bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orienting effect of vortices on the directrix of rotating 3He–B
Authors: Gongadze A. D. , Gurgenishvili G. E. , Kharadze G. A.
Published: December 2024

The combined effect of a magnetic field and superfluid vortex flows on the equilibrium orientation of the directrix of rotating 3He–B is theoretically investigated. It is shown that the presence of vortices is revealed by a shift in the transverse-NMR frequency, the effect being greatest when the external magnetic field is inclined at an angle of ϑ = π/4 to the axis of rotation.
Current-voltage curves of pure and hydrogen-intercalated NbSe2 microbridges
Authors: Obolenskii M. A. , Chashka Kh. B. , Balla D. D. , Beletskii V. I.
Published: December 2024

The effect of the size of 2H-NbSe2 microbridges on the shape of the current-voltage (I–V) and voltage-magnetic field (V–H) curves was investigated. It is demonstrated that a gradual transition occurs from microbridges whose I–V curves are characteristic of bulk NbSe2 single crystals to microbridges whose I–V curves are unstable and nonthermal and then to microbridges whose I-V curves are inherent to Josephson elements. Effects of the Josephson type can be observed in hydrogen-intercalated NbSe2 microbridges for contacts whose dimensions substantially exceed the coherence length of pure NbSe2 specimens.
Topological dynamical soliton in a two-dimensional uniaxial ferromagnet
Authors: Kosevich A. M. , Voronov V. P.
Published: December 2024

Using the Landau–Lifshits equations without damping we study the bound state of a large number of magnons with a nonzero angular momentum. It is shown that this dynamical soliton is associated with topological singularity. The characterisics of this soliton are obtained on a computer in a wide range of frequencies of precession of the magnetization vector.
Parametric temperature wave generation in liquid helium
Authors: Manykin É. A. , Ozhovan M. I. , Poluéktov P. P.
Published: December 2024

Parametric generation of temperature waves (second sound) in liquid helium is considered. The possibility of second sound generation under conditions of weak excitation of conventional sound waves is demonstrated. The temperature wave increment constant is found. The threshold conditions for temperature wave generation are determined.
Transverse focusing of electrons in the presence of plane defects terminating at the specimen surface
Authors: Korzh S. A.
Published: December 2024

Transverse focusing of electrons by a magnetic field is analyzed for the case where the effective electrons interact with plane defects in the crystal lattice. It is demonstrated that the reflection and refraction characteristics of the twinning plane in a coherent twin can be determined from the temperature dependence of the amplitude of focusing peaks.
Longitudinal galvanomagnetic effect in thin bismuth films
Authors: Andrievskiĭ V. V. , Butenko A. V. , Komnik Yu. F.
Published: December 2024

The longitudinal magnetoresistance of epitaxial Bi films with a thickness of 1300–4000 Å is investigated at 4.2 °K. In a perpendicular magnetic field, these specimens clearly show magnetic quantization (Shubnikov–de Haas effect). The dependence of the longitudinal magnetoresistance on the magnitude of the magnetic field shows a maximum that has a quantum nature (transition to the quantum limit with respect to the magnetic field). With the help of a modulation technique, in recording the derivative ∂R/∂H(H), it was possible to reveal the Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations, related to the manifestation of magnetic quantization in one of the electronic valleys [period of oscillations is Δ(H−1) ≃ 2.25 · 10−5 Oe−1]. Together with this, in recording the second derivative ∂2R/∂H2(H), for small magnetic fields, it was possible to observe features that in our opinion are related to the appearance of a classical galvanomagnetic size effect in the longitudinal magnetic field. The mean free path of charge carriers in the bismuth films investigated was measured from the position of these features on the magnetic field axis.
Low-temperature creep and thermal relaxation of a deforming metal
Authors: Abraimov V. V. , Soldatov V. P.
Published: December 2024

The level of heating of certain face-centered-cubic (FCC) and hexagonally close packed (HCP) metals during low-temperature creep, as well as for N-S and S-N transitions is investigated experimentally. The influence of the thermal properties of deforming metals and the cooling medium on the magnitude of their “local” heating is studied. The kinetics of heating during low-temperature creep are described.
Superconductivity enhancement in tin
Authors: Motulevich G. P. , Tikhanskii M. V.
Published: December 2024

The effect of various parameters on superconductivity enhancement produced in tin by current injection of quasiparticles is studied. The data obtained are compared with the results of experiments, carried out for aluminum, and with theoretical calculations2,3. The experimental value of the maximum relative gap increase δΔ/Δ0 is significantly below the theoretical value.
Electron localization as a possible explanation of the low-temperature increase in the resistance of thin bismuth films
Authors: Komnik Yu. F. , Bukhshtab E. I. , Nikitin Yu. V.
Published: December 2024

The paper considers the logarithmic addition to electrical resistance, which determines the increase in the resistance of thin bismuth films as the temperature is lowered below Tmin≃5 — 10 °K, as well as their anomalous magnetoresistance. These effects are considered in conjunction with theoretical calculations of the mechanisms of electron localization and electron-electron interaction with elastic electron scattering.
Surface excitons and surface polaritons in the luminescence spectrum of xenon cryocrystals
Authors: Grigorashchenko O. N. , Savchenko E. V. , Fugol’ I. Ya.
Published: December 2024

Using luminescence spectroscopy in xenon cryocrystals we have observed surface resonances due to Γ(3/2) excitons and Γ′(3/2) excitons in the bulk of the crystals and in the subsurface layer. For the dipole active transition from the Γ(3/2) band, the exciton–photon interaction is important. We analyze the properties of the luminescence spectra of thin and bulk samples of crystalline xenon in terms of a surface polariton model, and we explain the observed maxima in the emission.
The role of gene editing, organoids, and in vitro phenotyping in sustainable animal production
Authors: Redel Bethany K. , Jeon Eun Su , Green Cari C. , Prather Randall S.
Published: December 2024

There is a critical need for improving animal resilience, welfare, and productivity to meet the nutritional needs of the growing global population. While selective breeding has brought about tremendous improvement in livestock genetics and improving traits, it is a relatively lengthy process to integrate beneficial alleles into the herd and it is not possible to introduce variants identified in other species. Therefore, gene editing provides researchers with a tool to rapidly overcome many of these challenges. This review highlights the advances in gene editing technology, the methods used to generate gene edited livestock, and approaches that can be used to accelerate the discovery of novel alleles linked to specific traits in vitro. Additionally, the application of organoid technology is discussed, and how that linked with gene editing technology can mimic the in vivo physiology and biological functions in vitro, providing answers to important biological questions and decreasing the number of large animals needed for research. Together, these tools will enable production agriculture to be more productive and thus better able to meet the growing worldwide demand for food.
Probing iron in Earth’s core with molecular-spin dynamics
Authors: Nikolov Svetoslav , Ramakrishna Kushal , Rohskopf Andrew , Lokamani Mani , Tranchida Julien , Carpenter John , Cangi Attila , Wood Mitchell A.
Published: December 2024

Dynamic compression of iron to Earth-core conditions is one of the few ways to gather important elastic and transport properties needed to uncover key mechanisms surrounding the geodynamo effect. Herein, a machine-learned ab initio derived molecular-spin dynamics (MSD) methodology with explicit treatment for longitudinal spin-fluctuations is utilized to probe the dynamic phase-diagram of iron. This framework uniquely enables an accurate resolution of the phase-transition kinetics and Earth-core elastic properties, as highlighted by compressional wave velocity and adiabatic bulk moduli measurements. In addition, a unique coupling of MSD with time-dependent density functional theory enables gauging electronic transport properties, critically important for resolving geodynamo dynamics.
Investigating the impact of the effective point of measurement for plane-parallel ionization chambers in clinical proton beams
Authors: Baumann Kilian-Simon , Lourenço Ana , Wulff Jörg , Vilches-Freixas Gloria , Palmans Hugo
Published: December 2024

Objective. To investigate the impact of the positioning of plane-parallel ionization chambers in proton beams on the calculation of the chamber-specific factor fQ
and, hence, the beam quality correction factor

k

Q
,

Q
0

. Approach. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to calculate the chamber-specific factor fQ
in monoenergetic proton beams for six different plane-parallel ionization chambers while positioning the chambers with a) their reference point and b) their effective point of measurement accounting for the water equivalent thickness of the entrance window. Main results. For all ionization chamber models investigated in this study, the difference in fQ
between both positioning approaches was larger for steeper dose gradients and bigger differences between the geometrical thickness and water-equivalent thickness of the entrance window. The largest effect was 1.2% for the IBA PPC-05 ionization chamber at an energy of 60 MeV. Significance. The positioning of plane-parallel ionization chambers in proton beams has a systematic impact on the fQ
factor. This is especially of relevance for the

k

Q
,

Q
0

factors presented in the recently updated TRS-398 code of practice (CoP) from IAEA. The background is that a positioning with the effective point of measurement is prescribed in TRS-398 CoP, however, all Monte Carlo derived data that have been employed for the update are based on a positioning of the ionization chambers with their reference point. Hence, the updated

k

Q
,

Q
0

factors for plane-parallel ionization chambers in proton beams are subject to systematic errors that can be as large as 0.5%.
Beam dynamics design and optimization of a standalone radio frequency quadrupole accelerator for swift heavy ions
Authors: Koyickal Sruthy Varma , Kumar Sarvesh , Jakhar Niketan , Thakur Chandan , Yogesh  , Kashyap Manish K. , Lombardi Alessandra
Published: December 2024

A standalone high energy, 352 MHz radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) design is presented, resulting into targeted energy gain of 1.8 MeV/u with a beam current of 1 mA for mass to charge (A/q) ratio ≤ 4. It avoids many separate stages of transverse and longitudinal matching of beams compared to a standard RFQ + DTL accelerator combination due to automatic adiabatic bunching, focusing and acceleration of the beam and thus prevent many beam diagnostic and vacuum components. It is compact (only 4.63 meters) comparatively to other accelerator of equivalent energy gain and operation is quite easy in terms of beam tuning. The beam dynamics and vane designs are presented in details using PARMTEQ and Poisson/Superfish code. Such an accelerator promises to be a good candidate for establishing compact and more efficient nuclear physics research facilities compared to electrostatic Pelletron accelerators.
Computational analysis to explore the significance of magnetic field on hybrid nanofluid in a circular cavity with embedded heated fin
Authors: Faiz Zeshan , Rahman Abdul , Abbas Munawar , Fatima Nahid , Gómez-Aguilar J F , Muhammad Taseer , Faqihi Abdullah A
Published: December 2024

Enclosure design cavities have a significant impact on thermal engineering methods and technologies, including electronics, power engines, thermal exchangers, heating systems, nuclear facilities and solar panels. This study aims to investigate the impact of

MgO

and

Ag

hybrid nanofluid inside a circular cavity under the influence of an inclined magnetic field over the heated fin. The circular cavity containing the fin is maintained at a high temperature, while the circular object acts as an isothermal heat generation. The area between the circular cavity and the fin is filled with a hybrid nanofluid (

MgO

-water and

Ag

-water). The open-source finite element tool COMSOL is used to calculate the numerical solution for the simulated mathematical framework. The dynamic phenomena and related heat transfer properties are explored by the method at various control parameters, including Rayleigh numbers from

1
0

3

to

10

6

, Hartmann numbers from 0 to 70, as well as magnetic field strength, and includes inclination angles from

0

o

to

1
80

o

degrees. A visual representation of the local streamline distribution, isotherm, and entropy generation along with the average Nusselt number (

Nu

) is provided. This indicates that the thermal process is controlled by the fin heat source. The highest impulse heat transfer is achieved with the least flow resistance, especially with the inverted fin.
Effect of electric field on vortex-like structures in a planar magnet
Authors: Magadeev E B , Vakhitov R M
Published: December 2024

The paper theoretically studies the influence of inhomogeneous magnetoelectric interaction on systems of vortex-like objects formed in a film of a planar ferromagnet. It is shown that each of these objects interacts with an electric field as a point charge of a certain magnitude (in particular, the object ‘feels’ the field only in its center). It is revealed that fields of sufficiently high strength can promote the spontaneous generation of a vortex-antivortex pair due to the amplification of fluctuations in the magnetization distribution in the film.
Investigating magnetic and optical properties of layered iron phosphorus trisulfide intercalated with organic compounds
Authors: Saleh Hisham A , El-Shafey Shaymaa E , Abdel-karim Amal M , Tohamy Mahmoud S , El-Meligi Amin A
Published: December 2024

This study focuses on testing the optical and magnetic properties of the layered iron phosphorous trisulfide nanomaterial (FePS3) with methyl viologen (MV) (1,1′-dimethyl–4,4′-bipyridilium dichloride) and butyl amine (BA). The materials were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmittance electron microscope (TEM), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), optical measurement, and magnetic property measurements (VSM). SEM image shows lamellar and layered structure of the FePS3, and TEM images represents nanoscale particles, approximately 14–26 nm in size. The FePS3 fingerprint hkl phases detected by XRD prior to intercalation. The intercalation of MV into the interlayer space of FePS3 caused a phase transformation, and the hkl phases of FePS3 disappeared; this is because the intercalation modifies the crystal structure of the FePS3, and preferred orientation causes the disappearance of the original hkl phases too. Magnetic testing of the M-H curve shows that FePS3 is antiferromagnetic, but it becomes paramagnetic after intercalation with MV. The intercalation of FePS3 with BA resulted in narrow magnetic hysteresis loops, indicating ferromagnetic behavior. Extremely small amounts of residual magnetism (Hr) are produced due to the narrow magnetic hysteresis loop. Intercalation with MV and BA enhances FePS3 reflectivity. The intercalated compounds, FePS3-MV and FePS3-BA, show a rise in band gap energy.
Quantum transport through a quantum dot coupled to a pair of superconducting topological nanowires
Authors: AIT BAHADOU MOHAMED , Abderrahim El Allati , El Anouz Khadija
Published: December 2024

In this study, we analyze quantum transport using a quantum dot coupled to four Majorana bound states conﬁned to the ends of two superconducting topological nanowires. Particularly, we investigate how quantum transport aﬀects the magnetic ﬂux phase of the second nanowire and electron-phonon interaction. When the Majorana bound states are hybridized, the periodicity of zero-temperature linear conductance shifts from 2π to 4π. This takes place as the magnetic ﬂux phase of the second nanowire changes from states with zero-energy modes to states without it. However, during the ﬁxed magnetic ﬂux phase, the zero-energy modes appear toward the end of the second nanowaire. Indeed, we observe that the periodicity goes from 4π to 2π when we change the Majorana bound states from unhybridized to hybridized states. Linear conductance is measured independently of electron-phonon interactions and quantum dot energy. Furthermore, we show that the diﬀerential conductance periodicity changes from 2π when the Majorana bound states are nonoverlapping. It achieves 4π periodicity if the Majorana bound states overlap with regard to a magnetic ﬂux phase in a state without zero-energy modes. Nevertheless, a state with zero-energy modes of the magnetic ﬂux phase remains ﬁxed at 4π. Finally, we conclude that our results illuminate the expected behavior of topological quantum computational platforms.
Optimizing quantum reflection of Bose–Einstein condensates with angle of incidence
Authors: Musyayyadah H A , Halif M N A , Ripai A , Abdullah Z
Published: December 2024

We investigated the effect of the angle of incidence on the quantum reflection of Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) from regions with rapid potential variations. The reflection process was examined for both isotropic and anisotropic 2D disk-shaped BECs. In both cases, the angle of incidence was found to play a crucial role during reflection, inducing non-uniform atom-surface interactions and thus manipulating severe disruptions on the atomic cloud in the low incident velocity regime. In this scenario, the angle of incidence minimizes or even eliminates disruptions or fragmentation of the atomic cloud, especially for incidence angles far from the normal incidence direction. Consequently, anomalous reflectivity or saturation effects, which have been challenging in previous studies, can be effectively addressed and controlled. These findings provide new insights into optimizing the quantum reflection of BECs from a solid surface, particularly regarding the enhancement of the reflection probability of BECs from a planar silicon surface, which, since their first experiments, have not been maximized due to saturation effects.
f(T, TG) gravity theory: observational constraints for Barrow holographic dark energy with Hubble and Granda-Oliveros cutoff
Authors: Gupta Sanjeev , Dixit Archana , Pradhan Anirudh , Ghaderi K
Published: December 2024

The reconstruction technique and stability of various well-known cosmological parameters of f(T, T

G
) gravity are investigated in this paper, where T and T

G
denote the torsion scalar and Gauss-Bonnet invariant torsion component. In this model, we consider Barrow holographic dark energy (BHDE) as candidates of IR cut-offs and develop the corresponding field equations. In our analysis, we have examined two well-known IR cutoffs Hubble and GrandaOliveros (GO) cutoffs. Our findings indicate a transition from a deceleration phase to an accelerated phase in the Universe for both cutoff scenarios, aligning with recent observational data. A reconstruction method is introduced to analyze the parameters linked to BHDE within the framework of viscous cosmology. Our investigation revealed that the power-law cosmology effectively aligns with the observational datasets. By combining the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique with Bayesian analysis and likelihood function, we were able to determine the model parameters H
0 = 69.6 ± 1.8 km/s/Mpc; q = − 0.281 ± 0.034 and

M

= 23.846 ± 0.010. We have solved the modified Einstein’s field equations by taking the bulk-viscosity component ξ = ξ
0 + ξ
1
H. Additionally, we have examined the energy conditions to assess the consistency of our model.
Scalaron dark matter and the thermal history of the universe
Authors: Shtanov Yuri
Published: December 2024

In metric f(R) gravity minimally coupled to the Standard Model, the scalaron field can act as a dark-matter candidate if its mass lies in the range meV ≲ m ≲ MeV. The evolution of the scalaron is influenced by the trace of the stress-energy tensor, whose behaviour, as shown in our previous work, becomes non-adiabatic during the electroweak crossover, potentially triggering scalaron oscillations. While we previously approximated this crossover as a second-order phase transition at the one-loop level, the transition is actually smoother. In this paper, we refine our analysis to account for this smooth crossover and show that scalaron oscillations are still excited in a qualitatively similar manner, driven by the rapid dynamics of the electroweak crossover observed in numerical lattice simulations, provided the scalaron mass is sufficiently small. We also investigate the time-dependent contribution to the stress-energy trace due to the trace anomaly of quantum chromodynamics. Our results indicate that, while the trace anomaly shifts the scalaron's equilibrium value, this shift evolves adiabatically compared to the fast oscillations of the scalaron, meaning that the trace anomaly does not significantly affect the potential cosmological scenarios for scalaron evolution.
Contribution of spin states to Seebeck coefficient of a single-layer zigzag graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Prayitno Teguh Budi
Published: December 2024

We investigated the contribution of spin-up and spin-down states to the Seebeck coefficient in single-layer zigzag graphene nanoribbons. Firstly, we performed first-principles calculations to obtain the band energies which contain the energy dispersions of the spin-up and spin-down states. Here, we considered collinear ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic edge states. From the obtained electronic structure, we employed the Boltzmann theory to extract the data of the Seebeck coefficient based on the spin-up and spin-down states. We found that each state gives different contributions to the peak of the Seebeck coefficient near the Fermi level. It suggested that the domination of each state for the Seebeck coefficient can be analyzed.
Graphene Aerogel-Enhanced DBD Reactor with Thermoelectric Energy Recovery for Superior Plasma Activated Water Production
Authors: Seetawan Chatchavit , Namhongsa Wanatchaporn , Ruamruk Surasak , Thaowankaew Somporn , Min Zhu , Chaohai Zhang , Seetawan Tosawat
Published: December 2024

This study investigates plasma-activated water (PAW) production enhancement using a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) reactor integrated with graphene aerogel inserts. It explores the potential for thermoelectric energy recovery. The research focuses on optimizing PAW generation by leveraging graphene aerogel’s high surface area and porosity to improve plasma-water interaction and increase the dissolution of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Additionally, the study examines the integration of thermoelectric materials within the reactor system to recover and utilize the thermal energy generated during plasma activation. A rotating DBD reactor design facilitates dynamic mixing and enhances contact between plasma and water. Key parameters are systematically evaluated, including rotation speed, aerogel characteristics, discharge conditions, and thermoelectric material performance. Results indicate that graphene aerogel significantly boosts PAW production efficiency while including thermoelectric materials, contributing to energy recovery and making the process more sustainable. This dual advancement in PAW technology offers potential applications in biomedical treatments, environmental remediation, and energy-efficient industrial processes.
Imprint of Lienard–Wiechert field on a one-dimensional manifold
Authors: Arutunian S. , Aginian M. , Chung M. , Ivanyan M.
Published: December 2024

A method is developed that determines parametric expressions of the electromagnetic field of a charged particle moving in vacuum on one-dimensional manifolds. This method does not require solving the retardation equation (the spatial distribution of the field is found on the basis of exact Lienard-Wiechert equations). The method is applied to a charged particle moving along a helical trajectory. One-dimensional manifolds are represented by straight lines in the plane orthogonal to the helix axis. Field packages with maximal amplitudes are identified and their motion with time is considered. It is shown that these packages are marked by the regions of the electric field line concentrations. It is shown that the field of a particle moving along the helix contains a plane with zero component along the axis of the helix. This plane is orthogonal to the helix axis and passes through the position of the particle at the time of observation.
New class of salts containing different amino acids - an overview
Authors: Tonoyan G.S. , Giester G. , Petrosyan A.M.
Published: December 2024

A new class of amino acids salts containing different amino acids has recently been discovered: the present review reports about 69 such salts of eleven distinct types. The 38 salts crystallize in noncentrosymmetric space groups displaying nonlinear optical properties, 26 of them have polar symmetry and are potential pyro- or ferroelectrics. Single crystals of all these 69 compounds were obtained and their crystal structures were determined. 47 of them contain a dimeric cation of the [A(1)+···A(2)] type, where A(1) and A(2) are different amino acids. The following 13 dimeric cations have been revealed: (Gly+···Sar), (Gly+···DMG), (Sar+···DMG), (DMG+···Sar), (Sar+···Bet), (Bet+···Sar), (DMG+···Bet), (Bet+···DMG), (L-Pro+···Sar), (β-Ala+···L-Pro), (β-Ala+···Sar), (β-Ala+···DMG) and (β-Ala+···Bet). Among representatives of this class a new type of polymorphism was discovered. Some iodides among salts containing different amino acids can be used in medicine as regulators of thyroxine synthesis in the body.
Fraunhofer diffraction by a slit into a medium with irreversibility of optical waves
Authors: Eritsyan H. , Soghomonyan A. , Lalayan A. , Margaryan A. , Soghomonyan R.
Published: December 2024

This study investigates Fraunhofer diffraction by a slit into a medium exhibiting both natural optical activity and magneto-optical activity induced by an external magnetic field. The features of the diffraction pattern caused by the simultaneous presence of the two specified types of optical activity, which together lead to irreversibility of waves, are revealed. It is shown, in a particular case, that the diffraction pattern is asymmetric relative to the plane of symmetry of the considered optical scheme.
Hydra: computer vision for data quality monitoring
Authors: Britton Thomas , Jeske Torri , Lawrence David , Rajput Kishansingh
Published: December 2024

Hydra, initially developed for Hall-D in 2019, is a system that utilizes computer vision to perform near real time data quality monitoring. Since then, it has been deployed across all experimental halls at Jefferson Lab, with the CLAS12 collaboration in Hall-B being the first outside of GlueX to fully utilize Hydra. The system comprises back end processes that manage the models, their inferences, and the data flow. The front-end components, accessible via web pages, allow detector experts and shift crews to view and interact with the system.
Population exposed to compound extreme hot & humid and wet & windy events in Africa
Authors: Tamoffo Alain T , Weber Torsten , Saleem Farhan
Published: December 2024

Changes in compound extreme events are a hallmark of global warming, posing significant risks to human well-being. This study investigates projected changes in compound extreme hot & humid and wet & windy events across Africa by the end of the 21st century (2069–2098). Using the multi-model ensemble mean from the regional climate projections from the coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment-coordinated output for regional evaluations project, we examined both low/high representative concentration pathway (RCP2.6/8.5) emission scenarios. We estimated population exposure to these joint events by combining climate projections with low/high shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP1/SSP3) population growth scenarios. Broadly, changes are regionally-dependent. In some subregions, we found a substantial increase in the frequency and duration of compound extreme hot & humid events, rising by approximately 100%/600% under RCP2.6/RCP8.5, associated with a rise in extremely hot univariate events. Conversely, compound extreme wet & windy events are projected to weaken, particularly under RCP8.5, with reductions up to 64%, driven in most regions, by declines in extreme wet-only events. Global warming expands historical equatorial hotspots for heat events into eastern and southern Africa, which is less severe under RCP2.6. These changes significantly increase exposed populations to these hazards, affecting up to 668 million person-events across various IPCC reference subregions, especially in West, Central, Northeast, and Southeast Africa, as well as most of West and East South Africa, and Madagascar (MDG). In subregions like the Sahara and West Africa, population growth is the primary driver of exposure to hot & humid events, while in Central, North-East, South-East, West-South, East-South and MDG, climate and interaction effects are more influential. We stress the need to enhance climate adaptation policies, especially in West, Central, Northeast, Southeast Africa and MDG, to address these risks, as they could exacerbate climate refugee migration, heat-related illnesses, food insecurity, and societal instability. We also advocate for disseminating climate services, particularly in low-income countries, to support research for sustainable development.
Toward spatio-temporal models to support national-scale forest carbon monitoring and reporting
Authors: Shannon Elliot S , Finley Andrew O , Domke Grant M , May Paul B , Andersen Hans-Erik , Gaines III George C , Banerjee Sudipto
Published: December 2024

National forest inventory (NFI) programs provide vital information on forest parameters’ status, trend, and change. Most NFI designs and estimation methods are tailored to estimate status over large areas but are not well suited to estimate trend and change, especially over small spatial areas and/or over short time periods (e.g. annual estimates). Fine-scale space-time indexed estimates are critical to a variety of environmental, ecological, and economic monitoring efforts. In the United States, for example, NFI data are used to estimate forest carbon status, trend, and change to support national, state, and local user group needs. Increasingly, these users seek finer spatial and temporal scale estimates to evaluate existing land use policies and management practices, and inform future activities. Here we propose a spatio-temporal Bayesian small area estimation modeling framework that delivers statistically valid estimates with complete uncertainty quantification for status, trend, and change. The framework accommodates a variety of space and time dependency structures, and we detail model configurations for different settings. The proposed framework is used to quantify forest carbon dynamics at an annual county-level across a 14 year period for the contiguous United States. Also, using an analysis of simulated data, we compare the proposed framework with traditional NFI estimators and offer computationally efficient algorithms, software, and data to reproduce results for benchmarking.
Euler and Pontryagin currents of the Dirac operator
Authors: Fabbri Luca
Published: December 2024

On differential manifolds with spinor structure, it is possible to express the Euler and Pontryagin currents in terms of tensors that also appear as source in the Dirac equation. It is hence possible to tie concepts rooted in geometry and topology to dynamical characters of quantum matter.
Strategy Model for Improving the Implementation of Good Agricultural Practices Towards Sustainable Muntok White Pepper in Bangka Belitung Province
Authors: Pranoto Y.S , Raya A.B , Hariadi S.S
Published: December 2024

Muntok White pepper (MWP) as the mainstay commodity of Indonesia’s exports in its production activities must be paid attention to aspects of high quality and food safety. Efforts can be made by increasing the implementation of GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) because GAP can produce high-quality Muntok White Pepper (MWP). It is safe to consume and produced in an environmentally friendly way, guaranteed product sustainability, competitive selling prices by considering economic, social and environmental sustainability. This article presents an analysis of the strategy model for improving Good Agricultural Practices-Muntok White Pepper. The research was conducted in Bangka Belitung Province which is the center of national pepper production. The farmer sample included 259 respondents taken using the multistage random sampling method. Survey, observation, interview, and questionnaire methods were applied to collect data. The data was examined with Covariance-based Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM). The research model is built based on an exogenous construct consisting of the role of extension workers, personal factors, and environmental factors, while the endogenous construct is an increase in the implementation of Good Agricultural Practices - Muntok White Pepper. The results of the study show that the strategy model for improving the implementation of Good Agricultural Practices - Muntok White Pepper (GAP-MWP) by increasing the capacity of the role of agricultural extension workers includes education, as well as increasing personal factors including motivation and perception. Increasing the capacity of extension workers technically includes land selection and cultivation as well as integrated cultivation management, in addition to the importance of increasing motivation and changing negative perceptions of farmers.
Fermentation of Cow Urine as Liquid Organic Fertilizer to Increase Rice Production
Authors: Polakitan August , Lintang Meivie , Tandi Olvie Grietjie , Salamba Herlina N. , Polakitan Derek , Malia Ibrahim Erik , Kindangen Jantje
Published: December 2024

This study aims to test cow urine as a liquid organic fertilizer to complement rice plant nutrition. The research location is in Minahasa District. Field experiments using a randomized block design. Namely, 4 treatments repeated 4 times. The rice tested was the Ciherang variety. Treatment 1 (U25A75) 1 l of cow urine mixed with 3 l of water (1:3), treatment 2 (U50A50)) One litre of cow urine mixed with one litre of water 1:1, treatment 3 (U75A25) three litres of cow urine mixed with 1 l of water 3:1. Treatment 4 (U0A100) Control without cow urine. Before being applied, cow urine was fermented for 10-14 days. The application technique for rice plants is spraying it on the leaves using a sprayer every 7 days. Observations of plant growth parameters include plant height. Observations of production parameters include panicle length, number of grains per panicle, weight of 1000 grains, and yield per hectare. The data collected were analysed statistically. The analysis showed that all treatments of cow urine liquid fertilizer affected plant height until the age of the plant was 45 days after planting. The ratio of cow urine and water 1:1 (U50A50) had a significantly higher effect than other treatments.
Evaluation of cassava wounded stem cuttings soaking materials and concentrations on cassava growth and production
Authors: Astuti A , Mulyono  , Haniifah R
Published: December 2024

Cassava productivity in Indonesia, however, is still at the level of 40-60% far below the Indonesian Agriculture Ministry target. To further increase the productivity, stimulation at the early period of growth may be achieved by applying PGPR, AB-mix, and Biosaka at varying concentrations. The current study was aimed at evaluating the effect of varying soaking materials and concentrations of cassava wounded stem cuttings on growth and cassava production. The study was conducted in the Field Experimental Station of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta during dry season of 2024. The experiments were carried out by employing Completely Randomised Design, with a single factor experiment involving combination of variations of soaking materials and concentrations, as follows: PGPR 5mL/L, PGPR 6 mL/L, AB Mix 2 mL/L, AB-Mix 3 mL/L, Biosaka 3 mL/L, Biosaka 4 mL/L, and a control experiment. The study demonstrated that the cassava wounded stem cuttings soaked in PGPR resulted in the acceleration shoots growth and the soaking in AB-Mix 2 mL/L increased the number of shoots and leaves. The soaking cassava wounded stem cuttings using Biosaka at 3 mL/L, however, significantly resulted in the increase of roots and shoots dry weight, diameter of the tuber. These results suggest that soaking cassava wounded stem cutting with Biosaka at a concentration of 3mL/L effectively increased cassava production by 60.13%.
The effect of inorganic fertilizer combination in the growth and yield of Palasa Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) local variety of Central Sulawesi
Authors: Saidah  , Syafruddin  , Suwitra IK , Wahyuni Andi Nirma , Wardani Nila , Meilin A. , Tandi Olvie G. , Purwaningsih Heni , Rahayu Heni SP , Amin Mirawanty , Asnawi
Published: December 2024

The research aim to identify the optimal combination of inorganic fertilizer to enhance the growth and yield of Palasa local shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.). it was conducted from April to November 2023 in Kotarindau Village, Dolo District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi. The implementation method used a Randomized Block Design with four inorganic fertilizer combination treatments and three replications. Fertilizer combination P0 (farmer’s fertilizer combination). P1 (basic fertilizer NPK 350 kg/ha + SP36 100 kg/ha + 1 t/ha dolomite lime. Follow-up I at 3 WAP NPK Mutiara 250 kg/ha. Follow-up II at 5 WAP ZA 200 kg/ha + KCl 100 kg/ha. P2 (basic fertilizer NPK 400 kg/ha + SP36 75 kg/ha + dolomite lime based on soil pH. Follow-up I at 3 WAP NPK Mutiara 200 kg/ha. Follow-up II at 5 WAP ZA 150 kg/ha + KCl 50 kg/ha. P3 (basic fertilizer NPK 450 kg/ha + SP36 50 kg/ha + dolomite lime 1.5 t/ha. Follow-up I at 3 WAP NPK Mutiara 150 kg/ha. Follow-up II at 5 WAP ZA 100 kg/ha + KCl 50 kg/ha. Observations consist of components of plant growth and yield. Data analysis used Anova and the 5% DMRT test. The results indicated that the combination of fertilizers had a significant effect on the growth and yield of Palasa shallots. Treatment P2 obtained the highest results compared to the other three fertilizer combinations, which was 14.64 t/ha. A combination of P2 fertilizers gave shallot yields in 24.17% higher compared to the farmer’s fertilizer combination (P0). However, the increasing dose reduces yields by 13.57% (P3).
Comparison study of antioxidant capacity, thermal and pasting properties, and microstructure of germinated and non-germinated pigeon peas flour from the Yogyakarta region of Indonesia
Authors: Ariviani Setyaningrum , Nafila Amanda Hasna , Nurunaja Nabilatuzzahro
Published: December 2024

Pigeon peas are a legume spread throughout various regions of Indonesia and are widely cultivated in the Yogyakarta region. Pigeon peas are a multifunctional legume with higher protein content than adzuki bean, pink bean and chickpea, higher resistant starch levels than mung bean, chickpea and black bean, lower fat content than soybean and cowpea, and have potential as antidiabetic, anti-obesity, and hypocholesterolemic agents due to its phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities. However, the utilization of pigeon peas in food applications is limited due to their anti-nutrient compounds. Germination reduces antinutrient compounds while increasing antioxidant capacity and modifying the flour characteristics of legume flour. This research aims to determine the effect of germination on alteration in antioxidative capacity, thermal and pasting properties, and microstructure of pigeon peas flour from the Yogyakarta region. The results showed that germinated pigeon peas flour exhibited significantly higher levels of total phenolic compounds and ABTS radical scavenging activity than the non-germinated flour. The lower onset (To) and peak temperature (Tp) levels and higher levels of conclusion temperature (Tc) and enthalpy (ΔH) were observed in germinated pigeon peas flour. The germinated pigeon peas flour also showed higher pasting temperature (PT) and peak time (PTime) levels. In contrast, the peak viscosity (PV), through viscosity (TV), breakdown viscosity (BV), setback viscosity (SV), and final viscosity (SV) values were lower than the non-germinated flour. The thermal and pasting properties of germinated pigeon peas flour were in line with its microstructure, which has a smaller starch granule size with an irregular shape, more protein and fiber attached to the starch granule surface and higher cellular material size than the non-germinated flour. The results have significant consequences in modifying thermal and pasting properties, antioxidant, and microstructural characteristics of local legumes flour. This is essential to provide functional ingredients sustainably by utilizing underutilized local legumes.
The application of local plants as environmentally friendly dyes on Timorese ‘Ikat’ Weaving
Authors: Mukkun Lince , Lalel Herianus J.D. , Simamora Agnes V. , Kleden Yasinta L. , Bano Maria
Published: December 2024

The traditional ‘Ikat’ weaving in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) plays a vital role in the region’s economic development. This study investigates plants used for natural dyes, the colours they produce, and the potential for creating practical, ready-to-use dyes. Conducted in Oinlasi Village, South Central Timor, and Taekas Village, North Central Timor, data collection involved field observations and interviews with two weaving groups, each consisting of 12 participants. The research identified 20 plant species as sources of natural dyes. These plants offer dyes from their leaves, bark, roots, tubers, and fruits. Timber plants such as kesambi, teak, jackfruit, and mahogany provide dyes from their bark, while indigo, pandanus, suji, and ketapang contribute dyes from their leaves. Other plants like turmeric (rhizome) and hibiscus (flowers) also yield natural colours. Dye extraction involves three main methods: boiling, non-boiling, and fermentation, producing a range of colours including brown, yellow, red, blue, green, and black. Mordants like alum, iron sulphate, vinegar, and lime are used to fix the colours and prevent fading. Natural dyes contain compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, offering potential applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. However, issues like colour fading, restricted metal salts, and consistency challenges exist. Ongoing research and increased awareness can help improve the durability and variety of natural dyes, making them a sustainable and eco-friendly option in an environmentally conscious era.
Testing of some high yielding varieties of rice on the growth and attack level of rice stem borer (Lepidoptera, pyralidae) with biostimulant treatment
Authors: Suastika Ida Bagus Kade , Ketut Kariada I
Published: December 2024

In plant cultivation, environmental productivity is an important factor that determines plant growth and development as well as the negative impacts of the environment during the ontogenesis process. To stimulate plant growth, reduce stress-related limitations, and increase yields, biostimulant Egary treatments offer a potential new approach to modify physiological processes. Rhizobacteria Stenotrophomanas maltophilia Sg3 contained in biostimulant Egary produces IAA compounds that can support plant growth and produce 2-Naphthalene-sulfonic acid as an antiviral activity substance that can induce systemic resistance to certain pathogens and higher leaf chlorophyll levels compared to plants without Egary biostimulant treatment which can increase plant production. The results of the study showed that new superior varieties with biostimulant Egary treatment were able to increase growth and yield and were susceptible to stem borer.
Physicochemical characteristics of Inceptisol in highland Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Tiganderket District, Karo Regency after application of snake fruit waste compost
Authors: Sebayang N U W , Pratama F , Lubis N
Published: December 2024

The date palm plantation in Tiganderket District, Karo Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia is the only one in North Sumatra that can grow and produce well in the highlands. Based on the soil type map, the soil order in the date palm land is Inceptisol. In the cultivation process, one of the interesting things is the application of snake fruit waste compost which is quite useful in improving the soil properties and growth of this plant. However, the effect of its application on soil chemical and biological properties remains poorly understood. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of applying compost from snake fruit waste on the chemical properties of Inceptisol soil in date palm fields, Tiganderket District, Karo Regency. This research method uses descriptive quantitative surveys. The parameters observed include phycial and chemical properties. The research results showed that there had been changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of Inceptisol soil. The physical soil include the texture of the clay is sandy loam, the bulk density is 0.99 g.cm−3 (medium), the porosity is good, and the soil color is black. While the chemical properties of pH are 6.23 (neutral), organic carbon is 2.05% (medium), Nitrogen is 0.58% (high), Phosphorus is 19.00 mg.kg−1 P2O5 (medium) and Potassium is 21.68 mg.kg−1 K2O (medium).
Mechanical properties of transition metal dichalcogenides: towards high-performance polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Papageorgiou Dimitrios G , Dong Ming , Zhang Han , Liu Mufeng , Young Robert J
Published: December 2024

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit excellent tensile strength, flexibility, and resilience due to their unique layered structure, where metal atoms are sandwiched between two layers of chalcogen atoms. The strong in-plane covalent bonds and weak van der Waals forces between layers allow for easy exfoliation and exceptional mechanical performance at the nanoscale. This review focuses on the mechanical properties of few-layer TMDs and their integration into polymer matrices to create high-performance nanocomposites. Incorporating these TMDs into polymers results in significant improvements in modulus, strength and toughness. The review explores various incorporation techniques, emphasizing how these methods influence the mechanical properties of the composite. Additionally, the review highlights the impact of strain engineering on the mechanical properties of TMDs. By applying controlled mechanical deformation along with in situ Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy, the intrinsic properties of TMDs can be explored with a high degree of precision and then finely tuned to further enhance the composite materials. Next, we present how the performance of these materials in bulk nanocomposites can be optimised through the understanding of micromechanics that we show is applicable even at the nanoscale. Finally, we summarise the large amount of literature upon the reinforcement of polymers by few-layer TMDs and summarise conclusions on the effectiveness of reinforcement as a function of filler content.