bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Milling
Authors: Dini J. W.
Published: January 2014

Chemical milling has been used to advantage in removing excess material and reducing the overall weight of metal parts. It is a valuable complementary technique to conventional milling and machining methods and is particularly useful for removing metal from thin sections or from parts that are already shaped. The first section of this report discusses chemical milling generally, describing the process, its applications, advantages and limitations, chemical milling solutions, maskants, and various other aspects of the chemical milling process. The second section considers the effectiveness of chemical milling for some specific materials: aluminium, beryllium, magnesium, titanium, steel, and some stainless steel alloys. Various chemical milling solution formulations are presented and effects on such factors as mechanical and fatigue properties are considered.
Solidification Structures and Properties of Fusion Welds
Authors: Davies G. J. , Garland J. G.
Published: January 2014

To an increasing extent the wide range of fundamental knowledge of solidification processes is being applied to the study of fusion-weld solidification. Initially this fundamental knowledge is surveyed concisely and those areas of particular importance to weld-pool solidification are indentified. This is followed by an examination of phenomenological studies of the solidification behaviour of fusion welds in which particular attention is given to factors influencing the development of the fusion-zone structure. Then, the ways in which the metallurgical structure of the fusion zone influences the mechanical properties of the weldment are reviewed. Attention is then given to methods of controlling the fusion-zone structure by using inoculants, stimulated surface nucleation, dynamic grain refinement, and arc modulation. The gains and advantages which accrue from the way in which structure control affects properties are then considered. The review concludes with a discussion of likely future developments, paying specific attention to those areas where it is considered that fundamental research is most necessary, e.g. applications of arc-modulation processes and development of inoculation procedures.
Sheet-metal forming
Authors: Mellor P. B.
Published: January 2014

Sheet-metal forming is gradually changing from a craft-based to an engineering-based process. The review acknowledges the metallurgical improvements that have been made in sheet metals and in tool steels, and concentrates on research aimed at understanding and describing the mechanical properties of sheet metals in a more quantitative manner. The need to forgo reliance on simple parameters, and to obtain more comprehensive data on plastic yielding and work hardening, is clearly recognized. The pronounced effect of the shape of the yield locus on the strain distribution in stretch forming and in deep drawing is discussed. Innovations and improvements in the engineering design of tooling now enable the production of long shells by deep drawing and redrawing, or by deep drawing and ironing, in a single stroke of the ram and without interstage annealing. Drawing into a pressurized fluid ensures greater control over deformation, and permits the forming of tapered shells in one operation, using thinner gauges than previously. General pressings are discussed with particular reference to galling problems, and to the different tooling requirements of various sheet metals.
Use of electrochemical methods to determine chemical-diffusion coefficients in alloys: application to ‘LiAI’
Authors: Wen C. J. , Ho C. , Boukamp B. A. , Raistrick I. D. , Weppner W. , Huggins R. A.
Published: January 2014

The use of electrochemical techniques to measure chemical-diffusion coefficients in solid alloys is reviewed. The theoretical basis and experimental aspects of four different approaches are discussed in detail: the potentiostatic, galvanostatic, potentiometric, and steady- state ac methods. As an example, all four of these techniques have been employed to determine the chemical-diffusion coefficient in the vario- stoichiometric intermetallic phase ‘LiAl’ as a function of composition. It is shown that experiments are relatively simple and rapid, and that the results obtained by the different methods are in good agreement. On the lithium-deficit side of the ideal stoichiometry in this phase, the chemical-diffusion coefficient increases rapidly with decreasing lithium concentration, reaching 10-4 cm2s-1 at 415°C near the aluminium-rich phase boundary. On the other hand, the chemical-diffusion coefficient is essentially independent of composition on the lithium-rich side of LiAI, having a mean value of 2. 4 × 10-6 cm2s-1
Old Books in New Buildings: the New Library Building at Hereford Cathedral
Authors: Williams Joan
Published: January 2014

The author's previous experiences of moving cathedral libraries were related in her article, ‘Cathedral libraries on the move: rehousing rare book collections at Lincoln and Hereford’, Library History, vol. 9 (I993) 225–34.
An Interview with Thomas Kelly (1909–1992)
Authors: Gerard David
Published: January 2014

Thomas Kelly has published a great deal of history and historical biography: a history of adult education in Great Britain, a biography of George Birkbeck, founder of the Mechanics' Institutes, and more recently he has turned his attention to library history, with Early public libraries (London: Library Association, 1966) and now his seminal History of public libraries in Great Britain from 1845 to 1975 (London: Library Association, 1973), the most comprehensive so far attempted. We surely think of Tom Kelly as the doyen of public library historians. I would like now to talk to him firstly about his own career, and secondly about his views on the writing of history, the practical problems and perhaps also the philosophy behind it.
The Vatican Library of Pope Nicholas V: the Project of a Universal Library in the Age of Humanism
Authors: Manfredi Antonio
Published: January 2014

The subject of the Conference – The Universal Library – demands that those who are concerned with humanistic libraries must first ask themselves two questions: what did the humanists think such a library was and can we understand the consistency and limitations of the humanistic idea of a Universal Library today? The papal library of Nicholas V is examined as a good example of how an 'universaf' manuscript library was built up on humanistic principles.
Christian Gottlob Heyne and the University Library at Göttingen as ‘Universalbibliothek’ of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Jefcoate Graham
Published: January 2014

C. G. Heyne was University Librarian of Göttingen for almost fifty years. He was responsible for building up the collections of what was in the eighteenth century a ‘new’ university into one of the premier research institutions in Europe. In particular he amassed the then largest collection of pre-I8oI English books outside England.
'Universalbibliothek der Trivialliteratur', 1800-1830: Castle Corvey and the Distribution of Circulating-Library Fiction in English
Authors: Skelton-Foord Christopher
Published: January 2014

Surprising as it may seem, the library of a castle in northern Germany contains one of the best extant collections outside the United Kingdom of early nineteenth-century novels of the kind found so frequently in circulating libraries of the period. Acquired as part of a deliberate policy by a German bibliophile princess, the collection could be described as approaching a ‘universal library of trivial literature’.
Selective Universality? The Development of the British Museum Library's Collections of German Printed Books in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Paisey David
Published: January 2014

In the course of the nineteenth century, the British Museum's method of acquiring German books developed from the haphazard and sporadic to the systematic and selective, based on an ideal of users' present and future needs. From the 1840s to the 1880s, a Golden Age of generous public funding placed few obstacles to the realization of this ideal, and consolidated holdings of remarkable range and depth. These and other holdings remain selective: universality does not exist.
The University Library at Gottingen as Germany's National Library for the Eighteenth Century: Christian Gottlob Heyne's Contemporary Acquisitions Strategy and the Sammlung Deutscher Drucke 1701–1800 on the Threshold of the Millennium
Authors: Bötte Gerd-J.
Published: January 2014

C. G. Heyne (1729–1812) was University Librarian of Göttingen from 1763 to 1812. His universal acquisition strategy, pursued over nearly half a century, proved to be efficient to such an extent that in 1990 the Lower Saxony State and University Library at Göttingen was entrusted with the task to act as the German national library for the eighteenth century. Based on a brief assessment of the pilot phase of the project ‘Collection of German Printed Materials 1701–1800’ Heyne's acquisition policy will be critically examined on the basis of selected examples. This paper was delivered at the library history seminar held in London in 1996 on the theme of the ‘Universal Library’.
Sordid Duplicity or Cross-Cultural Misunderstanding?: The Fate of Andrew Carnegie's Gifts for Free Public Libraries in New Zealand
Authors: Traue J. E.
Published: January 2014

Andrew Carnegie's largesse to local councils throughout the world to enable them to establish public libraries is well-known. He always attached the condition that such libraries should be free. But 'free' can mean different things in different cultures, especially in towns where a penny rate was quite insufficient to support a library service. This article looks at Carnegie's contributions to the development of public libraries in New Zealand, where the idea of allowing the public to enjoy the free borrowing of books was not universally adopted and led to often bitter correspondence with Carnegie. Only three libraries were to establish genuinely free libraries before 1938. Many others took Carnegie's money but unashamedly charged subscriptions to their users. Research on the history of libraries in New Zealand on which this paper is based was funded by Creative New Zealand.
The Culture and History of South African Public Libraries: The Experiences of Durban Library
Authors: Armstrong Gordon
Published: January 2014

This paper looks at the history and culture of South African libraries over the last 180 years, using Durban Library as a case study. It examines the cultural influences on libraries and their effect on library provision and the esteem with which the library was held in the community. Durban was chosen as a library model due to its rich and illustrious history and because it is more representative of a major library than others. Research indicates that without the British influence on the establishment of libraries it is doubtful if libraries would have been established until well into the twentieth century, as the indigenous peoples were preliterate and the Afrikaners lacked a culture and inclination towards reading. Research further indicated that a relatively small provincial library which is innovative and progressive can aid the development and be at the centre of the community.

The author is a graduate from the University of Brighton, England, who lived in South Africa for four years during the early 1970s before returning to England. Since the end of apartheid the author has visited South Africa on a number of occasions and spent several months in South Africa researching this and other papers. I would like to thank Jeremy Potter for his encouragement and guidance whilst writing this. paper. It would have been extremely difficult to write without availing myself of library facilities in South Africa. To this end I would like to thank Mr Jayaram, Director of Durban Metro Library, and his staff, for all their help and time that I received while I was completing my research in Durban. I would also like to thank Miriam Natalwalla for her encouragement and her infectious enthusiasm for librarianship in South Africa and whose professionalism can be used as a model for librarians in the ‘new’ South Africa.
The Handbuch Der Historischen Buchbestände as a Source of Library History
Authors: Kloth Karen
Published: January 2014

This paper is an updated version of a talk given at the second Anglo-German Seminar on Library History (‘The Universal Library’), held at the German Historical Institute in Bloomsbury Square, London, in September 1996. In the context of that conference, it describes how the present-day project of compiling the Handbuch der historischen Buchbestande is an additional tool in gaining bibliographical knowledge of and access to the heritage of German-language printing.
The Library of Charles Fraser Mackintosh, MP, 1828–1901
Authors: Cameron Ewen A.
Published: January 2014

Charles Fraser Mackintosh was closely associated with the city and county of Inverness, particularly as a Member of Parliament. He advocated education in the Gaelic language and was involved in the Highland land question on the side of the crofters’ movement. He published a number of works on the history of the Highlands, but, of perhaps more lasting interest, he collected a library of considerable Highland interest which still exists in the public library of Inverness.
Benefaction Registers in Oxford Libraries
Authors: Bengtson Jonathan B.
Published: January 2014

Benefaction registers have not been widely studied and are particularly rich sources for studying the history of Oxford colleges and their libraries. They exist not just as historical records of acts of donation (for which on some occasions they may be unreliable), but also as advertisements for potential future benefactors. Many have fine bindings and illustrations.
‘You Have Not Such a One in England’: St Andrews University Library as an Eighteenth-Century Mission Statement
Authors: Simpson Matthew
Published: January 2014

For visitors to wind-swept St Andrews in the eighteenth century, one of the few attractions was the University Library. But the Library was much more than a library; it was a depository for all kinds of artefacts, including paintings and objects normally associated with museums. It was a ‘cabinet of curiosities’ — but this article will argue that the Library was no mere miscellaneous collection of oddities, but rather a conscious effort to promote the purpose and elegance of the university within the eighteenthcentury tradition of polite learning.
Eighteenth-Century Private Subscription Libraries and Provincial Urban Culture: The Amicable Society of Lancaster, 1769-c. 1820
Authors: Allan David
Published: January 2014

England in the eighteenth century saw a remarkable increase in cultural provision throughout the provinces, including libraries. Although the history of private subscription libraries in large cities is well-known, those that existed in the smaller towns are not as well documented. The present article is concerned with the Amicable library, a subscription library founded in Lancaster in 1769 largely through the encouragement of wealthy, local businessmen. It developed into a major social institution, existing up to the very beginning of the twentieth century, and many of its records survive. I am grateful to Rab Houston, Marion McClintock, Steve Pumfrey, Mark Spencer, Andrew White, Alan Crosby, and the Editor for comments and assistance in the preparation of this essay.
The Ancient Alexandrian Library: Part of it May Survive!
Authors: Blackburn Robert H.
Published: January 2014

Though historians have disagreed widely about the date of the final destruction of the ancient Alexandrian Library, a part of that great collection may still survive. Apparently the fire set by Julius Caesar, to clear the harbour of Alexandrian warships, spread along the docks to the warehouses where it destroyed ‘40,000 books’. Some think these books were from the Library, awaiting transport to Rome. It is suggested here that the Librarian, during the process of packing, substituted bags of straw (that were burned at the dock) for the bags of precious scrolls that were hidden away and still await discovery.
Transatlantic Perspectives: German Views of American Libraries and Vice Versa
Authors: Vodosek Peter
Published: January 2014

This paper was given at a conference on ‘The history of libraries in the United States’ hosted in April 2002 by the Library Company of Philadelphia. It considers the differing perspectives between how German librarians viewed libraries in the United States, and vice versa.
The Operatives' Libraries of Nottingham: A Radical Community's Own Initiative
Authors: Hoare Peter
Published: January 2014

Nottingham's operatives' libraries may not have been unique, but they were certainly remarkable. These libraries served the lowest class of manual worker. Significantly they were started and run by the members themselves; they were not imposed on the workers by a higher class. Beginning in the I830s, Nottingham was the home of at least a dozen similar libraries, based in public houses. The city was a centre of Chartism — it even had a Chartist Member of Parliament — which helps to explain why this phenomenon became so popular. Some of these libraries existed for fifty years and collected many thousands of volumes.
Ultra-high pressures: measuring devices and their calibration
Authors: Malherbe M. C. de , Firth B. W.
Published: January 2014

Within the past few years several kinds of apparatus have been developed which are capable of maintaining simultaneously pressures up to ∼ 100 kilobars and temperatures above 2000°C (2275K). This development has expanded tremendously the field of investigation of chemical reactions, phase changes, and physical properties of materials under extreme conditions. At the present time interest and activity in the field of high-pressure research are increasing rapidly.
Yield-point phenomena in substitutional alloys
Authors: Brindley B. J. , Worthington P. J.
Published: January 2014

A material exhibits a yield point when a larger stress is required to initiate deformation by slip than to continue it. In a normal tensile test this is usually observed as a drop in load at the start of gross yielding. Load drops may also be observed that are due to deformation twinning, but this will not be discussed here. Annealed mild steel was once thought to be unique in showing an initial yield point but it is now known that the effect is quite general, and many examples occur in substitutional alloys.
The Name California
Authors: Gudde Erwin G.
Published: January 2014

(no abstract)
Personal Names that Became Ethnic Epithets
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe inventory of generic nicknames for ethnic persons and groups, which have been used in American slang, dialects, and other popular speech, reflects the history of ethnic conflict in plural society. The sociologist can usefully view ethnic epithets as the lexical content of urban and ethnic folklores. About one in six of these stereotypical names is fonned on a personal name. In a search of the scholarly records of American popular speech, I found 186 such terms and 32 variants for 35 different ethnic groups. Over 100 of the terms are given names and a few surnames that were thought to be common in various groups and came to be applied derisively to any member of the group. About 50 other names are nicknames formed on personal names that historically have been used as symbols of anonymity and low status, especially those fonned on John and Charlie. Finally, over 30 tenns are personal names taken from popular historical associations, literary characters, popular verse, and folklore.
Placenames of Scottish Origin in Nova Scotia
Authors: Fraser Ian A.
Published: January 2014

(no abstract)
Mineral Names from Toponyms
Authors: Aodha Breandán S. Mac
Published: January 2014

AbstractOf the nearly 1,500 minerals which have names commonly used among English-speaking geologists, approximately one fifth bear names derived from placenames, usually those places at which or near where the mineral was first found or is found in significant amounts. A complete list of the names of these minerals shows that places in Europe have contributed nearly half of these names and the Americas another fourth.
Origins of Unusual Given Names from the Southern United States
Authors: Lorenz Brenna E.
Published: January 2014

AbstractGiven names in the South, often noted as unusual, have evolved from a variety of sources and by means of different mechanisms. Many of these names can be assigned to “clusters” (groups of equivalent forms) on the basis of regular spelling variations and on patterns of usage and can be analyzed like lexemes. Tables of data illustrate linguistic trends in name formation.
Leading Surnames Among American Jews
Authors: Rosenwaike Ira
Published: January 2014

AbstractData from a 1982 nationwide American Cancer Society survey of more than a million Americans show the most common surnames among American Jews as well as the percent of those reported as Jewish with these particular surnames. Comparison with data for Israel shows some similarities in the surnames among Jews in the two countries (e.g., Cohen is the single most common surname in both) but also some very marked differences in rankings.
The Probable Etymological Roots of Hawthorne's Pietro Baglioni in “Rappaccini's Daughter”
Authors: Nelson Ronald J.
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn examination of the potential etymological roots of Pietro Baglioni's name in “Rappaccini's Daughter” can provide insight into the character's function in the story as well as accommodate opposing interpretations of his role.
Children's Names as a Reflection of Ideological Differences among Israeli Parents
Authors: Stahl Abraham
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the early days of Israel, Hebrew names replaced foreign ones, and new names appeared, especially for girls. At first, many names expressed the ideology of the new State, but later names expressed more individualistic and materialistic values. Oriental Jews immigrating to the country since the 1950s adopted the prevailing fashion in names. The religious segment of the population did not change at all or changed in a more limited way than the general population. A comparative study of two groups of schoolchildren and their parents, one modern and one traditional, shows the impact of ideology on naming children.
Taking Thy Husband's Name: What Might it Mean?
Authors: Duggan Deborah A. , Cata Albert A. , Dian Kenneth L.
Published: January 2014

AbstractNames are sources of identity and esteem and changing them may be stressful. In many societies, marriage is an occasion when a woman must choose to retain her birth-given last name or change it. We critically review nine empirical studies concerning women's marital names and outline directions for future research.
Place-Framing for Wider Distribution
Authors: Clay Grady
Published: January 2014

AbstractExtracting a new order from geographic experience calls for a jump from specifics to the generic, over-leaping the bottomless pit of specifics. It extracts commonalities; it forms generic conclusions; it is a process of abstraction, a human invention: naming.
Name, Memory, and Time in Racine's Trojan War Plays
Authors: McElveen Nancy M.
Published: January 2014

AbstractAs naming gives heroic stature to the characters of Jean Racine's Andromache, it paradoxically reflects their demolition. Naming Andromache's ancestors focuses on the past, while naming absent family members in Iphigenia focuses on the future. Naming unifies the plays on the stage with their literary antecedents by creating a bond of familiarity between characters and audience. Absences made present by naming extend boundaries of time and space backward by coloring memories which determine the course of present actions and forward by hinting at future greatness.
Computers and Research on Personal Names
Authors: Barry Herbert
Published: January 2014

AbstractComputers assist researchers by storing, arranging, selecting, and summarizing numerical and alphabetical information. Their speed, accuracy, and large handling capacity contribute to research on personal names by providing rapid and accurate summaries and analyses of large amounts of information. Computers can relate personal names to many attributes, and are thus useful for developing indices such as quantitative phonetic gender scores and in assisting in such studies as the evolution of unisex names, the properties of personal names, names in genealogies, and names in fictional and factual texts.
The Onomastic Treasures of the CIA
Authors: Lawson Edwin D.
Published: January 2014

AbstractDuring the Cold War, the United States Central Intelligence Agency prepared documents on personal names for more than 30 languages, from the familiar (German, Russian) to the exotic (Gujerati, Telegu) and from those with relative few speakers (Estonian 1.35 million) to those with many millions (Chinese 610 million). The reports range in length from 14 pages (Slovenian) to 433 pages (Russian). The median number of pages is 46. While the documents vary in quality and coverage, they all contain much of onomastic value. Most have sections giving background on naming in the language, style of name use, pronunciation, transliteration, given names, family names (where applicable), and the use of titles. Some give the meanings of names and some list special features such as laws regarding naming, patronymics, and rules for women's names.
Artamène or the Great Cyrus: Scudéry Renames the Hero
Authors: Capasso Ruth Carver
Published: January 2014

AbstractMadeleine de Scudéry, in her novel Artamène ou ie Grand Cyrus, uses the naming of the hero, the depiction of contemporary figures as characters in this roman à clef, and an authorial pseudonym as strategies to provoke reader reaction and to depart from conventional practices of the time. Seen in the context of preciosity and seventeenth-century women's writings, Scudery used names in Artamène to promote a redefinition of both the hero and contemporary literary practices.
The Placenames of Turkey as a Guide to Toponymic Studies
Authors: Ashley Leonard R.N.
Published: January 2014

AbstractTurkey still has on the map -- of two continents, because the nation lies in both Europe and Asia -- some of the oldest placenames of the world. Turkey's history, with the rise and fall of a number of empires, including some named for individuals (such as the Selucid and Ottoman), has been the site of three of the greatest empires of the world. Consequently its placenames record and reveal the histories of a surprising number of peoples. Extraordinarily, Turkish nationalism in the present century has altered many of the placenames of classical and later times, so that Antioch, Smyrna, Hallicamassus, Adrianople, Constantinople and many other familiar names are no longer in use. At the same time, the nationalism has, at the instigation of Gazi Mustafa Kemal (known as Atatürk after he introduced surnames to Turkey), made the discussion of Turkish names of all sorts easier for the Westerner, for a modified Roman alphabet was imposed by fiat on a language that previously was written in Arabic script. More than half a century has passed since that notable reform was instituted and yet there is no adequate English treatment of the toponymy of Turkey. The purpose of this paper is to review that toponymy and to indicate the ways in which Turkish toponymy conforms to or significantly differs from what is familiar to students of placenames in the European tradition.
The Naming of Gaming
Authors: Raento Pauliina , Douglass William A.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe naming of casinos in Las Vegas, Nevada, is an essential ingredient in the design of the city's entertainment landscape. More than 300 names have been used in the naming of gaming in Las Vegas since 1955. They occur in seven dominant patterns: 1) luck and good fortune, 2) wealth and opulence, 3) action, adventure, excitement and fantasy, 4) geography, 5) a certain moment, era, or season, 6) intimacy and informality, and 7) “power words” commonly used in the naming of businesses. The categories are described and analyzed from the perspective of the evolution of Las Vegas. Regional variations between the Las Vegas Strip, Downtown Las Vegas, and suburban Las Vegas are also discussed. The names provide a powerful means of evoking senses of place, images, and identities for the casinos. They underscore the interpretative subjectivity and plurality of the relationship between people and commercial urban environments.
Notes on Some Scottish Field Names
Authors: Hough Carole
Published: January 2014

AbstractA number offield names identified during the 1940s in surveys of the place names of southeast Scotland could not at that time convincingly be explained. Some, however, have doublets or close parallels in England, where major advances have been made in the understanding of minor toponyms during the last half century. As Field (1989, 31) comments, “the repertoire of names is remarkably similar across national frontiers;” this means that comparative evidence from south of the present Scottish/ English border is likely to be relevant to interpreting some Scottish names. Here I reexamine a number of problematic field names from the Scottish counties of Midlothian and West Lothian in the light of recent work on English place names.
Slouching Toward a Theory of Names: A Tentative Taxonomic Fix
Authors: Zelinsky Wilbur
Published: January 2014

AbstractDespite the accumulation of immense quantities of empirical treatments, the development of a genuine theory of names remains woefully mired at the primitive level of specifying the distinction between proper and common nouns. As an initial step forward, this paper sets forth, for the first time, a comprehensive taxonomy of the entire universe of names. In so doing, it draws attention to the many name-types that have been seriously or totally neglected as opposed to the inordinate amount of attention lavished on personal names and place names. Urgently needed is a single standardized classification system to be applied to the occurrences within each name-type. Such a standardization would render feasible meaningful cross-analysis among different cultural communities and historical periods as well as among name-types, thus laying the groundwork for posing serious theoretical questions.
Amish Surnames, Settlement Patterns, and Migration
Authors: Cross John A.
Published: January 2014

AbstractDistinctive surnames typically associated with Amish populations provide a useful means to identify group members. Utilizing listings of Wisconsin's licensed dairy producers between 1989 and 2001, growth and decline of various settlements of Amish dairymen are mapped and described. Overall, growth far exceeded decline, with the number of identified Amish surnamed dairy farmers increasing by nearly three-quarters. The examination of the spatial distribution of specific Amish surnames demonstrates the central role played by family groups in Amish settlement and migration. The prominence of several common Amish surnames differs among the state's largest Amish settlements, and Amish surnames new to Wisconsin are disproportionately found within recently established Amish settlements. Some of these surnames are only found in single communities.
The Importance of Being “Ernest“ in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein: A Study in Literary Onomastics
Authors: Palaeas Maria
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn Frankenstein, Mary Shelley utilizes the names of her characters to simultaneously distance the reader from the characters and to make ironic comparisons between the true identity of a character and the identity a character portrays. Furthermore, parallels are made between separate characters as well as between the character Margaret Saville and the author Mary Shelley. The novel uses a multiple-frame format where no single character directly presents the entire story and characters’ names are introduced in a manner that serves their role thematically. Notably, Ernest, whose name suggests an honest disposition, is the only character in the Frankenstein family who is spared from tragedy. Ernest's survival resonates as a warning to those who irresponsibly chase scientific progress. Shelley's automatization of names in Frankenstein sets the reader up for the deautomatization of Ernest's name and his symbolic development into a young man who produces for his country rather than threatens its existence with scientific pursuit.
Names of Registered Cattle Breeds in Texas
Authors: Baird Scott
Published: January 2014

AbstractOnomastic research on the cattle industry of Texas and the names of the registered breeds therein reveals ~he use of predictable English· language processes of word formation. I outline the development of the Texas cattle industry, which was an innovation of frontier America. I then report upon the linguistic devices used by speakers to cope with that sociological change. While the language changes can be explained by existing linguistic processes, the addition of sociolinguistic information provides even greater insight.
Ethnic Slurs as War Names in the Zimbabwean Liberation War
Authors: Barnes Lawrie A. , Pfukwa Charles
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Zimbabwean war of liberation raged from 1966 until 1979. During that time many combatants assumed (or were given) noms de guerre. From a collection of more than 4800 of these war names we found that ethnic slurs comprised 9% of the total. One name in particular, Mabhunu, an adaptation of Boer, was especially common among ethnic slurs. The war names were seen to be important by the participants; they created images to be projected to the world at large or reflections constructed by outsiders.
The Influence of Name Sounds in the Congressional Elections of 2006
Authors: Smith Grant W.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study retests this investigator's analytical model used in previously published studies of 1996 and 1998 elections measuring the influence of selected phonetic features of surnames on the relative success of various political candidates. The model presumably works best when voters are least motivated or most confused by issues. In the analyses of the 1998 elections the reliability of the model was 66%. In the analyses of the 2006 elections the reliability of the model was 68.6%. These results suggest that the analytical model is reliable over time and that the importance of issues and/or other factors was relatively constant or evenly polarized.
Seven Surnames of Jews From the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Ferreira Valentina G.
Published: January 2014

AbstractI give brief historical and/or linguistic summaries of seven Jewish surnames (existing surnames or nicknames which became surnames) borne by Jews or converted Jews in the Iberian peninsula from the 11th through the 15th centuries, at the time when Jews were expelled from Spain and Portugal. Many of these were conversos ‘converts’ or marranos ‘Christians in appearance', who disguised themselves by changing their names.
Influence of heat input and travel speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of double tandem submerged arc high strength low alloy steel weldments
Authors: Viano D.M. , Ahmed N.U. , Schumann G.O.
Published: January 2014

An evaluation is presented of the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of welds in 20 mm thickness high strength low alloy steel HSLA 80, of Australian manufacture. In total, nine butt joints were prepared using the double tandem (four wire) submerged arc welding process in which both heat input and travel speed were varied. The inclusion size distribution was determined for selected welds and showed that heat input had a major effect. Colour etching techniques were used to reveal the solidification structure, which in turn correlated with welding parameters. As the heat input increased, the cooling rate decreased resulting in a larger cellular dendritic cell spacing, decreased acicular ferrite content, and coarser acicular ferrite laths. The effect of travel speed on delta ferrite cell spacing and prior austenite grain size was found to be co-dependent on the heat input and the thermal profile resulting from multiple electrode welding. These results show that increased deposition rates can be achieved by increasing the travel speed and current density without sacrificing joint quality.
Silicon mitigates heavy metal stress by regulating P-type heavy metal ATPases, Oryza sativalow silicon genes, and endogenous phytohormones
Authors: Kim Yoon-Ha , Khan Abdul Latif , Kim Duk-Hwan , Lee Seung-Yeol , Kim Kyung-Min , Waqas Muhammad , Jung Hee-Young , Shin Jae-Ho , Kim Jong-Guk , Lee In-Jung
Published: January 2014

Background

Silicon (Si) application has been known to enhance the tolerance of plants against abiotic stresses. However, the protective mechanism of Si under heavy metals contamination is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the role of Si in counteracting toxicity due to cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in rice plants (Oryza sativa).

Results

Si significantly improved the growth and biomass of rice plants and reduced the toxic effects of Cd/Cu after different stress periods. Si treatment ameliorated root function and structure compared with non-treated rice plants, which suffered severe root damage. In the presence of Si, the Cd/Cu concentration was significantly lower in rice plants, and there was also a reduction in lipid peroxidation and fatty acid desaturation in plant tissues. The reduced uptake of metals in the roots modulated the signaling of phytohormones involved in responses to stress and host defense, such as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid. Furthermore, the low concentration of metals significantly down regulated the mRNA expression of enzymes encoding heavy metal transporters (OsHMA2 and OsHMA3) in Si-metal-treated rice plants. Genes responsible for Si transport (OsLSi1 and OsLSi2), showed a significant up-regulation of mRNA expression with Si treatment in rice plants.

Conclusion

The present study supports the active role of Si in the regulation of stresses from heavy metal exposure through changes in root morphology.
Are depression, anxiety and poor mental health risk factors for knee pain? A systematic review
Authors: Phyomaung Pyae P , Dubowitz Julia , Cicuttini Flavia M , Fernando Sanduni , Wluka Anita E , Raaijmaakers Paul , Wang Yuanyuan , Urquhart Donna M
Published: January 2014

Background

While it is recognized that psychosocial factors are important in the development and progression of musculoskeletal pain and disability, no systematic review has specifically focused on examining the relationship between psychosocial factors and knee pain. We aimed to systematically review the evidence to determine whether psychosocial factors, specifically depression, anxiety and poor mental health, are risk factors for knee pain.

Methods

Electronic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO were performed to identify relevant studies published up to August 2012 using MESH terms and keywords. We included studies that met a set of predefined criteria and two independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality of the selected studies. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, a best evidence synthesis was performed.

Results

Sixteen studies were included in the review, of which 9 were considered high quality. The study populations were heterogeneous in terms of diagnosis of knee pain. We found a strong level of evidence for a relationship between depression and knee pain, limited evidence for no relationship between anxiety and knee pain, and minimal evidence for no relationship between poor mental health and knee pain.

Conclusions

Despite the heterogeneity of the included studies, these data show that depression plays a significant role in knee pain, and that a biopsychosocial approach to the management of this condition is integral to optimising outcomes for knee pain.
A survey on robotic devices for upper limb rehabilitation
Authors: Maciejasz Paweł , Eschweiler Jörg , Gerlach-Hahn Kurt , Jansen-Troy Arne , Leonhardt Steffen
Published: January 2014

The existing shortage of therapists and caregivers assisting physically disabled individuals at home is expected to increase and become serious problem in the near future. The patient population needing physical rehabilitation of the upper extremity is also constantly increasing. Robotic devices have the potential to address this problem as noted by the results of recent research studies. However, the availability of these devices in clinical settings is limited, leaving plenty of room for improvement. The purpose of this paper is to document a review of robotic devices for upper limb rehabilitation including those in developing phase in order to provide a comprehensive reference about existing solutions and facilitate the development of new and improved devices. In particular the following issues are discussed: application field, target group, type of assistance, mechanical design, control strategy and clinical evaluation. This paper also includes a comprehensive, tabulated comparison of technical solutions implemented in various systems.
Efficient RNA/Cas9-mediated genome editing in Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Guo Xiaogang , Zhang Tiejun , Hu Zheng , Zhang Yanqi , Shi Zhaoying , Wang Qinhu , Cui Yan , Wang Fengqin , Zhao Hui , Chen Yonglong
Published: January 2014

For the emerging amphibian genetic model Xenopus tropicalis targeted gene disruption is dependent on zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) or transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), which require either complex design and selection or laborious construction. Thus, easy and efficient genome editing tools are still highly desirable for this species. Here, we report that RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease resulted in precise targeted gene disruption in all ten X. tropicalis genes that we analyzed, with efficiencies above 45% and readily up to 100%. Systematic point mutation analyses in two loci revealed that perfect matches between the spacer and the protospacer sequences proximal to the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) were essential for Cas9 to cleave the target sites in the X. tropicalis genome. Further study showed that the Cas9 system could serve as an efficient tool for multiplexed genome engineering in Xenopus embryos. Analysis of the disruption of two genes, ptf1a/p48 and tyrosinase, indicated that Cas9-mediated gene targeting can facilitate direct phenotypic assessment in X. tropicalis embryos. Finally, five founder frogs from targeting of either elastase-T1, elastase-T2 or tyrosinase showed highly efficient transmission of targeted mutations into F1 embryos. Together, our data demonstrate that the Cas9 system is an easy, efficient and reliable tool for multiplex genome editing in X. tropicalis.
Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) hypomorphism combined with defective VEGF-A binding reveals novel roles for NRP1 in developmental and pathological angiogenesis
Authors: Fantin Alessandro , Herzog Birger , Mahmoud Marwa , Yamaji Maiko , Plein Alice , Denti Laura , Ruhrberg Christiana , Zachary Ian
Published: January 2014

Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) is a receptor for class 3 semaphorins and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A and is essential for cardiovascular development. Biochemical evidence supports a model for NRP1 function in which VEGF binding induces complex formation between NRP1 and VEGFR2 to enhance endothelial VEGF signalling. However, the relevance of VEGF binding to NRP1 for angiogenesis in vivo has not yet been examined. We therefore generated knock-in mice expressing Nrp1 with a mutation of tyrosine (Y) 297 in the VEGF binding pocket of the NRP1 b1 domain, as this residue was previously shown to be important for high affinity VEGF binding and NRP1-VEGFR2 complex formation. Unexpectedly, this targeting strategy also severely reduced NRP1 expression and therefore generated a NRP1 hypomorph. Despite the loss of VEGF binding and attenuated NRP1 expression, homozygous Nrp1Y297A/Y297A mice were born at normal Mendelian ratios, arguing against NRP1 functioning exclusively as a VEGF164 receptor in embryonic angiogenesis. By overcoming the mid-gestation lethality of full Nrp1-null mice, homozygous Nrp1Y297A/Y297A mice revealed essential roles for NRP1 in postnatal angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in the heart and retina, pathological neovascularisation of the retina and angiogenesis-dependent tumour growth.
Nato3 plays an integral role in dorsoventral patterning of the spinal cord by segregating floor plate/p3 fates via Nkx2.2 suppression and Foxa2 maintenance
Authors: Mansour Abed AlFatah , Khazanov-Zisman Sophie , Netser Yaara , Klar Avihu , Ben-Arie Nissim
Published: January 2014

During embryogenesis, the dorsal roof plate and the ventral floor plate (FP) act as organizing centers to pattern the developing neural tube. Organizer-secreted morphogens provide signals that are interpreted via the graded expression of transcription factors. These factors establish a combinatorial code, which subsequently determines the fate of neuronal progenitors along the dorsoventral axis. To further separate the fates and promote distinct identities of the neural progenitors, mutual repression takes place among transcription factors expressed in progenitors situated along the dorsoventral axis. The molecular mechanisms acting in the developing spinal cord and underlying the segregation of the progenitor pool containing cells with a mixed FP/p3 fate into separate FP cells and V3 neurons are not fully understood. Using in vivo ectopic expression in chick, we found that Nato3 induces ectopic Foxa2-positive cells and indirectly downregulates Nkx2.2 expression. To examine the role of Nato3 in the FP, Foxa2-Nato3 signaling was blocked in Nato3 null mice and to a greater extent in Nato3 null/Foxa2 heterozygous bigenic mutants. Complementary to the findings obtained by gain of function in chick, the loss of function in mouse indicated that the segregation of the FP/p3 population into its derivatives was interrupted. Together, the data suggest that Nato3 is a novel determinant factor regulating the segregation of the FP and p3 identities, which is an essential step for establishing a definitive FP fate in the embryonic spinal cord.
Combined Error Estimates in the Case of Dimension Reduction
Authors: Samrowski Tatiana
Published: January 2014

We consider the stationary reaction-diffusion problem in a domain
$\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^3$ having the size along
one coordinate direction essentially smaller than along the others. By an energy type argumentation, different simplified models of lower dimension can be deduced and solved numerically.
For these models, we derive a guaranteed upper bound of the difference between the exact solution of the original problem and a three-dimensional reconstruction generated by the solution of a dimensionally reduced problem. This estimate of the total error is determined as the sum of discretization and modeling errors, which are both explicit and computable. The corresponding discretization errors are estimated by a posteriori estimates of the functional type. Modeling error majorants are also explicitly evaluated. Hence, a numerical strategy based on the balancing modeling and discretization errors can be derived in order to provide an economical way of getting an approximate solution with an a priori given accuracy. Numerical tests are presented and discussed.