bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Beliefs, Perceived Social Pressures, and Decisions about Having Children: A Multi-Dimensional Approach
Authors: Thompson Kenrick S. , Thompson George G.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of adolescents' responses to a 35-item inventory yielded four independent factors. The findings of this study lend strong support to the hypothesis that there are several orthogonal dimensions of beliefs, perceived social pressures, and decisions involved in 240 adolescents' statements about how many children they expect, plan, or hope to procreate and rear during their lifetimes. The implications of these findings are discussed in the several contexts of their social consequences.
Hospitalized Adults' Role-Taking Ability, Psychiatric Status and Reported Symptomatology
Authors: Ferguson Ben
Published: September 2011

57 V.A. patients hospitalized for either psychiatric or medical reasons completed a role-taking test and the SCL-90-R symptom checklist. It was hypothesized that compared to medical patients, psychiatric patients would evidence inferior role-taking ability and report more symptomatology on a majority of the SCL-90-R dimensions. And, it was hypothesized that patients with low role-taking ability, compared to patients of high ability, would report more distress on SCL-90-R dimensions containing items dealing with disturbed interpersonal relationships. The latter two hypotheses were confirmed. Compared to medical patients, psychiatric patients complained of more distress due to the SCL-90-R dimensions of Paranoid Ideation, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Hostility, Psychoticism, Anxiety, Depression, Phobic Anxiety and Obsessive-compulsive. The psychiatric patients did not complain of greater distress on the SCL-90-R dimension labeled Somatization. Finally, patients of low role-taking ability, compared to high ability patients, reported more distress on SCL-90-R dimensions labeled Paranoid Ideation, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Hostility, and Psychoticism, suggesting that patients of low ability experience more distressful interpersonal interactions than subjects of high ability.
Development and Utilization of a Personality Battery for Accountants
Authors: Dinius Sara H. , McIntyre Sherwood C.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports development of an Accountant Personality Battery consisting of an Accountant Personality Inventory and three personality performance tests. Administering the test battery to 250 university students indicated that use of the battery, in conjunction with traditional predictors of grade-point average and academic achievement tests, may increase the predictability of an individual's performance in accounting courses. Personality tests of accounting majors showed persistence, a strong desire for system, a liking for security and routine, conventional and conscientious attitudes, and flexibility when conditions required it. Math ACT scores were high. Successful accounting students showed high motivation, a strong desire to succeed, superior exam-taking ability, conscientiousness, and persistence. They remained cool in stressful situations. Although uninterested in abstract creativity, they showed interest in searching for new methods of problem solving.
Sex-Role Identification and Goal Orientation in Teenage Females
Authors: Rakowski Sharon L. , Farrow Jonelle M.
Published: September 2011

The present research examined the relationship between sex-role stereotyping and career goals of young women from a junior high and high school. Questionnaires administered include measures of attitudes toward women, careers, and goal orientation. Although most subjects ( n = 57 of 91) chose careers within traditional sex-typed areas, there were differences between both career and sex-role attitudes of junior high and the high school females who selected non-traditional careers.
Suicide Prevention Center Outreach: Callers and Noncallers Compared
Authors: Greer Frank L. , Weinstein Rhona Strasberg
Published: September 2011

Two suicidal groups receiving mental health treatment, 46 clients who had called a suicide and crisis service and 29 clients who were not known to the service and represented a sample of the greater suicidal population-at-risk, were compared on selected demographic and clinical information located in their psychiatric folders. Three scales, the Suicide Death Prediction Scale, the Suicide Prevention Center Assessment of Suicide Potential Scale, and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, were applied retrospectively to this information. The results indicated that the two groups did not differ demographically, but callers had significantly lower scores on both the Social Readjustment Rating Scale and the Suicide Potential Scale. Also, significantly fewer callers received psychiatric hospitalization. The findings suggest that the callers represented a sample of somewhat lower suicide risk.
Psychoticism, Neuroticism, and Control as Major Dimensions of Mood Variation
Authors: Howarth Edgar
Published: September 2011

Two sets of self-evaluative mood adjective scales were factored to yield mood variation patterns over a 30-day period. Each set of data produced factors of psychoticism, neuroticism (anxiety), and control. Although the psychoticism trait factor has been described recently in detail by Eysenck and Eysenck (1976), it has not been previously reported as a state factor.
Controlled Drinking—Disease Concept Controversy: Suggestions for Synthesis
Authors: Larkin Edward J.
Published: September 2011

The disease concept of alcoholism is presented as a variant of the personality model of behaviour, while the controlled drinking studies are manifestations of the situational approach to the study of behaviour. It is suggested that the current controversy concerning the feasibility and advisability of using controlled drinking as a treatment goal and as an alternative to abstinence is the result of limitations of the two theoretical models. An interactional model of behaviour which could encompass both positions and provide direction for future effort is outlined.
Reliability of the Learning Style Inventory
Authors: Geller Lester M.
Published: September 2011

The Learning Style Inventory, based upon Kolb's experiential theory of learning, is intended to measure an individual's emphasis on each of four learning modes: Concrete Experience (CE), Reflective Observation (RO), Abstract Conceptualization (AC), and Active Experimentation (AE). Two primary dimensions (combination scores), AC-CE and AE-RO, categorize learners into four types, namely, the converger, diverger, accommodator, and assimilator. Test-retest reliabilities (31-day interval) for the four learning modes and two combination scores, derived from 50 U. S. students enrolled in foreign medical schools who participated in a 6-wk. basic medical sciences review course, were: Concrete Experience, .56; Reflective Observation, .52; Abstract Conceptualization, .59; Active Experimentation, .61; Abstract Conceptualization-Concrete Experience, .70; and Active Experimentation-Reflective Observation, .55. Although these Pearson product-moment coefficients might be reasonably satisfactory for employing the inventory in distinguishing between the means of two relatively small groups with a narrow range of difference, they are unsatisfactory for its use in reliably differentiating among individuals or between the means of larger, more disparate groups. It is felt, however, that the inventory is a potentially valuable instrument and that there are possibilities for improvement which might enhance its reliability, at the same time contributing to its validity.
An Empirical Test of Three Alternative Explanations for Covert Reinforcement Effects
Authors: Sanders Steve H. , Hammer David
Published: September 2011

The empirical validity of the explanations, instrumental-conditioning, counterconditioning, and exposure for covert reinforcement were tested. 45 female students, aged 19 to 35 yr., were subjects. Each was screened for level of fear toward snakes and ability to form clear images. They were randomly assigned to one of five treatment conditions and one of three categories of expectancy. Conditions were covert positive reinforcement, reversed covert positive reinforcement, neutral consequence, reversed covert positive reinforcement to nonsnake stimuli, and nondirective contact. Assessment of expectancy occurred pretreatment and posttreatment, posttreatment only, and no assessment. Results showed that assessment of expectancy did not affect performance on subjective or behavioral measures of fear. All treatment conditions except contact produced significant reductions in fear and increased expectations about ability to approach a live snake. Findings did not support the explanations of instrumental-conditioning, counterconditioning, or exposure. A cognitive-mediational account was offered as an alternative explanation for effects of covert reinforcement.
Organizational Climate, Family Climate and Self-Concept in Relation to Occupational Interest
Authors: Ganesan Vedagiri
Published: September 2011

The relations among occupational interests of 42 Assistant Professors (aged 25 to 45 yr., with 2 to 5 yr. of service in a college) to their perceptions of organizational climate, family climate, and self-concept were studied using Fiedler's Group Atmosphere Scale. The t ratios show that the groups with positive and negative occupational interests toward teaching differ significantly in their perceptions of organizational climate, family climate and self-concept. Those with consonance of occupational interest and present occupation had favourable perceptions. Those with dissonance between occupational interest and present occupation had unfavourable perceptions.
Collateral Increases in Performance of Long Division Resulting from On-Task Gains Using Token Reinforcement and Self-Recording
Authors: Cohen Richard , Rubin Sandra , Heinen James R. K.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to assess the collateral increases in one underachieving student's accuracy rate of completing assignments as a result of gains in on-task behavior. A second purpose was to evaluate the maintenance potential of self-recording on the student's on-task behavior gains. Initially, a combined external reinforcement and self-recording procedure was utilized to effect increases in the student's task-oriented responses. These treatments, however, were not related to accuracy. During a subsequent phase, the external reinforcers were faded, leaving self-recording as the sole treatment.
Internal versus External Locus of Control and College Admissions
Authors: Levine Stuart , Taub Deborah
Published: September 2011

An opportunity to validate further Rotter's I-E scale as a measure of felt mastery over the course of one's life was provided by the establishment of the Bard College Immediate Decision Plan. It was expected that students enrolled from this program would score more internally than students enrolled through the traditional admissions procedure. Results of the study of 150 students support this hypothesis.
Factors Related to Diabetic Clients' Knowledge
Authors: Dyer Elaine D. , Cole Roberta C. , Franklin Susan , Ishida Dianne N. , Nugent Lynn Hicks , Chalfant Anna-Lee , Donahue Elizabeth M. , Hickok Nell , Kunishi Marilyn M. , Plaisted Sally
Published: September 2011

Conditions facilitating diabetics' learning were sought. Diabetic clients ( N = 114) from five hospitals in Western United States were studied to determine relationships between clients' knowledge, demographic descriptors, and various teaching approaches. Relationships were analyzed using correlation, multiple correlation and t tests. High pretest scores, as determined by multiple regression ( R .64), were obtained by clients who: (a) were better educated, (b) had obtained information in a hospital, (c) had diabetes longer, and (d) were younger. High posttest scores, determined by multiple regression ( R .53), were obtained by clients who: (a) were better educated, (b) were younger, (c) obtained diabetic information on an outpatient basis, and (d) had read more written material about diabetes. High difference scores, determined by multiple regression ( R .40), were obtained by clients who: (a) were more recently diagnosed, (b) received instruction in an outpatient course, and (c) had less formal education. Knowledge scores of clients who received instruction in the hospital or on an outpatient basis were not different at pretest but were at posttest. Diabetic clients learned more about management of their disease in classes taught after hospitalization.
Perceived Structure of Aggressive and Assertive Behaviors
Authors: Rathus Spencer A. , Fox James Alan , De Cristofaro Jerry
Published: September 2011

Teachers rated the social behavior, aggressive and otherwise, of high school students according to a 25-item adjective checklist. Principal components analysis of the rating scales yielded five factors: social boldness, positive regard, weakness of will, openness, and social facility. Assertiveness and aggressiveness loaded on the social boldness factor, as did such behavioral descriptors as bold, outspoken, nasty, unfair, and belligerent. Assertiveness was absent from the openness and social facility factors. Given the confounded lay interpretation of “assertiveness,” and the movements toward “social skills training” and viewing assertiveness in terms of situational specificity, it may be that assertiveness, as a personality construct, has outlived its utility. The adjective assertive, as a behavioral descriptor, may not be far behind.
Satisfaction with Group Process and Group Decision as a Function of Group Structure
Authors: Börsig Clemens A. H. , Frey Dieter
Published: September 2011

Egalitarian and hierarchical groups of university business students were asked to solve a business management game. The two group structures were established by role assignments. Half of the groups were introduced to an optimal problem-solving method (operations research). Both types of groups reported significantly more satisfaction with the decision when the optimal method was given. However, satisfaction with decision process was a function of group structure. In contrast to previous work, hierarchical groups indicated more satisfaction with the way the decision was made.
General versus Situation-Specific Trait Anxiety in Prediction of State Anxiety during Group Therapy
Authors: Rappaport Edward
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relative strength of a general trait anxiety (A-Trait) measure and a situation-specific A-Trait measure in predicting state anxiety (A-State) among patients during the initial session of a therapy group. Forty patients who participated in group therapy at a university counseling center were administered at the time of referral a general A-Trait scale and a situation-specific A-Trait scale designed to measure proneness toward experiencing anxiety in a therapy group. Although both measures were significantly correlated in a positive direction with A-State scores during the first session, the general A-Trait measure tended to be more predictive of A-State than the situation-specific A-Trait measure. The findings were discussed in terms of the possibility that the relative effectiveness of general A-Trait measures in predicting A-State reactions is enhanced in situations where there is a threat to self-esteem, and when the subject has had little prior knowledge and no experience related to the feared situation.
Personality, Family, Educational, and Criminological Characteristics of Bright Delinquents
Authors: Anolik Steven A.
Published: September 2011

30 male juvenile offenders with IQs 115 or above (bright subjects) were compared to 30 delinquents with IQs ranging from 90 to 104 (average subjects). All subjects were administered the Personality Research Form-E and the Personal Opinion Study. In addition, relevant information was recorded from each case history. The bright subjects expressed weaker delinquent attitudes and beliefs than did the average subjects on the Personal Opinion Study. The case histories showed that (1) both groups of subjects had similar family experiences which were generally described as maladaptive, (2) the majority of subjects were characterized as underachievers in school, (3) the offenses committed by the bright and average subjects were not different, and (4) many subjects in both groups were reported to be mildly psychologically disturbed. It was concluded that the weaker delinquent attitudes found among the bright delinquents may increase their success in therapeutic interventions, but in general the bright and average youngsters in this study were not very dissimilar.
Correlations of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and Slosson Intelligence Test for a Group of Learning Disabled Students
Authors: Vance Hubert “Booney” , Lewis Rena , De Bell Susan
Published: September 2011

This study compared scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and Slosson intelligence test for 64 students (45 boys, 19 girls) who ranged in age from 7–3 to 13–2. Mean IQ on the Peabody was significantly higher than the mean IQ on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and on the Slosson. The mean IQs were 95.0 for the Peabody, 89 0 for the Slosson, and 87.8 for the Wechsler Full Scale, with standard deviations of 12.3, 11.7, and 7.0, respectively. Highest correlations of IQs were between Verbal Scale of the Wechsler and the Slosson (.81) and between the Verbal and Performance Scales of the WISC-R (.73).
Use of Punishment in Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Blue Richard
Published: September 2011

The treatments of an adolescent girl are described and the successful amelioration of her anorexia nervosa through punishment reported.
Female's Sex-Role Expectations and Major Field of Study
Authors: Yonge George D. , Regan Mary C.
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to replicate the findings of Hawley, 19 women majoring in Engineering, 15 in the Biological Sciences, and 19 in English completed a questionnaire indicating their personal and their assumed sex-role expectations of significant men in their lives. Neither expectations were related to major field of study; however, personal and assumed expectations were significantly correlated (.53 for the total sample). Hawley's conclusions do not appear to be as clear-cut as she assumed. Some suggestions for research were made.
Neuropsychological Significance of Children's Wechsler Intelligence Scores
Authors: Kunce Joseph T. , McMahon Robert C.
Published: September 2011

The relationships of Wechsler test scores (WISC and WISC-R) to 6 neuropsychological conditions in one sample of children ( N = 120) were compared to those of a second sample ( N = 36). Only 6 of the 84 IQ-diagnosis correlations showed comparable relationships in both samples. These consistent correlations were: Arithmetic and Digit Span scores with auditory perceptual dysfunction; Block Design with visual perceptual dysfunction; Verbal IQ with speech and language disability and with auditory perceptual dysfunction; and Performance IQ with visual perceptual dysfunction. The notable lack of consistency of most correlations obtained across the two samples for the test scores to diagnoses of minimal brain dysfunction, hyperkinesis, and learning disability suggests that (a) these diagnoses need greater specificity and definitiveness if they are to relate meaningfully to cognitive dysfunction or that (b) the Wechsler subtests are not sufficiently sensitive to these neuro-psychological conditions to have diagnostic significance for children of average intelligence.
Effects of Signalling Reinforcement Which Maintains Variable Ratio Performance of Rats and Pigeons
Authors: Morris R. C. , Wookey P. E. , Kirby R. M.
Published: September 2011

The non-instrumental effects on baseline response rates of response-contingent stimuli (CSs) that signalled all reinforcement were investigated. Rats showed reliable suppression during auditory CSs. Pigeons exhibited reliable suppression with visual CSs but not with auditory CSs. This procedure affords' a method of investigating non-instrumental aspects of behaviour which is free from problems inherent in the appetitive conditioned-suppression technique.
Short-Term Effects of Prosocial Television Viewing on Play of Preschool Boys and Girls
Authors: Bankart C. Peter , Anderson> Clark C.
Published: September 2011

A field observational experiment was performed to assess the impact of prosocial television on the free play of preschool children over a 4-day period. Analysis of the data indicated that boys were significantly more aggressive than girls and that exposure to prosocial television had a strong short-term effect on both boys and girls in reducing three classes of aggressive behavior. A corresponding increase in prosocial behavior and rule obedience was not associated with exposure to prosocial television.
Patterns in Husbands' and Wives' Coping Behaviors
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Weir Tamara
Published: September 2011

85 husband-wife pairs indicated separately how likely they were to use each of 38 coping responses. Eight empirically-derived factors of coping behavior emerged. Husband-wife differences in utilization appeared on 4 of the 8 factors. Correlations of husband-wife utilization indicated two patterns, an active-passive pattern and an “other-abuse” and “self-abuse” pattern.
Equivalence of Two Forms of the Dominoes Test (D-48 and D-70) with Graduate Students in Education
Authors: Chissom Brad S. , Thomas Paulette J.
Published: September 2011

Two forms of the Dominoes Test (D-48 and D-70), the Revised Beta Examination, Concept Mastery Test, Minnesota Clerical Test, and the Wesman Personnel Classification Test were administered to 87 graduate students enrolled in an Education curriculum. Results showed that the two forms of the Dominoes Test did not correlate well enough to be considered equivalent forms. Means, standard deviations, and correlations with the other four tests were comparable. Reliabilities were low for both the D-48 and D-70, but particularly low for the D-70.
Effects of Water Deprivation on the Initiation of Predation in Golden Hamsters
Authors: Polsky Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Depriving native hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus) continuously of water for 5 days significantly increased the likelihood of predation on nymphs of Locusta migratoria. Water-deprived subjects pouched the prey on more occasions, and they exhibited a significant decrease in latency to capture with repeated testing. These results have been replicated in other experiments conducted by the author. Additional research is needed to resolve the issue of the possible contaminating effects of food deprivation.
Effects of Performance and Race in Children's Division of Rewards
Authors: Gray-Little Bernadette
Published: September 2011

16 boys and 16 girls in second grade felt they had worked harder when their scores were higher on letter-symbol substitution, but high performers were underrewarded. Black children tended to request fewer prizes but this might be related to the experimenter's being white.
Changes in Scores on California Psychological Inventory among Seminarians: What Happened to the Class of ′68?
Authors: Query William T.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that ministers' family milieu fosters mixed masculine-feminine traits, a 10-yr. follow-up study was conducted where seminarians were retested with the California Psychological Inventory. Among the seminarians, 28 were ordained and 6 were not. Support was obtained for the hypothesis. Grade point averages were significantly higher among the ordained. This study is restricted to Catholic seminarians; making a good impression became important after ordination, not before; three scales which were significant among Protestant seminarians in previous research were not found in this study, suggesting dissimilarity among denominations.
The Lost-Letter Technique: A Measure of Social and Political Attitudes in Three Socio-Economic Groups
Authors: Cahill Nancy , Sherrets Steven
Published: September 2011

The present study used the lost-letter technique to assess differential political attitudes across socio-economic strata in a midwestern community. Results reconfirm that the lost-letter technique can be a viable research tool and indicator of political attitudes, but no relationship between socio-economic status and address was observed.
Pilot Study of Conditioned Relaxation during Simulated Meditation
Authors: Delmonte M. M.
Published: September 2011

For 6 male and 6 female college students (22.5 yr.) EMGs were recorded from the frontalis for 5 days during 4 10-min. periods of EMG-feedback on Days 1 to 4 while repeating a mantra or relaxing. Significantly lower frontalis EMG on Day 5 occurred while subjects repeated the mantra although the actual difference was too small to be of clinical value.
Utilization of Perceptual and Conceptual Attributes in Children's Sorting Behavior as a Function of Age and Category Similarity
Authors: Sugimura Takeshi
Published: September 2011

120 children from 5 to 9 yr. of age were trained on a redundant sorting task which could be solved by using either perceptual or conceptual attributes of the instances and were given a probe task to assess which attribute they had used in the sorting. The probability of using conceptual attributes increased with age and was more often in the task with instances of dissimilar categories than in the task with instances of similar categories. The interaction of age by task showed that developmental changes in the use of perceptual and conceptual attributes depended not only on age but similarity of category of instances used in the task.
Comparison of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
Authors: Taylor Ronald L.
Published: September 2011

The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test were individually administered to 41 kindergarten-aged children. Correlations and mean comparisons of the two instruments were reported. The Peabody correlated significantly with the Verbal scale ( r = .536), the General Cognitive Index ( r = .473), and the Memory scale ( r = .354). There were no significant differences between the Peabody and the General Cognitive Index. Implications for the use of the two tests were discussed.
An Attributional View of Attraction: Evaluative Gains versus Favorable Comparisons
Authors: Kimble Charles E. , Moriarty Beatrice F.
Published: September 2011

Kelleys (1967) attribution theory suggests that a selective evaluator whose opinion was more positive toward the target than toward comparison others would be liked more than a gain evaluator whose opinion of the target changed from negative to positive. This hypothesis was tested. In addition, the selective evaluator was compared to a nonselective one, and the gain evaluator was compared to a positive one. The selective evaluator and the positive evaluator were liked more than the gain evaluator. These findings were interpreted by comparing these conditions with a maximum attraction situation implied by Kelley's model.
Relationships among Attachment Behaviors during Reunion at 13 and 32 Months of Age
Authors: Marcus Bette B. , Ruttle Kristi , Vietze Peter M.
Published: September 2011

Attachment behaviors during the reunion episode of the ‘Strange Situation’ were investigated for 18 mother-infant dyads when the infants were 13 mo. old and then 19 mo. later for a repetition of the procedure when the infants were 32 mo. old. Correlational analyses were performed to assess relationships among the behaviors both within and across ages. Findings indicate that proximal behaviors are interrelated at 13 mo. whereas distal behaviors are interrelated at 32 mo. Cross-age correlations indicated that distress and looking at objects at 13 mo. were negatively associated with distal behaviors at 32 mo. However, exploratory behavior at 13 mo. was positively correlated with distal behaviors at 32 mo. These results suggest that amount of infant's exploratory behavior in a somewhat stressful situation may provide information about the nature of the attachment relationship at a later age.
Students' Ratings of Satisfaction with Industrial Training Predicted from Instructors' Leadership Style and Trainees' Personality Characteristics
Authors: Ross Paul C. , Houtz John C.
Published: September 2011

Ratings of satisfaction and ability to perform course objectives were obtained from 271 telephone company managers in 20 technical training courses. The purpose of the research was to identify variables which would predict trainees' satisfaction with instruction in an industrial setting. Multiple regression analyses were computed involving several personality measures, biographical and trainees' background data, and trainees' perceptions of instructors' style of leadership. The most significant predictors identified were the leadership-style dimensions of Consideration of Structure and the trainees' post-course ratings of their ability to perform the course objectives. None of the personality variables accounted for significant proportions of variance although some evidence was obtained to suggest differential predictions for men and women in terms of need for job information.
Locus of Control and God-Dependence
Authors: Silvestri Philip J.
Published: September 2011

To determine the relation between Internality and dependence on God 25 adults were given the Rotter I-E scale and a question identifying God-dependence. Results were significant in the direction of greater Internality for the God-dependent.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Wais and the WPPSI
Authors: Ramanaiah Nerella V. , Adams Michael L.
Published: September 2011

Wechsler's hypothesis that verbal and performance factors are the major dimensions underlying the WAIS and the WPPSI subtests was directly tested by using confirmatory factor analysis. Correlated multiple-group factor analyses were performed on the WAIS subtest intercorrelations based on Wechsler's (1955) standardization sample and Doppelt and Wallace's (1955) elderly sample and for the WPPSI subtest intercorrelations based on Wechsler's (1967) standardization sample, separately for each age group. Verbal and performance factors clearly emerged in all analyses, accounting for approximately 70% of total variance for the WAIS and 60% for the WPPSI. The results provide strong support for Wechsler's hypothesis and also for the use of separate verbal and performance scores.
Effect of Holy Water on the Growth of Radish Plants
Authors: Lenington Sandra
Published: September 2011

Mean growth of 12 radish seeds in peat pots watered with holy water were not significantly different from that of 12 watered with tap water. Limitations on data were listed.
Class Inclusion: Effect of Response Variation on Assessment of Preschool Children's Performance
Authors: Back Susan Malone , Zimet Sara Goodman
Published: September 2011

To investigate the effect of response variation in the assessment of preschool children's performance on a class-inclusion task 52 girls and boys, 4 and 5 yr. of age, were randomly assigned to verbal and manual response conditions on a class-inclusion task. Judgments and explanatory responses were scored separately and two-way analyses of variance were conducted on each set of scores. Children in the manual condition scored significantly higher than those in the verbal condition; however, there was no indication that full mastery of class inclusion could be elicited earlier by the manual condition. There was no main effect due to sex, but there was an interaction of sex by procedure.
Dominoes as a Therapeutic Device
Authors: Levinson Boris M.
Published: September 2011

Dominoes is a useful game for a therapist — whose child patient has temporarily become verbally unproductive. It can provide information about both personality dynamics and developmental status, including neurophysiological maturity. Played in two parts, the standard game and a projective approach in which the child constructs whatever he wishes with the dominoes and then tells a story about or associates to his construction, the game can provide the therapist with information about the child's attitudes toward success and failure, competition, authority, his sense of competence and the dominant themes in his life which come through in symbolic references. Problems in perceptual analysis, perceptual-motor integration, fine and gross motor coordination, and grasp of simple number concepts will also show up in the child's manipulation of the dominoes. Using dominoes as a projective technique can supplement clinical data about the individual child with valuable information on personality development.
Electromyographic Assessment of Dimethylaminoethanol (Deanol) in Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Lonowski Daniel J. , Sterling F. E. , King Hugh A.
Published: September 2011

An ABAB reversal design with matched placebo was employed to assess the acetylcholine precursor, deanol, in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Oral dyskinesia was monitored by electromyography in four patients with tardive dyskinesia. A battery of psychological rating scales was also utilized to determine effects of deanol on psychological functioning. Improvement ranged from 35 to 70% dyskinetic symptom reduction in three patients given deanol. The decrease in symptomatology, however, did not reach the level of oral EMG activity observed in a normal control subject. Psychological functioning was generally unaffected, but slight improvement was seen in two subjects.
Cognitive Structure and Preference for Constructs in Impression Formation: A Field Experiment
Authors: Schneier Craig Eric
Published: September 2011

Cognitively complex persons, those viewing their social world in a multidimensional manner, were expected to prefer to base their evaluations of others on constructs describing more internal, motivational aspects of personality. Cognitively simple persons were hypothesized to prefer to use constructs describing more external, behavioral characteristics. The hypothesis was supported in a study of 72 workers in a manufacturing plant. Since the workers were required to rate their teammates as part of their job duties, the reality of the experimental task and the field-setting enhanced external validity of previous findings and helped to clarify the generality of the relationship between cognitive structure and overt behavior. Psychometric and applied implications of the findings are noted.
Credibility of Communicators and Distraction as Predictors of Change in Attitude
Authors: Burgoon Michael , Fraedrich Lynn , Bachman Susan
Published: September 2011

Earlier research suggests that communicators' credibility and distraction interact such that maximal change in attitude occurs when the communicator is highly credible and receivers are distracted from the persuasive message. Because conceptual and operational flaws appear in the earlier research this study provided a replication and refinement using 377 subjects. Contrary to previous research, nondistracted subjects showed more change in attitude than distracted subjects. Moreover, the peer source in the distracting condition showed the least change of any cell in the design. These findings are discussed in terms of their impact on a large body of research making assumptions unsupported by these data.
Personal Beliefs, Information Availability, and Judgments of Academic Success
Authors: Morrison Thomas L. , Morrison Randall L.
Published: September 2011

To assess the effects of personal beliefs and information availability on judgments of academic success, 86 college students either predicted before an examination or estimated after the examination the grade they would receive. Consistent with hypotheses, students with high self-esteem and high school self-esteem on the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory predicted higher grades compared to their prior grade average in the course than did students with low self-esteem. There were no differences for estimates. Contrary to hypothesis, the same results were obtained for students with high need for approval on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Also contrary to hypothesis, students with external locus of control on the Rotter Locus of Control Scale were more accurate than internals in estimating their grades.
Personality and Political Participation: Does Self-Ideal Discrepancy Make a Difference?
Authors: Thomas Dan B. , Baas Larry R.
Published: September 2011

Rival accounts of the relation between personality adjustment, e.g., psychic fulfillment, self-actualizarion, and the like, and political participation are summarized, and the notion of self-ideal congruence introduced as an independent variable of relevance. The latter, as an aspect of self-actualization, was then investigated for its relationship to political participation. Findings from a sample of 85 college students did not conform to expectations derived from “actualization” theory but were not inconsistent with “compensation” perspectives, as no positive relationship was found between congruence and two measures of political participation.
Effects of State Anxiety and Demand Conditions on Modeling Behavior
Authors: Bauer Greg P. , Schlottmann Robert S.
Published: September 2011

80 female undergraduates underwent relaxation or anxiety-induction procedures and were then exposed to a fast or slow model negotiating a maze. One-half of these subjects were directly instructed to observe the model (demand condition), whereas the remainder were merely seated and told to wait their turn (no-demand condition). A visual-fixation measure was taken to determine the amount of time subjects actually spent observing the models. No significant correlation was found between the time spent observing the model and the time taken to complete the maze. State-anxious subjects tended to imitate the model more than relaxed subjects when observing a slow model, but no significant differences were found when subjects observed a fast model. State-anxious subjects imitated whether they were instructed to observe the model or not.
Human Sympathy Groups
Authors: Buys Christian J. , Larson Kenneth L.
Published: September 2011

Human quantitative boundaries for sympathizing are perceived as having been roughly established during human evolution into social beings. Data obtained on 125 American subjects are viewed as consistent with this highly speculative notion.
The Aquarium as a Therapeutic AID
Authors: Levinson Boris M.
Published: September 2011

Keeping fish in an aquarium is a highly popular hobby despite the fact that fish are not contact animals like dogs and cats. Practical and easy to keep, aquaria provide an opportunity to observe a microcosm, behaviors involving competition, mating, reproduction, territorial defense, and care of the young. Because of this the office aquarium can be an effective therapeutic device for the psychotherapist, since it invites relaxation, reverie, and unconscious associations with projective implications in important areas of concern. Unlike standardized projective techniques, the aquarium with its constantly changing panorama elicits highly individualized rather than normative data. The patient is apt not to experience the anxiety of a testing situation in talking about what he sees but to give free rein to his fantasies. This makes it useful in work with children and as a basis for directed exploration of fantasy within groups, as well as for stimulating unconscious responses in individual adults.
Structuring Bureaucratic Rules to Enhance Compliance
Authors: Gray Thomas , Roberts-Gray Cynthia
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that certain structural characteristics of bureaucratic rules affect their ability to control participants' behavior, two experiments were conducted to measure compliance with rules of different structural types. In both experiments the rule types were the simple rule statement, statement plus designation of an enforcing agent, plus sanctions for compliance, plus sanctions for enforcement. In the first experiment faculty and administrators reported the probability of compliance expected for university rules appearing in the different statement types. The second experiment measured the frequency of compliance with a rule governing participation in small group discussions when the rule was structured in the different ways. In both experiments the probability of compliance was increased when the rule designated an enforcing agent and specified sanctions for compliance and sanctions for enforcement. The results of the two experiments converge on the interpretation that bureaucratic rules can be structured to ensure compliance at levels over and above that which would be expected on the basis of the social and psychological commitment of participants in a group or organization.
Effects of Ethnicity, Sex, and Age on MMPI Profiles
Authors: Hibbs B. Janet , Kobos Joseph C. , Gonzalez Josue
Published: September 2011

Planned comparisons of Mexican-American and Anglo-American profiles were made to probe previous inconsistent findings regarding source of scale differences. While cultural and socioeconomic factors have been demonstrated to affect this inventory, variables of ethnicity, sex, and age and their interactions have not been thoroughly assessed, due to variations in methodology, populations, and sample sizes. The applicability of MMPI to the Mexican-American population was also questioned. Variables of ethnicity, sex, and age, allowed to vary and function as independent measures through multiple analyses of variance, proved to be potent sources of variance. Cultural factors seem related to elevations for the Mexican-Americans on the Lie and Frequency scales. Effects attributable to sex alone occurred on the Hypochondriasis, Masculinity-Femininity, and Mania scales. Elevations on the Hypochondriasis, Psychopathic Deviate, and Paranoia scales were linked to effects of age. Elevations for Mexican-American women on the Hypochondriasis and Paranoia scales were ascribed to the interaction of ethnicity and sex. An interaction of sex and age occurred on the Correction scale, with women elevating the scale as a function of aging.
Factor Structure of the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire in a Normal Population
Authors: Fowler Patrick C. , Park Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The multivariate structure of the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire was investigated in a normal population of preschool children living in the northeastern U.S. Girls ( N = 349) and boys ( N = 352) attending kindergarten in a middle-size urban community were rated by their teachers on a shortened form of the questionnaire for 28 behavioral characteristics. Separate principal component and maximum likelihood factor analyses for each sex indicated the presence of two dimensions: the first combining traits of aggressiveness, attention span problems, and elevated activity level; the second being defined by traits of anxiety, fearfulness, and emotional lability. Both the principal component and maximum likelihood methods produced comparable results for girls and boys. The divergence of the present results from those reported earlier by Behar (1977) was interpreted to be a function of the classroom context and differing sample characteristics.
Word Association and Formal Training of the Written Language: Consolidation of the Response Base
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Dufilho Joanne H. , Dawson Nancy E.
Published: September 2011

Commonalities of adult word associations with 659 stimulus words were examined as a function of the elementary school grade level at which the words are formally introduced in their written form. There was a systematic decrease in the commonality of associates as a function of the grade level at which a stimulus word is introduced. A random sample of 20 words from each grade level showed that 64% of the primary responses to these words had been introduced in written form before the second grade. This suggests that early experiential associates of the spoken language become consolidated into more succinct networks. To investigate a possible paired-associate type of learning as an explanation for the high commonality of words learned early, associations of children in kindergarten through the fifth grade were obtained with 70 of the 659 words (10 from each grade level from kindergarten through sixth grade). Three significant effects of commonality were noted: (1) words introduced in the second grade had the highest commonalities regardless of the grade of the child, (2) the commonality of a word had a tendency to increase in the grade when it was introduced (even though responses by children in preceding grades indicated familiarity with the word), (3) the commonality of a given word increased at each succeeding grade level even though the children's vocabulary was steadily expanding. The commonalities observed for children and adults are discussed in terms of time and manner of formal introduction of the written words.
The Auditory Form of the Ohio Literacy Test: Preliminary Correlational Analysis with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Authors: Hart Ronald R. , Norman W. Barry , Sergent Michael W.
Published: September 2011

The WAIS, the original edition of the Ohio Literacy Test, and its auditory form were administered to 60 male psychiatric inpatients at the time of hospital admission. Correlations were .54 to .70. Tentative results suggest that this auditory form may have some merit as a quick estimator of WAIS Full Scale IQs.
Mental Growth from Six to Sixty in an Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Sample
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

The semi-longitudinal method was used to trace changes in the mental ages of 906 institutionalized mentally retarded subjects as a function of chronological age, and equations were fitted to the resulting growth curves. Sex differences proved to be relatively slight. The higher levels of retardation had a higher initial growth rate and a more pronounced decline at higher age levels than did the lower levels, but they did not have a longer growing season. In all but the last respect, the findings resembled those obtained by Fisher and Zeaman (1970).
Rorschach Content Analysis of the Use of Sexual Imagery by Catholic Seminarians
Authors: Bartsch James R. , Dawson Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

A random sample of 30 students was selected from those who entered seminary during three consecutive years. Rorschach protocols administered by experienced clinical psychologists were scored using Beck's method. Interscorer reliability ranged from .72 to .96 (Houck & Dawson, 1978) with an average of .89. Three levels of sexual imagery were obtained for each of the 10 Rorschach cards after the method of Clark (1952). Three hypotheses were advanced and supported. The first was that significantly more imagery would be obtained on Levels I and III than Level II. The second, that chromatic cards would elicit significantly more sexual imagery than achromatic cards, was strongly supported. The third, that a combination of Level I criteria and chromatic cards would produce the highest level of imagery, was also strongly supported. Seminarians tended to respond to sexual material in a somewhat indirect and naive manner. They expressed themselves directly and appropriately rather than symbolically. General emotional integration appeared within the normal range.
Effect of a Simulation Game on Locus of Control of Institutionalized Delinquent Youth
Authors: Straub William F.
Published: September 2011

‘High School,’ a simulation game, was used to alter the locus of control of 31 institutionalized delinquent youth 15 to 18 yr. of age. Significant differences in locus of control were not found between experimental and control subjects after 6 wk. of simulation exercises.