bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T-box3 is a ciliary protein and regulates stability of the Gli3 transcription factor to control digit number
Authors: Emechebe Uchenna , Kumar P Pavan , Rozenberg Julian M , Moore Bryn , Firment Ashley , Mirshahi Tooraj , Moon Anne M
Published: April 2016

Crucial roles for T-box3 in development are evident by severe limb malformations and other birth defects caused by T-box3 mutations in humans. Mechanisms whereby T-box3 regulates limb development are poorly understood. We discovered requirements for T-box at multiple stages of mouse limb development and distinct molecular functions in different tissue compartments. Early loss of T-box3 disrupts limb initiation, causing limb defects that phenocopy Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) mutants. Later ablation of T-box3 in posterior limb mesenchyme causes digit loss. In contrast, loss of anterior T-box3 results in preaxial polydactyly, as seen with dysfunction of primary cilia or Gli3-repressor. Remarkably, T-box3 is present in primary cilia where it colocalizes with Gli3. T-box3 interacts with Kif7 and is required for normal stoichiometry and function of a Kif7/Sufu complex that regulates Gli3 stability and processing. Thus, T-box3 controls digit number upstream of Shh-dependent (posterior mesenchyme) and Shh-independent, cilium-based (anterior mesenchyme) Hedgehog pathway function.
Theoretical and experimental verification of acoustic focusing in metal cylinder structure
Authors: Xia Jian-ping , Sun Hong-xiang , Cheng Qian , Xu Zheng , Chen Hao , Yuan Shou-qi , Zhang Shu-yi , Ge Yong , Guan Yi-jun
Published: April 2016

We report the realization of a multifocal acoustic focusing lens using a simple metal cylinder structure immersed in water, as determined both experimentally and theoretically. The acoustic waves can be focused on one or more points, because the Mie-resonance modes are excited in the cylinder structure. The acoustic pressure fields measured in the Schlieren imaging system agree with the results calculated using the acoustic scattering theory. Interesting applications of multifocal focusing in the acoustic encryption communication are further discussed. Our work should be helpful in understanding the focusing mechanism and experimentally measuring the acoustic phenomena in cylinder structures.
Theoretical study of fabrication of line-and-space patterns with 7 nm quarter-pitch using electron beam lithography with chemically amplified resist process: IV. Comparison with experimental results
Authors: Kozawa Takahiro
Published: April 2016

Electron beam (EB) lithography is a key technology for nanofabrication. We have investigated the feasibility of the fabrication of line-and-space patterns with a 7 nm quarter-pitch (7 nm space width and 21 nm line width), using the simulation based on the sensitization and reaction mechanisms of chemically amplified EB resists. In this study, simulation results were compared with experimental results to check the validity of the simulation model used in previous studies.

[on the computer-aided design (CAD)] line-and-space patterns were fabricated on quartz masks for different pitches and exposure doses. The measured space width and line edge roughness were well reproduced by the simulation.
Advantages of the AlGaN spacer in InAlN high-electron-mobility transistors grown using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Yamada Atsushi , Ishiguro Tetsuro , Kotani Junji , Tomabechi Shuichi , Nakamura Norikazu , Watanabe Keiji
Published: April 2016

We demonstrate the advantages of an AlGaN spacer layer in an InAlN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT). We investigated the effects of the growth parameters of the spacer layer on electron mobility in InAlN HEMTs grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, focusing on the surface roughness of the spacer layer and sharpness of the interface with the GaN channel layer. The electron mobility degraded, as evidenced by the formation of a graded AlGaN layer at the top of the GaN channel layer and the surface roughness of the AlN spacer layer. We believe that the short migration length of aluminum atoms is responsible for the observed degradation. An AlGaN spacer layer was employed to suppress the formation of the graded AlGaN layer and improve surface morphology. A high electron mobility of 1550 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a low sheet resistance of 211 Ω/sq were achieved for an InAlN HEMT with an AlGaN spacer layer.
Aboveground insect herbivory increases plant competitive asymmetry, while belowground herbivory mitigates the effect
Authors: Borgström Pernilla , Strengbom Joachim , Viketoft Maria , Bommarco Riccardo
Published: April 2016

Insect herbivores can shift the composition of a plant community, but the mechanism underlying such shifts remains largely unexplored. A possibility is that insects alter the competitive symmetry between plant species. The effect of herbivory on competition likely depends on whether the plants are subjected to aboveground or belowground herbivory or both, and also depends on soil nitrogen levels. It is unclear how these biotic and abiotic factors interactively affect competition. In a greenhouse experiment, we measured competition between two coexisting grass species that respond differently to nitrogen deposition:Dactylis glomerataL., which is competitively favoured by nitrogen addition, andFestuca rubraL., which is competitively favoured on nitrogen-poor soils. We predicted: (1) that aboveground herbivory would reduce competitive asymmetry at high soil nitrogen by reducing the competitive advantage ofD. glomerata; and (2), that belowground herbivory would relax competition at low soil nitrogen, by reducing the competitive advantage ofF. rubra. Aboveground herbivory caused a 46% decrease in the competitive ability ofF. rubra, and a 23% increase in that ofD. glomerata, thus increasing competitive asymmetry, independently of soil nitrogen level. Belowground herbivory did not affect competitive symmetry, but the combined influence of above- and belowground herbivory was weaker than predicted from their individual effects. Belowground herbivory thus mitigated the increased competitive asymmetry caused by aboveground herbivory.D. glomerataremained competitively dominant after the cessation of aboveground herbivory, showing that the influence of herbivory continued beyond the feeding period. We showed that insect herbivory can strongly influence plant competitive interactions. In our experimental plant community, aboveground insect herbivory increased the risk of competitive exclusion ofF. rubra. Belowground herbivory appeared to mitigate the influence of aboveground herbivory, and this mechanism may play a role for plant species coexistence.
How and Why Do Family and Systemic Therapies Work?
Authors: Carr Alan
Published: April 2016

My reviews of the evidence base for family therapy conducted over the past 15 years have been guided by four key questions. Does systemic therapy work? What sorts of systemic therapy work for specific problems? What processes occur in effective systemic therapy? Is systemic therapy cost‐effective? In this paper answers to these questions are given. Systemic interventions are effective for about two out of three cases. Specific models of effective systemic therapy have been developed for most common mental health problems. There are many processes shared by evidence‐based models of practice that can be incorporated into the routine practice of research‐informed family therapy. Systemic therapy is cost‐effective and in many cases leads to medical cost‐offsets. Available evidence indicates that family therapy can make a very significant contribution to alleviating suffering and making the world a better place to be.
On Family Therapy Training in Psychiatric Education: A Recent Trainee's Perspective
Authors: Rice Timothy R.
Published: April 2016

Family therapy has been labelled a neglected core competency of psychiatric residency training programs. Several models of effective integration into training in both general and child and adolescent psychiatry have been proposed, yet the restraint exhibited in educational guidelines to guide developed family therapy programming results in varied trainee experiences. This perspective piece offers the narrative of a trainee's progression through one educational program that offered a generous elective engagement with family therapy. This piece intends to complement in an original manner the existing literature supporting family therapy training for psychiatric trainees that are usually authored by senior clinicians and/or established proponents of family therapy. The program described in this piece is an American model that entailed mandatory seminar didactics with elective active case involvement and clinical supervision. The author's three‐year engagement with a family consisting of a young man diagnosed with schizophrenia and his mother, who comprised the active case component, is presented with a description of how both the family and the clinician developed through the process. The conclusion comments upon how this work facilitated ongoing work with severely disturbed children and their families upon the trainee's graduation to serve as a unit attending on a child and adolescent psychiatry acute inpatient service. This piece illustrates in a personal narrative the importance of family therapy training to the contemporary graduate and recommends greater immersion for psychiatric trainees in this modality.
Synthesis, spectral characterization and inhibitory potency of ferrocene‐containing mannosides towards type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli
Authors: Kovač Veronika , Ribić Rosana , Peroković Vesna Petrović , Tomić Srđanka , Barišić Lidija
Published: April 2016

Escherichia coli adhesion to the bladder epithelium is mediated through recognition of the tissue‐surface mannosylated proteins with bacterial lectin FimH. The inhibition of this recognition‐dependent interaction has been recognized as a promising strategy for the development of an anti‐adhesion therapy. Mannosides with either aryl‐ or elongated alkyl‐functionalized aglycon portions have been shown to be potent inhibitors of FimH‐mediated adhesion. Thus, we have synthesized four mannose‐based bioorganometallics containing an extended alkyl chain between sugar and ferrocene components connected via ester linkage (14 (n = 4) and 15 (n = 5)) or amide linkage (18 (n = 3) and 19 (n = 4)). The novel bioconjugates were characterized using infrared and NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC) spectroscopies, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Hemagglutination inhibitory assay of the novel bioorganometallics revealed an enhanced inhibitory potential in comparison to methyl α‐d‐mannoside. Thereby, the bioconjugate 19 exhibited a twofold increase in inhibitory activity compared with 14, 15 and 18. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Historical distribution of the otter (Lutra lutra) in north‐east China according to historical records (1950–2014)
Authors: Zhang Rui , Yang Li , Laguardia Alice , Jiang Zhe , Huang Mujiao , Lv Jiang , Ren Yueheng , Zhang Wei , Luan Xiaofeng
Published: April 2016

1. The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) has undergone a dramatic decline throughout the 20th century in China, especially in the North East. However, the dynamics responsible for the reduction in the distribution of otters in this region since the 1950s is still unclear. Such uncertainty and insufficient information can hinder effective conservation strategies.

2. A study was conducted using historical documents to attempt an evaluation of the status of otter populations in north‐east China between 1950 and 2014. The data suggest that otters were widely distributed with abundant populations in north‐east China in the 1950s, particularly in the area of the Songhua River basin and the Ussuli River basin.

3. Compared with the 1950s, the number of records in 2014 has fallen by 92%. Otter populations are fragmented and mainly restricted to national nature reserves, leaving little optimism for their future.

4. More broadly, this research demonstrates that recovering information from local historical documents can be a useful and reliable way to overcome the limits caused by lack of data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co‐expression of mouse TMEM63A, TMEM63B and TMEM63C confers hyperosmolarity activated ion currents in HEK293 cells
Authors: Zhao Xin , Yan Xiaojuan , Liu Yuanhu , Zhang Ping , Ni Xin
Published: April 2016

Osmoreception is essential for systemic osmoregulation, a process to stabilize the tonicity and volume of the extracellular fluid through regulating the ingestive behaviour, sympathetic outflow and renal function. The sensation of osmotic changes by osmoreceptor neurons is mediated by ion channels that detect the change of osmolarity in extracellular fluid. However, the molecular identity of these channels remains mysterious. AtCSC1and OSCA1,two closely related paralogues from Arabidopsis, have been demonstrated to form hyperosmolarity activated ion channels, which makes their mammalian orthologues—the members of TMEM63 proteins, possible candidates for osmoreceptor transduction channel. To test this possibility, we cloned the cDNAs of all the three members of the mouse TMEM63 family, TMEM63A, TMEM63B and TMEM63C from the mRNA from mouse brain. When all of the three subtypes of TMEM63 proteins were co‐expressed in HEK293 cells, we recorded membrane currents evoked by hypertonic stimulation in these cells. However, the cells expressing the combinations of any two subtypes of TMEM63 proteins could not exhibit any hyperosmolarity evoked currents. Thus, all the three members of TMEM63 proteins are required to constitute a hyperosmolarity activated ion channel. We propose that the TMEM63 proteins may serve as an osmolarity sensitive ion channel for the osmoreception. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect Of Alternative Unconventional Irrigation Water on Soil Properties, Fruit Yield and Quality, and Microbial Safety in Date Palm
Authors: Aleid S.M. , Sallam A.A. , Shahin M.M.
Published: April 2016

The long‐term effects of using alternative unconventional irrigation water sources on soil properties, productivity, fruit quality and microbial safety of three date palm cultivars (Khalas, Sheshi and Ruzeiz) at ripening stage in Al‐Ahsa,Saudi Arabia, were evaluated. The investigated waters were groundwater (GW), groundwater/agricultural drainage water (GW + DW), groundwater/tertiary‐treated wastewater (GW + TTWW) and groundwater/agricultural drainage water/tertiary‐treated wastewater (GW + DW + TTWW). There was a marked increase in soil‐soluble cations with increasing depth in all soils irrigated with examined irrigation waters. GW + DW had the greatest adverse effect on soil elemental composition, GW + DW + TTWW and GW + TTWW contained the highest heavy metal concentrations. The GW + DW + TTWW, GW + TTWW and GW + DW increased Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co., Cd, Pb, As and Ni heavy metals in soils compared to the soil irrigated with GW. The highest means of bunch weight, fruit weight and sugar contents were recorded when GW was used. Palms that were irrigated with GW + TTWW had the next highest values, whereas GW was superior in yield per palm. The contamination levels of spoilage microorganisms (yeasts, moulds and aerobic mesophilic bacteria) were within an acceptable level and did not exceed the limit of 102 cfu g−1. None of the date samples showed a detectable level of contamination by potential pathogens (coliforms). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical properties improvement of montmorillonite‐filled isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites by β‐modification
Authors: Dai Xin , Zhang Zishou , Chen Chunyan , Ding Qian , Li Mei , Mai Kancheng
Published: April 2016

To investigate the effect of β‐crystallization on mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) nanocomposites, montmorillonite (MMT)‐filled α‐iPP and β‐iPP nanocomposites were prepared by MMT with α‐ and β‐nucleating surface, respectively. The polymorphic composition, mechanical properties and fracture morphologies of α‐MMT and β‐MMT filled iPP nanocomposites were compared and the exfoliation of MMT in the iPP matrix were investigated. It is found that the tensile modulus, yield strength, and flexural properties of β‐MMT filled iPP nanocomposites are higher than those of β‐iPP and the impact strength of β‐MMT filled iPP nanocomposites is higher than those of both β‐iPP and α‐iPP nanocomposites. The impact strength increases with increasing of the β‐crystal content. However, the β‐crystal content has little influence on the tensile and flexural properties of β‐MMT filled iPP nanocomposites. Compared with α‐MMT, the exfoliation of β‐MMT in iPP as well as interfacial adhesion between MMT and iPP are improved. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E412–E420, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Structures and high fluorescence of novel nanocomposites of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/Tb(III) prepared at different pHs
Authors: Li Qing‐Yong , Ye Jun , Xiong Jian , Abidi Noureddine
Published: April 2016

Lanthanide metal complexes as novel luminescent metal‐organic frameworks with potential application such as probes, sensors and labels, have greatly been developed. This paper presents novel nanocomposites by reacting terbium salt with the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) at different pHs, Which were characterized by SEM, TEM, FTIR, XPS, WAXD, GPC, UV‐Vis, and PL. The results show that Tb3+ ions react with O of COO‐, ‐OH, and ‐COC on NaCMC. The morphologies of these nanocomposites showed spheroidal‐like with the size around 100 nm at around neutral pH, but show rod‐like and band‐like around 100 nm in width and about 500 nm in length at pH = 11 and 12. They emit bright green characteristic fluorescence of Tb3+ under ultraviolet light due to the antenna effect when NaCMC transfer the energy efficiently to the Tb ions around neutral pHs. However, at higher pH, they show weaker fluorescence intensity in spite of strong crystalline because abundant Na+ are involved in them and affected the efficiency of energy transfer between NaCMC and Tb3+. These nanocomposites could find potential biological applications base on their fluorescent and biodegradable properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E498–E507, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Ongoing developments in meta‐analytic and quantitative synthesis methods: Broadening the types of research questions that can be addressed
Authors: O'Mara‐Eves Alison , Thomas James
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this paper is to outline ongoing developments in meta‐analytic methods and quantitative approaches to synthesising evidence. We discuss the increased awareness by meta‐analysts of the need for methods which better grapple with complex social contexts, and meta‐analysts’ responses to the increasing informational needs of review audiences by developing methods are that are more fit for purpose and fit for use than their predecessors. Models of meta‐analysis that we cover include both aggregative (e.g., classical meta‐analysis) and configurative approaches (including subgroup analyses, meta‐regression and multilevel analyses, multiple outcome analyses, and network meta‐analysis). We then consider the role of additional data sources and multi‐method approaches to synthesis by focusing on mixed methods synthesis, the use of largescale datasets and individual participant data, and qualitative comparative analysis. We highlight key issues for meta‐analysis in educational research (publication bias and interpreting meta‐analytic results). We end with reflections on the relation between meta‐analytic methods and theory, and a discussion of how meta‐analysis in education can move forward. Throughout, we place a particular emphasis on the importance of using a method that is appropriate for the research question, and how emerging methods allow us to address a broader range of research questions.
Context and Implications Document for: Ongoing developments in meta‐analytic and quantitative synthesis methods: Broadening the types of research questions that can be addressed
Authors: O'Mara‐Eves Alison , Thomas James
Published: April 2016

This guide accompanies the following article: Alison O'Mara‐Eves and James Thomas, Ongoing developments in meta‐analytic and quantitative synthesis methods: Broadening the types of research questions that can be addressed, Review of Education, DOI:10.1002/rev3.3062
Testing the theory of relative dependency from an evolutionary perspective: higher dependencies concentration in smaller modules over the lifetime of software products
Authors: Bian Yixin , Parande Mohammed Aziz , Koru Gunes , Zhao Song
Published: April 2016

Recent studies conducted on the single releases of multiple software products showed that dependencies concentrate on smaller modules, that is, smaller modules have more dependencies per source line of code. This phenomenon, called the Theory of Relative Dependency, explains why some earlier studies reported that smaller modules were proportionally more defect prone. It is important to test the Theory of Relative Dependency from multiple perspectives so that it can be used as an explanatory argument when garnering organizational support to give a higher quality assurance (QA) priority to smaller modules. In this study, we test the validity of this theory from an evolutionary perspective by examining the consecutive releases of a number of software products. Dependencies do concentrate over smaller modules regardless of the product age. Furthermore, continuous refactoring efforts are associated with increasing concentration of dependencies on smaller modules over product lifetime. Based on the consistent results, software managers and developers should consider giving a higher QA priority to smaller modules over the lifetime of a software product. In the projects where refactoring is adopted continuously, the QA priority on smaller modules should be further increased as the software product ages. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding SPI in small organizations: a study of Mexican software enterprises
Authors: Espinosa‐Curiel Ismael Edrein , Rodríguez‐Jacobo Josefina , Fernández‐Zepeda José Alberto
Published: April 2016

Software process improvement (SPI) has become one of the main strategies employed by small software enterprises to reduce their development costs or to increase the quality of their products and their development speed. Recent studies show that many small organizations still struggle to implement SPI initiatives successfully. One of the main problems with small organizations is that they usually lack the knowledge and practical experience about the human, social, and organizational phenomena associated with SPI initiatives and their effects. The objective of this paper is to present a grounded action research study that investigated SPI initiatives conducted by 10 Mexican small enterprises. The main product of this study is an initial theoretical framework that attempts to explain the effects of SPI initiatives in small organizations. We concluded that SPI initiatives affect organizational elements (i.e., structure, culture, organizational climate, projects) and human resources (i.e., employees and managers), and vice versa, and these elements are highly interrelated. Therefore, small enterprises need comprehensive SPI strategies that consider, in an integrated way, changes in processes, organizational elements, and human resources. SPI practitioners can use the results of this study to define more efficient and effective strategies to implement SPI initiatives in small organizations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluations of perestroika in post-Soviet Central Asia: Public views in contemporary Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Dadabaev Timur
Published: April 2016

This paper suggests that the different and sometimes contradictory public narratives of perestroika constitute an essential part of understanding the expectations of people regarding perestroika and their evaluation in the post-perestroika years. These narratives also underline the notion that post-Soviet governments have been unable to consolidate new constructs of memory with respect to perestroika. Historical construction regarding the pre-perestroika years of the Soviet administration in most of the post-Soviet Central Asian (CA) countries is conducted along the ideological lines associated with the post–independence years in each of the republics.
Actitudes y valoraciones de los médicos residentes sobre la especialidad de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública
Authors: Latasa Pello , Reques Laura , Gil-Borrelli Christian Carlo
Published: April 2016

Introducción: El objetivo del trabajo es explorar las actitudes y valoraciones de los médicos internos residentes de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública sobre su proceso formativo en España.
Método: Estudio cualitativo mediante grupos focales. Se realizaron 2 grupos focales de 6 médicos internos residentes pertenecientes a 8 unidades docentes, contando con moderador participante y observador externo. Las actitudes y valoraciones de los residentes se estructuraron en 7 ámbitos temáticos (motivaciones de elección de especialidad, expectativas, lugares de rotación, Curso Superior de Salud Pública, problemas de la formación, satisfacción y aspectos de mejora). Se realizó un análisis del discurso en categorías en función del tiempo de debate y la coincidencia de opinión entre los participantes.
Resultados: La amplitud y diversidad de contenidos de la especialidad constituye un aliciente y motivo de satisfacción de los residentes, sin embargo el perfil de profesional del programa formativo no se alinea con las demandas del mercado laboral. Se resaltó la necesidad de formación complementaria en habilidades comunicativas y mayor trabajo de campo, la falta de flexibilidad docente y la existencia de desigualdades formativas y retributivas. Se apuntó la necesidad de posibilitar una mayor flexibilidad formativa, crear nuevos acuerdos entre unidades docentes y dispositivos de formación, aumentar la transparencia y fomentar el trabajo de campo, así como la investigación para la acción y el cambio.
Conclusiones: A pesar de que existe una satisfacción general con la especialidad, los residentes subrayan problemas y aspectos de mejora de los programas formativos de la especialidad.
Arty choke: a response
Authors: Harvey Alice
Published: April 2016

Definitions, uses and management of ephemera are explored in this article, a response to the pioneering ‘Arty choke: acquisition and ephemera’ by Nik Pollard, published in the 1977 winter issue of Art Libraries Journal. The author, in conversation with the Librarian of the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, discusses key ideas put forward in the original text and assess their relevance in relation to current art ephemera collections in UK libraries.
Development and Progress as Historical Phenomena in Tanzania: “Maendeleo? We Had That in the Past”
Authors: Ahearne Robert M.
Published: April 2016

Academic discussions of development continue to grow, yet critical engagements with communities affected by development interventions remain limited. Drawing from life history interviews conducted in southern Tanzania, this article details the varied experiences of development interventions among older people and how these affect broader understandings of progress. Many juxtapose their negative views ofujamaavillagization with more positive recollections of previous interventions (especially the Groundnut Scheme), which are infused with what is described here as “development nostalgia.” Perceptions of the past clearly inform the social, political, and economic aspirations forwarded today, with the richness of the constructed narratives adding further nuance to existing depictions of Tanzanian historiography.
Hierarchies and Dignity: A Confucian Communitarian Approach
Authors: Kennedy Jessica A. , Kim Tae Wan , Strudler Alan
Published: April 2016

We discuss workers’ dignity in hierarchical organizations. First, we explain why a conflict exists between high-ranking individuals’ authority and low-ranking individuals’ dignity. Then, we ask whether there is any justification that reconciles hierarchical authority with the dignity of workers. We advance a communitarian justification for hierarchical authority, drawing upon Confucianism, which provides that workers can justifiably accept hierarchical authority when it enables a certain type of social functioning critical for the good life of workers and other involved parties. The Confucian communitarian perspective shows that promoting workers’ good life or well-being is an important condition for protecting their dignity.
Global Health, Human Rights and the Challenge of Neoliberal Policies
Authors: Chapman Audrey R.
Published: April 2016

Written by a respected authority on human rights and public health, this book delivers an in-depth review of the challenges of neoliberal models and policies for realizing the right to health. The author expertly explores the integration of social determinants into the right to health along with the methodologies and findings of social medicine and epidemiology. The author goes on to challenge the way that health care is currently provided and makes the case that achieving universal health coverage will require fundamental health systems reforms.
Caring Capitalism
Authors: Barman Emily
Published: April 2016

Companies are increasingly championed for their capacity to solve social problems. Yet what happens when such goods as water, education, and health are sold by companies - rather than donated by nonprofits - to the disadvantaged and when the pursuit of mission becomes entangled with the pursuit of profit? In Caring Capitalism, Emily Barman answers these important questions, showing how the meaning of social value in an era of caring capitalism gets mediated by the work of 'value entrepreneurs' and the tools they create to gauge companies' social impact. By shedding light on these pivotal actors and the cultural and material contexts in which they operate, Caring Capitalism accounts for the unexpected consequences of this new vision of the market for the pursuit of social value. Proponents and critics of caring capitalism alike will find the book essential reading.
War and Society in Early Rome
Authors: Armstrong Jeremy
Published: April 2016

This book combines the rich, but problematic, literary tradition for early Rome with the ever-growing archaeological record to present a new interpretation of early Roman warfare and how it related to the city's various social, political, religious, and economic institutions. Largely casting aside the anachronistic assumptions of late republican writers like Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, it instead examines the general modes of behaviour evidenced in both the literature and the archaeology for the period and attempts to reconstruct, based on these characteristics, the basic form of Roman society and then to 're-map' that on to the extant tradition. It will be important for scholars and students studying many aspects of Roman history and warfare, but particularly the history of the regal and republican periods.
Ethnicity and International Law
Authors: Shahabuddin Mohammad
Published: April 2016

Ethnicity and International Law presents an historical account of the impact of ethnicity on the making of international law. The development of international law since the nineteenth century is characterised by the inherent tension between the liberal and conservative traditions of dealing with what might be termed the 'problem' of ethnicity. The present-day hesitancy of liberal international law to engage with ethnicity in ethnic conflicts and ethnic minorities has its roots in these conflicting philosophical traditions. In international legal studies, both the relevance of ethnicity, and the traditions of understanding it, lie in this fact.
Gynaecology: Evidence-Based Algorithms
Authors: Pundir Jyotsna , Coomarasamy Arri
Published: April 2016

Clinical research has produced a continuous stream of evidence-based guidelines to guide practice in gynaecology. The guidelines are often widely scattered: this book brings together the essential guidelines in one comprehensive resource. The primary focus is on Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and other UK national guidelines; however, many chapters contain a 'Guideline Comparator' box carrying information from important international guidelines. Where there are no UK guidelines, information based on international guidelines is provided; where any guidelines do not exist, available evidence and accepted norms of practice based on expert opinion are detailed. Several chapters also contain a 'what not to do' box, which should act as a source of rich debate. To assist those studying for postgraduate examinations - such as MRCOG - the information is presented in schematic flowcharts, representing a step-by-step method of approaching clinical problems and providing an easy-to-use learning resource.
Governing with Words
Authors: Gillion Daniel Q.
Published: April 2016

Rather than considering political discussions and rhetoric as symbolic, inconsequential forms of politics, Governing with Words conceptualizes them as forms of government action that can shape institutions and societal norms. Daniel Q. Gillion refers to this theory as 'discursive governance'. Federal politicians' statements about racial and ethnic minority concerns aid the passage of minority public policies and improve individual lifestyle behaviors. Unfortunately, most of the American public continues to disapprove of politicians' rhetoric that highlights race. The book argues that addressing racial and ethnic inequality continues to be a tug-of-war between avoiding the backlash of the majority in this nation while advocating for minority interests. Even though this paradox looms over politicians' discussions of race, race-conscious political speech, viewed in its entirety, is the mechanism by which marginalized groups find a place in the democratic process. Such race-conscious discussions, the book argues, have ramifications both within and outside of government.
Global Deforestation
Authors: Runyan Christiane , D'Odorico Paolo
Published: April 2016

Global Deforestation provides a concise but comprehensive examination of the variety of ways in which deforestation modifies environmental processes, as well as the societal implications of these changes. The book stresses how forest ecosystems may be prone to nearly irreversible degradation. To prevent the loss of important biophysical and socioeconomic functions, forests need to be adequately managed and protected against the increasing demand for agricultural land and forest resources. The book describes the spatial extent of forests, and provides an understanding of the past and present drivers of deforestation. It presents a theoretical background to understand the impacts of deforestation on biodiversity, hydrological functioning, biogeochemical cycling, and climate. It bridges the physical and biological sciences with the social sciences by examining economic impacts and socioeconomic drivers of deforestation. This book will appeal to advanced students, researchers and policymakers in environmental science, ecology, forestry, hydrology, plant science, ecohydrology, and environmental economics.
ASEAN Environmental Legal Integration
Authors: Koh Kheng-Lian , Robinson Nicholas , Lye Lin Heng
Published: April 2016

While the environmental performance of most ASEAN member states is above the world average, ASEAN nations will continue to face growing environmental challenges due to pressures exerted on them such as population growth, urbanization and industrialization. The authors of this book look at how the member states of ASEAN employ law as a means of regional integration within the context of environmental conservation. While the goal of new laws is to implement sustainable development, it continues to be an ongoing adaptive process, since clear and immediate answers to environmental challenges are rarely available. Readers of this book will gain a clear idea of the evolving cooperation for sustainability within ASEAN at regional and global levels, and the areas of focus for the future. The book will be of interest to policy and decision makers, as well as environmental organizations and academics in the field.
Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Concomitant Contamination of Air and Environmental Surfaces
Authors: Shimose Luis A. , Masuda Eriko , Sfeir Maroun , Berbel Caban Ana , Bueno Maria X. , dePascale Dennise , Spychala Caressa N. , Cleary Timothy , Namias Nicholas , Kett Daniel H. , Doi Yohei , Munoz-Price L. Silvia
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE

To concomitantly determine the differential degrees of air and environmental contamination by Acinetobacter baumannii based on anatomic source of colonization and type of ICU layout (single-occupancy vs open layout).

DESIGN

Longitudinal prospective surveillance study of air and environmental surfaces in patient rooms.

SETTING

A 1,500-bed public teaching hospital in Miami, Florida.

PATIENTS

Consecutive A. baumannii–colonized patients admitted to our ICUs between October 2013 and February 2014.

METHODS

Air and environmental surfaces of the rooms of A. baumannii–colonized patients were sampled daily for up to 10 days. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to type and match the matching air, environmental, and clinical A. baumannii isolates.

RESULTS

A total of 25 A. baumannii–colonized patients were identified during the study period; 17 were colonized in the respiratory tract and 8 were colonized in the rectum. In rooms with rectally colonized patients, 38.3% of air samples were positive for A. baumannii; in rooms of patients with respiratory colonization, 13.1% of air samples were positive (P=.0001). In rooms with rectally colonized patients, 15.5% of environmental samples were positive for A. baumannii; in rooms of patients with respiratory colonization, 9.5% of environmental samples were positive (P=.02). The rates of air contamination in the open-layout and single-occupancy ICUs were 17.9% and 21.8%, respectively (P=.5). Environmental surfaces were positive in 9.5% of instances in open-layout ICUs versus 13.4% in single-occupancy ICUs (P=.09).

CONCLUSIONS

Air and environmental surface contaminations were significantly greater among rectally colonized patients; however, ICU layout did not influence the rate of contamination.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:777–781
Stochastic fluid structure interaction of three-dimensional plates facing a uniform flow
Authors: Cadot O.
Published: April 2016

An experiment on a flat rectangular plate facing a uniform flow at $Re=264\,000$ shows the importance of the base pressure loading on the asymmetric static modes of the turbulent wake. The plate is free to rotate around its short symmetry axis. For plates with aspect ratio ${\it\kappa}<6$, the angular position exhibits strong random discontinuities between steady states of non-zero angles. The steady states have long time durations, more than one order of magnitude greater than the convective time scale. The discontinuities, comparable to rare and violent events, are due to strong fluid forces associated with a drastic global change of the three-dimensional wake – mainly the switching between the static asymmetric modes. A clear transition occurs at ${\it\kappa}=6$, for which the angular fluctuations are minimum, leading for ${\it\kappa}>6$ to a classical fluid structure interaction with periodic fluctuations. The transition is supported by a recent global stability analysis of rectangular fixed plates in the laminar regime.
Transitional structures in annular Poiseuille flow depending on radius ratio
Authors: Ishida Takahiro , Duguet Yohann , Tsukahara Takahiro
Published: April 2016

The transitional regime of incompressible pressure-driven flows inside an annular pipe is investigated using accurate direct numerical simulation in long computational domains. At marginally low friction Reynolds number$Re_{{\it\tau}}$, turbulence occurs in the form of intermittent localised structures. Different types of localisation are identified as the aspect ratio is varied from${\it\eta}=0.8$to$0.1$. These coherent structures vary from helical turbulence at${\it\eta}=0.8$to streamwise-localised puffs at${\it\eta}=0.1$. They are respectively analogous to the stripe patterns and puffs formerly identified in plane channel flow and cylindrical pipe flow. Helical turbulence has been tracked down to${\it\eta}=0.3$, accompanied by a monotonic reduction of the pitch angle. For${\it\eta}=0.3$and marginally low$Re_{{\it\tau}}$, these turbulence structures localise in the streamwise direction, giving rise to a new regime of helical puffs with chirality. The present results suggest that helical puffs mediate the transition from globally axisymmetric puffs to helical stripe patterns.
Psychometric Properties of a Portuguese Version of the Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory
Authors: Neto Félix
Published: April 2016

Sociosexuality refers to the propensity to engage in sexual relations without closeness or commitment, varying from a restricted to an unrestricted orientation. The aim of this research was to scrutinise the psychometric properties of a Portuguese version of the revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-R; Penke & Asendorpf, 2008). The study included 549 persons (50% women) aged 18–75 years (M = 38.73; SD = 17.77). The psychometric properties of the SOI-R were analysed by means of confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, and validity. Confirmatory factor analysis showed the expected three-factor structure of the measure. The SOI-R presented adequate internal consistency. Women were less unrestricted than men in all facets of sociosexuality. This Portuguese version of the SOI-R seems to be reliable and valid for evaluating sociosexuality in a Portuguese-speaking population, and can be utilised for experimental and applied works. The significance and limitations of the results are discussed.
Learning from the Battlefield: Information, Domestic Politics, and Interstate War Duration
Authors: Weisiger Alex
Published: April 2016

What drives leaders’ decisions about whether to continue or end an ongoing war? The private information explanation for war holds that leaders fight because they believe that doing so will advance national interests, and they settle hostilities when new information reduces their optimism about the possibility of long-term success. Yet significant theoretical disagreement exists about both the extent to which and the manner in which new information, especially battlefield information, promotes settlement. This article unpacks the logic of the informational mechanism, arguing that settlement will be more likely when there has been more extensive fighting and that countries are more likely to make concessions to end wars when battlefield results have deteriorated; short-term spikes in war intensity by contrast do not promote settlement. Moreover, building on work on leadership turnover and settlement, I show that leader replacement is sometimes part of the information-updating process, especially in autocracies: new leaders without political ties to the person in power at the start of the war are more likely both to come to power when war is going poorly and to end wars once in office. Tests of these arguments make use of new participant-level data on the timing of battle deaths for all Correlates of War interstate wars, which allows me to examine the effects of changing battlefield developments across a wide range of cases in a manner that was previously impossible.
Determinants of spring barley yield in a high-yield potential environment
Authors: KENNEDY S. P. , BINGHAM I. J. , SPINK J. H.
Published: April 2016

The literature suggests that grain number largely determines and as such limits yield in barley. Many of the reported studies were conducted in relatively low-yielding environments and it is unclear if grain number is also a limiting factor in high-yield potential climates. Nor is it known with certainty what physiological or morphological traits must be targeted in order to increase grain number. A detailed programme of assessments was carried out on replicated field plots of a two-row spring barley variety (Hordeum vulgare L. cvar Quench) at three sites (Carlow, Wexford and Cork) in Ireland from 2011 to 2013. Plots were managed for high yield potential as per current best farm practice. Destructive sampling and in-field assessments were carried out at approximately weekly intervals from emergence onwards to gather growth, development and yield component data. Across nine site/seasons, grand means of 8·52 t/ha for yield, 18 419 for grain number/m2 and 46·41 mg for mean grain weight were achieved. Grain number/m2 accounted for most of the variation in yield and ear number/m2 accounted for most of the variation in grain number/m2. Early-season maximum shoot number/m2 had little influence on harvest ear number/m2. The period over which final ear number was determined was more flexible than the literature suggests, where the phases of tiller production and senescence varied considerably. Significant post-anthesis re-tillering occurred following the initial phase of shoot mortality at two out of nine site/seasons, but this appeared to contribute little to yield. Yield was positively associated with the proportion of shoots surviving from an early season maximum to a mid-season minimum (R2 = 0·62). Shoot size and weight at the beginning of stem extension had the largest influence on shoot survival, indicating that crop condition and hence growth and development pre-stem extension may be more important for shoot survival than growth and development during the stem extension period. Achieving high shoot numbers of adequate size and weight at the beginning of stem extension may be an appropriate target for establishing a high-yield potential crop.
All non-indigenous species were introduced recently? The case study of Cassiopea (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in Brazilian waters
Authors: Morandini André C. , Stampar Sergio N. , Maronna Maximiliano M. , Da Silveira Fábio L.
Published: April 2016

Upside-down jellyfish (genus Cassiopea) can be found in tropical coastal waters worldwide. Until now reports of the genus from Brazilian waters have been scant. We report here medusae and scyphistomae collected from Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro state. Although we could not unambiguously identify the material using morphological criteria, genetic sequence data (COI) indicate that the Brazilian jellyfishes are genetically similar to those from Bermuda, Hawaii and Florida, which are related to specimens from the Red Sea (Cassiopea andromeda). We hypothesize that the presence of C. andromeda in Brazil is due to an invasion event, as the scyphistomae were found growing over the known invasive ascidian Styela plicata. Estimation of divergence time between Brazil (Cabo Frio) and Florida/Bermuda populations is that it occurred at the beginning of ship movement to South America.
Explaining premunition with Kin selection using Haemonchus contortus
Authors: KETZIS JENNIFER K. , FOGARTY ELIZABETH A. , MARTTINI KARYNA , BOWMAN DWIGHT D.
Published: April 2016

Premunition is the state in a disease where an existing infection protects the host from reinfection with the same species. The cause of premunition is not clearly understood. In this study, we hypothesized that kin-selection might be a contributing factor in premunition. To test this theory, sheep were infected either once with a linguiform or smooth vulval morphotype of Haemonchos contortus, twice with the same morphotype or twice with different morphotypes. All infections resulted in a similar number of adult parasites. However, there were differences in the morphotypes recovered providing potential evidence of kin selection. Negative interference competition might also contribute to the reduction of the incoming population. Allelopathic or physical interactions between the parasites may be the mechanism behind the observed phenomena.