bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seeing health and illness worlds – using visual methodologies in a sociology of health and illness: a methodological review
Authors: Harrison Barbara
Published: March 2003

Abstract This review starts from the premise that the visual has been, until recently, a neglected dimension in our understanding of social life, despite the role of vision in other disciplines, including medicine itself. The potential for a visual approach will be analysed drawing on a range of studies, broadly within the sociology of health and illness, which have used visual approaches. I highlight the value of visual methodology projects within qualitative approaches to research more generally, and assess the difficulties as well as the advantages. It is suggested that using visual methodologies does not necessarily lead to greater reactivity in the research process as has sometimes been proposed; and that visual worlds are themselves unique topics of sociological study which may be enhanced by using visual techniques rather than written and spoken language. A combination of visual and traditional methods can also be fruitful. Painting and drawing, video, film, and still photography are included as examples which researchers have used and can use.
Non‐ and semi‐parametric estimation of interaction in inhomogeneous point patterns
Authors: Baddeley A. J. , Møller J. , Waagepetersen R.
Published: March 2003

We develop methods for analysing the ‘interaction’ or dependence between points in a spatial point pattern, when the pattern is spatially inhomogeneous. Completely non‐parametric study of interactions is possible using an analogue of the K‐function. Alternatively one may assume a semi‐parametric model in which a (parametrically specified) homogeneous Markov point process is subjected to (non‐parametric) inhomogeneous independent thinning. The effectiveness of these approaches is tested on datasets representing the positions of trees in forests.
Nonparametric Bayes inference for concave distribution functions
Authors: Hansen Martin B. , Lauritzen Steffen L.
Published: March 2003

Bayesian inference for concave distribution functions is investigated. This is made by transforming a mixture of Dirichlet processes on the space of distribution functions to the space of concave distribution functions. We give a method for sampling from the posterior distribution using a Pólya urn scheme in combination with a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The methods are extended to estimation of concave distribution functions for incompletely observed data.
Focus, checking theory and fronting strategies in Romanian
Authors: Motapanyane Virginia
Published: March 2003

Checking theory allows only formal features to have syntactic relevance. Focus has an impact on syntax although it is semantic. This paper argues that [focus] features enter the grammar in conjunction with [wh] and [tense]. Complex [wh/focus] and [tense/focus] features induce contrastive configurations and crosslinguistic variation. Romanian constructions with preverbal focus are compared with English clefts, and point to a parametric approach: languages display different strategies for overt movement to focus according to their parametric setting for [wh/focus] or [tense/focus]. The analysis of [focus] as syntactically dependent on [wh]/[tense] provides a uniform treatment for important variation in focus constructions (e.g. preposing through clitic doubling chains versus clefting) and in interrogative clauses (e.g. presence versus absence of V2 effects in embedded interrogatives).
Gender agreement in L2 French: Pre‐advanced vs advanced learners
Authors: Bartning Inge
Published: March 2003

In the analysis of 1352 forms of gender agreement on determiners and adjectives in L2 learners of French, it was found that gender on the definite determiner is acquired before the indefinite determiner, and the masculine before the feminine. This study focuses on two levels of learners, advanced and preadvanced. For the advanced learners the difference in gender acquisition for definite and indefinite determiners is significant, but for the preadvanced learners gender agreement appears randomly, particularly with the indefinite determiner un/une. The advanced learners' accuracy rate for agreement adjectives was not found to be higher for attributive than for predicative adjectives. On the contrary, agreement in anteposition is the most difficult at this level. When Pienemann's processability hierarchy is extended to the mastery and automatization of adjectival agreement, the results clearly indicate that it is the inflection of feminine forms that causes more problems for learners than the exchange of grammatical information across clause boundaries. The difficulties learners have with the morphological form seem to be more predictable and systematic than the difficulties caused by syntactic complexity.
Horizontal Growth of Harmonic Functions
Authors: Báez‐Duarte Luis , Cámera G. A.
Published: March 2003

We show that positive harmonic functions in the upper halfplane grow at most quadratically in horizontal bands. This bound is sharp in a sense to be specified, which, at least implies that there are examples growing as fast as any power under 2. These results are extended to positive harmonic functions in a half‐space of Rn+1, with points represented by (x,y), where x∈Rn, and y∈R, the sharp maximum rate of growth being now ¦x¦n+1. The case of Poisson integrals of functions in Lp (dx/(1+(¦x¦)2 )(n+1)/2) is also taken up; the bound condition is then O(¦x¦(n+1)/p).
Multiple Permanent‐wave Trains in Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Yang Jianke
Published: March 2003

Multiple permanent‐wave trains in nonlinear systems are constructed by the asymptotic tail‐matching method. Under some general assumptions, simple criteria for the construction are presented. Applications to fourth‐order systems and coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations are discussed.
Self‐similar Asymptotics for Linear and Nonlinear Diffusion Equations
Authors: Witelski Thomas P. , Bernoff Andrew J.
Published: March 2003

The long‐time asymptotic solutions of initial value problems for the heat equation and the nonlinear porous medium equation are self‐similar spreading solutions. The symmetries of the governing equations yield three‐parameter families of these solutions given in terms of their mass, center of mass, and variance. Unlike the mass and center of mass, the variance, or “time‐shift,” of a solution is not a conserved quantity for the nonlinear problem. We derive an optimal linear estimate of the long‐time variance. Newman's Lyapunov functional is used to produce a maximum entropy time‐shift estimate. Results are applied to nonlinear merging and time‐dependent, inhomogeneously forced diffusion problems.
Surface Reaction Near a Stagnation Point
Authors: Edwards David A.
Published: March 2003

To measure rate constants while performing biomolecular interaction analysis (BIA), scientists often use resonant mirror devices such as the IAsysTM. A full mathematical model of the IAsysTM consists of a convection–diffusion equation in a closed well with a reacting surface at the bottom. The flow in the well is complex, but near the sensor, the qualitative nature of the reaction can be analyzed by reducing to stagnation point flow. The concentration of the reacting species in several cases is analyzed using singular perturbation techniques. Linear and nonlinear integral equations result from the analysis; explicit and series solutions are constructed for physically realizable cases. These solutions, which include the effects of transport on the reaction, provide improved estimates for the rate constants from raw IAsysTM binding data.
On Boutroux's Tritronquée Solutions of the First Painlevé Equation
Authors: Joshi N. , Kitaev A. V.
Published: March 2003

The triply truncated solutions of the first Painlevé equation were specified by Boutroux in his famous paper of 1913 as those having no poles (of large modulus) except in one sector of angle 2π/5. There are five such solutions and each of them can be obtained from any other one by applying a certain symmetry transformation. One of these solutions is real on the real axis. We found a characteristic property of this solution, different from the asymptotic description given by Boutroux. This allows us to estimate numerically the position of its real pole and zero closest to the origin. We also study properties of asymptotic series for truncated solutions.
Summer Learning Loss: The Evidence and a Possible Solution
Authors: Kerry Trevor , Davies Brent
Published: March 2003

Teachers of pupils with learning difficulties will be more than aware of the phenomenon of ‘learning loss’. Indeed, most build into their teaching programme elements of revision and recovery, particularly after the long summer break. Here Trevor Kerry and Brent Davies take us through the research into this issue and alternative school calendar years. They conclude there are enormous advantages in different cycles and even propose a multitracking solution.
Underachieving Boys: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Holland Vivienne
Published: March 2003

The question of underachievement amongst boys has recently been the subject of much media hype. There is now no subject area in which girls do not appear to outperform their male contemporaries. Vivienne Holland examines the background to this and focuses on an investigation into her own school. This provides a particularly interesting insight into boys’ culture and attitudes. She also offers some useful suggestions for combatting this phenomenon.
NASEN Book Award 1998
Authors: O’Hanlon Christine
Published: March 2003

The NASEN Book Award Prize was this year awarded to Gary Thomas, David Walker and Julie Webb, for The Making of the Inclusive School.
Interrupted learning: the Traveller paradigm
Authors: Jordan Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

David Gillborn, in the second article of this special issue, draws attention to the ‘blinkered perspective that focuses on each individual case and denies the relevance of the wider picture.’ Traveller children have too often been exposed to this blinkered perspective as the single representatives of their group in the schools they attend. In this summary of the problems faced by Travellers in state education, Elizabeth Jordan provides readers with the wider picture. Her up‐to‐date information on a topic not often covered in this journal would be valuable in itself, but the article's focus on interrupted learning draws attention to an issue affecting a large number of marginalised children and young people for whom inclusion is still a long way off.
Marginalisation in Primary Schools: Listening to Children’s Voices
Authors: Messiou Kyriaki
Published: March 2003

Following the theme begun in the previous article, Kyriaki Messiou asserts the right of children to be listened to as a key element in the progress and process of inclusion. Her research aimed to listen to what children had to say about marginalisation. She considers the methodological issues such a study raises.
Making science inclusive: providing effective learning opportunities for children with learning difficulties
Authors: Bell Derek
Published: March 2003

In our lead article Derek Bell, Chief Executive of the Association for Science Education and writing here in a personal capacity, discusses the special contribution science makes for all children in developing their understanding of the world around them. Derek uses evidence from research findings and practical experience to demonstrate how learning opportunities can be developed to ensure that children with learning difficulties also benefit from their science lessons. As a previous contributor to Support for Learning, we welcome him back.
Gambling on UG: The Application of Monte Carlo Computer Simulation to the Analysis of L2 Reflexives
Authors: Christie Katrien N. , Christie Phillip
Published: March 2003

This paper introduces two techniques, CD analysis and Monte Carlo simulation, for the graphical representation and statistical analysis of linguistic data. These techniques were developed in the context of L2 Universal Grammar (UG) research on the acquisition of reflexives in order to address two problems: the difficulty of applying traditional correlation measures to more than two data groups, and the limitations of statistical techniques when faced with small sample sizes. These previously unused tools within the research arena of applied linguistics were found to be flexible as well as easy to use and interpret. They also take advantage of recent advances in data‐visualization software for the PC. By visualizing and analyzing the emergence of two or more linguistic properties in the interlanguage grammar, these techniques enable the researcher to address the question of whether or not multiple properties associated with one UG parameter or principle emerge in the interlanguage grammar in a manner or sequence consistent with those principles and parameters.
From World War to Woods Hole: The Use of Wartime Research Models for Curriculum Reform
Authors: Rudolph John L.
Published: March 2003

The curriculum reform movement that began in the late 1950s is widely viewed as the result of a broadly academic effort to restore disciplinary rigor to education in the United States. Much of the work that went on developing the new curricular materials and educational approaches, however, is better understood as an experiment in applying innovative research and development techniques perfected by scientists during World War II. This essay traces the development of these newer methods of scientific analysis and examines how they were imported from the military research programs to the field of education by a select group of physicists centered around Jerrold Zacharias at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is to these physicists, I argue, that this curriculum reform movement owes its fundamental operational characteristics, its conception of the problem of education, and the means of its solution in America at midcentury. Exploring the historical origins of these reforms reveals a good deal about how scientists of the time framed the portability of military techniques, organization, and administrative models of action and provides insight into the current emphasis on technique and performance that has come to characterize United States educational policy.
What Large-Scale, Survey Research Tells Us about Teacher Effects on Student Achievement: Insights from the Prospects Study of Elementary Schools
Authors: Rowan Brian , Correnti Richard , Miller Robert J.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses conceptual and methodological issues that arise when educational researchers use data from large-scale, survey research to examine the effects of teachers and teaching on student achievement. Using data from Prospects: The Congressionally Mandated Study of Educational Growth and Opportunity 1991–1994, we show that researchers’ use of different statistical models has led to widely varying interpretations about the overall magnitude of teacher effects on student achievement. However, we conclude that in well-specified models of academic growth, teacher effects on elementary school students’ growth in reading and mathematics achievement are substantial (with d-type effect sizes ranging from .72 to .85). We also conclude that various characteristics of teachers and their teaching account for these effects, including variation among teachers in professional preparation and content knowledge, use of teaching routines, and patterns of content coverage, with effect sizes for variables measuring these characteristics of teachers and their teaching showing d-type effect sizes in the range of .10. The paper concludes with an assessment of the current state of the art in large-scale, survey research on teaching. Here, we conclude that survey researchers must simultaneously improve their measures of instruction while paying careful attention to issues of causal inference.
Developing Communities of Instructional Practice
Authors: Supovitz Jonathan A.
Published: March 2003

Many reforms today—including the small schools movement, efforts to build small learning communities, and teacher teaming structures—are based on the theory that organizing schools into smaller educational environments will help to build more collaborative and collegial communities of teachers, providing them with the autonomy and motivation to make better curricular and pedagogical decisions in the interests of their students and therefore improving student learning. Using multiple sources of data from a 4-year evaluation of a team-based schooling initiative in a medium-sized urban district, this study tests many of the assumptions underlying this theory. The results suggest that although these types of organizational reforms may succeed in improving the culture within which teachers teach, they alone are unlikely to improve instruction and student learning. The communities that develop are often not communities engaged in instructional improvement. For teacher communities to focus on instructional improvement, the author argues that communities need organizational structures, cultures of instructional exploration, and ongoing professional learning opportunities to support sustained inquiries into improving teaching and learning.
Thinking Power and Pedagogy Apart— Coping with Discipline in Progressivist School Reform
Authors: Lefstein Adam
Published: March 2003

This article suggests that failure of progressivist school reforms is due in part to inadequate treatment of the relationship between pedagogy and classroom control. Traditional teaching techniques and disciplinary technologies coincided. Progressivist teaching methods undermined traditional disciplinary structures, without proposing an alternative classroom supervision theory. This study examines the way schools in a current, Israeli progressivist school reform initiative cope with classroom control, both conceptually and practically. Teachers’ thinking and discourse is partitioned, such that teaching and control issues are kept distinct. Numerous school structures and other practices reinforce this partition. A number of questions are posed for the creation of a progressivist theory of classroom control.
Patriotism, Pedagogy, and Freedom: On the Educational Meanings of September 11th
Authors: Apple Michael W.
Published: March 2003

In this essay I wish to focus on the most local of levels: the complicated ways in which 9011 was experienced phenomenologically by teachers such as myself and the little-known effects it had on pedagogy and on the urge to have schools participate in a complicated set of patriotic discourses and practices that swept over the United States in the wake of the disaster.
Two‐Way Charts: Messages for Teacher Professional Development
Authors: Smith Ron
Published: March 2003

Two anecdotes, one from a primary classroom and one from a professional development (PD) workshop, involve the use or possible use of two‐way charts. From these stories some recommendations are made for teacher PD.
Hospitality: A Feminist Theology of Education
Authors: McAvoy Jane
Published: March 2003

This article presents a methodology for a feminist theology of education based on reflection of women's educational experience in light of historical and contemporary theological works, especially the writing of Julian of Norwich. It argues for hospitality as a metaphor for theological education and suggests an understanding of the student, teacher, and environment of education that can create hospitality in the classroom.
Hebrew Exegesis Online Using Information Technology to Enhance Biblical Language Study
Authors: Klipowicz Steven W. , Laniak Tim
Published: March 2003

Information technology is bringing change to theological education. Computer‐mediated instruction has been employed for teaching basic factual materials and for providing study resources. Information technology has been helpful as an instructional aid using the drill and practice format, but how can it promote learning in more complex areas of knowledge acquisition such as analysis, synthesis, and creative judgment? Gordon‐Conwell Theological Seminary in Charlotte, N.C. developed an online course to teach Hebrew exegesis. A theory‐driven pedagogy was employed that used a Web‐based instructional design to promote asynchronous learning, collaborative projects, and peer review. This article presents the rationale and design for the class, a narrative of the class experience, and an evaluation of results. Outcomes of the class experience and suggestions for application of technology to other subject areas are included.
Ask and You Shall Find Out: Some Multicultural Dynamics in Catholic Theological Education
Authors: Gillman Florence Morgan
Published: March 2003

The theological classroom is a place where dynamics of diversity and multiculturalism enter not only the understanding and interpretation of the course material, but also the very processes of teaching and learning. But how is one to learn and assess what students and professors are experiencing as cultural differences, and how is one to sort out the personal characteristics from the cultural? This essay, underscoring the importance of asking students about cultural issues, discusses a few such issues via some anecdotal data.
‘We don’t know our descent’: how the Gitanos of Jarana manage the past
Authors: Blasco Paloma Gay Y
Published: March 2003

Although Gypsies have often been described as people ‘oriented towards the present’, the question of how their approach to the past might illuminate their particular mode of being in the world has been left largely untheorized. In fact, understanding how Gypsies manage the past is essential to understanding the processes through which they survive as a group in the midst of non‐Gypsy society. In this article I analyse how the Gitanos of Jarana (Madrid) work upon the past so as to remove certain past events and periods from the communal gaze and to ensure that others receive only limited elaboration. I also explore the links between these Gitanos’ downplaying of the past in their accounts of themselves and their particular ways of organizing social relations. Therefore, my focus lies on the relationships between the past and the imagined community, and between the latter and its structural supports.
City of Details: Interpreting the Personality of London
Authors: Reed Adam
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the ways in which a group of enthusiasts for London constitute their city. The ‘personality’ attributed to London is described, as well as the interpretive acts that reveal it. These people, who also lead walking tours across the city, privilege ‘detail’ as their term of analysis. The article examines the identified qualities of that category, in particular its perceived capacity to animate the plural time‐spaces of the city. This sensitivity to detail is presented as part of a sensing of place, which allows people to regard themselves as uniquely able to see the city. The article is intended as a contribution to the ethnography of London.
Ecological and Regional Protests in Uttarakhand, Northern India
Authors: Hannam Kevin
Published: March 2003

This article examines the continuities and discontinuities between the Chipko ecological movement and the recent regional movement for a separate State of Uttarakhand in the Indian Himalayas. The movement for a separate Uttarakhand State within the Indian Federation is shown to be multi‐dimensional, reflecting a potentially creative mode of regional politics. However, the movement has become stereotyped as an elitist anti‐reservation (positive discrimination) movement by politicians keen to reinforce social polarisation along caste lines. Despite repressive measures taken by the Uttar Pradesh State Government the regional movement has recently renewed its struggle around gender issues.
Spatial Planning Scenarios for the Netherlands
Authors: Van Uum Edwin
Published: March 2003

Now that implementation of the Supplement to the Fourth National Policy Document on Spatial Planning (VINEX) is in full swing, thoughts are already turning towards a renewal of national spatial planning policy. The ‘Netherlands 2030’ exercise conducted by the National Spatial Planning Agency lays the foundations for a renewal of this planning policy. The ‘Netherlands 2030’ discussion document presents four scenarios for spatial planning in the Netherlands in the year 2030. These scenarios provide a platform for a national debate on the spatial development of the country in the twenty‐first century.
Globalisation of the Footwear Industry: A Simple Case of Labour?
Authors: Lowder Stella
Published: March 2003

The usual explanation for the globalisation of the footwear industry is the ceaseless search for cheap and amenable labour. The performance of this industry in a range of exporting countries suggests that labour costs alone are insufficient. Attention is focused on the role of labour and the additional factors that have enabled particular countries to penetrate global markets at particular times. Macroeconomic factors, culture and the structure of society at national level are significant, but intermediaries are often crucial in articulating the global commodity chain. Non‐productive global factors, such as exchange rates, trade barriers that enforce change within the targeted supplier's industry, commodification, and particular markets must also be taken into account.
Underground Freight Transport in The Netherlands in the Next Century
Authors: Gordijn Hugo
Published: March 2003

Underground freight transport is investigated in the Netherlands as a systems innovation for freight transport. The objective is to achieve a sustainable and efficient transport system for the next century. Two types of underground freight transport are under investigation.

First is an expansion of the traditional pipeline transport for gases and liquids, with more substances and new organisational concepts: common carrier and multi‐core. Pilot‐projects have started: a multi‐core pipeline project in the Rijnmond and feasibility studies to the extension of the ethylene‐ and propylene‐pipeline systems.

Second are underground logistic systems (ULSs) for industrial goods and goods in urban areas (pallets and rolling stock). A ULS is planned between the flower auction in Aalsmeer, Schiphol airport, and a rail terminal for high‐speed trains. In 1999 the investment decision has to be taken. In Utrecht, Leiden, Arnhem/Nijmegen, Zuid‐limburg and Tilburg feasibility studies are in operation.

At the end of the year a decision must be made on whether underground freight transport will become a new transport modality with general application in the Netherlands and perhaps beyond.
What Does ‘GIS’ Mean?
Authors: Chrisman Nicholas R.
Published: March 2003

Many definitions of ‘GIS’ have been proposed, but they are rarely discussed in the peer‐reviewed literature. Most definitions in active use have serious limitations. Recent literature includes a variety of proposals to redefine GIS by changing the third word. This paper proposes an extended definition accompanied by a condensed form that contains the key concepts:

‘Geographic Information System (GIS) – Organized activity by which people measure and represent geographic phenomena then transform these representations into other forms while interacting with social structures.’
Theoretical Model of Multipurpose Land Information Systems Development
Authors: Tulloch David L.
Published: March 2003

Historically, multipurpose land information systems have often been designed for use as community‐wide enterprises. Before becoming useful to the community, however, many of these systems encounter prohibitive factors delaying or preventing the satisfaction of the ultimate goals for which they were designed. A criticism of current models is that system developers seeking to build publicly accessible systems do not use them. Since most systems are developed without the guidance of a formal model, system developers often do not fully anticipate likely system issues. Many systems, designed on an ad hoc basis, fail to achieve their full potential, because they have not used an appropriate model to determine a final system outcome. This paper presents a theoretical model describing the stages systems experience during development. These stages are: no development, system initiation, database development, recordkeeping, analysis, and democratization. Additionally, the factors promoting or prohibiting movement from one stage to the next, and the indicators or outcomes of each stage are described. Not only are the individual elements described but also their relationships are described as part of the model. The Multipurpose Land Information System (MPLIS) development model is designed both as a guide for system developers and a tool for discussing and comparing systems.
On the Quantification of Surface Changes using Grid‐based Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)
Authors: Etzelmüller Bernd
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the quantification of vertical surface displacements by means of grid‐based digital elevation models (DEMs). The surface changes are quantified by comparing altitude and different topographic parameters, which have a geomorphic significance with respect to surface changes. This paper describes the choice of different spatial calculation techniques, considering DEM accuracy and the propagation of error for the different topographic parameters involved. The techniques are illustrated on two grid‐based DEMs from Finsterwalderbreen, a 35 km2 sized valley glacier on south‐western Spitzbergen, Norwegian High Arctic.
Defining and Delineating the Central Areas of Towns for Statistical Monitoring Using Continuous Surface Representations
Authors: Thurstain‐Goodwin Mark , Unwin David
Published: March 2003

In the UK, the increasing availability of very high spatial resolution data using the unit post code as its geo‐reference is making possible new kinds of urban analysis and modelling. However, at this resolution the granularity of the data used to represent urban functions makes it difficult to apply traditional analytical and modelling methods. An alternative suggested here is to use kernel density estimation to transform these data from point or area ‘objects’ into continuous surfaces of spatial densities. The use of this transformation is illustrated by a study in which we attempt to develop a robust, generally applicable methodology for identifying the central areas of UK towns for the purpose of statistical reporting and comparison. Continuous density transformations from unit post code data relating to a series of indicators of town centredness created using Arc/InfoTM are normalised and then summed to give a composite ‘Index of Town Centredness’. Selection of key contours on these index surfaces enables town centres to be delineated.
Policy‐relevant Surfaced Data on Population Distribution and Characteristics
Authors: Coombes Mike , Raybould Simon
Published: March 2003

Surface modelling has great potential as a means of reducing the perennial constraints on data availability for policy‐relevant analyses of population distribution and characteristics. The challenge is that the key criteria routinely used to distinguish which datasets are suitable for policy analyses in Britain are rooted in the Government Statistical Service's adherence to classical statistical practices. In this paper, the strengths and weaknesses of surfaced data are examined against these criteria, and the potential for overcoming the likely resistance to adopting surfaced data is suggested to lie in customisation of the analyses to meet specific policy concerns. To illustrate this approach, and assess its potential value for policy analyses, two datasets produced by different forms of surfacing are described.
Use of Information Technology for Community Empowerment: Transforming Geographic Information Systems into Community Information Systems
Authors: Ghose Rina
Published: March 2003

GIS has emerged as an elitist, anti‐democratic technology by virtue of its technological complexity and cost. The question of democratizing this technology has been addressed in the GIS and Society literature. This paper addresses the thorny issue of uneven access to GIS and the associated social power it confers. Following the principle that effective access to information leads to better government as well as to community empowerment, this paper explores the issues of providing equitable access to GIS at the grass‐roots level. The paper discusses a university/community partnership with the distressed, inner city neighborhood of Metcalfe Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In this project, the members of an inner‐city neighborhood organization were given training in GIS for accessing public information, creating new databases from their own surveys, and analyzing these databases, with the purpose of making them able and active adjuncts to the conduct of city management and the formation of public policy. The paper evaluates the successes and failures of the project. It also explores the nature of GIS usage in this resource poor community organization between 1993–2000.
A Perspective on the Fundamentals of Fuzzy Sets and their Use in Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Robinson V B
Published: March 2003

The development of fuzzy sets in geographic information systems (GIS) arose out of the need to handle uncertainty and the ability of soft computing technology to support fuzzy information processing. An overview of the fundamentals of fuzzy sets is used to illustrate its use in GIS. The use of some terms within both the GIS and fuzzy information processing community is clarified. Since one of the key problems when applying fuzzy sets to GIS problems is in the specification of grades of membership, the many methods used to specify memberships in fuzzy sets in GIS applications are presented. The α–cut is defined and shown to be of increasing importance in GIS. Non–compensatory and compensatory connectives are compared. Aggregation operators are reviewed and shown to be useful in a number of GIS studies. Fuzzy relations and fuzzy control systems are briefly discussed with reference to their use in GIS and in relation to the development of modern soft computing technology. Several features of fuzzy sets make that paradigm attractive for use in GIS. It is concluded that as GIS–related applications increase in their levels of complexity and sophistication fuzzy sets will play a major, cost effective role in their development.
On Variability in Old English Syntax, and Some Consequences Thereof
Authors: Anderson John
Published: March 2003

Various instances of system variation in Old English syntax are described. Old English main clauses alternate between a subject‐based and a prime‐based (‘V2’) system, with many sentences being ambivalent. Old English tensed subordinate clauses often involve neither of these, and are claimed here to be syntactically non‐finite, this being reflected in ‘verb‐late/‐final/syntax. Particularly tensed subordinates which include infinitives may show subject formation, however. Infinitives and other untensed non‐finites may take their complements to the left as well as to the right: this is allowed for by an extension of one of the two basic clause word‐order rules. The same rules account for an otherwise unexplained gap in the possible sequences of tensed subordinate, infinitive and infinitive‐complement. In allowing for these syntactic possibilities no recourse need be had to synchronic ‘movement’. Finally, the (non)‐interaction between the unmarked ‘V2’ construction and syntactic auxiliarisation is examined in the light of the preceding.
The compound as a phonological domain in Indo–European
Authors: Rasmussen Jens Elmegård
Published: March 2003

Archaic Indo–European compounds show some marked reductions of their individual parts. Phonetic rules can be formulated for the following phenomena: (1) Accented zero–grade in the first member; (2) thematic –o– > –i– in both members, in part with loss of consonantal material, as (2.1) –ro– > –i– (via asyllabic –ry–), which explains much of the ‘Caland system’, and (2.2) ‘root nouns’ replacing agent–nouns with suffixal –t–, and gerundives in –yo– instead of –tyo– (vs. simplex –two–), depending on root structure. The alternations seen in Lat. tellūs : meditullium, NE axle : Lat. axis, the lack of –m– in pronominal feminine forms like Gen.sg. *tesyah2s, and the interchange of ro– and u–stem adjectives are explained as side–effects of the rules which are throughout phonetic, not functional.
Learner Attitudes and L2 Pronunciation in Austria
Authors: Dalton‐Puffer Christiane , Kaltenboeck Gunther , Smit Ute
Published: March 2003

In the context of pronunciation teaching, the relevance of a standard native accent as teaching model and norm needs to be reconsidered in view of the learners’ attainment as well as their wishes and expectations. In order to test attitudes to native and non‐native varieties of English in Austria, a language attitude study was undertaken with 132 university students of English. In response to the modified matched‐guise test, the subjects evaluated three native accents RP (Received Pronunciation), near‐RP and GA (General American) and two Austrian non‐native accents of English. The results confirm the low status the non‐native accents have amongst their users and the overall preference for the three native accents. Generally, the respondents rate the accent best with which they have become familiar at school and/or during stays in English‐speaking countries. Reflecting historical and geopolitical circumstances, the majority of the subjects support RP as their favourite model of pronunciation. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the importance of personal exposure to English in its native environments. While the evaluations of the students with EFL experience reflect rather rigid stereotypes, those students who have spent some time in English‐speaking countries reveal more individualized, situation‐linked attitudes.
Observations on the Present Perfect in English
Authors: Rastall Paul
Published: March 2003

Observation of actual sentences shows that the expected incompatibility of the present perfect in English and adverbs ‘of finished time’ may be set aside by speakers whose focus of attention is on the current relevance of the event to the moment of speaking. The criterion of ‘current relevance’ has also led to a recent new usage. Communicational problems and conflicts here appear to be resolved pragmatically with reference to the principal purpose of communicational activity. This suggests a significant amount of flexibility in linguistic processing with grammatical form subordinate to communicational function.
Standard Australian English
Authors: Delbridge Arthur
Published: March 2003

The author traces the development of the concept Australian English from the 1940s to the present time, noting a radical change in both public and individual acceptance of it. He briefly surveys the extent of the scholarly documentation of Australian English in dictionaries and style manuals, and addresses the question of Australianness in a range of text types and registers.
English and the pace of endangerment in Nigeria
Authors: Schaefer Ronald P. , Egbokhare Francis O.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines oral questionnaire data in order to assess the tenability of the prevailing hypothesis that Africa's language endangerment situation is characterized by the replacement of minority vernaculars with indigenous majority languages. Questionnaire items attended to evaluation accorded minority vernacular as well as language choice in home and non‐home settings. Data were obtained from adults, teenagers and children in the Emai‐speaking region of rural southern Nigeria. The resulting language‐use profiles show that across age groups, evaluation of vernacular mother tongue is positive. Remaining elements of the profile, however, reveal variation according to age. Adult profiles reflect an explicit multi‐language preference for vernacular and for English varieties. Teenagers exhibit a shift toward single‐language usage of the vernacular in the home and of English in non‐home settings. While maintaining this general trend, children evince a strong preference for English with siblings and show an emerging preference for English in speaking to mother and father. The onset of this intergenerational shift in home‐language use argues that in rural areas of southern Nigeria, English is propelling the abandonment of indigenous, minority languages.
Writing between Chinese and English
Authors: Ping‐Kwan Leung
Published: March 2003

Leung Ping‐kwan has previously published very widely in Chinese, with over 30 books to his credit, but publishing poetry in English is something of a new venture. His poems were first rendered into the English language with the publication of City at the End of Time in 1992. In this article, Leung Ping‐kwan describes some of the difficulties and excitement in negotiating between two languages and two cultures. The poem, ‘Leaf of Passage’, published here for the first time, draws on the mythology of the Haida Gwaii, native Americans from British Columbia, as well as the experience of contemporary Hong Kong ‘astronaut’ fathers who shuttle between Vancouver and Hong Kong.
Culture and apology: The Hainan Island incident
Authors: Zhang Hang
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the dynamic relationship between language, culture, and ideology by examining the recent “apology controversy” between the People’s Republic of China and the United States over the US surveillance plane entering Chinese airspace and landing on Hainan Island and the loss of a Chinese pilot. The differences in cross‐cultural apologetic behavior, magnified by opposing ideologies, prompted China’s demand of a formal apology from the US, and the US refusal to such a demand. It is argued that apology should be viewed not only as a simple speech act, but also a discourse event, extending beyond individual behavior to national behavior. As a speech act, it bears many cultural differences, for example, Chinese language has a more complex system of apologizing vocabulary and a greater emphasis on assuming responsibility. As a discoursal event it is highly ideologically invested for both sides, in which the apology is negotiated, as well as the social norms that govern it. Following Fairclough’s framework of ideology and language (1995), the analysis shows that ideology is invested in all levels of the language, from producing and interpreting of the letter of regret to the distinct Chinese translations from both sides. Language becomes a combat field of competing ideologies. It is not only an outcome of such negotiations, but also the means to them. It is argued that an unequal power relation resulted in the acceptance of the US letter of regret by the Chinese in the place of an apology. Although the current interpretations tend to reinforce the existing ideology, possible ways to combat ideology are found.
World Englishes and globalization
Authors: Bamgboe Ay
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the theoretical concept of world Englishes in light of globalization. The paper briefly outlines phenomena in the organic spread of English around the globe and raises the issue of opportunism in English Language teaching. Ethical implications and implications for research on world Englishes are discussed.
Political Philosophy: The View from Cambridge
Authors: Skinner Quentin , Dasgupta Partha , Geuss Raymond , Lane Melissa , Laslett Peter , O’Neill Onora , Runciman W. G. , Kuper Andrew
Published: March 2003

This article reports on a conversation convened by Quentin Skinner at the invitation of the Editors of The Journal of Political Philosophy and held in Cambridge on 13 February 2001.
Inflation, Welfare, and Public Goods
Authors: Bloise Gaetano , Currarini Sergio , Kikidis Nicholas
Published: March 2003

In this article we study the welfare effects of monetary policy in a simple overlapping generation economy in which agents voluntarily contribute to a public good. Inflation has two effects at equilibrium: it increases voluntary contributions and it misallocates private consumption across time. We show that the aggregate effect is welfare‐improving for “not too large” inflation rates. Moreover, there exists an optimal inflation rate.
Spurious Spatial Regression: Some Monte Carlo Results with a Spatial Unit Root and Spatial Cointegration
Authors: Fingleton Bernard
Published: March 2003

In this paper I introduce the concepts of spatial unit roots and spatial cointegration, and via Monte‐Carlo simulation I illustrate their implications for spatial regression. It is shown that spatial unit roots lead to spurious (spatial) regression, as in the well‐known case involving time‐series. Spatial cointegration is similar to its time‐series counterpart, although I demonstrate that OLS estimation of spatial error‐correction models is not consistent.
Migration and Changing Employment Status: A Hazard Function Analysis
Authors: Detang‐Dessendre Cecile , Molho Ian
Published: March 2003

The effects of different employment‐status transitions on migration choices are considered from a search‐theoretic perspective. A discrete‐time hazard function for migration decisions is estimated on data for young males of rural origin in France. Employment‐status transitions are handled as endogenous time‐varying covariates. The model is estimated by distance of move. The results show that the long‐distance migration hazard is significantly related to labor market variables, and, ceteris paribus, is highest among job‐gainers compared to the other transition groups. The probability of contracted (long‐distance) migration is found to be higher than that of speculative migration for unemployed workers, especially those who are low‐educated. Evidence consistent with cumulative inertia is found for long‐distance moves. Short‐distance migration hazards are found to be unrelated to labor market variables (including employment‐status transitions) and to display no systematic pattern of duration dependence.
Rent‐Commuting Cost Function Versus Rent‐Distance Function
Authors: Kwon Youngsun
Published: March 2003

This paper develops a new way to present standard urban models graphically and a new rent function called the rent‐commuting cost function. The rent‐commuting cost function represents the relationship between rent and total commuting cost. At least theoretically, it is superior to the traditional rent‐distance function in depicting and measuring stylized facts of the city because its gradient is independent of the functional form of the commuting cost function and falls as household income rises.
Exercising the Utmost Vigilance: The Catholic Campaign AgainstContraception in New Zealand During the 1930s*
Authors: Krogt Christopher van der
Published: March 2003

The Catholic campaign against contraception in New Zealand during the 1930s is usually interpreted from the perspective of the promoters of birth control, who accused the church of exercising undue inﬂuence over the Labour government (1935–49). This paper argues that while Catholics were the most outspoken opponents of contraception, their opposition to the dissemination of birth control information and contraceptive devices was shared with other inﬂuential groups, notably the Protestant churches, the medical profession, journalists, and politicians. It was the combined strength of these conservative interests, not pressure from Catholics alone, which discouraged the Labour government from establishing birth control clinics. Catholics and many other New Zealanders feared that increased access to contraceptives would reduce the birth rate, leaving New Zealand vulnerable to non‐British migration or even invasion. There was also widespread concern that the promotion of birth control would encourage sexual promiscuity. Since Catholics sought a compete ban on artiﬁcial contraception, however, they were unable to cooperate with non‐Catholics who, accepting the restrained use of contraceptives, sought only to limit their availability. Catholic inﬂuence reinforced the efforts of other conservative interests but was not strong enough to secure legislation reﬂecting distinctively Catholic principles.