bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disruptive Innovation through Additive Manufacturing in India: A Case Study Approach
Authors: S Vijayalakshmi
Published: January 2025

Known by most as 3D printing, Additive Manufacturing (AM) has become a revolutionary technology that is changing industries worldwide. India has seen a significant uptick in the adoption and application of additive manufacturing in several sectors in recent years, which has resulted in a radical change in production procedures and product creation. The field of additive manufacturing has grown by a strong 9.34% over the past few years. This trend indicates a rebirth of disruptive innovation that is changing production. Application of additive manufacturing can be integrated with Industry 4.0 technologies: big data, AI, and IoT. This will create a growing need for robust digital asset management frameworks. This paper presents a case study of Jayanthi Tooling, an MSME in Pune. The case study highlights the importance of AM adoption among MSMEs, its advantages and challenges, and its impact on the manufacturing landscape in India.
The Impact of Influencer Marketing on Consumer Trust and Purchase Decisions: A Cross-Platform Analysis
Authors: Mohammed Aliyu , Sundararajan Shanmugam
Published: January 2025

This study aims to investigate the impact of influencer marketing on consumer purchase behaviour, focusing on the role of trust and social media platforms. First, the focus is placed on understanding how trust in influencers affects consumer purchase intentions and the moderating effects of the social media platform type and demographics. The problem statement recognizes the challenge for marketers to take advantage of influencer marketing if the level of trust by consumers varies. A quantitative research design was employed, conducting a survey method using a sample of 1000 persons out of the population of 10000 persons. Their online survey distributed 445 questionnaires, of which 300 were completed, for a response rate reflectible of others’ online surveys. The relationships among the variables were evaluated using multiple regression, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results indicate that higher levels of trust exhibited towards the influencers correlate positively and significantly with consumer purchase intentions (Hypothesis H1, p<0.01). Additionally, attributes of influencers such as authenticity and expertise significantly enhance consumer trust and positively influence purchase intentions (p<0.05), confirming Hypothesis H2. In contrast, Hypotheses H3 and H4 were rejected, indicating that while social media platform type and demographic factors play a role in purchase decisions, they do not significantly moderate the relationship between influencer trust and consumer behaviour. The study concludes with practical recommendations for marketers to prioritize building trust through authentic influencer partnerships and to tailor strategies based on the specific platforms used.
Kehamilan Ektopik Mendeteksi Dan Mencegah Komplikasi
Authors: Fatehah Deva Bunga , Kartika Dwi , Ulya Afifatul , Noktaviani Silvi
Published: January 2025

Kehamilan ektopik adalah kondisi di mana hasil konsepsi berimplantasi di luar kavum uteri, dengan lokasi paling umum pada tuba fallopi. Insiden ini sering terjadi pada wanita multigravida dan menjadi salah satu penyebab utama peningkatan mortalitas serta morbiditas ibu hamil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor risiko, gejala klinis, metode diagnosis, dan pendekatan terapi untuk kehamilan ektopik guna mencegah komplikasi serius. Berdasarkan studi literatur pada artikel ilmiah periode 2013–2020, faktor risiko signifikan meliputi riwayat kehamilan ektopik, penggunaan alat kontrasepsi intrauterin (IUD), penyakit radang panggul (PID), infertilitas, kebiasaan merokok, penggunaan pil progestin, dan riwayat abortus. Gejala khas mencakup amenorea, nyeri perut, dan perdarahan pervaginam. Diagnosis dilakukan melalui anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik, ultrasonografi, dan evaluasi kadar β-hCG. Penatalaksanaan meliputi terapi methotrexate untuk kasus tanpa komplikasi, pendekatan ekspektatif pada kondisi stabil, serta pembedahan seperti laparoskopi dan laparotomi untuk kasus berat. Diagnosis dini dan pengelolaan yang tepat sangat penting untuk mengurangi risiko komplikasi dan meningkatkan keselamatan pasien.
Reconciliation of Principles and Practices: Seeking a Fair Balance in the Implementation of Polygamy in Modern Society
Authors: Bani Issa Raid Hasan Mohammed , Khaulani Dzarin Gifarian , Jambunanda Ahmad Jamaludin , Mutakin Dea Jenal
Published: January 2025

Provides a brief overview of the topic of polygamy, its complexity, and relevance to modern society. Polygamy is the act of a man who legally has more than one wife. This topic is very complex because it involves religious, cultural, and social aspects. In modern society, polygamy is considered controversial because it violates the principle of gender equality and creates injustice. Despite this, there are opinions that argue that polygamy is still relevant and provides certain protection. By understanding this complexity, we can seek a fair balance in dealing with this issue. Explain the purpose of the study, which is to analyze the implementation of polygamy fairly in the context of Islamic principles and modern social realities. This study aims to analyze how the implementation of polygamy can be carried out fairly in the context of Islamic principles and modern social realities. In the context of Islamic principles, it will be analyzed how polygamy can be carried out in accordance with religious teachings and principles of justice. In addition, the study will also look at modern social realities affecting the implementation of polygamy, including significant social and cultural changes. As such, this research will provide a deeper understanding of how polygamy can be exercised fairly in today's society. The research method used in this study is qualitative research. Researchers conducted a case study by interviewing several respondents involved in polygamy and conducting an analysis of the data obtained. The data collection method used was an in-depth interview conducted directly with respondents. Researchers also conducted an analysis of religious texts relevant to polygamy. The data obtained were then analyzed using content analysis methods to identify important patterns and findings in the fair implementation of polygamy.
Análisis crítico sobre las inteligencias múltiples de Gardner. Aplicaciones contemporáneas
Authors: Domínguez Pizarro Fabián David , Tumbaco Reyes Lorena del Rocío , Solis Grijalva Diana de las Mercedes , Paucar Llerena Aida Yolanda , Purizaga Peñafiel Erika Liseth
Published: January 2025

La teoría de las inteligencias múltiples (IM), propuesta por Howard Gardner en 1983, representa un cambio paradigmático en la comprensión de las capacidades humanas. Este modelo desafía la visión tradicional del coeficiente intelectual (CI) como único indicador de la inteligencia, proponiendo en su lugar un enfoque más inclusivo y diversificado que abarca múltiples dimensiones cognitivas. Gardner identificó inicialmente ocho tipos de inteligencia: lingüística, lógico-matemática, espacial, musical, corporal-kinestésica, interpersonal, intrapersonal y naturalista. Cada una de estas inteligencias responde a habilidades únicas que los individuos utilizan para resolver problemas y adaptarse a diversos contextos. A lo largo de los años, la teoría de las IM ha encontrado aplicaciones significativas, especialmente en el ámbito educativo, donde ha transformado las prácticas pedagógicas al promover metodologías adaptadas a las fortalezas individuales de los estudiantes. Sin embargo, su impacto no se limita a la educación, ya que también se ha explorado su relevancia en áreas como el desarrollo organizacional, la psicología y la tecnología. En este artículo inédito, se realiza un análisis exhaustivo sobre la vigencia de la teoría de Gardner a la luz de investigaciones recientes. El objetivo es evaluar su aplicabilidad en un mundo en constante transformación y explorar nuevas posibilidades para su expansión. Asimismo, se aborda una reflexión crítica sobre sus limitaciones, especialmente en términos de medición empírica y su aceptación dentro de la comunidad científica. Este estudio busca contribuir al debate académico y fortalecer el entendimiento contemporáneo de la diversidad cognitiva humana. A pesar de los avances y las aplicaciones prácticas de la teoría de las inteligencias múltiples, persisten desafíos significativos relacionados con su validación empírica y la necesidad de desarrollar herramientas de medición más precisas. En este sentido, futuras líneas de investigación podrían centrarse en la integración de inteligencias emergentes, como la digital y la existencial, así como en la creación de metodologías que aborden estas limitaciones, fortaleciendo así su impacto en diversos contextos educativos y organizacionales
Struggle and Survive: Difficulties Encountered by Students Undertaking Research
Authors: Evangelista Lucille , Hernandez Maria Theresa
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to find out the perception of the respondents on the importance of undertaking research, and the difficulties encountered by undergraduate students in doing research in terms of the following stages: (i) preparing the proposal, (ii) conducting the research, and (iii) writing the research paper, and to determine the measures undertaken to pursue research despite the difficulties encountered in the aforementioned stages. The researchers utilized the descriptive method with a self-constructed questionnaire as the main data gathering instrument. The respondents were 103 College of Arts and Sciences fourth year students who have already taken Research 101 and 102, and are done with their final thesis defense. Data gathered were tabulated and analyzed using relative frequency and weighted mean. Based on the data gathered, the composite mean of 4.41 revealed that undergraduate students perceived research to be a vital component of their academic endeavor during college. They agreed that they encountered difficulties in writing the proposal, conducting the research, and writing the research paper. This was shown with composite means of 4.09, 3.89, and 4.01, respectively. Respondents likewise agreed that measures were taken to pursue writing the proposal, conducting the research, and writing the research paper, with weighted means of 4.29, 4.12, and 4.19, respectively. These findings led the researchers to conclude that research is perceived to be an important undertaking in an undergraduate student’s stay in college.
The Sacred of Religion and the Sublime of Ideology: Constructing Collective Identity through Religious Solidarities
Authors:   Polytechnic University of the Philippines, De Guzman Emanuel
Published: January 2025

The sacred is ontologically central to the discursive construction of collective identity. Being the institutional expression of the sacred, religion is a staple in all human collectivities and a constitutive force in forging group identities. Hence, religion is coeval and coterminous with society and the human being: religion is society’s birthright and fate. As an ontologically religious being who derives an identity from the social body, the human being is always susceptible to ideological corruption, to an excessive forging of identity and solidarity that blurs the sense of the other, that which is fundamental in the human as a social being. The observed fatal journey of group solidarities from the sacred to religion to ideology in history provides a wealth of data for theorizing the process of ideologization and the susceptibility of religion to undergo this process. The answer lies in the the structure sacred-religion ideology where ideology is seen as an embedded corruptive symptom in all social groups.
A Review of Martin Luther King’s LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL
Authors:   Polytechnic University of the Philippines, San Gabriel Hilda
Published: January 2025

Special feature
May Pera sa Gera
Authors:   Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Covero Rolando
Published: January 2025

The article presents a different perspective on militarization and wars of aggression waged, historically and currently, by the United States of America against nations and peoples in South and South East Asia, Middle East, Europe, Africa, and Latin and South America. It zeroes in on the enormous money-making dimension of the US-mongered armed confrontations. Also, the paper examines the role the US has played in fanning the flames of war among countries fighting for full-fledged independence and sovereignty. It exposes the real reasons why the US is so into these wars and who really benefits from its arms requirements amounting to billions of dollars.
Project Management and Administration of Financial Assistance to Host Communities of Batangas Power Plants
Authors:   Rizal Technological University, Binag Noel Hugo
Published: January 2025

The financial assistance under the Energy Regulations No. 1-94, as amended, of the Department of Energy (DOE) was created to further support the host local government units (LGUs)/regions over and above the various taxes received from the utilization and development of the national wealth within their respective areas as provided under Section 289-294 of the Local Government Code by the LGUs. Moreover, this provision is to secure the endorsements of the host LGUs/regions for the implementation of power projects in their area and in the long run will promote harmony and cooperation among host communities and people affected. The study is focused on evaluation of the financial assistance contributed by independent/private power producers in which energy generation facilities and/or energy resources are located in the province of Batangas, allocated among the social development programs, namely: Electrification Fund (EF); Development and Livelihood Fund (DLF); Reforestation, Watershed Management, Health and/or Environment Enhancement Fund (RWMHEEF). The descriptive-normative research design was used in this study.
The Theory and Praxis of Workers Cooperatives as Models of the Social Economy and Paradigm for Capital Innovation
Authors:   Polytechnic University of the Philippines, San Gabriel Hilda
Published: January 2025

Anchored on presenting the theory and praxis of workers cooperatives as models of the social economy, the researchers believe that cooperative enterprises, the most humanist type of organization to thrive in the last two centuries, were able to change poor people’s and marginalized worker’s lives by providing employment opportunities, thus uplifting their socioeconomic condition. The hypothesis is that a firm competing within the mainstream, local, and/or global markets can survive not only because of the profit orientation of the business enterprise but more due to its social characteristics and value for the member worker-owner of the cooperative firm, which is contrary to the dominant business model exposed by Friedman, whose major concern is the profit bottom line. It is also asserted that the organizational coherence and adherence to the universally accepted cooperative principles are some of the reasons why these cooperative business organizations exist.
Freedom of Expression, Literature, Fact, and Fiction
Authors: Sayeed Syed A.
Published: January 2025

On 5th of July, 2016, the Madras High Court delivered a significant judgment in a case relating to a petition filed by some persons and organisations against the Tamil author Perumal Murugan, demanding that Murugan’s Tamil novel, Madhorubagan, should be banned as it hurt the sentiments of the people of a particular village and had ‘portrayed the Kailasanathar temple in Tiruchencode and its women devotees “in bad light”’. Tiruchencode is a real village used as the setting for the novel which, among other things, depicts certain reproductive practices that were in effect among particular castes/communities some time ago. The presiding judges were the Hon'ble Mr. Sanjay Kishan Kaul, and the Honourable Mrs. Justice Pushpa Sathyanarayana. The judgment they delivered was remarkable in that it not only took a decisive and enlightened stand on the specific issue of banning the novel in question, refusing to ban creative works for supposedly hurting sentiments, but more importantly, it articulated the court’s position with regard to the wider question of freedom of expression. Moreover, it did so at the level of general principles in a manner that provides a point of departure for meaningful debate.
Last Resort Lalli or the New Age Miss Marple
Authors: Taneja Shrehya
Published: January 2025

The space occupied by female detectives in fiction has formed an important part of the subgenre of Crime Fiction. Looking at the famous fictional female detectives who have captured the reader’s imagination, one is reminded of Christie’s ‘Miss Marple,’ Keene’s ‘Nancy Drew,’ and Heilbrun’s ‘Kate Fansler.’ Moving to the Indian landscape, we are familiar with ‘Byomkesh Bakshi,’ ‘Feluda,’ and ‘Inspector Ghote’ but there are not many female detectives to be mentioned. The lack of representation of an Indian female detective is a lacuna that many authors attempt to bridge like Kalpana Swaminathan, Smita Jain, and Madhumita Bhattacharya. Their creations are positioned within a cultural milieu that acknowledges their debt to the Golden Age Crime Fiction writers posing significant questions. The paper focuses on Swaminathan’s silver haired detective, Last-Resort Lalli. Her fictional creation takes its cue from Christie’s Miss Marple enjoying the authority of experience. The adaptation of this subgenre necessitates a constant engagement with the cultural expectations demanded of an Indian woman in the backdrop of an emerging new economy addressing the cosmopolitan Indian reader. The reader recognizes the manner in which both the genre and the figure of female detective travel from the European epistemological structure. The case she is entrusted with is often related to crumbling matrimony rather than espionage or murder. Can the order be restored after chaos in the post apocalyptic Eden where Eden is a city landscape and the savior a female detective? The paper reflects on these questions through Swaminathan’s novels The Gardener’s Song (2007) and The Secret Gardener (2013), respectively.
Performing Murder and Metaphor
Authors: Bhattacharjee Ritwick
Published: January 2025

While detective fiction works primarily focus on the process of revealing the systems of signs, i.e. clues, that effectively lead the detective (and the reader) to the criminal, there is another set of signs that often go either unremarked or out rightly unnoticed: the red herrings. Within the structure of a detective novel and, insofar as a piece of fiction ultimately re-presents the world, the world in general red herrings are seen as broken signs which only distract. This distractive quality simultaneously marks the destructive nature of these sign systems: since they mislead, they must never be paid heed to. The current paper, however, believes that red herrings as “broken” signs are equally important, if not more than the actual clues. The paper intends to show that it is because of such signs that are broken that the world in general and the one in the novels can truly be understood. Picking up Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Hound of Baskervilles and Agatha Christie’s The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, the current paper intends to form a theoretical paradigm towards the comprehension of such clues and how, ultimately, such signs signify a perpetual systems of criminal (and quite theatrical) performances within the rubric of detective novels.
Fela Anilkulapo-Kuti's 'Beast of No Nation'
Authors: Oluwafunminiyi Raheem
Published: January 2025

Following his release from prison in 1986, Fela Anikulapo-Kuti released the album, ‘Beast of No Nation’ to critical acclaim. The song came both as a scathing criticism of the Nigerian military regime at the time and in response to the event surrounding his detention and prison experience. Specifically composed in themes highlighting, among other things, the characteristic brutal nature of military rule, human rights abuses, undemocratic makeup of the United Nations, and apartheid in South Africa, Fela used the song to expose political figures and institutions which for him represented tools of repression and oppression. While the narratives in the Beast of No Nation was framed to show Fela’s own frustrations with the Nigerian state vis-à-vis his caustic impression of the state of affairs of the global community, this paper contends that a number of issues raised in the song were not reflective of the ‘true’ account of what transpired at the time. This study, therefore, explores, among others, the historical context vis-à-vis political, national, international, and personal dimensions to the song. The primary energy of the study is to set some of the records straight by critiquing Fela’s opinions, and the ‘reality’ of what actually occurred, and statements made by other people. The study, hence, contends that most of the themes in the song may not prove Fela wrong but allow for speculation on his own artistic vision and pronouncements.
Environmental effect of pollution and smoking on protein, cholesterol, albumin and bilirubin
Authors: Iqbal Zafar , Bangash A. H. , Zakir S. , Ullah Ihsan , Rasheed H.
Published: January 2025

In order to see the effect of pollution and smoking, blood samples of 153 healthy adult men volunteers were collected from polluted and non-polluted areas of Peshawar. The age, height, duration and stay in the specific area and smoking habits were recorded. Serum was analyzed for protein, cholesterol, albumin and bilirubin. The data revealed that pollution and smoking both have no significant effect on the level of cholesterol while smoking has prominent effect on the level of total protein. The results show that pollution has a prominent effect on serum albumin i.e. the level of serum albumin was higher in smoker living in non-polluted area compared to the polluted area. From the observations, it is clear that pollution has altered the level of bilirubin and significant difference was observed in smokers and non-smokers living in polluted and non-polluted area. The data also indicate that the level of bilirubin was higher in volunteers living in non-polluted area than polluted area.
MONITORING OF FLUORIDE AND IODIDE LEVELS IN DRINKING WATER USING ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODES
Authors: Ahmed R. , Nisa Viqar -un- , Hussain M. , Tanwir R. , Qureshi S. A.
Published: January 2025

Fluoride and iodide, the most important constituents of drinking water are essential as well as toxic depending on their levels. For their analysis in water mostly ion-selective electrodes, spectrophotometry, titrimetry and coulometry etc; have been used and literature has been briefly reviewed. Ion-selective electrodes offer an efficient method for the measurement of the two halides and were mostly used during this work. Fabrication of these electrodes is briefly described. Comparison of results obtained by ion selective electrode and coulometry is given. Recoveries of the added fluoride ions from the samples were good. A large number of water samples from Rawalpindi-Islamabad area were analyzed for fluoride and iodide. Levels of fluoride and iodide from two main water reservoirs of Rawalpindi and Islamabad are reported before and after treatment. Both surface and ground water samples were analyzed and results are compared and discussed. Some samples from northern areas were also analyzed for iodide and fluoride and compared. Intake of fluoride and iodide from water of different areas is also compared. Water samples, which caused bone deformation in certain areas in Punjab due to excess fluoride, were also analyzed for fluoride and results are presented.
GENOTYPIC RESPONSE IN CANOLA (BRASSICA SPECIES) AGAINST APHID (APHIDAE: HOMOPTERA) ATTACK
Authors: Sarwar M. , Ahmad N. , Siddiqui Q. H. , Ali A. , Tofique M.
Published: January 2025

Present research work reports the results of work done, by determining the relative degree of responses of 12 canola genotypes (namely, Waster, CON I, CON II, CON III, Abasin-95, Dunkled, Rainbow, Shiralee, Hyola-42, Hyola-308, Hyola-401 and Oscar) against aphidsâ€™ infestation, under field conditions. In order to understand genotypic response, parameters with respect to incidence of aphidsâ€™ infestation and seeds yield obtained were recorded. Data pertaining to yield parameter as affected by different aphids infestation revealed that response of various genotypes were variable. The abundance of aphids was the least on Rainbow (44.92 aphids per plant), while, the most on CON. III (130.6 aphids per plant). Rainbow gave the better yield performance (3330.0 Kg/ha), while; the least yield (1720.0 Kg/ha) was obtained from genotype Hyola-401.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF COBALT(II), NICKEL(II) AND COPPER (II) WITH 1-(2 PYRIDYLAZO)-2-NAPHTHOL IN MICELLAR MEDIUM
Authors: Shar G. A. , Soomro G. A.
Published: January 2025

Spectrophotometeric determination of cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) is carried out with 1-(2 pyridylazo)-2-naphthol as a complexing reagent in aqueous phase using non-ionic surfactant Tween 80. Beerâ€™s law is obeyed for Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) over the range 0.5 - 4.0, 0.5 - 4.0 and 0.5 - 3.0 ngmL-1 with detection limit (2Ïƒ) ï€ of 6.7, 3.2 and 3.9 ngmL-1. The ï¬max molar absorption, molar absorptivity, Sandell's sensitivity of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) are 580 nm, 570 nm and 555 nm; ï¥ max ï‚´ (104 mol-1 cm -1) is 0.87, 1.8 and 1.6 and 6.8, 3.3 and 3.9 ng cm-2 respectively. The pH at which complex is formed for Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) is 5, 5.5 and 6.5 respectively. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Tween 80 is 5%. The present method is compared with that of atomic absorption spectroscopy and no significant difference is noted between the two methods at 95% confidence level. The method has been applied to the determination of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) in industrial waste water and pharmaceutical samples
EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIME IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Nasim M. , Orfi S. D.
Published: January 2025

In Pakistan a gradual evolution and development of nuclear safety regime, starting from its very early stage to a full-fledged independent authority has taken place. The evolution process took more than four decades and has been completed in six different stages, i.e. (i) with no legal basis (April 1956 â€“ December 1965), (ii) under Atomic Energy Act of 1965 (December 1965 â€“ January 1984), (iii) under the Nuclear Safety Act of 1984 (January 1984 â€“ September 1990), (iv) with support of 1990 regulations (September 1990 â€“ October 1994), (v) with a quasi independent regulatory board (October 1994 â€“ January 2001) and (vi) with fully independent regulatory authority (January 2001 â€“ Onward). This included the issuance of executive order(s) and Pakistan Nuclear Safety Committee (PNSC) era with Nuclear Safety and Licensed Division (NSLD) as the secretariat to the establishment of formal legal entities i.e. Directorate of Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection (DNSRP), Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Board (PNRB), and Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA). Today, Pakistan can rightly claim to have full-grown independent and viable nuclear safety organization and legal system for enforcing national regulations and standards on nuclear safety.
NUCLEAR MEDICAL CENTRES OF PAEC
Authors: Khurshid S. J.
Published: January 2025

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in the beginning of the 1960â€™s chalked out plans for the utilization of radiations and radioisotopes for health care of the population and setup two nuclear medical centres at Karachi and Lahore in 1960 and 1963, respectively. Since these centres had only diagnostic facilities, the PAEC later on established eleven more centres in various parts of the country, which have both nuclear medicine and radiotherapy facilities. Initially, the manpower for the medical centres was trained in Europe and America, but later on training facilities were developed within the country at what is now the Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) which has been organizing M.Sc. level courses in Nuclear Medicine, Medical Physics, and Health Physics. Many of these centres are equipped with modern equipment, which includes single and double head gamma cameras, linear accelerators, Cobolt-60 sources, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), brachetherapy, simulators, and treatment planning systems (TPS), mammography, ultrasound and radioimmunoassay (RIA). These tertiary care centres are working in close collaboration with major teaching hospitals and providing diagnostic and treatment facilities to about 350,000 patients annually. PAEC has now also started cancer awareness and screening programme; and has established 13 breast cancer clinics in the medical centres. The public has been informed regarding these facilities through electronic and print media.
NUCLEAR POWER IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Siddiqui Zia H. , Qureshi I. H.
Published: January 2025

Pakistan started its nuclear power program by installing a 137 MWe Canadian Deuterium Reactor (CANDU) at Karachi in 1971 which became operational in 1972. The post-contract technical support for the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) was withdrawn by Canada in 1976 as a consequence of Indian nuclear device test in 1974. Inspite of various difficulties PAEC resolved to continue to operate KANUPP and started a process for the indigenous fabrication of spare parts and nuclear fuel. The first fuel bundle fabricated in Pakistan was loaded in the core in 1980. Since then KANUPP has been operating on the indigenously fabricated fuel. The plant computer systems and the most critical instrumentation and Control systems were also replaced with up-to date technology. In 2002 KANUPP completed its original design life of 30 year. A program for the life extension of the plant had already been started. The second nuclear power plant of 300 MWe pressurized water reactor purchased from China was installed at Chasma in 1997, which started commercial operations in 2001. Another unit of 300 MWe will be installed at Chashma in near future. These nuclear power plants have been operating under IAEA safeguards agreements. PAEC through the long-term performance of the two power plants has demonstrated its competence to safely and successfully operate and maintain nuclear power plants. Pakistan foresees an increasingly important and significant share of nuclear power in the energy sector. The Government has recently allocated a share of 8000 MW for nuclear energy in the total energy scenario of Pakistan by the year 2025.
AN OVERVIEW OF NUCLEAR POWER ECONOMICS AND SAFETY ISSUES IN THE WORLD AND IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Ahmad S. A. , Hayat T. , Mahmood A.
Published: January 2025

Nuclear Power generation has been and is a serious option in the energy basket for economic competitiveness as well as energy autarky and security. However, two most important factors, i.e. economics and safety, need to be discussed from the developing markets point of view while watching global trends. The type, size and vendor information is presented in a manner that economic and safety paradigm is more clearly visible. Most of the 12,000 reactor-years operation experience in the world is obtained from generation I & II Nuclear Power Plants, and it is considered that they are still relevant in most energy markets. Currently, like countries such as the USA, UK and others, Pakistan has Generation II NPP technology, so both economics and safety conditions may not change in the near future. However, alternative data is presented to provide a better understanding; and its relevance to Pakistan is stressed.
2D VAN HOVE SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH WEAK AND STRONG-COUPLINGS
Authors: Parvin F. , Islam A.K. M.A. , Islam F. N.
Published: January 2025

The critical temperature (Tc) and the isotope coefficient (Î±) of two-dimensional van Hove superconductors have been analyzed. The phonon induced superconductors with both weak and strong couplings are considered. For weak coupling, the variation of Tc and Î± as a function of average phonon frequency, Ï‰D, for three sets of pairing potential, V, shows that Î± decreases at nearly same rate with the increase of Ï‰D; but Tc increases with increasing Ï‰D but at different rates for different V. For strong coupling, the variation of Tc and Î± shows that smaller band width produces desirable results that are consistent with observation.
STEP TOWARDS IN-SITU ELECTROKINETIC REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Khalid Maria , Qureshi R. M. , Ahmed N.
Published: January 2025

Electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology has fast emerged as a reliable, powerful and highly prominent candidate for effective in situ removal of soluble and leachable toxic species of metals, radionuclides, organics from contaminated soil and water environment. Many developing countries are now employing this technology with great success for on-site decontamination of waste soils. Nevertheless, in Pakistan, such a technology has never been developed for in-situ remediation of toxic species in waste soils. This paper presents a brief account of our initial efforts made at PINSTECH, Islamabad regarding development and operation of electrokinetic cell for lab-scale remediation of toxic metals (also organic pollutants and radio-metals) and EKR related specific analysis of soil samples collected from three target sites (Korangi Industrial Zone-Karachi, Kala Shah Kaku-G.T. Road, and near Village Nilore, Islamabad).
RESPONSE OF MATURE TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS L.) TO NITROGEN DURING DIFFERENT SEASONS
Authors: Hamid F. S. , Khan B. M. , Waheed A. , Ahmad N. , Ahmad T.
Published: January 2025

Field experiments were conducted on mature tea bushes of Chinese Qi-Men variety at two different altitudes (1000 and 1500 m) from sea level during three consecutive years from 1998 to 2000. Different levels of nitrogen with the basal dose of phosphorus and potassium were applied to seven years old tea bushes. Mother leaf sampling was carried out during plucking season for the period of study. The mother leaves were analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The results revealed that the tea plucking in different months had a significant effect on the absorption of nitrogen from the soil. High uptake of nitrogen was observed during the main growing season than dormant months. It was observed that the dose of 420 kg N haâ€“1 gave the good results to overcome the critical level of NPK in the uppermost mature tea leaf in different plucking seasons.
THE APPLICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR MHD VISCOUS FLOW OVER A POROUS STRETCHING SHEET
Authors: Mahmood R. , Sajid M.
Published: January 2025

This work is concerned with the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) viscous flow due to a porous stretching sheet. The similarity solution of the problem is obtained using finite element method. The physical quantities of interest like the fluid velocity and skin friction coefficient is obtained and discussed under the influence of suction parameter and Hartman number. It is evident from the results that MHD can be used to control the boundary layer thickness.
DISTRIBUTION OF SOLUTE NEAR THE ALPHA PLATES FORMED IN TITANIUM BINARY ALLOYS
Authors: Mujahid S. A.
Published: January 2025

The partitioning of solute from Î± plates formed in Ti-5.1at.%Fe, Ti-5.4at.%V and Ti-2.6at.%Fe alloys has been investigated theoretically. These plates grow isothermally from solid solution in titanium binary alloys. The idea was to clarify whether they grow without diffusion or whether the partitioning of solute occurs after transformation. To check whether the latter mechanism is plausible, calculations have been conducted of the diffusion profile of solute and of the time required for the plate to achieve its equilibrium composition. The model based on a finite difference (FD) technique was used for the calculations. The results have been compared with the published experimental data and with that obtained using analytical technique.
SEM COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL AND MODULUS GRADIENT-INDUCED PARTICULATE COMPOSITES OF POLYURETHANE NANO POLYMER
Authors: Khan M. B.
Published: January 2025

The microstructure of polyurethane (PU) nano material comprising hard-block urethane linkages and soft-segment prepolymer chains is presented and discussed. Two types of micro composites of the nano material are fabricated by reactive processing. A generic particle-doped composite is supplanted by the one in which a modulus gradient is deliberately introduced at the particle-matrix interface. SEM examines the morphology of the respective composites. Cryofracture surfaces of these composites reveal good interfacial adhesion in the modified composite without the attendant processing constraints and the visible particle pull out observed in traditional composites. The results are compared with parallel work comprising liquid crystalline polymer (LCT)-PET blend and a rubber-toughened epoxy. It is found that securing micro-particles to the host nano-matrix serves to increase the cohesive energy density, reduce the non-linear response and improve the fracture energy of the fabricated assembly.
CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRIC STUDY OF ELECTRO-OXIDATION OF METHANOL ON PLATINUM ELECTRODE IN ACIDIC AND NEUTRAL MEDIA
Authors: A. Khan A. S. , Ahmed R. , Mirza M. L.
Published: January 2025

The electro-oxidation of methanol on electrochemically treated platinum foil was investigated in acidic and neutral media for comparison of cyclic voltammetric characteristics and elucidation of mechanism of electro-oxidation of methanol. The surface area and roughness factor of platinum electrode was calculated. The electro-oxidation of methanol is an irreversible process giving anodic peaks in both anodic and cathodic sweep. The characteristic peaks of electro-oxidation of methanol appeared at almost the same potential region in both acidic and neutral media. In neutral medium, certain additional cathodic/anodic peaks appeared which were confirmed to arise by the reduction/oxidation of hydrogen ions. The exchange current density and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant was higher in neutral medium as compared with acidic medium. The thermodynamic parameters Î”H*, Î”S*, and Î”G298* were calculated. The values of Î”H* and Î”G298* were positive which indicated that the process of electro-oxidation of methanol is an endothermic and non-spontaneous. The mechanism of electro-oxidation of methanol was same in both acidic and neutral media involving the formation of various adsorbed intermediate species through dissociative adsorption steps leading to the formation of CO adsorbed radicals, which are removed during interaction with adsorbed hydrous oxides provided by the oxidation of adsorbed water molecules. The higher rate of electro-oxidation of methanol in neutral medium was interpreted in the light of electrochemical mechanism and was attributed to the presence of comparatively small amount of hydrogen ions only along the surface of working electrode, which are produced during electro-oxidation of methanol.
FABRICATION AND CONTACTING INDIVIDUAL GOLD NANOWIRES
Authors: Karim S. , Ensinger W.
Published: January 2025

Gold nanowires with diameters ranging from 80 to 320 nm are electrochemically fabricated in etched single-poremembranes. By means of two macroscopic planar electrodes on either side of the membrane, single nanowires aresuccessfully contacted. The fabrication and contacting method is presented and the measured resistance-versusdiameterbehavior of the nanowires is discussed, considering electron scattering both at the wire surface and at thegrain boundaries.
FORMATION OF LOW TC SUPERCONDUCTING PHASE IN BSCCO SYSTEM
Authors: Qayyum S. , Durrani S. K. , Akhtar J. , Qureshi A. H. , Arif M. , Ahmed M. , Rahman S.
Published: January 2025

The sol spray process (modified form of sol gel) has been used to prepare Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) homogeneouspowder. In sol spray process, the prepared sol solutions have been dehydrated directly into BSCCO ceramic powder byspraying into a preheated temperature controlled pyrex glass column by means of compressed air atomization withoutthe addition of organic chelating agent or organic templates. The prepared BSCCO material was characterized bythermogravimetric (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) techniques. Elemental compositions of BSCCO oxide powder and calcined pellet were verified by inductivelycoupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) attached with SEM. Theresults of these techniques were compared and correlated statistically. Student t-test and variance ratio test (F-test)were performed for the significance of results by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The dependence of electrical resistanceversus temperature was recorded by classical four probe technique. It has been observed that sol spray process didaffect the physico-chemical properties of BSCCO superconductor oxide. The superconducting phase identified by abovementioned techniques mainly shows the higher %age of low Tc phase Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (2212) with transition temperatureof 85 K.
MOLECULAR SIEVE AS AN ECONOMICAL ROUTE FOR THE REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) AND TETRAHYDROTHIOPHENE(THT) FROM NATURAL GAS FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Akhtar M. N. , Qureshi A. H. , Guard B.
Published: January 2025

The removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and tetrahydrothiophene (THT) from the natural gas has been studied by employing two kinds of sorbents, i. e., compounds of sulfur-absorbing and sulfur-adsorbing materials. For the removal of sulfur compounds, a system was designed, established and operated for 2000 hours. Determination of the life-cycle assessment and feasibility of materialâ€™s effectiveness were also carried out. The same experiment was repeated by using a substitute (molecular sieve) and the treated gas coming out of the cleaning system was examined every 4-hour-run time by DrÃ¤ger gas detector pump (DGDP) for the presence of H2S and THT. The results were very encouraging for this material. The molecular sieve is found highly economical as a single material with a simple design when compared with the set of sorbents tried earlier. The sulfur-free natural gas is required as feedstock for the production of hydrogen gas which will be consumed by the proton exchange membrane fuel cells for smooth functioning, keeping in view the high efficiency of the system.
LABORATORY SCALE ELECTROKINETIC REMEDIATION OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL
Authors: Khalid M. , Ahmed N. , Qureshi R. M.
Published: January 2025

Pakistan hosts a variety of waste soils around industrial sites located in and around large population centers. Clean upof these waste soils is essential to save potable groundwater reserves beneath these waste soils. Among several wasteremediation approaches, the electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology has fast emerged as a reliable, powerful andhighly prominent candidate for effective in situ removal of soluble and leachable toxic species of metals, radionuclides,organics from contaminated soils and water environment. This paper presents results of the first laboratory trialexperiment performed at PINSTECH, Islamabad, Pakistan to demonstrate applicability of EKR approach for removal ofaqueous phase chromium from silty clay soil around Islamabad. The electroosmotic flow rate was 3.13 ml/hour while themass balance calculations revealed that the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) was 44.58% for the experimental soil.
RADIOCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF NUCLEAR DATA
Authors: Qaim S. M.
Published: January 2025

A vast knowledge of nuclear data is available and is grouped under three headings, namely, nuclear structure, nuclear decay and nuclear reaction data. Data measurements are done using a large number of techniques, including the radiochemical method, which has been extensively worked out at Juelich. This method is used for preparation of high-quality samples for irradiation, isolation of the desired radioactive product from the strong matrix activity, and preparation of thin suitable sources for accurate measurement of the radioactivity. The radiochemical method is especially suitable for fundamental studies on light complex particle emission reactions and formation of low-lying isomeric states. The neutron induced reaction cross section data are also of practical application in fusion reactor technology, particularly for calculations on tritium breeding, gas production in structural materials and activation of reactor components. The charged particle induced reaction cross section data, on the other hand, are of significance in developing new production routes of novel positron emitters and therapeutic radionuclides at a cyclotron. A brief overview of all those studies is given.
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF HIGH LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES â€“ A BRIEF NOTE ON THE PROBLEM
Authors: Rana M. A.
Published: January 2025

Issues of high level nuclear waste disposal which involve a number of known and unknown risk factors are discussed. Implementation of nuclear waste disposal has to be based on multi-criteria decision making. Some of the major aspects of the issues are analyzed and described briefly to build a perception of the ethical implications and risks involved. This brief account on state of the nuclear waste disposal problems would be helpful for researchers working on radioactivity containment and disposal.
MAGNETIC BEHAVIOR OF NICKEL FERRITE NANOPARTICLES PREPARED BY CO-PRECIPITATION ROUTE
Authors: Maaz K. , Mashiatullah A. , Qazi N. K. , Javed T. , Qureshi R. M. , Karim S. , Ali G.
Published: January 2025

Magnetic nanoparticles of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) have been synthesized by co-precipitation route using stable ferric and nickel salts with sodium hydroxide as the precipitating agent and oleic acid as the surfactant. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analyses confirmed the formation of single phase nickel ferrite nanoparticles in the range 8-28 nm. The size of the particles was observed to be increasing linearly with increasing annealing temperature of the sample. Typical blocking effects were observed below ~225 K for all the prepared samples. The superparamagnetic blocking temperature was found to be continuously increasing with increasing particle sizes that has been attributed to the increased effective anisotropy of the nanoparticles. The saturation moment of all the samples was found much below the bulk value of nickel ferrite that has been attributed to the disordered surface spins of these nanoparticles.