bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Guide to Diplomatic Practice
Authors: Satow Ernest
Published: October 2011

Recruited straight from university, Ernest Satow (1843–1929) became one of the most respected British diplomats, particularly in Japan, where he is still remembered. After a career spent mostly in the rapidly developing Far East, he retired in 1906. Just before the outbreak of war, he was asked to compile a work on international diplomacy, and 'Satow', as it has become known, was first published in 1917, and in updated versions has not been out of print since. Satow's work was pioneering, there being at that time no comprehensive study in English of diplomacy. Volume 2 concentrates on international conferences and congresses from 1648. Lasting weeks, and sometimes months, such gatherings were often, until well into the twentieth century, the only occasion when heads of state or government met face to face. We still live today with the consequences of many of these meetings.
Leaders and International Conflict
Authors: Chiozza Giacomo , Goemans H. E.
Published: October 2011

Chiozza and Goemans seek to explain why and when political leaders decide to initiate international crises and wars. They argue that the fate of leaders and the way leadership changes, shapes leaders' decisions to initiate international conflict. Leaders who anticipate regular removal from office, through elections for example, have little to gain and much to lose from international conflict, whereas leaders who anticipate a forcible removal from office, such as through coup or revolution, have little to lose and much to gain from conflict. This theory is tested against an extensive analysis of more than 80 years of international conflict and with an intensive historical examination of Central American leaders from 1848 to 1918. Leaders and International Conflict highlights the political nature of the choice between war and peace and will appeal to all scholars of international relations and comparative politics.
Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle
Authors: Carlyle Jane Welsh
Published: October 2011

Widely recognised as one of the greatest female letter writers in English, Jane Welsh Carlyle (1801–1866) possessed a famous sense of wit and irony, which, together with her keen observational skills, made her an important literary figure in her own right. This three-volume set of her letters, published in 1883 and annotated throughout by her husband Thomas Carlyle, represents a fine example of the letter-writing genre. The publication of the letters made a significant contribution to a growing acceptance and critical recognition of this often dismissed literary form. Volume 1 (from 1834 to 1847) is introduced by Thomas, who recollects the events of the day in June 1834 when the first letter of the collection was written. Through Jane's correspondence with her family and friends, the reader will be entertained by her amusing descriptions of everyday life, and will gain a revealing insight into the highs and lows of her marriage.
Narrative of an Excursion to the Lake Amsanctus and to Mount Vultur in Apulia in 1834
Authors: Daubeny Charles
Published: October 2011

This short but distinctive paper was published in 1835 by Charles Daubeny (1795–1867), who began his career as a physician but soon found his passion to be volcanos. At this time, Daubeny held chairs in chemistry and botany at Oxford. He had made many field trips to European volcanic regions between 1819 and 1825, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1822, and in 1826 published the first edition of his famous Description of Active and Extinct Volcanos, of which a later version also appears in this series. Here Daubeny describes a winter trip to the Apulia (Puglia) region in the south-east of Italy, rarely described by travel writers of his time, to visit Lake Amsanctus, famously mentioned by Virgil, and the extinct volcano Mount Vultur. Although Daubeny's overall focus is scientific, his account also includes lively descriptions of classical remains and rural society in southern Italy.
The Greeks and the New
Authors: D'Angour Armand
Published: October 2011

The Greeks have long been regarded as innovators across a wide range of fields in literature, culture, philosophy, politics and science. However, little attention has been paid to how they thought and felt about novelty and innovation itself, and to relating this to the forces of traditionalism and conservatism which were also present across all the various societies within ancient Greece. What inspired the Greeks to embark on their unique and enduring innovations? How did they think and feel about the new? This book represents the first serious attempt to address these issues, and deals with the phenomenon across all periods and areas of classical Greek history and thought. Each chapter concentrates on a different area of culture or thought, while the book as a whole argues that much of the impulse towards innovation came from the life of the polis which provided its setting.
Abeokuta and the Camaroons Mountains
Authors: Burton Richard Francis
Published: October 2011

Sir Richard Burton (1821–1890) the famous Victorian explorer, began his career in the Indian army in 1842. While in India he developed his linguistic talent, mastering more than forty different languages and dialects. He turned to writing books in the 1850s and, over the remaining forty years of his life, published dozens of works and more than one hundred articles. Burton wrote this two-volume work, published in 1863, while working as the British consul in Fernando Po (modern-day Equatorial Guinea), West Africa. In Volume 1 Burton describes his journey to Abeokuta, the capital of the Egba tribe of the Yoruba nation (which was located in the south-west of present-day Nigeria). Burton gives detailed descriptions of the people he meets – including the king – and considers the relationship between the Egba and British in the context of the latters' ambitions in West Africa.
Wanderings in West Africa from Liverpool to Fernando Po
Authors: Burton Richard Francis
Published: October 2011

Sir Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890) was a British explorer, writer and ethnologist best known for his travels in Asia and Africa in the nineteenth century. This is his account, originally published in 1863, of his mission to investigate mortality in West Africa. In Volume 1 he describes his departure from England, with accounts of the landscapes, buildings, cultures and cuisines that characterized his journey from Liverpool through Madeira and Tenerife, before recalling his first impressions of Africa on arriving in Bathurst on the Eastern Cape. In the final two chapters he recounts his findings in Sierra Leone and Cape Palmas, revealing how the positioning of settlements exposed their inhabitants to disease, adverse weather conditions, poverty and malnourishment. Set within a fascinating historical, political and cultural context, and written in vivid detail, Burton's memoirs remain of great interest and relevance to anthropologists, historians and geographers today.
John Dunn, Cetywayo and the Three Generals
Authors: Dunn John
Published: October 2011

John Dunn (1834–95) became an infamous figure ('a perfect gorilla') in Britain after his involvement in the Anglo-Zulu war of 1879. A British subject who had lived all his life in South Africa, he spent his early years learning to be an expert hunter of large game before becoming a confidant of the Zulu king Cetshwayo, quickly accumulating wealth and power; although already married, he took forty-nine wives and fathered one hundred and seventeen children. However, when war broke out he sided with the British against his former friend and patron, and was rewarded with a huge tract of territory in the former Zulu kingdom. This book, published in 1886 and edited by his friend D. C. F. Moodie (1838–91), presents his side of the story, and contains fascinating insights into an extraordinary life lived among the Zulus in the nineteenth century.
The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: October 2011

Dr Samuel Johnson (1709–84) is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of English literature, as a poet, essayist, moralist, critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. This collected edition of his works - commissioned by the publisher within hours of Johnson's death, such was his celebrity - was published in 1787 in eleven volumes, edited by his literary executor, the musicologist Sir John Hawkins. Volume 3 contains the second part of his Lives of the Poets, his last major work. This was a commission to provide short accounts of over fifty poets of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and it set a new standard for English literary biography. Although not all of the subjects have been regarded as eminent by posterity, and Johnson was criticised for brusque treatment of well-connected courtier poets now largely forgotten, the work was a great success.
Zariski Geometries
Authors: Zilber Boris
Published: October 2011

This book presents methods and results from the theory of Zariski structures and discusses their applications in geometry as well as various other mathematical fields. Its logical approach helps us understand why algebraic geometry is so fundamental throughout mathematics and why the extension to noncommutative geometry, which has been forced by recent developments in quantum physics, is both natural and necessary. Beginning with a crash course in model theory, this book will suit not only model theorists but also readers with a more classical geometric background.
Particle dynamics in the channel flow of a turbulent particle–gas suspension at high Stokes number. Part 2. Comparison of fluctuating force simulations and experiments
Authors: Goswami Partha S. , Kumaran V.
Published: October 2011

The particle and fluid velocity fluctuations in a turbulent gas–particle suspension are studied experimentally using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry with the objective of comparing the experiments with the predictions of fluctuating force simulations. Since the fluctuating force simulations employ force distributions which do not incorporate the modification of fluid turbulence due to the particles, it is of importance to quantify the turbulence modification in the experiments. For experiments carried out at a low volume fraction of $9. 15\ensuremath{\times} 1{0}^{\ensuremath{-} 5} $ (mass loading is 0.19), where the viscous relaxation time is small compared with the time between collisions, it is found that the gas-phase turbulence is not significantly modified by the presence of particles. Owing to this, quantitative agreement is obtained between the results of experiments and fluctuating force simulations for the mean velocity and the root mean square of the fluctuating velocity, provided that the polydispersity in the particle size is incorporated in the simulations. This is because the polydispersity results in a variation in the terminal velocity of the particles which could induce collisions and generate fluctuations; this mechanism is absent if all of the particles are of equal size. It is found that there is some variation in the particle mean velocity very close to the wall depending on the wall-collision model used in the simulations, and agreement with experiments is obtained only when the tangential wall–particle coefficient of restitution is 0.7. The mean particle velocity is in quantitative agreement for locations more than 10 wall units from the wall of the channel. However, there are systematic differences between the simulations and theory for the particle concentrations, possibly due to inadequate control over the particle feeding at the entrance. The particle velocity distributions are compared both at the centre of the channel and near the wall, and the shape of the distribution function near the wall obtained in experiments is accurately predicted by the simulations. At the centre, there is some discrepancy between simulations and experiment for the distribution of the fluctuating velocity in the flow direction, where the simulations predict a bi-modal distribution whereas only a single maximum is observed in the experiments, although both distributions are skewed towards negative fluctuating velocities. At a much higher particle mass loading of 1.7, where the time between collisions is smaller than the viscous relaxation time, there is a significant increase in the turbulent velocity fluctuations by ${\ensuremath{\sim} }1$–2 orders of magnitude. Therefore, it becomes necessary to incorporate the modified fluid-phase intensity in the fluctuating force simulation; with this modification, the mean and mean-square fluctuating velocities are within 20–30 % of the experimental values.
Do waveless ships exist? Results for single-cornered hulls
Authors: Trinh Philippe H. , Chapman S. Jonathan , Vanden-Broeck Jean-Marc
Published: October 2011

Consider low-speed potential flow past a ship modelled as a semi-infinite two-dimensional body with constant draught. Is it possible to design the hull in such a way as to eliminate the waves produced downstream of the ship? In 1977, Vanden-Broeck & Tuck had conjectured that a single-cornered piecewise-linear hull will always generate a wake; in this paper, we show how recently developed tools in exponential asymptotics can be used to confirm this conjecture. In particular, we show how the formation of waves near a ship is a necessary consequence of singularities in the ship’s geometry (or its analytic continuation). Comprehensive numerical computations confirm the analytical predictions.
The graptolite, conodont and sedimentary record through the late Ludlow Kozlowskii Event (Silurian) in the shale-dominated succession of Bohemia
Authors: MANDA ŠTĚPÁN , ŠTORCH PETR , SLAVÍK LADISLAV , FRÝDA JIŘÍ , KŘÍŽ JIŘÍ , TASÁRYOVÁ ZUZANA
Published: October 2011

The shale-dominated hemipelagic succession exposed in the southwestern part of the Prague Synform preserves the most complete Ludfordian graptolite record so far encountered from peri-Gondwanan Europe. Four graptolite biozones – theNeocucullograptus inexpectatus,Nc. kozlowskii,Pseudomonoclimacis latilobus–Slovinograptus balticusandPristiograptus fragmentalisbiozones – are recognized in the middle and late Ludfordian, between theBohemograptus tenuisBiozone and the base of the Pridoli Series. Conodont occurrences are restricted to scattered limestone beds, but enable tentative integration of the graptolite and conodont biozonal schemes. Particular attention was paid to faunal and sedimentary changes and the carbon isotope record across the middle Ludfordian Kozlowskii extinction Event. The Kozlowskii Event caused the almost simultaneous extinction of graptolites with ventrally curved rhabdosomes. The generaBohemograptus,PolonograptusandNeocucullograptus, along withPseudomonoclimacis dalejensis, disappeared from the fossil record. The offshore conodont fauna recorded in the section was not strongly affected and similarly the pelagic orthocerids and nektonicCeratiocarispassed unaffected through the extinction interval. The abundant and widespread pelagic myodocopid ostracodEntomis, however, became extinct. The late Ludfordian graptolite recovery gave origin to a novel fauna of Pridoli type from taxa that emerged or just reappeared above the Kozlowskii crisis. In Všeradice and elsewhere in the Prague Synform, the recovery, manifested by the appearance ofPseudomonoclimacis latilobusandSlovinograptus balticus, closely postdates the end of the isotope excursion but pre-dates the first appearance of the conodont index ‘Ozarkodina’snajdri. Here the graptolite recovery was delayed relative to the recovery of the benthic fauna. A canalized intraformational limestone conglomerate corresponds with a gap in the sedimentary record above the Kozlowskii extinction and just below the graptolite recovery. The benthic faunas from the conglomerate matrix and pebbles permit correlation with the shallower part of the basin indicating a distinct fall in sea-level. The present data demonstrate the coincidence of the graptolite crisis with benthic faunal change and eustatic fall in sea-level manifested by facies change and the carbon isotope excursion.Polonograptus chlupacisp. nov., from theNc. kozlowskiiBiozone, is described and several other graptolite taxa are redescribed.
Fatty acid composition as an indicator of possible sources of nutrition for soft corals of the genusSinularia(Alcyoniidae)
Authors: Imbs Andrey B. , Latyshev Nikolay A.
Published: October 2011

Fatty acids (FAs) composition of eight zooxanthellate soft corals,Sinularia leptoclados, S. flexibilis, S.aff.deformis, S. lochmodes, S. cf.muralis, S. densa, S. notandaandS. cruciatacollected in Van Phong Bay (Vietnam) were studied to identify possible origin of unsaturated FAs. The main FAs were 14:0, 16:0, 7-Me-16:1n-10, 16:1n-7, 16:2n-7, 18:0, 18:1n-9, 18:4n-3, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3, 24:5n-6 and 24:6n-3. On the average, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) contributed 35.6, 6.2 and 54.0% of total coral FAs, respectively. PUFAs of n-6 series predominated in all animals (n-6/n-3 > 1.6). The content of 20:4n-6 varied from 10.2 to 23.8%. The main n-3 PUFA was 18:4n-3 (on the average, 5.4%); the contribution of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, typical PUFAs of marine organisms, was not more than 2.4 and 3.9%, respectively. InSinularia, PUFAs were produced by endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) and the coral host tissue, or obtained with food. Zooxanthellae can be considered as the source of C16PUFAs and 18:4n-3. The coral host synthesized 18:2n-7, 24:5n-6 and 24:6n-3 acids. The low content of 18:1n-7, saturated odd-chain FAs and saturated methyl-branched FAs indicated a negligible contribution of bacteria to total lipids ofSinularia. A comparison of the levels of diatom and dinoflagellate FA markers in coral and plankton lipids showed eukaryotic microalgae to play a secondary role in feeding ofSinularia. The high level of 20:4n-6 may be considered as an indicator of heterotrophic feeding ofSinularia.
Coral farming: effects of light, water motion and artificial foods
Authors: Forsman Zac H. , Kimokeo Bethany K. , Bird Christopher E. , Hunter Cynthia L. , Toonen Robert J.
Published: October 2011

Improved coral cultivation will facilitate the reduction of wild harvesting, reef restoration, preservation of biodiversity, and the use of corals as model experimental organisms. In this study, we examine species-specific responses in growth and survival of corals from the effects of light, water motion and artificial (i.e. non-living aquarium trade) food supplements. Three species representing distinct, diverse and abundant coral genera were chosen (Montipora capitata(Mc), Porites compressa (Pc) and Pocillopora damicornis (Pd)) for three experiments to examine: (1) the interaction of water flow and light on growth and survival of Mc and Pc; (2) the effects of artificial foods on Mc, Pc and Pd; and (3) the effects of increasing dosage of artificial foods in an open system on Mc and Pc. Pc thrived at the highest light levels with low flow, while Mc exhibited bleaching and reduced growth in the same conditions and grew best in shaded treatments. High constant flow (~11 cm s-1) resulted in slightly less overall growth than low constant flow (~4 cm s-1). Some artificial foods resulted in a significant increase in growth in Mc and Pd, but not in Pc. These combined results suggest that Mc may be more heterotrophic than Pc. This study illustrates that each species has unique requirements for optimal growth conditions that can be determined by relatively simple and low cost experiments, but that ideal conditions for one species might not be generalized to others.
Assemblages of Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Ryukyu and Kuril Trenches, north-west Pacific Ocean
Authors: Kitahashi Tomo , Kawamura Kiichiro , Veit-Köhler Gritta , Danovaro Roberto , Tietjen John , Kojima Shigeaki , Shimanaga Motohiro
Published: October 2011

To examine the specific features of trench communities, spatial changes in the assemblages of harpacticoids were investigated at the family level around the Ryukyu Trench (the Ryukyu region) and Kuril Trench (the Kuril region). In the Ryukyu region, there were high average dissimilarities in the harpacticoid assemblages among the trench, trench slope and abyssal plain, indicating that the assemblage structures differ substantially between these topographic settings at the family level. Conversely, in the Kuril region, the average dissimilarities in harpacticoid assemblages between the trench and the trench slope and between the trench and the abyssal plain were lower than that between the slope and the abyssal plain. This result suggests that the hadal assemblage is a transition zone between the slope and the abyssal plain in this region. In addition, the analyses indicate that the composition of harpacticoid assemblages is influenced by the quantity of organic matter in the Ryukyu region, while sediment properties play a key role in the Kuril region. Comparisons of the assemblages between the two regions, however, revealed that the average dissimilarities between the trenches and between the abyssal plains were higher than that between the adjacent slopes. This result suggests that interchange among regions is difficult for deep-sea benthic animals, including harpacticoid copepods, likely due to the presence of physical barriers around trenches.
Behaviorism revisited
Authors: Block Ned
Published: October 2011

Behaviorism is a dead doctrine that was abandoned for good reason. A major strand of O'Regan & Noë's view turns out to be a type of behaviorism, though of a non-standard sort. However, their view succumbs to some of the usual criticisms of behaviorism.
Mercury concentrations of two toothfish and three of its prey species from the Pacific sector of the Antarctic
Authors: Hanchet Stuart M. , Tracey Dianne , Dunn Alistair , Horn Peter , Smith Neville
Published: October 2011

Muscle tissue samples were collected from Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni Norman) and Patagonian toothfish (D. eleginoides Smitt) in 1998 and from D. mawsoni and three of its prey species - Whitson's grenadier (Macrourus whitsoni (Regan)), ice fish (Chionobathyscus dewitti Andriashev & Neyelov), and blue antimora (Antimora rostrata (Günther)) - in 2006 to determine their mercury. Mercury levels were highly variable both within and between the five species studied but were positively correlated with fish length in four of the species. Once the factors length and year had been accounted for, the mercury levels in D. eleginoides were more than four times greater than in D. mawsoni. The low levels of mercury in D. mawsoni relative to its prey species and the four-fold difference in mercury concentrations between it and D. eleginoides were unexpected. Reasons for these different levels of bioaccumulation were explored including differences in diet, growth and longevity, and location. Differences in bioaccumulation between the two toothfish species could be explained partly through differences in their geographic distribution and differences in trophic position. However, the low levels of mercury in D. mawsoni relative to its prey species can only be explained by a lower rate of mercury assimilation and/or a higher rate of mercury elimination by D. mawsoni.
Levels of BMP-6 mRNA in goat ovarian follicles and in vitro effects of BMP-6 on secondary follicle development
Authors: Frota Isana M.A. , Leitão Cintia C.F. , Costa José J.N. , van den Hurk Robert , Saraiva Márcia V.A. , Figueiredo José R. , Silva José R.V.
Published: October 2011

Expression of BMP-6 mRNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the BMP-6 protein was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in the primordial, primary, secondary, small and large antral follicles of goat. Furthermore, the influence of BMP-6 on increase in diameter, antrum formation and expression of BMP-6 and FSH-R in in vitro cultured secondary follicles was studied. Therefore, goat primordial, primary and secondary follicles, as well as small and large antral follicles were obtained and the mRNA levels of BMP-6 were quantified by PCR in real time. Expression of BMP-6 protein in goat follicles was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The influence of BMP-6 in the presence or absence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on both the development of secondary follicles and the expression of mRNA for BMP-6 and FSH-R was evaluated after 6 days of culture. Furthermore, the follicular diameter and the formation of the antrum were evaluated before and after 6 days of culture and compared by Kruskal–Wallis and chi-squared tests (P < 0.05), respectively. The results show that the level of mRNA for BMP-6 in primary and secondary follicles was significantly higher than in the primordial follicles (P < 0.05). Similar levels of BMP-6 mRNA were observed in cumulus–oocyte complexes and mural granulosa/theca cells from small and large antral follicles, respectively. BMP-6 protein was expressed in oocytes of all categories of follicles and in granulosa cells from secondary follicles onwards. Addition of BMP-6 to the culture medium increased the diameter of secondary follicles mainly by antrum formation after 6 days’ culture, in the presence or absence of FSH (P < 0.05). Furthermore, addition of FSH resulted in increased levels of BMP-6 mRNA in these follicles (P < 0.05). Simultaneous administration of FSH and BMP-6 enhanced the levels of FSH receptor (FSH-R) mRNA (P < 0.05). It is concluded that BMP-6 mRNA is increased during transition from primordial to primary/secondary follicles in the goat ovaries and that BMP-6 enhances the growth of cultured secondary follicles.
Full‐fit, palinspastic reconstruction of the conjugate Australian‐Antarctic margins
Authors: Williams Simon E. , Whittaker Joanne M. , Müller R. Dietmar
Published: October 2011

Despite decades of study the prerift configuration and early rifting history between Australia and Antarctica is not well established. The plate boundary system during the Cretaceous includes the evolving Kerguelen–Broken Ridge Large Igneous Province in the west as well as the conjugate passive and transform margin segments of the Australian and Antarctic continents. Previous rigid plate reconstruction models have highlighted the difficulty in satisfying all the available observations within a single coherent reconstruction history. We investigate a range of scenarios for the early rifting history of these plates by developing a deforming plate model for this conjugate margin pair. Potential field data are used to define the boundaries of stretched continental crust on a regional scale. Integrating crustal thickness along tectonic flow lines provides an estimate of the prerift location of the continental plate boundary. We then use the prerift plate boundary positions, along with additional constraints from geological structures and large igneous provinces within the same Australian and Antarctic plate system, to compute “full‐fit” poles of rotation for Australia relative to Antarctica. Our preferred model implies that the Leeuwin and Vincennes Fracture Zones are conjugate features within Gondwana, but that the direction of initial opening between Australia and Antarctica does not follow the orientation of these features; rather, the geometry of these features is likely related to the earlier rifting of India away from Australia‐Antarctica. Previous full‐fit reconstructions, based on qualitative estimates of continental margin overlaps, generally yield a tighter fit than our preferred reconstruction based on palinspastic margin restoration.
Overproduction of Angiotensinogen from Adipose Tissue Induces Adipose Inflammation, Glucose Intolerance, and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Kalupahana Nishan S. , Massiera Florence , Quignard‐Boulange Annie , Ailhaud Gérard , Voy Brynn H. , Wasserman David H. , Moustaid‐Moussa Naima
Published: October 2011

Although obesity is associated with overactivation of the white adipose tissue (WAT) renin‐angiotensin system (RAS), a causal link between the latter and systemic insulin resistance is not established. We tested the hypothesis that overexpression of angiotensinogen (Agt) from WAT causes systemic insulin resistance via modulation of adipose inflammation. Glucose tolerance, systemic insulin sensitivity, and WAT inflammatory markers were analyzed in mice overexpressing Agt in the WAT (aP2‐Agt mice). Proteomic studies and in vitro studies using 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were performed to build a mechanistic framework. Male aP2‐Agt mice exhibited glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and lower insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake by the skeletal muscle. The difference in glucose tolerance between genotypes was normalized by high‐fat (HF) feeding, and was significantly improved by treatment with angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril. aP2‐Agt mice also had higher monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and lower interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) in the WAT, indicating adipose inflammation. Proteomic studies in WAT showed that they also had higher monoglyceride lipase (MGL) and glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase levels. Treatment with angiotensin II (Ang II) increased MCP‐1 and resistin secretion from adipocytes, which was prevented by cotreating with inhibitors of the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathway or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. In conclusion, we show for the first time that adipose RAS overactivation causes glucose intolerance and systemic insulin resistance. The mechanisms appear to be via reduced skeletal muscle glucose uptake, at least in part due to Ang II‐induced, NADPH oxidase and NFκB‐dependent increases in WAT inflammation.
Experimental evidence for exchange bias in polycrystalline BiFeO3/Ni81Fe19 thin films
Authors: Hauguel Tony , Pogossian Souren P. , Dekadjevi David T. , Spenato David , Jay Jean-Philippe , Indenbom Mikhail V. , Youssef Jamal Ben
Published: October 2011

We report on experimental evidence of exchange bias between a polycrystalline antiferromagnetic BiFeO3 and a ferromagnetic Ni81Fe19 film at room temperature. The measured 17 Oe hysteresis loop shift corresponds to an exchange energy of 11×10-3 erg/cm2 per unit area of the interface coupling the two films, which is comparable with those observed for similar epitaxially-grown systems. The azimuthal behavior of the longitudinal and transverse magnetization components revealed the presence of induced unidirectional and biquadratic anisotropies. A misalignment between unidirectional and biquadratic anisotropy axes was also observed.
Three dimensional analysis of longitudinal plasma oscillations in a thermal relativistic electron beam
Authors: Marinelli Agostino , Hemsing Erik , Rosenzweig James B.
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we develop a three-dimensional kinetic theory of longitudinal plasma oscillations in a relativistic electron beam. Our analysis includes the effects of betatron motion, finite emittance, and energy spread as well as edge effects due to the finite size of the beam. The consequences of these effects are shown to be of significant interest, as they give rise to several distinct new phenomena. These include an emittance induced anisotropy between backward and forward propagating plasma waves as well as a beatwave effect between plasma and betatron oscillations caused by the coupling of betatron motion to the transverse structure of the charge perturbation. The experimental implications of these new results and their relevance to the beam and radiation physics of advanced light sources, such as free-electron lasers, are also discussed.
Method of determination of AlGaAsSb layer composition in molecular beam epitaxy processes with regard to unintentional As incorporation
Authors: Jasik A. , Kubacka-Traczyk J. , Regiński K. , Sankowska I. , Jakieła R. , Wawro A. , Kaniewski J.
Published: October 2011

The accurate determination of the chemical composition of multicomponent antimonide layers still remains difficult. The problem becomes even more complicated when group III antimonides are grown in a MBE chamber that is also used for the growth of group III arsenides. In this paper, the composition of MBE grown AlGaAsSb layers is investigated in the context of unintentional arsenic incorporation. Control of the As concentration and a determination of the AlGaSb composition are crucial for an accurate calculation of the AlGaAsSb stoichiometry. It has been found that when using diffraction measurements with an As detection limit of 0.087%, the Al content in Al0.5Ga0.5Sb is determined with an accuracy of ±1%. Taking into account the GaSb reference from secondary ion mass spectrometry, the accuracy can be increased to ±0.52% of Al. The Al/Ga ratio determined for AlGaSb layers is further used for the calculation of the As content in AlGaAsSb alloys grown under the same technological conditions as the ternary layer. As a result, the procedure for the accurate determination of stoichiometry coefficients in this material is recommended.
Zero-variance zero-bias quantum Monte Carlo estimators for the electron density at a nucleus
Authors: Per Manolo C. , Snook Ian K. , Russo Salvy P.
Published: October 2011

We derive new quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) estimators for the electronic density at the position of a point nucleus using the zero-variance and zero-bias principles. The resulting estimators are highly efficient, and are significantly simpler to implement and use than alternative methods, as they contain no adjustable parameters. In addition, they can be used in both variational and diffusion QMC calculations. Our best estimator is used to calculate the most accurate available estimates of the total electron density at the nucleus for the first-row atoms Li-Ne, the Ar atom, and the diatomic molecules B2, N2, and F2.
Low-amplitude abrupt deformation of Pb–27 at.% In alloy in superconducting and normal states at temperatures of 1.65–4.2 K
Authors: Lebedev V. P. , Krylovskiy V. S. , Lebedev S. V.
Published: October 2011

This is a study of plastic flow instability in polycrystalline Pb–27 at.% In alloy in the form of an abrupt (jump) deformation stress of variable amplitude at temperatures of 1.65–4.2 K and for different states of the electronic system. At temperatures of 4.2–2 K, in the superconducting state of the alloy the ranges of variation in the amplitudes and concentrations of the jumps are δσdr = (1–20)·104 Pa and ndr = 10–250, respectively. At lower temperatures, 2.2–1.65 K, the low-amplitude instability shows up in the normal state of the alloy with jumps with δσdr = (1–20)·104 Pa and ndr = 10–250 against the background of which jumps of δσdr = 0.5–2 MPa occur. Mechanisms for the abrupt deformation of the alloy within the different temperature ranges are discussed.
Statistical analysis of the low-temperature internal friction dislocation peak (Bordoni peak) in nanostructured copper
Authors: Vatazhuk E. N. , Natsik V. D.
Published: October 2011

The frequency-temperature relations for internal friction in nanostructured samples of Cu and of fiber composite Cu-32 vol.% Nb with structural fragment sizes of ∼200 nm are analyzed. Data from earlier experiments are used in which a Bordoni peak characteristic of highly deformed copper was found to be localized near a temperature of 90 K in the temperature dependence of the damping decrement for the oscillations (frequencies 73–350 kHz). This peak is caused by a resonance interaction of sound with a system of thermally activated relaxation oscillators, but its width is substantially greater than the width of the standard internal friction peak with a single relaxation time. The peak is analyzed statistically under the assumption that the broadening is caused by the random spread in the activation energy of the relaxation oscillators owing to strong distortions of the crystalline structure of the copper. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental data and the theory of Seeger in which the relaxation oscillators for the Bordoni peak are assumed to be thermally activated kink pairs in rectilinear segments of dislocation lines located in valleys of the Peierls potential relief. It is shown that the experimentally observed height of the peak corresponds to the presence, on the average, of one dislocation segment within a copper crystallite of size 200 nm. Empirical estimates of σP ≈ 2·107 Pa for the Peierls critical stress and ρd ≈ 1013 m−2 for the integrated density of intragrain dislocations are obtained. Nb fibers in the Cu-Nb composite facilitate the formation of nanostructured copper, but have no significant effect on the Bordoni peak.
Evidence that banana (Musa spp.), a tropical monocotyledon, has a facultative long-day response to photoperiod
Authors: Fortescue Jeanie A. , Turner David W. , Romero Ronald
Published: October 2011

Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) may flower at any time of the year but they show seasonal variation in flowering. To determine whether photoperiod contributed to this seasonal variation, we calculated the thermal development units (DT) from planting to bunch appearance (flowering) using data from published planting date experiments in the tropics and subtropics. Minimising the coefficient of variation in DT across planting dates was used to evaluate the contribution of photoperiod and soil water balance to time of flowering. Coefficients evaluating sensitivity to photoperiod were estimated in some datasets and validated on independent datasets. Data on the rate of bunch appearance from four locations over several years were analysed to establish correlations between this, photoperiod and temperature. The time of bunch initiation was matched against photoperiod to determine whether short photoperiods delayed bunch initiation. Long photoperiods in the mid-vegetative phase hastened flowering while soil water deficits delayed it. Cultivars of the Cavendish subgroup (AAA) were more sensitive to photoperiod than the Maricongo cultivar (False Horn-type plantain, AAB). Long photoperiods during the reproductive phase were correlated with an increased rate of bunch appearance some 8 to 11 weeks later. Musa spp. show a facultative long-day response to photoperiod.
Implications for proteasome nuclear localization revealed by the structure of the nuclear proteasome tether protein Cut8
Authors: Takeda Kojiro , Tonthat Nam K. , Glover Tiffany , Xu Weijun , Koonin Eugene V. , Yanagida Mitsuhiro , Schumacher Maria A.
Published: October 2011

Degradation of nuclear proteins by the 26S proteasome is essential for cell viability. In yeast, the nuclear envelope protein Cut8 mediates nuclear proteasomal sequestration by an uncharacterized mechanism. Here we describe structures of
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Cut8, which shows that it contains a unique, modular fold composed of an extended N-terminal, lysine-rich segment that when ubiquitinated binds the proteasome, a dimer domain followed by a six-helix bundle connected to a flexible C tail. The Cut8 six-helix bundle shows structural similarity to 14-3-3 phosphoprotein-binding domains, and binding assays show that this domain is necessary and sufficient for liposome and cholesterol binding. Moreover, specific mutations in the 14-3-3 regions corresponding to putative cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus motifs abrogate cholesterol binding. In vivo studies confirmed that the 14-3-3 region is necessary for Cut8 membrane localization and that dimerization is critical for its function. Thus, the data reveal the Cut8 organization at the nuclear envelope. Reconstruction of Cut8 evolution suggests that it was present in the last common ancestor of extant eukaryotes and accordingly that nuclear proteasomal sequestration is an ancestral eukaryotic feature. The importance of Cut8 for cell viability and its absence in humans suggests it as a possible target for the development of specific chemotherapeutics against invasive fungal infections.
DroPhEA: Drosophila phenotype enrichment analysis for insect functional genomics
Authors: Weng Meng-Pin , Liao Ben-Yang
Published: October 2011

Summary:  DroPhEA is a core module of a web application that facilitates research in insect functional genomics through enrichment analysis on mutant phenotypes of fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). The phenotypes investigated in the analyses can be predefined by FlyBase or customized by users. DroPhEA allows users to specify mutation or ortholog types, displays enriched term results in a hierarchical structure and supports analyses on gene sets of all insect species with a fully sequenced genome.

Availability:  http://evol.nhri.org.tw/phenome/DroPhEA/

Contact:  liaoby@nhri.org.tw

Supplementary Information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Essential role for DNA-PK-mediated phosphorylation of NR4A nuclear orphan receptors in DNA double-strand break repair
Authors: Malewicz Michal , Kadkhodaei Banafsheh , Kee Nigel , Volakakis Nikolaos , Hellman Ulf , Viktorsson Kristina , Leung Chuen Yan , Chen Benjamin , Lewensohn Rolf , van Gent Dik C. , Chen David J. , Perlmann Thomas
Published: October 2011

DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a central regulator of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair; however, the identity of relevant DNA-PK substrates has remained elusive. NR4A nuclear orphan receptors function as sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors that participate in adaptive and stress-related cell responses. We show here that NR4A proteins interact with the DNA-PK catalytic subunit and, upon exposure to DNA damage, translocate to DSB foci by a mechanism requiring the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). At DNA repair foci, NR4A is phosphorylated by DNA-PK and promotes DSB repair. Notably, NR4A transcriptional activity is entirely dispensable in this function, and core components of the DNA repair machinery are not transcriptionally regulated by NR4A. Instead, NR4A functions directly at DNA repair sites by a process that requires phosphorylation by DNA-PK. Furthermore, a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-causing mutation in the human gene encoding the DNA-PK catalytic subunit impairs the interaction and phosphorylation of NR4A at DSBs. Thus, NR4As represent an entirely novel component of DNA damage response and are substrates of DNA-PK in the process of DSB repair.
High serum ferritin levels are associated with metabolic risk factors in non‐obese Korean young adults: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) IV
Authors: Yoo Ki‐Dong , Ko Seung‐Hyun , Park Ji‐Eun , Ahn Yu‐Bae , Yim Hyeon Woo , Lee Won‐Chul , Park Yong‐Moon
Published: October 2011

Objective  The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between serum ferritin levels and metabolic risk factors in nonobese Korean young adults.

Design and Subjects  We analysed the fourth annual Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) in young adults (aged 19–39 years), conducted between 2007 and 2008. A total of 1542 nonobese [body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2] young adults (684 men and 858 women) were enrolled. Using blood pressure and levels of serum triglycerides, plasma glucose and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the Asian criteria for abdominal obesity (Waist circumference ≥90 cm in men or ≥80 cm in women) was used to identify individuals with metabolic syndrome.

Measurements  Data on anthropometry, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipid profile and ferritin levels were analysed.

Results  The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 4·1% for men and 2·7% for women. High fasting glucose and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased progressively across three different tertiles of ferritin levels in men. However, high ferritin levels were associated with high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol and metabolic syndrome in women. After adjustment for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI and ALT levels, low HDL cholesterol (OR 1·66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·16–2·36) and the presence of metabolic syndrome (OR 3·87, 95% CI 1·34–11·2) were independently associated with high serum ferritin levels in Korean nonobese young women.

Conclusions  Our results suggest that elevated serum ferritin levels may be employed as a marker of metabolic syndrome in nonobese young adult women.
Operative management and outcomes in children with congenital bleeding disorders: a retrospective review at a single haemophilia treatment centre
Authors: WATTS R. G. , COOK R. P.
Published: October 2011

Summary.  Establishing haemostasis for surgical procedures in children with inherited bleeding disorders is challenging. Providers are often hesitant to undertake surgeries in children with bleeding disorders out of fear of bleeding complications. To review the preoperative management and haemorrhagic complications of children with inherited bleeding disorders at our institution, we conducted a retrospective electronic medical record review from 1999 to 2010. Primary focus was review of bleeding complications and factor replacement strategies. A total of 168 procedures were performed in 66 children. Fifteen procedures (8%) in four children were performed in the presence of high‐titre factor inhibitors. Procedures included central venous catheter (CVL) placement or revision (41%), otolaryngology procedures (23%), dental (11%), non‐synovectomy orthopaedic procedures (8%), synovectomy (5%), circumcision (5%) and miscellaneous (7%). All patients received preoperative factor replacement (100% in haemophilia patients) followed by various factor replacement regimens postoperatively. No deaths or life‐threatening bleeding occurred with any procedure. Twelve of 168 procedures (7%) were complicated by bleeding. Tonsillectomy was the most common procedure complicated by haemorrhage 4 of 15 (26%) followed by nasal surgery (3/7 bleeds = 43%). The CVL surgeries were remarkably free of complications with only 1/69 (1.4%) with bleeding. Surgical procedures are safe in children with bleeding disorders with adequate planning and factor replacement. Bleeding remains a problem in a subset of patients and requires ongoing haematological involvement and oversight. Delayed bleeding following T&A was especially common and suggests a need for close follow‐up and ongoing factor coverage for this group of patients.
A comparison of immunogenicity of norovirus GII‐4 virus‐like particles and P‐particles
Authors: Tamminen Kirsi , Huhti Leena , Koho Tiia , Lappalainen Suvi , Hytönen Vesa P. , Vesikari Timo , Blazevic Vesna
Published: October 2011

Norovirus (NoV) ‐derived virus‐like particles (VLPs) resemble empty shells of the virus and NoV P‐particles contain only protruding domains of the NoV capsid. Both NoV‐derived subviral particles show similar functionality and antigenicity in vitro and are considered to be potential vaccine candidates against NoV gastroenteritis. BALB/c mice were immunized with baculovirus‐produced GII‐4 VLPs or the corresponding Escherichia coli‐produced P‐particles by the intramuscular or intradermal route and the NoV‐specific antibody and T‐cell immune responses were compared. Elevated antibody levels were induced with a single VLP immunization, whereas P‐particle immunization required a boost. High avidity antibodies were raised only by VLP immunization. VLP immunization resulted in a balanced T helper type 1/type 2 immune response whereas P‐particles induced a T helper type 2‐biased response. Only VLP immunization primed T cells for interferon‐γ production. Most importantly, cross‐reactive B and T cells were induced solely by VLP immunization. In addition, VLP antiserum blocked the binding of heterotypic VLPs to human histo‐blood group antigen receptor and saliva. The findings in this study are relevant for the development of NoV vaccines.