bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dielectric Properties of Binary Mixtures of 1,2-Dichloroethane+Ethane-1,2-diol and 1,2-Dichloroethane+2-Methoxyethanol
Authors: Corradini F , Marchetti A , Preti C , Tagliazucchi M , Tassi L
Published: May 2006

The dielectric behaviour of binary mixtures of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE)/ethane-1,2-diol (ED) and DCE/2-methoxyethanol (ME) has been studied at 19 temperatures in the range from -10 to +80°C. The DCE/ED system is immiscible, except in a narrow range near the ED-rich region. The DCE/ME system, which is completely miscible, has been investigated over the whole composition range. Fitting procedures have been applied in order to check the suitability of empirical or semiempirical functions of the type є(T), є(XI) and є(T,XI). Furthermore, the excess static dielectric constant, єE, has been evaluated in order to investigate the possibility of the existence of complex entities. A DCE.2ME species appears to be the only stable adduct.
Chiral Heterocyclic Ligands. VIII. Syntheses and Complexes of New Chelating Ligands Derived From Camphor
Authors: Watson AA , House DA , Steel PJ
Published: May 2006

The syntheses of 23 new chelating ligands are described. Most of these ligands are derived from the chiral pyrazole (1) which has been linked to a variety of heterocycles , namely pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, isoxazole , benzimidazole, thiophen and furan. In certain cases the parent achiral analogues have also been prepared. Preliminary studies of the coordination chemistry of these ligands with selected transition metals have been carried out. The X-ray crystal structures of palladium complexes of isoxazole- and thiophen-containing ligands have also been determined.
Cyclometallated Compounds. IX. Reactions of 2-Benzoylpyridine With Rhodium(III) Trichloride
Authors: Degeest DJ , Steel PJ
Published: May 2006

X-Ray crystallography and n.m.r. spectroscopy have been used to study the products of reactions between rhodium(III) trichloride and 2-benzoylpyridine under various reaction conditions. X-Ray crystal structures have shown that the initial product of reaction in refluxing ethanol is a centrosymmetric isomer, as previously proposed, but that this undergoes aqueous hydrolysis to a C2-symmetric isomer, rather than the previously proposed C2v isomer. Reaction in refluxing 2-methoxyethanol produces an unusual complex with one C-N cyclometallated ligand and one N-O coordinated ligand. In Me2SO, the non-cyclometallated ligand of this latter compound undergoes solvolysis to produce a complex containing two Me2SO molecules, one coordinated through oxygen and the other through sulfur. The X-ray crystal structure of this compound is also reported.
Poly(pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)Benzenes: New Multidentate Ligands
Authors: Hartshorn CM , Steel PJ
Published: May 2006

Twelve new multidentate poly(pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene ligands , (5)-(16), have been synthesized by phase-transfer-catalysed alkylations of pyrazoles with poly( bromomethyl )benzenes, and their 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra have been fully assigned. X-Ray crystal structure determinations have been carried out on the tetrachloropalladate salt of the diprotonated form of 1,4-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene and on hexakis (pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene.
Heterocyclic Tautomerism. IX. Structural Revision of a Series of Pharmacologically Active Pyridazines
Authors: Guard JAM , Steel PJ
Published: May 2006

On the basis of 1H n.m.r. n.O.e. Measurements and an X-ray crystal structure determination, it is shown that a large series of pharmacologically active pyridazine derivatives should be represented as aromatic pyridazine tautomers [e.g. (1b)-(3b)], rather than the previously reported arylidene-4,5-dihydropyridazines [e.g. (1a)-(3a)]. Crystals of (7b) are monoclinic, P21/c, a 13.312(3), b 7.269(1), c 11.753(2) Ǻ, β 101.38(3)°, Z = 4; the structure was refined to a conventional R[I > 2σ(I)] 0.037.
Heterocyclic Tautomerism. V. X-Ray Crystal Structures of Two 5-Substituted 1,2,4-Thiadiazol-3-ones
Authors: Guard JAM , Steel PJ
Published: May 2006

Contrary to a recent report, 3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole is shown to exist as the OH tautomer (2a). At 130 K crystals of (2a) are monoclinic, P21/n, a 5.453(3), b 4.956(2), c 27.28(2) Ǻ, β 94.12(5)°, Z = 4; the structure was refined to a conventional R[I > 2σ(I)] 0.051. 5-Benzoylamino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-one is shown to exist as the N(2)H tautomer (3b) but with a contribution to the structure from a bicyclic or zwitterioni resonance contributor containing an S-O bond. At 130 K crystals of (3b) are monoclinic, Pn , a 3.771(1), b 15.465(4), c 8.105(1) Ǻ, β 98.72(2)°, Z = 2; the structure was refined to a conventional R[I > 2σ(I)] 0.038.
X-Ray Crystal Structures of 2,2'-Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)-4,4'-bipyridine and a Tetramethyl Derivative; New Bis-bidentate Binucleating Ligands
Authors: Phillip IG , Steel PJ
Published: May 2006

X-Ray crystal structures of 2,2°-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)-4,4°-bipyridine (3) and 2,2°-bis(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-4,4°-bipyridine (4) have been determined at 130 K. Crystals of (3) are triclinic, Pī , a 8.061(1), b 9.024(1), c 10.680(1)Ǻ, α 102.032(8), β 107.931(6), γ 107.355(7)°, Z = 2; the structure was refined to a conventional R(I > 2σ(I)) = 0.0273. Crystals of (4) are orthorhombic, P 212121, a 7.077(2), b 13.906(4), c 16.697(5) Ǻ, Z = 4; the structure was refined to a conventional R(I > 2σ(I)) = 0.0386. In both molecules there is significant (33�1°) twisting about the central pyridine-pyridine bond. The pyrazole rings of (3) are approximately coplanar (6�2°) with their attached pyridine rings, while in (4) the methyl groups induce slightly greater deviations from coplanarity (15�3°). Factors which influence the solid-state conformations and molecular packing of these molecules are discussed.
Syntheses of Chelating Tetrazole-Containing Ligands and Studies of Their Palladium(II) and Ruthenium(II) Complexes
Authors: Downard AJ , Steel PJ , Steenwijk J
Published: May 2006

Eleven chelating tetrazole -containing ligands have been synthesized, and their complexes with palladium(II) and ruthenium(II) prepared. Proton n.m.r. spectroscopy, electronic absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry have been used to study the nature of the metal-ligand interactions in these complexes. The negatively charged tetrazolate group is shown to be a strong electron donor with very different properties to those of the protonated or alkylated tetrazole group. This leads to pH control of the properties of transition metal complexes containing such ligands.
Preparation and Crystal Structures of Two Dimeric Lanthanoid(III) Complexes Containing Pyridinioacetate and 2,2'-Bipyridine Ligands:[Ln2( bpy )2( pybet )4(H2O)4] ( bpy )3(ClO4)6.H2O (Ln = Eu and Tb)
Authors: Chen XM , Wu YL , Yang YS
Published: May 2006

Two dimeric lanthanoid (III) complexes, [Ln2( bpy )2( pybet )4(H2O)4] ( bpy )3(ClO4)6.H2O ( bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, pybet = pyridinioacetate, and Ln Eu and Tb), have been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The complexes are isostructural, each comprising a quadruply carboxylato -bridged, centrosymmetrical dimeric cation, six perchlorate anions, three uncoordinated bpy molecules and a lattice water molecule. Each Ln ion is surrounded in a distorted square-antiprismatic environment by four carboxylato oxygen atoms, two nitrogen atoms of the bidentate bpy ligand and two aqua ligands . The Ln-O bond lengths range from 2.33 to 2.44 Ǻ, and Ln-N bond lengths from 2.55 to 2.64 Ǻ. The uncoordinated bpy molecules are linked to the aqua ligands by hydrogen bonds.
Cluster Chemistry. XCIX. An Unusual Hydrocarbon-Cluster Bonding Mode in Ru3(μ3-2η1,2η3-C14H17Me)(μ-CO)(CO)7, Obtained From Ru3(CO)12 and 1,5,9-Trimethylcyclododeca-1,5,9-triene
Authors: Bruce MI , Hinchliffe JR , Skelton BW , White AH
Published: May 2006

A reaction between Ru3(CO)12 and 1,5,9-trimethylcyclododeca-1,5,9-triene has given the orange-red complex Ru3(μ3-2η1,2η3-C14H17Me)(μ-CO)(CO)7, fully characterized by a single- crystal X-ray study. The hydrocarbon is attached to an irregular closed Ru3 cluster by two Ru -C σ-bonds and two η3-allylic systems, the latter involving exocyclic CH2 and CH groups. The preparation of Ru3(μ-H)(μ3-C12H15)(μ- dppm )(CO)7 is also reported.
Characterization and X-Ray Structure of the Adduct Formed Between Triphenyltin Chloride and Dicyclohexylphosphinyl-N-methyl(thioformamide): Ph3Sn[Cy2P(O)C(S)N(H)Me]Cl
Authors: Hall VJ , Tiekink ERT
Published: May 2006

The reaction of Ph3SnCl and Cy2P(O)C(S)N(H)Me yields the air-stable adduct Ph3Sn[Cy2P(O)-C(S)N(H)Me]Cl which features a trigonal bipyramidal tin atom geometry with a chlorine atom [Sn-Cl 2.4236(9)Ǻ] and an oxygen atom [Sn-O 2.523(2)Ǻ], derived from a monodentate phosphinyl(thioformamide) ligand, occupying the axial positions. The pale-yellow crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/c with unit cell dimensions a 10.050(1), b 16.501(1), c 19.273(1) Ǻ, β 102.12(1)°, Z 4; the structure was refined to final R 0.031 by using 5384 reflections.
A bifunctional tRNA import receptor from
Leishmania
mitochondria
Authors: Goswami Srikanta , Dhar Gunjan , Mukherjee Saikat , Mahata Bidesh , Chatterjee Saibal , Home Pratik , Adhya Samit
Published: May 2006

In kinetoplastid protozoa, import of cytosolic tRNAs into mitochondria occurs through tRNAs interacting with membrane-bound proteins, the identities of which are unknown. The inner membrane RNA import complex of
Leishmania tropica
contains multiple proteins and is active for import
in vitro
. RIC1, the largest subunit of this complex, is structurally homologous to the conserved α subunit of F1 ATP synthase. The RIC1 gene complemented an atpA mutation in
Escherichia coli
. Antisense-mediated knockdown of RIC1/F1α in
Leishmania
resulted in depletion of several mitochondrial tRNAs belonging to distinct subsets (types I and II) that interact cooperatively or antagonistically within the import complex. The knockdown-induced defect in import of type I tRNAs was rectified in a reconstituted system by purified RIC1/F1α alone, but recovery of type II tRNA import additionally required a type I tRNA. RIC1/F1α formed stable complexes with type I, but not type II, tRNAs through the cooperation of its nucleotide binding and C-terminal domains. Thus, RIC1/F1α is a type I tRNA import receptor. As expected of a bifunctional protein, RIC1/F1α is shared by both the import complex and by respiratory complex V. Alternative use of ancient respiratory proteins may have been an important step in the evolution of tRNA import.
p63heterozygous mutant mice are not prone to spontaneous or chemically induced tumors
Authors: Keyes William M. , Vogel Hannes , Koster Maranke I. , Guo Xuecui , Qi Yi , Petherbridge Kristin M. , Roop Dennis R. , Bradley Allan , Mills Alea A.
Published: May 2006

Homology between p63 and p53 has suggested that these proteins might function similarly. However, the majority of data from human tumors have not supported a similar role for p63 in tumor suppression. To investigate this issue, we studied spontaneous tumorigenesis inp63+/− mice in both WT and p53-compromised backgrounds. We found thatp63+/− mice were not tumor prone and mice heterozygous for bothp63andp53had fewer tumors thanp53+/− mice. The rare tumors that developed in mice with compromised p63 were also distinct from those ofp53+/− mice. Furthermore,p63+/− mice were not prone to chemically induced tumorigenesis, and p63 expression was maintained in carcinomas. These findings demonstrate that, in agreement with data from human tumors, p63 plays a markedly different biological role in cancer than p53.
A partial genome scan to map quantitative trait loci for carcass composition, as assessed by X-ray computer tomography, and meat quality traits in Scottish Blackface Sheep
Authors: Karamichou E. , Richardson R.I. , Nute G.R. , McLean K.A. , Bishop S.C.
Published: May 2006

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for traits related to carcass and meat quality in Scottish Blackface sheep. The population studied was a double backcross between lines of sheep divergently selected for carcass lean content (LEAN and FAT lines), comprising nine half-sib families. Carcass composition (600 lambs) was assessed non-destructively using computerized tomography (CT) scanning and meat quality measurements (initial and final pH of m. semimembranosus, colour, shear force value, carcass weight, lamb flavour, juiciness, tenderness and overall liking) were taken on 300 male lambs. Lambs and their sires were genotyped across candidate regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 14, 18, 20 and 21. QTL analyses were performed using regression interval mapping techniques. In total, nine genome-wise significant and 11 chromosome-wise and suggestive QTL were detected in seven out of eight chromosomes. Genome-wise significant QTL were mapped for lamb flavour (OAR 1); for muscle densities (OAR 2 and OAR 3); for colour a*(redness) (OAR 3); for bone density (OAR 1); for slaughter live weight (OAR 1 and OAR 2) and for the weights of cold and hot carcass (OAR 5). The QTL with the strongest statistical evidence affected the lamb flavour of meat and was on OAR 1, in a region homologous with a porcine SSC 13 QTL identified for pork flavour. This QTL segregated in four of the nine families. This study provides new information on QTL affecting meat quality and carcass composition traits in sheep, which may lead to novel opportunities for genetically improving these traits.
Causes of differences in urinary excretion of purine derivatives in buffaloes and cattle
Authors: Kim Thanh Vo Thi , Ørskov E. R.
Published: May 2006

In experiment 1, three male calves of Vietnamese cattle and three maleVietnamese swamp buffalo calves were weaned after receiving colostrum and reared by bottle feeding of milk. During the 1st month the animal did not have access to solid food. Urine was collected to determine differences in endogenous excretion of purine between the two types of animal. After that they were given access to equal amount of solid food for 2 months to stimulate rumen development, urine was again collected to determine the differences in purine excretion. In experiment 2, the same animals were given milk mixed with purines in three treatments (0, 1·7 and 3·4 g/day). The same animals were used in experiment 3 for intravenous allantoin infusion, to test the effect of purines themselves introduced into the plasma.The results showed that in period 1 of experiment 1 there was no significant difference in purine excretion between the two types of animal. The excretion being 0·65 mmol/kg M 0·75 for cattle and 0·69 mmol/kg M 0·75for buffaloes calves, respectively. For period 2, after rumen development there were significant differences between two types of animal. The excretion from buffaloes (0·26 mmol/kg M0·75) being less than half that of cattle (0·69 mmol/kg M 0·75).In experiment 2 the regression of purine excretion mmol/day (y) was y=0·6279x+9·1496 for cattle calves and y=0·2618x+5·8594 for buffalo calves where x was the purine given.In experiment 3, from each mmol of allantoin infusion, the recovery was about 0·70 in cattle but only half (0·32) in buffaloes ( P<0·01).It is clearly shown that the difference in purine derivative excretion occur only after rumen development It is suggested that glomerular filtration rate may be lower in buffaloes than cattle leaving more time in the blood thus more time for recycling to the rumen and metabolized by bacteria or the permeability from the blood to the rumen is greater in buffaloes than cattle.
Reproduction of wild Mongolian gerbils bred in the laboratory with respect to generation and season 1. Morphological changes and fertility lifespan
Authors: Stuermer I. W. , Tittmann C. , Schilling C. , Blottner S.
Published: May 2006

A new strain of wild Meriones unguiculatus (strain Ugoe:MU95, named WILD) with high genetic variability was recently established in Germany. A previous study showed that offspring (F-1) of WILD founders (F-0) showed reduced spermatogenesis and testosterone compared to domesticated gerbils (LAB) maintained under similar conditions. We investigated F-0 and subsequent generations in respect to sexual maturation, duration of fertility and gonadal weights of different seasons. Body and reproductive organ weights showed negligible seasonal fluctuations in both strains. Testis and epididymis weights in WILD covered a wide range, which indicates a high reproductive variability. Reproductive organ weights increased in F-3. Less variable and high reproductive organ weights (testis >900 mg, epididymis >200 mg) in almost all LAB illustrate their readiness to reproduce, even in small individuals. Prominent testis (T+) was found in 71% of adult males (F-1, F-2) reflecting the natural portion of T+(63%) found in wild gerbils investigated in Mongolia in 1995 and 2002. Testicular descent was accelerated and pronounced in WILD F-3 (T+, 88%) and LAB (T+, 91%). Time between mating and the first litter was significantly longer in wild F-0 than in their offspring or LAB. The average age in wild F-0 when the last litter was born was 27 months. Breeding went on for 2 to 32 months and was mostly terminated by the death of the females. Relative testis and epididymis weights correspond in young adults and in old males up to 6 years, the total life span of male wild Mongolian gerbils. In summary, the results suggest that laboratory conditions improve the reproductive fitness of wild gerbils.
The effect of dietary protein supply on the performance and risk of post-weaning enteric disorders in newly weaned pigs
Authors: Wellock I. J. , Fortomaris P. D. , Houdijk J. G. M. , Kyriazakis I.
Published: May 2006

The effect of dietary protein supply, as manipulated by both crude protein content and/or substitution of existing ingredients, mainly soya (SOYA), with the more digestible dried skimmed milk powder (DSMP), and the consequences of removing in-food antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) on the performance and risk of post-weaning enteric disorders (PWED) in newly weaned pigs was investigated. Pigs weaned at 28·7±3·45 days of age (no. =49) were individually housed in an environmentally controlled room and assigned to one of seven dietary treatments; a 3×2 factorial combination of dietary protein content (130, 180 and 230 g crude protein (CP) per kg) and main protein source (DSMP and SOYA), plus an additional control containing 230 g CP per kg, DSMP and in-food AGPs (ZnO, CuSO4and avilamycin). Individual food intake, faecal score (FS), cleanliness score (CS) and health score (HS) were taken daily, and live weight and faecal samples were taken on days 0, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13 and 14. All animals were slaughtered on day 14 to examine variables describing aspects of gastro-intestinal health. Increasing CP content and the removal of AGPs both led to a significant increase in faecal fluidity and contamination although there was no effect on HS. There was no effect of DSMP inclusion on FS, CS or HS. Increasing CP content led to an increase (P<0·05) in the number of coliforms in faecal and proximal colon (PC) samples taken at slaughter and a decrease (P<0·01) in the lactobacilli to coliform ratio (L:C) in the PC. Increasing CP content had no effect on average daily food intake (ADFI) but led to improvements in average daily gain (ADG) (P<0·001) and food conversion ratio (FCR) (P<0·001) over the whole trial period. The inclusion of DSMP had no effect on performance during the 1st week, but animals on the DSMP diets had improved ADG (P<0·05) and FCR (P<0·01) compared with those on the SOYA diets in the 2nd week. The inclusion of AGPs increased ADFI (P<0·05) and ADG (P<0·05) but had no effect on FCR over the whole trial period. The results indicate that in the absence of AGPs both growth performance and the risk of PWED increased as protein supply was increased. The increased risk of PWED was associated with an increased fluidity of faeces, a reduction in the L:C ratio and an increase in intestinal pH. Consequently, it is important to balance the trade-off between maximizing performance and minimising the risk of PWED through manipulating protein supply, particularly in an environment where AGPs are no longer permitted.
Effect of providing a polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich protected fat to lactating goats on growth and body composition of suckling goat kids
Authors: Sanz Sampelayo M.R. , Fernández J.R. , Ramos E. , Hermoso R. , Gil Extremera F. , Boza J.
Published: May 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of improving the composition of goat meat, in terms of the fatty acid composition of the different fat deposits. For this purpose, we used two groups of 12 female goats each of which had recently undergone a double birth. The animals were maintained under semi-extensive conditions and trough-fed with a concentrate that was either non-supplemented or supplemented with 50 g/kg of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-rich fat protected against ruminant metabolism. The kid goats born to each group were suckled by their dams and a representative sample of each was slaughtered at 45 days after birth. The milk produced by the dams receiving the fat-supplemented diet contained fat with a lower content of saturated fatty acids and a higher content of n-3 PUFA, trans-C18: 1 and CLA. The kid goats suckled by these dams grew faster and the legs of the carcasses presented greater muscular development compared with the non-fat-supplemented diet group. The cover, intermuscular and intramuscular fat presented a different fatty acid composition, with a higher proportion of n-3 PUFA, trans C18: 1 and CLA, while that of n-6 PUFA remained unchanged. The change in the lipid metabolism of the kid goats was made evident by the blood levels of certain biochemical parameters. We discuss the improvement in the quality of the meat obtained, taking into account the feeding strategy provided and the class of animal in question.
Cow-dung colonization and decomposition following insect exclusion
Authors: Lee C.M. , Wall R.
Published: May 2006

The rate of dung-pat degradation in cattle pastures in south west England was examined between May and September 2002, using batches of standardized, 1.5 kg, artificially-formed cow pats. In pats in which insects were allowed free access, the rate of disappearance, measured as ash-free dry weight, was faster in spring than summer and the loss of organic matter ranged between 0.69 and 1.99% per day, equating to an estimated time for complete disappearance of 57–78 and 88–111 days in spring and summer, respectively. To assess the role of colonizing insects on decomposition, six batches of pats were constructed and either left uncovered or, using fine mesh cages, were covered for 2, 7 or 14 days following deposition to exclude colonizing insects, after which they were uncovered. After 35 days all pats were then retrieved from the field, the composition of the invertebrate community within each pat was determined and the degree of degradation, measured as ash-free dry weight, was assessed. Covered pats had significantly higher rates of ash-free dry weight loss than uncovered pats. From the 180 pats that were recovered and searched, larvae ofAphodius(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) were the most numerous taxon collected (1435 individuals).Aphodiuslarvae were significantly more abundant in pats that remained uncovered or were covered for 2 days only, compared to pats that had been covered for 7 or 14 days. The results show that the exclusion of insects for as little as two days following deposition causes a significant reduction in both the insect population and the subsequent rate of pat degradation.
Morphological Alteration Caused by Brassinosteroid Insensitivity Increases the Biomass and Grain Production of Rice
Authors: Morinaka Yoichi , Sakamoto Tomoaki , Inukai Yoshiaki , Agetsuma Masakazu , Kitano Hidemi , Ashikari Motoyuki , Matsuoka Makoto
Published: May 2006

The rice (Oryza sativa) dwarf mutant d61 phenotype is caused by loss of function of a rice BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 ortholog, OsBRI1. We have identified nine d61 alleles, the weakest of which, d61-7, confers agronomically important traits such as semidwarf stature and erect leaves. Because erect-leaf habit is considered to increase light capture for photosynthesis, we compared the biomass and grain production of wild-type and d61-7 rice. The biomass of wild type was 38% higher than that of d61-7 at harvest under conventional planting density because of the dwarfism of d61-7. However, the biomass of d61-7 was 35% higher than that of wild type at high planting density. The grain yield of wild type reached a maximum at middensity, but the yield of d61-7 continued to increase with planting density. These results indicate that d61-7 produces biomass more effectively than wild type, and consequently more effectively assimilates the biomass in reproductive organ development at high planting density. However, the small grain size of d61-7 counters any increase in grain yield, leading to the same grain yield as that of wild type even at high density. We therefore produced transgenic rice with partial suppression of endogenous OsBRI1 expression to obtain the erect-leaf phenotype without grain changes. The estimated grain yield of these transformants was about 30% higher than that of wild type at high density. These results demonstrate the feasibility of generating erect-leaf plants by modifying the expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in transgenic rice plants.
The Food Safety Act: Food Manufacturer Response and Attitude
Authors: Simpson Susan
Published: May 2006

Reviews the effects of the Food Safety Act 1990. A survey conducted
in July/August 1991 found that food manufacturers appear to have a
positive attitude based on the gradual changes in food production,
distribution and consumption, shopping habits and technology over the
years. Innovations are being introduced in training, food safety and
quality assurance policies, prompting increased awareness both
company‐wide and amongst senior management.
The Importance and Control of Clostridium botulinum in Processed Foods
Authors: Gaze Joy E.
Published: May 2006

The risks of botulism associated with low acid canned foods have
been reduced to a minimum by ensuring that well‐designed heat processes
are established. However, the development of pasteurized products which
are given only a mild heat treatment requires the consideration of
several other factors which may be involved in the preservation
procedures. Discusses the characteristics of growth and toxin production
by Clostridium botulinum to illustrate the types of food
products that may cause a risk of botulism if incorrectly preserved and
to indicate the combinations of treatment that may be used to control
this food‐borne hazard.
How to HACCP
Authors: Mitchell Bob
Published: May 2006

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is
superior to end product testing because it predicts potential problems
and specifies control systems to prevent them occurring. Another
advantage is that control, by features that are fast, cheap and easy to
monitor, is focused at the critical points in the operation. Further,
HACCP is a team approach that involves all members of staff in food
safety. HACCP can be used in almost any situation. An ad hoc
working group of the Codex Alimentarius Food Hygiene Committee recently
produced a draft agreement on the principles of HACCP and their
application to food operations. Included in this is a logic‐based
decision tree for the determination of Critical Control Points.
Campylobacter jejuni: Some Aspects of Epidemiology, Detection and Control
Authors: Humphrey T.J.
Published: May 2006

Describes the epidemiology of campylobacter enteritis in developed
countries, including milk‐borne infection, contamination of poultry meat
and intervention measures in poultry meat production. Concludes that the
latter is the single most important vehicle of infection and that
efforts should be directed towards improving scalding hygiene as the
method most likely to counter contamination effectively.
Listeria: Implications for Food Safety
Authors: Lacey R.W.
Published: May 2006

Investigates the conditions surrounding the spread of the bacterium
Listeria monocytogenes and the implications for food safety,
including cook‐chill food production, temperature, contamination and
storage. Concludes that food can never be made entirely
microbiologically safe but the risks can be minimized.
Healthy Eating: The Food Issue of the 1990s
Authors: Wheelock Verner
Published: May 2006

Discusses the pros and cons of a healthy eating programme and looks
at ways of avoiding nutritional deficiencies, which are often related to
areas of residence or similar reasons. Looks at ways of avoiding chronic
heart disease (CHD) and cancer‐related illnesses through knowledge and
diet. Food businesses by implication are involved in this. Discusses
results of various surveys, in particular one by the American Cancer
Society involving 750,000 men and women. Shows that statistics come down
fully on the person of average (sic) weight living a longer,
fuller life than the overweight one. Concludes that people who are
overweight, who do little or no exercise and eat sugar and fat in unsafe
quantities may shorten their lives by as much as 50 per cent. Increasing
fibre intake, decreasing fat, will therefore lessen the risk of heart
and related illness (as in Scotland) and prolong life, as occurs in
people of the Greek, Italian, some Spanish and French areas.
Materials in Contact with Food
Authors: Roberts David
Published: May 2006

Discusses the difficulties facing enforcement authorities,
manufacturers and users in this new law area; the implications of which
are only now becoming apparent. Is the way forward a “guide to
compliance” agreed between the trade and enforcement agencies and
the implementation of quality systems?
People′s Sources of Recipes: Some Implications for an Understanding of Food‐related Behaviour
Authors: McKie Linda J. , Wood Roy C.
Published: May 2006

Presents an analysis of data collected by questionnaire from 50
respondents on their sources of recipes. The questionnaires were
completed by men and women who were members of various groups and
communities located in the Edinburgh area. The data are analysed in
respect of gender, class, age variations and variations according to
family size. Concludes that the recipe possesses a social significance
that merits greater attention, for it is the starting point of many
culinary and related activities. The implications of such findings for
the food industry are manifold. Many respondents identified the purchase
and receipt of cookery books, the collection of recipes, and the
exchange of recipes as related activities. As such, the cultural
significance of the recipe and its importance in food marketing cannot
be underestimated.
Structural Changes in the UK Grocery Retail Market
Authors: Duke Robert
Published: May 2006

In “A Structural Analysis of the UK Grocery Retail
Market”, Robert Duke used Michael E. Porter′s framework for the
structural analysis of industries to analyse the UK grocery retail
market. Since this article was published in 1989, many potentially
significant changes and developments have happened in this market,
making an update of Duke′s 1989 analysis of interest. Sources of even
greater power over suppliers enjoyed by retailers can be traced to
implementations of new technologies in grocery retailing, and to the
growth of pan‐European concentrations of buying power, while the threat
posed by price‐cutting new entrants will force incumbents to use more of
this power. Competition in the market itself will be influenced by
superstore saturation, the emergence of a “Big Three” of
retailers, and by potentially significant new entrants, able to defeat
the market′s barriers to entry. This will create a more complex
competitive structure.
Intensive Farming and Food Processing: Implications for
Polyunsaturated Fats and Folic Acid
Authors: Lacey Richard W.
Published: May 2006

Intensive methods of farming and food processing are particularly
likely to result in food inadequate in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,
and also in folic acid. These fatty acids are required for numerous
metabolic functions including protection against heart attacks. Folic
acid is essential for a baby′s developing nervous system.
The Meals‐on‐wheels Service in Leicester: A Marketing Study
Authors: Tilston C.H. , Gregson K. , Neale R.J. , Tyne C.
Published: May 2006

As a result of a marketing study to evaluate the consumer
characteristics, service provision and degree of satisfaction with
meals‐on‐wheels, recipients were found to have different characteristics
from the general population, being on average, older, widowed, living
alone, having little social contact, in poor health and not very mobile.
A large majority received four or more meals per week; a hot meal was
more popular than a cold one and the most popular time of delivery was
around midday. A large majority of recipients were satisfied with the
service.
The Carrageenan Connection – Can Political Lobbying Undermine Food Safety Decisions?
Authors: Anderson D.M.W.
Published: May 2006

In the interests of consumers, recent intense diplomatic lobbying
in Europe must not be allowed to result in automatic approval for food
use, without formal testing, of a seaweed product that was approved,
surprisingly, in the USA last year.
Background to The Health of the Nation
Authors: Middleton John
Published: May 2006

Explains the background to the Green Paper, The Health of the
Nation, which was published in the middle of 1991 and has stimulated
much debate and discussion about future strategy towards government
policy on health. Discusses what it is hoped to achieve when the new
approach is implemented.
Food for the Heart: A Health Education Authority Healthy
Eating Campaign
Authors: Poppy Jo
Published: May 2006

Describes the Food for the Heart campaign. The Health Education
Authority is actively working with the food industry in order to promote
healthy eating with particular reference to reducing the incidence of
coronary heart disease. Explains the background.
Dietary Recommendations and the Public: The US Experience
Authors: Palmer Sushma
Published: May 2006

Describes how disease patterns in the USA have changed in recent
years and discusses the role of nutrition. From 1983 to 1989, the author
was Director of the US National Academy of Sciences Food and Nutrition
Board – the principal body in the United States for advice on
nutrition programmes and policy. Explains some of the problems
encountered and the lessons learned from the experience.
The COMA Report on Dietary Reference Values: The Food Manufacturers’ View
Authors: Nichols Bryan W.
Published: May 2006

The food manufacturers have examined the COMA Report on Dietary
Reference Values very carefully. Although they welcome the broad thrust
of the recommendations, it is evident that there are a number of serious
reservations and criticisms.
The Contribution of Catering to the Diet
Authors: Kirk David , Daly Lorna
Published: May 2006

In recent years, there has been a gradual increase in the
proportion of food which is eaten away from home. This is causing
concern because much of this food does not conform to the recognized
dietary recommendations. Although there have been a number of
interesting innovations in the catering industry, the general position
is far from satisfactory.
The Fat Race
Authors: Noble Robert B.
Published: May 2006

A review of current developments in the United States food markets
shows that health and convenience are the two major factors influencing
consumer choice of food. Consequently, there is considerable emphasis on
reducing calories, reducing fat and finding suitable fat replacers.
Nevertheless, it is still absolutely crucial to recognize that taste and
flavour predominate. Presents a number of examples which illustrate what
is happening in the United States.
Healthy Eating in Catering: Issues and Initiatives
Authors: Simpson Anne
Published: May 2006

With growing interest in healthy eating amongst consumers, caterers are responding. Examines a number of barriers which are being encountered. These include the EC subsidies for milk and milk products, the lack of effective training in healthy catering practice, the failure of health professionals to appreciate the catering dimension and problems with nutrition labelling. Suggests how the difficulties could be resolved.
Healthy Eating in the Public Sector
Authors: Bone Chris
Published: May 2006

An examination of how catering practices in the school meals
service and the National Health Service have evolved, with particular
reference to recent changes in administration. The author describes some
examples on how healthy eating principles have been introduced
successfully.
Food Quality and Consumer Choice
Authors: Verner Wheelock J.
Published: May 2006

Within any food product range, prices can vary quite widely. The
article takes the view that an individual consumer is prepared to pay a
premium for what he/she regards as high quality. The article examines
some of the characteristics which apply to those products at the
expensive end of the range – and suggests that they may be
categorized into those of genuine quality and those of pseudo quality.
Genuine quality refers to products which provide real improvements, e.g.
nutrition or keeping quality, when compared with the basic end of the
range – and incur extra costs to produce. By contrast, pseudo
quality confers no additional benefit on the consumer in terms of the
food and often exploits consumer ignorance. Concludes that the food
industry should place much greater emphasis on genuine quality. By doing
so, public confidence in the industry would be raised.
The Single European Market and the Quality of Dairy Products
Authors: Glaeser H.
Published: May 2006

In 1993, the Single European Market will become reality. For
consumers and producers, economic advantages can be expected. However,
concern has been expressed as to the possible negative effects on food
quality. After a brief review of EC food legislation, outlines
activities in the dairy field which may contribute to a high quality
standard of dairy products. These are among other things related to
drinking milk (protein content, heat load), fermented milk
(characteristic micro‐organisms), cheese (raw milk cheeses, cheeses with
specific characteristics) and butter (butter definition, criteria for
first quality butter, control of butterfat purity). In a final chapter
discusses the future role of products obtained from genetically
manipulated micro‐organisms in the dairy sector.
The Response of the Food Chain to Healthy Eating
Authors: Darrall Jan
Published: May 2006

Healthy eating has been at the forefront of media and medical
circles in recent years. Discusses the awareness and response of the
food chain (multiple retailers, food companies and farmers) to the
healthy eating trends and reports. Retailers were the most aware of
healthy eating, and had reacted positively in line with the trends and
dietary recommendations. This contrasted with farmers, many of whom were
unaware of the dietary messages, and few of whom had responded to them,
reflecting the lack of Government support for organic agriculture, and
dairy farmers being paid to produce high and not low‐fat milk. When the
nature of Government support changes, the food chain will respond more
efficiently to consumer demands for healthy eating. Based on research
involving 683 farmers, food companies and retailers in the food chain.
The Quality of Schoolchildren’s Packed Lunches
Authors: Worsfold Denise , Griffith Christopher
Published: May 2006

Reports the conduct of a survey of children′s packed lunches where
nutritional adequacy and consumer acceptability of the meals was
evaluated; and temperature history of the food during transport and
storage was monitored with temperature data loggers. The meals were
found to be held at unacceptable temperatures for prolonged periods.
Meals held in chilled insulated satchels did not suffer temperature
abuse. One‐third of the meals were assessed as nutritionally inadequate.
Significant numbers of the meals were high in fat and sugar and
deficient in protein, calcium, and vitamin C. The meals did, however,
receive consistently high ratings for consumer acceptability. Provides
recommendations for improving the nutritional quality and the
microbiological safety together with a code of practice suitable for
distribution to parents.
Consumer Risk Perceptions in the Breakfast Cereal Market
Authors: Mitchell V.W. , Boustani Pari
Published: May 2006

The idea that risk could be a motivating factor in consumers′ choice of breakfast cereal seemed less than plausible on first consideration. However, reports an investigation of secondary sources, some focus groups and a survey of 180 shoppers which revealed that this initial reaction was unfounded and that risk appeared significant in affecting consumers′ purchasing behaviour. The most important risks were those of taste and nutritional value. The most important risk relievers were choosing a well‐known brand and obtaining free samples. The findings seem to support the high advertising spends characteristic of the market, but question the widespread use of celebrity endorsements.
European Consultation on Dietary Supplements
Authors: Fallows Stephen J.
Published: May 2006

Identifies the products which may be considered as diet
integrators/dietary supplements. Outlines the complex issues which need
to be considered before the EC can draw up a proposal to control them.
Questions to be considered come under the following headings: one
directive or several?; consumer concerns; product purity; use of
nutrients and other specified ingredients; addition of nutrients to
food; labelling; and packaging.
“Healthier Eating” and the Effects on Health Food Retailing
Authors: Davies Gary
Published: May 2006

Presents a case history of a specialist health food retailer to
illustrate the effect of the growth in interest during the 1980s in
consuming “healthier” products. Health food shops had
earlier benefited from the trend, but found it more difficult to survive
once the concept was exploited by mainstream grocery and chemist
retailers. The study is based upon two earlier analyses of the sector by
the author. Raises questions about the future for all specialist health
food retailers.
The Future of the Dairy Industry in the UK: A Reply to the Sector Report Published by Food from Britain
Authors: Jones John
Published: May 2006

The UK dairy industry is seriously under threat from imports and
already contributes significantly to the country′s food trade deficit.
“Food from Britain” blames this shortfall on the
restrictions made on supply by milk quota. Suggests that the pricing
structure for milk and the monopoly of the Milk Marketing Board are also
significant contributory factors. “Food from Britain”
champions, among others, increased exports of British cheeses and
premium butter products for the home market, to help to redress the
balance. Promar International researchers feel that processors would be
better advised to concentrate on other types of added‐value dairy
products for home and abroad. Discusses the proposals for change at the
MMB, countered by a suggestion that only a system of regional
competitive co‐operatives would ensure a genuinely free market for the
purchase and sale of milk. Without dramatic changes in the structure of
supply, allocation systems and pricing of milk it is likely that UK
companies will continue to be overrun by imports, while finding it
increasingly difficult to penetrate the European market.
The Changing Structure of Retailing: Consequent Impact on Players in the Dairy Industry
Authors: Sole Catherine
Published: May 2006

Buying power within the European food sector is becoming
concentrated within the hands of a relatively few but highly powerful
retailing groups. This industry restructuring will have profound
implications for all food manufacturers and processors during the next
decade. Dairy companies, of any scale, will need to be innovative,
flexible, produce high quality products and have good distribution links
in order to survive. Established international dairy businesses such as
BSN and Yoplait are sufficiently geared up to face a relatively secure
future. It is the smaller nationally oriented dairy processors which
will be most at risk from an increasingly concentrated and aggressive
retailing sector.
New Players in the European Dairy Industry: The Market for Branded Dairy Products
Authors: Sole Catherine
Published: May 2006

The current structure of the EC dairy industry will change over the
next ten years. The small number of extremely powerful international
players who concentrate on high‐value, high‐margin products will
capitalize on their scale and marketing skills to attain a dominant
position within the global market. The smaller nationally oriented
concerns which have led a somewhat protected existence so far, will be
forced to react as foreign competition increases. Predicts that
concentration, specialization and targeted consumer marketing will be
among the key factors of success for the European dairy industry in the
year 2000. By then the industry structure will be split into three tiers
comprising national, international and global companies. Only the most
dynamic national businesses who adapt to the new market demands will
survive. The losers will be those who do not understand the market, add
little value to their basic products and who fail to anticipate and
react to change.
The Future for Dairy Products in the Modified Foods Sector
Authors: Grendale Clare
Published: May 2006

“Modified foods” were traditionally developed to be
eaten by those who had special dietary requirements, usually for medical
reasons. Over the past five years an upsurge in consumer interest in
“healthy eating” has encouraged food manufacturers and
retailers to introduce “healthier” product versions to their
existing ranges. There are a number of opportunities for dairy companies
within this growing food sector. They can build on already established
markets for foods whose ingredients aid specific bodily functions. They
can also target new consumer groups who are either seeking apparently
“healthier” products, or who perceive that they have
specific nutritional needs. Some European food processors have already
successfully used this specialized target sector to increase their
market share, and there is scope for other businesses to do likewise.
However, gives a cautionary note, stressing that the majority of
consumers will not sacrifice aspects such as taste, texture and
convenience while in pursuit of a healthier lifestyle.
BST: Assessing Its Impact on Milk Consumption
Authors: Brookes Graham , Young Nick
Published: May 2006

There are many examples of society benefiting from the adoption of
new technologies. Today, a number of questions have been raised in
relation to new technologies, especially biotechnologies. Some of these
apply to agriculture and have created considerable concern because of
their potential impact on supplies, in a highly regulated and
oversupplied market, and the potential negative impact on consumption.
This article is based on a report published in 1989 by CEAS Consultants
(Wye) Ltd for the UK National Office of Animal Health. Conducting
research in this area has many pitfalls for the unwary. Authoritative
research on the potential impact has still to be done; yet the issues
deserve much more detailed attention as they are relevant to considering
the future consumption of other products.