bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic material in the ocellar spot and lateral line of tomtates Haemulon aurolineatum
Authors: Gonçalves C. G. B. , Medeiros C. , Abraçado L. G. , Acosta‐Avalos D.
Published: June 2014

The presence of magnetic material in tissues of lateral line and ocellar spot of tomtates Haemulon aurolineatum is shown using the ferromagnetic resonance technique. For the first time magnetic material is reported in the ocellar spot. The magnetic material detected in these structures of H. aurolineatum suggests that this species could use magnetic orientation during its nocturnal foraging, and the relevance and role of this material with respect to schooling movements is discussed.
In Vitro Fracture Toughness of Commercial Y‐TZP Ceramics: A Systematic Review
Authors: Passos Sheila Pestana , Nychka John A. , Major Paul , Linke Bernie , Flores‐Mir Carlos
Published: June 2014

Purpose

The aim of this review was to assess research methods used to determine the fracture toughness of Y‐TZP ceramics in order to systematically evaluate the accuracy of each method with regard to potential influencing factors.

Materials and Methods

Six databases were searched for studies up to April 2013. The terms “tough*,” “critical stress intensity factor,” “zirconi*,” “yttri*,” “dent*,” “zirconia,” “zirconium,” and “stress” were searched. Titles and abstracts were screened, and literature that fulfilled the inclusion criteria was selected for a full‐text reading. Test conditions with potential influence on fracture toughness were extracted from each study.

Results

Ten laboratory studies met the inclusion criteria. There was a significant variation in relation to test method, ambient conditions, applied/indentation load, number of specimens, and geometry and dimension of the specimen. The results were incomparable due to high variability and missing information. Therefore, 10 parameters were listed to be followed to standardize future studies.

Conclusions

A wide variation in research methods affected the fracture toughness reported for Y‐TZP ceramics among the selected studies; single‐edge‐precracked beam and chevron‐notched‐beam seem to be the most recommended methods to determine Y‐TZP fracture toughness; the indentation methods have several limitations. Clinical significance: The accurate calculation of toughness values is fundamental because overestimating toughness data in a clinical situation can negatively affect the lifetime of the restoration.
Novel Method of Fabricating Individual Trays for Maxillectomy Patients by Computer‐Aided Design and Rapid Prototyping
Authors: Huang Zhi , Wang Xin‐zhi , Hou Yue‐zhong
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Making impressions for maxillectomy patients is an essential but difficult task. This study developed a novel method to fabricate individual trays by computer‐aided design (CAD) and rapid prototyping (RP) to simplify the process and enhance patient safety.

Materials and Methods

Five unilateral maxillectomy patients were recruited for this study. For each patient, a computed tomography (CT) scan was taken. Based on the 3D surface reconstruction of the target area, an individual tray was manufactured by CAD/RP. With a conventional custom tray as control, two final impressions were made using the different types of tray for each patient. The trays were sectioned, and in each section the thickness of the material was measured at six evenly distributed points. Descriptive statistics and paired t‐test were used to examine the difference of the impression thickness. SAS 9.3 was applied in the statistical analysis. Afterwards, all casts were then optically 3D scanned and compared digitally to evaluate the feasibility of this method.

Results

Impressions of all five maxillectomy patients were successfully made with individual trays fabricated by CAD/RP and traditional trays. The descriptive statistics of impression thickness measurement showed slightly more uneven results in the traditional trays, but no statistical significance was shown. A 3D digital comparison showed acceptable discrepancies within 1 mm in the majority of cast areas. The largest difference of 3 mm was observed in the buccal wall of the defective areas. Moderate deviations of 1 to 2 mm were detected in the buccal and labial vestibular groove areas.

Conclusions

This study confirmed the feasibility of a novel method of fabricating individual trays by CAD/RP. Impressions made by individual trays manufactured using CAD/RP had a uniform thickness, with an acceptable level of accuracy compared to those made through conventional processes.
Traumatic Ulcerative Granuloma with Stromal Eosinophilia around Mini Dental Implants without the Protection of a Denture Base
Authors: dos Reis Andrea Candido , León Jorge Esquiche , Ribeiro Adriana Barbosa , Della Vecchia Maria Paula , Cunha Tatiana Ramirez , de Souza Raphael Freitas
Published: June 2014

This is a report of a case of an unusual oral lesion after the placement of mini implants for the retention of a mandibular overdenture. A patient received four 2‐mm‐wide dental implants in the anterior mandible and had her mandibular denture relined with a soft material. After 3 months, she was not wearing her mandibular denture, and two nodular ulcerated lesions were observed near the mini implants. The lesions ceased following excision and regular denture wearing. Clinical and microscopic examination led to the diagnosis of traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia (TUGSE). TUGSE is rare lesion with a benign course that may occur following injury of the oral mucosa by mini implants under certain circumstances.
The Efficacy of Guiding Flange Appliance in Correcting Mandibular Deviation in the Hemi‐Mandibulectomy Patient. A Correlative Study
Authors: Tripathi Arvind , Gupta Ashutosh , Gautam Vivek , Anwar Mohd. , Arora Varun
Published: June 2014

Purpose

This report describes the efficacy of a guiding flange appliance in correcting mandibular deviation in the hemi‐mandibulectomy patient and correlates the time elapsed between surgery and placement of the appliance and the extent of initial mandibular deviation to the success rate of a guiding flange appliance in correcting the deviation.

Materials and Methods

A total of 15 hemi‐mandibulectomy patients participated in the study. All had various degree of mandibular shift consequent to surgery. The patients were given a guiding flange prosthesis for about 4 months, and the efficacy of the guiding flange prosthesis was calculated in terms of percentage deviation corrected after 4 months.

Results

Time elapsed between surgery and prosthetic rehabilitation was in inverse relation to the percentage correction in mandibular deviation at 4 months (B = –7.668; p = 0.002). The less the initial deviation postsurgery, the better the correction (B = 9.798; p = 0.008).

Conclusion

Percentage correction of mandibular deviation is dependent on the timing of prosthetic rehabilitation. The less the initial deviation, the better the correction.
Flexural Properties of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Resin Reinforced with Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers: A Preliminary Finding
Authors: John Jacob , Ann Mani Shani , Palaniswamy Kalpana , Ramanathan Anand , Razak Abdul Aziz Abdul
Published: June 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the flexural properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) reinforced with oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber.

Materials and Methods

The flexural strength and flexural modulus of three OPEFB fiber‐reinforced PMMA were compared with a conventional and a commercially available reinforced PMMA. The three test groups included OPEFB fibers of 0.5 mm thickness, 2.0 mm thickness, and OPEFB cellulose.

Results

All test group specimens demonstrated improved flexural strength and flexural modulus over conventional PMMA. Reinforcement with OPEFB cellulose showed the highest mean flexural strength and flexural modulus, which were statistically significant when compared to the conventional and commercially reinforced PMMA used in this study. OPEFB fiber in the form of cellulose and 0.5 mm thickness fiber significantly improved flexural strength and flexural modulus of conventional PMMA resin. Further investigation on the properties of PMMA reinforced with OPEFB cellulose is warranted.

Conclusions

Natural OPEFB fibers, especially OPEFB in cellulose form, can be considered a viable alternative to existing commercially available synthetic fiber reinforced PMMA resin.
Educational, developmental and psychological outcomes of resettled refugee children in Western Australia: A review of School of Special Educational Needs: Medical and Mental Health input
Authors: Mace Ariel Olivia , Mulheron Shani , Jones Caleb , Cherian Sarah
Published: June 2014

Aim

There are limited data regarding the educational backgrounds and associated psychological and developmental outcomes of refugee children resettling in Western Australia (WA). The WA paediatric Refugee Health Service (RHS) revised its first consult questionnaire (August 2011) to increase educational and psychosocial documentation, concurrent with engagement of a School of Special Educational Needs: Medical and Mental Health (SSEN: MMH) liaison teacher. This study aims to utilise these data to increase understanding of this cohort's educational, developmental and psychological needs and to describe SSEN: MMH's role within the RHS.

Methods

Retrospective audit and analyses were performed on all initial standardised questionnaires for school‐aged refugee children (4–18 years) and SSEN: MMH referrals between August 2011 and December 2012.

Results

Demographic data from 332 refugees are described (mean age 9.58 ± standard deviation 3.43 years). Detailed educational information was available for 205 children. Prior education was limited (median 2 years), 64.9% experienced likely schooling interruption and 55.8% received education in their primary language. Language development concerns were significantly associated with previous education in a second language (odds ratio (OR) 4.55, P < 0.05). Other severe developmental and schooling issues were uncommon at presentation, with few correlations to prior education. In contrast, several migration factors, including family separation and mandatory detention, were significantly associated with psychological comorbidities such as post‐traumatic stress disorder (OR 5.60, P < 0.001 and OR 14.57, P < 0.001, respectively). SSEN: MMH reviewed 59 complex cases. Referral was significantly associated with multiple educational, developmental and psychological concerns.

Conclusions

Refugee children have varied migration, trauma and educational backgrounds, impacting on health and psychological outcomes. In‐depth multidisciplinary history including prior education and psychosocial issues is recommended. Partnering with education services appears to play an effective, multifaceted role in aiding resettlement; however, longitudinal studies are required.
Factors relating to hospitalisation and economic burden of paediatric constipation in the state of Victoria, Australia, 2002–2009
Authors: Ansari Humaira , Ansari Zahid , Lim Tracy , Hutson John M , Southwell Bridget R
Published: June 2014

Aim

Constipation is common, with severe symptoms requiring hospitalisation. Constipation can be a primary (present at admission and requires treatment or investigation) or principal (first listed) diagnosis for hospitalisation. In the USA, constipation is the second most common ambulatory care digestive diagnosis with total costs >US$1.7 billion/year. Incidence of hospitalisation for constipation in children peaks at toilet‐training age. This study determined the burden of paediatric constipation to hospital care in Victoria, Australia.

Method

The Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset was analysed retrospectively, examining hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of constipation in the 7‐year period 2002/2003 to 2008/2009.

Results

For children, constipation was recorded as a primary diagnosis in 8688 admissions (3.6/1000 of population). In‐hospital prevalence was ∼1.0%. Mean length of stay was 4.4 days (median 1.0, range 0–993, standard deviation 16.7). There were 1121 readmissions in 668 children. Average treatment cost was A$4235/admission (median A$1461, range A$0–$278 816), with annual costs of ∼A$5 505 500. Children in the highest socio‐economic area had ∼50% fewer admissions (P < 0.0001). Predictors of readmission included age 10–18, male gender, rural residence, severe socio‐economic disadvantage, public hospital, planned admission, longer length of stay and association with other medical conditions.

Conclusions

This study identified that constipation in children is a significant cost burden in Victoria (costing public hospitals ∼A$5.5 million/year). Hospitalisation in Victoria is 10‐fold higher than in the USA with 10% readmissions within a month. We conclude that strategies aimed at reducing hospitalisation for constipation could result in significant savings for the paediatric public health system in Victoria, Australia.
Effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on Cu2+ removal by Spirulina platensis strain (FACHB‐834)
Authors: Wang Huili , Zhao Xiaokai , Fang Fang , Dahlgren Randy A. , Li Dong , Yin Xiaohan , Zhang Yuna , Wang Xuedong
Published: June 2014

The removal efficiency of Cu2+ by Spirulina platensis (strain FACHB‐834), in viable and heat‐inactivated forms, was investigated in the presence and absence of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). When the initial Cu2+ concentration was in the range of 0.5–1.5 mg · L−1, a slight increase in growth rate of FACHB‐834 was observed. In contrast, when Cu2+ or LAS concentrations were at or higher than 2.0 or 6.0 mg · L−1, respectively, the growth of FACHB‐834 was inhibited and displayed yellowing and fragmentation of filaments. The presence of LAS improved Cu2+ removal by ~20%, and accelerated attainment of Cu2+ retention equilibrium. For the 2‐ mg · L−1 Cu2+ treatments, retention equilibrium occurred within 2 d and showed maximum Cu2+ removal of 1.83 mg · L−1. In the presence of LAS, the ratio of extracellular bound Cu2+ to intracellular Cu2+ taken up by the cells was lower (1.05–2.26) than corresponding ratios (2.46–7.85) in the absence of LAS. The percentages of extracellular bound Cu2+ to total Cu2+ removal (both bound and taken up by cells) in the presence of LAS ranged from 51.2% to 69.3%, which was lower than their corresponding percentages (71.1%–88.7%) in the absence of LAS. LAS promoted biologically active transport of the extracellular bound form of Cu2+ into the cell. In contrast, the addition of LAS did not increase the maximum removal efficiency of Cu2+ (61.4% ± 5.6%) by heat‐inactivated cells compared to that of living cells (59.6% ± 6.0%). These results provide a theoretical foundation for designing bioremediation strategies using FACHB‐834 for use in surface waters contaminated by both heavy metals and LAS.
Suppression of Tomato mosaic virus disease in tomato plants by deep ultraviolet irradiation using light-emitting diodes
Authors: Matsuura S. , Ishikura S.
Published: June 2014

Resistance-breaking strains of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) are emerging in many countries, including Japan. We examined whether deep ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on tomato plants using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) could suppress the expression of ToMV symptoms. We also investigated the optimum wavelength and radiant exposure for suppressing the disease effectively in tomato plants. Among the three wavelengths tested, UV irradiation at 280–290 nm had a relatively high suppressive effect on ToMV and resulted in a low incidence of UV damage. Pre-inoculation exposure to UV was effective in suppressing viral disease, indicating that acquired resistance was induced by UV irradiation. UV-B fluence of 0·7–1·4 kJ m−2 day−1 at wavelengths of 280–290 nm suppressed ToMV effectively without significant UV damage.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Disease caused in tomato plants by resistance-breaking Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) could be suppressed by ultraviolet (UV)-B irradiation using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). This paves the way for the future management of plant viral diseases using deep UV LEDs.
Dynamic Incentives in Organizations: Success and Inertia
Authors: Ruckes Martin , Rønde Thomas
Published: June 2014

We present a two‐period model in which an employee searches for business projects in a changing environment. An employee who discovers a profitable project in period 1 is reluctant to search again in period 2 because the old project may continue to be profitable. Management's response to this inertial tendency is either to increase the financial incentives to encourage searching or to accept no searching. The former response increases search efforts and total profits; the latter response has the opposite results. Inertia can be removed by restructuring the firm in period 2, but this may create a time‐inconsistency problem.
Bacterial sugar utilization gives rise to distinct single‐cell behaviours
Authors: Afroz Taliman , Biliouris Konstantinos , Kaznessis Yiannis , Beisel Chase L.
Published: June 2014

Inducible utilization pathways reflect widespread microbial strategies to uptake and consume sugars from the environment. Despite their broad importance and extensive characterization, little is known how these pathways naturally respond to their inducing sugar in individual cells. Here, we performed single‐cell analyses to probe the behaviour of representative pathways in the model bacterium Escherichia coli. We observed diverse single‐cell behaviours, including uniform responses (d‐lactose, d‐galactose, N‐acetylglucosamine, N‐acetylneuraminic acid), ‘all‐or‐none’ responses (d‐xylose, l‐rhamnose) and complex combinations thereof (l‐arabinose, d‐gluconate). Mathematical modelling and probing of genetically modified pathways revealed that the simple framework underlying these pathways – inducible transport and inducible catabolism – could give rise to most of these behaviours. Sugar catabolism was also an important feature, as disruption of catabolism eliminated tunable induction as well as enhanced memory of previous conditions. For instance, disruption of catabolism in pathways that respond to endogenously synthesized sugars led to full pathway induction even in the absence of exogenous sugar. Our findings demonstrate the remarkable flexibility of this simple biological framework, with direct implications for environmental adaptation and the engineering of synthetic utilization pathways as titratable expression systems and for metabolic engineering.
Understanding the formation of Mediterranean–African–Asian disjunctions: evidence for Miocene climate‐driven vicariance and recent long‐distance dispersal in the Tertiary relict Smilax aspera (Smilacaceae)
Authors: Chen Chen , Qi Zhe‐Chen , Xu Xi‐Hui , Comes Hans Peter , Koch Marcus A. , Jin Xin‐Jie , Fu Cheng‐Xin , Qiu Ying‐Xiong
Published: June 2014

Tethyan plant disjunctions, including Mediterranean–African–Asian disjunctions, are thought to be vicariant, but their temporal origin and underlying causes remain largely unknown. To address this issue, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of Smilax aspera, a hypothesized component of the European Tertiary laurel forest flora.

Thirty‐eight populations and herbarium specimens representing 57 locations across the species range were sequenced at seven plastid regions and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region. Time‐calibrated phylogenetic and phylogeographic inferences were used to trace ancestral areas and biogeographical events.

The deep intraspecific split between Mediterranean and African–Asian lineages is attributable to range fragmentation of a southern Tethyan ancestor, as colder and more arid climates developed shortly after the mid‐Miocene. In the Mediterranean, climate‐induced vicariance has shaped regional population structure since the Late Miocene/Early Pliocene. At around the same time, East African and South Asian lineages split by vicariance, with one shared haplotype reflecting long‐distance dispersal.

Our results support the idea that geographic range formation and divergence of Tertiary relict species are more or less gradual (mostly vicariant) processes over long time spans, rather than point events in history. They also highlight the importance of the Mediterranean Basin as a centre of intraspecific divergence for Tertiary relict plants.
Development of a real‐time PCR method for the detection of the dagger nematodes Xiphinema index, X. diversicaudatum, X. vuittenezi and X. italiae, and for the quantification of X. index numbers
Authors: Van Ghelder C. , Reid A. , Kenyon D. , Esmenjaud D.
Published: June 2014

The ectoparasitic dagger nematodes Xiphinema index and Xiphinema diversicaudatum, often at low numbers in the soil, are vectors of grapevine nepoviruses, which cause huge agronomical problems for the vineyard industry. This study reports a method, based on real‐time PCR, for the specific detection of these species and of the closely related non‐vector species Xiphinema vuittenezi and Xiphinema italiae. Specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed from the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), enabling the specific detection of single individuals of each of the X. index, X. diversicaudatum, X. italiae and X. vuittenezi species whatever the nematode population. The specificity of detection and absence of false positive reaction were confirmed in samples of each species mixed with the three other Xiphinema species or mixed with nematodes representative from other genera (non‐plant‐parasitic Dorylaimida, Longidorus sp., Meloidogyne spp., Globodera spp. and Pratylenchus sp.). The method was shown to be valid for the relative quantification of X. index numbers through its use, from crude nematode extracts of soil samples, in a greenhouse assay of grapevine accessions ranging from highly susceptible to resistant. As an alternative to time‐consuming microscopic identification and counting, this real‐time PCR method will provide a fast, sensitive and reliable diagnostic and relative quantification technique for X. index nematodes extracted from fields or controlled conditions.
In search of a reliable electrophysiological marker of oculomotor inhibition of return
Authors: Satel Jason , Hilchey Matthew D. , Wang Zhiguo , Reiss Caroline S. , Klein Raymond M.
Published: June 2014

Inhibition of return (IOR) operationalizes a behavioral phenomenon characterized by slower responding to cued, relative to uncued, targets. Two independent forms of IOR have been theorized: input‐based IOR occurs when the oculomotor system is quiescent, while output‐based IOR occurs when the oculomotor system is engaged. EEG studies forbidding eye movements have demonstrated that reductions of target‐elicited P1 components are correlated with IOR magnitude, but when eye movements occur, P1 effects bear no relationship to behavior. We expand on this work by adapting the cueing paradigm and recording event‐related potentials: IOR is caused by oculomotor responses to central arrows or peripheral onsets and measured by key presses to peripheral targets. Behavioral IOR is observed in both conditions, but P1 reductions are absent in the central arrow condition. By contrast, arrow and peripheral cues enhance Nd, especially over contralateral electrode sites.
Diagnostic properties of the methacholine and mannitol bronchial challenge tests: A comparison study
Authors: Kim Min‐Hye , Song Woo‐Jung , Kim Tae‐Wan , Jin Hyun‐Jung , Sin You‐Seob , Ye Young‐Min , Kim Sang‐Heon , Park Heung‐Woo , Lee Byung‐Jae , Park Hae‐Sim , Yoon Ho‐Joo , Choi Dong‐Chull , Min Kyung‐Up , Cho Sang‐Heon
Published: June 2014

Background and objective

Airway hyperresponsiveness is a common feature of asthma. Methacholine and mannitol are two representative agonists for bronchial challenge. They have theoretically different mechanisms of action, and may have different diagnostic properties. However, their difference has not been directly evaluated among Korean adults. In this study, we compare the diagnostic properties of methacholine and mannitol bronchial provocation tests.

Methods

Asthmatic patients and non‐asthmatic controls were recruited prospectively from four referral hospitals in Korea. Participants were challenged with each of methacholine and mannitol inhalation on different days. Their diagnostic utility was evaluated by calculating their sensitivity and specificity for asthma diagnosis. Response–dose ratio was also compared.

Results

A total of 50 asthmatic adults and 54 controls were enrolled (mean age 43.8 years). The sensitivity and specificity of mannitol challenge (defined by a PD15 of <635 mg) were 48.0% and 92.6%, respectively, whereas those of methacholine (defined by a PC20 of <16 mg/mL) were 42.0% and 98.1%, respectively. Twenty asthmatic participants (24%) showed positive response to a single agonist only. In the receiver operating curve analyses using response–dose ratio values, area under the curve was 0.77 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.68–0.86) for mannitol, and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83–0.95) for methacholine. The correlations between log‐ transformed mannitol and methacholine response–dose ratios were significant but moderate (r = 0.683, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated overall similar diagnostic properties of two diagnostic tests, but also suggested their intercomplementary roles for asthma.

The clinical trial registration number at ClinicalTrial.gov is NCT02104284.
Analyzing Precautionary Regulation: Do Precaution, Science, and Innovation Go Together?
Authors: Todt Oliver , Luján José Luis
Published: June 2014

In this article we argue that the precautionary principle, as applied to the regulation of science and technology, cannot be considered in any general manner inconsistent with the norms and methods of scientific knowledge generation and justification. Moreover, it does not necessarily curtail scientific‐technological innovation. Our argument flows from a differentiated view of what precaution in regulation means. We first characterize several of the most relevant interpretations given to the precautionary principle in academic debate and regulatory practice. We then use examples of actual precaution‐based regulation to show that, even though science can have varying functions in different circumstances and frames, all of those interpretations recur to scientific method and knowledge, and tend to imply innovation in methods, products, and processes. In fact, the interplay of regulation and innovation in precautionary policy, at least in the case of the interpretations of precaution that our analysis takes into account, could be understood as a way of reconciling the two fundamental science and technology policy functions of promotion and control.
Hydrodynamic profile of young swimmers: Changes over a competitive season
Authors: Barbosa T. M. , Morais J. E. , Marques M. C. , Silva A. J. , Marinho D. A. , Kee Y. H.
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in the hydrodynamic profile of young swimmers over a competitive season and to compare the variations according to a well‐designed training periodization. Twenty‐five swimmers (13 boys and 12 girls) were evaluated in (a) October (M1); (b) March (M2); and (c) June (M3). Inertial and anthropometrical measures included body mass, swimmer's added water mass, height, and trunk transverse surface area. Swimming efficiency was estimated by the speed fluctuation, stroke index, and approximate entropy. Active drag was estimated with the velocity perturbation method and the passive drag with the gliding decay method. Hydrodynamic dimensionless numbers (Froude and Reynolds numbers) and hull velocity (i.e., speed at Froude number = 0.42) were also calculated. No variable presented a significant gender effect. Anthropometrics and inertial parameters plus dimensionless numbers increased over time. Swimming efficiency improved between M1 and M3. There was a trend for both passive and active drag increase from M1 to M2, but being lower at M3 than at M1. Intra‐individual changes between evaluation moments suggest high between‐ and within‐subject variations. Therefore, hydrodynamic changes over a season occur in a non‐linear fashion way, where the interplay between growth and training periodization explain the unique path flow selected by each young swimmer.
Single‐leg drop landing motor control strategies following acute ankle sprain injury
Authors: Doherty C. , Bleakley C. , Hertel J. , Caulfield B. , Ryan J. , Delahunt E.
Published: June 2014

No research currently exists investigating the effect of acute injury on single‐limb landing strategies. The aim of the current study was to analyze the coordination strategies of participants in the acute phase of lateral ankle sprain (LAS) injury. Thirty‐seven participants with acute, first‐time LAS and 19 uninjured participants completed a single‐leg drop landing task on both limbs. Three‐dimensional kinematic (angular displacement) and sagittal plane kinetic (moment‐of‐force) data were acquired for the joints of the lower extremity from 200 ms pre‐initial contact (IC) to 200 ms post‐IC. The peak magnitude of the vertical component of the ground reaction force (GRF) was also computed. Injured participants displayed a bilateral increase in hip flexion, with altered transverse plane kinematic profiles at the knee and ankle for both limbs (P < 0.05). This coincided with a reduction in the net‐supporting flexor moment of the lower extremity (P < 0.05) and magnitude of the peak vertical GRF for the injured limb (21.82 ± 2.44 N/kg vs 24.09 ± 2.77 N/kg; P = 0.013) in injured participants compared to control participants. These results demonstrate that compensatory movement strategies are utilized by participants with acute LAS to successfully reduce the impact forces of landing.
A Multigrid PGD‐based Algorithm for Volumetric Displacement Fields Measurements
Authors: Gomes Perini L. A. , Passieux J.‐C. , Périé J.‐N.
Published: June 2014

The use of a finite elements‐based Digital Volume Correlation (FE‐DVC) leads to lower measurement uncertainties in comparison to subset‐based approaches. However, the associated computing time may become prohibitive when dealing with high‐resolution measurements. To overcome this limitation, a Proper Generalised Decomposition solver was recently applied to 2D digital image correlation. In this paper, this method is extended to measure volumetric displacements from 3D digital images. In addition, a multigrid Proper Generalised Decomposition algorithm is developed, which allows to use different discretisations in each term of the decomposition. Associated to a coarse graining of the digital images, this allows to avoid local minima, especially in presence of large displacements. Synthetic and practical cases are analysed with the present approach, and measurement uncertainties are compared with standard FE‐DVC. Results show that such an approach reduces the computational cost (when compared to FE‐DVC) whilst maintaining lower measurement uncertainties than standard subset‐based DVC.
A massif‐type (~1.86 Ga) anorthosite complex in the Yeongnam Massif, Korea: late‐orogenic emplacement associated with the mantle delamination in the North China Craton
Authors: Lee Yuyoung , Cho Moonsup , Cheong Wonseok , Yi Keewook
Published: June 2014

To unravel the petrogenesis of a massif‐type anorthosite in terms of the crust‐mantle geodynamics, we dated zircons separated from six samples from the Sancheong‐Hadong (SH) complex, Korea, using a sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe. The weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of two anorthosites is 1862 ± 2 Ma, whereas the ages of the hornblende gabbro and granitic gneiss are 1873 ± 4 Ma and 1875 ± 5 Ma respectively. Zircon rims from mafic granulite and migmatitic gneiss yielded ages of 1860 ± 5 Ma and 1858 ± 4 Ma, respectively, implying that the granulite facies metamorphism and anatexis are associated with anorthosite emplacement. Our results, together with available Re–Os data, are compatible with the ~1.9–1.86 Ga collisional orogeny prevalent in the North China Craton and the Korean Peninsula, and suggest that orogenesis was accompanied by mantle delamination beneath the craton. It is thus likely that the SH anorthositic rocks are a product of late‐orogenic magmatism during the post‐collisional extension‐dominated phase of orogeny.
Rapid construction and screening of artificial microRNA systems in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Hu Jinlu , Deng Xuan , Shao Ning , Wang Gaohong , Huang Kaiyao
Published: June 2014

The unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a classic model for the study of flagella/cilia and photosynthesis, and it has recently been exploited for producing biopharmaceuticals and biofuel. Due to the low frequency of homologous recombination, reverse genetic manipulation in Chlamydomonas relies mainly on miRNA‐ and siRNA‐based knockdown methods. However, the difficulty in constructing artificial miRNA vectors, laborious screening of knockdown transformants, and undesired epigenetic silencing of exogenous miRNA constructs limit their application. We have established a one‐step procedure to construct an artificial miRNA precursor by annealing eight oligonucleotides of approximately 40 nucleotides. In the final construct, the Gaussia princeps luciferase gene (G‐Luc) is positioned between the promoter and the artificial miRNA precursor so that knockdown strains may quickly be screened by visualizing luciferase luminescence using a photon‐counting camera. Furthermore, the luciferase activity of transformants correlates with the knockdown level of two test target proteins: the chloroplast protein VIPP1 (vesicle inducing protein in plastids 1) and the flagellar protein CDPK3 (calcium‐dependent protein kinase 3). Adding an intron from RBCS2 (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit 2) to the miRNA construct enhanced both the luciferase activity and the miRNA knockdown efficiency. A second miRNA vector incorporated the promoter of the nitrate reductase gene to allow inducible expression of the artificial miRNA. These vectors will facilitate application of the artificial miRNA and provide tools for studying the mechanism of epigenetics in Chlamydomonas, and may also be adapted for use in other model organisms.
VEGFR‐2 expression in malignant tumours of the canine mammary gland: a prospective survival study
Authors: Santos A. , Lopes C. , Gärtner F. , Matos A. J. F.
Published: June 2014

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2) is the main receptor activated by vascular endothelial growth factor ‐A (VEGF‐A) to promote tumour angiogenesis. Its clinical prognostic value has not been studied in canine mammary tumours (CMTs). Dogs with mammary cancer were enrolled in a survival study and the immunohistochemical expressions of VEGFR‐2 and VEGF‐A were analysed and associated with clinicopathological features. VEGFR‐2 expression was associated with VEGF immunoreactivity in cancer cells, supporting the presence of an autocrine loop that may be involved in CMTs growth and survival. VEGFR‐2 was also expressed by endothelial cells from tumour vasculature and positively associated with stromal matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), suggesting the existence of a link between endothelial cells activation and up‐regulation of matrix degrading proteins. Carcinosarcomas exhibited high VEGFR‐2 expression suggesting that it may be one of the activated molecular pathways in this aggressive histological type and that VEGFR‐2 inhibitors may constitute a potential treatment to improve the prognosis of these patients. Both VEGF and VEGFR‐2 immunoreactivities were independent of patients' overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS).
Negative interference of icteric serum on a bichromatic biuret total protein assay
Authors: Gupta Aradhana , Stockham Steven L.
Published: June 2014

Background

Bilirubin is stated to be a negative interferent in some biuret assays and thus could contribute to pseudohypoproteinemia in icteric samples.

Objective

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the magnitude of and reason for a falsely low total protein concentration in icteric serum when the protein concentration is measured with a bichromatic spectrophotometric biuret assay.

Methods

Commercially available bilirubin was dissolved in 0.1 M NaOH and mixed with sera from 2 dogs to achieve various bilirubin concentrations of up to 40 mg/dL (first set of samples) and 35 mg/dL (second set of samples, for confirmation of first set of results and to explore the interference). Biuret total protein and bilirubin concentrations were determined with a chemistry analyzer (Cobas 6000 with c501 module). Line graphs were drawn to illustrate the effects of increasing bilirubin concentrations on the total protein concentrations. Specific spectrophotometric absorbance readings were examined to identify the reason for the negative interference.

Results

High bilirubin concentrations created a negative interference in the Cobas biuret assay. The detectable interference occurred with a spiked bilirubin concentration of 10.7 mg/dL in one set of samples, 20.8 mg/dL in a second set. The interference was due to a greater secondary‐absorbance reading at the second measuring point in the samples spiked with bilirubin, which possibly had converted to biliverdin.

Conclusion

Marked hyperbilirubinemia is associated with a falsely low serum total protein concentration when measured with a bichromatic spectrophotometric biuret assay. This can result in pseudohypoproteinemia and pseudohypoglobulinemia in icteric serum.
Relationships between cerebrospinal fluid characteristics, injury severity, and functional outcome in dogs with and without intervertebral disk herniation
Authors: Levine Gwendolyn J. , Cook Jennifer R. , Kerwin Sharon C. , Mankin Joseph , Griffin John F. , Fosgate Geoffrey T. , Levine Jonathan M.
Published: June 2014

Background

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is commonly acquired in dogs with intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) and is a common method to assess inflammatory responses following spinal cord injury (SCI).

Objectives

The purpose of the study was to describe relationships between cisternalCSFcharacteristics, behavioral measures ofSCI, T2‐ weighted (T2W) hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and long‐term outcome in dogs withIVDH. Diagnostic accuracy ofCSFfor differentiatingIVDHfrom other myelopathies was also assessed.

Methods

The retrospective case series included 727 dogs, 443 with thoracolumbarIVDH, 103 with cervicalIVDH, and 181 with other spinal cord diseases. Signalment, initial neurologic function, ambulatory function at long‐term follow‐up, T2WMRI, andCSFvariables were recorded for dogs withIVDH. Signalment, etiology, andCSFdata were retrieved for dogs with other myelopathies. Associations betweenCSFpredictors, diagnosis, and outcomes were assessed.

Results

CSFtotal nucleated cell count (TNCC) increased withSCIseverity (rho −0.256,P < .001) in dogs withIVDH,TNCCwas significantly higher in the presence of T2W hyperintensity (P = .001) in dogs with thoracolumbarIVDH, butTNCC,RBCcount, microprotein, and percent neutrophils decreased with increasing injury duration (rho −0.253,P < .001; rho −0.269,P < .001; rho −0.141,P = .004, and rho −0.356,P < .001, respectively).CSFcharacteristics were not accurate for differentiatingIVDHfrom other spinal cord diseases.

Conclusions

In dogs withIVDH,CSF TNCC,RBCcount, microprotein, and percent neutrophils are correlated with clinical aspects ofSCIsuch as injury severity and duration, but cannot differentiateIVDHfrom other etiologies.
Platelet vacuoles in a dog with severe nonregenerative anemia: evidence of platelet autophagy
Authors: Pieczarka Emily M. , Yamaguchi Mamoru , Wellman Maxey L. , Judith Radin M.
Published: June 2014

A 13‐year‐old neutered male English Springer Spaniel was presented to The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center for evaluation of severe anemia. Upon blood smear review, approximately 50% of the platelets contained single to multiple variably sized clear vacuoles. Transmission electron microscopy of the platelets revealed hallmark features of autophagy, including membrane‐lined vesicles and vacuoles containing membrane whorls and degrading organelles. While autophagy has been demonstrated in a wide range of eukaryotic cells for decades, reports of platelet autophagy are lacking. This case report illustrates atypical platelet vacuolation with electron microscopic features characteristic of autophagy.
Addition of sialidase or p38 MAPK inhibitors does not ameliorate decrements in platelet in vitro storage properties caused by 4 °C storage
Authors: Skripchenko A. , Thompson‐Montgomery D. , Awatefe H. , Turgeon A. , Wagner S. J.
Published: June 2014

Background and Objectives

Bacterial proliferation is inhibited in platelets (PLTs) stored at refrigerated temperatures, but also dramatically decreases PLT in vivo survival. Recent studies have demonstrated that cold temperature (CT) stored PLTs secrete sialidases upon re‐warming, removing sialic acid from the PLT surface, which may be responsible for clustering of GPIbα and PLT clearance from circulation. In this study, the influence of a sialidase inhibitor or a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor was evaluated in units stored at 4 °C.

Materials and Methods

After collection of a single Trima apheresis unit (n = 12), PLTs were aliquoted into four 60‐ml CLX storage bags. One bag was stored at 20–24 °C (RT) with continuous agitation; a second bag was stored at 4 °C without agitation; a third bag was held at 4 °C without agitation with sialidase inhibitor, a fourth bag was incubated at 4 °C with a p38 MAPK inhibitor without agitation.

Results

Beginning from Day 1, all in vitro PLT parameters were adversely affected by CT compared to those of RT. Similar in vitro storage properties were observed in CT PLT in the presence or absence of sialidase or p38 MAPK inhibitors. P38 MAPK phosphorylation inhibition was not observed at CT. Decrease of sialidase activity was observed for 2 days in PLTs stored in additive solution but not in plasma.

Conclusion

Addition of either sialidase or p38 MAPK inhibitors do not improve any in vitro parameters of PLTs stored at 4 °C in 100% plasma.
Unweaving hippolytoid systematics (Crustacea, Decapoda, Hippolytidae): resurrection of several families
Authors: De Grave Sammy , Li Chi Pang , Tsang Ling Ming , Chu Ka Hou , Chan Tin‐Yam
Published: June 2014

The Hippolytidae is the fourth largest family within the Caridea, currently containing over 330 described species in 37 genera, and the classification of this family has been rather controversial. In this study, sequences of two nuclear protein‐coding genes, enolase and sodium‐potassium ATPase α‐subunit, and the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (totalling 1405 bp) from 29 hippolytid species in 20 genera plus 17 species from eight other caridean families were used to examine the phylogenetic status of Hippolytidae sensu lato. Our results clearly reject the monophyly of Hippolytidae and support the recognition of the Lysmatidae Dana, 1852, Thoridae Kingsley, 1879, Bythocarididae Christoffersen and Merguiidae Christoffersen .
Etching mechanism of the single-step through-silicon-via dry etch using SF6/C4F8 chemistry
Authors: Ouyang Zihao , Ruzic D. N. , Kiehlbauch Mark , Schrinsky Alex , Torek Kevin
Published: June 2014

A single-step etching method using the SF6/C4F8 chemistry is developed in this study as an alternative through-silicon-via (TSV) etching approach of the traditional Bosch process to realize ultrasmooth and vertical TSV profiles. Experimental results show that there is a profile discontinuity, or a “transition,” on the TSV profile produced by the single-step etching method at high bias voltages and high SF6 flow rates. Comparison between the intensity of the species generated in a pure SF6 or a pure C4F8 plasma and in a SF6/C4F8 plasma is investigated for better understanding interactions between SF6 and C4F8. The densities of all positive ions are reduced in the SF6/C4F8 plasma compared to a pure SF6 plasma and a pure C4F8 plasma at the same partial pressure, indicating a change of plasma chemistry when SF6 and C4F8 fluxes are mixed. The formation mechanism of the transition is proposed as a chemistry discontinuity caused by large-angle ion sputtering at the top part of the sidewalls and the polymer accumulation at the bottom part of the sidewalls. The formation of the transition has found to have an effect of improving the sidewall smoothness below the position where it is formed. Parameter study has shown that a decreased bias voltage and a reduced SF6/C4F8 ratio can help to improve the sidewall smoothness and eliminate the transition on the TSV profiles.
Learning Sport Management
Authors: McNiff Jillian , Fried Gil , Mahoney Kimberly
Published: June 2014

Sport management seems like a glamorous career path. Many students believe if they do well in classes and graduate, they will be the next general manager of the New York Yankees or athletic director of a major Division I intercollegiate athletic department. While sport management professors hope that every student has the potential to succeed, it is incumbent upon faculty members and students to have a realistic expectation of their career options and a true understanding of what it takes to be successful. This article leads a fictitious student and faculty member through four years of the student’s educational adventure in sport management with special attention being given to what students can undertake to best prepare them for the future and improve their chances of landing the right job. This case study demonstrates the value of a comprehensive sport management education and what students can do to set themselves apart from their competition in the job market.
Thermohaline circulation crisis and impacts during the mid-Pleistocene transition
Authors: Pena Leopoldo D. , Goldstein Steven L.
Published: June 2014

Circulating between different cycles

Around a million years ago, large-scale ocean circulation changed dramatically during the switch from ∼41,000- to ∼100,000-year long glacial cycles. Pena and Goldstein analyzed the isotopic composition of neodymium in marine sediments from the South Atlantic. The results suggest how the contributions of deep water from northern and southern sources varied across the transition. The boundary between the two glacial states appears to have been marked by a dramatic weakening, perhaps even a shutdown, of deep-water currents.

Science
, this issue p.
318
Specific HIV integration sites are linked to clonal expansion and persistence of infected cells
Authors: Maldarelli F. , Wu X. , Su L. , Simonetti F. R. , Shao W. , Hill S. , Spindler J. , Ferris A. L. , Mellors J. W. , Kearney M. F. , Coffin J. M. , Hughes S. H.
Published: June 2014

For HIV: Location, location, location

HIV-infected cells linger even in the face of therapy, and this persistence, termed the latent reservoir, is a major hurdle for curing HIV. HIV integrates itself into the DNA of its host cells. Could that affect the latent reservoir? To find out, Maldarelli
et al.
drew blood from five HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy and analyzed sites where HIV had inserted itself into the blood cells' DNA (see the Perspective by Margolis and Bushman). In many cases, these sites were not random; HIV often weaseled its way into genes that help cells grow and proliferate. Where HIV integrates into the host genome may thus determine the size of the latent reservoir.

Science
, this issue p.
179
; see also p.
143