bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of infiltrating immune cells and identification of related biomarkers in patients with refractory asthma
Authors: Lin Shuang
Published: September 2022

Background
Patients with refractory asthma (RA) have an enhanced risk of asthma-related symptoms, mortality, and exacerbations.RA is related to innate immune deficiency. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify immune-related diagnostic genes involved in RA.
Methods
The limma R package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between RA and healthy control groups of induced sputum samples. The ClusterProfiler R package was used to carry out Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of the DEGs. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), was used to calculate the relative infiltration of 28 immune cell types. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify the modules that were correlated with the differentially infiltrated immune cells. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was used to identify the hub genes of the network, and diagnostic genes were identified from among these hub genes by creating a diagnostic logistic regression model.The miRNA–diagnostic gene and transcription factor (TF)–diagnostic gene networks were constructed to explain the regulatory mechanisms of the diagnostic genes in RA.
Results
1844 DEGs (452 up-regulated and 1392 down-regulated) were identified between the RA and control groups. ssGSEA revealed that 17 immune cell types were significantly different between the RA and control samples. WGCNA identified two modules that were correlated with the differentially infiltrated immune cells. Next, 386 genes were identified as DEIRGs. Thereafter, the top 10 hub genes (CS, ATP5L, NDUFA4, ATP5B, COX5B, NDUFAB1, ATP5G1, NDUFA9, PARK7, and RPL8) in the PPI network, based on degree value, were identified. Next, we constructed a logistic regression model to accurately distinguish the RA and control groups; P < 0.05 for three of the genes (CS, ATP5L, and NDUFA4), which might be useful as RA diagnostic genes. Finally, the regulatory mechanisms of the diagnostic genes were explored based on the miRNA–diagnostic gene and TF–diagnostic gene networks.
Conclusion
The study identified CS, ATP5L, and NDUFA4 as RA diagnostic genes. These genes may serve as therapeutic targets for RA patients.
Coagulation and oxidation strategies for landfill leachate wastewater
Authors: Banchon Carlos , Cañas Roger , Baldeón Hugo , Córdova Alexandra
Published: September 2022

Leachate, a wastewater produced when rainwater percolates through landfill materials, is a global concern for environmental contamination. The goal of the current research was to treat young landfill leachate using aerobic-anaerobic, coagulation-flocculation, and advanced oxidation technologies considering the significance of the pollution caused by landfill wastewater on a global scale. High turbidity, a dark brown colour, and dissolved organic compounds were removed from a leachate that was collected in Chimbo, Ecuador. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were both lowered by anaerobic biodegradation by 60% and 67%, respectively, after 42 days. Without adjusting the pH, coagulation with polyaluminium chloride and ferric chloride effectively removed suspended particles. By using 4 g/L of activated carbon and 4000 ppm of H2O2 , the advanced oxidation process (AOP) reduced COD by 95%, BOD by 96%, and dark brown colour by 89%. Activated carbon as catalyst and H2O2 as oxidant is a potential approach for high colour removal at a moderate cost.
Comparing the accuracy of different intraocular lens power calculation formulas using IOL-Master 700
Authors: Vargor Asli , Abduraman Suher , Celebi Ali Riza Cenk
Published: September 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of different IOL power calculation formulae in the IOL-Master 700 and to establish the impact of ACD on different IOL power calculation formulae in intermediate eyes.
Methods: A total of 80 patients who underwent uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery between July 2020 and June 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Eight formulae (SRK/T, Hoffer Q, Haigis, Holladay 2, Kane, Barrett Universal II, T2, and the Ladas Super Formula) were compared.
Results: This study included 113 eyes. SRK/T achieved the lowest MAE (0.30D), MedAE (0.25D), SD of prediction error (0.33), and the greatest percentage of eyes within ±0.25D (50.4%), ±0.50D (83.2%), and ±1.00D (100%). According to the percentage of eyes within ±0.50D, Kane showed better results than Barret Universal II (82.3% vs 79.6%) while traditional formulae (Holladay 2, Hoffer Q, and Haigis) had poor refractive outcomes in comparison to the new generation formulae. For the shallow ACD group, the lowest MAE and MedAE were noted in the Barrett Universal II formula (MAE= 0.26D, MedAE= 0.20D) while the highest percentage of eyes within ±0.50D was observed in the Ladas Super Formula (87.1%). There were no statistically significant differences between the formulas in normal and deep ACD groups.
Conclusion: SRK/T was the most accurate formula for the overall study, followed by new-generation formulae. For normal and deep ACD groups all eight formulae had similar results while for the shallow ACD group Barrett Universal II and the Ladas Super Formula performed better.
WITHDRAWN: The Broadband Transmission Spectrum of WASP-39b from JWST NIRSpec PRISM Observations
Authors: Rustamkulov Zafar , Sing David , Line Michael , May E. , Schlawin Everett , Stevenson Kevin , Goyal Jayesh , Mukherjee Sagnick , Moran Sarah , Wakeford Hannah , Lothringer Joshua , Carter Aarynn , MacDonald Ryan , Espinoza Nestor , López-Morales Mercedes , Bean Jacob , Piaulet Caroline , Changeat Quentin , Batalha Natalie , Kreidberg L. , Roy Pierre-Alexis , Nikolov Nikolay , Batalha Natasha , Wheatley Peter , Molaverdikhani Karan , Parmentier Viven , Benneke Björn , Leconte Jeremy , Taylor Jake , Gibson Neale , Waalkes William , Miguel Yamila , Désert Jean-Michel , Cubillos Patricio , Iro Nicolas , Daylan Tansu , Ahrer Eva-Maria , Louca Amy , Lustig-Yaeger Jacob , HU RENYU , Welbanks Luis , Blecic Jasmina , Rackham Benjamin , Radica Michael , Gao Peter , Morello Giuseppe , Palle Enric , Venot Olivia , Zhang Xi , Allen Natalie , Kempton Eliza , Chubb Katy , Fortney Jonathan , Tremblin Pascal , Bell Taylor , Mikal-Evans Thomas , Mansfield Megan , Crossfield Ian , Aggarwal Keshav , Harrington Joseph , Casewell Sarah , Lendl Monika , Banerjee Agnibha , Redfield Seth , Barstow Joanna , Feinstein Adina , Zieba Sebastian , Turner Jake , Heng Kevin , Alam Munazza , Alderson Lili , Shkolnik Evgenya , Powell Diana , Ramos-Rosado Lakeisha , Roche Dominique Petit dit de la , Southworth John , Barat Saugata , Mancini Luigi , Kataria Tiffany , Ohno Kazumasa , Mayne Nathan , Hong Yucian , Rogers Laura , Lillo-box Jorge , Teske Johanna , Barrado David , Tucker Gregory , Agol Eric
Published: September 2022

Transmission spectroscopy of exoplanets has revealed signatures of water vapor, aerosols, and alkali metals in a few dozen exoplanet atmospheres. However, these previous inferences with the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes were hindered by the observations’ relatively narrow wavelength range and spectral resolving power, which precluded the unambiguous identification of other chemical species—in particular the primary carbon-bearing molecules. Here we report a broad-wavelength 0.5–5.5 μm atmospheric transmission spectrum of WASP-39 b, a 1200 K, roughly Saturn-mass, Jupiter-radius exoplanet, measured with JWST NIRSpec’s PRISM mode as part of the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Team program. We robustly detect multiple chemical species at high significance, including Na (19σ), H2O (33σ), CO2 (28σ), and CO (7σ). The non-detection of CH4, combined with a strong CO2 feature, favours atmospheric models with a super-Solar atmospheric metallicity. An unanticipated absorption feature at 4μm is best explained by SO2 (2.7σ), which could be a tracer of atmospheric photochemistry. These observations demonstrate JWST’s sensitivity to a rich diversity of exoplanet compositions and chemical processes.
The genesis of granite mass in the Volcanic Area of Litang, Chuanxi Province: Constraints from rock geochemistry and U-Pb zircon dating
Authors: 田 光昊
Published: September 2022

The granite complex in the Maohuo area of Litang County is located in the central and western parts of the Yidun-Shaluri island arc in the Sanjiang area,the intrusion is located in the sand slate of the Tumugou Formation in Daocheng District.In this paper, the petrographic analysis of the granodiorite porphyry and biotite monzogranite in the granite complex in the Volcano area is carried out,a systematic study of rock geochemical characteristics and chronology,elucidating the genetic connection between the two in the nature and tectonic background of the source region.Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating shows,granodiorite porphyry,medium-coarse-grained biotite monzogranite,the ages of diorite inclusions in biotite monzonitic granites are 220.7 ± 1.3Ma、220.4 ± 1.6Ma、219.8 ± 1.4Ma,the three are roughly formed at the same time,it is a product of late Triassic magmatic activity.Rock geochemical features show that,Granodiorite porphyry in the granite complex,biotite monzonite granite,scintillation inclusions it has high total alkali, Rb content and relatively low Al2O3, Sr and other content,has a moderately negative europium anomaly,obvious loss of Ta, Nb, Ti and other high field strength elements,aluminum saturation index < 1.1 is characterized.Combined with geological data granodiorite porphyry,both biotite monzonitic granites are also I-type granites formed in a typical island arc environment.Combined with rock geochemical characteristics and U-Pb chronology research results,the three should be a set of rock assemblages formed by the evolution of a set of magma melting events.Among them, biotite monzogranite and granodiorite porphyry are the products of homologous magma crystallization and differentiation.The diorite enclaves in the biotite monzogranites are the result of their own evolution when the granitic magma undergoes fusion and immiscibility.
Altered innate immunity and monocyte functional impairment
characterize healthy preterm newborns
Authors: de Biasi Sara , Neroni Anita , Nasi Milena , Tartaro Domenico Lo , Borella Rebecca , Gibellini Lara , Lucaccioni Laura , Bertucci Emma , Lugli Licia , Miselli Francesca , Bedetti Luca , Neri Isabella , Ferrari Fabrizio , Facchinetti Fabio , Berardi Alberto , Cossarizza Andrea
Published: September 2022

Preterm birth (PT) is defined as birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation, and it is one of the most frequent pregnancy complications and infections. Understanding susceptibility to infectious disease in preterm infants by identifying alterations in innate immune profile could pave the way to novel clinical intervention. Neonatal immunity is a developing structure that evolves gradually. Monocytes are the key players after birth and may change susceptibility to additional infectious or inflammatory. One of the main functions of monocytes is to activate the inflammasomes, whose levels are high in preterm newborns. Here, by using high-dimensional flow cytometry, gene expression and quantification of plasma cytokine levels in a total of 68 term and preterm newborns, we report that preterm newborns show higher plasmatic concentration of alarmin S100A8, higher proportion of CD56+/−CD16+NK cells, higher proportion of immature monocytes and a lower proportion of classical monocytes and lower inflammasome activation after in vitro monocyte stimulation. Our findings suggest that altered innate immunity and monocyte functional impairment characterize healthy preterm newborns, which display different proportions of innate immune cells and diverse pro-inflammatory plasmatic profile.
Factors Influencing Early Hospital Arrival of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke, Cross Sectional Study in Mogadishu Somalia
Authors: Hasan Mohamed Sheikh , Yucel Yavuz
Published: September 2022

Background and Objective: Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is now considered the best a standard treatment for acute ischemic stroke in eligible patients who present within 4.5 h of symptom onset. The low rates of thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in our country and other developing countries have been attributed to delays in arrivals to the hospital. This study aims to investigate the factors that influence the early hospital arrival of patients with acute ischemic stroke to the hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in teaching hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. Adult patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the emergency department between June 2021 and May 2022 were included in the study. A questionnaire-based interview was administered to adult patients or patients’ relatives. Patients within the hospital while developing an ischemic stroke were excluded from the study. Patients' demographic characteristics, stroke risk factors, NIHSS Score, time to hospital arrival, factors influencing early hospital arrival including travel distance, ambulance availability, time of stroke onset, knowledge of stroke symptoms, and thrombolytic treatment were all assessed.
Results: of the 212 patients in the study, 113(53.3%) of the subjects were male, while 99(46.7%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 62±10. The majority of the patients (153 (72%) were above 60 years of age. Hypertension was the most common risk factor among patients 121(57%), followed by diabetes mellitus (65(31%)) and hyperlipidemia 73(34%). MCA infarct was the most common arterial territory of infarction 117(55%). 140(66%) of the patients lived in the city, while 72(34%) lived outside of the city. 85(40%) of the patients were brought to the ER by ambulance, and only 32(15%) reached the hospital in less than 4 hours. The thrombolytic treatment rate was 1.4% of the cases in this study. 121(57%) had no idea about stroke symptoms, and only 34(16%) of the patients/relatives knew about thrombolytic treatment for acute stroke.
In univariate and binary logistic regression analysis, delays in hospital arrivals were associated with travel distance of more than 10 km, transportation via non-ambulance means, living alone, lack of recognition of stroke symptoms, night time stroke onset, and lack of knowledge about thrombolytic treatment for acute stroke and non-hemiplegic presentation.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates factors delaying early hospital arrivals of patients with ischemic stroke. Improving the modifiable factors through public education will prevent delays in early hospital arrival of the stroke patients and will improve early thrombolytic intervention and over all outcome of these patients.
Do oil prices and oil production capacity influence decision making and uncertainty in the financial market? Evidence from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abdalmajeed Alsmadi Ayman , Alrawashdeh Najed , Al-Gasaymeh Anwar , Naser Alhwamdeh Loai , Moh’d Al_hazimeh Amer
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between oil prices and oil production capacity and financial market performance in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and how oil prices and oil production capacity influence the decision making and uncertainty factors in Saudi Arabia’s financial markets. The key variables considered are oil prices and oil production capacity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Other variables such as foreign direct investment decisions and domestic investment decisions are adopted to explore their impact and reaction to the various risks identified. Therefore, data was collected from online sources to analyze qualitative and quantitative information to understand risks, uncertainties and decision-making considerations. The findings of this paper indicate that rising oil prices increase the value of the Saudi Arabian financial market. The study showed that the diversification of the investor portfolio increases the stability of Saudi Arabia’s financial market. Also, the KSA’s financial market volatility primarily reflects oil price fluctuations, and the Saudi Arabian oil production capacity directly affects its financial market performance. Saudi Arabia’s oil production was also found to pose insignificant risk to long-term economic growth and stability, thereby putting investors’ long-term investments at risk. The study also showed that investors in Saudi Arabia’s financial market fail to objectively analyze risks by focusing on short-term high-profit margins from oil prices.
AcknowledgmentAll authors have contributed equally to this paper.
Long-term results (60 months) of anti-VEGF therapy of macular diseases in real clinical practice. Part 1
Authors: Bobykin E. V. , Buslaev R. V. , Krokhalev V. Y. , Morozova O. V. , Beresneva N. S.
Published: September 2022

Purpose: to study long-term (over a 60 months’ follow-up period) results of anti-VEGF therapy for macular diseases in real clinical practice.

Materials and methods. We undertook a single-center retrospective uncontrolled cohort study of 169 patients (109 women, 60 men) who received anti-VEGF therapy for eye diseases (ranibizumab, aflibercept). The treatment started between May 2010 and August 2015. The study group included 57 patients who remained under regular observation for 60 months. Of these, 24 cases had “wet” age-related macular degeneration (wAMD), 20 cases had myopic choroidal neovascularization, 10 had macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions and 3 had diabetic macular edema. The remaining 112 patients whose follow-up was discontinued made up the comparison group. We analyzed the dynamic results of clinical and instrumental examination in both groups, as well as data from a phone survey among the comparison group about the reasons for the termination of clinical observation. Statistical analysis of demographic data and treatment results was carried out using the Statistica 13.3 software. Conditions of normality for variables, nonparametric and parametric criteria were determined, and rank analysis of variance was carried out.

Results. The patients in the study group were significantly younger (p = 0.0029), had a higher initial (p = 0.0019) and final (p = 0.00027) best corrected visual acuity, and received a significantly greater number of intravitreal injections (p < 0.000001). In contrast, they had a significantly lower rate of therapy intensity factor (the ratio of injections number to the duration of observation in months) over the treatment period (p < 0.000001). In addition, the study group had a significantly lower proportion of men (p = 0.041) and patients with wAMD (p = 0.0010). The reasons for the termination of observation in the comparison group given in the phone survey, were as follows: stopped regular observation / treatment — 57 people (50.9 %), continue treatment in a different clinic — 3 (2.7 %), died — 13 (11.6 %), status unknown — 39 (34.8 %).

Conclusion. The data of the main morphological and functional results of treatment of the study group patients, discussion and conclusions will be presented in the second part of this article.
High-frequency echography of the eye in macular hole diagnosis
Authors: Kiseleva T. N. , Lugovkina K. V. , Bedretdinov A. N. , Bychkov P. A. , Ryabina M. V. , Zaytsev M. S.
Published: September 2022

Purpose: a comparative estimation of ultrasound examinations of the posterior eye pole of patients with a macular hole using a long-focus high-frequency (20 MHz) and a standard 10 MHz probe with optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Materials and methods. 20 patients with a macular hole in at least one eye were examined using OCT of the macular area and B-mode echography with a standard 10 MHz probe and a long-focus high-frequency 20 MHz probe.

Results. The complex OCT/ ultrasound examination detected a macular hole in 22 (100 %) eyes, while OCT alone confirmed the diagnosis in 20 eyes (91 %). OCT could not be performed in 2 eyes due to a dense cataract. Ultrasound examination with a 20-MHz probe detected a macular hole in 16 eyes (73 %), whilst the standard ultrasound method (10 MHz probe) could only detect it in 10 eyes (45 %).

Conclusion. High-frequency ultrasound examination of the eye can be used for screening aimed at detecting a possible macular hole in cases of opacities of the optical media of the eye.
Retinal clinical and morphofunctional changes in high myopia in combination with age-related macular degeneration of different stages
Authors: Moshetova L. K. , Alekseev I. B. , Vorobyeva I. V. , Nam Yu. A.
Published: September 2022

Purpose: an analysis of clinical and morphofunctional changes of the retina in high myopia combined with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) of various stages.

Materials and methods. We examined 45 patients (87 eyes, mean age 60 years) with high myopia (ave. spherical equivalent (SE) of refraction -11.0 D [-15.0; -7.125]) and the “dry” form of AMD, categories AREDS 1, 2, 3. Additionally, we formed three control groups of the same age range:  group 1 consisted of 30 healthy subjects (58 eyes) with a SE between -0.25 D and +0.5 D and no retinal changes; group 2 included 20 patients (38 eyes) with isolated high myopia (SE +0.5 D and no retinal changes; group 2 included 20 patients (38 eyes) with isolated high myopia (SE ³ 6.5 D) and group 3 included another 20 patients (36 eyes) with the “dry” AMD form (AREDS 2, 3). We evaluated the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), indicators of retinal photosensitivity (MD, PSD) according to computer perimetry data, and morphological characteristics: central retinal thickness (CRT), the anteroposterior axis of the eyeball, the condition of the macular region of the retina according to optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the β-scan mode and autofluorescence (AF).

Results: in case of the combined pathology, we detected a reliable reduction of average BCVA to the level of 0.5 [0.3; 0.7] (p < 0.001) and a reduced factor of retinal photosensitivity as compared to the control: MD to -4.36 dB (р<0.001), PSD to 2.97 dB (р < 0.001). CRT was 235 μm (p = 0.122), which showed no statistically significant differences to the control. Morphological changes of the retina corresponded to high myopia and AMD: a dome-shaped profile, lacquer cracks, paravascular retinal microcysts, paravascular lamellar ruptures; myopic maculopathy in the form of an epiretinal membrane, vitreomacular traction due to incomplete vitreoretinal cleavage, myopic foveoshisis; patchy chorioretinal atrophy, areas of diffuse RPE atrophy, damage of the junction line of the outer and inner segments of photoreceptors. The increase in the number and size of drusen depended on the stage of AMD. Normal autofluorescence of the fundus was absent. Pathological AF included minimal changes patterned as focal hypo- and hyperautofluorescence, reticular pattern, focal pattern, linear pattern, lace-like pattern, areas of geographic atrophy with pronounced hypoautofluorescence.

Conclusion. Changes in OCT and visual field parameters (MD, PSD) in comorbid pathology (AMD combined with high myopia) were revealed. The morphofunctional indicators were compared for different AMD stages, and the diagnostic significance of AF was established.
New techniques of sinus trabeculectomy with prolonged hypotensive effect
Authors: Suleiman E. A. , Petrov S. Yu.
Published: September 2022

Long-term hypotensive effect in the postoperative period is one of the main tasks of modern glaucoma surgery.

Purpose. To develop new modifications of sinus trabeculectomy in the surgical treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), aimed at reducing scarring, normalization and prolongation of the outflow of intraocular fluid along newly formed pathways.

Material and methods. During the first operation, a superficial scleral flap was formed. After trabeculectomy, the scleral flap was twisted by 180° in the middle, then fixed with sutures to the sclera. During the second operation, after the formation of the superficial scleral flap, and the trabeculectomy, the scleral flap was stitched in the middle and assembled in such a way that its width decreased by 1/3–1/2, after which it was fixed with sutures to the sclera. The operation was performed on 84 patients (84 eyes) aged 43 to 86 years (mean age 63.12 ± 1.17). Of these, 59 patients had POAG in advanced and far advanced stages, and 25 patients had a history of previous laser and surgical POAG interventions. The patients were divided into groups: 1a — 28 patients (28 eyes) who underwent sinus trabeculectomy with twisting the scleral flap, 1b — 29 patients (29 eyes) who underwent sinus trabeculectomy with stitching of the scleral flap and the control group – 27 patients (27 eyes) who underwent standard sinus trabeculectomy. The follow-up lasted 24 months. Standard methods (visometry, tonometry, computer perimetry, tonography, etc.) were used in the pre-surgical and post-surgical examination. In addition, we performed, in the early postoperative period, optical coherence tomography of the anterior eye segment followed by ultrasound biomicroscopy.

Results. 1 month after surgery, the average IOP levels were simliar and remained low in all groups: 1a — 16.1 ± 0.5 mmHg, 1b — 16.4 ± 0.8 mmHg, 2 — 17.1 ± 0.7 mmHg. By the 1st year of the study, normalized IOP was maintained in both the two main groups and the control group. By 24 months of the follow-up, the effect was retained in 82.1 % in group 1a and in 82.7 % in group 1b. If the patients were IOP compensated with  medication, the effect rose to reach 92.8 % and 96.4 %. In the control group, the hypotensive success rate was 74 %, if patients IOP were compensated with medication it rose to 88.8 %.

Conclusion. The developed new methods of sinus trabeculectomy for surgical treatment of glaucoma ensures a prolonged hypotensive effect.
The role of conjunctival lymphangiogenesis in filtering blebs formation after non-penetrating deep sclerectomy
Authors: Yuryeva T. N. , Malysheva Ju. V. , Kolesnikov S. I. , Volkova N. V.
Published: September 2022

Purpose: to study the concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF A) in the tear fluid (TF) of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma after non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) at different stages of the perioperative period and to perform immunohistochemical identification of the lymphatic structures of filtering blebs in groups differing in the hypotensive effect of the surgery.

Material and methods. 12 months after surgery, POAG patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 was composed of patients who experienced a hypotensive effect after NPDS (n = 23; mean age 63.7 ± 4.4 years), while group 2 had no such effect of NPDS (n = 21, mean age 64.3 ± 3.9 years). The concentration of VEGF A (121 and 165) in TF was determined by ELISA method (VEGF-ELISA-Best, Vector Best, Russia). Immunohistochemical examination of conjunctival and subconjunctival tissue samples was performed 12 to 18 months after NPDS in 12 POAG patients and 8 patients aged 62.36 ± 6,31 with no glaucoma, which served as a control group.

Results. Significant differences in the concentration of VEGF A (121 and 165) in TF were found in two groups 2 weeks and 2 months after the surgery. Excessive scarring of filtering blebs was accompanied by an initially low level of VEGF A, its moderate increase 2 weeks after surgery and significant suppression 2 months after surgery, which was significantly different from group 1 (a twofold VEGF A increase has been established toward the second month after surgery). From 5 to 7 vessels with lymphatic character were found in tissue samples of group 1. Podoplanin was found in individual cells and sphere-like formations, which may represent reduced lymphatic vessels.

Conclusion. The study showed an important role of VEGF A in conjunctival lymphangiogenesis. Suppression of conjunctival lymphangiogenesis and subsequent “hypotensive failure” of glaucoma surgery in some patients who underwent anti-inflammatory and antifibrosis therapy requires optimization, the development of new treatment methods aimed at activating prolymphangiogenic factors.
The Philosophical Problem of Evil in the Intellectual System of Suhrawardī and John Hick
Authors: Zamzami Mukhammad , Eskandian Abdullah Hosseini , Muktafi Muktafi , Mukaffa Zumrotul
Published: September 2022

The debate over the term “evil” is one of the most contentious issues in philosophy, as this term is considered to be antithetical to existence. Suhrawardī al-Maqtūl, a prominent Islamic theosophist, believed that evil did not exist. That which is considered evil or not evil is a suggestion for achieving good, and as such, it is also good. As a result, the term “crime” does not exist. What Suhrawardī said contrasted with John Hick’s view in the article “Theodicy of Soul Cultivation.” Hick concludes that basically evil exists, but only insofar as it is required to develop and evolve the human psyche and spirituality. After comparing the thoughts of these two figures, this article concludes that their partisan defence of God’s existence and His attributes regarding evil is what leads us to their views on the term “evil” and solutions to solve the crime. Suhrawardi and Hick both believe that the existence of evil does not preclude the existence of God because God is absolute. God is not against good or evil. What has considered evil is the judgment of one’s misunderstanding or the requirements for obtaining charity.
Sufistic Consciousness as A Foundation of Religious Well-Being in Ibn ‘Arabi’s Teaching to Understanding Existential Uncertainty
Authors: Putra Andri Azis , Kuswanjono Arqom , Munir Misnal
Published: September 2022

Consciousness is one of the most vital states of human existence. One of its roles is to explain the context of life in the uncertainty of life itself. The most influential aspect of this means is the human fundamental religious state. This paper aimed to find clarity of humans’ consciousness and religious well-being relation and to obtain an existential ground for a progressive scheme for both subjects as well. This research will use a philosophical-hermeneutic approach with existential uncertainty as to its material object and Sufistic consciousness as the formal object. This research showed that human religious well-being can be used as Sufistic consciousness ground to adjust human existential dilemma. The scheme used is to determine the position of each divine theophany (tajalliy) element on its impact on the level of human psychological consciousness. Al-a'yan ats-tsabitah has taken a leading role in this research, especially in explaining the impossible and possible things for the human condition.
A Study on the Current Status of Railway Legislation in the European Union
Authors:   European Constitutional Law Association, Hong sunki
Published: September 2022

The European Union has implemented policies focusing on the principle of separation of infrastructure and operation and market opening(open access) for 30 years to revitalize railway transportation. The EU's rail policy is starting from the Council Directive 91/440/EEC of 29 July 1991 on the development of the Community's railways. In 1995, two guidelines (Council Directive 95/18/EC of 19 June 1995 on the licensing of railway undertakings and Council Directive 95/19/EC of 19 June 1995 on the allocation of railway infrastructure capacity and the charging of infrastructure fees) were issued, and in 2001 the so-called First Railway Package reiterated open access and competition in the international railway cargo market to further develop their guidelines. The second railway package in 2004 stipulated the harmonization of different certification and safety regulations, and the creation of the European union agency for railways to promote safety and mutual operation. In 2007, the third railway package has consistently promoted the development of the railway industry through competition, such as declaring the introduction of competition in international passenger services. The European Commission analyzed the performance and problems between 2011 and 2012, and announced the fourth railway package containing the results and supplementary measures.
The Fourth Railway Package is a set of six legislation designed to complete a single market for railway services, with an important goal being to revitalize the railway sector and to increase competitiveness over other means of transport.
Constitutional Amendment in the New Normal Era
Authors:   European Constitutional Law Association, Lee Jae Hee
Published: September 2022

Under the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of the state should be expanded. The state should not only guarantee the safety of individuals' lives from the risk of infection, but also help individuals to maintain their own lifestyle. Meanwhile, in order to prevent the spread of infection, the state has no choice but to restrict the freedom of assembly and association of individuals.
If there is a limit to appropriately responding to new social phenomena triggered by COVID-19 through the application of the existing legal system, constitutional amendment needs to be considered as the next step. Looking back on the history of constitutional revision of the Republic of Korea in the past, the constitution has been amended for the purpose of legitimizing power in the context of political change. The constitutional amendment have not been tried for the purpose of adapting to social change. However, it is time to consider the constitutional amendment according to the needs of the people. And in the age of new normal of COVID-19, we need to consider the constitutional amendment to actively accommodate these social changes.
However, it is true that it is practically difficult to amend the constitution through the constitutional amendment procedure stipulated in the current constitution. What made the constitutional amendment process difficult was to prevent the constitutional amendment from being misused by powered people. However, the democracy of the Republic of Korea has now stabilized to some extent, and society has changed significantly under the current constitution. Moreover, in the current crisis situation, constitutional amendment is requested. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the constitutional amendment procedure so that it is possible to amend the constitution if it is necessary to adapt to social change.
Analyse sur le mécanisme de péréquation financière en France
Authors:   European Constitutional Law Association, KIM Ji-Young
Published: September 2022

L’évolution des structures démographiques et l’inégal répartition de la population provoquent les inégalités de richesse entre les collectivités territoriales. Si les collectivés territoriales ne peuvent pas bénéficier suffisamment des ressources pour exercer leurs compétences, l’autonomie fiancière des collectivités territoriales est menacée. Il est par conséquent nécessaire d’adopter le mécanisme de péréquation financiére qui a pour objectif d’atténuer les disparités existant entre les collectivités territoriales, par une répartition plus juste des ressources entre elles et de réduction des inégalité. Le mécanisme de péréquation financiére n’est pas l’objectif définitif pour assurer l’autonomie fianciére, mais il est un moyen provisoire.
L’objectif de péréquation fianciére au niveau locale est de favoriser une harmonisation de l’espace local, une redistribution des richesses, une réduction des inégalités. Le mécanisme de péréquation est, en France, distingué par la péréquation verticale et la péréquation horizontale. La péréquation verticale est assurée par les dotations de l’État aux collectivités. Le moyen essentiel de péréquation verticale est la dotation globale de fonctionnement(DGF). En revanche, la péréquation horizontale s’effectue entre les collectivités et consiste à attribuer aux collctivités défavorisées une partie des ressources des collectivités les plus riches.
La révision constitutionnelle de 2003 a consacré une nouvlle étape de la décentralisation et posé le principe d’autonomie financiére des collectivités territoriales. Avant 2003, la dotation globale de fonctionnement(DGF) qui est contrô̂lé par le Comité des finances locales(CFL), est en France privilégiée. On peut constater actuellement que dans un contexte de dimininution de la DGF, les composantes péréquatices progressent.
Depuis 2010, le changement de la péréquation horizontale est dynamique. Ces changements s'imposent en raison du nouveau paysage fiscal - nouveaux impôts locaux, nouvelle répartition de leur produit - mais ils s'expliquent aussi en raison du contexte budgétaire trés contraint de l'Etat. Si la péréquation verticale est toujours affirmée comme l'une des priorités gouvernementales, grâce à des redéploiements internes au sein de la DGF, la dimininution de la DGF explique un effet limité. En conséquence, les redéploiements entre les ressources locaux apparaissent bien actuellement comme une voie complémentaire plus propice au renforcement de la lutte contre les disparités financiéres locales.
Maternal Serum Fractalkine Concentrations in Pregnancies Complicated by Fetal Growth Restriction
Authors: Toprak Sager Ecem Berfun , Kale Ibrahim , Sager Hakan , Ozel Aysegul , Muhcu Murat
Published: September 2022

OBJECTIVE: Fractalkine is a newly discovered chemokine that is expressed in placental tissue during pregnancy and is subsequently shed into the maternal serum. Although there are a few studies examining the relationship between fractalkine and preeclampsia, its role in isolated fetal growth restriction has not been investigated yet. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between isolated fetal growth restriction and maternal serum fractalkine concentrations.
STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 86 pregnant women, 25 of whom were diagnosed with fetal growth restriction in the third trimester, 23 were small for gestational age, and 38 were healthy controls. These three groups were compared in terms of maternal serum fractalkine concentrations.
RESULTS: While the highest mean maternal serum fractalkine concentration was found in the small for gestational age group at 23.31 ng/mL, it was determined as 18.06 ng/mL in the fetal growth restriction group and 16.03 ng/mL in the control group. We did not find a statistical difference between the groups in terms of fractalkine concentrations (p=0.258). When the patients with fetal growth restriction and small for gestational age were evaluated as a single group and compared with the control group, the mean fractalkine concentration in the fetal growth restriction+small for gestational age group was higher than the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.214).
CONCLUSION: Maternal serum fractalkine concentration was higher in both fetal growth restriction and small for gestational age groups compared to healthy controls, but this difference was not statistically significant. The role of the fractalkine molecule in the development of fetal growth restriction remains to be clarified in future studies with larger series.
Christian theology and the principle of inertia in physics
Authors:   Ss. Cyril and Methodius Theological Institute of Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies, Katasonov Vladimir N.
Published: September 2022

The article discusses the dependence of the formulation of law of inertia in classical mechanics on theological concepts of its time. It is shown that in medieval science, all attempts to solve the problem of motion of a thrown body were made within the framework of the Aristotelian understanding of motion as the actualization of the possible. Nevertheless, within the framework of the theory of impetus (John Philopon), medieval natural philosophers came close to the principle of preserving the amount of movement (Jean Buridan). Galileo, who himself began his work on the theory of motion with an attempt to mathematize the concept of impetus, in his mature works proceeded to a principled criticism of the Aristotelian understanding of motion. However, despite all the Socratic power of the Maevtic method, he failed to prove the law of inertia. Galileo’s virtuoso dialectic only allowed him to destroy all objections to the movement by inertia. Descartes gives a positive proof of the law of inertia, and the basis of his deduction is the theological thesis about the immutability of God. The law of inertia in the classical mechanics of Descartes and Newton was closely related to the thesis of the passivity of matter. The article shows that this thesis echoes the Protestant understanding (Luther’s) of the Christian way as the cultivation of passive righteousness, where all the activity of salvation is conditioned only by the action of God.
Anthropological positions of Pelagius and John Cassian
Authors:   Don Theological Seminary, Antonyan Artur R. ,   Ss. Cyril and Methodius Theological Institute of Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies
Published: September 2022

The article presents a comparative analysis of the anthropological constructions Marseille abbot John Cassian and the British monk Pelagius. The study focuses on the need for a thorough revision doctrinal assessments established in Western theological science, according to which John Cassian is a representative of the so-called “semi-Pelagian” theology. The author believes that the wrong view of the Cassian’s theology formed as a result of considering his doctrines in the context of the Pelagian dispute. Cassian’s theology is not related to the Pelagian discussion of free will and predestination. His anthropology was formed in the context of the Eastern Christian ascetic tradition. Eastern Christian theology paid great attention to questions about the role of divine grace and human action in the matter of salvation. Cassian, being the heir to the Eastern Christian monastic tradition, emphasized personal asceticism. This led many theologians to draw the wrong conclusion that the Marseille abbot was a follower of Pelagius. The article shows that the views of Cassian are far from the theology of Pelagius and are closer to Augustine in many respects.
An analysis on arithmomancy of multiple numbers in the Qur’an case study: The number thousand (1000)
Authors:   Allameh Tabataba’i university, Abdollahi Mousa
Published: September 2022

Using the history of numbers and their non-numerical connotations among the ancients, we can interpret numbers as familiar symbols used in daily life of people. There are some reports that people in various religions and cultures have paid attention to the symbols of numbers. Commentators have also referred to symbolic (non-numerical) connotations of numbers, for example the number seven in some verses of the holy Qur’an. Moreover, some numbers have been used in the Qur’an that are a multiplication of other numbers. In arithmomancy of these multiple numbers, their constitutive numbers and the context are also studied. This is done in addition to finding their independent symbolic meaning. In this study, based on the method of religio-cultural arithmomancy, the number thousand (1000) and its multiples in the Qur’an are analyzed. The findings of this study confirm that the multiple numbers show a comprehensive picture of the symbols of their constitutive numbers in the Qur’anic verses. For example, the connotations of big and centralized power, longevity, long survival, multiplicity, integrity, and so on can be regarded as comprehensive symbols for the multiple number of thousand (1000) and its higher orders in the Qur’an.
Protopresbyter Evgeny Akvilonov: Proofs for the existence of God in the context of the synodal period rational theology
Authors:   St Petersburg Theological Academy, Lushnikov Priest Dimitri
Published: September 2022

This article considers protopresbyter Evgeny Akvilonov’s features of teaching fundamental theology and his doctrine on the proofs for the existence of God in the context of rational theology of the synodal period. It is demonstrated that: the main methodological feature of his fundamental theological heritage is his desire to preempt the solution of apologetic tasks by solving fundamental-founding ones, aimed at bringing the Christian faith content to scientific understanding, or at the awareness of the necessary internal connection and objective foundations of the Christian faith doctrine; when substantiating the truth of Christianity, he relied on the method of historical and comparative analysis of religions and considered bishop Mikhail Gribanovsky’s “subjective method” unsatisfactory, returning to the traditional neo-scholastic method. Prof. Akvilonov’s detailed presentation of ontological, cosmological, and teleological proofs is analyzed, and the main methodological feature of his teaching is revealed: the proofs are studied in close logical relationship with the doctrine of divine attributes. Prof. Akvilonov’s use of an original methodology for studying the proofs did not give much effect to the development of the doctrine about them in contemporary fundamental theology. The concept of a unified proof put forward by him did not receive a necessary detailed completion. Also, no original formulation of ontological and cosmological proofs was proposed, and a new form of the teleological proof is a probabilistic judgment; prof. Akvilonov’s attempt to search for new ways of developing the doctrine of the proofs for the existence of God is assessed positively.
Countering extremist activities of religious associations: International experience of legal regulation
Authors:   HSE University, (Sklyarov) Hieromonk Lev
Published: September 2022

Everyone can freely profess any religion, i. e. to be a member of a religious association or to be an atheist. This is what practically all existing legal norms concerning freedom of conscience and faith say. However, restrictions on the spread of new religious movements, destructive cults and sects, individual religious rites and ceremonies, and extremist worldviews are regularly introduced by legislatures in different countries. Such legislative acts can be divided into two main categories in accordance with the logic of law enforcement practice: prohibitive and restrictive. Prohibitive laws provide for a direct ban on any actions, restrictive ones provide for a number of conditions under which the norm is used as a means of partial prohibition. Prohibitive and restrictive measures against religious extremists are considered as the activity of the State to ensure the right to freedom of conscience and freedom of religion. This article analyzes the international experience of legal regulation of the activities of destructive religious associations — new religious movements, cults and sects, in particular, countering their extremist activities, and also examines the possibility of implementing the norms of international law in this area.