bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical limitations of the Hohenberg–Mermin–Wagner theorem
Authors: Palle Grgur , Sunko D K
Published: June 2021

The Hohenberg–Mermin–Wagner (HMW) theorem states that infrared (IR) fluctuations prevent long-range order which breaks continuous symmetries in two dimensions (2D), at finite temperatures. We note that the theorem becomes physically effective for superconductivity (SC) only for astronomical sample sizes, so it does not prevent 2D SC in practice. We systematically explore the sensitivity of the magnetic and SC versions of the theorem to finite-size and disorder effects. For magnetism, finite-size effects, disorder, and perpendicular coupling can all restore the order parameter at a non-negligible value of T
c equally well, making the physical reason for finite T
c sample-dependent. For SC, an alternative version of the HMW theorem is presented, in which the temperature cutoff is set by Cooper pairing, in place of the Fermi energy in the standard version. It still allows 2D SC at 2–3 times the room temperature when the interaction scale is large and Cooper pairs are small, the case with high-T
c SC in the cuprates. Thus IR fluctuations do not prevent 2D SC at room temperatures in samples of any reasonable size, by any known version of the HMW argument. A possible approach to derive mechanism-dependent upper bounds for SC T
c is pointed out.
SWOT analysis and strategic planning for cocoa industry development in West Sulawesi Province
Authors: Indrawanto C , Yusron M , Rubiyo  , Mardiharini M , Hermawan H
Published: June 2021

This study provides input on strategies and policies that need to be taken to develop the cocoa industry in West Sulawesi Province. SWOT, IFE and EFE analysis have been used to determine the best strategy for developing cocoa industry in West Sulawesi. The results found 5 strength, 6 weakness, 4 opportunity and 4 threat factors. The IFE and EFE analysis show that strategy that needs to be taken is the development (SO) strategy. Policies that need to be followed are (1) Provision of superior seed sources through the establishment of cocoa seed garden, (2) Conducting cocoa rejuvenation programs along with spacing programs, (3) Increasing extension activities to disseminate GAP cocoa innovations, (4) Increasing role of Farmers Group in Fulfilling farm financing of its members through the establishment of savings and loan units supported by BumDes, (5) Increasing role of Farmers Group to ferment cocoa using GMP innovation through the establishment of processing units and profit sharing system with cocoa owners, (6) Increasing role of Farmers Group in cocoa market by establishing a marketing unit. Members of Farmers Group can sell cocoa to wholesalers through Farmers Group to increase their bargaining position.
Analysis of factors affecting beef cattle farming income (case study in Langkat Regency)
Authors: Harahap A S , Hasnudi  , Supriana T
Published: June 2021

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence and to analyse the effect of simultaneous and partial variable feeder cattle, livestock feed costs, cage depreciation costs, medicine and vitamin costs, labour costs on beef cattle farming. This research was conducted in Batang Serangan District, Stabat District, Babalan District with 73 respondents. The data analysis is used Multiple Linear Regression method to test the hypothesis simultaneously and partially using the F test and t test. The results of this study simultaneously (F test) show that the variable of feeder cattle, livestock feed costs, cage depreciation costs, medicine and vitamin costs and labour costs are simultaneously affect the income of beef cattle farming, while partially (t test), namely the variable of feeder cattle, livestock feed costs and cage depreciation costs shows a positive and significant effect on the beef cattle farming. It can be concluded that the cost of feeding livestock, the cost of animal feed, and the depreciation of pens are factors that have a significant effect on the income of beef cattle farming in Langkat Regency.
Integrated farming system of Arabica coffee in Karo District, North Sumatera
Authors: Lubis S N , Hida D A N , Fauzia L
Published: June 2021

The development of Arabica coffee through the Integrated Farming System in Karo District is relatively potential. The supportive topography and the habits of farmers in this region to plant coffee become the main reasons for integrating coffee farming with goat farming. This study aims to analyse the contribution of goat farming to household income in the integrated farming system of Arabica coffee and goat farming in Karo District. It used a quantitative analysis method. The result showed that goat farming has a relatively higher contribution to household income by 50.23%. It indicates that goat farming provides a great contribution to the farmer’s income.
Strategies of mangrove crab rearing business use natural method (case: Belawan Sicanang Village, Medan City, North Sumatera)
Authors: Sinaga M H , Supriana T , Iskandarini
Published: June 2021

Crab is a fishery commodity with a high economic value. The development of crab rearing business is expected to increase in the future. Crab production has decreased, thus it requires the strategy crab rearing business. The purposes of research are to identify internal factors, external factors and to crafting strategies of mangrove crab rearing business use natural method. This result shows that strengths are suitable position area, water characteristic, good product, distribution system, available land, own land, short harvest period, and farming period. The weaknesses are farmer knowledge, lack of fledgling in nature, lack fund, less management and little output. The opportunities are suitable clime, open possibility of market, secure area, and mangrove area. The threats are value sale, agricultural extension, pest attack, input costs, covid-19 effect, assistance government, and crab cannibalism. The suitable strategies to be developed are in quadrant I, namely aggressive strategies.
Financial approach of jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) crackers
Authors: Basyuni M , Situmeang S T R , Putri L A P , Yusraini E , Lesmana I , Hayati R
Published: June 2021

The jeruju crackers were increasing the economic income of the community in Lubuk Kertang Village, besides that was provide knowledge for the community to mangroves provided benefits for invite of community to the conserve mangrove forest. This study aims to identify the processing of jeruju leaves into processed products; to analyse the business feasibility of processing jeruju leaves into crackers in Lubuk Kertang Village, West Brandan District, Langkat Regency. This study uses data analysis by calculating R/C RC Ratio, Break Even Point (BEP) and Added Value, using production data 12 times the production of jeruju crackers. The RC Ratio value of jeruju crackers obtained ranged from 1.04 - 2.07. The highest RC Ratio of jeruju crackers was found in the production carried out on August 24, 2017 with values of 2.07. This study suggested that the business of processing jeruju can be economically profitable and financially feasible.
Analysis of affecting factors of Vannamei shrimp (Litopeaneus Vannamei) production farming
Authors: Fachri M , Supriana T , Baharuddin M
Published: June 2021

Shrimp is one of commodity that has a great demand by consumers both domestically and abroad as an export commodity. There are 2 types of shrimp that are cultivated in North Sumatra, namely Vannamei shrimp and tiger prawns. Cultivation of Vannamei shrimp has grown rapidly, replacing tiger prawns’ cultivation. The objective of the study is to analyse the affecting production factors for cultivating Vannamei shrimp. The research location was determined purposively in Medang Deras District, as it is one of the production centres for Vannamei shrimp. The entire population in the study area was sampled (using the census method). The multiple linear regression analysis method is used to analyse the data that has been collected through a survey using a questionnaire. The results showed that simultaneously, the feed amount, fry number, medicine amount and lime amount significantly affected the production. And partially, the feed amount, medicine amount and lime amount also significantly affected the production, while the fry number insignificantly affected the Vannamei shrimp production. The food amount significantly affected the production with the greatest coefficient value. The lime application at the research location was crucial because it negatively affected the Vannamei shrimp production.
Analysis of comparative and competitive advantages of organic rice in Beringin Subdistrict of Deli Serdang Regency
Authors: Lindawati L , Zulfida I , Azmi A F
Published: June 2021

Beringin Subdistrict is a region in Deli Serdang Regency with increasing organic rice cultivation area, hence this location was purposively selected as research location. This aim of this study was to analyze the comparative and competitive advantages besides analyzing the impact of government policy on organic rice in Beringin Subdistrict. The data used included primary and secondary data which were analyzed using the method of Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). Results of the method of Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) showed that organic rice farming performed by farmers had both comparative and competitive advantages as reflected by the less than one value of Domestic Resource Cost Ratio (DRCR) and Private Cost Ratio (PCR). Overall, government policy to input and output was found to be effectively implemented since the value of Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC) of organic rice was greater than one.
Analysis factors affecting the production of tilapia pond cultivation (case: Belawan Sicanang Village, Medan Belawan District, Medan City)
Authors: Manurung F G , Supriana T , Sebayang T
Published: June 2021

Aquaculture is the activity of maintaining and harvesting fish production in a controlled environment. The method for cultivating fish in each region varies based on the conditions in the area. The way to cultivate it will affect the production results that will be obtained. This study aims to analyse the factors that influence the results of tilapia pond production in the research area. Cobb-Douglass function analysis is a data analysis meth od used in this study. This study shows that the number of seeds, feed, labour, maintenance time simultaneously has a significant effect on tilapia production in the study area. But the number of seeds only partially has a significant effect on tilapia production in the study area, while the factors of feeding, labour, and maintenance time do not have a significant effect.
The impact of entrepreneurial characteristics and innovation characteristics on entrepreneurial skills in Madura cattle farmers
Authors: Novanda R R , Khaliqi M , Bakhtiar A , Amiruddin A
Published: June 2021

The entrepreneurial characteristics of farmers have a significant effect on the performance of the beef cattle business. Entrepreneurial skills can encompass a broad range of various skill sets such as technical skills, leadership and business management skills and creative thinking. So, it is important to do further analysis whether entrepreneurial characteristics and innovation characteristics can affect the increase in entrepreneurial skills of Madura cattle farmers. This research was conducted on Madurese cattle farmers in the Sumenep area, Madura Islands. The number of respondents involved was 96 Madura Cattle farmers. The location selection and sampling were carried out by using a purposive method and a census of Madura cattle farmers. Collecting data using a questionnaire instrument with a measuring scale of 1 to 5. Data analysis using partial least squares is a model that connects a response variable with a set of predictor variables. Based on the results of data processing, it was found that Entrepreneur Characteristics and Innovation Characteristics has a significant effect on Entrepreneurial Skill.
Development and potential analysis of cassava-based agroindustry in North Sumatera
Authors: Simanjuntak A A , Supriana T , Lubis S N , Ginting R
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to analyse the influencing factors of the cassava-based agroindustry development in North Sumatera and the strategies needed for the development of cassava-based agroindustry. This research used internal and external analysis and strategy measurement was conducted with Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM). The research results were in the cell position I. ISM (Interpretive Structural Modelling) method could formulate the development strategies, namely: 1) The role of the government had to be further enhanced in agro-industrial development; 2) Dissemination of technological innovations led to efficient production processes; 3) Optimizing agro-industrial clusters; 4) Improving business management of the actors on cassava-based agroindustry and 5) Growing the partnerships in marketing.
Marketing analysis and feasibility analysis of coffee (Coffea sp)
Authors: Azhar I , Rahmawaty  , Saraan M , Taufik M , Muamar  , Aulin F R , Situmeang D J , Barus K
Published: June 2021

Coffee is a natural resource that has economic value and is also a mainstay commodity for most farmers and is increasingly promising as the market expands. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyse the marketing flow and to analyse the feasibility of a coffee business. This study uses data analysis to see the feasibility of a business by looking for total costs, total revenue and revenue cost ratio (R/C). The results obtained from this study indicate that the coffee marketing channel has 2 different channels involving farmers, small traders, level 1 collectors and consumers. The business feasibility of this study shows that the total fixed costs incurred are IDR 1,000,000/year and the total variable costs incurred is IDR 6,000,000/year, so that the total costs incurred are IDR 7,000,000/year. The revenue obtained is 9,600,000 IDR/year, the result is obtained from a total production of 480 kilos and a selling price of 20,000 IDR/kilos, per kg. The conclusion is that coffee deserves to be done development because the R/C obtained > 1 is 1.37.
Institution role in enhances dry land rice production
Authors: Pujiharti Y , Barus J , Endriani  , Novitasari E
Published: June 2021

The research objectives are to describe economic social condition of dry land rice farmer and role of institutions related to dry land rice farming. This research was conducted in a dry land of Bandar Sribhawono Subdistrict, East Lampung Regency, Lampung Province-Indonesia. The location selection was done purposive random sampling with the assumption that the location has ever been implemented “Largo Super” Program. Respondents were random sampling as many as 68 respondents who came from 4 villages. Data collection usage the method of direct interviews with selected farmers use a questionnaire. Secondary data were obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of East Lampung Regency and Lampung Province. The result indicates that the institution’s role related to dry land rice farm are farmer group and extension institute. Role of farmers group that is felt by a member of the farmer group namely to provide production means. That role can be more optimized to engage youth farmers to act as extensions. The extensions role is very difficult to increase because an extensions area that is their responsibility cover 2-3 villages. In 2018, the income of the dry land rice farm is below the poverty line.
Marketing strategy of crystal guava (Psidium Guajava L.) as an alternative opportunity community economic empowerment (Tanjung Anom Village, Pancur Batu District, Deli Serdang Regency)
Authors: Surbakti S , Salmiah  , Supriana T
Published: June 2021

The research aims to: (1) describe internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) factors and (2) describe guava marketing strategies as an alternative opportunity for community economic empowerment. The research area was in Tanjung Anom Village, Pancur Batu District, Deli Serdang Regency with 30 samples and used a SWOT analysis. The results show the calculation of the IFAS and EFAS matrices from internal factors, namely 3.00 obtained from the total number of ratings for strengths and weaknesses and for external factors, namely 2.80, which is obtained from the total addition of opportunity and threat factors. The results of the SWOT diagram show that guava is in an aggressive position in a favourable situation. The marketing strategy implemented is to improve product quality, strengthen cooperation with the government, maintain good relations with consumers, improve the quality of human resources at the operational level, increase product promotion and distribution, segment the market in order to maintain and expand existing markets, create new designs. so that consumers have many choices and increase production and marketing cooperation between similar business actors.
Analysis of factors affecting strawberry farming (case: Dolat Rayat District, Karo Regency)
Authors: Pinem N F , Pohan A R , Gunawan R
Published: June 2021

This study aims to analyse the factors affecting strawberry farming in Dolat Rayat District. The analytical method used in finishing the study is the multiple linear regression model through the Cobb Douglas production function. The variables used in this study were land area, use of seedlings, use of NPK fertilizer, total labours and use of Joker pesticide. The results obtained indicate that land area, use of seedlings, use of NPK fertilizer, total labours and use of Joker pesticide together have a significant effect on strawberry production with a coefficient of determination of 0.699. Partially, land area, labours and the use of Joker pesticide did significantly influence the strawberry production. Meanwhile, the use of seedlings and the use of NPK fertilizer did not significantly affect the strawberry production.
Supporting food security with rice farming insurance: the farmers’ perceptions (case study in Cinta Damai Village, Percut Sei Tuan Subdistrict, Deli Serdang District)
Authors: Pane T C , Supriyono Y , Novita D
Published: June 2021

Rice, as the main food commodity in Indonesia, is expected to be fulfilled from national production. The Rice Farmers Business Insurance (AUTP) is one of the government programs to support national food production. The purpose of conducting this research was to analyse farmers’ perceptions of the Rice Farming Insurance (AUTP) program and to analyse the impact of farmers’ perceptions on farmers’ participation in the AUTP program. Analyses were performed with the statistical descriptions, the Mann-Whitney Test, and the Kruskal-Wallis Test. The test results showed that rice farmers who were the AUTP program participants had very good perceptions of the program objectives, benefits, and implementation. Meanwhile, rice farmers who were not the AUTP program participants had moderate perceptions of the program objectives, benefits, and implementation. The perceptions of lowland rice farmers had a significant impact on the participation of lowland rice farmers in the AUTP program. Farmers who did not participate in the AUTP program tended to have worse perceptions of the program, while farmers who participated in the AUTP program tended to have better perceptions. Suggestions had been compiled so that the AUTP program can better support farmers in stabilizing and increasing rice production to maintain national food security.
Risk attitude and risk strategy management in red chili business in Langkat Regency North Sumatera Province
Authors: Iskandar R , Ayu S F , Rahmanta
Published: June 2021

Red Chili one of the most potential commodities for cultivation. however, red chili farmers do not always experience profits. There are times when farmers often experience enormous losses. This is related to the risks and uncertainty of farming faced by farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the relationship of risk attitudes and risk management strategies in red chili farming in Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province. The data used are primary data sourced from questionnaires and interviews with 112 red chili farmers in Langkat Regency. The analytical method used is the Pearson Correlation to see relationship of risk attitudes and risk strategies. The results showed that the correlation between the variable risk attitude and risk management strategy was strong, significant and unidirectional or risk attitude had a significant and negative relationship to the intention to implement risk reduction strategies in red chili farming by farmers.
Economic returns and constraints of traditional fish smoking in North Buton District of Southeast Sulawesi
Authors: Saediman H , Merlina J , Rianse I S , Taridala S A A , Rosmawaty R
Published: June 2021

Fish smoking is a method of preserving fish using smoke from burning coconut shells or wood charcoal. This study aimed to assess the economic returns from traditional fish smoking, examine its contribution to the total household income, and identify the constraints it is facing. The study was undertaken in Malalanda Village, Kulisusu Sub-district, North Buton District. The data collection was carried out in July-September 2019. Data and information were collected from ten smoked fish producers living in the village. Cost and returns analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Study results showed that the monthly household income of smoked fish producers was IDR10,930,201, consisting of IDR8,515,505 from fishing and fish smoking, and IDR2,414,696 from selling foods. The contribution of fishing and fish smoking to the total household income was 78.0 percent. Traditional fish smoking has some constraints related to processing technology, handling practices, and labour work. Traditional fish smoking provides a significant contribution to household income, so there is a need to improve the processing method and working environment to enhance the product quality and safeguard women producers’ health.
Sun energy on natural drying of cucumber and radish
Authors: Haryanto B , Sinuhaji T R F , Tarigan E A , Tarigan M B , Sitepu N A Br
Published: June 2021

Drying is a very basic process for reducing the moisture content of a material or product. It is the oldest technique used to extend the shelf life of a material or product. The idea is to dry in comparing cucumber and radish with the same thickness and shape of the sample. The result of the different samples, the operation time and temperature impact the drying kinetics. As the results of drying at open area and naturally gave the information have impacted the rate of drying. The type of sample with specific chemical compounds has a certain drying rate on a variation of temperature and operation time.
The attitude of farmers to the snake fruit-based creative economic development plan in Kutambaru Village, Tiganderket Subdistrict, Karo Regency
Authors: Maryunianta Y , Kesuma S I
Published: June 2021

Agribusiness institutions in Kutambaru Village that is accompanied by the USU Team has planned the development of the creative economy in the form of product processing and agrotourism activities based on snake fruit. For this reason, a study entitled Farmers’ Attitudes toward the Snake Fruit-Based Creative Economy Development Plan in Kutambaru Village was conducted with the aim to 1) analyse the attitudes of snake fruit farmers toward snake fruit-based creative economy development plans (processed products and agrotourism), and 2) analyse the socio-economic factors related to the attitude of these snake fruit farmers. The Likert Summated Rating Method was used to study the farmer’s attitude and to analyse the relationship between the factors related to the attitude, the Spearman’s Rank Method was used. The results showed that the attitude of farmers is included in the category of support or agree. Factors related to farmers’ attitudes are farmers’ insights about the science of processing snake fruit products and farmers’ access to the media. Meanwhile, factors related to farmers’ attitudes are the duration of farmers’ experiences in farming snake fruit, farmers’ access to the media, and farmers’ insights about snake fruit agrotourism.
Indicators of customers in selecting hydroponic green leafy vegetables (Study case: millenials in North Sumatera)
Authors: Ayu P C , Fathoni R B M I , Siregar R R
Published: June 2021

The demand for fresh vegetables is continue to increase everyday, along with the understanding in the requirement of vegetables to our bodies. Vegetables’ growers should know the main indicators of customer while providing their needs, also the price range. This research was conducted in Sumatera Utara Province in July to September 2020 using primary and secondary data through observation, questionnaires distribution, literature study and documentation study. Result showed several main indicators of customer consideration in Sumatera Utara Province in selecting vegetables, which were fresh, clean, leaves have wide size, reasonable price, drive through facility, pesticide free, famous brand and always available. From 8 indicators, this study indicated 3 of the most important indicators for customer is the freshness, continued with pesticide free and the cleanlines, which showed that the customers’ awareness to their health has existed by choosing the main indicators that representing the quality. Moreover, the millenial customers of vegetables in North Sumatera Province prefer three types of hydroponic vegetables, namely mustard green, kangkong and lettuce, with price range of IDR 5,000 – IDR 10,000. However, hydroponic vegetables have not been distributed and cultivated well in several places in North Sumatera.
The prediction of consumers’ intention in choosing organic coffee: an application of theory planned behaviour
Authors: Khaliqi M , Gurning H R H , Pane T C , Novanda R R , Darmansyah D
Published: June 2021

The behaviour of Indonesian coffee consumers towards organic coffee is an important thing to study. Therefore, organic coffee producers should know about the characteristics of potential customers they can promote organic coffee products to. This study aimed to explore the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) as a factor influencing organic coffee consumer’s intention in Indonesia. The study was conducted in 2020. The selection of respondents was carried out using a non-probability sampling method, namely accidental sampling. There were 850 respondents selected, but after clearing the data, it was found that 766 respondents were in accordance with the research objectives. Data generated from interviews with consumers would be analysed using the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results of the study were able to prove the positive effect of the TPB variables on organic coffee consumer’s intention.
Development strategy of young agricultural entrepreneurs
Authors: Refiswal E , Julianti T , Supriana  , Iskandarini
Published: June 2021

The agricultural sector is currently experiencing various problems such as the decreasing number of farm workers, the lack of interest of the young generation in the agricultural sector, and fewer agricultural jobs. Therefore, concrete efforts and policies are needed to overcome it. One of the efforts and policies undertaken by the government is to provide entrepreneurship education to the younger generation through the “Penumbuhan Wirausahawan Muda Pertanian (PWMP)” [Growth of Young Agricultural Entrepreneurs] Program. Entrepreneur development requires a strategy to facilitate success. The purpose of this research is to formulate a development strategy for young agricultural entrepreneurs. Data sources are PWMP participants in the provinces of Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Jambi, South Sumatra, and Bengkulu. The data analysis method used is the SWOT analysis. The results of the research resulted in the formulation of strategies in the development of young agricultural entrepreneurs, namely by implementing aggressive strategies; 1) increasing the ease of access to capital assistance and financial stimuli by involving the banking sector; 2) creating several agro-tourism areas; 3) increasing the ease of access to information on business opportunities and business promotion; and 4) improving facilities for promotional events and awarding entrepreneurial achievements.
Lemang cooker optimization
Authors: Daulay S B , Munir A P , Harahap L A
Published: June 2021

Lemang is popular in Indonesia, especially in western part of Indonesia. A traditional way to cook Lemang is both tedious and hazardous, thus a mechanization of some sort will help in Lemang production. This paper was intended to provide a design a Lemang cooker and its optimization through varying cooking temperature and cooking duration. The combined result of prior researches shows that for the operation of Lemang Cooker, the best setting was for cooking temperature set to 105°C and cooking duration set to be 90 minutes. The best setting will result in the production capacity of 1.44 kg/hr.
Microbiological and organoleptic test of kefir from the balance of goat milk and cow milk with different fermentation time
Authors: Rusdhi A , Julianti E , Tafsin M
Published: June 2021

This research aims to evaluate the process of making kefir with the correct method, as well as evaluate the type of milk that is best suited for the manufacture of kefir and the most appropriate fermentation to produce kefir based on physical, microbiological and sensory quality. The research was conducted for 3 months (October-December 2018). The draft used in this study of the complete randomized draft (RAL) consisting of two-factor 3 treatments and 3 repeats. The factor A is: Cow milk 100% (P1), goat milk 50% + cow milk is 50% (P2), and cow milk is 100% (P3). While Factor B is: fermentation 48 hours (S1), fermentation 60 hours (S2), and fermentation of 72 hours (S3). Results of the study showed the highest LAB contained in goat milk fermentation for 72 hours (8.69) hedonic value of the highest flavour found in the milk of fermented cow 72 hours (4.0889), hedonic value of the highest scent contained in the milk fermented cow 72 hours (4.4888), the highest value of hedonic texture found in fermented goat milk 72 hours (3.9778). Conclusion results of this research that is the longer fermentation time greatly affects the quality of kefir.
Properties of organoleptic nuggets with basic materials chicken intestine and breadfruit flour
Authors: Hafid H , Patriani P , Nuraini  , Agustina D , Fitrianingsih  , Inderawati  , Ananda S H
Published: June 2021

The study evaluated the organoleptic properties from chicken intestines nugget with substitution 50% of breadfruit flour and tapioca flour. The treatments in this study consisted of without breadfruit flour (R1), the substitution of breadfruit flour 15% (R2), 25% (R3), 35% (R4), 50% (R5), 65% (R6), 75. % (R7), 85% (R8), 100% (R9). A completely randomized design with 5 replications was used in this study. The substitute of breadfruit flour as a substitute treatment for tapioca flour. Parameters consist of texture, colour, and taste. The results of this study were panellists’ preference for nugget colour with the substitution of breadfruit flour 35% (R4) to 100% (R9) was significantly different (P<0.05) with R1. The aroma of nuggets with breadfruit flour 35% (R4), 50% (R5), 65% (R6), 85% (R8), and 100% (R9) were significantly different (P<0.05) with R1. The taste of chicken intestine nuggets with breadfruit flour substitution 25% (R3) to 100% (R9) was significantly different (P<0.05) than the control. The conclusion in this study substituting tapioca flour to replace breadfruit flour in 50% chicken intestine nuggets has different organoleptic characteristics in aroma, texture, colour, and taste. Substitution of breadfruit flour 50% can be applied to make nuggets made from chicken intestines.
Reproductive management and performances of Bali cow kept by smallholder farmers level with different production systems in South Konawe Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Budisatria I G S , Guntoro B , Sulfiar A E T , Ibrahim A , Atmoko B A
Published: June 2021

This research aims to determine Bali cows’ reproductive management and performances, kept by smallholder farmers with intensive and semi-intensive production systems in South Konawe Regency. A total of 55 farmers and 110 Bali cows was interviewed and observed. The data was captured consists of farmers’ characteristics, reproductive management, and reproductive performances. An independent sample t-test analyzed the data. The farmers with intensive and semi-intensive production systems could detect the estrus well (69.57 and 59.09%) and mated by artificial insemination (AI) (70.83 and 86.11%). There was a significant difference (P <0.05) related to the first estrus age (1.98±0.82 vs. 1.92±0.18 years), the first mating age (2.84±0.23 vs. 2.77±0.34 years), service per conception with natural mating and AI (1.00±0.00 vs. 1.20±0.42 and 1.70±0.76 vs. 1.44±0.57 times). There were no significant differences in the first calving age, gestation length, postpartum estrus, postpartum mating, weaning age, calving interval, and cow reproduction index. The pre-weaning mortality and calf crops were 6.25 and 9.68%; 76.79 and 71,70%. To conclude our findings, the farmers in South Konawe Regency carry out reproductive management well. Bali cows’ reproductive performance with an intensive system is better than the semi-intensive system based on the calf crop.
Application of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) on physical and organoleptic qualities of chicken meatballs
Authors: Patriani P , Hellyward J , Hafid H , Apsari N L , Hasnudi
Published: June 2021

Leaves of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) are categorized as a tonic spice in culinary and also often used as herbs. The use of sweet basil leaves is usually dried as a spice to give a distinctive flavour to the cuisine. This study aimed to determine the effect of sweet basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum) application with different percentages on the physical and organoleptic qualities of chicken meatballs. This study used a Complete Randomized Design with 4 treatments and 5 repetitions. The treatments in this study consisted of different percentages of sweet basil leaves powder at P0: 0%, P1: 2%, P2: 4%, and P3: 6%. After chicken meatballs were cooked and stored at room temperature for 24 hours, then the measurement of physical and organoleptic qualities was carried out. The obtained results showed that the addition of sweet basil leaves had a real effect (P<0.05) on cooking loss, pH value, aroma, flavour linking, and basil flavour of chicken meatballs. However, there was no significant effect (P>0.05) on the water content. It is concluded that the application of sweet basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum) at 4% could effectively improve and retain the physical and organoleptic qualities of chicken meatballs for 24 hours.
The effect of Garcinia
atroviridis extract on water content, pH and cooking loss value of rejected laying hens meat
Authors: Sari T V , Patriani P
Published: June 2021

Garcinia atroviridis or by Indonesian name is Asam Gelugur (tamarind) is often used as a spice for cooking in Indonesia. Garcinia fruit contains minerals, vitamins, fibre, flavonoids, hydroxy citric, ascorbic, malic, tartaric, and also other ingredients that are useful for health and cause a decrease in the quality of meat. The purpose of this research was to explain the effect of Garcinia extract on water content, pH, and cooking loss values of rejected laying hens. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment was given to the rejected laying hens meat that were marinated in Garcinia extract levels that are 0% (P0), 2% (P1), 4% (P2) and 6% (P3) for 15 minutes and then stored for 48 hours at room temperature 270C to 300C. Based on the analysis of variance and test results with DMRT showed that using Garcinia extract at all levels had a highly significant different (P<0.01) of the water content, pH and cooking losses of rejected laying hens meat. Garcinia atroviridis at 4% level effectively maintains the quality of meat during storage for up to 48 hours because it produces the normal water content, pH and reduces cooking loss.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 gene polymorphism in Indonesian river buffalo
Authors: Hasan F , Khaerunnisa I , Daulay A H
Published: June 2021

One of the genetic superiority of river buffalo can be seen from the genes controlling milk production. One of the well known genes that can control milk production in river buffalo is Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT 1). This study was conducted to identify the STAT 1 gene polymorphisms in river buffaloes in Indonesia. A total of 36 head of water buffalo including bulls (12) and calves (24) were collected Lembang Artificial Insemination Center, North Sumatra Artificial Insemination Center, BPTU-HPT Siborongborong, Deli Serdang District, and Medan District. Hair samples from each individual were collected for obtaining DNA samples. The amplification was carried out to obtain STAT1 partial sequence covering intron 9 to intron 11. This study found the G23549C and the T24011C loci polymorphism in Indonesian river buffalo for the first time. Both loci were polymorphic in both bulls and calves population. The polymoprhism information found in this study suggests that the STAT1 gene has the potential to be used as a genetic marker for buffalo milk production. Further studies are needed to prove this hypothesis.
Utilization of botanical pesticide as rice pests control of in Soporaru Village, North of Tapanuli, Indonesia
Authors: Siregar A Z , Tulus  , Lubis K S
Published: June 2021

Peoples in Soporaru village grows local specific brown rice ‘Kasumbo’ as a source of staple food in North of Tapanuli, Indonesia. The productivity is mostly disturbed by dominant pests, white back leafhoppers, planthopper, stemborer, and stinkbugs. The importance use of plant materials of botanical pesticide can control pests food crops. The method used waspurposive random samplingusing Yellow Sticky Trap (YST) and applied botanical pesticide, consist ofCosmos caudatus,Tagetes erecta, andClitoria ternateaat the paddy plantation during May-August 2020 in Soporaru village, North of Tapanuli. The fertilizers used farmer recorded Phosphate, ZA, SP36, and NPK. These results were recorded applied the variance of three botanical pesticide influence the mean population ofSogatella furcipera.Variety pests, such as:S. furcipera, Leptocorisa oratorius, Orseolia oryzae and Nephotettix virescenwere identified are quite diverse. SpeciesS. furciperacan detected used by botanical pesticides,C.caudatus/kenikir flower (4-11 individuals),Tagetes erectaL./marigold flower (5-10 individuals) andClitoria ternatea/butterfly pea flowers (6-13 individuals). Status insects in paddy were three categorized, such 12 species were pests, 7 predators, and onlyGryllotalpa orientalisinto insect.
The study of the potential development of goat and sheep in North Labuhanbatu Regency to support North Sumatera Province as a producer of goat and sheep
Authors: Anwar S , Wahyuni T H , Mirwandhono R E
Published: June 2021

North Labuhanbatu Regency is one of the districts in North Sumatera that has potential in the development of livestock. This research aims to find out the potential of agriculture and plantation waste as well as areas that can be used as a development area for goat and sheep livestock in North Labuhanbatu Regency. The type of research used is descriptive research to describe the potential of agriculture and plantation waste in determining the development area of goat and sheep livestock using LQ methods combined with livestock density, waste support index and capacity to increase ruminants livestock population. This research was conducted in North Labuhanbatu Regency in February–April 2020. The results showed that North Labuhanbatu Regency has development potential in supporting North Sumatra Province a producer of goat and sheep livestock. Regional strategy I namely Aek Natas Sub-District, Kualuh Hilir, Kualuh Leidong. Regional strategy group namely Na IX-X, Aek Kuo, Kualuh Selatan, Kualuh Hulu sub-districts. Group III strategy namely Marbau sub-district. Alternative strategies for utilizing agriculture and plantation waste in the development of goat and sheep livestock one of them is the integration system in order to use crop waste as a source of animal feed in North Labuhanbatu Regency.
The utilization of extract and powder of Batak onion (Allium chinense) as an antibiotic to broiler chicken performance
Authors: Sadeli A , Tafsin M , Hanafi N D , Henuk Y L , Lase M
Published: June 2021

Broiler chickens are susceptible to diseases come from bacteria. The bacteria that usually infect broiler chickens is Escherichia coli which can cause diarrhea. The precaution is done using antibiotics, usually. This study aimed to analyse the effect of Batak Onion (Allium
chinense) extract and powder as an antibiotic to the performance of broiler chicken. Research method was using the completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments and 3 repetitions, and five samples of broiler chicken were used for each repetition. The treatments were P0A: Control without infection, P0B: with E. coli infection, P1: P0A + Batak Onion Extract (A. Chinense) (1%), P2: P0A + Batak Onion Powder (A. Chinense) (0.05%), P3: P0B + Batak Onion Extract (A. Chinense) (1%), P4: P0B + Batak Onion Powder (A. Chinense) (0.05%) and P5: P0B + Tetracycline Antibiotic (0.05%). Result of the research showed result that were not significantly different for feed consumption, weight gain and feed conversion before infection which was in contrast with after infection condition. It can be concluded that the use of Batak onion extract and powder can be used as a natural antibiotic to replace the tetracyclines.
Impact of mangrove forest recovery on coastal socio economic conditions on Rugemuk Village, Pantai Labu Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency
Authors: Pambudi J H T , Purwoko A , Rahmanta
Published: June 2021

This study aims to analyse the impact of the recovery program on the dynamics of coastal community groups; mangrove forest area; types of catch biota that have economic value; availability of coastal agro-industry raw materials; employment opportunities and coastal household income. The data analysis method used is a comparative method namely the Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test with the t-test and Z-test. To analyse the area of mangrove forests using the map overlay method. The sampling method used was a simple random sampling method with 79 samples for hamlets 3 and 4. The results showed that there were significant differences in group dynamics, mangrove forest area, types of catch biota that were economically valuable, availability of coastal agro-industry raw materials, employment opportunities, income of coastal households before (2012) and after (2017) mangrove forest recovery programs.
Fire vulnerability level model for land fire and forest management in Labuhanbatu, North Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Thoha A S , Triani H , Slamet B , Harahap M M
Published: June 2021

The effect of forest degradation had been apparent increasing disaster level risk, including land fire and forests. The real impact of land fire and forests, particularly in Labuhanbatu District, North Sumatera Province, was physical, socio-economic, and environmental losses that had the potential to cause further disasters. The research objective was to determine the vulnerability grade from forest level and fire lands in Labuhanbatu District, North Sumatera Province. The determination of vulnerability level model of land fire and forests used spatial modelling with the Composite Mapping Analysis method. The dependent variable of this model was the fire hotspot density. The driving factor for land fire and forests from the model of vulnerability for land fires and forest was the accessibility of the community, which was the distance from the road with a weighting of 63% in determining the fire vulnerability level. About 20% of Labuhanbatu District, North Sumatera Province, was in the high-very high vulnerability levels. Areas that had high-very high vulnerability levels were quite wide, including Aek Natas, Kualuh Hulu, and Na IX - X Districts. These areas were generally on a hilly-steep slope. The government and the community needed to improve monitoring and evaluation on lands.
Implementation of community development and empowerment master plan of PT Agincourt Resources in Batangtoru, South Tapanuli, North Sumatera
Authors: Boangmanalu B A , Harahap R H , Rujiman
Published: June 2021

This research aims to research the implementation of the community development and empowerment master plan (RIPPM) programs of PT Agincourt Resources in villages around a mine (hereinafter reffered to as “ring 1”). This is a descriptive research using a qualitative approach. This research was conducted in Batangtoru District, which consists of twelve villages in ring 1 of PT. Agincourt Resources. The results show that the implementation of RIPPM of PT Agincourt Resources has performed quite well. However, from the perspective of the community, the aspect of economic independence has not been implemented properly.
The limiting factor of land suitability for development of gambir cultivation (case-study in Sari Laba Jahe Village Deli Serdang North-Sumatra)
Authors: Rahmawaty  , Marpaung R M E , Batubara R , Rauf A
Published: June 2021

Gambir-(Uncaria
-
gambir)
-is commonly found in North Sumatera, especially in Pak-pak Bharat and Dairi Regency. This-study-aimed to determine the limiting factors for-gambir cultivation land suitability in Sari Laba Jahe Village, Sibiru-biru Sub-district, Deli Serdang Regency, North-Sumatera-Province. This study was-conducted from January 2020 to June 2020. Soil sampling based on land-unit was carried-out through a field survey to determine soil characteristics in the-study location. The land-suitability was evaluated-based on the matching method-between data from laboratory analysis and available gambir-land-suitability criteria. The results-showed that the actual-land suitability-class for-gambir in Sari-Laba Jahe-Village is marginally-suitable-(S3) with temperature limiting factor (tc) and root zone media (rc) of 65.39% in land-units-I,-III,-VI, XI and-marginally-suitable (S3) with a temperature (tc) factor of 34.61% in land-units-II,-IV,-V,-VI,-VII,-VIII,-IX,-X. The limiting-factor of temperature-(tc) and-root zone-media-(rc) were difficult limiting factors to overcome so, that the potential, land suitability-for-gambir in Sari-Laba-Jahe Village is the-same-as the actual-land-suitability.
Assessment of land cover change over a period of five years in Deli Serdang, North Sumatra
Authors: Rahmawaty  , Harahap M M , Kurniawan H , Rauf A
Published: June 2021

Deli Serdang Regency is one of the districts in North Sumatra Province. Medan City is surrounded by Deli Serdang Regency. This study aimed to evaluate land cover changes that occurred during a period of five years (2014-2019) in Deli Serdang Regency by using a Geographical Information System (GIS). Changes in land cover are analyzed spatially using change detection available in the GIS application. Ground check is conducted to match the land cover type from the land cover map with actual conditions in the field. The land cover points taken in the field are taken using a Global Positioning System (GPS). The results showed that in a period of 5 years (2014-2019) there was a change in land use in Deli Serdang. The area of land use has increased, including: mangrove forest (5,176.57 ha to 5,645.23 ha), mining (211.93 ha to 387.47 ha), industry (2,944.64 ha to 3,316.39 ha), open land (726.12 ha to 1,063.57 ha), plantations (82,138.73 ha to 88,411.56 ha), settlements (20,537.91 ha to 21,347.85 ha), livestock (807.14 ha to 895.67 ha) and shrubs (3,761.61 ha to 3,013.33 ha). Areas of reduced land use include: dry land forest, mixed gardens, cultivation, rice fields, shrubs and ponds.