bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The implications of Kristeva's notion of the abject in understanding the significance of therapeutic knowledge and practice in mental health nursing
Authors: McSherry T. , Loewenthal D. , Cayne J.
Published: January 2015

Accessible summary

Mental health nursing knowledge is largely excluded in certain key clinical guideline groups despite nursing practice being so important to service users.

This exclusion may be because mental health nurses work close to what cannot be spoken of easily, or at all – the abject.

Good mental health nursing practice depends on the individual person of the mental health nurse rather than any knowledge frameworks. Education should focus on relational aspects of practice to develop this and to define the core identity of mental health nursing as a therapy.

This paper discusses therapeutic knowledge and practice in mental health nursing through Kristeva's notion of the abject as that which is the other side of language, closely linked to the feminine space of the chora. The chora is a provisional, stable space, associated with the mother's body, where the first possibility of signification can take place. Mental health nursing is a therapeutic practice that draws on knowledge that is practical, tacit, empirical, embodied and intuitive, as well as knowledge that is regarded here as beyond the tacit; the latter indicating an encounter with the abject. Mental health nursing as a practice potentially places an extraordinary ethical onus on the individual nurse in his/her relations with patients and indicates that it is the person of the nurse who is therapeutic rather than any knowledge framework, with major implications for education and professional identity. The presence of mental health nursing practice at the heart of the mental health care system, while effectively being ignored as a treatment by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, embodies a critique of the currently dominant evidence‐based paradigm.
Predictors of Colorectal Cancer Screening: Does Rurality Play a Role?
Authors: Ojinnaka Chinedum O. , Choi Yong , Kum Hye‐Chung , Bolin Jane N.
Published: January 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore the associations between sociodemographic factors such as residence, health care access, and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among residents of Texas.

Methods

Using the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, we performed logistic regression analyses to determine predictors of CRC screening among Texas residents, including rural versus urban differences. Our outcomes of interest were previous (1) CRC screening using any CRC test, (2) fecal occult blood test (FOBT), or (3) endoscopy, as well as up‐to‐date screening using (4) any CRC test, (5) FOBT, or (6) endoscopy. The independent variable of interest was rural versus urban residence; we controlled for other sociodemographic and health care access variables such as lack of health insurance.

Results

Multivariate analysis showed that individuals who were residents of a rural/non‐Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) location (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.51‐0.97) or a suburban county (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.39‐0.95) were less likely to report ever having any CRC screening compared to residents of a center city of an MSA. Residents of a rural/non‐MSA location were less likely (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.28‐0.87) than residents of a center city of an MSA to be up‐to‐date using FOBT. There was decreased likelihood of ever being screened for CRC among the uninsured (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.31‐0.59).

Conclusions

Effective development and implementation of strategies to improve screening rates should aim at improving access to health care, taking into account demographic characteristics such as rural versus urban residence.
Fentanyl‐induced asystole in two dogs
Authors: Jang M. , Son W.‐G. , Lee I.
Published: January 2015

Fentanyl is used in small animals for perioperative analgesia during anaesthesia. Severe bradycardia and asystole were observed on bolus administration of a 3 µg/kg loading dose of fentanyl in two dogs under isoflurane anaesthesia. Premedication with 10 µg/kg glycopyrrolate did not prevent asystole in the first case; and although bradycardia was treated with 5 µg/kg glycopyrrolate administered intravenously in the second case, the heart rate continuously decreased and asystole subsequently developed. Asystole in both cases was quickly corrected by intravenous administration of 0 · 04 mg/kg atropine and closed chest compressions. This case report describes asystole induced by fentanyl administration in isoflurane anaesthetised dogs. Atropine was more effective than glycopyrrolate in the treatment of fentanyl‐induced asystole.
The weight of fossil leporids and ochotonids: body mass estimation models for the order Lagomorpha
Authors: Moncunill‐Solé B. , Quintana J. , Jordana X. , Engelbrektsson P. , Köhler M.
Published: January 2015

Lagomorphs are widespread around the world, but little is known about the biology and ecology of their fossil ancestors. In this case, knowing the body mass of these extinct species is of principal interest because it is correlated with physiological, morphological and life history attributes. Moreover, insular fossil rabbits, hares and pikas, which became spectacular giants with huge weights and dramatic shifts in their life histories, encourage curiosity in the research world. Our principal aim is to create allometric models between skeletal parameters and body weights with extant species of the order Lagomorpha (both ochotonids and leporids). These regressions can then be applied to the fossil register to estimate the body mass of the extinct lagomorphs. The models are satisfactory in all cases, although weaker relationships were obtained when we analyzed dental parameters. Multiple models have slightly better results than bivariate ones, but their use is limited to complete bones or skeletons. These body mass estimation models were tested in three different fossil lagomorphs: Prolagus apricenicus, Prolagus cf. calpensis and Nuralagus rex. In all three cases, the results from dental variables were discarded due to the fact that these species may not follow the allometric relationship between teeth and body mass of standard lagomorphs. Other variables, such as the proximal anteroposterior diameter of the humerus in N. rex, were also removed for their implications in fossorial lifestyle. We ultimately estimated a weight of around 600 g for P. apricenicus, 300 g for P. cf. calpensis and 8000 g for N. rex. Differences in extrinsic mortality explain the important differences in body masses between the two Prolagus species. The results of N. rex cannot be compared with the giant Prolagus due to phylogenetic differences.
Covariation of trophic and habitat‐related traits in chondrostoms (Cyprinidae): implications for repeated and diversifying evolutionary processes
Authors: Corse E. , Tarkan A. S. , Emiroğlu Ö. , Imsiridou A. , Minos G. , Lorenzoni M. , Vilizzi L. , Aboim M. A.
Published: January 2015

The tenet that ecological adaptation can lead to recurrent ecomorphological trends resulting from repetitive processes has long been a primary topic of investigation in evolutionary ecology. To explore this aspect further, this study provides an analysis of the morphological diversity in chondrostoms (Cyprinidae). This freshwater fish group shows a tendency towards bottom‐feeding specialization, which has led to evolutionary innovations in body and mouth shape traits, which are currently used for the classification of genera. Body, lower lip (LL) and corner ray shape were analysed for nine species in total. Allometric relationships among the three morphometric traits were considered to be responsible for LL shape variability and there was significant covariation between LL and body shape, which reflected habitat use. Smaller and opportunistic‐feeding species inhabiting stream or small‐sized rivers were characterized by a deeper body (increased feeding maneuverability), an arched LL and a terminal mouth position. Conversely, larger and diet‐specialized species were characterized by a fusiform body (increased swimming performance), a straight LL and an inframouth position on an elongated snout (optimized bottom feeding). The results suggest that interspecific mouth shape variability may have originated from two types of ‘deformation’ processes, both leading to a straight mouth shape and acting either jointly or independently. Also, given the plesiomorphic state of several of the species under study, the specialization towards a benthic lifestyle in chondrostoms from different phylogenetic lineages is thought to have occurred repeatedly to overcome a number of functional constraints, including foraging efficiency and swimming performance.
Responding to the call: arts methodologies informing 21st century literacies
Authors: Huber Adrienne , Dinham Judith , Chalk Beryl
Published: January 2015

With the advent of digital technologies, a new adventure began. How the world works has changed, and we cannot go back. Digitally savvy children born in the digital age (i.e., DigiKids) are interacting with and responding to rich, curatable multimodal communications as part of their daily‐lived experience. For DigiKids, traditional text‐based literacy is of diminishing significance as they exercise a wide range of new literacy practices and capacities. Having more the mindset of the artist, they engage in the world of expression and communication, weaving together linguistic, visual, aural, gestural and spatial features to form coherent compositions. Nevertheless, national curriculæ reformers, teachers and parents generally fear neglecting traditional text‐based literacy skills and consequently struggle to optimise DigiKids' digitally savvy literacy practices and capacities. However, practices employed in arts methodologies (e.g. ceramics, theatre, and music) offer a key resource to conceptualise new practices beyond traditional text‐based literacy, and to situate our new post‐literacy (i.e. epiliteracy) theory. To navigate the transition from traditional text‐based literacy to epiliteracy, the metaphor of the archetypal Hero/Heroine's Journey is used to describe, chart and comprehend the tensions, trials and transformations as we respond to the call of epiliteracy in the 21st century.
Multi‐channel wireless mapping of gastrointestinal serosal slow wave propagation
Authors: Paskaranandavadivel N. , Wang R. , Sathar S. , O'Grady G. , Cheng L. K. , Farajidavar A.
Published: January 2015

Background

High‐resolution (HR) extracellular mapping allows accurate profiling of normal and dysrhythmic slow wave patterns. A current limitation is that cables traverse the abdominal wall or a natural orifice, risking discomfort, dislodgement or infection. Wireless approaches offer advantages, but a multi‐channel system is required, capable of recording slow waves and mapping propagation with high fidelity.

Methods

A novel multi‐channel (n = 7) wireless mapping system was developed and compared to a wired commercial system. Slow wave signals were recorded from the porcine gastric and intestinal serosa in vivo. Signals were simultaneously acquired using both systems, and were filtered and processed to map activation wavefronts. For validation, the frequency and amplitude of detected events were compared, together with the speed and direction of mapped wavefronts.

Key Results

The wireless device achieved comparable signal quality to the reference device, and slow wave frequencies were identical. Amplitudes of the acquired gastric and intestinal slow wave signals were consistent between the devices. During normal propagation, spatiotemporal mapping remained accurate in the wireless system, however, during ectopic dysrhythmic pacemaking, the lower sampling resolution of the wireless device led to reduced accuracy in spatiotemporal mapping.

Conclusions & Inferences

A novel multichannel wireless device is presented for mapping slow wave activity. The device achieved high quality signals, and has the potential to facilitate chronic monitoring studies and clinical translation of spatiotemporal mapping. The current implementation may be applied to detect normal patterns and dysrhythmia onset, but HR mapping with finely spaced arrays currently remains necessary to accurately define dysrhythmic patterns.
TRIB3 mediates the expression of Wnt5a and activation of nuclear factor‐κB in Porphyromonas endodontalis lipopolysaccharide‐treated osteoblasts
Authors: Yu Y. , Qiu L. , Guo J. , Yang D. , Qu L. , Yu J. , Zhan F. , Xue M. , Zhong M.
Published: January 2015

Porphyromonas endodontalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is considered to be correlated with the progression of bone resorption in periodontal and periapical diseases. Wnt5a has recently been implicated in inflammatory processes, but its role is unclear as a P. endodontalisLPS‐induced mediator in osteoblasts. Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) encodes a pseudokinase and has been linked to inflammation in certain situations. Here, we found that P. endodontalisLPS induced Wnt5a expression in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner and it also upregulated translocation, phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) in MC3T3‐E1 cells. Bay 11‐7082 blocked the translocation of NF‐κB and Wnt5a expression induced by P. endodontalisLPS. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay further established that induction of Wnt5a by P. endodontalisLPS was mediated through the NF‐κB p65 subunit. Additionally, P. endodontalisLPS increased expression of TRIB3 in osteoblasts after 10 h simulated time. Overexpression of TRIB3 enhanced NF‐κB phosphorylation and Wnt5a induction, whereas knockdown of TRIB3 inhibited NF‐κB phosphorylation and Wnt5a expression in P. endodontalisLPS‐stimulated osteoblasts. These results suggest that P. endodontalisLPS has the ability to promote the expression of Wnt5a in mouse osteoblasts, and this induction is mainly mediated by NF‐κB pathway. TRIB3 seems to modulate the sustained expression of Wnt5a in osteoblasts stimulated by P. endodontalisLPS, as well as regulating NF‐κB phosphorylation.
HYBRID HEALTHCARE GOVERNANCE FOR IMPROVEMENT? COMBINING TOP‐DOWN AND BOTTOM‐UP APPROACHES TO PUBLIC SECTOR REGULATION
Authors: MCDERMOTT AOIFE M. , HAMEL LAUREN M. , STEEL DAVID , FLOOD PATRICK C. , MKEE LORNA
Published: January 2015

Improving healthcare governance is an enduring challenge for policy‐makers. We consider two national healthcare regulators adopting novel ‘hybrid’ regulatory control strategies in pursuit of improvement. Hybrids combine elements usually found separately. Scotland's and Ireland's regulators combine: (1) top‐down formal regulatory mechanisms deterring breaches of protocol and enacting penalties where they occur (e.g. standard‐setting, monitoring, accountability); and (2) bottom‐up capacity building and persuasive encouragement of adherence to guidance by professional self‐determination, implementation, and improvement support (e.g. training, stimulating interventions). We identify socio‐historical contextual factors constraining and enabling regulatory hybridity, whether and how it can be re‐created, and circumstances when the approaches might be delivered separately. Using our findings, we develop a goal‐oriented governance framework illustrating distinct, yet complementary, national and local organizational roles: (1) ensuring the adoption and implementation of best practice, (2) enabling and (3) empowering staff to adapt and add to national mandates, and (4) embedding cultures of improvement.
EMERGING HYBRID PRACTICES IN PUBLIC–PRIVATE RESEARCH CENTRES
Authors: GULBRANDSEN MAGNUS , THUNE TARAN , BORLAUG SIRI BRORSTAD , HANSON JENS
Published: January 2015

In this article we use a comparative case study of collaborative research centres that operate at the interface between public science and private industry to question the assumption that hybrid organizations lead to hybrid practices. Public–private partnerships are intended to contribute to new work practices that solve challenges in public service provision and influence industrial innovativeness by engaging public research capabilities. Analysis of eight Scandinavian centres indicates considerable variance with respect to levels of integration of public and private partners and tensions between them. Five of the cases display no or highly contested hybrid practices and there seem to be many barriers to hybridization. Large differences in work practices from earlier interaction between the partners and radical goals of commercialization of excellent public science are important explanations.
POLITICAL PRESSURES, ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTITY, AND ATTENTION TO TASKS: ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PRE‐CRISIS FINANCIAL REGULATION
Authors: GILAD SHARON
Published: January 2015

Regulatory agencies, like most public organizations, typically operate with multiple tasks and goals, which requires them to prioritize some tasks over others. Such prioritization, while essential, engenders a risk of bureaucratic oversight of significant material problems. Despite the ubiquity and importance of these concerns, our understanding of agencies' allocation of attention across tasks is limited. This article develops a model of agencies' allocation of attention across tasks, which involves an interaction between external public and political pressures and agencies' distinct organizational identities. A brief comparison between two cases of pre‐crisis financial regulation illustrates the proposed model. The two cases suggest that the British Financial Services Authority's and the Israeli Supervisor of Banks' distinct identities conditioned their responses to similarly vigorous pressures to devote more attention to firms' alleged mistreatment of their customers, with important implications for these regulators' attention to firms' capitalization and liquidity.
Grading acute graft‐versus‐host disease: Time to reconsider
Authors: Goyal Rakesh K. , Goyal Manu , Sankaranarayan Kumar
Published: January 2015

Acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is a common and serious complication of allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation. Acute GVHD is commonly graded according to modified Glucksberg criteria. There is considerable within‐grade heterogeneity with different patterns of skin, liver, or gut involvement. In this commentary, we provide an analytical review of ambiguities in acute GVHD severity scoring and offer specific proposals meant to generate discussion in the BMT community for adoption, refinement, and where appropriate, validation studies.
Effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on malaria occurrence in HIV‐infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Kasirye R. , Baisley K. , Munderi P. , Grosskurth H.
Published: January 2015

Objective

To systematically review the evidence on the effect of cotrimoxazole (CTX) on malaria in HIV‐positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods

Web of Science, PubMed and MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health and Cochrane Library databases were searched using terms for malaria, HIV and CTX. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed and assessed for bias and confounding.

Results

Six studies (in Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe) had relevant data on the effect of CTX on malaria in patients on ART: four were observational cohort studies (OCS) and two were randomised controlled trials (RCTs); two were in children and one in women only. Samples sizes ranged from 265 to 2200 patients. Four studies compared patients on ART and CTX with patients on ART alone; 2 (RCTs) found a significant increase in smear‐positive malaria on ART alone: (IRR 32.5 CI = 8.6–275.0 and HR 2.2 CI = 1.5–3.3) and 2 (OCS) reported fewer parasitaemia episodes on CTX and ART (OR 0.85 CI = 0.65–1.11 and 3.6% vs. 2.4% of samples P = 0.14). One OCS found a 76% (95% CI = 63–84%) vs. 83% (95% CI = 74–89%) reduction in malaria incidence in children on CTX and ART vs. on CTX only, when both were compared with HIV‐negative children. The other reported a 64% reduction in malaria incidence after adding ART to CTX (RR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.18–0.74). The 2 RCTs were unblinded. Only one study reported adherence to CTX and ART, and only two controlled for baseline CD4 count.

Conclusion

Few studies have investigated the effect of CTX on malaria in patients on ART. Their findings suggest that CTX is protective against malaria even among patients on ART.
Quantification of plant surface metabolites by matrix‐assisted laser desorption–ionization mass spectrometry imaging: glucosinolates onArabidopsis thalianaleaves
Authors: Shroff Rohit , Schramm Katharina , Jeschke Verena , Nemes Peter , Vertes Akos , Gershenzon Jonathan , Svatoš Aleš
Published: January 2015

The localization of metabolites on plant surfaces has been problematic because of the limitations of current methodologies. Attempts to localize glucosinolates, the sulfur‐rich defense compounds of the orderBrassicales, on leaf surfaces have given many contradictory results depending on the method employed. Here we developed a matrix‐assisted laser desorption–ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry protocol to detect surface glucosinolates onArabidopsis thalianaleaves by applying theMALDImatrix through sublimation. Quantification was accomplished by spotting glucosinolate standards directly on the leaf surface. TheA. thalianaleaf surface was found to contain approximately 15 nmol of total glucosinolate per leaf with about 50 pmol mm−2on abaxial (bottom) surfaces and 15–30 times less on adaxial (top) surfaces. Of the major compounds detected, 4‐methylsulfinylbutylglucosinolate, indol‐3‐ylmethylglucosinolate, and 8‐methylsulfinyloctylglucosinolate were also major components of the leaf interior, but the second most abundant glucosinolate on the surface, 4‐methylthiobutylglucosinolate, was only a trace component of the interior. Distribution on the surface was relatively uniform in contrast to the interior, where glucosinolates were distributed more abundantly in the midrib and periphery than the rest of the leaf. These results were confirmed by two other mass spectrometry‐based techniques, laser ablation electrospray ionization and liquid extraction surface analysis. The concentrations of glucosinolates onA. thalianaleaf surfaces were found to be sufficient to attract the specialist feeding lepidopteransPlutella xylostellaandPieris rapaefor oviposition. The methods employed here should be easily applied to other plant species and metabolites.
Lack of fructose 2,6‐bisphosphate compromises photosynthesis and growth in Arabidopsis in fluctuating environments
Authors: McCormick Alistair J. , Kruger Nicholas J.
Published: January 2015

The balance between carbon assimilation, storage and utilisation during photosynthesis is dependent on partitioning of photoassimilate between starch and sucrose, and varies in response to changes in the environment. However, the extent to which the capacity to modulate carbon partitioning rapidly through short‐term allosteric regulation may contribute to plant performance is unknown. Here we examine the physiological role of fructose 2,6‐bisphosphate (Fru‐2,6‐P2) during photosynthesis, growth and reproduction in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). In leaves this signal metabolite contributes to coordination of carbon assimilation and partitioning during photosynthesis by allosterically modulating the activity of cytosolic fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase. Three independent T‐DNA insertional mutant lines deficient in 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase/fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphatase (F2KP), the bifunctional enzyme responsible for both the synthesis and degradation of Fru‐2,6‐P2, lack Fru‐2,6‐P2. These plants have normal steady‐state rates of photosynthesis, but exhibit increased partitioning of photoassimilate into sucrose and have delayed photosynthetic induction kinetics. The F2KP‐deficient plants grow normally in constant environments, but show reduced growth and seed yields relative to wildtype plants in fluctuating light and/or temperature. We conclude that Fru‐2,6‐P2 is required for optimum regulation of photosynthetic carbon metabolism under variable growth conditions. These analyses suggest that the capacity of Fru‐2,6‐P2 to modulate partitioning of photoassimilate is an important determinant of growth and fitness in natural environments.
Controversies in the use of fresh frozen plasma in critically ill small animal patients
Authors: Beer Kari Santoro , Silverstein Deborah C.
Published: January 2015

Objective

To review the literature supporting or discouraging the use of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion in critically ill patients.

Data Sources

Human and animal publications were searched using PubMed without time limits and the following keywords were used: “fresh frozen plasma,” “coagulopathy,” “hypocoagulable state,” “hypercoagulable states,” and “critical illness.”

Human Data Synthesis

The commonly used tests of coagulation (eg, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio) are poorly predictive of clinical bleeding. FFP use in critically ill patients is unlikely to result in improved outcomes and may be associated with increased risks.

Veterinary Data Synthesis

There is insufficient evidence to make definitive conclusions regarding the use of FFP in critically ill animals, but clinical studies are underway that may provide further data that clarify the optimal use of FFP in animals.

Conclusions

The use of FFP in critically ill patients remains controversial. In the absence of clinical bleeding or a risk for clinical bleeding associated with a planned procedure, treatment use of FFP is not recommended in human patients. There are insufficient data in critically ill animals to enable formulation of recommendations. Further research is warranted in dogs and cats to establish evidence‐based guidelines.
Analysis of Focusing Effect of Light Metallic Layer in Stratified Molten Pool Under IVR-ERVC Condition
Authors: Wang Xi , Cheng Xu
Published: January 2015

The main failure mechanism of in-vessel corium retention through external reactor vessel cooling (IVR-ERVC) happens when the local heat flux through reactor pressure vessel (PRV) wall exceeds the critical heat flux (CHF). High local heat flux in the molten pool is usually caused by the metallic layer focusing effect due to stratification. In this paper, depending on experimental correlations, both the lump parameter method and computational fluid dynamic method are used to investigate the mechanism of focusing effect. The concentration factor varying with the height of metallic layer is studied. The results show that the lump parameter method probably overestimates the wall heat flux of metal layer.
The Physical Self in Motion: Within-Person Change and Associations of Change in Self-Esteem, Physical Self-Concept, and Physical Activity in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Lindwall Magnus , Asci Hulya , Crocker Peter
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of within-person change, and associations of change, in global self-esteem (GSE), physical self-perceptions (PSP), and physical activity in a sample of 705 Canadian adolescent girls over three measurements points and 24 months. The Physical Self-Perceptions Profile (PSPP) was used to measure GSE and PSP, and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) was used to assess physical activity. Latent growth curve models were used to analyze the data. All PSP variables except for body attractiveness demonstrated significant average decline, but also significant was the change in between-person heterogeneity. Change in GSE and PSP was moderately to strongly related on a between-person level and weakly to moderately associated on a within-person level. Change in physical activity was related to change in the majority of the PSP variables but not to change in GSE.
The Influence of the Physical Education Environment on Children’s Well-Being and Physical Activity Across the Transition from Primary to Secondary School
Authors: Taylor Ian M. , Spray Christopher M. , Pearson Natalie
Published: January 2015

The purpose of the study was to explore change in children’s physical self-concept and self-reported physical activity over a school transition period, as well as motivational and interpersonal influences on these two outcomes. Data were collected from 545 children (mean age = 10.82, SD = 0.39, 51% female) at three time points before and after the United Kingdom secondary school transition. Multilevel modeling revealed that physical self-concept and physical activity showed different patterns of decline over the course of the study. Changes in the extent to which physical education teachers were perceived to provide psychological need support, peer focus on self-referenced learning and mastery, and changes in autonomous motives toward physical education classes were positively associated with these outcome variables. The present study provides novel insight into important motivational and interpersonal factors that may need to be targeted to prevent negative developmental patterns over a potentially challenging period for children.
Effect of Six Weeks of Sprint Interval Training on Mood and Perceived Health in Women at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Freese Eric C. , Acitelli Rachelle M. , Gist Nicholas H. , Cureton Kirk J. , Evans Ellen M. , O’Connor Patrick J.
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether 6 weeks of sprint interval training (SIT) is associated with changes in mood and perceived health in women at risk for developing metabolic syndrome (MetS). Physically inactive women (30–65 years) were randomized to 6 weeks of nutrition meetings and SIT (n = 23; 3 bouts/week of 4–8 30-s cycle sprints with 4-min recovery) or a nonexercise control condition (CON; n = 24). Before and after the 6-week intervention, perceived health status and mood were assessed. Clinically relevant increases in role-physical scores (ES = 0.64) and vitality (ES = 0.52) were found after 6 weeks of SIT compared with a nonexercise control group. For middle-aged women at risk for MetS, it is concluded that high-intensity, low-volume SIT (1) increases feelings of vitality and perceptions of having fewer physical limitations and (2) does not induce mood disturbances as occurs with high-volume, high-intensity training.
Toxin-induced reproduction
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: January 2015

A bacterial-derived toxin stimulates sporulation of a pathogenic fungus in mixed-species biofilms.
Blocking DAMPs but not PAMPs
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: January 2015

A peptide inhibitor specifically blocks activation of the receptor TLR4 by damage-associated, but not pathogen-associated, molecular patterns.
For vaccines, CD4
+
T cells can spell trouble
Authors: Mueller Kristen L.
Published: January 2015

Severe immunopathology kills virally infected mice that received vaccines targeting only CD4
+
T cells.
Self-reported patient safety competence among Canadian medical students and postgraduate trainees: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Doyle Patricia , VanDenKerkhof Elizabeth G , Edge Dana S , Ginsburg Liane , Goldstein David H
Published: January 2015

Background

Quality and patient safety (PS) are critical components of medical education. This study reports on the self-reported PS competence of medical students and postgraduate trainees.

Methods

The Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey was administered to medical students and postgraduate trainees in January 2012. PS dimension scores were compared across learning settings (classroom and clinical) and year in programme.

Results

Sixty-three percent (255/406) of medical students and 32% (141/436) of postgraduate trainees responded. In general, both groups were most confident in their learning of clinical safety skills (eg, hand hygiene) and least confident in learning about sociocultural aspects of safety (eg, understanding human factors). Medical students’ confidence in most aspects of safety improved with years of training. For some of the more intangible dimensions (teamwork and culture), medical students in their final year had lower scores than students in earlier years. Thirty-eight percent of medical students felt they could approach someone engaging in unsafe practice, and the majority of medical students (85%) and postgraduate trainees (78%) agreed it was difficult to question authority.

Conclusions

Our results suggest the need to improve the overall content, structure and integration of PS concepts in both classroom and clinical learning environments. Decreased confidence in sociocultural aspects of PS among medical students in the final year of training may indicate that culture in clinical settings negatively affects students’ perceived PS competence. Alternatively, as medical students spend more time in the clinical setting, they may develop a clearer sense of what they do not know.
Arterial lactate levels in an emergency department are associated with mortality: a prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Datta Deepankar , Walker Craig , Gray Alasdair James , Graham Catriona
Published: January 2015

Objectives

Lactate measurements are routinely carried out in emergency departments and are associated with increased mortality in septic patients. However, no definitive research has been carried out into whether lactate measurements can be used as a prognostic marker in a clinically unwell population in the emergency department.

Methods

We carried out a prospective observational cohort study in consecutive patients whose arterial lactate concentration was measured in the emergency department of a tertiary referral hospital assessing 110 000 patients per year between 11th May and 11th August 2011. The main outcome measure was 30-day mortality.

Results

There were 120 deaths (16.1%) at 30 days postattendance in our cohort of 747 patients. Multivariate logistic regression revealed lower lactate levels were associated with 30-day survival: ORs for 30-day death compared with lactate ≥4 were 0.125 (95% CI 0.068 to 0.229) for lactate <2 and 0.273 (95% CI 0.140 to 0.533) for lactate 2–<4. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a survival difference when dividing lactate concentrations into strata (p<0.0001). This survival difference was maintained when septic diagnoses were taken into account.

Conclusions

A single arterial lactate measurement on presentation to the emergency department predicts 30-day mortality independent of other measures of illness severity.
Colonization of the Beaver Island Archipelago by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis): mtDNA evidence for multiple origins
Authors: Taylor Z.S. , Myers P. , Hoffman S.M.G.
Published: January 2015

The Beaver Island group in Lake Michigan comprises nine islands ranging from 0.3 to 144 km2, lying approximately 30 km west of Michigan’s Lower Peninsula (LP) and 15 km south of the Upper Peninsula (UP). The islands have been isolated from mainland Michigan for most of their postglacial history, but were connected to the mainland LP during the low-water Chippewa stage (ending about 7400 years before present (YBP)). Although plants and animals could have colonized the islands during the Chippewa period, flooding during the subsequent Nipissing high-water stand means that the smaller islands have been colonized more recently. We analyzed 481 bp of mitochondrial D-loop sequences from woodland deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner, 1845)) on six of these islands in northern Lake Michigan to elucidate the mainland origin and minimum number of colonization events for this species. Surprisingly, the distribution of haplotypes on the islands suggests that the populations on most islands likely had separate recent origins on the mainland UP. Approximate Bayesian computation supports a scenario in which individual islands were colonized separately by distinct groups of mice. Together, the data suggest multiple colonization events from the UP, rather than expansion from a bottlenecked population or a single colonization event.
Partitioned Integration Method Based on Newmark’s Scheme for Structural Dynamic Problems
Authors: Jia Chuanguo , Leng Zhou , Li Yingmin , Xia Hongliu , Liu Liping
Published: January 2015

Systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) arising from transient structural dynamics very often exhibit high-frequency/low-frequency and linear/nonlinear behaviors of subsets of the state variables. With this in mind, the paper resorts to the use of different time integrators with different time steps for subsystems, which tailors each method and its time step to the solution behaviors of the corresponding subsystem. In detail, a partitioned integration method is introduced which imposes continuity of velocities at the interface to couple arbitrary Newmark schemes with different time steps in different subdomains. It is proved that the velocity continuity of the method is the primal factor of its reduction to first-order accuracy. To maintain second-order accuracy without increasing drift and computational cost, a novel method with the acceleration continuity is proposed whose velocity constraint is also ensured by means of the projection strategy. Both its stability and accuracy properties are examined through numerical analysis of a Single-degree-of-freedom (DoF) split mass system. Finally, numerical validations are conducted on Single- and Two-DoF split mass systems and a four-DoF nonlinear structure showing the feasibility of the proposed method.
Molecular structures, redox properties, and photosubstitution of ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes of porphycene
Authors: Okawara Toru , Abe Masaaki , Ashigara Shiho , Hisaeda Yoshio
Published: January 2015

Two ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes of porphycene, (carbonyl)(pyridine)(2,7,12,17-tetra-n-propylporphycenato)ruthenium(II) (1) and (carbonyl)(pyridine)(2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octaethylpor-phycenato)ruthenium(II) (2), have been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Cyclic voltammetry has revealed that the porphycene complexes undergo multiple oxidations and reductions in dichloromethane and the reduction potentials are highly positive compared to porphyrin analogs. UV-light irradiation (400 nm or shorter wavelength region) of a benzene solution of 1 and 2 containing external pyridine leads to dissociation of the carbonyl ligand from the ruthenium(II) centers to give the corresponding bis-pyridine complexes. The identical reaction has been also studied for a porphyrin derivative (carbonyl)(pyridine)(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyriato)ruthenum(II) (3). The first-order kinetic analysis has revealed that the photosubstitution of all of the compounds occurs in the order of 10-3 s-1 at 298 K but proceeds faster for complexes of porphycene (1 and 2) than that of porphyrin (3).
N-confusedmeso-tetraaryl-substituted free-base porphyrins: determination of protonation and deprotonation constants in nonaqueous media
Authors: Ou Zhongping , Chen Xueyan , Ye Lina , Xue Songlin , Fang Yuanyuan , Jiang Xiaoqin , Kadish Karl M.
Published: January 2015

The protonation and deprotonation reactions for a series N-confused meso-tetraaryl-substituted free-base porphyrins containing electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents was monitored in CHCl3and DMF by UV-visible spectroscopy during titrations with trifluoroacetic acid or tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide. The spectroscopic data was also used to calculate equilibrium constants for these reactions. The examined compounds are represented as (XPh)4NCPH2, where "NCP" represents the N-confused porphyrin π-conjugated macrocycle and X is a CH3O , CH3, H or Cl para-substituent on the four meso-phenyl rings (Ph) of the compound. The porphyrins can exist in two tautomeric forms depending upon the solvent and each tautomer undergoes two stepwise protonation reactions leading to formation of the mono- and bis-protonated porphyrins, [(XPh)4NCPH3]+and [(XPh)4NCPH4]2+. A single step deprotonation is observed for the same compounds in DMF and the product is assigned as [(XPh)4NCPH]-. Comparisons are made between UV-visible spectra of the protonated, neutral and deprotonated forms of the porphyrin and the effect of the porphyrin ring substituents and tautomeric form of the neutral porphyrin on the UV-visible spectra and protonation constants is discussed along with data from DFT calculations.
A reaction–diffusion model of forest boundary with seed dynamics
Authors: Rajasingh J. , Murugesu R. , Syed Shabudeen P.
Published: January 2015

The density of forest cover based upon reaction–diffusion model for mono-species of two age classes with seed dynamics is to be attempted. The prevailing densities of young, old species and airborne seedlings are resolved by homotopy perturbation method which is applied in reaction–diffusion model. This model is utilized to verify the effect of the density of forest cover with the following variables namely seed reproduction, seed deposition, seed establishment rates, coefficients of aging of old tree and coefficients of mortality on the space variable.
Extended Matrix Variate Hypergeometric Functions and Matrix Variate Distributions
Authors: Nagar Daya K. , Morán-Vásquez Raúl Alejandro , Gupta Arjun K.
Published: January 2015

Hypergeometric functions of matrix arguments occur frequently in multivariate statistical analysis. In this paper, we define and study extended forms of Gauss and confluent hypergeometric functions of matrix arguments and show that they occur naturally in statistical distribution theory.
Increasing Trends in Orthopedic Fellowships Are Not due to Inadequate Residency Training
Authors: Almansoori K. A. , Clark M.
Published: January 2015

Orthopedic residents have one of the highest fellowship participation rates among medical specialities and there are growing concerns that inadequate residency training may be contributing to this trend. Therefore, a mixed-exploratory research survey was distributed to all 148 graduating Canadian orthopedic residents to investigate their perceptions and attitudes for pursuing fellowships. A response rate of 33% (n=49) was obtained with the majority of residents undertaking one (27%) or two (60%) fellowships. Surgical-skill development was reported as the most common motivating factor, followed by employment and marketability; malpractice protection and financial reasons were the least relevant. The overwhelming majority of residents (94%,n=46) felt adequately prepared by their residency training for independent general practice, and 84% (n=41) of respondents did not feel that current fellowship trends were due to poor residency training. Three common themes were expressed in their comments: the growing perceived expectation by healthcare professionals and employers to be fellowship-certified, the integration of fellowship training into the surgical education hierarchy, and the failure of residency training curriculums to accommodate for this trend. In conclusion, Canadian orthopedic residents are confident of their residency training and are increasingly pursuing fellowships to primarily develop their surgical skills and expertise.
Preparation and Evaluation of PEGylated and Folate‐PEGylated Liposomes Containing Paclitaxel for Lymphatic Delivery
Authors: Cho Hea-Young , Lee Chong Ki , Lee Yong-Bok
Published: January 2015

This study attempted to prepare polyethylene‐glycol modified (PEGylated) and folate‐PEGylated liposomes containing paclitaxel (Ptx) in order to reduce the toxicity and improve the bioavailability and biocompatibility by targeting drugs to the lymphatics using cancer cell specific ligand folate to prevent metastasis via the lymphatic system. Liposomes were prepared by lipid film hydration method using PEG and folate‐PEG as surface modifiers. The mean particle size and encapsulation efficiency of liposomes were 114 ± 6.81 nm and 81 ± 2.3% for PEGylated liposome and 122 ± 4.87 nm and 88 ± 2.0% for folate‐PEGylated liposome, respectively. According to stability test, it could be confirmed that PEGylated and folate‐PEGylated liposomes were stable for at least 5 days. After intravenous administration of the PEGylated and folate‐PEGylated liposomes to rats, the CLt (total clearance) and t1/2 (half‐life) were significantly different (P < 0.05) compared with those of PADEXOL Inj. In targeting efficiency, calculated as the concentration ratio of Ptx in lymph nodes and plasma, there was significant increase in targeting efficiency at lymph nodes (P < 0.05). From these results, we could conclude that the prepared Ptx‐containing PEGylated and folate‐PEGylated liposomes are good candidates for the targeted delivery of the drug to lymphatic system.
Protocol Variations and Six-Minute Walk Test Performance in Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dunn A. , Marsden D. L. , Nugent E. , Van Vliet P. , Spratt N. J. , Attia J. , Callister R.
Published: January 2015

Objective. To investigate the use of the six-minute walk test (6MWT) for stroke survivors, including adherence to 6MWT protocol guidelines and distances achieved.Methods. A systematic search was conducted from inception to March 2014. Included studies reported a baseline (intervention studies) or first instance (observational studies) measure for the 6MWT performed by stroke survivors regardless of time after stroke.  Results. Of 127 studies (participantsn= 6,012) that met the inclusion criteria, 64 were also suitable for meta-analysis. Only 25 studies made reference to the American Thoracic Society (ATS) standards for the 6MWT, and 28 reported using the protocol standard 30 m walkway. Thirty-nine studies modified the protocol walkway, while 60 studies did not specify the walkway used. On average, stroke survivors walked 284 ± 107 m during the 6MWT, which is substantially less than healthy age-matched individuals. The meta-analysis identified that changes to the ATS protocol walkway are associated with reductions in walking distances achieved.Conclusion. The 6MWT is now widely used in stroke studies. The distances achieved by stroke patients indicate substantially compromised walking ability. Variations to the standard 30 m walkway for the 6MWT are common and caution should be used when comparing the values achieved from studies using different walkway lengths.
Evidence for Negative Effects of Elevated Intra‐Abdominal Pressure on Pulmonary Mechanics and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Davarcı I. , Karcıoğlu M. , Tuzcu K. , İnanoğlu K. , Yetim T. D. , Motor S. , Ulutaş K. T. , Yüksel R.
Published: January 2015

Objective. To compare the effects of pneumoperitoneum on lung mechanics, end‐tidal CO2 (ETCO2), arterial blood gases (ABG), and oxidative stress markers in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) by using lung‐protective ventilation strategy. Materials and Methods. Forty‐six patients undergoing LC and abdominal wall hernia (AWH) surgery were assigned into 2 groups. Measurements and blood samples were obtained before, during pneumoperitoneum, and at the end of surgery. BALF samples were obtained after anesthesia induction and at the end of surgery. Results. Peak inspiratory pressure, ETCO2, and pCO2 values at the 30th minute were significantly increased, while there was a significant decrease in dynamic lung compliance, pH, and pO2 values in LC group. In BALF samples, total oxidant status (TOS), arylesterase, paraoxonase, and malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased; the glutathione peroxidase levels were significantly decreased in LC group. The serum levels of TOS and paraoxonase were significantly higher at the end of surgery in LC group. In addition, arylesterase level in the 30th minute was increased compared to baseline. Serum paraoxonase level at the end of surgery was significantly increased when compared to AWH group. Conclusions. Our study showed negative effects of pneumoperitoneum in both lung and systemic levels despite lung‐protective ventilation strategy.