bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refleksi Konstitusionalitas Pengawasan Peraturan Daerah Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 137/PUU-XIII/2015
Authors: Firdaus Firdaus
Published: October 2019

Peraturan Daerah (Perda) sebagai produk hukum pemerintahan daerah untuk mengatur dan memerintah sendiri sebagai manifestasi otonomi, tetapi dalam praktiknya sering kali dihadapkan dengan penundaan atau pembatalan akibat fungsi pengawasan preventif atau represif oleh Pemerintah. Melalui Putusan Nomor 137/PUU-XIII/2015, Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) meneguhkan fungsi pengawasan preventif dan membatalkan fungsi pengawasan represif dengan harapan: pertama mengakhiri dilema konstitusional fungsi Pengawasan Pemerintah terhadap Perda; kedua, memperkuat otonomi daerah; dan ketiga, meneguhkan pengujian perda sebagai kompetensi Mahkamah Agung (MA). Namun hal tersebut justru menciptakan dikotomi baru, baik terkait hubungan Pemerintah Pusat dengan pemerintahan daerah maupun dalam memaknai fungsi pengawasan represif dihubungkan dengan kompetensi MA menguji peraturan perundang-undangan di bawah undang-undang terhadap undang-undang. Bentuk dikotomi baru yang dimaksud; pertama, merevitalisasi instrumen sentralisme; dan kedua mereduksi otonomi dan fungsi kekuasaan Pemerintah dengan karakteristik yang bersifat aktif, sepihak (bersegi satu) dalam mengawasi dan memastikan pelaksanaan undangundang. Dimensi konstitusional yang harus dipastikan, bahwa pelaksanaan fungsi pengawasan represif terhadap Perda memberi kedudukan hukum bagi Pemerintah Daerah otonom untuk dapat mengajukan permohonan pengujian kepada MA.Local Regulation (Perda) as a legal product of local government is to regulate and govern itself as a manifestation of autonomy. Yet, in practice it is often confronted with delays or cancellations due to the Government's preventive or repressive supervision functions. Through Decision Number 137 / PUU-XIII / 2015, the Constitutional Court (MK) affirmed the function of preventive supervision and canceled the repressive supervision function in the hope of: first, ending the constitutional dilemma of the Government Oversight function on Local Regulations; second, strengthening local autonomy; and third, confirm the perda review as Supreme Court (MA) competency. However, this actually creates a new dichotomy, both in relation to the relationship between the Central Government and the local government and in interpreting the repressive monitoring function associated with the MA competency in examining the legislation under the regulations toward the statute. The form of the new dichotomy in intended; firstly, revitalize the instrument of centralism; and secondly reducing the autonomy and function of the Government's power with active, unilateral (onesided) characteristics in supervising and ensuring the implementation of the statute. The constitutional dimension that must be ensured is that the implementation of the repressive oversight function of the Local Regulation gives a legal standing for the autonomous local Government to be able to submit an application for judicial review to the Supreme Court.
PENGETAHUAN PERAWAT TENTANG KESELAMATAN PASIEN DENGAN PELAKSANAAN PROSEDUR KESELAMATAN PASIEN RUMAH SAKIT (KPRS)
Authors: Anriani Nora
Published: October 2019

Patient safety is a system created by the Hospital so that patient care safe. Which issupported by the knowledge and attitudes that are the result of the idea through to a particularobject sensing and social interaction so that the formation of one's actions. The aim of researchto determine the relationship of the nurse's knowledge about patient safety by implementinghospital patient safety procedures in Hospital Nursing Waluya Sawahan Malang.This study used a correlational design with cross sectional approach. The population inthis study nurses were 60 respondents using simple random sampling technique. Diggerquestionnaire data. The data obtained were analyzed with a computerized program usingSpearman Rank Test. The results of the research data showed the majority of 49 respondents (81.7%) havesufficient knowledge and fraction 3 respondents (5.0%) knowledgeable good. Whereas in theimplementation of Hospital Patient Safety mostly 41 respondents (68.3%) Less Patient Safetyimplementation and fraction 3 respondents (5.0%) Patient Safety good execution. Analysis of thedata by the Spearman Rank test was obtained (p value) (0,001) <α (0.05) means that there is arelationship between knowledge of nurses with the implementation of a hospital patient safetyprocedures in hospital Panti Waluya Sawahan Malang. While the correlation coefficient 0.420means that relationships are.Recommended Suggestions for further research conduct further research to measureother variables that have not been studied as a nurse attitudes towards implementation. Researchcan be done by the method of observation and in-depth interview since Patient Safety is verycomplex.
Make it real: Simulation of 3D molecules using Augmented Reality
Authors: Mughni Nur Tsalits Fahman
Published: October 2019

The chemical bond is one of the crucial topics in chemistry since it becomes a basic concept to comprehend other topics. Unfortunately, it is hard for students because it is at the microscopic level. This study proposes a way to comprehend that topic by developing a simulation of 3D molecules using Augmented Reality (AR). The data were collected by questionnaire, documentation, and interview. This study was used ADDIE procedure to develop the product. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the multimedia-based learning media Augmented Reality has very good quality and is worthy of being used as a supporting media in chemical learning activities in the chemical bond topic.
Quantum genetic spiral the space-time
Authors: Kuyukov Vitaly
Published: October 2019

The nature of quantum mechanics has various interpretations. In this paper we consider the hypothesis of quantum Darwinism. Quantum theory is closely connected with the concept of information. Perhaps there is an analogue of the genetic code for quantum Darwinism. Here the attempt of the genetic formulation of quantum gravity. It is based on the idea of the quantum genetic spiral the space-time, directed along the time axis. Such a mathematical form exists in braid theory. Matter how information is coded in the genetic structure of space-time. Natural and artificial selection of quantum Darwinism leads to the collapse of the wave function and the identification of a dominant gene.
AGENSI PEREMPUAN DALAM MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN MADRASAH: BELAJAR DARI PONDOK PESANTREN NURUL JADID PROBOLINGGO
Authors: Mughni Nur Tsalits Fahman
Published: October 2019

Keadilan dan kesetaraan gender hingga saat ini masih terus diperjuangkan untuk menempatkan perempuan pada posisi yang setara dengan laki-laki. Hasilnya telah banyak ditunjukkan dengan banyaknya perempuan menduduki posisi penting sebagai pengambil kebijakan bersama-sama dengan laki-laki. Demikian juga dalam bidang pendidikan. Tulisan ini menjelaskan tentang bagaimana kontribusi perempuan dengan laki-laki dalam memanajemen pendidikan madrasah. Pelaksanaan penelitian ini bertempat di pondok pesantren Nurul Jadid. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif merupakan metode yang memiliki prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis dan lisan dari orang atau bahkan dari perilaku orang yang dapat diamati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kontribusi perempuan dalam pelaksanaan program serta pengawasannya pondok pesantren Nurul Jadid memfungsikan kaum perempuan berperan sebagai perpanjangan tangan dari pengasuh dalam mengelola pesantren, pada posisi wakil ketua, sekretaris dan bendahara. Peran laki-laki masih sebagai “raja” sedangkan perempuan sebagai manajer yang bertanggung jawab dalam mengatur santri
KEBIJAKAN PERAWAT DALAM MENINGKATKAN PATIEN SAFETY
Authors: hafaz Ibnu
Published: October 2019

Latar Belakang : Keselamatan pasien merupakan komponen untuk memberikan asuhan keperawatan kepada pasien, perawat harus melibatkan kognitif, efektif, dan tindakan mengutamakan kesalamatan pasien, dalam hal ini memberikan asuhan keperawatan harus dengan kepedulian untuk menjaga keselamatan pasien. Tujuan : Sebagai kebijakan perawat dalam melakukan pelayanan keperawatan dan memberikan asuhan keperawatan dengan menerapkan keselamatan pasien, dan tidak terjadi bahaya dan resiko yang diambil perawat. Metode : Analisis, eksplorasi dan kajian bebas. Hasil : banyak perawat yang sudah menerapkan upaya meningkatkan keselamatan pasien. Pembahasan : Keselamatan pasien di rumah sakit merupakan suatu sistem dimana rumah sakit membuat asuhan pasien menjadi lebih aman. Dalam kode etik keperawatan disebutkan bahwa perawat bertanggung jawab untuk senantiasa menjaga atau pun memelihara keselamatan pasien di rumah sakit. Kesimpulan : Perawat pelaksana merupakan garda terdepan dalam menjamin keselamatan pasien di rumah sakit. Saran : Diharapkan agar perawat mampu meningkatkan prosedur dalam menerapkan keselamatan pasien di rumah sakit.
"PENERAPAN KEBIJAKAN KESELAMATAN PASIEN DI RUMAH SAKIT"
Authors: Panjaitan Charolina
Published: October 2019

Latar belakang : Isu keselamatan pasien merupakan salah satu isu utama dalam pelayanan kesehatan. Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui dan memahami penerapan tentang kebijakan keselamatan pasien di rumah sakit.Metode : Metode yang digunakan ialah teknik pengumpulan data atau informasi dengan melakukan analisis, eksplorasi, kajian bebas (literatur review) yang relevan yang berfokus pada bagimana penerapan kebijkan keselamatan pasien di rumah sakitHasil : Berdasarkan hasil pencarian analisis, eksplorasi dari berbagai sumber didapatkan bahwa dengan penerapan kebijakan keselamatan pasien di rumah sakit perlu diterapkan untuk mengurangi resiko kesalahan bagi pasien.Pembahasan : Keselamatan pasien di Rumah Sakit adalah sistem pelayanan dalam suatu Rumah Sakit yang memberikan asuhan pasien menjadi lebih aman, termasuk di dalamnya mengukur risiko, identifikasi dan pengelolaan risiko terhadap pasien, analisa insiden, kemampuan untuk belajar & menindaklanjuti insiden serta menerapkan solusi untuk mengurangi risiko.Penutup : Melaksanakan upaya keselamatan pasien sesuai dengan standar, sasaran, prinsip, dan langkah keselamatan pasien. Penerapan keselamatan pasien dilaksanakan dengan baik maka pelayanan yang mengutamakan keselamatan dan kualitas yang optimal akan memberikan dampak yang luas.
Penerapan dan Pelaksanaan Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja terhadap Pasien di RS
Authors: Rahmawati Ria
Published: October 2019

Abstrak : keselamatan pasien adalah suatu sistem dimana rumah sakit membuat asuhan terhadap pasien lebih aman, mencegah terjadinya cidera yang disebabkan oleh kesalahan akibat melakukan suatu tindakan. Perawat merupakan salah satu SDM yang sangat dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kinerja yang optimal. Bersadarkan hal tersebut penerapan pasien safety oleh perawat sangat penting dalam upaya mengurangi adanya insiden yang melukai pasien. Tujuan: kajian ini dibuat adalah untuk memberikan pelayanan kesehatan yang baik dan berkualitas dan untuk menganalisis peranan pelaksanaan keselamatan pasien oleh perawat di RS. . Metode : Analisis, eksplorasi, dan kajian bebas. Hasil: pengetahuan perawat dapat diatasi atau ditutpi dengan adanya kinerja perawat yang berkualitas dan baik dengan menjaga keselamatan pasien di RS.Kata Kunci : Keselamatan Pasien, Perawat, dan Rumah Sakit.Abstract: Patient safety is a system in which a hospital makes care for patients safer, preventing injury from being caused by an error caused by an action. Nurse are one of the human resources that are needed to achieve optimal performance. Based on this the application of patient safety by nurses is very important in efforts to reduce the incidence of injuries to patients. Objektive: this study was made to providegood quality health services and to analyze the role of patient safety implementation by nurses in hospitals. Method: free analysis, exploration and study. Results: Nurses knowledge can be overcome or closed with the quality and good performance of nurses by maintaining patient safety. Key Keyword: Patient Safety, Nurses, and Hospital.
Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia
Authors: nasution Ammi thoibah , nasution Wildah hayati
Published: October 2019

Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia terdiri dari empat kata tetapi memiliki jutaan cerita. Terjadinya negara merupakan suatu proses yang tidak hanya diambil dari proses proklamasi, tetapi dari perjuangan bangsa Indonesia yang menuntut kemerdekaan, sehingga membentuk ideologi. Negara Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan dari wilayah Sabang sampai Merauke. Setiap rakyat Indonesia mempunyai kewajiban dan tanggung jawab untuk menjaga keutuhan negara kesatuan republik Indonesia. Adapun upaya yang dilakukan bagi keutuhan negara kesatuan republik Indonesia adalah kita harus memahami dan mengamalkan semboyan Bhinneka Tunggal Ika yang terdapat dalam pita yang di genggam oleh burung Garuda Pancasila
Mid-Exam Paper of Indonesian Academic Writing
Authors: Patricia Brigitta
Published: October 2019

A Mid-Exam Paper of Indonesian Academic Writing
An historical perspective on Endel Tulving's episodic-semantic dichotomy
Authors: Renoult Louis , Rugg Michael D
Published: October 2019

The distinction between episodic and semantic memory, proposed by Endel Tulving in 1972, remains a key concept in contemporary Cognitive Neuroscience. Here we review how this distinction evolved in Tulving`s writings over the years. Crucially, from 1972 onward, he argued that the two forms of memory were inter-dependent and that their interaction was an essential feature of normal episodic memory function. Moreover, later elaborations of the theory clearly proposed that these interactions formed the basis of normal declarative memory functioning. A later but crucial aspect of Tulving’s contribution was his stress on the importance of subjective experience, which, according to him, “should be the ultimate object of interest, the central aspect of remembering that is to be explained and understood”. We relate these and his numerous other ideas to current perspectives about the organization and function of human memory.
Caring Concepts among Selected Asian Nursing Educators
Authors: Martinez Rudolf Cymorr Kirby Palogan
Published: October 2019

The concept of caring is central to the nursing profession. Its expression and processes are sensitive to the cultural context where it is practiced. ASEAN people, bounded by cultural and historical roots have a unique appreciation of caring but is still unexplored. This paper aims to understand the concept of caring among Filipino and Indonesian Nursing faculties. Specifically, it aims to determine the unique attributes of caring thru the regional lens of ASEAN as perceived by selected nursing faculties.Grounded on qualitative philosophy, eleven (11) participants (5 Indonesian, 6 Filipino nursing faculties) were selected based on present criteria. Multiple in-depth interviews were done to produce the narratives of the study which were later analysed using the conventional content analysis technique.From the participant’s narratives, 155 significant phrases where decoded and analysed using conventional content analysis for their patterns and from this analysis, two (2) distinct caring concepts were explicated: Conscious awareness as facilitator of caring moments and mindful connection as enabler of caring.Findings from the analysis suggest that participants appreciation and concept of caring is grounded on the idea that genuine caring both involves intent and actions reflected by being present at the moment purposely communicating with the patient in the process of knowing. Caring is seen transcending boundaries between the nurse and the one being nursed as they continually seek meaning and being, in their dyadic synergy.
Clara Ng
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: October 2019

Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mendapat narasi biografi Clara Ng. Fokus penelitian meliputi kehidupan pribadi, karier kepenulisan, dan gaya penulisan Clara Ng. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode kualitatif pendekatan naratif bentuk kajian biografi. Partisipan sebagai sumber data dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yang dikumpulkan menggunakan teknik wawancara secara informal tipe retrospective untuk diperiksa keabsahan dan keandalannya menggunakan external audit. Data yang absah dan andal tersebut kemudian dianalisis dan disintesis secara deskriptif untuk mendapat gambaran yang saling terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Clara Ng mulai menulis setelah mengalami keguguran, kemudian terus berlanjut dengan meluncurkan novel, cerita pendek, antologi cerita pendek, buku anak, dan beberapa koleksi cerita dongeng. Kecenderungan gaya yang dimiliki Clara ialah mengangkat perempuan sebagai karakter utama dalam setiap karyanya. Cerita anak-anaknya yang ditulis dimaksudkan untuk membuat anak-anak lebih empati.
Penggunaan Buah Mangga Guna Menggantikan Mayonaise Dalam Pembuatan Thousand Island Dressing
Authors: Yuliantoro Nonot
Published: October 2019

Abstract - Eating vegetables and fruits is a good habit in maintaining a good diet for everyone. Awareness of nutritional and calorie food intake according to the body's needs has become a culture in people's lifestyles today. Awareness of a good diet encourages research into the development of thousand island dressing products with the basic ingredients of mango as a substitute for mayonnaise. The development of these dressings was analyzed by organoleptic tests to see hedanik and hedonic quality in terms of taste, color, testure and aroma. The use of mangoes in these dressings is expected to be used as an alternative in consuming vegetable or fruit salads using dressings without the ingredients of dairy products so that they can complement a good diet. Keywords: thousand island dressing, mangoes, organoleptic tests. Abstrak - Mengonsumsi sayur dan buah adalah kebiasaan baik dalam menjaga pola makan yang baik untuk setiap orang.  Kesadaran akan asupan makanan yang bernutrisi dan berkalori sesuai kebutuhan tubuh telah menjadi budaya dalam pola hidup masyarakat dewasa ini. Kesadaran akan pola makan yang baik mendorong dilakukan penelitian pengembangan produk pembuatan thousand island dressing dengan bahan dasar buah mangga sebagai pengganti mayonnaise. Pengembangan thousand island dressing ini dianalisa dengan uji organoleptik guna melihat hedanik dan mutu hedonik dalam hal rasa, warna, testur dan aroma. Penggunaan buah mangga pada dressing ini diharapkan bisa digunakan sebagai alternatif dalam mengonsumsi salad sayur atau buah yang menggunakan dressing tanpa kandungan bahan dairy product sehingga bisa melengkapi pola makan yang baik. Kata Kunci: thousand island dressing, buah mangga, tes organoleptik
Trends in the Generational Continuity and Succession to Household Directorship
Authors: Ishihara Kunio
Published: October 2019

This article attempts to analyse the power and role structure of the contemporary Japanese stem family in rural areas. Emphasis is placed on the patterns of succession to household directorship and the processes of the gradual role transformation in farm households across the family life cycle and historical changes. Longitudinal data collected in 1965 and 1975 in the rural community of Kanagawa prefecture adjacent to the Tokyo metropolis were the basis of this study.

Three major findings emerge. First, the allocation and generational transfer of power and authority takes place throughout the developmental process of the family life cycle, and is shaped by a delicate balancing of traditional sex roles and generational roles. Second, by analysing trends in the transfer age of household directorship domains, are as especially in the tendency to greatly delay transfer, we can grasp that the stem family in Japan continues to reproduce itself even under the influence of rapid and complex historical changes ( demographic, institutional or ideological, and socioeconomic). Third, and most important is the finding that both life cycle and historical factors combine to contribute to the process of transfer.
Legal Consequences of Emerging Family Forms for the Child
Authors: Jaakkola Risto , Cantell Ilkka , Aromaa Kauko
Published: October 2019

The paper deals with the recent) the two past decades) development of Finnish legislation concerning the child. It is shown that children grow up more and more commonly in more than one single family. Additionally, family forms other than the nuclear family based on the marriage of the child’s parents have become more widespread as the child’s growth environment. Social welfare legislation has reacted to these changes by a tendency to consider the child as an independent object of measures and an independent receipient of rights. Also in family legislation a similar—but less marked—tendency may be observed. The authors assume that the “legislative lag” in family legislation as compared with social welfare legislation may be understood as follows: social welfare legislation deals with the distribution of material benefits whereas family legislation may be seen as codifying socio-ethical evaluations concerning the family. The diffusion of overtly moral innovations thus seems to be much slower than the diffusion of innovations with a primarily material contents.
Is Resource Theory Equally Applicable to Wives and Husbands?
Authors: Katz Ruth , Peres Yochanan
Published: October 2019

This paper argues that resources at the wife’s disposal have a considerable impact on her share in marital decisions while the husband’s resources are not positively associated with his decision-making power.

Data for this research were collected from interviews with 166 married couples randomly selected from the Urban Jewish Population of Haifa, Israel.

The issue is examined in the light of our own as well as previously published empirical data. An attempt was made to explain the findings theoretically, in terms of Resource Theory in a broader social context.
The Correlation of Private, Religious Devotional Practices and Marital Adjustment
Authors: Gruner Leroy
Published: October 2019

An attempt is made to determine the impact of private religious devotional practices on marriage adjustment or failure. A sample consisting of 208 couples selected from four major Christian religious categories of church groups was surveyed by the use of questionnaires issued in group meetings. Each category contained 104 individuals. Care was exercised in the sampling to secure a representative group from sectarians, conservative-evangelicals, liberal, and institutional authoritarian groups, in terms of age and length of marriage. The average age for the sample was 37 years old and the average length of marriage was 14 years. A broad representation from forty different congregations was secured. These congregations were located in various cities in the Los Angeles area whose boundaries are largely contiguous with one another. Most of the sample came from the lower middle, and upper classes. The variables of the study were religious affiliation, prayer. Bible reading, and marital adjustment. The findings suggest that affiliation with sects and evangelicals leads to a greater use of prayer and Bible reading in dealing with problems which in turn leads to better marital adjustment. Findings indicate a significant difference in marital adjustment between the categories defined in this study. The order of placement on a continuum of marital adjustment which was hypothesized was not supported in all cases. The order from highest to lowest for marital adjustment was: the sect, the evangelical, the Catholic, and the liberal according to the data of this study.
The Relative Contributions of Death and Divorce to Marital Dissolution in Canada and the United States
Authors: Robinson Barrie W. , Jr Wayne W. Mcvey
Published: October 2019

The family life cycle construct focuses upon major transition events in family formation, development, and dissolution. This paper provides an analysis of selected aspects of marital dissolution in Canada and the United States over the past six decades. In both countries, dissolution of marriages due to death have declined while dissolutions due to divorce have increased. Since the 1960’s, divorce has been increasingly replacing death as a dissolver of marriages. In contrast to the United States, death still dissolves more marriages in Canada per year than divorce. Given these trends it is anticipated that Canada will follow the American pattern, in that divorce will become the primary contributor to marital dissolution. Implications of these changes for children of dissolved marriages, the phenomenon of remarriage, and the viability of the family life construct are explored.
Family Associations in Lebanon
Authors: Khalaf Samir
Published: October 2019

The structural and organizational features of all 477 registered family associations in Lebanon, their underlying functions, pattern and trend are surveyed in an effort to examine how a kinship culture reacts to the disruptive forces associated with the decline in kinship. The central argument of the paper supplements the hypothesis that extended family relations need not be inconsistent with urban and industrial societies.

It is suggested that efforts to coalesce the family by creating formal kinship associations should not be dismissed as an irrational or nostalgic gesture. Rather, they are a response to some unmet needs, and they continue to serve some vital and unique functions in Lebanon. Apart from the conventional welfare and benevolent functions, they assist individuals in the quest for opportunity and employment and serve as a vehicle for family solidarity and the advancement of the social, economic and political interests of the family as a social group. They also provide a measure of primary group reinforcements and mediation services -both of which are vital for coping with some of the private troubles and social tensions of a society in transition.

Finally, it is suggested that family associations have survived as viable agencies of social organization and social control because they combine some of the rational features of formal organizations with the needs for intimacy and identity inherent in primary relations.
Household Structure and Marriage in Urban China: 1900-1982
Authors: Zang Xiaowei
Published: October 2019

Most current China experts either advocate or accept the notion that the significant shift from a joint to a conjugal family structure occurred after the 1949 Communist takeover. Using a representative sample of 5,057 ever-married women in China’s five cities, I found that the conjugal relationship developed to a significant degree in urban China at least since the 1930s. The 1949 Communist takeover is not a watershed year for the changeover from traditional marriages and joint families to modem volitional marriages and nuclear families in urban China. The pre-1949 Chinese family revolution may be viewed as a case of a worldwide evolutionary process of family modernization.
Parenting Following Divorce: A Comparison of Black and White Single Mothers
Authors: Mckenry Patrick C. , Fine Mark A.
Published: October 2019

Data from the National Survey of Families and Households were analyzed to determine differences in parenting between black and white single mothers following divorce. Based on a cultural-ecological model and related literature, five parenting dimensions were assessed. ANCOVA and MAN-COVA, controlling for SES and time since divorce, indicated that black single mothers had higher expectations for their children and were more likely to report that their children had a higher quality of life than did the white mothers. No racial differences were found in parenting behaviors, parenting involvement, or satisfaction with the parenting role.
The South African Chinese Family
Authors: Song Arthur
Published: October 2019

Chinese immigrants to South Africa had to adapt to changing circumstances to the extent that their offspring have inherited a culturo-identity problem. They have to determine whether they are Chinese who are clinging to their ethnic culture while simultaneously absorbing the host culture, or whether they are neglecting their own culture and substituting it with Western values? The former stresses the pluralist perspective while the latter indicates an assimilationist bias.

This paper argues that factors other than pluralism and assimilationism need to be considered in examining the family types which developed in the South African Chinese community. Examples of specific racist laws and their influences on the development of the normal conjugal family will be examined. This paper also shows that the neo-Confucian model of the extended family does not exist in South Africa and that family-orientated values may have been assimilated by the South African Chinese from other than Confucian sources.
Labour Reproduction and the Family under Advanced Capitalism: Female Labour Force Participation and Fertility in Twentieth Century Canada
Authors: Li Peter S.
Published: October 2019

This paper argues that the expansion of corporate capitalism since the turn of the century and the corresponding proliferation of the wage labour market have transformed the way the family reproduces labour, and created contradictions for the family with respect to the problem of labour maintenance and labour renewal. As corporate capitalism expands, an increasing segment of domestic female labour is being converted into wage labour, and along with it, the rising dependency of the family on the wage economy. In this process, the family finds it necessary to increase its capacity to earn wages as a means to maintain the labour power of its members on a daily basis; in so doing, the process of labour maintenance becomes contradictory to that of labour renewal since the two compete on the same financial resources and since the continuation of wage labour relationship does not rely on generational labour renewal. The strategies followed by Canadian families in expanding on the earning capacity and reducing fertility and family size may be seen as adaptive mechanisms in response to the contradictions created by the wage economy.
Out-of-Town Brides: International Marriage and Wife Abuse among Chinese Immigrants
Authors: Chin Ko-Lin
Published: October 2019

This paper attempts to provide a cross-cultural theoretical framework for the understanding of wife abuse among Chinese immigrants in the U.S. It proposes that a distinct explanation of spouse assault for Chinese families may be appropriate because of unique cultural circumstances of Chinese families in the U.S., and the prevalence of "out-of-town brides" who are abused. It examines the legal and social aspects of international marriages, gender inequality and exploitation of women in the male-dominated Chinese society, as well as legal, social-psychological, and cultural factors that appear to be associated with wife abuse in the American Chinese community. The paper includes information and data collected from local newspapers and magazines, interviews with several "out-of-town brides," examination of case files maintained by a social service agency, and personal working experiences with spouses of Chinese male alcoholics.
The Impact of the Economic Embargo on Iraqi Families: Re-structuring of Tribes, Socio-Economic Classes and Households
Authors: Al-Nouri Qais N.
Published: October 2019

The economic embargo imposed on Iraq since 2 August 1990 has had profound effects on Iraqi family life. This paper attempts to explore these effects, concentrating on the ways in which families are coping with the stifling pressures of the embargo. People have been compelled to resort to a variety of channels and strategies in their hard struggle for survival. Economic problems - including the ever-present threat of hunger - are the most prominent features in the embargo panorama.

This paper also describes the decline of collective sentiments, a decline which the embargo has laid the ground for. The enormous difficulties of living have sapped peoples emotional reserves and have thereby weakened their social ties. Families either use whatever money they make to buy the bare necessities of life or stockpile it; they no longer devote any economic resources to the maintenance of social ties. The decline in sociability since the beginning of the embargo has affected and is affected by individual morale. Sometimes people have responded to the embargo as if it were a challenge, while at other times they vacillate between hope and despair.

A third point covered by the paper is the effect of the embargo on socio-economic stratification. The withdrawal of wealth from the kinds of social activities which formerly required large expenditures - and which continually reconstructed social relations - has been accompanied by an increasing economic polarization between the poor and the wealthy. Old, respected urban families with centuries of prestige and family traditions have become impoverished and must devote all of their resources to the struggle for survival. At the same time, a few uneducated rural families enjoy unprecedented prosperity.. This coupling of elite family decline with the rapid rise of certain rural families is a phenomenal paradox that has been brought on by the embargo. The distorted and lopsided social mobility is perceived by many Iraqis as chaotic and disorienting.
Forins of Economic Security And The Family
Authors: Houseknecht Sharon K. , Aal Mohamed Abdel
Published: October 2019

This work stresses differences between two forms of economic security. one is fonnal and is provided by coverage through public programs. The other is informal and the family is its major source. Our primary concern is with the processes involved in the transformation of the family economic security system and family culture and social structures. To this end, we test the influence of two major hypotheses, one emphasizing the importance of economic independence that is associated with industrial employment and coverage by formal economic security programs and the other the importance of space or geographical mobility. Data were gathered in Egypt through personal interviews with 3,214 respondents systematically selected from five communities representing different regions of the country, as well as from Census reports. The results indicate that the dynamics of family transformation are complex. Migration was not relevant for family economic interdependence, but fonnal coverage was. Formal coverage was not directly relevant for family social structure, but migration was. Both had effects on family culture. Industrial employment impacted all of these various dimensions of family life.
The Impact Of Race On Divorce In The United States
Authors: Kposowa Augustine J.
Published: October 2019

Population Survey, a study was done to examine the effect of race on divorce in the United States, controlling for various risk factors noted in previous research. Life table and Cox proportional hazards models were specified. The risk factors controlled included age at first marriage, marriage cohort, marital status at first birth, age at first birth, presence of children, place of residence, family income, housing type, labor force status, and education. The results of the analysis confirm the existence of the hypothesized relationships. With regard to race evidence was found to suggest that divorce probabilities are higher among African Americans than Whites. African American women were 1.8 times as likely to divorce as their white counterparts. Contrary to some past research reports, however, it was observed that the variables that predict divorce among African Americans are the same that do so for Whites. Moreover, the difference between African Americans and whites with regard to divorce risks was not as strong as some previous studies had reported. Analysis showed that women with higher levels of education ( college or graduate degrees) were significantly more likely to divorce than their counterparts with only high school education. The results also reinforce the findings reported in many prior studies that divorce rates in the United States rose consistently in the 1970s and early 1980s. Cohort analysis by age and year of marriage show that the probabilities of divorce in the first 5 to IO years of marriage have increased, especially for the recently married.
Mexican And French Children’s Conceptions About Family: A Developmental Approach
Authors: Day Evelyn Diez-Martinez , Remigy Marie-José
Published: October 2019

The present investigation was designed to study the development of children’s conceptions of family, in relation to cognitive and cultural aspects. Sixty Mexican children and 60 French children were sampled from primary government schools. Twenty subjects from first, third and sixth grade levels composed each experimental group. Children were presented with an interview including 9 questions exploring the following aspects: type of bonds that children recognize in the family group, types of groupings considered as families by children, elements that children include as part of the family group and certain parental roles. Results showed both age and cultural group differences. Children’s conceptions are initially based on concrete and external aspects, while older children are more likely to employ abstract relational criteria for family definition. Nevertheless, complexity of children’s answers was related both to cognitive level and cultural group of origin, since Mexican children’s considerations about certain groupings as families, differed from French children’s considerations for the same groupings. Results are discussed in terms of actual findings about social knowledge developmental levels, and the relation between social influences upon cognitive structures.
Child Fostering and Fertility: Some Evidence from Ghana
Authors: Klomegah Roger
Published: October 2019

This study used the 1993 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) data to analyze: (a) the relationship between child fostering and education, occupation, and place of residence; and (b) the relationship between child fostering and fertility. The standard individual recode file, comprising a sample of 2520 married women (age 15 - 49) who have children, was utilized. Analysis has revealed that women’s educational level and type of occupation are significantly associated with the practice of fostering. No association is found between rural or urban place of residence and fostering. Multiple Classification Analysis has revealed a weak and negative association between child fostering and women’s fertility within the context of communication between spouses and modem contraceptive use. There is no evidence in the data to suggest that fostering is a good predictor of women’s fertility.
Family Roles of Contemporary Palestinian Women
Authors: Huntington Ray L. , Fronk Camille , Chadwick Bruce A.
Published: October 2019

This paper documents contemporary family roles and tests a multivafiate model predicting traditional family roles among Palestinian families living in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The model utilizes married women’s education, their employment outside of the home, their belief and adherence to Islam, and their participation in the intifada as predictors of family roles. The measurement of traditional family roles was reduced to a single item regarding who provides the family income.

Data was obtained in 1994 and 1995 from 6,253 Palestinian husbands and 6,024 wives. The results from the data reveal that the strongest factor predicting traditional family roles was women’s employment outside of the home. As expected, women who work outside of the home also help to provide income for the family. Adult Education Classes were mildly related to less traditional family roles, while higher levels of formal education was associated with more traditional roles (e.g., women with more formal education provided less of the family’s income). Women who were more religious were also more traditional in their family roles. Participation in the intifada was not associated with family roles.

These factors accounted for only six percent of the variance in whether wives contributed to the family’s income. Thus, factors, such as women’s education and religiosity, did not have as strong a relationship in predicting family roles as anticipated. It may be that Western theories about modernization, including education, employment, and political involvement, have limited applicability in this particular non-western culture.
Structural and Personal Contexts of Discipline Orientations of Guyanese Parents: Theoretic and Empirical Considerations
Authors: Wilson Colwickm. , Wilson Leon C. , Fox Curtis A.
Published: October 2019

This paper empirically responds to the critiqued scarcity of studies on the interactional patterns of Anglophone Caribbean families. Using primary cross-sectional data from urban Guyana, a cultural and historic affiliate of the English-speaking Caribbean, the study examines the nature of discipline styles (punitive and non-punitive) and factors that predict their usage. The absence of specific and consistent ethnic and socioeconomic differences in discipline styles found in this study point to a more generalized cultural norm influencing the socialization of children in urban Guyana. The significant gender based discipline patterns observed, support previous arguments relative to the gender segmentation of the Caribbean society. The finding that perception of parental strain is a significant predictor of the variation of discipline styles points to the importance of the personal context of socialization behavior in urban Guyana.
Family Backgrounds of Teenage Female Sex Workers in Istanbul Metropolitan Area
Authors: Kuntay Esin
Published: October 2019

The International Labour Organisation aiming to eliminate child labour is directing special attention to one of the most intolerable and abusive form; juvenile prostitution. The strategies addressing to this serious social problem call for the protection, rehabilitation and resocialisation of these young women who are confronted with great traumatising behaviour and hurt themselves.

In the current climate of the power structure an individual, especially an underage person, may easily cede control of her/his life circumstances to the dominating influence of the market in a modernising world. A person during childhood is vulnerable and for her, the danger of being exploited is greater. Taking all this into consideration, it is not wrong to describe juvenile prostitution as ‘forced labour’.

This paper will explore the family backgrounds of teenage female sex workers in the Istanbul metropolitan area. The stories told by female sex workers reveal many unfavourable conditions in their homes. Parental use of intoxicating substances, neglect, emotional, physical and sexual abuse, violent parenting are commonly observed in the lives of these girls. The turbulent home lives display why these girls abscond and are trapped by the illegal world of underground prostitution.

The material presented here is based upon data accumulated in a study undertaken in Istanbul in 1998.1

Grounded theory approach to qualitative research was adopted in the study. Data was gathered through in-dept interviews with 30 participants between the ages of 14-18. The locations, where the interviews were conducted are some of the main police bureaus of the Istanbul police headquarters and the Venereal Disease Hospital.

We interpret our findings of the family backgrounds of the participants in terms of the values and norms salient in the Turkish culture, relating to the child rearing practices. The patriarchal family structure, gender issues such as the concepts of virginity, honour also come into play in our analyses.

This is a study on a very sensitive topic. Thus this paper also addresses to some important methodological concerns and points out to some preventive measures and intervention methods.
Relational Values and Ideas Regarding “Successful Aging”
Authors: Torres Sandra
Published: October 2019

This paper is concerned with the manner in which people make sense of one of gerontology’s most debated constructs - successful aging. Gerontologists agree that, as a construct, successful aging is determined by cultural values. In practice, however, the gerontological debate equates successful aging with the delay of the aging process; activity; a future- orientation and managing on one’s own. It is this last assumption - the one associated with self-sufficiency - that is this paper’s point of departure. Understandings of what it means to age successfully are framed, for example, within the realm of either individual or collective oriented ideas regarding the role that family members ought to play in old age. As themes, familial obligations and expectations regarding the necessary family involvement for a good old age to be insured are therefore central to the cross-cultural study of successful aging. Yet, in the gerontological debate, the cultural variation that exists in regards to familial expectations is often disregarded since it is only individualist ideas in this respect that are taken for granted. As part of a preliminary empirical testing of a newly designed theoretical framework for the study of the relationship between cultural values and successful aging, value orientations regarding relational modes (i.e. whether individual, collateral and lineal relationships are preferred) and the understandings of successful aging that follow from them (i.e. whether successful aging is thought to be contingent self-sufficiency, half-sufficiency or dependency upon one’s family in old age) have been studied. Henceforth are theoretical and methodological reflections regarding the findings obtained in this study. This article aims to illustrate how the point of departure of the study in question facilitated and/or inhibited the tapping into respondents’ conceptualizations of family duties and the role that family members are expected to fulfill if successful aging is to be ensured.
The Dynamics of Child Poverty: Britain and Germany Compared
Authors: Jenkins Stephen P. , Schluter Christian , Wagner Gertg
Published: October 2019

We compare patterns of movements into and out of poverty by children in Britain and Western Germany using data from the British Household Panel Survey and the German Socio-Economic Panel for the period 1992-97. In Britain poverty persistence was greater, and poverty exit rates in particular were lower, than in Western Germany. In both countries, poverty was particularly persistent among children in lone parent households and households with a non-working head. Events such as family formation and dissolution, and changes in household Jabour market attachment, were associated with child poverty transitions in the direction expected, and in both countries. However a large fraction of the observed poverty transitions were not accounted for by these events. By contrast, changes in labour earnings not necessarily associated with a job change accounted for a large proportion of poverty transitions.
Sex Differences in Child Health: Effects of Mexico-US Migration
Authors: Donato Katharine M. , Kanaiaupuni Shawn Malia , Stainback Melissa
Published: October 2019

Missing in recent studies on migration and health is an examination of how the gendered process of migration affects the health of children in Mexican households. This omission is surprising given that substantial scholarship has revealed that parents selectively discriminate against girls in households worldwide. Using new binational data on the health of Mexican children, we examine whether and how the gendered process of migration differentially affects the health of girls and boys in Mexican families. Our findings reveal that gender inequality in child health is related to preferences built on the traditional gender _hierarchy. Our findings also reveal that shifts in the power distribution, brought about by women’s employment and the experience of US migration, reduce the gender-health inequality. These results have important implications for understanding gender differences in health.