bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toll‐like receptors in the functional orientation of cardiac progenitor cells
Authors: Yousefi Mohammadreza , Mamipour Mina , Sokullu Sadiye E. , Ghaderi Shahrooz , Amini Hassan , Rahbarghazi Reza
Published: April 2019

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the potential to differentiate into several cell lineages with the ability to restore in cardiac tissue. Multipotency and self‐renewal activity are the crucial characteristics of CPCs. Also, CPCs have promising therapeutic roles in cardiac diseases such as valvular disease, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, and cardiac remodeling. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), as the main part of the innate immunity, have a key role in the development and differentiation of immune cells. Some reports are found regarding the effect of TLRs in the maturation of stem cells. This article tried to find the potential role of TLRs in the dynamics of CPCs. By showing possible crosstalk between the TLR signaling pathways and CPCs dynamics, we could achieve a better conception related to TLRs in the regeneration of cardiac tissue.
Clinical practice guidelines for safe performance of endoscopic ultrasound/ultrasonography‐guided biliary drainage: 2018
Authors: Isayama Hiroyuki , Nakai Yousuke , Itoi Takao , Yasuda Ichiro , Kawakami Hiroshi , Ryozawa Shomei , Kitano Masayuki , Irisawa Atsushi , Katanuma Akio , Hara Kazuo , Iwashita Takuji , Fujita Naotaka , Yamao Kenji , Yoshida Masahiro , Inui Kazuo
Published: April 2019

Endoscopic ultrasound/ultrasonography‐guided biliary drainage (EUS‐BD) is a relatively new modality for biliary drainage after failed or difficult transpapillary biliary cannulation. Despite its clinical utility, EUS‐BD can be complicated by severe adverse events such as bleeding, perforation, and peritonitis. The aim of this paper is to provide practice guidelines for safe performance of EUS‐BD as well as safe introduction of the procedure to non‐expert centers. The guidelines comprised patient–intervention–comparison–outcome‐formatted clinical questions (CQs) and questions (Qs), which are background statements to facilitate understanding of the CQs. A literature search was performed using the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Statement, evidence level, and strength of recommendation were created according to the GRADE system. Four committees were organized: guideline creation, expert panelist, evaluation, and external evaluation committees. We developed 13 CQs (methods, device selection, supportive treatment, management of adverse events, education and ethics) and six Qs (definition, indication, outcomes and adverse events) with statements, evidence levels, and strengths of recommendation. The guidelines explain the technical aspects, management of adverse events, and ethics of EUS‐BD and its introduction to non‐expert institutions.
Computational Investigation of the Effect of Network Architecture on Mechanical Properties of Dynamically Cross‐Linked Polymer Materials
Authors: Zanjani Mehdi B. , Zhang Borui , Ahammed Ballal , Chamberlin Joseph P. , Chakma Progyateg , Konkolewicz Dominik , Ye Zhijiang
Published: April 2019

Dynamically cross‐linked polymer networks have attracted significant interest in recent years due to their unique and improved properties including increased toughness, malleability, shape memory, and self‐healing. Here, a computational study on the mechanical behavior of dynamically cross‐linked polymer networks is presented. Coarse grained models for different polymer network configurations are established and their mechanical properties using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are predicted. Consistent with the experimental measurements, the simulation results show that interpenetrating networks (IPN) withstand considerably higher stress compared to the single networks (SN). Additionally, the MD results demonstrate that the origin of this variation in mechanical behavior of IPN and SN configurations goes back to the difference in spatial degrees of freedom of the noncovalent cross‐linkers, represented by nonbonded interactions within the two system types. The results of this work provide new insight for future studies on the design of systems with dual dynamic cross‐linkers where one linkage exchanges rapidly and provides autonomic dynamic character, while the other is a stimulus responsive dynamic covalent linkage that provides stability with dynamic exchange on‐demand.
Dystonia in Handcuffs: A Picture Typical of Lesch‐Nyhan Syndrome
Authors: Menozzi Elisa , Latorre Anna , Balint Bettina , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: April 2019

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A Bizarre Gait as a Result of Overlapping Functional Disorder With Coffin–Lowry Syndrome
Authors: Brás Ana , Pedruco Alexandra , Maia Sofia , Fineza Isabel , Morgadinho Ana , Bento Conceição
Published: April 2019

View Supplementary Video 1
Temperature changes in the Heihe River Basin based on high accuracy surface modelling
Authors: Liu Yu , Yue Tianxiang , Jiao Yimeng , Zhao Na , Zhao Miaomiao
Published: April 2019

In the context of global warming, significant differences in temperature changes occur in different regions. Obtaining a more accurate temperature distribution is important for studying regional climate change. A high accuracy surface modeling (HASM) was introduced using the air temperature output from the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model as the driving field, and observation data from meteorological stations as the accuracy control conditions to obtain 30 years of high accuracy temperature fields in the Heihe River Basin. Verified by ground‐based observations, the WRF model has a limited ability to simulate temperature conditions and performs worse in low altitude areas and in winter. The fusion results of the HASM decrease the mean absolute error from 2.21 to 0.9°C and decrease the root mean square error from 2.58 to 1.16°C, thus significantly increasing the accuracy compared with the original simulation from the WRF model and resulting in a more reasonable temperature analysis. The Mann–Kendall test shows clear warming in the Heihe River Basin, but there is a mutation year of 1998 in winter and annual average. The space–time distributions of and variations in the temperature from the HASM results are also analysed by dividing the study period into three subperiods. The analysis shows consistent warming except for the winter 2001–2010 period compared with the winter 1991–2000 period, in which the northeast area of the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin was cool. Temperature changes in the Heihe River Basin also show that the sparsely populated Gobi Desert in the north and the southern high mountains show extreme sensitivity to climate change.
Analysis of growth functions that can increase irrigated wheat yield under climate change
Authors: Eyni‐Nargeseh Hamed , Deihimfard Reza , Rahimi‐Moghaddam Sajjad , Mokhtassi‐Bidgoli Ali
Published: April 2019

This study assessed the growth of wheat under climate change conditions (increases in CO2 and temperature) in southwestern Iran. Future climate data were projected using long‐term climate data for radiation and minimum and maximum temperatures for the baseline period 1980–2010. The future climate scenarios made use of delta changes from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in the R package of the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project for 2040–2070. After generating the weather data, the Agricultural Production System Simulator wheat model was applied to assess the potential impact of climate change on wheat yield and the relative growth rate, crop growth rate, total dry weight and leaf area index. Averaged across all locations, an increase of 1.6 and 2.3°C in annual temperature was projected under representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) and RCP8.5, respectively. The decrease in the average length of the growing season was 7.5 and 9.3% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, in the mid‐21st century with respect to baseline. The mean cumulative radiation will decrease by 11.6 and 14.3% averaged across all sites for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Grain yield will decrease at all sites for both RCPs. The greatest decrease in wheat yield was projected for Izeh under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (7.9 and 9.3%, respectively) for 2040–2070 relative to baseline. A greater grain yield at baseline than for the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios was closely related to higher leaf area index, relative growth rate and crop growth rate values during the reproductive phase. Thus, these parameters can be defined as indicators of crop yield.
Altered morphokinetics in equine embryos from oocytes exposed to DEHP during IVM
Authors: Marzano Giuseppina , Mastrorocco Antonella , Zianni Rosalia , Mangiacotti Michele , Chiaravalle Antonio E. , Lacalandra Giovanni M. , Minervini Fiorenza , Cardinali Angela , Macciocca Maria , Vicenti Rossella , Fabbri Raffaella , Hinrichs Katrin , Dell’Aquila Maria E. , Martino Nicola A.
Published: April 2019

Di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer with endocrine‐disrupting properties. In this study, we used an equine model to investigate DEHP concentrations in ovarian follicular fluid (FF), and to determine the effects of exposure of oocytes to potentially toxic concentrations of DEHP during in vitro maturation (IVM) on embryo development and quality. Embryo development was evaluated using time‐lapse monitoring (TLM), a photomicroscopic tool that reveals abnormalities in cleavage kinetics unobservable by conventional morphology assessment. Blastocyst bioenergetic/oxidative status was assessed by confocal analysis. The possibility that verbascoside (VB), a bioactive polyphenol with antioxidant activity, could counteract DEHP‐induced oocyte oxidative damage, was investigated. DEHP was detected in FF and in IVM media at concentrations up to 60 nM. Culture of oocytes in the presence of 500 nM DEHP delayed second polar body extrusion, reduced duration of the second cell cycle, and increased the percentage of embryos showing abrupt multiple cleavage, compared with controls. Mitochondrial activity and intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species were reduced in blastocysts from DEHP‐exposed oocytes. VB addition during IVM limited DEHP‐induced blastocyst damage. In conclusion, DEHP is detectable in equine FF and culture medium, and oocyte exposure to increased concentrations of DEHP during IVM affects preimplantation embryo development. Moreover, TLM, reported for the first time in the horse in this study, is an efficient tool for identifying altered morphokinetic parameters and cleavage abnormalities associated with exposure to toxic compounds.
An overview on the recent developments in polyaniline‐based supercapacitors
Authors: Banerjee Joyita , Dutta Kingshuk , Kader M. Abdul , Nayak Sanjay K.
Published: April 2019

With the ever‐increasing depletion of nonrenewable fossil fuel reserve, greater attention has been directed towards renewable energy storage devices. One of the most important of such devices is the supercapacitor, which exhibits high specific capacitance. Polyaniline (PAni) is a versatile conducting polymer, which has demonstrated excellent electrochemical properties along with good stability and ease of synthesis. Therefore, PAni has been extensively used in the fabrication of supercapacitors. In the last few decades, researchers have studied the effect of morphology, developed during the synthesis of PAni, on its electrochemical properties. It is known that the electrical conductivity and the electrochemical properties of PAni get influenced by the level and type of dopant used, the method of synthesis adopted, and the surface area and porosity possessed. However, it has been realized that supercapacitors based on PAni suffer from short cycle life. This led to development of PAni composites with carbon‐based materials and transition metal oxides. In this review, focus has been laid on the achieved performance levels of the recently developed PAni‐based supercapacitors. In addition, an attempt has been made to study the fundamental aspects of the conductivity and the electrochemical properties of PAni and their effect on the supercapacitor performance. Moreover, several new interesting applications of PAni‐based supercapacitors have also been included in this review.
Effects of halloysite nanotube on the performance of natural fiber filled poly(lactic acid) composites
Authors: Ertas Murat , Altuntas Ertugrul , Donmez Cavdar Ayfer
Published: April 2019

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) derived from renewable resources is an alternative to petroleum‐based polymers. In this work, natural fiber filled PLA‐halloysite nanotube (HNT) composites were prepared using melt blending followed by compression molding. Maleic anhydride grafted onto PLA (MA‐g‐PLA) was used to improve the interfacial bonding quality between hydrophobic and hydrophilic phases in the natural fiber filled PLA‐HNT composites. The performance properties of the natural fiber filled PLA‐HNT composites were characterized by tensile, flexural and impact tests, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DSC results showed that the loading of HNT could promote cold crystallization, and the improvement of crystallinity of the PLA‐HNT composites was by 16% with the addition of MA‐g‐PLA. The flexural and impact strengths of PLA‐HNT composites were not affected adversely up to 10 phr of HNT loading, but tensile strength of PLA‐HNT composites decreased gradually. In addition, numerous agglomerates of the nanotubes for PLA‐HNT composites with 15 phr loading of HNT were detected with SEM micrographs. However, moduli of elasticity of PLA‐HNT composites enhanced by 40% with increment of HNT loading in polymer matrix. Based on the findings, HNT could be used as nanofiller up to 10 phr in PLA matrix.
Laser ablation of polymers: a review
Authors: Ravi‐Kumar Sandeep , Lies Benjamin , Zhang Xiao , Lyu Hao , Qin Hantang
Published: April 2019

Laser ablation (LA), which employs a pulsed laser to remove materials from a substrate for generating micro‐/nanostructures, has tremendous applications in the fabrication of metals, ceramics, glasses and polymers. It has become a noteworthy approach for achieving various functional structures in engineering, chemistry, biology, medicine and other fields. Polymers are one such class of materials; they can be melted and vaporized at high temperature during the ablation process. A number of polymers have been researched as candidate substrates in LA, and many different structures and patterns have been realized by this method. The current states of research and progress are reviewed from basic concepts to optimal parameters, polymer types and applications. The significance of this paper is to provide a basis for follow‐up research that leads to the development of superior materials and high‐quality production through LA. In this review, we first introduce the basic concept of LA, including mechanism, laser types (millisecond, microsecond, nanosecond, picosecond and femtosecond) and influential parameters (wavelength, repetition rate, fluence and pulse duration). Then, we focus on several commonly used polymer materials and compare them in detail, including the effects of polymer properties, laser parameters and feature designs. Finally, we summarize the applications of various structures fabricated by LA in a variety of areas along with a perspective of the challenges in this research area. Overall, a thorough review of LA of several polymers is presented, which could pave the way for characterization of future novel materials. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Carrier Recombination, Long‐Wavelength Photoluminescence, and Stimulated Emission in HgCdTe Quantum Well Heterostructures
Authors: Rumyantsev Vladimir , Fadeev Mikhail , Aleshkin Vladimir , Kulikov Nikita , Utochkin Vladimir , Mikhailov Nikolai , Dvoretskii Sergey , Pavlov Sergey , Hübers Heinz‐Wilhelm , Gavrilenko Vladimir , Sirtori Carlo , Krasilnik Zakhary F. , Morozov Sergey
Published: April 2019

Interband photoluminescence (PL) and stimulation emission (SE) from HgTe/HgCdTe quantum well (QW) heterostructures are studied in 5–20 µm wavelength range in regard to long‐wavelength lasing applications. The authors obtain carrier lifetimes using time‐resolved photoconductivity measurements and show that the dominating mechanism of carrier recombination changes from the radiative process to the non‐radiative one as the bandgap is decreased, limiting the “operating” temperature for SE. The authors suggest that decreasing the QW width should reverse the balance in carrier recombination in favor of radiative processes and demonstrate 75 K improvement in the “operating” temperature in structure with narrower QW.
High‐Speed Bipolar Switching of Sputtered Ge–Te/Sb–Te Superlattice iPCM with Enhanced Cyclability
Authors: Mitrofanov Kirill V. , Saito Yuta , Miyata Noriyuki , Fons Paul , Kolobov Alexander V. , Tominaga Junji
Published: April 2019

Ge–Sb–Te alloy based phase‐change memory devices have recently been shown to be switchable in a bipolar mode. However, to date bipolar switching has only been demonstrated at relatively low speeds (on the order of tens of µs), and with endurance limited to 104 switching cycles. In this work, in lieu of a Ge–Sb–Te alloy, fast and durable bipolar switching is demonstrated in interfacial phase change memory (iPCM). It is revealed that in iPCM devices, bipolar switching can be carried out at least a factor of 1000 times faster and with at least 1000 times greater endurance than in conventional Ge–Sb–Te alloy based phase‐change devices. Additionally, bipolar switching was found to exhibit a larger RESET to SET resistance ratio and lower power consumption compared to conventional Ge–Sb–Te alloy based devices.
Preparation of Efficient TS‐1 with Small Particle Size and Enhanced Framework Ti
Authors: Shakeri Mozaffar , Dehghanpour Safoura Bakhodaye
Published: April 2019

Crystal size and framework Ti content are two main factors which influence catalytic performances of TS‐1 catalysts. Control over the crystal size and framework Ti of TS‐1 through the synthesis of TS‐1 in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) is reported. The crystal size of TS‐1 sample synthesized in the presence of PEG, TS‐1‐PEG was 230 nm. However, the size of TS‐1 synthesized without PEG, standard sample, was 290 nm. The TS‐1‐PEG possess higher amount of framework Ti content and less anatase TiO2 in comparison with TS‐1. The catalytic reaction tests showed superior activity of TS‐1‐PEG toward hydroxylation of phenol and oxidation of dibenzothiophene, deep desulfurization of fuels, as a result of cooperative effects of smaller particle size and higher framework Ti content. Consequently, using safe and un‐expensive PEG polymer is a powerful approach to synthesize TS‐1 with small crystal size and high framework Ti content to make efficient TS‐1 catalyst.
Psychological characteristics and physiological reactivity to acute stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Pattini Elena , Carnevali Luca , Troisi Alfonso , Matrella Guido , Rollo Dolores , Fornari Mauro , Sgoifo Andrea
Published: April 2019

Stress related to parenting a child with autism spectrum disorder can differently affect caregiver's physiological reactivity to acute stress. Here, parental stress levels, psychological characteristics, and coping strategies were assessed alongside measures of heart rate, heart rate variability, and cortisol during a psychosocial stress test in mothers of children with ASD (M‐ASD, n = 15) and mothers of typically developing children (n = 15). M‐ASD reported significantly higher levels of parental stress, anxiety, negative affectivity, social inhibition, and a larger preference for avoidance strategies. M‐ASD showed larger heart rate and cortisol responses to the psychosocial stress test. A positive relationship was found between parental stress levels and the magnitude of the cortisol stress response in both groups. The present findings indicate exaggerated physiological reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in M‐ASD and prompt further research to explore the role of individual differences in mediating the effects of parental stress on physiological stress responses.
Sensors, Imaging Agents, and Theranostics to Help Understand and Treat Reactive Oxygen Species Related Diseases
Authors: Yan Kai‐Cheng , Sedgwick Adam C. , Zang Yi , Chen Guo‐Rong , He Xiao‐Peng , Li Jia , Yoon Juyoung , James Tony D.
Published: April 2019

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) consist of a diverse range of oxidative small molecular ions and free radicals that are produced throughout the body during certain biological processes. Due to their high reactivity, these molecules result in the damage of tissues and cells. Therefore, ROS have been implicated in an array of diseases including cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Owing to the simplicity, sensitivity, and selectivity of fluorescence‐based strategies, many small‐molecular sensors or imaging agents have been developed to sense and visualize ROS both in vitro and in vivo. Likewise, activatable drug delivery and prodrug systems that can be triggered by ROS for disease theranostics (diagnostic and therapeutic combined) have been developed. Herein, recently developed fluorescence‐based sensing and imaging agents for the detection of ROS both intracellularly and in vivo are summarized. In addition, drug delivery, which require activation by ROS to achieve disease theranostics is also discussed.
Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cell with Large Active Area of 216 cm2 and High Power Conversion Efficiency of 7.7%
Authors: Huang Kuan-Min , Lin Chih-Ming , Chen Szu-Han , Li Cheng-Sian , Hu Chen-Hsuan , Zhang Yu , Meng Hsin-Fei , Chang Chih-Yu , Chao Yu-Chiang , Zan Hsiao-Wen , Huo Lijun , Yu Peichen
Published: April 2019

A polymer solar cell involving a nonfullerene acceptor is made by blade coating. In the ternary bulk‐heterojunction layer, the donor is poly[(2,6‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b’]dithiophene))‐co‐(1,3‐di(5‐thiophene‐2‐yl)‐ 5,7‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo[1,2‐c:4,5‐c’]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione)] (PBDB‐T) and the acceptor is a mixture of 3,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐indanone))‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐dithieno[2,3‐d:2’,3’‐d’]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b’]dithiophene) (ITIC) and [6,6]‐phenyl C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM). The device structure is an indium tin oxide (ITO)‐coated glass substrate/PEDOT:PSS/ternary active layer/interfacial layer/Al. For a small active area of 0.04 cm2, the best power conversion efficiency is 9.8% with the LiF interfacial layer. For a large active area of 216 cm2, the best efficiency is 7.7% with the ZrOx interfacial layer. After annealing at 85 °C for 30 days, the large‐area device keeps 75% of the initial efficiency. The efficiency of 4.9% is achieved for a large‐area semi‐transparent device.
Correction to: High-yield production of l-serine from glycerol by engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: Zhang Xiaomei , Zhang Dong , Zhu Jiafen , Liu Wang , Xu Guoqiang , Zhang Xiaojuan , Shi Jinsong , Xu Zhenghong
Published: April 2019

Unfortunately, the order of the figures 1-4 has been positioned wrongly in the print published article
What Happens When Adequate Vascular Access Cannot Be Provided for Major Surgery (Liver Transplantation)?
Authors: Milan Zoka , Agrawal Sanjay , Katyayani Katyayani , Sharma Nikhil
Published: April 2019

Highlights

Although not traditionally accepted as a viable central access during liver transplant, this case illustrates that in certain situations femoral central access can be successful When dealing with patients who require constant vascular access from a very early age, potential large vein thromboses should be considered Thromboprophylaxis initiation should be considered at a very early stage
The tripartite tragedy: Alcohol and other drugs, intimate partner violence and child abuse
Authors: Hameed Mohajer Abbass
Published: April 2019

The relationship between alcohol and other drugs (AOD) misuse and intimate partner violence (IPV) is well established. However, there is a pressing need for knowledge translation in relation to the association between AOD, IPV and child abuse and neglect. A substantial number of research studies and literature reviews on the relationship between AOD and IPV have appeared over the past several decades. However, heterogeneity across the literature reviews and findings, as well as in methodological differences and limitations, may contribute to interpretive difficulties that confound conclusions and/or create confusion among the researchers, practitioners and policy makers who turn to this literature for guidance in their research, treatment and policy decisions. To address this issue, this paper examines the evidence on the topic of AOD and IPV through a focused review-of-reviews methodology to compare and synthesise the overall patterns of findings derived from several reviews that have investigated the literature on the relationship between AOD and IPV. The results derived from the review-of-reviews are synthesised and integrated to present an understanding of the association between AOD and IPV in reference to child abuse and neglect. The limitations for research and practice are discussed, placing particular focus on knowledge translation in relation to child welfare policy and parents and children involved with child protection authorities.
Clinical Technique, Tacit Resistance: Progressive Education Experimentation in the Jim Crow South
Authors: Wraga William G.
Published: April 2019

Around 1940, the Southern Association Study in Secondary Schools and Colleges and the Secondary School Study of the Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools for Negroes implemented cooperative educational experimentation in the American South. This was a progressive education method for improving schools exemplified in the national Eight-Year Study. The research detailed here reconstructs the work of the two southern studies as it occurred in tandem and in connection with the Eight-Year Study and the General Education Board. The white Southern Study utilized the progressive cooperative study as a clinical technique largely divorced from democratic ideals. The black Secondary School Study leveraged the progressive cooperative study as a means to democratize African American education in the South. The findings reported here confirm and complement conclusions in the historiography of African American education, extend historical perspectives on the Eight-Year Study, and contribute to an understanding of how progressive education was interpreted and translated into practice.
Current Sample Preparation and Analytical Capabilities of the Radiocarbon Laboratory at CologneAMS
Authors: Rethemeyer J , Gierga M , Heinze S , Stolz A , Wotte A , Wischhöfer P , Berg S , Melchert JO , Dewald A
Published: April 2019

This work summarizes the methodical capabilities, improvements, and new developments in the radiocarbon laboratory of the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) facility at the University of Cologne, Germany, which was established in 2010. During the past years, the laboratory has specialized in the analysis of small and gaseous samples. We thus, recently installed a second ion source dedicated for radiocarbon (14C) analysis of CO2 samples at our 6 MV Tandetron AMS from High Voltage Engineering Europe B.V. that is coupled with the gas injection system from Ionplus and an EuroVector EA 3000 elemental analyzer. This work summarizes all pretreatment methods and analytical facilities established in our laboratory during the last years including 14C analysis of individual organic compounds and of CO2 trapped on molecular sieves. We also report different blank values including our long-term blank since 2011, which is for normal-sized, solid samples (650–1000 µg C) 0.0012 ± 0.0004 F14C (54,305 ± 2581 yr BP, n = 484). The precision obtained for modern samples measured as graphite is 0.5% and for gaseous samples injected with the GIS ≤2%.
Penser la tradition juridique occidentale
Authors: Madero Marta
Published: April 2019

L’oeuvre de Yan Thomas a profondément marqué la recherche récente dans le domaine de l’histoire du droit. Deux convictions essentielles articulent son travail: d’une part, une aversion profonde pour les lectures doctrinales et un intérêt d’une intensité égale pour la casuistique; de l’autre, la certitude que la fiction, technique qui caractérise le droit romain, est la clef de lecture de la tradition juridique occidentale. L’article propose un cheminement en compagnie des travaux du juriste récemment disparu où l’on reprend les thèmes majeurs d’une réflexion qui permit d’assigner au droit une place consciente de sa spécificité dans le cadre d’un dialogue renouvelé avec les sciences sociales.
A re-evaluation of the Hart Ash, an important stratigraphic marker: Wright Valley, Antarctica
Authors: Schiller M. , Dickinson W.W. , Iverson N.A. , Baker J.A.
Published: April 2019

Reliably dated surficial deposits for reconstructing palaeoclimate are rare in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. While many tephra have been found and dated, none is well characterized. In the Wright Valley, the Hart Ash is poorly dated and described. This paper reports profiles through tephra, the chemical signature of the glass shards and new high-precision multi-crystal laser fusion of 40Ar/39Ar ages. Major and trace element analyses of glass shards indicate the tephra are phonolitic and most probably sourced from Mount Discovery in the Erebus volcanic province. Two chemically distinct and stratigraphically separate tephra layers within the Hart Ash were found in three closely spaced soil profiles. The complex stratigraphy between these profiles could not be delineated without the geochemistry of the tephra. Importantly, our data suggest that only one tephra may be an in situ fall-out deposit, which gave a robust age of 2.97 ± 0.02 Ma. This new age for the Hart Ash tephra, which is 10 cm thick and is preserved at the current surface, provides a maximum age for surface deposits in the lower Wright Valley. This study highlights that well-characterized tephra enhance stratigraphic correlations in the Dry Valleys and improve the accuracy of palaeoenvironmental interpretations.
Tracking Seasonal Fluctuations in Land Water Storage Using Global Models and GRACE Satellites
Authors: Scanlon B. R. , Zhang Z. , Rateb A. , Sun A. , Wiese D. , Save H. , Beaudoing H. , Lo M. H. , Müller‐Schmied H. , Döll P. , van Beek R. , Swenson S. , Lawrence D. , Croteau M. , Reedy R. C.
Published: April 2019

Seasonal water storage fluctuations are critical for evaluating water scarcity linked to climate forcing and human intervention. Here we compare seasonal changes in land total water storage anomalies using seven global hydrologic and land surface models (WGHM, PCR‐GLOBWB, and five GLDAS models) to GRACE satellite data in 183 river basins globally. This work builds on previous analysis that focused on total water storage anomaly trends. Results show that most models underestimate seasonal water storage amplitudes in tropical and (semi)arid basins and land surface models generally overestimate amplitudes in northern basins. Some models (CLM‐5.0 and PCR‐GLOBWB) agree better with GRACE than others. Causes of model‐GRACE discrepancies are attributed to missing storage compartments (e.g., surface water and/or groundwater) and underestimation of modeled storage capacities in tropical basins and to variations in modeled fluxes in northern basins. This study underscores the importance of considering water storage, in addition to water fluxes, to improve global models.
Influences of Random Surface Waves on the Estimates of Wind Energy Input to the Ekman Layer in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Region
Authors: Zhang Yuming , Song Zhaoyang , Wu Kejian , Shi Yongfang
Published: April 2019

Sea surface waves significantly affect the wind energy input to the Ekman layer in the upper ocean. In the study, we first incorporated the wave‐induced Coriolis‐Stokes forcing, the reduction of wind stress caused by wave generation, and wave dissipation into the classical Ekman model to investigate the kinetic energy balance in the wave‐affected Ekman layer. Then, both the theoretical steady state solution for the idealized condition and the nonsteady state solution for the realistic ocean were derived. Total energy input to the wave‐affected Ekman layer includes the wind stress energy input and the wave‐induced energy input. Based on the WAVEWATCH III model, the wave spectrum was simulated to represent realistic random directional wave conditions. The wind stress energy input and the wave‐induced energy input to the wave‐affected Ekman layer in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the period from 1988 to 2010 were then calculated. The annual mean total energy input in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current region was 402.5 GW and the proportions of the wind stress energy input and the wave‐induced energy input were, respectively, 85% and 15%. Particularly, total energy input in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the wave‐affected Ekman layer model was 59.8% lower than that in the classical Ekman model. We conclude that surface waves play a significant role in the wind energy input to the Ekman layer.
Global Occurrences of Electrostatic Electron Cyclotron Harmonic Waves Associated With Radiation Belt Electron Distributions
Authors: Chen Yaru , Zhou Qinghua , He Yihua , Yang Chang , Liu Si , Gao Zhonglei , Xiao Fuliang
Published: April 2019

Electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves can yield diffuse aurora primarily at higher L‐shells by driving efficient precipitation loss of plasma sheet electrons. Here using the Van Allen Probes high resolution data, we examine in detail the global occurrences of ECH waves during the period from 1 October 2012 to 30 June 2017 and find that there are totally 419 events of enhanced ECH waves. The statistical results demonstrate that ECH waves can be present over a broad region of L = 4–6 and 00–24 MLT, with a higher occurrence in the region of L = 5–6 and 06–19 MLT. The electron phase space density exhibits a distinct ring distribution (∂f/∂v⊥ > 0) with the peak energy around a few kiloelectron volts. Both ECH wave events and the electron ring distributions are closely related and tend to be more distinct with increasing geomagnetic activity.
Observational Evidence of Mixed Rossby‐Gravity Waves as a Driving Force for the MJO Convective Initiation and Propagation
Authors: Takasuka Daisuke , Satoh Masaki , Yokoi Satoru
Published: April 2019

Based on observational data analyses of a Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) event during the field campaign of the Years of the Maritime Continent Project, we propose a new mechanism for MJO convective initiation and propagation to which mixed Rossby‐gravity waves (MRGs) contribute significantly. The intensive observation captured midtropospheric wind variations associated with MRGs, and those signals propagated westward over the Indian Ocean in the MJO‐suppressed phase. The transition to the MJO active phase follows tight MRG‐convection coupling, which is enhanced when the wavelength becomes shorter due to weak midlevel convergence in the western Indian Ocean. Basin‐scale anomalous midtropospheric moistening caused by MRG shallow circulations also contributes. These processes lead to the lower‐tropospheric MRG wave packet formation and successive triggering of MJO convection, with the eastward MRG group velocity corresponding to MJO propagation. Additional analysis for other MJO cases implicates potential for robustness of this MJO‐MRG relationship.
Differential lipid composition and regulation along the hippocampal longitudinal axis
Authors: Miranda André Miguel , Bravo Francisca Vaz , Chan Robin B. , Sousa Nuno , Di Paolo Gilbert , Oliveira Tiago Gil
Published: April 2019

Lipids are major constituents of the brain largely implicated in physiological and pathological processes. The hippocampus is a complex brain structure involved in learning, memory and emotional responses, and its functioning is also affected in various disorders. Despite conserved intrinsic circuitry, behavioral and anatomical studies suggest the existence of a structural and functional gradient along the hippocampal longitudinal axis. Here, we used an unbiased mass spectrometry approach to characterize the lipid composition of distinct hippocampal subregions. In addition, we evaluated the susceptibility of each area to lipid modulation by corticosterone (CORT), an important mediator of the effects of stress. We confirmed a great similarity between hippocampal subregions relatively to other brain areas. Moreover, we observed a continuous molecular gradient along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus, with the dorsal and ventral extremities differing significantly from each other, particularly in the relative abundance of sphingolipids and phospholipids. Also, whereas chronic CORT exposure led to remodeling of triacylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol species in both hippocampal poles, our study suggests that the ventral hippocampus is more sensitive to CORT-induced changes, with regional modulation of ceramide, dihydrosphingomyelin and phosphatidic acid. Thus, our results confirm a multipartite molecular view of dorsal-ventral hippocampal axis and emphasize lipid metabolites as candidate effectors of glucocorticoid signaling, mediating regional susceptibility to neurological disorders associated with stress.
Mendelian randomization analysis using mixture models for robust and efficient estimation of causal effects
Authors: Qi Guanghao , Chatterjee Nilanjan
Published: April 2019

Mendelian randomization (MR) has emerged as a major tool for the investigation of causal relationship among traits, utilizing results from large-scale genome-wide association studies. Bias due to horizontal pleiotropy, however, remains a major concern. We propose a novel approach for robust and efficient MR analysis using large number of genetic instruments, based on a novel spike-detection algorithm under a normal-mixture model for underlying effect-size distributions. Simulations show that the new method, MRMix, provides nearly unbiased or/and less biased estimates of causal effects compared to alternative methods and can achieve higher efficiency than comparably robust estimators. Application of MRMix to publicly available datasets leads to notable observations, including identification of causal effects of BMI and age-at-menarche on the risk of breast cancer; no causal effect of HDL and triglycerides on the risk of coronary artery disease; a strong detrimental effect of BMI on the risk of major depressive disorder.
Human pre-valvular endocardial cells derived from pluripotent stem cells recapitulate cardiac pathophysiological valvulogenesis
Authors: Neri Tui , Hiriart Emilye , van Vliet Patrick P. , Faure Emilie , Norris Russell A. , Farhat Batoul , Jagla Bernd , Lefrancois Julie , Sugi Yukiko , Moore-Morris Thomas , Zaffran Stéphane , Faustino Randolph S. , Zambon Alexander C. , Desvignes Jean-Pierre , Salgado David , Levine Robert A. , de la Pompa Jose Luis , Terzic André , Evans Sylvia M. , Markwald Roger , Pucéat Michel
Published: April 2019

Genetically modified mice have advanced our understanding of valve development and disease. Yet, human pathophysiological valvulogenesis remains poorly understood. Here we report that, by combining single cell sequencing and in vivo approaches, a population of human pre-valvular endocardial cells (HPVCs) can be derived from pluripotent stem cells. HPVCs express gene patterns conforming to the E9.0 mouse atrio-ventricular canal (AVC) endocardium signature. HPVCs treated with BMP2, cultured on mouse AVC cushions, or transplanted into the AVC of embryonic mouse hearts, undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and express markers of valve interstitial cells of different valvular layers, demonstrating cell specificity. Extending this model to patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells recapitulates features of mitral valve prolapse and identified dysregulation of the SHH pathway. Concurrently increased ECM secretion can be rescued by SHH inhibition, thus providing a putative therapeutic target. In summary, we report a human cell model of valvulogenesis that faithfully recapitulates valve disease in a dish.
Identification of peripheral neural circuits that regulate heart rate using optogenetic and viral vector strategies
Authors: Rajendran Pradeep S. , Challis Rosemary C. , Fowlkes Charless C. , Hanna Peter , Tompkins John D. , Jordan Maria C. , Hiyari Sarah , Gabris-Weber Beth A. , Greenbaum Alon , Chan Ken Y. , Deverman Benjamin E. , Münzberg Heike , Ardell Jeffrey L. , Salama Guy , Gradinaru Viviana , Shivkumar Kalyanam
Published: April 2019

Heart rate is under the precise control of the autonomic nervous system. However, the wiring of peripheral neural circuits that regulate heart rate is poorly understood. Here, we develop a clearing-imaging-analysis pipeline to visualize innervation of intact hearts in 3D and employed a multi-technique approach to map parasympathetic and sympathetic neural circuits that control heart rate in mice. We identify cholinergic neurons and noradrenergic neurons in an intrinsic cardiac ganglion and the stellate ganglia, respectively, that project to the sinoatrial node. We also report that the heart rate response to optogenetic versus electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve displays different temporal characteristics and that vagal afferents enhance parasympathetic and reduce sympathetic tone to the heart via central mechanisms. Our findings provide new insights into neural regulation of heart rate, and our methodology to study cardiac circuits can be readily used to interrogate neural control of other visceral organs.
High-fidelity spin and optical control of single silicon-vacancy centres in silicon carbide
Authors: Nagy Roland , Niethammer Matthias , Widmann Matthias , Chen Yu-Chen , Udvarhelyi Péter , Bonato Cristian , Hassan Jawad Ul , Karhu Robin , Ivanov Ivan G. , Son Nguyen Tien , Maze Jeronimo R. , Ohshima Takeshi , Soykal Öney O. , Gali Ádám , Lee Sang-Yun , Kaiser Florian , Wrachtrup Jörg
Published: April 2019

Scalable quantum networking requires quantum systems with quantum processing capabilities. Solid state spin systems with reliable spin–optical interfaces are a leading hardware in this regard. However, available systems suffer from large electron–phonon interaction or fast spin dephasing. Here, we demonstrate that the negatively charged silicon-vacancy centre in silicon carbide is immune to both drawbacks. Thanks to its 4A2 symmetry in ground and excited states, optical resonances are stable with near-Fourier-transform-limited linewidths, allowing exploitation of the spin selectivity of the optical transitions. In combination with millisecond-long spin coherence times originating from the high-purity crystal, we demonstrate high-fidelity optical initialization and coherent spin control, which we exploit to show coherent coupling to single nuclear spins with ∼1 kHz resolution. The summary of our findings makes this defect a prime candidate for realising memory-assisted quantum network applications using semiconductor-based spin-to-photon interfaces and coherently coupled nuclear spins.
Author Correction: A quantitative study on growth variability and production of ochratoxin A and its derivatives by A. carbonarius and A. niger in grape-based medium
Authors: Freire Luísa , Guerreiro Tatiane M. , Pia Arthur K. R. , Lima Estela O. , Oliveira Diogo N. , Melo Carlos F. O. R. , Catharino Rodrigo R. , Sant’Ana Anderson S.
Published: April 2019

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Automation of the kidney function prediction and classification through ultrasound-based kidney imaging using deep learning
Authors: Kuo Chin-Chi , Chang Chun-Min , Liu Kuan-Ting , Lin Wei-Kai , Chiang Hsiu-Yin , Chung Chih-Wei , Ho Meng-Ru , Sun Pei-Ran , Yang Rong-Lin , Chen Kuan-Ta
Published: April 2019

Prediction of kidney function and chronic kidney disease (CKD) through kidney ultrasound imaging has long been considered desirable in clinical practice because of its safety, convenience, and affordability. However, this highly desirable approach is beyond the capability of human vision. We developed a deep learning approach for automatically determining the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and CKD status. We exploited the transfer learning technique, integrating the powerful ResNet model pretrained on an ImageNet dataset in our neural network architecture, to predict kidney function based on 4,505 kidney ultrasound images labeled using eGFRs derived from serum creatinine concentrations. To further extract the information from ultrasound images, we leveraged kidney length annotations to remove the peripheral region of the kidneys and applied various data augmentation schemes to produce additional data with variations. Bootstrap aggregation was also applied to avoid overfitting and improve the model’s generalization. Moreover, the kidney function features obtained by our deep neural network were used to identify the CKD status defined by an eGFR of <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. A Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.741 indicated the strong relationship between artificial intelligence (AI)- and creatinine-based GFR estimations. Overall CKD status classification accuracy of our model was 85.6% —higher than that of experienced nephrologists (60.3%–80.1%). Our model is the first fundamental step toward realizing the potential of transforming kidney ultrasound imaging into an effective, real-time, distant screening tool. AI-GFR estimation offers the possibility of noninvasive assessment of kidney function, a key goal of AI-powered functional automation in clinical practice.
Biological physically unclonable function
Authors: Wali Akshay , Dodda Akhil , Wu Yang , Pannone Andrew , Reddy Usthili Likhith Kumar , Ozdemir Sahin Kaya , Ozbolat Ibrahim Tarik , Das Saptarshi
Published: April 2019

Information security is one of the foundational requirements for any modern society thriving on digital connectivity. At present, information security is accomplished either through software algorithms or hardware protocols. Software algorithms use pseudo random numbers generated by one-way mathematical functions that are computationally robust in the classical era, but are shown to become vulnerable in the post-quantum era. Hardware security overcomes such limitations through physically unclonable functions (PUFs) that exploit manufacturing process variations in the physical microstructures of Si integrated circuits to obtain true random numbers. However, recent upsurge in reverse engineering strategies make Si-PUFs vulnerable to various attacks. Moreover, Si-PUFs are low-entropy, power-hungry, and area-inefficient. Here we introduce a biological PUF which exploits the inherent randomness found in the colonized populations of T cells and is difficult to reverse engineer and at the same time is high-entropy, non-volatile, reconfigurable, ultra-low-power, low-cost, and environment friendly.
Deoxydehydration of glycerol in presence of rhenium compounds: reactivity and mechanistic aspects
Authors: Lupacchini Massimiliano , Mascitti Andrea , Canale Valentino , Tonucci Lucia , Colacino Evelina , Passacantando Maurizio , Marrone Alessandro , d'Alessandro Nicola
Published: April 2019

Re compounds in different oxidation states are activated during a delay time into an active Re alkoxide precipitate catalysing the DODH of glycerol.
Collagen peptide-loaded W1/O single emulsions and W1/O/W2 double emulsions: influence of collagen peptide and salt concentration, dispersed phase fraction and type of hydrophilic emulsifier on droplet stability and encapsulation efficiency
Authors: Jo Yeon-Ji , Karbstein Heike Petra , van der Schaaf Ulrike Sabine
Published: April 2019

Collagen peptide-loaded double emulsions are developed by using various formulation parameters to utilize as food-grade functional ingredients with excellent droplet stability and encapsulation efficiency of collagen peptide.