bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calving of the experimental reindeer herd in Kaamanen during 1970 - 85
Authors: Eloranta Eija , Nieminen Mauri
Published: February 2013

Calving and calf production were studied in an experimental reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L) herd in Inari, Kaamanen (69°10'N) in northern Finland. Most of the calving took place between May 10 and 29; 50% of the calves were born up to 22.5. and 90% up to 29.5. The percentage of calves (calves/hinds proceeding year) was on average 79.2%. The newborn sex ratio was 1:1. There was a large range (1.8 to 8.5 kg) in the birth-weight of newborn calves; male calves weighed about 0.3 kg more than female. The total loss of calves during summer and autumn was about 34.5% (range 6.3 to 100.0%). During the calving period 111 calves (12.2%) died. They were usually younger than one day, and on average weighed 1.3 kg less at birth than calves who lived until autumn. The hinds of calves dying very early were usually young and calving for the first time. The autumn-weight of hinds correlated significantly (r = 0.49) with the birth-weight of their calves. Over-5-year-old and over 80 kg hinds bore the heaviest calves (mean weight 6.3 kg) and the survival of these calves was very good. The first hinds to calve in the spring (calving up to 22.5.) are 5-year-old and older, which arc also the heaviest and produce the most vital calves.
Wolf predation in the Burwash caribou herd, southwest Yukon
Authors: Gauthier David A. , Theberge John B.
Published: February 2013

The role of wolf predation as a proximate mortality factor influencing caribou herd growth was assessed in the Burwash herd (400 animals) in the southwest Yukon between 1980 - 1982. Ten to 14 wolves in two packs preyed primarily on caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) and moose (Alces alces) with disproportionate consumption of caribou (relative to available biomass) in the rut and winter periods. Wolf predation was responsible for 72% of total annual mortality in 1980 - 1981 and 46% in 1981 - 1982. Losses due to human harvest varied between 7 to 13%. Additional limited data on climatic factors and winter forage indicated forage-climate were not major proximate mortality factors in 1980 - 1981, but that early-calving climate may have been a factor in increased calf mortality in 1982.
Fertility and twinning in Canadian reindeer
Authors: Godkin G. F.
Published: February 2013

This study was carried out from 1976 to 1981 on the Mackenzie Delta reindeer herd with the co-operation of the owners, Canadian Reindeer Ltd., Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories. The reproductive organs of 4050 female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were collected at slaughter. The pregnancy rates averaged 99.5% of the females examined. In the years 1978 and 1981, 24.7% (713) of the animals were carrying twins, as compared to a twinning rate of 0.4%) observed for the intervening years. Nineteen animals were not pregnant. Of these, 14 were emaciated with no gross pathology* of the reproductive tract. Five females had either a mummified fetus or uterine adhesions preventing a viable pregnancy. Estimated fawn survival rates from birth to June varied from 51.7 to 95.7%. Fawn survival from June to yearlings of June the next year varied from 51 to 86.4% as determined by count at roundup. Increment averaged 15.8% per year after a slaughter of 13.4% of the herd yearly.
Population dynamics of the Kaminuriak caribou herd, 1968 - 1985
Authors: Heard Douglas C. , Calef George W.
Published: February 2013

The Kaminuraik caribou herd apparently declined from about 120 000 animals in 1950 to 63 000 in 1968. Beginning in 1968 documentation of herd trend was based on the estimate of the number of breeding (pregnant and post-partum) females on the calving ground during the birth peak. It appeared as if we understood the basic population processes responsible for the decline when we correctly predicted a drop from 14 800 breeding females in 1977 to 13 000 in 1980. However a three-fold increase, to 41 000 breeding females in 1982, and continued growth thereafter, was unanticipated. Most of that increase must have resulted from an immigration of cows to the herd's traditional calving ground around Kaminuriak Lake, although increased birth rates, and increased survival rates also contributed to herd growth. Immigrant cows probably came from the northeastern mainland of the NWT
Inuit harvesting levels of caribou in the Kitikmeot Region, Northwest Territories, Canada, 1982 — 1984
Authors: Jingfors Kent
Published: February 2013

Information on the native harvest of caribou (Rangifer tarandus spp.) has been systematically collected in the Kitikmeot (Central Arctic) Region of the Northwest Territories since October 1982 through a cooperative effort between the Kitikmeot Hunters and Trappers Association and the Department of Renewable Resources. During the first 2 years of the study about 640 active hunters in 7 communities, or 20% of the Inuit population, were included. Local fieldworkers contacted an average of 80% of all hunters each month. The estimated regional harvest between October 1982 and September 1984 was 18 827±260 (SE) caribou. In the reported harvest (n=12 969), bulls dominated (54%) followed by cows (32%) and juveniles (<15 months old; 14%). The successful hunters harvested on the average 3.5 caribou/hunter/month. When extrapolated over the total Inuit population in the Region, the estimated caribou harvest was equivalent to an annual harvest of 3.1 caribou/person. This harvest level was relatively consistent between communities and years.
Rutting behaviour in an enclosured group of wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lönnb.)
Authors: Kojola Ilpo
Published: February 2013

The rutting behaviour of wild forest reindeer {Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lönnb.) was studied 1981 - 83 in a 15 ha enclosure located in Kivijärvi, Central Finland (63° N). The group consisted of two old stags, 6-9 hinds and their calves and yearlings. The main sections of the study were social structure, social signals, time budget and daily activity. In early September the aggressiveness of the stags towards females concentrated on those individuals which had last dominated them. Adult females were more aggressive to young females than to each other. The proposed aggressiveness of the hinds towards yearlings may be explained by the lower predictability of the hierarchial status of the young animals. The main character of observable social signals seemed to be similar to those described in earlier studies concerning the genus Rangifer. Stags often made snapping-like movements with their mouths during agonistic behaviour. Low-stretch displays and investigation of the urine of the females concentrated on the estrous hind during the day preceeding the pre-copulatory period (which commenced when the hind did not yet avoid the stag). The stag always sniffed at the vulva of the female after copulation. The harem stag did not stop grazing during the peak of the rut. Differences in the time budget between the dominant and subdominant stag as between estrous and anestrous hinds were clear. Mating occurred most often during the 3 hours after sundown. In the dark the old stags often sparred and their activity towards females seemed to be weaker than in the daylight hours. During the peak rut the stags were observed to spar only while the females were resting.
Management of wild reindeer in Norway
Authors: Reimers Eigil
Published: February 2013

Wild reindeer in Norway are found in 26 separate management areas. Predators are virtually absent from all areas and hunting is the most important factor determining population development through alterations of herd size and structure. Average population density (animals/km2) after hunt was 1.96 in Hardangervidda, 1.18 in North Rondane and between 0.78 and 0.87 in Rondane South, Snøhetta, North Ottadalen and Forelhogna. Body size and female pregnancy rates followed a reverse trend. Average net increase of the herds varied from 42.2±10.0% in Forelhogna to 18.8±8.0% in Rondane North. In areas with animals in prime physical condition a high versus a low average harvest rate of calves resulted in a similar number of animals harvested, but a lower total yield of meat and revenue from hunting licences. At a winter population density of 0.8 - 2.0 animals/km2 annual harvest (per km2) of wild reindeer amounts to 0.23 - 0.51 animals, 9 - 18 kg meat and 286 - 850 NKr from sale of hunting licences. There was a significant relationship between body size expressed as carcass weights or mandible length and harvest success.
Winter ecology of the Porcupine caribou herd, Yukon: Part III, Role of day length in determining activity pattern and estimating percent lying
Authors: Russell D. E. , Martell A. M.
Published: February 2013

Data on the activity pattern, proportion of time spent lying and the length of active and lying periods in winter are presented from a 3 year study on the Porcupine caribou herd. Animals were most active at sunrise and sunset resulting in from one (late fall, early and mid winter) to two (early fall and late winter) to three (spring) intervening lying periods. Mean active/lying cycle length decreased from late fall (298 mm) to early winter (238 min), increased to a peak in mid winter (340 min) then declined in late winter (305 min) and again in spring (240 min). Mean length of the lying period increased throughout the 3 winter months from 56 min m early winter to 114 min in mid winter and 153 min in late winter. The percent of the day animals spent lying decreased from fall to early winter, increased throughout the winter and declined in spring. This pattern was related, in part, to day length and was used to compare percent lying among herds. The relationship is suggested to be a means of comparing quality of winter ranges.
The late winter diets of barren-ground caribou in North-Central Canada
Authors: Thomas Donald C. , Hervieux David P.
Published: February 2013

Rumen samples from 104 barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) collected in March 1980 and 1981 at 18 sites on the winter range in south-central Northwest Territories (NWT) and northern Saskatchewan were examined microscopically for relative occurrence of plant fragments. The composition of plant fragments in the rumens of calves did not differ from that in older caribou. Samples were homogeneous within sites and among them. Therefore we analyzed composite samples for each site and then pooled the data. Terricolous fruticose and foliose lichens averaged 68.5 ± 1.5% (SE) ot tallied fragments at all 18 sites, followed by conifer needles (11.9 ± 1.2%), green leaves of Vactinium spp., Ledum spp., and other shrubs and iorbs (5.6 ± 0.6%), twigs and bark (5.5 ± 0.4%), bryophytes (4.9 ± 0.6%) and 3.6% unidentified. The lichen component consisted of 8.4 ± 1.5% Stereocaulon spp., 46.9 ± 2.6% other fruticose lichens (largely Cladina spp., Cladonia spp., and Cetraria spp.), and 13.2 ± 1.5% foliose lichens (largely Peltigera spp.). A comparison of rumen contents with the average relative abundance of plants found in feeding craters at 13 sites suggests that use of plant species was not always proportionate to their occurrence.
The relationship between the fat content of Svalbard reindeer in autumn and their death from starvation in winter
Authors: Tyler N. J.C.
Published: February 2013

The relationship between body fat reserves in autumn and age-specific mortality in winter were examined in Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus Vrolik). Total dissectible fat (TDF) was measured in 17 females, 1-12 years of age, shot on Spitsbergen (78°N lat.) in autumn 1980-1981. TDF declined with age in reindeer 2 years and older. The youngest females which died in winter, with the exception of calves, were aged 7 years old. A direct causal link between low autumn TDF and mortality in winter seemed unlikely. Mortality was clearly associated with the degree of wear of molariform teeth. Perhaps severe tooth wear results in inefficient mastication of low quality forage and a decline in the rate of passage of digesta, thereby restricting the amount of food that reindeer can eat. A simple model of the energy balance of female Svalbard reindeer in winter shows that they must obtaine not less than about 74% of their total energy requirements from forage. Consequently, differences in the ability of individual reindeer to feed in winter are potentially more important for survival than differences in their fat content in autumn.
Seasonal variations in mineral status of reindeer calves from Elgaa reindeer herding district, Norway
Authors: Staaland Hans , Sæbø Stein
Published: February 2013

Botanical analyses of rumen content from reindeer calves slaughtered during the period August to April showed dominance of grasses (36%), lichens (30%) and woody plants (21 %). Na content in rumen, bone, liver and muscle samples increased from August to April, whereas K and Mg decreased. It is suggested that the high level of K in summer forage'increases Na excretion and drains the body reserves of this mineral. The body reserves of Na are apparently rebuilt through fall and winter.

Sesongvariasjoner i mineralstatus hos reinkalver fra Elgå reinbeitedistrikt.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Botaniske analyser av vominnhold fra reinkalver som ble avlivet i perioden august til april viste dominans av gress (36%), lav (30%) og treaktige planter (21%). Innholdet av Na i vom, bein, lever og muskelprøver økte fra august til april, mens K og Mg avtok. Det blir antydet at det høye nivået av K i sommerbeite øker ekskresjon av Na og minsker kroppsbeholdningen av dette mineralet. Kroppsreservene av Na synes å bli bygget opp igjen i løpet av høst og vinter.
Estimating the daily dry matter intake of Svalbard reindeer in late winter
Authors: Tyler Nicholas
Published: February 2013

Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) store large reserves of subcutaneous fat during summer and autumn which, it has been suggested, might be sufficient to meet a substantial part of their energy requirements during winter. An alternative suggestion, however, is that fat is not their main source of energy after all and, moreover, that the principal role of their fat reserves is for enhancing reproductive success rather than for substituting for forage (Tyler, in press). Is it realistic to suggest that these high arctic herbivores could meet the greater part of their energy requirements in winter by feeding, given that the aerial biomass of available forage in Svalbard in late winter is very low? This question was investigated by using a simple model to predict what rate of food intake Svalbard reindeer would have to achieve to maintain energy balance in late winter. The results were surprisingly low: pregnant and nonpregnant females could mett their daily energy demands by consuming 3.1 and 1.7 g dry matter per grazing minute, respectively. This supports the suggestion that Svalbard reindeer could live principally off forage in winter.
Relationship between the weight of reindeer calves in autumn and their mother's age and weight in the previous spring
Authors: Lenvik Dag , Bø Esben , Fjellheim Anders
Published: February 2013

Age and weight in dams aged less than 5 years old together explain 29% of variation in calves' weight in autumn. Each alone explains 22%. In dams aged 5 to 12 years, weight alone explains 22% while age alone explains only 0.4%. Weight followed by age does not significantly improve the fit in these. The implication of this regarding selection strategy is that the aim should be to ensure that the female populationof a herd should include that smallest possible proportion of 1 to 4 year olds. This age structure can be achieved by slaughtering as many calves (0.5 yr) and young females (1.5 yr) as possible. The lifespan of female recruits and the mean age of the female population of the herd are thus increased. This will also result in an increase in the mean weight of the female population, given that animals aged 5 to 10 years are heavier than 2 to 4 years olds.

Reinkalvenes høstvekt relatert til mødrenes vårvekt og alder.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: For mødre yngre enn 5 år forklarer vekten og alderen sammen 29% av variasjonen i kalvenes høstvekt. Alene forklarer hver 22%. Fra 5 til 12 år forklarer vekten alene 19% mens alderen alene bare forklarer 0,4%. Her gir alder etter vekt ikke signifikant tillegg til forklaringen. For utvalgsstrategien har dette som konsekvns at aldersklassene ett til fire år skal utgjøre en minst mulig andel av hunndyrflokken samlet. Denne aldersstrukturen når man ved å konsentrere hovedslakteuttaket til kalve- og ungsimleårgangene (= 1/2 og 1 1/2 år). Omløpstiden forlenges og gjennomsnittsalderen heves derved innen simleflokken. Ved at aldersklassene mellom fem og ti år er tyngre enn aldersklassene to til fire år, leder dette også til en hevning av gjennomsnittsvekten innen simleflokken.

Poronvasojen syksypainon riippuvuus emä n kevät-painosta ja iästä.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Alle 5-vuotiaiden vaatimien paino ja ikä yhdessä selittävät 29% vasan syksypainon vaihtelusta. Kumpikin selittää erikseen 22%. 5-12 vuoden ikäisilla vaatimilla paino selittää yksistään 19%, mutta ikä vain 0,4%. Iän riippuvuus painosta ei selittänyt tätä merkisevästi. Valinnan kannalta on tärkeää, että lau-massa om pienin mahdollinen määrä 1-4 - vuotiaita naarasporoja tämä ikäjakautuma saavutetaan teuresta-malla syksyllä mahdollisimman paljon vasoja (0,5 - vuotiaita) ja nuoria naaraita 1,5 - vuotiaita). Naaraiden elinikä pitenee ja keski-ikä laumassa kasvaa. Tämä lisää myös naaraiden keskipainoa, sillä 5-10 vuotiaat naaraat ovat painavampia kuin 2-4 - vuoitaat.
Sesongvariasjon av radioaktivitet i rein. Foreløpig rapport
Authors: Eikelmann Inger Margrethe Hætta
Published: February 2013

Seasonal variation of radioactivity in Norwegian reindeer. Preliminary report. Including participants' discussion.
Paneldebatt - panel debate
Authors: Bye et al. Karstein
Published: February 2013

The debate was in Norwegian. 
Twenty-four hour behaviour patterns and budgets of free-ranging reindeer in winter
Authors: Collins Williams B. , Smith Thomas S.
Published: February 2013

Activities of free-ranging reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska were studied to determine 24-hour behaviour patterns and budgets in winter. Use of daytime active-rest data to predict nighttime behaviour resulted in as much as 37% underestimate of nighttime resting and 37% overestimate of nighttime activity. Three active-rest cycles occurred daily, synchronous with photoperiod.

Tjuefiretimers adferdsmønster- og budsjett hos fritt beitende reinsdyr om vinteren.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Aktiviteter hos fritt beitende reinsdyr {Rangifer tarandus) på Seward Peninsula, Alaska ble undersøkt for bestemmelse av 24 timers adferdsmønster og -budsjett om vinteren. Bruk av dagtids data for aktivitets-hvile til å forutsi nattlig adferd resulterte i 37% underestimering av natt-hvile og 37% overes-timering av natt-aktivitet. Tre aktivitet-hvile cykler inntraff daglig, synkront med fotoperiode.

Vapaana laiduntavan poron vuorokautinen kayttaytyminen ja budjetti talvella.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Vapaana laiduntavan poron (Rangifer tarandus) aktiivisuutta tutkittiin Sewardin niemimaalla Alaskassa mààrittàmàllà 24 tunnin kayttaytymismallit ja budjetit talvella. Kàyttàmàllâ pàivàajan aktiivisu-us - lepo -tietoja yôajan kåyttåytymisen ennustamiseen ne alittivat jopa 30%:lla yollisen lepoajan ja ylitti-våt 40%:lla yôajan aktiivisuuden. Påivittain esiintyi kolme aktiivisuus - lepo -sykliå samanaikaisesti valo-jaksojen kanssa.
Dag Lenvik; Utvalgsstrategi i reinflokken (Selection strategy in semi-domestic reindeer herds)
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

Dag Lenvik defended his Dr. agric thesis «Selection strategy in semi-domestic reindeer herds» at the Norwegian Agricultural University, Ås on May 26, 1989.
Evaluation of the BISAP Score in Predicting Severity and Prognoses of Acute Pancreatitis in Chinese Patients
Authors: Chen Lifen , Lu Guomin , Zhou Qunyan , Zhan Qiang
Published: February 2013

The present study was to evaluate the accuracy of bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP) in predicting the severity and prognoses of acute pancreatitis (AP) in Chinese patients. Clinical data for 497 patients with AP were analyzed retrospectively to compare BISAP with acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II, Ranson, and computed tomography severity index scores in predicting the severity of AP and the occurrence of pancreatic necrosis, mortality, and organ failure in patients with severe AP (SAP) using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. Of the 497 patients, 396 had mild AP and 101 had SAP. There were significant correlations between the scores of any two systems. BISAP performed similarly to other scoring systems in predicting SAP, as well as pancreatic necrosis, mortality, and organ failure in SAP patients, in terms of the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. BISAP score is valuable in predicting the severity of AP and prognoses of SAP in Chinese patients.
Minimal Invasive Treatment of Abdominal Multiorgan Echinococcosis
Authors: Tomuş Claudiu , Zaharie Florin , Mocan Lucian , Bartoş Dana , Zaharie Roxana , Iancu Cornel , Nadim Al Hajjar
Published: February 2013

Hydatid disease is a severe zoonosis, exerting a high economic and social impact through its numerous complications, leading to disabilities, even death. Because of technical developments, especially the increasing experience of surgeons, laparoscopic surgery has been extended so that it can be successfully applied to abdominal hydatid cysts. We present the case of a 16-year-old patient who came to our clinic for upper abdominal pain. The abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) showed 2 cyst-like tumors, with hydatid features: one affecting the eighth liver segment and the other located at the upper pole of the spleen. We performed the surgical intervention using a laparoscopic approach, with an uneventful postoperative follow-up and the patient was discharged home on postoperative day 4. The postoperative images at 6 and 12 months showed a decrease in size of the remnant cystic cavities.
Giant Hepatic Hemangioma Presenting as Gastric Outlet Obstruction
Authors: Aydin Cemalettin , Akbulut Sami , Kutluturk Koray , Kahraman Aysegul , Kayaalp Cuneyt , Yilmaz Sezai
Published: February 2013

Hemangioma, a most frequently encountered primary benign tumor of the liver, is generally determined incidentally during the course of radiologic tests for other reasons. Most lesions are less than 3 cm and a significant proportion of patients are asymptomatic, although the size and location of the lesion in some patients may be associated with the onset of symptoms. Pressure on the stomach and duodenum of giant hemagiomas developing in the left lobe of the liver, in particular, may result in the development of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and feeling bloated, which are characteristic of a gastric outlet obstruction. A 42-year-old man presented with findings of gastric outlet obstruction and weight loss as a result of a giant hepatic hemangioma.
Management of Postoperative Complications Following Splenectomy
Authors: Qu Yikun , Ren Shiyan , Li Chunmin , Qian Songyi , Liu Peng
Published: February 2013

Complications of post-splenectomy, especially intra-abdominal hemorrhage can be fatal, with delayed or inadequate treatment having a high mortality rate. The objective of this study was to investigate the cause, prompt diagnosis, and outcome of the fatal complications after splenectomy with a focus on early diagnosis and management of hemorrhage after splenectomy. The medical files of patients who underwent splenectomy between January 1990 and March 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. The cause, characteristics, management, and outcome in patients with post-splenectomy hemorrhage were analyzed. Fourteen of 604 patients (1.19%) undergoing splenectomy had intraperitoneal hemorrhage: reoperation was performed in 13 patients, and 3 patients died after reoperation, giving the hospital a mortality rate of 21.43%; whereas, 590 of 604 patients (98%) had no hemorrhage following splenectomy, and the mortality rate (0.34%) in this group was significantly lower (P < 0.001). The complications following splenectomy, including pneumonia pancreatitis, gastric fistula, gastric flatulence, and thrombocytosis, in patients with postoperative hemorrhage were significantly higher than those without hemorrhage (P < 0.001). According to the reasons for splenectomy, 14 patients with post-splenectomy hemorrhage were grouped into two groups: splenic trauma (n = 9, group I) and portal hypertension (n = 5, group II). The median interval between splenectomy and diagnosis of hemorrhage was 15.5 hours (range, 7.25–19.5 hours). No differences were found between groups I and II in terms of incidence of postoperative hemorrhage, time of hemorrhage after splenectomy, volume of hemorrhage, and mortality of hemorrhage, except transfusion. Intra-abdominal hemorrhage after splenectomy is associated with higher hospital mortality rate and complications. Early massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage is often preceded by earlier sentinel bleeding; careful clinical inquiry and ultrasonography are the mainstays of early diagnosis.
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND INFORMAL SECTOR IN SHAPING THE CITY: CASE STUDY AHMEDABAD-INDIA
Authors: Damayanti Rully
Published: February 2013

Industrial activity is a prime determinant in shaping city size and growth opportunities especially in developing country, like India. Since industrialization started in Ahmedabad in 1950s, the city becomes larger and larger in terms of population and size. The growth of Ahmedabad city is highly affected by three urban generators on eastern part of the city. The research’ aim is to identify and analyze the urban shape caused by the industrial activities and business activity that occupy public areas and streets. Since industrial activities became urban generators to change the use of land, from agriculture into developed land, it has affected the physical morphology of the urban areas. The research found that the existence of informal sector on these areas give an idea that industrial activity not only causes the change of land occupation, but also encourages the growth of informal commercial activity.
PRIMARY STAGE OF PAKIS-STEM-BLOCK SYSTEM AS THERMAL PROTECTIVE TO FLAT BARE CONCRETE ROOFTOP IN TROPICAL CLIMATE OF SURABAYA
Authors: Mintorogo Danny Santoso , Ahmad Mohd. Hamdan
Published: February 2013

In the era of global warming and increasing urban heat island condition, flat concrete deck on shop-houses may be less sustainable to handle the excessive solar heat radiation impacts on the roof surfaces. Innovative alternative roofing system is needed to manage heat radiation that will lead to sustainable factors likes energy savings, less energy body used on the roofing materials, and provide comprehensive environmental friendly roof system. This paper discusses about particular environmental friendly materials such as “Pakis-Stem Blocks” system is a good thermal resistant to absorb the solar sun heat and provide natural cooling through convective-wind without adding substantial loads to the roof structures. “Pakis-stem blocks” are easier, cheaper and more valuable than other sub-structure roofing materials as thermal resistant layer on flat bare concrete deck besides green roofing systems.
PENATAAN ELEMEN STRUKTURAL UNTUK MENYEDERHANAKAN PERILAKU DINAMIK, DALAM KETERPADUAN DENGAN DESAIN ARSITEKTUR
Authors: W. Maer Bisatya , Lumantarna Benjamin , M. Laurens Joyce
Published: February 2013

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan penataan elemen struktural yang dapat lebih efektif menyederhanakan perilaku dinamik struktur terhadap gempa bumi, dan tidak merusak keterpaduan antara rancangan arsitektural dengan rancang¬¬an struktural. Sebagai studi kasus digunakan prototipe yang merupakan bagian tower dari Gedung Intiland Tower Jakarta. Penelitian diawali dengan membuat dan menganalisis model eksisting dan tiga buah model perubahan tata letak elemen struktural untuk mendapatkan perbandingan defleksi lateral dari model-model tersebut. Perbandingan tersebut me¬nunjukkan tingkat efektifitas tata letak elemen struktural dalam menyederhanakan perilaku dinamik, sementara pengaruh¬nya terhadap tingkat keterpaduan dievaluasi dengan metode diskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada dua model eksperimen yang signifikan mengurangi defleksi lateral dan satu diantaranya tidak mengganggu keterpaduan rancangan arsitektural.
INDOOR THERMAL CONDITION OF FACTORY BUILDING IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Khan Muhammed Abdullah Al Sayem , Ahmad Mohd. Hamdan , Khan Tareef Hayat
Published: February 2013

Bangladesh is a developing country and has a lot of factories for different products for local use and also export to abroad. Garments industries are one of the top most items of exported items. A huge number of populations are working in garments industries. But these factories are not well designed in sense of the thermal environment. Workers experiences sickness related to indoor environment. The productions of these factories are affected due to employees’ health condition. The research is done in two different methods. One is empirical data collection using thermal data loggers and the other is questionnaire survey on the spots for three factory buildings. The field study was conducted in four different months of the same year during winter and summer period. Expected findings of this research are that the indoor environment is not comfortable for works at day time during summer season. This research will help the factory workers in providing a comfortable thermal environment and also help the employers or factory owners to increase their production margin.
THERMAL ADAPTATION, CAMPUS GREENING AND OUTDOOR USE IN LAUTECH CAMPUS, OGBOMOSO, NIGERIA
Authors: ADEDEJI Joseph Adeniran , BELLO Yekeen Olayiwola , FADAMIRO Joseph Akinlabi
Published: February 2013

The interwoven relationship between the use of indoors and outdoors in the tropics as means of thermal adaptation has long been recognized. In the case of outdoors, this is achieved by green intervention of shading trees as adaptive mechanisms through behavioural thermoregulation. Unfortunately, the indoor academic spaces of LAUTECH campus was not provided with necessary outdoor academic learning environment in the general site planning of the campus for use at peak indoor thermal dissatisfaction period considering the tropical climatic setting of the university. The students’ departmental and faculty associations tried to provide parks for themselves as alternatives which on casual observation are of substandard quality and poorly maintained because of lack of institutional coordination and low funding. This study examined the quality and use of these parks for thermal comfort through behavioral adjustment from subjective field evidence with the goal of improvement. To achieve this, twelve parks were selected within the campus. Questionnaires containing use and quality variables were administered randomly upon 160 users of these parks. The data obtained was subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Results show that the quality of the parks, weather condition, period of the day, and personal psychological reasons of users has great influence on the use of the parks. The study concludes with policy recommendations on improvement of the quality of the parks and the campus outdoors and greenery in general.
Normative Beliefs About Aggression and Cyber Aggression Among Young Adults: A Longitudinal Investigation
Authors: Wright Michelle F. , Li Yan
Published: February 2013

This longitudinal study examined normative beliefs about aggression (e.g., face‐to‐face, cyber) in relation to the engagement in cyber aggression 6 months later among 126 (69 women) young adults. Participants completed electronically administered measures assessing their normative beliefs, face‐to‐face and cyber aggression at Time 1, and cyber aggression 6 months later (Time 2). We found that men reported more cyber relational and verbal aggression when compared to women. After controlling for each other, Time 1 face‐to‐face relational aggression was positively related to Time 2 cyber relational aggression, whereas Time 1 face‐to‐face verbal aggression was positively related to Time 2 cyber verbal aggression. Normative beliefs regarding cyber aggression was positively related to both forms of cyber aggression 6 months later, after controlling for normative beliefs about face‐to‐face aggression. Furthermore, a significant two‐way interaction between Time 1 cyber relational aggression and normative beliefs about cyber relational aggression was found. Follow‐up analysis showed that Time 1 cyber relational aggression was more strongly related to Time 2 cyber relational aggression when young adults held higher normative beliefs about cyber relational aggression. A similar two‐way interaction was found for cyber verbal aggression such that the association between Time 1 and Time 2 cyber verbal aggression was stronger at higher levels of normative beliefs about cyber verbal aggression. Results are discussed in terms of the social cognitive and behavioral mechanisms associated with the engagement of cyber aggression. Aggr. Behav. 39 :161‐170, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expect the Unexpected? Variations in Question Type Elicit Cues to Deception in Joint Interviewer Contexts
Authors: Shaw Dominic J. , Vrij Aldert , Leal Sharon , Mann Samantha , Hillman Jackie , Granhag Pär Anders , Fisher Ronald P.
Published: February 2013

We examined the effect of (i) a second interviewer's demeanour and (ii) asking expected and unexpected questions on cues to deception. We predicted that liars compared with truth tellers would provide more detail to expected questions and less detail to unexpected questions, particularly when the second interviewer is supportive. Liars prepare answers for expected questions, and a supportive interviewer will encourage them to provide more detail. By definition, liars have not prepared answers for unexpected questions, and their answers to such questions will be less detailed. Participants (N = 168) appeared before two interviewers: The first asked all the questions, and the second remained silent. The second interviewer exhibited either a supportive or a neutral demeanour. As predicted, liars provided more detail to expected questions and less detail to unexpected questions, particularly when the second interviewer was supportive. In conclusion, a supportive second interviewer elicits cues to deceit. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quizzing in Middle‐School Science: Successful Transfer Performance on Classroom Exams
Authors: McDaniel Mark A. , Thomas Ruthann C. , Agarwal Pooja K. , McDermott Kathleen B. , Roediger Henry L.
Published: February 2013

We examined whether learning from quizzing arises from memorization of answers or fosters more complete understanding of the quizzed content. In middle‐school science classes, we spaced three multiple‐choice quizzes on content in a unit. In Experiment 1, the class exams included questions given on quizzes, transfer questions targeting the same content, and content that had not been quizzed (control content). The quizzing procedure was associated with significant learning benefits with large effect sizes and similar effect sizes for both transfer items and identical items. In Experiment 2, quiz questions focused on definitional information or application of the principle. Application questions increased exam performance for definitional‐type questions and for different application questions. Definition questions did not confer benefits for application questions. Test‐enhanced learning, in addition to other factors in the present quizzing protocol (repeated, spaced presentation of the content), may create deeper understanding that leads to certain types of transfer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nongeminate Recombination and Charge Transport Limitations in Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Solution‐Processed Small Molecule Solar Cells
Authors: Proctor Christopher M. , Kim Chunki , Neher Dieter , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen
Published: February 2013

Charge transport and nongeminate recombination are investigated in two solution‐processed small molecule bulk heterojunction solar cells consisting of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based donor molecules, mono‐DPP and bis‐DPP, blended with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). While the bis‐DPP system exhibits a high fill factor (62%) the mono‐DPP system suffers from pronounced voltage dependent losses, which limit both the fill factor (46%) and short circuit current. A method to determine the average charge carrier density, recombination current, and effective carrier lifetime in operating solar cells as a function of applied bias is demonstrated. These results and light intensity measurements of the current‐voltage characteristics indicate that the mono‐DPP system is severely limited by nongeminate recombination losses. Further analysis reveals that the most significant factor leading to the difference in fill factor is the comparatively poor hole transport properties in the mono‐DPP system (2 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 versus 34 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1). These results suggest that future design of donor molecules for organic photovoltaics should aim to increase charge carrier mobility thereby enabling faster sweep out of charge carriers before they are lost to nongeminate recombination.
Single Pulse Laser‐Induced Phase Transitions of PLD‐Deposited Ge2Sb2Te5 Films
Authors: Lu Hongbing , Thelander Erik , Gerlach Jürgen W. , Decker Ulrich , Zhu Benpeng , Rauschenbach Bernd
Published: February 2013

Phase transformations between amorphous and crystallized states are induced by irradiation with a single nanosecond laser pulse in Ge2Sb2Te5 films grown by pulsed laser deposition. By adjusting the laser fluence, the two different phases are obtained and can be distinguished by their different optical reflectivity. The effect of laser fluence on the crystalline nature of the films is studied in detail. Large structural differences between the laser‐irradiated and thermally annealed films are revealed, due to the high heating rate and short duration of the laser pulse. X‐ray reflectivity measurements show a density increase of 3.58% upon laser‐induced crystallization.
CH Functionalization of Enamides: Synthesis of β‐Amidovinyl Sulfones via Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Jiang Heng , Chen Xuejiao , Zhang Yan , Yu Shouyun
Published: February 2013

A mild, practical and environmentally friendly strategy to prepare β‐amidovinyl sulfones has been developed based on the sulfonation of enamides or enecarbamates via visible‐light photoredox catalysis. Direct CH functionalizations of enamides or enecarbamates under the optimized conditions proceeded with a wide scope of substrates and remarkable selectivity to give functionalized vinyl sulfones with good to excellent yields.
Copper‐Catalyzed Decarboxylation of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids: En Route to Milder Reaction Conditions
Authors: Cahiez Gérard , Moyeux Alban , Gager Olivier , Poizat Maël
Published: February 2013

The copper‐catalyzed decarboxylation of carboxylic aromatic acids has been advantageously achieved by using aliphatic amines like tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) or hexamethylenetetraamine (HMTA) as ligands instead of the aromatic heterocyclic amines (quinoline, phenanthroline) used until now. The improvement is significant since the reaction can be performed at a lower temperature (ca. 50 °C less) and the reaction time is clearly shorter (15 min instead of 12 to 24 h).
Experimental Investigation of Polymer Pellets Melting Mechanisms in Vane Extruders
Authors: Qu Jinping , Zhang Ning , Yu Xiaopeng , Zhang Guizhen , Liu Shurong , Tan Bin , Liu Liming
Published: February 2013

Vane extruders are novel polymer‐processing equipments, which are composed of a number of vane plasticizing and conveying units (VPCUs). With the vane extruder and the visualization VPCU device, the melting phenomenon of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) pellets under different operation conditions was investigated. It was shown that the positive displacement conveying mechanism and mandatory deformation of particles made the melting evolution in vane extruders totally different from screw extruders. The length of solid conveying and melting zone in vane extruders was much shorter, and the island‐sea melting model was formed instead of Tadmor's melting model. Plastic energy dissipation, friction energy dissipation, and viscous energy dissipation were very important sources of heat energy for polymer particles melting in vane extruders. The eccentricity of VPCU, leading to the compression and deformation of particles, was a decisive factor in polymer melting in vane extrusion. Owing to the eccentricity, mechanical energy was dissipated into heat via the deformation of HDPE particles and the thermo‐mechanical history was shortened remarkably. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21336; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21336
The Synthesis of Isocyanated DOPA Derivatives for Bioadhesives Application: Part I
Authors: Kim Kyoung Won , Chung Dong June
Published: February 2013

Bioadhesives or surgical adhesives are an attractive and alternative material for suturing or stapling. The fibrin‐based and cyanoacrylate adhesives are mostly used nowadays, but they still have some problems that are difficult to solve. The urethane‐based adhesive has been considered as the most promising material because they are biocompatible and able to react with the amine groups of proteins on the living tissues. Its curing is, however, not satisfactory due to the aliphatic isocyanates used for its biocompatibility. Therefore, in this work, l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA) as a third component from mussel's adhesive proteins was introduced to the urethane prepolymer to enhance the adhesive ability through a series of chemical reactions such as esterification, amidation, and handling of protection groups. Demethylation with two different experimental conditions was also evaluated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21338; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21338
Maleimide Containing UV‐Cured Hybrid Coatings
Authors: Oktay Burcu , Kayaman‐Apohan Nilhan
Published: February 2013

In this work, new organic–inorganic hybrid coatings were prepared by the sol–gel method. N‐p‐hydroxyphenyl maleimide was synthesized and then modified with 3‐isocyanato propyltriethoxysilane to obtain a new alkoxysilane monomer. Poly(dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) based on the urethane acrylate oligomer was synthesized using hydroxyl‐terminated PDMS, isophorone diisocyanate, and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate. This oligomer was synthesized to increase the hydrophobicity of coatings. Hybrid formulations were applied onto polycarbonate plates and irradiated with UV light. Coatings’ performance was investigated with thermal, mechanical, morphologic, and antibacterial analyses. It is observed that the thermal stability of UV‐cured films is improved with the incorporation of the sol–gel precursor. It is shown that the nanosilver addition to hybrid coatings leads to significant enhancements in antibacterial property in vitro. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21341; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21341
Effect of pour point on wax deposition under static cooling conditions
Authors: Wang Pengyu , Wang Wei , Gong Jing , Zhou Yuanxin , Yang Wei , Zhang Yu
Published: February 2013

With the production of offshore oil and gas, wax deposition in multiphase crude pipelines has become a critical item for flow assurance. The emulsion pour point had a close relationship with the water cut of production liquid and made a significant effect on wax deposition. The investigation of the effects of water cut, pour point, and deposition enduring time on the wax deposition amount and the deposit components was conducted with static cold finger facilities. It was suggested that the effects of molecular diffusion and gelling on deposit thickness in oil–water emulsion are closely related to emulsion pour point. At a constant temperature, the function of molecular diffusion plays a leading role when it is at a low water cut and pour point. Otherwise, the function of gelling plays a leading role. This investigation offered a reference for the development of models for predicting oil–water two‐phase wax deposition in the future. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and UV‐curing properties of silicon‐containing (Meth)acrylate monomers
Authors: Wang Siyuan , Zou Yingquan
Published: February 2013

Eight different silicon‐containing (meth)acrylate monomers are synthesized by the substitution reaction of chlorosiloxanes with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate or 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate. Their molecular structures are confirmed by IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopic analyses. The effects of silicon content on the UV‐curing behavior, physical, surface, and thermal properties are investigated. The UV‐curing behavior is analyzed by photo differential scanning calorimetry. The surface free energy of the UV‐cured film is calculated from contact angles measured using the Lewis acid‐base three liquids method. The silicon‐containing (meth)acrylate monomers perform much better than traditional (meth)acrylate monomers on UV‐curing. The silicon‐containing monomers have higher final conversions and fast UV‐curing rates in photopolymerization. The surface free energy decreases with increasing silicon content, because silicon in the soft segment is transferred to the surface, producing a UV‐cured film; this is confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. All these advantageous properties enable these synthetic silicon‐containing monomers to perform better in applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and properties of novel alicyclic‐functionalized polyimides prepared from natural—(D)‐camphor
Authors: Zhang Hengsheng , Li Juan , Tian Zhilin , Liu Feng
Published: February 2013

In this article, a new alicyclic‐functionalized diamine, 1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxymethylene)‐1,2,2‐trimethylclopentane (BAMT) was successfully synthesized starting from natural —(D)‐camphor through four reaction steps of oxidation to offer a dicaboxylic acid, reduction to offer a diol, nucleophilic substitution to give a dinitro compound and then reduction to give the final diamine. Two alicyclic‐containing polyimides were prepared by polycondensing BAMT with 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and 4,4′‐oxydiphthalicanhydride (ODPA), respectively. For the studies of the structure–property relationships of the polyimides, one aromatic polyimide of 4, 4′‐oxydianiline (ODA) polycondensed with ODPA was prepared in comparison. The alicyclic‐containinig polyimides PI (BPDA‐BAMT) and PI (ODPA‐BAMT) maintain good thermal properties with glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 257°C and 240°C, and temperatures at 5% weight loss (T5) of 443°C and 436°C in nitrogen, respectively. The alicyclic polyimides exhibit tensile strengths of 91.9–133 MPa, Young's moduli of 2.75—3.24 GPa, and elongations at break of 5.6–18%. Compared with the aromatic polyimide PI (ODPA‐ODA), PI (ODPA‐BAMT) shows improved transparency with the UV‐Vis transmittance at 500 nm over 80%. In addition, PI (ODPA‐BAMT) displays better solubility than PI (ODPA‐ODA), which has been confirmed by the bigger d‐spacing value of PI (ODPA‐BAMT) than that of PI (ODPA‐ODA) calculated from the Wide‐angle X‐ray Diffraction spectra. This study indicates that the renewable forestry compound, such as natural —(D)‐camphor, could be a good origin for the structural designing and preparation of alicyclic‐containing polyimides with outstanding combined features suitable for advanced microelectronic and optoelectronic applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013