bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of Structural Parameters of Cutters for Tea Harvest Based on Biomimetic Methodology
Authors: Du Zhe , Hu Yongguang , Lu Yongzong , Pang Jing , Li Xinping
Published: July 2021

Owing to their sharp teeth, crickets can eat through new shoots of the stalks of tea plants. Inspired by the special geometrical structure of the teeth of crickets, this study designed a biomimetic cutter to reduce the force and energy required to cut the stalks of tea plants. Therefore, four biomimetic cutters were considered: a, b, c, and d. Cutter a was a traditional cutter used for comparison with the other three cutters, which were biomimetic. The cutters were manufactured using 3D printing technology and assessed by a texture tester at different loading speeds (5, 10, and 15 mm/s, respectively). The results show that cutter c delivered better performance compared to cutter a at loading speeds of 5, 10, and 15 mm/s, respectively. However, at 15 mm/s loading speed, the maximum cutting forces required for cutters b and c were 9.43% and 6.04% lower, respectively, than that for cutter a (9.021 N). Similarly, the energies consumed by cutters b and c were 13.8% and 4.24% lower than that consumed by cutter a (1.225 J). In addition, cutter c delivered the best results compared to others. Based on the study results, it was concluded that the biomimetic cutters can thus help to optimize the tea harvest.
Numerical Solutions of Time Fractional Zakharov-Kuznetsov Equation via Natural Transform Decomposition Method with Nonsingular Kernel Derivatives
Authors: Zhou Mei-Xiu , Kanth A. S. V. Ravi , Aruna K. , Raghavendar K. , Rezazadeh Hadi , Inc Mustafa , Aly Ayman A.
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we have studied the time-fractional Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation (TFZKE) via natural transform decomposition method (NTDM) with nonsingular kernel derivatives. The fractional derivative considered in Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) and Atangana-Baleanu derivative in Caputo sense (ABC). We employed natural transform (NT) on TFZKE followed by inverse natural transform, to obtain the solution of the equation. To validate the method, we have considered a few examples and compared with the actual results. Numerical results are in accordance with the existing results.
Impact of HACOR Score on Noninvasive Ventilation Failure in Non-COPD Patients with Acute-on-Chronic Respiratory Failure
Authors: Ding Min , Han Xiaoli , Bai Linfu , Huang Shicong , Duan Jun
Published: July 2021

Background. A rating scale that takes into account heart rate, acidosis, consciousness, oxygenation, and respiratory rate (the HACOR score) has been used to predict noninvasive ventilation (NIV) failure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the HACOR score has not been used to predict NIV failure in non-COPD patients with acute-on-chronic respiratory failure. Methods. This study was performed in the respiratory intensive care unit of a teaching hospital. Data had been collected prospectively between June 2011 and January 2019. We enrolled non-COPD patients who received NIV due to acute-on-chronic respiratory failure, pH < 7.35, and PaCO2 >45 mmHg. NIV failure was defined as requiring intubation or dying during NIV. The HACOR score was determined at initiation and after 1-2, 12, and 24 h of NIV. Scores can range from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating a higher risk of NIV failure. Results. A total of 148 patients were enrolled in the study, 52 with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, 34 with chronic thoracic sequelae, 31 with bronchiectasis, 14 with chest wall deformity, 5 with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome, and 12 with other conditions. Of the patients, 19 (13%) experienced NIV failure. From initiation to 24 h of NIV, the HACOR scores of patients who experienced NIV failure were much higher than those of patients who received successful NIV. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.69, 0.91, 0.91, and 0.94 when the HACOR score was tested at initiation and after 1-2, 12, and 24 h of NIV, respectively. To obtain the best sensitivity and specificity, the cutoff value at initiation was 7 with a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 61%. After 1-2 h of NIV, it was 5 with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 85%. After 12 h of NIV, it was 4 with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 91%. After 24 h of NIV, it was 2 with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 76%. Conclusions. The HACOR score has high sensitivity and specificity for predicting NIV failure among non-COPD patients who receive NIV due to acute-on-chronic respiratory failure with respiratory acidosis.
Extracellular Vesicles in the Cornea: Insights from Other Tissues
Authors: McKay Tina B. , Yeung Vincent , Hutcheon Audrey E. K. , Guo Xiaoqing , Zieske James D. , Ciolino Joseph B.
Published: July 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer-bound particles secreted by cells that have been found to be important in mediating cell-cell communication, signal transduction, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Their role in both physiological and pathological processes has been established in different tissues throughout the human body. The human cornea functions as a transparent and refractive barrier that protects the intraocular elements from the external environment. Injury, infection, or disease may cause the loss of corneal clarity by altering extracellular matrix organization within the stroma that may lead to detrimental effects on visual acuity. Over the years, numerous studies have identified many of the growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factor-β1, thrombospondin-1, and platelet-derived growth factor) important in corneal wound healing and scarring. However, the functional role of bound factors encapsulated in EVs in the context of corneal biology is less defined. In this review, we describe the discovery and characterization of EVs in the cornea. We focus on EV-matrix interactions, potential functions during corneal wound healing, and the bioactivity of mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs. We also discuss the development of EVs as stable, drug-loaded therapeutics for ocular applications.
Community Detection by Node Betweenness and Similarity in Complex Network
Authors: Feng Chong , Ye Jianxu , Hu Jianlu , Yuan Hui Lin
Published: July 2021

Community detection of complex networks has always been a hot issue. With the mixed parameters μ increase in network complexity, community detection algorithms need to be improved. Based on previous work, the paper designs a novel algorithm from the perspective of node betweenness properties and gives the detailed steps of the algorithm and simulation results. We compare the proposed algorithm with a series of typical algorithms through experiments on synthetic and actual networks. Experimental results on artificial and real networks demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our algorithm.
Synthesis and Infrared Performance of SiB6 Powder through “Chemical Oven” Self‐Propagating Combustion
Authors: Shuang Shuang , Yang Fengxia , Li Zhiwei , Li Jiangtao , Meng Xiangmin
Published: July 2021

SiB6 powders were prepared by the “chemical oven” method from Si and B powders. Here combustion with acid pickling “two‐step” mode replaces the traditional synthesis method which helps to avoid severe condition of high temperature and high pressure. It could realize maximum reaction temperature to about 2000°C, and the whole process just needs ∼30 s. The average diameter of products is ∼10 μm. And the raw material Si and B are ∼3 μm and ∼20 μm, respectively. The infrared emissivity of products was evaluated by UV‐vis spectrum with absorption band around 250∼2500 nm. All five samples show higher emissivity over UV‐visible light range with lower emissivity over near‐infrared range. Typically, the sample’s Si/B ratio of 1 : 1 shows highest integral intensity for about 0.85 compared with other molar ratios. It can be used as a more simple and effective method to obtain infrared ceramic SiB6 with high emissivity.
Breaching the Bridge: An Investigation into Doctor‐Patient Miscommunication as a Significant Factor in the Violence against Healthcare Workers in Palestine
Authors: Saeedi Munther , Al-Othman Nihad , Rabayaa Maha
Published: July 2021

Background. Workplace violence is a common issue worldwide that strikes all professions, and healthcare is one of the most susceptible ones. Verbal and nonverbal miscommunications between healthcare workers and patients are major inducers for violent attacks. Aim. To study the potential impact of verbal and nonverbal miscommunications between the patients and healthcare workers upon workplace violence from the patients’ perspectives. Methods. A descriptive cross‐sectional study was performed from November to December 2020. Patients and previously hospitalized patients were asked to complete a self‐reported questionnaire that involved items of verbal and nonverbal miscommunication. With the use of a suitable available sample composed of 550 participants, 505 had completed the questionnaire and were included in the study. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 22 software. Results. 7.2% of the study population reported participating in nonverbal violence and 19.6% participated in verbal violence against healthcare workers. The nonverbal and verbal violence was characteristically displayed by the patients who are male, younger than 30 years old, and bachelor’s degree holders. The results of the study demonstrated that the verbal and nonverbal miscommunications between the patients and healthcare workers were the major factors in provoking violent responses from patients. Factors, such as age, gender, and level of education, were significant indicators of the type of patients who were more likely to respond with violence. Conclusion. Workplace violence, either verbal or nonverbal, in the health sector is a public health concern in Palestine. The verbal and nonverbal communication skills of healthcare workers should be developed well enough to overcome the effect of miscommunication provoking violent acts from patients and their relatives as well.
Endothelial Reprogramming Stimulated by Oncostatin M Promotes Inflammation and Tumorigenesis inVHL-Deficient Kidney Tissue
Authors: Nguyen-Tran Hieu-Huy , Nguyen Thi-Ngoc , Chen Chen-Yun , Hsu Tien
Published: July 2021

Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and its progression has been linked to chronic inflammation. About 70% of the ccRCC cases are associated with inactivation of the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) tumor-suppressor gene. However, it is still not clear how mutations in VHL, encoding the substrate-recognition subunit of an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the alpha subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIFα), can coordinate tissue inflammation and tumorigenesis. We previously generated mice with conditional Vhlh knockout in kidney tubules, which resulted in severe inflammation and fibrosis in addition to hyperplasia and the appearance of transformed clear cells. Interestingly, the endothelial cells (EC), although not subject to genetic manipulation, nonetheless showed profound changes in gene expression that suggest a role in promoting inflammation and tumorigenesis. Oncostatin M (OSM) mediated the interaction between VHL-deficient renal tubule cells and the ECs, and the activated ECs in turn induced macrophage recruitment and polarization. The OSM-dependent microenvironment also promoted metastasis of exogenous tumors. Thus, OSM signaling initiates reconstitution of an inflammatory and tumorigenic microenvironment by VHL-deficient renal tubule cells, which plays a critical role in ccRCC initiation and progression.

Significance:

A novel mechanism of cross-talk between ECs and VHL-deficient kidney tubules that stimulates inflammation and tumorigenesis is discovered, suggesting OSM could be a potential target for ccRCC intervention.
Reallocation of Carotid Surgery Activity with the Support of Telemedicine in a COVID-Free Clinic during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Troisi Nicola , Cincotta Massimo , Cardinali Consuelo , Battista Donato , Alberti Aldo , Tramacere Luciana , Michelagnoli Stefano , Chisci Emiliano
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study is to report the reallocation of carotid surgery activity with the support of telemedicine in a COVID-free clinic during COVID-19 pandemic. Patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis or asymptomatic vulnerable plaques were reallocated to a COVID-free private clinic which began to cooperate with the National Health System during the emergency. Quick training of staff nurses was performed. Surgeons moved to the COVID-19 free clinic. Remote cerebral monitoring was performed with the support of telemedicine. Twenty-four patients underwent standard carotid endarterectomy with eversion technique. Five patients (20.8%) had recently symptomatic stenosis, and the remaining 19 patients (79.2%) had a risky asymptomatic carotid stenosis. No technical issue with remote cerebral monitoring was detected. In the early postoperative period, no neurological/systemic complication was observed. Three patients under dual antiplatelet therapy (12.5%) had neck hematoma. All patients were discharged the day after surgery. In our preliminary experience, reallocation in a COVID-free clinic allowed us to maintain a functioning carotid surgery activity during COVID-19 pandemic. A multidisciplinary approach and support of telemedicine were crucial. Training of unskilled nurse staff was necessary.
Pneumonien bei älteren Menschen: Risikofaktor Atemmuskelschwäche
Authors: Frohnhofen Helmut
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The respiratory muscle strength regulates the effectiveness of coughing, which clears the airways and protects people from pneumonia. Sarcopenia is an aging-related loss of muscle mass and function, the worsening of which is associated with malnutrition. The loss of respiratory and swallowing muscle strength occurs with aging, but its effect on pneumonia is unclear. This study aimed to determine the risks of respiratory muscle weakness on the onset and relapse of pneumonia in older people in conjunction with other muscle-related factors such as malnutrition. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study with 47 pneumonia inpatients and 35 non-pneumonia controls aged 70 years and older. We evaluated the strength of respiratory and swallowing muscles, muscle mass, and malnutrition (assessed by serum albumin levels and somatic fat) during admission and confirmed pneumonia relapse within 6 months. The maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures determined the respiratory muscle strength. Swallowing muscle strength was evaluated by tongue pressure. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to evaluate the muscle and fat mass. Results: The respiratory muscle strength, body trunk muscle mass, serum albumin level, somatic fat mass, and tongue pressure were significantly lower in pneumonia patients than in controls. Risk factors for the onset of pneumonia were low inspiratory respiratory muscle strength (odds ratio [OR], 6.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56–30.11), low body trunk muscle mass divided by height2 (OR, 6.86; 95% CI, 1.49–31.65), and low serum albumin level (OR, 5.46; 95% CI, 1.51–19.79). For the relapse of pneumonia, low somatic fat mass divided by height2 was a risk factor (OR, 20.10; 95% CI, 2.10–192.42). Discussion/Conclusions: Respiratory muscle weakness, lower body trunk muscle mass, and malnutrition were risk factors for the onset of pneumonia in older people. For the relapse of pneumonia, malnutrition was a risk factor.
Comorbidities and in-hospital death of viral pneumonia adults admitted to SUS (2002–2015)
Authors: Piazza Thais , Moreira Daniela Pena , Rocha Hugo André da , Lana Agner Pereira , Reis Ilka Afonso , Santos Marcos Antônio da Cunha , Guerra-Júnior Augusto Afonso , Cherchiglia Mariangela Leal
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE To identify demographic and clinical characteristics of adult patients hospitalized in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) due to viral pneumonia and investigate the association between some comorbidities and death during hospitalization. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was conducted with secondary data of adults admitted to SUS due to viral pneumonia between 2002 and 2015. Patient profile was characterized based on demographic and clinical variables. The association between the ten Elixhauser comorbidities and in-hospital death was investigated using Poisson regression models with robust standard errors. Results were quantified as incidence rate ratio (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and we built five models using successive inclusion of variables blocks. RESULTS Hospital admissions for viral pneumonias decreased throughout the study period, and it was observed that 5.8% of hospitalized patients had an in-hospital death. We observed significant differences in demographic and clinical characteristics by comparing individuals who died during hospitalization with those who did not, with the occurrence of one or more comorbidities being more expressive among patients who died. Although not considered risk factors for in-hospital death, chronic pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure were the most common comorbidities. Conversely, IRR for in-hospital death increased with other neurological disorders, diabetes, cancer, obesity, and especially with HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSIONS Individuals presenting with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases require proper attention during hospitalization, as well as those with other neurological diseases, diabetes, cancer, obesity, and especially HIV/AIDS. Understanding the influence of chronic diseases on viral infections may support the healthcare system in achieving better outcomes.
COVID-19 and social distancing among children and adolescents in Brazil
Authors: Barros Fernando C , Hartwig Fernando P , Barros Aluísio J D , Menezes Ana M B , Horta Bernardo L , Struchiner Cláudio J , Vidaletti Luis Paulo , Silveira Mariangela F , Mesenburg Marilia A , Delagostin Odir A , Hallal Pedro C , Victora Cesar G
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the adherence to measures of social distancing in children and adolescents studied in three national surveys conducted in Brazil between May–June 2020. METHODS Three national serological surveys were conducted in 133 sentinel cities located in all 27 Federative Units. Multistage probability sampling was used to select 250 individuals per city. The total sample size in age ranges 0–9 and 10–19 years old are of 4,263 and 8,024 individuals, respectively. Information on children or adolescents was gathered with a data collection app, and a rapid point-of-case test for SARS-CoV-2 was conducted on a finger prick blood sample. RESULTS The adjusted prevalence of antibodies was 2.9% (2.2–3.6) among children 0–9 years, 2.2% (1.8–2.6) among adolescents 10-19 years, and 3.0% (2.7–3.3) among adults 20+years. Prevalence of antibodies was higher among poor children and adolescents compared to those of rich families. Adherence to social distancing measures was seen in 72.4% (71.9–73.8) of families with children, 60.8% (59.6–61.9) for adolescents, and 57.4% (56.9–57.8) for adults. For not leaving the house except for essential matters the proportions were 81.7% (80.5–82.9), 70.6% (69.6–61.9), and 65.1% (64.7–65.5), respectively. Among children and adolescents, social distancing was strongly associated with socioeconomic status, being much higher in the better-off families. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 showed comparable levels among children, adolescents, and adults. Adherence to social distancing measures was more prevalent in children, followed by adolescents. There were important socioeconomic differences in the adherence to social distancing among children and adolescents.
SARS-CoV-2 Initiates Programmed Cell Death in Platelets
Authors: Koupenova Milka , Corkrey Heather A. , Vitseva Olga , Tanriverdi Kahraman , Somasundaran Mohan , Liu Ping , Soofi Shaukat , Bhandari Rohan , Godwin Matthew , Parsi Krishna Mohan , Cousineau Alyssa , Maehr René , Wang Jennifer P. , Cameron Scott J. , Rade Jeffrey , Finberg Robert W. , Freedman Jane E.
Published: July 2021

Rationale:

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by increased incidence of microthrombosis with hyperactive platelets sporadically containing viral RNA. It is unclear if SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome, corona virus-2) directly alters platelet activation or if these changes are a reaction to infection-mediated global inflammatory alterations. Importantly, the direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 on platelets has yet to be studied.

Objective:

To characterize the direct SARS-CoV-2–platelet interactions using in vitro studies with purified infectious virions and samples from infected patients.

Methods and Results:

Platelet RNA analyzed by ARTIC v3 sequencing for SARS-CoV-2 showed presence of fragmented viral genome in all patients with COVID-19. Immunofluorescent imaging of platelets from patients with COVID-19 confirmed presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins, whereas there was no detection of viral RNA by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Transmission electron microscopy of platelets incubated with purified SARS-CoV-2 virions demonstrated rapid internalization and digestion leading to distinct morphological changes and resulted in a release of extracellular vesicles. Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and platelets occurred with or without ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) 2 presence as measured by immunofluorescence. Transmission electron microscopy showed that SARS-CoV-2 virions became internalized when they were attached to microparticles, bypassing the need for ACE2. Enrichment analysis of platelet transcriptome from patients with acute COVID-19, compared with those with clinical thrombosis, suggested upregulation of pathways related to virally mediated cell death, specifically necroptosis and apoptosis. Platelets incubated with infectious virus appeared to undergo cell death in 30 minutes postincubation as assessed by transmission electron microscopy and platelets from patients with COVID-19 showed evidence of increased markers of apoptosis and necroptosis by Western blot. Immunofluorescence confirmed colocalization of SARS-CoV-2 with phospho-MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase) and caspase 3 on nonpermeabilized platelets in vitro and in COVID-19 platelets.

Conclusions:

Platelets internalize SARS-CoV-2 virions, directly or attached to microparticles, and viral internalization leads to rapid digestion, programmed cell death, and extracellular vesicle release. During COVID-19, platelets mediate a rapid response to SARS-CoV-2 and this response can contribute to dysregulated immunity and thrombosis.
Silencing Myeloid Netrin-1 Induces Inflammation Resolution and Plaque Regression
Authors: Schlegel Martin , Sharma Monika , Brown Emily J. , Newman Alexandra A.C. , Cyr Yannick , Afonso Milessa Silva , Corr Emma M. , Koelwyn Graeme J. , van Solingen Coen , Guzman Jonathan , Farhat Rubab , Nikain Cyrus A. , Shanley Lianne C. , Peled Daniel , Schmidt Ann Marie , Fisher Edward A. , Moore Kathryn J.
Published: July 2021

Rationale:

Therapeutic efforts to decrease atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk have focused largely on reducing atherogenic lipoproteins, yet lipid-lowering therapies alone are insufficient to fully regress plaque burden. We postulate that arterial repair requires resolution of a maladaptive immune response and that targeting factors that hinder inflammation resolution will facilitate plaque regression.

Objective:

The guidance molecule Ntn1 (netrin-1) is secreted by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques, where it sustains inflammation by enhancing macrophage survival and blocking macrophage emigration. We tested whether silencing Ntn1 in advanced atherosclerosis could resolve arterial inflammation and regress plaques.

Methods and Results:

To temporally silence
Ntn1
in myeloid cells, we generated genetically modified mice in which
Ntn1
could be selectively deleted in monocytes and macrophages using a tamoxifen-induced CX3CR1-driven cre recombinase (
Ntn1
fl/fl
Cx3cr1
creERT2+
) and littermate control mice (
Ntn1
fl/fl
Cx3cr1
WT
). Mice were fed Western diet in the setting of hepatic PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) overexpression to render them atherosclerotic and then treated with tamoxifen to initiate deletion of myeloid
Ntn1
(Mø
ΔNtn1
) or not in controls (Mø
WT
). Morphometric analyses performed 4 weeks later showed that myeloid Ntn1 silencing reduced plaque burden in the aorta (−50%) and plaque complexity in the aortic root. Monocyte-macrophage tracing experiments revealed lower monocyte recruitment, macrophage retention, and proliferation in Mø
ΔNtn1
compared with Mø
WT
plaques, indicating a restructuring of monocyte-macrophage dynamics in the artery wall upon Ntn1 silencing. Single-cell RNA sequencing of aortic immune cells before and after
Ntn1
silencing revealed upregulation of gene pathways involved in macrophage phagocytosis and migration, including the
Ccr7
chemokine receptor signaling pathway required for macrophage emigration from plaques and atherosclerosis regression. Additionally, plaques from Mø
ΔNtn1
mice showed hallmarks of inflammation resolution, including higher levels of proresolving macrophages, IL (interleukin)-10, and efferocytosis, as compared to plaques from Mø
WT
mice.

Conclusion:

Our data show that targeting Ntn1 in advanced atherosclerosis ameliorates atherosclerotic inflammation and promotes plaque regression.
No Justification for Smith’s Incidentally True Beliefs
Authors: Schramm Alfred
Published: July 2021

Edmund Gettier (1963) argued that there can be justified true belief (JTB) that is not knowledge. The correctness of Gettier’s argument is questioned by showing that Smith of his famous examples does not earn justification for his incidentally true beliefs, while a doxastically more conscientious person S would come to hold justified but false beliefs. So, Gettier’s (and analogous) cases do not result in justified and true belief. This is due to a tension between deductive closure of justification and evidential support. For being justified, any believing, disbelieving, or withholding of deductively inferred propositions must be distributed proportionally to given evidential support. This proportionality principle has primacy over deductive closure in case of conflict. Although the author’s argument does not save the JTB-account, it explains why subjects in Gettier situations do not earn knowledge.
The use of hēi diào (‘to turn black’) and its related [V diào] forms in social media
Authors: Chung Siaw-Fong , Shih Meng-Hsien , Liu Hui-Wen , Lee Chi-ling , Chiang Yueh-Hui Vanessa
Published: July 2021

Hēi diào ‘to turn black’ (黑掉) denotes a change-of-state meaning, but in social media, it has a special pragmatic use that emphasizes “bad consequences” following an uncooperative act, whether right or wrong. This metaphorical and new transitive use of hēi diào, which is unique among netizens, has changed the literal status of hēi ‘black’ to other additional accomplishment/achievement meanings. Our study examined the expression hēi diào using data from a social media corpus, the PTT Bulletin Board System. We also analysed all the constructions of hēi diào and similar [V diào (掉)] patterns in the corpus. Unlike most previous work, which analysed the uses of [V diào] only, our study observed pragmatic connotations of hēi diào in social media—uses that only materialized in certain contexts.
Metadiscourse variations in the generic structure of disciplinary research articles
Authors: Kashiha Hadi
Published: July 2021

Research articles have begun to occupy the status of a prominent academic genre, as publishing one is a significant way to gain credibility and to establish oneself as a researcher among members of a discourse community. One way to distinguish discourse communities is to look at the linguistic features used in the generic structure of their research articles. One of these linguistic features is metadiscourse which deals with the connection between authors, texts and readers. The present study adopted Hyland’s (2005a) model of metadiscourse to compare the use of interactional markers in the moves of 40 research article introductions from Applied Linguistics and Chemistry. Findings indicated some variations in the way that disciplinary authors employed interactional devices in introduction moves. These findings can be discussed in terms of familiarizing novice writers with discipline-specific features of their research article introduction and interpersonality in establishing a link between a text and readers.
‘The common good’
Authors: Moghaddam Mostafa Morady
Published: July 2021

In this study, I attempt to propose a conceptualisation of interactive politeness which is anchored in the investigation of a kind of other-criticism known as ‘eršâd šodan’ or being exposed to verbal guidance, which is an important religious value among Muslims. The concept of ‘eršâd šodan’ has an imperative load that is expected to contribute to negative impoliteness (Culpeper, 2016). However, as the data of this study reveal, threatening individuals’ negative face through other-criticism was not interpreted as impoliteness among the subjects. My analysis through one-on-one interviews indicates that politeness among Persian speakers is more than a dynamic construction between conversational partners, for there are macro orders that influence people’s interpretation of politeness. I conclude that politeness in other-criticism is closely germane to how subjects connected imposition to the establishment of orders. This article intends to show that it is reasonable to expect that the criticism of an individual could be for the individual’s own good but also for the greater (group, community) good, reminiscent of cultural facilities that are provided to fulfil the certain interests of a particular community.
Popular Art Forms in the DRC
Authors: Naudillon Françoise , Reeck Matt
Published: July 2021

Popular literary forms have experienced a remarkable vitality in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. While it is difficult to define popular literature, it is necessary to recognize within Francophone literature the existence of types of texts that escape the attention of both discursive and institutional practices of legitimization, texts that are consigned to the margins of the dominant literary canon. In fact, these texts transgress the conventions of these literary “sub-genres,” such as detective novels, dime novels, exoticist novels, novels of manners, as well as graphic novels or comics. The success of Zamenga Batukezanga (1933–2000), still the most widely read and recognized writer in the DRC, as well as the recent rise of comic book writer Jérémie Nsingi, the author of many fanzines and small-run comic strips, reflect how these genres reconstruct canons and illustrate the emergence of a popular social imaginary.
Three uncharted endemic earthworm species of the genus Eutyphoeus (Oligochaeta: Octochaetidae) from Mizoram, India
Authors: TIWARI NALINI , LONE AZHAR RASHID , THAKUR SAMRENDRA SINGH , JAMES SAMUEL W. , YADAV SHWETA
Published: July 2021

Integrative approach of taxonomy drives us to the discovery of three new species of the genus Eutyphoeus Michaelsen 1900, namely Eutyphoeus phawngpuiensis sp. nov., Eutyphoeus serei sp. nov. and Eutyphoeus tawi sp. nov. from protected forests of Mizoram, India. E. phawngpuiensis sp. nov. belongs to the Eutyphoeus hastatus group, and is characterized by holandric male organs, having spermathecal pores at “a or ab”, bidiverticulate spermathecae, and lack of genital marking glands. While, E. tawi sp. nov. has spermathecal pores at b or lateral to b, without lateral intestinal caeca. E. serei sp. nov. belongs to the Eutyphoeus gigas group, and is distinguished by having metandric male organs, lacking female pore of right side, and having spoon shaped tip of penial setae without ornamentation. Molecular characterization using coi gene marker also supports the findings. The maximum intraspecific distances and distance to the nearest neighbour of E. phawngpuiensis sp. nov., E. serei sp. nov. and E. tawi sp. nov. were recorded 3.5%, 9.37%; 2.35%, 14.83%; and 2.28%, 12.86% respectively. The key to Eutyphoeus species of India was also updated.
Parametric Optimization of ZrB2–SiC Composites Sintered Through Microwave Sintering Using Grey Relational Taguchi
Authors: Sharma Ankur , Karunakar D. B.
Published: July 2021

Zirconium Diboride (ZrB2) is known as an ultra-high temperature ceramic with applications in various industries like refractory and foundry industries. In conjunction with Silicon Carbide (SiC), ZrB2ceramic finds extensive applications in the nose caps and leading edges of atmospheric re-entry vehicles and rocket propulsion. The primary objective is to optimize the output responses viz., Vickers micro hardness, relative density, compressive strength of ZrB2-30 vol.% SiC composites developed through microwave sintering. The three control factors viz., sintering temperature, heating rate and holding time are chosen as input process parameters for microwave sintering. Taguchi’s L9orthogonal array is used to obtain experimental runs. The Grey Relational Taguchi provides the optimal process parameters by binding the multiple responses (relative density, vickers micro-hardness, and compressive strength) into single comprehensive response [i.e., Grey Relational Grade (GRG)]. The results confirm that the optimal parameters attained using Grey Relational Taguchi maximize the performance characteristics of the microwave sintering process.
Chromatic Effect Reproduction of Irlen Colored Filters by a Pulse Width Modulation-Driven Three-Chromatic Light Emitting Diode Device
Authors: Freitas Thiago , Maia Antônio , Sesselmann Meinhard , Brasil Maria
Published: July 2021

Visual Stress (VS) is an abnormal visuoperceptual condition caused by an imbalance in light adaptation ability which yields reading deficits. It was first described in 1983 and, since then, has been treated with the usage of colored spectral filters, either as Irlen overlays either
as lenses for symptoms relief. However, the limited options of overlays compromise the pursuit for the patient’s optimal filter so that a device that could provide a broader range of colors would improve achievements for both screeners and patients. The present work aims to develop a
micro-controlled RGB LED device whose goal is to reproduce Irlen overlays combinations chromaticities through colored light metamers. Such a device can open possibilities for better diagnosing Visual Stress (VS) by providing screeners a much more extensive range of colors than regular overlays
and glasses and, therefore, allowing more accurate scrutiny of the optimal chromatic point for the patient. For the pursuit of this goal, a LED controller based on PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) of currents was built, and a color reproduction methodology was developed to ensure chromaticity
matching. From the 47 filters considered, 22 showed a ratio ΔE/JND < 6 and, thus, laid within a range that could provide the reading performance associated with its corresponding filter. Reproduction methodology was effective and demanded 5 main inputs: LED individual and white
point color coordinates plus LED characterization curves. The controller proved to be effective for color manipulation inside the device’s gamut, which opens the possibility for both readjustment of the chromaticity, if it is found to vary with patient’s aging, and further connection
to an eye tracker to shorten the search for the optimal point.
Effect of Temperature on DNA/RNA-Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Complex Nanoparticles Produced by Synchrotronic Laser Ablation Method in the Cancer Cells
Authors: Heidari Alireza
Published: July 2021

In this work, the effect of temperature of the ablation environment on the properties of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles produced by synchrotronic laser ablation method is investigated. To produce nanoparticles, Nd:YAG synchrotronic laser pulse with 1121 (nm) wavelength is used to
emit Cadmium in the cancer cells. All test parameters were kept constant and cancer cells temperature was changed to produce samples at 20 and 65 °C. Then, ATR-FTIR, XRD, TEM and UV-Visible spectroscopy analyses were performed to investigate their properties. The results show that the
size of nanoparticles is increased by increase in temperature of ablation environment. On the other hand, in the current experimental research, DNA/RNA-Cadmium Oxide (CdO) complex is created at the size of Nano. In this regard, same volume of DNA/RNA and Cadmium Oxide (CdO) solutions were
mixed together and emitted by the second harmonic synchrotronic laser pulse of Nd:YAG with wavelength of 777 (nm). The DNA/RNA and Cadmium Oxide (CdO) solutions have been produced, separately, using synchrotronic laser ablation process. To produce them, synchrotronic laser pulse of Nd:YAG
with wavelength of 1121 (nm) and pulse width of 7 (ns) and repeating frequency of 5 (Hz) was used. The results show that synchrotronic laser emission with wavelength of 777 (nm) is an appropriate method for producing DNA/RNA compounds in the size of Nano.
Application of the Multi-Spectral Correlated-k Distribution Model to Multi-Dimensional Rectangular Enclosure Gas Radiation Calculations
Authors: Hou Longfeng
Published: July 2021

The Multi-Spectral Correlated-k distribution model (MSCk) is an amelioration of the widely used Ck model. In the MSCk model, the breakdown of correlation assumption used in the original Ck model for non-uniform media is overcome by introducing the clustering of scaling functions.
The principle of MSCk model is to group together wavenumbers with respect to the spectral scaling functions—defined as the ratio between spectral absorption coefficients in distinct states—so that the correlation assumption can be considered as exact over the corresponding intervals
of wavenumbers. Until now, validations of the MSCk model in 0D and 1D test cases have already been performed in the previous work (Andre, F., Hou, L., Roger, M. and Vaillon, R., 2014. The multispectral gas radiation modeling: A new theoretical framework based on a multidimensional approach
to k-distribution methods. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 147, pp.178–195; Andre, F., Hou, L. and Solovjov, V.P., 2016. An Exact Formulation of k-Distribution Methods in Non-Uniform Gaseous Media and its Approximate Treatment Within
the Multi-Spectral Framework. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 676(1)). However, its application to multi-dimensional configurations (much closer to industrial applications) has not been conducted. Accordingly, in the present paper, we focus our attention on the application of
the MSCk model to Multi-dimensional calculations.
Performance Evaluation of Negative-Capacitance Fin-Type Field Effect Transistor-Based Static Random-Access Memory with Mixed-Mode Simulation
Authors: Chen Xianlong , Lü Weifeng , Liu Bo , Du Tiejun , Lin Mi
Published: July 2021

Electrical characteristics of fin-type field-effect transistor with negative capacitance effect (NCFinFET) are investigated coupled with the Landau-Khalatnikov equation for ferroelectric materials in this study. Moreover, Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) mixed-mode simulation
is carried out to evaluate and compare the performance of NCFinFET-based static random access memory cell (NC-SRAM) with a traditional FinFETbased SRAM one. It is shown NC-SRAM has higher static noise margin (SNM) and better anti-interference capability than conventional SRAM with the same
supply voltage. The static read, hold, and write noise margins (RSNM, HSNM, and WSNM, respectively) for NC-SRAM increased by 10%, 30%, and 15%, respectively, and the access disturb stability improved by 80%. Simulation results also reveal that the read stability increases with increasing ferroelectric
layer thickness, while the write stability exhibits a non-monotonic trend with ferroelectric layer thickness for NC-SRAM.
Approximating the Internal Variability of Bias-Corrected Global Temperature Projections with Spatial Stochastic Generators
Authors: Hu Wenjing , Castruccio Stefano
Published: July 2021

Decision making under climate change, from vulnerability assessments to adaptation and mitigation, requires an accurate quantification of the uncertainty in the future climate. Physically constrained projections, in the presence of both observations and climate simulations, can be obtained by establishing an empirical relationship in the historical time period, and use it to correct the bias of future simulations. Traditional bias correction approaches do not account for the uncertainty in the climate simulation, and focus on regionally aggregated variables without spatial dependence, with loss of useful information such as the variability of gradients across regions. We propose a new statistical model for bias correction of monthly surface temperatures with sparse and interpretable spatial structure, and we use it to obtain future reanalysis projections with associated uncertainty, using only a small ensemble of global simulations.
Differential Credibility of Climate Modes in CMIP6
Authors: Coburn Jacob , Pryor S. C.
Published: July 2021

This work quantitatively evaluates the fidelity with which the northern annular mode (NAM), southern annular mode (SAM), Pacific–North American pattern (PNA), El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), and the first-order mode interactions are represented in Earth system model (ESM) output from the CMIP6 archive. Several skill metrics are used as part of a differential credibility assessment (DCA) of both spatial and temporal characteristics of the modes across ESMs, ESM families, and specific ESM realizations relative to ERA5. The spatial patterns and probability distributions are generally well represented but skill scores that measure the degree to which the frequencies of maximum variance are captured are consistently lower for most ESMs and climate modes. Substantial variability in skill scores manifests across realizations from individual ESMs for the PNA and oceanic modes. Further, the ESMs consistently overestimate the strength of the NAM–PNA first-order interaction and underestimate the NAM–AMO connection. These results suggest that the choice of ESM and ESM realizations will continue to play a critical role in determining climate projections at the global and regional scale at least in the near term.
Atmospheric Rivers: An Overlooked Threat to the Marginal Snowpack of the Australian Alps
Authors: McGowan Hamish , Borthwick Kara , Schwartz Andrew , Callow John Nik , Bilish Shane , Browning Stuart
Published: July 2021

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are tropospheric corridors that provide ~90% of poleward water vapor transport. They are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity if global warming continues unabated. Here we present a case study of the first direct observations of the impact of AR rain-on-snow (RoS) events on the marginal snowpack of the Australian Alps. Reanalysis data show ARs embedded within strong northwesterly airflow extended over 4000 km from the eastern Indian Ocean to southeast Australia, where orographic processes enhanced RoS. We quantify for the first-time radiation and turbulent energy flux exchanges using eddy covariance and the contribution of rain heat flux to the snowpack during the AR RoS events. The hydrological response of an above snow line catchment that includes Australia’s highest peak during the events was rapid, with discharge increasing by nearly two orders of magnitude above historical mean winter discharge. This reflects the isothermal properties of the marginal Australian snowpack, where small increases in energy from RoS can trigger rapid snowmelt leading to flash flooding. Discharge decreased quickly following the passage of the ARs and onset of cold air advection. Based on climate projections of ≈+2.5°C warming in the Australian Alps by midcentury combined with an already historically, close-to-ripe snowpack, we postulate that AR induced RoS events will accelerate the loss of snow cover.
Colorful Language: Investigating Public Interpretation of the Storm Prediction Center Convective Outlook
Authors: Ernst Sean , Ripberger Joe , Krocak Makenzie J. , Jenkins-Smith Hank , Silva Carol
Published: July 2021

Although severe weather forecast products, such as the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) convective outlook, are much more accurate than climatology at day-to-week time scales, tornadoes and severe thunderstorms claim dozens of lives and cause billions of dollars in damage every year. While the accuracy of this outlook has been well documented, less work has been done to explore the comprehension of the product by non-expert users like the general public. This study seeks to fill this key knowledge gap by collecting data from a representative survey of U.S. adults in the lower 48 states about their use and interpretation of the SPC convective outlook. Participants in this study were asked to rank the words and colors used in the outlook from least to greatest risk, and their answers were compared through visualizations and statistical tests across multiple demographics. Results show that the US public ranks the outlook colors similarly to their ordering in the outlook but switch the positions of several of the outlook words as compared to the operational product. Logistic regression models also reveal that more numerate individuals more correctly rank the SPC outlook words and colors. These findings suggest that the words used in the convective outlook may confuse non-expert users, and that future work should continue to use input from public surveys to test potential improvements in the choice of outlook words. Using more easily understood words may help to increase the outlook’s decision support value and potentially reduce the harm caused by severe weather events.
Analysis of End User Access of Warn-on-Forecast Guidance Products during an Experimental Forecasting Task
Authors: Wilson Katie A. , Gallo Burkely T. , Skinner Patrick , Clark Adam , Heinselman Pamela , Choate Jessica J.
Published: July 2021

Convection-allowing model ensemble guidance, such as that provided by the Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS), is designed to provide predictions of individual thunderstorm hazards within the next 0–6 h. The WoFS web viewer provides a large suite of storm and environmental attribute products, but the applicability of these products to the National Weather Service forecast process has not been objectively documented. Therefore, this study describes an experimental forecasting task designed to investigate what WoFS products forecasters accessed and how they accessed them for a total of 26 cases (comprised of 13 weather events, each worked by two forecasters). Analysis of web access log data revealed that in all 26 cases, product accesses were dominated in the reflectivity, rotation, hail, and surface wind categories. However, the number of different product types viewed and the number of transitions between products varied in each case. Therefore, the Levenshtein (Edit Distance) method was used to compute similarity scores across all 26 cases, which helped identify what it meant for relatively similar vs. dissimilar navigation of WoFS products. The Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient (R) results found that forecasters working the same weather event had higher similarity scores for events that produced more tornado reports and for events in which forecasters had higher performance scores. The findings from this study will influence subsequent efforts for further improving WoFS products and developing an efficient and effective user interface for operational applications.