bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide under inorganic oxide supported rare earth ternary catalyst
Authors: Lu Hongwei , Qin Yusheng , Wang Xianhong , Yang Xiangguang , Zhang Suobo , Wang Fosong
Published: June 2011

Recently, rare earth ternary coordination catalyst represented as Y(CCl3OO)3‐Glycerin‐ZnEt2 has been used for producing poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC, an alternating copolymer of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide) in industry scale, but its catalytic activity needs further improvement. One reason for the relatively low catalytic activity lied in that only 11.7% of active center was efficient due to possible embedding of active center in the heterogeneous catalyst. In this report, supporting strategy was developed, where Y(CCl3OO)3‐Glycerin‐ZnEt2 was supported on various inorganic oxides. Two supporting methods were carried out. One way was to mix Y(CCl3OO)3‐Glycerin with inorganic oxide first and then ZnEt2 was dropped to form the supported catalyst, and the other was to make Y(CCl3OO)3‐Glycerin‐ZnEt2 at first and then mixing with inorganic oxides. The former showed decreasing catalytic activity compared with corresponding unsupported rare earth ternary catalyst, while an improvement of 16–36% in catalytic activity was realized in the latter. PPC with an average number molecular weight (Mn) of over 100 kg/mol and carbonate unit (CU) content of higher than 96% was prepared by both supported catalysts. The catalytic activity of the supported catalyst depended significantly on the supports, which increased in the following order: α‐Al2O3 < MgO < ZnO ≈ SiO2 <γ‐Al2O3. γ‐Al2O3 was the best support for rare earth ternary catalyst, which showed a remarkable 36% increase in catalytic activity, corresponding to the utilization of 17% of active center. Although MgO supported catalyst gave only an 8% increase in catalytic activity, the Mn and CU content of PPC were raised to about 143 kg/mol and 99%, whereas the PPC from common rare earth ternary catalyst was about 108 kg/mol and 97%, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Exchange bias in a nanogranular system with competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions
Authors: Hu Yong , Du An
Published: June 2011

A nanogranular system with inverted ferromagnetic (FM)–antiferromagnetic (AFM) core–matrix morphology is investigated by conducting a modified Monte Carlo Metropolis method. Effects of the AFM‐ and FM‐component ratios on exchange bias field (HE) and coercivity (HC) are presented at low temperature after field cooling, respectively. The sign of HE is negative for weak cooling fields (HFC) but positive for strong ones. The value of HE increases monotonically with the increasing radius of the AFM core (RAF) at the expense of the FM matrix for weak and strong HFC, while it is non‐monotonic when HFC is equal to a critical value, which just overcomes the AFM interfacial coupling energy. With the pure increase of the FM dimension, the value of HE decreases firstly and finally levels off at low temperature after cooling in weak or strong HFC. However, HE is around zero and shifts slightly to a positive value for the same critical HFC. The behaviors of HC are independent of HFC. A monotonic decrease of HC with increasing RAF and the opposite trend with increasing FM dimension are both detected in the present system. The phenomena have been interpreted well by analyzing the magnetization reversal and energy competition mechanisms. The increase of RAF stabilizes the magnetic spin configuration of the AFM nanoparticles to contribute to HE, while large numbers of the FM spins may weaken the AFM pinning effect, resulting in the suppression of HE.
Semiclassical simulations in materials science
Authors: Jiang Chen‐Wei , Zhou Xiang , Lin Zhibin , Xie Rui‐Hua , Li Fu‐Li , Gao Meng , Allen Roland E.
Published: June 2011

Semiclassical simulations in materials science originated with the work of Sankey, Menon, and Allen in 1985, and of Car and Parrinello that same year. Here we briefly review some recent studies by the present authors using our method of semiclassical electron–radiation–ion dynamics (SERID). In particular, Zhou et al. and Jiang et al., respectively, determined the optimal duration and optimal timing for a series of femtosecond‐scale laser pulses to excite a specific vibrational mode in a general chemical system. A set of such modes (or even a single characteristic mode) can be used as a “fingerprint” for characterizing a particular molecule or a complex in a solid. One can therefore envision many applications, ranging from fundamental studies to detection of chemical or biological agents. Lin et al. found that excited electrons automatically equilibrate to a Fermi–Dirac distribution within roughly 100 fs, solely because of their coupling to the nuclear motion, even though the resulting electronic temperature is one to two orders of magnitude higher than the kinetic temperature defined by the nuclear motion. Microscopic simulations like these can then provide the separate electronic and kinetic temperatures, chemical potentials, pressures, and nonhydrostatic stresses required as input for studies on larger length and time scales.
Engineering of YBa2Cu3O7–δ grain boundary Josephson junctions by Au nanocrystals
Authors: Michalowski P. , Schmidt M. , Schmidl F. , Grosse V. , Kuhwald D. , Katzer C. , Hübner U. , Seidel P.
Published: June 2011

We prepared and investigated grain boundary Josephson junctions based on SrTiO3 bicrystal substrates. During the deposition of YBa2Cu3O7–δ (YBCO) gold nanocrystals forming from an intermediate gold layer can modify the crystalline structure and thus the properties of the YBCO grain boundaries. The variation of the film thickness of the Au seed layer changes the growth conditions of the YBCO film and the Au nanocrystals. The values of the characteristic ICRN product do not change whereas the values of the critical current IC decrease.

magnified image

(© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ANP/RPN: a multi criteria evaluation of the Risk Priority Number
Authors: Zammori Francesco , Gabbrielli Roberto
Published: June 2011

This paper presents an advanced version of the failure mode effects and criticality analysis (FMECA), whose capabilities are enhanced; in that the criticality assessment takes into account possible interactions among the principal causes of failure. This is obtained by integrating FMECA and Analytic Network Process, a multi‐criteria decision making technique. Severity, Occurrence and Detectability are split into sub‐criteria and arranged in a hybrid (hierarchy/network) decision‐structure that, at the lowest level, contains the causes of failure. Starting from this decision‐structure, the Risk Priority Number is computed making pairwise comparisons, so that qualitative judgements and reliable quantitative data can be easily included in the analysis, without using vague and unreliable linguistic conversion tables. Pairwise comparison also facilitates the effort of the design/maintenance team, since it is easier to place comparative rather than absolute judgments, to quantify the importance of the causes of failure. In order to clarify and to make evident the rational of the final results, a graphical tool, similar to the House of Quality, is also presented. At the end of the paper, a case study, which confirms the quality of the approach and shows its capability to perform robust and comprehensive criticality analyses, is reported. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Variable sampling interval hotelling's T2 charts with runs rules for switching between sampling interval lengths
Authors: Mahadik Shashibhushan B.
Published: June 2011

The use of runs rules is proposed for switching between the sampling interval lengths of variable sampling interval Hotelling's T2 charts. The purpose of applying these rules is to reduce the frequency of the switches which causes inconvenience in the administration of the charts. The expressions for the performance measures for the charts with these rules are derived. The effects of different runs rules on the performances are evaluated through numerical comparisons. The runs rules substantially reduce the frequency of switches during the in‐control period and during the out‐of‐control periods due to the small to moderate shifts in the process mean vector. They also fairly improve the statistical performances of the charts in detecting the small shifts and do not affect that in detecting the large shifts. However, some runs rules slightly worsen the statistical performances in detecting the moderate shifts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A particle swarm‐optimized support vector machine for reliability prediction
Authors: Lins Isis Didier , Moura Márcio das Chagas , Zio Enrico , Droguett Enrique López
Published: June 2011

System reliability depends on inherent mechanical and structural aging factors as well as on operational and environmental conditions, which could enhance (or smoothen) such factors. In practice, the involved dependences may burden the modeling of the reliability behavior over time, in which traditional stochastic modeling approaches may likely fail. Empirical prediction methods, such as support vector machines (SVMs), become a valid alternative whenever reliable time series data are available. However, the prediction performance of SVMs depends on the setting of a number of parameters that influence the effectiveness of the training stage during which the SVMs are constructed based on the available data set. The problem of choosing the most suitable values for the SVM parameters can be framed in terms of an optimization problem aimed at minimizing a prediction error. In this work, this problem is solved by particle swarm optimization (PSO), a probabilistic approach based on an analogy with the collective motion of biological organisms. SVM in liaison with PSO is then applied to tackle reliability prediction problems based on time series data of engineered components. Comparisons of the obtained results with those given by other time series techniques indicate that the PSO + SVM model is able to provide reliability predictions with comparable or great accuracy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technological scenarios of variation transmission in multistage machining processes
Authors: Palumbo B. , De Chiara G. , Sansone F. , Marrone R.
Published: June 2011

The study of variation transmission in multistage machining processes is a strategic task. It enables us to understand how variation is added and transmitted across the process stages and, therefore, to identify opportunities to reduce variation in key characteristics at the final stage. In this paper, a data‐driven technique, based on a first‐order autoregressive model, is applied to a multistage machining process of an aero‐engine component. Data on 15 key characteristics of 42‐tracked components are taken at each of eight sequential process stages. The statistical analysis of data relative to critical key characteristics permits determining the quantity of variation that is added at each stage and the quantity that is transmitted from upstream. This differentiation between added and transmitted variation allows the discovery of which stages contribute most to variation of key characteristics at the final stage. The statistical and technological interpretation of results enables identifying three typical technological scenarios that affect multistage machining process. The knowledge of the variance transmission modalities related to each scenario is a winning factor in achieving quality improvement and cost reduction. It has a direct influence on the effectiveness of variation reduction efforts and may provide useful information to define manufacturing cycles or to select machining tolerances. The application proposed has been developed in the AVIO industry, an international aerospace company at the leading edge of propulsion technology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
More Effective Nanomedicines through Particle Design
Authors: Wang Jin , Byrne James D. , Napier Mary E. , DeSimone Joseph M.
Published: June 2011

Nanomedicine is an emerging field that applies concepts in nanotechnology to develop novel diagnostics and therapies. Physical and chemical properties of particles, including size, shape, modulus, surface charge and surface chemistry, play an important role in determining particle–cell interactions, cellular trafficking mechanisms, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics. This discussion focuses on both nanoparticles and microparticles since microparticles can also provide many insights for the development of drug carriers and possess advantages over nanoparticles in certain applications. This review covers recent major advancement in the nanomedicine field and also highlights studies using the PRINT technology.
Some Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Cr‐Mn‐Ni‐Steels
Authors: Dubberstein T. , Hötzel M. , Hagemann R. , Heller P. , Scheller P. R.
Published: June 2011

In the last years new Cr‐Mn‐Ni‐TRIP/TWIP steels have been developed at the Institute of Iron and Steel Technology, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology. Within the Collaborative Research Center SFB 799, the ZrO2‐ceramic‐TRIP‐steel composite materials are produced using the infiltration of open foam ceramics with liquid steel and using powder metallurgy with small additions of ceramic powder before sintering. The thermophysical properties of liquid steel play an important role in both production routes. They affect the infiltration efficiency in one process and the produced powder size in the other, and therefore finally determine the composite properties. In this work some of these properties were estimated, as they are not available in literature. The investigated steels contain approximately 16% chrome, 7% manganese and 3% to 9% nickel. The surface tension was estimated using two methods: the drop weight method and the maximum bubble pressure method. In the drop weight method similar conditions at the gas/metal interface exist as during the atomization or the infiltration process, where liquid metal is exposed to high volume of inert gas. In all these cases the evaporation of manganese affects the surface tension. For comparison of results and for estimation of the liquid steel density the maximum bubble pressure method was used where the evaporation of manganese is limited. The wettability on partially MgO‐stabilized ZrO2 ceramic substrates and its change with contact time was determined using the sessile drop method.
Universal design for academic facilities
Authors: Salmen John P. S.
Published: June 2011

Universal design has the potential to transform universities into truly egalitarian institutions that accommodate all users regardless of their size, age, or physical capabilities, allowing them to flourish, learn, and unleash their true potential.
Transition strategies to ensure active student engagement
Authors: Korbel Donna M. , McGuire Joan M. , Banerjee Manju , Saunders Sue A.
Published: June 2011

Student affairs professionals have an opportunity to promote active student engagement and improve the experiences of students with disabilities by embracing a collaborative and inclusive model of practice.
Adjuvant Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma after Curative Surgery: Retrospective Control Study
Authors: Shen W. F. , Zhong W. , Liu Q. , Sui C. J. , Huang Y. Q. , Yang J. M.
Published: June 2011

Background

Effects of adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) radical surgery have never been evaluated.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 125 ICC patients who had undergone operations with curative intent in Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital from July 2002 to December 2003. Of these patients, 53 underwent adjuvant TACE (TACE group) and 72 did not (non‐TACE group). Adjuvant TACE was performed one time 1.5–2.0 months after the operation.

Results

Follow‐up was performed at a median of 18 months (range 3–96 months). There was no significant recurrence‐free survival (RFS) difference between the TACE and non‐TACE groups (P = 0.659). The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year overall survival (OS) rates were 69.8, 37.7, and 28.3%, respectively, for the TACE group and 54.2, 25.0, and 20.8%, respectively, for the non‐TACE group (P = 0.045). Among 54 patients with a recurrence time of ≤3 months, the OS rate of the TACE group was better than that of the non‐TACE group (P < 0.001). For 59 patients with a recurrence time later than the median RFS, no significant RFS difference was found between the TACE and non‐TACE groups (P = 0.681). These results indicate that TACE could not delay recurrence but could prolong the OS of patients with early recurrence.

Conclusions

Adjuvant TACE after radical surgery was associated with better survival among the ICC patients with early recurrence.
Metachromatic leukodystrophy: natural course of cerebral MRI changes in relation to clinical course
Authors: Groeschel Samuel , Kehrer Christiane , Engel Corinna , í Dali Christine , Bley Annette , Steinfeld Robert , Grodd Wolfgang , Krägeloh‐Mann Ingeborg
Published: June 2011

Objective

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) is a rare disorder leading to demyelination and neurological impairment. A natural history study within the German leukodystrophy network analyzed MRI changes with respect to the clinical course.

Methods

113 MR images of 68 patients (33 late‐infantile, 35 juvenile) were studied cross‐sectionally and longitudinally. MRI and motor deterioration were assessed using standardized scoring systems.

Results

The temporal and spatial patterns of MR severity scores differed between the late‐infantile and juvenile form. Although early (involving central white matter, corpus callosum) and late signs (involving pons, cerebellum, cerebral atrophy) were similar, high MRI scores (mean 18, SD 1.2, p < 0.001) were evident in the juvenile form already at the onset of first symptoms and even in presymptomatic patients. The progression rate of the MRI score was clearly higher and more uniform in the late‐infantile (on average 8 per year, p < 0.0001) than in the juvenile patients (on average 0.4 per year, p < 0.08). In late‐infantile patients, MRI changes correlated highly with motor deterioration (rho = 0.73, p < 0.001), this was less remarkable in the juvenile form (rho = 0.50, p < 0.01). Severe motor dysfunction was associated with U‐fiber involvement and cerebellar changes (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

MRI showed a typical spatial pattern, which evolved gradually and uniformly during disease progression in late‐infantile MLD. In juvenile MLD MRI changes were already observed at disease onset and temporal patterns were more variable. As therapeutic options for MLD are evolving, these findings are not only important for patient counseling but also for the evaluation of therapeutic interventions.
Validation of the Integrated Biosphere Simulator in simulating the potential natural vegetation map of China
Authors: Yuan Quan Zhi , Zhao Dong Sheng , Wu Shao Hong , Dai Er Fu
Published: June 2011

The Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS)—a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model—was validated by simulating the potential natural vegetation map of China using data on monthly mean climate from 1961 to 1990, soil texture, and topography. Although the vegetation map simulated by IBIS was able to describe the sketch of vegetation patterns in China, the distributions of several plant functional types (PFTs) and vegetation types were still simulated incorrectly, especially in eastern temperate areas, southern subtropics, the southern Sichuan basin, and the Hengduan mountains area. By adjusting some of the climatic constraints and physiological parameters of PFTs defined in IBIS, the simulated distributions of PFTs became reasonable, and the simulated vegetation map fitted the natural vegetation map better. The kappa statistic between the simulated and the natural vegetation maps was 0.76, an increase of 16.9% from the previous parameter adjustment of 0.65. Correspondingly, the degree of agreement between these two maps rose from “good” to “very good”. After the parameter adjustments, IBIS became more suitable for the large‐scale simulation of Chinese natural vegetation distributions and could provide a powerful support to reveal the dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change in China.
H2AX phosphorylation at the sites of DNA double-strand breaks in cultivated mammalian cells and tissues
Authors: Firsanov Denis V. , Solovjeva Liudmila V. , Svetlova Maria P.
Published: June 2011

A sequence variant of histone H2A called H2AX is one of the key components of chromatin involved in DNA damage response induced by different genotoxic stresses. Phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) is rapidly concentrated in chromatin domains around DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) after the action of ionizing radiation or chemical agents and at stalled replication forks during replication stress. γH2AX foci could be easily detected in cell nuclei using immunofluorescence microscopy that allows to use γH2AX as a quantitative marker of DSBs in various applications. H2AX is phosphorylated in situ by ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK kinases that have distinct roles in different pathways of DSB repair. The γH2AX serves as a docking site for the accumulation of DNA repair proteins, and after rejoining of DSBs, it is released from chromatin. The molecular mechanism of γH2AX dephosphorylation is not clear. It is complicated and requires the activity of different proteins including phosphatases and chromatin-remodeling complexes. In this review, we summarize recently published data concerning the mechanisms and kinetics of γH2AX loss in normal cells and tissues as well as in those deficient in ATM, DNA-PK, and DSB repair proteins activity. The results of the latest scientific research of the low-dose irradiation phenomenon are presented including the bystander effect and the adaptive response estimated by γH2AX detection in cells and tissues.
Vulnerable Consumers and Debt: Can Social Marketing Assist?
Authors: Brennan Linda , Zevallos Zuleyka , Binney Wayne
Published: June 2011

There has been an increase in consumers’ reliance on credit and rising consumer debt. The increase is especially problematic for those least able to afford debt of any kind – welfare recipients. This qualitative study reports on 120 Australian welfare recipients’ attitudes towards debt, their understanding about what constitutes acceptable debt and the debt-management strategies they adopt. The results of this research show that welfare recipients see debt as a way of life and as a means of survival in a society where a core value appears (to them) to be the acquisition of material wealth. Their status as income earners and therefore their capacity to service debt is less than others. Consequently, we could expect that their debt levels would be proportionally less; however, many participants in this research did not appear to understand the long term consequences of their level of debt. The paper concludes with a discussion as to how social marketing can be applied to potentially assist this vulnerable consumer group and the wider community.
Self‐criticism interacts with the affective component of pain to predict depressive symptoms in female patients
Authors: Lerman S.F. , Shahar G. , Rudich Z.
Published: June 2011

This longitudinal study examined the role of the trait of self‐criticism as a moderator of the relationship between the affective and sensory components of pain, and depression. One hundred and sixty‐three chronic pain patients treated at a specialty pain clinic completed self‐report questionnaires at two time points assessing affective and sensory components of pain, depression, and self‐criticism. Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed a significant 3‐way interaction between self‐criticism, affective pain and gender, whereby women with high affective pain and high self‐criticism demonstrated elevated levels of depression. Our findings are the first to show within a broad, comprehensive model, that selfcriticism is activated by the affective, but not sensory component of pain in leading to depressive symptoms, and highlight the need to assess patients' personality as part of an effective treatment plan.
Capitalizing on brand personalities in advertising: The influence of implicit self‐theories on ad appeal effectiveness
Authors: Park Ji Kyung , John Deborah Roedder
Published: June 2011

How can firms use brand personalities to develop the most persuasive advertising appeals? In this article, we examine advertising appeals that capitalize on the signaling opportunities that using these brands can provide (signaling ad appeal) versus the self‐improvement opportunities that using these brands can offer (self‐improvement ad appeal). In two studies, we find that the effectiveness of these appeals depends on consumers' implicit self‐theories. Specifically, signaling ad appeals are more effective for consumers who believe their personal qualities are fixed and cannot be developed through their own efforts (entity theorists), whereas self‐improvement ad appeals are more effective for consumers who believe their personal qualities are malleable and can be developed (incremental theorists). Implications for brand personality research and advertising are discussed.
CDP‐Choline as a Biological Supplement During Neurorecovery: A Focused Review
Authors: Arenth Patricia M. , Russell Kathryn C. , Ricker Joseph H. , Zafonte Ross D.
Published: June 2011

Cytidine 5′‐diphosphocholine (CDP‐choline or citicoline) is a highly bioavailable compound with potential benefits for aiding neural repair and increasing acetylcholine levels in the central and peripheral nervous system. As a result, many researchers have investigated the use of CDP‐choline for various types of neurological insult or conditions, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer disease. Despite the fact that the safety of the compound has been verified across multiple international studies, evidence for efficacy remains less clear. This may be attributable, at least in part, to several issues, including a lack of randomized clinical trials, a lack of availability of the compound in the United States, and statistical power issues in reported trials. In addition, the fact that CDP‐choline has multiple potential points of therapeutic impact makes it an exciting treatment option in theory but also complicates the analysis of efficacy in the sense that multiple mechanisms and time points must be evaluated. Although some clinical conditions do not appear to benefit from CDP‐choline treatment, the majority of findings to date have suggested at least minor benefits of treatment. In this review we will examine the evidence in the published literature pertaining to use of CDP‐choline in rehabilitation populations and briefly consider the work yet to be done.
Cognitive Impairment in Acquired Brain Injury: A Predictor of Rehabilitation Outcomes and an Opportunity for Novel Interventions
Authors: Whyte Ellen , Skidmore Elizabeth , Aizenstein Howard , Ricker Joseph , Butters Meryl
Published: June 2011

Cognitive impairment is a common sequela in acquired brain injury and one that predicts rehabilitation outcomes. There is emerging evidence that impairments in cognitive functions can be manipulated by both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions to improve rehabilitation outcomes. By using stroke as a model for acquired brain injury, we review the evidence that links cognitive impairment to poor rehabilitation outcomes and discuss possible mechanisms to explain this association. Furthermore, we examine nascent promising research that suggests that interventions that target cognitive impairments can lead to better rehabilitation outcomes.
To Leibniz, from Dorha: A Khoi Prayer in the Republic of Letters
Authors: Groenewald Gerald
Published: June 2011

Perhaps one of the saddest consequences of the demise of traditional Khoikhoi societies during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is the loss of their languages. Contemporary reports by visitors abound with references to how difficult the Khoi language was to learn, while at the same time commending the Khoikhoi for their ability to learn European languages. By about 1700, only half a century after Dutch colonisation, most Khoikhoi living in the colonised areas of the Western Cape could speak some form of Dutch in addition to their own language. However, the rapid spread of European settlers deeper into the interior, on the one hand, and the acculturation of the Khoikhoi and their inclusion in the colonial polity and economy, on the other hand, meant that by the end of the eighteenth century Khoi was spoken only on the fringes of the Cape colony. Cape Khoi was increasingly replaced by (a form of) Dutch as the first language of the native inhabitants of the Cape. Thus, on his tour of Southern Africa in 1803-1806, Heinrich Lichtenstein could observe that ‘on the borders alone are some Hottentots to be found who speak their own lariguage; but among them several foreign words are introduced, spoken with the Hottentot accent and snort’. Cape Khoi was by this stage rapidly dying out.
From Port-City to World-System: Spatial Constructs of Dutch Indian Ocean Studies, 1500-1800
Authors: Vink Markus
Published: June 2011

The establishment of a Dutch trading factory at Kayalpatnam in 1645 initiated half a century of Luso-Dutch rivalry for the control of the Madurai coast (modern Tamilnad) until its ‘final solution’ in the 1690s. The stakes were high and involved both material and non-material considerations. Contemporary Dutch sources estimated the capital value of the local chank or conch shell and pearl fishery at 350,000 and 5 to 6 million guilders, respectively. Almost half of the circa 500 vessels involved in the pearl fisheries of 1668 and 1669 came from the seven major ports (yelu ur) of the socalled Fishery Coast (Costa de Pescaria). Control over southeast India littoral, moreover, meant mastery of the strategic Palk Straits and the Indo-Ceylon trade in areca, textiles, salt, grains, ray skins, chaya or dye roots, lime, and the like. Dutch projections of potential revenues derived from this source in the 1670s ranged from 1.28 to 1.65 million guilders per year. Apart from the intra-Asiatic or country trade, exports from the Madurai coast became increasingly important in the long-distance trade with Europe in the wake of the ‘calicoe craze’. Between 1680-81 and 1734-35, the total invoice and sales value of Dutch textile exports from Madurai destined for patria amounted to 8.85 and 15.31 million guilders, respectively. The annual invoice and sales value of Company textile exports from southeast India littoral to the Dutch Republic peaked in the first decade of the eighteenth century at an average of 282,824 and 644,541 guilders, respectively. In 1704-05, the invoice and sales value of Dutch textile exports from Madurai to Europe alone amounted to no less than 659,215 and 1,362,050 guilders, respectively.
A Stranger's Testimony: Some of Jan Huygen van Linschoten's Views on and from Goa Compared with Portuguese Sources
Authors: Pos Arie
Published: June 2011

Remarkably little is known about Jan Huygen van Linschoten's private life in the Portuguese Indies. The only available source material consists of a letter to his parents he wrote in 1584, shortly after his arrival in Goa, and the text of his Itinerario. Working as a secretary to the Archbishop of Goa he must at least have given the impression of being a respectable man in everyday life. Although he was still a young man in the period of his residence in Goa from September 1583 to November 1588; born at the end of 1562 or at the beginning of 1563 he must have been nearly twenty-one when he arrived and nearly twenty-five when he left and although he dwells quite extensively on various cases of adultery and especially on the moral character of Indian and Portuguese women in Goa, he never even hints at personal amorous experiences. We may take this as a sign of the times in which he lived. Indeed there was a strong moral code in sixteenth-century Europe, at least in theory and especially from what may be termed the lower middle class upwards, and apart from this mostly religiously based and socially sanctioned moral code there were literary conventions. Debauchery and erotic adventures were dealt with mainly in pornographic or diary-like texts that certainly were not the genre of Linschoten's Itinerario. But as the morally judging observer he presents himself to be, he could of course describe more or less spicy details and comment on them. Linschoten played this part several times and as it would seem quite eagerly. As a matter of fact his moral views are accorded considerable importance in the book. A first and most interesting attempt to analyse these views in relation to the stamps published with the Itinerario was made by Ernst van den Boogaart. To accompany an exhibition of the stamps, the same author published a more extensive analysis of the stamps and of the Latin texts of a separate edition in Het verheven en uerdoruen Azië. Both titles are good reading on the subject.
Liberty, Insolence and Rum: Cape Coast and the American Revolution
Authors: Reese Ty M.
Published: June 2011

In early 1787, as American vessels flooded the Gold Coast with rum and as the French worked to extend their coastal position, the Cape Coast Castle governor Thomas Price, reported that the Fante, England's coastal allies, ‘are too politic a people, and too well acquainted with their own interests, ever to wish to confine their trade to one nation’. Price's summation of the issues affecting Anglo-Fante relations on the late eighteenth-century Gold Coast (modern Ghana) provides the foundation for this article. This article contributes to West African coastal historiography in that it examines the relationship between the Gold Coast and the Atlantic World through the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The article expands upon this foundation by narrowing the focus to one Gold Coast trade/administrative enclave. It examines the enclave during a period of change, the 1770s to the early 1800s that culminated in radical reconstruction of coastal relations. The article utilises the Fetu city of Cape Coast, also the administrative centre for England's Company of Merchants Trading to Africa (hereafter CMTA), to examine the relationship between Atlantic (external) and coastal (internal) factors within an African trade enclave. To accomplish this, it eliminates the dichotomy that exists between exploring general coastal trends within a diverse coastal region. This raises a question concerning the consequence of these general trends upon diverse states, cultures and peoples. Do the general trends affect each group similarly or differently and, if so, why? The focus upon one Gold Coast enclave expands our understanding of the consequences caused by the interaction of Atlantic and coastal factors.
‘After Shaking his Hand, Start Counting your Fingers’: Trust and Images in Indian Business Networks, East Africa 1900-2000
Authors: Oonk Gijsbert
Published: June 2011

In this study, I examine how ‘ethnic’ trading networks are created and recreated, but may also fracture and fall apart. This occurred among some Indian groups in East Africa, who initially strengthened their economic and cultural ties with India by maintaining intensive trade relations and taking brides from the homeland. However, after just one generation, their economic focus was on East Africa, Japan and the UK. Many of today's well-off Indian businessmen in East Africa show little economic interest in India. In fact, Gujarati businessmen in East Africa created new, rather negative images of their counterparts in Gujarat. During the last century, their overall image of Indians in India was transformed from one of a ‘reliable family or community members’ to one of ‘unreliable, corrupt and, untrustworthy ‘others’.
‘Quelques Satisfactions d'Amour-propre’: African Elite Integration, the Loi-cadre, and Involuntary Decolonisation of French Tropical Africa
Authors: Keese Alexander
Published: June 2011

On 21 March 1956, the French Overseas Minister, Gaston Defferre, addressed theAssemblée Rationale, presenting a project with especially far-reaching implications.A loi-cadrewas planned in order to enable a greater degree of participation by the indigenous populations in the sub-Saharan African overseas territories. The responsibility of the localAssemblées Territorialeswas to be increased in various fields.Conseils de Gouuemementwere proposed, with the objective to allow Black African politicians to have a role in the territorial executive. Defferre exhorted the deputies to prevent by their vote a development of the tropical African territories in the style of the Maghreb or Indochina. His speech seemed to impress the members of the chamber. At the occasion of two ballots, on 23 March and on 23 June 1956, his bill passed with a comfortable majority.
Hundreds of Rosetta Stones and Other Patient Papers: The Dutch Records at the Tamil Nadu Archives, Chennai (Madras)
Authors: Bes Lennart
Published: June 2011

Plans of eighteenth-century Indian houses, papers concerning the Dutch hospital at Cochin, Tamil texts inscribed on palm leaves, documents of Dutch institutions in India functioning under British rule, and numerous proclamations each drawn up in Dutch, Portuguese as well as Malayalam, reminding one of hundreds of Rosetta Stones, these are just a few examples of the largely unique documents that are referred to as the Dutch Records and are kept at the Tamil Nadu Archives in the South Indian city of Chennai (formerly known as Madras). These materials seem to comprise virtually all that remains of the archives that were left by the Dutch in India to be taken over by the British. (A large part of the original archives must have been lost in the course of time.) They consist of about 1,800 volumes and a couple of bundles (numbered 1 to 1763), stretch 64 metres, and date from the period between 1643 and 1852. The Dutch Records at Chennai in fact encompass the remnants of the archives of four factories set up by the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC, Dutch East India Company), which all functioned as the headquarters of a kantoor (regional establishment): Cochin (headquarters of Malabar, modern-day Kerala), Nagapatnam and later Pulicat (Coromandel, present-day Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh), Surat (Surat, modern-day Gujarat), and Chinsura or Hooghly (Bengal). These four archives have different custodial histories and were apparently put together just because they were all created by VOC institutions and their legal successors.
Afrikaners and the Making of a Radical Survival Plan
Authors: Giliomee Hermann
Published: June 2011

The debate over modern South Africa has been dominated by the question whether continuities between apartheid and segregation existed. Much of apartheid was a tightening or an elaboration of segregation, but there were also features that made it unique. The one was the systematic classification in statutory groups of the entire population, including people of racially mixed origins, which resembles the rule of the Cape by the VOC or Dutch East Company that distinguished among legal status groups. The other distinctive feature of apartheid was its concern with the rehabilitation of subordinate communities up to the point where they could become nations. Using the terminology of German romantic nationalism and mission doctrine rather than that of British indirect rule, apartheid substituted culture and ultimately nation for race.
Christian Souls and Griqua Boorlings: Religious and Political Identity in Griquatown
Authors: Waldman Linda
Published: June 2011

The politics of coloured people in twentieth-century South Africa have generally been characterised as marginal from mainstream South African events. Correspondingly, attempts to initiate political developments along cultural or ethnic lines - emphasising Mama or Griqua identity, for example - have been noted primarily for their divisive and factional composition. Such writings focus on overt political action. They highlight either leaders’ involvement with, or opposition to, state structures; or the internal, often petty and frustrated conflicts between leaders, but fail to explain the marginalisation of coloured politics. But this emphasis on ‘the political’ removes from our gaze other, more productive avenues for understanding the identity of mixed-race people in South Africa. Political activity, for the Griqua, cannot be evaluated except through the lens of Christianity. Since religion promises to fulfil people's ambitions through redemption in the afterlife, Griqua-Christian ideas about overt political quests and active campaigning against discrimination - on either an individual or societal level - tended to be deemed unnecessary. As it was God who ultimately meted out punishments or rewards, Griqua people's energies were better used worshipping him. Nonetheless, these same Griqua people lived in the profane world in which - at least during the apartheid era - they were officially classified as ‘coloured’. Their struggles, based primarily on the need for official ethnic recognition as Griqua, were, in effect, political struggles. This partly Griqua, partly coloured identity enabled them considerable political flexibility and produced the complex social patterns explored below. A further distinction underpinning the Griqua-coloured ambiguity was that between inkommers (newcomers) and boorlings (people born to Griqua-town).
‘A Sentimental Attachment to the Neighbourhood’: African Christians and Land Claims in South Africa
Authors: James Deborah , Nkadimeng Geoffrey
Published: June 2011

As part of its attempt to understand ‘an apartheid of souls’, this volume is concerned to show how mission activity, particularly that of European-based churches with close links to the expansion of Dutch/Calvinist influence, may have nurtured the local construction of race or ethnic difference in Indonesian and South African society. One well-known account of Christianity in South Africa shows how the interaction between mission and missionised produced a sharply dichotomised sense - experienced by the Tshidi Tswana as the contrast betweensetsivanaandsegoa- of difference between indigenous and imported culture. While this shows how processes devoted to undermining it may paradoxically strengthen a sense of cultural identity, what it does not yield is a sense of how Christianity, appropriated within Tswana and other African societies, furnished a means of marking internal distinctions of social class, dovetailing in unexpected ways with ethnic difference. It is such divisions - potently fusing class with ethnicity and having crucial implications for the ownership, reclaiming, and use of land - with which the present paper is concerned.
Social Care in Eighteenth-Century Batavia The Poorhouse, 1725–1750
Authors: van Till Margreet
Published: June 2011

Almost everyone living in the Dutch Republic or its territories in the East in the eighteenth century, who did not belong to a patrician family or to the upper middle class, could be considered ‘poor’ according to modern standards. In these societies, however, there was one group of people who could be singled out as extremely poor. These people, representing the lowest stratum of society, were the clientele of the poorhouses and poor relief.
The VOC and Japanese Rice in the Early Seventeenth Century
Authors: Keisuke Yao
Published: June 2011

According to traditional scholarship, Sakoku or the national seclusion of Japan in the early seventeenth century was primarily carried out with the intention of prohibiting Christianity. It is generally agreed that the seclusion ofJapan was completed through a series of edicts, the socalled Sakokurei (which were issued between 1633 and 1639 by the Bakufu (the Tokugawa Shogunal government). Through these edicts the Christian religion was forbidden in Japan. Japanese trading activities abroad were also prohibited through the issue of Kai-kin or maritime prohibitions. Finally the Portuguese trade from Macao was terminated. It is generally believed that the seclusion ofJapan was brought about as a means to gain better control of theJapanese people. In the final analysis the closure of Japan had a double meaning: the political meaning, the prohibition of Christianity, and an economic meaning, the restriction of trade.
British Investment in Latin America, 1850–1950 A Reappraisal
Authors: Miller Rory
Published: June 2011

For forty years much of the research on Britain's relationship with Latin America has been dominated by a rather narrow agenda, the boundaries of which were established by radical and conservative writers in the middle third of the twentieth century, just when Britain's role in Latin America was rapidly declining. Essentially this was a debate about power, that of British governments and businessmen on the one hand and Latin American governments and elites on the other. More recently, however, younger historians have begun to break free of the confines established by those writing in the 1950s and 1960s. As a result there is some hope that new research on this topic may offer more of interest to non-specialists and contribute to other historical debates, both in British and Latin American history. The purpose of this historiographical essay, which is based primarily, but not entirely, on the research undertaken in Britain during the last twenty years, is to review the recent literature on British investment in Latin America, and to investigate some of the implications of what we now know about the subject for our understanding of the evolution of Latin American societies.
The New World Seen as the Old: The 1524 Map of Tenochtitlán
Authors: Godbey Emily
Published: June 2011

As the first European printed image of the Aztec capital, the first European map of the Gulf of Mexico, and the first map to use the names Florida and Yucatan, the 1524 map of Tenochtitlan from Cortes’ second and third letter earned a place in the history of cartography (Figure I). This map, published in Nuremberg to accompany the Latin edition, is commonly mentioned in histories of cartography, but scholarship about this map is relatively general, with the exception of a few historians’ efforts. The prevailing scholarship revolves around its possible authorship, while issues of the map's function and cultural meaning within visual culture are largely missing. In fact, J. Brian Harley notes that the latter type of analysis is rather scarce in most cartographic histories:

What is missing in the history of cartographic literature are studies of the theoretical frameworks which might be appropriate for the reconstruction of such meaning in maps.
Trade and Civilization around the Bay of Bengal, c. 1650–1800
Authors: Gommans Jos
Published: June 2011

About seven years ago the journalItinerarioissued a special volume on theAncien Régimein India and Indonesia that carried the papers presented at the third Cambridge-Leiden-Delhi-Yogyakarta conference. The aim of the conference was a comparative one in which state-formation, trading net-works and socio-political aspects of Islam were the major topics. Thumbing through the pages of this issue (while preparing this essay) I had the impression that the results of the conference went beyond its initial comparative goals. Directly or indirectly, several papers stressed that during the early-modern phase India and Indonesia were still part of a cultural continuum that was only gradually broken up by the ongoing process of European expansion during the nineteenth century. It appeared that even after the earlier course of so-called ‘Indianisation’ – a designation that unjustly conveys an Indian ‘otherness’ – India and the Archipelago shared many characteristics, especially in terms of their political and religious orientation. More importantly, these shared traits were shaped by highly mobile groups of traders, pilgrims and courtiers who criss-crossed the Bay of Bengal, traversing both the lands above and below the winds.