bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal immune challenge compromises the normal course of neurogenesis during development of the mouse cerebral cortex
Authors: Soumiya Hitomi , Fukumitsu Hidefumi , Furukawa Shoei
Published: July 2011

Maternal infection during pregnancy is an environmental risk factor for the development of severe brain disorders in offspring, including schizophrenia and autism. However, little is known about the neurodevelopmental mechanisms underlying the association between prenatal exposure to infection and the emergence of cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions in later life. By injecting viral mimetic polyriboinosinic‐polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C) into mice, we investigated the influence of maternal immune challenge during pregnancy on the development of the cerebral cortex of offspring. Our previous study showed that stimulation of the maternal immune system compromised the expression properties of transcription factors and the synaptogenesis of cortical neurons in upper layers but not those in deeper layers. The objective of the current study was to examine further whether maternal immune challenge has an influence on the cellular–biological features of the cortical progenitors that generate distinct cortical neuronal subtypes. We found the following abnormalities in the cortex of mice given the prenatal Poly I:C injection during later stages of cortical neurogenesis. First, proliferative activity and the expression of Pax6, which is a master regulator of the gene expression of transcription factors, were significantly decreased in the cortical progenitors. Second, the laminar allocation and gene expression were significantly altered in the daughter neurons generated at the same birth dates. These results demonstrate that specific abnormalities in the cortical progenitors preceded deficits in neuronal phenotypes. These changes may underlie the emergence of psychiatric brain and behavioral dysfunctions after in utero exposure to an infection. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in phosphorus fractions in the rhizosphere of some crop species under glasshouse conditions
Authors: Safari Sinegani Ali Akbar , Rashidi Tahere
Published: July 2011

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cultivation of some agronomic plant species on inorganic soil‐P fractions in different sampling zones. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design as factorial in three replicates. The factors were plant species (10 different species and control) and soil‐sampling zone (soil adhering to root mat, rhizosphere soil, and nonrhizospheric soil). The thin‐slicing technique was modified and used to sample rhizosphere soil. The percentages of P fractions in the planted and control soils were near 64% apatite (apatite‐P), 24% octa‐Ca‐phosphates (OCP‐P), 7% Fe‐phosphates (Fe‐P), 4% di‐Ca‐phosphates (DCP‐P), 1% Al‐phosphates (Al‐P), and 0% occluded‐P (O‐P). All of the studied plant species decreased significantly all of the inorganic P fractions in soil adhering to root mat and in rhizosphere soil compared to those in nonrhizosphere soil. However, these decreases were not equal for each fraction and the percentage of apatite‐P increased in rhizosphere soil of the plant species. The means of total P, soluble P, DCP‐P, OCP‐P, Al‐P, and Fe‐P were lower in soil adhering to root mat compared to those in rhizosphere soil. However, this difference was only significant for OCP‐P. In contrast, the mean of apatite‐P in soil adhering to root mat was significantly higher than that in rhizosphere soil. The changes of apatite‐P may be more governed by microbial activities (especially mycorrhizal symbiosis) which may be higher in rhizosphere soil compared to soil adhering to root mat.
Effect of kafirin protein coating on sensory quality and shelf‐life of ‘Packham's Triumph’ pears during ripening
Authors: Buchner Sonya , Kinnear Marise , Crouch Ian J , Taylor Janet , Minnaar Amanda
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND: Pears are exported in large quantities from South Africa, resulting in large revenues. Minimisation of quality losses once the fruit has reached the export destination is as important as following strict export and distribution protocols. Kafirin can form edible films. In this study an edible coating made from 20 g kg−1 kafirin coating solution was applied as a postharvest treatment to retard quality deterioration of ‘Packham's Triumph’ pears during storage at the typical ripening temperature (20 °C). Changes in physicochemical and sensory quality were monitored over a period of 24 days.

RESULTS: The kafirin coating was unable to retard the onset of ripening but decreased the respiration rate and retarded the progression of senescence. However, moisture loss was exacerbated in the kafirin‐coated fruit during ripening at 20 °C, especially towards the end of the shelf‐life.

CONCLUSION: The kafirin coating extended the eat‐ripe quality of the pears by 1–2 weeks. However, the appearance of the fruit was unacceptable after 14 days of storage in terms of wrinkled skin. Further work is needed to improve the water barrier properties of the kafirin coating by incorporating a wax or triglyceride into the coating formulation or more simply by applying a kafirin coating to waxed fruit. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Asymmetric Behavior of Temperature‐Responsive Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Ultrathin Layers Observed by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Kumashiro Yoshikazu , Fukumori Kazuhiro , Akiyama Yoshikatsu , Itoga Kazuyoshi , Sakai Kiyotaka , Yamato Masayuki , Okano Teruo
Published: July 2011

During characterization of a temperature‐responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) layer grafted onto a Si(100) substrate, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is able to probe the interactions between the microscope tip and the polymer. The modification of the AFM tip surface with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) changes the interaction between the PIPAAm surface and the tip. Although a repulsive interaction is observed between a commercially available Si tip and the PIPAAm surface, a strong attractive interaction between the OTS‐modified Si tip and the surface is observed. Adhesion‐force analysis shows changes in the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of ultrathin PIPAAm surfaces immediately after a change in temperature. The PIPAAm surface becomes hydrophobic less than 30 min after temperature increase, but requires 120 min to become hydrophilic after temperature reduction.

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CO2‐Induced Mechanical Reinforcement of Polyolefin‐Based Nanocellular Foams
Authors: Sharudin Rahida Wati Binti , Ohshima Masahiro
Published: July 2011

The effect of CO2‐induced crystallization on the mechanical properties, in particular the yield and the ultimate stresses, of polyolefins is studied. PP and SEBS copolymer blends are used as examples and foamed after sorption of CO2 at temperatures below Tm. CO2 sorption thickens the crystalline lamellae and consequently increases Tm from 160 to 178 °C for both pure PP and PP/SEBS blend systems. Foams with an average cell size smaller than 250 nm retain the ultimate stress at the level of the polymer before foaming, even without the effect of CO2‐induced crystallization. Including CO2‐induced crystallization, the yield and the ultimate stresses of the foam can be improved by 30 and 50% over solid PP and by 22 and 40%, for solid PP/SEBS blends, respectively.

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In vitro Evaluation of Hexagonal Polymeric Micelles in Macrophage Phagocytosis
Authors: Tsai Hsieh‐Chih , Chang Che‐Hau , Chiu Yie‐Chan , Lin Shuian‐Yin , Lin Che‐Ping , Hsiue Ging‐Ho
Published: July 2011

This paper develops a non‐spherical polymeric micelle using an amphiphilic block copolymer and a porphyrin crystalline structure. The nanoscale polymer micelles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), revealing particle sizes of approximately 150 nm with a particular shape in the hexagonal lattice. The shape shows the selective uptake efficacy for the HeLa and macrophage cells, and inhibits phagocytosis against the macrophage.

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Peripheral Cyanohexyl Substituent in Wide Bandgap Polymer: Increase the Electron Injection Property for Blue Phosphorescence Light Emitting Device
Authors: Hu Dehua , Cheng Gang , Lu Ping , Liu He , Shen Fangzhong , Li Fenghong , Lv Ying , Dong Wenyue , Ma Yuguang
Published: July 2011

Novel blue phosphor host, PCNCzSi, using 3,6‐linked carbazole with δ‐π tetraphenylsilane segment as the main chain modified by peripheral cyanohexyl group was designed. The Si‐carbazole backbone entitles the polymer with wide bandgap, high ET and good hole transporting ability. The introduction of peripheral CN group with high electron affinity enhances the electron injecting property of the polymer revealed by electron‐only device and UPS measurement. Highly efficient spin‐coated phosphorescent polymer light‐emitting device, using PCNCzSi as the host for blue iridium complex, FIrpic, was realized. The maximum luminous efficiency and maximum external quantum efficiency of the device were 15 cd/A and 6.7%, respectively, which are very high values for blue phosphorescent device using polymers as hosts as known.

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Thermal and Photochemical Control of Molecular Orientation of Azo‐Functionalized Polymer Liquid Crystals and Application for Photo‐Rewritable Paper
Authors: Moritsugu Masaki , Ishikawa Takeru , Kawata Tetsuro , Ogata Tomonari , Kuwahara Yutaka , Kurihara Seiji
Published: July 2011

A photo‐responsive multi‐bilayered film consisting of azobenzene polymer liquid crystals (PA6Az1) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has been prepared on a glass substrate by alternate spin coating of the polymer solutions. The reflectivity of the multi‐bilayered film disappears by annealing at 80 °C. The disappearance of the reflection by the annealing is related to the thermal out‐of‐plane molecular orientation of PA6Az1 even in the multi‐bilayered film, which leads to a very small difference in refractive indices between PA6Az1 and PVA. The reflectance of the multi‐bilayered film is increased again by UV irradiation because of the transformation from the out‐of‐plane orientation to an in‐plane random orientation. In this way, on–off switching of the reflection is achieved by combination of the thermally spontaneous out‐of‐plane molecular orientation and following photoisomerization of PA6Az1 comprising the multi‐bilayered film.

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Oriented Synthesis of One‐Dimensional Polypyrrole Molecule Chains in a Metal‐Organic Framework
Authors: Wang Qiang‐Xin , Zhang Chun‐Yang
Published: July 2011

We report for the first time the preparation of single polypyrrole (PPy) molecule chains using a “metal‐organic framework” with 1 nm channels as a template. The obtained one‐dimensional (1‐D) PPy has highly structure order and excellent conductivity, which has improved by as much as five orders of magnitude in comparison with that of 2‐D PPy.

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Potentiometric Detection of K+ Ions Using Gramicidin‐Ionophore/Lipid Bilayer Assembly on Polyaniline Electrode
Authors: Larrieux Jeannine , Abrou Osvaldo , Levon Kalle
Published: July 2011

Summary: Organic electronics have their advantage over traditional silicon or inorganic electrodes in their easy processing and flexibility. For instance, polyaniline has shown to be promising electrode material for various sensing opportunities including as a use of pH‐meter. As the ion‐to‐electrode transduction may be optimal in these organic materials with high surface area and controllable electric double layer, selectivity has often been approached with the use of ionophores. We have inserted a gramicidin ionophore in a lipid bilayer assembled on polyaniline surface and measured successfully K+ ion concentration potentiometrically.
Nanostructured Macromolecular Metal Containing Materials in Catalysis
Authors: Karakhanov Edward , Maximov Anton , Kardashev Sergey , Kardasheva Yulia , Zolotukhina Anna , Rosenberg Edward , Allen Jesse
Published: July 2011

Summary: Nanostructured regular materials based on cross‐linked polypropylene imine (PPI) dendrimers and silica‐gel polyamine composites were used as a support for the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles. The materials were tested as catalysts and displayed a high activity and selectivity for the hydrogenation of conjugated double bonds.
A high‐fat diet reduces ceramide synthesis by decreasing adiponectin levels and decreases lipid content by modulating HMG‐CoA reductase and CPT‐1 mRNA expression in the skin
Authors: Yamane Takumi , Kobayashi‐Hattori Kazuo , Oishi Yuichi
Published: July 2011

Scope: Molecules involved in skin function are greatly affected by nutritional conditions. However, the mechanism linking high‐fat (HF) diets with these alterations is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the molecular changes in skin function that result from HF diets.

Methods and results: Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed HF diets for 28 days. The skin levels of ceramide, lipids and mRNAs involved in lipid metabolism were evaluated using TLC, oil red O staining and quantitative PCR, respectively. The serum adiponectin concentration was determined by ELISA. HF diets led to reduced ceramide levels and lowered skin lipid content. They also decreased mRNA levels of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase in the skin and those of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α ‐PPAR‐α), which upregulates SPT and HMG‐CoA reductase expression. The HF diets reduced the serum concentration of adiponectin, which acts upstream of PPAR‐α. Finally, these diets led to increased mRNA levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1, the rate‐limiting enzyme that acts in β‐oxidation.

Conclusion: Our study suggests that HF diets reduce ceramide and lipid synthesis in the skin by reducing levels of SPT and HMG‐CoA reductase through lowered adiponectin and PPAR‐α activity. Additionally, they decrease lipid content by enhancing β‐oxidation.
Resveratrol inhibits migration and Rac1 activation in EGF‐ but not PDGF‐activated vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Kumerz Mario , Heiss Elke H. , Schachner Daniel , Atanasov Atanas G. , Dirsch Verena M.
Published: July 2011

Scope: Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) reflects one of the initial steps in atherosclerosis. Resveratrol (RV) is suggested to mediate putative vasoprotective properties of red wine leading to the hypothesis that RV interferes with growth factor‐induced migration of VSMC.

Methods and results: We show here that RV (50 μM) strongly reduces epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐ but not platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐induced VSMC migration using the wound‐healing technique. Accordingly, RV inhibited Rac1 activation and lamellipodia formation in response to EGF but not PDGF as shown by pull‐down assays and fluorescence microscopy after actin staining with phalloidin‐FITC, respectively. Since Src‐family kinases and the phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K) are reported to be crucial upstream mediators of Rac1 activation we examined the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and the src kinase inhibitor SU6656 side‐by‐side with RV for their anti‐migratory potential. Whereas src inhibition abrogated both EGF‐ and PDGF‐triggered migration, wortmannin, like RV, was more effective in EGF‐ than PDGF‐activated cells, suggesting that PI3K inhibition, previously shown for RV in growth factor‐activated VSMC, contributes to the anti‐migratory effect of RV in EGF‐stimulated VSMC.

Conclusion: This study is the first to discover an anti‐migratory potential of RV in EGF‐activated VSMC that is most likely mediated via Rac1 inhibition.
Misuse of acetaminophen in the management of dental pain
Authors: Clement Céline , Scala‐Bertola Julien , Javot Lucie , Royer‐Morrot Marie José , Gillet Pierre , Trechot Philippe , Petitpain Nadine , Gambier Nicolas
Published: July 2011

Purpose

We highlight the risk associated with acetaminophen misuse in patients having dental pain in France based on a series of cases of unintentional acetaminophen overdose reported by the Emergency Dental Service of Nancy over a 9‐month period.

Methods

Data were collected by querying the French Pharmacovigilance database. Each retrieved clinical data were reviewed by a clinician.

Results

Thirteen cases of acetaminophen overdose were reported to the Regional Pharmacovigilance Center of Lorraine, Nancy, France. Most cases (10/13) concerned men aged 20–40 years old. Mild, unspecific clinical symptoms were observed in seven of 13 patients. The median value of the supposed ingested dose was 137 mg/kg/24 h. Liver enzyme activity was tested in 10 patients and was abnormal in four patients. N‐acetylcysteine treatment was administered to four patients.

Conclusions

We propose that even patients with mild clinical symptoms with a supposed ingested dose of acetaminophen greater than 150 mg/kg/24 h should be referred to an emergency department and that liver enzyme activity should be analyzed. No case of liver failure was observed during our short survey. However, hepatotoxicity of repeated supratherapeutic ingestion of acetaminophen was suspected in four patients. Patients and practitioners should thus be better informed about the risk of unintentional acetaminophen overdose following supratherapeutic acetaminophen ingestion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jenseits des Gleichgewichts
Authors: Loth Sebastian , Morgenstern Markus , Wulfhekel Wulf
Published: July 2011

Das Rastertunnelmikroskop bildet mit seiner Spitze Oberflächen und Nanostrukturen mit atomarer Präzision ab. Traditionell klärt es die Gleichgewichtseigenschaften von Atomen, Elektronen und magnetischen Dipolen auf. Inzwischen kann es auch dynamische Nichtgleichgewichts‐Eigenschaften mit atomarer Präzision vermessen. Drei Beispiele demonstrieren dies. Im ersten Beispiel werden mit der inelastischen Tunnelspektroskopie die Energien und Lebensdauern von magnetischen Anregungen, Magnonen, vermessen. Im zweiten Beispiel bringt eine oszillierende Tunnelspannung eine Nanotrommel aus nur 800 Kohlenstoffatomen zum Schwingen. Im dritten Beispiel wird das Umklappen des magnetischen Dipols eines Atoms mit Nanosekunden‐Präzision verfolgt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der Dipol seine magnetische Ausrichtung nicht durch Drehen, sondern durch Tunneln ändert.
Wie ein Laser Elektronen beschleunigt
Authors: Buck Alexander , Veisz Laszlo , Kaluza Malte C.
Published: July 2011

Die Elektronenbeschleunigung mit Lasern könnte schon bald die klassische Beschleunigungstechnik revolutionieren. Um diese Technik nutzen zu können, ist jedoch ein genaues Verständnis der hierbei auftretenden, komplexen Vorgänge notwendig. Wissenschaftlern des Max‐Planck‐Instituts für Quantenoptik, der Ludwigs‐Maximilians‐Universität München und der Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena ist es kürzlich gelungen, die auf Mikrometerskalen stattfindenden Beschleunigungsprozesse direkt sichtbar zu machen.
Optimisation of a semiochemical slow‐release alginate formulation attractive towards Aphidius ervi Haliday parasitoids
Authors: Heuskin Stéphanie , Lorge Stéphanie , Godin Bruno , Leroy Pascal , Frère Isabelle , Verheggen François J , Haubruge Eric , Wathelet Jean‐Paul , Mestdagh Michèle , Hance Thierry , Lognay Georges
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND: Optimisation of alginate formulations is described in order to develop semiochemical (E‐β‐farnesene and E‐β‐caryophyllene) slow‐release devices in biological control approaches by attracting predators and parasitoids of aphids. Various formulation criteria were optimised with respect to semiochemical encapsulation capacity. Moreover, the optimised formulation was characterised by texturometry and confocal microscopy. The slow‐release rates of semiochemicals were calculated in laboratory controlled conditions. The attractiveness of semiochemical formulations towards Aphidius ervi was demonstrated by olfactometry.

RESULTS: Two major parameters were highlighted in encapsulation optimisation: the type of alginate (Sigma L) and the type of crosslinker ion (Ca2+). Other formulation parameters were optimised: ionic strength (0.5 M), Ca2+ (0.2 M) and alginate (1.5%) concentrations and the maturation time of beads in CaCl2 solution (48 h). After physical characterisation of beads, semiochemical slow‐release measurements showed that alginate formulations were efficient sesquiterpene releasers, with 503 µg of E‐β‐farnesene and 1791 µg of E‐β‐caryophyllene totally released in 35 days. The efficiency of semiochemical alginate beads as attractants for female parasitoids was demonstrated, with high percentages of attraction for semiochemical odours (88 and 90% for E‐β‐farnesene and E‐β‐caryophyllene respectively) and significant statistical results.

CONCLUSION: Semiochemical alginate beads can be considered as efficient slow‐release systems in biological control. These formulations could be very useful to attract aphid parasitoids on crop fields. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
XPS valence band studies of hydrogen storage Mg‐based nanocomposites
Authors: Nowak Marek , Smardz Katarzyna , Smardz Leslaw , Jurczyk Mieczyslaw
Published: July 2011

In recent years there has been considerable interest in Mg‐based nanomaterials for hydrogen storage. In this work, we study experimentally the thermodynamical, electrochemical and electronic properties of a new class of hydride Mg2Ni/LaNi5 nanocomposites. The nanocrystalline Mg2Ni and LaNi5 alloys were prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) followed by annealing. We have measured XPS spectra of in‐situ prepared nanocrystalline and microcrystalline Mg2Ni and LaNi5 thin films and compared with those obtained for ex‐situ prepared bulk materials. Results showed that the XPS valence bands measured for MA nanocrystalline alloys and composites showed a significant broadening compared to those obtained for microcrystalline materials. The nanosizing have been found to greatly influence the hydrogen storage properties of Mg‐based nanomaterials. The results show that Mg1.5Mn0.5Ni/LaNi3.75Mn0.75Al0.25Co0.25 composite nanomaterial releases 1.6 wt.% hydrogen at room temperature. The nanocrystalline metal hydrides offer a breakthrough in prospects for practical applications. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical conductivity of La0.8Sr0.2Co1–xMnxO3 nanoceramics
Authors: Chuchmała A. , Wiglusz R. J. , Stręk W. , Mazurek B.
Published: July 2011

The Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are promising sources of clean, environmental friendly energy. The major obstacle in commercialization of such devices is high operating temperature (in the range of 800 °C), which imposes appreciable constraints on the constituent materials. However, the lowering of operating temperature leads to insufficient efficiency of fuel cell, mainly due to the substantial reduction of electrochemical activity of electrode materials. Bringing down the SOFCs’ operating temperature to 600 °C is the motivation for developing of new materials, which satisfy the electrical conductivity and catalytic activity requirements. The most promising group of materials are perovskite‐based oxides. In the present paper, electrical properties of the La0.8Sr0.2Co1–xMnxO3 ceramics are reported. Samples were in form of pellets prepared from the nanopowders obtained by the Pechini method. Different sintering temperatures of ceramics lead to differences in resulting grain size up to 60 nm, as determined by Scherrer formula. Electrical measurements performed with Keithley 2400 General‐Purpose Source Meter in temperature range of 27–800 °C in air. Two regimes with different activation energies could be distinguished, originated in spin transitions usually observed in perovskite oxides containing transition metals ions. Dependence of these activation energies on the grain size was observed (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Properties of Pd–C films for hydrogen storage applications
Authors: Czerwosz Elżbieta , Dłużewski Piotr , Kowalska Ewa , Kozłowski Mirosław , Rymarczyk Joanna
Published: July 2011

Carbon nanoporous films (Pd‐C films) containing Pd nanograins for hydrogen storage devices and hydrogen sensor application were prepared by two steps PVD/CVD method. Development of a carbon surface and size of Pd nanocrystals were studied for these films. The structure, topography and morphology of Pd‐C films were studied by AFM, SEM and TEM methods. SEM and TEM images show that Pd nanograins are enclosed in graphite shells. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the performance of joint space‐frequency pre‐filtering and equalization for downlink multi‐carrier code division multiple access
Authors: Jo Youngho , Wu Dapeng
Published: July 2011

We analyze the performance of joint space‐frequency pre‐filtering and equalization techniques for downlink multi‐carrier code division multiple access in terms of average bit error rate performance. Several linear power allocation strategies combined with single‐user equalization schemes are compared with a joint pre‐filtering with an equal power constraint at the base station and maximal ratio combining at the mobile terminals. Our bit error rate analysis obtained in this paper facilitates predicting the performance of various space‐frequency pre‐filtering schemes without massive simulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The generalized method of equal areas for the design of sum‐of‐cisoids simulators for mobile Rayleigh fading channels with arbitrary Doppler spectra
Authors: Gutiérrez Carlos A. , Pätzold Matthias
Published: July 2011

We present in this paper a generalized version of the method of equal areas (MEA) that is well suited for the design of sum‐of‐cisoids (SOC) simulators for narrowband mobile Rayleigh fading channels characterized by any type of Doppler power spectral densities (DPSDs). Unlike the original MEA, the generalized MEA (GMEA) can be applied to the simulation of fading channels with asymmetrical DPSDs. This is an important feature because the simulation of such channels is of great interest for the laboratory analysis of mobile communication systems under non‐isotropic scattering conditions. We show that irrespective of the underlying DPSD, the GMEA results in a very good approximation to the autocorrelation function, average Doppler shift, Doppler spread, and envelope distribution of the channel. We compare the performance of the GMEA with that of the Lp‐norm method (LPNM), which is the method that has been most widely used for designing SOC simulators for fading channels with arbitrary DPSDs. The obtained results demonstrate that the performance of the GMEA measures up to that of the LPNM. In addition, the results show that the determination of the model parameters is easier and less time‐consuming when applying the GMEA. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circular dichroism: electronic
Authors: Warnke Ingolf , Furche Filipp
Published: July 2011

First‐principles calculations of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) are widely used to determine absolute configurations of chiral molecules. In addition, ECD is a sensitive probe for the three‐dimensional molecular structure, making ECD calculations a useful tool to study conformational changes. In this review, we explain the origin of ECD and optical activity using response theory. While the quantum‐mechanical underpinnings of ECD have been known for a long time, efficient electronic structure methods for ECD calculations on molecules with more than 10–20 atoms have become widely available only in the past decade. We review the most popular methods for ECD calculation, focusing on time‐dependent density functional theory. Although single‐point vertical ECD calculations yield useful accuracy for conformationally rigid systems, inclusion of finite‐temperature effects is necessary for flexible molecules. The scope and limitations of modern ECD calculations are illustrated by applications to helicenes, fullerenes, iso‐schizozygane alkaloids, paracyclophanes, β‐lactams, and transition metal complexes. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2011 00 1–17 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.55

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
Biochemical and kinetic characterization of GH43 β-d-xylosidase/α-l-arabinofuranosidase and GH30 α-l-arabinofuranosidase/β-d-xylosidase from rumen metagenome
Authors: Zhou Jungang , Bao Lei , Chang Lei , Zhou Yufei , Lu Hong
Published: July 2011

The present study focuses on characterization of two hemicellulases, RuXyn1 and RuXyn2, from rumen bacterial metagenome and their capabilities for degradation of xylans. Glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 43 β-d-xylosidase/α-l-arabinofuranosidase RuXyn1 can hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside (pNPX), p-nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinofuranoside (pNPA), and xylo-oligosaccharide substrates, while GH30 1,5-α-l-arabinofuranosidase/β-d-xylosidase RuXyn2, the first α-l-arabinofuranosidase assigned to this GH family, shows activities towards 1,5-α-l-arabinobiose and pNPX substrates but no activity for pNPA. Kinetic analysis for aryl-glycosides revealed that RuXyn2 had higher catalytic efficiency than RuXyn1 toward pNPX substrate. RuXyn1 shows high synergism with endoxylanase, elevating by 73% the reducing sugars released from brichwood xylans, and converted most intermediate xylo-oligosaccharide hydrolysate into xylose. The high xylose conversion capability of RuXyn1 suggests it has potential applications in enzymatic production of xylose and improvement of hemicellulose saccharification for production of biofuels. RuXyn2 shows no obviously synergistic effect in the endoxylanase-coupled assay for enzymatic saccharification of xylan. Further cosmid DNA sequencing revealed a neighboring putative GH43 α-l-arabinofuranosidase RuAra1 and two putative GH3 β-xylosidase/arabinosidases, RuXyn3 and RuXyn5, downstream of RuXyn2, indicating that this hemicellulase gene cluster may be responsible for production of end-product, xylose and arabinose, from hemicellulose biomass.
Longitudinal observations of serum heparin cofactor II‐thrombin complex in treated Mucopolysaccharidosis I and II patients
Authors: Clarke Lorne Andrew , Hemmelgarn Harmony , Colobong Karen , Thomas Anita , Stockler Sylvia , Casey Robin , Chan Alicia , Fernoff Paul , Mitchell John
Published: July 2011

Monitoring of therapeutic response in mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) patients is problematic as most biomarkers are specific for either disease complications or specific organ system involvement. Recent studies have indicated that serum heparin‐cofactor II‐thrombin complex (HCII‐T) may serve as an important biomarker in the group of MPSs where dermatan sulphate is stored. This complex forms when blood coagulates in the presence of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) where the ultimate amount of HCII‐T that forms reflects the concentration of circulating GAGs. We have studied serum HCII‐T levels in 9 MPS I and 11 MPS II treated patients and have compared values to studies of urinary GAGs. In severe MPS I patients treated with either transplantation or enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), serum HCII‐T levels never reach the range of normal despite normalization of uGAGs in some patients. Some attenuated MPS I patients have normalization of HCII‐T but require a protracted exposure time relative to the drop in urinary GAGs. Treated MPS II patients show a clear correlation of serum HCII‐T levels with the presence of antibodies to Idursulfase, with antibody positive patients showing an early drop in HCII‐T levels with eventual increases in levels often to levels above those seen at baseline. This is contrasted by a robust and persistent drop in uGAGs. Antibody negative MPS II patients show a drop in HCII‐T levels on treatment but levels never normalize despite normalization of uGAGs. This study highlights the utility and biologic relevance of serum HCII‐T levels in monitoring therapy in these disorders.
Self‐thinning lines of organs and aboveground parts based on allometric relationships in overcrowdedPinus densiflorastands
Authors: Xue Li , Hagihara Akio
Published: July 2011

The allometric relationships of mean tree heightand of organ mass densityto mean organ masswere studied in self‐thinningPinus densifloraSieb. et Zucc. stands. Tree height increased significantly with increasing mean mass of organs and aboveground parts on log–log coordinates. The value of the allometric constant θ ranged from 0.2878 to 0.3349. On the other hand, the constant value δ was not significantly different from zero, except for leaves. The value of the allometric constant δ ranged from −0.2926 to 0.0120. According to Weller's allometric model, the slope of the self‐thinning line was calculated from the allometric constantsθandδ. The thinning slope was estimated to be −1.51 in stem, −1.39 in branches, −1.00 in leaf and −1.41 in aboveground parts, respectively. Mass density was high in stem, medium in branches and low in leaves. Mean leaf mass density decreased significantly with decreasing stand density on log–log coordinates, which could be interpreted as indicating the importance of the constant final leaf biomass in overcrowdedP. densiflorastands. The self‐thinning exponents of branch, stem and aboveground parts were not significantly different from 3/2, which indicated that the 3/2 power law of self‐thinning holds for stem mass, branch mass and aboveground mass in overcrowdedP. densiflorastands.
Synthesis of Alkanolamide: a Nonionic Surfactant from the Oil of Gliricidia sepium
Authors: Adewuyi Adewale , Oderinde Rotimi A. , Rao B. V. S. K. , Prasad R. B. N.
Published: July 2011

Oil of Gliricidia sepium with high contents of C18:2 (32.2 ± 0.3%) and C18:1 (23.8 ± 0.5%) fatty acids was used in the preparation of diethanolamide and epoxidised diethanolamide via transamidation. The epoxidised diethanolamide was synthesized by peroxyformic acid generated in situ by reacting formic acid and hydrogen peroxide with the oil of G. sepium, a renewable resource. The formation of the amide was monitored and confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The epoxidised diethanolamide showed better surface‐active properties than the diethanolamide in terms of emulsion stability, wetting property and foaming power.
Radiology in paediatric non-traumatic thoracic emergencies
Authors: de Lange Charlotte
Published: July 2011

Non-traumatic thoracic emergencies in children are very frequent, and they usually present with breathing difficulties. Associated symptoms may be feeding or swallowing problems or less specific general symptoms such as fever, sepsis or chest pain. The emergencies always require a rapid diagnosis to establish a medical or surgical intervention plan, and radiological imaging often plays a key role. Correct interpretation of the radiological findings is of great importance in diagnosing and monitoring the illness and in avoiding serious complications. Plain radiography with fluoroscopy still remains the most important and frequently used tool to gain information on acute pulmonary problems. Ultrasound is the first choice for the detection and treatment of simple and complicated pleural effusions. Cross-sectional techniques such as multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are mainly used to study pulmonary/mediastinal masses and congenital abnormalities of the great vessels and the lungs. This article will discuss the choice of imaging technique, the urgency of radiological management and the imaging characteristics of acquired and congenital causes of non-traumatic thoracic emergencies. They represent common conditions involving the respiratory tract, chest wall and the oesophagus, as well as the less frequent causes such as tumours and manifestations of congenital malformations.
The Relationship History Calendar: Improving the Scope and Quality of Data on Youth Sexual Behavior
Authors: Luke Nancy , Clark Shelley , Zulu Eliya M.
Published: July 2011

Most survey data on sexual activities are obtained via face-to-face interviews, which are prone to misreporting of socially unacceptable behaviors. Demographers have developed various private response methods to minimize social desirability bias and improve the quality of reporting; however, these methods often limit the complexity of information collected. We designed a life history calendar—the Relationship History Calendar (RHC)—to increase the scope of data collected on sexual relationships and behavior while enhancing their quality. The RHC records detailed, 10-year retrospective information on sexual relationship histories. The structure and interview procedure draw on qualitative techniques, which could reduce social desirability bias. We compare the quality of data collected with the RHC with a standard face-to-face survey instrument through a field experiment conducted among 1,275 youth in Kisumu, Kenya. The results suggest that the RHC reduces social desirability bias and improves reporting on multiple measures, including higher rates of abstinence among males and multiple recent sexual partnerships among females. The RHC fosters higher levels of rapport and respondent enjoyment, which appear to be the mechanisms through which social desirability bias is minimized. The RHC is an excellent alternative to private response methods and could potentially be adapted for large-scale surveys.
Education and Experience Make a Difference: Results of a Predictor Study
Authors: Gillespie Brigid M. , Chaboyer Wendy , Wallis Marianne , Werder Helen
Published: July 2011

Growing evidence demonstrates the link between the quality of care nurses provide, patient outcomes, and nurses' level of qualification and expertise. Little attention has been given to measuring the influence of experience and education on nurses' perceptions of their perioperative competence. To describe the influence of years of OR experience and specialty education on nurses' perioperative competence, we surveyed 345 perioperative nurses from two Australian hospitals. We developed the 98‐item survey to specifically measure perioperative competence across eight domains that reflect knowledge, skills, and attitudes. We used multiple regression to analyze the data. There were differences in nurses' perceived perioperative competence based on perioperative experience and education, with more experienced nurses and those with specialty education reporting higher competence scores. Multiple regression analysis showed that experience and specialty education contributed to 23.3% of the variance in nurses' perception of their perioperative competence. Education initiatives are commonly used to address knowledge and attitudinal deficits; however, the results of this study suggest that education may only partly address these shortfalls. Hospital education programs should include staff development strategies associated with succession planning. Strategies that build on perioperative nurses' clinical experience and expertise will provide them with opportunites to develop skills in coordination and clinical leadership. Importantly, education occurs in a context and thus is embedded in clinical practice.
Dysfunctional coping in headache: Avoidance and endurance is not associated with chronic forms of headache
Authors: Wieser T. , Walliser U. , Womastek I. , Kress H.G.
Published: July 2011

Introduction

About 4% of the population suffer from daily or near daily headache, which in most cases evolved from an episodic type of headache. The impact of psychological factors on this process is unknown. It seems reasonable to assume, that besides somatic and social conditions psychological factors like pain‐related coping and cognition play an important role, as has been shown for other pain conditions.

Methods

We performed a cross sectional study on pain coping behaviour in 211 patients with migraine and tension type headache. Pain‐related cognition and coping was investigated using the Kiel Pain Inventory. Prevalence of depression, medication intake and headache characteristics were analysed in regard to chronicity of headache.

Results

Overall pain intensity was high in the patient sample. The level of depression increased with headache frequency. Dysfunctional coping, characterized by fear and avoidance is frequently used by headache patients. As in low back pain, also endurance is highly prevalent. Other features known to be associated with chronic headache, like depression and medication overuse, could be confirmed.

Discussion

Dysfunctional coping was seen with high prevalence in the entire patient sample (66%). Against our hypothesis, it was not confined to chronic forms of headache. In respect to our data, we discuss the role of avoidance and endurance coping in headache and its possible role in chronicity.
Natural polyphenols inhibit different steps of the process of transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibril formation
Authors: Ferreira Nelson , Saraiva Maria João , Almeida Maria Rosário
Published: July 2011

TTR
binds to
TTR
by electron microscopy (View interaction)
Cyclin T2: A novel miR‐15a target gene involved in early spermatogenesis
Authors: Teng Yu , Wang Yong , Fu Jun , Cheng Xiaowen , Miao Shiying , Wang Linfang
Published: July 2011

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranscriptional modulators of gene expression that play important roles in various biological processes. Spermatogenesis is a highly regulated process in which diploid spermatogonia eventually differentiate into haploid spermatozoa. In this study, we identified four differentially expressed miRNAs between two premeiotic male germ cells, made predictions about their putative targets, and confirmed cyclin T2 (Ccnt2) as a direct target of miR‐15a. We also report that miR‐15a inhibited muscle differentiation at least in part by targeting Ccnt2, which represents a novel interaction. Subsequently, miR‐15a and Ccnt2 were profiled in developing mice testes to observe their inverse correlations in the postnatal 3‐week period to understand their roles in spermatogenesis.
Power and consumer behavior: How power shapes who and what consumers value
Authors: Rucker Derek D. , Galinsky Adam D. , Dubois David
Published: July 2011

The current paper reviews the concept of power and offers a new architecture for understanding how power guides and shapes consumer behavior. Specifically, we propose that having and lacking power respectively foster agentic and communal orientations that have a transformative impact on perception, cognition, and behavior. These orientations shape both who and what consumers value. New empirical evidence is presented that synthesizes these findings into a parsimonious account of how power alters consumer behavior as a function of both product attributes and recipients. Finally, we discuss future directions to motivate and guide the study of power by consumer psychologists.
Psychische Erkrankungen im Kontext von Arbeit
Authors: Friedrich-Gärtner Lene
Published: July 2011

Einleitung

In Deutschland leidet rund ein Drittel der erwachsenen Bevölkerung im Laufe eines Jahres an einer psychischen Störung. Die Ursachen für diese Störungen sind i.d.R. multifaktoriell - jedoch liegen viele Ursachen für die Entstehung von psychischen Erkrankungen im Bereich der Arbeitsbedingungen und -organisation, sodass einer betrieblichen Prävention wachsende Bedeutung zukommt. Jedoch die Diskrepanz zwischen den wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen und der Umsetzung in der Praxis so groß ist wie in keinem anderen Bereich von betrieblicher Prävention.
Oral lichenoid drug reaction with autoantibodies in peripheral blood: Case report
Authors: Kumagai Akiko , Matsuo Shinichi , Hoshi Hideki , Sato Hirotaka , Takeda Yasunori , Sugiyama Yoshiki
Published: July 2011

A 51‐year‐old man complained of oral roughness and pain. At the age of 49 years, he was admitted for 8 months for bipolar emotional disorder. Oral administration of lithium carbonate was started. Extensive, hemorrhagic, erythema‐mixed white lace‐like patches were noted on the lip, buccal mucosae, and lingual margins. On biopsy, all lesions were consistent with oral lichen planus. A drug lymphocyte stimulation test showed a positive reaction to lithium carbonate. Blood examination revealed marked increases in the peripheral blood levels of antinuclear antibodies. To relieve the symptoms, the systemic administration of prednisolone was performed while continuing the lithium carbonate.
MANAGEMENT OF MEALYBUG (RHIZOECUS AMORPHOPHALLI) IN ELEPHANT FOOT YAM (AMORPHOPHALLUS PAEONIIFOLIUS)
Authors: NEDUNCHEZHIYAN M. , JATA S. K. , RAY R. C. , MISRA R. S.
Published: July 2011

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, popularly known as elephant foot yam, is an important tropical tuber crop in India. Its modified stem (corm) is consumed as a vegetable after boiling, baking or frying. Mealybug (Rhizoecus amorphophalli), a soft-bodied insect, infests the corms both in storage and in the field. Though pesticides are effective in controlling mealybugs, they can be hazardous to human health and the environment. Two experiments, one in storage followed by one in the field, were conducted during 2009 and 2010 at the Regional Centre of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Dumuduma, Bhubaneswar, India, to determine the effect of six low cost and environmentally safe management practices on mealybug. In the absence of mealybug control measures, mealybug numbers increased by 4–5 times during the storage period. The pest affected the quality of the corms and reduced subsequent field establishment and crop growth. Salt (NaCl) solution (1000 ppm), cow urine, cow dung slurry (2 kg of cow dung in 1 litre of water) and clay slurry (1 kg of clay in 1 litre of water) treatments were effective in reducing mealybug numbers and the associated corm damage. However, availability of cow urine, cow dung and clay slurry limit their usage. Common salt is cheap, widely available and easy to use in treating the corms prior to storage. Relative to untreated corms, those treated with salt solution recorded greater emergence when field planted as well as producing plants with more vigorous growth.
The helminth community of the skink Chalcides sexlineatus from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands)
Authors: Roca V. , Carretero M.A. , Jorge F. , Perera A. , Ferrero A. , Rodríguez-Reina S.
Published: July 2011

A survey of the gastrointestinal helminth communities of a population of Chalcides sexlineatus Steindachner, a small skink endemic to Gran Canaria island (Canary Archipelago, Spain), was conducted to determine the prevalence, abundance and species diversity of intestinal parasites in these reptiles. Only three parasite species were found, one cestode, Oochoristica agamae Baylis, 1919 and two nematodes, Parapharyngodon micipsae (Seurat, 1917) and Pharyngodonidae gen. sp. Helminth infracommunities of C. sexlineatus showed low values of abundance and species richness and diversity, being more similar to the helminth community of Tarentola boettgeri boettgeri (Steindachner) rather than those of Gallotia stehlini (Schenkel), both syntopic with the sampled host.
Correlation between speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions
Authors: Rana B , Barman A
Published: July 2011

Objective:

To investigate the correlation between cochlear processing and brainstem processing.

Method:

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses were recorded in 40 ears of normal-hearing individuals aged 18 to 23 years. Correlation analyses compared transient evoked otoacoustic emission parameters with speech-evoked auditory brainstem response parameters.

Results:

There was a significant correlation between speech-evoked auditory brainstem response wave V latency and transient evoked otoacoustic emission global emission strength; there were no other significant correlations between the two tests.

Conclusion:

Tests for transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses provide unique and functionally independent information about the integrity and sensitivity of the auditory system. Therefore, combining both tests will provide a more sensitive clinical battery with which to identify the location of different disorders (e.g. language-based learning impairments and hearing impairments).