bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluación de la calidad paisajística en la comuna Agua Blanca de Manabí–Ecuador como consecuencia de las actividades turísticas
Authors: Aguilar García Eduardo Andrés , Bailón Pincay Miguel , Mero Del Valle David , De la Montaña Enrique
Published: January 2022

La comuna “Agua Blanca” ha sido pionera en el turismo comunitario de Ecuador, con una amplia acogida de visitantes, lo suficiente como para generar impactos en el paisaje circundante, por tal razón se desarrolló la investigación con el objetivo de evaluar su calidad paisajística. Se aplicaron dos modelos de evaluación que permitieron contrastar los resultados, delimitando un área intervenida con afluencia turística, junto con una zona referencial que permitió estudiar las características del paisaje sin la influencia de actividades o elementos de origen antrópico. Con el primer modelo se determinó la calidad paisajística de las dos zonas de estudio a partir de encuestas aplicadas a un panel de 15 evaluadores agrupados según su profesión, utilizando una lista de adjetivos ligados a una escala numérica y a un rango de calidad previamente establecido. Mientras tanto, con el segundo modelo se evaluó la calidad a través de una valoración mixta y una estimación directa sobre fotografías para las que se emplearon encuestas orientadas al público en general. Los resultados determinaron una calidad baja de acuerdo con el primer modelo, mientras que se las consideró como áreas de calidad media a partir del segundo de modelo. La diferencia en los rangos atribuidos por cada modelo se debió al manejo de los componentes del paisaje en cada caso. Se concluye que la magnitud de los impactos de las actividades turísticas no son significativos, ya que ambas áreas de estudio poseen el mismo rango de calidad de acuerdo con cada modelo abordado.
Una aproximación a la metodología de la investigación jurídica
Authors: Mila Maldonado Frank Luis , Yánez Yánez Karla Ayerim , Mantilla Salgado Jorge David
Published: January 2022

El objetivo del artículo es la aproximación al estudio de la metodología de la investigación aplicada al Derecho, para ello, se utilizó un tipo de investigación cualitativa, con un método hermenéutico, realizándose un análisis crítico de la doctrina nacional e internacional que ha estudiado el tema. Entre los resultados obtenidos, se identificó que se reconoce la existencia de una metodología de la investigación aplicada de manera universal, sin embargo, recientemente diversos autores hacen referencia a una metodología de la investigación jurídica, sustentada en tipologías particulares aplicadas en derecho, atendiendo a las características y particularidades medulares de esta ciencia, las cuales son analizadas y desarrolladas en este trabajo, generándose una clasificación propia, sustentada en las diversas categorías realizadas por los autores analizados. En conclusión, se evidenciaron los métodos y tipologías específicas empleadas en las investigaciones jurídicas, en aras de conciliar aspectos metodológicos y jurídicos aplicados en el ámbito de la investigación.
La clase invertida o flipped classroom: Intervención didáctica en una educación virtual de emergencia
Authors: Figueroa Mendoza Mauricio Andrés
Published: January 2022

Éste trabajo expone una experiencia de intervención didáctica, que fue implementada con el fin de afrontar lo que el nuevo escenario virtual, provocado por la emergencia sanitaria, impone en la continuidad del proceso educativo. La intervención didáctica consiste en la aplicación del modelo de aula invertida o flipped classroom en el curso de Introducción al Derecho Civil, durante el segundo semestre del año 2020. El desarrollo de éste trabajo consta de tres partes: la primera aborda los antecedentes que obligan a la modificación del proceso educativo y el cambio de contexto o escenario al que se enfrenta la educación; en segundo lugar se identifican los principales aspectos, junto con las ventajas del método de clase invertida en la enseñanza superior; mientras que en la tercera parte se describe la intervención didáctica realizada en el curso de primer año. Además se exponen los resultados obtenidos en la aplicación de una encuesta de satisfacción realizada a los estudiantes que participaron de ésta experiencia.
El papel de la investigación en la educación jurídica: Un problema de poder y colonialidad
Authors: Silva García Germán , Pérez-Salazar Bernardo
Published: January 2022

Se explica el impacto de la investigación jurídica y sociojurídica en el campo de la pedagogía del Derecho. Esto, a su vez, conduce a una revisión crítica del sistema de valoración de la calidad de la investigación en ciencias sociales. Tomando la investigación en criminología como caso para ejemplificar el análisis, se establece que el modelo cuantitativo, bibliométrico y formal utilizado por el Ministerio de Ciencia en Colombia para valorar la calidad artículos académicos en ciencias sociales, con base en los índices de SCOPUS y WOS, lesiona la soberanía, restringe la libertad de investigación, favorece el colonialismo cultural y tiene, sin incidir de modo necesario en la calidad de la investigación, efectos negativos sobre el propósito mencionado de usar la investigación como insumo para la pedagogía jurídica. Al final, se postula un sistema de valoración de la calidad de la investigación en ciencias sociales más abierto y pluralista.
La Unidad de Pedagogía Universitaria y Didáctica del Derecho de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Chile: su lugar en la historia de la reforma de la enseñanza del Derecho
Authors: Elgueta Rosas María Francisca
Published: January 2022

Transcurridos trece años desde la formación de la Unidad de Pedagogía Universitaria y Didáctica del Derecho parece necesario realizar un primer ejercicio de posicionamiento de su lugar en la historia de la reforma de la enseñanza del Derecho en Chile y en Iberoamérica. La Unidad surgió en el contexto de un nuevo momento histórico del interés por promover la reforma de la enseñanza universitaria (por ende del Derecho) y ha hecho una contribución para la formación de una comunidad académica que se propone fortalecer a la Pedagogía Jurídica como espacio de investigación.
Technikos autonomijos problema Gilbert’o Simondono filosofijoje
Authors: Mickevičius Tomas
Published: January 2022

In this article, an important part of Simondon’s philosophy of technology (mainly as it is elaborated in On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects) is presented and situated within a broader context of philosophy of technology and contemporary trends of technological development. The hypothesis suggests that one of the main motives behind such Simondon’s ideas as a reconciliation between culture and technics, the need for mechanology, etc. is to dispel the metaphysical view of autonomous position of technology as uncontrollable destiny in contemporary societies. However, Simondon’s position remains inherently ambivalent here: even though it is culture that should incorporate and govern technology, culture still must accomodate itself to the actual state of technology developed by technicians. A mystifying element in Simondon’s philosophy of technology remains, as the philosopher privileges a technician as being grounded in and having access to the pre-individual state of nature. It is argued that the development of technology should be more democratized and put under rational control of society.
Bendroji organologija: tarp organizmo ir mašinos
Authors: Žukauskaitė Audronė
Published: January 2022

In this article, I discuss the theory of organology, which examines the interaction between the organism and the machine. The term “organology” was proposed by Georges Canguilhem in his text “Machine and Organism”. Referring to his predecessors, such as Ernst Kapp, Alfred Espinas, and André Leroi-Gourhan, Canguilhem argues that tools and technologies can be understood as an extension of biological organisms. Thus, organology examines the relationships between organisms and machines as well as redefines machines as organs of the human species. In a similar manner, Simondon examines technical objects as belonging to general ontogenesis, which encompasses both living and non-living beings. Later, this idea is significantly elaborated by Bernard Stiegler who creates his own theory of “general organology” and asserts that human life can be maintained only through the invention of tools and the organization of the inorganic. The notion of “general organology” is taken further by Yuk Hui who argues that technical objects are becoming organic in the sense that they incorporate organic properties, such as recursivity and contingency. Thus, not only does “general organology” question the opposition between mechanism and vitalism but also inscribes technical objects into the continuum of living beings.
Algoritminė valdysena: implikacijos, priešinimosi strategijos ir santykis su biogalia
Authors: Žekevičius Aistis
Published: January 2022

In the article, I associate modern algorithmic technologies with biopolitics by proposing a hypothesis that despite several fundamental differences, there are certain similarities between algorithmic control and biopower. In order to prove it, I first thoroughly review Rouvroy and Berns and Stiegler’s concepts of algorithmic control and distinguish strengths and weaknesses of their theories. Further, I briefly draw attention to the impact of algorithmic governmentality on the perception of the categories of the subject, normativity, individual freedom, and autonomy, as well as analyze strategies for resisting algorithmic governmentality. Finally, I consider the relationship between algorithmic governmentality and biopower, and the implications that algorithmic governmentality may have for life as such, which was traditionally associated with biopolitics, as well as question the future of the concept of biopower.
Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin Stereotype A and Its Relevant Mechanisms of Action in Both Cosmetic and Therapeutic Uses
Authors: Tulp Orien L
Published: January 2022

Onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox®) is a parasympathetic autonomic blocking agent which acts as an inhibitor of the neuromuscular transmitter acetylcholine release and as a neuromuscular blocking agent, thereby inducing relaxation of selected muscle fibers for a duration of up to approximately 3 months duration. First approved by the FDA in 1989 and approved for further applications since 1991, the drug has now gained wide acceptance in cosmetic and other therapeutic applications, where the autonomic neurotransmitter acetylcholine blockade can bring about favorable cosmetic responses, particularly in the field of dermatology and cosmetic medicine. Since the original application of Onabotulinumtoxin A was approved for clinical use as a cosmetic agent, numerous additional applications have been approved by the FDA, all of which involve acetylcholine-mediated neuromuscular actions.
Case Presentation: Iatrogenic Psychosis
Authors: K Fariba
Published: January 2022

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a neuromuscular disorder that can precipitate following the administration of dopamine receptor antagonists such as neuroleptics. Withdrawal-emergent dyskinesia (WE-D), a less recognized subtype of TD, can manifest shortly after abrupt cessation of antipsychotic use regardless of the neuroleptic subclass used. Super sensitivity psychosis is another possible symptom of acute withdrawal from neuroleptics that can occur alone or concomitant with WE-D. Because of their ever increasing off-label indications and attenuated extrapyramidal side effect profiles, atypical antipsychotics are becoming ubiquitous in both inpatient and outpatient settings, reflecting their utility. However, it is likely that this trend will also result in a greater prevalence of WE-D and super sensitivity psychosis. Clinicians without expertise in the utilization of neuroleptics are likely to misattribute withdrawal symptoms precipitated by abrupt cessation of antipsychotics with toxicity to these agents and erroneously withhold or delay their reinitiation, thereby exacerbating symptoms and inadvertently prolonging patient distress. This case report will illustrate the unique and perplexing presentation of WE-D and super sensitivity psychosis in an acute setting, and provide an effective diagnostic and treatment approach to resolving these conditions.
Ruptured True Common Femoral Artery Aneurysm and Operative Management
Authors: B Mohammadian
Published: January 2022

An 81-year-old male with past surgical history significant for right common femoral to posterior tibial artery bypass as well as aortic aneurysm repair using endograft presented with painful pulsatile right groin swelling. Ultrasound imaging revealed a fluid collection and concern for ruptured right common femoral artery aneurysm with expanding hematoma. The patient underwent prompt aneurysm excision with graft interposition complicated by wound dehiscence for which he subsequently underwent wound exploration, revision of proximal anastomosis and sartorius myoplasty. Our case illustrates a rare form of femoral artery rupture and operative management of a true common femoral artery aneurysm.
APLICAÇÃO DA METODOLOGIA PDCA: ESTUDO DE CASO NA REDUÇÃO DE PRODUTOS NÃO CONFORMES NUMA INDÚSTRIA ALIMENTÍCIA
Authors: Souza T. P. C. , Silva J. P. , Tschoeke I. C. P.
Published: January 2022

O setor alimentício é responsável por grande volume de geração de empregos e pelo desenvolvimento econômico e social brasileiro. Diante do quadro econômico descrito e do aumento das tecnologias e inovações aliada as maiores exigências dos consumidores e do mercado, o atual setor alimentício globalizado encontra-se muito mais competitivo. Neste contexto, as empresas acabam buscando soluções em métodos e ferramentas que possibilitem sua adaptação e sobrevivência num ambiente complexo e competitivo através da redução de custos nas operações e aproveitamento ao máximo dos recursos disponíveis. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo aplicar a metodologia do PDCA para reduzir a NCP (Não conformidade do produto) de uma empresa alimentícia. Para tal aplicação, foram utilizadas uma gama de ferramentas qualitativas e quantitativas de modo que o referido problema fosse identificado, analisado e solucionado. Após a aplicação das ferramentas de gestão de qualidade foi possível solucionar o problema e ter uma redução de 100% do problema.
REVISÃO DE LITERATURA SOBRE FATORES DE CONTAMINAÇÕES E PREVENÇÕES DE MICRORGANISMOS DETERIORANTES EM CAMARÕES
Authors: Sousa M. M. , Leal T. G. S. , Silva H. S. , Rocha E. B. M. , Gouveia D. S.
Published: January 2022

Desde os primórdios da história o homem busca pela conservação de seus alimentos com afim de garantir a sua qualidade para ser consumido com segurança, logo a demanda por produtos de qualidade e seguros vem aumentando com o passar dos anos. Crustáceos são alimentos bastante consumidos e demandam cuidados em toda cadeia produtiva. Com o objetivo identificar os fatores deteriorantes e os métodos de prevenção de contaminações microbiológicas em camarões, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática a respeito do tema. Foram utilizadas bases de dados de produções científicas indexadas nas bases eletrônicas de dados como: SciELO, Sciencedirect, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley e PubMed, no período de 1970 a 2021, usando alguns dos descritores: “camarão”, “controle microbiológico do camarão”, “fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos do camarão” e “carcinicultura”. Com base na revisão bibliográfica feita, a preocupação com o controle de qualidade desse alimento é rigorosa, já que existem diversos regulamentos e métodos de prevenção de contaminações e analises de microrganismos patógenos, portanto na pesquisa em questão é perceptível que se a estrutura externa do camarão for preservada o maior tempo possível, com temperatura adequada, o exoesqueleto do animal servirá como uma barreira natural contra microrganismos uma vez que é composta de quitina. O maior desafio encontrado é o controle de pH da água dos criadores pois a faixa de pH de crescimento do crustáceo é ideal também para o crescimento microbiano, logo a água no criadouro deve ser de qualidade a fim de proporcionar o melhor rendimento e qualidade final do produto.
MISTURA PARA BOLO: AVALIAÇÃO QUANTITATIVA E QUALITATIVA
Authors: Iglesia V. P. A. , Abe-Matsumoto L. T.
Published: January 2022

Misturas para bolo são preparações constituídas basicamente de açúcar, farinha de trigo, amidos ou féculas, gordura e ingredientes que conferem cor, sabor e aroma, dentre outros aditivos, sendo, portanto, considerado um alimento ultraprocessado. Seu consumo tem aumentado nos últimos anos devido à facilidade e rapidez no preparo e por apresentar um bom custo-benefício, o que acarretou também no aumento de novos produtos no mercado. Assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo realizar análises quantitativas e qualitativas em doze amostras de misturas para bolo colhidas pela Vigilância Sanitária do Estado de São Paulo para fins de análise de controle. As análises de rotulagem foram realizadas de acordo com as legislações brasileiras e as determinações de carboidratos totais e pesquisa de corantes artificiais, seguindo os procedimentos descritos em Métodos Físico-químicos para Análise de Alimentos do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Do total de amostras analisadas, 50% estavam em desacordo com a legislação em relação aos dizeres de rotulagem, sendo o uso de imagens que podem levar o consumidor a erro ou engano, a principal inconformidade. A pesquisa de corantes artificiais estava de acordo com o declarado na lista de ingredientes e a determinação de carboidratos totais estava de acordo com os valores declarados na informação nutricional nas amostras avaliadas. Há necessidade de monitoramento constante desse tipo de alimento, tendo em vista as inconformidades observadas na rotulagem e especialmente em relação à sua composição visando o atendimento à meta de redução de açúcares do Ministério da Saúde.
PERFIL SENSORIAL E ACEITABILIDADE DE NÉCTAR DE LARANJA FABRICADO E COMERCIALIZADO NO ESTADO DE SERGIPE
Authors: Couto B. R. , Santos E. A. S. , Santos W. O. , Souza D. S. , Souza J. D. R. P.
Published: January 2022

O consumo de sucos e néctares é tendência mundial. A laranja se destaca como o sabor mais consumido entre as bebidas de frutas prontas para consumo. Objetivou-se obter o perfil sensorial e avaliar a aceitação de duas marcas de néctar de laranja comercializados no estado de Sergipe. Para isso, foram adquiridos 2 lotes de 2 marcas de néctares de laranja produzidos e comercializados em Sergipe, denominadas de marcas A e B e as análises realizadas no laboratório de análise de alimentos da UFS Campus do Sertão. Foram realizadas as análises físico-químicas: pH, SST, acidez titulável, ácido ascórbico, além da colorimetria. O perfil sensorial foi obtido utilizando a Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ) com uma equipe sensorial de 10 provadores treinados que avaliaram, com base em descritores pré-estabelecidos, a aparência, aroma, sabor e textura de amostras de néctar de laranja, utilizando escala não estruturada de nove pontos. O teste de aceitação foi realizado com 100 provadores não treinados, utilizando a escala hedônica. Analisando os resultados da ADQ foi possível perceber que houve diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) para as amostras na maioria dos atributos avaliados, exceto para a aparência. O teste de aceitação indicou que os néctares das marcas A e B tiveram médias de aceitação para o sabor de 6,27 e 5,86, para os néctares A e B, respectivamente. O Néctar B apresentou maior aroma cozido e gosto de laranja cozida e menor sabor natural de laranja, o que pode estar relacionado com sua menor média de aceitação quanto ao sabor (5,86) e aroma (5,88). De uma forma geral, entende-se que ambas as marcas podem melhorar e investir para uma melhoria dos atributos sensoriais, para uma melhor valorização de seus produtos perante os consumidores.
Reversals in Wartime: Alcuin and Charlemagne discuss Retrograde Motion
Authors: McLeish Tom , Garrison Mary
Published: January 2022

The apparent retrograde motion of the planets was a puzzle for astronomers from the ancient world to the final establishment of heliocentric cosmology in the early modern period, but enjoyed an especially rich discussion in the Carolingian Renaissance. We explore the first stirrings of an eighth-century response to this epistemological challenge in a remarkable series of letters between Alcuin of York and Charlemagne, sent while the latter was on campaign against the Saxons in 798 CE. Their exchange constitutes the longest discussion of the phenomenon of Mars' retrograde motion in the West up to that date. Our consideration of the relevant letters explores Alcuin's ability to marshal diverse and complex explanatory narratives and observational traditions around the problem of the retrograde motion of the planet Mars, even as he was unable to fully reconcile them. Attention to his ultimately unsuccessful (and at times contradictory) attempts at explanation suggest that he relied on knowledge from sources beyond those previously recognized, which we identify. Charlemagne's curiosity about the matter can be located in the much longer context of an ancient tradition of imperial and royal concern with heavenly phenomena; at the same time, the exchange with Alcuin heralds the ninth-century expansion of astronomy away from the computists' preoccupation with the solar and lunar calendrical data required to calculate the date of Easter and towards a more wide-ranging curiosity about observed planetary motion irrelevant to Easter dating and computistical calculations. Alcuin's functional, if not geometrical, assumption of the centrality of the sun in his explanation merits a further examination of the more general sense in which lost ancient heliocentric ideas sustained early medieval echoes.
Naming and Renaming Texts: Rubrics in Middle High German Miscellany Manuscripts
Authors: Fernández Riva Gustavo
Published: January 2022

This article analyses rubrics in Middle High German miscellany manuscripts of short texts in rhyming couplets (Reimpaargedichte). A corpus consisting of 1433 rubrics from 68 manuscripts was created to be able to perform this study. As rubrics in medieval manuscripts were not authorial, but composed by scribes, they offer insights into the reception of the texts. This paper analyses their features and functions as a proxy to interrogate the standing and status of Reimpaargedichte between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. The main methodology is distant reading, i.e. the application and interpretation of statistical methods on a textual corpus. The features analyzed include the length of the rubrics, their level of variation, the presence of author names, and vocabulary. Although no general patterns regarding length nor level of variation were detected, some important conclusions can be drawn: 1. there were no clear markers of literary genre in rubrics; 2. authorship was mostly absent, except for some specific cases of famous authors; 3. relatively stable keywords were used to identify particular texts, but they were more common in manuscripts with narrative texts (Erzählungen) and less common in later manuscripts dominated by the genre known as Minnereden. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that rubrics used a series of linguistic procedures to show that they participated in a different speech act than the main text – they embodied an interaction between scribes and readers, in which the former framed the reception of the work.
Characterization of Hoop Pine (Araucaria Cunninghamii Sweet) for Ply and Particleboard Manufacture
Authors: Rahaman Md. , Akhter Khurshid , Sheikh M.W. , Akhter R.
Published: January 2022

Studies for assessing the suitability of Hoop-pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) wood for plywood and particleboard manufacture. It was found that 1.5 mm thick smooth and figured veneer can be made and dried easily. Three-ply plywood were made using veneer of this species bonded with liquid urea formaldehyde glue of 50% solid content, extended with wheat flour and catalyzed (ammonium chloride) with 2% hardener under the specific pressures, viz, 1.05 N/mm2, 1.40 N/mm2, 1.76 N/mm2 in three replications at 6 minutes press time and 120°C press temperature. Dry and wet shear test were conducted on the sample and their shear load at failure per unit area and percentage of wood failure were determined. 1.40 N/mm2 pressure was found best for the manufacture of plywood. The physical and mechanical properties of hoop-pine particleboard were studied. The particleboards were tested for determining the strength and dimensional stability. The tensile strength passed the German and British standard specifications, bending strength found to nearest the Indian Standard but did not pass the German and British standard specifications.
Change in structural and compositional diversity with altitude: a study from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR), West Himalaya, India
Authors: Joshi H. , Samant Sher
Published: January 2022

This paper describes the structural and compositional pattern of forest communities in the temperate and sub-alpine zones of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. It gives information about 344 species belonging to 227 genera and 95 families of vascular plants recorded between 2100 to 3600m amsl. These species include 40 trees, 64 shrubs and 240 herbaceous species distributed within 13 forest communities. It was found that the density of trees, seedlings, saplings and shrubs was higher in temperate zone than sub-alpine zone. However, density of herbs was lower in temperate zone in comparison to sub-alpine zone. This paper also gives information on distribution of native, endemic, economically important and rare-endangered species in different communities. Finally, the communities and species have been prioritized for conservation.
Bicyklo[4.4.0]dekan. Metoda oznaczania w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy
Authors: Jeżewska Anna
Published: January 2022

Bicyclo[4.4.0]decane (BCD), also known as decalin, is a colorless liquid with the scent of camphor, menthol and naphthalene. This substance can be fatal if swallowed or entered a respiratory tract. It can cause severe skin burns and eye damage, and is toxic if inhaled. The aim of this study was to develop a method for determining BCD in workplace air, which will allow the determination of its concentrations at the level of 5 mg/m3 . The method was based on adsorption of BCD vapors on activated carbon, desorption with acetone solution in carbon disulfide and chromatographic analysis of the obtained solution. The study was performed with a gas chromatograph (GC) with a flame ionization detector (FID) equipped with a DB-VRX capillary column (60 m × 0.25 mm, 1.4 µm). The method was validated in accordance with the requirements of Standard No. EN 482. The method allows the determination BCD in workplace air in the concentration range 5–200 mg/m3 . The method for determining BCD has been recorded in the form of an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.
MorphologicalGradientImageFilter
Authors: Lehmann Gaetan
Published: January 2022

Morphological gradients enhance the variation of pixel intensity in a given neighborhood.
MATITK: EXTENDING MATLAB WITH ITK
Authors: Chu Vincent , Hamarneh Ghassan
Published: January 2022

To facilitate the analysis of medical image data in research environment, MATITK is developed to allow ITK algorithms to be called in MATLAB. ITK is a powerful open-source image analysis toolkit, but it requires the knowledge of C++ to use it. With the help of MATITK, researchers familiar with MATLAB can harness the power of ITK without learning C++ and worrying about low-level programming issues. A common set of C++ classes have also been produced to allow future ITK methods to be added to MATITK therefore callable in MATLAB without the bothersome translation between MATLAB and ITK.
ComposeRGBA
Authors: Mueller Dan
Published: January 2022

This article presents the itk::ComposeRGBAImageFilter.
Spherical Wavelet ITK Filter
Authors: Gao Yi , Nain Delphine , LeFaucheur Xavier , Tannenbaum Allen
Published: January 2022

This paper describes the Insight Toolkit (ITK) Spherical Wavelet object: itkSWaveletSource. This ITK object is an implementation of a paper by Schr¨oder and W. Sweldens, “Spherical Wavelets: Effi- ciently Representing Functions on the Sphere” [8], with pseudo-code given in their paper entitled “Spherical wavelets: Texture processing” [7]. In these papers, Swelden et. al. show how to do decompose a scalar signal defined on a spherical mesh into spherical wavelet coefficients (analysis step, also called forward transform), and vice-versa (synthesis step, also called inverse transform). We have implemented the spherical wavelet transform in ITK entitled itkSWaveletSource object, which will take the scalar function defined on a spherical mesh as input and apply spherical wavelet analysis and synthesis on it. In this paper, we describe our code and provide the user with enough details to reproduce the results which we present in this paper. This filter has a variety of applications including shape representation and shape analysis of brain surfaces, which was the initial motivation for this work. This paper is accompanied with the source code, input data, parameters and output data that the authors used for validating the spherical wavelet transform described in this paper.
ITK Image IO interface with Apple iOS
Authors: Shabash Boris , Hamarneh Ghassan , Huang Zhi feng , Ibanez Luis
Published: January 2022

We have recently detailed the procedure for building ITK on the iOS. In this work, we contribute itkiOSImageIO , the necessary ITK class that provides the input/output (IO) interface with the repository of images stored on iOS Apple devices, such as the iPod touch, iPhone, or iPad. The proposed classes provide the ITK programmer with the facility to read or write iOS images. Along with contributing the source code for these classes, we provide examples of reading and writing different types of gray level and color iOS images, as well as ﬁltering the images using ITK ﬁlters.
Automatic Branch Decomposition for Tubular Structures
Authors: Xiong Guanglei , Xing Lei , Taylor Charles
Published: January 2022

Branches of tubular structures (vasculature, trachea, neuron, etc.) in medical images are critical for the topology of these structures. In many applications, It is very helpful to be able to decompose tubular structures and identify every individual branch. For example, quantification of geometric vascular features, registration of trachea movement due to respiration, tracing of neuron path. However, manual decomposition can be tedious, time-consuming, and subject to operator bias. In this paper, we propose a novel method to decompose tubular structures automatically and describe how to implement it in ITK framework. The input is a 2D/3D binary image that can be obtained from any segmentation techniques, as well as the junctions, which can be generated automatically from our previously contributed ITK class: itk::JunctionDetectionFilter. The output will be branches with their labels and their connection. There are only two parameters which need to be set by the user. We provide here the implementation as a ITK class: itk::BranchDecompositionFilter. Please cite the following paper if you are interested in our work. G. Xiong, C. Chen, J. Chen, Y. Xie, and L. Xing, Tracking the Motion Trajectories of Junction Structures in 4D CT Images of the Lung, Vol. 57, No. 15, pp. 4905-4930, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2012.
Large Image Streaming using ITKv4
Authors: Zuluaga Maria A. , Ibáñez Luis , Peyrin Françoise
Published: January 2022

This document illustrates how to process large images (5 and 23 Gigabytes in size) by taking advantage of the streaming capabilities of the Insight Toolkit ITK. Here we illustrate two scenarios: (a) the case when the image itself is larger than the computer’s RAM, (b) the case when the image is large but still can fit in the computer’s RAM. This report is intended to serve as a tutorial on how to take advantage of this memory management capabilities of ITK version 4.

This paper is accompanied with the source code, input data, parameters and output data that we used for validating the algorithm described in this paper. This adheres to the fundamental principle that scientific publications must facilitate reproducibility of the reported results.
I-DO: A Deformable Organisms framework for ITK
Authors: Mcintosh Chris , Hamarneh Ghassan
Published: January 2022

Medical image analysis is an important problem relating to the study of various diseases. Since their inception to MICCAI in 2001, ‘’deformable organisms’’ have emerged as a fruitful methodology with examples ranging from 2D corpus callosum segmentation to 3D vasculature and spinal cord segmentation. Essentially we have developed an artificial life framework that complements classical deformable models (snakes and deformable meshes) with high-level, anatomically-driven control mechanisms. This paper describes the integration of deformable organisms into the Insight Toolkit (ITK) . Our code attempts to bridge the ITK framework and coding style with deformable organism design methodologies. In the interest of open science, as the framework develops it will serve as a basis for the community to develop new deformable organisms as well as experiment with those recently published by our group.
ImageNetworkReader: an ITK Class for Loading Images Across a Network
Authors: Blezek Daniel
Published: January 2022

This document describes a new class for the Insight Toolkit~(ITK www.itk.org) for reading images across a network. Network access is handled by CURL (http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/), an Open Source library for client-side URL transfer. CURL supports the FTP, FTPS, HTTP, HTTPS, SCP, SFTP, TFTP, TELNET, DICT, LDAP, LDAPS and FILE protocols.

This paper is accompanied with source code and a test to load a NRRD file across the network and verify that is is read properly.
Connected Threshold Segmentation of Ventricles in the Brain
Authors: Dugas Scott
Published: January 2022

This document describes an implementation of Connected Threshold Segmentation to isolate the ventricles using Insight Toolkit www.itk.org.
Kappa Sigma Clipping
Authors: Lehmann Gaetan
Published: January 2022

When an image is mostly composed of background pixels, most of the automatic thresholding methods are failing to produce a relevant threshold. This is mainly caused because one mode is over represented compared to the other in the histogram of the image. The Kappa-Sigma clipping, a method largely used in astronomy, don’t try to separate 2 modes in the histogram, but rather try to find the properties of the only usable mode, the one of the background, and compute a threshold to select the values significantly different of the background.
Component tree: an efficient representation of grayscale connected components
Authors: Lehmann Gaetan
Published: January 2022

Connected component is a well known and very useful notion in binary case. As often in mathematical morphology, this notion can be extended to the grayscale case, and allow to perform lot of the useful transforms based on binary connected components in the grayscale images. This article describe the component tree, a data structure able to ef?ciently represent the grayscale connected components in an grayscale image, as well as the algorithm used to build the component tree. All the source codes are provided, as well as a full set of tests and several usage examples of the new classes.
Transforming an itkPointSet
Authors: Doria David
Published: January 2022

This document presents a set of classes to enable operations on itkPointSet objects. In particular, itkTransformPointSetFilter allows a transformation to be applied to a set of points. We propose these classes as addition to the Insight Toolkit ITK.
Multidimensional Arrays and the nArray Package
Authors: Sadowsky Ofri , Li Daniel , Deguet Anton , Kazanzides Peter
Published: January 2022

At the Johns Hopkins University’s Engineering Research Center for Computer-Integrated Surgical Systems and Technology (ERC-CISST) laboratory, we have designed and developed a platformindependent C++ software package, called the nArray library, that provides a unified framework for efficiently working with multidimensional data sets. In this paper, we present and discuss the core elements of the library, including its intuitive and uniform API, efficient arithmetic engine algorithm, and efficient sub-volume algorithm. We then compare the performance of the nArray library with that of an existing multidimensional array toolkit, ITK. We conclude that the nArray library is more efficient than ITK in many situations, especially in operations on sub-arrays, and that the two packages have comparable performance in many other scenarios. The underlying algorithms, if incorporated in ITK, can help improve its performance.
Slice by slice filtering with ITK
Authors: Lehmann Gaetan
Published: January 2022

While filtering in N dimensions is a main feature of ITK, filtering an image in N-1 dimensions, slice by slice, can be very useful in many cases. Currently, this operation require a consequent amount of work to be done with ITK. A new filter is provided with this article to perform this operation with only a few lines of code.
An Image Filter for Counting Pixel Neighbors
Authors: Tamburo Robert
Published: January 2022

This papers describes an image filter that counts the number of neighbors a pixel has storing that value at the pixel’s image index. Functionality is provided to 1) adjust the neighborhood size, 2) count only those pixels within a specific value range, and 3) only record a neighbor count for specific pixels of interest. This paper is accompanied with source code for the filter and test, test images and parameters, and expected output images.
Explicit Deformable Model in VTK
Authors: Velut Jérôme
Published: January 2022

This document describes a set of classes that designs a generic explicit deformable model in VTK. The iterative mechanism is first introduced through an inheritance of the vtkPolyDataAlgorithm class. This vtkIterativePolyDataAlgorithm is then a base for an implementation of the deformation. Two examples of deformation are presented through an inheritance of this base class. The provided source code may be used to build a ParaView plugin that harnesses the animation feature.
Permute Axes Transform for ITK
Authors: Bican Jakub
Published: January 2022

The current ITK release (2.8) already contains a filter that enables permuting coordinate axes of an image: PermuteAxesImageFilter. PermuteAxesTransform provides similar functionality in form if ITK transform. It enables permuting axes as a part of image resampling or it may be combined with other transforms. Such techniques save system resources as they does not require an extra filter to be present in a pipeline.
Spherical Thin Plate Spline Mesh Filter
Authors: Li Wen , Magnotta Vincent
Published: January 2022

This document describes a contribution to the Insight Toolkit intended to perform landmark-based registration on two meshes. The method implemented here is restricted to meshes with a spherical geometry and topology. Please refer Wahba’s paper for the mathematical details and Zou’s paper for the applications. This paper is accompanied with the source code, input data, parameters and output data that we used for validating the algorithm described in this paper. This adheres to the fundamental principle that scientific publications must facilitate reproducibility of the reported results.
Expectation Maximization of Gausian Mixture Models in VTK
Authors: Doria David
Published: January 2022

Expectation maximization (EM) is a common technique for estimating the parameters of a model after having collected observations of data generated by the model. We first explain the algorithm, then present our impelementation. We focus on estimation of the parameters of a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). The implementation is written in the VTK framework and is provided as a new class, vtkExpectationMaximization.

The code is hosted here: http://github.com/daviddoria/ExpectationMaximization for the time being.
A Quantitative DTI Fiber Tract Analysis Suite
Authors: Goodlett Casey , Corouge Isabelle , Jomier Matthieu , Gerig Guido
Published: January 2022

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allows a quantitative study of the underlying geometry and architecture of white matter. We have developed a suite of open source tools for quantitative analysis of DTI suitable for use in clinical research studies. We have leveraged open source tools for file IO, image processing, visualization, and user interface. The tools are designed to provide several interconnected modules to perform quantitative analysis of DTI data based on fiber tracts generated from tractography.
Microscopy Image Analysis: Blob Segmentation using Geodesic Active Contours
Authors: Mosaliganti Kishore , Gelas Arnaud , Gouaillard Alexandre , Megason Sean
Published: January 2022

An Insight Toolkit (ITK) processing framework for blob segmentation with applications to microscopy images is presented in this paper. Our algorithm is a reﬁnement of the work of Mosaliganti et al. [3] for splitting cell clusters. The basic idea is to incorporate as many cues as possible into developing a suitable level-set speed function so that an evolving contour exactly segments a cell/nuclei blob. We use image gradients, distance maps, multiple channel information and a shape model to drive the evolution. The framework consists of a linear pipeline of 6 new ITK ﬁlters which are applied in succession to generate the segmentation. The ﬁlters extract the cell foreground, construct the speed image, ﬁnd seed points for evolution and collect cell statistics from the segmentation. We include 2D/3D example code, parameter settings and show the results generated on confocal images of the zebraﬁsh embryo.
itkConnectedComponentFunctorImageFilter
Authors: Kaucic Robert
Published: January 2022

itkConnectedComponentFunctorImageFilter is a generic connected components filter that operates on any N-dimensional image type with the “functor” defining what mechanism to use to join two neighboring pixels
Parameterization of discrete surfaces
Authors: Gelas Arnaud , Gouaillard Alexandre
Published: January 2022

Parameterization of surfaces, sometimes alled ”‘flattening”’ as it maps a surface embedded in 3D into its intrinsic 2D domain, is a powerfull tool for the analysis of surfaces. For the past years, there has been a growing interest in the Community that even lead to one implementation of one special type of parameterization in ITK [1,5,8,9]. We are providing here a more general framework for parameterization of single connected surfaces of any genus. It is based on a recent addition to ITK: itkQuadEdgeMesh [6] which allows an elegant an optimal implementation of algorithm for geometry and topology processing of discrete 2-manifolds. The 5 algorithms that we implemented map the meshes into a planar domain with fixed boundary leading to more stability and speed than mapping into the spherical domain. Each of them use different kind of parameterization with different properties. The conformal parameterization is usually used as it is intrinsic to the geometry of the mesh and thus allow shape analysis independently of the connectivity. However if flattening the mesh is your only goal, then the simplest parameterization algorithm (graph theory) will give you the best speed. This is the case when you want to further process the mesh in a lower dimension. Using specific solvers, the parameterization of meshes can be done sufficiently fast (couple of seconds) to consider this approach in interactive applications.
Fuzzy Clustering Algorithms for Image Segmentation
Authors: Rey Alberto , Castro Alfonso , Arcay Bernardino
Published: January 2022

In this document we present the implementation of three fuzzy clustering algorithms using the Insight Toolkit ITK. Firstly, we developed the conventional Fuzzy C-Means that will serve as the basis for the rest of the proposed algorithms. The next algorithms are the FCM with spatial constraints based on kernel-induced distance and the Modified Spatial Kernelized Fuzzy C-Means. Both of these introduce a Kernel function, replacing the Euclidean distance of the FCM, and spatial information into the membership function.

These algorithms have been implemented in a threaded version to take advantage of the multicore processors. Moreover, providing an useful implementation make it possible that classes work with 2D/3D images, different kernels and spatial shapes.

We included the source code as well as different 2D/3D examples, using several input parameters for the algorithms and obtaining the results generated on 2D/3D CT lung studies.
Graph Cuts Based Super Pixel Segmentation for VTK
Authors: Doria David
Published: January 2022

Segmenting images into “super pixels” is lately a very hot topic. One implementation of such a technique is by Felzenszwalb and Huttenlocher. We propose a new class, vtkSuperPixelSegmentation, which has wrapped Felzenszwalb’s code (with permission) to provide this functionality in the VTK framework. The latest version includes an ITK filter as well as the original VTK filter. A GUI is also now available to interactively set the filter parameters and see the resulting segments. The code is available here: https://github.com/daviddoria/SuperPixelSegmentation.
Histogram Matching Mesh Filter
Authors: Li Wen , Magnotta Vincent
Published: January 2022

This documents describes the filter itk::HistogramMatchingQuadEdgeMeshFilter. It takes an input (source) mesh and a reference mesh, normalizes the scalar values between two meshes by histogram matching, and generates an output mesh which has a similar histogram as the input mesh. This paper is accompanied with the source code, input data, parameters and output data that we used for validating the algorithm described in this paper. This adheres to the fundamental principle that scientific publications must facilitate reproducibility of the reported results.
Performance Benchmarking the Insight Toolkit
Authors: Mccormick Matthew , Kang Hyun-jae , BARRE Sebastien
Published: January 2022

This document describes a module for the Insight Toolkit (ITK) to assist in performance benchmarking and a suite of benchmarks for the toolkit. These resources provide metrics to quantify software computational performance. This is a pre-requisite to improve performance either through algorithmic advancements or better utilization of hardware resources. Computational performance is quantified by reducing factors that confound timing measurements and by estimating measurement variance. New classes are presented that increase operating system process priority to minimize the impact of other processes running on the system. System hardware characteristics are extracted and displayed. The influence of hard disk input/output on runtime measurements is removed in the suite of benchmarks. Additionally, the number of threads used by each benchmark can be specified. These benchmarks consist of common analysis pipelines and run on 3D magnetic resonance brain image data so realistic performance is quantified. Benchmarks can be executed with multiple iterations, and timing statistics are recorded in tab separated value (.tsv) files, which are easily stored or processed for further analysis and visualization. This paper is accompanied with the source code, input data, parameters and output data that the authors used for validating the algorithm described in this paper. This adheres to the fundamental principle that scientific publications must facilitate reproducibility of the reported results.
Using and Visualizing Projective Cameras in VTK
Authors: Doria David
Published: January 2022

This document presents a set of classes (vtkPhysicalCamera, vtkImageCamera) to enable a camera and an image acquired by that camera to be visualized in a 3D scene. Two situations where one would want to visualize camaras with associated images are range data analysis and 3D scene reconstruction from images (structure from motion). The classes presented in this paper are implemented using tools from VTK.