bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Da materialidade dos corpos à materialidade do crime: à materialização da pornografia infantil em investigações policiais
Authors: Lowenkron Laura
Published: January 2014

O objetivo do artigo é discutir como os corpos que servem de suporte para a construção da materialidade dos "crimes de pornografia infantil" são construídos/materializados em face do olhar investigativo policial. Partindo do pressuposto de que não existe uma realidade corporal pré-discursiva sobre a qual se realiza a construção social, sugiro que as operações analíticas realizadas em relação ao sexo/gênero podem ser utilizadas para compreender a artificialidade da divisão entre maturidade sexual fisiológica (puberdade) e social e, de modo mais amplo, o processo de diferenciação e identificação visual dos corpos quanto aos atributos físicos de idade. Essas formulações conceituais ganham materialidade na descrição etnográfica das análises policiais que definem as imagens que podem ser classificadas como "pornográficas" e os corpos que podem ser identificados como "infantis", explicitando como o olhar detetivesco constitui a materialidade do crime e a materialidade dos corpos reciprocamente, produzindo assim os corpos que governa.
Abordagem crítica nos estudos organizacionais: concepção de indivíduo sob a perspectiva emancipatória
Authors: Mozzato Anelise Rebelato , Grzybovski Denize
Published: January 2014

O objetivo deste ensaio teórico é debater a necessidade de considerar racionalidades alternativas à instrumental nos Estudos Organizacionais, em favor do exercício da cidadania do indivíduo como ator social, com papel ativo e não sujeito da ciência e do mundo. São resgatados pressupostos teóricos dos Estudos Organizacionais críticos, no contexto paradigmático do humanismo radical, para responder porque fazer uma análise crítica. A justificativa é a de que a Ciência Social estabelecida tornou-se um meio legítimo de controle do mundo natural e a conduta humana. Apoiando-se em pressupostos teóricos ingênuos, na visão de Alberto Guerreiro Ramos, a Ciência da Administração se desenvolveu com base na racionalidade instrumental inerente à Ciência Social dominante no Ocidente, não sofrendo críticas até 1970 porque funcionou até ali. As críticas mais atuais não foram suficientes para romper a corrente principal, talvez porque a razão deslocada do psiquismo humano transformou-se em um atributo da sociedade. No entanto, há concepções epistemológicas alternativas ao funcionalismo e a abordagem crítica é caminho possível, podendo trazer avanços aos Estudos Organizacionais, constituindo um dos caminhos possíveis na busca da emancipação do homem em direção a uma sociedade melhor e mais justa.
Possibilidades epistemológicas para a ampliação da Teoria da Administração Pública: uma análise a partir do conceito do Novo Serviço Público
Authors: Abreu Ana Cláudia Donner , Helou Angela Regina Heinzen Amin , Fialho Francisco Antônio Pereira
Published: January 2014

Este artigo apresenta as bases epistemológicas que sustentam o modelo do Novo Serviço Público proposto por Denhardt e analisa como elas podem contribuir para a ampliação da Teoria da Administração Pública. Como contribuições, sugere-se que é preciso considerar quais são os mecanismos institucionais que a Administração Pública deve viabilizar que o indivíduo possa se expressar em relação àquilo tem, precisa ou deseja; que a crítica, aos critérios de eficiência e eficácia como os únicos utilizados para suportar determinados modelos de Administração Pública, possibilita reconhecer que essa age sobre um conjunto de interesses difusos, legítimos e, muitas vezes, divergentes e que critérios como equidade ou justiça, por exemplo, parecem mais pertinentes para lhe dar suporte; que a Administração Pública precisa ampliar suas bases de participação, facilitando a articulação dos múltiplos interesses da sociedade, por meio de redes de governança que definiriam como as decisões seriam tomadas, e como os grupos poderiam interagir na formulação dos propósitos públicos e na implantação das políticas públicas; que o grande desafio envolve a redefinição da visão e do papel do próprio Estado, que seria entendido como uma associação que se ocuparia da articulação e da governança das redes de formulação das políticas públicas e da mobilização dos recursos necessários ao alcance desses fins.
Nem só de debates epistemológicos vive o pesquisador em administração: alguns apontamentos sobre disputas entre paradigmas e campo científico
Authors: Barbosa Milka Alves Correia , Santos Jouberte Maria Leandro dos , Matos Fátima Regina Ney , Almeida Ana Márcia Batista
Published: January 2014

A discussão sobre abordagens paradigmáticas no campo da Administração pode ser profícua quando provoca os pesquisadores a refletir sobre premissas, práticas e valores compartilhados por uma comunidade científica. Entretanto, ao extremo, torna-se uma disputa que impede a busca de outras abordagens para lidar com a complexidade dos fenômenos sociais. Nesse sentido, importa compreender que, na produção do conhecimento científico, os pesquisadores não se deparam somente com escolhas acerca de epistemologia, de lógica ou de teoria linguística, mas, também, com problemas de política. Este ensaio objetiva contribuir com reflexões sobre o pesquisador e os desafios epistemológicos e políticos com os quais se depara no fazer pesquisa, argumentando que não se trata somente de uma escolha entre positivismos e interpretativismos, mas igualmente envolve disputas de poder dentro de um campo científico). Para tanto, foram selecionados intencionalmente textos com conceitos-chave, como paradigmas e campo científico. Em resposta ao objetivo geral deste ensaio, consideramos que o fazer ciência constitui uma atividade humana que possui vínculo indissociável com espaço e tempo e imbrica-se com jogos de poder. Entendemos, ainda, que o campo científico da Administração no Brasil é um espaço de competitividade e lutas políticas do qual fazemos parte, quer seja como opressores ou privilegiados, mas nunca como meros expectadores. Nessa arena, nem só de debates epistemológicos vive o pesquisador em Administração.
- Mãe!? O mundo vai acabar...? Reflexões sobre Desdobramentos e Implicações dos Paradigmas Sociológicos de Burrell e Morgan para os Estudos Organizacionais
Authors: Silveira Rogério Zanon da
Published: January 2014

Este ensaio se orienta pela seguinte pergunta: Quais desdobramentos e debates importantes ocorreram nos Estudos Organizacionais associados aos estudos de Burrell e Morgan (1979) sobre os paradigmas sociológicos? O objetivo é apresentar um entendimento sobre os estudos desses dois professores, esboçar um panorama das discussões sobre o assunto e discutir, introdutoriamente, novos debates em perspectiva. O ensaio se inspira em indagações lúdicas de uma criança a sua mãe na tentativa de interpretar a realidade social que a envolve. A partir daí, são desenvolvidas reflexões nos campos da objetividade e da subjetividade, integradas com questões epistemológicas e sociológicas da Ciência da Administração. O trabalho é desenvolvido como ensaio teórico e aborda panoramicamente a intensidade das agitações por que passaram e ainda passam os Estudos Organizacionais desde a publicação da obra de Burrell e Morgan (1979), enfocando sua contribuição para enfrentar a hegemonia do funcionalismo nas pesquisas sobre organizações no Brasil. São discutidos aspectos dicotômicos relativos à pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa e suas relações com pontos de vista epistemológicos e metodológicos correspondentes. Discute-se a possibilidade de utilização de perspectivas teóricas diferentes para o mesmo objeto de estudo, como o chamado multiparadigmatismo e interparadigmatismo nos Estudos Organizacionais, por exemplo. O ensaio indica que as discussões acerca das ideias desses dois professores continuam intensas, gerando um espaço de debates amplo e rico aos pesquisadores dos Estudos Organizacionais, notadamente àqueles interessados no desenvolvimento de pesquisas críticas e interpretativas.
O professor formador como objeto de pesquisa e o início das pesquisas no Brasil sobre formadores de professores de línguas estrangeiras
Authors: Halu Regina Célia
Published: January 2014

Este trabalho visa situar o surgimento do professor formador universitário como objeto de pesquisas acadêmicas, considerando o contexto brasileiro e com foco mais específico nos formadores de professores de línguas estrangeiras. Pressões globais e nacionais teriam trazido à tona a necessidade de contemplar uma formação integral do professor do ensino superior, o que pode ser evidenciado por programas do governo, por iniciativas de instituições de ensino superior e pelo próprio desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre o professor formador em várias áreas, incluindo a de línguas estrangeiras. Um levantamento bibliográfico dessas pesquisas no Brasil na primeira década do século XXI, a partir dos principais bancos nacionais de teses e dissertações, mostra a gradual abertura dos programas de pós-graduação na área de Letras e Linguística Aplicada para a pesquisa sobre formação de professores e formadores e o início do tratamento de questões e contextos específicos da formação profissional de professores formadores universitários atuando na área de línguas estrangeiras.
Establishment of a semi-selective method for the detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in dry bean and soybean seeds
Authors: Kawasaki Vivian Hikari , Machado José da Cruz
Published: January 2014

The objective in this work was to improve the existing methodology for the detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in dry bean and soybean seeds through the use of water restrictors in place of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, in PDA substrate containing bromophenol blue and antibiotics (Neon-S). Firstly, the effects of the water restrictors mannitol, sodium chloride, and polyethyleneglycol (PEG6000) at different osmotic potentials were evaluated on the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum isolates and on the radicle protrusion of seeds of the species studied. The use of water restrictors with osmotic potentials of up to -0.5 MPa for PEG and -1.0 MPa for mannitol and sodium chloride did not affect the mycelial growth of the isolates tested, and proved to be satisfactory to inhibit the radicle protrusion of the seeds tested. In the second stage of this work, alternating light and continuous darkness were tested in the detection of fungus in the seeds of both species by the modified Neon method. The methodology composed by solid medium PDA, bromophenol blue (100 ppm), chloramphenicol (50 ppm) and water restrictor mannitol (-1.0 MPa) at a temperature of 20 °C with incubation in darkness, proved to be effective and reliable in the detection of that pathogen in routine analysis laboratory.
Seedling imaging analysis and traditional tests to assess okra seed vigor
Authors: Kikuti Ana Lúcia Pereira , Marcos-Filho Júlio
Published: January 2014

Seed vigor testing is an important component of quality control programs adopted by seed industry. The software Seed Vigor Imaging System (SVIS) has been successfully used for seed vigor assessment in different species. The objective of this research was to verify the SVIS efficiency to assess okra seed vigor in comparison to other vigor tests used for this species. Five seed lots of 'Clemson Americano' and four of 'Santa Cruz' were submitted to germination (speed and percentage), cold germination (speed and percentage), traditional and saturated salt accelerated aging (41 ºC/72 and 96 h) and seedling emergence tests during 12 months storage. Vigor index, uniformity of growth and seedling length were determined by the software Seed Vigor Imaging System (SVIS). Results showed that the vigor index and seedling length determined by the SVIS analyses are efficient to determine okra seed vigor as well as the accelerated aging test (41 ºC/72 h).
Salicylic acid: physiological and biochemical changes in seeds and maize seedlings subjected to salt stress
Authors: Tonel Fernanda Reolon , Marini Patrícia , Bandeira Juliana de Magalhães , Moraes Dario Munt de , Amarante Luciano do
Published: January 2014

Several plant species have development limitations on saline soils; however under water stress situations salicylic acid (SA) may have defense function by acting as antioxidant. Thereby, this study was aimed at analyzing physiological changes occurring in maize seeds treated with SA and germinated on sodium chloride moistened substrate; as well as assessing the effect of antioxidant enzymes produced by the seedlings. To this, seeds were soaked into zero and 1 mM SA solutions, for 60 min., and germinated on different NaCl concentrations (0, 30, 90, and 180 mM), and afterwards evaluated for germination, germination speed index, initial growth, and effect of antioxidant enzymes on seedlings. For electrical conductivity test, the seeds were previously soaked in NaCl solutions with and without SA. The SA application has minimized damages induced by salt stress to maize seed germination by favoring their germination percent; however without SA was not able on maintaining seed viability over 90 mM. Seedling initial growth was impaired by increasing NaCl concentrations in substrate; and electric conductivity has shown low values for release of solutes in the presence of SA. Activity of antioxidant enzymes has increased until 30 mM NaCl concentration; however above such concentration activity of these enzymes was reduced. The SA maintains germination of corn seeds above 90 mM NaCl; however, generally it is not efficient to ensure vigor of seedlings.
Morphological characterization of fruits, seeds and seedlings of araticum plant (Annona crassiflora Mart - Annonaceae)
Authors: Pimenta Alex Caetano , Rego Suelen Santos , Zuffellato-Ribas Katia Christina , Nogueira Antônio Carlos , Koehler Henrique Soares
Published: January 2014

Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart. - Annonaceae) is a species with great ecological importance and potential for fruit production. Its fruits, seeds and seedlings were morphologically described in this article as being the main objective of this study. To describe and illustrate the examples, 100 seeds and 42 fruits were analyzed; the latter being collected in Santo Antônio do Leverger - MT - Brazil, in 2011. To describe the morphology of the seedling, 100 seeds were germinated in two different environments. The araticum plant has a compound, multiple strobiliform, globose-subglobose and fleshy fruit, with average measures of 12.9 cm length, 13.5 cm width, 12.7 cm thickness, weight of 1,187.0 g and 99.2 seeds per fruit. The seeds are obovoid, hairless, smooth with a bony aspect and a pale brown color; they have an average of 17. 7 mm length, 10.8 mm width and 8.3 thickness. Epigeous and phanerocotylar germination begins about 148 days after sowing. All morphological data of araticum fruits, seeds and seedlings can be used to recognize the botanical family and, when associated to other features, to recognize the species in the field.
Performance of rice seeds treated with zinc, boron, and molybdenum
Authors: Tavares Lizandro Ciciliano , Fonseca Daniel Ândrei Robe , Brunes André Pich , Rufino Cassyo de Araujo , Meneguello Géri Eduardo , Barros Antonio Carlos Souza Albuquerque
Published: January 2014

The objective of this study was to assess physiological quality of seeds and the initial growth of lowland rice seedlings, cv. PUITA INTA-CL, treated with a product based on Zinc, Boron and Molybdenum. The following dosages of product were used: 0 (control), 50, 100, 150 and 200 mL.100 kg-1 seed. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with 10 treatments and four replications. Physiological quality of seeds was assessed by following tests: germination; first count of germination; and length and dry phytomass of seedlings. The initial growth was assessed at 7, 14, 21, 35, and 42 days after emergence (DAE) through plant height, leaf area and dry phytomass of aerial parts and roots. It was concluded that the treatment of rice seeds with the product containing Zinc, Boron and Molybdenum up to the dosage tested of 200 mL.100 kg-1 seed does not influence germination, first count of germination, and the dry phytomass of aerial parts and roots; however, negatively influences seedling length. In addition, it also promotes greater plant height, higher leaf area, higher production of dry phytomass of seedlings, and increase on the growth rate, until 42 DAE.
Potencial miogênico evocado vestibular e suas implicações no domínio das frequências
Authors: Carnaúba Aline Tenório Lins , Lins Otávio Gomes , Soares Ilka do Amaral , Andrade Kelly Cristina Lira de , Menezes Pedro de Lemos
Published: January 2014

OBJETIVO: Verificar a existência de associação entre o VEMP no domínio do tempo e no domínio das frequências. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 18 indivíduos (36 orelhas), sendo seis do gênero masculino e 12 do gênero feminino. No exame de VEMP no domínio do tempo, foram promediados 200 estímulos tone burst na frequência de 500 Hz, com taxa de estimulação de 5,1 estímulos/s na intensidade de 95 dBNAn. Seguiu-se com a captação no domínio das frequências, onde foram promediados 200 estímulos constituídos por tons puros de 500 Hz (frequência portadora), modulados na frequência de 40 Hz. Foi realizado o cálculo do Odds ratio e aplicado o teste Qui-quadrado para a comparação entre as respostas dos dois domínios. Estudo de coorte contemporânea com corte transversal. RESULTADOS: O VEMP no domínio do tempo foi registrado por meio da estimulação e captação unilateral, com morfologia adequada, em 88,88% das orelhas. Na realização do exame no domínio das frequências, foi registrada a presença de pico de estado estável em 30 (83,33%) dos 36 exames. Quando realizado o teste Qui-quadrado e o cálculo do Odds ratio, foi possível observar a existência de forte relação entre os dois domínios. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que existe forte associação entre os exames de VEMP no domínio do tempo e no domínio das frequências, o que habilita sua utilização na prática clínica.
Satisfação com Aparelhos de Amplificação Sonora Individual entre usuários de serviços de saúde auditiva
Authors: Barbosa Mirna Rossi , Medeiros Daniel de Sousa , Ribeiro Gisele Marques , Rossi-Barbosa Luiza Augusta Rosa , Caldeira Antônio Prates
Published: January 2014

OBJETIVO: Conhecer a satisfação com Aparelho de Amplificação Sonora Individual entre usuários assistidos pelo serviço de saúde auditiva do Norte de Minas, identificando os fatores associados e a percepção sobre a assistência. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, exploratório, conduzido no Norte de Minas Gerais, com 302 indivíduos assistidos pelo Serviço de Atenção à Saúde Auditiva, que responderam a um questionário de avaliação do serviço de saúde auditiva e satisfação com o aparelho. Foi aplicada regressão logística para verificar a associação entre as variáveis sóciodemográficas e a satisfação com o aparelho. RESULTADOS: A média de satisfação com o aparelho foi 5,09 e de avaliação do serviço foi 7,25, em uma escala de zero a dez. Na época da entrevista, 46% dos entrevistados relataram que não estavam fazendo uso do aparelho há mais de um mês, sendo que a maioria alegou dificuldades na adaptação. Os pacientes que tiveram dúvidas em relação ao uso do aparelho, apresentaram menores escores de satisfação. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes assistidos pelo Serviço Único de Saúde, de uma forma geral, alcançaram um indicador de satisfação regular com o aparelho e um indicador bom com o serviço ofertado.
Indicadores de qualidade para serviços de audiologia
Authors: Bacchetti Erica Miranda da Silva , Akiyama Renata , Bento Ricardo Ferreira , Samelli Alessandra Giannella
Published: January 2014

OBJETIVO: Construir indicadores de qualidade para Audiologia Clínica, sob a ótica do usuário. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado por meio de pesquisa de satisfação, aplicada por meio de 13 perguntas (sendo apenas uma aberta). Foi solicitado ao participante que opinasse sobre o último atendimento na unidade, com relação aos seguintes aspectos: acesso ao atendimento; tempo de espera; cordialidade; atenção dada às queixas; impressão sobre o procedimento; confiança; explicações (queixa e seguimento); satisfação; avaliação geral. As respostas foram dadas por meio de uma escala visual-analógica, representada por cinco ícones, que deveriam expressar a opinião dos participantes. Os resultados foram analisados considerando-se a pontuação de cada questão (mínima de 1 e máxima de 5 pontos) e a pontuação total do questionário. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística para a construção dos indicadores de qualidade. RESULTADOS: A pontuação dos questionários atingiu um escore médio de 55,5 pontos. Os dados levantados foram homogêneos, configurando material adequado para a construção de indicadores de qualidade. CONCLUSÃO: Os indicadores construídos para o serviço foram: acesso ao atendimento, tempo em sala de espera, acolhimento, atuação profissional, agendamento e avaliação do atendimento.
Perfil do paciente atendido pela fonoaudiologia na unidade de urgência e emergência de um hospital universitário
Authors: Faria Karla Cristina Freitas , Pessoa Ana Cláudia Neres , Araújo Lúcia Inês , Paiva Maria Luíza de Faria
Published: January 2014

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a população atendida pelos residentes de Fonoaudiologia no pronto-socorro de um hospital universitário. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 150 sujeitos de ambos os gêneros, na faixa etária de 20 anos a 59 anos e acima de 60 anos, internados no período de março de 2010 a março de 2012. RESULTADOS: Houve predominância de pacientes do gênero masculino, idosos, com ensino fundamental incompleto e com baixa renda, procedentes, em sua maioria, da capital, Goiânia, e região metropolitana. No diagnóstico médico, predominaram as doenças do aparelho circulatório, doenças do aparelho digestivo e doenças do sistema nervoso. Os diagnósticos fonoaudiológicos encontrados foram: deglutição normal/funcional, disfagia orofaríngea neurogênica e disfagia esofágica. CONCLUSÃO: Faixa etária associada a doenças de base prevalentes pode levar a distúrbios da deglutição, podendo agravar o quadro e prolongar o período de permanência do sujeito na instituição, sendo de extrema importância a presença do fonoaudiólogo nos serviços de urgência e emergência, para avaliar, diagnosticar e tratar os distúrbios deglutitórios.
Avaliação de voz e qualidade de vida após laringectomia supracricóide
Authors: Oliveira Iára Bittante de , Augusti Ana Carolina Veloso , Siqueira Daniela Melo
Published: January 2014

OBJETIVO: Avaliar sujeitos submetidos a laringectomia supracricóide quanto à autoavaliação da voz, análises perceptivo-auditiva e acústica e impacto da alteração vocal na qualidade de vida. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, observacional, que envolveu 12 sujeitos do gênero masculino, com disfonia orgânica, média de idade de 59,3 anos, que realizaram laringectomia supracricóide para exérese de neoplasia maligna de laringe. Foi realizada análise perceptivo-auditiva, por meio da escala GRBASI em duplo-cego. A análise acústica realizada através do software VOXMETRIA® considerou parâmetros de frequência fundamental, jitter e shimmer, proporção harmônico-ruído e diagrama de desvio fonatório. A autoavaliação vocal e o estudo do impacto da disfonia na qualidade de vida dos sujeitos ocorreram por meio de aplicação dos protocolos: Qualidade de Vida em Voz (QVV) e o Índice de Desvantagem Vocal (IDV). RESULTADOS: A frequência das vozes variou entre 91,59 Hz e 260,05 Hz e as medidas de shimmer e jitter mostraram-se alteradas, comprovando as análises perceptivo-auditivas, que revelaram vozes com grau de desvio de moderado a intenso. A maioria dos sujeitos qualificou suas vozes como razoável ou boa. O QVV demonstrou escores brutos em níveis compatíveis com vozes disfônicas em 50,0%. O IDV mostrou predomínio do domínio orgânico. CONCLUSÃO: O grau de desvio vocal dos sujeitos mostrou-se entre moderado e intenso, confirmando parâmetros acústicos, enquanto que os sujeitos qualificaram suas vozes como razoáveis ou boas. Os escores do QVV e IDV revelaram predomínio de domínios físico e orgânico, respectivamente, com parte dos sujeitos com escores compatíveis a vozes disfônicas. Sugerem-se estudos que busquem aprofundar o conhecimento entre autopercepção da voz e impacto na qualidade de vida de sujeitos com disfonia decorrente de carcinoma de laringe.
Intervenções vocais diretas e indiretas em professores: revisão sistemática da literatura
Authors: Anhaia Tanise Cristaldo , Gurgel Léia Gonçalves , Vieira Raquel Hochmuller , Cassol Mauriceia
Published: January 2014

OBJETIVO: Verificar a eficácia das intervenções vocais diretas e indiretas, de forma isolada e combinada, na prevenção de distúrbios vocais em professores, por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura. ESTRATÉGIAS DE PESQUISA: Foram pesquisados artigos de janeiro de 1980 a abril de 2013, nas bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE (acessado pelo PubMed), PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus e Web of Science. CRITÉRIOS DE SELEÇÃO: Foram incluídos todos os artigos que tinham como objetivo principal algum tipo de intervenção com professores e que fossem ensaios controlados randomizados. Excluíram-se artigos que apresentavam indivíduos com alterações de laringe e voz e que estivessem afastados de sua profissão. RESULTADOS: Como resultado da busca inicial, foram identificados 677 estudos, dentre os quais, cinco atendiam aos critérios de inclusão. Somou-se a esses mais quatro artigos, encontrados nas referências bibliográficas dos estudos selecionados para a fase de leitura do texto completo. CONCLUSÃO: A intervenção combinada (direta e indireta) apresentou melhora significativa em parâmetros da qualidade vocal e na autoavaliação da voz, mesmo em curto período de tempo. Em outros estudos, cujo foco era a comparação entre a intervenção combinada e intervenções isoladas (direta ou indireta), não foram observadas diferenças significativas, apesar de serem descritas melhoras em alguns dos parâmetros vocais avaliados. Como limitação desta revisão, pode-se incluir a restrição quanto ao desenho metodológico dos estudos, incluindo apenas ensaios clínicos randomizados. A intervenção vocal combinada apresenta resultados mais expressivos do que a intervenção isolada.
A Meta-Analysis on the Effects of 2,4-D and Dicamba Drift on Soybean and Cotton
Authors: Egan J. Franklin , Barlow Kathryn M. , Mortensen David A.
Published: January 2014

Commercial introduction of cultivars of soybean and cotton genetically modified with resistance to the synthetic auxin herbicides dicamba and 2,4-D will allow these compounds to be used with greater flexibility but may expose susceptible soybean and cotton cultivars to nontarget herbicide drift. From past experience, it is well known that soybean and cotton are both highly sensitive to low-dose exposures of dicamba and 2,4-D. In this study, a meta-analysis approach was used to synthesize data from over seven decades of simulated drift experiments in which investigators treated soybean and cotton with low doses of dicamba and 2,4-D and measured the resulting yields. These data were used to produce global dose–response curves for each crop and herbicide, with crop yield plotted against herbicide dose. The meta-analysis showed that soybean is more susceptible to dicamba in the flowering stage and relatively tolerant to 2,4-D at all growth stages. Conversely, cotton is tolerant to dicamba but extremely sensitive to 2,4-D, especially in the vegetative and preflowering squaring stages. Both crops are highly variable in their responses to synthetic auxin herbicide exposure, with soil moisture and air temperature at the time of exposure identified as key factors. Visual injury symptoms, especially during vegetative stages, are not predictive of final yield loss. Global dose–response curves generated by this meta-analysis can inform guidelines for herbicide applications and provide producers and agricultural professionals with a benchmark of the mean and range of crop yield loss that can be expected from drift or other nontarget exposures to 2,4-D or dicamba.
Stacked Crop Rotations Exploit Weed-Weed Competition for Sustainable Weed Management
Authors: Garrison Andrew J. , Miller Adam D. , Ryan Matthew R. , Roxburgh Stephen H. , Shea Katriona
Published: January 2014

Crop rotation has long been considered one of the simplest and most effective tools for managing weeds. In this paper, we demonstrate how crop rotations can be strategically arranged to harness a novel mechanism of weed suppression: weed-weed competition. Specifically, we consider how crop stacking, or increasing the number of consecutive plantings of a single crop within a rotation, can decrease the size of the weed seed bank, by forcing weeds to compete with each other in similar environments for longer periods of time, while still reaping the traditional benefits of crop rotation. Using an annual plant model, we investigate the theoretical effects of stacked crop rotations on weeds that have different life-history strategies and phenology. Our results show that when weeds compete within a season, stacking can reduce the weed seed bank compared to rotations without stacked crops. Although more research is needed to fully understand the effects of crop stacking on other aspects of the system, such as insect pests and diseases, our research suggests that crop stacking has the potential to improve weed suppression without additional inputs, and their associated costs and externalities. More generally, improving management by changing the temporal arrangement of disturbances is a novel, process-based approach that could likely be applied to other weed management practices, such as mowing and herbicide application, and which could involve mechanisms other than weed-weed competition. Leveraging this new application of existing ecological theory to improve weed management strategies holds great promise.
A Putative Prodiamine-Resistant Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Population is Controlled by Indaziflam
Authors: Brosnan James T. , Reasor Eric H. , Vargas Jose J. , Breeden Gregory K. , Kopsell Dean A. , Cutulle Matthew A. , Mueller Thomas C.
Published: January 2014

Prodiamine is a mitotic inhibiting herbicide regularly used to control annual bluegrass PRE. A population of annual bluegrass not controlled by prodiamine at 1,120 g a.i. ha−1was identified on a golf course in Alcoa, TN, in 2012. A whole-plant hydroponics bioassay was used to screen this biotype for prodiamine resistance (PR) compared with a known susceptible population (SS). Multitiller (i.e., > 4 tillers) PR and SS annual bluegrass plants were established in hydroponic culture and exposed to 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.10, 1.0, and 10.0 mM prodiamine. Exposure to prodiamine at 0.001 mM reduced root growth of the SS biotype to 26% of the nontreated check (i.e., 0 mM prodiamine) but had no effect on the PR biotype. When exposed to 10 mM prodiamine, root growth of the PR biotype was reduced to 24% of the nontreated check compared with 9% for the SS biotype.I50values for the PR and SS biotypes were 0.04 and 2.8 × 10−6mM prodiamine, respectively. The PR biotype measured lower in plant height and leaf width than the SS population. In field trials, prodiamine at 560, 840, 1,120, and 1,400 g ha−1only controlled the PR biotype 0 to 22%. PRE applications of the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor indaziflam at 35, 52.5, and 70 g a.i. ha−1controlled this PR biotype 70 to 97%. This marks the second instance of annual bluegrass developing resistance to prodiamine in Tennessee during the past 5 yr. Future research should evaluate indaziflam efficacy for control of other prodiamine-resistant biotypes of annual bluegrass as well as annual bluegrass biotypes resistant to herbicidal inhibitors of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase, acetolactate synthase, and photosystem II.
Impact of Genetic Background in Fitness Cost Studies: An Example from Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth
Authors: Giacomini Darci , Westra Philip , Ward Sarah M.
Published: January 2014

Since its discovery in 2005, glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth has become a major problem for many farmers in the southern United States. One mechanism of resistance found in a Georgia population of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth is amplification of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene throughout the genome, with some resistant plants containing and expressing more than 100EPSPSgenes. Such high numbers ofEPSPSgenes and protein production could result in a fitness cost to resistant plants due to (1) metabolic cost of overproduction of this enzyme and (2) disruption of other genes after insertion of theEPSPSgene. A greenhouse experiment was set up to investigate differences in growth and reproduction between glyphosate-susceptible and -resistant Palmer amaranth plants. Measurements included growth rate, plant height/volume ratio, final biomass, photosynthetic rate, inflorescence length, pollen viability, and seed set. This study found no significant fitness costs for plants with the resistance trait. This study also provided a clear example of how controlling for genetic background is important in fitness cost studies and how potentially misleading results can be obtained if only a few fitness traits are measured. These results indicate that glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth plants with highEPSPSgene copy numbers are likely to persist in field populations, even in the absence of glyphosate, potentially leading to long-term loss of glyphosate as a control option for Palmer amaranth.
Fertilizer Application Has No Effect on Large (Digitaria sanguinalis) or Smooth (Digitaria ischaemum) Crabgrass Germination and Emergence in Residential Turfgrass in a Northern Climate
Authors: Turner Fawn A. , Van Acker Rene C.
Published: January 2014

Given the importance of emergence level and timing to the competitiveness and success of annual crabgrass species in turfgrass, particularly in the context of increasing synthetic pesticide bans and the common cultural practice of fertilization, a study was conducted in a northern region of North America (Ontario, Canada) to determine the effect of fertilizer application on large and smooth crabgrass emergence in residential lawns. In petri dish experiments, we reconfirmed that KNO3has a significant positive effect on large and smooth crabgrass seed germination but we showed that there is only an effect on fresh seed and no effect on aged seed, suggesting that the treatment affects dormancy level and not germination per se. In two other experiments using turf cores and commercial lawn fertilizer in growth room conditions and in field trials at three sites, we confirmed this result showing that neither fall nor spring fertilizer application had any effect on the emergence level of either smooth or large crabgrass. These results have practical relevance to homeowners and turf managers in this region because they are dealing with crabgrass emerging in the spring from seed shed the previous fall. The results also show that fertilizer can be used to aid turf quality and competitiveness without impacting true infestation level (density) of crabgrass in the spring.
Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), Common Chickweed (Stellaria media), Shepherd's-Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), and Field Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense): Fecundity, Seed Dispersal, Dormancy, and Emergence
Authors: Hill Erin C. , Renner Karen A. , Sprague Christy L.
Published: January 2014

Winter annual weeds protect the soil from erosion and retain nutrients during the winter; however, they can also act as a host for crop pests and pathogens and impede planting. Increased knowledge of the reproductive biology and the seed fate of winter annuals would be useful to improve management and crop productivity. The objectives of this research were to determine the recruitment biology of shepherd's-purse, henbit, common chickweed, and field pennycress, including seed production, dispersal, dormancy, and seedling emergence, based on growing degree days (GDD). Henbit was the least prolific of the four weeds studied, producing 800 to 40,000 seeds m−2at naturally occurring densities; shepherd's-purse was the most prolific, producing 11,000 to 400,000 seeds m−2with 40 to 230 plants m−2. Fifty percent seed rain occurred for henbit, common chickweed, shepherd's-purse, and field pennycress at 620, 790, 880, and 1300 GDDBase,0C, respectively. Overall, seeds were dormant for all species at the time of dispersal. In 2 of 3 yr, dormancy of later-dispersed common chickweed decreased after 6 mo of storage at natural, fluctuating temperatures in the absence of water. The emergence patterns of the four species followed the Gompertz equation and were indicative of facultative winter annuals. The emergence patterns by rate were similar between henbit and common chickweed and between shepherd's-purse and field pennycress. Seed production, dispersal, dormancy, and seedling emergence were influenced by moisture; therefore, including a precipitation or soil moisture component into a GDD model (such as the use of hydrothermal time) would improve the accuracy of predicting winter annual reproduction, seed fate, and emergence.
Dithiopyr Behavior in Smooth Crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) as Influenced by Growth Stage and Temperature
Authors: McCullough Patrick E. , de Barreda Diego Gómez , Sidhu Sudeep , Yu Jialin
Published: January 2014

Dithiopyr provides PRE and early POST control of smooth crabgrass, but POST efficacy is often inconsistent on tillered plants. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the interaction of temperature and growth stage on dithiopyr efficacy, absorption, translocation, and metabolism in smooth crabgrass. In greenhouse experiments, I50(predicted rate to induce 50% injury) measured < 0.14, 0.14, and 0.15 kg ha−1at low temperatures (average 23 C) for multi-leaf, one-tiller, and multi-tiller smooth crabgrass, respectively, while I50measured < 0.14, 0.88, and > 2.24 kg ha−1at high temperatures (average 32 C), respectively. Multi-tiller (three to five tillers) smooth crabgrass absorbed more root applied14C-dithiopyr than multi-leaf (three to four leaves) and one-tiller plants, but specific radioactivity (Bq mg−1) was two to three times greater in multi-leaf plants compared to tillered plants. Smooth crabgrass treated at 15/10 C (day/night) had ≈ two times greater specific radioactivity following root applied14C-dithiopyr than at 30/25 C. Radioactivity distribution to shoots from root applications measured 43, 30, and 20% of the total absorbed for multi-leaf, one-tiller, and multi-tiller plants, respectively. Smooth crabgrass had two times more foliar absorption of14C-dithiopyr at 15/10 than 30/25 C while14C losses were greater at 30/25 than 15/10 C. Smooth crabgrass metabolism of14C-dithiopyr was ≈ two times greater at 30/25 than 15/10 C, and multi-leaf plants averaged 10 to 20% more metabolism than tillered plants at 7 d after treatment. Results suggest differential absorption, translocation, and metabolism may contribute to dithiopyr efficacy on smooth crabgrass at various growth stages, but use under high temperatures (30/25 C) could increase losses from volatilization, reduce foliar absorption, and increase metabolism compared to cooler temperatures (15/10 C).
Giant new Kattupalli yard and port puts India at forefront of Asian shipbuilding
Authors: Ananthakumar Tatamangalam S. , Jayesh Karatha
Published: January 2014

What looks set to be one of the largest shipyards in Asia was officially opened in January 2013. The £405 million Kattupalli project is a massive, state-of-the-art shipbuilding facility on a vast 5 km2 site on the east coast of India. Combining a shipyard, modular fabrication facility and port makes the project unique in India. Construction was completed in just 34 months, despite the site being hit by three major cyclones. This paper provides an overview of various civil engineering innovations and alternatives adopted by the project team in delivering this challenging, state-of-the-art maritime facility.
Institution of Civil Engineers partners with BSI to help complete the switch to Eurocodes
Authors: Chrimes Mike
Published: January 2014

The Eurocodes became Britain's new structural design standards 4 years ago but the response has been lacklustre. The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) has thus teamed up with BSI to help members complete the transition. ICE director Mike Chrimes provides an update.
Oil sand tailings characterisation for centrifuge dewatering
Authors: Azam Shahid , Rima Umme Salma
Published: January 2014

The main objective of this paper was to develop a fundamental understanding of oil sand tailings for centrifuge dewatering. Laboratory characterisation indicated that the investigated tailings were a fine-grained material (53% clay fraction) with a moderate water adsorption capacity (ωl= 55% and ωp= 25%). The solids consisted of 55% quartz and 40% clay minerals and showed a specific surface area of 43 m2/g and a cation exchange capacity of 29 cmol(+)/kg. Likewise, the pore water (pH = 8·15, EC = 3280 µS/cm and ZP = −46 mV) was dominated by Na+(776 mg/L), [Formula: see text] (679 mg/L), Cl−(518 mg/L) and [Formula: see text](377 mg/L). Centrifugation physically improved tailings dewatering through particle segregation, assemblage formation and flow channeling. For a g factor of up to 2550 g, the released water increased by 4·7%, the entrapped water decreased by 30% and the sediment solids content increased by 7%: all quantities compared to self-weight settling. The corresponding decrease in physicochemical properties confirmed aggregate formation and an effective capture of clay particles in the suspension zone.
Reversible ionic surfactants for gold nanoparticle synthesis
Authors: Ethier Amy L. , Hart Emily C. , Saunders Steven R. , Biddinger Elizabeth J. , Fadhel Ali Z. , Dilek Cerag , Pollet Pamela , Eckert Charles A. , Liotta Charles L.
Published: January 2014

Reversible systems such as silylamines are neutral amines that can react reversibly with CO2 to form the corresponding ammonium carbamate ionic pair. The ionic-to-neutral ‘switch’ capability provides an advantageous means for efficient synthesis and facile deposition of nanoparticles onto a solid support. Herein, we first illustrate the surface active/non-surface active duality of the silylamine systems with the reversible solubilization-precipitation of methyl orange from a hexane solution of the 3-(aminopropyl)tripropylsilane (TPSA) system (0·275 M). The authors then demonstrate the application of this system to the controlled reduction of an ionic gold salt to yield gold nanoparticles using two reversible silylamine systems: TPSA and 3-(aminopropyl)trihexylsilane (THSA). The post-synthesis deposition of the THSA-stabilized gold nanoparticles from solution onto a support using the surface active/non-surface active duality of these systems was also demonstrated.
Costing Practices in Healthcare
Authors: Chapman Christopher , Kern Anja , Laguecir Aziza
Published: January 2014

SYNOPSIS

The rising cost of healthcare is a globally pressing concern. This makes detailed attention to the way in which costing is carried out of central importance. This article offers a framework for considering the interdependencies between a dominant element of the contemporary healthcare context, i.e., Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) systems, and costing practices. DRG-based payment systems strongly influence costing practices in multiple ways. In particular, setting DRG tariffs requires highly standardized costing practices linked with specific skill sets from management accountants and brings other jurisdictions (e.g., clinical coding) to bear on costing practice. These factors contribute to the fragmentation of the jurisdiction of management accounting.
Follow-up Study of Lympho-Histiocytic Villitis and Incidental Retroplacental Hematoma
Authors: Bendon Robert , Coventry Susan , Bendon Jean , Nordmann Amelia , Schikler Kenneth
Published: January 2014

Placentas are usually submitted for pathologic examination based on obstetrical indications. We hypothesized that the placenta may have diagnostic value to the infant independent of obstetrical events. We specifically tested whether lymphohistiocytic villitis (noninfectious) would predict autoimmune or alloimmune disease based on transfer of activated maternal T-cells to the fetus and whether clinically silent placental separations (retroplacental hematomas, RPH) would predict neurologic injury in the infant. All placentas from consecutive deliveries had a routine pathologic examination of the placenta. The infants with placentas demonstrating inflammation of >1% of villi or RPH >2 cm and matched controls had their hospital charts reviewed and parental interviews by telephone at 5 to 7 years of age. The children of consented patients were also searched for in the office visits of the University of Louisville Pediatric Neurology and Rheumatology divisions. One thousand six hundred eighty-four patients consented to the follow-up study. We found no cases of autoimmune disease among 17 children with villitis >1%. Of 16 infants with RPH, 1 had cerebral palsy but with other placental findings, 1 had lethal hydranenecephaly, and the remainder had no adverse outcome. Of 15 children seen by a pediatric neurologist, none had the same placental lesion. The specific lesions of lymphohistiocytic villitis or asymptomatic RPH do not predict significant pediatric disease by 7 years of age. At least for these 2 lesions, the placenta does not have diagnostic value to the infant.
Study of Archeometric Characteristics of a Panel Painted Icon Form XIXth Century
Authors: Cristache Raluca A. , Sandu Ion , Vasilache Viorica , Cristache Oana
Published: January 2014

This study presents a physicochemical analysis on the orthodox icon “The grieving Mother” from XIXth century. The icon is made by an anonymus painter, in tempera pigments, on a lime wood support, Tillia cordata. God’s Mother is represented from one side, only the bust, with the head down, framed by a white border. The predominant colors of the icon are ultramarine blue, ocher, red-brown, with silver leaf. The edges of the panel were painted with tempera pigments as the border. On the right edge an inscription in blue ink, can be seen, but is unreadable. The painting layer has gaps, fissures, detachments, dirt, degraded and scaly varnish. The panel is made from a single board, transversally cut, without crossbeams. The study is based on the identification of some archeometric characteristics of the wood panel and of the pigment layer. To determin painting materials and the conservation state, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (Micro-FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) were employed. Using this methods we identify the pigments used and the state of degradation of the panel. The FTIR spectrum analysis showed that the pigment layer contains schellac varnish, ultramarine blue and dust, a conclusion supported by SEM-EDX analysis.
An in vitro based investigation into the cytotoxic effects of D-amino acids
Authors: Bardaweel Sanaa K. , Abu-Dahab Rana , Almomani Nour F.
Published: January 2014

In the present study, cytotoxic effects of D-Ala, D-Pro and D-Lys are demonstrated. In an effort to study the possible mechanisms of the observed cytotoxicity, catalase activity, H2O2 generation, and apoptotic activity were measured in HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. Although D-Lys is a poor substrate for DAO and therefore low H2O2 was detected, it was shown to provoke severe impairment of cellular integrity and survival. Interestingly, a very good substrate for DAO, such as D-Pro, did not substantially reduce cell viability. On the other hand, a moderate substrate for DAO, represented by D-Ala, was shown to moderately trigger toxicity in the tested cell lines. Although a correlation between the in vitro cytotoxicity of D-amino acids and the amount of H2O2 produced was absent, there was a good agreement between the ability of D-amino acids to trigger apoptosis and to provoke toxicity. Our results indicate that the toxicity of D-amino acids does not appear to be solely mediated by H2O2. Therefore, we hypothesize that other possible contributing apoptosis-mediated pathways might cause the observed toxicity.