bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Discordant Changes in Fractional and Coronary Flow Reserve After Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Matsuda Junji , Murai Tadashi , Kanaji Yoshihisa , Usui Eisuke , Araki Makoto , Niida Takayuki , Ichijyo Sadamitsu , Hamaya Rikuta , Lee Tetsumin , Yonetsu Taishi , Isobe Mitsuaki , Kakuta Tsunekazu
Published: November 2016

Background

Fractional flow reserve (
FFR
) and coronary flow reserve (
CFR
) are well‐validated physiological indices; however, changes in
FFR
and
CFR
after percutaneous coronary intervention (
PCI
) remain elusive. We sought to evaluate these changes and to investigate whether physiological indices predict cardiac event‐free survival after
PCI
.

Methods and Results

Physiological assessment of 220 stenoses from 220 patients was performed before and after
PCI
. The changes in
FFR
and
CFR
were studied, and factors associated with
CFR
change were investigated. Follow‐up data were collected to determine the predictor of cardiac events.
CFR
increase was found in 158 (71.8%) territories, and 62 (28.2%) presented a decrease, whereas
FFR
increased in all 220 (100%) territories. Pre‐ and post‐
PCI
percentage diameter stenoses were 57.7±11.2% and 7.48±4.79%, respectively. Post‐
PCI CFR
increase was associated with pre‐
PCI
indices including low
FFR
, low
CFR
and high microvascular resistance, and post‐
PCI
hyperemic coronary flow increase. Post‐
PCI CFR
decrease was not associated with significant post‐
PCI
hyperemic coronary flow increase. At a median follow‐up of 24.3 months, adverse event–free survival was significantly worse in patients with lower pre‐
PCI CFR
(log‐rank test λ
2
=7.26;
P
=0.007). Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that lower pre‐
PCI CFR
(hazard ratio 0.73; 95%
CI
0.55–0.97;
P
=0.028) was an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular events after
PCI
.

Conclusions

CFR
decrease after
PCI
was not uncommon, and discordant change in
FFR
and
CFR
was associated with high pre‐
PCI CFR
, low pre‐
PCI
microvascular resistance, and no significant post‐
PCI
hyperemic coronary flow increase. Pre‐
PCI CFR
, not post‐
PCI
physiological indices, may help identify patients who require adjunctive management strategy after successful
PCI
.
Temporal Evolution of Poststroke Cognitive Impairment Using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Authors: Nijsse Britta , Visser-Meily Johanna M.A. , van Mierlo Maria L. , Post Marcel W.M. , de Kort Paul L.M. , van Heugten Caroline M.
Published: November 2016

Background and Purpose—

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is nowadays recommended for the screening of poststroke cognitive impairment. However, little is known about the temporal evolution of MoCA-assessed cognition after stroke. The objective of this study was to examine the temporal pattern of overall and domain-specific cognition at 2 and 6 months after stroke using the MoCA and to identify patient groups at risk for cognitive impairment at 6 months after stroke.

Methods—

Prospective cohort study in which 324 patients were administered the MoCA at 2 and 6 months post stroke. Cognitive impairment was defined as MoCA<26. Differences in cognitive impairment rates between 2 and 6 months post stroke were analyzed in different subgroups. Patients with MoCA score <26 at 2 months, who improved by ≥2 points by 6 months, were defined as reverters. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify determinants of (1) cognitive impairment at 6 months post stroke and (2) reverter status.

Results—

Between 2 and 6 months post stroke, mean MoCA score improved from 23.7 (3.9) to 24.7 (3.5),
P
<0.001. Prevalence of cognitive impairment at 2 months was 66.4%, compared with 51.9% at 6 months (
P
<0.001). More comorbidity and presence of cognitive impairment at 2 months were significant independent predictors of cognitive impairment 6 months post stroke. No significant determinants of reverter status were identified.

Conclusions—

Although cognitive improvement is seen ≤6 months post stroke, long-term cognitive deficits are prevalent. Identifying patients at risk of cognitive impairment is, therefore, important as well as targeting interventions to this group.
Perioperative Antihypertensive Treatment in Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Zheng Jun , Li Hao , Lin Sen , Ma Junpeng , Guo Rui , Ma Lu , Fang Yuan , Tian Meng , Liu Ming , You Chao
Published: November 2016

Background—

Studies on antihypertensive treatment for surgical patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage are insufficient. This pilot study was conducted to investigate the safety of the perioperative intensive blood pressure lowering in surgical patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

Methods—

This study was a prospective, parallel, randomized, assessor-blinded trial. Patients allocated to the intensive group received perioperative intensive antihypertensive treatment aiming to achieve a target systolic blood pressure between 120 and 140 mm Hg, whereas the patients in the conservative group received conservative treatment aiming to achieve a target systolic blood pressure between 140 and 180 mm Hg for 7 days. The primary outcome was the rate of rehemorrhage at 7 days after surgery.

Results—

Rehemorrhage was noted in 11 patients (11%) in the intensive group and 14 (14%) in the conservative group (
P
=0.689). There was no significant difference in mortality at 7 days (4.0% versus 10.0%;
P
=0.164), 30 days (10.4% versus 17.2%;
P
=0.247), and 90 days (13.5% versus 18.2%;
P
=0.490) between the 2 groups.

Conclusions—

Perioperative intensive blood pressure lowering was not associated with a reduced incidence of rehemorrhage, death, or other serious adverse events.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.chictr.org.cn/
. Unique identifier: ChiCTR-TRC-13004304.
Cannabinoid Type-2 Receptor Drives Neurogenesis and Improves Functional Outcome After Stroke
Authors: Bravo-Ferrer Isabel , Cuartero María I. , Zarruk Juan G. , Pradillo Jesús M. , Hurtado Olivia , Romera Víctor G. , Díaz-Alonso Javier , García-Segura Juan M. , Guzmán Manuel , Lizasoain Ignacio , Galve-Roperh Ismael , Moro María A.
Published: November 2016

Background and Purpose—

Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability characterized by physical, cognitive, and emotional disturbances. Unfortunately, pharmacological options are scarce. The cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB2R) is neuroprotective in acute experimental stroke by anti-inflammatory mechanisms. However, its role in chronic stroke is still unknown.

Methods—

Stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice; CB2R modulation was assessed by administering the CB2R agonist JWH133 ((6aR,10aR)-3-(1,1-dimethylbutyl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran) or the CB2R antagonist SR144528 (
N
-[(1S)-
endo
-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptan-2-yl]-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) once daily from day 3 to the end of the experiment or by CB2R genetic deletion. Analysis of immunofluorescence-labeled brain sections, 5-bromo-2´-deoxyuridine (BrdU) staining, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of brain cell suspensions, and behavioral tests were performed.

Results—

SR144528 decreased neuroblast migration toward the boundary of the infarct area when compared with vehicle-treated mice 14 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Consistently, mice on this pharmacological treatment, like mice with CB2R genetic deletion, displayed a lower number of new neurons (NeuN
+
/BrdU
+
cells) in peri-infarct cortex 28 days after stroke when compared with vehicle-treated group, an effect accompanied by a worse sensorimotor performance in behavioral tests. The CB2R agonist did not affect neurogenesis or outcome in vivo, but increased the migration of neural progenitor cells in vitro; the CB2R antagonist alone did not affect in vitro migration.

Conclusions—

Our data support that CB2R is fundamental for driving neuroblast migration and suggest that an endocannabinoid tone is required for poststroke neurogenesis by promoting neuroblast migration toward the injured brain tissue, increasing the number of new cortical neurons and, conceivably, enhancing motor functional recovery after stroke.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Potentiates Improvements in Functional Ability in Patients With Chronic Stroke Receiving Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy
Authors: Figlewski Krystian , Blicher Jakob Udby , Mortensen Jesper , Severinsen Kåre Eg , Nielsen Jørgen Feldbæk , Andersen Henning
Published: November 2016

Background and Purpose—

Transcranial direct current stimulation may enhance effect of rehabilitation in patients with chronic stroke. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation combined with constraint-induced movement therapy of the paretic upper limb.

Methods—

A total of 44 patients with stroke were randomly allocated to receive 2 weeks of constraint-induced movement therapy with either anodal or sham transcranial direct current stimulation. The primary outcome measure, Wolf Motor Function Test, was assessed at baseline and after the intervention by blinded investigators.

Results—

Both groups improved significantly on all Wolf Motor Function Test scores. Group comparison showed improvement on Wolf Motor Function Test in the anodal group compared with the sham group.

Conclusions—

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation combined with constraint-induced movement therapy resulted in improvement of functional ability of the paretic upper limb compared with constraint-induced movement therapy alone.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01983319.
Long-Term Risk of Dementia Among Survivors of Ischemic or Hemorrhagic Stroke
Authors: Corraini Priscila , Henderson Victor W. , Ording Anne G. , Pedersen Lars , Horváth-Puhó Erzsébet , Sørensen Henrik T.
Published: November 2016

Background and Purpose—

Stroke is a risk factor for dementia, but the risk of dementia after different stroke types is poorly understood. We examined the long-term risk of dementia among survivors of any first-time stroke and of first-time ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods—

We conducted a 30-year nationwide population-based cohort study using data from Danish medical databases (1982–2013) covering all Danish hospitals. We identified 84 220 ischemic stroke survivors, 16 723 intracerebral hemorrhage survivors, 9872 subarachnoid hemorrhage survivors, and 104 303 survivors of unspecified stroke types. Patients were aged ≥18 years and survived for at least 3 months after diagnosis. We formed a comparison cohort from the general population (1 075 588 patients without stroke, matched to stroke patients by age and sex). We computed absolute risks and hazard ratios of dementia up to 30 years after stroke.

Results—

The 30-year absolute risk of dementia among stroke survivors was 11.5% (95% confidence interval, 11.2%–11.7%). Compared with the general population, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for dementia among stroke survivors was 1.80 (1.77–1.84) after any stroke, 1.72 (1.66–1.77) after ischemic stroke, 2.70 (2.53–2.89) after intracerebral hemorrhage, and 2.74 (2.45–3.06) after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Younger patients regardless of stroke type faced higher risks of poststroke dementia than older patients. The pattern of hazard ratios by stroke type did not change during follow-up and was not altered appreciably by age, sex, or preexisting diagnoses of vascular conditions.

Conclusions—

Stroke increases dementia risk. Survivors of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage are at particularly high long-term risk of poststroke dementia.
Rehabilitation Augments Hematoma Clearance and Attenuates Oxidative Injury and Ion Dyshomeostasis After Brain Hemorrhage
Authors: Williamson Michael R. , Dietrich Kristen , Hackett Mark J. , Caine Sally , Nadeau Colby A. , Aziz Jasmine R. , Nichol Helen , Paterson Phyllis G. , Colbourne Frederick
Published: November 2016

Background and Purpose—

We assessed the elemental and biochemical effects of rehabilitation after intracerebral hemorrhage, with emphasis on iron-mediated oxidative stress, using a novel multimodal biospectroscopic imaging approach.

Methods—

Collagenase-induced striatal hemorrhage was produced in rats that were randomized to enriched rehabilitation or control intervention starting on day 7. Animals were euthanized on day 14 or 21, a period of ongoing cell death. We used biospectroscopic imaging techniques to precisely determine elemental and molecular changes on day 14. Hemoglobin content was assessed with resonance Raman spectroscopy. X-ray fluorescence imaging mapped iron, chlorine, potassium, calcium, and zinc. Protein aggregation, a marker of oxidative stress, and the distribution of other macromolecules were assessed with Fourier transform infrared imaging. A second study estimated hematoma volume with a spectrophotometric assay at 21 days.

Results—

In the first experiment, rehabilitation reduced hematoma hemoglobin content (
P
=0.004) and the amount of peri-hematoma iron (
P
<0.001). Oxidative damage was highly localized at the hematoma/peri-hematoma border and was decreased by rehabilitation (
P
=0.004). Lipid content in the peri-hematoma zone was increased by rehabilitation (
P
=0.016). Rehabilitation reduced the size of calcium deposits (
P
=0.040) and attenuated persistent dyshomeostasis of Cl
−
(
P
<0.001) but not K
+
(
P
=0.060). The second study confirmed that rehabilitation decreased hematoma volume (
P
=0.024).

Conclusions—

Rehabilitation accelerated clearance of toxic blood components and decreased chronic oxidative stress. As well, rehabilitation attenuated persistent ion dyshomeostasis. These novel effects may underlie rehabilitation-induced neuroprotection and improved recovery of function. Pharmacotherapies targeting these mechanisms may further improve outcome.
A revision of Helichrysum panormitanum s.l. (Asteraceae) in the Italian and Maltese floras
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Authors: IAMONICO DUILIO , GUARINO RICCARDO , ILARDI VINCENZO , PIGNATTI SANDRO
Published: November 2016

As part of the ongoing researches on Asteraceae for the new edition of the Italian Flora, a revision of Helichrysum panormitanum s.l. is presented here. On the basis of previously published morphological and chemical data, as well as our morphological and chorological observations, we hereby propose to recognize six subspecies under H. panormitanum: subsp. panormitanum, subsp. stramineum, subsp. brulloi subsp. nov., subsp. messeriae, subsp. latifolium, and subsp. melitense comb. nov. All these taxa are endemic to Sicily and Egadi Islands (Italy), except H. panormitanum subsp. melitense which is endemic to Gozo island (Maltese archipelago). A diagnostic key for the six accepted subspecies is provided.
Cremanthodium nobile var. yanyuanense (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), a new epappose taxon from southwestern Sichuan, China
Authors: WANG LONG , REN CHEN , YANG QIN-ER
Published: November 2016

A new variety, Cremanthodium nobile var. yanyuanense (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), is described and illustrated. It is readily distinguished from the type variety, var. nobile, by the absence of the pappus.
Two new species of Porina (Porinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from submontane forest enclaves in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: SOBREIRA PRISCYLLA NAYARA BEZERRA , APTROOT ANDRÉ , CÁCERES MARCELA EUGENIA DA SILVA
Published: November 2016

Two new species of Porina are presently described as new to science in the frame of a corticolous lichens survey in the Atlantic rainforest of Pernambuco State, in Northeastern Brazil. The type locality, known as Brejo dos Cavalos, is a so-called Brejo de Altitude, an Atlantic forest fragment located in the municipality of Caruaru, in the middle of the semiarid Caatinga: Porina ochraceocarpa Sobreira, Aptroot & M. Cáceres, with small, free, pale brown ascomata and fusiform 3-septate ascospores of 30–32 × 4.5–5 μm., and Porina purpurata Sobreira, Aptroot & M. Cáceres, with hemispherical thallus-covered ascomata that are mostly centrally covered with red, K+ purple pruina, and fusiform (3–)7-septate ascospores of 50–55 × 10–11 μm. The discovery of these unique taxa emphasizes the importance of thorough surveys of the lichen biota in the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil, a very biodiverse and threatened biome.
Over 5,000 Years of Ensemble Future Climate Simulations by 60-km Global and 20-km Regional Atmospheric Models
Authors: Mizuta Ryo , Murata Akihiko , Ishii Masayoshi , Shiogama Hideo , Hibino Kenshi , Mori Nobuhito , Arakawa Osamu , Imada Yukiko , Yoshida Kohei , Aoyagi Toshinori , Kawase Hiroaki , Mori Masato , Okada Yasuko , Shimura Tomoya , Nagatomo Toshiharu , Ikeda Mikiko , Endo Hirokazu , Nosaka Masaya , Arai Miki , Takahashi Chiharu , Tanaka Kenji , Takemi Tetsuya , Tachikawa Yasuto , Temur Khujanazarov , Kamae Youichi , Watanabe Masahiro , Sasaki Hidetaka , Kitoh Akio , Takayabu Izuru , Nakakita Eiichi , Kimoto Masahide
Published: November 2016

An unprecedentedly large ensemble of climate simulations with a 60-km atmospheric general circulation model and dynamical downscaling with a 20-km regional climate model has been performed to obtain probabilistic future projections of low-frequency local-scale events. The climate of the latter half of the twentieth century, the climate 4 K warmer than the preindustrial climate, and the climate of the latter half of the twentieth century without historical trends associated with the anthropogenic effect are each simulated for more than 5,000 years. From large ensemble simulations, probabilistic future changes in extreme events are available directly without using any statistical models. The atmospheric models are highly skillful in representing localized extreme events, such as heavy precipitation and tropical cyclones. Moreover, mean climate changes in the models are consistent with those in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) ensembles. Therefore, the results enable the assessment of probabilistic change in localized severe events that have large uncertainty from internal variability. The simulation outputs are open to the public as a database called “Database for Policy Decision Making for Future Climate Change” (d4PDF), which is intended to be utilized for impact assessment studies and adaptation planning for global warming.
Multidecadal Indian Ocean Variability Linked to the Pacific and Implications for Preconditioning Indian Ocean Dipole Events
Authors: Ummenhofer Caroline C. , Biastoch Arne , Böning Claus W.
Published: November 2016

The Indian Ocean has sustained robust surface warming in recent decades, but the role of multidecadal variability remains unclear. Using ocean model hindcasts, characteristics of low-frequency Indian Ocean temperature variations are explored. Simulated upper-ocean temperature changes across the Indian Ocean in the hindcast are consistent with those recorded in observational products and ocean reanalyses. Indian Ocean temperatures exhibit strong warming trends since the 1950s limited to the surface and south of 30°S, while extensive subsurface cooling occurs over much of the tropical Indian Ocean. Previous work focused on diagnosing causes of these long-term trends in the Indian Ocean over the second half of the twentieth century. Instead, the temporal evolution of Indian Ocean subsurface heat content is shown here to reveal distinct multidecadal variations associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the long-term trends are thus interpreted to result from aliasing of the low-frequency variability. Transmission of the multidecadal signal occurs via an oceanic pathway through the Indonesian Throughflow and is manifest across the Indian Ocean centered along 12°S as westward-propagating Rossby waves modulating thermocline and subsurface heat content variations. Resulting low-frequency changes in the eastern Indian Ocean thermocline depth are associated with decadal variations in the frequency of Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events, with positive IOD events unusually common in the 1960s and 1990s with a relatively shallow thermocline. In contrast, the deeper thermocline depth in the 1970s and 1980s is associated with frequent negative IOD and rare positive IOD events. Changes in Pacific wind forcing in recent decades and associated rapid increases in Indian Ocean subsurface heat content can thus affect the basin’s leading mode of variability, with implications for regional climate and vulnerable societies in surrounding countries.
Evaluation of Quantitative Precipitation Estimations through Hydrological Modeling in IFloodS River Basins
Authors: Wu Huan , Adler Robert F. , Tian Yudong , Gu Guojun , Huffman George J.
Published: November 2016

A multiple-product-driven hydrologic modeling framework (MMF) is utilized for evaluation of quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) products, motivated by improving the utility of satellite QPE in global flood modeling. This work addresses the challenge of objectively determining the relative value of various QPEs at river basin/subbasin scales. A reference precipitation dataset is created using a long-term water-balance approach with independent data sources. The intercomparison of nine QPEs and corresponding hydrologic simulations indicates that all products with long-term (2002–13) records have similar merits as over the short-term (April–June 2013) Iowa Flood Studies period. The model performance in calculated streamflow varies approximately linearly with precipitation bias, demonstrating that the model successfully translated the level of precipitation quality to streamflow quality with better streamflow simulations from QPEs with less bias. Phase 2 of the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2) has the best streamflow results for the Iowa–Cedar River basin, with daily and monthly Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients and mean annual bias of 0.81, 0.88, and −2.1%, respectively, for the long-term period. The evaluation also indicates that a further adjustment of NLDAS-2 to form the best precipitation estimation should consider spatial–temporal distribution of bias. The satellite-only products have lower performance (peak and timing) than other products, while simple bias adjustment can intermediately improve the quality of simulated streamflow. The TMPA research product (TMPA-RP; research-quality data) can generate results approaching those of the ground-based products with only monthly gauge-based adjustment to the TMPA real-time product (TMPA-RT; near-real-time data). It is further noted that the streamflow bias is strongly correlated to precipitation bias at various time scales, though other factors may play a role as well, especially on the daily time scale.
Estimation of Needleleaf Canopy and Trunk Temperatures and Longwave Contribution to Melting Snow
Authors: Musselman K. N. , Pomeroy J. W.
Published: November 2016

A measurement and modeling campaign evaluated variations in tree temperatures with solar exposure at the edge of a forest clearing and how the resulting longwave radiation contributed to spatial patterns of snowmelt energy surrounding an individual tree. Compared to measurements, both a one-dimensional (1D) energy-balance model and a two-dimensional (2D) radial trunk heat transfer model that simulated trunk surface temperatures and thermal inertia performed well (RMSE and biases better than 1.7° and ±0.4°C). The 2D model that resolved a thin bark layer better simulated daytime temperature spikes. Measurements and models agreed that trunk surfaces returned to ambient air temperature values near sunset. Canopy needle temperatures modeled with a 1D energy-balance approach were within the range of measurements. The radiative transfer model simulated substantial tree-contributed snow surface longwave irradiance to a distance of approximately one-half the tree height, with higher values on the sun-exposed sides of the tree. Trunks had very localized and substantially lower longwave energy influence on snowmelt compared to that of the canopy. The temperature and radiative transfer models provide the spatially detailed information needed to develop scaling relationships for estimating net radiation for snowmelt in sparse and discontinuous forest canopies.
Creation of a Gridded Dataset for the Southern Ocean with a Topographic Constraint Scheme
Authors: Shimada Keishi , Aoki Shigeru , Ohshima Kay I.
Published: November 2016

This study investigated a method for creating a climatological dataset with improved reproducibility and reliability for the Southern Ocean. Despite sparse observational sampling, the Southern Ocean has a dominant physical characteristic of a strong topographic constraint formed under weak stratification and strong Coriolis effect. To increase the fidelity of gridded data, the topographic constraint is incorporated into the interpolation method, the weighting function of which includes a contribution from bottom depth differences and horizontal distances. Spatial variability of physical properties was also analyzed to estimate a realistic decorrelation scale for horizontal distance and bottom depth differences using hydrographic datasets. A new gridded dataset, the topographic constraint incorporated (TCI), was then developed for temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, using the newly derived weighting function and decorrelation scales. The root-mean-square (RMS) of the difference between the interpolated values and the neighboring observed values (RMS difference) was compared among available gridded datasets. That the RMS differences are smaller for the TCI than for the previous datasets by 12%–21% and 8%–20% for potential temperature and salinity, respectively, demonstrates the effectiveness of incorporating the topographic constraint and realistic decorrelation scales. Furthermore, a comparison of decorrelation scales and an analysis of interpolation error suggests that the decorrelation scales adopted in previous gridded datasets are 2 times or more larger than realistic scales and that the overestimation would increase the interpolation error. The interpolation method proposed in this study can be applied to other high-latitude oceans, which are weakly stratified but undersampled.
A Multilevel Test of the Racial Threat Hypothesis in One State’s Juvenile Court
Authors: Lowery Patrick G. , Burrow John D. , Kaminski Robert J.
Published: November 2016

Noting the paucity of research on the racial threat hypothesis in the juvenile courts, this study examined the interplay of defendant characteristics and country-level characteristics on dispositions. Data were retrieved from the Department of Juvenile Justice files in South Carolina and were analyzed using multinomial logistic hierarchical linear modeling. Results revealed support for the racial threat hypothesis, as racial inequity operated in a different manner (more punitively) for Black defendants. Larger Black populations in counties also led to an increased use of punitive sanctions. In addition, concentrated disadvantage effects were found, and heightened levels of teenage population led to higher incarceration rates for Black defendants. Limitations of this study, implications for stakeholders/practitioners, and directions for future research are discussed.
Democracy and child health in developing countries
Authors: Burroway Rebekah
Published: November 2016

The rise of democracy across the world brought with it expectations that governments would be more attentive and responsive to the welfare of the people, creating better services and better health. Indeed, a considerable body of scholarship finds that democracy has significant, direct effects on multiple measures of well-being, particularly life expectancy and infant mortality. Despite several recent critiques, the paramount theme is that democracy is good for health. This study contributes to this literature by assessing the relationship between democracy and child diarrhea and malnutrition across 52 developing countries. Using a multilevel modeling strategy, the analysis examines the country-level effects of democracy and development on child health, while simultaneously taking into account wealth, education, and other household characteristics at the individual level. Contrary to much previous scholarship, democracy does not exhibit a significant association with diarrhea or malnutrition. Instead, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and improved sanitation and water have substantial effects on child health at the country level. At the individual level, household wealth and maternal education have the largest health-enhancing impact on child diarrhea and malnutrition. Furthermore, the size and strength of the relationship between wealth and health does not vary by political regime. These results demonstrate the enduring importance of socioeconomic status regardless of political context, and they support a small but growing literature that calls the democracy–health link into question.
Fractography analysis of 1.0 wt% nanoclay/multi-layer graphene reinforced epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Atif Rasheed , Inam Fawad
Published: November 2016

The topographical features of fractured tensile, flexural, K1C, and impact specimens of 1.0 wt% multi-layered graphene/nanoclay-epoxy nanocomposites have been investigated. The topographical features studied include maximum roughness height ( Rmax or Rz), root mean square value ( Rq), roughness average ( Ra), and waviness ( Wa). Due to deflection and bifurcation of the cracks by nanofillers, specific fracture patterns are observed. Although these fracture patterns seem aesthetically appealing, however, if delved deeper, they can further be used to estimate the influence of nanofiller on the mechanical properties. By a meticulous examination of topographical features of fractured patterns, various important aspects related to fillers can be approximated such as dispersion state, interfacial interactions, presence of agglomerates, and overall influence of the incorporation of filler on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites. In addition, treating the nanocomposites with surfaces of specific topography can help improve the mechanical properties of nanocomposites.
Ecological Determinants of Situated Choice in Situational Action Theory
Authors: Antonaccio Olena , Botchkovar Ekaterina V. , Hughes Lorine A.
Published: November 2016

Objectives:

This study extends theoretical arguments from situational action theory (SAT) by focusing on the enduring effects of neighborhood context on individual criminal involvement and presents the first direct multilevel assessment of SAT in non-Western contexts using neighborhood data.

Methods:

Survey data from a random sample of 1,435 adults in 41 neighborhoods in Russia and Ukraine are used to assess the interplay between individual criminal propensity and moral and deterrent qualities of neighborhood environments in their effects on individual offending.

Results:

The results demonstrate that variations in neighborhood moral rules directly influence criminal involvement, confirming SAT’s extended argument that this type of neighborhood-level predictor of offending matters and has an enduring effect on misconduct. Furthermore, consistent with SAT’s propositions, principal individual-level predictors such as personal criminal propensity and individual perceptions of neighborhood informal sanctioning exert expected significant effects on criminal involvement. Results for cross-level interaction effects are inconclusive.

Conclusions:

SAT, a multilevel theory of crime, shows promise in various sociocultural contexts such as Eastern European countries of Russia and Ukraine.
Sudden death of a child due to pyogenic bacterial myocarditis
Authors: Sikary Asit K , Mridha Asit R , Behera Chittaranjan
Published: November 2016

Bacterial myocarditis is an uncommon condition and only a few fatal cases in adults are reported in the scientific literature. Death from acute bacterial myocarditis in children is extremely rare. We report an unusual case of fatal bacterial myocarditis in a seven-year-old girl, who had a history of cough for a month and fever for two days. She was given symptomatic treatment by a local physician without suspecting her clinical condition. Her condition rapidly deteriorated and she was brought in dead to the hospital. Autopsy revealed pyogenic bacterial myocarditis associated with bilateral lobar pneumonia caused by Gram-positive cocci. Death from bacterial myocarditis can be prevented by early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotics.
“The greatest victory which the chemist has won in the fight

(…)

against Nature”: Nitrogenous fertilizers in Great Britain and the British Empire, 1910s–1950s
Authors: Page Arnaud
Published: November 2016

This paper analyses the rise of synthetic nitrogen in Great Britain and its empire, from the First World War to the aftermath of the Second World War. Rather than focus solely on technological innovations and consumption statistics, it seeks to explain how nitrogen was a central element in the expansion of a form of agricultural governance, which needed simplified, stable, and seemingly universal input/output formulae. In the first half of the twentieth century, nitrogen was thus gradually constructed as a global indicator of development, as it was particularly adapted to scientific and political regimes increasingly relying upon abstraction and quantification. Yet, the history of nitrogenous fertilizers in the interwar years also shows that this cannot be reduced to a simple story of triumphant modernity, as their development and globalization was imperfect, unstable, accompanied by resistance and the resilience or emergence of other models. Rather than assuming an all-powerful “state” project, the paper thus seeks to recover the multiplicity of actors, and attempts to account for the rise of nitrogenous fertilizers; not just as the progressive application of a technological breakthrough, but as a difficult process embedded in technological, financial, and military constraints, corporate strategies, political imperatives, and the changing institutional framework of agricultural research.
Immediate Rewards Predict Adherence to Long-Term Goals
Authors: Woolley Kaitlin , Fishbach Ayelet
Published: November 2016

People primarily pursue long-term goals, such as exercising, to receive delayed rewards (e.g., improved health). However, we find that the presence of immediate rewards is a stronger predictor of persistence in goal-related activities than the presence of delayed rewards. Specifically, immediate rewards (e.g., enjoyment) predicted current persistence at New Year’s resolutions whereas delayed rewards did not (Study 1). Furthermore, immediate rewards predicted persistence in a single session of studying and exercising whereas delayed rewards did not, even though people report primarily pursuing these activities for delayed rewards (Studies 2 and 3). This is true for both short (1 week) and long (3 month) time frames (Study 4), and regardless of whether anticipated or materialized rewards are assessed (Study 5). Overall, whereas delayed rewards may motivate goal setting and the intentions to pursue long-term goals, a meta-analysis of our studies finds that immediate rewards are more strongly associated with actual persistence in a long-term goal.
Posture and Spiritual Formation: Sanctification in George Herbert’s The Country Parson and The Temple
Authors: Wolberg Kristine A.
Published: November 2016

In his prose and poetry, George Herbert assumes that the body and soul are inextricably interrelated, and what one does with one significantly affects the other. This has a profound influence on the process of spiritual growth or sanctification. The article begins with demonstrating from Herbert’s work the importance of external behavior (particularly posture) to spiritual formation. However, while attention to posture and behavior is necessary, it may not be sufficient for personal transformation. Herbert’s prose and poetry demonstrate that positive spiritual formation requires the help of supernatural power.
Pacification and police: A critique of the police militarization thesis
Authors: McMichael Christopher
Published: November 2016

The article offers a critique of the ‘militarization of the police’ discourse, which has gained substantial attention in both academia and the media. Particularly influential in the United States, proponents of this concept claim that the ‘traditional’ boundaries between war and policing are blurring. However, this concept is both historically and politically problematic. The fact that right-wing libertarians have been at the forefront of calling attention to the militarization of the police highlights that while it is a thesis which critiques state power it fails to provide a critique of capital. As a result, it constantly falls back into a liberal frame of trying to delineate boundaries between military and police, rather than looking at how war and police power overlap and conjoin in everyday pacification.
Donor Site Morbidity After Lateral Ankle Ligament Reconstruction Using the Anterior Half of the Peroneus Longus Tendon Autograft
Authors: Park Chul Hyun , Lee Woo-Chun
Published: November 2016

Background:

The anterior half of the peroneus longus tendon (AHPLT) has been reported to be an effective autograft for ligament reconstruction with respect to strength and safety. However, there is little information regarding donor site morbidity after harvesting the AHPLT. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there has not been a study on the isokinetic evaluation of ankle plantar flexion and eversion after AHPLT harvesting.

Purpose:

To evaluate the clinical and radiographic results after lateral ankle ligament reconstruction using the AHPLT. We further investigated whether harvesting the AHPLT for lateral ankle ligament reconstruction decreases the strength of ankle plantar flexion and eversion.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Thirty consecutive patients (31 cases) were treated by anatomic lateral ligament reconstruction using the AHPLT. For the clinical assessment, visual analog scale (VAS), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS), and Karlsson-Peterson scores were evaluated preoperatively and at the last follow-up. For the radiographic assessment, talar tilt angle and anterior talar displacement were measured preoperatively and at the last follow-up. The peak isokinetic torques for ankle plantar flexion at angular velocities of 30 and 120 deg/s and eversion at angular velocities of 30 and 60 deg/s were measured at a minimum of 1 year after surgery.

Results:

The mean VAS score improved significantly from 6.4 ± 1.7 preoperatively to 1.6 ± 1.5 at the last follow-up ( P < .001). The mean respective AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scores improved significantly from 57.2 ± 12.8 and 66.9 ± 13.6 preoperatively to 89.0 ± 10.0 and 93.3 ± 5.7 at the last follow-up ( P < .001). The mean talar tilt angle improved significantly from 15.3° ± 6.2° preoperatively to 3.4° ± 3.0° at the last follow-up ( P < .001), and the mean anterior talar displacement improved significantly from 10.2 ± 3.3 mm preoperatively to 6.3 ± 1.9 mm at the last follow-up ( P < .001). No significant differences were observed between the uninvolved and involved legs in the mean peak torque for plantar flexion at angular speeds of 30 deg/s ( P = .517) and 120 deg/s ( P = .347) or for eversion at angular speeds of 30 deg/s ( P = .913) and 60 deg/s ( P = .983).

Conclusion:

Anatomic lateral ligament reconstruction using the AHPLT showed good clinical and radiographic results without a significant decrease in the peroneus longus strength. Lateral ligament reconstruction using the AHPLT may be a good surgical option for the treatment of chronic ankle instability.
Postoperative Delirium After Liver Transplantation is Associated With Increased Length of Stay and Lower Survival in a Prospective Cohort
Authors: Beckmann Sonja , Schubert Maria , Burkhalter Hanna , Dutkowski Philipp , De Geest Sabina
Published: November 2016

Introduction:

Although postoperative delirium (POD) is a common in-hospital complication associated with negative outcomes, evidence in liver transplantation (LT) is scarce.

Objective:

We examined the incidence and duration of POD, its impact on outcomes and health-care utilization, and described predisposing and precipitating factors favoring POD development.

Design:

This prospective cohort study included adults undergoing transplantation in a tertiary hospital. Postoperative delirium was assessed 3 times daily until 24 days post-LT, with the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist on the intensive care unit (ICU) and the Delirium Observation Screening Scale on the ward. Postoperative delirium was noted if any of the daily measurements was positive.

Results:

Forty-two patients (69% male, mean age 55 years, median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score 15 [interquartile range 8-26]) were included. The incidence of POD was 45.2%, with a median duration of 5 days. Patients with POD had longer ICU (median 8 vs 2 days, P = .000) and hospital stays (median 32 vs 14 days, P = .000) as well as shorter survival (Breslow test P = .045, log-rank test P = .150). Pre-LT comorbidities and perioperative factors might be related to POD development.

Conclusion:

Nurses are key persons in the detection of POD in the daily clinical routine. The high incidence of POD and its negative association with patient outcomes highlight not only the relevance of systematic assessment of POD after LT but also the need for preventive interventions.
ALZ i-Connect
Authors: Tousi Babak , Kanetsky Cheryl , Udelson Nancy
Published: November 2016

Currently, there is not enough time or staff in the physician’s office to provide education about Alzheimer’s disease for newly diagnosed patients and their family members. The Alzheimer’s Association Cleveland Area Chapter has implemented a novel approach for individuals to connect to helpful information about Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias while at the physician’s office. This project is being piloted at two memory assessment clinics of The Cleveland Clinic as a way to give assessment center staff the opportunity to connect families right away with the free support services available at the Association.
Process modeling and analysis of service-oriented architecture–based wireless sensor network applications using multiple-domain matrix
Authors: Lee Wen-Tin , Ma Shang-Pin
Published: November 2016

The wireless sensor network represents distributed environment that consists of sensors and actuators to monitor and control real-world objects and devices. Web services and service-oriented architecture are fundamental elements to provide on-demand applications. The integration of business processes with wireless sensor network and service-oriented architecture will result in a better alignment of enterprise applications. This article uses multiple-domain matrix extensions called the business process model and notation–multiple-domain matrix to analyze structures of and relations among processes modeled in the business process model and notation with wireless sensor network elements and services. By applying an organization-activity multiple-domain matrix partitioning algorithm, different organizations and coupled activities with cyclic relations are identified to provide process structure information in a matrix perspective, which promote business process analysis and optimization. The partitioning analysis results can be used to form an initial software architecture which includes subsystems or packages so that the architecture-centric software engineering practice can be applied to help the development of wireless sensor network applications. Two process examples of wireless sensor network applications were used and analyzed for illustration and validation purposes.
The monitoring of nectar flow period of honey bees using wireless sensor networks
Authors: Bayir Raif , Albayrak Ahmet
Published: November 2016

Honey bees are extremely important creatures to humans that are able to pollinate flowers and produce products such as honey, bee pollen, and royal jelly. Honey is the primary product of beekeeping, and the practice of migratory beekeeping is the most profitable beekeeping method carried out by monitoring the nectar sources. Monitoring these nectar sources provides knowledge about the bloom periods of plant species. Using a wireless sensor network, this study aims to monitor the nectar flow in the region that the migratory beekeepers plan to visit. The wireless sensor network developed was tested in a region with a known nectar flow period from June to July. During the test period, the hive weight and ambient temperature and humidity were constantly measured. The real-time data were available via a website. The nectar flow is determined based on the changes in hive weight and these measurements provide the beekeepers with information about the instantaneous, hourly, and daily nectar flow in the specified region.
Normative Tandem Gait in Collegiate Student-Athletes: Implications for Clinical Concussion Assessment
Authors: Oldham Jessie R. , DiFabio Melissa S. , Kaminski Thomas W. , DeWolf Ryan M. , Buckley Thomas A.
Published: November 2016

Background:

Impaired balance is common after concussion. The third edition of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT-3) recommends the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and/or tandem gait for postconcussion balance assessment. The limitations of the BESS are well documented; however, tandem gait has received little attention throughout concussion literature. The purpose of this study was to provide normative data for tandem gait in collegiate student-athletes based on sport type, concussion history, and gender.

Hypothesis:

Tandem gait will be influenced by concussion history, sport, and gender.

Study Design:

Cohort study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3.

Methods:

Four hundred collegiate student-athletes from both collision/contact (n = 200) and limited contact/noncontact (n = 200) sports performed 4 tandem gait trials, consistent with SCAT-3 guidelines. The dependent variables included the best of the 4 trials (BEST), the mean of the 4 trials (MEAN), and the mean of each of the trials individually (ORDER). Separate multivariate analyses of variance were performed for each of the independent variables to determine effect on BEST and MEAN trial times. Significant main effects were followed up with a 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A separate 1-way ANOVA was used to assess ORDER differences.

Results:

The mean BEST was 10.37 ± 1.76 seconds, and the MEAN was 11.32 ± 0.70 seconds. There were no significant differences in BEST or MEAN tandem gait times, respectively, between those with and without concussion history ( P = 0.41 and P = 0.69, respectively), sport type ( P = 0.57 and P = 0.42, respectively), or gender ( P = 0.73 and P = 0.49, respectively). There were significant differences ( P < 0.05) between ORDER of the 4 tandem gait trials across the population, with improved times at each trial.

Conclusion:

The results of this study provide a normative data set for tandem gait in healthy collegiate student-athletes and suggest that common determinants of balance, including concussion history, collision sport participation, and gender do not appear to influence performance, but ORDER could have significant clinical implications.

Clinical Relevance:

Clinicians may use these data to distinguish important determinants of tandem gait performance and improve awareness when returning an individual to play after a concussion.