bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary organic aerosol yields of 12-carbon alkanes
Authors: Loza C. L. , Craven J. S. , Yee L. D. , Coggon M. M. , Schwantes R. H. , Shiraiwa M. , Zhang X. , Schilling K. A. , Ng N. L. , Canagaratna M. R. , Ziemann P. J. , Flagan R. C. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields were measured for cyclododecane, hexylcyclohexane, n-dodecane, and 2-methylundecane under high- and low-NOx conditions, in which alkyl peroxy radicals (RO2) react primarily with NO and HO2, respectively, for multiple initial alkane concentrations. Experiments were run until 95–100% of the initial alkane had reacted. Particle wall loss was evaluated as two limiting cases. SOA yield differed by 2 orders of magnitude between the two limiting cases, but the same trends among alkane precursors were observed for both limiting cases. Vapor-phase wall losses were addressed through a modeling study and increased SOA yield uncertainty by approximately 30%. SOA yields were highest from cyclododecane under both NOx conditions. Under high-NOx conditions, SOA yields increased from 2-methylundecane < dodecane ~ hexylcyclohexane < cyclododecane, consistent with previous studies. Under low-NOx conditions, SOA yields increased from 2-methylundecane ~ dodecane < hexylcyclohexane < cyclododecane. The presence of cyclization in the parent alkane structure increased SOA yields, whereas the presence of branch points decreased SOA yields due to increased vapor-phase fragmentation. Vapor-phase fragmentation was found to be more prevalent under high-NOx conditions than under low-NOx conditions. For different initial concentrations of the same alkane and same NOx conditions, SOA yield did not correlate with SOA mass throughout SOA growth, suggesting kinetically limited SOA growth for these systems.
Simulated impacts of mountain pine beetle and wildfire disturbances on forest vegetation composition and carbon stocks in the Southern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Caldwell M. K. , Hawbaker T. J. , Briggs J. S. , Cigan P. W. , Stitt S.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Forests play an important role in sequestering carbon and offsetting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, but changing disturbance regimes may compromise the capability of forests to store carbon. In the Southern Rocky Mountains, a recent outbreak of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; MPB) has caused levels of tree mortality that are unprecedented in recorded history. To evaluate the long-term impacts of both this insect outbreak and another characteristic disturbance in these forests, high-severity wildfire, we simulated potential changes in species composition and carbon stocks using the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS). Simulations were completed for 3 scenarios (no disturbance, actual MPB infestation, and modeled wildfire) using field data collected in 2010 at 97 plots in the lodgepole pine-dominated forests of eastern Grand County, Colorado, which were heavily impacted by MPB after 2002. Results of the simulations showed that (1) lodgepole pine remained dominant over time in all scenarios, with basal area recovering to pre-disturbance levels 70–80 yr after disturbance; (2) wildfire caused a greater magnitude of change than did MPB in both patterns of succession and distribution of carbon among biomass pools; (3) levels of standing-live carbon returned to pre-disturbance conditions after 40 vs. 50 yr following MPB vs. wildfire disturbance, respectively, but took 120 vs. 150 yr to converge with conditions in the undisturbed scenario. Lodgepole pine forests appear to be relatively resilient to both of the disturbances we modeled, although changes in climate, future disturbance regimes, and other factors may significantly affect future rates of regeneration and ecosystem response.
Albedo and heat transport in 3-D model simulations of the early Archean climate
Authors: Kienert H. , Feulner G. , Petoukhov V.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. At the beginning of the Archean eon (ca. 3.8 billion years ago), the Earth's climate state was significantly different from today due to the lower solar luminosity, smaller continental fraction, higher rotation rate and, presumably, significantly larger greenhouse gas concentrations. All these aspects play a role in solutions to the "faint young Sun paradox" which must explain why the ocean surface was not fully frozen at that time. Here, we present 3-D model simulations of climate states that are consistent with early Archean boundary conditions and have different CO2 concentrations, aiming at an understanding of the fundamental characteristics of the early Archean climate system. In order to do so, we have appropriately modified an intermediate complexity climate model that couples a statistical-dynamical atmosphere model (involving parameterizations of the dynamics) to an ocean general circulation model and a thermodynamic-dynamic sea-ice model. We focus on three states: one of them is ice-free, one has the same mean surface air temperature of 288 K as today's Earth and the third one is the coldest stable state in which there is still an area with liquid surface water (i.e. the critical state at the transition to a "snowball Earth"). We find a reduction in meridional heat transport compared to today, which leads to a steeper latitudinal temperature profile and has atmospheric as well as oceanic contributions. Ocean surface velocities are largely zonal, and the strength of the atmospheric meridional circulation is significantly reduced in all three states. These aspects contribute to the observed relation between global mean temperature and albedo, which we suggest as a parameterization of the ice-albedo feedback for 1-D model simulations of the early Archean and thus the faint young Sun problem.
Terminology as a key uncertainty in net land use flux estimates
Authors: Pongratz J. , Reick C. H. , Houghton R. A. , House J.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Reasons for the high uncertainty in land use and land cover change (LULCC) emissions go beyond recognized issues to do with available data on land cover change and the fact that model simulations rely on a simplified and incomplete description of the complexity of biological and LULCC processes. The large range across published LULCC emission estimates is also fundamentally to do with the exact definition of the net land use flux with respect to the way it is calculated by models. We introduce a conceptual framework that allows us to compare the different types of models and simulation setups used to derive land use fluxes. We find that published studies are based on at least 9 different definitions of the net land use flux. Our analysis reveals three key processes that are accounted for in different ways: the land use feedback, the loss of additional sink capacity, and legacy (regrowth and decomposition) fluxes. We show that these terminological differences, alone, explain differences between published net land use flux estimates that are of the order of published estimates. While the decision to use a specific definition will depend on the scientific application and potential political considerations, our analysis shows that the uncertainty of the net land use flux can be substantially reduced when the existing terminological confusion is resolved.
The MPI-Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules of Atmospheric Interest
Authors: Keller-Rudek H. , Moortgat G. K. , Sander R. , Sörensen R.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. We present the MPI-Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas, which is a large collection of absorption cross sections and quantum yields in the ultraviolet and visible (UV/VIS) wavelength region for gaseous molecules and radicals primarily of atmospheric interest. The data files contain results of individual measurements, covering research of almost a whole century. To compare and visualize the data sets, multicoloured graphical representations have been created. The Spectral Atlas is available on the internet at http://www.uv-vis-spectral-atlas-mainz.org. It now appears with improved browse and search options, based on new database software. In addition to the web pages, which are continuously updated, a frozen version of the data is available under the doi:10.5281/zenodo.6951.
The mid-Pliocene climate simulated by FGOALS-g2
Authors: Zheng W. , Zhang Z. , Chen L. , Yu Y.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Within the framework of Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP), the mid-Pliocene warm period (mPWP – 3.264–3.025 Ma BP) climate simulated by the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System model grid-point version g2 (FGOALS-g2) are analysed in this study. Results show that the model reproduces the large-scale features of the global warming over the land and ocean. The simulated mid-Pliocene global annual mean surface air temperature (SAT) and sea surface temperature (SST) are 4.17 and 2.62 °C warmer than the preindustrial simulation, respectively. In particular, the feature of larger warming over mid–high latitudes is well captured. In the simulated warm mid-Pliocene climate, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) become weaker.
Atmospheric dissolved iron deposition to the global oceans: effects of oxalate-promoted Fe dissolution, photochemical redox cycling, and dust mineralogy
Authors: Johnson M. S. , Meskhidze N.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Mineral dust deposition is suggested to be a significant atmospheric supply pathway of bioavailable iron (Fe) to Fe-depleted surface oceans. In this study, mineral dust and dissolved Fe (Fed) deposition rates are predicted for March 2009 to February 2010 using the 3-D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem implemented with a comprehensive dust-Fe dissolution scheme. The model simulates Fed production during the atmospheric transport of mineral dust, taking into account inorganic and organic (oxalate)-promoted Fe dissolution processes, photochemical redox cycling between ferric (Fe(III)) and ferrous (Fe(II)) forms of Fe, dissolution of three different Fe-containing minerals (hematite, goethite, and aluminosilicates), and detailed mineralogy of wind-blown dust from the major desert regions. Our calculations suggest that during the year-long simulation ~0.26 Tg (1 Tg = 1012 g) of Fed was deposited to global oceanic regions. Compared to simulations only taking into account proton-promoted Fe dissolution, the addition of oxalate and Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox cycling to the dust-Fe mobilization scheme increased total annual model-predicted Fed deposition to global oceanic regions by ~75%. The implementation of Fe(II)/Fe(III) photochemical redox cycling in the model also allows for the distinction between different oxidation states of deposited Fed. Our calculations suggest that during the daytime, large fractions of Fed deposited to the global oceans is likely to be in Fe(II) form, while nocturnal fluxes of Fed are largely in Fe(III) form. Model sensitivity simulations suggest Fed fluxes to the oceans can range from ~50% reduction to ~150% increase associated with the uncertainty in Fe-containing minerals commonly found in dust particles. This study indicates that Fed deposition to the oceans is controlled by total dust-Fe mass concentrations, mineralogy, the surface area of dust particles, atmospheric chemical composition, cloud processing, and meteorological parameters and exhibits complex and spatiotemporally variable patterns. Our study suggests that the explicit model representation of individual processes leading to Fed production within mineral dust are needed to improve the understanding of the atmospheric Fe cycle, and quantify the effect of dust-Fe on ocean biological productivity, carbon cycle, and climate.
Failure analysis of parameter-induced simulation crashes in climate models
Authors: Lucas D. D. , Klein R. , Tannahill J. , Ivanova D. , Brandon S. , Domyancic D. , Zhang Y.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Simulations using IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)-class climate models are subject to fail or crash for a variety of reasons. Quantitative analysis of the failures can yield useful insights to better understand and improve the models. During the course of uncertainty quantification (UQ) ensemble simulations to assess the effects of ocean model parameter uncertainties on climate simulations, we experienced a series of simulation crashes within the Parallel Ocean Program (POP2) component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4). About 8.5% of our CCSM4 simulations failed for numerical reasons at combinations of POP2 parameter values. We applied support vector machine (SVM) classification from machine learning to quantify and predict the probability of failure as a function of the values of 18 POP2 parameters. A committee of SVM classifiers readily predicted model failures in an independent validation ensemble, as assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve metric (AUC > 0.96). The causes of the simulation failures were determined through a global sensitivity analysis. Combinations of 8 parameters related to ocean mixing and viscosity from three different POP2 parameterizations were the major sources of the failures. This information can be used to improve POP2 and CCSM4 by incorporating correlations across the relevant parameters. Our method can also be used to quantify, predict, and understand simulation crashes in other complex geoscientific models.
Accuracy of the zeroth and second order shallow ice approximation – numerical and theoretical results
Authors: Ahlkrona J. , Kirchner N. , Lötstedt P.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. In ice sheet modelling, the Shallow Ice Approximation (SIA) and Second Order Shallow Ice Approximation (SOSIA) schemes are approaches to approximate the solution of the full Stokes equations governing ice sheet dynamics. This is done by writing the solution to the full Stokes equations as an asymptotic expansion in the aspect ratio ε, i.e. the quotient between a characteristic height and a characteristic length of the ice sheet. SIA retains the zeroth order terms and SOSIA the zeroth, first, and second order terms in the expansion. Here, we evaluate the order of accuracy of SIA and SOSIA by numerically solving a two dimensional model problem for different values of ε, and comparing the solutions with a finite element solution of the full Stokes equations obtained from Elmer/Ice. The SIA and SOSIA solutions are also derived analytically for the model problem. For decreasing ε, the computed errors in SIA and SOSIA decrease, but not always in the expected way. Moreover, they depend critically on a parameter introduced to avoid singularities in Glen's flow law in the ice model. This is because the assumptions behind the SIA and SOSIA neglect a thick, high viscosity boundary layer near the ice surface. The sensitivity to the parameter is explained by the analytical solutions.
A new mixed-mode fracture criterion for large scale lattice models
Authors: Sachau T. , Koehn D.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Reasonable fracture criteria are crucial for the modeling of dynamic failure in computational spring lattice models. For experiments on the micro and on the meso scale exist successful criteria, which are based on the stress that a spring experiences. In this paper we test the applicability of these failure criteria to large scale models, where gravity plays an important role in addition to the externally applied deformation. The resulting brittle structures do not resemble the outcome predicted by fracture mechanics and geological observations. For this reason we derive an elliptical fracture criterion, which is based on the strain energy stored in a spring. Simulations using the new criterion result in realistic structures. It is another great advantage of this fracture model, that it can be combined with classic geological material parameters: the tensile strength σ0 and the shear cohesion τ0. While we tested the fracture model only for large scale structures, there is strong reason to believe that the model is equally applicable to lattice simulations on the micro and the meso scale.
Estimating annual effective infiltration coefficient and groundwater recharge for karst aquifers of the southern Apennines
Authors: Allocca V. , Manna F. , De Vita P.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. To assess the mean annual groundwater recharge of the karst aquifers in southern Apennines (Italy), the estimation of the mean annual effective infiltration coefficient (AEIC) was conducted by means of an integrated approach based on hydrogeological, hydrological, geomorphological, land use and soil cover analyses. We studied a large part of the southern Apennines that is covered by a meteorological network and containing 40 principal karst aquifers. Using precipitation and air temperature time series gathered through monitoring stations operating in the period 1926–2012, the annual effective precipitation (AEP) was estimated, and its distribution was modelled, by considering the orographic barrier and rain shadow effects of the Apennines chain, as well as the altitudinal control. Four sample karst aquifers with available long spring discharge time series were identified for estimating the AEIC by means of the hydrological budget equation. The resulting AEIC values were correlated with other parameters that control groundwater recharge, such as the extension of outcropping karst-rock, morphological settings, land use and covering soil type. A simple correlation relationship between AEIC, lithology and the summit flat and endorheic areas was found. This empirical model has been used to estimate AEIC and mean annual groundwater recharge in other regional karst aquifers. The estimated AEIC values ranged between 48% and 78%, thus matching intervals estimated for other karst aquifers in European and Mediterranean countries. These results represent a deeper understanding of an aspect of groundwater hydrology in karst aquifers which is fundamental for the formulation of appropriate management models of groundwater resources, also taking into account mitigation strategies for climate change impacts. Finally, the proposed hydrological characterisations are also perceived as useful for the assessment of mean annual runoff over carbonate mountains, which is another important topic concerning water management in the southern Apennines.
Comparison of ground motions estimated from prediction equations and from observed damage during the M = 4.6 1983 Liège earthquake (Belgium)
Authors: García Moreno D. , Camelbeeck T.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. On 8 November 1983 an earthquake of magnitude 4.6 damaged more than 16 000 buildings in the region of Liège (Belgium). The extraordinary damage produced by this earthquake, considering its moderate magnitude, is extremely well documented, giving the opportunity to compare the consequences of a recent moderate earthquake in a typical old city of Western Europe with scenarios obtained by combining strong ground motions and vulnerability modelling. The present study compares 0.3 s spectral accelerations estimated from ground motion prediction equations typically used in Western Europe with those obtained locally by applying the statistical distribution of damaged masonry buildings to two fragility curves, one derived from the HAZUS programme of FEMA (FEMA, 1999) and another developed for high-vulnerability buildings by Lang and Bachmann (2004), and to a method proposed by Faccioli et al. (1999) relating the seismic vulnerability of buildings to the damage and ground motions. The results of this comparison reveal good agreement between maxima spectral accelerations calculated from these vulnerability and fragility curves and those predicted from attenuation law equations, suggesting peak ground accelerations for the epicentral area of the 1983 earthquake of 0.13–0.20 g (g: gravitational acceleration).
Robust, multifunctional flood protection zones in the Dutch Rural Riverine area
Authors: van Loon-Steensma J. M. , Vellinga P.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. This paper reviews the possible functions of robust dikes in the rural riverine areas of the Netherlands. It furthermore reviews and analyses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with robust, multifunctional flood defense zones in rural riverine zones. The study focused on recent plans and ideas for innovative dike reinforcement at five locations in the Netherlands, supplemented with information obtained in semi-structured interviews with experts and stakeholders. At each of the five locations, suitable robust flood defenses could be identified that would contribute to the envisaged functions and ambitions for the respective areas. Primary strengths of the robust, multifunctional approach were identified as combined uses of limited space, a longer-term focus, and greater safety. The new approach offers opportunities as well, in particular, with regard to tasks, problems, and objectives related to infrastructure, land-use planning, nature and landscape protection, and development. These provide possibilities for co-financing as well.
Brief Communication: Landslides triggered by the Ms =7.0 Lushan earthquake, China
Authors: Chen X. L. , Yu L. , Wang M. M. , Li J. Y.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Earthquake-triggered landslide has drawn much attention in the world because of severe hazards it causes. The Ms =7.0 Lushan earthquake which occurred on 20 April 2013, China, in the Longmen Shan mountain region triggered more than 1000 landslides and really blocked many roads and exacerbated the overall transportation problems in the mountainous region. Preliminary landslides inventory is complied based on the high-resolution remote sensing images. Based on it, landslides spatial distribution characteristics and correlations between the occurrence of landslides with geologic and geomorphologic conditions are analyzed. Statistic analysis is conducted by using landslide point density (LPD), which is defined as the number of landslides per square kilometer. It is found that LPD have strong positive correlations with slope gradients, and the landslides are likely to occur in younger strata systems like Quaternary and Tertiary sediments. Spatially, the triggered landslides are controlled by the causative faults in their distribution and mainly concentrate around the epicenter. All the landslides are located within the area with seismic intensity ≥ VII and in scale with the seismic intensity. LPD decreases with increasing distance from the epicenter, and sometimes landslides are found densely presented along the roads in the mountainous. It is found that the empirical distance–magnitude relation are more suitable for estimating the landslides concentrated area during the Lushan earthquake.
Assessment of women's awareness level about symptoms and complications of menopause and methods to their prevention
Authors: Bakouei Fatemeh , Basirat Zahra , Salmalian Hajar , Omidvar Shabnam , Bakouei Sareh
Published: August 2013

Context: Since menopause age is constant, an increase in life expectancy has resulted in an increase of the menopause period in women. Aims: This study was done to assess women's awareness level about symptoms and complications of menopause and methods of their prevention. Settings and design: This cross-sectional research was conducted on 220 women, 40 years of age or older referrals in selected health care centers. Methods and material: The research was conducted using a questionnaire with regular random sampling method. Statistical analysis used: The analysis of obtained findings was done by SPSS statistical software and statistical tests. Results: Based on their total score, 48.6% of women had good awareness, 24.1% of them had average awareness, and 27.3% of them had low awareness. Eighty-five percent of the participants had read or heard some topics about menopause from their relatives (26.8%), friends (25.5%), health care staffs (20%), books and journals (10.5%), and television or radio (8.6%). Women's awareness level had significant correlation with child number, job, education, income, hearing or reading text about menopause and their informational source, but awareness did not have significant correlation with age and being menopausal. Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, the rate of participants' correct answers was lower than 50%. Key message: It is suggested to enhance women's awareness level through all sources including television, radio, journals, newspaper and medical staffs, since education is the most important tool in any prevention programs.
B-Mode and Elastosonographic Evaluation to Determine the Reference Elastosonography Values for Cervical Lymph Nodes
Authors: Kurt Aydin , Gunes Tatar Idil , Ipek Ali , Hekimoglu Baki
Published: August 2013

Background. It is crucial to differentiate between reactive and malignant lymphadenopathies. Elastosonography measures the elasticity of the tissue. Having a reference value for benign lymph nodes (LNs) is important in interpretation. The purpose of this study is to determine the reference elastosonography values of cervical LNs. Methods. 97 LNs were evaluated by B-mode and elastosonography. Depth, length, width, length to width ratio, hilar-cortical thickness, strain ratio, and elasticity scores were measured. Results. In 18.6% of the cervical LNs cortical thickness was less than the hilar thickness (group A) and in 81.4% it was equal or more (group B). 69.1% of LNs showed strain ratio (SR) less than 3 (group 1) and 30.9% equal to or more than 3 (group 2). 33% of LNs displayed elasticity score (ES) 1; 30.9% ES 2; 22.7% ES 3, and 13.4% ES 4. There was a significant correlation between thickness ratios and elasticity scores (P: 0.011). A significant correlation was also demonstrated between SR groups and elasticity scores. Conclusion. A simple, reproducible, noninvasive imaging technique for diagnosis of malignant LNs is necessary. Elastosonography can aid in the differentiation of benign versus malignant cervical LNs, thus help reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies for benign processes.
Motherhood and the High School Band Director: A Case Study
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kate R.
Published: August 2013

This instrumental case study examined the experiences of a successful female high school band director with regard to the phenomenon of striving to find balance within the dual roles of both mother and high school band director. In particular, this study was guided by the following research questions: (a) What enabling factors does the participant describe with regard to balancing her parenting and professional responsibilities? (b) What inhibiting factors does the participant describe with regard to balancing her parenting and professional responsibilities? Data were collected over a period of 21 months, and data sources included extended participant journals, three in-person interviews, and observational field notes. Thematic analysis of the data revealed that the participant’s pursuit of balance was enabled by personal qualities that she possessed, the structure of her work demands, a supportive partner, and a strong passion for both work and home. Analysis also revealed that the participant’s pursuit of balance was inhibited by a lack of time, complicated logistics, particularities of her home/work life, feelings of guilt, and differences she perceived between male and female working parent expectations.
A Descriptive Case Study of Two Veteran String Teachers’ Perceptions of Including Composing in Middle School Orchestra
Authors: Hopkins Michael T.
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this descriptive case study was to examine two veteran string teachers’ perceptions of the benefits and challenges of including a theme and variations composing project in the middle school orchestra curriculum. Specific research questions were: (a) How do the participants describe their musical backgrounds, experiences with composing, and their attitude toward teaching composing? (b) What do the participants perceive as benefits and challenges of including composing in the curriculum? (c) How do the participants’ perceived benefits and challenges of including composing change as a result of including composing in the curriculum? The two participants had extensive and varied musical backgrounds. Neither had been asked to compose music prior to college. Neither received training on teaching composing in college. The perceived challenges described by the participants were the teacher’s role in a composing project, the development, planning and preparation of composing projects, student readiness for composing, impact on performances, and the teacher’s technology skills. The perceived benefits described by the participants included students’ level of engagement when composing, the role of teacher as facilitator, the quality of students’ musical ideas, development of students’ musical understanding, and enhancement of students’ performance skills. Despite recognizing benefits from the composing project, the two participants expressed concerns regarding the amount of time required to implement and assess a composing project, and the lack of pedagogical materials to use for composing projects.
Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium complicated by a choroidal neovascular membrane
Authors: Youhnoska Pavlina , Toffoli Daniela , Gauthier Danny
Published: August 2013

A 66-year-old woman presenting with a history of visual loss in her left eye was diagnosed with congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium accompanied by a choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) affecting the macula. Visual acuity improved after 2 treatments of verteporfin photodynamic therapy. Recurrent CNVM in the same eye 3 years later was stabilized and vision slowly improved with a series of intravitreal bevacizumab injections.
Intracameral injection of tissue plasminogen activator to treat severe postoperative fibrinous reaction in iridocorneal endothelial syndrome
Authors: Hong Bryan K. , Francis Brian A.
Published: August 2013

Iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome is a primary endothelial abnormality that can cause a spectrum of iris changes, corneal edema, and glaucoma. Glaucoma secondary to ICE is difficult to manage because of the inflammatory reaction and fibrosis it can cause. We present a case of postoperative fibrinous reaction following endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation in ICE that caused aqueous tube shunt occlusion and high intraocular pressure. The condition was successfully managed with tissue plasminogen activator.
Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) in the context of neonatal HSV-2 exposure and subconjunctival dexamethasone: case report and literature review
Authors: McGrath Lindsay , Woods Marion , Lee Lawrence , Conrad Diana
Published: August 2013

HSV-2 is an important cause of the acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome in younger patients. We describe an atypical case of HSV-2 ARN in the context of neonatal exposure and subconjunctival steroid injection. Clinicians should be aware of the association of neonatal or congenital exposure to HSV-2 as a risk factor for this disease because early treatment may improve outcome and/or avoid involvement of both eyes.
Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe 1919–2001
Authors: Teichman Jenny
Published: August 2013

Elizabeth Anscombe, Fellow of the British Academy and an Honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, was a philosopher who worked at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Her published works include Intention (1957, 1963, 2000) and An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus (1959). Obituary by Jenny Teichman.
Anthony Cuthbert Baines 1912–1997
Authors: Rue Hélène La
Published: August 2013

Anthony Baines was a music scholar and a Fellow of the British Academy who worked with the London Philharmonic Orchestra as bassoonist and Assistant Conductor. He was Lecturer/Curator of the Bate Collection, 1970–1982. In his writings, Baines advocated and popularised the playing of music on original instruments. Obituary by Helene La Rue.
Charles Ralph Boxer 1904–2000
Authors: Newitt M. D. D.
Published: August 2013

Charles Boxer, the most distinguished scholar of seventeenth-century Portuguese and Dutch colonial history of his generation, was a Fellow of the British Academy. He had been an army officer and in 1930 was seconded to the Far East as a language officer to specialise in Japanese. Boxer combined his duties with scholarly study and survived imprisonment by the Japanese during World War II. After the War, he held the Camõese Chair of Portuguese at King's College London. Boxer's most influential book was Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire 1415–1825. Obituary by M.D.D. Newitt.
Kenneth Cameron 1922–2001
Authors: Gelling Margaret
Published: August 2013

Ken Cameron FBA, Professor of English Language at the University of Nottingham, was a scholar of English place-names, specialising in names of Danish origin. He was Hon. Secretary of the English Place-Name Society and Hon. Director of the English Place-Name Survey. Obituary by Margaret Gelling FBA.
Francis Ludwig Carsten 1911–1998
Authors: Alter Peter
Published: August 2013

Francis Carston FBA, fled from Nazi Germany in 1936, first to Amsterdam and then in 1939 to Wadham College, Oxford, eventually settling in London and becoming a British citizen in 1946. He taught German and Austrian history and wrote prolifically, most centrally on the crucial problem of Central European history in the twentieth century, why democracy had failed and what had prepared the way for fascism. Obituary by Peter Alter.
John Chadwick 1920–1998
Authors: Killen J. T. , Davies A. Morpurgo
Published: August 2013

John Chadwick, Perceval Maitland Laurence Reader in Classics at Cambridge University, was famous for being involved in the decipherment of the Linear B script in the 1950s. He served with distinction in naval intelligence during World War II; in Alexandria, he broke a vital Italian code, and in Bletchley Park, he worked on Japanese decipherment. After working as a lexicographer on the Oxford English Dictionary, Chadwick moved to academic life at Cambridge, specialising in Mycean studies, and was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1967. Obituary by J. T. Killen FBA and A. Morpurgo Davies FBA.
Donald Cuthbert Coleman 1920–1995
Authors: Mathias Peter , Thompson F. M. L.
Published: August 2013

Donald Coleman was an outstanding economic historian, specialising in industrial history. ‘Labour in the English Economy of the Seventeenth Century’ (1956) was an early influential article by him. Coleman held professorships at LSE and then Cambridge, and was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1972. He published many articles and books, among them a highly respected history of Courtaulds and was editor of the Economic History Review and the Records of Social and Economic History series published by the British Academy. Obituary by Peter Mathias FBA and F.M.L. Thompson FBA.
Robert Manuel Cook 1909–2000
Authors: Boardman John
Published: August 2013

Robert Cook was Laurence Reader then Professor in Classical Archaeology at Cambridge University. His Greek Painted Pottery, first published in 1960, was a standard student text and his Greek Art (1972) was aimed at a general readership. Cook wrote widely on Ancient Greek archaeology and was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1974. Obituary by John Boardman FBA.
John Philip Cozens Kent 1928–2000
Authors: Burnett Andrew , Archibald Marion
Published: August 2013

John Kent FBA, Keeper of Coins and Medals in the British Museum from 1983 to 1990, was the world's leading authority on the coinage of the late Roman Empire and presented the coinage of that complicated period in a modern and systematic way. He published The Roman Imperial Coinage (RIC) volumes VIII and X. Kent studied the Merovingian coins from the Sutton Hoo Mound 1 ship burial and was able to provide evidence towards a revised interpretation of the mound's historical context. Obituary by Andrew Burnett and Marion Archibald.
Stephan Körner 1913–2000
Authors: Shepherdson John
Published: August 2013

Stephan Körner was one of the leading late twentieth-century British philosophers whose work ranged widely from the philosophy of science and mathematics to that of ethics, law and politics. Born in Czechoslovakia, he fled to England after the Nazi invasion of 1939 and later served in the Czech army. Körner resumed his academic career after demobilization and held Chairs of Philosophy at the Universities of Bristol, Yale and Graz. Two of his books reached a wide non-specialist readership – Kant (1955) and What is Philosophy? (1969) – and he was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1967. Obituary by John Shepherdson FBA.
Donald Francis McKenzie 1931–1999
Authors: McKitterick David
Published: August 2013

Don McKenzie, Professor of English Language and Literature at Victoria University of Wellington and later Professor of Bibliography and Textual Criticism at Oxford, argued for the place of bibliography at the centre of literary and historical understanding. The Cambridge University Press, 1696–1712: a bibliographical study (1966) led to a transformation of bibliographical studies. McKenzie edited the plays of Congreve and was elected Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy in 1980 while he was still living in New Zealand. After moving to Oxford, he was elected Fellow in 1986. Obituary by David McKitterick FBA.
Kathleen Major 1906–2000
Authors: Barrow G. W. S.
Published: August 2013

Kathleen Major, a medieval historian with a particular interest in archiving and the study of the diplomatic, was chief officer of the Lincoln Diocesan Record Office and a member of St Hilda's College, Oxford, becoming Principal in 1955 for ten years. She later held a ‘special chair’ in medieval history at Nottingham University and served on the council of the Royal Historical Society. In 1977, Major was elected Fellow of the British Academy and, in retirement, collaborated on extensive surveys of old buildings in Lincoln. Obituary by G. W. S. Barrow FBA.
Michael Roberts 1908–1996
Authors: Parker Geoffrey
Published: August 2013

Michael Roberts, a distinguished historian of early modern Sweden, published a highly acclaimed two-volume history of Gustavus Adolphus (1953–8). He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1960. Roberts turned to the study of British foreign policy in the Baltic and published British Diplomacy and Swedish Politics, 1758–1773 in 1980. He was Professor of History at Rhodes University College in Grahamstown, South Africa before taking the Chair of Modern History at the Queen's University, Belfast. Obituary by Geoffrey Parker FBA.
Alan Walker Tyson 1926–2000
Authors: Neighbour Oliver
Published: August 2013

Alan Tyson was a musicologist who made an outstanding contribution to understanding issues of authenticity and chronology in the works of Mozart and Beethoven often based on detailed study of the paper used in sketchbooks and manuscripts. Yet he had qualified as a psychoanalyst and clinical psychiatrist, and until 1969, when he obtained a visiting professorship at Columbia University, musicology was only a scholarly hobby. In 1971, Tyson was awarded a Senior Research Fellowship at All Souls College Oxford and thereafter pursued it as a full-time career. He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1978. Obituary by Oliver Neighbour FBA.
John Earl Varey 1922–1999
Authors: Deyermond Alan , McKendrick Melveena
Published: August 2013

John Varey was one of the greatest of twentieth-century hispanists, specialising in the history of Spanish theatre. His undergraduate studies were interrupted by service as a naviagator in Bomber Command. Varey founded the Department of Spanish at Westfield College, University of London, and in 1984 was appointed Principal of the college. He also founded Tamesis, a publishing house dedicated to hispanic studies, in 1963, and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1985. Varey managed a prodigious output of scholarly work despite a heavy workload of university administration. Obituary by Alan Deyermond FBA and Melveena McKendrick FBA.
Glanville Llewelyn Williams 1911–1997
Authors: Glazebrook P. R.
Published: August 2013

Glanville Williams was an eminent jurist, specialising in criminal law, the publication of whose Criminal Law: The General Part in 1953 transformed scholarly and professional attitudes to its subject. An introductory textbook for students, Learning the Law, published in 1944, has remained in print through several editions. Williams, who held four Chairs in law, including Quain Professor of Jurisprudence at University College, London and the Rouse Ball Professorship of English Law at Cambridge, was elected Fellow of the British Academy at the young age of 46. He gave support to the campaigns for the modification of the criminal law of abortion, drafting Bills in 1952, 1961, 1965 and 1966 and advising on the successful one of 1967. Obituary by P. R. Glazebrook.
Vincent Wright 1937–1999
Authors: Hayward Jack , Hazareesingh Sudhir
Published: August 2013

Vincent Wright, a towering figure in political science, was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1995. He had specialised in the history of French public administration and, on moving to Oxford to an Official Fellowship at Nuffield College, turned more to comparative politics. Wright was co-founder of the journal West European Politics. Obituary by Jack Hayward FBA and Sudhir Hazareesingh.
Prosperity and Power in the Age of Bede and Beowulf
Authors: MADDICOTT J. R.
Published: August 2013

This chapter considers the evidence for rural wealth in the seventh and eighth centuries in the country which was to become England. It demonstrates that the expansion of international trade and the proliferation of coinage created the conditions for a shift in balance, and for the first time the means became available to turn rural surpluses into something like treasure. The movement of two separate economies towards convergence increased the potentiality of kingship.
After Glyn Dŵr: An Age of Reconciliation?
Authors: GRIFFITHS RALPH A.
Published: August 2013

During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, following Edward I's final conquest, the inhabitants of the whole of Wales were adjusting to the fact that they were a cosmopolitan people of diverse origins. Their communities were interleaved, in varying measure, with migrants from England and Ireland, France and the Low Countries, and from elsewhere in Wales, and this process was unlikely to be reversed. In particular, contacts between English and Welsh multiplied, and relationships between them deepened. The revolt of Owain Glyn Dŵr in the first decade of the fifteenth century, the most serious of the challenges that faced the unsteady Lancastrian king, Henry IV, threatened for a time to disrupt this process. The gradual defeat of Glyn Dŵr's supporters and allies in the decade after 1406 posed large and pressing questions: how to ensure security for the English kingdom in the west thenceforward; how to restore peace and stability to the commonwealth; and how to achieve reconciliation among the peoples of Wales and with the king's subjects in England. This chapter examines the aftermath of Glyn Dŵr's revolt, particularly the relationship between English and Welsh in the borderland.
A World Elsewhere: Shakespeare’s Sense of an Exit
Authors: WILSON RICHARD
Published: August 2013

Shakespeare, it has been claimed, was the first to translate into English words the laws of vanishing-point perspective. So, according to art historians, Edgar's projection in King Lear of the view of the Channel from ‘the extreme verge’ of Dover Cliff was unprecedented in its analysis of how the planes of space diminish in proportion to distance. Decades before other writers conceptualised space as a continuum, Shakespeare had internalised the scale which determines how from a distance ‘fishermen, that walk upon the beach, / Appear like mice’, enough to define such a reductive way of seeing as ‘deficient sight’. By staging ‘the question of its own limits’ with this paradox of vision as a form of blindness, his play seems to sense something terrifying in the great unseen space which would soon surround the theatre of the baroque, and into which an exit would be the equivalent of a sentence of death.
The Life of Learning
Authors: THOMAS KEITH
Published: August 2013

Four hundred years ago, scholars enjoyed much higher esteem than they do now. Rulers competed for their services and their work was assumed to be of crucial importance to everyone. This chapter reflects on the life of learning in early modern England to shed some light on the very different position of those who lead that life today. It asks what led these men to devote their energies to editing texts and investigating forgotten antiquities. But the main concern is their role in the society of their day. The chapter seeks to view them, as it were, ethnographically, to consider the relationship between their lives of learning and the larger world in which they lived, and to contrast it with the position of their modern counterparts. The focus is on scholars who were engaged in the recovery and interpretation of the past, and not on those who were concerned with mathematics, philosophy, or the nature of the physical world.
Poetry against Empire: Milton to Shelley
Authors: O’BRIEN KAREN
Published: August 2013

This chapter situates Milton's vehement anti-imperialism at the beginning of a poetic tradition, stretching as far as Shelley and beyond, which was global in sensibility and in which opposition to empire was a central form of imagination. It argues that the major poets of this era not only articulated a powerfully anti-imperial vision of the world, but also contended that artistic culture could not flourish under the political conditions of modern imperialism. This is partly a historical claim, and one which assumes that poetry in this period played an important role in the public contestation of Britain's changing place in the world; but it is also a literary claim about the continuing salience of the classical and early modern traditions which governed poetic forms of imagination right up to the Romantic age. The purpose is not simply to record a series of improvised poetic responses to the growth of the British Empire. Rather, it is to show how a poetry grounded since the Renaissance in universal habits of thought and expansive modes of territorial vision was transposed onto an evolving historical reality, and how this process of imaginative transposition took on a heightened sense of political urgency as the implications of Britain's imperial activities broke upon public consciousness.
Two Enlightenments: A Contrast in Social Ethics
Authors: HIMMELFARB GERTRUDE
Published: August 2013

This chapter highlights the differences between the British and French Enlightenments by focusing upon a subject that has not received much attention: the distinctive social ethics in the two traditions. The political and institutional reasons for the disparities between the two Enlightenments include the differing relationship of the monarchy to the aristocracy in the two countries, of the aristocracy to the middle classes, of the central government to local government, and of the state to the church. No less important, however, were the philosophical differences. Where the British idea of compassion lent itself to a variety of practical, meliorative policies to relieve and improve social conditions, the French appeal to reason could be satisfied with nothing less than the ‘regeneration’ of man.