bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Likely Vertical Transmission of Neonatal SARS CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Robinson Andre A. , Feder Samantha , Krishna Sushma , Brustman Lois
Published: February 2024

Maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can affect placental function, but the possibility of intrauterine transmission has been debated. Several authors have published inclusion criteria for vertical transmission, but few reports exist that are able to meet the suggested requirements. Despite the fact that the majority of fetuses born to infected mothers do well, others become critically ill. We present a case of likely intrauterine transmission of a neonate born to a mother who was recently symptomatic with a positive SARS CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The parturient complained of decreased fetal movement and presented at 312/7 weeks' gestation with a biophysical profile score of 2/10 and required an emergency cesarean delivery. The neonate went on to develop severe leukopenia with signs of sepsis with a positive SARS CoV-2 PCR on day 4 of life and an otherwise pan-negative workup. Meeting criteria for transplacental transmission requires timely collection of several diagnostic studies that are not standard of care. Further research is needed to support the notion that intrauterine/transplacental infection is possible. Collection swabs should be obtained soon after delivery to help diagnose neonatal infection because early diagnosis is crucial to help identify opportunities for intervention.
Urinary Tract Infection and Progression to Pyelonephritis: Group B Streptococcus versus E. coli
Authors: Sachdeva Sarika , Rosett Heather A. , Krischak Madison K. , Weaver Kristin E. , Heine R. Phillips , Denoble Anna E. , Dotters-Katz Sarah K.
Published: February 2024

Objective Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization of the lower urinary tract in pregnancy is associated with severe infections such as chorioamnionitis, endometritis, and pyelonephritis. The objective of this study was to compare rates of progression to pyelonephritis between GBS and Escherichia coli lower urinary tract infections (LUTIs), as well as compare infectious and obstetric morbidity secondary to these pathogens.

Study Design Retrospective cohort of pregnant women with LUTIs (asymptomatic bacteria or acute cystitis [AC]) from a single health system between July 2013 and May 2019. Demographic, infectious, antepartum, and intrapartum data were abstracted from medical records of women with GBS or E. coli LUTI. The primary outcome was progression to pyelonephritis. Secondary outcomes included pyelonephritis-related anemia, sepsis, pyelonephritis length of stay (LOS), median gestational age (GA) at delivery, preterm delivery, and low birth weight (LBW). Logistic regression was used to calculate the adjusted odds of the primary outcome.

Results Of 729 pregnant women with urinary colonization, 433 were culture positive for one of the aforementioned bacteria, with 189 (43.6%) having GBS and 244 (56.4%) having E. coli. Women with E. coli were more likely to be younger, use tobacco, have a history of AC, and have a history of preterm birth. Rates of progression to pyelonephritis were markedly higher with E. coli (15.6%) than with GBS (1.1%; p < 0.001). Median LOS for pyelonephritis and pyelonephritis-related morbidities did not differ. Median GA at delivery, preterm delivery, and LBW rates also did not differ. In adjusted analysis, controlling for history of AC, insurance status, tobacco use, prior preterm birth, primary infection type, and maternal age, women with GBS LUTI had markedly decreased odds of developing pyelonephritis in pregnancy compared with those with E. coli (adjusted odds ratio: 0.04, 95% confidence interval: 0.01–0.28).

Conclusion Escherichia coli infections progress to pyelonephritis in pregnancy at markedly higher rates than GBS, although obstetric outcomes are similar.
A Pregnant Adolescent with COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
Authors: Trostle Megan E. , Grossman Tracy B. , Penfield Christina A. , Phoon Colin K. L. , Raabe Vanessa N. , Sloane Mark F. , Roman Ashley S.
Published: February 2024

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a new condition related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the pediatric population, was recognized by physicians in the United Kingdom in April 2020. Given those up to the age of 21 years can be affected, pregnant adolescents and young adults are susceptible. However, there is scant information on how MIS-C may affect pregnancy and whether the presentation differs in the pregnant population. We report a case of a pregnant adolescent with COVID-19 and MIS-C with a favorable outcome. This case highlights the considerations in managing a critically ill pregnant patient with a novel illness and the importance of a multidisciplinary team in coordinating care.
Spontaneous Heterotopic Cesarean Scar Triplet Gestation Following Uterine Ablation
Authors: Aldrich Zane Frazer , Ow Rena , Modii Khyaati , O'Leary Timothy
Published: February 2024

Heterotopic triplet pregnancy, cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy, and pregnancy following uterine ablation are all rare events that confer significant morbidity including spontaneous abortion, intrauterine fetal demise, preterm labor, abnormal placentation, and uterine rupture. A woman in her 30s, G6P4014, with a history of uterine ablation presented with delayed menses and vaginal spotting with imaging showing two intrauterine pregnancies (one with cardiac activity) and one live pregnancy at the cesarean scar. The patient was extensively counseled on risk to her and to the pregnancies; treatment options were discussed including expectant management and termination of pregnancy. The patient underwent an uncomplicated dilation and curettage with bilateral salpingectomy and was discharged home the day of the procedure in stable condition. This case highlights the potential compound effect of comorbid conditions that can pose difficulty in counseling and management.

Key Points
Unwarranted: The OfS Review of Assessment Practices and the Erosion of Institutional Autonomy
Authors: Molyneux Liz
Published: February 2024

In England, the relationship between the higher education regulator (OfS) and those it purports to regulate is highly strained. A 2023 parliamentary inquiry into the OfS published an excoriating report which found, among other issues, problems with the execution of its statutory duty to protect institutional autonomy. An OfS policy which evidences this is the requirement for universities to assess spelling, punctuation and grammar. In imposing this mandate, the OfS appears to be ultra vires as it has a statutory duty to protect institutional autonomy, specifically defined to include the freedom to determine assessment practices. This paper uses an adapted form of Hyatt’s Critical Higher Education Policy Analysis Framework to examine the policy steers and socio-political contexts from which the assessment mandate emerged. The warrants for the policy are analysed with reference to three epistemic beliefs relating to declining literacy, higher education quality and employment. This paper also analyses the OfS’s interpretations of its statutory duties in issuing this policy. Despite the highly critical findings of the inquiry, no substantive change in regulatory approach looks likely.
Spatial and temporal changes in population distribution and population projection at county level in China
Authors: Sang Mei , Jiang Jing , Huang Xin , Zhu Feifei , Wang Qian
Published: February 2024

Counties in China play a pivotal role in economic and social development, acting as essential leadership hubs for large and medium-sized cities, contributing to rural revitalization, and facilitating urban-rural integration. Using ArcGIS spatial analysis, this study examines the population distribution spatial and dispersion patterns in Chinese counties based on 40 years of data from the first to the seventh national population census. Results reveal noticeable growth trends and regional disparities in county populations, with an increase in large-population counties and a decrease in small-population ones. Recent population growth concentrates in urban agglomerations, metropolitan areas, and southeastern coastal regions, while reductions occur in the northeastern and Inner Mongolia border areas. Furthermore, the study identifies “high-high” agglomerations around provincial capitals and “low-low” agglomerations in economically underdeveloped western and northeastern border regions. China’s population distribution spatial agglomeration has been increasing, with acceleration toward specific areas. The first through seventh census show rapid growth at low density, followed by growth at medium density, stable growth, and eventually negative growth. This suggests a likely slowdown and potential reversal in China’s future population growth. Additionally, an Auto Regression Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model is employed to forecast China’s total population, projecting a decline to 1343.68 million by 2035. The emergence of “population loss counties” in contemporary China underscores the need for a rational understanding of their development status and trends to optimize population development strategies and promote economic and social progress.
Recommendations for uniform terminology in animal-assisted services (AAS)
Authors: Binder Amy Johnson , Parish-Plass Nancy , Kirby Meg , Winkle Melissa , Skwerer Daniela Plesa , Ackerman Laura , Brosig Cindy , Coombe Wendy , Delisle Esther , Enders-Slegers Marie-Jose , Fowler Jo-Ann , Hey Laura , Howell Tiffani , Kaufmann Michael , Kienast Mariana , Kinoshita Miyako , Ngai Debbie , Wijnen Brigitte
Published: February 2024

Through the years, the range of services involving animals benefiting people, often described as “animal-assisted interventions” (AAIs), has been plagued with confusing and inconsistent taxonomy, terminology, and definitions. This has caused difficulties for the delineation of roles of service providers, for the recipients of services, as well as for the preparation, training, and expectations of the animals that work in different roles. It can be argued that these difficulties have compromised the development of the field in terms of establishing agreed standards of practice, qualifications, and competencies and adopting good animal welfare practices. It has also likely limited the base of evidence, as search terms used to access studies are not consistent, and study protocols are difficult to compare, lacking uniformity in terminology. Additionally, the current terminology cannot accommodate the expansion and diversification of programs in recent years, which is likely to continue as the field evolves. Establishing internationally agreed upon uniform taxonomy, terminology, and definitions is crucial to more accurately reflect the key features of different approaches, to define the scope and competencies for different service providers and their animals, to provide transparency about services for recipients, and to ensure the appropriate preparation, training, and support of the animals that work with them.

The recommendations in this article are the result of an international work group that convened over the course of two years. The umbrella term animal-assisted services (AAS) is proposed, defined as services that arefacilitated, guided or mediated by a health or human service provider or educator, who works with and maintains the welfare of a specially alongside a specially qualifying animal to provide therapeutic, educational, supportive and/or ameliorative processes aimed at enhancing the well-being of humans.AAS are further categorized into three main areas: treatment, education, and support programs. A recommendation for provider-specific terminology is also suggested. The aim of these proposals is to set clear expectations and boundaries for each specialty of practice, without compromising the richness and diversity of each approach. The adoption of this new umbrella term and its categories is intended to improve clarity for all involved in the receipt and delivery of services, as well as for those who study their effects.
Transdisciplinary Research as a Means of Protecting Human Health, Ecosystems and Climate by Engaging People to Act on Air Pollution
Authors: Büker Patrick , West Sarah E. , Bowyer Cressida J. , Apondo William , Cinderby Steve , Gray Cindy M. , Hahn Matthew , Lambe Fiona , Loh Miranda , Medcalf Alexander , Muhoza Cassilde , Muindi Kanyiva , Njoora Timothy Kamau , Twigg Marsailidh M. , Waelde Charlotte , Walnycki Anna , Wainwright Megan , Wendler Jana , Wilson Mike , Price Heather D.
Published: February 2024

Air pollution harms the health of humans, nature and wildlife, agricultural crops and livestock and climate. As a result, it hinders the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing), 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and 13 (Climate Change). In order to improve human and (agro-)ecosystem health, One Health approaches for better air quality must account for local knowledge, cultural practices and priorities. People with lower socio-economic status often have limited awareness of air pollution yet are affected most through personal exposure and increased food prices. This case trialled a new, co-created transdisciplinary approach to air pollution awareness raising in the Mukuru community in Nairobi, Kenya. The pilot study used interviews, storytelling, participatory mapping, theatre, playful activities and music with the aim of discovering affected communities’ perceptions of air pollution, increasing understanding and empowering people to demand that policy makers develop and implement effective, inclusive air pollution abatement policies.

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One Health approach to the diagnosis and management of feline rabies: A case report from Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Authors: Orum Terese Gabriel , Tekki Ishaya Sini , Ogbonneya Okoronkwo Magdalene , Luka Helen Gyang , Oiza Magaji Gloria , Mkpuma Nicodemus , Olabisi Oladeji Bolutife , Zhakum Ponfa Nde , Luka Pam Dachum , Olushola Dorcas Alaga , Ajifken Jonah , Al-Mustapha Ahmad Ibrahim , Alex Davou Joseph , Oguji Nwokporo Michael , A. Nwenyi Okoro , Nwanga Ephraim
Published: February 2024

Rabies, a disease with an almost 100% fatality rate, continues to be endemic and neglected in Nigeria. This case report presents the rare confirmation of feline rabies in July 2022 in Ebonyi State, South Eastern Nigeria. Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test and Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction confirmed that the cat was infected with rabies a few weeks after it was obtained by the owner. The two cat-scratched victims (owner and another in-contact person) opted for unorthodox management with a local traditional healer without seeking conventional medical care. Further outbreak investigations into the incidents involved multiple observational visits and interviews with key informants revealed the existence of risk factors that could have facilitated the transmission of the disease. A one-health approach, which considers the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, is favourable to achieve sustainable rabies control and was used in outbreak response. Implementing active rabies surveillance, raising awareness about dog and cat vaccination, and discouraging unorthodox management is essential to control rabies within the community. Additionally, improving access to post-exposure prophylaxis is crucial in preventing rabies-related fatalities and achieving zero human rabies deaths by 2030.

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Improving Cultural Sustainable Tourism: Evidence of Saba Budaya Baduy from Baduy Tribe, Indonesia
Authors: Praptika I Putu Gede Eka , Natasanti Amanda , Saputri Della Ade , Azzulfa Muhammad Ibnu , Mahen Brigita Talentiana , Prihantoro Fahmi
Published: February 2024

Baduy Cultural Tourism is the activity of visiting the Baduy Tribes in Indonesia, which potentially threatens the resilience of the Baduy’s culture. Responding to this, the Baduy Customary Institution changed the nomenclature of Baduy Cultural Tourism to
Saba Budaya Baduy
. This case study explores the value and specialty of
Saba Budaya Baduy
as the identity of Baduy Tribes, to analyze the potential of threats and the cultural resilience from the usage of Baduy Cultural Tourism and
Saba Budaya Baduy
nomenclatures. It explores the values of
Saba Budaya Baduy
as the effort of cultural resilience to realize cultural sustainable tourism. This qualitative research is based on tourism anthropology and social psychology perspectives in line with the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) technique. The initial findings indicate that Saba Budaya Baduy is guided by the principle of fostering a strong relationship between hosts and guests, rooted in the cultural values of the Baduy Tribe. This approach aims to enhance the representation of the Baduy Tribe and improve the overall experience for visitors engaging in activities with the tribe. The results also highlight how psychological resilience, in responding to external threats, is reflected in the Baduy indigenous people, who are obedient in maintaining and implementing their ancestral traditions. Finally,
Saba Budaya Baduy
is oriented toward the social, cultural, tourism economy, and environmental resilience dimension of visiting activities within the Baduy Tribe. Therefore,
Saba Budaya Baduy
can realize and improve cultural sustainable tourism which is oriented toward cultural resilience and sustainable tourism activities.

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Real Argentinian Food. Tensions and Conflicts in Value-Added Processes of Products to Commercialization and Tourism
Authors: Tolosa Sandra , Winter Cecilia Pérez
Published: February 2024

Wine and
dulce de leche
(Caramel sauce) were recognised as cultural national food heritage in Argentina due to their importance in daily consumption and gastronomic identity. The formal recognition aligns with global food valorisation processes, such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) immaterial heritage and the importance of gastronomic tourism. Also, public policies in different countries seek to add value to food and beverages in order to foster the development of rural areas, favour tourism commercialisation, strengthen local identities and enhance traditional/ancestral knowledge. These show the symbolic and economic value of food.

In this context, several types of formal certifications and commodification processes, which recognise territorial anchorage, of how certain food is produced and consumed may lead to its standardisation, homogenisation or monopolisation, generating various tensions. Hence, we question the relationship between those who promote value-adding initiatives, how farm producer communities participate in them, which sectors or actors really benefit from these processes and what tensions may arise from them. We will address these questions by reconstructing and analysing the heritage and tourism valorisation of high-altitude wine in the Calchaquíes Valleys area and
dulce de leche
production in the province of Buenos Aires.

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Looking Behind the Stage in a Beach Paradise: Taganga, Colombia
Authors: Quiroga Nieto Freddy Giovanny , Garavito González Luis Leonardo , Bassols Gardella Narcís
Published: February 2024

This case study looks beyond the clichés of paradise destinations in the Caribbean through an in-depth exploration of one of the beach destinations in this region. Extensive research performed on-site reveals the main junctures of the place’s history in the scheme of tourism development. The once isolated fishing community of Taganga on the Caribbean coast of Colombia is examined via participant and non-participant observation, and with semi-structured interviews that uncover the dynamics of negotiations and conflicts between the community, visitors, local authorities, and tourist industry. The changes in the nature of visitor markets are also reported as they relate to the actions of external and internal stakeholders. The effects of these changes over time are evident in the community’s shifting economy as well as in the destination’s environment. These mirror shifts at local, national, and international levels, and the authors will discuss whether they indicate advancing towards more value and higher experiential levels, as is posited by the literature.

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Punta Arenas: Challenges and Opportunities of Adventure, Sustainability, and Heritage in Patagonian Tourism
Authors: Santos Eleonora
Published: February 2024

This case study explores Punta Arenas’ tourism dynamics, emphasizing strategic approaches, diverse Patagonian products, and challenges. It offers a roadmap for sustainable growth and prosperity while providing stakeholders with valuable insights. Driven by an exploration of the region’s rich heritage and global tourism significance, the study focuses on personalization, sustainability, and adventure safety. Utilizing qualitative research with tourist entertainment companies, findings illuminate operators’ alignment with global trends. Despite challenges, growth opportunities highlight targeted navigation, exploration, client understanding, and strategic marketing. The study’s threefold implications advocate for collaborative networks, diverse visitor engagement shaping the region’s narrative, and integrated policy making for sustainability. The study underscores a roadmap that emphasizes innovation, inclusivity, and preservation, contributing to enduring prosperity for this extraordinary destination. Its insights, guide stakeholders towards sustainable growth, social harmony, and environmental conservation.

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Unique gap-related SERS behaviors of p-aminothiophenol molecules absorbed on TiO2 surface in periodic TiO2/Ni nanopillar arrays
Authors: Wu Zhijun , Zheng Chunfang , Lin Qi , Fu Qun , Zhao Huaping , Lei Yong
Published: February 2024

We observed a unique interpillar gap-related surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) behavior of p-aminothiophenol (PATP) molecules from periodic TiO2 nanopillar arrays with three gap sizes of 191, 297 and 401 nm, which is completely different from that on Ag and Ni nanopillar arrays. Especially, the gap-size-dependent charge-transfer (CT) resonance enhancement from TiO2/Ni has been indicated through comparisons of variation trend of SERS intensities with inter-pillar gap size between TiO2/Ni and Ag/TiO2/Ni as well as Ni nanoarrays, and been confirmed by spectra of ultraviolet–visible absorption and photoluminescence. Results demonstrate that the CT resonance enhancement is more susceptible to the change of the gap size compared with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) enhancement in TiO2/Ni nanoarrays. Hence, SPR and CT enhancement showing different variation trend and rate with the gap size that leads to a different relative contribution of CT resonance to the overall SERS enhancement as gap size changes, and consequently results in a unique gap-related SERS behavior for TiO2/Ni nanoarrays. The present study is not only helpful for investigating SERS mechanism for semiconductors but also providing a method to design and optimize periodic metal/semiconductor SERS substrates in a controllable way.
Bubble nucleation in the two-flavor quark-meson model*
Authors: Wang 汪 Junrong 俊荣 , Yu 余 Ziwan 紫琬 , Mao 毛 Hong 鸿
Published: February 2024

We investigate the dynamics of a first-order quark-hadron transition via homogeneous thermal nucleation in the two-flavor quark-meson model. The contribution of the fermionic vacuum loop in the effective thermodynamics potential and phase diagram, together with the location of the critical endpoint (CEP), is obtained in the temperature and chemical potential plane. For weak and strong first-order phase transitions, by taking the temperature as a variable, the critical bubble profiles, evolutions of the surface tension, and saddle-point action in the presence of a nucleation bubble are numerically calculated in detail when fixing the chemical potentials at

and

. Our results show that the system could be trapped in the metastable state for a long time as long as the temperature is between the metastable region characterized by the up and low spinodal lines. Moreover, the surface tension at criticality will rise to approximately

when the chemical potential is very high. Such a small surface tension value would favor a mixed phase in the cores of compact stars and may have an important implication in astrophysics.
Multiplicity dependence of the freezeout parameters in high energy hadron-hadron collisions*
Authors: Ajaz Muhammad , Shehzad Majid , Waqas Muhammad , Alrebdi Haifa I. , Ayaz Ahmad Mohammad , Jagnandan Antalov , Jagnandan Shawn , Badshah Murad , Baker Jalal Hasan , Mosawir Quraishi Abdul
Published: February 2024

We examined the transverse momentum (

) spectra of various identified particles, encompassing both light-flavored and strange hadrons (

,

,

, ϕ,

,

,

, and

), across different multiplicity classes in proton-proton collisions (p-p) at a center-of-mass energy of

TeV. Utilizing the Tsallis and Hagedorn models, parameters relevant to the bulk properties of nuclear matter were extracted. Both models exhibit good agreement with experimental data. In our analyses, we observed a consistent decrease in the effective temperature (T) for the Tsallis model and the kinetic or thermal freeze-out temperature (

) for the Hagedorn model, as we transitioned from higher multiplicity (class-I) to lower multiplicity (class-X). This trend is attributed to the diminished energy transfer in higher multiplicity classes. Additionally, we observed that the transverse flow velocity (

) experiences a decline from class-I to class-X. The normalization constant, which represents the multiplicity of produced particles, was observed to decrease as we moved toward higher multiplicity classes. While the effective and kinetic freeze-out temperatures, as well as the transverse flow velocity, show a mild dependency on multiplicity for lighter particles, this dependency becomes more pronounced for heavier particles. The multiplicity parameter for heavier particles was observed to be smaller than that of lighter particles, indicating a greater abundance of lighter hadrons compared to heavier ones. Various particle species were observed to undergo decoupling from the fireball at distinct temperatures: lighter particles exhibit lower temperatures, while heavier ones show higher temperatures, thereby supporting the concept of multiple freeze-out scenarios. Moreover, we identified a positive correlation between the kinetic freeze-out temperature and transverse flow velocity, a scenario where particles experience stronger collective motion at a higher freeze-out temperature. The reason for this positive correlation is that, as the multiplicity increases, more energy is transferred into the system. This increased energy causes greater excitation and pressure within the system, leading to a quick expansion.
Black hole shadows in Einstein-Bel-Robinson gravity*
Authors: Hamil B. , Lütfüoğlu B. C.
Published: February 2024

Gravity models given by higher-order scalar curvature corrections are believed to bear important consequences. Einstein-Bel-Robinson (EBR) gravity with quartic curvature modification motivated Sajadi et al. to explore static spherically symmetric black hole solutions using perturbative methods. In this study, inspired by their work, we investigate AdS black hole shadows in EBR gravity and demonstrate how the gravity parameter alters the energy emission rate. Finally, we address the same problem in the presence of plasma, because the black holes are thought to be surrounded by a medium that changes the geodesic of photons.
Unraveling the directional relationship of sleep and migraine-like pain
Authors: Lillo Vizin Robson C , Kopruszinski Caroline M , Redman Paula M , Ito Hisakatsu , Rau Jill , Dodick David W , Navratilova Edita , Porreca Frank
Published: February 2024

Migraine and sleep disorders are common co-morbidities. Patients frequently link their sleep to migraine attacks suggesting a potential causal relationship between these conditions. However, whether migraine pain promotes or disrupts sleep or whether sleep disruption can increase the risk of migraine remains unknown. We assessed the potential impact of periorbital allodynia, a measure consistent with migraine-like pain, from multiple preclinical models on sleep quantity and quality. Additionally, we evaluated the possible consequences of sleep deprivation in promoting susceptibility to migraine-like pain. Following the implantation of electroencephalogram/electromyography electrodes to record sleep, mice were treated with either single or repeated systemic injections of nitroglycerin at the onset of their active phase (i.e. nocturnal awake period). Neither single nor repeated nitroglycerin affected the total sleep time, non-rapid eye movement sleep, rapid eye movement sleep, sleep depth or other measures of sleep architecture. To account for the possible disruptive effects of the surgical implantation of electroencephalogram/electromyography electrodes, we used immobility recordings as a non-invasive method for assessing sleep-wake behaviour. Neither single nor repeated nitroglycerin administration during either the mouse sleep (i.e. daylight) or active (i.e. night) periods influenced immobility-defined sleep time. Administration of an inflammatory mediator mixture onto the dura mater at either sleep or active phases also did not affect immobility-defined sleep time. Additionally, inhalational umbellulone-induced migraine-like pain in restraint-stressed primed mice did not alter immobility-defined sleep time. The possible influence of sleep disruption on susceptibility to migraine-like pain was evaluated by depriving female mice of sleep over 6 h with novel objects, a method that does not increase circulating stress hormones. Migraine-like pain was not observed following acute sleep deprivation. However, in sleep-deprived mice, subthreshold doses of systemic nitroglycerin or dural calcitonin gene-related peptide induced periorbital cutaneous allodynia consistent with migraine-like pain. Our data reveal that while migraine-like pain does not significantly disrupt sleep, sleep disruption increases vulnerability to migraine-like pain suggesting that a therapeutic strategy focused on improving sleep may diminish migraine attacks.
Is there a refugee gap? Evidence from over a century of Danish naturalizations
Authors: Boberg-Fazlić Nina , Sharp Paul
Published: February 2024

The “refugee gap”—the difference in the economic status of refugees relative to other migrants might be due to the experience of being a refugee or to government policy. In Denmark before the Second World War, refugees were not treated differently from other migrants, motivating our use of a database of the universe of Danish naturalizations between 1851 and 1960. We consider labor market performance and find that immigrants leaving conflicts fared no worse or even performed better than other migrants within this relatively homogeneous sample of those who attained citizenship. This suggests that refugees and other migrants might be given the same rights if policy aims to ensure economic success.
RISK OF THROMBOEMBOLISM AFTER COVID-19 VACCINATION AND COVID-19 INFECTION.
Authors: Tran Huong , Risk Malcolm , Lee Yung-Chun , Nair.B Girish , Zhao Lili
Published: February 2024

Background: Vaccine safety monitoring systems worldwide have reported cases of venous thromboembolism and arterial thromboembolism following a COVID-19 vaccination. However, evidence shows that the association between thromboembolism and SARS-CoV-2 infection is stronger, compared to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Hence, weighing the risks and benefits of vaccination should also encounter the roles of vaccination in reducing infection rate, and potentially indirectly lowering the risk of thromboembolism caused by infection. Methods: We conducted a self-controlled case series study (SCCS) from Dec 1st 2020 to 31st August 2022 (before the bivalent vaccine was available) to examinate the association between the first two doses Pfizer/Moderna vaccination and thrombotic events among patients in Corewell Health East (CHE, formerly known as Beaumont Health) healthcare system. We also investigated the effect SARS-CoV-2 infection on the risk of thrombosis events and observed a significant increased risk using the SCCS design. However, because of misclassification bias, SCCS indeed overestimated incidence rate ratio (IRR) of acute event after infection, we then proposed a case-control study addressing this misclassification issues and obtained odd ratio comparing effect of exposure on thrombosis and a subset of controls group. Finally, we analyzed the risk of thromboembolism between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups by a simple diagram, explaining possible factors that affects the probability of experiencing an acute thromboembolism event after a COVID-19 vaccination. Results: Using EHR data at Corewell East, we found an increased risk of thrombosis after the first two doses of COVID-19 vaccination, with incidence rate ratios after the first dose is 1.16 (CI: [1.04, 1.29]), and after the second dose of 1.19 (CI: [1.07,1.32]). The association between thromboembolism and SARS-Cov-2 infection depends on prior vaccination status, as the conditional OR among unvaccinated and vaccinated groups are 1.77 (CI: [1.48,\ 2.1]) and 1.34 (CI: [1.09,\ 1.66]) respectively. Encountering the vaccine efficacy (VE), receiving the COVID-19 vaccine decreases the risk of thromboembolism, and the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines are much stronger in the period of high infection rate.
THE POSSIBILITY OF THE USE OF LEUKOCYTES IN WEAK BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS DETECTION
Authors: Kravchun Pavlo , Leontyeva Fryda , Povelichenko Olena , Dielievska Valentyna
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Mixed agglutination reaction is used for revealing A,B and H blood group antigens on the cells. The aim of the study was to visualize the antibody binding on weak blood group antigens of leukocytes in order to improve the quality of blood typing. Material and methods: The antibodies were contacted with group A and B leukocytes at 4 C. Mixed agglutination reaction was used to reveal group antigens on leukocytes using test erythrocytes. Results: The heated anti-A,B serum after adsorption on group A leukocytes agglutinated group A erythrocytes. Anti-A,B heated plasma after the contact with group B leukocytes agglutinated group B erythrocytes. Anti-A,B serum after adsorption on group B(A+) leukocytes agglutinated group B (A+) erythrocytes. Anti-A,B serum after adsorption on group A(B+) leukocytes agglutinated group B erythrocytes. Conclusions: MAR allowed to reveal both agglutinogenic and weak adsorbing blood group antigens, that helps to perform accurate blood group typing, especially for transplantation goals. The study revealed, the detection of adsorbing antigens of leukocytes should be performed at 4 C.
Combining single-gene-resistant and pyramided cultivars in agricultural landscape compromises the benefits of pyramiding in most, but not all, productions situations
Authors: ZAFFARONI Marta , Papaix Julien , Rimbaud Loup , Geffersa Abebayehu G. , Rey Jean-Francois , Fabre Frederic
Published: February 2024

Context While resistant cultivars are valuable in safeguarding crops against diseases, they can be rapidly overcome by pathogens. Numerous strategies have been proposed to delay pathogen adaptation (evolutionary control), while still ensuring effective protection (epidemiological control). Resistance genes can be deployed in 1) single-gene-resistant cultivars sown in the same field (mixture strategy) or in different fields (mosaic strategy), 2) a pyramided cultivar (pyramiding strategy) or 3) hybrid strategies that combine the three previous strategies. In addition, the spatial scale at which resistant cultivars are deployed can affect the plant-pathogens interaction: small fields are thought to reduce pest density and disease transmission. Objectives We aim to compare these strategies, focusing on the effects of the simultaneous deployment of single-gene-resistant and pyramided cultivars sharing resistance genes in an agricultural landscape. We also investigate the impact of field size. Methods We used the spatially-explicit stochastic model landsepi to compare the evolutionary and epidemiological control across spatial scales and deployment strategies for two major resistance genes. Results The evolutionary control provided by the pyramiding strategy is at risk when single-gene-resistant cultivars are concurrently planted in the landscape (hybrid strategies). The probabilities of pathogen mutation and the corresponding fitness costs play a crucial role in determining the feasibility of planting pyramided cultivars alongside single-gene-resistant ones. Instead, field size did not affect strategies recommendation. Conclusions Planting pyramided cultivars alongside single-gene-resistant ones should be avoided. Socio-economic perspectives for the adoption of resistance management strategies are discussed.
Glycolytic reprogramming shapes the epigenetic landscape of activated CD4+ T Cells in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Mocholi Enric , Chalkiadakis Theo , Gulersonmez Can , Stigter Edwin , Vastert Bas , van Loosdregt Jorg , Prekovic Stefan , Coffer Paul
Published: February 2024

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) describes a heterogeneous group of autoimmune conditions with an unknown cause and childhood onset. It is characterized by the accumulation of mononuclear cells, notably activated CD4+ memory/effector T (Tmem/Teff) cells, within the synovial fluid of affected joints. JIA CD4+ T cells exhibit a unique epigenomic signature linked to inflammation, however, the molecular mechanisms driving this remain unclear. Here we show that CD4+ T cells isolated from JIA synovial fluid (SF) exhibit abnormal intracellular metabolism marked by heightened glycolysis after activation driving transcriptional reprogramming. Epigenetic profiling between activated healthy controls and JIA patients allowed the definition of specific disease-related enhancers upregulated in SF-derived JIA CD4+ T cells. Pharmacological inhibition of glycolytic flux affected the expression of genes associated with these enhancers. When activated in the presence of JIA SF, CD4+ T cells obtained from healthy control (HC) subjects, displayed heightened glycolytic activity compared to paired plasma. Moreover, this also led to increased H3K27ac at JIA-specific genes. Increased H3K27ac was dependent on glycolytic flux, but not oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibition of glycolysis also specifically affected the transcription of genes upregulated during T cell activation in the presence of SF. Inhibiting the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) reduced JIA-associated gene expression. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that for JIA, the inflammatory microenvironment can modulate T cell activation-driven transcriptional programs through a glycolysis-mediated pathway. Specific targeting of this T cell metabolism-epigenetic axis may provide avenues for intervention during the development of autoinflammatory disease.
Engineering BCMA CAR T cells for myeloma-targeted cargo delivery
Authors: Kimman Thomas , Cuenca Marta , Slomp Anne , Tieland Ralph G , Rockx-Brouwer Dedeke , Heijhuurs Sabine , Meringa Angelo D , Boschloo Wendy , Bosma Douwe MT , Kroos Sanne , lo Presti Vania , Nierkens Stefan , Bovenschen Niels , Kuball Jurgen , Minnema Monique C , Sebestyen Zsolt , Peperzak Victor
Published: February 2024

Clinical responses with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are encouraging, however, primary resistance and relapse after therapy prevent durable remission in a large fraction of cancer patients. One of the underlying causes comprises apoptosis resistance mechanisms in cancer cells that limit killing by CAR T cells. Therefore, we developed a technology that boosts tumor cell apoptosis induced by CAR T cells. We reveal that B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) CAR T cells equipped with a granzyme B-NOXA fusion construct improves killing of multiple myeloma (MM) cells, both in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model, by localizing NOXA to cytotoxic granules that are released into cancer cells upon contact. Since MM cells critically depend on MCL-1 expression, inhibition by its natural ligand NOXA effectively induces apoptosis. Overall, this strategy allows specific delivery of cargo into cancer cells and improves killing efficacy of CAR T cells in a tailor-made manner.
Novel 3-D macrophage spheroid model reveals reciprocal regulation of immunomechanical stress and mechano-immunological response
Authors: Burchett Alice A. , Siri Saeed , Li Jun , Lu Xin , Datta Meenal
Published: February 2024

Purpose: In many diseases, an overabundance of macrophages contributes to adverse outcomes. While numerous studies have compared macrophage phenotype after mechanical stimulation or with varying local stiffness, it is unclear if and how macrophages themselves contribute to mechanical forces in their microenvironment. Methods: Raw 264.7 murine macrophages were embedded in a confining agarose gel, where they proliferated to form spheroids over time. Gels were synthesized at various concentrations to tune the stiffness and treated with various growth supplements to promote macrophage polarization. The spheroids were then analyzed by immunofluorescent staining and qPCR for markers of proliferation, mechanosensory channels, and polarization. Finally, spheroid geometries were used to computationally model the strain generated in the agarose by macrophage spheroid growth. Results: Macrophages form spheroids and generate growth-induced mechanical forces (i.e., solid stress) within confining agarose gels, which can be maintained for at least 16 days in culture. Increasing agarose concentration restricts spheroid expansion, promotes discoid geometries, limits gel deformation, and induces an increase in iNOS expression. LPS stimulation increases spheroid growth, though this effect is reversed with the addition of IFN-γ. Ki67 expression decreases with increasing agarose concentration, in line with the growth measurements. Conclusions: Macrophages alone both respond to and generate solid stress. Understanding how macrophage generation of growth-induced solid stress responds to different environmental conditions will help to inform treatment strategies for the plethora of diseases that involve macrophage accumulation.
Demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients presenting with different forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in Lay Gayint, Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Yizengaw Endalew , Gashaw Bizuayehu , Yimer Mulat , Takele Yegnasew , Nibret Endalkachew , Yismaw Gizachew , Cruz Cervera Edward , Ejigu Kefale , Tamiru Dessalegn , Munshea Abaineh , Muller Ingrid , Weller Richard , Cotton James A , Chapman Lloyd AC , Kropf Pascale
Published: February 2024

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania parasites, that can cause long-term chronic disabilities. The clinical presentation of CL varies in both type and severity. CL presents as three main clinical forms: localised lesions (localised cutaneous leishmaniasis, LCL); mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) that affects the mucosa of the nose or the mouth; or as disseminated not ulcerating nodules (diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, DCL). Here we recruited a cohort of CL patients in a newly established leishmaniasis treatment centre (LTC) in Lay Gayint, Northwest Ethiopia, and collected detailed demographic and clinical data. The results of our study show that more males than females present to the LTC to seek diagnosis and treatment. 70.2% of CL patients presented with LCL and 20.8% with MCL. A small number of patients presented with DCL, recidivans CL (a rare form of CL where new lesions appear on the edges of CL scars) or with a combination of different clinical presentations. The duration of illness varied from 1 month to 180 months. Over a third of CL patients had additional suspected CL cases in their household. Despite the majority of CL patients having heard about CL, only a minority knew about its transmission or that it could be treated. Most CL patients lived in areas where environmental factors known to be associated with the transmission of CL were present. This work highlights that CL is an important public health problem in Lay Gayint and emphasises the urgent need for more CL awareness campaigns, better health education and better disease management practices.
Impact of COVID-19 on Emergency Medical Services Utilization and Severity in the U.S. Upper Midwest
Authors: Boggust Brett , McCoy Rozalina , Shalom Moshe , Myers Lucas , Rogerson Carson
Published: February 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed nearly one million lives and has drastically changed how patients interact with the healthcare system. Emergency medical services (EMS) are essential for emergency response, disaster preparedness, and responding to everyday emergencies. We therefore examined differences in EMS utilization and call severity in 2020 (pandemic period) compared to trends from 2015-2019 (pre-pandemic period) in a large, multi-state advanced life support EMS agency serving the U.S. Upper Midwest. Specifically, we analyzed all 911 calls made to Mayo Clinic Ambulance, the sole advanced life support EMS provider serving a large area in Minnesota and Wisconsin, in 2020 compared to those made between 2015-2019. We compared the number of emergency calls made in 2020 to the number of calls expected based on trends from 2015-2019. We similarly compared caller demographics, call severity, and proportions of calls made for overdose/intoxication, behavioral health, and motor vehicle accidents. Subgroup analyses were performed for rural vs. urban areas. We identified 262,232 emergent EMS calls in the pre-pandemic period and 53,909 calls in the pandemic period, corresponding to a decrease of 28.7% in call volume during the pandemic period. Caller demographics shifted towards older patients (mean age 59.7 [SD, 23.0] vs. 59.1 [SD, 23.7] years; p<0.001) and to rural areas (20.4% vs. 20.0%; p=0.007). Call severity increased, with 95.3% of calls requiring transport (vs. 93.8%; p<0.001) and 1.9% resulting in death (vs. 1.6%; p<0.001). The proportion of calls for overdose/intoxication increased from 4.8% to 5.5% (p<0.001), while the proportion of calls for motor vehicle collisions decreased from 3.9% to 3.0% (p<0.001). All changes were more pronounced in urban areas. These findings underscore the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthcare utilization, particularly in urban areas, and suggest that patients may have delayed calling EMS with potential implications on disease severity and risk of death.