bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Observations of an Infant Squirrel Monkey
Authors: Vandenbergh John G.
Published: September 2011

The behavioral development and social relations of one infant squirrel monkey were observed in a small caged group of 5 animals. Description is based on 108 hr. of observation over the first 28 wk. of his life. During his first 12 days, the infant either rode on his mother's back or nursed. On the thirteenth day he began to leave her, becoming more independent during the next 5 wk. After 7 wk. he returned to his mother only to nurse or when frightened After Week 21 he was free from bodily contact with his mother at least 95% of the time. The infant first ate monkey chow at 7 wk. of age and regularly are it at 9 wk. Some maternal rejection appeared at 3 wk. and was strong by 16 wk. He still nursed at 28 wk. Incidental interaction among adults was described.
Adolescent Behavior Patterns in a Large Typical City
Authors: Spector Samuel I.
Published: September 2011

From 100 respondents to a questionnaire sent out by the Ministry of Education of Belgium, patterns of adolescent behavior at home, in school, and in the community were described.
Relation of Stimulus-Seeking Behavior and Arousal Level
Authors: Levine Fredric M.
Published: September 2011

In order to test whether stimulation-seeking behavior is related to arousal level, Ss were divided on the basis of both a questionnaire measure, the Taylor MAS, and an arousal-producing task into high- and low-arousal groups. The frequency with which they pressed a telegraph key to turn speech noise either on or off was the dependent variable. There were no differences between the high- and low-arousal groups in the number of times they turned noise either on or off. This result was interpreted as not supporting the idea that stimulation-seeking behavior is an attempt to maintain an optimal level of arousal.
Effects of Success and Failure with Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Gardner William I.
Published: September 2011

Institutionalized mentally retarded adolescents and young adults ( N = 80) performed on a card-sorting task immediately preceding and following a series of neutral, success, total failure or partial failure experiences. As predicted, the success group demonstrated an increment in performance, the total failure group showed no change in performance, and the partial failure group showed a decrement in performance.
Changes in Intellectual Performance of Acute and Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Kingsley Leonard , Struening Elmer L.
Published: September 2011

Army induction scores on the Armed Forces Qualification Test were available on 50 acute schizophrenics, 30 chronic schizophrenics, and 50 enlisted men. The Army General Classification Test was administered to the acute schizophrenics within 1 wk. after being hospitalized for schizophrenia, to the chronic schizophrenics up to 20 yr. after their first hospitalization for schizophrenia and to the enlisted men some time after induction. Difference scores were computed for all Ss by subtracting the standard test score of the AGCT from the standard score of the AFGT received at induction. The three groups were matched on education and test performance at induction. At the second testing, both acute and chronic schizophrenics scored significantly below controls. However, the chronic schizophrenics were not differentiated from the acute schizophrenics on test performance. Results suggested differential deficit in chronic schizophrenics but not in acute schizophrenics. Implications for further research were drawn.
Overlearing Reversal Effect on a Conditional Discrimination Task
Authors: Hergenhahn B. R. , Capehart Jack , Sitterley Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

Overtraining facilitated reversal learning on a conditional discrimination task. Theoretical issues arise from the fact that, in such a problem, it is difficult to classify cues as either relevant or irrelevant.
Note on Use of phi as a Simplified Partial Rank Correlation Coefficient
Authors: Johnson Richard W.
Published: September 2011

Use of phi as a simplified partial rank correlation coefficient is described and illustrated.
Corrected (for Curtailment) Correlations between the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the MMPI
Authors: Stone Le Roy A.
Published: September 2011

It has been observed that correlations between the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS) and the standard MMPI scales were higher for a psychiatric patient sample than for college students. The suggestion had been made that the correlational differences with these two types of samples were due to the more curtailed distributions of MMPI scores with college students. These previously reported correlations, based on college students, were corrected for curtailment regarding the MMPI variables. The corrections utilized variability estimates based on psychiatric patient samples. The corrected (for curtailment) values were noticeably larger and resembled in magnitude those reported for psychiatric patients.
Orientation and Job Success of Mental Hospital Patients
Authors: Distefano M. K. , Pryer Margaret W. , Rice David P.
Published: September 2011

A follow-up study of 43 mental hospital patients in a Vocational Rehabilitation program indicated a significant relationship between successful job placement and orientation toward work. Successfully placed patients were higher in Task-Orientation and lower in Self-Orientation than unsuccessful placements.
Effect of Amobarbital Administered at Various Stages of Avoidance Response Acquisition
Authors: Martin L. K. , Powell B. J. , Kamano D. K.
Published: September 2011

In order to study the effects of amobarbital at various stages during avoidance acquisition, rats were injected with 20 mg/kg of the drug or with a placebo at the beginning of training or after four or eight days of training. As in previous studies, amobarbital facilitated CAR emission when given from the beginning of training. However, injections of the same drug at the same dosage level had no demonstrable effect on CAR emission after either four or eight days of training under placebo. Results very clearly indicated that a prior training period grossly alters the effect of the drug on avoidance behavior.
The Clinical Psychologist: A Generalist with Specialist Training
Authors: Dana Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Training for clinical psychology has been predicated upon the model of the specialist. No attempt has been made to train students in programs designed on the basis of research results. Currently, we have performance criteria. We can label the structure and content of programs. The interaction of program variables and student variables could be studied over time. Such research would suggest the applicability of specialist or generalist models for the training of clinical psychologists.

Rationalists, wearing square hats,

Think, in square rooms,

Looking at the floor,

Looking at the ceiling.

They confine themselves

To right-angled triangles.

If they tried rhomboids,

Cones, waving lines, ellipses—

As, for example, the ellipse of the half moon—

Rationalists would wear sombreros.

(Stevens, 1957)
Measurement and Some Correlates of Need-Cognition
Authors: Rydell Susan T. , Rosen Ephraim
Published: September 2011

A 15-scale true-false questionnaire, the Self-Other Test, Form C, was constructed to measure the dimensions of need-cognition, the need to know and understand. Intercorrelations of the scales showed a degree of overlap among some dimensions of need-cognition. Most of the scales reflecting these dimensions were reliably measured. The Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale, which is included in Form C, correlated positively with the most broadly cognitive scales of the Self-Other Test, Scales I. Vigorous Cathexis for Theories and Relationships, V. Cognitive Bookworm, and A. Proud, Enthusiastic Intellectual Scale. The Ambiguity Scale also correlated negatively with the anti-cognitive scales, Scales VI. Social Anti-intellectualism, and VII. Religious Anti-intellectualism. A Sentence Completion Test of Cognitive Motivation (SCT) was also devised. Positive correlations were found between the SCT and Self-Other Test Scales I, V, and A, and negative correlations between the SCT and Scales VI and VII. When cognitive and noncognitive concepts were rated on a semantic differential by groups of high- and low-cognitive Ss, high-cognitive Ss, identified on the basis of scores on Self-Other Test Scales I, II, and V, consistently gave more favorable ratings on cognitive concepts than low-cognitive Ss. High-cognitive Ss on Scales I and V did not give consistently more favorable ratings on noncognitive concepts. High-cognitive Ss on Scale II. Independent, Self-confident Intellectualism, however, tended to give more favorable ratings to noncognitive concepts than did low-cognitive Ss. This scale might assess an ego-assertive personality variable as well as a cognitive dimension.
Delay of Reinforcement: Cue Utilization and the Frustration Effect
Authors: Renner K. Edward
Published: September 2011

Ss receiving partial delay of reward showed better differential learning with a brightness cue given on the delay trials than did Ss receiving partial reinforcement for which the cue was given on nonreward trials. Partial delay of reinforcement resulted in faster start latencies on the trials in which reinforcement was immediate than occurred for continuous immediate reinforcement. The decremental effects of constant delay of reinforcement on performance were eliminated when a sufficient number of trials were given.
NOSIE-30: A Treatment-Sensitive Ward Behavior Scale
Authors: Honigfeld Gilbert , Gillis Roderic D. , Klett C. James
Published: September 2011

The NOSIE-30 is a highly sensitive ward behavior rating scale. Final item selection includes the best 30 of an original pool of 100 items, tested on a sample of 630 chronic schizophrenic patients. Both status (pre-treatment) and change (post minus pre-treatment) item responses were factor analyzed. Six factor scores are obtained: Social Competence, Social Interest, Personal Neatness, Irritability, Manifest Psychosis, and Retardation. Cross-validation of these six factor scores and a composite score, Total Patient Assets, was obtained in an independent, double-blind drug study conducted by the NIMH-Psychopharmacology Service Center. The NOSIE-30, especially designed for use by subprofessional personnel, provides an economical and accurate means of systematically assessing patient status and change.
Extinction of the Freezing Component of the CER after Frontal Ablation
Authors: McIntire Roger W.
Published: September 2011

To determine the specific effects of frontal ablations on emotional behavior, rats were given training in conditioned suppression of bar-pressing and the behavior syndrome of the conditioned emotional response (CER). Ss were then divided into three experimental groups for surgery: Group A (anterior areas of the frontal lobes ablated), Group L (lateral areas of the frontal lobes ablated) and Group S (sham-operated animals). Only the freezing component of the CER was affected by the surgical procedure, and this effect was limited to Group L. The data are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that the hyperactivity resulting from some frontal ablations results in a decrement in some of the trained emotional responses.
Criteria and Transfer of Training
Authors: Weitz Joseph
Published: September 2011

Using a new matrix learning task an attempt is made to determine the basis of transfer by observing the effect of using criterion measures at different points in time during the transfer sequence. It was found that for “easy” transfer situations the effect of an independent variable is apparent early in the transfer sequence and on a more “difficult” task the effect of the independent variable is apparent later in the transfer sequence. The effectiveness of the transfer of task approach is discussed within the framework of task difficulty. From these findings some implications for training and some hypotheses concerning the validation of personality tests are suggested.
Psychedelic Agents in Creative Problem-Solving: A Pilot Study
Authors: Harman Willis W. , McKim Robert H. , Mogar Robert E. , Fadiman James , Stolaroff Myron J.
Published: September 2011

Based on the frequently reported similarities between creative and psychedelic (drug-induced, consciousness-expansion) experiences, a preliminary study was conducted to explore the effects of psychedelic agents (LSD-25, mescaline) on creative problem-solving ability. Twenty-seven professionally employed males were given a single psychedelic experience in 1 of 7 small groups ( ns = 3 or 4) following extensive selection and preparatory procedures. This drug-induced problem-solving session was carefully structured with particular focus on establishing Ss' expectancies and a psychosocial milieu conducive to creative activity. Tentative findings based on tests of creativity, on subjective reports and self ratings, and on the utility of problem solutions suggested that, if given according to this carefully structured regimen, psychedelic agents seem to facilitate creative problem-solving, particularly in the “illumination phase.” The results also suggest that various degrees of increased creative ability may continue for at least some weeks subsequent to a psychedelic problem-solving session.
Memory Loss with Age: Retrieval or Storage?
Authors: McNulty J. A. , Caird William
Published: September 2011

The suggestion that memory loss as a result of the aging process is due to a loss in the ability to retrieve memories from storage is challenged. An alternative hypothesis, that of a defect in the storage system itself, is proposed. Some empirical evidence to support this view is presented.
Probability of Endorsement of Items in the Yatabe-Guilford Personality Inventory: Replication
Authors: Iwawaki Saburo , Fukuhara Machiko , Hidano Tadashi
Published: September 2011

For 57 male and 59 female Japanese college students probabilities of endorsement of Yatabe-Guilford Personality Inventory items as true or false correlated .81. rs for probabilities of endorsement for these Ss and Edwards' American were .69 for males and .62 for females. These probabilities of endorsement and Noguchi's social desirability scale values correlated .75 for males, .65 for females (.80 for American males and females). Data suggest contamination from Noguchi's use of the? option, translation, and other sources.
On the Assessment of Anxiety: III. By Self-Ratings
Authors: Acker Mary , McReynolds Paul
Published: September 2011

Two anxiety self-rating scales, one intended primarily for college students and the other primarily for psychiatric patients, are described. Preliminary validity data, in the form of Pearsonian correlations with anxiety inventories, are presented. The point is made that anxiety self-rating devices are worth developing in their own right and not just as substitutes for inventories.
Verbal Conditioning with Verbal and Monetary Reinforcers
Authors: Spielberger Charles D. , Ratliff Richard G. , Bernstein Ira H.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of verbal and monetary reinforcers on the verbal behavior of 44 college females. Ss were instructed to “say words.” After each block of responses, a light went on as a signal for S to write down her “thoughts” about the experiment. No reinforcement was given during the first two word-blocks; on Blocks 3–9, Ss were reinforced with “Mmm-hmm” for each human noun response; on Blocks 10–12 they were reinforced with both “Mmm-hmm” and a nickel for each human noun. Only Ss who recorded a correct response-reinforcement contingency during conditioning showed performance gains, and these first occurred on the word-block on which they recorded the contingency. The introduction of nickels on Block 10 had no systematic effect on Ss' performance. These findings were discussed with respect to the influence of cognitive and motivational factors on performance in verbal conditioning.
Psychophysiological Effects of a Large Non-Experimental Dose of LSD-25
Authors: Reynolds Herbert H. , Peterson Gordon K.
Published: September 2011

A 31-yr.-old male ingested a 0.065 mg/kg non-experimental dosage of LSD-25 (powder form). He was discovered within 30 min., after having vomited copiously, and emergency treatment was begun within 45 min. Associated physiological and behavioral changes are reported, as well as emergency procedures employed.
The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient as a Measure of Reliability
Authors: Bartko John J.
Published: September 2011

A procedure for estimating the reliability of sets of ratings in terms of the intraclass correlation coefficient is discussed. The procedure is based upon the analysis of variance and the estimation of variance components. For the one-way classification the intraclass correlation coefficient defined as the ratio of variances can be interpreted as a correlation coefficient. Caution, however, is urged in the application of the definition to a two-way model, i.e., one in which between-rater variance is removed. It is maintained that the frequent use of the standard definition of the one-way intraclass correlation coefficient applied to the two-way classification is not a proper procedure if in fact the coefficient is to be interpreted as a correlation coefficient. Definitions for reliability obtained from the two-way models are given which can legitimately be considered correlation coefficients.
Birth Order, Sex, and Achievement Gain of Institutionalized Retardates
Authors: Patton William F. , Cleland Charles C.
Published: September 2011

88 institutionalized retardates were dichotomized by sex and by two ordinal positions of birth, i.e., “first-born” and “later-born.” It was hypothesized that later-borns would improve more in academic achievement than first-borns over an academic year regardless of level of achievement. Also, it was hypothesized that females would improve more than males. The first hypothesis was supported, but no general sex differences were found. Results were discussed in relation to varied patterns of social reinforcement indigenous to institutional staffing patterns.
Effect of Chlorpromazine and Pentobarbital Upon Shock- and Fear-Motivated Behavior in Mice
Authors: Iwasaki Tsuneo , Iwahara Shinkuro , Nomura Shin-Ichi
Published: September 2011

A dose level of pentobarbital was determined with mice that would produce as much motor deficit as produced in the escape runway under 2 mg/kg of CPZ in Exp. I. This was done to control motor deficit due to CPZ in Exp. II and III. A specific blocking effect of CPZ upon escape and avoidance responses occurred in mice in comparison with pentobarbital and saline with pole-climbing (Exp. II) and with the shuttle-box (Exp. III). The CPZ action was much clearer with the shuttle-box than with pole-climbing during extinction. The discrepancy was discussed in relation to the types of the movement involved and the differential difficulty of the learning problems.
Psychotropic Drug Effects on Self-Stimulation of the Brain: A Control for Motor Output
Authors: Poschel B. P. H. , Ninteman F. W.
Published: September 2011

Rats with electrodes in the posterior lateral hypothalamus were trained in a chamber having two platforms. When standing on one platform, S received rewarding brain stimulation continuously. Switching to the other platform turned stimulation off. The proportion of time spent on the positive platform indicated the reward value of stimulation. Preliminary tests determined that the time measure was positively related to stimulation intensity. Drug tests determined that tranylcypromine and methamphetamine greatly increased the reward value of weak stimulation, while chlorpromazine greatly decreased the reward value of strong stimulation. Since Ss were not required to work for brain stimulation, these effects on reward value were shown not to be mere artifacts of the drugs' effects on motor output.
Attitudes of Undergraduate Women to Smoking
Authors: Forrest Derek W.
Published: September 2011

A two-part questionnaire was circulated within a women's college. In the first part open-ended questions were used to obtain information on such topics as: age of starting to smoke, reasons for starting, reasons for continuance of the practice, attitudes toward cancer. Results generally agreed with earlier work with different populations. In the second part of the questionnaire the approach was more projective, Ss being asked to describe smokers and their imagined environments. Considerable stereotypy of imagery was evident.
A Classical Conditioning Procedure to Control Suppression of a Rewarded Response Punished after Delay
Authors: Vogel-Sprott M. D.
Published: September 2011

The suppression of a rewarded response receiving delayed punishment was examined when a stimulus, previously paired in conditioning trials with punishment, was introduced briefly with the response. Three groups of 20 alcoholics were employed. All received preliminary stimulation by a tone and punishment (shock), but only Group E received these stimuli in a conditioning paradigm. An instrumental response was subsequently trained in all Ss under immediate reward (money). When performance reached criterion, delayed punishment also was administered for this response. During these punished trials, the tone occurred briefly, immediately following the rewarded response for Groups E and C1. The remaining group (C2) received no tone on these trials. The response was more quickly suppressed in E than in C groups, and the two C groups did not differ in response suppression. The evidence was interpreted in terms of classical conditioning principles, and some practical implications of this finding were considered.
Organized Psychology and the Crisis in Testing
Authors: Newman Sidney H.
Published: September 2011

Psychological testing and many other areas of psychology have suffered markedly from a lack of understanding by the American public. The public has lost many benefits to be derived from psychology. A Department of Public Affairs should be established in the APA to inform and educate the public concerning the problems and benefits of testing and to make the theories, methods, and findings of psychologists understood by, and useful to, as many people as possible.
Limitations of Brief Intelligence Testing with Young Children
Authors: Rosenberg Leon A. , Stroud Michael
Published: September 2011

The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale overestimated seriously the prevalance of retardation in 28 poverty-area kindergarten-age children. Statistically significant differences were found between the mean IQ scores on those two tests and Stanford-Binet IQs. Less severe differences obtained for 29 Ss enrolled in a poverty-area first-grade.
Miller Analogies Test Performance as Related to Age, Sex, and Academic Field
Authors: Thumin Fred J. , Boernke Carol
Published: September 2011

A factorial design was used to relate MAT scores to the age, sex, and academic field of 192 applicants to graduate school in psychology and education. The results showed significant differences ( P < .01) in test performance as a function of age and field, but not of sex. The education students scored significantly lower than the psychology students (means of 48.2 and 58.4, respectively), and the youngest and oldest groups (median ages of 23 and 41) performed equally well, whereas the middle group (median age of 30) scored significantly lower than the other two. It was suggested that the surprisingly good performance of the oldest group may be due to selectivity in terms of intelligence and general competence, i.e., that only especially effective and self-confident individuals are willing to embark on a graduate career near or after the age of 40.
Relationships of Awareness to Verbal Learning Efficiency and Meaning Change
Authors: Miller A. William
Published: September 2011

The general relationship of awareness to learning efficiency was investigated in a 2 × 2 factorial design with 20 Ss in each of four groups. Classical conditioning of meaning and verbal operant conditioning procedures were studied under two sets of instructions: one stated vague experimental purposes and the other, exact purposes. Ss' awareness of experimental procedures and purposes was measured Results indicated that with both classical and operant conditioning change in meaning occurred without awareness by Ss. A classical conditioning explanation of change in meaning was supported, but an operant conditioning explanation of change in terms of response frequency was not strengthened.
An Attempt to Transfer a Position Discrimination Habit via RNA Extracts
Authors: Branch John C. , Viney Wayne
Published: September 2011

RNA extracted from trained and untrained (control) rats did not demonstrate statistically significant transfer of learning effects when injected intraperitoneally into naive recipient rats. Since the direction of the results consistently favored the “trained RNA extract” recipient, it is suggested that future investigation of biochemical transfer utilize more rigorous training for donor animals and larger RNA dosage levels for injections of recipient animals.
What Mental Illness Labels Mean to Schizophrenics
Authors: Crumpton Evelyn , Groot Henriette
Published: September 2011

The aim of the study was to determine what the schizophrenic thinks about some of the labels applied to him: “crazy,” “insane,” “mental patient,” “person with something wrong with his nerves,” “schizophrenic,” “sick.” 68 schizophrenics rated a 15-scale semantic differential for each of these concepts and for the control concept, “person.” Ratings for each of the labels differed markedly from ratings for “person” on many of the 15 scales, especially those scales representing the evaluation factor. While there were minor differences in order from scale to scale, in general “mental patient” and “schizophrenic” were rated about the same and closer to “person” than were the other scales: “crazy” and “insane” were most dissimilar to “person;” and “sick” was unexpectedly in the middle. Ratings for the various labels were not significantly affected by severity of schizophrenia (as indicated by symptom checklist scores) or by the relative frequency of negatively-toned self-descriptions on an adjective checklist.
Use of Withdrawal of Reinforcement within the Escape-Avoidance Paradigm
Authors: Kaufman Arnold , Baron Alan
Published: September 2011

With rats as Ss, an analog of shock escape-avoidance was developed in which withdrawal of positive reinforcement served in lieu of noxious stimulation. Efficient escape behavior developed with latencies varying as a function of the rate of reinforcement reinstated by the conditioned response, but avoidance behavior was infrequent. The results were considered from the standpoint of whether the escape response was positively reinforced through onset of the period of reinforcement or negatively reinforced through termination of the period of non-reinforcement.
Relationship of the WAIS to the SRA Non-Verbal Test Scores
Authors: Holden Raymond H. , Mendelson Martin A. , De Vault Spencer
Published: September 2011

In the present study a short, self-administered intelligence test (SRA Non-verbal Test, Form AH) was correlated with the WAIS for an unselected sample of 29 mothers on the Providence Child Development Study. The correlation of .81 is significant and similar to the r of .82 between the WAIS Verbal Scale and the WAIS Performance Scale. It is concluded that the 10-min. SRA Non-verbal Test is a satisfactory and valid intelligence test instrument when dealing with specific groups of Ss but that WAIS IQ category labels should not be applied indiscriminately to SRA IQs.
Changes in Locomotor Activity and Brain Chemistry following LSD-25 Administration in Mice
Authors: Essman Walter B.
Published: September 2011

Mice treated with LSD-25 showed a marked attenuation of gross locomotor activity by 15 min. following injection, as compared with saline-treated controls. This effect was paralleled by intracerebral injection of adrenochrome; the level of brain adrenochrome was elevated in LSD-treated mice and correlated with the attenuated locomotor activity.
Transfer in Multiple-Sign and Transposition Problems: Implications for Osgood's Transfer Surface
Authors: Schroth Marvin L.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were designed to explore the nature of transfer in complex learning tasks and to investigate the role of stimuli and responses in these problems. Specific S-R combinations were manipulated in multiple-sign and transposition problems, using children as Ss. There were 5 experimental conditions in the first experiment and 12 in the second. Although positive transfer was obtained with certain experimental treatments, there was no significant occurrence of negative transfer. Osgood's transfer surface was considered as interpretation of the transfer data.
Tactical and Negotiations Game for Analysis of Decision Integration across Decision Areas
Authors: Streufert Siegfried , Kliger Susan C. , Castore Carl H. , Driver Michael J.
Published: September 2011

An experimental simulation is described as a method for measurement of integration and response patterning in group decision making and strategic perception The method employs a simulated game including tactical, negotiation, economic, intelligence, and other potential components. Similarities to a previously described game as well as the advantages over that game are discussed.
Computer-Assisted Studies of Piaget's Three-Stage Model of Cognitive Development
Authors: Gyr John W. , Fleisher Carol
Published: September 2011

Partial tests of Piaget's model of cognitive development are described.
Galvanic Skin Responses to Agreement and Disagreement in Relation to Dogmatism
Authors: Snoek J. D. , Dobbs Marian F.
Published: September 2011

48 female college students, selected to be relatively high or low on Rokeach's Dogmatism scale, listened to a series of tape-recorded statements asserting opinions that were either in strong agreement, strong disagreement, or mild disagreement with attitudes common in their group. Changes in galvanic skin responses were measured for each of 12 statements, 4 items representing each agreement condition. GSRs were greater for strong disagreement than strong agreement and for strong agreement than mild disagreement. Analysis of variance of the transformed GSR scores showed significant effects of level of dogmatism and extent of disagreement.
Test Performance and Rated Economic Status of Individual School Communities: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Greene James E.
Published: September 2011

Average family income was used in categorizing individual metropolitan school communities: “lower,” below $3500; “middle,” $3500 to $6500; “upper,” above $6500. Mean performance on the Metropolitan Achievement Test (Grades 1-8), the Essential High School Content Battery (Grade 10), and the Differential Aptitude Test (Grades 9 and 11) was positively related to economic status for both all-white and all-Negro schools in a city school system (Nashville, Tenn.) and in a surrounding county school system (Davidson County, Tenn.) with both suburban and semi-rural school communities.
Paired-Associate Learning and Free Recall of Nouns as a Function of Concreteness, Specificity, Imagery, and Meaningfulness
Authors: Paivio Allan
Published: September 2011

Abstractness-concreteness and generality-specificity of words were simultaneously varied in a factorial design on the stimulus and response sides of paired-associate lists constructed from 96 nouns. The analysis of recall scores from the auditory presentation of 2 alternating study trials and recall trials revealed significant ( p < .001) effects of both variables on the stimulus side of pairs. A smaller effect on the response side was significant ( p < .05) only in the case of specificity. A second experiment showed positive effects ( p < .001) of both concreteness and specificity on free recall. Mean scores were also available for the nouns on their rated capacity to evoke sensory images ( I) and on their meaningfulness ( m). A correlational analysis indicated that, of the attributes involved, I correlated most highly with learning scores. Furthermore, consistent with the hypothesis that stimulus-evoked imagery can mediate response recall, the superiority of I was greatest when the items served as stimulus terms in PA learning.
Preference for Warned Shock: Information and/or Preparation
Authors: Badia Pietro , Suter Steve , Lewis Paul
Published: September 2011

Human Ss preferred warned shock to unwarned shock when the warning signal contained 2 bits of information (25% shock) but not when it was redundant, i.e., 0 bits (100% shock). Rated strength of preference was also related to the information contained in the warning.
Equating Alternate Forms of Repetitive Psychometric Measures: A Replication
Authors: Hart James J. , Kysor Kragg P.
Published: September 2011

Level of difficulty for the 20 forms of the Number Facility (NF) and Speed of Closure (SC) subtests of the Repetitive Psychometric Measures was obtained for three samples of Ss. rhos for the level of difficulty of subtests between samples were significant, indicating that level of difficulty is relatively consistent within our samples. Correction factors to adjust for form difficulty were calculated on the basis of one sample; when these adjustment factors were applied to the raw data of a new sample the variability of the form mean around the grand mean was reduced for both subtests, but especially for the SC.
Assessing Individual Differences in Motivation and Their Effect on Performance of Number Facility
Authors: Hart James J.
Published: September 2011

48 Ss were given 20 control trials and 10 trials under competitive conditions on a number facility test (NF). After the administration of NF Ss were divided into 2 groups on the basis of their n-Ach score on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. The 24 highest Ss on n Ach were assigned to the high n-Ach group, the other 24 being designated the low n-Ach group. The NF performance of the high group was consistently above that of the low n-Ach group, although this difference was not significant under either control or competitive conditions. A significant learning effect was found over trials. The implications are discussed.
Transfer of Social Influence: Effect of Peer's Sex
Authors: Saltzstein Herbert D. , Diamond Rhea M.
Published: September 2011

In a study of social influence, girls paired with other girls and girls paired with boys made numerosity judgments of original and transfer displays. Discrepant judgments ostensibly made by the other child were presented only for the original display. The sex of the influence agent did not affect the amount of social influence on that original display but was a factor in generalization of the influenced behavior to new displays. A significantly greater transfer of social influence was shown by girls who had been paired with boys than by girls who had been paired with other girls.
The Schizophrenia Gene and Social Evolution
Authors: Kuttner Robert E. , Lorincz Albert B. , Swan Donald A.
Published: September 2011

The evolutionary persistence of the schizophrenia genes is discussed from the viewpoint that some beneficial attribute must be associated with the heterozygous or recessive condition to compensate for the dysgenic effects of the fully expressed disease in the homozygous schizophrenic patient. Previous hypotheses suggesting that superior creativity or greater resistance to physiological shock or stress are familial accompaniments of schizophrenia are briefly reviewed and rejected. An argument for an alternative hypothesis is offered which places the pro-survival characteristics of schizophrenia in the area of social relations and group behavior.
Intervention in Maturity
Authors: Hartley Ruth E.
Published: September 2011

42 mature individuals, with a median age of 38 yr., who had lost their teaching positions in Southern schools because of desegregation procedures, were subjected, as members of an NDEA Institute, to special training to enable them to fulfill New York City Board of Education qualifications for teachers. Massive educational handicaps, revealed in habitual modes of oral and written expression, were overcome to a substantial degree in 3 mo. of intensive effort, with 71% of the group attaining “acceptable” levels for service in the school system.
Some Neglected Issues in the Literature on Behavior Therapy
Authors: Goodkin Robert
Published: September 2011

This paper cities several areas which have received little attention in the literature on behavior therapy. It is suggested that these areas are important from the standpoint of practicing and evaluating a behavior therapeutic approach to maladaptive behavior. The issues include diagnosing, dealing with more realistic response classes, getting objective measures of additional relevant variables, selecting appropriate behavioral modification techniques for the particular case, exploring stimulus conditions leading to the maladaptive behavior, and repotting the carry-over of behavioral changes produced in the experimental environment to the natural environment.
Discrete-Trials Drl Behavior in Rats and Monkeys
Authors: Davenport John W. , Hagquist William W.
Published: September 2011

4 stumptail monkeys and 4 albino rats were trained in a discrete-trials latency-correlated reinforcement (DRL) situation. Phenomena investigated were: (a) acquisition of temporal discriminations, (b) effects of within- S intertrial interval variations, (c) disinhibition of responses by novel extraneous stimuli, (d) effects of reinforcement magnitude, and (e) differential conditioning based upon reinforcement of short vs long latencies. Detailed quantitative descriptions of these phenomena were obtained by automated procedures permitting direct species comparisons.
Commonality as a Mediator of Priming: Changes in Word Associations According to Characteristics of a Pretask and Associative Strength
Authors: Segal Sydney Joelson
Published: September 2011

On an association test, high-commonality Ss gave more high frequency responses, especially if these words were recently activated in an associative or semantic context; low-commonality Ss gave more infrequent associates, especially just after they appeared in a word list for learning.
Verbal Productivity as a Measure of Change in Affective Status
Authors: Aronson H. , Weintraub Walter
Published: September 2011

A measure of change in depression, based on the construct of energy output, was used to differentiate two depressed groups, one which improved and one which was unimproved. Improvement was defined by change in MMPI Depression Scale score. Verbal productivity was chosen as an operational measure of energy output. It was hypothesized that change in depressive status would be reflected in an approach to normal productivity as depression lessened and greater divergence from normal productivity as depression increased. Ss were inpatients whose symptoms, upon admission, included depression. Analysis of covariance, performed to control for initial productivity, showed a significant difference in the hypothesized direction, which was interpreted in terms of psychological defense mechanisms.
Quick Word Test Validity with Adults
Authors: Grotelueschen Arden , Lyons Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Quick Word Test (QWT) total and part scores for 178 adults were correlated with WAIS IQ scores. Pearson rs of .77 and .74 were found between total QWT scores and WAIS verbal and total IQ scores, respectively. Data indicate that the QWT appears to be a valid measure of general mental ability.
Amobarbital Sodium and the Effects of Reward and Nonreward in the Amsel Double Runway
Authors: Ison James R. , Daly Helen Bohmer , Glass David H.
Published: September 2011

Rats received 60 trials (Condition I) with 6 pellets reward at the second goal of a double runway and either 6 ( n = 12) or 0 ( n = 12) at the first goal, followed by, for all Ss, 24 trials (Condition II) with 0 reward at the first goal, then 36 trials (Condition III) with 50% reward at the first goal. Half of each reward group received amobarbital sodium (20 mg/kg, IP) and half saline prior to the 6 daily trials. Neither excitatory nor inhibitory effects of the reward shift occurred in Condition II. In Condition III inhibitory effects were observed to occur anticipatory to the first goal; these were reduced in magnitude by the drug. Excitatory effects of nonreward occurred after the goal if this effect is defined as increased speed relative to that in Condition II or greater speed on nonreward trials relative to reward trials in Condition III. These differences were not reduced by the drug. Problems concerning the possible “demotivating” effects of reward were raised which are not yet completely resolved.
Effects of Variations in Question-Phrasing on True-False Answers by Grade-School Children
Authors: Zern David
Published: September 2011

A 72-item questionnaire was administered to 97 elementary school children in Grades 3 to 6. An attempt was made to assess the effect of asking the same basic type of question, when the following variations were independently introduced: (1) presence or absence of a negative in the statement of the question, (2) truth value of the statement to be answered, and (3) form of presentation of the material. All three variations produced some statistically significant results, such that number of errors was correlated with “mental steps” of decoding necessary for solution. Developmental differences with respect to the tasks were noted, such that certain discriminations were made earlier than others within the variations.
“On the Combination of Drive and Incentive Motivation:” A Critical Comment
Authors: Dyal James A.
Published: September 2011

Black's (1965) evaluation of the literature on the combination of drive and incentive is criticized on two grounds. (1) In order to reconcile to the existing data his arguments for an additive relationship he must shift his theoretical assumptions from one argument to the next; unfortunately he never makes this shift explicit; (2) he ignores available data which are contrary to his view that D and K combine additively. An operational analysis of the available research reveals that the additive relationship holds unambiguously only when non-zero levels of food incentive are combined with the TD operation. When a liquid incentive is used and/or when other methods of manipulating drive are used, the evidence is unsystematic and the results are conflicting.
Ethnic-Group Differences in the Relationship of Trusting Attitudes to Cooperative Behavior
Authors: Uejio Clifford K. , Wrightsman Lawrence S.
Published: September 2011

80 female Ss (40 Caucasian; 40 Japanese-Americans) at the University of Hawaii were administered attitude measures concerning human nature. They later took part in a 50-trial, 2-person, non-zero-sum game where simulated “other player” responses of random predetermined 76% cooperative were programed by E. Ethnic group was varied to observe the effects of interaction. Attitude measures as well as ratings on the “other player” obtained from a feedback questionnaire administered after the game, were correlated with cooperative responses. There were no significant differences in cooperative behavior between ethnic groups. Significant relationships with cooperation were found for a number of attitude scales and trait ratings.
Independence of Hand's Acquiescence and Social Desirability Scales
Authors: Bernhardson Clemens S.
Published: September 2011

Hand's Acquiescence Scale (HAcq) and Hand's Social Desirability Scale (HSD) have been reported to be independent measures (Hand, 1964). However, there are 30 items common to both scales. An abbreviated HAcq (AHAcq) was constructed by removing from HAcq the items which occurred on both HAcq and HSD. The correlation between HAcq and HSD was −0.10 ( p > .10). However, the correlation between AHAcq and HSD was −0.19 ( p < .01). These results indicate HAcq and HSD are not independent when the effect of the overlapping items is removed.
Measurement of Children's Response to Authority
Authors: Stabler John R.
Published: September 2011

A simple technique was devised to measure the influence of E when commanding S to do something he would rather not do. Each S was first told to press a standard hand counter until he wanted to stop and then, when he had stopped, he was ordered to “Keep pressing.” Sex and age of children and sex of an adult E were varied in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Compliance, the number of presses of the hand counter after the instruction to keep pressing, was greatest for male fourth graders on command by the male E.
Bibliography on Attitudes toward Hiring Socially Disadvantaged Persons
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Rempel Henry , Stevens Harry
Published: September 2011

Selected references on attitudes toward the hiring of socially disadvantaged persons for use in projects concerned with poverty and the utilization of manpower.
Emotionality and Performance on Competitional and Noncompetitional Paired-Associates
Authors: Willoughby Robert H.
Published: September 2011

18 male college Ss scoring in the extreme quintiles on a unidimensional “emotionality” scale (Em) were tested on competitive and noncompetitive paired-associates. Results demonstrated that the low Em Ss made significantly fewer errors on both competitive and noncompetitive associates and required significantly fewer trials to reach criterion on the noncompetitive associates than did the high Em Ss. The results were compared to those of Spence, et al. (1963) for high- and low-“anxious” Ss on these same word pairs. Discrepant findings were interpreted as reflecting different operational measures of “anxiety” employed in the two studies.
Psychometric and Rated Anxiety
Authors: Miller Nuran B. , Fisher William P. , Ladd Clayton E.
Published: September 2011

Several measures of anxiety were compared, including IPAT, MMPI indices, evaluator's and therapist's ratings, and the patient's self-ratings. Testing and rating of psychiatric out-patients was done early in the treatment process. The patient's self-ratings were stable and had moderately high correlations with all psychometric indices, but, with one possible exception, there was little correlation with evaluator and therapist ratings. Likewise, these ratings were not correlated with psychometric measures and only had a low correlation with each other. Certain psychometric measures were highly correlated, others only moderately so. Some possible explanations were given.
Verbal Conditioning, Acceptance of Self and Acceptance of others
Authors: Coons W. H. , McEachern D. L.
Published: September 2011

The experiment concerned the hypotheses that the frequency of self-accepting responses to questionnaire items can be increased by standard verbal conditioning techniques and that this increase generalizes to similar but novel questionnaire items as well as to items indicative of more positive attitudes toward others. Two comparable forms (Forms A and B) of a scale of self-acceptance and acceptance-of-others were used. Form A of the scale, consisting of 18 self-acceptance items and 14 acceptance-of-others items, was administered to 400 R.C.A.F. personnel. The 60 lowest scorers on the self-acceptance items were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Each member of the experimental group was conditioned to a pre-determined criterion on the 18 self-acceptance items of Form A of the scale. Members of the control group received the same treatment except that reinforcement of responses was withheld. Immediately after the conditioning procedure, each S completed 50 questionnaire items drawn from Forms A and B of the scale. The results are interpreted as demonstrating that attitudes which are theoretically relevant to social interaction can be modified by means of verbal conditioning techniques.
College Students' IQS
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: September 2011

Wechsler-Bellevue IQ scores obtained by college level Ss were reviewed. Some indications suggest a rise in college students' IQ level. WAIS scores for college-age Ss in different areas of the United States were compared in the interest of gathering local norms, as an aid to guidance personnel in recommending students for college eligibility.