bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stylar ribonucleases in almond: correlation with and prediction of incompatibility genotypes
Authors: Bǒskovic R. , Tobutt K. R. , Batlle I. , Duval H. , Martinez‐Gomez P. , Gradziel T. M.
Published: March 2003

To clarify incompatibility relationships among almond cultivars, 35 were analysed for stylar ribonucleases, which have previously been shown to correlate with incompatibility S alleles. Stylar proteins were extracted and separated electrophoretically and the zymograms compared with ladders of ribonucleases corresponding to the 12 S alleles previously reported. Sixteen cultivars showed a band corresponding to two of the known ribonucleases, 17 showed one known ribonuclease and one ‘new’ band, and two showed two new bands. Twelve new ribonucleases were detected; 11 were attributed to new S alleles (S13 to S23) and a mutant form of S7 was attributed to S7A. Genotypes were proposed for nine cultivars of five incompatibility groups that had not been genotyped previously, VII, X, XI, XII and XIII. Twenty‐four cultivars of unknown incompatibility relationships were provisionally genotyped: six of these could be assigned to existing groups and two new groups were established, XIV and XV, along with group O of cultivars with unique genotypes. Test crosses confirmed that eight pairs of cultivars showing similar zymograms were indeed cross‐incompatible, including the two representatives of each of the two new groups. Virtually all self‐incompatible cultivars of known genotype are listed in a table. The data should be useful for planning cultivar combinations for orchards and for designing crosses for breeding programmes.
Attainment of Puberty in the European Mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon) and the Domestic Manchega Ewe (Ovis aries)
Authors: Moreno J Santiago , Brunet A Gomez , de Bulnes A Gonzalez , Villar D , Sebastian A Lopez
Published: March 2003

Contents

The onset of puberty was assessed from plasma progesterone profiles for Mouflon (n = 8) and Manchega (n = 7) female lambs born in April. Four Mouflons exhibited their first ovulation at a mean date of 27 November ± 1.4 days, the mean age being 248.5 ± 3.9 days and the mean body weight 23.8 ± 0.6 kg. The remaining four Mouflons, which had a slower growth rate, attained puberty during the autumn of the following year. Five of seven Manchega lambs attained puberty in their first year at a mean date of 5 Oct ± 3.3, the mean age being 185.6 ± 2.6 days and the mean body weight 41.8 ± 2.0 kg. The mean live‐weight at the onset of puberty was 65.1 and 82% (p < 0.05) of adult body weights for Manchega and Mouflons, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that there is a threshold of body‐weight necessary for the attainment of puberty in the first breeding season for spring‐born lambs, which is very different between both Mouflon and Manchega. When body weight was below 23.8 ±0.6 and 41.8 ± 2.0 kg for Mouflon and Manchega lambs, respectively, first ovulation did not occur until the beginning of the next breeding season. The onset of puberty during the second year of life occurred within the specific reproductive seasons for Mouflon (October–April) and Manchega (July–March) ewes, despite minimal further growth.
Secretory Profiles of Pregnancy‐Associated Glycoproteins at Different Stages of Pregnancy in the Goat
Authors: Gonzalez F , Sulon J , Garbayo Jm , Batista M , Cabrera F , Calero Po , Gracia A , Beckers Jf
Published: March 2003

Contents

Plasma concentrations of pregnancy‐associated glycoproteins (PAG) were determined in goats during pregnancy by two homologous radioimmunoassays that employed caprine PAG55+62 (caPAG55+62) and caprine PAG55+59 (caPAG55+59) and their specific antisera. The effects of fetal number on PAG concentrations were analysed. The concentrations of caPAG55+62 were higher than that of caPAG55+59 throughout pregnancy (p <0.05). Both caPAG55+62 and caPAG55+59 reached maximal levels in week 8 (48.6 ± 5.0 and 30.4 ± 4.3 ng/ml, respectively), decreased between weeks 12 and 14 (45.5 ± 2.5 to 31.9 ± 2.7 ng/ml and 30.6 ± 2.1 to 15.8 ± 2.8 ng/ml, respectively, p <0.01) and remained relatively constant until parturition. Twin‐bearing goats had higher PAG concentrations than single‐bearing animals, but the difference was only significant in week 4 (52.3 ± 3.7 versus 30.9 ± 3.9 ng/ml and 18.9 ± 1.7 versus 12.6 ± 2.0 ng/ml, for caPAG55+62 and caPAG55+59, respectively, p <.,0.05). This is the first study of PAG concentrations in goat throughout pregnancy by a homologous radioimmunoassay system. The profiles of caPAG55+62 and caPAG55+59 were closely parallel. Concentrations of PAG were lower than those obtained by a heterologous radioimmunoassay and their patterns were also different, due to a different specificity of the antisera used in heterologous system. Goats that delivered twins had higher PAG concentrations at the time of implantation than those that delivered a single fetus, indicating that PAG concentrations provide a useful measure of the trophoblast secretory activity.
Low Molecular Mass Factors from Follicular Fluid Inhibit Steroidogenesis in Bovine Granulosa Cells
Authors: Baratta M , Jokic F , Basini G , Tamanini C
Published: March 2003

Content

Gonadotropins are required for follicular growth and differentiation, but increasing amounts of evidence indicate that intrafollicular factors modulate their effects at granulosa cell level. In order to study the effect of factors present in bovine follicular fluid, a partial purification of low molecular mass factors from fluids collected from small (< 5 mm), medium (5–8 mm) and large (> 8 mm) follicles was performed and the biological activity of these peptides on steroidogenesis of granulosa cells from small and large follicles was examined. The purification was carried out by filtration through membranes in 25 and 10 kDa molecular weight cutoffs. After filtration, samples were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and protein concentration was measured by spectrophotometric analysis. Granulosa cells from small and large follicles were cultured in serum‐free DMEM/Ham's F12 (1 : 1) plus transferrin (5 mg/l) and selenium (5 µg/l) for 2 days. At the end of the culture period, media were renewed and follicular extracts from two different preparations (< 25 and < 10 kDa) were added at the concentrations of 1–10–100–1000 ng/ml. After 24 h the media were collected and stored until estradiol 17β (E2) and progesterone (P4) determination by validated radio‐immuno‐assays. Basal P4 production was 18.3 ± 1.4 (mean ± SEM)and 9.8 ± 1.8 ng/24 h per 3 × 104 cells from small and large follicles, respectively. Both < 10 and < 25 kDa extracts reduced P4 production by cells from both the types of follicles (p < 0.05). Basal E2 release was 671.8 ± 21.4 and 5500 ± 800 pg/24 h per 3 × 104 cells from small and large follicles, respectively. Both extracts reduced E2 production by either cells from small and large follicles (p < 0.05). No differences were observed in the inhibition of steroidogenesis by purifications obtained from large, medium or small follicles. Results of this study indicate that factors present in bovine follicular fluid can reduce steroidogenesis in granulosa cells in vitro.
Impact of Two‐step in vitro Culture Systems on Developmental Potency of Oocytes
Authors: Motlík J , Pavlok A , Lapathitis G , Kubelka M
Published: March 2003

Contents Proper conditions for the successful induction of a functional two step in vitro culture system for agricultural or clinical applications are hereby described in form of a two‐step protocol. The first inhibitory culture of oocytes in media supplemented with specific cdk inhibitors (roscovitine, BL I) appears essential to promote appropriate oocyte‐cumulus cell interactions and ensure production of ova competent to undergo normal embryogenesis. This inhibitory period should last for several days, depending on the origin of the follicles, and the degree of accumulation and storage of mRNAs and proteins essential for the acquisition of developmental competence in the oocytes. The full reversibility of the inhibitory step secures that during the second maturation step, oocytes reach metaphase II with correctly arranged microtubuli in the meiotic spindle and well‐expanded cumuli.
Effects of Acetoacetate on in vitro Development of Bovine Embryos in Medium Containing Citrate and Myo‐inositol
Authors: Gómez E , Duque P , Díaz E , Díez C
Published: March 2003

This study investigated bovine embryo development in vitro in the presence of acetoacetate in serum‐free medium. In vitro‐matured and fertilized oocytes from ovaries of slaughtered cows were cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) containing citrate, myo‐inositol, lactate and pyruvate. In the medium with acetoacetate this compound replaced both lactate and pyruvate as energy sources. Three experiments were carried out: (1) to test development in medium with acetoacetate and bovine serum albumin; (2) to analyse the effects of acetoacetate that were dependent upon citrate and myo‐inositol; and (3) to determine the effects of acetoacetate in the presence of serum. Blastocyst development was recorded at day 8 and the number of cells of expanded blastocysts obtained were counted. Blastocysts development was reduced in medium with 1.8, 3.6 or 7.2 mM acetoacetate in comparison with the control with or without lactate and pyruvate. The detrimental effect of acetoacetate was independent of the presence of citrate and myo‐inositol, but serum added to culture medium protected against this effect. Citrate and myo‐inositol did not improve blastocyst formation. Morphological quality and cell number of blastocysts were similar between groups.
Proteins and Enzymes in Uterine Lavage Fluid of Postpartum and Nonparturient Mares
Authors: Reilas T , Katila T
Published: March 2003

Contents

Uterine lavage fluids from postpartum and nonparturient mares were compared to determine when the normal secretory capacity of the postpartum uterus is restored. Lavage fluids were obtained from cyclic nonparturient mares on the second, fourth or fifth day of oestrus, and 3, 8, or 14 days after ovulation (seven mares/sampling day). Twelve intact postpartum mares were sampled 1 to 28 days postpartum (group A: 1, 6, 12 and 20; group B: 2, 8, 14 and 24; group C: 4, 10, 16 and 28 days postpartum; four mares/group). Three ovariectomized (OVX) postpartum mares were sampled as mares in group C. Samples were analysed for neutrophils, bacteria, total protein concentration, proteolytic and antiproteolytic activities and for various lysosomal enzyme activities. In nonparturient mares, activities of acid phosphatase, β‐glucuronidase (B‐Gase), and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAGase) in uterine lavage fluids were significantly higher in mid‐ and late‐dioestrus than in mid‐ to late‐oestrus (p < 0.05). Lysozyme concentration, trypsin‐inhibitor capacity (TIC), and plasmin activity were below the detection limit in nonparturient mares. One to four days postpartum, total protein, acid phosphatase, B‐Gase, and NAGase were high but declined rapidly thereafter. Lysozyme and plasmin activities were high 1 to 6 days postpartum. TIC peaked around day 6 postpartum. On day 16 postpartum, acid phosphatase, B‐Gase, and NAGase, being progesterone‐dependent, tended to be higher in intact mares than in OVX ones (p < 0.1). Total protein and lysozyme concentrations, TIC, and B‐Gase (p < 0.01) and acid phosphatase (p < 0.05) activities were significantly higher in parturient mares during postpartum oestrus than in oestrous nonparturient mares. High total protein concentration and TIC, and detectable lysozyme and plasmin activities during postpartum oestrus were associated with uterine inflammation. During dioestrus, differences between postpartum and nonparturient mares were not statistically significant and suggested that the endometrium of postpartum mares had resumed its normal secretory capacity by this time.
Placental Release/Retention in Cows and its Relation to Peroxidative Damage of Macromolecules
Authors: Kankofer M
Published: March 2003

The disturbances in metabolic pathways reflected in clinical symptoms of illnesses may be connected, among others, with the imbalance between production and neutralization of reactive oxygen species. One of such illnesses may be the retention of fetal membranes in cows. The levels of reactive oxygen species can be measured directly or estimated indirectly by the determination of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidative defence systems. The determination of parameters indicating the intensity of peroxidative processes of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids caused by reactive oxygen species is also useful. This review examined the available literature regarding peroxidative processes of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids caused by reactive oxygen species as well as parameters indicating its intensity. All information relates the importance of proper and improper placental release in cows.
Tumour Necrosis factor‐α Receptors are Present in the Corpus Luteum Throughout the Oestrous Cycle and During the Early Gestation Period in Pigs
Authors: Miyamoto Y , Sakumoto R , Sakabe Y , Miyake M , Okano A , Okuda K
Published: March 2003

Contents

To determine the physiological significance of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) in the regulation of luteal functions in pig, this study was conducted to identify the presence of functional TNFα receptors in porcine corpora lutea (CL) throughout the oestrous cycle and the early gestation. The CL were isolated from pigs on days 4, 6, 8, 12 or 15 of the oestrous cycle (n=3; day 0 = oestrus) and days 15, 20 or 25 of gestation (n=3; day 0 = mating). A Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of a high‐affinity binding site for TNFα in all samples (dissociation constant; 2.7 ± 0.51 to 5.8 ± 0.50 nM). The concentration of TNFα receptors was higher on day 15 of the oestrous cycle than on days 4 and 8 of the oestrous cycle (p < 0.05). Furthermore, TNFα receptor concentrations in the CL on days 15, 20 and 25 of gestation were significantly lower than on day 15 of the oestrous cycle (p < 0.05). On day 9 of the oestrous cycle, exposure of cultured luteal cells to 0.06–60 nM TNFα stimulated prostaglandin (PG) F2α and PGE2 secretion in a dose‐dependent manner (p < 0.05). These results indicate that functional TNFα receptors are present in the porcine CL throughout the oestrous cycle and early gestation, and suggest that TNFα plays one or more physiological roles in regulating CL function throughout the oestrous cycle and the early gestation period. In addition, TNFα receptor concentration in the CL of the late luteal stage (day 15) of the oestrous cycle was higher than on the respective day in the early pregnant pig, suggesting that TNFα plays a role in accomplishing luteolysis in the porcine CL.
Changing the mental health nursing culture: The nursing clinical development unit approach
Authors: Happell Brenda , Martin Trish
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT:

Developments in nursing as a profession have been accompanied by a perceived need to increase the relevance of research to nursing practice. The increased exposure to research in nursing curricula and the development of nursing academia has had little impact on either the conduct of clinical research or its utilization within the work place culture. Nursing Clinical Development Units (NCDU) were established with the view to overcoming some of these barriers through partnerships between academia and the clinical field. The aim of NCDU is to strive for improved patient outcomes. Education and research activities should be directed to achieve this patient‐orientated outcome. The aim of this paper is to describe the NCDU program introduced by the Centre for Psychiatric Nursing Research and Practice (CPNRP) in Melbourne, Victoria. The way in which the program is designed to facilitate the relationship between CPNRP and the clinical field with the aim of contributing to improved patient outcomes will be emphasized. An evaluation of the program to date suggests that such links will be strengthened, and that this partnership will contribute to a greater involvement in clinically based research.
The use of recombinant ovine IL‐1β and TNF‐α as natural adjuvants and their physiological effects in vivo
Authors: Rothel JS , Seow H‐F , Lightowlers MW , Parry BW , Gauci C , Hurst L , Mucha M‐J , Corner LA , Wood PR
Published: March 2003

In the present study we have investigated the use of recombinant ovine IL‐1β and TNF‐α both alone and in combination, as natural adjuvants in vaccination trials in sheep. Initial experiments were conducted to investigate the physiological effects of the cytokines in vivo and determine what dose could be administered without adverse pyrogenic effects. Even at the maximum dose tested (100 μg) the only significant physiological effect was a transient increase in body temperature of approximately 2°C in sheep injected with TNF‐α. Administration of either cytokine had profound effects on the levels of circulating leucocytes for up to 5 days postinjection. The incorporation of either IL‐1β or TNF‐α in aqueous or Al(OH)3 vaccine formulations enhanced antibody responses to a recombinant antigen from the cestode parasite Taenia ovis. The addition of IL‐1β to aqueous vaccine formulations increased antibody responses 15–20‐fold and in Al(OH)3 formulations by three to six fold. TNF‐α stimulated 1.5 to six‐fold and 2.5 to seven‐fold increases in antibody levels in aqueous and Al(OH)3‐based formulations, respectively, in a dose‐dependent manner. The addition of either cytokine to Quil A or IFA vaccines did not enhance the antibody levels elicited. When 10 μg of both IL‐1β and TNF‐α were incorporated in the aqueous or Al(OH)3 vaccine formulations, increases of 21‐fold and 25‐fold, respectively, were observed in antibody levels. The adjuvant activity of IL‐1β and TNF‐α in combination in the Al(OH)3‐based vaccine resulted in antibody levels commensurate with those obtained using Quil A or IFA.
Polymer‐grafted starch microparticles for oral and nasal immunization
Authors: McDermott Mark R , Heritage Philippa L , Bartzoka Vasiliki , Brook Michael A
Published: March 2003

Microparticle delivery systems for oral vaccine administration are receiving considerable attention. A novel silicone polymer‐grafted starch microparticle system was developed that is efficacious both orally and intranasally. Unlike most other microparticle systems, this novel system does not appear to retard the release of antigen or to protect antigen from degradation. The results indicate that a unique physiochemical relationship occurs between protein antigen and silicone in a starch matrix that facilitates the mucosal immunogenicity of antigen. This leads to predominance of Th2 antibody response. Taken together, these findings indicate that this novel microparticle system may be advantageous for the delivery of small quantities of antigen, especially intranasally, and may be useful for the induction of oral tolerance.
The role of ADP‐ribosylation and GM1‐binding activity in the mucosal immunogenicity and adjuvanticity of the Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin and Vibrio cholerae cholera toxin
Authors: de Haan Lolke , Verweij Willem , Agsteribbe Etienne , Wilschut Jan
Published: March 2003

The mucosal route of vaccination has attracted a great deal of attention recently. Not only is mucosal application of vaccines, for example, orally or intranasally, particularly convenient, it also offers the possibility to induce locally produced and secreted S‐IgA antibodies in addition to systemic IgG antibodies. These IgA antibodies are known to play a key role in protection against pathogens that invade the host through mucosal surfaces. Induction of such responses is not readily achieved by currently used vaccination strategies, which generally involve intramuscular or subcutaneous injection with inactivated pathogens or antigens thereof. For the induction of a mucosal immune response, the vaccine needs to be applied locally. However, local vaccination with non‐replicating antigens is usually ineffective and may result in tolerance unless a mucosal immunoadjuvant is included. The most potent mucosal immunoadjuvants known to date are probably cholera toxin (CT) and the closely related Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin (LT). Although CT and LT have become standard adjuvants for experimental mucosal vaccines, the intrinsic toxicity has thus far precluded their use as adjuvants for human vaccine formulations. In the present review, the mucosal immunogenic and adjuvant properties of LT and CT are described, with special emphasis on the functional role of the individual subunits on their immune‐stimulatory properties.
Antigen presentation by cisplatin‐activated macrophages: Role of soluble factor(s) and second messengers
Authors: Singh Rana AK , Sodhi Ajit
Published: March 2003

Cisplatin [cis‐dichlorodiammine platinum (II)], a potent anti‐tumour compound, stimulates immune responses by activating macrophages and other cells of the immune system. The mechanism by which cisplatin activates these cells is poorly characterized. Present investigations were undertaken to study the mechanism of antigen presentation by cisplatin‐treated macrophages. Cisplatin‐treated macrophages showed a biphasic pattern of antigen presentation to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH)‐primed T cells. The second phase of antigen presentation was not due to the continuous presence of cisplatin in the culture medium; rather, it was induced by soluble factors released by cisplatin‐treated macrophages. Co‐incubation of macrophages with cisplatin and inhibitor of serine/threonine or protein tyrosine phosphatase resulted in an augmentation of cisplatin‐induced antigen presentation. In contrast, treatment of macrophages with cisplatin and inhibitor of protein kinase C or protein tyrosine kinase inhibited cisplatin‐induced antigen presentation. These observations suggest that antigen presentation by cisplatin‐treated macrophages is regulated by reversible action of protein phosphatases and kinases. The antigen‐presenting ability of cisplatin‐treated macrophages was also inhibited by EGTA, nifedipine, TMB‐8, W‐7 and calmidazolium, suggesting the probable involvement of Ca2+, calmodulin and calmodulin‐dependent kinases in this process.
Perforin‐dependent nuclear targeting of granzymes: A central role in the nuclear events of granule‐exocytosis‐mediated apoptosis?
Authors: Blink Elizabeth J , Trapani Joseph A , Jans David A
Published: March 2003

Programmed cell death, apoptosis, involves very distinctive changes within the target cell nucleus, including margination of the chromatin, DNA fragmentation and breakdown of the nuclear envelope. Cytolytic granule‐mediated target cell apoptosis is effected, in part, through synergistic action of the membrane‐acting protein perforin and serine proteases, such as granzymes A or B. Recent work using confocal laser scanning microscopy as well as other techniques supports the idea that perforin‐dependent translocation of granzymes to the nucleus of target cells plays a central role in effecting the nuclear changes associated with apoptosis. In vitro experiments indicate that granzyme nuclear import follows a novel pathway, being independent of ATP, not inhibitable by non‐hydrolysable GTP analogues and involving binding within the nucleus, unlike conventional signal‐ dependent nuclear protein import. In intact cells, perforin‐dependent nuclear entry of granzymes precedes the nuclear events of apoptosis such as DNA fragmentation and nuclear envelope breakdown; prevention of granzyme nuclear translocation through bcl2 overexpression or treatment of target cells with inhibitors of caspase activation blocks these events. Nuclear localization of granzymes thus appears to be central to induction of the nuclear changes associated with cytolytic granule‐mediated apoptosis.
Mouse M290 is the functional homologue of the human mucosal lymphocyte integrin HML‐1: Antagonism between the integrin ligands E‐cadherin and RGD tripeptide
Authors: Berg Randal W , Yang Yi , Lehnert Klaus , Krissansen Geoffrey W
Published: March 2003

Human mucosal lymphocyte antigen‐1 (HML‐1, αEβ7) and E‐cadherin, two members of unrelated cell adhesion superfamilies, have evolved to play cooperative roles in gut mucosal immunity. Human E‐cadherin is self‐ligand mediating intercellular adhesion of epithelial cells, as well as adhesion of intra‐epithelial lymphocytes to intestinal enterocytes via an interaction with HML‐1. Herein we report that both dimeric and monomeric forms of recombinant mouse E‐cadherin‐human immunoglobulin Fc chimera self‐associate and support attachment of E‐cadherin+ mouse colon epithelial cells. Both forms also support the adhesion of mouse MTC‐1 T cells via M290, thereby establishing M290 as the functional mouse homologue of HML‐1 and revealing that E‐cadherin homophilic and heterophilic binding sites are distinct. Adhesion of MTC‐1 cells to E‐cadherin‐Fc was inhibited by arginine‐glycine‐aspartate (RGD) peptides and vice versa cells bound to immobilized RGD polymer in an M290‐dependent fashion, where adhesion was inhibitable with soluble E‐cadherin‐Fc. Hence, E‐cadherin and RGD integrin ligands antagonize cell binding by one another, either by inducing integrin cross‐talk or by binding to shared or overlapping sites within M290. Binding of E‐cadherin‐Fc by HML‐1 costimulated the CD3‐induced proliferation of purified CD4+ T cells, suggesting that E‐cadherin expressed on dendritic cells may play a T cell costimulatory role in addition to facilitating dendritic cell–keratinocyte adhesion.
Trichostrongylus colubriformis extract upregulates TNF‐α receptor expression and enhances TNF‐α sensitivity of L929 cells
Authors: Riffkin MC , Seow H‐F , Wood PR , Brown LE , Jackson DC , Scheerlinck J‐PY
Published: March 2003

Many pathogens have developed strategies to avoid the host's immune system and hence improve their long‐term survival. These strategies include antigenic variation, mimicry of host regulatory proteins and production of immunoregulatory molecules. The ruminant gastrointestinal nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis produces several factors with homology to human immunoregulatory proteins. However, direct immunomodulation by T. colubriformis proteins has not yet been unequivocally demonstrated. Results in the present paper demonstrate that soluble T. colubriformis factors promote proliferation of the TNF‐susceptible mouse fibrosarcoma cell line L929, while inhibiting proliferation of all other cell types tested. In addition, T. colubriformis homogenate enhanced the susceptibility of L929 cells to the cytotoxic action of ovine TNF‐α. Within 1 h of exposure, T. colubriformis factors bind L929 cells in a stable fashion, yet it takes up to 24 h for the cells to become sensitised to TNF‐α. Interestingly, the increase of both TNF‐α sensitivity and proliferation of treated L929 cells correlated with an upregulation in expression of TNF‐α p55 and p75 receptors.
Effects of dietary protein types on immune responses and levels of infection with Eimeria vermiformis in mice
Authors: Ford Jason T , Wong Chun W , Colditz Ian G
Published: March 2003

The present study reports the dietary effects of bovine α whey fraction, bovine casein and soy protein isolate on the immune responsiveness of C57BL/6J mice infected with Eimeria vermiformis. During the patent period, mice fed α whey fraction had significantly higher blood total white cell, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte counts and higher Con A‐stimulated IFN‐γ production by spleen cells than those fed other protein sources, but there was no significant difference in output of faecal oocysts. Casein‐fed mice had significantly higher levels of Con A‐ stimulated IFN‐γ production and a lower output of faecal oocysts than soy‐fed mice. The study demonstrated that dietary proteins have different impacts on immune responsiveness and level of parasitic infection in the gut; however, the mechanisms affecting level of infection are not clear. These effects appeared not to be solely related to nutritional properties of the diets. Further research into the underlying immune mechanisms and possible direct interactions between bioactive proteins and the parasite E. vermiformis should be fruitful.
Evaluation of the T cells and costimulatory molecules in the protective efficacy of 30 kDa secretory protein against experimental tuberculosis
Authors: Yadav D , Khuller GK
Published: March 2003

Phenotypic changes of T lymphocytes and B7 costimulatory molecules in mice first vaccinated with mycobacterial 30 kDa secretory protein and then challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Group 2) were monitored using flow cytometry and compared with non‐vaccinated, but challenged mice (Group 1). In Group 1, the proportion of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells increased until 28 days postinfection (p.i.) and then declined to levels even less than healthy controls (non‐vaccinated and non‐challenged healthy mice), especially at later stages of infection (i.e. 72 days p.i.). However, the levels of CD8+ T cells did not decline and remained either significantly higher or similar to healthy control levels. In Group 2, however, the levels of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells did not decline as seen in Group 1, but remained significantly higher than in Group 1. Furthermore, the profile of CD8+ T cells remained similar to what was observed in Group 2. In order to elucidate Th1‐Th2 bias, the ratio of IgG2a/IgG1 bearing cells was enumerated by flow cytometry. A predominantly Th1 response was observed in Group 1 until 28 days p.i. (IgG2a/IgG1 ratio was >1). However, in Group 2 a predominantly Th1 bias was observed throughout the period studied in terms of IgG2a/IgG1 ratios. The examination of expression of B7‐1 and B7‐2 costimulatory molecules on a monocyte gated population was carried out. In Group 2, the B7‐1 and B7‐2 expression was found to be significantly higher compared to Group 1, especially at later stages of infection (i.e. 60 and 72 days p.i.). Thus, these results suggest the capability of mycobacterial 30 kDa secretory protein in restoring the T‐cell responses, especially at later stages of infection, possibly by augmentation of both B7‐1 and B7‐2. Further, these costimulatory molecules are probably required for effective T‐cell responses against virulent mycobacterial challenge in a murine model of tuberculosis.
Real‐time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) for measurement of cytokine and growth factor mRNA expression with fluorogenic probes or SYBR Green I
Authors: Yin Jian Lin , Shackel Nicholas A , Zekry Amany , McGuinness Peter H , Richards Craig , Van Der Putten Karien , McCaughan Geoffrey W , Eris Josette M , Bishop G Alex
Published: March 2003

Real‐time quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) is the method of choice for rapid and reproducible measurements of cytokine or growth factor expression in small samples. Fluorescence detection methods for monitoring real‐time PCR include fluorogenic probes labelled with reporter and quencher dyes, such as Taqman probes or Molecular Beacons and the dsDNA‐binding dye SYBR Green I. Fluorogenic (Taqman) probes for a range of human and rat cytokines and growth factors were tested for sensitivity and compared with an assay for SYBR Green I quantification using real‐time fluorescence monitoring (PE Applied Biosystems Model 7700 sequence detector). SYBR Green I detection involved analysis of the melting temperature of the PCR product and measurement of fluorescence at the optimum temperature. Fluorogenic probes provided sensitive and reproducible detection of targets that ranged from low (<10 copies/reaction) to high (>107 copies/ reaction) expression. SYBR Green I gave reproducible quantification when the target gene was expressed at moderate to high levels (≥1000 copies/reaction), but did not give consistently reproducible quantification when the target gene was expressed at low levels. Although optimization of melting temperature improved the specificity of SYBR Green I detection, in our hands it did not equal the reproducible sensitivity and specificity of fluorogenic probes. The latter method is the first choice for measurement of low‐level gene expression, although SYBR Green I is a simple and reproducible means to quantify genes that are expressed at moderate to high levels.
Towards a unified model of neuroendocrine–immune interaction
Authors: Petrovsky Nikolai
Published: March 2003

Although the neuroendocrine system has immunomodulating potential, studies examining the relationship between stress, immunity and infection have, until recently, largely been the preserve of behavioural psychologists. Over the last decade, however, immunologists have begun to increasingly appreciate that neuroendocrine–immune interactions hold the key to understanding the complex behaviour of the immune system in vivo. The nervous, endocrine and immune systems communicate bidirectionally via shared messenger molecules variously called neurotransmitters, cytokines or hormones. Their classification as neurotransmitters, cytokines or hormones is more serendipity than a true reflection of their sphere of influence. Rather than these systems being discrete entities we would propose that they constitute, in reality, a single higher‐order entity. This paper reviews current knowledge of neuroendocrine–immune interaction and uses the example of T‐cell subset differentiation to show the previously under‐appreciated importance of neuroendocrine influences in the regulation of immune function and, in particular, Th1/Th2 balance and diurnal variation there of.
Neuroendocrine–immune (NEI) circuitry from neuron–glial interactions to function: Focus on gender and HPA–HPG interactions on early programming of the NEI system
Authors: Morale MC , Gallo F , Tirolo C , Testa N , Caniglia S , Marletta N , Spina‐Purrello V , Avola R , Caucci F , Tomasi P , Delitala G , Barden N , Marchetti B
Published: March 2003

Bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems during ontogeny plays a pivotal role in programming the development of neuroendocrine and immune responses in adult life. Signals generated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (i.e. luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone, LHRH, and sex steroids), and by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis (glucocorticoids (GC)), are major players coordinating the development of immune system function. Conversely, products generated by immune system activation exert a powerful and long‐lasting regulation on neuroendocrine axes activity. The neuroendocrine–immune system is very sensitive to preperinatal experiences, including hormonal manipulations and immune challenges, which may influence the future predisposition to several disease entities. We review our work on the ongoing mutual regulation of neuroendocrine and immune cell activities, both at a cellular and molecular level. In the central nervous system, one chief compartment is represented by the astroglial cell and its mediators. Hence, neuron–glial signalling cascades dictate major changes in response to hormonal manipulations and pro‐inflammatory triggers. The interplay between LHRH, sex steroids, GC and pro‐inflammatory mediators in some physiological and pathological states, together with the potential clinical implications of these findings, are summarized. The overall study highlights the plasticity of this intersystem cross‐talk for pharmacological targeting with drugs acting at the neuroendocrine–immune interface.
Prediction of promiscuous peptides that bind HLA class I molecules
Authors: Brusic Vladimir , Petrovsky Nikolai , Zhang Guanglan , Bajic Vladimir B
Published: March 2003

Promiscuous T‐cell epitopes make ideal targets for vaccine development. We report here a computational system, multipred, for the prediction of peptide binding to the HLA‐A2 supertype. It combines a novel representation of peptide/MHC interactions with a hidden Markov model as the prediction algorithm. multipred is both sensitive and specific, and demonstrates high accuracy of peptide‐binding predictions for HLA‐A∗0201, ∗0204, and ∗0205 alleles, good accuracy for ∗0206 allele, and marginal accuracy for ∗0203 allele. multipred replaces earlier requirements for individual prediction models for each HLA allelic variant and simplifies computational aspects of peptide‐binding prediction. Preliminary testing indicates that multipred can predict peptide binding to HLA‐A2 supertype molecules with high accuracy, including those allelic variants for which no experimental binding data are currently available.
Immunological markers predicting outcome in patients with hepatitis C treated with interferon‐α and ribavirin
Authors: Lee Silvia , MacQuillan Gerry C , Keane Niamh M , Flexman James , Jeffrey Gary P , French Martyn AH , Brochier Jean , Price Patricia
Published: March 2003

Type 1 (T1) cytokine responses are required for the clearance of hepatitis C virus by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, but can promote liver damage. Interferon‐α (IFNα) can be expected to promote T1 cytokine responses, so treatment outcome may depend on the T1/T2 cytokine environment and levels of immune activation at baseline. This model was tested by monitoring immunological markers in a pilot study of treatment naïve patients given IFNα2b and ribavirin, with the aim of finding markers that predict virological outcome. Soluble (s) CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activity and levels of sCD30, bioavailable IL‐6, sTNF‐RI, IL‐1ra and nitrite/nitrate (NO2 −/NO3 −) were measured. Levels of IL‐1ra and bioavailable IL‐6 were lower in patients than controls and did not change with therapy. Treatment decreased sCD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activities and sCD30 levels and increased NO2 −/NO3 − levels. High baseline sCD30 levels predicted an early (P = 0.008) and sustained (P = 0.03) virological response to therapy, suggesting treatment may be more effective in patients with a predominant T2 profile.
Meaning‐making for family carers in nursing homes
Authors: Kellett Ursula M
Published: March 2003

Kellett UM. International Journal of Nursing Practice 1998; 4: 113–119

Meaning‐making for family carers in nursing homes

This ontological hermeneutic study highlights the importance of understanding the human experience of family caring. In contrast to much family caregiving research which focuses upon the home care situation, this study involved in‐depth audiotaped conversational interviews and observations with 14 family carers who continue to care within a nursing home context. Thematic analysis of the transcribed interviews/field notes uncovered a number of common themes of meaning which highlight the nature of family caring experience in nursing homes. Discussion of such findings will challenge practitioners to reconceptualise the nurse–resident–family carer relationship, appreciate the many ways in which a family member’s involvement in care provides meaning and significance in their lives, and understand family carers through a process of human relating which fosters families’ meaningful involvement in caring within a nursing home context.
Registered nurses’ perceptions of teaching: Constraints to the teaching moment
Authors: Turner De Sales , Wellard Sally , Bethune Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

Nursing literature indicates that patient teaching is an integral role function of the nurse. While some authors suggest that patient teaching is an essential part of nursing care, others argue that nurses are not adequately prepared to assume the role of teacher. This study explores the context within which nurses engage in patient teaching, revealing tensions experienced on a day to day basis within the practice setting. The principles of teaching and learning are also explored, raising questions about the extent to which nurses utilize these principles to guide the teaching moment. It is asserted that nurses find it difficult to engage in activities which are pivotal to the provision of quality patient education. Whether this is because they have little awareness or understanding of the principles of education, or whether this is related to the milieu in which teaching takes place, is explored.
Factors affecting the quality of nursing care: The patient’s perspective
Authors: Irurita Vera
Published: March 2003

The study described in this paper explored the adult patient’s perspective of quality nursing care in acute‐care hospital settings in Western Australia. Using grounded theory methodology, the author sought also to discover factors perceived by patients to influence the delivery of high quality nursing care. The findings revealed that patients perceived different levels, in terms of quality, of the care delivered. The level of quality of care was found to depend on certain contextual and intervening conditions pertaining to the broader environment, the organisation and personal factors of the nurse and patient. Variations in patient satisfaction and patients’ feelings of vulnerability were related to the levels of care they received. The factors perceived by patients as either inhibiting or enhancing the quality of nursing care are the focus of this paper.
Family member as a hospital patient: Sentiments and functioning of the family
Authors: Åstedt‐Kurki Päivi , Lehti Kristiina , Paunonen Marita , Paavilainen Eija
Published: March 2003

The aim of this pilot study was to find out how families experience the hospitalization of one family member and to chart the participation of the family in the treatment of the hospitalized family member. A questionnaire was used to gather data for the study and the three open‐ended questions in the questionnaire were interpreted using content analysis. The study population (n = 70) was the family members of patients in the neurological wards of Tampere University Hospital. The study demonstrated a variety of negative sentiments in the families, such as worry, fear, shock, anxiety and depression at the hospitalization of their family member. The families also expressed neutral and positive sentiments, such as approval, relief and faith in the help given. Nearly 80% of the families’ statements dealt with emotional responses. Changes in the everyday life of the family caused by the hospitalization of a family member were also reported, with most changes affecting the immediate family. Hospital visits gave a rhythm to family life. There were changes in the sharing of housework and taking care of affairs, as well as in relationships within the family. Family members spoke of their loneliness, fear and longing. External changes in family life were present in 13% of statements. Helping the patient in hospital involved functions like participation in nursing care, taking the patient to the cafeteria and rehabilitation. Only 20% of statements dealt with emotional support for the patient. Future research could broaden the perspective to include the views of patients, nurses and doctors on the reality of family nursing.
Luck: What the nurse should know about it and how it affects nursing situations
Authors: Shearer Ruth , Davidhizar Ruth
Published: March 2003

Luck permeates every aspect of human behaviour. Thus, luck is an aspect of nursing care and client belief of which the nurse should be aware. Beliefs about luck will influence client compliance with recommendations for actions as well as influence actions the client selects in relation to health. Beliefs about luck will also influence actions the nurse may take when responding to clients.
Acute‐care nurses’ attitudes towards older patients: A literature review
Authors: Courtney Mary , Tong Shilu , Walsh Anne
Published: March 2003

With increases in life expectancy and increasing numbers of older patients utilising the acute setting, attitudes of registered nurses caring for older people may affect the quality of care provided. This paper reviews recent research on positive and negative attitudes of acute‐care nurses towards older people. Many negative attitudes reflect ageist stereotypes and knowledge deficits that significantly influence registered nurses’ practice and older patients’ quality of care. In the acute setting, older patients experience reduced independence, limited decision‐making opportunities, increased probability of developing complications, little consideration of their ageing‐related needs, limited health education and social isolation. Available instruments to measure attitudes towards and knowledge about older people, although reliable and valid, are outdated, country‐specific and do not include either a patient focus or a caring perspective. This paper argues for the development and utilisation of a research instrument that includes both a patient focus and a caring dimension.
Comparison of two warming interventions in surgical patients with mild and moderate hypothermia
Authors: Rn Dianne Stevens , Rn Maree Johnson , BappSc Rachel Langdon
Published: March 2003

Two interventions: a forced warm‐air device (Bair‐Hugger series 500, Augustine Medical Inc., Eden Prairie, MN, USA), group 1; and a standardized approach to the use of warmed blankets (group 2) are compared with the aim of enhancing thermoregulation in surgical patients with mild and moderate hypothermia in the immediate recovery period. One hundred and twenty patients in a post‐anaesthetic care unit were systematically allocated to group 1 or group 2 so each group consisted of 110 participants. No significant differences were found between the groups in gender, age, time in surgery, use of warmed intravenous fluids or muscle relaxants, or type of surgery. After exclusion of orthopaedic patients, significant differences in the mean rewarming rates were found, with more rapid rewarming occurring within group 1 (the group rewarmed with a forced warm‐air device, t = 2.15, df = 92, P = 0.03) compared with group 2. No significant differences were found in the mean rewarming time, or heat gain between groups, and subsequent power estimates were less than 0.80. This study supports improved rewarming rates in select surgical patients (with mild or moderate hypothermia) using the Bair‐HuggerTM compared with a standardized blanket rewarming intervention and identifies the need for patient comfort and cost‐benefit analysis to be considered in future studies.
We just don't talk about it: Men living with urinary incontinence and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rn Tina Koch , Rn Debbie Kralik , Rn Shayne Kelly
Published: March 2003

For people with multiple sclerosis (MS), urinary incontinence can become central to their experiences of managing the consequences of the disease. The Research Unit at the Royal District Nursing Service in South Australia conducted a study between October and December 1998 that aimed to understand how people living with multiple sclerosis manage urinary incontinence. This paper reports the findings from a participatory action research group consisting of four men who lived with MS and urinary incontinence, two continence nurse advisors (CNA) and the researcher. Incontinence was found to be a subject that men had found difficult to talk about previously. Themes that emerged from the conversations with the men were: planning your life around toilets; today will not be the same as tomorrow; managing myself; and motivated to make changes. The men and the CNA experienced a valuable exchange of knowledge about living with incontinence. We consider it essential that the voices of these men are clearly heard so that health‐care providers may be responsive and sensitive to their clients' needs.
Pressure sore prevalence within a public health services area
Authors: Lindgren Margareta , Unosson Mitra , Ek Anna‐Christina
Published: March 2003

Pressure sores are a great problem for patients, staff and society. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence, treatment and prevention of pressure sores in a public health service area in Sweden. Criteria used for pressure sore assessment were persistent discoloration, epithelial damage and damage to the full thickness of the skin, without or with a cavity. The data were collected during 2 weeks in April 1995 from 1173 inpatients. The pressure‐sore prevalence rate was 3.75%; 44 patients had a total of 68 sores. Men were as prone to developing pressure sores as women. The most frequently reported preventive measures were antidecubitus mattresses and turning schedules. Relief from pressure and occlusive dressings were the most common treatment measures. There was no statistical difference in pressure‐sore prevalence when compared with a similar study from 1980. Patients were, however, older in 1995.