bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reaction Pathways for the Electrochemical Synthesis of KA Oil from Cyclohexane
Authors: Siboonruang Tana , Negrete Karla
Published: November 2022

Recent decreases in the cost of electricity from both renewable and non-renewable sources and limitations of fossil fuel resources have bolstered interest in producing commodity chemicals using electrochemistry. Electrosynthesis offers promising alternatives to thermochemical processes, because they do not typically require extreme temperature and pressure. In addition, electric current can be used to replace dangerous reducing and oxidizing agents used in traditional organic chemistry. Electrosynthesis has been demonstrated as a possible pathway for partial oxidation of alkanes, which contain extremely inert C-H bonds.

A major challenge in nylon 6,6 manufacturing is cyclohexane conversion to KA oil, a mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol. In the current industry, this process suffers from low cyclohexane conversion and pressure requirements. Although cyclohexane electrochemical oxidation to KA oil has been demonstrated in literature, the mechanism by which this occurs is still poorly understood.

In this work, we demonstrate KA oil production through cyclohexane electrochemical oxidation in organic electrolytes. Using chronoamperometry, we identify the oxygen source (oxygen gas vs. water) for this reaction. In addition, we show that the cathodic counter reaction can influence cyclohexane conversion to KA oil and should be accounted for in mechanistic experiments. Based on literature, side product analysis, and electroanalytical methods, we propose a reaction pathway for electrochemical cyclohexane conversion to KA oil.
UV-vis Spectroelectrochemical In situ Study During the Electrochemical Oxidation of 2-Thiazolamine and 2-Oxazolamine
Authors: Herrera Julian Hernández , Morales Jimmy , Gómez Lara Kevin Steven , Collazos Reina Jhon Jairo , Avendaño Alvaro J , Dector Andrés
Published: November 2022

Oxazoles and thiazoles are useful organic compounds in the pharmaceutical industry and agricultural chemistry. For example, the aminothiazole heterocycle system is a useful structural element in medical chemistry and has found wide applications. [1] In previous studies, our group has reported that he electroactivity of 2-aminothiazole and 2-aminooxazole derivate resides on the primary amine group in C-2 position in thiazolic and oxazolic ring respectively and the electron donor ability is mainly governed by 2-aminothiazole and 2-aminooxazole chemistry. [2] Preliminary results, however, have not described or reported the electrochemical behavior of these heterocyclic compounds using in situ coupled techniques. One of the most interesting tools in the characterization of materials is the spectroscopy in the UV-Vis region, because it gives an idea of the compounds present. [3] This interesting technique has been coupled to electrochemicals methods, giving the possibility to in-situ information.

In this work, the electrochemical oxidation of 2-Thiazolamine and 2-Oxazolamine is performed utilizing cyclic voltammetry purely electrochemical technique, coupled to UV-vis spectroscopy in situ. The UV–Vis spectra were collected simultaneously while potentiostatic electrolysis was performed. Cyclic voltammetry was carried out using a PalmSens4 potentiostat and Spectroelectrochemical experiments were performed using a quartz curvet of 1 cm path length by placing a commercial screen-printed electrode (IS-1, Italsens), which included a three-electrode configuration printed on the same strip. The preliminary results show the important information provided by UV-Visible spectroscopy coupled with electrochemical techniques.

Bibliographic

Yichao Wan, Jiabing Long, Han Gao, Zilong Tang, 2021, Eur. J. Med. Chem 210, 15, 112953

J A Morales-Morales, A F Villamarin, E Florez-López, J J Rios-Acevedo, 2018 Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1119 012006

Noelia González-Diéguez, Alvaro Colina, Jesús López-Palacios, and Aránzazu Heras 2012, Chem. 84, 21, 9146–9153
Fabrication of Low-Cost, Paper-Based Electrodes for Detection of Bisphenol Compounds
Authors: Nelwood Michael , Platero Justin , Tom Robinson , Wilson Katelyn , Charley Jasmine , Begay Makeiyla , Abdelazim Khaled , Varman Arul Mozhy , Soundappan Thiagarajan
Published: November 2022

Bisphenol (BP) is a chemical additive that strengthens polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Bisphenol, however, is a known toxicant often categorized as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). Bisphenol absorption in the body has been implicated in contributing to metabolic disorders such as type-2 diabetes, obesity, immune toxicity, and other serious diseases. Approximately 90% of humans accumulate BP levels through exposure to food containers, plastic bottles, thermal printing papers, and other everyday plastic products. This accumulation is of special concern on the Navajo Reservation, which has a high rate of diabetes and obesity. We report the development of low-cost, flexible paper-based electrodes for the electrochemical detection of BP compounds. We fabricated paper-based electrodes using conductive carbon paste in a three-electrode system. We demonstrate that our paper-based electrodes can detect BP at 0.1mM, 0.3mM, 0.5mM, and 1mM in the laboratory at physiological pH conditions. These results demonstrate that the sensitivity of these electrodes and their linear electrochemical response make them well suited for real-time applications and point detections.
Battery Materials Characterization Workflow for Effective Battery Electrode Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Lau Hang Kuen
Published: November 2022

A lithium-ion battery’s performance characteristics demand the highest performing materials in the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and separator. Materials characterization is an essential set of analytical techniques for ensuring optimal battery performance during the stages of material selection, development, and manufacturing. Key material characterization technologies for ensuring that batteries achieve their performance characteristics include thermal analysis, rheology, mechanical analysis and isothermal microcalorimetry. Thermal analysis provides insights into material thermal stability and structure change under different temperature ranges. Rheology provides insights into battery slurry storage, mixing, coating, and drying for more uniform and defect free electrode manufacturing. Mechanical testing provides insights into structure-property relationship such as verifying whether the polymer material in a separator will shut down safely without melting. Isothermal microcalorimetry allows researchers to study the electrochemistry of a working battery cell by enabling direct heat flow measurements that provide insights into battery lifetime. This presentation will focus on the electrode manufacturing with thermal analysis and rheology characterization to highlight how advanced material characterization can help battery researchers, developers, and production specialists develop better analytical material characterization and quality control procedures.
Quantifying Tortuosity in Porous Lithium-Ion Battery Materials Using Ultrasound
Authors: Huang Ming , Lan Bo
Published: November 2022

Active electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries are porous. These materials are composed of a solid frame containing interconnected pores/channels, in which mass transport follows a tortuous pathway. Tortuosity is defined as the ratio of the average tortuous pathway to the projected straight path, and is a particularly important parameter indicating the diffusivity and conductivity properties of porous battery materials; so quantifying tortuosity is highly desirable to safeguard battery performance. Existing quantification methods are mostly based on impedance and polarisation measurements from specially-fabricated cells and numerical diffusion simulations using the microstructural tomographic images of porous materials. These methods, however, are generally cumbersome and barely applicable to in-production measurement. Here we report a novel alternative quantification method based on ultrasonic Biot waves in porous materials. This method utilises the fundamental fact that in a porous material with a rigid frame (which the electrode sheets are when immersed in the air), the slow Biot wave only travels in the liquid/gaseous phase, through the same tortuous pathway that the diffusion of ions and electrons happens in a finished battery. To achieve the quantification, we first develop a physical model relating the propagation of ultrasonic Biot waves to the tortuosity of porous battery materials. Based on this physical model, we then propose an inversion method to infer tortuosity from ultrasonic readings. The readings are acquired using air-coupled ultrasonic transducers in a non-destructive fashion, thus enabling real-time tortuosity quantification. This ultrasonic method measures the average tortuosity in a range of ~20 mm across the testing material, and can easily scan over a sheet to provide spatially resolved information. With these exciting features, the proposed method could offer a next-generation tortuosity quantification tool for quality control of porous battery material productions and a better understanding of battery performance.
Effect of Humidity on the Electrical Response of Interdigitated Circuit Patterns
Authors: Titus Roshaun , Gerhardt Rosario , Fowler James Elliott
Published: November 2022

Environmental factors can play a significant role on the performance of electronic devices. This can be controlled for by designing electronic components with materials that operate suitably under the working conditions of a device. Humidity is a highly variable factor that is unavoidable in ambient conditions, capable of affecting the electrical performance of components especially when they are hydrophilic in nature. Components with such properties can allow water molecules to either permeate through or reside on the circuit surfaces over time. Due to this, it is expected that the relative humidity in the environment of hydrophilic components will vary the circuit’s performance. Previous work [1] was conducted at a single humidity of 50%RH to assess the repeatability of the measured properties. In this study, interdigitated circuits were characterized using impedance spectroscopy at multiple relative humidity levels under a fixed temperature over a frequency range of 100 mHz to 10 MHz. Five interdigitated identical circuits were fabricated on a single solder coated circuit board, followed by no additional surface treatments. The circuits on these uncoated solder boards exhibit capacitive behavior at low humidity levels as expected. With increasing relative humidity, the circuit response transitions towards resistive behavior while exhibiting a reduction in real and imaginary impedance due to increased water molecule concentration at the interfaces of the circuit. Nyquist plots exhibit this transformation as the forming of a semicircle that decreases in size with increased humidity. When the impedance data is converted to the electrical modulus formalism [2], humidity increases result in the formation of peaks in the imaginary electric modulus function as shown in Figure 1. The surface topology of the different circuits, consisting of 50 electrodes each, was examined to better understand the significant effect of relative humidity on the impedance response of the circuit. Using optical and laser microscopy, it was found that the solder coat and interdigitated combs on the uncoated boards are porous in nature and have repeated units of inhomogeneous topologies, leaving many opportunities for water to gather or permeate at surfaces between the interdigitated combs. Five distinctive regions were found to repeat across the width of the circuits. Due to this, surface roughness parameters were also examined to investigate the possible link between topology and impedance response found.

Figure 1
Relating Surface Topography to Impedance Behavior in Solder Mask Coated Circuit Boards
Authors: Rath Miriam , Gerhardt Rosario , Fowler James Elliott
Published: November 2022

To manufacture circuit boards, thin film metallic patterns are first designed and deposited onto FR4 substrates to form the circuit electrodes, followed by a subsequent deposition of a solder mask coat to better insulate the electrodes and prevent cross talking between them. Because this manufacturing process can deposit multiple circuits on the same board, it is often assumed that all circuits on the same electrical circuit board are identical and exhibit similar electrical responses. However, the electrical response of circuit boards is a multi-variate function of solder mask heterogeneity, exposure conditions, humidity, type of manufacturing technique, and sample surface topography among other factors. In this paper, identical circuits on the same solder mask coated board demonstrate a “dual” behavior response in its impedance response; a “high impedance” response and a “low impedance” response as seen in Fig. 1. Although this “high” or “low” behavior can be characterized by the impedance magnitude, the impedance phase angle also provides a means to distinguish the dual behavior responses measured. To gain better insight into the factors that drive the resulting impedance behavior measured, circuit topography was characterized to tie surface roughness parameters to electrical measurements. 3D surface profiling was done on five interdigitated circuits containing 25 pairs of electrodes each. All circuits examined were located on the same board and received no exposure treatment to isolate only the relationship between surface topography and impedance behavior. Each circuit examined showed three distinct regions classified by surface height. The tallest region corresponded to the positive electrode, the second tallest region to the negative electrode, and the lowest region to the solder mask. For each region measured on each interdigitated circuit, the surface roughness parameters were calculated using the Keyence VK-X3000 software and then averaged to represent the overall topography of the respective regions. The impedance measurements were then analyzed in the context of the respective region average height profiles and surface roughness parameters for each circuit to find relationships between surface roughness and electrical behavior. This paper introduces a new approach to understanding impedance behavior of solder mask coated circuit boards with respect to the circuit topography and roughness parameters.

Figure 1
A Review on Digitalization Approaches for Battery Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Dermenci Kamil Burak , Dammala Pradeep Kumar , Yadav Poonam , Kathribail Anish Raj , Van Mierlo Joeri , Berecibar Maitane
Published: November 2022

Lithium ion batteries (LiBs) continue to be the most advanced technology in the battery systems as the world rushes to meet the diverse and expanding demands of the energy storage solutions. Research institutions, academia and industries requires a safer, high-performance and cheaper LiBs to accelerate the transition from oil-based to an electrical-based economy. Because of some interdependent electrochemical kinetics involved in the LiB chemistry, and time it takes for the fabrication process it became one of the challenging aspects in this modern day life as it is time consuming and needs to be updated with upcoming materials and methodologies[1]. To overcome these challenges quickly, introduction of digital tools [2] which can optimize the parameters of making LiBs are being researched and are trying to implement them in the battery manufacturing industry. Typically, the state of art manufacturing of batteries is a sequence of intermittent steps like slurry preparation, coating and drying, electrode cutting, calendaring, stacking pouch cell formation, electrolyte filling, sealing and mechanical and electrochemical testing which have to be precisely controlled and optimize each dependent parameters carefully and reorganize them for the fabrication to adopt to new systems which takes a lot of effort and machine handling for new innovative battery technologies. Automation of this manufacturing process with Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine learning(ML) or Internet of Things (IoT) is the new way of approach [3]. These approaches can help the research and battery manufacturing plants to meet the demands of cost effectiveness, sustainability, time needs and scalability. Digitalization of these techniques on one hand can reduce the time to market and provide a profitable manufacturing and on the other hand it can guide the cell prototyping and advanced cell chemistry to the new manufacturing tools in the virtual way. Thus the designing tools cost, prototyping cost also can be reduced. The abstract reviews both experimental and computational approach to undergo smooth transition in the battery manufacturing process.

References

Witt, D. et al. Myth and Reality of a Universal Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Design Optimum: A Perspective and Case Study. Energy Technol.
9, (2021).

Ramakrishna, S., Khong, T. C. & Leong, T. K. Smart Manufacturing. Procedia Manuf.
12, 128–131 (2017).

dos Reis, G., Strange, C., Yadav, M. & Li, S. Lithium-ion battery data and where to find it. Energy AI
5, (2021).
Supercapacitor: History, Types, Materials, Processes, Evaluations and Applications
Authors: Oyedotun Kabir
Published: November 2022

Energy storage enhancements are essential if the World is to fulfil its envisaged carbon reduction targets. Energy derived from solar and wind sources requires an effective storage to guarantee supply consistency due the characteristic changeability of its sources. Supercapacitors (SCs) also known as electrochemical capacitors have been identified as key part of solving the problem. Besides, SCs could provide solutions to charging electric vehicles much faster than is possible using lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, further research into high performance supercapacitors development is urgently required to capacitate them for effective large electricity storage. In general, the energy utilization will subsequently depend on consumers/industries that are generating, storing and utilizing energy more effectively, with SCs being identified as one of the emerging technologies for intermittent energy storage, harvesting as well as high-power delivery. In this study, we have highlighted the historical information concerning the evolution of supercapacitor technology and its application as an energy storage device. Also, a detailed account of the device’s electrode materials/electrolytes, processes, designs and various applications has been discussed.
(Invited) Manufacturing 3D Electrode Architectures Via Acoustophoresis
Authors: Cobb Corie Lynn , Begley Matthew R , Armstrong Emilee Nicole , Johnson Keith Edward
Published: November 2022

Achieving high-energy and high-power density Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with fast charge behavior is critical for the future of electric vehicle applications. Conventional LIBs have planar anode and cathode electrode stacks that can be optimized for energy or power, but not both simultaneously due to fundamental ion transport limitations with increasing electrode thickness. Three-dimensional (3D) electrode architectures1,2 can remove these performance trade-offs through engineered ion-transport in thick electrodes. However, scalable manufacturing methods for patterning these architectures over large areas at meaningful time scales is still limited. As a path to solving this challenge, we leverage both modeling and experiments to investigate the feasibility of deploying acoustophoresis to assemble and pattern 3D battery electrodes. Acoustophoresis employs acoustic standing waves to focus particles and enables near micron-scale control over particle placement in a fluid medium at time scales < 1 second. Prior research has shown the potential for rapid assembly of particles with this approach,3,4 making acoustic-based processing a promising methodology for manufacturing 3D electrodes over large areas. In this talk, we expand a previously developed model4 that solves differential equations of acoustic forces to track particle trajectories and define how the acoustic forces are influenced by slurry viscosity, particle loading, and particle morphology. Our initial experiments with different material systems, including LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC-622), help validate our model and process conditions to as a path towards acoustophoretic fabrication of 3D electrode architectures.

References

C. L. Cobb and S. E. Solberg, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, A1339–A1341 (2017).

C. L. Cobb and M. Blanco, Journal of Power Sources, 249, 357–366 (2014).

D. S. Melchert et al., Materials & Design, 109512 (2021).

R. R. Collino et al., Materials Research Letters, 6, 191–198 (2018).

Acknowledgements

This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under the Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO) Award Number DE-EE0009112. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government.
Moisture Sensitive Ni Rich Cathode Towards Large Scale Electrode Processing
Authors: Bi Yujing , Li Qiuyan , Yi Ran , Xiao Jie
Published: November 2022

High-capacity Ni-rich cathode is great candidate to enable higher energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for long-range electrical vehicles. However, the utilization of Ni rich cathode in large-scale application is still challenging. Fundamental research on Ni rich develops the understanding on material design and failure mechanism, but the moisture sensitivity of Ni-rich and its implications in storage and large-scale electrode coating are not well explored. Many challenges are existed on the way to large-scale processing for industry application. To overcome these challenges, we studied the key parameters impacting the rheological properties of NMC811 slurries and the corresponding properties of dried electrodes. Effective solutions are proposed to address the gelation issue of NMC811 slurry during large-scale coating to hopefully inspire more effective and practical approaches to tackle the grand challenges in electrochemical energy storage.
A Low Cost and Scalable Approach for Coating Cathode Materials
Authors: Sharma Jaswinder , Li Jianlin
Published: November 2022

High voltage (e.g., LNMO) and high capacity (e.g., NMC) cathode materials are highly desirable for achieving high energy density batteries. However, most of these cathode materials participate in parasitic reactions with electrolyte components. These reactions decrease the cyclic stability and capacity of these cathode materials, and thus lower their attractiveness. These parasitic reactions can be minimized by applying a thin coating of oxide materials such as silica or zirconia. Silica coating on cathode materials is highly desirable because of its low cost and high electrochemical stability. Several methods including ball milling of silica particles with cathode powder, sol-gel deposition of silica using protic solvents (e.g., ethanol and ammonium hydroxide) has been explored. However these methods have their own limitations, for example, ball milling based method provides incomplete coating formation, and the use of protic solvents such as ethanol and ammonium hydroxide in sol-gel silica deposition results in leaching of Li+ ions out of the cathode materials. Leaching of Li+ out of cathode particles results in lowered capacity of coated cathode materials. Therefore obtained coated cathode materials generally have a lower capacity than the uncoated cathode materials. Therefore, there is a need of a low cost method that provides a uniform coating but without leaching out the Li+ ions or compromising with the mechanical integrity of the cathode particles.

In the present work, we demonstrate a low cost and scalable method that provides very thin coatings of oxide materials but without compromising with the capacity and mechanical properties of the cathode material. Coating presence was confirmed by using transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-rays (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Preliminary, results showed that the cells having coated cathodes have better cyclic stability when compared to the cells made of uncoated cathode materials.

This research is funded by DOE’s Vehicle Technologies Office by Program Manager Dr. Changwon Suh.
Scalable Synthesis of High Performance Silicon Anode by Impregnation of Pitch in Nanoporous Silicon
Authors: Yi Ran , Chae Sujong , Xu Yaobin , Lim Hyung-Seok , Velickovic Dusan , Li Xiaolin , Li Qiuyan , Wang Chongmin , Zhang Ji-Guang
Published: November 2022

Silicon (Si) has been regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for the next generation LIBs with high energy density because it has 10 times higher theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh/g) than that of graphite. However, severe volume change (~300%) of Si during lithiation and delithiation hinders the practical application of Si anode by 1) particle fracture and pulverization, 2) disintegration of electrode, and 3) continuous electrolyte-decomposition at the newly exposed Si surface. A novel process has been developed for the preparation of porous Si/C composite-based anode which demonstrate highly stable cycling stability. The enabling factor is a wet chemical, low temperature pitch coating process that uses readily available, low-cost, and abundant precursors. The porous Si nanostructure can be preserved by impregnating petroleum pitch before high-temperature treatment. A full cell with 80 wt% pitch-derived carbon/nanoporous Si in the anode has been demonstrated with 80% capacity retention after 450 cycles. Low swelling in both particle and electrode levels has also been observed. It is expected that the unique process developed in this work is also applicable for the development of other alloying-type anodes that require preservation of the desired nanostructures during high temperature treatment.
(Invited) High Throughput Solvent-Free Manufacturing of Battery Electrodes
Authors: Steinhoff Bryan Dennis , Dong James , Mashtalir Olha , Amin-Sanayei Ramin , Hong Kunlun , Li Jianlin
Published: November 2022

Research into the manufacturing of LIB electrodes is constantly evolving with new active materials, improved binders, and improved drying techniques to more efficiently produce high-quality electrodes. However, the one constant in all these endeavors is that electrode research and manufacture still generally rely on a slurry-coating process, where large amounts of potentially toxic solvents are necessary for slurry production. As such, solvent-free, also known as dry-process (DP), electrode processing has been proposed to solve the conventional lithium-ion battery electrodes fabrication disadvantages, such as high equipment costs for solvent reclamation, currently seen in industry.

Currently, the solvent-free, state-of-the-art electrodes use polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a binder and the PTFE is fibrillized and dispersed in the dry powder mixture using a jet mill. One key solvent-free electrode shortcoming is that PTFE is not electrochemically stable for the anode, traditionally resulting in initial capacity losses of greater than 30% and poor mechanical strength, effectively limiting solvent-free processing to cathodes. A second shortcoming is that solvent-free electrodes generally require the addition of fibrillization promoters or processing steps that add cost and detract from performance by limiting active material content in the final electrodes.

In a recent development, Navitas and its internal partners of Cabot, Arkema, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory have shown the capability to produce both solvent-free anodes and cathodes utilizing an advanced dry-electrode process (ADEP) that also enables high-throughput production of next generation battery electrodes. These electrodes have improved mechanical strength, sufficient to withstand roll-to-roll manufacturing, and the anodes demonstrate an initial capacity loss of less than 15%. The group has demonstrated roll-to-roll production of solvent-free electrodes at quasi-industry standard active material compositions (90-92%) without the reliance of previously used fibrillization promoters, even at reduced PTFE concentrations in the formulation. Navitas has recently demonstrated the large format lamination of the initially formed, or “free-standing,” electrodes after they have been produced in roll-to-roll manufacturing and the integration of solvent-free electrodes in dual-layer and multi-layer pouch cells using typical industry tooling and cell production techniques.

Key words: solvent-free, dry-process, fibrillization, next generation lithium-ion batteries (NGLB), advanced dry-electrode process (ADEP), initial capacity loss, free-standing, roll-to-roll, pouch cell
Camphene-Assisted Fabrication of Free-Standing Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Composites
Authors: Weeks Jason Alexander
Published: November 2022

Free-standing electrode (FSE) architectures hold the potential to dramatically increase the gravimetric and volumetric energy density of LIBs by eliminating the parasitic dead weight and volume associated with traditional metal foil current collectors, however current FSE fabrication methods suffer from insufficient mechanical stability, electrochemical performance, or industrial adoptability. Here, we demonstrate a scalable camphene-assisted fabrication method that allows simultaneous casting and templating of FSEs comprised of common LIB materials with performance superior to foil-cast counterparts. These porous, lightweight, and robust electrodes simultaneously enable enhanced rate performance by improving mass and ion transport within the percolating conductive carbon pore network and eliminating current collectors for efficient and stable Li+ storage (> 1000 cycle in half-cells) at increased gravimetric and areal energy densities. Compared to conventional foil-cast counterparts, the camphene-derived electrodes exhibit ~1.5x enhanced gravimetric energy density, increased rate capability, and improved capacity retention in coin-cell configurations. A full cell with free-standing anode and cathode cycled for over 250 cycles with greater than 80% capacity retention at an areal capacity of 0.73 mAh/cm2. This active-material-agnostic electrode fabrication method holds potential to tailor the morphology of flexible, current-collector-free electrodes to optimize LIBs for high power or high energy density Li+ storage and is applicable to other electrochemical technologies and advanced manufacturing methods.
Assembling an All-Solid-State Ceramic Battery: Assessment of Chemical and Thermal Compatibility of Solid Ceramic Electrolytes and Active Material Using High Temperature X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Bertrand Marc , Rousselot Steeve , Aymé-Perrot David , Dollé Mickaël
Published: November 2022

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the most known and used batteries for portable energy storage because of their high energy densities, long cycle life and relatively low price. However, they still fall short for the development of long range electric vehicles and stationary applications due to organic liquid electrolytes that are currently electrochemically limited and present safety issues (fire or explosion in case of short-cut or overcharging). Solid oxide electrolytes appear to be one of the solutions because of their non-flammability and wide potential window. Inorganic oxide electrolytes have reasonable ionic conductivities (10-5-10-3 S/cm at ambient temperature), high mechanical strength, and high chemical stability.

Assembling an all ceramic solid-state battery with inorganic oxide electrolyte is challenging as it requires a deep knowledge of the thermal, chemical and electrochemical behavior of each component of the cell. The battery must be a continuous monolithic block with a thin dense electrolyte separator, in order to minimize the polarization. In addition, optimized interfaces between active material and electrolytes must be ensured in the composite electrodes. This is often achieved with oxide-based materials by using high temperature processing.

Thermal expansion occurring during this step can lead to cracks, which will affect the performance and cyclability of the device. The primary driving force of a crack during the fabrication of hybrid ceramic is the stress due to mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion (TEC) of the various layers/materials. Moreover, it must be certain that no reaction occurs between active material and electrolytes in the sintering temperature range. These are then two key parameters to address for the development of all ceramic solid-state batteries.

In this work, in situ-XRD has been used to determine the TEC and the thermal stability of various well-known oxide active materials and solid electrolytes. The aim of this presentation is to discuss about the best selection of compatible oxide-based materials to avoid unwanted cracks or reaction during the sintering processing of ceramic solid-state batteries.
(Digital Presentation) Room Temperature Pseudo-Solid State Conversion Battery
Authors: Lapp Aliya S. , Merrill Laura , Wygant Bryan , Ashby David , Bhandarkar Austin , Zhang Alan Chiurun , Fuller Elliot J. , Harrison Katharine , Lambert Timothy N. , Talin A. Alec
Published: November 2022

Herein, we report a pseudo-solid state conversion battery that operates at room temperature. Elimination of a traditional separator is enabled by the use of a polymer gel filled with a localized high concentration electrolyte (LHCE). This pairing combines the benefits of a flexible separator (e.g., adaptation to conversion-related volume changes) with the advantages of an LHCE (e.g., suppression of side reactions). The high ionic conductivity of the LHCE-filled gel facilitates room temperature operation of these batteries. To the best of our knowledge, this is in contrast to previous reports of pseudo-solid state batteries constructed with a similar conversion cathode material. Overall, we demonstrate three key properties. First, conversion batteries containing the LHCE-filled gel have high rate capabilities at room temperature. Second, the LHCE-filled gel is found to be stable with both the anode and cathode. Third, cycling performance with the LHCE-filled gel is nearly identical to that of a traditional separator, over a range of current densities (0.05-1.0 mA/cm2). This result underscores the viability of the former to serve as an alternative for the latter.
Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbides (Ti3C2) Mxene-Based Patterned-Electrodes for High Capacity Micro-Supercapacitors
Authors: Lee Yonghee , Han Hee , Ahn Chi Won
Published: November 2022

With the fast growth of wearable & miniaturized electronic devices, internet of things (IoT), and 5G telecommunications, the need for ultrathin, lightweight, and flexible energy storage devices has expanded significantly. Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) with electrically isolated interdigitated electrodes, have attracted great interest as major power sources for micro-electronic devices, offering high power efficiency, superior rate capability, and excellent cycle durability. MXenes, two-dimensional (2D) metal carbides and nitrides, have been considered as a promising candidate for state-of-the-art energy storage applications, due to their intriguing combinational properties such as excellent electrical conductivity, large surface area, tunable surface chemistry, and pseudo-capacity. 1

In this work, we report titanium carbides (Ti3C2) MXene-based MSCs with sub-micron gap between electrodes exhibiting high areal capacitance and superior rate capability, realized by microfabrication method based on focused ion beam (FIB) and photolithography.2 We also demonstrate a facile and reliable process for scalable manufacturing of on-chip and flexible MSCs for wearable/portable and miniaturized microelectronics. The MXene MSCs fabricated utilizing the cutting-edge nanofabrication technology in an 8-inch wafer have shown an outstanding volumetric capacitance and stable cyclic performances, suggesting the developed manufacturing process can accelerate commercialization of MXene-based energy storage devices as power sources for next-generation wearable and miniaturized microelectronics.3

[References]

1 Energy Environ. Sci. 9 2847 (2016)

2 Nano Energy 81 (2021), 105616

3 Chem. Eng. J., 450, 138456 (2022)
Enhancing Cycle Performance for Li-Rich Layered Oxides By the Stabilization of Crystal Structure
Authors: Choi Woo-Seok , Sung Nak Kyun , Kim Jeom-Soo
Published: November 2022

Li-rich layered oxides (LLO) have been studied as a next generation low-cost and high-capacity positive electrode materials. In LLO, the structural stability must be ensured to reversible Li intercalation. Blocking the tetrahedral site, the path of ions moving from transition metal sites to the lithium layer, may reduce the cation mxing which casuses the structural instability. In addition, introducing electrochemically inactive metal ions in the transition metal layer would stabilize the O-Me-O stacking by binding energy with oxygen which is higher than the transition metals.

In this study, LLOs were obtained with and without doping at varous conditions. Doping elements are B and Ge of x mol% with repect of transition metals (Mn, Ni, Co). The effect of doping of is evaluated through the evaluation of the physical and electrochemical characteristics of the synthesized LLOs. Especially, the elelctrochemical cycle stability is throughly studied at various charge cuf-off voltages. The details of evaluation and analysis results will be presented.
Fundamental Insights into the Effectiveness of Cathode Regeneration
Authors: Bhuyan Md Sajibul Alam , Shin Hosop
Published: November 2022

The volume of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is expected to increase rapidly over the coming decade. Consequently, it is of great interest to recycle and reuse cathode materials due to their high value in LIBs. Direct cathode recycling, which aims to regenerate cathode materials without destroying their original functional structures, could potentially maximize the return value from end-of-life LIBs compared to pyrometallurgical- and hydrometallurgical-based recycling processes. Here, we fundamentally investigate the effectiveness of cathode regeneration by regenerating chemically-degraded cathodes at different levels of delithiation, which are analogous to spent cathodes at different states of health (SOH). To evaluate whether direct recycling is effective in regenerating spent cathodes at different degrees of degradation, regenerated cathodes are thoroughly compared with pristine and chemically delithiated cathodes. The use of chemically delithiated samples provides the opportunity to fundamentally examine how the disordered, lithium-deficient cathode from used LIBs is regenerated while preventing the complications associated with other cathode degradation mechanisms, including surface layer formation and particle cracking.
Using Organosulfur Materials to Solve Critical Challenges Facing Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Bhargav Amruth , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: November 2022

The high abundance and environmental benignity of sulfur coupled with its high energy density of nearly 2,500 Wh kg-1 render the lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery technology a sustainable energy storage solution for the future. Unfortunately, in Li-S batteries, the sulfur cathode suffers from poor electronic and ionic conductivity and the notorious polysulfide shuttle effect. Meanwhile, the anode suffers from continuous degradation owing to the high reactivity of Li metal. Organosulfur materials may present a way to overcome these limitations. Organic functional groups bound to sulfur could enhance electronic and ionic conductivity. Limiting the polysulfide order in an organosulfur material can minimize the shuttle effect. Furthermore, organic groups could stabilize the electrolyte-anode interface.

Two studies on using organosulfur materials to overcome the challenges of Li-S will be presented. The first study shows a method to rationally design organosulfide polymers that can provide inherent Li-ion conductivity. The enhancement in ionic conductivity results in an improvement in performance under high-rate and high-loading conditions. The application of such materials in flexible Li-S batteries will be showcased. In the second study, a mechanistic understanding of how organosulfide-rich interphase at the Li-metal anode improves the stripping/plating efficiency will be elucidated. By understanding the effect of different functional groups on the efficiency of the anode, a set of design rules for developing organosulfide molecules that generate a stable interface will be proposed.
Comparative Study on the Electrochemical Properties of Cylindrical and Pouch-Type Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Kim Min-Sung , Shim Jae-Hyun , Kim Bom , Kim Woo-Jin , Kim Jae-Hoon
Published: November 2022

As the field expands from portable electronic devices to large energy storage devices such as electric vehicles, more reliable and innovative battery technologies are more important than ever.

Currently, there are three types of lithium battery packaging: cylindrical, prismatic and pouch. Cylindrical batteries with a cylindrical shape and structure were one of the first mass-produced battery types and are still mass-produced and dominate in some applications. On the other hand, prismatic batteries are gaining popularity due to their high capacity, thin form, and efficient use of space. Due to the angular shape, multiple cells can be easily connected to form larger packs. Finally, pouch batteries are known for their lighter construction, using a sealed flexible foil as the packaging material.

Each of these battery types offers a set of advantages and disadvantages. There is no clear winner, but the battery you choose can influence your product design in many ways. For example, each of these battery form factors can have a different temperature distribution and heat transfer model.

In this study, a cylindrical battery and a pouch-type battery of the same capacity were manufactured using the same four major materials (positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, and electrolyte), respectively, to study the cell chemical characteristics of Li-ion secondary batteries. In particular, it is intended to provide a field to which each type of lithium ion secondary battery can be applied by understanding the characteristics of thermal and deterioration.
(Digital Presentation) A Battery Interface Ontology for Data Interoperability and Semantic Knowledge Representation
Authors: Clark Simon , Andersen Casper Welzel , Flores Eibar , Bleken Francesca Lønstad , Friis Jesper
Published: November 2022

Data drives battery development. Despite the unprecedented volume of data being generated across both industry and research today, the battery data landscape remains a patchwork of heterogeneous sources with inconsistent metadata needed to correctly interpret its meaning. A new approach is needed to ensure that reported battery data is interoperable, reusable, and machine-readable. Furthermore, there is a growing need to share knowledge about batteries among groups from different backgrounds and organizations (e.g., experimentalists, modellers, engineers, technicians, etc.).

The Battery Interface Ontology (BattINFO) is designed to meet these needs [1]. An ontology is a data model that represents domain knowledge as a map of concepts and the relations between them. This allows data to be mapped to common vocabulary terms, such that any two pieces of data mapped to the same term are also mapped to each other. Additionally, the network of concepts and relations allow expert knowledge to be expressed as graphs in a machine-readable form, which can then be queried to identify links between individual pieces of data and quickly share knowledge across organizations.

BattINFO is a free, open-source domain ontology for electrochemistry and batteries that facilitates battery data interoperability and enables machine-readable semantic knowledge representation. A conceptual overview is shown in Figure 1. BattINFO was developed within the scope of the EU H2020 project BIG-MAP to facilitate data interoperability between more than 30 battery research institutes and companies in Europe. This contribution introduces BattINFO, demonstrates specific use cases for how it can be applied to accelerate battery data handling and development, and presents plans for future development and integration into the global battery data landscape.

[1] S. Clark et al., “Toward a Unified Description of Battery Data,” Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 2102702, 2021.

Figure 1
Stabilization of Dual Interfaces for High-Capacity Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile through Electrolyte Selection
Authors: Yu Kunpeng , Li Mingqian , Holoubek John , Cai Guorui , Chen Zheng
Published: November 2022

Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is considered as a promising cathode for the increasing need of high energy density and low-cost lithium-ion batteries. By chemically attaching sulfur to the conductive polymer backbone, SPAN system can promote a solid-solid conversion during the lithiation/delithiation process of sulfur, which avoids the polysulfide “shuttle effect”, and thus renders a better cycling stability compared to Li-sulfur system. However, due to the dissolving nature of long-chain polysulfide in ether-based electrolyte, SPAN annealed at high temperature is preferred in many Li-SPAN systems, which sacrifices the specific capacity in exchange for a higher cycling stability.

Here, a new design strategy for Li-SPAN batteries is reported. We manipulate a multistage approach by selecting SPAN and compatible electrolyte to achieve high specific capacity and outstanding cycling stability. In this work, optimally annealed SPAN is selected to increase the capacity, and localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) is chosen in consideration of stabilizing the interfaces on both cathode and anode. Compared with commonly used carbonated-based electrolyte, LHCE shows a great advantage on capacity and cycling stability. Moreover, the long cycling performance of the high-mass-loading full cells under room (23°C) and high (60°C) temperature is demonstrated with a great potential for high-energy and low-cost batteries.
High-Quality Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene Protective Layer for Metal Batteries
Authors: Lee Hoyoung , Lee Seung Woo , Lee Kyungbin
Published: November 2022

Graphene has attracted substantial attention due to its exceptional mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical properties. There has been active research for the scalable production of high-quality graphene. Among various techniques, electrochemical exfoliation is facile, fast, and cost-effective for graphene production. Our previous finding on anodic exfoliation suggested that the binding energy between the intercalator and graphene sheet plays an important role in exfoliation efficiency.1 We further extended the hypothesis to the cathodic exfoliation process to produce high-quality graphene. The characteristics and morphologies of electrochemically exfoliated graphene using alkali metals (e.g. Na, K, and Cs) are compared. Then, we will employ the exfoliated graphene on lithium metal anodes as carbon support for efficient lithium deposition in lithium metal batteries.

References

Lee, H.; Choi, J. I.; Park, J.; Jang, S. S.; Lee, S. W. Role of anions on electrochemical exfoliation of graphite into graphene in aqueous acids. Carbon 2020, 167, 816-825.
Manganese efflux transporter SLC30A10 missense polymorphism T95I associated with liver injury retains manganese efflux activity
Authors: Gurol Kerem C. , Li Danyang , Broberg Karin , Mukhopadhyay Somshuvra
Published: November 2022

This study demonstrates that the T95I polymorphism in the manganese transporter SLC30A10, which has been associated with liver disease in human GWAS studies, does not impact transporter function in cell culture. These findings raise doubts about the causal relationship of the T95I polymorphism with human disease and highlight the importance of validating GWAS findings using mechanistic approaches.