bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation and Stability Indicating RP‐HPLC Method for the Determination of Sildenafil Citrate in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Plasma
Authors: Reddy B. Prasanna Kumar , Reddy Y. Ramanjaneya
Published: March 2012

A simple, selective, accurate reverse phase‐high performance liquid chromatographic (RP‐HPLC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of sildenafil citrate in pharmaceutical formulations. Chromatographic separation achieved isocratically on a C18 column (Use Inertsil C18, 5μ , 150 mm x 4.6 mm) utilizing a mobile phase of acetonitrile/phosphate buffer (70:30, v/v, pH 7.0) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/m with UV detection at 228 nm. The retention time was 4.087. The method is accurate (99.15‐101.85%), precise (intra‐day variation 0.13‐1.56% and inter‐day variation 0.30‐1.60%) and linear within range 0.1‐30 μg/mL (R2=0.999) concentration and was successfully used in monitoring left over drug. The detection limit of sildenafil citrate at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3 was 1.80 ng/mL in human plasma while quantification limit in human serum was 5.60 ng/mL. The proposed method is applicable to stability studies and routine analysis of sildenafil citrate in pharmaceutical formulations as well as in human plasma samples.
Sensitive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Revanasiddappa H. D. , Veena M. A.
Published: March 2012

Two simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods (A and B) have been described for the determination of ascorbic acid. Method A is based on the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) by known excess of Se(IV) in hydrochloric acid medium and subsequent determination of unreacted Se(IV) by reacting it with iodide in the same acid medium to liberate iodine, which react with starch to form a stable blue coloured iodine‐starch complex, which shows maximum absorbance at 590 nm. Method B is based on the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) by known excess of Cr(VI) in sulphuric acid medium and the determination of unreacted Cr(VI) with diphenyl carbazide (DPC) under the same acidic medium to produce a stable red‐violet coloured species, which shows a maximum absorbance at 550 nm. The reacted oxidants (in methods A and B) correspond to the AA content. The apparent molar absorptivity values are found to be 1.627×104 and 1.641×104 L mol-1 cm-1 for methods A and B, respectively. The proposed methods are simple, sensitive and suitable for the routine analysis of AA in pharmaceutical formulations and in real samples.
Studies on the Influence of Monomers on the Performance Properties of Epoxy Acrylate Resin
Authors: Sharma Amrita , Agarwal Devendra , Singh Jagabir
Published: March 2012

Twelve blend samples were prepared by physical mixing of epoxy acrylate resins with various monomers viz. ethoxylated phenol monoacrylate (EOPA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and trimethylol propane tri acrylate(TMPTA), having weight ratio of epoxy acrylate resin and monomers are 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20. These samples were cured under UV radiation using 5% photo initiator by weight. These blends were evaluated for mechanical, chemical & thermal properties. It was found that the sample having mono & tri functional monomers shows better properties than the samples having di functional monomer.
Anti‐Inflammatory Activity of Hydroxytriazenes and their Vanadium Complexes
Authors: Singh Kalpana , Patel Peeyush , Goswami A. K.
Published: March 2012

The anti‐inflammatory activity of hydroxytriazenes as well as their vanadium complexes has been studied using carrageenan induced hind paw oedema method in albino rats (Wister strain). Hydroxytriazenes viz., 3‐hydroxy‐1,3‐diphenyltriazene (HT-1), 3‐hydroxy‐3‐phenyl‐1‐(4‐sulfonamido)phenyl triazene (HT-2), 3‐hydroxy‐3‐p‐chlorophenyl‐1‐(4‐sulfonamido) phenyltriazene (HT-3), 3‐hydroxy‐3‐m‐chlorophenyl‐1‐(4‐sulfonamido)phenyltriazene (HT-4)(HT‐4) and their respective vanadium complexes C‐1, C‐2, C‐3 and C‐4 have been synthesized using standard methods, purified, characterized and used for studying their anti‐inflammatory activities. The hind paw oedema was produced by subplanter injection of carrageenan and the paw volume was measured plethysmographically after 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5 h. The animals were given HT-1, HT-2, HT-3 and HT-4 and also vanadium complexes C‐1, C‐2, C‐3 and C‐4 dissolved in DMSO (at dose 5 mg/Kg body weight). Diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg) was used as a standard drug. The standard drug shows maximum inibition up to 1h as 81.73% which goes on increasing up to 3h (88.94%) but further reduces to 74.93% at the end of 5 h. The test compounds i.e. both ligands as well as their metal complexes show maximum percent inhibition only up to 1h. after which the efficacy reduces. Thus it can be said that both ligands as well as their vanadium complexes show very significant anti‐inflammatory activity up to 1h which is comparable to standard drug.
Synthesis of Benzofuro[3,2‐e]‐1,4‐diazepines of Pharmacological Interest
Authors: Basavaraja K. M. , Vaidya V. P. , Chandrashekhar C.
Published: March 2012

The title compounds (4a,b) were prepared by chloroacetylation of 2‐acyl‐3‐aminobenzofuran(1a,b) and subsequent treatment with hexamethylene tetramine in ethanol via the complex salts (3a,b). Similar reaction with ethyl 3‐aminobenzofuran‐2 carboxylate (5) produced 3H‐benzofuro[3,2‐e]‐1,4‐diazepin2,5(1H,4H)‐dione (7) in good yield. All the newly synthesized compounds are characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies, and evaluated for antimicrobial and anticonvulsant activities.
Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Some Drugs Using Fast Red B Salt
Authors: Abul Khier Afaf , Elhenawee Magda M. , Elmasry Manal S.
Published: March 2012

A simple spectrophorometric method for the determination of secnidazole, niclosamide, nifuroxazide and sulphasalzine is described. The method is based on reduction of the nitro group present in secnidazole and niclosamide molecule using zinc powder and dilute hydrochloric acid followed by reaction with fast red B salt in presence of ammonium chloride and sodium hydroxide, while in case of nifuroxazide and sulphasalazine the reaction takes place directly without any prior reduction between the phenolic group present in each drug and fast red B salt in presence of sodium hydroxide. Beer′s law is valid in the concentration ranges 2.5‐15, 1.25‐10, 2.5‐15, and 2.5‐13.75 μg.mL-1 for secnidazole, niclosamide, nifuroxazide and sulphasalazine respectively. The proposed method is applied successfully for the estimation of the mentioned drugs either in pure form or in their pharmaceutical formulations.
Estimation of Levetiracetam in Tablet Dosage Form by RP‐HPLC
Authors: Raju N. Appala , Rao J. Venkateswara , Prakash K. Vanitha , Mukkanti K. , Srinivasu K.
Published: March 2012

A simple, precise, rapid and accurate reverse phase HPLC method developed for the estimation of levetiracetam in tablet dosage form. A Sun Fire C18, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm partical size, with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.03 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH adjusted to 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid) in the ratio of 15:85 v/v was used. The flow rate was 1 mL /min and the effluents were monitored at 210 nm. The retention time was 5.53 min. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 20‐240 μg/mL. The respective linear regression equation being Y= 22119.684 x 6829.3428. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 0.16 and 0.5 μg/mL respectively. The percentage assay of levetiracetam was 99.87%. The method was validated by determining its accuracy, precision and system suitability. The results of the study showed that the proposed RP‐HPLC method is simple, rapid, precise and accurate, which is useful for the routine determination of levetiracetam in bulk drug and in its pharmaceutical dosage form.
Investigation of Citrus aurantiifolia Leaves Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 1 M HCL
Authors: Saratha R. , Priya S. V. , Thilagavathy P.
Published: March 2012

The inhibition efficiency of acid extract of leaves of Citrus aurantiifolia [CAL] plant on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl was investigated by weight loss measurements and electrochemical studies. The corrosion rate of mild steel and the inhibition efficiencies of the extract were calculated. The results obtained show that the extract could serve as an effective inhibitor for the corrosion of mild steel in HCl media. Inhibition was found to increase with increasing concentration of the plant extract. The inhibitive action of plant extract is discussed on the basis of adsorption of stable complex at the mild steel surface. Theoretical fitting of different isotherms, Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich, Frumkin, Flory‐Huggins and the kinetic thermodynamic model, were tested to clarify the nature of adsorption. Polarisation curves revealed that this inhibitor act as a mixed type inhibitor and the inhibition efficiency of up to 97.91% can be obtained. The surface analysis study confirms the corrosion of mild steel and its inhibition by the inhibitor CAL.
Mixed Surfactant Template Method for Preparation of Nanometer Selenium
Authors: Li Zhi-Lin , Hua Peng-Min
Published: March 2012

Selenium nanoparticles have been synthesized in an aqueous solution by using sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyvinyl alcohol as a soft template. The factors on synthesis, such as reaction time, concentration of reactants and ultrasonic irradiation were studied. The uniform stable selenium nanospheres were obstained in the conditions of 1.0 (mass fraction) sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1.0 (mass fraction) polyvinyl alcohol, n(Vc):n(H2SeO3)=7:1 and 7 minutes after the initiation of the reaction at room temperature. The average particle size of selenium is about 30 nm. The product was characterized by UV and TEM. Finally the applications of the red element nanometer selenium in anti‐older cosmetics are presented.
Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride and Chlordiazepoxide in Pharmaceutical Tablets by Multivariate Calibration Method
Authors: Sarrafi Amir H. M. , Khodakarami Ziba , Karkeabadi Masoumeh
Published: March 2012

The multivariate calibration method, partial least square regression (PLS) was applied for the simultaneous spectrophotometry determination of amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT) and chlordiazepoxide (CHL) in their mixtures. The parameters of chemometric technique were optimized and the proposed method was validated with synthetic samples and applied to analyze these drugs in pharmaceutical products with good accuracy and precision. The results were compared with those given by United State Pharmacopoeia method. The square of the correlation coefficients (R2) for predicted AMT and CHL with the proposed method in a test sample were 0.9951 and 0.9897 respectively. The relative standard deviation for commercial tablets in the proposed method and USP standard method were 0.42 and 2.61%, respectively.
Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Uvaria chamae and Clerodendoron splendens
Authors: Okwu Donatus Ebere , Iroabuchi Friday
Published: March 2012

Uvaria chamae P. Beauv and Clerodendron splendens A Cheval are known to have various medicinal and therapeutic properties. Their anti‐inflammatory and oxytocic properties were assessed in this study. The extracts and aspirin were found to inhibit carrageenan‐induced paw oedema on albino rats and mice with a strong activity in aspirin having (80.43 %) inhibition while U. chamae and C. splendens have 69.57% and 47.83% inhibition respectively. The plants extract exhibition and uterine contraction activity on guinea pig. Phytochemical studies on the plants revealed the presence of bioactive components comprising flavonoids (0.70 – 5.70 mg. 100 g-1), alkaloids (0.81‐5.40 mg. 100 g-1), tannins (0.40 – 3.60 mg. 100 g-1), saponins (0.38 – 2.10 mg. 100 g-1) and phenols (0.08 – 0.10 mg. 100 g-1). These bioactive compounds may be responsible for the medicinal properties of U. chaemae and C. splendens that form the basis of their use in herbal medicine in Nigeria.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Some Transition Metal Complexes of Oxime, Semicarbazone and Phenylhydrazone
Authors: Hania Majed M.
Published: March 2012

Co, Ni and Cu complexes have been prepared by reacting metal chloride with 4‐chlorobenzaldehyde oxime, 4‐methylbenzaldehyde oxime, 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde oxime, 4‐chlorobenzaldehyde semicarbazone, 4‐methyl‐ benzaldehyde semicarbazone, 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde semicarbazone, 4‐chloro benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone, 4‐methylbenzaldehyde phenyl hydrazone and 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde phenylhydrazone and their antibacterial activity have been studied and compared with their ligands against E. coli which gave significant results of activity.
New Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Cadmium
Authors: Parikh K. S. , Patel R. M. , Patel K. N.
Published: March 2012

The reagent 2‐hydroxy‐4‐n‐butoxy‐5‐bromopropiophenone thiosemicarbazone (HBBrPT) has been used for the determination of Cd(II) by using spectrophotometric method. The reagent HBBrPT gave an intense yellow colour with Cd(II) solution in basic medium. The maximum absorbance was observed at 440 nm, in basic buffer solution (pH 10.00). The molor absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity of Cd(II)‐HBBrPT complex were 4035 mol-1 cm-1 and 0.02765 μg cm-2 respectively. The stability constant of 1:2 Cd(II)‐HBBrPT complex was 8.46×106. The effect of various iron was also studied.
Synthesis, Spectral and Microbial Studies of Some Novel Schiff Base Derivatives of 4‐Methylpyridin‐2‐amine
Authors: Vora J. J. , Vasava S. B. , Parmar K. C. , Chauhan S. K. , Sharma S. S.
Published: March 2012

Schiff base derivatives of N‐{(1E)‐[3‐(mono or di‐substituted aryl)‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl]methylene{‐4‐methylpyridin‐2‐amine were synthesized by the acid catalyzed condensation of 3‐(mono‐ or di‐ substituted aryl)‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbaldehyde derivatives with 4‐methylpyridin‐2‐amine. Schiff base derivatives were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, Mass spectral analysis and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their antimicrobial activities by using broth dilution method.
Effect of Various Additives on Photocatalytic Degradation of 4‐Nitrophenol
Authors: Naeem Kashif , Ouyang Feng
Published: March 2012

The photocatalytic degradation of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) assisted by titanium dioxide (TiO2) was investigated in aqueous suspension under irradiation by UV light. The effect of different supporting materials mixed physically with TiO2on the photocatalytic degradation of 4‐NP has been studied. TiO2 with all supports exhibits good degradation efficiency of 4‐NP and was better than TiO2 alone. The addition of SiO2 and ZSM‐5 only caused a little change in 4‐NP degradation. However, degradation of 4‐NP was improved from 34.89% to 60.53% within 120 min photocatalysis in the presence of optimal amount of AC. The degradation was also fairly enhanced in the presence of cheaper rice husk and the activity was closed to AC.
Statistical Study on Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in and around Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India
Authors: Karunakaran K. , Thamilarasu P. , Sharmila R.
Published: March 2012

Groundwater samples collected at different locations in and around Namakkal were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. Ten locations of groundwater samples were collected and studied for every two month for the period June‐2007 to December‐2007. The present investigation is focused on the determination of physicochemical parameters such as temperature, taste, turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, hardness, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, chlorides, sulphate, nitrate, fluorides, dissolved oxygen, sodium, potassium and E.coli bacterium. Groundwater suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes was examined by using WHO and BIS standards, which indicate the groundwater in a few areas, were not much suitable for domestic and agriculture purposes. Thus the objective of this study is to identify the quality of groundwater especially in the town and near by town where groundwater is used for domestic and agriculture purposes is discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Supported on High Order Nanoporous Silica and Application for Direct Oxidation of Benzene to Phenol
Authors: Badiei Alireza , Gholami Javad , Khaniani Yeganeh
Published: March 2012

Direct oxidation of benzene to phenol in liquid phase by H2O2 peroxide was examined over Ti/ LUS‐1 catalyst in methanol and acetic acid as solvents. The maximum yield and selectivity of the phenol produced was obtained in the presence of acetic acid. It can be attributed to the stabilization of H2O2 as peroxy acetic acid species in the radical mechanism for this reaction. Acetic acid interacts with hydrogen peroxide over Ti/LUS‐1 and produces acetoxy radicals.
Studies on Novel N4‐[4,6‐Diaryl‐2‐pyrimidinyl]‐7‐chloro‐4‐quinolinamine and their Microbicidal Efficacy
Authors: Mehta Arvind G. , Patel Avnish A.
Published: March 2012

The required chalcones 1a-h were prepared by reaction of substituted acetophenone with different aryl aldehyde, which in turn treated with guanidine nitrate, yielded 4‐(substituted phenyl)‐6‐(substituted phenyl)‐2‐pyrimidinamine 2a-h. Novel pyrimidine quinoline clubbed molecules 3a-h have been prepared by reaction of 2a-h with 4,7‐dichloroquinoline. All the compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity.
P2O5/SiO2 as an Efficient, Green and Heterogeneous Catalytic System for the Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones (and ‐Thiones)
Authors: Hasaninejad Alireza , Zare Abdolkarim , Jafari Farhad , Moosavi-Zare Ahmad Reza
Published: March 2012

A simple, green and efficient solventless procedure for the synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones (and ‐thiones) from aldehydes, β‐ketoesters and urea or thiourea in the presence of catalytic amount of silica‐supported P2O5 (P2O5/SiO2) at 85 °C is described. Using this method, the title compounds were produced in high yields.
A Novel Method to Prepare PolyGMA and its Application to Immobilization of β‐Galactosidase
Authors: Sufang Sun , Lingyun Dong
Published: March 2012

The reactive, macroporous and massive epoxy group containing polyGMA was synthesized simultaneously with methanol aqueous solution and nano‐calcium carbonate as porogen by bulk copolymerization. After the polymer was smashed, particles with diameters in the range of 0.30 to 0.45 mm were taken as the carrier and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were done to characterize its surface structure. Under the optimum conditions, β‐galactosidase was immobilized on the supporter obtained above and the enzyme activity bound per gram drier carrier could attained up to 77.33％, which was much higher than that bound on the carrier prepared by only using methanol aqueous solution as porogen. The conclusion obtained indicated that the ployGMA prepared concurrently with liquid and solid porogen was more suitable to immobilize enzyme because of the much more porous surface structure obtained.
Synthesis of Multi‐substituted 4,5‐Dihydrofuran Derivatives from (S)‐Limonene and 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and their Biological Activities
Authors: Findik E. , Dingil A. , Karaman I. , Budak Y. , Ceylan M.
Published: March 2012

Multi‐substituted 4,5‐dihydrofuran derivatives were regioselectively synthesized by the reaction of α‐carbo radical produced from 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds by oxidation with Mn(OAc)3 in Acetic acid and S‐(‐)‐limonene. All the compounds were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by the disc‐diffusion technique.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of Some Novel Pyrazoline and Isoxazoline Derivatives
Authors: B. jadhav S. , A. shastri R. , V. gaikwad K. , V. gaikwad S.
Published: March 2012

A new series of 1H‐3‐(4’‐substituted phenyl)‐5‐(6’’‐methoxy napthaline)‐2‐pyrazolines (4a-e) and 1H‐3‐(4’‐substituted phenyl)‐5‐(6’’‐methoxynapthaline)‐2‐isoxazolines (5a-e) were synthesized by reacting 1‐(4’‐substituted phenyl)‐3‐(6’’‐methoxynapthaline)‐2‐propene‐1‐one (3a-e) with hydrazine hydrate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride respectively. All these compounds were characterized by means of their IR, 1H NMR, spectroscopic data and microanalysis. All the synthesized products were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. All the compounds exhibited significant to moderate antimicrobial activity.
Nucleation Kinetics, Growth and Characterization Studies of a Diamagnetic Crystal‐Zinc Sulphate Heptahydrate (ZSHH)
Authors: Kanagadurai R. , Durairajan R. , Sankar R. , Sivanesan G. , Elangovan S. P. , Jayavel R.
Published: March 2012

Solubility, metastable zone width and induction period measurements have been performed on zinc sulphate heptahydrate (ZSHH). Interfacial tension values determined from induction period measurements have been used for the evaluation of the nucleation parameters such as radius of critical nucleus and the free energy of formation of critical nucleus. ZSHH crystallizes in the orthorhombic structure. Crystals of diamagnetic zinc sulphate heptahydrate have been grown by temperature lowering solution growth technique with the optimized growth parameters. The as‐grown ZSHH crystals were characterized by the powder X‐ray diffraction, UV‐VIS absorption and transmittance, FT‐IR absorption, TG‐DTA, microhardness and etching studies.
Copper(II) Complexes of 4, 4‐ Diaminodiphenylsulphone: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies
Authors: C. Tella Adedibu , A. Obaleye Joshua
Published: March 2012

Five complexes of copper(II) 4,4‐diaminodiphenylsulphone have been synthesized. Copper salts of counter ion (sulphate, nitrate, chloride) and different reaction media (solvents) were used for the synthesis. The complexes varied in colour and composition. The compounds were characterized by conductivity, IR, UV, NMR and mass spectroscopies. The ligand coordinated to metal ion in a monodentate and bidentate manner. All the five complexes have tetrahedral configuration. The biological activities data showed that the complexes are more active against Esherichia coli, Klebbsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus than the free ligand (4,4‐ diaminodiphenyl sulphone). Antimalaria activities of the complexes and the ligand were investigated using mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. All the complexes exhibited lower activity than the ligand and chloroquine. The effect of administration of the complexes on alkaline phosphatase activities of kidney, liver and serum of Albino rats were investigated. The serum ALP activity showed no significant change (P> 0.05), suggesting non‐damaging effect on the plasma membrane of liver and kidney cells.
Effect of Fermentation Parameters on Extra Cellular Tannase Production by Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 1407
Authors: Natarajan Kannan , Rajendran Aravindan
Published: March 2012

Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 1407 represents a valuable source of an economically attractive stable long‐life tannase with potential for application in various industries. The effect of fermentation parameters such as pH, temperature and agitation speed on the growth of biomass and production of tannase using liquid medium were determined at the end of fermentation period. The optimum values of pH, reaction temperature and agitation speed for tannase activity were 6.0, 30 °C and 125 rpm respectively. The maximum tannase activity was found to be 9.29 U/mL.
Influence of Formazan Derivatives on Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Medium
Authors: Venkatesan P. , Anand B. , Matheswaran P.
Published: March 2012

Formazan of benzaldehyde (FB) and formazan of p‐dimethyl amino benzaldehyde (FD) were synthesized. These compounds were studied as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1.11 N hydrochloric acid by weight loss method. The result showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of these compounds was found to vary with the temperature and acid concentration. Also, it was found that the corrosion inhibition behaviour of FD is greater than that of FB. The kinetic treatment of the results gave first order kinetics. The relative corrosion inhibition efficiency of these compounds has been explained on the basis of structure dependent ‐ electron donor properties of the inhibitors.
Simple UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Fluvastatin Sodium in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Saminathan J. , Sankar A. S. , Anandakumar K. , Vetrichelvan T.
Published: March 2012

A simple and cost effective spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of fluvastatin sodium in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. When the drug reacts with sodium hydroxide shows absorption maximum at 304 nm and obeys beer′s law in the concentration range 5‐25 µg mL-1. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increasing concentration of FVS, which is corroborated by the calculated correlation coefficient value of 0.9999 (n=5). The apparent molar absorptivity and sandell sensitivity were 1.1905×104 and 0.0368844 µg cm-2 cm respectively. The slope and intercept of the equation of the regression line are 0.027112 and 0.003539 respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was found to be 0.0811 µg mL-1 & 0.2460 µg mL-1. The validity of the described procedure was assessed. Statistical analysis of the result has been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of FVS in pharmaceutical formulations without any interference from common excipients. The relative standard deviations were ≤ 0.937%, with recoveries of 98.60% ‐101.70%.
Ultrasonic Investigation of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures at 303 K
Authors: Nithya R. , Nithiyanantham S. , Mullainathan S. , Rajasekaran M.
Published: March 2012

The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity at 303 K have been measured in the binary systems of toluene with benzene and o‐xylone with benzene. The acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, free length, free volume and acoustical impedance are calculated. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular interaction between the components of the mixtures
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Some New 2‐Phenyl benzimidazoles Derivatives and their Schiff′s Bases
Authors: Chhonker Y. S. , Veenu B. , Hasim S. R. , Kaushik Niranjan , Kumar Devendra , Kumar Pradeep
Published: March 2012

Some new 2‐ phenyl benzimidazole derivatives were synthesised by cyclocondensation with appropriate reagents. The compounds synthesised were identified by 1H NMR, FAB Mass and FT‐IR spectroscopic techniques. All compounds studied in this work were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against the standard strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC ‐ 25923, ATCC ‐ 441 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC‐ 6633 as gram positive, Escherichia coli ATCC ‐ 11775 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 as gram negative bacteria. Some of the compounds inhibited the growth of gram‐positive bacteria (B. subtilis and S. aureus) at MIC values between 25 and 200 mg/mL. Some of the compounds exhibit antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria (E. coli and P. Aeruginosa) MIC values between 25 and 200 mg/mL.
Solventless Synthesis of Imines Derived from Diphenyldisulphide Diamine or p‐Vanillin
Authors: Jean -Noël uppiah Dany , Gupta Bhowon Minu , Jhaumeer Laulloo sabina
Published: March 2012

A solventless synthesis can reduce environmental contamination and can be more convenient than solvent‐based synthesis. A series of Schiff bases were synthesized in high yield > 90% under solvent free conditions with negligible waste. All the synthesized products were characterized on the basis of spectral, elemental analysis and melting points and were compared with the data of the prouducts obtained from classical method
A Comparative Study of the Corrosion Inhibitive Properties of Pyrimidine Derivatives for Mild Steel
Authors: Sathya P. , Parameswari K. , Chitra S. , Selvaraj A.
Published: March 2012

The influence of pyrimidine derivatives on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M H2SO4 was studied using weight loss and electrochemical techniques. These compounds act as good corrosion inhibitors even at low concentration and the inhibition efficiency increased with the increase in inhibition concentration. The corrosion rates have been determined at various temperatures (303‐333K) by weight loss measurements. The Rt values obtained from EIS method increased with increase in inhibitor concentration. The potentiostatic polarization results clearly revealed that the inhibitors behave as a mixed type but slightly anodic in nature. The adsorption process was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The synergistic effect of halide ion on the inhibition efficiency increase with increase concentration.
Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity of s‐Triazine Hydrazones of 7‐Hydroxy Coumarin and their Metal Complexes
Authors: Jani G. R. , Vyas K. B. , Franco Zudas
Published: March 2012

Metal complexes of 7‐hydroxy coumarin hydrazone of s‐triazine derivatives derived from 7‐hydroxy‐8‐aceto‐N‐(4′,6’‐dichloro‐1′,3′,5′‐s‐triazine) coumarin hydrazone and transition metals have been synthesized and screened for their antibacterial, antifungal and antiseptic activity. The geometry of the complexes has been proposed. The ligand system co‐ordinates with the metal ion in a bidentate manner through the nitrogen atom of hydrazone group.
Anti‐inflammatory and Anti‐arthritic Activities of Merremia tridentate (L.) Hall. f.
Authors: Kamalutheen M. , Gopalakrishnan S. , Ismail T. Syed
Published: March 2012

The various extracts of Merremia tridentate were investigated for its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic activities in male albino rats. The anti‐inflammatory activity was carried out using carrageenan‐induced rat paw oedema model and the anti‐arthritic activity was carried out using complete Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis model. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg bw) was used as a standard drug. The ethanol extract of M. tridentate exhibited significant dose dependent activity in acute inflammation and the doses of 100 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw produced 38.3% and 42.8% inhibition respectively after 3 h as compared with that of the standard drug which showed 48.5% inhibition. In arthritis model, the doses of 100 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw of the ethanol extract produced 49.0% and 51.7% inhibition respectively after 19 days when compared with that of the standard drug (55.5%). Both doses of the ethanol extract of M. tridentate exhibit significant anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic activities.
Three‐Dimensional Supramolecular Network Directed by Intermolecular Interactions in [Pb2(dmp)2(hfacac)4]
Authors: Marandi Farzin , Saghatforoush Lotfali , Farzaneh Hossein
Published: March 2012

To investigate the interactions between noncovalent bond donor and acceptor giving rise to three dimensional networks, compound [Pb2(dmp)2(hfacac)2] (1) (dmp = 2,9‐dimethyl‐1,10‐henanthroline and Hhfacac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate) has been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and its crystal structures was investigated. The single crystal structure show the coordination number of Pb(II) to be eight with two N‐donor atoms from a “dmp” ligand and six O‐donors from the anionic ligands. The supramolecular structure of 1 is realized by weak directional C–H∙∙∙O–C, C–F∙∙∙F–C and π–π stacking interactions.
Post‐Harvest Deterioration of Cassava and its Control Using Extracts of Azadirachta Indica and Aframomum Melegueta
Authors: Okigbo R. N. , Putheti Ramesh , Achusi C. T.
Published: March 2012

Post‐harvest deterioration is the most important cause of loss in cassava production and this is mainly as a result of microbial invasion of the tubers. This research was therefore carried out to identify and control the organisms responsible for post‐harvest deterioration of cassava tubers. Ethanolic and water extractions of Azadirachta Indica (A. Juss) leaves and Aframomum melegueta (Schumann) seeds were used as antifungal agents and the susceptibility of four of the isolated pathogenic fungi to them was observed in culture. The tested organisms were Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh, Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat, Fusarium solani (Mart). Sacc and Penicillium oxalicum Currie and Thom. All tested organisms showed different degrees of inhibitions by the extracts with A. niger being the most inhibited by ethanolic extraction of A. melegueta. The overall result showed that A. indica was more active on the organisms though it’s effects and that of A. melegueta were not significantly different (P>0.05).
Separation and Preconcentration of Copper Ion by Micelle‐Mediated Extraction in Aqueous Samples
Authors: Ahmadi F. , Khanmohammadi A. , Tavakoli Z.
Published: March 2012

Cloud point extraction (CPE) has been used for preconcentration of copper after the formation of a complex with 5, 5‐diphenylimidazolidine‐2‐thione‐,4‐one (thiophenytoin) (DFID) and later analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) using octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X‐114) as surfactant. The chemical variables affecting the separation phase and the viscosity affecting the detection process were optimized. At pH 5.7±0.3, preconcentration of only 15 mL of sample in the presence of 0.06% (w/v)Triton X‐114 and 1.5 mM DFID permitted the detection limits of 1.5 ng mL−1 for copper. The enrichment factor was 39 for copper. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of copper in various samples and a standard reference material.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Heterocyclic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Srividhya D. , Manjunathan S. , Thirumaran S.
Published: March 2012

This investigation enumerates the synthesis and mesomorphic properties of 1,2,3‐triazole containing azobenzene liquid crystals. In these liquid crystals the methylene chain length at non polar end was varied from six to ten carbons to investigate the association properties of non polar chain on the melt. The compound was designed to have a polar ether chain at the other side of the molecule adjacent to the triazole ring and synthesized to enhance the dipolar interactions. These alterations in chemical structure produce two series of new liquid crystalline compounds with each series containing five variations in the methylene chain. The structure of the target compounds and the intermediates were confirmed by the 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR spectral techniques. Polarized microscopic studies revealed that all the compounds in the series exhibited enantiotropic liquid crystalline properties. This was further confirmed using differential scanning calorimetric experiments. The energy minimized structure supports the mesogenic behavior of the structure.
A Quantitative Analysis of Memantine in Human Plasma Using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Dubey Sunil K. , Patni Anil , Khuroo Arshad , Thudi Nageshwar R. , Reyar Simrit , Kumar Arun , Tomar Manoj S. , Jain Rakesh , Kumar Nand , Monif Tausif
Published: March 2012

The aim of this study is to compare the single‐dose oral bioavailability of memantine hydrochloride 10 mg tablets of Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, with NAMENDA™ tablets (containing memantine hydrochloride 10 mg) of Forest Pharmaceuticals Inc. in healthy, adult, human subjects under fasting condition. The study was carried out as 2‐way crossover design on 8 subjects in fasting and fed conditions. The plasma samples were obtained over a 72 h post dose in each period. Plasma memantine samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) with positive ion electro spray ionization using multiple reactions monitoring (MRM). A sensitive, reproducible, accurate and validated LC‐MS/MS method with limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.200 ng/mL was used to analyze memantine. Ln transformed AUC0-72 and Cmax were assessed for bioequivalence using 90% confidence interval (CI). 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of test and reference (Ratio of least‐squares mean) for ln‐transformed AUC0-72 and Cmax were within the regulatory acceptance criteria of 80‐125%.
Investigation of Hopanoid Biomarkers in Lake Sediments by GC‐MS and RP‐HPLC‐APCI‐MS
Authors: Belin Gamze Kavran
Published: March 2012

Hopanoids are mainly derived from bacteriohopanpolyols that occur especially in bacteria, show the importance of bacterial lipid contributions in geological materials. In this work, GC‐MS and RP‐HPLC‐APCI‐MS analyses of hopanoid biomarkers in oxic and anoxic sediment samples from Lake Cadagno (Swiss Alps) and Lake Voua de la Motte (Haute Savoie, France) are presented and discussed. Samples were ultrasonically extracted, fractionated by flush chromatography on silica gel and derivatised before the analyses. Periodic acid/ sodium borohydride cleavage was used to identify highly functionalised hopanoids
Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater in the Tea Garden Belt of Darrang District, Assam, India
Authors: Borah K. K. , Bhuyan B. , Sarma H. P.
Published: March 2012

A study has been carried out on heavy metal contamination of groundwater with respect to cadmium, manganese, zinc and copper in the tea garden belt of Darrang district, Assam, India. Heavy metals in groundwater are estimated by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, Perkin Elmer AA 200. Univariate statistics along with skewness, kurtosis and ‘t’ test have been employed to test the distribution normality for each metal. The study reveals that the groundwater of the area is highly contaminated with cadmium. A good number of samples are also found to contain manganese at an alert level. The concentrations of copper and zinc in the groundwater of the area are within the guideline values of WHO. Statistical results show that all the metals under study exhibit an asymmetric distribution in the area with a long asymmetric tail on the right of the median. Keeping in view of the high concentrations of cadmium and manganese, it is suggested to test the potability of groundwater of the area before using it for drinking.
UV Spectrophotometric Estimation of Acipimox inBulk and Capsule Dosage Form
Authors: Prabahar A. Elphine , Thangabalan B. , Kalaichelvi R. , Kumar P. Vijayaraj
Published: March 2012

A new simple, rapid, accurate, sensitive and precise spectrophotometric method in ultra violet region has been developed for determination of acipimox (ACX) in bulk and capsule dosage form. Acipimox exhibited maximum absorbance at 231 nm with apparent molar absorptivity of 1.5104 × 104 in distilled water. Beer’s law was found to be obeyed in the concentration range 1‐10 μg mL-1. Correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9998. The developed method was validated respect to linearity, precision, accuracy. The proposed method is useful for the routine estimation of ACX in bulk and capsule dosage form.
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Coatings Based on Epoxy Novolac and Liquid Rubber Blend
Authors: Kumar Hemant , Tripathi S. K. , Mistry Sukhen , Bajpai Ganeshdatt
Published: March 2012

Phenol‐based novolac resins were synthesized with different mole ratios of phenol‐to‐formaldehyde. These novolac resins were epoxidized with molar excess of epichlorohydrin at 120 °C in basic medium. Novolac and epoxy novolac resin were characterized by FTIR, NMR and GPC analysis. Molecular weight was found to be 838. The epoxidized novolac resins were separately blended with different weight ratios of carboxyl‐terminated polybutadiene liquid rubber ranging between 0‐25 wt % with an interval of 5 wt %. All the blends were cured at 150 °C with 40 wt % polyamide. The cured films of blend samples were checked for use them in coating applications.
Theoretical Prediction of Ultrasonic Velocity in Organic Liquid Mixtures
Authors: Uvarani R. , Punitha S.
Published: March 2012

Theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity in the binary mixtures of cyclohexanone with 2‐propanol and 2‐methyl‐2‐propanol have been evaluated at 303 K using Nomoto’s relation, collision factor theory, free length theory, ideal mixture relation, Junjie’s method. Theoretical values are compared with the experimental values and the validity of the theories are checked by applying the chi‐square test for goodness of fit and by calculating the average percentage error (APE).
Development and Validation of a Rapid RP‐HPLC Method for the Determination of Venlafaxine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Dosage forms using Experimental Design
Authors: Somasekhar Vanita , Gowrisankar Dannana , Shivakumar H. N.
Published: March 2012

The objective of the current study was to develop a simple, accurate, precise and rapid reversed‐phase HPLC method and subsequent validation as per ICH guidelines for the determination of venlafaxine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The proposed RP‐HPLC method utilizes a 5 μm Varian® Microsorb‐MV 100 C18 column (250 mmx4.6 mm) at ambient temperature. A 23 factorial design consisting of 3 factors at 2 levels was set up to standardize the chromatographic conditions. A numerical optimization technique employing the desirability approach was used to locate the optimum chromatographic conditions. The optimum mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile, 0.04 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer and methanol (45:25:30, v/v), with pH adjusted to 5.5 using 10% phosphoric acid solution. The mobile phase was delivered isocratically at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with UV detection at 224 nm. The calibration plots constructed using the optimized chromatographic conditions displayed good linear relationship in the concentration range of 1‐50 μg/mL with r=0.9992. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, robustness and recovery. The minimum detectable and minimum quantifiable amounts were found to be 0.568 and 1.72 μg/mL, respectively and the method was found to be reproducible from the statistical data generated. Venlafaxine hydrochloride was eluted at 3.43 min
Adsorption of Nickel Ion by Low Cost Carbon‐Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Equilibrium Studies
Authors: Vijayakumaran V. , Arivoli S. , Ramuthai S.
Published: March 2012

A carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from an indigenous waste, by acid treatment was tested for its efficiency in removing nickel ion. The process parameters studied include agitation time, initial metal ion concentration, carbon dose, pH and temperature. The adsorption followed first order reaction equation and the rate is mainly controlled by intraparticle diffusion. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The adsorption capacity (Qm) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm plot were found to around 43 mg/g at an initial pH of 7.0. The temperature variation study showed that the nickel ions adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous with increased randomness at the solid solution interface. Significant effect on adsorption was observed on varying the pH of the nickel ion solutions. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms obtained, positive ΔH0 value, pH dependent results and desorption of metal ions in mineral acid suggest that the adsorption of nickel ion on MCC involves chemisorption as well as physisorption mechanism.
Synthesis Characterization and Biological Investigations on Metal Complexes of 2‐[(8‐Hydroxy‐1‐quinolin‐5‐yl) methyl]‐1H‐isoindole‐1, 3 (2H) dione
Authors: Solanki M. R. , Acharya G. D. , Hathi M. V.
Published: March 2012

The more significant biologically active Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Mn(II) complex were synthesized by using N‐hydroxymethyl phthalimide and 8‐hydroxy quinoline as ligand. Synthesized complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR and reflectance spectral studies. Coordination of the ligand atom to the metal ion was deduced by IR and reflecting spectral data. Structures of the complexes were confirmed by magnetic studies. All the complexes have been screened for antibacterial and antifungal.
Application of Hydroxytriazenes in Corrosion Protection of Brass
Authors: Kumar S. , Garg Meenakshi , Chundawat N. S. , Jodha J. S. , Patel Peeyush , Goswami A. K.
Published: March 2012

Three hydroxytriazenes have been screened for their inhibitive action against corrosion of brass in ammoniacal environment. They have been found to possess 31.43 to 80.77%. Percentage inhibitive efficiency at 7.5 to 12 N ammonia solutions. The results indicate that hydroxytriazenes can further be explored for corrosion inhibitive property
Syntheses of Some 3,5‐Diaryl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole Derivatives and their Antifungal Activity
Authors: Janam Singh Ram , Kumar Singh Dharmendra
Published: March 2012

Syntheses of a series of 3, 5‐diaryl‐4H‐1, 2, 4‐triazole derivatives are described. In this present work, 4‐amino‐3‐phenyl‐5‐p‐tolyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole(1) was converted to N,N’-bis[3‐phenyl‐5‐p‐tolyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazolyl]‐1,4‐xylenediimine(2) and 3‐Phenyl‐5‐p‐tolyl‐4‐[4‐methyl benzylidenamino]‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole (3) in good yields by treatment with aldehydes OHC‐C6H4‐CHO and Ar‐CHO respectively. The compounds N,N’-bis [3‐phenyl‐5‐p‐tolyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazolyl]‐1,4‐xylenediimine (2) and 3‐phenyl‐5‐p‐tolyl‐4‐[4‐methyl benzylidenamino]‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole (3) were reduced with NaBH4 to afford the corresponding compounds N,N’-bis [3‐phenyl‐5‐‐tolyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazolyl]‐1,4‐xylenediamine (4) and 3‐phenyl‐5‐p‐tolyl‐4‐[4‐methyl benzylamino]‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole (5) respectively. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral and elemental analyses. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their antifungal activity against P.oryzae, B. cinerea, A. niger, C. albicans and T. rubrum.
Iodination of Alkylbenzenes using Benzyltriphenylphosphonium Dichromate / I2 System
Authors: Sathiyapriya R. , Karunakaran R. Joel
Published: March 2012

An efficient and rapid method have been found using benzyltriphenylphosphonium dichromate (PhCH2PPh3)2Cr2O7 as an oxidant along with molecular iodine for the iodination of aromatic compounds. Iodination of a wide variety of alkyl benzenes were done under dichloromethane solvent system and high yields of iodo products were obtained
Studies on Production and Chemical Property of Singlet Oxygen and Superoxide Radical by Dyestuffs
Authors: Kumar Vikesh , Tripathi M. R. , Kumar Manish , Shukla Gopal , Dwivedi Sarvesh , Sharma Vandana
Published: March 2012

There are several low lying singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide radical (O-2) which are important in photochemical oxidation. In our present analysis we are studying chemical property of singlet oxygen (1O2) and super oxide radical (O-2) and some dyestuffs species to produce reactive oxygen such as singlet oxygen 1O2 and superoxide radicals. Irradiation with sun light in vitro the dyestuff like benzanthrone, metanil yellow and p‐aminodiphenylamine were found to produce reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen (1O2) and/or superoxide radicals (O-2) .The dose response relationship between singlet 1O2 production when sunlight expose of those dyestuffs (0‐25 min), and (0‐12 min) for super oxide (O-2) production were studied. However benzanthrone produces detectable amount of 1O2, Although metanil yellow and p‐aminodiphenylamine (p‐ADPA) did not produce detectable amounts of 1O2 under similar conditions. The above dye stuffs are routinely used in textiles, cosmetics, detergents, leather industries as well as food additives and role of these activated oxygen species in the development of skin diseases.