bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fats in human nutrition
Authors: Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

Dietary fats represent the most compact chemical energy available to man. They contain twice the caloric value of an equivalent weight of sugar. However dietary fats should not be thought of solely as providers of unwanted calories as fats are as vital to cell structure and biological function as protein. If an individual consumes food items of high fat content, an adequate protein and vitamin intake should be assured in order to provide the lipotropic factors necessary for normal fat metabolism. It may be more judicious to control the total caloric intake under such circumstances rather than to resort to periods of semi‐starvation or to drastically decrease the dietary fat intake which could result in an increase in hunger pangs and an actual increase in total caloric intake. If the excess calories furnished by carbohydrates are converted to fatin vivo, the problem of obesity could not be solved under conditions of increased total caloric intake. The problem could be solved by a curtailed intake of a diet which includes meat, milk, eggs, vegetables, fruits, and sufficient cereals and bread to provide for an adequate protein, vitamin, and caloric intake. Dietary fats provide the essential linoleic acid which seems to have both a structural and functional role in animal tissue. Although the optimum total intake of linoleic acid by man has not been established, it is evident that the level of intake in the American dietary pattern could be increased. However the indiscriminate substitution of soft for hard fats seems undesirable as an excess consumption of highly unsaturated fatty acids may change the functional value of the triglycerides in the depot fats and may put an undue stress on the antioxidant supply availablein vivo.
Stabilization of edible animal fats during rendering
Authors: Sims Rex J. , Lee Hilfman
Published: May 2007

Studies have shown that lard and edible beef fats can be stabilized effectively with phenolic antioxidants during pressure steam‐rendering. Best results were obtained for a given stabilizer level with the individual phenolics butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. Poorer results were obtained with the mixtures in propylene glycol.
Alcoholic extraction of vegetable oils. III. Solubilities of babassu, coconut, olive, palm, rapeseed, and sunflower seed oils in aqueous ethanol
Authors: Rao Rama Kanth , Arnold Lionel K.
Published: May 2007

Solubilities of babassu, coconut, olive, palm, rapeseed, and sunflower seed oils in aqueous alcoholic solutions at various temperatures were determined by a direct and simple method. Solubility curves for the six oils are presented.

The critical solution temperatures increase with the water content of the alcohol, and in each case the relationship is linear. The pressure in the system also varies with the temperature, the maximum being about 20 p.s.i.g.
Determination of tocopherol in autoxidizing methyl esters of fatty acids
Authors: Lips H. J.
Published: May 2007

Autoxidizing methyl esters of fatty acids interfered with the determination of α‐tocopherol by ultraviolet spectrophotometry or by the bipyridine colorimetric method. Interference with the colorimetric method was removed by sulfuric acid treatment, but spectrophotometry was applicable only when the tocopherol was completely separated from oxidized fat. This separation could not be obtained by sulfuric acid treatment but was accomplished by room temperature saponification in an alcohol‐petroleum ether system protected by pyrogallol. The sensitivity of the spectrophotometric method was increased by oxidizing tocopherol quantitatively to thep‐quinone with 2N nitric acid.
Some effects of ionizing radiations on lipids. I. Monocarbonyl production in vegetable oils
Authors: Lang David A. , Proctor Bernard E.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

Irradiation of refined vegetable oils by high‐energy cathode rays resulted in the production of monocarbonyl compounds. The yield was about 0.2 µM per gram per 106 rep. for doses up to about 107 rep. Some of the products were themselves sensitive to the radiations, and the net yield was dependent upon a function of the concentrations and reactivities of the precursors and of the end‐products.

Concurrently with the formation of the monocarbonyls there was an attack on the conjugated triene systems in the media and an increase in ultraviolet absorption in the 225–240 mµ region. However the irradiation products resulted from other mechanisms in addition to those involving the trienes.

Irradiation under reduced temperature or in vacuum or with the addition of antioxidants did not decrease the yield of monocarbonyl compounds. However the use of a vacuum and the inclusion of antioxidants were partially effective in reducing the irradiation attack on triene groups.

The net yields of monocarbonyls were dependent upon the concentrations and sensitivities of the products as well as of their precursors. Thus, although methods commonly successful in inhibiting oxidations of oils did not reduce these yields, they did suppress some irradiation‐induced reactions, particularly those involving unsaturated compounds. In this respect their action was similar to that which has been demonstrated in inhibition studies of antioxidations in oils.
Reactions of conjugated fatty acids. III. Kinetics of the Diels‐Alder reaction
Authors: Gast L. E. , Bell E. W. , Teeter H. M.
Published: May 2007

The kinetics of a Diels‐Alder‐type reaction between diethylazodicarboxylate andt,t‐9,11‐octadecadienoic acid has been studied in various solvent systems and with acidic catalysts. The rate of the reaction was found to vary as follows: a) the reaction rate is faster in polar solvents than in nonpolar solvents; b) addition of acidic catalysts to nonpolar solvents increases the rate of the reaction, and acidic catalysts appear to have no effect on the rate of reaction in polar solvents; c) when compatibility can be maintained, addition of water to polar solvent systems appears to increase the reaction rate in proportion to the amount of water added.

The reaction follows second‐order or pseudo second‐order kinetics. Probably it is more complex than the over‐all reaction kinetics indicate. Certain reactions were studied at two temperatures, and information on activation energy of the reaction has been obtained.
Polarized infrared spectra of some crystalline fatty acids
Authors: Susi H. , Smith Anne M.
Published: May 2007

Polarized infrared spectra of thin films of representative samples of form C′, B′, and A′ n‐alkyl monocarboxylic acids have been observed. The data obtained on C′ heptadecanoic acid confirm that the type C and type C′ structures are very similar and that the major difference is in the packing of the CH3 end‐groups. The results on type B′ and A′ acids indicate that meaningful polarization data can be obtained on triclinic crystals of n‐alkyl carboxylic acids, provided that careful consideration is given to the sample orientation and to the symmetry characteristics of certain portions of the molecules. The P1 space structure of these crystals and the orthorhombic substructure of the B′ configuration as well as the triclinic substructure of the A′ configuration were confirmed. Some strong infrared bands of the highly irregular triclinic A′ structure did not seem to be appreciably polarized. The data on group‐frequency bands which did show clear‐cut polarization were in agreement with prediction. The spectra of form A′, B′, and C′ crystals did not coineide with data obtained on KBr pellets. It is concluded that in these pellets fatty acids exist in a form which is not easy to duplicate under more conventional conditions.
Surface‐active properties of sodium salts of sulfated fatty acid monoglycerides
Authors: Biswas A. K. , Mukherji B. K.
Published: May 2007

Sodium salts of fatty acid monoglyceride sulfates have been prepared by sulfating purified monoglycerides with chlorosulfonic acid or a pyridine‐sulfur trioxide complex and subsequent neutralizing. Surface tension, interfacial tension, wetting, suspending and foaming characteristics, calcium stability, and emulsifying property (including stability of the emulsion obtained) of the aqueous solution of these surfactants from C12, C14, C16, and C18 saturated fatty acids and from oleic acid and linoleic acids have been determined and evaluated.

With the exception of the wetting characteristic which was found to be optimum in the case of the more hydrophilic products (like those from lauric and linoleic acids) the remaining properties were found to reach a maximum value when the hydrophilic‐hydrophobic balance in the surfactant molecule was seemingly optimum, as attained by myristic and oleic acid products.
The occurrence of the chick pericardial edema factor in some oleic acids and products derived therefrom
Authors: Ames Stanley R. , Swanson William J. , Ludwig Marion I. , Brokaw George Y.
Published: May 2007

A number of samples of commercially‐prepared (U.S.P.) oleic acids and glycerol esters of oleic acids were shown to contain a material which produces pericardial edema in chicks. The active material was concentrated from either the oleic acid or the glycerol mono‐ester by molecular distillation.

Four of the 11 samples of oleic acid were inactive; this indicates that the pericardial edema is not caused by the fatty acid itself but by an incidental material in the fatty acid.
The aliphatic alcohols of wool wax. V. Studies in Waxes
Authors: Murray K. E. , Schoenfeld R.
Published: May 2007

Ten branched chain alcohols have been isolated from the unsaponifiable part of wool wax and identified. They comprise the dextro‐rotatory ante‐iso alcohols of odd carbon number, C17 to C27, and the iso alcohols of even carbon number, C20 to2626.
Pyrogallol derivatives as antioxidants for carotene
Authors: Bickoff E. M. , Coppinger G. M. , Livingston A. L. , Campbell Tod W.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

Certain derivatives of pyrogallol have been shown to possess marked activity as antioxidants for carotene in some systems while they are of little value in others. Thus all the derivatives which are more effective than pyrogallol in protecting carotene in mineral oil are very much less effective than pyrogallol in lard and, with two exceptions, are also less effective in coconut oil. Neither pyrogallol nor any of its derivatives tested were effective antioxidants for carotene in alfalfa meal. Insufficient data are available to permit conclusions regarding relationships between changes in antioxidant activity and minor structural variations.
A review on petroselinic acid and its derivatives
Authors: Placek Lida L.
Published: May 2007

This publication contains a comprehensive review of literature on petroselinic acid and its derivatives. All known sources of petroselinic acid including its synthetic derivation have been explored and described. The different plant species, whose seeds offer an oil reported to contain petroselinic acid, have been listed and the amounts of oil and their prevalent fatty acid components given. Its method of isolation from the naturally occurring triglycerides and identification have been discussed. The descriptions of characteristics and properties of petroselinic acid and its various derivatives are also included. In many cases they have been compared to oleic acid and other related fatty acids and their derivatives. The various methods of chemical modification of petroselinic acid have been, investigated and the derivatives obtained have been summarized in tabular form. Some potential uses for petroselinic acid and the products obtained from it have also been discussed. This review was designed to show that is known about petroselinic acid to date, and perhaps to create further interest in research on this unique naturally occurring octadecenoic acid.
A comparison of the effects of the polyunsaturated fatty acids of cuttlefish liver oil and cottonseed oil on cholesterol metabolism
Authors: Kaneda T. , Alfin‐Slater R. B.
Published: May 2007

Rats red ad lib. for 12 weeks either a fat‐free diet, a diet containing 15% cottonseed oil, or a diet containing 15% cuttlefish liver oil, with or without exogenous (1%) cholesterol, were studied to evaluate and compare the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids of cuttlefish liver oil and cottonseed oil on cholesterol metabolism. The results indicate that the longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids contained in the fish oil cannot substitute for the essential fatty acid, linoleic, either as far as effect on various aspects of cholesterol metabolism are concerned or in the ability to form arachidonic acid. The observed interference of cuttlefish liver oil with the absorption of exogenous cholesterol may be caused by the presence in this oil of the highly unsaturated long chain fatty acids.
Factors influencing the formation of complexes between oxidized lipids and proteins
Authors: Narayan K. A. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

Complexes were formed between egg albumin and oxidized lipids, such as thermally oxidized corn oil and autoxidized linoleic acid, under a standardized set of conditions. No complex could be obtained under these conditions when lysine, glycine, bactopeptone, gelatin or sodium caseinate were substituted for egg albumin. Lactalbumin was equally as reactive, casein much less and fresh egg white superior to egg albumin in their complexing ability with oxidized corn oil. As the time of reaction was increased, the amount of the complex formed also increased. Optimum complex formation took place at a concentration of 1% protein, a pH of 7 and 60C. The ease of formation of these complexesin vitro indicated that similar complexing could readily take placein vivo under suitable pathological conditions.
Comparative analytical studies of fatty acids of the algaChlorella pyrenoidosa
Authors: Schlenk Hermann , Mangold H. K. , Gellerman J. L. , Link W. E. , Morrissette R. A. , Holman R. T. , Hayes H.
Published: May 2007

Gas‐liquid chromatography, several versions of paper chromatography, and alkaline isomerization have been applied to one preparation ofChlorella fatty acid methyl esters.

GLC outranks other methods in rapidity, reproducibility, and resolving power. The presence of nonvolatile components in the sample can lead to erroneous results. Among PC methods which might arise from autoxidation and polymerization are detected. Esters or acids with 14 or fewer C atoms should be analyzed as nonvolatile derivatives. AI, as used here, introduces a systematic error in the determination of linoleic and linolenic acids.

The quantitative results of the methods are in agreement for the major components, which all belong to the C10 and C18 series.

A number of minor components have been revealed by GLC and/or PC. They are tentatively identified as <C12, C12, four C14, C15, two C17, C19, three C20, two C22, and C24 acids. Several of these compounds have been found independently by different methods in hydrogenated form or as radioactive esters. This enhances the certainty of their identification. Eurichment by fractional distillation was essential for their detection. Possible losses in their distillation and other considerations make uncertain the assay of most of the minor components by GLC or PC.
Reactions of polyunsaturated fatty alcohols. IX. Molecular‐weight distribution of some conjugated soybean vinyl ether homopolymers
Authors: Teeter H. M. , Dorman L. C. , Harris L.
Published: May 2007

The molecular‐weight distributions of several conjugated soybean vinyl ether homopolymers were studied by means of the integral fractionation technique. Polymers having number average molecular weights of 2,200, 4,800 and 10,000 prepared with stannic chloride as catalyst as well as a polymer having a molecular weight of 3,400 prepared with boron trifluoride as catalyst were included in the study. The observed distributions for all the polymers were found to approximate the socalled “most probable” distributions expected theoretically for polymers obtained by simple difunctional polymerization.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. X. Preparation of some copolymers of nonconjugated linseed vinyl ether
Authors: De Jarlais W. J. , Teeter H. M.
Published: May 2007

Vinyl ethers were prepared from benzyl, 2‐phenylethyl, 3‐phenylpropyl, 2‐benzyloxyethyl, 2‐(para‐tertiary‐butylphenoxy)‐ethyl, tetrahydrofurfuryl, and 2‐cyanoethyl alcohols. The vinyl ethers, as well as 1‐methoxy‐1,3‐butadiene and cyclohexyl vinyl ether, when copolymerized with nonconjugated linseed vinyl ether produced viscous liquids that baked to films of moderate hardness and with fair resistance to alkali and acid. These copolymer films offered little improvement in hardness over similarly prepared films from nonconjugated linseed vinyl ether homopolymer. Baked films of nonconjugated linseed‐2‐ (para‐tertiary‐butylphenoxy) ethyl vinyl ether copolymers had improved alkali resistance over the homopolymer baked films and were considered to be the best of the copolymer films studied.
Dietary fat and heart disease
Authors: Rathmann Dorothy M.
Published: May 2007

So far as the industry is concerned, the evidence indicating a relationship of dietary fat to heart disease presents some interesting challenges. Undoubedly it portends a change in the fat cousumption pattern toward a lowerper capita use coupled with a shift from solid fats toward a higher proportion of edible oils. Most important of all, however, is the growing recognition that fats and oils are nutritionally valuable foods, intimately related to health and well‐being, and should by no means be regarded merely as a source of calories.

Although there are innumerable factors involved in the etiology of heart disease, dietary fat is an important one and fortunately is one that can be modified in whatever way proves desirable. Because the more saturated types of fats lead to higher serum cholesterol levels than do the polyunsaturated oils, and because cholesterol is somehow involved in the course of atherosclerotic heart disease, clinical tests are now in progress to determine whether prolonged use of a diet rich in these oils will lead to fewer heart attacks than does the usual American diet rich in saturated fats. So far, data are encouraging enough to merit recommendation of the modification in dietary fat to the coronary‐prone individual and to justify development of new high‐linoleate fat products by the industry.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. IV. Kinetics of catalytic and homogeneous chemical reduction
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Nowakowska Janina , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

Kinetics for consecutive reactions of octadecatrienoate to octadecadienoate to octadecenoate have been studied with the aid of radioisotopic tracers and gas chromatography. Evidence for a triene to monoene shunt has been obtained. Similarly, the chemical reduction with hydrazine has been studied, but no evidence for this anomalous behavior was obtained. Methods to determine reaction rates from these kinetic measurements are discussed.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. V. Procedure of evaluating hydrogenation catalysts for selectivity
Authors: Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

Equations for determining the ratio of hydrogenation rates for linolenate and linoleate acyl groups are derived from kinetic theory. They are based upon the analysis for linolenate after absorption of 0.5 mole of hydrogen by an equal mixture of linoleate and linolenate. This method finds routine application in the evaluation of hydrogenation catalysts for selectivity.
Lunaria seed oil—A rich source of C24 fatty acids
Authors: Wilson T. L. , Smith C. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: May 2007

The seed oil ofLunaria biennis (family Cruciferae) contains 21% ofcis‐15‐tetracosenoic acid. This proportion of C24‐monoethenoid acid is the highest yet reported in any seed oil. The oil also containscis‐13‐docosenoic (erucic) acid (42%).
Dialkyl esters of alpha‐sulfofatty acids
Authors: McBride J. J. , Miller E. J.
Published: May 2007

Lower olefins, especially ethylene and propylene, have been found to add to alpha‐sulfofatty acids in the presence of boron trifluoride or its etherate to give dialkyl alpha‐sulfofatty esters. Some of the reaction variables studied include catalyst, catalyst concentration, and solvent. The esters were obtained as colorless, low melting solids after purification by low temperature crystallization.
Amino acid composition ofLesquerella seed meals
Authors: Miller Roger Wayne , Van Etten C. H. , Wolff I. A.
Published: May 2007

Seed meals from 14 species ofLesquerella, family Cruciferae, were analyzed for 18 amino acids. Lysine and methionine contents ranged, respectively, from 331 to 440, and 72 to 94 mg. per g. of nitrogen. When compared with 9 species ofBrassica (rape, mustard),Lesquerella seeds were higher in lysine and lower in methionine. Thirteen unidentified substances were detected by the ion‐exchange chromatographic method used to determine amino acids.
Appraisal of methods of total monoester estimation in commercial monoglycerides
Authors: Hartman L.
Published: May 2007

Analytical techniques of estimating total monoglycerides in industrial products and difficulties encountered in their estimation are critically discussed. A modification is suggested of a recently published procedure which combines the “Partition method” with the methods of Martin and of Brokawet al. A tentative method of determining total monoglycerides based on simultaneous isomerization and periodate oxidation is described.
Isothiocyanates from enzymatic hydrolysis ofLesquerella seed meals
Authors: Daxenbichler M. E. , VanEtten C. H. , Wolff I. A.
Published: May 2007

Enzymatic hydrolyzates from seed meals of 17 species of the genusLesquerella, family Cruciferae, were examined for thiooxazolidones and volatile isothiocyanates. Quantitative estimates of the total volatile isothiocyanates, calculated as butenyl, ranged from 0.6 to 13.0 mg per g of solvent‐extracted meal. No thiooxazolidone was found. By means of paper chromatography, melting point, and X‐ray patterns of the thiourea derivatives, the volatile isothiocyanates, 3‐methylthiopropyl‐, 4‐methylthiobutyl‐, and 6‐methylthiohexyl‐, were shown to be present in the hydrolyzates from three species. Evidence for identity of isothiocyanates in hydrolyzates from the remaining species was obtained by paper chromatography of the thiourea derivatives.
The interaction between zinc oxide and titanium dioxide in water
Authors: Princen L. H. , DeVena Marilyn J.
Published: May 2007

A mechanism is proposed for the reaction between zinc oxide and titanium dioxide in water. Between certain limits of weight ratios of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide definite increases in viscosity, pH, and sedimentation volumes with time have been observed which support the belief that tridimensional structures are formed from the individual particles. The same mechanism may be responsible for some of the thickening in emulsion paints containing these mixed pigments.
Application of urea complexes in the purification of fatty acids, esters, and alcohols. II. Oleic acid and methyl oleate from olive oil
Authors: Swern Daniel , Parker Winfred E.
Published: May 2007

Oleic acid and methyl oleate of high purity (97–99%) and substantially free (0.2% or less) of polyunsaturated contaminants have been isolated in 60–70% yield from the fatty acids or methyl esters of olive oil by procedures which require only one precipitation of urea complexes (single dose of urea technique) one low‐temperature crystallization, and one fractional distillation. The best yields of the highest purity acids are obtained when saturates are removed by fractional crystallization prior to a final distillation. The urea complex separation technique can be applied directly to olive oil methanolysis reaction mixtures without prior isolation of the mixed methyl esters.

Oleic acid or methyl oleate obtained by decomposition of urea complexes contains approximately 1% of polyunsaturated contaminants. After fractional distillation or crystallization to separate saturated acids the oleic content is about 90–97%. Such products are satisfactory for many uses and in their preparation low‐temperature (−50° or lower) crystallizations are not required.

Solution and slurry techniques have been studied for the preparation of urea complexes from olive oil acids or esters. The former technique is preferred when a maximum of about 1,000 grams of acids or esters are to be processed. The latter is preferred for larger size experiments mainly because the volume of methanol employed is cut in half, the time is shorter, and also because yields are about 5% higher.
Problems encountered in the commercial utilization of frying fats
Authors: Goodman A. H. , Block Zenas
Published: May 2007

The user of frying fats must consider a number of elements in choosing the fat to be utilized. The relationships between fat composition and these factors appear not to be clearly known. Much can be contributed to frying technology through work in the field of fat composition and its relationship to quality frying factors.
Application of statistical distribution formulas to triglycerides originating in tissues having regional differences in fatty acid composition
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Reiser Raymond
Published: May 2007

Variations in triglyceride fatty acid composition are sometimes observed between different regions of the same fatty tissue in various plants and animals. When natural fats originate in such tissues, some error results if triglyceride distribution formulas are applied to anaverage fatty acid composition. An integral calculus technique has been developed to overcome this difficulty. This method has been applied to the random, restricted‐random, and 1,3‐random‐2‐random distribution hypotheses. The error resulting from such regional differences has been estimated for five natural fats originating in such heterogeneous tissues.

If the relative amounts but not the types of fatty acids vary with location, regional differences do not appreciably affect the use of statistical distribution formulas. In such cases, triglyceride composition may be predicted from the average fatty acid composition without significant error. If different types of fatty acids exist in different regions, however, these differences must be taken into account to avoid large errors.
Glycerolysis of marine oils and the preparation of acetylated monoglycerides
Authors: Gruger Edward H. , Malins Donald C. , Gauglitz Erich J.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

The glycerolysis reaction was applied to menhaden, tuna, herring, sardine, and salmon‐egg oils. Optimum reaction time for the preparation of α‐monoglycerides was found to vary, reproducibly, from 45 to 60 min., depending on the particular kind of marine oil employed. The method was suitable for the preparation of kilogram quantities.

A laboratory method for the prepagation of kilogram quantities of highly pure acetylated α‐mono‐glycerides was developed. Both the glycerolysis mixtures from marine oils and their acetylated products were light in color and substantially free of odor.

Thin‐layer silicic acid chromatography, as described here, was found suitable for the analysis of acetoglycerides from marine oils. The work indicated that the method may have wide use for the separation and identification of other lipid classes as well.
Studies in the development of antibacterial surfactants. II. performance of germicidal and deodorant soaps
Authors: Linfield W. M. , Casely R. E. , Noel D. R.
Published: May 2007

It has been shown that mixtures of hexachlorophene and trichlorocarbanilide or bithionol and trichlorocarbanilide in soap show a marked synergism with respect to antibacterial properties. In both cases the approximate ratio of 50/50 of the two components represents an optimum.

Nonionic detergents enhance the antibacterial activity of trichlorocarbanilidein vitro when present at relatively low levels. At higher levels of nonionic the antibacterial agent is neutralized and loses its effectiveness.

The antibacterial activity of the pair hexachlorophene‐trichlorocarbanilide extends over a wide spectrum of micro‐organisms, and synergism is shown with each test organism.

High antibacterial activity of the synergistic pairs in soap is shown both inin vivo handwashing studies and in subjective deodorant tests. On the other hand, it is shown by way of several examples thatin vivo observations do not necessarily correlate within vitro bacteriological screening tests.
Search for new industrial oils. III. Oils from compositae
Authors: Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. , Jones Quentin
Published: May 2007

Screening analyses of oils from seeds of 16 species of theCompositae family reveal numerous indications of unusual component fatty acids or interferences with the application of standard methods. Epoxyoleic acid is indicated in amounts from 1% to 67%. Conjugated dienes equivalent to 5% to 48% of C18 acid appear in four oils. Hydroxyl groups are found in two oils in amounts corresponding to 20% and 70% of a C18 acid.

Of special interest is the oil fromDimorphotheca aurantiaca, which appears to contain some 50% of an acid with both an hydroxyl group and conjugated diene.

Oil fromRudbeckia bicolor var.superba contains 76% of apparent linoleic acid and may rank among the richest sources of this acid.
Melting and dilatometric behavior of 2‐Oleopalmitostearin and 2‐Oleodistearin
Authors: Landmann Werner , Feuge R. O. , Lovegren N. V.
Published: May 2007

The glycerides, 2‐oleopalmitostearin and 2‐oleodistearin, which are important components of confectionery fats, were synthesized, and their melting behavior and dilatometric properties were determined.

Each glyceride was found to have four melting points: 18.2, 24.5, 33.0, and 37.4°C, for 2‐oleopalmitostearin; 22.8, 30.0, 37.7, and 42.8°C, for 2‐oleodistearin. The rate of transformation of the thermodynamically unstable polymorphs at temperatures just below their melting points was found to vary from a few seconds to more than eight days.

For each glyceride, expansivities were determined for three polymorphs and melting dilations for two polymorphs. Mixtures of the two glycerides were examined dilatometrically and found to behave in some respects as single components. The mixtures were readily tempered so that both components were in the same polymorphic form, and expansivities and melting dilations were obtained for mixtures in three polymorphic forms.

Dilatometric data also were obtained for a sample of cocoa butter and a sample of sweet milk chocolate of the coating type.
Fatty acids analysis by high resolution nuclear spin resonance. A preliminary evaluation
Authors: Storey W. H.
Published: May 2007

High resolution nuclear spin resonance spectra of four fatty acid methyl esters have been presented and discussed from the standpoint of applying this instrumentation to the analysis of the possible eight‐component system resulting from the hydrogenation of linolenic acid. If one of the constituents other than 9‐ or 12‐oleic acid can be neglected or found by another method, the analysis seems possible. Experimental conditions for the accurate reproduction of the relative intensities of the spectral bands must first be found.
Thermoxidative and hydrolytic changes in sunflower oil used in fryings with a fast turnover of fresh oil
Authors: Cuesta C. , Sánchez‐Muniz F. J. , Garrido‐Polonio C. , López‐Varela S. , Arroyo R.
Published: May 2007

The modification of a sunflower oil used for 75 repeated deep‐fat fryings of potatoes, with a fast turnover of fresh oil during frying, was evaluated by measuring the total polar components isolated by column chromatography. The total polar components increased rapidly during the first 20 fryings from 5.09±0.21 (mean±SD) mg/100 mg unused oil to 15.99±0.40, followed by minor but also significant changes until the thirtieth frying (17.99±0.41 mg/100 mg oil). The level did not increase further with continued frying. Further, the polar fraction was examined by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography. Triglyceride polymers increased from 0.10±0.01 mg/100 mg unused oil to 1.65±0.13 and 3.44±0.17 mg/100 mg oil at the twentieth and seventy‐fifth fryings, respectively. Triglyceride dimers also increased significantly from 0.75±0.12 mg/100 mg unused oil to 6.25±0.28 (mg/100 mg oil) at the twentieth frying and to 7.09±0.31 mg/100 mg oil at the thirtieth frying, with no further significant changes. Oxidized triglycerides also significantly increased, but at the twentieth frying reached a near‐steady state of 6.26 mg/100 mg oil. Diglycerides and free fatty acid levels, related to hydrolytic alteration, did not increase with continued fryings. The results indicate that during deep‐fat frying of potatoes with fast turnover of fresh sunflower oil, more thermoxidative than hydrolytic processes take place. A dramatic leap of total polar content and a change of compounds related to thermoxidative alteration of the oil were found during the first twenty fryings, followed by minor changes and by a tendency to reach a near‐steady state throughout the successive fryings.
Fatty acid composition of seed oil triglycerides inCoincya (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Vioque Javier , Pastor Julio E. , Vioque Eduardo
Published: May 2007

Oil and triglyceride contents and fatty acid composition were determined for seeds in nine taxa belonging to the genusCoincya (Brassicaceae) on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). The oil content ranges from 11.1 to 24.6%, triglycerides from 68.7 to 88.5%. The major fatty acids were erucic (24.6–30.5%), linolenic (17.7–27.7%), linoleic (13.9–24.6%) and oleic acid (12.3–21.8%).
The relation of synergist to antioxidant in fats
Authors: Privett O. S. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: May 2007

Citric and ascorbic acids delayed substantially the rate of peroxide accumulation, during the induction period, of lard which contained pro‐oxidant levels ofα‐tocopherol or NDGA. While low levels (.025%) of both acids showed effective synergistic action with α‐tocopherol, higher levels were proportionately less effective.

Tocopherol had a marked protective effect on ascorbic and phosphoric acids in autoxidizing lard.

Evidence indicates that ascorbic and citric acid function as synergists in natural fats and oils by inhibiting the antioxidant catalysis of peroxide decomposition. This concept is discussed in relation to current theories of the mechanism of synergist action.
Polarographic determination of titanium in soap
Authors: Hejna Joseph
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

Titanium dioxide can be determined in soaps polarographically by the method described above. It has been found that no maximum suppressor was necessary and that the diffusion current is directly proportional to the concentration and is well defined. The method is adaptable to soaps.
Effect of maleic hydrazide applied to the cotton plant on the development of free fatty acids in the seed
Authors: Lambou M. G. , Parker N. S. , Carns Harry R.
Published: May 2007

The available evidence suggests that maleic hydrazide may have contributed to inhibition in the formation of free fatty acids in the seed during field exposure and the presampling period; to inhibiting the proliferation of mold on the seed at high relative humidities during storage and to reducing the rate of formation of free fatty acids; and to inhibiting the slow rate of formation of free fatty acids by the seed itself apparently in the absence of mold growth. The seed appeared to be protected for approximately 16, 20, and 20–28 weeks at 100%, 91%, and 75% R. H., respectively. The evidence seems to favor only slightly the higher concentration of treatment. However its application prior to or at defoliation seemed to have no measurable effect on the development of free fatty acids.
Direct potentiometric titration of oxirane oxygen by hydrogen chloride‐acetic acid
Authors: Durbetaki A. J.
Published: May 2007

A new direct potentiometric titration method for the determination of oxirane oxygen has been developed. This method is applicable to a great variety of epoxy compounds and epoxy plasticizers. Carboxyl groups do not interfere, and a greater accuracy and reproducibility are obtained than in any of the indirect methods used.
Solubility and heat stability of fat‐soluble derivatives of vitamin B6
Authors: Sakuragi Taketami , Kummerow Fred A.
Published: May 2007

The heat stability of several fatty acid esters of pyridoxine and their solubility in fats was tested. Short chain fatty acid esters of pyridoxine, such as pyridoxine triacetate, and long chain saturated fatty acid esters of the vitamin, such as pyridoxine tripalmitate were almost insoluble or had a rather limited solubility in fats. An improvement in solubility was observed when pyridoxine was partially esterified with palmitic acid, fully esterified with a long chain unsaturated fatty acid, such as linoleic acid, or when it was esterified with a fatty acid of intermediate chain length (C6, C8 or C10). Free pyridoxine and the acetate were destroyed by heat when mixed in a fat and heated at 205–210°C. A profound improvement in heat stability in pyridoxine was noted when one palmitoyl group was introduced, and the ester became completely stable when it was fully esterified with a saturated fatty acid of C10 or longer chain length.
Soil removal by dishwashing detergents
Authors: Leenerts Lester O. , Pietz John F. , Elliott Jack
Published: May 2007

A new technique for the evaluation of dishwashing detergent efficiency in terms of percentages of soil removed has been developed by the adaptation of conventional detergency laboratory equipment. The soils used are synthetic, containing ingredients encountered in home and restaurant dishwashing (egg, grease, milk, flour, etc.). The substrates to be cleaned can be varied to meet the needs of any particular test: glass, pottery, or metal. The test has been shown to be reproducible and provides a sufficiently large range of removal percentages so that minor dishwashing detergent formula variations can be measured. A correlation between this new technique and a more cumbersome and time‐consuming, semi‐practical manual plate washing method has been demonstrated.
Rigid urethane foams from hydroxymethylated castor oil, safflower oil, oleic safflower oil, and polyol esters of castor acids
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Garrett V. H. , Frankel E. N.
Published: May 2007

Castor, safflower, and oleic safflower oil derivatives with enhanced reactivity and hydroxyl group content were prepared by hydroformylation with a rhodium‐triphenylphosphine catalyst, followed by hydrogenation. Rigid urethane foams prepared from these hydroxymethylated derivatives had excellent compressive strengths, closed cell contents, and dimensional stability. Best properties were obtained from hydroxymethylated polyol esters of castor acids.
Distillation and solvent recovery
Authors: Milligan Edward D. , Tandy David C.
Published: May 2007

The historical development of various miscella distillation systems used in solvent extraction of oil‐seeds is reviewed, and their economics are compared. In addition, the design of solvent recovery systems and their economic justification are reviewed.
Reduction of green color from soybean oil
Authors: Beal R. E. , Moulton K. J. , Black L. T.
Published: May 2007

The green color in a refined bleached soybean oil extracted from green soybeans was removed substantially by partially hydrogenating the oil with 1% copper chromite catalyst at 175 C and 30 psig. Hydrogenating the same oil to the identical IV (110) with 0.1% nickel at 150 C and 15 psig was ineffective.
The determination of peroxides by the stamm method
Authors: Hamm D. L. , Hammond E. G. , Parvanah V. , Snyder H. E.
Published: May 2007

A sensitive quantitative method for determination of the peroxide value of fats and oils is reported which is based on the color reaction with diphyenylcarbohydrazide discovered by Stamm.
Quaternary pyridinium salts from olefins, pyridine and chlorine or bromine
Authors: Wheeler D. H. , Gross J.
Published: May 2007

The reaction of olefins with a halogen and pyridine (or pyridine derivative) to form ॅ‐haloalkypyridinium quaternary halides has been previously reported only for the halogens bromine and iodine monochloride. In the present study, this reaction has been extended to the use of chlorine as halogen, and to the internal double bonds of unsaturated acids and derivatives. Oleic acid, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, oleic amide and octadecene were used as olefins. Pyridine, quinoline and े‐picoline were used as the amines. Formation of the quaternaries was shown by chemical and infrared analyses.

The reaction occurred rapidly at 蜢20C in excess pyridine as solvent and reagent. The probable mechanism is addition of X+ to the double bond to give an ॅ‐halo‐cation plus halogen anion, followed by attack of the cation by the pyridine to form the quateruary pyridinium cation.

The competing reaction of the ॅ‐balo‐cation with the halo‐anion to give the dihalide of the olefin is repressed by the large excess of pyridine used. The quaternary is not formed by reaction of the dihalide with pyridine, since methyl dichlorostearate did not react readily with pyridine. The fatty pyridinium quaternaries show biocidal activity againstE. coli andM. pyogenes.
Separation by dielectric distribution: Application to the isolation and purification of soybean phosphatides and bacterial spores
Authors: Black B. C. , Hammond E. G.
Published: May 2007

The redistribution of particle suspensions which occurs in a nonuniform electric field was used to separate soybean phosphatide micells from crude soybean miscella. Two arrangements of the nonuniform field were used. This method provides a convenient laboratory method for isolating and concentrating polar lipids. At present the method is too slow for commercial application but this may become feasible with improvements in apparatus design.

A simple apparatus was described that gave efficient separation of bacterial spores from vegetative cells.
Analysis of triglycerides by consecutive chromatographic techniques. II. Ucuhuba kernel fat
Authors: Culp T. W. , Harlow R. D. , Litchfield Carter , Reiser Raymond
Published: May 2007

The triglycerides from ucuhuba kernel fat (Virola surinamensis) were analyzed using thinlayer adsorption chromatography (TLC) followed by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). The triglycerides were first separated into three fractions containing 0, 1, and 2 or more double bonds per molecule on silica gel TLC plates impregnated with AgNO3. The total triglycerides and each individual TLC fraction were then analyzed by GLC for the molecular weights of their component triglycerides and for their fatty acid composition. Quantitation of the TLC fractions was achieved by GLC analysis of their fatty acids using an added internal standard and confirmed by solving simultaneous equations derived from GLC analysis of their triglycerides and fatty acids.

Application of these combined chromatographic techniques separated the ucuhuba kernel fat into 23 triglyceride components. Trimyristin and laurodimyristin comprised over half the total triglycerides, which was expected since the fat contained 20.0 mole % laurie and 71.3% myristic acids.
Functional properties of oilseed proteins
Authors: Johnson Dale W.
Published: May 2007

The functional and physical properties, rather than the nutritional value, of protein in protein‐containing products will largely determine their acceptability as ingredients in prepared foods. The nature of the protein per se, the presence of other constituents naturally present in protein‐containing products, the degree to which the protein product is refined, the presence of other ingredients in a food system to which protein products are added, manufacturing conditions and a number of other factors, working singly or together, will influence the way proteins (as well as other ingredients) exert their functional characteristics. Differences in these characteristics are presented with examples of the manner in which various factors can influence functionality. Nonfunctional properties may be of interest for certain applications.
The new toilet soaps
Authors: Herrick A. B. , Jungermann Eric
Published: May 2007

Toilet soap bars have undergone few major technical changes in the last century. Noteworthy improvements were floating soap, the development of effective deodorant and antibacterial soaps, the so‐called “hard water” bars, and advances in packaging technology. The trends in these areas toward product and process improvement will accelerate in the 1970's. New raw materials are becoming available which will give greater formulation flexibility, with emphasis towards greater mildness and effectiveness. Among these products are the synthetic fatty acids which could partially replace coconut acids, more effective broad spectrum antibacterial agents for better control of skin microorganisms, and mild detergent additives with good physical properties and less defatting tendency. In processing, the move is toward continuous soap‐making equipment in place of the old kettle processes which are still widely used. More powerful and specialized plodders are available; these will facilitate the development of new product types.
Isolation of ricin, ricinine, and the allergenic fraction from castor seed pomace from two different sources
Authors: Waller George R. , Negi S. S.
Published: May 2007

A scheme of separation is described for the extraction of ricin, ricinine, and the allergenic fractions from the same lot of castor seeds, thereby considerably curtailing the hazard associated with the handling of the material.

The yield of ricin from the commercially prepared pomace was only one‐tenth of that from the laboratory‐prepared pomace, which contained approximately 1% of this toxic protein. Likewise the amount of dialyzed allergenic fraction present in commercial pomace is only about one‐third of that present in the laboratory sample, which contained 0.22% of this constituent. The laboratory pomace contained five times as much (0.10%) of the alkaloid ricinine as did the commercial pomace. It appears that commercial processing of the pomace is effective in destroying a considerable portion of the toxic and allergenic activity in castor seeds. The pomace remaining from the extraction is nontoxic and may be used to provide a source of protein for feeding stuffs.
Preparation of esters and anhydrides from long chain fatty acid chlorides
Authors: Youngs C. G.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

The use of reduced pressure to remove the HCl formed in the reaction of acid chlorides with alcohols and acids appears to be generally applicable to reactants of low volatility. The lowest yield of recrystallized product obtained was 85.0%, and in most cases tested the yield was more than 90%. Any side reactions occurring are apparently minor as a single crystallization gave products of high purity.
Solubilization—A micellar phenomenon
Authors: Harris Jay C.
Published: May 2007

The ability of dilute surfactant solutions to solubilize water‐insoluble substances to form stable systems is termed solubilization. Reviewed are the mechanism, methods for measurement, and temperature effect. Discussed in detail are surfactant structure and solubilizates, and the principles of solubilization involved. The application of solubilization to detergency operations is discussed broadly.

It is concluded that solubilization is a minor, difficultly measurable factor in the large majority of aqueous cleaning operations.
Cost of producing linoleic acid from safflower oil
Authors: Sohns V. E. , Beal R. E. , Griffin E. L.
Published: May 2007

Linoleic acid of 97% purity can be made from safflower oil by liquid‐liquid extraction at a 舠cost to make舡 of about 21 cents a 1b. Calculations for the cost estimate were based on pilot‐plant investigations. Fixed capital investment for a plant with an annual capacity of 20 million 1b has been estimated at approximately $1,800,000. Such a plant could be converted readily to the production of a variety of other fatty acids.