bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress in viewing‐angle properties of liquid‐crystal displays
Authors: Uchida Tatsuo , Ishinabe Takahiro
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Viewing‐angle dependences of the contrast ratio and color shift of LCDs have been radically improved as evidenced by the increasing application of LCDs in high‐quality television. This paper describes the concept of optical compensation and the fundamental characteristics of the viewing‐angle property for various LC modes.
Recent progress in high‐efficiency phosphorescent OLED technology
Authors: Brown Julie , Kwong Raymond , Tung Yeh‐Jiun , Adamovich Vadim , Weaver Mike , Hack Mike
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A key performance attribute for widespread commercialization of OLED technology is achieving maximum power efficiency along with color chromaticity and operational lifetime. Towards this goal, phosphorescent‐OLED (PHOLED) devices have demonstrated potential. Recent PHOLED device results show both excellent device efficiencies and long lifetimes towards the commercialization of low power consumption, full color, passive‐ and active‐matrix (both polysilicon and amorphous‐silicon backplane technologies) OLED displays.
33.3: Comparison of Poly‐Si TFT Characteristics Crystallized by a YAG2ω Laser and an Excimer Laser
Authors: Morikawa K. , Okamoto T. , Kojima T. , Yura S. , Nishimae J. , Sato Y. , Tanaka M. , Inoue M. , Nagata H.
Published: January 2005

Poly‐Si TFTs were fabricated by both a YAG2ω laser and an excimer laser annealing system using a same TFT manufacturing process, and the electrical characteristics of the TFTs were compared. As a result, it is found that a wider process window can be obtained with the YAG2ω laser annealing system. The possibility of overlapped irradiation is also shown.
9.2: Implementation of RGBW Color System in TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Lee Baek‐Woon , Song Keunkyu , Yang Youngchol , Park Cheolwoo , Oh Joonhak , Chai Chongchul , Choi Jeongye , Roh Namseok , Hong Munpyo , Chung Kyuha , Lee Seongdeok , Kim Changyong
Published: January 2005

Last year, we introduced a TFT‐LCD with RGBW color system. The primary advantage of the RGBW system is that its optical efficiency is at least 50% higher than the RGB system. However, it is not a simple task to incorporate the new color system into the existing infrastructure of the RGB system: the driving circuitry, fabrication of color filter, and color conversion. In this report, the practical hurdles are discussed and the solutions are presented.
41.1: A Thin LED Backlight System with High Efficiency for Backlighting 22‐in. TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Sakai Seiji , Mori Akihiro , Ishiguchi Kazuhiro , Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Kokogawa Toru , Sakamoto Takuya , Yoneda Toshiyuki
Published: January 2005

A TFT‐LCD with RGB LED‐Backlight has become well‐known as wider color reproduction. By matching the transmissive spectra of color‐filter to high‐power red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs radiation, wider color reproduction and higher brightness have been achieved. But it has been difficult to mix the RGB light of high‐power LEDs without a loss of light until the light is introduced into the LC‐panel. We have developed a new LED‐Backlight system that provides an optical efficiency of 72%. This efficiency is 1.4 times the previous LED‐Backlight with a light guide. We applied this new LED‐Backlight to a 22‐in. XGA‐Wide TFT‐LCD and achieved a brightness of 540cd/m2 and color reproduction of 105%.
48.4: Enhancement of Motion Image Quality in LCDs
Authors: Hong Sunkwang , Oh Jae‐Ho , Park Po‐Yun , Kim Tae‐Sung , Kim S. S.
Published: January 2005

It is well known that conventionally driven LCDs exhibit motion image blur due to slow response time and a hold‐type driving method. In this paper, we evaluate motion blur as a function of image speed, and quantitatively show that the blurring can be significantly reduced through a combination of dynamic capacitance compensation (DCC) and black frame insertion.
59.3: Integrated Optical Touch Panel in a 14.1″ AMLCD
Authors: Abileah Adi , den Boer Willem , Larsson Terrance , Baker Tom , Robinson Scott , Siegel Roy , Fickenscher Noah , Leback Brent , Griffin Terry , Green Pat
Published: January 2005

The first XGA AMLCD (14.1″) incorporating integrated high‐resolution touch capability by optical means is demonstrated. The optical a‐Si sensor array (256×192) embedded in the TFT backplane operates with either shadow of touch from the ambient light, or with external light sources. The integration of the complete system with algorithms, optical means, its unique properties and potential applications will be discussed.
62.1: Mechanical Reliability of LCD Panels under Static Loading
Authors: Gulati S. T. , Helfinstine J. D. , Bayne J. F. , Powell W. R. , Lapp J. C.
Published: January 2005

Previous studies of LCD glass strength have demonstrated that it is independent of glass thickness. Instead, it depends primarily on surface defects introduced in the glass during handling, processing and assembling of the LCD panel. This paper focuses on mechanical reliability of such a panel when mounted in the LCD module and subjected to static loading.
18.4: Flexible AC Plasma Displays Using Plasma‐spheres
Authors: Wedding Carol A. , Guy Jeffery W. , Strbik Oliver M. , Wedding Daniel K. , Wenzlaff Robert P. , Olson Walter W.
Published: January 2005

Imaging Systems Technology (IST) is engaged in a multiyear research and development effort to produce flexible monochrome and color plasma displays using Plasma‐spheres. Plasma‐spheres are hollow microspheres encapsulating an ionizable gas mounted on rigid or flexible substrates. Plasma‐sphere displays promise advantages over conventional plasma displays including low cost manufacture, high yield, long life, and ruggedness.
26.1: RGB LED Illuminator for Pocket‐Sized Projectors
Authors: Keuper Matthijs H. , Harbers Gerard , Paolini Steve
Published: January 2005

By using experimental high‐power LED's in a Luxeon™ form‐factor package, an RGB LED illuminator for small, color‐sequential pocket imagers was developed, with a light output for the projector of 15 lm, resulting in a brightness comparable to that of a similar‐sized laptop display. Unlike color‐sequential projectors using color‐wheels, there is no need to de‐saturate the colors to achieve peak brightness when using an LED illumination system.
Fabrication of a 7.6‐in.‐diagonal prototype ballistic electron surface‐emitting display on a glass substrate
Authors: Komoda T. , Ichihara T. , Honda Y. , Hatai T. , Baba T. , Takegawa Y. , Watabe Y. , Aizawa K. , Vezin V. , Koshida N.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A prototype ballistic electron surface‐emitting display (BSD) was fabricated on a TFT or PDP glass substrate by using a low‐temperature process. A 84 × 63‐pixel, 7.6‐in.‐diagonal full‐color BSD shows excellent performance, comparable to the previously reported 2.6‐in. model. This result demonstrates the strong possibility of large‐panel BSDs.
VtCompensated voltage‐data a‐Si TFT AMOLED pixel circuits
Authors: Sanford James L. , Libsch Frank R.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—Active‐matrix organic light‐emitting‐diode (AMOLED) displays are now entering the marketplace. The use of a thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) active matrix allows OLED displays to be larger in size, higher in resolutions and lower in power dissipation than is possible using a conventional passive matrix. A number of TFT active‐matrix pixel circuits have been developed for luminance control, while correcting for initial and electrically stressed TFT parameter variations. Previous circuits and driving methods are reviewed. A new driving method is presented in which the threshold‐voltage (Vt) compensation performance, along with various circuit improvements for amorphous‐silicon (a‐Si) TFT pixel circuits using voltage data, are discussed. This new driving method along with various circuit improvements is demonstrated in a state‐of‐the‐art 20‐in. a‐Si TFT AMOLED HDTV.
Holographic backlight unit for mobile LCD devices
Authors: Min J. H. , Choi H. Y. , Lee M. G. , Choi J. S. , Kim J. H. , Lee S. M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The commercial backlight unit for a portable liquid‐crystal display (LCD) device typically consists of several light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) as the light source, a couple of prismatic sheets and diffusers, and a guide plate for backlight optics. A simplified backlight unit for portable LCDs, merely consisting of a hologram‐imprinted light‐guide plate (H‐LGP) and one diffuser, is proposed in this paper. By employing H‐LGP, it is expected that several optical films essential to the conventional backlight unit can be eliminated. This paper aims to improve the optical efficiency of LGPs by deriving the design parameters of the H‐LGP and performing the related computations. The angular luminance distribution of the emanating light from H‐LGP has been measured and compared with the results obtained by simulation. A proper collimation is necessary in order to increase the luminance. The backlight developed through this work has high optical performance combined with low cost.
Refractive‐reflective optical system for realizing an ultra‐thin rear projector
Authors: Shikama Shinsuke , Suzuki Hiroshi , Endo Takao , Teramoto Kohei
Published: January 2005

Abstract—This paper presents a new optical system used in an ultra‐thin rear projector with a 1500‐mm diagonal size and 260‐mm depth. A refractive‐reflective optical system was developed to achieve a large projection angle of 136° with a small optical distortion of 0.1%. The optics consists of a convex aspherical mirror and a refractive lens. In addition, a new Fresnel screen composed of hybrid blades of refractive‐TIR (total internal reflection) elements was developed to attain good uniformity of brightness and color within the image area.
Electro‐optical characteristics of a radio‐frequency plasma‐display module
Authors: Bogatov N. , Brodsky Yu. , Golubev S. , Litvak A.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Plasma‐display modules intended for piled screens driven by a radio‐frequency voltage were investigated. The frequency range of a high‐efficiency RF discharge was determined. An efficiency of 4 lm/W at a brightness of 5000 cd/m2 was obtained.
Photo‐aligned anisotropic optical thin films
Authors: Seiberle Hubert , Benecke Carsten , Bachels Thomas
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Photo‐alignment of anisotropic optical thin films enables realization of novel optical elements, which were not feasible up until now. Photo‐aligned anisotropic thin films can be applied to rigid or flexible substrates, which may be flat or curved. The optical performance of such films can be tailored to application‐specific requirements by introducing tilt profiles of the optical axis and/or generate patterned retarders with continuous or periodical in‐plane variation of the optical axis.
Gray scale in zenithal bistable LCDs: The route to ultra‐low‐power color displays
Authors: Jones J. C. , Beldon S. M. , Wood E. L.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Zenithal bistable devices (ZBD™) exhibit rugged image storage, excellent optical performance, fast latching, and infinite multiplexibility. The excellent performance characteristics are achieved using a surface‐relief grating to align the nernatic liquid crystal. Such gratings offer a high degree of design flexibility, at manufacturing costs equivalent to today's STN displays. In the present work, the grating shape is varied within each pixel to produce several separate latching thresholds, thereby introducing error‐free analog gray scales. Passive‐matrix waveforms, suitable for use with commercial STN drivers, are reported and shown to discriminate between at least seven error‐free grays in a test cell. The combination of analog and digital grays was considered. Careful selection of the digital dither weighting factors allows for a large total number of grays to be achieved, while reducing the effect of errors if all of the analog levels are not achieved.
A study of wire‐grid polarizers for projection displays
Authors: Yu X. J. , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The appropriateness of using wire‐grid polarizers (WGP) in projection displays is studied. In particular, we shall discuss the case of projectors with reflective light valves. We shall show that WGPs offer some distinct advantages over conventional polarizers, in terms of large extinction ratios and large numerical apertures. However, there is considerable light absorption leading to reduced light utilization efficiency. We also show that of the four possible combinations of configurations, only one offers the best contrast and efficiency.
Electron‐optics of the Fast Intelligent Tracking (F!T) tube: A CRT without a shadow mask
Authors: Krijn M. P. C. M. , IJzerman W. L. , van den Brink H. B. , Willemsen O. H. , Vissenberg M. C. J. M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— In this paper, we describe the electron‐optics involved in realizing a maskless CRT based on tracking the electron beams along horizontally aligned phosphor lines. We discuss the boundary conditions in order for the system to function. Emphasis is placed on the requirements of color purity, beam current, and spot size. A dedicated electron gun has been designed and tested. Results indicate that the spot‐size requirements for the feasibility of the concept can be met. The depth of focus, in terms of the allowed mismatch of the dynamic focusing voltage, is small. Inter‐beam space‐charge repulsion turns out to be unproblematic. The cathode drive is shown to lead to beam displacements that cannot be corrected. Consequently, a grid‐1 drive has to be used.
Masking model for accurate colorimetric characterization of LCD
Authors: Tamura Nobuhiko , Tsumura Norimichi , Miyake Yoichi
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A color management system (CMS) such as ICC profile or sRGB space have been proposed for color transformation and reproduction of cross media. In such a CMS, accurate colorimetric characterization of a display device plays a critical role in achieving device‐independent color reproduction. In the case of a CRT, colorimetric characterization based on a GOG model is accurate enough for this purpose. However, there is no effective counterpart in liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs) since the characterization of an LCD has many difficulties, such as channel interaction and non‐constancy of channel chromaticity. In this paper, a new method of display characterization is proposed which is applicable to the assessment of color reproduction of LCDs. The proposed method characterizes an electro‐optical transfer function considering both channel interaction and non‐constancy of channel chromaticity. Experimental results show that the proposed method is very effective in the colorimetry of LCDs.
Adapting softcopy color reproduction to ambient illumination
Authors: Laine Janne S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The perceived colors of an image seen on a self‐luminous display are affected by ambient illumination. The ambient light reflected from the display faceplate is mixed with the image‐forming light emitted by the display. In addition to this direct physical effect of viewing flare, ambient illumination causes perceptual changes by affecting the adaptation state of the viewer's visual system. This paper first discusses these effects and how they can be compensated, outlining a display system able to adjust its output based on prevailing lighting conditions. The emphasis is on compensating for the perceptual effects of viewing conditions by means of color‐appearance modeling. The effects of varying the degree of chromatic adaptation parameter D and the surround compensation parameters c and Nc of the CIECAM97s color‐appearance model were studied in psychophysical experiments. In these memory‐based paired comparison experiments, the observers judged the appearance of images shown on an LCD under three different ambient‐illumination conditions. The dependence of the optimal parameter values on the level of ambient illumination was evident. The results of the final experiment, using a category scaling technique, showed the benefit of using the color‐appearance model with the optimized parameters in compensating for the perceptual changes caused by varying ambient illumination.
Generation mechanism and evaluation of overall raster moiré patterns on color CRTs
Authors: Inoue T. , Motousu H. , Shirai S. , Oku K. , Tobe A. , Mikoshiba S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— An evaluation technique of overall raster moiré patterns on color CRTs is developed. The technique can simulate any of the moiré modes. Generation mechanisms of various moiré patterns are clarified using the technique. It is found that the moiré patterns, no matter how complicated, consist of four basic types: barrel, pincushion, elliptical, and hyperbolic types. The patterns are found to be sensitive to the scan line distribution. When the scan lines are curved, the pattern appearing on the upper screen is different from that on the lower screen. When the scan lines are tilted, the patterns have horizontal shifts. By observing the moiré patterns, the scan line distribution can be estimated precisely.
Study of the lifetime of phosphor screens formed via the settling and slurry methods under 7‐kV electron bombardment
Authors: Igarashi T. , Ito Y. , Kusunoki T. , Ohno K.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The lifetime of phosphor (ZnS:Ag,Cl) screens, excited by 7‐kV electron beams, which were formed via the settling method and the slurry method, respectively, were compared. The cathode‐ray tube (CRT) formed by using the settling method was found to have a better lifetime than that formed by the slurry method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the phosphors were coated by a continuous glass film. Gas analysis showed a reduced emission for SO2 gas from phosphors due to heating during the settling method as compared to the slurry method, indicating greater decomposition of ZnS by the slurry method. For low‐vacuum CRTs, the luminance degradation by electron irradiation was low for the settling method as compared to the slurry method. This indicates that the glass coating of the settling method produces a restraining effect on the decomposition of ZnS and prevents gas from attacking the phosphor surface, resulting in a better lifetime for the settling method.
Novel transmissive color filter using cholesteric liquid crystal with wide viewing angle
Authors: Moriya N. , Uchida T. , Matsushima K.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A new design for a cholesteric liquid‐crystal (CLC) color filter has been devised. Since this system absorbs no light, it uses backlight energy very efficiently. When CLCs of this type with an expanded selective reflection band are combined with light sources with sharp RGB emission peaks, such as LEDs, it is possible to reduce the dependence of color shift on viewing angle and make more efficient use of light.
Electrically commanded surfaces: A new liquid‐crystal‐display concept
Authors: Komitov Lachezar
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Fast in‐plane switching of the optic axis was realized in liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs) based on the concept of Electrically Commanded Surfaces (ECS). According to this concept, the liquid‐crystal layer in such a display is aligned by means of thin ferroelectric liquid‐crystal‐polymer (FLCP) film deposited onto the inner side of the display substrates. An electric field, applied normal to the substrates, switches the molecules of the ferroelectric film, representing the commanded surface that, via elastic forces, further transfers to the liquid‐crystal layer. The concept of electrically commanded surfaces opens the door to a new generation of advanced LCDs exhibiting extraordinary performance such as fast in‐plane switching.
The oxide cathode revisited
Authors: den Engelsen Daniel
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A new theory is presented on the emission degradation or slump of oxide cathodes at current drawing and on the beneficial effect of doping the emitting layer with rare‐earth oxides. It was shown that during its lifetime, a gradual voltage difference is built up in the oxide layer, which eventually leads to the decomposition of BaO and O2 during current drawing. This causes an emission slump in life‐tested cathodes. Doping with rare‐earth oxides prevents this build up due to the electron donating capability of these materials.
Threshold‐voltage drift of amorphous‐silicon TFTs in integrated drivers for active‐matrix LCDs
Authors: Lebrun Hugues , Szydlo Nicolas , Bidal Eric
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The threshold‐voltage drift of a‐Si TFTs for AMLCD integrated drivers was studied. Analysis of the drift shows two different kinetics. Both charges trapped in the insulator and defect generation in the a‐Si layer occur simultaneously. However, after a period of time charge trapping in the insulator becomes predominant.
Improvement of PDP discharge efficiency based on macro‐cell studies
Authors: Tessier Laurent , Lacoste Ana , Doyeux Henri , Salavin Serge , Ouyang Jiting , Callegari Thierry , Lebarq Nicolas , Caillier Bruno , Boeuf Jean‐Pierre
Published: January 2005

Abstract— In this paper we explain how macro‐cells (real PDP cells scaled‐up a hundred times) with external and removable electrodes have been validated by comparison with real panels and modeling and used to optimize the luminous efficacy of real PDPs. We illustrate the application of the macroscopic PDP tool to optimize the electrode configuration of short‐gap discharges towards higher luminous efficacy, as well as its use in conjunction with 2D and 3D modeling to lower the operating voltages of high‐efficacy long‐gap discharges triggered by auxiliary electrodes.
Azo‐dye aligning layers for liquid‐crystal cells
Authors: Chigrinov Vladimir , Prudnikova Elena , Kozenkov Vladimir , Kwok Hoi Sing , Akiyama Hidenari , Kawara Tatsuo , Takada Hirokazu , Takatsu Haruyoshi
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The photo‐induced alignment of liquid crystal onto a photochemical stable azo‐dye film was studied for liquid‐crystal display (LCD) applications. The photo‐aligning of azo dye takes place due to the pure reorientation of the molecular absorption oscillators perpendicular to the UV‐light polarization. The order parameters S = −0.4 (80% of the maximum absolute value Sm = −0.5) was measured at a wavelength of 372 nm from the polarized absorption spectra. The temperature‐stable pretilt angle of 5.3° was obtained by a two‐step exposure of azo‐dye film using normally incident polarized light followed by oblique non‐polarized light. The azimuthal anchoring energy of the photo‐aligned substrate was Aϕ > 10−4 J/m2, which is of the same magnitude as the anchoring of the rubbed PI layer. The VHR value of the photo‐aligned LC cell was also found to be very high (98–99%) at room temperature and more than 95% at T=80°C. The thermal stability of the photo‐aligned azo‐dye layers is sufficiently high, while UV stability has to be improved, e.g., by polymerization. The new LCD aligning technology based on photochemical stable azo‐dye layers is envisaged.
Characteristics and stability of improved re‐crystallized metal‐induced laterally crystallized polycrystalline‐silicon thin‐film transistors for display applications
Authors: Wong Man , Meng Zhiguo , Shi Xuejie
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The performance of high‐temperature re‐crystallized (RC) metal‐induced laterally crystallized (MILC) polycrystalline‐silicon (poly‐Si) thin‐film transistors (TFT) have been improved by (1) patterning the active islands before MILC, (2) removing nickel‐containing residues using acid cleaning, (3) using heavily boron‐doped poly‐Si gates to achieve threshold voltage symmetry, and (4) double‐implanting n‐type source/drain junctions. A 30‐MHz driver circuit based on this improved technology was demonstrated. The reliability of optimized RC‐MILC poly‐Si TFTs has not been adversely affected by residual nickel‐containing contaminants in the TFT channel regions.
Optical modes for BiNem® LCDs
Authors: Joubert Cécile , Carton Alexandre , Stoenescu Daniel , Scheffer Terry
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We report on theoretical simulations and measurements of the optics of BiNem® displays, taking into account not only the luminance at normal incidence, but contrast ratio and color shift over the viewing hemisphere as well. Transmissive and reflective BiNem® modes were optimized differently, emphasizing contrast in transmission and paperlike, white appearance in reflection.
A flexible, organic QVGA display with gray‐scale capability
Authors: Huitema Edzer , Van Veenendaal Erik , Gelinck Gerwin , Touwslager Fred , Van Lieshout Pieter
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A flexible 4.7‐in. QVGA active‐matrix display was demonstrated, containing 76,800 solution‐processed organic transistors. The combination of our plastic active‐matrix backplane with electrophoretic‐ink display material developed by E‐Ink resulted in a reflective low‐power display with paper‐like appearance. By using high‐performance organic transistors, it was possible to generate 2‐bit images on the display. The display can be bent to a radius below 2 cm.
A novel polarizer‐free dye‐doped polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal for reflective TFT displays
Authors: Masutani Akira , Roberts Tony , Schüller Bettina , Yasuda Akio , Sakaigawa Akira , Cross Graham , Bloor David
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A novel preparation method for dichroic dye‐doped polymer‐dispersed liquid crystals has been developed. This was achieved by creating a porous polymer matrix first by washing out the liquid crystal from a polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC), which is then refilled with dye‐doped liquid crystal. Optimizing the liquid crystal used in the refilling results in decreased turn‐on voltage and faster response time. Poster‐standard reflectivity and newspaper‐standard contrast was demonstrated with a 3.8‐in. QVGA reflective TFT display with a drive voltage of 10 V.
Performance enhancement of top‐ and bottom‐emitting organic light‐emitting devices using microcavity structures
Authors: Raychaudhuri Pranab K. , Madathil J. K. , Shore Joseph D. , Van Slyke Steven A.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— In order to improve the efficiency of top‐ and bottom‐emitting devices, metallic electrodes have been used to create microcavity effects within the OLED structure. Semi‐transparent Ag is used as the anode in bottom‐emitting microcavity structures, whereas various reflective opaque metallic anodes are used for the top emitters. The cathode used in both configurations is MgAg — thick and opaque in the case of the bottom emitter and thin and semi‐transparent in the case of the top emitter. Modeling and experiments show that for the top‐emitting structures, the device efficiency is roughly proportional to the reflectivity of the anode in the low reflectivity range and increases significantly more than predicted by reflectivity alone in the high‐reflectivity range. An ultrathin CFx or MoOx hole‐injecting layer allows for the use of many metals as anodes and is an important feature of the device structure. With an Ag anode, both the top‐ and bottom‐emitting microcavity devices are about twice as efficient (on axis) as the analogous nonmicrocavity bottom‐emitting device. Microcavity devices employing a C545T‐doped Alq emitter exhibit efficiencies of 21 cd/A at 6.4 V and 20 mA/cm2, with operational stability equivalent to conventional bottom‐emitting structures.
35.4: A 2.1‐inch AMOLED Display Based on Metal‐Induced Laterally Crystallized Polycrystalline Silicon Technology
Authors: Wu Chunya , Meng Zhiguo , Li Juan , Zhang Xiaodan , Yang Guanghua , Xiong Shaozhen , Shi Xuejie , Peng Huajun , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi S. , Yin Sheng , Zhang Deqiang , Sun Tiepeng , Wang Liduo , Qiu Yong
Published: January 2005

A 2.1‐inch color active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode display based on an improved metal‐induced laterally crystallized polycrystalline silicon technology is demonstrated. Leakage current was reduced with the active islands of polycrystalline silicon transistors patterned after nickel‐based metal‐induced lateral crystallization. Color was obtained by combining white‐light organic light‐emitting diodes with micro‐fabricated color filters.
38.2: High Performance Single Layer Anti‐Reflective Coatings via Wet UV Curing Technology
Authors: Thies Jens , Currie Edwin , Meijers Guido , Southwell John , Chawla Chander
Published: January 2005

Here we present a novel manner for preparing single layer anti‐reflective coatings with excellent optical properties (<1% reflection) over a broad wavelength regime. The technology is based upon the self‐assembly and UV curing of reactive nano‐particles, leading to nano‐structured coatings with a gradient in refractive index. The single processing step leading to such coatings is fast, robust and cost effective.
38.3: Polarized Light LCD Backlight Based on Liquid Crystalline Polymer Film: A New Manufacturing Process
Authors: Cornelissen Hugo J. , Huck H. P. M. , Broer Dirk J. , Picken S. J. , Bastiaansen C. W. M. , Erdhuisen E. , Maaskant N.
Published: January 2005

A backlight for liquid crystal display illumination is presented, consisting of a commercial birefringent liquid crystalline polymeric layer innovatively laminated onto a micro‐structured plastic light guide. S‐polarized light is preferentially extracted from the light guide, and the efficiency was measured to be 1.78 time higher than in for a conventional unpolarized light emitting backlight.
39.2:Invited Paper:Large area, High Performance OTFT Arrays
Authors: Kelley Tommie Wilson , Baude Paul , Ender David , Gerlach Chris , Haase Michael , Muyres Dawn , Theiss Steven D. , Vogel Dennis
Published: January 2005

Recent efforts at 3M have extended the use of polymeric aperture masks and surface modification methods to produce large area (approximately 6″×6″) arrays of high mobility pentacene TFTs on a variety of substrates. Results of high performance organic TFTs in active matrix display backplanes will be presented.
42.3: High‐Luminance Green Electroluminescence of Sputtered ZnS:TbOF
Authors: Liu Guo , Acchione Joe
Published: January 2005

ZnS:TbOF thin films have been deposited by electron‐beam evaporation and RF magnetron sputtering onto iFire thick dielectric substrates. Films deposited by the two techniques have different morphologies, luminance and aging characteristics. Bright and stable green electroluminescence of L60over 2000 cd/m2at 120 Hz has been achieved by sputtering.
43.4: Moving Picture Response Time (MPRT) Measurement System
Authors: Oka Koichi , Enami Yoshi
Published: January 2005

Blur of moving picture displayed by FPDs is measured using recently developed pursuit camera system. MTF as well as MPRT of various FPDs is analyzed and compared. Judder of moving edge is tried to be analyzed.
10.1: Invited Paper: What is Electronic Paper? The Expectations
Authors: Omodani Makoto
Published: January 2005

The expectations for Electronic Paper can be summarized as flexibility, readability, and multi‐functionality. This paper focuses on the goal of readability. Paper‐like readability should be accepted as the most important target of Electronic Paper, when we consider that no existing electronic display is as comfortable to read as paper. A concept of readable Electronic Paper is proposed, and its expected properties, style variations, applications, and various candidate technologies are summarized. As an indication of the realization of readability, an evaluation of user comfort when conducting reading tasks on paper and an LCD shows that free handling of the medium is an important factor in achieving excellent readability.
45.1: System‐on‐Plastic with Organic Electronics: A Flexible QVGA Display and Integrated Drivers
Authors: Van Lieshout P. J. G. , Huitema H. E. A. , Van Veenendaal E. , Schrijnemakers L. R. R. , Gelinck G. H. , Touwslager F. J. , Cantatore E.
Published: January 2005

A flexible 4.7‐inch QVGA active‐matrix electrophoretic display is demonstrated, containing 76800 solution‐processed organic transistors. In the same technology, 32‐ and 120‐stage row drivers are produced with adequate speed to drive a QVGA display. Both the display and the drivers are highly flexible. Bending the display to a radius below 2cm does not result in any performance loss.
49.1: Invited Paper: Psychophysics of Reading: Implications for Displaying Text
Authors: Legge Gordon E. , Cheung Sing‐Hang
Published: January 2005

Our psychophysical approach has the goal of explaining the dependence of reading performance on text parameters in terms of our understanding of spatial vision. In this presentation, we will focus on the impact of three attributes of characters (contrast, size and bandwidth), introduce the explanatory concept of the visual span, and discuss implications for text displays.
50.3: Thin Film Encapsulation of OLED Displays with a NONON Stack
Authors: Lifka H. , Van Esch H. A. , Rosink J. J. W. M.
Published: January 2005

Organic light‐emitting displays can be made as thin as the substrate if thin film packaging is used. We propose a novel multi‐layer stack of silicon nitride ‐ silicon oxide ‐ silicon nitride ‐ silicon oxide ‐ silicon nitride (NONON) as thin film encapsulation. We present results on the barrier properties of this stack and present a working passive matrix Polymer OLED demonstrator. The water permeability of a single NON‐stack deposited at 85 ° C was measured to be less than 1*10−6g/m2 day. The compatibility with the OLED structure itself and results on device operation will be shown.
59.2: Engineering a Low‐Cost Wearable Low Vision Aid based on Retinal Light Scanning
Authors: Bryant Ryland C. , Lee Cameron M. , Burstein Robert A. , Seibel Eric J.
Published: January 2005

The Wearable Low Vision Aid (WLVA) is a portable system that uses machine vision to track potential walking hazards for the visually impaired. A scanning fiber display couples a laser diode to a vibrating optical fiber that projects a virtual image onto the retina to display warning icons that the visually impaired can recognize.
15.4: Invited Paper: Super PVA Sets New State‐of‐the‐Art for LCD‐TV
Authors: Kim Sang Soo
Published: January 2005

Samsung intends to be the world leader in LCD‐TV through a combination of superior product technology, advanced process execution, and aggressive capitalization. This paper will explore and update Samsung's latest developments toward its goal of ultimate LCD‐TV performance and market leadership. Most recently, development of Super PVA (S‐PVA) represents a key performance achievement. S‐PVA is a new technology which enables screen quality advantages over S‐IPS and MVA, including high transmittance, >1000:1 contrast ratio, and wide angle of view with no off‐axis image inversion. This new technology will be described in detail. This paper also addresses the other remaining performance issues facing LCD‐TV, including Samsung's plans for addressing these challenges. For example, until recently, inter‐gray response time and associated motion blur were significant issues for achieving quality LCD‐TV images. Samsung has invented DCC‐II technology to achieve sub‐10ms response time, and this achievement is described in this talk. Other technology advancements, including next‐generation color performance and ultra‐low black performance, will be discussed. This talk also updates Samsung's latest factory construction status, including the 7th generation line installation at Tangjung. The talk concludes with Samsung's outlook for LCD‐TV and some discussion of future plans.
22.1: Bistable Bend‐Splay LCD
Authors: Yu X. J. , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2005

A bistable liquid crystal display based on the bend and splay configurations has been demonstrated. This display can remain indefinitely either in the splay deformation or in the bend deformation mode. It has the advantages of wide viewing angles, good contrast ratios, faster selection and low operating voltages.
25.1: Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes Grown by a Triode‐type DC Plasma Enhanced CVD
Authors: Lim Sung Hoon , Moon Jong Hyun , Yoon Hyun Sik , Park Kyu Chang , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

We report on the field emission from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) produced by a triode‐type direct current (dc) plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The deposition system was designed to impose bias to mesh, which located in between the two electrodes. The density and diameter of CNTs could be controlled by mesh bias voltage. The CNTs grown with a mesh bias of +200 V exhibited the CNT density of ∼109/cm2 with 250 nm average length, a turn‐on field of 0.6 V/ μm, a current density of 1.5 mA/cm2 at 2.7 V/μm, and uniform electron emission.
11.4: Coupling Efficiency Enhancement of Organic Light Emitting Devices with Refractive Microlens Array on High Index Glass Substrate
Authors: Peng H. J. , Ho Y. L. , Qiu C. F. , Wong M. , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2005

An approach to increase the coupling efficiency of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) is studied. Refractive microlens arrays are formed on the high refractive index glass substrate by etching the glass using reflowed photoresist as mask. Over 65% more light is extracted from the OLED on the microlens array substrate as compared with the conventional device, without affecting the electrical performance. No color variation is induced by the microlens array.
Development of a new design simulator for poly‐Si TFTs to optimize the lightly doped drain structure
Authors: Nanno Yutaka , Senda Kohji , Tsutsu Hiroshi , Uchiike Heiju
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A new design simulator to simulate the characteristics of poly‐Si TFTs taking into account its physical structure was developed. By using the simulator, we can optimize the length and the sheet resistance of the LDD region in order to obtain sufficient ON currents and to suppress OFF currents under both dark and illuminated conditions.
Linearly polarized light‐emitting backlight
Authors: Jagt H. J. B. , Cornelissen H. J. , Broer D. J. , Bastiaansen C. W. M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A new polarized backlight system for liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs) is presented in which one linear polarization is preferentially coupled out by anisotropic scattering. The lightguide consists of a polymeric polarization‐dependent scattering film adhered to a transparent polymeric substrate. By changing the scattering power of the film, the polarized light outcoupling angles can be influenced and optimized to achieve a maximum outcoupling centered along the normal direction. The other linear polarization is mainly trapped in the lightguide and is shown to be recycled to enhance the overall light and/or energy efficiency. With a proper substrate choice, the achieved local contrast exceeds 14 over a 50‐mm range. A collimated light input further enhances the polarized contrast to well over 17.
ALIS method for high‐resolution color PDPs
Authors: Kariya Kyoji , Kanazawa Yoshikazu , Hirose Tadatsugu
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

This paper describes the Alternate Lighting of Surfaces (ALIS) method as a promising drive technology which can lead to high‐resolution plasma‐display panels (PDPs). This technology provides a resolution of more than 1000 scanning lines without lowering luminance, thus enabling the essential requirements of HDTV. Moreover, it allows the number of scanning electrodes to be halved in comparison with the conventional method, as well as the circuit scale to be minimized due to the use of the single scanning drive. The ALIS method is expected to be a key technology that will help PDPs penetrate the TV market.
A study on the chromaticity shifts of blue phosphor for color plasma displays
Authors: Zhang Shuxiu , Kokubu Masataka , Fujii Hideki , Uchiike Heiju
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The dependency of the chromaticity shifts on the concentration of Eu2+ doped in BaMgAl10O17 (BAM) was investigated under heat‐treatment and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation. The Eu2+ ions in BAM show an asymmetrical broad emission band with a maximum at ∼452 nm under excitation of VUV light at room temperature, showing that multiple crystalline cationic sites exist in the host. It was found that the chromaticity shifts greatly decrease with increasing heat‐treatment temperature. Regardless of the Eu2+ concentration, the chromaticity shifts caused by heat‐treatment are greater than that caused by VUV irradiation. Compared with conventional BAM, a solid solution of BAM with barium aluminate as a powder and film was also studied, and very few chromacity shifts were observed. It is suggested that the distribution of Eu2+ ions in different sites in a BAM lattice results in different chromaticity coordinates. By increasing the Eu2+ concentration in BAM, or under heat‐treatment and VUV irradiation, the emission band shifts towards longer wavelengths.
Address‐While‐Display technique combined with gas‐discharge AND logic for driving AC‐PDPs
Authors: Ishii Makoto , Saito Kenji , Shiga Tomokazu , Igarashi Kiyoshi , Mikoshiba Shigeo , Lee Jooyul , Kang Kyoung Ho , Kim Heehwan , Park Changbae
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A hybrid AWD/AND drive technique has been developed in which an Address‐While‐Display (AWD) scheme is combined with an AND logic characteristic that gas discharges demonstrate. The AWD technique enables AC‐PDPs to be driven at high luminance, while the AND logic reduces the number of scan drivers by an order of magnitude. A detailed analysis of the addressing operation has been made. The hybrid drive utilizes the AND logic in two ways: (1) a combination of two voltage pulses and (2) a combination of a voltage pulse and discharge‐priming particles. It was found that the addressing operation requires the establishment of a discharge between the scan and data electrodes, and also between the scan and display electrodes.
Full‐color SVGA+ OLED‐on‐silicon microdisplay
Authors: Prache O.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

OLED‐on‐silicon microdisplays represent a new generation of microdisplay technology built on conventional integrated circuits. OLED‐on‐silicon offers significant benefits to the realization of active‐matrix microdisplays for a number of commercial and industrial applications. This paper reviews the design, fabrication, and characterization of a full‐color 852 × 600 active‐matrix OLED‐on‐silicon microdisplay.
High‐luminance and highly luminous‐efficient AC‐PDP with DelTA cell structure
Authors: Hashimoto Y. , Seo Y. , Toyoda O. , Betsui K. , Kosaka T. , Namiki F.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

To improve PDP performance, we developed an AC‐PDP with the Delta Tri‐Color Arrangement (DelTA) cell structure and arc‐shaped electrodes. The experimental panel has a pixel pitch of 1.08 mm and luminous efficacy of 3 lm/W at a luminance of 200 cd/m2 despite its conventional gas mixture of Ne and Xe (4%) and conventional phosphor set. Moreover, its peak luminance can be greater than 1000 cd/m2. The strong dependence of luminous efficacy on the sustain voltage is also discussed in this paper.
Influence of He‐Ne‐Xe gas composition on vacuum ultraviolet ray spectra in plasma‐display panels
Authors: Bu Kyoung‐Ho , Shin Tae Ho , Kim Byung Kuk , Choi Jeong Sik , Kim June Dong
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) ray emission characteristics for plasma‐display panels (PDPs) were studied with respect to various three‐component (He‐Ne‐Xe) and two‐component (He‐Xe and Ne‐Xe) gas systems. In the 4% Xe‐25% Ne‐He balance and 4% Xe‐He balance, an increase in the pressure contributed to an increase in the 147‐nm atomic emission, and above a certain point this decreased, while in the 4% Xe‐Ne balance it was saturated. The 172‐nm dimer emission showed a nearly linear increasing behavior with pressure and Xe content irrespective of its composition. In the various Xe with 25% Ne‐He balance gases, it was shown that total integrated VUV intensity can directly represent the luminance of real panels with the same gas compositions. Xe‐content variation showed similar characteristics of VUV emission as pressure variation both in two‐component (various Xe‐Ne balance) and three‐component (various Xe‐25% Ne‐He balance) systems. Therefore, different compositions with the same Xe partial pressure showed nearly the same optical properties. For the case of Ne content variation with 4% Xe, the 147‐nm peak increased and the 172‐nm peak decreased to 85% Ne, but above this point both intensities decreased.
Application of a chromium‐free photoresist to CRT screen processing
Authors: van Donkelaar Evert‐Jan , Schultze Juergen , Shibuya Toru , Konai Yutaka , Miyazaki Mitsuharu
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

In 1998, Toyo Gosei Co. published a paper on the development of a new water‐soluble photopolymer of high sensitivity, PVA‐ARBB. In close co‐operation with LG. Philips Displays, the new material was further developed to be applicable in patterning the phosphor layer of a CRT screen. The new material shows about 3 times higher light sensitivity, gives 4–5% higher luminance, has no dark reaction, and is chromium‐free. It is the first chromium‐free photoresist used for phosphor patterning in CRT mass production. A comparison is presented between the conventional resist and the new resist. A survey is given of the most important process conditions.
Characteristics of a high‐Xe‐concentration 4‐in. PDP
Authors: Oversluizen G. , De Zwart S. , Dekker T. , Juestel T. , van Heusden S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The performance of two 4‐in. color PDP test panels with a default and a high‐Xe‐concentration gas mixture will be discussed. The default panel with a gas mixture of 3.5% Xe in Ne and a filling pressure of 665 hPa was compared with a panel containing a gas mixture of 13.5% Xe in Ne and a filling pressure of 800 hPa. The panels contain a green phosphor, YBO3:Tb, which showed less saturation at high UV load compared with a Willemite phosphor. The panel performance was compared in addressed conditions. For the default panel, a white luminance of 710 cd/m2 and an efficacy of 1.6 lm/W was found, while for the high‐Xe‐partial‐pressure panel, a white luminance of 2010 cd/m2 and an efficacy of 3.8 lm/W was realized. The increase of the driving voltages, about 20–30 V, is moderate. Finally, color saturation is improved at high Xe partial pressure.
Precision rubbing supported by fine process analysis
Authors: Tabira Hayami , Inoue Takashi , Yahagi Yasuo , Imayama Hirotaka , Morimoto Masateru
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Rubbing is still the only practical method by which to attain reliable liquid‐crystal alignment in LCD manufacturing, although a small number of optional methods have been proposed. In order to be able to realize higher alignment performance for future finer displays, we need to look at not only the purpose of the process itself, which is molecular ordering in the alignment layer, but also undesirable side effects, such as contamination, triboelectric charging, and particle generation. The present paper examines the type of surface contamination that occurs during the rubbing process from a fine chemical point of view as well as rubbing‐related problems. A number of ideas are proposed by which to cope with the aforementioned problems, so that this traditional and well‐understood process can be applied much more effectively.
LCD backlights: with or without Hg?
Authors: Shiga T. , Mikoshiba S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

High luminance and efficacy vs. temperature independence and environmental protection: these are the determining factors for the choice of Hg or Xe for LCD backlights. A capacity‐coupled cylindrical Hg discharge lamp attains a luminance of 114,000 cd/m2 and an efficacy of 35 lm/W when driven at 5 MHz. On the other hand, a mercury‐free Xe flat discharge backlight produces 11,000 cd/m2 and 30 lm/W, with fast luminance response. This paper discusses the underlying limitations assessed to the Hg and Xe backlights, considering application to LC TVs.