bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends, patterns, and networks of illicit wildlife trade in Nepal: A national synthesis
Authors: Paudel Prakash K. , Acharya Krishna Prasad , Baral Hem Sagar , Heinen Joel T. , Jnawali Shant Raj
Published: June 2020

Illicit wildlife trade may have devastating consequences for Nepal's wildlife populations given its increasing national and global connectivity and proximity with large Indian and Chinese markets. Despite its potential impacts, our understanding about trends, patterns and networks of illicit wildlife trade in Nepal is very limited. Here, we provide a thorough and comprehensive national assessment of such trade in Nepal using 5 years (2011 through 2015) of data on wildlife seizures and arrests (n = 830) collected from 73 districts. Nearly 87% of arrests included seizures, and globally threatened species were confiscated from 56% of total arrests. There were increasing trends of arrest cases over the time period for all species (p = 0.03), leopards (p = 0.02) and red pandas (p = 0.002), and a decreasing trend for rhinoceros (p = 0.04). Seizures of multiple species—especially tigers, leopards, and pangolin—in arrest cases were suggestive of international organized criminal linkages, whereas individual small‐scale seizures were likely for local, species‐specific markets. The trade networks suggested connections between species core habitats (poaching sites), cities (collection sites), and transit routes between India and China (international markets). Our results show that wildlife trade, except for rhinoceros, is increasing and trade nodes along districts bordering China and India are suggestive of large, international networks.
Recurrent versus first cervical artery dissection – a retrospective study of clinical and vascular characteristics
Authors: Kloss M. , Kalashnikova L. , Dobrynina L. , Traenka C. , Engelter S. T. , Metso T. M. , Tatlisumak T. , Urbanek C. , Grau A. , Kellert L. , Brandt T. , Wieker C. M. , Grond‐Ginsbach C. , Pezzini A.
Published: June 2020

Background and purpose

Most recurrent cervical artery dissection (CeAD) events occur shortly after the acute first CeAD. This study compared the characteristics of recurrent and first CeAD events and searched for associations between subsequent events of an individual person.

Methods

Cervical artery dissection patients with a new CeAD event occurring during a 3–6 month follow‐up were retrospectively selected in seven specialized stroke centers. Clinical and vascular characteristics of the initial and the recurrent CeADs were compared.

Results

The study sample included 76 patients. Recurrent CeADs were occlusive in one (1.3%) patient, caused cerebral ischaemia in 13 (17.1%) and were asymptomatic in 39 (51.3%) patients, compared to 29 (38.2%) occlusive, 42 (55.3%) ischaemic and no asymptomatic first CeAD events. In 52 (68.4%) patients, recurrent dissections affected both internal carotid arteries or both vertebral arteries, whilst 24 (31.6%) patients had subsequent dissections in both types of artery. Twelve (28.6%) of 42 patients with an ischaemic first dissection had ischaemic symptoms due to the recurrent CeADs, too. However, only one (1.3%) of 34 patients with a non‐ischaemic first CeAD suffered ischaemia upon recurrence.

Conclusion

Recurrent CeAD typically affects the same site of artery. It causes ischaemic events less often than the first CeAD. The risk that patients who presented with solely non‐ischaemic symptoms of a first CeAD will have ischaemic symptoms in the case of a recurrent CeAD seems very small.
A generalized light‐driven model of community transitions along coral reef depth gradients
Authors: Laverick Jack H. , Tamir Raz , Eyal Gal , Loya Yossi
Published: June 2020

Aim

Coral reefs shift between distinct communities with depth throughout the world. Yet, despite over half a century of research on coral reef depth gradients, researchers have not addressed the driving force of these patterns. We present a theoretical, process‐based model of light’s influence on the shallow to mesophotic reef transition as a single quantitative framework. We also share an interactive web application. Moving beyond depth as an ecological proxy will enhance research conducted on deeper coral reefs.

Location

Global; subtropical and tropical coral reefs, oligotrophic and turbid coastal waters.

Time period

Present day (2020).

Major taxa

Scleractinia.

Methods

We constructed ordinary differential equations representing the preferred light environments of shallow and mesophotic Scleractinia. We projected these as depth bands using light attenuation coefficients from around the world, and performed a sensitivity analysis.

Results

We found light relationships alone are sufficient to capture major ecological features across coral reef depth gradients. Our model supports the depth limits currently used in coral reef ecology, predicting a global range for the shallow‐upper mesophotic boundary at 36.1 m ± 5.6 and the upper‐lower mesophotic boundary at 61.9 m ± 9.6. However, our model allows researchers to move past these fixed depth limits, and quantitatively predict the depths of reef zones in locations around the world.

Main conclusions

The use of depth as a proxy for changes in coral reef communities offers no guidance for environmental variation between sites. We have shown it is possible to use light to predict the depth boundaries of reef zones as a continuous variable, and to accommodate this variability. Predicting the depths of reef zones in unusual light environments suggests that shallow‐water turbid reefs should be considered as mesophotic coral ecosystems. Nonetheless, the current depth‐based heuristics are relatively accurate at a global level.
Biological mechanisms underlying inter‐individual variation in factor VIII clearance in haemophilia
Authors: Turecek Peter L. , Johnsen Jill M. , Pipe Steven W. , O'Donnell James S. ,   the iPATH study group
Published: June 2020

Previous studies have highlighted marked inter‐individual variations in factor VIII (FVIII) clearance between patients with haemophilia (PWH). The half‐life of infused FVIII has been reported to vary from as little as 5.3 hours in some adult PWH, up to as long as 28.8 hours in other individuals. These differences in clearance kinetics have been consistently observed using a number of different plasma‐derived and recombinant FVIII products. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that half‐life for extended half‐life (EHL‐) FVIII products also demonstrates significant inter‐patient variation. Since time spent with FVIII trough levels <1% has been shown to be associated with increased bleeding risk in PWH on prophylaxis therapy, this variability in FVIII clearance clearly has major clinical significance. Recent studies have provided significant novel insights into the cellular basis underlying FVIII clearance pathways. In addition, accumulating data have shown that endogenous plasma VWF levels, ABO blood group and age, all play important roles in regulating FVIII half‐life in PWH. Indeed, multiple regression analysis suggests that together these factors account for approximately 34% of the total inter‐individual variation in FVIII clearance observed between subjects with severe haemophilia A. In this review, we consider these and other putative modulators of FVIII half‐life, and discuss the biological mechanisms through which these factors impact upon FVIII clearance in vivo.
Continued capacity: Factors of importance for organizations to support continued Let's Talk practice – a mixed‐methods study
Authors: Allchin Becca , Weimand Bente M. , O’Hanlon Brendan , Goodyear Melinda
Published: June 2020

Sustainability is a desired outcome of implementation. Understanding how organizations support new practices after implementation is important for sustainability. Let’s Talk about Children (hereby referred to as ‘Let’s Talk’), a family‐focused intervention with parents with a mental illness, improves family, parent, and child outcomes. Little is understood about how organizations support sustained practice. The study aimed to (i) understand the implementation process that occurred in eight adult mental health services during a previous randomized controlled trial; (ii) establish their continued capacity to embed Let’s Talk; and (iii) explore links between organizational capacity and sustained delivery by practitioners. This mixed method study used a questionnaire and individual interviews to collect data on the implementation process and current organizational capacity to support Let’s Talk 12months after the randomized controlled trial. Links between organizational capacity and the adult mental health services with practitioners’ continuing to use Let’s Talk in the past 12 months were explored. Services with higher current organizational capacity scores had practitioners currently delivering Let’s Talk. These services had all made changes to their organizational structures to support Let’s Talk practice. All services experienced significant changes during and after implementation, influencing sustainability of Let’s Talk. Addressing organizational capacity appears to be important to enable sustainability of Let’s Talk implementation endeavours. Real‐world settings are constantly changing systems requiring ongoing tracking and adjustments to understand and support sustainability. Internal service development staff appear to support the shaping of organizational capacity to support Let’s Talk; however, broader organizational support is needed for change within a complex system.
Critique of materials‐based models of ductile machining in brittle solids
Authors: Huang Han , Lawn Brian R. , Cook Robert F. , Marshall David B.
Published: June 2020

Indentation fracture models of ductile machining in hard and brittle materials are critically appraised. Relations obtained in a seminal study for critical depths of cut below which fracture is suppressed are examined and amended. Limitations inherent in any such materials‐based analysis, in addition to uncertainties in empirical measurements of underpinning mechanical properties (modulus, hardness, toughness) and of threshold grinding depths, suggest that caution should be exercised in unconditional usage. Notwithstanding these limitations, the value of the indentation fracture methodology in placing ductile machining on a sound materials science footing is maintained.
School satisfaction in parents of children with severe developmental disabilities
Authors: Perry Adrienne , Charles Meisha , Zapparoli Busi , Weiss Jonathan A.
Published: June 2020

Background

Previous research suggests parents' level of satisfaction with their child's school experience is highly variable. The present author explored school satisfaction in a Canadian sample of parents of children with severe and often complex developmental disabilities.

Method

Parents of 185 children completed questionnaires regarding their satisfaction with nine aspects of their child's school experience. Satisfaction was examined in relation to child's age, diagnosis of Autism, adaptive level, and maladaptive behaviour; parents' mental health difficulties and perception of caring burden; and the child's classroom type and level of clinical services at school.

Results

School satisfaction was unrelated to parents' mental health or burden scores, was related to child's adaptive and maladaptive behaviour, as well as type of classroom placement.

Conclusions

It is important to understand what aspects of the school experience are influential for different children and families so that their experience can be optimized as far as possible.
A SNP of miR‐146a is involved in bladder cancer relapse by affecting the function of bladder cancer stem cells via the miR‐146a signallings
Authors: Wang Tianen , Yang Yanfeng , Wang Zhiyong , Zhang Xuechong , Li Dongsheng , Wei Jinxing
Published: June 2020

MiR‐146a‐5p in urine samples was recently reported to be possibly used as a prognostic marker for bladder cancer (BC). Interestingly, YAP1 and COX2 were both demonstrated to function as stem cell regulators in BC. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to establish the molecular mechanism underlying the role of miR‐146a, YAP1 and COX2 in BC relapse. We also studied the possibility of using the C > G genotype of miR‐146a rs2910164 SNP as an indicator of BC relapse. A total of 170 BC patients were assigned into different groups based on their genotypes of rs2910164 SNP. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were plotted to compare the recurrence‐free rate among these groups. Real‐time PCR, Western Blot, bioinformatic analysis, luciferase assay and IHC assay were conducted to study the role of rs2910164 SNP in the progression of BC. Accordingly, GC/CC‐genotyped patients presented a higher risk of recurrence when compared with GG‐genotyped patients, while the expression of BC regulators was influenced by the presence of rs2910164. COX2 mRNA and YAP1 mRNA were, respectively, validated as direct target genes of miR‐146a, and the expression of YAP1 and COX2 mRNA/protein was both suppressed by miR‐146a precursors. The expression of ALDH1A1 mRNA/protein was inhibited upon the down‐regulation of YAP1, while the expression of let7 and SOX2 mRNA/protein was inhibited upon the down‐regulation of COX2. In conclusion, two signalling pathways, miR‐146a/YAP1/ALDH1A1 and miR‐146a/COX2/PGE2/let7/SOX2, were modulated by miR‐146a. As an SNP regulating the expression of miR‐146a, the rs2910164 G > C SNP could be utilized as a biomarker for BC relapse.
Circ‐AKT3 inhibits the accumulation of extracellular matrix of mesangial cells in diabetic nephropathy via modulating miR‐296‐3p/E‐cadherin signals
Authors: Tang Bo , Li Weiliang , Ji Ting‐Ting , Li Xiao‐Ying , Qu Xiaolei , Feng Linhong , Bai Shoujun
Published: June 2020

Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end‐stage renal disease globally. The vital role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) has been reported in diabetic nephropathy progression, but the molecular mechanism linking diabetic nephropathy to circRNAs remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the significant function of circ‐AKT3/miR‐296‐3p/E‐cadherin regulatory network on the extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells in diabetic nephropathy. The expression of circ‐AKT3 and fibrosis‐associated proteins, including fibronectin, collagen type I and collagen type IV, was assessed via RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis in diabetic nephropathy animal model and mouse mesangial SV40‐MES13 cells. Luciferase reporter assays were used to investigate interactions among E‐cadherin, circ‐AKT3 and miR‐296‐3p in mouse mesangial SV40‐MES13 cells. Cell apoptosis was evaluated via flow cytometry. The level of circ‐AKT3 was significantly lower in diabetic nephropathy mice model group and mouse mesangial SV40‐MES13 cells treated with high‐concentration (25 mmol/L) glucose. In addition, circ‐AKT3 overexpression inhibited the level of fibrosis‐associated protein, such as fibronectin, collagen type I and collagen type IV. Circ‐AKT3 overexpression also inhibited the apoptosis of mouse mesangial SV40‐MES13 cells treated with high glucose. Luciferase reporter assay and bioinformatics tools identified that circ‐AKT3 could act as a sponge of miR‐296‐3p and E‐cadherin was the miR‐296‐3p direct target. Moreover, circ‐AKT3/miR‐296‐3p/E‐cadherin modulated the extracellular matrix of mouse mesangial cells in high‐concentration (25 mmol/L) glucose, inhibiting the synthesis of related extracellular matrix protein. In conclusion, circ‐AKT3 inhibited the extracellular matrix accumulation in diabetic nephropathy mesangial cells through modulating miR‐296‐3p/E‐cadherin signals, which might offer novel potential opportunities for clinical diagnosis targets and therapeutic biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy.
Genetic structure and divergence of tench Tinca tinca European populations
Authors: Karaiskou Nikoleta , Gkagkavouzis Konstantinos , Minoudi Stella , Botskaris Dimitrios , Markou Kyriaki , Kalafatakis Stavros , Antonopoulou Efthimia , Triantafyllidis Alexandros
Published: June 2020

The tench Tinca tinca is a freshwater species with human‐mediated translocations, aquaculture interest and limited information on its genetic structure. mtDNA sequencing analysis of control region and two genes in 50 individuals from five European populations identified two phylogroups, with greater variability than that reported until now, and a hybridization zone in the Danube River region. Restriction analyses of additional samples reveal the complicated genetic structure characteristics of tench's wild and translocated populations, supporting future breeding practices.
Effect of dietary supplementation with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on skin, serum and liver of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L)
Authors: Espinosa Cristóbal , Esteban Maria Ángeles
Published: June 2020

The effect of dietary supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) was studied. Four replicates of fish (n = 6) were fed with a commercial diet containing 0 (control, no yeast added) or 10 mg per kilogram of heat‐killed (30 min, 60°C) S. cerevisiae. After 4 weeks, half of the fish (two replicates) were injured and continued with the same diet. At 3 and 7 days post‐wounding, samples of blood, skin mucus, skin and liver were obtained from each fish. The results showed that calcium concentrations were significantly higher (with respect to control fish) in the serum from fish sampled at 3 days post‐wounding, whereas antioxidant enzymes in the skin mucus were altered after wounding (at both 3 and 7 days). Histological analyses revealed oedema, signs of inflammation and white cell recruitment together with a reduction in the epidermis layer in the wounded regions of fish fed control diet. Yeast supplementation did not change growth performance and helped maintain the normal serum calcium concentrations in wounded fish. Furthermore, a reduction in inflammation around wounds in the animals fed yeast with respect to that fed control diet was evident in the histological study. Furthermore, increased levels of stress‐related gene expression in liver and skin from wounded fish were obtained. Overall, yeast supplementation seemed to be a functional and appropriate dietary additive to improve skin recovery reducing the stress resulting from wounds.
The Welfare Costs of Self‐Fulfilling Bank Runs
Authors: MATTANA ELENA , PANETTI ETTORE
Published: June 2020

We study the welfare implications of self‐fulfilling bank runs and liquidity requirements, in a growth model where banks, facing persistent possible runs, can choose in any period a run‐proof asset portfolio. In this framework, runs distort banks' insurance provision against idiosyncratic shocks, and liquidity requirements resolve this distortion at the cost of a credit tightening. Quantitatively, the welfare costs of self‐fulfilling bank runs are equivalent to a constant consumption loss of up to 2.3% of U.S. GDP. Liquidity requirements might increase these welfare costs by up to 2.4%.
Study of the release of endogenous amines in Drosophila brain in vivo in response to stimuli linked to aversive olfactory conditioning
Authors: Hidalgo Sergio , Fuenzalida‐Uribe Nicolás , Molina‐Mateo Daniela , Escobar Angélica P. , Oliva Carlos , España Rodrigo A. , Andrés Maria Estela , Campusano Jorge M.
Published: June 2020

A highly challenging question in neuroscience is to understand how aminergic neural circuits contribute to the planning and execution of behaviors, including the generation of olfactory memories. In this regard, electrophysiological techniques like Local Field Potential or imaging methods have been used to answer questions relevant to cell and circuit physiology in different animal models, such as the fly Drosophila melanogaster. However, these techniques do not provide information on the neurochemical identity of the circuits of interest. Different approaches including fast scan cyclic voltammetry, allow researchers to identify and quantify in a timely fashion the release of endogenous neuroactive molecules, but have been only used in in vitro Drosophila brain preparations. Here, we report a procedure to record for the first time the release of endogenous amines –dopamine, serotonin and octopamine‐ in adult fly brain in vivo, by fast scan cyclic voltammetry. As a proof of principle, we carried out recordings in the calyx region of the Mushroom Bodies, the brain area mainly associated to the generation of olfactory memories in flies. By using principal component regression in normalized training sets for in vivo recordings, we detect an increase in octopamine and serotonin levels in response to electric shock and olfactory cues respectively. This new approach allows the study of dynamic changes in amine neurotransmission that underlie complex behaviors in Drosophila and shed new light on the contribution of these amines to olfactory processing in this animal model.

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The Politics of Symbolic Laws: State Resistance to the Allure of Sex Offender Residence Restrictions
Authors: Williams Monica , Comartin Erin B. , Lytle Robert D.
Published: June 2020

Sex offender residence restrictions are largely symbolic laws that address constituent demands to do something about sex crimes without actually reducing sex offenses. While the majority of US states have implemented such restrictions, this exploratory study examines three states that have resisted the allure of these symbolic laws. Using data from state government archives, we analyze expressive and instrumental rationales for rejecting residence restrictions to explore what facilitates the failure of a symbolic law. We find that while supporters and opponents both made largely instrumental arguments, opponents framed their instrumental arguments in expressive terms. Legislators’ policy positions, reliance on empirical evidence, and testimony from bureaucrats also contributed to the failure of residence restrictions in these states. Our findings help explain why empirically ineffective sex offender laws appeal to the public and politicians, how these laws might be scaled back, and how symbolic laws may lose their power in some contexts.
The sulfurization recorded in tridymite in the monomict eucrite Northwest Africa 11591
Authors: Huang Li‐Lin , Miao Bing‐Kui , Chen Guo‐Zhu , Shao Hui‐Min , Ouyang Zi‐Yuan
Published: June 2020

Some of the tridymite in the monomict Northwest Africa (NWA) 11591 eucrite are found to have sulfide‐rich replacement textures (SRTs) to varying degrees. The SRTs of tridymite in NWA 11591 are characterized by the distribution of loose porous regions with aggregates of quartz and minor troilite grains along the rims and fractures of the tridymite, and we propose a new mechanism for the origin of this texture. According to the volume and density conversion relationship, the quartz in the SRT of tridymite with a hackle fracture pattern was transformed from tridymite. We suggest that the primary tridymite grains are affected by the S‐rich vapors along the rims and fractures, leading to the transformation of tridymite into quartz. In addition, the S‐rich vapors reacted with Fe2+, which was transported from the relict tridymite and/or the adjacent Fe‐rich minerals, and/or the S‐rich vapors react with the exotic metallic Fe to form troilite grains. The sulfurization in NWA 11591 most likely occurred during the prolonged subsolidus thermal metamorphism in the shallow crust of Vesta and might be an open, relatively high temperature (>800 °C) process. Sulfur would be an important component of the metasomatic fluid on Vesta.
The stronger, the better – trait hierarchy is driving alien species interaction
Authors: Ferenc Viktoria , Sheppard Christine S.
Published: June 2020

Multiple invaders commonly co‐occur in native ecosystems and in some cases have been shown to facilitate each other thus exacerbating impacts on native species, while in other cases one invader may reduce the impact of another due to competition. We therefore aimed at identifying mechanisms driving alien species interactions. We conducted a common garden experiment investigating all pairwise combinations of 20 alien annual plant species in Germany. We first tested whether competition or facilitation occurred more often. Secondly, we determined whether individual traits, hierarchical or absolute trait distances, multivariate trait or phylogenetic distance explained alien plant interactions best. Thirdly, we assessed whether accounting for trait plasticity explains plant performance better than species‐level trait averages. While the magnitude of interspecific competition compared to intraspecific competition was on average larger across the 190 alien species combinations, interspecific facilitation still occurred in 24% of cases. Interactions could be better explained by hierarchical trait distances which reflect competitive ability, compared to phylogenetic and multivariate trait distance (reflecting niche differences). This finding supports criticisms about the applicability of testing limiting similarity versus environmental filtering and the community phylogenetic approach. Specifically, when growing taller and having a lower specific leaf area than the co‐occurring alien neighbour, biomass and seed number of individuals in mixture increased compared to growing alone. Effects of seed mass, root:shoot ratio and flowering time depended on the performance measure. In contrast to recent suggestions, accounting for trait plasticity did not necessarily explain plant performance better than models using species‐level trait averages. These results advance our fundamental understanding of trait‐interaction relationships, strengthening recent findings on the importance of competitive hierarchy in shaping interactions and community structure. In particular, applying these concepts to the novel case of alien‐alien interactions, is crucial given the continuing accumulation of alien species around the globe.
Suppression of a leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinase enhances host plant resistance to a specialist herbivore
Authors: Ye Meng , Kuai Peng , Hu Lingfei , Ye Miaofen , Sun Hao , Erb Matthias , Lou Yonggen
Published: June 2020

The mechanisms by which herbivores induce plant defenses are well studied. However, how specialized herbivores suppress plant resistance is still poorly understood. Here, we discovered a rice (Oryza sativa) leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinase, OsLRR‐RLK2, which is induced upon attack by gravid females of a specialist piercing‐sucking herbivore, the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens). Silencing OsLRR‐RLK2 decreases the constitutive activity of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (OsMPK6) and alters BPH‐induced transcript levels of several defense‐related WRKY transcription factors. Moreover, silencing OsLRR‐RLK2 reduces BPH‐induction of jasmonic acid and ethylene but promotes the biosynthesis of both elicited salicylic acid and H2O2; silencing also enhances the production of volatiles emitted from rice plants infested with gravid BPH females. These changes decrease BPH preference and performance in the glasshouse and the field. These findings suggest that OsLRR‐RLK2, by regulating the plant's defense‐related signaling profile, increases the susceptibility of rice to BPH, and that BPH infestation influences the expression of OsLRR‐RLK2, suppressing the resistance of rice to BPH.
An aphid facultative symbiont suppresses plant defence by manipulating aphid gene expression in salivary glands
Authors: Wang Qinyang , Yuan Erliang , Ling Xiaoyu , Zhu‐Salzman Keyan , Guo Huijuan , Ge Feng , Sun Yucheng
Published: June 2020

Aphids often carry facultative symbionts to achieve diverse advantages. Serratia symbiotica, one of facultative endosymbionts, increases aphid tolerance to heat. However, whether it benefits aphid colonization on host plants is yet to be determined. In the current study, we found that Acyrthosiphon pisum harbouring S. symbiotica had longer feeding duration on Medicago truncatula than Serratia‐free aphids. Contrastingly, Serratia‐free aphids triggered higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), jasmonic acid and salicylic acid responsive genes and cytosolic Ca2+ elevations than Serratia‐infected aphids. Transcriptomic analysis of salivary glands indicated that a histidine‐rich Ca2+‐binding protein‐like gene (ApHRC) was expressed more highly in the salivary gland of Serratia‐infected aphids than that of Serratia‐free aphids. Once ApHRC was silenced, Serratia‐infected aphids also displayed shorter phloem‐feeding duration and caused Ca2+ elevation and ROS accumulation in plants. Our results suggest that ApHRC, a potential effector up‐regulated by S. symbiotica in the salivary glands, impairs plant defence response by suppressing Ca2+ elevation and ROS accumulation, allowing colonization of aphids. This study has provided an insight into how facultative symbionts facilitate aphid colonization and adaptation to host plants.
A novel ENPP1 mutation identified in a multigenerational family affected by Cole disease
Authors: Gabaton Niña , Kannu Peter , Pope Elena , Shugar Andrea , Lara‐Corrales Irene
Published: June 2020

Cole disease is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis with only five cases published in literature since its first description in 1976. We report a case of a 3‐year‐old boy of Italian ancestry who presented with hypopigmented skin patches on the upper extremities and multiple yellowish, firm papules and small plaques on his palms and soles. There were similar findings in the family, extending back at least four generations. Whole exome sequence analysis revealed a novel variant of the ENPP1 gene mutation, which has not been previously reported to be associated with Cole disease. Although there is no extracutaneous involvement associated with this condition, accurate diagnosis and variant identification is nevertheless important so that appropriate medical and genetic counseling can be offered to affected individuals and their at‐risk relatives.
Photogrammetric Record Microsoft Word Template
Authors: Author Arthur , Author Maria J. , Author S.
Published: June 2020

This is an example of an original article in the layout expected by The Photogrammetric Record. The abstract is a concise summary of the essential elements of the paper and should not contain detailed results. It should be no longer than 150 words. This template indicates how a paper submitted to the journal should be structured and formatted, including figures, tables, mathematics and references.
Nutrition in Pregnancy and Growth in Southwest China (NPGSC) cohort: Design, implementation, and characteristics
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Gong Yunhui , Chen Yue , Corte Karen Della , Duan Ruonan , Tian Guo , Liang Yi , Xue Hongmei , Zhang Jieyi , Li Ming , He Fang , Yang Dagang , Zhou Rong , Cheng Guo
Published: June 2020

Background

Pregnancy and birth cohorts addressing maternal nutrition and its impact on health outcomes have been rare in China, especially in Southwest China.

Objectives

To describe the design, implementation, baseline characteristics, and initial results of the Nutrition in Pregnancy and Growth in Southwest China (NPGSC) cohort.

Population

Pregnant women with their children in Southwest China.

Design

NPGSC participants have been prospectively recruited since 2014. Pregnant women were invited to participate in the study at their first routine ultrasound examination in gestational weeks 9‐11. Data were assessed three times during pregnancy (9‐11, 20‐22, and 33‐35 gestation weeks), and eight times in infants and toddlers.

Methods

Pre‐pregnancy body weight and height were self‐reported; gestational weight gain was measured at regular intervals. Both food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) and 24‐hour dietary recalls were used to collect dietary intakes during pregnancy, and FFQ for diet before pregnancy. Information on pregnancy outcomes was extracted from the medical birth registry. Anthropometry of children in the first 3 years of life was measured by trained investigators. Other child outcomes, including feeding practices (self‐reported by mothers) and cognitive development (assessed by the Chinese version of Ages and Stages Questionnaire), were recorded.

Preliminary results

Between 2014 and 2018, 12 989 pregnant women were enrolled, and 2296 children completed the 3 years follow‐up. Among them, 115 pregnancies ended in stillbirth. Mean maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI was 21.1 kg/m2 and mean gestational weight gain was 13.5 kg 18.6% of mothers developed gestational diabetes and 1.5% of mothers were diagnosed with preeclampsia. Mean birthweight and birth length of children were, respectively, 3329 g and 49.4 cm.

Conclusion

We built a prospective cohort in Southwest China, which can provide valuable data to investigate the relevance of nutrition for the health of mothers and children.
The space in between. Creating meaning between Richard Fanshawe’s original and translated poetry
Authors: Sousa Garcia Tiago
Published: June 2020

This article offers a reading of the relationship between original and translated poetry in the work of the seventeenth‐century author, diplomat, and translator, Richard Fanshawe. It argues that the physical space between original and translated poetry published in the same volume becomes itself a site of signification. It focuses in particular on the original poem ‘On the Earle of Straffords Tryall’ and the translated sonnet ‘The Fall,’ and on the two examples of self‐translation ‘The Escuriall / In Aedes magnificas’ and ‘On His Majesties Great Shippe/ Ad eximiae magnitudinis Navem.’ The relationship between the two sets of poems can be better understood by taking into account their relative positions in the 1648 volume in which they were published, examining them both as independent pieces and as a unit, resulting in a new and extended reading of both sets of poems. In the process, this article argues that in Fanshawe’s work, and in mid‐seventeenth‐century English literature more broadly, the relationship between original and translated literature occupies a space between independence and continuity, and that translators took to their task with the same energy and creativity as writers of original verse.
Local quadratic estimation of the curvature in a functional single index model
Authors: Ye Zi , Hooker Giles
Published: June 2020

The nonlinear responses of species to environmental variability can play an important role in the maintenance of ecological diversity. Nonetheless, many models use parametric nonlinear terms which pre‐determine the ecological conclusions. Motivated by this concern, we study the estimate of the second derivative (curvature) of the link function in a functional single index model. Since the coefficient function and the link function are both unknown, the estimate is expressed as a nested optimization. We first estimate the coefficient function by minimizing squared error where the link function is estimated with a Nadaraya‐Watson estimator for each candidate coefficient function. The first and second derivatives of the link function are then estimated via local‐quadratic regression using the estimated coefficient function. In this paper, we derive a convergence rate for the curvature of the nonlinear response. In addition, we prove that the argument of the linear predictor can be estimated root‐n consistently. However, practical implementation of the method requires solving a nonlinear optimization problem, and our results show that the estimates of the link function and the coefficient function are quite sensitive to the choices of starting values.
Quantitative analysis of the anatomical changes in the scalp and hair follicles in androgenetic alopecia using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Soga Shigeyoshi , Koyama Taro , Mikoshi Ayako , Jinzaki Masahiro , Arafune Tatsuhiko , Kawashima Makoto , Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Shinmoto Hiroshi
Published: June 2020

Background

Although the structural changes of the scalp in androgenetic alopecia (AGA) have been reported, these changes have been poorly understood. It is expected that modern MRI would visualize the scalp anatomy in vivo. This study aimed to explore whether AGA causes (a) changes in the thickness of the scalp, (b) anatomical changes in the hair follicles, and (c) changes in the signal intensity of MRI.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐seven volunteers underwent MRI for hair and scalp (MRH) and were categorized into two according to the Hamilton‐Norwood Scale: the “AGA group” and the “normal group.” Two radiologists analyzed the thickness and signal intensity of the scalp, and the depth of hair follicles. These measurements were compared between the two groups.

Results

The thickness of the hypodermis and the entire scalp was significantly thinner in the AGA group than in the control group. The AGA group had significantly shallower depth of hair follicles and relative depth of the hair follicles to that of the entire scalp than the normal group. The hypodermis showed higher signal intensity in the AGA group than the normal group.

Conclusion

MRH allowed noninvasive visualization of the scalp anatomy and demonstrated the thinner nature of the entire scalp and hypodermis, along with the shallower depth of the hair follicles in the AGA group in comparison to the normal group. Additionally, MRH demonstrated the increased MR signal intensity in the scalp associated with AGA. MRH may be a promising new method for quantitative and objective analyses of AGA.
Prevalence and risks of hepatitis E virus infection in blood donors from the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Maponga Tongai G. , Lopes Tatum , Cable Russell , Pistorius Charlotte , Preiser Wolfgang , Andersson Monique I.
Published: June 2020

Background

Transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a potential risk to recipients of blood transfusions. Infection with HEV poses a high risk to immunocompromised recipients with an increased likelihood of developing chronic infection. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of past and active HEV infections in donors from the Western Cape and to identify the risk factors associated with infection.

Materials and methods

We prospectively tested 10 250 blood donors for HEV infection. A risk factor sub‐study investigated 250 donors who completed a questionnaire, and plasma samples were tested for HEV IgG antibodies and pooled for HEV RNA detection. The demographic and risk factors associated with HEV infection were assessed. The molecular study tested 10 000 individual donations using a commercial assay to detect viraemia. HEV viral load and genotype were also determined.

Results

The overall anti‐HEV IgG seroprevalence was 42·8% (107/250) among donors participating in the risk factor sub‐study. The likelihood of past HEV infection was higher with an increase in age. Of the 10 000 donor samples individually tested for HEV RNA, one sample was positive with a viral load of 7·9 x 104 IU/ml and belonged to HEV genotype 3.

Conclusion

We found a high seroprevalence of anti‐HEV IgG but a low HEV RNA prevalence among donors in the Western Cape, South Africa. The study provides evidence for a potential risk of HEV contamination in the blood supply in South Africa. A cost–benefit analysis is needed before considering the introduction of routine donor screening in our setting.
How the COVID‐19 pandemic may impact public support for clinical xenotransplantation in the United States?
Authors: Knoll Michael F. , Cooper David K. C. , Bottino Rita
Published: June 2020

Many patients who would undergo organ transplantation cannot proceed due to the inability of human organ donation to satisfy medical needs. Xenotransplantation has the potential to offer unlimited availability of pig organs for transplantation, and pig‐to‐non‐human primate models have demonstrated outcomes that may soon justify clinical trials. However, one of the unique ethical challenges faced by xenotransplantation is that the risk of introducing potential zoonotic disease into the community must be weighed along with the benefit to the patient. While most experts believe that zoonosis is manageable, apprehension over disease transmission from animal donors to human recipients remains a frequent concern of many who are undecided or opposed to clinical xenotransplantation. The COVID‐19 pandemic represents a scenario (rapid worldwide spread of a highly contagious novel zoonotic disease with no natural defense in humans) that would seem to justify apprehension, especially in the United States, which has largely avoided previous pandemic outbreaks. However, there are many differences between zoonosis found in the wild or after xenotransplantation that favor the safety of the latter. Still, these differences, as well as the benefits of xenotransplantation, are not widely understood outside of the field. We must therefore ask what impact the COVID‐19 pandemic will have on attitudes toward xenotransplantation.
Electrification, Power Outages and Employment
Authors: Adofo Josephine Ofori
Published: June 2020

Although electrification rates have increased in developing countries, the poor quality of electricity still remains a challenge. This paper studies the effects of electrification at the intensive margin, using a fixed effects approach. I find that power outages significantly reduce employment, earnings, and hours of work. A key channel through which outages affect employment is decreased prevalence of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) among households. Evidence indicates that severe outages reduce opportunities for households to indulge in income generating activities. The decrease in employment opportunities is further exacerbated by reduced industrial growth and changes in the industrial composition. The results suggest that unreliable electricity may have a negative implication for job creation in developing countries.
Role of Co-Working Spaces’ Services in Entrepreneurs Growth in Upper Egypt: The Case of Step Co-Working Space
Authors: Elsafty Ashraf , AlNawaly Ahmed
Published: June 2020

Co-working spaces are a new concept in Upper Egypt; Step co-working space is the first co-working space in Assiut governorate. Through co-working spaces services and facilities, this paper developed a new operationalization of the entrepreneurs’ growth. This research design resulting conceptual framework proposes that certain combinations of cost-sharing concepts, entrepreneurial awareness, NGO support, Mentoring, and Networking activities would increase the expectation of challenging entrepreneurial growth in Upper Egypt.A survey of unstructured interview and questionnaire used two data collection methods as a research instrument and was applied to the owner managers of Egyptian enterprises. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurs’ growth expectations and cost sharing, awareness, NGOs support, Mentoring, Networking, gender, facilities, and unemployment in Upper Egypt.
Inhibitory interneurons regulate phasic activity of noradrenergic neurons in the mouse locus coeruleus and functional implications
Authors: Kuo Chao‐Cheng , Hsieh Jung‐Chien , Tsai Hsing‐Chun , Kuo Yu‐Shan , Yau Hau‐Jie , Chen Chih‐Cheng , Chen Ruei‐Feng , Yang Hsiu‐Wen , Min Ming‐Yuan
Published: June 2020

Key points

The locus coeruleus (LC) contains noradrenergic (NA) neurons that respond to novel stimuli in the environment with phasic activation to initiate an orienting response; phasic LC activation is also triggered by stimuli, representing the outcome of task‐related decision processes, to facilitate ensuing behaviours and help optimize task performance.

Here, we report that LC‐NA neurons exhibit bursts of action potentials in vitro resembling phasic LC activation in vivo, and the activity is gated by inhibitory interneurons (I‐INs) located in the peri‐LC.

We also observe that inhibition of peri‐LC I‐INs enhances prepulse inhibition and axons from cortical areas that play important roles in evaluating the cost/reward of a stimulus synapse on both peri‐LC I‐INs and LC‐NA neurons.

The results help us understand the cellular mechanisms underlying the generation and regulation of phasic LC activation with a focus on the role of peri‐LC I‐INs.

Noradrenergic (NA) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) have global axonal projection to the brain. These neurons discharge action potentials phasically in response to either novel stimuli in the environment to initiate an orienting behaviour or stimuli representing the outcome of task‐related decision processes to facilitate ensuing behaviours and help optimize task performance. Nevertheless, the cellular mechanisms underlying the generation and regulation of phasic LC activation remain unknown. We report here that LC‐NA neurons recorded in brain slices exhibit bursts of action potentials that resembled the phasic activation‐pause profile observed in animals. The activity was referred to as phasic‐like activity (PLA) and was suppressed and enhanced by blocking excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmissions, respectively. These results suggest the existence of a local circuit to drive PLA, and the activity could be regulated by the excitatory–inhibitory balance of the circuit. In support of this notion, we located a population of inhibitory interneurons (I‐INs) in the medial part of the peri‐LC that exerted feedforward inhibition of LC‐NA neurons through GABAergic and glycinergic transmissions. Selective inhibition of peri‐LC I‐INs with chemogenetic methods could enhance PLA in brain slices and increase prepulse inhibition in animals. Moreover, axons from the orbitofrontal and prelimbic cortices, which play important roles in evaluating the cost/reward of a stimulus, synapse on both peri‐LC I‐INs and LC‐NA neurons. These observations demonstrate functional roles of peri‐LC I‐INs in integrating inputs of the frontal cortex onto LC‐NA neurons and gating the phasic LC output.
Factores relacionados con las creencias en salud sobre tuberculosis en Cali, Colombia
Authors: Tonguino Rosero Stefanie , Zapata Ossa Helmer De Jesús , Cubides Munevar Ángela Mayerly
Published: June 2020

Esta investigación hace parte de los estudios transversales y correlacionales. En este, los autores describen las creencias en salud sobre tuberculosis TB y los factores relacionados, en Cali, Colombia. Los resultados provienen de una encuesta de salud realizada a una muestra probabilística multietápica de 1000 personas residentes habituales de la ciudad de Cali en el año 2016. A los entrevistados se les indagó sobre las Creencias en Salud relacionadas con la susceptibilidad, severidad, barreras y posibles factores relacionados. Los resultados mostraron que el 67,2% de la población se creía susceptible de desarrollar la enfermedad, y el 78,4% consideró la TB como una enfermedad severa. La oportunidad de tener dos creencias que favorecen a comportamientos de prevención es menor en mujeres (OR = 0,62) y en las personas con conocimientos deficientes sobre TB (OR = 0,48). En el estudio se estimó que la oportunidad de tener tres creencias que favorecen a comportamientos de prevención es menor en las personas que tienen menos de 50 años (OR = 0,63). Las creencias en salud sobre TB parecen estar relacionadas con el género, la edad, los conocimientos y haber tenido contacto con personas con la enfermedad.