bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
6 The role of structure and function in the conceptualization of direction
Authors: Klippel Alexander , Tenbrink Thora , Montello Daniel R.
Published: January 2013

This chapter analyses a corpus of route directions given while viewing simple maps, focusing on the conceptualization of direction changes at decision points. It addresses the variability of conceptualizations underlying turning actions at decision points as well as the level of detail given to specify actions, and proposes a systematic approach to analysing route direction data that is suitable to account for the difference between structure and function. Verbalizations of trajectories within a route direction task may require different levels of detail depending on the spatial situation, to enable disambiguation to the degree needed to perform the route task. Characterization of aspects that influence the specification of spatial relations in the context of route directions accounts for (a) the spatial structure of an intersection, (b) the action to be performed at an intersection that demarcates functionally relevant parts, (c) the availability of additional features that can be used to anchor the action to be performed (landmarks), and (d) the conceptualization of this action as a result of structure and function and the features available.
8 Granularity in the cross‐linguistic encoding of motion and location
Authors: Staden Miriam van , Narasimhan Bhuvana
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores three ways in which the notion of ‘granularity’ emerges from the study of cross-linguistic event semantics. The first interpretation of granularity has to do with event segmentation for linguistic expressions. Depending on the language and cultural setting in which an event is encoded, humans vary in where they place event boundaries at the clausal level. Second, within the set boundaries of a ‘single event’ in time, there are many elements that could all receive expression. Again, languages show variation, both with respect to which elements are mentioned at all (the second interpretation of granularity), and the specificity with which these elements are characterized when mentioned (the third interpretation). It remains a matter for empirical research to discover whether these differences in linguistic expression reflect or inform different representations of event boundaries and event classification for non-linguistic purposes.
Socio-material Practices of Design Coordination: Objects as Plastic and Partisan
Authors: Whyte Jennifer , Harty Chris
Published: January 2013

Drawing on detailed research on a construction megaproject, the chapter takes a practice-based approach to examining the practical and theoretical tensions between existing ways of working and the introduction of new digital coordination tools in design. The chapter analyzes the new hybrid practices that emerge, using insights from actor network theory, to articulate the delegation of actions to physical and digital objects within ecologies of practice. The three vignettes that we discuss highlight this delegation of actions, the “plugging” and “patching” of ecologies occurring across media and the continual iterations of working practices between different types of media. By shifting the focus from tools to these wider ecologies of practice, the approach has important implications for the stabilization of new technologies and practices and for managing technological change in the design of physical infrastructure.
AkrasiaAnd Self‐Rule In Plato'sLaws
Authors: Wilburn Joshua
Published: January 2013

This paper challenges the commonly held view that Plato acknowledges and accepts the possibility of akrasia in the Laws. It offers a new interpretation of the image of the divine puppet in Book 1 - the passage often read as an account of akratic action -- and shows that it is not intended as an illustration of akrasia at all. Rather, it provides the moral psychological background for the text by illustrating a broader notion of self-rule as a virtuous condition of the soul (and lack of self-rule as a vicious condition). The paper examines key discussions in the Laws in order to show how Plato makes use of this broader notion of self-rule throughout the dialogue, and argues that nothing Plato says in the Laws commits him to the possibility of akrasia. One significant consequence of this interpretation of the puppet passage is that it avoids the need to posit developmentalism in Plato's late views about the embodied human soul, as some recent commentators have done: the moral psychology of the Laws, on this reading, is not incompatible with the Republic's tripartite theory of the soul.
The Teleological Significance Of Dreaming In Aristotle
Authors: Segev Mor
Published: January 2013

In his discussions of dreaming in the Parva Naturalia, Aristotle neither claims nor denies that dreams serve a natural purpose. Modern scholarship generally interprets dreaming as useless and teleologically irrelevant for him. This paper argues that Aristotle's teleology permits certain types of dream to have a natural role in end-directed processes. Dreams are left-overs from waking experience, but they may, like certain bodily residues, be used by nature, which does ‘nothing in vain’ and makes use of available resources, for the benefit of the beings in which they occur. Contrary to prevalent opinions, Aristotle does not assimilate dreams to sensory illusions and does not hold that they have no interaction with our reasoning capacity. Dreams constitute a special class of the products of phantasia, but this does not prevent them from functioning like other (waking) phantasmata. In Aristotle's view, dreams regularly generate 'natural signs' of diseases and cause waking actions. This preparatory power of dreams, often dismissed or attributed to divine intervention in antiquity, is captured within Aristotle’s natural philosophy, and provides evidence that (some) dreams are (or should be) regarded by him as having a teleological significance.
The Platonic Origins Of Stoic Theology
Authors: Ademollo Francesco
Published: January 2013

This article investigates what the Stoic doctrine of the two principles, God and matter, owes to Plato. It engages with recent scholarly views to the effect that the Stoics were influenced by Old Academic interpretations of the Timaeus and argues that, although the Timaeus probably did play a role in the genesis of the Stoic doctrine, some role was also played by a dualist theory of flux set forth in the etymologies of the Cratylus. It also discusses Theophrastus’ account of Plato’s achievements in physics (fr. 230 FHS&G) and the report of Old Academic physics contained in Cicero’s Academica, 1. 24–9, and commonly taken to go back to Antiochus of Ascalon, and it shows that those reports too are likely to have been influenced by the Cratylus.
The Stoic Argument For The Rationality Of The Cosmos
Authors: Powers Nathan
Published: January 2013

One of ancient Stoicism's central claims is that the cosmos as a whole is a rational being, with plans and impulses of its own; but their justification for this claim has not been well understood. This paper argues, on the basis of a reexamination of the crucial evidence in Book 2 of Cicero's De natura deorum, that the Stoics took the rationality of the cosmos to be established as a consequence of two further claims which they endorsed: (1) the cosmos is an object unified by a nature; and (2) the various powers (including reason) found in the parts of a natured object originate, and are contained in, the ruling faculty of its nature.
How Primary-Process Emotional Systems Guide Child Development
Authors: Panksepp Jaak
Published: January 2013

All mammals share homologous primary-process emotional circuits, verified by the capacity of artificial activation of these systems to mediate “rewarding” and “punishing” effects in humans and other animals. These systems (SEEKING, RAGE, FEAR, CARE, PANIC/GRIEF, and PLAY) mediate social functions. These bottom-up primal emotional networks are fundamental for emotional reinforcement processes that regulate secondary-process learning and memory and lead to a diversity of higher cognitive functions, which, primarily via neural plasticity and learning, provide various top-down regulatory factors for emotional homeostasis as well as amplification of psychic disturbances. Many of the interminable controversies in psychological emotions studies may be due to different investigators focusing on different levels of organization within these multitiered levels of circular causality. A better understanding of the emotional primes can help guide the development of coherent new ways to optimize child development.
Neurobiology and the Evolution of Mammalian Social Behavior
Authors: Sue Carter C. , Porges Stephen W.
Published: January 2013

At the heart of mammalian social behaviors are evolved neural and endocrine pathways that support both survival and reproduction in an “environment of evolutionary adaptiveness.” The physiological prototype for mammalian social behaviors can be found in birth, lactation, and maternal behavior. Two mammalian neuropeptides, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, are particularly critical to mammalian reproduction and sociality, with actions throughout the central and autonomic nervous systems. The same systems that regulate the formation of social bonds and attachments also regulate emotionality and reactivity to stressful experiences. Knowledge of these neurobiological systems helps to explain the causes and consequences of social behavior and the mechanisms through which social behavior is integrated with emotional regulation and management of the “stress of life.”
Developmental Optimization
Authors: Narvaez Darcia , Gleason Tracy R.
Published: January 2013

Informed by Darwin's description of the “moral sense,” this chapter addresses the characteristics of early life experience for young children as identified by the anthropologists for the environment of evolutionary adaptedness as part of social mammalian evolution (extensive breastfeeding, nearly constant touch, prompt response to needs, multiple adult caregivers and maternal social support, free play in nature, natural childbirth). The chapter examines how these characteristics may or may not be fundamental for optimal moral functioning.
Professional Lecturing in Early British Film Shows
Authors: Kember Joe
Published: January 2013

Adding a magic-lantern-style educative lecturer to moving pictures was one way of addressing emerging concerns in the 1900s that moving pictures themselves did not fix attention. By delving into the detail of exhibition practices at St James’s Hall Plymouth, the chapter argues that town-hall shows there and elsewhere structured the manipulation of audience attention within new institutional configurations, and did so as early as 1901, not only after 1908 as previously understood. Shows at St James’s Hall serve to demonstrate that lecturers could contribute to the creation of new patterns of audience attention, mediating and modulating the various effects involved in moving-picture exhibition, and adapting a wide range of oral practices in doing so.
Eric Williams: Speaking to Pictures
Authors: Bottomore Stephen
Published: January 2013

In 1911, the former actor Eric Williams started a new career reciting to his own specially made films. Over the next few years he produced and acted in some dozen films, and recited to these in numerous theaters throughout the United Kingdom.The film narratives were based on pre-existing texts, such as scenes from Shakespeare or popular ballads by the likes of Frederick Weatherly or G. R. Sims. Williams had evident talent as an “elocutionist,” but the chapter argues that his appeal was also founded on a unique fusion of three factors: his films were specially made and not off the shelf, he appeared both in the film and reciting live in the theater, and he lip-synced some of the lines of the on-screen performers.
“Suitable Music”: Accompaniment Practice in Early London Screen Exhibition from R. W. Paul to the Picture Palaces
Authors: Christie Ian
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores film exhibition in the 1890s and 1900s in light of evidence for the musical accompaniment of forms of screen media produced in London from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. Early films are also considered in terms of remediation, such as the emergence of films inspired by popular song titles at the turn of the century, and the fact that popular songs formed the principal content for the various synchronized sound systems developed in the 1900s. This chapter thus provides historical evidence that in London music would likely have been used to accompany early film exhibition from the inception of the medium.
The Reception of British Exhibition Practices in Moving Picture World, 1907–1914
Authors: Buhler James
Published: January 2013

This chapter examines reporting about music’s role in British film exhibition in the North American trade paper Moving Picture World between 1907 and 1914. It not only provides perspective on the way British exhibition was seen from abroad, it also draws attention to the role of the trade papers in formulating and disseminating industry ideology. The chapter shows how Moving Picture World contrasted deficient North American exhibition practices with the development of upscale exhibition standards in Britain, specifically London, from the late 1900s into the 1910s. While commentators tended to denigrate British film production as inferior to the North American product, they tended to promote London’s exhibition practices as superior. From the end of 1909, the other purpose this comparison served was to promote to North America the feasibility of more expensive cinemas that excluded vaudeville, but where music played a significant role.
Song Performance in the Early Sound Shorts of British Pathé
Authors: Scott Derek B.
Published: January 2013

This chapter is concerned with the new demands, opportunities, and limitations of the medium of film as it attempted to capture theatrical performances in the early days of sound. During the early 1930s, it is interesting to see the impact on performers when they move from a theater stage to a film studio and are faced with a camera instead of a live audience. Four Pathé musical shorts have been chosen as case studies, and they are representative of three musical genres: music hall, operetta, and cabaret. These films contain performances by the Cockney music-hall comedian Gus Elen, the light-operatic tenor Richard Tauber, and the cabaret artist Greta Keller. These early musical shorts are valuable in showing how singers confronted a new audiovisual medium and tried to mould their performances appropriately.
Sound at the Film Society
Authors: Riley John
Published: January 2013

This chapter describes the soundscapes of selected performances at the London-based Film Society and examines the reasoning behind some of its decisions concerning the sonic presentation of films. With a guaranteed income from subscriptions, the Film Society operated from a number of London cinemas from 1925 until 1939, and under club conditions showed films that they felt were artistically or technically worthy but had little commercial prospect or that risked censorship. The society’s financial stability enabled it to experiment with accompaniments and to employ approaches that might have proved unacceptable in commercial cinemas. These ranged from the conventional (pianists, orchestras, or records) to the less usual (speakers or complete silence), and single performances often embraced some permutation of these.
The Inheritance of Rāhula
Authors: Crosby Kate
Published: January 2013

Some Buddhist narratives express the hurt and humiliation experienced by Yasodharā at the Buddha’s abandonment of their son Rāhula. Yet such texts are outnumbered by those that depict Rāhula, the son of the Buddha, as the glorious culmination of many lifetimes of rehearsal and aspiration. He was the direct recipient of the Buddha’s tender guidance to enlightenment. This chapter explores the relationship between the Buddha and his son, drawing on canonical, commentarial, and later literature, looking especially at Theravada sources while also taking into account Sanskrit and Chinese material. The chapter then turns to Rāhula as a role model of modest, uncomplaining obedience as both son and apprentice. Beautiful poetry praises Rāhula’s majestic mirroring of his father’s greatness. The individual teaching texts addressed by the Buddha to Rāhula are identified as age-appropriate instruction for young monks from the age of seven to early adulthood. These specific sutta texts were seen by the tradition as designed with the child practitioner in mind, placing them among the earliest surviving literature for children.
Representing Childhood in Chinese Buddhism
Authors: Kyan Winston
Published: January 2013

Pictorial and textual representations of the Sujati Jataka in medieval China illustrate more than the perfection of generosity that is the central message in numerous jataka tales; the specific description of a young boy cutting and offering his flesh to his starving parents involve complicated social and cultural issues of self-mutilation, cannibalism, and the parent-child relationship that illuminate the construction of childhood in medieval China. Focusing on visual representations of this narrative from Mogao Caves and original translations of this story from the Sutra on the Wise and Foolish and the Sutra on Repaying Kindness, this chapter situates representations of the Sujati Jataka into shifting attitudes toward childhood authority and parental responsibility that take place in medieval Chinese Buddhism from the sixth to eighth century, when tensions between Buddhist ideals of renouncing the family and Confucian imperatives of filial piety were particularly intense.
Monk and Boy
Authors: Borchert Thomas
Published: January 2013

Among the Dai-lue, a Theravāda Buddhist minority of Southwest China, it used to be that all young men were ordained as novices as a process of learning how to be a good member of society. In the early twenty-first century, being a good community member is no longer tied to Buddhist culture. Nonetheless, a significant portion of Dai-lue boys continue to ordain and to study in Buddhist temples. This chapter attempts to explain why boys continue to ordain and what life is like for them in the temples, emphasizing the necessity of seeing them as ordinary boys and as monastics.
“Give Me My Inheritance”
Authors: Scheible Kristin
Published: January 2013

For Western Buddhists, there is a palpable, practical tension between the perceived ideal of the celibate virtuoso and the demands of contemporary lay life. On a deeper “spiritual” level something structural is at work as well – the tension between the agency involved with the individualized, self-focused cultivation that is Western Buddhist practice, and the sense that it is a child’s right to encounter and choose to follow his or her own path in due time. What models are there for first generation Buddhists to follow or consider when raising their own children? What are some of the sources to which Western Buddhists have turned to help them navigate the complexities and challenges balancing their personal pursuits and perceived parenting responsibilities? How might the story of the Buddha’s own disbursement of his inheritance to his son Rahula resonate with Western Buddhists?
The Powerful Reach of Early Childhood Development
Authors: Shonkoff Jack P. , Richter Linda
Published: January 2013

This introductory commentary informs a broad understanding of the basic science of early childhood and early brain development, and its foundational importance for guiding productive public and private sector policies to address the needs of young children and their families. The chapter helps bridge the divide between investments focused on child survival and those focused on child development, with the aim of illustrating the complementary nature of these two imperatives—survival and development—and explaining how both can be advanced through an integrated strategy driven by a set of core developmental concepts supported by research in neuroscience, developmental psychology, and the economics of human capital formation. The primary objective is to demonstrate the overlapping features of effective interventions that save children’s lives and those that maximize their later health and developmental potential, and to underscore how this artificial division is transcended by advances in the developmental sciences.
Parents and Communities
Authors: Bartlett Kathy , Stephenson Paul , Cadaing Louie
Published: January 2013

This chapter begins an exploration and discussion of the complexities behind faith-based provision of early childhood development (ECD) services (e.g., absence of clear, systematic data). A review of the fairly limited available literature and inclusion of two distinct case studies of faith-based ECD efforts illuminate the potential of such provision, as well as some of the sensitivities that can arise. Although faith-based provision can help to reach marginalized populations that might otherwise be left out, more research and understanding is needed.
Closing Commentary
Authors: Grover Deepa
Published: January 2013

This commentary draws on the critical evidence presented in the volume to provide recommendations for governments, nongovernmental organizations, and international development agencies to implement quality early childhood development (ECD) programs and policies. The commentary provides an overview of the multiple global, regional, and national actors who have been involved in ECD, and their roles thus far in promoting programs and policies. The commentary makes a strong claim for the need for evidence to guide the actions of these key partners and suggests that this volume could serve as one such guide. In particular, the commentary stresses the importance of this evidence in ensuring that ECD is featured on the post-2015 international development agenda.
Toward a Comparative-Historical Sociology of Religious Politics: The Case for Cross-Religious and Cross-Regional Comparisons
Authors: Altınordu Ateş
Published: January 2013

This chapter argues that comparative-historical approaches to sociology promise to make distinctive contributions to the project of de-centering and re-centering the sociology of religion presented in the introduction to this volume. Through a detailed review of some recent studies, this chapter argues that an innovative strand of cross-religious and cross-regional comparative work is especially conducive to the furthering of this agenda. The chapter is organized as follows. It begins with a discussion of the past and potential future contributions of comparative-historical research. The second section briefly takes stock of some of the recent literature at the intersection of comparative-historical sociology and the sociology of religion and discusses how “the religious factor” is pinned down in these works. The third and final section highlight cross-religious and cross-regional historical comparisons as a promising avenue of research for the new sociology of religion, and discusses in detail three cross-religious comparative studies on religious parties to demonstrate the advantages of this research agenda.
Negotiating Pluralism in Québec: Identity, Religion, and Secularism in the Debate over “Reasonable Accommodation”
Authors: Zubrzycki Geneviève
Published: January 2013

Once nicknamed “the priest-ridden province,” Québec is now a strikingly secular place. During the so-called Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, the Québécois dramatically rid themselves of Catholicism, amputating what a new generation of social activists and political figures came to see as a gangrenous limb preventing the healthy development of the nation. Yet religion, it turns out, is present not only in the lives of “others” but also as a skeleton in Québec's closet that is often experienced as phantom limb pain. This became apparent in the debates over the religious practices of cultural minorities, which were at the center of public life from 2006 to 2008. Analysis of the debates reveals that what was at stake was as much about Québec's religious past as it was about its present religious landscape and the challenges it poses for a self-avowed secular society. The Québécois case is also helpful to think about the meaning and stakes of religious pluralism and secularism in contexts very different from that of the United States or France, which offer the prevailing models. Through an analysis of the debates over reasonable accommodation, this chapter shows that Québec is currently trying to find its own way between the French, American, and Canadian models of laïcité, pluralism, and multiculturalism.
Revisiting Religious Power: The Korean Evangelical Church as a Disciplinary Institution
Authors: Chong Kelly H.
Published: January 2013

Drawing upon an ethnographic study of South Korean evangelicalism and women's religious practices conducted between 1996 and 2006, this chapter revisits the important question of religious power. By showing the complex ways in which Korean evangelical women practice and appropriate their faiths, it highlights the dimensions and operations of religious power that often remain underexplored in discussions of lived religion—its disciplinary dimensions. In so doing, it addresses in particular two of the “edges” with which this volume is concerned: pursuing critical engagement with religion and exploring religious experiences outside of the US context. The observations and analyses presented in the chapter are based largely on ethnographic data and interviews gathered from a study of two large, middle-class evangelical churches in Seoul—one Presbyterian and the other Methodist—which incorporate observations and studies of more than twenty evangelical churches in Seoul.
Crossing Borders: Transnational Sanctuary, Social Justice, and the Church
Authors: Hagan Jacqueline Maria
Published: January 2013

Throughout the Christian era, the church has been recognized as an institution providing sanctuary to those in need. In the contemporary era, sanctuary for migrants in the US has formally manifested itself twice: first in 1981 with the founding of the Central American Sanctuary Movement, and most recently in 2007 with the establishment of the New Sanctuary Movement. Both of these movements were motivated by faith and founded on political and religious principles to challenge US policies, educate Americans, and serve the needs of non-state-sanctioned refugees and undocumented migrants from Latin America who were either fleeing civil strife in their home countries and seeking refuge in the US or fighting deportation orders from the US government. This chapter introduces a third important, but less known, sanctuary movement, the transnational religious network that has emerged since the mid-1990s to challenge and question the morality of state border policies, and protect and serve migrants on the increasingly dangerous journey north from Central America and Mexico to the United States.
Postliberalism II
Authors: Knight John Allan
Published: January 2013

This chapter analyzes the second stage of postliberal theology, which is dominated by Lindbeck’s The Nature of Doctrine and Frei’s essays from the 1980s. Lindbeck contrasts his theories of religion and doctrine with “cognitive-propositionalist” theories and “experiential-expressivist” theories. Lindbeck argues instead for a “cultural-linguistic” approach, using language and grammar as descriptive analogies. Religions are like languages, he says, and doctrines are like grammar. Lindbeck’s proposals depend on the later Wittgenstein, deriving the meaning of first-order religious claims from their use in the community’s form of life. The chapter then discusses Frei’s most important essays from the 1980s, as well as the comparative typology of theological method Frei was working on when he died in 1988. In the essays, he contrasts his own method with the hermeneutic method of Paul Ricoeur and David Tracy, arguing that his own is more adequate. His comparative analysis yields five types of theological method and argues that type four (typified by Barth) is best. The chapter argues that crucial to Frei’s critique of liberal theology, his analysis of theological claims, and his own method is the later Wittgenstein’s views on linguistic meaning.
Conclusion
Authors: Knight John Allan
Published: January 2013

The concluding chapter connects the concerns of liberals and postliberals with their respective positions on religious and theological language. Liberal theology is driven to a descriptivist or truth-conditional understanding of meaning by its concern to defend the truth of religious or theological assertions via criteria that are truly public. Conversely, postliberal embrace of the later Wittgenstein is driven by the concern to vindicate the particularity of God’s self-revelation in Jesus, thus avoiding vulnerability to Feuerbach’s critique. Such concerns are frustrated by the Hobson’s choice between descriptivism and Wittgenstein. The chapter thus points to developments in philosophy of language that can move theology past the liberal/postliberal impasse. These include the development of theories of meaning-as-use, by philosophers like William Alston that incorporate a Kripkean view of direct or causal reference. The chapter describes how such developments could be put to use in correcting liberal and postliberal shortcomings in theological method. The chapter closes by suggesting areas in which further work could be done on meaning, reference, interpretation and truth—the four elements of theological method mentioned in the introduction. In all these areas, recent analytic philosophy could prove to be a fruitful conversation partner.
State Truths, Private Letters, and Images of Public Opinion in the
Ancien Régime
: Sévigné on Trials
Authors: Welch Ellen R.
Published: January 2013

This essay considers the complicated prehistory of the concept of public opinion in early modern France through an analysis of Madame de Sévigné's letters on two judicial proceedings of her lifetime: Nicolas Fouquet's trial for corruption and the Marquise de Brinvilliers's prosecution during the
Affaire des poisons
. Although most cultural historians agree that public opinion emerges as a political force only after the fall of absolute monarchy, Sévigné's correspondence used the figure of a judging public to criticize the law courts' rulings, questioning their authority by exploiting the ostensibly private discursive space of correspondence to articulate the judgement of an imagined ‘public’ in opposition to the official truth. By rhetorically valorizing rumour, gossip, and the consensus of
tout le monde
, Sévigné exposed the flaws of judicial procedures whereby verdicts were achieved through the control and manipulation of information. The legitimate final arbiter on these proceedings, Sévigné asserted, was located not in the law court but in the court of public opinion. In this way, her letters provide new insights into the politics of information control during the
Ancien Régime
.
rac-N-Benzylisatincreatinine (unknown solvate)
Authors: Penthala Narsimha Reddy , Crooks Peter A.
Published: January 2013

The title compound, C19H18N4O3[systematic name: (RS)-1-benzyl-3-hydroxy-3-(2-imino-3-methyl-5-oxoimidazolidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-one], was prepared as a racemate (RRandSS) by the aldol condensation ofN-benzylisatin with creatinine in the presence of sodium acetate in acetic acid. The r.m.s. deviation of the isatin ring system is 0.033 Å. The benzyl group is disordered over two orientations, with refined occupancies of 0.847 (7) and 0.153 (7). The dihedral angles between the isatin ring system and the benzene ring (major disorder component) and the imidazole ring are 82.82 (7) and 51.31 (3)°, respectively, In the crystal, molecules are linked into (001) sheets by N—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds, which incorporateR22(9) ring motifs. The crystal was grown from mixed solvents (ethanol, methanol and possibly also ethyl acetate). These solvents are disordered in the crystal and the resulting electron density was found to be uninterpretable. The solvent contribution to the scattering was removed with the SQUEEZE routine inPLATON[Spek (2009).Acta Cryst.D65, 148–155]. The formula mass and density do not take account of the solvent.
9-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-decahydroacridine-1,8-dione
Authors: Kant Rajni , Gupta Vivek K. , Kapoor Kamini , Patil D. R. , Chandam D. R. , Deshmukh Madhukar B.
Published: January 2013

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C25H31NO4, contains two independent molecules. In one molecule, the benzene ring and an attached methoxy group were refined as disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.65 (4): 0.35 (4) ratio. In both molecules, the central ring of the acridinedione system adopts a flattened boat conformation. The four essentially planar atoms of this ring [maximum deviations = 0.006 (5) Å in both molecules] forms dihedral angles of 86.8 (2) and 87.6 (2)°, respectively, with the major and minor components in the disordered benzene ring and 87.3 (2)° with the benzene ring in the fully ordered molecule. The two outer rings of the acridinedione system adopt sofa conformations in both molecules. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds form two independent chains along [100]. C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the chains, forming a three-dimensional network.
Same size – same niche? Foraging niche separation between sympatric juvenile Galapagos sea lions and adult Galapagos fur seals
Authors: Jeglinski Jana W. E. , Goetz Kimberley T. , Werner Christiane , Costa Daniel P. , Trillmich Fritz
Published: January 2013

In vertebrates, patterns of resource utilization change throughout development according to age‐ and or size‐specific abilities and requirements. Thus, interspecific competition affects different age classes differently.

Adults of sympatric species often show distinct foraging niche segregation, but juvenile resource use might overlap with adult competitors of similar body size. Resultant negative effects on juveniles can have important consequences for population dynamics, yet such interactions have received little attention in studies of mammalian communities.

Using GPS tracking devices, time‐depth recorders and stable isotope data, we compared diving depth, activity time, trophic position and foraging habitat characteristics to investigate foraging niche overlap between similar‐sized sympatric juvenile Galapagos sea lions (Zalophus wollebaeki) and adult Galapagos fur seals (Arctocephalus galapagoensis) and compared each group with much larger‐bodied adult Galapagos sea lions.

We found little indication for direct competition but a complex pattern of foraging niche segregation: juvenile sea lions and adult fur seals dived to shallow depths at night, but foraged in different habitats with limited spatial overlap. Conversely, juvenile and adult sea lions employed different foraging patterns, but their foraging areas overlapped almost completely.

Consistency of foraging habitat characteristics between juvenile and adult sea lions suggests that avoidance of competition may be important in shaping foraging habitat utilization. Resultant specialization on a limited habitat could contribute to low sea lion numbers that contrast with high fur seal abundance. Our data suggest that exploitation by multiple predators within spatially restricted foraging ranges of juveniles might negatively impact juvenile foraging success and ultimately influence population dynamics.
ITS1 versus ITS2 as DNA metabarcodes for fungi
Authors: Blaalid R. , Kumar S. , Nilsson R. H. , Abarenkov K. , Kirk P. M. , Kauserud H.
Published: January 2013

The nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer ITS region is widely used as a DNA metabarcoding marker to characterize the diversity and composition of fungal communities. In amplicon pyrosequencing studies of fungal diversity, one of the spacers ITS1 or ITS2 of the ITS region is normally used. In this methodological study we evaluate the usability of ITS1 vs. ITS2 as a DNA metabarcoding marker for fungi. We analyse three data sets: two comprising ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of known taxonomic affiliations and a third comprising ITS1 and ITS2 environmental amplicon pyrosequencing data. Clustering analyses of sequences with known taxonomy using the bioinformatics pipeline ClustEx revealed that a 97% similarity cut‐off represent a reasonable threshold for estimating the number of known species in the data sets for both ITS1 and ITS2. However, no single threshold value worked well for all fungi at the same time within the curated UNITE database, and we found that the Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) concept is not easily translated into the level of species because many species are distributed over several clusters. Clustering analyses of the 134 692 ITS1 and ITS2 pyrosequences using a 97% similarity cut‐off revealed a high similarity between the two data sets when it comes to taxonomic coverage. Although some groups are under‐ or unrepresented in the two data sets due to, e.g. primer mismatches, our results indicate that ITS1 and ITS2 to a large extent yield similar results when used as DNA metabarcodes for fungi.
The inhibitory receptor CD300a is up‐regulated by hypoxia and GM‐CSF in human peripheral blood eosinophils
Authors: Nissim Ben Efraim A. H. , Karra L. , Ben‐Zimra M. , Levi‐Schaffer F.
Published: January 2013

Background

Eosinophils are involved in several inflammatory processes including allergic inflammation. It has been shown that eosinophil functions may be regulated by activating or inhibitory receptors. Hypoxia is a feature of inflamed tissues and has recently been shown to regulate eosinophil viability and pro‐angiogenic potential. In this study, the effect of hypoxia and GM‐CSF on the inhibitory receptor CD300a in human peripheral blood eosinophils was investigated.

Methods

CD300a expression on eosinophils was analyzed by flow cytometry and evaluated by immuno‐fluorescence; mRNA levels were evaluated by RT‐PCR.

Results

An increase in the expression of CD300a was observed in hypoxic eosinophils compared to the normoxic ones. GM‐CSF strongly induced CD300a increase also after 3 h in culture. In addition, hypoxia augmented mRNA levels of CD300a. Inhibition of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1 abolished the hypoxia‐/GM‐CSF‐induced CD300a increase.

Conclusion

CD300a expression is up‐regulated by hypoxia, and GM‐CSF where HIF‐1 might play an important role. These results are important for the understanding of eosinophils behavior in inflamed tissue and suggest a new effect on their function in allergic inflammation. Taken together our data point out CD300a as a novel target for the treatment of allergy.
Comparison between two types of local resection in the treatment of ampullary cancer
Authors: Zhao Xiang‐Qian , Huang Xiao‐Qiang , Zhang Wen‐Zhi , Liu Zhe
Published: January 2013

Background

This study aims to compare the effects of two different local resection procedures on the prognosis of ampullary cancer.

Methods

We carried out a retrospective study using clinical and pathological data from patients with ampullary cancer who underwent local resection between February 1996 and February 2009 in the PLA General Hospital. In these participants, we carried out a comparative analysis between the transduodenal (the transduodenal group) and the extraduodenal (extraduodenal group) surgical approaches.

Results

No significant differences in gender, age, preoperative bilirubin levels, CA19‐9 values, biopsy results, tumour size, differentiation status, degree of invasion, surgical margins, recurrence, metastasis and complication rates, and intraoperative blood loss were found. As compared to the transduodenal group, the extraduodenal group showed a longer duration of surgery and higher survival rates.

Conclusions

Even though the operation time for the extraduodenal resection of ampullary cancer was longer, the survival rate was higher than in patients who underwent transduodenal resection. For certain patients, the extraduodenal approach may be more appropriate when technical conditions allow it.
Functional roles of tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand–DR5 interaction in B16F10 cells by activating the nuclear factor‐κB pathway to induce metastatic potential
Authors: Takahashi Kei , Takeda Kazuyoshi , Saiki Ikuo , Irimura Tatsuro , Hayakawa Yoshihiro
Published: January 2013

Tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been recognized as a promising target for cancer therapy because it can induce apoptotic cell death in tumor cells but not normal cells. Although TRAIL shows specific tumoricidal activity, resistance to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis in some tumor cells has been considered a clinical obstacle of its application. It has been shown that TRAIL provides inflammatory signals that may contribute to the TRAIL‐resistance of cancer cells; however, it is not known whether TRAIL itself is involved in malignant cancer cell behavior. In the present study, we examined the functional role of TRAIL in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells, which are totally insensitive to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis. By establishing B16F10 cells stably expressing the nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB)‐luciferase reporter gene, we found that TRAIL can activate NFκB through its death receptor DR5 in B16F10 cells. Furthermore, TRAIL–DR5 interaction not only promoted malignant behaviors of B16F10 cells, such as cell proliferation and MMP‐9 production, but also induced lung metastasis of B16F10 cells in vivo. These findings may imply a contrary role for the TRAIL–DR5 pathway in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, in its ability to induce the metastatic potential of B16F10 melanoma cells instead of inducing apoptosis.
Dysfunction of SHANK2 and CHRNA7 in a patient with intellectual disability and language impairment supports genetic epistasis of the two loci
Authors: Chilian B , Abdollahpour H , Bierhals T , Haltrich I , Fekete G , Nagel I , Rosenberger G , Kutsche K
Published: January 2013

Synaptopathies constitute a group of neurological diseases including autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). They have been associated with mutations in genes encoding proteins important for the formation and stabilization of synapses, such as SHANK1–3. Loss‐of‐function mutations in the SHANK genes have been identified in individuals with ASD and ID suggesting that other factors modify the neurological phenotype. We report a boy with severe ID, behavioral anomalies, and language impairment who carries a balanced de novo triple translocation 46,XY,t(11;17;19)(q13.3;q25.1;q13.42). The 11q13.3 breakpoint was found to disrupt the SHANK2 gene. The patient also carries copy number variations at 15q13.3 and 10q22.11 encompassing ARHGAP11B and two synaptic genes. The CHRNA7 gene encoding α7‐nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit and the GPRIN2 gene encoding G‐protein‐regulated inducer of neurite growth 2 were duplicated. Co‐occurrence of a de novo SHANK2 mutation and a CHRNA7 duplication in two reported patients with ASD and ID as well as in the patient with t(11;17;19), severe ID and behavior problems suggests convergence of these genes on a common synaptic pathway. Our results strengthen the oligogenic inheritance model and highlight the presence of a large effect mutation and modifier genes collectively determining phenotypic expression of the synaptopathy.
Wnt5a attenuates Wnt/β‐catenin signalling in human dermal papilla cells
Authors: Kwack Mi Hee , Kim Moon Kyu , Kim Jung Chul , Sung Young Kwan
Published: January 2013

Findings of recent studies have demonstrated modulation of Wnt/β‐catenin signalling by Wnt5a, which is highly expressed in hair follicular dermal papilla (DP) in vivo. Here, we investigated the question of whether Wnt5a can affect canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signalling in DP cells. Treatment with Wnt5a resulted in attenuation of Wnt3a‐mediated elevation of β‐catenin signalling, which was increased by Wnt5a siRNA transfection in cultured DP cells, as examined by reporter assay. In addition, treatment with Wnt5a resulted in repressed Wnt3a‐mediated expression of Axin2, EP2 and LEF1 in cultured DP cells, whereas Wnt5a siRNA transfection resulted in increased Wnt3a‐mediated expression of the genes in isolated DPs of cultured hair follicles. Moreover, treatment with Wnt5a resulted in attenuation of Wnt3a‐mediated accumulation of β‐catenin in the nucleus in DP cells. Our data strongly suggest that Wnt5a acts as an autocrine factor and attenuates canonical Wnt signalling pathway in human DP cells.
Batter Characteristics and Quality of Cakes Made with Wheat‐Oats Flour Blends
Authors: De La Hera Esther , Oliete Bonastre , Gómez Manuel
Published: January 2013

Oats have a high content of β‐glucan soluble fiber. Consumption of it helps to reduce cholesterol, glycemic response and some intestinal diseases. Oats flour was used to substitute 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the wheat flour to elaborate cakes with different sugar content (60–90–120% flour basis). Specific volume and viscosity were studied in batters and specific volume, weight loss, symmetry index and texture in cakes. The higher the substitution percentage, the higher the specific volume and viscosity of the batter in those formulas containing less sugar. Sugar content did not affect batter specific volume but batter viscosity decreased with increasing sugar percentages. Cake specific volume decreased as the percentage of whole oats flour increased, and cake hardness, cohesiveness and springiness decreased as oats flour increased. The cakes obtained adequate acceptability by consumers.

Practical Applications

This paper demonstrates the influence of the addition of oat flour in cake making, as well as its interaction with the sugar content in formula. Less sugar content (60 and 90% f/b) is needed to increase specific volume of batters with wheat and oat flours. Viscosity decreased as the percentage of oats flour increased in high‐sugar ratio (120/100) formula, whereas in low‐ratio formula the opposite effect was observed. Based on the conclusions, they could be optimized both, the characteristics of the batter to its correct processing as well as the sensory quality of oat flour cakes, allowing the industry to obtain healthiest cakes with greater acceptance by consumers.