bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should agility training for novice badminton players be physically or perceptually challenging?
Authors: Dong Minkai , Lyu Jidong , Hart Thomas , Zhu Qin
Published: November 2018

Background. Despite its well-known importance in sports, agility is ambiguously defined and lack of research. Shuttle Run (SR) challenges physical quickness and is commonly used to improve the on-court agility of badminton players. In contrast, Reactive Initiation Training (RIT) challenges perceptual quickness, merely demanding rapid initiation of step toward the direction of shuttlecock. The current study compared SR with RIT to determine which one is more effective for improving on-court agility of novice badminton players. Methods. 20 novice badminton players were split in half to receive either RIT or SR on court for five days. Before and after training, participants were assessed on their ability to intercept the shuttlecocks randomly thrown by a coach to six corners of the court with and without visual occlusion of the coach. All trials of interception were videotaped by a motion camera for chronological analysis of initiation time, running time and total time. Results. The mean total times were greater with visual occlusion and varied systematically with the position of interception. Both training methods shortened the mean running time, however, only RIT additionally reduced the initiation time and its proportion on those time-consuming positions in the occluded condition. Therefore, RIT is more effective than SR to improve the on-court agility of novice badminton players, and the agility training for novice badminton players should be more perceptually than physically challenging to avoid vain effort and unnecessary injuries.
Unique morphogenetic signatures define mammalian neck muscles and associated connective tissues
Authors: Heude Eglantine , Tesarova Marketa , Sefton Elizabeth M , Jullian Estelle , Adachi Noritaka , Grimaldi Alexandre , Zikmund Tomas , Kaiser Jozef , Kardon Gabrielle , Kelly Robert G , Tajbakhsh Shahragim
Published: November 2018

In vertebrates, head and trunk muscles develop from different mesodermal populations and are regulated by distinct genetic networks. Neck muscles at the head-trunk interface remain poorly defined due to their complex morphogenesis and dual mesodermal origins. Here, we use genetically modified mice to establish a 3D model that integrates regulatory genes, cell populations and morphogenetic events that define this transition zone. We show that the evolutionary conserved cucullaris-derived muscles originate from posterior cardiopharyngeal mesoderm, not lateral plate mesoderm, and we define new boundaries for neural crest and mesodermal contributions to neck connective tissue. Furthermore, lineage studies and functional analysis of Tbx1- and Pax3-null mice reveal a unique developmental program for somitic neck muscles that is distinct from that of somitic trunk muscles. Our findings unveil the embryological and developmental requirements underlying tetrapod neck myogenesis and provide a blueprint to investigate how muscle subsets are selectively affected in some human myopathies.
Lipidation-independent vacuolar functions of Atg8 rely on its noncanonical interaction with a vacuole membrane protein
Authors: Liu Xiao-Man , Yamasaki Akinori , Du Xiao-Min , Coffman Valerie C , Ohsumi Yoshinori , Nakatogawa Hitoshi , Wu Jian-Qiu , Noda Nobuo N , Du Li-Lin
Published: November 2018

The ubiquitin-like protein Atg8, in its lipidated form, plays central roles in autophagy. Yet, remarkably, Atg8 also carries out lipidation-independent functions in non-autophagic processes. How Atg8 performs its moonlighting roles is unclear. Here we report that in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the lipidation-independent roles of Atg8 in maintaining normal morphology and functions of the vacuole require its interaction with a vacuole membrane protein Hfl1 (homolog of human TMEM184 proteins). Crystal structures revealed that the Atg8-Hfl1 interaction is not mediated by the typical Atg8-family-interacting motif (AIM) that forms an intermolecular β-sheet with Atg8. Instead, the Atg8-binding regions in Hfl1 proteins adopt a helical conformation, thus representing a new type of AIMs (termed helical AIMs here). These results deepen our understanding of both the functional versatility of Atg8 and the mechanistic diversity of Atg8 binding.
Exploratory investigation of region level risk factors of Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa
Authors: Levy Benjamin , Odoi Agricola
Published: November 2018

Background

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a highly infectious disease that has produced over 25,000 cases in the past 50 years. While many past outbreaks resulted in relatively few cases, the 2014 outbreak in West Africa was the most deadly occurrence of EVD to date, producing over 15,000 confirmed cases.

Objective

In this study, we investigated population level predictors of EVD risk at the regional level in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea.

Methods

Spatial and descriptive analyses were conducted to assess distribution of EVD cases. Choropleth maps showing the spatial distribution of EVD risk across the study area were generated in ArcGIS. Poisson and negative binomial models were then used to investigate population and regional predictors of EVD risk.

Results

Results indicated that the risk of EVD was significantly lower in areas with higher proportions of: (a) the population living in urban areas, (b) households with a low quality or no toilets, and (c) married men working in blue collar jobs. However, risk of EVD was significantly higher in areas with high mean years of education.

Conclusions

The identified significant predictors of high risk were associated with areas with higher levels of urbanization. This may be due to higher population densities in the more urban centers and hence higher potential of infectious contact. However, there is need to better understand the role of urbanization and individual contact structure in an Ebola outbreak. We discuss shortcomings in available data and emphasize the need to consider spatial scale in future data collection and epidemiological studies.
Identification of radiation‐induced EndMT inhibitors through cell‐based phenomic screening
Authors: Song Yeonhwa , Lee Su‐Yeon , Kim A‐Ram , Kim Sanghwa , Heo Jinyeong , Shum David , Kim Se‐Hyuk , Choi Inhee , Lee Yoon‐Jin , Seo Haeng Ran
Published: November 2018

Radiation‐induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) triggers physiological abnormalities. Endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is the phenotypic conversion of endothelial cells to fibroblast‐like cells and is involved in RIPF. In this study, we established a phenomic screening platform to measure radiation‐induced stress fibers and optimized the conditions for high‐throughput screening using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to develop compounds targeting RIPF. The results of screening indicated that CHIR‐99021 reduced radiation‐induced fibrosis, as evidenced by an enlargement of cell size and increases in actin stress fibers and α‐smooth muscle actin expression. These effects were elicited without inducing serious toxicity in HUVECs, and the cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation (IR) in nonsmall cell lung cancer was also enhanced. These results demonstrate that CHIR‐99021 enhanced the effects of IR therapy by suppressing radiation‐induced EndMT in lung cancer.
N
atronomonas
Authors: Minegishi Hiroaki , Kamekura Masahiro
Published: November 2018

Na.tro.no.mo'nas. N.L. n.
natron
(arbitrarily derived from the Arabic n.
natrun
or
natron
) soda, sodium carbonate; N.L. pref.
natrono
‐, pertaining to soda; L. fem. n.
monas
, monad, unit; N.L. fem. n.
Natronomonas
, the soda unit.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Haloarculaceae / Natronomonas

Natronomonas
species are rods or pleomorphic shaped (including short rods, flat shapes, tetragons, and cocci), which stain Gram‐negative. Colonies are pigmented red. Chemoorganotrophic, aerobic, and halophilic, requiring at least 2.0 M NaCl. Alkaliphilic or neutrophilic. Alkaliphilic species (
Natronomonas pharaonis
) grow between pH 8.0 and 11.0, with optimum growth at pH 8.5–9.0, while neutrophilic species (
Natronomonas moolapensis
and
Natronomonas gomsonensis
) grow at pH 5.5–8.5, with optimum growth at pH 7.0–7.5. Membrane polar lipids are glycerol diether analogs of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerophosphate methyl ester, and phosphatidic acid. Phytanyl‐sesterterpanyl moieties (C
20
C
25
) are present. Unknown phospholipids or glycolipid may exist.
Nmn. pharaonis
possesses no membrane glycolipids, while
Nnm. moolapensis
and
Nmn. gomsonensis
possess an unidentified glycolipid. The structure of the glycolipid observed in
Nmn. moolapensis
was determined as 1‐(6‐sulfo‐
d
‐glcp/galf‐β1,2‐glycero)‐phospho‐2,3‐diphytanylglycerol.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 61.8–64.3.

Type species
:
Natronomonas pharaonis
(Soliman and Trüper 1982) Kamekura, Dyall‐Smith, Upasani, Ventosa and Kates 1997, 856
VP
(
Halobacterium pharaonis
Soliman and Trüper 1982, 327;
Natronobacterium pharaonis
Tindall, Ross and Grant 1984, 355), emend. Burns, Janssen, Itoh, Minegishi, Usami, Kamekura and Dyall‐Smith 2010, 1175.
N
atronorubrum
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: November 2018

Na.tro.no.ru'brum
. N.L. n.
natron
(arbitrarily derived from the Arabic n.
natrun
or
natron
) soda, sodium carbonate; N.L. pref.
natrono
‐, pertaining to soda; L. neut. adj.
rubrum
, red; N.L. neut. n.
Natronorubrum
, the red of soda.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Natrialbales / Natrialbaceae / Natronorubrum

The genus
Natronorubrum
(family
Natrialbaceae
) consists of extremely halophilic and mostly alkaliphilic, red‐pink‐pigmented pleomorphic, or rod‐shaped cells. Currently, six species are classified in the genus. Type species is
Natronorubrum bangense
. Motility is variable. Isolates of
Natronorubrum
have been obtained from alkaline lakes worldwide. They are strictly aerobic heterotrophs and do not grow anaerobically in the presence of nitrate, arginine, or dimethylsulfoxide. Growth requires at least 1.7–2.1 M NaCl, and optimal growth is observed at 2.6–3.8 M NaCl. Most species are alkaliphilic, growing in the pH range 8.0–11 with an optimum at 9.0–9.5. The polar lipids are C
20
C
20
and C
20
C
25
derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol and of the methyl ester of phosphatidylglycerol phosphate. Most species lack glycolipids; phosphatidylglycerol sulfate was not detected.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 59.9–63.6.

Type species
:
Natronorubrum bangense
Xu, Zhou and Tian 1999, 265
VP
.
Cantilever structure model updating of end effector based on frequency response data under thermal effects
Authors: Wang Jutao , Liu Zhenzhong , Zhao Lianyu
Published: November 2018

The effect of thermal on the structural dynamic response is gaining attention, and should be taken into account during model updating. Meanwhile, metamodel technique is applied to be a surrogate model for its low computational cost. In this work, the structural model updating under thermal field is investigated, an attempt has been made to combine Kriging metamodel and frequency response function based model updating. The Kriging model, taken as a surrogate, is constructed based on the input variables selected by F‐test method, which is applied on the results of design of experiment. The errors of response signal between analytical model and experimental model are used to create response of design of experiment. The performed example demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
High‐Volume Production‐Compatible Technologies for Light Metal and Fiber Composite‐Based Components with Integrated Piezoceramic Sensors and Actuators
Authors: Winkler Anja , Modler Niels , Drossel Welf‐Guntram , Mäder Thomas , Körner Carolin
Published: November 2018

Globalization, the scarcity of resources and climate change constantly raise new questions in the field of production engineering. One promising approach to the challenges involved is to reduce component weight with the aid of lightweight design. The integration of sensors and actuators made of “smart materials” into lightweight composites facilitates enhanced characteristics and functions such as ultra‐lightweight design, superior dynamic properties, and structural health monitoring. This essay presents the strategy adopted by Collaborative Research Center/Transregio 39 “High‐volume compatible production technologies for light metal and fiber composite‐based components with integrated sensors and actuators” (PT‐PIESA) in connection with research and development targeting the acquisition of the requisite scientific fundamentals. It also presents a concept for the holistic analysis of complex process chains for function‐integrated lightweight components with embedded piezoceramic elements.
Boosting the Photocatalytic Ability of Cu2O Nanowires for CO2 Conversion by MXene Quantum Dots
Authors: Zeng Zhiping , Yan Yibo , Chen Jie , Zan Ping , Tian Qinghua , Chen Peng
Published: November 2018

MXene quantum dots (QDs) are emerging 0D nanomaterials. Here, a new heterostructure is developed based on a 1D photoactive semiconductor and a 0D MXene QD for improved photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into methanol. Specifically, Ti3C2 QDs are incorporated onto Cu2O nanowires (NWs) through a simple self‐assembly strategy. It is demonstrated that Ti3C2 QDs not only significantly improve the stability of Cu2O NWs but also greatly improve their photocatatlytic performance by enhancing charge transfer, charge transport, carrier density, light adsorption, as well as by decreasing band bending edge and charge recombination. The energy level diagram derived from both experimental measurements and theoretical calculations provide further insights of such hierarchical photocatalysis system.
Electronic Structure and Band Alignment of LaMnO3/SrTiO3 Polar/Nonpolar Heterojunctions
Authors: Kaspar Tiffany C. , Sushko Peter V. , Spurgeon Steven R. , Bowden Mark E. , Keavney David J. , Comes Ryan B. , Saremi Sahar , Martin Lane , Chambers Scott A.
Published: November 2018

The behavior of polar LaMnO3 (LMO) thin films deposited epitaxially on nonpolar SrTiO3(001) (STO) is dictated by both the LMO/STO band alignment and the chemistry of the Mn cation. Using in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the valence band offset (VBO) of LMO/STO heterojunctions is directly measured as a function of thickness, and found that the VBO is 2.5 eV for thicker (≥3 u.c.) films. No evidence of a built‐in electric field in LMO films of any thickness is found. Measurements of the Mn valence by Mn L‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and by spatially resolved electron energy loss spectra in scanning transmission electron microscopy images reveal that Mn2+ is present at the LMO surface, but not at the LMO/STO interface. These results are corroborated by density functional theory simulations that confirm a VBO of ≈2.5 eV for both ideal and intermixed interfaces. A model is proposed for the behavior of polar/nonpolar LMO/STO heterojunctions in which the polar catastrophe is alleviated by the formation of oxygen vacancies at the LMO surface.
Transflective Mesoscopic Nanoparticles Synthesized in the Leidenfrost Droplet as Black Absorbers
Authors: Abdelaziz Moheb , Abdelaziz Ramzy , Homaeigohar Shahin , Zarie Eman S. , Yetik Mehmet Z. , Sederholm Linda P. , Liljeström Touko M. , Peippo Nella , Pflesser Sebastian , Soliman Ahmed B. , Elbahri Mady
Published: November 2018

Here, a new class of transflective oxide metaparticles that are able to capture solar radiation in a selective manner based on their size and morphology is demonstrated. The metaparticles possess an electronic polarization response “polarizonics” and show a specular reflective color at the visible frequencies. As a specific highlight, a resonating ultrathin reflective while transparent metacomposite, i.e., a transflective coating is designed. Further, a perfect solar absorber is devised whose function is morphology controlled and supplemented by the transflective coating via the selective interference concept. The multidisciplinary approach presented here enables design of materials with customized functionalities, bridging the sustainable nanochemistry to nanoengineering and proposes a new way for solving challenges in energy and solar harvesting.
Remote Thermal Sensing by Integration of Corner‐Cube Optics and Thermochromic Materials
Authors: Khalid Muhammad Waqas , Whitehouse Catherine , Ahmed Rajib , Hassan Muhammad Umair , Butt Haider
Published: November 2018

Thermochromic materials (TCMs) change their color in response to temperature variations. Here, presented is a rare combination of TCMs with conventional corner‐cube retroreflectors (CCRs) that are widely used in industry for their ability to return an incident beam of light directly back toward its source. The TCM quoted CCR (TCR sensor) allows remote measurements of the quantitative thermal information of the environment to which the TCR sensor is subjected. Two different commercially available thermochromic systems, a leuco dye and liquid crystals, are utilized as sensing materials. Since the incident (probe) beam and reflected (sensing) beam always follow the opposite directions 180°, this allows the probing and sensing to be carried out remotely from the same spot. Therefore, such remote sensing mechanism is virtually independent of the incident and detection beam angles. The TCR sensor has potential application in the space research, mining, power generation facilities, radioactive environments, and other industries where remote temperature sensing is a stringent requirement.
Machine‐Learning Designs of Anisotropic Digital Coding Metasurfaces
Authors: Zhang Qian , Liu Che , Wan Xiang , Zhang Lei , Liu Shuo , Yang Yan , Cui Tie Jun
Published: November 2018

Digital coding representations of meta‐atoms make it possible to realize intelligent designs of metasurfaces by means of machine learning algorithms. Here, a machine‐learning method to design anisotropic digital coding metasurfaces is proposed, and meta‐atoms may require any absolute phase values at different positions and under different polarizations. A deep‐learning neural network to predict the vast and complex system is proposed, in which only 70 000 training coding patterns are used to train the network. Another 10 000 randomly chosen coding patterns are employed to validate the neural network, showing an accuracy of 90.05% of phase responses with 2° error in the 360° phase. Using the learned network, the correct coding pattern among 18 billion of billions of choices for the required phase can be readily found in a second, finishing automatic design of anisotropic meta‐atoms. Three functional 1‐bit anisotropic coding metasurfaces are intelligently achieved by the learned network. It is convenient to realize dual‐beam scattering with left‐handed circular polarization (LHCP) for one beam while right‐handed circular polarization (RHCP) for the others, dual‐beam scattering with circular polarization for one beam while linear polarization (LP) for the others, and triple‐beam scattering with LHCP and RHCP for two beams while LP for the third one.
Towards an Accurate Prediction of Nitrogen Chemical Shifts by Density Functional Theory and Gauge‐Including Atomic Orbital
Authors: Gao Peng , Wang Xingyong , Yu Haibo
Published: November 2018

An efficient, yet accurate, computational protocol for predicting nitrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts based on density functional theory and the gauge‐including atomic orbital approach is proposed. A database of small and relatively rigid compounds containing nitrogen atoms is compiled. Scaling factors for the linear correlation between experimental 15N chemical shifts and calculated isotropic shielding constants are systematically investigated with seven different levels of theory in both chloroform and dimethyl sulfoxide, two commonly used solvents for NMR experiments. The best method yields a root‐mean‐square deviation of about 5.30 and 7.00 ppm in CHCl3 and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), respectively. Moreover, another set of scaling factors for –NH2 chemical shifts is also proposed based on a separate database with three levels of theory. Furthermore, it is encouraging that a reasonable transferability for the linear correlation is found between these two solvents. This finding will enable broader applications of the developed empirical scaling factors to other commonly used solvents in NMR experiments. The consistency between theoretical predictions and experimental results for structural elucidations is illustrated for selected examples including regioisomers, tautomers, oxidation states, and protonated structures.
Ultrafast Multilevel Switching in Au/YIG/n‐Si RRAM
Authors: Chen Zhiwei , Huang Weichuan , Zhao Wenbo , Hou Chuangming , Ma Chao , Liu Chuanchuan , Sun Haoyang , Yin Yuewei , Li Xiaoguang
Published: November 2018

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) with ultrafast and multilevel switching is extremely promising for next‐generation nonvolatile memory. Here, ultrafast unipolar resistive switchings (≈540 ps) with high off/on resistance ratio (≈104) are obtained in yttrium iron garnet Y3Fe5O12 (YIG)‐based resistive memory on n‐Si substrate. The sub‐nanosecond operation is also successfully performed up to 85 °C with an off/on resistance ratio of ≈103. In addition, by using different compliance currents for the set process, five discrete resistance levels with ultrafast switchings among them are achieved and the multilevel states show reliable retention (>104 s). The large, stable, reproducible, and reliable switching behaviors of the Au/YIG/n‐Si RRAM cell shows its great potential for ultrafast multilevel memory applications.
Integrated shale gas supply chain design and water management under uncertainty
Authors: Guerra Omar J. , Calderón Andrés J. , Papageorgiou Lazaros G. , Reklaitis Gintaras V.
Published: November 2018

The development of shale gas resources is subject to technical challenges and markedly affected by volatile markets that can undermine the development of new projects. Consequently, stakeholders can greatly benefit from decision‐making support tools that integrate the complexity of the system along with the uncertainties inherent to the problem. Accordingly, a general methodology is proposed in this work for the evaluation of integrated shale gas and water supply chains under uncertainty. First, key parametric uncertainties are identified from a candidate pool via a global sensitivity analysis based on a deterministic optimization model. Then, a two‐stage stochastic model is developed considering only the key uncertain parameters in the problem. Moreover, the merits of modeling uncertainty and implementing the stochastic solution approach are evaluated using the expected value of perfect information and the value of the stochastic solution metrics. Furthermore, the conditional value‐at‐risk approach was implemented to evaluate different risk‐aversion levels and the corresponding impacts on the shale gas development plan. The proposed methodology is illustrated through two real‐world case studies involving six and eight potential well‐pad locations and two options of well‐pad layouts. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 924–936, 2019
Infant male with TARP syndrome: Review of clinical features, prognosis, and commonalities with previously reported patients
Authors: Kaeppler Kathrine E. , Stetson Raymond C. , Lanpher Brendan C. , Collura Christopher A.
Published: November 2018

TARP syndrome (talipes equinovarus, atrial septal defect, Robin sequence, and persistent left superior vena cava) is a rare X‐linked condition. As more patients are identified through genetic testing, it is increasingly clear that the original TARP acronym does not fully describe the complete phenotypic spectrum of this syndrome. The presented patient had genetically confirmed TARP syndrome and demonstrated new findings of hydronephrosis and hemodynamically significant hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The patient also had physical findings common with previously reported individuals with TARP syndrome in the literature but not described by the TARP acronym. These features include central nervous system dysfunction, renal abnormalities, cardiac lesions other than atrial septal defect or persistent left superior vena cava, and distal limb defects other than talipes equinovarus. By adding to the known spectrum of the TARP phenotype, this report will aid clinicians as they care for patients with this rare condition.
Final Results of the RHAPSODY Trial: A Multi‐Center, Phase 2 Trial Using a Continual Reassessment Method to Determine the Safety and Tolerability of 3K3A‐APC, A Recombinant Variant of Human Activated Protein C, in Combination with Tissue Plasminogen Activator, Mechanical Thrombectomy or both in Moderate to Severe Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Lyden Patrick , Pryor Kent E. , Coffey Christopher S. , Cudkowicz Merit , Conwit Robin , Jadhav Ashutosh , Sawyer Robert N. , Claassen Jan , Adeoye Opeolu , Song Shlee , Hannon Peter , Rost Natalia S. , Hinduja Archana , Torbey Michel , Lee Jin‐Moo , Benesch Curtis , Rippee Michael , Rymer Marilyn , Froehler Michael T. , Clarke Haley E. , Johnson Mark , Yankey Jon , Magee Kim , Qidwai Julie , Levy Howard , Mark Haacke E. , Fawaz Miller , Davis Thomas P. , Toga Arthur W. , Griffin John H. , Zlokovic Berislav V. ,   the NeuroNEXT Clinical Trials Network NN104 Investigators
Published: November 2018

Objective

Agonism of protease‐activated receptor (PAR) 1 by activated protein C (APC) provides neuro‐ and vasculoprotection in experimental neuroinjury models. The pleiotropic PAR1 agonist, 3K3A‐APC, reduces neurological injury and promotes vascular integrity; 3K3A‐APC proved safe in human volunteers. We performed a randomized, controlled, blinded trial to determine the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) of 3K3A‐APC in ischemic stroke patients.

Methods

The NeuroNEXT trial, RHAPSODY, used a novel continual reassessment method to determine the MTD using tiers of 120, 240, 360, and 540 μg/kg of 3K3A‐APC. After intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, intra‐arterial mechanical thrombectomy, or both, patients were randomized to 1 of the 4 doses or placebo. Vasculoprotection was assessed as microbleed and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) rates.

Results

Between January 2015 and July 2017, we treated 110 patients. Demographics resembled a typical stroke population. The MTD was the highest‐dose 3K3A‐APC tested, 540 μg/kg, with an estimated toxicity rate of 7%. There was no difference in prespecified ICH rates. In exploratory analyses, 3K3A‐APC reduced ICH rates compared to placebo from 86.5% to 67.4% in the combined treatment arms (p = 0.046) and total hemorrhage volume from an average of 2.1 ± 5.8 ml in placebo to 0.8 ± 2.1 ml in the combined treatment arms (p = 0.066).

Interpretation

RHAPSODY is the first trial of a neuroprotectant for acute ischemic stroke in a trial design allowing thrombectomy, thrombolysis, or both. The MTD was 540 μg/kg for the PAR1 active cytoprotectant, 3K3A‐APC. A trend toward lower hemorrhage rate in an exploratory analysis requires confirmation.

Clinical Trial Registration

Clinical Trial Registration‐URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02222714. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:125–136.
Marine Mammal Lung Dynamics when Exposed to Underwater Explosion Impulse
Authors: Fetherston Thomas , Turner Stephen , Mitchell Glenn , Guzas Emily
Published: November 2018

Very little is known about marine mammal susceptibility to primary blast injury (PBI) except in rare cases of opportunistic studies. As a result, traditional analysis techniques relied on methods developed more than 30 years ago using terrestrial mammals as surrogates. Modeling tools available today have the computing power to vastly improve calculation of safe ranges and injury zones from underwater explosions (UNDEX) employing morphologically accurate proxies with material properties similar to marine mammal tissues. The Dynamic System Mechanics Advanced Simulation (DYSMAS) fluid–structure interaction (FSI) software is being used to simulate the complex phenomena of UNDEX, shock wave, and bubble pulse propagation through the water and transmission of energy to a cetacean focusing on the dynamic response of the thoracic cavity and air‐filled lungs to a shock wave. The approach integrates fluid and structural analyses with the material properties of blubber, bone, and muscle using marine mammal morphometrics to eliminate unnecessary assumptions made during more traditional approaches to analysis developed before these types of data and computational power were available. DYSMAS analyses of a 1D gas bubble surrounded by water was found to closely match the classical bubble dynamics models. Further, DYSMAS models of a spherical gas bubble surrounded by tissue and rib structure demonstrate a global radial oscillation of the gas bubble, but also show significant local deflection and material strain in response to the UNDEX loading. The intended result of the investigation is an improved and scientifically defensible understanding of the effects of UNDEX on marine mammals. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:718–734, 2019. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Māori settlement of New Zealand: The Anthropocene as a process
Authors: HOLDAWAY SIMON J. , EMMITT JOSHUA , FUREY LOUISE , JORGENSEN ALEX , O'REGAN GERARD , PHILLIPPS REBECCA , PREBBLE MATTHEW , WALLACE RODERICK , LADEFOGED THEGN N.
Published: November 2018

The lateness and prominence of Polynesian colonisation of New Zealand make it an ideal place to investigate the Anthropocene. We review the Anthropocene as a process and the information needed to understand the consequences of ongoing human–environmental interaction. Elsewhere in the world, a lengthy history complicates the ability to differentiate between the impact of people on the environment and the consequences of engagement. In New Zealand, engagement is not only of short duration but the landmass has a long coastline, with numerous offshore islands. These characteristics provide the scope to study the impact of engagement where it is particularly discernible. We introduce one such island, Ahuahu (Great Mercury Island). Upon arrival, Polynesian colonists found a temperate, geologically complex land covered in forest, populated by a diverse endemic flora and fauna. They knew how to produce crops and exploit wild food sources but had to rapidly adapt to new conditions marginal to production and new technological possibilities. The New Zealand case study allows consideration of whether the processes involved in creating the phenomena described by the Anthropocene are global, directional and inevitable, or are due to local, small‐scale changes related to particular forms of production by Māori, and their capacity to construct environmental change.
CLEU ‐ A Cross‐language english‐urdu corpus and benchmark for text reuse experiments
Authors: Muneer Iqra , Sharjeel Muhammad , Iqbal Muntaha , Nawab Rao Muhammad Adeel , Rayson Paul
Published: November 2018

Text reuse is becoming a serious issue in many fields and research shows that it is much harder to detect when it occurs across languages. The recent rise in multi‐lingual content on the Web has increased cross‐language text reuse to an unprecedented scale. Although researchers have proposed methods to detect it, one major drawback is the unavailability of large‐scale gold standard evaluation resources built on real cases. To overcome this problem, we propose a cross‐language sentence/passage level text reuse corpus for the English‐Urdu language pair. The Cross‐Language English‐Urdu Corpus (CLEU) has source text in English whereas the derived text is in Urdu. It contains in total 3,235 sentence/passage pairs manually tagged into three categories that is near copy, paraphrased copy, and independently written. Further, as a second contribution, we evaluate the Translation plus Mono‐lingual Analysis method using three sets of experiments on the proposed dataset to highlight its usefulness. Evaluation results (f1=0.732 binary, f1=0.552 ternary classification) indicate that it is harder to detect cross‐language real cases of text reuse, especially when the language pairs have unrelated scripts. The corpus is a useful benchmark resource for the future development and assessment of cross‐language text reuse detection systems for the English‐Urdu language pair.
The “Had Mores”: Exploring korean immigrants’ information behavior and ICT usage when settling in the United States
Authors: Suh Minhyang (Mia) , Hsieh Gary
Published: November 2018

The process of settling in a new country can be extremely challenging, entailing various information needs to cope with rapid changes and adjustments to a new environment. Through interviews with 16 Korean immigrants in the United States, we explored their information behaviors in the settlement process. In line with prior work (Shoham & Strauss, 2008), we found that Korean immigrants needed various types of information: housing, work, banking, transportation, law, school, health, and language. Out of these information types, the Korean immigrants prioritized information for education and struggled to seek health and legal information. We further uncovered that various information needs are closely intertwined and found an additional type of information need: to build a new social network after migration. They often used Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as information sources while adapting the ICT infrastructures of the U.S. into their information practices. ICTs enabled them to build and maintain “local” and “global” identity; however, they may struggle to assess user‐generated content in the new context. We noted that their strong use of ICTs for intraethnic interaction might slow down their integration into the host society. We discuss implications for future work to support immigrants' settlement in the host country.
“Help is where you find it”: The role of weak ties networks as sources of information and support in virtual health communities
Authors: Zigron Shimrit , Bronstein Jenny
Published: November 2018

Virtual health communities allow people with health‐related concerns to engage in supportive communication with individuals coping with similar problems that would be difficult or impossible to form in the face‐to‐face world. This study examined the information interactions in an Israeli virtual health community on Facebook dealing with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease drawing from the “weak ties” network theory as a theoretical framework. Weak ties are social ties or acquaintances that can function as an important source for diversified experiential information and emotional support, reducing stigma and providing a sense of belonging. The study consisted of 23 semistructured interviews with registered members of the group. Findings of this study parallel the four functions of weak ties by allowing chronically ill patients: access to diverse sources of information including experiential information from others suffering from the same illness; the possibility to disclose personal information reducing fear from stigma or rejection; and a sense of belonging.
Sliding Mode Differentiator Based Tracking Control of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems with Application to Hypersonic Flight
Authors: An Hao , Fidan Baris , Wu Qianqian , Wang Changhong , Cao Xibin
Published: November 2018

This paper presents a performance‐guaranteed adaptive back‐stepping design for a class of nonlinear systems with uncertainties and disturbances. To circumvent the increasing complexity caused by the repeated analytic differentiations in back‐stepping, sliding mode differentiation technique is employed to estimate the derivative of the virtual control. Compared with the well‐known command filtered back‐stepping, no compensating signal is required. Besides, time‐varying parameters, system uncertainties and external disturbances are compensated using nonlinear damping technique, while the output tracking error is regulated in the prescribed range with the adjustable convergence speed and steady‐state error. As a verification example, this method is applied to the longitudinal control of an air‐breathing hypersonic vehicle configured with the variable geometry inlet.
A Partially Observed Nonzero‐Sum Stochastic Differential Game with Delays and its Application to Finance
Authors: Yang Bixuan , Guo Tiexin , Wu Jinbiao
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we deal with a new kind of partially observed nonzero‐sum differential game governed by stochastic differential delay equations. One of the special features is that the controlled system and the utility functionals involve both delays in the state variable and the control variables under different observation equations for each player. We obtain a maximum principle and a verification theorem for the game problem by virtue of Girsanov's theorem and the convex variational method. In addition, based on the theoretical results and Malliavin derivative techniques, we solve a production and consumption choice game problem.
Inactivity times of coherent systems with dependent components under periodical inspections
Authors: Navarro Jorge , Calì Camilla
Published: November 2018

If we know that a coherent system has failed before a time t, the inactivity time is the period (from t) in which the system has been broken. If T is the system lifetime, the inactivity time at t is (t−T|Tt1. Under this assumption, we obtain representations for the reliability function of the system inactivity time (t2−T|t1<T<t2). We consider both the cases of independent and dependent components. Similar representations are obtained under other assumptions with partial information about component failures at times t1 and t2. These representations are used to compare stochastically the inactivity times under different assumptions. Some illustrative examples are provided.
Improved long‐term patient‐reported health and well‐being outcomes of early‐stage breast cancer treated with partial breast proton therapy
Authors: Teichman Sandra L. , Do Sharon , Lum Sharon , Teichman Theodore S. , Preston William , Cochran Shelly E. , Garberoglio Carlos A. , Grove Roger , Davis Carol A. , Slater Jerry D. , Bush David A.
Published: November 2018

Background

Because early‐stage breast cancer can be treated successfully by a variety of breast‐conservation approaches, long‐term quality of life (QoL) is an important consideration in assessing treatment outcomes for these patients. This study compares patient‐reported QoL outcomes among women with stage 0‐2 disease treated via lumpectomy followed by whole breast irradiation (WBI) or partial breast proton irradiation (PBPT).

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 129 participants evaluated QoL several years post‐treatment by responding to subjective instruments, including established scalar questionnaires and self‐report measures. Responses were averaged between the two groups.

Results

At 6.5 years (median) postdiagnosis, participants’ demographic, and clinical characteristics were similar. Patient‐reported outcomes were reported as mean scale scores for the two groups, all displaying significant differences favoring PBPT, including: cosmetic breast cancer treatment outcome scale (BCTOS) (PBPT mean 1.45, WBI mean 1.88, P < 0.001); breast pain (PBPT mean 1.30, WBI mean 1.67, P < 0.05); breast texture (BPT mean 1.44, WBI mean 1.91, P < 0.001); clothing fit (PBPT mean 1.06, WBI 1.46, P < 0.001); fatigue (PBPT mean 2.24, WBI mean 3.77, P < 0.002); impact of daily life fatigue on personal relations (OBPT mean 0.83, WBI mean 2.15, P < 0.001); and self‐consciousness (appearance dissatisfaction) (PBPT mean 1.38, WBI mean 1.77, P < 0.004).

Conclusion

Patients’ responses suggest that PBPT is associated with improved overall QoL compared to standard whole breast treatment. These self‐perceptions are reported by patients who are 5‐10 years post‐treatment, and that PBPT may enhance QoL in a multitude of interrelated ways.
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings of a cerebellar medulloblastoma in a heifer
Authors: Francesio Andrea , Durand Alexane , Viora Lorenzo , Orr Jayne , Millins Caroline , José‐López Roberto
Published: November 2018

Key Clinical Message

Reports of medulloblastoma in cattle are scarce; however, this neoplasm should be included as a differential diagnosis in cases of cerebellar or central vestibular signs in young cattle. The MRI appearance of the medulloblastoma reported here, previously unreported in cattle, consisted of a T1‐weighted hypointense and T2‐weighted heterogeneously hyperintense intra‐axial mass.
Modelling shale spontaneous water intake using semi‐analytical and numerical approaches
Authors: Mohammadmoradi Peyman , Kantzas Apostolos
Published: November 2018

Shale matrix water intake during hydraulic fracturing is considered undesirable due to the high volume of unrestrained water loss; however, it is also rewarding because it can reduce the possibility of groundwater contamination. The water intake also plays a dual role in changing the shale production performance; water imbibition into matrix pores can dramatically reduce the effective permeability and, at the same time, might enhance hydrocarbon production by creating adsorption‐induced micro‐fractures. Quantifying the formation intake capacity and its breadth is the key to optimizing fracturing operation, flowback, and production strategy. This work entails complementary semi‐analytical and numerical analyses and investigates the effects of basic rock and fluid properties, wettability heterogeneity, and pore space connectivity on the shale imbibition characteristics. We consider a semi‐analytical formulation of the spontaneous water imbibition, together with model results and validations, and try to provide a framework to link the capillary imbibition capacity/rate to lab‐scale observations. The core‐scale measurements provide input for a sensitivity study on the matrix imbibition capacity in six shale plays in North America. The results suggest that rock permeability, hydraulic tortuosity, and initial and residual hydrocarbon saturations are among the most influential factors on the spontaneous water intake during shut‐in periods. Direct quasi‐static simulations are then conducted through a submicron tomography image of the Eagle Ford shale, and two‐phase pore‐level fluid occupancies are reconstructed during spontaneous and forced imbibition processes. According to the numerical results, the presence of continuous organic matter laminae can lower the destructive effects of water imbibition on the hydrocarbon permeability.
CFD simulation of flashing jet applied to area classification
Authors: de Oliveira Talles Caio Linhares , Pereira Neto Antônio Tavernard , Alves José Jailson Nicácio
Published: November 2018

Industrially flammable gases are stored and transported in the form of pressurized liquid. The occurrence of leaks from pressurized flammable liquids in vessels or pipes may cause a two‐phase release, containing a mixture of liquid droplets and vapour of flammable substances. This phenomenon, called flashing, occurs when a superheated liquid comes into a lower pressure environment. The study and understanding of this type of release are of fundamental importance for the hazardous area classification that is addressed by the IEC 60079‐10‐1 standard, which recommends the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for the calculation of a hazardous area. This work uses CFD to predict the hazardous area extent and volume that resulted from the complex two‐phase release, which had not been addressed previously in other literature. The influence of wind and release conditions on the area classification is analyzed. The CFD results agree with the available experimental data. A new parameter as a function of the volume and extent of the jet is proposed for hazardous area classification.
Associations of ideal cardiovascular health with GlycA, a novel inflammatory marker: The Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Benson Eve‐Marie A. , Tibuakuu Martin , Zhao Di , Akinkuolie Akintunde O. , Otvos James D. , Duprez Daniel A. , Jacobs David R. , Mora Samia , Michos Erin D.
Published: November 2018

Background

Unhealthy lifestyles and inflammation contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD). GlycA is a novel biomarker of systemic inflammation representing post‐translational glycosylation of acute phase reactants and associated with increased clinical CVD risk.

Hypothesis

We hypothesized that ideal cardiovascular health (CVH), as assessed by (higher) Life's Simple 7 (LS7) scores, would be associated with lower GlycA levels among individuals free of CVD in a multiethnic community‐based population.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study of 6479 Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants [53% women; mean age 62 ± 10 years] with GlycA levels measured at baseline by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The LS7 metrics (smoking, physical activity, diet, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose) were each scored as ideal (2), moderate (1), or poor (0). Total scores were summed and categorized as optimal (12‐14), average (8‐11), and inadequate (0‐7). Linear regression assessed percent difference in GlycA by LS7 scores, after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education, income, family history of CVD, and other inflammatory biomarkers.

Results

GlycA levels were 403.4 ± 63.1, 374.4 ± 59.2, and 350.3 ± 56.2 micromoles per liter (μmol/L) for inadequate, average, and optimal CVH, respectively (P‐trend <0.001). After multivariable adjustment, GlycA remained independently and inversely associated with CVH categories, with a lower mean GlycA level of 5 μmol/L (95% confidence interval 4.5‐5.8) for each one unit increment in LS7 score.

Conclusions

Among this group of ethnically diverse individuals without CVD, suboptimal CVH is associated with higher GlycA levels, independent of traditional inflammatory biomarkers. Strategies aimed at improving CVH might reduce GlycA, which could be a marker of reduced risk of future CVD events.
Accuracy of diagnosing mantle cell lymphoma and identifying its variants on fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Foshat Michelle , Stewart John , Khoury Joseph D. , Staerkel Gregg A. , Caraway Nancy P.
Published: November 2018

Background

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an incurable B‐cell lymphoma portending an aggressive clinical course; the blastoid and pleomorphic morphological variants have an even worse prognosis. In addition, patients with classic morphology and a high proliferation index (HPI), also have reduced survival. Although variants have been defined, to the authors’ knowledge the ability to detect these subtypes by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) has not been described.

Methods

MCL cases diagnosed by lymph node FNAB with concurrent core needle biopsy were reviewed from 146 patients, accounting for 172 specimen pairs. FNAB and core needle biopsy diagnoses were compared to determine concordance rates. Flow cytometric immunophenotype and Ki‐67 rates were evaluated.

Results

The classic subtype was diagnosed in 58% of cases (99 of 172 pairs) and variant morphology was diagnosed in 42% of cases (73 of 172 pairs) by histology. Twenty‐nine patients presented with variant morphology whereas 28 underwent transformation. A nontraditional immunophenotype including loss of CD5 or FMC‐7 and expression of CD23 and CD10 was found in 44% of variants (29 of 66 variants) and 19% of classic subtypes (18 of 94 classic subtypes) (P = .0008). Ki‐67 rates averaged from 56% to 76% for blastoid and pleomorphic cases, 53% to 55% for MCL‐HPI cases, and 17% to 19% for classic cases. The sensitivity and specificity to detect MCL variants by FNAB were 74% and 93%, respectively.

Conclusions

The accuracy of diagnosing MCL is high when adequate samples for cytomorphology and flow cytometry are obtained. Subtyping variants by cytomorphology alone has challenges, but overall demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity. The performance of Ki‐67 on cytology specimens is useful for detecting MCL with HPI.