bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cul‐de‐sac Insufflation: An Easy Alternative Route for Safely Inducing Pneumoperitoneum
Authors: van Lith Dirk A. F. , van Schie Kees J. , Beekhuizen Willem , Plessis Marijke du
Published: January 2017

Since 1977, routine cul‐de‐sac insufflation to achieve a pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopy was performed on 350 women under local anesthesia. A van Schie/van Lith intrauterine tenaculum, used together with a self‐retaining Trelat speculum, guaranteed maximum stretching of the posterior vaginal fault and fixation of the anteflexed uterus necessary for an accurate 1‐cm deep penetration of a pneumoperitoneum needle into the cul‐de‐sac. The correct position of the tip of the needle was determined precisely by means of two manometers. The failure rate in the first study of 195 procedures was 3.6% and that in the following 155 cases was 1.9%. There were no serious operative complications. The authors recommend the cul‐de‐sac insufflation approach for inducing pneumoperitoneum as the technique of choice.
Quinacrine Hydrochloride Pellets: Preliminary Data on a Nonsurgical Method of Female Sterilization
Authors: Zipper Jaime , Cole Lynda Painter , Goldsmith Alfredo , Wheeler Robert , Rivera Mirtha
Published: January 2017

The efficacy of transcervical insertions of quinacrine hydrochloride pellets to produce tubal occlusion has been evaluated in a study of 139 women in Santiago, Chile. At one year, the pregnancy rate was 3.1%, an acceptable rate for a nonsurgical method of female sterilization.
Folate Status in Pregnant Chinese Women in Hong Kong
Authors: Tso S. C. , Wong R. L. C.
Published: January 2017

Hematologic and folate studies were carried out in 116 pregnant Chinese women in Hong Kong. Mean serum folate values fell progressively with pregnancy reaching subnormal levels during the puerperium. Mean red‐cell folate values remained normal or high throughout, but showed a significant fall after delivery in women who carried out breast‐feeding. Individually, 18 women showed hematologic abnormalities compatible with folate deficiency, but only four had subnormal red‐cell folate values satisfying the strict criterion of folate deficiency, giving an overall frequency of 3.4%. Compared to primigravidae and other multiparae, gravida 2 women appeared to be at highest risk of folate deficiency.
Phosphofructokinase‐P Modulates P44/42 MAPK Levels in HeLa Cells
Authors: Cardim Pires Thyago Rubens , Albanese Jamille Mansur , Schwab Michael , Marette André , Carvalho Renato Sampaio , Sola‐Penna Mauro , Zancan Patricia
Published: January 2017

It is known that interfering with glycolysis leads to profound modification of cancer cell proliferation. However, energy production is not the major reason for this correlation. Here, using HeLa cells as a model for cancer, we demonstrate that phosphofructokinase‐P (PFK‐P), which is overexpressed in diverse types of cancer including HeLa cells, modulates expression of P44/42 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). Silencing of PFK‐P did not alter HeLa cell viability or energy production, including the glycolytic rate. On the other hand, silencing of PFK‐P induced the downregulation of p44/42 MAPK, augmenting the sensitivity of HeLa cells to different drugs. Conversely, overexpression of PFK‐P promotes the upregulation of p44/42 MAPK, making the cells more resistant to the drugs. These results indicate that overexpression of PFK‐P by cancer cells is related to activation of survival pathways via upregulation of MAPK and suggest PFK‐P as a promising target for cancer therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1216–1226, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Cross‐Lagged Panel Study of Dissociation and Posttraumatic Stress in a Treatment‐Seeking Sample of Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Murphy Siobhan , Elklit Ask , Murphy Jamie , Hyland Philip , Shevlin Mark
Published: January 2017

Objective

The current prospective study assessed the temporal relations between dissociation and posttraumatic stress (PTS) in a sample of treatment‐seeking female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. PTS refers to symptoms associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the absence of a clinical diagnosis of PTSD.

Method

Initial assessment was on average 23 years after the onset of abuse (N = 405), and participants were followed‐up after 6 months (N = 245) and 12 months (N = 119).

Results

Findings indicated that dissociative experiences and PTS were highly correlated within each wave of data collection. Cross‐lagged panel analysis revealed that at each assessment period dissociative symptoms and PTS levels, respectively, were primarily explained by scores on the same variable at the previous assessment period. Although further reciprocal relations between dissociation and PTS were evident, these associations were relatively weak in magnitude.

Conclusion

Current results provide important insights into the temporal relations between dissociative symptoms and PTS. The high correlations between dissociative experiences and PTS several years after trauma exposure have important clinical implications that may affect their treatment and trauma recovery.
Exploring the role of pharmacists in private primary healthcare clinics in Malaysia: the views of general practitioners
Authors: Saw Pui San , Nissen Lisa , Freeman Christopher , Wong Pei Se , Mak Vivienne
Published: January 2017

Background

Private general practitioners (GPs) in Malaysia mainly operate solo practices with little interdisciplinary collaboration or co‐ordination with other healthcare providers which potentially fragments and limits patient care. Pharmacists as medication experts can contribute to the private primary care sector using their influence to ensure quality use of medicines.

Aim

To explore the views of private GPs in Malaysia on integration of pharmacists into private primary healthcare clinics.

Method

A combination of purposive and snowballing sampling was used to recruit private sector GPs to participate in focus groups and semi‐structured interviews in Malaysia. Sessions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed using NVivo 10.

Results

Thirteen private GPs participated in one focus group and ten semi‐structured interviews. Four major themes were identified: (i) poor understanding of pharmacists’ roles; (ii) readiness to accept pharmacists in private primary healthcare clinics; (iii) lack of confidence and trust in pharmacists; and (iv) perceived increased costs with pharmacist integration. Results indicated participants’ views and acceptance were largely influenced by the amount of exposure and experience they had working alongside pharmacists. Participants viewed a lack of confidence in pharmacists and increase in costs associated with an employed pharmacist within private primary healthcare clinics as barriers to integration.

Conclusion

Private GPs expressed reservations toward this new model due to the lack of understanding of pharmacists’ roles and responsibilities. There is a need for awareness among private GPs on pharmacists’ roles to improve their acceptance of the integration of pharmacists into private primary healthcare clinics in Malaysia.
Increased protein content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen‐fixing bacteria under water deficit conditions
Authors: Oliveira Rui S , Carvalho Patrícia , Marques Guilhermina , Ferreira Luís , Nunes Mafalda , Rocha Inês , Ma Ying , Carvalho Maria F , Vosátka Miroslav , Freitas Helena
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a widely cropped pulse and an important source of proteins for humans. In Mediterranean regions it is predicted that drought will reduce soil moisture and become a major issue in agricultural practice. Nitrogen (N)‐fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have the potential to improve plant growth and drought tolerance. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of N‐fixing bacteria and AM fungi on the growth, grain yield and protein content of chickpea under water deficit.

RESULTS

Plants inoculated with Mesorhizobium mediterraneum or Rhizophagus irregularis without water deficit and inoculated with M. mediterraneum under moderate water deficit had significant increases in biomass. Inoculation with microbial symbionts brought no benefits to chickpea under severe water deficit. However, under moderate water deficit grain crude protein was increased by 13%, 17% and 22% in plants inoculated with M. mediterraneum, R. irregularis and M. mediterraneum + R. irregularis, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Inoculation with N‐fixing bacteria and AM fungi has the potential to benefit agricultural production of chickpea under water deficit conditions and to contribute to increased grain protein content. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
“No Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Lithuania”: National Health Care Fails to Identify PTSD
Authors: Kazlauskas Evaldas , Zelviene Paulina , Eimontas Jonas
Published: January 2017

Lithuanian National Health Insurance (NHI) registry data from 2014 and 2015 were used to estimate the annual rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other stress‐related disorders in Lithuania. A large gap was found between 12‐month PTSD prevalence based on epidemiological data and annual PTSD rates based on health care service utilization in Lithuania. Estimations from the health care service's utilization data revealed that only about 0.01% to 0.02% of the population in Lithuania is diagnosed with PTSD annually, indicating that the national health care system identifies only about 1% of potential PTSD cases in Lithuania. The low rates of PTSD diagnoses in the health care system seem to indicate a lack of recognition of psychological trauma among general practitioners and mental health professionals in Lithuania. The lack of visibility of PTSD in the national health care system could be a major barrier to the treatment of PTSD in the country. The study indicates the importance of social factors, especially the recognition of trauma and PTSD, among health care professionals.
Simultaneous Determination of Four Triterpenoid Saponins in Aralia elata Leaves by HPLC‐ELSD Combined with Hierarchical Clustering Analysis
Authors: Sun Yichun , Li Baimei , Lin Xiaoting , Xue Juan , Wang Zhibin , Zhang Hongwei , Jiang Hai , Wang Qiuhong , Kuang Haixue
Published: January 2017

Introduction

Aralia elata leaves are known to have several biological activities, including anti‐arrythmia, antitumor, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐fatigue, antimicrobial and antiviral effects. Our previous study found that triterpenoid saponins from the leaves of A. elata had antitumor effects. Quantification of the triterpenoids is important for the quality control of A. elata leaves.

Objective

To establish high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC‐ELSD) for the simultaneous determination of four major triterpenoid saponins, including Aralia‐saponin IV, Aralia‐saponin VI, 3‐O‐β‐d‐ glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (Aralia‐saponin TTP)and Aralia‐saponin V.

Methodology

The separation was carried out on a Dikma Diamonsil C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) efficiently with gradient elution consisting of acetonitrile and water.

Results

All calibration curves showed good linear regression (R2 > 0.9996) within the ranges of tested concentrations. This validated method was applied to determine the contents of the four major triterpenoid saponins in 53 samples from different regions of northeast China. Hierarchical clustering analysis was first used to classify and differentiate Aralia elata leaves.

Conclusion

The method developed was successfully applied to analyse four major triterpenoid saponins in Aralia elata leaves which is helpful for quality control of the herb. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the curing process and thermal stability of phthalonitrile resin via novel mixed curing agents
Authors: Wu Zuoqiang , Han Jianhua , Li Nan , Weng Zhihuan , Wang Jinyan , Jian Xigao
Published: January 2017

High curing temperature (including post‐curing temperature) and long curing time of phthalonitrile resins make them thermally stable but difficult to process. In this paper, novel mixed curing agents (CuCl/4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) and ZnCl2/DDS) were firstly designed for solving these problems. Bisphenol‐based phthalonitrile monomer (BP‐Ph; melting point: 228–235 °C) was synthesized and used as the curing precursor. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that BP‐Ph cured with CuCl/DDS and ZnCl2/DDS exhibited curing temperatures close to the melting point of BP‐Ph with curing ending temperatures of 225.4 and 287.1 °C, respectively. Rheologic investigations demonstrated obvious curing reactions of BP‐Ph occurred with the mixed curing agents at 220 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that BP‐Ph cured by CuCl/DDS or ZnCl2/DDS maintained 95% mass at 573 or 546 °C, respectively, at a post‐curing temperature of 350 °C for 2 h. Reasonable long‐term thermo‐oxidative stability was also demonstrated. When the post‐curing temperature decreased to 290 °C, char yield at 800 °C of BP‐Ph cured by CuCl/DDS was 77.0%, suggesting the curing procedure can be milder when using mixed curing agents. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Substituent effect on structure, stability, and aromaticity of novel BnNmC20–(n+m) heterofullerenes
Authors: Koohi Maryam , Soleimani Amiri Somayeh , Haerizade Bibi Narjes
Published: January 2017

We are focusing our calculations on the structural stabilities and electronic properties of 26 novel BnNmC20–(n+m) heterofullerenes, with n, m = 1 − 5, at B3LYP/6‐311++G** and B3LYP/AUG‐cc‐pVTZ levels of theory. Vibrational frequency calculations on C20 and its analogues show that except B2N2C16 (1) and B2N2C16 (2), all other heterofullerenes are true minima. The heats of atomization energies, binding energy, band gaps (ΔEHOMO‐LUMO), aromaticity, nucleus‐independent chemical shifts, thermodynamic stability, kinetic stability against electronic excitation, binding energy as a stability criterion of different configurations, geometrical parameters, conformational structures, conductivity, charge transfer, and possibility for hydrogen storage of these heterofullerenes strongly depend on their number of heteroatoms, topology, filling patterns, and locations as well as “B‐site and N‐site attachments.” B5N5C10 contains 5 alternating boron and nitrogen atoms in the equatorial position. It is predicted to be thermodynamically and kinetically the most stable against electron excites. Thus, it is energetically favorable and its electronic properties as well as stabilities make it perhaps a good candidate for an experimental investigation and testing verification.
Peptide fibrils as monomer storage of the covalent HIV‐1 integrase inhibitor
Authors: Chandra Koushik , Das Priyadip , Metanis Norman , Friedler Assaf , Reches Meital
Published: January 2017

We have recently reported the covalent inhibition of HIV‐1 integrase by an N‐terminal succinimide‐modified lens epithelium‐derived growth factor (361–370) peptide. We also showed that this peptide is proteolytically stable. Here, we show that this inhibitor is stored as fibrils that serve as a stock for the inhibitory monomers. The fibrils increase the local concentration of the peptide at the target protein. When the monomers bind integrase, the equilibrium between the fibrils and their monomers shifts towards the formation of peptide monomers. The combination of fibril formation and subsequent proteolytic stability of the peptide may bring to new strategy for developing therapeutic agents. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wideband spectrum compressive sensing for frequency availability in LEO‐based mobile satellite systems
Authors: Li Feilong , Li Guangxia , Li Zhiqiang , Wang Yulin , Lu Chao
Published: January 2017

Availability of L/S frequency band is a critical requirement for global communication provided by a constellation of low Earth orbit satellites. This paper investigates the issue of low Earth orbit mobile satellite system frequency availability, where wideband compressed signal detection approach is utilized to obtain active user subbands and their locations which should be avoided during frequency allocation. Compressed sensing can be achieved by exploiting the sparsity of wideband signal spectrum, whose useful frequency support occupies only a small portion of the entirely wide spectrum. An estimate of the signal spectrum can be obtained by using reconstruction algorithms. We define two novel wideband spectrum compressed sensing methods based on discrete cosine transform and Walsh–Hadamard transform, briefly named DCT‐WSCS and WHT‐WSCS, which significantly improve the performance of spectrum recovery and signal detection compared with conventional discrete Fourier transform‐based compressed spectrum sensing method. Furthermore, with the help of inter‐satellite links, the scheme of multiple satellites cooperatively sensing with a final decision according to OR and MAJ fusion rules is proposed, which can bring diversity gains. Finally, in‐depth numerical simulations under a particular scenario demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme in the aspect of signal reconstruction precision, detection probability, and processing time. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor AZD4547 in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours: a Phase I study
Authors: Saka Hideo , Kitagawa Chiyoe , Kogure Yoshihito , Takahashi Yasuo , Fujikawa Koshi , Sagawa Tamotsu , Iwasa Satoru , Takahashi Naoki , Fukao Taro , Tchinou Catherine , Landers Dónal , Yamada Yasuhide
Published: January 2017

Background AZD4547 is a potent, oral, highly selective fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor in clinical development for treating tumours with a range of FGFR aberrations, including FGFR mutations, amplifications and fusions. Methods This open-label, Phase I, multicentre study (NCT01213160) evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary antitumour efficacy (RECIST v1.1) of AZD4547 monotherapy in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours. Part A was a dose-escalation part; Part B was a dose-expansion part in patients with FGFR-amplified tumours, confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results Thirty patients enrolled in Part A (dose range: 40 mg twice daily [bid] to 120 mg bid; 160 mg once daily [qd]), four in Part B (80 mg bid). No dose-limiting toxicities were observed and maximum tolerated dose was not determined. Most common adverse events (AEs; any grade) were: dysgeusia (50% of patients); stomatitis (41%); diarrhoea (38%); hyperphosphataemia (38%); dry mouth (35%). Common grade ≥3 AEs were nausea (12% of patients) and neutropenia (9%). No complete or partial responses were observed: 21/30 patients had stable disease ≥4 weeks in Part A, and 1/4 patients had stable disease ≥10 weeks in Part B. Following single and multiple dosing, absorption rate appeared moderate; peak plasma concentrations generally occurred 3–4 h post-dose, then declined biphasically with terminal half-life ~30 h. Steady state was reached by day 8. Compared with single dosing, plasma concentrations were, on average, 2.4- and 3.3- to 5.4-fold higher after qd and bid dosing, respectively. Conclusions AZD4547 was well tolerated in Japanese patients, with best response of stable disease ≥4 weeks.
Doing for others: Youth's contributing behaviors and psychological engagement in youth‐adult partnerships
Authors: Ramey Heather L. , Lawford Heather L. , Rose‐Krasnor Linda
Published: January 2017

Youth contributions to others (e.g., volunteering) have been connected to indicators of successful development, including self‐esteem, optimism, social support, and identity development. Youth‐adult partnerships, which involve youth and adults working together towards a shared goal in activity settings, such as youth‐serving agencies or recreation organizations, provide a unique opportunity for examining youth contributions. We examined associations between measures of youth's participation in youth‐adult partnerships (psychological engagement and degree of partnering) in activity settings and youth contributing behaviors, in two Canadian samples: (a) community‐involved youth (N = 153, mean age = 17.1 years, 65% female) and (b) undergraduates (N = 128, mean age = 20.1 years, 92.2% female). We found that degree of partnering and psychological engagement were related to each other yet independently predicted contributing behaviors. Our findings suggest that youth‐adult partnerships might be one potentially rich context for the promotion of youth's contributions to others.
Reliability and Validity of the Activity Participation Assessment for School-age Children in Korea
Authors: Kim Se-Yun , Yoo Eun-Young , Jung Min-Ye , Park Soo-Hyun , Lee Jae-Shin , Ji-Yeon Lee
Published: January 2017

Objective

This pilot study examined the internal consistency, test—retest reliability, construct validity, and discriminant validity of the Activity Participation Assessment (APA) for school-age children in Korea.

Methods

The construct validity of the APA was first established by factor analysis on the response of 134 nondisabled children. Internal consistency was evaluated for each of the factors. A test—retest study was conducted on 22 nondisabled children. Discriminant validity was established by comparing the participation of 56 nondisabled children and 56 children with intellectual disabilities and examining sex differences of 61 boys and 61 girls.

Results

Analysis of the APA revealed five factors, which were labeled as instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), sports and outdoor activities, hobbies and school activities, social activities, and personal care. The factors showed acceptable levels of internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .63–.89). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the five factors were all in the good range (ICC = .86–.92). We found statistically significant difference between nondisabled children and children with intellectual disabilities in five factors. We also found that girls participated in significantly more IADL, hobbies and school activities, and social activities. However, boys participated in significantly more sports and outdoor activities.

Conclusion

The APA shows good internal reliability, test—retest reliability, discriminant validity, and construct validity. However, evidence of psychometric properties was limited by a small sample size. Psychometric properties such as interrater reliability as well as concurrent validity and construct validity need to be tested using a larger sample size with representative demographics.
Pain and major depressive disorder: Associations with cognitive impairment as measured by the THINC-integrated tool (THINC-it)
Authors: Cha Danielle S. , Carmona Nicole E. , Mansur Rodrigo B. , Lee Yena , Park Hyun Jung , Rodrigues Nelson B. , Subramaniapillai Mehala , Rosenblat Joshua D. , Pan Zihang , Lee Jae Hon , Lee JungGoo , Almatham Fahad , Alageel Asem , Shekotikhina Margarita , Zhou Aileen J. , Rong Carola , Harrison John , McIntyre Roger S.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

To examine the role of pain on cognitive function in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods

Adults (18–65) with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual – Fifth Edition (DSM-5)-defined diagnosis of MDD experiencing a current major depressive episode (MDE) were enrolled (nMDD = 100). All subjects with MDD were matched in age, sex, and years of education to healthy controls (HC) (nHC = 100) for comparison. Cognitive function was assessed using the recently validated THINC-integrated tool (THINC-it), which comprises variants of the choice reaction time (i.e., THINC-it: Spotter), One-Back (i.e., THINC-it: Symbol Check), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (i.e., THINC-it: Codebreaker), Trail Making Test – Part B (i.e., THINC-it: Trails), as well as the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire for Depression – 5-item (i.e., THINC-it: PDQ-5-D). A global index of objective cognitive function was computed using objective measures from the THINC-it, while self-rated cognitive deficits were measured using the PDQ-5-D. Pain was measured using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Regression analyses evaluated the role of pain in predicting objective and subjective cognitive function.

Results

A significant between-group differences on the VAS was observed (p < 0.001), with individuals with MDD reporting higher pain severity as evidenced by higher scores on the VAS than HC. Significant interaction effects were observed between self -rated cognitive deficits and pain ratings (p < 0.001) on objective cognitive performance (after adjusting for MADRS total score), suggesting that pain moderates the association between self-rated and objective cognitive function.

Conclusions

Results indicated that pain is associated with increased self-rated and objective cognitive deficits in adults with MDD.

Implications

The study herein provides preliminary evidence demonstrating that adults with MDD reporting pain symptomatology and poorer subjective cognitive function is predictive of poorer objective cognitive performance. THINC-it is capable of detecting cognitive dysfunction amongst adults with MDD and pain.
Ingrouping, Outgrouping, and the Pragmatics of Peripheral Speech
Authors: HERBERT CASSIE , KUKLA REBECCA
Published: January 2017

Speech does not merely reflect social identity; it helps create it, by ingrouping and outgrouping individuals and establishing and clarifying community boundaries and norms of membership. We define a pragmatic category of community-specific speech that is used by and directed at community insiders. We focus on a species of community-specific speech that has flown under the philosophical radar, a type of speech we term peripheral speech: Peripheral speech is informal, typically playful, insider speech that includes inside jokes, riffs, gossip, insider references; it is loosely constrained, and only those who have skills and normative competence characteristic of a community can play along successfully. Peripheral speech is shared by a community, but also used to bring people into it and cast people out of it. We argue that entitlement to peripheral speech requires a type of speaker authority that is not granted by way of established rules and conventions, but rather settled locally and in situ.
Active Surveillance for Influenza Reduces but Does Not Eliminate Hospital Exposure to Patients With Influenza
Authors: Coleman Brenda L. , Ng Wil , Mahesh Vinaya , McGuire Maja , Hassan Kazi , Green Karen , McNeil Shelly , McGeer Allison J. , Katz Kevin
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE

To describe the frequency, characteristics, and exposure associated with influenza in hospitalized patients in a Toronto hospital

DESIGN/METHOD

Prospective data collected for consenting patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza and a retrospective review of infection control charts for roommates of cases over 3 influenza seasons

RESULTS

Of the 661 patients with influenza (age range: 1 week–103 years), 557 were placed on additional precautions upon admission. Of 104 with symptoms detected after admission, 57 cases were community onset and 47 were nosocomial (10 nosocomial were part of outbreaks). A total of 78 cases were detected after admission exposing 143 roommates. Among roommates tested for influenza after exposure, no roommates of community-onset cases and 2 of 16 roommates of nosocomial cases were diagnosed with influenza. Of 637 influenza-infected patients, 25% and 57% met influenza-like illness definitions from the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), respectively, and 70.3% met the Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee (PIDAC) febrile respiratory illness definition. Among the 56 patients with community-onset influenza detected after admission, only 13%, 23%, and 34%, met PHAC, CDC, and PIDAC classifications, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

In a setting with extensive screening and testing for influenza, 1 in 6 patients with influenza was not diagnosed until patients and healthcare workers had been exposed for >24 hours. Only 30% of patients with community-onset influenza detected after admission met the Ontario definition intended to identify cases, hampering efforts to prevent patient and healthcare worker exposures and reinforcing the need for prevention through vaccination.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:387–392
Holocene changes in flooding frequency in South Korea and their linkage to centennial-to-millennial-scale El Niño–Southern Oscillation activity
Authors: Lim Jaesoo , Lee Jin-Young , Hong Sei-Sun , Kim Ju-Yong , Yi Sangheon , Nahm Wook-Hyun
Published: January 2017

To trace past changes in flooding frequency, we investigated fluvial sediments in the middle reach of the Nakdong River, South Korea. Sediments with larger grain size, lower total organic carbon percentage, and depleted δ13C values in the recovered sediment cores were interpreted as periods of more frequent flooding. Patterns of decreased long-term flooding frequency and vegetation changes during the early to late Holocene were similar to the decreasing regional summer monsoon intensity. Multicentennial frequent flooding periods in the study area (2900–3400 cal yr BP, 3600–3900 cal yr BP, 4600–5300 cal yr BP, and 5800–6400 cal yr BP) corresponded to stronger El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity periods. Based on previous studies showing that high-frequency tropical typhoon-driven coastal inundation along the western coast of Japan during the middle to late Holocene was coupled with stronger ENSO activity, it is likely that the observed centennial-to-millennial-scale flood frequency change in South Korea was influenced mainly by changes in the genesis and tracks of tropical typhoons at centennial-to-millennial time scales. This suggests that the centennial-to-millennial-scale hydrologic changes in East Asia were linked to the remote atmospheric-oceanic circulation changes represented by an ENSO-like pattern.
Effects of whole-grain rye porridge with added inulin and wheat gluten on appetite, gut fermentation and postprandial glucose metabolism: a randomised, cross-over, breakfast study
Authors: Lee Isabella , Shi Lin , Webb Dominic-Luc , Hellström Per M. , Risérus Ulf , Landberg Rikard
Published: January 2017

Whole-grain rye foods reduce appetite, insulin and sometimes glucose responses. Increased gut fermentation and plant protein may mediate the effect. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether the appetite-suppressing effects of whole-grain rye porridge could be enhanced by replacing part of the rye with fermented dietary fibre and plant protein, and to explore the role of gut fermentation on appetite and metabolic responses over 8 h. We conducted a randomised, cross-over study using two rye porridges (40 and 55 g), three 40-g rye porridges with addition of inulin:gluten (9:3; 6:6; 3:9 g) and a refined wheat bread control (55 g), served as part of complete breakfasts. A standardised lunch and anad libitumdinner were served 4 and 8 h later, respectively. Appetite, breath hydrogen and methane, glucose, insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses were measured over 8 h. Twenty-one healthy men and women, aged 23–60 years, with BMI of 21–33 kg/m2participated in this study. Before lunch, the 55-g rye porridges lowered hunger by 20 % and desire to eat by 22 % and increased fullness by 29 % compared with wheat bread (P<0·05). Breath hydrogen increased proportionally to dietary fibre content (P<0·05). Plasma glucose after lunch was 6 % lower after the 55-g rye porridges compared with wheat bread (P<0·05) and correlated to breath hydrogen (P<0·001). No differences were observed inad libitumfood intake, insulin or GLP-1. We conclude that no further increase in satiety was observed when replacing part of the rye with inulin and gluten compared with plain rye porridges.
The Hausdorff Dimension is Convex on the Left Side of 1/4
Authors: Jaksztas Ludwik
Published: January 2017

Let d(c) denote the Hausdorff dimension of the Julia set Jc of the polynomial fc(z) = z2 +c. The function c ↦ d(c) is real-analytic on the interval (–3/4, 1/4), which is in the domain bounded by the main cardioid of the Mandelbrot set. We prove that the function d is convex close to 1/4 on the left side of it.
Successful obliteration of troublesome and chronically draining cavities
Authors: Geerse S , Ebbens F A , de Wolf M J F , van Spronsen E
Published: January 2017

Objective:

This study aimed to evaluate the results of revision radical cavity surgery with mastoid obliteration using a standardised grading scheme.

Methods:

A retrospective study was performed of 121 patients (122 ears) with chronically draining ears who underwent revision radical cavity surgery with mastoid obliteration between 2007 and 2013. Surgical indications, patient characteristics, pre- and post-operative Merchant grade, and surgical outcomes were recorded. The main outcome measures were presence of a dry ear, time for complete re-epithelialisation, presence of residual or recurrent disease, and need for revision surgery.

Results:

In the 5-year follow-up group (n = 31), dry ears were found in 97 per cent after 6 minor revisions and cholesteatoma-free ears were found in 97 per cent. In the total cohort, dry ears were found in 93 per cent after nine revisions and cholesteatoma-free ears were found in 98 per cent. The median time for complete re-epithelialisation was eight weeks. There were no major complications.

Conclusion:

In terms of the dry ear rate, residual cholesteatoma and time to complete epithelialisation, revision radical cavity surgery with mastoid obliteration produces very good results in concordance with published results, despite most patients suffering from very troublesome cavities prior to surgery.
Conceptual design of initial opacity experiments on the national ignition facility
Authors: Heeter R. F. , Bailey J. E. , Craxton R. S. , DeVolder B. G. , Dodd E. S. , Garcia E. M. , Huffman E. J. , Iglesias C. A. , King J. A. , Kline J. L. , Liedahl D. A. , McKenty P. W. , Opachich Y. P. , Rochau G. A. , Ross P. W. , Schneider M. B. , Sherrill M. E. , Wilson B. G. , Zhang R. , Perry T. S.
Published: January 2017

Accurate models of X-ray absorption and re-emission in partly stripped ions are necessary to calculate the structure of stars, the performance of hohlraums for inertial confinement fusion and many other systems in high-energy-density plasma physics. Despite theoretical progress, a persistent discrepancy exists with recent experiments at the Sandia Z facility studying iron in conditions characteristic of the solar radiative–convective transition region. The increased iron opacity measured at Z could help resolve a longstanding issue with the standard solar model, but requires a radical departure for opacity theory. To replicate the Z measurements, an opacity experiment has been designed for the National Facility (NIF). The design uses established techniques scaled to NIF. A laser-heated hohlraum will produce X-ray-heated uniform iron plasmas in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) at temperatures ${\geqslant}150$ eV and electron densities ${\geqslant}7\times 10^{21}~\text{cm}^{-3}$. The iron will be probed using continuum X-rays emitted in a ${\sim}200$ ps, ${\sim}200~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ diameter source from a 2 mm diameter polystyrene (CH) capsule implosion. In this design, $2/3$ of the NIF beams deliver 500 kJ to the ${\sim}6$ mm diameter hohlraum, and the remaining $1/3$ directly drive the CH capsule with 200 kJ. Calculations indicate this capsule backlighter should outshine the iron sample, delivering a point-projection transmission opacity measurement to a time-integrated X-ray spectrometer viewing down the hohlraum axis. Preliminary experiments to develop the backlighter and hohlraum are underway, informing simulated measurements to guide the final design.
Hawaiian
Authors: Parker Jones ʻŌiwi
Published: January 2017

Hawaiian belongs to the Eastern Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family and is indigenous to the islands of Hawaiʻi (see Pawley 1966, Marck 2000, Wilson 2012). Hawaiian is also an endangered language. Not only was the native population decimated after contact with foreigners and foreign diseases but the language itself came under attack after the occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893 (for more on Hawaiian history, see Coffman 2009, Sai 2011). Children were thereafter banned from speaking Hawaiian at school and indeed ‘physical punishment for using it could be harsh’ (Native Hawaiian Study Commission 1983: 196). In the decades that followed, Hawaiian was gradually replaced by an English-based creole (HCE or Hawaiʻi Creole English) for practically all Hawaiʻi-born children (Bikerton & Wilson 1987, also Sakoda & Siegel 2003). By the end of the 1970s, most surviving Hawaiian speakers were over 70 years old and fewer than 50 speakers were under the age of 18 (Kawaiʻaeʻa, Housman & Alencastre 2007).
Immune responses in mice vaccinated with a DNA vaccine expressing serine protease-like protein from the new-born larval stage ofTrichinella spiralis
Authors: XU JING , BAI XUE , WANG LI BO , SHI HAI NING , VAN DER GIESSEN JOKE W. B. , BOIREAU PASCAL , LIU MING YUAN , LIU XIAO LEI
Published: January 2017

Trichinella spiralisis a parasitic helminth that can infect almost all mammals, including humans.Trichinella spiralisinfection elicits a typical type 2 immune responses, while suppresses type 1 immune responses, which is in favour of their parasitism. DNA vaccines have been shown to be capable of eliciting balanced CD4+and CD8+T cell responses as well as humoral immune responses in small-animal models, which will be advantage to induce protective immune response against helminth infection. In this study, serine protease (Ts-NBLsp) was encoded by a cDNA fragment of new-bornT. spiralislarvae, and was inserted after CMV promoter to construct a DNA vaccine [pcDNA3·1(+)-Ts-NBLsp]. Ts-NBLsp expression was demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Sera samples were obtained from vaccinated mice, and they showed strong anti-Ts-NBLsp-specific IgG response. Mice immunized with the pcDNA3·1(+)-Ts-NBLsp DNA vaccine showed a 77·93% reduction in muscle larvae (ML) following challenge withT. spiralisML. Our results demonstrate that the vaccination with pcDNA3·1(+)-Ts-NBLsp plasmid promoted the balance of type 1 and 2 immune responses and produced a significant protection againstT. spiralisinfection in mice.
Picturing Nineteenth-Century Female Theatre Managers: the Iconology of Eliza Vestris and Sara Lane
Authors: Norwood Janice
Published: January 2017

Lucia Elizabeth Vestris (1797–1856) and Sara Lane (1822–99) were two pioneering women in nineteenth-century theatre history. Both were accomplished singers who made their names initially in comic and breeches roles and, during periods when theatrical management was almost exclusively confined to men, both ran successful theatre companies in London. Despite these parallels in their professional activities, there are substantial disparities in the scrutiny to which their personal lives were subjected and in how their contemporaries and posterity have memorialized them. In this article, Janice Norwood examines a range of portraits and cartoons of the two women, revealing how the images created and reflected the women's public identities, as well as recording changes in aesthetic practice and social attitudes. She argues that the women's iconology was fundamentally shaped by the contemporary discourse of gender difference. Janice Norwood is Senior Lecturer in English Literature, Drama, and Theatre Studies at the University of Hertfordshire. She has published on various aspects of nineteenth-century theatre history and edited a volume on Vestris for the Lives of Shakespearian Actors series (London: Pickering and Chatto, 2011).
Derivation and solution of effective medium equations for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells
Authors: RICHARDSON G. , PLEASE C. P. , STYLES V.
Published: January 2017

A drift-diffusion model for charge transport in an organic bulk heterojunction solar cell, formed by conjoined acceptor and donor materials sandwiched between two electrodes, is formulated. The model accounts for (i) bulk photogeneration of excitons, (ii) exciton drift and recombination, (iii) exciton dissociation (into polarons) on the acceptor–donor interface, (iv) polaron recombination, (v) polaron dissociation into a free electron (in the acceptor) and a hole (in the donor), (vi) electron/hole transport and (vii) electron–hole recombination on the acceptor–donor interface. A finite element method is employed to solve the model in a cell with a highly convoluted acceptor/donor interface. The solutions show that, with physically realistic parameters, and in the power generating regime, the solution varies little on the scale of the micro-structure. This motivates us to homogenise over the micro-structure; a process that yields a far simpler one-dimensionaleffective mediummodel on the cell scale. The comparison between the solution of the full model and the effective medium (homogenised) model is very favourable for applied voltages less than the built-in voltage (the power generating regime) but breaks down as the applied voltages increases above it. Furthermore, it is noted that the homogenisation technique provides a systematic way to relate effective medium modelling of bulk heterojunctions [19, 25, 36, 37, 42, 59] to a more fundamental approach that explicitly models the full micro-structure [8, 38, 39, 58] and that it allows the parameters in the effective medium model to be derived in terms of the geometry of the micro-structure. Finally, the effective medium model is used to investigate the effects of modifying the micro-structure geometry, of a device with an interdigitated acceptor/donor interface, on its current–voltage curve.
Musical and Literary Networks in the Weekly Critical Review, Paris, 1903–1904
Authors: Watt Paul
Published: January 2017

Published in 1903 and 1904 the Weekly Critical Review was a typical ‘little magazine’: it was produced on a shoestring with a small readership, with big editorial ambition. Its uniqueness lay in its claim to be a literary tribute to the entente cordiale (and it enjoyed the imprimatur of King Edward VII), but more importantly, it was a bilingual journal, which was rare at the time even for a little magazine. The Weekly Critical Review aimed to produce high-quality criticism and employed at least a dozen high-profile English and French writers and literary critics including Rémy de Gourmont (1858–1915), Arthur Symons (1865–1945) and H.G. Wells (1866–1946). It also published articles and musical news by four leading music critics: English critics Alfred Kalisch (1863–1933), Ernest Newman (1868–1959) and John F. Runciman (1866–1916) and the American James Huneker (1857–1921).

Why did these critics write for the Weekly Critical Review? What did the articles in the WCR reveal about Anglo-French relations, about the aspirations of the English and French music critics who wrote for it, and about the scholarly style of journalism it published – a style that was also characteristic of many other little magazines? And in what ways were those who wrote for it connected? As a case study, I examine the ways in which Ernest Newman’s literary and musical networks brought him into contact with the journal and examine the style of criticism he sought to promote.
Where less may be more: how the rare biosphere pulls ecosystems strings
Authors: Jousset Alexandre , Bienhold Christina , Chatzinotas Antonis , Gallien Laure , Gobet Angélique , Kurm Viola , Küsel Kirsten , Rillig Matthias C , Rivett Damian W , Salles Joana F , van der Heijden Marcel G A , Youssef Noha H , Zhang Xiaowei , Wei Zhong , Hol W H Gera
Published: January 2017

Rare species are increasingly recognized as crucial, yet vulnerable components of Earth’s ecosystems. This is also true for microbial communities, which are typically composed of a high number of relatively rare species. Recent studies have demonstrated that rare species can have an over-proportional role in biogeochemical cycles and may be a hidden driver of microbiome function. In this review, we provide an ecological overview of the rare microbial biosphere, including causes of rarity and the impacts of rare species on ecosystem functioning. We discuss how rare species can have a preponderant role for local biodiversity and species turnover with rarity potentially bound to phylogenetically conserved features. Rare microbes may therefore be overlooked keystone species regulating the functioning of host-associated, terrestrial and aquatic environments. We conclude this review with recommendations to guide scientists interested in investigating this rapidly emerging research area.
The fitness costs and trade-off shapes associated with the exclusion of nine antibiotics by OmpF porin channels
Authors: Phan Katherine , Ferenci Thomas
Published: January 2017

The trade-off relationship between antibiotic exclusion and nutrient access across the Gram-negative outer membrane is determined by structural constraints in porin channels. The precise nutritional cost of exclusion is unknown for different antibiotics, as are the shapes of the nutrition-susceptibility trade-off. Using a library of 10 engineered isogenic Escherichia coli strains with structural modifications of OmpF porin expressed at a constant level, susceptibilities were measured for nine antibiotics and the nutritional fitness costs estimated by competitions in chemostats. Different antibiotics exhibited a remarkably varied range of geometries in the nutrition-susceptibility trade-off, including convex, concave and sigmoidal trade-off shapes. The trade-off patterns predict the possibility of adaptations in contributing to antibiotic resistance; exclusion of amoxicillin or trimethoprim in ompF mutants can occur with little loss of fitness whereas kanamycin and streptomycin exclusion has a high cost. Some individual OmpF changes even allow positive correlations (trade-ups), resulting in increased fitness and decreased susceptibility specifically to cephalexin or ciprofloxacin. The surprising plasticity of the nutrition-exclusion relationship means that there are no generalisable rules that apply to decreasing susceptibility for all antibiotics. The protein changes are exquisitely specific in determining nutritional fitness and adaptive outcomes in a structural constraint trade-off.
Dopaminergic dynamics underlying sex-specific cocaine reward
Authors: Calipari Erin S. , Juarez Barbara , Morel Carole , Walker Deena M. , Cahill Michael E. , Ribeiro Efrain , Roman-Ortiz Ciorana , Ramakrishnan Charu , Deisseroth Karl , Han Ming-Hu , Nestler Eric J
Published: January 2017

Although both males and females become addicted to cocaine, females transition to addiction faster and experience greater difficulties remaining abstinent. We demonstrate an oestrous cycle-dependent mechanism controlling increased cocaine reward in females. During oestrus, ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neuron activity is enhanced and drives post translational modifications at the dopamine transporter (DAT) to increase the ability of cocaine to inhibit its function, an effect mediated by estradiol. Female mice conditioned to associate cocaine with contextual cues during oestrus have enhanced mesolimbic responses to these cues in the absence of drug. Using chemogenetic approaches, we increase VTA activity to mechanistically link oestrous cycle-dependent enhancement of VTA firing to enhanced cocaine affinity at DAT and subsequent reward processing. These data have implications for sexual dimorphism in addiction vulnerability and define a mechanism by which cellular activity results in protein alterations that contribute to dysfunctional learning and reward processing.