bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demographic histories and genetic diversities of Fennoscandian marine and landlocked ringed seal subspecies
Authors: Nyman Tommi , Valtonen Mia , Aspi Jouni , Ruokonen Minna , Kunnasranta Mervi , Palo Jukka U.
Published: August 2014

Island populations are on average smaller, genetically less diverse, and at a higher risk to go extinct than mainland populations. Low genetic diversity may elevate extinction probability, but the genetic component of the risk can be affected by the mode of diversity loss, which, in turn, is connected to the demographic history of the population. Here, we examined the history of genetic erosion in three Fennoscandian ringed seal subspecies, of which one inhabits the Baltic Sea ‘mainland’ and two the ‘aquatic islands’ composed of Lake Saimaa in Finland and Lake Ladoga in Russia. Both lakes were colonized by marine seals after their formation c. 9500 years ago, but Lake Ladoga is larger and more contiguous than Lake Saimaa. All three populations suffered dramatic declines during the 20th century, but the bottleneck was particularly severe in Lake Saimaa. Data from 17 microsatellite loci and mitochondrial control‐region sequences show that Saimaa ringed seals have lost most of the genetic diversity present in their Baltic ancestors, while the Ladoga population has experienced only minor reductions. Using Approximate Bayesian computing analyses, we show that the genetic uniformity of the Saimaa subspecies derives from an extended founder event and subsequent slow erosion, rather than from the recent bottleneck. This suggests that the population has persisted for nearly 10,000 years despite having low genetic variation. The relatively high diversity of the Ladoga population appears to result from a high number of initial colonizers and a high post‐colonization population size, but possibly also by a shorter isolation period and/or occasional gene flow from the Baltic Sea.
Oxidation and structural decomposition of fats and oils at elevated temperatures
Authors: Gertz Christian , Aladedunye Felix , Matthäus Bertrand
Published: August 2014

In the present work a fast and reliable laboratory protocol allowing a holistic statement about thermo‐oxidative structural changes of fats and oils at ambient temperatures, under accelerated conditions using 110°C and under elevated temperature usually used for frying at 170°C is proposed. The results demonstrate that two different routes of degradation may be responsible for fat deterioration at elevated temperatures. Depending on the temperature (at 20, 110, or 170°C) the composition of polar compounds changed. The content of di‐ and polymerized TAGs increased with time at elevated temperature, e.g., frying whereas the formation of oxidized products dominates at 110°C or lower. These different reaction mechanisms may explain the discrepancy between practical experiences during frying and the estimated oxidative resistance of fats and oils using accelerated tests like Rancimat or OSI.

Practical applications: Both the amount of total oxidized monomeric TAGs called total oxidized products (TOP) and the amount of di‐ and polymerized TAGs (DPTG) can be used to describe the fat degradation at all stages. These parameters are less dependent on the fat composition but proportional to the heating time and applied temperature. A procedure is proposed to compare thermal and oxidative stability of vegetable oils and effectiveness of oxidative stabilizing agents.

Heating apparatus to simulate fat degradation at 110 and 170°C with and without access of oxygen (20 L/h) to monitor oxidation and structural decomposition of fats and oils.
Construction of an Electrochemical Cell System Based on Carbon Composite Film Electrodes and its Application for Voltammetric Determination of Triclosan
Authors: Libansky Milan , Zima Jiri , Barek Jiri , Dejmkova Hana
Published: August 2014

An array of carbon composite electrodes embedded in a 96 well microtitration plate was fabricated and applied for DPV determination of the environmental pollutant triclosan (5‐chloro‐2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)‐phenol). For the preparation of composite electrodes, graphite and glassy carbon conductive microparticles were tested in combination with several types of polymers as nonconductive binders. For the measurements, combinations of graphitic carbon particles with polystyrene (C‐PS) and with polycarbonate (C‐PC) were selected. The achieved limit of detection was 0.49 µmol L−1 for C‐PS electrodes and 0.25 µmol L−1 for C‐PC electrodes in the selected optimum medium. The method was successfully applied for practical samples of river water and toothpaste.
Development of a Simple and Fast Electrochemical Method for Screening and Stoichiometric Determination of Dimenhydrinate
Authors: Machado Freitas Jhonys , da Costa Oliveira Thiago , Silva Polyana Luiza , Tofanello Gimenes Denise , Abarza Munoz Rodrigo Alejandro , Richter Eduardo Mathias
Published: August 2014

Dimenhydrinate (DIM) is a salt composed by the combination of two active pharmaceutical ingredients: diphenhydramine (DIP) and 8‐chlorotheophylline (CTP). In this work, the use of batch injection analysis with multiple pulse amperometric detection (BIA‐MPA) was proposed for the first time for fast stoichiometric determination of DIM. DIP (cation) and CTP (anion) were determined simultaneously in pharmaceutical samples with a simple and fast injection procedure (70 injections h−1). Additional strategies were also proposed for rapid screening of samples containing the DIM salt. By a simple injection of a sample into the BIA system (without using of calibration curve), reliable information about stoichiometry of the DIM salt (1 : 1; DIP:CTP) and presence or absence of interfering species (electroactive) can be achieved.
Bayesian hierarchical modeling of extreme hourly precipitation in Norway
Authors: Dyrrdal Anita Verpe , Lenkoski Alex , Thorarinsdottir Thordis L. , Stordal Frode
Published: August 2014

Spatial maps of extreme precipitation are a critical component of flood estimation in hydrological modeling, as well as in the planning and design of important infrastructure. This is particularly relevant in countries, such as Norway, that have a high density of hydrological power generating facilities and are exposed to significant risk of infrastructure damage due to flooding. In this work, we estimate a spatially coherent map of the distribution of extreme hourly precipitation in Norway, in terms of return levels, by linking generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions with latent Gaussian fields in a Bayesian hierarchical model. Generalized linear models on the parameters of the GEV distribution are able to incorporate location‐specific geographic and meteorological information and thereby accommodate these effects on extreme precipitation. Our model incorporates a Bayesian model averaging component that directly assesses model uncertainty in the effect of the proposed covariates. Gaussian fields on the GEV parameters capture additional unexplained spatial heterogeneity and overcome the sparse grid on which observations are collected. Our framework is able to appropriately characterize both the spatial variability of the distribution of extreme hourly precipitation in Norway and the associated uncertainty in these estimates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Associations between Liver Enzymes, Psychopathological and Clinical Features in Eating Disorders
Authors: Lelli Lorenzo , Castellini Giovanni , Gabbani Tommaso , Godini Lucia , Rotella Francesco , Ricca Valdo
Published: August 2014

Elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels are frequently reported in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and in subjects who are overweight or with hyperlipidemia, which can be found to be associated with binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Liver functioning and psychopathological features have been evaluated in 43 patients with AN, 33 with BN, and 32 with BED. Body mass index was found to be inversely associated with AST and ALT in AN, and directly associated with AST and ALT in BED. A positive association between ALT and AST and body shape concern in AN was observed. Liver enzymes could be considered as an index of severity in AN and BED patients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Identification of an MLL4‐GPS2 fusion as an oncogenic driver of undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma in a child
Authors: O'Meara Elaine , Stack Deirdre , Phelan Susan , McDonagh Naomi , Kelly Lorna , Sciot Raf , Debiec‐Rychter Maria , Morris Thomas , Cochrane Doug , Sorensen Poul , O'Sullivan Maureen J.
Published: August 2014

Undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma (UDS) is a poorly defined or understood entity, essentially a waste‐basket for cases failing to fulfill criteria for better‐established diagnoses based on combined histology, immunohistochemistry, and tumor genetic assays. We identified a novel chromosomal translocation t(17;19)(p13;q13) in a pediatric UDS and have characterized this alteration to show rearrangement of the MLL4 and GPS2 genes, resulting in an in‐frame fusion gene MLL4‐GPS2, the expression of which promotes anchorage‐independent growth. MLL4 was previously reported to be similarly rearranged in hepatocellular carcinomas, notably those positive for hepatitis B virus. Isolated reports of individual rearrangements of GPS2 in a prostate carcinoma cell line and in glioblastoma multiforme, each with different partner genes, recently emerged from high‐throughput sequencing studies but have not been further evaluated for biological effect. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE WELFARE IMPACT OF PARALLEL IMPORTS: A STRUCTURAL APPROACH APPLIED TO THE GERMAN MARKET FOR ORAL ANTI‐DIABETICS
Authors: Duso Tomaso , Herr Annika , Suppliet Moritz
Published: August 2014

We investigate the welfare impact of parallel imports using a large panel dataset containing monthly information on sales, ex‐factory prices, and further product characteristics for all 649 anti‐diabetic drugs sold in Germany between 2004 and 2010. We estimate a two‐stage nested logit model of demand, and on the basis of an oligopolistic model of multi‐product firms, we then recover the marginal costs and markups. We finally evaluate the effect of the parallel imports' policy by calculating a counterfactual scenario without parallel trade. According to our estimates, parallel imports reduce the prices for patented drugs by 11% and do not have a significant effect on prices for generic drugs. This amounts to an increase in the demand‐side surplus by €19 million per year (or €130 million in total), which is relatively small compared with the average annual market size of around €227 million based on ex‐factory prices. The variable profits for the manufacturers of original drugs from the German market are reduced by €18 million (or 37%) per year when parallel trade is allowed, yet only one third of this difference is appropriated by the importers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p16INK4a/Ki‐67 co‐expression specifically identifies transformed cells in the head and neck region
Authors: Prigge Elena‐Sophie , Toth Csaba , Dyckhoff Gerhard , Wagner Steffen , Müller Franziska , Wittekindt Claus , Freier Kolja , Plinkert Peter , Hoffmann Jürgen , Vinokurova Svetlana , Klussmann Jens Peter , von Knebel Doeberitz Magnus , Reuschenbach Miriam
Published: August 2014

p16INK4a immunohistochemical overexpression is an overall reliable surrogate marker of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). However, cases of ambiguous p16INK4a overexpression are regularly detected in the head and neck: p16INK4a expression can be observed in non‐malignant tissue, such as tonsillar crypt epithelium and a proportion of branchial cleft cysts. Additionally, diverse patterns of p16INK4 expression can complicate interpretation of “p16INK4a‐positivity”. These aspects impede the unrestricted application of p16INK4a as a diagnostic marker in the head and neck. We hypothesized that combined detection of p16INK4a and the proliferation marker Ki‐67 could support clarification of ambiguous p16INK4a expression in the head and neck by specifically indicating p16INK4a‐expressing cells with proliferative activity. p16INK4a/Ki‐67 co‐expression in a combined staining procedure was correlated to distinct p16INK4a expression patterns and HPV status (HPV DNA followed by E6*I oncogene mRNA detection) in 147 HNSCC and 50 non‐malignant head and neck samples. p16INK4a/Ki‐67 co‐expression only occurred in transformed cells of the head and neck. Co‐expression was never detected in non‐transformed cells. Combined p16INK4a/Ki‐67 expression was stringently associated with a diffuse p16INK4a expression pattern. All HPV oncogene‐expressing HNSCC showed p16INK4a/Ki‐67 co‐expression. We demonstrate that p16INK4a/Ki‐67 co‐expression occurs exclusively in transformed cells of the head and neck. Our findings indicate a substantial impact of combined p16INK4a/Ki‐67 expression in the assessment of ambiguous p16INK4a expression in the head and neck by specifically identifying p16INK4a‐expressing cells with proliferative activity. This property will be of considerable significance for head and neck histo‐ and cytopathology.
Effects of exotic eucalypt plantations on organic matter processing in Iberian streams
Authors: Larrañaga Santiago , Larrañaga Aitor , Basaguren Ana , Elosegi Arturo , Pozo Jesús
Published: August 2014

Eucalypt leaves are an organic matter source of poor quality, and therefore, extensive eucalypt plantations can affect stream ecology. Nevertheless, it is difficult to discern the effects of altered inputs from other impacts of plantations, such as increased erosion from periodic clearcuttings. To assess the effects of eucalypt inputs on organic matter decomposition in streams, we manipulated litter inputs in two headwater streams in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Three contiguous 50‐m long reaches were selected per stream: the upstream reference reach was left unaltered, while the others were covered and separated by mesh to prevent inputs from the surrounding vegetation, and via downstream transport. Regularly, we provided the covered sites with either native deciduous (middle reach) or eucalypt (lower reach) leaf litter, mimicking the amount and seasonality of inputs from the respective forest types. Two decomposition experiments with alder and eucalypt leaves were performed half a year and 1 year after the beginning of the exclusion of natural inputs. Decomposition for both species was lower in sites receiving eucalypt leaf litter, corresponding with the lower density of shredders in these sites. Moreover, higher alder:eucalypt macroinvertebrate density and biomass ratios in sites receiving eucalypt inputs suggest that invertebrates concentrated on the higher quality alder leaves in those sites. Our study shows that eucalypt inputs can impair stream ecosystem processes in a short time span and suggests that maintaining native leaf litter inputs into streams by intact riparian corridors could help to mitigate the effect of eucalypt plantations on streams.
The diversity and distribution of Lepadellidae (Rotifera: Eurotatoria: Monogononta) of India
Authors: Sharma Bhushan Kumar , Sharma Sumita
Published: August 2014

The status of diversity of Lepadellidae of India is reviewed based on our studies and the published literature and 42 valid species are reported. These comprise ∼26.0 and 71.0% of the richness of the family known globally and from the Oriental region, respectively, and nearly 10.3% of the Indian Rotifera. One species is new to India and one species is new to northeast India (NEI). The interesting taxa include one Oriental endemic, two Indian endemics, and four Paleotropical species, while several species exhibit regional distributional importance. Low endemicity and richness of cosmopolitan species (∼76.0%) are characteristics of the Indian Lepadellidae. This taxon is relatively more known from certain states of northeast, east, and south India but remains poorly studied from rest of this country. An update on Lepadellidae from India, and the Himalayan region and Western Ghats “hot‐spots” in particular; and analysis of cryptic diversity in Colurella adriatica – colurus, C. obtusa, C. uncinata, Lepadella acuminata, L. ovalis, and L. patella merit further interest for the rotifer biodiversity and biogeography.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL LAW AND SCALING MODELS*
Authors: Helm Carl , Messick Samuel , Tucker Ledyard
Published: August 2014

A theoretical rationale is presented for an antilog transformation in category scaling. The transformation is suggested for use in psychophysical analysis (a) to rectify the curvilinear relationships frequently found when category and ratio scaling methods are compared on the same perceptual continua, and (b) to simplify complex, artifactitious multidimensional structures.
OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY: CAUTIOUSNESS AND INTOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY1
Authors: Messick Samuel , Hills John R.
Published: August 2014

Objective personality tests were developed for two aspects of intolerance of ambiguity: (a) the tendency to reach perceptual closure quickly and (b) the tendency to jump to generalizations on the basis of specific information. The two tests utilized a tab format which enabled the subject either to respond immediately to an item or to request more information, as he chose. The reliability of the personality score on one test was .91, and on the other, with only half as many items, .64. Corrected reliabilities, with various ability control measures regressed out, indicated that only a small part of this reliable variance could be accounted for by content ability. The two scores were significantly correlated (.34), and the coefficient tended to increase slightly upon partialling out various control measures. This significant correlation contributes to the construct validity of intolerance of ambiguity, but it was also pointed out that the concept of “cautiousness” presents an alternative rationale for the test procedures and is consistent with the obtained results.
USE OF TRUE‐SCORE THEORY TO PREDICT MOMENTS OF UNIVARIATE AND BIVARIATE OBSERVED SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS*
Authors: Lord Frederic M.
Published: August 2014

Formulas are derived for using the available item statistics and score statistics on a test to estimate the moments (or cumulants) of the score distribution of a lengthened (or shortened) form of the same test. Other formulas are derived for estimating the bivariate moments (or cumulants) of the scatterplot between two parallel test forms from the data available on either form alone.

An empirical study is made showing in each case satisfactory agreement between the theoretical values predicted from the formulas and the values actually observed. These results suggest the utility of the true‐score model used in deriving the formulas for the estimates.
Estimation of kinetic parameters of phenol degradation by bacteria isolated from activated sludge using a genetic algorithm
Authors: Heilbuth Nádia M. , Linardi Valter R. , Monteiro Andrea S. , da Rocha Roney A. , Mimim Luis A. , Santos Vera L.
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

The main objective of this study was to examine the growth and phenol degradation kinetic parameters for bacteria isolated from activated sludge that could register growth on phenol as high as 1410 mg L‐1.

RESULTS

Phenol‐degrading bacteria of the Alcaligenes, Providencia, Acinetobacter and Aeromonas genera were prevalent in the activated‐sludge tank. The degradation rate was affected by the phenol concentration; the B9‐1 and B8‐1 Alcaligenes faecalis strains showed rates of 0.037 and 0.038 g L‐1 h‐1 when exposed to up to 940 mg L‐1 phenol, respectively. The B6‐2, G1, and H1‐1 A. faecalis strains showed rates of 0.036, 0.042 and 0.036 g L‐1 h‐1, respectively, when exposed to up to 1128 mg L‐1, and Acinetobacter johnsonii D1 and A. faecalis D3 strains showed rates of 0.058 and 0.049 g L‐1 h‐1, respectively, when exposed to 1410 mg L‐1 phenol. The growth kinetic parameters adjusted by genetic algorithm (GA) and the Haldane equation ranged within μm = 0.12–0.55 h‐1, μmax = 0.07–0.29 h‐1, Ks = 25–483.8 mg L‐1, and Ki = 153.7–2582.6 mg L‐1.

CONCLUSIONS

The high values of μmax, Ki, and YX/S adjusted by GA showed that the studied strains are able to tolerate and degrade higher phenol concentrations compared with levels reported for single bacterial strains. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of crude extracts of selected actinomycetes on biofilm formation of A. schindleri, M. aci, and B. cereus
Authors: Saleem Hafiz Ghulam Murtaza , Aftab Usman , Sajid Imran , Abbas Zaigham , Sabri Anjum Nasim
Published: August 2014

Actinomycetes are well known group of gram positive bacteria for their potential to produce antibiotics. This study sought to assess the ability of the selected actinomycetes to control biofilm forming bacteria isolated from different dental plaque samples. On the basis of morphological differences three out of ten different dental plaque bacterial isolates were selected for further study. These isolates were biochemically and genetically characterized and were identified as Acinetobacter schinndleri, Moraxella aci, and Bacillus cereus. Antibiotic resistant profile was measured through disc diffusion method and found that all three isolates were moderately sensitive to ofloxacin and erythromycin and resistant to trimethoprim. Antibacterial activity of ten different Streptomyces strains was assessed through an agar plug and well diffusion method against three dental biofilm forming bacteria. Two Streptomyces strains named as S. erythrogriseus and S. labedae showed good antibacterial activity against Moraxella and Acinetobacter strains. Ability of the four active antibiotic producing strains to inhibit biofilm formation was assessed using microtiter biofilm detection assay. It was found that biofilm forming ability of Acinetobacter and Moraxella was inhibited by S. labedae an antibiotic producing strain, while S. macrosporeus can only inhibit biofilm formation by B. cereus.
Effect of mineral nitrogen fertilizer forms on N2O emissions from arable soils in winter wheat production
Authors: Lebender Ulrike , Senbayram Mehmet , Lammel Joachim , Kuhlmann Hermann
Published: August 2014

Nitrogen fertilizers are supposed to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from arable soils. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of N forms on N2O emissions from arable fields cropped with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In three field trials in North‐West Germany (two trials in 2011/2012, one trial in 2012/2013), direct N2O emissions during a one‐year measurement period, starting after application of either urea, ammonium sulfate (AS) or calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), were compared at an application rate of 220 kg N ha−1. During the growth season (March to August) of winter wheat, N2O emission rates were significantly higher in all three field experiments and in all treatments receiving N fertilizer than from the non‐fertilized treatments (control). At two of the three sites, cumulative N2O emissions from N fertilizer decreased in the order of urea > AS > CAN, with emissions ranging from 522–617 g N ha−1 (0.24–0.28% of applied fertilizer) for urea, 368–554 g N ha−1 (0.17–0.25%) for AS, and 242–264 g N ha−1 (0.11–0.12%) for CAN during March to August. These results suggest that mineral nitrogen forms can differ in N2O emissions during the growth period of winter wheat. Strong variations in the seasonal dynamics of N2O emissions between sites were observed which could partly be related to weather events (e.g., precipitation). Between harvest and the following spring (post‐harvest period) no significant differences in N2O emissions between fertilized and non‐fertilized treatments were detected on two of three fields. Only on one site post‐harvest emissions from the AS treatment were significantly higher than all other fertilizer forms as well as compared to the control treatment. The cumulative one‐year emissions varied depending on fertilizer form across the three field sites from 0.05% to 0.51% with one exception at one field site (AS: 0.94%). The calculated overall fertilizer induced emission averaged for the three fields was 0.38% which was only about 1/3 of the IPCC default value of 1.0%.
A Strategy for Service Delivery Systems
Authors: Redding L. E.
Published: August 2014

Servitization requires a strategy formulation for the alignment of service expectation, organization structure, and product condition monitoring.
Servitization in the Basque Economy
Authors: Kamp Bart , Alcalde Henar
Published: August 2014

In the Basque manufacturing firms embracing service‐based competitiveness models, sub‐optimal imbalances can be noted in the kind of knowledge‐intensive services being deployed (strong accent on scientific/technological activities and weak on non‐technological service activities).
Servitization of the IT Industry: The Cloud Phenomenon
Authors: Sultan Nabil
Published: August 2014

The emergence of cloud computing represents a new paradigm of servitization, where a physical product (software or hardware) is transformed into a service.
Determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in aqueous soil matrices: A critical analysis of the 9‐fluorenylmethyl chloroformate derivatization reaction and application to adsorption studies
Authors: Báez María E. , Fuentes Edwar , Espina María José , Espinoza Jeannette
Published: August 2014

The assessment of the environmental fate of glyphosate and its degradation product (aminomethylphosphonic acid) is of great interest given the widespread use of the herbicide. Studies of adsorption–desorption and transport processes in soils require analytical methods with sensitivity, accuracy, and precision suitable for determining the analytes in aqueous equilibrium solutions of varied complexity. In this work, the effect of factors on the yield of the derivatization of both compounds with 9‐fluorenylmethyl chloroformate for applying in aqueous solutions derived from soils was evaluated through factorial experimental designs. Interference effects coming from background electrolytes and soil matrices were established. The whole method had a linear response up to 640 ng/mL (R2 > 0.999) under optimized conditions for high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Limits of detection were 0.6 and 0.4 ng/mL for glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid, respectively. The relative standard deviation was 4.4% for glyphosate (20 ng/mL) and 5.9% for aminomethylphosphonic acid (10 ng/mL). Adsorption of compounds on four different soils was assessed. Isotherm data fitted well the Freundlich model (R2 > 0.97). Kf constants varied between 93 ± 3.1 and 2045 ± 157 for glyphosate and between 99 ± 4.1 and 1517 ± 56 (μg1‐1/n mL1/n g–1) for aminomethylphosphonic acid, showing the broad range of applicability of the proposed method.
Nanomaterial with Variable d‐Spacing Prepared from Self‐Assembly of Cleavable Triblock Polystyrene‐(S2)Poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)–Polystyrene
Authors: Chang Ruixue , Qin Jianglei
Published: August 2014

Nanomaterial with variable d‐spacing is prepared by hydrolysis of a bulk self‐assembly with lamellar morphology. The bulk self‐assembly is prepared from a disulfide‐containing polystyrene–(S2)poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)–polystyrene (PS–(S2)PtBA–PS) triblock copolymer, which is polymerized via two‐step atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with a disulfide‐containing difunctional initiator. The results show that the PS–(S2)PtBA–PS with 47.6% weight fraction of PS bulk self‐assembles into ordered nanomaterial with lamellar morphology. As the morphology of the bulk material is fixed by glassy PS microdomains, the PtBA domains can be hydrolyzed to poly(acrylate acid) (PAA) domains in the bulk state of PS and then the d‐spacing can be regulated like an accordion by changing the environment of the material. Also, the hydrolyzed self‐assembly can be applied as a template to load nanoparticles in PAA microdomains to prepare layered inorganic/organic composites. The bulk material can be dispersed in methanol to form dispersed (multilayered) nanoplates by cleaving the disulfide bonds by tributylphosphine (Bu3P) reduction. Moreover, the ester bonds in the hydrolyzed bulk material can be cleaved by NaOH, and then water‐dispersed (multilayered) nanoplates with pH responsivity are obtained.

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The use of elemental mass spectrometry in phosphoproteomic applications
Authors: Maes Evelyne , Tirez Kristof , Baggerman Geert , Valkenborg Dirk , Schoofs Liliane , Encinar Jorge Ruiz , Mertens Inge
Published: August 2014

Reversible phosphorylation is one of the most important post‐translational modifications in mammalian cells. Because this molecular switch is an important mechanism that diversifies and regulates proteins in cellular processes, knowledge about the extent and quantity of phosphorylation is very important to understand the complex cellular interplay. Although phosphoproteomics strategies are applied worldwide, they mainly include only molecular mass spectrometry (like MALDI or ESI)‐based experiments. Although identification and relative quantification of phosphopeptides is straightforward with these techniques, absolute quantification is more complex and usually requires for specific isotopically phosphopeptide standards. However, the use of elemental mass spectrometry, and in particular inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), in phosphoproteomics‐based experiments, allow one to absolutely quantify phosphopeptides. Here, these phosphoproteomic applications with ICP‐MS as elemental detector are reviewed. Pioneering work and recent developments in the field are both described. Additionally, the advantage of the parallel use of molecular and elemental mass spectrometry is stressed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35:350–360, 2016.
Data Mining of Chemogenomics Data Using Bi‐Modal PLS Methods and Chemical Interpretation for Molecular Design
Authors: Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Funatsu Kimito
Published: August 2014

Chemogenomics is a new strategy in drug discovery for interrogating all molecules capable of interacting with all biological targets. Because of the almost infinite number of drug‐like organic molecules, bench‐based experimental chemogenomics methods are not generally feasible. Several in silico chemogenomics models have therefore been developed for high‐throughput screening of large numbers of drug candidate compounds and target proteins. In previous studies, we described two novel bi‐modal PLS approaches. These methods provide a significant advantage in that they enable direct connections to be made between biological activities and ligand and protein descriptors. In this special issue, we review these two PLS‐based approaches using two different chemogenomics datasets for illustration. We then compare the predictive and interpretive performance of the two methods using the same congeneric data set.
Resveratrol treatment as an adjunct to pharmacological management in type 2 diabetes mellitus—systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hausenblas Heather A. , Schoulda Jennifer A. , Smoliga James M.
Published: August 2014

The red wine polyphenol, resveratrol, is highly effective in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in animal models, but there is no consensus regarding its efficacy in humans. We conducted a systematic review, which included searches in nine scholarly databases and six clinical trial registries, and identified randomized controlled clinical trials whereby resveratrol was used as an adjunct to pharmaceutical interventions in T2DM. Meta‐analysis on clinical parameters was performed for available data. Of 764 articles originally identified, data from six unique datasets, examining a total of 196 T2DM patients (104 resveratrol, 92 control/placebo) ultimately met inclusion criteria. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive effects, indicating that resveratrol supplementation was more effective than placebo/control, were identified for systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, and creatinine, but not for fasting glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, diastolic blood pressure, insulin, triglycerides, LDL, or HDL cholesterol. No major adverse events were reported and side effects of resveratrol were not different than placebo/control. Though limitations in sample size and treatment duration preclude definitive changes in clinical practice, significant improvements in multiple cardiometabolic biomarkers and an excellent safety profile support resveratrol as a leading candidate as an adjunct to pharmacological management of T2DM.
Multilevel preconditioning and low‐rank tensor iteration for space–time simultaneous discretizations of parabolic PDEs
Authors: Andreev Roman , Tobler Christine
Published: August 2014

This paper addresses the solution of parabolic evolution equations simultaneously in space and time as may be of interest in, for example, optimal control problems constrained by such equations. As a model problem, we consider the heat equation posed on the unit cube in Euclidean space of moderately high dimension. An a priori stable minimal residual Petrov–Galerkin variational formulation of the heat equation in space–time results in a generalized least squares problem. This formulation admits a unique, quasi‐optimal solution in the natural space–time Hilbert space and serves as a basis for the development of space–time compressive solution algorithms. The solution of the heat equation is obtained by applying the conjugate gradient method to the normal equations of the generalized least squares problem. Starting from stable subspace splittings in space and in time, multilevel space–time preconditioners for the normal equations are derived. In order to reduce the complexity of the full space–time problem, all computations are performed in a compressed or sparse format called the hierarchical Tucker format, supposing that the input data are available in this format. In order to maintain sparsity, compression of the iterates within the hierarchical Tucker format is performed in each conjugate gradient iteration. Its application to vectors in the hierarchical Tucker format is detailed. Finally, numerical results in up to five spatial dimensions based on the recently developed htucker toolbox for MATLAB are presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐resistance and baseline susceptibility of Mediterranean strains of Bemisia tabaci to cyantraniliprole
Authors: Grávalos Carolina , Fernández Esther , Belando Ana , Moreno Inmaculada , Ros Caridad , Bielza Pablo
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius is a severe pest in many field and greenhouse crops worldwide and has developed resistance to insecticides from most chemical classes. The ease with which this pest develops resistance makes it essential to incorporate new compounds with different modes of action and no cross‐resistance with those previously used into insecticide resistance management strategies. To that end, the systemic effect of the new diamide cyantraniliprole was tested with multiresistant, selected and field populations of Q‐biotype B. tabaci from the Mediterranean area.

RESULTS

Bioassays with multiresistant and laboratory‐selected populations indicated no cross‐resistance to cyantraniliprole in the B. tabaci strains exhibiting resistance to other insecticides. The LC50 values for nymphs from 14 field populations varied between 0.011 and 0.116 mg L−1, a 10.5‐fold natural variability. The LC50 values for adults from three strains ranged from 0.060 to 0.096 mg L−1.

CONCLUSION

These baseline data will be helpful for monitoring future potential shifts in susceptibility to cyantraniliprole in Mediterranean whitefly populations within an IRM programme. Cyantraniliprole may play an important role in mitigating insecticide resistance in B. tabaci because of its high efficacy and its lack of cross‐resistance to other insecticides, even in multiresistant Q‐biotype populations collected from a highly problematic insecticide resistance area. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of the process parameters of inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching on the fabrication of diamond nanotips
Authors: Mehedi Hasan‐al , Mille Vianney , Achard Jocelyn , Brinza Ovidiu , Gicquel Alix
Published: August 2014

The effect of the basic process parameters of the inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP‐RIE) on the fabrication of diamond nanotips using a gas mixture of oxygen (O2) and trifluoromethane (CHF3) is reported. Aim of this study was to obtain an optimal etch recipe for the fabrication of well‐oriented and high aspect‐ratio nanotips out of diamond single crystals. The investigated parameters are ICP and RF powers, gas pressure and flow rate of O2 and CHF3. The ICP and RF powers are found to be the critical process parameters for which nanotip top to bottom height and tip sharpness both increasing with increasing the powers, while gas pressure shows the opposite effect. The optimized etching conditions result in nanotip with average top to bottom height of about 1.1 µm and diameters at the bottom and tip of about 300 nm and 20 nm respectively.
Magnetocaloric effect in “reduced” dimensions: Thin films, ribbons, and microwires of Heusler alloys and related compounds
Authors: Khovaylo Vladimir V. , Rodionova Valeria V. , Shevyrtalov Sergey N. , Novosad Val
Published: August 2014

Room temperature magnetic refrigeration is an energy saving and environmentally‐friendly technology, which has developed rapidly from a basic idea to prototype devices. The performance of magnetic refrigerators crucially depends on the magnetocaloric properties and the geometry of the employed refrigerants. Here we review the magnetocaloric properties of Heusler alloys and related compounds with a high surface to volume ratio such as films, ribbons, and microwires, and compare them with their bulk counterparts.
Effects of Supplementation with Heracleum persicum Fruit Extract on Serum Lipids in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography: A Pilot Trial
Authors: Dadjo Yahya , Panahi Yunes , Pishgoo Bahram , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Taghipour Hamidreza , Akbari Ahmad , Parvin Shahram
Published: August 2014

Heracleum persicum Desf. Ex Fischer (Apiaceae) is a native medicinal plant in the Iranian traditional medicine and also a safe and common dietary spice. The present pilot study aimed to investigate the impact of supplementation with H. persicum fruits on serum lipid concentrations in a group of patients with minimal coronary artery disease. Subjects who were diagnosed with <50% luminal narrowing in any of the major coronary arteries in coronary angiography were recruited for this trial and were randomized to receive either H. persicum hydroalcoholic fruit extract (n = 15; 300 mg/day) or placebo (n = 12) for a period of 6 months. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured at baseline and at the end of study. No significant difference in concentrations of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was observed between H. persicum extract and placebo groups (p > 0.05). However, serum triglycerides levels were reduced after H. persicum extract supplementation in a borderline significant manner (p = 0.063). Short‐term supplementation with H. persicum fruit extract might be used as an adjunctive treatment for patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent Effects on Polymer Sorting of Carbon Nanotubes with Applications in Printed Electronics
Authors: Wang Huiliang , Hsieh Bing , Jiménez‐Osés Gonzalo , Liu Peng , Tassone Christopher J. , Diao Ying , Lei Ting , Houk Kendall N. , Bao Zhenan
Published: August 2014

Regioregular poly(3‐alkylthiophene) (P3AT) polymers have been previously reported for the selective, high‐yield dispersion of semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in toluene. Here, five alternative solvents are investigated, namely, tetrahydrofuran, decalin, tetralin, m‐xylene, and o‐xylene, for the dispersion of SWCNTs by poly(3‐dodecylthiophene) P3DDT. The dispersion yield could be increased to over 40% using decalin or o‐xylene as the solvents while maintaining high selectivity towards semiconducting SWCNTs. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in explicit solvents are used to explain the improved sorting yield. In addition, a general mechanism is proposed to explain the selective dispersion of semiconducting SWCNTs by conjugated polymers. The possibility to perform selective sorting of semiconducting SWCNTs using various solvents provides a greater diversity of semiconducting SWCNT ink properties, such as boiling point, viscosity, and surface tension as well as toxicity. The efficacy of these new semiconducting SWCNT inks is demonstrated by using the high boiling point and high viscosity solvent tetralin for inkjet‐printed transistors, where solvent properties are more compatible with the inkjet printing head and improved droplet formation.
Effect of Hot Metal Utilization on the Steelmaking Process Parameters in the Electric Arc Furnace
Authors: Lee Baek , Ryu Jae Wook , Sohn Il
Published: August 2014

The effect on the electric arc furnace steelmaking process parameters by hot metal utilization from 41 to 75% in a 150 ton/ch furnace has been investigated. Process parameters including oxygen lancing, accumulated power consumption, and tap‐to‐tap times were evaluated. An increase in the HMR (hot metal ratio) can decrease the accumulated power consumption, but to maintain the tap‐to‐tap times, oxygen injection into the melt must be significantly increased. Utilizing an optimized oxygen injection pattern, scrap‐melting rate was increased and the tap‐to‐tap times as a function of HMR variations from 0.41 to 0.75 at fixed oxygen lancing showed a 0.45 min ton−1 hot metal decrease in the tap‐to‐tap time. At HMR of 0.61 the decarburization rate linearly increased with higher oxygen lancing. Visual inspection of the slag foaming with the modified oxygen injection practice showed initial foaming above 6000 Nm3 h−1 and was fully developed at 10 000 Nm3 h−1.
Looking Back at Steel Research International and Its Future
Authors: Lee Hyunjoung , Sohn Il
Published: August 2014

The knowledge structure of steel research in the journal of Steel Research International from 1990 to 2013 was identified by extracting and analyzing 5700 keywords from 2430 papers in the Journal. Analysis of the keyword frequency over a 24‐year period (1990–2013) identified keywords that consistently dominated the field of steel research including microstructure, finite element method, transformation induced plasticity, mechanical properties, continuous casting. By incorporating social network analysis to the identified keywords, a high degree of centrality was microstructure, finite element method, continuous casting, and slag. From the co‐occurrence matrix of cohesiveness, eight cohesive subgroups were identified. Additionally, subgroup mapping reflected research development trends in each of the eight subgroup research areas. By incorporating the author's country of origin the frequency of articles published by country was ascertained and found to be in the order of Germany, China, Sweden, Japan, South Korea, India, Austria, and USA. By identifying the trends of steel research, confirmed sub‐research areas, and revealing core keywords, the results of this study provide valuable insights into understanding the knowledge structure of the steel research field and research directions for Steel Research International.
Reduced gene expression levels of Munc13‐1 and additional components of the presynaptic exocytosis machinery upon conditional targeting of Vglut2 in the adolescent mouse
Authors: Rajagopalan Aparna , Schweizer Nadine , Nordenankar Karin , Nilufar Jahan Sultana , Emilsson Lina , Wallén‐Mackenzie Åsa
Published: August 2014

Presynaptic proteins orchestrate an intricate interplay of dynamic interactions in order to regulate quantal exocytosis of transmitter‐filled vesicles, and their dysregulation might cause neurological and neuropsychiatric dysfunction. Mice carrying a spatiotemporal restriction in the expression of the Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2; aka Slc17a6) in the cortex, amygdala and hippocampal subiculum from the third postnatal week show a strong anxiolytic phenotype and certain behavioral correlates of schizophrenia. To further understand the molecular consequences of this targeted deletion of Vglut2, we performed an unbiased microarray analysis comparing gene expression levels in the subiculum of these conditional Vglut2 knockout mice (Vglut2f/f;CamKII cKO) to those in control littermates. Expression of Unc13C (Munc13‐3), a member of the Unc/Munc family, previously shown to be important for glutamatergic transmission, was identified to be significantly down‐regulated. Subsequent analysis by quantitative RT‐PCR revealed a 50% down‐regulation of Munc 13‐1, the gene encoding the Unc/Munc subtype described as an essential component in the majority of glutamtergic synapses in the hippocampus. Genes encoding additional components of the presynaptic machinery were also found regulated, including Rab3A, RIM1α, as well as Syntaxin1 and Synaptobrevin. Altered expression levels of these genes were further found in the amygdala and in the retrosplenial group of the cortex, additional regions in which Vglut2 was conditionally targeted. These findings suggest that expression levels of Vglut2 might be important for the maintenance of gene expression in the presynaptic machinery in the adult mouse brain. Synapse 68:624–633, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Cyathane Diterpenoids
Authors: Nakada Masahisa
Published: August 2014

A Personal Account describing the enantioselective total syntheses of cyathane diterpenoids achieved in the Nakada group. A convergent approach to the cyathane scaffold, the [5‐6‐7] tricyclic carbon skeleton commonly found in cyathane diterpenoids, has been developed using the catalytic asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation (CAIMCP) and baker's yeast reduction. This approach has been successfully applied for the enantioselective total syntheses of (+)‐allocyathin B2, (−)‐erinacine B, and (−)‐erinacine E. The total synthesis of (−)‐erinacine E has been achieved via the acyl group migratory intramolecular aldol reaction, which prevents the retro‐aldol reaction and allows the construction of the strained structure. The highly efficient and stereoselective total syntheses of (−)‐scabronines G, A, D, and (−)‐episcabronine A have been achieved via the oxidative dearomatization/inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction cascade. Cascade reactions comprising three and five consecutive reactions were employed for the highly efficient total syntheses of (−)‐scabronine A and (−)‐episcabronine A, respectively.