Widerstand vordefinierter Größe wurde über einen kurzen Zeitraum eine hohe Energiedichte erreicht, welche die Energiedichte einer entsprechenden kontinuierlich betriebenen Biobrennstoffzelle um den Faktor 8 übertrifft.
Verbesserte Erweiterung des eukaryotischen genetischen Codes für seitenspezifische, hochauflösende Click‐PAINT‐Mikroskopie
Authors: Nikić Ivana , Estrada Girona Gemma , Kang Jun Hee , Paci Giulia , Mikhaleva Sofya , Koehler Christine , Shymanska Nataliia V. , Ventura Santos Camilla , Spitz Daniel , Lemke Edward A.
Published: November 2016

Hochauflösende Mikroskopie (SRM) profitiert von der Möglichkeit der Einführung kleiner photostabiler Fluoreszenzmarkierungen in Proteine. Die Erweiterung des genetischen Codes (GCE) erfüllt diese Anforderung, indem sie es ermöglicht, kleine Markierungsstellen in Form einzigartig reaktiver nichtkanonischer Aminosäuren (ncAAs) an beliebigen Stellen im Zielprotein einzubringen. Allerdings limitieren die geringe Effizienz des Einbaus der ncAAs und die hohe Hintergrundfluoreszenz die Anwendung für SRM. Die Änderung der subzellulären Lokalisierung des Pyrrolysin‐basierten GCE‐Systems für Click‐Chemie in Kombination mit der DNA‐PAINT‐Mikroskopie ermöglicht es, sogar in geringen Mengen vorkommende Proteine in Säugerzellen zu visualisieren. Dieser Ansatz verknüpft eine vielseitige, biokompatible und potenziell nicht ausbleichende Markierungsmethode mit einer seitenrestspezifischen Präzision. Darüber hinaus eliminiert unser modifiziertes GCE‐System unspezifische Hintergrundfluoreszenz und erhöht die Expressionsausbeute stark, was auch für eine Verbesserung des Protein‐Engineerings in Eukaryoten mittels GCE von Interesse ist.
Medical student use of Facebook to support preparation for anatomy assessments
Authors: Pickering James D. , Bickerdike Suzanne R.
Published: November 2016

The use of Facebook to support students is an emerging area of educational research. This study explored how a Facebook Page could support Year 2 medical (MBChB) students in preparation for summative anatomy assessments and alleviate test anxiety. Overall, Facebook analytics revealed that in total 49 (19.8% of entire cohort) students posted a comment in preparation for either the first (33 students) or second (34) summative anatomy assessments. 18 students commented in preparation for both. In total, 155 comments were posted, with 83 for the first and 72 for the second. Of the 83 comments, 45 related to checking anatomical information, 30 were requiring assessment information and 8 wanted general course information. For the second assessment this was 52, 14 and 6, respectively. Student perceptions on usage, and impact on learning and assessment preparation were obtained via a five‐point Likert‐style questionnaire, with 119 students confirming they accessed the Page. Generally, students believed the Page was an effective way to support their learning, and provided information which supported their preparation with increases in perceived confidence and reductions in anxiety. There was no difference between gender, except for males who appeared to be significantly less likely to ask a question as they may be perceived to lack knowledge (P < 0.05). This study suggests that Facebook can play an important role in supporting students in preparation for anatomy assessments. Anat Sci Educ 10: 205–214. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
β‐Cyclodextrin protected Cu nanoclusters as a novel fluorescence sensor for graphene oxide in environmental water samples
Authors: Zhong Yaping , He Yu , Ge Yili , Song Gongwu
Published: November 2016

This paper proposed a simple and sensitive approach for detecting graphene oxide (GO) in a wide pH range in environmental water samples using fluorescent β‐CD protected Cu NCs based on the hydrogen‐bond interactions between GO and 6‐SH‐β‐CD. The influences of dilution ratio and pH were investigated. We found that the fluorescence quenching efficiency of Cu NCs by GO remained almost the same under pH from 4 to 10, which benefitted the monitoring of GO under different pH conditions in real samples. The fluorescence quenching mechanism was also discussed. The fluorescence of β‐CD protected Cu NCs could be quenched in the presence of GO with a lowest detection concentration of 0.1 mg·L−1. Good linear correlations were obtained over the concentration range from 0 to 30 mg·L−1 at different pH values (pH = 4, pH = 7 and pH = 12). In addition, this method was successfully applied to the determination of GO in real samples which presents more opportunities for application in environmental and material sciences.
TET1‐Mediated Oxidation of 5‐Formylcytosine (5fC) to 5‐Carboxycytosine (5caC) in RNA
Authors: Basanta‐Sanchez Maria , Wang Rui , Liu Zhenzhen , Ye Xiaohan , Li Minyong , Shi Xiaodong , Agris Paul F. , Zhou Yubin , Huang Yun , Sheng Jia
Published: November 2016

It was recently revealed that 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) in mRNA, similar to its behavior in DNA, can be oxidized to produce 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5‐formylcytosine (5fC), implying the potential regulatory roles of this post‐transcriptional RNA modification. In this study, we demonstrate the in vitro oxidation of 5fC to 5‐carboxycytidine (5caC) by the catalytic domain of mammalian ten‐eleven translocation enzyme (TET1) in different RNA contexts. We observed that this oxidation process has very low sequence dependence and can take place in single‐stranded, double‐stranded, or hairpin forms of RNA sequences, although the overall conversion yields are low.
Molecular Origin of the Selectivity Differences between Palladium and Gold–Palladium in Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation: Different Oxygen Adsorption Properties
Authors: Savara Aditya , Chan‐Thaw Carine E. , Sutton Jonathan E. , Wang Di , Prati Laura , Villa Alberto
Published: November 2016

The same mechanism and microkinetic model used for benzyl alcohol oxidation over Pd/C was shown to apply to benzyl alcohol oxidation over AuPd/C. Almost all of the selectivity differences could be explained by a decrease in oxygen adsorption on AuPd. After isolating oxygen adsorption as being the origin of the selectivity differences, density functional theory was used to investigate the oxygen adsorption properties of a pure Pd surface, a pure Au surface, and an alloyed AuPd surface. The calculations showed that Au–Pd alloying decreased the oxygen adsorption properties relative to pure Pd, which explained the selectivity differences, consistent with the microkinetic modeling.
Paramagnetic DOSY: An Accurate Tool for the Analysis of the Supramolecular Interactions between Lanthanide Complexes and Proteins
Authors: Denis‐Quanquin Sandrine , Riobé François , Delsuc Marc‐André , Maury Olivier , Giraud Nicolas
Published: November 2016

Diffusion ordered NMR is implemented to determine accurately the mobility of paramagnetic tris‐dipicolinate lanthanide complexes that are versatile probes of protein structure. It is shown that diffusion coefficient ratios can be measured with an accuracy of 1 % using a standard BPPLED pulse sequence, which allows for observing significant, though weak, variations when different species are interacting with the paramagnetic compound. We demonstrate that this approach is complementary to classical chemical shift titration experiments, and that it can be applied successfully to probe the supramolecular dynamic interactions between lanthanide complexes and small molecules on the one hand, or to determine rapidly their affinity for a targeted protein.
Predicting Multicomponent Adsorption Isotherms in Open‐Metal Site Materials Using Force Field Calculations Based on Energy Decomposed Density Functional Theory
Authors: Heinen Jurn , Burtch Nicholas C. , Walton Krista S. , Fonseca Guerra Célia , Dubbeldam David
Published: November 2016

For the design of adsorptive‐separation units, knowledge is required of the multicomponent adsorption behavior. Ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) breaks down for olefin adsorption in open‐metal site (OMS) materials due to non‐ideal donor–acceptor interactions. Using a density‐function‐theory‐based energy decomposition scheme, we develop a physically justifiable classical force field that incorporates the missing orbital interactions using an appropriate functional form. Our first‐principles derived force field shows greatly improved quantitative agreement with the inflection points, initial uptake, saturation capacity, and enthalpies of adsorption obtained from our in‐house adsorption experiments. While IAST fails to make accurate predictions, our improved force field model is able to correctly predict the multicomponent behavior. Our approach is also transferable to other OMS structures, allowing the accurate study of their separation performances for olefins/paraffins and further mixtures involving complex donor–acceptor interactions.