bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of neurotrophic factor concentrations with a novel in vitro concept for peripheral nerve regeneration
Authors: Mika Johann K. , Schwarz Karin , Wanzenboeck Heinz D. , Scholze Petra , Bertagnolli Emmerich
Published: July 2015

The regeneration of nerves of the peripheral nervous system after injuries is a complex process. This study presents a novel in vitro neurite regeneration concept to investigate the regeneration of neurons and their processes with different concentrations of neurotrophic factors. The core part of the concept is a transparent microfluidic neurite isolation (NI) device affixed on top of a microelectrode array (MEA), providing a fast and easy way to assess both the growth and the electrical activity of neurites. The NI‐MEA isolates neurites from the culture with microchannels that serve as guidance tubes, equipped with microelectrodes. Thus, the NI‐MEA allows neurite growth, as observed by microscopy, to be correlated with neurite electrical activity, as measured by electrophysiological recordings. To demonstrate proof of concept of neurite regeneration, we cultured cells from the superior cervical ganglion of postnatal mice under different concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF). During the regeneration process, we observed an increase in the number of neurites entering the microchannels along with an increase in spike activity recorded by the microelectrodes in the microchannels. We also observed a concentration‐dependent effect of neurotrophic factor on the excitability of the growing neurites, with neurites bathed in 20 ng/ml NGF exhibiting enhanced early growth. Thus, our neurite regeneration concept with the NI‐MEA device allows further study of neurotrophic factors and reduces the requirement for in vivo experiments on the regeneration of peripheral nerves after injury. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mass spectrometric identification of citrullination sites and immunohistochemical detection of citrullinated glial fibrillary acidic protein in Alzheimer's disease brains
Authors: Ishigami Akihito , Masutomi Hirofumi , Handa Setsuko , Nakamura Megumi , Nakaya Shuuichi , Uchida Yoshiaki , Saito Yuko , Murayama Shigeo , Jang Byungki , Jeon Yong‐Chul , Choi Eun‐Kyoung , Kim Yong‐Sun , Kasahara Yasushi , Maruyama Naoki , Toda Tosifusa
Published: July 2015

Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are posttranslational modification enzymes that convert protein arginine to citrulline residues in a calcium ion‐dependent manner. Previously, we reported the abnormal accumulation of citrullinated proteins and the increase in the amount of PAD2 in hippocampi from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Moreover, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocyte‐specific marker protein, and vimentin were identified as citrullinated proteins by using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. To clarify the substrate specificity of PADs against GFAP, we prepared recombinant human (rh)PAD1, rhPAD2, rhPAD3, rhPAD4, and rhGFAP. After incubation of rhGFAP with rhPAD1, rhPAD2, rhPAD3, and rhPAD4, citrullinated (cit‐)rhGFAP was detected by Western blotting. The citrullination of rhGFAP by rhPAD2 was unique, specific, and time dependent; additionally, rhPAD1 slightly citrullinated rhGFAP. We then generated eight anti‐cit‐rhGFAP monoclonal antibodies, CTGF‐125, −128, −129, −1212, −1213, −1221, −122R, and −1224R, which reacted specifically with cit‐rhGFAP. Two of those eight monoclonal antibodies, CTGF‐122R and −1224R, reacted with both cit‐rhGFAP and rhGFAP in Western blots. By using the CTGF‐1221 antibody and a tandem mass spectrometer, we identified the two independent citrullination sites (R270Cit and R416Cit) of cit‐rhGFAP. Immunohistochemical analysis with CTGF‐1221 antibody revealed cit‐GFAP staining in the hippocampus of AD brain, and the cit‐GFAP‐positive cells appeared to be astrocyte‐like cells. These collective results strongly suggest that PAD2 is responsible for the citrullination of GFAP in the progression of AD and that the monoclonal antibody CTGF‐1221, reacting with cit‐GFAP at R270Cit and R416Cit, is useful for immunohistochemical investigation of AD brains. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biological control of toxigenic citrus and papaya‐rotting fungi by Streptomyces violascens MT7 and its extracellular metabolites
Authors: Choudhary Bharti , Nagpure Anand , Gupta Rajinder K.
Published: July 2015

An Indian indigenous, Loktak Lake soil isolate Streptomyces violascens MT7 was assessed for its biocontrol potential both in vitro and in vivo against toxigenic fruit‐rotting fungi. Strain MT7 exhibited broad‐spectrum antifungal activity against various pathogenic postharvest fungi of citrus and papaya. In shake‐flask fermentation, antagonist S. violascens MT7 highly produced extracellular antifungal metabolites in early stationary growth phase in glucose–yeast extract‐malt extract (M93) broth. Both extracellular culture fluid (ECF) and its n‐butanol extract showed significant broad‐spectrum fungal mycelial inhibition of several tested fruit‐rotting fungi. Antifungal metabolite was found to be heat stable, nonpeptidic, and polyene type antibiotic. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of n‐butanol extract against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides MTCC 9664 and Aspergillus niger MTCC 281 was 0.0312 and 0.0625 mg/ml, respectively. Purification of n‐butanol extract through silica gel chromatography resulted in partial purification of bioactive metabolite and the TLC autobiography revealed the presence of single antifungal metabolite with Rf value of 0.755. In vivo bioassays demonstrated the biocontrol potential of tested biocontrol agents on fruit‐rotting fungi. Use of cell suspension of S. violascens MT7, extracellular metabolite(s), and n‐butanol extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced sour‐rot development on Citrus reticulata Blanco (oranges) and soft‐rot development on papaya fruits. Therefore, these results strongly suggest a high potential for application of S. violascens MT7 and its extracellular metabolites as an effective eco‐friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling toxigenic citrus and papaya‐rotting fungi.
Novel Epoxy Resins with Unsaturated Ester Chains Derived from Sodium Lignosulfonate
Authors: Hirose Shigeo
Published: July 2015

Novel epoxy resins with unsaturated ester chains (maleate, M‐series) were synthesized from sodium lignosulfonate and maleic anhydride. Epoxy resins with saturated ester chains (succinate, S‐series) were also synthesized from succinic anhydride. Thermal properties of the obtained epoxy resins were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). The glass transition temperatures (Tg's) increased with increasing ligosulfonate content in epoxy resins for both M‐ and S‐series. Tgvalues of epoxy resins in M‐series were ca. 15 °C higher than those in S‐series. The activation energies of curing reaction in M‐ and S‐series were ca. 59.6 and 66.1 kJ mol−1, respectively. Thermal degradation temperatures (Td's) were almost constant at 350 °C regardless of lignosulfonate contents in epoxy resins in both M‐ and S‐series. Mass residues at 500 °C increased with increasing lignosulfonate contents in epoxy resins in both M‐ and S‐series.
Effect of Grafting with Maleic Anhydride on Interfacial Bonding of Rubber Wood Flour Filled Poly(propylene) Composite
Authors: Zulfia Anne , Mohar R. S. , Saptoraharjo A. W.
Published: July 2015

The process of making wood‐plastic composites with poly(propylene) as a matrix and rubber wood flour with particle size of 0.709 mm as a filler has been carried out by combination of the dry blending method and the extrusion treatment using twin screw extruder. The content of rubber wood flour was adjusted as 10wt% for each composite formula. Maleic anhydride grafted poly(propylene) (PP‐g‐MA) was added as a coupling agent at four concentrations, 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt%. Melt flow rate (MFR), crystalisation temperature and mechanical properties of composites indicate that increase in PP‐g‐MA generated decrease in melt viscosity significantly, which reversed MFR is increased, while mechanical properties increased due to interfacial bonding improved. Based on the differential scanning calorimetric analysis it was found that the mechanical properties and crystallization temperature increased with increasing PP‐g‐MA content, due to increase in interfacial bonding between matrix and sawdust fillers. In addition, fracture surface imaging analysis showed that good adhesion was present in the interface of composites between 10wt% and 15wt% PP‐g‐MA.
Effect of Cocopeat Addition to Some Properties of Cassava Starch‐Based Foam
Authors: Sunarti Titi Candra , Integrani Hemas , Syamsu Khaswar
Published: July 2015

Starch‐based foam is a packaging materials made mainly from starchy materials which, as renewable resources, have the prospect of substituting synthetic styrofoam. Starch alone produced foam with poor mechanical properties. For that reason, cocopeat was added as a fiber reinforcement and blended with polyvinyl alcohol for improving the foam properties. This research investigated the effect of cassava starch and cocopeat ratio on the physical and mechanical properties of the biofoams prepared by addition of one part of cocopeat to 2, 3, and 4 parts of cassava starch followed by thermopressing technique at 150 °C for 6 min. Addition of cocopeat caused an increase in foam thickness (1.796–1.909 mm) but reduced its density (0.965–0.888 g/cm3), and the mixture produced foams with moderate modulus of elasticity (134–169 MPa) and high modulus of rupture (4.28–4.42 MPa). The biofoams had good mechanical properties and also had a high capability to absorb water (25.1–34.5%) in 3 min. This made the biofoams only suitable for packing low moisture products. Its high water absorption capability also influenced its biodegradability.
Surface Coating of Acrylate Polymer on Sengon Wood (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) Using UV Irradiation
Authors: Darsono
Published: July 2015

An experiment on surface coating of sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) using ultra violet (UV) irradiation has been conducted. Epoxy acrylate and urethane acrylate resins were used as coating materials after addition of tripropylene glycol diacrylate and a photoinisiator, Darocure 1173. Irradiation was conducted using UV light at the conveyor speed of 2, 3, 4, and 5 m/min. Parameters observed were glossyness, adhesion, hardness, abrasion resistance and chemical, solvent and stain resistance. The superior results of the epoxy acrylate films were obtained to show excellent adhesion on the surface of wood meeting with the standard because of greater remaining values than 50% (ASTM 2571‐71), together with the high degrees of abrasion, hardness, glossyness and torelance against chemicals, solvent, and stain except against 10% NaOH solution.
Biexponential longitudinal relaxation in white matter: Characterization and impact on T1 mapping with IR‐FSE and MP2RAGE
Authors: Rioux James A. , Levesque Ives R. , Rutt Brian K.
Published: July 2015

Purpose

Magnetization transfer in white matter (WM) causes biexponential relaxation, but most quantitative T1 measurements fit data assuming monoexponential relaxation. The resulting monoexponential T1 estimate varies based on scan parameters and represents a source of variation between studies, especially at high fields. In this study, we characterized WM T1 relaxation and performed simulations to determine how to minimize this deviation.

Methods

To characterize biexponential relaxation, four volunteers were scanned at 3T and 7T using inversion recovery fast spin echo (IR‐FSE) with 13 inversion times (TIs). Three volunteers were scanned with IR‐FSE using TIs chosen by simulations to reduce T1 deviation, and with MP2RAGE.

Results

At 3T, the biexponential relaxation has a short component of T1 = 48 ms (9%) and a long component of T1 = 939 ms. At 7T the short component is T1 = 57 ms (11%) and the long component is 1349 ms (89%). For IR‐FSE, acquiring four TIs with a minimum of 150 ms (3T) or 200 ms (7T) yielded monoexponential T1 estimates that match the long component to within 10 ms. For MP2RAGE, significant differences (90 ms at 3T, 125 ms at 7T) remain at all parameter values.

Conclusion

Many T1 mapping sequences yield robust estimates of the long T1 component with suitable choice of TIs, allowing reproducible, sequence‐independent T1 values to be measured. However, this is not true of MP2RAGE in its current implementation. Magn Reson Med 75:2265–2277, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Mn2+ on the chrome‐free colored Ti/Zr‐based conversion coating on 6063 aluminum alloy
Authors: Yi Aihua , Li WenFang , Du Jun , Mu SongLin
Published: July 2015

The conversion coating with golden color and improved corrosion resistance had been prepared by adding Mn2+ in the Ti/Zr conversion coating solution. Comparing with that of conversion coating without Mn2+, the optimal treatment time of this conversion coating was much shorter and the corrosion resistance was obviously improved. The effect of Mn2+ on the formation of golden Ti/Zr conversion coating was thoroughly investigated by means of energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, SEM, XPS, and Raman and electrochemical workstation. The results showed that the conversion coating had a double‐layer structure: the outer layer consisted of the metal‐organic complex and the inner layer was mainly made up of Na3AlF6. Mn2+ was oxidized into MnOOH in solution and precipitated on the substrate surface which provided the nucleus to Na3AlF6 crystal and accelerated Na3AlF6 crystal formation and also made the microstructure of conversion coating change to the cubic. The mechanism of the formation of the conversion coating can be deemed as nucleation, growth of Na3AlF6 crystal, and formation of metal‐organic complex. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purification and Characterization of a Lipase with High Thermostability and Polar Organic Solvent‐Tolerance from Aspergillus niger AN0512
Authors: Liu Guang , Hu Songqing , Li Lin , Hou Yi
Published: July 2015

An extracellular lipase (EC 3.1.1.3, AN0512Lip) from Aspergillus niger AN0512 was purified and its characteristics were investigated. After the process of ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion‐exchange chromatography and gel filtration, the purified lipase was achieved with 203.6‐fold purification and 22.1 % recovery. AN0512Lip exhibited the highest activity at 50 °C and pH 5.0. It was thermostable and pH‐stable, as indicated by that more than 50 % activity retained at 60 °C for 20 h and more than 90 % activity retained at pH 3.0 for 20 h, respectively. AN0512Lip activity was stimulated by some divalent metal ions (especially Cu2+, Ca2+), while greatly suppressed by EDTA, indicating that AN0512Lip was a metal‐activated enzyme. Moreover, AN0512Lip exhibited high tolerance for various polar organic solvents with log P < 0.8, and the highest lipase activity (476 % of its original activity) was achieved after addition of 90 % (V/V) isopropanol to the reaction mixture. AN0512Lip also displayed 3‐regiospecificity and great affinity for the long‐chain fatty ester. The preliminary test showed that AN0512Lip was a candidate for enriching EPA and DHA in fish oil. All the unique properties, such as thermostability, Cu2+‐dependent, 3‐regiospecificity, and polar organic solvent‐tolerance, indicated that AN0512Lip could have potential applications in the food industry, even in organic synthesis and the pharmaceutical industry.
Environmental Geochemistry of Selected Elements in Lignite from Barsingsar and Gurha Mines of Rajasthan, Western India
Authors: Singh Prakash K. , Rajak P. K. , Singh M. P. , Naik A. S. , Singh Vijay Kumar , Raju S.V. , Ojha Sanjay
Published: July 2015

The present paper contains the result of investigation carried out on selected trace elements in the less studied lignite deposits of Rajasthan, Western India. The study has been made on two new lignite deposits – Barsingsar and Gurha. The former has elevated ash content (mean 20.8%) than the latter one (mean 5.1%) and both of them have high volatile matter (mean 43.7% and 49.9% respectively).

The lignite samples have been studied for selected elements like Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, K, Na, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cd and As. The elements like Cd, Co, Ni, Pb and Cu occur in high concentration when compared to the Clarke values for brown coal. Ca and Mg relate positively with organic matter in Barsingsar lignite indicating their organic source while K, Cu, Co, Pb and Cd indicate their inorganic origin. Ca might have come in contact with the organic matter during humification and would have become a part of humate. The elements like Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb showing strong affinity with inertinite could have got associated with the mineral matter present in the fusinite and funginite macerals. In Gurha lignites Pb and Co have shown their affinity with inorganic matter which could have been drawn from sulphides and clay minerals.
La capacidad de innovación y su relación con el emprendimiento en las regiones de México
Authors: Sánchez Tovar Yesenia , García Fernández Francisco , Mendoza Flores José Esteban
Published: July 2015

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo construir una tipología regional de la capacidad de innovación en su relación con el comportamiento emprendedor en México. Para esto se aplicó una metodología de análisis factorial de componentes principales con el fin de comprobar las dimensiones en que se integran las regiones y un análisis de conglomerados para la clasificación de las regiones. A partir de lo anterior, se obtuvieron 5 agrupamientos regionales en relación con el comportamiento innovador: región no metropolitana, pequeñas regiones industriales, región industrial de tecnología media/alta, región metropolitana con estructura diversificada y aglomeración industrial avanzada. Con los resultados se concluye que las regiones con mayor capacidad de innovación son las que mayor fomento emprendedor registran.
A Retrospective Evaluation of Pediatric Major Trauma Related to Sport and Recreational Activities in Nova Scotia
Authors: Green Robert S. , Butler Michael B. , Kureshi Nelofar , Erdogan Mete
Published: July 2015

Objectives

A small proportion of pediatric sport- and recreation-related injuries are serious enough to be considered “major trauma.” However, the immediate and long-term consequences in cases of pediatric major trauma are significant and potentially life-threatening. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence and outcomes of pediatric major traumas related to sport and recreational activities in Nova Scotia.

Methods

This study was a retrospective case series. Data on major pediatric traumas related to sport and recreational activities on a provincial scope were extracted from the Nova Scotia Trauma Program Registry between 2000 and 2013. We evaluated frequency, type, severity, and outcomes of major traumas. Outcomes assessed included length of hospital stay, admission to a special care unit (SCU), and mortality.

Results

Overall, 107 children aged three to 18 years sustained a major trauma (mean age 12.5 [SD 3.8]; 84% male). Most injuries were blunt traumas (97%). The greatest proportion were from cycling (59, 53%), followed by hockey (8, 7%), skateboarding (7, 7%) and skiing (7, 7%). The Nova Scotia Pediatric Trauma Team was activated in 27% of cases. Mean in-hospital length of stay was five days (SD 5.6), and nearly half (49%) of patients required SCU admission. Severe traumatic brain injury occurred in 52% of cases, and mortality in five cases.

Conclusions

Over a 13-year period, the highest incidence of pediatric major trauma related to sport and recreational activities was from cycling, followed by hockey. Severe traumatic brain injury occurred in over half of pediatric major trauma patients.
Competencies in Training at the Graduate Student Level: Example of a Pediatric Psychology Seminar Course
Authors: Ievers-Landis Carolyn E. , Hazen Rebecca A. , Fehr Karla K.
Published: July 2015

The recently developed competencies in pediatric psychology from the Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP) Task Force on Competencies and Best Training Practices in Pediatric Psychology provide a benchmark to evaluate training program practices and student progress toward training in level-specific competency goals. Graduate-level training presents a unique challenge for addressing the breadth of competencies required in pediatric psychology while maintaining development of broader clinical psychology training goals. We describe a recurring graduate-level pediatric psychology seminar course that addresses training in a number of the competency cluster areas. The structure of the seminar, examples of classroom topics that correspond with competency cluster areas as well as benchmarks used to evaluate each student’s development in the competency area are provided. Specific challenges in developing and maintaining the seminar in this format are identified, and possible solutions are offered. This training format could serve as a model for established pediatric psychology programs to expand their didactic training goals or for programs without formal pediatric psychology training to address competencies outside of clinical placements.
Evolution of dosage compensation under sexual selection differs between X and Z chromosomes
Authors: Mullon Charles , Wright Alison E. , Reuter Max , Pomiankowski Andrew , Mank Judith E.
Published: July 2015

Complete sex chromosome dosage compensation has more often been observed in XY than ZW species. In this study, using a population genetic model and the chicken transcriptome, we assess whether sexual conflict can account for this difference. Sexual conflict over expression is inevitable when mutation effects are correlated across the sexes, as compensatory mutations in the heterogametic sex lead to hyperexpression in the homogametic sex. Coupled with stronger selection and greater reproductive variance in males, this results in slower and less complete evolution of Z compared with X dosage compensation. Using expression variance as a measure of selection strength, we find that, as predicted by the model, dosage compensation in the chicken is most pronounced in genes that are under strong selection biased towards females. Our study explains the pattern of weak dosage compensation in ZW systems, and suggests that sexual selection plays a major role in shaping sex chromosome dosage compensation.
Three-dimensional nanometre localization of nanoparticles to enhance super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Bon Pierre , Bourg Nicolas , Lécart Sandrine , Monneret Serge , Fort Emmanuel , Wenger Jérôme , Lévêque-Fort Sandrine
Published: July 2015

Meeting the nanometre resolution promised by super-resolution microscopy techniques (pointillist: PALM, STORM, scanning: STED) requires stabilizing the sample drifts in real time during the whole acquisition process. Metal nanoparticles are excellent probes to track the lateral drifts as they provide crisp and photostable information. However, achieving nanometre axial super-localization is still a major challenge, as diffraction imposes large depths-of-fields. Here we demonstrate fast full three-dimensional nanometre super-localization of gold nanoparticles through simultaneous intensity and phase imaging with a wavefront-sensing camera based on quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry. We show how to combine the intensity and phase information to provide the key to the third axial dimension. Presently, we demonstrate even in the occurrence of large three-dimensional fluctuations of several microns, unprecedented sub-nanometre localization accuracies down to 0.7 nm in lateral and 2.7 nm in axial directions at 50 frames per second. We demonstrate that nanoscale stabilization greatly enhances the image quality and resolution in direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy imaging.
Three-dimensional visualization of the microvasculature of bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in rats by x-ray phase-contrast imaging computed tomography
Authors: Xuan Ruijiao , Zhao Xinyan , Hu Doudou , Jian Jianbo , Wang Tailing , Hu Chunhong
Published: July 2015

X-ray phase-contrast imaging (PCI) can substantially enhance contrast and is particularly useful in differentiating biological soft tissues with small density differences. Combined with computed tomography (CT), PCI-CT enables the acquisition of accurate microstructures inside biological samples. In this study, liver microvasculature was visualized without contrast agents in vitro with PCI-CT using liver fibrosis samples induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. The histological section examination confirmed the correspondence of CT images with the microvascular morphology of the samples. By means of the PCI-CT and three-dimensional (3D) visualization technique, 3D microvascular structures in samples from different stages of liver fibrosis were clearly revealed. Different types of blood vessels, including portal veins and hepatic veins, in addition to ductular proliferation and bile ducts, could be distinguished with good sensitivity, excellent specificity and excellent accuracy. The study showed that PCI-CT could assess the morphological changes in liver microvasculature that result from fibrosis and allow characterization of the anatomical and pathological features of the microvasculature. With further development of PCI-CT technique, it may become a novel noninvasive imaging technique for the auxiliary analysis of liver fibrosis.
Orbital Reconstruction in a Self-assembled Oxygen Vacancy Nanostructure
Authors: Jang H. , Kerr G. , Lim J. S. , Yang C.-H. , Kao C.-C. , Lee J.-S.
Published: July 2015

We demonstrate the microscopic role of oxygen vacancies spatially confined within nanometer inter-spacing (about 1 nm) in BiFeO3, using resonant soft X-ray scattering techniques and soft X-ray spectroscopy measurements. Such vacancy confinements and total number of vacancy are controlled by substitution of Ca2+ for Bi3+ cation. We found that by increasing the substitution, the in-plane orbital bands of Fe3+ cations are reconstructed without any redox reaction. It leads to a reduction of the hopping between Fe atoms, forming a localized valence band, in particular Fe 3d-electronic structure, around the Fermi level. This band localization causes to decrease the conductivity of the doped BiFeO3 system.
Rice stripe virus counters reduced fecundity in its insect vector by modifying insect physiology, primary endosymbionts and feeding behavior
Authors: Wan Guijun , Jiang Shoulin , Wang Wenjing , Li Guoqing , Tao Xiaorong , Pan Weidong , Sword Gregory A. , Chen Fajun
Published: July 2015

Virus-vector relationships can be complex and diverse as a result of long-term coevolution. Understanding these interactions is crucial for disease and vector management. Rice stripe virus (RSV) is known to be transovarially transmitted within its vector, Laodelphax striatellus, and causes serious rice stripe disease. In RSV-infected L. striatellus, we found contrasting changes in vector fecundity, physiology, primary endosymbionts (i.e. yeast-like symbionts, YLS) and feeding behavior that can interact to affect the spread of RSV. RSV-infected L. striatellus exhibited a significant decrease in fecundity that could lead a reduction of viruliferous individuals in populations. As a potential response to this loss, RSV infection also significantly shortened nymphal stage duration, which can strengthen RSV vertical circulation in L. striatellus populations and promote RSV spreading by adult migration and dispersal. Down-regulated JHAMT and up-regulated CYP307A1 in the juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid pathways, respectively, were linked to accelerated development. RSV-infected adults were also found to have higher body weight in conjunction with increased YLS abundance. Furthermore, prolonged host plant phloem exposure to salivation by RSV-infected adults should further enhance RSV horizontal transmission. Our study highlights potential strategies of RSV in enhancing its transmission and provides new insights into the complexity of virus-vector interactions.
Pressure-induced dissociation of water molecules in ice VII
Authors: Iitaka Toshiaki , Fukui Hiroshi , Li Zhi , Hiraoka Nozomu , Irifune Tetsuo
Published: July 2015

The neutron diffraction pattern of D2O ice was recently measured at pressures up to 52 GPa by Guthrieet al., who proposed an octahedral interstitial model for ice at pressures above 13 GPa to account for the deviation of the observed crystal structure from that of ice VII. In this article, the octahedral interstitial model was re-examined in terms of the interstitial occupancy and X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) spectra. The interstitial occupancy calculated using first-principles molecular dynamics simulations was negligibly small compared to that of the interstitial model. The oxygenK-edge spectra calculated for the interstitial model exhibited two additional low-energy peaks originating from water molecules and hydroxides that are interacting with interstitial protons, respectively, whereas these low-energy peaks were not observed in the experimentally measured spectra. These results suggest that the interstitial model cannot explain the XRS spectra of ice VII at pressures above 13 GPa and that more precise structure measurements and analyses are necessary to reveal the nature of the pressure-induced transition.
Isoform-specific interactions of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein
Authors: Minervini Giovanni , Mazzotta Gabriella M. , Masiero Alessandro , Sartori Elena , Corrà Samantha , Potenza Emilio , Costa Rodolfo , Tosatto Silvio C. E.
Published: July 2015

Deregulation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) is considered one of the main causes for malignant renal clear-cell carcinoma (ccRCC) insurgence. In human, pVHL exists in two isoforms, pVHL19 and pVHL30 respectively, displaying comparable tumor suppressor abilities. Mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene have been also correlated with ccRCC insurgence and ineffectiveness of treatment. A recent proteomic analysis linked full length pVHL30 with p53 pathway regulation through complex formation with the p14ARF oncosuppressor. The alternatively spliced pVHL19, missing the first 53 residues, lacks this interaction and suggests an asymmetric function of the two pVHL isoforms. Here, we present an integrative bioinformatics and experimental characterization of the pVHL oncosuppressor isoforms. Predictions of the pVHL30 N-terminus three-dimensional structure suggest that it may exist as an ensemble of structured and disordered forms. The results were used to guide Yeast two hybrid experiments to highlight isoform-specific binding properties. We observed that the physical pVHL/p14ARF interaction is specifically mediated by the 53 residue long pVHL30 N-terminal region, suggesting that this N-terminus acts as a further pVHL interaction interface. Of note, we also observed that the shorter pVHL19 isoform shows an unexpected high tendency to form homodimers, suggesting an additional isoform-specific binding specialization.
A facile phosphine-free colloidal synthesis of Cu2SnS3 and Cu2ZnSnS4 nanorods with a controllable aspect ratio
Authors: Wang Jian-Jun , Liu Pai , Ryan Kevin M.
Published: July 2015

Cu2SnS3 nanorods were synthesized with a controllable aspect ratio via a facile phosphine-free colloidal synthesis, which readily extended to obtain Cu2ZnSnS4 nanorods.
A programmable microfluidic static droplet array for droplet generation, transportation, fusion, storage, and retrieval
Authors: Jin Si Hyung , Jeong Heon-Ho , Lee Byungjin , Lee Sung Sik , Lee Chang-Soo
Published: July 2015

This study presents a programmable microfluidic static droplet array (SDA) device that can perform user-defined multistep combinatorial protocols.
All-carbon solid-state yarn supercapacitors from activated carbon and carbon fibers for smart textiles
Authors: Zhai Shengli , Jiang Wenchao , Wei Li , Karahan H. Enis , Yuan Yang , Ng Andrew Keong , Chen Yuan
Published: July 2015

A wearable wristband from knittable two-ply yarn supercapacitors with high specific length capacitance.
Synthesis and controllable oxidation of monodisperse cobalt-doped wüstite nanoparticles and their core–shell stability and exchange-bias stabilization
Authors: Chen Chih-Jung , Chiang Ray-Kuang , Kamali Saeed , Wang Sue-Lein
Published: July 2015

Oxidized cobalt-doped wüstite nanoparticles show exchange bias properties with enhanced TN (>200 K) and good oxidation-resistant stability.
Nanohybrid conjugated polyelectrolytes: highly photostable and ultrabright nanoparticles
Authors: Darwish Ghinwa H. , Karam Pierre
Published: July 2015

We present a general and straightforward one-step approach to enhance the photophysical properties of conjugated polyelectrolytes.
In situ studies on controlling an atomically-accurate formation process of gold nanoclusters
Authors: Yang Lina , Cheng Hao , Jiang Yong , Huang Ting , Bao Jie , Sun Zhihu , Jiang Zheng , Ma Jingyuan , Sun Fanfei , Liu Qinghua , Yao Tao , Deng Huijuan , Wang Shuxin , Zhu Manzhou , Wei Shiqiang
Published: July 2015

Knowledge of the molecular formation mechanism of metal nanoclusters is essential for developing chemistry for accurate control over their synthesis.
Cyclohexene oxide/carbon dioxide copolymerization by chromium(iii) amino-bis(phenolato) complexes and MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the polycarbonates
Authors: Devaine-Pressing Katalin , Dawe Louise N. , Kozak Christopher M.
Published: July 2015

Single-component Cr(iii) catalysts for copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide have been prepared. MALDI-TOF MS studies provide mechanistic information.
Use of CS–PAA nanoparticles as an alternative to metal oxide nanoparticles and their effect on fouling mitigation of a PSF ultrafiltration membrane
Authors: Sinha M. K. , Purkait M. K.
Published: July 2015

H-bonding between –SO group of PSF and –OH group of CS–PAA nanoparticles. Cross-linked CS–PAA nanoparticles were blended to prepare a hydrophilic PSF membrane.
Coating Novozyme435 with an ionic liquid: more than just a coating for the efficient ring-opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone
Authors: He Ye , Li Jian-Jie , Luo Yan-Kui , Song Fei , Wang Xiu-Li , Wang Yu-Zhong
Published: July 2015

Smart coating of an ionic liquid on Novozyme435: enhancement of catalytic activity and reusability.
A porous elastomeric polyurethane monolith synthesized by concentrated emulsion templating and its pressure-sensitive conductive property
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqian , Du Zhongjie , Zou Wei , Li Hangquan , Zhang Chen , Li Shuxin , Guo Wenli
Published: July 2015

The spontaneous distribution of acid-treated MWCNTs in the concentrated emulsion leads to the press-sensitive conductivity of the porous PU.
Ligand-free Cu-catalyzed O-arylation of aliphatic diols
Authors: Zheng Yufen , Zou Wenxing , Luo Laichun , Chen Jiabei , Lin Songwen , Sun Qi
Published: July 2015

Coupling reaction between aryl iodides with aliphatic diols was realized with a ligand-free copper catalyst. This method was successfully applied in the process of scale-up synthesis of medicinal candidate product EMB-3.
Polymer-mediated nanorod self-assembly predicted by dissipative particle dynamics simulations
Authors: Khani Shaghayegh , Jamali Safa , Boromand Arman , Hore Michael J. A. , Maia Joao
Published: July 2015

Three dimensional phase diagram for controlled aggregation/dispersion of polymer grafted nano-rods in a polymer matrix.
Pore dimensions and the role of occupancy in unitary conductance of Shaker K channels
Authors: Díaz-Franulic Ignacio , Sepúlveda Romina V. , Navarro-Quezada Nieves , González-Nilo Fernando , Naranjo David
Published: July 2015

K channels mediate the selective passage of K+ across the plasma membrane by means of intimate interactions with ions at the pore selectivity filter located near the external face. Despite high conservation of the selectivity filter, the K+ transport properties of different K channels vary widely, with the unitary conductance spanning a range of over two orders of magnitude. Mutation of Pro475, a residue located at the cytoplasmic entrance of the pore of the small-intermediate conductance K channel Shaker (Pro475Asp (P475D) or Pro475Gln (P475Q)), increases Shaker’s reported ∼20-pS conductance by approximately six- and approximately threefold, respectively, without any detectable effect on its selectivity. These findings suggest that the structural determinants underlying the diversity of K channel conductance are distinct from the selectivity filter, making P475D and P475Q excellent probes to identify key determinants of the K channel unitary conductance. By measuring diffusion-limited unitary outward currents after unilateral addition of 2 M sucrose to the internal solution to increase its viscosity, we estimated a pore internal radius of capture of ∼0.82 Å for all three Shaker variants (wild type, P475D, and P475Q). This estimate is consistent with the internal entrance of the Kv1.2/2.1 structure if the effective radius of hydrated K+ is set to ∼4 Å. Unilateral exposure to sucrose allowed us to estimate the internal and external access resistances together with that of the inner pore. We determined that Shaker resistance resides mainly in the inner cavity, whereas only ∼8% resides in the selectivity filter. To reduce the inner resistance, we introduced additional aspartate residues into the internal vestibule to favor ion occupancy. No aspartate addition raised the maximum unitary conductance, measured at saturating [K+], beyond that of P475D, suggesting an ∼200-pS conductance ceiling for Shaker. This value is approximately one third of the maximum conductance of the large conductance K (BK) channel (the K channel of highest conductance), reducing the energy gap between their K+ transport rates to ∼1 kT. Thus, although Shaker’s pore sustains ion translocation as the BK channel’s does, higher energetic costs of ion stabilization or higher friction with the ion’s rigid hydration cage in its narrower aqueous cavity may entail higher resistance.
On the interpretation of dark matter self-interactions in Abell 3827
Authors: Kahlhoefer Felix , Schmidt-Hoberg Kai , Kummer Janis , Sarkar Subir
Published: July 2015

Self-interactions of dark matter (DM) particles can potentially lead to an observable separation between the DM halo and the stars of a galaxy moving through a region of large DM density. Such a separation has recently been observed in a galaxy falling into the core of the galaxy cluster Abell 3827. We estimated the DM self-interaction cross-section needed to reproduce the observed effects and find that the sensitivity of Abell 3827 has been significantly overestimated in a previous study. Our corrected estimate is $\tilde{\sigma }/m_{\rm DM} \sim 3\,{\rm cm}^2\,{\rm g}^{-1}$ when self-interactions result in an effective drag force and σ/mDM ∼ 1.5 cm2 g−1 for the case of contact interactions, in some tension with previous upper bounds.
Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of Foliar Fungicides Applied for Potato Early Blight Management
Authors: Yellareddygari S. K. R. , Pasche Julie S. , Taylor Raymond J. , Gudmestad Neil C.
Published: July 2015

Foliar fungicides continue to be the primary means of early blight management on potato in the United States. Both premium-priced, single-site mode-of-action “specialty” fungicides and standard protectant multisite fungicides are applied, either alone or incorporated into fungicide rotation programs to combat early blight. Individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted to compare overall fungicide efficacy against early blight on potato, quantify tuber yields, and identify the most efficacious timing for fungicide applications. In this study, the specialty fungicide-based applications were compared against the standard fungicides chlorothalonil and mancozeb applied alone. Type 3 fixed effects indicated that there was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) in overall efficacy and yield among the treatments applied to manage early blight in potato. There was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) among treatments in early blight development during the growing season. Applications incorporating specialty fungicides, when compared with standard fungicides, significantly affected disease severity from vegetative growth initiation (P = 0.0139) to tuber maturation (P = 0.0009). Results demonstrate that the higher cost, specialty-fungicide-based applications were most effective for early blight management in North Dakota and Minnesota.
Changes in Distribution and Frequency of Fungi Associated With a Foliar Disease Complex of Pyrethrum in Australia
Authors: Hay Frank S. , Gent David H. , Pilkington Stacey J. , Pearce Tamieka L. , Scott Jason B. , Pethybridge Sarah J.
Published: July 2015

In Australia, pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) is affected by a foliar disease complex that can substantially reduce green leaf area and yield. Historically, the most important foliar disease of pyrethrum in Australia has been ray blight, caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti, and other fungi generally of minor importance. Temporal fluctuations in the frequency of fungi associated with foliar disease were quantified in each of 83 fields in northern Tasmania, Australia, during 2012 and 2013. Sampling was conducted throughout winter (April to July), spring (August to September), and summer (November) representing different phenological stages. Microsphaeropsis tanaceti, the cause of tan spot, was the pathogen most prevalent and isolated at the highest frequency, irrespective of sampling period. The next most common species was S. tanaceti, whose isolation frequency was low in winter and increased in spring and summer. Known pathogens of pyrethrum, Alternaria tenuissima, Colletotrichum tanaceti, and Stemphylium botryosum were recovered sporadically and at low frequency. Two species of potential importance, Paraphoma chrysanthemicola and Itersonilia perplexans, were also found at low frequency. This finding suggests a substantial shift in the dominant pathogen associated with foliar disease, from S. tanaceti to M. tanaceti, and coincides with an increase in defoliation severity in winter, and control failures of the spring fungicide program. Factors associated with this finding were also investigated. Sensitivity of M. tanaceti and S. tanaceti populations to the fungicides boscalid and cyprodinil collected prior to and following disease control failures in the field were tested under in vitro conditions. A high proportion (60%) of the M. tanaceti isolates obtained from fields in which no response to the spring fungicide program was found were insensitive to 50 µg a.i./ml boscalid. This represented a 4.2-fold increase in the frequency of this phenotype within the M. tanaceti population over 2 years. No shifts in sensitivities to cyprodinil of M. tanaceti and S. tanaceti, or S. tanaceti to boscalid, were observed. Considering the increase in defoliation severity over winter, the benefits of applying fungicides in autumn, in addition to the commercial standard (spring only), were quantified in 14 individual field trials conducted in 2011 and 2012. Mixed-model analysis suggested fungicide application in autumn may improve pyrethrum growth during late winter and early spring, although effects on defoliation and yield were minimal. The increasing prevalence and isolation frequency of M. tanaceti and boscalid resistance within the population is of concern and highlights the urgent need for adoption of nonchemical methods for disease management in Australian pyrethrum fields.
Cannulated Lag Screw Fixation of Displaced Lateral Humeral Condyle Fractures Is Associated With Lower Rates of Open Reduction and Infection Than Pin Fixation
Authors: Stein Benjamin E. , Ramji Alim F. , Hassanzadeh Hamid , Wohlgemut Jared M. , Ain Michael C. , Sponseller Paul D.
Published: July 2015

Background:

Open reduction/internal fixation remains the most common way to surgically stabilize displaced pediatric lateral humeral condyle fractures, but closed reduction and internal fixation is being increasingly used. Our goal was to compare the clinical and functional results of treating displaced pediatric lateral humeral condylar fractures with traditional smooth or threaded pin fixation versus single cannulated screw fixation.

Methods:

From 1998 through 2012, the lateral humeral condyle fractures of 48 patients were treated with pin fixation (22 patients, until 2006) or cannulated, partially threaded screw fixation (26 patients, from 2006 onward). In each, closed reduction with percutaneous fixation was attempted first, followed by open reduction if anatomic reduction was not achieved. For the pin and screw groups, preoperative maximum radiographic displacement averaged 8.4 mm (range, 3.8 to 18.4 mm) and 6.3 mm (range, 2.2 to 15.5 mm), respectively; follow-up averaged 4.3 months (range, 1.5 to 20 mo) and 10.3 months (range, 2 to 30 mo), respectively. We reviewed preoperative and postoperative images and all follow-up clinical examination findings; serially assessed initial displacement, Baumann and carrying angles, range of motion limitations, and clinical alignment; evaluated functional results via the system of Hardacre and colleagues; and investigated all complications.

Results:

Open reduction was required in 73% (16/22) and 15% (4/26) of the pin and screw groups, respectively (P<0.001). All fractures were reduced to <1 mm postoperative displacement. Postoperative immobilization averaged 5.9 weeks (range, 4 to 11 wk) and 4.5 weeks (range, 3 to 8 wk) for the pin and screw groups, respectively. The only significant difference in complications was the infection rate: 5 (1 deep) in the pin group and none in the screw group (P<0.05).

Conclusions:

Closed reduction and percutaneous 4.5-mm lag screw fixation of displaced pediatric lateral humeral condyle fractures is safe and reliable, enabling a higher rate of closed reduction, significantly lower infection rate, and earlier mobilization than traditional pin fixation.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—Therapeutic.
Ursidibacter maritimus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Ursidibacter arcticus sp. nov., two new members of the family Pasteurellaceae isolated from the oral cavity of bears
Authors: Johanne Hansen Mie , Strøm Braaten Mira , Miki Bojesen Anders , Christensen Henrik , Sonne Christian , Dietz Rune , Frost Bertelsen Mads
Published: July 2015

Thirty-three suspected strains of the familyPasteurellaceaeisolated from the oral cavity of polar and brown bears were characterized by genotypic and phenotypic tests. Phylogenetic analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene andrpoBsequences showed that the investigated isolates formed two closely related monophyletic groups, representing two novel species of a new genus. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisonBibersteinia trehalosiwas the closest related species with a validly published name, with 95.4 % similarity to the polar bear group and 94.4 % similarity to the brown bear group.Otariodibacter oriswas the closest related species based onrpoBsequence comparison with a similarity of 89.8 % with the polar bear group and 90 % with the brown bear group. The new genus could be separated from existing genera of the familyPasteurellaceaeby three to ten phenotypic characters, and the two novel species could be separated from each other by two phenotypic characters. It is proposed that the strains should be classified as representatives of a new genus,Ursidibactergen. nov., with two novel species: the type speciesUrsidibacter maritimussp. nov., isolated from polar bears (type strain Pb43106T= CCUG 65144T= DSM 28137T, DNA G+C content 39.3 mol%), andUrsidibacter arcticussp. nov., isolated from brown bears (type strain Bamse61T= CCUG 65145T= DSM 28138T).