bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Changes Produced in the Lungs by the Embryos of Ollulanus Tricuspis
Authors: Stirling W. M.
Published: April 2021

Several years ago Prof. Louckart described a small nematode worm belonging to the family of the Strongylidæ, the Ollulanus tricuspis, which affects the cat. The adult forms, male and female, are found in the stomach and intestinal tract even as far as the rectum.1 They, like the intestinal trichinæ, sometimes occur in such numbers as to give rise to redness and ecchymosis of the mucous membrane of the stomach. This worm is viviparous, and the young embryos, like those of the trichina, migrate within their feline host and become lodged in various organs, where they themselves undergo and give rise to certain changes in the organs wherein they become encapsuled. There are seldom more than three embryos within each female, but the females themselves often occur in great numbers. My attention has been specially directed to the changes produced in the lungs by the presence of these embryos of Ollulanus.
On the Protrusion of Protoplasmic Filaments from the Glandular Hairs of the Common Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris)
Authors: Darwin Francis
Published: April 2021

The protoplasmic structures described in the following communication are connected with the glandular hairs or trichomes found on both surfaces of the leaf of the common teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris. The trichomes are of two kinds, differing in a marked manner and shape. The form of gland from which alone the protoplasmic filaments issue is shown in the diagram. The gland consists of a multicellular pear-shaped head, supported on a cylindrical unicellular stalk which rests on a projecting epidermic cell. The whole structure projects about of a millimeter ( inch) above the surface of the leaf.
Loxosoma
Authors: Vogt Carl
Published: April 2021

The paper opens with a historical preamble, in which the Author gives an account in chronological order of the various papers relating to the genus Loxosoma, which have appeared from the year 1863, when it was first observed by Kefersteiu, and almost simultaneously by Claparède, to the present time.
Contribution to the minute anatomy of the epidermis in smallpox of sheep.
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

In my paper on sheep-pox (“Research on Smallpox of Sheep/’ ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ vol. 165, 1874) I have shown that in the thickened epidermis of the primary pocks —i. e. those produced directly at the seat of-inoculation—a peculiar change takes place in the rete Malpighii, which leads to the formation of what I called a median horny streak. I have shown that in the middle layers of the greatly hypertrophied rete Malpighii smaller or larger groups of epithelial cells are converted into horny, irregular masses, the nuclei of the cells at the same time disappearing. By the confluence of a number of such horny masses there is formed a stratum in the rete Malpighii, which corresponds, in all its characters, to the stratum lucidurn, i. e. the deep portion of the stratum corneum. By that additional stratum lucidurn the rete Malpighii is separated into two sections, a deep one representing the true rete Malpighii, and an upper or superficial one, situated between the two strata lucida (see ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ Plate 30, Fig. 6 ; Plate 32, Fig. 14; and also this memoir, Plate XXIV, Fig. 3). The cells of the latter become, however, gradually homogeneous; their nucleus diminishes in size and also in the power of taking up staining until it is altogether lost; the cell outlines disappear, and the whole mass becomes eventually one with the stratum lucidurn. In consequence of this change the two strata lucida, i. e. the true stratum lucidurn and the additional or median stratum lucidurn (median horny streak), become fused into one thick layer. This change I have shown to take place first in the middle of the pustule, and gradually to spread towards the periphery.
A Contribution to the History of the Embryonic Development of the Teleosteans
Authors: Beneden Edouard Van
Published: April 2021

During my stay at Villafranca, in August and September, 1874, I had occasion to make some observations on the development of an osseous fish. I applied myself chiefly to the study of the segmentation and endeavoured to elucidate the much discussed question of the origin and mode of formation of the embryonic layers. I found daily, in the midst of the produce of my fishing with Müller’s net small pearl-like bodies, colourless and perfectly transparent, floating freely near the surface of the water; the diameter of these little hyaline spheres scarcely exceeded that of a large Noctiluca, and it was only after I had examined them with a lens that I discovered that I had before me the embryos of an osseous fish.
On the Homologies of the Suspensor.
Authors: Vines Sydney H.
Published: April 2021

The first definite account of this structure seems to have been given by Miabel.2 He says, “un fil très-délié, le suspenseur, descend du sommet de l’ovule dans la quintine, et porte à son extrémité un globule qui est l’embryon naissant.” Robert Brown also observed it in his investigation of the development of the embryo of Orchids.3 He describes it as “a thread consisting of a simple series of short cells …. the lowermost joint or cell of which is probably the original state of what afterwards, from enlargement and deposition of granular matter, becomes the opaque speck or rudiment of the future embryo.” In his paper on “The Plurality and Development of the Embryos in the Seeds of Coniferæ,”4 he states that in Pinus sylvestris “this filament or funiculus consisted generally of four series of elongated transparent cells or vessels, usually adhering together,” and further on he adds, “the opaque granular extremity of the funiculus is evidently the rudiment of an embryo.” Hartig6 also described and figured the suspensors of Conifers so early as 1840.
On the Apical and Oral Systems of the Echinodermata
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert
Published: April 2021

In a previous paper1 I have discussed at some length the modifications of the Apical System of the Echinoderms in the various members of the group. I now propose to treat the Oral System in the same manner, commencing, as before, with the Crinoids, in which order it reaches a very high degree of development.
On some Points in the Early Development of the Common Newt
Authors: Scott W. B. , Osborn Henry F.
Published: April 2021

The present paper records a series of observations on the development of Triton tæniatus (and partially also T. cristatus), made by the writers in the Morphological Laboratory of the University of Cambridge.
Lithamœba Discus, nov. gen. et sp., One of the Gymnomyxa
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

(With Plate XXIII.)

I Include under the division Gymnomyxa all those Protozoa or Homoblastic animals which expose, in a naked state, to the medium in which they live, the living protoplasm of their body-substance, in the form of those lobose, filamentous, or reticulate processes known as pseadopodia. The group is the complement of the Corticata, in which a permanent differentiation of the surface of the body-substance has been effected, necessitating either parasitic nutrition (Gregarinæ) or the specialization of an ingestive orifice (the Ciliate, Flagellate, and Suctorial Infusoria). The Gymnomyxa thus include, together with the Radiolaria and others, all those forms known as Rhizopoda, whether provided with nucleus or devoid of that structure.
On the Structure of the Vertebrate Spermatozoon
Authors: Gibbes Heneage
Published: April 2021

In making an examination into the structure of the spermatozoa of Vertebrate animals those of the Amphibia, such as the Triton cristatus and Salamandra maculata, from their large size, afford the best examples. Taking then the living spermatozoon of either of these animals in the fresh condition just removed from the body we find the following appearances, shown in figs, 1 and 2, of Salamandra maculata, and fig. 3, of Triton cristatus.
On the Relationships and Rôle of the Archoplasm during Mitosis in the Larval Salamander
Authors: Moore John E. S.
Published: April 2021

In the thirty-seventh volume of the ‘Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie’ F. Hermann figured and described certain bodies existing in the dividing spermatocytes of the salamander and Proteus in these words: “Ausserhalb der deutlich sichtbaren Kernmembran liegt nun diesen Kernen ungefähr in der Form eines flachen Brodlaibes eine Scheibe körnigen Protoplasmas an, die durch ihre dunkler Färbung deutlich sichtbar wird?’ These archoplasmic bodies, as he named them, are apparently homologous, on the one hand, with the “sphèresattractives” of van Beneden (described as arising simultaneously), and on the other with that remarkable structure of which Platner has said, “Der in dem Protoplasma vieler Zellen sich findende sogenannte Nebenkern1 hat in neuerer Zeit durch die Untersuchungen von Nussbaum, Gaule, Masanori Ogata und Andern ein immer grösseres Interesse erregt.”
Note on a New Species of the Genus Nais
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland
Published: April 2021

In a gathering from a ditch in the neighbourhood of Oxford I found several specimens of a species of Nais, which present features differing from those recorded for any species of which I have been able to find a recognisable description.
Note on the Cœlom and Vascular System of Mollusca and Arthropoda
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

The reference by Mr. Allen in his memoir published in this number of the Journal to a note by me appended to Dr. Gulland’s paper in 1885 on “The Coxal Gland of Limulus “induces me to reprint here the report of a paper which I read to Section D at the Manchester meeting of the British Association in 1887. This report was furnished by me to ‘Nature’ and printed in that journal in March, 1888 (p. 498). Professor Julin, of Liège, also published—in a report made by him to the Belgian Academy on the proceedings at Manchester— an abstract of the same paper. The report printed in ‘Nature ‘is as follows:
On the Fossil Mammalia from the Stonesfield Slate
Authors: Goodrich E. S.
Published: April 2021

Ever since the discovery, made some eighty years ago, of Mammalian remains in the Stonesfield Slate near Oxford, these fossils have excited the interest of naturalists, and have been the subject of much discussion amongst geologists and palaeontologists both in England and abroad. Nevertheless something still remains to be described in the few specimens which exist; and, while one of them has not yet been figured at all, others have been only inaccurately represented. I therefore propose to write a short history of each fossil, as far as it is known, giving figures when necessary ; and to sum up the most important results which have been reached with regard to them by previous authors, together with some remarks as to the bearing of the facts ascertained by a careful study of the teeth belonging to these remains on the general question of the origin and homology of the cusps of Mammalian teeth.
A Polynoid with Branchiæ (Eupolyodontes Cornishii)
Authors: Buchanan Florence
Published: April 2021

A Single specimen of an interesting Polycbæte was presented to the British Museum a short time ago by Mr. V. H. Coruish, of the cable-ship “Mirror,” who had obtained it off the mouth of the river Congo. It was shown to me by Professor Bell, who was good enough to suggest that I should describe it, and Dr. Günther has kindly sanctioned my doing so.
Some Further Contributions to our Knowledge of the Minute Anatomy of Limnocodium
Authors: Günther R. T.
Published: April 2021

While engaged in a study of the anatomy of Limnocnida tahganjicæ I was naturally rather desirous of making a comparison between the structural features of Limnocnida and those of the first-described fresh-water medusa, Limnocodium Sowerbii, in order to attempt to ascertain if the two forms possessed any similar modifications which might possibly be brought into relation with their life in fresh water.
E. Ray. Lankester
Authors: Ray Lankester E.
Published: April 2021

It is now five-and-twenty years since Professor Lankester first undertook the task of editing the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science/ and by issuing the present number his colleagues desire to mark the occasion, and at the same time to take the opportunity of offering to him their hearty congratulations on the success which has attended this quarter of a century of effort on his part.

Since the classical papers on Bacteria published by Professor F. Cohn in the ‘Zeitschrift der Biologie d. Pflanzen,’ vols, i to iii, all bacteriologists have accepted the subdivision of the Schizomycetes into cocci, bacilli, and vibrios or spirilla, as representing the main morphological fundamental types. But by Lankester1 and Zopfs’researches on Cladothrix dichotoma, and by Hauser’s well-known and exhaustive work on ‘Putrefactive Bacteria’ (‘Ueber Fäulnissbacterien,’ Leipzig, 1885), it has become recognised that the shape under which a particular bacterial species presents itself depends both on the medium in which it grows, as also on certain inherent characters of the organism itself. Thus it has become recognised that while the elements of one species appear as often in the form of oval as of cylindrical cells, those of another retain, under almost all conditions, pre-eminently that of cylindrical cells. To name a few instances : (a) the Proteus vulgaris of Hauser. This organism—the organism of putrefaction par excellence—is known to occur in the most varied shapes, as cocci, oval forms, cylindrical and vibrionic forms; but when growing in gelatine plates at 20° C. it will be found that in the first twenty-four to forty-eight hours the colonies are made up entirely of cylindrical bacilli, some of extreme length and forming very characteristic threads. The “swarming” out and the development of strands from such a colony are uniformly due to, and consist of, thread-like bacilli (see my article in Stevenson and Murphy’s ‘Treatise on Hygiene,’ II, pl. ii) ; but later on, say after three or four days, when liquefaction of the gelatine has become extensive, the forms one meets are those various kinds described by Hauser as coccus forms, ovals, cylindrical cells, and vibrionic forms.
On the Law of Development commonly known as von Baer’s Law ; and on the Significance of Ancestral Rudiments in Embryonic Development
Authors: Sedgwick Adam
Published: April 2021

The generalisation commonly referred to as v. Baer’s law is usually stated as follows :—Embryos of different members of the same group are more alike than the adults, and the resemblances are greater the younger the embryos examined. It appears to be pretty clear that v. Baer held some such view as this,1 and there can be no doubt that it is a view which is largely taught at the present day.2 In fact, I think it is safe to say that all zoologists are brought up with this view as one of the fundamental postulates of their science.
A Review of Professor Spengel’s Monograph on Balanoglossus.
Authors: MacBride E. W.
Published: April 2021

The eighteenth monograph of the Naples series lies at length before us. As a monument of patient industry and a mine of anatomical facts it stands in the foremost rank of zoological treatises. It contains minute descriptions of all the known species of Balanoglossus, as well as complete discussions, not only as to the relationship of this interesting form to various phyla of the animal kingdom, but also as to the special morphology of every organ in the body of Balanoglossus.
On the Phenomenon of the Fusion of the Epiblastic Layers in the Rabbit and in the Frog.
Authors: Assheton Richard
Published: April 2021

In my paper upon the early stages of the development of the rabbit I have given evidence in support of the views held by Balfour and Heape concerning the fate of the outer layer of epiblast over the embryonic disc of the rabbit embryo of the seventh day. The two layers of epiblast gradually fuse together, and cells from each take part in the formation of the permanent epiblast.
On the Mouth-parts of the Cypris-stage of Balanus
Authors: Groom Theo T.
Published: April 2021

The buccal mass of all ordinary Cirripedes consists, as is well known, of three pairs of jaws, together with the labrum and palps. The form and disposition of these mouth-organs in the various genera of the Thoracica has been well investigated by Darwin, and the differences observed between the different forms in respect to these parts have been utilised for purposes of classification. The morphological significance of the jaws has, however, never been satisfactorily ascertained, and the current views are all practically based upon suppositions, the actual development having been traced in no case.
A Revision of the Genera and Species of the Branchiostomidæ
Authors: Klrkaldy T. W.
Published: April 2021

The opportunity of examining a number of species allied to the well-known Cephaloehordate Amphioxus lanceolatus was afforded to me by Professor Lankester, who had for some time collected material for the purpose of revising the genus, and suggested that I should go over the specimens in his possession, and prepare a series of drawings showing the chief characteristics of the species. The drawings have been executed by Mr. Bayzand from rough ones prepared by me.1
A Criticism of the Cell-Theory; being an Answer to Mr. Sedgwick’s Article on the Inadequacy of the Cellular Theory of Development
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C.
Published: April 2021

“Jedes Lebendige ist kein Einzelnes, sondern ein Mehrheit; selbst insofern es uns ais Individuum erscheint, bleibt es doch eine Versammlung von lebendigen, selbstàndigen Wesen, die der Idee, der Anlage nach gleich sind, in der Erscheinung aber gleich oder ähnlich, ungleich oder unahnlich werden konnen. Diese Wesen sind theils urspriinglich schon verbunden, theils finden und vereinigen sie sich. Sie entzweien sich und suchen sich wieder, und bewirken so eine unendliche Production auf alie Weise und nach alien Seiten.”—GOETHE (1807).
On the Structural Changes in the Reproductive Cells during the Spermatogenesis of Elasmobranchs
Authors: Moore J. E. S.
Published: April 2021

“Plagiostomorum spermatosomata, quæ magnitudine et peculiari quadam forma in primis ad evolutionis studium apta sunt, hac ratione iara plurium observations in se contraxerunt.”—LAVALETTE ST. GEORGE.
The Blood of Magelona
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland
Published: April 2021

The small Annelid first discovered and briefly described by Fr. Müller1 in 1858 has more recently received more elaborate treatment at the hands of Professor W. M’Intosh.2 It presents several peculiarities deserving of still more detailed research; and, at Professor Lankester’s request, Dr. M‘Intosh has kindly sent to me from time to time living specimens, obtained at St. Andrews, which have served as the starting-point of my own observations.
Fission in Nemertines
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland
Published: April 2021

It is a well-known fact that many Nemertines break up into pieces when irritated; but although this statement is current in text-books as well as in special memoirs the matter has received very little attention, and I find no account of any internal changes which may take place in the tissues of the body previous to the process of fragmentation. Indeed, it appears that the statement is made rather vaguely, and its application is scarcely so general as might be inferred. There is no doubt but that Carinella, Linens, and other elongated and comparatively slender forms do fragment, and that these fragments can remain alive for a considerable time, as Dalyell, and later M’Intosh have recorded; and further, it appears that the anterior end of such a fragmented Lineus may produce a new posterior end, and M’Intosh figures various stages in the formation of a head to a more posterior piece. As the specimen which he kept under observation lived in very unfavorable conditions of food, &c., he did not observe the completion of the head even after some months, but remarks that in a state of nature such a regeneration most probably takes place frequently.1 Further, we are left somewhat in doubt as to whether a Nemertine does of its own accord, and independently of irritation, normally break up into pieces.
Chlamydomyxa Montana, n. sp., one of the Protozoa Gymnomyxa
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

I do not know of any naturalist who has seen the beautiful Chlamydomyxa labyrinthuloides of Archer in a state of “expansion “since he described it in this Journal twenty-one years ago. Mr. Thisleton Dyer, now Director of Kew Gardens, saw it in its active streaming condition when Archer exhibited it at one of the meetings of the Dublin Microscopical Club five-and-twenty years ago. And the other members of that admirable band of naturalists saw it and testify to the correctness of Archer’s description and figures.
An Attempt to deduce the Vertebrate Eyes from the Skin
Authors: Bernard H.M , Cantab M.A
Published: April 2021

In the February issue of the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History ‘I published an outline sketch of a new theory of vision. It was suggested that eyes arose as local modifications of tissue induced by the excessive crowding of pigmented granules at spots most frequently and brilliantly illuminated, and that this crowding of the pigmented granules might be made to explain both the origin of the eye as a structure and its functions as an organ. I now propose, as time and opportunity allow, to compare a few eyes with the tissues out of which they have, or according to the theory they should have, arisen, in order to ascertain how far such comparisons support the theory.
Notes on Organic Structure as Illustrated by means of Dyes
Authors: Abbey Walter
Published: April 2021

This Journal has of late presented to its readers a remarkable series of papers by Dr. Lionel Beale, embodying the results obtained from the investigation of organic structures into a doctrine that is likely to give the coup de grace to the already staggering cell-theory of Schwann.
On the Development of the Eggs Of Floscularia Ornata.Ehr
Authors: Weisse J. F.
Published: April 2021

Whilst the author, in the course of last summer, was pursuing his investigations on the eggs of the Rotatoria, he noticed on the 15th of August a beautiful example of Floscularia ornata, together with four minute ova, which had been already deposited in the aquarium. A fifth ovum, which was still contained within the maternal body, was expelled under his eyes on the following morning, by a forcible contraction of the animal. The germinal vesicle was still present, and it differed, moreover, from the other ova in the circumstance that the embryo, whose motions became more and more lively, remained in this condition the whole of the following day, exhibiting at times movement of the difficultly seen pharynx. It was not till the 20th that the egg was ruptured at the end where the ciliary motion had been perceived. The little animal crept slowly about with a worm-like movement, and now exhibited very distinctly the circle of cilia at its anterior extremity. When completely liberated, it might be about twice the length of the egg, but it had not the slightest resemblance to the parent, so that any one accidentally coming across such an animalcule under the microscope might readily mistake it for a newly discovered species. The author, therefore, gives a figure of the contents, which were slightly separated from the shell at either end (Fig. 1).
On the Histology of the Ovary and of the Ovarian Ova in certain Marine Fishes
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: April 2021

In my paper in the ‘Journal of the Marine Biological Association,’ vol. iii. No. 2, p. 154, I have described the development of the yolk in the plaice and dab as commencing by the deposition of yolk granules in a thin layer near the surface of the egg, and proceeding by the continual extension of this layer towards the centre. I have also described and figured the appearance of minute refringent globules distributed sparsely throughout the protoplasm of the egg, in specimens of the sole which were examined a little time before the commencement of the spawning season. Such globules were also seen in spent ovaries of the sole, and seemed to indicate that the formation of yolk occupied more than a year in some fishes, while in the plaice and dab no sign of the development of yolk was seen until some months after the spawning season.
On Ptychodera flava, Eschscholtz
Authors: Willcy Arthur
Published: April 2021

Ptychodera Flava has the distinction of being the oldest as well as one of the least known of the Enteropneusta, having been recorded and figured for the first and only time by Eschscholtz in 1825, from material obtained from the Marshall or Rumanzow Islands, in the Pacific, north of the equator.
Notes on the Anatomy of Sternaspis
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S.
Published: April 2021

In the beautiful works both of Professor Vejdovsky (5) and of M. Rietsch (3) on Sternaspis we find certain statements which, if correct, would place that worm in a very exceptional position. These authors describe the excretory organ as a lobulated sac with neither internal nor external opening, and the genital organ as a somewhat similar sac entirely shut off from the cœlom, but opening to the exterior by two long ducts with which the sac is directly continuous. Thus Sternaspis, in having a completely closed excretory organ (nephridium?), and in having the ovary or testis situated in a special cavity without communication with the cœlom, would differ from all known Polychæta, of which group it is no doubt a highly modified member.
The Early Development of Amphioxus
Authors: MacBride E. W.
Published: April 2021

The work which forms the subject of the present essay was carried out in the Cambridge Zoological Laboratory during the years 1895-7. The material on which my results are founded consisted of a collection of embryos and larvæ which had been obtained by Mr. Sedgwick and Dr. Willey during their visits to Faro in 1890-91, and I have to express my warmest thanks to Mr. Sedgwick for placing this valuable material at my disposal.
On a Prorhynchid Turbellarian from Deep Wells in New Zealand
Authors: Haswell William A.
Published: April 2021

In 18921 I announced briefly the discovery of this remarkable Turbellarian, which was found by Dr. Charles Chilton in deep wells in Canterbury, New Zealand, among other animals, chiefly Crustacea, of which he has since published a valuable account.2 At that time the general examination which I had made of the specimens had led me to the conclusion that the new form found its nearest allies in the Alloioccela. The series of lateral diverticula of the intestine, the complex structure of the pharynx, the entire absence of a body-cavity, and other features led me to take this view. A more thorough examination, however, with the aid of sections of better preserved specimens, has led to the result that, while having certain points of affinity with the Alloioccela, the new form finds its nearest allies by far in the family Prorhynchidæ, and is in many respects closely related to the genus Prorhynchus, while presenting some remarkable features in which it differs not only from that genus, but apparently from all the rest of the Rhabdocœla.
Note on the Development of the Atrial Chamber in Amphioxus
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

Owing to the promotion of my friend Professor MacBride to a post in the University of Montreal in Canada, it has not been possible for me to confer with him personally as to the significance of certain passages in his interesting and valuable memoir on “The Early Development of Amphioxus” published in the present number of the Journal. I must therefore take the passages in question as they stand, and deal with them in print.
A Description of Two New Species of Spongilla from Lake Tanganyika
Authors: Evans Richard
Published: April 2021

The two species of Spongilla described in this paper were collected by Mr. J. E. S. Moore, of the Royal College of Science, during his visit to Lake Tanganyika, in the summer of 1896, and were taken at a depth of 350 fathoms.
On Tetracotyle petromyzontis, a Parasite of the Brain of Ammocœtes
Authors: Brown Albert W.
Published: April 2021

Whilst I was working as a student in the Department of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford, in the Histology Class of Mr. Gr. C. Bourne, my attention was drawn to a very extraordinary appearance in some sections of the brain of Ammocœtes. Examination of sections of several different individuals revealed a constancy in the appearance at first sight suggestive of some highly complex abnormality, but a more thorough examination of series of sections resulted in the discovery that I had to deal with a parasitic form, which eventually proved to be a Holostomid trematode.
Outlines of the Development of the Tuatara, Sphenodon (Hatteria) punctatus
Authors: Dendy Arthur
Published: April 2021

Shortly after my arrival in New Zealand my friend Professor G. B. Howes, LL.D., F.R.S., urged me to undertake the investigation of the development of the Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), but for various reasons I decided at that time not to do so. Some time afterwards, however, while examining the parietal eye in some embryo Australian skinks, I was struck -with the existence of an optic cup, apparently similar to that of the paired eyes. This seemed so startling that T resolved to attempt to obtain Tuatara embryos for the purpose primarily of studying the development of the parietal eye.
On the Development of the Parietal Eye and Adjacent Organs in Sphenodon (Hatteria)
Authors: Dendy Arthur
Published: April 2021

My attention was first directed to this investigation by observing a stage in the development of the parietal eye in an Australian skink, in which the portion of the optic vesicle behind the lens appears to consist of two very distinct layers,thus forming an optic cup structurally resembling that of the ordinary paired eye. The conclusion that this cup had been formed in the same way as in the paired eye was irresistible, but fortunately I refrained from publishing until further evidence was forthcoming, and in the meantime made arrangements for securing a supply of Tuatara eggs, with a special view to investigating this point. Thanks to the generous assistance of Mr. P. Henaghan, I have obtained a considerable number of eggs, from which I have extracted a very good series of embryos. I have recently published a general account of the development of Sphenodon.1 This will be followed by more detailed accounts of the development of special organs, by myself and other zoologists, and towards these the present communication may be considered as a first instalment.
The Molluscs of the Great African Lakes. IV. Nassopsis and Bythoceras
Authors: Moore J. E. S.
Published: April 2021

Among the numerous forms of molluscs that appear to be peculiar to Lake Tanganyika at the present time, there are three very marked genera—Paramelania, Nassopsis, and Bythoceras, which, owing to the substantial similarity existing between their shells, might, and have hitherto been regarded as closely associated forms. The first of these to be discovered, Nassopsis, was originally classed by S. P. Woodward1 among the Melanias, and as a member of the sub-genus Melanella, his determination being made from some emptyshells which had been brought from Tanganyika by Captain Speke, during Burton’s celebrated journey to that lake. The second genus, Paramelania, was formed by Smith,2 in 1881, to include a Somewhat similar form of empty shell which had been brought from the same locality by the missionaries; and to distinguish the members of this genus from the original Melanella nassa of Woodward, Smith3 placed the latterform in the new genus of Nassopsis.
Remarks on some Recent Work on the Protochorda, with a Condensed Account of some Fresh Observations on the Enteropneusta
Authors: Willey Arthur
Published: April 2021

The eighth volume of the well-known ‘Traité de Zoologie Concrète,’ by Professor Yves Delage and M. Edgard Hérouard, published in 1898, is devoted to what the authors style the Procordés or Prochordata, a group which is made to include three classes, namely, Hemichordia, Cephalochordia, and Urochordia. It is a pleasure to turn to a text-book in which the Enteropneusta are treated on equal terms with the Cephalochorda and the Urochorda, especially when, as in this case, the distinguished authors have aimed at impartiality—a quality which in one or two places has led them beyond the bounds of discrimination. It goes without saying that the work is an excellent one, and admirably calculated, on the whole, to give a just idea of these animals ; but on the present occasion I am neither concerned with its many excellences nor with its few blemishes, but merely with the subject matter.
Note on Intra-uterine Eggs of Heterodontus (Cestracion) Phillipi
Authors: Haswell W. A.
Published: April 2021

In 1901 Bashford Dean published in the ‘Aunotationes Zoologicæ Japonenses’ a paper, entitled “Reminiscence of Holoblastic Cleavage in the Egg of the Shark, Heterodontus (Cestracion) japonicus Macleay,” in which he described on the surface of the egg of that fish a system of lines (furrows) supposed by him to be indications or “reminiscences” of complete segmentation. In a postscript, he adds :
The Pecten of Gallus domesticus
Authors: Mann Ida C.
Published: April 2021

That curiously puzzling and beautiful structure, the pecten of the bird’s eye, has long been a subject of investigation from various points of view. Some observers have been fascinated by its histological appearance, others have by experiment, analogy, and hypothesis endeavoured to assign it a suitable function, while others have found in its development a solution of its mysteries. It has been studied at intervals since about 1870, and it still presents problems which are obscure.
The Development of the Skull in the Sole and the Plaice
Authors: Berrill N. J.
Published: April 2021

Various stages of Solea variegata were obtained and the development of the chondrocranium was determined. A less complete series of Pleuronectes platessa formed a sufficient basis for comparison. The material had been tixed in formalin, and sections were stained in thionin blue, victoria blue, haematoxylin and eosin, and Mallory’s triple stain, the last being the most satisfactory for cartilage, while haematoxylin was better for general structure.
The Chromosomes of Four Species of Marsupials
Authors: Altmann Stella C. A. , Ellery Mavis E. W.
Published: April 2021

This is a joint paper only in so far as the results of the two authors are combined. The first author is solely responsible for the first three species dealt with, and the second author for Potorous tridactylus. This work was carried out in the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Melbourne, the former author working under the terms of the Fred Knight Research Scholarship, and the latter under the Howitt Scholarship.
Variations in the Form of the Golgi bodies during the Development of Neurones
Authors: Rau A. Subba , Ludford R. J.
Published: April 2021

In the spinal ganglia of the chick of four days the Golgi apparatus or body is in the form of a cluster of granules or rodlets, grouped around the centrosphere, at one side of the nucleus (fig. 1, Pl. 39). In a seven-day chick the Golgi body has increased in size and has begun to spread farther around the nucleus (fig. 3, Pl. 39). All ganglion cells examined, both those of the spinal cord and of ganglia, have the Golgi apparatus in this compacted form during their early stage. At a certain period which varies in the different cells the apparatus spreads out in the cytoplasm (fig. 4, Pl. 39), so that in the adult ganglia the apparatus is more or less scattered throughout the cell (figs. 5, 6, and 7, Pl. 39). It is uncertain to what extent variations in the form of the apparatus, whether reticulate or in the form of individual rodlets, are due to differences in the degree of impregnation with the silver. The plane of the section is also an important factor in determining the appearance presented by the apparatus. The medullary cells of the suprarenal body, which are derived from the central nervous system, have the apparatus in the form of a coiled network or cluster of granules at one pole of the nucleus, similar to the cells of the spinal ganglia at the early stage of development. It is suggested that the scattered form of the Golgi apparatus in adult ganglion cells is an expression of the high degree of metabolism existing in these cells.
The Early Development of Astropecten irregularis, with Remarks on Duplicity in Echinoderm Larvae
Authors: Newth H. G.
Published: April 2021

I. (1) The normal development of Astropecten irregularis is described up to the twenty-fifth day.

(2) About a third of the larvae possessed two pore-canals, and larval twinning was observed in two cases.

II. There is insufficient evidence for believing that normal Echinoderm larvae possess a ‘latent’ bilateral symmetry.

III. The following provisional conclusions are reached regarding duplicity in Echinoderm larvae:

(1) The various kinds of duplicity form a series.

(2) They are of the same nature as those found in vertebrate embryos, and are probably due to similar causes.

(3) They may be determined by

(a) Alteration of the polarity of the egg;

(5) Interference with processes of early development affecting gastrulation;

(c) Physiological inhibition or mechanical deformation of the tip of the archenteron.

(4) Their ultimate facies, in the case of (c), is determined largely by excess or defect of nutrition.
Xenopleura vivipara, g. et sp.n. (Enteropneusta)
Authors: Gilchrist J. D. F.
Published: April 2021

Some four years ago, while examining a rocky part of the coast of False Bay at very low tide, I found a small Banaglossus different from the species (Ptychodera capensis), which is not uncommon near the locality. The difference was most obvious in the absence of the conspicuous genital pleurae, and the presence of a small number of rounded branchial apertures.
On the Origin of the Connective-tissue Ground-substance in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Baitsell George A.
Published: April 2021

Szily (26) demonstrated in the early development of. the chick embryo, as well as in certain other species, a cell-free, fibrous, connective-tissue ground-substance which was quite generally present, filling the various cavities of the embryonic body. This investigator was of the opinion that this material was intracellular in its origin, arising, as he believed, by a transformation of cell processes from any of the surrounding cells, without regard to the particular germ-layer to which they belonged, but previous to the advent of the mesenchyme cells.
Observations on the Gregarines of Chiridota
Authors: Goodrich Helen Pixell
Published: April 2021

ALL specimens of Chiridota laevis Fabr. that I examined while working for a short time at the Marine Biological Station at St. Andrews, New Brunswick,1 in August 1924, were infected with one or other of two gregarines and several with both.
Histoire Naturelle des Annelés marins et d’eau douce. Annélides et Gephyriens
Authors: Quatrefages Armand De
Published: April 2021

The worms of our seas and fresh waters—variously classified and arranged by those who have studied them—have commanded till quite recently but a very poor share of the attention of the working naturalist. The probable reasons of this circumstance are to be found in the retiring nature of these animals, and the comparative obscurity of the characters which separate them specifically and generically, as well as the difficulty of tracing their life-histories and anatomical development. We believe that we are not exaggerating the true state of the case when we say that there is not a single work extant, such as is available for other groups of animals, by which species of Annelida may be satisfactorily identified—even those occurring in such limited areas,as our own and neighbouring seas. The few systematic works which are to be had, of which the British Museum Catalogue published in 1865 may be taken as a specimen, are simply useless for the purposes of the present day, owing to insufficiency in details in both descriptions and figures. On the other hand, the work of M. Malmgren on the Annelids of the North Sea, and such descriptions of species and ample drawings as those of Kinberg* and Ehlers, † - are examples of the manner in which the Annelida should be treated ; and until we get such works from many different localities the synonymy must remain in its present shocking condition, very many species which bear the same name in France, England, Germany, and Scandinavia, being quite distinct, and those bearing different names being often identical.
On some New and Rare Diatomaceæ from the West Coast of Ireland
Authors: O’meara Rev. Eugene
Published: April 2021

The matter supplied to me, of which only a small portion has as yet been searched, was raised in August last, as Dr. E. Perceval Wright informed me, from depths varying from ten to thirty fathoms, off the Islands of Arran, in Galway Bay. Taking into account the number and rarity of the species found in it, this gathering may be regarded as one of the most interesting ever made, certainly the most interesting ever made in Ireland.
On the Conjugation of Spirotænia Condensata (Bréb.) and of Spirotænia truncata (Arch.)
Authors: Archer William
Published: April 2021

The two minute unicellular algæ which form the subject of the following brief communication belong to a genus—Spirotænia (Bréb.)—comprising several well-marked forms.
Another Interpretation of Dr. Moxon’s Discvoery
Authors: Gedge J.
Published: April 2021

In the number of this Journal for October, 1866, Dr. Moxon brought forward a valuable paper on the distribution of the antennal nerve in a Culex larva. The value of this paper, to my mind, however, consisted in the accurate account and delineation he gave us of what he saw. With Dr. Moxon’s observations I find no fault; but with his conclusions I cannot agree. On these latter I had hoped that some more able and better-known observer than myself would have come forward and given his opinion; but as the last number of the Journal was silent, I feel bound to show that consent to his views is not universal—that his observation may bear another interpretation.
On the Protophyta of Iceland
Authors: Lindsay W. Lauder
Published: April 2021

When we consider the geographical position of Iceland, the extent of its traffic with Britain and Scandinavia, the abundance of the localities which it contains affording suitable habitats for such forms of vegetation, it is not a little remark-to find its Flora extremely defective in soupe of its departments, and notably so in that of the Protophyta and the lower or Chlorospermous Algœ.
The laws of the movements in microscopical plants and animals whilst under the influence of light
Authors: Cohn F.
Published: April 2021

BY microscopical animals Professor Cohn means only the Infusoria, and especially those mouthless genera of Infusoria which are provided with cilia. Those which are provided with mouths (Stomatoda of Siebold) bear in their definite motions, which are correlated with their taking up solid nourishment, a marked differentiating character. By microscopical plants only those genera are understood which are possessed of an independent power of migration, or of a developmental condition in which this is the case. Both classes taken together are to he termed merely “microscopical organisms.”
On the Origin, Growth, and arrangement of Sponge-spicules: A study in Symbiosis
Authors: Dendy Arthur
Published: April 2021

There are perhaps no structures met with in the animal kingdom of which the origin and significance are more difficult to explain than the spicules that form the skeleton of calcareous and siliceous sponges. The larger and usually less complex forms, technically known as megascleres, we are apt to accept as necessary constituents of the skeleton specially adapted to their position in the sponge, without stopping to reflect that there are many sponges which manage to get on very well without any spicules at all, sometimes, indeed, without skeleton of any kind. The smaller ones, or microscleres, met with amongst the siliceous sponges, are much more enigmatical, for they usually occur scattered promiscuously throughout the soft tissues, while they exhibit the most surprising variety of exquisitely symmetrical forms, the meaning of which it is impossible to interpret in terms of the physiological requirements of the sponge. At the same time these forms, as well as those of the megascleres, while exhibiting a remarkable degree of specific constancy, can be arranged in beautifully graduated series that leave little doubt in the mind of the trained observer that they owe their existence to some evolutionary process.
The Dorsal Organs of Argulus and their relation to the hatching of the Larva
Authors: Pyatakov M. L.
Published: April 2021

In 1913 I began to study the embryology of Argulus foliaceus. As a first report of my work this paper is offered containing some new facts throwing light upon the yet unsolved question of the significance of the dorsal organs.
Studies on the Golgi Apparatus in Gland-Cells. IV. A Critique of the Topography, Structure, and Function of the Golgi Apparatus in Glandular Tissue
Authors: Bowen Robert H.
Published: April 2021

In the first of this series of ‘Studies‘ I suggested that the conclusive demonstration of the secretory theory of the Golgi apparatus must depend upon further and more critical evidence bearing on three principal points. These are: (1) a demonstration that the general topographical relationship of Golgi apparatus and secretory granules is always such as to allow a possibility of causal connexion between them ; (2) a more intimate knowledge of the finer structural features of the Golgi apparatus in general ; and (3) a critical demonstration of the relation of an individual secretory granule to the material of the Golgi complex. In the preceding papers of this series (Bowen, 1926 a, b, and c) I have described the objective results of an extended examination of glandular tissue, particularly in their bearing on the three points just mentioned. In this paper I propose to analyse my results with the hope of arriving at some evaluation of the theory which Dr. Nassonov (1923 and 1924 a) first definitely suggested, and which I have recently (1924) tried to extend into a more general conception of the secretory function of the Golgi apparatus. My observations have been focused particularly upon the Golgi apparatus, and little or no attention has been paid to other components of the cell. This was done deliberately, in the belief that these other components had been examined with sufficient thoroughness to indicate their probable value to a general theory of secretion. In another place I shall deal more critically with these matters, but here I purposely omit everything but the briefest reference to the secretory possibilities of cellular constituents other than the Golgi apparatus. In my opinion the older theories of secretory synthesis have broken down, and the field is now clear for a thorough examination of the Golgi apparatus as a synthetic intermediary in the process of secretion. 1
The Chromosome Complex of Gammarus Chevreuxi, Sexton.: I. Spermatogenesis.
Authors: Palmer Richard
Published: April 2021

The chromosomes of Gammarus chevreuxi are small, ovoid, and minutely heteromorphic, and have a diploid number in the male of 26, this number being arrived at by a study of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and synapsis stages. This chromosome number includes in the male an X- and a Y-chromosome, the former being larger and the latter smaller than any of the autosomes. The spermatogonia fall into two distinct classes as regards chromosome size, the large plates being probably merely the later stages of the spermatogonial series. While Gammarus does not provide favourable material for the detailed study of synapsis, the chromosomes appear to spin out in the typical way in the early synaptic stages. Huxley’s conclusions regarding cross-over values and chromosome configuration in Gammarus are discussed in the light of these facts.