bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Will genotype drive treatment options?
Authors: Brüggemann Norbert , Klein Christine
Published: April 2019

Individual genetic variation can have a major impact on the clinical manifestation of a movement disorder and its response to treatment. Advances in gene discovery and increasing availability of diagnostic genetic testing have led to the identification of a growing number of patients with well‐defined hereditary movement disorders. Establishing a genetic diagnosis may greatly impact patient counseling and shape therapeutic decisions. Further, assignment of a movement disorder to a specific genetic defect holds promise for the development of causal treatment approaches and individualized therapies, especially as the first gene‐targeted approaches have recently entered clinical trials. However, important gaps remain, that is, genetic testing results are often inconclusive, gene‐specific treatment options are still exceedingly rare, and designing clinical trials to demonstrate disease modification continues to pose a major challenge. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A new bi‐fidelity model reduction method for Bayesian inverse problems
Authors: Ou Na , Jiang Lijian , Lin Guang
Published: April 2019

This work presents a new bi‐fidelity model reduction approach to the inverse problem under the framework of Bayesian inference. A low‐rank approximation is introduced to the solution of the corresponding forward problem and admits a variable‐separation form in terms of stochastic basis functions and physical basis functions. The calculation of stochastic basis functions is computationally predominant for the low‐rank expression. To significantly improve the efficiency of constructing the low‐rank approximation, we propose a bi‐fidelity model reduction based on a novel variable‐separation method, where a low‐fidelity model is used to compute the stochastic basis functions and a high‐fidelity model is used to compute the physical basis functions. The low‐fidelity model has lower accuracy but efficient to evaluate compared with the high‐fidelity model; it accelerates the derivative of recursive formulation for the stochastic basis functions. The high‐fidelity model is computed in parallel for a few samples scattered in the stochastic space when we construct the high‐fidelity physical basis functions. The required number of forward model simulations in constructing the basis functions is very limited. The bi‐fidelity model can be constructed efficiently while retaining good accuracy simultaneously. In the proposed approach, both the stochastic basis functions and physical basis functions are calculated using the model information. This implies that a few basis functions may accurately represent the model solution in high‐dimensional stochastic spaces. The bi‐fidelity model reduction is applied to Bayesian inverse problems to accelerate posterior exploration. A few numerical examples in time‐fractional derivative diffusion models are carried out to identify the smooth field and channel‐structured field in porous media in the framework of Bayesian inverse problems.
Cribra orbitalia: Dissecting an ill‐defined phenomenon
Authors: Cole Garrard , Waldron Tony
Published: April 2019

Cribra orbitalia has been the subject of much discussion since first described in the late 19th century. In particular, its relationship to porotic hyperostosis, anaemia, and malaria has been considered on many occasions. We have examined historical, embryological, developmental, anatomical, and pathological data to try to determine the significance of cribra. We conclude that three separate conditions have been included under this rubric: simple orbital porosity (cribra orbitalia sensu strictu), which is a normal developmental variant; deposits of periosteal new bone on the orbital roof; and an extensive inflammatory enlargement of the inner face of the orbital roof. These final two classes are pathological conditions that lead to a convex appearance of the orbital roof. In contradiction to authors treating cribra orbitalia as a precursor to porotic hyperostosis, we conclude that there is no evidence that the two are causally related. Consequently, cribra orbitalia sensu strictu should not be used as a surrogate for either anaemia or malaria.
Cholera‐schistosomiasis coinfection dynamics
Authors: Okosun K.O. , Khan M.A. , Bonyah E. , Okosun O.O.
Published: April 2019

The present work investigates the coinfection dynamics of the cholera and schistosomiasis diseases. The steady states of the model are examined. We obtain results for the model in detail and present the stability results whenever the basic reproduction number is less than unity (
). For each submodel, the existence of backward bifurcation is presented and for the coinfection model. Furthermore, we formulate an optimal control problem with an appropriate set of control variables. The optimal control problem and the associated results are derived and discussed. The optimal control problem and the suggested controls are utilized to obtain optimal control characterizations. Numerical results are presented by choosing various optimal control strategies for the early elimination of both infections from the population. It is suggested that appropriate uses and application to the population could significantly reduce the infection. Therefore, based on our findings, we suggest to the public health department that the only possible cost‐effective strategy for the elimination of schistosomiasis and cholera coinfection is the combination of both diseases' preventive measures and the treatment of schistosomiasis.
Infant mortality in mid‐19th century Amsterdam: Religion, social class, and space
Authors: Ekamper Peter , van Poppel Frans
Published: April 2019

This study uses a unique historical GIS dataset compiled from birth, death, and population register records for infants born in the city of Amsterdam in 1851 linked to micro‐level spatial data on housing, infrastructure, and health care. Cox's proportional hazards models and the concept of egocentric neighbourhoods were used to analyse the effects of various sociodemographic characteristics, residential environment, water supply, and health‐care variables on infant mortality and stillbirth. The analyses confirm the favourable position of the Jewish population with respect to infant mortality as found in other studies and show the unfavourable position of orthodox Protestant minorities. Infant mortality rate differences are much smaller between social classes than between religions. The exact role of housing and neighbourhood conditions vis‐a‐vis infant mortality is still unclear; however, we ascertained that effects of environmental conditions are more pronounced in later stages of infancy and less important in the early stages of infancy.
High‐order sliding‐mode observer–based input‐output linearization
Authors: Ferreira de Loza A. , Fridman L. , Aguilar L. T. , Iriarte R.
Published: April 2019

The problem of output control in multiple‐input–multiple‐output nonlinear systems is addressed. A high‐order sliding‐mode observer is used to estimate the states of the system and identify the discrepancy between the nominal model and the real plant. The exact and finite‐time estimation may be tackled as long as the system presents the algebraic strong observability property. Thus, a continuous robust input‐output linearization strategy can be obtained with respect to a prescribed output. As a consequence, the closed‐loop dynamics performs robustly to uncertainties/perturbations. To illustrate the advantages of the proposed method, we introduce a study case that demands a robust linear system behavior: the self‐oscillations induced in an underactuated mechanical system through a two‐relay controller. Experiments with an inertial wheel pendulum illustrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Molecular and morphological characterization of new interspecific hybrids of alstroemeria originated from A. caryophylleae scented lines
Authors: Aros D. , Suazo M. , Rivas C. , Zapata P. , Úbeda C. , Bridgen M.
Published: April 2019

Alstroemeriais a genus native to South America from which many varieties of ornamental plants have been developed and introduced into the market. Interspecific hybridization followed by embryo rescue has been one of the most common breeding techniques to obtain new varieties. This study was aimed at obtaining alstroemeria hybrids through interspecific crosses using novel scented parental lines and assessing these hybrids. A total of 3669 embryos were rescued, from which 18 flowering plants were morphologically evaluated. Flower stem length ranged from 25 (14E07) to 83 cm (14A11) and most of the flowers showed pink/white colors with stripes over the inner tepals. Only 3 hybrids were perceived as scented and one of them (14E08) was evaluated through GC-MS analysis, detecting 9 VOCs, all of them monoterpenes. Molecular analysis using RAPD markers clustered two main groups: (A) hybrids withA. pelegrinaas parental line and (B) hybrids coming from the crossing UC05 × C3 and its reciprocal. Moreover through this analysis was possible to subcluster hybrids coming from different seasons. A protocol for obtaining alstroemeria hybrids was successfully developed for this species using molecular and phenotypic evaluation to provide information about their pedigree and to spot those traits which are attractive for the ornamental plant market.
Proterozoic Magnesian Feldspathic Magmatism in the Nallamalai Fold Belt, Southern India – Petrogenesis of Vellaturu-Ipuru-Nakerikallu (VIN) Arc Magmatic Granites, Eastern Dharwar Craton
Authors: Sai V. V. Sesha
Published: April 2019

Through extensive field studies substantiated by detailed petrographic, geochemical and mineral chemistry studies, a significant event of “Proterozoic magnesian feldspathic magmatism” is reported from the SE part of the Indian subcontinent. Three major granitoids i.e. Vellaturu, Ipuru and Nakerikallu (VIN) are emplaced along an NNE-SSW axis in the Proterozoic Nallamalai fold belt (NFB) in the Eastern Dharwar craton (EDC). The axis of emplacement of VIN granites represents a tectonic contact that is juxtaposed along the NE fringes of NFB and adjoining Precambrian accretionary terrain comprising of gneisses and amphibolites with intrusive granites in the northern part of the Nellore schist belt (NSB). Petrographically the VIN granitoids are biotite ± hornblende bearing with apatite and zircon as accessory phases. Exsolution texture is observed in the form of microcline microperthite intergrowth. In IUGS, QAP diagram the VIN granitoids essentially fall in granite - granodiorite field. Presence of mafic rich microgranitoid enclaves (MMEs) are prominently noticed in the VIN granitoids indicating magma mingling. These granitoids are deformed along their margins. Enclaves of quartzite of NFB and older amphibolites indicate the intrusive nature of VIN granitoids. Major oxide analyses indicate that the Mg# ranges from 43 to 56. Rare earth element studies reveal a general enrichment of LREE relative to HREE. Incompatible HFSE element studies indicate a significant Nb and Ti negative anomaly; characteristic of subduction zone magmatism. In Y + Nb vs Rb trace element tectonic discrimination diagram the granitic rocks of Nakerikallu, Ipuru and Vellaturu essentially fall in post-collisional granites (post-COLG) field. Based on the remarkable magnesian feldspathic character coupled with their emplacement in an arc magmatic tectonic setting, it is concluded that the VIN granitoids in the Proterozoic NFB, SE India; mark a significant event of “Proterozoic magnesian feldspathic magmatism” in the EDC.
Predictions of Gross Calorific Value of Indian Coals from their Moisture and Ash Content
Authors: Kumari Priya , Singh Ashok K. , Wood David A. , Hazra Bodhisatwa
Published: April 2019

India, the world’s third largest coal producing country, is expected to maintain strong dependency on coal for the coming few decades. The gross calorific value (GCV) of coal is a key yardstick for many end users purchasing coal from suppliers, as it provides a clear measure of the useful energy content of a coal. Several methods are available to predict GCV using either moisture content and/or ash yield or using entire proximate and ultimate coal analysis data. These correlations and machine learning prediction tools tend to be too complex and hence are of limited utility for the end-user. For Indian coals, the most widely used simple correlation, based only on moisture content and ash yield, proposed by Mazumdar (1954), is less applicable to the coals being mined today, which have higher ash yields. This and other existing correlations used to predict GCV of Indian coals from moisture content and ash yield is linear in nature. Here the application of non-unitary exponents to the ash yield and moisture content terms and introducing other non-linear terms to the equation to provide empirical correlations with improved prediction accuracy for local and national application is evaluated. This evaluation is achieved in Excel using its built-in optimizer “Solver” to evaluate a generic equation and optimize its coefficients when applied to a dataset of 756 coals from three Indian coal basins and to locally focused subsets of that dataset.
Association between prior somatic disease and 5-year relapse risk among 11,856 incident patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Köhler-Forsberg Ole , Sørensen Holger J. , Benros Michael E. , Petersen Liselotte , Gasse Christiane
Published: April 2019

Background:

Somatic diseases have been associated with an increased risk for subsequent schizophrenia; however, it is unknown whether prior somatic diseases negatively affect early treatment outcomes after a first-time schizophrenia diagnosis.

Methods:

We included all individuals born in Denmark after January 1st, 1977 and first-time diagnosed with schizophrenia between January 1st, 1996 and December 31st, 2015. We identified all life-time somatic hospital contacts and all prescriptions within the year before the first-time schizophrenia diagnosis and followed patients for up to five years regarding risk for schizophrenia (re)-hospitalization (relapse). We performed Cox regression analyses calculating hazard rate ratios (HRR) including 95%-confidence intervals (CI) and adjusted for relevant confounders.

Results:

We followed a total of 11,856 patients with a first-time schizophrenia diagnosis (58.7% male, mean age 23.1 (SD = 4.7) years) for 39,033 person-years, whereof 5506 (46.4%) had relapse with schizophrenia re-hospitalization during 5-year of follow-up. Somatic hospital contacts ever before (95.4%; HRR = 1.30; 95%-CI = 1.07–1.59), and specifically during the year before schizophrenia diagnosis (42.5%; HRR = 1.36; 95%-CI = 1.11–1.66) were associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia relapse as were a greater number of prior somatic hospital contacts (p < 0.001). Individuals with up to four different prescriptions for somatic medications showed a trend towards a slightly lower risk of relapse.

Conclusion:

Somatic diseases and health seeking patterns might have an impact on the course of schizophrenia, where severe somatic comorbidity, specifically during the year before first-time schizophrenia diagnosis, seem to negatively affect early treatment course, whereas previous somatic medication use may indicate a better compliance and help-seeking behavior.
General and domain‐specific cognitive reserve, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia risk in older women
Authors: Petkus Andrew J. , Resnick Susan M. , Rapp Stephen R. , Espeland Mark A. , Gatz Margaret , Widaman Keith F. , Wang Xinhui , Younan Diana , Casanova Ramon , Chui Helena , Barnard Ryan T. , Gaussoin Sarah , Goveas Joseph S. , Hayden Kathleen M. , Henderson Victor W. , Sachs Bonnie C. , Saldana Santiago , Shadyab Aladdin H. , Shumaker Sally A. , Chen Jiu‐Chiuan
Published: April 2019

Introduction

In a geographically diverse sample of women, we asked whether cognitive reserve (CR) is best viewed as a general or cognitive domain‐specific construct and whether some cognitive reserve domains but not others exert protective effects on risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia.

Methods

Estimates of general and domain‐specific CR were derived via variance decomposition in 972 cognitively intact women from the Women's Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging and Women's Health Memory Study Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Women were then followed up for 13 years.

Results

General CR was the strongest predictor of reduced risk for both MCI and dementia, compared to domain‐specific CR measures. Verbal memory, figural memory, and spatial CR were independently protective of MCI, but only verbal memory was independently associated with reduced risk for dementia.

Discussion

Cognitive reserve is a heterogenous construct with valid quantitative measures identifiable across different neuropsychological processes associated with MCI and dementia.
Nilsystems and ergodic averages along primes
Authors: EISNER TANJA
Published: April 2019

A celebrated result by Bourgain and Wierdl states that ergodic averages along primes converge almost everywhere for$L^{p}$-functions,$p>1$, with a polynomial version by Wierdl and Nair. Using an anti-correlation result for the von Mangoldt function due to Green and Tao, we observe everywhere convergence of such averages for nilsystems and continuous functions.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria on personal devices in hospital intensive care units: Molecular approaches to quantifying and describing changes in the bacterial community of personal mobile devices
Authors: Volkoff Savannah J. , McCumber Alexander W. , Anderson Deverick J. , Gunsch Claudia K.
Published: April 2019

Bacterial community composition and presence of antibiotic resistance genes (mecA,tetK, andvanA) on personal mobile devices (PMDs) of nurses in intensive care units (ICUs) were evaluated. Antibiotic resistance genes on PMDs decreased at the end of the shift, and a several microbial genera changed.
Ill posedness in modelling two-dimensional morphodynamic problems: effects of bed slope and secondary flow
Authors: Chavarrías Víctor , Schielen Ralph , Ottevanger Willem , Blom Astrid
Published: April 2019

A two-dimensional model describing river morphodynamic processes under mixed-size sediment conditions is analysed with respect to its well posedness. Well posedness guarantees the existence of a unique solution continuously depending on the problem data. When a model becomes ill posed, infinitesimal perturbations to a solution grow infinitely fast. Apart from the fact that this behaviour cannot represent a physical process, numerical simulations of an ill-posed model continue to change as the grid is refined. For this reason, ill-posed models cannot be used as predictive tools. One source of ill posedness is due to the simplified description of the processes related to vertical mixing of sediment. The current analysis reveals the existence of two additional mechanisms that lead to model ill posedness: secondary flow due to the flow curvature and the effect of gravity on the sediment transport direction. When parametrising secondary flow, accounting for diffusion in the transport of secondary flow intensity is a requirement for obtaining a well-posed model. When considering the theoretical amount of diffusion, the model predicts instability of perturbations that are incompatible with the shallow water assumption. The effect of gravity on the sediment transport direction is a necessary mechanism to yield a well-posed model, but not all closure relations to account for this mechanism are valid under mixed-size sediment conditions. Numerical simulations of idealised situations confirm the results of the stability analysis and highlight the consequences of ill posedness.
Accurate solution method for the Maxey–Riley equation, and the effects of Basset history
Authors: Prasath S. Ganga , Vasan Vishal , Govindarajan Rama
Published: April 2019

The Maxey–Riley equation has been extensively used by the fluid dynamics community to study the dynamics of small inertial particles in fluid flow. However, most often, the Basset history force in this equation is neglected. Analytical solutions have almost never been attempted because of the difficulty in handling an integro-differential equation of this type. Including the Basset force in numerical solutions of particulate flows involves storage requirements which rapidly increase in time. Thus the significance of the Basset history force in the dynamics has not been understood. In this paper, we show that the Maxey–Riley equation in its entirety can be exactly mapped as a forced, time-dependent Robin boundary condition of the one-dimensional diffusion equation, and solved using the unified transform method. We obtain the exact solution for a general homogeneous time-dependent flow field, and apply it to a range of physically relevant situations. In a particle coming to a halt in a quiescent environment, the Basset history force speeds up the decay as a stretched exponential at short time while slowing it down to a power-law relaxation, ${\sim}t^{-3/2}$, at long time. A particle settling under gravity is shown to relax even more slowly to its terminal velocity (${\sim}t^{-1/2}$), whereas this relaxation would be expected to take place exponentially fast if the history term were to be neglected. An important mechanism for the growth of raindrops is by the gravitational settling of larger drops through an environment of smaller droplets, and repeatedly colliding and coalescing with them. Using our solution we estimate that the rate of growth rate of a raindrop can be grossly overestimated when history effects are not accounted for. We solve exactly for particle motion in a plane Couette flow and show that the location (and final velocity) to which a particle relaxes is different from that due to Stokes drag alone. For a general flow, our approach makes possible a numerical scheme for arbitrary but smooth flows without increasing memory demands and with spectral accuracy. We use our numerical scheme to solve an example spatially varying flow of inertial particles in the vicinity of a point vortex. We show that the critical radius for caustics formation shrinks slightly due to history effects. Our scheme opens up a method for future studies to include the Basset history term in their calculations to spectral accuracy, without astronomical storage costs. Moreover, our results indicate that the Basset history can affect dynamics significantly.
Fluctuation of magnitude of wave loads for a long array of bottom-mounted cylinders
Authors: Zeng Xiaohui , Yu Fajun , Shi Min , Wang Qi
Published: April 2019

For wave loads on cylinders constituting a long but finite array in the presence of incident waves, variations in the magnitude of the load with the non-dimensional wavenumber exhibit interesting features. Towering spikes and nearby secondary peaks (troughs) associated with trapped modes have been studied extensively. Larger non-trapped regions other than these two are termed Region III in this study. Studies of Region III are rare. We find that fluctuations in Region III are regular; the horizontal distance between two adjacent local maximum/minimum points, termed fluctuation spacing, is constant and does not change with non-dimensional wavenumbers. Fluctuation spacing is related only to the total number of cylinders in the array, identification serial number of the cylinder concerned and wave incidence angle. Based on the interaction theory and constructive/destructive interference, we demonstrate that the fluctuation characteristics can be predicted using simple analytical formulae. The formulae for predicting fluctuation spacing and the abscissae of every peak and trough in Region III are proposed. We reveal the intrinsic mechanism of the fluctuation phenomenon. When the diffraction waves emitted from the cylinders at the ends of the array and the cylinder concerned interfere constructively/destructively, peaks/troughs are formed. The fluctuation phenomenon in Region III is related to solutions of inhomogeneous equations. By contrast, spikes and secondary peaks are associated with solutions of the eigenvalue problem. This study of Region III complements existing understanding of the characteristics of the magnitude of wave load. The engineering significances of the results are discussed as well.
Liability of Middleness Revisited: The Advantages for Mid-Sized Competitors in Renewable Natural Resource Industries
Authors: Cruz Alfonso , Reyes Tomas , Vassolo Roberto
Published: April 2019

Size is an important antecedent of firm survival, and several studies theoretically sustain and empirically support a ‘liability of middleness’. Indeed, it is widely believed that companies should act strategically to either become large or remain small and occupy a niche position, because mid-sized firms face the strongest market selection pressures. This study challenges that logic in renewable natural resource industries. Measuring size as product-line scale and firm-level portfolio breadth, we argue that in industries characterized by cost competition, the lack of product differentiation, large capital investments, and sharp price oscillation, scale and breadth have a curvilinear effect on survival thatfavorsmid-sized firms rather than penalizing them. An empirical analysis of the US pulp and paper (P&P) industry over the period 1970–2000 strongly supports our arguments. This study is particularly relevant for emerging economies, in which natural resource industries represent an important portion of the total economic activity.
Racism and the Pinkerton syndrome in Singapore: effects of race on hiring decisions
Authors: Chew Peter K. H. , Young Jessica L. , Tan Gerald P. K.
Published: April 2019

The aim of the study was to examine racism and the Pinkerton syndrome in Singapore. Specifically, the study examined the effects of race on hiring decisions in a simulated hiring decision task. Participants were 171 (61% males) Singaporean Chinese undergraduates from a private university in Singapore. They were randomly assigned into one of nine groups and asked to review a resume of a job applicant. The study used a 3 (Academic qualifications: strong, moderate, or weak) × 3 (Race: White, Chinese, or Malay) between-subjects design with perceived warmth, competence, applicant suitability and recommended salary as the dependent variables. The results showed that while Chinese participants discriminated against Malay applicants (racism), they discriminated in favor of White applicants (the Pinkerton syndrome). The results provided a potential explanation to the economic disparities between Malays and the other races, and first experimental evidence for racism and the Pinkerton syndrome in Singapore.
Public Reason: Mediated Authority in the Liberal State. By Fred M. Frohock. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999. 234p. $35.00.
Authors: Dzur Albert W.
Published: April 2019

The hope of ordering collective purposes through rational speech stretches back to the earliest historical attempts at theorizing political practice. Public reason has been a particularly prominent theme in political theory for the last decade and is central to discussions of deliberative democracy. Recent work on public reason is motivated by the belief that contemporary political procedures lack adequate norms and spaces for public engagement in intelligent, informative civic debate sensitive to deep differences in values. Fred Frohock's thought-provoking book covers much familiar ground, yet it also contributes a number of key ideas and a dose of realism to a research program now in a stage of self-criticism.
Unipolarity and the Middle East. By Birthe Hansen. New York: St. Martin's, 2000. 288p. $59.95. War, Institutions and Social Change in the Middle East. Edited by Steven Heydemann. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. 372p. $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper. “Pariah States” and Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan. By Tim Niblock. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001. 241p. $49.95.
Authors: Freedman Robert O.
Published: April 2019

Scholars of Middle Eastern studies in the last decade often were preoccupied with two major problems. First, the democratization that has spread over most of the globe seems to have missed the Middle East. Second, there appears to be a growing gap between international relations and comparative politics theory, on the one hand, and Middle East studies, on the other. In seeking to explain why, some point to the highly politicized scholarship that can still be found in Middle East studies. Others argue that the theorists simply have not tried hard enough to fit the special nature of the Middle East into their theoretical models, or that Middle Eastern scholars have not tried hard enough to deal with theory. Two of the three books under review, by Hansen and Heydemann, do a great deal to narrow the gap between theory and reality in the Middle East. The book by Niblock is an example of the kind of highly politicized scholarship that is still found too often in Middle Eastern studies.
Empire. By Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. 478p. $36.95 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Authors: Steger Manfred B.
Published: April 2019

Hailed by sympathetic reviewers as the “Communist Manifesto for our time” and condemned by scathing critics as an “impenetrable work of absolute abstraction,” Empire has exploded on an unsuspecting international academic scene. Indeed, the tremendous appeal of the book has transcended the narrow walls of the ivory tower, drawing to its authors a glaring public spotlight that only rarely shines on political and literary theorists. In the ongoing public debate over the virtues and flaws of the study, even its most intransigent detractors can hardly deny that Empire represents a powerful neo-Marxist contribution to the rapidly emerging field of “globalization studies.”
The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda. By Arthur J. Klinghoffer. New York: New York University Press, 1998. 208p. $40.00.
Authors: Uvin Peter
Published: April 2019

This well-documented book analyzes the manifold inconsistent, inefficient, piecemeal, and sometimes counterproductive ways the international community intervened in the dynamics of violence that beset Rwanda before, during, and after the 1994 genocide. Klinghoffer takes a position that runs counter to the popular description of the international community as being totally inactive and uncaring before and during the genocide. Rather, he maintains, interventions did take place, but they failed to achieve their aims. At a descriptive level, Klinghoffer, following Bruce Jones (“‘Intervention without Borders:’ Humanitarian Intervention in Rwanda 1990–1994,” Millennium 24 [Summer 1995]: 225–49), makes this point rather successfully. The book contains many interesting pieces of information that, taken together, force us to acknowledge some new elements in the simple picture that has become so dominant about the international community's conduct in Rwanda.
SCHUR’S COLOURING THEOREM FOR NONCOMMUTING PAIRS
Authors: SANDERS TOM
Published: April 2019

For $G$ a finite non-Abelian group we write $c(G)$ for the probability that two randomly chosen elements commute and $k(G)$ for the largest integer such that any $k(G)$-colouring of $G$ is guaranteed to contain a monochromatic quadruple $(x,y,xy,yx)$ with $xy\neq yx$. We show that $c(G)\rightarrow 0$ if and only if $k(G)\rightarrow \infty$.
NEW COUNTEREXAMPLES ON RITT OPERATORS, SECTORIAL OPERATORS AND -BOUNDEDNESS
Authors: ARNOLD LORIS , LE MERDY CHRISTIAN
Published: April 2019

Let ${\mathcal{D}}$ be a Schauder decomposition on some Banach space $X$. We prove that if ${\mathcal{D}}$ is not $R$-Schauder, then there exists a Ritt operator $T\in B(X)$ which is a multiplier with respect to ${\mathcal{D}}$ such that the set $\{T^{n}:n\geq 0\}$ is not $R$-bounded. Likewise, we prove that there exists a bounded sectorial operator $A$ of type $0$ on $X$ which is a multiplier with respect to ${\mathcal{D}}$ such that the set $\{e^{-tA}:t\geq 0\}$ is not $R$-bounded.
FUNDAMENTALISM, BUREAUCRATIZATION, AND THE STATE'S CO-OPTATION OF RELIGION: A JORDANIAN CASE STUDY
Authors: Antoun Richard T.
Published: April 2019

In the Middle East over the past half-century, three religious processes have grown together. One, the growth of fundamentalism, has received worldwide attention both by academics and journalists. The others, the bureaucratization of religion and the state co-optation of religion, of equal duration but no less importance, have received much less attention. The bureaucratization of religion focuses on the hierarchicalization of religious specialists and state co-optation of religion focuses on their neutralization as political opponents. Few commentators link the three processes. In Jordan, fundamentalism, the bureaucratization of religion (BOR), and state co-optation of religion (SCR) have become entwined sometimes in mutually supportive and sometimes in antagonistic relations. The following case study will describe and analyze the implications of this mutual entanglement for the relations of state and civil society and for the human beings simultaneously bureaucratized and “fundamentalized.”
MOHAMED ZAFZAF'S AL-MARءA WA-L-WARDA OR THE VOYAGE NORTH IN THE POSTCOLONIAL ERA
Authors: Hamil Mustapha
Published: April 2019

In Culture and Imperialism, Edward Said considers the topos of the voyage North as one of the motifs in the “culture of resistance.” Traveling North is seen in this respect as a reversal of imperial and colonial history. When, for instance, Mustafa Saء ed in Tayeb Salih's Season of Migration to the North goes to England, his objective is to conquer—so he thinks—with his “penis” the country of his colonizer. The cultural encounter between Britain and the Arab–African nation of Sudan involves for Saءed a configuration of power in which the West is imagined as a woman to be raped in the same way colonial armies raped the virgin territories of the Orient and Africa.
ABU BAKR IBN AL-MUNDHIR, AMPUTATION, AND THE ART OF IJTIHĀD
Authors: Lucas Scott C.
Published: April 2019

This article introduces the legal methodology of independent mujtahid (legal scholar) Abu Bakr
ibn al-Mundhir al-Naysaburi (d. 930) in order to shed light on the nature of ijtihād (independent
judgment in a legal or theological question) on the eve of crystallization of the four Sunni legal
schools. Ibn al-Mundhir's presentation of laws concerning punishment for theft indicates that the
Qurʿan and Prophetic hadith played a modest role in early elaboration of Islamic law. Instead,
the bulk of this early mujtahid's efforts were devoted to culling and evaluating legal opinions of
the companions, successors, and, in particular, a small group of postsuccessor jurists. I conclude
by locating Ibn al-Mundhir within the literature of juristic disagreement (ikhtilāf) and highlighting
the features that make his writings exceptional within this tradition.
WEALTH AND INEQUALITY IN 18TH-CENTURY KASTAMONU: ESTIMATIONS FOR THE MUSLIM MAJORITY
Authors: Ergene Boğač A. , Berker Ali
Published: April 2019

This article measures wealth levels and inequalities among the Muslim population of 18th-century Ottoman Kastamonu by utilizing information found in estate inventories (terekes). Also developed is a quantitative methodology that can predict the economic worth of specific noneconomic markers of social, religious, and gender identity, including honorific titles, religious epithets, and occupational markers. Our calculations indicate that inequality among different segments of the Muslim community was pronounced. Men from higher echelons of the military and religious establishments, as well as individuals who carried the epithet “pilgrim” (elhac), were significantly wealthier than the rest of the society. At the same time, economic disparities cut across career lines and title/epithet-based distinctions among legators. Finally, the regression analysis introduced in this article reveals that wealth transfers across generations may have contributed greatly to overall wealth levels.
“GOD HAS CALLED ME TO BE FREE”: ALEPPAN NUNS AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF CATHOLICISM IN 18TH-CENTURY BILAD AL-SHAM
Authors: Khater Akram
Published: April 2019

This article tells the story of ten Catholic women from Aleppo who, in the early part of the 18th century, sought to establish their own convent in the district of Kisrawan, Lebanon. Their project became the center of a conflict that entangled the devotees, their Jesuit confessors and supporters, the Melkite Church, and the Vatican. Thus, their story is a prism through which to refract the relationships among gender, class, and religion in the Levant. In particular it sheds light on the role of gender in the construction of a “modern” Catholicism. I contend that modernization predates the 19th century in the Middle East and question the opposition of secularism and history versus religion and faith as an artifact of modernity
HONOR, THE GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR, AND THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN RURAL TUNISIA—A SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONAL READING
Authors: Latreille Martin
Published: April 2019

This article is based on the assumption that in anthropology cultural and social organizational perspectives should be distinguished and refer to two analytically separate levels of reality, sometimes shed a different light on a single phenomenon, and have different analytical value. I demonstrate this by studying the notion of “honor” and its relation to the gender division of labor and to the status of women in northwest Tunisia, in the context of the “feminization” of agriculture. After showing the limitations of a cultural perspective that defines honor as a code—that is to say, a set of normative representations aimed at the regulation of (interpersonal) behavior—I propose an alternative, social organizational (or “groupal”) reading of honor, focused on the dynamics of the peasant household. I then test its analytical usefulness on the case at hand.
Continued State Liability for Police Inaction in Assisting Victims of Domestic Violence: A Reflection on the Implementation of South Africa's Domestic Violence Legislation
Authors: Spies Amanda
Published: April 2019

Now that it has been in operation for 20 years, it is necessary to reflect on the impact the South African Domestic Violence Act has had on women's lives. This article analyses this key legislation and the police's duty to ensure its proper implementation. It focuses on the reports of the Independent Complaints Directorate and Civilian Secretariat of Police, the bodies responsible for measuring police compliance with the act. The reports identify serious transgressions, highlighting the police's perception that domestic violence is a private affair with which it should not interfere. This perception plays a particularly subtle and destructive role in legitimizing, supporting and permitting violence against women. In focusing on key court decisions in which the state (police) was held financially accountable for the failure to protect women against violence, the author highlights the importance of challenging the social and legal understanding of women's experiences with violence in promoting a system that takes account of those experiences.
Influence of Sesbania mosaic virus infection on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Rao G. P. , Shukla K.
Published: April 2019

Previous attempts to study the effect of virus infection on nitrogen-fixing ability of some legumes (Tu, Ford & Grau, 1970; Singh & Mall, 1974; Gupta & Joshi, 1976; Tu & Holmes, 1980) concentrated mainly on the effect of virus infection on the extent of nodulation or on the amount of nitrogen fixed by diseased plants or both. The effect of virus infection on the bacterial population and the physiological status of virus-infected nodules has received little attention.
Are pioneering coyotes, foxes and jackals alien species? Canid colonists in the changing conservation landscape of the Anthropocene
Authors: Somsen Han , Trouwborst Arie
Published: April 2019

The pervasive influence of human agency on biodiversity in the Anthropocene gives rise to several new challenges for national and international wildlife law, including questions regarding what is natural and what is alien. Ultimately, a new vision and new rules are called for but in the meantime wildlife lawyers and other conservation professionals must work with conventional legal frameworks. Striking instances where vexing issues arise are the recent range expansions of certain canids. Coyotes Canis latrans and crab-eating foxes Cerdocyon thous in the Americas and golden jackals Canis aureus in Europe are progressively colonizing areas and countries where they did not previously occur. A key question is whether to consider this as acceptable extensions of natural range or whether the pioneering carnivores should be viewed as alien species, potentially triggering legal obligations of prevention, control and eradication. In addressing this question we draw on guidance provided under the Convention on Biological Diversity and other international legal frameworks, in which governments are forced to grapple with the application of long-standing concepts to new phenomena in an era of profound global change. Our analysis suggests that coyotes in Costa Rica, crab-eating foxes in Panama, and golden jackals in the Netherlands are not to be considered alien species, whether invasive or not. Thus, even if action to address adverse impacts by these canids on native biodiversity may sometimes be desirable, these species are not subject to legal requirements to combat invasive alien species.
A Burmese tract on kingship: political theory in the 1782 manuscript of Manugye
Authors: OKUDAIRA RYUJI , HUXLEY ANDREW
Published: April 2019

In 1782, the year of King Badon's coronation, someone close to the Burmese palace wrote a legal manuscript. This paper gives a translation of and commentary on that section of the manuscript dealing with kingship. By tracing the sources of the material used, it contributes to the debate about the sources of Burmese political philosophy. Was precolonial Burmese political thought primarily Hindu, primarily Buddhist, primarily Indian or none of the above?
A spatio-legal approach to the intermediate housing-with-care solutions for older people: exploring the adoption of a retirement village concept in Finland
Authors: Lundman Riina
Published: April 2019

Retirement villages are an increasingly popular senior housing option that aims to comprehensively integrate accommodation, care services, social activities and interaction opportunities for ageing people. The research literature about retirement villages and communities is extensive, but less studied are the contextually varying spatial, legal and political processes of how such villages and other intermediate housing-with-care solutions for older people are initially constituted, especially in novel national and local contexts. In this paper, a spatio-legal approach is employed to study the many legal possibilities and barriers that have arisen while developing retirement villages in Finland. As a specific case, I examine the new Finnish Virkkulankylä retirement village concept and its implementation process. As the key result of my study, I identify three major spatio-legal barriers to developing retirement villages and other intermediate senior housing solutions, which are (a) the polarised division between the fields of elderly care and housing in both law and practice, (b) the prevalence of ‘local law’ in spatial planning and service provision for elderly people, and (c) the inflexible funding system regarding alternative housing-with-care solutions for seniors. I argue that although the ‘in-betweenness’ of retirement villages may facilitate a more comprehensive understanding about the housing and care of older adults, in practice their intermediary position translates into many ambiguities and challenges.
X-ray powder diffraction data for Mn4C
Authors: Si Ping-Zhan , Lim Jung Tae , Park Jihoon , Choi Chul-Jin
Published: April 2019

We report on the X-ray diffraction data and unit-cell parameters of Mn4C, which has a cubic perovskite-type structure with a = 3.8726 Å and unit-cell volume V = 58.1 Å3. The measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the space group $ Pm { \bar {\it 3}} m$ (No. 221).
From Labor Law to Employment Law: The Changing Politics of Workers’ Rights
Authors: Galvin Daniel J.
Published: April 2019

Over the past several decades, a new kind of labor politics has emerged in new venues (state and local levels), focusing on new governing institutions (employment laws), involving new strategies by labor unions, and featuring new organizational forms (“alt-labor”). The timing, form, and content of these developments have been powerfully shaped by the persistence of the increasingly outmoded but still authoritative national labor law, which has constrained and channeled the efforts of workers and their advocates to respond to growing problems. While the new institutions and organizations provide new substantive rights for workers and alternative vehicles for voice and collective action, the layering of these new forms alongside the old—without displacing the latter—has generated new problems without solving the problems produced by the ossification of labor law in the first place. Using novel empirical data and analysis, this article documents these changes, explores their causes, and considers their consequences for the changing politics of workers’ rights.
RESIDENTIAL BURIAL ALONG THE SOUTHERN STREET OF THE DEAD: SKELETONS AND ISOTOPES
Authors: Storey Rebecca , Buckley Gina M. , Kennett Douglas J.
Published: April 2019

Skeletal remains from Tlajinga 33 (33:S3W1) have been the focus of research in the southern sector of Teotihuacan since excavations took place in the 1980s. Recent excavations in Tlajinga Compounds 17 and 18 (17:S3E1 and 18:S3E1, respectively), located along the southern Street of the Dead, recovered nine additional skeletons. This article is a description of the burials from Compounds 17 and 18 and a comparative analysis of health, diet, and chronology across all three compounds (Compounds 17, 18, and 33). Here, we test the hypothesis that individuals between residential compounds at Tlajinga lived similar lives and that health and biogeochemical markers of individuals will reflect these similarities. Although the sample size is small, the paleopathological analysis of individuals at Compounds 17 and 18 indicates morbidity patterns similar to Tlajinga 33, but also that these residents were perhaps less susceptible to stressors during periods of juvenile growth. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes suggest that, overall, diets were analogous across compounds, but Compounds 17 and 18 were able to supplement their diet with a greater variety of plant resources. There were no clear dietary differences between higher and lower status individuals, however. Finally, accelerated mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS14C) dates indicate that residential living may have occurred later at Compound 18 than at Compound 17 and Tlajinga 33.