bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life-Sustaining Treatment under Dispute
Authors: Milton Jackson ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: April 2021

The Texas Advance Directives Act stipulates the process by which physicians may withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment contrary to the wishes of the patient or medical proxy. Hundreds, perhaps thousands of families and clinicians have faced this personal and distressing dispute. Catholic teaching offers a rich tradition for assessing the ethics of life-sustaining treatment and analyzing disputes over its administration, yielding the conclusion that a Catholic defense of the Texas Advance Directives Act is untenable. Two objections rooted in patient harm and physician conscience fail. A solution that fairly respects the patient’s moral right to choose life-sustaining treatment is offered.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and the Presumption of Informed Consent
Authors: Buckles David J. ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: April 2021

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is the default response for persons who suffer cardiac or pulmonary arrest, except in cases in which there exists a do-not-resuscitate order. This default mindset is based on the rule of rescue and the ethical principle of beneficence. However, due to the lack of efficacy and the high risk of potential harm inherent in CPR, this procedure should not be the default intervention for cardiac or pulmonary arrest. Although CPR is a lifesaving medical intervention, it has limited positive results and the potential for multiple harmful consequences. Given the limited potential of CPR as a medical procedure, clinicians and patients must be educated regarding its limited potential, and procedures must be developed to help determine when it is appropriate as a medical intervention.
Improving Spiritual Care at the End of Life by Reclaiming the Ars moriendi
Authors: Thomas Columba ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: April 2021

Ars moriendi, or The Art of Dying, was a highly influential fifteenth-century text designed to guide dying persons and their loved ones in Catholic religious practices at a time when access to priests and the sacraments was limited. Given recent challenges related to the coronavirus pandemic, there is a heightened need to offer additional forms of guidance related to death and dying. This essay examines the content of the Ars moriendi and considers how key principles from the work apply to the current context. The Ars moriendi, in its direct approach to the salvation of souls and thoughtful treatment of struggles faced by dying persons, offers a much-needed supplement to typical approaches to death and dying today.
Referee Report of (Hypothetical) Philosophy 101 Textbook by Professor Unspecified
Authors: Baker Ben ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2021

This piece offers a critique of what is commonly the structure of introductory philosophy textbooks, syllabi, and courses. The basic criticism is that this structure perpetuates the systematic devaluing of the views of historically marginalized and exploited people. The form my critique takes is that of a referee report on a hypothetical manuscript for an introductory philosophy textbook, authored by “Dr. Unspecified.” I examine what the manuscript chooses to focus on and what it chooses to omit from discussion. I thereby outline much of the content typically used to introduce newcomers to philosophy, while illustrating that presenting exclusively that content supports a prejudiced view of philosophy. I try to show how this representation of philosophy marginalizes the concerns and insights of many and reinforces the disproportionate extent to which those who can do philosophy for a living are white, straight, men with typical body morphology. My report also identifies various ways that the content of an introductory philosophy textbook or course could be modified or supplemented in light of the sort of critique my report makes.
Philosophy Labs
Authors: Rempala Kit , Sifferd Katrina , Vukov Joseph ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2021

Conversation is a foundational aspect of philosophical pedagogy. Too often, however, philosophical research becomes disconnected from this dialogue, and is instead conducted as a solitary endeavor. We aim to bridge the disconnect between philosophical pedagogy and research by proposing a novel framework. Philosophy labs, we propose, can function as both a pedagogical tool and a model for conducting group research. Our review of collaborative learning literature suggests that philosophy labs, like traditional STEM labs, can harness group learning models such as Positive Interdependence Theory (PIT) to engage in meaningful discussion and execute projects and research. This article distills PIT into four essential tenets which we argue support student success at both the individual and group levels. Our argument is grounded in two case studies detailing our experiences facilitating different philosophy labs, and demonstrations of how they can foster the continued evolution of philosophical research and pedagogy beyond the single-occupancy armchair.
The Effectiveness of using Movies to Teach Ethics and Professionalism in an Online Course
Authors: Mazurek Renee ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2021

Higher education continues to see a shift toward online course delivery. Many professional graduate programs offer online courses when content does not necessarily require face-to-face contact. The use of movies to teach ethics and professionalism to medical students is not a new pedagogical approach. At a university in the United States, a shift in a tracked physical therapy curriculum triggered a course in ethics and professionalism to be delivered earlier in the program, leaving students without prior clinical experience before starting the course. The instructor revised this online course using movies to provide context for the topics covered making them relatable to physical therapy practice. This article describes student reactions to the implementation of movies into this course. Students valued the addition of the movies as they provided context using relevant health care situations, ultimately helping them relate the concepts to the physical therapy profession.
Determining Suitable Thermal Regimes for Early Instar Redclaw Juveniles, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868) (Decapoda, Parastacidae), for a Proposed Nursery Phase
Authors: Rigg Damian P. , Courtney Robert L. , Seymour Jamie E, , Jones Clive M.
Published: April 2021

Modern, intensified aquaculture typically involves three production phases; hatchery, nursery, and grow-out. For redclaw crayfish aquaculture however, such delineation has been ill-defined. Farming of redclaw was initiated based on the putative beneficial physical and biological attributes of the species, which suggested production methods would be relatively simple. The simple approach proved to be inefficient and only partially effective, which hindered industry development. Hatchery technology now exists to supply seed stock for grow-out, but hatchery production is variable, and the performance of hatchery reared juveniles is inconsistent. A nursery phase has been proposed between hatchery production and grow-out of approximately 3 weeks duration, sufficient to allow 2 or more moults. An important primary parameter in the proposed nursery phase is the thermal regime that will support optimum survival and growth. This study quantified the effect of temperature on the growth and survival of redclaw juveniles for a 22-day nursery phase. Temperature had a statistically significant effect on the survival of juveniles, whereby, the high temperatures were associated with high mortality, and the lower temperature treatments were associated with very low mortality. Survival was 98 to 100% for craylings held at temperatures between 18°C and 22°C, and between 0% and 6% for craylings at temperature treatments of 25°C to 32°C. Mortalities within treatments between 25°C and 30°C, primarily occurred from day six to day eleven, corresponding with the initiation of moulting. Change of mass of crayfish was significantly higher with increasing temperature between 18°C and 22°C and at individual weights that suggest they had completed a moult. This study suggests a water temperature of 22°C is optimal for survival and growth in a nursery phase.
Description of the First Juvenile Stage of Cambaroides dauricus and the Second Juvenile Stage of Pacifastacus connectens
Authors: Kawai Tadashi
Published: April 2021

Morphology of the first juvenile stage of Cambaroides dauricus (Cambaroididae) and the second juvenile stage of Pacifastacus connectens (Astacidae) are described and illustrated. Morphological features of body regions, setae, and number of articles of appendages are compared with that of other species of Cambaroididae and Astacidae, respectively. For each taxon, the characteristics of the juvenile body and appendages are similar to their respective family members. The relationships between European Astacidae are examined in light of the findings.
Launching a Mathematical Modeling Lesson
Authors: Brand Sarah , Jung Hyunyi , Dorlack Ashley , Gailliot Samuel
Published: April 2021

Five teacher discussion strategies and outcomes of students’ responses to each are illustrated with examples.
Authentic Choice in Mathematical Assessments
Authors: Shirude Shraddha
Published: April 2021

Ear to the Ground features voices from various corners of the mathematics education world.
Cakes, Cookies, and Gumballs, Oh My!
Authors: Pendergrass Lynne
Published: April 2021

First graders learn about artist Wayne Thiebaud and explore estimation, counting, and probability while creating an artistic masterpiece.
Tensões e interações entre dramaturgia e escritura dramática
Authors: Massa Clóvis Dias
Published: April 2021

O estudo recupera algumas das principais definições de dramaturgia, compreendida como princípio que organiza a ação em função da cena, seja ela feita pelo autor dramático, encenador ou autor cênico, e visa compreender as relações que se estabelecem durante o processo dramatúrgico na elaboração da ação cênica, para além da noção dualista e arcaica que distingue texto dramático e encenação. Utiliza-se, para tanto, de casos do teatro de narração e do teatro de testemunho, ilustrativos do panorama das escrituras teatrais contemporâneas.
Exporting political theology to the diaspora: translating Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook for Modern Orthodox consumption
Authors: Asscher Omri
Published: April 2021

The recent boost in English translations of Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1865-1935), the undisputed father of religious Zionism, may be considered a revealing juncture between Israeli and American Modern Orthodox Jewish communities. Upon establishing the features of theological translation in this homeland-diaspora framework, my paper offers a discussion of a dominant translation trend of Kook’s thought in the 1990s, an ideologically motivated “export” of texts which has been largely determined by the transnational movement of people. The translators were American rabbis who emigrated and settled in Israel and the main target audience for the translations was the growing number of young American Jews making the one-year study visit in Israeli yeshivas before returning to American college life. The translations, I argue, were framed as a political polemic on the part of right-wing religious Zionism, aimed at promoting a highly nationalist, topical political interpretation of Kook’s suggestive Hebrew works among English-speaking Modern Orthodox Jews, particularly those making the increasingly popular study visit in Israeli yeshivas – visits that have been associated with the persistent “slide to the Right” of Modern Orthodox Judaism in America in recent decades.
La retraducción a examen. El caso de Edgar A. Poe en español
Authors: Ortiz García Javier
Published: April 2021

Este artículo aborda la retraducción de la obra literaria desde una doble perspectiva: por una parte, se establecen unos principios teóricos (Pym 1998 y Venuti 2004/2012), que explican algunas razones de las frecuentes apariciones de retraducciones de obras clásicas. Por otra parte, y con el fin de ilustrar estos principios, se examina el recorrido que han tenido las retraducciones de la obra de Edgar A. Poe en España desde la aparición de la primera traducción (1858) hasta la actualidad. Por último, y con el objetivo de ayudar a entender mejor tanto los presupuestos teóricos como las retraducciones encontradas, se analizan varios aspectos de tres retraducciones aparecidas en diferentes épocas del cuento «The Business Man» de Poe (1840): la de Julio Gómez de la Serna (1951), la de Julio Cortázar (1956/1970) y la del autor de este artículo (2008). El análisis de algunos aspectos diferenciadores de estas tres traducciones permite concluir con el importante papel que desempeñan las retraducciones en la canonización de autores literarios en los diferentes sistemas de llegada planteados.
O estado de coisas inconstitucional e a crise financeira à luz da economia compartilhada
Authors: De Lima Gabriela Eulalio , Andrade Sinara Lacerda
Published: April 2021

O trabalho objetivou analisar o pressuposto da violação aos direitos e as garantias fundamentais, denominado Estado de Coisas Inconstitucional e seus reflexos na esfera da ordem econômica sob a ótica da crise financeira, marcada pelo elevado índice de desemprego e pelas parcas condições do assalariado brasileiro, circunstâncias que dão por resultado a inefetividade de preceitos constitucionais, eleitos nesse trabalho os artigos 5º, XIII e 7º, IV, do Texto Constitucional. Concluiu-se que a economia compartilhada se mostrou como uma solução apta a dirimir a problemática identificada, haja vista, que a base deste novo modelo econômico efetiva a promoção dos direitos fundamentais em tempos de crise econômica. A justificativa do estudo marca a extensão dessa novel amostra e a sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Utilizou-se uma base teórico-científica, sob o método dedutivo e sistêmico de pesquisa, tendo o Estado de Coisas Inconstitucional e a crise econômica nacional como plano de fundo, a teoria da complexidade como referencial teórico e como sistema de referência, adotou-se Edgard Morin.
The reconstruction of agricultural industry in the microdistrict “Nizhny Novgorod Vetluga region” by means of the organization of a flax-growing agricultural technological cluster and a research farm
Authors: Khrykov Vladimir Pavlovich , Krupnov Yurii Vasil'evich , Mikhalev Evgenii Vasil'evich
Published: April 2021

The development of the agricultural industry in Russia requires a specific approach. The conservative approach and the lack of financing of the agricultural industry are obvious, but the more dysfunctional are the organizational approaches to the development of agriculture, which require an interdisciplinary analysis. The research object is the microdistrict “Nizhny Novgorod Vetluga region” as a potential experiment area for the formation of a full-cycle agricultural flax-growing complex based on a locomotive flax-growing manufacture working with crop-rotation and agronomic crops and agricultural industries.  The authors give special attention to such mechanisms as an agricultural technological cluster and a research farm, which should become effective instruments of high-quality development of both the flax-growing industry in Russia and the new level of agriculture in a non-chernozem belt. The scientific novelty of the research is the analysis of the problem of management approaches to the development of agriculture at the time when it's necessary to learn to use new technologies and to become an actor of the new highly competitive market. The authors offer a solution to the problem by means of a comprehensive projecting of the agricultural sector as a single interconnected system and the introduction of a locomotive instrument in the form of agricultural technological clusters and research farms, an analogue of the Soviet science and research  unions combining and coordinating science, education and manufacturing.  Thus, the formation of the system of partnerships and interactions of the actors of the spheres of education, science and manufacturing in the field of organization of growing and processing of flax according to the agricultural technological cluster model, will give rise to the development of Nizhny Novgorod Vetluga region and its agricultural sector transforming it from a detrimental dotational condition to the all-sufficient level of development.   
On administrative regulation of market economy
Authors: Ishchenko Alexander Alekseevich
Published: April 2021

The subject of this research is the historical approaches towards administrative regulation of socioeconomic development of Russia throughout the XX and early XXI centuries. The article is dedicated to studying the administrative-legal mechanism of strategic planning. The key research methods are historical-chronological and dialectical. Analysis is conducted on the approaches towards administrative regulation of the development of Russian economy in the context of historical and dialectical development. The author examines the principal legislative acts that determine the state policy aimed at the development of economic system and achievement of the goals of socioeconomic development of the country and society. The obtained results indicate that the degree of government intervention in the economy varies. The author underlines that the intervention is justified and essential at the time of recession. A comprehensive strategic planning mechanism is currently being formed in Russia to ensure socioeconomic development; however, this institution requires some improvements. The author outlines future vectors of research of this mechanism for advancing its efficiency. For this purpose, it is offered to determine its elements, means of their interaction and form the system of principles for the development of state economic policy and its implementation.
Detection of citizens’ communications on the Internet that require a response as a new form of administrative activity
Authors: Mazein Artem Vladimirovich
Published: April 2021

This article examines the legal regulation of detection of citizens’ communications on the Internet s that require a response from the government authorities. The relevance is substantiated by the increase in the number of publications on Internet that require a response, as well as by the fact that the corresponding legal relations are not regulated by the Federal Law “On the Procedure for Considering Appeals of the Citizens of the Russian Federation". Since such form of administrative activity obtained a wide circulation in 2020 and needs further research, analysis is conducted on the practice of legal regulation of the indicated questions. The author concludes that the legal acts of all constituent entities of the Russian Federation on this question are similar: they determine the procedure for detection of information that requires a response, its processing, and posting the results of consideration. Analysis is performed on the structure of the subjects engaged in this administrative activity; emphasis is placed on the involvement of nongovernmental organizations in this process. In the conditions of digitalization of administrative activity, many regions utilize the automated Incident Management System to facilitate coordination of all citizens’ communications that require a response. It is noted that the Regional Management Centers have been established for improving the process of detection of citizens’ communications that require a response. Analysis of the system of such relations between the government and the citizens allows continuing research on the problematic issues of working with the Internet resources – falsity of information, anonymous publications, need for immediate response, etc.
Constitutional legal peculiarities of information censorship in social networks
Authors: Maksimov Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2021

The subject of this article is the Russian and foreign legislative norms, materials of law enforcement practice, user policy agreements, scientific literature on the topic, and reports of the international organizations on human rights. The object of this research is the legal relations that regulate the existing mechanisms of information censorship on the Internet. The research contains a detailed historical-legal analysis of the mechanisms and principles of the implementation of regulation of the right to freedom of speech in the United States, with emphasis on the law enforcement practice. The author examines the latest Russian model of restrictions on the distribution of information, as well as the mechanism for preventing violations of the basic human rights and freedoms, which limits the possible impact on the exercise of political rights in the territory of the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty consists in the detailed analysis of previously unstudied aspects of restriction of information realized by the administration of social networks. In the course of this work, the author explores various approaches towards understanding the term censorship, as well as the constitutional legal peculiarities of information censorship on the Internet. The author proposes ways to develop legal provisions that regulate the exercise of rights in this sphere. The conclusion is made that on the need for development and legislative consolidation of the standards for user policy agreements, taking into account all available recommendations. The author makes proposals on improving the constitutional legal regulation of the right to information.
The chronicles “Tarikh Chachan” by Iznaur Nesserhoev (translation and commentaries)
Authors: Tesaev Zelimkhan Adamovich , Basnukaev Khasan Usmanovich
Published: April 2021

This article is first to examine one of the lists of chronicle that goes under the code name “The Chronicle of the Exodus of the ancestors of the tribe Nahci from the Settlement of Nahcivan" (N. S. Semenov). Iznaur Nesserhoev – scribe of the list – names the chronicle “Tarikh Chachan”, which is taken as the basis in this article. H. U. Basnukaev translated the text of this list of manuscript; Z. A. Tesaev compiled the commentaries on the translation and conducted scientific research relying on analysis of the contents of manuscript and its comparison with other lists. The author carries out a comparative analysis between this version of “Tarikh Chachan” and the previously published materials (N. Semenov, P. Takhnaeva, A. Salgiriev, etc.) is carried out. Publication of the translation and examination of the contents of the manuscript “Tarikh Chachan” are performed for the first time. This article reveals the similarities, discrepancies and new records on the content of a number of other lists of the chronicle under review. The examined text of “Tarikh Chachan” indicated the new, previously unpublished details in the narrative dedicated to the personalities of the Kalmyk Khan – Nowruz Khan along with other Caucasian rulers of Kakhar and Surakat. The author observes the identity of the introductory part of the text and the main plotline in the lists of the aformentioned authors (N. Semenov, P. Takhnaeva, A. Salgiriev, etc.). The conclusion is made that this list of the chronicles "Tarikh of Chachan" is an additional source on the medieval history of the North Caucasus.
Intensive learning of professional terminology by the students of a technical university
Authors: Avakova Ol'ga Viktorovna
Published: April 2021

This article raises the problem of intensification of learning professional terminology by the students of a technical university. A brief overview and analysis is provided on the methods applied vocational training. The article defines the role of professional terminology in the process of designated language learning, and substantiates the opinion that the proper organization of methodological support improves the level of general academic and professional competencies of the students of technical specialties during the English  classes, as well as helps the students to acquire skills of sound perception and use of terminological array of their professional field. It is underlined the establishment and development of the means of expressing concepts of a particular science is closely related with the process of formation of the science itself, and reflects the stages of its development to the fullest. The technique proposed by the author implies an algorithm of steps taken by the teacher of foreign language for organizing intensive learning students of professional technical terminology and reading special academic texts, and the texts related to other speech styles, taking into account the communicative tasks of the professional module during the language class. The author concludes that acquisition of professional technical terminology can be effective in the conditions of well-developed structure of methodological work is developed that ensures the sequence of complication of tasks for acquisition and solidification of professional terminology.
Models of nomination of peasants in the Business writing style of the Yeniseian Siberia of the XVII century
Authors: Gorodilova Lyudmila Mikhailovna
Published: April 2021

The object of this research is the anthroponymycon of the regional artifacts of business writing style of the second half of the XVII century. The subject is the model of nomination of persons belonging to the peasant class that played a significant role in the formation of permanent population of this territory. The article employs the unpublished manuscripts of business content, preserved in the Russian  State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow). Application of the traditional onomastics research methods alongside modeling techniques, the author conducts the analysis of structural peculiarities of anthroponymyc models of nomination of peasants; determines the place and role of additional identifiers of a person (names of persons by the degree of kinship, profession, and initial place of residence). The acquired results demonstrate that the absence of the single legal norm in documental writing style led to variations in the use of anthroponymyc structures for nomination of the same person, and the use of additional identifiers –  to creation of the more complex descriptive structures. It is established that the last component for nomination of a person in any model could include bynames and family names of peremptory origin, passed from father to son, which reflects the initial stage of the formation of last names on the periphery of the Moscow State. The scientific novelty consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of unpublished sources and anthroponymyc records into, which allows broadening the knowledge on the composition of the socially limited regional anthroponymycon of the XVII century.
Compound nominal predicate in the publicistic style (on the material of the British online news resources)
Authors: Zinina Yulia Mikhailovna
Published: April 2021

This article examines the compound nominal predicate in the modern English language for determination of its most commonly used structural components – copulative verbs and copular (nominal) part (copular components) in the publicistic style. A brief review is given on the compound nominal predicate, literary speech style, publicistic speech style, degree of development of the problem. The research material is comprised of the British online news resources – BBC News and The Guardian. The texts of news articles on various topics were selected for the period from January 2020 to January 2021. The scope of research material contains 60,000 words. Attention is focused on the copulative verbs, such as appear, become, get, go, grow, feel, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, sound. On the examples from texts, the author demonstrates the application of the listed copulative verbs in line with various copular components in the compound nominal predicate. The obtained results allow concluding that in the publicistic text, the most common copulative verbs in the compound nominal predicate are: become, remain, get, feel; the most common copular component in the compound nominal predicate is the adjective, noun, participle and dependent clause.
First-principles study of single-atom Pt adsorption on BiOBr{001} surface with different atomic exposure terminations
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Chao , Guan Mei-Hua , Zhang Qi-Rui , Zhang Chang-Ming , Li Rui , Liu Jian-Xin , Wang Ya-Wen , Fan Cai-Mei ,   College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China,   College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
Published: April 2021

In this work, the geometrical configuration, electronic structure, optical properties and charge transfer behavior of BiOBr{001} surface with three different atomic exposure terminations (-BiO, -1Br and -2Br) and single-atom Pt at different adsorption positions on the BiOBr{001}-BiO surface (top, bridge and hollow site) are calculated by the first-principles calculation method based on density functional theory (DFT). More emphasis is placed on the research of the relative rule between single-atom Pt and BiOBr{001} surface. The calculation results show that the BiOBr{001}-BiO system exhibits the appearance of surface energy levels and the shift towards the lower energy for valence band and conduction band, enhancing the photocatalytic oxidation performance, especially, the existence of surface energy levels below the conduction band will contribute to the separation and migration of electron-hole pairs and the significant improvement of photo-response capability. Besides, the work function of BiOBr{001}-BiO system is much lower than one of noble metal Pt, which is beneficial to the directional transfer of photogenerated charge. Therefore, the BiOBr{001}-BiO system should be selected as an ideal substrate for interaction with the noble metal Pt. Furthermore, single-atom Pt is adsorbed at different positions of BiOBr{001}-BiO surface, with induced impurity energy levels in the forbidden band, achieving the smallest adsorption energy, the best photo-response capability. Particularly, the transferred charge number is the largest value (–0.920e) when Pt atom is adsorbed on a hollow site. However, the open electron-poor region will be formed when Pt atom is adsorbed at the top and bridge sites of BiOBr{001}-BiO surface. What is more, our findings should provide the excellent theoretical guidance for achieving the photocatalytic CO2 reduction and nitrogen fixation on the BiOBr{001} surface to build up the top and bridge sites as the adsorption sites of Pt atom. The adsorption sites of Pt atoms are located at the hollow sites of BiOBr{001} surface, which should obtain the high photocatalytic oxidizing activity of degrading organic pollutants. Finally, our work can not only present the basic data for the optimized local electronic structure and photocatalytic application for noble metal decorated BiOBr-based materials, but also provide a kind of research strategy for further exploring and designing efficient noble metal decorated BiOX-based or other semiconductor-based photocatalyst systems.
Sarcastic evaluation in mass media as a way of discrediting a person: Greta Thunberg case
Authors: Konyaeva Yulia Mikhailovna , Samsonova Anastasiya Aleksandrovna
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of a sarcastic evaluation of a person, which leads to their discrediting in media texts. Sarcastic evaluation is considered in terms of linguistic praxeology: the language and compositional means of nomination, description, and actions are analyzed. In a media text, these means interact with the means of expressing the category of deviance and forming semantic nodes. The category of deviance can manifest itself, on the one hand, in exuberance or the absurd, while on the other, in simplification or insufficiency of the sign revelation. Also, specific sarcastic speech techniques are identified. They are based on the discrepancy of referent and illocutionary meanings in the person’s speech portrait. The study of Russian media discourse about Swedish eco-activist Greta Thunberg revealed the active use of linguistic means expressing sarcastic evaluation to demonstrate the opposing viewpoint in relation to the transmitted semantic position of “Other”. When the media represents Greta in the totality of her disadvantages, this enters into a polemic against those who support the ideas of this person. With the help of sarcasm, the media shows the absurdness and failure of these ideas. In this case, a sarcastic evaluation becomes an instrument of discrediting not only the person him/herself, but also his/her views and associates. Linguistic means of sarcastic evaluation are widely represented in discrediting media texts. The most important of them are means such as absurdity, hyperbole, alogism, simplification, etc.
Effect of cotton residues incorporation on soil properties, organic nitrogen fractions, and nitrogen-mineralizing enzyme activity under long-term continuous cotton cropping
Authors: Ma Fangxia , Wang Yiyun , Yan Peng , Wei Fei , Duan Zhiping , Yang Zhilan , Liu Jianguo
Published: April 2021

The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of cotton residues incorporation on soil properties, soil organic nitrogen (N) fractions, and N-mineralizing enzyme (protease, and urease) activity in the 0–40 cm soil layer in the long-term continuous cotton field. In this experiment, seven treatments, including cotton residues incorporation for 5, 10, 15 and 20 years (marked as 5a, 10a, 15a, and 20a) and continuous cropping for 5, 10 and 20 years (marked as CK5, CK10 and CK20) were conducted. The results showed that the soil organic carbon (C) and N increased gradually with the increase in the duration of continuous cropping with cotton residues incorporation. Compared with CK20, the 20a treatments reduced the content of amino acid N (AAN), ammonium N (AN), amino sugar N (ASN), hydrolysable unidentified N (HUN), and acid insoluble N (AIN) significantly by 48.6, 32.2, 96.9, 48.3, and 38.7%, respectively (p < 0.05). The activity of protease and urease in 20a treatments significantly increased by 53.4 and 53.1% respectively as compared to CK20 (p < 0.05). Soil organic C and N-mineralizing enzyme activity decreased with the increase in cropping duration in the absence of cotton residues incorporation, while the organic N increased slightly. In conclusion, cotton residues returning can increase the storage of soil organic C and N in long-term continuous cropping cotton field, and improve the soil quality and soil fertility of continuous cropping cotton field.
Olive leaf extract effect on cardiometabolic profile among adults with prehypertension and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ismail Muhammad Asyraf , Norhayati Mohd Noor , Mohamad Noraini
Published: April 2021

Background

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of olive leaf extract on cardiometabolic profiles among prehypertensive and hypertensive groups.

Methodology

The Cochrane central register of controlled trials, Medline (1966 to April week 1, 2020), Embase (1966 to April week 1, 2020) and trial registries for relevant randomized clinical trials were used. Published and unpublished randomized clinical trials were reviewed and evaluated. Random effects models were used to estimate the continuous outcomes and mean differences (MDs); both with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The primary outcomes were changes in systolic and diastolic BP. The secondary outcomes were changes in lipid profile, glucose metabolism, inflammatory markers for CVD, kidney and liver functions safety parameters. We assessed the data for risk of bias, heterogeneity, sensitivity, reporting bias and quality of evidence.

Results

Five trials were included involving 325 patients aged 18–80 years. Two trials involved high-income countries and three trials involved moderate-income countries. The analysis performed was based on three comparisons. No significant changes were found between systolic or diastolic blood pressure (BP) for the first comparison, 1,000 mg per day for a combined formulation of olive leaf extract versus a placebo. The second comparison, 500 mg per day of olive leaf extract versus placebo or no treatment, showed a significant reduction in systolic BP over a period of at least 8 weeks of follow up (MD −5.78 mmHg, 95% CI [−10.27 to −1.30]) and no significant changes on diastolic BP. The third comparison, 1,000 mg per day of olive leaf extract versus placebo shows no significant difference but an almost similar reduction in systolic BP (−11.5 mmHg in olive leaf extract and −13.7 mmHg in placebo, MD 2.2 mmHg, 95% CI [−0.43–4.83]) and diastolic BP (−4.8 mmHg in olive leaf extract and −6.4 mmHg in placebo, MD 1.60 mmHg, 95% CI [−0.13–3.33]). For secondary outcomes, 1,000 mg per day of olive leaf extract versus captopril showed a reduction in LDL (MD −6.00 mg/dl, 95% CI [−11.5 to −0.50]). The 500 mg per day olive leaf extract versus placebo showed a reduction in inflammatory markers for CVD IL-6 (MD −6.83 ng/L, 95% CI [−13.15 to −0.51]), IL-8 (MD −8.24 ng/L, 95% CI [−16.00 to −0.48) and TNF-alpha (MD −7.40 ng/L, 95% CI [−13.23 to −1.57]).

Conclusions

The results from this review suggest the reduction of systolic BP, LDL and inflammatory biomarkers, but it may not provide a robust conclusion regarding the effects of olive leaf extract on cardiometabolic profile due to the limited number of participants in the included trials.

Review registrations

PROSPERO CDR 42020181212.
Motivational Factors and Training Aspects in Postgraduate Students of Anaesthesiology: A Survey
Authors: Ravindran Rashmi , Krishnankutty Rekha , Rajesh MC , Prabhakaran Vineetha
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Anaesthesiology is a fast growing branch of medicine. There is marked shortage of anaesthesiologists in India and this hinders the growth of surgical and interventional specialities which hinges on well-trained, enthusiastic anaesthesiology support. Exploring the perceptions about the speciality among Postgraduate (PG) students could help in planning strategies to make a career choice in anaesthesiology look more attractive. Aim: To explore the motivational factors for the choice of anaesthesiology for postgraduation, various aspects of PG training, stress among PGs and satisfaction with career choice in order to delineate the perceptions about the speciality among the medical graduates and to find out avenues for improvement to make the speciality more attractive. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was distributed among 300 PG students in anaesthesiology who attended various national level conferences in India and state level conferences in Kerala between November 2015 and March 2018. Data collected was statistically analysed using R software version 3.1. All the quantitative variables were summarised as mean±SD (Standard Deviation) or median with IQR (Inter Quartile Range) depending on the distribution. Qualitative variables were summarised as proportions. Association between factors was analysed using Chi-square test or Fisher’s-exact test. Results: Anaesthesiology was the first career preference for only 34.63% (n=88) of the participants. Predominant reasons for choosing anaesthesiology included unavailability of other specialities (32.8%, n=82) and good job opportunities without need of super specialisation (32%, n=80). After joining anaesthesiology, majority (68%, n=175) were satisfied with their career choice. Satisfaction with PG training, assessed by the Likert scale was high among the participants and majority suggested improvements especially in theory classes, case discussions and simulation. Stress was experienced by 60% (n=154) of participants ascribed mainly due to lack of time for academics due to high workload. Conclusion: Improving awareness among public health professionals and medical students and increasing Undergraduate (UG) exposure to the subject would increase the proportion of students joining anaesthesiology with genuine interest and improve the recruitment profile. Modifications in training and measures to reduce stress during training should also be considered.
Evaluation of Diagnostic Value of Sediment Cytology in Oral Malignant and Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders
Authors: Shah Shreyas N , Patel Falguni H , Patil Niraj , Patel Uday
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Globally, highest prevalence of oral cancer has been observed in Indian subcontinent due to exposure to carcinogens such as betel nut extracts, smoking and chewing form of tobacco. Usually, cancer develops through rising grades of oral epithelial dysplasia which can arise from Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMD) and lead to fatal invasive malignancy. Being rapid, simple, cheaper and easy, sediment cytology may provide early diagnostic value in such cases. Aim: To estimate the role of sediment cytology from biopsy specimen fixatives in early diagnosis of OPMDs and oral malignant lesions. Materials and Methods: Cytological smears from total 30 cases, 15 subjects had Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and 15 subjects each of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Malignant lesions were prepared by centrifuging fixatives of the biopsy specimens from February 2015 to January 2016. Analyses of prepared cytological smears were done and obtained results were compared with histological diagnosis. Results: The study results revealed that, out of 15 oral malignant lesions, 12 lesions were properly diagnosed with one inconclusive result and only three out of 15 OPMDs were properly diagnosed, where as three cases were inconclusive. Thus, in case of sediment cytology, the overall diagnostic accuracy was 50% and specifically 80% in case of oral malignant lesions. Conclusion: The Biopsy sediment cytology procedure is rapid, simple and inexpensive and can be applied with possible benefit in any laboratory for preliminary diagnosis. Thus, it is a good compliment for histopathological study of oral biopsies.
Analysis of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome
Authors: Keller Mario , Rutti Bernard , Stutz Erhard
Published: July 2002

The DNA fragment Eco‐I (4700 kilobasepairs) from the circular chloroplast genome of Euglena gracilis is shown to be transcribed in etioplasts at all stages of light‐induced plastid development and in fully differentiated chloroplasts. Major stable transcription products are mRNAs of 14S and 17S. Using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation system we can show that the fragment Eco‐I selects a mRNA which directs the synthesis of a M
r 32 000–33 000 polypeptide. Eco‐I also hybridizes with a 330 basepair DNA probe cut from within the spinach chloroplast gene encoding the M
r 32 000 thylakoid membrane protein of the photosystem II reaction center. We conclude that the fragment Eco‐I carries the corresponding Euglena gracilis chloroplast gene.
Isolation of intact detergent‐free phycobilisomes by trypsin
Authors: Hiller Roger G. , Post Adele , Stewart Alison C.
Published: July 2002

Phycobilisomes have been detached from red algal thylakoids by means of trypsin and purified by sucrosegradient centrifugation in the absence of detergents. These phycobilisomes have identical absorbance and fluorescence properties to phycobilisomes prepared with detergent. Their peptide composition determined by SDS‐PAGE suggests that a lamellar peptide is cleaved by trypsin to release the intact phycobilisome. Subsequently trypsin attacks the 94 kDa peptide implicated [Redlinger, T. and Gantt, E. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 5542‐5546] in the phycobilisome attachment.
Binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies towards fragments of human growth hormone produced by plasmin digestion
Authors: Wallis Michael , Margaret Daniels
Published: July 2002

To help define the immunological epitopes on human growth hormone (hGH), interaction of fragments of the hormone with 7 monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) was studied. Plasmin‐digested hGH, containing two peptides (hGH1−134 and hGH141−191) joined by a disulphide bond, bound to each McAb with affinity similar to that of intact hGH. The purified C‐terminal fragment, hGH141−191, showed low affinity for each McAb. The N‐terminal fragment, hGH1−134, bound with quite high affinity to 2 McAbs (EB1 and EB3) but not to the other 5. We conclude that residues 1−134 of hGH contain the epitope to which McAbs EB1 and EB3 bind.
The nuclear‐associated endoplasmic reticulum is an early target for the action of the tumor promoter 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl phorbol‐13‐acetate in C3H/10T½ fibroblasts
Authors: Pryme Ian F. , Lillehaug Johan R. , Fjose Anders , Kjell Kleppe
Published: July 2002

12O‐Tetradecanoyl‐phorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) had a dual effect on the cellular membranes of C3H/10T½cells in that it caused both a stimulation of [3H]choline incorporation and an enhancement of the solubilization of choline from prelabelled cells. Subfractionation studies showed that the release of [3H]choline occurred almost exclusively from nuclear‐associated endoplasmic reticulum. The release was dependent on the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+, indicating an enzyme‐mediated reaction. In vivo, TPA stimulated the incorporation of [3H]choline into all subcellular fractions. The data indicate that the nuclear‐associated endoplasmic reticulum represents an early target for TPA action.
Titrations of ATP synthesis with uncoupling agents do not provide evidence of localised high energy intermediates in electron transport phosphorylation in bacterial chromatophores
Authors: Cotton N.P.J. , Jackson J.B.
Published: July 2002

The dependence of light‐driven ATP synthesis by chromatophores upon uncoupling agent concentration in the presence and absence of Fo inhibitors was investigated. When experiments were carried out using the procedure described by Hitchens and Kell [Biochem. J. (1983) 212, 25–30] it appeared as though uncouplers were more potent in the presence of Fo inhibitors. This however was the result of uncorrected, time‐dependent changes in the rate of ATP synthesis. When the experimental procedure was modified to minimise the effect of time‐dependent changes in rate, it was found that uncoupler potency was not significantly changed by the presence of Fo‐inhibitors. These results do not discriminate between localised and delocalised models of energy coupling and are entirely consistent with the chemiosmotic hypothesis.
Ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone changes in Bombyx mori eggs, related to the initiation of diapause
Authors: Gharib Bouchra , de Reggi Max , Connat Jean-Louis , Chaix Jean-Claude
Published: July 2002

We describe a method for the routine determination of changes in juvenile hormone levels in insect eggs. The hormones are first converted into their diol derivatives, then they are purified from other lipids and separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The radioimmunoassay of the fractions was then determined. The method permits the simultaneous assay of ecdysteroids, and it was used for determining the hormonal changes in Bombyx eggs during the pre‐diapause development. Our major finding is that the hormonal content of eggs dramatically increased prior to the initiation of diapause. This hormonal rise included ecdysone, 20‐OH‐ecdysone and 3 juvenile hormones. The HPLC retention time of the latter corresponded to JH1 JH2 and JH3. Subsequently, the embryos entered diapause and the hormonal content of eggs was reduced to traces of ecdysteroids. These dramatic changes in juvenile hormone levels during early embryogenesis raise a number of issues which are developed in the discussion.