bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Can We Learn About Art from People with Neurological Disease?
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan
Published: November 2021

Investigation of people with neurological illnesses has been a central approach to understanding the neurobiology of cognitive systems like language, attention, emotions, and decision-making. Yet such lesion studies had not been applied to neuroaesthetics. In the article under discussion, the author reviewed the extant literature and found that artists were not spared the kind of visual-spatial deficits that others experience from brain damage. Rather, in their artwork, they gave eloquent expression of the nature of their deficits. The author was particularly interested in the paradoxical enhancement of some artists whose work seemed to get better following brain injury, and developed a scale, the Assessment of Art Attributes, by which to assess change in artistic style and content. Neuropsychological studies remain a relatively untapped source of information in probing the biology of aesthetic experiences and artistic production.
Why Does Music Evoke Strong Emotions?
Authors: Levitin Daniel J. , Fleming Lindsay A.
Published: November 2021

Although much is known about the brain mechanisms underlying music perception and cognition, there is much work to be done in understanding aesthetic responses to music: Why does music make us feel the way we do? Why does it make us feel anything? In the article under discussion, the authors suggest that the brain’s own endogenous opioids mediate musical emotion, using the hypothesis of naltrexone-induced musical anhedonia. They conclude that endogenous opioids are critical to experiencing both positive and negative emotions in music and that music uses the same reward pathways as food, drugs, and sexual pleasure. Their findings add to the growing body of evidence for the evolutionary biological substrates of music.
Investigating Musical Emotions in People with Unilateral Brain Damage
Authors: Belfi Amy M. , Pralus Agathe , Hirel Catherine , Tranel Daniel , Tillmann Barbara , Caclin Anne
Published: November 2021

The study under discussion sought to investigate the hemispheric laterality of musical emotions: Is one hemisphere of the brain preferentially involved in recognizing emotions in music? The authors took a neuropsychological approach to answer this question by studying emotional judgments of music in people with brain damage to either hemisphere. Their results indicated that individuals with left hemisphere damage were significantly impaired in recognizing musical emotions as compared to healthy comparison participants. In contrast, individuals with right hemisphere damage were not impaired at identifying emotions in music, but rated the perceived intensity of the emotions lower for sadness and fear (as compared to joy and serenity). Their work suggests that the identification of emotions in music and the perceived intensity of the emotions expressed may rely on different hemispheres of the brain.
Pictograph Portrays What It Is
Authors: He Xianyou , Zhang Wei
Published: November 2021

As one origin of Chinese characters, pictograph has a graphical structure based on its referent. Are the aesthetic qualities of the reference objects reflected in the neural processing of pictographs? In the study reviewed in this chapter, participants were scanned while making aesthetic judgments of pictographs and their referents. The conjunction analysis revealed the common involvement of the bilateral inferior occipital gyri and inferior frontal gyri, the right superior occipital gyrus, the left middle occipital gyrus, and the inferior orbitofrontal cortex for the aesthetic judgments of pictographs and object images referring to beautiful objects. Moreover, only the beautiful judgments for pictographs but not object images activated the motor areas, implying that an approach motivation was elicited during the aesthetic perception of novel pictographs. Results indicate that not only the object images, but also the corresponding pictographs arouse a sense of beauty that relies on common neural mechanisms during aesthetic judgments.
Training Effects on Affective Perception of Body Movements
Authors: Kirsch Louise P. , Cross Emily S.
Published: November 2021

What leads us to enjoy watching others’ bodies in motion? In this chapter, the authors discuss their motivation to explore how our bodily experiences, especially in the form of dance training, shape our perceptions and preferences for watching others move, especially in dance contexts. They highlight findings from several studies that they conducted to investigate how general dance experience (or lack thereof) influences our enjoyment of watching dance and how acquiring experience specifically related to the dance piece being observed shapes the pleasure we derive from watching that piece specifically. Overall, our work finds that the richer experience an observer has with learning particular dance movements, the more enjoyment that observer derived from watching those movements. This research underscores the utility of dance as a stimulus and training intervention for addressing key questions relevant to human neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy, particularly in the domain of neuroaesthetics.
The Neuroaesthetics of Architecture
Authors: Vartanian Oshin
Published: November 2021

Environmental psychology is concerned with understanding the impact of the environment—built and natural—on the mind. Neuroscience of architecture can contribute to this aim by elucidating the workings of the brain in relation to features of our physical environment. Toward that end, Vartanian et al. (2013) examined the impact of contour on aesthetic judgments and approach-avoidance decisions while viewing images of room interiors in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. Participants found curvilinear rooms more beautiful than rectilinear rooms, and viewing curvilinear rooms in that context activated the anterior cingulate cortex—a region involved in processing emotion. That observation, coupled with the finding that pleasantness accounted for majority of variance in beauty judgments, supports the idea that our preference for curvilinear design is driven by affect. This study represents an example of how neural data can reveal mechanisms that underlie our aesthetic preferences in the domain of architecture.
The Moral Basis of State Independence
Authors: Stilz Anna
Published: November 2021

The chapter takes as its starting point the central claim in Arthur Ripstein’s defense of a Kantian approach to war, namely that each state has a right to be independent from the determining choice of other states. The state’s right to independence is the basis for its permission to use force in national defense, and also for in bello restrictions that limit the permissible means of waging war to those necessary to stop aggression. But what morally justifies the state’s right to independence? And can this right be accounted for on Kantian grounds? Specifically, Stilz focuses on whether the Kantian view, as Ripstein reconstructs it, provides a philosophically satisfying basis for attributing a right to political independence to the state. In the final section, she outlines an alternative reading of Kant that may provide a more compelling moral foundation for this right.
EU Solidarity as Collective Self-Defense?
Authors: Herlin-Karnell Ester
Published: November 2021

The chapter sets out to explore the notion of self-defense and how it is manifested in contemporary law of war. In addition, the chapter discusses the notion of collective self-defense in the context of the European Union (EU). The chapter links this debate to Ripstein’s Kant and the Law of War by using the EU as a test case of Kantian war theory. The chapter focuses on the imminence criteria for deciding on self-defense, in the context of EU security law, and to the extent to which Kant completely ruled out any preventive use of force. The EU’s fight against terrorism and security regulation appears to have many parallels with the “war” model which will be discussed in this chapter.
“One Voice in Many Languages”
Authors: Ross Melanie C.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 8 examines “Holy Inheritance,” a multiethnic congregation comprised of African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian members. However, the theological ideal of multiethnic worship is difficult to realize in practice. Some congregants tolerate unfamiliar additions to corporate worship as “accommodations” that need to be made for members of different races. Other congregants warn that this perspective exposes a problematic power dynamic: one that construes minority people as “guests” of the majority group’s largess. Over time, the leaders of Holy Inheritance hope to resolve these debates by developing a new, hybrid worship culture that expresses the church’s unified collective identity—one in which there is no sense of “us” or “them” according to race.
“Navigating the Beautiful Tension”
Authors: Ross Melanie C.
Published: November 2021

The book’s conclusion draws together the seven ethnographic studies by arguing that evangelical worship is better understood as a theological culture than as a static structure. In contrast to the scholarship Kathryn Tanner and Molly Worthen, which understands the culture of Christianity and/or evangelicalism as an essentially contested concept, this chapter ultimately affirms the perspective of theologians John Webster and Kevin Vanhoozer, who understand evangelicalism eschatologically, as a unified diversity. When congregations gather in the presence of the living God, they are dislocated and re-established, changed into something they were not before the event began. Consequentially, corporate worship is not a peripheral “extra” tacked on to a fully formed spiritual/political/cultural movement, but rather the crucible in which congregations forge, debate over, and enact their unique contributions to the American mosaic known as evangelicalism.
The Universe Is on Our Side
Authors: Ledewitz Bruce
Published: November 2021

There has been a breakdown in American public life that no election can fix. Americans cannot even converse about politics. All the usual explanations for our condition have failed to make things better. Bruce Ledewitz shows that America is living with the consequences of the Death of God, which Friedrich Nietzsche knew would be momentous and irreversible. God was this culture’s story of the meaning of our lives. Even atheists had substitutes for God, like inevitable progress. Now we have no story and do not even think about the nature of reality. That is why we are angry and despairing. America’s future requires that we begin a new story by each of us asking a question posed by theologian Bernard Lonergan: Is the universe on our side? When we commit to live honestly and fully by our answer to that question, even if our immediate answer is no, America will begin to heal. Beyond that, pondering the question of the universe will allow us to see that there is more to the universe than blind forces and dead matter. Guided by the naturalism of Alfred North Whitehead’s process philosophy, and the historical faith of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., we can learn to trust that the universe bends toward justice and our welfare. That conclusion will complete our healing and restore faith in American public life. We can live without God, but not without thinking about holiness in the universe.
The Age of Evasion
Authors: Ledewitz Bruce
Published: November 2021

America is now in the Age of Evasion. Our public events are scripted and phony. Our political rhetoric is filled with lies. Our symbols are fake. Our proposals are unreal. Virtue signaling has replaced reflection. We avoid deep questions, such as, in the abortion controversy, when life begins. Cancel culture has drowned rational debate. Politics are narrow and frozen. We long for more in our public life but feel that it is out of reach. We evade out of fear of the consequences of the Death of God. We do not want to acknowledge how alone we feel. We need a new story.
Introduction
Authors: Wellman Kathleen
Published: November 2021

This introduction insists that history matters. What if current divisions in America rest, in part, on a fundamental divergence in the understanding of our history? The chapter proposes that the three most prominent Christian curricula have played a role through the historical narrative they promoted for K-12 education since the early 1970s. They became more widespread in different forms of alternative schooling from Christian schools to voucher programs, and homeschooling. Their narrative has been significant in defining Americans’ understanding of the world and its history and exposes the efficacy of the alliance among certain religious interests, conservative legislators, school boards, and various corporate interests in reshaping education in the United States. The campaign for a “Christian right history” is analogous to the successful advocacy for “intelligent design” in public school science curricula. Many conservative institutions support both the inclusion of politically conservative and Christian content into school curricula.
Conclusions
Authors: Morello Gustavo S.J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines what we learn from the religious experience of these Latin American respondents of lower socioeconomic status: religion as a relationship, and Latin American modernity as a construction that leaves room for a religious, spiritual presence. The chapter presents what respondents’ religious practices tell us about religion in general, the idea of religion as a relation, and a portrait of the Latin American religious landscape as “enchanted modernity.”
The Path and the Buddha
Authors: Wright Dale S.
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines fundamental Buddhist themes addressed at the beginning of the Vimalakīrti Sūtra. After discussing the setting and the primary characters in the story, it describes the metaphor of Buddhism as a path through life that can be pursued through the various disciplines of Buddhist practice and describes the importance attributed to a motivating concept of the goal of Buddhist practice, bodhicitta, the “thought of enlightenment.” The chapter addresses the question of who the Buddha is understood to be and how Buddhists in the sutra understand the miracles performed by the Buddha as “skillful means” of providing motivation for meditative practice.
Self-overcoming
Authors: Wright Dale S.
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses Vimalakirti’s practice of the first four of six pārāmitas, distinct dimensions in which practitioners can overcome the confinements of self-absorption. The bodhisattva is described as engaged in the cultivation of selfless generosity and moral sensitivity to the needs and concerns of others as much as one’s own. It imagines Vimalakirti practicing tolerance and patience with all living beings so that their pursuit of a healthy life is not obstructed or curtailed by his own. Finally, Vimalakirti is pictured as a storehouse of energy, always out in the world offering his assistance to the community.
Embodied Wisdom
Authors: Wright Dale S.
Published: November 2021

This chapter takes up the central theme of early Mahayana Buddhism, the “perfection of wisdom” as a quest to experience the “emptiness” of all things, their impermanence, their contingency, and their lack of essence. This realization of “emptiness” is described as giving rise to a profound sense of fearlessness, and Vimalakirti links this capacity to the openness and selflessness of bodhisattva life. The chapter analyzes the Buddhist teaching of “no-self” as it appears in the sutra and describes what selfless living would be like, a life without interior compulsions, a kind of open receptivity to see the world without self-centered projections.
Conclusion
Authors: Wright Dale S.
Published: November 2021

The conclusion to this book follows themes in the sutra’s epilogue that address the question of why it might be important to take the teachings of Vimalakirti seriously and what means of reading the sutra would allow us to do that. It inquires into the dichotomy between the Buddhist teachings and Vimalakirti’s “thunderous silence,” and raises the sutra’s existential question of what Buddhist practices are most suitable for the goal of awakening. The conclusion ends by examining what the sutra has to say on the crucial question of the most productive relation readers might take to the practice of meditative reading.
Choral Voices
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: November 2021

Discussion of why choral and instrumental concerts were only lightly regulated by the state provides a springboard for examining the freedom the French provinces enjoyed and the considerable expansion of concert life that was based on individual and collective initiative. Core institutions such as the orphéon, “concerts populaires” and reconstituted cathedral choir schools (maîtrises—some of them state-subsidized) complemented private clubs and chamber ensembles in a bourgeois musical economy that often displayed a varied mix of high and low genres in comparison with Paris. Local administrative machinery aided a “democratizing” shift from private to public (accessibility). Parisian modes of choral and orchestral concert life are introduced as a prelude to discussion in chapters 3 and 4 of the distinctiveness of provincial centers. Discussion touches on provincial attitudes to touring ensembles from Paris and the increasing extent of soft power exerted by the capital.
The Rainbow after the Storm
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: November 2021

The Rainbow after the Storm tells the story of the rapid liberalization of attitudes toward gay rights that made same-sex marriage the law of the U.S. sooner than almost anyone thought was possible. The book explains how and why public opinion toward gay rights liberalized so much, while most other public attitudes have remained relatively stable. The book explores the roles of a variety of actors in this drama. Social science research helped to shift elite opinion in ways that reduced the persecution of gays and lesbians. Gays and lesbians by the hundreds of thousands responded to a less repressive environment by coming out of the closet. Straight people started to know the gay and lesbian people in their lives, and their view of gay rights shifted accordingly. Same-sex couples embarked on years-long legal struggles to try to force states to recognize their marriages. In courtrooms across the U.S. social scientists behind a new consensus about the normalcy of gay couples and the health of their children won victories over fringe scholars promoting discredited antigay views. In a few short years marriage equality, which had once seemed totally unrealistic, became realistic. And then almost as soon as it was realistic, marriage equality became a reality.
Coming Out of the Closet and Its Influence, 1985–2013
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 7 provides a variety of social science data analysis to show that contact between gays and lesbians and their straight family and friends was responsible for the dramatic liberalization of attitudes toward gay rights in the U.S. When Americans were asked why they became more supportive of marriage equality, they overwhelmingly explained that having a gay friend or family member helped them see the issue more positively. Having a gay friend was influential even to people who were not predisposed to support gay rights. Data show that gays and lesbians in the U.S. were coming out of the closet for the first time in the 1990s, and the 1990s is also when American attitudes toward gay rights started to liberalize.
Epilogue
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: November 2021

The book closes with an epilogue that addresses the current health and economic conundrum that Latin American societies face and some of their political repercusions. The text registers how these societies have been affected by the pandemic, economic deceleration, rising unemployment and growing challenges to the livelihood of millions of citizens. While representative democracy weakens under such pressures and populist projects are recreated, the region has a strong tradition of highly participatory societies pressing demands and making their voices heard in the public arena. Under those conditions, one should expect outbursts of popular mobilization and unrest to develop that will challenge personalist rule and decision-making, most likely supported by countervailing visions of democracy that reverberate cyclically in the public spheres of Latin America.
How Things Are
Authors: Siderits Mark
Published: November 2021

This work is designed to introduce some of the more important fruits of Indian Buddhist metaphysical theorizing to philosophers with little or no prior knowledge of classical Indian philosophy. It is widely known among non-specialists that Buddhists deny the existence of a self. Less widely appreciated among philosophers currently working in metaphysics is the fact that the Indian Buddhist tradition contains a wealth of material on a broad assortment of other issues that have also been foci of recent debate. Indian Buddhist philosophers have argued for a variety of interesting claims about the nature of the causal relation, about persistence, about abstract objects, about the consequences of presentism, about the prospects for a viable ontological emergentism. They engaged in a spirited debate over illusionism in the philosophy of consciousness. Some espoused global anti-realism while others called its coherence into question. And so on. This work is meant to introduce the views of such major Buddhist philosophers as Vasubandhu, Dharmakīrti, and Nāgārjuna on these and other issues. And it presents their arguments and analyses in a manner meant to make them accessible to students of philosophy who lack specialist knowledge of the Indian tradition. Analytic metaphysicians who are interested in moving beyond the common strategy of appealing to the intuitions of “the folk” should find much of interest here.
The Third Reich's Elite Schools
Authors: Roche Helen
Published: November 2021

Drawing on material from eighty archives in six different countries worldwide, as well as eyewitness testimonies from over one hundred former pupils, this book presents the first comprehensive history of the Third Reich’s most prominent elite schools, the National Political Education Institutes (Napolas/NPEA). The Napolas provided an all-encompassing National Socialist ‘total education’, featuring ideological indoctrination, pre-military training, and a packed programme of extracurricular activities, including school trips and exchanges throughout Europe and beyond. Combining all the most seductive elements of reform-pedagogy, youth-movement traditions, and the militaristic ethos of the Prussian cadet schools, the schools took pupils from the age of 10, aiming to train them for leadership roles in all walks of life. Those who successfully passed the gruelling entrance examination, which tested applicants’ physical prowess, courage, and alleged ‘racial purity’ along with their academic abilities, had to learn to live in a highly militarized and enclosed boarding-school community. Through an in-depth depiction of everyday life at the Napolas, as well as systematic analysis of the ways in which different schools within the NPEA system were shaped by their previous traditions, this study sheds light on the qualities which the Nazi regime desired to instil in its future citizens, whilst also contributing to key debates on the political, social, and cultural history of the Third Reich, demonstrating that the history of education and youth can illuminate the broader history of this era in novel ways. Ultimately, the NPEA can be seen as the Nazi dictatorship’s most effective educational experiment.
Perception of Absence
Authors: Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2021

We are able to see what is not there, such as when a car has been stolen and is not where the owner expected it to be. There is some kind of phenomenological feel to such discoveries but it is uncertain and elusive. There is a distinction between seeing the absence of something and merely inferring its absence from what is seen. Two theories of how it is possible to see what is not there are considered: perceptual theories, which claim absences can be experienced, and cognitive theories that appeal to an inference. Both have problems. Perceptual theories struggle to say how something that is not there can be an object of perception while cognitive theories cannot say how the required inference is drawn. As an alternative, an evolved mechanism is invoked that allows a non-deductive inference to an absence that is then presented in the mind as experiential.
Negative Truth
Authors: Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2021

Truths are supposed to be made true by something that exists, such as a fact, according to truthmaker theory. What, though, of apparent truths concerning what is not the case? How can they be made true by something that is? This paradox of negative judgement has been re-articulated by Molnar. We must either meet his challenge, of identifying the positive truthmakers for the negative truths, or we must reject at least one of the premises that jointly entailed that there were such truthmakers. Attempts to solve this problem have all failed. Candidate positive truthmakers usually rely on smuggling in some negative aspect. It also looks difficult to reject any of Molnar’s premises since doing so comes at a seemingly high price. At present, this problem remains unresolved.
On the generation of content
Authors: Zucchi Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the view that the contents of fictions and non-fictions are generated in the same way. It advocates a general principle of content generation which extends the account of fictional truths proposed by David Lewis. It is argued that, in generating the contents of fictions and non-fictions, the same issues arise and they may be dealt with in the same way. The proposal rests on Stalnaker's view that the assumptions shared by the participants in a conversational exchange provide the material out of which propositions are constructed. The idea underlying the account is that the communicative exchange involved in an author's producing a work for an audience, whether the work is fictive or non-fictive, is no different in principle from communicative exchanges in conversations. Differences in content related to fictional vs. non-fictional status are argued to depend on the role that conventions play in generating implicit truths in both fictive and non-fictive works.
Protagonist projection, character focus, and mixed quotation
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: November 2021

This chapter compares two kinds of perspective-shifting language. The first is so-called “protagonist projection” (Holton 1997; Stokke 2013). The second phenomenon is sometimes known as “character focus.” The chapter argues that both protagonist projection and character focus should be analyzed as forms of mixed quotation. Drawing on the work of Potts (2007) and Maier (2014, 2015), mixed quotation is seen as interacting with two dimensions of interpretation, one corresponding to the use component of mixed quotation, the other corresponding to the mention component. It proposes that the mention component of mixed quotation can be interpreted modally. As a result, protagonist projection and character focus can be seen to have the same semantics, while they differ pragmatically. In particular, while protagonist projection pragmatically conveys attributions of beliefs, character focus does not.
Stubborn Fractions
Authors: Davis Cynthia J.
Published: November 2021

Unlike his high realist colleagues, Mark Twain remained ambivalent about both a painless ideal and the potentially refining value of exposure to pain. He conveys this ambivalence by habitually relying on fractions when assessing the extent to which he believed pain could or should be eradicated. This chapter situates Twain’s reliance on fractions within the context of his fascination with Christian Science. While Mary Baker Eddy drew on religious principles in order to evoke a utopian world blissfully free of pain, Twain’s own aesthetic imagination repeatedly conjured a world in which pain played a manageable yet still valuable part. For him, that value resided largely in suffering’s capacity to enhance not already refined sensibilities as in high realism but the capacity for imaginative projection into the lives of others. His writings reliably suggest, however, that only exceptional individuals had what it took imaginatively to make anything other than their own suffering a priority.
Epilogue
Authors: Davis Cynthia J.
Published: November 2021

The Epilogue begins with final reflections on the high realist project concerning pain, the validity and limitations of its critique, the relevant historical context, and the lingering impact of its preferred aesthetic response to suffering—which can seem, ironically, like another form of anesthesia whenever it encourages numbing to and distance from the pain of others. It then offers summary comments on the less myopic, more inclusive and imaginative versions of reality envisioned by Twain, Chesnutt, and another contemporary author, W. E. B. Du Bois. After tracing patterns of sensitizing, insulating, and distancing behavior in our current reactions to seemingly intractable suffering that resonate with the high realist aesthetic, the book concludes by suggesting that the simultaneously politically galvanizing and aesthetically complex response to physical suffering that Part Two proves was available to the responsive imagination during the realist era remains available in our own day.
Evidence and Truth
Authors: Lai Ho Hock
Published: November 2021

This chapter interrogates the traditional—but not universally accepted—view that trials aim primarily at determining the truth of disputed propositions of fact, and that evidentiary rules ought to promote the realization of that goal. Truth is said to be a prerequisite for “rectitude of decision”—an objective only realized when courts correctly combine substantive law with true facts. The author examines this view by addressing the following questions: what do we mean by “truth” in the present context? Is truth the aim of a trial? What other roles or functions might the concept of truth have? How is truth related to justice? If the trial is a system for ascertaining the truth, how should evidentiary rules be designed?
Investigating emergent coordination in small music groups
Authors: Pennill Nicola , Davidson Jane W
Published: November 2021

It is people that make group music work. For researchers, this provides many interesting and diverse opportunities for study. This chapter focuses on ways in which musicians establish coordination in musical contexts with particular consideration of methods of investigation. It takes a high-level view of coordination relating to the alignment of ideas, intentions, and actions in creative collaboration processes. It outlines observational methods for real-life contexts, coding schemes for group behaviors, and the increased employment of mixed-methods that observe and measure interaction in lab and ecological settings. The chapter closes with a consideration of the relevance of longitudinal studies of ensembles that showcase emergent coordination, and an example is offered of an investigation of the development of behavioral interactions over time in two vocal quintets.
Understanding expressive ensemble singing through acoustics
Authors: Daffern Helena , D’Amario Sara
Published: November 2021

A valuable body of research utilizes the study of acoustics to explore the combined sonic output of vocal ensembles and the processes and vocal contributions of individual voices within an ensemble. This chapter focuses on specific acoustic features that can be measured in the acoustic signal and contribute to expressive ensemble performance, including: intonation, vibrato, intensity, and timbre. The different methodological approaches to acoustics research for singing ensemble performance are discussed, alongside their context and relevance in understanding the importance of these features from a more holistic perspective. In light of the development of digital technologies, new approaches arise that address the complexities of analyzing multiple voices, spanning from synthesis-based studies to more ecological experiments. The implications for this corpus of research to influence practice and decision-making in performance are highlighted alongside the opportunities for more performers to lead research in this area, facilitated through increasingly accessible technology.
Ensemble interaction in indeterminate music
Authors: Payne Emily , Thomas Philip
Published: November 2021

Examining ensemble interaction in the music of experimental composer Christian Wolff, this chapter uses as a case study a professional recording session undertaken by the ensemble Apartment House of Exercises (1973–2013), a series of pieces for (mostly) unspecified instrumentation and numbers of players. Wolff’s skeletal notation is deliberately under-determined, acting like something of a puzzle to be solved. Consequently, the players must negotiate a way of working with the notation and with each other, making decisions prior to, and during, the moment of performance. Drawing on interviews and observational studies, the chapter identifies three different forms of interaction in the musicians’ playing as they engaged with Wolff’s notation: working responsively, independently, and emergently. The chapter offers a view of ensemble interaction that is characterized by cooperation, but also uncertainty, surprise, or even complete breakdown.
Ensemble musicians’ health and wellness
Authors: Norton Naomi
Published: November 2021

Relationships between music, health, and wellness are complicated: music can promote health and wellness, but musicians are vulnerable to problems caused or exacerbated by musical activities. With a view towards preventing such problems and promoting musicians’ health and wellness, researchers have mostly focused on individual musicians’ physical and psychological capabilities; however, insights from behavior change science indicate that it is vital to consider the extent to which environmental factors affect musicians’ opportunities to engage in health-promoting behaviors. This chapter focuses on four aspects of ensemble environments that can affect performers’ biological, psychological, and social health and wellness: (1) venue characteristics and configurations; (2) rehearsal organization, goals, and flow; (3) ensemble culture and social norms; and (4) social support and competition. Recommendations for addressing these aspects are presented, based on studies conducted with professional, pre-professional, and amateur ensemble musicians performing instrumental and vocal music from a range of genres.
Emotional, cognitive, and motor development in youth orchestras
Authors: Glowinski Donald , Levacher Cecile , Buchheit Florian , Malagoli Chiara , Matuszewski Benjamin , Schaerlaeken Simon , Noera Chiara , Edwards Katie , Chiorri Carlo , Bevilacqua Frédéric , Grandjean Didier
Published: November 2021

Does being part of an orchestra from an early age have an impact on cognitive and emotional capacities? Researchers from the University of Geneva (Unige), Switzerland, the University of Genoa (Unige-IT), and the Institute of Research and Coordination Acoustic/Music (IRCAM) in Paris investigated this question in the context of the Demos orchestras organized by the Philharmonie de Paris-Cité. This two-year study evaluated the development and evolution of the cognitive, emotional, and motor skills of 255 children engaged in two Demos orchestras, aged 7 to 13 years living in education priority zones (ZEPs) in France. The results showed that after two years of playing music as part of a group, the working memory, cognitive flexibility, and emotion understanding skills of the children improved at a higher rate than the published measurements on standard tests. Important improvements were also shown in movement synchronization.
China’s Digital Economy
Authors: Zhang Marina Yue , Dodgson Mark , Gann David M.
Published: November 2021

China has one of the most advanced digital economies in the world. This chapter analyses the rise of China’s digital economy and the transformational effect of digital innovation on consumers and throughout China’s economy and society. The ‘platform of platforms’ created by leading firms is critical in China’s digital infrastructure, and the user data generated on these platforms is a new factor in Chinese productivity. The ability of the digital economy to build and address demand in China’s highly differentiated markets is shown in cases such as Xiaomi. The chapter reveals the zigzag pattern of iterative interactions between technology entrepreneurs and policymakers. It presents a detailed case study of mobile payments, explaining the dynamic interactions between firm strategies, user endorsements, and government policies. The rise of the ‘platform of platforms’ has raised concerns about user data safety and fair market competition. The chapter discusses the social and political implications arising from powerful platform firms in the digital economy. It concludes with discussion of the importance of future technologies, including artificial intelligence and the internet of things, especially their applications in the industry internet.
Technology Entrepreneurship
Authors: Zhang Marina Yue , Dodgson Mark , Gann David M.
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the growth of technology entrepreneurship in China. Compared to other professions such as public service or academia, entrepreneurship was not regarded highly in Chinese culture and was banned in the Mao era as ‘walking on the road of capitalism’. It has now become a key element of China’s innovation machine, and being an entrepreneur is an attractive career. The reforms in China’s capital market, including venture capital investment, together with policy support under the banner of mass entrepreneurship and innovation, such as access to science and research, incubators and accelerators, and entrepreneurship education, are described. The case of the emerging biotechnology/biopharmaceutical industry is used to illustrate the importance of combining technology, talent, capital, and policy in technology entrepreneurship. Selected large and rapidly growing unicorns are profiled, illustrating how entrepreneurial firms aiming to develop future technologies emerge and grow.
Institutional Logics in Innovation
Authors: Zhang Marina Yue , Dodgson Mark , Gann David M.
Published: November 2021

This chapter analyses the different institutional logics surrounding China’s innovation machine, including the ‘visible hand’ of the state and ‘invisible hand’ of the market. The idea of innovation in China resulting from centralized decisions in government is shown to be a myth; instead, it results from the interaction of initial bottom-up innovations and subsequent top-down direction, support, or correction. The cultural roots of China’s multiple institutional logics are explained, including the role of hierarchy, the tolerance of ambiguity, and the search for unity. Balance is sought within Chinese bureaucracies, between central and local governments, and between formal and informal authority. The chapter analyses Chinese policy frameworks for science and technology, innovation, intellectual property, education and talent, environment, industry, and the reform of state-owned enterprises. A case study of the car industry is provided, focusing particularly on how policy instruments are used to encourage carmakers to capitalize on the opportunities presented by the new technology trajectory of new energy vehicles.
Chaotic Order
Authors: Zhang Marina Yue , Dodgson Mark , Gann David M.
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores how order emerges from chaos in China’s innovation machine. It emphasizes how innovation is emergent, evolutionary, and complex and cannot be centrally planned and controlled. Innovation involves experimentation, the initial growth of which requires some protection, but the scale and scope of which can be rapidly amplified in an interdependent digital economy. The challenges facing the innovation machine are outlined. These include the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the impending clash of political ideology between China and the West manifested by a technology cold war over issues such as technological standards. The chapter argues that, despite numerous shortcomings, China’s innovation machine is remarkably successful and robust and can even strengthen as result of external pressures. It does, however, face specific internal policy challenges, including whether the government can maintain the pragmatism of recent policies with continued development of the market, and strengthened transparency on the nature and purpose of China’s approach to innovation, and the nation’s greater assumption of leadership roles in international forums. How China handles these challenges will significantly impact the future of global economic development and political cooperation.
Church Architecture of Late Antique Northern Mesopotamia
Authors: Keser Kayaalp Elif
Published: November 2021

Church Architecture of Late Antique Northern Mesopotamia examines the church architecture of Northern Mesopotamia between the fourth and eighth centuries. It focuses on settlements, plan types, artistic encounters, the remarkable continuity of the classical tradition in the architectural decoration, the heterogeneity of the building techniques, patrons, imperial motivations, dedications of churches, and stories that claim and make spaces. Employing archaeological and epigraphical material and hagiographical and historical sources, the book presents a holistic picture of the church architecture of this frontier region, encompassing the cities of Nisibis (Nusaybin), Edessa (Şanlıurfa), Amida (Diyarbakır), Anastasiopolis (Dara/Oğuz), Martyropolis (Silvan), Constantia (Viranşehir), and their surroundings, and the rural Tur Abdin region. The period covered spans the last centuries of Byzantine and the first century and a half of Arab rule, when the region was, on the one hand, a stage of war and riven by religious controversies, and a cultural interspace on the other. The book discusses the different dynamics in this frontier region and the resulting built environment and church architecture in pursuit of providing a regional contribution to the study of the transformation that the Byzantine civilization underwent in the late antique period and understanding the continuities and changes after the Arab conquest.
Metaphysics
Authors: Heil John
Published: November 2021

A discussion of the inevitability of metaphysics centered on the question, how are the appearances related to reality? The universe as we encounter it in our everyday and scientific pursuits, what Wilfrid Sellars called the ‘manifest image’, presents itself as strikingly at odds with the ‘scientific image’, the universe as revealed by physics. Every reflective agent must eventually confront the problem of how the manifest and scientific images are related, how the appearances stand to reality. Three responses to the problem are discussed, and a fourth is introduced. A holistic conception of metaphysics—a ‘package deal’—is endorsed, two competing worldviews, ‘Aristotelianism’ and ‘Humeanism’ are set out, followed by brief chapter-by-chapter summaries of the book’s contents.
Causation
Authors: Heil John
Published: November 2021

Ordinary efficient causation is characterized as the cooperative manifesting of powers. Thus regarded, instances of causation could be seen as bringings about. Given that the identity of a power hinges on what it is a power for (in concert with various reciprocal powers), causal relations would turn out to be ‘internal’, fully deterministic relations: if you have the powers distributed as they are, if you have this dispositional array, this ‘dispositional matrix’, you have the manifestations. Spontaneity would enter the picture if some manifestations were unilateral, as is apparently so in the case of the decay of an unstable element. A conception of this kind—an Aristotelian conception—could be contrasted with a competing Humean conception of causation that appeals to laws, contingent external factors taken to underlie causal sequences. Such laws would in no sense govern objects’ behavior.
Brute Fact
Authors: Heil John
Published: November 2021

Concerns about contingency are explored further by way of a consideration of brute facts. Facts (ways the universe is) that are explanatorily brute are distinguished from those that are ontologically brute. Explanation, being a product of finite minds, must end somewhere, it would seem, but this leaves open the question whether the universe, or its nature, is in any respect ontologically brute. The difficulty of answering this question is registered and the suggestion advanced that reality, being itself, determines what could or must be the case. This leads to an ontological argument of the form, if there is something, if there is anything at all, there could not have been nothing: nothing comes from nothing. The upshot is something like a metaphysical counterpart to the principle of sufficient reason.
Fundamentals of Electrochemistry
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O.
Published: November 2021

Fundamentals of Electrochemistry build on basic oxidation-reduction reactions and present an overview of their use in electrochemical cells. The construction and operation of a galvanic cell is described with cell diagrams including the function of the electrodes (cathode and anode). Also covered are the standard electrode potential and its applications, including calculations involving the standard electrode potential, the Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant, determination of the spontaneity in redox reactions and the dependence of cell potential on concentration (the Nernst equation). Finally a qualitative and quantitative overview of electrolysis is presented with a focus on predicting the products of electrolysis and the stoichiometry of electrolysis, which relates the charge flowing through an electrolytic cell to the amount of products formed at the electrodes.
To Remember or Forget?
Authors: Larsson Mats , Lilja Kristina
Published: November 2021

Since the early twentieth century, the Swedish financial system has experienced five major financial crises—both domestic and internationally generated. With three crises within 25 years, the use of memories from previous financial problems seems a little far-fetched. But so far this has not explicitly been analysed. However, with sources from official investigations, material from the Swedish central bank (the Riksbank) as well as memos from the Bank Inspection Board and larger commercial banks, it would be possible to reconstruct how experiences from earlier financial crises influenced banks risk management and business strategies. During the financial crisis of the 1990s the lack of memories from the 1920s and 1930s was noticed. It was said that knowledge of risk management had been reduced during 60 years of governmental control. This chapter explores this loss of memory using archives and interviews.