bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Behaviour of Dyes in Aqueous Solutions. I. The Influence of Chemical Structure on Dye Aggregation ‐ a Polarographic Study
Authors: DUFF D. G. , KIRKWOOD D. J. , STEVENSON D. M.
Published: July 2010

Polarography has been used to measure the extent of aggregation of a number of monazo acid dyes in aqueous solution. The effects of increasing hydrophobic character and the number and position of the hydrophilic sulphonate groups have been investigated. Increasing length of alkyl chain promotes aggregation particularly when this reaches four carbon atoms. The effect of increasing degree of sulphonation depends upon the positions in the dye molecule into which additional groups are introduced. The state of aggregation could not be completely explained in terms of a simple monomer—dimer equilibrium.
The Effect of Benzyl Alcohol on the Physical and Dyeing Properties of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Filaments
Authors: INGAMELLS W. , NARASIMHAM K. V.
Published: July 2010

The effects of aqueous solutions of benzyl alcohol on the physical and dyeing properties of poly (ethylene terephthalate) filaments have been examined. The effects observed are dependent upon the mechanical history of the filaments. Their dyeing properties are more sensitive to changes in the molecular order of the filaments than are density and birefringence. There is not necessarily a simple relationship between the dyeing transition temperature and the glass transition temperature.
The Relation between Light Fastness of Colorants and their Particle Size
Authors: GILES CHARLES H. , WALSH DAVID J. , SINCLAIR ROY S.
Published: July 2010

Published evidence relating the rate of fading of a colorant to its physical state in the substrate, and to the photochemical layer effect, is discussed, and a new theoretical Model of light fading is proposed. In this the rate of oxygen diffusion from the atmosphere is considered, first in traversing the polymeric substrate, and then in entering an embedded colorant particle, under illumination. Expressions are derived which show that the rate of fading should vary with I/a2 (a = radius of particle), for large particles. As the particles become smaller, the rate tends towards a 1/a dependence, and eventually, with very small particles, it is independent of their size. Recently reported rates of fading of pigments of measured particle size gave results in agreement with the present treatment; the smallest particles thus considered are of the same order of magnitude as those of high light fastness direct dyes in cellulose, as observed by electron microscopy. Thus the model may be applicable to at least some water‐soluble dyes as well as pigments.
Degradation of Azo Compounds by Aeromonas hydrophila var. 24B
Authors: Idaka Eiichi , Ogawa Toshihiko , Horitsu Hlroyuki , Tomoyeda Mikio
Published: July 2010

A bacterium which has the ability to degrade azo dyes has been isolated from a polluted environment and identified as Aeromonas hydrophilia. The specificity of azo dyes to the bacterium was examined. p‐Acetamidoazobenzene, p‐aminoazobenzene, acetanilide, aniline and p‐phenylenediamine, which are produced as metabolites, were also isolated.
The Contribution of Research and Development to Industrial Wealth
Authors: Gailey Ian
Published: July 2010

This paper on research and development was presented at the Society's 1977 Biennial Symposium ‐ The Efficient Use of Resources in Textile Coloration ‐ held at Lancaster University. The Chairman for the session was Mr B.A. Townsend (Courtaulds Ltd).
Improvements in the Dyeing of Wool at Low Temperatures by the Use of Amine or Ammonia Pretreatments
Authors: AlHariri D. K. , Rattee I. D. , Seltzer I.
Published: July 2010

Pretreatments of wool with strong solutions of amines and ammonia have been reported to increase dye adsorption rates in many cases. The effect has been ascribed to the formation of β‐aminoalanine residues in the wool with a resultant increase in its electrical potential. The effect of more dilute solutions of ammonia and dimethylamine is reported here. The possibility that the amines act simply as alkaline hydrolysis promoters has been examined by taking into account internal pH effects. The addition of salt to the amine treatment solution has been shown to be very advantageous so that ‘low‐temperature‐dyeing’ wool may be readily prepared by a simple ammonia‐salt pretreatment.
A Correct Solution for the Isoreactive Dyeing System
Authors: Militký Jiří
Published: July 2010

The relationship used previously for calculating time‐temperature dyeing programs based on the condition of isoreactivity of the system has not been derived correctly, leading to increased consumption of thermal energy. A correct derivation is presented. In addition, a general solution is offered where the Kinetics of dyeing are described by an arbitrary function, the rate constant being the known function of temperature.
The Action of Albegal B on The Dyeing of Wool with α‐ Bromoacrylamide Reactive Dyes
Authors: CEGARRA J. , RIVA A. , AIZPURUA L.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes, in two parts, the action in aqueous solution of an amphoteric product, Albegal B (CGY), on an α‐bromoacrylamide reactive dye in the absence and in the presence of wool. The first part describes the effect of Albegal B, and of some inorganic compounds, on the aggregation of the dye in solution. A complex less soluble than the dye was observed in the initial stage, and at higher concentrations of Albegal B a slight tendency for the complex to redissolve. In the second part, the effect of Albegal B on the absorption on, and reaction with, wool of C.I. Reactive Yellow 39 is examined using a rotational central plan of experiments. Investigation of the effects of dye concentration and temperature showed the existence of optimum concentrations of Albegal B, where absorption and reaction of the dye are at a maximum. Possible mechanisms of interaction in the dyeing process are discussed.
The Degradation of Water‐soluble Azo Compounds by Dilute Sodium Hypochlorite Solution
Authors: GREGORY P. , STEAD C.V.
Published: July 2010

The decolorization of azo dyes by sodium hypochlorite solution has been followed spectrophotometrically and a technique developed for determining the half‐life of the process as a convenient measure of the reaction rate. A study of a series of 2‐arylazo‐1‐naphthol‐3,6‐disulphonic acids suggests that electronic, steric and possibly other effects influence the reaction rate, and that degradation involves initial attack at a nitrogen atom of the hydrazone form, by the electrophilic chloronium ion. Sulphonic and carboxylic acid groups located ortho to the azo linkage are particularly effective in retarding the rate of degradation.

The dyes 4‐(4‐sulphophenylazo)‐1‐naphthol (I) and 4‐(4‐sulphophenylazo)‐1‐(2‐chloro‐4‐amino‐s‐triazinylamino)‐naphthalene‐6‐sulphonic acid (II) were investigated in more detail to determine

the effect of pH on the reaction rate,

the number of molecules of sodium hypochlorite involved in the decolorization reaction

the nature of the decomposition fragments.

This information, together with the fact that the O‐ and N‐ methyl homologues of I were extremely resistant to degradation, enabled a mechanism to be postulated for the reaction.
Publication Sponsored by the Society's Fastness Tests Co–ordinating Committee – XLIV
Authors: MECKEL S. M.
Published: July 2010

Specific application of BSI recommendations for testing new test methods is illustrated quantitatively for an interlaboratory trial of a new colour–fastness test (colour fastness to chlorination: sodium dichloroiso–cyanurate). Statistical analyses of the results quantify repeatabilities and reproducibilities.
Introduction of Instrumentation to the Continuous Dyeing of Polyester—Cotton Blends
Authors: SHORT S. A.
Published: July 2010

Uniform, constant dyeing conditions are the main criteria for successful, continuous dyeing. The following paper describes possible means of ensuring these favourable conditions by the introduction of automation and the type of equipment available to do so. In all cases, the type of automation discussed is a monitoring device, measuring and recording the process variables continuously. The reading, in some cases, is fed to a control unit to enable uniform, constant conditions to prevail.
Dyes Containing Aliphatic Amino End Groups: An Approach to Reactive Dyes for Polyester Fibre via Transamidation
Authors: BEN–BASSAT ALBERT (AVRAHAM) , DERSHOWITZ SAMUEL
Published: July 2010

The synthesis and characterization of a number of 3–[N–(3′–aminopropyl)carboxamido]–4–arylazopyrazolone dyes is described. Under Thermosol dyeing conditions, a certain amount of covalent bonding occurs between the dyes and polyester fibre via transamidation.
Approximations Describing the Rate of Diffusion of Dye into an Infinite Cylinder and Plane Sheet from a Constant Surface Concentration
Authors: SHIBUSAWA TAKAO
Published: July 2010

Approximations to the Hill and McBain equations with 3–figure accuracy were obtained by dividing the whole interval of the equations into three subintervals, and making approximations to the subintervals by means of the method of Hastings.

The approximations allow the calculation of the diffusion coefficient of a dye from an experimentally determined rate–of–dyeing curve.
Some New Experiments on the Colorimetric Evaluation of Whiteness
Authors: VAECK S. V.
Published: July 2010

In order to confirm and extend earlier work on the colorimetric evaluation of whiteness, different series of white textiles, each of constant reflectance, varying from Y = 96 to Y = 70, are studied. A study of the Gba–Geigy white scale is also included.

Earlier predictions about the shape of the equi–whiteness surfaces in the x, y, Y colour space are confirmed and refined. As a result it is established that our original method used as such (using a diagram in the x, y chromaticity chart) or as adapted for numerical computation by Ganz, is applicable to nearly all white textiles, with or without FWAs. Only if shading dyes are used can the colour point transgress the optimum whiteness point corresponding to the reflectance of the material. In such cases it is necessary to use equi–whiteness ellipses around the optimum point, whose position in the chromaticity diagram varies nearly linearly with reflectance.

It is also found that catastrophe theory applies to whiteness perception in the vicinity of the optimum whiteness axis in colour space. This means that the whiteness of a given colour in this domain can have a high and a low value, according to circumstances.
Fixation on Wool of Dyes Containing a Maleimide Group
Authors: FINNIMORE ELIZABETH
Published: July 2010

A novel method has been developed for determining the fixation ratio on wool of dyes containing a maleimide group. Amino acid analyses are used to confirm that covalent reaction takes place when dyeing at the boil. This reaction, however, does not account for all the dye fixed on the fibre.
Bisulphite Setting of Woollen–spun Carpet Yarns
Authors: Forbes E. A. , Dittrich J‐H.
Published: July 2010

The twist in carpet yarns of suitable construction can be adequately set by a continuous treatment with sodium bisulphite in a tape–scouring machine. Different levels of set can be produced by varying the conditions: increasing the bisulphite concentration, the pH of the solution, the dwell time, and the bath temperature all improve the set. Improvements in the colour of the yarn and changes in pH are produced. While the yarn strength and extensibility decrease, the changes are comparable with those produced by the autoclave and water–setting treatments examined. Adverse changes in carpet abrasion resistance may occur when concentrations in excess of 10g/l are used. Bisulphite setting has been found to be more suitable for yarns to be jet–printed than setting in an autoclave or by hot water.
Publication Sponsored by the Society's Fastness Tests Co–ordinating Committee –XLVI
Authors: Jaeckel S. M.
Published: July 2010

The precision of Grey–Scale assessment of change in colour is estimated. Allowance was made for any interlaboratory differences, prior to assessment, in carrying out a colour–fastness test, using the prescribed test method, to obtain the specimens. The results show how the assessment precision depends on the Grey–Scale rating. The practical laboratory component of obtaining the tested specimens almost always has better precision than the subsequent assessment. The particular test method used to obtain the specimens can therefore be regarded as having satisfactory precision in practical application. Taking the mean of three assessors results in better precision than that from a single assessment. Assessment precision appears consistent when compared with appropriately transformed older data.
Physical Forms of Dyes
Authors: Skelly J. Kenneth
Published: July 2010

Presented to the Scottish Region at a one–day conference entitled ‘A Profile of the 80s’, held at the Eurocrest Hotel, Glasgow, on 23 May 1980.

The development of new physical forms of dyes has become increasingly important over the last decade. The need for ease of handling and dispensing, together with health and safety requirements and advances in application methods, has led to significant improvements in the physical form of many dyes that are available on the market. This has resulted in the introduction of granular forms of dyes in place of powders and stable liquids to replace pastes. Improved wet–milling techniques for insoluble dyes have enabled stable liquid versions of vat and disperse dyes of controlled ultimate particle size to be made available. The additives necessary for the different physical forms are discussed and the ideal properties required for the next decade are outlined. The physical forms of dyes now available can help to establish new standards of accuracy in dispensing and industrial hygiene wherever they are used.
Appearance, Utility, Simplicity, Cheapness and Design
Authors: Davies Duncan S.
Published: July 2010

This paper was delivered on Wednesday 12 September 1979 as the Opening Address of the Society's 19th Biennial Symposium held at Ranmoor House, Sheffield University.
ITMA1979: Jet Dyeing Machinery A brief look at some of the machines available
Authors: Simborowski V.
Published: July 2010

The four–yearly cycle of the International Textile Machinery Exhibition provides a particularly striking insight into the advances made in the industry which explains the worldwide interest shown by textile specialists in each ITMA. The 8th Exhibition, held in Hanover, was awaited with eager anticipation since a number of innovations and continued developments were presented for the first time. The exhibition confirmed the considerable amount of research and development effort that the textile machinery makers have invested in their products. There were numerous examples of the two main directions in which machinery designers were going: on the one hand towards higher machine capacities and automation associated with a shortening of the dyeing cycles and on the other towards reducing energy and water consumption and the creation of better working conditions through improved dust and noise control.
The Role of Anthraquinonoid Dyes in the Catalytic Fading'of Dye Mixtures– Substituent–dependent Triplet Yield of Diaminoanthraquinones
Authors: Rembold Manfred W. , Kramer Horst E. A.
Published: July 2010

Taking various diaminoanthraquinones as model compounds for commercial anthraquinonoid dyes it was found that the ability of initiating catalytic fading via singlet oxygen mechanism is closely related to the quantum yield of triplet formation in these dyes.

The quantum yields of triplet formation show a marked difference between the various diaminoanthraquinones. Whereas 1, 4– and 1, 2–diaminoanthraquinones have very small quantum yields, the 1, 5– and 1, 8–derivatives pass into the triplet state with a fairly high efficiency. From this it was concluded that catalytic fading occuring via singlet oxygen mechanism must be expected in dye mixtures consisting of 1, 5– or 1, 8–diamino substituted anthraquinonoid dyes and easily oxidizable azo–compounds.
A Study of Nitrogen – Phosphorus Synergism in the Flame–retardant Finishing of Resin–treated Polyester–Cotton Blends
Authors: Holme I. , Pater S. R.
Published: July 2010

The effects of N–methylol finishing treatments on the flammability of a range of polyester–cotton blends treated with a flame retardant, namely diammonium hydrogen orthophosphate (DAP), are reported. Of the three resin systems studied only urea–formaldehyde (UF) in the UF–DAP–treated fabrics gives rise to nitrogen–phosphorus (N–P) synergism. The mechanism for N–P synergism in this treatment is shown to depend on a dual phase or (1–*2) Inter Step mode of flame inhibition.
The Choice of Optimum Dye Exhaustion Profiles in the Direct Control of Dyeing
Authors: Medley John A. , Holdstock Christine R.
Published: July 2010

New developments could substantially increase the practical feasibility of direct control by optical means of the exhaustion of commercial dyeings.

This paper examines the preferred form of the exhaustion profile that should be used by such equipment, and the relationship between the rate of bath exhaustion, and the corresponding error in dye deposition in different parts of a textile load has been calculated. It is shown that the maximum permissible rate must fall progressively throughout the exhaustion period. This is contrasted with isoreactive dyeing and related concepts. The relationship between dye deposition error and colour difference is also discussed. Examples are given of practical profiles, the colour differences associated with them, and the operation of a control parameter based on the theory.
Dihydroxy–diphenylsulphone and Salicylic Acid Derivatives in the Aftertreatment of Dyed Nylon
Authors: Tomita M. , Tokitaka M.
Published: July 2010

The adsorption of DOS syntan and the sulphosalicylic acid derivative by nylon 6 is studied.

The colour fastness properties of dyeings produced in a one–bath and a two–bath system using these two chemicals are compared. Experimental results show that the sulphosalicylic acid derivative could be acting as a levelling agent, offering very little competition to uptake of DOS syntan by nylon 6 in the one–bath system.
Comparison of the Diffusion Rate of Pyridinium and Triethylammonium Dye Model Compounds into Acrylic Fibre
Authors: Arcoria Antonino , Longo Maria L. , Torre Michele
Published: July 2010

The synthesis and dyeing properties of several basic dyes, obtained by quaternization of pyridine or triethylamine with p substituted p‐chloroacetylaminoazobenzene are described. The compounds, applied as cationic dyes on acrylic fibre, show good fastness to light and wet treatments. The uptake of pyridine‐containing dyes is higher than that of the corresponding triethylamine derivatives. On increasing pH, an increase in dye uptake isobserved, whereas, on increasing dyebath concentration, the dye adsorption increases greatly. The dyeing rate and times of half‐dyeing are discussed.
Industrial Pass/Fail Colour Matching. Part II – Methods of Fitting Tolerance Ellipsoids
Authors: McDonald Roderick
Published: July 2010

Methods of fitting tolerance ellipsoids to the J & P Coats and to the Davidson and Friede matching data are described. The fitted ellipsoids vary in size according to their position in colour space. Various colour matching equations are derived to describe these variations and these are found to give better correlation with visual observation than other colour matching formulae.
Studies of the Sublimation Transfer Printing Process. Part II – Printing of Carpet Materials
Authors: Datye Keshav V.
Published: July 2010

Nonionic dyes fail to give satisfactory prints on carpets and pile fabrics of hydrophobic fibres by the conventional sublimation transfer print – STP process. The factors influencing the poor penetration of dyes into the body of thick materials were examined and a novel STP method has been developed to colour thick materials using commercial disperse dyes. The method gives satisfactory penetration of dyes within a few seconds at 180–210C without affecting the aesthetic appeal of the thick material.
Important Concepts in the Dyeing and Finishing of Man–made Fibres
Authors: Ingamells Wilfred C.
Published: July 2010

The importance of plasticization in dyeing processes is explained in relation to rapid dyeing and fibre swelling. The use of solubility parameters for understanding dyeing processes is revived and extended to give a fresh insight into dyeing mechanisms and a changed view of the importance of fibre swelling in dyeing.
Industrial Pass/Fail Colour Matching. Part III‐Development of a Pass/Fail Formula for use with Instrumental Measurement of Colour Difference
Authors: McDonald Roderick
Published: July 2010

Systematic variation in ANLAB matching tolerance was found in the pass/fail judgements of a single dyehouse observer assessing 8454 standard/sample pairs and 599 different colours. The matching formula derived to fit the variations gives improved correlation with visual decisions on several sets of independent published matching data. In subsequent dyehouse trials the formula was found to be a viable alternative to visual pass/fail matching.
Cost Reduction by Process Optimization
Authors: Boyd W. , Park J. , Thompson T. M. , Warbis T.
Published: July 2010

Detailed costings of dyeing processes have indicated that considerable savings can be obtained by the elimination of additions and by the use of optimized dyeing techniques. This can be greatly assisted by the use of automation backed by rationalized processes and assisted by colour physics techniques. The introduction into the dyehouse of rationalized processes may make possible an increase in productivity which may cause serious imbalances in the plant with an over–capacity situation.
The Behaviour of Dyes in Aqueous Solutions Part II – Anionic Dye–Nonionic Surfactant Interactions
Authors: Stevenson D. M. , Duff D. G. , Kirkwood D. J.
Published: July 2010

A spectrophotometric method has been used to study the interactions of some monoazo anionic dyes with a series of nonionic surfactants of different ethylene oxide chain length. The interaction between the dyes and the surfactants has been shown to be hydrophobic in nature with the extent of interaction increasing with increasing hydrophobicity of alky I side–chains on the dyes.
LabSpace: the Key to Successful Instrumental Shade Passing
Authors: McLaren K.
Published: July 2010

AN LAB space, one of the most uniform, was not suitable for single number shade passing but, because it and its successor CIE LAB readily allow colour differences to be split into three components, it has permitted two methods of instrumental shade passing to be developed, which have been widely used in dyehouses and quality control laboratories, viz. colour–specific shade passing and the development of optimized equations. Three different methods of splitting are described in detail.
Factors Affecting Instrumental Measurement and Visual Assessment of Colour Differences
Authors: Rigg B.
Published: July 2010

The factors affecting the instrumental measurement of colour differences are reviewed. For most types of sample the performance of modern instruments is more than adequate provided that sufficient care is taken. Problems may arise with metameric pairs and fluorescent samples. The main source of error lies in the colour–difference equations/ this is quite separate from errors due to the instrument. Problems associated with visual assessments are discussed. The use of a panel of three observers will produce more reliable results and may be preferable under certain circumstances.
Industrial Tolerances, Performances of a Colour–difference Formula
Authors: Borland T. M.
Published: July 2010

Since 1976 J & P Coats (UK) Limited have employed an instrumental match prediction and pass/fail system in the Dyehouse in Paisley. The system was developed by the Research Laboratory ofJ&P Coats Limited and, since 1976, a number of modifications to the pass/fail formula has been made on the basis of bulk experience. These modifications culminated in the J & P Coats 1979 Colour–difference Formula. Since the introduction of the JPC 79 formula many thousands of pass/fail decisions have been made and the agreement between visual observer and instrumental decision has been good.
Limits of Control in Processing of Dyed Fabrics
Authors: Cooper H. R. , Walton Miss P. F.
Published: July 2010

Colorimetric procedures are described which enable the user to identify the dyeing variables which require critical control to quantify the magnitude and direction of their effect, to estimate the combined effects of the many variables operating simultaneously in a dyeing process, and to estimate savings in dyes and chemicals made possible by choice of optimum processing conditions.
Evaluation of Some Reactive Disperse Dyes for Sublimation Transfer Printing of Wool
Authors: Brady P. Rex , Cookson Peter G.
Published: July 2010

The transfer printing of wool by the sublimation method using a number of low–molecular–weight dyes containing chloro– and bromo–acetyl, chloroacetamido, chloro– and bromo–propionamido, 2–bromoacryloyl, 2–chloroethylamino and epoxy groups has been examined. To achieve build–up of the dyes to heavy depths, it was necessary to pretreat the wool with a polymer or surfactant and to steam the prints after transfer of the designs. Several dyes exhibited good fastness properties on pure wool and on a wool–polyester blend fabric.
The Diffusional Boundary Layer: Some Implications for the Dyeing Technologist
Authors: Etters J. Nolan
Published: July 2010

This paper was presented at the Second AA TCC Inter–national Dyeing Symposium held at the Marriott Twin Bridges Hotel, Washington, D. C., USA, on 5–6 May 1980.

“mathematics are either pure or mixed. and as for the mixed mathematics, I may only make this prediction, that there cannot fail to be more kinds of them, as nature grows further disclosed.”

Modern computational devices of the 1980s, e. g., the new card programmable “pocket” calculators, provide the dyeing technologist with a useful and inexpensive means of reducing the formidability of computation associated with the use of complex diffusion equations. Armed with these modern tools, the dyeing technologist of the 1980s can use the previously imposing “boundary layer”diffusion equations of Newman or Crank in a purely chemical engineering way – coupled with statistical techniques – to estimate the optimum apparent value of L simultaneously with the optimum apparent diffusion coefficient. Analysis of real dyeing systems in terms of these fundamental physico–chemical parameters, although impossible to carry out to rigorous completion, nevertheless can help to improve the modern technologist's awareness of the influence of flow rate on level–ness in commercial dyeing processes.
Ozonation of Dyes. II‐Ozone Treatment of 4‐Phenylazo‐1‐naphthol
Authors: Matsui M. , Kobayashi K. , Shibata K. , Takase Y.
Published: July 2010

Decolorization reactions of hydroxyazo dyes are examined using mainly 4–phenylazo–1–naphthol as the model. Based on the fact that the reaction products are phenol, 1 4–naphthoquinone and nitrogen gas, the reaction mechanism is discussed. In the first step of the reaction, ozone attacks the hydrazo group in 4–phenylazo–1–naphthol and the reaction proceeds via the “ene” mechanism.
The Release of Disperse Dyes from Thickener Films during Thermal Processes
Authors: Hawkyard C. J.
Published: July 2010

The dye release properties of hydrophilic polymer layers containing disperse dye particles have been studied.

Polymers which form homogeneous films, such as sodium alginate, act as barriers to the passage of dye vapour, unless the weight of the dye particles initially present in the layer exceeds the weight of polymer. Sodium carboxymethyl starch does not behave in this way, as the polymer film is heterogeneous.

Evidence is presented for much improved dye release from coatings containing homogeneous film–forming polymers by the emulsification of hydrocarbons into print pastes. The driedcoatings take on a cellular structure which allows disperse dye vapour to be readily released.
Kinetic and Calorimetric Studies of Reactive Dye Hydrolysis and Alcoholysis Reactions
Authors: Iyer S. R. Sivaraja , Ramaseshan G. , Chourishi N. K.
Published: July 2010

Kinetic and calorimetric studies have been carried out to determine rate constants and enthalpy changes for the hydrolysis and alcoholysis reactions as a function of pH, for some reactive dyes at a given temperature, in the temperature range 25–35°C. The alcoholysis reactions were carried out in homogeneous media using glucose, sorbitol, methanol, r–propyl alcohol and ho–propyl alcohol respectively. The calorimetric data have been obtained using a sensitive rating–period calorimeter. The results indicate that, irrespective of whether the rate constants k“–or k”AO–are independent of pH or not, the heat of hydrolysis HH which is exothermic, increases with pH, whereas the heat of alcoholysis HA which is also exothermic, decreases with increase in pH for glucose and sorbitol for all the dyes studied. For the reaction with methanol, on the other hand, while k“AO– decreases with increase in pH, HA increases for the two dyes studied, namely, Procion Brilliant Red MX–2B (ICI) and Procion Red MX–G (ICI). The HA values, using n–propyl and iso–propyl alcohol, indicate that the interaction of these reactive dyes with secondary alcohol groups leads to a lowering of HA. Studies on HH in buffered and unbuffered solutions of the dyes indicate that the presence of buffer decreases the heat of hydrolysis. Taking into cons/deration both the kinetic and thermodynamic data, it is suggested that, for the hydrolysis reaction, the changes in reactivity and heat of reaction with pH are Influenced by the changes in the solvent environment at different pH values. In the case of alcoholysis reactions using glucose and sorbitol, the decrease in HA with increase in pH could be attributed to an Increase in the interaction of the dye with secondary alcohol groups. Other factors which could influence the heats of such reactions are steric factors associated with the dye and carbohydrate molecule, changes in the structure of water around these molecules and changes in activity coefficients.
Properties of Monoazo Disperse Dyes, Derivatives of 3– and 4–Aminophthalimide
Authors: Szadowski J.
Published: July 2010

The synthesis of several disperse dyes, from 3–amino–12–phthalimide and its N–methyl derivative as diazo component and N, N–dialky lanilines as coupling component is described.

The dyeing behaviour and some physical properties of these dyes are investigated and compared with those of isomeric dyes containing azo groups in the 4–position, previously studied [5]. These properties were found to be considerably affected by the presence of an alkyl sub–stituent on the nitrogen atom of imide group. Further, dyes containing unsubstituted –NH groups showed somewhat better thermal properties (higher melting points and dyeings of better fastness to sublimation), but at the same time their dyeability was worse for all the known processes of dyeing polyester fibres.

Based on the i. r. and visible spectra of the dyes under investigation, it was concluded that the dyes containing unsubstituted –NH groups are highly associated; dyes containing azo groups in the 4–position associate to give one product, whereas association of the dyes with azo groups in the 3–position leads to two different products.
The Polymorphism of C.I. Pigment Red 1
Authors: Whitaker A.
Published: July 2010

The polymorphism of C.I. Pigment Red 1 (1‐[(4′‐nitrophenyl)‐azo] ‐2‐naphthol) in commercial samples has been investigated by interpreting their X‐ray diffraction patterns. These have been compared with each other and with those from three single‐crystal polymorphs (α, β and γ). It is concluded that commercial samples are predominantly of either one or two phases (α or γ). There is evidence that a fourth phase (δ) exists in powder form.
Contribution of Superoxide Ion to the Photofading of Dyes
Authors: Kuramoto Nobuhiro , Kitao Teijiro
Published: July 2010

The contribution of superoxide ion to the photofading of dyes has been investigated. The involvement of superoxide ion with singlet oxygen is important in the photofading of Methylene Blue and Rose Bengale, but with indigo and aminoanthraquinone dyes singlet oxygen without superoxide ion is predominant.
Principles of Radio‐frequency Heating
Authors: Jones P L
Published: July 2010

The conservation of energy or the introduction of new techniques which will allow less energy to be used is an important area of activity for the Scarce Resources Committee. Accordingly, very successful half‐day symposia were held in 1980 to discuss the application of radio‐frequency techniques in textile processing. These techniques are assuming greater importance in such areas as drying and dye fixation with consequent savings in the energy required.

The papers given at the symposia made a significant contribution to the technology of the subject in covering topics such as the principles involved and the commercial application of the techniques, and finally two papers discussed the practical application and experience of users.
Application of Tristimulus Colorimetry to the Prediction of Colour Fastness of Nylon Fibre
Authors: Burlone D A
Published: July 2010

The colour fastness of melt‐coloured nylon fibre exposed to various destructive influences is predicted. The conventional concepts of colorimetry are employed in making these fastness calculations. Results are given for predictions of fading after exposure to ultra‐violet light, and after hypochlorite bleach treatment of the precoloured nylon fibre. The generality of the method is discussed. Application to other types of fastness calculations is suggested.
Factors Affecting the Performance of Insectproofing Agents Applied to Wool During Dyeing
Authors: Mayfield Robert J
Published: July 2010

An examination has been made of the influence of dyebath pH and temperature, length of dyeing cycle, presence of levelling agents, and ammonia aftertreatment on the application of the commonly used insectproofing agents applied to wool during dyeing. Formulations based on polychloro‐2‐(chloromethyl‐sulphonamido) diphenyl ethers were significantly less effective when applied at high pH (>5) over long periods of dyeing. The levelling agents examined showed a tendency to retard the uptake of all agents, and an ammonia aftertreatment stripped a significant amount of all insectproofing agents from the wool. These factors, acting alone or in combination, can seriously reduce the level of insect resistance of the treated wool and result in increase in the amount of the insectproofing compounds in the spent dye‐liquors. Ways of overcoming some of these problems are suggested.
A Protein Chemical Investigation of the Chlorine‐Hercosett Process
Authors: de Fries W. , Altenhofen U. , Föhles J. , Zahn H.
Published: July 2010

The cause of the weight loss that occurs during continuous chlorination and Hercosett treatment of wool tops has been investigated. Wool top samples were collected and their amino acid composition determined. Samples from the treatment baths were collected after 20 h use and the amino acid contents and the protein fractions of the residues after evaporation were estimated. The results showed that proteins released in an industrial acid‐chlorination procedure originated from the exocuticle of the wool (including the a‐layer). The major part of the solubilised wool proteins was found in the sulphite bath. This can be explained by the fact that the degraded wool proteins are negatively charged and are released from the wool after raising the pH and the salt concentration of the treatment bath.
Fibre‐reactive Organophosphorus Esters Suitable for Insectproofing of Wool
Authors: Jones F William
Published: July 2010

The insecticidal properties of two fibre‐reactive organophosphorus esters, O‐ethyl‐S‐n‐propyl‐O‐(4‐ (2‐(3‐ vinylsulphonylpropionyl) oxyethyl)‐thiophenyl) phosphorothionothiolate and O‐ethyl‐S‐n‐propyl‐O‐(4‐(2‐(3‐vinylsulphonylpropionyl) oxyethyl)‐thiophenyl)phosphorothiolate, have been determined against a number of keratin‐digesting insects. Both compounds were effective against the more common textile pests at relatively low application levels; however, considerably higher levels were required to control the feeding damage due to Hoffmannophila pseudospretella. Generally, the insecticidal activity of the phosphorothiolate was greater than the activity of the phosphorothionothiolate; however, this was offset by the greater susceptibility of the phosphorothiolate to hydrolysis during application from a dyebath. The application of these compounds during dyeing and other textile processes was examined.
Formation of Cross‐links in Silk by Dyeing with a Difluorochloropyrimidyl Dye
Authors: Yushu Xia
Published: July 2010

The dyeing of silk using a monoazo difluorochloropyrimidyl reactive dye has been studied with respect to exhaustion, fixation ratio, solubility of the dyed fibres in lithium thiocyanate solution, work recovery and tensile strain recovery. The results indicate the formation of cross‐links between the reactive group by reaction of the two fluorine atoms in the dye with functional groups in the silk fibroin, probably mainly tyrosine OH groups.
The Influence of the Kinetics of Dissolution of Disperse Dyes on the Kinetics of Polyester Fibre Dyeing
Authors: Odvárka Jaroslav , Huňková Jindra
Published: July 2010

The influence of the kinetics of dissolving disperse dyes on the kinetics of dyeing polyester fibres at high temperatures has been investigated. Experimental proof that the rate of dyeing was limited by the rate of dissolution of the disperse dye was obtained. Experimental data for two disperse dyes are presented.
Colour and Constitution of 1,4‐Naphthoquinonoid Dyes ‐ Modified PPP MO Calculations and Substituent Effects
Authors: Matsuoka Masaru , Takagi Koichi , Obayashi Hiroharu , Wakasugi Kazuyuki , Kitao Teijiro
Published: July 2010

Calculation of the n‐electron excitation energies of naphthoquinonoid dyes has been carried out by means of the Pariser—Parr—Pople (PPP) method using the variable, β,γ‐approximation. A good linear correlation between the observed and calculated values for the first π‐π* excitation was found for a new series of naphthoquinonoid dyes. The effect of substituents on the colour of different dyes was studied on the basis of these calculated results, i.e. HOMO—LUMO energy levels and π‐electron‐density changes accompanying the excitation. The intramolecular charge‐transfer character of the π‐π* transition was shown to be the same as occurs in some anthraquinonoid dyes.
Compatibility of Dye Mixtures
Authors: Datye Keshav V , Mishra Sachi
Published: July 2010

The dyeing behaviour of a number of dye mixtures on three types of fibre has been studied by the method based on assessment of colour build up under practical dyeing conditions, as well as under ideal conditions. Some a*b* and L*C*ab diagrams are constructed for both the conditions. These diagrams give valuable information about the dyeing behaviour of the dye mixtures. The technique reported in this paper will prove useful to a practical dyer for determining the compatibility of dyes in mixtures.
The Behaviour of Selected High Wet Modulus Viscose Fibres Dyed with Direct Dyes
Authors: Davis Vivian , King Rosalie R
Published: July 2010

Four high wet modulus viscose fibres (Avril, Avril III, Prima, and Viloft) were evaluated for dye exhaustion characteristics using cotton and standard viscose fibres as standards. Dyebath exhaustion was quantified by spectrophotometry analysis. Viscose fibres, as a class, exhibited higher percentage exhaustion for all dyes studied than did the cotton fibres. Dye uptake by the viscose fibres varied, highlighting the need for further research to enable the effect of differing dye classes or differing control fibres to be studied. Viscose fibres may vary in dyeability from one producer to another due to differences in fibre cross‐section, skin‐to‐core ratio, molecular orientation or pore size.
Continuous pH Control in the Dyeing of Wool, Wool/Nylon and Wool/Acrylic Blends
Authors: Mosimann W.
Published: July 2010

Presented to the Society's West Riding Region on 14 October 1982 and reproduced from the German version first appearing in Textilveredlung, 17 (1982) 289.

The acid and alkali binding power of wool is examined in the light of findings reported in the literature. Reference is made to the importance of pH as a key factor in the exhaust dyeing of wool. The optimised exhaust methods for dyeing wool and nylon proposed in the literature, especially those controlled by pH such as the Dosacid system (CGY), are enumerated. Dyeing trials with a new control and dispensing unit on stubbing and yarn at all stages of processing are described by means of a timet temperature I pH diagram. The economy of the Dosacid W system, which uses dilute sulphuric acid and caustic soda for all pH adjustments, is demonstrated by the chemical costs calculated for several batches.
A New Method for Observing Polymers on Wool by Dye Staining
Authors: Brady P Rex , Cookson Peter G
Published: July 2010

By using a simple dye staining technique the distribution of a wide range of polymers can be readily seen on wool. After staining with selected dyes, samples are mounted in media with refractive indices similar to that of wool and examined using a conventional optical microscope. The different types of polymer distribution observed correlate well with scanning electron micrographs, but the technique is much simpler and easier to use than electron microscopy. It is possible to view polymers in locations that are inaccessible by other techniques. Visual examination of pieces of stained fabric enables the evenness of polymer treatments to be assessed.
Evaluation, Testing and Dispensing of Dyes
Authors: Park J , Shore J
Published: July 2010

The relationship between popularity or commercial demand for different colours and their position in the colour gamut is discussed with examples in the field of synthetic–polymer yarn dyeing. Such considerations have a part to play in the rational selection of dye ranges. The key role of the dyehouse laboratory in dye evaluation and testing is outlined. Improvements in physical form and suitability of disperse dyes for a growing range of application criteria have taken much development effort in recent years and these advances have kept pace with corresponding progress in equipment and techniques for dye dispensing.
Dye Fixation Using Radio—frequency Heating
Authors: Perkin R M , Catlow N
Published: July 2010

Radio‐frequency (r.f.) heating has been used to achieve the fixation of acid dyes on nylon fibres. This permitted rapid heating to the fixation temperature, and some enhancement in the degree of dye penetration was observed. Success was also obtained in fixing disperse dyes on polyester and reactive dyes on cotton using r. f. techniques. The experiments clearly demonstrate that r.f. heating offers a versatile method for enhancing dye fixation.
Changes Induced in the Properties of Wool by Specific Epicuticle Modification
Authors: Leeder J D , Rippon J A
Published: July 2010

The treatment of wool under anhydrous (non‐swelling) conditions with potassium tert‐butoxide dissolved in tert‐butanol was studied. The aim was to confine reaction with the alkaline reagent to the outer surface of the fibre, thus preventing whole‐fibre degradation. It appears that the a/koxide specifically reacts with, or cleans, the extreme exterior of the epicuticle membrane, removing lipid material but leaving the chemically inert epicuticle intact. The treatment increases inter‐fibre and inter‐yarn friction, tensile strength and wettability. The absence of whole‐fibre degradation is shown by the unchanged dye uptake and abrasion resistance. The apparent specificity of the reaction has led us to propose that a distinctive, bound, fatty layer, tentatively called the ‘F‐layer’, is involved in the mechanism. The polar surface generated by the treatment results in improvements in several properties, such as shrink resistance, printabi/ity and electrical conductivity, and an increase in the effectiveness of shrinkproofing polymers.
Substituent Effects on the Colour, Dyeing and Fastness Properties of Trisubstituted 4–N–β–Hydroxyethyl–N–β–Cyanoethylaminoazobenzenes
Authors: Peters Arnold T
Published: July 2010

School of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Bradford Bradford West Yorkshire BD7 1DP

The synthesis of a series of 2′, 4′, 6′‐trisubstituted derivatives of 4–N–β–hydroxyethyl–4– N–β–cyanoeth ylaminoazobenzene is reported, and the effect of the nature of the substituents on the colour, dyeing and fastness properties of these dyes is described. The dyes coloured synthetic–polymer fibres well, with the exception of those containing a methylsulphonyl group, which gave weaker dyeings on polyester. Dyes substituted by 2′‐nitro groups tended to have poor light fastness, and reasons for the variations in the light fastness of monoazo dyes of this type are discussed.
Principles of Chromatography and Separative Techniques ‐ Adsorption and Partition Chromatography
Authors: Straw William A
Published: July 2010

Between 1861 and 1910 Schönbein and Goppelsroeder made extensive use of ‘Capillaranalyse’ and demonstrated its potential application in the separation of pure dyes from intermediates and impurities, or from dye mixtures. Its successful operation is really dependent on partition phenomena. Since those early days, thin‐layer systems have been developed extensively. In spite of the rapid expansion of methods for the analysis of trace constituents based on gas chromatography that occurred during the 1960s and early 1970s, in the broader field of organic chemical analysis compounds that were non‐volatile or thermally unstable proved difficult to determine. This led to a renaissance of liquid chromatographic procedures, which are now well documented. Against a background of theory relating to adsorption and partition, an outline of appropriate equipment is provided, leading to consideration of both qualitative and quantitative aspects of chromatographic analysis generally. Some applications relevant to the colour‐manufacturing and colour‐using industries are reviewed.
New Techniques of Continuous Dyeing
Authors: von der Eltz H‐U
Published: July 2010

Presented at the 13th Congress of the International Federation of Associations of Textile Chemists and Colourists in London on 20 September 1984.
The Role of Intramolecular Quenching in the Catalytic Fading of Dye Mixtures
Authors: Oda Hironori , Kitao Teijiro
Published: July 2010

The catalytic fading of dye mixtures has been investigated, and the influence of a nickel sulphonate group, an intramolecular singlet oxygen quencher, was examined. Dyes containing the quenching group showed improved resistance to catalytic fading in solution and in the solid state.
The Development of a Generalised Equation to Determine Affinity. Part 2‐Application to the Dyeing of Nylon and Wool with Anionic Dyes and Acrylic Fibres with Cationic Dyes
Authors: Sumner Harry H
Published: July 2010

The extension of the equations developed in Part 1 of this series |1| to include anionic dyes on wool and nylon and cationic dyes on acrylic fibres is described, thereby producing a single treatment which can be used for any type of ionic dye on any fibre.