bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANÁLISE MULTITEMPORAL DA SUPRESSÃO VEGETAL NO MUNICÍPIO DE XINGUARA-PARÁ
Authors: Junior Antonio Pereira , Santos Alberto Marinho dos
Published: February 2017

A Amazônia Legal Brasileira é considerada a região mais rica em biodiversidade do mundo, todavia, é impactada de maneira negativa pelo desflorestamento em massa, realizado de maneira indiscriminada e ilegal. Com isso, esse fenômeno deve ser monitorado, a fim de serem tomadas as providências cabíveis com vistas a combatê-lo. Dessa feita, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar, em escala multitemporal, as alterações na biomassa vegetal do município de Xinguara (PA), a partir do confronto de dois tipos de dados: aqueles obtidos pela quantificação do desflorestamento com uso do processamento digital de imagens de sensoriamento remoto, para os períodos de 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 e 2010; e aqueles levantados a partir de revisão de literatura sobre a dinâmica do desflorestamento na Amazônia brasileira. A metodologia concernente à quantificação do desflorestamento foi feita a partir do processamento digital de imagens, que se subdividiu em etapas distintas, a saber: composição colorida; georreferenciamento, classificação supervisionada de imagens, conversão de pixels, e cálculo das áreas desflorestadas feito por meio da calculadora geométrica do software Esri ArcGis 10.1. Os resultados mostraram que, entre 1985 e 2005, o desflorestamento em Xinguara cresceu de forma linear, sendo que, em 1985, a área desflorestada correspondia a 28,81% do território municipal e, em 2005, a 77,64%. De 2005 a 2010 houve redução para 64,21% do território municipal. Concluiu-se que as bases para os índices de desflorestamento alcançados no município foram reflexo dos momentos econômicos ocorridos no Brasil, da inaplicabilidade da legislação ambiental brasileira, bem como das atividades que baseiam a economia Xinguarense: extração de madeira, agricultura e, principalmente, pecuária bovina.
MEDIÇÃO DO CONFORTO TÉRMICO EM ÁREAS PÚBLICAS URBANAS DE SALVADOR-BA E CALIBRAÇÃO DO ÍNDICE DE CONFORTO PET USANDO A TÉCNICA ÁRVORE DE DECISÃO
Authors: Andrade Telma Côrtes , Nery Jussana , Miranda Sandra , Pitombo Cira , Moura Tereza , Katzschner Lutz
Published: February 2017

O Clima Urbano, uma construção social, tende a degradar as condições de conforto térmico das cidades, comprometendo a qualidade de vida de suas populações. Para avaliar e promover o conforto térmico urbano, é necessário utilizar um índice que incorpore tanto as variáveis ambientais como as individuais, e possa integrar e expressar a percepção térmica reportada pelas pessoas. Esse índice precisa ser calibrado para a população aclimatada antes de servir como uma importante ferramenta de gestão pública. Esta pesquisa teve este objetivo, calibrar o Índice de Conforto Térmico PET (°C) – Temperatura Fisiológica Equivalente – para os habitantes de Salvador. A metodologia constou do levantamento das variáveis ambientais, através de medições com estações meteorológicas móveis, e da opinião dos usuários quanto à percepção térmica, em áreas públicas, em uma amostra envolvendo 1.435 entrevistas a indivíduos residentes em Salvador. Para a calibração do Índice PET, utilizou-se a técnica de mineração de dados Árvore de Decisão, associando intervalos desse índice à percepção térmica relatada em uma escala de sete categorias, de muito calor a muito frio. Obteve-se, estatisticamente, o limite inferior da categoria Muito Calor, PET (°C) ≥ 34,1ºC; e os intervalos 29,4 a 34,1ºC e 26,8 a 29,4ºC, respectivamente, para as categorias Calor e Pouco Calor. Para a categoria Conforto Térmico, apenas o limite superior, PET (°C) ≤ 26,8ºC, pode ser estabelecido. Assim, conclui-se que, para se alcançar o conforto térmico em áreas urbanas em Salvador, o Índice PET deve estar abaixo dos 26,8ºC, e que o limite inferior deste intervalo de conforto não pode ser delimitado devido à inexistência de condições de estresse térmico negativo (frio) em clima tropical úmido.
A luta deita no cimento: a Praia da Estação e sua relação com o Poder Público
Authors: Valadares Cunha Elias Gibran , Silva Rosimeri Carvalho da
Published: February 2017

O presente trabalho pretende abordar a ação coletiva Praia da Estação, realizada desde 2010, em Belo Horizonte, analisando a manifestação a partir de uma perspectiva contemporânea, na qual os movimentos e ações sociais vêm adquirindo, em esfera global, novas formas de performance e possibilidades de articulação e comunicação internas e na esfera social. O contexto local será importante para a compreensão das motivações, dos desdobramentos e, principalmente, para a análise da relação com o poder público que a Praia da Estação estabelece, bem como da linguagem e das estratégias escolhidas pela ação para se fazer ouvir. Por meio da revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, o trabalho irá traçar em quais âmbitos esse diálogo entre a Praia da Estação e o poder público foi realizado.
Ministério da Cultura ou Ministério da Educação qual o papel do Estado na cultura?
Authors: Silva Paula Gonçalves da , Mello Sérgio Carvalho Benício de
Published: February 2017

No dia 12 de maio de 2016, primeiro dia de governo do Presidente Interino Michel Temer (PMDB), foi publicado no diário oficial da união a junção entre o Ministério da Cultura (MinC) e Ministério da Educação (MEC), revivendo o Ministério de Educação e Cultura (MEC). Desde então várias manifestações de artistas, intelectuais, associações, instituições de ensino e pesquisa e da população questionaram tal medida o que culminou na recriação do Minc no dia 25 de maio de 2016. Considerando a questão como pertencente a um campo de lutas políticas em uma realidade complexa usamos como suporte teórico e analítico a Teoria do Discurso (TD) desenvolvida por Ernesto Laclau e Chantal Mouffe (2015) para a compreensão das práticas discursivas em torno da extinção e recriação do Minc.
O Movimento Manguebeat na mudança da realidade sociopolítica de Pernambuco
Authors: Guimarães Rodrigo Gameiro , Carvalho Cristina
Published: February 2017

O artigo analisa o movimento cultural Manguebeat e sua articulação com as manifestações culturais da periferia da cidade de Recife, no Brasil. Investiga como ele articulou manifestações tradicionais e modernas e mudou a realidade local ao despertar a participação política. Para analisar as práticas coletivas de participação e as estratégias de organizar dos agentes, o trabalho apóia-se no referencial conceitual de Bourdieu e em tipologias de participação. Constrói uma narrativa histórica do campo que permite inferir que o Manguebeat foi importante na reconstrução da identidade cultural local, na construção de novas práticas coletivas de participação ao agir independentemente dos poderes públicos instituídos. Pela articulação com os movimentos da periferia, esses agentes sociais adquiriram recursos de poder que se revelaram um indício da constituição de um outro princípio de diferenciação nesse campo - nova forma de poder, capital de novo tipo ou capital revalorizado - pois agentes, antes marginais, agora participam de pleno direito, ainda que limitados a certos espaços e arenas políticas.
BRAZILIAN LAW AND THE RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHTS OF PETS IN CHILDFREE COUPLES
Authors: Silva Galdino Cardin Valéria , Cavalcanti da Silva Stela
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this scientific work is to analyze the legal status of pets in our legal system, and verify that it is consistent with the defense of their rights in childfree couples as well as the dispute of such when the breakdown of marriage or stable union occurs. The Civil Code categorizes pets as livestock. In order for these animals to have their due regard, they should be treated as subjects of rights, considering that they have the neurological capacity to generate awareness, albeit limited. In this day in age, many couples choose to achieve their parental project with pets rather than with children. Despite this change in the family context, pets are still classified as an asset, which denotes a gap between what society sees, and what the legislation determines. Childfree families with pets are a reality that cannot remain invisible before our legislation and judiciary. Thus, it is necessary to determine which animals are subject to rights according to their condition, through appropriate legislation and even including the issue of childfree couples by discussing custody, the exercise of rights to visitation and pet support. Finally, we used the theoretical method, which consists of works researched, specialized periodicals and electronic documents, as well as the legal collection on the subject.
A NATUREZA E OS ANIMAIS NO DIREITO PENAL AMBIENTAL
Authors: Minahim Maria Auxiliadora , Gordilho Jacqueline
Published: February 2017

Trata-se de um artigo jurídico de revisão  de revisão, de modo que a técnica de pesquisa utilizada foi a bibliográfica e documental. Inicialmente o  artigo demonstra a dificuldade da espécie humana em conferir à natureza e, especialmente ao animal, um valor intrínseco. A tutela desses valores tem sido feita a partir de uma perspectiva antropocêntrica e da relação de utilidade que se confere aos recursos naturais. A proteção do Direito ao meio ambiente estendeu-se ao Direito Penal como mandado de criminalização para o legislador constituinte, que confiou ao meio ambiente uma proteção na qualidade de bem jurídico. Esta noção dificulta a percepção do valor próprio de cada ente da natureza, a exemplo do que postula o novo constitucionalismo andino ou mesmo como ser dotado de uma dignidade própria. O artigo conclui pela necessidade do reconhecimento do valor intrínseco do meio ambiente, que  os animais possam vir a compreendidos como as próprias vítimas dos delitos de maus-tratos.
UMA REFLEXÃO DA APLICAÇÃO DO PRINCÍPIO DA INSIGNIFICÂNCIA AOS CRIMES AMBIENTAIS SOB UMA PERSPECTIVA DOS ANIMAIS NÃO HUMANOS
Authors: Pereira Reginaldo , Fogaça Ana Cristina
Published: February 2017

O presente artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma reflexão acerca da aplicação do princípio da insignificância envolvendo animais não humanos vítimas de um crime ambiental à luz da concepção biocêntrica. Para tanto, o estudo aborda as concepções antropocêntrica e a biocêntrica acerca da relação do homem e o ambiente para compreender a tutela jurídica aos animais não humanos. Atrelado a isto, discorre da possibilidade de aplicação do referido princípio ao direito penal ambiental fazendo uma abordagem do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana com base na dimensão ecológica, de ser atribuído a outras formas de vida. A compreensão dessas premissas é necessária para adentrar na questão do presente estudo, a partir da reflexão de posicionamentos de jurisprudências pátrias vinculadas à matéria.
A CONDIÇÃO DE SUJEITO DE DIREITO DOS ANIMAIS HUMANOS E NÃO HUMANOS E O CRITÉRIO DA SENCIÊNCIA
Authors: José Zambam Neuro , Andrade Fernanda
Published: February 2017

Os seres humanos e os animais, em determinados períodos históricos e culturas, de acordo com o critério eleito pelo dominador, são subjugados (objetos) ou protegidos (sujeitos de direito). Nesse contexto, o problema desta abordagem é: qual o critério para o reconhecimento dos sujeitos de direito, com a complexidade que esse reconhecimento invoca – direito à vida, à liberdade e à integridade física e psíquica –, e qual a possibilidade do direito dos animais contribuir para esse reconhecimento e para a ampliação do rol dos sujeitos de direito? Não se trata de uma tentativa de igualar homens e animais, mas de defender de forma igual os seus interesses, a partir da senciência. Desenvolve-se o direito dos animais como consectário dos movimentos civis pelo reconhecimento de direitos das minorias e grupos oprimidos. A coexistência pacífica, integradora, com vista à plenitude da vida, constitui um dos grandes desafios éticos do século XXI. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa está pautado no método de abordagem dialético. A técnica de pesquisa é bibliográfica.
Decisión del Habeas Corpus P-72.254/15 en favor de la Chimpancé Cecilia
Authors: Maurício Juíza Maria Alejandra
Published: February 2017

O HABEAS CORPUS P-72.254 / 15 com decisão inédita em favor da chimpanzé Cecilia em Mendoza na Argentina. O habeas corpus foi impertrado por Dr.Pablo Buompadre e julgado pela juíza Maria Alejandra Maurício. Nesse habeas corpus o Dr. Buompadre consegue a libertação da chimpanzé Cecilia, privada arbitrariamente e ilegalmente de sua liberdade no Zoológico de Mendoza a sua imediata transferência ao Santuário de chimpanzés Sorocaba localizado no Estado de São Paulo /Br. Cecília foi declarada “sujeito de direito não humano”.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Santana Luciano Rocha
Published: February 2017

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Articulações Interorganizacionais para a Gestão Social: Experiências no Desenvolvimento Rural do Vale do São Francisco
Authors: Cordeiro Neto José Raimundo , Matos Marluse Martins de
Published: February 2017

Neste trabalho, as dificuldades de articulação interorganizacionais nas questões ligadas ao mundo rural foram tomadas como campo de estudo, na região polarizada pelos municípios de Juazeiro-BA e Petrolina-PE. Fundamentando-se nos princípios da Gestão Social e apoiando-se na estratégia da pesquisa-ação, realizaram-se diversas atividades de investigação e intervenção, o que permitiu o reconhecimento de loci de articulação interorganizacionais existentes, no campo empírico, nos quais a equipe do projeto buscou inserir-se. Ademais, tais ambientes foram compreendidos enquanto redes interorganizacionais incipientes, potencializadoras de ações coletivas. Isto tem possibilitado redirecionar as atividades do projeto, conjuntamente com as organizações locais participantes, para o fortalecimento desses espaços preexistentes, em vez do propósito inicial de criação de espaços organizativos adicionais. Com este aprendizado, a experiência alinhou-se mais efetivamente aos pressupostos alicerçados na concepção socioprática da aprendizagem e na primazia da colaboração em processos de transformação social, presentes tanto na concepção de gestão social como na pesquisa-ação.
Metodologias Integrativas em Projetos de Assistência Técnica para Comunidades Urbanas
Authors: Rocha Heliana Faria Mettig , Moura Maria Suzana
Published: February 2017

O objetivo do texto é apresentar e refletir sobre a abordagem das metodologias integrativas (MI) aplicadas em sala de aula e em projetos de assistência técnica para comunidades urbanas, no contexto da primeira turma da Residência Profissional em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Engenharia da UFBA. Inicialmente, esclarecemos sobre o contexto da experiência. Em seguida, destacamos as referências teóricas das Metodologias Integrativas; bem como a aplicação destas no ambiente de aprendizagem na universidade e posterior inserção dos profissionais residentes em comunidades urbanas de Salvador, entre outras cidades. Por fim, as conclusões apontam que as MI, ao utilizar meios não convencionais de expressão, ampliam as possibilidades de interação e apreensão dos técnicos e sua atuação em projetos de Assistência Técnica para comunidades urbanas mais resilientes.
Práticas Organizativas e Emoções: Contribuições para as Pesquisas sobre Organizações Culturais
Authors: Oliveira Josiane Silva
Published: February 2017

A consolidação do campo dos Estudos Baseados em Práticas (EBP) nos Estudos Organizacionais tem colocado o desafio de se pensar que, nas organizações, as práticas não somente produzem emoções, mas que as emoções são uma forma de engajamento prático com o mundo. Este entendimento possibilita desconstruir a dicotomia razão/emoção produzida nas análises organizacionais e compreender que as organizações também se constituem com base em suas práticas emocionais. Deste modo, a etnografia tem sido considerada como um dos principais métodos que viabilizam o trabalho de campo nas pesquisas, cujas práticas emocionais são consideradas como unidade de análise, por possibilitar o envolvimento direto do pesquisador com o campo de pesquisa. Estes debates podem ser profícuos nos estudos sobre as organizações culturais e artísticas, especialmente pela discussão dos efeitos das práticas emocionais no processo criativo e organizativo dos artistas, bem como no entendimento de um cotidiano de trabalho que se constitui com base em múltiplas localidades e deslocamentos socioespaciais. Neste artigo, realizamos um estudo etnográfico multissituado em dois circos contemporâneos, um brasileiro e outro canadense, destacando como as práticas emocionais constituem a política emocional do organizar destas organizações culturais.
Práticas Culturais de Espaços Urbanos e o Organizar Estético: Uma Proposta de Estudo
Authors: Ipiranga Ana Silvia Rocha
Published: February 2017

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Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar uma breve discussão teórica, sob um ponto de vista estético, sobre o organizar das práticas em espaços urbanos. Para isso, será problematizado, em um primeiro momento, o conceito de práticas de espaços urbanos, tendo como foco as culturas, histórias, estranhezas, sociabilidades e formas especificas de operações, segundo Michel de Certeau e outros autores. Em um segundo momento serão consideradas algumas questões acerca da experiência estética proporcionada pelo atuar nas práticas de espaços urbanos dos sujeitos que vivem na cidade. E, por fim, se conclui, sugerindo um conjunto de pressupostos e procedimentos metodológicos que poderão serem utilizados em pesquisas desenvolvidas no contexto do organizar da estética espacial em cidades.
Gestão de Pessoas na Administração Pública Federal: Análise dos Modelos Adotados no Período 1995 a 2010
Authors: Camargo Evandro José Bilycz de , Pereira André Da Silva , Grzybovski Denize , Lorenzon Ana Luisa Hentges , Beltrame Betina
Published: February 2017

O objetivo é identificar e explicar os modelos de gestão de pessoas do governo brasileiro no período 1995-2010, na expectativa de encontrar significativas transformações na transição do Governo FHC para o Governo Lula. A justificativa reside na condição política do Brasil no âmbito da União, na qual apenas dois partidos políticos se alternaram no poder nos últimos vinte anos. O referencial teórico apresenta os modelos de gestão de pessoas no setor público e traça um paralelo entre a literatura do management e o entendimento do tema na administração pública brasileira. Para tanto, assume-se uma postura paradigmática do humanismo radical. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, delineada como pesquisa documental, cujos dados foram analisados pela técnica análise de conteúdo. O estudo revelou que as propostas de reforma institucional iniciadas no Governo FHC tiveram continuidade no Governo Lula. O modelo de gestão de pessoas na administração pública brasileira é orientado por uma política pautada na excelência do serviço prestado e em ações promotoras de resultados significativos através da atuação de cada um. Apesar das supostas distinções entre as orientações políticas dos dois partidos que se alternam no poder, persiste um mesmo modelo de gestão, o gerencialista.
Characterizing the transient geomorphic response to base‐level fall in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Huiping , Kirby Eric , Pitlick John , Anderson Robert S. , Zhang Peizhen
Published: February 2017

Analysis of hillslope gradient, landscape relief, and channel steepness in the Daxia River basin provides evidence of a transient geomorphic response to base‐level fall on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Low‐gradient channels and gentle hillslopes of the upper watershed are separated from a steeper, high‐relief landscape by a series of convex knickzones along channel longitudinal profiles. Downstream projection of the “relict” portions of the profiles implies ~800–850 m of incision, consistent with geologic and geomorphic records of post ~1.7 Ma incision in the lower watershed. We combine optically stimulated luminescence dating of fluvial terrace deposits to constrain incision rates downstream of knickpoints with catchment‐averaged 10Be concentrations in modern sediment to estimate erosion rates in tributary basins both above and below knickpoints. Both sources of data imply landscape lowering rates of ~300 m Ma−1 below the knickpoint and ~50–100 m Ma−1 above. Field measurements of channel width (n = 48) and calculations of bankfull discharge (n = 9) allow determination of scaling relations among channel hydraulic geometry, discharge, and contributing area that we employ to estimate the patterns of basal shear stress, unit stream power, and bed load transport rate throughout the channel network. Our results imply a clear downstream increase of incision potential; this result would appear to be consistent with a detachment‐limited response to imposed base‐level fall, in which steepening of channels drives an increase in erosion rates. In contrast, however, we do not observe apparent narrowing of channels across the transition from slowly eroding to rapidly eroding portions of the watershed. Rather, the present‐day channel morphology as well as its scaling of hydraulic geometry imply that the river is primarily adjusted to transport its sediment load and suggest that channel morphology may not always reflect the presence of knickpoints and differences in landscape relief.
Deformation pattern during normal faulting: A sequential limit analysis
Authors: Yuan X. P. , Maillot B. , Leroy Y. M.
Published: February 2017

We model in 2‐D the formation and development of half‐graben faults above a low‐angle normal detachment fault. The model, based on a “sequential limit analysis” accounting for mechanical equilibrium and energy dissipation, simulates the incremental deformation of a frictional, cohesive, and fluid‐saturated rock wedge above the detachment. Two modes of deformation, gravitational collapse and tectonic collapse, are revealed which compare well with the results of the critical Coulomb wedge theory. We additionally show that the fault and the axial surface of the half‐graben rotate as topographic subsidence increases. This progressive rotation makes some of the footwall material being sheared and entering into the hanging wall, creating a specific region called foot‐to‐hanging wall (FHW). The model allows introducing additional effects, such as weakening of the faults once they have slipped and sedimentation in their hanging wall. These processes are shown to control the size of the FHW region and the number of fault‐bounded blocks it eventually contains. Fault weakening tends to make fault rotation more discontinuous and this results in the FHW zone containing multiple blocks of intact material separated by faults. By compensating the topographic subsidence of the half‐graben, sedimentation tends to slow the fault rotation and this results in the reduction of the size of the FHW zone and of its number of fault‐bounded blocks. We apply the new approach to reproduce the faults observed along a seismic line in the Southern Jeanne d'Arc Basin, Grand Banks, offshore Newfoundland. There, a single block exists in the hanging wall of the principal fault. The model explains well this situation provided that a slow sedimentation rate in the Lower Jurassic is proposed followed by an increasing rate over time as the main detachment fault was growing.
Thigh Muscle Specific‐Strength and the Risk of Incident Knee Osteoarthritis: The Influence of Sex and Greater Body Mass Index
Authors: Culvenor Adam G. , Felson David T. , Niu Jingbo , Wirth Wolfgang , Sattler Martina , Dannhauer Torben , Eckstein Felix
Published: February 2017

Objective

To determine whether lower thigh muscle specific‐strength increases the risk of incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis (RKOA), and whether there exists a sex‐specific relationship between thigh muscle specific‐strength and body mass index (BMI).

Methods

A total of 161 Osteoarthritis Initiative participants (62% female) with incident RKOA (Kellgren/Lawrence grade 0/1 at baseline, developing an osteophyte and joint space narrowing grade ≥1 by year 4) were matched to 186 controls (58% female) without incident RKOA. Thigh muscle anatomical cross‐sectional areas (ACSAs) were determined at baseline using axial magnetic resonance imaging scans. Isometric extensor and flexor muscle strength was measured at baseline, and specific strength (strength ÷ ACSA) was calculated. Logistic regression assessed the risk of incident RKOA associated with muscle specific‐strength (with and without adjustment for BMI).

Results

Lower knee extensor– and flexor–specific strength significantly increased the risk of incident RKOA in women but not in men (odds ratio 1.47 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.10–1.96] and 1.41 [95% CI 1.06–1.89], respectively). The significant relationship in women was lost after adjustment for BMI. Lower specific strength was associated with higher BMI in women (r = −0.29,P < 0.001), but not in men, whereas absolute strength was associated with BMI in men (r = 0.28,P = 0.001), but not in women.

Conclusion

Lower thigh muscle specific‐strength predicts incident RKOA in women, with this relationship being confounded by BMI. The sex‐specific relationship between muscle specific‐strength and BMI provides a possible explanation why women with muscle‐strength deficits typically have a poorer prognosis than men with similar strength deficits.
Adaptive sliding mode–based diagnosis of actuator faults for LPV systems
Authors: Rahme Sandy , Meskin Nader , Mohammadpour Javad
Published: February 2017

In this paper, an adaptive sliding mode observer is developed for actuator fault diagnosis of linear parameter–varying systems. The main advantage of the proposed approach is its ability to cope with time‐varying distribution matrix in linear parameter–varying systems. Furthermore, the proposed adaptive observer is characterized by its output robustness against parameter uncertainties and disturbances without any a priori knowledge about their bounds. The efficiency of the proposed fault diagnosis approach is validated using simulation studies.
Orthogonal Wettability of Hierarchically Textured Metal Meshes as a Means of Separating Water/Oil Emulsions
Authors: O'Loughlin Thomas E. , Martens Sean , Ren Suchang Roy , McKay Patrick , Banerjee Sarbajit
Published: February 2017

The removal of submicrometer‐sized oil droplets from water remains a key challenge in engineering the separation of emulsions and has emerged as an urgent imperative given the increasing use of unconventional extractive processes. In this work, the authors demonstrate that a substrate with hierarchical texturation shows pronounced differences in the wettability of water and hexadecane, thereby, facilitating the separation of these two disparate liquids at room temperature and pressure. The multiscale textured substrates are assembled using a facile and readily scalable process, wherein ZnO nanotetrapods are spray‐deposited onto a steel mesh with micron‐sized features. Separation efficiencies well over 99% are accessible by simply flowing emulsions across these hierarchically textured surfaces.
Oil‐Impregnated Nanoporous Oxide Layer for Corrosion Protection with Self‐Healing
Authors: Lee Junghoon , Shin Sangwoo , Jiang Youhua , Jeong Chanyoung , Stone Howard A. , Choi Chang‐Hwan
Published: February 2017

The major drawback of current passivation techniques for preventing corrosion is the lack of ability to withstand any external damages or local defects. In this study, oil‐impregnated nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) layers are investigated to overcome such limitations and thus advance corrosion protection. By completely filling hydrophobized nanopores with oil via a solvent exchange method, a highly water‐repellent surface that prevents the penetration of corrosive media into the AAO layer and hence the corrosion of aluminum is achieved. The impregnation of oil into the hydrophobic nanoporous AAO layer enhances the corrosion resistance of an AAO layer by two and four orders of magnitude compared to that of a hydrophobic (i.e., air‐entrained) and a bare (hydrophilic) AAO, respectively. In the presence of local defects, the oil impregnated within the hydrophobic nanoporous AAO layer naturally permeates into the defects and ultimately inhibits the exposure of the aluminum surface to corrosive media. Whereas the corrosion current density of the air‐entrained hydrophobic AAO layer increases by more than 30 times after cracks, that of the oil‐impregnated AAO layer increases by no more than 4 times, showing superior anticorrosion property even after there are cracks, owing to the effective self‐healing capability.
Equilibrium and non‐equilibrium gas–liquid two phase flow in long and short pipelines following a rupture
Authors: Nouri‐Borujerdi A. , Shafiei Ghazani A.
Published: February 2017

The two‐phase flow following the blowdown of pipeline carrying flashing liquid is numerically investigated by using thermodynamic equilibrium and non‐equilibrium models. Model equations are solved numerically by the finite volume method. The values of fluxes at cell boundaries are obtained by AUSM+‐up. To obtain proper values for the coefficients of dissipation, both single phase liquid and two phase shock tube problems are investigated. The transient release from the pressurized pipeline is studied for two cases of long and short pipes. Comparison of the predictions against experimental data reveals non‐equilibrium model performs a little better than equilibrium model in the prediction of temporal variations of pressure and void fraction of the long pipe. However, equilibrium model totally overestimates pressure and void fraction of the short pipe. The relative error of equilibrium model in the prediction of pressure variation with time exceeds 50% and it is 20% for non‐equilibrium model. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 63: 3214–3223, 2017
Diffusion‐limited dissolution of spherical particles: A critical evaluation and applications of approximate solutions
Authors: Guo Xiaoling , Sietsma Jilt , Yang Yongxiang , Sun Zhi , Guo Muxing
Published: February 2017

The analytical and numerical description of the effective dissolution kinetics of spherical particles into a solvent is often difficult in chemical and metallurgical engineering. The crucial first step is to identify the dissolution mechanisms, and subsequently, relevant kinetics parameters can be calculated. In this article, three frequently used approximations, i.e., the invariant‐field (IF) (Laplace), reverse‐growth (RG), and invariant‐size (IS) (stationary‐interface) approximations, are systematically discussed and compared with numerical simulation results. The relative errors of the dissolution curves and total dissolution time of the three approximations to the numerical simulations are calculated. The results reveal the appropriate application ranges of the approximations for given precision levels. With further experimental validation, this research provides a methodology to properly assess dissolution kinetics and adequately estimate effective diffusion coefficients and activation energy under the experimental uncertainties. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2926–2934, 2017
The Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Maintenance of the Intermediate Electrical Conductivity State of a Ternary‐Polyamide‐Based Memory Device
Authors: Wu Bin , Zhang Chunyu , Fan Huiru , Wang Hongliang , Jiang Jun , Wang Lihua , Xu Qingfeng , Lu Jianmei
Published: February 2017

Organic electronic memory devices have become one of the most important candidates for the “next generation” of information‐storage devices. Herein, a polymer (PA‐m‐Ph), which contained electron‐donor/‐accepter groups in the main chain and a carbazole group in the side chain, was prepared and investigated as a new electrical memory material. Three polymer films (PA‐m‐Ph‐90, PA‐m‐Ph‐200, and PA‐m‐Ph‐290) were obtained by using different annealing temperatures (90, 200, and 290 °C, respectively). The resulting ITO/PA‐m‐Ph‐90/Al memory device exhibited ternary memory performance, thus indicating that there were three stable conductivity states in the conduction process. The ITO/PA‐m‐Ph‐200/Al device could endure the higher annealing temperature (200 °C) and maintained a similar ternary performance. However, ternary behavior was not observed in the I–V curve of the ITO/PA‐m‐Ph‐290/Al device. We verified that the heating process could lessen the configurational distortion of the carbazole group and affected the stability of the intermediate conductivity state of these ternary memory devices.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Chemoselective α‐Arylation of Methyl Sulfones with Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Gao Gui , Zheng Bing , Fu Yue , Li Minyan , Wang Bo , Chen Xiang‐Zhu , Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , Liu Jing‐Jing , Hou Shi‐Cong , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: February 2017

A palladium‐catalyzed α‐arylation reaction of unactivated sulfones with aryl chlorides is presented. High reactivity and chemoselectivity was achieved with a combination of Buchwald's 2nd generation palladium precatalyst and Kwong's indole‐based phosphine ligand. A variety of aryl chlorides and aryl methyl sulfones were coupled in good to excellent yields. A gram‐scale arylation was also successfully conducted. Chemoselective arylation of the sulfone was observed over Buchwald–Hartwig amination.
On the weak‐field approximation of nonlinear vacuum electrodynamics of the Plebański class
Authors: Schellstede Gerold Oltman
Published: February 2017

Plebański's class of nonlinear vacuum electrodynamics is considered, which is for several reasons of interest at the present time. In particular, the question is answered under which circumstances Maxwell's original field equations are recovered approximately and which ‘post‐Maxwellian’ effects could arise. To this end, a weak field approximation method is developed, allowing to calculate ‘post‐Maxwellian’ corrections up to Nth order. In some respect, this is analogue of determining ‘post‐Newtonian’ corrections from relativistic mechanics by a low velocity approximation. As a result, we got a series of linear field equations that can be solved order by order. In this context, the solutions of the lower orders occur as source terms inside the higher order field equations and represent a ‘post‐Maxwellian’ self‐interaction of the electromagnetic field, which increases order by order. It becomes apparent that one has to distinguish between problems with and without external source terms because without sources also high frequency solutions can be approximately described by Maxwell's original equations. The higher order approximations, which describe ‘post‐Maxwellian’ effects, can give rise to experimental tests of Plebańksi's class. Finally, two boundary value problems are discussed to have examples at hand.
Hormonal Treatment Effects on the Cross‐sectional Area of Pubococcygeus Muscle Fibers After Denervation and Castration in Male Rats
Authors: Lara‐García Miguel , Alvarado Mayvi , Cuevas Estela , Lara‐García Omar , Sengelaub Dale R. , Pacheco Pablo
Published: February 2017

We explore the interaction of muscle innervation and gonadal hormone action in the pubococcygeus muscle (Pcm) after castration and hormone replacement. Male Wistar rats were castrated and the Pcm was unilaterally denervated; after 2 or 6 weeks, the cross‐sectional area (CSA) of Pcm fibers was assessed. Additional groups of castrated rats were used to examine the effects of hormone replacement. At 2 weeks post surgeries, rats were implanted with Silastic capsules containing either dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol benzoate (EB) or both hormones, and the CSA of Pcm fibers was assessed after 4 weeks of hormone treatment. At 2 weeks post surgeries, gonadectomy without hormone replacement resulted in reductions in the CSA of Pcm fibers, and denervation combined with castration increased the magnitude of this effect; further reductions in CSA were present at 6 weeks post surgeries, but again denervation combined with castration increased the magnitude of this effect. Hormone replacement with DHT resulted in hypertrophy in the CSA of nondenervated muscles compared to those of intact normal males, but this effect was attenuated in denervated muscles. Hormone replacement with EB treatment prevented further castration‐induced reductions in CSA of nondenervated muscles, but denervation prevented this effect. Similar to that seen with treatment with EB alone, combined treatment with both DHT and EB prevented further reductions in CSA of Pcm fibers in nondenervated muscles, but again denervation attenuated this effect. Thus, while hormone replacement can reverse or prevent further castration‐induced atrophy of Pcm fibers, these effects are dependent on muscle innervation. Anat Rec, 300:1327–1335, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Anticonvulsant Activity, and SAR Study of Novel 4‐Quinazolinone Derivatives
Authors: Noureldin Nada A. , Kothayer Hend , Lashine El‐Sayed M. , Baraka Mohamed M. , El‐Eraky Wafaa , Awdan Sally A. El
Published: February 2017

Series of N‐(4‐substitutedphenyl)‐4‐(1‐methyl (or 1,2‐dimethyl)‐4‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydroquinazolin‐3(4H)‐yl)‐alkanamides (5a–j) and 4‐chloro‐N′‐((1‐methyl (or 1,2‐dimethyl)‐4‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydroquinazolin‐3(4H)‐yl)‐alkaloyl)benzohydrazides (6a–f) were designed based on the previously reported essential structural features for anticonvulsant activity. Several amino acids were incorporated within the synthesized quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones to improve their bioavailability and the anticonvulsant activity. Synthesis of the target compounds was accomplished in four steps starting from the reaction between N‐methyl isatoic anhydride and the appropriate amino acid. Then, the carboxylic acid group was utilized to synthesize the required final structures. The new quinazolinone derivatives were evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity according to the Anticonvulsant Drug Development (ADD) Program protocol. All the 16 new quinazolinones exhibited good anticonvulsant activity; especially 5f, 5b, and 5c showed superior anticonvulsant activities in comparison to the reference drug, with ED50 values of 28.90, 47.38, and 56.40 mg/kg, respectively.
How fish color their skin: A paradigm for development and evolution of adult patterns
Authors: Nüsslein‐Volhard Christiane , Singh Ajeet Pratap
Published: February 2017

Pigment cells in zebrafish − melanophores, iridophores, and xanthophores − originate from neural crest‐derived stem cells associated with the dorsal root ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. Clonal analysis indicates that these progenitors remain multipotent and plastic beyond embryogenesis well into metamorphosis, when the adult color pattern develops. Pigment cells share a lineage with neuronal cells of the peripheral nervous system; progenitors propagate along the spinal nerves. The proliferation of pigment cells is regulated by competitive interactions among cells of the same type. An even spacing involves collective migration and contact inhibition of locomotion of the three cell types distributed in superimposed monolayers in the skin. This mode of coloring the skin is probably common to fish, whereas different patterns emerge by species specific cell interactions among the different pigment cell types. These interactions are mediated by channels involved in direct cell contact between the pigment cells, as well as unknown cues provided by the tissue environment.
Determination of the neuropharmacological drug nodakenin in rat plasma and brain tissues by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Application to pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Song Yingshi , Yan Huiyu , Xu Jingbo , Ma Hongxi
Published: February 2017

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection using selected reaction monitoring in positive ionization mode was developed and validated for the quantification of nodakenin in rat plasma and brain. Pareruptorin A was used as internal standard. A single step liquid–liquid extraction was used for plasma and brain sample preparation. The method was validated with respect to selectivity, precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of quantification, recovery, matrix effect and stability. Lower limit of quantification of nodakenin was 2.0 ng/mL in plasma and brain tissue homogenates. Linear calibration curves were obtained over concentration ranges of 2.0–1000 ng/mL in plasma and brain tissue homogenates for nodakenin. Intra‐day and inter‐day precisions (relative standard deviation, RSD) were <15% in both biological media. This assay was successfully applied to plasma and brain pharmacokinetic studies of nodakenin in rats after intravenous administration.
Assessment of anatomical knowledge: Approaches taken by higher education institutions
Authors: Choudhury Bipasha , Freemont Anthony
Published: February 2017

Assessment serves the primary function of determining a student's competence in a subject. Several different assessment formats are available for assessing anatomical skills, knowledge and understanding and, as assessment can drive learning, a careful selection of assessments can help to engender the correct deep learning facility required of the safe clinical practitioner. The aim of this review was to survey the published literature to see whether higher education institutions are taking an andragogical approach to assessment. Five databases (EMBASE, ERIC, Medline, PubMed, and Web of Knowledge) were searched using standardized search terms with two limits applied (English language, and 2000 to the present). Among the 2,094 papers found, 32 were deemed suitable for this review. Current literature on assessment can be categorized into the following themes: assessment driven learning, types of assessments, frequency of assessments, and use of images in assessments. The consensus is to use a variety of methods, written and practical, to assess anatomical knowledge and skill in different domains. Institutions aim for different levels of Bloom's taxonomy for students at similar stages of their medical degree. Formative assessments are used widely, in differing formats, with mostly good effects on the final examination grade. In conclusion, a wide variety of assessments, each aimed at a different level of Bloom's taxonomy, are used by different institutions. Clin. Anat. 30:290–299, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
I Dig Therefore We Are: Community Archaeology, Place‐based Social Identity, and Intergroup Relations Within Local Communities
Authors: Coen Sharon , Meredith Joanne , Condie Jenna
Published: February 2017

Community involvement in archaeological digs aims to reconnect people with the history and heritage of where they live. This paper applies social psychological theories to understand how community archaeological projects create opportunities for place‐based social identity and positive intergroup relations. Focus groups were conducted across five areas of Greater Manchester (UK) with 24 participants who volunteered for Dig Greater Manchester, a community archaeology initiative. The focus groups aimed to understand how experiences of participating in digs and exploring local heritage modified, strengthened or initiated identification with place and community, thus moving from individual levels to social levels of identity. The findings offer insight as to the ways in which people make sense of their own—and others'—place‐based social identities as a result of participating in community archaeological digs. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of S‐Nitrosothiol–Thiol Reactions of Biological Significance: HNO Production by S‐Thiolation Requires a Proton Shuttle and Stabilization of Polar Intermediates
Authors: Ivanova Lena V. , Cibich Daniel , Deye Gregory , Talipov Marat R. , Timerghazin Qadir K.
Published: February 2017

Nitroxyl (HNO), a reduced form of the important gasotransmitter nitric oxide, exhibits its own unique biological activity. A possible biological pathway of HNO formation is the S‐thiolation reaction between thiols and S‐nitrosothiols (RSNOs). Our density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that S‐thiolation proceeds through a proton transfer from the thiol to the RSNO nitrogen atom, which increases electrophilicity of the RSNO sulfur, followed by nucleophilic attack by thiol, yielding a charge‐separated zwitterionic intermediate structure RSS+(R)N(H)O− (Zi), which decomposes to yield HNO and disulfide RSSR. In the gas phase, the proton transfer and the S−S bond formation are asynchronous, resulting in a high activation barrier (>40 kcal mol−1), making the reaction infeasible. However, the barrier can decrease below the S−N bond dissociation energy in RSNOs (≈30 kcal mol−1) upon transition into an aqueous environment that stabilizes Zi and provides a proton shuttle to synchronize the proton transfer and the S−S bond formation. These mechanistic features suggest that S‐thiolation can easily lend itself to enzymatic catalysis and thus can be a possible route of endogenous HNO production.
DNA‐Targeted Inhibition of MGMT
Authors: Marsoner Theodor , Schmidt Olivia P. , Triemer Therese , Luedtke Nathan W.
Published: February 2017

The cationic porphyrin 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis (diisopropyl‐guanidine)‐21H,23H‐porphine (DIGPor) selectively binds to DNA containing O6‐methylguanine (O6‐MeG) and inhibits the DNA repair enzyme O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). The O6‐MeG selectivity and MGMT inhibitory activity of DIGPor were improved by incorporating ZnII into the porphyrin. The resulting metal complex (Zn‐DIGPor) potentiated the activity of the DNA‐alkylating drug temozolomide in an MGMT‐expressing cell line. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of DNA‐targeted MGMT inhibition.
Lithium‐Catalyzed anti‐Markovnikov Intermolecular Hydroamination Reactions of Vinylarenes and Simple Secondary Amines
Authors: Germain Stéphane , Lecoq Meije , Schulz Emmanuelle , Hannedouche Jérôme
Published: February 2017

Various β‐arylethylamine derivatives were straightforwardly obtained by the lithium‐catalyzed anti‐Markovnikov selective intermolecular hydroamination reaction of secondary aliphatic amines with vinylarenes. The use of only 1.5 mol % LiCH2TMS as a solid base in THF proved to be efficient to deliver the target products at room temperature with up to complete conversions. Both reaction partners were, moreover, used in equivalent amounts; thus, this protocol best respects the concepts of sustainable chemistry for the easy preparation of lead structures for pharmaceutically active compounds.
Selective Oxidation of Activated Alcohols by Supported Gold Nanoparticles under an Atmospheric Pressure of O2: Batch and Continuous‐Flow Studies
Authors: Giorgi Pascal D. , Elizarov Nelli , Antoniotti Sylvain
Published: February 2017

In the hunt for a simple, mild, and scalable protocol for gold nanoparticle‐catalyzed oxidation of benzylic and allylic alcohols under O2, we have used commercially available gold nanoparticles supported on alumina to selectively oxidize a large range of activated alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in good yields (68–99 %) and with excellent selectivity (ca. 100 %). The true heterogeneous nature of the catalysis by gold was demonstrated, allowing us to further adapt this protocol to continuous‐flow reactors by using the tube‐in‐tube technology, in which higher yields were obtained thanks to an improved oxygenation of the reaction medium.
A Robust Metal–Organic Framework Combining Open Metal Sites and Polar Groups for Methane Purification and CO2/Fluorocarbon Capture
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Xia , Zheng Shao‐Ping , Wei Zhang‐Wen , Cao Chen‐Chen , Wang Hai‐Ping , Wang Dawei , Jiang Ji‐Jun , Fenske Dieter , Su Cheng‐Yong
Published: February 2017

A 3D porous perchlorinated metal–organic framework (MOF), LIFM‐26, featuring dual functionality, that is, functional polar groups and open metal sites, has been synthesized using perchlorinated linear dicarboxylate to link trigonal prismatic Fe3(μ3‐O) units. LIFM‐26 exhibits good thermal and chemical stability, and possesses high porosity with a BET surface area of 1513 m2 g−1, compared with isoreticular MOF‐235 and Fe3O(F4BDC)3(H2O)3 (F4BDC=2,3,5,6‐tetrafluorobenzene‐1,4‐dicarboxylate). Most strikingly, LIFM‐26 features good gas sorption/separation performance at 298 K and 1 atm with IAST selectivity values reaching up to 36, 93, 23, 11, 46, and 202 for CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, C2H4/CH4, C2H6/CH4, C3H8/CH4, and R22/N2 (R22=CHClF2), respectively, showing potential for use in biogas/natural gas purification and CO2/R22 capture.