bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Transfer of Production Planning and Control Systems from Plants in the United States to Other Parts of the World
Authors: Plenert Gerhard
Published: November 2023

United States managers frequently assume that if they have a production planning and control system that works well in a domestic plant, then this same systems technology will be optimal in a similar plant located in another country. This assumption is the first of several that must be discarded by American companies thinking about overseas expansion.
Restructuring and the Unrelated Strategy
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A
Published: November 2023

Assuming managers generally seek to enhance firm value in acquisitions, unrelated acquisitions should not regularly occur. Logically, related acquirers should generally outbid unrelated acquirers in competition for target firms (because they have more to gain, in the form of synergy). Still, unrelated diversification remains a popular corporate diversification strategy. As the evidence presented in chapter 8 suggests, many firms that underwent multiple divestitures to initiate restructuring nonetheless remained unrelated diversifiers. In fact, intermediate diversified firms moved away from their strategy and toward becoming related diversifiers, while unrelated diversifiers often stayed with their strategy. This finding was confirmed by a sampling of firms that was biased in favor of downscoping because the sample firms were overdiversified. Research has also suggested that under some circumstances unrelated acquisitions can produce gains for shareholders, or at least not generate losses. Furthermore, the continued prevalence of unrelated diversification suggests that this strategy is supported by firm stakeholders.1
The Whigs and Their Age
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

A cold and blustery March wind chilled the ceremonies for the presidential inauguration of 1841. But the old soldier at the center of attention spoke for an hour and a half. In an era when people took oratory seriously, William Henry Harrison delivered the longest inaugural address of any president ever, full of learned classical allusions. In implied but clear reproach to the Democrats, he promised to exercise executive restraint, serve but one term, and use the veto sparingly—the last not too risky a commitment since his party controlled both houses of Congress. He condemned hard money, the spoils system, and “the spirit of party.” He warned of the dangers of demagogues claiming to speak “in the name of democracy,” who perverted the commonwealth and stripped the people of their liberties. He cited Caesar and Cromwell as his examples, but all understood these as coded references to Andrew Jackson. The Whig victory had averted, just in time, the corruption of American republican institutions—”a calamity so awful, not only to our country, but to the world.”
Introduction
Authors: LaPiana William P
Published: November 2023

The appointment of Christopher Columbus Langdell as Dane Professor at Harvard Law School on January 6, 1870, is widely acknowledged to mark the beginning of the modern American law school. Langdell’s discovery of a new world of legal education was only a start. His disciples, especially James Barr Ames and William A. Keener, developed what we recognize today as the case method of legal education. What generally has been overlooked, however, is Alfred Z. Reed’s observation “that literally all good things are not first thought of in Cambridge” and “except on the score of practicality, there was nothing startlingly original in [Langdell’s] idea.”3 Reed was clearly on the right track. Aspects of I.angdell’s method of teaching, his beliefs about the scientific nature of law, and the rhetoric with which he justified them resembled those of the past. Yet the first dean of Harvard Law School has acquired the reputation of an innovator of the first order, and a perverse innovator at that. His thought-and by extension the form of legal education he helped create--has been identified as one of the principal sources of the sterile formalism that supposedly marked late nineteenth-century American legal thought.
Harvard and the Legal world
Authors: LaPiana William P
Published: November 2023

The success of the reformed Harvard Law School was no foregone conclusion. The creation of a new sort of law school caused internal stresses that lasted for much of the 1870s and 1880s. Even when the school could present a united front to the world, it was not always attractive. The academics’ claim to a monopoly on understanding legal science, evident in Langdell’s criticism of bar examinations, could ruffle the feathers of the profession. The bar, however, eventually learned to accommodate the new school with its claims to superiority in training lawyers. Moreover, doubts about the traditional system were not limited to academics. Some practitioners, especially in New York City, came to believe in the 1860s and 1870s that something had to be done to raise the standard of the bar, to put stricter controls on entry into the profession. Langdell, Eliot, and the reformed Harvard eventually proved to be allies.
“Freedom and Law Must Die Ere They Sever”: The North
Authors: Summers Mark Wahlgren
Published: November 2023

The drama of those early days is the stuff of which good farce and bad romance is made. Within a week of the fall of Fort Sumter, 500 children were singing in a national allegory about “Disunion” at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Deaf-mutes at the Hartford asylum raised a company and outfitted them in gaudy Zouave uniforms. Unable to hear commands, they nonethe less were said to keep perfect step without music, and to move as rapidly as any general could wish.
Questionnaire and Survey
Authors: Kujawa Duane , Kumon Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

Utilization of the Questionnaire Survey To help offset the limited number of plants wherein we were able to conduct onsite interviews, and to facilitate comparisons with plants besides those from our four main targeted industries, we carried out a survey based on questionnaires (see pp. 99-105). First, we attempted specific analyses of the response we received regarding the following seven key items in the application of the Japanese style manufacturing system to North America: (1) job classifications (Q1), (2) wage systems (Q2), (3) job rotation (Q3), (4) education and training (Q6), (5) quality control (Q7), (6) layoff policy (QlO), and (7) small group activities (Q11). We then proceeded to select twelve questions and apply the application-adaptation ratings to them in the same way as we did to the plants actually visited. In fact, we obtained results that were surprisingly similar to those obtained from the field investigation. The application adaptation ratings based on our questions give further credence to those given to the 23 items in our field investigation and provide them with a greater degree of objectivity. Field Conditions and an Outline of Surveyed Factories Here, then, is a brief explanation of how we carried out our questionnaire survey and an overview of the target industries. From August through September, 1989, we mailed our questionnaires to 450 Japanese-related manufacturing companies located in North America (the United States and Canada) and received 88 valid responses, a response rate of 19.6 percent. The information from these 88 plants was distributed among seven industrial categories, namely auto assembly (7 plants), auto parts (15 plants), electronics (21 plants), metalworking (11 plants), chemicals (13 plants), other machinery (8 plants), and other manufacturing (13 plants). Since only two semiconductor plants responded to our questionnaires, we included these two plants with electronics.
Overall Evaluation and Prospects
Authors: Abo Tetsuo
Published: November 2023

Throughout the preceding chapters we have shown the theory behind our research, its underlying analytical framework, and the various aspects of the analysis and evaluation of our on-the-spot investigation conducted both in Japan and America. The present chapter, then, is not merely a recap of this but an attempt to confront the primary accomplishments of the application-adaptation model analysis carried out up to this point with an evaluation of actual performance in order to arrive at a general assessment of the condition of the transfer of the Japanese system to local Japanese transplants. Due to various difficulties, an evaluation of performance did not appear in our previous preliminary study. The current study also leaves much to be desired in this regard, but without an evaluation of actual performance it could hardly be considered complete. In conclusion, we will attempt to tie together the accomplishments of the present research as a whole and take this occasion to touch upon the areas that impressed us most in the past two investigations and to review within a broader context the significance of the present research in regard to a few issues thus bringing-in future prospects.
Sacred Vessels
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

Awesome in size, immensely powerful and ingrained in the socio-economic and psychological structure of the U.S. Navy, the battleship served as chief guardsman of territory, reigning as monarch of the sea. For two hundred years it played an essential role in U.S. military affairs, yet as Robert L O'Connell demonstrates, the battleship was never actually an effective weapon of war - even before advances in submarine and aircraft technology rendered it impractical. Battleships have never played an actively important role in the outcome of any modern war but they have continued to be resurrected and refurbished, capturing the hearts of the public with their awesome beauty and size, and the myopic devotion of the military with their patently inefficient presence. Sacred Vessels tells the story of the evolution of the battleship. It is a cautionary tale about the often unacknowledged influence of human faith, culture and tradition and of the exceedingly important, costly and, supposedly rational, process, of nations arming themselves for war.
Ion Channel Kinetics: A Fractal Time Sequence of Conformational States
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride can move freely through water but cannot cross the hydrophobic lipids that form the cell membrane. However, these ions can interact with proteins in the cell membrane that transport them across the cell membrane. Three types of proteins are involved in ion transport: 1) Pumps, such as the sodium-potassium ATPase, bind tightly to a few ions at a time and use energy from ATP to move these ions against their electrochemical gradient. 2) Carriers, such as the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter, bind tightly to a few ions at a time and help them move down their electrochemical gradient. 3) Channels, such as the sodium channel, bind weakly to many ions at a time and allow them to move down their electrochemical gradient.
Introduction: The Manufacturing Vision Group
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

This book is one of several products to come out of the Manufacturing Vision Group (MVG), an organization of like-minded academics and company executives who were motivated by the competitive pressures of the late 1980s to share experiences and knowledge with the hope of making sense of the transformations taking place in the U.S. manufacturing industry. In particular, members shared a common interest in (1) analyzing and exploring how manufacturing firms learn, and (2) determining the impact of trends and dislocations awaiting firms as new business and manufacturing paradigms evolved.
Hewlett-Packard Company
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

The study of product development at Hewlett-Packard is extremely compelling, because in the last five years the huge corporation has made a radical shift in the way it pursues development projects. For decades the company was organized into highly structured and completely autonomous divisions. Project development was always con­tained within a division. The methods by which one division pursued projects, however, were often completely different from those used by another, although one relationship was always common to them: design engineers ran the show, and marketing, manufacturing, and other groups in each divisions were left to adapt to whatever the engineers settled on.
Introduction: Banking Structure and Global Competition
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

Few topics in economics and finance have been as hotly debated as the “optimum” structure and regulation of the banking system. The objective is always the same: maximum static and dynamic efficiency within a politically and economically tolerable framework of stability and equity. Gains in efficiency often come at a cost in terms of stability and equity. More stable and equitable financial systems often require sacrifices in terms of efficiency. Coupled to these basically national considerations is global competitiveness—of the national financial services industry and of the national economy more generally. The four benchmarks against which the ultimate performance of national financial systems must invariably be measured are stability, equity, efficiency, and competitiveness.
Coptic Nci in the Conjunctive Chain
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

Coptic nci introduces nouns or noun phrases anticipated by the suffix pronoun of a verb form. A property of nci that has passed unnoticed concerns its behavior in conjunctive chains: When all the verb forms in a conjunctive chain have the same actor, nci can follow the last verb form.
Relationship of the Conjunctive with What Precedes
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

The scholarly debate on the relationship of the conjunctive with what precedes in the sentence has revolved around three contrastive pairs which will be discussed in the ensuing paragraphs. The three pairs are as follows.
Contiguity in Sinuhe B 200
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

In the previous section, it was suggested that Arabic mii in … hatta… corresponds in meaning to English “no sooner … than….”In turn, Arabic mii in … hatta …, in presenting events in reverse order, bears striking resemblance to an Egyptian idiom expressing that two events A and B are contiguous-that is,follow one another in quick succession-by emphasizing, with some degree of hyperbole, that A happened after B. A literal translation of the Egyptian equivalent of “He had no sooner arrived than he asked for food” would be “It is after having asked for food that he arrived”; or even more literal, “that he arrived is while (already) having asked for food.” A more temperate way of expressing contiguity is “When he arrived, he asked for food” (see§ 11).
Medicine, Money, And Morals
Authors: Rodwin Marc A
Published: November 2023

Medicine, Money and Morals explores physicians’ financial conflicts of interest. These conflicts are described and explained with details of how they have changed overtime and how professionals and society have addressed them in the past. Parallels are drawn with conflicts of interest in other professions including lawyers, public officials, and financial advisors. It is shown that these problems are getting worse and how they affect patients, society in general, and the doctors themselves. Based on his own experience as a health lawyer, along with investigative reporting and a careful study of health ethics, law and policy, the author reveals the full dimensions of the problem. This controversial book will be of interest to all physicians, public health officials, and medical ethicists as well as patients themselves. become a health policy issue. This book explains what these conflicts of interest are, how they have changed over the past century, what the organized medical profession has done about them in the past and how these problems are dealt with now by physicians and society. It also shows how such problems are dealt with in other fields and what options society has in trying to address these issues in the future.
The Medical Profession’s Response: 1890-1992
Authors: Rodwin Marc A
Published: November 2023

Will the peddling of patients prove permanently profitable?... Can the general practitioner always land his patient in the net of the specialist who will charge the largest fee and share it most liberally? Can the transaction be repeated with the same patient or any of his friends? Will the patient so referred ever return to the general practitioner at all? Will not the specialists, instead of regarding the patient as leased, regard him as transferred in fee simple, and be shrewd enough to see that the way to recoup is by himself referring the patient to the next specialist, and so on until the patient can no longer be "referred" (sold) or is not worth "referring"?1 (Journal of the American Medical Association, 1898).
Managing Competition and Cooperation
Authors: Fruin W Mark
Published: November 2023

In competition today, factories like Toshiba’s Yanagicho Works are only as good as their suppliers. Indeed, during the 1980s between 73 and 83 percent of the manufactured value of Yanagicho’s products was sourced from suppliers.1 Yanagicho continued to outsource high levels of parts, components, and subassemblies from domestic suppliers despite prolonged merchandise trade surpluses, increased foreign direct investment (FDI), and heightened internationalization of the economy. Yanagicho and Toshiba are caught between a decided dependency on leterally hundreds of domestic suppliers for most of the value-added content, quality, and price/performance of their products, and a growing international division of labor that is forcing outsourcing and jobs overseas.
Belfast English and Standard English
Authors: Henry Alison
Published: November 2023

The study of comparative syntax in closely related languages has yielded valuable insights into syntactic phenomena--for example in the study of the Romance languages--yet little comparative work has been done on English dialects. This is the first comparison of the syntax of Belfast English and Standard English, using Chomsky’s “Principles and Parameters”/Minimalist framework. Alison Henry analyses various Belfast English constructions and their Standard English counterparts to gain insight into both English syntax and syntactic theory in general. In the process, she makes valuable data on Belfast English readily available for the first time.
For To Infinitives
Authors: Henry Alison
Published: November 2023

Belfast English is one of a number of dialects of English in which it seems that the complementiser for may appear directly before to in infinitives, as shown in (1) and (2) below

(1) I want for to meet them.

(2) It is difficult for to see that.

Other such varieties include Ottawa Valley English (Carroll 1983) and Ozark English (mentioned briefly in Chomsky & Lasnik 1977, Chomsky 1981, Koster & May 1982).

In standard English, for never appears immediately before to; for appears before a lexical subject, but is absent where the subject is PRO. The standard, pre-Minimalist, view of this (see for example Chomsky 1981) has been that the subject position of infinitives is ungoverned and thus not Case-marked; it could therefore be PRO, considered to occur only in ungoverned positions; if there is a lexical subject, this must be Case-marked in another way, for example by for which governs and Case-marks the subject position.
Inversion in Embedded Questions
Authors: Henry Alison
Published: November 2023

In English matrix questions, both yes-no and wh, there is subject-auxiliary inversion, generally analysed as movement of I (=AGRS) to C.

(1) Is Bill going?

(2) What have they done?

In standard English, this inversion is restricted to matrix questions; it does not occur in embedded questions, so that (3) and (4) are ungrammatical.

(3) SE *I wondered was Bill going.

(4) SE *They asked them what had they done.
Subject Contact Relatives
Authors: Henry Alison
Published: November 2023

Belfast English allows what have been termed by Doherty (1993) “subject contact relatives.” These are what appear to be relative clauses where the relativised element is a subject, and where the relative pro noun is not phonetically realised.

(1) I have a sister lives in Dublin.

(2) There are people don’t read books.

(3) It’s always me pays the gas bill.

In standard English, a zero relative pronoun is possible only where the relativised element is not the subject of its clause.
Suprerne Court and the Fourteenth Amendment, I: Equal Protection
Authors: Perry Michael
Published: November 2023

We are now in a position to pursue the implications both of originalism and of normative minimalism for the constitutional doctrine the modern Supreme Court has fashioned in the name of “equal protection” and for the doctrine it has fashioned in the name of “substantive due process”. No modern constitutional doctrines are more controversial. lo what extent are modern equal protection doctrine and modern substantive due process doctrine consistent with the originalist approach to constitutional interpretation? And to what extent are they consistent with the minimalist, or Thayerian, approach to the constitutional specification? Although I do not discuss, in this or in the next chapter, every doctrinal development the modern Court has fashioned in the name either of equal protection or of substantive due process, I do discuss the most important doctrinal developments, including the two that are probably the most controversial: those concerning affirmative action and abortion. My concern here is not with every detail of the developments I discuss, but only with the basic features of those developments: I want to inquire into the implications of originalism and of normative minimalism for the basic features of the most important doctrinal developments the modern Court has fashioned in the name either of equal protection or of substantive due process.
Impact oi the Iraq-Iran War on Iraq’s Relationship with Arab Guli Countries
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

In the foregoing pages we have dealt with the unresolved disputes between Iraq and Kuwait up to the outbreak of the Iraq-Iran warin 1980. Following the eight-year war with Iran, it was hoped that the lingering differences between Iraq and Kuwait might be resolved, as Iraq had received generous financial and political support from the Arab Gulf countries, in particular from Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. This was not only the expectation of Arab Gulf countries but also the countries beyond the Gulf region.Small wonder that when Iraq suddenly and unexpectedly invadedKuwait, the news of Iraq’s breach of the peace and its resort to occupy Kuwait by force seemed outrageous and unforgivable as reflected in almost all the Western media. But Iraq’s own economic and strategic requirements, although not entirely unknown to leading policymakers in Western countries, seem to have been paid little or no attention in the decisions made to intervene in the Gulf crisis. In this chapter, we propose to discuss Iraq’s views and grievances. In the following chapter, the drives and events leading up to the invasion of Kuwait will be dealt with.
To ’Open the Doors of All Schools’ Passive Resistance to Brown, 1955-1961
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

Thurgood Marshall appeared on Time magazine’s cover on September 19, 1955. His name, the story said, was ’indelibly stamped’ on Brown, and, according to Time, ’what he decides to do about a thousand practical legal questions will interact powerfully with the decisions and attitudes of other men of similar and quite different and opposite views. The resultant of these forces will determine the pace, the style and the success of an effort to remove from U.S. life a paralyzing sting in its conscience and the ugliest blot upon its good name in the world.’ The story concluded with a portrait of Marshall at work, ’dealing briskly with scores of tactical decisions in the desegregation fight.’ Marshall was acutely aware ’of how far he and his cause had come, and at the same time, he felt a strong sense of how hard and long was the road ahead. He did not want merely to win, but to win in the way that would cause least pain to Negro and white and reflect the most credit on the U.S. Constitution.
’An Act to Make It Difficult . . . to Assert the Constitutional Rights of Negroes’’The Attack on the Lawyers, 1955-1961
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

In October 1956, Marshall spent more than two weeks at a state court hearing in Tyler, Texas, before state judge Otis Dunagan. Marshall attended the hearing because the judge was considering an effort by the state’s attorney general John Ben Shepperd to shut down the NAACP and the LDF. On September 22, 1956, Shepperd obtained a preliminary order from Judge Dunagan barring the NAACP from operating in Texas. A week later he dispatched armed Texas rangers to the homes of state NAACP officials. The rangers seized membership lists and took the NAACP officers to local courthouses. They questioned the officials about their involvement in desegregation litigation, and in particular asked whether NAACP lawyers had persuaded them to get involved. Politics more than evidence led the state to claim that the NAACP was a profit-making enterprise that had not paid its taxes and that the LDF violated law and ethics by seeking out people to start lawsuits and providing them financial support. The hearing Marshall attended was designed to extend the ban for several more months.
Competition and Cooperation Among Nonprofits
Authors: Oster Sharon M
Published: November 2023

Quite often the results of our decisions —both managerial and personal —depend not only on what we do, but on what everyone else does. The success of my bunt in a baseball game depends in part on whether the third baseman and catcher have successfully anticipated the bunt and moved accordingly. The success of a bluffing strategy in poker depends on whether you fold your cards or recognize my bluff and stay in the game. CocaCola’s profits from a new diet drink depend in part on whether Pepsi-Cola produces a copy-cat brand. The success of a Walk-A-Thon run by the Muscular Dystrophy Association depends in part on whether the March of Dimes is running a similar event at the same time in the same city. In each of these situations, if we wish to make the right decisions ourselves, we clearly need to anticipate the decisions of others. The central theme of this chapter is that nonprofits are highly interdependent and, as a consequence, understanding the likely actions of both their partners and competitors is very important.
Fundraising for Nonprofits
Authors: Oster Sharon M
Published: November 2023

Charitable Contributions: Magnitude and Sources Table 8.1 is a time-series, from 1960 to 1990, of aggregate giving patterns in the United States. As the table indicates, in nominal terms charitable giving has increased substantially in the last twenty years from $11 billion in 1960 to $122.6 billion in 1990. When we correct for inflation, as in Figure 8.1, private contributions still exhibit growth over time as national income has risen. Indeed, growth in national income explains virtually all the year-to-year variation in real private charitable contributions.
Program Evaluation
Authors: Oster Sharon M
Published: November 2023

The nonprofit organization begins with a mission. We have spent considerable time in this book in discussing the way in which that mission is formulated and implemented, on the role of values, economics, organizational design, and accounting. The last task of a management system is to evaluate its programs to determine if those programs are being delivered effectively and serving the overall mission of the organization. This topic is the focus of this chapter.
National Security Spending Without Appropriation
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

The constitutional analysis proposed in chapter 13 suggests that few restrictive national security appropriations unconstitutionally intrude on the president’s domain. But supposing that one does, what are a president’s alternatives? We first consider the examples furnished by the executive’s solicitation of unappropriated funds and use of diverted arms sales profits to support the Contras after the Boland amendment cut off appropriations in 1984 and Congress’s attempts in 1989 to limit third-party funding. We next consider whether, if an appropriation restriction violated presidents’ Article II national security powers, they could either ask a court to declare the restriction invalid and severable from the unrestricted appropriation or themselves “excise” the restriction and spend as if it were not there.
Feminism and Bioethics
Authors: Sherwin Susan
Published: November 2023

About Feminism

The class of people who consider themselves feminists is large and diverse, representing a broad range of different opinions and perspectives. Despite this rich multiplicity of views, it is possible to identify some common themes. Generally, feminists share a recognition that women are oppressed in our society and an understanding that their oppression takes many different forms, compounded often by other forms of oppression based on features such as race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and economic class. Because feminists believe that oppression is objectionable on both moral and political grounds, most are committed to transforming society in ways that will ensure the elimination of oppression in all its forms.

Much of the harm of sexism is obvious and thus can be readily challenged. For example, the evidence is overwhelming that women are disproportionately subjected to domestic violence and sexual assault, resulting in undeniable physical and psychological damage to many women and a sense of insecurity and vulnerability in all women. In addition, the economic disadvantage women experience in the work place, where their average earnings are less than two-thirds of the average wages paid to men, is widely condemned as unjust. Further, the predominance of men, especially white, middle-class men, in positions of influence in virtually all segments of society (legal, political, financial, cultural, and military) is inescapable.
Feminism, Bioethics, and Genetics
Authors: Asch Adrienne , Geller Gail
Published: November 2023

Biological and medical research is to a large extent now focusing on the influence of genetics on health and illness. People can learn whether they or their offspring are at risk for several hundred genetic disorders. Researchers attribute an ever-larger number of biological and behavioral characteristics to genetics. This focus on genetics will affect everyone and will have ramifications throughout society. Yet women face particular concerns. Genetic tests are being developed that can diagnose disease before symptoms appear. Many of the conditions for which tests are being developed are found exclusively or primarily in women. Moreover, prenatal tests are designed to provide information during pregnancy. Women are especially affected by this proliferation of information and by the way professionals interpret and communicate it.

This chapter considers what a feminist analysis contributes to a discussion of the social and ethical questions raised by expanding genetic knowledge. At first glance the search for knowledge of the role of genetics in human health and behavior might appear to pose no problems for feminism. However, we contend that both the philosophy of science driving the quest and the uses made of the knowledge give reason for concern and some skepticism.
Reading The Premature Infant
Authors: Als Heidelise
Published: November 2023

Such a perspective sees preterm infants as fetuses who develop in extrauterine settings at a time when their brains are growing more rapidly than at any other time in their life span (McLennan, Gilles, & Neff, 1983). As members of the human species, they require three secure environments to support their development: their mother’s womb, their parents’ bodies, and their family’s and com munity’s social group (Hofer, 1987). While they are organized with such bio and neurodevelopmental needs, preterm infants are removed from these environments at a highly vulnerable phase of brain development.
Complement Clitics in Medieval Romance: the Tobler-Mussafia Law*
Authors: Beninca Paola
Published: November 2023

The aim of this paper is very restricted: I want to provide a generalization defining the precise context where complement clitics in Medieval Romance change their position relative to the inflected verb, becoming enclitics. The theoretical discussion will be limited to the interpretation of the structural contexts triggering the phenomenon, leaving aside for the moment any attempt to describe the process through which a proclitic pronoun becomes enclitic.1
Introduction: Woman ‘s Rights, Race, and Imperialism
Authors: Newman Louise Michele
Published: November 2023

If rethinking the historical contours of Western racial [and feminist) discourse matters as a political project, it is not as a manifestation of another truth that has previously been denied, but as a vehicle for shifting the frame of reference in such a way that the present can emerge as somehow less familiar, less natural in its categories, its political delineations and its epistemological foundations.
Coming of Age, but Not in Samoa: Reflections on Margaret Mead ‘s Legacy to Western Liberal Feminism
Authors: Newman Louise Michele
Published: November 2023

Coming of Age in Samoa, one of the most famous and popular works ever published by an American anthropologist, first appeared in 1928, when its author Margaret Mead was twenty-seven years old.1 By the mid-l930s, Mead had gained a national reputation as an expert on “primitive cultures” and was recognized by the public, if not by her colleagues, as one of the leading anthropologists of her day. Prolific, outspoken, charismatic, unconventional, provocative, controversial, and brilliant, Mead achieved a widespread public renown that was remarkable for a woman who constructed herself as a scientist and intellectual. She recognized instantly that her audience extended far beyond the elite worlds of the university and museum, and she cultivated her public by publishing hundreds of articles in such venues as American Anthropologist, Natural History, Redhook, Vogue, Good Housekeeping, Seventeen, and the New York Times Magazine, to name just a few. Mead also gave numerous interviews on domestic issues and international politics. From the appearance of Coming of Age m Samou until her death fifty years later, Mead was sought after for her opinions on marriage, homemaking, childrearing, feminism., civil rights, and race relations.
How Control Systems Can Support Organization Flexibility
Authors: Ittner Christopher D , Kogut Bruce
Published: November 2023

Ronald Dore, a sociologist at Cambridge University, once posed the question of why Japan should evidence a paradox of “flexible rigidities.” Despite being a country marked by rigid restrictions on the lay off of workers and on the mobility of capital, the economic record of Japan shows a remarkable flexibility in coping with the major economic shocks of the 1970s. In comparison, the economic adjustment of the major Western countries progressed more slowly.

We are puzzled by the converse problem: why do firms find it so difficult to become more flexible? The advantages of flexibility are clear, ranging from the capability to tailor products and services for customers to the facility to expand rapidly when market opportunities suddenly open up. The creation of new information technologies and manufacturing systems has created the potential to achieve dramatically higher degrees of flexibility. The impact of these technologies is felt not only on the plant floor, but also in the way financial and retail services are provided and supply chains are managed.

The flexibility possible with current technologies is a qualitative change from past practice. Unfortunately, these technological investments, when implemented in isolation from organizational changes, have proven to be woefully inadequate. Here is the dilemma that makes flexiblity so difficult to achieve. Firms have long been described as designing mechanisms by which to buffer uncertainty in order to minimize risk.
Quality of Work Life and Its Products
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

The more that corporations think of themselves as social systems-even if they don’t use the term themselves-the less they focus on growth for its own sake, and the more they focus on development. The focus of their developmental efforts is on their employees. Of all their stakeholders, employees obviously have the most direct effect on corporate performance. The more corporations focus on the development of their employees, the more they must concern themselves with the quality of the work lives they provide, because their quality of work life is the best index of their work-related development.
Why Firms Succeed
Authors: Kay John
Published: November 2023

Applies modern economic theories to guide managers in creating successful corporate strategies. This is a book on corporate strategy that uses of the most modern theories in economics to show managers how to succeed in the markets in which they compete. The author takes the position that firms have unique strengths that they must understand and exploit. These strengths will be in four general areas: 1) Their reputation, 2) how well they create innovative new products or services, 3) what special strategic assets, or market position, they may have, and 4) how they are organized and how they operate, or what “architecture” they may have. The book has an international focus in that strategies are applied to firms doing business in different countries. The author’s UK book, Foundations of Corporate Success was very successful, and this book is derived from it. For the U.S. edition the author has substituted many American examples, such as Disney, Caterpillar, Walmart, and the Boston Celtics.
Mergers
Authors: Kay John
Published: November 2023

Mergers and acquisitions are the most common means of entering new markets and play a central role in all discussions and formulations of corporate strategy. In this chapter I argue that this role is frequently overstated. Mergers can, and do, add value, when they enable distinctive capabilities to be exploited more widely or more effectively, and I describe how this can be done. Yet a review of studies of merger performance suggests that the effect on performance is more often negative than beneficial. Frequently the reason is that corporate activity is not based on a clear view of the firms distinctive capability and an identification of the markets to which that capability can be most effectively applied but is the result of financial objectives—the pursuit of a balanced or diversified business portfolio—or simply the thrill of the chase.
Inflecting Postpositions in Indic and Kashmiri
Authors: Payne John R
Published: November 2023

An interesting form of Suffixaufnahme involving inflecting postpositions can be found in the majority of the modern Indic languages and dialects, including varieties of Sindhi, Lahnda, Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi, Konkani, Rajasthani (Marwari and Jaipuri), Hindi (standard Hindi, Braj, Awadhi, Bundeli), Central Pahari (Kumauni, Garhwali), Western Pahari (Jaunsari, Sirmauri, Baghati, Kiunthali, Kului, Mandeali, Chameali, Bhadrawahi), Parya, and Romany. It is also found in Kashmiri, genetically a Dardic language but bordering on the Indic area.
Genitival Agreement in Awngi: Variation on an Afroasiatic Theme
Authors: Hetzron Robert
Published: November 2023

Awngi, the southernmost branch of Agaw (Central Cushitic), is a strict SOV language with consistent qualifier-head order and with a reasonably transparent agglutinative morphology.
Economic Progress And The Environment
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris
Published: November 2023

This book explores the causes of environmental degradation in the developing world, drawing out the common themes and principles from a close analysis of the natural resource issues in Ecador, as a microcosm for much of the developing world. The authors draw their general conclusions from the intensive case studies of tropical deforestation, farm land degradation, waste and misallocation of irrigation water, petroleum development in the Amazon, mariculture and costal ecosystems, ecotourism in the Galapagos. The book demonstrates the pressures and trends which lead much of the developing world to an excessive reliance on mining renewable resources.
Environmental Crisis in the Latin American Countryside
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris
Published: November 2023

Latin America is richly endowed with natural resources. Major deposits of oil and bauxite, copper, and other minerals are scattered from the Rio Grande to the Tierra del Fuego. At Carajas, in northern Brazil, there is enough iron ore to supply the entire world for centuries. Gold and other precious metals are mined in a number of places. The region’s renewable resources are similarly abundant. Many highland valleys in Central America and the Andes are blessed with volcanic soils and ample precipitation. Nowhere on the face of the earth are conditions better for agriculture than in the Argentine Pampas, a region that combines a Mediterranean climate with the soils of the midwestern United States. Drawing on rich natural ecosystems, many countries produce and export large quantities of timber and fish.
Resolving the Policy Crisis
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris
Published: November 2023

As developed and practiced in North America, Europe, and other affluent parts of the world, natural resource economics focuses mainly on market failure. A typical subject of analysis is the inefficiencies that arise when a competitive and unregulated group of firms or households fails to internalize all the environmental costs of production or consumption. Analysis of externality problems often leads to recommendations for remedial intervention by the government, in the form of effluent taxes, emissions guidelines, and the like.
Food Intolerances And Food Allergies
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we looked at the role that dietary in tolerances may play in the cause and treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome, and it offers a convenient point of departure for a discussion of the whole area of food intolerances and food allergies. No area of gastrointestinal symptoms and gastrointestinal dietary advice is as difficult to present as the area of food intolerance and food allergies. All of us at some time or another have experienced some form of digestive discomfort after eating. “I am allergic to such-and-such” or “It must have been something I ate” are our frequent attempts to pinpoint these offenders.
Diarrhea And Constipation
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

My definitions are quite simple. By diarrhea I mean bowel movements that occur too often and that are too loose. By constipation I mean difficulty in moving one’s bowels (although some people think they are constipated if their bowel movements are dry and hard; these are not necessarily signs of constipation). Again, difficulty in moving one’s bowels is the important symptom.
Can Diet Make A Difference?
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

What we eat can and does affect our health. Investigations into the relationship of nutrition and human disease have a long-standing history stretching back to Lind, who discovered that lime juice could prevent and cure scurvy, and even before. But it is in the twentieth century that nutrition came of age and its biochemical pathways became science. It is the vitamin C in lime juice that is important, and we are just beginning to isolate other substances in our diet that can help us combat other dis eases.
The Verb Always Leaves IP in V2 Clauses
Authors: Schwartz Bonnie D , Vikner Sten
Published: November 2023

The verb-second (V2) phenomenon, as it is found in the Germanic languages, has been the focus of much attention within recent syntactic research. In most of the literature on V2 (e.g., den Besten 1977, 1989; Thiersch 1978; Koopman 1984; Holmberg 1986; Platzack 1986a, 1986b, 1987; Taraldsen 1986a; Schwartz and Vikner 1989; Tomaselli 1990a, 1990b; Roberts 1993; and Vikner 1994c), it is assumed that the verb in all V2 clauses has moved to a head position outside IP, e.g., C°.
The Transplanted Executive
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam
Published: November 2023

With the passage of NAFTA and GATT, the steady integration of the European Community, and the emergence of promising new markets in Eastern Europe and the Pacific Rim, businesses around the world are globalizing their operations with unprecedented speed. But as executives working in foreign countries have discovered, organizational cultures can differ dramatically from country to country, and management practices effective back home can fail miserably abroad. The Transplanted Executive provides a comprehensive resource for managers of any nationality striving to understand the diversity of workplace values and traditions—and how they can be used to maximize employee efficiency, morale, and the bottom line. Offering sensible solutions to everyday problems, this informative volume shows how employees with different cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds respond to specific managerial techniques. The authors demonstrate, for example, why effective incentive systems in Japan might decrease productivity in United States, and why successful efforts to create team-based cooperation in Russia could alienate rather than motivate workers in England. Each chapter focuses on a different management problem—effective communication, motivation of workers, turning groups into teams, leadership skills, and quality management production—and following each chapter are quick reference charts that neatly summarize the text. The authors also include a table which provides cultural profiles of nearly 50 countries from major business centres around the world. Now more than ever, multinational managers need to be in touch with the range of cultural issues that can affect their overseas operations. With The Transplanted Executive in hand, managers the world over will have a user-friendly guide to understanding and mastering the subject.
Introduction: Managing the Global Enterprise
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam
Published: November 2023

A seemingly simple question has led us to examine the management practices of numerous successful companies for their key to success: why are many managerial and motivational techniques useful in one country but often not in others? Numerous examples bring home this basic dilemma facing the modern manager. For example, quality control circles resoundingly successful in Japan ese companies, have proved to be only somewhat effective when implemented in U.S. companies. One-on-one performance appraisals, though widely used throughout the United States, are rarely employed in other countries; when they are used, they often create more management confusion than success. Individual job-enrichment programs like job rotation, job enlargement, and empowerment have been the focus of managerial change in the United States but have taken a very different form in the Scandinavian countries. The focus of enrichment in the United States places responsibility on the individual, whereas enrichment in socialist countries such as Sweden concentrates on the work team. The individual motivation underlying pay-for-performance reward systems, emphasized in companies such as Xerox Corporation, General Motors, and Intel Corporation in the United States, are unacceptable in group and team-oriented cultures such as those found in central European nations like the Czech Republic and Hungary, where more egalitarian approaches are used.1