bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surveillance of Anthrax Foci Across Pipeline Constructions in Georgia, 2003-2014
Authors: Tsertsvadze Nikoloz , Malania Lile , Abazashvili Nato , Manvelian Julieta , Broladze Mariam , Imnadze Paata
Published: May 2016

Anthrax is an endemic infection in Georgia. More than 2,000 affected foci exist in the country with approximately 10% being active. Since 2003, an active surveillance program across pipeline construction sites has been ongoing. This study reports the results of soil samples tested from 2003-2014, which revealed a number of Bacillus anthracis isolates thereby indicating their presence at several sites. The construction sites have since been decontaminated. These results highlights the utility and importance of active surveillance campaigns on such especially dangerous pathogens.
Situational Awareness for Unfolding Gastrointestinal Outbreaks Using Historical Data
Authors: Velappan Nileena , Daughton Ashlynn , Abeyta Esteban , Fairchild Geoffrey , Rosenberger William , Deshpande Alina
Published: May 2016

Gastrointestinal outbreaks cause serious obstruction to duty among military personnel. Early detection and effective surveillance of an outbreak is important for implementation of controls. SWAP is web based tool (www.swap.lanl.gov) that can be used to enhance situational awareness during an outbreak. We have collected information for about 100 gastrointestinal outbreaks caused by five different pathogens. The SWAP library contextualizes an unfolding epidemic using historical data. In addition, analyses were performed to assess the ability of SWAP to identify military outbreaks, and results indicate SWAP is successful in matching military outbreak properties. We are currently investigating SWAP's ability to identify the cause of an outbreak (food/pathogen) from the epidemiological characteristics of historical outbreaks.
Alcohol-Related ED Visits and Ohio State Football: Putting the O-H in ETOH
Authors: Weiss Kristen A. , Walsh Andrew
Published: May 2016

Excessive alcohol use places a large burden on public health. In Franklin County, Ohio, The Ohio State University (OSU) football games are an occasion of binge drinking for the student body and Columbus population alike. This study looked at emergency department (ED) registration data for Franklin County, Ohio for the past 5 years that was classified as alcohol-related using EpiCenter. The binge drinking population was found to be significantly different during football games, comprised of younger adults and more females overall. Public Health officials may desire to do more targeted seasonal awareness campaigns to this specific population.
A Suggestion to Improve Timely Feedback of Infectious Disease Surveillance Data at a Provincial Level in South Korea
Authors: Yi Seon-ju , Park Gichan , Kim Hwami , Min SoYoon , Suh Jee soo , Jo Soojung , Jeong Daeun , Kim Young-Man , Lee Heeyoung
Published: May 2016

Our study suggested the utility of the assessment of time-lag distributions for the feedback strategies to improve surveillance and regional infectious disease controls.
Knowledge Management Tools for the ISDS Community of Practice
Authors: Ising Amy , Loschen Wayne , Streichert Laura
Published: May 2016

This roundtable will seek feedback from end-users on the components needed to improve access to the shared knowledge of the ISDS Community of Practice (CoP). Participants will be organized into small groups to brainstorm and document content that could be included in an ISDS knowledge management repository. The small groups will then present summaries to all participants at the end of the session. The larger group will discuss prioritization for the knowledge management system and next steps for community engagement in this endeavor after the conference.
Surveillance Systems that Include Deprivation Indices & Social Determinants of Health
Authors: Moore Kieran , Belanger Paul
Published: May 2016

This roundtable session will involve a hands-on, interactive workshop where participants will be taught how to use three web-based surveillance tools (Public Health Information Management System, Social Determinants of Health Mapper, and South Eastern Integrated Information Portal). The tools apply deprivation and marginalization indices, as well as other environmental and geographic layers, to virtual maps. With the help of these tools, the user will be able to easily track vulnerable populations. The layers available in the tools, and how they apply to specific geographic areas, are important to consider when making public health decisions so as to improve health equity and act on social determinants of health.
Update on the CDC National Syndromic Surveillance Program
Authors: Yoon Paula , Coletta Michael
Published: May 2016

During the past decade, BioSense meant different things to different people. When BioSense was created to support national emergency preparedness, it was a Web-based software for collecting emergency department data for detecting and monitoring syndromes of public health importance. BioSense has evolved to become part of CDC's new National Syndromic Surveillance Program. This collaboration among local, state, and national public health programs will help improve local and nation-wide situational awareness and response to hazardous events and disease outbreaks. NSSP presents modernized technology and a broadened vision that includes people, partners, policies, information systems, standards, and resources. Join to learn more.
Dificuldades relacionadas à terapêutica medicamentosa no transtorno de ansiedade
Authors: Cruz Ligiane Paula da , Vedana Kelly Graziani Giacchero , Mercedes Bruna Paiva do Carmo , Miasso Adriana Inocenti
Published: May 2016

Este estudo objetivou compreender as dificuldades de pessoas com transtorno de ansiedade referente ao seguimento da terapia medicamentosa. Trata-se de estudo transversal, descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido em 2012 com 32 pessoas atendidas em serviço ambulatorial no interior de São Paulo - Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por entrevista semiestruturada gravada e submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática. As dificuldades para o seguimento da farmacoterapia foram representadas pelas categorias: “Ter conhecimento insuficiente sobre o diagnóstico e tratamento medicamentoso”, “Ficar insatisfeito(a) com os efeitos do tratamento”, “Desejar mais do que uma prescrição”, “Apresentar temores e preocupações relacionadas ao tratamento” e “Identificar impedimentos para seguir a prescrição medicamentosa”. Este estudo identificou aspectos, passíveis de intervenção, por meio de estratégias que focalizem a escuta, educação, autonomia e habilidades com vistas à segurança no uso dos medicamentos prescritos.
Male Survivor Perceptions of Seeking Support: Hermeneutic Analysis of a Cluster Case Study
Authors: Lumbasi Joseph , Barron Ian
Published: May 2016

Studies with male survivors of child sexual abuse (CSA) are limited in focus and only one study, to date, has explored survivor perceptions of sexual assault treatment services. The current study, sought to deepen the understanding of survivor experience by identifying the triggers and barriers for seeking support as well as how survivors overcome these barriers. A cluster case study design was used with three adult males. A hermeneutic analysis was utilized to identify and explore meanings from male survivor perspectives. The study found male survivors dealt with barriers to support, through a range of strategies, including adopting helping others, rather than seeking sexual assault treatment services. Hermeneutic analysis was identified as an empowering process that enabled male survivors express their experiences. Large scale studies are needed to explore the potential wide range of male survivor experience.
Modeling Math Growth Trajectory—An Application of Conventional Growth Curve Model and Growth Mixture Model to ECLS K-5 Data
Authors: Lu Yi
Published: May 2016

To model students’ math growth trajectory, three conventional growth curve models and three growth mixture models are applied to the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten-Fifth grade (ECLS K-5) dataset in this study. The results of conventional growth curve model show gender differences on math IRT scores. When holding socio-economic status (SES) constant, gender differences reduced on the mean start IRT scores, growth rate, and acceleration rate. Growth mixture modeling applied to ECLS K-5 children reliably identified three classes of children based on their math growth trajectories. Growth mixture modeling results indicate that gender differences are different depending on different math development classes. After controlling for SES, growth mixture modeling results show that gender differences on the mean start IRT scores, linear growth rate, and quadratic growth rate reduced in all subpopulations. Growth mixture modeling result also show that after controlling for gender, the effects of SES on math development are different in different subpopulations.
An Overview of Motivation: The Challenges and the Importance of Motivation for Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Mahdikhani Zahra
Published: May 2016

The importance of the learner's attitudes and motivation plays a major role for most psycholinguists, either in a language learning situation or in a second language acquisition context. A quick look at the major theories of language acquisition can be helpful to establish this. Krashen's monitor model argues attitudes and motivation most influential in unconscious language acquisition. The learner's motivational level acts as an affective filter on language intake (Krashen 1981, p. 102). In another model language learning begins when the learner feels motivated to communicate something to someone (see Carroll's conscious reinforcement model, 1981). Reinforcement takes place when the desired end is obtained. Bialystok's strategy model (1978) demonstrates that it can be assumed that learners will seek language exposure only if they feel motivated. Therefore, using their explicit and/or implicit knowledge, communication will take place. This study investigates the challenges and the importance of motivation for second language learning or SL acquisition.
Treatment of Post-Cardiopulmonary Bypass SIRS by Hemoadsorption: A Case Series
Authors: Träger Karl , Fritzler Daniel , Fischer Guenther , Schröder Janpeter , Skrabal Christian , Liebold Andreas , Reinelt Helmut
Published: May 2016

The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in cardiothoracic surgery results in a well-known activation of the immunologic response. In some cases, however, this triggered immunologic response may be excessive, leading to a severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and induced organ dysfunction. For example, patients frequently develop hemodynamic instability with hypotension and low systemic vascular resistance. To date, different therapeutic approaches, such as steroids, have been tried to control this maladaptive postoperative SIRS response, yet definitive proof of clinical efficacy is missing. A new cytokine adsorber device (CytoSorb; CytoSorbents) may be a useful approach to control hyperinflammatory systemic reactions by reducing a broad range of proinflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. This may, in turn, help to reestablish a physiologic immune response and help to restore deranged clinical parameters in these patients. In this retrospective case series study, we describe 16 cardiac surgery patients following prolonged CPB with post-CPB SIRS and subsequent acute kidney injury, who were then treated with hemoadsorption using CytoSorb in combination with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Treatment of patients with CytoSorb who presented with severe post-CPB SIRS resulted in a reduction of elevated cytokine levels, which was associated with a clear stabilization of deranged hemodynamic, metabolic, and organ function parameters. Treatment was well tolerated and safe, with no device-related adverse events occurring. CytoSorb therapy combined with CRRT is a potentially promising new treatment approach to achieve hemodynamic stability, cytokine reduction, and improved organ function in cardiac surgery patients who develop post-CPB SIRS.
The Impact of Consolidation and Modernisation on Banking Scale and Scope Economies
Authors: Awdeh Ali , EL-Moussawi Chawki , Nasser Wafaa
Published: May 2016

Lebanese banks recorded an enormous increase in size, customers’ base, and products variety over the past two decades, which suggests the development of economies of scale and scope in the Lebanese banking sector. This study aims at testing the presence of these economies of scale and scope in the Lebanese banking sector, particularly over the period 2000-2013. The estimation of a translogarithmic cost function by the maximum likelihood method shows that the Lebanese banks are – in general – characterised by the existence of increasing economies of scale. The analysis of economies of scope also reveals a complementarity between different outputs. Finally, the analysis of price elasticities of demand for production factors shows an important substitutability between labour and physical capital.
For a Local Tax System Dedicated to Sustainable Development Incorporating Governance, Transparency and Innovation
Authors: Lachheb Hamza , Bouthanoute Rachid , Bendriouch Mohammed
Published: May 2016

Local authorities have a duty to find local financing solutions. Indeed, tax proves to be the most effective financial instrument that will supply local public budgets in order to contribute to local development in its economic, social and environmental levels. The local tax is not only a tool to increase local resources, but also a detour to sit in the territories, economic efficiency, social equity and environmental protection. Tax resource is a resource that meets present needs without touching the capacity of future generations. However, the success of a local taxing dedicated to sustainable development requires the establishment of three major pillars: governance, transparency and innovation. Improving governance requires greater involvement of local actors in the processes that affect the exercise of powers at local level, particularly in terms of openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and consistency in local taxation. Transparency is a prerequisite and guarantor of good governance, this assumes perfect clarity and accessibility oftax public information and institutional communication and more effective close. The third pillar of this tripartite packaging of local sustainable development is the administrative innovation through simplifying procedures, legislative innovation, e-government, the implementation of new rules to improve the relationship local tax office / taxpayer and promoting research and development in this field.
Determinants of Debt Financing and Their Moderating Role to Leverage-Performance Relation: An Emerging Market Review
Authors: Qamar Muhammad Ali Jibran , Farooq Umer , Afzal Hamayun , Akhtar Waheed
Published: May 2016

This study explored the determinants of debt financing and their moderating role to the leverage-performance relation in case of 304 Pakistani Nonfinancial firms listed with the Pakistan Stock Exchange. Results revealed that larger, high liquid and more tangible firms deployed least debt ratio on average, while less liquid and less tangible firms did conversely. It is also found that more debt borrowing by less liquid firms and less borrowings by larger and more liquid firms is not favourable decision and managers need to revise their financing policy. The results also suggested that debt borrowings least affect firms’ profits for larger, high liquid, less tangible and high growth oriented firms. Hence, this research provides practical solutions for financial managers by exploring if managers are following right mix of securities and when debt borrowings is a most favourable option of financing.
Analysis of Factors Affecting: Sales Volume of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Surabaya
Authors: Suhardiyah Martha , - Subakir , - Sulistyowati
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate and examine the factors that affect the sales volume SMEs, respondent 101 SMEs obtained that variable Venture Capital (X1) Number of Workers (X2), Hours of Work (X3), Experience (X4) of the Sales Volume (Y), simultaneously influence while variable Production technology and Innovation (X5) and Strategic Marketing (X6) of the Sales Volume (Y) partially has dominant influence.

The research instrument used questionnaire, were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The unit of analysis of this research is the management of SMEs Surabaya, who became the target Cooperatives and SME Surabaya in 2013 as many as 315 SMEs engaged in some business sectors such as the following: Handicraft (39), Sewing (16), Handicraft Water Hyacinth (38), ribbon embroidery (44), Processed fish (29), Pastry (50), Wet Cake (50) Beverages (26), crackers (37). In this study took a sample of 101 respondents from various fields of business data analysis contained significant effect on the dependent variable, and the result is expected to be used as one of the considerations in making decisions in developing SMEs.
Impact of Venture Capital Investment Syndication on Enterprise Lifecycle and Success
Authors: Siddiqui Asif , Marinova Dora , Hossain Amzad
Published: May 2016

The article investigates the impact of venture capital investment and investment syndication on enterprise lifecycle and success using the exit history of venture capital backed companies in Australia. It is observed that the venture capital backed companies tend to outperform those which are not while companies receiving syndicated venture capital investment tend to outperform the other venture capital backed companies. Based on the classic venture capital investment theory, we argue that venture capitalists essentially engage in superior venture selection through pre-investment screening and contribute to entrepreneurial development through post-investment monitoring and value creation. We then empirically investigate the lifecycle of the Australian venture capital backed companies from company formation to first venture capital financing round to exit. Survival duration of the ventures, investment growth and exit status are specifically analysed to capture the lifecycle. The findings show that the survival duration prior and post venture capital investment, venture capital investment growth in successive rounds and investment syndication increase the probably of success for the ventures.
A Trend Analysis of the Patronage of the E-Zwich Cashless System in Ghana for the Period 2008-2014
Authors: Azinga Samuel Awuni , Mensah Henry Kofi
Published: May 2016

It is nearly a decade since the E-Zwich system was introduced in Ghana. In this paper, the researchers conducted a trend analysis to understand the system’s patronage from a historical perspective. Annual industry data on eight (8) indicators of patronage of the E-Zwich system from the year of its introduction (2008) to the year 2014 were employed. Descriptive statistics and line graphs are used to analyse the data. Our analysis shows that subscriptions to the E-Zwich system increased steadily in terms of all indicators for the period under review, except that the number of cash deposits had an erratic fall for the period 2013/2014. We conclude that patronage for the system is considerable from a historical perspective.
Modeling UK Natural Gas Prices when Gas Prices Periodically Decouple from the Oil Price
Authors: Asche Frank , Oglend Atle , Osmundsen Petter
Published: May 2016

When natural gas prices are subject to periodic decoupling from oil prices, for instance due to peak-load pricing, conventional linear models of price dynamics such as the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) can lead to erroneous inferences about the nature of cointegration relationships, price adjustments and relative values. We propose the use of regime-switching models to address these issues. Our regime switching model uses price data to infer whether pricing is oil-driven (integrated) or gas-specific (decoupled). We find that UK natural gas (NBP) and oil (Brent) are cointegrated for the majority of the sample considered (1997-2014). UK gas prices tend to decouple during fall and early winter, when they increase relative to oil consistent with seasonal demand for natural gas creating gas-specific pricing. When evidence favors integrated markets, we find that the industry 10-1 rule-of-thumb holds (the value of one MMbtu of natural gas in the UK market is one tenth the value of one barrel of Brent oil), while the overall relationship, including decoupling periods, is 9.2-1. The paper highlights that what relative value to use, depends on the purpose of its use.
Detection of Nicotiana DNA in Tobacco Products Using a Novel Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay
Authors: Korchinski Katie L , Land Adrian D , Craft David L , Brzezinski Jennifer L
Published: May 2016

Establishing that a product contains tobacco is a requirement for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's regulation and/or prosecution of tobacco products. Therefore, a multiplex real-time PCR method was designed to determine if Nicotiana (tobacco) DNA is present in tobacco products. The PCR method simultaneously amplifies a 73 bp fragment of the cytochrome P450 monoxygenase CYP82E4 gene and 66 bp fragment in the nia-1 gene for nitrate reductase, which are detected using dual-labeled TaqMan probes. The assay is capable of detecting approximately 7.8 pg purified tobacco DNA, with a similar sensitivity for either gene target while incorporating an internal positive control (IPC). DNA was extracted from prepared tobacco products—including chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco, and snuff—or from the cut fill (no wrapper) of cigarettes and cigars. Of the 13 products analyzed, 12 were positive for both tobacco-specific markers and the IPC. DNA was also extracted from the fill of five varieties of herbal cigarettes, which were negative for both tobacco-specific gene targets and positive for the IPC. Our method expands on current assays by introducing a multiplex reaction, targeting two sequences in two different genes of interest, incorporating an IPC into the reaction, and lowering the LOD and LOQ while increasing the efficiency of the PCR.
The Politics Underlying the Provision of and Changes in Pathology and Laboratory Services in the United States During the Roaring Twenties
Authors: Wright James R.
Published: May 2016

Context.—Prior to 1900, laboratory tests were simple enough to be performed by clinicians on the wards and most pathologists were academicians with little involvement in patient care issues. In the next 2 decades, laboratory test menus expanded rapidly and the increasing complexity of the tests created a potential niche for clinical pathologists (ie, pathologists providing patient-oriented anatomic and clinical pathology services). In the late 1910s and early 1920s, most of these services were provided by mail-order commercial laboratories or state public health laboratories rather than by hospital-based pathologists.

Objective.—To describe the political events in the 1920s that would drastically alter the practice of pathology and laboratory medicine and that would have been important to the discipline at the time the Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine was being conceived and first published.

Design.—Available primary and secondary historical sources were reviewed.

Results.—In the 1920s, clinical pathologists organized, forming the American Society of Clinical Pathologists, and took on the powerful American Medical Association for permitting advertisements by private laboratories in the pages of the Journal of the American Medical Association that listed test prices as if these were commodities. They found a strong partner in the American College of Surgeons, which was attempting to elevate surgical practice by creating minimum standards for hospitals. Through this symbiotic relationship, hospital-based practice was firmly established and the commercial laboratory model faltered.

Conclusions.—The Roaring Twenties was the time when the practice of pathology and laboratory medicine evolved into what we recognize today.
LOOKING FORWARD BY STUDYING THE PAST IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY: THE NEXT 50 YEARS
Authors: Stark Miriam
Published: May 2016

A discussion on the collection of articles resulting from the 2013 conference at the University of Wisconsin-Madison entitled, “Recent Advances in the Archaeology of East and Southeast Asia.” These papers are contextualized by considering the fifty years before the published JIPA papers appeared in 2015. I then review major themes in the conference papers, and discuss future directions.
Silencio y música en los Lager. Lectura de la Trilogía de Auschwitz de Primo Levi
Authors: Llinares Joan B.
Published: May 2016

Resumen: A partir de una detallada lectura de los tres libros de P. Levi sobre Auschwitz, este estudio elabora un esquema de los diferentes tipos de silencio que se pueden detectar en los Lager, así como el que se requiere para que podamos estar a la escucha del más insoportable y estremecedor de todos, el de los musulmanes y las víctimas. A continuación se analizan la presencia y las funciones que cumplía la música en tales lugares, destacando su aspecto odioso y degradante (las orquestas para el desfile de los presos) y también su rostro expresivo y solidario (los copleros y las canciones).Palabras clave: silencio, música, deshumanización, humanismo, arte, libertad.
Márgenes silentes. Palabra excedida y silencio inspirado (Hofmannsthal/Blanchot)
Authors: Moreno-Márquez César
Published: May 2016

Resumen: Contra los intentos de desalojar al silencio de la posibilidad de expresión, y de vaciar a la expresión de su propio silencio, el artículo propone como tarea para nuestro mundo contemporáneo el que seamos rastreadores de silencio. La tarea no es fácil, pues el silencio decisivo no se puede escuchar, sino que se halla atesorado en el interior de las palabras y obras como su última y más inspirada verdad. Para ello toma como guía la famosa Carta de Lord Chandos (Hofmannsthal), reivindicando su silencio-en-tránsito (excedido por una nueva experiencia de la riqueza desbordante de la realidad) y las reflexiones de Blanchot en torno a la relación entre silencio e inspiración. En la segunda parte, el artículo “rastrea”, a modo de ejemplos “ejemplares”, los silencios de A. López (El sol del membrillo) y el implicado en el secreto de “Rosebud” (Ciudadano Kane, Welles).Palabras clave: silencio, inspiración, expresión, Chandos, Hofmannsthal, Blanchot.
La justícia global: una resposta alternativa a la desigualtat i la pobresa extrema
Authors: Tamarit López Isabel
Published: May 2016

Resum: En aquest article presentem la possibilitat de mantenir propostes de justícia global com a alternativa a les solucions existents de justícia internacional davant el problema de la desigualtat i la pobresa extrema al món. Considerem que la resposta a aquest tipus de situacions no pot ser de caràcter humanitari sinó de justícia, perquè els qui les pateixen no arriben a ser reconeguts com a éssers valuosos, dignes ni són respectades les seves llibertats més bàsiques. Presentem així mateix de forma succinta dues propostes de justícia global: la de Thomas Pogge, que segueix la línia de Rawls però ampliant la perspectiva del Dret de Gents a l’àmbit global, i la d’Amartya Sen, que es basa en l’enfocament de la capacitat i centra la justícia en la llibertat real de les persones.Paraules clau: justícia global, justícia internacional, pobresa extrema, Pogge, Sen.
El silencio en la historia de las ideas: Introducción y tentativas taxonómicas
Authors: Oncina Faustino
Published: May 2016

Resumen: En el presente trabajo se examina la noción de silencio mediante el escrutinio de sus diferentes tipos al trasluz de múltiples criterios de clasificación y perspectivas metodológicas y disciplinares: fenomenológica, epistemológica, axiológica, sociológica e histórica. Mediante el análisis de la versatilidad del silencio se pretende sostener que una historia conceptual (Begriffsgeschichte) crítica de éste constituye un requisito imprescindible para avanzar en el conocimiento acerca del ser humano y sus producciones sociales, culturales e históricas.Palabras clave: silencio, historia conceptual, cultura, memoria, expresión.
Quantitative perturbation-based analysis of gene expression predicts enhancer activity in early Drosophila embryo
Authors: Sayal Rupinder , Dresch Jacqueline M , Pushel Irina , Taylor Benjamin R , Arnosti David N
Published: May 2016

Enhancers constitute one of the major components of regulatory machinery of metazoans. Although several genome-wide studies have focused on finding and locating enhancers in the genomes, the fundamental principles governing their internal architecture and cis-regulatory grammar remain elusive. Here, we describe an extensive, quantitative perturbation analysis targeting the dorsal-ventral patterning gene regulatory network (GRN) controlled by Drosophila NF-κB homolog Dorsal. To understand transcription factor interactions on enhancers, we employed an ensemble of mathematical models, testing effects of cooperativity, repression, and factor potency. Models trained on the dataset correctly predict activity of evolutionarily divergent regulatory regions, providing insights into spatial relationships between repressor and activator binding sites. Importantly, the collective predictions of sets of models were effective at novel enhancer identification and characterization. Our study demonstrates how experimental dataset and modeling can be effectively combined to provide quantitative insights into cis-regulatory information on a genome-wide scale.
What isAtraphaxisL. (Polygonaceae, Polygoneae): cryptic taxa and resolved taxonomic complexity instead of the formal lumping and the lack of morphological synapomorphies
Authors: Yurtseva Olga V. , Kuznetsova Oxana I. , Mavrodieva Maria E. , Mavrodiev Evgeny V.
Published: May 2016

Backgrounds:The recently proposed recircumscription of the genusAtraphaxis(incl.AtraphaxissectionOvczinnikoviaO.V. Yurtseva ex. S. Tavakkoli andPolygonumsect.SpinescentiaBoissier (=A.sect.PolygonoidesS. Tavakkoli, Kaz. Osaloo & Mozaff.) makes this genus fairly heterogeneous and therefore almost undefinable based on morphology. The critical comprehensive reappraisal of the group is necessary.

Methods:Using the DNA sequence data (ITS1&2 regions of nrDNA and combinedtrnL intron +trnL–F IGS and rpl32–trnL(UAG)IGS regions of plastid genome), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses (BI) were applied for phylogenetic reconstructions of the tribe Polygoneae with special attention toAtraphaxis, and related taxa. Maximum parsimony reconstructions of the evolution of perianth morphology and sporoderm ornamentation in the tribe Polygoneae were also performed. Life history, morphology of shoots, leaf blades, ocreas, perianth and achene morphology, ultrasculpture of achene surface, and pollen morphology were compared, and SEM and LM images were provided.

Principal findings:The generaAtraphaxisandPolygonumwere found to be widely polyphyletic. The rarest and morphologically remarkable endemic of Tian-Shan and PamirAtraphaxis ovczinnikovii(Atraphaxissect.OvczinnikoviaO.V. Yurtseva ex. S. Tavakkoli) was confirmed to be a sister of the clade (Atraphaxis+Polygonumsect.Spinescentia) in plastid topology. The genusBactria (=Atraphaxissect.Ovczinnikovia), which circumscribes two species, is newly established as a result of this analyses. Morphological data confirm the originality of the taxon.

Discussion:We are arguing for a narrow delimitation ofAtraphaxiswith petalloid segments and striato-perforate sporoderm ornamentation as morphological synapomorphies. The recently proposed inclusion ofPolygonumsect.SpinescentiainAtraphaxisis fairly questionable from a morphological standpoint. The rank ofPolygonumsect.Spinescentiarequires further clarification. The generic composition of the tribe Polygoneae also requires future reappraisals.
Vacuolin‐1 inhibits autophagy by impairing lysosomal maturation via PIKfyve inhibition
Authors: Sano Osamu , Kazetani Kenichi , Funata Masaaki , Fukuda Yasunori , Matsui Junji , Iwata Hidehisa
Published: May 2016

Lysosomal protein degradation via autophagy strictly regulates cellular protein homoeostasis. Herein we performed high‐content screening to identify compounds that inhibit autophagy pathways. We obtained 11 hit compounds and performed cluster analysis using cellular morphological information. Vacuolin‐1, which induces the formation of giant vacuoles and is a target unknown compound, clustered with the known PIKfyve inhibitor YM201636. We further confirmed that vacuolin‐1 is a potent PIKfyve inhibitor, and we finally concluded that PIKfyve inhibitors are novel chemical tools for regulating autophagy.
Observation of a unipolar field‐aligned current system associated with IMF By‐triggered theta auroras
Authors: Watanabe Masakazu , Hairston Marc R.
Published: May 2016

We investigate the existence of a specific field‐aligned current (FAC) system predicted by numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations in a past study. The FAC system is expected to occur when a drifting θ aurora is formed in response to a stepwise transition of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By during strongly northward IMF periods. When the IMF By changes from positive to negative, a crossbar forms in the Northern Hemisphere that moves dawnward, while in the Southern Hemisphere the crossbar moves in the opposite direction. The crossbar motion reverses when the IMF By changes from negative to positive. The FAC system appears on the trailing side of the drifting crossbar of the θ aurora as it moves either dawnward or duskward. When the θ aurora is drifting dawnward, the FACs flow into the ionosphere. The FAC polarity reverses when the θ aurora is drifting duskward. Using low‐altitude satellite data, we confirmed the real existence of the above model‐predicted FAC system.
Periodic creation of polar cap patches from auroral transients in the cusp
Authors: Hosokawa K. , Taguchi S. , Ogawa Y.
Published: May 2016

On 24 November 2012, an interval of polar cap patches was identified by an all‐sky airglow imager located near the dayside cusp. During the interval, the successive appearance of poleward moving auroral forms (PMAFs) was detected, which are known to represent ionospheric manifestations of pulsed magnetic reconnections at the dayside magnetopause. All of the patches observed during the interval appeared from these transient auroral features (i.e., there was a one‐to‐one correspondence between PMAFs and newly created baby patches). This fact strongly suggests that patches can be directly and seamlessly created from a series of PMAFs. The optical intensities of the baby patches were 100–150 R, which is slightly lower than typical patch luminosity on the nightside and may imply that PMAF‐induced patches are generally low density. The generation of such patches could be explained by impact ionization due to soft particle precipitation into PMAFs traces. In spite of the faint signature of the baby patches, two coherent HF radars of the SuperDARN network observed backscatter echoes in the central polar cap, which represented signatures of plasma irregularities associated with the baby patches. These indicate that patches created from PMAFs have the potential to affect the satellite communications environment in the central polar cap region.
Dynamic rupture processes inferred from laboratory microearthquakes
Authors: Passelègue François. X. , Schubnel Alexandre , Nielsen Stefan , Bhat Harsha S. , Deldicque Damien , Madariaga Raùl
Published: May 2016

We report macroscopic stick‐slip events in saw‐cut Westerly granite samples deformed under controlled upper crustal stress conditions in the laboratory. Experiments were conducted under triaxial loading (σ1>σ2=σ3) at confining pressures (σ3) ranging from 10 to 100 MPa. A high‐frequency acoustic monitoring array recorded particle acceleration during macroscopic stick‐slip events allowing us to estimate rupture speed. In addition, we record the stress drop dynamically and we show that the dynamic stress drop measured locally close to the fault plane is almost total in the breakdown zone (for normal stress >75 MPa), while the friction f recovers to values of f > 0.4 within only a few hundred microseconds. Enhanced dynamic weakening is observed to be linked to the melting of asperities which can be well explained by flash heating theory in agreement with our postmortem microstructural analysis. Relationships between initial state of stress, rupture velocities, stress drop, and energy budget suggest that at high normal stress (leading to supershear rupture velocities), the rupture processes are more dissipative. Our observations question the current dichotomy between the fracture energy and the frictional energy in terms of rupture processes. A power law scaling of the fracture energy with final slip is observed over 8 orders of magnitude in slip, from a few microns to tens of meters.
A semianalytical algorithm for quantitatively estimating sediment and atmospheric deposition flux from MODIS‐derived sea ice albedo in the Bohai Sea, China
Authors: Xu Zhantang , Hu Shuibo , Wang Guifen , Zhao Jun , Yang Yuezhong , Cao Wenxi , Lu Peng
Published: May 2016

Quantitative estimates of particulate matter [PM) concentration in sea ice using remote sensing data is helpful for studies of sediment transport and atmospheric dust deposition flux. In this study, the difference between the measured dirty and estimated clean albedo of sea ice was calculated and a relationship between the albedo difference and PM concentration was found using field and laboratory measurements. A semianalytical algorithm for estimating PM concentration in sea ice was established. The algorithm was then applied to MODIS data over the Bohai Sea, China. Comparisons between MODIS derived and in situ measured PM concentration showed good agreement, with a mean absolute percentage difference of 31.2%. From 2005 to 2010, the MODIS‐derived annual average PM concentration was approximately 0.025 g/L at the beginning of January. After a month of atmospheric dust deposition, it increased to 0.038 g/L. Atmospheric dust deposition flux was estimated to be 2.50 t/km2/month, similar to 2.20 t/km2/month reported in a previous study. The result was compared with on‐site measurements at a nearby ground station. The ground station was close to industrial and residential areas, where larger dust depositions occurred than in the sea, but although there were discrepancies between the absolute magnitudes of the two data sets, they demonstrated similar trends.
Interannual variability of the South Indian Countercurrent
Authors: Menezes Viviane V. , Phillips Helen E. , Vianna Marcio L. , Bindoff Nathaniel L.
Published: May 2016

In the present work, we investigate the interannual variability of the South Indian Countercurrent (SICC), a major and still understudied current of the Indian Ocean circulation. To characterize the interannual variability of the SICC, four different data sets (altimetry, GLORYS, OFAM3, and SODA) are analyzed using multiple tools, which include Singular Spectrum Analysis and wavelet methods. The quasi‐biennial band dominates the SICC low‐frequency variance, with the main peak in the 1.5–1.8 year interval. A secondary peak (2.1–2.5 year) is only found in the western basin. Interannual and decadal‐type modulations of the quasi‐biennial signal are also identified. In addition, limitations of SODA before the 1960s in the SICC region are revealed. Within the quasi‐biennial band, the SICC system presents two main patterns with a multiple jet structure. One pattern is characterized by a robust northern jet, while in the other the central jet is well developed and northern jet is weaker. In both patterns, the southern jet has always a strong signature. When the northern SICC jet is stronger, the northern cell of the subtropical gyre has a triangular shape, with its southern limb having a strong equatorward slant. The quasi‐biennial variability of the SICC is probably related to the Indian Ocean tropical climate modes that are known to have a strong biennial characteristic.
Simulating the extreme 2013/2014 winter in a future climate
Authors: Rasmijn L. M. , van der Schrier G. , Barkmeijer J. , Sterl A. , Hazeleger W.
Published: May 2016

How would the spell of extreme weather observed over North America and western Europe during the 2013/2014 winter manifest itself in a warmer climate? Here a forced sensitivity method is used to calculate optimal model tendency perturbations which result in a simulation which has its upper atmospheric circulation shifted in the direction of the January 2014 jet stream pattern. When applied to a simulation run under present‐day conditions the main features of the observations of this event are reproduced, such as the more zonal position and increased strength of the midlatitude North Atlantic storm track, the anomalous temperature pattern over North America, and the excessive precipitation in parts of Europe. When this method is applied to a future warmer climate, the North Atlantic storm track changes to a more zonal orientation, but its strength does not see the significant increase that is obtained in the present‐day simulations. Despite southward advection of polar air into northeastern America, which has also occurred during the 2013/2014 winter, the associated drop in temperature is less in the future climate compared to the present‐day climate because of Arctic amplification. The less steep drop in temperatures over northeastern America leads to a smaller land‐sea temperature contrast, less baroclinic instability, and a reduced increase of midlatitude storminess. While one may expect the future increased atmospheric moisture content to augment the net precipitation, for this specific event, this effect is counterbalanced by the dynamics, leading to a similar net increase in precipitation in the future simulations compared to the present day.
Biome‐specific scaling of ocean productivity, temperature, and carbon export efficiency
Authors: Britten Gregory L. , Primeau François W.
Published: May 2016

Mass conservation and metabolic theory place constraints on how marine export production (EP) scales with net primary productivity (NPP) and sea surface temperature (SST); however, little is empirically known about how these relationships vary across ecologically distinct ocean biomes. Here we compiled in situ observations of EP, NPP, and SST and used statistical model selection theory to demonstrate significant biome‐specific scaling relationships among these variables. Multiple statistically similar models yield a threefold variation in the globally integrated carbon flux (~4–12 Pg C yr−1) when applied to climatological satellite‐derived NPP and SST. Simulated NPP and SST input variables from a 4×CO2 climate model experiment further show that biome‐specific scaling alters the predicted response of EP to simulated increases of atmospheric CO2. These results highlight the need to better understand distinct pathways of carbon export across unique ecological biomes and may help guide proposed efforts for in situ observations of the ocean carbon cycle.
F region ionosphere effects on the mapping accuracy of SuperDARN HF radar echoes
Authors: Chen X.‐C. , Lorentzen D. A. , Moen J. I. , Oksavik K. , Baddeley L. J. , Lester M.
Published: May 2016

Structured particle precipitation in the cusp is an important source for the generation of F region ionospheric irregularities. The equatorward boundaries of broad Doppler spectral width in Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) data and the concurrent OI 630.0 nm auroral emission are good empirical proxies for the dayside open‐closed field line boundary. However, SuperDARN currently employs a simple virtual model to determine the location of its echoes, instead of a direct calculation of the radio wave path. The varying ionospheric conditions could influence the final mapping accuracy of SuperDARN echoes. A statistical comparison of the offsets between the SuperDARN Finland radar spectral width boundary (SWB) and the OI 630.0 nm auroral emission boundary (AEB) from a meridian‐scanning photometer (MSP) on Svalbard is performed in this paper. By restricting the location of the 630.0 nm data to be near local zenith where the MSP has the highest spatial resolution, the optical mapping errors were significantly reduced. The variation of the SWB‐AEB offset confirms that there is a close relationship between the mapping accuracy of the HF radar echoes and solar activity. The asymmetric variation of the SWB‐AEB offset versus magnetic local time suggests that the intake of high‐density solar extreme ultraviolet ionized plasma from postnoon at subauroral latitudes could result in a stronger refraction of the HF radar signals in the noon sector, while changing the HF radar operating frequency also has a refraction effect that contributes to the final location of the HF radar echoes.
Impact of the Arrangement of Game Information on Recall Performance of Multiplayer Online Battle Arena Players
Authors: Bonny Justin W. , Castaneda Lisa M.
Published: May 2016

Individuals who have domain‐specific knowledge, such as chess players and dancers, have been found to use schemas to organize and anticipate information. We examined whether multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game players use a similar strategy. Participants were presented with a memory task where they recalled the status of game features as displayed on a mini‐map. The task contained two conditions: a condition where game features were arranged in a manner consistent with gameplay and a condition where game features were arranged in a random manner. Recall accuracy for highly structured game features was affected by whether a mini‐map was consistent or arbitrarily arranged and varied with participants' MOBA expertise. This is in line with previous expertise research that has found that knowledge of underlying probability structures of events contained within schemas is indicative of domain‐specific knowledge. This suggests that MOBA players can be used to study skill acquisition.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy and long‐term toxicity of the rituximab‐fludarabine‐cyclophosphamide combination therapy in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
Authors: Souchet Laetitia , Levy Vincent , Ouzegdouh Maya , Tamburini Jérôme , Delmer Alain , Dupuis Jehan , Le Gouill Steven , Pégourié‐Bandelier Brigitte , Tournilhac Olivier , Boubaya Marouanne , Vargaftig Jacques , Choquet Sylvain , Leblond Véronique ,   on behalf of FILO (French Innovative Leukemia Organization)
Published: May 2016

Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia is generally treated with alkylating agents, purine analogs and monoclonal antibodies, alone or in combination. We report the outcomes of 82 patients (median age 61 years) treated with the RFC combination. Twenty‐five patients were treatment‐naive. RFC was administered every 4 weeks, for a median of five cycles. At treatment discontinuation, the overall response rate was 85.4%. The responses improved after treatment discontinuation in 25 patients, with a median time to best response achievement of 10.8 months, raising the major response rate (PR, VGPR and CR) from 64.6% to 76.8%. With a median follow‐up of 47 months, the median progression‐free survival time had not been reached (67% PFS at 48 months) and was influenced by age and treatment status before RFC. Likewise, the median time to next therapy had not been reached. Two cases of myelodysplastic syndrome/AML and 3 cases of transformation to aggressive lymphoma occurred. Thirteen patients died. The 3‐year overall survival rate was 90%. Long‐lasting cytopenias occurred in 19 patients. The RFC combination thus gave a high response rate and durable responses, even in heavily treatment‐experienced patients. The high incidence of long‐lasting cytopenia might be reduced by giving fewer courses and thereby minimizing myelotoxicity. Am. J. Hematol. 91:782–786, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.