bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refining cottonseed oil at high rates of shear
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Vicknair E. J. , Lovegren N. V.
Published: July 2007

Ten crude cottonseed oils obtained from different areas in the South and Southwest were refined with and without the use of high‐shear agitation in the step involving the initial mixing of the crude oil and caustic soda solution. In each instance the use of high shear produced a lower color in the refined oil. The improvement with some oils was not marked because they either refined very well by the ordinary method or failed for some unexplained reason to respond readily to high‐shear mixing. However a good proportion of the oils which were quite dark after refining by the ordinary method refined to a much lighter oil when high shear was used.

It was established that in high shear refining the color of the refined oil decreased as the temperature at which high shear was used decreased, the time at high shear increased, and the rate at which shear was applied increased. However an increase in the latter above a certain value had no effect. Also it was found that the color of the refined oil decreased as the amount and strength of the caustic soda solution increased.

Absorption spectra of some of the processed oils indicated that high shear was more effective than ordinary mixing in removing from an oil the gossypol‐like and carotenoid color bodies.
Beef tallow in shortening preparations
Authors: Morris S. G. , Magidman P. , Luddy F. E. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: July 2007

Experimental shortenings were prepared from various mixtures of tallow and cottonseed oil. Three series of shortenings were produced by somewhat different procedures: a) mixtures of tallow and cottonseed oil were hydrogenated and then catalytically rearranged; b) mixtures of hydrogenated tallow and cottonseed oil were rearranged; and c) mixtures of hydrogenated tallow and cottonseed oil were rearranged in the presence of 0.43% glycerine.

Certain combinations and treatments of tallow and cottonseed oil produced shortenings which compared reasonably well with standard vegetable shortenings.
Correlation of gas liquid chromatographie volatiles with flavor intensity scores of stored sunflower oils
Authors: Morrison W. H. , Lyon B. G. , Robertson J. A.
Published: July 2007

Samples of sunflower salad oil from seed produced in the northern United States containing butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tert‐butylhydroquinone and propyl gallate were stored in flintglass and amber bottles in the presence and absence of light for 16 wk. Using Dupuy's direct gas liquid chromatography method, correlations were made between pentane and flavor intensity scores and total volatiles and flavor intensity scores as well as flavor intensity values (FIV). Samples stored in clear bottles exposed to light had higher scores and pentane content than those stored in amber bottles or in the dark. Peroxide values were highest for samples stored in amber bottles. High correlation was found between flavor intensity scores and pentane and between pentane and FIV for rancid and painty flavor descriptors. Indications from the chemical and sensory data suggested that the addition of antioxidants had little effect on flavor scores when the oil was stored in the absence of light.
High resolution glass capillary columns with chemically bonded stationary phases: application to the gas chromatographic analysis of sterols and steroids in biological extracts
Authors: Madani C. , Chambaz E. M.
Published: July 2007

A new approach has been developed for the preparation of highly stable glass capillary columns using irreversible bonding of polysiloxane polymers to the glass surface. The general procedure involves (a) synthesis of reactive linear polysiloxanes from variously (alkyl, aryl) substituted dichlorosilanes through homologous or heterologous polymerization under alcaline aqueous conditions, and (b) covalent condensation of the polymers to a properly prepared glass capillary surface at high temperature. The principle has been first applied to the successful preparation of apolar gas chromatographic systems (methylpolysiloxanes), then extended to the obtention of polar systems (methyl phenyl polysiloxanes). The flexibility of the approach is demonstrated by the possibility of obtaining stationary phases of various and controlled polarity (i.e., extent of phenyl substitution), tailor‐made to a given analytical problem. These gas Chromatographic systems appear to be remarkably stable both with time and temperature up to 300 C and compare favorably to existing systems for their high resolution properties. These columns have been satisfactorily used in the last years for the analysis of sterols and steroids of biological origin and most extensively in the study of urinary steroid metabolite in humans under pathological conditions.
Surface active properties of a biosurfactant fromCorynebacterium lepus
Authors: Cooper D. G. , Zajic J. E. , Denis C.
Published: July 2007

A mixture of corynomycolic acids (R1‐CH(OH)‐CH(R2)‐COOH) isolated fromCorynebacterium lepus was shown to have excellent surfactant properties. It caused significant lowering of surface tension in aqueous solution and the interfacial tension between water and hexadecane at all values of pH between 2 and 10. A series of carboxylic acids and some hydroxy‐carboxylic acids and alcohols were also studied as a comparison. None of these caused as large a lowering of the surface and interfacial tensions as the corynomycolic acids. The series of carboxylic acids studied showed that surfactant properties depend on the length of the alkyl chain and the pH of the solution in a manner consistent with the hydrophiliclipophilic balance of these compounds. Hydroxyl substituents caused considerable enhancement of the surfactant properties of long chain carboxylic acids if they were located close to the carboxyl function.
The influence of zeolite type A on metal concentrations in water and waste water
Authors: Obeng L. A. , Carrondo M. J. T. , Perry R. , Lester J. N.
Published: July 2007

Investigations were made to determine the removals of calcium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc from water and waste water samples by different concentrations of zeolite type A and with zeolite type A forms where sodium had been partially exchanged for calcium. Metal concentrations were determined after a range of different treatments such as filtration, sedimentation in columns and centrifugation.

The results indicated that the rate of removal of calcium hardness from samples was a function of the calcium hardness present in the samples. High concentrations of zeolite removed all the metals except chromium from water, but only lead, zinc and cadmium from synthetic waste water samples. In water samples containing cadmium, nickel, copper and zinc, an increase in the calcium exchanged for sodium in the zeolite resulted in a decrease in the percentage of nickel removed from suspension on mixing. At lower environmental concentrations, zeolite type A had no effect on the removal of metals from raw waste water samples.
Chemical and physical effects of processing fats and oils
Authors: Mounts T. L.
Published: July 2007

Soybean oil is processed for a variety of food uses, salad/cooking oil, margarine and shortening. Crude soybean oil is composed mainly of triglycerides but also contains measurable amounts of minor constituents that may have beneficial or detrimental effects on oil characteristics. The nature of these minor constituents, the role they play in oil stability or deterioration and their fate during processing are subjects of this review. Iodine value, fatty acid composition, solid fat index and congeal point are chemical and physical characteristics of oil that are affected by the hydrogenation process. Techniques and effects of degumming, alkali refining, bleaching, hydrogenation, winterization and deodorization are discussed. Utilization or disposal of by‐products or wastes from each processing step is reviewed.
The Impact of Government on the Detergent Industry in the 1980s
Authors: Brenner T. E.
Published: July 2007

As the result of several major legislative actions during the 1970s, broad regulatory authority has been granted to a number of relatively new federal agencies. The degree to which this authority is exercised can have profound impact on both the manufacturers of finished detergent products and their raw material suppliers. In many instances, the direction and intensity of these regulatory ini‐tiatives have not yet come into focus. But it is apparent that the in‐dustry must develop an on‐going dialog with such agencies as the EPA, the CPSC and the Departments of Energy and Transportation to assure that its views are properly understood. In addition, con‐tinuing liaison is required with older agencies, such as the FDA and the FTC. This paper will review recent regulations issued under the Toxic Substances Control Act and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act as they apply to the detergent industry. Current and future activities of the CPSC, FDA and FTC also will be discussed. Often overlooked in an analysis of regulatory and legislative impact is the growing role of the states. Recent experiences in this regard will be described, which will be followed by a discussion of poten‐tial future developments at the state level.
Constraints on the disposal of detergent manufacturing waste
Authors: Wendt R. H.
Published: July 2007

The needs of the detergent industry in the 1980s will require the management of many new regulatory and environmental concerns. The rules and regulations on waste disposal are changing rapidly and are likely to have an ever increasing impact on manufacturing processes. An understanding of the current constraints in disposal of waste will minimize the cost and future problems in this aspect of detergent manufacture. In a broader sense, the detergent industry needs to be continually aware of the concerns within governmental agencies, to be informed on proposed regulations that address these concerns and to provide input into the regulatory process. The detergent industry needs to help regulatory agencies resolve their concerns in such a way that restrictions and costs are minimized.
Phenyloctadecanol and surface‐active derivatives
Authors: Smith F. D. , Stirton A. J. , NuɁez‐Ponzoa M. V.
Published: July 2007

Phenyloctadecanol from the Friedel‐Crafts reaction, like phenylstearic acid, is a viscous oil and a mixture of several position isomers. Gasliquid chromatography of the acetophenone homologs formed by CrO3 oxidation showed it to be a mixture of 13 position homologs, with substitution of the phenyl group at carbon atoms 5–17. A crystalline 17‐phenyloctadecanol was isolated. Reaction of oily phenyloctadecanol with dioxane‐SO3 sulfated the primary alcohol group to give sodium phenyloctadecyl sulfate CH3 (CH2)xCH (C6H5) (CH2)y CH2OSO3Na, where x + y = 15. Reaction of phenyloctadecanol with 2.4 moles of SO3 gave an impure p‐sulfophenyloctadecyl sulfate, hydrolyzed to sodium p‐sulfophenyloctadecanol CH3(CH2)xCH (p‐Cin6) H4SO3Na) (CH2)yCH2OH, and sulfated again with dioxane‐SO3 to disodium p‐sulfophenyl‐octadecyl sulfate CH3(CH2)xCH(p‐C6H4SO3Na) (CH2)yCH2OSO3Na. Foam, detergency, and other surface‐active properties were compared with those of the p‐sulfo anda‐sulfo derivatives of oily phenylstearic acid.
Oil composition ofCucurbita
Authors: Bemis W. P. , Berry J. W. , Kennedy M. J. , Woods D. , Moran M. , Deutschman A. J.
Published: July 2007

The entire range of fatty acid composition is found for seeds of self‐pollinated fruit from 22 individual plants representing 17 named species ofCucurbita. It appears that some varieties merit interest as a source of drying oil and edible oils. Xerophytes that are genetically related have similar types of unsaturation and molecular‐weight distribution.
Naturally occurring epoxy acids. IV. The absolute optical configuration of vernolic acid
Authors: Morris L. J. , Wharry D. M.
Published: July 2007

Vernolic acid [(+)‐cis‐12,13‐epoxyleic acid] was transformed by stereospecific reactions to a mixture ofthreo‐9,10,12‐andthreo‐9,10,13‐trihydroxyoctadecanols. The four components of this mixture were separately isolated by chromatography on thin layers impregnated with glycol‐complexing agents. The 9,10,12‐trihydroxyoctadecanols so obtained were identical to the corresponding derivatives of D‐(+)‐ricinoleic acid, thereby proving the absolute optical configuration of the epoxy group of vernolic acid to be D. As a corollary to this the absolute configurations of some other oxygenated fatty acids have been deduced.
Isolation of methylcis, cis‐5, 13‐docosadienoate fromLimnanthes douglasii oil
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Dollear F. G. , Sumrell Gene
Published: July 2007

Methylcis,cis‐5,13‐docosadienoate has been isolated from the mixed methyl esters of the fatty acid moiety ofLimnanthes douglasii oil by a combination of low temperature fractional crystallization and fractionation of mercuric acetate adducts. The methyl ester and its free acid have been characterized.
trans Fatty acids in milkfat
Authors: Deman L. , Deman J. M.
Published: July 2007

Milkfat is extremely complex, with ca. 500 different fatty acids reported in the triglycerides. Seasonal feed variation results in higher unsaturated fatty acid levels in summer than in winter. Rumen microbes hydrogenate unsaturated feed lipids to yield a mixture of geometrical and positional isomers which are transmitted to the milk. Total isolatedtrans fatty acids in milkfat reported in the literature range from 2 to 11% with maximal values in summer and minimal values in winter. A study was undertaken about the use of AOCS Method Cd 14‐61 for the determination of isolatedtrans levels in milkfat. The triglycerides of milkfat were analyzed using trielaidin as a standard and milkfat methyl esters were analyzed using methyl elaidate as a standard. Corrections were made, for the loss of the methyl esters of the short‐chain fatty acids. The apparent levels oftrans found by using the triglycerides were considerably higher than by using the methyl esters. Infrared spectra of pure triglycerides of saturated fatty acids showed measurable absorption at 10.36 μm, whereas methyl esters of saturated andcis unsaturated fatty acids did not.
Preparation of colorless sunflower protein products: Effect of processing on physicochemical and nutritional properties
Authors: Bau H. M. , Mohtadi‐Nia D. J. , Mejean L. , Debry G.
Published: July 2007

A comparison was made of the different technological treatments for the preparation of colorless sunflower protein products from the viewpoint of the effect of processing conditions on the extraction yield of nitrogen and lipid, chemical, physicochemical and nutritional properties of the processed products. The technological treatments comprised soaking dehulled seeds in dilute citric acid or sodium bisulfite solution and washing the defatted meal with the respective solution. The defatting process was carried out with hexane or azeotrope (hexane/ethanol). Nitrogen and lipid recovery was slightly greater for hexane defatted products than for azeotrope defatted products. About 21.4% of the phenolic compounds of the sunflower seeds were bound to the proteins of the seeds before processing and therefore could not be eliminated by the aqueous extraction. Aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds was limited for full fat seed. The free phenolic compounds were very stable in acid medium but sensitive to oxidation in alkaline medium and had no significant effect on in vitro enzymatic proteolysis and growth inhibition of rats. Lysine and the bound phenolic compounds were the critical factors responsible for inhibition of enzymatic proteolysis and reduced growth of rats. The diet containing whole seed meal presented a low protein efficiency ratio (PER) value. Citric acid, a chelating agent, proved to be an antioxidant as effective as sodium bisulfite; the products obtained by citric acid treatment had a visually whiter color than those processed by sodium bisulfite.
An intelligent washing machine for the evaluation of laundry detergents
Authors: Trowbridge J. R.
Published: July 2007

A computer‐controlled washer can be programmed to evaluate automatically a large number of washing compositions for soil removal. Variable amounts of as many as six different detergent components are added with metering pumps. A continuous roll of soiled cloth passes through a washer and past a reflectance meter onto a take‐up reel. Washing action is provided by a vertical reciprocating shaft attached to a plate which rubs on the fabric while tension is maintained by a spring‐loaded roller. The length of the wash, number of rinses and addition of components is controlled by the computer program. Upon completion of the wash and rinse cycle, the fabric is advanced about 10 cm. Washed areas appear as lighter colored bands on the fabric. In one mode of operation a large factorial experiment is programmed in advance. After an initial calibration of metering pumps the apparatus runs unattended. In another mode, the computer receives feedback from the reflectance meter and a simplex procedure is used to determine the direction of maximum cleaning. Following the execution of a small number of initially programmed washes, the computer selects the succeeding wash compositions.
How to choose cationics for fabric softeners
Authors: Ackerman Jeannene A.
Published: July 2007

The choice of a cationic fabric softener for rinse, wash and dryer cycle applications is based upon an understanding of the physical and performance differences of the softeners. These differences are primarily governed by composition of fatty alkyl groups rather than differences in chemical types. In general, the more saturated alkyl fatty groups make softeners more difficult to handle and disperse but are the best for softening fabric. Unsaturation improves handling, rewet, and ease of formulation.
Comparison of radiolytic compounds from saturated and unsaturated triglycerides and fatty acids
Authors: Vajdi M. , Nawar W. W. , Merritt C.
Published: July 2007

Formation of certain radiolysis products from palmitic acid, oleic acid, tripalmitin and triolein has provided a means for comparing the radiolytic effects in saturated and unsaturated triglycerides and fatty acids. These substances were chosen to represent the major constituents of fat found in beef. Fractionation and concentration of radiolytic compounds from the irradiated samples was accomplished by the means of size exclusion chromatography. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed using a combined GC/MS computer system. In addition to the primary radiolytic compounds, recombination products of relatively high molecular weight and various propanediol diesters from the corresponding glyceryl moities were identified. Quantitative analyses indicated a greater yield of various radiolytic compounds from free fatty acids than from the corresponding triglycerides. Similarly, radiolytic compounds were produced in greater quantities from the saturated fats than the unsaturated fats. Most of the radiolytic compounds identified in this study have not been previously reported.
Studies on characterization and variation in triglyceride fatty acids from punt/us sarana body lipids
Authors: Mitra R. , Dua R. D.
Published: July 2007

Body lipids of P. sarana of four different sizes were fractionated into phospholipids, neutral lipids, nonsaponifiables, total fatty acids, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acid fractions. Percentage composition of each fraction was determined. The triglyceride fatty acids were identified by thin layer and gas liquid chromatography. C8 to C23 fatty acids including both odd numbered and branched chain acids were detected. The major constituents were C14, C15, C16, C16:1, C18 C18:1, C18:2, C18:3; forty‐three other acids were detected in lower proportions. Composition of each fatty acids and their variation with size have been discussed.tP. sarana body lipids in general showed a behavior typical of fresh water fish by having a higher percentage of saturated C16 and unsaturated C18 acids and a lower percentage of unsaturated C20 acid.
The Determination of alkene sulfonates in olefin sulfonates by ozone titration
Authors: Mcclure J. D.
Published: July 2007

A simple and rapid method is described for the deter mination of alkene‐1‐sulfonates in α‐olefin sulfonates (AOS). AOS are primarily mixtures (detergent range) of sodium salts of alkene‐1‐sulfonates (mixture of double bond position isomers) and hydroxyalkane‐1‐sulfonates plus small amounts of disulfonates in a 30‐40% aqueous solution. The analysis consists of titrating the sample in 98% acetic acid‐2% water solution with a stream of ozone to an indicator endpoint (Rouge Organol B.S.) which is detected photometrically. In tests with model compounds, a long carbon chain alkene‐1‐sulfonate, sodium hexadecene‐1‐sulfonate, and a 1‐alkene‐1‐sulfonate, sodium 1‐propene‐l‐sulfonate, were quantitatively determined with no interference from a hydroxyalkane‐1‐sulfonate, sodium hydroxytetradecane‐1‐sulfonate. In contrast, an alternative method of determining unsaturation, Brown hydrogenation, does not quickly and quantitatively determine 1‐alkene‐1‐sulfonates.
Triglyceride characteristics of cocoa butter from cacao fruit matured in a microclimate of elevated temperature
Authors: Lehrian D. W. , Keeney P. G. , Butler D. R.
Published: July 2007

Generally, the melting characteristic of cocoa butter is relatively constant. However, softer than normal butter is sometimes encountered. In Brazil the occurrence of soft butter has been correlated with mean daily temperature during the cropping season. The temperature effect was, therefore, studied more fully by positioning heat lamps near fruit of cacao to create a microclimate of elevated temperature during the most active period of lipid biosynthesis. As determined by differential scanning calorimetry, cocoa butter from these fruits, contained more solid fat at 16 C, and 20 C and 24 C than butter from control fruit matured in a normally lower temperature climate. The temperature effect on softness was in accordance with differences found in triglyceride types. S2U and SU2 triglycerides from heat‐exposed samples were 88.5% and 8.9%, respectively, compared to 79.3% and 18.3% for cocoa butter from control fruit. Additional evidence of differences due to growth temperature was obtained by analysis of triglyceride fractions separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography.
Spectrophotometric studies of rice bran oil and mustard oil mixtures: I
Authors: Jha J. S.
Published: July 2007

Visible spectra between 520\s‐700 nm of unbleached mustard oil, rice bran oil and their 10 mixtures are reported. Mustard oil shows its characteristic band at 671.5 nm, and rice bran oil shows two characteristic bands at 550 and 564 nm and a contour centered at about 656 nm. The 564 nm band starts emerging in mixtures even by the 5% presence of rice bran oil and takes its well resolved shape at higher ratios. The 671.5 nm mustard oil band shows uniform hypsochromic shift up to 40% of rice bran oil, and at higher concentrations this shifting becomes irregular. An approximate estimation of rice bran oil adulteration in mustard oil can be made by observing the shifted position of 671.5 nm band.
Surface active betaines as protective agents against denaturation of an enzyme by alkyl sulfate detergents
Authors: Ernst R.
Published: July 2007

A homologous series of higher alkyl sulfate surfactants inactivate β‐fructofuranosidase (invertase) at levels coinciding with their critical micelle concentrations. It was possible to renature the enzyme by passing it through an anion exchange column. This inactivation was prevented by surface active betaines present at equimolar or higher concentrations than those of the anionics. Effective surfactant betaines include those with carboxylate, sulfonate, or phosphate radicals in their zwitterions. Betaines lacking surface active properties did not prevent denaturation indicating that the effects are due to comicellization. Studies with enzymes may point to appropriate anionic/zwitterionic surfactant ratios in solubilization procedures or detergent applications where biological properties must be preserved and anionic surfactants are required as components.
Fatty acid amides and anilides, syntheses and antimicrobial properties
Authors: Bistline {jrJr.} R. G. , Maurer E. W. , Smith F. D. , Linfield W. M.
Published: July 2007

A series of fatty acid amides anilides was prepared and a number of compounds in the series were found to be highly active against gram positive bacteria but ineffective against gram negative organisms. The N,N‐dimethyl‐ and N,N‐diethylamides of C12‐C14 fatty acids had minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 100 ppm or less. Substituted anilides of C6‐C11 fatty acids were active when the following groups were attached to the aromatic ring: 3,4‐dichloro, 3‐nitro, 4‐nitro, 5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy, 4‐chloro‐3‐nitro, and 2‐hydroxy‐5‐nitro. Some of these compounds had a MIC value of 0.1 ppm. Significantly, the presence of soap did not reduce the activity of these bacteriostats, whereas polysorbate 80 at high concentrations deactivated the compounds.
Typhoid Intestinal Perforations: Twenty‐six Year Experience
Authors: Atamanalp S. Selcuk , Aydinli Bulent , Ozturk Gurkan , Oren Durkaya , Basoglu Mahmut , Yildirgan M. Ilhan
Published: July 2007

Background

Typhoid fever (TF) is a severe febrile illness caused by Salmonella typhi. One of the most lethal complications of TF is ileal perforation (TIP). Although the mortality of associated with TIP has decreased slightly over the past decade, it is still high.

Methods and Results

The records of the 82 surgically treated patients with TIP were evaluated retrospectively. There were 64 men with the mean age of 36.3 years (range: 7–68 years). In surgical treatment, debridement with primary closure was performed in 32 patients (39.0%), and wedge resection with primary closure was performed in 9 (11. 0%), resection with primary anastomosis in 9 (11.0%), and resection with ileostomy in 32 (39.0%). The most common postoperative complication was wound infection, which occurred in 24 patients (29.3%). The overall morbidity was highest in the ileostomy group. The overall mortality was 11.0% (9 patients). Age, gender, number, and localization of the perforations (p > 0.05) were not found to affect mortality, but prolonged preoperative period (p < 0.001), extended peritoneal contamination (p < 0.01), and ileostomy procedure (p < 0.001) were found to influence the increase in mortality.

Conclusions

Early and appropriate surgical intervention with effective preoperative and postoperative care may improve survival in TIP.
Economics and the Laparoscopic Surgery Learning Curve: Comparison with Open Surgery for Rectosigmoid Cancer
Authors: Park Jun‐Seok , Kang Sung‐Bum , Kim Sung‐Wook , Cheon Gui‐Neum
Published: July 2007

Background

Wide‐ranging costs of laparoscopic surgery (LAP) are associated with variations in the experience levels of surgeons. There is no available report on the changes of economic outcomes relative to the LAP learning curve in the treatment of colorectal cancer. In the present study, we have compared changes in economic outcomes according to the LAP learning curve with the economic outcomes of open surgery (OS) for rectosigmoid cancer.

Methods

A total of 197 patients with rectosigmoid cancer were included in this analysis; 116 received LAP and 81 received OS. Scatter of operative times demonstrated an early learning period of 37 cases in LAP. The following outcomes were compared between LAP and OS during the early learning period and experienced periods; operating room (OR) costs, OR‐related hospital profit, total hospital charge, and patient payment. During the median interval of two periods according to the laparoscopic surgery learning curve, there was an inflation rate of about 10% on the medical charges such as operation, radiology, laboratory, and admission fee.

Results

Operating room costs were significantly higher after LAP during the two periods, but the median difference between LAP and OS decreased during the experienced period ($3,055 to $1,850). With increasing operative experience in LAP, the OR‐related hospital deficit improved (−$1,072 to−$840). Total hospital charges were significantly higher for LAP than for OS in the early learning period (p < 0.05), but they were similar in the experienced period ($7,983/patient versus $7,045/patient, p > 0.05). During the experienced period, patients paid a lower surcharge for LAP ($1,885–$1,118).

Conclusions

Total hospital charges for laparoscopic surgery were substantially higher than those of open surgery during the early learning period, but become similar during the experienced period. The shortening of the learning period is a critical factor for achieving cost‐effective laparoscopic surgery.
Natural history of the respiratory involvement in Anderson–Fabry disease
Authors: Magage S. , Lubanda J.‐C. , Susa Z. , Bultas J. , Karetová D. , Dobrovolný R. , Hřebíček M. , Germain D. P. , Linhart A.
Published: July 2007

Background:

Anderson–Fabry disease (AFD) is an X‐linked disorder caused by deficient activity of enzyme α‐galactosidase A, resulting in the accumulation of glycosphingolipids within lysosomes. Pulmonary involvement in AFD has previously been documented, but until now has been studied only in a few series of patients without any longitudinal follow‐up. The aim of this study was to compare spirometric changes in AFD patients with a matched control population and to follow the subsequent progression of the disease.

Materials and methods:

Fifty individuals (27 women, 23 men, mean age 40±14 years) with AFD from 14 families underwent a static spirometric examination under standard conditions. A set of indices was compared with that of the control population. Out of this cohort, 39 individuals not receiving enzyme replacement therapy were longitudinally evaluated (median follow‐up time 24 months).

Results:

A clinically significant reduction in spirometric parameters, corresponding to mild to severe airway obstruction, was observed in 26% of women and 61% of men. During the serial follow‐up, a significant (p<0.05) age‐dependent reduction of predicted %FVC and %FEV1 values was observed in male patients, while the influence of age was not seen in female patients. The %FEF25–75 values decreased by similar degrees in men and women and in older and younger patients, indicating that progressive bronchial disease affects the small airways first.

Conclusions:

We have demonstrated a clinically relevant age‐ and sex‐dependent progressive pulmonary involvement in AFD patients. The effects of enzyme replacement therapy on pulmonary involvement remain to be demonstrated.
Cystic fibrosis: Benefits and clinical outcome
Authors: McKay K. O.
Published: July 2007

Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common life‐limiting recessive genetic condition in the caucasian population, via NBS is now occurring in many regions of the world. There is evidence that newborn screening (NBS) for CF may prevent malnutrition in infants with pancreatic‐insufficient CF and may have an impact upon later growth and development. Progression of lung disease in CF is the major determinant of quality of life and of survival. There is no clear evidence of an advantage for those diagnosed by NBS programmes in terms of the progression of lung disease as measured by lung function. Some studies show better preservation of lung function, while others fail to show such an outcome. This is also true for respiratory infections and acquisition of the most significant respiratory pathogen in CF—Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There is, however, evidence that an advantage may be accrued by early diagnosis made possible by NBS in terms of lung disease as measured by pulmonary imaging. Those diagnosed via NBS have an apparent advantage in terms of a reduction in the number and duration of hospitalizations, particularly in infancy, as well as the need for antibiotic usage. There is also evidence from a number of sources for a lifetime survival advantage for those with CF diagnosed via NBS programmes, with the most significant advantage being for survival during infancy.
Introducing new screens: Why are we all doing different things?
Authors: Pollitt R. J.
Published: July 2007

The disease panels covered by newborn blood spot screening vary greatly from country to country. There are different interpretations of the Wilson and Jungner principles and of underlying data in the scientific literature, and great disparities between the value judgements applied in screening and in routine clinical practice.
Modeling the Management of a Flexor Sheath Ganglion
Authors: Xu Ping , Lan Ling , McCabe Steven J
Published: July 2007

Introduction

In a published cost analysis of the management of flexor sheath ganglia, it was found that two attempts at aspiration, followed by surgical removal for those who failed, was the least costly alternative. We used this report as a template to create a model of the management that could be used in decision analysis.

Method

Using the published cohort study as a guide, a decision tree and Markov model of the management of flexor sheath ganglia were created.

Results

When compared to the results of a large cohort of patients reported in the literature, we accurately modeled the management of flexor sheath ganglia using both approaches.

Discussion

Creating a model of the management of a disease provides the opportunity to understand and explore questions efficiently and inexpensively. Many disorders of the upper extremity have commonality in their management, making the modeling approach attractive and potentially very valuable. This simple example illustrates two common methods used and is important because it builds confidence in the method by accurately modeling actual clinical experience.
Oleoyl‐Estrone Treatment to Late Pregnant and Mid‐Lactating Rats Affects the Expression of Lipid Metabolism Genes
Authors: García‐Peláez Beatriz , Vilà Ruth , Remesar Xavier
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine whether OE treatment affects the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism under two physiological conditions: late pregnancy and mid‐lactation, both characterized by lipid mobilization. Samples of periovarian and retroperitoneal adipose tissue from 21‐day pregnant or 15‐day lactating dams were used. The expression of LPL, FATP1, FABP4, HSL, ACC1, FAS, PEPCK, GLUT4, PDK4, SREBP1c, adiponutrin and leptin, were compared with their expression in virgin rats. In pregnant rats, FABP4, HSL, PEPCK and PDK4 were over expressed in the periovarian site compared to virgin rats, whereas adiponutrin, FAS, GLUT4 and SREBP1c were underexpressed; the retroperitoneal fat depot showed a similar pattern but ACC1 and leptin were also underexpressed. OE treatment caused a generalized decrease in gene expression in both adipose depots. In lactating dams, the gene expression profile at the periovarian depot was similar to that observed in pregnant rats. OE treatment mimicked the trend observed in pregnant rats, although the intensity of the gene expression changes was lower. After OE treatment, the retroperitoneal adipose depot showed a completely different pattern since the values were close to those of virgin rats. These results corroborate that OE effects in adipose tissue, lowering lipids and depressing their metabolism, already described under other physiological situations, can be also found in late pregnancy and lactation.
Use optimization of natural antioxidants in refined, bleached, and deodorized palm olein during repeated deep‐fat frying using response surface methodology
Authors: Jaswir Irwandi , Che Man Yaakob B.
Published: July 2007

An optimization study on the use of oleoresin rosemary extract, sage extract, and citric acid added into refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm olein in deep‐fat frying of potato chips was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that oleoresin rosemary extract was the most important factor affecting the sensory acceptability of potato chips. For taste and odor, its effects were highly significant (P<0.01), while for crispiness and overall acceptability, the effects were significant (P<0.05). As for sage extract, the level of this antioxidant had a highly significant (P<0.01) effect on appearance and taste and a significant effect (P<0.05) on odor and overall acceptability, but had no effect on crispiness. Although there was no significant synergistic correlation between citric acid and oleoresin rosemary extract or sage extract at the first order, its second order was significantly (P<0.05) related to taste, crispiness, and overall acceptability. An interaction between oleoresin rosemary and sage extracts also significantly (P<0.05) improved the score of overall acceptability of the potato chips. Contour maps of the sensory scores of potato chips indicated that the optimal points for appearance were achieved using 0.062% oleoresin rosemary extract, 0.066% sage extract, and 0.023% citric acid, while optimal task was achieved with 0.063% oleoresin rosemary extract, 0.075% sage extract, and 0.025% citric acid. With the same sequence of ingredients added into oil, the combinations required to achieve the optimal odor, crispiness, and overall acceptability scores were 0.058‐0.046‐0.026, 0.060‐0.071‐0.022, and 0.060‐0.064‐0.026%, respectively.
Signals generating anorexia during acute illness
Authors: Langhans Wolfgang
Published: July 2007

Anorexia is part of the body's acute-phase response to illness. Microbial products such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are also commonly used to model acute illness, trigger the acute-phase response and cause anorexia mainly through pro-inflammatory cytokines. LPS stimulate cytokine production through the cell-surface structural molecule CD14 and toll-like receptor-4. Cytokines ultimately change neural activity in brain areas controlling food intake and energy balance. The blood–brain barrier endothelial cells (BBB EC) are an important site of cytokine action in this context. BBB EC and perivascular cells (microglia and macrophages) form a complex regulatory interface that modulates neuronal activity by the release of messengers (e.g. PG, NO) in response to peripheral challenges. Serotonergic neurons originating in the raphe nuclei and glucagon-like peptide-1-expressing neurons in the hindbrain may be among the targets of these messengers, because serotonin (5-HT), acting through the 5-HT2Creceptor, and glucagon-like peptide-1 have recently emerged as neurochemical mediators of LPS anorexia. The central melanocortin system, which is a downstream target of serotonergic neurons, also appears to be involved in mediation of LPS anorexia. Interestingly, LPS also reduce orexin expression and the activity of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area of fasted mice. As the eating-stimulatory properties of orexin are apparently related to arousal, the inhibitory effect of LPS on orexin neurons might be involved in LPS-induced inactivity and anorexia. In summary, the immune signalling pathways of LPS-induced, and presumably acute illness-induced, anorexia converge on central neural signalling systems that control food intake and energy balance in healthy individuals.
Duality of the distance to closed operator ideals
Authors: Tylli Hans-Olav
Published: July 2007

Special operator-ideal approximation properties (APs) of Banach spaces are employed to solve the problem of whether the distance functions S ↦ dist(S*, I(F*, E*)) and S ↦ dist(S, I*(E, F)) are uniformly comparable in each space L(E, F) of bounded linear operators. Here, I*(E, F) = {S ∈ L(E, F) : S* ∈ I(F*, E*)} stands for the adjoint ideal of the closed operator ideal I for Banach spaces E and F. Counterexamples are obtained for many classical surjective or injective Banach operator ideals I by solving two resulting ‘asymmetry’ problems for these operator-ideal APs.
Positive solutions for non-homogeneous semilinear elliptic equations with data that changes sign
Authors: Dai Qiuyi , Gu Yonggeng
Published: July 2007

Let Ω ⊂ RN be a bounded domain. We consider the nonlinear problem

and prove that the existence of positive solutions of the above nonlinear problem is closely related to the existence of non-negative solutions of the following linear problem:
.

In particular, if p > (N + 2)/(N − 2), then the existence of positive solutions of nonlinear problem is equivalent to the existence of non-negative solutions of the linear problem (for more details, we refer to theorems 1.2 and 1.3 in § 1 of this paper).
Stationary solutions to a nonlinear Schrödinger equation with potential in one dimension
Authors: Mariş Mihai
Published: July 2007

We study the one-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii-Schrödinger equation with a potential U moving at velocity v. For a fixed v less than the sound velocity, it is proved that there exist two time-independent solutions if the potential is not too big.
New characterizations of Lorentz spaces
Authors: Opic Bohumír
Published: July 2007

We derive new formulae that provide equivalent quasi-norms on Lorentz spaces.
The initial–boundary-value problem for real viscous heat-conducting flow with shear viscosity
Authors: Wang Dehua
Published: July 2007

An initial–boundary-value problem for the nonlinear equations of real compressible viscous heat-conducting flow with general large initial data is investigated. The main point is to study the real flow for which the pressure and internal energy have nonlinear dependence on temperature, unlike the linear dependence for ideal flow, and the viscosity coefficients and heat conductivity are also functions of density and/or temperature. The shear viscosity is also presented. The existence, uniqueness and regularity of global solutions are established with large initial data in H1. It is shown that there is no shock wave, vacuum, mass concentration, or heat concentration (hot spots) developed in a finite time, although the solutions have large oscillations.
Stability of some unilateral free-discontinuity problems in two-dimensional domains
Authors: Ebobisse François , Ponsiglione Marcello
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this paper is to study the stability of some unilateral free-discontinuity problems in two-dimensional domains, with the density of the volume part having p-growth, with 1 < p < ∞, under perturbations of the discontinuity sets in the Hausdorff metric.
Phragmén–Lindelöf theorems in slabs for some systems of non-hyperbolic second-order quasi-linear equations
Authors: Lancaster Kirk
Published: July 2007

Suppose f = (f1, …, fm) is a solution of a non-hyperbolic quasi-linear system of the form

with fk = φk on ∂Ω, where each fi is a bounded function in C2(Ω) ∩ C0(Ω̄). For a system of equations that can have a slightly more general form than above, when Ω is an unbounded open subset of a slab SM and

as |X| → ∞ in a specified manner and when certain other conditions are satisfied, a Phragmèn–Lindelöf theorem that yields the limits at infinity of the functions fk(X), k = 1, …, m, is proven.
Rank-one convexity implies quasi-convexity on certain hypersurfaces
Authors: Chaudhuri Nirmalendu , Müller Stefan
Published: July 2007

We show that, if f : M2×2 → R is rank-one convex on the hyperboloid is the set of 2 × 2 real symmetric matrices, then f can be approximated by quasi-convex functions on M2×2 uniformly on compact subsets of . Equivalently, every gradient Young measure supported on a compact subset of is a laminate.
On p-adic valuations of L(1) of elliptic curves with CM by √-3
Authors: Qiu Derong
Published: July 2007

For positive rational integers λ, we study the Hecke L-series attached to elliptic curves y2 = x3 − 2433Dλ over the quadratic field Q(√−3) and obtain various bounds of p(= 2, 3)-adic valuations of their values at s = 1 according to the cases of D and λ. In particular, for the case of even λ, we obtain a criterion of reaching the bounds of 3-adic valuations. From this, combining with the work of Coates and Wiles and Rubin, we obtain some results about the conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer of these curves.
An elliptic boundary problem involving a semi-definite weight
Authors: Faierman M.
Published: July 2007

We consider an elliptic boundary problem defined in a bounded region Ω ⊂ Rn and where the spectral parameter is multiplied by a weight function ω(x). We suppose that ω(x) ≠ 0 for x ∈ Ω, but vanishes in a specified manner on the boundary of Ω. Under limited smoothness assumptions, we derive results pertaining to existence and uniqueness of and a priori estimates for solutions of the boundary problem. If S(λ) denotes the operator pencil induced in L2(Ω) by the boundary problem with zero boundary conditions, then results are also derived pertaining to the spectral properties of S(λ).
Closed characteristics of second-order Lagrangians
Authors: Kalies W. D. , VanderVorst R. C. A. M.
Published: July 2007

We study the existence of closed characteristics on three-dimensional energy manifolds of second-order Lagrangian systems. These manifolds are always non-compact, connected and not necessarily of contact type. Using the specific geometry of these manifolds, we prove that the number of closed characteristics on a prescribed energy manifold is bounded below by its second Betti number, which is easily computable from the Lagrangian.
Uniqueness and exact multiplicity of solutions for a class of fourth-order semilinear problems
Authors: Korman Philip
Published: July 2007

Using techniques of bifurcation theory, we give exact multiplicity and uniqueness results for the fourth-order Dirichlet problem, which describes deflection of an elastic beam, subjected to a nonlinear force, and clamped at the end points. The crucial part of this approach was to show positivity of non-trivial solutions of the corresponding linearized problem.
Indices defined by interpolation scales and applications
Authors: Fernández-Cabrera Luz M. , Cobos Fernando , Hernández Francisco L. , Sánchez Víctor M.
Published: July 2007

We study inclusion indices relative to an interpolation scale. Applications are given to several families of functions spaces.
Structure of positive boundary blow-up solutions
Authors: Guo Zongming
Published: July 2007

The structure of positive boundary blow-up solutions to semilinear problems of the form −Δu = λf(u) in Ω, u = ∞ on ∂Ω, Ω ⊂ RN a bounded smooth domain, is studied for a class of nonlinearities f ∈ C1 ([0, ∞)\{z2}) satisfying f (0) = f(z1) = f (z2) = 0 with 0 < z1 < z2, f < 0 in (0, z1)∪(z2, ∞), f > 0 in (z1, z2). Two positive boundary-layer solutions and infinitely many positive spike-layer solutions are obtained for λ sufficiently large.
Global well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the equations of a one-dimensional viscous heat-conducting gas with Lebesgue initial data
Authors: Jiang Song , Zlotnik Alexander
Published: July 2007

We study the Cauchy problem for the one-dimensional equations of a viscous heat-conducting gas in the Lagrangian mass coordinates with the initial data in the Lebesgue spaces. We prove the existence, the uniqueness and the Lipschitz continuous dependence on the initial data of global weak solutions.
On the surjectivity of Hankel convolution operators on Beurling-type distribution spaces
Authors: Belhadj M. , Betancor J. J.
Published: July 2007

In this paper we consider Beurling-type distributions in the Hankel setting. The Hankel transform and Hankel convolution are studied on Beurling-type distributions. We also introduce a class of ultra-differential operators that allows us to show a Hankel version of the second structure theorem of Komatsu and Braun. Necessary and sufficient conditions are established in order that a Beurling distribution generates a surjective Hankel convolution operator.
Boundary flow for the minimal surfaces in Rn with Plateau boundary condition
Authors: Chang Kung-Ching , Liu Jia-Quan
Published: July 2007

We introduce the notion of the boundary flow for minimal surfaces in Rn with Plateau boundary condition and establish the global existence and uniqueness of the flow as well as the continuous dependence on the initial data.