bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Membranous complexes characteristic of melanocytes derived from patients with Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome type 1 are macroautophagosomal entities of the lysosomal compartment
Authors: Smith Justin W. , Koshoffer Amy , Morris Randal E. , Boissy Raymond E.
Published: September 2010

Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutations in a family of genes required for efficient transport of lysosomal‐related proteins from the trans‐Golgi network to a target organelle. To date, there are several genetically distinct forms of HPS. Many forms of HPS exhibit aberrant trafficking of melanosome‐targeted proteins resulting in incomplete melanosome biogenesis responsible for oculocutaneous albinism observed in patients. In HPS‐1, melanosome‐targeted proteins are localized to characteristic membranous complexes, which have morphologic similarities to macroautophagosomes. In this report, we evaluated the hypothesis that HPS‐1‐specific membranous complexes comprise a component of the lysosomal compartment of melanocytes. Using indirect immunofluorescence, an increase in co‐localization of misrouted tyrosinase with cathepsin‐L, a lysosomal cysteine protease, occurred in HPS‐1 melanocytes. In addition, ribophorin II, an integral endoplasmic reticulum protein that is also a component of macroautophagosomes, and LC3, a specific marker of macrophagosomes, demonstrated localization to membranous complexes in HPS‐1 melanocytes. At the electron microscopic level, the membranous complexes exhibited acid phosphatase activity and localization of exogenously supplied horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐conjugated gold particles, indicating incorporation of lysosomal and endosomal components to membranous complexes, respectively. These results confirm that membranous complexes of HPS‐1 melanocytes are macroautophagosomal representatives of the lysosomal compartment.
GMx33: A Novel Family of trans‐Golgi Proteins Identified by Proteomics
Authors: Wu Christine C. , Taylor Randall S. , Lane Diana R. , Ladinsky Mark S. , Weisz Julie A. , Howell Kathryn E.
Published: September 2010

The known functions of the Golgi complex include the sorting, packaging, post‐translational modification, and transport of secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and lipids. Other functions still remain elusive to cell biologists. With the goal of identifying novel Golgi proteins, a proteomics project was undertaken to map the major proteins of the organelle using two‐dimensional gels, to identify the unknowns using tandem mass spectrometry, and to screen for Golgi residents using GFP‐fusion constructs. Multiple unknowns were identified, and the initial characterization of one of these proteins is reported here. GMx33α is a member of a conserved family of cytosolic Golgi‐associated proteins with no known homology to any known functional domain or protein. Biochemical analyses show that GMx33α differentially partitions into all phases of multiple detergent extractions, and two‐dimensional immunoblots reveal that there are multiple differentially modified forms of GMx33α associated with the Golgi, several of which are phosphorylated. Evidence suggests that these post‐translational modifications regulate its association with the Golgi. GMx33α was not found on Golgi budded vesicles, and immuno‐electron microscopy co‐localizes GMx33α to the trans‐face on the same three cisternae as TGN38 in normal rat kidney cells. This work represents the preliminary characterization of a novel family of trans‐Golgi‐associated proteins.
Longitudinal findings from a Norwegian case–cohort study on internalizing problems in children with congenital heart defects
Authors: Stene‐Larsen Kim , Brandlistuen Ragnhild Eek , Holmstrøm Henrik , Landolt Markus A , Eskedal Leif T , Engdahl Bo , Vollrath Margarete E
Published: September 2010

Aim:  To examine the association of the severity of congenital heart defects (CHDs) with internalizing problems in 18‐month‐olds and to explore the extent to which the internalizing problems are influenced by maternal distress and emotional reactivity in the child at age 6 months.

Methods:  We linked prospective data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, with a nationwide CHD registry and identified 198 18‐month‐olds with CHDs in a cohort of 47 692 toddlers. Maternal reports on the children’s emotional reactivity at age 6 months, the children’s internalizing problems (anxiety, sleep problems, emotional reactivity) at age 18 months and maternal distress were assessed by questionnaires.

Results:  We found an association at age 18 months between the severity of the CHD and anxiety but not sleep problems or emotional reactivity. Children with severe but not with mild or moderate CHDs were twice as likely to experience the symptoms of anxiety compared with controls. These symptoms are not merely sequelae of earlier psychological reactions or concurrent maternal distress.

Conclusion:  Should these findings be replicated, future studies ought to investigate the mechanisms leading to elevated anxiety in toddlers with CHDs. In addition, clinical interventions should address the child’s anxiety as well as the interaction between the parents and the child.
Milk protein polymorphisms in cattle (Bos indicus), mithun (Bos frontalis) and yak (Bos grunniens) breeds and their hybrids indigenous to Bhutan
Authors: DORJI Tashi , NAMIKAWA Takao , MANNEN Hideyuki , KAWAMOTO Yoshi
Published: September 2010

In the current study, milk protein variation was examined in cattle (Bos indicus), mithun (Bos frontalis), yak (Bos grunniens) and their hybrid populations in Bhutan to estimate genetic variability, conduct genetic characterization and assess the possibility of gene flow between mithun and cattle. Isoelectric focusing of 372 milk samples from 11 populations detected four molecular types of β‐lactoglobulin (A, B, E and M), five molecular types of αS1‐casein (A, B, C, E and X) and three molecular types of k‐casein (A, B and X). Mithun and yak shared alleles but were found to exhibit different allele frequencies for the proteins studied. The degree of genetic variability within populations was measured by average heterozygosity and ranged from 24–40% in cattle, 26% for yak and 33% for mithun. We also resolved the traditional mithun and cattle hybridization system via principal component analysis. Our results suggested secondary introgression of mithun genes to the village Thrabum population, and a close genetic relationship between Bhutanese indigenous cattle and Indian cattle.
Expanding the Family Economic Stress Model: Insights From a Mixed‐Methods Approach
Authors: Mistry Rashmita S. , Lowe Edward D. , Benner Aprile D. , Chien Nina
Published: September 2010

The current study used a mixed‐methods approach to examine how low‐income mothers managed their household economies, their experiences of economic pressure, and the consequences for family and child functioning. Qualitative analyses (N = 32 families) revealed that experiences of economic pressure were associated with an inability to afford both basic needs and some modest but highly valued “extras.” To meet demands, mothers reported using a variety of strategies, including instrumental support from friends and family members and other financial strategies. Results from the quantitative analyses (N= 516 families; 800 children, ages 6 – 15) were generally consistent with patterns observed in the qualitative analyses and extended the findings to include effects on parenting practices and children’s behavioral functioning.
Is It Considered Violence? The Acceptability of Physical Punishment of Children in Europe
Authors: Gracia Enrique , Herrero Juan
Published: September 2010

This study analyzes correlates of the acceptability of physical punishment of children in Europe. The design was a three‐level ordinal logistic regression of 10,812 people nested within 208 localities (cities), nested within 14 countries of the European Union. Results showed that higher levels of acceptability were reported by men, the older, the less educated, and those who perceived that violence against children was less frequent in their own country. At the country level, the existence of laws prohibiting physical punishment of children as well as a lower number of child maltreatment deaths were significantly associated with lower levels of acceptability of physical punishment of children. Findings suggest that education efforts at the individual and population level are needed.
Partnership Transitions and Mental Distress: Investigating Temporal Order
Authors: Blekesaune Morten
Published: September 2010

The study uses 15 waves of the British Household Panel Survey and the General Health Questionnaire to investigate changes in mental distress over several years surrounding transitions both into and out of marital partnerships (marriages and cohabitations) using fixed effects models. Entering marital partnerships is associated with reduced distress in separated or divorced individuals but not with those not previously married. Partnership dissolution is associated with very high levels of distress, but most people experience levels of distress a few years after leaving a partnership similar to that of a few years before leaving. These results vary, however, between married and cohabiting individuals, between fathers and mothers, and between age and gender groups.
Promises They Can Keep: Low‐Income Women’s Attitudes Toward Motherhood, Marriage, and Divorce
Authors: Cherlin Andrew , Cross‐Barnet Caitlin , Burton Linda M. , Garrett‐Peters Raymond
Published: September 2010

Using data on low‐income mothers in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio, we test three propositions regarding mothers’ attitudes toward childbearing, marriage, and divorce. These are drawn from K. Edin and M. J. Kefalas (2005) but have also arisen in other recent studies. We find strong support for the proposition that childbearing outside of marriage carries little stigma, limited support for the proposition that women prefer to have children well before marrying, and almost no support for the proposition that women hesitate to marry because they fear divorce. We suggest that mothers’ attitudes and preferences in these three domains do not support the long delay between childbearing and marriage that has been noted in the literature.
Adaptive Strategies, Gender Ideology, and Work‐Family Balance Among Dutch Dual Earners
Authors: Wierda‐Boer Hilde H. , Gerris Jan R.M. , Vermulst Ad A.
Published: September 2010

Using questionnaire data on 149 Dutch dual‐earner couples with young children participating in the European Famwork study, we examine how adaptive strategies and gender ideology relate to parents’ perceived success in balancing work and family. Path analysis indicates that some adaptive strategies may harm individuals’ work‐family balance, particularly when they are made in the domain where the time budget is limited. In the need to succeed in multiple roles, however, endorsement of traits traditionally linked with the opposite gender, that is masculine traits for women and feminine traits for men, seems beneficial. We speculate that two underlying mechanisms — social pressure and time constraints — jointly operate in determining perceived success in balancing work and family.
EMPOWERMENT, INNOVATION, AND SERVICE: LAW SCHOOL PROGRAMS PROVIDE ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND INSTILL A COMMITMENT TO SERVE
Authors: Margolin Dale , Berenson Steven , Martin Lisa , Pearlman Raab Karen , Zavez Maryann
Published: September 2010

Law schools around the country seek to fill the legal needs of their communities in ways that are both innovative and mutually beneficial to clients and students. This article describes five pro bono and clinical programs, at the University of Richmond School of Law, The Earle Mack School of Law at Drexel University, Catholic University Columbus School of Law, the Thomas Jefferson School of Law, and Vermont Law School, where law students, under the supervision of law professors or community professionals, provide assistance or legal representation to underserved and often marginalized populations needing help with family law problems, including parents accused of abuse and neglect, youth aging out of foster care, homeless families, survivors of domestic violence, homeless veterans with addiction problems, and female prisoners. To develop their programs, the five law schools from the outset collaborated with partners in the community, and they continue to do so as their programs expand and evolve. In addition to helping and empowering clients, these law schools are providing experiential learning opportunities that are transformative for their students. The authors hope that these programs will be instructive for law schools, other academic institutions, the legal community, and community organizations in developing creative collaborations to ensure better access to justice.
PREDICTING TRAINING SUCCESS: NOT MUCH MORE THAN g
Authors: REE MALCOLM JAMES , EARLES JAMES A.
Published: September 2010

The roles of general ability (g) and specific abilities (s1…sg) were investigated in prediction of job‐training‐school grades. Subjects were 78,041 Air Force enlistees in 82 jobs. General ability and specific abilities were defined by scores on the first and subsequent unrotated principal components of the enlistment selection and classification test, the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery. Linear models analyses revealed that s1…s9 added little to the prediction afforded by g. It was also determined that a common prediction equation for all jobs was almost as predictive as an equation for each job.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GRADUATE TRAINING, PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION, AND INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PRACTICES FOR PERSONNEL DECISIONS
Authors: RYAN ANN MARIE , SACKETT PAUL R.
Published: September 2010

Survey data on 321 psychologists who conduct individual assessments were analyzed to compare practices and opinions of those with differing graduate training (I/O or non‐I/O) and professional affiliation (SIOP or non‐SIOP). Differences in practice on the basisof training and affiliation occur in licensing, types of assessments conducted, specific testing instruments used, and knowledge of legal guidelines governing selection practices. However, when purpose of assessment was controlled for by examining only managerial selection assessments, few practice differences related to training and affiliation emerged. Implications for the training of individual assessors are discussed, and several practice variations warranting further research are presented.
POTENTIAL VERSUS ACTUAL FAKING OF A BIODATA FORM: AN ANALYSIS ALONG SEVERAL DIMENSIONS OF ITEM TYPE
Authors: BECKER THOMAS E. , COLQUITT ALAN L.
Published: September 2010

Two studies examined faking of a 25‐item biodata questionnaire. The first study investigated potential and actual faking of the form using three groups: a group told to make themselves look as good as possible, a group told to complete the form honestly, and a group completing the instrument in a real selection situation. Subjects were 58 current employees and 231 job applicants. Results indicated that subjects could fake the instrument when instructed to do so. Also, some faking appeared to be occurring in practice, although results depended upon the composition of the comparison group. Only eight items appeared to be fakable, and only three of these seemed to be faked in practice. In Study 2, 26 business majors rated the biodata items on eight dimensions of item type. Results showed that the three items faked in practice were less historical, objective, discrete, verifiable, and external than other items, and were more job relevant.
APPLICANT REACTIONS TO SELECTION PROCEDURES
Authors: SMITHER JAMES W. , REILLY RICHARD R. , MILLSAP ROGER E. , AT&T KENNETH PEARLMAN , STOFFEY RONALD W.
Published: September 2010

We note that applicant reactions to selection procedures may be of practical importance to employers because of influences on organizations’attractiveness to candidates, ethical and legal issues, and possible effects on selection procedure validity and utility. In Study 1, after reviewing sample items or brief descriptions of 14 selection tools, newly hired entry‐level managers (n= 110) and recruiting/employment managers (n= 44) judged simulations, interviews, and cognitive tests with relatively concrete item‐types (e.g., vocabulary, standard written English, mathematical word problems) to be significantly more job related than personality, biodata, and cognitive tests with relatively abstract item‐types (e.g., quantitative comparisons, letter sets). A measure of new managers’cognitive abilities was positively correlated with their perceptions of the job relatedness of selection procedures. In Study 2, applicant reactions to a range of entry‐level to professional civil service examinations (assessed immediately after tasting the exam) were positively related to (procedural and distributive) justice perceptions and willingness to recommend the employer to others (assessed one month after the exam, n= 460).
COMPUTER‐BASED TESTING APPLIED TO SELECTION OF SECRETARIAL APPLICANTS
Authors: SCHMITT NEAL , GILLILAND STEPHEN W. , LANDIS RONALD S. , DEVINE DENNIS
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we provide a description of the development and pilot test of a computer‐based testing procedure for the selection of secretarial applicants. The procedure requires secretaries to learn and use word processing, data base, and electronic message software to complete eight different job‐related exercises. The procedure is designed to minimize the role of the test administrator, allow for easy transportability to other test sites, provide quick feedback to examinees, be fair to examinees who have used various kinds of computer hardware and software, and to allow for rapid and easy entry of test score data into a centralized computer network.
VALIDITY OF THE DIMENSIONS OF THE PAY SATISFACTION QUESTIONNAIRE: EVIDENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL PREDICTION
Authors: JUDGE TIMOTHY A.
Published: September 2010

The present study investigated the validity of the dimensions of the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ), in particular the degree to which the dimensions of the PSQ were differentially predicted by a number of antecedents. A series of tests supported dimensionality of the PSQ. Perhaps more importantly, a theoretical model was hypothesized and tested which was based on the assumption that different variables predict each of the four dimensions of pay satisfaction. Data was collected from a heterogeneous sample of sales, managerial, professional‐technical, and nonexempt employees from a large multidivision corporation. A series of analyses indicated that the items from the PSQ loaded on their hypothesized dimensions, and the dimensions were empirically distinct. Furthermore, the dimensions were differentially predicted by a series of antecedents. This differential prediction evidence supports the validity of the dimensions of the PSQ in a more rigorous and comprehensive manner than has been produced by past research.
Built‐in Nanostructures in Transparent Oxides for Novel Photonic and Electronic Functions Materials
Authors: Hosono Hideo
Published: September 2010

We review distinct photonic/electronic properties originating from built‐in nanostructures in transparent oxide‐based materials, emphasizing potential of nanostructures hidden in crystal structure. Materials focused on are oxychalcogenides LaCuOCh (Ch = chalcogen ion) and homologous oxides InGaO3(ZnO)m(m = integer) having naturally formed multi‐quantum well structures and 12CaO· 7Al2O3 (C12A7) with a unique nanoporous structure. Novel functions and devices arising from the built‐in nanostructure are: (1) modulation doping of positive holes and room‐temperature stable exciton in LaCuOCh, (2) high‐performance transparent field‐effect transistor fabricated in InGaO3(ZnO)5 epitaxial thin films, and (3) conversion of insulator to persistent electronic conductor by carrier doping in 12CaO·7Al2O3 (C12A7).
Design and Nanofabrication of Superconductor Ceramic Strands and Customized Leads
Authors: Rokhvarger Anatoly E. , Chigirinsky Lubov A.
Published: September 2010

We made possible an engineering application of the 18‐year‐old Nobel Prize‐winning discovery of High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) ceramic particles. Guided by certain theories of physics and nano‐science, we created the ceramic‐silicone nanofabrication method where a silicone additive controls both the nanostructural evolution of the magnetically oriented HTS ceramic nano‐grains by a 3D polymeric matrix scaffold and thermally induced nano‐phase transformation. These result in the sintered granular superconductor ceramic composite material with the desirable superconducting nano‐phase composition and 3D nanostructure including vortex‐pinning network. The prototype HTS samples were nanofabricated in the form of adhesion substrate coated strands or surfaces or variously shaped bulk leads.
Recommendations for Determining the Hardness of Armor Ceramics
Authors: Swab Jeffrey J.
Published: September 2010

It is empirically known that an armor ceramic should be as hard or harder than the projectile it intends to defeat. Quasi‐static indentation testing is one of the most widely utilized techniques for determining the hardness of armor ceramics. Hardness measurements can also be used to generate other property values that may be relevant to ballistic performance (fracture toughness, elastic properties, and even the yield strength). While the indentation methodologies are simple and straight forward, the resultant hardness values for ceramic materials can be influenced by the indenter geometry, indentation load, loading rate, specimen surface finish, and microstructure. This presentation will summarize the results of a study to determine the hardness of a variety of armor‐grade ceramics with different indenter geometries (Vickers and Knoop) over a range of indentation loads (0.98‐98 N) and discuss the implications for armor ceramics. The resulting data strongly indicate that the best means of determining the hardness of armor ceramics is the use of 19.6‐N Knoop indentations.
High Rate Response and Dynamic Failure of Structural Ceramics
Authors: Jiao T. , Li Yulong , Ramesh K.T. , Wereszczat A.A.
Published: September 2010

The process of dynamic failure of four structural ceramics subjected to unconfined uniaxial dynamic compression is investigated. The four materials examined are α‐SiC, AD995 Al2O3, β‐Si3N4, and SiAlON. In each case, the dynamic failure process is studied through dynamic loading of cylindrical specimens within a compression Kolsky bar combined with high‐speed photography. Strain rates in the range of 103 s−1 are achieved (the corresponding loading rates are on the order of 200 MPa/us). The dynamic failure process for all four ceramics consists of the development and propagation of axial splitting cracks followed by columnar fragmentation. Macroscopic cracks (propagating with crack velocities of several hundred meters per second) and substantial volumetric strains are observed well before the peak strength is attained.
Microstructure Evolution of Pulsed Laser‐Deposited (Ba, Sr)TiO3 Films on MgO for Microwave Applications
Authors: Dey Sandwip K. , Majhi Prashant , Horwitz James S. , Kirchoefer S. W. , Kim W. J.
Published: September 2010

To develop low‐loss tunable microwave circuits, based on the field dependence of dielectric permittivity, phase pure (Ba0.5, Sr0.5)TiO3 doped with 1% W (BST) thin films 0.3‐μm thick were deposited on single crystal MgO wafers by pulsed laser deposition. The BST films were characterized by X‐ray θ–2θ scans and pole figure analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), coupled with selected‐area electron diffraction (SAED). Although, the X‐ray θ–2θ scan indicated an epitaxial nature of BST with an out‐of‐plane orientation of (100), the pole figure analysis confirmed the presence (4–6%) of (111)‐oriented grains in a matrix of (100) textured grains. The columnar grains exhibited an in‐plane (i.e., along the plane perpendicular to the growth direction) grain size that was thickness‐dependent. The cross‐sectional TEM, coupled with SAED in the thickness direction, corroborated the pole figure analysis. Additionally, from X‐ray analysis, it was observed that the textured films were under in‐plane tension. The deposited film was characterized at microwave frequencies (1–20 GHz) using interdigitated electrodes deposited on top of the film. The film was characterized by a relatively low dielectric Q of 5–7. A 17% change in the capacitance was observed when applying a 40 V bias. From the observed microstructure, a preliminary understanding of its evolution and its relationship with the microwave dielectric properties is discussed, and some ideas to obtain truly epitaxial BST films are presented.
Progress in the Synthesis of Nanocrystalline BaTiO3 Powders for MLCC
Authors: Pithan Christian , Hennings Detlev , Waser Rainer
Published: September 2010

Future improvements in the development of highly volume‐efficient multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) require manufacturing processes that allow for a reduced dielectric thickness well below 1 μm. Obviously, such thin dielectric layers can only be produced if nanosized dielectric powders are applied and deposited by techniques more advanced than tape casting and screen printing. These processes require high‐purity, homogeneous, weakly agglomerated ultrafine powders. Over the past few years, significant progress has been made in the synthesis of nanocrystalline BaTiO3‐based powders for use in MLCC. The present review article aims to summarize the present state of the art with respect to some of the technically and industrially most relevant preparation routes, including methods based on solid‐state reactions and, more importantly, solution‐based approaches.
Improved Thermal Shock Performance of Sintered Mg–Partially Stabilized Zirconia with Alumina and Titania Additions
Authors: Kratschmer Tim , Aneziris Christos G.
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the microstructure of sintered magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (Mg–PSZ) with alumina and titania additions. Two effects are mainly responsible for enhanced thermal shock performance, microcrack generation by zirconia destabilization and in situ spinel formation as well as development of a duplex microstructure within the zirconia matrix. The duplex microstructure formation is controlled by the sintering kinetics as a function of the MgO concentration and the spinel formation. Titania additions, thereby, improve the sintering kinetics remarkably.
Spontaneous reversion of complete A‐V block to sinus rhythm in the dog
Authors: DEAR M. G.
Published: September 2010

A case of complete atrioventricular block in a dog is reported. Emphasis is placed upon the spontaneous reversion of the dysrhythmia to sinus rhythm. The clinical veterinary literature on complete block is reviewed with particular reference to the incidence of the condition, the aetiology of complete block, the aetiology of Stokes—Adams attacks, the clinical features of the latter and the nature of the block, whether acquired or congenital. Comparative features with the human analogue of the dysrhythmia are discussed.

Résumé.On rapporte le cas d'un bloc atrio‐ventriculaire complet chez un chien. On souligne la reversion spontanée de la dysrythmie en rythme sinusal. La littérature vétérinaire clinique sur le bloc complet du ceur est passée en révue et on souligne particulièrement la fréquence relative de cet état, l'étiologie du bloc complet et celle des accès de Stokes—Adams. Le tableau clinique de ce dernier syndrome et la nature du bloc atrioventriculaire acquis ou congénital sont décrits. On discute les analogies entre Ie cas de dysrythmie présenté ici et l'affection analogue dans l'espèce humaine.

Zusammenfassung.Es wird über einen Fall von vollständigem atrioventrikularem Block bei einem Hund berichtet. Hervorgehoben wird die spontane Rückkehr von der Dysrhythmie zum Sinusrhythmus. Die tierärztliche klinische Literatur über den vollständigen Block wird besonders hinsichtlich der Häufigkeit des Zustands, der Ätiologie des vollständigen Blocks, der Ätiologie der Stokes—Adams‐Anfälle, ihrer klinischen Merkmale und des Charakters des Blocks, ob erworben oder kongenital, betrachtet. Vergleichbare Merkmale der analogen Dysrhythmie beim Menschen werden besprochen.
Frequencies of blood type A, B and AB in non‐pedigree domestic cats in Turkey
Authors: Arikan Ş. , Gurkan M. , Ozaytekin E. , Dodurka T. , Giger U.
Published: September 2010

Objectives:To determine the distribution of blood types and to estimate the proportion of matings at risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis in non‐pedigree domestic cats.

Methods:The present survey determined the frequency of blood types in 301 cats from four distinct regions of Turkey. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid‐anticoagulated blood samples were typed by simple tube and slide agglutination assays. Serum obtained from type B cats and an anti‐B solution, prepared withTriticum vulgaris, were used to determine type A and type B blood, respectively.

Results:Of the 301 cats typed, 220 had type A blood, 74 had type B and seven had type AB. There was a significant difference (P<0·01) between the locations of the cats, with fewer type B cats in the eastern than in the western parts of Turkey. Risk for the development of neonatal isoerythrolysis due to A‐B mismatch was estimated to be 18·6 per cent.

ClinicalSignificance:The overall type B frequency in Turkish domestic cats is high. Thus, untyped transfusions in these cats carry a high risk of life‐threatening acute haemolytic transfusion reactions and neonatal isoerythrolysis. It is therefore strongly recommended that blood typing be performed before breeding or transfusing in order to minimise blood type incompatibility risks.
Evaluation of colonoscopic allergen provocation as a diagnostic tool in dogs with proven food hypersensitivity reactions
Authors: Allenspach K. , Vaden S. L. , Harris T. S. , Gröne A. , Doherr M. G. , Griot‐Wenk M. E. , Bischoff S. C. , Gaschen F.
Published: September 2010

Objective:To evaluate the colonoscopic allergen provocation (COLAP) test as a new tool for the diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy.

Methods:Oral food challenges as well as COLAP testing were performed in a colony of nine research dogs with proven immediate‐type food allergic reactions. In addition, COLAP was performed in five healthy dogs.

Results:When compared with the oral challenge test, COLAP accurately determined 18 of 23 (73 per cent) positive oral challenge reactions (73 per cent) in dogs with food allergies and was negative in the healthy dogs.

ClinicalSignificance:The accuracy of this new test may be higher than that for gastric sensitivity testing. Therefore, COLAP holds promise as a new test to confirm the diagnosis of suspect IgE‐mediated food allergy in dogs.
Surgical removal of a canine orbital lipoma
Authors: Williams D. L. , Haggett E.
Published: September 2010

A 10‐year‐old, female, neutered Cairn terrier was presented with a progressively enlarging, cream‐white fluctuant subconjunctival swelling in the right eye. A fine‐needle aspirate performed under topical anaesthesia showed that the mass contained lipomatous tissue. Orbital ultrasonography showed the mass to have a distinct border and to extend into the posterior orbit. The mass was removed via a conjunctival incision. It had a distinct capsule anteriorly, while the border of the mass was less readily identified in the posterior orbit. Histopathological examination showed the mass to be a lipoma. The dog recovered uneventfully from surgery, and no recurrence has been noted after 12 months.
Treatment of inherently unstable open or infected fractures by open wound management and external skeletal fixation
Authors: Ness M. G.
Published: September 2010

Objectives: To assess the use of external skeletal fixation with open wound management for the treatment of inherently unstable open or infected fractures in dogs.

Methods: A retrospective review of 10 cases.

Results: Fracture stabilisation and wound management required only a single anaesthetic, and despite the challenging nature of these injuries, the final outcome was acceptable or good in every case. However, minor complications associated with the fixator pins were quite common, and two dogs developed complications which required additional surgery.

Clinical Significance: Open management of wounds, even when bone was exposed, proved to be an effective technique, and external skeletal fixators were usually effective at maintaining stability throughout an inevitably extended fracture healing period.
Mapping the Scope and Opportunities for Public Health Law in Liberal Democracies
Authors: Magnusson Roger S.
Published: September 2010

The two questions, “What is public health law?” and “How can law improve the public’s health?”, are perennial ones for public health law scholars. They are ideological questions because perceptions about the proper boundaries of law’s role will shape perceptions of what law can do, in an operational sense, to improve health outcomes. They are also theoretical questions, in the sense that, without closing down debate about the limits of public health law, these questions can be addressed by mapping the range of perspectives on how law might “go to work” for the public’s health. Finally, these are immensely practical questions. On our ability to understand the roles that law can play in public health improvement rests our capacity, as a society, to use law strategically as a policy tool.
An Exploration of Conceptual and Temporal Fallacies in International Health Law and Promotion of Global Public Health Preparedness
Authors: Bhattacharya Dhrubajyoti
Published: September 2010

H5N1 avian influenza has reportedly claimed the lives of 186 persons worldwide, 77 of whom resided in Indonesia. On February 7, 2007, the government of Indonesia announced that it would withhold strains of H5N1 avian influenza virus from the World Health Organization (WHO). On the same day, Indonesia signed a memorandum of agreement with Baxter Healthcare, a United States-based company, to purchase samples and presumably ensure access to subsequent vaccines at a discount.
Ethical Implications of Physician Involvement in Lawsuits on Behalf of the Tobacco Industry
Authors: Alderman Jess
Published: September 2010

Physicians have long served as expert witnesses in litigation, and their medical knowledge can contribute to the appropriate resolution of a case. However, ethical issues may arise when physicians appear on behalf of the tobacco industry. Two ways that doctors participate in lawsuits are through depositions (statements given under oath before trial to attorneys, who often use them to prepare the case or develop a strategy) and by testifying in court during trial. The Tobacco Deposition and Trial Testimony Archive (DATTA) is an electronic database of depositions, trial testimony, opening and closing statements, and other material from tobacco lawsuits collected by the Center for Tobacco Use Prevention and Research. At the time the research for this article was conducted, the database included depositions and trial testimony of expert witnesses from 232 smoking and health cases.
Health Information Exchange in Memphis: Impact on the Physician-Patient Relationship
Authors: Frisse Mark E.
Published: September 2010

Patients and their physicians frequently make important health care decisions with incomplete information. Memory fails; records are incomplete; the onset of significant events is confused with other life stories; and even the most basic information about medications, laboratory tests, allergies, and problems is often the result of guesswork. As providers and as patients, we suffer because information vital to health care is not available when and where it is needed. Data required for care are dispersed across various settings and represented in a range of formats; incentives to bring these data together do not exist.

In recent years, four specific approaches have emerged to address patient-centered information access. The first model attempts to consolidate all care into a single care delivery and financing system. This model — prevalent in many European countries — is to some degree extant at Kaiser-Permanente and other integrated care and financing systems. This model is ideal if and when one organization is responsible for all care delivery and financing. Such models present “one-stop shopping” for managing health information, coordinating care, communicating with providers and support groups, and ensuring both payment and accountability.
Ethics, Information Technology, and Public Health: New Challenges for the Clinician-Patient Relationship
Authors: Goodman Kenneth W.
Published: September 2010

One of the largest, oldest, and most interesting challenges in health care is the balancing act in which clinicians have generally uncontroversial duties both to individual patients and to communities. Physicians and nurses must — so we teach them — put patients first, and at the same time recognize that individuals are members of communities. Individuals affect the health of communities, and communities affect the health of individuals. Thus, the moral and professional duties that result are sometimes in conflict.

Moreover, the traditional, prosaic clinical encounter is evolving in an environment increasingly shaped (albeit too slowly according to some) by electronic health records, personal health records, pharmacogenomics and vast networks of data collection and storage for public health surveillance, human subjects research, health services evaluation, and comparative effectiveness research. Health information technology is changing everything. It would be perverse otherwise: imagine large amounts of data and information either ignored, missed, or collected and then ignored.
Dreams and Nightmares: Practical and Ethical Issues for Patients and Physicians Using Personal Health Records
Authors: Wynia Matthew , Dunn Kyle
Published: September 2010

The term “Electronic Health Records” (EHR) means something different to each of the stakeholders in health care, but it always seems to carry a degree of emotional baggage. Increasingly, EHRs are advertized as a nearly unmitigated good that will transform medical care, improve safety and efficiency, allow better patient engagement, and open the door to an era of cheap, effective, timely, and patient-centered care. Indeed, for some EHR proponents the benefits of adopting them are so obvious that adoption has become an end in itself. But for others — and especially for a number of skeptical practitioners and patients — EHR is a code word that portends the corporate transformation of health care delivery, the loss of patient privacy, the demand that patients bear more responsibility in health care, and the unreflective takeover of the health care system by people who do not understand medical care or how health care relationships unfold.
Television Food Marketing to Children Revisited: The Federal Trade Commission Has the Constitutional and Statutory Authority to Regulate
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L.
Published: September 2010

In response to the obesity epidemic, much discussion in the public health and child advocacy communities has centered on restricting food and beverage marketing practices directed at children. A common retort to appeals for government regulation is that such advertising and marketing constitutes protected commercial speech under the First Amendment. This perception has allowed the industry to function largely unregulated since the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)'s foray into the topic, termed KidVid, was terminated by an act of Congress in 1981. The FTC has since focused on self-regulation as a potential solution to such concerns. However, this method of control has proven ineffective to protect children, and has led to growing recognition that federal regulation may be necessary.

Since KidVid, the evidence has only mounted that children are uniquely vulnerable to the effects of advertising. Over the same time period, the exposition of commercial speech jurisprudence has plateaued, as the Supreme Court has not decided a pure commercial speech case since 2002.
In this issue – October 2010
Authors: Jackson AE
Published: September 2010

Computed tomography diagnosis of brain infarction in dogs · Tibial tuberosity advancement in canine stifles · Holter monitoring in dogs with mitral valve disease · Staggers in horses grazing paspalum infected with Claviceps paspali · Distal luxation of the patella in a horse · Escherichia coli and Salmonella serotypes in sheep at slaughter · Alzheimer type II astrocytes in the brains of pigs with salt poisoning · Classification of infectious bronchitis viruses in poultry field specimens · Mortality events in sea‐caged yellowtail kingfish
Two mortality events in sea‐caged yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833 (Nannopercidae) from Western Australia
Authors: Stephens FJ , Savage A
Published: September 2010

In November 2008 a commercial sea‐cage operator farming yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, in Western Australia reported more than 70% mortality of the sea‐caged fish. Several parasites and potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the fish, but despite a detailed laboratory investigation the cause of the mortality event was never ascertained. That episode of deaths was followed in January 2009 by a smaller mortality event in fish in a sea cage that had been stocked several weeks earlier. Pathogens similar to those seen in the first mortality event were isolated, but again a single causative agent could not be identified. Multiple stress factors resulting in immunosuppression may have precipitated the mortality events.
Randomized Controlled Trial to Treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia with Overactive Bladder Using an Alpha‐blocker Combined with Anticholinergics
Authors: NISHIZAWA Osamu , YAMAGUCHI Osamu , TAKEDA Masayuki , YOKOYAMA Osamu ,   for the TAABO Study Group
Published: September 2010

Objectives: TAABO was a randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy of tamsulosin (TAM) with propiverine (PROP) in men with both benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder.

Methods: It enrolled men 50 years or older who had an international prostate symptom score (IPSS) of 8 or higher, an urgency item score of 1 or higher, and a quality of life (QOL) score of 2 or higher. After 8 weeks of TAM 0.2 mg/day, patients who met the inclusion criteria (8 micturitions per 24 h and 1 urgency per 24 h, evaluated by bladder diary) and were eligible for 12‐weeks of continued Treatment II. Five hundred and fifteen patients were enrolled. Thereafter, 214 patients were assigned randomly to receive either TAM alone (n = 67), TAM plus PROP 10 mg (n = 72), or TAM plus PROP 20 mg (n = 75) in Treatment II. The primary efficacy end point was a change in micturitions per 24 h documented in the bladder diary. The change from baseline in urgency episodes per 24 h, IPSS, IPSS/QOL subscore, urinary flow rate and postvoid residual volume were assessed as secondary efficacy measures.

Results: A total of 141 men (47 TAM, 49 TAM plus PROP 10 mg, and 45 TAM plus PROP 20 mg patients) were assessed by week 12. Compared with the TAM, TAM plus PROP 10 mg patients experienced significantly fewer micturitions (P = 0.0261), urgencies (P = 0.0093) per 24 h, lower IPSS storage (P = 0.0465), and IPSS urgency (P = 0.0252) subscores.

Conclusions: These results suggest that combining TAM and 10 mg of PROP for 12 weeks provides added benefit for men with both benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder.
Uncertainty, Power, and Organizational Decision Making: A Constructive Replication and Some Extensions
Authors: Goh Swee C.
Published: September 2010

This study examines the effect of uncertainty on the use of power and various decision criteria in resource‐allocation decision making. Using a methodology similar to that of Pfeffer et al (1976), the study explores how power affected decisions in the allocation of research funds in four major scientific fields. Consistent with our hypothesis and that of Pfeffer et al, it was found that as uncertainty increases, power differences (using measures similar to those of Pfeffer et al) become more important in influencing decision making outcomes. The moderating effects of scarce and visible resource‐allocation decisions were also examined. The data suggests that scarce and highly visible allocations tend to be influenced more by measures indicating power differences, with a concomitant increase in the influence of objective decision criteria. Lastly, the power of a sub‐unit was also measured and its effect on resource allocation examined. Sub‐unit power was found to be more critical in influencing decision making when uncertainty was high.

Résumé

Cette étude examine les effets de l'incertitude sur l'usage du pouvoir et les critères de décisions en matière d'allocation des ressources. Cette étude, qui utilise une méthodologie semblable à celle de Pfeffer et al (1976), explore comment le pouvoir influence la prise de décision relative à l'allocation de fonds de recherche dans quatre domaines scientifiques importants. En concordance avec notre hypothèse, ainsi que celle de Pfeffer et al, l'étude indique qu'à mesure qu'augmente l'incertitude, les différences de pouvoir (les méthodes étant semblables à celles de Pfeffer et al) influencent davantage la prise de décision. Les effets modérateurs de décisions relatives à l'allocation de ressources rares mais visibles ont également été examinées. Les données suggèrent que des allocations rares mais très visibles sont davantage influencées par des facteurs indiquant les différences de pouvoir accompagnées d'une augmentation correspondante des critères décisionnels objectifs. En dernier lieu, le pouvoir des sous‐unités a également été mesuré et les effets sur l'allocation des ressources ont été examinés. Selon les résultats de l'étude, l'influence du pouvoir sur la sous‐unité se fait plus forte lorsque le niveau d'incertitude est plus élevé.