bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Model Study of the Salish Sea Estuarine Circulation*
Authors: Sutherland David A. , MacCready Parker , Banas Neil S. , Smedstad Lucy F.
Published: February 2011

A realistic hindcast simulation of the Salish Sea, which encompasses the estuarine systems of Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Strait of Georgia, is described for the year 2006. The model shows moderate skill when compared against hydrographic, velocity, and sea surface height observations over tidal and subtidal time scales. Analysis of the velocity and salinity fields allows the structure and variability of the exchange flow to be estimated for the first time from the shelf into the farthest reaches of Puget Sound. This study utilizes the total exchange flow formalism that calculates volume transports and salt fluxes in an isohaline framework, which is then compared to previous estimates of exchange flow in the region. From this analysis, residence time distributions are estimated for Puget Sound and its major basins and are found to be markedly shorter than previous estimates. The difference arises from the ability of the model and the isohaline method for flux calculations to more accurately estimate the exchange flow. In addition, evidence is found to support the previously observed spring–neap modulation of stratification at the Admiralty Inlet sill. However, the exchange flow calculated increases at spring tides, exactly opposite to the conclusion reached from an Eulerian average of observations.
COSMIC Radio Occultation Processing: Cross-Center Comparison and Validation
Authors: Gorbunov Michael E. , Shmakov A. V. , Leroy Stephen S. , Lauritsen Kent B.
Published: February 2011

A radio occultation data processing system (OCC) was developed for numerical weather prediction and climate benchmarking. The data processing algorithms use the well-established Fourier integral operator–based methods, which ensure a high accuracy of retrievals. The system as a whole, or in its parts, is currently used at the Global Navigation Satellite System Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding (GRAS) Satellite Application Facility at the Danish Meteorological Institute, German Weather Service, and Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change. A statistical comparison of the inversions of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) data by the system herein, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) data products, and ECMWF analyses is presented. Forty days of 2007 and 2008 were processed (from 5 days in the middle of each season) for the comparison of OCC and ECMWF, and 20 days of April 2009 were processed for the comparison of OCC, UCAR, and ECMWF. The OCC and UCAR inversions are consistent. For the tropics, the systematic difference between OCC and UCAR in the retrieved refractivity in the 2–30-km height interval does not exceed 0.1%; in particular, in the 9–25-km interval it does not exceed 0.03%. Below 1 km in the tropics the OCC – UCAR bias reaches 0.2%, which is explained by different cutoff and filtering schemes implemented in the two systems. The structure of the systematic OCC – ECMWF difference below 4 km changes in 2007, 2008, and 2009, which is explained by changes in the ECMWF analyses and assimilation schemes. It is estimated that in the 4–30-km height range the OCC occultation processing system obtains refractivities with a bias not exceeding 0.2%. The random error ranges from 0.3%–0.5% in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere to about 2% below 4 km. The estimate of the bias below 4 km can currently be done with an accuracy of 0.5%–1% resulting from the structural uncertainty of the radio occultation (RO) data reflecting the insufficient knowledge of the atmospheric small-scale structures and instrumental errors. The OCC – UCAR bias is below the level of the structural uncertainty.
Performance of the S − χ2 Statistic for Full-Information Bifactor Models
Authors: Li Ying , Rupp André A.
Published: February 2011

This study investigated the Type I error rate and power of the multivariate extension of the S − χ2 statistic using unidimensional and multidimensional item response theory (UIRT and MIRT, respectively) models as well as full-information bifactor (FI-bifactor) models through simulation. Manipulated factors included test length, sample size, latent trait characteristics such as discrimination pattern and intertrait correlations, and model type misspecification. The nominal Type I error rates were observed under all conditions. The power of the S − χ2 statistic for UIRT models was high for MIRT and FI-bifactor models that were structurally most distinct from the UIRT models but was low otherwise. The power of the S − χ2 statistic to detect misfitting between MIRT and FI-bifactor models was low across all conditions because of the structural similarity of these two models. Finally, information-based indices of relative model–data fit and latent variable correlations were obtained, and these showed expected patterns across conditions.
Key Questions and Challenges to the Standard Model of Military Group Cohesion
Authors: Siebold Guy L.
Published: February 2011

The Standard Model has become the primary approach to military group cohesion. Yet the key theoretical drivers that explain where the Model came from have not been well articulated. This article addresses that deficiency by presenting those main drivers in past research and the key questions derived from the research that guided development of the Model. Additionally, recent research has brought several potential challenges to the Standard Model, which also have not been well articulated or presented together in one place. This effort addresses those theoretical problems as well as logically deduced challenges, which in all have been labeled by the author as the Horizon Problem, Individual Differences Problem, Roman Road Problem, Reductionist Problem, Life Cycle Problem, Frame Problem, Common Goal Problem, and Action Problem. Some limits to the Standard Model are noted in the process of showing how the Model can accommodate these challenges.
Writing the conclusions: how do bullet-points help?
Authors: Kozak Marcin , Hartley James
Published: February 2011

Different authors in different disciplines conclude their articles in different ways. In this paper we illustrate this statement with examples and suggest that one particular way of clarifying the conclusions of articles in the sciences and social sciences is to print them using bullet points. We present as examples the conclusions from four papers with accompanying revised versions so that readers can judge the validity of this argument for themselves.
Conventions of Courtship: Gender and Race Differences in the Significance of Dating Rituals
Authors: Braboy Jackson Pamela , Kleiner Sibyl , Geist Claudia , Cebulko Kara
Published: February 2011

Dating rituals include dating—courtship methods that are regularly enacted. This study explores gender and race differences in the relative importance placed on certain symbolic activities previously identified by the dating literature as constituting such rituals. Using information collected from a racially diverse sample of college students ( N = 680), it is found that some traditional gender differences persist, but that these are also cross-cut by racial contrasts. Men, overall, place more emphasis on gifting, as well as sexual activity. Gender differences, however, are significantly greater among African Americans as compared with Whites in the sample studied. African American respondents are also significantly more likely than White respondents to associate meeting the family with a more serious dating relationship. The findings highlight the need for greater efforts to uncover and account for racial differences in dating, relationships, and courtship.
Non-invasive cerebral oximetry monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass in congenital cardiac surgery: a starting point
Authors: Quarti A. , Manfrini F. , Oggianu A. , D'Orfeo F. , Genova S. , Silvano R. , Pozzi M.
Published: February 2011

Introduction: Non-invasive cerebral monitoring with the INVOS cerebral oximeter is an accepted good indicator of cerebral metabolism. In recent years, it has been used in the monitoring of patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Herein, we describe the INVOS trend during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in a cohort of patients operated in our institution for congenital heart disease.

Patients and methods: Between December 2009 and March 2010, 40 patients (mean age 8.4 years; range 11 days-60 years) underwent cardiac surgical procedures using CPB. Values of INVOS cerebral parameter, pH, oxygen saturation, and CO2 level were collected pre CPB, during cooling, re-warming and weaning, and post CPB. INVOS parameters were evaluated according to CPB priming, age and preoperative oxygen saturation.

Results: Patients were divided according to CPB priming (haematic vs clear), age (≤1 vs >1 year of age) and oxygen saturation (≤92% vs >92%). During the operations, the trend demonstrated a reduction in INVOS value at the institution of CPB and a further reduction during the cooling phase in all groups.This has been correlated to the loss of pulsatile flow. However, the value recovered during re-warming, weaning and CPB discontinuation. Cyanotic patients presented a lower cerebral oximetry compared to acyanotic patients during the whole CPB period. Between age and priming groups, we noticed a statistical difference in cerebral oximetry, with a lower value in the younger patients and in the haematic priming group. This might be interrelated because all patients younger than 1 year old always received haematic CPB priming. Conclusions: We demonstrated that cerebral oximetry decreases with the loss of pulsatile flow regardless of the mean arterial pressure and, furthermore, is not directly related to the haematocrit value in patients with reduced pulmonary blood flow.
Genre identification of very brief musical excerpts
Authors: Mace Sandra T. , Wagoner Cynthia L. , Teachout David J. , Hodges Donald A.
Published: February 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine how well individuals were able to identify different music genres from very brief excerpts and whether musical training, gender and preference played a role in genre identification. Listeners were asked to identify genre from classical, jazz, country, metal, and rap/hip hop excerpts that were 125, 250, 500, or 1000 ms in length. Participants ( N = 347), students recruited from three college campuses in the southeast region of the USA, were found to be quite successful in identifying the genre of brief excerpts, even at 125 ms. Length of excerpt significantly affected participants’ ability to identify genre with longer time lengths leading to greater accuracy. Classical, metal, and rap/hip hop excerpts were correctly identified more often than were country or jazz excerpts. Further, there were many distinct interactions across lengths among genres. Musical training did not affect participants’ ability to identify excerpts overall or by length, but training was found to affect genre identification: those with training were better able to identify classical and jazz excerpts while those without training were better able to identify rap/hip hop excerpts. Gender did not affect participants’ ability to identify excerpts overall or by length, but gender was found to affect genre identification: males were better able to identify metal excerpts. Preference did affect participants’ ability to identify excerpts; most favorite genres were identified more accurately than all other genres and least favorite genres were identified less accurately than all other genres. In general, these findings support a primary conclusion that people are adept at identifying particular genres when presented with excerpts that are one second or less.
Economic conscience and public discourse
Authors: Shorthose Jim
Published: February 2011

This article provides a critique of the self-validating public responses to the international crisis of legitimacy facing the banking industry and professional politicians since the economic crisis of 2009. It compares the failure of economic conscience within Establishment institutions with the public culture of intrinsic economic conscience found in some developing economies and similar embryonic developments in Western economies. It highlights the way this alternative economic conscience might contribute to public discourse about economic and political governance, and thereby to democratic renewal in more supposedly advanced societies.
The construction of a trans-European labour movement
Authors: Jakopovich Dan
Published: February 2011

The first section of this paper establishes the rationale for a trans-European labour movement, based on the conditions brought about by global changes in the dominant mode of production, exchange, distribution and social reproduction, and the main specific socioeconomic circumstances in the European Union. In the second section, the main theories on the phenomenon of social solidarity are briefly discussed, as they pertain to the European labour movement. The third section looks at the limitations of the ideology, practice and institutionalised structures of ‘social partnership’, as a starting point for the fourth section, in which an account of the main existing cross-border union strategies is provided. The final section identifies and discusses some of the more democratic and counterhegemonic strategies, and summarises the main findings.
Compensable Work Time and Commuting: The State of the Travel Exemptions
Authors: Filippi Angelo M.
Published: February 2011

An employee’s commute to work is not compensable work time. Or is it? This article examines the concept of travel time, focusing on the difficult issues that arise when an employee is using the company’s vehicles to travel. The absence of uniformity in determining compensability in such situations led to an amendment to the Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947 after 48 years. The amendment exempted from compensable work time travel to work from home and home from work, along with any activities “incidental” to such travel. The article also examines recent cases on the concept of incidental activities.
Reliability Estimation of Buried Pipelines Using First-Order Reliability Method
Authors: Lee O.S. , Kim D.H. , Myoung N.H.
Published: February 2011

Corrugated polyethylene (PE) pipes are used widely for a variety of applications. These pipes provide substantial benefits over concrete, metal, and other traditional pipes in terms of their ability to resist environmental stresses from chemical and biological agents. Furthermore, they are easy to install, tough in the field, durable in service, and environmentally benign. In this article, the limit state function (LSF) is formulated in accordance with conventional design method. The first-order reliability method (FORM) is utilized to extract useful technical information in carrying out the effective design procedure for corrugated PE pipe. Using the three design criteria and failure probability, the methodology for reliability estimation of corrugated PE pipe is investigated. The effects of varying design parameters on failure probability are systematically studied. Of the three design criteria, it is found that the bending stress design criterion shows the smallest failure probability, and the deflection design criterion shows the largest failure probability for varying design parameters. It is recognized that the failure probability increases with an increase in the coefficient of variation (COV) of random variables. It is also noted that such design parameters as burial depth, modulus of soil reaction, outside diameter, pipe stiffness, soil density, and distance to neutral surface must be selected properly to achieve the required safety level.
Effect of Functionalize Carbon Nanotubes with Amine Functional Group on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber
Authors: Atieh M. A.
Published: February 2011

This article reports the investigations carried out on styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) matrices filled with functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). MWNTs were functionalized with amine functional group to enhance its dispersion in SBR nanocomposites. The functionalization of the surface of the carbon nanotubes (CNT) was carried out by using nitric acid at 120°C for 48 h. The FTIR technique was used to characterize the surface of the functionalized CNTs to ascertain the presence of the functional groups on the CNT surface. The modified CNTs were incorporated into a polymer solution and this was followed by subsequent evaporation of the solvent. This technique can be employed to ensure a homogeneous dispersion of nanotubes in the SBR matrix in order to increase the mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting nanocomposites. Results obtained shows significant improvement in the mechanical as well as thermal properties of the nanocomposites. For example the tensile strength increased from 0.16 MPa (blank SBR) to 0.45 MPa (10% CNT) while the young modulus increased from 0.2 MPa (blank SBR) to 0.55 MPa when 10% functionalized CNT was added. Also optimum value of 4.1 KJ energy absorption was obtained with the incorporation of 1% CNT into the SBR matrix. Significant increase in the glass transition temperature was also observed compared to the pure SBR. Thus, CNT functionalized with amine group can be considered as excellent nanofiller for increasing the reinforcing efficiency of SBR.
Post-ecological discourse in the making
Authors: Zeyer Albert , Roth Wolff-Michael
Published: February 2011

This article analyses the discourse of 15- to16-year-old Swiss junior high school students in order to understand public discourse on the environment and environmental protection. Discourse analysis reveals four interpretive repertoires as the building blocks for the so-called post-ecological discourse, which can be used to describe important aspects of current ways of talking about ecological issues in Europe. We show that 10 theoretically identifiable dimensions of this discourse can be understood in terms of a mutual interplay between the four interpretive repertoires. Post-ecological discourse in today’s (Swiss) society appears to be at its core a loss-of-control-discourse, which leads (in our students) to a latent eco-depression. Thus, the public understanding of science can be affected by unintended consequences of the talk itself (in this case an unintended environmental depression), that is, by the inherent characteristics of the involved repertoires, here especially the so-called folk science repertoire. Fostering public understanding of science is thus not merely a question of providing the public with scientific ‘facts’. It is also an issue of paying attention to the available discursive repertoires. If necessary, viable alternative repertoires may have to be offered. In school, for example, conversations about the nature of science, and about complexity and applied ethics might help students learn new interpretive repertoires and how to mobilize these in talking about the environment and environmental protection.
Cholesterol: A Novel Regulatory Role in Myelin Formation
Authors: Saher Gesine , Quintes Susanne , Nave Klaus-Armin
Published: February 2011

Myelin consists of tightly compacted membranes that form an insulating sheath around axons. The function of myelin for rapid saltatory nerve conduction is dependent on its unique composition, highly enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol. Cholesterol emerged as the only integral myelin component that is essential and rate limiting for the development of CNS and PNS myelin. Experiments with conditional mouse mutants that lack cholesterol biosynthesis in oligodendrocytes revealed that only minimal changes of the CNS myelin lipid composition are tolerated. In Schwann cells of the PNS, protein trafficking and myelin compaction depend on cholesterol. In this review, the authors summarize the role of cholesterol in myelin biogenesis and myelin disease.
Development of a Caregiver Empowerment Model to Promote Positive Outcomes
Authors: Jones Patricia S. , Winslow Betty W. , Lee Jerry W. , Burns Margaret , Zhang Xinwei Esther
Published: February 2011

Family members caring for aging parents experience both negative and positive outcomes from providing care. Theoretical explanations for negative outcomes have been developed. There is need for models that explain and predict positive outcomes. This article describes the evolution of the Caregiver Empowerment Model (CEM) to explain and predict positive outcomes of family caregiving. Although empirical findings support positive outcomes of family caregiving, less attention has been given to theoretical rationale for positive effects. The CEM predicts that, in the presence of filial values and certain background variables, caregiving demands are appraised as challenges instead of stressors. Appraising caregiving demands as a challenge, finding meaning, and using certain types of coping strategies are posited to be associated with growth and well-being. The CEM extends our understanding of the complexity of the caregiving experience, and can serve as a framework to guide in developing and testing theory-based interventions to promote positive outcomes.
Complexity of Family Caregiving and Discharge Planning
Authors: Popejoy Lori L.
Published: February 2011

Older adults and their family caregivers face numerous decisions about hospital discharge, including where they will go and how they will receive care. Older adults who account for nearly 37% of all hospital discharges often need care and support of family members at the time of hospital discharge. This study examines decisions made by hospitalized older adults, families, and health care team members (HCTMs) about hospital discharge. The sample included older adults ( n = 13, average age 84), family members ( n = 12, average age 71), and HCTMs ( n = 7, average age 47). Findings revealed the complexity of hospital discharge planning for older adults through five themes as follows: (a) home, (b) staying independent, (c) “advocating for them,” (d) deciding what to tell, and (e) changing the plan.
“Shifting Family Boundaries” After the Diagnosis of Childhood Cancer in Stepfamilies
Authors: Kelly Katherine Patterson , Ganong Lawrence H.
Published: February 2011

The childhood cancer experiences of stepfamilies have not been described despite the fact that nearly one third of U.S. children will live in a stepfamily household. To describe the impact of diagnosis on parental relationships in stepfamilies, we undertook a secondary analysis of data from a study of parental decision making in structurally diverse families. As described by 13 parents of six stepfamilies, the crisis of a childhood cancer diagnosis immediately changed family dynamics. Parental relationships changed, which shifted family boundaries, creating instability in families who were trying to cope with a very stressful life experience. Through increased understanding of parental relationship changes that occur after the diagnosis of childhood cancer in stepfamilies, clinicians can anticipate these changes and provide supportive interventions to reduce overall family conflict and distress. These distinctive stepfamily responses underscore the need to include structurally diverse families in future trials targeting parental coping in childhood cancer.
A Priori Inequalities between Energy Release Rate and Energy Concentration for 3D Quasistatic Brittle Fracture Propagation
Authors: Buliga Marius
Published: February 2011

We study the properties of absolute minimal and equilibrium states of generalized Mumford—Shah functionals, with applications to models of quasistatic brittle fracture propagation. The main results, theorems 7.3, 8.4 and 9.1, concern a priori inequalities between energy release rate and energy concentration for 3D cracks with complex shapes, seen as outer measures living on the crack edge.
Two-dimensional model for the combined bending, stretching and transverse shearing of laminated plates derived from three-dimensional elasticity
Authors: Pruchnicki Erick
Published: February 2011

For laminated plates, the displacement field can be approximated in each layer by a third-order Taylor—Young expansion in thickness. These involve (sections 3.1 and 3.2) that the highest order term of transverse shear is of first-order in thickness. Then we are motivated to consider a simplified theory based on the thickness-wise expansion of the potential energy truncated at third order in thickness. The equilibrium equations imply local constraints on the through-thickness derivatives of the zero-order displacement field in each layer. These lead to an analytical expression for two-dimensional potential energy in terms of the zero-order displacement field and its derivatives that includes non-standard transverse shearing energy and coupled bending—stretching energy. As a consequence this potential energy satisfies the stability condition of Legendre—Hadamard which is necessary for the existence of a minimizer.
Meeting the Health Needs of Postincarcerated Women: How Welcome Home Ministries Helps Bridge the Gap and Implications for Public Health Professionals
Authors: Leitzell Carolyn , Madrazo Natalie , Warner-Robbins Reverend Carmen
Published: February 2011

The marginalized population of newly released women inmates displays higher incidences of viral infections, mental illnesses, and chronic diseases (Wilper et al.). Current research has indicated that these health needs are not met during or after incarceration (Wilper et al.). Among other barriers, this gross health disparity increases the difficulty of reentry into society after release from incarceration. Welcome Home Ministries, a nonprofit organization that responds to the needs of postincarcerated women, helps facilitate the reentry process. Three Point Loma Nazarene University nursing students interning with Welcome Home Ministries created health outcome objectives for the organization to objectively measure their clients’ successes. The health outcome objectives explore the major needs of postincarcerated women and how they can be met. The many health issues of the newly released women provide significant implications for public and community health nurses in caring for these individuals.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the association with cardiac morbidity and mortality after coronary revascularization
Authors: Tully Phillip J. , Winefield Helen R. , Baker Robert A. , Turnbull Deborah A. , de Jonge Peter
Published: February 2011

This study examined the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) with Confirmatory Factor Analysis and followed up cardiac morbidity and mortality for a median of 4.9 years among 226 coronary artery bypass graft patients. Cardiac morbidity and mortality events ( n = 65, 28.8%) were associated with BDI-II cognitive factor z-score (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.02 — 1.82, p = .04), controlling for left ventricular impairment, age, respiratory disease, heart failure, renal disease and diabetes. A cognitive depression factor marked by pessimism, past failure, self-criticalness and worthlessness was consistently associated with cardiac morbidity and mortality, contrasting to other work.
The long and painful path towards arthroplasty: A qualitative study
Authors: Demierre Mélanie , Castelao Enrique , Piot-Ziegler Chantal
Published: February 2011

Hip or knee arthroplasty is proposed after osteoarthritis or an accident. It is decided after a long path of pain and decrease in the quality of life. This research explores the period of illness until surgery. Twenty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted one month before surgery and a thematic discourse analysis performed. The diversity and complexity of the patient experience, in a commonly performed surgical intervention underlines important topics, requiring attention in order to improve patient preparations and information prior to arthroplasty: information adapted to individual concerns, needs and representations. Psychological and physical acceptance is necessary for integration of the prosthesis.
From interpretation to civilization — and back: Analyzing the trajectories of non-European modernities
Authors: Wagner Peter
Published: February 2011

This article identifies civilizational analysis as one response to a recent crisis in the sociology of large-scale social configurations and explores how far the concept of civilization can go in analyzing the contemporary global social constellation. The reasoning proceeds in four steps. First, a brief review of the recent conceptual debate in social theory and historical sociology leads to the conclusion that concepts such as ‘civilization’ and ‘modernity’ still work with too strong presuppositions about continuity and commonality of patterns of world interpretation. Second, a proposal is made to distinguish several basic problématiques that all human collectivities need to address and to suggest that such a distinction lends itself to research-oriented disentangling of various aspects of social phenomena. In an explorative manner, third, this approach will be applied to South Africa and Brazil, two social configurations that can fruitfully be studied as collectivities but lend themselves much less to civilizational analysis. By way of conclusion, finally, the trajectories of these non-European modernities will briefly be compared to the European one to illustrate the potential of this approach for a global sociology of plural trajectories of modernity.
A shock to thought: Curatorial judgment and the public exhibition of ‘difficult knowledge’
Authors: Simon Roger I.
Published: February 2011

Many institutions of social memory have moved away from a singular emphasis on affirming presentations of patriotism, triumph and great deeds toward an appreciation of the potential for aggression inherent in human relationships. The result has been a proliferation of practices of remembrance related to violence, loss and death, topics often characterized as ‘difficult knowledge’. This is amply illustrated within contemporary museum practices. Exhibitions commonly understood as offering ‘difficult knowledge’ have concerned not only histories of violent conflict and traumatic loss, but the aftermath of such. Despite this commonplace understanding, it remains important to consider what it is about such exhibitions that render them ‘difficult’ and what might be achieved by making these painful histories public. These questions are explored through a series of comparative studies of varying museum exhibitions that, while drawing from the same archive of images and documents, have presented them in different ways.
Challenges in the development of standards for synthetic turf for Australian football and cricket
Authors: Twomey D M , Otago L , Saunders N
Published: February 2011

Given the escalating drought conditions in Australia, synthetic surfaces have recently been explored as a viable surface option for community-level Australian football-cricket ovals. The vast majority of Australian football ovals are transformed into cricket pitches during the football off-season and hence the characteristics of both sports had to be duly considered in the development of standards that could be tested in a laboratory setting, for a synthetic turf surface. This paper describes the data collection and test methods undertaken in the development of the standards for synthetic surface use in Australian football and cricket. The paper also discusses the issues and challenges encountered during the development of standards for multi-sport synthetic surfaces to ensure player safety while maintaining the performance characteristics of both sports. Surface property and ball interaction tests were undertaken on natural playing surfaces, both in situ and in the laboratory to determine the properties of the current playing surface for each sport. This paper highlights the importance of careful consideration of the characteristics of both games and the use of equipment from both sports in the testing methods. The standards described in this paper have now been accepted by the Australian Football League and Cricket Australia and the product approval process and use of synthetic surfaces for Australian football and cricket is imminent.
Physical complications in early clozapine treatment: a case report and implications for safe monitoring
Authors: Patel Sachin S. , Allin Matthew P. G.
Published: February 2011

Treatment with the antipsychotic clozapine is often complicated by its wide-ranging and sometimes serious adverse effect profile. A link between clozapine therapy and diabetes is well established, although the onset and severity of glucose metabolism abnormalities is variable. Recent literature also suggests there may be an association between clozapine therapy and pneumonia. We review the relevant background literature and present a case of a patient with pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who presented with a diabetic emergency after a relatively short period of treatment with clozapine. He went on to develop pneumonia from which he died. We discuss the implications this case, and others alike, have for early routine physical health monitoring of this patient group.
Glutamatergic antipsychotic drugs: a new dawn in the treatment of schizophrenia?
Authors: Stone James M.
Published: February 2011

Growing evidence for glutamate abnormalities in schizophrenia support the development of novel antipsychotic agents targeting this system. Early studies investigating modulation of the glutamate system using glycine, D-serine and sarcosine in patients with schizophrenia have demonstrated significant effects, particularly on negative symptoms, conventionally thought to be refractory to antipsychotic drug treatment. Drugs targeting the glutamate system also have a completely different side-effect profile to dopamine D2 antagonists, with no propensity to extrapyramidal side effects, prolactinaemia or weight gain. It has been hypothesized that glutamatergic drugs may be of benefit to the 20–30% of individuals with schizophrenia who fail to show any response to dopaminergic agents, and may be particularly useful in the early stages of the illness, where they may be disease-modifying. A number of glutamatergic compounds have been reported as having promising results in phase II drug trials. If these reach the clinic, they will represent the first truly novel approach to pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia for more than 50 years.
Anatomical Variance in Acetabular Anteversion Does Not Predict Hip Fracture Patterns in the Elderly
Authors: Kamath Megan Y. , Coleman Nathan W. , Belkoff Stephen M. , Mears Simon C.
Published: February 2011

It has been suggested that variances in the anatomy of the acetabulum determine the type of hip fracture in elderly patients. Based on this concept, an overly anteverted acetabulum would lead to impingement of the femoral neck against the posterior rim of the acetabulum, causing a femoral neck fracture, whereas with a retroverted acetabulum, external rotation of the hip would be limited by the capsular tissues attached to the trochanteric region, causing a trochanteric fracture. To test the hypothesis that acetabular version predicts hip fracture type in elderly patients, we measured acetabular version using computed tomography scans for 135 patients with hip fracture. Logistic regression analysis was used to check for an association between version angle and fracture type. No significant relationship between acetabular version and fracture type was found. Therefore, we conclude that acetabular version angle does not predict hip fracture type in the elderly, and our data do not support the impingement concept as the mechanism of hip fractures.
Multiple Tibial Insufficiency Fractures in the Same Tibia
Authors: Defoort Saartje , Mertens Peter
Published: February 2011

Stress fractures were first described by Briethaupt in 1855. Since then, there have been many discussions in the literature concerning stress fractures, which have been described in both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing bones. Currently, the tibia is the most frequent location, but multiple stress fractures in the same tibia are rare. This paper presents an unusual case of a 60-year-old woman with multiple tibial stress fractures of spontaneous onset.
Critical sheet thickness for weld nugget growth during resistance spot welding of three‐steel sheets
Authors: Pouranvari M , Marashi S P H
Published: February 2011

One of the most important issues in resistance spot welding of three‐sheet stack joints is the insufficient growth of the weld nugget, which may cause problems in places needing larger weld nuggets (i.e. sheet/sheet interface). In this paper, the effect of sheet thickness on the pattern of weld nugget development during resistance spot welding of three‐steel sheets of equal thickness is studied. Results showed that there is a critical sheet thickness of 1·5 mm at which the fusion zone size at the sheet/sheet interface is nearly equal to the fusion zone size at the geometrical centre of the joint. Increasing the sheet thickness beyond the critical size causes a shift in the location of weld nugget formation from the geometrical centre to the sheet/sheet interfaces. Below the critical sheet thickness, the weld nugget growth in the geometrical centre of the joint is higher than that in the sheet/sheet interface.
CBL, CBLB, TET2, ASXL1, and IDH1/2 mutations and additional chromosomal aberrations constitute molecular events in chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Makishima Hideki , Jankowska Anna M. , McDevitt Michael A. , O'Keefe Christine , Dujardin Simon , Cazzolli Heather , Przychodzen Bartlomiej , Prince Courtney , Nicoll John , Siddaiah Harish , Shaik Mohammed , Szpurka Hadrian , Hsi Eric , Advani Anjali , Paquette Ronald , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P.
Published: February 2011

Progression of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) to accelerated (AP) and blast phase (BP) is because of secondary molecular events, as well as additional cytogenetic abnormalities. On the basis of the detection of JAK2, CBL, CBLB, TET2, ASXL1, and IDH1/2 mutations in myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, we hypothesized that they may also contribute to progression in CML. We screened these genes for mutations in 54 cases with CML (14 with chronic phase, 14 with AP, 20 with myeloid, and 6 with nonmyeloid BP). We identified 1 CBLB and 2 TET2 mutations in AP, and 1 CBL, 1 CBLB, 4 TET2, 2 ASXL1, and 2 IDH family mutations in myeloid BP. However, none of these mutations were found in chronic phase. No cases with JAK2V617F mutations were found. In 2 cases, TET2 mutations were found concomitant with CBLB mutations. By single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, uniparental disomy on chromosome 5q, 8q, 11p, and 17p was found in AP and BP but not involving 4q24 (TET2) or 11q23 (CBL). Microdeletions on chromosomes 17q11.2 and 21q22.12 involved tumor associated genes NF1 and RUNX1, respectively. Our results indicate that CBL family, TET2, ASXL1, and IDH family mutations and additional cryptic karyotypic abnormalities can occur in advanced phase CML.
Poor adherence is the main reason for loss of CCyR and imatinib failure for chronic myeloid leukemia patients on long-term therapy
Authors: Ibrahim Amr R. , Eliasson Lina , Apperley Jane F. , Milojkovic Dragana , Bua Marco , Szydlo Richard , Mahon Francois-Xavier , Kozlowski Kasia , Paliompeis Christos , Foroni Letizia , Khorashad Jamshid S. , Bazeos Alex , Molimard Mathieu , Reid Alistair , Rezvani Katayoun , Gerrard Gareth , Goldman John , Marin David
Published: February 2011

We studied the relation between adherence to imatinib measured with microelectronic monitoring systems and the probabilities of losing a complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) and of imatinib failure in 87 CCyR chronic myeloid leukemia patients receiving long-term therapy. We included in our analysis the most relevant prognostic factors described to date. On multivariate analysis, the adherence rate and having failed to achieve a major molecular response were the only independent predictors for loss of CCyR and discontinuation of imatinib therapy. The 23 patients with an adherence rate less than or equal to 85% had a higher probability of losing their CCyR at 2 years (26.8% vs 1.5%, P = .0002) and a lower probability of remaining on imatinib (64.5% vs 90.6%, P = .006) than the 64 patients with an adherence rate more than 85%. In summary, we have shown that poor adherence is the principal factor contributing to the loss of cytogenetic responses and treatment failure in patients on long-term therapy.
Different role of CD73 in leukocyte trafficking via blood and lymph vessels
Authors: Ålgars Annika , Karikoski Marika , Yegutkin Gennady G. , Stoitzner Patrizia , Niemelä Jussi , Salmi Marko , Jalkanen Sirpa
Published: February 2011

CD73 is involved in the extracellular ATP metabolism by dephosphorylating extracellular AMP to adenosine and thus regulating permeability of the blood vessels and leukocyte traffic into the tissues. It is also present on lymphatic vessels where its distribution and function have not been characterized. We found that CD73 is expressed on a subpopulation of afferent lymph vessels but is absent on efferent lymphatics, unlike LYVE-1 and podoplanin, which are expressed on both types of lymphatics. The extracellular nucleotide metabolism on lymphatic endothelium differs from that on blood vessel endothelium as lymphatic endothelium has lower NTPDase and higher ecto-5′-nucleotidase/CD73 activity than blood vascular endothelium. In knockout mice, the lack of CD73 on lymphocytes decreases migration of lymphocytes to the draining lymph nodes more than 50% while CD73-deficient lymph vessels mediate lymphocyte trafficking as efficiently as the wild-type lymphatics. Thus, although endothelial CD73 is important for permeability and leukocyte extravasation in blood vessels, it does not have a role in these functions on lymphatics. Instead, lymphocyte CD73 is intimately involved in lymphocyte migration via afferent lymphatic vessels.
PIAS1 interacts with FLASH and enhances its co-activation of c-Myb
Authors: Alm-Kristiansen Anne Hege , Lorenzo Petra I , Molværsmyr Ann-Kristin , Matre Vilborg , Ledsaak Marit , Sæther Thomas , Gabrielsen Odd S
Published: February 2011

Background

FLASH is a huge nuclear protein involved in various cellular functions such as apoptosis signalling, NF-κB activation, S-phase regulation, processing of histone pre-mRNAs, and co-regulation of transcription. Recently, we identified FLASH as a co-activator of the transcription factor c-Myb and found FLASH to be tightly associated with active transcription foci. As a huge multifunctional protein, FLASH is expected to have many interaction partners, some which may shed light on its function as a transcriptional regulator.

Results

To find additional FLASH-associated proteins, we performed a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening with FLASH as bait and identified the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1 as an interaction partner. The association appears to involve two distinct interaction surfaces in FLASH. We verified the interaction by Y2H-mating, GST pulldowns, co-IP and ChIP. FLASH and PIAS1 were found to co-localize in nuclear speckles. Functional assays revealed that PIAS1 enhances the intrinsic transcriptional activity of FLASH in a RING finger-dependent manner. Furthermore, PIAS1 also augments the specific activity of c-Myb, and cooperates with FLASH to further co-activate c-Myb. The three proteins, FLASH, PIAS1, and c-Myb, are all co-localized with active RNA polymerase II foci, resembling transcription factories.

Conclusions

We conclude that PIAS1 is a common partner for two cancer-related nuclear factors, c-Myb and FLASH. Our results point to a functional cooperation between FLASH and PIAS1 in the enhancement of c-Myb activity in active nuclear foci.
Leptin promotes melanoma tumor growth in mice related to increasing circulating endothelial progenitor cells numbers and plasma NO production
Authors: Amjadi Fatemehsadat , Javanmard Shaghaygh Haghjooy , Zarkesh-Esfahani Hamid , Khazaei Majid , Narimani Manijeh
Published: February 2011

Background

Epidemiological studies propose that obesity increases the risk of several cancers, including melanoma. Obesity increases the expression of leptin, a multifunctional peptide produced predominantly by adipocytes which may promote tumor growth. Several recently experiments have suggested that the tumors growth is in need of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) dependent generation of new blood vessels.

Our objectives in the present study were to examine the effects of leptin on melanoma growth, circulating EPCs number and plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites (NOx).

Methods

2 × 106 B16F10 melanoma cells were injected to thirty two C57BL6 mice subcutaneously. The mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 8) in 8th day. Two groups were received twice daily intraperitoneal(i.p) injections of either PBS or recombinant murine leptin (1 μg/g initial body weight). Two groups were received i.p. injections of either 9F8 an anti leptin receptor antibody or the control mouse IgG at 50 μg/mouse every 3 consecutive days. By the end of the second week the animals were euthanized and blood samples and tumors were analyzed.

Results

The tumor weight, EPC numbers and NOx level in leptin, PBS, 9F8, and IgG group were (3.2 ± 0.6, 1.7 ± 0.3, 1.61 ± 0.2,1.7 ± 0.3 g), (222.66 ± 36.5, 133.33 ± 171, 23.33 ± 18, 132.66 ± 27.26/ml of blood), and (22.47 ± 5.5, 12.30 ± 1.5, 6.26 ± 0.84, 15.75 ± 6.3 μmol/L) respectively. Tumors weight and size, circulating EPC numbers and plasma levels of NOx were significantly more in the leptin than 9f8 and both control groups (p < 0.05). The plasma concentration of NOx significantly decreased in 9f8 treated mice compare to control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

In conclusion, our observations indicate that leptin causes melanoma growth likely through increased NO production and circulating EPC numbers and consequently vasculogenesis.
Back to the Future: Contemporary China in the Perspective of Its Past, circa 1980
Authors: Dirlik Arif
Published: February 2011

The discussion offered below is in two parts. The first part reproduces parts of an article published in 1981, at the very beginning of the reforms in Chinese socialism under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping. This article argued a point that proved to be controversial at the time: that the reforms would inevitably lead to incorporation in a global capitalist economy. Especially important in the discussion was the appearance of new class divisions in Chinese society. The second part of this article reflects on this prognostication from a contemporary perspective. While Chinese society has undergone tremendous changes over the last three decades which are tracked here in broad outline, these changes have confirmed the prognostication of thirty years ago. The People's Republic of China has emerged since the 1990s as one of the cores of the global capitalist economy, and divisions in society (due to class but also urban-rural and regional inequalities, among others) have assumed even greater sharpness. Despite important advances, in other words, serious problems remain—especially given continued claims to socialism. Uncertainty about the future remains as development has added new problems to old ones.