bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Speaking For The Past
Authors: Peterson Charles S
Published: October 2023

If historians speak for the past, who speaks for historians? Certainly historians seem endlessly willing to talk about themselves, but on occasion journalists and others too have paid attention. In 1989 and 1990, newspapers and magazines took note of disputes over what became known as the “new western history.” National attention may have begun with an article in the Washington Postof 10 October 1989 under the wildly western headline: “Shootout in Academia over the History of U.S. West, New Generation Confronts Frontier Tradition.” Not to be outdone by its East Coast rival, the New York Times published two pieces on this academic showdown in December 1989 and March 1990. In May, US. News and World Report had a cover announcing “The Old West: The New View of Frontier Life,” and in October 1990, the cover of the New Republic sourly announced “Westward Ho Hum: What the New Historians Have Done to the Old West.” These reports from the academic front covered the most recent infighting but did not always explain how long the war of words had been under way. For decades an uneasy balance existed between the voices of popular impulse and those of academic professionalism. Without worrying about its subtleties, chis constant shifting between general interest and scholarly discipline energized those who spoke for western history even as the very idea of the West changed. Now taken as the trans-Mississippi area, the West looks back beyond the hundred years of its immediate past to historiographic times far more distant and to geographies far wider than its present vastness. Not only has western history had to cope with successive Wests, but it has also had to respond to ongoing change about the meanings and uses of history.
Embryonic Development of the Vascular System
Authors: Hatzopoulos Antonis K , Rosenberg Robert D
Published: October 2023

The vascular system supplies nutrients, hormones, and growth factors to all tissues and organs and removes waste products. The main component of the vascular system is the endothelial cells that line the walls of all blood vessels. Endothelial cells are involved in numerous interactions with perivascular cells, adjacent tissues, and blood cells. They play major roles in clotting, thrombosis, and diseases such as atherosclerosis. Under normal conditions the adult vasculature is a stable structure. Mature endothelial cells do not divide and have a half-life of many years. However, in pathological situations such as tumoinduced angiogenesis, tissue remodeling following injury, cardiac infarction, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis, etc., endothelial cells quickly respond and grow, vascularizing affected tissues de nova (Folkman, 1995).
Cellular Mechanisms of Angiogenesis
Authors: ware J Anthony
Published: October 2023

Alterations in endothelial cell function occur not only as part of new vessel formation, but also wound healing. Small injuries to the endothelial cell monolayer heal by migration of adjacent endothelial cells into the wound; after they reattach to the underlying matrix, they then reenter the cell cycle and divide to replace the denuded cells. In angiogenesis, the first step under most circumstances is dissolution of the underlying matrix, brought about by release of proteases (e.g., collagenases and plasminogen activator) from the stimulated endothelial cells themselves or from cells or material admitted to the subendothelial space under conditions of heightened endothelial permeability. The cells detach from the matrix and migrate by crawling along the vascular bed, and eventually readhere. Endothelial cells adhere to the underlying matrix via a number of different receptors, which become expressed on their surface in greater numbers when the cells are growing. Once the cells reattach, they reenter the cell cycle, proliferate, and align themselves into capillary sprouts or tubules.
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans
Authors: Shworak Nicholas W , Rosenberg Robert D
Published: October 2023

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs)1 are highly charged macromolecules consisting of different core proteins with covalently linked heparan sulfate chains (HS) of varying monosaccharide sequence. These molecules are involved in a multitude of biologic processes including regulation of mesoderm induction, extension of neurites, positioning of the heart, interactions of cells with adhesive proteins, proliferation of smooth muscle cells during atherogenesis, metabolism of lipoproteins, inhibition of thrombosis on the endothelial surface, and induction of angiogenesis (Rosenberg et al., 1997; Yanagishita and Hascall, 1992). Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are produced by virtually all cell types while a related molecule, heparin, an extremely modified form of heparan sulfate, is exclusively generated by mast cells.
Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Sellke Frank W , Harrison David G
Published: October 2023

Ischemic coronary disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Available therapeutic approaches aim either at relieving symptoms by reducing myocardial oxygen demand, preventing further disease progression by modifying risk factors, or restoring flow to a localized segment of the arterial tree by means of angioplasty or bypass surgery. However, even with all the recent advances in coronary bypass surgery and percutaneous revascularization, a significant number of patients with ischemic heart disease are not candidates for these therapeutic strategies either due to high procedural risk to or coronary anatomy not amenable to surgery or angioplasty; furthermore, these patients may often be refractory to medical therapy.
Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Peripheral Limb Ischemia
Authors: Isner Jeffrey M , Pieczek Ann , Schainfeld Robert , Blair Richard , Haley Iaura , Asahara Takayuki
Published: October 2023

The prognosis for patients with chronic critical leg ischemia, i.e., rest pain and/or established lesions that jeopardize the integrity of the lower limbs, is often poor. Psychological testing of such patients has typically disclosed quality-of-life indices similar to those of patients with cancer in critical or even terminal phases of their illness (Albers et al., 1992). It has been estimated that 150,000 patients (Dormandy and Thomas, 1988) require lower limb amputations for ischemic disease in the United States per year. Their prognosis after amputation is even worse (European Working Group on Critical Leg Ischemia, 1991): The perioperative mortality for below-knee amputation in most series is 5%-10% and for above-knee amputation 15%-20%.
No Cheers for Foreign Aid
Authors: Krauss Melvyn
Published: October 2023

Income transfer is the sine qua non of the modem welfare state. To secure for itself a preeminent role in the distribution of the nation’s production of goods and services, the government uses its substantial tax, spending, subsidization, and administrative powers to take from Citizen A to give to Citizen B. Not that the welfare state is the “Robin Hood” state, though that is what its proponents would like us to believe. For at the same time that government takes from Citi­ zen A to give to B, it also takes from Citizen B to give to A. Each citizen, in other words, has debits and credits in its account with government, and whether one comes out with a net credit or debit balance in the end depends on a host of factors and not simply how much money one earns in private life.
Mobility
Authors: Pierson George W
Published: October 2023

One day, several years ago, a single-engine Cessna airplane, flying from New Haven to Rhode Island, ran out of power, came down safely on Expressway 95, and was promptly hit by a mobile home. About the same time a team of youth researchers discovered that, out of more than a thousand boys and girls whom they had been studying, 70 per cent remembered their families’ having moved once, twice, three, or even four times, and 13 per cent remembered their families having moved five or more times. Eighty per cent did admit to having lived in the same house for one year, but only 50 per cent for as long as five.Again in 1964 the American Petroleum Institute announced that we Americans, using 55 million oil credit cards, drove 86 million motor vehicles some 38 billion miles and lost some 43,000 lives on the road. Meanwhile at a single oil company it was taking 650 trained employees to keep track of the credit transactions-and on a routine day they had to handle four thousand changes of address: which figured out to a residential mobility of 30 per cent in a single year.
Industrialization
Authors: Cochran Thomas C
Published: October 2023

An economic explanation of the rapid and massive industrialization of the United States can be given in terms of natural resources, but such an answer is far too simple. Other nations that did not rapidly develop industry have also had great resources, while Japan, with little coal, iron, or oil, astonished the world with the speed of its industrial revolution. Aware of such ap­ parent contradictions, some leading American economists have maintained that the most important elements in economic growth are noneconomic. Granting that these economists may be right, let us take a broad view of both economic and “non­ economic” factors that seem to have been important in making the process of American industrial development differ from that of other nations.
Urbanization
Authors: Wade Richard C
Published: October 2023

When the United States was born, less than 5 per cent of its people lived in cities; today over 75 per cent live in two hundred metropolitan areas. From the standpoint of the urban historian, these simple figures comprise the single most important fact about our historical development. In less than two centuries, the country was transformed from a simple agrarian society to a highly complex urban one. The urbanization of the continent, perhaps more than any other aspect of our past, accounts for the “comparability” which the chapters in this book attempt to assess. For we all now live in an increasingly metropolitan world where we occupy a common environment. Thus a Chicagoan quickly feels at home in London, Paris, Milan, or Amsterdam despite differences in nationality, language, and custom. Even first impressions of distinctiveness of architecture, age, and street scenes do not conceal for long the shared urban attributes of the world’s important cities.
Socialism and Labor
Authors: Shannon David A
Published: October 2023

With the exception of the United States, all the major industrial countries of the world-as well as many of the nations which are becoming industrialized only in the present generation-have some kind of Marxist political movement of significant proportions. These political movements embrace a wide range of the political spectrum, from various kinds of Communists (Soviet, Titoist, Maoist) to various kinds of social democrats, such as the British Labour Party, the West German Social Democratic party, and the Scandinavian socialists. National character, different traditions, and problems or conditions peculiar to a nation create some interesting variations, as in Mexico, for example. The differences between these parties and their programs are wide and important, but all of them derive in one way or another from the thought of Karl Marx. In most of these parties the trade unions or other organizations of industrial labor play an important role. In the United States, however, there is nothing quite comparable. There are many kinds of Marxist political organizations in America, from Maoists to mild social democrats, but none is politically important.
World War II
Authors: Blum John Morton
Published: October 2023

World War II was really the first war to involve the entire world. Its global quality, its duration and intensity brought the United States into an experience common to most of the rest of man­ kind. Those nations subjected on all continents to the aggression of the Axis powers shared a long and special adventure-a sequence of shock and anger, of resistance, fortitude, and eventu­ ally triumph. The countries participating in that adventure> including the United States, responded to wartime circumstances,. now in strikingly similar ways, now with sharp differences from nation to nation. While the war raged, moreover, behind the lines of battle and away from high councils of state, less remarked developments anticipated postwar change that was to affect men everywhere. Still, as so often in history, what was obvious was for the time perhaps most important.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Hitt Michael A , Harrison Jeffrey S , Ireland R Duane
Published: October 2023

In 1999, MCI WorldComm and Sprint agreed to merge. Valued at $129 billion, this expected transaction was the largest in history. However, it fell victim to regulators in Europe concerned with the potential monopoly power of the merged firm. This M and A action was merely the latest in a growing trend of "blockbuster" mergers over the past several years. Once a phenomenon seen primarily in the United States, mergers and acquisitions are increasingly being pursued across national boundaries. In short, acquisition strategies are among the most important corporate-level strategies in the new millennium. The need for clear, complete, and up-to-date guide to successful mergers and acquisitions had never been greater. This book more than fills that need. Looking at successful--and unsuccessful--mergers and acquisitions in a number of different industries, Mergers and Acquisitions: A Guide to Creating Value explains how to conduct an acquisition and how to avoid pitfalls that have doomed many such ventures. The authors take the reader step-by-step through the process, starting with the elements of a successful merger, due diligence to ensure that the target firm is sound and fits well with the acquiring firm, and how mergers and acquisitions are financed. They move on to explore how firms find partners/targets for acquisitions that have complementary resources and how to find partners with which integration and synergy can be achieved. Finally, they discuss the potential hazards found in Mand A's and how to avoid them, how to conduct successful cross-border acquisitions, and how to ensure that ethical principles aren't breached during the process. Based on 15 years of research, this essential guide goes beyond specific case studies to cover all aspects of these ventures, making it required reading for all managers seeking to build a successful strategy.
Shaping Buildings and Cities
Authors: Davis Howard
Published: October 2023

The institutional, typological, economic, contractual, and regulatory systems that have been described in the last several chapters all converge on the actual shaping of buildings: the processes through which drawings are made, brick is put upon brick, concrete poured into formwork, windows installed in a wall. These processes and the built result are given their character by those systems: and in the end the systems determine the extent to which the making of the building is the product of craftsmanship, considered in a broad and modern sense.
Founding Women
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham
Published: October 2023

A NGELINA GOULD TOOK religious vows in 1829 in the Presentation convent at Doneraile, County Cork. Sister Magdalen Gould, born in 1792, was a member of the great Cork merchant family of Gould. Her parents had left their native city some years previously and taken up residence in Lisbon, where they had accumulated enormous commercial wealth.1 When Angelina Gould joined the Presentation Order, she brought with her to the convent a fortune of ap-proximately £60,000, which she later used to found convents.
John Cotton, Roger Williams, and The Problem of Charisma
Authors: Staloff Darren
Published: October 2023

On September 4, 1633, the ship Griffin sailed into Boston harbor, bearing the most precious cargo yet brought to the Bay Colony. Two of the most stellar divines of the spiritual brotherhood of Puritan ministers, Thomas Hooker and John Cotton, had with great hazard ventured the journey to Massachusetts. In cultural terms, their migration transformed the colony from a benighted outpost of exiles into a stronghold of Puritan theoretical and practical activity. As the Reverend Thomas Shepard later recalled, one of the “reasons which swayed me to come to New England” was that “I saw the Lord departing from England when Mr. Hooker and Mr. Cotton were gone, and I saw the hearts of most of the godly set and bent that way.”
Establishing Orthodoxy
Authors: Staloff Darren
Published: October 2023

The primary task facing Massachusetts’s ministerial intellectuals in the decade following the Antinomian controversy was to preserve the fruits of their victory by firmly establishing their interpretation of Puritan doctrine as the official orthodoxy. Three obstacles stood in their path, two of which had emerged only after the suppression of Antinomian dissent. The defeat of Anne Hutchinson had sorely undermined the charismatic authority of her mentor, John Cotton, within the ministerial community. Indeed, the whole affair had raised suspicions and doubts about the safety of charismatic authority. In the years directly following the Antinomian controversy, a new informal leadership structure emerged among the clergy in Boston and its neighboring towns (Roxbury, Dorchester, Charlestown, Watertown, and Cambridge), a structure I have called the “big six pulpits.” The Antinomian controversy had also revealed significant disagreements among the ministerial intellectuals on questions of theology and church polity. While such differences had been smoothed over for the time being by the various compromises struck at the Synod of 1637, there could be no doubt that new issues would arise in the future from which debates and controversies could ensue. To ensure that such controversies would never assume the crisis proportions of the Antinomian fiasco, the orthodox regime created an educational system, with Harvard College at its apex, that would foster cultural cohesion among the thinking class through a common, hegemonic core curriculum. Finally, of course, the Bay divines faced various dissidents among the laity and clergy who threatened to undermine the system of cultural domination. All three obstacles had to be cleared before the Massachusetts thinking class could compile the canonical document of the New England Way, the Cambridge Platform.
Cilicia and the Gauls in the Late Republic
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

So far, our survey of regular praetorian provinciae in the later Republic has taken us through the evidence for the city praetorships (10.4, 11.7, 12.1-4) and also the various territorial provinces where praetors served: Sicily and Sardinia (13-1-2), the Spains (13.3-4), Macedonia (14-1-2), Africa (14.3-4), Asia (14.5-6), pre-Sullan Cilicia and the Gauls (10.1-2), and Bithynia/Pontus, Crete, Cyrene, and Syria (11.2-5). In addition, we have examined special praetorian provinciae both outside (10.5, 11.8) and inside (10.6, 11.9) the city of Rome. To complete the circuit, it remains to look at praetorian commands in Cilicia (15.1) and the Gauls (15.2) in the period after Sulla. In 15.3 I have added some general remarks on staffing of provinciae in the later Republic, meant to complement the discussion in 9-4-1-4 of this same issue in the period down to 122 B.C.
Philosophers and Anthropologists Debate
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: October 2023

The antirelativist assumes that ethical judgments do have objective validity or, at least, better or worse justifications. But philosophers, anthropologists, and other academics from a wide variety of fields in the postmodern era question that assumption. Especially when it comes to cross-cultural judgments, skepticism is widespread about whether any ethical justification is possible. This postmodern intellectual stance resurrects a long-standing philosophical contention: Cross-cultural ethical judgments are meaningless or impossible. Ethics has no objective basis. A counterpart exists in the field of anthropology, especially among those who base their ethical relativism on an underlying position, an “epistemological” or “cognitive” variety of relativism. That position maintains that the differences among cultures are much deeper than their customs, traditions, and values, extending to differences in the way in which the world is described and understood, as well as to fundamentally different modes of reasoning.
Relativism and Multiculturalism
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: October 2023

Cross-Cultural judgments not only traverse national boundaries from one part of the globe to another. They also occur within any nation that is multicultural, especially in a country like the United States, which experiences continual waves of immigration from all regions of the world. Cultural pluralism poses a challenge to physicians and patients alike in the multicultural United States, where immigrants from many nations and diverse religious groups visit the same hospitals and doctors as does the mainstream, autonomy-minded majority population.
International Feminism and Reproductive Rights
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: October 2023

If women are oppressed and suffer discrimination, as is clearly the case in India and probably also in China, can further restrictions on their reproductive freedom be justified? Is it reasonable to maintain that the idea of reproductive choice should apply only to women in Western countries because countries like China either refuse to recognize the concept of individual rights or claim that the need to control population growth overrides the value of leaving reproductive choices up to individuals?The past decade has witnessed increasing calls worldwide for recognition of reproductive rights for all women, in whatever oppressive culture they may reside, and especially in those countries where governments or religious leaders have succeeded in curtailing reproductive rights.
Absorbing the Immigrant The Impact on Americans
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G
Published: October 2023

The macro impact of the immigrants on employment conditions, living standards, and wages in American labor markets has received far less attention than has the process of assimilation. Yet this was the major preoccupation of contemporary observers, discussed at length by the Immigration Commission Reports. Here we confront three questions just as relevant today as they were almost a century ago: did late-nineteenth-century immigrants act as a flexible labor supply in America much like late-twentieth-century guestworkers in Europe? Did immigrants flow into occupations in which job creation was fast, or did they displace natives in occupations in which job creation was slow? Did immigration reduce wage growth and increase unemployment for native workers? Late-twentieth-century governments have sought to regulate the flow of immigrants and their composition in order to bring total labor supply closer to total labor demand and to manipulate the composition of immigration, thus helping erase growth-induced imbalances across different sectors and occupations.
Labor Market Impact at Home Ireland and Sweden
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G
Published: October 2023

A Solution to Problems at Home? Late-nineteenth-century emigration generated no shortage of political debate and moral judgment.’ Some feared that these emigrations drained the home country of the best and the brightest, jeopardizing the future. Post-famine Irish commentators, for example, viewed the emigrant flood as the result of Ireland’s failure to industrialize and thus its inability to create enough good jobs (0 Gracia 1994: ch. 13). But some saw the flood in even more negative terms, as one more cause of industrial failure because they thought the best was being creamed off the top of the labor force. Some even argued that Ireland failed to industrialize because its home market for industrial goods was too small; once too small, scale economies were hard to achieve, Irish manufacturing lost its competitive edge, and industrial job creation faltered; emigrants fled the stagnant Irish labor market; and the market got even smaller. Such commentary would imply that a dismal path-dependent historical process was at work that ensured Irish industrial failure (0 Gracia 1994: 342-47).
Orientalism and the Mapping of Race
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

Chicago sociologists tied race to cultural consciousness, not to biological differences between human bodies. In the end, however, these cultural differences were often associated with the foreign origins of certain human bodies. For Orientals in particular, the cultural differences between them and white Americans were tied to the origins of biological ancestors from Asia. Despite the exclusively social origins of cultural difference, sociologists visualized such differences in the form of maps and other spatial diagrams. Such spatial representations depended on an imagined link that connected the physical spaces of Chinatowns or Japantowns in the United States with the mythical space of the Orient somewhere in Asia.
A Final Setting
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

The Oriental Problem as an intellectual and institutional construction dominated thinking about Asian immigrants for much of the twentieth century. Chicago sociologists set the stage for how Orientals would be understood in modem America, and they defined the roles that Chinese American and Japanese American social scientists would play in academia. Whether or not the researchers’ performance was well received, there were academic rewards to be gained and accolades to be won.
Performers on Stage
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

Frank Miyamoto described the bifurcation of his identity while conducting research in a Japanese American internment camp by using the language of the theater. “One is an actor within a drama and feels the forces which shape it; but one is simultaneously an outsider, a member of the audience, who observes the drama as it is played out by others.”1 The stage analogy separated for Miyamoto the “role” of the ethnic being studied from the point of view of the nonethnic audience. The ethnic insider had a role to play, but who made up the audience that was strictly observing? It was this strange nonacting role of the audience that was the foundation of the inside/outside, observed/observer dichotomy that structured the Oriental Problem as a set of social practices. How was being the audience itself a role to be played?
Grau
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

When the Huascar set sail from some port in search of adventures, always full of risk, although at times fruitless, all eyes followed the captain of the ship, the wings of all hearts followed him, everyone was with him. No one was unaware that victory was next to impossible, given the superiority of the Chilean navy. But our national pride rejoiced to see in the Huascar a knight errant of the sea, an image of the famous knight who did not bother to count his enemies prior to the battle because he was waiting to count the defeated and dead.
Speech at the Politeama Theater
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Those who have barely stepped across life’s threshold come together today to teach a lesson to those who are approaching death’s doorway. The celebration we are attending is replete with patriotism but also touched with irony: the child wants to ransom with gold what the man could not defend with iron. Old men ought to tremble before children because the rising generation always accuses and judges the declining generation. From these happy, boisterous groups we’ll witness the emergence of the austere and taciturn thinker, the poet who gives voice in stanzas of tempered steel, the historian who marks the forehead of the guilty with a seal of indelible ignominy.
Peru and Chile
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Peru has suffered no calamity more disastrous than the war with Chile. The campaigns for independence and the second war with Spain cost us precious lives and great sacrifices; but they gave us our own life and identity and uplifted the national spirit. We were born on December 9 and grew into a giant on May 2. The difference is that in 1824 and 1866 we did not suffer the humiliation of defeat. The blood shed on the fields of battle, the capitals destroyed by fire, the wealth lost in the sacking of the villages and towns pale by comparison with the evils infecting the body of a defeated nation. The harm caused by our conqueror does not consist in the killings, the devastation, or the plunder; it lies in what it leaves us and in what it teaches us.
Vijil
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

I received a scholarship in the council seminary in Arequipa on July 16, 1803, when Mr. Chavez de la Roza, a distinguished protector and priest of the seminary, was serving as bishop. I studied grammar, philosophy, mathematics, and theology. On September 12, 1812, I graduated with a doctorate in theology from the University of San Antonio del Cuzco. I returned by way of Arequipa to Tacna, where I studied natural law with the priest and doctor don Juan Jose de la Fuente y Bustamante.
Renan
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Just as Victor Hugo turned poetry into a devastating democratic weapon, along came Renan to convert erudition into the magical art of instilling disbelief Since Luther and Voltaire, few men have ignited more virulent polemics or unleashed more violent indignation. When he translated the book of Job, Renan offered himself as new ex communicant among the thousand authors listed on the Index. When he lost his chair in the College of France for denying the dogmas of Catholicism, he became famous among freethinkers and scholars. But when he wrote the Life of Jesus, he became the object of universal abhorrence, the Turk’s head that even the least violent man felt it proper to strike with his fist.
Notes on Language
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Lamartine lamented that people and writers don’t speak the same language: “It’s the writer’s task to transform himself and descend to a level where he can put the truth in the hands of the masses: to descend in this way is not to cheapen one’s talent, but to humanize it.” Scientists have their own technical jargon, and no one demands that in books of pure science they make themselves understood by even the most ignorant individual. The relative obscurity of scientific works cannot be avoided, and to expect that an unlearned person should understand them just by opening the pages is as silly as to try to translate a language without having learned it.
A Moment of Philosophy
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Lessing said that “in certain centuries the label ‘heretic’ implies the highest recommendation of a wise man to posterity.”2 We could make a similar statement concerning the skeptic. Instead of judging him to be inconsistent and frivolous, let’s regard him as a serene and thoughtful spirit who, not seeing sufficient proofs to deny or affirm, maintains a balance. His condition mirrors the state of balance in the man of faith.
Strikes
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

If we were asked our opinion about strikes, we would say: Every strike should be general and armed. General, in order to combat and be siege the capitalist world from all sides and force it to surrender. Armed, to prevent the interference by the authorities in struggles where they should play no other part than witness. Partial strikes don’t always succeed in benefiting the worker be cause the strikers, abandoned to their own forces, without the aid of their companions, are beaten separately and have to give in to the owner.
The Police
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Taine, a philosopher who was neither revolutionary nor anarchist, wrote: "Because there are so many gendarmes and urban policemen in France, we would be inclined to regard them as more of a nuisance than helpful. Any time a few passersby gather on the street to look at a dog with a broken leg, a man with a moustache comes up and tells them: 'Gentlemen, groups are prohibited; disperse"' (Philosophie de l' art). And everyone disperses on the spot, as if shot from a spring.
The Two Nations
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Liebknecht said, “In the world there are but two nations: the land of the rich and the land of the poor.” It can be said too that in every nation, whatever its level of culture and its form of government, there are only two clearly defined social classes: the possessors and the dispossessed. Since money separates men more effectively than race, it’s no exaggeration to say that the poor are the blacks of Europe. This grand division of classes is felt as well in our republican America, where the wealthy families are beginning to constitute an aristocracy even more insolent and abhorrent than the nobility of the monarchic states. Because they are nouveaux riches, our false aristocrats take presumptuousness and pride to such extremes that the feudal lord of gallows and sword pales by comparison.
The First of May (1908b)
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

This measure would seem quite enlightened to us, if those attending the congress had taken the precaution to specify who were the ones who were meant to celebrate that grand date with greatest joy. As we see it, it’s not the workers but the bosses, not the proletariat but the capitalists, who should be celebrating it. To whose advantage does work redound? Surely it is n’t the cobbler who goes around half barefoot, or the tailor, who goes around almost naked, or the bricklayer, who lives in some hole without air or light.
The Individual
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Classical Rome bequeathed the God-state to us; medieval Rome imposed the God-Church. Today the revolutionary in Catholic nations is struggling against these two myths. He wants to raze the Church (already staggering from the blows of the Reformation, the encyclopedists, and the French Revolution) in order to raise up the monument of science in its rubble. He wants to dethrone the state (already shaken by the pounding of anarchist propaganda) in order to establish the sole autonomy of the individual.
The Black Glove
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela
Published: October 2023

It was one of those delightful nights in the Argentine countryside. The moon bathed the banks of the Rio de la Plata in its silver beams and lit up the plants and trees of the shadowy orchards and the poplar-lined promenades of the thousand beautiful country homes and manors that surround Buenos Aires. Although it was not so very late, everything was quiet and deserted outside the great city, and the only sounds that could be heard were the rippling of the waves of the nearby river, and the whistling of the wind through the leafs of the willow trees.

All of a sudden, a human voice, a woman’s heavenly voice, joined these sounds of nature; her voice rising softly and timidly from one of those avenues lined thickly with trees, the woman began to sing with an inexpressibly melodious voice that adorable aria from “Romeo and Juliet”
The Normal Lymph Node
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The lymph node is an integral component of the immune system. The lymph node facilitates the processing of antigens from lymph and the presentation of processed antigen to immunocompetent cells (T and B lymphocytes), which mediate the immune response. The lymph node is the major site of antigen-dependent lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation (Stewart and Schwartz, 1994).
Bacterial and Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

A variety of bacterial and mycobacterial infections produce characteristic changes in lymph nodes of diagnostic significance. Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a bacterial lymphadenitis which follows a cat scratch or other skin puncture. The etiologic agent of CSD was until quite recently unknown; for many years it was considered likely to be of chlamydia! origin because of the histopathologic similarities to lymphogranuloma venereum. In 1983, Wear and his colleagues at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology identified, for the first time, a pleomorphic Gram-negative rod in the tissue of 34 of 39 cases of CSD, using the Warthin-Starry silver impregnation technique, which they named Afipia (from the acronym for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology)felis (Wear et al, 1983). In 1988, LeBoit and his colleagues reported on an apparently new bacterial infection in patients with AIDS, bacillary angiomatosis, which was characterized by cutaneous angiomatous lesions and contained organisms similar to CSD (LeBoit et al, 1988). These organisms were identified as members of the genus Rochalimaea (now Bartonella), principally B. henselae and B. quintana (Adal et al, 1994). Subsequently it was shown that B. henselae also causes cat scratch disease and is likely the more prevalent agent (Adal et al, 1994; Dolan et al, 1993).
Autoimmune Lymphadenopathy and Lymph Node Infarction
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Morphologically distinctive lymph node changes accompany several autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, and lupus erythematosus, which are considered in this chapter. Lymph node infarction, characterized by coagulative lymph node necrosis, is also considered in this chapter. Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease characterized by polyarthritis, serum antibodies to IgG (rheumatoid factor) and extraarticular manifestations including localized or generalized lymphadenopathy.
Classification of the Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The classification of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas has been a major area of controversy and confusion, in no small amount due to the clinical, biological, and immunological heterogeneity of these neoplasms (Kay, 1974). The recognition of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas as neoplasms of specific elements of the immune system suggests a rational approach to classification by analogy with normal stages of lymphoid differentiation and development (Lukes and Collins, 1974). The classification of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas has evolved from a purely morphologic descriptive approach to a multidisciplinary approach incorporating immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular data (Harris et al, 1994). In this same period, the advances in the clinical management of these neoplasms have demanded increasingly precise classification. A classification of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas would, ideally, be simple, reproducible, biologically precise, and clinically relevant. Unfortunately, no ideal classification currently exists.
Precursor B and T Cell Neoplasms
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Precursor B and T cell neoplasms include precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and precursor T lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia in the REAL classification and lymphoblastic lymphoma in the WF. The terms leukemia/lymphoma for precursor B cell neoplasms and lymphoma/leukemia for precursor T cell neoplasms reflect the more frequent leukemic presentation of precursor B cell neoplasms and lymphomatous presentation of precursor T cell neoplasms. The precursor B and T cell neoplasms are characterized by an immature, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-positive lymphoid phenotype and lymphoblastic morphology.
Peripheral B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma, and Lymphoplasmacytoid Lymphoma
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma are small lymphocytic proliferations characterized by advanced age at presentation and indolent natural history. This group of lymphoid neoplasms in the REAL classification corresponds to the category of small lymphocytic lymphoma in the WF.
Peripheral B Cell Neoplasms: II. Mantle Cell Lymphoma and Follicle Center Lymphoma
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Mantle cell lymphoma and follicle center lymphomas are lymphoid neoplasms related to the lymphoid follicle. Mantle cell lymphoma arises from B cells of the mantle zone, the residual portion of the primary lymphoid follicle, which surrounds the follicular center in secondary follicles. Mantle cell lymphoma may be derived from a subset of CD5-positive, CD23-negative inner mantle B lymphocytes (Inghirami et al, 1991). Follicle center lymphomas are derived from follicular center B cells.
Hodgkin’s Disease: I. Lymphocyte Predominance Hodgkin’s Disease
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin’s disease is considered separately from other forms of Hodgkin’s disease because the most frequent, nodular, form of the disease exhibits a distinct immunophenotype and characteristic natural history which distinguishes it from other forms of Hodgkin’s disease (Mason et al, 1994). To emphasize the distinctiveness of this form of Hodgkin’s disease and probable unrelatedness to other forms of Hodgkin’s disease, the term “paragranuloma” has been proposed, the original term for this form of Hodgkin’s disease in the Jackson and Parker classification (Jackson and Parker, 1944). In contrast to other forms of Hodgkin’s disease, nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin’s disease is of consistent B cell phenotype (Pinkus and Said, 1988).
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Associated with lmmunosuppression
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Lymphoproliferative disorders develop with increased frequency in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy for prevention of rejection of transplanted organs (posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder) or for the management of chronic autoimmune disease. A striking feature of these disorders is the frequent association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and spontaneous regression with reduction or withdrawal of the immunosuppressive therapy.
Storage and Deposition Disorders
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Several disorders are characterized by abnormal deposits of lipids, proteins, or foreign materials in lymph nodes. Deposits in these disorders may be intracellular or extracellular and may be associated with characteristic histopathologic changes. Llpid deposits in lymph nodes include lipogranulomata and the lipidoses, storage disorders due to hereditary lysosomal enzyme deficiencies.
Proliferations of Histiocytes and Dendritic Cells
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The term “histiocyte” is applied to two distinct cell types: monocyte-macrophages and dendritic cells (Cline, 1994; van Voorh et al, 1983). Monocyte-macrophages are derived from blood monocytes, are actively phagocytic, are rich in lysosomal enzymes, and play their major role in antigen processing. Monocyte-macrophages in the lymph node include the sinus and tingible body macrophages. Dendritic cells, in contrast, are of uncertain derivation, weakly phagocytic, poor in lysosomal enzymes, and play their major role in antigen presentation. Dendritic cells in the lymph node include the Langerhans’ cells, follicular dendritic cells, and interdigitating reticulum cells. Recent evidence suggests that both monocyte-macrophages and dendritic cells are derived from a common monocyte-dendritic cell precursor in the bone marrow (Santiago-Schwartz et al, 1994). Proliferations of monocyte-macrophages include “true” histiocytic lymphoma and “malignant histiocytosis,” virus-associated and reactive hemophagocytic syndromes, and sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Proliferations of dendritic cells include Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, follicular dendritic cell tumors, and interdigitating reticulum cell tumors; the latter two tumors constitute “true” reticulum cell sarcomas of lymph nodes (Weiss et al, 1990).
Lymph Node Inclusions
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Lymph node inclusions refer to the presence in lymph nodes of heterologous elements normally not found in lymph nodes including a variety of epithelial, glandular, mesothelial, and nevus cell elements. Lymph node inclusions result from developmental abnormalities (emb:ryologic rests), metaplasia of entrapped mesothelium, or benign transport of heterologous elements. Lymph node inclusions are generally not of clinical significance but must be carefully distinguished from metastatic tumors which they may closely resemble. Lymph node inclusions may rarely be the explanation for neoplasms of heterologous elements arising in lymph nodes (Shenoy et al, 1987).
Lymph Node Metastases
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Lymph nodes are a frequent site of metastases of nonhematopoietic malignant tumors. Lymph node metastases occur most frequently in carcinoma and melanoma but also occur in some sarcomas, including epithelioid sarcoma, clear cell sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and, occasionally, malignant fibrous histiocytoma (Enzinger and Weiss, 1995). Lymph node metastases are a manifestation of regional or systemic dissemination. Lymph node metastases may be diagnosed in lymph nodes removed for diagnostic evaluation in patients presenting with unexplained lymphadenopathy or in lymph nodes removed at staging or therapeutic lymphadenectomy in patients with a previously diagnosed malignant neoplasm. Recognition of lymph node metastases and distinction from malignant lymphoma is of major clinical importance because of differences in therapy and prognosis (Hainsworth and Greco, 1993).
Introduction
Authors: Blair William
Published: October 2023

The 1970s proved troublesome for the Confederacy as worldwide events stimulated a reevaluation of the southern cause. Vietnam shook the American psyche in many ways, but it also taught a hard lesson about what an outnumbered people could accomplish against a foe with superior resources and firepower. New efforts to write the histories of people previously outside of the mainstream--combined with the experience of Vietnam and disenchantment with the overt nationalism of the Cold War-affected the way Americans understood their own Civil War. A generation that treated nationalism more skeptically, if not cynically, found Confederate patriotism wanting. Scholars rediscovered discontent on the Confederate home front: the bread riots that broke out in at least seven southern cities in 1863, the desertion that plagued the Confederate armies, and the public anger over legislation that put the poor into the army while the rich stayed at home. By the 1990s, the scholarly consensus held that southerners did not have what it took to win spiritually-that the reason for Confederate defeat lay not on the battlefield but in a failure of national heart, especially when compared to the efforts of the North Vietnamese or the various nationalist groups that resumed hostilities after the Soviet Union collapsed.