bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Categoriality in Language Change
Authors: Fonteyn Lauren
Published: April 2019

This study presents the first elaborate attempt to set out a functional-semantic definition of diachronic transcategorial shift between the major classes “noun”/“nominal” and “verb”/“clause.” In English, speakers have different options to refer to an event by using “deverbal nominalization” strategies (e.g., Him guessing her size/His guessing of her size (was incredibly lucky)). Interestingly, not only do these strategies each resemble “prototypical” nominals to varying extents, it also has been observed that some of these strategies increasingly resemble clauses and decreasingly resemble prototypical nominals over time, as if they are gradually shifting categories. Thus far, the literature on such cases of diachronic categorial shift has mainly described the processes by focusing on form, leaving the reader with a clear picture of what and how changes have occurred. Yet, the question of why these formal changes have occurred is still shrouded in mystery. This study tackles this mystery by showing that the diachronic processes of nominalization and verbalization can also involve functional-semantic changes. The aim of this study is both theoretical and descriptive. The theoretical aim is to present a model that allows one to study diachronic nominalization and verbalization as not just formal or morpho-syntactic but also functional-semantic processes. The descriptive aim is to offer “workable” definitions of the abstract functional-semantic properties of nominals and verbs/clauses, and subsequently apply them to one of the most intriguing deverbal nominalization systems in the history of English: the English gerund.
The Intelligibility of Nature
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M.
Published: April 2019

In response to Cartesian physics and occasionalist metaphysics, Leibniz consciously initiates a naturalizing project. This project takes shape, in particular, in Leibniz’s responses to Malebranche and other Cartesians. It is in this context that Leibniz develops his principle of continuity, which becomes a methodological principle for the remainder of Leibniz’s life. However, the commitment to continuity alone is not sufficient to dismiss occasionalism. This chapter considers what additional reasons Leibniz has for rejecting occasionalism as non-natural, which will demonstrate further naturalizing constraints on the theory. In support of the claim that naturalism is a thesis about intelligibility, we shall see that Leibniz requires an explanation in terms of the natures of finite substances involved. And this will be ultimately grounded in Leibniz’s appeal to the principle of sufficient reason and the principle of the best.
Perceptual Distinctness and Mental Activity
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M.
Published: April 2019

Leibniz explains both activity and sensation in terms of the relative distinctness of perception. There is some worry that by applying distinctness in this way, Leibniz fails to articulate a univocal and coherent account of the distinctness of perception. This chapter argues that the systematic connection between activity and sensation is actually illuminated by Leibniz’s use of distinctness. This chapter argues that there is a way to resolve some interpretive difficulties by taking seriously Leibniz’s claims about mind–body parallelism and the mediation of perceptions via the body. To do so, we will need to modify Leibniz’s theory of expression even further in order to account for his theory of perceptual distinctness. By supplementing Leibniz’s account of expression with a mediation relation, the systematic nature of his thought is brought out more fully.
Intent to Contract and Trust
Authors: Saprai Prince
Published: April 2019

This chapter defends a republican reinterpretation of the intent to contract doctrine. According to the doctrine, for a contract to be legally binding the parties must have manifested an intention to be legally bound. This legal requirement sits uncomfortably with the ‘promise theory’. If Charles Fried was right that contracts are promises, why is this additional intention even necessary? That tension between the promise theory of contract or the ‘reflective’ view that contract should ‘mirror’ promise and the intention to create legal relations doctrine has led some to doubt the place of promise in contract. Dori Kimel, for example, says that the intent to contract doctrine is a portal between the realm of promise, where people are attached, and the realm of contract, where detachment prevails. This leads him to defend a ‘divisionist’ view of contract. But such dichotomies are misleading. Contract is not separate from promise. Nevertheless, although Fried was right to see that contract and promise serve similar ends, he failed to appreciate that they do so in distinctive ways. The republican view by being open to the variety of ends contract law might have, and the distinctive ways in which they might be interpreted and pursued, opens the door to a correct understanding of the intent to contract doctrine. Contract law on this view is one of the ways promise fulfils its function of securing the valuable good of trust-based cooperation and giving meaning and shape to human relationships.
Police Unlimited
Authors: Mutsaers Paul
Published: April 2019

Police Unlimited is centred on a controversial idea that it supports with detailed ethnographic materials: police forces are a focal point of conflict in modern societies. Instead of a consensus model of law enforcement that understands the function of policing as socially integrative, it links to a conflict model concerned with the socially divisive effects of policing. Throughout the book, these effects and their causes are discussed on a national and global level. An ethnographic study was carried out at the Dutch police to enhance our understanding of police discrimination. Concerned with both internal and external affairs, the book addresses conflict cases within and outside the police station, covering both inter-ethnic tensions at work and the migrant hostility observed while joining officers on patrol. The cases are discussed in light of the corroding public character of Dutch policing and the risks involved in terms of discrimination and the arbitrary, or even privatized use of power. Signalling an increased blur of the private and public spheres in policing, the book warns about an ‘unlimited’ police force that is no longer constrained by the public contours that delineate a legal bureaucracy. For the sake of ethnological knowledge production that ultimately serves to develop a police anthropology, the ethnographic materials are consistently compared with other police ethnographies in the ‘global north’ and ‘global south’. This comparative analysis points out that the demise of bureaucracy makes it increasingly difficult for police organizations across the globe to exclude politics, particularism, and populism from their operations.
Conclusions: Reclaiming the Public in Policing
Authors: Mutsaers Paul
Published: April 2019

This concluding chapter synergizes the previous chapters and adds something new. Both functions are captured by the title, Reclaiming the Public in Policing. First, it argues that the empirical and conceptual work in this book points at the corrosion of the public character of policing, which results in law enforcement agencies that find it increasingly difficult to exclude politics, particularism, and populism from their operations. This part of the chapter concludes that it is imperative that we ‘unthink’ bureaucracy as the social evil of our time and revalue the public contours of policing. A second way to reclaim the ‘public’ in policing, now defined not as a quality of the police but an engaged citizenry that is involved in public debates on the police, concerns the role of police scholars in the public sphere. The chapter advocates a public anthropology of police and reflects on the author's efforts to ‘go public’.
Introduction
Authors: Tollenaar Nicolaes
Published: April 2019

This first chapter provides an overview of the aims of the book. The main objectives of this text are to develop a normative foundation for pre-insolvency proceedings, outline the fundamental principles that underlie a pre-insolvency plan procedure, and set out a framework that outlines what a pre-insolvency plan procedure should resemble in an ideal world. The chapter anticipates the content of the subsequent chapters in the book and then looks at terminology. It defines terms such as plan, plan procedures, insolvency, bankruptcy, liquidation, pre-insolvency, and pre-insolvency proceedings. The chapter outlines pending legislative initiatives seeking to introduce pre-insolvency proceedings both in the Netherlands and at the European level.
The US Chapter 11 Plan Procedure
Authors: Tollenaar Nicolaes
Published: April 2019

The chapter begins with an outline of the US Chapter 11 plan procedure. It briefly discusses the proposals of the American Bankruptcy Institute (ABI) for reform of Chapter 11. It then discusses the key features of the US Chapter 11 plan procedure, including the right to propose a plan, the permitted content of the plan, the voting in classes, and the criteria for confirmation and cramdown. Finally, it looks at criticisms of the US system, which include the costs and extent of judicial involvement, the duration of the automatic say, the exclusivity period, the best interests and feasibility test, the wording of the absolute priority rule, and the intrusiveness of the cramdown powers under US law.
The English Scheme of Arrangement
Authors: Tollenaar Nicolaes
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the English scheme of arrangement, which is laid down in sections 895–99 of the Companies Act 2006. It gives an outline of the procedure and looks at past attempts to reform the procedure. As with Chapter 6, it then goes on to discuss the key features of the procedure, including the right to propose a plan, the commercial content of the plan, the voting in classes, and the acceptance and sanctioning of a scheme. The chapter also considers criticisms of the English system. These include the costs and formalities of the procedure, the lack of the necessary flanking measures, the requirements of ‘give’ or ‘take’, the lack of a cramdown mechanism and the exclusive right to propose a plan.
Framework for a Pre-Insolvency Plan Procedure
Authors: Tollenaar Nicolaes
Published: April 2019

This chapter provides a high-level outline of what pre-insolvency proceedings might look like in an ideal world, drawing from the discussion in the previous chapters and the lessons learnt from the US Chapter 11 procedure and the English scheme of arrangement. It outlines the general characteristics of the procedure and required flanking measures. These include speed and efficiency, flexibility, a temporary stay, provision to reject burdensome and retain valuable contracts, and the ability of the court to make early determinations. Key features of the proposed plan mechanism are then discussed, including entry to the procedure, the right to propose a plan, the appointment of a supervisor, the commercial content of the plan, the voting in class, acceptance of the plan, and the criteria for confirmation and cramdown. It also considers the ability to deal with third-party liabilities and disputed claims. Finally, it looks at the relevance of the proposed procedure in practice and the remaining need for efficient liquidation procedures.
Parody and Moral Rights
Authors: Jacques Sabine
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the relationship between parody and an author’s moral rights. It first traces the evolution of the concept of moral rights as a means of providing protection not only of the authors’ personal interests but also the public interest before discussing the reasons why moral rights might conflict with parodies. It considers two competing theories underlying the protection of authorial interests—the ‘monist’ theory and the ‘dualist’ theory—and their implications for the parody exception. It also explains how jurisdictions differ in the nature and scope of protection afforded to moral rights, noting that the parody exception in ‘copyright’ law does not extend to moral rights. The chapter goes on to explore the author’s paternity and integrity rights as well as their right against false attribution. It shows that, in the case of parodies, an overlap exists between the regimes applied to moral and economic rights.
The New World Presses
Authors: Fox Brian
Published: April 2019

Chapter 2 examines allusions to American popular culture in Joyce’s work. A potentially voluminous subject given the sheer range of references, the chapter narrows it down to areas which show a continued engagement across Joyce’s works. One of the most significant examples of this is blackface minstrelsy. Indeed, Joyce, it would appear, is particularly drawn to a specific kind of American popular culture, one with a strong sense of a connection with a history of colonialism, empire, and race. Within this framework, Joyce appropriates and renegotiates Irish relations to not only blackface minstrels, but also the Mutt and Jeff comic strip, Hollywood movies, Broadway musicals, cowboys and Indians, jazz, flappers, speakeasies, and myriad other markers of American popular culture.
Modernist Fraud
Authors: Diepeveen Leonard
Published: April 2019

Focusing on literature and visual art in the years 1910–1935, Modernism and Deception begins with the omnipresent accusations that modernism was not art at all, but rather an effort to pass off patently absurd works as great art. These assertions, common in the time’s journalism, are used to understand the aesthetic and context which spawned them, and to look at what followed in their wake. Fraud discourse ventured into the aesthetic theory of the time, to ideas of artistic sincerity, formalism, and the intentional fallacy. In doing so, it profoundly shaped the modern canon and its justifying principles. Modernism and Deception reaches broadly. It goes to reviews and newspaper accounts of art scandals, such as the 1913 Armory Show, the 1910 and 1912 Postimpressionist shows, and Tender Buttons; to daily syndicated columns; to parodies and doggerel; to actual hoaxes, such as Spectra and Disumbrationism; to the literary criticism of Edith Sitwell; to the trial of Brancusi’s Bird in Space; and to the contents of the magazine Blind Man, including a defense of Duchamp’s Fountain, a poem by Bill Brown, and the works of and an interview with the bafflingly unstable painter Louis Eilshemius. In turning to these materials, the book reevaluates how modernism interacted with its publics and describes how a new aesthetic begins: not as a triumphant explosion that initiates irrevocable changes, but as an uncertain muddling and struggle with ideology.
Modernists Reading Themselves
Authors: Diepeveen Leonard
Published: April 2019

Chapter 5 begins with an extended examination of Edith Sitwell’s interactions with her critics and her baffling formalist analyses of her own works. Sincerity, in early modernism, was under contestation. While initially apologists tended to claim sincerity for modernism either as self-expression or as accurate rendering of perception, sincerity became increasingly based on self-consciousness and methodology, based on ideas of development and professionalism. Modernism’s defenders increasingly moved intent to the sidelines, with the following arguments: that modernist works had articulable meaning; that the province of real criticism proceeded from a general acknowledgement of the artwork’s autonomy; that it was inappropriate for criticism to consider intent; and that forms of doubleness like contradiction, paradox, and irony were central not just to modernism but to all great art. In short, the defenses of modernism’s apparent fraud modulated into an aesthetic discourse based on formalism, New Criticism, and the intentional fallacy.
Vehicular Optimal Control
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo
Published: April 2019

Chapter 9 deals with the solution of minimum-time and minimum-fuel vehicular optimal control problems. These problems are posed as fuel usage optimization problems under a time-of-arrival constraint, or minimum-time problems under a fuel usage constraint. The first example considers three variants of a simple fuel usage minimization problem under a time-of-arrival constraint. The first variant is worked out theoretically, and serves to highlight several of the structural features of these problems; the other two more complicated variants are solved numerically.The second example is also a multi-stage fuel usage minimization problem under a timeof- arrival constraint.More complicated track and vehicle models are then employed; the problem is solved numerically. The third problem is a lap time minimization problem taken from Formula One and features a thermoelectric hybrid powertrain. The fourth and final problem is a minimum-time closed-circuit racing problem featuring a racing motorcycle and rider.
China’s Inward Investment
Authors: Enrigh Michael J
Published: April 2019

One of the most important components in China’s economic reform programme has been the economy’s gradual opening to inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) and foreign invested enterprises (FIEs). While China has become more and more open to IFDI over time, it remains far more closed than most large economies. In recent years, we have seen the apparent contradictory trends toward developing what appears to be a more liberal legal environment for IFDI combined with highly publicized examples of pushback against FIEs in China. In order to understand China’s approach towards IFDI and FIEs, it is necessary to understand the historical background of IFDI and FIEs in China, the objective function that China applies to IFDI and FIEs, and the fact that the impact of IFDI and FIEs on China’s economy is often underestimated. These features will influence any investment treaties that might be reached with China and how they will be implemented. This chapter also provides a broad-brush perspective on China’s approach toward IFDI and FIEs. It then describes the results of novel method of estimating the economic benefits that IFDI and FIEs have brought to China. Finally, the chapter provides perspectives for those interested in the potential for the negotiation and implementation of investment agreements with China.
Lessons Learned from the Canada–China FIPA for the US–China BIT and beyond
Authors: Dickson-Smith Kyle Dylan
Published: April 2019

Key lessons can be made from analysing a unique and recent BIT, the Canada–China Foreign Investment Protection Agreement (FIPA), in order better to predict and identify the opportunities and challenges for potential BIT counterparties of China (such as the United States, the European Union (EU), India, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and Columbia). The Canada–China FIPA and the anticipated US–China BIT (and EU–China BIT) collectively fall into a unique class of investment agreements, in that they represent a convergence of diverse ideologies of international investment norms/protections with two distinct (East/West) underlying domestic legal and economic systems. The purpose of this chapter is to appreciate and utilize the legal content of the Canada–China FIPA in order to isolate the opportunities and challenges for investment agreements currently under negotiation (focusing on the US–China BIT). This analysis is conducted from the perspective of China’s traditional BIT practice and political–economic goals, relative to that of its counterparty. This chapter briefly addresses the economic and broader diplomatic relationship between China and Canada, comparing that with the United States. It then analyses a broad selection of key substantive and procedural obligations of the Canada–China FIPA, addressing their impact, individually and cumulatively, to extract what lessons can be learned for the United States (US) and other negotiating parties. This analysis identifies the degree of investment liberalization and legal protection that Canada and China have achieved, and whether these standards are reciprocally applied. The analysis is not divorced from the relevant political economy and negotiating position between China and the counterparty and the perceived economic benefits of each party, as well as any diplomatic sensitive obstacles between the parties. While this chapter does not exhaustively analyse each substantive and procedural right, it provides enough of a comprehensive basis to reveal those challenges that remain for future bilateral negotiations with China.
The RCEP Investment Rules and China
Authors: Wang Heng
Published: April 2019

The chapter analyses China’s FTA approach to investment in terms of malleability, and its implications for the RCEP. The following questions are discussed: what is the trend of China’s FTA approach to investment concerning malleability? Is China a rule follower, shaker, or maker? How may China’s approach the RCEP regarding investment? The chapter demonstrates, firstly, that China is willing to substantially improve rules and embrace newer style investment stipulations. The ChAFTA contains innovative safeguards of regulatory autonomy and ISDS procedural features (including the roster of arbitration panellists, the public welfare notice, the code of conduct for arbitrators, and the joint interpretation of the annex by treaty parties). Secondly, China will probably be a rule shaker in the short to medium term, and possibly becomes a rule-maker in the long term. Its approach may evolve from selective adaption to targeted innovation. The reason is plain as China will be increasingly active in the development of investment norms due to the need to protect its outbound investment and enhance investor confidence in inbound investment. As a rule-shaker in the RCEP negotiations, China will often modify proposals of partners rather than offer a new set of clauses. Given various factors (including the unique nature of mega FTA, ‘stockpile’ of existing investment agreements, and China’s approach to the ASEAN), China may take a more flexible stance in the RCEP than in bilateral FTAs. The RCEP will affect the shaping of China’s FTA approach to investment.
He Who Makes the Rules Owns the Gold
Authors: Slawotsky Joel
Published: April 2019

This chapter analyses the ever-increasing importance of Chinese influence on international investment law, which is a key branch of international economic law. By using the mechanics of the current architecture to assume a leadership role, China will likely become the new architect of the legal and financial orders. New infrastructure and development banks, a growing usage of the yuan and other incipient transformations, herald an upcoming era of new international law architects. While new institutions may initially work in conjunction within the existing framework, it is probable that the new architects’ alternatives will reach a critical mass and achieve an independent role in the international economic and legal orders. This transformation will likely lead to rewriting the rules and will serve to devalue the institutions which have enforced the global governance architecture over the previous seventy years. At a minimum, the replacement of the present architects will present a definitional, let alone enforcement problem with respect to international law. A different code of conduct may conflict with current norms and international law will need to focus on this potential dichotomy between former and new standards and customs. The failure to address this impending clash of customs may lead to a fracture of global cooperation and enforcement of international law, reduced prosperity, and heightened economic and military conflict.
Implementing Investor–state Mediation in China’s Next Generation Investment Treaties
Authors: Shang Shu
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses the possible proposal of implementing an investor–state mediation mechanism in China’s next generation IIAs, especially for disputes where the Chinese state will be acting as the Respondent. It first discussed the rise of mediation in international commercial and business dispute settings and mediation’s potential applications in resolving investor–state claims. It then discussed the background of recent rise of ADR in China and why that might lead to the adoption of an investor–state mechanism in the country’s future BITs, and how such a mechanism shall be devised. At the end, it wrapped up the discussion by arguing that rather than returning to political means of settling investor–state disputes, the recent rise of interest-based investor–state mediation indicates the benevolent interaction between parties as they become more experienced with investment treaty claims.
Defense
Authors: Kagan Shelly
Published: April 2019

If animals have deontological standing, then they have a right to self-defense. The chapter lays out some of the basic elements of this right in standard cases, where one person defends herself against another (including the existence of a proportionality condition, a necessity condition, and the fact that third parties can come to the defense of others), and then turns to a series of cases involving animals: cases where animals are being attacked by people, people are being attacked by animals, or animals are being attacked by other animals. Deciding what it is permissible for third parties to do in such cases is complicated by the realization that the proportionality condition may itself be sensitive to status, and that even when animals attack, they are not deliberate aggressors, but innocent threats.
Descartes's Fictions
Authors: Gilby Emma
Published: April 2019

Descartes’s Fictions traces common movements in early modern philosophy and literary method. This volume reassesses the significance of Descartes’s writing by bringing his philosophical output into contact with the literary treatises, exempla, and debates of his age. Arguing that humanist theorizing about the art of poetry represents a vital intellectual context for Descartes’s work, the volume offers readings of the controversies to which this poetic theory gives rise, with particular reference to the genre of tragicomedy, the question of verisimilitude, and the figures of Guez de Balzac and Pierre Corneille. Drawing on what Descartes says about, and to, his many contemporaries and correspondents embedded in the early modern republic of letters, this volume shows that poetics provides a repository of themes and images to which he returns repeatedly: fortune, method, error, providence, passion, and imagination, amongst others. Like the poets and theorists of the early modern period, Descartes is also drawn to the forms of attention that people may bring to his work. This interest finds expression in the mature Cartesian metaphysics of the Meditations, as well as, later, in the moral philosophy of his correspondence with Elisabeth of Bohemia or the Passions of the Soul. Some of the tropes of modern secondary criticism—a comparison of Descartes and Corneille, or the portrayal of Descartes as a ‘tragic’ figure—are also re-evaluated. This volume thus bridges the gap between Cartesian criticism and late-humanist literary culture in France.
The Pursuit of an Authentic Philosophy
Authors: Egan David
Published: April 2019

Superficially, Wittgenstein and Heidegger seem worlds apart: they worked in different philosophical traditions, were mostly ignorant of one another’s work, and Wittgenstein’s terse aphorisms in plain language could not be farther stylistically from Heidegger’s difficult prose. Nevertheless, Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations and Heidegger’s Being and Time share a number of striking parallels. In particular, this book argues that both authors manifest a similar concern with authenticity. The argument develops in three stages. Part One explores the emphasis both philosophers place on the everyday, and how this emphasis brings with it a methodological focus on recovering what we already know rather than advancing novel theses. Part Two argues that the dynamic of authenticity and inauthenticity in Being and Time finds homologies in Philosophical Investigations. In particular, the book articulates and defends a conception of authenticity in Wittgenstein that emphasizes the responsiveness and reciprocity of play. Part Three considers how both philosophers’ conceptions of authenticity apply reflexively to their own work: both are concerned not only with the question of what it means to exist authentically but also with the question of what it means to do philosophy authentically. For both authors, the problematic of authenticity is intimately linked to the question of philosophical method.
The Normative and the Evaluative
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach
Published: April 2019

Many have been attracted to the idea that for something to be good is just for there to be reasons to favour it. This view has come to be known as the buck-passing account of value. According to the buck-passing account, for pleasure to be good is just for there to be reasons for us to desire and pursue it. And for liberty and equality to be values is just for there to be reasons for us to promote and preserve them. There has been extensive discussion of some of the problems that the buck-passing account faces such as the wrong kind of reason problem. But there has been little discussion of why we should accept the buck-passing account or what the theoretical pay-offs and other implications of accepting it are. This book provides the first comprehensive motivation and defence of the buck-passing account of value. It argues that the buck-passing account explains several important features of the relationship between reasons and value, as well as the relationship between the different varieties of value, in a way that its competitors do not. It argues that alternatives to the buck-passing account are inconsistent with important views in normative ethics, are uninformative, and are at odds with the way in which we should see practical and epistemic normativity as related. And it extends the buck-passing account to provide an account of moral properties as well as all other normative and deontic properties, such as fittingness and ought, in terms of reasons.
The Value-First Account and First-Order Neutrality
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach
Published: April 2019

The Value-First Account (VFA) analyses reasons for pro-attitudes in terms of value. G. E. Moore, amongst others, held VFA. This chapter first motivates and defends a neutrality requirement according to which we have reason to reject views about what it is to have a certain property or to fall under a certain concept that entail the falsity of substantial, widely held, and somewhat plausible first-order views in normative ethics. Two versions of VFA conflict with this neutrality requirement. One version holds that reasons to have pro-attitudes towards something are just valuable features of that thing. This chapter argues that this view conflicts with an important kind of deontology. Another version of VFA analyses reasons for pro-attitudes in terms of the goodness of having those attitudes. The chapter argues that this view conflicts with many views about what things are of value. This chapter then argues that all other versions of VFA fail to provide genuine and non-circular accounts of reasons for pro-attitudes.
Not Sufficiently Neutral?
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach
Published: April 2019

Jonathan Dancy, Ulrike Heuer, Jonas Olson, and others have argued that there is reason to reject the buck-passing account of value (BPA) because of its implications for first-order normative ethics. Dancy argues that BPA is inconsistent with certain deontological views. Olson argues that BPA is inconsistent with an attractive way of distinguishing between consequentialism and deontology. Heuer argues that it begs the question against Williams’s internalism about reasons. This chapter argues that Dancy, Olson, and Heuer are mistaken. Others claim that certain versions of BPA are inconsistent with a consequentialist view about the reasons for pro-attitudes there are. This chapter argues that even global consequentialism should not involve a consequentialist view about the reasons for pro-attitudes that there are and because of this it is not a problem for BPA that it is inconsistent with a consequentialist view of the reasons for pro-attitudes that there are.
‘The Right Scale of that Balance’
Authors: O'Neill Michael
Published: April 2019

This chapter outlines the unique role that Spenser and Milton played in influencing Shelley’s development as a poet. Shelley responds to, builds upon, and at times revises the artistic achievements of Spenser and Milton to create his own notion of art. The chapter explores Spenser’s capacity for contradiction and identifies the ways in which The Faerie Queen and other Spenserian works have an affinity with Shelley’s interest in the interplay between opposing ideas or forces. This examination of Shelley’s receptive and reformative relationship with Spencer traces the ways in which Shelley borrows—sometimes directly and sometimes in a modified fashion—the Spenserian stanza, exploiting its intricate poetic form and its capacity for variance. It shows that Spenser’s belief is not completely rejected by Shelley, but rather modified or revised: Spenser’s ‘Heavenlie’ beauty becomes Shelley’s ‘Intellectual’ beauty, for example. The second half of the chapter explores Shelley’s inheritance from and revision of Milton, how Shelley uses echo and allusion to recreate Miltonic effects, and how he gives those deliberately Miltonic effects his own uniquely Shelleyan inflection. It outlines how Shelley is attuned to Milton’s capacity for ambiguity of perspective in Paradise Lost and how Shelley imbues characters, such as Demogorgon in Prometheus Unbound, with ambiguity. It also brings out Shelley’s use of forms he inherits from Milton, such as the way in which he employs tragedy to challenge moral values. This discussion is related to the larger question of the manner in which Shelley explores and revitalizes literary genres often associated with Spenser and Milton, such as the lyrical drama and narrative poetry.
‘A Double Face of False and True’
Authors: O'Neill Michael
Published: April 2019

Chapter 3 traces the movements of Shelley’s ideas and attitudes toward religion throughout his life and writings. It views Shelley as a far more nuanced religious thinker than is often implied by critics. It identifies the ambivalence with which Shelley, a self-styled atheist, approaches religious belief—especially Christian modes of belief—and the ways in which Shelley wrestles with and subverts the boundaries between the secular and the religious. The chapter examines how Shelley’s imagination adapts the language of religious belief in order to articulate poetic vision and experience. It traces many of Shelley’s allusions to the Bible and identifies the ways in which Shelley ‘incessantly reorchestrate[s]’ Biblical language in his works. It identifies the treatment of religion in other Romantic poets, such as Wordsworth and Blake, and shows how Shelley’s poetry departs from their approaches to religion. The chapter also probes a recurring idea in Shelley’s poetry and writings that there is some power or spirit that affects human souls, that originates within or, just possibly, beyond humanity, and has characteristics that influence and are influenced by poets. For Shelley, poetry is religion and poets are prophets and seekers of truth. The chapter also discusses Shelley’s religious prose and the ways in which his writings about God, belief, and religion ‘[reveal] a double rhythm’ in which Shelley ranges from scientific examination to ‘eruptions of latent feeling’. The chapter concludes with a study of Shelley’s final poem, the unfinished Triumph of Life, showing that throughout the poem there ghosts a ‘Christian belief-system that is never wholly abandoned or forgotten’.
Narrative and Play
Authors: O'Neill Michael
Published: April 2019

‘Narrative and Play’ continues to evaluate Byron and Shelley’s relationship with an eye to discussing how both poets employ narrative form in ways that create allow a constant cycle of renewal. The chapter examines how both poets explore the justification of art as well as the limits of art. It identifies the deftness with which Byron, in his narrative poems, ‘enthrals and challenges the reader’ by creating characters and circumstances that challenge ethical clarity. His characters are divided against themselves; they often act by reacting rather than drive the narration with a sense of purpose. Shelley’s narrative poem, however, offers ‘something close to virtuosic poetic display’. For all the Romantic emphasis on the ideal, both poets also recognize and place value on what is real. They seek for truth through the imagination, and this chapter examines how each poet does so. The chapter also traces each poet’s capacity for balancing and blending contraries. It includes examination of poetic form in both poems, in this case ottava rima, and the ways in which both poets employ the Italian form. The chapter concludes with a final summing-up of the differing ways in which Shelley and Byron employ narrative form. Byron takes advantage of the infinite possibility in self-multiplying tales and of digression and narratorial presence. Shelley focuses less on the story itself, and more on the compulsion to create stories, which reflects, ultimately, the compulsion to create. Finally, the chapter points out the importance of Byron and Shelley’s poetic works and experiments in narrative form as precursors to postmodernist experimentation.
‘The End and Aim of Poesy’
Authors: O'Neill Michael
Published: April 2019

Chapter 10 reads the dialogue between Shelley and Keats in terms of the two poets’ ideas concerning the role of poetry in culture and in the imagination. It reconsiders the received perception of the two poets’ relationship—that Keats was not as interested in a poetic friendship as Shelley—and points out that the two had a friendly rivalry. The chapter points out the fact that Shelley is underappreciated for his ability to recognize, appreciate, and encourage in his contemporaries, Keats in particular, not only their poetic achievement, but also their poetic potential and the potential of their poetic works. The chapter examines their exchange of letters in 1820 and notes that the views each poet had of the other have set the tone and pattern by which the other poet would be viewed and criticized by their successors. The chapter addresses the subject of death in both poets’ works, and it addresses the fact that both poets were heavily influenced by Wordsworth, tracing the older Romantic poet’s echoes in their works. It identifies two seemingly insignificant words from Keats’s letter to Shelley from 16 August 1820, ‘spot’ and ‘remain’, and how Shelley revisits both words and expands their poetic significance in Adonais. The chapter argues that ‘Shelleyan metaphysics and Keatsian physics reach out to their opposite’. Shelley, too, influenced Keats, and the chapter identifies how Keats’s consideration of beauty shifts after encountering Shelley’s ‘Hymn to Intellectual Beauty’. Finally, the chapter traces how both poets assert that ‘great poetry endures’ and how their works have found their place, their own ‘spot’, in the history of canonical works that endure.
‘Stars Caught in My Branches’
Authors: O'Neill Michael
Published: April 2019

Chapter 17 considers Shelley as a predecessor who, paradoxically, taught Swinburne how to go beyond being ‘A sort of pseudo-Shelley’ (Matthew Arnold). Swinburne becomes his own kind of iconoclastic poet by starting from Shelleyan examples. The chapter reveals the intricacy with which Swinburne adapts and inherits Shelley’s poetic thought. It explores Swinburne’s response to Shelley through readings of paired poems across a range of literary kinds: lyric, remodellings of classical drama, elegy, and extended metapoetic rhapsodies-cum-meditations. As Shelley does, Swinburne explores myth while revealing the eternal energies of desire and dread that draws the poet towards it. Reading ‘To a Seamew’ (for example) as a saddened and lyrical reworking of Shelley’s ‘To a Skylark’, this chapter attunes itself to Swinburne’s adaptations and insistent individuating of Shelley’s Romantic music. Again it contends, in relation to the view that Shelley’s work bravely seeks to face up and face down the forces pitted against affirmation, that Swinburne’s Atalanta in Calydon shows extreme sensitivity to this Shelleyan dialectic. Overall the chapter argues that Swinburne’s counter-Shelleyan achievement is to fuse a poem’s becomings with its essential being.
At the Edge of Reformation
Authors: Linehan Peter
Published: April 2019

This book springs from its author’s continuing interest in the history of Spain and Portugal—on this occasion in the first half of the fourteenth century between the recovery of each kingdom from widespread anarchy and civil war and the onset of the Black Death. Focussing on ecclesiastical aspects of the period in that region (Galicia in particular) and secular attitudes to the privatization of the Church, it raises inter alios the question why developments there did not lead to a permanent sundering of the relationship with Rome (or Avignon) two centuries ahead of that outcome elsewhere in the West. In addressing such issues, as well as of neglected material in Spanish and Portuguese archives, use is made of the also unpublished so-called ‘secret’ registers of the popes of the period. The issues it raises concern not only Spanish and Portuguese society in general but also the developing relationship further afield of the components of the eternal quadrilateral (pope, king, episcopate, and secular nobility) in late medieval Europe, as well as of the activity in that period of those caterpillars of the commonwealth, the secular-minded sapientes. In this context, attention is given to the hitherto neglected attempt of Afonso IV of Portugal to appropriate the privileges of the primatial church of his kingdom and to advance the glorification of his Castilian son-in-law, Alfonso XI, as God’s vicegerent in his.
Democracy and Political Culture
Authors: McKibbin Ross
Published: April 2019

This book is an examination of Britain as a democratic society; what it means to describe it as such; and how we can attempt such an examination. The book does this via a number of ‘case-studies’ which approach the subject in different ways: J.M. Keynes and his analysis of British social structures; the political career of Harold Nicolson and his understanding of democratic politics; the novels of A.J. Cronin, especially The Citadel, and what they tell us about the definition of democracy in the interwar years. The book also investigates the evolution of the British party political system until the present day and attempts to suggest why it has become so apparently unstable. There are also two chapters on sport as representative of the British social system as a whole as well as the ways in which the British influenced the sporting systems of other countries. The book has a marked comparative theme, including one chapter which compares British and Australian political cultures and which shows British democracy in a somewhat different light from the one usually shone on it. The concluding chapter brings together the overall argument.
Investigating Immigration and the Sustainability of the Norwegian Welfare State
Authors: Brochmann Grete
Published: April 2019

This chapter deals with a specific part of research-based policy-making in the Norwegian context—the institution of Norwegian Official Commissions (Norges Offentlige Utredninger—NOU). This institution, which is a significant element of the consensual Norwegian governance, has since the 1970s increasingly been dominated by academics. The NOU tradition, with its high legitimacy within the polity, thus serves as a bridge between research and policy-making. The chapter uses two Commissions on the relationship between international migration and the sustainability of the national welfare model as cases, the first one with an emphasis on labour immigration, the second one on refugees. The chapter describes and discusses the political context in which they were commissioned as well as how they have impacted on public discussion and concrete reform processes in the aftermath. The two commissions can serve as examples of how research can contribute constructively in relation to policy-making on a particularly contentious issue.
Slavery and the Making of Early American Libraries
Authors: Moore Sean D.
Published: April 2019

Early American libraries stood at the nexus of two transatlantic branches of commerce—the book trade and the slave trade. Slavery and the Making of Early American Libraries bridges the study of these trades by demonstrating how Americans’ profits from slavery were reinvested in imported British books and providing evidence that the colonial book market was shaped, in part, by the demand of slave owners for metropolitan cultural capital. It makes these claims on the basis of recent scholarship on how participation in London cultural life was very expensive in the eighteenth century, and evidence that enslavers were therefore some of the few early Americans who could afford importing British cultural products. In doing so, this work merges the fields of the history of the book, Atlantic studies, and the study of race, arguing that the empire-wide circulation of British books was underwritten by the labor of the African diaspora. This book, accordingly, is the first in early American and eighteenth-century British studies to fuse our growing understanding of the material culture of the transatlantic text with our awareness of slavery as an economic and philanthropic basis for the production and consumption of knowledge. In studying the American dissemination of works of British literature and political thought, this book claims that Americans were seeking out the forms of citizenship, constitutional traditions, and rights that were the signature of that British identity. Even though they were purchasing the sovereignty of Anglo-Americans at the expense of African-Americans through these books, however, some colonials were also making the case for the abolition of slavery.
The Netherlands—zorg in de gemeenschap
Authors: Britnell Mark
Published: April 2019

The Dutch healthcare system is considered by many to be one of the finest in the world because of its pioneering provision and decent level of funding. ‘Zorg in de gemeenschap’ or ‘care in the community’ is a both a distinguishing and defining feature of the Dutch cure and care system. The Dutch spend around 3.7% of their GDP on long-term care, the highest in the OECD, and offer many examples of innovation in caring for older people in the community and at home. Nearly 13% of the population aged over 65 receive care at home, compared with just 4.9% across the OECD. In this chapter, Mark Britnell looks at the Dutch healthcare system; its structure, funding, future, and much else. He points out that a strength of the Dutch healthcare system is the emphasis placed on well-resourced primary care, and looks at how it affects general care.
Germany—happy families?
Authors: Britnell Mark
Published: April 2019

Until recently Germany was in the enviable position of having too many doctors rather than too few. Understandably, many Germans are proud of their health system and created the first social insurance funds in the world. Since 1883, life expectancy in Germany has increased from 41 to today’s 81. Indeed, Germany is projected to have the second highest proportion (23%) by 2021 of citizens aged over 65 and is about to reach a national milestone of having more people aged 60 and over than under 30. In this chapter, Mark Britnell looks at how this demographic pressure is forcing radical experimentation, with the government paying families to care for their elderly. He argues that it will prove to be a test bed for other countries and is worth watching carefully.