bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Research on Intelligent Electronic Meters with Hand Transcribers
Authors: Li Chunfeng , Sun Dandan , Zhang Xiang
Published: October 2015

The essay first establishes the general design scheme about software and hardware circuits of intelligent electronic
meters with hand transcribers and elects the more advanced RN8209G multifunctional, anti-stealing , monophrase
measurement chip as the energy measurement chip; then designs the main program flow chart of hardware and software in
the systematic design scheme, such as the energy measurement chip , the current sample circuit, the voltage sample circuit,
and hand transcriber, etc.
Research on Auto Parts Industry Upgrading Based on Internet of Things
Authors: Caiyuan Chen , Long Wang
Published: October 2015

Based on the importance of development and upgrading of auto parts industry, the article analyzes the location
of auto parts industry. In order to achieve further development and upgrade, five factors influencing China auto parts industry
upgrading are put forward afterwards in this paper. They are market demands, resource supply, technology level,
system and policy and international trade. An empirical analysis is made by multivariate statistical regression methods and
testifies the result of qualitative analysis above and then gets the quantitative conclusion.
Numerical Simulation of Closing Process of Shuttle Check Valve
Authors: Kefeng Xiang , Jin Yao , Xiangwei Zeng
Published: October 2015

For studying the kinetic characteristics of passive shuttle check valve at the moment that it closes its valve core
on the condition of high pressure differences, this paper first constructs the equation of motion of the valve core and twodimensional
geometrical model by using computation fluid dynamics method, then with the help of the calculation
method and physical model provided by Fluent software, employing the dynamic mesh and user-defined functions,
simulates the unsteady flow in the valve core’s closing process under the different pressure fluctuations, and obtains the
stress nephogram, the velocity vector diagram, the speed curve, and pressure curve of the interior flow field of the valve.
The results show that the bigger the value of valve fluctuation is, the larger the fluid pressure that the valve core is
subjected to, the openness of the core and the speed fluctuation of the core are, and that in the case of sudden
decompression at the entrance, the core can be shut down quickly with the steady speed field and pressure field. The
simulation results are conducive to the design and optimization of structure parameter of shuttle check valve.
Analysis of the Vertical Stiffness of Rolling Guide that Involves the Elastic
Deformation of Carriage Skirt
Authors: Jinfeng Li , Liping Wang , Liwen Guan
Published: October 2015

Static stiffness is an important indicator of the performance of a rolling guide, having direct influence on the
stiffness and precision of computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine tools. After preloading the rolling guide, an
outward elastic deformation is generated at the carriage skirt, which leads to a decrease in the static stiffness of the rolling
guide. Therefore, there would be relatively large errors between the numerical results and the experimental results when
the carriage is considered as a rigid body. In this paper, an analytical method for estimating the vertical stiffness of rolling
guide was proposed, which took into account the elastic deformation in the carriage skirt. The contact elastic deformation
model under loads was given using Hertz’s contact theory, from which the numerical results for the vertical stiffness of
the surface of the rolling guide was calculated when the elastic deformation in the carriage skirt was ignored. The
calculation method for the carriage skirt deformation was given using the finite element method, from which the
numerical relationship between the deformation and the contact force was obtained after fitting adjustment. An analytical
model was therefore established and took into account the elastic contact deformation and the carriage skirt deformation,
and a universal calculation method was proposed for vertical stiffness. Experimental results show that compared to those
not involving the deformation, the numerical results for vertical stiffness involving the carriage skirt deformation matched
more closely with the experimental results, with relative errors no greater than 6.5%.
CFD Simulation of the Air Flow Field in the Multi Blade Centrifugal Fan
Authors: Li Jiawei
Published: October 2015

In this paper, the multi blade centrifugal fan parameter CAD/CFD was developed. Before treatment with the
traditional design method as the foundation, use AutoCAD as development of the embedded language. The work of this
regulation to establish a set of more perfect design and optimization program of axial flow fan in air, improve its
economy, and provided a shortcut for energy saving and noise reduction of multi blade centrifugal machine. Also in the
establishment and the simplification of complex models, mesh generation, calculation and other aspects of the use of the
model to do some beneficial exploration, hoping to provide reference of the similar simulation numerical type. Influence
on the performance of multi blade centrifugal fan impeller is the largest parameters such as the blade outlet angle, inlet
angle and blade number. As the numerical simulation application in modern design method, in order to improve the
performance of pressure air fan as the optimization objective, the optimization of the fan, the fan impeller optimization
parameters more reasonable flow field distribution, air pressure with better performance is obtained, and the formula to
determine the recommended number of leaves.
Warning of Potential Collision for Vehicles
Authors: Yue Huang , He Qin Gui , Tong Liu , Ning Sun , Dan Wang Xiao
Published: October 2015

A moving vehicle may very likely run into accidents. The occurrence rate of accidents would be largely
reduced if the driver is warned in advance, even only 0.5 s earlier. For a running vehicle, the driving route within short
time before collision has the characteristic of Markov. In this case, the coordinates of position only have to be considered
within a short range, rather than the running status during the past long period. Within short period before collision, the
driving route can be basically divided into two states: a straight line and a binomial curve. In this paper, a mechanism is
proposed for sending collision warning messages to running vehicles.
Theoretical Study on Fluid Velocity for Viscous Fluid in a Circular
Cylindrical Shell
Authors: Yajuan Hao , Yunhui Shi , Panpan Ping
Published: October 2015

A theoretical algorithm by united Lagrangian-Eulerian method for the problem in dealing with viscous fluid
and a circular cylindrical shell is presented. In this approach, each material is described in its preferred reference frame.
Fluid flows are given in Eulerian coordinates whereas the elastic circular cylindrical shell is treated in a Lagrangian
framework. The fluid velocity in a two-dimensional uniform elastic circular cylindrical shell filled with viscous fluid is
studied under the assumption of low Reynolds number. The coupling between the viscous fluid and the elastic circular
cylindrical shell shows kinematic conditions at the shell surface. Also, the radial velocity and axial velocity of the fluid
are discussed with the help of graphs.
Research on the Influencing Factors of "Scale Veins" of Single Point
Incremental Forming Workpieces Surface
Authors: Pengtao Shi , Yan Li , Mingshun Yang , Zimeng Yao
Published: October 2015

To furthermore optimize the machining parameters and improve the surface quality of the workpieces
manufactured by single point incremental forming method, the formation mechanism of the sacle veins on the metal
incremental froming workpieces was studied through experiment method. The influence principle of the spindle speed, the
feed speed and the material of tip of tools on the length of scale veins was obtained through analyzing the experimental
results and building the mathematical model among the length of scale veins were feed speed and spindle speed through
measuring the roughness of surfaces and observing the appearance of the forming workpieces. The experimental results
showed that, the spindle speed, the feed speed and the material of tool tips have a significant effect on the scale veins
formation on the surface of forming workpieces. Therefore, an appropriate group of spindle speed and feed speed can
reduce the effect of scale veins on the roughness of single point incremental forming workpieces and furthermore improve
the surface quality of forming workpieces.
Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractureswith Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation II: Our Experience in Indian Patients§
Authors: Kumar G.N. Kiran , Sharma Gaurav , Khatri Kavin , Farooque Kamran , Lakhotia Devendra , Sharma Vijay , Meena Sanjay
Published: October 2015

Introduction:

Unstable intertrochanteric fractures are difficult to manage and the choice of implant is critical for fracture fixation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional and radiological outcome of proximal femoral nail antirotationII (PFNA II) in the treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures.

Materials and Methods:

We reviewed 45 patients of unstable intertrochanteric fractures, who were treated with the PFNA II between 2011 and 2013. Of which, 3 patients were died within 6 months of follow up. Hence, 42 patients were available for the study including 26 men and 16 women. The mean age was 61 years (range, 35 -90). Clinical evaluation was done using Harris hip score. The position of the blade in the femoral head was evaluated using Cleveland zones and tip apex distance. The fracture reduction was assessed using the Garden Alignment Index and postoperative fracture gap (mm) measurement.

Results:

The mean follow up period was 15.3 months (range, 9-27). Excellent to good results were accounted for 78% of cases according to Harris hip score. No cases of cut out or breakage of the implant noted. Implant removal was done in 2 patients due to persistent anterior thigh pain.

Conclusion:

We recommend PFNA II for fixation of unstable intertrochanteric fractures with less operative time and low complication rate. However, proper operative technique is important for achieving fracture stability and to avoid major complications.
First Metatarsalphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis: A Retrospective Comparison of Two Methods of Fixation
Authors: Rashid M.A , Parnell M , Khan W.S , Khan A
Published: October 2015

First metatarsalphalangeal joint arthrodesis is a well established and successful treatment; however there still remains controversy over the best choice of construct. We performed a retrospective study of patients undergoing first metatarsalphalangeal fusion over eighteen months (n=52) using either dorsal non-locking plate with additional compression lag screw fixation or dorsal non-locking plate alone. We found when assessing clinical criteria, patients with dorsal non-locking plates and additional compression lag screw fixation had a significantly higher rate of fusion (100% vs 77.8%), significantly higher rate of fusion within the first two months (55.6% vs 83.3%), significantly earlier time to fusion (52.2 days vs 75.6 days), and significantly lower rate of non-union (0% vs 22.2%). When blindly assessing radiographic criteria, the patients treated with the plate and compression screw had a significantly higher rate of fusion and lower rate of non-union (0% vs 33%). There was no statistically significant difference between the frequencies of complications in the groups. We believe that the interfragmentary compression is a crucial factor in achieving good union rates and recommend the use of non-locking pre-contoured plating with additional interfragmentary compression screw as the fixation method of choice for these procedures.
Preserving source- and sink-location privacy in sensor networks
Authors: Lee Sangho , Kim Jong , Kim Yoonho
Published: October 2015

Protecting the location privacy of source and sink nodes in a sensor network
is an important problem. Source-location privacy is to prevent event source
tracking by adversaries and sink-location privacy is to protect sink nodes
from adversaries who try to disrupt the sensor network. In this paper, we
propose a constant-rate broadcast scheme for ensuring their location privacy.
This scheme (1) equalizes traffic patterns of the sensor network to deal with
eavesdropping and (2) minimizes the routing information of each sensor node
to deal with node compromising. We further reduce the overhead of the
proposed scheme by proposing a forwarder-driven broadcast (FdB) scheme that
allows efficient multiple broadcasts with smaller buffer usage. Analysis and
evaluation results show that FdB can support multiple broadcasts with small
message delivery time and buffer usage.
Stan
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Lee Daniel , Guo Jiqiang
Published: October 2015

Stan is a free and open-source C++ program that performs Bayesian inference or optimization for arbitrary user-specified models and can be called from the command line, R, Python, Matlab, or Julia and has great promise for fitting large and complex statistical models in many areas of application. We discuss Stan from users’ and developers’ perspectives and illustrate with a simple but nontrivial nonlinear regression example.
Incorporating Onboard Diagnostics into Fleet Preventive Maintenance Practices
Authors: Ramani Tara , Kader Michael , Johnson Jeremy , Jacobs Timothy , Spiegelman Clifford , Zietsman Josias
Published: October 2015

This paper presents the findings from a proof-of-concept study that was conducted to examine whether engines and vehicles equipped with onboard diagnostic systems could provide data for optimizing fleet preventive maintenance practices. The study investigated the development of a statistical approach for recommending oil changes in the Texas Department of Transportation's fleet, based on engine data collection and oil sampling analysis for a sample of heavy-duty dump trucks. The study also investigated whether predictive intervals could improve preventive maintenance practices and save money. The engine parameters that were logged included engine speed, oil temperature, engine load, coolant temperature, and engine oil pressure; and the oil parameters tested included viscosity, oxidation, nitration, total acid number, total base number, wear metals, soot, and fuel dilution. The findings indicated that there were very low levels of oil degradation, attributable to the engine operations, which were observed to be predominantly low-load operations with a lot of idling. The findings support potential changes to fleet maintenance and management practices from an economic and environmental perspective.
Predicting Pavement Marking Service Life with Transverse Test Deck Data
Authors: Pike Adam M. , Songchitruksa Praprut
Published: October 2015

Pavement marking test decks are an effective way to evaluate the quality of marking in the field. Transverse test decks provide accelerated wear on markings in the wheelpath area and can provide a side-by-side comparison of different pavement marking materials. The drawback is that the relationship between transverse and long-line pavement marking test decks is relatively unknown. This study was developed to provide better understanding of the relationship between the accelerated wear area on a transverse marking and how it relates to typical wear on a longitudinal marking. The objective of the study was to develop a model for predicting long-line pavement marking retroreflectivity values from transverse pavement marking test deck data. These models and associated parameters can be used to estimate the retroreflectivity of an edge line marking or the amount of time it will take for the edge line marking to reach a given retroreflectivity level. The user needs only the transverse retroreflectivity readings and an initial or assumed initial edge line retroreflectivity value.
Quantifying the Effectiveness of Performance-Based Pavement Marking Maintenance Contracts
Authors: Geedipally Srinivas Reddy , Songchitruksa Praprut , Pike Adam M.
Published: October 2015

Pavement markings play a vital role in the safe and efficient movement of traffic. In 2010, FHWA began the process of amending existing regulations and issued a notice of proposed amendments to adopt minimum pavement marking retroreflectivity levels. Performance-based pavement marking maintenance contracts (PBPMMCs) are one of the latest mechanisms used to maintain adequate pavement marking performance levels. The Texas Department of Transportation has issued two PBPMMCs, but the effectiveness of these contracts compared with other contracting mechanisms from a performance or safety perspective has not been investigated. This study quantified the effectiveness of PBPMMCs by evaluating the delivered pavement marking performance and safety performance. When compared with other contracting mechanisms, the evaluations found inconclusive evidence as to the benefit of the PBPMMC from a safety and marking performance standpoint. The results are inconclusive perhaps because the markings were maintained adequately before the PBPMMC or because the PBPMMC did not provide a significant improvement in the marking systems.
Strategic Location of Satellite Salt Facilities for Roadway Snow and Ice Control
Authors: Sullivan James L. , Dowds Jonathan , Novak David C. , Scott Darren M.
Published: October 2015

Roadway snow and ice control (RSIC) operations can account for as much as 10% of the annual budget of a state's department of transportation (DOT) in the snowbelt of the United States. Important considerations for planning RSIC operations are the locations and quantities of surface treatment materials. This study examined the use of satellite salt facilities (SSFs) and developed a novel, real-world approach for locating SSFs. The paper demonstrates a method for ranking the effectiveness of individual SSFs in their reduction of the distance that vehicles must travel to reload salt. The approach is demonstrated with the federal aid roadway network for the state of Vermont, and a locally optimal SSF location is identified for each of the existing service territories in the state. The results of an informal survey of satellite salt-siting practices among snowbelt DOTs are also reported. A critical aspect to siting new SSFs is the ability to use existing right-of-way around Interstates; survey respondents noted the need to explore public–private partnerships with landowners adjacent to the state highway right-of-way who may be willing to sell or lease small portions of cleared land for use as SSFs. From the survey information, the study compared a smaller set of ready-to-use SSF locations (with adequate right-of-way) with the locally optimized SSF locations.
Effect of Prewetting Brines on the Ice-Melting Rate of Salt at Very Cold Temperatures
Authors: Koefod Scott , Mackenzie Rafe , Adkins Jessica
Published: October 2015

At temperatures close to its eutectic, sodium chloride (NaCl) is shown to have substantial ice-melting capacity, but the ice-melting rate is very slow. The effects of magnesium chloride (MgCl2), NaCl, and mixed MgCl2-NaCl brines on the ice-melting rate of prewetted NaCl rock salt at temperatures close to the NaCl eutectic were measured. The solid salt component of a 50:50 mixture of salt and 26.0% MgCl2 brine melted ice 7.1 times faster than dry salt after 3 h, 3.5 times faster after 7 h, and 1.7 times faster after 24 h at an average temperature of −4.48F (−20.2°C). The solid salt component of a 50:50 mixture of salt and 23.3% NaCl brine melted ice 2.9 times faster than dry salt after 3 h, 2.0 times faster after 7 h, and 1.6 times faster after 24 h at the same temperatures. Ice-melting rates with mixed MgCl2-NaCl prewetting brines were intermediate between those of the straight NaCl and MgCl2 prewetting brines. Above a ratio of prewetting brine-to-salt high enough so that the ice was completely covered with brine, there was no significant increase in the ice-melting rate with increased prewetting brine application rate. Preliminary evidence suggests that a contribution to the rate enhancement caused by MgCl2 may be enhanced diffusion of NaCl from the dissolving salt crystals in the MgCl2 brines.
Icing Management on the Veterans' Glass City Skyway Stay Cables
Authors: Mirto Clinton , Abdelaal Ahmed , Nims Douglas , Ng Tsun-Ming , Hunt Victor , Helmicki Arthur , Ryerson Charles , Jones Kathleen
Published: October 2015

Ice falling from the stay sheaths of a cable-stayed bridge is fairly uncommon. However, this problem may potentially affect the majority of cable-stayed bridges in the United States, because more than 80% of them are located in or near areas that have had historically damaging ice storms. This paper offers insight into the overall stay sheath icing problem and provides specific details. The Veterans' Glass City Skyway (VGCS) has had five major icing events since its opening in 2007. This paper discusses the history of the VGCS icing events, weather conditions leading to stay icing, active and passive anti-icing and deicing technologies that were assessed, technologies that were considered potentially practical, tests of those technologies, and novel technologies that were developed to improve icing management. Ultimately, the testing and evaluation showed that no existing technology met the needs of the Ohio Department of Transportation (DOT). Therefore, the Ohio DOT elected to pursue an administrative strategy. To do this effectively requires an understanding of the regional climate, the microclimate on the bridge, and the conditions of the stays. The necessary information was gleaned from existing weather stations, the roadway information system, and new dedicated sensors mounted on the bridge. The weather history and current conditions of the stays were integrated through an automated real-time monitoring system to provide actionable information to the bridge operators.
Effects of Weather Conditions and Snow Removal Operations on Travel Speed in an Urban Area
Authors: Hong Sungmin , Hagiwara Toru , Takeuchi Shouichi , Lu Birei
Published: October 2015

In Sapporo, Japan, the effective number of lanes in winter was decreased by some snow removal operations (plowing) and increased by others (hauling); the average speed of vehicles in February 2013 (winter) was about 10 km/h slower than in October 2013 (autumn). In other words, the roads are more prone to traffic congestion in winter than in the other seasons. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of weather conditions and snow removal operations on travel speed to determine the causes of winter traffic congestion in Sapporo. Four steps were performed to identify the relationships between traffic, weather, and snow removal operation factors. The first step was to establish a data set for analysis by combining traffic, weather, and snow removal operation data. The second step was to develop multiple linear regression (MLR) models with all the variables. The third step was to investigate the periodicity of the residuals to apply autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models between the actual and predicted values of the MLR models. Then, ARIMA models or seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) models were developed, depending on the periodicity. The fourth step was to combine the R-squares of the MLR and ARIMA models. It was found that the explanatory power of the speed prediction model was improved by combining the two models. As a result of applying the ARIMA and SARIMA models at the residuals, the R-squared values increased by .60.
Safety Effects of Fixed Automated Spray Technology Systems
Authors: Veneziano David , Muthumani Anburaj , Shi Xianming
Published: October 2015

Fixed automated spray technology (FAST) has emerged as a solution to provide quick, effective service delivery to high-risk locations prone to icy conditions or with high traffic volumes. The Colorado Department of Transportation has installed and used FAST on bridges since 1998, with 32 units currently installed on bridges around the state. There is some concern regarding the effectiveness of FAST in reducing accidents during winter weather. Previous studies of FAST have considered the changes to crash occurrence following deployment, but these studies were basic and compared seasonal figures or rates without accounting for site conditions. To address this shortcoming, an observational before–after study with the empirical Bayes technique was used to determine the effect of FAST systems on crash frequencies. The results revealed that at sites where crashes were reduced, FAST systems contributed to an annual reduction of 2% on multilane rural highways, 16% to 70% on urban Interstates, 31% to 57% on rural Interstates, and 19% to 40% on interchange ramps between Interstates. However, at some sites, safety deteriorated with an increase in crashes. Although the precise causes of such increases are not completely clear, they may have been the result of increased traffic, systems not being maintained properly, or systems applying fluids in improper amounts or at the wrong time. On the basis of the collective results, high-traffic, high-crash severity locations are most suitable for FAST deployment.
Influence of Weather on Transport Demand
Authors: Rudloff Christian , Leodolter Maximilian , Bauer Dietmar , Auer Roland , Brög Werner , Kehnscherper Knud
Published: October 2015

In times of increasing travel demand, urban transport systems are under continuous stress. Knowledge of the impact of weather on any given day needs to be obtained for efficient operation of the system. Although it is expected that weather-related impacts will not dominate travel demand (e.g., work trips cannot be easily omitted), trips may be delayed or different modes may be chosen. It is well known that transport systems that operate close to capacity react highly nonlinearly to additional demand. Thus, changes in weather might lead to totally different settings for the management of the transport systems. This paper provides evidence of the influence of weather on travel demand for the greater Vienna, Austria, region. Long-term household mobility surveys were used for a descriptive analysis of the influence of weather on travel behavior. Statistical modeling of smaller mobility surveys allowed extrapolation to new situations, as well as an analysis of the joint influence of several variables. Significant evidence was provided that weather had a strong influence on the mobility choices of a large part of the population. The results emphasized that the weather impact depends heavily on the mode and purpose of the trip and the characteristics of the traveler. The results of the study can be used at the aggregate level to predict the impact of weather on traffic demand. This information is important for the management of transport system supply and demand, for ensuring the efficiency of urban transportation systems.
Cross-Asset Transportation Project Coordination with Integer Programming and Constraint Programming
Authors: Wang Shuo , Chou Eddie Y.
Published: October 2015

Many asset management systems generate work plans for different asset components independently. Coordination of projects between different assets, such as pavement and bridge rehabilitations in the same, adjacent, or nearby locations, is often performed only on an ad hoc basis. Poorly coordinated projects might cause unnecessary traffic disruptions and increased agency costs. This paper presents two optimization models to coordinate asset projects systematically with the application of integer programming and constraint programming. The objective of the two models was to maximize the total benefits of the projects, including project benefits and coordination benefits, by rescheduling some projects subject to budget constraints and project timing constraints. The project benefits were assessed on the basis of relationship between the asset condition and the vehicle operating cost. The project coordination benefits were estimated for road users and highway agencies. An example problem was solved to improve an uncoordinated work plan consisting of 26 asset preservation projects. The results show that the two models yield the same solution and the total benefits could be increased significantly by project coordination. The models can be implemented by highway agencies to support their cross-asset management decisions.
Multiple-Step Traffic Speed Forecasting Strategy for Winter Freeway Operations
Authors: Kim Seoungbum , Rim Heesub , Oh Cheol , Jeong Eunbi , Kim Youngho
Published: October 2015

Accurate and timely predictions of traffic conditions are required for congestion avoidance and route guidance in real-time freeway traffic operations. Special attention to winter operations is needed because prediction error could be amplified under severe weather conditions involving snow. This study employed a vehicle detection system to propose a speed prediction methodology that used the k–nearest neighbors algorithm. The speed prediction was further evaluated under different weather conditions with a road weather information system. Cross-comparisons of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between three weather conditions (normal, light snow, and heavy snow) revealed that the MAPE tended to increase with increases in the forecasting time step (T) and snow intensity. The marginal MAPE over the time step was larger during heavy snow conditions than under normal and light snow conditions. These findings indicate that for winter freeway operations, the time step should be selected dynamically, depending on the weather conditions rather than with a static strategy for all conditions. To this end, this study proposes a framework to determine a dynamic forecasting T that is associated with weather conditions.
Safety Effectiveness of Flashing Yellow Arrow
Authors: Simpson Carrie L. , Troy Shawn A.
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this project was to develop crash modification factors (CMFs) for the implementation of a flashing yellow arrow (FYA) on the basis of the specific before-and-after period conditions of a signalized intersection. Although this countermeasure has been used for years in North Carolina and other states, no published studies to date have provided CMFs for left-turn crashes specific to the treated approaches, and none has provided CMFs for the three-section FYA for permissive-only left turns. Crash data from 222 intersections in North Carolina with an FYA protected–permissive left turn (FYA-PPLT), three-section FYA permissive-only left-turn installations, or both were used to provide CMFs for five category types: Category 1 (permissive only to FYA-PPLT), Category 2 (protected only to FYA-PPLT), Category 2A (protected only to FYA-PPLT with time of day operation), Category 3 (five-section PPLT to FYA-PPLT), and Category 4 (permissive only to FYA permissive only). A before-and-after crash analysis with consideration given to increases in traffic was used to determine the safety estimates. Safety performance functions were used to account for the effect of traffic volume trends. In Categories 3 and 4, the change was exclusive to the left-turn display and not to a change in phasing. All CMF results were statistically significant for Category 3, and target and injury CMF results were statistically significant for Category 4. On the basis of the results from the study sites, a statistically significant decrease was found in target left-turn crashes and injury crashes after a site signal underwent a change from a solid green ball to an FYA for permissive left turns when phasing remained unchanged. This finding applied whether the left phasing was protected–permissive or fully permissive.
Effect of Beacon Activation and Traffic Volume on Driver Yielding Behavior at Rapid Flashing Beacons
Authors: Potts Ingrid B. , Fitzpatrick Kay , Lucas Lindsay M. , Bauer Karin M. , Hutton Jessica M. , Fees Chris A.
Published: October 2015

Several methods have been used to emphasize the presence of a pedestrian crossing, including one that supplements signage with beacons or embedded LEDs. Rapidly flashing beacons constitute one type of treatment used at midblock pedestrian crossings to bring drivers’ attention to a crossing pedestrian. This study evaluated the effect of the activation of the beacon and traffic volumes on driver yielding behavior when a crossing pedestrian was present. Rectangular rapid-flashing beacons (RRFBs) and circular rapid-flashing beacons (CRFBs) were installed at 12 sites in four cities. At approximately half of the study sites, RRFBs were initially installed and later replaced with CRFBs. At the other study sites, CRFBs were initially installed and later replaced with RRFBs. The same flash pattern was used for both beacon shapes. Driver yielding rates were compared between pedestrian crossings when a beacon was activated and when it was not. The results of the analysis showed that when a beacon, whether rectangular or circular, was activated, a driver was 3.68 times more likely to yield to pedestrians than when the beacon was not activated. The results of an analysis of the relationship between traffic volume and driver yielding indicated that driver yielding behavior was not influenced by traffic volume at the study sites.
Moments of Insight in Long Novels by Henry James and Dorothy Richardson
Authors: McLoughlin Kate
Published: October 2015

Henry James and Dorothy Richardson wrote long novels in response to what they perceived as a crisis in transferable experience, a crisis traced by Walter Benjamin to the First World War. The scenes under discussion may, prima facie, seem to articulate what Benjamin termed Erlebnis (experience in the raw) or Jetztzeit (‘now-time’, in which the entire history of mankind is encompassed). However, the scenes (which occur in James's The Portrait of a Lady and The Wings of the Dove and in Richardson's Honeycomb and Dimple Hill from the Pilgrimage sequence) in fact depict Erfahrung (the wise yield of reflected-upon experience). Furthermore, the novels’ lengthiness inculcates Erfahrung in the reader, too, who achieves insight based upon memory, resemblance, repetition and recognition across these long texts.
Shahr-i Sokhta and the chronology of the Indo-Iranian regions
Authors: Jarrige Jean-François , Didier Aurore , Quivron Gonzague
Published: October 2015

Dans un article publié en 2008 dans Paléorient, une série d’arguments a été présentée pour dater la phase finale de la période III et la période IV de Shahr-i Sokhta au cours de la seconde moitié du IIIe millénaire et au tout début du IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Une telle datation pourrait impliquer de possibles interactions entre les sites du système de l’Helmand (Shahr-i Sokhta et Mundigak) et la civilisation de l’Indus. Cet article nous conduit tout d’abord à un examen d’ensemble des questions chronologiques à l’échelle des régions indo-iraniennes. Nous passons ensuite en revue les éléments utilisés par les auteurs de l’article précédent pour soutenir une contemporanéité entre les sites de l’Helmand aux périodes III et IV de Shahr-i Sokhta et la civilisation de l’Indus. Puis, en nous fondant notamment sur la séquence des sites de la bordure occidentale de la vallée de l’Indus et du Makran, nous examinons le bienfondé de ces rapprochements proposés entre Shahr-i Sokhta et les sites de la civilisation de l’Indus.
Obsidian Knappers at the Late PPNB “Consumer” Settlement of Tell Seker Al-Aheimar Northeast Syria
Authors: Nishiaki Yoshihiro A. , Nagai Kenji
Published: October 2015

L’obsidienne est présente dans les assemblages lithiques des établissements néolithiques de la Haute Mésopotamie sous la forme de lames, lamelles et d’outils, témoins d’importations depuis des sources situées en Anatolie orientale. En raison de la rareté des sous-produits, les détails de la méthode de mise en forme et du débitage des nucléus demeurent peu connus pour ces sites « consommateurs » . Cet article présente une analyse technologique des stratégies de débitage de l’obsidienne dans le site PPNB récent de Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Syrie du nord-est). Les résultats indiquent que la production de lames et lamelles était réalisée sur place, mais sur une petite échelle et de façon épisodique, à usage probablement domestique. En outre, l’analyse montre que ces tailleurs appartenaient à la même tradition technologique que celle des communautés proches des sources d’approvisionnement et que l’habileté des tailleurs sur ce site était aussi grande que la leur. Ces données soulèvent des questions pour les recherches futures sur le contexte socio-économique des tailleurs d’obsidienne en Haute Mésopotamie, ainsi que sur leur origine, leur rôle social et la façon dont ils ont acquis savoir-faire et compétences.
Opening the Door, Pointing the Way
Authors: Watkins Trevor
Published: October 2015

Naissance des divinités, Naissance de l’agriculture (1994) represented his mature and original thinking on the essential nature of neolithisation. While the book continues to infl uence the thought and work of many, its impact is diminished because Jacques Cauvin left two major questions unanswered. My own research has been directed to investigating those questions : Cauvin described his “ révolution des symboles” as “ psycho-cultural”, but he said little about its cognitive and cultural nature ; and he repeated the question with which R. Braidwood had challenged us – to explain why (in Braidwood’s case) hunter-gatherers had turned to farming at that particular time, and why not earlier. My work has been directed at developing an understanding of the cognitive and cultural implications of the use of systems of symbolic representation in material form ; and at setting the emergence of those cognitive skills in the context of theories of the evolution of human cultural communication. However, we have made little progress along the way that Cauvin pointed us. Despite rapid and exciting strides in theories about the human mind and the cognitive evolution of human social and communication skills, inter-disciplinary collaboration with archaeologists has placed the climax of the story in the Upper Palaeolithic ; the Neolithic has been either ignored or seen as no more than a consequence of a “ human revolution” that was achieved more than 30,000 years ago. In order to progress, we need to form new inter-disciplinary collaborations that will investigate the cognitive and symbolic cultural aspects of the Neolithic.
Development of a novel nanoindentation technique by utilizing a dual-probe AFM system
Authors: Cinar Eyup , Sahin Ferat , Yablon Dalia
Published: October 2015

A novel instrumentation approach to nanoindentation is described that exhibits improved resolution and depth sensing. The approach is based on a multi-probe scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tool that utilizes tuning-fork based probes for both indentation and depth sensing. Unlike nanoindentation experiments performed with conventional AFM systems using beam-bounce technology, this technique incorporates a second probe system with an ultra-high resolution for depth sensing. The additional second probe measures only the vertical movement of the straight indenter attached to a tuning-fork probe with a high spring constant and it can also be used for AFM scanning to obtain an accurate profiling. Nanoindentation results are demonstrated on silicon, fused silica, and Corning Eagle Glass. The results show that this new approach is viable in terms of accurately characterizing mechanical properties of materials through nanoindentation with high accuracy, and it opens doors to many other exciting applications in the field of nanomechanical characterization.
Effects on Vitamin D, Bone and the Kidney of Switching from Fixed-Dose Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine/Efavirenz to Darunavir/ Ritonavir Monotherapy: A Randomized, Controlled Trial (MIDAS)
Authors: Hamzah Lisa , Tiraboschi Juan M , Iveson Helen , Toby Martina , Mant Christine , Cason John , Burling Keith , Wandolo Emily , Jendrulek Isabelle , Taylor Chris , Ibrahim Fowzia , Kulasegaram Ranjababu , Teague Alastair , Post Frank A , Fox Julie
Published: October 2015

Background

Efavirenz (EFV) has been associated with reductions in vitamin D (25[OH]D) and tenofovir (TDF) with increased bone turnover, reductions in bone mineral density (BMD) and renal tubular dysfunction. We hypothesized that switching from fixed-dose TDF/emtricitabine (FTC)/EFV to darunavir/ritonavir monotherapy (DRV/r) might increase 25(OH)D and BMD, and improve renal tubular function.

Methods

Subjects with HIV RNA <50 copies/ml on TDF/ FTC/EFV for ≥6 months were randomized 1:1 to ongoing TDF/FTC/EFV or DRV/r (800/100 mg once daily) for 48 weeks. The primary end point was change from baseline in 25(OH)D at week 48. Secondary end points included changes in BMD, bone turnover markers and renal tubular function.

Results

A total of 64 subjects (86% male, 66% white, mean [sd] CD4+ T-cell count 537.3 [191.5]/mm3) were analysed. After adjustment for baseline 25(OH)D and demographics, at week 48 DRV/r monotherapy was associated with a +3.6 (95% CI 0.6, 6.6) ng/ml increase in 25(OH)D compared to TDF/FTC/EFV ( P=0.02). DRV/r monotherapy was associated with an increase in BMD (+2.9% versus -0.003% at the neck of femur and +2.6% versus +0.008% at the lumbar spine for DRV/r versus TDF/FTC/EFV; P<0.05 for all) and reductions in bone biomarkers compared with those remaining on TDF/FTC/EFV. No significant difference in renal tubular function was observed. Reasons for discontinuation in the DRV/r arm included side effects ( n=4) and viral load rebound ( n=3), all of which resolved with DRV/r discontinuation or regimen intensification.

Conclusions

Switching from TDF/FTC/EFV to DRV/r in patients with suppressed HIV RNA resulted in significant improvements in 25(OH)D and bone biomarkers, and a 2–3% increase in BMD.
Un soutien à la parentalité souvent inadapté aux situations de précarité. L’exemple des foyers monoparentaux
Authors: Neyrand Gérard
Published: October 2015

La façon dont s’est développé le « soutien à la parentalité » depuis les années 1990 apparaît assez mal adaptée à la situation des plus précaires. L’auteur illustre cette difficulté à partir de l’analyse des foyers monoparentaux, dont aujourd’hui un tiers sont en situation de pauvreté. Pour eux, la précarité est non seulement économique, mais aussi sociale (repli sur soi) relationnelle et psychologique (épisodes dépressifs). Elle suppose une réponse multidimensionnelle, alliant – sur la base d’une formation des intervenants – une écoute personnalisée aidant la mère à l’élaboration de sa situation, articulée à la prise en compte des facteurs matériels : soutien financier et résidentiel, garde de l’enfant, formation qualifiante...
L’intention de quitter l’entreprise : une approche par l’étape de carrière
Authors: Giraud Laurent
Published: October 2015

Les nombreux modèles de turnover que l’on peut trouver dans la littérature en Gestion des Ressources Humaines illustrent l’importance de la fidélisation des salariés à l’entreprise. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’insérer l’étape de carrière du salarié dans un modèle de turnover classique pour en mesurer l’effet sur ses facteurs de fidélisation. À cette fin, une enquête par questionnaires a été réalisée en janvier 2011 auprès de salariés français d’une entreprise franco-américaine et de deux entreprises françaises. L’échantillon est composé de 478 répondants : 206 vendeurs, 150 techniciens, 76 salariés de fonctions support et 46 de fonctions indéfinies. La population étudiée a un niveau de qualification faible à moyen (CAP/BEP/BAC à BAC+2/BTS). Les données sont analysées à l’aide de la technique des équations structurelles. Les résultats confirment (1) le rôle central de la satisfaction extrinsèque au travail et de l’implication organisationnelle affective dans un modèle de turnover et (2) l’influence du score à l’étape de carrière d’un individu sur les facteurs de fidélisation à l’entreprise. Enfin, le lien entre l’âge ou les différentes formes d’ancienneté et les étapes de carrière n’est pas systématique.
Heur et malheur de l'artiste. Problèmes de souveraineté dans la représentation des vies d'artistes (1780-1820)
Authors: Martin François-René
Published: October 2015

Les vies des maîtres anciens, enfance, carrière, vie amoureuse, mort, n'ont jamais autant intéressé les artistes et le public qu'au xix e  siècle. Derrière la variété des artistes célébrés, c'est le pouvoir de l'artiste qui est en jeu. La reconnaissance du prince ou l'injustice frappant l'artiste constituent deux motifs qui fondent deux conceptions distinctes de la souveraineté de ce dernier. Envahissant le genre anecdotique, ces sujets accèdent parfois au grand genre, la peinture d'histoire, dont ils réinvestissent les codes, les observant ou les subvertissant. L'histoire d'amour entre Raphaël et la Fornarina, telle qu'Ingres l'interprète, donne l'exemple d'une affaire intime rapportée par Vasari qui accède à la dignité d'une histoire où une nouvelle forme de souveraineté de l'artiste vient se définir.
Le corps entier de mon bébé
Authors: Clerget Joël
Published: October 2015

Le corps du bébé est envisagé dans son rapport à ce qui le constitue dans l’adresse et l’appel du prénom, comme corps d’un sujet. L’intrication du corps et de la psyché permet d’entendre l’intimité existant entre l’environnement et le bébé en mouvement. Le contact assure une portance d’être, par où un enfant rencontre de nombreux autres corps : animal, minéral, végétal… La corporalité s’anime de ce que la vie psychique et pulsionnelle répond de la dynamique symbolique qui nous fait exister.
Bébé est né, il faut l’habiller
Authors: Clerget Marie-Pierre
Published: October 2015

La création et le choix de vêtements de bébé, pour bébé, relève entièrement de ceux qui prennent soin de lui. Leurs conceptions de l’habillement et de l’habillage témoignent de la façon dont ils « traitent » du corps du bébé, dont ils « traitent » le corps du bébé. Quelques supports de présentations de vêtements pour enfants servent de terrain d’exploration.
L’expérience d’une grossesse. Corps de mère, corps d’enfant
Authors: Derrier Sanlaville Aude
Published: October 2015

La construction de notre projet de vie s’articule autour de la question du corps, et plus particulièrement de son écoute. La nécessité d’entendre les craintes et les envies de l’autre, de les accepter et de les ressentir. Accepter que la réalité ne soit pas celle attendue. L’arrivée de nos trois enfants a engendré de nombreux bouleversements et la création de lien particulier avec chacun dès la grossesse poursuivie par mon souhait d’allaiter. Nous inscrivons notre histoire de couple dans une temporalité autre pour devenir une famille, entraînant des expériences successives et uniques pour chaque enfant impactant à chaque fois tous les membres de celle-ci.
Le corps du bébé dans l’histoire
Authors: Morel Marie-France
Published: October 2015

Les écrits familiaux, les représentations d’enfants dans la peinture et les pratiques de puériculture nous montrent que les adultes d’autrefois considéraient le corps des bébés de manière ambivalente. Partageant la sacralité de l’Enfant Jésus, ils deviennent des anges au ciel si le fil fragile de leur vie est rompu. À la naissance, leur corps est considéré comme inachevé et proche de l’animal, ce qui impose des pratiques de façonnage, de contention et de dressage. À partir de la fin du xix e  siècle, la médecine pastorienne, en médicalisant la petite enfance, impose une nouvelle puériculture hygiéniste qui change la conception du corps du bébé et fait reculer la mort « évitable ». Depuis les années 1970, les acquis de la psychologie et des neurosciences contribuent à faire du bébé une petite personne individualisée et compétente.