bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faiz the Internationalist
Authors: Oesterheld Christina
Published: September 2019

Keeping in mind Faiz’s extraordinary popularity in India, Pakistan and among Urdu (and Hindi) speaking migrant populations all over the world, it is no wonder that much has been written about Faiz’s political commitment, about his ideals, his poetics, his relation with classical Urdu poetry etc.
India, whose love could have killed Faiz
Authors: Naqvi Jawed
Published: September 2019

Lovers of Faiz Ahmed 'Faiz', a large number of them in India, are celebrating his birth centenary with fervour this year. To the cognoscenti, Faiz represented revolutionary zeal clothed in a formidable tradition of Urdu poetry.
When Faiz came to Allahabad *
Authors: Kalia Ravindra
Published: September 2019

Faiz came to Allahabad twice - first in 1957-58 and the last time in 1981. It was during his latter visit that I had the fortune of having an informal and intimate interaction with him. Allahabad University had organized a function in his honour.
Gandhi in the creative World of Premchand, Prasad and Nirala
Authors: Singh Sribhagwan
Published: September 2019

Gandhi in the creative World of Premchand, Prasad and Nirala
Literature and Cinema: Grammar, Techniques and Structure
Authors: Mahendra Prasad Singh
Published: September 2019

Literature and Cinema: Grammar, Techniques and Structure
India-Canada Civil Nuclear Energy Cooperation: Status, Prospects and Problems
Authors: Rajiv Nayan
Published: September 2019

India-Canada Civil Nuclear Energy Cooperation: Status, Prospects and Problems
A Comparison of CSR Disclosure Guidelines and a Self-Prepared CSR Disclosure Index- A Study of Select Automotive Companies
Authors: N.K. Gupta  , Shilki Bhatia
Published: September 2019

In India, corporate social responsibility and its disclosure got attention during the eighties and have been gaining importance with time in present economic environment, especially after adoption of liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG) (Goswami, 2011). Guidelines, principles, and codes are being developed by various regulatory bodies in India and across the globe to increase transparency and accountability about both a companys daily operations and the impact of these operations on society (Tran, 2014) In this paper, the author has studied the CSR guidelines laid down by Global Reporting Initiative G3.1 (GRI-G-3) and The National Voluntary Guidelines by Ministry of Corporate Affairs (NVG-MCA) and has compared them with a self-composed CSR Disclosure Index (CSRDI). The social responsibility initiatives taken by select Indian Automotive Companies have been analyzed and the companies have been rated as per the disclosures made by them. The main focus of the research is to compare the CSR Rankings of companies as per CSRDI with the companies rankings as per GRI-G-3 and NVG-MCA. It was observed that out of 30 sensex companies, Maruti Suzuki and TATA Motors have been the pioneers in contribution towards CSR initiatives. The top five rated companies were TATA Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Mahindra and Mahindra, Hero Motocorp, Bajaj Auto, and Apollo Tyres.
Information Sharing: A Key Survival Platform for Marketers
Authors: Vipul Chalotra
Published: September 2019

This paper dives deep into the information sharing and communication keys that abet a lot to the business partners and entities. The study is concentrated on the data collected from 152 wholesalers operating in district Udhampur in J&K State. A self-developed questionnaire was prepared to gather the respective response. The KMO, BTS, and Cronbach Alpha value enhanced the validity and reliability of the construct. CFA was also applied to confirm the construct and its values revealed significant results. The results of hierarchical linear regression statistical tool revealed that information sharing and communication leads to development of competitive strength among business partners, and information sharing and communication also assist in fixing contract items, discounts, and profit margins as represented by its p values (p < .05).
Groping the Shriving of Cultivable Land in India
Authors: Mohindra Versha
Published: September 2019

Agriculture in India is a combination of traditional and modern farming techniques. Although main occupation of Indian is agriculture, in spite of this, agriculture growth rate is very low, thats why the present study is mainly concerned with analyzing the temporal growth of agriculture production of food grains with the help of various statistical techniques. The study has considered period from 2000-01 to 2014-15. The present study is based upon secondary data. In the last many years, there is an upward and downward fluctuation in all the food grains crops under area under cultivation. Cultivable land in India continues to shrivel. The decline is mainly ascribed to distraction of cultivable land for non-agricultural purposes, including construction, industries, and other development activities. Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has expressed his concerns over shrinking of land resources because of the fragmentation of land. He further said that the Kisan Channel should act as an open university for farmers in terms of guidance and proper knowledge for better agricultural techniques. It is suggested that technological and institutional support for all the crops should be there. Along with diversification of agricultural activities, an imperative factor for enhancing agricultural production and productivity in India is to be considered. Further, better irrigation facilities, normal rainfall, and improved fertilizer consumption will help a lot to enlarge the total food-grains in the country.
Do Ethics Pay: A Study of Indian Companies
Authors: Puneeta Goel
Published: September 2019

Ethical corporate identity has become an important aspect of the global nature of the business. Ethical business behaviour is a way to a better world and may ultimately improve profits. This study establishes a link between different dimensions of ethical corporate identity and financial performance of the company in Indian context. Corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, and sustainability reporting are taken as indicators of business ethics. It was found that ethics and financial performance are significantly and positively correlated, however, only sustainability reporting has a significant impact on marketing ratios of Tobin Q, price to book value, accounting ratios of return on sales, return on capital employed, and return on equity for selected Indian companies. Corporate ethics policy should sensitise moral and ethical behaviour of business leaders.
Ethical Ideology of Business Students in India: An Empirical Study
Authors: Manjit Kour
Published: September 2019

This study examines the ethical ideology of business students in the state of Punjab, India. This study uses Ethics position Questionnaire (Forsyth, 1980) to determine ethical ideology on basis of two dimensions-idealism and relativism. The sample consists of 160 postgraduate students studying in three universities in Punjab. It is found that most of the students are idealistic in their ethical orientation and fall into situationist category. It is also found that the difference of idealism and relativism scores between male and female students is not significant.
Bank Customers Annotations Regarding Banking Services
Authors: Singhal Parmod Kumar
Published: September 2019

The banking services play an important role in the development of the country as increase in the banking services led overall growth of the economy. Generally customers have different opinion about the banking services offered by their banks. In this study the T-test, Mean, Standard deviation and ANOVA are used to know about the impact of the demographic factors on the banking services offered to customers by the banks. The study also reveals that mostly customers are agree that bank offered them all financial inclusion schemes and employees motivate them to use the banking services.
Organizational Initiatives to Enhance Employee Well-Being Preventing or Reducing the Onset of Non-Communicable Diseases in the Workplace
Authors: Purba Halady Rao
Published: September 2019

This paper discusses a system of preventing/reducing the onset of NCDs in communities of employees across different world class companies in India. The system comprises a description of indicators which endeavor to measure the extent of health care initiatives, in the area of NCDs, practiced by these organizations. These are the Input indicators. The system also includes output indicators to assess the effectiveness of the initiatives. Analyzing the data obtained from 12 companies, with the help of a questionnaire, the research comes up with the finding that the linkages between Input Indicators and Output Indicators are mostly statistically significant, valid at 10% level of significance in some cases and 17% significance in other cases. Also, the trend analysis on output indicators over last two years shows substantial improvement.
Consumer Buying Behavior At Reliance Communications Ltd.
Authors: Yadav B. Harikrishna , Mrs. A. Saradha  , Subbareddy Mr. G
Published: September 2019

The study attempts to analyze the needs and expectations of consumers from their service providers and how companies are able to match up them. It takes a look at the consumer buying process and strategies followed by the companies to attract consumers and to retain them in the long run so that they do not change to any other company. During the course of the market study, the decision determinants of the customer are elicited from sample
Effectiveness Of Distribution Chanel Of Pepsi Products Lumbini Beverages Pvt Ltd.
Authors: Krishna E Hari , Saradha Mrs. A. , Rangaiah Dr. Venkata
Published: September 2019

Management is a course which teaches the student to get the work done properly from different available sources viz. man, machine, material, money etc. So there can be a satisfaction from the organization side and the workers side who play a significant role in achieving success. So far the fulfillment or the management course, it gives emphasis to project work and students learn how to plan in practical terms rather in terms of theory only. Student tends to develop analytical and problem solving skill. We necessary become motivated and competitive, in fact all the learning that goes on for the two year term become so much the part of our thinking that we developed a well all rounded personality.
Retail Marketing Strategies At Heritage Foods India Ltd.
Authors: Pravallika Kancherla Ranga , Reddy Mr. Venkat , Subbareddy Mr. G , Rangaiah Dr. Venkata
Published: September 2019

The retail appropriation is a key piece of our buyer insurance system. It is building up a strong compelling and alluring retail venture showcase that purchasers can believe in and trust when they need more assistance and exhortation than any time in recent memory with their retirement and speculation arranging.
Inventory Management At Ennorefoundries Ltd
Authors: SINDUJA PALAKURTHI , BALAJI DR. K. , Rangaiah DR. Venkata
Published: September 2019

This is a study on the InventoryManagement and Valuation. A major problemwith managing inventory is that the demand forcorporation’s products is to degree ofuncertainty. The statement of the inventorymanagement is concerned with keeping enoughproducts on hand avoid running out while atthe same time maintaining as small enoughinventory balance to allow for a reasonablereturn on investment. Inventory is difficult tomanage because it crosses so many lines ofresponsibility.
Migrações em espaços contemporâneos: integração ou pluralismo cultural
Authors: Herédia Vania
Published: September 2019

O presente estudo traz para a discussão o tema das migrações internacionais recentes que se diferenciam das migrações históricas numa cidade que foi constituída por processos migratórios no final do século XIX. Propõe uma reflexão sociológica acerca do pluralismo cultural que geram, ao invés da integração pelo processo de assimilação ocorrido no passado. A pesquisa exploratória, de natureza qualitativa, utiliza como referencial teórico autores que estudam as migrações como Sayad (1998), Ambrosini (2011), Trindade (2006), Elias e Scotson (2000) e Santos (2005). Os resultados apresentados nasceram de uma pesquisa que foi realizada pelo Núcleo de Estudos Migratórios da Universidade de Caxias do Sul em parceria com o Centro de Atendimento ao Migrante (CAM) que traçou o perfil de grupos étnicos que se instalaram na cidade de Caxias do Sul/RS e fizeram registro no CAM entre 2014-2018. A análise descritiva mostra que cada grupo étnico possui um perfil distinto, e que, independente da etnia existem dificuldades de inserção em cidades que foram também constituídas por migrações antigas. As condições sociais que caracterizaram cada grupo étnico evidenciam a presença de preconceitos culturais que os migrantes internacionais, principalmente os senegaleses e haitianos enfrentaram numa terra de migrantes históricos. A contribuição do estudo mostra que as dinâmicas migratórias são distintas enquanto muitas situações que o estrangeiro enfrenta sejam semelhantes.
O mercado da soja no Paraguai: expansão, consolidação e momento atual
Authors: Soares Raimundo Christian Oliveira
Published: September 2019

No mercado mundial agrícola, a soja tem sido o produto mais comercializado e vendido, impactando fortemente na economia de países desenvolvidos e, principalmente, nos em desenvolvimento, como é o caso do Paraguai. O objetivo desta investigação é analisar as características e configurações do mercado da soja no Paraguai, além de identificar os atores envolvidos nos principais processos desse mercado e a importância destes para a consolidação da cadeia da soja no país. Para isso, foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica de obras que abordam a temática da soja numa visão histórica e que influenciaram o momento atual dessa cultura no país, período em que o mercado da soja já se encontra consolidado, o que podemos constatar com dados estatísticos relacionados à exportação e à produção desse produto. Constatou-se com a pesquisa que a soja pode ser considerada “La coluna vertebral del agronegocio en Paraguay”, devido a sua importância para a economia do país.
Emakume bertsolariak ezagutzen
Authors: Lasarte Leonet Gema , Ugalde Gorostiza Ana Isabel , Alvarez Uria Amaia , Martinez Abajo Judit
Published: September 2019

Emakume bertsolarien historia ahalduntze-paradigma baten historia bilakatu da (autorea et al., 2016). Ahalduntze-paradigma horrek hainbat ezaugarri ditu. Lehena, bertsolari emakumeen ukazioa edo ahanztura da; ikertzaile gutxi dira emakume bertsolariak aipatzen dituztenak. Bigarren ezaugarria, emakume bertsolariak bi bider isilduak izan dira hastapenetan: emakumeak izateagatik eta pobreen kulturaz kanturako baliatzeagatik (Ugalde, 2018). Hirugarrenik, Carmen Larrañagak (1995, 2000) kritikatu izan du orain arte bertsolaritza inprobisazioarekin, plazarekin eta gizonekin lotu izan dela, gauzak asko sinplifikatuz aniztasunaren kaltean. Emakume bertsolarien historia irakurtzeko, bestalde, ahalduntze-prozesua (Malhotra, 2002) paradigmatzat hartu dugu. Oinarritze teoriko horietatik abiatuta, marko enpirikoan, egungo 200 emakume bertsolari itaundu ditugu euren profila ezagutze aldera. Horrez gain, 25 bertsolari eta bertsoetan adituak direnekin emakume bertsolarien historiaz aritu gara eztabaida-taldeen eta errelatoen bidez. Ondorio nagusi bezala aurrera dezakegu antzinako emakume bertsolariek kantatu zutelako existitzen direla gaur egungo emakume bertsolariak. Eta ordutik honantz nahiz eta bertso-eskolen sorrerak emakume bertsolarien historia ikusgarri bihurtu, emakume bertsolariek botere-gatazkan erresistitzen eta negoziatzen jardun dutela gaur arte eta dihardutela gaur egun. Horren ondorioz, barne- eta talde-boterea landu dute, barne-kontzientzia urteen joanean garatuz eta azken hamarkadetan kontzientzia kolektiboa sortuz.
Posible incidencia de viruela u otro patógeno de aves en Guatemala
Authors: Escobar Anleu Bárbara Isabela , Mora José Manuel , Tzunun Andrés , Choc-Martínez Luis F. , Sagastume-Pinto K. Varinia
Published: September 2019

Durante enero y febrero de 2019 hicimos observaciones casuales y documentamos aves con lesiones macroscópicas, aparentemente por viruela o algún tipo de tumor en la cabeza. Los individuos eran de ocho especies (cinco migratorias y tres residentes), las observamos en tres localidades distintas de Guatemala. Las especies migratorias fueron Passerina ciris (Cardinalidae), Catharus ustulatus (Turdidae), Oreothlypis peregrina (Parulidae), Piranga ludoviciana (Cardinalidae) y Pheucticus ludovicianus (Cardinalidae), y las residentes, Cyanerpes cyaneus (Thraupidae), Euphonia luteicapilla (Fringilidae) y Thraupis episcopus (Thraupidae). Aunque las lesiones se ven similares a las de la viruela, ninguno de estos individuos fue capturado, por esta razón no se ha establecido un diagnóstico definitivo. Actualmente estamos trabajando en un proyecto de investigación para tomar muestras patológicas y confirmar el diagnóstico; sin embargo, consideramos que la comunidad científica debe estar alerta respecto a esta situación, pues tanto las especies migratorias como las residentes están siendo afectadas y todavía no sabemos las consecuencias que esto podría tener en la avifauna y los ecosistemas en general.
Türk edebiyatında Bizans imparatoriçeleri ve Selim İleri’nin “Hepsi Alev” romanı
Authors: MAKTAL CANKO Dilek Yeliz
Published: September 2019

Türk edebiyatında güzel, alımlı, mert, cesur,

işveli, şehvetli ve vefasız Bizanslı kadınların popüler tarihi romanlarda

temsillerine karşılık; Bizans imparatoriçeleri biyografik romanlarda karşımıza

çıkmaktadır. Bu makalede beş yazarın üç Bizans imparatoriçesi hakkındaki

biyografik romanları incelenmiştir. Bu romanların; tarihi kaynaklarla paralel

bilgiler içermelerine karşılık; eserlerin yazıldığı dönemin ideolojisinden de

etkilenmiş oldukları açıktır. Tespit edilen en erken tarihli eser 1946 yılına

aittir ve imparatoriçe Irene’yi konu alır. İmparatoriçe Irene 2007 yılında

Selim İleri’nin Hepsi Alev romanının

da başkahramanıdır. Türk ve Dünya edebiyatında hakkında en çok biyografik roman

yazılan imparatoriçe Teodora ise biri üç ciltlik olmak üzere iki esere konu

olmuştur. İmparatoriçe Eudokia ise bir eserde karşımıza çıkmıştır. 1920-1970

yılları arasında yoğun bir şekilde beliren popüler tarihi roman furyasında

popüler bir dil sergileyen yazarlar arasında Abdullah Ziya Kozanoğlu, Murat

Sertoğlu, Kerim Sam ve Yakup Özdemir’in eserlerinde dönemin ulusçu yaklaşımının

etkisi yoğun olarak hissedilmektedir. Selim İleri’ye kadar olan tüm bu eserler

Bizans imparatoriçelerini, Bizans İmparatorluğu için yaptıklarından ziyade bir

kadın olarak dış görünüşlerinin güzelliği - ki onlar da abartılmıştır -

acımasız, sert tarafları ve en önemlisi şehvet düşkünü, cinsellik tutkunu

olarak tasvir edip dişilikleri ile ön plana çıkartmıştır. Türk edebiyatında ilk

kez Selim İleri, Hepsi Alev romanı

ile Bizanslı bir imparatoriçenin yaşadıklarına, başarılarına, acılarına,

sevinçlerine, savaşlarına ve hüzünlerine odaklanmıştır. Bu makalede, Türk

edebiyatındaki Bizans imparatoriçelerini konu alan romanlar incelenmiş ve bu

romanlar arasında Hepsi Alev’in önemi

tartışılmıştır. 
Edirne Valisi Ahmed İzzet Paşa Divançesi
Authors: YÖRÜR Ali
Published: September 2019

Klasik Türk edebiyatı çalışmalarında metin neşri

önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Klasik edebiyatın en önemli eserlerinden olan

divanların önemli bir kısmının tenkitli metni yapılmış, yayımlanmıştır. Ancak

divançelerden halen yeni yazıya aktarılmamış olanlar vardır. Klasik Türk

edebiyatının güzelliklerini, inceliklerini ve döneminin özelliklerini tespit

edebilmek için bütün metinlerin çeviri yazımlarının yapılması gerekmektedir. Çalışmamıza

konu olan eser, Edirne Valisi Ahmed İzzet Paşa Divançesi’dir. Divançe’nin

bilinen tek nüshası Edirne Selimiye Yazma Eser Kütüphanesi 22 Sel 2311 numarada

kayıtlıdır. Bu makalede bugüne kadar hakkında çalışma bulunmayan Ahmed İzzet Paşa’nın

hayatı üzerinde durulmuş, Edirneli Ahmed Bâdî Efendi tarafından istinsah edilen

divançenin transkripsiyonlu metni verilmiştir.  
Şairi bilinmeyen bir Siroz şehrengizi
Authors: KARACA Derya
Published: September 2019

Klasik Türk şiirinde Rumeli, hem coğrafyası hem

de yetiştirdiği sayısız şairle geniş ve önemli bir yere sahiptir. Kendine has

şiir anlayışı ve özelliğine sahip olan Rumelili şairlerin, klasik Türk şiirine

birçok katkısı olmuştur. Edebiyatımızda XVI. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan XVIII.

yüzyılın sonlarına kadar devam eden, bir şehrin güzellikleri ile daha çok çarşı

esnafından erkek güzellerini anlatan şehrengiz türünün ilk örneği, Rumelili

şairlerden Priştineli Mesîhî tarafından Edirne hakkında yazılmıştır. Mesîhî’den

sonra birçok şair, çeşitli şehirler hakkında şehrengiz kaleme almıştır. Osmanlı

Devleti’ne başkentlik yapan Bursa, Edirne, İstanbul başta olmak üzere

sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik açıdan önemli bir yere sahip olan Abkır, Belgrad,

Gümülcine, İştip, Moton, Mostar, Rodos, Siroz, Üsküp, Yenice, Yenişehir gibi

Rumeli şehirleri adına da şehrengiz yazılmıştır. Bunlardan Osmanlı Devleti’nin

Rumeli’deki önemli kültür ve ticaret merkezlerinden biri olan Siroz hakkında

yazılan iki şehrengizden biri, XVI. yüzyıl şairlerinden Defterdâr-zâde Ahmed

Cemâlî’ye aittir. Diğer Siroz şehrengizinin ise müellifi bilinmemektedir.

Eserin bilinen tek nüshası, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi TY 818 (v.

74a-78b)’de kayıtlıdır. 28 güzelin üçer beyitle tasvir edildiği şehrengiz,

mesnevi nazım şekliyle yazılmış olup 105 beyitten ibarettir. İçerisinde şehir

tasviri bulunmayan Siroz Şehrengizi’nde, güzeller tasvirine ağırlık

verilmiştir. Bu makalede, şairi bilinmeyen “Şehr-engîz-i Siroz”’un muhteva

incelemesi yapılarak transkripsiyonlu metni verilmiştir. 
Using chromatographic methods in detection of olive oil adulteration
Authors: KESEN Songül
Published: September 2019

In research study, olive oil adulteration with olive pomace oil was monitored by fatty acids, ΔECN42 values and sterol analysis.  To this end, virgin olive oil obtained from cv. Kilis Yaglik (KY) was mixed with olive pomace oil at different proportion (1, 5 and 10 %). Gas Chromatography (GC) was used to analyse fatty acid and sterol compositions. The fatty acids with Equivalent Carbon Number 42 (ECN42) and ΔECN42 values of pure and adulterated oils were also used to determine adulteration. Considering the results of fatty acids analysis, when olive pomace oil was mixed, the ratios of oleic acid and palmitic acid in olive oil, was decreased. The difference of theoretical and experimental ECN42 values (ΔECN42) were increased in adulterated oils.  Beta-sitosterol which is important compound in the sterol composition, increased up to 81.42 % when mixed with 10 % olive pomace oil. Taking into account the Rmar values of the oil samples, adulterated oils displayed higher value than of pure oil. According to PCA analyses, oil samples took placed in three different groups according to fatty acids and TAGs profile, while in four different groups due to sterol composition. In all of the PCA analyzes, pure KY oil was clearly separated from the adulterated oils.
Southeastern Anatolia region insect fauna II (Order Hemiptera I: Suborder Heteroptera I: Gerroidea, Hebroidea, Corixoidea, Notonectoidea, Leptopodoidea, Cimicoidea, Naboidea, Mirioidea) of Turkey
Authors: BOLU Halil
Published: September 2019

Evaluations on insect species of various ecologies have been conducted in the provinces (Adıyaman, Batman, Gaziantep, Diyarbakır, Mardin, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, Şırnak) of Southeastern Anatolia region between the years 1948-2013. During this study a total of 187 species were found in 8 families and in 8 superfamilies of Hemiptera (Suborder Heteroptera). Those superfamilies are Gerroidea, Hebroidea, Corixoidea, Notonectoidea, Leptopodoidea, Cimicoidea, Naboidea, and Miroidea. The distribution of determined insect types according to the provinces, plant hosting and feeding type was also included. Information about their identification, host plants, and distribution in Southeastern Anatolia Region is presented as detailed.
Learning of Teacher Community Through Designing of Mathematical Induction Tasks: A Case of a Co-learning Inquiry Community
Authors:   The Korea Society Of Educational Studies In Mathematics, Lee Kyeong-Hwa , Song ChangGeun , Lee Eunjung , Seo Min-Ju , Park Mimi
Published: September 2019

Mathematical induction has been known to be difficult topic for didactic transposition, especially for tasks designs, due to the formality of reasoning structures and expressions embedded in them. This study organized a co-learning inquiry community with teachers and researchers to overcome these difficulties and to lead the learning of teacher community. A series of activities consisting of tasks design, implementation, and reflection were conducted. Then the learning of teacher community was analyzed by describing which knowledge elements were developed. As a result, teacher community drew a proof-planning activity as a didactic strategy and designed tasks that enable students to recognize the recursibility of the proposition function as they rediscover the roles of inductive definitions of sequence and operations. Through this, teacher community developed the knowledge of the logical structure of mathematical induction, knowledge of students understanding and difficulties about learning mathematical induction, and knowledge of didactic strategies which support the learning process of mathematical induction.
ETEK ÜRETİMİNDE ÖRNEK BİR ANALİTİK HİYERARŞİ YÖNTEMİ UYGULAMASI
Authors: ÜNAL Nezla
Published: September 2019

Günümüzde pek çok farklı kritere
göre değerlendirilmesi gereken problemler vardır. Bu kriterlerin farklı şekilde
değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan yöntemlerden bir tanesi de analitik hiyerarşi
yöntemidir. Analitik hiyerarşi yöntemi (AHY) birçok farklı kriter içeren
karmaşık problemlerin çözümünde faydalanılan  ve sonuca karar vermede kullanılan
matematiksel bir  yöntemidir. AHS
modelinin en üst kısmında bir amaç, bu amacın altında kriterler, kriterlerin
altında ise seçenekler yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada konfeksiyon fabrikalarında
üretimi yapılabilen dört farklı modelin altı kritere göre değerlendirilmesinde
analitik hiyerarşi yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın materyalini olarak konfeksiyon
fabrikalarında üretilen dört farklı etek modeli baz alınmış uygulama çalışması
yapılmıştır.. Bu belirleme işleminde dört modele ait altı farklı kriter ölçüm
alınmıştır. Bu kriterler; hammadde, makine, iş gücü, araç gereç, teknoloji ve
iş gücüdür. Firmalar karar kriterlerini ve her bir kritere göre etek
modellerinin analitik hiyerarşi yönteminin önem düzey ölçeğine göre ikili
karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Firmaların karar kriterlerinin modellere göre
önem düzeylerini belirlemişlerdir. Konfeksiyon işletmelerinin puanlarının
ortalamalarına göre karar kriterlerinin önem sıralaması en önemliden başlamak
üzere; Hammadde ( 0.24), makine(0.21), işgücü(0.19), araç gereç(0.14),
teknoloji(0.13) ve yardımcı malzeme(0.09) olarak sıralanmıştır. Karar
kriterleri genel olarak incelendiğinde ise Model iki tüm kriterlerde birinci
sırada, Model 2 ve Model 3’ ün ise altı kritere göre eşit olduğu, Model 1’ in
ise son sırada tercih edildiği görülmektedir.
TÜRKİYE’DE TÜKETİCİ GÜVENİ VE DÖVİZ KURU İLİŞKİSİ
Authors: Arabacı Özer , Özdemir Metin
Published: September 2019

Bu çalışma 2012:01-2018:06 dönemi için Türkiye’de tüketici güven endeksi ile döviz kuru arasındaki ilişkiyi, eşbütünleşme yöntemi ve nedensellik analizini kullanarak araştırmaktadır. Tüketici güveninin, konjonktürel dalgalanmaların öngörülmesi ve anlaşılmasında önemli rol oynadığı hususunda literatürde bir görüş birliği mevcuttur. Küçük açık ekonomiler söz konusu olduğunda döviz kuru değişkeni hem bir portföy tercihi unsuru hem de bir iktisat politikası değişkeni olma niteliğine sahiptir. Bu nedenle, makroekonomik büyüklüklerdeki değişmelerin ötesinde, iktisadi ajanların geleceğe yönelik kararları üzerinde psikolojik bir barometre işlevi görmektedir. Ampirik bulgularımız, döviz kuru ile tüketici güven endeksi arasında nedenselliğin döviz kurundan tüketici güven endeksine doğru olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca,  döviz kuru şoklarının tüketici güven endeksi üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde kalıcı etkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür.
Sprit Pluralisme Dalam Konstruktur Karakter Bangsa Indonesia (Sebuah Pendekatan Sosio-Historis Pada Konsep Nation State)
Authors: Hasanah Aan
Published: September 2019

The  aim of this article is to discuss the pluralism values in building the nation characters. Indonesia consist of prular ethnis, nation, and religions that if its pluralisme is not well-maintained there will be secial conflict, even worse violence which result in many victims. Recent conflicts happen on behalf of communities, ethnic and even religion. To solve that problem, the nationcharacharecter neds to be built in order to creat a high-civilized, cooperative and peaceful nation. The nation-charchter can be build by the sprit of pluralism that is building the multi=cultural Indonesian into reak Indonesia who understand their position to build peaceful in Indonesia, the nation-character building is applied in two forms: autonomy and heteronomy that is the building from internal and esternal (anvironment) aspects.
Reaktualisasi Nilai-Nilai Keislaman Untuk Membangun Karakter Bangsa
Authors: Fautanu Idzan
Published: September 2019

The major citizens of Indonesia are Muslim, and even the biggest in the world. However, the phenomenon of conflict on behalf of religions and ethnics which resulted violence has been a big concern for this country. To solve that problem, we need to build the nation‐character of the Indonesians so that they have the sense‐ofnationalism. The question is how can the Islamic and Indonesian values build the nation‐character? Basically, the nation‐character can be established through moral value. This establishment can be built by two aspects: autonomy (education) and heteronomy (environment). Besides that, the empowerment of Indonesian values and views, which are the result of cultural and religion Islamic values, we need to establish and develop the characters from several aspects: physical, spiritual, emotional, and intellectual. The application of Indonesian and Islamic values will hopefully build effective and high nation‐characters.
Hukum Menjual Hak Suara Pada Pemilukada Dalam Perspektif Fiqh Siyasi Sunni
Authors: Umar M Hasbi
Published: September 2019

Secara faktual, kondisi politik yang muncul saat ini benar-benar sarat dengan kepentingan politik, politik uang menjadi tren di setiap Pilkada Langsung (Pemilukada); hak suara diperdagangkan. Praktek “money politic” telah terjadi di banyak daerah. Pelanggaran ini sangat cemas karena digunakan sebagai alat untuk menang dalam pemilihan langsung. Akibatnya, hak pilih warga dibajak oleh kepentingan kandidat. Praktek “money politic” dapat terjadi selama kampanye dan sebelum pemungutan suara. Sayangnya, dalam beberapa kasus, petugas Pemilu juga terlibat dalam praktek tersebut. Lalu ada jual beli suara yang menyebabkan penipuan dalam menentukan dan menetapkan perolehan suara dan berpotensi bisa mengubah elektabilitas calon. Kerugian nyata “money politic” adalah hilangnya martabat hak suara warga negara. Hak suara hanya akan menjadi komoditas politik di tengah persaingan antar kandidat. Kedaulatan rakyat menjadi tidak berarti karena uang telah dimainkan di mana selanjutnya akan merugikan mereka. Sebuah posisi yang diperoleh dengan modal besar menjadi pembenaran untuk mendapatkan kembali modal apabila telah menduduki jabatan politik. Penipuan di Pemilu tidak hanya salah secara moral, tetapi bentuk pelanggaran hukum. Praktek jual beli dan suara di Pemilukada diklasifikasikan sebagai risywah yang sangat dilarang dalam Islam.  Kata
Hukuman Mati Dalam Wacana Demokrasi (Perdebatan Antara Hukum Islam dan HAM di Indonesia)
Authors: Sirin Khaeron
Published: September 2019

Secara yuridis formal, pelaksaan hukuman mati di Indonesia telah dibenarkan. Ada beberapa pasal dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) yang memuat ancaman hukuman mati. Di luar KUHP, tercatat setidaknya banyak peraturan perundang-undangan yang memiliki ancaman hukuman mati, misalnya: Undang-Undang Narkotika, Undang-Undang Anti Korupsi, Undang-Undang Anti terorisme, dan Undang-Undang Pengadilan HAM. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa hukuman mati di Indonesia semakin eksis dalam tata peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Namun, seiring dengan maraknya gagasan humanisme atau nilai-nilai kemanusiaan universal yang merebak seusai perang dunia kedua, adanya hukuman mati menjadi tidak logis lagi dalam kehidupan saat ini. Dengan kata lain, menurut para pembela HAM, dinamisasi hukum pidana di dunia saat ini telah bergeser dari teori pembalasan ke teori rehabilitasi, di mana teori tersebut bersifat clinic treatment. Menyikapi adanya perdebatan bahkan pertentangan, perlu dilakukan obyektivikasi hukuman mati dalam konteks demokrasi di Indonesia, dimana pelaksanaan hukuman mati harus melepaskan diri dari pengaruh atau kepentingan lainnya, baik itu agama (Islam) ataupun HAM. Hukuman mati mesti ditempatkan dalam perspektif yang lebih luas dan lintas kepentingan,  sehingga ketika hukuman mati itu diterapkan atau tidak diterapkan, maka hal itu tidak berarti mengalahkan atau menindas salah satu kepentingan
Dinamika Hukum Islam Dalam Konfigurasi Politik Hukum di Indonesia
Authors: Hidayati Rahmi
Published: September 2019

Artikel ini membahas dinamika politik hukum Islam di Indonesia. Dalam sejarah Indonesia, upaya untuk menerapkan hukum Islam telah mengalami pasang surut. Hal ini sangat tergantung pada ukuran suara pemilu yang diperoleh oleh partai-partai politik Islam untuk menempatkan wakil-wakil mereka di parlemen. Ini berarti, oleh karena itu, tanpa dukungan politik penerapan hukum Islam akan tetap terbayangkan. Semakin baik hubungan antara Islam dan politik, semakin besar peluang untuk pelaksanaan hukum Islam. Namun, lebih jauh hubungan antara mereka, semakin kecil kemungkinan untuk pelaksanaan hukum Islam.
Konfigurasi Politik Dalam Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi
Authors: Mahniasari Indah
Published: September 2019

Kemana arah mana pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi tidak akan terlepas dari kemana arah mana konﬁgurasi politik yang sedang terjadi. Lahirnya sebuah konﬁgurasi politik merupaka tanggungjawab para politisi dan pemimpin negara. Mereka harus mampu mengawinkan kepentingan rakyat dengan peraturan. Adapun konﬁgurasi politik pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi era reformasi dimaksudkan agar para koruptor berpikir ribuan kali untuk melakukan tindak pidana korupsi. Mereka seperti sudah diberi peringatan ketika akan melakukan tindak pidana korupsi. Konﬁgurasi politik era reformasi terhadap pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi sudah mendekati pada kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu,  dibutuhkan peran dari semua pihak untuk memberantas korupsi hingga selesai
Arah Kebijakan Pembentukan Hukum Kedepan (Pendekatan Teori Hukum Pembangunan, Teori Hukum Progresif, dan Teori Hukum Integratif)
Authors: Sayuti Sayuti
Published: September 2019

Pembentukan hukum (rechtsvorming) dalam sistem hukum pada dasarnya ditentukan oleh konsep hukum yang dianut oleh masyarakat dan oleh kualitas pembentuknya. Karena orang-orang akan selalu berubah sesuai dengan kondisi, dan kualitas penyusunnya juga berubah seiring dengan perubahan kekuasaan politik. Kebijakan pembentukan hukum kedepan, diarahkan pada: Pertama, pembentukan hukum diarahkan untuk menciptakan suatu kepastian hukum guna mencapai ketertiban, keteraturan, kedamaian, keadilan, dan kemanfaatan dalam kehidupan masyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara. Kedua, pembentukan hukum, baik berupa peraturan perundang-undangan maupun aspek formil lainnya, harus bersumber pada nilai-nilai moral, agama, kesusilaan, kesopanan, adat kebiasaan dan norma sosial lainnya sebagai nilai-nilai yang hidup berkembang dalam masyarakat (the living law). Ketiga, penegasan the living law dalam masyarakat dan kearifan lokal yang bersumber pada adat atau nilai-nilai yang hidup berkembang dalam masyarakat sebagai sumber hukum. Hal tersebut memberikan indikasi jika ketiga teori ini ingin merumuskan kembali nilai-nilai yang sudah tertanam dalam jiwa suatu bangsa, sebagai antisipasi terhadap nilai-nilai budaya luar yang dikuatirkan dapat menggoyahkan keutuhan suatu negara, meskipun tidak menutup kemungkinan untuk mengadopsi nilai-nilai budaya luar yang dinilai positif.
Kontribusi Syariah Dalam Penyelesaian Masalah Hukum Internasional
Authors: Muhammad Mohd Nasran Bin , Shapiee Rahimi Bin
Published: September 2019

Penyelesaian persengketaan internasional Malaysia dengan negara-negara tetangganya melalui rundingan adalah jelas bertepatan dengan prinsip yang dianjurkan oleh Syariah. Prinsip-prinsip penyelesaian internasional secara persahabatan dan perdamaian sekarang sudah dipraktekkan Rasulullah serta didukung oleh ayat-ayat suci al-Qur‟an. Kedua-dua sumber ini merupakan adillat qat’iyyat yang tiada keraguan kepada kebenarannya. Manakala sumber-sumber lain dalam undang-undang internasional Barat yang berasal dari kebiasaan (international customs), perjanjian (treaty), keputusan kehakiman (judicial decisions), pendapat pakar (juristic opinions) dan prinsip-prinsip umum (general principles) memang  sudah terkandung, bukan saja dalam al-Qur‟an dan al-Sunnah, malah didukung dengan berbagai perbahasan dalam kitab-kitab fiqh di bawah judul siyar, aman, hudnah, dhimmah, jihad dan sebagainya. Justeru adalah tidak mustahil prinsipprinsip yang diamalkan serta diperjuangkan oleh Islam mempunyai pengaruh besar kepada prinsip-prinsip yang diamalkan dalam hukum Internasional Barat saat ini
Formalitas Hukum Ekonomi Islam di Indonesian (Studi Tentang Pemberlakuan Hukum Ekonomi Islam Pasca Lahirnya UU No.3 Tahun 2006
Authors: Yanti Illy i
Published: September 2019

Dengan disahkannya Undang-Undang No. 3 Tahun 2006 yang memberikan kekuasaan bagi Peradilan Agama untuk menangani perkara-perkara ekonomi syariah. Hal ini merupakan langkah baru dalam penerapan hukum ekonomi syariah di Indonesia. Di mana selama ini masalah ekonomi syariah tidak diperhatikan oleh pemerintah. Undang-undang tersebut tidak perlu diperdebatkan keberadaannya, karena di satu sisi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hukum masyarakat, terutama pelaku bisnis syariah, dan di sisi lain secara substansi akan dijadikan sebagai landasan yuridis bagi hakim Pengadilan Agama dalam menyelesaikan sengketa ekonomi syariah
Aplikakasi Syariah Dalam Mengembangkan Keuangan Islam (Analisi Sumber-Sumber Syariah dan Kaedah-Kaedah Fiqh Dalam Keputusan MPS-SS Malaysia
Authors: Mohamad Shamsiah
Published: September 2019

Artikel ini mencoba untuk menawarkan beberapa Sumber Syariat Islam dan ketentuan (Qa'idah) yang dapat digunakan dalam menentukan hukum, di samping juga menjelaskan Sumber syariah dan perintah Islam yang telah dipakai dalam menentukan keputusan tentang Islam pasar modal di Malaysia. Dalam menetapkan hukum dalam hukum Islam ini, agar hukum Islam dan sumber hukum Islam merupakan dua metodologi yang dapat digunakan dalam penetapan (istinbat) menghukum. Ada beberapa perintah Islam dipakai dan sudah sesuai dengan syariat serta ada beberapa perintah Islam yang perlu diperpanjang oleh perintah lain. Ada lima dasar perintah Islam yang digunakan dalam menentukan keputusan samping fraksi perintah Islam lima dasar perintah Islam. Dan selain itu, ada beberapa sumber syariah yang digunakan dalam menentukan keputusan juga, adalah: sumber utama dan sumber tambahan
Efficient Data Deduplication Mechanism for Genomic Data
Authors: . Tin Thein Thwel , . G R Sinha
Published: September 2019

During the data science age, many people tend to access health concerned information and diagnosis using information technology, including telemedicine. Therefore, many researchers attempting to work with medical experts as well as bioinformatics area. In the bioinformatics field, handling the genomic data of human beings becomes essential such as collecting, storing and processing. Genomic data refers to the genome and DNA data of an organism. Unavoidably, genomic data require huge amount of storage for the customized software to analyze. Recently, genome researchers are rising the alarms over big data.This research papers attempts in significant amount of reduction of data storage by applying data deduplication process in genomic data set. Data deduplication, ‘dedupe’ in short can reduce the amount of storage because of its single instance storage nature.Therefore, data deduplication becomes one of the solutions for optimizing the huge amount of storage spaces for genome storage.We have implemented data deduplication method and applied it to genomic data and the deduplication performed successfully by using secure hash algorithm, B++ tree and sub-file level chunking algorithm. The methods were implemented in integrated approach. The files are separated into different chunks with the help of Two Threshold Two Divisors algorithm and hash function is used to get chunk identifiers. Indexing keys are constructed using the identifiersin B+ tree like index structure.Thissystem can reduce the storage space significantly when there exist duplicated data. The preliminary testing is made using NCBI datasets
Ambulans Çalışanlarında Travma Sonrası Stres ve Depresyon Belirtilerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: ŞAHİN Elif , CERİT Cem
Published: September 2019

Amaç: Ambulans çalışanları meslekleri gereği yoğun bir şekilde travmatik yaşam olaylarına tanık olmaktadırlar. Bu tanıklık yaşantılarının kendi hayatlarını ruhsal olarak etkileme boyutunu, travma sonrası stres ve depresyon belirtilerine bakarak incelemek amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem: Araştırmanın örneklemi Mersin Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri İstasyonlarında çalışan 27’si kadın ve 32’i erkekten oluşan 59 ambulans çalışanıdır. Veri toplama araçları olarak Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Mesleki Bilgi Formu, Travmatik Stres Belirti Ölçeği, Yeti Yitimi Formu ve Beck Depresyon Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma değerleri ile verilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde Mann Whitney-U testi, student t testi, One-Way Anova testi, Ki-kare testi, pearson ya da spearman korelasyon analizleri kullanılmıştır.Bulgular: Mesleki travma yaşantıları olan ambulans çalışanlarında travmatik stres bozukluğu tanı oranı %16,9; depresyon belirtilerinin görülme oranı hafif, orta ve şiddetli yelpazesinde %47,4 olarak gözlemlenmiştir. Katılımcıların Travmatik Stres Belirtileri Ölçeği’nin alt ölçekleri ve toplam puanı ile Beck Depresyon Ölçeği puanı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki vardır (p<0,05). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve depresyon kadınlarda erkeklere oranla; yeniden yaşantılama belirtileri üniversite mezunlarında lise mezunlarına oranla daha yüksek bulgulanmıştır.Sonuç: Araştırma sonuçları, mesleki travma yaşantıları olan ambulans çalışanlarının travmatik stres ve depresyon belirtileri yaşadıklarını göstermektedir. Ambulans çalışanlarında travmatik stres ve depresyon belirtilerinin önlenmesi için kurumsal strateji sistemlerine koruyucu mesleki danışmanlık uygulamalarının eklenmesinin faydalı olacağı önerilmektedir.
Empathic Tendencies and Empathic Skill Levels of Nursing Students: A Descriptive and Cross-sectional Study
Authors: ERGÜN Sibel , DURAN Songül , IŞIK Reyhan , KIZIL SÜRÜCÜLER Hale , Çalışkan Türkan
Published: September 2019

Objective: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted to determine empathic tendencies and empathic skill levels of nursing students.Methods: The population of this study consisted of 580 nursing students. Interviews were conducted with 412 students. The data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the Empathic Tendency Scale and the Empathic Skill Scale (ESS). Evaluation of the data was performed with calculation, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: Among the students, 64.8% (n=267) were within the 20-22 age group, 87.6% (n=361) were female, and 27.2% (n=112) were enrolled in the fourth year. The mean of the Empathic Tendency Scale was 68.84±8.42, and the mean score on the ESS was 139.67±20.11. Empathic Tendency Scale and Empathic Skill Scale scores were statistically significant according to gender, age and class year (p<0.05). The mean scores of the female students on the Empathic Tendency Scale and Empathic Skill Scale were the highest for those in the 23-25 age groups and in the fourth year.Conclusions: The result concluded that mean scores on the Empathic Tendency Scale and Empathic Skill Scale of nursing students were at a medium level. It is important to support students during their professional education.
Nilai Pendidikan Karakter pada Wangsalan Sindhenan Karya Nyi Bei Mardusari
Authors: Khasanah Mambaul , Suyanto Suyanto , Sudiyanto Sudiyanto
Published: September 2019

Wangsalan sindhenan merupakan salah satu bentuk karya sastra Jawa yang memiliki kandungan nilai- nilai luhur. Terdapat teka- teki dalam teks wangsalan yang membutuhkan sebuah metode untuk mengungkapkannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap dan menjelaskan teka teki dan nilai pendidikan karakter yang terkandung dalam wangsalan sindhenan serat Kidung Kandhasanyata Nyi Bei Mardusari. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan semiotik. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah teks wangsalan sindhenan dalam serat Kidung Kandhasanyata karya Nyi Bei Mardusari. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pembacaan dan pencatatan terhadap data yang diperoleh dari data pustaka dan wawancara. Analisis data menggunakan teknik pembacaan heuristik dan pembacaan hermeneutik dengan tahapan: (1) menterjemahkan teks wangsalan, (2) mengungkapkan teka- teki dan makna wangsalan, dan (3) menginterpretasi makna wangsalan secara filosofis. Hasil penelitian ini berupa nilai- nilai pendidikan karakter yang terkandung dalam wangsalan sindhenan karya Nyi Bei Madusari. Nilai- nilai pendidikan tersebut diantaranya nilai keimanan dan ketaqwaan, kesabaran, kemuliaan dan pengendalian diri. Nilai- nilai tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai media untuk menanamkan pendidikan karakter yaitu dengan memahami dan menginterpretasi makna yang terkandung di dalam wangsalan sehingga mampu menggerakkan rasa dan naluri pembaca untuk menjadi manusia yang lebih baik.
Kajian Ikonografi Pada Seni Lukis T-Shirt Tema Rangda Karya I Nyoman Ngurah Ardika Yasa
Authors: Swandi I Wayan , Wibawa Arya Pageh , Mahaputra I Gusti Ngurah Agung
Published: September 2019

Bali telah dikenal memiliki banyak bentuk seni. Salah satunya adalah seni lukis. Seni Lukis di Bali telah dikenal cukup lama. Seiring perjalanan waktu, terjadi perubahan dengan kedatangan bangsa Barat yang mempengaruhi gaya lukis Bali. Selanjutnya, media juga memberikan pengaruh yang sangat besar dalam seni lukis di Bali, salah satunya adalah t-shirt. Salah satu seniman lukis t-shirt yang cukup dikenal oleh anak muda Bali yaitu I Nyoman Ngurah Ardika Yasa. Pada karyanya yang bertema â€œRangdaâ€, salah satu dari banyak karya yang telah dibuat cukup menarik untuk dilakukan penelitian. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode ikonografi Erwin Panofsky. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui makna karya seni lukis t-shirt seniman I Nyoman Ngurah Ardika yang bertemakan rangda.Tahap pra-ikonografi, ilustrasi yang digambarkan merupakan sebuah komunikasi bahwa rangda merupakan sosok yang akan membawa kematian bagi manusia. Pada tahapan analisis ikonografi digunakan teori Roland Barthes untuk mengungkap lambang yang ada pada karya tersebut. Mitos yang hadir sebagai petanda dalam karya selanjutnya dihubungkan dengan tema dan konsep yang tersirat. â€œRangdaâ€ telah menjadi mitos yang ada pada masyarakat Bali. Analisis interpretasi ikonologis, Ilustrasi rangda karya I Nyoman Ngurah Ardika Yasa diciptakan tidak dengan mengedepankan nilai keindahan secara konvensional, namun berdasarkan imajinasi atas rasa dan pengalaman estetis yang diterima pada masa yang lalu. Pada karyanya wujud rangda digambarkan dengan penggayaan bentuk melalui penyederhaan dan deformasi bentuk, sehingga karakter rangda terlihat berbeda dengan wujud rangda secara tradisi. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa ilustrasi rangda ini mengikuti gaya postmodern champ yaitu menolak keotentikan atau keorisinilan untuk tujuan dan kepentingannya sendiri.