bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Critical Driving Force for Deformation‐Induced α′‐Martensite Formation in Austenitic Cr–Mn–Ni Steels
Authors: Hauser Michael , Wendler Marco , Weiß Andreas , Volkova Olena , Mola Javad
Published: October 2018

The influence of martensite formation on the mechanical properties of an Fe–16Cr–6Ni–6Mn (concentrations in wt%) austenitic stainless steel is studied by tensile tests between −70 and 300 °C. As‐quenched martensite formation is observed at temperatures below −30 °C. Deformation‐induced martensite formation, on the other hand, is triggered below 100 °C. The temperature dependence of proof stress, tensile strength, and triggering stress for martensite formation are represented on a Stress‐Temperature‐Transformation (STT) diagram. In order to determine the critical Gibbs free energy for the formation of martensite at temperatures between and , the chemical and mechanical contributions to deformation‐induced martensite formation are determined. The chemical term is obtained from thermodynamic calculations. The mechanical term, on the other hand, is obtained by determining the mechanical energy supplied to tensile specimens to trigger martensite formation. This is done using the model proposed by Patel and Cohen. The magnitudes of shear strain () and dilatational strain (), required for the calculations, are obtained based on the martensite crystallography theory of Wechsler‐Lieberman‐Read. The sum of the chemical and mechanical contributions yields the critical driving force for the martensitic transformation. The results indicate a slight increase in the critical driving force for martensitic transformation at lower temperatures.
Coupling Effect of Unit Cell Topology and Forming Orientation on the Ti6Al4V Porous Structures Fabricated Using Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Huang Xina , Zhang Sheng , Hu Quandong , Lang Lihui , Gong Shuili , Nielsen Karl Brian
Published: October 2018

Selective laser melting (SLM) opens the possibility to produce porous structures with designed mechanical characteristics. This study focuses on the coupling effect between unit cell topology (Dode and body‐centered cubic (BCC)) and forming orientation (horizontal and vertical) with regard to the actual geometric characterization and mechanical properties of SLM produced Ti6Al4V porous structures. The results show that for the mechanical response, there is a coupling effect between forming orientation and unit cell topology. This is most pronounced for the Dode topology, where the compressive and yield strength for specimens produced in vertical orientation are increased with 14.6% and 7.5% compared with those build horizontally. However, for the BCC topology, this effect cannot be seen. The fatigue properties for specimens processed vertically are better compared with those processed horizontally, especially for the BCC topology, it shows an increase of 51.6%. This study presents initial findings on how to handle the selection of unit cell topology and forming orientation for porous structures prepared using SLM, which may be beneficial for different applications.
Enhanced Raman Scattering of CuPc Films on Imperfect WSe2 Monolayer Correlated to Exciton and Charge‐Transfer Resonances
Authors: Liu Yanran , Gao Zhibin , Chen Ming , Tan Yang , Chen Feng
Published: October 2018

Recently, 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs) are identified as ideal substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). However, the effect of enhancement factor (EF) on TMDCs is lower than metal‐based SERS substrates. Here, it is demonstrated that the SERS performance of WSe2 monolayer can be enhanced via tailoring the atomic ratio of WSe2; this correlates to the exciton and charge‐transfer resonances. CuPc molecules are adsorbed onto WSe2 monolayers as the probe molecules, and the atomic ratio (Se:W) of WSe2 is tailored from 2 to 1.92. For an atomic ratio of 1.96, the maximum EF on irradiated WSe2 is more than 120; this is enhanced by more than 40 times compared with pristine WSe2. The amplitude of exciton and charge‐transfer resonances is estimated by femtosecond optical pump‐probe measurement and a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) consisting of CuPc film and 2D materials. It is found that the intensity of resonances in the CuPc–WSe2 system is tailored by the atomic ratio of WSe2. This is closely correlated to the SERS performance of WSe2. This study shows that the SERS performance of WSe2 is enhanced by tuning the atomic ratio of WSe2 and provides qualitative theoretical explanations for the mechanism of enhanced SERS.
A Triboelectric Nanogenerator‐Based Smart Insole for Multifunctional Gait Monitoring
Authors: Lin Zhiming , Wu Zhiyi , Zhang Binbin , Wang Yi‐Cheng , Guo Hengyu , Liu Guanlin , Chen Chaoyu , Chen Yuliang , Yang Jin , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: October 2018

Accurately monitoring human gait is critical for health evaluation and/or early diagnosis, especially for elder and injured people's healthcare. The presence of gait abnormalities could be important predictors of the risk of developing diseases. Herein, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)‐based smart insole for real‐time gait monitoring is reported. Due to the novel air‐pressure‐driven structural design, the elastic TENG‐based sensors exhibit compelling features including simple fabrication, fast response time, high durability, and excellent mechanical robustness. The TENG‐based sensors can be easily integrated into the conventional insole so that it can convert the mechanical triggering/impact into electrical output. By analyzing such electrical signals, the smart insole could accurately monitor and distinguish various gait patterns in real time, including jump, step, walk, and run. The smart insole could also be used to monitor the abnormality of gait for rehabilitation assessment. In addition, the smart insole can play another important role in healthcare applications, for example, serving as a fall‐down alert system for elder people or patients. This work not only paves a new way for real‐time and long‐term gait monitoring, but also presents a new perspective for the practical applications of remote clinical biomotion analysis.
Biaxially Stretchable Ultrathin Si Enabled by Serpentine Structures on Prestrained Elastomers
Authors: Sim Kyoseung , Li Yuhang , Song Jizhou , Yu Cunjiang
Published: October 2018

Building stretchable electronics from inorganic materials is a testified pathway toward devices with high performances for many applications in fields such as optoelectronics, biomedical, etc. Owing to the unstretchable nature of these materials (e.g., brittleness of Si), existing ways to enable stretchabilities mainly involve either bonding thin films on a prestrained elastomer substrate or configuring materials into thin serpentine layouts. It is hypothesized that a combination of prestrain and serpentine will lead to advantages in the: (1) enlarged stretchability at the materials and (2) enhanced areal fill factor of the materials, when compared with existing serpentine structures without using prestrain strategy. This paper reports a biaxially stretchable Si structure and its optoelectronic devices enabled through the combination of serpentine structure designs and prestrain strategy on an elastomer substrate. The detailed device design and fabrication, mechanical analysis, and electrical performance characterization illustrate the key concept and validate the hypothesis. The Si nanomesh can be stretched by 75% biaxially with prestrain of 50% and has an enhanced areal fill factor of 125%. The combined strategy of prestrain and serpentine is applicable to a wide range of materials and devices, and the demonstrated results can be useful for stretchable electronics, optoelectronics, and many others.
Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐Oxabicyclo[3.3.1]Nonan‐2‐Ones via a Domino Reaction Catalyzed by Modularly Designed Organocatalysts
Authors: Parella Ramarao , Jakkampudi Satish , Arman Hadi , Zhao John C.‐G.
Published: October 2018

A highly stereoselective method for the synthesis of functionalized 3‐oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐2‐one derivatives with four contiguous stereogenic centers, including one tetrasubstituted stereogenic center, was realized through an organocatalytic domino Michael‐hemiacetalization‐Michael reaction of (E)‐3‐aryl‐2‐nitroprop‐2‐enols and (E)‐7‐aryl‐7‐oxohept‐5‐enals followed by a PCC oxidation. Using the modularly designed organocatalysts (MDOs) self‐assembled from cinchona alkaloid derivatives and amino acids in the reaction media, the title products were obtained in good yields (up to 84%), excellent diastereoselectivities (≥99:1 dr), and high enantioselectivities (up to 96% ee).

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Two patients with FOXF1 mutations with alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins and other malformations: Two different presentations and outcomes
Authors: Abu‐El‐Haija Aya , Fineman Jeff , Connolly Andrew J. , Murali Priyanka , Judge Luke M. , Slavotinek Anne M.
Published: October 2018

Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) describes a group of developmental disorders affecting the lungs with its pulmonary vasculature. Mutations in the FOXF1 gene have been reported in most cases, and extrapulmonary findings were described. We present two patients with ACDMPV and FOXF1 mutations that illustrate the variability in presentation and outcome of their disease. Patient 1 was a full‐term infant with imperforate anus and pulmonary hypertension. He required Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation on day of life (DOL) 3, and passed away on DOL 13 after no clinical improvement. Postmortem findings were consistent with ACDMPV. FOXF1 testing revealed a heterozygous pathogenic frameshift de novo mutation, c.1057_1078dup, p.(Gly360Valfs*58). Patient 2 is a 6‐month‐old female, with a small omphalocele. She had intermittent retractions at 1 week of age. She was admitted with pulmonary hypertension at 7 weeks of age. Lung biopsy confirmed ACDMPV. FOXF1 testing revealed a de novo, heterozygous likely pathogenic missense mutation c.253T>C, p.(Phe85Leu]). Our two patients had different presentations, ages of onset, and progression of their disease. Our second patient had patchy lung involvement on biopsy, which may explain the relatively delayed onset and longer survival. ACDMPV is an important consideration for full‐term infants with worsening pulmonary hypertension early in life.
Club foot in association with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: An observational study
Authors: Homans Jelle F. , Crowley Terrence B. , Chen Erin , McGinn Daniel E. , Deeney Vincent F. X. , Sakkers Ralph J. B. , Davidson Richard S. , Castelein René M. , McDonald‐McGinn Donna M.
Published: October 2018

The 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) occurs in ~1:3,000–6,000 individuals. Features less typically associated with 22q11.2DS, such as orthopedic manifestations, may be overlooked or may not lead to appropriate diagnostic testing. Club foot has a general population prevalence of ~1:1,000 and has been occasionally described in association with 22q11.2DS. Our hypothesis is that the prevalence of club foot is higher in patients with 22q11.2DS. We performed a retrospective review in two specialized 22q11.2DS centers to determine the prevalence of club foot. “True club foot” requires treatment (either conservative or surgical), therefore we only included those patients with proof of treatment. We investigated whether congenital heart disease (CHD) and/or cleft palate were associated with the presence of club foot within 22q11.2DS. The records of 1,466 patients were reviewed. Of these, 48 (3.3%) had confirmation of club foot (95% Confidence Interval: 2.4–4.3): 22 (46%) had a bilateral, 12 (25%) left, and 14 (29%) right club foot. Within our study, neither a CHD and/or a cleft palate were associated with a club foot. The prevalence of club foot in 22q11.2DS is 30 times higher than that observed in the general population. This suggests the diagnosis of club foot, especially in the face of other typically associated abnormalities of 22q11.2DS, should provoke consideration of 22q11.2DS as an underlying diagnosis, particularly in the neonatal setting.
Modeling age‐specific facial development in Williams–Beuren‐, Noonan‐, and 22q11.2 deletion syndromes in cohorts of Czech patients aged 3–18 years: A cross‐sectional three‐dimensional geometric morphometry analysis of their facial gestalt
Authors: Čaplovičová Martina , Moslerová Veronika , Dupej Ján , Macek Milan , Zemková Dana , Hoffmannová Eva , Havlovicová Markéta , Velemínská Jana
Published: October 2018

Three‐dimensional (3D) virtual facial models facilitate genotype–phenotype correlations and diagnostics in clinical dysmorphology. Within cross‐sectional analysis of both genders we evaluated facial features in representative cohorts of Czech patients with Williams–Beuren‐(WBS; 12 cases), Noonan‐(NS; 14), and 22q11.2 deletion syndromes (22q11.2DS; 20) and compared their age‐related developmental trajectories to 21 age, sex and ethnically matched controls in 3–18 years of age. Using geometric morphometry statistically significant differences in facial morphology were found in all cases compared to controls. The dysmorphic features observed in WBS were specific and manifested in majority of cases. During ontogenesis, dysmorphic features associated with increased facial convexity become more pronounced whereas other typical features remained relatively stable. Dysmorphic features observed in NS cases were mostly apparent during childhood and gradually diminished with age. Facial development had a similar progress as in controls, while there has been increased growth of patients’ nose and chin in adulthood. Facial characteristics observed in 22q11.2DS, except for hypoplastic alae nasi, did not correspond with the standard description of its facial phenotype because of marked facial heterogeneity of this clinical entity. Because of the sensitivity of 3D facial morphometry we were able to reach statistical significance even in smaller retrospective patient cohorts, which proves its clinical utility within the routine setting.
Association of Alzheimer's genetic loci with mild behavioral impairment
Authors: Andrews Shea J. , Ismail Zahinoor , Anstey Kaarin J. , Mortby Moyra
Published: October 2018

Mild behavioral impairment (MBI) describes the emergence of later‐life neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) as an at‐risk state for incident cognitive decline and dementia, and for some as a potential manifestation of prodromal dementia. How NPS mechanistically link to the development of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully understood, with potential mechanisms including shared risk factors related to both NPS and cognitive impairment, or AD pathology promoting NPS. This is the first exploratory study to examine whether AD genetic loci as a genetic risk score (GRS), or individually, are a shared risk factor with MBI. Participants were 1,226 older adults (aged 72–79; 738 males; 763 normal cognition) from the Personality and Total Health Through Life project. MBI was approximated in accordance with Criterion 1 of the ISTAART‐AA diagnostic criteria using a transformation algorithm for the neuropsychiatric inventory. A GRS was constructed from 25 AD risk loci. Binomial logistic regression adjusting for age, gender, and education examined the association between GRS and MBI. A higher GRS and APOE*ε4 were associated with increased likelihood of affective dysregulation. Nominally significant associations were observed between MS4A4A‐rs4938933*C and MS4A6A‐rs610932*G with a reduced likelihood of affective dysregulation; ZCWPW1‐rs1476679*C with a reduced likelihood of social inappropriateness and abnormal perception/thought content; BIN1‐rs744373*G and EPHA1‐rs11767557*C with higher likelihood of abnormal perception/thought content; NME8‐rs2718058*G with a reduced likelihood of decreased motivation. These preliminary findings suggest a common genetic etiology between MBI and traditionally recognized cognitive problems observed in AD and improve our understanding of the pathophysiological features underlying MBI.
Trapping the Complex Molecular Machinery of Polyketide and Fatty Acid Synthases with Tunable Silylcyanohydrin Crosslinkers
Authors: Konno Sho , La Clair James J. , Burkart Michael D.
Published: October 2018

Many families of natural products are synthesized by large multidomain biological machines commonly referred to as megasynthases. While the advance of mechanism‐based tools has opened new windows into the structural features within the protein–protein interfaces guiding carrier protein dependent enzymes, there is an immediate need for tools that can be engaged to link co‐translated domains in a site‐selective manner. Now, the use of silylcyanohydrins is demonstrated in a two‐step, two‐site selective crosslinking for the trapping of carrier–protein interactions within megasynthases. This advance provides a new tool to trap intermediate states within multimodular systems, a key step toward understanding the specificities within fatty acid (FAS) and polyketide (PKS) synthases.
Ionic Janus Liquid Droplets Assembled and Propelled by Electric Field
Authors: Sindoro Melinda , Granick Steve
Published: October 2018

Traditional Janus particle approaches to produce active motion are based on using solid particles, but it is interesting to consider liquid droplets instead, because for solid particles, the self‐assembly of synthetic active matter requires moving objects to sit in a near‐planar 2D geometry. Emulsions, cross‐linked polymers, and porous materials have been proposed for 3D self‐assembly but with limitations to propel them. It is now demonstrated that Janus liquid droplets can be used as building block in an active propulsion system. Using an ionic liquid motif, the droplet system can be tuned from core–shell to Janus and multipatches, using facile surfactant‐based methods. The approach was stimulated by the success of electro‐hydrodynamic flow produced by an alternating electric field to produce motion of colloidal particles; its usefulness to also propel ionic liquids is demonstrated.
Regio‐ und stereoselektive allylische Substitutionen chiraler sekundärer Alkylkupferverbindungen: Totalsynthese von (+)‐Lasiol, (+)‐13‐Norfaranal und (+)‐Faranal
Authors: Skotnitzki Juri , Spessert Lukas , Knochel Paul
Published: October 2018

Chirale sekundäre Alkylkupferverbindungen wurden aus chiralen sekundären Alkyliodiden durch einen I/Li‐Austausch, gefolgt von einer retentiven Transmetallierung mit CuBr⋅P(OEt)3, hergestellt. Durch Wechseln des Lösungsmittels zu THF wird die konfigurative Stabilität der Kupferverbindungen signifikant verbessert und macht diese für regioselektive allylische Substitutionen brauchbar. Diese optisch angereicherten Kupferreagentien gingen SN2‐Substitutionen mit Allylbromiden (bis zu >99 % SN2‐Regioselektivität) ein. Versetzen mit ZnCl2 und die Verwendung von chiralen Allylphosphaten ermöglicht es, die Regioselektivität hin zu SN2′‐Substitutionen zu verschieben (bis zu >99 % SN2′‐Regioselektivität), sowie die Durchführung von äußerst selektiven anti‐SN2′‐Substitutionen mit kompletter Kontrolle von zwei nebeneinanderliegenden Stereozentren. Diese Methode wurde in der Naturstoffsynthese von drei Ameisenpheromonen – (+)‐Lasiol, (+)‐13‐Norfaranal und (+)‐Faranal (dr bis zu 98:2, 99 % ee) – angewendet.
The Complex Coordination Landscape of a Digold(I) U‐Shaped Metalloligand
Authors: Ibáñez Susana , Poyatos Macarena , Peris Eduardo
Published: October 2018

A U‐shaped di‐gold metallotweezer with two pyrene‐imidazolylidene edges and a xanthenyl‐bis‐alkynyl connector was prepared. This metallotweezer acts as metalloligand in the presence of Cu+, Tl+, or Ag+, showing three clearly distinct coordination patterns depending on the cation used. The coordination to Cu+ leads to a complex in which the metalloligand is coordinated in a pincer form. The reaction with Tl+ affords a complex in which the ligand is acting as a ϰ2‐(trans)‐chelate ligand. The reaction with Ag+ leads to a self‐assembled structure, with two silver cations encased inside the cavity of a duplex structure formed by two self‐assembled metallotweezers.
Gender‐related Issues in Couple Therapists’ Internal Voices and Interactional Practices
Authors: Janusz Bernadetta , Józefik Barbara , Peräkylä Anssi
Published: October 2018

The study demonstrates how motherhood gender‐related discourse is intertwined with the ways in which the systemic techniques and systemic thinking are realised in the session. This research explores the consequences of gender‐related discourse commonly co‐constructed by participants in couple therapy and not recognised or challenged by the therapist. Video‐recorded data from a couple therapy session containing unrecognised gender‐related discourse were subjected to conversation analysis (CA). The interview (Interpersonal Process Recall) transcript was analysed according to the rules of dialogical analysis. Gender assumptions held unchallenged by a therapist can be manifested through: placing one spouse in the position of the person accountable for the gender‐related choices, the therapist's mirroring of one participant's lexical choices only, sharing normative expectation of one person. Unrecognised gender discourse create difficulty in introducing circular thinking. The obstacles on the therapist's side can render power issues connected with gender invisible and thus unavailable for introduction into the therapeutic conversation.
CoFe2O4/TMU‐17‐NH2 as a hybrid magnetic nanocomposite catalyst for multicomponent synthesis of dihydropyrimidines
Authors: Yadollahi Mahtab , Hamadi Hosein , Nobakht Valiollah
Published: October 2018

A new magnetic metal–organic framework nanocomposite (CoFe2O4/TMU‐17‐NH2) was prepared via an embedding approach by synthesis of the metal–organic framework crystals in the presence of magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. We demonstrated that the resulting magnetic nanocomposite can serve as a recyclable nanocatalyst for one‐pot synthesis of bis‐3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one and 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives via three‐component reaction of 1,3‐diketone, urea or thiourea and aromatic aldehyde under solvent‐free conditions. CoFe2O4/TMU‐17‐NH2 was characterized using various techniques. The recovery of the nanocomposite was achieved by a simple magnetic decantation and it was reused at least seven times without significant degradation in catalytic activity.
Lysosome‐targeted potent half‐sandwich iridium(III) α‐diimine antitumor complexes
Authors: Kong Deliang , Guo Lihua , Tian Meng , Zhang Shumiao , Tian Zhenzhen , Yang Huayun , Tian Ye , Liu Zhe
Published: October 2018

Fifteen organometallic Ir(III) half‐sandwich complexes (1A–5C) having the general formula [(η5‐Cpx)Ir(N^N)Cl]PF6 (Cpx = Cp*, tetramethyl(phenyl)cyclopentadienyl (Cpxph) or tetramethyl(biphenyl)cyclopentadienyl (Cpxbiph); N^N = diamine) have been synthesized and characterized. The molecular structure of 1A was determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The hydrolysis of 1A–5C was monitored using UV–visible spectra. Complexes 3A–3C showed catalytic activity for the oxidation of NADH to NAD+, where 3C showed the highest turnover number of 29.9 within 450 min. Cytotoxicity examination by MTT assay was carried out against two human cancer cell lines (HeLa and A549) after 24 or 48 h drug treatment. The complexes showed high potency, where the most potent complex (3C; IC50 = 3.4 μM) was six times more active than cisplatin against A549 cells after 24 h drug exposure. Cytotoxic potency towards A549 cells increased with phenyl substitution on Cp ring: Cpxbiph > Cpxph > Cp*. In addition, the biological studies showed that 3C caused cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in A549 cancer cells. Moreover, 3C increased the level of reactive oxygen species markedly after 24 h, which may provide an important basis for killing cancer cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to track 3C in A549 cells. The cellular localization experiment showed that 3C targeted lysosomes and caused lysosomal damage.
Ghrelin and NUCB2/Nesfatin‐1 Co‐Localization With Digestive Enzymes in the Intestine of Pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis)
Authors: Bertucci Juan Ignacio , Blanco Ayelén Melisa , Sánchez‐Bretaño Aida , Unniappan Suraj , Canosa Luis Fabián
Published: October 2018

Ghrelin (orexigenic) and nesfatin‐1 (anorexigenic) are two peptides with opposing actions on food intake regulation and are mainly expressed in the hypothalamus and gut of mammals and fish. Both are involved in the regulation of a wide range of physiological processes in vertebrates, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction. However, the anatomical relationship between these peptides and the nutrient assimilation processes are not well understood. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the localization of ghrelin, nesfatin‐1, and several enzymes involved in the digestive process (lipoprotein lipase, aminopeptidase A, trypsin, and sucrase‐isomaltase) in the intestine of pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis), a species with commercial importance in South America. We observed co‐localization of ghrelin and nesfatin‐1 in enteroendocrine cells, absorptive cells, and in cells of the lamina propia. Approximately half of the cells displaying ghrelin‐like immunoreactivity co‐localized the NUCB2/nesfatin‐1‐like signal. In addition, both peptides showed co‐localization with lipoprotein lipase, aminopeptidase A, trypsin, or sucrase‐isomaltase. All digestive enzymes except for aminopeptidase A and trypsin, showed high co‐localization (68–88%) with both ghrelin‐like and NUCB2/nesfatin‐1‐like signals in absorptive, enteroendocrine, and lamina propria cells. Together, our results provide immunohistochemical evidence supporting a role for both ghrelin and NUCB2/nesfatin‐1 in the regulation of nutrient assimilation in fish. Anat Rec, 302:973–982, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Description of Tooth Ontogeny and Replacement Patterns in a Juvenile Tarbosaurus bataar (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Using CT‐Scan Data
Authors: Hanai Tomoya , Tsuihiji Takanobu
Published: October 2018

Teeth are continually replaced in most of non‐mammalian gnathostomes to maintain their functional dentitions. To clarify the tooth replacement patterns in tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaurs, we examined well‐preserved dentitions (both premaxillae, left maxilla, partial right maxilla, and both dentaries) of a juvenile Tarbosaurus bataar (MPC‐D 107/7) using X‐ray computed tomographic (CT) imaging. Three‐dimensional (3D) rendering of the dentitions and staging of replacement teeth allowed quantitative analyses of the tooth ontogeny and replacement patterns in this specimen. These strategies were validated by comparing the results between MPC‐D 107/7 and extant crocodilians, which are taxa that have previously been studied using non‐CT methods. 3D‐rendered dentitions of MPC‐D 107/7 showed alternate replacement patterns between odd‐ and even‐numbered alveoli. Such patterns were discontinuous at the premaxilla‐maxilla junctions, suggesting the division of replacement patterns between the two dentitions possessing morpho‐functionally different features. The replacement process in the odd‐numbered alveoli of the left maxilla sequentially proceeded from distal alveoli. Meanwhile, in the both dentaries, there were simple alternate patterns in which functional teeth would be simultaneously shed out in every second alveoli. Such a simple alternation had never been reported in the adult tyrannosaurid dentaries. Under this pattern, the half of functional teeth in a single dentition would be shed at the same time, which may hamper foraging functions. We conclude that the simple alternate patterns found in the dentary dentitions of MPC‐D 107/7 represent transient condition in juvenile tyrannosaurids, suggesting ontogenetic changes in tooth replacement patterns in the tyrannosaurid dentary. Anat Rec, 302:1210–1225, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Neuropilin‐1 Ligand, Sema3A, Acts as a Tumor Suppressor in the Pathogenesis of Acute Leukemia
Authors: Yang Zhi‐Gang , Wen Rui‐Ting , Qi Kai , Li Jun , Zheng Gui‐Xian , Wang Yu‐Feng , Hong Yun‐Guang , Zhang Yu‐Ming
Published: October 2018

Semaphorin‐3A (Sema3A) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) are ligands of neuropilin‐1 (NRP‐1 or CD304) and are related to immunoregulation and tumor angiogenesis, respectively. However, possible interactions between NRP‐1 and Sema3A and VEGF165 in acute leukemia remain unclear, especially whether Sema3A plays a role in acute leukemia. In this study, both of the proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their expression of NRP‐1 were found to increase in acute leukemia patients compared with healthy controls. In contrast, lower mRNA and plasma levels of Sema3A were detected in the acute leukemia patients. In vitro, the addition of exogenous Sema3A inhibited the expression of NRP‐1 on Tregs and it promoted apoptosis of leukemia cells. However, in the presence of anti‐Sema3A antibody, the effect of rhSema3A on NRP‐1 expression was reversed. These results suggest that Sema3A promotes apoptosis in leukemia cells by inhibiting expression of NRP‐1, and thus, represents a tumor suppressor protein with a role in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia. Consequently, NRP‐1/Sema3A signaling may represent a novel target for the treatment of acute leukemia and should be further studied. Anat Rec, 302:1127–1135, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Undergraduate Medical Students' Usage and Perceptions of Anatomical Case‐Based Learning: Comparison of Facilitated Small Group Discussions and eLearning Resources
Authors: Holland Jane C. , Pawlikowska Teresa
Published: October 2018

While case‐based discussions can empower students to apply knowledge to contextual clinical situations, scheduling these activities is a challenge in crowded curricula. Case‐based eLearning activities, derived from existing cases discussed within anatomy small group tutorials, were created incorporating principles such as interactivity, reinforcement, and feedback. Over half of the students accessed one or more of these online cases, with 18% accessing all eight online cases provided. Access increased as the semester progressed, particularly just before summative examinations, implying students used these primarily as revision aides. Students rated both formats highly, but favored the online format with regard to enjoyment (P = 0.048), learning (P = 0.101), and feedback (P = 0.086). However, more students discussed these cases in small group tutorials within the anatomy dissecting room than completed them online (122 vs. 67) and themes emerging from free text comments included a desire to have more time dedicated to these cases during small group tutorials, and an appreciation for the opportunity for discussion with staff and learning through doing. Additionally, native English speakers rated the anatomy room discussions significantly higher in all aspects than non‐native English speakers, suggesting that non‐native speakers may be hesitant or reluctant to fully participate in front of peers. While online case‐based learning activities are a useful adjunct to anatomy teaching, particularly for revision, assumptions that “digital natives” have an innate preference for digital resources require critical evaluation, as students still place a high value on opportunities for discussion with staff during their studies.
Anxiety among Medical Students when Faced with the Practice of Anatomical Dissection
Authors: Romo Barrientos Carmen , José Criado‐Álvarez Juan , González‐González Jaime , Ubeda‐Bañon Isabel , Saiz‐Sanchez Daniel , Flores‐Cuadrado Alicia , Luis Martín‐Conty José , Viñuela Antonio , Martinez‐Marcos Alino , Mohedano‐Moriano Alicia
Published: October 2018

Practical training in the dissection of human cadavers is a fundamental and traditional component of human anatomy education in medical schools. This practice, however, can be stressful for students and can generate a certain amount of anxiety. The aim of this study is to explore the attitudes, reactions, and anxiety levels of first‐year medical students when working in the dissecting room, over a period of one year, and to relate these anxiety levels to the results of our educational program. This is a before and after descriptive study of students at the University of Castilla‐La‐Mancha. Questionnaires were distributed among them before and after their dissection practices in order to understand their feelings and emotions and their satisfaction about this activity. State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaires were used to assess the students’ ‘state anxiety’ (SA), which dropped significantly from 49.1% to 14% by the end of their first year. Female students started with higher levels of SA than their male counterparts but by the end of the year these had dropped to similar levels. Anxiety and fearful thoughts tended to drop (P > 0.05). In contrast, uncertainty levels showed significant changes, falling from 44.4% to 12.3%. Nonetheless, 100% of students would go through the experience again. Indeed, 98.2% considered that dissection practices were useful in reinforcing the theoretical aspects of their education, and 80.7% believed that dissecting was more useful than theoretical models. Although students were satisfied with dissection practices the experience cause stressful responses.
A new multivariate variability control chart based on a covariance matrix combination
Authors: Alfaro Jose Luis , Ortega Juan Fco.
Published: October 2018

In the field of multivariate quality control, there are many control charts related to the process mean but few options addressing process variability. Variability control charts have two main drawbacks: the first relates to the number of parameters to tune and the second relates to how changes in the mean affect the performance of these charts. Thus, in this paper, we propose a new multivariate variability control chart, called the multivariate exponentially weighted covariance matrix combination, which solves these two problems. The results show that this new chart performs well in the detection of changes in variance when the mean does not change and outperforms other charts when the mean does change.
Detecting change points in the stress‐strength reliability P(X < Y)
Authors: Xu Hang , Yu Philip L.H. , Alvo Mayer
Published: October 2018

We address the statistical problem of detecting change points in the stress‐strength reliability R=P(X<Y) in a sequence of paired variables (X,Y). Without specifying their underlying distributions, we embed this nonparametric problem into a parametric framework and apply the maximum likelihood method via a dynamic programming approach to determine the locations of the change points in R. Under some mild conditions, we show the consistency and asymptotic properties of the procedure to locate the change points. Simulation experiments reveal that, in comparison with existing parametric and nonparametric change‐point detection methods, our proposed method performs well in detecting both single and multiple change points in R in terms of the accuracy of the location estimation and the computation time. Applications to real data demonstrate the usefulness of our proposed methodology for detecting the change points in the stress‐strength reliability R. Supplementary materials are available online.
Psychiatric Comorbidities and Psychotropic Medication Use in Autism: A Matched Cohort Study with ADHD and General Population Comparator Groups in the United Kingdom
Authors: Houghton Richard , Liu Chuang , Bolognani Federico
Published: October 2018

Psychiatric comorbidities and use of psychotropic medications are common among patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, most previous research used data from the United States (US) and few studies have compared medication use in ASD to control groups, making contextualization of results difficult. In the United Kingdom (UK), general practitioners play a key role in the management of ASD. We conducted a retrospective, cross‐sectional study over calendar year 2015, using primary care data from the UK. We identified a prevalent cohort of ASD cases (n = 10,856) and matched control groups of (a) general population (n = 21,712) and (b) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 7,058) on age, sex and region. We described psychiatric comorbidities, psychotropic medications, and healthcare utilization in all three cohorts. Within the ASD cohort, we used multivariable logistic regression models to explore associations between patient characteristics and the outcomes of: any psychotropic medication, polypharmacy, and number of primary care visits. We used conditional logistic regression to compare the ASD and control groups. Psychiatric comorbidities were recorded for 41.5% of ASD patients; 32.3% received psychotropic medication and 9.8% received polypharmacy. Increased age and all psychiatric comorbidities (except conduct disorder) were associated with treatment use. Males were less likely to receive a treatment than females [Odds ratio (OR) 0.74 (0.66–0.83)]. ASD patients were more likely to take psychotropic medications than the general population [OR 4.91 (4.46–5.40)], but less likely compared to ADHD patients [OR 0.40 (0.37–0.44)]. Overall, rates of medication use in the UK were lower than those previously reported in the US. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1690–1700. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

We used electronic medical records from the UK, to describe the amount of psychiatric comorbidities, psychotropic medication use and healthcare resource use in ASD. Around one in three people with ASD were prescribed a psychotropic medication, which was more than the general population, but less than for those with ADHD. Increased age, psychiatric comorbidities and female gender were all independently associated with psychotropic medication use. Rates of medication use in the UK were lower than those previously reported in the US.
Gestational age and socioeconomic status as mediators for the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on development at 6 months
Authors: Coles Claire D. , Kable Julie A. , Granovska Irina V , Pashtepa Ala O. , Plotka Larisa D. , Dolhov Victor B. , Wertelecki Wladimir , Jones Kenneth L. , Chambers Christina D. ,   the CIFASD
Published: October 2018

Background

Of the many negative outcomes associated with gestational alcohol use, one that has received relatively little attention is preterm birth and its possible contribution to effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on development. To examine the increased risk for premature delivery associated with PAE and the joint influence of preterm birth and alcohol on child outcomes, analysis was carried out in a longitudinal cohort recruited in Western Ukraine.

Methods

Alcohol‐using women and low or nondrinking controls were identified prenatally for a clinical trial of multivitamins and minerals (MVM) in ameliorating effects of PAE. Women were interviewed to provide information about medical and social status and other drug use. At delivery, information was collected about infant (N = 686) status including gestational age (GA) in weeks. Finally, 441 infants were followed to 6 months of age and cognitive (Mental Developmental Index [MDI]) and motor development (Psychomotor Developmental Index [PDI]) (measured using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, second Ed (BSID‐II).

Results

Seven percent infants were born at <37 weeks GA. The odds ratio for preterm delivery for Alcohol Exposed versus Low/No Alcohol was 2.6 (95% Confidence Interval 1.37, 4.94) (p < .003); MVM supplements were associated with a lower rate of preterm delivery overall, but the relative proportion of preterm births did not vary by MVM supplement status between alcohol exposure groups. In mediation models of 6 month cognitive and motor development with reference to Barron and Kenney in 1986, GA significantly mediated alcohol effects (MDI: Z = −2.64, p < .008; PDI: Z = −2.35, p < .02) although PAE independently affected both outcomes (MDI: t = −5.6, p < .000; PDI: t = −3.19, p < .002).

Conclusion

Results suggest that PAE is associated with higher rates of preterm birth and that alcohol's effect on development in infancy may be both direct and mediated by shortened length of gestation.
Beton‐3D‐Druck durch selektive Ablage
Authors: Mechtcherine Viktor , Nerella Venkatesh Naidu
Published: October 2018

Das Interesse am digitalen Betonbau steigt rapide an, damit auch die Erwartungen an diese neue, vielversprechende Technologie. Die Methoden der digitalen Fertigung mit Beton gewinnen immer weiter an Reife, sodass weltweit bereits mehrere Pilotprojekte realisiert werden konnten. Jedoch sind noch etliche Hürden zu nehmen, bevor der 3D‐Druck mit Beton und andere digitale Bauverfahren in die Baupraxis überführt werden können. Eine der größten Herausforderungen ist die Erarbeitung einer praxistauglichen Vorgehensweise zur Festlegung, Einstellung und Prüfung der erforderlichen Materialeigenschaften von frischem und erhärtendem Beton. Die Schwierigkeiten bei der Gestaltung der rheologischen Eigenschaften von Frischbeton ergeben sich aus unterschiedlichen, zum Teil entgegengesetzten Anforderungen, die durch maßgebende technologische Schritte – Materialförderung, Formung, Ablage und Belastung durch darauffolgende Betonschichten – bestimmt werden. Zu durchdenken und neu zu definieren sind auch einschlägige Methoden der Materialcharakterisierung. Der vorliegende Aufsatz konzentriert sich auf diese Fragestellungen im Kontext der mit großem Abstand am häufigsten verwendeten digitalen Fertigungsmethode, nämlich dem 3D‐Druck durch selektive Betonablage. Die Gedankengänge, theoretischen Grundlagen und Empfehlungen hinsichtlich der Materialprüfung lassen sich allerdings sinngemäß auch auf andere Verfahren übertragen.
Validated spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods for determination of dapoxetine hydrochloride and dosulepin hydrochloride in their dosage forms using mercurochrome
Authors: Elama Heba Samir , Elsebaei Fawzi Abdalla , Ali Fatma Alzahraa Ahmed , El‐Brashy Amina Mohamed
Published: October 2018

Validated, simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods were developed for the determination of dapoxetine HCl and dosulepin HCl. The spectrophotometric method (I) was based on a binary complex formation between each drug and mercurochrome (MER) in acetate buffer (pH 3.5) with maximum absorbance at 557 nm. Calibration graphs were linear over the range 2.0–20.0 and 2.0–24.0 μg/ml, detection limits were 0.23 and 0.41 μg/ml and quantitation limits were 0.71 and 1.26 μg/ml for dapoxetine HCl and dosulepin HCl, respectively. Spectrofluorimetric method (II) was based on the measurement of the quantitative quenching effect of each drug on the native fluorescence of MER at the same pH. Fluorescence quenching of MER was measured at 538 nm after excitation at 470 nm. Calibration graphs were linear over the range 0.5–10.0 and 0.4–10.0 μg/ml, detection limits were 0.17 and 0.12 μg/ml and quantitation limits were 0.5 and 0.36 μg/ml for dapoxetine HCl and dosulepin HCl, respectively. Statistical comparison of results with those obtained by reported methods provided good agreement and revealed that there were no significant differences in accuracy and precision between methods. The proposed methods were applied successfully to analyse commercial tablets and capsules containing the studied drugs.
Radiation effect on cathodoluminescence and thermoluminescence emission of Ca‐rich oxalates from the human body
Authors: Correcher Virgilio , Briatte Celine , Boronat Cecilia , Garcia‐Guinea Javier
Published: October 2018

The radiation effect of luminescence emission of Ca‐rich oxalate biogenic materials (gallbladder and renal calculi) and a commercial standard sample (CaC2O4·H2O) is reported. The samples were characterized by environmental scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses, display complex cathodoluminescence (CL) and thermoluminescence (TL) glow emissions. CL spectra (in the UV−infrared range) displayed non‐well defined peaks, and exhibited emission at: (i) higher energies (300–490 nm) mainly associated with non‐bridging oxygen hole centers, oxygen‐deficient centers and peroxy intrinsic defects, regardless of the sample; and (ii) higher, narrow and sharp wavebands, in the red region, probably induced by the presence of traces of Sm3+ (4G5/2→6H9/2 transition) and/or Tb3+ (5D4→7F3 transition) only for mineral‐like materials in the human body. The UV‐blue TL emission showed low‐intensity maxima in which it was possible to distinguish at least four groups of components in each sample.
Moderating effect of mode of delivery on the genetics of intelligence: Explorative genome‐wide analyses in ALSPAC
Authors: Smajlagić Dinka , Kvarme Jacobsen Kaya , Myrum Craig , Haavik Jan , Johansson Stefan , Zayats Tetyana
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Intelligence is a core construct of individual differences in cognitive abilities and a strong predictor of important life outcomes. Within recent years, rates of cesarean section have substantially increased globally, though little is known about its effect on neurodevelopmental trajectories. Thus, we aimed to investigate the influence of delivery by cesarean section on the genetics of intelligence in children.

Methods

Participants were recruited through the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Intelligence was measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Genotyping was performed using the Illumina Human Hap 550 quad genome‐wide SNP genotyping platform and was followed by imputation using MACH software. Genome‐wide interaction analyses were conducted using linear regression.

Results

A total of 2,421 children and 2,141,747 SNPs were subjected to the genome‐wide interaction analyses. No variant reached genome‐wide significance. The strongest interaction was observed at rs17800861 in the GRIN2A gene (β = −3.43, 95% CI = −4.74 to −2.12, p = 2.98E−07). This variant is predicted to be located within active chromatin compartments in the hippocampus and may influence binding of the NF‐kappaB transcription factor.

Conclusions

Our results may indicate that mode of delivery might have a moderating effect on genetic disposition of intelligence in children. Studies of considerable sizes (>10,000) are likely required to more robustly detect variants governing such interaction. In summary, the presented findings prompt the need for further studies aimed at increasing our understanding of effects various modes of delivery may have on health outcomes in children.