bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A highly sensitive and temporal visualization system for gaseous ethanol with chemiluminescence enhancer
Authors: Arakawa Takahiro , Ando Eri , Wang Xin , Kumiko Miyajima , Kudo Hiroyuki , Saito Hirokazu , Mitani Tomoyo , Takahashi Mitsuo , Mitsubayashi Kohji
Published: October 2011

A two‐dimensional gaseous ethanol visualization system has been developed and demonstrated using a horseradish peroxidase–luminol–hydrogen peroxide system with high‐purity luminol solution and a chemiluminescence (CL) enhancer. This system measures ethanol concentrations as intensities of CL via the luminol reaction. CL was emitted when the gaseous ethanol was injected onto an enzyme‐immobilized membrane, which was employed as a screen for two‐dimensional gas visualization. The average intensity of CL on the substrate was linearly related to the concentration of standard ethanol gas. These results were compared with the CL intensity of the CCD camera recording image in the visualization system. This system is available for gas components not only for spatial but also for temporal analysis in real time. A high‐purity sodium salt HG solution (L‐HG) instead of standard luminol solution and an enhancer, eosin Y (EY) solution, were adapted for improvement of CL intensity of the system. The visualization of gaseous ethanol was achieved at a detection limit of 3 ppm at optimized concentrations of L‐HG solution and EY. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal luminescence spectra of polyamides and their Maillard reaction with reducing sugars
Authors: Karakisawa Taketo , Yamada Taishi , Sekine Masahiko , Ishii Hiroshi , Satoh Chikahiro , Millington Keith R. , Nakata Munetaka
Published: October 2011

Thermal luminescence (TL) spectra of polyamides were measured with a Fourier‐transform chemiluminescence spectrometer to elucidate the emission mechanism. A TL band of ε‐polylysine with a peak at 542 nm observed at 403 K was assigned to the emission due to the interaction of the –CO–NH– group with oxygen molecules by comparison with nylon‐6, polyglycine, and polyalanine. When the sample was kept at 453 K, the intensity of the TL band decreased and the wavelength of the peak shifted to 602 nm, which was assigned to the emission due to the interaction of the NH2 group on the side chain with oxygen molecules by comparison with monomeric lysine. A weak emission with a peak at 668 nm was assigned to the advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) yielded by the Maillard reaction with a catalytic amount of water. To understand this reaction and to examine the TL emission of AGEs, we measured TL spectra of mixtures of polylysine and reducing sugars such as glucose, maltose, lactose, and dextrin. The minimum temperature for TL emission, wavelength of the peak and the relative intensities of the TL emission were found to depend on the size of the sugars. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One plug may not be enough: A novel technique for the occlusion of high‐flow vascular connections
Authors: Weems Courtney , Peuster Matthias , Trivedi Kalyani
Published: October 2011

A 5‐year‐old male presented at birth with tachypnea and abnormal chest x‐ray. He was diagnosed with Scimitar Syndrome in the neonatal period by ultrasound, which revealed partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) of the right pulmonary vein to the inferior vena cava, as well as dextroversion of the heart, hypoplastic right pulmonary artery, and right lung hypoplasia. Due to the large shunt volume, the patient exhibited signs of congestive heart failure with dilatation of the left atrium and left ventricle. The patient underwent cardiac catheterization, which confirmed the presence of PAPVR as well as a large aorto‐pulmonary collateral connecting the sequester to the descending aorta. Due to the high flow within the sequester artery a combined “sandwich” technique was used with two AGA vascular plugs (II) and MWCE Tornado coils. Complete closure of the collateral was achieved. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Durch Verzerrung zur Sauerstofftoleranz
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: October 2011

Knallgasbakterien beherrschen die Reaktion, die ihnen den Namen gibt – ohne dabei zu zerplatzen. Sie schleusen mit speziellen Enzymen (“Hydrogenasen”) Wasserstoff in den Stoffwechsel ein, der dann schlussendlich mit Sauerstoff reagiert. Obwohl Hydrogenasen meist sehr empfindlich gegenüber Sauerstoff sind, haben einige offensichtlich eine Toleranz entwickelt. Die Untersuchung der Elektronentransportkette einer Hydrogenase aus dem Bakterium Aquifex aeolicus zeigte, dass dabei ein Eisen‐Schwefel‐Cluster mit ganz besonderen, bisher unbekannten Eigenschaften eine große Rolle spielt.
2,4,6‐Trichloranisol – verdirbt Weine und Häuser
Authors: Krippenstapel Christian
Published: October 2011

Ältere Fertighäuser, die meist aus den 60er oder 70er Jahren stammen, fallen gelegentlich durch einen charakteristischen, muffig‐schimmligen Geruch auf und werden deswegen manchmal auch als “Stinkehäuser” bezeichnet. Der üble Geruch wird meist nur unmittelbar nach dem Betreten des Hauses wahrgenommen, weil sich der Geruchssinn schon nach wenigen Augenblicken daran gewöhnt hat. Dafür hängt der Geruch außerordentlich hartnäckig in der Kleidung, was von den Betroffenen selbst aber gar nicht mehr wahrgenommen wird – oft werden Betroffene erst von Freunden und Bekannten darauf aufmerksam gemacht.
Use of CE‐SDS gel for characterization of monoclonal antibody hinge region clipping due to copper and high pH stress
Authors: Rustandi Richard R. , Wang Yang
Published: October 2011

CE‐SDS gel technique has been used extensively in the field of monoclonal antibody (mAb) as a tool for product purity, stability, and characterization. It offers many advantages over the traditional labor‐intensive SDS‐PAGE slab gel technology with respect to speed and resolution. Monoclonal antibodies are known to cleave in the hinge region due to extreme pH, high temperature and in the presence of metals, especially copper. This cleavage will impact the shelf lifetime of mAb product hence its quality. CE‐SDS gel method using Beckman PA800 with UV detection is used to characterize the effects of copper and other metals such as iron and zinc on mAb clipping. In addition, mAb integrity under high temperature and high pH stress conditions was also evaluated and the results clearly show that CE‐SDS gel can distinguish clipping due to copper versus heat and/or high pH. The data presented illustrate the power of this simple CE‐SDS gel technique in supporting the development of mAb from product quality and stability to the final product characterization.
Flexible use of qsar models in predictive toxicology: A case study on aromatic amines
Authors: Benigni Romualdo , Bossa Cecilia
Published: October 2011

Over the last years, predictive toxicology approaches based on Structure–Activity Relationships have emerged as fundamental tools in the regulatory assessments of chemicals, especially in those programs where regulatory constraints and assessment schemes limit the amount of data available from experimental test methods. Both the qualitative (e.g., Structural Alerts) and the quantitative (Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships, QSAR) approach can play important roles. However, the two approaches are not familiar to the same extent to the regulators that most often use only the qualitative approach, so that the potentiality of the more sophisticated QSAR approach is neglected. In fact, QSAR is a very flexible tool that allows the user to modulate its response according to different goals and requirements. Here, we present a non‐naïve approach to the use of a QSAR relative to a dichotomous biological activity (such as mutagen/nonmutagen), and we show how the user can maximize alternatively the reliability of the prediction of negative compounds (i.e., safe chemicals) or that of positive chemicals (i.e., chemicals that pose high hazard). Because of the environmental and industrial importance of the class of aromatic amines, we apply the approach to a previously published QSAR on the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity of these chemicals. © Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. Published 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the Methanol Permeability through Pristine Nafion® and Nafion/PVA Membranes Measured by Different Techniques. A Comparison of Methodologies
Authors: Mollá S. , Compañ V. , Luis Lafuente S. , Prats J.
Published: October 2011

Methanol crossover through polymer electrolyte membranes is a critical issue and causes an important reduction of performance in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Measuring the evolution of CO2 gas in the cathode is a common method to determine the methanol crossover under real operating conditions, although an easier and simpler method is preferable for the screening of membranes during their step of development. In this sense, this work has been focused on the ex situ characterization of the methanol permeability in novel nanofiber‐reinforced composite Nafion/PVA membranes for DMFC application by means of three different experimental procedures: (a) potentiometric method, (b) gas chromatography technique, and (c) measuring the density. It was found that all these methods resulted in comparable results and it was observed that the incorporation of the PVA nanofiber phase within the Nafion® matrix causes a remarkable reduction of the methanol permeability. The optimal choice of the most suitable technique depends on the accuracy expected for the methanol concentration, the availability of the required instrumental, and the complexity of the procedure.
Geotechnical safety management in tunnelling – an efficient way to prevent failure / Geotechnisches Sicherheitsmanagement im Tunnelbau – ein effizienter Weg zur Schadensvermeidung
Authors: Moritz Bernd , Koinig Josef , Vavrovsky Georg‐M.
Published: October 2011

Despite extensive geological investigations, uncertainties in the ground model often remain. The residual risks associated with this during the construction phase cannot generally be estimated precisely enough in advance. Given such boundary conditions the use of the observational method in line with the principles of the Eurocode EC 7 is therefore required. In order to guarantee safe and economical tunnelling, especially in shallow tunnelling projects, it is vital that a qualified geotechnical safety management programme is implemented during the construction phase. Successful implementation of the geotechnical safety management programme during the construction phase is based on the designer completely defining the anticipated behaviour and on constant target‐performance comparisons of the system behaviour by an on‐site geotechnical engineer. Advanced data evaluation tools and methods support the continuous interpretation of system behaviour, the early detection of deviations and checking the results against warning and alarm criteria. This paper deals with the fundamentals, requirements and demands of such a management system and describes its practical implementation during the construction phase based on specific ÖBB‐Infrastruktur AG project case histories.

Trotz umfassender geologischer Vorerkundungen verbleiben im Tunnelbau vielfach Unsicherheiten im Baugrundmodell. Die damit verbundenen Restrisiken während des Baus können meist nicht hinreichend genau im Voraus abgeschätzt werden. Derartige Rahmenbedingungen erfordern daher den Einsatz einer Beobachtungsmethode gemäß den Prinzipien des Eurocodes EC 7. Dabei ist im Zuge der Bauausführung, insbesondere bei oberflächennahen Tunnelprojekten, zur Gewährleistung eines sicheren und wirtschaftlichen Vortriebs die Implementierung eines qualifizierten Geotechnischen Sicherheitsmanagements unerlässlich. Die erfolgreiche Umsetzung des Geotechnischen Sicherheitsmanagements während der Bauausführung beruht auf einer umfassenden Definition des erwarteten Verhaltens durch den Planer und einem ständigen Soll/Ist‐Vergleich des Systemverhaltens durch einen Geotechniker vor Ort. Fortschrittliche Werkzeuge und Methoden zur Messdatenauswertung unterstützen in der laufenden Interpretation des aktuellen Systemverhaltens, der Früherkennung von Abweichungen und der Überprüfung gegenüber Warn‐ und Alarmkriterien. Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die Grundlagen, Voraussetzungen und Ansprüche eines derartigen Managementsystems und erläutert die praktische Umsetzung im Zuge der Bauausführung anhand von konkreten Fallbeispielen aus Projekten der ÖBB‐Infrastruktur AG.
Shaft sinking experience in Athabasca Basin and geoscientific investigations for future shafts / Erfahrungen mit Schachtabteufung im Athabasca Becken und geowissenschaftliche Erkundungen für zukünftige Schächte
Authors: Hatley James F. , Bashir Rashid
Published: October 2011

Shaft sinking through solid rock, which contains little or no water, poses little difficulty. However, when loose, water‐bearing strata have to be contended with, water control measures and pumping facilities are needed. Shaft sinking in the Athabasca Basin requires sinking through water bearing sandstone which can be highly fractured. Intersection of local zones of extensive fracturing results in the potential for high water inflows with hydrostatic pressures of up to 5 MPa. Typically cementitious grouting is carried out ahead of each shaft sinking interval as a water control strategy. Shaft sinking performance which can be quantified in terms of rate of advance is highly dependent on the days spent at each interval grouting before sinking can advance to the next interval. This paper presents the shaft sinking experience in Athabasca Basin and how some of this is translated into geoscientific investigations for future shafts. A comparison of geoscientific data collected from future shafts at McArthur River and other Cameco Corporation operations and project sites. The paper concludes with the strategies for better integration of hydrogeological, geotechnical and geophysical data.

Schachtbau im standfesten Gebirge, das wenig oder kein Bergwasser aufweist, bereitet geringe Schwierigkeiten. Wenn jedoch lockere, wasserführende Schichten angetroffen werden, sind Wasserhaltungsmaßnahmen und Pumpeinrichtungen erforderlich. Beim Schachtteufen im Athabasca Becken werden wasserführende Sandsteine angetroffen, die stark zerlegt sein können. Lokale Verschnitte zwischen hoch zerlegten Zonen können zu starken Wasserzutritten mit Drücken bis zu 5 MPa führen. In der Regel werden Zementinjektionen vor jedem Abteufschritt ausgeführt, um die Wasserzutritte zu minimieren. Die Teufleistung hängt sehr stark von der Zeit ab, die für die Injektion benötigt wird, bevor der nächste Ausbruchschritt gemacht werden kann. Dieser Beitrag behandelt die Erfahrungen mit Schachtabteufen im Athabasca Becken, und wie ein Teil dieser Erfahrung in geowissenschaftliche Erkundungen für künftige Schächte einfließt. Geowissenschaftliche Daten von künftigen Schächten bei der McArthur River Mine und anderen Cameco Corporation Betrieben und Projekten werden verglichen. Der Beitrag schließt mit Strategien für eine bessere Integration von hydrogeologischen, geotechnischen und geophysikalischen Daten.
Lessons learned from Gschliefgraben mudslide (Austria) / Die Lehren aus dem Erdstrom im Gschliefgraben (Österreich)
Authors: Poisel Rainer , Hofmann Robert , Preh Alexander , Sausgruber Thomas , Schiffer Michael
Published: October 2011

After heavy rainfalls, a rock slide and a consecutive debris flow a mudslide comprising a volume between 3,5 and 5 million m3 was reactivated in Gschliefgraben valley (Gmunden, Upper Austria province) in 2007/2008. The mudslide moved downwards with displacement velocities of some metres per day, until it could be stopped finally. The geologic‐geotechnical model for the mudslide as well as the mechanisms and processes are described. They are influenced essentially by the pore water pressure and by the hydrostatic head. Comprehensive investigations showed that the clayey‐silty‐sandy‐pebbly masses in the Gschliefgraben are especially sensible to changes of water content and acting stresses. Based on these geologic‐geotechnical models for the movement process the mitigation measures carried out are described and their effects as well as their success are evaluated critically.

Im Gschliefgraben (Gmunden, Oberösterreich) wurde nach starken Niederschlägen und einer Felsgleitung sowie einem anschließenden Murgang 2007/2008 ein Erd‐ und Schuttstrom mit einem Volumen zwischen 3,5 und 5 Mio. m3 wieder aktiviert. Dieser Erd‐ und Schuttstrom erreichte Bewegungsraten von mehreren Metern pro Tag, bis er schließlich gestoppt werden konnte. In dem Beitrag werden das geologisch‐geotechnische Modell für den Erd‐ und Schuttstrom sowie die Mechanismen und Prozesse aufgezeigt. Diese werden wesentlich vom Porenwasser‐ und Wasserdruck beeinflusst. Umfangreiche Untersuchungen haben ergeben, dass das Material ein besonders sensibles Verhalten gegenüber Änderungen des Wassergehalts und den auftretenden Spannungen hat. Aufbauend auf diesen geotechnisch‐geologischen Modellen für den Bewegungsprozess werden die durchgeführten Stabilisierungsmaßnahmen beschrieben und deren Wirkung kritisch untersucht. Darauf aufbauend wird deren Erfolg dargestellt und bewertet.
Lessons learned from the Lassing mining disaster? / Lehren aus dem Grubenunglück Lassing?
Authors: Maier Alfred
Published: October 2011

A crisis can be prepared for by determining and evaluating appropriate disaster scenarios. These can then form the basis for the preparation of organisational measures for an emergency with the clear assignment of tasks and responsibilities in emergency plans, which essentially consist of alarm plans and planned measures. In the crisis itself, it is not only necessary to overcome the incident itself but also to close off the danger area, create an “inner zone” and coordinate rescue measures, and the crisis also has to be managed with regard to public relations and commercial considerations.

Grundsätzliche Vorbereitungen für eine Krise bestehen in einer Ermittlung und Bewertung von maßgeblichen Schadensfällen. Darauf aufbauend können organisatorische Festlegungen für den Krisenfall mit klarer Verteilung von Aufgaben und Verantwortung in Notfallplänen, die im Wesentlichen aus Alarmierungsplänen und Maßnahmenplänen bestehen, vorbereitet werden. In der Krise selbst geht es nicht nur um die Beherrschung des Anlassfalles im engeren Sinne wie etwa das Absperren des Gefahrenbereiches, die Schaffung einer “inneren Zone” und die Koordinierung von Rettungsmaßnahmen, sondern darüber hinaus sowohl um eine gesellschaftlich‐öffentliche Beherrschung der Krise als auch um eine wirtschaftliche Bewältigung.
Abnormal asymmetry of white matter integrity in schizophrenia revealed by voxelwise diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Miyata Jun , Sasamoto Akihiko , Koelkebeck Katja , Hirao Kazuyuki , Ueda Keita , Kawada Ryosaku , Fujimoto Shinsuke , Tanaka Yusuke , Kubota Manabu , Fukuyama Hidenao , Sawamoto Nobukatsu , Takahashi Hidehiko , Murai Toshiya
Published: October 2011

A number of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have revealed morphological cortical asymmetry in the normal human brain, and reduction or inversion of such hemispheric asymmetry has been reported in schizophrenia. On the other hand, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have reported inconsistent findings concerning abnormal asymmetry of white matter integrity in schizophrenia. Our aim was to confirm whether there is reduced or inverted asymmetry of white matter integrity in the whole brain in schizophrenia. For this study, 26 right‐handed schizophrenia patients, and 32 matched healthy control subjects were investigated. Voxelwise analysis of DTI data was performed using the tract‐based spatial statistics. The fractional anisotropy (FA) images were normalized and projected onto the symmetrical white matter skeleton, and the laterality index (LI) of FA, determined by 2 × (left ‐ right)/(left + right), was calculated. The results reveal that schizophrenia patients and healthy controls showed similar patterns of overall FA asymmetries. In the group comparison, patients showed significant reduction of LI in the external capsule (EC), and posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC). The EC cluster revealed increased rightward asymmetry, and the PLIC cluster showed reduced leftward asymmetry. Rightward‐shift of FA in the EC cluster correlated with negative symptom severity. Considering that the EC cluster includes the uncinate and inferior occipitofrontal fasciculi, which have connections to the orbitofrontal cortex, abnormal asymmetry of white matter integrity in schizophrenia may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, through the altered connectivity to the orbitofrontal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural processes of preparatory control for stop signal inhibition
Authors: Hu Sien , Li Chiang‐Shan R.
Published: October 2011

This study investigated the preparatory control of motor inhibition and motor execution using a stop signal task (SST) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the SST, a frequent “go” signal triggered a prepotent response and a less frequent “stop” signal prompted the inhibition of this response. Preparatory control of motor inhibition and execution in the stop signal trials were examined by contrasting brain activation between stop success and stop error trials during the fore‐period, in which participants prepared to respond to go or to stop. Results from 91 healthy adults showed greater activation in the right prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal lobule during preparatory motor inhibition. Preparatory motor execution activated bilateral putamen, primary motor cortices, posterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and superior temporal/intraparietal sulci. Furthermore, the extents of these inhibition and execution activities were inversely correlated across subjects. On the basis of a median split of the stop signal reaction time (SSRT), subjects with short SSRT showed greater activity in the right orbital frontal cortex during preparatory inhibition. These new findings suggest that the go and stop processes interact prior to target presentation in the SST, in accord with recent computational models of stop signal inhibition. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Numerical research on heat transfer and flow resistance performance of specially‐shaped rod baffle heat exchangers
Authors: Gu Xin , Dong Xiao‐lin , Liu Min‐shan , Wang Yong‐qing
Published: October 2011

In order to overcome the disadvantages of heat transfer performance in the shell side of the common circular cross section rod baffle heat exchanger with a low Reynolds number, a numerical simulation on fluid flow and heat transfer in the shell side with different types of rod baffles is carried out. The rod baffles include the circular cross section, trigonal cross section, and rhombic cross section. The influence of heat transfer enhancement and flow resistance reduction affected by baffles is summarized. It is indicated that the trigonal and rhombic cross section rod baffles present the better performance of heat transfer enhancement and flow resistance reduction. With the rhombic cross section rod baffles in the shell side, the higher heat transfer coefficient and overall property in the shell side are achieved when Re is lower, and the heat transfer coefficient in the shell side is 10% higher than that of a circular cross section rod baffle at the same Reynolds number. The trigonal and rhombic cross section rod baffles in the shell side give more optional structure forms for expanding the application scope of rod baffle heat exchangers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20388
Toward Homogeneous Erythropoietin: Application of Metal‐Free Dethiylation in the Chemical Synthesis of the Ala79‐Arg166 Glycopeptide Domain
Authors: Dong Suwei , Shang Shiying , Tan Zhongping , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: October 2011

We describe herein the assembly of hEPO(79–166), a key glycopeptide segment en route to erythropoietin, in minimally protected form. Key to the success of this synthetic endeavor was the application of our two‐step cysteine‐free native chemical ligation strategy, by which we achieved formal ligation at alanine and proline residues through the use of an N‐terminal amino acid surrogate presenting a readily removable thiol functionality.
A brief review of coarse‐grained and other computational studies of molecularly imprinted polymers
Authors: Levi Liora , Raim Vladimir , Srebnik Simcha
Published: October 2011

Molecular imprinting is an established method for the creation of artificial recognition sites in synthetic materials through polymerization and cross‐linking in the presence of template molecules. Removal of the templates leaves cavities that are complementary to the template molecules in size, shape, and functionality. In recent years, various theoretical and computational models have been developed as tools to aid in the design of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) or to provide insight into the features that determine MIP performance. These studies can be grouped into two general approaches–screening for possible functional monomers for particular templates and macromolecular models focusing on the structural characterization of the imprinted material. In this review, we pay special attention to coarse‐grained models that characterize the functional heterogeneity in imprinted pores, but also cover recent advances in atomistic and first principle studies. We offer a critical assessment of the potential impact of the various models towards improving the state‐of‐the‐art of molecular imprinting. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of nonhomogeneous Kuznetsov's equation: Local and global well‐posedness; exponential decay
Authors: Kaltenbacher Barbara , Lasiecka Irena
Published: October 2011

This paper deals with well‐posedness of the Kuznetsov equation, which is an enhanced model for nonlinear acoustic wave propagation, e.g., in the context of high intensity ultrasound therapy. This is a quasilinear evolutionary wave equation with potential degeneration and strong damping. We consider it on a bounded domain in Rn, n = 1, 2, 3, with possibly inhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. Based on appropriate energy estimates and Banach's fixed point theorem applied to an appropriate formulation of the PDE, we first of all prove local well‐posedness with small initial data. For proving global existence, we use barrier's method and exploit the dissipative mechanism leading to decay rates. The latter also allow us to prove exponential decay. For the treatment of inhomogeneous boundary conditions, appropriate extensions of the boundary data to the interior are crucial.
Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in Richardson's syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy‐parkinsonism
Authors: Srulijes Karin , Reimold Matthias , Liscic Rajka M. , Bauer Sarah , Dietzel Elisabeth , Liepelt‐Scarfone Inga , Berg Daniela , Maetzler Walter
Published: October 2011

Background:

We hypothesized that postural instability and cognitive decline in patients with Richardson's syndrome could be a consequence of reduced thalamic and frontal metabolism. Severe Parkinsonian signs in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy‐parkinsonism may be reflected by alterations in putaminal metabolism.

Methods:

Eleven patients with Richardson's syndrome, 8 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy‐parkinsonism, 12 with Parkinson's disease, and 10 controls underwent clinical assessment and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET).

Results:

Richardson's syndrome patients showed pronounced thalamic hypometabolism, and patients with progressive supranuclear palsy‐parkinsonism pronounced putaminal hypometabolism, compared to all other investigated groups. The putamen/thalamus uptake ratio differentiated progressive supranuclear palsy‐parkinsonism from Richardson's syndrome (area under the curve = 0.86) and from Parkinson's disease (area under the curve = 0.80) with acceptable accuracy. Frontal hypometabolism was predominantly found in Richardson's syndrome patients.

Conclusions:

Richardson's syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy‐parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease showed different metabolic patterns in fluorodeoxyglucose PET. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Comparing doctors' and nurses' accounts of how they provide emotional care for parents of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Forsey Mary , Salmon Peter , Eden Tim , Young Bridget
Published: October 2011

Objective

Despite the emphasis that communication skills training (CST) programmes place on attending to the emotional care of patients, evidence suggests that practitioners neglect this aspect of patient care. We describe and compare doctors' and nurses' accounts of managing the emotional care of parents of children with leukaemia, with the overall objective of examining how their accounts might inform training and policy.

Methods

Audio‐recorded qualitative interviews with 30 doctors and nurses working in six UK paediatric oncology and haematology treatment centres were analysed interpretatively, drawing on the constant comparative method.

Results

Doctors' and nurses' descriptions of managing emotional care differed markedly. Doctors described reassuring parents through their ongoing clinical care of the child and by explaining the potentially curative nature of treatment. Doctors did not think they could reassure parents by eliciting and explicitly discussing parents' fears. In contrast, nurses relied on psychological skills and explicit discussion of parents' emotions to provide reassurance. Both doctors and nurses relied on each other to ensure that parents' emotional needs were met by the multidisciplinary team rather than by individual practitioners.

Conclusion

Nurses' accounts of providing emotional care resembled the emphasis on explicit emotional talk in CST. However, doctors' accounts indicated that they provided emotional care in ways that diverged markedly from expectations in CST but that were more consistent with their biomedical and authoritative role in patient care. These findings may have implications for CST in future revisions of guidelines, but work is first needed to explore parents' perspectives on emotional care. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phosphoramidate‐based prostate‐specific membrane antigen‐targeted SPECT agent
Authors: Nedrow‐Byers Jessie R. , Jabbes Mohamed , Jewett Cayla , Ganguly Tanushree , He Haiyang , Liu Tiancheng , Benny Paul , Bryan Jeffrey N. , Berkman Clifford E.
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND

Prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) remains an active target for imaging and therapeutic applications for prostate cancer.

METHODS

In the present study, an irreversible phosphoramidate inhibitor, CTT‐54 (IC50 = 14 nM), has been modified to deliver 99mTc‐(CO)3‐DTPA as a SPECT imaging payload to PSMA+ cells in vivo and in vitro. Percent uptake, competitive binding, and internalization will evaluate the imaging agent in vitro. Preliminary biodistribution and imaging will be utilized for in vivo evaluation.

RESULTS

In vitro studies demonstrate that the radiotracer 99mTc‐(CO)3‐DTPA‐CTT‐54 exhibits increasing cellular uptake in the PSMA+ LNCaP cells over time. More importantly, it was found that 99mTc‐(CO)3‐DTPA‐CTT‐54 is rapidly internalized into LNCaP cells, presumably through the PSMA enzyme‐inhibitor complex. In a pilot biodistribution study, increasing accumulation of the radiotracer in LNCaP xenografts was observed from 2 to 4 hr and significant clearance from non‐target tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

While DTPA may not represent the ideal chelate structure for 99mTc(CO)3, the data provides proof‐of‐concept support for the development of a next‐generation phosphoramidate‐based PSMA inhibitor‐conjugates for use as SPECT imaging agents. Prostate 72:904–912, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Balance of the Sexes: the Feminisation of Australia's Population, 1901–2008
Authors: Opeskin Brian , Kippen Rebecca
Published: October 2011

The numerical balance between males and females in a population has been of long‐standing interest to social scientists because of its effects on marriage, fertility, and the societal roles of men and women. Yet, little attention has been paid to mapping changes in sex ratios or identifying their demographic determinants. This study addresses this gap by examining secular changes in the balance between males and females in Australia from 1901 to 2008. A method of decomposing these changes into components due to sex differentials in fertility, mortality, and migration is described and applied.

The study describes the gradual feminisation of the Australian population over a century and gives an account of how the ratio of the sexes differs by age and how long it takes to exhaust the numerical superiority of men at birth. The study explains these changes by examining long‐term trends in the sex ratio of births, deaths, and net migration for successive cohorts. The relatively high mortality of males and the emerging pattern of feminine net migration since the 1970s explain the transformation of the Australian population from its highly masculine past to its contemporary state of greater balance between the sexes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High optical quality multicarat single crystal diamond produced by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Meng Yu‐fei , Yan Chih‐shiue , Krasnicki Szczesny , Liang Qi , Lai Joseph , Shu Haiyun , Yu Thomas , Steele Andrew , Mao Ho‐kwang , Hemley Russell J.
Published: October 2011

Finding ways to routinely and reliably produce larger near‐colorless and colorless single‐crystal diamond needed for a variety of applications in science and technology is a major challenge. Microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) techniques have been refined to produce large, high‐purity single crystal diamond anvils. Specifically multicarat single crystal diamond has been produced at high growth rate without annealing (around 50 µm/h) with low impurities content. UV–visible absorption, Raman/photoluminescence spectroscopy, cathodoluminescence, and confocal Raman imaging are used to characterize the diamond. The measurements show that the material has high optical quality and clarity without layers. The large intensity ratio of the second‐order Raman peak to the fluorescence background is essential for high‐pressure optical windows. The origin of the residual color is also examined.

The picture on the right shows a 2.4 carat single‐crystal CVD diamond compared with 0.25 carat CVD diamond. Left images: Example of the evolution of CVD diamond single crystal starting with crystal 13.5 carat block to the 2.3 carat cut gem anvil.

magnified image
Theoretical description of thermal transport in graphene: The issues of phonon cut‐off frequencies and polarization branches
Authors: Nika Denis L. , Pokatilov Evghenii P. , Balandin Alexander A.
Published: October 2011

We discuss theoretical approaches for description of the phonon thermal transport in graphene and identify open questions and problems. Specifically, we show that due to a fundamental ambiguity in the definition of the intrinsic thermal conductivity of two‐dimensional (2‐D) systems the calculations that use an arbitrary low‐bound cut‐off for the phonon frequency in the thermal conductivity integral lead to erroneous results. The problem of the relative contributions of the longitudinal acoustic (LA), transverse acoustic (TA), and out‐of‐plane phonon polarization branches to thermal transport in graphene is also discussed. Theoretical thermal conductivity data for graphene, obtained by different approaches, are compared with those for carbon nanotubes.
Combined effects of intense laser field and applied electric field on exciton states in GaAs quantum wells: Transition from the single to double quantum well
Authors: Duque C. A. , Mora‐Ramos M. E. , Kasapoglu E. , Sari H. , Sökmen I.
Published: October 2011

The effects of intense laser radiation on the exciton states in GaAs‐Ga1–xAlxAs quantum wells are studied with the inclusion of applied dc electric fields oriented along the growth direction of the system. The calculations are made within the effective mass and parabolic band approximations. The intense laser effects have been included along the lines of the Floquet method, modifying the confinement potential associated to the heterostructure. The results for the exciton binding energy, the energy of the exciton‐related photoluminescence peak, and the carriers overlap integral are presented for several configurations of the quantum well size, the strength of the applied electric fields, and the incident laser radiation.
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition, Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory, Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Properties of Huernia hystrix
Authors: Amoo Stephen O. , Finnie Jeffrey F. , Van Staden Johannes
Published: October 2011

Huernia species are typical famine‐food plants consumed in southern Ethiopia. H. hystrix is a heavily exploited ethnomedicinal succulent plant traded in traditional medicine systems especially on South Africa's eastern seaboard. This study investigated the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial properties of extracts obtained from the stems and roots of this plant. At the same concentration level (625.0, 312.5 or 156.3 µg/mL), the whole plant extract showed higher AChE inhibitory activity when compared with the stem and root extracts; a finding suggesting the presence of AChE inhibitors acting additively or synergistically in the whole plant extract. The roots showed strong antioxidant activity (in DPPH and β‐carotene assays) comparable to that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), indicating the presence of potent antioxidant compound(s) that can be exploited as alternatives for use in the food and cosmetic industries and/or as nutraceuticals. All the petroleum ether (PE) (except root PE) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts demonstrated good inhibitory activity (> 70%) in cyclooxygenase (COX‐1 and COX‐2) assays at a 0.25 µg/μL concentration. Most of the extracts showed broad‐spectrum inhibitory and lethal activities against the microorganisms used in this study. The observed biological activities might be due to the iridoid, phenolic and flavonoid contents of the plants. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel hydrogen migration of dialkylphosphonic acid esters using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zeng Zhiping , Luo Ping , Jiang Yao , Liu Yan , Tang Guo , Xu Pengxiang , Zhao Yufen
Published: October 2011

In this paper, attention is focused on analysis of the fragmentation of α‐hydroxy‐β‐amino phosphonate esters designed as inhibitors of protein kinase A. An interesting proton migration mechanism in the cleavage of the P‐C bond is investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A possible rearrangement mechanism is proposed and verified by high‐resolution mass spectra using isotope deuterium/hydrogen‐exchange technology and additionally checked by detailed DFT calculation based on Gaussian software. The result clearly indicates that this mechanism proceeds by a five‐membered ring concerted transition state with activation energy 11.3 kcal mol−1 for the compound 3f. The overall reaction is endothermic with an energy 13.2 kcal mol−1. The effect of different substituents and different metal ions for rearrangement of these esters is studied by experiment and theory. It is concluded that this rearrangement process is energetically unfavorable and hence only occurs in the mass spectrometer. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphene and graphene oxide: two ideal choices for the enrichment and ionization of long‐chain fatty acids free from matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization matrix interference
Authors: Liu Yang , Liu Junyan , Deng Chunhui , Zhang Xiangmin
Published: October 2011

In this work, graphene (G) and graphene oxide (GO) were utilized to enrich and ionize long‐chain fatty acids. All together five long‐chain fatty acids were selected as models here, n‐dodecanoic acid (C12), n‐tetradecanoic acid (C14), n‐hexadecanoic acid (C16), n‐octadecanoic acid (C18), and n‐eicosanoic acid (C20). Due to the large surface area and strong interaction force of G or GO, all the five long‐chain fatty models were effectively enriched by G or GO. On the other hand, the excellent electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties enable G and GO to be prefect energy receptacles for laser radiation, which make the ionization steps more effective. Eventually, the promoted G and GO methodology can sensitively detect the five long‐chain fatty acid models from real biological samples even at low concentrations. Meanwhile, by adopting our promoted methodology, the detection of long‐chain fatty acids by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) was demonstrated to be simple, sensitive, fast, cost effective and high throughput, which is meaningful as to practical usage. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐translational modification in the gas phase: mechanism of cysteine S‐nitrosylation via ion‐molecule reactions
Authors: Osburn Sandra , O'Hair Richard A. J. , Black Stephen M. , Ryzhov Victor
Published: October 2011

The gas‐phase mechanism of S‐nitrosylation of thiols was studied in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. This was done via ion‐molecule reactions of protonated cysteine and many of its derivatives and other thiol ions with neutral tert‐butyl nitrite or nitrous acid. Our results showed that the presence of the carboxylic acid functional group, –COOH, in the vicinity of the thiol group is essential for the gas‐phase nitrosylation of thiols. When the carboxyl proton is replaced by a methyl group (cysteine methyl ester) no nitrosylation was observed. Other thiols lacking a carboxylic acid functional group displayed no S‐nitrosylation, strongly suggesting that the carboxyl hydrogen plays a key role in the nitrosylation process. These results are in excellent agreement with a solution‐phase mechanism proposed by Stamler et al. (J. S. Stamler, E. J. Toone, S. A. Lipton, N. J. Sucher. Neuron 1997, 18, 691–696) who suggested a catalytic role for the carboxylic acid group adjacent to cysteine residues and with later additions by Ascenzi et al. (P. Ascenzi, M. Colasanti, T. Persichini, M. Muolo, F. Polticelli, G. Venturini, D. Bordo, M. Bolognesi. Biol. Chem. 2000, 381, 623–627) who postulated that the presence of the carboxyl in the cysteine microenvironment in proteins is crucial for S‐nitrosylation. A concerted mechanism for the gas‐phase S‐nitrosylation was proposed based on our results and was further studied using theoretical calculations. Our calculations showed that this proposed pathway is exothermic by 44.0 kJ mol–1. This is one of the few recent examples when a gas‐phase mechanism matches one in solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical background of electron backscattering
Authors: Niedrig H.
Published: October 2011

The parameters governing electron backscattering from thin films and from bulk solids are reviewed: Atomic scattering cross‐section, atomic number, single/multiple scattering, film thickness, scattering angular distribution, angle of incidence, diffraction effects. Their influence on some important contrast mechanisms due to backscattered electrons in scanning electron microscopy (thickness contrast, Z/material contrast, tilting/topography contrast, crystal orientation contrast) is discussed. The most frequently used backscattering electron detection systems are briefly described.
Auger microanalysis in a conventional scanning electron microscope
Authors: Holm R. , Reinfandt B.
Published: October 2011

We have coupled an Auger spectrometer to a conventional scanning electron microscope. Specimens were examined without an ultrahigh vacuum by maintaining a high partial pressure of argon in the vicinity of the specimen. It was possible to examine the specimens by means of both Auger and x‐ray microanalysis. Sputtering profiles could be recorded by removing surface layers by ion bombardment. Examples of the application of the method are drawn from studies of surface layers on metals, and are compared with XRMA results.
Ion damage to the specimen in the SEM studied by the EBIC technique
Authors: Wells O. C.
Published: October 2011

This paper reports ion damage to Si and GaAs diodes during examination in the SEM as revealed by the electron beam induced conductivity (EBIC) technique. Also reported here is the emission of energetic negative ions having a mass‐to‐charge ratio of 32 from the lanthanum hexaboride electron gun. It is believed that these ions are (O2)−, although the possibility that they might be S− cannot be ruled out. These ions give rise to damaged regions of the specimen which are circular in shape and which have a diameter related to that of the beam‐limiting aperture in the SEM final lens. It is presumed that this problem can be avoided, if necessary, by the use of an ion trap at some point in the electron column.
The “SOMSEM”—An SEM‐based scanning optical microscope
Authors: Maher E. F.
Published: October 2011

No one form of microscopy is ideal for all applications and, in general, significant advances are made by correlating several techniques. In this paper, a scanning optical microscope is discussed which is based on the SEM and is entirely compatible with it. This new hybrid instrument, known as the SOMSEM, has been demonstrated using a converted SEM specimen stage and a standard Cambridge Stereoscan 250 Mk II microscope. The operating principles have been verified, and silicon MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) devices have been successfully imaged using the OBIC (optical beam induced current) mode thus avoiding electron beam damage. Potential applications and future developments are briefly discussed.
Scanning optical microscopy
Authors: Wilson T.
Published: October 2011

The scanning optical microscope, provides new information about a wide variety of specimens. The confocal mode provides a form of super‐resolution and allows the depth of field of the microscope to be tuned at will, and extended, in principle, without limit. The instrument is particularly advantageous for the study of materials and devices, especially semiconductors. The image is built up on a cathode ray tube display by mechanically scanning the object across a focussed spot.
Crystal formation of polyisobutylene induced at metallic interface
Authors: Matsuda Yasuhiro , Iida Kazuhiro , Tasaka Shigeru
Published: October 2011

Polyisobutylene (PIB) is used as a nonpolar adhesive, but its mechanism of adhesion is still under discussion. Because the adhesion process of PIB requires no chemical reactions, the changes of physical properties induced at the interface play important roles in the mechanisms of the adhesion. PIB is known as an amorphous polymer, but can be crystallized by external stimulus such as stretching. Differential scanning calorimetry was carried out for thin films of PIB contacting with silver to investigate the interfacial properties and their contribution to the mechanism of adhesion. An endothermic peak appeared at the temperature which has been reported to be the melting point of PIB crystals, and this peak became clearer by thinning the PIB film. This thermal behavior can be explained by the crystal formation of PIB at the metallic interface. The formation of the crystals of PIB may contribute the good adhesive behavior of PIB. The rubbery amorphous phase of PIB with the glass transition temperature lower than room temperature can be spread on the surface, and the induced rigid crystalline phase prevent PIB from flowing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.