bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Low-Dose Dobutamine Test Is Superior to Scar Quantification for the Prediction of Functional Recovery
Authors: Wellnhofer Ernst , Olariu Adriana , Klein Christoph , Gräfe Michael , Wahl Andreas , Fleck Eckart , Nagel Eike
Published: April 2004

Background—

Low-dose dobutamine challenge (DSMR) by MRI was compared with delayed enhancement imaging with Gd-DTPA (SCAR) as a predictor of improvement of wall motion after revascularization (RECOVERY).

Methods and Results—

In 29 patients with coronary artery disease (68±7 years of age, 2 women, 32±8% ejection fraction), wall motion was evaluated semiquantitatively by MRI before and 3 months after revascularization. SCAR and DSMR were performed before revascularization. The transmural extent of scar was assessed semiquantitatively. Binary prediction of RECOVERY was performed by logistic regression in 288 segments with wall motion abnormalities at rest. Receiver operating characteristic–area under curve (AUC) statistics were used to compare different models. Low-dose DSMR (AUC 0.838) was superior to SCAR (AUC 0.728) in predicting RECOVERY. SCAR did not improve accuracy of prediction by DSMR. Subgroup analysis showed superiority of DSMR for 1% to 74% transmural extent of infarction.

Conclusions—

Low-dose DSMR is superior to SCAR in predicting RECOVERY. This advantage is largest in segments with a delayed enhancement of 1% to 74%.
Surgical Reconstruction of Occluded Pulmonary Arteries in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Agnoletti Gabriella , Boudjemline Younes , Bonnet Damien , Sidi Daniel , Vouhé P.
Published: April 2004

Background—

This study was undertaken to determine outcomes and best strategies for treatment of occluded pulmonary arteries in patients with congenital heart disease.

Methods and Results—

Between 1998 and 2002, occlusion of a previously patent pulmonary artery was established in 23 patients. Data were obtained retrospectively. Diagnoses were pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect in 11, tetralogy of Fallot in 6, and other forms of pulmonary stenosis or atresia in 6. Median age and weight at diagnosis were 9 years (range, 6 days to 43 years) and 24 kg (range, 2.6 to 60 kg). Fourteen patients had had a previous surgery. The occluded pulmonary artery was visualized at angiography by wedge injection or injection into the collateral circulation. The left pulmonary artery was occluded in 20 patients and the right pulmonary artery in 3. Criteria for reconstruction were estimated duration of occlusion <6 months and ratio of occluded to contralateral artery >0.2. Twelve patients fulfilled these criteria and underwent pulmonary artery reconstruction at a mean interval of 2 months (range, 6 days to 6 months) from evidence of occlusion. Six patients had pericardial patch reconstruction, 3 terminoterminal anastomosis, 2 thrombectomy, and 1 a Blalock-Taussig shunt. There was 1 late death. At a median follow-up of 4 years (2 months to 5 years), all patients underwent cardiac catheterization: in 8 patients the reconstructed artery was patent, in 3 reoccluded. Hypoplasia of the occluded artery was reversed in 6 patients.

Conclusions—

Our data show that in selected patients, reconstruction of an occluded pulmonary artery can restore pulmonary vascularization and reverse hypoplasia. Strict surveillance is mandatory to prevent pulmonary artery loss.
Cost-Effectiveness of Thrombolysis With Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke Assessed by a Model Based on UK NHS Costs
Authors: Sandercock Peter , Berge Eivind , Dennis Martin , Forbes John , Hand Peter , Kwan Joseph , Lewis Steff , Lindley Richard , Neilson Aileen , Wardlaw Joanna
Published: April 2004

Background and Purpose—

Thrombolytic therapy is licensed for use in highly selected patients with acute ischemic stroke. We aimed to model the health economic impact of limited use of thrombolytic therapy and to assess whether it was likely to be cost-effective when used more widely in the UK National Health Service (NHS).

Methods—

The authors formed a discussion panel to develop the decision-analysis model of acute stroke care. It consisted of Markov state-transition processes, with probabilities of different health states determined by certain key variables. The range of estimates of efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was taken from an update to a Cochrane systematic review of randomized trials of thrombolysis. Data on outcome after stroke were taken from our hospital-based stroke register, supplemented by data derived from relevant literature sources.

Results—

The model suggested that compared with standard care, if eligible patients were treated with rt-PA up to 6 hours, there was a 78% probability of a gain in quality-adjusted survival during the first year, at a cost of £13 581 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. Over a lifetime, rt-PA was associated with cost-savings of £96 565 per QALY. However, the estimates were imprecise and highly susceptible to the assumptions used in the economic model; under several plausible assumptions, rt-PA was much less cost-effective than standard care, and under others, a great deal more cost-effective.

Conclusions—

The estimates of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness were imprecise. Although the benefits appeared promising, the data did not support the widespread use of thrombolytic therapy outside the terms of the current restricted license in routine clinical practice in the NHS. There is a case for new large-scale randomized trials comparing thrombolytic therapy with control up to 6 hours to determine more precisely the effects of rt-PA on short-term and long-term survival and its cost-effectiveness when used in a wider range of patients.
Topiramate Extends the Therapeutic Window for Hypothermia-Mediated Neuroprotection After Stroke in Neonatal Rats
Authors: Liu YiQing , Barks John D. , Xu G. , Silverstein Faye S.
Published: April 2004

Background and Purpose—

Critical factors influencing the neuroprotective efficacy of postischemic hypothermia include depth, duration, and time of onset of cooling. In clinical practice, there is an unavoidable lag between the hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult and the opportunity to initiate cooling. We hypothesized that early administration of a neuroprotective agent in combination with later-onset cooling could represent an effective therapeutic intervention after neonatal HI. We evaluated whether treatment with topiramate, a clinically available anticonvulsant, increased the efficacy of delayed post-HI hypothermia in a neonatal rat stroke model.

Methods—

Postnatal day 7 (P7) rats underwent right carotid artery ligation followed by 1.5 hours of exposure to 8% oxygen. Fifteen minutes post-HI, animals received injections of topiramate (30 mg/kg) or PBS. Cooling was initiated 3 hours later (“delayed hypothermia”) in all animals (3 hours, in 27°C incubator). Functional outcome (forepaw response to vibrissae stimulation) and pathology (morphometric lesion measurements) were evaluated at P15 and P35.

Results—

Neither topiramate nor delayed hypothermia alone conferred protection in this protocol. Combined treatment with topiramate and delayed hypothermia improved both performance and pathological outcome in P15 and P35 rats compared with PBS-treated animals that underwent delayed hypothermia concurrently. At P15, functional measures were better in topiramate-treated animals (mean correct forepaw response 9.3/10 versus 4.8/10;
P
<0.001), and there was >50% reduction in tissue loss (
P
<0.001); trends were similar at P35.

Conclusions—

Our data provide the impetus for further evaluation of therapeutic approaches that combine drug therapy with delayed-onset cooling after neonatal HI brain injury.
Suppression of leukemia expressing wild-type or ITD-mutant FLT3 receptor by a fully human anti-FLT3 neutralizing antibody
Authors: Li Yiwen , Li Hongli , Wang Mei-Nai , Lu Dan , Bassi Rajiv , Wu Yan , Zhang Haifan , Balderes Paul , Ludwig Dale L. , Pytowski Bronislaw , Kussie Paul , Piloto Obdulio , Small Donald , Bohlen Peter , Witte Larry , Zhu Zhenping , Hicklin Daniel J.
Published: April 2004

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), a class III receptor tyrosine kinase, is expressed at high levels in the blasts of approximately 90% of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Internal tandem duplications (ITDs) in the juxtamembrane domain and point mutations in the kinase domain of FLT3 are found in approximately 37% of AML patients and are associated with a poor prognosis. We report here the development and characterization of a fully human anti-FLT3 neutralizing antibody (IMC-EB10) isolated from a human Fab phage display library. IMCEB10 (immunoglobulin G1 [IgG1], κ) binds with high affinity (KD = 158 pM) to soluble FLT3 in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and to FLT3 receptor expressed on the surfaces of human leukemia cell lines. IMC-EB10 blocks the binding of FLT3 ligand (FL) to soluble FLT3 in ELISA and competes with FL for binding to cell-surface FLT3 receptor. IMC-EB10 treatment inhibits FL-induced phosphorylation of FLT3 in EOL-1 and EM3 leukemia cells and FL-independent constitutive activation of ITD-mutant FLT3 in BaF3-ITD and MV4;11 cells. Activation of the downstream signaling proteins mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT is also inhibited in these cell lines by antibody treatment. The antibody inhibits FL-stimulated proliferation of EOL-1 cells and ligand-independent proliferation of BaF3-ITD cells. In both EOL-1 xenograft and BaF3-ITD leukemia models, treatment with IMC-EB10 significantly prolongs the survival of leukemia-bearing mice. No overt toxicity is observed with IMC-EB10 treatment. Taken together, these data demonstrate that IMC-EB10 is a specific and potent inhibitor of wild-type and ITD-mutant FLT3 and that it deserves further study for targeted therapy of human AML. (Blood. 2004;104:1137-1144)
NUP98-Topoisomerase I acute myeloid leukemia-associated fusion gene has potent leukemogenic activities independent of an engineered catalytic site mutation
Authors: Gurevich Rhonna M. , Aplan Peter D. , Humphries R. Keith
Published: April 2004

Chromosomal rearrangements of the 11p15 locus have been identified in hematopoietic malignancies, resulting in translocations involving the N-terminal portion of the nucleoporin gene NUP98. Fifteen different fusion partner genes have been identified for NUP98, and more than one half of these are homeobox transcription factors. By contrast, the NUP98 fusion partner in t(11;20) is Topoisomerase I (TOP1), a catalytic enzyme recognized for its key role in relaxing supercoiled DNA. We now show that retrovirally engineered expression of NUP98-TOP1 in murine bone marrow confers a potent in vitro growth advantage and a block in differentiation in hematopoietic precursors, evidenced by a competitive growth advantage in liquid culture, increased replating efficient of colony-forming cells (CFCs), and a marked increase in spleen colony-forming cell output. Moreover, in a murine bone marrow transplantation model, NUP98-TOP1 expression led to a lethal, transplantable leukemia characterized by extremely high white cell counts, splenomegaly, and mild anemia. Strikingly, a mutation to a TOP1 site to inactivate the isomerase activity essentially left unaltered the growth-promoting and leukemogenic effects of NUP98-TOP1. These findings, together with similar biologic effects reported for NUP98-HOX fusions, suggest unexpected, overlapping functions of NUP98 fusion genes, perhaps related to common DNA binding properties. (Blood. 2004;104:1127-1136)
Hepatocyte growth factor preserves graft-versus-leukemia effect and T-cell reconstitution after marrow transplantation
Authors: Imado Takehito , Iwasaki Tsuyoshi , Kataoka Yasuro , Kuroiwa Takanori , Hara Hiroshi , Fujimoto Jiro , Sano Hajime
Published: April 2004

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). When GVHD is controlled by T-cell–depleted grafts or immunosuppressants, BM transplant recipients often suffer from an increased rate of leukemic relapse and impaired reconstitution of immunity. Using a mouse BMT model, we investigated the effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene transfection on the severity of GVHD, the graft-versus-leukemia effect, and the reconstitution of T cells after BMT. After HGF gene transfer, acute GVHD was reduced, while mature donor T-cell responses to host antigens were preserved, resulting in a significant improvement of leukemia-free survival. HGF gene transfer promoted regeneration of bone marrow–derived T cells and the responsiveness of these cells to alloantigens. Furthermore, HGF preserved the thymocyte phenotype and thymic stromal architecture in mice with GVHD. This suggested that HGF exerts a potent protective effect on the thymus, which in turn promotes reconstitution of bone marrow–derived T cells after allogeneic BMT. These results indicate that HGF gene transfection can reduce acute GVHD preserving the graftversus-leukemia effect, while promoting thymic-dependent T-cell reconstitution after allogeneic BMT.
High-Dose Chemotherapy With Autologous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Support Compared With Standard-Dose Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients With 10 or More Positive Lymph Nodes: First Results of a Randomized Trial
Authors: Zander A.R. , Kröger N. , Schmoor C. , Krüger W. , Möbus V. , Frickhofen N. , Metzner B. , Schultze W. , Berdel W.E. , Koenigsmann M. , Thiel E. , Wandt H. , Possinger K. , Trümper L. , Kreienberg R. , Carstensen M. , Schmidt E.H. , Jänicke F. , Schumacher M. , Jonat W.
Published: April 2004

Purpose

Investigation of high-dose chemotherapy (HD-CT) followed by autologous hematopoietic stem-cell support compared with standard-dose chemotherapy (SD-CT) as adjuvant treatment in patients with primary breast cancer and 10 or more positive axillary lymph nodes.

Patients and Methods

Between November 1993 and September 2000, 307 patients were randomized to receive (following four cycles of epirubicin 90 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2, intravenously every 21 days) either HD-CT of cyclophosphamide 1,500 mg/m2, thiotepa 150 mg/m2, and mitoxantrone 10 mg/m2, intravenously for 4 consecutive days followed by stem-cell support; or SD-CT in three cycles of cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2, methotrexate 40 mg/m2, and fluorouracil 600 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1 and 8, every 28 days. The primary end point was event-free survival.

Results

After a median follow-up of 3.8 years, 144 events with respect to event-free survival have been observed (HD-CT: 63 events; SD-CT: 81 events). The first event of failure (HD-CT v SD-CT) was an isolated locoregional recurrence (nine v 11), a distant failure (52 v 68), and death without recurrence (two v two). The estimated relative risk of HD-CT versus SD-CT was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.54 to 1.06; P = .095). Overall survival showed no difference (HD-CT: 40 deaths; SD-CT: 49 deaths).

Conclusion

There was a trend in favor of HD-CT with respect to event-free survival, but without statistical significance. Further follow-up and a meta-analysis of all randomized studies will reveal the effect of HD-CT as compared with SD-CT as adjuvant treatment in high-risk primary breast cancer.
Retrospective Analysis of the Dosage of Amphotericin B Lipid Complex for the Treatment of Invasive Fungal Infections
Authors: Linden Peter , Lee Lily , Walsh Thomas J.
Published: April 2004

Study Objective. To understand the relationship between dosage and therapeutic response of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) by analyzing underlying diseases, types of infections, and therapeutic outcomes with different dosages as second‐line antifungal therapy.

Design. Retrospective analysis of low‐dose (initial dose ≤ 3 mg/kg) ABLC from three open‐label, clinical, second‐line treatment studies.

Setting. Centers in the United States (204), Canada (3), Australia (1), Mexico (1), and The Netherlands (1).

Patients. Five hundred fifty‐one patients (5 enrolled twice) with invasive fungal infections, of whom 289 failed and 267 were intolerant to conventional antifungal therapy.

Interventions. Patients were to receive the recommended dosage of ABLC 5 mg/kg/day, with dosage reduction for markedly increased serum creatinine. The duration of treatment was 4 weeks; therapy could be extended if the investigator considered additional treatment necessary.

Measurements and Main Results. Seventy‐three patients (13%) received ABLC 3 mg/kg/day (low dosage) instead of the protocol‐recommended 5 mg/kg/day. Response was 65% and 56%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the following patients are most likely to start therapy at the lower dosage: those with candidiasis and other yeast infections, patients with nephrotoxicity due to prior amphotericin B, and those with underlying conditions other than hematologic malignancy.

Conclusion. These results suggest that ABLC 3 mg/kg/day may be effective in treating patients with candidiasis who do not have hematologic malignancy.
Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Pharmacologic Treatment of Parkinson's Disease in Residents in Long‐Term Care Facilities
Authors: Lapane Kate L. , Fernandez Hubert H. , Friedman Joseph H. ,   SAGE Study Group
Published: April 2004

Despite the high prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in the elderly, little information is available regarding the epidemiology of the disease in residents in long‐term care facilities. Using a population‐based database with over 470,000 residents (1992–1996) of all Medicare‐ or Medicaid‐certified nursing homes of five states, we identified 24,402 residents with a diagnosis of PD. We examined data collected with the federally mandated Minimum Data Set, and sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment information. The prevalence of PD in nursing homes was 5.2%, with peak age‐specific prevalence between ages 75 and 84 years. Seventy percent of patients had moderate to severe cognitive impairment, and over 80% had moderate to severe functional disability. Less than 10% had verbal and physical signs of grief and anxiety and 80% exhibited poor psychosocial well‐being, yet only 15% were actively treated for depression. Only 44% received antiparkinsonian drugs. Female gender, black race, age, level of cognitive impairment, and level of physical functioning were inversely related to the likelihood of receiving one of these drugs. When antipsychotic drugs were administered (15%), only 1% were atypical agents. Although PD is a relatively common diagnosis among nursing home residents, pharmacologic management of these individuals appears to be less than optimal.
Successful Orchestration of Antiparkinsonian Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Scheife Richard T.
Published: April 2004

As is true with the orchestration of essentially all forms of pharmacotherapy, the overall quality of therapy should not be judged as a simple binary function (it is either good or bad). Rather, it should be judged along a continuum, spanning adequate through excellent and peaking at truly elegant, where two or more disease states are optimally managed with a single, simple drug. Because the difference between adequate and elegant therapy often depends on fine‐tuning the drug choice, dosage, and route of administration, it is no surprise that pharmacists are often intimately involved in many highly successful specialty clinics, including Parkinson's disease clinics.
Potential Interaction between Itraconazole and Clarithromycin
Authors: Auclair Barbara , Berning Shaun E. , Huitt Gwen A. , Peloquin Charles A.
Published: April 2004

Three patients negative for human immunodeficiency virus infection were admitted for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and aspergillosis infections. They were treated with different drug combinations, but all regimens included clarithromycin for MAC and itraconazole for aspergillosis. All patients experienced an increase in clarithromycin concentrations and clarithromycin:14‐OH‐clarithromycin ratio compared with expected range values. They had no clinical side effects. The time course suggested a possible interaction between clarithromycin and itraconazole, presumably through itraconazole's effects on cytochrome P450 3A4 activity. A bidirectional interaction cannot be ruled out. The data suggest that, when necessary, these two drugs can be administered together safely. Further investigation is necessary to determine the extent and clinical consequences of coadministration in humans.
Suspected Ifosfamide‐Induced Neurotoxicity
Authors: McVay Jennette I. , Wood Amy Morgan
Published: April 2004

Ifosfamide is an antineoplastic agent that requires hepatic activation to the cytotoxic active metabolite ifosforamide mustard. During metabolism, the byproduct, chloroacetaldehyde, which is structurally similar to both chloral hydrate and acetaldehyde, is produced. Secondary to its ability to cross the blood‐brain barrier, this metabolite may be responsible for the neurotoxicity observed with ifosfamide. Any case of suspected ifosfamide‐induced neurotoxicity, together with a decision to treat, must be determined on an individual patient basis. The differential diagnosis should include infection, laboratory abnormalities, and concomitant drugs. At this time, literature to support treatment modalities such as intravenous albumin and methylene blue is minimal.
Hydroxyurea to Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐1 Replication
Authors: Romanelli Frank , Pomeroy Claire , Smith Kelly M.
Published: April 2004

Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to be a challenge. Drug regimens that include two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a protease inhibitor are now the standard of care. These regimens require strict patient adherence and have numerous adverse effects at a high cost, so clinicians must continue to explore other therapeutic options. Hydroxyurea is a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor that may have efficacy against HIV. We conducted a critical review of the literature to examine the utility of hydroxyurea‐based drug combinations.
Rash in Patients Receiving Ticlopidine after Intracoronary Stent Placement
Authors: Whetsel Tara R. , Bell Dawn M.
Published: April 2004

As many as half of the approximately 400,000 patients who undergo nonsurgical coronary artery procedures every year receive an intracoronary stent. To prevent thrombus formation within the stent, antiplatelet treatment with ticlopidine and aspirin is administered. Ticlopidine is known to cause cutaneous adverse reactions in up to 5.1% of patients, with a 3.4% discontinuation rate. However, published studies of patients receiving the drug to prevent subacute thrombosis after intracoronary stent placement report a frequency of rash ranging from 0.8–1.6%. We hypothesized that the frequency of rash in this patient population is underreported, and conducted a retrospective chart review, collecting data on frequency and severity of rash, treatment required, patient demographics, and concomitant drugs that may predispose patients to rash. The frequency of rash was approximately 7% in this group of patients.
Judicious Evaluation of Adverse Drug Reactions: Inaccurate Assessment of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitor‐Induced Muscle Injury
Authors: Dietz Brenda L. , Oberg Kristin C.
Published: April 2004

Adverse reactions in two patients who received HMG CoA reductase inhibitor therapy were reinvestigated because of their rarity. A case of permanent forearm myalgia was thought to be caused by atorvastatin. Closer evaluation and work‐up revealed underlying lateral epicondylitis, and atorvastatin was not considered the cause of the disability. In another patient, rhabdomyolysis was suspected to be secondary to simvastatin. However, after an extensive review, the reaction was believed to be compartment syndrome of the anterior tibial area. An adverse drug reaction report requires careful and judicious assessment to assign the correct probability for the event.
Suspected Carbamazepine‐Induced Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Morales‐Diaz Marta , Pinilla‐Roa Elizabeth , Ruiz Inés
Published: April 2004

Carbamazepine is a potent anticonvulsant agent with proven efficacy in the treatment of partial and tonic‐clonic seizures. An epileptic child treated with therapeutic dosages of carbamazepine developed severe hepatitis and hepatic insufficiency. She had a positive response to withdrawal of the drug and administration of corticosteroids. The Roussel UCLAF method for estimating causality of the adverse event was applied for an acute hepatocellular problem, with a final score of 8. This method has advantages over other tools because it involves many clinical factors that give additional guides to clinicians in patients with liver injury, but it must be adapted for adverse events in the pediatric population.
Levothyroxine Replacement Therapy in Central Hypothyroidism: A Practice Report
Authors: Carrozza Victoria , Csako Gyorgy , Yanovski Jack A. , Skarulis Monica C. , Nieman Lynnette , Wesley Robert , Pucino Frank
Published: April 2004

Because of lack of well‐documented laboratory criteria, we assessed the usefulness of measuring free thyroxine (FT4) levels for monitoring levothyroxine replacement therapy in patients with central hypothyroidism. This consisted of a retrospective review from 1991–1997 of patient profiles extracted into a Macintosh 4th Dimension data base from the medical information system at a tertiary care biomedical research facility. Information was also retrieved from medical records of 135 ambulatory patients treated by 42 endocrinology practitioners, and 52 ambulatory patients treated by 20 endocrinology practitioners for central and primary hypothyroidism, respectively. Patient profiles were reviewed for most recent thyroid function test results and levothyroxine dosing information. Of 112 (83%) patients with central hypothyroidism who had FT4 levels within the laboratory's reference interval, only 2 had a dosage change. The FT4 concentration was concordant with physician‐assessed thyroid status in 65 (82%) of 79 patients (95% CI 72–90, p<0.02) for whom clinical assessment was available in medical records. Thyrotropin, total thyroxine, and triiodothyronine levels were not significantly associated with clinical status (p>0.12) in patients with central hypothyroidism. Despite similar demographic and levothyroxine dosing profiles, patients with central hypothyroidism had significantly lower serum FT4 and thyrotropin concentrations than those with primary hypothyroidism. The appropriateness of levothyroxine replacement therapy in most patients with central hypothyroidism is reflected by a normal FT4 concentration measured with a valid assay. Whether midnormal or upper normal values are necessary for optimal therapy, and whether the therapeutic goal should be different in children than in adults, require prospective studies with independent, objective assessment of thyroid status.
A Review of Eprosartan Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug Interaction Studies
Authors: Blum Robert A. , Kazierad David J. , Tenero David M.
Published: April 2004

A series of clinical pharmacology studies was conducted to characterize potential interactions between eprosartan and other commonly prescribed drugs. Separate studies assessed the effect of eprosartan on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and the pharmacodynamics of warfarin and glyburide (glibenclamide), as well as the effects of ranitidine, HCTZ, fluconazole, and ketoconazole on eprosartan pharmacokinetics. Eprosartan had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin and HCTZ and the pharmacodynamics of warfarin and glyburide. Thus, no dosing adjustments are necessary during concomitant therapy with these agents. Ranitidine, HCTZ, ketoconazole, and fluconazole had no effect on eprosartan pharmacokinetics. Single or multiple oral doses of eprosartan were safe and well tolerated when coadministered with these agents.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Coupling of Aryl O‐Carbamates With
G
rignard Reagents: 2,7‐Dimethylnaphthalene
Authors: Dallaire Carol , Kolber Isabelle , Gingras Marc
Published: April 2004

2, 7‐Dimethylnaphthalene

R 2, 7‐Dihydroxynaphthalene

I 2, 7‐Bis (diethylcarbamoyloxy) maphthalene

P 2, 7‐Dimethylnaphthalene
U
llman Methoxylation in the Presence of a 2,5‐Dimethylpyrrole‐Blocked Aniline: Preparation of 2‐Fluoro‐4‐Methoxyaniline
Authors: Ragan John A. , Jones Brian P. , Castaldi Michael J. , Hill Paul D. , Makowski Teresa W.
Published: April 2004

2‐Fluoro‐4‐methoxyaniline

R 2‐Fluoro‐4‐iodoaniline

acetonylacetonate

I 1‐(2‐Fluoro‐4‐iodophenyl)‐2, 5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrrole

1‐(2‐Fluoro‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2, 5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrrole

P 2‐Fluoro‐4‐methoxyaniline
Efficient Synthesis of Halomethyl‐2,2′‐Bipyridines: 4,4′‐Bis(Chloromethyl)‐2,2′‐Bipyridine
Authors: Smith Adam P. , Lamba Jaydeep J. S. , Fraser Cassandra L.
Published: April 2004

4, 4′‐Bis(chloromethyl)2, 2′‐bipyridine

R 4, 4′‐Dimethyl‐2, 2′‐bipyridine

I 4, 4′‐Bis[trimethylsilyl) methyl]‐2, 2′ bepyridine

P 4, 4′‐Bis[chloromethyl)2, 2′‐bipyridine
Synthesis of (−)‐(E,S)‐3‐(Benzyloxy)‐1‐Butenyl Phenyl Sulfone Via a Horner‐Wadsworth‐Emmons Reaction of (−)‐(S)‐2‐(Benzyloxy)Propanal
Authors: Enders D. , von Berg S. , Jandeleit B.
Published: April 2004

(−)‐(E,S)‐3‐(Benzyloxy)‐1‐butenyl phenyl sulfone

R (S)‐Ethyl 2‐hydroxy propanoate [(S)‐ethyl lactate]

I (−)‐(S)‐Ethyl 2‐(benzyloxy) propanoate

(−)‐(S)‐2‐(Benzyloxy)propanal

P (−)‐(E,S)‐3‐(Benzyloxy)‐1‐butenyl phenyl sulfone
Preparation of n‐Butyl 4‐Chlorophenyl Sulfide
Authors: McWilliams J. Christopher , Fleitz Fred J. , Zheng Nan , Armstrong Joseph D.
Published: April 2004

m‐Butyl 4‐chlorophenyl sulfide

R 4‐Chlorophenol

I 4‐Chlorophenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

P m‐Butyl 4‐chlorophenyl sulfide
Asymmetric Synthesis of (M)‐2‐Hydroxymethyl‐1‐(2‐Hydroxy‐4,6‐Dimethylphenyl)Naphthalene via a Configurationally Unstable Biaryl Lactone
Authors: Bringmann Gerhard , Breuning Matthias , Henschel Petra , Hinrichs Jürgen
Published: April 2004

(M)‐2‐Hydroxymethyl‐1‐(2‐hydroxy‐4,6‐dimethylphenyl)naphthalene

R 1‐Bromo‐2‐naphthoic acid (1)

3,5‐Dimethylphenol (2)

I 3,5‐Dimethylphenyl 1‐bromo‐2‐naphthoate (3)

1,3‐Dimethyl‐6 H‐benzo[b]naphthol [1,2‐d]pyran‐6‐one (4) (P)‐4 and (M)‐4

P (M)‐2‐Hydroxymethyl‐1‐(2‐hydroxy‐4,6‐dimethylphenyl)naphthalene (M)‐6
Photo‐Induced Ring Expansion of 1‐Triisopropylsilyloxy‐1‐Azidocyclohexane: Preparation of ε‐Caprolactam
Authors: Nelson Jade D. , Modi Dilip P. , Evans P. Andrew
Published: April 2004

E‐Caprolactam

R 1‐Triisopropylsilyloxycyclohexene

I 1‐Triisopropylsilyloxy‐1‐azidocyclohexane

P E‐Caprolactam
Preparation of Secondary Amines From Primary Amines Via 2‐Nitrobenzenesulfonamides: N‐(4‐Methoxybenzyl)‐3‐Phenylpropylamine
Authors: Kurosawa Wataru , Kan Toshiyuki , Fukuyama Tohru
Published: April 2004

N‐(4‐Methoxybenzyl)‐3‐phenylpropylamine

R 4‐Methoxybenzylamine

2‐Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

I N‐(4‐Methoxybenzyl)‐2‐nitrobenzenesulfonamide

N‐(4‐Methoxybenzyl)‐N‐(3‐phenylpropyl)‐2‐nitrobenzenesulfonamide

P N‐(4‐Methoxybenzyl)‐3‐phenylpropylamine
N‐Hydroxy‐4‐(p‐Chlorophenyl)Thiazole‐2(3H)‐Thione
Authors: Hartung Jens , Schwarz Michaela
Published: April 2004

N‐Hydroxy‐4‐(p‐chlorophenyl)thiazole‐2(3H)‐thione

R p‐Chloroacetaphenone

I a‐Bromo‐p‐chloroacetophenone

O‐Ethyl S‐[oximino‐2‐(p‐chlorophenyl)]dithiocarbonate

P N‐Hydroxy‐4‐(p‐chlorophenyl)thiazole‐2(3H)‐thione
Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of
N
‐
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl α‐Aminoacids Using 4‐
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl‐5,6‐Diphenylmorpholin‐2‐one: (
R
)‐(
N
‐
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl)Allylglycine
Authors: Williams Robert M. , Sinclair Peter J. , DeMong Duane E.
Published: April 2004

(N‐tert‐Butoxycarbonyl)allylglycine

4‐tert‐Butyloxycarbonyl‐5,6‐diphenylmorpholin‐2‐one

Allyl iodide

4‐tert‐Butoxycarbonyl‐5,6‐diphenyl‐3‐(1′prop‐2′‐enyl)morpholin‐2‐one

Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
Preparation of
O
‐Allyl‐
N
‐(9‐Anthracenylmethyl)cinchonidinium Bromide as a Phase Transfer Catalyst for the Enantioselective Alkylation of Glycine Benzophenone Imine
tert
‐Butyl Ester: (4
S
)‐2‐(Benzhydrylidenamino)pentanedioic Acid, 1‐
tert
‐Butyl Ester‐5‐Methyl Ester
Authors: Corey E. J. , Noe Mark C.
Published: April 2004

O‐Allyl‐N‐(9‐anthracenylmethyl) cinchonidium bromide

9‐Chloromethylanthracene

N‐(Diphenylmethylene) glycine tert butyl ester

(4S)‐2‐(Benzhydrylideneamino)pentanedioic acid, 1‐tert‐butyl ester‐5‐methyl ester
Preparation of Substituted Pyridines Via Regiocontrolled [4 + 2] Cycloadditions of Oximinosulfonates: Methyl 5‐Methylpyridine‐2‐Carboxylate
Authors: Danheiser Rick L. , Renslo Adam R. , Amos David T. , Wright Graham T.
Published: April 2004

Methyl 5‐methylpyridine‐2‐carboxylate

5(Tosyloxyimino)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐dione

Meldrum's acid

N
‐Chlorosuccinimide

p
‐Toluenesulfonyl chloride
Preparation of 2‐Chloro‐1,3‐Bis(dimethylamino)Trimethinium Hexafluorophosphate
Authors: Davies Ian W. , Marcoux Jean‐Francois , Taylor Jeremy
Published: April 2004

2‐Chloro‐1, 3‐bis(dimethylamino)trimethinium hexafluorophosphate

Chloroacetyl chloride

Dimethylformamide

Phosphorus oxychloride

Hexafluorophosphoric acid
Anthraquinone Dyes and Intermediates
Authors: Bien Hans‐Samuel , Stawitz Josef , Wunderlich Klaus
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction and History2.Methods of Production2.1.Anthraquinonesulfonic Acids2.2.Alkyl‐ and Arylanthraquinones2.3.Haloanthraquinones2.4.Nitroanthraquinones2.5.Aminoanthraquinones2.5.1.General Aspects2.5.1.1.Replacement Reactions2.5.1.2.Modifications of the Amino Functions2.5.1.3.Substitutions on the Aminoanthraquinone Nucleus2.5.2.Individual Aminoanthraquinones2.5.3.Diazotization of Aminoanthraquinones2.6.Hydroxyanthraquinones, Alkoxy‐ and Aryloxyanthraquinones2.6.1.General Aspects2.6.1.1.Synthesis of the Nucleus2.6.1.2.Replacement Reactions2.6.1.3.Conversions of the Hydroxy Group2.6.1.4.Substitutions on the Hydroxyanthraquinone Nucleus2.6.2.Individual Hydroxyanthraquinones2.7.Mercaptoanthraquinones2.7.1.General Aspects2.7.2.Individual Mercapto Compounds and Thioethers2.8.Anthraquinonesulfones2.9.Anthraquinone Aldehydes and Their Derivatives2.10.Anthraquinonecarboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives2.10.1.General Aspects2.10.2.Individual Anthraquinonecarboxylic Acids2.11.Anthraquinone Derivatives with Condensed Rings2.11.1.Anthraquinone Derivatives Containing Imidazole, Oxazole, and Thiazole Rings2.11.2.Anthraquinonecarbazole Derivatives2.11.3.Anthraquinone Derivatives with Acridone Substructure (Phthaloylacridones)2.11.4.Anthraquinone Derivatives with Phenazine Substructure2.12.Anthraquinone Derivatives with Meso Rings (1,9‐Cyclo‐10‐anthrones)2.12.1.Benzanthrone and Its Derivatives2.12.2.Pyrazolanthrone and Its Derivatives2.12.3.1,9‐Anthrapyrimidine and Its Derivatives (1,9(N‐)‐Pyrimidinoanthrone‐10)2.12.4.1,9‐Anthrapyridone and Its Derivatives2.12.5.Dibenzpyrenequinones2.12.6.Anthanthrones2.12.7.Pyranthrone and Flavanthrone2.12.8.Violanthrone and Isoviolanthrone2.12.9.Acedianthrone3.Dye Classes3.1.Neutral Dyes3.1.1.Disperse Dyes3.1.1.1.Dyes for Polyester Fibers3.1.1.2.Dyes for Cellulose Ester and Synthetic Polyamide Fibers3.1.1.3.Transfer Dyes3.1.1.4.Dyes for Cotton ‐ Polyester Fabrics3.1.2.Dyes Soluble in Organic Solvents3.1.3.Vat Dyes3.1.4.Pigments3.2.Anionic Dyes3.2.1.Acid Dyes3.2.2.Direct Dyes3.2.3.Reactive Dyes3.3.Cationic Dyes
Antimycotics
Authors: Schmidt Axel , Geschke Frank‐Ulrich
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Azole Antimycotics2.1.Azole Antimycotics for Systemic Treatment2.1.1.Fluconazole2.1.2.Itraconazole2.1.3.Ketoconazole2.1.4.Miconazole2.2.Azole Antimycotics for Topical Treatment2.2.1.Bifonazole2.2.2.Butoconazole2.2.3.Clotrimazole2.2.4.Croconazole2.2.5.Econazole2.2.6.Fenticonazole2.2.7.Isoconazole2.2.8.Omoconazole2.2.9.Oxiconazole2.2.10.Sertaconazole2.2.11.Sulconazole2.2.12.Terconazole2.2.13.Tioconazole3.Polyene Antimycotics3.1.Amphotericin B3.2.Natamycin (Pimaricin)3.3.Nystatin A14.Flucytosine5.Griseofulvin6.Ciclopirox7.Thiocarbamates7.1.Tolciclate7.2.Tolnaftate8.Allylamines8.1.Naftifine8.2.Terbinafine9.Amorolfine10.Unspecific Topical Antimycotics11.Recent Developments and Outlook
Ketenes
Authors: Miller Raimund , Abaecherli Claudio , Said Adel , Jackson Barry
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Ketene2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Uses3.Diketene3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.4.Storage, Handling, and Transportation3.5.Uses3.5.1.First‐Generation Diketene Derivatives3.5.2.Second‐Generation Diketene Derivatives4.Higher Ketenes4.1.Properties4.2.Production and Uses5.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Laser Dyes
Authors: Thiel Erwin
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.History1.2.Dye Laser Operation1.3.Uses2.Classes of Dyes2.1.Polyphenyl and Heteroaromatic Compounds2.2.Stilbenes2.3.Coumarins2.4.Xanthene Dyes2.5.Pyrromethene Dyes2.6.Methine Dyes2.7.Oxazine Dyes3.Acknowledgement
Metal‐Complex Dyes
Authors: Grychtol Klaus , Mennicke Winfried
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction and History2.Structure of Metal‐Complex Dyes2.1.Chelates2.2.Stereochemistry and Isomerism3.Production4.Ecology and Toxicology5.Uses of Metal‐Complex Dyes5.1.Textile Dyeing5.1.1.Wool and Polyamides5.1.2.Cotton5.1.3.Polypropylene5.1.4.Dust‐Free Preparations5.2.Nontextile Uses5.2.1.Leather5.2.2.Paper5.2.3.Dyes for Anodized Aluminum5.2.4.Solvent and Ink‐Jet Dyes5.2.5.Pigments5.2.6.Redox Catalysts5.2.7.Analysis5.2.8.Photo Dyes5.2.9.Charge Stabilizers5.2.10.Optical Applications6.Formazan Dyes6.1.Physical Properties and Structure6.1.1.Metal‐Free Formazans6.1.2.Metal‐Containing Formazans6.2.Production6.2.1.Coupling of Diazonium Compounds with Hydrazones6.2.2.Metallization6.2.3.Double Coupling of Diazonium Compounds with Compounds Containing an Acidic CH Group6.2.4.Oxidative Coupling of Azole Hydrazines with Hydrazones6.3.Uses
Naphthalimide Dyes and Pigments
Authors: Haremsa Sylke
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Alkoxynaphthalimides3.4‐Aminonaphthalimides4.1′,8′‐Naphthoylenebenzimidazoles5.Imides of Naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐tetracarboxylic Dianhydride6.1′,8′‐Naphthoylenebenzimidazole Peridicarboximides7.Bis‐benzimidazole Derivatives of Naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐tetracarboxylic acid8.1′,8′‐Naphthoylenepyrazoles9.Benzo[k,l‐]xanthene‐ and Benzo[k,l‐]thioxanthene‐3,4‐ dicarboximides10.Azo‐ and Azomethinenaphthalimides11.Perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxydiimides
Nitriles
Authors: Pollak Peter , Romeder Gérard , Hagedorn Ferdinand , Gelbke Heinz‐Peter
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Aliphatic Nitriles2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.General Production Processes2.4.Selected Aliphatic Nitriles2.4.1.Saturated Mono‐ and Dinitriles2.4.2.Unsaturated Mono‐ and Dinitriles2.4.3.Substituted Nitriles2.4.4.β‐Iminonitriles2.4.5.β‐Ketonitriles2.5.Toxicology and Occupational Health3.Aromatic and Araliphatic Nitriles3.1.Properties3.2.General Production Methods3.3.Selected Araliphatic and Aromatic Nitriles3.3.1.Araliphatic Nitriles3.3.2.Aromatic Nitriles3.3.2.1.Cyanobenzenes3.3.2.2.Cyanonaphthalenes (Naphthalene Carboxylic Acid Nitriles)3.4.Toxicology
Nitro and Nitroso Dyes
Authors: Raue Roderich , Corbett John F.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Structure and Color2.History3.Uses4.Hydroxynitro Dyes5.Aminonitro Dyes5.1.Alkylaminonitro Dyes5.2.Arylaminonitro Dyes5.2.1.Arylaminonitro Disperse Dyes5.2.2.Anionic Arylaminonitro Dyes5.2.3.Cationic Arylaminonitro Dyes5.3.Heterocyclic Nitro Dyes6.Azonitro Dyes6.1.Azonitro Disperse Dyes6.2.Anionic Azonitro Dyes6.3.Cationic Azonitro Dyes7.Nitro Dyes with Other Color Systems8.Nitro Dyes in Hair Coloring8.1.Nitroaniline Hair Dyes8.2.Diaminonitrobenzene Hair Dyes8.3.Aminonitrophenol Hair Dyes8.4.Nitrodiphenylamine Hair Dyes8.5.Formulation with Nitro Hair Dyes9.Biologically Active Nitro Dyes10.Nitroso Dyes
Phase‐Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Halpern Marc
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Mechanism and Optimization Ramifications3.Catalysts4.Industrial Aspects5.Uses5.1.Nucleophilic Displacement5.2.Dehydrohalogenation5.3.Oxidation ‐ Reduction
Phosphate Fertilizers
Authors: Kongshaug Gunnar , Brentnall Bernard A. , Chaney Keith , Gregersen Jan‐Helge , Stokka Per , Persson Bjørn , Kolmeijer Nick W. , Conradsen Arne , Legard Torbjørn , Munk Harald , Skauli Øyvind
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.History2.Terminology3.Composition of Phosphate Fertilizers4.Phosphate Rock5.Economic Aspects5.1.Phosphate Rock5.2.Phosphate Fertilizer Consumption5.3.Phosphate Fertilizer Production6.Phosphorus Uptake by Plants7.Chemical Equilibria in Fertilizer Production8.Superphosphates8.1.Single Superphosphate8.1.1.Chemistry8.1.2.Production8.1.3.Fluorine Recovery8.1.4.Granulation8.2.Triple Superphosphate8.3.Double Superphosphate8.4.PK Fertilizers9.Ammonium Phosphates9.1.Fertilizer Grades and Applications9.2.Production9.2.1.Ammonium Phosphate Powder9.2.2.Granular Ammonium Phosphates9.2.3.Off‐Gas Treatment10.Compound Fertilizers by the Sulfur Route10.1.Granulation of Mixtures of Dry Materials10.2.Granulation of Dry Materials with Additives Producing Chemical Reactions10.3.Slurry Granulation10.4.Melt Granulation11.Compound Fertilizers by the Nitro Route11.1.Chemistry11.2.Product Specification11.3.Nitrophosphate Process with Calcium Nitrate Crystallization (Hydro)11.4.Nitro Process with Calcium Nitrate Crystallization (BASF)11.5.Nitro Process with Ion Exchange (Kemira Superfos)11.6.Nitro Process with Sulfate Recycle (DSM)11.7.Effluent Control of Nitrophosphate Process12.Other Straight Phosphate Fertilizers12.1.Phosphate Rock for Direct Application12.2.Partially Acidulated Phosphate Rock12.3.Basic and BOF Slag Fertilizers12.4.PK Mixed Fertilizers with Basic Slag13.Energy Consumption14.Effluents from Phosphate Fertilizer Production15.Heavy Metals in Phosphate Fertilizers16.Safety in Storage, Handling, and Transport17.Acknowledgement
Platinum Group Metals and Compounds
Authors: Renner Hermann , Schlamp Günther , Kleinwächter Ingo , Drost Ernst , Lüschow Hans Martin , Tews Peter , Panster Peter , Diehl Manfred , Lang Jutta , Kreuzer Thomas , Knödler Alfons , Starz Karl Anton , Dermann Klaus , Rothaut Josef , Drieselmann Ralf , Peter Catrin , Schiele Rainer
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.History2.Properties3.Occurrence3.1.Abundance3.2.Ores and Their Origin3.3.Primary Deposits3.4.Secondary Deposits3.5.Recovery of Secondary Platinum Group Metals3.6.Reserves and Resources4.Mineral Dressing and Beneficiation4.1.Treatment of Alluvial Platinum Deposits4.2.Treatment of Primary Deposits4.3.Treatment of Nickel Ores4.4.Treatment of Metal Scrap4.5.Treatment of Dross4.6.Treatment of Supported Catalysts4.7.Treatment of Solutions5.Dissolution Methods5.1.Dissolution in Aqua Regia5.2.Dissolution in Hydrochloric Acid–Chlorine5.3.Dissolution in Hydrochloric Acid–Bromine5.4.Other Dissolution Processes5.5.Dissolution by Salt Fusion6.Separation of Platinum Group Metals6.1.Chemistry of Platinum Group Metal Separation6.2.Older Separation Processes6.3.Current Separation Processes6.4.Processes Used in Coarse Separation6.5.Purification6.6.Conversion of Salts into Metals6.7.Partial Purification6.8.Treatment of Internally Recycled Material6.9.Construction Materials7.Platinum Group Metal Compounds7.1.Inorganic Compounds7.1.1.Platinum Compounds7.1.2.Palladium Compounds7.1.3.Rhodium Compounds7.1.4.Iridium Compounds7.1.5.Ruthenium Compounds7.1.6.Osmium Compounds7.2.Organic Compounds8.Alloys8.1.Alloy Systems8.2.Special Alloys8.3.Methods of Treatment9.Quality Specifications and Analysis9.1.Quality Specifications9.2.Qualitative Analysis9.3.Quantitative Analysis9.4.Purity Analysis9.5.Trace Analysis10.Uses10.1.Jewelry, Coinage, Investment10.2.Apparatus10.3.Heterogeneous Catalysts10.4.Fuel Cells10.5.Homogeneous Catalysts10.6.Automotive Emission Control Catalysts10.7.Sensors10.8.Electrical Technology10.9.Electronics10.10.Coatings10.10.1.Coatings Produced by Electrolysis10.10.2.Coatings Produced by Chemical Reaction10.10.3.Coatings Produced by Physical Methods10.11.Dental Materials11.Economic Aspects11.1.Supply11.2.Demand11.3.Prices11.4.Commercial Aspects12.Toxicology
Sodium Carbonates
Authors: Thieme Christian
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Sodium Carbonate

1.1.

Introduction

1.2.

Properties

1.3.

Sodium Carbonate Minerals

1.4.

Production

1.4.1.

Ammonia ‐ Soda Process

1.4.1.1.

General and Theoretical Principles

1.4.1.2.

Technology

1.4.2.

Modified Ammonia ‐ Soda Process

1.4.3.

Production from Trona and Other Sodium Carbonate‐Containing Minerals

1.4.4.

Other Processes

1.4.5.

Wastewater Problems in Sodium Carbonate Production

1.5.

Quality Specifications

1.6.

Producers

1.7.

Storage and Transport

1.8.

Uses

1.9.

Toxicology

1.10.

Economic Aspects

2.

Sodium Hydrogencarbonate

2.1.

Properties

2.2.

Production

2.3.

Uses and Quality Specifications

3.

Acknowledgement
Spasmolytics
Authors: Bungardt Edwin , Mutschler Ernst
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Parasympatholytics (Neurotropic Spasmolytic Agents)2.1.Muscarinic Receptors2.2.Therapy2.3.Therapeutic Agents2.3.1.Tropane Alkaloids and Related Substances2.3.2.Substances with Diverse Chemical Structures3.Musculotropic and Neurotropic ‐ MusculotropicSpasmolytic Agents3.1.Musculotropic Spasmolytic Agents3.2.Neurotropic ‐ Musculotropic Spasmolytic Agents4.Miscellaneous Agents5.Future Prospects
Vinyl Esters
Authors: Roscher Günter
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Vinyl Acetate2.1.Properties2.2.Production2.2.1.Addition of Acetic Acid to Acetylene2.2.2.Ethylidene Diacetate Process2.2.3.Reaction of Acetic Acid with Ethylene and Oxygen2.2.4.Reaction of Methyl Acetate with CO and H22.3.Quality Specifications, Analysis,Storage, Transport, and Toxicology2.4.Use, Economic Importance3.Vinyl Propionate3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.3.Use4.Vinyl Esters of Higher Carboxylic Acids4.1.Reaction with Acetylene in the Gas Phase4.2.Reaction with Ethylene and Oxygen4.3.Transvinylation and Other Processes4.4.Reaction with Acetylene in the Liquid Phase (Wacker and Shell Processes)4.5.Individual Vinyl Esters
Fluorescence spectral properties of labeled thiolated oligonucleotides bound to silver particles
Authors: Malicka Joanna , Gryczynski Ignacy , Lakowicz Joseph R.
Published: April 2004

We examined the fluorescent spectral properties of fluorescein‐labeled DNA oligomers when directly bound to metallic silver particles via a terminal sulfhydryl group. We found a 12‐fold increase in fluorescence intensity and 25‐fold decrease in lifetime for a fluorescein residue positioned 23 nucleotides from the silver surface compared to labeled oligomers in free solution. Similar results were found for a 23‐mer labeled with five fluorescein residues. The absence of long lifetime components in the intensity decays suggests that all labeled oligomers are bound to silver and affected similarly by the metallic surfaces. These results provide the basic knowledge needed to begin use of metal‐enhanced fluorescence for the detection of target sequences in simple formats potentially without a washing separation step. The use of metal‐enhanced fluorescence provides a generic approach to obtaining a hybridization‐dependent increase in fluorescence with most, if not all, commonly used fluorophores. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004