bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The History of Greece
Authors: Curtius Ernst
Published: October 2011

The German archaeologist Ernst Curtius (1814–1896) published this seminal work in three volumes between 1857 and 1867. It quickly became a bestseller and was republished in numerous German editions. The work was translated into English by the eminent British historian Adolphus William Ward (1837–1924) who divided it into five volumes, published between 1868 and 1873. Volume 3 covers the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE), focussing on the role of key figures such as Pericles; Athens' Sicilian expedition and the Peace of Nicias; Greek colonisation; and the Decelean war. Curtius' History was a pioneering work of nineteenth-century classical scholarship. For many generations it provided an indispensable guide through the complex history of the ancient Greek world, and it continues to inspire researchers today.
A General History of the Science and Practice of Music
Authors: Hawkins John
Published: October 2011

Sir John Hawkins (1719–1789), lawyer, friend of Samuel Johnson and member of the Academy of Ancient Music, published his pioneering five-volume history in 1776 just after the first volume of Burney's. Hawkins' work suffered badly in the resulting competition between the two, partly because of his difficult personality, partly because of the scholarly style of the writing contrasting with Burney's more engaging approach. However, it is Hawkins' accuracy and attention to detail, his appreciation of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century music and his account of London music society in the early eighteenth century, supported by his painstaking research, which makes the History of indispensable value to music scholars. Whilst there are neither contents list nor chapter headings, there is an index, and each volume includes generous illustrations and musical examples. Volume 4 covers the seventeenth century, including portraits of Gibbons, Lully and Purcell, and discusses of Mersenne's Harmonie Universelle.
Liber Memorandorum Ecclesie de Bernewelle
Authors: Maitland F. W.
Published: October 2011

The Priory of St Giles and St Andrew, Barnwell, was among the earliest English communities of Augustinian Canons, founded by the Sheriff of Cambridge in 1092. Although little survives of its physical remains, the Liber Memorandorum, edited in 1907 by J. W. Clark, is a significant source for both Cambridge and Augustinian history. Although often referred to as a cartulary, its contents are more wide ranging than just a collection of legal documents. It includes a history of the foundation, and many items concerning the relations between Barnwell and the surrounding area, including disputes with the University. The text was compiled around 1296 from earlier records, although the calendar contains later obituaries. The edition includes a valuable explanation of the documents' legal content by the leading legal historian F. W. Maitland, and is an important resource for researchers in medieval legal or church history, as well as that of the Cambridge area.
Women's Suffrage
Authors: Dilke Margaret Mary , Woodall William
Published: October 2011

Margaret Mary Dilke (1857–1914) was a leading campaigner for female suffrage. In 1878 she became an active member of the National Society for Women's Suffrage and later was appointed to its executive committee. After the society split in 1888, she joined the Central National Society for Women's Suffrage and was appointed treasurer in 1896. This volume, first published in 1885 as part of Charles Buxton's 'The Imperial Parliament' series, contains Dilke's response to some of the major contemporary anti-suffrage arguments. Women's suffrage is introduced in its contemporary political context. Dilke also discusses medical assertions such as that women were mentally and physically inferior to men, and the idea that female suffrage would erode women's commitment to marriage and family life. This fascinating volume succinctly describes and rejects the main contemporary anti-suffrage arguments, illustrating the connections between the issue of female suffrage and other areas of contemporary society.
History of the Conquest of England by the Normans
Authors: Thierry Augustin
Published: October 2011

This work by Augustin Thierry (1795–1856) on the Norman conquest of England was first published in French in 1825, the two-volume translation into English following in 1847. Thierry employed a relatively new technique in historiography, as he consulted only original texts and documents, and insisted upon interpreting the sources in as much detail as possible. He was adamant that the events, ideas and political positions he chronicled should be interpreted in their own terms and not subjected to a limited nineteenth-century perspective. Volume 1 is divided into seven parts and traces the aboriginal populations of Britain from the period 55 BCE, closing with the death of William the Conqueror and an account of the last efforts of the English to overthrow the Norman yoke in 1137. The author also shares some of his reflections on the challenges of writing history with his readers.
Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry
Authors: Fry Elizabeth
Published: October 2011

Elizabeth Fry (née Gurney, 1780–1845) was descended from two wealthy Quaker banking families. Her Quaker faith was crucial to her adult life and she became active in social reform. Despite having eleven children, she was active in community work, and became a Quaker minister. Persuaded to visit the women's wing in Newgate Prison in 1813, she was appalled at the conditions in which the prisoners, and their children, lived. She became a pioneer in seeking to improve the situation for women in prisons and on transportation ships. The British Ladies' Society for Promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners was probably the first national British women's society. Fry's ideas on the humane treatment of prisoners influenced international legal systems. This memoir, based on her letters and diaries, was edited by two of her daughters, and was first published in 1847. Volume 2 covers the period from 1826 to 1845.
A Naturalist in Western China with Vasculum, Camera and Gun
Authors: Wilson Ernest Henry
Published: October 2011

Ernest Henry Wilson (1876–1930) was introduced to China in 1899 when, as a promising young botanist, he was sent there by horticulturalist Henry Veitch (1840–1924) to collect the seed of the handkerchief tree, Davidia involucrata, for propagation in Britain. Subsequent trips saw Wilson bringing back hundreds of seed samples and plant collections, introducing many Chinese plants to Europe and North America. He wrote extensively about his travels in China: this two-volume work was published in 1913. Although much of the text is concerned with plant life, Wilson also gives a great deal of attention to the wider landscape around him. In addition, Wilson took a camera, and these volumes contain photographs of parts of China rarely seen by Europeans in the early twentieth century. Volume 1 covers his travels from Hupeh (Hubei) to Szechuan and into the Tibetan region before ending at Wa Wu Shan.
A Naturalist in Western China with Vasculum, Camera and Gun
Authors: Wilson Ernest Henry
Published: October 2011

Ernest Henry Wilson (1876–1930) was introduced to China in 1899 when, as a promising young botanist, he was sent there by horticulturalist Henry Veitch (1840–1924) to collect the seed of the handkerchief tree, Davidia involucrata, for propagation in Britain. Subsequent trips saw Wilson bringing back hundreds of seed samples and plant collections, introducing many Chinese plants to Europe and North America. He wrote extensively about his travels in China: this two-volume work was published in 1913. Although much of the text is concerned with plant life, Wilson also gives a great deal of attention to the wider landscape around him. In addition, Wilson took a camera, and these volumes contain photographs of parts of China rarely seen by Europeans in the early twentieth century. In Volume 2 Wilson examines how people in western China use their plants in medicine and agriculture, including the important tea industry.
Labour and Industry in Australia
Authors: Coghlan T. A.
Published: October 2011

Sir Timothy Coghlan (1855–1926) was the statistician for New South Wales from 1886. He produced the world's first example of national financial accounts, and is regarded as Australia's first 'mandarin'. His advice was sought by state and federal governments on matters as diverse as tax, public sanitation and infant mortality. In 1905 he took up an appointment as a New South Wales government agent in London, remaining there for the rest of his life. First published in 1918, this monumental book is Coghlan's very personal history of Australia, embracing materials, population growth, trade and land. Volume 3 covers a turbulent period. Coghlan examines the depression of the 1890s and the banking crisis of 1893, which saw the Federal Bank fail. He also devotes a large section to detailing labour and wages in this period, which saw the unprecedented Maritime Strike of 1890.
An Historical and Statistical Account of New South Wales, Both as a Penal Settlement and as a British Colony
Authors: Lang John Dunmore
Published: October 2011

The first prominent advocate of Australian republicanism, Scottish-born John Dunmore Lang (1799–1878) is an important figure in the history of his adopted country. This two-volume work, originally published in 1834, presents a series of chapters illustrating Australia's history and its condition in his own time. Written during a voyage from New South Wales to Britain in 1833, the book promotes what Lang deems to be the best interests of the New South Wales colony, by encouraging the emigration 'of reputable families and individuals to its territory'. Volume 2 investigates the distribution and character of the convict population and stresses the advantages of New South Wales to emigrants, finishing with an analysis of the practicalities of emigration and settling in Australia. The reader will be mindful of Lang's aim in writing the work - to tell the truth 'fully and fearlessly' in order to secure Australia's general welfare and advancement.
The History of Tasmania
Authors: West John
Published: October 2011

John West (1809–1873) was an English-born minister who received a Colonial Missionary Society post in Tasmania in 1838. West became an outspoken opponent of the ongoing government policy of transporting convicts from Britain to Tasmania. Around 1847 a wealthy supporter approached West to write the colony's history, although it had been a British territory only since 1803. West accepted the task and, amid his campaigning and other responsibilities, completed this two-volume work which was published in 1852. It is divided between a straightforward narrative of events and thematic issues such as the treatment of the Aboriginal peoples and the issue of the convict transport system. Volume 1 covers the development of the colony, starting with the arrival of the Dutch in the seventeenth century, who named the island Van Diemen's Land, through to British control and its subsequent settlement as the colony of Tasmania.
Political Transformations and Public Finances
Authors: Dincecco Mark
Published: October 2011

How did today's rich states first establish modern fiscal systems? To answer this question, Political Transformations and Public Finances by Mark Dincecco examines the evolution of political regimes and public finances in Europe over the long term. The book argues that the emergence of efficient fiscal institutions was the result of two fundamental political transformations that resolved long-standing problems of fiscal fragmentation and absolutism. States gained tax force through fiscal centralization and restricted ruler power through parliamentary limits, which enabled them to gather large tax revenues and channel funds toward public services with positive economic benefits. Using a novel combination of descriptive, case study and statistical methods, the book pursues this argument through a systematic investigation of a new panel database that spans eleven countries and four centuries. The book's findings are significant for our understanding of economic history and have important consequences for current policy debates.
The Development of American Finance
Authors: Konings Martijn
Published: October 2011

Since the 1960s, scholars and other commentators have frequently announced the imminent decline of American financial power: excessive speculation and debt are believed to have undermined the long-term basis of a stable US-led financial order. But the American financial system has repeatedly shown itself to be more resilient than such assessments suggest. This book argues that there is considerable coherence to American finance: far from being a house of cards, it is a proper edifice, built on institutional foundations with points of both strength and weakness. The book examines these foundations through a historical account of their construction: it shows how institutional transformations in the late nineteenth century created a distinctive infrastructure of financial relations and proceeds to trace the contradiction-ridden expansion of this system during the twentieth century as well as its institutional consolidation during the neoliberal era. It concludes with a discussion of the forces of instability that hit at the start of the twenty-first century.
Stakeholders Matter
Authors: Sachs Sybille , Rühli Edwin
Published: October 2011

The dominant shareholder-value model has led to mismanagement, market failure and a boost to regulation, as spectacularly demonstrated by the events surrounding the recent financial crisis. Stakeholders Matter challenges the basic assumptions of this model, in particular traditional economic views on the theory of the firm and dominant theories of strategic management, and develops a new understanding of value creation away from pure self-interest toward mutuality. This new 'stakeholder paradigm' is based on a network view, whereby mutuality enhances benefits and reduces risks for the firm and its stakeholders. The understanding of mutual value creation is operationalized according to the license to operate, to innovate and to compete. The book develops a vision for a strategy in society in which, rather than the invisible hand of the market, it the visible hands of the firm and the stakeholders that lead to an overall increase in the welfare of society.
Network-aware Source Coding and Communication
Authors: Sarshar Nima , Wu Xiaolin , Wang Jia , Dumitrescu Sorina
Published: October 2011

An introduction to the theory and techniques for achieving high quality network communication with the best possible bandwidth economy, this book focuses on network information flow with fidelity. Covering both lossless and lossy source reconstruction, it is illustrated throughout with real-world applications, including sensor networks and multimedia communications. Practical algorithms are presented, developing novel techniques for tackling design problems in joint network-source coding via collaborative multiple description coding, progressive coding, diversity routing and network coding. With systematic introductions to the basic theories of distributed source coding, network coding and multiple description coding, this is an ideal self-contained resource for researchers and students in information theory and network theory.
What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile
Authors: Speke John Hanning
Published: October 2011

John Hanning Speke (1827–64) was an officer in the British Indian Army, best known for his explorations of Africa. In the 1850s he embarked on two major expeditions there, the first, to Somalia, inspiring the second, to East Africa, during which he endeavoured to locate the source of the White Nile. This book of 1864 brings together his memoirs of both ventures, in which he draws connections between the two, and provides dramatic recollections of his endurance of captivity, attack, and tropical disease. Despite the obstacles he faced, on his second mission he identified Lake Victoria as the Nile's source; however his claims were heavily contested, as the loss of vital equipment had left questions about its altitude and extent unanswered. The lake was eventually proved to be the source after Speke's tragic death from a gunshot wound, making these memoirs a cornerstone in the historical geography of Africa.
Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries
Authors: Livingstone David , Livingstone Charles
Published: October 2011

The success of the Victorian explorer and missionary David Livingstone's first book, Missionary Travels (1857), led to his receiving government funding in 1858 for an expedition up the Zambezi River. The trip was expected to last two years, and was intended to further commercial and scientific as well as missionary aims. However, owing to internal disagreements, illness (including the death of Livingstone's wife), drought and tribal warfare, the explorers' mission took six and a half years and achieved little apart from collecting plant and geological specimens. The upper reaches of the Zambesi proved unnavigable owing to rapids and waterfalls, and the expedition was recalled. This account, published in 1865 by Livingstone (1813–1873) and his younger brother Charles, who had accompanied him, was in part an attempt to excuse the problems which had beset the expedition, and restore Livingstone's reputation in order to gain backing for further ventures.
Hausaland
Authors: Robinson Charles Henry
Published: October 2011

Charles Henry Robinson (1861–1925) was a Cambridge scholar who, during the 1890s, published several books on the language, literature and culture of the Hausa people of West Africa. This study, published in 1896, documents his pioneering fieldwork during which, in three months, he travelled 1500 miles across rivers, mountains, villages and towns. Public interest in the Hausa was high at the time, due to their recruitment as troops by Britain in the Ashanti conflict, and by France to consolidate French power in Madagascar. However, Robinson argues against the perception of the Hausa as primarily a warlike people, despite their formidable strength in battle. In this vivid account of his time among them, he portrays the Hausa as successful traders who excelled above all in commercial endeavours. Exploring enterprises from textiles and tobacco to hunting and river transportation, Robinson gives fascinating first-hand insights into this important African community.
A Geographical and Commercial View of Northern Central Africa
Authors: MacQueen James
Published: October 2011

James MacQueen (1778–1870) was a British geographer fascinated by the problem of the River Niger. He set out to try to establish (on the basis of accounts by explorers, traders and missionaries), that one and the same river flowed continuously through Africa and into the Atlantic Ocean, thus challenging long-established beliefs that African rivers either disappeared into the sand or terminated in lakes. MacQueen documents his findings in this pioneering work, first published in 1821. Drawing on evidence from a range of authorities, he argues that previous misconceptions about the Niger had left Africa isolated from the civilised world, and shows how his discovery could open up trading opportunities between Africa and other countries, suggesting that contact with Europeans would lead to the eventual abolishment of the slave trade in the interior. This important study remains relevant to scholars of both geography and African history today.
Pattern Recognition Neuroradiology
Authors: Borden Neil M. , Forseen Scott E.
Published: October 2011

Faced with a single neuroradiological image of an unknown patient, how confident would you be to make a differential diagnosis? Despite advanced imaging techniques, a confident diagnosis also requires knowledge of the patient's age, clinical data and the lesion location. Pattern Recognition Neuroradiology provides the tools you will need to arrive at the correct diagnosis or a reasonable differential diagnosis. This user-friendly book includes basic information often omitted from other texts: a practical method of image analysis, sample dictation templates and didactic information regarding lesions/diseases in a concise outline form. Image galleries show more than 700 high quality representative examples of the diseases discussed. Whether you are a trainee encountering some of these conditions for the first time or a resident trying to develop a reliable system of image analysis, Pattern Recognition Neuroradiology is an invaluable diagnostic resource.
Order Statistics in Wireless Communications
Authors: Yang Hong-Chuan , Alouini Mohamed-Slim
Published: October 2011

Covering fundamental principles through to practical applications, this self-contained guide describes indispensable mathematical tools for the analysis and design of advanced wireless transmission and reception techniques in MIMO and OFDM systems. The analysis-oriented approach develops a thorough understanding of core concepts and discussion of various example schemes shows how to apply these concepts in practice. The book focuses on techniques for advanced diversity combining, channel adaptive transmission and multiuser scheduling, the foundations of future wireless systems for the delivery of highly spectrum-efficient wireless multimedia services. Bringing together conventional and novel results from a wide variety of sources, it will teach you to accurately quantify trade-offs between performance and complexity for different design options so that you can determine the most suitable design choice based on your specific practical implementation constraints.
Decolonising International Law
Authors: Pahuja Sundhya
Published: October 2011

The universal promise of contemporary international law has long inspired countries of the Global South to use it as an important field of contestation over global inequality. Taking three central examples, Sundhya Pahuja argues that this promise has been subsumed within a universal claim for a particular way of life by the idea of 'development'. As the horizon of the promised transformation and concomitant equality has receded ever further, international law has legitimised an ever-increasing sphere of intervention in the Third World. The post-war wave of decolonisation ended in the creation of the developmental nation-state, the claim to permanent sovereignty over natural resources in the 1950s and 1960s was transformed into the protection of foreign investors, and the promotion of the rule of international law in the early 1990s has brought about the rise of the rule of law as a development strategy in the present day.
The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia
Authors: Baker Samuel White
Published: October 2011

Published in 1867, Sir Samuel Baker's journal describes his expedition to Africa in search of the source of the Nile. Baker (1821–93), one of the most important British explorers of the nineteenth century, undertook a twelve-month journey to examine every individual tributary to the Nile, accompanied throughout by his wife Florence (whom he had first encountered in an Ottoman slave market). Reflecting his passion for exploring and his strength of character, Baker's highly descriptive, witty and fluid writing records his dangerous and difficult project, telling fascinating stories of the native people as well as relaying the facts of his exploration. From his hunting expeditions with the Hamran Arabs to his extensive journeys on camel-back and his life at camp, Baker's experiences are far removed from today's world, and his vivid descriptions provide the reader with an invaluable insight into what life was like in Africa in the mid-nineteenth century.
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States
Authors: Adams John
Published: October 2011

John Adams (1735–1826) was a highly educated and enlightened lawyer who became a central figure in the American Revolution. As a political theorist he influenced the constitutions of the former British colonies in America, and he is regarded, with Jefferson, as the father of the United States Constitution. First published in 1850–6, this collection brings together Adams' major writings. Given their influence not only on the United States, but also on other republics, Adams' works rank among the most important political writings of their time. Volume 3 contains diaries and autobiographical writings from 1777 to 1796, several essays, and documents from the 1760s recording campaigns and debates that helped shape the Declaration of Independence. It describes Adams' missions to France and Britain, and also recounts his feelings on having to share, with Benjamin Franklin, a bedroom containing only one bed.
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States
Authors: Adams John
Published: October 2011

John Adams (1735–1826) was a highly educated and enlightened lawyer who became a central figure in the American Revolution. As a political theorist he influenced the constitutions of the former British colonies in America, and he is regarded, with Jefferson, as the father of the United States Constitution. First published in 1850–6, this collection brings together Adams' major writings. Given their influence not only on the United States, but also on other republics, Adams' works rank among the most important political writings of their time. Volume 5 contains the central portion of his famous Defence of the Constitutions. Responding to repeated requests for help in drafting individual states' constitutions, Adams here sets out the three principles he considered as being central to a fair constitution: separation of powers, checks and balances, and a legislature of two houses.
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States
Authors: Adams John
Published: October 2011

John Adams (1735–1826) was a highly educated and enlightened lawyer who became a central figure in the American Revolution. As a political theorist he influenced the constitutions of the former British colonies in America, and he is regarded, with Jefferson, as the father of the United States Constitution. First published in 1850–6, this collection brings together Adams' major writings. Given their influence not only on the United States, but also on other republics, Adams' works rank among the most important political writings of their time. Volume 7 contains papers and correspondence dating from Adams' dispatch to France in 1777 up to his success in negotiating a treaty with Britain in 1782. They provide a fascinating glimpse into the world of eighteenth-century diplomacy, and at the efforts to gain international recognition for the newly-independent United States.
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States
Authors: Adams John
Published: October 2011

John Adams (1735–1826) was a highly educated and enlightened lawyer who became a central figure in the American Revolution. As a political theorist he influenced the constitutions of the former British colonies in America, and he is regarded, with Jefferson, as the father of the United States Constitution. First published in 1850–6, this collection brings together Adams' major writings. Given their influence not only on the United States, but also on other republics, Adams' works rank among the most important political writings of their time. Volume 9 focuses on foreign affairs, and includes letters that shed light on Adams' policy of strengthening the US Navy in light of the threat from France. Among the letters and speeches, one private letter airs his disappointment at the inability of politicians to live up to their promises.
The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: October 2011

Dr Samuel Johnson (1709–84) is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of English literature, as a poet, essayist, moralist, critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. This collected edition of his works - commissioned by the publisher within hours of Johnson's death, such was his celebrity - was published in 1787 in eleven volumes, edited by his literary executor, the musicologist Sir John Hawkins. Volume 5 contains the first part of The Rambler, the periodical published by Johnson twice a week between 1750 and 1752. Modelled on Addison's Spectator, the essays address a wide range of social, religious, political and literary themes, and are not exclusively by Johnson himself: there are contributions by others, particularly women writers such as Hester Chapone and Elizabeth Carter. The Rambler adopted an 'elevated' style, and topics range from criticism of the emerging novel genre to discussions of humanitarian issues such as prostitution and capital punishment.
History of the United States of America (1801–1817)
Authors: Adams Henry
Published: October 2011

Henry Adams (1838–1918), journalist, novelist, and historian, was the great-grandson of John Adams and grandson of John Quincy Adams, both presidents of the United States. A professor of medieval history at Harvard whose areas of research were wide-ranging, he was deeply interested in the evolution of democracy in the United States. While Adams is best remembered for his autobiography The Education of Henry Adams (1907), for which he was posthumously awarded a Pulitzer prize, his nine-volume history of the United States during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison (1801–17), which was published 1889–91, has been hailed as one of the greatest historical works in English. Adams was an advocate of scientific history, and this monumental work adheres to its principles, considering social trends and circumstances rather than focusing on particular events. Volume 1 describes the first administration of Thomas Jefferson (1801–5).
History of the United States of America (1801–1817)
Authors: Adams Henry
Published: October 2011

Henry Adams (1838–1918), journalist, novelist, and historian, was the great-grandson of John Adams and grandson of John Quincy Adams, both presidents of the United States. A professor of medieval history at Harvard whose areas of research were wide-ranging, he was deeply interested in the evolution of democracy in the United States. While Adams is best remembered for his autobiography The Education of Henry Adams (1907), for which he was posthumously awarded a Pulitzer prize, his nine-volume history of the United States during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison (1801–17), which was published 1889–91, has been hailed as one of the greatest historical works in English. Adams was an advocate of scientific history, and this monumental work adheres to its principles, considering social trends and circumstances rather than focusing on particular events. Volume 3 describes the second administration of Thomas Jefferson (1805–9).
The History of Spiritualism
Authors: Doyle Arthur Conan
Published: October 2011

The Scottish writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) is best known for his creation of the character Sherlock Holmes. Trained as a medical doctor, Doyle - like many Victorian intellectuals - became fascinated by spiritualism and its promise of communication with the afterlife. Doyle was a firm believer in the movement, claiming as evidence 'sign[s] of a purposeful and organized invasion' from the spirit world. In 1926, towards the end of his life, he published this influential two-volume history. Volume 1 covers the background and origins of spiritualism, beginning with Swedenborg before turning to the 'supernatural' events in upstate New York in 1848 that are generally regarded as the beginning of modern spiritualism. It then focuses on key individuals including D. D. Home, and on scientific investigations of spiritualist phenomena. The History provides valuable insights into Victorian and early twentieth-century culture and the controversies generated by spiritualism at that time.
The Western World; or, Travels in the United States in 1846–47
Authors: Mackay Alexander
Published: October 2011

Scottish-born Alexander Mackay (1808–52) spent much of his career as a journalist in North America. He was in Britain working for the Morning Chronicle when, in January 1846, he set sail again for the United States, this time to report on the debates over the Oregon question, relating to British and American claims to territory in the Pacific North-West. He spent several months in Washington, D.C. before travelling around the country as far south as the Mississippi, and west to the Great Lakes. This three-volume work, published in 1849, uses his journey to frame a general account of 'the political system, the social life, and the material progress of the Union'. Mackay observed a vibrant and prosperous country, and his work captures the energy of these boom years. In Volume 1, Mackay describes New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and explains American society and the political and judiciary systems.
Pigs in Cyberspace: A Natural Experiment Testing Differences between Online and Offline Club‐Pig Auctions
Authors: Roe Brian E. , Wyszynski Timothy E. , Olimov Jafar M.
Published: October 2011

We find sale prices and net revenues received by sellers in the Midwestern club‐pig market are higher at traditional face‐to‐face auctions than at comparable Internet auctions. The comparison overcomes endogenous selection issues that commonly plague such analyses by using data from sellers that allocated pigs to both markets based on exogenous differences in dates between online and offline auctions. Auction theory suggests that the higher prices and net revenues from traditional auctions are attributable to remaining differences in auction format and buyer characteristics.
Distance-based differential analysis of gene curves
Authors: Minas Christopher , Waddell Simon J. , Montana Giovanni
Published: October 2011

Motivation: Time course gene expression experiments are performed to study time-varying changes in mRNA levels of thousands of genes. Statistical methods from functional data analysis (FDA) have recently gained popularity for modelling and exploring such time courses. Each temporal profile is treated as the realization of a smooth function of time, or curve, and the inferred curve becomes the basic unit of statistical analysis. The task of identifying genes with differential temporal profiles then consists of detecting statistically significant differences between curves, where such differences are commonly quantified by computing the area between the curves or the l2 distance.

Results: We propose a general test statistic for detecting differences between gene curves, which only depends on a suitably chosen distance measure between them. The test makes use of a distance-based variance decomposition and generalizes traditional MANOVA tests commonly used for vectorial observations. We also introduce the visual l2 distance, which is shown to capture shape-related differences in gene curves and is robust against time shifts, which would otherwise inflate the traditional l2 distance. Other shape-related distances, such as the curvature, may carry biological significance. We have assessed the comparative performance of the test on realistically simulated datasets and applied it to human immune cell responses to bacterial infection over time.

Availability: R scripts are freely available for download at http://www2.imperial.ac.uk/~gmontana/dbf.htm.

Contact:  g.montana@imperial.ac.uk

Supplementary Information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
FASTSP: linear time calculation of alignment accuracy
Authors: Mirarab Siavash , Warnow Tandy
Published: October 2011

Motivation: Multiple sequence alignment is a basic part of much biological research, including phylogeny estimation and protein structure and function prediction. Different alignments on the same set of unaligned sequences are often compared, sometimes in order to assess the accuracy of alignment methods or to infer a consensus alignment from a set of estimated alignments.

Three of the standard techniques for comparing alignments, Developer, Modeler and Total Column (TC) scores can be derived through calculations of the set of homologies that the alignments share. However, the brute-force technique for calculating this set is quadratic in the input size. The remaining standard technique, Cline Shift Score, inherently requires quadratic time.

Results: In this article, we prove that each of these scores can be computed in linear time, and we present FastSP, a linear-time algorithm for calculating these scores. Even on the largest alignments we explored (one with 50 000 sequences), FastSP completed <2 min and used at most 2 GB of the main memory. The best alternative is qscore, a method whose empirical running time is approximately the same as FastSP when given sufficient memory (at least 8 GB), but whose asymptotic running time has never been theoretically established. In addition, for comparisons of large alignments under lower memory conditions (at most 4 GB of main memory), qscore uses substantial memory (up to 10 GB for the datasets we studied), took more time and failed to analyze the largest datasets.

Availability: The open-source software and executables are available online at http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~phylo/software/fastsp/.

Contact:  tandy@cs.utexas.edu
Computational network analysis of the anatomical and genetic organizations in the mouse brain
Authors: Ji Shuiwang
Published: October 2011

Motivation: The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) generates high-level behavior and cognitive functions. Elucidating the anatomical and genetic organizations in the CNS is a key step toward understanding the functional brain circuitry. The CNS contains an enormous number of cell types, each with unique gene expression patterns. Therefore, it is of central importance to capture the spatial expression patterns in the brain. Currently, genome-wide atlas of spatial expression patterns in the mouse brain has been made available, and the data are in the form of aligned 3D data arrays. The sheer volume and complexity of these data pose significant challenges for efficient computational analysis.

Results: We employ data reduction and network modeling techniques to explore the anatomical and genetic organizations in the mouse brain. First, to reduce the volume of data, we propose to apply tensor factorization techniques to reduce the data volumes. This tensor formulation treats the stack of 3D volumes as a 4D data array, thereby preserving the mouse brain geometry. We then model the anatomical and genetic organizations as graphical models. To improve the robustness and efficiency of network modeling, we employ stable model selection and efficient sparsity-regularized formulation. Results on network modeling show that our efforts recover known interactions and predicts novel putative correlations.

Availability: The complete results are available at the project website: http://compbio.cs.odu.edu/mouse/

Contact:  sji@cs.odu.edu

Supplementary Information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Vibrio jasicida sp. nov., a member of the Harveyi clade, isolated from marine animals (packhorse lobster, abalone and Atlantic salmon)
Authors: Yoshizawa Susumu , Tsuruya Yasuhiro , Fukui Youhei , Sawabe Tomoo , Yokota Akira , Kogure Kazuhiro , Higgins Melissa , Carson Jeremy , Thompson Fabiano L.
Published: October 2011

Six isolates of a facultatively anaerobic bacterium were recovered in culture from marine invertebrates and vertebrates, including packhorse lobster (Jasus verreauxi), abalone (Haliotis sp.) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), between 1994 and 2002. The bacteria were Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile by means of more than one polar flagellum, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive and able to grow in the presence of 0.5–8.0 % NaCl (optimum 3.0–6.0 %) and at 10–37 °C (optimum 25–30 °C). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using five loci (2443 bp; gyrB, pyrH, ftsZ, mreB and gapA), the closest phylogenetic neighbours of strain TCFB 0772T were the type strains of

Vibrio communis

(99.8 and 94.6 % similarity, respectively),

Vibrio owensii

(99.8 and 94.1 %),

Vibrio natriegens

(99.4 and 88.8 %),

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

(99.4 and 90.3 %),

Vibrio rotiferianus

(99.2 and 94.4 %),

Vibrio alginolyticus

(99.1 and 89.3 %) and

Vibrio campbellii

(99.1 and 92.3 %). DNA–DNA hybridization confirmed that the six isolates constitute a unique taxon that is distinct from other known species of

Vibrio

. In addition, this taxon can be readily differentiated phenotypically from other

Vibrio

species. The six isolates therefore represent a novel species, for which the name Vibrio jasicida sp. nov. is proposed; the novel species is represented by the type strain TCFB 0772T ( = JCM 16453T  = LMG 25398T) (DNA G+C content 45.9 mol%) and reference strains TCFB 1977 ( = JCM 16454) and TCFB 1000 ( = JCM 16455).
Rhizobium

petrolearium sp. nov., isolated from oil-contaminated soil
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxia , Li Baoming , Wang Haisheng , Sui Xinhua , Ma Xiaotong , Hong Qing , Jiang Ruibo
Published: October 2011

Two Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria, designated strains SL-1T and F11, which had the ability to decompose polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were isolated from soil samples contaminated by oil. The cells were motile by polar or lateral flagella. According to comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strains SL-1T and F11 were identical and showed the greatest degree of similarity (96.8 %) to both

Rhizobium oryzae

Alt505T and

Rhizobium mesosinicum

CCBAU 25010T; however, only

Rhizobium oryzae

with SL-1T and F11 formed a separate clade. There were low similarities (<90 %) between the atpD and recA sequences of the two strains and those of the genus of

Rhizobium

. The bacteria grew at temperatures of 10–40 °C with an optimum of 30 °C. The pH range for growth was 6.0–10.0 and optimum pH was 7.0–8.0. Growth occurred at NaCl concentrations up to 3.0 % (w/v). They were catalase- and oxidase-positive. The main cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (18 : 1ω7c and/or 18 : 1ω6c) and 16 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 62.2 mol%. Strain SL-1T showed 29 and 0 % DNA–DNA relatedness, respectively, with the most related strains

R. oryzae

Alt505T and

R. mesosinicum

CCBAU 25010T according to phylogenic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. According to physiological and biochemical characteristics and genotypic data obtained in this work, the bacteria represent a novel species of the genus

Rhizobium

, and the name
Rhizobium

petrolearium is proposed. The type strain is SL-1T ( = ACCC 11238T = KCTC 23288T) and it could nodulate Medicago sativa in nodulation tests.
Chungangia koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment
Authors: Kim Wonyong , Traiwan Jitsopin , Park Mi-Hak , Jung Min Young , Oh Su-Jin , Yoon Jung-Hoon , Sukhoom Ampaitip
Published: October 2011

A Gram-staining-positive, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain, CAU 9163T, was isolated from marine sediment collected in the Republic of Korea and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. The novel strain grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 8.0. In phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain CAU 9163T formed a hitherto unknown lineage within the order

Bacillales

, which contains the genera

Planomicrobium

,

Planococcus

,

Sporosarcina

,

Rummeliibacillus

,

Viridibacillus

,

Lysinibacillus

and

Bacillus

. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the novel strain and any established bacterial species were all <95.7 %. The major isoprenoid quinines of strain CAU 9163T were MK-8 (65.2 %) and MK-7 (22.8 %) and the predominant fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0. The peptidoglycan was of the A4α type and based on l-Lys-d-Asp. The major whole-cell sugars were ribose and glucose. The polar lipid profile mainly consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified polar lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 44.3 mol%. These data were sufficient to differentiate the novel strain from established genera in the phylum

Firmicutes

. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic evidence, strain CAU 9163T represents a novel species in a new genus for which the name Chungangia koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Chungangia koreensis is 9163T ( = KCTC 13729T  = CCUG 59778T).
Phylogenetic analysis of

Xanthomonas

based on partial rpoB gene sequences and species differentiation by PCR-RFLP
Authors: Ferreira-Tonin Mariana , Rodrigues-Neto Júlio , Harakava Ricardo , Destéfano Suzete Aparecida Lanza
Published: October 2011

The rpoB gene was evaluated as an alternative molecular marker for the differentiation of

Xanthomonas

species and in order to understand better the phylogenetic relationships within the genus. PCR-RFLP experiments using HaeIII allowed differentiation of

Xanthomonas

species, particularly those that affect the same plant host such as

Xanthomonas albilineans

and

X. sacchari

, pathogenic to sugar cane,

Xanthomonas cucurbitae

and

X. melonis

, which cause disease in melon, and

Xanthomonas gardneri

,

X. vesicatoria

and

X. euvesicatoria

/

X. perforans

, pathogenic to tomato. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus

Xanthomonas

were also examined by comparing partial rpoB gene sequences (612 nt) and the

Xanthomonas

species were separated into two main groups. Group I, well supported by bootstrap values of 99 %, comprised

X. euvesicatoria

,

X. perforans

,

X. alfalfae

,

X. citri

,

X. dyei

,

X. axonopodis

,

X. oryzae

,

X. hortorum

,

X. bromi

,

X. vasicola

,

X. cynarae

,

X. gardneri

,

X. campestris

,

X. fragariae

,

X. arboricola

,

X. cassavae

,

X. cucurbitae

,

X. pisi

,

X. vesicatoria

,

X. codiaei

and

X. melonis

. Group II, again well supported by bootstrap values of 99 %, comprised

X. albilineans

,

X. sacchari

,

X. theicola

,

X. translucens

and

X. hyacinthi

. The rpoB gene sequence similarity observed among the species in this study ranged from 87.8 to 99.7 %. The results of PCR-RFLP of the rpoB gene indicated that this technique can be used for diagnosis and identification of most

Xanthomonas

strains, including closely related species within the genus. However, species that showed identical profiles could be differentiated clearly only by sequence analysis. The results obtained in our phylogenetic analysis suggested that the rpoB gene can be used as an alternative molecular marker for genetic relatedness in the genus

Xanthomonas

. The results of PCR-RFLP of the rpoB gene indicate that this technique can be used for diagnosis and identification of closely related species within the genus, representing a rapid and inexpensive tool that can be easily standardized between laboratories.
Mesonia ostreae sp. nov., isolated from seawater of an oyster farm, and emended description of the genus

Mesonia
Authors: Lee Soo-Young , Lee Mi-Hwa , Yoon Jung-Hoon
Published: October 2011

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding rod, designated T-y2T, was isolated from seawater of an oyster farm in the South Sea, Korea. Strain T-y2T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and with 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain T-y2T belonged to the genus

Mesonia

and exhibited 94.3–96.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strains of species of the genus

Mesonia

. The DNA G+C content of strain T-y2T was 42.1 mol%. Strain T-y2T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The only major phospholipid identified was phosphatidylethanolamine. The differential phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness of strain T-y2T revealed that it is distinguishable from recognized members of the genus

Mesonia

. On the basis of the data presented here, strain T-y2T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus

Mesonia

, for which the name Mesonia ostreae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T-y2T ( = KCTC 23500T = CCUG 60802T).