bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information Maximization and Independent Component Analysis: Is There a Difference?
Authors: Obradovic D. , Deco G.
Published: July 2002

This article provides a detailed and rigorous analysis of the two commonly used methods for redundancy reduction: linear independent component analysis (ICA) posed as a direct minimization of a suitably chosen redundancy measure and information maximization (InfoMax) of a continuous stochastic signal transmitted through an appropriate nonlinear network. The article shows analytically that ICA based on the Kullback-Leibler information as a redundancy measure and InfoMax lead to the same solution if the parameterization of the output nonlinear functions in the latter method is sufficiently rich. Furthermore, this work discusses the alternative redundancy measures not based on the Kullback-Leibler information distance. The practical issues of applying ICA and InfoMax are also discussed and illustrated on the problem of extracting statistically independent factors from a linear, pixel-by-pixel mixture of images.
Professing Performance, Disciplinary Genealogies
Authors: Jackson Shannon
Published: July 2002

A century ago there were no university “theatre departments.” Jack-son digs into the archives to recount the story of how some “white academic American men” figured prominently in the academic insti-tutionalization of “performance.”
Performing the Goddess, Sacred Ritual into Professional Performance
Authors: Katyal Anjum
Published: July 2002

Deva Sitala is the Pox Goddess, worshipped widely in India. Follow the physical and psychological preparations of Chapal Bhaduri, a professional actor, who transforms himself into and performs Deva Sitala.
Shapes in the Shadow: Evolutionary Dynamics of Morphogenesis
Authors: Hogeweg P.
Published: July 2002

This article investigates the evolutionary dynamics of morphogenesis. In this study, morphogenesis arises as a side-effect of maximization of number of cell types. Thus, it investigates the evolutionary dynamics of side-effects. Morphogenesis is governed by the interplay between differential cell adhesion, gene-regulation, and intercellular signaling. Thus, it investigates the potential to generate complex behavior by entanglement of relatively “boring” processes, and the (automatic) coordination between these processes.

The evolutionary dynamics shows all the hallmarks of evolutionary dynamics governed by nonlinear genotype phenotype mapping: for example, punctuated equilibria and diffusion on neutral paths. More striking is the result that interesting, complex morphogenesis occurs mainly in the “shadow” of neutral paths which preserve cell differentiation, that is, the interesting morphologies arise as mutants of the fittest individuals.

Characteristics of the evolution of such side-effects in the shadow appear to be the following: (1) The specific complex morphologies are unique (or at least very rare) among the set of de novo initiated evolutionary histories. (2) Similar morphologies are reinvented at large temporal distances during one evolutionary history and also when evolution is restarted after the main cell differentiation pattern has been established. (3) A mosaic-like evolution at the morphological level, where different morphological features occur in many combinations, while at the genotypic level recombination is not implemented and genotypes diverge linearly and at a constant rate.
QOHELET AND THE EXIGENCIES OF THE ABSURD
Authors: Berger Benjamin Lyle
Published: July 2002

This article considers the Book of Qohelet in terms of its concerns and stylistics and with an eye towards the book's modern analogues. In particular, I look at the themes of toil and progress, time and memory, justice, and wisdom and knowledge while endeavouring to maintain the contradictory and self-negating dynamics of the text. Qohelet, I conclude, finds no ultimate good and no foundational principle in the universe. The declaration that all is judgement about the human experience of existence. Ours is not a world that admits human reason or responds to our longing for meaning-it is an absurd existence. Various stylistic strategies are employed in the text to support and sustain this message and these techniques combine to form a poetics of absurdity. The book is cast in an autobiographical voice, plays with the dynamics of aphorism and tautology, and, most significantly, builds itself around the poetics of contradiction. The text is engaged in a continual process of erasure whereby statements are made, explored, and then negated. I conclude by considering two modern analogues to the book of Qohelet, Albert Camus and Lev Shestov. These two thinkers parallel the book of Qohelet in both concern and style. They too find that the universe is infused with contradictions and does not bend to our longing for order and reason. Ultimately, all three sources convey a similar understanding of the human existential condition.
RELIGIOUS ISSUES IN THE ALBERTA ELDERS' CREE DICTIONARY
Authors: Waugh Earle
Published: July 2002

A new dictionary is always a kind of benchmark, reflecting current thinking on topics in subtle ways. The Alberta Elders' Cree Dictionary has been hailed as groundbreaking, and it has accumulated a number of awards. Yet in the 25 years of it's preparation, many religious issues had to be negotiated, since translation is often a reflection of the culture of the day. This article analyzes the principal problems in religion wrestled with in the Dictionary, and indicates how debates within the religion academy have impacted on the translation. The article ends with some observations on the contribution that Cree makes to current debates in Religious Studies.
A review of the genus Pseudocalotes (Squamata: Agamidae), with description of a new species from West Malaysia
Authors: Böhme Wolfgang , Hallermann Jakob
Published: July 2002

A new species of the genus Pseudocalotes (P. dringi n. sp.) from the mountain forest of Western Malaysia is described. The holotype of the new species was formerly regarded as a syntype of P. floweri. A review of all species of the genus is given including a differential diagnosis and a key to the species. Diagnostic characters for the genera Bronchocela, Calotes, Dendragama were established. Paracalotes poilani and Pseudocophotis sumatrana, showing all diagnostic characters of the genus Pseudocalotes, are included in that genus. Members of Pseudocalotes of the Indochinese region can be differentiated from members inhabiting the Sunda region by the shape of the scales under the third toe.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL BEHAVIOURS IN THE MESOPHRAGMATICA GROUP OF SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA
Authors: Pino Francisco Del , Godoy-Herrera Raul
Published: July 2002

The development of behaviours in larvae of six species of the mesophragmatica group of Drosophila was investigated. The goals were: (i) to uncover patterns of development and evolution of behaviours, and (ii) to establish behavioural phenograms in order to compare them with the phylogenetic relationships based on chromosomal and isoenzymatic marker studies. In the presence of food, feeding, locomotion, turning, rearing, retreat and bending were recorded. During the whole larval period (24-28 to 192-196 h of age) D. mesophragmatica and D. viracochi show clear, regular but contrasting patterns of development for these behaviours. Fluctuations across larval age were observed for the behaviours exhibited by D. pavani, D. gaucha, D. gasici and D. brncici. As larval development progressed the behaviour of the six species became more differentiated. Larvae of the six species also differed in behavioural organization. The preadults of the species showed high recurrence of feeding and locomotion. In D. mesophragmatica, D. viracochi and D. gasici some elements of behaviour tended to occur in triplets of regular sequence, whereas sequences of two elements were observed in larvae of D. pavani and D. brncici. D. gaucha larvae do not show sequential dependency of behavioural elements. Behavioural similarity among the six species tends to follow the phylogenetic relationships established by chromosomal and isoenzymatic studies. The findings suggest that genetic differences among the six species are expressed in the development of larval behaviours.
Carbon dioxide triggers recovery from dauer juvenile stage in entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp.)
Authors: Jessen Peter , Luttmann Reiner , Ehlers Ralf-Udo , Strauch Olaf , Wyss Urs
Published: July 2002

Heterorhabditis spp. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) live in a close symbiosis with the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. For biocontrol purposes the nematodes are produced in liquid culture pre-incubated with P. luminescens. The bacteria produce a food signal, inducing dauer juveniles (DJ) to initiate development. In rhabditid nematodes the exit from this developmentally arrested third stage DJ is called recovery. Attempts to produce Heterorhabditis spp. in liquid culture have often failed due to low and delayed recovery of the inoculated DJ. The influence of carbon dioxide as a recovery co-factor was investigated. Increasing concentrations of CO2 enhanced DJ recovery in the presence of the bacterial food signal. The effect could not be related to a decline of the pH caused by increasing CO2 concentrations. On the contrary, at lower pH the DJ recovery decreased. In one experiment a considerable spontaneous recovery was observed in the absence of a food signal. This phenomenon and a variable threshold response of the DJ to CO2 lead to the assumption that they are differently pre-disposed to respond to recovery inducing signals. Providing the results can be confirmed in laboratory scale bioreactors, the control of carbon dioxide during nematode liquid culture can help to improve the bioreactor process technology.Heterorhabditis spp. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) leben in enger Symbiose mit dem Bakterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Für die biologische Bekämpfung werden die Nematoden in Flüssigkulturen vermehrt, die vorher mit P. luminescens inkubiert wurden. Die Bakterien produzieren ein Nahrungssignal, das die Dauerlarven (DJ) veranlasst, ihre Entwicklung wieder aufzunehmen. Bei rhabditiden Nematoden wird das Verlassen des entwicklungsphysiologisch gehemmten Dauerlarvenstadiums als “recovery” bezeichnet. Versuche, Heterorhabditis spp. in Flüssigkultur zu produzieren sind oft aufgrund einer niedrigen oder verspäteten “recovery” gescheitert. Der Einfluß von Kohlendioxid als Einflussfaktor auf die “recovery” wurde untersucht. Zunehmende CO2 Konzentrationen förderten die “recovery” bei Anwesenheit des Nahrungssignals. Einem mit zunehmender CO2-Konzentration fallenden pH-Wert konnte die Wirkung nicht zugeschrieben werden. Im Gegenteil, bei niedrigen pH-Werten nahm die “recovery” ab. In einem Experiment wurde eine spontane “recovery” beobachtet, ohne dass ein Nahrungssignal vorhanden war. Dieses Phänomen und die variable Antwort der Dauerlarven auf gleiche CO2-Konzentrationen lassen den Schluss zu, dass die Dauerlarven unterschiedlich prädisponiert sind in ihrer Reaktion auf die “recovery” induzierenden Signale. Vorausgesetzt die Ergebnisse können in LaborBioreaktoren bestätigt werden, ist die Regelung des Kohlendioxidgehalts während der Nematoden-Flüssigkultur eine Hilfe die Prozesstechnik zu optimieren.
On the histological anatomy of Benthimermis megala Petter, 1987, a giant nematode from the Norwegian deep-sea (Nematoda: Benthimermithidae)
Authors: Tchesunov Alexei , Miljutin Dmitry
Published: July 2002

Free-living adult stages of Benthimermis megala Petter, 1987, the biggest species (body length 78 - 148 mm) of the genus, have been found in bottom sediments of the deep-sea off the Norway coast and studied histologically. The head region includes six subcuticular sensilla, four minute cephalic setae and pore-like amphids. Numerous tiny sensilla are distributed throughout the lateral sides of the body. An axial spine is present on the posterior body terminus. Hypodermal glands are associated with the somatic sensilla. There are eight chords in the hypodermis. Mouth opening is absent. Vestigial pharynx is glandular and devoid of an internal lumen. Midgut is a trophosome made up of large radial cells and a very thin axial internal lumen. The trophosome cells are filled with various inclusions, which are reduced in size and number with age. A few cuticular grains are present in a vestigial rectum. The nerve ring is embedded in the anterior trophosome. The female genital system is amphidelphic. The germinal zone of the ovaries extends the length of the gonad (hologonic ovary), whereas the ovaries of smaller Benthimermis species are telogonic. Neither spermatozoa nor spermatheca in female ducts were identified. No males of B. megala were found. Obviously, larval stages parasitise benthic invertebrates, while non-feeding adult stages dwell freely in sediment and reproduce.
Kaolinite hydroxyls in dimethylsulphoxide-intercalated kaolinites at 77 K – a Raman spectroscopic study
Authors: Frost R. L. , Kristof J. , Horvath E. , Kloprogge J. T.
Published: July 2002

Kaolinite hydroxyls in dimethylsulphoxide-intercalated (DMSO-intercalated) kaolinites have been determined using Raman spectroscopy at 298 and 77 K. The inner surface hydroxyl frequencies at 3650, 3670, 3684 and 3693 cm-1 move to higher wavenumbers upon cooling to 77 K and are observed at 3659, 3676, 3692 and 3702 cm-1. The inner hydroxyl frequency is at 3620 cm-1 at 298 K and is at 3615 cm-1 at 77 K. Upon intercalation with DMSO, additional bands are found at 3660, 3536 and 3501 cm-1 for the low-defect kaolinite and at 3664, 3543 and 3509 cm-1 for the high-defect kaolinite at 298 K. The 3660 cm-1 band at 298 K is resolved into two bands at 3658 and 3663 cm-1 at 77 K for the low-defect kaolinite and these bands are assigned to the inner surface hydroxyl groups, hydrogen-bonded to the DMSO molecule. It is proposed that the DMSO molecule exists with two different orientations in the intercalate and these two molecular forms are differentiated by the OH-stretching bands of the inner surface hydroxyl groups. This band for the high-defect kaolinite is found at 3664 cm-1 at 298 K and resolves into two bands at 3664 and 3673 cm-1 at 77 K.
Clay diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism of Tithonian and Berriasian sediments in the Cameros Basin (Spain)
Authors: Barrenechea J. F. , Rodas M. , Frey M. , Alonso-Azcárate J. , Mas J. R.
Published: July 2002

The clay mineral assemblages of the Tithonian and Berriasian sediments (Tera and Oncala Groups) in the eastern part of the Cameros basin are investigated at seven localities. The lowest-grade assemblage, located on the southern border of the basin, contains calcite + quartz + hematite + kaolinite + mixed-layer illite-smectite (R = 1, 65 85% illite layers) + discrete illite (IC = 0.5 0.65Δ°2θ). Systematic increases in the illite and chlorite crystallinities suggest increasing metamorphic grade from the northwest part of the basin to the southeast. This trend does not follow the pattern previously described for the overlying late Berriasian–early Aptian sediments (Urbión and Enciso Groups), which exhibit a higher metamorphic grade. This may result from local variations in sedimentary facies, as well as the circulation of hot migratory fluids. Tertiary compression occurring long after the main metamorphic event is considered to be responsible for the enhanced illite and chlorite crystallinities measured in the SE extreme of the basin.
Influence of montmorillonite on Fe(II) oxidation products
Authors: Krishnamurti G. S. R. , Violante A. , Huang P. M.
Published: July 2002

Goethite and maghemite are the stable species of Fe oxyhydroxides-oxides formed an acidic and alkaline environments from the oxidation of Fe(II) perchlorate solutions. The influence of montmorillonite on the oxidation products of 0.02 M ferrous perchlorate at pHs of 6.0 and 8.0 was studied by X-ray diffraction, infrared and transmission electron microscopic analyses. Increased rate of OH consumption during the oxidation at constant pH indicated that the presence of montmorillonite accelerated the rate of Fe(II) oxidation. The presence of montmorillonite, with high surface reactivity, at an initial montmorillonite/Fe (w/w) ratios of 1.4 and 3.4 retarded the formation of goethite, lepidocrocite and maghemite, and maghemite and goethite, and promoted the formation of ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite at pHs of 6.0 and 8.0, respectively. Kaolinite, on the other hand, with relatively low surface reactivity had no influence on the nature of the Fe(II) oxidation products formed at either pH.
Precursor-support interactions in the preparation of sepiolite-supported Ni and Pd catalysts
Authors: Anderson J. A. , Galan-Fereres M.
Published: July 2002

Naturally occurring sepiolite has been used as a support in the preparation of Ni and Pd catalysts. A precipitation procedure has been applied for both metals to deposit the precursor on to the support surface. The interaction between the sepiolite and the metal precursor has been studied by use of IR and solid-state MAS-NMR. Results show that SiOH groups are consumed in forming the Ni precursor whereas no specific interactions occur in the case of the Pd. However, strong interactions between metal precursor and the tetrahedral sheet occur for both metals leading to precursors which show a high stability under reducing conditions.
The dissolution mechanisms of water in silicate melts; a synthesis of recent data
Authors: Kohn S. C.
Published: July 2002

Dissolved water has significant effects on the physical and chemical properties of silicate melts. Some of the different approaches towards understanding these effects are reviewed here. Spectroscopic measurements on hydrous glasses quenched from melts provide good models for the structure of the melts at the glass transition temperature (Tg). Such measurements suggest that the mechanism of dissolution of water in silicate melts varies strongly with the bulk composition. In particular framework aluminosilicate compositions seem to have very different dissolution mechanisms from Al-free compositions. The water speciation reactions are temperature dependent, with some of the molecular water which is present in glasses at room temperature being converted to hydroxyl at high temperatures. This conversion probably occurs only above Tg. Data on the kinetics of the speciation reaction and the dynamics of microscopic processes in hydrous silicate melts are also discussed. Finally some important aims of future work on hydrous silicate melts are suggested
Woodallite, a new chromium analogue of iowaite from the Mount Keith nickel deposit, Western Australia
Authors: Grguric B. A. , Madsen I. C. , Pring A.
Published: July 2002

Woodallite is a new Cr-rich member of the hydrotalcite group from the large, low-grade Mount Keith nickel deposit, in the northeastern Goldfields district of Western Australia. Woodallite occurs as whorls and clusters of minute platelets up to 6 mm across in lizardite+brucite-altered dunite. Individual platelets are typically 10–100 µm in maximum dimension and are often curved. Associated minerals include chromite, lizardite, iowaite, pentlandite, magnetite, tochilinite and brucite. Electron microprobe analysis gave: Mg 25.90 wt.%; Cr 10.81; Fe 4.86; Al 0.68; Cl 9.89; S 0.03; Si 0.01; Ni 0.01; Na 0.01, yielding (after correction for loss of volatiles) an empirical formula of Mg6.19(Cr1.21Fe0.51Al0.15)∑1.87(OH)16[Cl1.62(CO3)0.17(SO4)0.01]·4H2O, by analogy with the hydrotalcite group. The simplified formula is Mg6Cr2(OH)16Cl2·4H2O. Combined thermogravimetric analysis and mass spectroscopy showed a two-stage weight loss of 12.7% and 27.3% occurring over the ranges 25–300°C and 300–660°C, respectively. The first weight loss is attributed to loss of interlayer water, chlorine-bearing species (e.g. HCl) and some CO2, the second to loss of hydroxide water, remaining CO2 and Cl species. The mineral is deep magenta to purple in colour, transparent, with a resinous to waxy lustre, and a perfect basal {0001} cleavage. Woodallite has a Mohs hardness of 1.5–2, and a pale-pink to white streak. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder pattern are [dobs (Iobs) (hkl)] 8.037 (100) (003); 4.021 (48) (006); 2.679 (1) (009); 2.624 (3) (012); 2.349 (5) (015); 2.007 (6) (0,0,12); 1.698 (2) (0,1,11); 1.524 (2) (23). These lines were indexed on a hexagonal cell with a = 3.103(2), c = 24.111(24)Å, V = 201.14 Å3 and Z = 3/8. The new mineral is isostructural with the hydrotalcite group and has space group Rm. The measured density is 2.062 gm/cm3. Woodallite is uniaxial negative with ω = 1.555 and ε = 1.535 (white light); pleochroism is distinct from violet to pinkish lilac. Woodallite forms as a result of hydrothermal alteration of primary magmatic chromite by Clrich solutions at temperatures <320°C. Relict chromite fragments are frequently present in the whorls, and associated magnetite is altered extensively to iowaite. The mineral is named after Roy Woodall, eminent Australian industry geologist.
The occurrence, detection and significance of moganite (SiO2) among some silica sinters
Authors: Rodgers K. A. , Cressey G.
Published: July 2002

Moganite, monoclinic SiO2, is a component of microcrystalline, quartz-bearing, sinters of New Zealand derived from crystallization of non-crystalline and paracrystalline opaline silicas. It occurs at levels of <13 vol.% of the SiO2phases present in sinters between 20,000 and 200,000 y old but is generally either absent or below the level of detection in Tertiary sinters. Unambiguous identification of moganite is most readily accomplished by laser Raman spectroscopy; the technique allows individual microtextural elements of a sinter's fabric to be analysed. Conventional scanning X-ray powder diffraction procedures are limited in their ability to discern the characteristic moganite diffraction lines from the very similar quartz pattern, especially in those samples where moganite is at low concentration and/or unanticipated. However, powder diffraction, using a position-sensitive detector system, allows not only the identification of the moganite pattern in the presence of a large proportion of quartz, but also semiquantitative estimates of the different silica phases present in bulk sinter samples of ~450 mg. Moganite is part of the sinter maturation sequence. It occurs as a metastable phase that will ultimately transform to quartz, given sufficient time or a change in ambient conditions.
Janus kinase 2 is involved in stromal cell–derived factor-1α–induced tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins and migration of hematopoietic progenitor cells
Authors: Zhang Xue-Feng , Wang Jian-Feng , Matczak Ewa , Proper JoAnn , Groopman Jerome E.
Published: July 2002

Stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1), the ligand for the CXCR4 receptor, is a highly efficacious chemoattractant for CD34+hematopoietic progenitor cells. However, the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathways that regulate hematopoiesis are still not well defined. This study reports that SDF-1α can stimulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and other members of the JAK/signal transduction and activation of transcription (STAT) family, including JAK1, tyrosine kinase 2, STAT2, and STAT4 in the human progenitor cell line, CTS. SDF-1α stimulation of these cells also enhanced the association of JAK2 with phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase. This enhanced association was abolished by pretreatment of cells with AG490, a specific JAK2 inhibitor. Furthermore, pretreatment of CTS cells with AG490 significantly inhibited SDF-1α–induced PI3-kinase activity, and inhibition of JAK2 with AG490 ablated the SDF-1α–induced tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple focal adhesion proteins (including focal adhesion kinase, related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase, paxillin, CrkII, CrkL, and p130Cas). Chemotaxis assays showed that inhibition of JAK2 diminished SDF-1α–induced migration in both CTS cells and CD34+ human bone marrow progenitor cells. Hence, these results suggest that JAK2 is required for CXCR4 receptor-mediated signaling that regulates cytoskeletal proteins and cell migration through PI3-kinase pathways in hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Identification of human telomerase reverse transcriptase–derived peptides that induce HLA-A24–restricted antileukemia cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Arai Junko , Yasukawa Masaki , Ohminami Hideki , Kakimoto Miki , Hasegawa Atsuhiko , Fujita Shigeru
Published: July 2002

Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is considered a potential target for cancer immunotherapy because it is preferentially expressed in malignant cells. hTERT-derived peptides carrying motifs for HLA-A24 (HLA-A*2402), the most common allele among Japanese and also frequently present in persons of European descent, were examined for their capacity to elicit antileukemia cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Two of the 5 peptides tested, VYAETKHFL and VYGFVRACL, appeared capable of generating hTERT peptide-specific and HLA-A24–restricted CTLs. The CD8+ CTL clones specific for these hTERT peptides exerted cytotoxicity against leukemia cells in an HLA-A24–restricted manner. This cytotoxicity was inhibited by the addition of hTERT peptide-loaded autologous cells, suggesting that hTERT is naturally processed in leukemia cells and that hTERT-derived peptides are expressed on these cells and are recognized by CTLs in the context of HLA-A24. Taken together with the currently identified HLA-A2–restricted CTL epitopes derived from hTERT, identification of new CTL epitopes presented by HLA-A24 increases the feasibility of immunotherapy for leukemia using hTERT-derived peptides.
Expression of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand, Apo2L, and its receptors in myelodysplastic syndrome: effects on in vitro hemopoiesis
Authors: Zang Dae Young , Goodwin Ray G. , Loken Michael R. , Bryant Eileen , Deeg H. Joachim
Published: July 2002

Tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, binds to several cell-surface receptors with distinct functions (agonistic receptors 1 and 2 [TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2]; decoy receptors 3 and 4 [TRAIL-R3, TRAIL-R4]). Expression and function was characterized in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs). While normal marrow showed negligible expression of TRAIL and receptors (except TRAIL-R3), TRAIL and all receptors were constitutively expressed in MDS marrow. Following TRAIL exposure, MDS marrow showed significant increases in apoptosis, whereas normal marrow, except for a subset of CD34+ precursors, did not (P = .012). Marrow from 21 patients with MDS was then propagated in long-term cultures in the presence or absence of TRAIL. While in advanced MDS (refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation [RAEB-T] and tAML [MDS transformed into AML]), colony numbers decreased in the presence of TRAIL (63.0% ± 10.4% of untreated group [100%]), numbers increased in patients with RA or RAEB (160.2% ± 90.5% of untreated group). TRAIL eliminated preferentially clonally abnormal cells as identified by chromosomal markers. Thus, TRAIL and receptor expression differed significantly between normal and MDS marrow, and TRAIL modulated in vitro hemopoiesis in MDS dependent upon disease stage but not, to a detectable extent, in normal marrow.
Development of herpes simplex virus-1 amplicon–based immunotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Tolba Khaled A. , Bowers William J. , Hilchey Shannon P. , Halterman Marc W. , Howard Darlene F. , Giuliano Rita E. , Federoff Howard J. , Rosenblatt Joseph D.
Published: July 2002

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)–based vectors have favorable biologic features for gene therapy of leukemia and lymphoma. These include high transduction efficiency, ability to infect postmitotic cells, and large packaging capacity. The usefulness of HSV amplicon vectors for the transduction of primary human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was explored. Vectors were constructed encoding β-galactosidase (LacZ), CD80 (B7.1), or CD154 (CD40L) and were packaged using either a standard helper virus (HSVlac, HSVB7.1, and HSVCD40L) or a helper virus–free method (hf-HSVlac, hf-HSVB7.1, and hf-HSVCD40L). Both helper-containing and helper-free vector stocks were studied for their ability to transduce CLL cells, up-regulate costimulatory molecules, stimulate allogeneic T-cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte tumor reaction, and generate autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Although helper-containing and helper-free amplicon stocks were equivalent in their ability to transduce CLL cells, a vigorous T-cell proliferative response was obtained using cells transduced with hf-HSVB7.1 but not with HSVB7.1. CLL cells transduced with either HSVCD40L or hf-HSVCD40L were compared for their ability to up-regulate resident B7.1 and to function as T-cell stimulators. Significantly enhanced B7.1 expression in response to CD40L was observed using hf-HSVCD40L but not with HSVCD40L. CLL cells transduced with hf-HSVCD40L were also more effective at stimulating T-cell proliferation than those transduced with HSVCD40L stocks and were successful in stimulating autologous CTL activity. It is concluded that HSV amplicons are efficient vectors for gene therapy of hematologic malignancies and that helper virus–free HSV amplicon preparations are better suited for immunotherapy.
Allelic loss on chromosome 4 (Lyr2/TLSR5) is associated with myeloid, B–lympho-myeloid, and lymphoid (B and T) mouse radiation-induced leukemias
Authors: Cleary Helen , Boulton Emma , Plumb Mark
Published: July 2002

The CBA/H mouse model of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was re-examined using molecular approaches. In addition to the typical promyelocytic AMLs, 34% were reclassified as early pre-B lympho-myeloid leukemias (L-ML) based on leukemic blood cell morphology, immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene re-arrangements (IgHR), or expression of both lymphoid (Vpre-B1 and Rag1) and myeloid (myeloperoxidase and lysozyme M) genes. Allelic loss on chromosome 4 was frequently detected in AMLs (53%) and L-MLs (more than 95%), and the preferential loss of the maternally transmitted allele suggests the locus may be imprinted. A minimally deleted region (MDR) maps to a 3.4-cM interval, which is frequently deleted in radiation-induced thymic lymphomas (TLSR5) and contains a recessive, maternally transmitted genetic locus (Lyr2) that confers resistance to spontaneous and radiation-induced pre-B and T cell lymphomas, suggesting they are one and the same. Thus, theLyr2/TLSR5 locus is frequently implicated in myeloid, lymphoid (B and T), and mixed-lineage mouse leukemias and lymphomas. Epigenetic inactivation of one Lyr2/TLSR5 allele during normal mouse development suggests that only a single hit is required for its inactivation during leukemogenesis, and this may be a significant contributing factor to the efficiency of the leukemogenic process in the mouse.
Immature mouse dendritic cells enter inflamed tissue, a process that requires E- and P-selectin, but not P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1
Authors: Pendl Gunther G. , Robert Caroline , Steinert Meike , Thanos Renate , Eytner Ruth , Borges Eric , Wild Martin K. , Lowe John B. , Fuhlbrigge Robert C. , Kupper Thomas S. , Vestweber Dietmar , Grabbe Stephan
Published: July 2002

Inflammatory processes are associated with the rapid migration of dendritic cells (DCs) to regional lymph nodes and depletion of these potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from the inflamed tissue. This study examined whether sites of cutaneous inflammation can be repopulated with DCs from a pool of immature DCs circulating in the blood. In adoptive transfer experiments with ex vivo–generated radioactively labeled primary bone marrow–derived DCs injected into mice challenged by an allergic contact dermatitis reaction, immature DCs were actively recruited from the blood to sites of cutaneous inflammation, whereas mature DCs were not. Immature, but not mature, DCs were able to adhere specifically to immobilized recombinant E- and P-selectin under static as well as under flow conditions. P-selectin–dependent adhesion of immature DCs correlates with their higher level of expression of the carbohydrate epitope cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA) and is blocked by a novel inhibitory antibody against mouse P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1). Surprisingly, however, emigration of immature DCs into inflamed skin is retained in the presence of this anti–PSGL-1 antibody and is also normal when immature DCs are generated from fucosyltransferase (Fuc-T) Fuc-TVII–deficient mice. By contrast, emigration of wild-type immature DCs is reduced by adhesion-blocking anti–E- and P-selectin antibodies, and immature DCs generated ex vivo from Fuc-TVII/Fuc-TIV double-deficient mice emigrate poorly. Thus, fucosylated ligands of the endothelial selectins, determined in part by Fuc-TIV, and independent of PSGL-1, are required for extravasation of DCs into sites of cutaneous inflammation.
Rapid 2‐D/3‐D crosshole resistivity imaging using the analytic sensitivity function
Authors: Zhou Bing , Greenhalgh Stewart A.
Published: July 2002

We develop a method to obtain 2‐D/3‐D resistivity images for crosshole dc electric measurements. This imaging procedure consists of two steps: (1) an approximate resistivity image is obtained using a simple projection based on the analytic form of the sensitivity function for the specified electrode array and a modified version of an inversion formula; (2) a final image may be obtained by nonlinear regularized inversion using the approximate resistivity image as the starting model. The imaging procedure is sufficiently flexible to handle different crosshole resistivity applications. Numerical experiments for 2‐D and 3‐D synthetic models show that the first step can give a satisfactory image of the target between the boreholes or underground when the background medium is uniform. For an inhomogeneous background, the approximate resistivity image is not as good but still conveys a reasonable outline of the resistivity structure. The procedure has no limitation on choice of electrode array (pole‐pole, pole‐bipole, bipole‐pole, bipole‐bipole) or field surveying configurations (surface‐to‐surface, surface‐to‐borehole, multiborehole crosshole). It may be applied in a routine way for processing crosshole electric data in various applications.
Studies on the proton release pattern of the donor side of system II
Authors: Renger G. , Voelker M.
Published: July 2002

The protonization pattern of the endogenous donor component D1 which feeds electrons directly into chl‐a
+
II has been analyzed in Tris‐washed inside‐out thylakoids with the aid of appropriate pH‐indicators. It was found that under repetitive flash excitation the amount of protons released is proportional to the extent of D1‐oxidation, depending on the time between the flashes. The kinetics of D1‐oxidation (being practically the same as in normal Tris‐washed chloroplasts) are faster than the proton release by two orders of magnitude. The results lead to the conclusion that D1 is protonized in the reduced state with pK(Dox
1) < 5 and becomes deprotonized in the oxidized state with pK(Dred
1) ≳ 8. The proton release is kinetically limited by a transport barrier. Implications on the interpretation of the proton release pattern in preparation with intact water oxidation are discussed.
Inhibition of protein synthesis by the cordycepin analog of (2′–5′)ppp(Ap)nA, (2′–5′)ppp(3′dAp)n3′ dA, in intact mammalian cells
Authors: Lee Choongeun , Suhadolnik Robert J.
Published: July 2002

The introduction of the cordycepin analog of (2′–5′)A
n
, (2′–5′)ppp(3′ dAp)
n
3′ dA [referred to as (2′–5′)p33′ dA
n
], into mouse L929 cells and cultured human fibroblasts resulted in a dose‐dependent inhibition of protein synthesis which was comparable to the inhibition observed by (2′–5′)ppp(Ap)
n
A [referred to as (2′–5′)p3A
n
]. The inhibition of protein synthesis by (2′–5′)p33′ dA
n
was much more persistent than that of the naturally occurring (2′–5′)p3A
n
following prolonged incubation of cells. Furthermore, the (2′–5′)p3A
n
was cytotoxic to mammalian cells in culture, whereas the (2′–5′)p33′dA
n
was not.
Specific immunolysis of serotonergic nerve terminals using an antiserum against tryptophan hydroxylase
Authors: Docherty Maureen , Bradford H.F. , Cash Christopher D. , Maitre Michel
Published: July 2002

An antiserum to tryptophan hydroxylase purified from whole rat brain when incubated with rat striatal synaptosomes in the presence of complement caused release of 18% of LDH, 20% loss of potassium and 60% loss of tryptophan hydroxylase. Uptake of 5‐HT was reduced by 60%. Anti‐tryptophan hydroxylase alone, or complement alone were without action. The antiserum plus complement had no effect on DA uptake and did not release TH or GAD. These results suggest selective lysis of serotonergic nerve terminals had occurred. The antiserum plus complement reduced choline uptake by 45%. However, this did not seem due to lysis of cholinergic terminals, as ChAT was not released.
Molecular mechanics of protonmotive F0F1 ATPases
Authors: Mitchell Peter
Published: July 2002

Bioenergetics
FoF1 ATPase
Biomechanics
Rolling subunit hypothesis
Chemiosmostic mechanism
Biosynthesis of sialosyllactotetraosylceramide in human colorectal carcinoma cells
Authors: Jolif Alain , Liepkans Vis
Published: July 2002

A monosialoganglioside, IV3‐NeuNAcLcOse4Cer, has recently been detected in colorectal carcinoma cells, small cell lung carcinoma cells, embryonal carcinoma cells and in human brain extracts. We report here the presence of a CMP‐sialic: LcOse4Cer sialyl transferase activity in subcellular membrane fractions of the human colorectal carcinoma, SW1116, which recognizes the non‐reducing terminal galactosyl moiety of lactotetraosylceramide. A convenient method for structural analysis of picomolar quantities of the radioactive enzymatic product(s) using bacterial endoglycoceramidase, sialidase and a viral sialidase is presented.
A two‐dimensional NMR study of the antimicrobial peptide magainin 2
Authors: Marion Dominique , Zasloff Michael , Bax Ad
Published: July 2002

Using two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy, a complete 1H resonance assignment has been obtained for the peptide magaining 2 recently isolated from Xenopus laevis. It is demonstrated that this peptide adopts an α‐helical structure with amphiphilic character when dissolved in a mixture of trifluoroethanol (TFE) and H2O. The transition to the α‐helical conformation occurs at very low concentrations of TFE.
N‐terminal sequencing of low‐molecular‐mass components in cyanobacterial photosystem II core complex Two components correspond to unidentified open reading frames of plant chloroplast DNA
Authors: Ikeuchi Masahiko , Koike Hiroyuki , Inoue Yorinao
Published: July 2002

We recently reported the presence of several low‐molecular‐mass protein components in the PS II O2‐evolving core complex from the thermophilic cyanobacterium, Synechococcus vulcanus [(1989) FEBS Lett. 244, 391–396]. Here we have characterized the three components (4.1, 4.7, 5 kDa) of the same cyanobacterial core complex by N‐terminal sequencing. There were two components in the 4.7 kDa region, both having a blocked N‐terminus. One has a sequence highly homologous to open reading frame 34 of plant chloroplast DNA (tentatively designated psbM), while the other has a sequence partially homologous to open reading frame 43 of chloroplast DNA (designated psbN), although neither of the two gene products has yet been confirmed in chloroplasts. The cyanobacterial 4.1 kDa protein partially corresponds to the 4.1 kDa nuclear‐encoded core component of higher plant PS II. The cyanobacterial 5 kDa component, however, shows a sequence that is unrelated to any other known proteins.
Diameter of the mitochondrial outer membrane channel: Evidence from electron microscopy of frozen‐hydrated membrane crystals
Authors: Mannella Carmen A. , Guo Xiao-Wei , Cognon Bernard
Published: July 2002

The average projected density of mitochondrial outer membrane channels has been obtained from electron microscopic images of unstained, frozen‐hydrated two‐dimensional crystals. The density map is consistent with the projection of hollow, thin‐walled cylinders aligned normal to the membrane plane with a diameter of 3.8 ± 0.1 nm. This diameter closely matches that of the largest β‐barrel that can be formed from one copy of the 30‐kDa mitochondrial outer membrane channel protein.
Expression of enzymatically active cloned strictosidine synthase from the higher plant Rauvolfia serpentina in Escherichia coli
Authors: Kutchan Toni M.
Published: July 2002

Strictosidine synthase; Indole alkaloid biosynthesis; Cloned enzyme expression; (Rauvolfia serpentina, Escherichia coli)
The primary structure of iodopsin, a chicken red‐sensitive cone pigment
Authors: Kuwata Osamu , Imamoto Yasushi , Okano Toshiyuki , Kokame Koichi , Kojima Daisuke , Matsumoto Hiroki , Morodome Akihiro , Fukada Yoshitaka , Shichida Yoshinori , Yasuda Kunio , Shimura Yoshiro , Yoshizawa Tôru
Published: July 2002

A purified iodopsin was digested by CNBr or several proteolytic enzymes into fragments, the amino acid sequences of which were determined. A partial sequence of the C‐terminal fragment was utilized for synthesizing an oligonucleotide probe which identified the iodopsin cDNA (1339 bases). The deduced amino acid sequence (362 residues) had 80%, 42% or 43% homology to that of human red‐sensitive cone pigment, cattle or chicken rhodospin, respectively. Although the hydropathy profile implies that iodopsin, like rhodopsin, has 7 transmembrane α‐helical segments, iodopsin may have a hydrophilic pocket near the seventh segment on the basis of the unexpected cleavages in the middle of the segment VII by chymotrypsin under nondenaturing conditions.
Reversible light activation of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase protein‐serine kinase in maize leaves
Authors: Echevarría Cristina , Vidal Jean , Jiao Jin-an , Chollet Raymond
Published: July 2002

C
4‐leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC 4.1, 1.31) undergoes reversible, light‐induced increases in its activity—seryl phosphorylation‐status in vivo. We now report that the PEPC‐protein kinase activity in desalted crude extracts of light‐adapted maize leaves is several‐fold greater than that from the corresponding dark tissue when in vitro phosphorylation assays are performed with either endogeneous or purified dark‐form maize PEPC as substrate, both in the absence or presence of okadaic acid, a potent inhibitor of the PEPC type 2A protein phosphatase(s). These and related results indicate that the PEPC protein‐serine kinase(s) per se is reversibly light activated in vivo by either covalent modification, protein turnover, less likely, a tight‐binding effector.
Conformation of sarafotoxin‐6b in aqueous solution determined by NMR spectroscopy and distance geometry
Authors: Mills Robyn G. , Atkins Annette R. , Harvey Tim , Junius F.Keith , Smith Ross , King Glenn F.
Published: July 2002

The solution structure of sarafotoxin‐6b in water has been determined using high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy, 127 proton‐proton distance measurements and three ω dihedral angle constraints derived from NMR spectra were used to calculate the solution structure using a combination of distance geometry and restrained molecular dynamics. The major structural feature of the resulting family of five structures was a right‐handed α‐helix extending from K9 to Q17. In contrast, the C‐terminal region of the peptide appears not to adopt a preferred conformation in aqueous solution. The present structure is compared with those previously determined for endothelin peptides in non‐aqueous solvents.
Kinetic and cross‐linking studies indicate different receptors for endothelins and sarafotoxins in the ileum and cerebellum
Authors: Galron Ronit , Bdolah Avner , Kochva Elazar , Wollberg Zvi , Kloog Yoel , Sokolovsky Mordechai
Published: July 2002

Kinetics of ligand/receptor interactions using ET‐1, ET‐3 and SRTX‐b were studied and cross‐linking experiments carried out in guinea pig ileum and rat cerebellar preparations. Dissociation studies indicate that the two regions are characterized by different receptor subtypes and different modes of ligand binding. Autoradiographic patterns obtained following cross‐linking of ET‐1 and ET‐3 to the different issues support these conclusions.
Molecular mechanisms for mammalian melanogenesis Comparison with insect cuticular sclerotization1
Authors: Sugumaran Manickam
Published: July 2002

Melanogenesis is an important biochemical process for the production of skin pigments which protect many animals from the damage of s?? radiation. The abnormalities in melanogenesis are associated with albinism, vitiligo, as well as malignant melanoma in humans. In the lower f??? of animals viz., insects, the exoskeleton is hardened to protect their soft bodies by a process called sclerotization, which is often accompanie?? melanization. Recent advances in the biochemistry of sclerotization and melanization reveal remarkable similarity between these two proce?? The seven stages of sclerotization are: (a) enzymatic oxidation of N‐acyldopamine, (b) Michael‐1,4‐addition reactions of N‐acyldopamine quin?? (c) tautomerization of quinone to quinone methide, (d) Michael‐1,6‐addition of quinone methides, (e) tautomerization of N‐acyldopamine qui?? methide to 1,2‐dehydro‐N‐acyldopamine, (f) enzymatic oxidation of 1,2‐dehydro‐N‐acyldopamine, and (g) the reactions of resultant quino?? compounds. Amazingly, striking similarities in the reaction sequences are found in the melanization process starting from dopa. These compari?? predict a central role for quinone methides as reactive intermediates during melanization. Accordingly, recent studies provide increasing evid?? in favor of this proposition.
17O NMR and FT‐IR study of the ionization state of peptides in aprotic solvents Application to Leu‐enkephalin
Authors: Gerothanassis I.P. , Birlirakis N. , Karayannis T. , Tsikaris V. , Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M. , Sakarellos C. , Vitoux B. , Marraud Michel
Published: July 2002

The ionization state of Leu‐enkephalin in DMSO and MeCN/DMSO (4/1) solution was studied by the combined use of 17O NMR and FT‐IR spectroscopy. After lyophilization or an aqueous solution at nearly neutral pH, Leu‐enkephalin essentially exists in the uncharged state in MeCN/DMSO (4/1) solution. In pure DMSO, only 40% of the Leu‐enkephalin molecules are in the zwitterionic state under the same conditions.
Design and synthesis of an α‐helical peptide containing periodic proline residues
Authors: Kitakuni Eiichi , Horiuchi Tokio , Oda Yasushi , Oobatake Motohisa , Nakamura Haruki , Tanaka Toshiki
Published: July 2002

A thirty‐residue peptide (PERI COIL‐1) has been designed with a new type of α‐helical structure, which is capable of folding into an amphiphilic helix bending at 4 periodic prolines in the sequence. Two such helices should form a dimer by supercoiling about one another in an antiparallel direction in the design. With this arrangement, close packing between them is maintained through the hydrophobic interaction pattern called ‘leucine zipper’. PERI COIL‐1 has been obtained by solid‐phase peptide synthesis, and characterized by circular dichroic spectroscopy, sedimentation equilibrium experiments and NMR. The result of the analyses shows that it preferentially forms a helical tetramer in aqueous solution.
A theoretical method to predict DNA permutation gel electrophoresis from the sequence
Authors: Boffelli D. , De Santis P. , Palleschi A. , Risuleo G. , Savino M.
Published: July 2002

The gel electrophoretic permutation assays of DNA fragments experimentally investigated by different authors were theoretically reproduced using our theoretical model of sequence‐dependent curvature. The general pattern of agreement obtained suggests that our method can be usefully adopted as an alternative to the experimental assay, in particular where the lack of a sufficient number of unique restriction sites in the fragment prevents the correct localization of the main bend site.