bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunological Considerations Attending Platelet Transfusion
Authors: Shulman N. Raphael
Published: October 2009

Iso‐immunization against platelets occurs infrequently with less than ten transfusions, but the frequency rises steadily with the number of transfusions until all patients eventually become immunized.

Characteristics of specific antigens and antibodies that have been identified to date are described briefly and the relative merits of various immunologic technics used to measure platelet iso‐antibodies are discussed.

More than half of the anti‐platelet iso‐anti‐bodies that arise after transfusion are “incomplete” and cannot be detected by conventional serologic tests. Some of these antibodies have been identified by “blocking” tests or by passive transfer. These findings explain why refractoriness to platelet transfusions is not always accompanied by serologic evidence of immunization.

Isoimmune destruction of platelets is a relatively innocuous occurrence and does not contra‐indicate further trials of platelet transfusion.

Although platelets can be matched under some circumstances when iso‐immunization has taken place, at present empirical selection of donors based on survival of transfused platelets appears to be the best approach to platelet transfusion in sensitized individuals.
Effectiveness of Platelet Transfusion in Leukemia and Aplastic Anemia
Authors: Freireich Emil J.
Published: October 2009

Hemorrhage resulting from thrombocytopenia in patients with acute leukemia and aplastic anemia can be controlled by platelet transfusions. Severe gross hemorrhage was rarely observed when platelet counts were higher than 20,000 per cu. mm. Transfusion of 1 × 1011 platelets produced an average increment of 12–14,000 platelets per cu. mm./square meter (m2) of body surface in acute leukemia. One unit of platelet rich plasma (PRP) contains an average of 1 × 1011 platelets and 4 PRP/m2 twice weekly will maintain the platelets above 20,000 per cu. mm. most of the time. When very large doses of platelets are required in a small volume then platelet concentrates (PC), prepared by centrifuging PRP and removing most of the plasma, are used. PC are 80 to 90 per cent as effective as PRP in elevating the platelet count if prepared from plasma with a pH of 6.8 or less, achieved by the addition of citric acid.

The major hazard of platelet transfusion is posttransfusion hepatitis. This can be minimized by the use of plasmapheresis thus using the same donors repeatedly. In the presence of anemia platelets can be given effectively in fresh whole blood transfusions until the patient's hematocrit is raised.
Another Source of Error in Red Cell Typing
Authors: Konugres Angelyn A. , Holbrook Eugenia R. , Corcoran Patricia A.
Published: October 2009

The red cells of a patient with a positive direct Coombs test were falsely agglutinated by two anti‐Rh sera. The reaction was due to contaminating anti‐gamma globulin in the sera.
Agglutinins in Marine Algae for Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Boyd William C. , Almodóvar Luis R. , Boyd Lyle G.
Published: October 2009

The cell sap of six brown marine algae collected near La Parguera, Puerto Rico, agglutinated human erythrocytes of blood groups O and A, as did the sap of one blue‐green alga. One red alga agglutinated A cells only, while one green species and two brown were nonspecific. Others were negative.
Cryogenic Preservation of Whole Blood for Transfusion In Vitro Study of a Process Using Rapid Freezing, Thawing and Protection by Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Authors: Doebbler G. F. , Sakaida R. R. , Cowley C. W. , Rinfret A. P.
Published: October 2009

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) added to whole blood to a concentration of 7% w/v allows rapid freezing to liquid nitrogen temperatures and subsequent thawing with minimum hemolysis (3%). Average molecular weight PVP greater than about 20,000 is effective. Control of cooling and warming, conditions of heat transfer, temperature, and agitation are essential to high recoveries of red cells. A process has been defined in which blood is collected into ACD anticoagulant and PVP and frozen in corrugated aluminum containers with mechanical agitation in liquid nitrogen. Thawing is carried out with mechanical agitation in water at 37 to 45 C. Reproducible in vitro recoveries of 97% have been obtained with volumes of one‐half and one pints.
In Vivo Survival and Supernatant Hemoglobin of Autologous, Deglycerolized, Resuspended Erythrocytes Processed Using Centrifugation
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , McCallum Linda , Fowler Kenneth R. , Sobucki John P.
Published: October 2009

Autologous human erythrocytes were frozen at −80 C and stored for periods of three to eight months, using centrifugation to add and remove the intracellular additive, glycerol. The length of storage had no adverse effect on the 24‐hour and seven‐day posttransfusion survivals. Acceptable 24‐hour posttransfusion survival was observed in the nine subjects studied. The mechanism of removal of the nonviable erythrocytes immediately following infusion was not associated with hemoglobinemia. The total supernatant hemoglobin in the unit on the day of transfusion and the total in vitro loss related to preservation are reported.
The Preservation of Red Cell ATP
Authors: Beutler Ernest , Duron Olga
Published: October 2009

The addition of high concentrations of phosphate ion have been found to enhance markedly the stability of ATP of red cells stored at 4 C. A marked initial rise of ATP levels was followed by a subsequent gradual decline when phosphate in concentrations of .05 M to .3 M was included in preservative media containing adenine. A second rise in the concentration of ATP was observed if the pH of the sample was adjusted by the addition of sodium carbonate. The addition of phosphate in high concentrations to preservative media may prove to be of practical significance.
Genetic Factors of Human Gamma Globulin Detected by Rabbit Antisera
Authors: Litwin S. D. , Kunkel H. G.
Published: October 2009

Antisera of rabbits immunized with isolated human myeloma proteins, urinary proteins, papain treated myeloma proteins and FII γ‐globulin were studied. It was established that such antisera after absorption were able to serve as typing reagents for the detection of human genetic factors on gamma globulin. Specific antibodies were found against Gm(a), (b) and (f) and Inv(l) determinants.

It was possible to differentiate the Gm specific antibodies from those defining the heavy chain subgroups although they usually occurred together in the rabbit antisera.
A Procedure for Preparing Immunoglobulin G from Human and Monkey Blood
Authors: Sgouris James T. , Storey Ralph W. , Wolfe Richard W. , Anderson George R.
Published: October 2009

Immunoglobulin G was prepared from human plasma and monkey serum containing demonstrable titers of tetanus, diphtheria and rabies antibodies by a batchwise technic using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE). The preparation was comparable to that prepared by the cold ethanol technic of Oncley et al. Moving boundary electrophoresis (Tiselius) of the DEAE immunoglobulin preparations revealed that the human IgG had a purity of 98.5 per cent and the monkey IgG of 99.5 per cent (i.e., mobilities less than 2.8 × 10−5/cm2/V/sec) comparable to the cold ethanol preparations. Vertical starch gel electrophoresis (Smithies) revealed that both preparations consisted of one broad band. Immunoelectrophoretic studies, using anti‐human horse or goat sera, confirmed the observation that only one component was present in the final preparations. Disc electrophoresis revealed one broad band plus a faster minor component. When immunoglobulin G, M and A antisera were utilized in Immunoelectrophoresis, these preparations reacted only with the IgG antisera. The concentration of tetanus, diphtheria and rabies antibodies by the DEAE method was comparable to the cold ethanol preparations.
Inhibition of Hemagglutinins by N‐Substituted Glycosylamines*
Authors: Chattoraj Aparna , Boyd William C.
Published: October 2009

The inhibition reaction has been used to explore further the chemical nature of the Rh antigens, D, C and E, using a number of N‐substituted glycosylamines as inhibitors. A marked inhibition of the anti‐Rh sera by the p‐aminophenol compounds was noticed. Of the various compounds tested, p‐hydroxy‐N‐phenyl‐d‐galactosylamine seem to be the best inhibitor of anti‐D sera. The best inhibitor of the anti‐C was p‐hydroxy‐N‐phenyl‐d‐ma::nosylamine. Anti‐E was inhibited by this compound as well as by p‐hydroxy‐N‐phenyl‐l‐mannosylamine and p‐hydroxy‐N‐phenyl‐l‐glucosylamine. Activity of the l‐sugar derivatives was observed, especially in the inhibition of anti‐E and anti‐D. The three Rh antigens seem possibly to show a basic resemblance in structure.
Repeated Leukapheresis of Patients with Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
Authors: Morse Edward E. , Carbone Paul P. , Freireich Emil J. , Bronson William , Kliman Allan
Published: October 2009

The technic of plasmapheresis has been employed repeatedly to obtain large numbers of granulocytes from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia. Up to 20 liters of blood from a single donor could be processed by centrifugation in one week without changes in the patient's clinical condition or his blood proteins as long as the plasma and red cells were both returned. The major limiting factor was the chronic removal of small amounts of red cells with each unit, resulting in decrease in hemoglobin level with intensive and prolonged periods of plasmapheresis. Removal of granulocytes at rates up to 3 × 1011 per day produced little consistent decrease in peripheral white count unless it was continued for a week or more. Plasmapheresis is a safe and relatively simple technic for the collection of large numbers of leukocytes from donors with chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Distribution and Quantity of Leukocyte Antigens in the Formed Elements of the Blood
Authors: Bialek Joan W. , Bodmer Walter , Bodmer Julia , Payne Rose
Published: October 2009

The capacity of platelets, lymphocytes, leukocytes (mixed lymphocytes and granulocytes) and erythrocytes to absorb 12 leukocyte agglutinins from multiparous women was investigated. Erythrocytes did not absorb these agglutinins. Platelets, lymphocytes and granulocytes appeared to share antigens identified by representative antisera belonging to the Group 4 and the LA antigen systems. Leukocyte antisera specific for a single blood cell line were not encountered. Approximately 20 times as many platelets as lymphocytes or leukocytes were required to absorb an aliquot of serum. The quantities necessary for absorption indicate that whole blood is an inefficient source of antigen for large scale production of monospecific from multi‐specific leukocyte antisera.
Preparation of Platelet Concentrates for Transfusion Employing Adenosine Diphosphate*
Authors: Flatow F. A. , Levin R. H. , Freireich E. J.
Published: October 2009

Platelet aggregation by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a self‐limited and reversible process. An application of this phenomenon is described which allows removal of the platelets from large volumes of fresh platelet rich plasma (PRP) for the preparation of platelet concentrates. The macroscopic platelet clumps resulting from a concentration of 10 μgm ADP per ml of PRP are removed by centrifugation at 50 × g for 10 minutes. Resuspension of these platelets in 20 cc of native plasma results in a platelet concentrate that is 80 to 90 per cent as effective per unit as PRP in its ability to elevate the platelet count in recipients. Such concentrates are superior to concentrates prepared by other methods. The posttransfusion survival of ADP platelets compares favorably with the survival of platelets administered as PRP. There is evidence of minor sequestration but there is no apparent irreversible damage to platelets handled in this manner.

Alkaline plasma and increase in plasma ionized calcium enhance the ADP aggregation and improve the efficiency of in vitro separation of platelets from PRP. However, the resulting concentrate is less effective in vivo, because of prolonged and slowly reversible clumping, and failure of these platelets to circulate.
Antihemophilic Factor (AHF) Stability in Fresh Frozen Blood Bank Plasma
Authors: Weaver Roy A. , Langdell Robert D.
Published: October 2009

One hundred randomly chosen units of fresh frozen blood bank plasma were assayed for antihemophilic activity (AHF). A wide range in AHF levels was observed. The variability appears to be due in part to different AHF levels of donors. Most of the units had as much as 30 per cent less AHF than was contained in unfrozen, freshly prepared plasma. There was no trend toward lower values in plasma frozen up to 15 weeks. Many factors contribute to the unpredictable loss of AHF. The effects of slow and rapid freezing on the AHF content of plasma were studied. Freezing of fresh bank plasma in a bath of liquid and in air are compared. Plasma freezes much more rapidly in liquid, with negligible loss of AHF. Freezing is considerably slower in air, and losses of 20 per cent or greater frequently occur.
Characteristics of Stored Human Blood Kept Fluid by Urokinase‐Induced Fibrinolysis
Authors: Corn Milton
Published: October 2009

Urokinase, when used to activate fibrinolysis in freshly obtained venous blood, simulates the conditions found in cadaver blood and permits blood to be stored without conventional anticoagulants. Urokinase does not affect reaction of cells to Coombs serum and typing sera. Urokinase blood and citrate blood undergo a similar decrease in ATP when incubated at 37 C. When stored at 5 C for 21 days both urokinase‐dextrose blood and citrate‐dextrose blood sustain a larger fall in ATP and release more potassium than does acid‐citrate‐dextrose blood. Despite generally similar alterations during storage, urokinase‐dextrose blood produces more lactate per mole of glucose consumed than does citrate‐dextrose blood. Possibly citrate influences diversion of glucose to the hexose monophosphate shunt. Poor survival after transfusion of three‐week‐old urokinase‐dextrose blood confirms the superiority of acid‐citrate‐dextrose as a storage medium. To the extent that urokinase blood and cadaver blood are comparable, these data do not support the Russian claim for viability of stored cadaver blood.
A Portable Blood Bank Refrigerator for Temporary Storage of Blood in Surgery
Authors: Darling Charles L.
Published: October 2009

Problems in transportation and safe temporary storage of whole blood in surgery were encountered. These problems were solved by using a portable blood bank refrigerator, equipped with monitoring systems, which would hold 50 units of blood.
Plasmapheresis of the Patient as a Method for Achieving Effective Levels of Plasma Coagulation Factors Using Fresh Frozen Plasma*
Authors: Perkins Herbert A.
Published: October 2009

Levels of clotting factors compatible with normal hemostasis can be achieved in the plasma of patients with severe congenital deficiencies by transfusion of large amounts of fresh frozen plasma after prior reduction of the plasma volume of the patient by plasmapheresis. The procedure is a potential source of serious complications; close observation of the patient and observance of recommended precautions are necessary. The technic should be useful in emergency situations when AHF concentrates are not available and routine plasma transfusions are inadequate.
Transfusion of Platelet Concentrates Prepared from Acidified Platelet‐Rich Plasma*
Authors: Shively John A. , Sullivan Margaret P. , Chiu Jiau S.
Published: October 2009

With the use of Aster's and excess ACD solutions, the recovery of chromium51‐labeled platelets was greater, and the sequestration phenomenon decreased in patients without hematologic disease, compared with preparations collected in the normal amounts of ACD as the anticoagulant. Analysis of platelet counts following transfusions of platelet concentrates demonstrated a significant increase of platelets in transfused leukemic patients using acidified preparations as compared with those collected in normal amounts of ACD. The use of additional ACD solution which is routinely available in the blood bank appears to be a satisfactory method to prepare the acidified platelet concentrates.
Platelet Concentrates from Acidified Plasma
Authors: Chappell Wanda S.
Published: October 2009

A method is described which takes advantage of the calculated 16 per cent excess of ACD‐A anticoagulant in routine blood collection in order to lower the pH of Platelet‐Rich Plasma. This permits the preparation of unaggregated Platelet Concentrates in a closed system without additives.
Blood Group, Serum Genetic Factors, and Hemoglobins in Cook Islanders
Authors: Douglas R. , Jacobs J. , McCarthy D. D. , Staveley J. M.
Published: October 2009

The blood groups, the haptoglobin and transferrin types, together with the Gm2 groups and hemoglobins of 100 unrelated Cook Islanders in Atiu Island are recorded.

The absence of the B gene, the low frequency of S, the high frequency of non‐secretors, the absence of K and the high Hpl level together with the absence of hemoglobin variants are features of the peoples of the South West Pacific, particularly Eastern Polynesia.
Blood Group, Serum Genetic Factors, and Hemoglobins in Cook Islanders
Authors: Douglas R. , Jacobs J. , McCarthy D. D. , Staveley J. M.
Published: October 2009

The ABO, MN, Lewis and Rh types, together with the Gm3 groups, haptoglobin, transferrin and hemoglobin types of 323 Rarotongans are recorded.
The Effect of Dipyridamole on the Adenosine Triphosphate Level of Stored Human Blood
Authors: Gibson John G. , Lionetti Fabian J.
Published: October 2009

The addition of dipyridamole, a synthetic deaminase inhibitor at a concentration of 1 × 10−4 M to human Heparin‐ACD blood fortified with adenosine, results in an increase in ATP above control levels during storage at 4 C, rising to a maximum of 130 per cent at five days and falling to 20 per cent at 30 days. Aliquots of the same blood fortified with adenine, adenosine or both incubated at 37 C for 30 hours showed levels at or slightly above the upper limit of +2 SD of normal. The addition of dipyridamole at a concentration of 1 × 10−4 M to similar aliquots showed significant increases in ATP above normal, rising to a maximum of 300, 350 and 400 per cent in the aliquots fortified with adenine, adenosine and both respectively.

Whereas the presence of adenine, adenosine or both in Heparin‐ACD blood did not significantly alter the rise in whole blood inorganic phosphate during incubation at 37 C for 30 hours, the addition of dipyridamole to similar aliquots depressed the level by from 20 to 30 per cent of control values.

The possible beneficial role of a deaminase inhibitor in the preservation of human red cells is discussed.
Heterophilic Antibodies Following Injection of Blood Group Substances
Authors: Davidsohn I. , Lee C. L.
Published: October 2009

Titers of several heterophilic antibodies have been found elevated following the administration of blood group substance A through blood transfusion. These antibodies include sheep agglutinins, beef hemolysins, beef agglutinins, and occasionally sheep hemolysins. The titers of the first two antibodies which are consistently elevated also in infectious mononucleosis may be a source of error in the serologic diagnosis of this disease. However, antibodies in the two conditions can be differentiated by absorption with: 1) guinea pig kidney and beef erythrocytes, as is done in the differential test; 2) blood group substance A which removes completely the antibodies that follow immunization with substance A but not in infectious mononucleosis. We could find no evidence to indicate that heterophilic antibodies in infectious mononucleosis are produced against the host's blood group antigens.
Absence of Anti‐Tja‐like Hemolysin in Pregnant Aborters in Budapest
Authors: Horváth Endre , Paisz Ida
Published: October 2009

Occurrence in Budapest of anti‐Tja‐like hemolysin in patients with habitual abortion was studied. Anti‐Tja‐like hemolysin could not be detected in any single case of 320 tests performed in 102 pregnant aborters.
Experimental Studies on the Transfusion of Blood Obtained Postmortem
Authors: Grayson G. , Kuhns W. J.
Published: October 2009

A decrease in the posttransfusion survival of Cr51‐labeled rabbit erythrocytes obtained postmortem became more pronounced as the time after death increased. This effect became proportionately greater when rabbit cadavers were maintained at 37 C, as compared with 4 C or 20 C, prior to the procurement of blood for survival studies. Decreased survival of normal control cells incubated with postmortem plasma or subjected to anoxia for eight hours was not observed. The following postmortem changes in blood were observed: increase in red cell osmotic fragility, alteration of morphology with appearance of spherocytes and crenated cells, increased plasma hemoglobin, decrease in pH and intracellular ATP. These changes became more marked as the time interval between death and blood collection increased. Normal and postmortem specimens possessed equivalent antigenicity as judged by immunization experiments in rats.
Anti‐s Hemolytic Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Lusher J. M. , Zuelzer W. W. , Parsons P. J.
Published: October 2009

A case of hemolytic disease due to anti‐s in a mother apparently sensitized by previous pregnancy is reported. The antibody was of the incomplete type and the clinical manifestations were those of a compensated hemolytic anemia with minimal icterus.
Increased Haptoglobin Serum Levels in A Group of Blood Donors
Authors: de Castro S. , Arribas J. M. , Mateo M. C. Martin , Viñas J. , Planas J.
Published: October 2009

The serum haptoglobin levels of 1,143 blood donors have been determined. A high average value has been found (216 ± 83 mg Hp per 100 ml) and it is speculated that this may be a consequence of a diminished red cell destruction in people submitted to too frequent blood donations. The correlations between haptoglobin, serum iron, serum protein and/or blood hemoglobin levels were estimated. No statistically significant correlation was found between these values.
Relationship between Lipid Fractions of Erythrocytes and Their In Vivo Survival Following Preservation with Glycerol and the Slow Freeze Technic
Authors: Almond Douglas V. , Valeri C. Robert
Published: October 2009

Total lipid, cholesterol, and lipid phosphorus determinations were performed on erythrocytes in the following groups: 1) 22 units of deglycerolized erythrocytes, frozen previously at — 80 C for 6–7½ months with glycerol, processed by cellular agglomeration, and stored subsequently at 4 C from 0 to 11 days; 2) 5 units of deglycerolized erythrocytes processed by centrifugation, frozen previously at —80 C for 6–7½ months with glycerol, and stored subsequently at 4 C for 3 to 10 days; 3) 5 units of ACD blood (NIH formula A) collected from healthy donors and stored at 4 C for 1, and subsequently 7 days; 4) 20 cc aliquots of fresh blood from 5 healthy donors collected in 20 mg disodium EDTA.

Chromium51‐labeled 10 cc aliquots of the autologous erythrocytes from full units in groups 1) and 2) were used to determine cell survival at the time the lipid assays were done. The 24‐hour posttransfusion survival was compared with the lipid values obtained.

No correlation was found between survival or length of post‐thaw storage up to 11 days and any of the lipid measurements. Cholesterol concentrations in deglycerolized cells varied widely in both directions from normal values, but cholesterol concentrations, on the day of transfusion, could be correlated with the duration of pre‐freeze storage at 4 C. Significantly elevated lipid phosphorus values were observed in the deglycerolized cells after post‐thaw storage, whereas mean values for total lipid and cholesterol were comparable to those of the ACD controls stored at 4 C for corresponding periods of time.
Aberrant U Blood Group Accompanying Rhnull
Authors: Schmidt Paul J. , Lostumbo Mary M. , English Carol T. , Hunter Oscar B.
Published: October 2009

The red cells of the second Rhnull LW negative female were found to be U negative although s positive. The titration score with anti‐s was significantly less than the scores with the red cells of her parents who are presumed to be ss homozygotes. The patient's cells are strongly agglutinated by both anti‐I and anti‐i and this may represent the marrow stress phenomenon since she has a partially compensated hemolytic anemia. Since the Rh abnormalities are present in other members of the family, the entire picture may be one of a complex heritable structural abnormality of the red cell.
A Study Related to the Significance of Hemolysins Observed among Aborters, Nonaborters and Infertility Patients
Authors: Vos G. H.
Published: October 2009

In this study the significance of anti‐Tja‐like and immune anti‐A or anti‐B hemolysins was examined among a selected series of aborters, nonaborters and infertility patients who on an average had been exposed to pregnancy for the same number of years. Of particular importance is the observation that the presence of anti‐Tja‐like hemolysins could be regarded as an effective indicator of the possible occurrence of conception.

The high frequency of immune anti‐A or anti‐B hemolysins found among the ABO incompatible father‐mother combinations of the aborters and the infertility cases strongly suggests that spermatic material possessing A or B antigens can be responsible for the very frequent production of these hemolysins.
Serological and Immunochemical Studies of Snail (Otala lactea) Anti‐A: A Simple Purification Method
Authors: Bhatia H. M. , Boyd William C. , Brown Rebecca
Published: October 2009

The immunochemical and serological studies of the anti‐A agglutinin of the snail Otala Lactea showed that titer of agglutinin is reduced if the pH is below 4.75 or 10.0 and above. Agglutinin could be precipitated on desalting by dialysis against water and inhibited with N Acetyl‐D‐galactosamine. Tests with enzyme treated cells showed the presence of low titer of anti‐H which could be inhibited with L‐fucose without affecting anti‐A activity. Precipitation with ethanol in the cold suggested that the active protein is optimally precipitated at a 20% ethanol concentration. On the basis of these studies a simplified procedure for the purification of crude snail juice has been presented.
The In Vivo Effects of Deglycerolized Agglomerated Erythrocytes Transfused in Multiple Units to Stable Anemic Patients
Authors: Almond Douglas V. , Valeri C. Robert , Booth Wiley M. , Seiler Michael J. , Sobucki John P.
Published: October 2009

Ninety‐two units of deglycerolized cells processed by cellular agglomeration were transfused to 25 stable, anemic patients. For controls, 24 units of nonfrozen cells collected in ACD‐A anticoagulant were transfused to nine similar patients.

Laboratory and clinical measurements were made in all recipients before, during, and after the transfusion. Data recorded for each unit of deglycerolized cells included length of storage at 4 C prior to freezing, duration of storage at —80 C and storage post‐thaw at 4 C, together with the in vitro loss during processing.

Principal differences consisted of higher supernatant hemoglobin concentrations and reduced amounts of cellular hemoglobin in the deglycerolized units. The smaller amount of cellular hemoglobin was due to the in vitro loss incurred during processing.

Hematocrit and total hemoglobin changes in the patients who received either nonfrozen or deglycerolized cells were comparable if the difference in the unit cellular hemoglobin was considered. The mode of removal of the nonviable cells appeared to be via an extravascular mechanism. Higher plasma hemoglobin concentrations and lower serum potassium levels were noted in recipients of deglycerolized cells in contrast to patients receiving non‐frozen cells. No adverse effects on renal function were observed after transfusion with either type of cell.
The Effect of the Addition of Adenine and Nucleosides at the Beginning of Storage on the Concentrations of Phosphates of Human Erythrocytes during Storage in Acid‐Citrate‐Dextrose and Citrate‐Phosphate‐Dextrose
Authors: Chanutin Alfred
Published: October 2009

Bloods collected in ACD and CPD preservatives, supplemented with varying amounts of adenine, inosine, adenosine, and guanosine, were stored anaerobically and aerobically at 4 C for six weeks. At two‐week intervals, phosphorylated carbohydrate intermediates of washed red cells were assayed by ion‐exchange chromatography. The 2,3‐diphospho‐glycerate values were higher in the CPD or CPD‐supplemented than in the ACD bloods which were at lower pH levels. Generally, the ATP and the sum of adenylate (ΣAd) concentrations were maintained at higher levels for longer periods when bloods were collected in more acidic solutions. The highest ATP and ΣAd levels were observed in ACD‐adenine (.075, 0.10 and 0.25 mmole/100 ml blood) and in CPD‐adenine (0.5 mmole) anaerobically‐stored bloods. Relatively high ATP and ΣAd levels were maintained in blood collected in ACD‐inosine ‐+ adenine + guanosine and in inosine‐adenine preservatives. Lower values were obtained with ACD‐inosine, ACD‐adenosine and ACD‐adeno‐sine + adenine, in the order listed. The ADP values remained relatively constant during storage. An appreciable increase in AMP concentration was observed only in the adenine‐supplemented bloods. The IMP concentration increased in all stored bloods and was particularly marked in the presence of adenosine and least in the adenine‐supplemented bloods.
The Rapid Infusion of Large Quantities of ACD Adenine Solution into Humans
Authors: Shields Charles E. , Dennis Lewis H. , Eichelberger James W. , Conrad Marcel E.
Published: October 2009

Recent investigation has shown that the addition of adenine to citrated blood significantly prolongs the useful shelf life of banked blood. The present study was undertaken to ascertain if adenine‐ACD solutions were toxic to humans. Seven healthy adult male volunteers were infused with 0.5‐liter and 1.0‐liter quantities of the ACD‐ade‐nine solution used to preserve and anticoagulate blood. The rates of infusion were comparable to those required for the resuscitation of seriously wounded wartime casualties. The larger dose caused mild circumoral paresthesia in all subjects and slight electrocardiographic prolongation of the QT interval in two volunteers. Other clinical and laboratory studies showed no changes that could be attributed to either adenine or citrate toxicity. The unchanged coagulation tests in our subjects suggested that the abnormalities observed after massive blood transfusion are probably unrelated to the infusion of citrate.
Comparison of Immune and Naturally‐Occurring Antibodies as Test Reagents for Blood Grouping Diabetic Patients
Authors: Guy L. Ruth , Haberman Sol , Romick Irene , Felts Mary H.
Published: October 2009

Blood grouping tests were carried out with 1,124 diabetic patients, using both immune and naturally‐occurring antibodies as reagents. The high‐titered immune antibody gave the most reliable results. The low‐titered immune and naturally‐occurring serums often showed weak agglutination and false‐negative readings. If the erythrocytes were saline washed before testing, the agglutinabil‐ity of the cells was improved. The weak and false‐negative blood grouping reactions with blood samples from diabetic patients appear to be due to a water‐soluble substance which interferes with the reactivity of ABO blood group antibodies but not with antibodies of other blood group systems. This inhibitor substance was unrelated to racial influence, sex of the patient, severity of the disease, the controlling drug or the blood group secretor status of the patient. Periodic blood collections from some of these diabetics have shown that the inhibitor in the serum persists at approximately the same concentration as that originally observed.
The Incidence of Isosensitization Following Blood Transfusion
Authors: Grobbelaar B. G. , Smart E.
Published: October 2009

One thousand two hundred fifty patients who had received a total of 3,461 units of blood were investigated to establish the overall incidence of isosensitization. The number of transfusions per patient ranged from one to 40 with an average of 2.8 units per patient. Ten definite cases of isosensitization and three probable cases of isosensitization were found—an incidence of approximately 1 per cent. Anti‐K accounted for 0.46 per cent, anti‐rh“ (E) for 0.3 per cent, and anti‐hr‘ (c) and anti‐Fya for 0.15 per cent each.
Effect of Storage of Blood in ACD‐Adenine‐Inorganic Phosphate Plus Nucleosides on Metabolic Intermediates of Human Red Cells
Authors: Chanutin A.
Published: October 2009

Bloods collected in ACD‐adenine‐inorganic phosphate (ACD‐Ad,P,) preservatives, supplemented with varying amounts of inosine, adenosine and guanosine, were incubated at 37 C for four hours and then stored at 4 C for six weeks. At two‐week intervals, phosphorylated intermediates of washed red cells were assayed by ion exchange chromatography. The 0‐day 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate concentrations of the incubated ACD‐Ad, P1 bloods were below the normal range and decreased rapidly during storage; in the presence of inosine or adenosine, the initial values were elevated and remained high during the first two weeks before decreasing. Following incubation the 0‐day values of ATP were markedly increased in the red cells of bloods supplemented with adenine and P1 and during storage the rate of decrease was dependent on the pH of the blood and the type and amount of supplement. The red cells of blood collected in the ACD‐Ad, P1 (pH 6.5) preservative maintained the ATP concentrations within the normal range after six weeks storage as effectively as bloods collected in preservatives supplemented with inosine, adenosine or guanosine. After a small initial increase, the ADP levels remained fairly constant. The AMP values increased as the ATP decreased and in most cases, the total adenylate concentration remained fairly constant throughout the storage period. The changes in other phosphorylated compounds were negligible. The significance of these results is discussed.
Substances in Serum Causing Interference with Blood Group Determination
Authors: Treacy M. , Geiger J. , Goss M. F.
Published: October 2009

Excessively high concentrations of soluble substances which inhibit anti‐A or anti‐B have been reported previously in the sera of patients with certain disease conditions. This report describes four new cases in which sufficient soluble substance was present in a suspension of unwashed red cells to completely neutralize the antiserum used for blood group determination.

The soluble antigen content of these sera was compared with that of normal sera by inhibition tests.
The Phenotype Rhod: Study of Another Family
Authors: Morgan P. , Bossom E. L.
Published: October 2009

A case is described in which an Rho‐positive Negro woman suffered a transfusion reaction. Her serum was found to contain anti‐rh“, anti‐Fya, anti‐Jkband an antibody resembling anti‐Rho. A family investigation showed that the propositus and two of her five children belong to the pheno‐ type Rhod. This evidence gives further support to the theory that the agglutinogen Rhodis determined by a corresponding allelic geneRod.
Disappearance Rates of Coagulation Factors: Transfusion Studies in Factor‐Deficient Patients
Authors: Bowie E. J. Walter , Thompson John H. , Didisheim Paul , Owen Charles A.
Published: October 2009

Data are presented describing the circulating levels of coagulation factors after transfusion of blood and plasma into patients with deficiencies of factors V, VII, VIII, IX, and X. The half‐disappearance times of the factors were as follows: V, 16 hours; VII, 4 hours initially and 22.6 hours subsequently; VIII, 10.5 to 11 hours; IX, 4 hours initially, 39.5 hours subsequently; X, two components, the slower being 35 hours. All of the factors had an initial rapid disappearance with half‐disappearance times of a few hours. For factors VII, IX, and X, a two‐component logarithmic decrease was found. It is emphasized that, if these coagulation factors are proteins, they have half‐disappearance times which are considerably shorter than those of most other plasma proteins. The therapeutic implication of this observation is discussed in relation to hemostatic levels and survival of the coagulation factors in banked blood.
Coagulation Parameters Following Extracorporeal Circulation Using Acid‐Citrate‐Dextrose Blood Buffered with Tris (Hydroxymethyl) Aminomethane (THAM)
Authors: Phillips Louise Lang , Malm James R.
Published: October 2009

Extensive coagulation studies have been carried out on patients undergoing cardiac surgery for whom the blood for extracorporeal circulation was drawn in acid‐citrate‐dextrose solution 24 to 48 hours before surgery, buffered with tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (THAM) just prior to perfusion and diluted with low molecular weight dextran or 2.5% dextrose and 0.45% saline. Similar studies were carried out on patients given fresh whole heparinized blood. The results have shown no changes in coagulation parameters other than those expected from the use of blood stored for short periods of time. These changes are minimal reduction of platelet count and Factor V levels. The results are confirmed by postperfusion studies on an additional 60 patients (35 ACD, 25 heparin) who have required protamine titration after perfusion. The use of blood buffered with THAM has no adverse effects on the hemostasis of patients perfused with this medium.
Comparative Studies of the Viability of Human Platelets Stored at 4 C in Plastic and Glass Containers
Authors: Rolovic Zoran , Baldini Mario
Published: October 2009

Studies were done to investigate whether the surface of the container (plastic or glass) would influence the viability of human platelets stored at 4C for short intervals.

Cr51‐labeled platelets prepared as concentrates suspended in plasma were preserved at 4 C for 24, 48 or 72 hours and their capacity to recirculate and survive after infusion into the respective donors (“viability”) was determined. In addition, the clot retraction property of the stored platelets was measured.

Platelet viability was sharply reduced after storage at 4 C in all experiments. When the storage period was limited to 24 hours, survival curves of platelets preserved in plastic bags were similar to those of platelets preserved in glass bottles. However, after 48 hours of storage, viability of platelets preserved in plastic containers had values significantly higher than those of platelets preserved in glass containers. After 72 hours of storage, platelet viability was reduced to minimal values but was still greater for platelets stored in plastic bags.

The study of clot retraction confirmed data previously obtained and showed that this platelet property was preserved better by storage in glass bottles rather than in plastic bags. Platelet viability was, however, lost very rapidly during storage at 4 C in either type of container so that the unfavorable effect of plastic on the preservation of clot retraction was thought not to be of practical importance in platelet transfusion therapy.
Blood Transfusion in the U.S.S.R.: Notes on a Short Visit
Authors: Vaughn John
Published: October 2009

The status of blood transfusion facilities and practices in the U.S.S.R. as viewed during a three‐month visit in 1965 is described. Included is a description of the collection and uses of cadaver blood.
Blood Groups of the Thais
Authors: Chandanayingyong Dasnayanee , Sasaki Thomas T. , Greenwalt Tibor J.
Published: October 2009

Blood and saliva from 456 unselected blood donors from the Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok were studied. The frequencies of the ABO and Rh groups closely resemble previous reports but A2 and Cw were seen. The high frequency of M (67.87 per cent) and the low concentration of S (8.33 per cent) make MS and NS fairly uncommon. The frequency of 14.54 per cent for P1 resembles the figure for New York Chinese. Evidence for the presence of Jk was found in three of the 15 families studied but no Jk(a—b—) phenotypes were encountered. The 30.9 per cent frequency of Le(a+b—) and the 40.05 per cent frequency of Se were unexpected, as was the presence of aberrant secretors of ABH. Others findings include 1.19 per cent Mi(a+); 0.94 per cent Mt (a+); 0.44 per cent Lu(a—b—); 1.22 per cent Ve(a‐); 2.33 per cent Di(a+) and 13.48 per cent Do(a+).
Familial Autohemolytic Anemia and Runting Syndrome with Rho‐specific Autoantibody
Authors: Shapiro Maurice
Published: October 2009

A case of autohemolytic anemia with hypergammaglobulinemia and specific anti‐Rho autoantibody is reported. The patient had the clinical syndrome of simulated runt disease as it occurs in experimental animals. Thymic atrophy and generalized lymphocytic depletion were found at autopsy. Four siblings of the proposita died in infancy of similar affections. The sera of the two living siblings and the parents disclose abnormal serum globulin patterns. It is suggested that dysglobulinemia favors the survival of lymphoid cells acquired trans‐placentally from the mother and that the autohemolytic anemia and other pathologic manifestations in this case are the result of a graft‐versus‐host reaction. The anti‐Rho specificity of the autoantibody is ascribed to isosensitization of a clone of grafted lymphoid cells which have sustained a loss of Rh genes in the process of somatic mitosis.
Interdonor Incompatibility Resulting in Anuria
Authors: Franciosi Ralph A. , Awer Erica , Santana Michael
Published: October 2009

A transfusion reaction resulting in anuria occurred in a young male undergoing elective surgery. The reaction was caused by interdonor anti‐Kell incompatibility. This case again stresses the need for routine screening of donor serum for atypical antibodies.
A New Public Antigenic Determinant Gya (Gregory)
Authors: Swanson Jane , Zweber Mary , Polesky Herbert F.
Published: October 2009

An antibody found in the sera of two sisters defines a new public antigenic determinant Gya (Gregory). The Gy(a—) individuals are the product of a consanguinous mating and are presumably homozygous for a rare gene, Gy, inherited from a common ancestor. Anti‐Gya is an IgG antibody that was stimulated by pregnancy.
Autologous Blood Transfusion in Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Cuello Leo , Vázquez Enrique , Pérez Víctor , Raffucci F. L.
Published: October 2009

Fifty‐one patients admitted to the Cardiovascular Service of the University of Puerto Rico Hospital underwent a variety of cardiovascular operations utilizing autologous blood. Single or multiple phlebotomies were performed prior to surgery; the usual volume withdrawn was 500 ml. All patients received hydrogenated dextran complex intramuscularly.

Fifty operations were performed. Thirty patients underwent a single phlebotomy, 15 patients two phlebotomies, three patients three phlebotomies and one patient underwent four phlebotomies. Thirty of the 50 operations were thoracotomies, 15 were done with autologous blood only.

During actual surgical procedures 93.8 units of blood were used of which 56.5 units were autologous (60%) and 37.3 homologous. All patients except one had hematocrit values above 35% before the first phlebotomy. The reticulocyte count increased to two or three per cent, but it never exceeded five per cent.

The advantages obtained with the use of auto‐transfusion are: 1) the prevention of transfusion reactions; 2) the prevention of serum hepatitis and other infections; 3) the availability of rare blood; 4) early reticulocytes and accelerated erythropoiesis.
Inventory Levels for a Hospital Blood Bank Under the Assumption of 28‐Day Shelf Life
Authors: Elston R. C.
Published: October 2009

Tables that have previously been given for determining an appropriate inventory level for a blood type with a mean daily use of three units or less and a lifespan of 21 days have been recomputed, allowing all blood to have an additional seven days of life. These show that the longer blood life will make it easier to choose the optimal inventory level and lead to great savings in the loss due to expiry; it will also have a small beneficial effect on the frequency with which the bank is unable to meet requirements.
Specific Agglutination of Human A3and AxErythrocytes by Snail Anti‐A
Authors: Chattoraj A. , Gilbert R. , Josephson A. M.
Published: October 2009

The anti‐A lectin of the snail,Otala lactea, produced specific agglutination of human A3and Axerythrocytes. The snail anti‐A was specifically absorbed by these erythrocytes and the eluates showed anti‐A activity.
A Two‐Speed Centrifuge for Immunohematologists
Authors: Myhre B. A.
Published: October 2009

In an effort to produce a more softly packed “button” of cells during centrifugation, a fixed speed centrifuge was modified to provide a second lower speed to be used for final centrifugation. Several of these were tested and it was found that centrifugation of the cells suspended in albumin at 2,000–2,500 rpm (400–500 R.C.F.) for two minutes produced comparable results to centrifugation at 3,420 rpm (1,000 R.C.F.) for 30 seconds, but gave a less densely packed “button.” These “buttons” produced less false positive readings and were easier to interpret. Saline and albumin globulin titers were the same at all speeds and time intervals.
A Controlled Study of the Safety of Pooled Plasma Stored in the Liquid State at 30–32 C for Six Months
Authors: Redeker A. G. , Hopkins C. E. , Jackson B. , Peck P.
Published: October 2009

A prospective, controlled study of the frequency of hepatitis following transfusion of commercial pooled plasma, stored for at least six months in the liquid state at 30–32 C was performed, using 5 per cent albumin as a control solution.

Twelve of 120 plasma recipients developed hepatitis. None of the 46 control subjects developed hepatitis. Fifty per cent of the hepatitis cases were icteric (total serum bilirubin greater than 2.0 mg/100 ml). All of the instances of hepatitis were confirmed by liver biopsy.

It is concluded that infectivity for hepatitis persists in some commercial plasma prepared by this technic.
Automated Differential Agglutination Technic to Measure Red Cell Survival
Authors: Szymanski I. O. , Valeri C. R.
Published: October 2009

The survival after transfusion of ACD‐stored and of previously frozen red cells was measured by means of an automated differential agglutination technic which permitted simultaneous quantitation in the same recipient of red cells preserved by two different methods. The previously frozen red cells were preserved with a high concentration of glycerol, using the slow freeze‐thaw technic, and were recovered by agglomeration.

Severely damaged red cells in both ACD‐stored and previously frozen blood were removed during the transfusion, and less deteriorated red cells were removed at an accelerated rate, usually over the initial 24‐hour posttransfusion period. The mean loss in vitro of red cells related to the freezing process was 28 per cent. The transfused previously frozen blood contained nonviable red cells in amounts comparable to ACD blood which had been stored at 4 C for longer than two weeks, Red cells remaining in circulation 24 hours after transfusion were usually removed at a slower constant rate, and the mean life spans of viable cells from either ACD‐stored or previously frozen blood were similar.
Free Fatty Acids in Human Plasma U.S.P.
Authors: Barboriak J. J.
Published: October 2009

Human plasma U.S.P., a preparation used as plasma volume expander, showed unusually high levels of free fatty acids. Results of incubation studies with fresh human plasma samples, kept at 32 C for various lengths of time suggest that the high fatty acid levels in human plasma U.S.P. developed during the long incubation periods used in the preparation of the product. Sodium chloride (0.6M) reduced the release of fatty acids in the incubated fresh plasma samples.