bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protest events as institutions: stakeholder perceptions of the changing role of Serbia's EXIT festival
Authors: Đurić Luna , Kennell James , Vujičić Miroslav D. , Stamenković Igor , Farkić Jelena
Published: November 2022

Purpose

This research explores how protest events can change and develop over time, through an analysis of stakeholder perceptions of the EXIT festival in Serbia. In doing this, it builds on previous research into protest events from a critical events studies perspective and has implications for the management and understanding of events linked to social movements.

Design/methodology/approach

This research took a neo-institutionalist perspective and is based on 18 stakeholder interviews, which were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Purposive sampling in the highly-networked city of Novi Sad, Serbia, allowed for the inclusion of diverse participants from politics, NGOs, media and the festival itself.

Findings

The findings reveal that the EXIT festival has departed significantly from its original protest roots. Although it is now perceived as part of the dominant political culture in Serbia, it still has the potential to campaign on issues of relevance to the region, which is unrealised. This research demonstrates that the neo-institutionalist perspective can offer fresh insights for research into protest events. Taking this perspective suggests practical implications for the managers of events with protest roots and for social movements seeking to use protestival-style methods to achieve social change.

Originality/value

This paper provides a new theoretical perspective on protest events and proposes a new model that can be used in future research into protest events that persist over time. It also suggests implications for the management and development of protest events within social movements.
Awareness and participation in input credit scheme: evidence from smallholder rice farmers in Ghana’s North East region
Authors: Wongnaa Camillus Abawiera , Abudu Alhassan , Abdul-Rahaman Awal , Ennin Joel Atta , Awunyo-Vitor Dadson
Published: November 2022

Purpose

Outgrower scheme as a contractual agreement between farmers and some funding entities has in recent times found proliferation among resource poor farmers in Ghana, especially in northern Ghana. This contractual arrangement, which involves the provision of farm inputs, and in some cases, technical support by the implementing company and the repayment by farmers with portions of their harvest, is often regarded as an effective way to mutually improve the outcomes of both smallholder farmers and outgrower companies. The study aims to analyse. the level of awareness, nature of input package, determinants of participation and intensity of participation in input credit scheme by smallholder rice farmers in the Mamprugu Moagduri District of Ghana’s North East Region, using the Integrated Water Management and Agriculture Development (IWAD) scheme as a case.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a quantitative analytical approach, the study gathers information from 233 randomly selected smallholder rice farmers consisting of 150 participants and 83 non-participants using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, as well as the Tobit model, are the methods used in the analysis.

Findings

The results show that while factors such as age, marital status, number of dependents and farming experience only influenced participation in the scheme, religion, age, sex, number of dependents and farming experience influenced intensity of participation.

Originality/value

This study calls for the adoption of sustainable approaches by input credit companies in their credit support to smallholder farmers rather than the current ad hoc support during each cropping season.
Investigation of ABS–oil palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis) composites filament as feedstock for fused deposition modeling
Authors: Ahmad Mohd Nazri , Ishak Mohamad Ridzwan , Mohammad Taha Mastura , Mustapha Faizal , Leman Zulkiflle
Published: November 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, dimensional stability and porosity of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)–oil palm fiber composite filament for fused deposition modeling (FDM).

Design/methodology/approach

A new feedstock material for FDM comprising oil palm fiber and ABS as a matrix was developed by a twin screw extruder. The composite filament contains 0, 3, 5 and 7 Wt.% of oil palm fiber in the ABS matrix. The tensile test is then performed on the fiber composite filament, and the wire diameter is measured. In this study, the Archimedes method was used to determine the density and the porosity of the filament. The outer surface of the wire composite was examined using an optical microscope, and the analysis of variance was used to assess the significance and the relative relevance of the primary factor.

Findings

The results showed that increasing the fiber loading from 0.15 to 0.4 MPa enhanced tensile strength by 60%. Then, from 16.1 to 18.3 MPa, the Young’s modulus rose by 22.8%. The density of extruded filament decreased and the percentage of porosity increased when the fiber loading was increased from 3 to 7 Wt.%. The diameter deviation of the extruded filaments varied from −0.21 to 0.04 mm.

Originality/value

This paper highlights a novel natural resource-based feedstock material for FDM. Its mechanical and physical properties were also discovered.
Indirect effects of trophic interactions govern carbon circulation in two beech forest soil ecosystems
Authors: Lozano Fondón Carlos , Scotti Marco , Innangi Michele , Bondavalli Cristina , De Marco Anna , Virzo De Santo Amalia , Fioretto Antonietta , Menta Cristina , Bodini Antonio
Published: November 2022

Forest soils harbour a vast array of organisms that govern the processing of organic matter. Through their trophic interactions, they give rise to carbon flows that sustain soil ecosystem functioning. Understanding how soil food webs shape carbon flows may enhance our knowledge about the role of biodiversity on soil processes.

In this work, we assembled trophic networks representing soil food webs of two beech forests during spring and autumn, and compiled mass‐balanced models quantifying carbon flows between their components. These models were investigated using network analysis to identify the role of the components on carbon flow, cycling and functional trophic relationships. Moreover, we explored how the structure of carbon exchanges promote efficiency and stability.

Results indicate the importance of indirect interactions. Most trophic groups exhibit a diffuse dependency on all the compartments for their carbon requirement although certain groups such as Collembola play the role of hubs in distributing carbon. Indirect interactions often reverse the impacts of direct trophic relationships being antagonistic to the direction of change predicted based on predator–prey interactions. The high incidence of generalist feeding habits increases the redundancy of energy channels thereby making such food webs more resilient against perturbations but at the expense of carbon transfer efficiency.

Although differences can be observed across sites and periods, food web structure rather than environmental variability seems to be the main factor responsible for patterns of carbon flows in the two beech forests.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Australian occupational therapists' perspectives of consumers authentically contributing to student learning during practice placements: ‘It just makes sense!’ but ‘we need a process’
Authors: Bevitt Thomas , Isbel Stephen , Pereira Robert B. , Bacon Rachel
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Collaborating with consumers in designing, delivering, and evaluating curricula is an ongoing initiative within occupational therapy tertiary courses in Australia. Within the Australian educational context, consumers are involved in on‐campus educational activities. Student occupational therapists must complete 1000 hours of practice placements as part of their education. To date, no research has explored how consumers could contribute to student occupational therapists' learning during practice placements. This study aimed to explore Australian occupational therapists' perceptions of consumers providing feedback to students during practice placements.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive approach was adopted to engage with the diversity of practice contexts and gain a rich dataset from the occupational therapy profession. A qualitative questionnaire was developed and distributed using snowballing techniques. The questionnaire asked recipients to reflect on the risks, challenges, and benefits of consumers providing feedback to student occupational therapists from all stakeholders' perspectives. Demographic data were collated, and reflexive thematic analysis was used to construct themes.

Findings

Responses were received from 81 participants. Most respondents identified as experienced occupational therapists from metropolitan locations across Australia. Reflective thematic analysis was used to construct three themes: Personal capability of consumers and students will enable, inhibit, and be developed by engaging in a feedback process; an educator‐controlled process to ensure safety for all stakeholders is required for time‐poor practice contexts; and us versus them: Shifting control to consumers can disempower practice educators.

Conclusion

Engaging with consumers throughout all aspects of student occupational therapists' educational programme is required, including practice placements. New educational initiatives need to consider all stakeholders' concerns to ensure that authentic contribution from consumers is made within the various practice contexts. A co‐design approach that involves all stakeholders to develop a feedback process may result in high‐quality learning experiences that assist students to become safer, consumer‐centred health professionals.
Different pathways for preterm birth between singleton and twin pregnancies: a population‐based registry study of 481 176 nulliparous women
Authors: Tingleff Tiril , Räisänen Sari , Vikanes Åse , Sandvik Leiv , Sugulle Meryam , Murzakanova Gulim , Laine Katariina
Published: November 2022

Objective

To explore the contribution of pregnancy‐related complications on the prevalence of extremely, very and late preterm births in singleton and twin pregnancies. To study the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in twin pregnancies compared with singleton pregnancies.

Design

Population‐based registry study.

Setting

Medical birth registry of Norway and Statistics Norway.

Population

Nulliparous women with singleton (n = 472 449) or twin (n = 8727) births during 1999–2018.

Methods

Prevalence rates of pregnancy‐related complications for extremely, very and late preterm birth in twin and singleton pregnancies were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to assess odds ratios for preterm birth, adjusted for obstetric and socio‐economic factors.

Main outcome measures

Extremely preterm (<28+0 weeks of gestation), very preterm (28+0–33+6 weeks of gestation) and late preterm (34+0–36+6 weeks of geatation) birth.

Results

Preterm birth was significantly more prevalent in twin pregnancies than in singleton pregnancies in all categories: all preterm (54.7% vs 6.1%), extremely preterm (3.6% vs 0.4%), very preterm (18.2% vs 1.4%) and late preterm (33.0% vs 4.3%) births. Stillbirth, congenital malformation and pre‐eclampsia were more prevalent in twin pregnancies than in singleton pregnancies, but the prevalence of complications differed in the three categories of preterm birth. Pre‐eclampsia was more prevalent in singleton than in twin pregnancies ending in extremely and very preterm birth. The adjusted odds of spontaneous preterm live birth were between 19‐ and 54‐fold greater in twin pregnancies than in singleton pregnancies.

Conclusions

Singleton and twin pregnancies seem to have different pathways leading to extremely, very and late preterm birth.
Cytoskeletal protein SPTA1 mediating the decrease in erectile function induced by high‐fat diet via Hippo signaling pathway
Authors: Chen Ying , Wang Lei , Huang Zhan‐Sen , Feng Jia‐Xin , Li Shi‐Xiong , Du Zi‐Jun , Zhang Ze‐Bo , Liu Jing , Yang Jian , Hu Zhi‐Ming , Wang Zhi‐Lin , Chen Jun
Published: November 2022

Background

The mechanism of high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced decrease in erectile function has not been elucidated, and in previous studies, spectrin alpha, erythrocytic 1 (SPTA1) is a cytoskeletal protein that regulates cellular function, which belongs to a family of proteins that can affect cell and tissue growth and development by regulating YAP, an effector on the Hippo signaling pathway, but its particular role has not been elucidated.

Objective

To explore the role of SPTA1 in the abnormality of erectile function induced by HFD.

Methods

We analyzed the penile tissues of mice on normal diet and HFD by transcriptomics and screened for differentially expressed genes, further identified closely related target genes in rat penile tissues, and verified target gene expression in in vitro construction of high‐glucose (HG)‐treated corpus cavernosum endothelial cells (CCECs) and corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) models. The distribution of target genes in various cell populations in penile tissues was retrieved by single‐cell sequencing Male Health Atlas database. Moreover, interfering with target genes was further applied to explore the mechanisms involved in erectile function decline.

Results

Transcriptomic analysis screened out down‐regulated differential gene SPTA1; Western blot and immunohistochemistry results showed that SPTA1 expression significantly decreased in the penile tissues of Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats in the HFD group. Immunofluorescence staining showed a positive expression of CD31 and VWF in CCECs and a positive expression of α‐SMA in CCSMCs. The expression level of SPTA1 protein significantly decreased in the HG group of CCECs and CCSMCs. The expression of SPTA1 mRNA significantly decreased in CCSMCs while significantly increased in CCECs. SPTA1 may have various expression patterns and biological functions in different cell populations. Real‐time quantitative PCR results showed that the siSPTA1 transfected in CCSMCs had a significant interference effect compared with the control siNC. Transfection of siSPTA1 into CCSMCs resulted in the significant down‐regulation of mRNA and protein expression of eNOS, and significant up‐regulation of YAP, Caspase‐1, GSDMD, GSDMD‐N IL‐18, and IL‐1β protein expression levels. The expression level of CCSMCs contractile‐type protein α‐SMA was significantly down‐regulated.

Conclusions

The down‐regulation of SPTA1 in SD rats fed with HFD may induce cell pyroptosis and lead to the decrease of erectile function by activating the Hippo pathway; these findings may provide new therapeutic targets for improving erectile function.
Androgen receptor polyQ alleles and COVID‐19 severity in men: A replication study
Authors: López‐Rodríguez Rosario , Ruiz‐Hornillos Javier , Cortón Marta , Almoguera Berta , Minguez Pablo , Pérez‐Tomás María Elena , Barreda‐Sánchez María , Mancebo Esther , Ondo Lorena , Martínez‐Ramas Andrea , Fernández‐Caballero Lidia , Taracido‐Fernández Juan Carlos , Herrero‐González Antonio , Mahillo Ignacio ,   The STOP_Coronavirus Study Group, Paz‐Artal Estela , Guillén‐Navarro Encarna , Ayuso Carmen
Published: November 2022

Background

Ample evidence indicates a sex‐related difference in severity of COVID‐19, with less favorable outcomes observed in men. Genetic factors have been proposed as candidates to explain this difference. The polyglutamine (polyQ) polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene has been recently described as a genetic biomarker of COVID‐19 severity.

Objective

To test the association between the androgen receptor polyQ polymorphism and COVID‐19 severity in a large cohort of COVID‐19 male patients.

Materials and methods

This study included 1136 male patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 as confirmed by positive PCR. Patients were retrospectively and prospectively enrolled from March to November 2020. Patients were classified according to their severity into three categories: oligosymptomatic, hospitalized and severe patients requiring ventilatory support. The number of CAG repeats (polyQ polymorphism) at the androgen receptor was obtained by PCR and patients were classified as either short (<23 repeats) or long (≥23 repeats) allele carriers. The association between polyQ alleles (short or long) and COVID‐19 severity was assessed by Chi‐squared (Chi2) and logistic regression analysis.

Results

The mean number of polyQ CAG repeats was 22 (±3). Patients were classified as oligosymptomatic (15.5%), hospitalized (63.2%), and severe patients (21.3%) requiring substantial respiratory support. PolyQ alleles distribution did not show significant differences between severity classes in our cohort (Chi2 test p > 0.05). Similar results were observed after adjusting by known risk factors such as age, comorbidities, and ethnicity (multivariate logistic regression analysis).

Discussion

Androgen sensitivity may be a critical factor in COVID‐19 disease severity. However, we did not find an association between the polyQ polymorphism and the COVID‐19 severity. Additional studies are needed to clarify the mechanism underlying the association between androgens and COVID‐19 outcome.

Conclusions

The results obtained in our study do not support the role of this polymorphism as biomarker of COVID‐19 severity.
Inhibition of multidrug resistance proteins by MK571 restored the erectile function in obese mice through cGMP accumulation
Authors: de Oliveira Mariana Gonçalves , Passos Gabriela Reolon , de Gomes Erick de Toledo , Leonardi Guilherme Ruiz , Zapparoli Adriana , Antunes Edson , Mónica Fabiola Zakia
Published: November 2022

Background

Intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides can also be controlled by the action of multidrug resistance protein types 4 (MRP4) and 5 (MRP5). To date, no studies evaluated the role of their inhibition in an animal model of erectile dysfunction (ED).

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of a 2‐week treatment with MK571, an inhibitor of the efflux of cyclic nucleotides in the ED of obese mice.

Materials and methods

Mice were divided in three groups: (i) lean, (ii) obese, and (iii) obese + MK571. The corpus cavernosum (CC) were isolated, and concentration–response curves to acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and tadalafil in addition to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were carried out in phenylephrine pre‐contracted tissues. Expression of ABCC4 and ABCC5, intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), the protein levels for pVASPSer157 and pVASPSer239, and the intracavernous pressure (ICP) were also determined. The intracellular and extracellular (supernatant) ratios in CC from obese and lean stimulated with a cGMP‐increasing substance (BAY 58‐2667) in the absence and presence of MK571 (20 μM, 30 min) were also assessed.

Results

The treatment with MK571 completely reversed the lower relaxing responses induced by EFS, ACh, SNP, and tadalafil observed in obese mice CC in comparison with untreated obese mice. Cyclic GMP and p‐VASPSer239 expression were significantly reduced in CC from obese groups. MK571 promoted a sixfold increase in cGMP without interfering in the protein expression of p‐VASPSer239. Neither the cAMP levels nor p‐VASPSer157 were altered in MK571‐treated animals. The ICP was ∼50% lower in obese than in the lean mice; however, the treatment with MK571 fully reversed this response. Expressions of ABCC4 and ABCC5 were not different between groups. The intra/extracellular ratio of cGMP was similar in CC from obese and lean mice stimulated with BAY 58‐2667.

Conclusions

The MRPs inhibition by MK571 favored the accumulation of cGMP in the smooth muscle cells, thus improving the smooth muscle relaxation and the erectile function in obese mice.
Optic disc drusen in patients diagnosed with normal tension glaucoma
Authors: Ahmadi Hamid , Fotesko Kyrylo , Ba‐Ali Shakoor , Hamann Steffen , Kolko Miriam
Published: November 2022

Purpose

To investigate the prevalence of optic disc drusen (ODD) and optic nerve head (ONH) morphology in patients diagnosed with normal tension glaucoma (NTG).

Methods

In this prospective cross‐sectional study, we included patients diagnosed with NTG from two glaucoma units. In both eyes, dense enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography volume scans of the ONH by means of standardized scanning guidelines were performed to examine for presence of ODD, and radial ONH scans were used for investigating parameters such as scleral canal diameter, cup/disc ratio and cup depth.

Results

We found ODD in 7 (3.6%) of 195 eyes, in 6 (6.1%) out of 98 patients diagnosed with NTG. The ODD were not ophthalmoscopically visible in five out of six patients. Eyes with ODD had lower cup/disc ratio, 0.44 ± 0.4 (p = 0.040), and less‐prominent cup depth, 236.6 ± 204.4 μm (p = 0.041) compared to eyes without ODD, 0.81 ± 0.2 and 437.8 ± 139.1 μm, respectively. We found no significant difference in scleral canal diameter between the eyes without (1602.8 ± 193 μm) and those with ODD (1492 ± 123.4 μm, p = 0.057).

Conclusion

The prevalence of ODD in patients diagnosed with NTG is substantially higher than in the background population. A low cup/disc ratio correlates with ODD presence. Therefore, due to the challenges associated with NTG diagnosis, we recommend examining the deep layers of the ONH in NTG patients with a cup/disc ratio lower than 0.5 to avoid misdiagnosing ODD as NTG.
An evaluation of data processing when using the ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer in non‐ambulant children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Authors: Jakobsson Trille , Lauruschkus Katarina , Tornberg Åsa B.
Published: November 2022

Purpose

To evaluate vertical acceleration, vector magnitude, non‐wear time, valid day classifications, and valid period classifications in the data processing phase when using the ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer in non‐ambulant children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP).

Material and Methods

Accelerometer data retrieved from 33 non‐ambulant children and adolescents (4–17 years) with CP were analysed. Comparisons of (i) vertical acceleration versus vector magnitude, (ii) two different non‐wear times, (iii) three different settings to classify a day as valid and (iv) two different settings to classify a period as valid were made.

Results and Conclusions

Vector magnitude and a non‐wear time of at least 90 consecutive minutes statistically significantly increased minutes recorded per day, especially for sedentary time. There was a statistically significant difference in numbers of valid days depending on time criteria set to determine a valid day, whereas there was no statistically significant difference in valid periods using 3 compared to 4 days. This study suggests using the pre‐settings in ActiLife; vector magnitude, non‐wear time of 90 consecutive minutes, 500 min recorded per day with periods of at least 3 valid days when assessing physical activity objectively by the ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer in non‐ambulant children and adolescents with CP.
The impact of blood flow restricted electrical stimulations on recovery from muscle damage
Authors: Brown LaNiece J. , Gasser Alexa N. , Sterner Robert L. , Dankel Scott J.
Published: November 2022

Background

Both electrical stimulations (E‐STIM) and blood flow restriction (BFR) have been shown to treat symptoms of exercise‐induced muscle damage, but little is known about their combined effects which was the purpose of this study.

Methods

Individuals completed one set of eccentric elbow flexion exercises to induce muscle damage. Forty‐eight hours later, E‐STIM was applied using an interferential current administered to both arms for 20 min; however, only one arm completed the E‐STIM protocol while also undergoing repeated bouts of BFR (full occlusion for 2 min separated by a 1‐min rest intervals). Discomfort and isometric strength were assessed immediately before the damaging exercise, immediately before the treatments, and 0, 10, and 30 min posttreatment.

Results

A total of 22 individuals (11 females) completed the study. There were no interactions with respect to discomfort (BF10 = 0.008) or isometric strength (BF10 = 0.009) indicating that the addition of BFR did not alter the effectiveness of E‐STIM. There was a main effect of time indicating that the damaging exercise was successful at depressing torque (pre: 284 N, post: 199 N; BF10 = 2.70e9) and inducing discomfort (pre: 0 au, post: 6.4 au; BF10 = 3.21e17). While isometric strength did not recover with the E‐STIM treatments, discomfort was reduced at each the immediate post (5.3 au; BF10 = 56 294) 10‐min post (5.0 au; BF10 = 46 163), and 30‐min post (4.9 au; BF10 = 707 600) time points.

Conclusion

E‐STIM may be useful for treating discomfort, but does not appear capable of recovering strength associated with muscle damage. The efficacy of E‐STIM would not appear to be enhanced if performed under BFR.
Outcomes in kidney transplant recipients treated with immediate‐release tacrolimus capsules versus extended‐release tacrolimus capsules: A cohort study
Authors: Ha Yoonhee P. , Divard Gillian , Mitra Nandita , Putt Mary E. , Pallet Nicolas , Loupy Alexandre , Anglicheau Dany , Trofe‐Clark Jennifer , Legendre Christophe , Bloom Roy D. , Reese Peter P.
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Prior randomized trials and observational studies have generally reported similar outcomes in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) treated with immediate‐release tacrolimus (IR‐TAC) versus extended‐release tacrolimus (ER‐TAC). However, many of these previous studies focused on patients with low immunological risks, had small sample sizes and brief follow‐up periods, and excluded outcomes associated with graft loss, such as chronic rejection.

Methods

To address these limitations, we conducted a cohort study of 848 KTRs at a single transplantation center who had generally high immunological risks and were treated with either IR‐TAC capsules (589 patients, 65.9%) or ER‐TAC capsules (289 patients, 34.1%). All patients received their designated maintenance immunosuppressive regimen for at least 3 months post‐transplantation. Afterwards, tacrolimus formulation was at the discretion of each patient's transplant nephrologist. For the two treatment groups, we compared the hazards of experiencing a composite outcome of acute or chronic antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR), acute or chronic T‐cell‐mediated rejection, de novo DSA, and/or graft loss over a 3‐year period starting at 3 months post‐transplantation.

Results

In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model, KTRs treated with IR‐TAC capsules had an increased hazard of experiencing the composite outcome when compared to patients treated with ER‐TAC capsules; however, this result was not significant (adj HR 1.24, 95% CI .92–1.68, p = .163). Similar results were obtained with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using a propensity score (adj HR 1.25, 95% CI .93–1.68, p = .146).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that when compared to IR‐TAC capsules, ER‐TAC capsules do not reduce the hazard of poor outcomes in KTRs with generally high immunological risks.
Noroviral diarrhea in solid organ transplant recipients: An analysis of interventions and outcomes
Authors: Nair Sashi N. , Bhaskaran Archana , Chandorkar Aditya , Fontana Lauren , Obeid Karam M.
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Noroviral infection can lead to chronic diarrhea in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients with significant morbidity and mortality. Existing literature has described a wide spectrum of illness and has not come to a consensus on the optimal management of this condition.

Methods

We undertook a retrospective review of all adult SOT recipients between 1/1/2018 and 12/31/2020 who were diagnosed with their first episode of noroviral diarrhea (NVD). Demographic, clinical interventions, and outcomes within 6 months of diagnosis were recorded. Patients’ outcomes were classified as either resolved, improved or persistent at 6 months.

Results

Seventy‐nine SOT recipients were included. Thirty‐eight patients (48%) had chronic diarrhea at baseline (CDB). Thirty‐two patients (40%) received nitazoxanide, 28 patients (35%) had their immunosuppression adjusted and seven patients (9%) received intravenous immunoglobulin. Diarrhea improved or resolved in 68 patients (85%). Improvement or resolution of diarrhea was observed in 98% of those who did not have history of chronic diarrhea versus 74% in those who did (p = .002). NVD improved in all 12 patients who had mycophenolate discontinued, although this was not statistically significant (p = .131).

Conclusion

CDB was associated with worse outcomes regardless of intervention. A low threshold to test for NVD in SOT recipients with chronic diarrhea is prudent to prevent delayed diagnosis.
Persisting dental foci increase the risk for bacterial infections before and after liver transplant
Authors: Göbel Philipp , Forsting Christiane , Klüners Alexandra , Knipper Petra , Manekeller Steffen , Nattermann Jacob , Kalff Jörg C. , Kramer Franz‐Josef , Strassburg Christian P. , Lutz Philipp
Published: November 2022

Background

Patients awaiting liver transplant are usually assessed for presence of dental foci to prevent bacterial infection post‐transplant, but evidence to support dental examination and treatment is limited. We investigated if treatment of dental foci decreased bacterial infections before and after transplant.

Methods

Patients transplanted at the university hospital of Bonn were retrospectively assessed for occurrence of bacterial infections before and after transplant according to presence and treatment of dental foci.

Results

35/110 patients showed good oral health, 39/110 patients received dental care and 36/110 patients did not receive dental care despite poor oral health. Patients with alcohol‐associated liver disease presented with the highest rate of dental foci. Bleeding complications due to oral care occurred in five patients with poor coagulation. After transplant, the number of infections per patient was higher in patients with poor oral health (2.9) compared to patients after dental care (1.9) or with good oral health (1.8) (p = .02), with streptococcal infections being more frequent in patients with poor oral health. Before transplant, bacterial infections, in particular bacteraemia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, were also more common in patients with untreated dental foci. Streptococci and Staphylococci were more often detected in patients with dental foci. Dental treatment was associated with a reduction in bacterial infections.

Conclusion

Presence of dental foci is associated with an increased risk for bacterial infections not only after but also before liver transplant. Dental treatment might be a safe and effective procedure to mitigate this risk.
Home drinking during and post‐COVID‐19: Why the silence on domestic violence?
Authors: Wilson Ingrid M. , Lightowlers Carly , Bryant Lucy
Published: November 2022

There is a well‐established body of evidence demonstrating alcohol is a compounding factor increasing both the occurrence and the severity of domestic violence in intimate relationships. The COVID‐19 pandemic and associated public health measures such as lockdowns and social distancing have contributed to a rise in domestic violence. Yet, despite the closure of public drinking venues and substantial changes to the home drinking landscape, the role of alcohol in domestic violence has received little attention from both the alcohol and domestic violence fields. In this commentary, we argue that the pandemic has magnified existing silences across these fields, resulting in missed opportunities for intervention. The implications for home drinking in particular on domestic violence deserve greater focus in research and policy.
Was David Hume a racist? Interpreting Hume's infamous footnote (Part II)
Authors: Asher Kendra
Published: November 2022

This is the second part of a two‐part article. The first part appeared in the June 2022 issue of Economic Affairs. In his essay ‘Of National Characters’, David Hume added a now‐infamous footnote denigrating African civilisations and black people in general. Hume is widely recognised as a critic of bigotry, yet his footnote is the height of bigotry. I argue that Hume often wrote in an ambiguous and occasionally contradictory fashion to draw readers with opposing views into his work, yet his true beliefs were sometimes hard to discern. This article examines a number of oddities and inconsistencies in Hume's writing on race, including a striking non sequitur within the footnote.
Testing the total consumption model of alcohol
Authors: Snowdon Christopher
Published: November 2022

Supply‐side interventions to reduce alcohol consumption are often justified by reference to the total consumption model. According to this theory, which is dominant in public health academia, reducing per capita alcohol consumption across society is a sufficient and necessary condition to reduce alcohol‐related mortality. This article presents new evidence showing that there is no single distribution of alcohol consumption and that trends in per capita consumption and alcohol‐related mortality often move in opposite directions. Economic interventions designed to reduce the prevalence of heavy drinking by reducing per capita alcohol consumption cannot therefore be assumed to be effective.
By the same author: Presenting Adam Smith's works as a whole
Authors: Klein Daniel B , Breashears Caroline
Published: November 2022

In the first edition of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, published in London in 1776, the ‘by the same author’ list is presented in a very unusual place: directly opposite the table of contents. That placement suggests a continuity and unity in Smith's published works. A photograph provides a touchstone to discuss: (a) the Language essay, (b) the full title of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, and (c) Wealth of Nations under the ethical umbrella of Moral Sentiments.
The role of anti‐capitalism in Hitler's world view
Authors: Zitelmann Rainer
Published: November 2022

Anti‐capitalism played a more important role in Hitler's world view than is generally assumed. Hitler was sceptical about nationalising all means of production because, as a Social Darwinist, he feared that this would override natural selection in the economic sphere. From the mid‐1930s, however, he became increasingly convinced that a planned economy was far superior to a market economy and, with time, came to increasingly admire the Soviet system.
Experimental and numerical study on fracture behavior of SiC particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites based on Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman damage model
Authors: Ma Mingze , Wu Tao , Yao Weixing , Ye Ti , Li Piao
Published: November 2022

In this paper, the mechanical behavior of 10 and 14 vol.% SiCp/Al composites was studied with both experiments and numerical analysis. A 3D macrostructure model based on modified Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model was developed to predict the elasto‐plastic response and fracture behavior of particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites (PRAMCs). The particle size effects on the plastic strengthening induced by geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) were introduced, and the size distribution of the SiC particles was obtained according to the statistical analysis of the microstructure. The material parameters for GTN model were determined with a parameter identification process, and the validity of the numerical results was validated by the agreement of the experimental stress–strain curve. Results reveal that particle size randomness plays an important role in the fracture morphologies.
How different is human hair? A critical appraisal of the reported differences in global hair fibre characteristics and properties towards defining a more relevant framework for hair type classification
Authors: Daniels Gabriela , Fraser Ashiana , Westgate Gillian E.
Published: November 2022

This review critically appraises the reported differences in human hair fibre within three related domains of research: hair classification approaches, fibre characteristics and properties. The most common hair classification approach is based on geo‐racial origin, defining three main groups: African, Asian and Caucasian hair. This classification does not account sufficiently for the worldwide hair diversity and intergroups variability in curl, shape, size and colour. A global classification into eight curl types has been proposed but may be too complex for reproducibility. Beyond that, hair cross‐sectional shape and area have been found to have an inverse relation to curl: straighter fibres are circular with larger cross‐sectional area, whilst the curlier fibres are elliptical with smaller cross‐sectional area. These geometrical differences have been associated with bilateral vs homogenous distribution of cortical cell in curly vs straight hair respectively. However, there is no sufficient data demonstrating significant differences in hair amino composition, but proteomic studies are reporting associations of some proteins with curly hair. Eumelanin’s relative abundance has been reported in all hair colours except for red hair which has a high pheomelanin content. Higher tensile and fatigue strength of straight hair are reported, however, curly hair fragility is attributed to knotting, and crack and flow formations rather than the structural variations. African hair has been found to have the highest level of lipids, whilst the water sorption of Caucasian hair is the highest, and that of Asian hair the lowest.

Not all comparative studies clearly report their hair sampling approaches. Therefore, to strengthen the robustness of comparative studies and to facilitate cross‐study data comparisons, it is recommended that the following hair defining characteristics are reported in studies: hair cross sectional diameter/area, curl type, hair assembly colour, as well as where possible donor data (age/gender) and sample pooling approach.
The Asia‐Pacific AMS800 artificial urinary sphincter consensus statement
Authors: Chung Eric , Liao Limin , Kim Jang Hwan , Wang Zhong , Kitta Takeya , Lin Alex Tong‐Long , Lee Kyu‐Sung , Ye Liefu , Chu Peggy , Kaiho Yasuhiro , Takei Mineo , Jiang Hai , Lee Joe , Masuda Hitoshi , Tse Vincent
Published: November 2022

This Asia‐Pacific (AP) AMS 800™ artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) consensus statement aims to provide a set of practical recommendations to assist surgeons with the AMS 800 device surgery. The AP consensus committee consisted of key opinion leaders with extensive experience with AMS 800 surgery across several AP countries. The panel reviewed and discussed relevant findings with emphasis on locoregional and specific clinical challenges relevant to the AP region. Recommendations were made in key areas namely (1) patient selection and informed consent process; (2) preoperative assessment; (3) dealing with co‐existing urological disorders; (4) surgical principles and intraoperative troubleshooting; (5) postoperative care; (6) special populations; and (7) cost analysis and comparative review. The AMS 800 device should be offered to males with moderate to severe stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Full informed consent should be undertaken, and emphasis is placed on surgical contraindications and high‐risk candidates. The presence of a surgical mentor or referral to experts is recommended in complex AUS candidates. Preoperative cystoscopy with or without multichannel urodynamic study is necessary and patients with pre‐existing urological disorders should be treated adequately and clinically stable before surgery. Adherence to strict patient selection and safe surgical principles are critical to ensure excellent clinical outcomes and minimize complications. Given that InhibiZone‐coated device is not available in many AP countries, the use of prophylactic antibiotics pre‐and post‐operatively are recommended. The AMS 800 device should be prepared according to the manufacturer's guidelines and remains a cost‐effective treatment for male SUI. The AMS 800 device remains the surgical benchmark for male SUI but is associated with certain mechanical limitations and a unique set of complications.
Managers' perception of older nurses and midwives and their contribution to the workplace—A qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Denton Julie , Evans David , Xu Qunyan
Published: November 2022

Aims and Objectives

The aim of this study was to explore healthcare managers' perceptions about older nurses' and midwives' and their contribution to the workplace.

Design

A qualitative descriptive methodology.

Method

Twenty healthcare managers working in Australia participated in semi‐structured interviews. Data were collected between April 2019 and April 2021. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and then analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

All healthcare managers said older nurses and midwives contributed to the workplace through their experience and knowledge. Managers viewed them as a different type of worker and while there were some positive aspects to this, it was mostly negative. Although managers identified a broad age range for the older nurses or midwives, there was a common perception that if they were no longer able to perform their duties, they should leave the workforce.

Conclusion

Healthcare managers' perceptions towards older nurses and midwives are mostly negative, and their understanding of older workers' contribution is contradictory and poor. These negative views co‐exist with the lack of agreement on who is the older worker, which explain the reluctance of healthcare organizations to invest in their older workforce. Future research is needed to better understand the unique contribution of older nurses and midwives in healthcare and how they can be supported at work.

Impact

The global ageing population will result in a rise in complex age‐related health issues and will require an experienced and knowledgeable workforce. Given the greater experience of older nurses and midwives they are an important part of the health workforce. Yet managers' perception of the contribution by older nurses and midwives were often negative. The findings of this study highlight the need for organizational change so that the contribution of older nurses and midwives is recognized and supported by managers.
PD‐L1/p‐STAT3 promotes the progression of NSCLC cells by regulating TAM polarization
Authors: Zhang Rui , Meng Ziqi , Wu Xuwei , Zhang Meihua , Piao Zhengri , Jin Tiefeng
Published: November 2022

PD‐L1 is closely related to the immune escape process of tumour cells, and targeted PD‐L1 clinical immunotherapy has been implemented. However, whether PD‐L1 is involved in TAM/M2 polarization in the TME of NSCLC and its specific mechanism remain unclear. In order to clarify the specific role of PD‐L1 in NSCLC and to seek new treatments for NSCLC, we designed a series of experimental studies. After constructing the co‐culture system and conditioned medium system, the proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis, EMT process and stemness of NSCLC were detected by MTT, flow cytometry, Transwell, endothelial cell tube formation and western blot assays. The results showed that αPD‐L1 reversed TAM/M2 polarization by suppressing STAT3 phosphorylation in TAM/M2, therapy inhibiting NSCLC cell migration, angiogenesis, EMT process and stemness. However, αPD‐L1 had no effect on the proliferation and apoptosis abilities of NSCLC cells. In vivo experiments showed that αPD‐L1 inhibited lung metastasis of NSCLC and reversed TAM/M2 polarization in TME. The study investigates the mechanism by which PD‐L1 regulates TAMs polarization in TME and promotes malignant progression of NSCLC, providing a new theoretical basis for PD‐L1 targeted therapy of NSCLC.
Quantifying and mathematical modelling of the influence of soluble adenylate cyclase on cell cycle in human endothelial cells with Bayesian inference
Authors: Woranush Warunya , Moskopp Mats Leif , Noll Thomas , Dieterich Peter
Published: November 2022

Adenosine‐3′, 5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) produced by adenylate cyclases (ADCYs) is an established key regulator of cell homoeostasis. However, its role in cell cycle control is still controversially discussed. This study focussed on the impact of soluble HCO3−‐activated ADCY10 on cell cycle progression. Effects are quantified with Bayesian inference integrating a mathematical model and experimental data. The activity of ADCY10 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was either pharmacologically inhibited by KH7 or endogenously activated by HCO3−. Cell numbers of individual cell cycle phases were assessed over time using flow cytometry. Based on these numbers, cell cycle dynamics were analysed using a mathematical model. This allowed precise quantification of cell cycle dynamics with model parameters that describe the durations of individual cell cycle phases. Endogenous inactivation of ADCY10 resulted in prolongation of mean cell cycle times (38.7 ± 8.3 h at 0 mM HCO3−vs 30.3 ± 2.7 h at 24 mM HCO3−), while pharmacological inhibition resulted in functional arrest of cell cycle by increasing mean cell cycle time after G0/G1synchronization to 221.0 ± 96.3 h. All cell cycle phases progressed slower due to ADCY10 inactivation. In particular, the G1‐S transition was quantitatively the most influenced by ADCY10. In conclusion, the data of the present study show that ADCY10 is a key regulator in cell cycle progression linked specifically to the G1‐S transition.
Stab access fascia suspension lift: A facelift technique without skin excision and visible scar
Authors: Fu Xi , Qiao Jia , Liu Jianfeng , Chen Ying , Jin Qi , Xu Shixing , Yu Bing , Gui Lai , Niu Feng
Published: November 2022

Background

Traditional middle and lower facelifts are not suitable for patients with mild skin laxity or who wish to avoid incision scars.

Objective

We present the stab access fascia suspension lift (SAFS‐lift) technique, which does not require regular skin incisions, as a reliable surgical facelift strategy for the lower and middle face.

Methods

From September 2020 to September 2021, 38 patients underwent SAFS‐lift. SAFS‐lift involved (1) incomplete subcutaneous undermining with hydrodissection‐assisted tunneling; (2) complete subcutaneous undermining with a dissecting cannula in the zygomatic buccal groove area and hollow below zygomatic arch; and (3) maximal firm superficial musculoaponeurotic system suspension with polydioxanone barbed threads in loops. All patients evaluated the outcome according to the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale. Four plastic surgeons evaluated postsurgery result with a five‐point Likert scale (5 = excellent, 4 = good, 3 = fair, 2 = no change, and 1 = worse).

Results

Thirty‐six patients were successfully enrolled. The mean follow‐up period was 14.72 ± 3.89 months. No patients showed visible scarring 6 months after surgery. The minor complication rate was 19.4%. They all subsided within 1–6 weeks without treatment. No infection, hematoma, seroma, or facial nerve injury was observed. Patients’ outcome ratings were 4.22 ± 0.58 (3 months), 4.69 ± 0.46 (6 months), and 4.69 ± 0.54 (1 year). Surgeons' outcome scoring was 3.98 ± 0.95.

Conclusions

Stab access fascia suspension‐lift is a predictable, effective, and safe facelift technique that can be performed without making noticeable incisions and resecting the skin.