bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Appraisal of Malnutrition in Gynaecologic Cancer Patients Attending the Gynaecology Clinic in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
Authors: Goddy Bassey , Temitope Igberase-Eromosele
Published: August 2021

Background: Malnutrition in cancer patients is associated with increased risk of adverse effects including mortality and thus requires special attention.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors affecting malnutrition amongst gynaecological cancer patients at the University of Port Harcourt teaching hospital (UPTH).

Methodology: This was a prospective cross-sectional study involving 74 patients with histologically confirmed genital tract malignancies at the UPTH. A structured proforma was used to obtain nutritional history from the participants while the serum albumin level was used to determine the nutritional status. Data entry and analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25 software package. Results were presented in simple frequency tables and percentages. Chi square test was used to compare categorical variables and p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results: The prevalence of malnutrition was 39.19%. The age range of participants was 26-92 years with most (25.7%) in the 4th decade. Patients with cervical and ovarian malignancies were more at risk of malnutrition. Low socioeconomic status, advanced stage disease, and reduced food intake were significantly associated with malnutrition. Poor appetite and early satiety were associated with poor food intake.

Conclusion: Malnutrition is highly prevalent amongst the study population. Cervical and ovarian cancer patients were more likely to suffer from malnutrition. Improvement in socioeconomic status and early detection of malignancy will improve the nutritional status of the study population.
Effect of Microbial Inoculants on Plant Attributes and Nutrients Uptake by Soybean in Vertisols
Authors: Kumar Sanjeet , Sahu R. K. , Thakur R. K. , Yaduwanshi Bablu , Mitra N. G.
Published: August 2021

The present study was carried out during kharif season 2019-20 at the Research Farm, Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (INDIA), to assess the effect of microbial inoculants on plant attributes and nutrients uptake by soybean in Vertisols. The experiment was laid out under randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The 15 treatments comprised of different beneficial microbial consortia in possible combinations applied as seed treatments. The crop was supplemented with recommended dose of fertilizers 20 N : 80 P2O5 : 20 K2O kg ha-1. Besides these, two control plots were maintained as fertilized un-inoculated control (FUI) and unfertilized un-inoculated control (UFUI). The findings revealed that the significant improvement were noticed by the application of consortia NPK+EM+PGPR in plant growth attributes of nodulation at 25, 45 & 65 DAS (71, 70 & 59% respectively), over control (9.5, 33.4 & 34.7 nodule plant-1) and its biomass, (62, 69 & 74% respectively),over the control  (0.58, 1.16 & 0.99 g plant-1),  plant height at 25, 45 & 65DAS were increased 61, 40, 41% respectively, over the control (16.20, 34.90 and 44.30 cm) and plant biomass, (48, 62 & 53%), over the control 1.67, 4.73 and 6.1 g plant-1. Similarly, nutrient uptake (seed & stover) were also increased at 25, 45 and 65 stages of crop growth, with 36.6, 34.8 & 51.3% in seed and 66.7, 98.2 & 67.2% in straw respectively over the control (98.5, 63.8, 5.2, and 7.4, 24.9 and 44.4 kg ha-1 respectively). Thus, it may be concluded that the consortium of NPK + EM + PGPR was superior for sustainable crop production and soil health.
Effect of Hot Air, Microwave and Freeze Drying on Drying Characteristics of Button Mushroom Slices (Agaricus bisporus)
Authors: Madhumita Mitali , Behera Gitanjali , Nanda Ashutosh , Das Pabitra Kumar , Pradhan Suvendu , Sarkar Anuradha
Published: August 2021

Aims: Button mushrooms, rich in vitamins and minerals, are very highly perishable and therefore, it has been very necessary to develop a value-added product. The aim of the research work is to study the effects of blanching on air-dried, microwave oven dried, and freeze dried mushroom samples and also to study the characterization of dried samples.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Agricultural Engineering, School of Agricultural and Bio-Engineering, Centurion University of Technology & Management, between February 2021 to June 2021

Methodology: Three different drying techniques like hot air, microwave, and freeze drying were taken to study the drying effect on dried mushroom slices. The quality parameters like dehydration and rehydration potential, density, ascorbic acid, color, and organoleptic properties were studied.

Results: The rehydration ratio of freeze dried mushroom samples were high having low density than the other dried samples. Less color deterioration was also found in freeze drying. Moreover, ascorbic acid, color, texture, and overall acceptability of sensory analysis were found to be maximum in freeze dried samples. The freeze dried product was found to be attractive in flavour and texture and got highest score in sensory analysis.

Conclusion: The freeze drying can be an effective drying method to dry fresh mushroom compared to hot air and microwave drying.
Image Steganography Using Pixel Value Differencing (PVD) Technique Based on Firefly Algorithm
Authors: Alade Oluwaseun M. , Amusan Elizabeth A. , Adedeji Oluyinka T. , Alo Oluwaseun O.
Published: August 2021

Steganography deals with the ways of hiding communicated data in such a way that it remains confidential. Finding best position inside cover image to embed text message, maintaining a reasonable trade-off between security, robustness, higher bit embedding rate and imperceptibility are some of the challenges of steganography system. Hence, this paper presents firefly algorithm for finding best positions inside cover image in order to embed text message into cover image using Pixel Value Differencing (PVD) technique. Four different cover image was used. Experimental result showed the cover image with selected location using firefly algorithm as well as the stego image using PVD technique. The stego image was evaluated using Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean square Error (MSE).  Firefly Algorithm with PVD technique produced a promising result for image steganography.
Development of Eco-Concrete Produced with Calcined Marl Clay as Cement Replacement Material
Authors: Kim Young-Min , Kim Ji-Su , Han Tong-Seok
Published: August 2021

Because of the increase in greenhouse gas emissions and the enforcement of environmental regulations, efforts to reduce CO2 emissions continue. In this study, calcined marl clay was used as a cement replacement material to minimize CO2 emissions by reducing the cement amount used. The raw materials for marl clay were analyzed, and the durability and chemical resistance of concrete produced with marl clay were examined. From the test results, the optimum replacement ratio of calcined marl clay was determined, and the performance difference with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete was identified. The performance of the eco-concrete was comparable to that of the OPC concrete containing marl clay when the cement was optimally replaced with marl clay. Furthermore, the CO2 emission for each specimen was calculated. This study demonstrated the feasibility of developing eco-friendly concrete using calcined marl clay.
Finite Element Analysis of Structural Behavior of Sliding-Type Blast-Resistant Doors Based on Blast Loading Conditions
Authors: Shin Hyunseop , Kim Sungwook , Moon Jaeheum , Kim Wonwoo
Published: August 2021

In current specifications, it is assumed that the structural performance is the same if the same deflection occurs, regardless of the structural characteristics or explosive conditions. However, depending on the structural characteristics and explosion conditions, structural responses may differ. Therefore, flexural deflection and shear need to be considered. In this study, the differences in the structural behaviors of steel-concrete sliding-type blast doors in the impulsive, dynamic, and quasi-static regions were analyzed using the finite element method. The results showed that in the impulsive region and under significant impact forces, shear failure occurred at the initial behavioral step, and the door was more vulnerable to shear than in the dynamic and quasi-static regions. Furthermore, in the impulsive region, a relatively large deformation occurred in the wheel installed on the lower part of the door, affecting functionality, such as opening and closing. Because combined flexural-shear and direct shear failures cause more damage than flexural failure, they must be considered during the design process, and further studies are required to develop a generalized evaluation method and design criteria to reflect the shear effect.
Convolutional Neural Network Model for Estimating Clogging of Ash-Mixed Sand Filters
Authors: Lee Byungsik
Published: August 2021

A deep learning model was developed to estimate the clogging of voids in bottom-ash-mixed sand filters. Filter clogging is characterized by a decrease in the infiltration ratio with an increase in the outflow. The estimation of clogging for time-series forecasting is a regression problem. Various algorithms for regression problems have been applied through machine learning and deep learning. Despite the various algorithm applications, an application for clogging appears to be emerging. Studies are required to develop dependable models for precisely predicting clogging. A convolutional neural network (CNN) clogging model was developed in this study to estimate the relationship between the infiltration ratio and outflow quantity using features defined by the mixing ratio between sand and ash. Significant clogging data required for the effective maintenance and stable operation of stormwater infiltration filters were obtained using the proposed model. The CNN clogging model is recommended as a supplement to conventional theoretical models and expensive experimental models.
Characteristics of Fires and Human Damage in Amusement Facilities
Authors: Park Jae Sung
Published: August 2021

Amusement facilities, which include entertainment bars and karaoke bars, can be very vulnerable to fires in terms of use types and spatial characteristics. For this reason, fires and human damage occur often in such facilities. To reduce fires and human damage in amusement facilities efficiently, a careful comparative analysis of the causes of fires, responses, and characteristics of casualties is important, and can assist in uncovering problems and in developing solutions. In this study, a statistical analysis was performed using the following main factors: characteristics of the legal system, safety facilities in amusement facilities, statistics representing the harm prevented by emergency exit installation in amusement facilities, fires and casualties over the last five years, causes of fires, and human damage caused by fires. Compared to other public venues, electrical fires occur in amusement facilities at a high rate, and while the arson rate is especially low (2.8%), the casualty rate is high (72.7%). Therefore, it is important to develop both reasonable electrical safety measures with consideration to the purposes of amusement facilities and the particular needs of the business, and appropriate protocols for evacuation in order to avoid casualties resulting from arson and fires.
The role of genome duplication in big sagebrush growth and fecundity
Authors: Richardson Bryce A. , Germino Matthew J. , Warwell Marcus V. , Buerki Sven
Published: August 2021

Premise

Adaptive traits can be dramatically altered by genome duplication. The study of interactions among traits, ploidy, and the environment are necessary to develop an understanding of how polyploidy affects niche differentiation and to develop restoration strategies for resilient native ecosystems.

Methods

Growth and fecundity were measured in common gardens for 39 populations of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) containing two subspecies and two ploidy levels. General linear mixed‐effect models assessed how much of the trait variation could be attributed to genetics (i.e., ploidy and climatic adaptation), environment, and gene–environment interactions.

Results

Growth and fecundity variation were explained well by the mixed models (80% and 91%, respectively). Much of the trait variation was attributed to environment, and 15% of variation in growth and 34% of variation in seed yield were attributed to genetics. Genetic trait variation was mostly attributable to ploidy, with much higher growth and seed production in diploids, even in a warm‐dry environment typically dominated by tetraploids. Population‐level genetic variation was also evident and was related to the climate of each population's origin.

Conclusions

Ploidy is a strong predictor growth and seed yield, regardless of common‐garden environment. The superior growth and fecundity of diploids across environments raises the question as to how tetraploids can be more prevalent than diploids, especially in warm‐dry environments. Two hypotheses that may explain the abundance of tetraploids on the landscape include selection for drought resistance at the seedling stage, and greater competitive ability in water uptake in the upper soil horizon.
Causes and consequences of variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in Oenothera fruticosa
Authors: Smith Gerard X. , Swartz Mark T. , Spigler Rachel B.
Published: August 2021

Premise

Heterospecific pollen transfer, the transfer of pollen between species, is common among co‐flowering plants, yet the amount of pollen received is extremely variable among species. Intraspecific variation in heterospecific pollen receipt can be even greater, but we lack an understanding of its causes and fitness consequences in wild populations.

Methods

We examined potential drivers of variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in Oenothera fruticosa. We evaluated the relationship between heterospecific and conspecific pollen receipt and considered how visitation by different pollinator groups, local floral neighborhood composition, and flowering phenology affect the total amount and proportion of heterospecific pollen received. Finally, we tested whether variation in heterospecific pollen receipt translated into lower seed production.

Results

Heterospecific pollen was ubiquitous on O. fruticosa stigmas, but the amount received was highly variable and unrelated to conspecific pollen receipt. Heterospecific pollen receipt depended on pollinator type, the proportion of nearby conspecific flowers, and flowering date. Significant interactions revealed that the effects of pollinator type and neighborhood were not independent, further contributing to variation in heterospecific pollen. Naturally occurring levels of heterospecific pollen were sufficient to negatively impact seed set, but large amounts of conspecific pollen counteracted this detrimental effect.

Conclusions

Although selection could act on floral traits that attract quality pollinators and promote synchronous flowering in O. fruticosa, the risk of heterospecific pollen is equally dependent on local floral context. This work highlights how extrinsic and intrinsic factors contribute to intraspecific variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in wild plants, with significant fitness consequences.
Major adverse cardiovascular events in survivors of immune‐mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Brodsky Max A. , Sukumar Senthil , Selvakumar Sruthi , Yanek Lisa , Hussain Sarah , Mazepa Marshall A. , Braunstein Evan M. , Moliterno Alison R. , Kickler Thomas S. , Brodsky Robert A. , Cataland Spero R. , Chaturvedi Shruti
Published: August 2021

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in survivors of immune‐mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP), but the epidemiology of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in iTTP survivors is unknown. We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for MACE, defined as the composite of non‐fatal or fatal myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and cardiac revascularization, during clinical remission in two large iTTP cohorts (Johns Hopkins University and Ohio State University). Of 181 patients followed for ≥ 3 months after recovery from acute iTTP, 28.6% had a MACE event over a median follow up of 7.6 years. Stroke was the most common type of MACE (18.2%), followed by non‐fatal MI (6.6%), cardiac revascularization (4.9%) and fatal MI (0.6%). Compared to the general United States population, iTTP survivors were younger at first stroke in remission (males [56.5 years vs. 68.6 years, p = 0.031], females [49.7 years vs. 72.9 years, p <  0.001]) or MI in remission (males [56.5 years vs. 65.6 years, p <  0.001] and females [53.1 years vs. 72.0 years, p < 0.001]). Age (HR 1.03 [95% CI 1.002–1.054]), race (Black/Other vs. White) (HR 2.32 [95% CI 1.12–4.82]), and diabetes mellitus (HR 2.37 [95% CI 1.09–0.03]) were associated with MACE in a Cox regression model also adjusted for sex, hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, autoimmune disease, and relapsing iTTP. Remission ADAMTS13 activity was not significantly associated with MACE. In conclusion, iTTP survivors experience high rates of MACE and may benefit from aggressively screening for and managing cardiovascular risk factors.
Occupational tree felling fatalities: 2010–2020
Authors: Michael Judd , Gorucu Serap
Published: August 2021

Background

Logging and landscape work are among the most hazardous occupations, and one of the most dangerous tasks in these occupations is tree felling. While much research has been conducted to examine fatalities from logging and landscape services, there is a dearth of research looking specifically at tree felling. There is a need to focus on hazards associated with tree felling activities so that proactive prevention strategies can be developed.

Methods

An Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) database was used to identify occupational tree‐felling fatalities in the United States during the period from 2010 through the first half of 2020. We compared data for the two industry segments of logging and landscaping services.

Results

There were 314 fatalities over the period. The victims were overwhelmingly male with the median age being 43. Struck‐by was the number one event type causing fatalities, with the head being the number one body part involved in fatalities. Falls from elevation was the only event type significantly different between the logging and landscaping industries. Poor decision‐making is noted as a key component of fatal incidents, but bystanders were fatally injured due to the actions of others.

Conclusions

Tree felling is one of the most hazardous activities for both loggers and commercial landscapers and is a common cause of fatalities; significant differences in events and source are encountered in those two occupations. Loggers should continue efforts to adopt mechanized harvesting methods. Landscape services tree fellers should receive training related to fall prevention.
The Renaissance of Electro‐Organic Synthesis for the Difunctionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes: A Sustainable Approach
Authors: Thadathil Ditto Abraham , Varghese Anitha , Radhakrishnan Kokkuvayil Vasu
Published: August 2021

Electro‐organic reactions are now considered as one of the most efficient and environmentally benign methodologies to synthesize highly functionalized motifs like difunctionalized unsaturated compounds from readily available substrates. Excellent regioselectivity, functional group tolerance and broad range of substrates are the main advantages of electrochemical difunctionalization reactions. Alkenes and alkynes readily accept radical or ionic derivatives which makes it vital precursors for the electrochemical synthesis of industrially relevant and biologically active molecules through difunctionalization. This review aims to provide the readers an excellent coverage of the different electrochemical difunctionalization of alkenes and alkynes such as 1,2‐homodifunctionalization, 1,2‐heterodifunctionalization, rearrangement, ipso‐migration, cyclization and dehydrogenative annulation reactions.
Putting prohibitionist philosophy and populism before evidence on illicit drugs: Why has the Victorian Liberal‐National Party Coalition opposed Supervised Injecting Facilities for two decades?
Authors: Mendes Philip
Published: August 2021

Illicit drugs policy debates are often informed by philosophical contests between harm reduction and prohibition advocates. One particular harm reduction initiative has been the introduction of Supervised Injecting Facilities (SIFs) in many jurisdictions including two in Australia, one in New South Wales (2001) and one more recently in Victoria (2018). There is significant evidence that SIFs save lives and can also help to reduce broader social harm to communities. This paper examines the consistent opposition to SIFs by the conservative Victorian Liberal‐National Party Coalition over two decades with particular reference to the parliamentary debates of 2000 and 2018. It is concluded that the Coalition’s rejection of SIFs has been based overwhelmingly on prohibitionist philosophy and associated populism which frames drug use per se as a problem to be eradicated, rather than evidence on the effectiveness of SIFs in reducing harm to drug users and the wider community.
Genome‐Wide Association Study Identifies First Locus Associated with Susceptibility to Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Ken‐Dror Gie , Cotlarciuc Ioana , Martinelli Ida , Grandone Elvira , Hiltunen Sini , Lindgren Erik , Margaglione Maurizio , Duchez Veronique Le Cam , Triquenot Aude Bagan , Zedde Marialuisa , Mancuso Michelangelo , Ruigrok Ynte M. , Marjot Thomas , Worrall Brad , Majersik Jennifer J. , Metso Tiina M. , Putaala Jukka , Haapaniemi Elena , Zuurbier Susanna M. , Brouwer Matthijs C. , Passamonti Serena M. , Abbattista Maria , Bucciarelli Paolo , Mitchell Braxton D. , Kittner Steven J. , Lemmens Robin , Jern Christina , Pappalardo Emanuela , Costa Paolo , Colombi Marina , de Sousa Diana Aguiar , Rodrigues Sofia , Canhão Patrícia , Tkach Aleksander , Santacroce Rosa , Favuzzi Giovanni , Arauz Antonio , Colaizzo Donatella , Spengos Kostas , Hodge Amanda , Ditta Reina , Pezzini Alessandro , Debette Stephanie , Coutinho Jonathan M. , Thijs Vincent , Jood Katarina , Pare Guillaume , Tatlisumak Turgut , Ferro José M. , Sharma Pankaj
Published: August 2021

Objective

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon form of stroke affecting mostly young individuals. Although genetic factors are thought to play a role in this cerebrovascular condition, its genetic etiology is not well understood.

Methods

A genome‐wide association study was performed to identify genetic variants influencing susceptibility to CVT. A 2‐stage genome‐wide study was undertaken in 882 Europeans diagnosed with CVT and 1,205 ethnicity‐matched control subjects divided into discovery and independent replication datasets.

Results

In the overall case–control cohort, we identified highly significant associations with 37 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the 9q34.2 region. The strongest association was with rs8176645 (combined p = 9.15 × 10−24; odds ratio [OR] = 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.76–2.31). The discovery set findings were validated across an independent European cohort. Genetic risk score for this 9q34.2 region increases CVT risk by a pooled estimate OR = 2.65 (95% CI = 2.21–3.20, p = 2.00 × 10−16). SNPs within this region were in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with coding regions of the ABO gene. The ABO blood group was determined using allele combination of SNPs rs8176746 and rs8176645. Blood groups A, B, or AB, were at 2.85 times (95% CI = 2.32–3.52, p = 2.00 × 10−16) increased risk of CVT compared with individuals with blood group O.

Interpretation

We present the first chromosomal region to robustly associate with a genetic susceptibility to CVT. This region more than doubles the likelihood of CVT, a risk greater than any previously identified thrombophilia genetic risk marker. That the identified variant is in strong LD with the coding region of the ABO gene with differences in blood group prevalence provides important new insights into the pathophysiology of CVT. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:777–788
Ru‐NHC‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 2‐Quinolones to Chiral 3,4‐Dihydro‐2‐Quinolones
Authors: Hu Tianjiao , Lückemeier Lukas , Daniliuc Constantin , Glorius Frank
Published: August 2021

Direct enantioselective hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds to generate chiral three‐dimensional motifs is one of the most straightforward and important approaches in synthetic chemistry. We realized the Ru(II)‐NHC‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of 2‐quinolones under mild reaction conditions. Alkyl‐, aryl‐ and halogen‐substituted optically active dihydro‐2‐quinolones were obtained in high yields with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities. The reaction provides an efficient and atom‐economic pathway to construct simple chiral 3,4‐dihydro‐2‐quinolones. The desired products could be further reduced to tetrahydroquinolines and octahydroquinolones.
Iridium‐cobalt alloy nanotubes as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for pH‐universal overall water splitting
Authors: Kim Yoonkyeong , Yu Areum , Lee Youngmi
Published: August 2021

Bimetallic IrxCo1−x alloy nanotubes (x = 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75, the atomic ratios of Ir precursor out of the total metal precursor) were prepared via the thermal H2‐reduction of IrxCo1−xOy nanotubes which were synthesized by electrospinning and post calcination. Ir and Co atoms were well mixed to form the alloy in IrxCo1−x nanotubes. Their phase structures were different depending on the composition ratios. Ir0.75Co0.25 and Ir0.50Co0.50 had Ir fcc phase where some Ir atoms were substituted with Co. In contrast, Ir0.25Co0.75 was in Ir‐substituting Co hcp phase. Among the IrxCo1−x alloy nanotubes, Ir0.50Co0.50 showed the highest catalytic activity for overall electrochemical water splitting in acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions, better than pure metallic Ir and Co counterparts. The activity and stability of Ir0.50Co0.50 nanotubes for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were superior to commercial Ir/C and Pt/C, respectively.
Community college faculty engagement in the scholarship of teaching and learning
Authors: Harrington Christine , Lyken‐Segosebe Dawn , Braxton John M. , Nespoli Lawrence A.
Published: August 2021

This study evaluated the connection between community college faculty engagement in the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) and student success by investigating the frequency of individual community college faculty members engagement in activities that comprise the SoTL categories of classroom research and pedagogical content knowledge.
Cerium Zirconium Solid Solution with High Faradaic Efficiency for Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction under Ambient Condition
Authors: Wu Xiang , He Xiaobo , Li Zhichun , Yin Fengxiang
Published: August 2021

Industrial synthesis of ammonia (NH3) involves high energy consumption resulting in intense pollution. Alternatively, electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to NH3 can be carried out under mild conditions, which is a new green NH3 synthesis method. Herein, cerium zirconium solid solutions (ZrxCe1‐xO2) with different proportions were synthesized by NH3 precipitation method and employed as electrocatalysts for NRR. The performance of the different catalysts in 0.1 mol L−1 Na2SO4 was evaluated with H2O and N2 as reactants. The results show that Zr0.9Ce0.1O2 has the highest Faraday efficiency (FE) of 62.68 % at −1.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and the highest yield rate of NH3 −9.34×10−11 mol cm−2 s−1 at −1.35 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The impressive FE is due to more oxygen vacancies in Zr0.9Ce0.1O2 introduced by Ce3+, which is more prone to the adsorption of N2 on the catalyst surface and facilitates the electrochemical reaction.
Split application of a mixture of controlled‐release and common urea for improving quality and agronomic and economic performance in wheat production
Authors: Li Guohui , Gu Rui , Xu Ke , Guo Baowei , Dai Qigen , Huo Zhongyang , Wei Haiyan
Published: August 2021

A 2‐yr field experiment was conducted to investigate the quality, agronomic, and economic performance of controlled‐release urea application in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production via five treatments: F1, a single application of mixed nitrogen (N) fertilizer (composed of 65% N from controlled‐release urea with 35% N from common urea); F2, basal application of mixed N fertilizer and topdressing of mixed N fertilizer at jointing; F3, basal application of mixed N fertilizer and topdressing of common urea at jointing; CU, spilt application of common urea as basal fertilizer and at jointing; N0, no N fertilization. The results showed that treatment F2 produced significantly higher grain yield than treatments F1, F3, and CU. The N recovery efficiency, N agronomic efficiency, and N partial factor productivity of treatment F2 were significantly higher than treatments F1, F3, and CU. The higher grain yield and efficiency of N use of treatment F2 were due to the better canopy structure (longer and more erect top‐three leaves) and the higher biomass production, higher N accumulation, and higher net photosynthetic rate during anthesis to maturity. The treatment F2 resulted in significantly higher protein and wet gluten content, and significantly lower starch content than treatment CU. The net profit under treatment F2 was higher than treatments F1, F3, and CU. In conclusion, the application of a mixture of controlled‐release urea and common urea could be a promising alternative application method for N fertilizer to obtain sustainable increases in grain yield, efficiency of N use, economic profit, and improve wheat quality.
Habitat suitability and connectivity implications for the conservation of the Persian leopard along the Iran–Iraq border
Authors: Kaboodvandpour Shahram , Almasieh Kamran , Zamani Navid
Published: August 2021

Habitat fragmentation has major negative impacts on wildlife populations, and the connectivity could reduce these negative impacts. This study was conducted to assess habitat suitability and structural connectivity of the Persian leopard along the Iran–Iraq border (i.e., the Zagros Mountains) and compare the situation of identified core habitats and connectivity with existing conservation areas (CAs). An ensemble modeling approach resulting from five models was used to predict habitat suitability. To identify core habitats and corridors along the Iran–Iraq border, factorial least‐cost path analyses were applied. The results revealed that topographic roughness, distance to CAs, annual precipitation, vegetation/cropland density, and distance to rivers were the most influential variables for predicting the occurrence of the Persian leopard in the study area. By an estimated dispersal distance of 82 km (suggested by previous studies), three core habitats were identified (two cores in Iran and one core in Iraq). The largest cores were located in the south and the center of the study area, which had the highest connectivity priorities. The connectivity from these cores was maintained to the core within the Iraqi side. Only about one‐fifth of detected core habitats and relative corridors were protected by CAs in the study area. Detected core habitats and connectivity areas in this study could be an appropriate road map to accomplish the CAs network along the Iran–Iraq border regarding Persian leopard conservation. Establishing transboundary CAs, particularly in the core habitat located in the center of the study area, is strongly recommended to conserve existing large carnivores, including the Persian leopard.
An Alternative Synthesis of Cycloalkyl‐Substituted CPA Catalysts and Application in Asymmetric Protonation Reactions**
Authors: McLean Liam A. , Watson Allan J. B.
Published: August 2021

An alternative synthesis of cycloalkyl‐substituted CPA catalysts is reported. A Negishi coupling offers improved yields and purity of the necessary 1,3,5‐tri(cycloalkyl)benzenes. Limitations in the use of commercial organozinc reagents have been identified and a robust procedure for the preparation of these reagents is detailed. Similarly, a robust procedure for the key Kumada coupling is also provided. The route is demonstrated by preparation of three different tri(cycloalkyl)aryl‐substituted CPAs and the utility of these catalysts in asymmetric protonation reactions is shown.
H‐ferritin expression in astrocytes is necessary for proper oligodendrocyte development and myelination
Authors: Cheli Veronica T. , Santiago González Diara A. , Wan Qiuchen , Denaroso Giancarlo , Wan Rensheng , Rosenblum Shaina L. , Paez Pablo M.
Published: August 2021

How iron is delivered to the CNS for myelination is poorly understood. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the brain and are the only cells in close contact with blood vessels. Therefore, they are strategically located to obtain nutrients, such as iron, from circulating blood. To determine the importance of astrocyte iron uptake and storage in myelination and remyelination, we conditionally knocked‐out the expression of the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), the transferrin receptor 1 (Tfr1), and the ferritin heavy subunit (Fth) in Glast‐1‐positive astrocytes. DMT1 or Tfr1 ablation in astrocytes throughout early brain development did not significantly affects oligodendrocyte maturation or iron homeostasis. However, blocking Fth production in astrocytes during the first postnatal week drastically delayed oligodendrocyte development and myelin synthesis. Fth knockout animals presented an important decrease in the number of myelinating oligodendrocytes and a substantial reduction in the percentage of myelinated axons. This postnatal hypomyelination was accompanied by a decline in oligodendrocyte iron uptake and with an increase in brain oxidative stress. We also tested the relevance of astrocytic Fth expression in the cuprizone model of myelin damage and repair. Fth deletion in Glast1‐positive astrocytes significantly reduced myelin production and the density of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes throughout the complete remyelination process. These results indicate that Fth iron storage in astrocytes is vital for early oligodendrocyte development as well as for the remyelination of the CNS.
Microwave ablation of benign thyroid nodules: 3‐year follow‐up outcomes
Authors: Luo Fangqiong , Huang Lei , Gong Xiuqun , Han Zhiyu , Liu Fangyi , Cheng Zhigang , Dou Jianping , Yu Xiaoling , Liang Ping , Yu Jie
Published: August 2021

Purpose

To evaluate the effectiveness of microwave ablation (MWA) for the treatment of thyroid nodules according to nodule composition.

Materials and methods

This study evaluated 171 patients with 180 benign thyroid nodules (BTNs) that had been treated with ultrasound‐guided MWA. The volume reduction rate (VRR) of thyroid nodules and factors, which had an influence on the VRR, were assessed. Therapeutic success was defined as a >50% volume reduction at the 12‐month follow‐up. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of VRR for BTNs after MWA treatment.

Results

The mean diameter and volume of the nodules were 4.3 ± 1.3 cm and 18.9 ± 2.1 ml, respectively. The VRRs at the 1‐, 3‐, 6‐, 12‐, 24‐, and 36‐month follow‐ups were 47.1%, 68.2%, 79.7%, 87.4%, 90.1%, and 93.2%, respectively. Of the 180 BTNs, there were 87 solid, 74 predominantly solid, and 19 predominantly cystic nodules. Solid nodules showed significantly lower VRRs compared with the predominantly solid and predominantly cystic nodules at the 1‐, 3‐, and 6‐month follow‐ups. For the multivariate regression analysis, the cyst component was an active prognostic factor for the VRR at the 1‐, 3‐, and 6‐month follow‐ups; the cyst component was not significantly associated with the VRR at the 12‐, 24‐, and 36‐month follow‐ups.

Conclusion

Our study suggested that ultrasound‐guided MWA is an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of BTNs. Solid nodules indicate a lower VRR and less efficient than predominant solid nodules and predominant cystic nodules after MWA.
Smart ledger: The blockchain‐based accounting information recording protocol
Authors: Zhang Yuqian , Pourroostaei Ardakani Saeid , Han Wenqi
Published: August 2021

Blockchain technology has the potential to reduce transaction errors and enhance the quality of reporting significantly. This article proposes a conceptual blockchain‐based protocol, labelled Smart Ledger, as a replacement for the traditional accounting information recording system. A smart ledger is a computerized algorithm that utilizes blockchain technology to perform accounting ledger functions. Its validity is based on two mechanisms within the blockchain architecture: Fractional Accounting Transactions (FAT) and Hierarchical Accounting Transaction Execution (HATE). As such, the smart ledger is a hybrid protocol that combines accounting information recording principles with the immutability of blockchain technology. If widely implemented, it could have a significant impact on accounting practices and the accounting profession.
Single‐cell omics: Overview, analysis, and application in biomedical science
Authors: Stein Catarina M. , Weiskirchen Ralf , Damm Frederik , Strzelecka Paulina M.
Published: August 2021

Single‐cell sequencing methods provide the highest resolution insight into cellular heterogeneity. Owing to their rapid growth and decreasing cost, they are now widely accessible to scientists worldwide. Single‐cell technologies enable analysis of a large number of cells, making them powerful tools to characterise rare cell types and refine our understanding of diverse cell states. Moreover, single‐cell application in biomedical sciences helps to unravel mechanisms related to disease pathogenesis and outcome. In this Viewpoint, we briefly describe existing single‐cell methods (genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and mulitomics), comment on available analysis tools, and give examples of method applications in the biomedical field.
The influence of engineering competition team participation on students' leadership identity development
Authors: Wolfinbarger Kim Graves , Shehab Randa L. , Trytten Deborah A. , Walden Susan E.
Published: August 2021

Background

Engineering competition teams (ECTs) allow college students to learn about and practice leadership within a technical domain, yet we know little about the mechanisms by which leadership development occurs within these teams. This paper explores how ECT participation contributes to students' leadership identity development (LID).

Purpose

This paper addresses the following research questions:

RQ1: How does the ECT experience contribute to students' relational LID?

RQ2: What other factors influence ECT participants' LID?

RQ3: Does the ECT experience provide opportunities for LID that are different from those provided by other experiences?

Design

This paper reports the second phase of a mixed‐methods study. ECT members participated in individual semistructured interviews. Transcripts were analyzed via an interpretivist approach using deductive and constant comparative methods. The analysis employed the LID model as the primary theoretical construct.

Results

ECTs contributed to most participants' LID. Factors affecting the extent of development included project complexity, team practices related to the claiming and granting of a leadership identity, positional leadership experience, involvement with other organizations, and preconceptions of leadership. Compared with other experiences, ECTs placed more emphasis on leadership based in expertise. Technical competence was considered a key attribute of ECT leaders.

Conclusions

ECTs enhanced the LID of most participants, helping them understand leadership as a relational process. The LID model offers promise for designing engineering leadership development programs.
Phytochemical and pharmacognostic studies ofBuddleja asiaticaleaves
Authors: Nafees Muhammad , Barkatullah  , Ullah Sami , Ikram Nazia
Published: August 2021

Buddleja asiaticacommonly known as “Booi” is a large deciduous shrub belongs to family Scrophulariaceae, traditionally used as antipyretic, analgesic, hypotensive, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and antifungal agent recorded from essential oil obtained from leaves. The literature revealed that the plant has been widely used for many other purposes. The said plant has been analyzed through pharmacognostic techniques such as morphological, microscopic, and physio‐chemical evaluations to keep the originality of the plant and to avoid adulteration. Morphologically, the plant is evergreen shrub, while organoleptic studies showed that the leaf has glabrous upper surface and tomentose lower surface, with slightly bitter taste and aromatic odor. Anatomically, the leaf showed typical dicot histological differentiation with hypostomatic nature having highest frequency (90%) of actinocytic stomata. The average stomatal number and stomatal index were 336 ± 39.5 and 30.01 ± 2.34, respectively. The palisade cell ratio, vein termination, and vein islet number were 9.2 ± 0.72, 10.2 ± 3.1, and 10.3 ± 3.3, respectively. Various tissue fragments have been observed during powdered drug analysis of the leaf. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of proteins, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides. Fluorescence analysis in ordinary day light and under UV light along with extractive values was also analyzed. The above‐mentioned studies that have been reported, for the first time, for the said plant may be significant to establish the pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards of the said species.
A retrospective study of cytology and HPV genotypes results of 3229 vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia patients
Authors: Ao Mengyin , Zheng Danxi , Wang Jingwen , Gu Xuesai , Xi Mingrong
Published: August 2021

To analyze the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype, cytology, and the clinical characteristics of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN). All patients with histological‐proven VaIN at West China Second University Hospital, between January 1, 2014, and October 1, 2020, were retrospectively identified. The demographics, medical history, HPV genotype, viral load, and cytology results were retrieved. Standard statistical analyses were conducted. Of 3229 patients included, 42.3% were diagnosed with VaIN 1, 30.3% with VaIN 2% and 27.4% with VaIN 3. Patients with VaIN 3 were the oldest (p < 0.001). The leading HPV genotypes were HPV 16, 52, 58, 53, 56 and 81. The positive rate of HPV 16 was positively correlated with the grade of VaIN and infected most VaIN 3 patients (76.0%). The sensitivities of cytology for VaIN only, concomitant VaIN, and VaIN after hysterectomy were 75.6%, 78.8%, and 82.9%, respectively (p = 0.013), and the sensitivities of HPV were 91.1%, 93.5%, and 91.7%, respectively (p = 0.205). Cotesting improved the sensitivities, up to 96.9%, 97.1%, and 98.1%, respectively. VaIN can occur alone or be concomitant with cervical or vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Most of those with VaIN 2/3 are infected with HPV 16. The sensitivity of cytology and HPV testing is non‐inferior to that of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2+. Therefore, these testings might be helpful in the early detection of VaIN.
Extreme precipitation variability across the Lancang‐Mekong River Basin during 1952–2015 in relation to teleconnections and summer monsoons
Authors: Irannezhad Masoud , Liu Junguo , Chen Deliang
Published: August 2021

The Lancang‐Mekong River Basin (LMRB) is home to ~70 million people whose life and livelihood are mostly dependent upon precipitation as the primary freshwater source. Hence, identifying potential oceanic–atmospheric drivers of regional precipitation variability is becoming increasingly important for the sustainable development of the LMRB. This study first investigated spatio‐temporal variability and trends in extreme precipitation characteristics (in terms of intensity, frequency, and duration) throughout the LMRB during 1952–2015, using gauge‐based gridded daily precipitation time series. Then, the associations between the historical extreme precipitation characteristics and seven teleconnection and five summer monsoon indices were explored. On the basin scale, no statistically significant (p < .05) trends were detected in annual extreme precipitation intensity, frequency, and duration indices. The number of wet days (R1mm) significantly increased in both the Mekong River Basin (MRB) and the Lancang River Basin (LRB), predominantly leading to longer wet spells in these two sub‐basins. Spatially, the relatively high extreme precipitation intensity and frequency indices, as well as consecutive wet days (CWD), significantly increased in the south, east, and northwest of MRB, while decreased in the west of MRB and the north of LRB. The intensity and frequency of historical extreme precipitations over the LMRB were most significantly correlated with the East Asian Summer Monsoon Index, North Atlantic Oscillation, and East Pacific/North Pacific pattern. However, the wet/dry spells showed the strongest associations with the Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation/the Southern Oscillation Index on the interannual/decadal time scales (3–4/8–15 years) during 1986–1999/1968–2002, respectively.
Bioactive compounds, biological activity, and starch digestibility of dried soy residues from the soybean oil industry and the effects of hot‐air drying
Authors: Tangkhawanit Ekkarat , Siriamornpun Sirithon
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

Soybean residue is a by‐product from the soy industry. It is rich in protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and bioactive compounds but it is still underutilized as a food ingredient. The aim of the present study was to investigate the bioactive components, biological activity, and starch digestibility of soybean residues collected from the soybean oil industry (SOI) and the laboratory (SOL), and the effects of hot‐air drying on the treated residues.

RESULTS

The predominant phenolic acids were protocatechuic, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids, and the major flavonoids were rutin, daidzein, and genistein. After hot‐air drying, the total phenolic, flavonoid, and isoflavone content of dried SOI and SOL increased significantly, in comparison with untreated whole soybean (WSB), SOI, and SOL. Daidzein of dried SOI and SOL increased from 63 to 510 mg kg−1 dry weight. The 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryldrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values increased almost twofold in comparison with SOI and SOL. The antioxidant compounds in untreated and treated soy‐residue extracts were the most efficient in inhibiting α‐amylase. The phenolics and flavonoids caused starch digestion to reduce from 6.6% to 2.7%. The correlations, involving phenolic compounds (including phenolics, flavonoids, and isoflavones), demonstrated that the different phenolic extracts showed different antioxidant properties, which played an important role in soy oil‐residue phenolic fractions.

CONCLUSIONS

We suggest that soy oil residues could be used as ingredients in functional foods because of their health‐promoting attributes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.