bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Middleware for the Internet of Things: a systematic literature review
Authors: Medeiros Rodolfo , Fernandes Sílvio , Queiroz Paulo G. G
Published: January 2022

The Internet of Things (IoT) emerged to describe a network of connected things on a large scale to offer services to a large number of applications in different environments and domains. Middleware is software that seeks to facilitate the management and communication of all these things, providing the necessary functionalities to manage things, to discover, to compose services, and perform communication. For this reason, several proposals for middleware solutions for IoT have been developed. In this article, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to bring together middleware solutions for IoT, identifying the requirements and communication protocols used. In addition, we present some gaps and directions for future research in the development of IoT middleware.
Ligularia monocephala (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), a remarkable new species from Hubei, China
Authors: Fei Wen-Qun , Deng Tao , Wang Long
Published: January 2022

Ligularia monocephala, a remarkable new species from Hubei, China, is described and illustrated. It is readily distinguishable in the whole genus by character combination of the reniform to cordate-reniform leaf blades which are palmately-pinnately veined and abaxially purplish red, the solitary and erect capitula, and the pappus which are as long as or slightly longer than tube of the tubular corolla. A detailed description and distribution map of the species are also presented herein.
An oxygen driven proliferative-to-invasive transition of glioma cells: An analytical study
Authors: Gatti Stefania
Published: January 2022

Our aim in this paper is to analyze a model of glioma where oxygen drives cancer diffusion and proliferation. We prove the global well-posedness of the analytical problem and that, in the longtime, the illness does not disappear. Besides, the tumor dynamics increase the oxygen levels.
Policies and laws in the application of renewable energy Indonesia: A reviews
Authors: Erdiwansyah  , Gani Asri , MH Nurdin , Mamat Rizalman , Sarjono R.E
Published: January 2022

Renewable energy is a global energy system that is very important in nature and humans' harmonious and conducive development. Considerable attention from the government towards renewable energy is due to the increasing energy demand. The impact of the current energy shortage has also resulted in damage to the environment. The current legal framework for accelerating the development of renewable energy has made a considerable contribution but is still not in favor of investors. Thus, the integration of renewable energy into the national energy system is still far from being expected, so the cooperation between the government and industrial development must be further enhanced. The specific aim of this work is to adopt various practices and policies towards the development of renewable energy from several developing countries. A critical review of this work will discuss policies and legislation on renewable energy policies especially under-operation, fragmentation, and obsolescence. Policies in favor of renewable energy developers are also presented in this paper. This paper as a whole investigates various renewable energy development policies from developing countries to be adopted in ensuring the availability of energy security in the future.
Adjustment for Multimorbidity in Estimations of the Burden of Diseases Using Korean NHIS Data
Authors: Shin Yoonhee , Choi Eun Jeong , Park Bomi , Lee Hye Ah , Lee Eun-Kyung , Park Hyesook
Published: January 2022

The current multimorbidity correction method in the Global Burden of Disease studies assumes the independent occurrence of diseases. Those studies use Monte-Carlo simulations to adjust for the presence of multiple disease conditions for all diseases. The present study investigated whether the above-mentioned assumption is reasonable based on the prevalence confirmed from actual data. This study compared multimorbidity-adjusted years of lived with disability (YLD) obtained by Monte-Carlo simulations and multimorbidity-adjusted YLD using multimorbidity prevalence derived from National Health Insurance Service data. The 5 most common diseases by sex and age groups were selected as diseases of interest. No significant differences were found between YLD estimations made using actual data and Monte-Carlo simulations, even though assumptions about the independent occurrence of diseases should be carefully applied. The prevalence was not well reflected according to disease characteristics in those under the age of 30, among whom there was a difference in YLD between the 2 methods. Therefore, when calculating the burden of diseases for Koreans over the age of 30, it is possible to calculate the YLD with correction for multimorbidity through Monte-Carlo simulation, but care should be taken with under-30s. It is useful to apply the efficiency and suitability of calibration for multiplicative methods using Monte-Carlo simulations in research on the domestic disease burden, especially in adults in their 30s and older. Further research should be carried out on multimorbidity correction methodology according to the characteristics of multiple diseases by sex and age.
Components of Adaptive Augmented Reality Model for Heritage Mobile Application
Authors: Tenh Hock Kuan , Shiratuddin Norshuhada
Published: January 2022

Adaptive augmented reality (AAR) is the latest concept of the augmented reality that responds and adapts to a real-time context and thecharacteristics of the users. This concept is said to provide adaptation of 3Daugmented reality, better engagement and more emotional experience to theusers. In AAR, the information is provided to the users through interaction tracking and sensor on the device. However, this technology is still in itsinfancy. Therefore, a study to explore positive ways of providing relevantinformation that can enhance user experience is urgently required. Theobjective of this paper is to identify the components of an AAR model forheritage mobile application. It is hypothesized that such model would enhance user experience and provide better engagement. Consequently, models from past studies on Augmented Reality, UX Design and storytelling are reviewed. Findings indicate that personalization and emotion are among the important components. Inclusion of these components seems to allow users to be more engaged and inspired to learn about the cultural heritage, hence enhances user experience.
Designing Game-Based Learning Kit with Integration of Augmented Reality for Learning Geography
Authors: Abd Halim Noor Dayana , Hong Ong Ace , Zulkifli Nurul Nadwa , Jumaat Nurul Farhana , Mohd Zaid Norasykin , Mokhtar Mahani
Published: January 2022

The development of education is changing in line with the development of current technology, and these developments have influenced many innovations in teaching and learning methods. Many technology-based games have been introduced in the market; however, not all games are suitable for student learning. This is because the features of a game must have an impact on education; it is essential to choose a game based on appropriate criteria for education. Therefore, this paper describes the integration process of game-based learning features outlined by Alaswad and Nadolny (2015), which are goal,    interaction and feedback. The three features are designed in a learning kit called the “Kit Pengembara” for learning the topic of “Arah Mata Angin” and     “Bearing Sudutan”, the subject of Geography Form 1. In addition, this Kit Pengembara also integrates the UniteAR application for user to complete a  given task using augmented reality. Therefore, this paper can provide an overview to educators in the form of their educational innovations that integrate technology to increase student engagement.
Design Phase of Gamification Framework for Hazard Identification Training in Construction Industry
Authors: Kai Ren Khew , Mohd Norhazren Izatie , Ali Kherun Nita , Bandi Shamsulhadi , Ismail Fuziah
Published: January 2022

Game has been proven an effective approach tool to improve learning and has become a new tool for training delivery.  The development of the gamification framework involves integrating design processes which are input, process, and output. The design phase is considered essential to guide the flow of the gamification framework. It offers a safer, interactive, and entertaining learning environment for construction-related workers.  This paper aims to report on the approach to design a gamification framework for hazard identification training in Construction using Garris's Input-Process-Outcome game model as the basis. It focuses on the three main design elements: instructional design, game characteristic, and user characteristic. The study outlines two objectives: (1) to identify the game's attributes and Gagne's Nine Events Instructional Methods Design which supports effective learning, and (2) to determine the user's characteristics of self-directed learning. This study focused on designing the Design phase, which consists of three main elements, i.e. instructional design, game characteristics and user characteristics. Mixed methods were used to extract the attributes and elements of the Design phase. Content analysis was carried out to determine the model of instructional design and game attributes.  The findings show 12 attributes of the game through content analysis methods. Gagne's Nine Events Instructional Methods Design can support effective learning. Meanwhile, a questionnaire survey was subsequently administered to determine the user's ability to self-directed learning and decision-making style, where 319 construction-related workers responded. Data were analysed using mean comparison. The results showed that construction-related workers belong to the independent learners' category and are inclined to 'vigilant' and 'brooding' types of decision-making style. Findings confirmed that construction-related workers belong to the independent learners' category and are inclined to 'vigilant' and 'brooding' types of decision-making style. Following the aim of this paper, these findings were incorporated into the design phase of the game framework.
Retooling the Self for the Post-Pandemic Economy
Authors: Ebben Maureen , Drescher Katie
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses the self, work, and well-being through the explication of four heuristics and their associated tools and strategies to foster knowledge for the creation of a new identity in relation to work. These include 1) the values in action (VIA) inventory of strengths; 2) the positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishments model (PERMA); 3) the process of resilience-building; and 4) the process of values identification. The practical application of these frameworks is illustrated through five case studies gleaned from practitioner experiences in the applied field of leadership development, training, and well-being coaching. The case studies demonstrate how persons from a diverse range of occupations and career stages use the concepts and strategies discussed to grapple with new understandings of self and address the distinctive challenges of work in the post-pandemic era.
Cultural Immersion
Authors: Oigara James N.
Published: January 2022

In the globalized 21st century economy, many American higher institutions have substantially increased efforts to internationalize their curriculum through study abroad programs. These efforts are grounded in the longstanding belief that study abroad participation improves intercultural competence among students. Higher institutions aim at providing students the opportunity to a meaningful experience in a different culture to expand their cross-cultural understanding. However, there is limited research to support this claim; thus, a major competing explanation for differences found between students who do and do not study abroad continues to be the possibility that these differences existed prior to international participation. This chapter highlights how international experience was structured to enhance pre-service teachers' cross-cultural understanding and global awareness. The author argues that opportunities to experience cultures other than one's own, such as the cultural immersion experienced during this study in Tanzania, would enhance intercultural competence among students.
Enhancing Global Citizenship Through TVET in Zimbabwe
Authors: Chinengundu Tawanda , Hondonga Jerald
Published: January 2022

Several nations include technical and vocational education and training curricula in general education as a vehicle to promote economic and human capital development, eradicate poverty, unemployment, and inequality. This chapter analyzed TVET provision in Zimbabwe and its role in enhancing global citizenship among students through literature study of education evaluation reports, policy documents, and current research papers. Literature study indicated that the current TVET in Zimbabwe is blamed for a local learner skills-job mismatch and lack of specific emphasis on addressing global citizenship. The chapter argues that TVET in Zimbabwe should improve on enhancing global citizenship education for global labor participation of the graduates. More should be done to equip students with responsive skills compatible with modern technologies embracing the fourth industrial revolution. TVET curricula need to inculcate entrepreneurial and soft skills to produce socially relevant graduates with good citizenry ethos.
Citizenship Education
Authors: Alarape Asimi Akibu , Omoba Florence Adeola , Akinlooye Sarafadeen Olatunde , Obadiora Adebayo J.
Published: January 2022

Nigeria as one of the emerging user-countries of social media worldwide has witnessed people relying on information posted on social media on key national issues without checking the reliability of their sources. Sharing such information on social media has led to religious crises, political imbroglio, hate speech, racial discrimination and clashes, and a degenerated socio-psychological wellbeing of the citizens. This chapter suggest that regulating social media to curtail these anomalies may not bring the desired results. On the contrary, citizenship education will equip the citizens with the knowledge to discern reliable and dependable sources of information. Citizenship education might also lead to efficacy of loyalty to their country.
Light Absorption Enhancement Using Graphene Quantum Dots and the Effect of N-719 Dye Loading on the Photoelectrode of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)
Authors: Sharif Noor Fadzilah Mohamed , Ab Kadir Mohd Zainal Abidin , Shafie Suhaidi , Md Din Muhamad Faiz , Yusuf Yusnita , Samaila Buda
Published: January 2022

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) is used to enhance light absorption in the visible region of DSSC by sensitising method. The used of GQDs in photoelectode may effect the N-719 dye loading on photoelectrode and the study is done by ultraviolet spectroscopy (Uv-Vis). Initially, the TiO2 photoelectrode films is sensitised in ∼5 nm GQDs to overcome TiO2 photoelectrode drawback such as random electron transport and short-circuit current. Then, photoelectrode films is sensitised in N-719 dye to excite the electrons in TiO2 film. PG 7.5 adsorbed only 0.103 x 10-7 mol cm-2 N719 dye while PT at 0.527 x 10-7 mol cm-2. The pristine TiO2 photoelectrode (PT) adsorbed more than 80.4% of N-719 dye compared to PG 7.5 photoelectrode and other TiO2-GQDs photoeletrodes (PG 2.5, PG 5.0 and PG 10). As a result, the used of GQDs for TiO2 photoelectrode is reduced the intake of expensive N-719 dye for DSSCs. This happened because some of the functional groups in the GQDs solution such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups are biocompatible with TiO2 which allows more adsorption sites of GQDs onto TiO2 surface. Thus, after GQDs molecules were occupied on the TiO2 surface, not many sites were available for N719 dye molecule. Therefore, it might reduce the N719-dye intake in the DSSC device, which can reduce the fabrication cost of DSSC and give good impact on environment.
Characterization of the Halal Natural Hydroxyapatite Extract from Black Tilapia Fish Scale
Authors: Jaffri Muhamad Zaki , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi , Ismail Zamratul Maisarah Mohd , Dermawan Siti Khadijah
Published: January 2022

Extraction of the natural halal hydroxyapatite (HAp) from fish scale (Black Tilapia) was produced by calcining of raw fish scale at 600 °C and 800 °C. The produced powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, (EDX). The crystallite size, cell parameters, strain and crystallinity of the raw fish scale and derived HAp calcined powder were observed from the XRD results. By increasing the calcination temperature, the average crystallite size HAp amount increased and close to the pure HAp (JCPDS: 9-432). SEM analysis showed the raw fish scale surface morphology contains collagen fiber compared with boiled and after calcination of the powder samples. The calcined fish scale powders at 800°C morphology was discovered embraced of hexagonal fragments form. The EDX investigation exposed that the fish scale from HAp powder calcined at temperature 600 °C contain a high amount of magnesium and sodium compared to the powder that was calcined at 800 °C.
Dielectric Properties of Low Concentration Barium Doped K0.5Na0.5NbO3 Lead Free Ceramics Prepared via Solid State Reaction Method
Authors: Mohamed Julie Juliewatty , Saari Muhammad Qusyairie , Bahanurdin Fatin Khairah , Ab Rahman Mohd Fariz , Jumali Mohammad Hafizuddin , Yuwono Akhmad Herman
Published: January 2022

In this work, the effect of low concentration of Barium (Ba) on the density, crystal structure, microstructure and dielectric properties of K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN) lead-free piezoelectric ceramic samples have been systematically studied. The samples were calcined at 850 °C for 6 hours and pressed using a hydraulic hand press to produce a green body disc. In this way, the green body disc of KNN was doped with 0.00 to 0.10 mol % of Ba concentration and was placed in an alumina crucible before conventional sintering at 1120 °C for 2h in air atmosphere. The increasing amount of Ba shifting all the diffraction peaks to a higher angle was measured using X-Ray Diffraction. Doping the Ba also improved the density of the KNN body. The most densified body was identified for x= 0.05 mol% of Ba which is 4.21355 g/cm3. The microstructure of the surface becomes finer and smaller after Ba doping. This shifting diffraction peaks and densified body is responsible for the enhancement of dielectric properties with the optimum value obtained from the sample doped with x= 0.05 mol%. The results show that relative permittivity (ɛr) was improved by the increment of Ba2+ concentration for 0.05 mol% which is 183.9856 for 1 kHz.
Study of Fly Ash Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperature
Authors: Sabri Muhamad Zameel Hakim Ahmed , Malek Rohaya Abdul , Omar Abdullahi Ali , Ismail Khairul Nizar
Published: January 2022

The ability to improve the tendency of hardened concrete in compression at elevated temperature was studied. Five mixes of fly ash were cast with a replacement amount of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by cement mass. They were exposed to 400°C and held for 2 hours after water curing. The specimens have been cooled down to room temperature and then undergo a compressive test. This research aims to study the physical and mechanical properties of fly ash concrete after being exposed to elevated temperatures. A digital microscope was used to analyse the formation mechanism of microstructure in concrete. Fly ash was used to produce high fire resistance concrete with 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm concrete cube. Sample 4 with 30% fly ash has the highest compressive strength with 26 MPa after 28 days and 21 MPa after exposed to 400°C. The results show that concrete containing a high amount of fly ash has several improvements when exposed to elevated temperature. The concrete specimens were used to validate an interfacial transition zone (ITZ) in concrete. The microstructure features were discussed concerning their influence on the strength development of concrete.
Characterizations of High Entropy Alloy Powder as Catalyst Synthesized by Mechanical Alloying for Azo Dye Degradation
Authors: Abu Hassan Nur Hudawiyah , Zin Nur Aleysha , Shaari Nor Hidayah , Fadil Nor Akmal , Jami Mohammed Saedi , Nordin Norhuda Hidayah
Published: January 2022

FeCoNiAlSi and FeCoNiAlBSi high entropy alloys (HEAs) were synthesized by mechanical alloying. Phase evolution, crystallite size, lattice strain, microstructure and morphology for the two alloys were investigated. It was found that two simple structures which are face-centred cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC/B2) solid solution appear in FeCoNiAlSi HEA after 50 h of milling. Formation of Fe2B peak was observed in the XRD pattern when a small amount of boron was added to the base alloys. The particle size of the alloy was increased after 20 h of milling time. The structural analysis shows that the average crystallite size decreases while lattice grain size increases with the increasing milling time. The morphology structure of the milled powders shows the particles size becomes rounded, flat and rough as the milling time prolongs. The newly developed HEA synthesized by mechanical alloying is expected to provide prominent efficiency in degradation of azo dyes (Methyl Orange). Although the HEAs have been reported to provide larger surface area and excellent capacity, only a few studies have been reported on degradation of azo dye by using HEAs as catalyst. Therefore, the method derived from the results of this study will contribute in treating azo dyes for wastewater treatment. Keywords: azo dye; high entropy alloys; mechanical alloying; crystal structure; morphology
Extraction and Characterization of Natural Hydroxyapatite from Black Tilapia Fish Bone for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Dermawan Siti Khadijah , Ismail Zamratul Maisarah Mohd , Jaffri Muhamad Zaki , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi
Published: January 2022

Hydroxyapatite is known as HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, commonly used in orthopedics since it resembles the inorganic portion of human bone. Calcium, Ca and phosphorous, P are the main components of HAp, with Ca/P molar ratio of 1.67 capable of promoting bone growth. Large quantities of by-product waste from fisheries factories have a negative effect on the environment. Hence, this research was carried out to obtain biological natural HAp derived from fishery factory waste black tilapia fish bones. As a result, fish bone can be a low-cost source of HAp and important contributions in biomedical applications. To remove meat and other impurities, black tilapia fish bones were boiled at 100 °C followed by milling to produce a fine powder. The powder was calcined at 600 °C and 800 °C for 3 hours. Characterizations were done by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mineralogy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for morphology and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, EDX for element analysis. The XRD results showed the existence of derived HAp, which was consistent with standard HAp. The raw samples tended to have denser and less porous microstructures than calcined samples were shown in SEM results. EDX results showed the chemical composition of Ca and P with present of magnesium, Mg and sodium, Na as their traces elements. The samples' Ca/P molar ratio was found to be higher than the stoichiometric HAp, >1.67. Thus, the findings show that producing calcium and phosphorus from fishery wastes is a viable option for biomedical applications with the present of trace elements to help accelerates bone growth.
Effect of Graphene on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Coconut Shell Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composite
Authors: Abdullah Atikah , Rosdi Nurul Ainnabilah Mohd , Abu Bakar Mohamad Bashree , Mohd Siti Hajar , Abdullah Nor Hakimin , Mohamed Mazlan
Published: January 2022

Coconut shell (CS) reinforced unsaturated polyester (UPE) composites have been prepared by using hand lay-up and compression molding techniques. To improve fiber matrix adhesion, the CS (30 wt%) was chemically treated by two chemical treatments which are alkaline (NaOH) and alkaline-silane with concentration NaOH (6%) and silane (2%). To enhance the performance of CS-UPE composites, graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) was also added as a nano filler. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of the composite samples. Mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural tests of untreated and chemical treated CS-UPE composites was also studied and compared. Overall, the use of alkalized treated CS-UPE composites showed the best mechanical (strength and modulus). Therefore, alkaline treated CS was selected to be re-prepared with graphene as nano filler in UPE composites at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt% filler loading, respectively. The presence of GNP in CS-UPE composites have demonstrated a significant enhancement in modulus properties but at the expense of tensile strength. The use of 1.0 wt% of GNP seems more optimize loading since the increment of GNP has reduced the tensile strength, which might be due to the agglomeration issue.
Morphological and Structural Properties of Sn-Bi Lead-Free Solder in 6 M Potassium Hydroxide
Authors: Masri Mohamad Najmi , Sazali Mohamad Firdaus , Mohd Nazeri Muhammad Firdaus , Mohamad Ahmad Azmin , Ter Teo Pao
Published: January 2022

Sn-based lead-free solder alloys have been explored extensively as an alternative to the conventional Sn–Pb solder alloys. While the miniaturization of electronic devices and the growth of appliance area, the corrosion resistance of solder alloys play a crucial element in the reliability of electronic devices in a prolonged period of service. This paper determines the corrosion effect of Sn-Bi solder lead-free solder, particularly immersed in alkaline solution which is potassium hydroxide. Morphological and elemental analyses reveal the formation of oxides on the surface after immersion after using a scanning electron microscope, dispersive energy X-ray and X-ray diffraction. The result of morphology reveals that the Sn matrix in plateau indicated dark contrast while Bi-rich in the lamellar eutectic structure indicated in light contrast appearance. In addition, phase and elemental analyses revealed the formation of mixed corrosion products of SnO, SnO2 and Bi2O3 on the surface after testing. It is hoped that this finding will provide some helpful evidence in clarifying the corrosion progress of lead-free solder alloys. Furthermore, the remaining corrosion potential and current of Sn-Bi in 6 M potassium hydroxide solutions in this research are proposed.
Correlation of Humidity and Mechanical Properties of Different Grades of RT-PMMA
Authors: Norazrina Mat Jali , Firdaus Mohd  Adnan , Longere Patrice
Published: January 2022

The implementation of glass in various industries may cause some problems due to its brittleness characteristic. Its usage in the transportation sector has led to death and serious injuries to drivers and passengers in vehicles. It shows that the manufacturing process of the materials used requires an improvement in terms of brittleness to provide better protection to the consumer. Therefore, rubber toughened PMMA (RT-PMMA) was introduced as the rubber has the ability to increase the ductility of PMMA. PMMA and two different grades of RT-PMMA namely RT-PMMA65 and RT-PMMA100 were taken into consideration to investigate the effect of different rubber contents on the ductility of PMMA. Other than strain rate and temperature, humidity is also one of the factors that affect the ductile properties of PMMA. In this study, tensile tests at different humidity levels (11% and 98%) will be carried out by immersing the specimens in two different solutions which are lithium chloride (LiCl) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) beforehand. The output from the experimental works proved that the tensile properties of RT-PMMA are affected by the presence of humidity for all three grades of PMMA under consideration. It is also proved that RT-PMMA100 is more ductile compared to RT-PMMA65 on the tensile test.
Radiation Modification of Commercial Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Backsheet Film for Mechanical and Thermal Properties Enhancement
Authors: Shaharudin Muhamad Fairush , Shukri Nor Azwin , Ibrahim Siti Nurul Syafika Sheikh , Abd Lah Mohd Fareqdzul Naim , Othman Nor Azillah Fatimah , Muhammad Sayuti Muhammad Hazim , Soh Nurakram Ilham
Published: January 2022

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are supposed to be a reliable source of power for at least 25 years. Its component needs to work very efficiently to ensure electrical panels continue to perform. Backsheet film has been used to help insulating electrical components of PV modules to ensure PV can operate safely and protect them over their servicing life. PV modules are usually produced using encapsulated polymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), polyamide (PA) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). However, under continuous environmental stresses the components of solar panel including backsheet film are prone to malfunctions and failure after long term services. Thus, the service lifetime of PV systems may be shorter than the predicted lifetime. To overcome these issues, efforts have been made to enhance the performance of backsheet films by using radiation crosslinking method. The effects of electron-beam irradiation on mechanical and thermal properties for PVDF commercial backsheet film were studied. It was found that degree of crosslinking increased as irradiation dose increased. Irradiated PVDF has adequate mechanical properties to be used as backsheets for solar cells according to industrial reference. The result of SEM resulted in increased strength and stiffness of irradiated PVDF, which support the result of tensile test. In addition, the TGA analysis showed a good thermal stability with no degradation below 400°C. These studies help in quantifying long-term behavior and estimate a module lifetime especially in specific environment such as tropical country like Malaysia.
The Effect of Oxygen and Air Flow on the Characteristic of Zinc Oxide ZnO Nanorods
Authors: Ahmed Naser Mahmoud , Tabet Tamer A.
Published: January 2022

In this study, ZnO nanorods are synthesized by the means of chemical bath deposition (CBD). Further objectives, to study the effect of new parameters (oxygen and air flow) on ZnO nanorods on morphology and length of alignment of the nanorods. It was observed that 0.100M for both zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine give a best result. Here, we added an oxygen gas pressure as others idea in chemical bath deposition method and a p-type silicon substrate to investigate the length of ZnO nanorods through their cross-section. It was found that the biggest grain sizes obtain from sample 14, which is 58.87nm produces a high crystal quality, among others. Sample 14 also has a long nanorods (1.434μm-1.451μm) compared to other samples. The hexagonal structure was observed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, FESEM and well aligned, compact and perpendicular ZnO nanorods grew on the surface of glass substrate. XRD data shows that it has a larger grain size with low lattice strain. The cross-sectional view of the samples demonstrates long nanorods with a range 2.763μm-2.844μm. Finally, the growth of ultra-long ZnO nanorods by using a modified chemical bath setup was successfully observed and recorded.Keywords: ZnO nanorods, CBD, Growth duration, FESEM images, pressure flow.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sol-Gel Derived Strontium Doped S53P4 Bioglass
Authors: Swe Thet  Thet , Mohamad Hasmaliza , Shariff Khairul Anuar , Ishikawa Kunio
Published: January 2022

This study concerns the evaluation of the bioactivity and cells response of strontium (Sr) doped sol-gel derived S53P4 bioglass due to Sr induced osteoblast. Moreover it prevents in-vitro osteoclastic activity and is clinically used as osteoporosis treatment. The different amount of Sr was doped into the S53P4 bioglass formulation (53.82%SiO2-1.72%P2O5-22.64%Na2O-(21.76-x)%CaO-x%SrO) (x=0, 3 and 5 mol %) and synthesized via sol-gel method. These samples were denoted as 0Sr, 3Sr and 5Sr respectively. After soaking in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) for 7 and 14 days, the apatite formation was examined using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. Proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity were evaluated using osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. The XRD and SEM findings confirmed the hydroxyapatite (HA) structure on the bioglass surface after soaking. More intense HA peaks were observed in 3Sr specimen on 7 day while in 5Sr specimen on 14 day. Meanwhile, 3Sr specimen showed the highest cells proliferation and ‌ significant difference in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity than 0Sr and 5Sr. As a result, this finding indicates that S53P4 bioglass with 3 mol % SrO (3Sr) is a good candidate for bone tissue engineering because it allows for optimum cell proliferation and ALP activity while also having a high bioactivity efficiency.
Effect of Complexing Agent on The Morphology and Corrosion Effect of Cu-Sn-Zn Ternary Alloy via Electroplating
Authors: Rosley Rozainita , Jikan Suzi Salwah , Badarulzaman Nur Azam , Esa Fahmiruddin , Ab Razak Siti Noraiza , Roslan Muhammad Sufi , Khalid Munira
Published: January 2022

Copper-tin-zinc (Cu-Sn-Zn) ternary alloy coatings was successfully deposited from a less hazardous electrolyte containing copper (II) chloride, tin (II) chloride, zinc chloride, sodium hypophosphite and complexing agent. In this work, the impact of different complexing agent on morphology, chemical composition, current efficiency, microhardness, and corrosion rate were investigated by method of SEM equipped with EDX spectroscopy, weight gain measurements, XRD, Vickers microhardness test and potentiodynamic polarization measurement, respectively. It was discovered that, Cu-Sn-Zn alloys prepared using sodium formate shows the highest microhardness value. It is also can be concluded that, complexing agent have a significant impact on the appearance and the surface morphology of the Cu-Sn-Zn alloy electrodeposits.
Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Model Diesel Using TBHP-DMF System
Authors: Mohd Nazmi Nor Atiq Syakila , Rosid Salmiah Jamal Mat , Mohd Shukri Nurasmat , Wan Abdullah Wan Nazwanie
Published: January 2022

Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) technique is no longer applicable in achieving ultra-low sulfur diesel because of high operational cost, high operating temperature and low efficiency. Due to these disadvantage, catalytic oxidative desulfurization (Cat-ODS) has been introduced as a new technique in achieving ultra-low sulfur diesel. The performance of the Fe catalyst was investigated in Cat-ODS of model diesel using terbutyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant and dimethylformamide (DMF) as an extracting solvent. The physicochemical analysis of this catalyst was accomplished using several characterization techniques such as BET, EDX and HRTEM. It posseses high surface area of 226 m2g-1 with small particle sizes in the range of 6-7 nm and less metal leaching. Under optimize condition, about 90% of sulfur was removed from model diesel. In the absence of catalyst, only about less than 80% of organosulfur compounds were removed. The Cat-ODS system showed the promising technology to be compliment with hydrodesulfurization (HDS) to produce low sulfur diesel.
High Purity Nano-Silica from Rice Husk Ash (RHA) via Chemical Method as Additive/Stabilizing Agent for CO2 Capture Application
Authors: Mahmud Mudrikah Sofia , Daud Farah Diana Mohd , Sariffudin Norshahida , Mohd Zaki Hafizah Hanim , Nordin Norhuda Hidayah , Mohammad Nur Farahiyah
Published: January 2022

This paper aims to synthesize high purity nano-sized silica from rice husk ash (RHA) by chemical method and investigate its physical and chemical properties. Through a controlled burning of rice husk, the white-colored RHA is obtained. Next, the RHA is subjected to the pre-treatment of acid leaching and thermal treatment. The synthesizing process has been done through the precipitation method. The EDX and FTIR analysis confirmed that the prepared powder consists of high purity silica particles through the detection of characteristic peaks of O and Si elements and the presence of primary bonds in silica, which are silanol groups and siloxane bonds. Meanwhile, the FESEM micrograph shows that silica particles in nano-scale had been obtained with an average diameter of 74.0 nm – 84.0 nm. The XRF and XRD analysis confirmed that the prepared powder yields 99.68% nano-silica in an amorphous structure.
Effect of Adding Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) to the Properties of Fly Ash (FA)-Based Geopolymer Mortar
Authors: Aziz Mohamad Abdul Zahari , Norzeity A.Z. , Johari I. , Kasim Shah Rizal
Published: January 2022

Geopolymer is an alternative cementitious material produced by rich aluminosilicate mineral materials (Si-Al) combine with an alkaline activator. The objectives of this study are to study the effect of adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as foaming and stabilizing agents, respectively to the fly ash (FA)-based geopolymer mortar properties. The geopolymer mortars were synthesized with a mixture of FA, alkaline activator and SDS with different H2O2 content. The geopolymer mortars were analyzed using compressive strength test, porosity test and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. Geopolymer mortar with 1 wt% H2O2 content and 0.5 wt% SDS has the lowest compressive strength (8.67 N) compare to the other geopolymer mortar composition. As H2O2 content increase with presence of SDS, the formation of the pores also increased hence resulting in the low compressive strength of geopolymer mortar.
Effect of Spherical Tungsten Carbide Load to the Corrosion Behaviour of Plasma Transfer Arc Hard Facing in Acidic and Alkaline Environment
Authors: Zakiah Kamdi , Ainun Rahmahwati Ainuddin , Mohamed Hatta Mohamed Nasrul
Published: January 2022

Plasma transfer arc welding (PTAW) has been one of the popular methods for depositing thick hard facing. In this study, this method was used to lay the nickel hard-facing without tungsten carbide and with different compositions which are 35 wt%, 50 wt% and 60 wt% carbides. The hard facing was characterised using a scanning electron microscope with EDS and x-ray diffractometer (XRD). The corrosion behaviour was evaluated using three electrodes electrochemical test with saturated calmonel electrode (SCE) and platinum plate as the reference electrode and counter electrode respectively. The corrosion test shows that the hard facing had higher corrosion resistance in an alkaline environment compared to an acidic environment. The corrosion mechanism was by the dissolution of the nickel matrix, Ni3B dissolution is seen in an acidic environment while in alkaline electrolyte, the dendritic nickel dissolves preferentially.
Physical Properties of γ Irradiated TiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Muslimin Masliana , Abidin Siti Salwa Zainal , Zali Nurazila Mat , Saidin Nur Ubaidah
Published: January 2022

This paper highlights a study on the effects of medium dose gamma (γ) irradiation towards physical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles. Doses applied for gamma irradiation are 60, 100 and 150 kGy. Structural and morphological results show that gamma radiation did not change the crystallinity and shapes of TiO2 nanostructures. Ratio percentages of anatase:rutile for irradiated samples is around 89:11. Agglomerated samples shown in morphology images is support with the existence of binodial shapes peak from particles size distribution analysis.
Comparison of Stability Mechanism of Graphene Nanoparticles in Polyester Oil
Authors: Saufi Muhammad Aiman , Mamat Hussin
Published: January 2022

Stability of nanolubricants is a basic requirement for heat transfer application since it is directly related to the properties of nanolubricants. However, the particle suspension is the major issue of creating a new nanolubricant. The objective of the present study is to compare the effect of different dispersion methods on the stability of graphene in polyester oil-based lubricant. Nanolubricant are prepared by different two-step method, including magnetic stirrer, overhead stirrer, and sonication. The stability of nanolubricant was measured by sedimentation observation, metallographic microscopy, and zeta potential. The results show that the overhead stirrer method was the most effective at providing a more stable suspension.
Effect of Soaking Time on the Compositional and Morphological Changes of DCPD-Coated β-TCP Bioceramic
Authors: Zaidi Nur Zulaikha , Ridzwan Nur Raihan , Mohammed Ahmed Hafedh Mohammed , Shariff Khairul Anuar
Published: January 2022

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of soaking time on the compositional and morphological changes of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD)-coated β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramic. In this study, an established method from our research group was used to prepare the β-TCP bioceramic pellets and expose them to acidic calcium phosphate solution for 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours to obtain DCPD coated layer on β-TCP pellets through dissolution-precipitation reaction. Characterization methods such as x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were carried out on the specimen. XRD and SEM analyses indicated that the peak intensity and density of DCPD crystal precipitated on the pellets were increased when increasing the soaking time. Therefore, it was confirmed that the DCPD coated layer formation on the β-TCP pellet surfaces depended on the exposure time to acidic calcium phosphate solution.
Development and Characterisation of Triaxial Electrical Porcelains from Malaysian Ceramic Minerals
Authors: Yahya Hamdan , Ahmad Aspaniza , Abdul Aziz Muhammad Afiq Afandi , Selamat Malek
Published: January 2022

Four formulations of triaxial porcelain composed from 34 – 49% clay, 13 – 22% potash feldspar, 10 – 30% Soda feldspar and 14 – 28% silica sand, were prepared from raw materials sourced from Malaysian deposits. Specimens were made using the dry pressing method and characterized in terms of constituent oxide composition, compressive strength and powder-XRD analyses, respectively. XRD studies revealed that the crystalline phases are mullite and quartz and their intensity is almost identical for all samples fired at 1250°C but there is a decrease in quartz content as temperature is increased. Samples with 28% sand content resulted in higher compressive strength compared to those containing 14% and 25% sand. The major factor influencing compressive strength was found to be porosity in samples as opposed to crystallinity. A body EP3 with 64.9% SiO2, 25.4% Al2O3, 3.6% K2O, 1.5% Na2O and 1.09% others exhibited best mechanical properties due to greater density and lower porosity formation.
Simulation and Experimental of Crack Propagation in Automotive Engineering Component
Authors: Ali Aidy , Faidzi M.K. , Kamarudin Khairul H. , Abdullah M.F. , Saad M.R.
Published: January 2022

In this study, the crack propagation of the automotive engineering component is investigated through experimental and simulation work on crankshaft of automotive component car named connecting rod. The experimental work is conducted at STRIDE, Kajang Malaysia, with the load of 106.707 kN by tensile testing using Instron machine. The Finite Element analysis of crack model of connecting rod is successfully developed. The stress intensity factor is successfully determined via experimental and simulation. Both experiment and simulation work are successfully validated and shows strong in agreement in term of location of crack, its propagation and its stress intensity factor.
RSM Modeling and Validation of Glass Assisted Laser Micro Drilling of Silicon Wafer
Authors: Sivarao Subramonian , Ali Aidy , Ku Ahmad Ku Zarina , Pujari S.
Published: January 2022

Rapid growths in the electronic industries provide opportunities for the industries to expand the using of silicon wafer in modern and advanced technologies especially Micro Electromechanical Systems (MEMS). Laser cutting is one of the most significant and important application for fabrication MEMS components. The objective of this study is to investigate the cutting capability of industrial laser, CO2 laser, in silicon wafer processing. Experiment was conducted in two conditions which is with assisted of pyrex glass and without assist of pyrex glass. In this work, silicon wafer with thickness 525 μm were cut into several rectangular sample shapes. The surface roughness produce at the cutting edge on each sample were investigated and analyzed. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the result and generated an appropriate model for the laser cutting processing. The laser parameters involved were laser power, cutting speed, and pulse frequency. Experimental results evident that, the laser cutting process with assist of glass give a better surface roughness on silicon cutting edge compared to without assist of glass.
Characterization of Sodium Alginate Membrane Plasticized by Polyols and Polyamine for DMFC Applications
Authors: Musa Maryam Taufiq , Shaari Norazuwana , Kamarudin Siti Kartom
Published: January 2022

This study reports the effect of plasticizers namely isopropanol, polyethylene glycol, maltitol and spermidine on the properties of the sodium alginate composite membrane. The concentration of each potential plasticizer was set at minimum to execute performance. Properties of sodium alginate were studied through characterization studies - Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) to observe on the morphology structure. The membrane performance is also seen through water uptake and swelling ratio tests. Isopropanol produced better plasticizer with the lowest water uptake of 575.53% and less hydrophilic compared to spermidine (1268.46%), polyethylene glycol (1014.30%) and maltitol (595.82%). Further study may require copolymerization to support polyol for ensuring structure firmness. This study proven the plasticizers could enhance membrane’s flexibility in DMFC and becoming a promising choice of additives for better alginate-based membrane establishment.
Extraction of Thorium Oxide (ThO2) from Malaysian Monazite through Alkali Digestion: Physical and Chemical Characterization Using X-Ray Analysis
Authors: Hak Cik Rohaida Che , Januri Zakiuddin , Mustapha Ismail , Mahat Sarimah
Published: January 2022

Extraction of thorium oxide (ThO2) from monazite mineral specifically from Perak, Malaysia become a bright opportunity for the new income generation in Malaysia eventhough it is involved complex processing routes and require variety of chemicals. Monazite that is known as monazite-(Ce)-PO4 minerals, not just contain thorium, but it also consist rare earth elements (REE) such as cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), lanthanum (La) and gadolinium (Gd) and also associated with thorium (Th) and uranium (U) at about 7 wt% and 0.2 wt% respectively. One of the challenges in this R&D work is to determine the presence of thorium, uranium and REE at each processing step due to its similarities of chemical composition and physical properties. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to use several x-ray characterization techniques to identify elemental composition obtained at each processing route to show the evidence of the presence of ThO2 extracted from Malaysia monazite. This paper focused on the use of wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) with energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometer to show evidence of ThO2 formation. Result shows that the final product contain of 85 wt% of ThO2 and it is thorianite with nanorod morphology. Thus, conforming that the feasibility of the current processing route to produce ThO2 from Malaysia monazite.