bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Market Change, Distribution, and New Firm Formation and Growth: The Case of Real-Ale Breweries in the United Kingdom
Authors: Mason C M , McNally K N
Published: October 2006

Many of the most influential accounts of the growth in the numbers of new businesses being started and the general increase in the economic significance of the small-business sector draw upon flexible specialisation theory, which explains such trends in terms of the breakup of the mass market for standardised goods and services and the consequent emergence of a variety of smaller niche markets capable of exploitation by new or small businesses. In this paper our purpose is to suggest that the opportunities for new firm formation and growth arising from such changes may be more circumscribed than have hitherto been acknowledged. Drawing upon evidence from the UK brewing industry, which has seen the creation of many hundreds of new breweries during the past twenty years, we highlight the role of distribution channels as a significant barrier to the growth of the small-business sector. Changes to the regulatory environment (the Beer Orders) in an attempt by government to improve the competitiveness of the UK brewing industry have, paradoxically, had the opposite effect to that intended, and so have failed to increase market opportunities for microbrewers. Future research must give greater attention to the role of distribution in order to achieve a better understanding of the changing structure and spatial organisation of production.
An Assessment of the Small-Firm Debate in the United States
Authors: Ettlinger N
Published: October 2006

In this article I critically assess the ongoing debate regarding the role of small to medium-sized firms (SMEs) in economic development, and take the position that these firms are critical elements of local development and political economy. My discussion encompasses research findings from a variety of national contexts, but the general focus is on the United States. I dispute neither that large firms are important agents of change and wield tremendous power nor that SMEs may be problematic regarding either corporate competitiveness or social welfare. The stance adopted here is that questions are misguided because they focus on firm size as an independent variable to explain job generation or firm performance. Following a critical overview of data-related and analytical issues, I argue that problems as well as tactics conventionally associated with large firms may also characterize SMEs as they develop strategies to cope with new pressures in the global economy. Corporate culture, including the culture of both labor and management, as well as ability and willingness of labour and management to collaborate and implement new strategies, condition firm behavior and affect competitiveness, irrespective of firm size. Substantial variation in context (national as well as subnational) also affects firm behavior and prompts reevaluation and empirical substantiation of conventional assumptions about firm size that have governed the debate. Some SMEs may contribute to local economic development through a variety of processes. However, sanguine views about SME competitiveness must be tempered by the understanding that corporate welfare commonly occurs at the expense of worker welfare. This latter problem is considered inherent in the traditional Anglo-American Taylorist approach to production, irrespective of firm size. General policy guidelines are offered to integrate goals of production and consumption so that policies to develop corporate and worker welfare reinforce rather than counteract one another.
Poverty and Welfare Dependency: The Case of Los Angeles County in the 1980s
Authors: Lee W
Published: October 2006

A time-series regression analysis of Aid to Families with Dependent Children caseload movements in Los Angeles during the pre-Reagan and post-Reagan time period points to local demographic change as a main cause of rapid caseload expansion. Growing numbers of female-headed households swelled the total number of potential recipients. Meanwhile, a stagnant labor market for low-skilled workers, and the rising cost of living in the locality, further stimulated caseload increases. Results indicate that the extension of restrictive welfare policies will not so much reduce service dependency, as increase extreme poverty and generate longer term welfare dependency in a major urban area.
AIDS, Tuberculosis, Violent Crime, and Low Birthweight in Eight US Metropolitan Areas: Public Policy, Stochastic Resonance, and the Regional Diffusion of Inner-City Markers
Authors: Wallace R , Wallace D , Andrews H
Published: October 2006

In previous papers of this series we have shown how public policies of ‘planned shrinkage’ triggered contagious urban decay and massive destruction of low-income housing within poor minority communities of New York City. The resulting social disintegration exacerbated epidemics of infectious disease, including AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and TB (tuberculosis), and such behavioral pathologies as substance abuse and violence. We extend this work on the neighborhood-level ‘synergism of plagues’ to the metropolitan regional scale for eight US urban areas containing more than 54 million people. Several have central cities, which, like New York, suffer from what Skogan characterized as a relentless ‘hollowing out’ of poor communities. We find AIDS, TB, violent crime, and low birthweight near the worst affected cities to be markers of an accelerating regional synergism of plagues, a diffusing system of interacting and self-reinforcing pathology fueled by, but spreading far beyond, the worst affected inner-city areas. We uncover an apparent threshold condition for regional spread of this synergism, triggered through a stochastic resonance with public policies affecting the distribution of catastrophic events within central-city minority neighborhoods. Control of AIDS, violence, multiple-drug-resistant TB, and other pathologies in the United States will require regional reform and the sharing both of resources and of authority across presently ungovernable systems of fragmented administrative units: the urban centers of the late 19th-century USA, by the late 20th, are vast, tightly coupled urban and/or suburban complexes producing a regional ‘linear chain’ condition for both public health and public order in which the welfare of the whole is increasingly determined by the sickness of the least strong.
Modelling Complexity: Analysing Between-Individual and Between-Place Variation—A Multilevel Tutorial
Authors: Bullen N , Jones K , Duncan C
Published: October 2006

Geography is centrally concerned with difference and heterogeneity, yet much quantitative modelling has been concerned with finding average or general relationships thereby relegating variability to a single catchall ‘error’ term. Multilevel modelling, in contrast, anticipates complex between-individual and between-place heterogeneity. Previous accounts of the approach have stressed the modelling of higher level, between-place differences, but here the emphasis is placed on the simultaneous consideration of complex variation at all levels. A parade of models is presented each of which considers a particular facet of the model specification. Attention is drawn to the important contrasts between the modelling of categorical and continuous predictors. Illustrative results are provided for variations in British house prices, modelled with the ML n software. An appendix provides an example of the use of this software.
A Comparison of Economic Impacts with the Use of Economic Base and Input—Output Methodologies
Authors: Hughes W R
Published: October 2006

Single equation economic base methodology as employed in this paper is briefly outlined together with its limitations and advantages relative to input—output methodology. Both methodologies are utilized to derive alternative estimates of a port's impact on output, income, and employment in the surrounding region. Economic base impacts were up to 5% larger than type 1 input—output impacts and up to 17% smaller than type 2 impacts.
Migrations in the Urban—Rural Hierarchy of China: Insights from the Microdata of the 1987 National Survey
Authors: Ma Z , Liaw K-L , Zeng Y
Published: October 2006

After presenting a brief account of the societal context of China, the authors use the microdata of the 1987 National Population Survey to study the migration behaviors of Chinese people in the mid-1980s. The authors' main concern is with the effects of the government migration policy, and the focus is on the migrations in the city/town/rural hierarchy. There are two main findings. First, although the migration policy resulted in a very low migration level and systematic distortions in migration schedules, its encouragement of downward migrations was very ineffective, whereas its control on rural-to-urban migrations was partially weakened by the strong upward aspiration of rural families awakened by recent economic reform. Consequently, net in-migration contributed substantially to the growth both of city and of town populations. Second, although the level of education had a strong positive effect on the migration propensities both of males and of females in general, it had a strong negative effect on the migration propensities of females at the time of marriage, a finding which suggests that the families at subsistence income level tended to marry their daughters to grooms in other communities in order to reduce the risk of familial income shortfalls.
Resilience and Persistence of the Synergism of Plagues: Stochastic Resonance and the Ecology of Disease, Disorder and Disinvestment in US Urban Neighborhoods
Authors: Wallace R , Wallace D
Published: October 2006

We adapt recent perspectives on the resilience of ecosystems in a stochastic environment to analysis of the effects of public policies of ‘planned shrinkage’ on stressed US urban minority neighborhoods. The ‘synergism of plagues’—a self-reinforcing, interactive mix of contagious urban decay and deterioration in both public health and public order—emerges in the course of a sudden ‘phase transition’ from community-spanning geographically focused social networks within ghetto neighborhoods to a condition of fragmented and isolated subnets. This transition occurs because instabilities inherent in the marginalization of ethnic ghetto neighborhoods synergistically amplify externally imposed stressors, most notably public policies of disinvestment. The amplification, a short-time version of stochastic resonance, may be quite large.

Our work implies that continued subjection of marginalized US urban minority neighborhoods to public policies of ‘planned shrinkage’ can trigger similar but larger scale—regional and national—transitions in patterns of public health and public order, ultimately placing much of the three quarters of the country's population living in or near central cities at significantly increased risk.
Restructuring Effects of Deregulation: The Case of the New Zealand Taxi Industry
Authors: Morrison P S
Published: October 2006

In most countries the taxi industry is highly regulated and in cases where deregulation has been attempted, positive outcomes have not always been evident. The taxi industry was one of the very last to be deregulated by the New Zealand government as part of its sweeping restructuring of the country's industry in the 1980s. The author looks at the impact of that 1989 Act. The 1989 legislation, which removed the quantitative controls (deregulation), has been followed by a tripling of the number of companies in the metropolitan centres and a massive increase in the number of taxi cabs. A much wider range of taxi services now exploit different market segments and offer a wider geographic coverage. These changes have been accompanied by a decline in fares in real, if not nominal, terms. As expected, the influx of new players has necessitated the imposition of additional quality controls. Customers have benefited from greater numbers of cabs, shorter waiting times, and a greater range of services. Many more driving jobs have been opened up, although this is widely believed to have been accompanied by reduced incomes and longer hours until the market expanded. The larger firms which existed prior to deregulation have attempted to consolidate their market share in the face of increased competition from newer taxi organisations. There has also been increased competition between taxi and public transport operations as a variety of taxi companies tender for selected routes.
Flexibly Specialized Agencies? Reflexivity, Identity, and the Advertising Industry
Authors: Leslie D
Published: October 2006

In this paper I examine the process of restructuring in advertising, an image-oriented industry, in the context of debates over flexible specialization and reflexive modernization. There have been far-reaching changes in the US advertising industry in the 1980s and 1990s, including the recent expansion of small, flexible, and more creatively based agencies or ‘boutiques’. The growth of creative agencies reveals a desire on the part of advertisers to reroute rising consumer skepticism of advertising by producing more reflexive, innovative work and signals a heightened apparatus of control. The case of advertising raises questions about the limits to reflexive consumer subjectivities.
A Statistical Method for the Identification of Spatial Clusters
Authors: Morphet C S
Published: October 2006

A method is presented for the identification and location of clusters in data reported in small areal units. The areal units are aggregated into zones which are not prespecified at the outset and which may be of any shape or size. A statistical distribution is described against which any apparent clusters in the zones can be assessed for statistical significance. Monte Carlo methods are used to derive the distribution, and it is argued that complex null hypotheses can be represented in this way. In this approach the critical distinction between prespecified and constructed areas or zones of interest is recognised, and is shown to circumvent some of the difficulties usually associated with modifiable areal units.
Transport, Spatial Economy, and the Global Environment
Authors: Verhoef E T , van den Bergh J C J M , Button K J
Published: October 2006

In this paper we investigate interdependencies between transport, spatial economy, and the environment in the context of policies aimed at a global environmental target. A small-scale spatial price equilibrium model is formulated and used to perform a number of numerical simulations, and to investigate market-based versus environmentally sound spatioeconomic configurations with first-best and second-best policies, and with endogenous environmental technologies. We thus present a modelling framework capable of dealing with complexities associated with the simultaneous regulation, first-best and second-best, of multiple interdependent sectors in a spatial setting.
Migration of Elderly People to Join Existing Households: Some Evidence from the 1991 Household Sample of Anonymised Records
Authors: Al-Hamad A , Flowerdew R , Hayes L
Published: October 2006

In this paper the extent to which migration of the elderly is linked to changing family living situations is explored. The work described is part of a larger project concerned with the relationship between migration, kinship, and household change. Discussions of the living arrangements of older people have often referred to moves made to join adult children or other relatives. In this paper we use the Household Sample of Anonymised Records to investigate moves of this type.

The Sample of Anonymised Records allows the identification of individuals who have joined already existing households within the previous year. We make use of information on people over 65 years in Great Britain who have changed address in the previous year but are now part of a household some of whose members have not moved. This paper is confined to the limited range of information available from the 1991 census but it does allow us to estimate the number of older people making moves of this type, and to identify their age, sex, and marital status, and their relationship to the household they have joined. It is also possible to say something about the households which these people are joining, in terms of tenure and house type, and to describe the distribution of distances moved. Although the data do not allow direct inferences about whether these moves are related to the needs of the old people for care, the census question on limiting long-term illness provides data relevant to this issue.
Supply-Chain Dynamics, Environmental Issues, and Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Hill K E
Published: October 2006

Concern about environmental issues and pressure on manufacturing firms to decrease their environmental impact have both intensified since the early 1980s. At present legislation is the most significant source of environmental pressure on firms, but it is the government's intention that voluntary nonlegislative measures will play a much greater role in the future. Pressure through the supply chain is one possible mechanism for achieving this objective, although relatively little is known about its environmental role or importance for manufacturing firms. The author outlines the supply-chain concept, and examines its current significance as a source of environmental pressure. The nature of any supply-chain pressure experienced by a cross section of manufacturing firms in Yorkshire and Humberside, and their actual responses to it, are considered. This investigation reveals that, because of their economic importance, environmental pressure from customers has the potential to be significant. However, in practice such pressure only tends to affect chemical firms and those firms in the consumer-goods sectors which have experienced green consumer pressure directly. Industrial customers, with the exception of a minority of large firms and multinational corporations, generally show little interest in the environmental implications of their sales and purchasing. Environmental legislation is confirmed as by far the most important pressure forcing firms to mitigate their environmental impact. The policy implications of these findings for any move away from reliance on environmental legislation towards voluntary controls are explored.
A New Look at Gentrification: 1. Gentrification and Domestic Technologies
Authors: Redfern P A
Published: October 2006

In this paper I take issue with what I identify as a basic consensus in gentrification studies. I argue that gentrification studies have been conducted within a context framed by two basic models of urban development, namely the Burgess concentric-zone model and the Alonso bid-rent model. These two models lie at the heart of what are more usually seen as the parameters of the gentrification debate, namely the ‘supply-side’ rent-gap account of gentrification offered by Neil Smith and his followers and the ‘demand-side’ consumption-oriented explanations offered by David Ley and his followers. Both sets of explanations are, however, fatally compromised by seeking to answer the question ‘why does gentrification occur?’ before answering the question ‘how does gentrification occur?’. Starting with the question ‘how?’, rather than ‘why?’, draws attention to the hitherto almost completely neglected role of domestic technologies in permitting gentrification to occur, thereby helping break the theoretical logjam in which the gentrification debate currently finds itself.
A New Look at Gentrification: 2. A Model of Gentrification
Authors: Redfern P A
Published: October 2006

In this paper I propose a model of gentrification based on the notion that gentrification closes a gap between the flow of housing services fixed in a particular vintage of the housing stock and those available from the most modern properties. This gap is not a rent gap, therefore, but an investment gap. Modelled in this manner, gentrification appears as a problem of maximization under constraint and a subsubset of general home improvements. It is a transient and historically unique (noncyclical) phenomenon. Similarly, these constraints and the opportunities currently available to overcome them exist only in a particular historical context, the peculiarities of which must also be taken into account if gentrification is fully to be explained. In particular, these include the development of domestic technologies and the 19th-century conditions of supply of the housing available currently for gentrifying. I concentrate on the supply-side issues in gentrification, but deny that the demand-side issues can be handled via explanations based on postindustrialism, postmodernity, or the rise of a new middle class.
The ‘Clean Break’ Revisited: Is US Population Again Deconcentrating?
Authors: Long L , Nucci A
Published: October 2006

The Hoover index, calculated across counties and larger spatial units, is again declining—signalling a renewal of population deconcentration in the United States. After increasing for several decades, the index declined in the 1970s when nonmetropolitan population growth surged past metropolitan-area growth, but the index rose in the 1980s as metropolitan population growth recovered and surpassed nonmetropolitan growth. We update these trends, introducing careful controls for changes in metropolitan-area boundaries, and we incorporate a ‘functional urban region’ approach. Although the nonmetropolitan population growth rate is still below the metropolitan rate, we conclude that in the 1990s some features of the ‘turnaround’ of the 1970s have returned.
Landownership in Britain and the Quest for Town Planning
Authors: Luithlen L
Published: October 2006

In this paper I endeavour to show that town planning in Britain, although placed within the ‘public domain’, is largely operating in accordance with the principles of private law. I also argue that town planning is an integral part of the land and property market which itself is conditioned by the definition of the rights in land and property. These rights are shown to be grounded in the traditions of the private land law as evolved over centuries from the feudal system of land and property relations. I therefore begin with an examination of development under the leasehold system in London during the 18th and 19th centuries and find that landowners, in their efforts of maintaining the value of their estate, conducted a form of environmental control very similar to what planners do nowadays as part of their activities in development control. It is then shown how the old system was unable to cope with the pressures of industrialisation and rapidly expanding urban areas. Politicians, royal commissions, and expert committees sought to adapt the leasehold system and to reform existing property rights to accommodate a newly emerging property market. These efforts finally culminated in the 1925 Property Statutes. At the same time governments pursued efforts of devising new structures of urban governance. However, these measures generally were piecemeal and their implementation was fraught with difficulties. A new approach, recognising the interdependence between market processes, market regulation, and ‘public improvement’, were championed by the radical Liberals towards the end of the 19th century. This philosophy is reflected in the enactment of the first planning statutes of 1909 and 1919. Both Acts made provisions for the retainment of development value for reasons of social justice and the funding of urban infrastructure. Subsequent enactments have tended to isolate town planning not only from housing but also from the land market and the issue of betterment, and thus from urban governance. The reason, it is argued, is that property as well as planning legislation are still hemmed in the strait-jacket of the private land law. I conclude that the isolation of town planning within a fragmented ‘public domain’ bodes ill for the future of our cities.
Residential Movement into Elderly Person Households: Evidence from the 1991 Household Sample of Anonymised Records
Authors: Hayes L , Al-Hamad A
Published: October 2006

In this paper we use data from the 1% British Household Sample of Anonymised Records (SAR) to examine coresident households which have been formed by the movement of people under the age of sixty five into the homes of elderly people. The SAR does not give information on why such moves have taken place. However, an examination of the characteristics of the movers and their elderly receivers, and the relationships between the two, sheds some light on the issue. Analysis shows that most movement into the homes of elderly people is by people who are related to them—mainly their children and their children's partners and/or children. It is often assumed that coresidence between elderly people and their younger relatives is driven by the care needs of the older generation. However, in this paper we cast doubt on this simple assumption, arguing that it is equally necessary to look at the characteristics and circumstances of movers in order to understand coresidence in the elderly households under examination.
Fixed Assets or Sunk Costs? An Examination of Retailers' Land and Property Investment in the United Kingdom
Authors: Guy C M
Published: October 2006

In this paper I examine the policies of leading multiple retailers in the UK with regards to property development, ownership, and investment. The discussion is set in the context of recent work by Clark and Wrigley in which they seek to relate locational decisions and other elements of corporate strategy to the economic concept of sunk costs. This concept is shown to be relevant to the recent experience of some British retailers which have incurred irrecoverable costs through overpayment for ‘premium’ sites for grocery store development. More generally, property development and ownership have in recent years become important activities for leading retail firms. Policies to separate property ownership and management from the mainstream retail trading function appear to have been successful, but some companies have lost money through overambitious programmes of property development. The conclusion is that, though retail development inevitably incurs sunk costs both at entry and exit, these are for most companies outweighed by the long-term growth of land and property values in the United Kingdom. Sunk costs may therefore be of less significance than in other types of private enterprise.
The Supply of Public Access to the Countryside—A Value for Money and Institutional Analysis of Incentive Policies
Authors: Crabtree J R
Published: October 2006

A number of incentive schemes have recently been established which pay farmers and landowners for the provision of additional public access to the countryside. In this paper these schemes are subjected to a value for money (VFM) appraisal as a means of assessing the public benefits from government and agency expenditures. The evidence indicates that such schemes typically produce variable but limited VFM, reflecting deficiencies both in the quality of the access experiences provided and in the information flow to the public. Mechanisms for increasing efficiency are discussed. The current expansion of public expenditure on access, despite evidence of limited benefits to users, is analysed by examining the positions of actors and interest groups within the policy process.
The Law of Retail Gravitation: Insights from Another Law
Authors: Parr J B
Published: October 2006

The law of retail gravitation (LRG) and the economic law of market areas (LMA) both seek to define the market-area boundary between two competing centres. Each law is reviewed and then characterised in terms of the principal dimensions of the market-area boundary. It is shown that under certain conditions the two laws correspond exactly, so that the LMA is able to lend some economic support for the LRG. If, however, approximate correspondence between the laws is permitted, this support is considerably greater. The two laws are also viewed within the broader framework of an hierarchically structured urban system. Exact correspondence between the laws is again possible under particular circumstances, but the descriptive capacity of the LMA is greatly increased when approximation is allowed. Finally, consideration is given to the possibility of modifying the LMA in order to take account of the effects of nonprice competition.
Coalitions in Urban Regeneration: A Regime Approach
Authors: Ward K G
Published: October 2006

The author critically examines the Single Regeneration Budget (SRB)—the latest urban initiative to be introduced by the British government—through the use of urban regime theory. Set against the backdrop of the shift from government to governance, the SRB is read as a mechanism through which those occupying ‘spaces of governance’ are further empowered. With the real costs of the competition hidden, the author seeks to unpack the bidding partnerships, seeing the SRB as a dynamic process. Grounded in the USA, urban regime theory seeks to explain the rise and management of coalitions. In conclusion, the author suggests that the discourses surrounding the SRB, which emphasise empowerment, the role of the ‘community’, and the importance of coalitions in procuring discretionary funding, outweighs the monies available and that instead it is participation in the competitive process that is important.
The Equity Impacts of Los Angeles' Air Quality Policies
Authors: Bae C-H C
Published: October 2006

This research questions whether the imposition of federal clean-air standards in the Los Angeles metropolitan region will improve income equality. In the paper an attempt is made to measure the gains (health benefits, capitalized home price increases, visibility benefits) and losses [unemployment risks, price increases (including rents), and tax impacts] to mean-income households across communities and to households of different income groups within the communities for which sufficiently disaggregated data are available. The net welfare gains are substantial for households living in low-income (typically polluted) cities and for the less well-off households living in most cities. Thus the Los Angeles case generates substantial pro-poor benefits from air quality improvement. This finding could be an important ingredient in public discussions to strengthen community support for the Clean Air Act.
Child-Care Services and the Urban Labour Market. Part 2: Modelling the Relationships between Child-Care Service Accessibility and Labour-Market Participation
Authors: Webster C J , White S
Published: October 2006

In part 1 of this appear we reviewed the principal features and failures of the market for child-care services in cities. A theoretical framework was developed which generated testable labour-supply and service-supply functions. In part 2, an empirical study is reported in which aggregate versions of those functions are calibrated for the supply of labour from mothers with young children and for the supply of childminding services. Special attention has been given to creating a meaningful measure of accessible childminding services. The results indicate that urban labour-market participation among mothers with young children is very responsive to the level of accessible childminders, ceteris paribus. Further, there is evidence that, at current levels of childminding activity in the cities studied, the elasticity of labour supply with respect to service supply is approximately unity, implying that child-care supply is a binding constraint on labour-force participation. Evidence is also found to support the view that childminder supply is quite insensitive to demand.
Excluded Spaces of Regulation: Car-Boot Sales as an Enterprise Culture out of Control?
Authors: Gregson N , Longstaff B , Crewe L
Published: October 2006

We are concerned at one level in this paper with the debate over car-boot sales and their regulation. At another we are concerned with making connections between this and broader debates on retail regulation. After outlining briefly the literature on retail regulation, we argue that this work could benefit from thinking about spaces of exchange which are not dominated by ‘big’ retail capital. Car-boot sales represent one such space. We proceed by charting briefly the growth of the car-boot-sale phenomenon in Britain before going on to examine in detail the content of this debate, in which car-boot sales are represented as an enterprise culture out of control, as highly successful, characterised by a cast of petty criminals, and in desperate need of tighter regulation. In the remainder of the paper we argue that this representation, although it touches base with certain facets of car-boot sales, serves to legitimate the case for greater car-boot-sale regulation, and is intrinsically linked to political debate over deregulation and contracting out, particularly to the current monopolistic market operating environments enjoyed by many metropolitan authorities. We show that, although problematic to implement, the current regulatory environment is one which allows many local authorities both to exclude car-boot-sale operators from their area, and to exert a degree of control over their activities. Drawing on a number of case-study examples, we show that many local authorities have been exceedingly proactive in car-boot-sale regulation—using market law, planning law, partnerships, and ‘the market’ to control car-boot-sale operations. We then return to debates over retail regulation, maintaining that although this literature offers some conceptual purchase on the debate over car-boot-sale regulation, it has notable and important lacunae, particularly in terms of the conceptualisation of regulatory power. Moreover, we argue that the same literature would benefit from engaging with debates over exclusion and displacement: we argue here that the debate over car-boot-sale regulation needs to be interpreted more broadly as yet another instance of excluding ‘undesirable others' from certain spaces and spheres of exchange, and that such ideas could usefully be applied within the arena of conventional retail spaces.
Revisiting Time—Space Diaries: An Exploratory Case Study of Tourist Behaviour in Cornwall, England
Authors: Thornton P R , Williams A M , Shaw G
Published: October 2006

In this paper we examine the potential contribution of time-space diaries to the analysis of tourism behaviour. We pay particular attention to how such diaries can provide insights into activities and tourism activity spaces which are not available from tourism ‘snapshot’ questionnaire surveys. These arguments are illustrated by the results of a time-space diary survey undertaken in Newquay, Cornwall, with which we explore differences in activities and activity spaces related to the types of accommodation used, occupational and family structures, diurnal and intradiurnal variations.
Richer Farmers and Agrarian Change in Meerut District, Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Jeffrey C
Published: October 2006

The study begins with a review of Green Revolution research in India. A move is charted from a concern with various types of differentiation to an interest in wage-rate trends and opportunities for off-farm diversification. This leads into a discussion of the crucial role of the investment patterns of richer farmers in governing the dynamics of rural industrialisation. Various characterisations of richer farmers are reviewed in this context. The focus then moves to Meerut District, western Uttar Pradesh. A review of the progress of the Green Revolution in this area is followed by a focus on the investment strategies of richer farmers in the district. The particular significance of notions of family is noted and related to social and political changes operating at a number of scales. It is argued, in conclusion, that the next generation of rural development or Green Revolution studies in India will require an attention to both ‘old-fashioned’ rural development issues centring on labour relations and distributive justice and a more novel set of social, cultural, and micropolitical questions relating to how successful farmers imagine their surplus and how its subsequent utilisation might be contested by less affluent groups.
From Forest Struggles to Forest Citizens? Joint Forest Management in the Unquiet Woods of India's Jharkhand
Authors: Corbridge S , Jewitt S
Published: October 2006

The government of India has embraced joint forest management as a key strategy for dealing with forest degradation and forest employment issues in the 1990s. This represents a significant movement away from the forest reservation policies that held sway from 1947 to 1988 and which criminalised many local forest users. In this paper we consider the role played by forest struggles and forest intellectuals (notably Guha and Gadgil) in the rewriting of India's forest policies. We also evaluate the utility of a moral economy framework in guiding joint forest management policies in India's Jharkhand. We draw on village-level fieldwork in Ranchi District, Bihar, to highlight the value of an approach to the management of Degraded Protected Forests that offers a key role to active and informed forest citizens (as per the moral economy framework). We also highlight five areas of present concern: the extent of local environmental knowledges, not least among women; questions of territoriality and excludeability in respect of forest protection activities; trust, imagined communities, and forest citizenship; the role of charismatic leaders; and the importance of complementary ‘nonforest’ policies.
The Issues at Stake: An Overview of Gender Concerns in Post-Independence India
Authors: Raju S
Published: October 2006

This paper covers several key issues relating to women and gender in post-1947 India. A detailed discussion on the construction of ‘women’ by colonial and anticolonial forces prior to Independence helps place the post-Independence period in context. Because the issues are complex and intertwined, it is argued that in the Indian context the definition of conventional feminism needs to be substantially enlarged to incorporate the vast canvass covered and the role played by women in realising the aspirations of the common people including women. Thus, the author provides some representative case-study materials on Indian women in struggle (Shahada, anti-arrack, and Chipko, etc) while taking care to point out the too common assumption that these, particularly the last one, are or were women's movements. This is followed by an account of how women have been defined as a problem by various Indian plans and how women's issues are so often written around (or under) the state's desire to control female bodies in the name of national population planning. The discussion here maintains a critical edge in bringing together a narrative of Indian planning around ‘women’ with several remarks on (and drawn from) Western and non-Western feminisms.
Where Angels Fear to Tread? Mapping Women and Men in India
Authors: Kumar N , Raju S , Atkins P J , Townsend J G
Published: October 2006

The authors have produced the Atlas of Women and Men in India, using material from the 1991 Census, mainly at district level. The Atlas may be unacceptable to Indian geographers because it seeks to question the authority of numerical data and of maps, and to Western geographers because this is “mapping before we understand the process”. The authors introduce maps of the sex ratio in India and explore through a map of changes in the sex ratio 1981–91 some numerical, analytical, and ethical problems of such mapping. The Indian feminist activists consulted want the Atlas for advocacy: does this justify its production?
A History of Regression: Actors, Networks, Machines, and Numbers
Authors: Barnes T J
Published: October 2006

In this paper the history of correlation and regression analyses, both in the discipline of statistics generally and in human geography particularly, is examined. It is argued that correlation and regression analysis emerged from a particular social and cultural context, and that this context entered into the very nature of those techniques. The paper is divided into three sections. First, to counter the idea that mathematics and statistics are somehow outside the social, the arguments put forward by David Bloor and Bruno Latour suggesting that mathematical propositions arc socially constructed are briefly reviewed. Second, using the ideas of both Bloor and Latour I turn to the development of statistics as an intellectual discipline during the 19th century, and specifically to the invention of correlation and regression at the end of that period. It is argued that the development of statistics as a discipline and its associated techniques are both stamped by, but also leave their stamp on, the wider society in which they are set. Last, the importation of correlation and regression analyses into human geography which occurred in the 1950s is examined. Following my general social constructionist argument, it is suggested that because of the difference in context the correlation and regression analyses devised in the late 19th century were often inappropriate for mid-20th century spatial science.
Context, Social Construction, and Statistics: Regression, Social Science, and Human Geography
Authors: Hepple L
Published: October 2006

In response to a paper by T J Barnes, published in 1998, the author accepts the same social-constructivist perspective, but argues that the structure of regression was not excessively constrained by its biometric origins. The history of regression and its use in the social sciences is examined, and the author argues that any assessment of regression in human geography must be set against this wider context.
Sensations and Spatial Science: Gratification and Anxiety in the Production of Ordered Landscapes
Authors: Sibley D
Published: October 2006

Looking back at spatial science in the 1960s, I consider ‘the search for order’ as a case of abjection, anxiety about disorder which threatens the pure geometries of economic landscapes. This idea is developed with reference to central place studies from the 1960s, focusing particularly on the work of Woldenberg and Berry, Dacey, and Curry. Acknowledging that spatial order is a feature of economic and social life, I make a case for dialectical thinking and suggest that exploratory data analysis provides one means of examining the interplay of order and disorder.
My Dinner with Derrida, or Spatial Analysis and Poststructuralism Do Lunch
Authors: Dixon D P , Jones J P
Published: October 2006

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This paper extends our previous efforts to (de)lineate contemporary divisions between poststructuralist and spatial analytic, or scientific, approaches in geography. We adopt the format of a dialogue between a hypothetical spatial analyst (SA) and a poststructuralist (PS). Their exchange covers, among other items, the differing stances of these approaches to epistemology, ontology, research questions and methods, and the concept of ‘context’. We also further develop the concept of the ‘epistemology of the grid’, which we define as the spatialization of categorical thought. We link this epistemology to two others, Cartesian perspectivalism and ocularcentrism, arguing that their realization in social practice is generative of social order.
Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Social Research in Human Geography—An Impossible Mixture?
Authors: Philip L J
Published: October 2006

The author addresses the potential of a multiple-methods approach in human geography, an approach to social research which has received little explicit attention in the geographical literature to date. The relationship between epistemology and methodology is outlined, and the similarities and differences between quantitative and qualitative methods are described. Some problems surrounding subjectivity and objectivity in social research are also discussed. In addition, the relationship between methods and to whom the research is communicated is considered. It is hoped that the paper will stimulate future discussion both of the theoretical implications and of the practical use of a mixed-methods approach in human geography.
Human Cartography: When it is Good to Map
Authors: Dorling D
Published: October 2006

In recent years quantitative geography and cartography have been devalued within human geography. This process has often been led by writers who have questioned the extent to which researchers who analyse numbers about people ignore other ways of studying society. Often examples of the ‘unsympathetic’ mapping of people's lives or the conspiratorial creation of particular statistical social landscapes are given as reasons to avoid quantitative research. In this paper I concentrate on some visual approaches to understanding society, in particular, the view of ‘human cartography’. I argue, through a series of examples, that there is much more to mapping society than simply reinforcing an image of the status quo. There are many people involved in alternative mapping, few of whom would see themselves as geographers. Perhaps human geography should consider why mapping is now so popular, how mapping is changing, and the part geography could play in redrawing the world, before dismissing mapping as a means to understanding?
Reacting to Ground Truth
Authors: Flowerdew R
Published: October 2006

Ground Truth, a set of papers, edited by John Pickles, about the social implications of GIS, has contributed to the revival of an old debate between qualitative and quantitative approaches in human geography, This paper is intended to be a contribution to the debate: reactions and reflections triggered by the book rather than a review or evaluation of it. After acceptance of some of the criticisms of GIS and quantitative geography, attempts are made to defend them against other criticisms, and the paper concludes with some hopes for how the debate will continue.
GIS—Democracy or Delusion?
Authors: Clark M J
Published: October 2006

Geographical information systems (GIS) are potentially powerful devices for integrating, manipulating, and communicating information, and are acknowledged to be vulnerable to the abuse of that power. A significant debate during the 1990s has challenged GIS users to respond to the suggestion that their technology is restrictive, elitist, and antisocial. In practice, the response from the GIS profession has been muted, and the paper therefore comments on the way in which professional GIS implementation might be interpreted from different perspectives. Comparisons are drawn between analytical GIS in post-Apartheid South Africa and operational GIS in the UK public utilities. GIS is shown to be an operational or decision support engine fuelled by information flows, and in creating the organisational pathways to support these flows it unlocks gateways the defence of which has traditionally underpinned the authority of management and government. A dilemma thus emerges. On the one hand, GIS has unprecedented power to disseminate access to usable information. On the other hand, it still supports a division which generates a technocratic elite. It is suggested that information democracy lies not in information flow as a technical process, but in information management. As a consequence, it is concluded that a code of data ethics may be at least partially effective in allowing a professional response to the critics of GIS.
Towards a More Computationally Minded Scientific Human Geography
Authors: Openshaw S
Published: October 2006

The author offers a critical appreciation of the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative geography, geographical information systems, and soft approaches to human geographic research. He argues the case for the revival of a scientific approach to human geography, in particular for exploiting a geoeomputational paradigm with the potential to build bridges between the different methodologies.