bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sulfur‐containing polymers: Effect of composition on melting behavior and crystallization kinetics of poly(butylene terephthalate)
Authors: Siracusa V. , Finelli L. , Lotti N. , Munari A.
Published: September 2003

The melting behavior and crystallization kinetics of poly(butylene terephthalate/thiodipropionate) (PBT) copolymers were investigated using the differential scanning calorimetry technique. Multiple endotherms typical of PBT were observed in the copolymers under investigation and were found to be influenced both by crystallization temperature (Tc) and composition. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurements permitted the identification of the crystalline structure of PBT in all the copolymers investigated. By applying the Hoffman–Weeks method, the equilibrium melting temperature of the copolymers was derived. Isothermal crystallization kinetics were analyzed according to Avrami's treatment. Values of the exponent n close to 3 were obtained, independent of Tc and composition, results in agreement with it being a crystallization process originating from predetermined nuclei and characterized by three‐dimensional spherulitic growth. The introduction of butylene thiodipropionate units was found to decrease the PBT crystallization rate. The heat of fusion (ΔHm) was correlated to the specific heat increment (Δcp) of samples of different degrees of crystallinity, and the results were interpreted based on there being an interphase, whose amount was found to increase as the sulfur‐containing unit content was increased. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2003–2009, 2003
Impact of H+ ion irradiation on Matrimid®. I. Evolution in chemical structure
Authors: Hu Ling , Xu Xinglong , Ilconich Jeffery B. , Ellis S. , Coleman Maria
Published: September 2003

Ion beam irradiation can be used to modify the structure and gas transport properties of glassy polymers. This is the first of two studies that focus on the impact of H+ ion irradiation on the structure and permeation properties of the polyimide Matrimid®. Specifically, the evolution in chemical structure after H+ irradiation over a range of fluences was analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy and dissolution studies. Although H+ ion irradiation at very low ion fluences induced little modification in the chemical structure, irradiation at relatively high ion fluences resulted in crosslinking of the irradiated films. The branched structure of the aliphatic methyl (CH3) was the most sensitive to the H+ ion irradiation. The para‐disubstituted aromatic ring showed the strongest resistance toward ion irradiation and required fairly high doses to induce degradation. Two potential crosslinking mechanisms related to the degradation of the aliphatic methyl and the benzophenone carbonyl were presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2010–2019, 2003
Crack growth and abrasion resistance of carbon black‐filled purified natural rubber vulcanizates
Authors: Rattanasom N. , Chaikumpollert O.
Published: September 2003

The influence of parameters contributing to rubber stiffness, including, crosslink density, hardness, and modulus, on the crack growth and abrasion resistance of carbon black‐filled purified natural rubber (PNR) vulcanizates as well as a whole natural rubber (WNR) vulcanizate counterpart or a control were elucidated. In addition, the tensile properties of PNR and WNR were also determined. PNR containing the same curative level as that of the control had lower stiffness and exhibited superior crack growth resistance. The results revealed that the improved crack growth resistance of PNR, compared to the control, was due to its lower crosslink density, hardness, and modulus. In addition, the tensile strength and abrasion resistance of PNR vulcanizates were not as sensitive as the crack growth resistance to the changes of their stiffness. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1793–1796, 2003
Arterialization of the portal vein improves hepatic microcirculation and tissue oxygenation in experimental cirrhosis
Authors: Yang W , Koti R , Glantzounis G , Davidson B R , Seifalian A M
Published: September 2003

Background

Arterialization of the portal vein (APV) has shown beneficial effects on liver regeneration and function in selected patients undergoing liver resection and transplantation. Whether APV improves liver perfusion and function in cirrhosis is unclear. This study investigated the effect of APV on hepatic haemodynamics and liver function in a rat model of cirrhosis.

Methods

Male Sprague–Dawley rats (250–300 g) were divided into three groups: normal controls (n = 7), cirrhosis with sham laparotomy (sham; n = 7) and cirrhosis with APV (APV; n = 9). Portal venous blood flow, portal vein pressure and hepatic parenchymal microcirculation (HPM) were measured before and after APV. Hepatic parenchymal oxygenation was assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy and hepatocellular injury by standard liver function tests. Measurements were taken at baseline, after APV and 7 days after surgery.

Results

APV increased portal blood flow and pressure in cirrhotic rats without altering intrahepatic portal resistance. APV increased the HPM in cirrhotic rats by a mean(s.e.m.) of 28·5(0·1) per cent on day 0 and 54·6(0·1) per cent by day 7 (P = 0·001). Liver tissue oxygenation was increased by APV and the plasma γ-glutamyltranspeptidase level was reduced (mean(s.e.m.) 6·0(0·5) versus 3·8(0·3) units/l before and after APV respectively; P = 0·006) at day 7.

Conclusion

APV increases portal blood flow, tissue perfusion and oxygenation in cirrhosis.
Management of accessory breast tissue in the axilla
Authors: Down S , Barr L , Baildam A D , Bundred N
Published: September 2003

Background

Accessory breasts occur in 0·4–6 per cent of women. They may be asymptomatic or cause pain, restriction of arm movement, cosmetic problems or anxiety. It is currently recommended that all accessory breasts be removed surgically but complications following this procedure have been poorly documented.

Methods

All patients who presented with axillary accessory breasts between July 1999 and October 2000 were identified from a computer database. A retrospective review of patients listed for excision of accessory breast tissue was undertaken to determine any postoperative complications.

Results

Women with axillary accessory breasts represented 0·5 per cent of all new referrals. A total of 28 women (80 per cent of those diagnosed) had surgery. Eleven patients experienced postoperative complications; the majority followed operations performed by a trainee.

Conclusion

Excision of accessory axillary breast tissue was associated with significant morbidity.
Glutamate receptors at bipolar synapses in the inner plexiform layer of primate retina: Light microscopic analysis
Authors: Grünert Ulrike , Lin Bin , Martin Paul R.
Published: September 2003

At least 10 different types of bipolar cells have been distinguished in the primate retina. The axon terminals of these cells stratify in distinct strata in the inner plexiform layer and are involved in parallel pathways to distinct types of ganglion cells. Ionotropic glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits also show a stratified distribution in the inner plexiform layer. Here, we investigated whether different types of bipolar cells are associated with different types of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the inner retina of a New World primate, the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus. Vertical cryostat sections through central retina were double labeled with immunohistochemical markers for bipolar cell types and with antibodies to α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor subunits GluR1 to 4, kainate receptor subunits GluR6/7, and the NR1C2′ subunit of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The axon terminals of bipolar cell types were reconstructed from confocal sections, and the colocalized immunoreactive puncta were quantified. For all bipolar cell types, immunoreactive puncta for the AMPA receptor subunits GluR2, 2/3, and 4 were colocalized at highest densities, whereas GluR1‐immunoreactive puncta were expressed at very low densities. The kainate receptor subunits GluR6/7 were predominantly associated with diffuse bipolar (DB6) and rod bipolar cells. The NMDA receptor subunit NR1C2′ was specifically colocalized with flat midget and DB3 axons. These findings suggest that rod and cone bipolar cell types contribute to multiple but distinct glutamate receptor pathways in primate retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:136–147, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preferential contribution of B7‐H1 to programmed death‐1‐mediated regulation of hapten‐specific allergic inflammatory responses
Authors: Tsushima Fumihiko , Iwai Hideyuki , Otsuki Noriko , Abe Masaaki , Hirose Sachiko , Yamazaki Tomohide , Akiba Hisaya , Yagita Hideo , Takahashi Yuzo , Omura Ken , Okumura Ko , Azuma Miyuki
Published: September 2003

Programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) and its ligands, B7‐H1/PD‐L1 and B7‐DC/PD‐L2, are new CD28‐B7 family members that may be involved in the regulation of immune responses. We examined the roles of these molecules in mouse hapten‐induced contact hypersensitivity (CH). Administration of anti‐PD‐1 mAb at sensitization significantly enhanced and prolonged ear swelling. Treatment with anti‐B7‐H1 mAb, but not anti‐B7‐DC mAb, also enhanced CH reactions. The anti‐PD‐1 mAb treatment at sensitization significantly increased the T cell number of draining lymph nodes (DLN). B7‐H1 was induced on activated T cells and antigen‐presenting cells (APC) in the skin and the DLN, whereas B7‐DC expression was restricted to dendritic cells (DC) in the dermis and the DLN. A particular subset of DC, B7‐H1+B7‐DC–CD86low, was found in sensitized DLN. The blockade of B7‐H1, but not B7‐DC, dramatically enhanced the initial T cell proliferative responses against hapten‐pulsed DLN APC, suggesting the preferential contribution of B7‐H1 to the T cell‐APC interaction. Our results demonstrate the regulatory role of PD‐1 and the differential roles of B7‐H1 and B7‐DC in hapten‐induced immune responses. The PD‐1‐B7‐H1 pathway may play a unique role in regulating inflammatory responses.
Lactoferrin and surfactant protein A exhibit distinct binding specificity to F protein and differently modulate respiratory syncytial virus infection
Authors: Sano Hitomi , Nagai Kazushige , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki , Kuroki Yoshio
Published: September 2003

Surfactant protein A (SP‐A) and lactoferrin (LF) play important roles in innate immune systems in the respiratory mucous membranes. We investigated how SP‐A and LF act against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. The present study indicated that RSV‐induced IL‐8 secretion from HEp‐2 cells was up‐regulated by SP‐A (170% of control) but down‐regulated by LF (23% of control). RSV infectivity determined by viral titers and the uptake of FITC‐labeled RSV were also increased by SP‐A, but decreased by LF. To clarify the mechanism of these opposite effects, we examined the interactions of SP‐A and LF with RSV F protein, the most important surface glycoprotein for viral penetration. RSV F protein was found to be the ligand for both SP‐A and LF, but the manners of binding were different. LF directly interacted with the F1 subunit, which involved antigenic sites of F protein. Contrarily, SP‐A associated with the F2 subunit, which was highly glycosylated. SP‐A but not LF failed to interact with deglycosylated F protein. Moreover, SP‐A initiated the hemolyzing fusion activity of F protein. These results suggest that SP‐A and LF modulate RSV infection by different binding specificity to F protein.
Structural and farinographic changes during mixing of a yeast sweet dough
Authors: Calderón‐Domínguez Georgina , Neyra‐Guevara Mónica , Farrera‐Rebollo Reynold , Arana‐Errasquín Ramón , Mora‐Escobedo Rosalva
Published: September 2003

Sweet dough requires longer mixing time than salty or white pan bread doughs to reach a developed stage. Although many studies have dealt with the effect of mixing time on dough, few have referred to yeast sweet doughs. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the changes in dough microstructure during different stages of mixing were the same between sweet pan bread and white pan bread, using as control a flour water system. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and some bread characteristics were used as evaluation parameters. Doughs were prepared in a Brabender Farinograph instrument. Different mixing times were used for each formulation, which correspond to common farinographic parameters such as: arrival time, peak time, departure time, etc. Farinographic consistency was evaluated at those times. Results showed that sweet dough farinogram was quite different from those obtained from the other two samples; it starts with a low consistency value (260 BU( and after 8 min of mixing it began to increase until almost reaching the 500 BU line; then the graphic follows the classical curve. Larger products were obtained from arrival time to departure time for both formulations. SEM showed that as mixing proceeds the dough structure opens, changing its appearance from a compact structure at the beginning to a very open one at the end of the mixing process. SEM also showed that the process of mixing is the same for the two samples and control; however, the time needed to reach each stage was different among samples. Farinogram can be used to get information about mixing behavior of yeast sweet doughs. The study of mixing can be easier using sweet dough formulations because it was possible to get more points between the onset of mixing and full dough development, and the process was very similar no matter the formulation.
Isolation and characterization of angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from wheat gliadin hydrolysate
Authors: Motoi Hirofumi , Kodama Toshiaki
Published: September 2003

Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide was isolated from wheat gliadin hydrolysate prepared with acid protease. Consecutive purification methods were used for peptide isolation including ion‐exchange chromatography, size‐exclusion chromatography, and reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. The amino acid sequence of this peptide was identified as Ile‐Ala‐Pro, and the ACE inhibitory activity (IC50 value) was 2.7 μM. The hypotensive activity of Ile‐Ala‐Pro on spontaneously hypertensive rats was investigated. This peptide inhibited the hypertensive activity of angiotensin I with intravenous injection, and decreased the blood pressure significantly with intraperitoneal administration.
New Acylated Saponins from Polygala myrtifolia
Authors: Haddad Mohamed , Miyamoto Tomofumi , Delaude Clément , Lacaille‐Dubois Marie‐Aleth
Published: September 2003

The ten new acylated presenegenin (=(2β,3β,4α)‐2,3,27‐trihydroxyolean‐12‐ene‐23,28‐dioic acid) glycosides 1–10 have been isolated by successive MPLC from the roots of Polygala myrtifolia L. as five inseparable mixtures of the trans‐ and cis‐4‐methoxycinnamoyl derivatives, i.e., myrtifoliosides A1/A2 (1/2), B1/B2 (3/4), C1/C2 (5/6), D1/D2 (7/8), and E1/E2 (9/10). Their structures were elucidated mainly by extensive spectroscopic experiments, including 2D NMR techniques, as 3‐O‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)presenegenin 28‐{O‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐O‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐[D‐apio‐β‐D‐furanosyl‐(1→3)]‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐O‐[α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐4‐O‐(trans‐4‐methoxycinnamoyl)‐β‐D‐fucopyranosyl} ester (1) and its cis‐isomer 2, 3‐O‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)presenegenin 28‐{O‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐O‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐[D‐apio‐β‐D‐furanosyl‐(1→3)]‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐4‐O‐(trans‐4‐methoxycinnamoyl)‐β‐D‐fucopyranosyl} ester (3) and its cis‐isomer 4, 3‐O‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)presenegenin 28‐{O‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐O‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐4‐O‐(trans‐4‐methoxycinnamoyl)‐β‐D‐fucopyranosyl} ester (5) and its cis‐isomer 6, 3‐O‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)presenegenin 28‐{O‐D‐apio‐β‐D‐furanosyl‐(1→3)‐O‐[β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)]‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐4‐O‐(trans‐4‐methoxycinnamoyl)‐β‐D‐fucopyranosyl} ester (7) and its cis‐isomer 8, and 3‐O‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)presenegenin 28‐{O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐O‐[β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→4)]‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐4‐O‐(trans‐4‐ methoxycinnamoyl)‐β‐D‐fucopyranosyl} ester (9) and its cis‐isomer 10.
An Unexpected Atropisomerically Stable 1,1‐Biphenyl at Ambient Temperature in Solution, Elucidated by Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD)
Authors: Freedman Teresa B. , Cao Xiaolin , Nafie Laurence A. , Kalbermatter Monica , Linden Anthony , Rippert Andreas Johannes
Published: September 2003

Biphenyls with only two substituents at the ‘peri'‐position normally show rotation about their chiral axis at room temperature. Using vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), we found no evidence for rotation of (P)‐2′‐[(4S)‐4,5‐dihydro‐4‐(1‐methylethyl)oxazol‐2‐yl][1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2‐methanol ((P,S)‐1) in CDCl3 about its chiral axis due to stabilization by intramolecular H‐bonding. All rotamers of 1 were calculated at the DFT level, and, from these optimized structures, the VCD spectra were calculated and compared to the measured VCD spectra. The best agreement between calculated and measured spectra is obtained when two rotamers are present in solution. These rotamers differ primarily in their intramolecular H‐bonding interactions, having either OH⋅⋅⋅N (the form present in the solid state) or OH⋅⋅⋅O H‐bonds, i.e., a rotation of the heterocycle in 1 takes place in solution.
On the Enantioselectivity of Transition Metal‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Cycloadditions of 2‐Diazocyclohexane‐1,3‐diones
Authors: Müller Paul , Allenbach Yves F. , Bernardinelli Gérald
Published: September 2003

The formal 1,3‐cycloaddition of 2‐diazocyclohexane‐1,3‐diones 1a–1d to acyclic and cyclic enol ethers in the presence of RhII‐catalysts to afford dihydrofurans has been investigated. Reaction with a cis/trans mixture of 1‐ethoxyprop‐1‐ene (13a) yielded the dihydrofuran 14a with a cis/trans ratio of 85 : 15, while that with (Z)‐1‐ethoxy‐3,3,3‐trifluoroprop‐1‐ene (13b) gave the cis‐product 14b exclusively. The stereochemical outcome of the reaction is consistent with a concerted rather than stepwise mechanism for cycloaddition. The asymmetric cycloaddition of 2‐diazocyclohexane‐1,3‐dione (1a) or 2‐diazodimedone (=2‐diazo‐5,5‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione; 1b) to furan and dihydrofuran was investigated with a representative selection of chiral, nonracemic RhII catalysts, but no significant enantioselectivity was observed, and the reported enantioselective cycloadditions of these diazo compounds could not be reproduced. The absence of enantioselectivity in the cycloadditions of 2‐diazocyclohexane‐1,3‐diones is tentatively explained in terms of the Hammond postulate. The transition state for the cycloaddition occurs early on the reaction coordinate owing to the high reactivity of the intermediate metallocarbene. An early transition state is associated with low selectivity. In contrast, the transition state for transfer of stabilized metallocarbenes occurs later, and the reactions exhibit higher selectivity.
Aromatic stabilization in heterofullerenes C48X12 (X = N, P, B, Si)
Authors: Chen Zhongfang , Jiao Haijun , Moran Damian , Hirsch Andreas , Thiel Walter , Ragué Schleyer Paul von
Published: September 2003

B3LYP density functional calculations were performed on two S6 symmetrical isomers (I and II) of C48X12 (X=N, B, P, Si) heterofullerenes, and their global and local aromaticity were evaluated by nucleus‐independent chemical shifts (NICS). Despite the unfavorable heteroatom repulsive interactions, isomer II is more stable than I owing to the combination of global and local aromaticity. The latter arises from the presence of triphenylene units in isomer II. The aromatic stabilization effects found in this study should be taken into account when predicting the most stable isomers of heterofullerenes. The same is true for predictions of the isomers of fullerene adducts such as C60Cl12. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions of sanguinarine and chelerythrine with molecules containing a mercapto group
Authors: Barták Petr , Šimánek Vilím , Vlčková Markéta , Ulrichová Jitka , Vespalec Radim
Published: September 2003

Capillary zone electrophoresis was applied to the investigation of the interaction of sanguinarine and chelerythrine with mercapto compounds including albumins at pH 7.4. Mercaptoethanol and L‐cysteine were chosen for the identification of the type of interaction and for the identification of the interacting chemical form of these alkaloids. It was evidenced that sanguinarine and chelerythrine do not react chemically with these mercapto compounds at pH 7.4 and that non‐covalent products form in this interaction. Their interaction is a fast and reversible complexation and is based on non‐bonding intermolecular interactions. Conditional binding constants measured at pH 7.4 and 5.0 indicate that only uncharged forms of sanguinarine and chelerythrine (pseudobases) participate in complexation. A negatively charged group, either bound to the mercapto ligand or supplied by the solution, enters in the complexation. The simple 1 : 1 interaction scheme holds, therefore, only for mercapto compounds bearing an anionic group. Constants corrected for the abundance of the uncharged alkaloid form are of the order of magnitude of 104 l mol−1 and depend on the chemical composition of buffer. Interaction of sanguinarine and chelerythrine with human or bovine serum albumins is qualitatively identical with interaction of these alkaloids with simple mercapto compounds. Constants for the binding of uncharged form of sanguinarine with human and bovine serum albumins in sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, corrected for abundance of the interacting uncharged form, are 332 000±38 400 and 141 000±14 400 l mol−1, respectively. The former agrees well with the value K=385 000 (or log K=5.59) reported from static experiments. For the uncharged form of chelerythrine, the constants are 2 970 000±360 000 and 1 380 000±22 600 l mol−1 for human and bovine serum albumins, respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioremediation of petroleum‐impacted soils from investigation‐derived wastes
Authors: Sylva Traci Y. , Kinoshita Charles M. , Romano Rowena T. , Toma Marisa , Tsang Shu Ki , Chang Katherine
Published: September 2003

Optimal conditions for bioremediation of investigation‐derived wastes from petroleum‐impacted
soils (PIS) were determined through biotreatability experiments. The PIS was collected as extruded cores
obtained during sample drilling. These samples were processed into workable media prior to treatment in
bioreactors. Soil moisture content in the bioreactors was adjusted to 30 percent, 40 percent, 50 percent
(control), and 60 percent, dry‐weight basis, and nutrient levels were adjusted by applying
fertilizer, yielding carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratios of 20:1, 10:1, and 5:1, versus a control
C:N ratio of 140:1. Temperature, pH, viable bacterial plate counts, contaminant degradation rate, and microbial
respiration were monitored. Concentrations of three selected branched alkanes in the aviation fuel contaminant,
measured by gas chromatography, decreased for most treatments. The greatest degradation occurred with a moisture
content of 40 percent and C:N ratio of 5:1. Increased contaminant degradation was consistent with increased
microbial activity measured by respiration. There was poorer correlation between contaminant degradation and viable
plate counts, which suggests that respirometry is a better measure of activity of the microbial population
responsible for contaminant degradation. General plate counts, which enumerate only a fraction of the total
population, may not be a reliable quantitative indicator of the actual microorganism population that is responsible
for degradation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fenfluramine evokes 5‐HT2A receptor‐mediated responses but does not displace [11C]MDL 100907: Small animal PET and gene expression studies
Authors: Hirani Ella , Sharp Trevor , Sprakes Marie , Grasby Paul , Hume Susan
Published: September 2003

The in vivo binding of the 5‐HT2A receptor‐selective positron emission tomography (PET) ligand [11C]MDL 100907 and its sensitivity to endogenous 5‐HT were quantified in rat brain using quad‐HIDAC, a novel high‐resolution PET camera for small animals. Specific binding of [11C]MDL 100907, estimated using volume of interest (VOI) to cerebellum ratios, corresponded well with both the known distribution of 5‐HT2A receptors and tissue:cerebellum ratios obtained using ex vivo dissection. Specific binding was blocked by predosing with either nonradioactive MDL 100907 (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg i.v.) or the 5‐HT2A/2C receptor antagonist ketanserin (2 mg/kg i.v.), but was unaffected in rats pretreated with the 5‐HT releasing agent, fenfluramine (10 mg/kg i.p.). In parallel studies, the same dose of fenfluramine was shown to be sufficient to cause an increase in the expression of the immediate early genes (IEG) c‐fos and Arc mRNA in cortical regions with high 5‐HT2A receptor density. This increase was blocked by MDL 100907 (0.2 mg/kg i.v.), confirming a 5‐HT2A receptor‐mediated effect. The results demonstrate that PET with [11C]MDL 100907 is insensitive to an increased concentration of synaptic 5‐HT, implying that the ligand can be used clinically to monitor 5‐HT2A receptor function or dysfunction in disease or during therapy, without the need to consider concomitant changes in neurotransmitter concentration. Synapse 50:251–260, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic systems theory places the scientist in the system
Authors: Fogel Alan , de Koeyer Ilse , Secrist Cory , Nagy Ryan
Published: September 2003

Dynamic systems theory is a way of describing the patterns that emerge from relationships in the universe. In the study of interpersonal relationships, within and between species, the scientist is an active and engaged participant in those relationships. Separation between self and other, scientist and subject, runs counter to systems thinking and creates an unnecessary divide between humans and animals.
Great ape communication: Cognitive and evolutionary approaches
Authors: Russon Anne E. , Begun David R.
Published: September 2003

There are good arguments for examining great ape communicative achievements for what they contribute to our understanding of great ape cognition and its evolution (Russon & Begun, in press a). Our concern is whether Shanker & King's (S&K's) thesis advances communication studies from a broader cognitive and evolutionary perspective.
How connectionist simulations fail to account for developmental disorders in children
Authors: Temple Christine , Clahsen Harald
Published: September 2003

Using connectionist modelling, Thomas & Karmiloff-Smith (T&K-S) claim that developmental disorders in children are characterised by atypical trajectories and an ultimate functional architecture that is fundamentally different from normal. We argue that there is no empirical evidence for these claims in any developmental disorder and that the available evidence provides support for Residual Normality in both developmental and acquired disorders. We also refute the claim that modular accounts cannot encompass developmental trajectories in children with developmental disorders.
Developing dual-representation processes
Authors: Nelson Katherine
Published: September 2003

Cross-domain representations provide the foundation for language and are not its unique product. Modularity of a limited kind is confined to early infancy in humans and is succeeded by domain-general thinking and speaking. Representational language becomes accessible to the cognitive system during the preschool years as a supplement to experientially based conceptual processing, resulting in a dual-process system.
Speech as an opportunistic vehicle of thinking
Authors: Pléh Csaba
Published: September 2003

Carruthers clearly identifies the basic issues involved in language and thought relations and argues for an adaptive central model. Similar conclusions were reached by classical research in the inner speech tradition. Sokolov (1968; 1972) especially emphasized that inner speech appears only when the task is difficult. The use of inner speech is not a necessity to transform representations, but it is called for when transformations become difficult. This might be related to the cognitive reorganizations leading to language as emphasized by Donald (2001).
Modularity, language, and the flexibility of thought
Authors: Carruthers Peter
Published: September 2003

The present response elucidates, elaborates, and defends the main thesis advanced in the target article: namely, that natural-language sentences play a constitutive role in some human thought processes, and that they are responsible for some of the distinctive flexibility of human thinking, serving to integrate the outputs of a variety of conceptual modules. Section R1 clarifies and elaborates this main thesis, responding to a number of objections and misunderstandings. Section R2 considers three contrasting accounts of the mechanism of intermodular integration. Section R3 discusses objections to some of the empirical data supporting my main thesis. Section R4 criticizes some competing theories of the role of language in cognition. And section R5 considers some proposed supplementary cognitive roles that language might play.
High-power ultrawideband radiation source
Authors: ANDREEV Yu.A. , GUBANOV V.P. , EFREMOV A.M. , KOSHELEV V.I. , KOROVIN S.D. , KOVALCHUK B.M. , KREMNEV V.V. , PLISKO V.V. , STEPCHENKO A.S. , SUKHUSHIN K.N.
Published: September 2003

The article presents a source producing high-power ultrawideband
electromagnetic pulses. The source includes a generator of
monopolar pulses, a bipolar pulse former, and a combined
ultrawideband transmitting antenna. Monopolar 150-kV, 4.5-ns
pulses are transformed into bipolar 120-kV, 1-ns pulses, which
are emitted by the antenna. The pulse repetition rate of the
setup is up to 100 Hz. The peak power of the source is 170 MW
as measured with a TEM-type receiving antenna having 0.2–2
GHz passband. The pattern width of the transmitting antenna
at a half-level of peak power is 90° and 105° for the
H- and E-planes, respectively. The electric field strength measured
4 m from the transmitting antenna in the direction of the main
radiation maximum is 34 kV/m.
Plasma sources based on a low-pressure arc discharge
Authors: AKHMADEEV YU.H. , GRIGORIEV S.V. , KOVAL N.N. , SCHANIN P.M.
Published: September 2003

This article presents two types of a hollow-cathode plasma
source based on an arc discharge where the electrons emitted
either by a hot filament or by a surface-discharge-based trigger
system initiate a gas arc discharge. The sources produce gas
plasmas of densities 1010–1012
cm−3 in large volumes of up to 0.5 m3 at
a discharge current of 100–200 A and at a pressure of
10−1–10−2 Pa. Consideration
is given to some peculiarities of the operation of the plasma
sources with various working gases (Ar, N2,
O2). The erosion rate of the cold hollow cathode
in the designed plasma sources is shown to be 10 times lower
than that found in an ordinary one. The sources are employed
for plasma-assisted surface modification of solids.
DEVELOPMENT AND RECOVERABILITY OF L2 CODAS
Authors: Abrahamsson Niclas
Published: September 2003

This study deals with the development and recoverability of word-final codas in Chinese-Swedish interlanguage. The relation between consonant deletion and vowel epenthesis is investigated from both a developmental perspective and a grammatical-functional one. Longitudinal, conversational data from three Chinese beginner learners of Swedish were analyzed. First, it is shown that for these learners the acquisition of Swedish codas was U-shaped rather than linear such that they exhibited relatively high accuracy rates at early stages, lower accuracy rates at later stages, and again high accuracy rates at more advanced stages. It is also demonstrated that the epenthesis-deletion differential is closely related to second language proficiency in that the proportion of epenthesis to deletion errors increases over time. Furthermore, the data show that word-final codas that are relatively important for the retention of semantically relevant information generate lower overall frequencies of simplification and greater epenthesis-deletion proportions than codas containing information that is relatively recoverable from other segments or features in the context.
The Interplay Among Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation and Suicide: The Role of Depression, Poor Health, and Loved Ones' Messages of Support and Criticism
Authors: Brown Stephanie L. , Vinokur Amiram D.
Published: September 2003

When individuals who receive social support are in poor physical or mental health and are criticized or made to feel unwanted, they may perceive themselves as a burden. Poor physical health and depression were hypothesized to exacerbate the harmful effects on suicidal ideation of receiving critical negative messages and of receiving social support. These hypotheses were tested using secondary analyses of data from a sample of 533 unemployed married individuals who were assessed shortly after job loss, and 6 months later. The results of our analyses supported the hypotheses and demonstrated that for participants with poor health or high level of depressive symptoms an increase in critical messages and social support (from Time 1 to Time 2) predicted increased suicidal ideation. This relationship was not observed for non‐ depressed participants in good health. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for suicide prevention.
Genetic Counseling Practices in Germany: A Comparison Between East German and West German Geneticists
Authors: Cohen Pamela E. , Wertz Dorothy C. , Nippert Irmgard , Wolff Gerhard
Published: September 2003

As part of an international study of ethics and genetics, we present a comparison between survey responses of 43 East German and 212 West German geneticists to anonymous questionnaires. Both groups indicated that the experience of the Third Reich has impacted the genetics profession in Germany today. East German geneticists reported more directive counseling practices after prenatal diagnosis for 10 of 26 conditions than those from West Germany. When asked to give their personal opinions about pregnancy termination, East Germans were more accepting of abortion than their West German colleagues for 7 of 24 fetal indications. In addition, there were significant differences between the two sample groups for 8 questions on the perception of disability and society. Discussions with German geneticists suggest that, while both groups were affected by Germany's experience of Nazism, different abortion laws, political systems, and ideas about the doctor‐patient relationship in former East and West Germany may account for discrepancies in reported genetic counseling practices and in attitudes toward abortion and disability.
Patterns of Coping Among Persons with HIV Infection: Configurations, Correlates, and Change
Authors: Fleishman John A. , Sherbourne Cathy D. , Cleary Paul D. , Wu Albert W. , Crystal Stephen , Hays Ron D.
Published: September 2003

This study examines coping in response to HIV infection, using longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample (n = 2,864) of HIV‐infected persons. We investigated configurations of coping responses, the correlates of configuration membership, the stability of coping configurations, and the relationship of coping to emotional well‐being. Four coping configurations emerged from cluster analyses: relatively frequent use of blame‐withdrawal coping, frequent use of distancing, frequent active‐approach coping, and infrequent use of all three coping strategies (“passive” copers). Passive copers had few symptoms, high levels of physical functioning, and high emotional well‐being; blame‐withdrawal copers had the opposite pattern. Of those completing a second interview 1 year after baseline, 46% had the same coping configuration. Increases in the number of HIV‐related symptoms raised the probability of blame‐withdrawal coping at follow‐up, whereas decreases raised the probability of passive coping. Infrequent use of coping responses at baseline was related to greater emotional well‐being 1 year later. This result, in conjunction with the high levels of emotional well‐being in the passive cluster, suggests that high levels of distress can induce blame‐withdrawal coping whereas coping efforts are minimal when social support and emotional well‐being are high. Results highlight issues in ascertaining the causal direction between coping and psychological outcomes, as well as in specifying the nature of stressful situations with which people are coping.
Psychological Aspects of Genetic Counseling. IX. Teaching and Counseling
Authors: Kessler Seymour
Published: September 2003

The goals, philosophies, and procedures of the teaching and counseling approaches to genetic counseling are differentiated and compared. The teaching approach, inherited from academic practitioners earlier in this century, appears to remain the dominant form of contemporary practice. With the introduction of more nonphysician professionals, attempts are being made to combine a teaching model with counseling procedures. The goals of the two models are conspicuously different; one attempts to end up with an “educated” counselee whereas the other hopes to leave the latter psychologically more autonomous and functional. Both models have strengths and limitations. The teaching model is essentially a form of health education, not counseling, and, with some exceptions, tends to fulfill its goals. The strategy of teaching, however, tends to undermine the psychological self‐directedness of counselees and thus interferes with the processes they need to draw on to make autonomous decisions. The strength of the counseling model is in helping counselees reach decisions and deal with the personal meaning of information. However, applying this model makes huge demands on the professional. Greater attention needs to be given by training programs to the pedagogical and counseling skills genetic counselors may need in their professional work.
Mantle xenolith‐bearing Maastrichtian to Tertiary alkaline magmatism in Oman
Authors: Gnos E. , Peters T.
Published: September 2003

Mantle xenolith‐bearing alkali basalts, basanites and tephrites with 1.5–2 K2O and 4–5 wt% Na2O occur as small (<100 m) plugs and dikes in the Batain and Haushi‐Huqf areas, and WNW of Muscat. Their black color and the common presence of peridotite xenoliths allow a separation from older alkaline rocks and from the ophiolitic extrusive rocks. Two main dike directions, approximately E‐W and N‐S oriented, are observed. Intrusions seem to occur where these two fault systems intersect. The basalts crosscut the Upper Maastrichtian siliciclastic rocks of the Fayah Formation and the nappe stack of the Eastern Ophiolite Belt of the Batain area. They have not been observed intruding the Tertiary shallow marine carbonates although K‐Ar whole rock dating on these lavas yielded Late Eocene 37 ± 1 to 44 ± 1 Ma ages. The rocks are aphyric and fine‐grained with microgranular, and less common microtrachytic texture. They contain magmatic olivine (Fo80–82), nepheline (Ne82–86Ks14–18), clinopyroxene (Di46En25Wo28) with 2.5 wt% Al2O3, accessory phlogopite (XMg0.6, with 5.5 wt% TiO2), in a microcrystalline or glassy matrix. Plagioclase is only observed in few samples. Locally occurring mm to cm‐sized immiscible leucocratic melt droplets consist of potassium feldspar (An1–4Ab37–39Or60–70), plagioclase (An20–22Ab65Or13–15), nepheline (Ne85Ks15), phlogopite (XMg0.8, with ∼6–7 wt% TiO2), and titanomagnetite with ∼8 wt% TiO2. More than 95% of the xenoliths are <5cm‐sized weakly to clearly foliated spinel peridotites of mantle origin. Sedimentary xenoliths (hornfelses) are rare and lower crustal xenoliths were not found. The peridotite xenoliths consist of olivine (Fo90–92), enstatite (En89Fs09Wo02) with 3.1–3.3 wt% Al2O3, diopside (Di45En26Wo29) with 3–6 wt% Al2O3, and Cr‐spinel with ∼60 mol% spinel, 20% hercynite, and 15–16% magnesiochromite. The age, chemical composition, and structural position suggest a relation with local tectonic movements associated with plate reorganization in the Owens Basin region prior to the Red Sea opening.
An automated method for the detection of field line resonance frequencies using ground magnetometer techniques
Authors: Berube D. , Moldwin M. B. , Weygand J. M.
Published: September 2003

This report describes an automated method developed to quickly and precisely determine field line eigenfrequencies from ground magnetometer data using the statistical properties of cross‐phase and power ratio spectra. This new automated method allows for routine monitoring of field line resonant frequencies, and hence plasma mass density of the inner magnetosphere, with better temporal coverage and over longer intervals than previous studies, which were limited simply due to the time‐consuming nature of making selections “by hand.” To demonstrate the usefulness of the automated procedure, 2 years of data from a pair of magnetometers in the MEASURE array at L = 1.74 were analyzed, and the annual variation in plasmaspheric density was observed. The equatorial mass density reaches a maximum in the Northern Hemisphere winter, and a minimum in summer, with winter values two to three times higher than in summer. This result confirms previous whistler observational studies and theoretical modeling studies.
Distribution of 137Cs and other radioactive tracers in the eastern Mediterranean: Relationship to the deepwater transient
Authors: Delfanti Roberta , Klein Birgit , Papucci Carlo
Published: September 2003

The time evolution of 137Cs distribution in the eastern Mediterranean in the period 1977–1999 is discussed in relation to water circulation and, in particular, to the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT). Tritium data are used to reconstruct the spatial distribution of 137Cs before the EMT and the Chernobyl accident. Relatively high concentrations characterized the surface and intermediate waters of the whole basin, and the levels gradually decreased toward the bottom. Tracer concentrations in the deep waters decreased from west to east, reflecting the spreading of the core of the Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water formed in the Adriatic Sea. In the 1990s, a significant change was induced by the intrusion of new deep water of Aegean origin in the bottom layers of the Ionian and Levantine basins, marked by a relatively high 137Cs concentration (around 2.5 Bq m−3). As a result, in 1999, the levels were almost homogeneous in the whole deep Ionian Sea. In the past the “oldest” waters of the eastern Mediterranean were found around 1500 m, characterized by a tracer minimum layer. During the EMT this layer was displaced upward to 750–1500 m and was also much thinner than previous. The analysis of vertical profiles and ratios of 137Cs and 90Sr shows that a “Chernobyl” contribution is present in the surface, intermediate and deep waters of the Ionian Sea, but not in the tracer minimum layer and in the deep Adriatic Sea. The analysis of tritium/helium ages in this area indicates a decreased convective renewal of basin waters in the period 1987–1999, that also explains the absence of a Chernobyl signal.
A numerical study on the Changjiang diluted water in the Yellow and East China Seas
Authors: Chang Pil‐Hun , Isobe Atsuhiko
Published: September 2003

A numerical simulation is performed using the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) to investigate the behavior of the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW), and to evaluate the freshwater budget in the Yellow and East China Seas. In addition, the major process controlling the behavior of the CDW is discussed. The simulated CDW distributions are fairly consistent with the observed distributions, showing a remarkable seasonal variation. The CDW extends to the northeast toward the Tsushima/Korea Straits during summer, while it hugs the Chinese coast to the southwest within a narrow band in winter. Tracer experiment is carried out to track the freshwater originating only from the Changjiang, and to evaluate the freshwater budget in the Yellow and East China Seas. The result shows that about 68 percent of the Changjiang discharge is transported through the Tsushima/Korea Straits, and that about 27 percent is transported through the Taiwan Strait in autumn and winter. To investigate the main process controlling the behavior of the CDW mentioned above, another experiment is carried out without wind‐forcing. It is found that the eastward extension of the CDW is strongly constrained by the “Taiwan‐Tsushima Warm Current System” over the shelf regime. The wind is, however, responsible for the northeastward extension of the CDW in summer. In addition, the southwestward extension at the Taiwan Strait during winter is done by strong northeasterly monsoon. The experiment without wind‐forcing shows that freshwater transport through the Tsushima/Korea Straits increases to 90 percent of the total Changjiang discharge.
Large‐scale distribution of CH4 in the western North Pacific: Sources and transport from the Asian continent
Authors: Bartlett Karen B. , Sachse Glen W. , Slate Thomas , Harward Charles , Blake Donald R.
Published: September 2003

Methane (CH4) mixing ratios in the northern Pacific Basin were sampled from two aircraft during the TRACE‐P mission (Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific) from late February through early April 2001 using a tunable diode laser system. Described in more detail by Jacob et al. [2003], the mission was designed to characterize Asian outflow to the Pacific, determine its chemical evolution, and assess changes to the atmosphere resulting from the rapid industrialization and increased energy usage on the Asian continent. The high‐resolution, high‐precision data set of roughly 13,800 CH4 measurements ranged between 1602 ppbv in stratospherically influenced air and 2149 ppbv in highly polluted air. Overall, CH4 mixing ratios were highly correlated with a variety of other trace gases characteristic of a mix of anthropogenic industrial and combustion sources and were strikingly correlated with ethane (C2H6) in particular. Averages with latitude in the near‐surface (0–2 km) show that CH4 was elevated well above background levels north of 15°N close to the Asian continent. In the central and eastern Pacific, levels of CH4 were lower as continental inputs were mixed horizontally and vertically during transport. Overall, the correlation between CH4 and other hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6), ethyne (C2H2), and propane (C3H8) as well as the urban/industrial tracer perchloroethene (C2Cl4), suggests that for CH4 colocated sources such as landfills, wastewater treatment, and fossil fuel use associated with urban areas dominate regional inputs at this time. Comparisons between measurements made during TRACE‐P and those of PEM‐West B, flown during roughly the same time of year and under a similar meteorological setting 7 years earlier, suggest that although the TRACE‐P CH4 observations are higher, the changes are not significantly greater than the increases seen in background air over this time interval.