bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La situación cambiante de la universidad en la era digital
Authors: Sancho Gil Juana M. , Ornellas Adriana , Arrazola Carballo Judith
Published: June 2018

En los últimos cuarenta años se han producido extensos y profundos cambios políticos, económicos, sociales y tecnológicos, mediados por los movimientos neoconservadores y el aparentemente imparable desarrollo de la tecnología digital. Aunque, al mismo tiempo, temas fundamentales como las relaciones asimétricas de poder, la desigualdad, la pobreza y la exclusión no sólo han permanecido inalterables, sino que se están acentuando, produciendo, en ciertos aspectos, movimientos y tendencias de cambio involutivo. Desde esta perspectiva, en este artículo, comenzamos dialogando sobre el sentido de los cambios en la universidad, a partir de las aportaciones de distintos autores interesados en el tema. Seguimos situando la problemática considerando los efectos de las transformaciones producidas por las tecnologías digitales en la vida y la experiencia profesional de los docentes e investigadores universitarios.  La investigación llevada a cabo nos permite situar el impacto de la proliferación sin precedentes de la información y el uso de aplicaciones digitales en la noción de conocimiento y en los métodos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, así como vislumbrar los desafíos que se le presentan a la universidad.  El texto finaliza con la consideración de algunos de los retos y perspectivas universitarias actuales, a partir de distintos estudios y propuestas internacionales. Nuestras conclusiones invitan al lector a reconsiderar necesariamente el sentido y el papel de la tecnología digital, no solo en la transformación aparentemente inevitable de la universidad, sino también en el de la sociedad.
Las tecnologías digitales y su impacto en la Universidad. Las nuevas mediaciones
Authors: De Pablos Pons Juan
Published: June 2018

Este trabajo propone una reflexión sobre la evolución de los medios en la era digital,  y la necesidad de avanzar en el conocimiento sobre los procesos de mediación y remediación, que propician las nuevas tecnologías, diferenciándolos de los generados hasta ahora por los medios analógicos tradicionales (libro impreso, cine, televisión). La digitalización ha dado lugar a nuevas realidades y  propuestas, como las redes sociales, los videojuegos o las aplicaciones de realidad aumentada. El siguiente paso en nuestra cultura de medios está siendo la multiplicación y diversificación continuada de formatos, y por tanto de nuevas formas de interacción mediada. Los procesos de mediación generados contribuyen a la modificación de modelos de comunicación y también formas de enseñanza. Es evidente su impacto en las instituciones educativas, y en la universidad. Como contribución a este análisis se aporta y define el concepto de remediación tecnológica. Las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) representan, bajo las consideraciones aquí formuladas, una oportunidad de cambio en algunos aspectos y procedimientos de los  mandatos principales de la universidad: docencia, investigación y gestión. Ser proactivo ante esta nueva realidad es determinante, ya que la capacidad de adaptación está vinculada a la supervivencia de la propia universidad.
RIED. Una historia de 30 años de publicación científica
Authors: García Aretio Lorenzo
Published: June 2018

La “Asociación Iberoamericana de Educación Superior a Distancia” (AIESAD) es, probablemente, la más relevante de las organizaciones centradas en la educación abierta y a distancia en Iberoamérica y fundada en 1980. Uno de los objetivos fundamentales que se propuso lograr esta asociación fue el de crear una publicación académica periódica como medio ideal para la divulgación científica y mejora de los procesos educativos no presenciales. Así, en 1982 se crea el “Boletín Informativo de la Asociación Iberoamericana de Educación Superior a Distancia”. Este boletín puso las bases para el nacimiento real de una revista científica, la “Revista Iberoamericana de Educación Superior a Distancia” (RIESAD) cuyo primer número fue publicado en 1988 y el último en 1996, con un total de 172 artículos. En 1998 esta publicación se actualizó bajo un nombre similar, “RIED. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia” que, en la actualidad, adaptándola a los tiempos, lleva el subtítulo de “Revista Iberoamericana de la Educación Digital” y que hasta este número actual ha publicado un total de 513 artículos. Por tanto, 30 años de historia (1988-2018) de una publicación científica, con un total de 685 trabajos que vieron la luz sobre educación a distancia y tecnologías digitales aplicadas a la enseñanza y al aprendizaje.
Does the Internet Use Improve People’s Sense of Social Equity?
Authors: Zhang Wei
Published: June 2018

The Internet has reconstructed our understanding of the world. As one of the most important indicators to measure the society, people’s sense of social equity is also affected by their use of Internet. In consideration of the incongruity between the dramatic growth of China’s Internet and the online mass incidents happening more often, this paper supposes that the Internet use has a negative effect on people’s sense of social equity in China. Data from the Chinese General Social Survey (2013) confirms this assumption, and the reason behind that can be summarized as follows: (1) the Internet helps people recognize the social realities which may be covered by traditional media sometimes; (2) the non-institutionalized participation in the network space let people know that there are plenty of scope for improvement. Furthermore, this paper analyses the moderating effect of the education and residence on the relationship between Internet use and people’s sense of social equity. And the significant moderating effect suggests that the relationship is relatively flat for higher educated and urban people, but steep for less educated and rural people.
Men’s Mortality Decline in Lithuania: Sustainable Development or Short-term Changes?
Authors: Stumbrys Daumantas
Published: June 2018

Lithuanian men had the lowest life expectancy among EU countries in 2015. However, since the year 2007 the country is facing the highest positive change in men’s life expectancy over the past 50 years. It is necessary to reveal what causes of deaths in different socio-demographic groups had a major impact on certain life expectancy changes. In this paper we analyse the aggregated mortality data from the Eurostat and Lithuanian Statistics databases. The analysis of the causes of death was implemented by using the de-compositional analysis method. The results show that the increase in life expectancy is determined by mortality decline due to the external causes of death and cardiovascular diseases. The record-high increase in men’s life expectancy in 2007–2015 conceals controversial changes in mortality at different stages of this period.
Anthony Le Donne and Larry Behrendt. Sacred Dissonance: The Blessing of Difference in Jewish-Christian Dialogue
Authors: Sandberg Ruth
Published: June 2018

No abstract is available.
Quantity Calculus, Fundamental Constants, and SI Units
Authors: Taylor Barry N.
Published: June 2018

A revised International System of Units (SI) is expected to be established by the
26th General Conference on Weights and Measures when it convenes in November 2018 and to
be put into practice starting on 20 May 2019, World Metrology Day. In consequence, the
article published in this journal in 2011, “The Current SI Seen from the Perspective of
the Proposed New SI,” is updated in this paper, which provides an opportunity to again
demonstrate the usefulness of the quantity calculus in dealing with quantities and
units. The quantity calculus and the seven defining constants of the current and revised
SI are reviewed, and expressions for the seven current and revised SI base units are
given. Relationships between the magnitudes of revised and current SI units and
expressions for the numerical values of current SI defining constants expressed in
revised SI units are also obtained using the quantity calculus.
Penser avec Peirce la conception architecturale
Authors: Genard Jean-Louis
Published: June 2018

A partir d’une expérience de fréquentations d’architectes, et plus spécialement de l’enseignement de l’architecture, cette contribution, en s’appuyant sur la sémiotique peircienne, propose de construire un appareillage conceptuel permettant de comprendre comment s’opère le travail architectural, en particulier comment peut se saisir la « boîte noire » du travail de conception, de design. Le pari de l’article est de réfléchir, à partir des catégories peirciennes, ce que composer veut dire comme un processus sémiotique dans lequel le travail de conception navigue constamment entre icone, indice et symbole. Cette approche permet de faire droit à la fois, au travers d’un rapport dominant au concept de symbole, aux multiples conventions sur lesquelles s’étaye la conception, mais aussi, au travers des concepts d’icone et d’indice, à la large part d’intelligence infra-discursive, infra-propositionnelle dont elle se nourrit. Dans un contexte où la spécificité du travail architectural se voit menacée par la concurrence déjà ancienne avec les ingénieurs, mais de plus en plus avec les spécialistes de la conception assistée par ordinateur, ou encore avec les designers, sans parler de la montée des processus de co-design dans lesquels la compétence propre de l’architecte pourrait se perdre, le texte cherche à cerner ce qui constitue le propre de la conception architecturale, une compétence acquise patiemment au travers de ce que permet de cerner l’idée d’une formation pensée comme « entraînement », dans ces espaces apprêtés que sont les « ateliers», les « workshops »...
L’abduction de Peirce comme mode d’inférence et comme méthode et stratégie de recherche en sociologie : l’expérience de la négociation sociale en Belgique
Authors: Hallée Yves , Klitsch Arthur , Vandewattyne Jean
Published: June 2018

Ce texte se veut une proposition épistémo-méthodologique du pragmatiste peircien comme mode de recherche en sociologie et notamment pour la négociation sociale. Son apport est double. Tout d’abord, l’abduction, comme mode d’inférence et comme méthode qui combine les trois types de raisonnements, abductif, déductif et inductif, permet de faire émerger une hypothèse, une habitude d’action propre à apaiser le doute et atteindre la croyance. Ensuite, sur un plan épistémologique, il invite le chercheur à explorer dans la réalité, l’articulation entre significations et situations, pensées et actions. C’est une posture qui rend caduque la querelle des méthodes entre la déduction et l’induction, pour proposer une méthode alternative basée sur un processus de production de connaissance axé sur l’activité humaine et l’expérimentation. Des hypothèses explicatives sont confrontées avec des « objectivités » situationnelles, tout autant par les acteurs participant à la négociation sociale que les chercheurs qui en font l’expérience pour la décoder et la rapporter. Enfin, la négociation sociale est un objet qui se prête parfaitement au pragmatisme considérant que c’est une expérience qui renvoie à une autre expérience, qui se renouvelle sans cesse, et qui génère des redéfinitions en continu des conditions, stratégies et enjeux. De surcroît, la négociation sociale un exercice qui permet une projection dans l’avenir, conception dérivée de la maxime du pragmatiste.
Les besoins prioritaires en compétences professionnelles : perceptions des enseignants et des enseignantes du nord-kivu sur leur formation continue
Authors: Okito Pamijeko Patrice , Savard Denis
Published: June 2018

La formation des enseignants et des enseignantes de la ville de Goma, en République démocratique du Congo, a évolué négativement depuis l’époque coloniale. D’une formation initiale essentiellement religieuse, elle a été orientée vers des contenus universitaires, puis transformée en une formation continue sous forme de journées pédagogiques. Cette visée de formation n’a malheureusement pas été maintenue en raison du désengagement du gouvernement, des guerres et des conditions de vie. Conséquemment, l’un des problèmes qui caractérisent actuellement le système scolaire de Goma est l’absence de formation continue du corps enseignant. Afin d’aider ce dernier à s’autoformer professionnellement, l’identification préalable de leurs besoins de formation continue s’est avérée pertinente. Le but de cet article est de décrire et d’analyser ces besoins. Pour la collecte des données, un questionnaire a été distribué à 151 enseignants et enseignantes du secondaire de Goma en situation d’après-guerre, et 20 d’entre eux ont été interviewés. Des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives ont été effectuées selon les approches de Nadeau (1984) et de Lapointe (1992). Les résultats révèlent que les besoins du corps enseignant liés aux compétences professionnelles sont criants. En référence à notre échelle de jugement, le poids moyen alloué pour la situation actuelle (2,85) révèle que l’ensemble des compétences est généralement « Peu maîtrisé ».
Responsabilização x Responsabilidades: o adolescente autor de ato infracional e a redução da maioridade penal
Authors: Vaz Beatriz Gomes , Moreira Janice
Published: June 2018

O presente artigo expõe a temática do adolescente autor de ato infracional e sua responsabilização, especialmente no que se refere ao clamor da sociedade pela redução da maioridade penal. Pesquisas revelam que aproximadamente 90% da opinião pública se diz favorável à proposta reducionista, fato que merece destaque no sentido de compreender os aspectos envolvidos neste posicionamento absolutamente relevante e os seus desdobramentos na instância legislativa e social. Constata-se que tais propostas remetem a uma visão linear na qual o contexto em que o jovem está inserido é desconsiderado e buscam-se apenas soluções imediatistas e desconexas. Além disso, a responsabilidade da própria sociedade na garantia dos direitos fundamentais da população infanto-juvenil parece estar sendo negada ou dissimulada no teor deste pedido. Através de uma revisão da literatura e análise crítica dos fatos, busca-se contextualizar a problemática de exclusão e vulnerabilidade social em que vivem os jovens brasileiros. É imprescindível a sociedade reconhecer que a prática de atos infracionais por adolescentes, ainda que tenha seu arbítrio, é essencialmente uma problemática social. Portanto, há necessidade urgente dos atores responsáveis pelo cumprimento da Doutrina da Proteção Integral – família, Estado e sociedade – assumirem seus papeis. Caso contrário, a redução da idade penal permanecerá como uma solução simples e muito atraente, disfarçando todas as reponsabilidades daqueles que deveriam se implicar incondicionalmente com a garantia dos direitos das crianças e adolescentes brasileiros.
PAX3-FOXO1 transgenic zebrafish models identify HES3 as a mediator of rhabdomyosarcoma tumorigenesis
Authors: Kendall Genevieve C , Watson Sarah , Xu Lin , LaVigne Collette A , Murchison Whitney , Rakheja Dinesh , Skapek Stephen X , Tirode Franck , Delattre Olivier , Amatruda James F
Published: June 2018

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is a pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma caused by PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusion oncogenes and is characterized by impaired skeletal muscle development. We developed human PAX3-FOXO1 -driven zebrafish models of tumorigenesis and found that PAX3-FOXO1 exhibits discrete cell lineage susceptibility and transformation. Tumors developed by 1.6–19 months and were primitive neuroectodermal tumors or rhabdomyosarcoma. We applied this PAX3-FOXO1 transgenic zebrafish model to study how PAX3-FOXO1 leverages early developmental pathways for oncogenesis and found that her3 is a unique target. Ectopic expression of the her3 human ortholog, HES3, inhibits myogenesis in zebrafish and mammalian cells, recapitulating the arrested muscle development characteristic of rhabdomyosarcoma. In patients, HES3 is overexpressed in fusion-positive versus fusion-negative tumors. Finally, HES3 overexpression is associated with reduced survival in patients in the context of the fusion. Our novel zebrafish rhabdomyosarcoma model identifies a new PAX3-FOXO1 target, her3/HES3, that contributes to impaired myogenic differentiation and has prognostic significance in human disease.
Coordinated neuronal ensembles in primary auditory cortical columns
Authors: See Jermyn Z , Atencio Craig A , Sohal Vikaas S , Schreiner Christoph E
Published: June 2018

The synchronous activity of groups of neurons is increasingly thought to be important in cortical information processing and transmission. However, most studies of processing in the primary auditory cortex (AI) have viewed neurons as independent filters; little is known about how coordinated AI neuronal activity is expressed throughout cortical columns and how it might enhance the processing of auditory information. To address this, we recorded from populations of neurons in AI cortical columns of anesthetized rats and, using dimensionality reduction techniques, identified multiple coordinated neuronal ensembles (cNEs), which are groups of neurons with reliable synchronous activity. We show that cNEs reflect local network configurations with enhanced information encoding properties that cannot be accounted for by stimulus-driven synchronization alone. Furthermore, similar cNEs were identified in both spontaneous and evoked activity, indicating that columnar cNEs are stable functional constructs that may represent principal units of information processing in AI.
Lysine-14 acetylation of histone H3 in chromatin confers resistance to the deacetylase and demethylase activities of an epigenetic silencing complex
Authors: Wu Mingxuan , Hayward Dawn , Kalin Jay H , Song Yun , Schwabe John WR , Cole Philip A
Published: June 2018

The core CoREST complex (LHC) contains histone deacetylase HDAC1 and histone demethylase LSD1 held together by the scaffold protein CoREST. Here, we analyze the purified LHC with modified peptide and reconstituted semisynthetic mononucleosome substrates. LHC demethylase activity toward methyl-Lys4 in histone H3 is strongly inhibited by H3 Lys14 acetylation, and this appears to be an intrinsic property of the LSD1 subunit. Moreover, the deacetylase selectivity of LHC unexpectedly shows a marked preference for H3 acetyl-Lys9 versus acetyl-Lys14 in nucleosome substrates but this selectivity is lost with isolated acetyl-Lys H3 protein. This diminished activity of LHC to Lys-14 deacetylation in nucleosomes is not merely due to steric accessibility based on the pattern of sensitivity of the LHC enzymatic complex to hydroxamic acid-mediated inhibition. Overall, these studies have revealed how a single Lys modification can confer a composite of resistance in chromatin to a key epigenetic enzyme complex involved in gene silencing.
Temporal profiling of redox-dependent heterogeneity in single cells
Authors: Radzinski Meytal , Fassler Rosi , Yogev Ohad , Breuer William , Shai Nadav , Gutin Jenia , Ilyas Sidra , Geffen Yifat , Tsytkin-Kirschenzweig Sabina , Nahmias Yaakov , Ravid Tommer , Friedman Nir , Schuldiner Maya , Reichmann Dana
Published: June 2018

Cellular redox status affects diverse cellular functions, including proliferation, protein homeostasis, and aging. Thus, individual differences in redox status can give rise to distinct sub-populations even among cells with identical genetic backgrounds. Here, we have created a novel methodology to track redox status at single cell resolution using the redox-sensitive probe Grx1-roGFP2. Our method allows identification and sorting of sub-populations with different oxidation levels in either the cytosol, mitochondria or peroxisomes. Using this approach, we defined a redox-dependent heterogeneity of yeast cells and characterized growth, as well as proteomic and transcriptomic profiles of distinctive redox subpopulations. We report that, starting in late logarithmic growth, cells of the same age have a bi-modal distribution of oxidation status. A comparative proteomic analysis between these populations identified three key proteins, Hsp30, Dhh1, and Pnc1, which affect basal oxidation levels and may serve as first line of defense proteins in redox homeostasis.
Hindering the illegal trade in dog and cat furs through a DNA-based protocol for species identification
Authors: Garofalo Luisa , Mariacher Alessia , Fanelli Rita , Fico Rosario , Lorenzini Rita
Published: June 2018

In Western countries dogs and cats are the most popular pets, and people are increasingly opposed to their rearing for the fur industry. In 2007, a Regulation of the European Union (EU) banned the use and trade of dog and cat furs, but an official analytical protocol to identify them as source species was not provided, and violations of law are still frequent in all Member States. In this paper we report on the development and validation of a simple and affordable DNA method for species detection in furs to use as an effective tool to combat illegal trade in fur products. A set of mitochondrial primers was designed for amplification of partial cytochrome b, control region and ND1 gene in highly degraded samples, like furs and pelts. Our amplification workflow involved the use of a non-specific primer pair to perform a first test to identify the species through sequencing, then the application of species-specific primer pairs to use in singleplex end-point PCRs as confirmation tests. The advantage of this two-step procedure is twofold: on the one hand it minimises the possibility of negative test results from degraded samples, since failure of amplification with a first set of primers can be offset by successful amplification of the second, and on the other it adds confidence and reliability to final authentication of species. All designed primers were validated on a reference collection of tissue samples, obtaining solid results in terms of specificity, sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility. Application of the protocol on real caseworks from seized furs yielded successful results also from old and dyed furs, suggesting that age and chemical staining do not necessarily affect positive amplifications. Major pros of this approach are: (1) sensitive and informative primer sets for detection of species; (2) short PCR amplicons for the analysis of poor quality DNA; (3) binding primers that avoid contamination from human DNA; (4) user-friendly protocol for any laboratory equipped for analysis of low-copy-number DNA. Our molecular procedure proved to be a good starting point for enforcing the EU Regulation against dog and cat fur trade in forensic contexts where source attribution is essential to the assignment of responsibilities.
An inexpensive, customizable microscopy system for the automated quantification and characterization of multiple adherent cell types
Authors: Asthana Vishwaratn , Tang Yuqi , Ferguson Adam , Bugga Pallavi , Asthana Anantratn , Evans Emily R. , Chen Allen L. , Stern Brett S. , Drezek Rebekah A.
Published: June 2018

Cell quantification assays are essential components of most biological and clinical labs. However, many currently available quantification assays, including flow cytometry and commercial cell counting systems, suffer from unique drawbacks that limit their overall efficacy. In order to address the shortcomings of traditional quantification assays, we have designed a robust, low-cost, automated microscopy-based cytometer that quantifies individual cells in a multiwell plate using tools readily available in most labs. Plating and subsequent quantification of various dilution series using the automated microscopy-based cytometer demonstrates the single-cell sensitivity, near-perfect R2 accuracy, and greater than 5-log dynamic range of our system. Further, the microscopy-based cytometer is capable of obtaining absolute counts of multiple cell types in one well as part of a co-culture setup. To demonstrate this ability, we recreated an experiment that assesses the tumoricidal properties of primed macrophages on co-cultured tumor cells as a proof-of-principle test. The results of the experiment reveal that primed macrophages display enhanced cytotoxicity toward tumor cells while simultaneously losing the ability to proliferate, an example of a dynamic interplay between two cell populations that our microscopy-based cytometer is successfully able to elucidate.
Molecular attributes and apoptosis-inducing activities of a putative serine protease isolated from Tiger Milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) sclerotium against breast cancer cellsin vitro
Authors: Yap Hui Yeng Y. , Tan Nget Hong , Ng Szu Ting , Tan Chon Seng , Fung Shin Yee
Published: June 2018

Background

The highly valued medicinal tiger milk mushroom (also known asLignosus rhinocerus) has the ability to cure numerous ailments. Its anticancer activities are well explored, and recently a partially purified cytotoxic protein fraction termed F5 from the mushroom’s sclerotial cold water extract consisting mainly of fungal serine proteases was found to exhibit potent selective cytotoxicity against a human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF7) with IC50value of 3.00 μg/ml. However, characterization of its cell death-inducing activity has yet to be established.

Methods

The mechanism involved in the cytotoxic activities of F5 against MCF7 cells was elucidated by flow cytometry-based apoptosis detection, caspases activity measurement, and expression profiling of apoptosis markers by western blotting. Molecular attributes of F5 were further mined fromL. rhinocerus’s published genome and transcriptome for future exploration.

Results and Discussion

Apoptosis induction in MCF7 cells by F5 may involve a cross-talk between the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways with upregulation of caspase-8 and -9 activities and a marked decrease of Bcl-2. On the other hand, the levels of pro-apoptotic Bax, BID, and cleaved BID were increased accompanied by observable actin cleavage. At gene level, F5 composed of three predicted non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (T > C) and an alternative 5′ splice site.

Conclusions

Findings from this study provide an advanced framework for further investigations on cancer therapeutics development fromL. rhinocerus.
A Review of Measures of Aggregate Mental Health Costs in Canada
Authors: Jacobs Philip , Knoops Francine , Lesage Alain
Published: June 2018

Since 2000, 5 studies have been published that each purported to estimate aggregate national mental health costs in Canada. Each of these studies used a different method. Our aim was to compare the studies, and we created a framework for the different elements used to assess mental health costs (direct costs, indirect costs, transfer payments, and “human” costs). In addition, each study used different parameters (population covered, diagnosis) and cost components to estimate the economic impact of mental health. Our framework can help analysts to understand the purpose of different cost components. We conclude that to achieve a consensus on the magnitude of mental health costs, we need to use more standardized approaches.
Evaluation of the dosimetry approaches in ablation treatment of thyroid cancer
Authors: Alan Selcuk Nalan , Toklu Turkay , Beykan Seval , Karaaslan Serife Ipek
Published: June 2018

In this study, we aimed to evaluate dosimetric approaches in ablation treatment of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma (DTC) without interrupting the clinical routine. Prior to therapy, 10.7 MBq 131I in average was orally given to 24 patients suffering from DTC. MIRD formalism was used for dosimetric calculations. For blood and bone marrow dosimetry, blood samples and whole‐body counts were collected at 2, 24, 72, and 120 h after I‐131 administration. For remnant tissue dosimetry, uptake measurements were performed at the same time intervals. To estimate the remnant volume, anterior and lateral planar gamma camera images were acquired with a reference source within the field of view at 24 h after I‐131 administration. Ultrasound imaging was also performed. Treatment activities determined with the fixed activity method were administered to the patients. Secondary cancer risk relative to applied therapy was evaluated for dosimetric approaches. The average dose to blood and bone marrow were determined as 0.15 ± 0.04 and 0.11 ± 0.04 Gy/GBq, respectively. The average remnant tissue dose was 0.58 ± 0.52 Gy/MBq and the corresponding required activity to ablate the remnant was approximately 1.3 GBq of 131I. A strong correlation between 24th‐hour uptake and time‐integrated activity coefficient values was obtained. Compared to fixed activity method, approximately five times higher secondary cancer risk was determined in bone marrow dosimetry, while the risk was about three times lower in lesion‐based dosimetry.
Enhancing Superplasticity of Ultrafine‐Grained Ti–6Al–4V without Imposing Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Kim Daehwan , Won Jong Woo , Park Chan Hee , Hong Jae Keun , Lee Taekyung , Lee Chong Soo
Published: June 2018

This study proposes a new regime of thermomechanical treatment composed of temperature‐decreasing step rolling (STEP) and subsequent annealing to fabricate ultrafine‐grained Ti–6Al–4V bulk plates with enhanced superplastic properties. This method utilizes fine martensites as an initial structure to assist in effective grain refinement even without imposing severe plastic deformation. The processed STEP alloys exhibit significant elongation of 706–856% at elevated temperatures. In particular, subsequent annealing at 600 °C induces superplasticity comparable to that obtained by high‐pressure torsion. This is attributed to the acceleration of continuous dynamic recrystallization. The developed thermomechanical process has the advantage of mass‐productivity in contrast to the existing SPD techniques.
Micro‐Macroporous Composite Materials – Preparation Techniques and Selected Applications: A Review
Authors: Betke Ulf , Lieb Alexandra
Published: June 2018

Pores, on several orders of magnitude in size, control the properties of a solid material to a large extent. This is just as true for materials containing pores in the sub‐nanometer range like zeolites as for cellular foam structures with pores of several millimeters in size. All these porous materials have their distinct potential application ranging from heterogeneous catalysis to metal melt filtration. In many cases, the (hierarchical) combination of pores with different size regimes can improve the performance of the respective porous material or can lead to entirely new properties and applications. This review addresses the preparation and properties of microporous‐macroporous composite materials based on cellular foam supports (ceramic, metal, polymer) with a coating of a microporous compound (zeolite, zeotype framework, metal‐organic framework). The manufacturing of these materials can either be performed by dispersion‐based techniques, where the microporous coating is applied from a dispersion onto the cellular support (ex situ), or in situ by crystallization of the microporous compound directly onto the struts of the foam structure. In both cases, the general procedure can be modified by a pretreatment of the cellular support in order to improve the coating layer adherence, the overall amount of deposited material, or to control of the crystal morphology of the microporous compound.
On the Materials Science of Nature's Arms Race
Authors: Liu Zengqian , Zhang Zhefeng , Ritchie Robert O.
Published: June 2018

Biological material systems have evolved unique combinations of mechanical properties to fulfill their specific function through a series of ingenious designs. Seeking lessons from Nature by replicating the underlying principles of such biological materials offers new promise for creating unique combinations of properties in man‐made systems. One case in point is Nature's means of attack and defense. During the long‐term evolutionary “arms race,” naturally evolved weapons have achieved exceptional mechanical efficiency with a synergy of effective offense and persistence—two characteristics that often tend to be mutually exclusive in many synthetic systems—which may present a notable source of new materials science knowledge and inspiration. This review categorizes Nature's weapons into ten distinct groups, and discusses the unique structural and mechanical designs of each group by taking representative systems as examples. The approach described is to extract the common principles underlying such designs that could be translated into man‐made materials. Further, recent advances in replicating the design principles of natural weapons at differing lengthscales in artificial materials, devices and tools to tackle practical problems are revisited, and the challenges associated with biological and bioinspired materials research in terms of both processing and properties are discussed.
Assembling Ultrasmall Copper‐Doped Ruthenium Oxide Nanocrystals into Hollow Porous Polyhedra: Highly Robust Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution in Acidic Media
Authors: Su Jianwei , Ge Ruixiang , Jiang Kemin , Dong Yan , Hao Fei , Tian Ziqi , Chen Guoxin , Chen Liang
Published: June 2018

Here, a facile and novel strategy for the preparation of Cu‐doped RuO2 hollow porous polyhedra composed of ultrasmall nanocrystals through one‐step annealing of a Ru‐exchanged Cu‐BTC derivative is reported. Owing to the optimized surface configuration and altered electronic structure, the prepared catalyst displays a remarkable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance with low overpotential of 188 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in acidic electrolyte, an ultralow Tafel slope of 43.96 mV dec−1, and excellent stability in durability testing for 10 000 cycles, and continuous testing of 8 h at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the highly unsaturated Ru sites on the high‐index facets can be oxidized gradually and reduce the energy barrier of rate‐determining steps. On the other hand, the Cu dopants can alter the electronic structures so as to further improve the intrinsic OER activity.
Oxidative Coupling of Aromatic Amines and Nitrosoarenes: Iodine‐Mediated Formation of Unsymmetrical Aromatic Azoxy Compounds
Authors: Yu Xiaochun , Ding Weijie , Ge Panyu , Wang Shun , Wang Jichang
Published: June 2018

I2/DABCO (iodine/1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)‐mediated oxidative coupling of nitrosobenzenes with aromatic amines was revealed to lead to the production of unsymmetrical aromatic azoxy compounds, instead of azo compounds reported previously in Mills reaction. Our study illustrates that various aromatic amines can be efficiently coupled with nitrosobenzenes to produce unsymmetrical azoxy product, in which more than thirty unsymmetrical azoxybenzenes have been successfully prepared. The applicability to a broad range of substrates, scalability to large scales and mild reaction conditions make this new synthetic protocol very practical, providing a convenient and direct access to unsymmetrical azoxybenzenes.

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Regiospecific Bi‐Catalysed Domino C‐N/C‐S Bonds Formation: Synthesis of 1,4‐Thiazines/1,4‐Thiomorpholines
Authors: Vijay Murugan , Satheesh Vanaparthi , Kumar Sundaravel Vivek , Punniyamurthy Tharmalingam
Published: June 2018

A domino Bi‐catalysed C−N/C−S bond formation of N‐sulfonylaziridines is developed with 1,4‐dithiane‐2,5‐diol to give 3,4‐dihydro‐1,4‐thiazines at room temperature. The use of Bi(OTf)3 as a catalyst, atom economy and regioselectivity are the important practical features.

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Non‐Conjugated Dicarboxylate Anode Materials for Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Ma Chao , Zhao Xiaolin , Kang Litao , Wang Kai‐Xue , Chen Jie‐Sheng , Zhang Wenqing , Liu Jianjun
Published: June 2018

Classical organic anode materials for Na‐ion batteries are mostly based on conjugated carboxylate compounds, which can stabilize added electrons by the double‐bond reformation mechanism. Now, 1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (C8H12O4, CHDA) with a non‐conjugated ring (−C6H10−) connected with carboxylates is shown to undergo electrochemical reactions with two Na ions, delivering a high charge specific capacity of 284 mA h g−1 (249 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles), and good rate performance. First‐principles calculations indicate that hydrogen‐transfer‐mediated orbital conversion from antibonding π* to bonding σ stabilize two added electrons, and reactive intermediate with unpaired electron is suppressed by localization of σ‐bonds and steric hindrance. An advantage of CHDA as an anode material is good reversibility and relatively constant voltage. A large variety of organic non‐conjugated compounds are predicted to be promising anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries.
A Stable Trimethylenemethane Triplet Diradical Based on a Trimeric Porphyrin Fused π‐System
Authors: Kato Kenichi , Furukawa Ko , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: June 2018

Trimethylenemethane (TMM) diradical is the simplest non‐Kekulé non‐disjoint molecule with the triplet ground state (ΔEST=+16.1 kcal mol−1) and is extremely reactive. It is a challenge to design and synthesize a stable TMM diradical with key properties, such as actual aliphatic TMM diradical centers and the triplet ground state with a large positive ΔEST value, since such species provide detailed information on the electronic structure of TMM diradical. Herein we report a TMM derivative, in which the TMM segment is fused with three NiII meso‐triarylporphyrins, that satisfies the above criteria. The diradical shows delocalized spin density on the propeller‐like porphyrin π‐network and the triplet ground state owing to the strong ferromagnetic interaction. Despite the apparent TMM structure, the diradical can be handled under ambient conditions and can be stored for months in the solid state, thus allowing its X‐ray diffraction structural analysis.
New tacrine–acridine hybrids as promising multifunctional drugs for potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Chufarova Nina , Czarnecka Kamila , Skibiński Robert , Cuchra Magda , Majsterek Ireneusz , Szymański Paweł
Published: June 2018

The synthesis, biological tests, and computer modeling of a series of novel promising tacrine hybrids for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease are reported. Firstly, new tacrine–acridine hybrids with different carbon linker lengths were synthesized. Secondly, all the compounds were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzyme activity. After that, the most promising compound 3d was tested using the amyloid‐β aggregation assay. To evaluate possible toxic effects, cytotoxicity tests were conducted. The most active compound 3d (IC50 = 7.6 pM for AChE and 1.7 pM for BuChE) appeared to be a much more active inhibitor than tacrine (IC50 = 89.9 nM for AChE and 14.9 nM for BuChE). At the highest concentration (100 μM), 3d exhibited 57.77% activity, retaining it as the concentration decreased: 50 μM – 54.74%, 20 μM – 48.28%, 10 μM – 31.66%. The compound showed no significant cytotoxic effect at the tested concentrations. At the end, docking studies using methods of computer modeling were performed to visualize the binding mode of the inhibitor 3d. It showed dual‐binding mode for AChE, by binding to the catalytic anionic site and the peripheral anionic site simultaneously. Thus, compound 3d is a promising multitarget hybrid that can be used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
New Perspectives in Rheumatology: Implications of the Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat and Allopurinol in Patients With Gout and Cardiovascular Morbidities Trial and the Associated Food and Drug Administration Public Safety Alert
Authors: Choi Hyon , Neogi Tuhina , Stamp Lisa , Dalbeth Nicola , Terkeltaub Robert
Published: June 2018

Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a public safety alert, responding to the results of the now‐published Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat and Allopurinol in Patients With Gout and Cardiovascular Morbidities (CARES) trial. The CARES trial showed no significant difference between allopurinol and febuxostat in the primary composite end point of cardiovascular (CV) events in subjects with gout and established CV comorbidities at baseline. However, there was a significantly increased risk of CV and all‐cause mortality with febuxostat. Urate‐lowering therapy (ULT) is central to the long‐term management of gout, and xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor (XOI) therapy is the consensus first‐line approach. Allopurinol is generally the first XOI used, but febuxostat is an effective XOI option, and is commonly used when allopurinol is not tolerated. These data are further relevant since CV comorbidities are common in gout. Here, we examine why the CARES trial was done, and discuss other, ongoing comparative studies of febuxostat and allopurinol whose results are awaited. We assess the strengths and limitations of the CARES trial, and appraise the robustness and biologic plausibility of the results. The CARES trial does not prove that febuxostat raises CV mortality risk, but suggests greater risk with febuxostat than allopurinol. The CARES trial results do not support first‐line use of febuxostat ULT, and raise questions about febuxostat placement at various pharmacologic ULT decision tree branches. Alternatives to febuxostat that are frequently effective include allopurinol dose escalation and uricosuric therapy alone or combined with allopurinol. The FDA safety alert highlights the need for shared ULT medical decision‐making with gout patients, including discussion of the CV safety of febuxostat.
Efficient Synthesis of Five Types of Heterocyclic Compounds via Intramolecular Elimination Using Ultrasound‐Static Heating Technique
Authors: Jiang Hongfei , Dong Xueyang , Jin Xin , Zhu Danyang , Yin Ruijuan , Yu Rilei , Wan Shengbiao , Zhang Lijuan , Jiang Tao
Published: June 2018

An experimental technique, ultrasound‐static heating, has been developed for the efficient synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. The technique involves ultrasonic irradiation and static heating processes. First, the ultrasonic irradiation process is performed to form an intermediate of the heterocyclic compound under mild conditions and the subsequent static heating process (heating the intermediate under solvent‐free conditions without stirring) produces the target heterocyclic compounds via intramolecular elimination.
HydraRegeneration: Closing the Loop with Mechanical Processes in Morphogenesis
Authors: Braun Erez , Keren Kinneret
Published: June 2018

The convergence of morphogenesis into viable organisms under variable conditions suggests closed‐loop dynamics involving multiscale functional feedback. We develop the idea that morphogenesis is based on synergy between mechanical and bio‐signaling processes, spanning all levels of organization: molecular, cellular, tissue, up to the whole organism. This synergy provides feedback within and between all levels of organization, to close the loop between the dynamics of the morphogenesis process and its robust functional outcome.Hydraoffer a powerful platform to explore this direction, thanks to their simple body plan, extraordinary regeneration capabilities, and the accessibility and flexibility of their tissues. Our recent experiments show that structural inheritance of the actomyosin organization directs body‐axis formation duringHydraregeneration. Morphogenesis is then stabilized through dynamic cytoskeletal reorganization induced by the inherited structure. The observed cytoskeletal stability and reorganization capabilities suggest that mechanical feedback integrates with biochemical processes to establish viable patterns and ensure canalization.
Stress‐Induced Depression: Is Social Rank a Predictive Risk Factor?
Authors: Larrieu Thomas , Sandi Carmen
Published: June 2018

An intriguing question in the field of stress is what makes an individual more likely to be susceptible or resilient to stress‐induced depression. Predisposition to stress susceptibility is believed to be influenced by genetic factors and early adversity. However, beyond genetics and life experiences, recent evidence has highlighted social rank as a key determinant of susceptibility to stress, underscoring dominant individuals as the vulnerable ones. This evidence is in conflict with epidemiological, clinical, and animal work pointing at a link between social subordination and depression. Here, we review and analyze rodent protocols addressing the relevance of social rank to predict vulnerability to chronic social stress. We also discuss whether a specific social status (i.e., dominance or subordination) is the appropriate predictor of vulnerability to develop stress‐induced depression or rather, the loss of social rank and resources.
Esthetic rehabilitation of the smile with partial laminate veneers in an older adult
Authors: Ceinos Romain , Pouyssegur Valérie , Allard Yves , Bertrand Marie‐France
Published: June 2018

Key Clinical Message

Bonded partial ceramic veneer is an interesting alternative to full buccal restoration in terms of tissue economy. However, its usage is restricted to patients with a low smile line (such as the elderly) due to the visibility of the tooth/restoration limit which is a key to the therapeutic decision.
Carbon Monoxide‐Templated Synthesis of Coral‐Like Clean PtPd Nanochains as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Catalyst
Authors: Zhang Lian Ying , Wu Diben , Gong Yuyan , Liu Hongdong , Chen Wei , Bi Lei
Published: June 2018

Coral‐like, clean PtPd bimetallic nanochains with controlled composition are successfully synthesized by using carbon monoxide as reducing agent and soft‐template. The Pt74Pd26 nanochain catalyst exhibits a much more positive half‐wave potential than pure Pt nanochains (∼35 mV) and commercial Pt/C (∼30 mV) toward the oxygen reduction reaction. Meanwhile, oxygen reduction on the Pt74Pd26 electrode has only a 4 mV degradation in half‐wave potential over 5,000 cycling period, showing superior electrochemical stability. The enhanced performance could be due to the modified electronic structure (such as downshifted d‐band center and weakened bonding to oxygenated species) and the coral‐like nanochains with mesoporous structure and clean surface. This work may demonstrate a universal approach to facilitate screening of high‐efficiency catalysts for broad energy conversion/storage systems and sensing devices.
Modeling hemodynamics in intracranial aneurysms: Comparing accuracy of CFD solvers based on finite element and finite volume schemes
Authors: Botti Lorenzo , Paliwal Nikhil , Conti Pierangelo , Antiga Luca , Meng Hui
Published: June 2018

Image‐based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has shown potential to aid in the clinical management of intracranial aneurysms, but its adoption in the clinical practice has been missing, partially because of lack of accuracy assessment and sensitivity analysis. To numerically solve the flow‐governing equations, CFD solvers generally rely on 2 spatial discretization schemes: finite volume (FV) and finite element (FE). Since increasingly accurate numerical solutions are obtained by different means, accuracies and computational costs of FV and FE formulations cannot be compared directly. To this end, in this study, we benchmark 2 representative CFD solvers in simulating flow in a patient‐specific intracranial aneurysm model: (1) ANSYS Fluent, a commercial FV‐based solver, and (2) VMTKLab multidGetto, a discontinuous Galerkin (dG) FE‐based solver. The FV solver's accuracy is improved by increasing the spatial mesh resolution (134k, 1.1m, 8.6m, and 68.5m tetrahedral element meshes). The dGFE solver accuracy is increased by increasing the degree of polynomials (first, second, third, and fourth degree) on the base 134k tetrahedral element mesh. Solutions from best FV and dGFE approximations are used as baseline for error quantification. On average, velocity errors for second‐best approximations are approximately 1 cm/s for a [0,125] cm/s velocity magnitude field. Results show that high‐order dGFE provides better accuracy per degree of freedom but worse accuracy per Jacobian nonzero entry as compared with FV. Cross‐comparison of velocity errors demonstrates asymptotic convergence of both solvers to the same numerical solution. Nevertheless, the discrepancy between underresolved velocity fields suggests that mesh independence is reached following different paths.