bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abject Economics
Authors: Moe Angela M. , Bell Myrtle P.
Published: May 2004

Research on the effects of battering on women’s lives has focused on poverty, homelessness, and welfare receipt, often centering on women who are uneducated or undereducated. The authors analyze how battering impacts the work and employability of women from various employment levels and backgrounds. Data were obtained through qualitative interviews with 19 residents of a domestic violence shelter, some of whom had obtained substantial education and built solid and lucrative careers prior to being abused. The women described instances in which battering had obstructed their ability to find work, maintain employment, and use their wages to establish greater economic independence and safety.
Survival is not Enough
Authors: Mears Jane
Published: May 2004

Until the late 1990s, there was virtually no research that focused on older women and violence in Australia. Indeed, it has been quite a struggle to get this issue onto the research and policy agenda. This article briefly describes some of the work on violence against older women that has been done to date and then focuses specifically on the outcome of a research project designed to fill this gap.
Feeling Safe, Feeling Strong
Authors: Brandl Bonnie , Hebert Michelle , Rozwadowski Julie , Spangler Deb
Published: May 2004

Too often, older women experience the heartache of being hurt by someone they love. These women may be isolated and unaware of community resources. Support groups can provide older abused women with support, information, friendship, and hope—a place to feel safe and strong. Based on interviews with 34 support group facilitators, this article describes (a) the logistics of identifying projects, (b) the benefits of support groups for older abused women, (c) the characteristics of existing groups, (d) the challenges of starting a support group, and (e) principles for working with older abused women.
A Model Collaborative Project Toward Making Domestic Violence Centers Elder Ready
Authors: Vinton Linda
Published: May 2004

An interagency collaboration was formed in a Florida community with a high proportion of older residents to fill the gaps in services that existed for older domestic violence victims. Results of the collaboration included the creation of safe spaces both inside and out-side the domestic violence shelter. Targeted outreach to older victims resulted in the local domestic violence shelter’s providing more than 100 hours of crisis hotline counseling, case management for six individuals, and emergency sheltering of one older woman during a 6-month period. A plan for replication of the project was developed and disseminated.
Female Prostitution, Customers, and Violence
Authors: Monto Martin A.
Published: May 2004

Through a critical review of existing research, this article argues that (a) customers have been excluded from many debates surrounding prostitution, and including them will create a more robust dialogue regarding prostitution; (b) though prostitution seeking is often treated as a natural part of masculine sexual experience, most men do not pursue prostitutes, and very few are regular users; (c) many commonsense understandings of men’s motivations for seeking prostitutes are consistent with existing research; (d) a series of attitudinal orientations may help explain why some men meet their desires through prostitution and others do not, and may also help to explain some of the violence experienced by prostitutes; and (e) customers actively construct their encounters with prostitutes in ways that support their understandings of prostitution and their sexual desires, often working to maintain a sense of mutuality and consent. Incorporating customers into academic scholarship on prostitution can lead to more balanced research that better informs public policy.
A Comparison of Pimp- and Non-Pimp-Controlled Women
Authors: Norton-Hawk Maureen
Published: May 2004

A study of 50 incarcerated urban prostitutes finds that 40% have been under the control of a pimp. Pimp-controlled prostitutes are more likely to be single, to have failed to complete high school, to be non-White, to have never held a legitimate job, and to come from exceptionally dysfunctional families. Pimp-controlled prostitutes were younger when they had their first sexual experience, first used illegal drugs, and first engaged in prostitution. Pimp-controlled prostitutes are also more likely to be the victims of violence from customers, suggesting that the pressure to make extra money to support the pimp exposes these women to additional risk. Because of these accumulated adverse experiences, this group may require additional, long-term interventions.
Self-Defense/Assertiveness Training, Women’s Victimization History, and Psychological Characteristics
Authors: Brecklin Leanne R.
Published: May 2004

Little research has been conducted to determine which characteristics and experiences affect women’s choices to enroll in self-defense/assertiveness training. The present study examined the role of self-defense/assertiveness training in women’s lives using data from 3,187 female college students. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that women with multiple forms of childhood victimization (e.g., both child sexual and physical abuse) were almost twice as likely to participate in self-defense/assertiveness training. Training participants also reported more positive instrumental traits (e.g., independence) and less sexual conservatism than nonparticipants. Implications for future research evaluating self-defense programs are discussed.
A Survey on Violence Against Female Partners in Québec, Canada
Authors: Rinfret-Raynor Maryse , Riou Ariane , Cantin Solange , Drouin Christine , Dubé Myriam
Published: May 2004

To establish the annual prevalence of violence perpetrated by male partners in Québec couples, a telephone survey was conducted with 2,120 women. Validated instruments measured physically and sexually violent behaviors as well as controlling behaviors and verbal aggression. Victimization rates were 6.1% for physical violence and 6.8% for sexual violence. Sexual and physical violence were significantly higher in the presence of controlling and humiliating behaviors than they were in the absence of such behaviors. The results confirm the association of individual and social variables with violence in other studies and illustrate the importance of understanding the sociocultural context for the family status variables.
Interviewer Training in the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence
Authors: Jansen Henrica A. F. M. , Watts Charlotte , Ellsberg Mary , Heise Lori , García-Moreno Claudia
Published: May 2004

The importance of a sound research strategy for measuring and understanding violence against women cross-culturally is well recognized. However, the value of specialized interviewer training to attain these data is not always fully appreciated. This article describes interviewer selection and training in the World Health Organization (WHO) Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence and highlights their importance. Such training ensures high-quality data and cross-country comparability, protects the safety of respondents and interviewers, and increases the impact of the study. Moreover, women are not only willing to share experiences with trained and empathetic interviewers but also find the interview a positive experience.
Living Without Democracy and Peace
Authors: NIKOLIC-RISTANOVIC VESNA
Published: May 2004

In this article, violence against women in the former Yugoslavia is analyzed, with special emphasis on the influence of war, nationalism, and militarism on its occurrence. Violence against women in both war and areas that were not directly influenced by conflict are examined. Its main aim is to illustrate how militarism and nationalism—as contradictions to democracy—decrease the safety of women and shape their vulnerability in more variant ways, and with more traumatic consequences, than occur in societies with long traditions of democracy and during so called peacetimes. Special attention is drawn to the sexual, physical, and psychological violence against women in war and refuge, as well as to domestic and other forms of violence in areas not directly affected by war. Criminalization of society and inappropriate formal social control, consequences of both the war and a lack of democracy, are seen as generators of insecurity and victimization of women in the areas that are not directly influenced by conflict.
Estimating Hospital Charges Associated With Intimate Violence
Authors: FINLAYSON TERESA J. , SALTZMAN LINDA E. , SHERIDAN DANIEL J. , TAYLOR WENDY K.
Published: May 2004

The cost of treating intimate violence can be estimated by using data collected by hospital-based programs that identify and document such violence. This article examines previous methods applied to estimate hospital charges associated with violence as well as our own experience using data collected by a hospital-based violence prevention program in Chicago, Illinois. Five basic steps for estimating hospital charges associated with treating intimate violence are described. These steps, and the discussion of difficulties associated with accomplishing them, are to guide researchers in examining hospital costs of intimate violence victims identified by hospital-based violence prevention programs.
Medicolegal Response to Violence Against Women in India
Authors: PRASAD SHALLY
Published: May 2004

This article examines women's experiences in India with health and legal interventions that address domestic violence, dowry-related violence, and rape. By examining the experiences of survivors of abuse with the medicolegal system in New Delhi, it considers the extent to which women are able to access their legal rights within the special protection system constructed specifically for them. The use of primary data highlights the impact of state procedures on women, and it demonstrates how procedures designed to enhance women's access to the law actually inhibit it. Using semistructured interviews with female survivors of abuse, police officers, case workers, NGO leaders, lawyers, physicians, and government officials in a 4-year period, this article examines women's access to state services designed to address violence against women, and raises questions about state tolerance of domestic and sexual violence.
Sexual Abuse in South Asian Immigrant Marriages
Authors: ABRAHAM MARGARET
Published: May 2004

This article focuses on a discussion of some of the norms around sexuality and their implications for sexual abuse of South Asian immigrant women. Based on the narratives of abused South Asian immigrant women, it explains how women define and understand their own experiences of sexual abuse. The article examines three forms of sexual abuse: (a) marital rape and sexual assault, (b) sexual control through manipulation of reproductive rights, and (c) sexual control through the construction of the “sexual other.” Sexual abuse by significant others besides the husband in the immigrant context is also briefly discussed.
Persistence, Intensity, and Areal Extent of Violence Against Women
Authors: HARRIES KEITH , KOVANDZIC ERIC
Published: May 2004

The authors focus on the density of assaults against women in Baltimore City, expressed in terms of persistence, intensity, and areal extent. Aggravated assaults and homicides with female victims were abstracted from the data base of all such events in police files for the 4 years 1992 to 1995 (N = 36,286). Women were victims in 209 homicides and 12,553 aggravated assaults. Problem areas were delineated using a threshold incident density of approximately two standard deviations above the mean. Maps expressing this density level were prepared for each year. The intersection of each annual high density pattern with census block group geography was determined, and block groups were divided into two classes: those intersecting high density zones and those not intersecting. The authors report on salient census characteristics of the two sets of block groups and comment on relevant policy implications.
Females' Labor Force Participation and Rape
Authors: AVAKAME EDEM F.
Published: May 2004

Ellis has observed that although feminist theorists clearly identify gender inequality as the fundamental cause of violence against women, they are vague about the direction of the causal effect. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (1992-1994) incident-level rape subset data file, this article tests the hypothesis that females' labor force participation will increase their rape victimization by frustrating resentful males into using violence as an ultimate resource in humiliation and control (i.e., the backlash hypothesis). Contrary to this proposition, results show that unemployed women are more likely to be raped than employed women. They also show that poor, older, unmarried, White, suburban females have disproportionate risks of rape victimization. Implications of these data for the debate on the uniqueness of violence against women are discussed.
Research on Violence Against Women
Authors: GILFUS MARY E. , FINERAN SUSAN , COHAN DEBORAH J. , JENSEN SUSAN A. , HARTWICK LISA , SPATH ROBIN
Published: May 2004

This article discusses a group approach to creating collaboration among researchers, advocates, practitioners, and policy makers in research on violence against women. This model promotes mutual learning and research that is multidisciplinary and survivor-informed. We offer examples of the structures, outcomes, and processes necessary to support effective collaboration. We define collaboration as a multilayered process and we address group tensions around differing perspectives and interests, promoting diversity and cohesiveness, and relationships of power and status that need to be negotiated. We emphasize the skills and expertise of advocates in all aspects of the research process.
Participatory Evaluation
Authors: LEVIN REBEKAH
Published: May 2004

This article examines the types of evaluation research that need to be carried out with respect to domestic violence programs, and it advocates for the use of participatory evaluation as a means of bringing researchers and advocates together as colleagues rather than adversaries in the task. To do so, both sets of players need to modify their roles slightly, with practitioners becoming part evaluators and researchers letting go of their objective-outsider frocks to learn alongside those providing the services. Included is a description of a domestic violence project in which participatory evaluation was incorporated into its design and implementation.
Sex Ratios, Female Labor Force Participation, and Lethal Violence Against Women
Authors: AVAKAME EDEM F.
Published: May 2004

This article applies Guttentag and Secord's ideas on sex ratios and female labor force participation to the explanation of lethal violence against women. It is postulated that low sex ratios (more women than men) may combine with increased female labor force participation to expand the incidence of lethal violence against women. Using data from the Supplementary Homicide Reports in conjunction with data from the 1990 U.S. population census, results suggest that high sex ratios augment female homicide victimization. But the effect is not mediated by female labor force participation. Nevertheless, to the extent that poverty and female labor force participation rates increase female homicide victimization, they are more salient for the explanation of the victimization experiences of White women.
New Perspectives on Rural Women's Enterprises
Authors: SHUZHEN WANG
Published: May 2004

The author has overseen establishment of the Qianxi program, which has involved a range of activities, including establishment of a Women's Legal Resource Center, to raise legal consciousness and provide institutional structures to support implementation of protection for women's rights provided by law. This article discusses the many difficulties encountered in securing protection of women's lawful rights in practice. It examines the ways in which the Women's Federation in conjunction with local government and local party officials have sought to overcome them.
Prostitution and Economic Modernization in China
Authors: REN XIN
Published: May 2004

Over the past two decades, more than a dozen statutes and laws have been enacted seeking to curtail the problem of prostitution in China. During that time, the government has shifted its policy from an attempt to eradicate prostitution entirely in the 1980s to a strategy of control and later of regulation in the 1990s. Although women prostitutes continue to be seen as the victims of sexual exploitation by males, when these women are arrested they, and not their male customers, are subjected to mandatory rehabilitation. The deterioration of women's rights under the new economic order has further limited the capacity of women to enjoy equal access to education, employment, welfare, and social and political advancement. Without adequate protection for women's access to social, economic, and political advancement, prostitution cannot be properly prevented and controlled.
Do State Growth Management Regulations Reduce Sprawl?
Authors: Anthony Jerry
Published: May 2004

Thirteen states in the United States have adopted state growth management legislation that aims to preserve environmentally sensitive areas, improve the quality of urban areas, and reduce urban sprawl. Although there is a considerable amount of literature describing such policies, there is very little that examines the effectiveness of such policies. The author researched the efficacy of state growth management laws in controlling urban sprawl by examining the change in urban densities in 49 states over a 15-year period. He found that growth-managed states generally experienced a lesser density decline than states without growth management. However, regression analysis revealed that state growth management programs did not have a statistically significant effect in checking sprawl. The author concludes with several suggestions for modifying state regulations to curb sprawl more effectively.
Explaining U.S. Urban Regimes
Authors: Kilburn H. Whitt
Published: May 2004

The author studies the influence of city context on urban regimes across 14 cities in the United States by surveying published case studies and applying qualitative comparative analysis. To explain variation in a regime typology, the author tests components of market conditions (a city’s fiscal resource base and mobility of local capital) and democratic conditions (local civic participation and ward-style representation). The results indicate that not one of these components is necessary or sufficient for supporting the emergence of a more progressive, as opposed to a developmental or caretaker, regime. Instead, three interactions between the components of market and democratic conditions explain the presence of progressive regimes. The author discusses the implications of the results for both studying and understanding U.S. regimes.
Reconstructing Urban Politics
Authors: Martin Deborah G.
Published: May 2004

In urban governance, some responsibility for services and planning may lie with private entities. Residents challenging public policies may find recourse not from elected officials but from quasi-public agencies. This article examines contestation over a hospital expansion plan in Athens, Georgia. Using archival accounts and interviews, the author investigates the responses of the local state and the hospital to neighborhood-based activism and the success of residents in restructuring the hospital’s decision-making process. The scale of contestation and negotiation differed from that of the city government. This case illustrates newstructures and scales of negotiation and accountability in quasi-public urban governance.
Race, Class, and Segregation Patterns in U.S. Immigrant Gateway Cities
Authors: Clark William A. V. , Blue Sarah A.
Published: May 2004

Previous studies have shown some tendency toward increased residential racial and ethnic integration, especially in large West Coast metropolitan areas. They have also shown in limited studies that integration, or at least declines in separation, occur with increases in socioeconomic status. The results of this study, using recently released 2000 census data for metropolitan areas with large numbers of foreign born, show that indeed separation does decline with increases in socio-economic status though it also varies by geography, education, and income and is significantly variable across different ethnic groups in the large immigrant cities. The research in this study also documents the continuing hierarchy of greater integration of Whites with Asians and Whites with Hispanics than with African Americans. It is clear that the changing patterns of separation have moved beyond Black-White contexts. Still, class clearly matters, as integration is greater at higher education levels, and suburban areas in general are more integrated than urban cores.
Governors and the Development Regime in New Orleans
Authors: Burns Peter F. , Thomas Matthew O.
Published: May 2004

Regime theory argues that local actors shape city politics even though state government sets the rules under which urban players act. Regime theorists typically do not focus on conditions under which governors assume important roles in local regimes. The authors examine major economic development projects in New Orleans to highlight conditions under which extralocal actors, namely, governors, become involved in local regimes. A scarcity of both resources and business leaders in New Orleans, competition with other states, and political considerations motivated Louisiana governors to increase their participation in New Orleans’s urban development regime. Governors constituted part of the mobilization effort to move the city from a caretaker regime to a progrowth regime. They used their authority, fiscal resources, and leadership skills to assume this greater role. Gubernatorial participation in the regime benefited governors, New Orleans mayors, and major businesses at the expense of tourists, working-class and poor residents, the state legislature, and the state’s business reputation.
The Quality Network Adverse-Event Benchmarking Project: a New Jersey Perspective
Authors: Sienkiewicz Josephine I.
Published: May 2004

The New Jersey Home Care Association initiated and conducted a benchmarking project in collaboration with the New Jersey Hospital Association involving the examination of the Outcome and Assessment Information Set and Outcome Based Quality Improvement (OBQI) reports generated byhome health agencies. The purpose was to determine if statewide trends existed. The plan was flexible and dependent upon the data results, but the design of appropriate educational programs for member agencies prior to the onset of risk-adjusted reports and Medicare’s mandated benchmarking was anticipated. Although no clear trends were identified as a result of the survey, the project was an important first effort that offered direct experience with the process of outcomes measurement and helped to demonstrate the value of data analysis to all agencies. Because of the project, agencies recognized the need to become informed about, participate in, and prepare for the next steps of Medicare’s OBQI and Outcome Based Quality Monitoring.
A Community Health Nursing Perspective of Home Health Care Management and Practice
Authors: Mapanga Kudakwashe G. , Mapanga Margo B.
Published: May 2004

A community health nursing perspective of home health care management and practice is hereby conceptualized within the context of the Zimbabwean health care system and primary health care approach. Home health care known as community home-based care is an integral component of community health nursing practice. A framework is developed to depict the main goal of community health nursing practice as to enhance client empowerment in independent functioning through cognitive and skill development thereby cumulating in client participation as a health outcome. Client participation is conceptualized as the extent of self-initiated engagement in activities contributing to health and wellbeing. Community health nursing practice incorporates family members, significant others, and village health workers in enhancing client participation as a health outcome in the home scenario.
Pathways to Publishing: a How-to Approach
Authors: Gingerich Barbara Stover
Published: May 2004

This article outlines an approach to developing and submitting manuscripts for professional publications. Authors are encouraged to individualize and use those steps appropriate to their needs in the pursuit of manuscript development and information sharing.
Revitalizing Professional Boundaries Policy into Meaningful Practice Improvement
Authors: Morton Shelly Bolin
Published: May 2004

Professional boundaries are becoming a critical issue in today’s home health care arena. As a clinician, can a set of rules improve the quality of care that you are providing to the community? As a manager of a home health care agency, have you wondered how to bring meaning to a policy that exists in a file cabinet? Education on the concepts of virtue ethics, three guiding principles, and the zone of helpfulness can revitalize an otherwise dead policy and can be very beneficial for both clinicians and managers. Benefits include increased staff morale and renewed ethical motivation for clinicians to continually assess and enhance their professional behavior thus resulting in meaningful practice improvement.
Cultural Awareness and Home Care Planning
Authors: Knoerl Ann Marie
Published: May 2004

Providing unbiased health care is important in today’s health care delivery system. This article looks at how to be and become more effective in meeting culturally diverse needs of clients. Hints and tips to increase cultural and ethnic knowledge and understanding are included in this article.
Healing the Divided Mind
Authors: Walck Christa
Published: May 2004

This article reviews the two divergent paradigms of economy and ecology and contemporary attempts at integration into a sustainability paradigm. It then explores how the concept of land and its specific manifestation in place offer an alternative integration that taps the Jungian realm of symbol and mythologem.
Transportation Asset Management Overview
Authors: Bittner Jason , Rosen Howard
Published: May 2004

This article defines Transportation Asset Management (TAM) as a systematic process of operating, maintaining, and upgrading physical assets cost-effectively. TAM combines engineering and mathematical analyses with sound business practice and economic theory. State efforts to adopt TAM include Michigan’s TAM Council and Indiana’s Highway Asset Management System software program. This article also describes research initiatives sponsored by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, the Midwest Regional University Transportation Center, and private sector firms. Finally, this article summarizes the main articles in this focus issue.
Using Value Capture to Finance Infrastructure and Encourage Compact Development
Authors: Rybeck Rick
Published: May 2004

Transportation investments often increase nearby land values. This can choke off development, pushing new growth to cheaper sites remote from these investments. This “leapfrog” development creates a demand for infrastructure extension that starts the process over again. Transportation infrastructure, intended to facilitate development, thus chases it away. Resulting sprawl strains the transportation, fiscal, and environmental systems upon which communities rely. Several jurisdictions around the country utilize a value-capture technique embedded in their property tax to help finance infrastructure and motivate affordable compact development. They reduce the tax rate on assessed building values and increase the tax rate on assessed land values. The resulting compact development should facilitate better transportation and accommodate economic growth with reduced fiscal and environmental costs. This technique’s ability to foster affordable compact development might help bridge the gap between those who advocate growth boundaries and those who fear the impact of growth boundaries on affordable housing.
Perceptions of Airline Service Quality
Authors: Cunningham Lawrence F. , Young Clifford E. , Lee Moonkyu
Published: May 2004

Marketing managers must be always alert to some kind of brand crisis that can occur unexpectedly. The September 11 terrorist attack dramatically changed the business environment in the United States and elsewhere and had the most pro-found impact on the American airline industry. This article reports the results of a series of longitudinal surveys on consumer perceptions of airline service quality, risks associated with air travel, and satisfaction with airlines before and after the 9/11 crisis. The results show that although the number of trips declined over the course of the research, passengers’ overall satisfaction with the airline industry, airline satisfaction, and intention to repatronize their airline generally did not change in a statistically significant manner. The implications of the results are discussed from a brand management perspective.
Training to Meet Transportation Agency Workforce Needs
Authors: Diewald Walter J.
Published: May 2004

Today’s need for workforce training is driven by the many changes taking place in the workplace. In response to these changes, many employers provide training, education, and skill development opportunities and ask employees to assume responsibility for developing and maintaining necessary skills. Transportation agencies face changes because of new transportation technologies and innovations, standards and regulations, and today’s primary work tools—computers, information technologies, and telecommunications systems. However, many of these agencies invest too little—about one quarter of benchmark levels—in training and in doing so ignore evidence that insufficient and inadequate training leads to inefficiencies, poor performance, unnecessary resource expenditures, and even system failures. The challenge of meeting training needs is great, but successful models exist in state and local agencies that can be adapted as necessary to meet individual agency needs; these often feature partnerships with universities, community colleges, and training institutes.
Explaining Interjurisdictional Variations in Local Sales Tax Yield
Authors: Hawkins Richard , Murray Matthew N.
Published: May 2004

As substate policy makers design economic development strategies and respond to structural changes in their economic base, it is important to understand effects on the local sales tax. Local sales taxes are modeled here as arising from three sources: resident demand, taxable business-to-business transactions, and visitor/commuter spending. Careful attention is paid to how sales tax payments are actually made and distributed to local governments. The results indicate clearly positive effects from tourism and incommuting, whereas out-commuting yields a revenue drain. Construction provides a significant boost to local sales tax revenue, but the effects of manufacturing and services are surprising. Manufacturers, through a combination of exempt inputs and exported final products, provide no clear sales tax impact. The service sector, however, produces notable revenue gains. The findings provide general guidance on the way in which shifts in economic structure can influence local sales tax revenue and call into question revenue effects from traditional smokestack-chasing economic development policies of local governments.
Some Futures are Brighter than Others: the Net Benefits Received by Florida Bright Futures Scholarship Recipients
Authors: Stranahan Harriet A. , Borg Mary O.
Published: May 2004

Using a choice-based sample of households in Florida, the authors provide new empirical evidence on the budgetary incidence of lottery-funded merit scholarships. Specifically, they estimate the benefits received from the Florida Bright Futures (FBF) scholarship and the lottery taxes paid for three typical households in Florida. They find that high socioeconomic (SES) households receive a net program benefit of almost $2,200, whereas low SES households incur a net programloss of almost $700. This result obtains because lower SES households tend to pay more in lottery taxes but are less likely to receive scholarships. Also, the lower SES households with members who do receive the FBF scholarship are more likely to receive the 75% partial scholarship (vs. the 100% full scholarship) than the higher SES households. The results indicate that lottery-funded merit scholarships redistribute income from lower income, non-White, and less educated households to higher income, White, well-educated households.
Public Ownership and Business Performance in the Spanish Manufacturing Sector, 1983-1996
Authors: de Cos Pablo Hernández , Argimón Isabel , González-Páramo José Manuel
Published: May 2004

This article presents empirical evidence for the Spanish case on the hypothesis that public ownership may be a determinant of a firm’s performance. Two alternative definitions of efficiency are proposed: relative productivity and profitability. The former tries to approximate the concept of technical or productive efficiency, whereas the latter is associated with allocative or price efficiency. The role of ownership is tested, conditioning for the degree of competition, the financial position of the firm, and labor quality. The data used are a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms for the period 1983-1996. The results show a negative and significant coefficient of the public ownership variable, which would denote that public ownership has a negative effect on efficiency. In addition, the degree of competition seems to have a positive and significant effect on firm’s performance. As for the variables that proxy the degree of financial constraint, the coefficient of the cash flow per unit of capital has a positive and significant sign.
JISGA: A Jini-Based Service-Oriented Grid Architecture
Authors: Huang Yan
Published: May 2004

This paper describes how to extend a Jini system into an OGSA-compliant infrastructure for Grid computing by introducing Web service techniques into the Jini system. The Jini-based Service-oriented Grid Architecture (JISGA) is presented, the functionality of the system is described, and the main services and components of the system are discussed. The paper shows how to present a Jini service as a Web service, and how an application composed of interacting services can be described using the service workflow description language (SWFL). The conversion of a composite application specified in an SWFL document into an executable Java code, and its subsequent execution, are also discussed. This latter capability, enabled by the SWFL2Java tool, permits the blocking and non-blocking submission of jobs to the Grid, and their processing in both sequential and parallel execution modes.
A Grid Service-Based Infrastructure for Accessing Scientific Collections: The Case of the ARION System
Authors: Houstis Catherine , Lalis Spyros , Pitikakis Marios , Vasilakis George V. , Kritikos Kyriakos , Smardas Antonis
Published: May 2004

The ARION system provides basic e-services of search and retrieval of objects in scientific collections, such as datasets, simulation models and tools necessary for statistical and/or visualization processing. These collections may represent application software of scientific areas, they reside in geographically disperse organizations and constitute the system content. The user may invoke on-line computations of scientific datasets when the latter are not found into the system. The underlying grid used consists of hardware and software resources in the various participating organizations. ARION manages these resources providing a computing framework that produces datasets required by the user. In addition, the system offers semantic description of its content in terms of scientific ontologies and metadata information. Thus, ARION provides the basic infrastructure for accessing and deriving scientific information in an open, distributed and federated system.
WBTK: a New Set of Microbenchmarks to Explore Memory System Performance for Scientific Computing
Authors: Jalby W. , Lemuet C. , Le Pasteur X.
Published: May 2004

Memory hierarchies are a key component in obtaining high performance on modern microprocessors. To satisfy the ever-increasing demand on data rate access, they are also becoming increasingly complex: multilevel caches, non-blocking caches, sophisticated instructions for supporting prefetch and cache control, etc. If all of these advanced features promise to offer large performance gains, they also generate in some cases performance “anomalies” (i.e. bad performance triggered by specific code patterns). For precisely locating and understanding these anomalies, a new set of microbenchmarks called WBTK is introduced. We show through systematic experimentation on Alpha 21264, Power4 and Itanium1 that this microbenchmark first allowed us to detect most of the anomalies encountered on simple BLAS1 type codes. Secondly, it led us to demonstrate that vectorization of memory access was an efficient workaround for most of these anomalies.
Monitoring Large Systems Via Statistical Sampling
Authors: Mendes Celso L. , Reed Daniel A.
Published: May 2004

As the trend in parallel systems scales toward petaflop performance tapped by advances in circuit density and by an increasingly available computational Grid, the development of efficient mechanisms for monitoring large systems becomes imperative. When computational components are coupled via dynamically shifting connections with various remote resources, the number of potential factors affecting system behavior is enormous. Yet the overhead of monitoring can be prohibitive. In this paper we present a new technique for monitoring large systems based on statistical sampling. Rather than monitoring each component, we select a statistically valid sample and measure the behavior of sample members. We describe the formal requirements of sample selection and verify the feasibility of our approach with experiments on large parallel systems and wide-area networks. Our results show that this technique can be a powerful tool to enable effective monitoring without incurring the large costs typically associated to exhaustive checking.
A Performance Evaluation of an Alpha EV7 Processing Node
Authors: Kerbyson Darren J. , Hoisie Adolfy , Pakin Scott , Petrini Fabrizio , Wasserman Harvey J.
Published: May 2004

In this paper we detail the performance of a new Alpha-Server node containing 16 Alpha EV7 CPUs. The EV7 processor is based on the EV68 processor core that is used in terascale systems at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. The EV68 processor core is supplemented with six-way router circuitry that forms connections from the processor internals to four neighboring CPUs in a two-dimensional torus, to a I/O controller and to local memory. The performance evaluation presented in this paper considers memory hierarchy, intra-node MPI communication, and also the performance of a number of complete applications. The measurements are compared with those taken on existing AlphaServer machines. It is clear from our analysis that the superior application performance of the EV7 relative to a similarspeed EV68 is attributable to its excellent main memory bandwidth – over 4 GB/s.
Applications of Mean and Covariance Structure Analysis: Integrating Correlational and Experimental Approaches
Authors: Ployhart Robert E. , Oswald Frederick L.
Published: May 2004

This article discusses mean and covariance structure (MACS) analysis as a mechanism for testing individual differences and group mean differences within a single integrated framework. The article is most appropriate for those with a basic understanding of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling but who have not been introduced to mean structures in either model. The article is both a tutorial and an extension of previous research. It is a tutorial because it introduces the MACS framework using more familiar regression terms, proposes a model-testing framework to be followed, provides numerous illustrations and applications, and discusses both conceptual and programming issues (as well as providing the code for the programming). It is also an extension of previous research because it illustrates several novel applications of MACS to organizational research questions, including how to (a) model mean differences across three independent groups, (b) conduct latent pairwise comparisons, (c) conduct latent contrasts, and (d) analyze repeated measures data. As these examples illustrate, applying MACS more frequently in those organizational research designs that call for it could perhaps improve theory testing by helping to integrate experimental and correlational research methods.
Causal Cognitive Mapping in the Organizational Strategy Field: A Comparison of Alternative Elicitation Procedures
Authors: Hodgkinson Gerard P. , Maule A. John , Bown Nicola J.
Published: May 2004

The present study evaluates two alternative causal cognitive mapping procedures that exemplify key differences among a number of direct elicitation techniques currently in use in the organizational strategy field: pairwise evaluation of causal relationships and a freeh and approach. The pairwise technique yielded relatively elaborate maps, but participants found the task more difficult, less engaging, and less representative than the freeh and approach. Implications for the choice of procedures in interventionist and research contexts are considered.
Statistical Power and the Testing of Null Hypotheses: A Review of Contemporary Management Research and Recommendations for Future Studies
Authors: Cashen Luke H. , Geiger Scott W.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study is to determine how well contemporary management re-search fares on the issue of statistical power with regard to studies specifically predicting null relationships between phenomena of interest. This power assessment differs from traditional power studies because it focuses solely on studies that offered and tested null hypotheses. A sample of studies containing hypothesized null relationships was taken from five mainstream management journals over the 1990 to 1999 time period. Results of the power assessment suggest that management researchers’ abilities to affirm null hypotheses are low. On average, the power assessment revealed that for those studies that found nonsignificance of results and consequently affirmed their null hypotheses, the actual Type II error rate was nearly 15 times greater than what is advocated in the literature when failing to reject a false null hypothesis. Recommendations for researchers proposing and testing formal null hypotheses are also discussed.
Service Intensiveness and Brand Extension Evaluations
Authors: Lei Jing , Pruppers Roger , Ouwersloot Hans , Lemmink Jos
Published: May 2004

The authors have performed an experimental study to assess whether an extension with relatively low service intensiveness compared to the parent product is evaluated differently from an extension with higher service intensiveness. The empirical evidence from this article indicates that the quality of an extension product will be evaluated more favorably when it involves lower service intensiveness than higher service intensiveness. Furthermore, the results reveal that the difference in extension evaluations, due to the varying levels of service intensiveness involved in the extension products, is positively affected by the perceived similarity between an extension and its parent product. Finally, it is also found that consumers have different postevaluations on the parent brand due to different degrees of service intensiveness involved in the extension products. Meanwhile, the perceived similarity will reinforce this difference in consumers’postevaluations.
White Men on the Edge
Authors: Somerson Wendy
Published: May 2004

This article argues that in the era of transnational capitalism, some U.S. narratives, generally produced by and about white men, reflect contemporary anxieties about the position of white masculinity, which alters in response to changes in sociopolitical and economic conditions. Responding to the potential displacement of white masculinity by feminism and multiculturalism, these narratives incorporate racial difference into the white nuclear family to reposition white masculinity as a borderland state of being. Once white masculinity is positioned on the borderlands, its importance can be reaffirmed in the era of globalization. The author begins with an analysis of racialized representations of former president Bill Clinton, who functioned as a figurehead of masculinity for the nation. She then considers John Sayles’s film Lone Star, which marks out a positive subject position for the current white male subject by rewriting the racial position of the white male historical subject.
What’s a Patriotic Man to Do?
Authors: Nielsen Kim E.
Published: May 2004

Patriotism is an ideology, like masculinity, that posits specific behaviors and beliefs as best for a nation and an individual. This article examines three forms of masculine patriotism promoted in the crisis of the post–World War I Red Scare—the antiradical heroism of Ole Hanson, the postwar militarism of the American Legion, and the laborer wistfully proposed by manufacturing organizations. These models drew from the wartime emphasis on male soldiers as national redeemers but re-created the ideals of male citizenship to fit the domestic crisis of the Red Scare. Those who defined themselves as patriots praised forms of masculine patriotism that exalted loyalty to family, loyalty to war veterans, and loyalty to employer as the traits of an ideal male citizen. This gendered form of male citizenship excluded women, but because of its racial, ethnic, class, and ideological content, also excluded large numbers of American men from claims to good citizenship.
Ironic Discourse
Authors: Benwell Bethan
Published: May 2004

This article takes as its textual focus the U.K. men’s lifestyle magazine and explores the notion that irony is strategically employed in the partial constitution (and evasion) of a specific masculine identity. It is frequently claimed that irony is a prominent feature of the postmodern condition, with its slippery ability to disclaim allegiances to particularpolitical or critical positions; within the men’s lifestyle magazine, we can see how irony functions both to give voice to reactionary and antifeminist sentiments and to continually destabilize the notion of a coherent and visible masculinity. The article focuses on both irony as a trope and irony as a mode of existence in the pursuit of describing the ambiguity inherent in magazine masculinity, and it engages with close textual and linguistic analysis of a magazine feature and an interview.
Health and the Social Construction of Masculinity in Men’s Health Magazine
Authors: Stibbe Arran
Published: May 2004

Although health has not traditionally been a male concern, the past few years have seen the gradual development of a shared concept of men’s health within the public domain. Amongthe leading participants in the construction of this concept is Men’s Health magazine. In this article, six issues of Men’s Health (June-December 2000) are critically analyzed to reveal the ideological assumptions on which the discourse of the magazine is based. Evidence is presented that suggests that Men’s Health magazine, while giving abundant health advice, does so in a way that reproduces a type of hegemonic masculinity associated not with health but with a variety of negative health behaviors.