bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Great War and the Remaking of Palestine
Authors: Tamari Salim
Published: May 2018

This rich history of Palestine in the last decade of the Ottoman Empire reveals the nation emerging as a cultural entity engaged in a vibrant intellectual, political, and social exchange of ideas and initiatives. Employing nuanced ethnography, rare autobiographies, and unpublished maps and photos, this book discerns a self-consciously modern and secular Palestinian public sphere. New urban sensibilities, schools, monuments, public parks, railways, and roads catalyzed by the Great War and described in detail by the author show a world that challenges the politically driven denial of the existence of Palestine as a geographic, cultural, political, and economic space.
Two Faces of Palestinian Orthodoxy
Authors: Tamari Salim
Published: May 2018

This chapter talks about the meaning of denominational affiliation in the conflict between two towering intellectuals of the war period. Yusif al-Hakim was a leading Syrian judge and public prosecutor in Jaffa and Jerusalem, and a significant force in the Arabization of the Antioch Orthodox Church. His nemesis during the pre-war years was Issa al-Issa—arguably the most important journalist in twentieth-century Palestine—who founded, published, and edited the Filastin daily paper. One of Hakim's tasks as a public prosecutor was to apply the Ottoman press laws against talasun (religious blasphemy) and qadhf (defamation of character), which Issa was often accused of. It is no accident that both Issa and Hakim at the end of the war became pillars of the Faisali movement and members of the first independent Arab government in Damascus in 1919.
Adele Azar’s Notebook
Authors: Tamari Salim
Published: May 2018

This chapter demonstrates how at the turn of the century, the use of family endowments and benevolent associations created the earliest forms of independent women's groups. It studies the notebook of Adele Azar in light of Halide Edip's educational work in Syria and Mount Lebanon during the war. The main focus of these projects, in Azar's case, was the teaching of destitute girls and their preparation for public employment. Azar's notebook shows that charity and pious foundations not only were not opposed to the evolution of a more substantial independent women's movement, but also were often the very foundation from which these movements emerged.
Introduction
Authors: Kelly Matthew Kraig
Published: May 2018

This chapter sketches the historiography of the Palestinian Great Revolt of 1936–39 and introduces a new, crimino-national perspective on the rebellion. This perspective explores the substantial but hitherto neglected area of overlap between the national and the criminological dimensions of British imperial discourse in Palestine. The chapter argues that a crimino-national perspective fundamentally changes both our empirical and our theoretical understanding of the rebellion by drawing new facts to light and by illuminating the state-building dimensions of the insurgent movement. Where earlier histories have suggested that British violence in Palestine was causally reactive, a crimino-national reading suggests that it was, in fact, causally primary. As important, where earlier histories presented the Palestinian rebel movement as seeking the destruction of Zionism and the expulsion of the British, a crimino-national reading suggests that the rebel movement was also a constructive enterprise centered on the establishment of an independent Palestinian state.
British Causal Primacy and the Origins of the Palestinian Great Revolt
Authors: Kelly Matthew Kraig
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the political and economic background of the strike and revolt of April 1936 and the months following. It addresses both the contemporaneous Arab, British, and Jewish understandings of that background and the subsequent scholarly evaluation of those understandings. It argues that much of the literature on the rebellion has repeated an analytic error that is endemic to the British and Zionist archives: namely, the failure to reckon with the causal primacy of British violence in bringing about the rebellion. This oversight has entailed the marginalization of the Arab Palestinian voices that have sought to draw attention to the role of British violence in bringing about and sustaining the rebellion. A crimino-national reading of the British and Zionist archival materials relating to 1936–39 unearths evidence that bolsters the traditional Arab view of the revolt's underlying causes.
The British Awakening to the Military Nature of the Rebellion, August–October 1936
Authors: Kelly Matthew Kraig
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the divergence, in the latter weeks of the rebellion, between the British public and private portrayals of the revolt. British public statements finally fully converged with the Zionist portrayal of the rebellion (the strong crimino-national claim). Yet, under the influence of military intelligence, British private assessments of the rebel movement proved subtler. They suggested that rather than being mere bandits, the rebels were something closer to "soldier-bandits," a sort of hybrid criminal-nationalist. The chapter discusses the discursive logic of this divergence, arguing that London's pro-nationalist pretensions in its Middle Eastern mandates hamstrung its capacity to characterize the rebellion as a large-scale outbreak of crime and forced it to pin the criminal charge upon a cabal of pseudo-national criminals (the Arab Higher Committee). The chapter goes on to detail a crisis within the British government over whether to declare martial law in Palestine and the logic of the eventual British decision against declaring martial law.
Towards a Rebel Parastate
Authors: Kelly Matthew Kraig
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the rebel effort to construct a Palestinian state, a project that reached its height in 1938. It details the extent to which competing rebel commanders were able to set aside their differences and come together for the greater national good. In addition, the chapter discusses the proliferation of a rebel court system, which was integrated under a high court and operated throughout Palestine. These courts conducted their business in the stead of the mandatory courts, which the Arab Palestinian population had abandoned en masse. The chapter further discusses the tendency of scholars to gloss over this rebel state-building effort and also to underplay the British role in crushing the nascent Palestinian state.
Punishing Disease
Authors: Hoppe Trevor
Published: May 2018

At the heart of “Punishing Disease” is a central question: Why punishment? Although public health and medical institutions are designed to manage epidemics and viruses, punishment as an institution is built to manage crime. The tools designed for one job—pills versus handcuffs, hospitals versus prisons—are not effective for the other. The tool for punishing deviance is a hammer ill-suited for managing disease. In criminalizing sickness, HIV exposure and disclosure laws threaten to erode the boundary between sickness and crime, paving the way for a new era of criminalization that targets disease
Punishment
Authors: Hoppe Trevor
Published: May 2018

From the very beginning of the epidemic, AIDS was linked to punishment. Calls to punish people living with HIV—mostly stigmatized minorities—began before doctors could even name the disease. Punitive attitudes toward AIDS prompted lawmakers around the country to introduce legislation aimed at criminalizing the behaviors of people living with HIV. Punishing Disease explains how this happened and with what consequences. Now that the door to criminalizing sickness is open, what other ailments will follow? With lawmakers moving to tack on additional diseases, such as hepatitis and meningitis, the question is more than academic.
“HIV Stops with Me”
Authors: Hoppe Trevor
Published: May 2018

When the CDC announced its new priorities for HIV prevention in 2003, many public health advocates were alarmed—where were the condoms? This announcement came on the heels of a growing sentiment among public health experts that declining rates of condom use required new strategies for keeping the epidemic in check. This chapter tells the story of how a series of CDC policy shifts over the next decade worked to “repolarize” the very notion of HIV prevention away from targeting HIV-negative people and toward targeting people living with HIV. By framing people living with HIV as individually responsibility for preventing new infections, public health officials contributed to the notion that people with a communicable disease are responsible for their illness and, as such, blameworthy for its continued spread.
Making HIV a Crime
Authors: Hoppe Trevor
Published: May 2018

When a new deadly disease emerged in urban gay enclaves in the early 1980s, officials originally named it G.R.I.D. (gay-related immune deficiency). The New Right used AIDS as the latest evidence of America’s moral decline, stoking public fears that the disease would spill over into the “general population” and demanding that states implement more invasive control measures. This chapter explores how campaigns to criminalize HIV spread across the country starting in the mid-1980s. Fears of sex work and homosexuality drove early efforts, while one state’s law helped to spread HIV-specific criminal laws across the nation—sparking an epidemic of legislation that would spread to forty-five states.
Saved by College
Authors: Ray Ranita
Published: May 2018

This chapter highlights how marginalized youth attempt to mobilize resources they acquire from school, at work, and through nonprofits and churches in order to facilitate their transition from high school to college. It shows how these institutions generate resources, but they also impede young people’s opportunities for upward mobility. Having to balance the demands of school and work regularly overburden youth, making it difficult for them to succeed in school. Moreover, while organizations and institutions are occupied with educating marginalized youth, they also—and sometimes more importantly—discipline and police them. While the school and community construct the policing of youth as necessary to prepare them for a bright future, this chapter shows how and why the policing agenda often pose obstacles to their higher educational opportunities. In sum, while available resources collectively facilitate their college goals in some ways, such as admission and homework completion, they fall short of preparing them for the myriad daily struggles involved in succeeding in institutions of higher education. Meanwhile, open access to certain institutions of higher education—combined with the organization of labor in the service industry—allows youth to hold on to their aspirations of a college degree and white-collar jobs.
Internalizing Uncertainty
Authors: Ray Ranita
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the ways in which marginalized young Americans manage hunger, the threat of eviction, untreated illnesses, and the untimely death of loved ones, and how this shapes their chances of upward mobility. Growing up under the constraints of poverty requires that children learn to live in highly uncertain and precarious conditions and to readily deal with various types of crises and disruptions, often unforeseen, that occur on a regular basis. This chapter shows that marginalized youth internalize a valuable lesson: life is uncertain. They “normalize” these uncertainties by drawing on highly individualistic and often uncontrollable and otherworldly accounts, such as “bad genes,” “fate,” and “unknown conspiracies”—accounts that help them deal with the unpredictability of life. For example, in Port City, youth developed and enacted a guarded perception of what home means—often imagining home through a symbolic connection to the place where they were born or the country from which their parents or even grandparents immigrated to America—which left them always prepared and eager to move. Strategies like these enable meaning making among youth amid their struggles and uncertainties, but they also create additional obstacles for upward mobility.
Epilogue
Authors: Ray Ranita
Published: May 2018

It was nearly a year since I had seen Siete, and she was now twenty years old. She wore a long sleeveless black and blue striped dress made of polyester—Siete was always good at finding fashionable things at low prices. She wore black flip-flops and clutched a small purse. Her hair was held up in a tight bun and she was wearing shiny turquoise and black eye makeup and bright red lipstick. She was one of the most attractive women in the room....
Dust Tracks on the Chocolate Map
Authors: Hunter Marcus Anthony , Robinson Zandria F.
Published: May 2018

Centering the life and times of Zora Neal Hurston and the music of Lauryn Hill, this chapter begins to develop the Black Map. The chapter questions the currency of existing map, revealing the consequences of the white logics and practices upon which our maps are based. Also questioning the assumptions within the Great Migration narrative, this chapter offers the idea of a “long migration” to better characterize the constant movement by black people in their quest for freedom. The authors illustrate the radical potential of imagining and creating maps that better reflect the lives and experiences of people of color.
When and Where the Spirit Moves You
Authors: Hunter Marcus Anthony , Robinson Zandria F.
Published: May 2018

Centering the life, music, and experiences of Aretha Franklin, this chapter explores the migration stories of black women across the Black Map through the lens of soul music, the Mid-South, and during the civil rights movement. Emphasizing the importance of intersectionality, the authors highlight the role of race, place, and gender in black life and politics. Focused on the connections across space and time, this chapter demonstrates the key role black music and women of color play in the politics and migrations of black people throughout the chocolate cities.
Bounce to the Chocolate City Future
Authors: Hunter Marcus Anthony , Robinson Zandria F.
Published: May 2018

Centering the life, music, and experiences of New Orleans–based bounce music artist Big Freedia, this chapter explores the migration stories of black people across the Black Map through the lens of hip hop music, bounce music, gender-nonconforming peoples, Hurricane Katrina, Down South, and the Deep South. Emphasizing the importance of cultural production and black music, the authors highlight the role of race, place, music, forced migration, gender, and sexual orientation in black life and politics. Focused on the connections across space and time, this chapter demonstrates the key role black power politics, natural disasters, sexuality, and regional sounds in the politics and migrations of black people throughout the chocolate cities.
“Let Us Leave the Hospital; Let Us Go on a Journey around the World”
Authors: Fisher Kate , Funke Jana
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how the global search for sexual variation across different historical and cultural contexts helped British and German scholars to move away from the narrow medical focus of early sexology—in which sexual deviance and criminality had figured prominently—to better understand the unstable relation between the healthy and the pathological, and the normal and abnormal. The chapter first charts and explains the global turn in British and German sexual science during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries before discussing how sexual scientists from both countries, using historical and anthropological evidence, were able to differentiate between sexual pathology and sexual perversion. British and German sexual scientists also proved that some perversions were normal and could be found in healthy individuals.
The “Hottentot Apron”
Authors: Hodes Rebecca
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the role played by racial scientists in the sexual scientific readings of the “Hottentot apron,” a perceived elongation of the labia associated with the Khoisan women of South Africa. It begins with the story of Georges Cuvier, a zoologist from the French academy who in 1816 performed a postmortem on Sarah Baartmann. Known in Europe as the “Hottentot Venus,” Baartmann became a popular fixture in “freak shows” and salons across Britain and France. The chapter rejects the liberationist claims made by sexual science and shows how the systemic study of perceived genital anomalies became a means for South African whites and European scholars to categorize who was civilized or barbaric. It argues that scientific claims about the “Hottentot apron” spread and evolved worldwide in relation to the doctrine of scientific racism and other important developments in the history of science and empire, including the onset of the “new imperialism.”
Sexology in the Southwest
Authors: Tobin Robert Deam
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how state power and sexual science converged in German Southwest Africa during the early twentieth century by focusing on the case of Victor van Alten. Between 1904 and 1906, van Alten, a German colonist, was tried three times for “indecent conduct contrary to nature” after making sexual assaults on several African men in colonial Southwest Africa. His story offers important insights into the legal terrain for male homosexuality in the German-speaking world and foreshadows the impact that influential sexologists such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Carl Westphal would have worldwide. The chapter first provides a background on paragraphs 175 and 51 of the German Penal Code before discussing how the van Alten case cast light on some of the common assumptions about liberal progress in the histories of sexology, science, and medicine, as well as the relationship of these disciplines to genocide, racism, and colonialism.
Understanding R. D. Karve
Authors: Botre Shrikant , Haynes Douglas E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how global concepts of sexual science were appropriated in western India during the period 1927–1953 by focusing on the case of R. D. Karve, a sexual scientist and birth-control advocate who engaged in an intensely Indian politics of sexuality—that is, the ongoing debates over sexual practices and their relationship to modernity. Karve invoked sexual science to counter nationalist contentions and relied on the iconic European and American figures of sexology to undermine the logic of brahmacharya (sexual self-constraint), a practice believed to be essential to the regeneration of Indian masculinity and the nation. He also argued that the Kamasutra was superior to its ancient counterparts in Europe. The chapter suggests that Karve was highly selective in drawing ideas from European sexual science that served his iconoclastic critique of the place of religion in Indian society.
The “Ellis Effect”
Authors: Hsu Rachel Hui-Chi
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the tension between claims to universal translatability and practices of unruly or subversive appropriations by focusing on the changing character of a series of translations of Havelock Ellis's work into Chinese during the period 1911–1949. Traces of Ellis's ideas reappeared in the context of rising interest in Republican China in issues of gender differences, sex, and (homo)sexuality at the turn of the twentieth century. Ellis's Chinese translators such as Zhou Zuoren, Zhang Jingsheng, and Pan Guangdan adapted his ideas to validate their own perspectives regarding social and sexual reform. The chapter discusses the heterogeneous approaches to and multiform adaptations of Ellis's sexology in Republican China to show how the “Ellis effect” revealed the sociocultural significance of popularizing sexual science and modern sex education.
Takahashi Tetsu and Popular Sexology in Early Postwar Japan, 1945–1970
Authors: McLelland Mark
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines popular sexology in Japan during the period 1945–1970 by focusing on the career of Takahashi Tetsu, one of the country's most prominent sexual scientists in the post-World War II era. Takahashi promulgated a liberal version of Freudianism, particularly his acceptance of the ubiquity of “sexual perversity,” and collected, published, and thereby helped popularize a wide variety of information about sexuality. After providing an overview of Takahashi's prewar influences and activities, the chapter considers the spread of sexological knowledge during the time of Occupation (1945–1952). It then shows how Takahashi mobilized the works of Alfred C. Kinsey and other Western sexual scientists in the early 1950s and attempted to synthesize them with what he saw as an indigenous Japanese approach. It concludes with a discussion of Takahashi's legacy in the field of sexual science.
In the Shadow of Empire
Authors: Chiang Howard
Published: May 2018

This book has presented a fresh history of sexual science, one that is oriented toward a global perspective, by exploring themes ranging from the concept of transvestitism to sexology's connections with anthropology and political ideologies such as communism. Using a series of localized and transregional case studies, the book has highlighted new interpretive approaches and new historical interlocutors in order to draw the field out of the shadow of Western intellectual hegemony. Well-known sources and figures in the history of sexual science have been discussed, from Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Havelock Ellis to Magnus Hirschfeld and Max Marcuse. What the book calls the shadow of empire and its workings have fueled and at the same time compounded sexological circulations outside the West, but it has also tackled aspects of the “global” approach that go beyond the networks of imperialism.
The Historical and Social Context
Authors: Boeri Miriam
Published: May 2018

Drug use and drug policy do not happen in a social vacuum. This chapter shows how the social and historical context shaped drug use patterns as a figurative war became literal one. Coming of age during the “peace and love” era of the 1960s, early baby boomers encountered an increasingly punitive drug policy as they aged in adulthood. Mass incarceration left many drug users with a criminal record and limited options for employment. The financial security needed for a stable family life became unattainable for many, and divorce rates increased, with no social safety net for single-parent homes. Working-class and middle-class jobs were replaced by low-paying service work. As fewer boomers could achieve the American Dream, the middle class was vanishing, and one drug epidemic was replaced by another in rapid succession. Law enforcement agencies were given more power over drug users, with minorities and the poor receiving the brunt of this aggressive infringement on their private lives.
Relationships
Authors: Boeri Miriam
Published: May 2018

Relationships give meaning to life, but they also provide material and emotional support. The stories in this chapter reveal that drug users had few lasting relationships that provided meaning in their lives, and most were living in “relational poverty” at the time of the interview. Some recalled childhood trauma that still impacted them emotionally; others lost family members whom they loved, which pushed them into uncontrolled drug use and chaotic addiction, recovery, and relapse cycles. While drug use is known to impair relationships and destroy marriages, this was not always the case. While drug use led to the dissolution of marriage for some, for others, partner relationships provided strength navigating treatment programs and resisting intrusions from law enforcement. Many baby boomers started using drugs with friends and often relapsed with friends; however, some had friends who paid for treatment or provided employment or housing. When drug users are incarcerated, relationships suffer, and access to the resources needed for survival is limited when they are released. The findings in this chapter highlight the need for more social capital building by repairing relationships and linking people to new social networks through facilitating access to social roles in mainstream society.
The War on Drugs and Mass Incarceration
Authors: Boeri Miriam
Published: May 2018

The War on Drugs started when baby boomers entered young adulthood, and it escalated into the most intense and systemic punitive response to nonviolent criminals ever seen in modern history, fueling gang warfare and criminal activity. This decades-long drug war turned drug-experimenting adolescents and functional adult users into lifelong hard drug users and hardened criminals. It made an underclass of disenfranchised felons who could not vote and were often excluded from employment, housing, education, job training, or any possibility of supporting themselves legally for the rest of their lives. It intensified racial discrimination and devastated minority communities. Its mechanism was mass incarceration, a prison industrial complex funded by frightened taxpayers, but paradoxically increasing drug use and drug crime. It led to police corruption; unethical criminal justice practices, such as confidential informants and solitary confinement; and unjust laws, such as mandatory sentencing and “three strikes and you’re out.” The stories recounted in this chapter question the motivation behind the War on Drugs and stimulate reflection on how the lives of drug users might have been different if the money had been spent on mental health research instead of law enforcement or on social services instead of juvenile reformatories and jails.
Aging in Drug Use
Authors: Boeri Miriam
Published: May 2018

Because of the War on Drugs, the number of prisoners age fifty-five and older more than doubled every ten years, making them the fastest growing age group of the prison population. Formerly incarcerated older adults who spent years subjected to poor living conditions in prison increase Medicaid and Medicare costs after they are released. Many of them were reaching the age of retirement, but most would receive a minimum Social Security payment due to years of unemployment, and few were eligible for Supplemental Security Income or Social Security Disability Income. For those who lost family and friends over the years, through death, divorce, or rejection, their old age life was going to be hard. The accounts of aging drug users show that addiction was a debatable concept. Many believed that they had an addicted brain or that they had inherited addiction from their alcoholic parents. However, some baby boomer drug users learned to control their use through moderation or marijuana; others used methadone to help them control drug use legally as they aged.
The Culture of Control Expands
Authors: Boeri Miriam
Published: May 2018

The primary agents of social control as the War on Drugs escalated were police, courts, jails, prisons, and drug treatment programs. This chapter discusses the social, historical, and economic forces behind the rise of the prison industrial complex and the recent pendulum swing from punishment to treatment, motived by the widespread acceptance of addiction as a disease and the unsustainable costs of mass incarceration. However, as treatment alternatives to jail became more popular, the criminal justice system incorporated treatment into its own administrative costs to maintain control. This led to the merging of the prison industrial complex with the treatment industrial complex—both with vested interest in perpetuating the War on Drugs. The analysis of treatment models suggests that while the social environment is recognized as an influential factor of problematic drug use, it is rarely addressed in treatment protocols, whose focus continues to be on changing the individual with little effort to change the structural barriers and situational context that led to problematic drug use and relapse.
“Chasing the Yum”
Authors: Padoongpatt Mark
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the origins of Thai foodways inside the United States, focusing on food procurement as a community-building practice among Thai Americans in Los Angeles before free trade. Before the 1970s, Thai and Southeast Asian ingredients were not widely available, which led to a crisis of identity among Thai immigrants. The chapter follows Thai food entrepreneurs who resolved the crisis by developing a local supply of Thai ingredients, opening grocery stores like Bangkok Market, and starting import/export companies. Chapter 2 also discusses the first wave of Thai immigration. U.S. cultural diplomacy in Thailand encouraged thousands of Thais to obtain student visas to study in the United States. These college students were among the first to open Thai restaurants and food-related businesses in the city. Many, however, ultimately overstayed their visas and became "ex-documented."
Cosmetic Citizens
Authors: Jarrín Alvaro
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes the affective and biopolitical structures that produce low-income patients as willing experimental subjects. It argues that the experimental settings of plastic surgery create medical and legal rationalities that externalize the risks of surgery onto the bodies of patients, diminishing the risks assumed by surgeons. It illuminate the ways in which surgeons favor innovation over safeguarding their patients by focusing on the ongoing controversy regarding bioplasty, a surgical technique that has a considerable number of backers despite its long record of causing serious health problems. In a broader sense, the chapter explores how affect complicates our understanding of rationality, and how it helps us trace the ways in which patients and their surgeons become lashed into biopolitical networks of knowledge production.
“A Source of Horror and Dread”
Authors: Forth Aidan
Published: May 2018

Plague infected India in 1896 and spread across the empire due to the transportation and communication networks fostered by imperial trade and military aggression. As microbes travelled to new imperial outposts, so did British medical experts like William Simpson, who imported Indian technologies of disease control to South Africa. Inspections conducted at train stations identified disease carriers and detained them in segregation camps. In Bombay and other cities, urban cleansing campaigns by military and police forces systematically rounded up “suspects” and evacuated them to suburban camps. The “war against plague” depended on coercion and an unprecedented set of interventions into the health and welfare of colonial populations. It reflected tangible medical concerns but also operated according to the cultural proclivities of late-Victorian empire: discourses of race and class along with anxieties about security facilitated encampment as much as scientific analysis or the precepts of germ theory.
Concentrated Humanity
Authors: Forth Aidan
Published: May 2018

Plague and famine camps emerged from different contingencies, but they presented similar problems in disciplining large concentrations of unruly and unhygienic colonial subjects. This chapter examines the diverse layouts and blueprints that camps exhibited while tracing a process of standardization by which a favored camp anatomy gradually emerged and was codified in government reports and published blue books. There also developed a set of standard operating procedures for camp management as medical experts synthesized lessons in the control of epidemic diseases like cholera and smallpox. Ultimately, British officials exhibited a condescending attitude and coercive ethic towards camp inmates, whom they compelled by force to obey camp rules and regulations. By the turn of the nineteenth century, camps emerged as a recognized and ubiquitous instrument of colonial rule.
Camps in a Time of War
Authors: Forth Aidan
Published: May 2018

Guerrilla warfare during the South African (or Anglo-Boer) War presented a new context for the development of British camps. On the one hand, camps were a measure of military counterinsurgency that concentrated and detained scattered civilian populations suspected of aiding enemy insurgents. On the other hand, camps were measures of social control and sympathetic concern that organized shelter and humanitarian relief for refugees who had been displaced by scorched earth warfare and were congregating in overcrowded towns. Boer and African refugees presented a specter of social destitution and sanitary disarray familiar from Indian plague and famine operations. Like plague and famine camps, wartime concentration camps removed “uncivilized” and unhygienic populations from the center of towns and systematized ad hoc charitable arrangements by confining relief within demarcated boundaries. Although Boers were ostensibly Europeans respected for their vigor and courage, racialized discourses in the later phases of an asymmetric conflict denigrated them as uncivilized and even subhuman: such representations ultimately facilitated encampment.
“Only Matched in Times of Famine and Plague”
Authors: Forth Aidan
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines inmate life inside the Anglo-Boer War concentration camps. Native African refugees were segregated into a system of labor camps while British officials developed a form of governmentality that sought to educate, anglicize and rehabilitate Boer refugees by inculcating British cultural ideals and industrial habits, thereby transforming them into imperial citizens and willing partners of a British South Africa. The medical techniques of quarantine and segregation were adapted to inmates suspected of political subversion, who were detained in undesirable camps. Ultimately, both African and Boer camps suffered from the spread of epidemic diseases like measles, which resulted in staggering mortality rates in the camps and created a damaging political scandal in Britain. The humanitarian reformer Emily Hobhouse noted that scenes of suffering and death in the concentration camps could only be matched by similar sights during plague and famine in India.
Introduction
Authors: Lemon Alaina
Published: May 2018

To what extent is “Russian mysticism” the product of diplomacy and political conflict? A history of nonsymmetrical comparisons has led us astray from seeing connections. Some of these connections are evident in the practice of Russian theatrical training and its uptake in the United States, for instance, or in the popularity of a Russian version of a Western European reality show that pits psychics against each other. This introduction justifies comparative and connective analysis of the historical grounds and categories for communicative contact and its failures. It also establishes the importance of paying attention to the social structuring of attention in performances and in interactions, including interactions that are mass mediated as examples of unmediated or psychic contact.
Do We Have Contact?
Authors: Lemon Alaina
Published: May 2018

Actors and psychics are good to think together. Since the late nineteenth century and into the twenty-first, both have formulated and popularized broadly significant understandings of communicative contact, technologies to intuit such contact, and techniques to forge, maintain, and block contact. Such people rank among phatic experts, those whose claims to master the understanding of contact refracted through the workings of a number of key institutions. The circles of such experts began to narrow centuries ago, as imperial arts and sciences defined sensory capacities, linking them to moral and intellectual capacities to discern and thus to govern. During the Cold War, imperial categories were transposed to describe socialism, to reverberate with imperial-era geopolitical competitions even as those origins for paranoia were erased.
Phatic Evolution: Race and Geopolitics
Authors: Lemon Alaina
Published: May 2018

Telepathy is nearly always, in science fiction as well as in documentary genres, aligned with evolution or devolution. Ideologies of contact are thus vulnerable to a kind of magical orientalism that locks horns with modern claims to skepticism. Meanwhile, sturdy forms of everyday orientalism and racism are buttressed by blocks to contact and limitations to access broader channels or media. Such obstacles are visible only to those who try to breach them, who know them in embodied ways, appearing to others at most as static. They cut differently across different states; we begin to see them only when we allow comparison of infrastructures affording or blocking phatic contact, for instance, in the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Our respective refusals to acknowledge specific differences and similarities allowed each government to project mirrored fantasies about its own protections of freedom and equality. All this has magnified pessimism about the very possibilities for communication across difference—yet we can find cracks in that pessimism and paranoia even in militarized discourses.
Dividing Intuition, Organizing Attention
Authors: Lemon Alaina
Published: May 2018

Picking up from the discussion of credentials and intuition, we look more closely at the divisions and collusions of phatic and communicative labor that structure bureaucratic forms of encounter. These structures render specific moments that seem to isolate pairs of communicants as if a given contact pair were the natural configuration, the only one upon which to model all communication. In fact, most communication involves multiple parties, is multiply embedded, crosses multiple circles of attention, and sends out chains of multiple interpretants (like the cover of this book). The trick to the dyadic illusion is to distract from all the other, ongoing communications or channels, as well as from the work that has made such a moment of contact possible or necessary. The dyad who makes contact across a border or a frame. Such dyad/frame configurations, infused with repetitions of signs and qualia that signal not only paranoia but also the virtues of scientific transcendence or artistic spiritualty, still rules as a metaphor for all communication.
Introduction
Authors: Kun Josh
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book explores the musical urbanism of Los Angeles through the ear of Latin America. It argues that the musical life of this dispersed and dynamic metropolis is shaped by immigrant musicians and migrating, cross-border musical cultures that not only have determined LA's “harmonies of scenery,” but have also been active participants in the making of the city's modern aesthetics and modern industries. The remainder of the chapter discusses just how intertwined the music of Los Angeles and the music of Latin America have been since the very birth of the city in the eighteenth century.
Mexican Musical Theater and Movie Palaces in Downtown Los Angeles before 1950
Authors: Koegel John
Published: May 2018

The Plaza was the first site of Spanish colonial civilian settlement in 1781, it was also the first entertainment district in Los Angeles. From the mid-nineteenth century through the 1950s, Plaza district buildings housed immigrant-oriented businesses, churches, restaurants and cafes, grocery stores, social clubs, billiard halls, saloons, music stores, dance halls, rooming houses, phonograph parlors, penny arcades, nickelodeons and ten-cent motion picture houses, and vaudeville theaters. The development of the Plaza area over time mirrors the transition of Los Angeles from a small Spanish and Mexican pueblo to an American frontier city, and ultimately to one of the world's major cities and metropolitan areas. This chapter explores how musical theater directly relates to physical location, civic identity, immigration, and ethnicity. A recurring process of cultural conflict, maintenance, and accommodation played out over time on stage in Los Angeles's Latino theatrical world. Music and theater served as conduits for communal self-expression, as powerful symbols of Mexican identity, and as signs of tradition and modernity.
A Century of Latin Music at the Hollywood Bowl
Authors: Gurza Agustin
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the Hollywood Bowl, summer home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and one of the first institutions to support cultural diversity even before that term entered the popular lexicon. The Hollywood Bowl has had a long-running practice of sharing its prestigious stage with Latino artists working in a wide variety of musical genres, from classical to mariachi, romantic boleros to hard-driving salsa and Latin jazz. In 2009, there was much ado about the arrival of Gustavo Dudamel as the philharmonic's latest musical director. However, many of those cheering the move may not have been aware that more than half a century earlier, two Mexican classical composers and conductors—Eduardo Vigil and Carlos Chávez—had taken up the baton as guests of the Philharmonic, performing on separate occasions at the Hollywood Bowl during its first two decades.
Esquivel!
Authors: Obrist Hans Ulrich
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents an interview with composer Juan García Esquivel. In the late 1950s, Esquivel left Mexico to record in and for Hollywood, placing music in television shows such as Dragnet, Kojak, and Markham. He even cowrote official logo music for Universal/MCA-TV. When asked about the exclamation point that always accompanies his name, Esquivel says that he uses this style as a trademark. He also talks about the time he spent in Vegas from the early sixties to the mid-seventies. Under contract with the Stardust Hotel for twenty-six weeks a year, Esquivel had to present his show, his arrangements, and sometimes even attempt to make jokes. He learned how to live by night and sleep in the daytime.
Studio Stories
Authors: Arcos Betto , Kun Josh
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents interviews with some of the prolific Latin American session musicians in Los Angeles. These include Abraham Laboriel Sr., Justo Almario, Paulinho Da Costa, Alex Acuña, Airto Moreira, Luis Conte, and Ray Yslas. Between them, they have played on thousands of recordings for some of the world's most influential and most popular artists. Their contributions—delivered through percussion, bass, saxophone, and clarinet—helped shape songs that became international hits and albums that are still studied as masterpieces of jazz, funk, rock, pop, and R & B. Among musicians, they are legends, indispensable and reliable shape-shifting experts who can be counted on to play anything, produce any sound, slide into any groove, and lock into any genre.
From Bahianas to the King of Pop …
Authors: Cross Brian
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces the history of Brazilian music in Los Angeles, covering the journey of the collation of rhythms known as samba into the rest of the Americas, to the emergence of bossa nova as a major cultural force, to the post-bossa Brazilian sound in the United States. It argues that as music moves, it operates according to its own logic. Influences are fluid: a bossa nova rhythm can morph easily into a second line, a two step can slide into a samba, and writing music is, thankfully, a far more interesting way to write history than history writing. But it is undeniable that, since the late 1930s, the language, swing, and palette of Brazilian music have influenced the world and changed music in the city of Los Angeles profoundly, while very few of us noticed.
Heroes and Saints
Authors: Alfaro Luis
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents a poem by Luis Alfaro entitled Heroes and Saints.
Booming Bandas of Los Ángeles
Authors: Chávez Xóchitl C.
Published: May 2018

The author's work with Oaxacan communities has drawn attention to Zapotec women musicians within this traditionally male-dominated musical practice. Although women have become more visible in brass bands, they are usually not revered as equal members of the band, even in cases where women have formal education and training. Taking seriously Sherrie Tucker's call for “engaged listening” of women musicians, this chapter focuses on Zapotec migrant women's experiences as musicians to address the formation of brass bands and the ways they negotiate the challenges they encounter in brass bands. It is through their localized articulations, voiced or played, that women establish a dialogue across the region of Oaxacalifornia.
Caminos y Canciones en Los Angeles, CA
Authors: Gonzalez Martha
Published: May 2018

This chapter compares and discusses the possibilities, limitations, tensions, and liberatory exercises in both the fandango and the staged spectacle as the author experienced in the city of Los Angeles. She suggests that the fandango builds on a people's need to belong to a community and the desire to express oneself within and among them. Both worlds rely on nostalgia and the desire to connect as community. As all things Mexican and immigrant are currently under fire, the author asks, which music world is most valuable for Los Angeles? Which one keeps Mexicano histories and communities intact? Which music world is more inclusive and in this way most transformative for Mexican communities? The author's deliberation is motivated by her desire to not only articulate the ethical differences between fandango and the stage spectacle but also establish a conversation between them.
Jeffers’s Country
Authors: Brooks Shelley Alden
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 opens with poet Robinson Jeffers’s introduction to the Big Sur landscape in 1914. Big Sur's rugged setting had long served as an obstacle to settlement or exploration, so that in the early century this coastline was sparsely populated and without modern technologies. Human endeavors had produced few permanent edifices, despite centuries of habitation and decades of small-scale extractive industries. The Spanish name for this coastline, “el sur,” represented how most people viewed the area in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and even into the twentieth centuries: as a rather inconsequential place that existed to the south of the more manageable—and profitable—Monterey Peninsula and its surrounding valley. Not until the 1920s, when highways and commercial tourism proceeded at a rapid pace throughout the country and Jeffers’s published verse on Big Sur gained popularity, did Big Sur’s isolation and underdevelopment become recast as a great asset. This chapter examines how Jeffers’s approbation of locals’ archaic mode of life helped to establish the sense that nature’s elemental forces and Big Sur’s inhabitants could together produce the most appealing landscape.
Nature’s Highway
Authors: Brooks Shelley Alden
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 examines the transformative effect of the opening of Highway 1 in 1937. This chapter argues that planning foresight positioned Big Sur to become one of the state’s best-preserved coastlines, while popular representations of its dramatic natural elements provided the justification for such preservation. Before the highway opened, Monterey County established some of the first ordinances in the nation to prohibit billboards and require well-designed construction along the highway. Tourists responded with enthusiasm, drawn by Jeffers’s powerful verse and countless national newspaper stories extoling Big Sur’s beauty. In 1944 the avant-garde writer Henry Miller settled in Big Sur. Like Jeffers’s work, Miller’s representation of Big Sur left the impression that people belonged in and to this landscape. The highway set Big Sur on an irrevocable course toward participation in contemporary society, but aesthetic zoning, praise from the national media, and accounts from residents like Miller, all worked to blur the modern aspects of this coastal destination. Visitors to Big Sur sought a glimpse of the frontier that had supposedly closed four decades earlier, but ironically, the frontier they encountered derived at least in part from government regulations that responded to California’s phenomenal growth.