bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid aerodynamic shape optimization under uncertainty using a stochastic gradient approach
Authors: Jofre Lluís , Doostan Alireza
Published: June 2022

A common approach in aerodynamic design is to optimize a performance function—provided some constraints—defined by a choice of an aerodynamic model at nominal operating conditions. Practical experience indicates that such a deterministic approach may result in considerably sub-optimal designs when the adopted aerodynamic model does not lead to accurate predictions, or when the actual operating conditions differ from those considered in the design. One approach to address this shortcoming is to consider an average or robust design, wherein the statistical moments of the performance function, given the uncertainty in the operating conditions and the aerodynamic model, is optimized. However, when the number of uncertain inputs is large or the performance function exhibits significant variability, an accurate evaluation of these moments may require a large number of function evaluations at each optimization iteration, rendering the problem significantly expensive. To tackle this difficulty, we consider a variant of the stochastic gradient descent method where in each iteration, a stochastic approximation of the objective, constraints, and their gradients is generated. This is done via a small number of forward/adjoint solutions corresponding to random selections of the uncertainties. The methodology is applied to the robust optimization of the NACA-0012 airfoil subject to operating condition and turbulence model uncertainty. With a cost that is only a small factor larger than that of the deterministic methodology, the stochastic gradient approach significantly improves the performance of the aerodynamic design for a wide range of operating conditions and turbulence models.
Comparison of the accuracy of analytical models for basalt fiber–reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites prepared by injection molding and fused filament fabrication
Authors: Tóth Csenge , Kovács Norbert Krisztián
Published: June 2022

We compared the accuracy of analytical models for short fiber–reinforced composites prepared by injection molding and fused filament fabrication (FFF). The microstructural features define the strength of the composites, and they are greatly dependent on the processing conditions. We collected data on fiber length, orientation, and porosity via X-ray micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) and determined the critical fiber length experimentally. We used this data as input for the modified rule of mixtures and the modeling framework based on the Halpin–Tsai method, and found that the cumulative error for FFF is more than twice that for injection-molded composites. We also showed that experimentally determined matrix strength for FFF gives a lower strength limit which is applicable for engineering parts. We presented a new approach for the modeling of the tensile strength of neat FFF products, in which the printed structure is divided into contact zones and bulk material zones. The matrix strength calculated this way was found to approximate the experimental results with an error of 5%.
Neuromuscular characteristics of front and back legs in junior fencers
Authors: Watanabe Kohei , Yoshimura Akane , Holobar Aleš , Yamashita Daichi , Kunugi Shun , Hirono Tetsuya
Published: June 2022

In elite fencers, muscle strength and muscle mass of the front leg (FL) are greater than those of the back leg (BL) due to characteristic physiological and biomechanical demands placed on each leg during fencing. However, the development of laterality in their neural and muscular components is not well-understood. The present study investigated neuromuscular characteristics of FL and BL in junior fencers. Nineteen junior fencers performed neuromuscular performance tests for FL and BL, separately. There were no significant differences in the isometric knee extension strength (MVC), unilateral vertical jump (UVJ), vastus lateralis muscle thickness (MT), or motor unit firing rate of the vastus lateralis muscle (MUFR) between FL and BL (p > 0.05). In subgroup analyses, a significantly greater MUFR in FL than BL was noted only in fencers with > 3 years of fencing experience, and significantly greater UVJ in FL than BL was observed solely in fencers with < 3 years of fencing experience (p < 0.05). Strong positive correlations between FL and BL were identified in MVC, MT, and MUFR in fencers with > 3 years of fencing experience, but not in those with < 3 years of experience. These findings suggest that in junior fencers, laterality in neuromuscular performance has not manifested, whereas longer fencing experience induces fencing-dependent laterality in neural components, and laterality in dynamic muscle strength is decreased with fencing experience.
Local bilinear computation of Jacobi sets
Authors: Klötzl Daniel , Krake Tim , Zhou Youjia , Hotz Ingrid , Wang Bei , Weiskopf Daniel
Published: June 2022

We propose a novel method for the computation of Jacobi sets in 2D domains. The Jacobi set is a topological descriptor based on Morse theory that captures gradient alignments among multiple scalar fields, which is useful for multi-field visualization. Previous Jacobi set computations use piecewise linear approximations on triangulations that result in discretization artifacts like zig-zag patterns. In this paper, we utilize a local bilinear method to obtain a more precise approximation of Jacobi sets by preserving the topology and improving the geometry. Consequently, zig-zag patterns on edges are avoided, resulting in a smoother Jacobi set representation. Our experiments show a better convergence with increasing resolution compared to the piecewise linear method. We utilize this advantage with an efficient local subdivision scheme. Finally, our approach is evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively in comparison with previous methods for different mesh resolutions and across a number of synthetic and real-world examples.
Gene expression profiling of Group 3 medulloblastomas defines a clinically tractable stratification based on KIRREL2 expression
Authors: Korshunov Andrey , Okonechnikov Konstantin , Stichel Damian , Schrimpf Daniel , Delaidelli Alberto , Tonn Svenja , Mynarek Martin , Sievers Philipp , Sahm Felix , Jones David T. W. , von Deimling Andreas , Pfister Stefan M. , Kool Marcel
Published: June 2022

Medulloblastomas (MB) molecularly designated as Group 3 (Grp 3) MB represent a more clinically aggressive tumor variant which, as a group, displays heterogeneous molecular characteristics and disease outcomes. Reliable risk stratification of Grp 3 MB would allow for appropriate assignment of patients to aggressive treatment protocols and, vice versa, for sparing adverse effects of high-dose radio-chemotherapy in patients with standard or low-risk tumors. Here we performed RNA-based analysis on an international cohort of 179 molecularly designated Grp 3 MB treated with HIT protocols. We analyzed the clinical significance of differentially expressed genes, thereby developing optimal prognostic subdivision of this MB molecular group. We compared the transcriptome profiles of two Grp 3 MB subsets with various outcomes (76 died within the first 60 months vs. 103 survived this period) and identified 224 differentially expressed genes (DEG) between these two clinical groups (Limma R algorithm, adjusted p-value < 0.05). We selected the top six DEG overexpressed in the unfavorable cohort for further survival analysis and found that expression of all six genes strongly correlated with poor outcomes. However, only high expression of KIRREL2 was identified as an independent molecular prognostic indicator of poor patients’ survival. Based on clinical and molecular patterns, four risk categories were outlined for Grp 3 MB patients: i. low-risk: M0-1/MYC non-amplified/KIRREL2 low (n = 48; 5-year OS—95%); ii. standard-risk: M0-1/MYC non-amplified/KIRREL2 high or M2-3/MYC non-amplified/KIRREL2 low (n = 65; 5-year OS—70%); iii. high-risk: M2-3/MYC non-amplified/KIRREL2 high (n = 36; 5-year OS—30%); iv. very high risk—all MYC amplified tumors (n = 30; 5-year OS—0%). Cross-validated survival models incorporating KIRREL2 expression with clinical features allowed for the reclassification of up to 50% of Grp 3 MB patients into a more appropriate risk category. Finally, KIRREL2 immunopositivity was also identified as a predictive indicator of Grp 3 MB poor survival, thus suggesting its application as a possible prognostic marker in routine clinical settings. Our results indicate that integration of KIRREL2 expression in risk stratification models may improve Grp 3 MB outcome prediction. Therefore, simple gene and/or protein expression analyses for this molecular marker could be easily adopted for Grp 3 MB prognostication and may help in assigning patients to optimal therapeutic approaches in prospective clinical trials.
The Golgi complex: An organelle that determines urothelial cell biology in health and disease
Authors: Kreft Mateja Erdani , Mironov Alexander A. , Hudoklin Samo
Published: June 2022

The Golgi complex undergoes considerable structural remodeling during differentiation of urothelial cells in vivo and in vitro. It is known that in a healthy bladder the differentiation from the basal to the superficial cell layer leads to the formation of the tightest barrier in our body, i.e., the blood–urine barrier. In this process, urothelial cells start expressing tight junctional proteins, apical membrane lipids, surface glycans, and integral membrane proteins, the uroplakins (UPs). The latter are the most abundant membrane proteins in the apical plasma membrane of differentiated superficial urothelial cells (UCs) and, in addition to well-developed tight junctions, contribute to the permeability barrier by their structural organization and by hindering endocytosis from the apical plasma membrane. By studying the transport of UPs, we were able to demonstrate their differentiation-dependent effect on the Golgi architecture. Although fragmentation of the Golgi complex is known to be associated with mitosis and apoptosis, we found that the process of Golgi fragmentation is required for delivery of certain specific urothelial differentiation cargoes to the plasma membrane as well as for cell–cell communication. In this review, we will discuss the currently known contribution of the Golgi complex to the formation of the blood–urine barrier in normal UCs and how it may be involved in the loss of the blood–urine barrier in cancer. Some open questions related to the Golgi complex in the urothelium will be highlighted.
Correction to: Local spatial log-Gaussian Cox processes for seismic data
Authors: D’Angelo Nicoletta , Siino Marianna , D’Alessandro Antonino , Adelfio Giada
Published: June 2022

In this article, Figs. 1a, 2a-c, 9 and 11 should have appeared as shown below. The original article has been corrected.
Deep learning in the stock market—a systematic survey of practice, backtesting, and applications
Authors: Olorunnimbe Kenniy , Viktor Herna
Published: June 2022

The widespread usage of machine learning in different mainstream contexts has made deep learning the technique of choice in various domains, including finance. This systematic survey explores various scenarios employing deep learning in financial markets, especially the stock market. A key requirement for our methodology is its focus on research papers involving backtesting. That is, we consider whether the experimentation mode is sufficient for market practitioners to consider the work in a real-world use case. Works meeting this requirement are distributed across seven distinct specializations. Most studies focus on trade strategy, price prediction, and portfolio management, with a limited number considering market simulation, stock selection, hedging strategy, and risk management. We also recognize that domain-specific metrics such as “returns” and “volatility” appear most important for accurately representing model performance across specializations. Our study demonstrates that, although there have been some improvements in reproducibility, substantial work remains to be done regarding model explainability. Accordingly, we suggest several future directions, such as improving trust by creating reproducible, explainable, and accountable models and emphasizing prediction of longer-term horizons—potentially via the utilization of supplementary data—which continues to represent a significant unresolved challenge.
Attitudes Towards Evidence-Based Practice of Professionals Working with Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Bangladesh
Authors: Pervin Maleka , Hagmayer York
Published: June 2022

Like in many lower-middle-income countries (LMIC), progress in implementing evidence-based practices (EBPs) for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been slow in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study examined professionals’ attitudes towards evidence-based practice (EBP) for children and adolescents with ASD and explored how providers’ demographic factors are related to attitudes to and adoption of EBPs in Bangladesh. The sample consisted of 150 mental health professionals and special teachers from the urban area of Dhaka. Attitudes were assessed by the Evidence-based Practice Attitude Scale-36. Findings indicated that professionals have favorable attitudes towards EBP. Their attitudes varied depending on service settings (public clinical, private clinical, and special school) and caseload per year. Professionals who work in private and special school settings claimed to be more willing to adopt an EBP when required and perceived a higher fit of EBPs and their work than those in public clinical settings. The number of different EBPs used also differed by service setting. Every type of intervention (except medication) was used by more professionals in special schools than in private and public clinical settings. Many professionals reported few barriers to the implementation of EBPs. These findings indicate conditions that are often conducive to the implementation of EBPs. However, these results do not reflect the situation in rural areas, in which poverty is more widespread and the number of specialized professionals is low.
Effect of changing chemical environment on physical properties of maize root mucilage
Authors: Knott Mathilde , Ani Mina , Kroener Eva , Diehl Doerte
Published: June 2022

Aims

High viscosity, low surface tension and hydrophobicity are specific properties of maize root mucilage which contribute to modulate the spatial configuration of the liquid phase in soil pores. Several processes in the rhizosphere, in particularly nutrient absorption, root exudation and microbial activity, may cause strong temporal variations in the chemistry of the soil solution of the rhizosphere. Although the physical properties of maize root mucilage have been repeatedly measured in the last years, their variation upon a changing chemical environment and understanding of the chemical mechanisms governing these properties remain unexplored.

Methods

We investigated how flow and surface properties of maize root mucilage varied by changes in pH, calcium chloride (CaCl2) and lecithin concentrations.

Results

The physical properties of mucilage can strongly vary depending on the environmental conditions. Low surface tension of maize root mucilage at pH7 was increased by addition of calcium. Upon pH change and lecithin addition, hydrophobic mucilage turned hydrophilic. High Ca concentration above 0.83 mmol Ca (g dry mucilage)−1, the addition of 167 μg lecithin (g dry mucilage)−1and a pH rise to 9 decreased the viscosity of mucilage.

Conclusion

Such variations strongly suggest that the role of mucilage in hydraulic processes in the rhizosphere depends on changes of solutes concentration and composition, which themselves vary according to plant growth and soil water content. It seems that mucilage can best serve as a hydraulic bridge only under certain chemical environments, whose spatio-temporal occurrence in the changing rhizosphere remains to be defined.
Adaptive grids for the estimation of dynamic models
Authors: Lanz Andreas , Reich Gregor , Wilms Ole
Published: June 2022

This paper develops a method to flexibly adapt interpolation grids of value function approximations in the estimation of dynamic models using either NFXP (Rust, Econometrica: Journal of the Econom﻿etric Society, 55, 999–﻿1﻿033, 1987) or MPEC (Su & Judd, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 80, 2213–2230, 2012). Since MPEC requires the grid structure for the value function approximation to be hard-coded into the constraints, one cannot apply iterative node insertion for grid refinement; for NFXP, grid adaption by (iteratively) inserting new grid nodes will generally lead to discontinuous likelihood functions. Therefore, we show how to continuously adapt the grid by moving the nodes, a technique referred to as r-adaption. We demonstrate how to obtain optimal grids based on the balanced error principle, and implement this approach by including additional constraints to the likelihood maximization problem. The method is applied to two models: (i) the bus engine replacement model (Rust, 1987), modified to feature a continuous mileage state, and (ii) to a dynamic model of content consumption using original data from one of the world’s leading user-generated content networks in the domain of music.
A text data mining approach to the study of emotions triggered by new advertising formats during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: D’Uggento Angela Maria , Biafora Albino , Manca Fabio , Marin Claudia , Bilancia Massimo
Published: June 2022

Under the influence of the health emergency triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, many brands changed their communication strategy and included more or less explicit references to the principles of solidarity and fraternity in their TV commercials to boost the confidence and hope of Italian families during the lockdown. The traditional attitudes of the advertising format, which focused on product characteristics, were relegated to the background in order to reinforce the “brand image” through words, signs, hashtags and music that spread empathetic messages to all those who needed to regain hope and trust in a time of extreme emotional fragility. The objective of this paper is to identify the emotions and brand awareness during the lockdown using text mining techniques by measuring customer sentiment expressed on the Twitter social network. Our proposal starts from an unstructured corpus of 20,982 tweets processed with text data mining techniques to identify patterns and trends in people’s posts related to specific hashtags and TV ads produced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The innovations in the brand’s advertising among consumers seem to have triggered some sense of appreciation and gratitude, as well as a strong sense of belonging that was not present before, as the TV ads were perceived as a disruptive element in consumers’ tweets. Although this effect is clearly documented, in this paper we demonstrate its transitory nature, in the sense that the frequency of occurrence of terms associated with an emotional dimension peaks during the weeks of lockdown, and then gradually decreases.
Assessment of the effect of perineural dexmedetomidine on oxidative stress during peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion: a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Liu Guangsen , Sun Cong , Zhong Yi , Wang Ling , Huang Zhihua , Wang Guoping , Shan Reai
Published: June 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine on oxidative stress during transversus abdominis plane (TAP) and rectus sheath (RS) blockades for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion.

Methods

Sixty patients with ESRD undergoing PD catheter insertion to receive left ultrasound-guided TAP and RS blockades were randomly divided into two groups: the dexmedetomidine plus ropivacaine group (25 mL of 0.3% ropivacaine + 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine) and the ropivacaine group (25 mL of 0.3% ropivacaine). Primary outcomes were oxidative stress marker levels during the procedure.

Results

A total of 60 patients (30 patients in each group) were evaluated. Compared with the ropivacaine group, the dexmedetomidine plus ropivacaine group had significantly lower serum malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05) and increased glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.01) and superoxide dismutase levels at 24 h after the procedure (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

The addition of 1 μg/kg of dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine for ultrasound-guided TAP and RS blockades could inhibit oxidative stress in patients with ESRD undergoing PD catheter insertion.

Trial registration This study was registered at www.chictr.org.cn on June 7, 2021 (ChiCTR2100047050).
Biosorption of uranium by immobilized Nostoc sp. and Scenedesmus sp.: kinetic and equilibrium modeling
Authors: Ismaiel Mostafa M. S. , El-Ayouty Yassin M. , Abdelaal Saad A. , Fathey Hoda A.
Published: June 2022

Different activities related to uranium mining and nuclear industry may have a negative impact on the environment. Bioremediation of nuclear pollutants using microorganisms is an effective, safe, and economic method. The present study compared the uranium biosorption efficiency of two immobilized algae: Nostoc sp. (cyanophyte) and Scenedesmus sp. (chlorophyte). Effects of metal concentration, contact time, pH, and biosorbent dosage were also studied. The maximum biosorption capacity (60%) by Nostoc sp. was obtained at 300 mg/l uranium solution, 60 min, pH 4.5, and 4.2 g/l algal dosage, whereas Scenedesmus sp. maximally absorbed uranium (65 %) at 150 mg/l uranium solution, 40 min, pH 4.5, and 5.6 g/l of algal dosage. The interaction of metal ions as Na2SO4, FeCl3, CuCl2, NiCl2, CoCl2, CdCl2, and AlCl3 did not support the uranium biosorption by algae. The obtained data was adapted to the linearized form of the Langmuir isotherm model. The experimental qmax values were 130 and 75 mg/g for Nostoc sp. and Scenedesmus sp., respectively. Moreover, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was more applicable, as the calculated parameters were close to the experimental data. The biosorbents were also characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The results suggest the applicability of algae, in their immobilized form, for recovery and biosorption of uranium from aqueous solution.
Kompetenzniveaus neuer Rollen in der Schweizer Gesundheitsversorgung: eine Literaturrecherche
Authors: Eissler Christian , Zumstein-Shaha Maya
Published: June 2022

Hintergrund

In der Schweizer Gesundheitsversorgung etablieren sich neue Rollen wie Advanced Practice Nurse (APN), klinische Fachspezialistinnen und -spezialisten (KliF) sowie medizinische Praxiskoordinatorinnen und -koordinatoren (MPK). Zentrale Unterschiede betreffen die verschiedenen Kompetenzniveaus und die damit verbundene Handlungskompetenz.

Fragestellung/Ziel

Stimmen aktuell beschriebene Handlungsfelder der Berufsrollen APN, KliF und MPK mit definierten Kompetenzniveaus überein? Ziel ist es zur Klärung der Rollen APN, KliF und MPK beizutragen.

Methoden

Mittels einer Literaturrecherche wurden in MEDLINE (via PubMed) und CINAHL (via EBSCO) sowie auf einschlägigen Webseiten, zwischen 2019 und 2022, aufgefundene Publikationen durch die beiden Autoren analysiert.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt wurden 13 Publikationen beurteilt. Handlungsfelder von APN waren v. a. im hochspezialisierten Bereich Behandlung, Begleitung sowie Beratung von Patientinnen und Patienten. Handlungsfelder von KliF waren delegierte Assistenzaufgaben unter ärztlicher Aufsicht und bei MPK wurden vordergründig administrative und koordinative Handlungsfelder beschrieben. Die jeweiligen Handlungsfelder konnten orientierend mit den zugehörigen Kompetenzniveaus in Verbindung gebracht werden.

Diskussion

Kompetenzniveaus von bekannten Handlungsparametern bis spezialisierten Problemlösungsfertigkeiten zeigen, wie entscheidend die notwendige Ausbildung ist. Für die Ausübung der jeweiligen Rolle sind die notwendigen Bildungsstufen elementar, damit Verantwortung und Kompetenzen übereinstimmen, um Aufgaben Handlungskompetent und selbständig erfüllen zu können.

Schlussfolgerungen

Grundlage einer gelingenden interprofessionellen Zusammenarbeit ist ein kompetenzbasierter Einsatz der jeweiligen Rolle, welche das Gesundheitssystem bereichern und entlasten kann.
Pseudo Numerical Ranges and Spectral Enclosures
Authors: Gerhat Borbala , Tretter Christiane
Published: June 2022

We introduce the new concepts of pseudo numerical range for operator functions and families of sesquilinear forms as well as the pseudo block numerical range for $$n\!\times \! n$$

n

×

n

operator matrix functions. While these notions are new even in the bounded case, we cover operator polynomials with unbounded coefficients, unbounded holomorphic form families of type (a) and associated operator families of type (B). Our main results include spectral inclusion properties of pseudo numerical ranges and pseudo block numerical ranges. For diagonally dominant and off-diagonally dominant operator matrices they allow us to prove spectral enclosures in terms of the pseudo numerical ranges of Schur complements that no longer require dominance order 0 and not even $$<\!1$$

<

1

. As an application, we establish a new type of spectral bounds for linearly damped wave equations with possibly unbounded and/or singular damping.
A prognostic model of acute-on-chronic liver failure based on sarcopenia
Authors: Peng Hong , Zhang Qian , Luo Lei , Lei Siyi , Xiong Tingting , Long Li , Xiong Yan , Zhang Liulu , Zheng Jinding , Luo Xinhua
Published: June 2022

Background

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterized by the development of a syndrome associated with a high risk of short-term death in patients with acute decompensated cirrhosis, and better indicators are needed to predict such outcomes. Sarcopenia, a common complication of cirrhosis, is closely associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality. In this study, the skeletal muscle index of ACLF patients was measured to determine whether sarcopenia combined with clinical parameters can aid in identifying those at high risk of progression.

Methods

A total of 433 hospitalized patients with ACLF according to the APASL criteria were included and allocated into two groups: transplantation-free survival (n = 293) or progression (n = 140, 107 died; 33 underwent liver transplantation) within 90 days. Muscle mass was assessed based on the skeletal muscle index. The optimal cut-off value of the AMPAS1 model (age, MELD score, platelet count, alpha-fetoprotein level, sarcopenia, and more than one complication combination) for progression prediction was identified using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

Results

Sarcopenia was an independent risk factor for progression in the ACLF population (HR 3.771 95% CI 2.114–6.727, p < 0.001). AMPAS1 was a good predictor, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.865, and the cut-off value for poor outcome prediction was 0.31 (sensitivity 79.4%, specificity 76.4%).

Conclusion

We demonstrate that sarcopenia is a simple and objective indicator for predicting short-term prognosis in patients with ACLF. Moreover, compared to conventional prognostic scores, AMPAS1 is a better model for predicting 90 day adverse outcomes in ACLF patients.
Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Practice: Explicable AI as an Interface
Authors: Ratti Emanuele
Published: June 2022

A recent article by Herzog provides a much-needed integration of ethical and epistemological arguments in favor of explicable AI (XAI) in medicine. In this short piece, I suggest a way in which its epistemological intuition of XAI as “explanatory interface” can be further developed to delineate the relation between AI tools and scientific research.
Dual biogas/biochar production from anaerobic co-digestion of petrochemical and domestic wastewater: a techno-economic and sustainable approach
Authors: Atukunda Anita , Ibrahim Mona G. , Fujii Manabu , Ookawara Shinichi , Nasr Mahmoud
Published: June 2022

This study investigates the utilization of petrochemical and domestic wastewater (PCW and DW) for dual biogas and biochar production, focusing on the economic and sustainable development criteria. Biogas yield by anaerobic co-digestion of a 0:1 (PCW:DW) feed was 306.4±11.8 mL per g chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed, which dropped by 12.7% with changing PCW:DW to 1:0. The results indicated that increasing the DW fraction in the feed encouraged the conversion of COD into more biogas and sludge amounts. The anaerobic sludge was subjected to pyrolysis to generate biochar with a yield of 0.6 g/g dry sludge. The delivered biochar showed appropriate surface morphology, elemental composition, physical properties, and surface functional groups, as demonstrated by SEM/EDX, XRD, and FTIR characterizations. The COD mass balance estimation of the anaerobic digestion system, with biochar yield, was used to determine the economic feasibility of treating 30 m3/day of wastewater. The 1:0 (PCW:DW) condition provided the most feasible scenario, with profits of 3340, 192, and 2819 USD/year for energy income, biochar selling, and pollution reduction, respectively. This economic benefit was equivalent to a payback period of 5.38 years. The fulfillment of multiple sustainable development goals (SDGs) related to clean and renewable energy production, human health protection, and economic growth was highlighted.

Graphical abstract
Using Multidisciplinary Analysis to Develop Adaptation Options against Extreme Coastal Floods
Authors: Shan Xinmeng , Wang Jun , Wen Jiahong , Hu Hengzhi , Wang Lei , Yin Jie , Li Mengya
Published: June 2022

Long-term flood risk adaptation and decision making are complex because the future is full of deep uncertainties. Flexibility and robustness can be used to deal with future uncertainty. This study developed an integrated modeling framework that extends previous studies to the spatial domain to assess the future flood risks and the cost and benefit of three adaptation measures for four types of buildings in Shanghai. Real options analysis (ROA) and dynamic adaptive policy pathways (DAPP) were integrated to develop a dynamic adaptation pathway and identify robust adaptation options. The results show that: (1) Sea level rise and land subsidence will significantly exacerbate the flood risks in Shanghai; (2) Among the three flood control measures, wet-floodproofing has the best economic performance in terms of both the net present value and the benefit/cost ratio, followed by dry-floodproofing, and elevation; (3) Dry-floodproofing can be used at the beginning of the future period (2030–2100), and it can be replaced by wet-floodproofing in 2035–2042; the elevation measure also shows good performance at the beginning of implementation, but its performance will decline after 2041–2045; (4) The combined strategy of dry- and wet-floodproofing in 2044–2046 and a hybrid strategy combining the three measures should be the optimal solution for reducing the flood risks in 2047–2051. The methodology developed in this study can provide insights for coastal cities to formulate cost-effective and feasible adaptation strategies in a deeply uncertain future.
„Du musst noch nicht die ganze Welt bewegen, du hast gerade erst angefangen“ –
Authors: Braun Annika , Weiß Sabine , Langenohl Susanne , Schlegel Clemens M. , Kiel Ewald
Published: June 2022

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Feedbackprozesse in Mentor/in-Mentee-Beziehungen auf der Grundlage von Gruppendiskussionen. Praxislehrpersonen und Lehramtsstudierende im Praktikum diskutierten Bedingungen einer gelungenen Gestaltung von Feedback in schulischen Praktika. Die zugrundeliegende Stichprobe besteht aus 57 Studierenden und 96 Praktikumslehrkräften aus Grund- und Mittelschulen. Deren Rekrutierung erfolgte im Rahmen eines Praktikums, das sich über ein Schuljahr erstreckt. Ausgewertet wurden die 21 Gruppendiskussionen mithilfe derQualitativen Inhaltsanalyse, durch die verschiedene Kategorien zu Feedbackprozessen induktiv abgeleitet wurden.

Die Studie deutet eine Betreuungspraxis im Praktikum an, die sich an konstruktivistisch orientierten Mentoringkonzepten orientiert. Im Zuge dessen betten Mentor/innen und Mentees Feedback in eine reziprok gestaltete Mentor/in-Mentee-Beziehung ein und stellen eine beidseitige Lernbereitschaft in den Mittelpunkt. Dadurch kann Lernen, Unterrichten und Reflektieren in Kokonstruktion stattfinden, deren Basis Wertschätzung und (Fehler‑)Offenheit bilden. Ein auf diesen Grundlagen gestaltetes Feedback zielt auf die Professionalisierung von Mentor/innen und Mentees gleichermaßen und dient der (Weiter‑)Entwicklung einer (individuellen) Lehrer/innenpersönlichkeit.

Die Resultate liefern Impulse oder Ideen für die Weiterentwicklung etablierter Feedbackmodelle und Implikationen für die Betreuungspraxis in Praktika.
Three-dimensionally (3D) printed sand molds for custom glass parts
Authors: Giesecke Rena , Dillenburger Benjamin
Published: June 2022

The presented research investigates a digital fabrication method for custom glass building elements based on three-dimensionally (3D) printed molds. Custom glass parts with specific geometries usually require several steps of manufacturing, highly specialized craft, or machinery. Computer Numerical Control milled steel molds are only suitable for large lot sizes due to their high cost and limited geometric freedom. Lost-wax casting requires several steps of manufacturing and post-processing. This paper investigates an accessible, low-cost process for shaping glass artifacts using 3D-printed molds to close the gap between mass-produced and custom-crafted glass elements. Previous research has demonstrated the potential of using binder jetting with inorganic binders for glass casting. This paper investigates a range of traditional manufacturing methods besides glass casting that can be combined with 3D-printed molds, including foundry and kiln casting, blow molding, and slumping. The aim is to extend the manufacturing possibilities and provide a range of approaches for three-dimensional glass. The goal is to simplify the process from design to production of three-dimensional solid, hollow, or doubly curved sheet glass elements with high precision. This paper presents investigations of binder jetting techniques and material considerations, their heat resistance, compatibility with different glass- making processes, and coatings for mold treatment. Furthermore, the precision of the resulting glass parts is evaluated, and design guidelines for glass typologies are defined. Glass bricks or sheets for facades with geometric features enabled by the presented fabrication method could allow for novel optical, structural, or decorative properties in building elements.
Combined Effect of Prickly Pear Waste Biochar and Azolla on Soil Fertility, Growth, and Yield of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Plants
Authors: Al-Sayed Hassan M. , Ali Ahmed M. , Mohamed Mahmoud A. , Ibrahim Mostafa F.
Published: June 2022

Although the use of biochar to promote plant growth has been reported by many researchers, the combined effect of prickly pear waste biochar (BC) and Azolla (AZ) in a field experiment on the roselle plants did yet receive attention. Therefore, the study aims to evaluate the effect of biochar and Azolla extract on the growth, production, and quality of roselle plants. The experiment treatments were in a completely randomized block design with three replicates. Biochar was added at rates of 0, 10, and 20 ton ha−1and AZ was applied at rates of 0, 3, and 6% in addition to a control treatment. Biochar added at high rate (20 ton ha−1) significantly increased the fresh and dry weights of sepals by 27.98 and 35.73%, respectively, compared to the control. The corresponding values were significantly increased by 11.89 and 11.85% over the control when Azolla was added at rate of 6%. The interaction effect of both BC and AZ treatments at high rate significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of sepals by 47.16 and 60.59%, respectively, compared to the control. The interaction effect of BC and AZ realized significant effect on soil properties, growth and yield, as well as pigments of roselle plants. This is a good evident means that BC and AZ applications separately or combined are considered promising materials for sustainable organic agriculture and safety food.
Fascinating Problems for Young Physicists
Authors: Vukmirović Nenad , Veljić Vladimir
Published: June 2022

Problem-solving is the cornerstone of all walks of scientific research. Fascinating Problems for Young Physicists attempts to clear the boundaries of seemingly abstract physical laws and their tangible effects through a step-by-step approach to physics in the world around us. It consists of 42 problems with detailed solutions, each describing a specific, interesting physical phenomenon. Each problem is further divided into questions designed to guide the reader through, encouraging engagement with and learning the physics behind the phenomenon. By solving the problems, the reader will be able to discover, for example, what the relation is between the mass of an animal and its expected lifetime, or what the efficiency limit is of wind turbines. Intended for first-year undergraduate students and interested high school students, this book develops inquiry-based scientific practice and enables students to acquire the necessary skills for applying the laws of physics to realistic situations.
Crotchet Castle
Authors: Peacock Thomas Love
Published: June 2022

Thomas Love Peacock (1785‒1866) is one of the most distinctive prose satirists of the Romantic period. The Cambridge Edition of the Novels of Thomas Love Peacock offers the first complete text of his novels to appear for more than half a century. Crotchet Castle (1831), his sixth novel, contains all the humour and social satire for which Peacock is famous. Its lively farce is more ambitious than that of the earlier works in its range of cultural and intellectual targets, including progressivism, dogmatism, liberalism, sexism, mass education and the idiocies of the learned. The book constitutes an artistic, political and philosophical miscellany of sorts, thematically unified in its satirical emphasis on folly and dispute – and on the folly of dispute itself. This edition provides a full introduction, chronology, annotations and detailed textual and scholarly apparatus.
Onset of nonlinearity in oscillatory flow through a hexagonal sphere pack
Authors: Unglehrt Lukas , Manhart Michael
Published: June 2022

We simulated laminar flow through a hexagonal sphere pack driven by a sinusoidal volume force using direct numerical simulation. We vary two independent parameters, the Hagen and Womersley numbers, representing the amplitude and frequency of the forcing. First, we determine for which regions in the parameter space nonlinear effects have to be considered. We judge the presence of nonlinear effects from the departure of the superficial velocity and kinetic energy from a linear behaviour as well as from the presence of higher harmonics in the discrete Fourier transform of the velocity field. We discuss the asymptotic behaviour of the onset of nonlinearity in the limits of low and high Womersley number, and we delineate approximately the parameter region that can be described using the linear theory. Second, we document the changes of instantaneous velocity fields with Hagen and Womersley numbers. We show that the onset of nonlinearity is accompanied by a loss of fore–aft symmetry of the flow, and subsequently, we employ the deviation from this symmetry to quantify the strength of nonlinear effects in the instantaneous velocity fields. Based on this analysis, we demonstrate that for higher Womersley numbers, the strongest nonlinear effects occur during the deceleration of the superficial velocity; consequently, the development of the nonlinearity is not in phase with the superficial velocity. Finally, we describe the leading-order nonlinear effects in the frequency domain and the interaction among the nonlinear Fourier modes that leads to a temporal variation in the strength of nonlinear effects.
Horizontal convective flow from a line heat source located at the liquid–gas interface in presence of surface film
Authors: Rudenko Yu.K. , Vinnichenko N.A. , Plaksina Yu.Yu. , Pushtaev A.V. , Uvarov A.V.
Published: June 2022

Development of the convective flow from a line heat source located at the liquid surface is studied for the case when thermocapillary convection is inhibited by the surface film. Surface film is formed by small amounts of surfactants present in non-deionized (distilled or natural) water. It imposes a no-slip boundary condition for velocity at the surface and determines the fluid dynamics of the surface layer. For the heat source located at the surface, the vertical stratification is stable and the flow is driven by a horizontal pressure gradient, formed by non-uniform heating of the liquid along the surface. Experimental studies include measurements of velocity fields using particle image velocimetry, surface relief measurements using moon-glade background oriented Schlieren and surface temperature measurements using infrared thermography. Also, numerical simulations of the flow development are performed and a new similarity solution for the steady state in a laterally unbounded domain is constructed, which takes into account the pressure gradient. The results are shown to be in good agreement with experimental data. The obtained dependencies of the maximal velocity, boundary layer thickness, local and total Nusselt numbers on the Rayleigh number are consistent with literature data obtained for the non-uniformly heated bottom case, which demonstrates universal properties of horizontal convection.
Speaker-wire vortices in stratified anabatic Prandtl slope flows and their secondary instabilities
Authors: Xiao Cheng-Nian , Senocak Inanc
Published: June 2022

Stationary longitudinal vortical rolls emerge in katabatic and anabatic Prandtl slope flows at shallow slopes as a result of an instability when the imposed surface buoyancy flux relative to the background stratification is sufficiently large. Here, we identify the self-pairing of these longitudinal rolls as a unique flow structure. The topology of the counter-rotating vortex pair bears a striking resemblance to speaker-wires and their interaction with each other is a precursor to further destabilization and breakdown of the flow field into smaller structures. On its own, a speaker-wire vortex retains its unique topology without any vortex reconnection or breakup. For a fixed slope angle

$\alpha =3^{\circ }$

and at a constant Prandtl number, we analyse the saturated state of speaker-wire vortices and perform a bi-global linear stability analysis based on their stationary state. We establish the existence of both fundamental and subharmonic secondary instabilities depending on the circulation and transverse wavelength of the base state of speaker-wire vortices. The dominance of subharmonic modes relative to the fundamental mode helps to explain the relative stability of a single vortex pair compared to the vortex dynamics in the presence of two or an even number of pairs. These instability modes are essential for the bending and merging of multiple speaker-wire vortices, which break up and lead to more dynamically unstable states, eventually paving the way for transition towards turbulence. This process is demonstrated via three-dimensional flow simulations with which we are able to track the nonlinear temporal evolution of these instabilities.
Stakeholder perceptions in organizational crisis management: exploring alternative configurations
Authors: Contreras-Pacheco Orlando E. , Claasen Cyrlene , Garrigós-Simón Fernando J.
Published: June 2022

Crises are socially constructed. Affected stakeholders of an organizational crisis conceive complex associations between their perceptions of the implicated company's response and about the company itself. The study moves away from a simple cause–effect view by deriving alternative configurations of these associations. This approach allows for a better understanding of how stakeholders attribute responsibility for a critical event and the resulting crisis faced by the company that caused it. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we analyze insights of 325 families affected by an environmental incident in 2018 involving Colombia's largest company. We establish a correlation between stakeholders' perceptions of crisis response timeliness and credibility. Accordingly, we expand on how perceptions affect organizational judgments. Finally, we propose that trustworthiness and reputation are antecedents to how organizational crisis response is perceived and how these antecedents affect the degree of the severity of the company crisis.
KNASTER AND FRIENDS III: SUBADDITIVE COLORINGS
Authors: LAMBIE-HANSON CHRIS , RINOT ASSAF
Published: June 2022

We continue our study of strongly unbounded colorings, this time focusing on subadditive maps. In Part I of this series, we showed that, for many pairs of infinite cardinals
$\theta < \kappa $
, the existence of a strongly unbounded coloring
$c:[\kappa ]^2 \rightarrow \theta $
is a theorem of
$\textsf{ZFC}$
. Adding the requirement of subadditivity to a strongly unbounded coloring is a significant strengthening, though, and here we see that in many cases the existence of a subadditive strongly unbounded coloring
$c:[\kappa ]^2 \rightarrow \theta $
is independent of
$\textsf{ZFC}$
. We connect the existence of subadditive strongly unbounded colorings with a number of other infinitary combinatorial principles, including the narrow system property, the existence of
$\kappa $
-Aronszajn trees with ascent paths, and square principles. In particular, we show that the existence of a closed, subadditive, strongly unbounded coloring
$c:[\kappa ]^2 \rightarrow \theta $
is equivalent to a certain weak indexed square principle
$\boxminus ^{\operatorname {\mathrm {ind}}}(\kappa , \theta )$
. We conclude the paper with an application to the failure of the infinite productivity of
$\kappa $
-stationarily layered posets, answering a question of Cox.
Driven from Home: Taking Stock of Central American Migration
Authors: Isaacs Anita
Published: June 2022

This essay reviews the following works:

From Strangers to Neighbors: Post-disaster Resettlement and Community Building in Honduras. By Ryan Alaniz. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017. Pp. xv + 216. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477314098.

The Migrant Passage: Clandestine Journeys from Central America. By Noelle Kateri Brigden. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018. Pp. 264. $24.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781501730559.

The Democracy Development Machine: Neoliberalism, Radical Pessimism, and Authoritarian Populism in Mayan Guatemala. By Nicholas Copeland. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. Pp. 282. $24.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781501736063.

The Long Honduran Night: Resistance, Terror, and the United States in the Aftermath of the Coup. By Dana Frank. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2018. Pp. 344. $17.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781608469604.

Caravana: Cómo el éxodo Centroamericano salió de la clandestinidad. By Alberto Pradilla. Mexico City: Penguin Random House, 2019. Paperback. Pp. 293. ISBN: 9786073180511.

Sexto Estado de la Región 2021: Versión completa. San José, Costa Rica: Consejo Nacional de Rectores (CONARE); Programa Estado de la Nación (PEN), 2021. PDF. Pp. 476. ISBN: 9789930607138. Datos electrónicos, https://estadonacion.or.cr/informe/?id=332ae9fc-d7c0-4886-a8cd-b67ea5f0ac38.

A House of One’s Own: The Moral Economy of Post-disaster Aid in El Salvador. By Alicia Sliwinski. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2018. Pp. x + 264. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780773552920.