bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A pH-Responsive Psyllium-Hyaluronic acid and Collagen based Hydrogel for Oral Insulin Delivery
Authors: Ahmad Usman , Sami Amtul Jamil , Noreen Saadia` , Hussain Ubaida , Khalid Tanveer , Abdullah Muhammad
Published: January 2024

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and heritable condition which grows adverse with date and eventually accelerates numerous difficulties such as end-stage renal disease, cardiac infections and vision problems. Objective: To highlight protein-based hydrogels as a contemporary focus in insulin delivery through the oral cavity. Methods: Novel hydrogels were formed in this study by using biomaterials (Psyllium, Hyaluronic acid and Collagen). The hydrogels were synthesized through a methodical process involving the combination of psyllium ispaghol husk, hyaluronic acid, and collagen for targeted insulin delivery. Initially, 1g of psyllium ispaghol husk was uniformly mixed with 200ml of distilled water. After achieving a homogeneous swelling, hyaluronic acid and collagen were added to the mixture. The synthesis of hydrogels was achieved by allowing the mixture to incubate at 38°C O/N. Physical characterization was done using FTIR analysis which indicates different bonding patterns. Results: Swelling ratio and drugs kinetics of hydrogels reveal maximum swelling and drug release at alkaline pH while minimum at acidic pH. Swelling kinetics shows that hydrogels followed less Fickian diffusion. These points favour the delivery of insulin in the intestine while escaping the acidic medium of stomach. Zone of inhibition around the hydrogels illustrated its antimicrobial activity. Finally, its administration to mice indicates the delivery of insulin by the decrease in glucose level measured by glucometer. Conclusions: Based on the diverse analyses conducted, it can be inferred that utilizing biomaterial-based hydrogels holds significant promise for effective insulin delivery through the oral route, especially beneficial for diabetic patients.
Frequency of Dry Eye in Migraine Patients
Authors: Asif Dua , Ali Shah Samah Zahid , Shahid Tabinda , Pervaiz Aima , Batool Rimsha , Ziarat Ambreen , Anwar Hira
Published: January 2024

Dry eye disease and migraine are prevalent conditions in the general population. While there is evidence of symptoms overlapping, few studies have quantified the occurrence of dry eye in migraine patients. The study was conducted to find the frequency of dry eye syndrome among individuals with migraines. Objective: To evaluate the “frequency of dry eye disease in migraine patients”. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 217 clinically diagnosed migraine patients between the ages of 18 to 29 at the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital. The study took place over four months, from February 2023 to May 2023. Dry Eye Disease was assessed using the dry eye symptoms questionnaire (Speed II Questionnaire) and Schirmer test 1 as the primary diagnostic tool. Results: The analysis included calculating descriptive statistics (percentages and means) and presenting results in tables and figures for clarity and understanding. Out of 217 migrainous patients, 38.2% of participants had normal eyes. Among the rest, 17.1% showed Mild, 2.3% Moderate dry eye. The Schirmer Test showed that 41.9% had suffered from severe dry eye. Overall, the study showed that 133 patients (61%) suffered from dry eye. Conclusions: The study's conclusion highlighted a notable rise in dry eye disease among migraine patients, in line with previous research. This underscores the need for further exploration into the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic interventions for individuals dealing with both conditions.
Role of Anxiety Sensitivity, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Cyberchondria Behaviors among Individuals Diagnosed with COVID-19
Authors: Rashid Nudrat , Shahid Amina , Munir Mehwish , Khan Muhammad Umar , Ramzan Zoobia
Published: January 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic was a quick outbreak that affected individuals’ mental health. Objective: To investigate the relationship between anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and cyberchondria tendencies among individuals with and without COVID-19. Methods: A total of 411 COVID-19 individuals, including 185 men (45%) and 226 women (55%) from low, middle, and high socioeconomic statuses (103 men (25.1%), 155 men (37.7%), and 153 men (37.2%)) were recruited. The participants ranged in age from 18 to 30. Data were collected from different public sector hospitals and a public sector university of Faisalabad. We calculated the results through SPSS version 27. Results: The findings showed a significant positive association between cyberchondria tendencies and anxiety sensitivity (r = 0.61, p.001) and intolerance for uncertainty (r = 0.64, p.001). Moreover, significant differences were observed in the variable of anxiety sensitivity (t =-10.40, p.001), intolerance of uncertainty (t = -5.89, p.001), and cyberchondria tendency (t =-6.08, p.001) between individual diagnosed with and without COVID-19. Conclusions: It is concluded that there is a significant relationship of anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty with cyberchondria tendencies and significant differences were found between gender and individuals diagnosed with and without COVID-19
Perceived Effects of Interpersonal Conflicts among Nurses at Tertiary Care Hospital, Lahore
Authors: Naeem Asra , Zafar Misbah , Farooq Qandeel , Philips Sehrish , Ejaz Marriam , Sadiq Parsikla , Arshad Kanza
Published: January 2024

Interpersonal conflicts at workplace are not uncommon, it affects the nurses physical and mental health. It creates highly-stress environment and affects quality of patient outcomes. It poorly affects job performance and increases turnover. It creates disputes among nurses and leads to work disruptions. Objective: To examine perceived effects of interpersonal conflicts among nurses Methods: The quantitative descriptive study design and simple random sampling technique was used in this study. Demographic data from the study reveals 187 participants from which data were collected that indicates majority of the participants were 136 females. Only 33.7% of nurses reported that they were treated with love and kindness. However, 28.3% showed sometimes nurses had been faced with excessively harsh criticisms about my work.  Results: The participants of this study include 83.4% nurses are Muslim and 16.6% are Christian. 70.6% nurses have 1 to 3 years’ experience, 15.5% nurses have 3 to 5 years’ experience and 13.9% have >5 years’ experience. Conclusions: However, the results of this study could help to aware nurses about workplace conflicts and strategies that promote to reduce conflicts at workplace among nurses.
Prevalence of Depression among Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) Enrolled in Occupational Therapy Unit at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Ayub Ayaz , Rahim Tariq , Bahadar Sher , Saleem Muhammad
Published: January 2024

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is one of the most prevalent physical disorder in developmental disabilities among children. This condition may prone the parents for development of depression and anxiety especially the mothers. Objective: To assess the prevalence of depression among mothers of children with CP in Peshawar, Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted prior to randomize control trials in Occupational Therapy Department of Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar. The sample was calculated through Openepi, consisted of 240 participants through consecutive sampling technique. The quantitative data were collected through Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HADS) scale from mothers whose score was greater than 3 on the general health questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results: The mean age of the participants was 31.63± 7.09 years. In a sample of 240 participants, married were 230 participants followed by 6 divorced and 4 widows.  Furthermore, 58% participants have male children affected followed by 42% female children. The mean score of the participants’ depression was 12.49 ± 3.18 in a total score of 21, which was moderate to severe in the current study. Conclusions: The study concluded that mothers of CP child have moderate to severe level of depression. Furthermore, the study highlighted that majority of the participants were married and the prevalence rate of CP was higher male children as compared to female.
Functional Movement Screen Differences in Male and Female Footballers and as an Injury Prevention Tool
Authors: Amjad Fatima , Latif Danish , Hanif Sana , Bashir Kiran , Batool Rubia , Khalid Uzair
Published: January 2024

Functional Movement Screen evaluates seven key movement tasks crucial for smooth kinetic chain performance in sports. It assists sports therapists and coaches in identifying faulty patterns during preparticipation. Objectives: To compare FMS composite scores between male and female footballers and evaluate FMS as an injury predictor tool. Methods: Between March and June 2021, a cohort study was conducted on 264 footballers (132 males and 132 females) in Islamabad and Rawalpindi football academies. Players voluntarily underwent seven Functional Movement Screen tests. After participating in competitive or friendly matches, follow-ups were conducted to assess FMS composite scores and document any injuries sustained during the games. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0, and information on FMS scores and injuries was collected through FMS scoring sheets and a self-structured questionnaire. Results: There was statistically significant difference between male and female footballers composite scores of FMS (p<0.005). Female footballers (15.13 ± 2.32) scored less on mean score of FMS as compared to male footballers (17.03 ± 2.884). FMS was a good predictor of injury with 37.7 % variance on linear regression (p=0.005). Conclusions: Female footballers scored less composite score of FMS as compared to male footballers. FMS before participation can be a good predictor for detecting injuries in male and female footballers.
Significance of Prescribing Astigmatic Correction in Young Patients having Low Astigmatism with Near Vision Complaints
Authors: Rashid Faisal , Chaudhary Muhammad Ajmal , Khan Nasrullah , Iqbal Rana Naveed , Waheed Mustafa Khalid , Khan Asad Aslam
Published: January 2024

Astigmatism causes increased difficulty in reading performance like book reading, mobile usage and computer work. Objective: The primary objective was to find out the significance of prescribing astigmatic correction in young patients having low astigmatism with near vision complaints and secondary objective was to find out the most common type of astigmatism affecting near vision. Methods: This was a multicentered, prospective cohort study conducted from April 2022 to Sep 2022. A total of 64 subjects of both genders were selected through non-probability convenient sampling technique. Patients with age between 15-30 years having low astigmatism (0.25-0.75D) with near vision complaints were included. Any amount of astigmatism was corrected with appropriate glasses and subjects were asked for a follow up fortnightly. Follow up improvement in symptoms were recorded and compared with earlier complaints by applying chi square test using SPSS version 23.0. Results: A total of 64 subjects were enrolled in the study. The mean age of patients was 22.44 years including 27 (42%) males and 37 (58%) females. The most common symptom was Eye Strain found in 53 (83%) of the patients. Most common type of astigmatism was Against the Rule astigmatism. 62 (96%) patients improved to 6/6 in both eyes. On follow up, improvement in symptoms was noted and compared with symptoms before the usage of glasses. Conclusions: The study concluded that the treatment for near vision complaints in young patients is prescribing them with proper cylindrical / astigmatic correction in the form of eye glasses.
Navigating Patient Comfort: Gendered Perspectives on Medical Student Involvement in Healthcare Interactions in Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Zahir Salman , Khan Khansa , Jahan Sarwat , Mazhar Somia , Hussain Sulaiman , Khan Zee Shan , Ahmad Khan Zahoor , Bangash Ismail
Published: January 2024

Patient interactions are fundamental to medical education, influencing the training of medical students and shaping their clinical understanding. Objective: To probe patient perspectives on the presence of medical students during consultations, clinical examinations and surgical procedures, with a focus on identifying gender-based differences in preferences and comfort levels. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar involving 500 patients from Northwest General Hospital and Research Center and Northwest Teaching Hospital, data collected through a self-structured questionnaire revealed distinct gender disparities. Results: Male participants generally exhibited higher approval and comfort levels with medical student involvement, particularly during consultations, examinations, and surgery. Variations were evident in preferences related to medical history taking, comfort during physical examinations, and willingness to permit students in the operating room. Patients underscored the importance of recognizing gender preferences in medical student interactions. Conclusions: This study emphasized the significance of tailoring medical education practices to address gender-specific variations, ensuring a patient-centered approach and fostering positive healthcare experiences for all.
Efficacy of Tofacitinib in the Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Khan Abdul Waris , Khan Midrarullah , Khan Najeebullah , Shah Qasim
Published: January 2024

Tofacitinib is a janus kinase enzyme inhibitor used in the treatment several inflammatory conditions. It orchestrates cytokine communication for numerous natural and adaptive immunological responses and underlie the intricate pathophysiology of AS, are directly bound by JAK inhibitors and their intracellular catalytic activity is controlled. For the medical care of older individuals with axial spondyloarthritis, tofacitinib, an oral JAK inhibitor, is being studied. Objective: To analyze the efficacy of tofacitinib in the treatment of axial spondylarthritis in adult patients. Methods: During the time frame of 1st November 2022 till 31st October 2023 at the department of rheumatology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, patients with active axial spondyloarthritis who fulfilled the modified New York criteria and who were refractory to NSAIDs were registered in this study. Patients were randomized to receive tofacitinib 5mg x BID for 12 weeks, or a placebo, in equal groups (A and B). The study's major end goal was the evaluation of Spondyloarthritis International Society responses evaluating a 20% improvement (ASAS20) at week 12. Results: 44 patients were enrolled (22 in each group). The mean age of tofacitinib arm was 41.19 ± 5.075 years versus 39.83 ± 4.989 years in placebo group. Tofacitinib was effective in 17 patients (77.3%) as compared to 07 patients (31.8%) in placebo group. Treatment response was significant higher (p = 0.002) with tofacitinib. Conclusions: Tofacitinib considerably out-performed a placebo when used to treat people with active axial spondyloarthritis.
The Efficacy of Bleeding Acupuncture Point UB-40 in Patients Suffering from Severe Acute Lumbago
Authors: Hassan Muhammad Waseem , Anwar Shahzad , Shaukat Gull a Rukh , Ali Zulfiqar
Published: January 2024

Severe acute lumbago, or lower back pain, is a common condition that can cause sudden pain and cramping that lasts for days to weeks. The UB-40 acupuncture point, also known as the Urinary Bladder 40, is a sensitive point that provides excellent relief from spinal pain. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of bleeding acupuncture point UB-40 in patients suffering from severe acute lumbago. Methods: An experimental pre-post study was conducted on 40 participants, recruited from the emergency department (ED) of Iffat Anwar Medical Complex Lahore from January 2021 to February 2023. All the patients were treated with bleeding at UB-40 acupuncture point technique. After the treatment, the patients were followed at baseline, 1-week and 1-month intervals. The primary outcomes of the study were to determine the improvement in acute low back pain by using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and physical impairment using Oswestry low back disability index (ODI) scale. Results: A total of 40 patients were enrolled in the current study. The mean age of patients was 38.7±12.2. Majority of the patients were females (52%). The mean pain score (VAS) at baseline was 8.00±0.751, which reduced at 4th week with a mean pain score of 2.92±1.28. Moreover, at baseline, patients had severe disability with a mean ODI score of 55.58, but after treatment it gradually decreased to (25.55). Conclusions: It was concluded that acupuncture, especially with bleeding at UB-40 point, may provide an immediate significant effect in reducing the acute pain of low back and disability.
End to End Anastomotic Urethroplasty in the Management of Posterior Urethral Distraction Defect
Authors: Farooq Khalid , Zahoor Ilyas , Ahmed Awais , Hameed Haris , Hameed Najma , Khan Israr Ali
Published: January 2024

Posterior urethral distraction deficits are a difficult and complex clinical condition that necessitates specialized care in urological therapy. End-to-end anastomotic urethroplasty has emerged as a critical procedure for treating posterior urethral distraction abnormalities, providing a thorough and successful approach for restoring normal urethral function. Objective: To assess the outcome of end-to-end urethroplasty in posterior urethral distraction defects. Methods: This study was conducted at the departments of Urology, MTI LRH, and Peshawar from 1st November 2017 to 31st December 2021. It was a descriptive case-series study by design. Patients included were having blind urethral strictures. End to end urethroplasty was performed. Patients were followed for one year. Depending upon symptoms relief, uro-flowmetery studies, and radiographic findings at the end of one year, success was defined as good, fair, or poor. Results: The study included a total of 110 patients, with a majority being male (80%) and the remaining 20% being female. The mean age of the patients was 35 years, with the majority falling in the age group of 30-39 years (50.9%). Good outcomes were recorded in 79 patients (71.8%). 11 (10.0%) participants had poor outcomes. Conclusions: Urethroplasty is a gold standard treatment modality in terms of outcome for patients with posterior urethral distraction defects.
Impact of Duration of Orthodontic Treatment on Periodontal Health and Treatment Needs of Patients
Authors: Ashraf Aysham , Qasim Amna , Fatima Syeda Maryam , Nawaz Amina , Butt Hira , Afzal Ayesha
Published: January 2024

Malocclusion is highly prevalent and can also affect the general health of patients. Orthodontic treatment is required to treat malocclusion. This treatment often leads to a deterioration in periodontal and general oral health of patients. Objective: To assess the impact of duration of orthodontic treatment on periodontal health and treatment needs of patients. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was done on a total of 51 individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment. The data were collected from July 2021 to June 2023 after obtaining ethical clearance. All participants above the age of 12 years irrespective of their gender were included in the study. Participants who had mixed dentition or other systemic illness were not included. Data were collected using the Community Periodontal index for treatment needs (CPITN). Results: The difference in CPITN scores across orthodontic treatment groups with respect to duration (p=0.382) was not significant. All groups irrespective of their treatment duration required Basic oral hygiene instructions (TN1) while Complex treatment (TN3) was only required by patients undergoing treatment for more than a year. Conclusions: Basic oral hygiene instructions (TN1) were the treatment need of all patients from all groups irrespective of their treatment duration. An equal percentage of patients from all three treatment groups required (TN2) while (TN3) was only required by patients undergoing treatment for more than a year.
Ureteric Laser Tripsy with and without Stone Cone
Authors: Khan Muhammad Salman , Farooq Khalid
Published: January 2024

Stones may block the ureter causing pain and discomfort. Ureteric laser lithotripsy, a notable breakthrough in urology, has transformed the treatment of urinary tract stones. Objectives: To compare the efficacy of ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy with and without stone cone. Methods: This retrospective analysis was done at LRH Peshawar's urology department from 1st December 2022 to 31th October 2023. Over the time, 50 patients had ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy. Our research comprised adults over 18 with proximal ureteric stones (>10mm) and hydro ureters on CT KUB. Patients were split into two groups. Group A included 27 patients and employed a 7mm stone cone (Boston Scientific Corp, Natick, MA). No stone cone was utilized in group B (23). Results: This prospective research included 50 adults with radiologically confirmed uretric stones in diverse ureteric sites. Male 35 (70%) and female 15 (30%) were 21–68 years old (mean 38.6 years). Stones size varied from 6 to 20 mm, averaging 12.6mm. Proximal stones were 8–20mm (mean 13.9). Mid-ureter stones were 7–18mm (mean 12.6). Lower ureter stones ranged from 6 to 16mm, with a mean of 11.9mm. Ten (20%) patients have normal pelvicalyceal systems. Patients with moderate hydronephrosis were 27 (55%). Conclusions: The use of a stone cone during ureteroscopic lithotripsy is a safe and effective technique for the management of ureteric stones.
Knowledge, Practice and Attitude of Mothers for Ophthalmic Problems in Children in Rural Areas- A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Khattak Muhammad Iftikhar , Khan Muhammad Nasrullah , Tahir Muhammad Younis , Rashid Faisal , Iqbal Rana Naveed , Sarfraz Mariyam
Published: January 2024

Early years are crucial for eye development. Parents are responsible for children's eye care decisions. Objective: To assess the level of awareness and understanding of the practices among mothers regarding eye disorders and visual impairments in their children in rural areas. Methods: A cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge, practice, and attitude of rural mothers regarding eye problems in children.  Results: 385 mothers participated in study. 47.3% were aged 41-50. 29.9% had completed graduation, while 16.1% were illiterate. Knowledge was scored from 2.00 to 14.00, with >7 being very knowledgeable, > 4 but ≤ 7 being somewhat knowledgeable, and ≤ 4 being not knowledgeable. Practice was scored from 0 to 5, with ≥ 3 indicating good practice, >1 to ≤ 3 indicating somewhat practicing, and ≤ 1 indicating poor practicing. Mothers had good knowledge of ophthalmic problems (99.4%). Attitude was scored from 0 to 10, with scores ≥ 6 indicating good attitude. Lack of time and convenience was the main reason for not seeking eye care (70.1%). Parents' knowledge of ophthalmic problems significantly correlated with their attitude and practice (r = 0.546, p < 0.01 and r = 0.602, p < 0.01, respectively). Additionally, parents' attitude was significantly correlated with their practice (r = 0.390, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Mothers' knowledge, practice, and attitude play a key role in detecting and diagnosing the early signs of ophthalmic problems like refractive errors, strabismus, allergic conjunctivitis, and amblyopia.
Effectiveness of Kinesio-Taping and Conventional Therapy for Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Tanveer Sehar , Riaz Sana , Tanveer Anjum , Zafar Amirah
Published: January 2024

Chronic non-specific low back pain, which is treated in orthopedic rehabilitation settings, is a frequent musculoskeletal issue. Lumbar spondylosis, Psychogenic Low Back Pain, Spinal Stenosis and poor posture are all causing pain for the patient. Kinesio-Taping helps to reduce or eliminate discomfort.  Objective: To see how effective kinesio-tapping and traditional therapy are for non-specific chronic low back pain. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study design in which 30 patients were recruited using a convenient sampling sample, with 15 individuals in each group (Group A, Kinesio-Tapping with Conventional Therapy includes stretching, strengthening and hot pack) Group B which consists solely of standard conventional therapy. An independent T-Test for inter-group comparison and a paired sample T-Test for within-group analysis were used to assess the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability and Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Results: There was a significant change between the baseline and post-treatment NRPS values. Mean difference of 10.42 and 3.14 were reported between the pretreatment and post treatment values of NPRS in KT taping Group which was significant (p-value < 0.05). Mean difference of 14.18 and 3.68 were reported between the pretreatment and post treatment values of NPRS in Conventional PT Program Group which was significant (p-value < 0.05). Conclusions: Kinesio-Taping in conjunction with Conventional Therapy is more effective than Conventional Therapy alone in treating Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain.
Analysis on Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi and Evaluation on Metabolic Disturbance in 1080 Uyghur, Kazakh and Han Nationality Patients of Xinjiang
Authors: Farooqi Muhammad Rizwan , Tusong Hamulati , Aji Kaisaier , Yu Jie Wang
Published: January 2024

Urinary stones pose a significant health concern globally. The incidence rates vary and are influenced by diverse factors. Despite advancements in the treatment modalities, increasing rate of urinary stones necessitates the development of stone prevention strategies and understanding of metabolic risk factors. Objective: To determine the relationship between chemical composition of urinary calculi and evaluation on metabolic disturbance in 1080 Uyghur, Kazakh and Han patients of Xinjiang. Methods: The stone composition of 1080 patients and analysis of 24-h urine and serum biochemistry results of 775 cases was evaluated by infrared spectroscopic analysis and automatic biochemical machine respectively. Results: Among 644 cases of urinary stones, calcium oxalate stones (409 cases) and mixed type stones (436 cases) were predominant. Metabolic disturbances were found in 643 cases (82.97%) out of 775 patients, showing various urinary abnormalities like hyperuricosuria, hyperoxaluria, hyper-phosphaturia, hyper-cystinuria, hypercalciuria, hypomagnesuria, hypocitraturia, and reduced urine volume (<2000ml in 407 cases). Conclusions: Urinary calculi have intimate connection with metabolic evaluation. Metabolic evaluation and composition of urinary calculi have great significance in treatment and prevention of urinary calculi.
Association of Gestational Anemia with Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension in a Private Hospital Maternity Care
Authors: Zafar Kainaat , Anam Saba , Shahid Amina , Shahid Hala
Published: January 2024

Anemia, a prevalent global health concern affecting a quarter of the world's population, notably impacts pregnant women, with approximately 56 million affected globally. Its repercussions on maternal and neonatal health are extreme, leading to increased risks of low birth weight, fetal complications, and maternal morbidity and mortality. Concurrently, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) poses significant risks to maternal and fetal well-being, yet the link between anemia and PIH remains an understudied area, particularly in Pakistan. Objective: To investigate the association between anemia and the heightened risk of PIH, offering critical insights into perinatal outcomes. Methods: A retrospective study was designed and the data was collected from Hijaz Hospital Gulberg III Lahore, Pakistan. Total 120 pregnant women were selected for the study and split into two groups. Group A consisted of 65 pregnant women with hypertension, whereas group B included 55 non-hypertensive pregnant women. Hemoglobin levels and Complete Blood Count were evaluated using standard protocols. The association of hemoglobin levels and PIH was investigated using independent-students test and one-way ANOVA by utilizing SPSS version-25. Results: Our findings showed that the hemoglobin levels were lowest (9.953846±1.924584 g/dl) in hypertensive women as compared to no-hypertensive women (11.52±1.584172) in their 3rd trimester. It coincided with the lowest number of red blood cells (4.1067±0.57816 million/mm3) in women with hypertension. Conclusions: Our finding demonstrated that the lower the levels of hemoglobin, the higher the risk of PIH.
Text Neck Syndrome and Associated Risk Factors: Prevalence in Medical Students
Authors: Javed Ayesha , Andama Gul , Rehman Abdul , Ahmed Mian Waleed , Ali Syed Hashir , Ahmed Mian Awais , Bibi Muqaddas , Khalid Amna
Published: January 2024

Text neck depicts repeated stress injury and irritation of neck due to smart phone usage or other handheld devices over a sustained period. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of text neck syndrome in medical students of Abbottabad. Methods: Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted at various government and private medical colleges of Abbottabad. A sample size of 300 students was estimated suitable for the study calculated via Epitool, a total 300 students of age group 17-30 years were asked to fill 2 well- standardized questionnaires namely Neck Disability Index (NDI) & Nomophobia Pain Questionnaire(NPQ) after seeking informed consent. Convenient sampling technique was opted for data collection. The data was further analysed by using SPSS. Results: Among 300 subjects, 4.333% subjects showed mild nomophobia, 54% subjects reported moderate nomophobia, while 41.67% subjects had severe nomophobia. According to the Neck Disability Index (NDI), 6.333% subjects showed no disability, 41.67% subjects showed mild disability, 30% subjects showed moderate disability, 12.67% subjects showed severe disability while 0.333% subjects showed complete disability. There was significant positive correlation observed between NDI and NMP-Q with Pearson correlation co-efficient value of 0.88. Conclusions: The study revealed a high prevalence of Text Neck Syndrome in medical students, despite of their awareness and education, primarily due to gadget addiction.
Comparative Analysis of Speed Endurance Production and Maintenance Drills: A Study on Enhancing Performance in Hockey Players
Authors: Ghaffar Tamjeed , Ain Quratul , Kumar Munaish , Aroofa Hafiza , Asim Hafiz Ali Bin , Raza Muhammad Haris , Ali Syed Hashir , Khalid Amna
Published: January 2024

Hockey features a variety of high-intensity motions that cause tiredness during the most intense moments of play. During these gaming phases, anaerobic energy turnover and muscular activation are significant, which may exhaust the physiological mechanisms that fight tiredness. Objective: To determine the effects of speed endurance production and speed endurance maintenance drills on hockey players. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted at Gojra hockey club, Gojra. Total sample size was 60 male healthy field hockey players. Participants were selected by sealed envelope method and divided into Group A (speed endurance production) and Group B (speed endurance maintenance). Speed endurance production group received very high intensity training around 30 seconds exercise interval time followed by 2-3 minutes rest period to guarantee sufficient recovery time. Speed endurance maintenance training group involve small side games in 30-60 sec similar recovery time. The data were analysed using SPSS 23.0. Results: The age of participants with mean± SD was 21.60 ± 4.6. SEP and SEM techniques were applied in both groups. The result shows significant effect with (p˂0.05) in all respective tests: 50-meter, 400-meter, yo-yo distance and yo-yo Intermittent Recovery 2 and non-significant with (p˃0.05) in 100-meter, 200-meter and fatigue index test in between group analysis. It shows statistically significant effect within groups. Conclusions: Study concluded that speed endurance production and speed endurance maintenance is effective in improving intermittent exercise capacity and fatigue index in both groups.
Mechanical Causes of Osteoarthritis in Adults, its Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Fayyaz Maria , Muneer Bushra , Iqbal Aqsa , Bilal Mohammad Asad , Tabassum Huma , Shahbaz Sumbal
Published: January 2024

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most devastating chronic conditions that affects adults and aged people around the world. After the age of 65 years, osteoarthritis affects women (70%) more frequently than it does in men (60%). The objective of this study is to find the main causes and treatment strategies for OA. The etiology of OA is multifactorial, with metabolic, inflammatory, and mechanical causes. A number of risk factors including occupation, obesity and injury may initiate various pathological pathways. The main goals of treatment are to minimize impairment, enhance function, and effectively manage pain. In cases of moderate to severe pain, acetaminophen and NSAIDs are more beneficial; nevertheless, they carry a higher risk of major side events involving the upper gastrointestinal tract. The most researched and successful nonpharmacological therapies are patient education, self-management, and exercise. Although nonpharmacological interventions are regularly and widely utilized in the therapy of OA patients, there is little evidence that they are helpful. Requiring a periodic assessment and adjustments of therapy rather than the strict continuation of a single treatment, as the patient's requirements and the course of the disease typically alter over time.
Comparative Analysis of Fall Prevention Strategies: Assessing the Efficacy of Transfer Techniques versus Routine Physical Therapy in Wheelchair-Using Stroke Patient
Authors: Arif Usama , Ghaffar Tamjeed , Yasin Malaika , Bazgha Dur e Najoom , Sarwar Pakeza , Shafique Kiran , Khalid Amna
Published: January 2024

Stroke is often caused by high blood pressure or aneurysm. It leads to mobility issues such as hemiplegia, quadriplegia, and hemiparesis. Objective: To determine the effects of transfer techniques or routine physical therapy to prevent fall from wheelchair in private and public hospitals of Faisalabad and their comparison. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental trial. Through purposive sampling, 30 participants were selected and allocated to two groups i.e., group A (routine exercise group) and group B (transfer training group) with 15 participants in each group. Both groups received training for six weeks, with two training sessions per week. The Time Up and Go test, Balance Berg scale and Fall Efficacy Scale were used to access the fall ratio. SPSS version 26.0 was used to analyze and interpret results. Results: Mean age of the patient was 38.17±3.742. 63.3% were males and 36.7% were female patients. Within group analysis showed that both transfer techniques and routine physical therapy was effective in fall prevention with p-value < 0.05. Between group analyses showed that, there was statistically significant difference in both transfer techniques and routine physical therapy after the treatment of six weeks (p<0.05). Conclusions: Both transfer techniques and routine physical therapy were effective in fall prevention. But transfer techniques were found to be more effective in fall prevention than only the routine physical therapy and significant differences in the results were seen after the treatment in Fall Efficacy Scale (FES).
Prevalence of Musculo-Skeletal Pain among Badminton Players in Twin Cities of Pakistan
Authors: Ejaz Rabia , Farooq Muhammad Nazim , Amjad Fatima , Batool Rubia , Khalil Humam , Tasnim Areej , Arshad Anees , Zafar Arfa , Khalid Amna
Published: January 2024

Badminton is a popular sport with a rich tradition in Pakistan twin cities Islamabad and Rawalpindi. In badminton, players are more susceptible to certain musculoskeletal problems due to the sport's dynamic character, abrupt accelerations and decelerations. Badminton has an injury rate of 1 to 7/1000 hours per person of playing time. Objective: To find out prevalence of musculoskeletal problem including pain among the badminton players played in various clubs of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Methods: 255 badminton players participated in a convenience sample-based cross-sectional study after ethical permission. The incidence of musculoskeletal discomfort in novice badminton players' shoulder, elbow, wrist, hands, thigh, hips, knee and ankle was measured using a self-drafted survey and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire.  Data collection was done sports clubs of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Study ran from September 22, 2021, to June 30, 2022. SPSS version-25 software was used for data analysis. Results: The results showed prevalence was 16.5, back 18.4, hip 7.4, knee 28.6, ankle 16.5, elbow 22.4, wrist 21.2, low back 12.9, and shoulder 49.4. Among badminton players, the most common pain regions were the shoulder and knee. Other areas that players are less likely to have discomfort in include the hands, hips and ankles. Conclusions: Conclusions of study showed younger athletes had higher prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort. Most prevalent pain areas among badminton players were the knee and shoulder.
Assessing the Therapeutic Impact of Virtual Reality Interventions on Upper Limb Range of Motion and Functional Mobility in Pediatric Patients with Spastic Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Faisalabad-based Study
Authors: Ghaffar Tamjeed , Karim Nairish , Khanzada Saania Kanwal , Irfan Amina , Javed Ayesha , Bibi Muqaddas , Khalid Amna
Published: January 2024

Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive central nervous system injury, most common in children, resulting from the damage to brain. Objectives: To see the effects of non-immersive virtual reality on range of motion, muscle strength, spasticity and functional mobility of upper limb in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy children. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study, in which participants were selected through simple random sampling on the basis of defined selection criteria, there were two groups. Group A received conventional physical therapy exercises and group B was a received functional mobility exercises using non-immersive virtual reality. Data collection tools included Modified Ashworth scale to measure the spasticity, Functional assessment scale for functional status, Goniometer was used to measure the rage of mobility and Manual muscle testing MMT was used to measure the strength. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 26. Results: Mean age of children was 9.818 ± 2.639. From total participants 63.6% were males and 36.4% were females CP child. Paired-t test sowed that, there was a statistically significant difference in means of all outcome measures before and after treatment in group-A as well as in group–B (p-value<0.05). Between-group analysis of A and B showed a statistically significant difference with p-value ≤0.05. Conclusions: Both groups showed improvement in spasticity, functional status, range of motion and muscle strength, but treatment group receiving functional mobility exercises using non-immersive virtual reality was found to be more effective than the control group.
Role of Motivation in Academic Achievement among Medical Students: Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy
Authors: Habib Atiqa , Hanif Rabia , Riaz Rabia
Published: January 2024

Motivation acts as a major factor in making sound decisions and actions. The following study was conducted to investigate the relationship between motivation and academic achievement among medical students, along with exploring the mediating role of self-efficacy. Objective: To look for the relationship within motivation, academic achievement and self-efficacy among medical students, investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy among motivation and academic achievement and to investigate the role of various demographic factors. Methods: To test the hypothesis, questionnaires used for accessing motivation and academic achievement were SMMS-R and percentages whereas self-efficacy was measured via General Self-efficacy and Academic Self-efficacy scale. The study sample includes females (n=183) and males (n=115) with MBBS student being the inclusion criteria and non-MBBS students set as exclusion criteria where the data were collected through convenience sampling technique and calculated based on G-power. Results: were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 using Pearson Correlation to see the relationship between variables and independent sample t-test to see gender differences. Results showed Academic achievement was positively correlated with the motivation. A significant positive correlation of motivation with General self-efficacy and a strong negative correlation was found between Academic Self-efficacy and strength of motivation among medical students. Conclusions: By using this study, we will be able to understand the role of motivation and self-efficacy on academic achievement among medical students and how it varies across gender.
Comparative evaluation of slit-skin smear with punch biopsy for diagnosing leprosy in suspected patient attending a tertiary care hospital in peripheral West Bengal
Authors: Mukherjee Shuvankar , Sarkar Arijit , Mishra Suchitra
Published: January 2024

Background: Leprosy usually remains underdiagnosed or over-diagnosed due to a high dependency on clinical expertise. Leprosy requires a simple easy-to-perform laboratory test that guides clinicians to come to a conclusion with clinical correlation. Punch biopsy is the gold standard but it requires a biopsy facility in a hospital setting. Molecular diagnosis is out of reach even in resource-rich setups due to the non-availability of commercial kits. In this context slit-skin smear (SSS) might be an easier alternative to guide clinicians for a quality diagnosis, especially in peripheral hospitals.

Aims and Objectives: To determine diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of SSS with respect to punch biopsy.

Materials and Methods: The present study is an observational cross-sectional study conducted in a teaching institute in peripheral West Bengal. Two samples from clinically suspected patients of leprosy were collected for SSS and punch biopsy. Tests were performed as per standard laboratory protocol. Positive cases were informed to the clinician and treated as per World Health Organization treatment guidelines. SSS was compared to a punch biopsy with respect to sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value.

Results: Twenty-five among 59 clinically suspected cases were positive by either two tests or only one test. Twenty-one were males and four were female. Thirty-six was the median age distribution in positive cases 19 cases were positive by both SSS and punch biopsy, five by punch biopsy only, and one by SSS only. Sensitivity and specificity were 79.17% and 97.14%, respectively.

Conclusion: SSS is not inferior to punch biopsy even in paucibacillary cases. It is a simple easy-to-perform test but requires training and awareness in medical personnel to make it a front-line weapon to combat continuous leprosy transmission in the community.
Contraceptive use and method choice among young people in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors:   , Calhoun Lisa Marie
Published: January 2024

Family planning (FP) has been shown to have numerous health and social benefits for women, men and their families, including reduction of infant and maternal mortality, improved health of children due to birth spacing, and enabling young women to remain in school or pursue income generating activities. Yet, there are gaps in access to and use of voluntary contraception, particularly for adolescents and youth. The Full Access, Full Choice (FAFC) project aims to generate and synthesize evidence on contraceptive method choice among adolescents and youth in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia through the analysis of secondary data and collection of primary data. This thesis explores the influencing factors and barriers to adolescents and youth (ages 15-24) accessing and using the contraceptive method of their choice in Ethiopia, Kenya and Niger. Each of the empirical chapters addresses a different research question. Chapter 2 describes the influence of perceptions of peers’ contraceptive use on contraceptive method choice among male and female youth. In Chapters 3 and 4, qualitative data from a study in Kenya describes contraceptive use trajectories throughout adolescence as well as explores decision-making regarding method choice and where to obtain the method. In Chapter 5, we qualitatively explore what factors influence client satisfaction with FP services in Niger. Finally, the association between receipt of FP information and contraceptive use along the maternal, newborn and child health continuum of care among young women in Ethiopia is explored in Chapter 6. Overall, several implications for programs and policy in Ethiopia, Kenya and Niger emerge from this thesis. Programs in these settings, including demand and supply-side programming, should be tailored to the stage and sub-population given that adolescents and youth are a diverse group, and transition through many key life stages during this time period. This may include expanding access to a full range of methods through pharmacies, a common source of FP for youth. To address knowledge gaps, new avenues to provide FP information should be explored, and efforts should be made to provide this information at facility visits, particularly along the maternal, newborn and child health continuum of care. Future research efforts should include longitudinal studies to understand changes over time in key outcomes, including during pregnancy. In addition, studies should include male youth, as they play an important role in method use and choice. In conclusion, decisions about SRH should be based on what young women and men determine is best for them in each setting. Programs and research should incorporate the ideas, knowledge and experience of youth in order to ensure that barriers are addressed and youth are able to exercise their right to free and voluntary use of contraception.
Exploring the impact of intercultural competence education on students’ adaptability and success in culturally diverse environments
Authors:   , Rokos Constantina
Published: January 2024

In the rapidly evolving higher education landscape of the 21st century, cultivating intercultural competence has become a crucial prerequisite for students‘ success in our highly interconnected world. While intercultural competence has traditionally been associated with internationalization in higher education, its impact transcends international boundaries. This dissertation delves into the influence of intercultural competence education on students’ adaptability and success within culturally diverse environments. It aims to foster a context-specific understanding of intercultural competence in higher education, promoting a more transcultural perspective of this competence. The research findings illuminate the critical factors that shape students’ adaptability and success, including the recognition and utilization of diverse perspectives, the application of transcultural understanding, the engagement in collective spaces and interactions, and the comprehension of the developmental process associated with this competence. By equipping students with these essential elements, higher education institutions prepare them to navigate the multifaceted challenges of their academic journeys and thrive in their future careers within our interconnected world.