bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ekologinės modernizacijos teorija: esminiai bruožai ir kritinės įžvalgos
Authors: Rinkevičius Leonardas
Published: January 2019

The aim of the article is to discuss the theoretical paradigm of ecological modernization which represents one of the attempts to theorize the issues of enviromental care that only recently became an object of sociological analysis (Catton ir Dunlap, 1979; Buttel, 1987). The article is being developed in a few directions. First, the author develops a comparative analysis of the main sociological perspectives on the environmental care: ecological modernization (Mol, 1995; Weale, 1992; Hajer 1995; Spaargaren, 1997; Rinkevičius, 1998), the theory of risk society and reflexive modernization (Beck, 1992; Beck, Giddens ir Lash 1994), conception of self-purposive capitalistic production (Schnaiberg, 1980) and ecological socialism (Pepper, 1993; Dickens, 1992). Second, in developing such a comparative analysis, the author critically discusses  the different theories by concerning both the environmental problems that contemporary societies face and the changes that the societies undergo in the spheres of values and institutions.
Komunikacijos reikšmė J. Habermaso teorijoje
Authors: Sidrys Inga
Published: January 2019

The article is aimed at a discussion of Habermas' theory of communicative action on two levels: the level of principles of Habermasian ethics and the question of relevance of Habermas' ideas for democratic order. The author develops her argument by reconstructing Habermas notion of communicative rationality and the normative idea of the ideal speech situation. The author discusses the thesis of colonization of the lifeworld by the system and overviews the critiques of the abstract and idealistic form that Habermas illuminates the possibilities of a dialogue between competent agents. In the face of the critiques, the author attempts to discuss the relevance of Habermas' ideas for understanding the practical issues in contemporary societies by overviewing the possible ways that Habermas' ideas were applied.
Deviantinis elgesys
Authors: Acus Arūnas
Published: January 2019

The aim of this article is to discuss the concept of deviant behaviour, which has become widely used in the last few decades. The author suggests that deviant behaviour might be understood as a polidetermined phenomenon which reflects the interaction between multidimensional factors. These factors include macro-sociological, social-psychological and individual, personal factors. The article focuses the attention on the individual level and discusses the ideas of symbolic interactionism for understanding deviant behaviour. The author argues for a definition of deviant behaviour, central to which is the notion of interpretative self-understanding.
Elito ir elitologijos paieškos
Authors: Matonytė Irma
Published: January 2019

Review: Masiulis, Kęstutis. 1997. Lietuvos elitas. Ekonomines vertybes. Politines orientacijos. Prognozės. Vilnius: Pradai.
Prievarta religinėse sektose: vizijos ir realybė
Authors: Kuznecovienė Violeta
Published: January 2019

The aim of the article is to analyze violence in religious sects. The analysis is built upon the Pierre Bourdieu's conception of symbolic power. The author develops her argument by, first, analyzing the conditions for possibility of violence in religious sects. The author argues that, second, symbolic violence is necessary for sects as a form of organization. Third, because of the role of violence in defining the organization, the author attempts to understand the mechanisms of power that recreate the form of the organization of the religious sects.
Trys variacijos intymumo sociologijoje tema
Authors: Maslauskaitė Aušra
Published: January 2019

The attentiveness towards the human experience in contemporary sociology is evident in the analysis of topics such as intimacy, love, body and others. The article argues that sociological analysis of the phenomena requires sociology to move beyond utilitarianism. This article is grounded on a discussion of the conceptions of intimacy in sociological theories of George Simmel, Peter Berger and Hansfried Kellner, and Anthony Giddens. In the historically-oriented analysis of the conceptual approaches to the phenomena of intimacy, the article suggests that the contemporary theory defines intimacy in a rather individualistic way that does not provide the means to understand the problematique.
Lietuvių ir žydų santykių istorija XIX a. Socialiniai ir ekonominiai aspektai
Authors: Vareikis Vygandas
Published: January 2019

The aim of this article is to analyze the development of socio-economical relations between Jews and Lithuanians in the nineteenth century and discuss the influence of the Lithuanian national ideology for the evolution of these relations. The analysis is developed on a few levels: the situation of Jewish community in Lithuania, the development of anti-Judaism and modern anti-Semitism, Lithuania’s catholic’s church attitude towards Jews and the ideas of anti-Judaism in the works of interwar period authors.
Tapatumas ir savimonė: jungtis tarp psichologijos ir sociologijos
Authors: Legkauskas Visvaldas
Published: January 2019

The problematique of identity is one of the most important in the social science at the end of twentieth century. Lithuania is not an exception. However, there are only a few attempts in Lithuania to discuss the relationship between sociological and psychological analysis of identity. The concept of identity is is a dynamic one: it does not allow a clear distinction between the self and the society; and yet it does not provide an image of their identity. Because of this the sociological and the psychological analyses are interrelated. The aim of the article is to discuss the interrelation metatheoretically and to develop the Lithuanian-sociological vocabulary of the problematique.
Biografinis metodas: dvi teorinės-metodologinės kryptys
Authors: Kraniauskienė Sigita
Published: January 2019

The aim of the article is to discuss the theoretical and methodological bases of the biographical approach in sociology. Such a discussion is developed through a comparative analysis of two strands of the biographical approach: the „generalizing“ strand that is built on a positivistic methodology on the one hand and the „individualizing“ strand that is built upon the ideas of sociology of knowledge, phenomenological sociology and hermeneutics on the other. In developing her analysis the author attempts to consider the possibilities of the biographical approach to mediate the quantitative and qualitative divide in sociology.
Deviacija ir socialinė kontrolė. Deviacijų sociologijos istorija ir teorijos
Authors: Zdanevičius Arnas
Published: January 2019

The aim of the article is to discuss the concepts of deviation and social control which are relatively new in the Lithuanian discourse of sociology. The author takes his point of departure in an attempt to understand the limits of the concepts and starts his discussion from the suggestion of Colin Sumner that the attempts to define what is deviant behaviour led the sociology of deviation to a dead end. The author suggests that the defining question that grounds the concepts is a question anomie. He argues for a definition of the concepts built around the tension between an effort to attain an orderly state of being on the one hand and the threat of disciplinary control on the other.
Tikėjimų kaita pagoniškuose baltuose. Kuršiai
Authors: Žulkus Vladas
Published: January 2019

The aim of the article is to analyze the changes of beliefs in Courland. The author takes his departure in a view that the that the changes of burial customs are related with the change in ideology and develops his analysis by overviewing the history of burial by burning in the region. The author argues that the spread of the custom of burial by burning is an expression of change of beliefs that is connected with the social transformations the society underwent. The author argues that the carrier-groups of change of customs are those of the higher strata. The change of beliefs is discussed by looking into the history of the formation and the growing influence of a fellowship in the higher strata in the V-XI centuries.
Klaipėdiškių identitetas ir vokiečių-lietuvių santykiai Mažojoje Lietuvoje XIX ir XX amžiuose
Authors: Vareikis Vygantas
Published: January 2019

The aim of this article is to discuss the of a double identity in the Klaipėda region in the first half of the twentieth century. The author develops the discussion around a few questions: how the Lithuanians who lived in Prussia adopted German values and social conventions by simultaneously maintaining their own language and identity; what political factors were influential in the development of identity of Prussia’s Lithuanians; how did the double identity of Lithuania Minor influence the Lithuanian self-understanding.
Knygnešystė – lietuvybės idealas
Authors: Juozaitis Arvydas
Published: January 2019

Article deals with the problem of social and historic being as the mainstream of the national rebirth. The strife for a real-being was the utter problem for the Lithuania national revival in XIX c. The activities of book-carriers has been the most acceptable form of the liberation movement. The symbolic fig ure of book-carrier is underlined in this survey as the central historical subject not only for 19 c. The vitality of the symbol is obvious for the all modern life. It links the 20th c. of Lithuania with the history of the country and its mentality at the end of 20 c.
Marginalinės grupės tapsmas (sociologiniai prostitucijos tyrinėjimai)
Authors: Acus Arūnas
Published: January 2019

The provision of sexual favours for financial reward has probably been institutionalized in the form of prostitution in every society that has had a coinage. It has nearly always involved the prostitution of women to men, though male prostitution, especially to male clients, is not uncommon. K.Davis proposed a functional theory which saw prostitution as a safety-valve, helping maintain the respectability of marriage. In Lithuania prostitution itself is illegal, soliciting in public, brothel-keeping, procuring, and living on the “immoral earnings” of a prostitute are all illegal too. Sociological studies of prostitutes show that their motivations is mainly economic and it seems likely that the number of prostitutes increases when there are fewer other job opportunities for women. International movements of prostitutes are nearly always from poor countries to richer ones. The commonest ways of working are as a street-walker, as an individual call-girl or working in illegal brothels. Studies show too, that most of clients are “Mr. Average”, there are a number of single men who have difficulties relating to women, who go to prostitutes quite frequently.
Tautinių mažumų problemos Stasio Šalkauskio tautiškumo sampratoje
Authors: Ivanovas Bernaras
Published: January 2019

This article is dedicated to the problem of nationality in the works of Lithuanian philosopher Stasys Šalkauskis. Philosopher was strongly influenced by political changes of that period of time. He was living and working during the time of democracy (till coupe d’eta in 1926), so his concept was more democratic then the concepts of other philosophers who were writhing in the four decade. But generally we can say, that the attitude of there Lithuanian philosophers to the problems of nationality, that consists such parts as the patriotism, national minorities, language, historical conciseness, nationalism, is very close to premordialistic conception, that in national identity emphasises just natural features that man got in the moment of birth. On another hand, Šalkauskis unlike premordialists but more like transformists try to define the evolution of the Lithuanian ethnos. The final part of this evolution is transformation from ethno structure to nation. So, we can detect here three main components that reflect three main tendencies in the theory of nationalism (primordialism, evolutionism and constructivism) in the national theory of Šalkauskis: 1. Emphasis of national nature as a ‘given’; 2. Existence of national evolution and transformation; 3. Formation of modern ethnos to nation, as the most important condition of execution of national vocation, that would lead to a new level of identity. At the end we can say that the Šalkauskis’ concept of nationality sintesize this entire three components ant that guarantee the originalities of the Lithuanian philosophers works.
Estetinės savybės ir skonio sprendiniai
Authors: Katalynas Antanas
Published: January 2019

This is an introductory article to the translation of Frank Sibley’s “Aesthetic Concepts”. The problem of the aesthetic as it has formed in the controversies of theoretical trends is analysed here. The article provides with thorough consideration of Frank Sibley’s conception, developed in his works. The indirect controversy of author’s position towards the objectivist understanding of aesthetic qualities and aesthetic judgments, the original character of his theoretical system is demonstrated.
Politinis dalyvavimas ir socialinė aplinka Lietuvoje
Authors: Imrasaitė Jūratė
Published: January 2019

Modern democratic polity is essentially grounded on participation of citizens in public decision making process. The focus of this study was the impact of social environment on political participation. The method of study was survey sample data analysis. The results of analysis reflect relationship between number of people whom respondent discuss about political and societal matters and political participation. Data analysis confirms an assumption that social environment has an impact on political behaviour, i.e. in some cases social environment could encourage low status group political participation or discourage high status group political participation.
Socializacijos modeliai lietuvių biografijose: lyties ir laiko aspektas
Authors: Kraniauskienė Sigita
Published: January 2019

The article explores models of socialisation and gender identity at different stages of life-course

and in different historical periods. Considerations are based on biographical approach and use data

of the biographical contest “Story of My Life”.

During the process of socialisation gender identity is institutionally transmitted to individuals as a

pattem of social behaviour. Gender identity embodies its own ideology and strategies of interpersonal interactions, where personal biography is a narrative about these interactions shaped by gender. Socialisation evolves as a constant interaction between author and his/her social milieu shaping identity of a person. Each member of society is involved in the process, but their age and in some respect the historical circumstances differently sets their status of a subject or an object of socialisation.

Time (in this case a time period when individual was born and was more intensively engaged in socialisation) is a feature of modern bio graphy (a concept of V. Kavolis) and it allows to identify different worldviews of narrating individuals. Time demarcates traditional and modern worldviews and deterrnines reflexivity of the author. Nevertheless, analysing the collected biographies it is hard to differentiate pure traditional or pure modern ones. To be more precise, the features of modern biographies are usually incorporated into traditional-epic narratives of life stories. On the one hand the relationship of traditional/modem can be understood as a constituent of the narrative, on the other hand it is a representation of the modern worldview in reflexive narration. The traditional framework of narrative contains definite models of gender identities. Traditional duality differentiation of gender roles and structure of patriarchal opposition - is presented as social reality in biographical narratives. The differentiation is imperative and is a warrant of social order and gender identity. But several narratives about the self neglect such manifest differentiation of gender roles. Main distinction of feminine or masculine biographies is based on different perception of self-estimation and social integration.
Kartų kaita lietuvių fotografijoje: socialumo pokyčiai ikonografijoje
Authors: Kavaliauskas Mindaugas
Published: January 2019

From nineteen Sixties to nineties Lithuanian photography reached its highest maturity. Its acclaim in the former Soviet Union prompted the apparition of a term Lithuanian school of photography, defining the mainstream of Lithuanian photography of the time. The authors to participate in this cultural phenomenon created a considerable body of photographic works, often metaphorically depicting Lithuanian ethnic culture and rural life. During the last decades the debates on the issues of the contemporary photographic creation are rising, implying questioning, whether or not the works of the newer generation lack creative maturity, Whether they are worth of being exposed next to those made by classics. This article provides an overview of similarities and differences in the work of the Lithuanian school of photography and the generation of the independent Lithuania, using a complex method of social iconography. The usage of this method will guide the discourse from the offsprings of the socially-based national art and social photography to the overview and localization of the Lithuanian social photography in the global scene. The research aims to emphasize the basic iconological differences in the works of the two creative generations, to name the changes of the Lithuanian social and cultural habits and to detennine if the iconography of the Lithuanian photography corresponds to its period of time. Two types of social photography are distinguished - social documentation and semiotic communication. Conclusions. The iconographic formulas, practiced by the photographers (1960-1990), like old persons portraits, are common also to other Eastern European countries. The frequent festive aspect (religious holiday, manifestation, basketball team Victory etc.) works as a reason for picture-taking, and expresses a Lithuanian preference of a holiday to workday, exterior to interior, spiritual to material, anecdote to invented story. Very few signs of material culture of the Soviet period appear. Inthe works of the classics, mirror of the spiritual culture is a face of old persons. Meanwhile the young generation discovers the importance of teenagers and youth as the marginal part of the postmodern demo graphic situation. The influence of media transfers images of convicts, drunkards, disabled and other disadvantaged social groups. The crisis of the contemporary photography might lie in the lack of social descriptiveness, but not in the definition of national, social or private identities.
Jaunų šeimų socialinės ir psichologinės problemos
Authors: Matulienė Gražina , Dobrovolskienė Ramunė
Published: January 2019

The social psychological point of view to the family, its formation and development was used as the theoretical background of the paper. The task of the paper was to analyse the attitudes of all the respondence, the women and the men separately towards the family, the conditions of a couple becoming a family and the families functioning under the contemporary social economic circumstances. For the above mentioned purpose serve the data of special research of the couple’s who decided to be married as well as the data of other investigators. The method of investigation: the special questionnaire for the couple’s, who arrived to register the marriage was prepared. Results: the differences towards the attitudes to the joint house-hold between the persons who lived together before the marriage and did not lived together were revealed. It was not proved the opinion about the fact that life together before the marriage helps to prepare for the domestic affairs. The psychological atmosphere of the spouses show a tendency for a social interaction combining the family and the career problems also looking for a joint decisions in a case of the controversy. Conclusions: the different view of the women and the men in assessing the family problems guid to the necessity to change the family police from the patriarchal to the egalitarian.
Sovietinė globalioji modernybė ir globalumo-lokalumo suvokimas sovietinėje Lietuvoje
Authors: Leonavičius Vylius , Keturakis Saulius
Published: January 2019

This paper has several analytical perspectives. The subject of paper is the social and cultural processes of the former Soviet society. The analysis depends upon the ideas of the modernization theory (Z. Bauman, A. Giddens, R. Inglehart, S. Hall). It is argued that the former Soviet society could be analyzed as the specific case of modern society. On the one hand, it could be characterized by the features of the modern society such as industrialization, urbanization, rationalization, bureaucratization. On the other one, Soviet society lacked several features, which are the important features that describe modern societies (the priority of individual, civic participation). The paper suggests that the general opposition soviet-national could be changed by opposition global-local and analyzed from the theoretical perspective of global modernity. In addition, the interaction between soviet and national is analyzed by the Dumont’s hierarchical complementary principle. From this point of view, the Soviet nation was higher in comparison with any other national group in the Soviet Union. But since the Russians were identified as Soviet nation they were a part and a whole at the same time. The decisions and choices of individuals were constructed by this general opposition. For this analysis the concept of discursive practices (M. Foucault) is applied.
Rizikos bei dvigubos rizikos visuomenės teorija ir jos taikymas sociologinei Lietuvos visuomenės raidos diagnostikai
Authors: Rinkevičius Leonardas
Published: January 2019

This paper aims at diagnosing the current state and change of Lithuanian society from the perspective of a theory of risk-society (Beck, 1992) and reflexive modernization (Beck, Giddens, Lash, 1994). Paper illuminates a ‘double-risk’ character of Lithuanian society arguing that contemporary transitional and developing societies, e.g. Lithuanian, are turning into ‘risk-societies’ not after the urgent issues of social distribution of ‘goods’ are resolved, as the risk-society theory would suggest in the case of Western affluent societies. By contrast, a ‘double-risk’ society is characterised by mutual acuteness and inter-twined importance of both kinds of societal issues: creation and distribution of social welfare (‘goods’) as well as reduction and social distribution of risks (‘bads’). A double-risk society, similarly as a risk society is characterized by decreasing unquestionable faith in the modern institutions of science and technology, whereas a double risk-society is characterized by the painful and complex processes of transition from state-socialism that leads to disillusionment in other institutional pillars of modern society, namely the market economy and democratic governance. At the same time, a double-risk society encompasses and reflects most of the features pertaining to the risk-society – depleting social and geographical ‘boundaries vis-a-vis societal exposure to the variety of risks (environmental, nuclear); increasing importance of sub-politics with its characteristic aspects-vested interests and manipulative capacity of certain professions to shape social perceptions of risk; and decreased societal faith in the capacity of modern institutions of science and technology to cope with the globalizing risks.
Sociologinis požiūris į visuomenę
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

Review: Matulionis, Arvydas Virgilijus. 2002. Sociologija.

Vilnius: Homo Liber.
Moderniųjų socialinių teorijų problemos
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

Review: Radžvilas, Vytautas. 2001. Moderniosios socialinės teorijos apmatai. Įvadinių paskaitų kursas TSPMI bakalaurams. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.
Niklaso Luhmanno teorijos kontekstas
Authors: Mickūnas Algis
Published: January 2019

More recent continental thought is developing a social theory based on phenomenological concepts of human action and experience. At the base of this theory there is the reevaluation of the concept of time and the function of science and theoretical thought. It attempts to escape the assumption that theories and theoreticians have an extra-temporal and extra-social vantage point unaffected by social change, conditions, historical period , modes of perception and valuative interests. Theoretical and scientific thought is inner-worldly, inner-social and hence temporal and must be understood in terms of human action within society and history. Furthermore, a question of the last interpreter and the subject of selectivity must be raised. How are we to conceive of the subject who interprets, selects and correlates social actions and phenomena? It too must be understood in inner-social, temporal terms. To better understand this theory it is necessary to sketch the series of problems which led to its formulation. Although there are many writers who have contributed to the development of the contemporary continental social thought, only the topics relevant for the framing of Luhmann’s thinking will be introduced.
Moters kelias į akademiją: istorija ir dabartis
Authors: Žvinklienė Rūta
Published: January 2019

The main idea of the article to show that the practice of

legal “equal rights” even enlarged by concept of “equal opportunities” entails more dissembled and sophisticated forms of women’s discrimination, and therefore gender has remained under the control of public discourse.

In spite of society’s democratisation, the development of gender ideology remained in the frame of Chistian structure: a woman is a servant of a man. Women on the top of social hierarchy, regardless of positive changes towards women’s representation here, were, and are rather an exception than a rule. Sociological analysis of this social phenomenon is based on case study of women in science in Lithuania from a historical-cultural perspective and recent qualitative research data on academic women. Academic women indicate women who are teaching and/or pursuing scientific research in universities and/or scientific research institutions.

Social history may be regarded as a permanent struggle between woman’s exclusion from the so-called public sphere by pushing her towards a private sphere on the one hand, and woman’s strife for inclusion in the public sphere on another hand. The main instrument of this struggle is access to education. Social factors influencing the number of women in science are the public attitudes concerning the standard of sufficient education for a woman, and how science - its branches, its specialization, namely research and/or teaching - is associated with a female carrier.

Despite the trend towards the so-called feminization of definite disciplines, mostly in humanities and social sciences that has a long historical tradition, science is after all a highly masculine activity also, with still visible divisions between masters and servants from a gender perspective. The leadership in academy remains in the frame of the “old boys network”, and the most academic women remain slaves of gender that precludes them from leadership in academy as well. Slaves of gender means that women prefer/are compelled to follow traditional gender patterns that prescribe them main duties in the private sphere.

Solution of socialistic “Women’s question”, that is implementation of the principle of equality between women and men does not achievement of the last generation. The equal rights of individual choice to vote, education, profession, etc. are executed by several generations of Lithuanians, and hence, became an inherent part of the public discourse. That is why the fact of informal women’s discrimination is often perceived as a norm of existing culture or at least non- actual social issues.
Pacientų pasitenkinimo bendrosios praktikos gydytojo paslaugomis analizė sveikatos modelio atžvilgiu
Authors: Leonavičius Vylius , Plieskis Mindaugas , Petrauskienė Jadvyga
Published: January 2019

The paper discusses the satisfaction with the service of general practitioners (GP) in the primary health care of Kaunas city. The performance of instruction of GP without any questions is the crucial criteria of different biomedical and biopsychosocial pattern of health. Most part of the patients strictly follow the requirements of GP and they are satisfied with service of GP. They interact with GP on the ground of the biomedical pattern of health. On the other hand, some patients didn’t follow the requirements of GP and they are not satisfied with service. We concluded that dissatisfied patients ground their interaction with GP on the biopsychosocial pattern of health. Both patterns reflect to the different types of society. Biomedical pattern characterizes society with strong institutional constraints and biopsychosocial model of interaction is a feature individualistic society.
Psichinių sutrikimų teorizavimas: sociologinė perspektyva
Authors: Baltrušaitytė Giedrė
Published: January 2019

The article introduces and critically discusses major sociological ideas on the concept of mental disorder. Starting with Parsonian ‘sick role’ and illness as deviance, the article proceeds with labelling theory and further on with Foucault’s conceptualisation of madness as an opposition to reason. Conflict approach on mental disorder is presented as based on belief that structural inequality is one of the major sources of suffering in modern society. Constructivist critique makes an emphasis on the fragile, incoherent nature of the categories of mental disorder. Finally, the introduction of the concept of emotion into sociology of mental disorder is presented as providing new analytical tool to account for the ways mind and body are linked in a disordered condition. Sociological perspective explores dominant concepts of mental disorder and offers different ways of thinking about mental phenomena, while locating them within a broader social context and an analysis of social relations. This helps to understand better the social organisation of mental health care, patterns of psychiatric practice and the process of becoming mentally disordered.
Mokslas ir socialinės inžinerijos idėja (2):P. Feyerabendas
Authors: Gedutis Aldis
Published: January 2019

This article continues the investigation on the relationships between science and social engineering. We inquire and critically analyze the ideas of P. Feyerabend on the social possibilities of science, political role of scientific experts and social engineers. The objective of the article is the reconstruction of Feyerabend’s reception of science and its socio-political role, then, the presentation of Feyerabend’s counter-arguments against Popper’s rationalism and the project of social engineering. According to Feyerabend, an open and free society is the society where every (cultural, religious, epistemological etc.) tradition is provided with equal rights and equal possibilities. Any attempt to impose the standards of one tradition on the others rejects the idea of freedom and liberty. Science is only one epistemological traditions among others, therefore, in a free society scientific standard cannot dominate over the standards of the other traditions. Thus, Feyerabend interprets Popper‘s idea of scientifically grounded social engineering as politically harmful, misleading and incompatible with the requirements of a free society.
Tarp Rygos ir Penango. Pilietybės sąvokos ir kultūrinių skirtumų pripažinimas Latvijoje ir Malaizijoje
Authors: Giordano Christian
Published: January 2019

Citizenship is undoubtedly one of the most fundamental concrete abstractions produced by philosophers and jurists. It is particularly interesting for sociologists and anthropologists as a phenomenon that structures collective representations and social relations amongst individuals and groups. In other words, social science is concerned with citizenship mainly as an imagined construction that essentializes in social life. Though not a complete survey, we would like to present some major sociological aspects of citizenship, aside from the philosophical or juridical ones.In the article I will compare by contrast two almost antithetical models of citizenship and analyze how two different concrete abstractions influence social life. I have chosen Latvia and Malaysia, where I am still directing two field studies particularly in two cities: Riga and Penang. My choice has a pragmatic reason. After its second independence, Latvia has introduced a model of citizenship in 1991, following the Staatsnation doctrine that tends to stamp out any form of cultural difference within its national territory. Malaysia, after the end of the British colonial domination in 1956, has given itself a model of multicultural citizenship, which is unmistakably based upon the celebration of difference amongst the country’s various ethnic components.
Studentų požiūris į aplinką ir sveikatą
Authors: Matulienė Gražina
Published: January 2019

From the psychological point of view in explaining and predicting behaviour the most effective way is to find links between perceived seriousness of pollution problems, general environmental evaluation, world ecological problems and self-reported proenvironmental behaviours. Sometimes evaluation of environmental events depend upon more general orientations. In this connection the main task of investigators would be to discover what people know about main environmental problems, how do they perceive and evaluate them and how the events are related to their social life. That is why the person in the environment approach was used in the research. On the other hand the information and knowledge serve as a bases for development of environmental viewpoints. For that reason in the process of the research it was necessary to find out the level of knowledge related to the environmental events. In the future students/respondants who have participated in the research are going to became high quality specialists and they will be responsible for person-environment conditions in general: planning of houses, residences, and areas for recreation, management of toxic products and waste, protection of human health conditions, person-environment relationship, decision making processes, related to pollution of the environment. For the above mentioned reasons the decision was made to study the students many-sided viewpoints to the environment.
Delinkvencijos raiška neformaliose jaunimo grupėse
Authors: Gavėnaitė Aušra
Published: January 2019

This paper presents empirical research about delinquency in informal youth groups in Lithuania. The theoretical basis of this research - theory of delinquency and drift, created in the midst of the XX th century by David Matza - famous USA criminologist, whose efforts to combine positivist point of view with classical ideas gave way to a new - critical School of criminology. Empirical research was carried out in three youth groups: football fans group “ultra”, nationalistic group - skinheads and motorbike club - “Vorai”. The main tasks of this research were to identify, what kind - “delinquent subculture” or “subculture of delinquency” - these groups are and to explore the process of drifting from conventional to delinquent behavior by using techniques of neutralization.

The results show, that these groups are an integral part of conventional society and have no features of “delinquent subculture” as it was depicted in positivistic theories. The members of the groups are normal teenagers, who by definition (but not by nature) are delinquents as far as they do infractions. To make an infraction these teens use different techniques of neutralization.
Ekonominio ir sociologinio požiūrio jungties galimybė analitinėje socialinio mokslo paradigmoje, arba Maxo Weberio suprantančiosios sociologijos eksplikavimas Zenono Norkaus metodologiniame racionalaus pasirinkimo modelyje
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

Review: Norkus, Zenonas. 2003. Max Weber ir racionalus pasirinkimas. Vilnius: Margi raštai.
Etniškumas kaip tyrimo objektas
Authors: Valantiejus Algimantas
Published: January 2019

Review: Kasatkina, Natalija; Leončikas, Tadas. 2003. Lietuvos etninių grupių adaptacija: kontekstas ir eiga. Vilnius: Eugrimas.
Socialinis kapitalas ir politinis dalyvavimas Lietuvoje
Authors: Imbrasaitė Jūratė
Published: January 2019

The wide resonance achieved by the notion of social capital among social scientists suggests that the term serve important purposes of analysis in current social thought. The focus of the study was the impact of social capital on political participation in Lithuania. The method of study was survey sample data and scientific literature analysis. The results of analysis reflects rather weak relationship between certain social capital dimensions and political participation, what could be a result of past communist legacy: persistence of friendship networks, closed nature of social networks, low level of interpersonal and institutional trust. Data analysis confirm an assumption that social capital dimensions have the bigger impact on collective political acts than on individual political acts. Membership in nongovernmental organizations has the biggest impact on collective political actions and it supports Putnam’s social capital theory. Frequency of conversations on political and social matters has the biggest impact on individual collective acts and rather low on collective acts.
Moters karjeros trajektorijos. Karjeros samprata ir
sėkmingos karjeros strategijos
Authors: Zdanevičius Arnas
Published: January 2019

The aim of the article is to analyze the notion of woman's career and the trajectories of the career. The article is based on a view of the career as a projection that social life and social structure draws in specific biographies. The trajectories of woman's career is thus understood as way to analyze the structural constraints, connected with the societal stereotypes, relations of power and configurations of identity. The article provides an analysis of 22 woman biographies. The article attempts to draw not only an image of „career's woman“ but to understand the societal conditions for pursuing proffesional goals.
Socialinis kapitalas ir internetas
Authors: Žiliukaitė Rūta
Published: January 2019

The article presents review of four theoretical approaches to impact of Internet on social capital, namely, „internet as destroying social capital”, „internet as having no consequences for social capital”, „internet as transforming social capital” and „internet as supplementing social capital”. After introducing main arguments of each approach, an attempt is made to evaluate their capacity to describe and explain an influence of internet use on social relationship and civic participation. Author argues that the most promising notion of internet in both respects is that of “internet as supplementing social capital”. Internet provides effective tools for facilitating maintenance and formation of social capital, given that condition of development of human skills and knowledge how to integrate internet into their social activities, positive experience, and interpersonal and institutional environment that encourage using internet and provide necessary support in it are met.
Demokratijos kontekstualizacija ir socialinio tyrimo praktika
Authors: Pilotta Joe
Published: January 2019

Political communication is strictly distinguished from social and individual activities that are interest-laden and thus lack the autonomy to be political. The latter belongs solely to political societies that are democratic. Indeed, there must be a strict restriction of the use of political to a public domain in which every member of society participates in public debates and decisions. This participation is the continuous origination and maintenance of the political domain as a guarantee of human autonomy and equality.This equality suggests that the publicly appointed officials are bound by the democratic ethos to maintain such a public domain and thus are called on to communicate the public issues; any communication that is designed for effect, for rhetorical obfuscation, is interest-laden and hence designed to advance the motives of an individual or a group and not the concerns of the public. In various ways, such a communication, and those who in their expertise help in its design, adds to the legitimation crisis that leads finally to public cynicism.Political journalism, as part and parcel of the originating and maintaining of the political society, is designed to serve the public by providing information that is of public concern. This is not to say that gossip columns of social interest are to be excluded from mass media. Rather, the primary task is information – despite the tendency of the public officials and their experts to obfuscate and mislead. One could in fact argue that political journalism and communication is, by now, the primary instrument of continuing the origination and maintenance of political (i.e., democratic) society (Mickunas, Pilotta 1999).
Vartotojas nebūtinai esti pilietis
Authors: Murphy John W.
Published: January 2019

Civil society is a remedy for the alienation that has been spawned by the market. Because the market has been differentiated categorically from civil society, the intersubjective origin of this economic regulator has been seriously distorted. Hence returning organizations to their base in civil society can have a very positive impact on the development of citizens. For example, when order is established on this foundation, persons have intimate knowledge of one another, build their relationships on interpersonally validated trust, and generate solidarity through their regular intervention into public space. As a result, associations that are grounded in civil society provide persons with a terrific sense of security. Constant engagement that encourages persons to defend one another is essential to the creation and preservation of an open and free society. This intervention is a virtue, rather than a nuisance. Consumers are crippled in this respect, and thus are incapable of achieving any security. There are no lasting relationships at the marketplace, but instead tenuous friendships that may have to be sacrificed at any moment to the demands of the so-called bottom line. Citizenship, on the other hand, cannot be this ephemeral. Therefore, democracy is in serious trouble in modern societies, if the citizen is replaced by the consumer. For without trust, mutual defense, and collective responsibility, a society is condemned to devolve into a morass of accusations, suspicions, and insecurities. None will assume that there is any benefit to engaging others in a long-term, collective project. Why, therefore, should society exist at all?
Žmogaus socialinės motyvacijos pagrindai
Authors: Legkauskas Visvaldas
Published: January 2019

The present article is aimed at specifying bases of social motivation, defining the basic social needs and interrelations among them. A basic social need is defined as such a need, which is not a product of culture, but constitutes a pre-condition for formation of a social group, which in turn creates the culture itself.

Three such conditions are identified: attention of group members to each other, positive evaluation of each other, and care for each others well-being. A person experiences these conditions as needs for attention, esteem, and care. These three needs are interrelated in a hierarchical manner. The need for attention is the least important, while the need for care is the most important, as satisfaction of this need is both necessary and sufficient condition for formation and survival of a social group. Also, compared to the needs for attention and esteem, satisfaction of the need for care requires the most complex means.

Despite of such subordination of the need for attention and the need for esteem to satisfaction of the need for care, both needs for attention and esteem should be considered as separate needs, as satisfaction of these needs constitutes pre-condition for satisfaction of the need for care and hence these needs acquire an independent motivational value.
Civilizacijų analizė: Vytautas Kavolis ir Benjaminas Nelsonas
Authors: Noreika Alvydas
Published: January 2019

The article deals with famous Lithuanian sociologist Vytautas Kavolis (1930-1996) contribution to Civilization Analysis, one of the modern approaches to the civilizational sociology. Vytautas Kavolis understanding of civilization, its organization and dynamics, as well the methodology developed by him, is compared with that of Benjamin Nelson (1911-1977), a begetter of Civilization Analysis. As compared to B. Nelson, V. Kavolis proposes not a few innovations. The most original parts of V. Kavolis civilizational sociology are conception of civilization’s organization and that of civilizational dynamics. Developing them V. Kavolis employs formalistic approach broadly. His attention is concentrated on the patterns of structural relationships between meanings (formal designs), theory-practice articulation modes and their changes. The least differences between V. Kavolis and B. Nelson are observable in the sphere of methodology of research of civilizations.
Sociologiniai nusikaltimų prevencijos padariniai: mažinant atotrūkį tarp teorijos ir praktikos
Authors: Havrdova Eglė
Published: January 2019

The sociological research becomes an important source of information providing knowledge for the social-policy advice, which should terminate the ignorance of social dimensions in crime prevention. This essay, therefore, attempts to examine, what sociological perspectives in criminology offer for the “new science of crime prevention”. It will demonstrate the development of sociological thought in criminology from traditional to modern argumentation emphasizing the significance of theoretical approaches to the rebirth of “the social” in crime prevention.
Gender mainstreaming ar lyčių dėmens integravimo strategija? „Importuotų“ sąvokų taikymo Lietuvos socialinių ir humanitarinių mokslų kalboje problemos
Authors: Žvinklienė Alina
Published: January 2019

The article is devoted to encourage a scientific discussion about using the both terms lytis -sex and gender in Lithuanian academic language or at least to pay more attention to that issue. A present translation of both terms into only lytis-sex often leads up to misrepresenting the meanings of the original terms. It is argued that distinction between both terms lytis -sex and gender in women’s and gender studies, and attention to the history of the term gender helps the most adequate in meaning translation of English political and scientific phraseology into Lithuanian language. Gender mainstreaming as a case study of the problems of the translation into Lithuanian language is presented.
Ar Lietuvos visuomenė jaučiasi saugiai?
Authors: Poviliūnas Arūnas
Published: January 2019

Review: Dobryninas, Aleksandras and Gaidys, Vladas. 2004. Ar saugi Lietuvos visuomenė? Vilnius: UAB „Petro ofsetas“.
Moterų (ne)reprezentacija masinės kultūros vaizdiniuose
Authors: Jankauskaitė Margarita
Published: January 2019

The article continues the Lithuanian academic discourse and centers on the analysis of imagery that make up a concurrent part of modern mass culture and form codes of symbolic gender representation. Women’s representation strategies that make possible or, on the contrary, impossible the representation of women as subjects in the mass media are approached from the point of view of psychoanalysis, gender theory, mass media and cultural studies. The author focuses on the codes of “everyday pornography”, i.e., the naturalization of gender hierarchy, objectification of woman’s image, erotization of violence, and silencing of women, that are deeply rooted in the Lithuanian mass culture. She also analyses visual strategies that reinforce masculine hegemony and links their deconstruction with the critical evaluation of heterosexual imperative that supports the normative gender system.