bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Emergent Manager and Processes of Management Pre-Learning
Authors: Watson Tony J.
Published: March 2007

Two contributions are offered to the study and understanding of management learning processes. First, the concept of the `emergent manager' is offered. At a simple level, this recognizes that people in managerial work do not suddenly `become' managers and that, once established in such work, they do not cease to learn and develop either as individuals or managerial workers. But the concept is also developed to encourage theoretical trends in the study of management learning which utilize newer thinking in both organizational theory and psychology to develop processual understandings of individual and organizational emergence-a process in which learning is a central component. Second, this style of analysis is applied to the study of a selection of managers in a diverse set of organizational situations and to the ways in which their `management learning' can be understood as beginning prior to their formally becoming managers. The extent to which management learning can be seen as an aspect of `learning about life' or `learning about self' is considered. Attention is then given to ways in which roots of management learning can be found in individuals' family experiences, school and leisure activities and pre-managerial occupational involvement. A distinction is offered between the ways the `pre-managers' learn about management and learn to manage in their non-managerial work experience.
Technological and Structural Characteristics, Student Learning and Satisfaction with Web-Based Courses
Authors: Arbaugh J. B. , Duray Rebecca
Published: March 2007

This article compares courses in two web-based MBA programs on student perceptions of learning and satisfaction. The primary difference between the programs is that one conducts the courses entirely on-line while the other conducts the courses primarily on-line combined with one or two on-site class meetings. The results of the study showed that larger class sizes were negatively associated with learning and course satisfaction while the perceived flexibility of the delivery medium was significantly associated with perceived learning and satisfaction. The results also indicate that more experienced on-line students were more satisfied with their course delivery medium. These findings have significant implications for the role of web-based programs in a business school's strategy. They suggest that that rather than using these courses as a means to drive down the cost of delivering education, business schools may need to identify reasons for which they can charge premiums for them.
The Role of Argument Analysis and Story Telling in Facilitating Critical Thinking
Authors: Gold Jeff , Holman David , Thorpe Richard
Published: March 2007

Critical thinking is a significant aim of management education. This article reports on the evaluation of a personal development module that combined argument analysis, based on Toulmin's theory of argumentation, with story telling. It focuses on how the module shaped and facilitated critical thinking. The findings show that the combination of argument analysis and story telling can promote many aspects of critical thinking, such as a critique of knowledge, a critique of authority, and so on, but that such an approach will not `naturally' lead to the questioning of assumptions that typically concern Critical Theorists, such as gender, ecology, and race.
Online Informa Tion: the Question for Management
Authors: Norton Bob , Haddon Angela
Published: March 2007

The practical utility and exploitation of the fast -growing information industry has yet to make a widespread impact on management and business. Until the mid-1980s information specialists remained the main vehicle for the research and dissemination of published information on any large scale. However, investment and research in electronic information delivery from commercial online databases is now leading to new phases of development which can carry information direct to the user in all its promised immediacy. The current situation and the promise of continuous simplifying improvements have an important message for the decision-maker.
Ethical Thinking in Organizations Implications for Management Education
Authors: Maclagan Patrick
Published: March 2007

The core idea in this paper is that to think ethically in the practice of management requires an appreciation of the detailed context for specific actions. Ethical theory, as typically offered on programmes for managers, is based on abstract concepts which call for judgement in their real-world application. Thus the 'disorderliness' of management practice must be recognized; this is part of the context in which moral discourse in organizations is conducted, decisions taken, and behaviour enacted. Furthermore, such discourse and action go well beyond the 'ethical decision-making' often assumed in texts and teaching; individuals' everyday conduct and demeanour must also be considered. Case material and other learning resources should therefore provide a basis for relating ethical thinking to the detail of particular situations so that such contextualization for decisions and everyday conduct is appreciated. To this end, it is suggested that literature may provide a valuable aid to learning.
Peer Mentoring at Work
Authors: McDaugall Marilyn , Beattie Rona S.
Published: March 2007

This article considers that peer relationships, which to date have received limited recognition, provide a valuable source of learning for managers and professionals. It contends that this type of learning relationship is particularly appropriate as a response to organizational and social transformation. It proposes the concept of `peer mentoring', which is based on the principle of mutual involvement for learning and development between two peers. Qualitative research is presented which includes a typology of peer mentoring relationships, and an exploration of the nature of such relationships. The article concludes that this approach to learning has much to commend it to individuals and organizations.
Learning to Trust and Trusting to Learn
Authors: Coopey John
Published: March 2007

There is insufficient trust between top British managers and those they manage, trust which is essential to the mode of learning implied in the concepts of organizational learning and the learning organization. Requisite levels of trust will not be created and nurtured without institutional change, at national and organizational level, and a new form of politics which allows `rank-and-file' members of organizations to ensure that their own experience is given voice and taken into account. It is proposed that radical theatre, founded on notions of trust and learning, has the potential for introducing such a conception of politics into organizational life.
Organizing Processes in Complex Activity Networks
Authors: Blackler Frank , Crump Norman , McDonald Seonaidh
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses practice as activity and develops a frame-work for analysing organizations as networks of activity systems. The approach is applied in a study of a high technology company. Key tensions in the organization are outlined and a comparative study of three strategy development teams is described. Activity theory provides the means to analyse organizations as distributed, decentred and emergent knowledge systems. It is suggested that the processes of `perspective making', `perspective taking' and `perspective shaping' are central to the integration of different expert groups that need to co-operate in the pursuit of multiple, perhaps competing, objectives.
Putting Feminist Theory to Work: Collaboration as a Means towards Organizational Change
Authors: Coleman Gill , Rippin Ann
Published: March 2007

This article describes an attempt to use a collaborative action research approach to enquire into the gender implications of seemingly neutral organizational practices, and thereby bring about change. The methodology draws on both the feminist critique of objective research, and thinking on participatory and action-oriented research strategies. Working with a work group in a manufacturing plant, a project was devised to establish a self-managing team on the shop-floor, with a view to shifting gendered patterns of work while also enhancing performance. Dilemmas of balancing support and challenge in the collaboration process are discussed, in connection with the gendering of collaboration. The importance of creating opportunities for feedback, reflection, and the reviewing of deep assumptions in this type of work is highlighted.
Travelling Theory/Nomadic Theorizing
Authors: Perry Nick
Published: March 2007

The production of theories and the reception accorded to them are shaped by context. But under conditions of globalization both theories and theorists now travel. This paper explores the implications of this cultural situation for how the texts of organization might be understood. This is undertaken through a comparison between travelling theory and nomadic theorizing, a comparison which draws upon the writings of Geertz, Kondo, Said and Spivak, and which makes use of the contrast between differentiation and difference. The significance of this contrast for organization theory is illustrated via an analysis of the meaning of McDonald's hamburgers.
C.P. Snow's Fictional Sociology of Management and Organizations
Authors: Grey Christopher
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to use C.P. Snow's Strangers and Brothers novel sequence as a resource to demonstrate aspects of organizational life and, in particular, the social practices of managers. The paper begins with a discussion of the case for using fiction in organizational analysis. Then, Snow's novels, following an overview, are explored in two major ways. First, Snow's account of decision-making in organizations is shown to be a subtle and incisive account of group processes, which is sensitive to the dialectic of structure and agency. Second, the development of the novel sequence is shown to indicate something of the dissolution of the modernist scientific rationality which has dominated management and organization theory and practice. Thus the paper aspires to persuade that there is an interest in Snow's fiction for organizational analysis and, more generally, that it is desirable to use fictional representations within the academic study of management and organizations.
Personal Performatives: Collecting Poetical Definitions of Management
Authors: Kostera Monika
Published: March 2007

In this paper I present several personal performative definitions of management which I collected from a group of students at the Warsaw University's School of Management. The definitions are in the form of short poems. They are rooted in the students' everyday lives and observations as the students take part in management education in Poland, encounter alternative (non-mainstream) ways of looking at organization and management, and experience Poland's transition to a market economy. The poems are ironic and express the author's need for a creative reconstruction of reality.
Democracies are Less Warlike Than Other Regimes
Authors: RUMMEL R. J.
Published: March 2007

The clear consensus in the literature is that democracies are no less or more warlike than other types of regimes. But when the core studies upon which this consensus is based are looked at closely, they imply in fact that democracies are less warlike. Regardless of this, these studies, as well as most others on this question, are based on a frequency count of wars, which gives the same count of one for a nation that lost a few dozen killed and for another that lost several million. It is argued that a better theoretical interpretation of a regime's warlikeness is in terms of the severity of war, and that in these terms the degree to which a regime is democratic is inversely correlated with the severity of its wars, 1900-87. A survey of the published research further substantiates that democracies tend to fight less severe wars than other regimes.
Narratives and Interaction:
Authors: BANERJEE SANJOY
Published: March 2007

States and national movements discuss and conceive their interactions with others as narratives, which are stories with heroes, villains and a plot. The building blocks of these narratives are the categories of agent, character and acts, which are defined by constitutive rules. By maintaining narratives, actors are able to construct situations, make judgements about the intentions of other actors, and decide upon a course of action, all in a parsimonious way. Actors must assimilate concrete actions into their narratives by construing them as acts, which are components of the narratives. I provide an account of constitutive rules and social cognitive processes of inference by which actions are construed as acts. I show that in late colonial India the Muslim League constructed a narrative of betrayal by the Congress and was guided by it to call in 1940 for the creation of separate Muslim homelands.
A Cultural Explanation of Collapse into Civil War: Escalation of Tension in Nigeria
Authors: Spalding Nancy
Published: March 2007

Culture has a central role in explaining Nigeria’s collapse into civil war, and Mary Douglas’ cultural theory can facilitate cultural analysis. Culture theory posits a limited number of viable ways of life, consisting of patterns of social relations undergirded by value systems. It explains preferences and can show why events or ideas may be acceptable to one way of life and unacceptable to another. In Nigeria, fundamental, salient cultural differences existed between the dominant groups, reinforced by pervasive social cleavages, in terms of ethnicity, region, religion, class, and levels of access to power and wealth. Intense competition for resources led to continual cultural interpretation of ethnic antagonisms based on different values, ways of life and institutions. While these struggles involved many issues, they were defined in terms of cultural principles, and made cultural differences more important. Culturally focused rhetoric was developed by political leaders and was interpreted within highly charged and competitive cultural contexts, contributing to a cycle of attack, defense and counterattack, escalating inter-ethnic tension and sense of threat. The long history of articulating and defending fundamental and incompatible cultural values produced rhetoric and behaviors which were irrational and fundamentally self-destructive for Nigeria, though rational with respect to the cultural logic of the groups, independent of ideology and pursuit of personal power. Members of different groups reasonably came to fear cultural destruction, and as violence and rhetorical intensity escalated, distrust of other groups and fear of domination and cultural obliteration became a slippery slope of hostility, increasing the momentum for civil war.
Decentration, Communication and Collective Survival: Reflections on the Evolution of Human Culture
Authors: Strayer F. Francis
Published: March 2007

Speculation concerning the biological underpinnings of human culture requires serious consideration of both the similarities and differences in psychological processes that characterize the course of human and primate development. Unfortunately, the comparative analysis of specific adaptive functions that may serve as prerequisites for the emergence and propagation of human culture are met with entrenched scepticism grounded in an ahistorical conception of biological evolution and an anthropocentric constructivist view of human culture. Appropriation of higher cognitive functions and acquisition of language is essential for normal human development as well as the maintenance of contemporary culture systems. However, such psychological development must be understood in relation to immediate social and historical contexts. Among human and non-human primates sociocognitive decentration and inter-individual communication serve as primary adaptive strategies assuring collective survival and providing continuity as well as evolution of cultural systems.
Questioning the Notion of Development: The Case of Language Acquisition
Authors: de Lemos Cl·udia
Published: March 2007

The paper aims at questioning the notion of development currently used to explain change in child language acquisition After a brief outline of the problems faced by students of child language acquisition in their attempts at identifying developmental stages, theoretical arguments are drawn in order to show that, given its specific structural properties, language cannot be parceled out, as presupposed by developmental theories. Following this line of argumentation, Saussure’s dichotomy languevs parole, is presented as a theoretical consequence of his efforts to understand linguistic change. The fact that the native speaker’s relation with her/his own language is synchronic, that is, does not imply any awareness of historical change, leads Saussure to recognize la langueas an internal systemic functioning which obliterates what is external to it: namely the linguistic individual sphere, that is , parole, where change starts, as well as the identification processes ( social forces, in his terminology) responsible for the diffusion of change. It is my view that those three poles— la langue, identification with the other and the child conceived as a corps pulsionnel—are also called upon to explain change in language acquisition. Since they cannot be seen as independent instances, but must be seen as a structure, the child’s trajectory from the state of infansto that of subject-speaker may be seen as implying change of position in a structure to which the adult is also submitted. Data on the acquisition of Brazilian Portuguese and American English are presented in support of such a view.
Seeing Historically: Goethe and Vygotsky’s ‘Enabling Theory-Method’
Authors: Shotter John
Published: March 2007

We can study dead forms from a distance, seeking to understand the pattern of past events that caused them to come into existence. We can, however, enter into a relationship with living forms and, in making ourselves open to their movements, find ourselves spontaneously responding to them, and in so doing, we can gain a sense of their character. In other words, from within our dialogically structured involvements with other living things, a kind of relationally responsive understanding, quite different from the referential-representational kind of understanding familiar to us in cognitive psychology, becomes directly available to us. Thus, rather than seeking to explain a child’s present activities in terms of their causes in the past, from the standpoint of an external observer, we can turn to a quite different aim: that of perceiving in a present behavior the possibilities and opportunities it offers for further developments. Orientation toward this aim is what I think is so special about both Vygotsky’s and Goethe’s historical methods of inquiry into the development of living forms.
The First Six Years: Culture’s Adventures in Psychology
Authors: Valsiner Jaan
Published: March 2007

The first six years of Culture & Psychologyhave been productive in the creation of an international forum of scholarly interchanges where the notion of ‘culture’ occurs in a number of different ways. Selected themes that can be productively developed further are analyzed: historicity; dialogical perspectives in cultural psychology; social representing; activity orientations. Attention is directed towards careful reconstruction of methodological rules of psychology to accommodate to the need to investigate complex, dynamic and meaningful phenomena.
Problematizing Psychotherapy: The Discursive Production of a Bulimic
Authors: Guilfoyle Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the discursive production of a psychologized bulimic subject. Two processes are highlighted through a case study, both influencing the production of the bulimic: therapeutic operations of power; and the subjugation of non-psy accounts of bulimia. Power mechanisms in therapy encourage the client to construct a complex psychological subjectivity, enabling a psychological, self-contained account of her eating disorder, thereby facilitating ‘therapeutic’ change. However, the condition for therapy is the disguised subjugation of client, lay and erudite non-psy accounts. The concealment of power operations reinforces psy’s hegemony in defining the person—and the bulimic—in western culture. After problematizing psy discourses, a non-psychologized feminist discourse is hypothetically considered, and dialogue with this discourse suggested. A feminist discourse does not require ideals of self-containment, nor complex psy accounts, but nevertheless offers the bulimic a range of political subjectivities as a discursive priority, rather than psychological complexity.
Intertextual Interpretation, Fantasy and Samoan Dreams
Authors: Mageo Jeannette Marie
Published: March 2007

This paper offers both an intertextual method for analyzing dreams and a model of fantasy processes in culture. The method consists in interpreting a dream in light of other narratives in a culture that share a motif with it. There is a spectrum of tales in cultures, ranging from founding myths rooted in the political realm to the highly personal proto-narratives we dream. I argue that narrative motifs from stories that circulate in public life move into people’s dreams, where these motifs represent shared meanings. In dreams, motifs are combined in novel ways; these combinations are, in effect, thought about these meanings. The narrative spectrum, together with this symbolic traffic, comprises a cultural fantasy system that is compelled by socially stylized desires and shared anxieties rooted in historical experience. The method and the model are explicated and illustrated through the analysis of four Samoan dreams from a larger collection.
Self-Construction in a Nightly Gathering of Culture and Person: Rendezvous or Conflict?
Authors: Josephs Ingrid E.
Published: March 2007

Psychology has provided a variety of ways to conceptualize the relation between culture and person. In order to study the ‘work of culture’ in the person, or, as I prefer to say, the person’s ‘work on culture’, the vantage point for a psychological analysis is necessarily the person’s experiential world. According to the cultural psychologist Boesch, the person’s experiential world—the fantasmicsystem—is guided by cultural suggestions: myths. Fantasms are understood as personal, and thus novel transformations of myths. In this commentary, I interpret the four Samoan dreams presented by Mageo (2002) in two ways. First, they are examples of personally constructed fantasms, guided by a variety of conflicting and opposing cultural myths in a postcolonial world. These dreams, however, can also be understood as accounts of a multivoiced, conflicting (and thus non-dialogical in the strict sense of the term) self, which is far from integrating heterogeneous voices of the traditional and colonial past and postcolonial present. Thus, the dreams are not a peaceful dialogue between person and culture—a nightly rendezvous—but rather represent the person’s struggle and fight for selfhood and identity. Mageo provides convincing empirical evidence for the assumption that change in historical times is experienced on a personal level—in the person’s self- and identity-formation. Her idiographic analysis is an important step in finding general laws— nomoi—that are applicable to human beings rather than to variables.
Primary and Secondary Control in East Asia: Comments on Oerter et al. (1996)
Authors: Weisz John R. , Eastman Karen L. , McCarty Carolyn A.
Published: March 2007

Oerter, Oerter, Agostiani, Kim and Wibowo (1996) present an intriguing framework for studying concepts of human nature, and they offer thought-provoking applications of that framework to culture and to the primary-secondary control model. Their evidence that primary control is more characteristic of American subjects than those in Japan, Korea and Indonesia harmonizes well with our view (see Weisz, Rothbaum, & Blackburn, 1984a, 1984b). The work raises important issues for the assessment of control orientation. In addressing these issues, we (a) argue for methodological consistency across comparison cultures; (b) stress the need to know both an individual's actions and goals for accurate assessment of primary and secondary control; (c) note the need to assess steps or sequences in the pursuit of control; (d) discuss control as it relates to religion, and to individualism-collectivism; and (e) note the potential relevance of primary and secondary control to all stage levels in the Oerter et al. model. Studying the concept of human nature is a complex task, and the Oerter et al. analysis suggests key issues that need to be addressed in the process.
Changing Patterns of Individualism and Collectivism in the United States and Japan
Authors: Matsumoto David , Kudoh Tsutomu , Takeuchi Sachiko
Published: March 2007

We argue that culture is not a rigid or static entity. Instead, it is dynamic, in constant flux across individuals within cultures, and across time. In this article, we use the dimension of individualism vs collectivism (IC) as a specific and limited aspect of culture, within and between the United States and Japan, to highlight this notion. We analyze briefly social changes in the United States and Japan to suggest the changing nature of this dimension in both cultures. We re-present data reported elsewhere (Matsumoto, Brown, Preston, & Weissman, 1993; Matsumoto, Weissman, Preston, Brown, & Kupperbusch, 1994) that challenge our stereotypic notions of IC in the American and Japanese cultures. We discuss previous data on subgroup cultural differences within an American sample. In Study 1, we reanalyze data from this previous study using unconventional techniques to examine within-individual and within-culture variability on IC. In Study 2, we report new data from a second sample of Japanese individuals that are considerably different from previous data, further highlighting the dynamic nature of culture within an ethnically and racially homogeneous group; and we replicate the unconventional analyses reported in Study 1. Finally, we discuss the empirical and theoretical implications of culture as a dynamic and fluid, not fixed, entity.
Science between Cooperation and Competition: Commentaryon Hurme
Authors: Hermans Hubert
Published: March 2007

According to Hurme's (1997) production metaphor, competition among researchers plays a central role in scientific enterprise. I argue that competition cannot be excluded from scientific practice and should actually be considered as a significant motivational force. My main thesis, however, is that the production metaphor is blind to the scientific process as a cooperative enterprise guided by a specific set of values. Even in an era in which scientists are under increasing pressure to produce, the original dialogical spirit embodied by the figure of Socrates is at the heart of science as a moral enterprise.
Culture in Conversation: A Commentary on Pontecorvo and Fasulo’s ‘Planning a Typical Italian Meal’
Authors: Miller Joan G. , Berry Nicole
Published: March 2007

This commentary identifies respects in which the theories of culture adopted in the culture and self and sociocultural traditions of cultural psychology are each constrained, in part, by their psychologically grounded research agendas. While tapping non-rational and thematic aspects of culture, research on culture and the self provides only limited insight into its dynamic and heterogeneous nature and into processes of enculturation. In turn, while capturing the fluid and complex nature of cultural systems, sociocultural work neglects its non-rational and thematic aspects. In both traditions, relatively little attention is given to power. The discourse analysis of family interaction undertaken by Pontecorvo and Fasulo (1999) is shown to overcome many of these limitations. Treating culture as an integrated, complex system which is integral to human interaction, their approach captures processes of cultural creation and change as well as power relations. In conclusion, it is argued that there is a need for greater cross-fertilization of ideas across the diverse traditions of research in culture and psychology, while respecting their distinctive insights and agendas.
Political Perfectionism and the `Anti-System' Party
Authors: Keren Michael
Published: March 2007

This study provides a `positive' definition of the `anti-system party' as a party seeking a standard of perfection derived from its commitment to an imaginary rather than real civil society. The example of Israel's `New Force' party is then discussed.
The Supply and Demand of the Personal Vote
Authors: Swindle Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

Existing theories assume that particularistic behavior and personal voting are synonymous, and that the level and nature of such activities are driven by the incentives of individual candidates. In this article, both of these assumptions are contested and empirical evidence is provided to suggest that particularistic behavior and personal voting are quite distinct, and that collective party incentives can be equally important in determining both the level and nature of personal voting. This is particularly true in settings where there is direct conflict between the incentives of individual candidates and the incentives of the party. To establish this, electoral politics in Ireland and Japan since 1945 are compared and also how the inability of voters to transfer votes under SNTV fundamentally altered the level and nature of personal voting in that system.
May's Law of Curvilinear Disparity Revisited
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: March 2007

Explaining ideological conflict has always been a classic theme of studies of party organizations. The aim of this paper is to re-examine May's law, based on rational choice theory, which suggests that due to differential incentives sub-leaders are likely to prove the most extreme stratum in party organizations, while non-leaders are the most moderate, and top leaders are located equidistant between these groups. The study, based on large-scale surveys of politicians, local constituency officers, party members and voters in the 1992 British general election, throws considerable doubt on this proposition.
Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies
Authors: Huber John , Inglehart Ronald
Published: March 2007

The terms `left' and `right' are widely used to organize party competition and to shape connections between citizens and political parties. Recent and dramatic changes in the world, however, raise important questions about the meaning and importance of left-right ideology. Most notably, the collapse of communism has led to the development of a host of new democracies. And in advanced industrial societies, conflict has emerged over issues like the environment and immigration. This paper draws on a survey of political experts in 42 societies to address three questions raised by these changes. First, is the language of left and right still widely used, even in recently democratized countries? Second, do there exist secondary dimensions of political conflict that are orthogonal to the left-right dimension? Third, and most importantly, what substantive issues define the meaning of left-right ideology? In addition to addressing these questions, we present data on the left-right locations of political parties in each of the 42 countries.
Party Followership and Leadership in Norway
Authors: Grendstad Gunnar
Published: March 2007

This article measures the relative sizes of the four cultural followerships of individualism, fatalism, hierarchy and egalitarianism among the Norwegian political parties by means of the European Values Systems Study surveys conducted in 1982 and 1990. First, this analysis shows that among the electorate at the end of the 1980s, the cultures of individualism and egalitarianism have grown stronger at the expense of fatalism and hierarchy. These estimates of political followership support the claim that Norwegian politics has become more competitive, more volatile and less benign. The correlations between the estimates of cultural followership and measures of party leadership show that individualism and egalitarianism are anti-leadership cultures in that these cultures correlate with the number of party chairs and inversely correlate with party leadership tenure and experience. Furthermore, the results show that fatalism and hierarchy are pro-leadership cultures in that they correlate with party leadership tenure and experience, and inversely correlate with the number of party chairs.
Building on the Past?
Authors: Burnell Peter
Published: March 2007

From the standpoint of recent and prospective political reform, the most promising cluster of countries in Africa is in the central and southern region. Zambia has been in the forefront. Zambia's reintroduction of multi-party politics, following the end of the Second Republic and its one-party state, brought about a new ruling party and a new president. The outlook for consolidating a multi-party system, and developing the political parties further, can be assessed by way of comparison with the country's first experience of political pluralism, and of the reasons why that came to an end, in December 1972. Account should also be taken of the legacy of the Second Republic. The future of party politics in Zambia's Third Republic is uncertain, given the factionalism shown by all three main parties, the failure of the ruling party to maintain its early impetus and the weak opposition displayed by its rivals.
Outsider and Anti-Party Politicians in Power
Authors: Kenney Charles D.
Published: March 2007

This article argues for the need to distinguish two dimensions constituting politicians' relationships to party systems: politicians are classified as either outsiders or insiders, depending on their party system origins, and as either anti-party or party-tolerant, depending on their discourse vis-a-vis the party system. Using data gathered from the recent Parliamentary Elites of Latin America survey in Peru, I find that party system origins and discourse vary significantly with party membership and with legislators' views on three sets of important political issues: (1) democracy, elections and parties, (2) human rights and the role of the armed forces, and (3) the economy, labor and the role of the state. In addition, contrary to widely shared assumptions, both anti-party and party-tolerant outsiders in Peru show a greater affinity for the ideological center than for the right, while both groups showed a marked disaffinity for the political left.
Pupilsí Affective Responses in Physical Education Classes: the Association of Implicit Theories of the Nature of Ability and Achievement Goals
Authors: Ommundsen Yngvar
Published: March 2007

There is increasing evidence that the belief systems people construct have importantimplications for the way they respond emotionally to achievement events. Socialcognitive theories of motivation posit that subjective or implicit theories of the nature ofability (intelligence) interrelate with achievement goals and perceived ability ingenerating differential affective responses in achievement contexts. Specifically, achievementgoals are hypothesized to mediate the effects of implicit theories of ability onaffective responses. Previous research has examined the interrelations between implicittheories of ability and achievement goals in the sport domain. However, little is knownabout direct versus indirect effects of implicit theories of ability on affective responsesin the context of school physical education. By means of a Norwegian sample of 217ninth grade pupils the predictive value of implicit theories of ability and achievementgoals on affective responses in PE was examined. Hierarchical and moderatedregression analyses showed that, irrespective of variations in perceived competence, implicittheories of ability were direct precursors of anxiety and satisfaction in PE. Morespecifically, regardless of differences in perceived ability, endorsing a conception ofability in PE as stable and innate directly gave rise to increased levels of anxiety andreduced satisfaction in PE. Conceiving of ability as learning induced was directlyfacilitative of satisfaction in PE, only modestly mediated by a task-oriented achievementgoal. The findings give weight to implicit theories of ability as direct antecedents ofpositive and negative affective responsesin physical education.
The Recruitment of Secondary School Physical Education Teachers in England: A Gendered Perspective?
Authors: Stidder Gary
Published: March 2007

The current UK government’s concern with social inclusion in many aspects of educational policy has generated much professional debate amongst teachers in terms of what the new policy directives will mean for their practice. While this has highlighted the need to respond to pupils’ diverse learning needs, little has been said in respect of the recruitment of secondary school teachers within an all-inclusive framework. Under the provisions of the UK Education Reform Act (1988), governing bodies have increased responsibilities for all aspects of staffing, including appointments and promotion and have a legislative obligation with regard to equal opportunities both as a provider of services and as an employer. This article focuses on the recruitment of secondary school physical education (PE) teachers. Specifically, the research investigates gendered dimensions of this and assesses the extent to which secondary school employers in England use socially constructed perceptions of gender as a basis to advertise for PE staff. The article contends that secondary schools are restricting employment opportunities for male and female teachers through the vocabulary used in national advertisements and thus perpetuating gender divisions within PE.
Reid on Knowledge and Justification in Physical Education
Authors: Parry Jim
Published: March 2007

Whilst welcoming Andrew Reid's revisiting of the justification debate in volumes 2 and 3 of the European Physical Education Review, this paper takes issue with his claim that physical education (PE) can satisfy the knowledge requirements of 'education' without making claims to academic significance on the basis of propositional knowledge of a Hirstian kind. This is not because PE has no educational significance; but because its significance (and also the significance of education) does not lie simply in the pursuit of knowledge. Further, the paper rejects the claim that pleasure is the source of the educational value of physical education.
Experiences of Physical Education Students in Learning to Teach
Authors: Capel Susan
Published: March 2007

School experience has been identified as one of the most important parts of initial teacher education courses. Research has also shown that students are concerned about school experience. Some authors have identified stages of development or concern through which students pass in their development as teachers. Other authors have suggested that students' development does not pass through sequential stages. The major purpose of this study was to look at the intensity and causes of concern for secondary PE students in England at two points in their one year initial teacher education course. A second purpose was to identify causes of concern for these students about starting their first teaching post. Results showed that over half of the students in this study were concerned/very concerned about school experience. The highest percentage of students was most concerned about being observed and evaluated and least concerned about the lesson itself. Intensity and causes of concern did not change over the course of the initial teacher education year. In anticipat ing their first teaching post at the end of their school experiences, the highest percentage of students was most concerned about teaching specific content. Results are discussed in relation to students' develop ment as teachers.
Physiognomy, Phrenology and the Temporality of the Body
Authors: TWINE RICHARD
Published: March 2007

In the sociology of the body, the analysis of physiognomy is a neglected topic. The idea that one can judge the character of another from their facial or bodily characteristics is a pervasive phenomenon. However, its historical and cultural spread does not entail that we inevitably tie it to notions of human essence. This study focuses upon a particular periodic resurgence of physiognomic discourse in the West, at the end of the 18th and the entirety of the 19th century. In contrast to previous arguments, I argue that physiognomic discourse was able to exploit 19th-century phrenology as a conduit for its own perpetuation. I point out that the perception of the other that physiognomy promotes is largely based upon an atemporal view of the body. I suggest that this physiognomic perception remains an entrenched but changeable component in contemporary relations between self and other.
Space and Embodied Experience: Rethinking the Body in Pain
Authors: HONKASALO MARJA-LIISA
Published: March 2007

In this article I discuss the problem of embodied subjectivity, viewed from the perspective of spatiality. The questions I address arise from my ethnographic study on chronic pain. My main argument is that, in contrast to philosophical understanding of space as an a priori, or as a container, space and spatiality are shaped and reshaped through the body in pain. What characterizes most patients' experiences of space is movement. This can be understood through Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological theory of the lived body but needs in addition a cultural contextualization. Because of biomedical thinking, in Western settings chronic pain is liminal. It does not fit the biomedical categories of disease or space. This profoundly shapes patients' understanding of their subjectivity as homeless, and their experience of spatiality as estranged and exiled.
The Symbolizing Body and the Metaphysics of Alternative Medicine
Authors: SCOTT ANNE L.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the tension between conceptualizations of the objective body, which are central to biomedicine, and conceptualizations of the expressive body. Within a metaphysics which can be an adequate grounding for the practice of alternative medicine, I argue, the natural body must be fully conceptualized as both object and as expressive. I draw on phenomenology and on actor-network theory to outline a new model of `biosocial nature' which is inherently figurative and which is constructed by a network of human and non-human actors. I then look at two remedies within the homeopathic materia medica, arguing that their capacity to treat ill health by acting as nodes with a network of `imagined connections' is more explicable within a biosocial than within a modernist metaphysics.
Race, Social Class and the Motive to Avoid Success in Women
Authors: Weston Peter J. , Mednick Martha T.
Published: March 2007

This study sought to examine race and social class differences in the expression of fear of success in women. This concept, termed the Motive to Avoid Success (M-s), was developed and utilized by Horner (1968) to explain sex differences in achievement motivation.

In our study, M-s imagery expressed in response to TAT-verbal cues was compared for black and white college women and two social class levels. The hypothesis that black women would show less M-s than white women was supported. The findings held for subjects at two schools and for two verbal cues. Social class differences were not found. Several interpretations and suggestions for follow-up studies are given.
Children with HIV and AIDS: Challenges for the Family and the Professional
Authors: Lwin Rebekah , Duggan Candy
Published: March 2007

Since the 1982 report of AIDS in children, over five million children have been infected with HIV worldwide. The psychological and social implications of the disease for the family are extensive, varied and frequently challenge conventional approaches to therapeutic interventions. Effective professional help requires that the disease process be understood and its impact on individual family members, the family as a whole and the wider social and cultural system. Although there are similarities with other chronic illnesses, there are also features unique to HIV infection which require different management. These may have their greatest impact at different stages of the disease process. Some issues and dilemmas are discussed in relation to case histories and the provision of services at a tertiary referral hospital. The importance of acknowledging local expertise and collaborative shared care is emphasized.
Treatment for Children and Adolescents with Depression: Lessons from a Controlled Trial
Authors: Vostanis Panos , Feehan Catherine , Grattan Eleanor , Bickerton Wai-Ling
Published: March 2007

Cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT) appears to have considerable value in the treatment of childhood depression. Its key components are self-monitoring, social problem-solving and cognitive restructuring. Such a treatment programme was compared with a non-focused control intervention (NFI) in 57 outpatient children and adolescents with depression. Both groups improved significantly on depressive and anxiety symptoms, self-esteem and social functioning, with the majority of children (87 percent of CBT subjects and 75 percent of controls) no longer being clinically depressed. Non-specific psychotherapeutic elements such as empathy, sympathetic listening, reassurance, reinforcement and indirect ways of achieving self-understanding and problem-solving may be involved in the recovery. In out-patient settings, we recommend that social problem-solving and cognitive restructuring be introduced during the first two to three sessions, which may help the young person gain self-control relatively early and engage more with the treatment.
Talking with Fathers: The Inter-Relation of Significant Loss, Clinical Presentation in Children and Engagement of Fathers in Therapy
Authors: Walters Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Using clinical material this article attempts to make some links with symptoms presenting in children in a child psychiatry setting and aspects of their fathers' stories; a particular link is made with depression in the fathers. Hitherto depression in men has been under-researched. This article also attempts to highlight this issue as one of importance in the child psychiatry setting. Following a literature review six clinical cases are presented to amplify the points raised.
The Therapeutic Milieu and Treatment of Emotionally Disturbed Children: Clinical Application
Authors: Crouch William
Published: March 2007

Children, highly resistant to treatment as outpatients, can be treated in child psychiatric inpatient units where a therapeutic environment or `Therapeutic Milieu' is maintained. Using the theoretical framework described by Gunderson in 1978 (Psychiatry, 41, 327-335) case vignettes and an extended case study are used to illustrate how milieu therapy works within the context of a multidisciplinary team. Some points of difficulty in application are discussed. The key elements of milieu therapy are discussed: maintenance of a safe and containing environment, a highly structured programme, physical and emotional support, collective involvement of the child, family and staff in the unit regimen and continuous evaluation of all therapeutic interventions. Milieu therapy is contrasted with previous attempts to treat the children as outpatients. Although we now live in an era dominated by community-based treatment, the intractability of some chronic mental illness and its high cost to children and their families makes continued research and development in this area essential.