bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF CONJUGATED (E,Z)‐ AND (Z,Z)‐ALKADIENES BY A PALLADIUMCATALYZED CROSS‐COUPLING REACTION OF 1‐ALKENYLBORANES WITH 1‐ALKENYL BROMIDES
Authors: MIYAURA N. , SIGINOME H. , SUZUKI A.
Published: April 2016

In Gegenwart von Pd‐Komplexen erfolgt die Kondensation zwischen den Alkenylboranen (I) und den Vinylbromiden (II) zu den Dienen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTIONS OF TRIFLUOROMETHYL AND TRICHLOROMETHYL RADICALS WITH CONJUGATED AND METHYLENE‐INTERRUPTED DIENES AND ENYNES
Authors: EL SOUENI A. , TEDDER J. M. , WALTON J. C.
Published: April 2016

Die photochemische Addition von Trifluormethyliodid (II) an Butadien (I) und Vinylacetylen (IV) liefert vorwiegend 1,4‐Addukte (III) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL SYNTHETIC METHOD FOR Γ‐ACETOXY‐(E)‐α,β‐UNSATURATED ESTERS BY THE PALLADIUM‐CATALYZED REGIO‐ AND STEREOSELECTIVE ACETOXYLATION OF β,Γ‐UNSATURATED ESTERS
Authors: TSUJI J. , SAKAI K. , NAGASHIMA H. , SHIMIZU I.
Published: April 2016

βgy‐Ungesättigte Carbonsäureester (I) liefern in Gegenwart von Pd(II)‐Salzen mit Acetat‐Ionen die α‐Acetoxy‐aJS‐ungesättigten Carbonsäureester (II).
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOLYTIC DISPLACEMENT AT CARBON. VII. REGIOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF S‐ALLYL‐N,N‐DIMETHYLSULFONAMIDES FROM ALLYLCOBALOXIMES AND THE ADDITION OF N,N‐DIMETHYLSULFAMOYL CHLORIDE TO TERMINAL OLEFINS
Authors: BOUGEARD P. , JOHNSON M. D.
Published: April 2016

Die unsymmetrischen Allyl‐bis‐(dimethylglyoximato)‐pyridin‐cobalt(III)‐Komplexe (I) reagieren mit Dimethylsulfamoylchlorid′ (II) regiospezifisch zu umgelagerten S‐Allyl‐N,N‐dimethylsuIfonamiden (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CIS‐1,2‐CYCLOBUTANEDIAMINES BY PHOTOSENSITIZED CYCLOADDITION OF 1,3‐DIACETYL‐4‐IMIDAZOLIN‐2‐ONES TO OLEFINS
Authors: SCHOLZ K.‐H. , HINZ J. , HEINE H.‐G. , HARTMANN W.
Published: April 2016

Die durch Photo‐Addition von Ethylen bzw. Propylen an das Imidazolinon (I) erhältlichen Diazabicycloheptanone (II) bzw. (Va)/ (VIa) werden unter milden Bedingungen zu den Imidazolidinonen (III) bzw. (Vb)/ (VIb) [Chromatographie des Gemischs an Silicagel liefert reines (Vb)], von starker Kalilauge im Au toklaven aber zu den Cyclobutandiaminen (IV) bzw. (VII)/(VIII) hydrolysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: MULTISTEP REDOX SYSTEMS. XXVIII. A BUTATRIENE AND A (4)RADIALENE WITH CROSS‐CONJUGATED DOUBLE BONDS AS TERMINAL GROUPS; SYNTHESIS AND VOLTAMMETRY
Authors: HAGENBRUCH B. , HESSE K. , HUENIG S. + , KLUG G.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Dienon (I) wird über das Trien (II) das Butatrienderivat (III) dargestellt, das sich sowohl zweistufig reduzieren als auch zweistufig oxidieren läßt (Gleichstrom‐, Wechselstrom‐ und cyclische Polarographie) und das sich in seinem Redoxverhalten kaum von dem analogen Butadien unterscheidet.
ChemInform Abstract: REGIOSPECIFICITY IN THE DIELS‐ALDER REACTIONS OF AN ENEDIONE
Authors: DANISHEFSKY S. , KAHN M.
Published: April 2016

Das Dien (II) addiert sich an das bicyclische En‐dion (I) zu dem Addukt (III), das unter den im Formelschema angegebenen Bedingungen die Abbauprodukte (IV) und (V) bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYHYDROXYAMINES VIA DIELS‐ALDER SYNTHESIS WITH NITROSO COMPOUNDS. VI. SYNTHESIS OF INOSAMINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: KRESZE G. , DITTEL W. , MELZER H.
Published: April 2016

Die aus den Komponenten (Ia) bzw. (Ib) und (II) erhältlichen Diels‐Alder‐Addukte (III) bzw. (VIIa)+(VIIb) lassen sich auf den angegebenen Wegen in die Inosaminderivate (VI) bzw. (Xa), (Xb) überführen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF HEXA‐N,O‐ACETYL‐DL‐HYDROXYVALIDAMINE
Authors: OGAWA S. , CHIDA N. , SUAMI T.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend vom Trisacetoxybrommethylbromcyclohexan (I) wird das Aminohydroxymethyltetrahydroxy‐ cyclohexan (II) in einer siebenstufigen Synthese als Hexaacetat dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: OPTICALLY ACTIVE TRICARBONYL(CYCLOHEXADIENYL)IRON(1+) SALTS: SYNTHETIC EQUIVALENTS TO SPATIALLY DIRECTED ORGANIC CATIONS
Authors: BIRCH A. J. , STEPHENSON G. R.
Published: April 2016

Der Eisencarbonyl‐Cyclohexadien‐Komplex (I), dessen Herstellung beschrieben wird, wird über die Zwischenstufe (II) alkyliert und dann mit Pyridiniumchlorchromat (PCC) zum Cyclohexenon (IV) oxidativ gespalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PYROLYSIS OF HOMOADAMANT‐3‐ENE
Authors: KLEBACH T. C. , JONES M. JUN. , KOVACIC P.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Pyrolyse des Acetohomoadamantans (I) entstehen die Folgeprodukte (II)‐(IV) in den angegebenen Ausbeuten.
ChemInform Abstract: BISANNULATION REACTION: A SINGLE STEP SYNTHESIS OF ENDO‐2‐ETHOXYCARBONYL‐EXO‐2‐CYANO‐3,3‐DIMETHYLBICYCLO(2,2,2)OCTAN‐5‐ONE AND ENDO‐2‐ETHOXYCARBONYL‐EXO‐2‐CYANO‐1,3,3‐TRIMETHYLBICYCLO(2,2,2)OCTAN‐5‐ONE
Authors: NARULA A. S. , BIRCH A. J.
Published: April 2016

Stereospezifische Additionsreaktionen des Isopropyliden‐cyanoessigsäureesters (II) an die Diene (I) zu den Derivaten (III) werden diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE INTRAMOLECULAR (4+2)Π CYCLOADDITIONS OF (3‐ALKENYL)CYCLOPENTADIENES
Authors: SNOWDEN R. L.
Published: April 2016

Das Methyl‐cyclopentadien (I) wird über das entsprechende Anion zu (II) substituiert und dieses bei der Thermolyse in die Polycyclen (III) und (IV) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF A TETRA‐T‐BUTYLETHYLENE DERIVATIVE OBTAINED FROM A PROPELLANIC CARBENOID
Authors: WARNER P. , CHANG S.‐C. , POWDELL D. R. , JACOBSON R. A.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Behandlung mit Methyllithium erhält man aus dem Dibrom‐cyclopropan (I) die Folgeprodukte (III)‐(VI).
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐PHENYL‐3‐(TRIFLUOROMETHANESULFONYL)PROPADIENE
Authors: HANACK M. , MASSA F. W.
Published: April 2016

Phenylpropargylbromid (I) reagiert mit dem Kaliumsulfinat (II) zu dem entsprechenden Phenylpropargyl‐trifluormethylsulfinat (III), das mit Wasser zum Carbinol (IV) hydrolysiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOLYTIC DISPLACEMENT AT CARBON. PART 6. SYNTHESIS OF TRICHLOROETHYLARENES FROM BENZYLCOBALOXIMES
Authors: BOUGEARD P. , GUPTA B. D. , JOHNSON M. D.
Published: April 2016

Benzyl‐bis‐(dimethylglyoximato)‐pyridin‐cobalt(III)‐Kom‐ plexe (I) reagieren mit Bromtrichlormethan (II), mit größeren Ausbeuten in Gegenwart von Irnidazol zu Trichlorethylbenzolen (III) und Benzylbromiden (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ALDEHYDES FROM ALKYLLITHIUMS WITH 2‐CARBON HOMOLOGATION
Authors: AGER D. J.
Published: April 2016

Phenylthioethylen (I) reagiert mit Organolithiumverbindungen (II) in Gegenwart von Tetramethylethylendiamin zu den Addukten (III), die mit Trimethylchlorsilan (IV) zu den Derivaten (V) substituiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: A HIGHLY EFFICIENT AND RECYCLABLE CHIRAL DIRECTOR FOR ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF SULFOXIDES
Authors: HIROI K. , SATO S. , KITAYAMA R.
Published: April 2016

Die durch Kondensation der Hydroxyphenylketone (I) mit den Aminen (II) leicht zugänglichen Imine (III) werden mit NaBH4 zu den Hydroxybenzylaminen (IV) reduziert; diese liefern mit SOClg die Benzoxathiazin‐S‐oxide (V), die mit Phenylmagnesiumbromid (VI) unter Ringöffnung zu den Benzolsulfinsäureamiden (VII) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTO‐NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF HALOANTHRAQUINONE IN CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID PHOTO‐HYDROXYDEHALOGENATION
Authors: SEGUCHI K. , IKEYAMA H.
Published: April 2016

Die Photo‐Reaktion der α‐Chloranthrachinone (I) in konz. H2SO4 führt zu einem Gemisch aus den 1‐Hydroxyanthrachinonen (II) und den Chlorhydroxyanthrachinonen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF (‐)‐(M)‐(2.2)PARACYCLOPHANO‐HEXAHELICENE FROM (‐)‐(M)‐1,4‐DIMETHYLHEXAHELICENE AND ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION OF 4‐SUBSTITUTED (2.2)PARACYCLOPHANES
Authors: NAKAZAKI M. , YAMAMOTO K. , MAEDA M.
Published: April 2016

Die oxidative Photocyclisierung des durch Wittig‐Reaktion aus dem Dimethylbenzaldehyd (I) und dem Benzophenanthrylmethylphosphoniumsalz (II) zugänglichen Dimethylstyrylbenzophenanthrens (III) liefert das Dimethylhexahelicen (IV), dessen Bromierung mit N‐Bromsuccinimid (V) zum Benzylbromid (VI) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONCERNING THE STRUCTURE OF THE REACTION PRODUCTS FROM N‐SULFINYLSULFONAMIDES AND DIMETHYLKETEN‐N‐PHENYLIMINE
Authors: L'ABBE G. , VAN ASCH A. , DERERK J.‐P. , MINAMI T.
Published: April 2016

N‐Sulfinyl‐tosylamid (II) reagiert mit dem Ketenimin (III) nicht zu dem früher beschriebenen Addukt (I), sondern zu einem Isomeren (IV), das mit m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure zum Derivat (V) oxidiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESES AND ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATIONS OF FOMANNOXIN, (‐)‐5‐ACETYL‐2‐(1‐(HYDROXYMETHYL)VINYL)‐2,3‐DIHYDROBENZOFURAN, AND ANODENDROIC ACID
Authors: KAWASE Y. , YAMAGUCHI S. , INOUE O. , SANNOMIYA M. , KAWABE K.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von der Benzodihydrofurancarbonsäure (I) wird der tertiäre Alkohol (II) dargestellt, der sich mit Phenylisocyanat (III) zum Isopropenylbenzodihydrofuran (IV) dehydrati‐ Sieren läßt; dessen Vilsmeier‐Reaktion führt zum optisch aktiven Fomannoxin (V).
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLIC CROSS‐CONJUGATED HYDROCARBONS HAVING AN INSERTED P‐QUINONOID RING. X. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF 2‐(CYCLOHEPTATRIENYLIDENE)‐5‐(DICYANOMETHYLIDENE)‐2,5‐DIHYDROTHIOPHENE (A THIOPHENE ANALOG OF (1.6.7)QUINARENE)
Authors: TAKAHASHI K. , TAKASE K. , SAKAE T.
Published: April 2016

Der aus dem Cycloheptatrienylthienylbromid (I) mit n‐Butyllithium (II) /Dimethylformamid (III) zugängliche Aldehyd (IV) wird in 4 Stufen in das Nitril (V) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE PHOTOCYCLOADDITION OF DIMETHYL ACETYLENEDICARBOXYLATE TO BENZO(B)THIOPHENE
Authors: DITTO S. R. , DAVIS P. D. , NECKERS D. C.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Benzothiophenen (I) erhält man mit Acetylendicarbonsäuremethylester (II) bei der Photolyse in Aceton die Addukte (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF BENZISOTHIAZOLES IN THE PRESENCE OF DIMETHYL ACETYLENEDICARBOXYLATE
Authors: SINDLER‐KULYK M. , NECKERS D. C.
Published: April 2016

Benzisothiazole (I) reagieren mit Acetylendicarbonsäuremethylester (II) bei der Photolyse zu den Addukten (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS OF HETEROCUMULENES. XXI. (2:1)‐ AND (3:1)‐ADDUCTS FROM ISOCYANATES AND 3‐DIMETHYLAMINO‐2H‐AZIRINES
Authors: SCHAUMANN E. , GRABLEY S. , ADIWIDJAJA G.
Published: April 2016

Umsetzung der Isocyanate (Ia) bzw. (Ib) in Acetonitril mit den Azirinen (IIa) bzw. (IIb) im Molverhältnis (MV) 3:1 liefert die [3 : 1]‐Addukte (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb); wird die Reaktion von (Ia) mit (IIa) ohne Lösungsmittel durchgeführt, so entsteht neben dem Triuret (IV) das [1:1]‐Addukt (Va); das‐Analoge (Vb) erhält man durch Erhitzen von (Ic) mit (IIa) im MV 2: 1. Umsetzung der Isocyanate (Ia) bzw. (Id) und (Ie) bzw. (If) mit dem Azirin (VI) im MV 2:1 liefert die [22 1]‐Addukte (VIIa) bzw. (VIIb) und die Imidazolidindione (VIIIa) bzw. (VIIIb); neben (VIIIb) fällt das Aryliminooxazolin (IX) an.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS OF HETEROCUMULENES. XXII. REACTIONS OF THIOKETENES WITH 3‐DIMETHYLAMINO‐2H‐AZIRINES
Authors: SCHAUMANN E. , GRABLEY S. , GRABLEY F.‐F. , KAUSCH E. , ADIWIDJAJA G.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion der Thioketene (Ia) mit dem Azirin (II) führt zu den Dipolen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF 2‐METHOXY‐1,3‐DIOXANE WITH GRIGNARD REAGENTS: REAGENT‐SUBSTRATE COMPLEXATION AND STEREOELECTRONIC CONTROL
Authors: BAILEY W. F. , CROTEAU A. A.
Published: April 2016

2‐Methoxy‐1,3‐dioxan (I) reagiert mit den Grignardverbindungen (II) zu Mischungen aus den 2‐Substitutionsprodukten (IV) und den acyclischen Reaktionsprodukten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: AN ORIGINAL CONCEPT: TRIPHASIC CATALYSIS AND CATION EXCHANGERS
Authors: DELMAS M. , GASET A.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Styrolen (I) entstehen mit Formaldehyd (II) in Mischungen aus Wasser und organischen Lösungsmitteln bei der Katalyse durch Polystyrol‐sulfonsäuren die 1,3‐Dioxane n1 (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SIMPLE CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF 1‐METHYLCYTOSINE
Authors: HOSMANE R. S. , LEONARD N. J.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung von Cytosin (I) mit Dimethylformamid‐dimethylacetal (II) in Gegenwart von Trifluoressigsäure führt zur Methylierung und Amidinbildung (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOOXYGENATION OF PYRAZIN‐2(1H)‐ONES
Authors: NISHIO T. , NAKAJIMA N. , OMOTE Y.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Pyrazin‐2‐onen (I) entstehen mit Singulett‐Sauerstoff die endo‐Peroxide (II), die bei der Behandlung mit Methanol zu den Addukten (III) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 10,11‐DIHYDRO‐5H‐DIBENZO(A,D) CYCLOHEPTENE DERIVATIVES
Authors: KIMOTO S. , IWAMOTO N. , FUJIWARA Y. , OKAMOTO M. , ODAKA M.
Published: April 2016

Die Dibenzocycloheptene (I) werden oxidativ in die Heterocyclen (II) umgewandelt und zu den Basen (III) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF 3,3‐DIFLUOROALLYL DERIVATIVES OF SILICON BY AN ORGANOPHOSPHORUS ROUTE
Authors: SEYFERTH D. , WURSTHORN K. P. , LIM T. F. O. , SEPELAK D. J.
Published: April 2016

Die aus den Phosphoniumiodiden (I) und Methyllithium (II) dargestellten Ylide (III) werden mit Difluorchlormethan (IV) zu den Difluorallylsilanen (V) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: AMIDOPHOSPHATES WITH AN ACETAL FUNCTION IN THE AMIDO GROUP
Authors: MOSKVA V. V. , PAVLOV V. A. , ZYKOVA T. V. , RAZUMOV A. I.
Published: April 2016

Die Chlorphosphate (I) reagieren mit dem Aminoacetal (II) zu den N‐(ßß‐Diethoxyethyl)‐amido‐dialkylphosphaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: BIS(DIETHYLAMIDO)TRICHLOROMETHYLPHOSPHAZOHYDRIDE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Authors: KOZLOV E. S. , DUBENKO L. G. , MARCHENKO A. P.
Published: April 2016

Das Phosphoran (I) reagiert mit Diethylamin (II) oder Diethylamino‐trimethylsilan (III) zu dem Chlorid (IV), das in das Perchlorat (V) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNG VON SILYLDITHIOPHOSPHATEN MIT EINIGEN PHOSPHORHALTIGEN CARBONYLVERBINDUNGEN
Authors: KUTYREV G. A. , KUTYREV A. A. , CHERKASOV R. A. , PUDOVIK A. N.
Published: April 2016

Acetyl‐diisopropylphosphonat (II), das Acetyl‐ (VIa) bzw. Trichloracetylphosphonat (VIb) und der Aldehyd (XX) reagieren mit den Siliciumverbindungen (I) bzw. (V) unter Addition an die Carbonylgruppe, wobei die Derivate (III), (VII), (VIII) bzw. (XXI) entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ALKYLTHIOPHOSPHONIC ACIDS
Authors: NIFANT'EV E. E. , MAGDEEVA R. K. , SHCHEPET'EVA N. P. , MASTRYUKOVA T. A.
Published: April 2016

Alkylphosphonigsäuren (I) addieren Schwefel.
ChemInform Abstract: PHELLANPHOS AND NOPAPHOS, NEW DIPHOSPHINES FOR ASYMMETRIC CATALYSIS
Authors: SAMUEL O. , COUFFIGNAL R. , LAUER M. , ZHANG S. Y. , KAGAN H. B.
Published: April 2016

Aus den optisch aktiven Dienen (I) und (V) und dem Dienophil (II) entstehen bei einer Diels‐ Alder‐Reaktion die optisch aktiven Disulfide (III) bzw. (VI), die durch Behandlung mit Natrium in Toluol in optisch aktive Diphosphine (IV) (Phellanphos) und (VII) (Nopaphos) übergehen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF 2,4‐DI‐TERT‐BUTYL‐3‐CHLORO‐1Λ6‐THIA‐2,4‐DIAZA‐3‐PHOSPHETIDINE 1,1‐DIOXIDE, A HETEROCYCLE CONTAINING NITROGEN, SULFUR, AND TRICOORDINATE PHOSPHORUS
Authors: COWLEY A. H. , MEHROTRA S. K. , ROESKY H. W.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung des Sulfamids (I) mit P‐trichlorid in Gegenwart von Triethylamin führt zu der Titelverbindung (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ORIGIN OF THE HYDROGEN‐DEUTERIUM KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECT FOR PORPHYRIN METALATION
Authors: LAVALLEE D. K. , ONADY G. M.
Published: April 2016

Eine Untersuchung am Beispiel der Reaktion von Tetraphenylporphyrin mit Zn(II) in DMF unter Verwendung von protonierten und deuterierten Formen der freien Base zeigt, daß die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten gleich sind, die Zugabe von H2O oder D2O aber die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten unterschiedlich stark erhöht.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF CUMYL AND TERT‐BUTYL HYDROPEROXIDES WITH ALKYLALUMINUM DICHLORIDE
Authors: SKOWRONSKA‐PTASINSKA M. , PASYNKIEWICZ S. , SIECZEK E.
Published: April 2016

Die Alkylaluminiumchloride (I) reagieren mit Cumylhydroperoxid (IIa) bzw. tert.‐Butylhydroperoxid (IIb) zu den Peroxyaluminiumchloriden (IV), deren Stabilität mit abnehmenden Elektronegativitäten der verwendeten Lösungsmittel (III) abnimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: NEIGHBORING GROUP PARTICIPATION IN REACTIONS BETWEEN IODINE AND PH3SN(CH2)NS(0)MC6H4ME‐P
Authors: WARDELL J. L. , WIGZELL J. M.
Published: April 2016

Iod reagiert mit den Triphenylstannylverbindungen (I) unter Spaltung der Phenyl‐Zinn‐Bindung zu den Verbindungen (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOCHROMIUM(III) COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM NITRILES
Authors: FUNKE L. A. , ESPENSON J. H.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion von Cr(II)‐ perchlorat mit angesäuerten wäßrigen H2O2‐Lösungen, die 3‐8 Vol% eines Nitrils enthalten, liefert die kationischen Cyanoalkylchrom‐Komplexe (I) (keine Ausb.‐ Angaben), die gegen Zersetzung in wäßriger Perchlorsäure stabil sind.
ChemInform Abstract: MULTIPLE METAL‐CARBON BONDS. 20. TUNGSTEN METHYLIDYNE COMPLEXES
Authors: SHARP P. R. , HOLMES S. J. , SCHROCK R. R. , CHURCHILL M. R. , WASSERMAN H. J.
Published: April 2016

Aus der Reaktionslösung des W‐Komplexes (I) und zwei Molen AlMe3 wird nach Zugabe von N,N,N′,N′‐Tetramethylethylendiamin der Komplex (II) isoliert, für den eine trans‐Stellung des Methylidin‐ und des Chlorid‐Liganden röntgenographisch bestätigt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND REACTIVITY OF THE (CYCLOHEXADIENE)MANGANESE TRICARBONYL ANION. POTENTIALLY USEFUL METHODS OF ARENE AND CARBON‐HYDROGEN BOND ACTIVATION
Authors: LAMANNA W. , BROOKHART M.
Published: April 2016

Überschüssiges Li‐triethylhydridoborat oder K‐triisopropoxyhydridoborat reagieren mit dem Benzol‐ Mn‐Komplex (I) zu dem Titelkomplexion (II), das auch quantitativ durch Hydridreduktion der Cyclohexadienylverbindung (III) dargestellt werden kann, die IR‐ spektroskopisch als Intermediärprodukt bei der Reaktion von (I) zu (II) nachgewiesen wurde.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATION OF MANGANESE(II) PHTHALOCYANINE BY MOLECULAR OXYGEN
Authors: LEVER A. B. P. , WILSHIRE J. P. , QUAN S. K.
Published: April 2016

Der Mn(II)‐ Komplex (I) reagiert in gereinigtem, wasserfreiem Pyridin nicht mit Sauerstoff.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF TRIS(μ2‐HYDRO)‐NONACARBONYL‐μ3‐ETHYLIDYNE‐TRIIRON FROM PENTACARBONYLIRON
Authors: WONG K. S. , FEHLNER T. P.
Published: April 2016

Neben den Ferraboranen B3H7 Fe,(CO)6 und B2H6Fe2(CO)6 wird die Titelverbindung (I) aus der 2:1:2‐molaren Reaktion von Fe‐pentacarbonyl, Pentaboran(9) und Na‐dihydrido‐bis‐[2‐methoxy ethoxy]‐aluminat isoliert.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATION OF SUBSTITUTED IRON CARBONYL COMPLEXES IN ACETONITRILE, ACETONE, AND DICHLOROMETHANE AT MERCURY AND PLATINUM ELECTRODES
Authors: BLANCH S. W. , BOND A. M. , COLTON R.
Published: April 2016

Die elektrochemische Oxidation von Fe(CO)5‐n(EPh3)n (E: As, Sb, P; n: 1,2) an Pt‐Elektroden führt zu den entsprechenden 17‐Elektronen‐Kationen [Fe(CO)5‐n(EPh3)n]+, von denen die Arsin‐ und Stibin‐Derivate in allen obigen Lösungsmitteln instabil sind, während das Phosphin‐Derivat n:2 in Dichlormethan geringe Stabilität zeigt Die Reaktionen führen wahrscheinlich zur Zersetzung An Hg‐Elektroden dagegen scheinen die Kationen wesentlich stabiler zu sein, vermutlich sind sie "Hg‐stabilisiert" Chemisches reversibles Verhalten kann dort beobachtet werden, wo die Reaktion am Pt vollständig irreversibel ist.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF A METAL COMPLEX OF BENZENETHIOL, (FE(C5H5)(CO)2(PHSH))BF4, AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION AS A STRONG ACID
Authors: TREICHEL P. M. , ROSENHEIN L. D.
Published: April 2016

Der durch 1:2‐molare Umsetzung des THF‐ Analogen (I) mit Thiophenol gebildete Titelkomplex (II) wird IR‐ und NMR‐spektroskopisch charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 1,1′‐BIS(6‐FULVENYL)FERROCENE
Authors: CASSENS A. , EILBRACHT P. , MUELLER‐WESTERHOFF U. T. , NAZZAL A. , NEUENSCHWANDER M. , PROESSDORF W. +
Published: April 2016

Dimethylaminofulven (I) wird mit Natriumcyclopentadienid (II) zum Fulvenylcyclopentadienid‐Anion (III) umgesetzt, das mit Eisen(II)‐chlorid (IV) zum Bis‐(fulvenyl)‐ferrocen (V) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: AN EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF (1,1)FERROCENOPHANE VIA 1,1′‐BIS(6‐FULVENYL)FERROCENE
Authors: MUELLER‐WESTERHOFF U. T. , NAZZAL A. , PROESSDORF W. +
Published: April 2016

Das Bis‐(fulvenyl)‐ferrocen (I) wird mit komplexen Borhydriden (II) zum Salz (III) reduziert und anschließend mit Eisen(II)‐chlorid zum Ferrocenophan (IV) umgesetzt, das in guten Ausbeuten erhalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SCHIFF BASE TETRADENTATE CHELATING LIGANDS AND COBALT COMPLEXES FROM ACETYLINDANONES
Authors: DRUSIANI A. , PLESSI L. , BIGOTTO A. , PELLIZER G. , COSTA G.
Published: April 2016

Die Acetylindanone (I), deren IR‐ und NMR‐spektroskopische Charakterisierung zeigt, daß die Keto‐enol‐Struktur vorherrscht (80‐90%), reagieren (außer Ic) mit Ethylendiamin in siedendem Methanol zu Schiffschen Basen.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKYLCOBALT COMPLEXES OF THE COENZYME B12 MODEL COMPLEX RCO(C2(DO)(DOH)PN)X
Authors: FINKE R. G. , SMITH B. L. , MCKENNA W. A. , CHRISTIAN P. A.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von Pentanon‐(2) (I) wurde in einer dreistufigen Synthese über (II) und (III) der Diiodo‐cobalt(III)‐Komplex (IV) mit einer Gesamtausb.
ChemInform Abstract: MERCURY‐BRIDGED COBALTACARBORANE COMPLEXES CONTAINING BORON‐MERCURY‐BORON THREE‐CENTER BONDS. SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF μμ′‐((η5‐C5R5)CO(CH3)2C2B3H4)2HG AND μ‐((η5‐C5R5)CO(CH3)2C2B3H4)HGCL (R = HYDROGEN, METHYL) AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: FINSTER D. C. , GRIMES R. N.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion der nido‐Cobaltacarborane (I) mit NaH in THF liefert unter Deprotonierung die entsprechenden Anionen, die mit HgClg über ein anfangliches instabiles Addukt die isolierbaren Komplexe (II) bilden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTIVITY OF ACETYLENES COORDINATED TO COBALT. III. REACTION OF THE BUTENE‐2‐OLIDE‐4 COMPLEXES, (C4O2R1,R2)CO2(CO)7 WITH ACETYLENES; FORMATION OF NEW TYPES OF ORGANIC LIGANDS
Authors: VARADI G. , HORVATH I. T. , PALYI G. , MARKO L. , SLOVOKHOTOV Y. L. , STRUCHKOV Y. T.
Published: April 2016

Die Cobalt‐carbonyl‐lacton‐Komplexe (I) reagieren mit den substituierten Acetylenen (II) zu den bekannten u‐Acetylen‐carbonyl‐cobalt‐ Komplexen (III) und zu zwei Isomeren der neuen Komplexe (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: COBALT(II) AND NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES OF 1‐METHOXY‐2‐METHYLTHIOETHANE AND 2‐METHOXYETHANETHIOL
Authors: BLOODWORTH B. C. , DEMETRIOU B. , GRZESKOWIAK R.
Published: April 2016

Unter wasserfreien Bedingungen reagieren die Metallhalogenide mit 1‐Methoxy‐2‐methylmercaptoethan zu den Komplexen (I) und (II).
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATIVE ADDITION OF α‐KETOIMIDOYL CHLORIDES TO PALLADIUM(0) AND PLATINUM(0) COMPLEXES
Authors: MANTOVANI A. , FACCHIN G. , BOSCHI T. , CROCIANI B.
Published: April 2016

Die α‐Ketoimidoylchloride (I) reagieren mit den Platin(O)‐ (II) und Palladium(O)‐phosphin‐Komplexen (IV) zu den trans‐ (III) bzw. cis‐Komplexen (V).
ChemInform Abstract: OCTAFLUOROCYCLOOCTATETRAENE TRANSITION‐METAL CHEMISTRY: 1,2‐η AND 1,2,3,6‐η COMPLEXES OF IRON AND PLATINUM
Authors: BAREFOOT A. C. III , CORCORAN E. W. JUN. , HUGHES R. P. , LEMAL D. M. , SAUNDERS W. D. , LAIRD B. B. , DAVIS R. E.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Titelliganden (II) mit überschüssigem Nonacarbonyldieisen in Hexan bei Raumtemp. führt zu dem Olefin‐Komplex (I).
ChemInform Abstract: STERIC CONTROL IN THE SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF DICHLORO‐μ‐DICHLORO‐BIS(TRICYCLOHEXYLPHOSPHINE)DIPLATINUM
Authors: ANDERSON G. K. , CLARK H. C. , DAVIES J. A.
Published: April 2016

Die langsame Zugabe einer äquimolaren Menge des sperrigen Tricyclohexylphosphins zum K‐platinat(II) (I) führt zur Bildung des dimeren Titelkomplexes (II) in hoher Ausbeute.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES OF BILE PIGMENTS. XII. SYNTHESIS OF E,Z,Z‐BILIVERDINS FROM 5(1H)‐PYRROMETHENONES OF THE SAME CONFIGURATION
Authors: GOSSAUER A. , BLACHA‐PULLER M. , ZEISBERG R. , WRAY V.
Published: April 2016

TFA‐katalysierte Kondensation des (Z)‐Pyrromethenonaldehydes (Ia) mit (Z)‐Pyrromethenoncarbonsäureester (IIa) liefert den (Z,Z,Z)‐konfigurierten Mesobiliverdin‐IIIoz‐dimethylester (IIIa); das (Z,Z,E)‐Isomere (IIIb) entsteht unter analogen Bedingungen aus (Ib) und (IIa) oder (IIb).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PALLESCENSIN‐E: USE OF CROWN ETHER IN THE WADSWORTH PROCEDURE FOR OLEFIN FORMATION
Authors: BAKER R. , SIMS R. J.
Published: April 2016

Zß‐Dimethyl‐benzonitril (Ia) wird in die Carbonsäure (Ib) übergeführt, diese zum Carbinol (Ic) reduziert und weiter mit Pyridiniumchlorchromat zum Aldehyd (Id) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF 3‐ACETATE OF 3,5‐SECO‐4‐NORCHOLESTANE‐3,5α‐ AND ‐3,5β‐DIOLS WITH PHOSPHORUS AND HALOGEN CONTAINING REAGENTS. SKELETAL REARRANGEMENTS
Authors: ACHMATOWICZ B.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des A‐Seco‐4‐norcholestan‐3,Soz‐diol‐B‐acetates (Ia) mit PPh3 /CCl4 bzw. mit P(O‐Ph)3/ Brg verläuft unter Eliminierung zu den Olefinen (IIa) bzw. (IIb).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 7‐CHLORO‐L‐ AND 7‐CHLORO‐D‐TRYPTOPHAN; BIOSYNTHESIS OF PYRROLNITRIN
Authors: VAN PEE K.‐H. , SALCHER O. , LINGENS F.
Published: April 2016

Michael‐Reaktion des Acetaminomalonates (I) mit Acrolein (II) gibt das Addukt (III), das mit dem Chlorphenylhydrazin (IV) zu dem Hydrazon (V) kondensiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: 3,5‐DINITRO‐1‐(P‐NITROPHENYL)‐4‐PYRIDONE AS A NOVEL PROTECTIVE GROUP OF PRIMARY AMINES
Authors: MATSUMURA E. , ARIGA M. , TOHDA Y. , KAWASHIMA T.
Published: April 2016

3,5‐Dinitro‐1‐p‐nitrophenyl‐pyridon (I) reagiert mit zahlreichen Aminen (II) zu p‐Nitranilin (III) und den 3,5‐Dinitro‐4‐pyridonen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF CROBARBATINE ACETATE. A MACROCYCLIC PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID ESTER
Authors: HUANG J. , MEINWALD J.
Published: April 2016

Aus der trans‐Lactoncarbonsäure (I) und A1Me3 wird das Dimethylaluminiumsalz dargestellt und mit dem Sulfid (II) zu dem Thioester (IIIa) umgesetzt, aus dem über das Acetatanhydrid (IIIb) und die Säure (IIIc) das Imidazolid (IIId) gewonnen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: A DIASTEREOSELECTIVE ROUTE TO (.+‐.)‐ISORETRONECANOL
Authors: FLITSCH W. , WERNSMANN P.
Published: April 2016

Succin‐ und Glutarimid reagieren mit dem Cyclopropylphosphoniumsalz (II) zu den entsprechenden Pyrrolizidinen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SMOOTH AND EFFICIENT DEOXYGENATION OF SECONDARY ALCOHOLS. A GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR THE CONVERSION OF RIBONUCLEOSIDES TO 2′‐DEOXYNUCLEOSIDES
Authors: ROBINS M. J. , WILSON J. S.
Published: April 2016

Behandlung der Ribofuranosylverbindungen (I) mit dem Disilan (II) führt bei nachfolgender Thioacylierung zu den Thiocarbonylestern (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTIVE METHYLATION OF N1‐SUBSTITUTED 4‐ETHOXYCARBONYL‐5‐IMIDAZOLES
Authors: ALENIN V. V. , DOMKIN V. D.
Published: April 2016

Das 5‐Amino‐imidazol (I) wird wie im Formelschema beschrieben zum Derivat (II) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE OF HIGH‐ANGLE GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN METALS AND CERAMIC OXIDES
Authors: BALLUFFI R. W. , BRISTOWE P. D. , SUN C. P.
Published: April 2016

Review: Kritische Übersicht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Einflüsse der Unterschiede im Bindungsverhalten und der Kristallstruktur.
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOGENEOUS ASYMMETRIC HYDROGENATION
Authors: CAPLAR V. , COMISSO G. , SUNJIC C.
Published: April 2016

Review: Dieser Übersichtsartikel beschreibt die Verwendung von chiralen Rhodium‐, Ruthenium‐ und Palladium‐Phosphin‐Komplexen als Hydrierkatalysatoren.
Concurrent Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Sulfide Decomposition by Solar Photocatalysis
Authors: Ruban Priya , Sellappa Kanmani
Published: April 2016

Core–shell (CdS–ZnS)/TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 – core, CdS–ZnS − shell) were synthesized and their photocatalytic activity for hydrogen generation was compared with CdS, ZnS, and CdS–ZnS nanoparticles and TiO2 nanorods. Physical characterization of the catalysts was carried out for particle size, molecular vibrations, band gap energy, specific surface area, and binding energy. Based on the results, core–shell formation between CdS–ZnS and TiO2 was established. The CdS–ZnS/TiO2 core–shell NPs exhibited high rates of hydrogen generation (29 mL/h) from water containing sulfide and sulfite ions. Photocatalytic generation of hydrogen with CdS–ZnS/TiO2 core–shell nanoparticles was investigated by optimizing various operating variables as, e.g., the sulfide ion concentration, sulfite ion concentration, pH, catalyst concentration, light intensity and recycle flow rates in a 1 L laboratory scale tubular photoreactor. The maximum kinetic constant of 0.0038 min−1 was found at 0.05 M sulfide ion, 0.2 M sulfite ion, pH 11.3, and 500 mg/L photocatalyst. A final conversion of 30% was achieved under optimized conditions. This is a cleaner production method for generating H2 and also an environmentally benign process.
Does Soil Amendment Affect the Assessment of Bioavailability of Pentachlorobenzene Using Hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin Extraction Method?
Authors: Song Yang , Wang Fang , Bian Yongrong , Yang Xinglun , Gu Chenggang , Ye Mao , Jiang Xin
Published: April 2016

This study evaluated the effects of the soil amendments biochar, activated carbon (AC), and attapulgite (APG) on the assessment of pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) bioavailability to earthworms (Eisenia foetida) using the hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPCD) extraction method. The results showed that the amendment of soil with biochar and AC, rather than APG, significantly reduced the bioavailability of PeCB in soil being uptaken by earthworms (p < 0.05). After 1 week aging, the HPCD extraction efficiency of PeCB in biochar – or AC – amended soils decreased relative to that in unamended soils. This reduction was greater compared with the declining extent of PeCB uptaken by earthworms in biochar – or AC – amended soils relative to unamended soils. This could underestimate the bioavailability of PeCB in the amended soils using HPCD extraction method. However, when aging period exceeded 24 weeks, there were diminished differences between earthworm uptake and chemical method results. This suggests a better assessment of the bioavailability of PeCB in the amended soil using HPCD extraction method. Therefore, HPCD extraction method could result in an underestimation of the bioavailability of PeCB in soils amended with biochar – or AC – during a short‐term aging period. However, during a long term aging period with these soil amendments, HPCD extraction method was still a suitable tool to assess the bioavailability of PeCB in soil to the uptake by earthworms.
Myo1g is an active player in maintaining cell stiffness in B‐lymphocytes
Authors: López‐Ortega O. , Ovalle‐García E. , Ortega‐Blake I. , Antillón A. , Chávez‐Munguía B. , Patiño‐López G. , Fragoso‐Soriano R. , Santos‐Argumedo L.
Published: April 2016

B‐lymphocytes are migrating cells that specialize in antigen presentation, antibody secretion, and endocytosis; these processes implicate the modulation of plasma membrane elasticity. Cell stiffness is a force generated by the interaction between the actin‐cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane, which requires the participation of several proteins. These proteins include class I myosins, which are now considered to play a role in controlling membrane–cytoskeleton interactions. In this study, we identified the motor protein Myosin 1g (Myo1g) as a mediator of this phenomenon. The absence of Myo1g decreased the cell stiffness, affecting cell adhesion, cell spreading, phagocytosis, and endocytosis in B‐lymphocytes. The results described here reveal a novel molecular mechanism by which Myo1g mediates and regulates cell stiffness in B‐lymphocytes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Podosome dynamics and location in vascular smooth muscle cells require CLASP‐dependent microtubule bending
Authors: Zhu Xiaodong , Efimova Nadia , Arnette Christopher , Hanks Steven K. , Kaverina Irina
Published: April 2016

Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during physiological processes is mediated by invasive protrusions called podosomes. Positioning and dynamics of podosomes define the extent of ECM degradation. Microtubules are known to be involved in podosome regulation, but the role of microtubule (MT) network configuration in podosome dynamics and positioning is not well understood. Here, we show that the arrangement of the microtubule network defines the pattern of podosome formation and relocation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We show that microtubule plus‐end targeting facilitates de novo formation of podosomes, in addition to podosome remodeling. Moreover, specialized bent microtubules with plus ends reversed towards the cell center promote relocation of podosomes from the cell edge to the cell center, resulting in an evenly distributed podosome pattern. Microtubule bending is induced downstream of protein kinase C (PKC) activation and requires microtubule‐stabilizing proteins known as cytoplasmic linker associated proteins (CLASPs) and retrograde actin flow. Similar to microtubule depolymerization, CLASP depletion by siRNA blocks microtubule bending and eliminates centripetal relocation of podosomes. Podosome relocation also coincides with translocation of podosome‐stimulating kinesin KIF1C, which is known to move preferentially along CLASP‐associated microtubules. These findings indicate that CLASP‐dependent microtubule network configuration is critical to the cellular location and distribution of KIF1C‐dependent podosomes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Qualitative behavior of the Lorenz‐like chaotic system describing the flow between two concentric rotating spheres
Authors: Zhang Fuchen , Liao Xiaofeng , Zhang Guangyun
Published: April 2016

In this article, the bounds of the Lorenz‐like chaotic system describing the flow between two concentric rotating spheres have been studied. Based on Lagrange multiplier method, the function extremum theory and the generalized positive definite and radially unbound Lyapunov functions with respect to the parameters of the system, we derive the ultimate bound and the globally exponentially attractive set for this system. The results that obtained in this article provides theory basis for chaotic synchronization, chaotic control, Hausdorff dimension and the Lyapunov dimension of chaotic attractors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 67–72, 2016
A GAL4‐inducible transgenic tool kit for the in vivo modulation of Rho GTPase activity in zebrafish
Authors: Hanovice Nicholas J. , McMains Emily , Gross Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2016

Background: Rho GTPases are small monomeric G‐proteins that play key roles in many cellular processes. Due to Rho GTPases' widespread expression and broad functions, analyses of their function during late development require tissue‐specific modulation of activity. The GAL4/UAS system provides an excellent tool for investigating the function of Rho GTPases in vivo. With this in mind, we created a transgenic tool kit enabling spatial and temporal modulation of Rho GTPase activity in zebrafish. Results: Transgenic constructs were assembled driving dominant‐negative, constitutively active, and wild‐type versions of Cdc42, RhoA, and Rac1 under 10XUAS control. The self‐cleaving viral peptide F2A was utilized to allow bicistronic expression of a fluorescent reporter and Rho GTPase. Global heat shock of hsp70l:gal4+ transgenic embryos confirmed GAL4‐specific construct expression. Western blot analysis indicated myc‐tagged Rho GTPases were expressed only in the presence of GAL4. Construct expression was confined to proper cells when combined with pou4f3:gal4 or ptf1a:gal4. Finally, transgene expression resulted in reproducible defects in lens formation, indicating that the transgenes are functional in vivo. Conclusions: We generated and validated 10 transgenic lines, creating a versatile tool kit for the temporal‐spatial modulation of Cdc42, RhoA, and Rac1 activity in vivo. These lines will enable systematic analysis of Rho GTPase function in any tissue of interest. Developmental Dynamics 245:844–853, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TLR signaling in human antigen‐presenting cells regulates MR1‐dependent activation of MAIT cells
Authors: Ussher James E. , van Wilgenburg Bonnie , Hannaway Rachel F. , Ruustal Kerstin , Phalora Prabhjeet , Kurioka Ayako , Hansen Ted H. , Willberg Christian B. , Phillips Rodney E. , Klenerman Paul
Published: April 2016

Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant innate‐like T lymphocyte population that are enriched in liver and mucosal tissues. They are restricted by MR1, which presents antigens derived from a metabolic precursor of riboflavin synthesis, a pathway present in many microbial species, including commensals. Therefore, MR1‐mediated MAIT cell activation must be tightly regulated to prevent inappropriate activation and immunopathology. Using an in vitro model of MR1‐mediated activation of primary human MAIT cells, we investigated the mechanisms by which it is regulated. Uptake of intact bacteria by antigen presenting cells (APCs) into acidified endolysosomal compartments was required for efficient MR1‐mediated MAIT cell activation, while stimulation with soluble ligand was inefficient. Consistent with this, little MR1 was seen at the surface of human monocytic (THP1) and B‐cell lines. Activation with a TLR ligand increased the amount of MR1 at the surface of THP1 but not B‐cell lines, suggesting differential regulation in different cell types. APC activation and NF‐κB signaling were critical for MR1‐mediated MAIT cell activation. In primary cells, however, prolonged TLR signaling led to downregulation of MR1‐mediated MAIT cell activation. Overall, MR1‐mediated MAIT cell activation is a tightly regulated process, dependent on integration of innate signals by APCs.
Increased numbers of CD23+CD21hi Bin‐like B cells in human reactive and rheumatoid arthritis lymph nodes
Authors: Kuzin Igor I. , Kates Stephen L. , Ju Yawen , Zhang Longze , Rahimi Homaira , Wojciechowski Wojciech , Bernstein Steven H. , Burack Richard , Schwarz Edward M. , Bottaro Andrea
Published: April 2016

A unique population of CD23+ CD21high B cells in inflamed nodes (Bin) has been shown to accumulate in lymph nodes (LNs) draining inflamed joints of TNF‐transgenic (TNF‐tg) mice. Bin cells contribute to arthritis flare in mice by distorting node architecture and hampering lymphatic flow, but their existence in human inflamed LNs has not yet been described. Here, we report the characterization of resident B‐cell populations in fresh popliteal lymph nodes (PLNs) from patients with severe lower limb diseases (non‐RA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and from banked, cryopreserved reactive and normal human LN single cell suspension samples. Bin‐like B cells were shown to be significantly increased in reactive LNs, and strikingly elevated (>30% of total) in RA samples. Histopathology and immunofluorescence analyses were consistent with B follicular hyperplasia and histological alterations in RA vs. non‐RA PLNs. This is the first description of Bin‐like B cells in human inflamed LNs. Consistent with published mouse data, this population appears to be associated with inflammatory arthritis and distortion of LN architecture. Further analyses are necessary to assess the role of CD23+CD21hi Bin‐like B cells in RA pathogenesis and arthritic flare.
Multidimensional gas chromatographic techniques applied to the analysis of lipids from wild‐caught and farmed marine species
Authors: Costa Rosaria , Albergamo Ambrogina , Piparo Marco , Zaccone Giacomo , Capillo Gioele , Manganaro Antonio , Dugo Paola , Mondello Luigi
Published: April 2016

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was exploited for the obtainment of fatty acid fingerprints in fish and molluscs from South Italy. Scope of the lipidomic investigation was to highlight differences in the fatty acid profiles of samples from aquaculture and from the wild. The fish species under investigation were Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax, typically cultivated in Italy and commonly found in the fish market. Another aim was to find a correlation between the diet fed to fish and the expression of specific fatty acids in muscle composition. Beyond fish, two species of bivalves were analyzed to assess their lipidomic composition: Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussels) and Venerupis aurea var. laeta (clams). Both species originated from two salt lakes in South Italy. GC × GC–MS analysis showed that omega‐3 fatty acids were naturally more concentrated in wild fish, whereas their presence in cultivated fish was lower and in favor of omega‐6 and oleic acids, as an evident consequence of food supplementation. Bivalves reported a consistent amount of PUFA, although presenting some differences in the quality of fatty acids. As an additional parameter of investigation, the content of mercury was determined in all the samples by means of a Direct Mercury Analyzer, based on Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Wild fish reported a level of mercury that was ten times higher than in aquafarmed fish, and the maximum amount tolerated by the EC regulation. On the contrary, the level of mercury in molluscs was in general very low, particularly when compared with samples from other Italian sites of collection.

Practical applications: One of the possible applications of the GC × GC methodology here presented could be the detection of a common food fraud. In the Mediterranean Sea, gilthead sea bream and sea bass are today rarely found in sea open waters. Basically, fish sold in the market comes from cultivation. Due to the fact that wild fish is more appreciated by the consumer, quite often fish sellers are encouraged to lie about the real origin of fish. The bidimensional plots shown in this study represent an extraordinary tool for differentiating the two types of fish. Also, this study provides substantial support to aquafarmers, who can draw useful advice on how to tune optimal diets to be fed to fish. In fact, it was demonstrated that fish feed highly affects fatty acid composition.

The fatty acid composition of aquafarmed and wild caught fish and shellfish from the Mediterranean Sea was investigated. Comprehensive gas chromatography (GC × GC) was the analytical technique that allowed obtaining highly structured fingerprints of fatty acids.
Predictability of kLa in stirred tank reactors under multiple operating conditions using an Euler–Lagrange approach
Authors: Wutz Johannes , Lapin Alexey , Siebler Flora , Schäfer Jan Erik , Wucherpfennig Thomas , Berger Martina , Takors Ralf
Published: April 2016

In industrial cell culture engineering, the production process consists of a multiscale seed train from lab scale to large scale. The oxygen demand of the cells has to be satisfied in all scales. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can provide a tool to predict the mass transfer between the gas phase and the liquid phase. In this work, CFD was applied using an Euler–Lagrange approach for the prediction of the mass transfer coefficient () in stirred tank bioreactors for a wide range of operating conditions. The turbulent dissipation was studied for two different scales that show similar flow behavior. Breakup and coalescence of bubbles was not considered. A standard model was used for the simulation of turbulence and the mass transfer was assumed to be isotropic and turbulence driven. A minimalistic model was found, which was able to successfully predict the mass transfer behavior with high accuracy for the lab‐scale bioreactor (2.3 L) covering a wide range of typical operating conditions. In the given setup, bubbles remained close to the sparger, almost not interfering with the impellers. This supports the assumption of monodisperse bubbles for stirrer speeds between 140 and 260 rpm. Simulation results of an 80 L stirred tank reactor (STR) revealed the need to integrate physical phenomena like breakup and coalescence and a more sophisticated prediction of the initial bubble size distribution. Two‐phase Euler–Lagrange CFD simulations were performed for two differently scaled STRs and the mass transfer coefficient was calculated and compared to experiments in order to evaluate the applied models.
Prunella vulgaris L. hairy roots: Culture, growth, and elicitation by ethephon and salicylic acid
Authors: Ru Mei , An Yuyan , Wang Kunru , Peng Liang , Li Bo , Bai Zhenqin , Wang Bangqing , Liang Zongsuo
Published: April 2016

Hairy roots have gained popularity as an alternative source for secondary metabolites not only because of their biosynthetic and bioactive potentials, but also because of studies of experimental systems aiming to understand secondary metabolic pathways. While many secondary metabolites have been identified in Prunella vulgaris, a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic pathways has remained elusive. Here, Agrobacterium rhizogenes (ATCC15834)‐mediated hairy root induction of P. vulgaris resulted in 15–30 times more rosmarinic acid (RA) than in the intact plant. After the growth and RA biosynthesis of P. vulgaris, hairy roots were investigated over a 1‐month period, we studied elicitation by ethephon (Eth) and salicylic acid (SA) and found 200 μg L−1 Eth and 6.9 mg L−1 SA exhibited the optimum induction efficiency. These concentrations were further selected for a time‐course assay of hairy root cultures to assess exposure to these compounds over 8 days. During that period, RA reached maximum accumulations of 1.66‐fold 8 days after Eth elicitation and 1.48‐fold 2 days post‐SA addition. We also examined the transcripts of genes involved in the RA biosynthesis pathway, and found the expression of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) were increased by Eth, and SA heightened the expression of TAT, 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase (HPPR), PAL, 4‐coumaric acid CoA‐ligase 1 (4CL1), and cytochrome P450‐dependent monooxygenase (CYP). Altogether, our results indicate that the convenient hairy root culture system of P. vulgaris can provide an alternate source for RA production and would be conducive for the engineering of secondary metabolic pathways in P. vulgaris.
Downstream process development strategies for effective bioprocesses: Trends, progress, and combinatorial approaches
Authors: Baumann Pascal , Hubbuch Jürgen
Published: April 2016

The biopharmaceutical industry is at a turning point moving toward a more customized and patient‐oriented medicine (precision medicine). Straightforward routines such as the antibody platform process are extended to production processes for a new portfolio of molecules. As a consequence, individual and tailored productions require generic approaches for a fast and dedicated purification process development. In this article, different effective strategies in biopharmaceutical purification process development are reviewed that can analogously be used for the new generation of antibodies. Conventional approaches based on heuristics and high‐throughput process development are discussed and compared to modern technologies such as multivariate calibration and mechanistic modeling tools. Such approaches constitute a good foundation for fast and effective process development for new products and processes, but their full potential becomes obvious in a correlated combination. Thus, different combinatorial approaches are presented, which might become future directions in the biopharmaceutical industry.
Chemical depletion of sediment under the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Graly Joseph A. , Humphrey Neil F. , Harper Joel T.
Published: April 2016

The chemical composition of sediment sampled from a network of ice boreholes contacting the bed of the ablation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet is compared to the composition of intact bedrock clasts. This sediment is enriched in silica and depleted in reactive cations compared to the underlying bedrock. In order to test whether these differences result from grain size biases either in sample collection or due to natural sorting, sediment samples were analyzed by grain size aliquots. Enrichment of silicon and depletion of cations is consistent across grain size classes and the compositions of bedrock and subglacial sediment are statistically separate. The difference in composition between subglacial sediment and rock aligns closely with the composition of dissolved solutes in waters sampled from the same field sites and is dissimilar to the composition of the sites' suspended sediment. This implies that chemical weathering rather than disproportionate physical removal of friable minerals is responsible for the compositional differences between rock and sediment. Mass balance analysis implies 3–10% of the sediment's mass is lost to solute dissolution, with approximately double that amount precipitated as clay minerals (a large portion of which may have been physically expelled). This result implies that temperate ice sheet subglacial environments may be more chemically active than previously realized. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.