bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrapersonal Conflict and Choice of Strategy in Conflict Management
Authors: Drory Amos , Ritov Ilana
Published: August 2011

The effect of intrapersonal conflict is investigated with respect to an initial choice among alternative strategies for management of interpersonal conflict. In this study 140 members of an academic institution were asked to consider an hypothetical situation in which a candidate for a position has to be selected and their personal preference among the candidates is in opposition to that of another senior member of the organization. The choice of a strategy for management of interpersonal conflict was affected by inner conflict associated with one's own preference among the candidates. When the set of available candidates induced inner conflict, the respondents were more inclined to use avoidance, accommodation, collaboration, and compromise, and less likely to use competition.
Risk of Addiction to Work and Family Functioning
Authors: Robinson Bryan E. , Post Phyllis
Published: August 2011

A total of 107 self-identified workaholics from across the United States and Canada responded to a set of inventories assessing their scores on the Work Addiction Risk Test and the correlations with current family functioning. Individuals in the High-risk group, compared to those in the Low- and Medium-groups, were significantly more likely to perceive their current families as having less effective problem-solving ability, worse communication, less clearly established family roles, fewer affective responses, less affective involvement, and lower general family functioning.
Use in 1992 of Amphetamines among Miami's Public School Students
Authors: Yarnold Barbara M.
Published: August 2011

This analysis examined self-reported amphetamine use by 473 adolescents in Dade County, Florida public schools in 1992. Significant factors which increase the probability of use include peers' use of amphetamines and the fact that the adolescent is a female.
Reconsideration of the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test: Is it Still Relevant for the 1990S?
Authors: Freeston Mark H. , Pléchaty Michel
Published: August 2011

The Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test has been in use for over thirty years despite the development of other scales. The role of the test is discussed in terms of theoretical and practical concerns in the measurement of marital satisfaction. Major criticisms are briefly reviewed and empirical questions are identified. These questions are addressed using archival data on four samples totalling 281 couples. The test possesses adequate reliability and good criterion-related validity. A single factor was identified for both men and women. Ten items discriminated in all analyses. Minor changes in the scoring procedure were suggested for two items in response to some criticisms. These changes did not affect the psychometric properties. The alternative scoring system proposed by Hunt was also evaluated and a cut-score was identified. Continued use of the test is justified in general contexts where the broadly based definition of adjustment is appropriate. More comprehensive measures of adjustment and satisfaction and simpler measures of marital quality still leave a role for this 15-item rapid assessment measure of marital adjustment.
Relationships between Verbal and Nonverbal Fluency Measures: Implications for Assessment of Executive Functioning
Authors: Demakis George J. , Harrison David W.
Published: August 2011

This experiment evaluated the relationship between verbal and nonverbal fluency measures commonly employed in neuropsychological assessment. Three fluency measures, the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, the Design Fluency Test, and the Ruff Figural Fluency Test, were administered to a sample of 61 men and 73 women in college Analyses indicated that scores on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test were significantly correlated with scores on the Fixed but not the Free Condition of the Design Fluency Test. Scores on the Ruff test were significantly more closely correlated with the Fixed versus the Free Condition, although they were also correlated with the total scores on the Design Fluency Test. Differential correlations are discussed in terms of the varying structure inherent in the measures of fluency and their presumed taxing of frontally mediated executive processes.
Job Satisfaction and Suppression of Emotions
Authors: Maisto Beth A. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

With a sample of 47 elementary school teachers, rated job satisfaction was associated with scores on expression rather than suppression of the emotions of anger, anxiety, and depression.
Use of Age-Adjusted Suicide Rates in Time Series Studies in Canada
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

For 1950–1985 age adjusted suicide rates were associated with marriage, birth, and divorce rates in Canada in the same way as were crude suicide rates.
Unprotected Anal Intercourse in Gay Men: The Resolution to Withdraw before Ejaculating
Authors: Gold Ron S. , Skinner Michael J.
Published: August 2011

734 gay men who had recently engaged in unprotected anal intercourse reported self-justifications they used at the time. A common self-justification involved a resolution to withdraw before ejaculating. Compared with other self-justifications, this resolution was associated with a “last minute” rather than a “premeditated” decision to have unprotected anal intercourse, suggesting that the resolution derived just from “heat of the moment” thinking. Implications for AIDS education are discussed.
Architects: Gender-Role and Hiring Decisions
Authors: Devlin Ann Sloan
Published: August 2011

To examine architects' judgments of male and female applicants represented by the information in resumes, 204 architects, 156 men and 48 women, licensed in the state of Connecticut participated in a 2(job level) by 2(sex) between-subjects study. Architects were asked how they would rate applicants' potential (including the decision to hire) and gender-role characteristics judged on the basis of one-page resumes. Architects randomly assigned resumes for one of four evaluation conditions (intern or senior architect; male or female), rated the applicant on seven job-related characteristics, e.g., technical skill, potential for advancement, and completed the Bern Sex-role Inventory as they thought items applied to the applicant. Analysis indicated that male architect respondents were more likely to hire male applicants than female applicants as senior architects and that female applicants were judged to be as masculine-typed as were male applicants.
Defendants' Characteristics of Attractiveness, Race, and Sex and Sentencing Decisions
Authors: Desantts Andrea , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: August 2011

This experiment examined several factors thought to be influential in jurors' decisions. Specifically, the attractiveness, race, and sex of the defendant were manipulated. It was hypothesized that for the same crime attractive defendants would be given lesser sentences than unattractive defendants, African-American defendants would be given more harsh sentences than Euro-American defendants, and female defendants would receive significantly lesser sentences than male defendants. A fictitious burglary case with an attached picture of one of eight possible defendants was given to 160 participants who were asked to read the case and recommend either 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 years' imprisonment as a sentence. All three hypotheses were supported. Possible reasons for these findings were discussed.
Effect of Suicide Prevention Centers in Ireland and Great Britain
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The effective influence of suicide prevention centers in lowering suicide rates in the different regions of Ireland and Great Britain was not consistently found.
Ethnic Background and Antecedents of Religious Conversion among Israeli Jewish Outpatients
Authors: Buchbinder Jacob T. , Bilu Yoram , Witztum Eliezer
Published: August 2011

This study explored the association of ethnocultural background (Ashkenazi vs Sephardi origin) with antecedents of religious conversion among Israeli Jewish penitents who applied for psychiatric help in an outpatient clinic. A basic assumption underlying the comparison was that Sephardic Jews in Israel are more inclined toward Jewish tradition and collectivistic than Ashkenazim. The interview data indicated that for both groups emotional factors were more dominant in the conversion process than cognitive ones; however, cognitive factors were more strongly present in the conversion process of the Ashkenazim whose prepenitence cultural orientation had been more secularized and individualistic. In both groups a high prevalence of problematic relations with the father (but not with the mother) during childhood was noticed. Over-all, conversion tended to be gradual rather than abrupt and devoid of mystical experiences.
Psychological Precursors of Disorders: A Thought-Provoking Observation
Authors: Thomas Caroline Bedell , Schori Thomas R. , Graves Pirkko L.
Published: August 2011

While still in medical school at The Johns Hopkins University, participants in the Precursors Study, a longitudinal study of the precursors of coronary artery disease and other disorders, were given the Rorschach test along with other psychological and physical tests. In the present study, we looked at a cohort of 41 participants who, 8 to 24 years after having finished medical school, could be classified into five disorder groups: coronary, hypertension, mental illness, suicide, or malignant tumor. Using stepwise discriminant analysis, we found that participants' Rorschach test scores differed significantly among disorder groups. Since the Rorschach scores considerably predated the appearance of the disorders, this finding implies that the Rorschach scores were predictive of the subsequent development of the various disorders. The Rorschach scores were especially good at predicting mental illness. If this finding is not spurious, it suggests that a given Rorschach profile would be predictive long before mental illness became apparent. Consequently, it offers the possibility that some intervention might be undertaken which could either result in mental illness not occurring or, at perhaps a minimum, lessen its severity. Since the Precursors Study results discussed in this paper are some years old, it is likely that another cohort of participants have developed the various disorders. Therefore, the authors recommend that the discriminant functions derived from this effort be validated with another cohort from that study who had not yet exhibited one of the five disorders when the current analysis was undertaken. Were that not possible, we would recommend that this study simply be replicated with another cohort.
Short-Term Response to Counseling and Case Management Intervention in a Domestic Violence Shelter
Authors: McNamara John R. , Ertl Melissa A. , Marsh Sue , Walker Suzanne
Published: August 2011

81 women who accessed counseling and case management services at a domestic violence shelter after three sessions reported that abuse decreased, life satisfaction increased, perceived coping ability improved, as did their satisfaction with the services. Shelter users, however, also displayed significant skill deficits in the inability to apprise or respond appropriately to abusive situations. Limitations on understanding how shelter services affect longer-term outcomes were ascribed to high drop out rates and the absence of follow-up measures. Researchers need to address the causes of drop-out and what specific interventions can meet the needs of short-term shelter users.
Research Assessment of the Clinical Utility of the Rorschach
Authors: Frank George
Published: August 2011

A summary of prior research on the clinical use of the Rorschach Ink Blots is presented.
“Locus of Control, Sensation Seeking, and Mathematical Models of Stress and Decisional Control: Comment on De Brabander and Hellemans”
Authors: Neufeld Richard W. J.
Published: August 2011

In a recent study, De Brabander and Hellemans (1996) reported that stress (somatic complaints) was inversely related to scores on personality scales of “thrill-and-adventure sensation seeking” and “internal locus of control.” These observations, useful in their own right, are of further value when examined in the light of mathematical models of stress and decisional control. It is suggested that diminished stress associated with higher scores on these scales may result from increased engagement and reduced aversiveness of cognitive demands mediating reduction of threat under conditions of decisional control.
Development of a Biodata Index to Measure Service-Orientation
Authors: McBride Anthony A. , Mendoza Jorge L. , Carraher Shawn M.
Published: August 2011

In 1984 Hogan, Hogan, and Busch defined service-orientation as “the disposition to be helpful, thoughtful, considerate, and cooperative” (p. 167). As a measure they developed the Service Orientation Index, a 92-item true-false questionnaire. The present study tested whether a biographical inventory could also be used to measure the construct of service-orientation. Subjects were given the biographical inventory and the Index to predict their service-oriented performance in a simulated interaction with a customer. Scores on the Service orientation Index were significantly correlated with scores on two biographical scales, Sociability and the Need to make a good impression. The correlations, .24 and .27, were as high as those obtained by Hogan, et al. The Index scores were also significantly correlated with the criterion. Subjects with high scores on Sociability and the Need to make a good impression had the highest ratings on service-orientation. Implications for research and applications of these results are mentioned.
Immediate Effects of Written Material on Attitudes toward Homosexuality
Authors: Pratarelli Marc E. , Donaldson Jennifer S.
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether attitudes toward homosexuals were affected by educational material containing information about the biological determinants of sexual orientation. This study utilized a normed two-alternative inventory on which participants were asked to rate matched items on a 5-point scale. In the first session participants completed one version involving interactions with homosexual individuals. One week later, participants, randomly assigned to one of three groups, filled out the matched alternative form after reading a summary that presented either a biological or environmental basis for homosexuality or an unrelated article. Analysis confirmed previous research that the 40 men had more negative attitudes toward homosexuals than the 40 women but that different types of explanations for homosexuality had no over-all influence on attitudes. More importantly, an item analysis extended our previous understanding of sex differences in that physical proximity to the homosexual individual was the strongest factor associated with attitude change.
Test of the Hopelessness Theory of Depression: Drawing Negative Inference from Negative Life Events
Authors: Kapçi Emine G.
Published: August 2011

The hopelessness theory of depression, i.e., that drawing negative inference from the occurrence of negative life events culminates in depression, was examined. A total of 34 dysphoric and 36 nondepressed undergraduate students participated in a two-stage prospective study lasting three months. The subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory and Hopelessness Scale at both sessions and the Life Events Experience List at the second session. It is concluded that the inference of negative characteristics about the self from negative life events, coupled with the experience of negative life events contributes to the development of depression through hopelessness. The findings are discussed in relation to the Abramson, et al. hopelessness model of depression.
Extension of Spearman's Footrule to Multiple Rankings
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

Spearman's footrule measure of the relationship between two rankings is recast as a chance-corrected measure of agreement, extended to encompass multiple rankings, and generalized to include tied ranks.
Correlates of Battered Women's Psychological Distress: Severity of Abuse and Duration of the Postabuse Period
Authors: Rollstin Amber O. , Kern Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2011

Although psychological disturbances among abused women are well documented, it is unclear whether such disturbances are a reaction to the abusive experience. The present study hypothesized that, if the disturbances are a reactive state, the severity of disturbance would be related to the time since the relationship ended as well as the severity of the psychological and physical abuse experienced. Participants were 50 abused women who completed valid MMPI-2s and revised Conflict Tactic Scales. The results indicated that MMPI-2 scores were significantly correlated with both types of abuse but not with duration of time since the abusive relationship was terminated. The MMPI-2 profiles of abused women and suggestions for research are discussed.
Frequency of Parental Report of Problem Behavior in Children Decreases with Increasing Maternal Age at Delivery
Authors: Orlebeke Jacob F. , Knol Dirk L. , Boomsma Dorret I. , Verhulst Frank C.
Published: August 2011

Child behavior problems were assessed in 1377 3-yr.-old twin pairs with the Child Behavior Check List from Achenbach (translated into Dutch language by Verhulst). The association between problem scores and maternal age at delivery of the twins was analyzed with statistical control for several potential confounding variables: birth weight of twins, maternal smoking during pregnancy, being breast or bottle fed and socioeconomic status. After controlling for all available confounding covariates, a significant linear effect for maternal age was left. Especially Externalizing behavior problems as well as the separate categories that constitute Externalizing, i.e., Aggressive, Oppositional, and Overactive, appeared to decrease continuously with increasing maternal age. This was true for both boys and girls as well as for first and secondborn twins. Evidence in support of a biological explanation of the association between maternal age and child behavior problems, is presented.
A Preliminary Study of Coping Styles of Applicants for Counselor Education and Their Relations to Admission Criteria
Authors: Livneh Hanoch , Deschler Mary
Published: August 2011

Responses of 100 applicants to a counselor education program were analyzed for their coping styles and the relations of these coping styles to a set of sociodemographic, academic, and experiential variables obtained during the application process. Seven factor-analytically derived coping styles are described. No significant relationships were found between these coping styles and the remaining variables.
Severity of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety as Predictors of Duration of Psychotherapy
Authors: Korobkin Samuel B. , Herron William G. , Ramirez Sonja M.
Published: August 2011

The present study explored predictors of the duration of therapy exclusive of outcome utilizing data on 77 patients at St. John's University Center for Psychological Services. Measures of time in therapy were the total number of sessions attended and the number of sessions attended within the first six months of therapy. A bivariate Pearson product-moment correlation matrix was constructed, comprised of measures for time in therapy, severity of symptom measures, treatment modality (psychodynamic or cognitive-behavioral), age, and sex. There was a significant correlation between scores on state anxiety and the total number of sessions as well as between scores on state anxiety and number of sessions attended within six months, but no other correlations between measures of severity of symptoms and time in therapy were significant ( p > .05). The results indicate that severity of symptoms does not significantly predict the duration of therapy.
Primary Therapists' Views of Managed Care
Authors: Uttaro Thomas , Horwitz Allan V. , Vali Firoozeh , Henri William F.
Published: August 2011

To assess the system's comprehensiveness in provision of public managed mental health care South Beach Psychiatric Center surveyed a sample ( n = 54) of its primary therapists employed in its outpatient departments which have recently been reconligured as key components of the New York State Office of Mental Health Prepaid Mental Health Plan. They are intended to be comprehensive resource and treatment centers which optimize recovery in a deregulated, capitated environment. As key informants, the primary therapists were asked to rate the difficulty they experience in providing or arranging adequate services and support groups in 19 areas. They were also asked to indicate if the fundamental problem was one of access, information, quality, or supply. The five areas with the highest ratings of difficulty were housing or residential services, substance-abuse services, dental care, general health care, and employment or vocational services. The reason for difficulty most endorsed for these areas was supply. It is suggested that capitated managed care contracts can create incentives to increase the supply of such services.
College Students' Distorted Perception of the Prevalence of Smoking
Authors: Page Randy M.
Published: August 2011

Estimations of the prevalence of daily smoking of cigarettes by men and women on a college campus were obtained from 775 college students. Estimations greatly exceeded the percent of students who personally reported smoking cigarettes daily.
Psychology of the Scientist: LXXIV. Miscommunication in Technical Writing-Acronyms
Authors: Ammons Douglas
Published: August 2011

Technical writing often uses jargon that can obfuscate meaning. A common form is the acronym, which replaces descriptive words with alphanumeric slang and creates highly similar terms with different meanings.
Sex, Gullibility, and the Barnum Effect
Authors: Piper-Terry Marcella L. , Downey Jerrold L.
Published: August 2011

The term “Barnum effect” refers to the tendency of people to accept personality interpretations containing vague statements that are universally true of the population at large. Some researchers have attributed the high acceptance rate of such statements to the gullibility of their subjects, while others suggested that factors such as social desirability, situational insecurity, or prestige of the interpreter may be significant contributors. Previous research has not shown sex to have significant main effects on acceptance of bogus personality interpretations but has suggested that sex may interact with certain variables that are situation-specific. In the present study, 75 undergraduate students administered projective ‘personality tests’ to friends who were approximately the same age. After a waiting period of two days, all subjects who had been ‘tested’ were given feedback consisting of a set of those general statements. They then rated the accuracy of their friends' interpretation. As in previous studies of this type, accuracy of the statements was rated very high, and women rated the interpretations as more accurate than men. The effects of a desire to be helpful were examined as a possible contributing factor in situations where the ‘test administrator’ and the subject were friends. Results suggest that helpfulness may interact with sex and situation, but further research is needed to evaluate the nature of this interaction.
Apprehension about Communication and Human Resilience
Authors: Glaser Mark , Butler Jeff , Pryor Burt
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between scores on two personality characteristics, apprehension about communication and resilience, from 200 elementary school teachers from several counties who completed the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension and the Personal Resilience Questionnaire. Scores on the two measures correlated −.33, which accounts for 10% of the common variance.
Reported Strength of Human-Animal Bonding and Method of Acquiring a Dog
Authors: Kogan Lori R. , Viney Wayne
Published: August 2011

Strength of the human-animal bond among dog owners was investigated as a function of who chose to adopt a particular dog. Undergraduate students (129 women, 59 men) were presented an animal-bonding scale and questions relating to the acquisition of their dogs. Analysis indicated participants who had chosen dogs themselves or in conjunction with another scored higher on bonding with their animals than owners who reported that someone else had chosen their dogs. The findings underscore the potential problems in giving animals as gifts and the salutary consequences of personal involvement in pet selection.
MMPI-A Profiles of Hispanic Adolescents
Authors: Gumbiner Jann
Published: August 2011

A study was conducted to compare validity, clinical, content, and supplementary scale scores of Hispanic adolescents to normative data on the MMPI-A. Volunteers, 30 boys, 17 girls, were Hispanic adolescents, aged 14 to 18 years from school and after-school settings. Analysis indicated elevated T score means on F1 (66), F2 (68), F (68), L (61), Hs (61), D (63), Sc (62), A-hea (63), A-biz (63), A-lse (61), A-las (60), A-sch (61), and IMM (61) scales for boys. Scores for low aspirations, low self-esteem, immaturity, and school problems were all interrelated. For girls, scores on no scales were elevated, but on several scales mean T scores, Hs, Hy, Ma, Si, A-anx, A-obs, A-hea, A-ang, A-las, MAC-R, and ACK, were below average This suggests the MMPI-A may underpathologize for girls. Consistent with previous findings, the boys scored higher on the Immaturity Scale than the girls. It was speculated that the boys' dislike for school and low aspirations were related to the lower education and employment of their fathers compared to those for the normative sample. The A-las, A-sch, and IMM scales may prove to be useful in identifying adolescent boys “at-risk” for dropping out of school, if replication with much larger samples confirms present findings.
Narcissism, Need for Power, and Social Interest
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

Significant positive correlations were separately observed for both 31 men and 38 women college students between measures of narcissism and need for power. Neither the narcissism nor the need for power measure correlated significantly with social interest.
Cultural Competence in Three Human Service Agencies
Authors: Dana Richard H.
Published: August 2011

This paper summarizes findings from applications of the Agency Cultural Competence Checklist in three human service agencies. This checklist was developed on the basis of published literature and culture-specific agencies were chosen to document checklist findings in settings known to be culturally competent. As anticipated, all three agencies were culturally competent in attitudes, although the range of services differed. This paper provides some baseline data for using the checklist in mainstream agencies in which predominantly Euro-American providers serve minority populations.
Relationship between the Maternal Social Support Index and the Parenting Stress Index in Mothers of Very-Low-Birthweight Children Now Age 7
Authors: Farel Anita M. , Hooper Stephen R.
Published: August 2011

Two measures, the Maternal Social Support Index and the Parenting Stress Index were used to assess parents' stress and social support among mothers of 7-yr.-old children born at very low birthweight. The MSSI Total scores did not significantly correlate with the PSI Total Child, Total Parent, or Total Stress Indices, although they were significant, but modestly correlated with scores on the Parent subscale of Social Isolation. The relationship between parental stress and maternal social support requires continued investigation.
Measures of Mental Health and a Five Factor Theory of Personality
Authors: Compton William C.
Published: August 2011

Principal components analyses were calculated with intercorrelations of scores on scales measuring mental health and the five-factor model of personality on a sample of 296 university students. Mental health was measured with Affect Balance scale, Happiness Measure, Satisfaction with Life scale, Life Orientation test, Short Index of Self-actualization, Social Interest scale, and the Self-control Schedule, along with subscales from Scales of Psychological Well-being, Openness to Experience scale, and the Perceived Self Questionnaire. The five-factor model was measured with the Interpersonal Adjective Scale Revised–B5. Separate analyses for both the traditional five-factor model and the expanded interpersonal circumplex model of personality gave six-factor solutions. Scores on scales measuring subjective well-being, openness, and social interest loaded on the same factors as Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness, respectively. Scales that measured autonomy and self-actualization formed a factor that was separate from the five-factor model.
Depression in College Students in the United States and Kuwait
Authors: Lester David , Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: August 2011

351 college students in the United States and Kuwait were given the Beck Depression Inventory. Kuwaiti students were more depressed than American students, but not more suicidal.
Research-Related Burnout among Faculty in Higher Education
Authors: Singh Surendra N. , Mishra Sanjay , Kim Dongwook
Published: August 2011

We investigated the effects of intrinsic motivation to do research and perceived lack of rewards contingent on doing research on burnout or disenchantment from research. Findings, based on a survey of 328 faculty at a major university, indicate that these two variables account for 74% and 81% of the variance in scores on a scale relating to burnout among 260 tenured and 68 untenured professors, respectively. The effect of perceived lack of rewards contingent on doing research on burnout was moderated by the tenure status.
Effectiveness of Treatment for Dissociative Identity Disorder
Authors: Powell Russell A. , Howell Andrew J.
Published: August 2011

In a recent study by Ellason and Ross, patients with Dissociative Identity Disorder reported a decrease in symptoms on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–II over a 2-yr. follow-up period. Patients judged to have achieved integration of their personalities rated themselves as more substantially improved on the Millon–II than did patients judged not to have achieved integration. Ellason and Ross suggested that this improvement reflected the influence of treatment; however, for several reasons, their findings are open to alternative interpretations. First, in the absence of proper control conditions, one cannot rule out the contribution of other factors to the over-all improvement of patients such as regression of symptoms toward the mean following the initial assessment. Second, patients' self-reported improvement was less substantial when data were reanalyzed using more appropriate statistical criteria. Third, the greater improvement observed among integrated patients relative to nonintegrated patients may reflect influences other than differential responsiveness to treatment, such as less severe pathology prior to treatment. More systematic research is needed to clarify the effect of treatment on Dissociative Identity Disorder.
Sexualization of the Female Foot as a Response to Sexually Transmitted Epidemics: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Giannini A. James , Slaby Andrew E. , Colapietro Gale , Melemis Steven M. , Bowman Rachel K.
Published: August 2011

The authors reviewed historical literature and hypothesized a relationship between epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases and foot fetishism. They tested this hypothesis by quantifying foot-fetish depictions in the mass-circulation pornographic literature during a 30-yr. interval. An exponential increase was noted during the period of the current AIDS epidemic. The authors offer reasons for this possible relationship.
Study Skills of Undergraduates as a Function of Academic Locus of Control, Self-Perception, and Social Interdependence
Authors: Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Daley Christine E.
Published: August 2011

To investigate whether undergraduates' study skills are related to scores on academic locus of control, self-perception, and social interdependence 154 students from varied disciplinary backgrounds and enrolled in an introductory course in developmental psychology completed the Study Habits Inventory, the Academic Locus of Control Scale for College Students, the Self-perception Profile for College Students, and The Social Interdependence Scale. Correlations showed students with the best study skills tended to have an internal academic locus of control, more individualistic tendencies, higher perceived scholastic competence, higher perceived self-worth, and higher perceived intellectual ability.
The Affect Grid: A Moderately Valid, Nonspecific Measure of Pleasure and Arousal
Authors: Killgore William D. Scott
Published: August 2011

The Affect Grid was first published in 1989 as a single-item measure of the two affect dimensions of pleasure-displeasure and arousal-sleepiness; however, over the past decade no subsequent validation studies have been published and no further mention of this potentially useful measure has appeared in the literature. In this study, scores on the Affect Grid were obtained from 284 college students and correlated with scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Profile of Mood States. Factor analytic and correlational findings suggest that the Affect Grid is a moderately valid measure of the general dimensions of pleasure and arousal but has little specificity in discriminating among various qualities of affective experience.
Diurnal and Seasonal Variations in Vervet Monkeys' Activity
Authors: Baldellou Maribel , Adan Ana
Published: August 2011

This paper analyzed seasonal and diurnal differences in feeding, locomotion, inactivity, and social grooming of adult and subadult free-ranging vervet monkeys in Natal (38°35′S and 31°46′E). Breaking down hourly activity budgets from the perspective of reproductive seasons (birth, premating, and mating seasons) which correspond to environmental conditions in Natal, we obtained several results. First, there were diurnal variations for all the behaviours in all seasons studied, except for inactivity during the mating season when days were shorter and there was greater food shortage and sexual competition. Second, the seasonal influence on the hourly periods of increased activity could not be explained solely by the photoperiod or by the other climatic Factors analyzed. Finally, over-all seasonal differences in activity were mainly reflected by the hourly distribution of feeding in the morning and the pattern of inactivity throughout the day. Therefore, rhythms in activity should be understood in terms of adaptation to both climatic constraints and other unrelated metabolic requirements.
Relationship between Birth Order and Geographical Proximity to Parents
Authors: Rugala Steven A. , Nystul Michael S.
Published: August 2011

Given the lack of inherent uniqueness of the middleborn child, we hypothesized that middleborn adults would be more likely to express their roles in terms of physical distance and separation of themselves from their families and therefore tend to move farther away from home than their firstborn and lastborn siblings. A chi-squared analysis assessed the frequency of participants living farthest from both mother and father for middleborns versus all other birth-order positions. The frequency of middleborns living farther from their parents' homes was not significantly higher than frequencies of siblings of other birth-order positions when ethnicity was not controlled. There was a significant difference for Hispanic participants when ethnicity was controlled, with a significantly higher frequency of middleborns living farther from home than siblings of other birth-order positions.
Comment on “Parental Bonding and Religiosity in Young Adulthood”
Authors: Brubaker Lowell L.
Published: August 2011

Gnaulati and Heine (1997) interpret overemphasis on religion for security as a carry-over from past over-reliance on the mother for similar security. A more parsimonious explanation might be that mother and child simply share a common personality trait that has religiosity as a characteristic expression.
Predictors of Scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory for Ethnically Diverse Female Clients
Authors: Hemmings Michelle , Madrigal David , Reimann Joachim O. F. , Velasquez Roberto J.
Published: August 2011

Predictors of Brief Symptom Inventory scores were identified for an ethnically diverse group of 60 female psychiatric outpatients, with a modal diagnosis of mood disorder. Ethnicity, as well as other variables, were meaningful predictors on the Somatic, Phobia, and Positive Symptom Total scales. Mexican- and African-Americans scored higher than Euro-Americans on these scales. Implications for using this measure with diverse clients in similar settings are discussed.
Achievement Gains of Low-Achieving Students Using Computer-Assisted vs Regular Instruction
Authors: Weller L. David , Carpenter Shawn , Holmes C. Thomas
Published: August 2011

One school used computer-assisted instruction for 63 low-achieving students in Grade 5. Another school used traditional instruction for 48 low-achieving students in Grade 5. Higher posttest scores for the former were attributed to daily computer-assisted instruction.
Does Homosexual Activity Shorten Life?
Authors: Cameron Paul , Cameron Kirk , Playfair William L.
Published: August 2011

Previous estimates from obituaries and pre-1994 sex surveys suggested that the median age of death for homosexuals is less than 50 yr. Four contemporary databases were used to test that estimate: (1) obituaries in the homosexual press from 1993 through 1997 reflected treatment success for those with AIDS but suggested a median age of death less than 50 years; (2) two large random sexuality surveys in 1994—one in the USA and the other in Britain—yielded results consistent with a median age of death for homosexuals of less than 50 years; (3) the median age of those ever married in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway was about 50 years, while that of the ever homosexually partnered was about 40 yr.; further, the married were about 5 times more apt to be old and 4 times less apt to be widowed young; and (4) intravenous drug abusers and homosexuals taking HIV tests in Colorado had almost identical age distributions. The four lines of evidence were consistent with previous findings suggesting that homosexual activity may be associated with a lifespan shortened by 20 to 30 years.
Black South African Students' Beliefs and Attitudes about Condoms
Authors: Nicholas Lionel J.
Published: August 2011

To investigate the beliefs and attitudes of black South African students regarding condoms structured questionnaires were completed anonymously by 1986 students. Most highly endorsed problems were the large number needed for many rounds of sex, partner's feelings of distrust, unpleasantness of purchasing condoms, and that condoms injure the vagina. Encouragement of use should be responsive to local practices.
Attitudes of Reserve Component Servicemembers regarding the Consequences of Frequent Overseas Deployments
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Jurich Anthony P. , Stever James A. , Sanders Diane , Castelo Carlos , Bollman Stephan R.
Published: August 2011

The U.S. Department of Defense has announced that it will use Reserve component units more frequently for overseas deployments, for humanitarian and peacekeeping missions. Approximately one thousand Reserve component veterans, most from Ohio, were surveyed regarding their perceptions of the effects of increased overseas deployment requirements for Reserve servicemembers. Approximately half of those surveyed reported that the new requirements would pose substantial difficulties for civilian employment and family life, with reduced intentions to remain in the military or to stay long enough to retire from the military. Difficulties seemed to be more severe for family life than for civilian employment. Persian Gulf War veterans were more pessimistic about the effects of the new requirements on family life and recruiting; however, those who had remained in the military were less pessimistic about the effects of increased deployments.
The Lie/Bet Questionnaire for Screening Pathological Gamblers: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Johnson Edward E. , Hamer Robert M. , Nora Rena M.
Published: August 2011

This study follows up one in which was derived a two-item screening questionnaire for pathological gambling. In the previous study, the two-item screening questionnaire had sensitivity of .99 and specificity of .91. In this study, testing 295 men (116 pathological gamblers and 179 controls) and 128 women (30 pathological gamblers and 98 controls), sensitivity was 1.00 and specificity .85. In the previous study, the predictive value of a positive result was .92 and of a negative result .99. In this sample, the predictive value of a positive result was .78 and of a negative result 1.00. These results indicate the two questions represent a useful screening device for a DSM-IV diagnosis of pathological gambling.
Relation between Measures of Critical Thinking and Learning Styles
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Masten William G.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated differences and relationships between critical thinking and learning styles for 184 students majoring in Elementary Education, Health and Physical Education, Psychology and Special Education, and Secondary and Higher Education. Analyses showed some significant differences among groups in learning style and critical thinking and relationships between the variables studied.
Stability of the MCMI—III in a Substance-Abusing Inpatient Sample
Authors: Craig Robert J. , Olson Ronald
Published: August 2011

The stability of the MCMI–III personality disorder and clinical syndrome scales was assessed in a substance-abusing inpatient sample of 35 African-American men over an average test-retest interval of 6 mo. Estimates were higher for the personality pattern scales than for the clinical syndrome scales. The Dependent personality pattern scale (.83) and the Narcissistic personality pattern scale (.80) were reliable after about six months, whereas Drug Abuse, Somatoform, and Major Depression showed lower stability. As in previous research using the MCMI-I/II, estimates were lower than those reported in the test manual.
Regular and Occasional Smoking by College Students: Personality Attributions of Smokers and Nonsmokers
Authors: Hines David , Fretz Amelia C. , Nollen Nicole L.
Published: August 2011

Recent reports show an increase in smoking among college students and suggest that occasional smoking is now initiated by previously nonsmoking students This study evaluated whether this apparent increase in smoking by students is associated with positive self-images associated with smoking. Regular and occasional smokers rated how smoking “changes the way you feel about yourself” on 18 self-attributes that may be associated with smoking, e.g., from cigarette advertisements. Nonsmokers also rated smokers on the same 18 attributes All three groups rated three attributes in the negative direction with at least a moderate effect size: that being a smoker was less healthy, that smokers were less desirable as a date and that smokers were less attractive while smoking. On only one other attribute regular smokers differed from neutral with at least a moderate effect size: that smoking made them feel less feminine. As hypothesized, the occasional smokers also rated some attributions positively with at least a moderate effect size: that smoking made them feel more daring and more adventurous and did not make them feel like an outcast. The non-smokers rated a number of additional attributes about smokers negatively with at least a moderate effect size: that smokers are less sexy, less feminine less sophisticated, less masculine, and less mature. Thus, the results suggest that smoking shows at best mixed associations with self-attributions of college students who smoke and is viewed negatively by those who do not smoke. Other results suggest that the recent increase in occasional smoking may be related to smoking with friends who smoke and smoking while drinking alcohol.
The Existential Vacuum in Treating Substance-Related Disorders
Authors: Gerwood Joseph B.
Published: August 2011

Clients in treatment for substance-related disorders are excellent candidates for discussing Frankl's concept of the existential vacuum as such people fill their existential vacuum with alcohol and other drugs. A keen therapist can make this connection and help clients fill their voids with meaningful activities.
Drug Use among African Americans: Ethnic Identity as a Protective Factor
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Balka Elinor B. , Brook David W , Win Pe T. , Gursen Michal D.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the multiple components of ethnic identity, the place of this ethnic identity set in the mediational model of the path to drug use predicted by our family interactional framework, and the protective role of each component of ethnic identity. The participants were 259 male and 368 female African Americans in late adolescence. They responded to a structured questionnaire in individual interviews. We found that few of the specific components of ethnic identity were significantly related as main effects to drug use. Most of the effect of ethnic identity was mediated by the family set of variables. Each of the components of ethnic identity offset risks or enhanced protective factors from the ecology, family, personality, and peer domains, thereby lessening drug use. This pattern highlights the importance of incorporating ethnic identity into drug prevention programs which serve African-American youth.
Roles of Self-Monitoring and Situational Ambiguity in the Social Information-Processing Model
Authors: Head Thomas C.
Published: August 2011

A laboratory experiment was designed to assess the moderating effects of self-monitoring and situational ambiguity on the social cues with work outcomes relationships proposed by the Social Information Processing Model. In this 2 × 2 × 2 model, social cues were predicted to influence performance, task perceptions, and job satisfaction for high self-monitors on ambiguous tasks. Data from 130 subjects indicated moderate support for the 3-way model but only on the measure of satisfaction.
Association of Indicators and Predictors of TIE Strength
Authors: Mathews K. Michael , White Michael C. , Long Rebecca G. , Soper Barlow , Von Bergen C. W.
Published: August 2011

Arguments deriving from the importance of the strength of social ties between individuals are being applied in social and organizational analysis; however, lack of empirical verification of the components of the construct and lack of consistency in the use of proxy measures have made difficult the resolution of controversies surrounding the relative merits of strong and weak ties. This study examined the relations between predictors and indicators of Granovetter's 1973 construct of tie strength. Marsden and Campbell's 1984 finding of “contamination” of indicators by predictors is supported by this analysis.
Defense Mechanisms in Alexithymia
Authors: Bogutyn Tomasz , Pałczyński Janusz , Kokoszka Andrzej , Holas Paweł
Published: August 2011

The Polish version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale–20 and Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire were completed by 387 university students. Scores on alexithymia correlate significantly with scores on the whole group of 12 immature defenses (Pearson r = .39, p<.001) and with scores on such individual immature defense mechanisms as Autistic Fantasy ( r = .39), Somatization ( r = .37), Projection ( r = .32), and Displacement ( r = .32). These results support other findings indicating that alexithymia is significantly associated with immature ego defenses.