bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilateral Plunging Ranulas in South Auckland: Evidence for a Genetic Basis
Authors: Yin Tary , Jain Prabha , Ahmad Zahoor , Harrison John D. , Morton Randall P.
Published: February 2020

Objectives

We present a series of bilateral plunging ranula patients to examine the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this condition.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed on all cases of plunging ranula treated at the Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Counties Manukau District Health Board, New Zealand, between 2001 and 2019.

Results

There were 17 patients with bilateral plunging ranulas from a total of 187 plunging ranula patients. Eight patients were of Pacific Island descent; six were Maori; and three were Asian. There were no European patients with bilateral plunging ranulas. There were three types of bilateral plunging ranula patients: 1) Metachronous plunging ranulas—Five patients presented with a unilateral plunging ranula with no evidence of a contralateral plunging ranula on initial imaging. Despite negative contralateral imaging findings, these patients developed a clinically evident contralateral plunging ranula 21 to 61 months later. 2) Synchronous plunging ranulas detected on imaging—Eight patients presented with a clinically evident unilateral plunging ranula but also had a contralateral plunging ranula detected on imaging. 3) Clinically evident synchronous plunging ranulas—Four patients presented with bilateral clinically evident plunging ranulas, which were also evident on imaging. Twelve patients underwent bilateral transoral sublingual gland excision and plunging ranula evacuation.

Conclusion

All patients with a unilateral plunging ranula should be advised of the potential for developing contralateral disease, and this should be emphasized in patients of Pacific Island, Maori, and Asian descent.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:73–77, 2021
Management of Parkinson's Disease During Pregnancy: Literature Review and Multidisciplinary Input
Authors: Young Caitlin , Phillips Rhiannon , Ebenezer Louise , Zutt Rodi , Peall Kathryn J.
Published: February 2020

Background

There are no standardized clinical guidelines for the management of Parkinson's disease (PD) during pregnancy. Increasing maternal age would suggest that the incidence of pregnancy in women diagnosed with PD is likely to increase.

Objective

To evaluate the evidence for the treatment of PD during pregnancy and to canvass opinion from patients and clinical teams as to the optimum clinical management in this setting.

Methods

This involved (1) a literature review of available evidence for the use of oral medical therapy for the management of PD during pregnancy and (2) an anonymized survey of patients and clinical teams relating to previous clinical experiences.

Results

A literature review identified 31 publications (148 pregnancies, 49 PD, 2 parkinsonism, 21 dopa‐responsive dystonia, 32 restless leg syndrome, 1 schizophrenia, and 43 unknown indication) detailing treatment with levodopa, and 12 publications with dopamine agonists. Adverse outcomes included seizures and congenital malformations. Survey participation included patients (n = 7), neurologists (n = 35), PD nurse specialists (n = 50), obstetricians (n = 15), and midwives (n = 20) and identified a further 34 cases of pregnancy in women with PD. Common themes for suggested management included optimization of motor symptoms, preference for levodopa monotherapy, and normal delivery unless indicated by obstetric causes.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the paucity of evidence for decision‐making in the medical management of PD during pregnancy. Collaboration is needed to develop a prospective registry, with longitudinal maternal and child health outcome measures to facilitate consensus management guidelines.
Novel IRF6 mutations in Chinese Han families with Van der Woude syndrome
Authors: Yu Yanqin , Wan Yatao , Qin Chuanqi , Yue Haitang , Bian Zhuan , He Miao
Published: February 2020

Background

Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) gene encodes a member of the IRF family of transcription factors. Mutations in IRF6 cause Van der Woude Syndrome (VWS), which is the most common malformation of syndromic orofacial clefts in humans.

Methods

Here, we performed sequencing studies of six families with VWS in the Chinese Han population. The entire IRF6‐coding region and the exon–intron boundaries including exons 3–8 and part of exon 9 were screened among all the collected family members by Sanger sequencing.

Results

We found a novel splice site variant c.175‐6T>A, two novel missense variants (p.Lys66Arg and p.Pro107Thr), in addition with a previously reported missense variant (p.Leu87Phe), which were all located in and nearby exon 4 of IRF6. Meanwhile, a novel frameshift variant p.G257Vfs*46 in exon 7 of IRF6 was also detected. All the mutations presented to be co‐segregated in each family.

Conclusion

Our study has advanced the understanding of the genetic architecture of VWS and provides the basis for genetic counseling, antenatal diagnosis, and gene therapy of high risk groups.
Overvaluation of Shape and Weight and Associated Features in Patients Without Eating Disorders Seeking Treatment for Obesity
Authors: Dalle Grave Riccardo , Misconel Arianna , Fasoli Deborah , Calugi Simona
Published: February 2020

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the presence of the overvaluation of shape and weight and its associated features in patients with obesity but no eating disorder who were seeking treatment from a specialist unit.

Methods

Overall, 1,134 patients with obesity but no Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders eating disorder diagnosis were included. The Eating Disorder Examination interview was administered by expert clinicians to assess the eating disorder psychopathology and overvaluation of shape and weight. Patients also completed the Symptom Check List‐90‐Revised and the 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey to assess general psychopathology and quality of life, respectively.

Results

Roughly 20% of the patients with obesity presented with clinical overvaluation of shape and weight, which was associated with the female gender, higher expected weight loss, more severe eating‐related psychopathology, higher general psychopathology, and lower mental quality of life. Linear and logistic regression analyses indicated that the clinical variables independently correlated with overvaluation of shape and weight in these patients were female gender, Eating Disorder Examination Eating Concern subscale score, and 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey mental component summary score.

Conclusions

These findings are sufficient to justify routine assessment of overvaluation of shape and weight in patients seeking treatment for obesity.
Red cell alloimmunization: A 2020 update
Authors: Castleman James S. , Kilby Mark D.
Published: February 2020

Management of maternal red cell alloimmunization has been revolutionized over the last 60 years. Advances in the prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of alloimmune‐induced fetal anemia make this condition an exemplar for contemporary practice in fetal therapy. Since survival is now an expectation, attention has turned to optimization of long‐term outcomes following an alloimmunized pregnancy. In this review, the current management of red cell alloimmunization is described. Current research and future directions are discussed with particular emphasis on later life outcomes after alloimmune fetal anemia.
Subfunctionalization of phytochrome B1/B2 leads to differential auxin and photosynthetic responses
Authors: Carlson Keisha D. , Bhogale Sneha , Anderson Drew , Zaragoza‐Mendoza Alondra , Madlung Andreas
Published: February 2020

Gene duplication and polyploidization are genetic mechanisms that instantly add genetic material to an organism's genome. Subsequent modification of the duplicated material leads to the evolution of neofunctionalization (new genetic functions), subfunctionalization (differential retention of genetic functions), redundancy, or a decay of duplicated genes to pseudogenes. Phytochromes are light receptors that play a large role in plant development. They are encoded by a small gene family that in tomato is comprised of five members: PHYA, PHYB1, PHYB2, PHYE, and PHYF. The most recent gene duplication within this family was in the ancestral PHYB gene. Using transcriptome profiling, co‐expression network analysis, and physiological and molecular experimentation, we show that tomato SlPHYB1 and SlPHYB2 exhibit both common and non‐redundant functions. Specifically, PHYB1 appears to be the major integrator of light and auxin responses, such as gravitropism and phototropism, while PHYB1 and PHYB2 regulate aspects of photosynthesis antagonistically to each other, suggesting that the genes have subfunctionalized since their duplication.
Evaluation of a Game Based Tele Rehabilitation Platform for In‐Home Therapy of Hand‐Arm Function Post Stroke: Feasibility Study
Authors: Szturm Tony , Imran Zoya , Pooyania Sepideh , Kanitkar Anuprita , Mahana Bhuvan
Published: February 2020

Background

There is a need for innovation to improve compliance and accessibility of rehabilitation programs for individuals with acquired brain injuries. A computer game‐assisted tele‐rehabilitation platform (GTP) has been developed to address this need. With the novel application of a miniature inertial computer mouse and taking advantage of the wide variety of computer games, the GTP can provide engaging exercises for rehabilitation of upper extremity motor skills.

Objective

To determine the feasibility and acceptability of the game‐assisted home exercise program for upper extremity rehabilitation for people with stroke. The treatment effect was also measured after 16 weeks of intervention.

Design

A feasibility study.

Setting

College of Rehabilitation Science, University of Manitoba.

Participants

Ten stroke clients.

Intervention

Participants received three to four initial clinically supervised therapy sessions for training with the game assisted therapy program. Once trained, participants continued the program at the home for 16 weeks, four times per week.

Main Outcome Measures

Feasibility was evaluated based on retention rate and compliance. Semistructured interviews after the completion of the program were done to assess acceptability of the program. Quantitative analysis included (1) the Wolf Motor Function Test A and B and (2) a computerized performance‐based assessment of specific object manipulation tasks that required a combination of finger, wrist, elbow and shoulder motion.

Results

Findings demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of the home tele‐rehab program. Eight of the 10 participants fully complied with the 16‐week exercise program. Two participants had difficulty with computer operations and did not complete the program. For the eight participants who completed the program, there was a substantial improvement from pre‐ to postintervention.

Conclusion

Although some difficulties with the technology were reported, the findings demonstrate feasible trial procedures, acceptable game‐assisted task‐oriented home training with a high compliance rate and positive outcomes. These findings and the theoretical evidence direct the next phase of a full‐scale randomized controlled trial.
A double homogeneously weighted moving average control chart for monitoring of the process mean
Authors: Abid Muhammad , Shabbir Aroosa , Nazir Hafiz Zafar , Sherwani Rehan Ahmed Khan , Riaz Muhammad
Published: February 2020

In the service and manufacturing industry, memory‐type control charts are extensively applied for monitoring the production process. These types of charts have the ability to efficiently detect disturbances, especially of smaller amount, in the process mean and/or dispersion. Recently, a new homogeneously weighted moving average (HWMA) chart has been proposed for efficient monitoring of smaller shifts. In this study, we have proposed a new double HWMA (DHWMA) chart to monitor the changes in the process mean. The run length profile of the proposed DHWMA chart is evaluated and compared with some existing control charts. The outcomes reveal that the DHWMA chart shows better performance over its competitor charts. The effect of non‐normality (in terms of robustness) and the estimation of the unknown parameters on the performance of the DHWMA chart are also investigated as a part of this study. Finally, a real‐life industrial application is offered to demonstrate the proposal for practical considerations.
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease during chemoimmunotherapy for non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Kurono Yuri , Takeda Takayuki , Kunimatsu Yusuke , Tani Nozomi , Hashimoto Izumi , Hirose Kazuki
Published: February 2020

Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease (VKHD) is a rare systemic granulomatous autoimmune disease that affects melanocyte‐rich organs such as eye, inner ear, meninges, skin, and hair. VKHD leads to chronic uveal inflammation accompanied by a decline in visual acuity in some patients when appropriate corticosteroid treatment was not initiated in an early phase. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used in the treatment of several kinds of cancers and chemoimmunotherapy has become the standard of care in the first‐line treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While ICIs induce immune‐related adverse events, drug‐induced VKHD is quite rare with only four reports in the ICI monotherapy; three patients with melanoma and one patient with NSCLC. We describe the first case of VKHD during chemoimmunotherapy including pembrolizumab in a patient with NSCLC, which was successfully treated with corticosteroid without any sequela.
Legacy PCB building remediation
Authors: Hamper Martin J.
Published: February 2020

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) came onto the scene as an environmental threat quickly after they were discovered in humans and wildlife by Jensen in 1966. By October 1970, it was reported that PCBs were “truly ubiquitous pollutants” as PCBs were found at detectable concentrations in environmental samples throughout the world. Before 1971, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that 26% of PCBs sold were used in open‐end use applications, such as caulks, sealants, plasticizers, surface coatings, ink, adhesive, and carbonless paper. Processing and distribution of PCBs in commerce were largely banned in the U.S. after July 1979 with certain continued uses authorized by the EPA. While PCBs were banned a long time ago, the ban had no immediate tangible effect on the continued use of regulated levels of PCBs in buildings constructed before the bans were implemented. Legacy buildings with PCB‐containing building materials continue to represent potential sources of indoor air, dust, outdoor air, and soil contamination. Where PCBs are present in building materials, they have the potential to pose a risk to building occupants. Proper removal of PCB‐containing materials is a highly effective approach to abating the risk. The removal can range from targeting specific building PCB‐containing materials through demolition of the building. Engineering and administrative controls can also be useful tools when addressing the risks posed by PCB‐containing materials.
Fuzzy rule‐based inference in system dynamics formulations
Authors: Sabounchi Nasim S. , Triantis Konstantinos P. , Kianmehr Hamed , Sarangi Sudipta
Published: February 2020

In this research, we broaden the scope of system dynamics formulations by building on a previously proposed approach to bridge fuzzy logic with dynamic modeling. Our methodology illustrates how to formulate fuzzy dynamic variables in a meaningful way. We highlight several modeling challenges, including the selection of a fuzzification and defuzzification method, their implementation in a system dynamics formulations and the validation of the results. We use a physician prescription decision‐making model substructure as an example, and apply the fuzzy rule‐based inference system to determine how a patient is categorized as “low‐risk,” “average‐risk” or “high‐risk.” We emphasize various interpretation challenges and suggest careful selection of the fuzzy operators and defuzzification method, to ensure that the defuzzified values behave reasonably in a dynamic context.

Copyright © 2020 System Dynamics Society
Stimulation of the oxygen consumption by photobiomodulation in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane during hypoxia
Authors: Gerelli Emmanuel , Wagnières Georges , Joniová Jaroslava
Published: February 2020

The main objective of this project is to study the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on the oxygen consumption in the in vivo chick's embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) under hypoxia to improve understanding of the mechanisms involved in PBM therapy of various conditions, including strokes and ischemic wounds. Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), produced endogenously after administration of aminolevulinic acid, was used to probe the oxygen partial pressure (pO2) in the CAM by time‐resolved spectroscopy of its delayed fluorescence. This approach enables exploring and optimizing conveniently different radiometric and spectral parameters at play in PBM. Interestingly, as PPIX is produced in the mitochondria, an organelle playing a key role in cell respiration, and then diffuses in different compartments, the pO2 can be determined in different (sub‐) cellular/tissue locations. Our results showed that PBM applied between 6 and 16 minutes (5 mW/cm2) after the beginning of hypoxia with light at 730 or 820 nm sustains the oxygen consumption in the CAM for more than one hour, an effect that is not observed in control eggs. This may explain the positive effects induced by PBM in hypoxic tissues, including those that are subject to ischemia‐reperfusion injuries.
Translanguaging and Latinx Bilingual Readers
Authors: García Ofelia
Published: February 2020

The traditional monolingual and monoglossic perspective of literacy and biliteracy is compared with the perspective offered by translanguaging. The author explores how the monolingual and monoglossic view of literacy has been responsible for the failure of many Latinx bilingual students. A translanguaging perspective turns its attention toward the language actions of a bilingual reader and away from the language of a written text. Focusing on the actions of three Latinx bilingual readers—a pre‐reader, an elementary school student, and a middle school student—the author explores how bilingual readers leverage their translanguaging, turning what are said to be static monolingual texts into multilingual/multimodal ones. Through the actions of three Latinx readers in different types of educational contexts, the author shows how literacy educators can take steps to acknowledge bilingual readers’ translanguaging and enter with them into a translanguaging space to do literacy.
Dynamic analysis of oil‐water two‐phase flow for a multiple‐fractured horizontal well with multiple finite‐conductivity fractures in triple media carbonate reservoir
Authors: Wang Yong , Tao Zhengwu , Yang Kun , Ma Xin , Tian Donghong , Feng Zonghong
Published: February 2020

Carbonate reservoir is one of the important reservoir in the world. Because of the characteristics of carbonate reservoir, horizontal well and acid fracturing have become a key technology for efficiently developing carbonate reservoir. Establishing corresponding mathematical models and analyzing transient pressure behaviors of this type of well‐reservoir configuration can provide a better understanding of fluid flow patterns in formation as well as estimations of important parameters. A mathematical model for a oil‐water two‐phase flow multiple‐fractured horizontal well with multiple finite‐conductivity fractures in triple media carbonate reservoir by conceptualizing vugs as spherical shapes is presented in this article. A semi‐analytical solution is obtained in the Laplace domain by using source function theory, Laplace transformation, and superposition principle. Analysis of transient pressure responses indicates that nine characteristic flow periods of multiple‐fractured horizontal wells with multiple finite‐conductivity fractures in triple media carbonate reservoir can be identified. Parametric analysis shows that water saturation of matrix, vug and fracture system and acid fracture, fracture half‐length, fracture number, fracture spacing and acid fracture conductivity can significantly influence the transient pressure responses of multiple‐fractured horizontal wells with multiple finite‐conductivity fractures in triple media carbonate reservoir. The model presented in this article can be applied to obtain important parameters pertinent to reservoir or fracture by type curve matching, and it can also provide useful information for optimizing fracture parameters.
Non‐uniformly loaded stack of moving elastic antiplane shear cracks
Authors: Tupholme G. E.
Published: February 2020

A stack of moving, non‐uniformly loaded, parallel, antiplane shear strip cracks within an isotropic elastic solid is analyzed, by exploiting an extended dislocation layer technique using moving screw dislocations. Detailed closed‐form expressions are obtained and discussed for the stress components at general points of the deformation that is created. Their variations with the polar angle near a crack tip are investigated and a neat representation of the corresponding novel, comprehensive, stress intensity factor is deduced. Illustrative numerical results are graphically presented. The occurrence of the phenomena of crack branching and crack shielding are observed for particular values of the geometrical parameters and speed of the cracks. Comparisons with some corresponding special cases are provided as validation of these more general results.
The parameter identification in the Stokes system with threshold slip boundary conditions
Authors: Haslinger Jaroslav , Mäkinen Raino A. E.
Published: February 2020

The paper is devoted to an identification of the slip bound function g in the Stokes system with threshold slip boundary conditions assuming that g depends on the tangential velocity . To this end the optimal control approach is used. To remove its nonsmoothness we use a regularized form of the slip conditions in the state problem. The mutual relation between solutions to the original optimization problem and the problems with regularized states is analyzed. The paper is completed by numerical experiments.
Introduction – LGBT Questions and the Family
Authors: Digoix Marie
Published: February 2020

The past decades have seen significant changes in the way non heterosexual sexualities are regulated in European countries. In a moment of ongoing transitions, the interdisciplinary research presented focuses on aspects related to homosexuals rights and the way LGBT individuals deal and perceive the impact that the presence (or absence) of laws has on their intimate lives.

The evolutions in family rights in European laws and the balance towards equal rights, whether you are homosexual or heterosexual, are first detailed with an analysis of typical sequences found in a legal survey.

Demographic analyses enrich these aspects in dealing with registration and parenting. Statistical analyses of same-sex partnerships and same-sex marriages show frequencies of registration together with a focus on parenting linked to the partnership status.

In the next chapters, same-sex families are specifically studied in their daily life in France, Iceland and Italy through qualitative data. It investigates from a legal point of view and from a social perspective, what is at stake in the changing life of homosexuals in the field of parenting, what brings to everyday life the support of the law and what its absence implies.

The Postface opens towards the future of LGBT research.
Same-Sex Couples and Their Legalization in Europe: Laws and Numbers
Authors: Cortina Clara , Festy Patrick
Published: February 2020

We analyse same-sex partnership and family formation in Europe. We explore how the frequency of same-sex marriage or registered partnership can be associated to macro and micro factors and how parenting appears as a key determinant at both levels. We use the LawsAndFamilies Database, which includes both data on legal developments in family laws and statistical data on the legal recognition of same-sex couples, marriage and registered partnership for a large set of countries. We also use the French census and the Spanish household survey for specific purposes. We first determine crude rates of legal recognition for gay, lesbian and different-sex couples for nine European countries in the period 1980–2017. We second consider macro factors by measuring the impact of legal consequences attached to couples’ recognition on the frequency of same-sex marriage or registered partnering. We expect that the opening of parenting to same-sex couples will affect lesbian more than gay couples and result in more positive trends in women’s nuptiality. We finally explore micro factors related to the family structure expecting that the presence of children will work as an incentive to marry.
Postface. After Legal Recognition
Authors: Rault Wilfried
Published: February 2020

This postscript highlights the key features of this book, especially its combination of different approaches using legal, demographic and sociological analysis tools, and the comparative perspective that is present throughout. The approach is particularly useful, because the three disciplines that structure the book do not view same-sex families in the same way. Another strand in the book is a more direct reflection on marriage. While marriage has been the symbol of the recognition of sexual minorities in recent years, the book shows that it cannot fully embody it, and invites us to think “beyond marriage”. The last part of this postscript will suggest research themes that could usefully be investigated, provided that suitable tools are used – particularly the tools of quantitative sociology, since the social and scientific visibility of same-sex parenthood does not always mean statistical visibility.
Corporate Income Tax: WACC, FTE, TCF, APV
Authors: Kruschwitz Lutz , Löffler Andreas
Published: February 2020

There is a variety of problems in the valuation of firms. That is why the evaluator has to make some simplifications in order to come up with a result. That also goes for the theory of valuation. We will take the first step in assuming that the firm has no debt. In simplifying with this assumption, we shall see that a number of economic problems can be discussed. In the next step we will turn to indebted firms.
Croatia
Authors: Zrinščak Siniša , Vehovec Maja , Čengić Drago
Published: February 2020

The chapter gives an overview of the Croatian socio-economic situation and pension, employment and healthpolicies. Lower levels of employment in general, and particularly forolder workers is one of the main features of the socio-economic situation. Early retirementis common and the active ageing paradigm is neither discussed nor implemented. In the Croatian context, limited research exists around workplace issues such as caring, health and pension inequalities. The pension system is a mixed system, based on three pillars and characterised by a very unfavourable dependency ratio. This system undergoes constant changes which are in many cases contradictory, particularly in relation to the penalisation of early retirement and the equalisation of pensionable age for men and women. Employment policieshave undergone many changes in recent years, mostly related to a move towards more flexible working arrangements. In summary, the gender and health aspects of extending working life still need to be publicly discussed and researched.
New Mediators in the Biology of the Ductus Arteriosus: Lessons from the Chicken Embryo
Authors: van der Sterren Saskia , Mohammed Riazudin , Villamor Eduardo
Published: February 2020

The chicken embryo is an ideal model for the study of new hypotheses on the developmental biology of ductus arteriosus (DA). A unique characteristic of chicken DA is that it is the result of the fusion of two vessels with different embryological origins, morphologies, and functionalities. The pulmonary side (PulmDA) consists almost exclusively of neural crest-derived cells, shows the structure of a muscular artery, and responds to O2 with contraction whereas the aortic part is of mesodermal origin, shows the morphology of an elastic artery and relaxes in response to O2. In addition the two parts of the DA show marked differences in responsiveness to other contractile and relaxant agents.

In mammals, the most accepted model of O2-induced DA constriction involves a rise in O2 modulating the function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (the sensor), leading to an increased production of H2O2 (the mediator) that causes the inhibition of KV channels (the effector) with Rho kinase acting as another downstream effector of the O2-sensing system in the DA. In the chicken embryo, we verified the very same pathway, proving a conserved mechanism for O2 sensing/signaling in mammalian and nonmammalian DA. Moreover, we demonstrated a developmentally regulated response to O2, which is restricted to the mature PulmDA and involves parallel maturation of the three components: sensor, mediator, and effectors. Besides O2, we used the chicken embryo model to investigate the possible ductal effects of vasoactive mediators such as ceramide, H2S, isoprostanes, or platelet-derived vasoactive mediators.
The international epidemiological transition and the education gender gap
Authors: Klasing Mariko J. , Milionis Petros
Published: February 2020

We explore the impact of the international epidemiological transition on educational attainment of males and females over the second half of the twentieth century.
Using an instrumental variables strategy that exploits pre-existing variation in mortality rates across infectious diseases and gender differences in the responsiveness to the method of disease control, we document that health improvements associated with the transition led to larger gains in life expectancy for females due to their stronger immune response to vaccination.
These relative gains were associated with greater increases in the educational attainment of females compared to males and account for a large share of the reduction in the education gender gap that took place over this period.
Scholarly event characteristics in four fields of science: a metrics-based analysis
Authors: Fathalla Said , Vahdati Sahar , Lange Christoph , Auer Sören
Published: February 2020

One of the key channels of scholarly knowledge exchange are scholarly events such as conferences, workshops, symposiums, etc.; such events are especially important and popular in Computer Science, Engineering, and Natural Sciences.
However, scholars encounter problems in finding relevant information about upcoming events and statistics on their historic evolution.
In order to obtain a better understanding of scholarly event characteristics in four fields of science, we analyzed the metadata of scholarly events of four major fields of science, namely Computer Science, Physics, Engineering, and Mathematics using Scholarly Events Quality Assessment suite, a suite of ten metrics.
In particular, we analyzed renowned scholarly events belonging to five sub-fields within Computer Science, namely World Wide Web, Computer Vision, Software Engineering, Data Management, as well as Security and Privacy.
This analysis is based on a systematic approach using descriptive statistics as well as exploratory data analysis. The findings are on the one hand interesting to observe the general evolution and success factors of scholarly events; on the other hand, they allow (prospective) event organizers, publishers, and committee members to assess the progress of their event over time and compare it to other events in the same field; and finally, they help researchers to make more informed decisions when selecting suitable venues for presenting their work.
Based on these findings, a set of recommendations has been concluded to different stakeholders, involving event organizers, potential authors, proceedings publishers, and sponsors. Our comprehensive dataset of scholarly events of the aforementioned fields is openly available in a semantic format and maintained collaboratively at OpenResearch.org.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Deformation and Fracture Mode of Microcantilever Beams Made of Cr(Re)/Al2O3 Metal–Matrix Composite
Authors: Węglewski Witold , Pitchai Pandi , Bochenek Kamil , Bolzon Gabriella , Konetschnik Ruth , Sartory Bernhard , Ebner Reinhold , Kiener Daniel , Basista Michał
Published: February 2020

This work presents a combined experimental and computational study of the deformation and fracture of microcantilever specimens made of chromium(rhenium)-alumina metal–matrix composite (MMC), with a particular focus on the failure properties of the metal–ceramic interfaces. The obtained experimental results show that the bending strength of microcantilevers containing alumina particles in critical cross-sections near specimen’s fixed end is considerably higher than that of unreinforced chromium(rhenium) samples. Brittle cracking along chromium–alumina interfaces is the dominant fracture mode of the composite microcantilevers. The interface characteristics are determined in an indirect way by numerical simulations of the experiment with account of the actual specimen microstructure from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. A parametric study demonstrates that the overall material response may be reproduced by different sets of model parameters, whereas the actual failure mode permits to discriminate among the possible alternatives. Using this approach, the in situ values of the chromium–alumina interface cohesive strength and the fracture energy are estimated.
Postoperative Shock as Independent Factor for Incisional Surgical Site Infection in Left-Side Colorectal Perforation
Authors: Asano Hiroshi , Fukano Hiroyuki , Shinozuka Nozomi
Published: February 2020

The incidence of incisional surgical site infection (SSI) in patients with colorectal perforation is reported to be approximately 40%. Although these subcutaneous drains and wound protector are performed using a wound closure method aimed to prevent incisional SSI, the evidence for colorectal perforation is poor. Although delayed primary closure (DPC) is reported to be an effective method to maintain open wounds, its management is time-consuming and cannot be performed in all cases. Therefore, the closure method should be carefully selected based on the risk of SSI. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors of incisional SSI in left-side colorectal perforation with stoma creation. A total of 130 patients who underwent emergency surgery for left-side colorectal perforation with stoma creation between 2007 and 2017 were retrospectively investigated. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to identify risk factors for incisional SSI. The total number of patients with incisional SSI was 58 (45%). In the univariate analysis, postoperative shock, postoperative ventilator support, and base excess (< − 2.0) were correlated with higher risk of incisional SSI. Multivariate analysis showed that postoperative shock was an independent risk factor for incisional SSI (odds ratio, 2.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–6.37). Postoperative shock is the risk factor of incisional SSI in left-side colorectal perforation with stoma. DPC should be considered in case of colorectal perforation combined with shock.
Defining and Defending Valid Citizenship During War: Jewish Immigrant Businesses in World War I Britain
Authors: SEKETA STEPHANIE
Published: February 2020

Beginning in the 1870s and 1880s, many British companies relied on transnational business networks and global associations. However, the tensions produced by World War I created an environment in which consumers, journalists, and politicians actively promoted economic protectionism and consumer nationalism through various Buy British movements. Entrepreneurs under scrutiny took a variety of approaches to manage this hostile environment and avoid the financial, political, and cultural ramifications of suddenly having their and their family members’ valid citizenship questioned and outright attacked in the public sphere. During the war, neutral, passive, or absent patriotism drew suspicion. Any suspicions about loyalty could spark an avalanche of attacks, with each one being exponentially more difficult to defend as fear built in people’s minds. Citizenship was more than a legal matter; it was a layered set of dynamic activities and enterprises in which corporate actions became tied to expression of loyalty. People were judged by their cultural behavior, political associations, legal citizenship, and business decisions. I argue that some firms reacted by defining themselves, their products, and their services as “British,” erasing their “foreignness” as a defense against attacks on their citizenship and loyalty.
Beyond Compliance: The Origins of Corporate Interest in Sustainability
Authors: ROME ADAM
Published: February 2020

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, many U.S. business leaders resolved to go “beyond compliance” with environmental regulations. Manufacturers sought to become more eco-efficient by reducing how much waste they produced per unit of output. Some companies developed greener products. However, the new commitment to sustainability only went so far: Few executives fundamentally rethought their business models. What drove the rise of corporate concern about sustainability, and why did those drivers fall short? The incentives to become greener were partial. They affected some companies more than others, and they only rewarded efforts to reduce some environmental impacts. By analyzing the limits of corporate interest in sustainability in the late 1980s and early 1990s, this article offers fresh insight into the challenge of greening the economy.
Physical health among patients with common mental health disorders in primary care in Europe: a scoping review
Authors: Fogarty F. , McCombe G. , Brown K. , Van Amelsvoort T. , Clarke M. , Cullen W.
Published: February 2020

Introduction:

Mental disorders are increasingly common among adults in both the developed and developing world and are predicted by the WHO to be the leading cause of disease burden by 2030. Many common physical conditions are more common among people who also have a common mental disorder. This scoping review aims to examine the current literature about the prevention, identification and treatment of physical problems among people with pre-existing mental health disorders in primary care in Europe.

Methods:

The scoping review framework comprised a five-stage process developed by Arksey & O’Malley (2005). The search process was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included, with no restriction on study design.

Results:

The initial search identified 299 studies, with a further 28 added from the hand-search (total n = 327) of which 19 were considered relevant to the review research question and included for full analysis. Depression was the mental health condition most commonly studied (nine studies), followed by depression and anxiety (seven studies), with three studies examining any mental disorder. Eleven studies examined the effects of various interventions to address physical and mental comorbidity, with the most commonly studied intervention being collaborative care.

Conclusions:

With just 19 studies meeting our criteria for inclusion, there is clearly a paucity of research in this area. Further research is essential in order to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the association between mental disorders and chronic conditions.
Performing Artivism: Feminists, Lawyers, and Online Legal Mobilization in China
Authors: Wang Di , Liu Sida
Published: February 2020

In authoritarian contexts where the state is the primary performer in the public sphere and legal mobilization is constrained and repressed, activists often seek to carve out a public space to confront the frontstage and backstage of the state’s performance in order to pursue collective action. Comparing the online legal mobilization of feminist and lawyer activists in China, this article investigates how performance arts are used by activists to challenge the authoritarian state in the age of social media. Performing “artivism” is to create conspicuous spectacles in the public eye for the purposes of exposing the state’s illegal or repressive backstage actions or promoting alternative values and norms different from the official ideology. By subversively disrupting the evidential boundaries set by the state, Chinese activists have been able to gain momentum and public support for their legal mobilization. However, it was precisely the success of their artivism that contributed to the government crackdowns on both feminists and lawyers in 2015.
Machine learning enhances prediction of illness course: a longitudinal study in eating disorders
Authors: Haynos Ann F. , Wang Shirley B. , Lipson Sarah , Peterson Carol B. , Mitchell James E. , Halmi Katherine A. , Agras W. Stewart , Crow Scott J.
Published: February 2020

Background

Psychiatric disorders, including eating disorders (EDs), have clinical outcomes that range widely in severity and chronicity. The ability to predict such outcomes is extremely limited. Machine-learning (ML) approaches that model complexity may optimize the prediction of multifaceted psychiatric behaviors. However, the investigations of many psychiatric concerns have not capitalized on ML to improve prognosis. This study conducted the first comparison of an ML approach (elastic net regularized logistic regression) to traditional regression to longitudinally predict ED outcomes.

Methods

Females with heterogeneous ED diagnoses completed demographic and psychiatric assessments at baseline (n= 415) and Year 1 (n= 320) and 2 (n= 277) follow-ups. Elastic net and traditional logistic regression models comprising the same baseline variables were compared in ability to longitudinally predict ED diagnosis, binge eating, compensatory behavior, and underweight BMI at Years 1 and 2.

Results

Elastic net models had higher accuracy for all outcomes at Years 1 and 2 [average Area Under the Receiving Operating Characteristics Curve (AUC) = 0.78] compared to logistic regression (average AUC = 0.67). Model performance did not deteriorate when the most important predictor was removed or an alternative ML algorithm (random forests) was applied. Baseline ED (e.g. diagnosis), psychiatric (e.g. hospitalization), and demographic (e.g. ethnicity) characteristics emerged as important predictors in exploratory predictor importance analyses.

Conclusions

ML algorithms can enhance the prediction of ED symptoms for 2 years and may identify important risk markers. The superior accuracy of ML for predicting complex outcomes suggests that these approaches may ultimately aid in advancing precision medicine for serious psychiatric disorders.
We Are All Treaty People: Indigenous–Settler Relations, Story and Young Audiences
Authors: FITZSIMMONS FREY HEATHER M.
Published: February 2020

We Are All Treaty People is a Canadian play for young audiences (ages eight to twelve) that addresses difficult knowledge, Elders’ story sharing, and contemporary and historical Indigenous–settler relations. This article discusses the contemporary and historical political context of the play and its production, the creation process and its narrative anchors. It argues that through a respectful, Indigenous-led creation process, and structural techniques, the play has the potential to offer hope and healing, and encourage relationships based on knowledge.
The Killjoy Comedian: Hannah Gadsby'sNanette
Authors: BALKIN SARAH
Published: February 2020

In her 2017 showNanette, Australian comedian Hannah Gadsby announced that she was quitting comedy. In the show, Gadsby argued that as a marginalized person – a gender-nonconforming lesbian from rural Tasmania – she was doing herself a disservice when she invited audiences to laugh at her trademark self-deprecating humour. Gadsby framed her decision to quit comedy partly as a problem of persona: her practice as a comedian was to take actual, sometimes traumatic, events from her life and turn them into jokes, which she described as ‘half-told stories’. So framed, the problem with Gadsby's comic persona is the way it both presents and truncates her traumatic experience. When she refuses to be funny, Gadsby casts herself as something like Sara Ahmed's ‘feminist killjoy’, a spoilsport figure whose unhappiness positions her as a source of tension. In this article I consider how Gadsby's decision to quit comedy, and the terms in which she articulates that decision inNanette, can help us think about varied modes of humourlessness and comic possibility.
Magnetic Mineral Populations in Lower Oceanic Crustal Gabbros (Atlantis Bank, SW Indian Ridge): Implications for Marine Magnetic Anomalies
Authors: Bowles J. A. , Morris A. , Tivey M. A. , Lascu I.
Published: February 2020

To learn more about magnetic properties of the lower ocean crust and its contributions to marine magnetic anomalies, gabbro samples were collected from International Ocean Discovery Program Hole U1473A at Atlantis Bank on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Detailed magnetic property work links certain magnetic behaviors and domain states to specific magnetic mineral populations. Measurements on whole rocks and mineral separates included magnetic hysteresis, first‐order reversal curves, low‐temperature remanence measurements, thermomagnetic analysis, and magnetic force microscopy. Characteristics of the thermomagnetic data indicate that the upper ~500 m of the hole has undergone hydrothermal alteration. The thermomagnetic and natural remanent magnetization data are consistent with earlier observations from Hole 735B that show remanence arises from low‐Ti magnetite and that natural remanent magnetizations are up to 25 A m−1 in evolved Fe‐Ti oxide gabbros, but are mostly <1 A m−1. Magnetite is present in at least three forms. Primary magnetite is associated with coarse‐grained oxides that are more frequent in the upper part of the hole. This magnetic population is linked to dominantly “pseudo‐single‐domain” behavior that arises from fine‐scale lamellar intergrowths within the large oxides. Deeper in the hole the magnetic signal is more commonly dominated by an interacting single‐domain assemblage most likely found along crystal discontinuities in olivine and/or pyroxene. A third contribution is from noninteracting single‐domain inclusions within plagioclase. Because the concentration of the highly magnetic, oxide‐rich gabbros is greatest toward the surface, the signal from coarse oxides will likely dominate the near‐bottom magnetic anomaly signal at Atlantis Bank.