bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Unified Land Model for Prediction of Surface Hydrology and Land–Atmosphere Interactions
Authors: Livneh Ben , Restrepo Pedro J. , Lettenmaier Dennis P.
Published: June 2011

A unified land model (ULM) is described that combines the surface flux parameterizations in the Noah land surface model (used in most of NOAA’s coupled weather and climate models) with the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting model (Sac; used for hydrologic prediction within the National Weather Service). The motivation was to develop a model that has a history of strong hydrologic performance while having the ability to be run in the coupled land–atmosphere environment. ULM takes the vegetation, snow model, frozen soil, and evapotranspiration schemes from Noah and merges them with the soil moisture accounting scheme from Sac. ULM surface fluxes, soil moisture, and streamflow simulations were evaluated through comparisons with observations from the Ameriflux (surface flux), Illinois Climate Network (soil moisture), and Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX; streamflow) datasets. Initially, a priori parameters from Sac and Noah were used, which resulted in ULM surface flux simulations that were comparable to those produced by Noah (Sac does not predict surface energy fluxes). ULM with the a priori parameters had streamflow simulation skill that was generally similar to Sac’s, although it was slightly better (worse) for wetter (more arid) basins. ULM model performance using a set of parameters identified via a Monte Carlo search procedure lead to substantial improvements relative to the a priori parameters. A scheme for transfer of parameters from streamflow simulations to nearby flux and soil moisture measurement points was also evaluated; this approach did not yield conclusive improvements relative to the a priori parameters.
Rainfall Retrieval and Nowcasting Based on Multispectral Satellite Images. Part II: Retrieval Study on Daytime Half-Hour Rain Rate
Authors: Yu Fan , Zhuge Xiao-Yong , Zhang Cheng-Wei
Published: June 2011

To implement continuous and reliable rainfall retrieval, based on the satellite retrieval algorithm of 10-min rain rate, this study proposes an immediate tracking and continuous accumulation technique (ITCAT) of half-hour rainfall retrieval by further combining the cross-correlation method. The ITCAT includes two steps. 1) The cross-correlation method is applied to track cloud-motion currents and establish 10-min-interval image sequences. 2) A continuous retrieval of 10-min rain rates is conducted with the image sequences, and finally a total half-hour rainfall is determined by accumulations. The satellite retrieval tests on the typical precipitation processes in the summer of 2008 show that, compared with the previous direct rainfall retrieval for half-hour to one-hour, this rainfall retrieval technique significantly improves the retrieval accuracy of rainfall scope and rainfall intensity ranging from slight rain to rainstorm for both real-time monitoring or nowcasting processes. This technique is more effective than the previous algorithm, and the fundamental reason lies in its consideration of the movement of cloud clusters. On this basis, coverage duration of rainfall clouds can be reliably estimated. It is of significance to the retrieval of deep convective cloud rainfall with rapid movement speed and drastic intensity variation. This technique also provides a feasible idea for improving the accuracy of rainfall nowcasting.
The Impact of Open Oceanic Processes on the Antarctic Bottom Water Outflows
Authors: Kida Shinichiro
Published: June 2011

The impact of open oceanic processes on the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) outflows is investigated using a numerical model with a focus on outflows that occur through deep channels. A major branch of the AABW outflow is known to occur as an overflow from the Filchner Depression to the Weddell Sea through a deep channel a few hundred kilometers wide and a sill roughly 500 m deep. When this overflow enters the Weddell Sea, it encounters the Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) at the shelf break, a density front commonly found along the Antarctic continental shelf break. The presence of an AABW outflow and the ASF create a v-shaped isopycnal structure across the shelf break, indicating an interaction between the overflow and oceanic processes. Model experiments show the overflow transport to increase significantly when an oceanic wind stress increases the depth of the ASF. This enhancement of overflow transport occurs because the channel walls allow a pressure gradient in the along-slope direction to exist and the overflow transport is geostrophically controlled with its ambient oceanic water at the shelf break. Because the ASF is associated with a lighter water mass that reaches the depth close to that of the channel, an increase in its depth increases the density gradient across the shelf break and therefore the geostrophic overflow transport. The enhancement of overflow transport is also likely to result in a lighter overflow water mass, although such an adjustment of density likely occurs on a much longer time scale than the adjustment of transport.
Factors associated with higher risks of emergency compulsory admission for immigrants: A report from the ASAP study
Authors: van der Post Louk , Visch Irene , Mulder Cornelis , Schoevers Robert , Dekker Jack , Beekman Aartjan
Published: June 2011

Objective:

Specific ethnic groups appear to be disproportionally represented in emergency compulsory admissions. This may be due to a parallel higher risk of psychopathology, but different pathways to care in patients from ethnic minorities may also be an explanatory factor. In this article we concentrate on the influence of ethnic background, pathways to psychiatric emergency services and the amount of past psychiatric treatment as predictors of emergency compulsory admission.

Methods:

All the patients coming into contact consecutively with the Psychiatric Emergency Service Amsterdam (PESA) from September 2004 to September 2006 were included in the study. We collected socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, and data about prior use of mental health services and referral to the emergency service.

Results:

The risk of compulsory admission for immigrants from Surinam and the Dutch Antilles (OR 2.6), sub-Saharan Africa (OR 3.1), Morocco and other non-Western countries (each OR 1.7) was significantly higher than for native Dutch people. After controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, diagnosis, referral pattern and psychiatric treatment history, this correlation was no longer found.

Conclusion:

We found no evidence to substantiate the hypothesis that ethnic background plays an independent role in emergency compulsory admission. Police referral rather than referral by a GP, and being diagnosed with a psychosis, seemed to be explanatory factors for the high risk of compulsory admission for non-Western immigrants. Infrequent contact with secondary mental healthcare during the previous five years was not found to be consistently associated with a higher risk.
Parotid Secretory Protein Binds Phosphatidylinositol (3,4) Bisphosphate
Authors: Venkatesh S.G. , Goyal D. , Carenbauer A.L. , Darling D.S.
Published: June 2011

Molecular interactions that direct trafficking of secreted proteins are not well-described in salivary glands. Here, we report that the soluble cargo protein Parotid Secretory Protein (PSP) is bound to the membranes of secretory granules isolated from rat parotids. This is apparently due to specific interaction with phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PtdInsP). PSP binds PtdIns(3,4)P2, 10-fold greater than PtdIns(3,5)P2 or PtdIns(4)P, and does not bind PtdIns(3)P or PtdIns(5)P. Human PSP synthesized in vitro also binds PtdIns(3,4)P2. Bacterially expressed rat PSP binds PtdIns(3,4)P2 with a Kd of 2.4 x 10-11 M. Other major secretory proteins (amylase, proline-rich protein) are not bound to isolated granule membranes and do not bind phosphatidylinositol phosphates. Immunofluorescence shows PtdIns(3,4)P2 at the secretory granules, and fluorescent PtdIns(3,4)P2 can flip from the outer leaflet to the inner leaflet of the membrane. Binding of PSP to PtdInsPs may contribute to sorting during the formation of the secretory granules, or sorting by retention during maturation of the granules.
Pharmacokinetics and Relative Bioavailability of a Fixed‐Dose Combination of Enteric‐Coated Naproxen and Non‐Enteric‐Coated Esomeprazole Magnesium
Authors: Wang‐Smith Laurene , Fort John , Zhang Ying , Sostek Mark
Published: June 2011

This randomized, 4‐way crossover study assessed the single‐dose pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of naproxen and esomeprazole after administration of a fixed‐dose combination tablet of enteric‐coated (EC) naproxen 500 mg and non‐EC esomeprazole magnesium 20 mg (NAP/ESO tablet). Equivalent doses of an EC naproxen tablet plus an EC esomeprazole magnesium capsule taken concomitantly, an EC naproxen tablet alone, or an EC esomeprazole magnesium capsule alone were used as comparators. Forty healthy adults were randomized to receive 4 study treatments with a washout interval ≥12 days. Naproxen plasma profiles were similar between the NAP/ESO tablet and EC naproxen, although median tmax was longest for the NAP/ESO tablet (5.3 vs 3.5–4.0 hours). Naproxen Cmax, AUC0‐∞, and AUC0‐t showed bioequivalence between naproxen formulations. The NAP/ESO tablet produced much shorter esomeprazole tmax than the EC esomeprazole formulation (0.45 vs 2.5 hours). Esomeprazole Cmax and AUCs were comparable between the EC esomeprazole formulation administered with or without EC naproxen but were lower with the NAP/ESO tablet. In conclusion, there are no pharmacokinetic drug interactions between naproxen and esomeprazole. The NAP/ESO tablet is bioequivalent to EC naproxen, and as expected, the bioavailability of non‐EC esomeprazole from the NAP/ESO tablet is lower than the EC esomeprazole formulation.
The Monoamine Oxidase Type B Inhibitor Rasagiline in the Treatment of Parkinson Disease: Is Tyramine a Challenge?
Authors: Chen Jack J. , Wilkinson Jayne R.
Published: June 2011

Rasagiline is an irreversible monoamine oxidase type B (MAO‐B) inhibitor indicated for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson disease as initial monotherapy and as adjunct therapy to levodopa. Pharmacologic inhibition of monoamine oxidase type A (MAO‐A), but not MAO‐B, poses a risk of the “cheese effect,” a hypertensive response to excess dietary tyramine, a biogenic sympathomimetic amine. Tyramine challenge studies, conducted to characterize rasagiline selectivity for the MAO‐B enzyme and tyramine sensitivity, demonstrate that rasagiline, when used at the recommended dose, is selective for MAO‐B and is not associated with heightened tyramine sensitivity. This conclusion is also supported by safety results from large clinical trials of rasagiline in Parkinson disease involving 2066 rasagiline‐treated patients who did not require dietary tyramine restriction per protocol. In late 2009, US labeling for rasagiline was modified to state that dietary tyramine restrictions are not ordinarily required when rasagiline is administered at recommended doses. In addition, because rasagiline has been demonstrated to be selective for MAO‐B at the approved dose of up to 1 mg/d, contraindications regarding concomitant use with sympathomimetic amines, use of sympathomimetic vasopressors in conjunction with general or local anesthesia, and use in patients with pheochromocytoma also were removed.
The Military Factor in Nigeria’s Democratic Stability, 1999-2009
Authors: Ehwarieme William
Published: June 2011

The study examines the place of the military in the unprecedented ten-year survival of Nigeria’s democracy. Two competing hypotheses are presented. Was democratic stability a product of (1) improvements in democratic governance or (2) characterized with the Nigerian armed forces? Although neither hypothesis can be rejected, military factors appear to provide the strongest explanation.
The Effects of Self-Criticism and Self-Oriented Perfectionism on Goal Pursuit
Authors: Powers Theodore A. , Koestner Richard , Zuroff David C. , Milyavskaya Marina , Gorin Amy A.
Published: June 2011

Five separate studies examined the associations of self-criticism and self-oriented perfectionism with goal pursuit across a variety of domains. Although self-criticism has previously been shown to be related to diminished goal progress, a controversy remains regarding the potential association between aspects of “positive perfectionism,” such as self-oriented perfectionism, and enhanced goal progress. The results of the five studies demonstrated a consistent pattern of negative association between self-criticism and goal progress. The results also showed a positive association between self-oriented perfectionism and goal progress when self-criticism was controlled. The important role of self-criticism for understanding the impact of perfectionistic concerns is highlighted by these results. Implications for the debate concerning the possible positive effects of perfectionistic strivings are also discussed.
Explaining the Paradoxical Rejection-Aggression Link: The Mediating Effects of Hostile Intent Attributions, Anger, and Decreases in State Self-Esteem on Peer Rejection-Induced Aggression in Youth
Authors: Reijntjes Albert , Thomaes Sander , Kamphuis Jan H. , Bushman Brad J. , de Castro Bram Orobio , Telch Michael J.
Published: June 2011

People are strongly motivated to feel accepted by others. Yet when faced with acute peer rejection they often aggress against the very peers they desire acceptance from, which may lead to further rejection. The present experiment tests three potential mediators of aggressive responses to acute peer rejection in the critical developmental stage of early adolescence. Participants ( N = 185, Mage = 11.5 years) completed personal profiles that were allegedly evaluated online by peers. After receiving negative or neutral peer feedback, participants could aggress against the same peers who had evaluated them. Rejected participants attributed more hostile intent to the peers, were angrier, showed a greater reduction in state self-esteem, and were more aggressive. Mediational analyses showed that hostile intent attributions mediated the acute peer rejection—aggression relationship, whereas increases in anger and decreases in state self-esteem did not. Thus, acute peer rejection evokes hostile intent attributions that, in turn, lead to aggressive reactions.
Early Versus Traditional Postoperative Feeding in Patients Undergoing Resectional Gastrointestinal Surgery
Authors: Osland Emma , Yunus Rossita Mohamad , Khan Shahjahan , Memon Muhammed Ashraf
Published: June 2011

Background: A meta‐analysis evaluating surgical outcomes following nutritional provision provided proximal to the anastomosis within 24 hours of gastrointestinal surgery compared with traditional postoperative management was conducted. Methods: Databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials comparing the outcomes of early and traditional postoperative feeding. Trials involving gastrointestinal tract resection followed by patients receiving nutritionally significant oral or enteral intake within 24 hours after surgery were included for analysis. Results: Fifteen studies involving a total of 1240 patients were analyzed. A statistically significant reduction (45%) in relative odds of total postoperative complications was seen in patients receiving early postoperative feeding (odds ratio [OR] 0.55; confidence interval [CI], 0.35 −0.87, P = .01). No effect of early feeding was seen with relation to anastomotic dehiscence (OR 0.75; CI, 0.39–1.4, P = .39), mortality (OR 0.71; CI, 0.32–1.56, P = .39), days to passage of flatus (weighted mean difference [WMD] −0.42; CI, −1.12 to 0.28, P = .23), first bowel motion (WMD −0.28; CI, −1.20 to 0.64, P = .55), or reduced length of stay (WMD −1.28; CI, −2.94 to 0.38, P = .13); however, the direction of clinical outcomes favored early feeding. Nasogastric tube reinsertion was less common in traditional feeding interventions (OR 1.48; CI, 0.93–2.35, P = .10). Conclusions: Early postoperative nutrition is associated with significant reductions in total complications compared with traditional postoperative feeding practices and does not negatively affect outcomes such as mortality, anastomotic dehiscence, resumption of bowel function, or hospital length of stay.
Evaluation of the Rabbit Nasal Cavity in Inhalation Studies and a Comparison with Other Common Laboratory Species and Man
Authors: Pereira Marcia E. , Macri Nicholas P. , Creasy Dianne M.
Published: June 2011

The rabbit is occasionally used for inhalation and intranasal safety assessment studies, but there are no detailed descriptions of the anatomy or histology of the rabbit nose. To address this deficit, the nasal cavities of thirty-two control adult rabbits were sectioned and examined to provide mapping of the main epithelial types and histological structures present within the cavity and turbinates. Four levels of the nasal cavity were prepared and examined using anatomic landmarks. Level I was sectioned immediately posterior to the incisors, Level II at the first palatal ridge, Level III immediately anterior to the first upper premolar teeth, and Level IV immediately anterior to the first upper molar. Level I was lined predominantly by squamous epithelium with small amounts of thick transitional epithelium, and examination is recommended only for studies involving test article administration via instillation. Level II was lined primarily with transitional and respiratory epithelia, whereas Levels III and IV were lined with respiratory and olfactory epithelia and often contained nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. The vomeronasal organs were evident only in Level II. The similarities and differences of these features are compared with those of other common laboratory species (rat, mouse, dog, and cynomolgus monkey) and man.
Dose-Related Induction of Hepatic Preneoplastic Lesions by Diethylnitrosamine in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Kushida Masahiko , Kamendulis Lisa M. , Peat Tyler J. , Klaunig James E.
Published: June 2011

The C57BL/6 mouse strain (or derivation of this strain) is used as a background for many transgenic mouse models. This strain has a relatively low susceptibility to chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis compared with other commonly used experimental mouse strains. In the present study, the authors treated C57BL/6 mice with 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 4 or 8 weeks by intraperitoneal injection to investigate the dose-response pattern of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesion formation in the liver. DEN induced preneoplastic lesions and cytokeratin 8/18–positive foci in a dose-dependent manner. In the 75 mg/kg for 8 weeks treatment group, hepatocellular adenoma, cholangioma and hemangioma, and cytokeratin 19–positive foci were also induced, but a significant decrease in body weight was observed. The suitable DEN treatment range for this strain was concluded to be from 75 mg/kg for 4 weeks (total amount = 300 mg/kg) to 50 mg/kg for 8 weeks (total amount = 400 mg/kg). These results should prove useful for future studies investigating hepatocarcinogenesis in both the background C57BL/6 strain and other transgenic mouse models derived from it.
Structural approaches to narrative analysis in entrepreneurship research
Authors: Larty Joanne , Hamilton Eleanor
Published: June 2011

Narrative is recognized as a credible source of knowledge for scholars engaged in theory building in entrepreneurship. A wide range of methods for the analysis of narrative empirical material have been adopted in research to date. Thus, researchers have a multitude of ways to engage with data, such that investigators new to narrative analysis may face challenges in approaching and framing analyses of their narrative material. This article presents exemplars from two researchers who used structural approaches to uncover contemporary understandings of entrepreneurship in different contexts. Their experiences suggest a framework that scholars embarking on journeys into narrative analysis can use to their benefit.
Norepinephrine transporter −3081(A/T) and alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor MspI polymorphisms are associated with cardiovascular side effects of OROS-methylphenidate treatment
Authors: Cho Soo-Churl , Kim Bung-Nyun , Cummins Tarrant DR , Kim Jae-Won , Bellgrove Mark A
Published: June 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate a possible association between norepinephrine genes and cardiovascular side effects of the Osmotic Controlled-Release Oral Delivery System–methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) in Korean children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One hundred and one children with ADHD (8.7 ± 1.7 years) were recruited from child psychiatric centers at six university hospitals in South Korea. All participants were drug-naive ADHD children treated with OROS-MPH for 12 weeks. During the treatment period the investigators titrated the OROS-MPH dosage on the basis of symptom severity and side effects. Resting heart rate (HR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were examined before and after treatment. The percentage change score (post-treatment – pretreatment/pretreatment × 100) of each parameter was calculated. Genotyping of SLC6A2 −3081(A/T) and G1287A, and alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor (ADRA2A) MspI and DraI polymorphisms was performed. Clinically significant changes were not found in cardiovascular monitoring during the course of treatment. An increase of HR after OROS-MPH treatment was found to be statistically significant ( t = 3.54, p = 0.001). Changes in SBP and DBP were not significant and no specific change was found in the ECGs. However, an additive regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between SLC6A2 −3081(A/T) and percentage change in HR post-treatment ( p = 0.01) after controlling for age, gender, dosage of MPH and response and baseline pulse rate. Children with ADHD having the T/T genotype of SLC6A2 showed a 12.5% increase in HR compared to baseline, whereas children with the A/T or A/A genotype showed a 3.5% and 2.5% increase after OROS-MPH treatment, respectively. There was also a significant association between the ADRA2A MspI genotype and percentage change of DBP post-treatment after controlling for age, gender, dosage of MPH and response and baseline DBP ( p = 0.009). Children with ADHD having the C/C genotype of ADRA2A MspI showed an 18.5% increase in DBP compared to baseline, but children with the G/G or G/C genotype showed a 0.2% decrease after OROS-MPH treatment. The overall cardiovascular effects of OROS-MPH were modest. However, our findings show a positive association between norepinephrine-related gene polymorphisms and cardiovascular response induced by MPH in Korean children with ADHD. Consideration must be given to such children oradults with specific norepinephrine-related genotypes, especially if they show significant changes in HR or DBP after OROS-MPH administration.
Adolescent Parricide and Psychopathy
Authors: Myers Wade C. , Vo Eleanor Justen
Published: June 2011

Most cases of juvenile parricide are believed to be the result of child abuse, yet the vast majority of abused children do not kill their parental abusers. This study explored the role of psychopathy in 10 adolescent parricide offenders tried in adult court who were referred for pretrial psychiatric evaluation. In addition, psychopathological findings, crime-related behaviors, and judicial outcomes are described. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses, most commonly posttraumatic stress disorder, and chronic, severe child abuse were prevalent. Psychopathic traits were not found to have played a role in the traumatized youths’ parricidal behavior. Killings occurred in the family homes, usually through a surprise attack with parent-owned firearms. There was an average of 1.7 victims per event, with fathers being the most likely victim. Bodies were commonly covered or wrapped and moved postmortem. Confessions were often incredible in quality. One half received sentences of 40+ years, and the modal sanction was a life sentence, despite 90% premorbidly described as good youth. Further studies of adolescent parricide are needed to better understand this unusual population.
Palinopsia in patients with migraine: A case-control study
Authors: Belcastro Vincenzo , Maria Cupini Letizia , Corbelli Ilenia , Pieroni Alessio , D’Amore Cataldo , Caproni Stefano , Gorgone Gaetano , Ferlazzo Edoardo , Di Palma Franco , Sarchielli Paola , Paolo Calabresi
Published: June 2011

Objectives: This study was aimed at investigating the frequency of the visual phenomenon of palinopsia (visual perseveration) in patients with migraine.

Methods: We interviewed 63 patients with migraine with aura (MwA), 137 patients with migraine without aura (MwoA) and 226 sex-age-matched healthy control subjects using an ad hoc structured interview/questionnaire. The interview was divided into four classes of variables for statistical testing.

Results: Palinopsia occurred in 19/200 patients (9.5%); of them 10/63 had MwA and 9/137 MwoA (14.2% vs 6.6%, chi = 9.7, degrees of freedom = 1, p = 0.002). Patients with palinopsia had a significantly lower migraine attack frequency than those without this visual phenomenon (4.3 ± 0.3 vs 14.4 ± 0.2, z = 7.1, p < 0.0001). No healthy control subjects complained of palinopsia according to the structured interview/questionnaire.

Discussion: Palinopsia is probably under-diagnosed in patients with migraine. Further investigations are needed to assess whether migraineurs are particularly susceptible to the development of recurrent episodes of visual perseveration.
Evaluation of olfaction in patients with migraine using an odour stick identification test
Authors: Saisu Akihiro , Tatsumoto Muneto , Hoshiyama Eisei , Aiba Saiko , Hirata Koichi
Published: June 2011

Aims: Peculiar characteristics of migraine headaches include the arousal of olfaction during the attacks and osmophobia. We performed an olfactory test to evaluate the association between olfaction and migraines.

Methods: We evaluated olfactory dysfunction in 80 migraine patients (31 experienced migraines with aura (MWA), 49 migraine without aura (MWOA)) and 30 healthy controls. Participants were assessed for concurrent osmophobia. Olfaction was evaluated using an odour stick identification test (OSIT), in which participants were asked to identify various odours during a migraine-free period. The degree of offensiveness of each odour was also evaluated.

Results: Sixty-three percent of migraine patients were found to have concurrent osmophobia (MWA 71%; MWOA 57%). The percentages of migraine patients and controls who correctly identified test odours were 91% (92%, MWA; 89%, MWOA) and 92%, respectively. Perfume, rose and Japanese cypress odours were more offensive to migraine patients than to controls. All test odours were found to be more offensive to MWA than to MWOA patients.

Conclusions: The OSIT showed certain odours to be highly offensive to migraine patients even when they were not experiencing migraine headaches. More attention should be paid to odours that are perceived to be offensive by migraine patients, particularly those with MWA.
Down Syndrome and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Ekstein Sivan , Glick Benjamin , Weill Michal , Kay Barrie , Berger Itai
Published: June 2011

Clinicians might minimize the prevalence of behavioral disorders among mentally retarded people. Decreased attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are frequently reported in children with Down syndrome, yet the exact prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been clearly estimated in this population. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of ADHD in children with Down syndrome and to emphasize the possible relationship between ADHD symptoms and the level of mental retardation and common medical comorbidity. In this study, the prevalence of ADHD among Down syndrome children was very high, reaching 43.9%. No significant correlation was found between ADHD symptoms and the level of mental retardation, but significant correlation was found with ophthalmologic problems. We conclude that children with Down syndrome are at increased risk for ADHD. When evaluating children with Down syndrome for attention deficits, psychiatric comorbidity as well as medical problems should be carefully taken into consideration.
Dynamic and Structural Formation of a Thrombus
Authors: Massicotte M. Patricia , Bauman M. E.
Published: June 2011

Arterial ischemic stroke occurs as a result of abnormal clinical circumstances that alter hemostasis and cause thrombosis, either within a vessel or as an embolic event. Understanding normal hemostasis, including differences between children (developmental hemostasis) and adults, will provide background for determining the pathophysiology of stroke and potential treatments.
Degradation kinetics of polyimide film
Authors: Hondred Peter R. , Yoon Sungho , Bowler Nicola , Moukhina Elena , Kessler Michael R.
Published: June 2011

Through the use of thermogravimetry (TG), this work explores the thermal degradation mechanism and kinetics of Kapton (polyimide) film. Isoconversional kinetic methods, which provide activation energy as a function of degradation, present insight into the development of a five-step competitive and consecutive kinetic model. To evaluate the accuracy and validity of the model, a statistical analysis of the implemented kinetic model is also presented. Coupled TG-mass spectroscopy and TG-Fourier transform infrared analysis were used to investigate the decomposition mechanism and to more fully explain the complex, heating-rate-dependent, decomposition pathway of Kapton.
‘It’s a double-edged thing’: The paradox of civil partnership and why some couples are choosing not to have one
Authors: Rolfe Alison , Peel Elizabeth
Published: June 2011

Since their introduction in 2005, thousands of same-sex couples in the UK have had a civil partnership. However, many other couples have chosen not to have one. This qualitative study explores why some same-sex couples are choosing not to have a civil partnership. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 people (five couples and two individuals) who identified as lesbian, gay or bisexual, and analysed using discourse analysis. Participants’ accounts were characterised by ambivalence about civil partnership, and three main paradoxes were identified: the ‘good but not good enough’ paradox, the ‘unwanted prize’ paradox and the ‘legal rights v. social oppression paradox. A major source of ambivalence was support for rights but resistance to assimilation into dominant heteronormative cultural frameworks. Participants negotiated this ambivalence in a variety of ways, including considering how to have a civil partnership that is different from ‘marriage’, and adopting a pragmatic position. The analysis highlights the importance of social recognition and support for a range of relationship forms and identities, as well as for an ongoing critical debate about civil partnerships and same-sex marriage.
Manipulating risk communication: Value predispositions shape public understandings of invasive species science in Hawaii
Authors: Warner Keith D. , Kinslow Frances
Published: June 2011

Most invasive species control programs are routine, but a small number prompt public controversy. Local value predispositions shape lay perception of the relative risks of invasive species and efforts to control them. Because control efforts are generally led by government scientists, lay perceptions of invasive species science are colored by public judgment of government credibility. This article examines the proposed release of an insect for biological control of the invasive strawberry guava tree which threatens conservation of Hawaii’s forests. A local activist manipulated regulatory risk communication, appealed to local values, and persuaded some local members of the public and elected officials to oppose the insect release. This case illustrates how, in the absence of effective public engagement processes, routine scientific risk communication can be confounded by divergent knowledge taxonomies and perceptions of government hegemony.
Rehearsing for Real Life: The Impact of the InterACT Sexual Assault Prevention Program on Self-Reported Likelihood of Engaging in Bystander Interventions
Authors: Ahrens Courtney E. , Rich Marc D. , Ullman Jodie B.
Published: June 2011

The interACT Sexual Assault Prevention Program is an interactive, skill-building performance based on the pedagogy of Augusto Boal’s Theatre of the Oppressed. A longitudinal evaluation of this program compared pretest, posttest, and 3-month follow-up data from 509 university student participants. Results suggested that the interACT performance was successful in increasing participants’ beliefs about the effectiveness of bystander interventions and the self-rated likelihood that participants would engage in bystander interventions in the future. Differences in both overall ratings and rates of change were noted. Implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.
Generating knowledge in a connected world: The case of the ATLAS experiment at CERN
Authors: Boisot Max
Published: June 2011

The spatial challenges posed by the dynamics of globalization together with the availability of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) have fostered the development of virtual collaboration. Driven by organizational authority systems, however, much of this activity remains of a top-down, hierarchical nature. Although the proportion of bottom-up activity has increased, it has not displaced the top-down bias in the governance structures of firms and the formal processes that give them effect. Yet recent developments are challenging the organizational assumptions that underpin such structures and processes. In what follows, we first offer a theoretical perspective on the above questions and then illustrate it with a look at the way that the ATLAS experiment at CERN—one of the four experiments that are using the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)— is organized and managed. The ATLAS Collaboration—the team of physicists responsible for the experiment— consists of a culturally heterogeneous and loosely coupled population of agents, each operating in a different institutional setting. We shall use our theoretical perspective to interpret some of the issues raised by this kind of ‘big science’ experiment and discuss their implications for a broader class of organizations.
Towards a classification of the world’s democratic party systems, step 1
Authors: Golosov Grigorii V.
Published: June 2011

In cross-national research on party systems, the empirical units of analysis are often assumed to be self-evident, which can be conducive to misleading research results. This problem is particularly important with regard to party system classification, for which a methodologically rigorous approach to the units of analysis is needed. This article proposes a set of operational criteria for identifying elements that qualify for inclusion within the universe of democratic party systems among individual election outcomes and country-specific sequences of elections. On this basis, I introduce additional criteria for distinguishing between party systems and party non-systems, and among party systems evolving within the same nation-state settings. By applying these criteria to a set of 1502 national legislative elections held in the world’s democracies from 1792 to 2009, the article identifies 162 units that can be entered into a classification of the world’s democratic party systems and 21 party non-systems.
Defining hyperlocal media: Proposing a framework for discussion
Authors: Metzgar Emily T. , Kurpius David D. , Rowley Karen M.
Published: June 2011

Although the word ‘hyperlocal’ appears regularly in discussions about the future of the news media, there is no agreed-upon definition for the term. Recognizing that shortcoming, we demonstrate the need for a more precise definition. We then propose a definition and criteria for evaluating media operations described as hyperlocal. Finally, we apply our working definition to six operations widely regarded as exemplars of the hyperlocal prototype, comparing each to established standards of journalism and to one another. We conclude that hyperlocal media operations are evolving on a continuum. As they evolve, these organizations will showcase both a range of journalism acting in the public good and engagement facilitated through interactive media. We expect the definition of hyperlocal to evolve, too, as more voices enter the discussion and closer attention is given to the characteristics of websites deemed worthy of the appellation.
The association of hypertension with renin–angiotensin system gene polymorphisms in the Lebanese population
Authors: Saab YB , Gard PR , Overall ADJ
Published: June 2011

Aim: The study objective was to examine the association of hypertension in the Lebanese population with three renin–angiotensin system gene polymorphisms (RAS): angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin-receptor type 1 (AT1R).

Methods: A total of 270 subjects (124 hypertensive vs 146 normotensive) were genotyped for ACE insertion (I)/deletion (D), AGT (M235T), and AT1R (A1166C) gene polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Results: The studied genes showed no deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. No association could be reported with the ACE I/D polymorphism, although the D allele frequency was high (77%) in patients. AGT TT genotype prevalence was found to be lower in hypertensive versus normotensive subjects ( p < 0.0001). AT1R CC and AC genotypes were significantly more frequent in hypertensive than normotensive subjects ( p < 0.0001).

Conclusion: The first conducted study on the RAS gene polymorphisms in Lebanese hypertensive patients demonstrated a possible association of the AGT T and AT1R C alleles with hypertension.
The Family-Centered Action Model of Intervention Layout and Implementation (FAMILI)
Authors: Davison Kirsten K. , Lawson Hal A. , Coatsworth J. Douglas
Published: June 2011

Parents play a fundamental role in shaping children’s development, including their dietary and physical activity behaviors. Yet family-centered interventions are rarely used in obesity prevention research. Less than half of childhood obesity prevention programs include parents, and those that do include parents or a family component seldom focus on sustainable change at the level of the family. The general absence of a family-centered approach may be explained by persistent challenges in engaging parents and families and the absence of an intervention framework explicitly designed to foster family-centered programs. The Family-centered Action Model of Intervention Layout and Implementation, or FAMILI, was developed to address these needs. FAMILI draws on theories of family development to frame research and intervention design, uses a mixed-methods approach to conduct ecologically valid research, and positions family members as active participants in the development, implementation, and evaluation of family-centered obesity prevention programs. FAMILI is intended to facilitate the development of culturally responsive and sustainable prevention programs with the potential to improve outcomes. Although childhood obesity was used to illustrate the application of FAMILI, this model can be used to address a range of child health problems.
Post-2000 Law-based Educational Governance in Israel: From Equality to Diversity?
Authors: Gibton Dan
Published: June 2011

This article analyses patterns of post 2000 governance in Israel’s education system. Drawing upon literature on educational regimes, governance in neo-liberal societies (for example, the UK and the USA), law-based educational reform and policy analysis, this study sets out to inquire how Israel’s system was governed with minimal legislation for 60 years. The main theme that emerges is that, although the forces that govern Israel’s landscape are similar to those in many post-industrialist western countries, the processes are quite different due to lack of decisive school reform, thus offering potential for a diverse setting, but with increasing distance from former equalizing and de-segregative vigour that portrayed the system in the past.
c-Maf plays a crucial role for the definitive erythropoiesis that accompanies erythroblastic island formation in the fetal liver
Authors: Kusakabe Manabu , Hasegawa Kazuteru , Hamada Michito , Nakamura Megumi , Ohsumi Takayuki , Suzuki Hirona , Mai Tran Thi Nhu , Kudo Takashi , Uchida Kazuhiko , Ninomiya Haruhiko , Chiba Shigeru , Takahashi Satoru
Published: June 2011

c-Maf is one of the large Maf (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma) transcription factors that belong to the activated protein-1 super family of basic leucine zipper proteins. Despite its overexpression in hematologic malignancies, the physiologic roles c-Maf plays in normal hematopoiesis have been largely unexplored. On a C57BL/6J background, c-Maf−/− embryos succumbed from severe erythropenia between embryonic day (E) 15 and E18. Flow cytometric analysis of fetal liver cells showed that the mature erythroid compartments were significantly reduced in c-Maf−/− embryos compared with c-Maf+/+ littermates. Interestingly, the CFU assay indicated there was no significant difference between c-Maf+/+ and c-Maf−/− fetal liver cells in erythroid colony counts. This result indicated that impaired definitive erythropoiesis in c-Maf−/− embryos is because of a non–cell-autonomous effect, suggesting a defective erythropoietic microenvironment in the fetal liver. As expected, the number of erythroblasts surrounding the macrophages in erythroblastic islands was significantly reduced in c-Maf−/− embryos. Moreover, decreased expression of VCAM-1 was observed in c-Maf−/− fetal liver macrophages. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest that c-Maf is crucial for definitive erythropoiesis in fetal liver, playing an important role in macrophages that constitute erythroblastic islands.
Genetic variation in recipient B-cell activating factor modulates phenotype of GVHD
Authors: Clark William B. , Brown-Gentry Kristin D. , Crawford Dana C. , Fan Kang-Hsien , Snavely Jennifer , Chen Heidi , Savani Bipin N. , Kassim Adetola , Greer John P. , Schuening Friedrich G. , Engelhardt Brian G. , Jagasia Madan H.
Published: June 2011

B-cell activating factor (BAFF) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with autoimmune diseases. Because patients with classic and overlap chronic GVHD (cGVHD) have features of autoimmune diseases, we studied the association of recipient and/or donor BAFF SNPs with the phenotype of GVHD after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Twenty tagSNPs of the BAFF gene were genotyped in 164 recipient/donor pairs. GVHD after day 100 occurred in 124 (76%) patients: acute GVHD (aGVHD) subtypes (n = 23), overlap GVHD (n = 29), and classic cGVHD (n = 72). In SNP analyses, 9 of the 20 tag SNPs were significant comparing classic/overlap cGVHD versus aGVHD subtypes/no GVHD. In multivariate analyses, 4 recipient BAFF SNPs (rs16972217 [odds ratio = 2.72, P = .004], rs7993590 [odds ratio = 2.35, P = .011], rs12428930 [odds ratio2.53, P = .008], and rs2893321 [odds ratio = 2.48, P = .009]) were independent predictors of GVHD subtypes, adjusted for conventional predictors of cGVHD. This study shows that genetic variation of BAFF modulates GVHD phenotype after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Comprehensive analysis of mammalian miRNA* species and their role in myeloid cells
Authors: Kuchenbauer Florian , Mah Sarah M. , Heuser Michael , McPherson Andrew , Rüschmann Jens , Rouhi Arefeh , Berg Tobias , Bullinger Lars , Argiropoulos Bob , Morin Ryan D. , Lai David , Starczynowski Daniel T. , Karsan Aly , Eaves Connie J. , Watahiki Akira , Wang Yuzhuo , Aparicio Samuel A. , Ganser Arnold , Krauter Jürgen , Döhner Hartmut , Döhner Konstanze , Marra Marco A. , Camargo Fernando D. , Palmqvist Lars , Buske Christian , Humphries R. Keith
Published: June 2011

Processing of pre-miRNA through Dicer1 generates an miRNA duplex that consists of an miRNA and miRNA* strand. Despite the general view that miRNA*s have no functional role, we further investigated miRNA* species in 10 deep-sequencing libraries from mouse and human tissue. Comparisons of miRNA/miRNA* ratios across the miRNA sequence libraries revealed that 50% of the investigated miRNA duplexes exhibited a highly dominant strand. Conversely, 10% of miRNA duplexes showed a comparable expression of both strands, whereas the remaining 40% exhibited variable ratios across the examined libraries, as exemplified by miR-223/miR-223* in murine and human cell lines. Functional analyses revealed a regulatory role for miR-223* in myeloid progenitor cells, which implies an active role for both arms of the miR-223 duplex. This was further underscored by the demonstration that miR-223 and miR-223* targeted the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase axis and that high miR-223* levels were associated with increased overall survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Thus, we found a supporting role for miR-223* in differentiating myeloid cells in normal and leukemic cell states. The fact that the miR-223 duplex acts through both arms extends the complexity of miRNA-directed gene regulation of this myeloid key miRNA.
Adam17-dependent shedding limits early neutrophil influx but does not alter early monocyte recruitment to inflammatory sites
Authors: Tang Jingjing , Zarbock Alexander , Gomez Ivan , Wilson Carole L. , Lefort Craig T. , Stadtmann Anika , Bell Bridgit , Huang Li-Chuan , Ley Klaus , Raines Elaine W.
Published: June 2011

TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE, herein denoted as Adam17) proteolytically sheds several cell-surface inflammatory proteins, but the physiologic importance of the cleavage of these substrates from leukocyte subsets during inflammation is incompletely understood. In this study, we show that Adam17-null neutrophils have a 2-fold advantage in their initial recruitment during thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, and they roll slower and adhere more readily in the cremaster model than wild-type neutrophils. Although CD44 and ICAM-1 are both in vitro substrates of Adam17, their surface levels are not altered on Adam17-null neutrophils. In contrast, L-selectin levels are elevated up to 10-fold in Adam17-null circulating neutrophils, and their accelerated peritoneal influx, slower rolling, and increased adhesion in the cremaster muscle are dependent on L-selectin. Analysis of mixed chimeras shows that enhanced L-selectin levels and accelerated influx were both cell-intrinsic properties of neutrophils lacking Adam17. In contrast, Adam17-null monocytes display no acceleration of infiltration into the peritoneum in spite of elevated L-selectin surface levels, and their peritoneal influx was independent of L-selectin. Therefore, our data demonstrate substrate and myeloid cell-type specificity of Adam17-mediated cleavage of its substrates, and show that neutrophils and monocytes use distinct mechanisms for infiltration of tissues.