bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling prop loads during concrete slab construction
Authors: Pintado Llurba X. C. , Carlton MEng R. J.
Published: August 2007

The current paper presents a study of the behaviour of backprop–floor slab interaction during the construction of a car park in Barcelona. The loads on a series of props and backprops were measured during construction and these measurements are compared with those from a finite-element computer model. The main objectives of this work are to verify if the computer model is able to reproduce with sufficient accuracy the true behaviour of the structure and to determine what proportion of the concrete load is supported by the props, slabs and columns. The final conclusions will be useful to manage the construction of a building using props.
Coping Among Victims of Relationship Abuse: A Longitudinal Examination
Authors: Taft Casey T. , Resick Patricia A. , Panuzio Jillian , Vogt Dawne S. , Mechanic Mindy B.
Published: August 2007

This longitudinal study examined the associations between relationship abuse, coping variables, and mental health outcomes among a sample of battered women obtained from shelter and nonresidential community agencies (N = 61). Sexual aggression was a stronger predictor of poorer mental health than was physical assault. Engagement coping strategies were generally predictive of positive mental health, and disengagement coping strategies were generally predictive of poorer mental health. Results highlight the complexity of the associations between different forms of relationship abuse, coping strategies, and mental health among this population.
The Control Motive and Marital Violence
Authors: Felson Richard B. , Outlaw Maureen C.
Published: August 2007

The role of the control motive in marital violence is examined using data on current and former marriages from the Survey of Violence and Threats of Violence Against Women and Men. The findings indicate no support for the position that husbands engage in more marital violence than wives because they are more controlling. In former marriages, we observe statistical interactions between gender and control: former husbands who were controlling or jealous were particularly likely to be verbally aggressive and to engage in violence. The controlling husbands (present and former), however, are not particularly likely to engage in violence that is frequent, injurious, or unprovoked. The evidence suggests that husband and wives may differ in their methods of control but not their motivation to control.
Female Victims of Domestic Violence: Which Victims Do Police Refer to Crisis Intervention?
Authors: Kernic Mary A. , Bonomi Amy E.
Published: August 2007

Factors associated with activation of a volunteer-based crisis intervention services program for victims of police-reported intimate partner violence (IPV) were examined to determine if those for whom services were activated were representative of the overall eligible population. The study population comprised 2,092 adult female victims of male-perpetrated police-reported IPV. Crisis intervention services were requested by responding patrol officers in 415 (19.8%) of these incidents. Activation of crisis intervention services was more likely for victims who were married to their abusive partner, pregnant, or of Latina or Asian race/ethnicity and among IPV incidents involving physical abuse, visible victim injuries, and arrest of the abusive partner. Additionally, one of the city’s five police precincts was less likely than the remaining four to utilize these services. Activation of crisis intervention services was associated with factors related to need and feasibility of service delivery, but differential activation at the precinct level was also found to be influential.
The Relationship Between Mothers’ Social Networks and Severe Domestic Violence: A Test of the Social Isolation Hypothesis
Authors: Coohey Carol
Published: August 2007

To understand the relationship between characteristics of mothers’ social networks and domestic violence, battered mothers who were severely assaulted were compared to battered mothers who were not severely assaulted and mothers who were not assaulted. The results showed that all three groups of mothers had several family members in their social networks with whom they had frequent contact during the past month. No differences were found between the groups on the number of family members who gave emotional support. However, the mothers who were severely assaulted had fewer friends, fewer contacts with their friends, fewer long-term friendships, and fewer friends who really listened to them than did the nonbattered mothers and the battered mothers who were not severely assaulted. Batterers may be more successful in disrupting friendship ties than family ties.
The Effect of Task-Based Reading on Fl Vocabulary Learning
Authors: Mesa Raquel Esquiliche , Bruton Anthony , Ridgway Tony
Published: August 2007

There is growing evidence that incidental vocabulary learning from extensive reading may not be a very efficient or effective means of acquiring L2 vocabulary, at least in the short-term. This study investigates the effect on FL vocabulary learning of secondary school EFL students completing four task-based reading texts under two procedurally contrasted conditions: either with teacher support or with peer collaborative support. The students, in two genuine classes, read two short texts in each condition as normal timetabled activities, partly for ethical and partly for technical reasons. This is one of a few studies that have researched FL vocabulary acquisition from a number of different texts over time, and within a task-based framework. Four texts in English with both nonlinguistic and linguistic check tasks were read in total, and thirty-two vocabulary items were targeted. On the delayed L2-L1 translation recognition posttest of the targeted vocabulary items, the scores for the teacher-supported conditions were double those for the peer-supported conditions, but in both cases the scores were disappointingly low.
The SLA of Variable Structures
Authors: Geeslin Kimberly L. , Guijarro Fuentes Pedro
Published: August 2007

This study examines the acquisition of copula choice, more particularly the contrast between ser and estar ('to be') in Spanish by native speakers of Portuguese. Our research differs from previous work because the first language of the participants included also contains a copula contrast. Our previous analysis of data collected in adult L1 Spanish and Portuguese L2 Spanish, and data collected in Portuguese from adult L1 Portuguese, demonstrated important differences between these groups (Geeslin & Guijarro-Fuentes, 2006). The frequency of copula selection can be seen to be a result of L1 transfer, but the predictors of copula choice do not transfer directly from L1 to the L2. We argue that one of the key focuses of investigation should be the distinction between obligatory and variable contexts (Geeslin & Guijarro-Fuentes, 2004). Moreover, one must examine the linguistic features associated with variation between these three groups. In response, the current study analyzes those contexts where copula selection is unanimous for some or all of the participants in contrast with those where all speakers exhibit variation. We aim to determine whether or not those contexts that allow variation are the source of differences between the natives and the non-natives. This study is of general interest not only to those working on L2 Spanish, but also to the growing body of research on the acquisition of variable structures in SLA.
Language Anxiety in Efl Testing Situations
Authors: Liu Meihua
Published: August 2007

This paper reports on a study on orai English test anxiety in Chinese undergraduate EFL students at different proficiency levels. Data collected from a 34-item survey observations, and interviews revealed that (1) the majority of the students felt at least somewhat anxious about oral English tests, (2) the more proficient students tended to be less anxious, (3) oral English test anxiety negatively affected students' test performance, (4) a multitude of variables contributed to oral English test anxiety, and (5) most students felt helpless about being anxious about oral English tests. Based on these findings, some suggestions and implications are discussed.
Age-Related Intraindividual Performance Variability with Practice
Authors: Miller Suzanne Bonneau , Odell Katharine H.
Published: August 2007

Fluctuations in cognitive task performance in older individuals have been reported. To examine intraindividual variability as a function of practice, 34 younger and 34 older female participants, aged 20–30 years and 70–82 years, respectively, performed a reading span task 16 times over four sessions. Each individual's recall accuracy was analyzed over the practice trials. It was found that intraindividual variability occurred more frequently in older than younger individuals, and that fluctuations were more frequent in mid to later trials of practice. These findings were interpreted within a resource theory framework as evidence for age-related inefficient cognitive processing with practice.
Correlates of Living Alone among Single Elderly Chinese Immigrants in Canada
Authors: Lai Daniel W. L. , Leonenko Wendy L.
Published: August 2007

According to traditional Chinese culture, families will care for their elderly. Therefore, it appears to be uncommon for elderly Chinese to live alone. This study examines the correlates for single elderly Chinese immigrants in Canada to live alone. Using a probability sample of single elderly Chinese immigrants ( N = 660) in seven urban centers, hierarchical logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the effects of socio-demographic resource variables, health, and cultural variables. The findings show that 39.1% of single elderly Chinese immigrants reported to be living alone. Variables related to resources, functioning capacity, and acculturation related variables are the key correlates for the elderly Chinese immigrants to maintain independence in the community. The findings imply a need to develop culturally sensitive programs to strengthen the social support, financial stability, and functioning capacity of the elderly immigrants.
The Influence of Specific Physical Health Conditions on Retirement Decisions
Authors: Shultz Kenneth S. , Wang Mo
Published: August 2007

Physical health has consistently been shown to strongly influence the retirement decision-making process. Unfortunately, “physical health” is typically operationalized in global terms. As a result, we know little about the specific aspects of physical health that influence the decision to retire. Therefore, in the present study, data from three waves of the Americans' Changing Lives (ACL) data set was examined to determine which specific health conditions are associated with retirement, continued work in the same job, or continued work but in a different job. The major health conditions most strongly related to retirement were lung disease and cancer, while only lung disease was predictive of job change at older ages. In contrast, arthritis and diabetes were the minor health conditions most strongly related to both changing jobs and retiring over an eight-year period. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of better understanding why specific health factors are associated with retirement and job changes during one's late career.
Measuring the Character Strength of Wisdom
Authors: Dean Webster Jeffrey
Published: August 2007

This study examined the psychosocial correlates and psychometric properties of the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) (Webster, 2003a). Seventy-three men and 98 women ranging in age from 17–92 years (Mean age = 42.77) completed an expanded, 40-item version of the SAWS, the Loyola Generativity Scale, and the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale. A new definition of wisdom is provided which is operationalized with the SAWS. Results indicated that the SAWS has excellent reliability (test-retest = .838; Cronbach's Alpha = .904). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor analyses confirmed the five hypothesized dimensions of wisdom and the total SAWS score correlated in predicted directions with generativity ( r(169) = .448; p < .01) and attachment avoidance ( r(169) = –.239, p < .01) demonstrating construct validity.
The Superior Turbinectomy Approach to Isolated Sphenoid Sinus Disease and to the Sella Turcica
Authors: Har-El Gady , Swanson Richard M.
Published: August 2007

Sphenoidotomy or sphenoidectomy are most commonly performed as part of a more extensive pansinus procedure. However, rhinologists may find themselves occasionally in a need to surgically treat an isolated sphenoid sinus disease. With the introduction of endoscopic sinus techniques and instrumentation, intranasal sphenoidotomy has become increasingly popular. The most common approach used is the intranasal, trans-ethmoid sphenoidectomy. Alternatively, many surgeons perform middle turbinectomy to approach the sphenoid sinus transnasally. We describe our direct transnasal, nontransethmoid, nontransseptal approach to the sphenoid sinus. Superior tubinectomy is performed to enhance the exposure of the anterior sphenoid wall. Seventy patients underwent sphenoid sinus exploration for isolation sphenoid sinus disease or for pituitary lesions. Surgical goals were achieved in all patients and there were no complications related to the technique. The superior turbinectomy approach to isolated sphenoid sinus disease provides excellent exposure and avoids the sequelae of total ethmoidectomy or middle turbinectomy.
Computed Tomography Anatomy of the Anterior Ethmoid Canal
Authors: Chung Seung-Kyu , Dhong Hun Jong , Kim Hyo Yeol
Published: August 2007

The roof of the anterior ethmoid swings up anteriorly from its more or less horizontal course at the point where the anterior ethmoid canal (AEC) is situated. The AEC is an important structure in endoscopic sinus surgery since its injury results in bleeding into the nasal cavity and may result in intraorbital bleeding. We therefore investigated the location of this canal and the anatomic characteristics of the area surrounding the canal using coronal computed tomography (CT) of the paranasal sinuses. One hundred sides of 50 paranasal coronal CT images in patients with sinusitis were analyzed to assess the location of the AEC, the shape of the superolateral wall of the ethmoid sinus anterior and posterior to the AEC, and pneumatization of the roof of the anterior ethmoid sinus. The AEC is situated in the second quarter of the roof of the ethmoid sinus. The superolateral wall anterior to the AEC demonstrated an acute angle in 99% of sides, while the superolateral wall posterior to the AEC showed an obtuse angle in 87% of sides. The ethmoid cell anterior to the AEC pneumatized posteriorly over the AEC in 26% of sides. We conclude that coronal CT confirmation of the anatomic characteristics of the AEC, and the area surrounding the canal, is invaluable for preoperative planning for endoscopic sinus surgery.
Modulating effects in learned helplessness of dyadic dominance‐submission relations
Authors: Díaz‐Berciano Cristina , de Vicente Francisco , Fontecha Elisa
Published: August 2007

In this experiment, learned helplessness was studied from an ethological perspective by examining individual differences in social dominance and its influence on the effects of helplessness. Ninety animals were used, 30 randomly selected and 60 selected because of their clear dominance or submission. Each condition (dominant, submissive, and random) was distributed in three subgroups corresponding to the triadic design. The test consisted of an escape/avoidance task. The results showed that the animals in the uncontrollable condition performed worse than those in the controllable and no treatment conditions. Social submission and dominance reduced vulnerability of the subjects against learned helplessness. Submission had a facilitating effect on subsequent learning, independently of whether pretreatment was controllability or uncontrollability. Learned mastery was observed in the submissive condition, because submission benefited the subjects in the controllable condition in comparison with the untreated subjects, and dominance impaired the subjects in the controllable condition. Aggr. Behav. 34:273–281, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design of Binaphthyl‐Modified Symmetrical Chiral Phase‐Transfer Catalysts: Substituent Effect of 4,4′,6,6′‐Positions of Binaphthyl Rings in the Asymmetric Alkylation of a Glycine Derivative
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Ueda Mitsuhiro , Tanaka Youhei , Hashimoto Takuya , Maruoka Keiji
Published: August 2007

A series of symmetrical chiral phase‐transfer catalysts with 4,4′,6,6′‐tetrasubstituted binaphthyl units have been designed, and these aryl‐ and trialkylsilyl‐substituted phase‐transfer catalysts, which included a highly fluorinated catalyst, were prepared. The chiral efficiency of these chiral phase‐transfer catalysts was investigated in the asymmetric alkylation of tert‐butylglycinate–benzophenone Schiff base under mild phase‐transfer conditions, and the eminent substituent effect of the 4,4′,6,6′‐positions of the binaphthyl units on enantioselection was observed. In particular, the OctMe2Si‐substituted catalyst was found to be highly efficient for the phase‐transfer alkylation of tert‐butylglycinate–benzophenone Schiff base with various alkyl halides, including sec‐alkyl halides. The highly fluorinated catalyst was also utilized as a recyclable chiral phase‐transfer catalyst by simple extraction with fluorous solvents.
The Chemical Evolution of the Universe on its Smallest Scales: Dust in Stars, Disks and Planets
Authors: Helling Christiane , Greaves Jane , Andersen Anja C.
Published: August 2007

D15 Dust and gas in the inner accretion disk around the Herbig star MWC 147 resolved with infrared spectro‐interferometry

D21 The effective temperature of OGLE‐TR‐10 – The Balmer α line

D29 Metal Injection into the Intracluster Medium

D30 Eigenmodes of circumstellar dust shells

D40 Numerical Modelling Approach of Circumstellar Dust Shells Around Pulsating AGB Stars Aiming at Multi Time Scale Processes

D45 UV radiation induced CO molecule formation patterns in low density PDRs

D46 IR properties of calcite and dolomite at low temperatures

D47 Observations and Models of Dusty Giants – Past and Present

D51 A multi‐method approach to the outer layers of AGB stars

D53 On the convective energy transport in M‐type brown dwarf atmospheres

D70 Structure and Dust Composition of the TW Hya Disc

D75 Chemical Abundances in the Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

D76 Kinematic and chemical constraints on the formation of M31's inner halo structures

D77 IR band profiles of silicate and oxide dust obtained by laboratory measurements of free‐flying particles

D98 Dust particle growth in protoplanetary disks

D134 Comparative study of dust cloud modelling for substellar atmospheres

D137 Photometric study of neglected binary DV Psc

D154 Quantitative Spectroscopy of Deneb

D160 Hot subluminous Ostars from the SDSS

D166 Simultaneous Observations of Solar Ca II H and Ca II 8662 lines and Numerical Simulation of these lines

D182 Present‐day carbon abundances in the solar vicinity

D189 Detection of a giant planet around a pulsating extreme horizontal branch star: the oldest known planet?

D200 Confirmation of a very young binary brown dwarf candidate with disk in Chamaeleon

D208 Galaxy ages and metallicities in the cluster A1314

D217 Charge‐dipole induced dust gelation – fastening the process of dust growth in protoplanetary disks

D246 Protoplanetary Disk Structure and Evolution
Teaching Astronomy
Authors: Schulz Andreas
Published: August 2007

G104 MONET/Astronomie & Internet: Remote‐Beobachtungen und einen astronomischen Bildverarbeitungscurriculum für Schulen

G167 eVELA (elektronische Verwaltung für E‐Learning in der Astronomie und Astrophysik) und die Lernumgebung ASTROID
The medial and lateral bellies of gastrocnemius: A cadaveric and ultrasound investigation
Authors: Antonios Tony , Adds Philip J.
Published: August 2007

It is commonly reported that the medial belly (MG) of the gastrocnemius muscle extends further distally than the lateral belly (LG). This observation is made in several standard anatomy texts with no explanation or quantitative data. In this study, the medial and lateral bellies of gastrocnemius in 45 embalmed cadavers were measured. The observed difference in length of the two bellies was found to be highly significant (mean difference in length = 1.74 cm, P < 0.001). In 8 out of 84 legs examined (9.5%), however, the MG was found to be shorter than the LG (three right legs, five left legs, bilateral in two individuals). Surprisingly, there was no correlation between the difference in muscle belly length in any individual and ipsilateral leg length or total body length, suggesting that the difference in belly length may be unrelated to biomechanical function. An ultrasound investigation into the activity pattern of the two bellies was carried out on five volunteers. Muscle activity was monitored during passive and active movements of the ankle and knee joints at different leg positions. During knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion, the LG contracted first in four of the five subjects, followed by the MG, then a period of either LG predomination or equal contraction. The fifth subject, who showed a reversed pattern of activity, had previously suffered an inversion injury of the ankle. We suggest that the initial activation of the LG may help to stabilize the ankle during plantarflexion. We found no evidence that gastrocnemius acts as a shunt muscle during distraction of the knee. Clin. Anat. 21:66–74, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescent Sensors for the Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents
Authors: Burnworth Mark , Rowan Stuart J. , Weder Christoph
Published: August 2007

Along with biological and nuclear threats, chemical warfare agents are some of the most feared weapons of mass destruction. Compared to nuclear weapons they are relatively easy to access and deploy, which makes them in some aspects a greater threat to national and global security. A particularly hazardous class of chemical warfare agents are the nerve agents. Their rapid and severe effects on human health originate in their ability to block the function of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that is vital to the central nervous system. This article outlines recent activities regarding the development of molecular sensors that can visualize the presence of nerve agents (and related pesticides) through changes of their fluorescence properties. Three different sensing principles are discussed: enzyme‐based sensors, chemically reactive sensors, and supramolecular sensors. Typical examples are presented for each class and different fluorescent sensors for the detection of chemical warfare agents are summarized and compared.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions with N‐Boc and N‐Cbz Protected α‐Amido Sulfones (Boc: tert‐Butoxycarbonyl, Cbz: Benzyloxycarbonyl)
Authors: Marianacci Olindo , Micheletti Gabriele , Bernardi Luca , Fini Francesco , Fochi Mariafrancesca , Pettersen Daniel , Sgarzani Valentina , Ricci Alfredo
Published: August 2007

Different malonates and β‐ketoesters can react with N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl‐ (N‐Boc) and N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐ (N‐Cbz) protected α‐amido sulfones in an organocatalytic asymmetric Mannich‐type reaction. The reaction makes use of a simple and easily obtained phase‐transfer catalyst and proceeds under very mild and user‐friendly conditions. The optimised protocol avoids the preparation and the isolation of the relatively unstable N‐Boc and N‐Cbz imines that are generated in situ from the bench‐stable α‐amido sulfones. The corresponding Mannich bases are generally obtained in good yields and enantioselectivities, and can be readily transformed into key compounds, such as optically active β3‐amino acids in one easy step. Enantioenriched N‐Boc and N‐Cbz protected β‐amino acids that are suitable for peptide synthesis are also available from the Mannich adducts through simple manipulations. Control experiments showed the dual role of the enolate–catalyst ion pair in this reaction, as well as the crucial role of the presence of water to achieve high enantioselectivities.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis in Water as Solvent
Authors: Dallinger Doris , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effect of Salts and Organic Additives on the Solubility of Proteins in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Ruckenstein Eli , Shulgin Ivan L.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fragment Docking to S100 Proteins Reveals a Wide Diversity of Weak Interaction Sites
Authors: Arendt Yvonne , Bhaumik Anusarka , Del Conte Rebecca , Luchinat Claudio , Mori Mattia , Porcu Marco
Published: August 2007

The S100 protein family is a highly conserved group of Ca2+‐binding proteins that belong to the EF‐hand type and are considered potential drug targets. In the present study we focused our attention on two members of the family: S100A13 and S100B; the former is involved in the nonclassical protein release of two proangiogenic polypeptides FGF‐1 and IL‐1α that are involved in inflammatory processes, whereas S100B is known to interact with the C‐terminal domain of the intracellular tumor suppressor p53 and promote cancer development. We screened, using waterLOGSY NMR experiments, 430 molecules of a generic fragment library and we identified different hits for each protein. The subset of fragments interacting with S100B has very few members in common with the subset interacting with S100A13. From the 15N‐HSQC NMR spectra of the proteins in the presence of those hits the chemical shift differences Δδ(HN) were calculated, and the main regions of surface interaction were identified. A relatively large variety of interaction regions for various ligands were identified for the two proteins, including known or suggested protein–protein interaction sites.
Application of Fourier differential quadrature for the analysis of photonic crystals
Authors: Mahzoon M. , Abiri H. , Ghayour R.
Published: August 2007

A Fourier expansion‐based differential quadrature (FDQ) method is used for computing the spectrum and eigenmodes of 2‐D photonic crystals. The FDQ method is applied to the master equation of photonic crystals, which is in the form of an eigenvalue problem. It is shown that the complex periodic Bloch eigenfunction may be determined by this method. The region under consideration is a unit cell with periodic boundary conditions and consists of two different dielectric materials. Thus, there are discontinuities in the region. By adjusting the position of grid points properly, the accuracy of solution can be improved.

Since proper analytical interpolation functions are used in the DQ method, its accuracy is high compared with the conventional low‐order finite difference and finite element methods, whereas the number of required grid points is quite smaller. In addition, the method is efficient as far as the CPU capacity and computational time
are concerned because of the low number of grid points used. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variations in the colorimetric characteristics of verdigris pictorial films depending on the process used to produce the pigment and the type of binding agent used in applying it
Authors: De la Roja José Manuel , San Andrés Margarita , Cubino Natalia Sancho , Santos‐Gómez Sonia
Published: August 2007

The term verdigris embraces a wide range of synthetic pigments whose compositions can also vary. All are salts of copper, but their chemical composition will vary depending on the ingredients used to synthesize them and the conditions in which that synthesis is performed.

This article presents the results of applying some of the recipes contained in treatises; the recipes used here, specifically, were taken from the Mappae Clavicula (12th century) and the Ms. of Pierre Lebrun (17th century). The ingredients mentioned present some variations, so that the pigments prepared in turn exhibit significant differences in terms of chemical composition and colorimetric characteristics. The recipes from the Mappae Clavicula, for example, produced monohydrated copper(II) acetate, which upon binding with gum arabic created bluish‐green pictorial films, whereas the colour was yellowish green when the binder was linseed oil. The pigment made from Pierre Lebrun's recipe was a copper(II) chloride mixed with an organo‐copper complex, which can be bound with gum arabic to produce a yellowish‐green colour, whereas mixing with linseed oil presented certain difficulties. These results are derived from colorimetric measurements, which were used to produce values of lightness (L), chroma (C) and hue (H), and also percent reflectance spectra. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 414–423, 2007
Prediction of spectral reflectance factor distribution of color‐shift paint finishes
Authors: Takagi Atsushi , Sato Shinsuke , Baba Gorow
Published: August 2007

As the exterior paint colors of automobiles change the shade of color and brightness according to viewing angle, the appearance of a paint finish is expressed numerically by the reflection characteristic (i.e. reflectance) of paint surface. We figure out that the reflectance of most automotive paint finishes is best measured at the incident angle of 60° and the five aspecular angles of 10°, 18°, 28°, 40°, and 90° on the incident plane (Color Res Appl 2005;30:275–282). However, in the case of the so‐called color shift paint, which changes its paint finish appearance as a jewel beetle, depending on the light source location, the reflection characteristic can not be expressed accurately by conventional measuring methods. As the directions not included in the incident plane need to be taken into account, we have to measure at 48,139 points, changing all the incident angles and reflected angles. (It would take about 16 days.) We, therefore, tried to reduce the number of combinations of incident and reflected angles by analyzing the experimental data. Consequently, we reduced it to 1485 points (about 4 h). When we numerically compared our result to the result of all measuring points, we found that the color difference is 2.76 and therefore our method is practically usable. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 378–387, 2007
Recovering spectral data from natural scenes with an RGB digital camera and colored filters
Authors: Valero Eva M. , Nieves Juan L. , Nascimento Sérgio M. C. , Amano Kinjiro , Foster David H.
Published: August 2007

Many spectral‐recovery methods using RGB digital cameras assume the underlying smoothness of illuminant and reflectance spectra, and apply low‐dimensional linear models. The aim of the present work was to test whether a direct‐mapping method could be used instead of a linear‐models approach to recover spectral radiances and reflectances from natural scenes with an RGB digital camera and colored filters. In computer simulations, a conventional RGB digital camera with up to three colored filters was used to image scenes drawn from a hyperspectral image database. Three measures were used to evaluate recovery with the direct‐mapping method: goodness‐of‐fit, root‐mean‐square error, and a color‐difference metric. It was found that with two and three filters both spectral radiances and reflectances could be recovered sufficiently accurately for many practical applications. With little increase in computational complexity, an RGB camera and a few colored filters can provide significantly better recovery of natural scenes than an RGB camera alone. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 352–360, 2007
Diffractive CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram
Authors: Orava Joni , Jääskeläinen Timo , Parkkinen Jussi , Leppanen Veli‐Pekka
Published: August 2007

A novel diffractive CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram is generated by utilizing surface relief gratings on a plastic sample. A properly illuminated sample is shown to reflect the CIE chromaticity diagram with exact colors and large gamut. Additive color mixing is accomplished by utilizing the four main peaks of a 4000 K fluorescent lamp's spectrum as the primary colors. The primary grating units are reflecting the combination of the primary colors to the desired viewing angle and thereby forming the correct chromaticity (x, y) at each pixel of chromaticity diagram. Weights of primary colors at each pixel of the diagram are controlled by fixing the relative areas of the primary gratings. The master grating is fabricated with aid of electron beam lithography. The final grating is hot embossed on a polycarbonate sample using an electroplated nickel shim. Chromaticity values are measured from the plastic sample by a spectroradiometer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 409–413, 2007
Active target particle swarm optimization
Authors: Zhang Ying‐Nan , Hu Qing‐Ni , Teng Hong‐Fei
Published: August 2007

We propose an active target particle swarm optimization (APSO). APSO uses a new three‐target velocity updating formula, i.e. the best previous position, the global best position and a new target position (called active target). In this study, we distinguish APSO from EPSO (extended PSO)/PSOPC (PSO with passive congregation) by the different methods of getting the active target. Note that here EPSO and PSOPC are the two existing methods for using three‐target velocity updating formula, and getting the third (active) target from the obtained positions by the swarm. The proposed APSO gets the active (third) target using complex method, where the active target does not belong to the existing positions. We find that the APSO has the advantages of jumping out of the local optimum and keeping diversity; however, it also has the disadvantages of adding some extra computation expenses. The experimental results show the competitive performance of APSO when compared with PSO, EPSO, and PSOPC. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic capture and reconstruction of computational provenance
Authors: Frew James , Metzger Dominic , Slaughter Peter
Published: August 2007

The Earth System Science Server (ES3) project is developing a local infrastructure for managing Earth science data products derived from satellite remote sensing. By ‘local,’ we mean the infrastructure that a scientist uses to manage the creation and dissemination of her own data products, particularly those that are constantly incorporating corrections or improvements based on the scientist's own research. Therefore, in addition to being robust and capacious enough to support public access, ES3 is intended to be flexible enough to manage the idiosyncratic computing ensembles that typify scientific research. Instead of specifying provenance explicitly with a workflow model, ES3 extracts provenance information automatically from arbitrary applications by monitoring their interactions with their execution environment. These interactions (arguments, file I/O, system calls, etc.) are logged to the ES3 database, which assembles them into provenance graphs. These graphs resemble workflow specifications, but are really reports—they describe what actually happened, as opposed to what was requested. The ES3 database supports forward and backward navigation through provenance graphs (i.e. ancestor/descendant queries), as well as graph retrieval. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tetrahedral CoII Complexes with CoI2O2 and CoO2S2 Cores – Crystal Structures of [Co{HN(OPPh2)(SPPh2)‐O}2I2] and [Co{N(OPPh2)(SPPh2)‐O,S}2]
Authors: Aragoni M. Carla , Arca Massimiliano , Carrea M. Bonaria , Garau Alessandra , Devillanova Francesco A. , Isaia Francesco , Lippolis Vito , Abbati Gian Luca , Demartin Francesco , Silvestru Cristian , Demeshko Serhiy , Meyer Franc
Published: August 2007

The compound [CoII{HN(OPPh2)(SPPh2)‐O}2I2] (1) was synthesised by the reaction of cobalt in powder with the iodine adduct of tetraphenylthiooxoimidodiphosphinic acid, HN(OPPh2)(SPPh2), in Et2O; treatment of compound 1 with NaOH resulted in deprotonation of the ligands bound to the metal ion and a separation of [CoII{N(OPPh2)(SPPh2)‐O,S}2] (2). Molecular structures of complexes 1 and 2 were elucidated by X‐ray diffraction analysis, which revealed a CoI2O2 tetrahedral core for compound 1 in which two neutral ligands bind through the oxygen atoms the CoII ion, and a tetrahedral CoO2S2 core for compound 2 with the oxygen and sulfur atoms of each anionic ligand chelating a CoII centre. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements are consistent with tetrahedral high‐spin (S = 3/2) CoII that possesses a 4A2 ground state with best fit parameters g = 2.25, |D| = 12.0 cm–1 and g = 2.37, |D| = 11.9 cm–1 for complexes 1 and 2, respectively. The compounds were further characterised by UV/Vis and IR spectroscopy. DFT calculations were performed on model complexes [CoII{N(OPH2)(SPH2)‐O,S}2] (3) and [CoII{N(SPH2)2‐S,S′}2] (4) to compare the electronic properties of the CoO2S2 and CoS4 cores. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Structure of the Iron‐Binding Exopolysaccharide Produced Anaerobically by the Gram‐Negative Bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca BAS‐10
Authors: Leone Serena , De Castro Cristina , Parrilli Michelangelo , Baldi Franco , Lanzetta Rosa
Published: August 2007

Klebsiella oxytoca BAS‐10 is a Gram‐negative micro‐organism capable of growing on high concentrations of heavy metals. This bacterium produces large amounts of an iron‐binding exopolysaccharide that, in the presence of metallic cations, precipitates as a dense gel. The primary and secondary structure of the repeating unit of such polysaccharide has been characterised by chemical and spectroscopic methods, resulting in the following heptasaccharide: 2)‐α‐Rha‐(1→3)‐β‐Gal‐(1→2)‐α‐Rha‐(1→4)‐β‐GlcA‐[β‐GlcA‐(1→4)]‐(1→3)‐α‐Rha‐(1→3)‐α‐Rha‐(1→. The absolute configurations for the Rha units are L, while those for the GlcA and Gal residues are D. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Cyclic behavior of laterally loaded concrete piles embedded into cohesive soil
Authors: Tuladhar Rabin , Maki Takeshi , Mutsuyoshi Hiroshi
Published: August 2007

Modern seismic design codes stipulate that the response analysis should be conducted by considering the complete structural system including superstructure, foundation, and ground. However, for the development of seismic response analysis method for a complete structural system, it is first imperative to clarify the behavior of the soil and piles during earthquakes. In this study, full‐scale monotonic and reversed cyclic lateral loading tests were carried out on concrete piles embedded into the ground. The test piles were hollow, precast, prestressed concrete piles with an outer diameter of 300 mm and a thickness of 60 mm. The test piles were 26 m long. Three‐dimensional (3D) finite element analysis was then performed to study the behavior of the experimental specimens analytically. The study revealed that the lateral load‐carrying capacity of the piles degrades when subjected to cyclic loading compared with monotonic loading. The effect of the use of an interface element between the soil and pile surface in the analysis was also investigated. With proper consideration of the constitutive models of soil and pile, an interface element between the pile surface and the soil, and the degradation of soil stiffness under cyclic loading, a 3D analysis was found to simulate well the actual behavior of pile and soil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decentralized robust control of building structures under seismic excitations
Authors: Ma Tian‐Wei , Xu Ning‐Shou , Tang Yu
Published: August 2007

Many of the control algorithms proposed for structures subjected to seismic excitations are based on a centralized design philosophy, such as the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) design. The information of all the states of the system is usually required in these methods to determine the control command. For applications involving large‐scale systems, it may be more convenient to design decentralized controllers that depend only on the information of the local states for control command calculation. In this study, a nonlinear decentralized robust control algorithm is proposed. The structural system is decomposed into several artificially uncoupled subsystems. The interconnections between adjacent subsystems are treated as uncertain but bounded disturbances to the subsystems. The controller associated with one subsystem determines the control
command based only on the states of the local subsystem. Numerical examples of linear and nonlinear structural models are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller. The traditional LQR design is used as a baseline for comparison. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spherical sliding isolation bearings with adaptive behavior: Experimental verification
Authors: Fenz Daniel M. , Constantinou Michael C.
Published: August 2007

This paper describes an experimental program to examine the force–displacement behavior of a class of multi‐spherical sliding bearings. The primary goal of the experiments is to test the validity of the theory developed in a companion paper that describes the behavior of these devices. Experimental work consisted of testing the three primary variations of these bearings in several configurations of different friction and displacement capacities. Most tests were carried out at slow speeds; however, some testing was also conducted at high speed (up to approximately 400 mm/s) to examine the behavior under dynamic conditions. The results of experimental testing were generally found to be in very good agreement with the analytical results. It is shown that the forces and displacements at which transitions in stiffness occur are predictable and therefore controllable in design. Furthermore, the underlying principles of operation were confirmed by the fact that starting and stopping of sliding on the different surfaces occurred as expected from theory. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
It would not have happened to me at home: qualitative exploration of sojourns abroad and eating disorders in young Czech women
Authors: Pavlova Barbara , Uher Rudolf , Papezova Hana
Published: August 2007

Background

Eating disorders can be triggered by life events involving migration and acculturation.

Aim

To explore associations between sojourns abroad and the onset and course of eating disorders.

Method

Six semi‐structured interviews with women with an eating disorder and history of sojourn abroad and seven first‐person Internet testimonies were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).

Results

We identified three trajectories relating eating disorders to sojourns abroad: (I) weight‐gain when abroad associated with later development of an eating disorder; (II) development or worsening of an eating disorder when abroad; (III) stay abroad as an attempt to escape the illness. Three topics informed on the impact of sojourns abroad on mental health: (A) different food and eating habits; (B) negative emotions; (C) illness as attempt to achieve something valuable.

Conclusion

The importance of the identified trajectories and topics relating eating disorders to sojourns abroad needs to be estimated in an epidemiological study. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Effects of youth, price, and audience size on alcohol advertising in magazines
Authors: Nelson Jon P. , Young Douglas J.
Published: August 2007

In this paper, we study the effects of youth readership, price of advertisements, and audience size on alcohol advertising in 35 major magazines. The regressions also account for readership demographics (adult reader age, income, gender, race), magazine characteristics (newsstand sales, number of annual issues), and type of beverage (beer, wine, spirits). Using count data models, the results indicate significant effects for price, audience size, and adult demographics, but fail to support claims that alcohol advertisers target adolescent readers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring health polarization with self‐assessed health data
Authors: Apouey Benedicte
Published: August 2007

This paper proposes an axiomatic foundation for new measures of polarization that can be applied to ordinal distributions such as self‐assessed health (SAH) data. This is an improvement over the existing measures of polarization that can be used only for cardinal variables. The new measures of polarization avoid one difficulty that the related measures for evaluating health inequalities face. Indeed, inequality measures are mean based, and since only cardinal variables have a mean, SAH has to be cardinalized to compute a mean, which can then be used to calculate an inequality measure. In contrast, the new polarization measures are median based and hence do not require to impose cardinal scaling on the categories. After deriving the properties of these new polarization measures, we provide an empirical illustration using data from the British Household Panel Survey that demonstrates that SAH polarization is also a relevant question on empirical grounds, and that the polarization measures are adequate to evaluate polarization phenomena whereas inequality measures are not adequate in these cases. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opposite effects of glucocorticoid receptor activation on hippocampal CA1 dendritic complexity in chronically stressed and handled animals
Authors: Alfarez D.N. , Karst H. , Velzing E.H. , Joëls M. , Krugers H.J.
Published: August 2007

Remodeling of synaptic networks is believed to contribute to synaptic plasticity and long‐term memory performance, both of which are modulated by chronic stress. We here examined whether chronic stress modulates dendritic complexity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, under conditions of basal as well as elevated corticosteroid hormone levels. Slices were prepared from naïve, handled or chronically stressed animals and briefly treated with vehicle or corticosterone (100 nM); neurons were visualized with a fluorescent dye injected into individual CA1 pyramidal cells. We observed that 21 days of unpredictable stress did not affect hippocampal CA1 apical or basal dendritic morphology compared with naïve animals when corticosteroid levels were low. Only when slices from stressed animals were also exposed to elevated corticosteroid levels, a significant reduction in apical (but not basal) dendritic length became apparent. Unexpectedly, animals that were handled or 3 weeks showed a reduction in both apical dendritic length and number of apical branch points when compared with naïve animals. Apical dendritic length and number of branch points were restored to levels found in naïve animals several hours after in vitro treatment with 100 nM corticosterone. All effects of acute corticosterone administration could be prevented by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486 given during the last 4 days of the stress or handling protocol. We conclude that brief exposure to high concentrations of corticosterone can differently affect apical dendritic structure, depending on the earlier history of the animal, a process that critically depends on involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.