bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychische Gesundheit von LGBT*-Jugendlichen in Österreich: Scoping Review und Forschungsagenda auf Basis internationaler Evidenz
Authors: Siegel Magdalena , Nöstlinger Christiana , Dürrauer Flo , Kirchner Stefanie , Niederkrotenthaler Thomas , Zemp Martina
Published: November 2022

Eine Vielzahl internationaler Studien zeigt, dass lesbische, schwule, bisexuelle, transgender und andere Jugendliche mit diversen sexuellen Orientierungen und/oder Geschlechtsidentitäten (LGBT*-Jugendliche) psychische Vulnerabilitäten, aber auch spezifische Ressourcen aufweisen. Es ist jedoch unklar, inwieweit diese Ergebnisse auf Jugendliche in Österreich übertragbar sind, da sich die soziolegalen und entwicklungsbezogenen Kontexte zwischen Ländern unterscheiden. Wir haben gemäß PRISMA-Richtlinien ein systematisches Scoping Review durchgeführt, um (1) publizierte Studien zur psychischen Gesundheit von LGBT*-Jugendlichen in Österreich zu identifizieren und darauf aufbauend (2) Forschungsempfehlungen abzuleiten, die durch internationale Evidenz ergänzt werden. Es wurden fünf wissenschaftliche Datenbanken (PsycInfo, PSYNDEX, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science; März 2022) systematisch durchsucht und zusätzlich Expert_innen aus Forschung und Community kontaktiert, um einschlägige Studien zu finden. Es konnten nur zwei veröffentlichte empirische Studien zur psychischen Gesundheit von LGBT*-Jugendlichen in Österreich gefunden werden, was die geringe Studienlage in Österreich reflektiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund skizzieren wir eine detaillierte Forschungsagenda nach einem sozio-ökologischen Ansatz. Die Einbeziehung der sexuellen Orientierung und nicht-binärer Geschlechtsidentitäten in populationsbasierten Studien zur Untersuchung von Erstauftreten, Prävalenz und Verlauf psychischer Belastungen sowie die gezielte, ressourcenorientierte und entwicklungssensitive Forschung auf allen Ebenen scheinen vorrangig, um gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten und gesellschaftliche Stigmatisierung zu verringern und LGBT*-Jugendliche in ihrer Entwicklung bestmöglich zu unterstützen.
Use of coals and wastes in a co-gasification process aimed at producing hydrogen rich gas
Authors: Gąsior Rafał , Smoliński Adam
Published: November 2022

The use of low-quality coals and flotoconcentrates is currently severely limited, and the problem of managing municipal waste from anthropogenic activities is currently a challenge. The problems of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, utilizing the energy potential of waste and increasing its recycling have an impact on the costs of electricity production. Considering the abundant streams of unused fuels, they can be considered as attractive energy materials, so environmentally-friendly and cost-effective options for their utilization should be developed. A study was conducted using steam co-gasification technology on selected coals, flotation concentrates and Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) alternative fuel. Selected low-quality coals were combined with RDF alternative fuel in a process aimed at hydrogen production. The experiments produced gas with hydrogen concentrations ranging from 67% (vol.) to 68% (vol.) with low methane concentrations. It was observed that the addition of alternative fuels helped to increase the hydrogen concentration in syngas. Attention was paid to the catalytic ability of the metal oxides contained in the fuel blend, with particular reference to K2O and Al2O3 and TiO2.
A Pair-Electrosynthesis for Formate at Ultra-Low Voltage Via Coupling of CO2 Reduction and Formaldehyde Oxidation
Authors: Li Mengyu , Wang Tehua , Zhao Weixing , Wang Shuangyin , Zou Yuqin
Published: November 2022

Formate can be synthesized electrochemically by CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) or formaldehyde oxidation reaction (FOR). The CO2RR approach suffers from kinetic-sluggish oxygen evolution reaction at the anode. To this end, an electrochemical system combining cathodic CO2RR with anodic FOR was developed, which enables the formate electrosynthesis at ultra-low voltage. Cathodic CO2RR employing the BiOCl electrode in H-cell exhibited formate Faradaic efficiency (FE) higher than 90% within a wide potential range from − 0.48 to − 1.32 VRHE. In flow cell, the current density of 100 mA cm−2 was achieved at − 0.67 VRHE. The anodic FOR using the Cu2O electrode displayed a low onset potential of − 0.13 VRHE and nearly 100% formate and H2 selectivity from 0.05 to 0.35 VRHE. The CO2RR and FOR were constructed in a flow cell through membrane electrode assembly for the electrosynthesis of formate, where the CO2RR//FOR delivered an enhanced current density of 100 mA cm−2 at 0.86 V. This work provides a promising pair-electrosynthesis of value-added chemicals with high FE and low energy consumption.
On the decisional Diffie–Hellman problem for class group actions on oriented elliptic curves
Authors: Castryck Wouter , Houben Marc , Vercauteren Frederik , Wesolowski Benjamin
Published: November 2022

We show how the Weil pairing can be used to evaluate the assigned characters of an imaginary quadratic order$${\mathcal {O}}$$Oin an unknown ideal class$$[{\mathfrak {a}}] \in {{\,\textrm{cl}\,}}({\mathcal {O}})$$[a]∈cl(O)that connects two given$${\mathcal {O}}$$O-oriented elliptic curves$$(E, \iota )$$(E,ι)and$$(E', \iota ') = [{\mathfrak {a}}](E, \iota )$$(E′,ι′)=[a](E,ι). When specialized to ordinary elliptic curves over finite fields, our method is conceptually simpler and often somewhat faster than a recent approach due to Castryck, Sotáková and Vercauteren, who rely on the Tate pairing instead. The main implication of our work is that it breaks the decisional Diffie–Hellman problem for practically all oriented elliptic curves that are acted upon by an even-order class group. It can also be used to better handle the worst cases in Wesolowski’s recent reduction from the vectorization problem for oriented elliptic curves to the endomorphism ring problem, leading to a method that always works in sub-exponential time.
Projectional Editing of Software Product Lines Using Multi-variant Model Editors
Authors: Schröpfer Johannes , Buchmann Thomas , Westfechtel Bernhard
Published: November 2022

Model-driven software engineering (MDSE) as well as software product line engineering (SPLE) achieve productivity gains by raising the level of abstraction and fostering organized reuse. Consequently, the integrating discipline model-driven software product line engineering (MDSPLE) aims at combining the best of both worlds by creating multi-variant models which are (automatically) configured into single-variant models which are in turn adapted further (if required). Inherently complex multi-variant models call for urgently needed tools providing support for editing multi-variant models. In this paper, we present a framework for projectional multi-variant editors which make complexity manageable using a user-friendly representation. At all times, a domain engineer is aware of editing a multi-variant model which is necessary to assess the impact of changes on all model variants. Supporting a clear separation of product space (domain model) and variant space (variability annotations), our projectional multi-variant editors provide a novel approach to representing variability information which is displayed non-intrusively. Furthermore, the domain engineer may employ a projectional multi-variant editor to adapt the representation of the multi-variant domain model in a flexible way, according to the current focus of interest.
Using a realist approach in understanding youth offending service delivery requirements for young people who offend with speech, language and communication needs in England
Authors: Redgate Sam , Dyer Wendy , Smith Michael A.
Published: November 2022

Research consistently demonstrates the over-representation of young people with speech, language and communication needs within the youth criminal justice system, with estimates suggesting this population accounts for up to 90% of young people who offend. Acknowledgement and understanding of these individual-based needs, along with identified service delivery adaptation(s) (where necessary) are required to ensure all young people, regardless of needs experienced, can effectively engage with, and have their voices heard, within the context of Youth Offending Services. By using a realist approach, qualitative interviews with stakeholders (n = 15) are used to explore service conditions required to incorporate speech, language and communication provision within a Youth Offending Service. Specifically, the research provides original and significant insights into the interconnections between understanding of speech, language and communication, service delivery models and engagement with young people. Seven themes pertaining to delivery requirements within youth offending settings were identified. From these themes, explanations in the form of programme theories are postulated detailing core service delivery conditions required in youth offending settings to address speech, language and communication need. These include, increased understanding of speech, language and communication; unpicking terminology and becoming communication friendly; staff cohesion prompting learning together; and co-construction approach to service delivery. The core approach underpinning these postulated programme theories was an increased awareness of speech, language and communication issues by youth offending staff. This increased awareness is evidenced to lead to an adaptation of behaviours and practices by staff which in turn increases engagement with young people.
Heritage, Education and Social Justice
Authors: Apaydin Veysel
Published: November 2022

This research examines how museums and heritage sites can embrace a social justice approach to tackle inequalities and how they can empower disadvantaged groups to take an equal benefit from cultural resources. This Element argues that heritage institutions can use their collections of material culture more effectively to respond to social issues, and examines how they can promote equal access to resources for all people, regardless of their backgrounds. This research examines heritage and museum practices, ranging from critical and democratic approaches to authoritarian practices to expose the pitfalls and potentials therein. By analysing case studies, examining institutions' current efforts and suggesting opportunities for further development with regard to social justice, this Element argues that heritage sites and museums have great potential to tackle social issues and to create a platform for the equal redistribution of cultural resources, the recognition of diversities and the representation of diverse voices.
Clerical Exorcists and the Struggle for Professional Status in Early Modern Venice: Learning, Licensing, and Practice
Authors: Seitz Jonathan
Published: November 2022

Clerical exorcists occupied an unstable place among healers in early modern Italy. Although recognized by their patients for their skills and knowledge, they were also a potentially disruptive group, given their interactions with malevolent powers and work that transgressed the normal boundaries of clerical activities. Consequently, clerical exorcists had to defend the legitimacy of their activities to skeptical ecclesiastical authorities. The examination of several such defenses by Venetian clerical exorcists reveals how they understood their profession and advocated for its legitimacy using arguments that resonated with discussions in contemporary medicine and natural philosophy.
Luisa de Carvajal in Anglo-Spanish Contexts, 1605–14
Authors: Marshalek Kathryn
Published: November 2022

This article reexamines the life of Luisa de Carvajal y Mendoza, a Spanish noblewoman who traveled to London in 1605 hoping to be martyred in service of the Catholic faith. By placing her at the intersection of a series of international, intra- and interconfessional tensions created by the sustained religious division of post-Reformation England, Carvajal emerges as a sophisticated political actor. She offers not only a unique account of female Catholic agency and opposition in early Stuart England, but also a lens through which to view the nature of religious identity and division in a period of Anglo-Spanish peace.
First records of two large pelagic fishes in the Red Sea: wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) and striped marlin (Kajikia audax)
Authors: Williams Collin T. , Arostegui Martin C. , Braun Camrin D. , Gaube Peter , Shriem Marwan , Berumen Michael L.
Published: November 2022

This report provides the first confirmed identifications of wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) and striped marlin (Kajikia audax) in the Red Sea, expanding the known ranges of these species into the basin. Potential mechanisms responsible for the lack of regional documentation of the two species are further discussed. These findings illustrate the need for systematic biodiversity surveys of pelagic fish assemblages in the Red Sea.
Verminotic pneumonia in South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) in Southern Brazil
Authors: Daoualibi Yasmin , Moreira Renata F. , Bandinelli Marcele B. , Echenique Joanna V. Z. , Wagner Paulo G. C. , Soares João F. , Pavarini Saulo P.
Published: November 2022

Verminotic pneumonia caused by Parafilaroides spp. nematodes is an underreported disease in beached South American fur seals, with scant literature available on the characteristics of parafilaroidiasis, the nematode itself, as well as its occurrence in pinnipeds in Brazil. The present work aims to identify, describe and detail the histological features of the infection and molecular characteristics of verminotic pneumonia in the South American fur seal. Twenty-six specimens of Arctocephalus australis, found dead on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul in 2021, were analysed. These animals were identified and submitted to necropsy and histology. For the molecular identification of metastrongylids, lung fragments were subjected to DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction targeting the Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) gene and subsequent sequencing. In total, 12 animals presented with parasites in the lung parenchyma on histological evaluation, and only 1 showed a granulomatous lung lesion at necropsy. Microscopically, the nematodes were found mainly in the alveoli, associated with little or no inflammatory response, and they had morphological characteristics compatible with metastrongylids. Six ITS-2 gene quality sequences were obtained; after comparative analysis via BLAST, they showed similarity with sequences obtained from Parafilaroides sp. Therefore, verminotic pneumonia caused by Parafilaroides represents an important differential diagnosis of lung disease in South American fur seals found on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul.
Low-temperature investigation of residual water bound in free-living Antarctic Prasiola crispa
Authors: Bacior Magdalena , Harańczyk Hubert , Nowak Piotr , Kijak Paulina , Marzec Monika , Fitas Jakub , Olech Maria
Published: November 2022

Antarctic algae are extremophilic organisms capable of surviving harsh environmental conditions such as low temperatures and deep dehydration. Although these algae have various adaptations for life in extreme environments, the majority of the molecular mechanisms behind their resistance to dehydration and freezing are not yet fully understood. The aim of our research was to observe the behaviour of bound water freezing in the free-living Antarctic alga Prasiola crispa. One way to avoid frost damage involves deep dehydration of the algal thallus. For that reason, a detailed analysis of water freezing at different sample hydration levels was carried out. Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation revealed two types of water immobilization: cooperative bound water freezing for samples with sample hydration levels above Δm/m0 = 0.40 and non-cooperative bound water immobilization for lower thallus hydration levels. In the differential scanning calorimetry experiment, 2-h incubation at -20°C suggested the diffusion and final binding of supercooled water to the ice nuclei and a lower hydration level threshold, at which ice formation could be observed (Δm/m0 = 0.21). Our research provides a new perspective on water sorption and freezing in Antarctic algae, which may be important not only in biological systems, but also in such novel materials as metal-organic frameworks or covalent organic frameworks.
Die Erfassung von Geschlecht
Authors: Diethold Jorah M. E. , Watzlawik Meike , Hornstein René_ Rain
Published: November 2022

Zusammenfassung: Die Abfrage von Geschlecht hat sich als Standard für die Erfassung von soziodemografischen Daten etabliert. In den meisten Fällen wird dabei nur global nach der Zuordnung zum weiblichen oder männlichen Geschlecht gefragt. Tatsächlich ist Geschlecht aber ein multidimensionales Konstrukt, das auf unterschiedlichste Aspekte verweisen kann: juristische, biologische, psychologische, soziale etc. Auf keiner dieser Ebenen reichen die binären Optionen zur Beschreibung aus. In diesem Beitrag informieren wir daher – von Mehrdimensionalität ausgehend – über empirisch fundierte sowie forschungsethisch gebotene Formen der Erhebung von Geschlecht. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf den Wünschen und Bedarfen von in der Forschung marginalisierten Gruppen: 179 Personen, die sich als trans*, nicht-binär oder inter* (unterrepräsentiert: N = 2) verorten bzw. angaben, momentan ihr Geschlecht zu hinterfragen, sowie 121 dyadische cis Personen bewerteten 5 verschiedene Formate der Geschlechtserhebung. Trotz unterschiedlicher Bewertungen bei allen Formaten zeigte sich eine klare Präferenz für ein freies Eingabefeld zur Angabe des Geschlechts, das optional auszufüllen war. Vor- und Nachteile der einzelnen Erhebungsformen werden kritisch reflektiert und allgemeine Empfehlungen für die Forschungspraxis ausgesprochen.
Measurement Invariance and Psychometric Properties of the Reactive and Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) Across Genders
Authors: Rezaei Atefeh , Dehghani Mohsen
Published: November 2022

Abstract. Aggression is an important risk factor predisposing adolescents to disruptive and criminal behaviors. The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Persian version of the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) across genders. A sample of 450 students ( Mage = 14 years, SD = 0.81) were recruited randomly and completed the Persian version of the RPQ, Child Behavior Checklist, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The 2-factor model demonstrated an acceptable fit to the data, supporting the distinction between reactive and proactive aggression among Iranian adolescents. Although the result indicated the equivalence of factor structure of the RPQ across genders, the invariance of the metric model was not confirmed in this study. Suggestions for future research and a more accurate assessment of these two kinds of aggression are further discussed.
A Generalized Strategy From S‐Wave Receiver Functions Reveals Distinct Lateral Variations of Lithospheric Thickness in Southeastern Tibet
Authors: Zhang Zhou , Deng Yangfan
Published: November 2022

The selected rotation angle and deconvolution time window during S‐wave receiver function (SRF) calculations, and the final SRF quality control may introduce artificial interference. Here we overcome these problems by proposing a new strategy named GC_SRF for obtaining the lithospheric thickness from S‐wave receiver functions, which employs grid search and correlation analysis to obtain reliable SRFs. Extensive tests using synthetic and real data suggest that the GC_SRF strategy is a robust and reproducible approach for estimating lithospheric thickness. Specifically, this GC_SRF strategy can restore the weak Sp phases from full wavefield synthetic seismograms. Clear and distinct discontinuity patterns that do not involve artificial interference compared with those obtained in previous studies of southeastern Tibet are produced here. The post‐stack migrated SRFs reveal distinct lateral variations of lithospheric thickness in southeastern Tibet: (a) Tengchong volcano has a thin crust and thin lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) (∼90 km); (b) the Chuandian region has a thicker crust and either a poorly defined or unclear LAB. The absence of a continuous LAB in the Chuandian region may suggest lithospheric regrowth due to the recovery processes of the mantle plume; (c) a thinner crust and clear LAB of ∼160 km depth is presented beneath the Sichuan Basin.
Slowdown in Landfalling Tropical Cyclone Motion in South China
Authors: Wu Kun , Wang Chao , Wu Liguang , Zhao Haikun , Cao Jian
Published: November 2022

China is one of the countries suffering the most tropical cyclone (TC) disasters, while changes in translation speed of TCs landfalling in China remain unclear. Here we found that the translation speed of landfalling TCs in south China during the boreal summer has significantly decreased by 0.3 m s−1decade−1 during 1979–2019, which is largely driven by a decadal deceleration in steering flow in the late 1990s. The slowdown in steering flow is found to be a balance of the opposite effects of the negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the Indian Ocean since the late 1990s. Given the recent Indian Ocean SST warming has been viewed as a footprint of external forcing, the results suggest that the effects of external forcing and natural variability on TC translation speed can offset each other.
An Interannual Drought Feedback Loop Affects the Surface Energy Balance and Cloud Properties
Authors: Hartick Carl , Furusho‐Percot Carina , Clark Martyn P. , Kollet Stefan
Published: November 2022

Long‐term groundwater droughts are known to persist over timescales from multiple years up to decades. The mechanisms leading to drought persistence are, however, only partly understood. Applying a unique terrestrial system modeling platform in a probabilistic simulation framework over Europe, we discovered an important positive feedback mechanism from groundwater into the atmosphere that may increase drought persistence at interannual time scales over large continental regions. In the feedback loop, groundwater drought systematically increases net solar radiation via a cloud feedback, which, in turn, increases the drying of the land. In commonly applied climate and Earth system models, this feedback cannot be simulated due to a lack of groundwater memory effects in the representation of terrestrial hydrology. Thus, drought persistence and compound events may be underestimated in current climate projections.
Changes in Deep Ocean Contribute to a “See‐Sawing” Gulf Stream Path
Authors: Wang Zeliang , Yang Jiayan , Johnson Catherine , DeTracey Brendan
Published: November 2022

This study demonstrates that a decrease of the water‐mass density below 1,000 m has led to a pattern of see‐saw shift in the Gulf Stream (GS) position between 74 and 50°W in longitude during 1993–2017, with the New England Seamounts as the pivot point. The GS moved northward in the upstream region and shifted southward in the downstream. Our empirical orthogonal function analyses of satellite altimeter data demonstrate that the second mode (EOF2) represents changes in the GS strength and therefore can be used as an index for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Decreasing water density below 1,000 m is also the principal mechanism driving the weakening of the GS.
Bathymetric Prediction Using Multisource Gravity Data Derived From a Parallel Linked BP Neural Network
Authors: Sun Heyuan , Feng Yikai , Fu Yanguang , Sun Weikang , Peng Cong , Zhou Xinghua , Zhou Dongxu
Published: November 2022

Gravity anomalies (GAs) and vertical gravity gradient anomalies (VGGs) are regularly used to predict bathymetry. However, few studies have explored the combination of the GAs and VGGs to predict bathymetry. We introduce the back propagation (BP) neural network into bathymetric prediction field and propose a method to predict depth from GAs and VGGs. The method was tested in the Mariana Trench region, and a neural network bathymetry model was constructed using feature data obtained from GAs and VGGs as the input of the BP neural network. Additionally, single‐beam sounding data were used as label data. By comparing the neural network and the gravity‐geologic method (GGM), the neural network was found to provide better performance with an accuracy improvement of 19%. The root‐mean‐square of the absolute difference between the neural network bathymetry model and the single‐beam sounding data was 72.40 m, with a relative accuracy of 1.71%. Approximately 50% of the differences were distributed within ±20 m, and 90% were distributed within ±100 m. The neural network bathymetry model was also compared with the GGM bathymetry model for different depths and topographies, and the results verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the BP neural network method.
Remote Aerosol Simulated During the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) Campaign and Implications for Aerosol Lifetime
Authors: Gao Chloe Yuchao , Heald Colette L. , Katich Joseph M. , Luo Gan , Yu Fangqun
Published: November 2022

We investigate and assess how well a global chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) simulates submicron aerosol mass concentrations in the remote troposphere. The simulated speciated aerosol (organic aerosol (OA), black carbon, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) mass concentrations are evaluated against airborne observations made during all four seasons of the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) deployments over the remote Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Such measurements over pristine environments offer fresh insights into the spatial (Northern [NH] and Southern Hemispheres [SH], Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans) and temporal (all seasons) variability in aerosol composition and lifetime, away from continental sources. The model captures the dominance of fine OA and sulfate aerosol mass concentrations in all seasons. There is a high bias across all species in the ATom‐2 (NH winter) simulations; implementing recent updates to the wet scavenging parameterization improves our simulations, eliminating the large ATom‐2 (NH winter) bias, improving the ATom‐1 (NH summer) and ATom‐3 (NH fall) simulations, but producing a model underestimate in aerosol mass concentrations for the ATom‐4 (NH spring) simulations. Following the wet scavenging updates, simulated global annual mean aerosol lifetimes vary from 1.9 to 4.0 days, depending on species. Aerosol lifetimes in each hemisphere vary by season, and are longest for carbonaceous aerosol during the southern hemispheric fire season. The updated wet scavenging parameterization brings simulated concentrations closer to observations and reduces global aerosol lifetime for all species, indicating the sensitivity of global aerosol lifetime and burden to wet removal processes.
Non‐Equilibrium Fractionation Factors for D/H and 18O/16O During Oceanic Evaporation in the North‐West Atlantic Region
Authors: Zannoni D. , Steen‐Larsen H. C. , Peters A. J. , Wahl S. , Sodemann H. , Sveinbjörnsdóttir A. E.
Published: November 2022

Ocean isotopic evaporation models, such as the Craig‐Gordon model, rely on the description of nonequilibrium fractionation factors that are, in general, poorly constrained. To date, only a few gradient‐diffusion type measurements have been performed in ocean settings to test the validity of the commonly used parametrization of nonequilibrium isotopic fractionation during ocean evaporation. In this work, we present 6 months of water vapor isotopic observations collected from a meteorological tower located in the northwest Atlantic Ocean (Bermuda) with the objective of estimating nonequilibrium fractionation factors (k, ‰) for ocean evaporation and their wind speed dependency. The Keeling Plot method and Craig‐Gordon model combination were sensitive enough to resolve nonequilibrium fractionation factors during evaporation resulting into mean values of k18 = 5.2 ± 0.6‰ and k2 = 4.3 ± 3.4‰. Furthermore, we evaluate the relationship between k and 10‐m wind speed over the ocean. Such a relationship is expected from current evaporation theory and from laboratory experiments made in the 1970s, but observational evidence is lacking. We show that (a) in the observed wind speed range [0–10 m s−1], the sensitivity of k to wind speed is small, in the order of −0.2‰ m−1 s for k18, and (b) there is no empirical evidence for the presence of a discontinuity between smooth and rough wind speed regime during isotopic fractionation, as proposed in earlier studies. The water vapor d‐excess variability predicted under the closure assumption using the k values estimated in this study is in agreement with observations over the Atlantic Ocean.
Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Studies of the Martian Atmosphere Over Jezero From Pressure Measurements
Authors: Sánchez‐Lavega A. , del Rio‐Gaztelurrutia T. , Hueso R. , Juárez M. de la Torre , Martínez G. M. , Harri A.‐M. , Genzer M. , Hieta M. , Polkko J. , Rodríguez‐Manfredi J. A. , Lemmon M. T. , Pla‐García J. , Toledo D. , Vicente‐Retortillo A. , Viúdez‐Moreiras D. , Munguira A. , Tamppari L. K. , Newman C. , Gómez‐Elvira J. , Guzewich S. , Bertrand T. , Apéstigue V. , Arruego I. , Wolff M. , Banfield D. , Jaakonaho I. , Mäkinen T.
Published: November 2022

The pressure sensors on Mars rover Perseverance measure the pressure field in the Jezero crater on regular hourly basis starting in sol 15 after landing. The present study extends up to sol 460 encompassing the range of solar longitudes from Ls ∼ 13°–241° (Martian Year (MY) 36). The data show the changing daily pressure cycle, the sol‐to‐sol seasonal evolution of the mean pressure field driven by the CO2 sublimation and deposition cycle at the poles, the characterization of up to six components of the atmospheric tides and their relationship to dust content in the atmosphere. They also show the presence of wave disturbances with periods 2–5 sols, exploring their baroclinic nature, short period oscillations (mainly at night‐time) in the range 8–24 min that we interpret as internal gravity waves, transient pressure drops with duration ∼1–150 s produced by vortices, and rapid turbulent fluctuations. We also analyze the effects on pressure measurements produced by a regional dust storm over Jezero at Ls ∼ 155°.
Linear Inversion of Fluvial Topography in the Northern Apennines: Comparison of Base‐Level Fall to Crustal Shortening
Authors: Fisher J. A. , Pazzaglia F. J. , Anastasio D. J. , Gallen S. F.
Published: November 2022

Fluvial terraces, longitudinal river profiles, and growth strata carry comparable records of the deformation history in tectonically active mountain belts. In the northern Apennines, these markers are preserved across an actively uplifting, steep mountain front. We take advantage of this setting to model base‐level fall histories reconstructed from a linear inversion of fluvial topography on six transverse catchments spanning 110 km along the strike from Bologna to Parma. We compare these histories to records of crustal shortening preserved in growth strata. The fluvial inversion model is based on the detachment‐limited stream‐power model and considers the variable erodibility of bedrock lithology. Uplift is assumed to be spatially uniform at the catchment scale and crudely in balance with long‐term 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) erosion rates that range from ∼0.3 to 0.7 mm yr−1. The model predicts rates of base‐level fall that are comparable with published rates of fault slip from growth strata and incision from terrace deposits. The modeling demonstrates how orogenic shortening and topographic growth are nonuniform and partitioned along the strike of the Apennine mountain front. Rivers record steady uplift in the last ∼1 Myrs, temporally coincident with overfilling of the Po Plain and reduction of shallow fault slip, supporting a proposed switch from thin‐to thick‐skinned crustal shortening. These results are a novel example of base‐level fall records assembled from both the erosional source and depositional sink and highlight the versatility and challenges of fluvial inversion modeling.
The diverse repertoire of ISG15: more intricate than initially thought
Authors: Kang Ji An , Kim Yoon Jung , Jeon Young Joo
Published: November 2022

ISG15, the product of interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15, is the first identified ubiquitin-like protein (UBL), which plays multifaceted roles not only as a free intracellular or extracellular molecule but also as a post-translational modifier in the process of ISG15 conjugation (ISGylation). ISG15 has only been identified in vertebrates, indicating that the functions of ISG15 and its conjugation are restricted to higher eukaryotes and have evolved with IFN signaling. Despite the highlighted complexity of ISG15 and ISGylation, it has been suggested that ISG15 and ISGylation profoundly impact a variety of cellular processes, including protein translation, autophagy, exosome secretion, cytokine secretion, cytoskeleton dynamics, DNA damage response, telomere shortening, and immune modulation, which emphasizes the necessity of reassessing ISG15 and ISGylation. However, the underlying mechanisms and molecular consequences of ISG15 and ISGylation remain poorly defined, largely due to a lack of knowledge on the ISG15 target repertoire. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanistic understanding and molecular consequences of ISG15 and ISGylation. We also highlight new insights into the roles of ISG15 and ISGylation not only in physiology but also in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, especially in cancer, which could contribute to therapeutic intervention in human diseases.
Milliwatt terahertz harmonic generation from topological insulator metamaterials
Authors: Tielrooij Klaas-Jan , Principi Alessandro , Reig David Saleta , Block Alexander , Varghese Sebin , Schreyeck Steffen , Brunner Karl , Karczewski Grzegorz , Ilyakov Igor , Ponomaryov Oleksiy , de Oliveira Thales V. A. G. , Chen Min , Deinert Jan-Christoph , Carbonell Carmen Gomez , Valenzuela Sergio O. , Molenkamp Laurens W. , Kiessling Tobias , Astakhov Georgy V. , Kovalev Sergey
Published: November 2022

Achieving efficient, high-power harmonic generation in the terahertz spectral domain has technological applications, for example, in sixth generation (6G) communication networks. Massless Dirac fermions possess extremely large terahertz nonlinear susceptibilities and harmonic conversion efficiencies. However, the observed maximum generated harmonic power is limited, because of saturation effects at increasing incident powers, as shown recently for graphene. Here, we demonstrate room-temperature terahertz harmonic generation in a Bi2Se3 topological insulator and topological-insulator-grating metamaterial structures with surface-selective terahertz field enhancement. We obtain a third-harmonic power approaching the milliwatt range for an incident power of 75 mW—an improvement by two orders of magnitude compared to a benchmarked graphene sample. We establish a framework in which this exceptional performance is the result of thermodynamic harmonic generation by the massless topological surface states, benefiting from ultrafast dissipation of electronic heat via surface-bulk Coulomb interactions. These results are an important step towards on-chip terahertz (opto)electronic applications.
Downregulation of METTL14 improves postmenopausal osteoporosis via IGF2BP1 dependent posttranscriptional silencing of SMAD1
Authors: Huang Chaoqing , Wang Yuan
Published: November 2022

Osteoporosis (OP) tends to occur in postmenopausal women, making them prone to fractures. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation plays a crucial role in OP. Herein, we aimed to explore the effects of METTL14 on osteogenesis and the underlying mechanism. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed through osteoblast markers expression, cell proliferation, ALP activity, and mineralization, which were detected by qRT-PCR, CCK-8, EdU assay, ALP staining assay, and ARS staining assay, respectively. Osteoporosis was evaluated in OVX mice using qRT-PCR, microcomputed tomography, and H&E staining assay. The levels of METTL14 and SMAD1 were measured using qRT-PCR and western blot, and their interaction was assessed using RIP and luciferase reporter assay. M6A methylation was analyzed using the Me-RIP assay. The results indicated that m6A, METTL14, and SMAD1 levels were downregulated in patients with OP and OVX mice, and upregulated in osteogenic BMSCs. Knockdown of METTL14 suppressed osteogenesis of BMSCs and reduced bone mass of OVX mice. Moreover, silencing of METTL14 positively related to SMAD1 and inhibited m6A modification of SMAD1 by suppressing its stability. IGF2BP1 was identified as the methylation reader, and which knockdown reversed the upregulation induced by SMAD1. Overexpression of SMAD1 reversed the suppression of osteogenic differentiation induced by METTL14 knockdown. In conclusion, interference with METTL14 inhibited osteogenic differentiation of BSMCs by m6A modification of SMAD1 in an IGFBP1 manner, suggesting that METTL14 might be a novel approach for improving osteoporosis.
USF2-mediated upregulation of TXNRD1 contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression by activating Akt/mTOR signaling
Authors: Huang Wen-ya , Liao Zhi-bin , Zhang Jia-cheng , Zhang Xin , Zhang Hong-wei , Liang Hui-fang , Zhang Zun-yi , Yang Tao , Yu Jia , Dong Ke-shuai
Published: November 2022

Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) is one of the major redox regulators in mammalian cells, which has been reported to be involved in tumorigenesis. However, its roles and regulatory mechanism underlying the progression of HCC remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that TXNRD1 was significantly upregulated in HCC tumor tissues and correlated with poor survival in HCC patients. Functional studies indicated TXNRD1 knockdown substantially suppressed HCC cell proliferation and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo, and its overexpression showed opposite effects. Mechanistically, TXNRD1 attenuated the interaction between Trx1 and PTEN which resulting in acceleration of PTEN degradation, thereby activated Akt/mTOR signaling and its target genes which conferred to elevated HCC cell mobility and metastasis. Moreover, USF2 was identified as a transcriptional suppressor of TXNRD1, which directly interacted with two E-box sites in TXNRD1 promoter. USF2 functioned as tumor suppressor through the downstream repression of TXNRD1. Further clinical data revealed negative co-expression correlations between USF2 and TXNRD1. In conclusion, our findings reveal that USF2-mediated upregulation of TXNRD1 contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression by activating Akt/mTOR signaling.
Field measurements reveal exposure risk to microplastic ingestion by filter-feeding megafauna
Authors: Kahane-Rapport S. R. , Czapanskiy M. F. , Fahlbusch J. A. , Friedlaender A. S. , Calambokidis J. , Hazen E. L. , Goldbogen J. A. , Savoca M. S.
Published: November 2022

Microparticles, such as microplastics and microfibers, are ubiquitous in marine food webs. Filter-feeding megafauna may be at extreme risk of exposure to microplastics, but neither the amount nor pathway of microplastic ingestion are well understood. Here, we combine depth-integrated microplastic data from the California Current Ecosystem with high-resolution foraging measurements from 191 tag deployments on blue, fin, and humpback whales to quantify plastic ingestion rates and routes of exposure. We find that baleen whales predominantly feed at depths of 50–250 m, coinciding with the highest measured microplastic concentrations in the pelagic ecosystem. Nearly all (99%) microplastic ingestion is predicted to occur via trophic transfer. We predict that fish-feeding whales are less exposed to microplastic ingestion than krill-feeding whales. Per day, a krill-obligate blue whale may ingest 10 million pieces of microplastic, while a fish-feeding humpback whale likely ingests 200,000 pieces of microplastic. For species struggling to recover from historical whaling alongside other anthropogenic pressures, our findings suggest that the cumulative impacts of multiple stressors require further attention.
Unequal airborne exposure to toxic metals associated with race, ethnicity, and segregation in the USA
Authors: Kodros John K. , Bell Michelle L. , Dominici Francesca , L’Orange Christian , Godri Pollitt Krystal J. , Weichenthal Scott , Wu Xiao , Volckens John
Published: November 2022

Persons of color have been exposed to a disproportionate burden of air pollution across the United States for decades. Yet, the inequality in exposure to known toxic elements of air pollution is unclear. Here, we find that populations living in racially segregated communities are exposed to a form of fine particulate matter with over three times higher mass proportions of known toxic and carcinogenic metals. While concentrations of total fine particulate matter are two times higher in racially segregated communities, concentrations of metals from anthropogenic sources are nearly ten times higher. Populations living in racially segregated communities have been disproportionately exposed to these environmental stressors throughout the past decade. We find evidence, however, that these disproportionate exposures may be abated though targeted regulatory action. For example, recent regulations on marine fuel oil not only reduced vanadium concentrations in coastal cities, but also sharply lessened differences in vanadium exposure by segregation.
FOXQ1 recruits the MLL complex to activate transcription of EMT and promote breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Mitchell Allison V. , Wu Ling , James Block C. , Zhang Mu , Hackett Justin , Craig Douglas B. , Chen Wei , Zhao Yongzhong , Zhang Bin , Dang Yongjun , Zhang Xiaohong , Zhang Shengping , Wang Chuangui , Gibson Heather , Pile Lori A. , Kidder Benjamin , Matherly Larry , Yang Zhe , Dou Yali , Wu Guojun
Published: November 2022

Aberrant expression of the Forkhead box transcription factor, FOXQ1, is a prevalent mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis in multiple carcinoma types. However, it remains unknown how FOXQ1 regulates gene expression. Here, we report that FOXQ1 initiates EMT by recruiting the MLL/KMT2 histone methyltransferase complex as a transcriptional coactivator. We first establish that FOXQ1 promoter recognition precedes MLL complex assembly and histone-3 lysine-4 trimethylation within the promoter regions of critical genes in the EMT program. Mechanistically, we identify that the Forkhead box in FOXQ1 functions as a transactivation domain directly binding the MLL core complex subunit RbBP5 without interrupting FOXQ1 DNA binding activity. Moreover, genetic disruption of the FOXQ1-RbBP5 interaction or pharmacologic targeting of KMT2/MLL recruitment inhibits FOXQ1-dependent gene expression, EMT, and in vivo tumor progression. Our study suggests that targeting the FOXQ1-MLL epigenetic axis could be a promising strategy to combat triple-negative breast cancer metastatic progression.
Profilin-1 regulates DNA replication forks in a context-dependent fashion by interacting with SNF2H and BOD1L
Authors: Zhu Cuige , Iwase Mari , Li Ziqian , Wang Faliang , Quinet Annabel , Vindigni Alessandro , Shao Jieya
Published: November 2022

DNA replication forks are tightly controlled by a large protein network consisting of well-known core regulators and many accessory factors which remain functionally undefined. In this study, we report previously unknown nuclear functions of the actin-binding factor profilin-1 (PFN1) in DNA replication, which occur in a context-dependent fashion and require its binding to poly-L-proline (PLP)-containing proteins instead of actin. In unperturbed cells, PFN1 increases DNA replication initiation and accelerates fork progression by binding and stimulating the PLP-containing nucleosome remodeler SNF2H. Under replication stress, PFN1/SNF2H increases fork stalling and functionally collaborates with fork reversal enzymes to enable the over-resection of unprotected forks. In addition, PFN1 binds and functionally attenuates the PLP-containing fork protector BODL1 to increase the resection of a subset of stressed forks. Accordingly, raising nuclear PFN1 level decreases genome stability and cell survival during replication stress. Thus, PFN1 is a multi-functional regulator of DNA replication with exploitable anticancer potential.
Network inference from perturbation time course data
Authors: Sarmah Deepraj , Smith Gregory R. , Bouhaddou Mehdi , Stern Alan D. , Erskine James , Birtwistle Marc R.
Published: November 2022

Networks underlie much of biology from subcellular to ecological scales. Yet, understanding what experimental data are needed and how to use them for unambiguously identifying the structure of even small networks remains a broad challenge. Here, we integrate a dynamic least squares framework into established modular response analysis (DL-MRA), that specifies sufficient experimental perturbation time course data to robustly infer arbitrary two and three node networks. DL-MRA considers important network properties that current methods often struggle to capture: (i) edge sign and directionality; (ii) cycles with feedback or feedforward loops including self-regulation; (iii) dynamic network behavior; (iv) edges external to the network; and (v) robust performance with experimental noise. We evaluate the performance of and the extent to which the approach applies to cell state transition networks, intracellular signaling networks, and gene regulatory networks. Although signaling networks are often an application of network reconstruction methods, the results suggest that only under quite restricted conditions can they be robustly inferred. For gene regulatory networks, the results suggest that incomplete knockdown is often more informative than full knockout perturbation, which may change experimental strategies for gene regulatory network reconstruction. Overall, the results give a rational basis to experimental data requirements for network reconstruction and can be applied to any such problem where perturbation time course experiments are possible.
Fabrication and examination of polyorganophosphazene/polycaprolactone-based scaffold with degradation, in vitro and in vivo behaviors suitable for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Gholivand Khodayar , Mohammadpour Mahnaz , Alavinasab Ardebili Seyed Alireza , Eshaghi Malekshah Rahime , Samadian Hadi
Published: November 2022

The present study aimed to synthesis a proper scaffold consisting of hydroxylated polyphosphazene and polycaprolactone (PCL), focusing on its potential use in tissue engineering applications. The first grafting of PCL to poly(propylene glycol)phosphazene (PPGP) was performed via ROP of ε-caprolactone, whereas PPGP act as a multisite macroinitiator. The prepared poly(propylene glycol phosphazene)-graft-polycaprolactone (PPGP-g-PCL) were evaluated by essential tests, including NMR, FTIR, FESEM-EDS, TGA, DSC and contact angle measurement. The quantum calculations were performed to investigate molecular geometry and its energy, and HOMO and LUMO of PPGP-g-PCL in Materials Studio2017. MD simulations were applied to describe the interaction of the polymer on phospholipid membrane (POPC128b) in Material Studio2017. The C2C12 and L929 cells were used to probe the cell–surface interactions on synthetic polymers surfaces. Cells adhesion and proliferation onto scaffolds were evaluated using FESEM and MTT assay. In vitro analysis indicated enhanced cell adhesion, high proliferation rate, and excellent viability on scaffolds for both cell types. The polymer was further tested via intraperitoneal implantation in mice that showed no evidence of adverse inflammation and necrosis at the site of the scaffold implantation; in return, osteogenesis, new-formed bone and in vivo degradation of the scaffold were observed. Herein, in vitro and in vivo assessments confirm PPGP-g-PCL, as an appropriate scaffold for tissue engineering applications.