bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Left ventricular outflow tract to left atrial fistula: A rare long‐term complication of the commando procedure
Authors: Marshall William H. , Henn Matthew C. , Harfi Thura T.
Published: December 2021

The commando procedure involves aortic and mitral valve replacement with complete reconstruction of the aorto‐mitral curtain. It is often a surgical treatment for invasive infective endocarditis with abscess, or less commonly for radiation‐induced heart disease with extensive calcification extending from the aortic valve onto the anterior mitral leaflet. Prosthetic valve endocarditis is a known long‐term complication of this surgery; however, reports of other long‐term outcomes are limited. We report the case of a 59‐year‐old male who developed a non‐infectious left ventricular outflow tract to left atrial fistula, incidentally found 5 years after undergoing a commando procedure for radiation‐induced heart disease.
Ecological trade‐offs in development and defence in a specialist moth when feeding on four congeneric host plants
Authors: Pareja Martín
Published: December 2021

Herbivore diet breadth has been hypothesised to be driven by plant quality (physiological efficiency hypothesis) or natural enemies (enemy‐free space hypothesis). These hypotheses on their own are now known to be insufficient explanations for the range of herbivore diet breadths and more integrative approaches consider how trade‐offs and ecological contingencies shape host plant use by herbivores. I carried out laboratory experiments to test whether physiological efficiency and defence against natural enemies trade off when larvae of the ornate bella moth,Utetheisa ornatrix(L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), a genus‐specialist pod‐boring herbivore, feeds on leaves and pods of fourCrotalariaspecies (Fabaceae). Different components ofU.ornatrixphysiological efficiency traded off amongst each other and with defence against adult predation by the spiderLycosa erythrognathaLucas (Araneae: Lycosidae).Crotalaria micansLink provided the highest survival and fast development but low pupal weight and defence.Crotalaria ochroleucaG. Don provided poor survival, slow development, and low defence, but high pupal weight.Crotalaria pallidaAiton provided slow development and intermediate survival and pupal weight, but the best defence.Crotalaria vitellinaKer Gawl. provided high survival, fast development, and efficient defence, but low pupal weight. Compared to leaves, feeding on green seeds provided greater defence against predation, and developmental benefits, independent of host plant species, but there was a large cost in boring into the pod to reach the seeds. I therefore provide evidence that the trade‐offs among physiological efficiency components and between physiological efficiency and defence could maintain multiple host plant use in specialist herbivores. I also show that feeding on green seeds incurs a cost through pod‐boring but gives the moth benefits in adult defence. Therefore, the evolution of host plant use and pod‐boring in insect herbivores could be driven by defence as much as by physiological efficiency.
3D printed versus commercial models in undergraduate conservative dentistry training
Authors: Richter Martin , Peter Thorsten , Rüttermann Stefan , Sader Robert , Seifert Lukas B.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

The treatment of carious lesions is one of the most fundamental competencies in daily dental practice. However, many commercially available training models lack in reality regarding the simulation of pathologies such as carious lesions. 3D printed models could provide a more realistic simulation. This study provides an exemplary description of the fabrication of 3D printed dental models with carious lesions and assesses their educational value compared to commercially available models in conservative dentistry.

Materials and Methods

A single‐stage, controlled cohort study was conducted within the context of a curricular course. A stereolithographic model was obtained from an intraoral scan and then printed using fused deposition modelling. These models were first piloted by experts and then implemented and compared against commercial models in a conservative dentistry course. Experts and students evaluated both models using a validated questionnaire. Additionally, a cost analysis for both models was carried out.

Results

Thirteen dentists and twenty‐seven 5th year dental students participated in the study. The 3D printed models were rated significantly more realistic in many test areas. In particular, the different tactility and the distinction in colour was rated positively in the 3D printed models. At 28.29€ (compared to 112.36€), the 3D printed models were exceptionally cost‐efficient.

Conclusions

3D printed dental models present a more realistic and cost‐efficient alternative to commercial models in the undergraduate training of conservative dentistry.
The influence of cerebrovascular disease in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia
Authors: Hijazi Zina , Yassi Nawaf , O'Brien John T. , Watson Rosie
Published: December 2021

Background and purpose

Lewy body dementia (LBD), including dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia, is a common form of neurodegenerative dementia. The frequency and influence of comorbid cerebrovascular disease is not understood but has potentially important clinical management implications.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted (MEDLINE and Embase) for studies including participants with DLB and/or Parkinson's disease dementia assessing cerebrovascular lesions (imaging and pathological studies). They included white matter changes, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, cerebral microbleeds (CMB), macroscopic infarcts, microinfarcts and intracerebral haemorrhage.

Results

Of 4411 articles, 63 studies were included. Cerebrovascular lesions commonly studied included white matter changes (41 studies) and CMB (18 studies). There was an increased severity of white matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging (visualized as white matter hyperintensities), but not neuropathology, in LBD compared to Parkinson's disease without dementia and age‐matched controls. CMB prevalence in DLB was highly variable but broadly similar to Alzheimer's disease (0%–48%), with a lobar predominance. No relationship was found between large cortical or small subcortical infarcts or intracerebral haemorrhage and the presence of LBD.

Conclusion

The underlying mechanisms of white matter hyperintensities in LBD require further exploration, as their increased severity in LBD was not supported by neuropathological examination of white matter. CMB in LBD had a similar prevalence to Alzheimer's disease. There is a need for larger studies assessing the influence of cerebrovascular lesions on clinical symptoms, disease progression and outcomes.
Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of azobenzene nanogels for their antibacterial properties in adhesive dentistry
Authors: Trivedi Rinku , Gautam Dixa , Kehe Gannon M. , Escobedo Humberto D. , Patel Kruti , Stansbury Jeffrey W. , Schurr Michael J. , Nair Devatha P.
Published: December 2021

The presence of cariogenic bacteria within the prepared tooth cavity at the adhesive resin‐dentin interface is detrimental to the long‐term stability and function of composite restorations. Here, we report the synthesis and incorporation of methacrylated azobenzene nanogels within bisphenol A‐glycidyl methacrylate/hydroxyethyl methacrylate/ethanol (B/H/E) adhesive resins and evaluate their ability to reduce the bacterial invasion of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans biofilms while preserving the mechanical strength and structural integrity of the critical interfacial connection between the restoration and the tooth. The azobenzene nanogel, with a hydrodynamic radius of < 2 nm and a molecular weight of 12,000 Da, was polymerized within B/H/E adhesive formulations at concentrations of 0.5 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, and 2.5 wt.%. While the double‐bond conversion, cytocompatibility, water solubility, and sorption of the adhesive networks were comparable, azobenzene nanogel networks showed improved hydrophobicity with a ≥ 25° increase in water contact angle. The polymerized adhesive surfaces formulated with azobenzene nanogels showed a 66% reduction in bacterial biofilms relative to the control while maintaining the mechanical properties and micro‐tensile bond strength of the adhesive networks. The increased hydrophobicity and antibacterial activity are promising indicators that azobenzene nanogel additives have the potential to increase the durability and longevity of adhesive resins.
Predictors of attendance at court‐referred shuttle or videoconferencing mediation among separating or divorcing parents reporting high levels of intimate partner violence
Authors: Jiang Lily J. , Rossi Fernanda S. , Beck Connie J. , Applegate Amy G. , Adams Jeannie M. , Holtzworth‐Munroe Amy
Published: December 2021

A majority of separating parents seeking family mediation report intimate partner violence (IPV). Whether mediation is appropriate for such parties is controversial. Modified mediation approaches may enhance party safety by keeping them physically separated (e.g., shuttle and videoconferencing mediation). Unfortunately, little research exists regarding whether parties reporting IPV attend mediation, even proposed safer forms, and whether attendance is related to IPV reported, type of mediation provided, or parent gender. We examined IPV‐related variables as predictors of court‐referred mediation attendance among cases reporting high levels of IPV. Specifically, we compared cases that did or did not attend mediation. Cases were part of a larger randomized controlled trial that included shuttle and videoconferencing mediation conditions (Holtzworth‐Munroe et al., 2020). No statistically significant findings emerged on several variables. However, parents reporting higher levels of IPV, even among this high IPV sample, were the most likely to not attend shuttle mediation. That finding held for both parents for level of reported injury but only for mothers for reported level of IPV victimization. While replication is required, efforts should continue to examine and develop dispute resolution interventions to provide safe, appropriate, and appealing services for parents reporting high levels of IPV, perhaps particularly for mothers.
The blood–retina barrier in health and disease
Authors: O’Leary Fionn , Campbell Matthew
Published: December 2021

The blood–retina barrier (BRB) is the term used to define the properties of the retinal capillaries and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which separate the systemic circulation from the retina. More specifically, the inner blood–retina barrier (iBRB) is used to describe the properties of the endothelial cells that line the microvasculature of the inner retina, while the outer blood–retina barrier (oBRB) refers to the properties of the RPE cells that separate the fenestrated choriocapillaris from the retina. The BRB is not a fixed structure; rather, it is dynamic, with its components making unique contributions to its function and structural integrity, and therefore the retina. For example, while tight junction (TJ) proteins between retinal endothelial cells are the key molecular structures in the maintenance of the iBRB, other cell types surrounding endothelial cells are also important. In fact, this overall structure is termed the neurovascular unit (NVU). The integrity of the BRB is crucial in the maintenance of a ‘dry’, tightly regulated retinal microenvironment through the regulation of transcellular and paracellular transport. Specifically, breakdown of TJs can result in oedema formation, a hallmark feature of many retinal diseases. Here, we will describe the oBRB briefly, with a more in‐depth focus on the structure and function of the iBRB in health and diseased states. Finally, the contribution of the BRB to the pathophysiology of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and other rarer retinal diseases will be discussed.
Stimulation of ammonia oxidizer and denitrifier abundances by nitrogen loading: Poor predictability for increased soil N2O emission
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zhang Feng , Abalos Diego , Luo Yiqi , Hui Dafeng , Hungate Bruce A. , García‐Palacios Pablo , Kuzyakov Yakov , Olesen Jørgen Eivind , Jørgensen Uffe , Chen Ji
Published: December 2021

Unprecedented nitrogen (N) inputs into terrestrial ecosystems have profoundly altered soil N cycling. Ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers are the main producers of nitrous oxide (N2O), but it remains unclear how ammonia oxidizer and denitrifier abundances will respond to N loading and whether their responses can predict N‐induced changes in soil N2O emission. By synthesizing 101 field studies worldwide, we showed that N loading significantly increased ammonia oxidizer abundance by 107% and denitrifier abundance by 45%. The increases in both ammonia oxidizer and denitrifier abundances were primarily explained by N loading form, and more specifically, organic N loading had stronger effects on their abundances than mineral N loading. Nitrogen loading increased soil N2O emission by 261%, whereas there was no clear relationship between changes in soil N2O emission and shifts in ammonia oxidizer and denitrifier abundances. Our field‐based results challenge the laboratory‐based hypothesis that increased ammonia oxidizer and denitrifier abundances by N loading would directly cause higher soil N2O emission. Instead, key abiotic factors (mean annual precipitation, soil pH, soil C:N ratio, and ecosystem type) explained N‐induced changes in soil N2O emission. Altogether, these findings highlight the need for considering the roles of key abiotic factors in regulating soil N transformations under N loading to better understand the microbially mediated soil N2O emission.
Non‐stationary and interactive effects of climate and competition on pink salmon productivity
Authors: Ohlberger Jan , Ward Eric J. , Brenner Richard E. , Hunsicker Mary E. , Haught Stormy B. , Finnoff David , Litzow Michael A. , Schwoerer Tobias , Ruggerone Gregory T. , Hauri Claudine
Published: December 2021

Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are exposed to increased environmental change and multiple human stressors. To anticipate future impacts of global change and to improve sustainable resource management, it is critical to understand how wild salmon populations respond to stressors associated with human‐caused changes such as climate warming and ocean acidification, as well as competition in the ocean, which is intensified by the large‐scale production and release of hatchery reared salmon. Pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) are a keystone species in the North Pacific Ocean and support highly valuable commercial fisheries. We investigated the joint effects of changes in ocean conditions and salmon abundances on the productivity of wild pink salmon. Our analysis focused on Prince William Sound in Alaska, because the region accounts for ~50% of the global production of hatchery pink salmon with local hatcheries releasing 600–700 million pink salmon fry annually. Using 60 years of data on wild pink salmon abundances, hatchery releases, and ecological conditions in the ocean, we find evidence that hatchery pink salmon releases negatively affect wild pink salmon productivity, likely through competition between wild and hatchery juveniles in nearshore marine habitats. We find no evidence for effects of ocean acidification on pink salmon productivity. However, a change in the leading mode of North Pacific climate in 1988–1989 weakened the temperature–productivity relationship and altered the strength of intraspecific density dependence. Therefore, our results suggest non‐stationary (i.e., time varying) and interactive effects of ocean climate and competition on pink salmon productivity. Our findings further highlight the need for salmon management to consider potential adverse effects of large‐scale hatchery production within the context of ocean change.
Quantifying the effects of varietal types × management on the spatial variability of sorghum biomass across US environments
Authors: Ojeda Jonathan J. , Hammer Graeme , Yang Kai‐Wei , Tuinstra Mitchell R. , deVoil Peter , McLean Greg , Huber Isaiah , Volenec Jeffrey J. , Brouder Sylvie M. , Archontoulis Sotirios , Chapman Scott C.
Published: December 2021

Regional‐scale estimations of sorghum biomass production allow identification of optimum genotype×environment×management (G×E×M) combinations for bioenergy generation. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of contributions of G, E, and M toward variability in sorghum biomass in the United States. Using the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator in a grid computing platform, biomass was simulated for irrigated and rainfed conditions for 30 years across the United States for four sorghum varietal types (grain—GS, sudangrass—SS, photosensitive—PS, and photo‐insensitive—PI). Simulated biomass was assessed by environments clustered using the sum of intercepted solar radiation (ir), mean of temperature stress factor (tp) and water stress factor (sw). Simulated biomass ranged from 5.8 t ha−1 (GS‐rainfed) to 27.5 t ha−1 (PI‐irrigated). Under high‐temperature environments (mean annual temperature = 25°C), rainfed biomass between 40 and 80 days after planting (DAP) was strongly correlated with sw (r = 0.64–0.86) and irrigated biomass with ir (r = 0.68–0.81). Under low‐temperature environments (mean annual temperature = 18°C) after 40 DAP, tp and ir had greater effects than sw (r = 0.55–0.82). Biomass variance was mainly explained by varietal type (50%–76%) in all environments×irrigation combinations, except in the high‐ and mid‐temperature environments under rainfed conditions where rainfall had the major effect (25%–45%). However, when mean temperature during the growing season decreased from 25°C (high environments) to 18°C (low environments), the contribution of mean temperature to biomass variance increased from 7% to 34% (rainfed) and from 4% to 36% (irrigated). Varietal type had the larger interactions with other factors independently of the environment and irrigation. We demonstrated a need to quantify (i) the main G×E×M drivers of biomass variability based on environmental stress factors and (ii) the variance contribution of these drivers on sorghum biomass. Our regional‐scale estimations are key inputs for future robust biomass projections of energy sorghum genotypes integrating G×E×M under climate change scenarios.
Day–night cycle influences the division of incubation in the Hooded Dotterel (Thinornis cucullatus)
Authors: Ryeland Julia , Magrath Michael J. L. , Weston Michael A.
Published: December 2021

In species with biparental care, diel patterns in male and female incubation arise due to the differential costs and benefits of incubation. This pattern should be less obvious or absent in species where both sexes stand to benefit significantly from investing in incubation (i.e. in monogamous species with high paternity certainty), in temperate climates and in sexually monomorphic species where sexes probably experience similar physiological costs and risks of detection by predators. Despite no obvious size or colour differences between male and female Hooded Dotterel Thinornis cucullatus, males incubated significantly more at night (59% of the time), and less during the day (43% of the time). We show that despite Hooded Dotterel being sexually monomorphic, long‐lived with probably high paternity certainty, incubation is not shared equitably, with a bias towards male nocturnal incubation.
Human amniotic membrane extracellular matrix scaffold for dental pulp regeneration in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Bakhtiar Hengameh , Ashoori Azin , Rajabi Sarah , Pezeshki‐Modaress Mohamad , Ayati Alireza , Mousavi Mohammad Reza , Ellini Mohammad Reza , Kamali Amir , Azarpazhooh Amir , Kishen Anil
Published: December 2021

Aim

In order to obtain a 3‐dimentional scaffold with predictable clinical results for pulp regeneration, this study aims to fabricate and characterize a porous decellularized human amniotic membrane (HAM) extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold, and evaluate its potential to promote pulp regeneration in vitro and in vivo.

Methodology

The HAM was decellularized, and its histology and DNA content were analysed to confirm decellularization. The scaffolds were synthesized with 15, 22.5 and 30 mg/ml concentrations. The porosity, pore size, phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) absorption and degradation rate of the scaffolds were assessed. In vitro experiments were performed on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) to assess their viability, proliferation, adhesion and migration on the scaffolds. The optimal group was selected for in vivo immunogenicity assessment and was also used as the cell‐free or cell‐loaded scaffold in root segment models to evaluate pulp regeneration. All nonparametric data were analysed with the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc test, whilst quantitative data were analysed with one‐way anova.

Results

Decellularization of HAM was confirmed (p < .05). The porosity of all scaffolds was more than 95%, and the pore size decreased with an increase in ECM concentration (p < .01). PBS absorption was not significantly different amongst the groups, whilst 30 mg/ml ECM scaffold had the highest degradation rate (p < .01). The hDPSCs adhered to the scaffold, whilst their proliferation rate increased over time in all groups (p < .001). Cell migration was higher in 30 mg/ml ECM scaffold (p < .05). In vivo investigation with 30 mg/ml ECM scaffold revealed mild to moderate inflammatory response. In root segments, both cell‐free and cell‐loaded 30 mg/ml scaffolds were replaced with newly formed, pulp‐like tissue with no significant difference between groups. Immunohistochemical assessments revealed high revascularization and collagen content with no significant difference amongst the groups.

Conclusion

The 30 mg/ml HAM ECM scaffold had optimal physical properties and better supported hDPSC migration. The HAM ECM scaffold did not interfere with formation of pulp‐like tissue and revascularization within the root canal when employed as both cell‐free and cell‐loaded scaffold. These results highlight the potential of HAM ECM membrane for further investigations in regenerative endodontics.
Consumer collecting behaviour: A systematic review and future research agenda
Authors: Lee Cary , Brennan Stacey , Wyllie Jessica
Published: December 2021

Consumer interest in collecting is surging globally, with the behaviour prevalent as a hobby and for investment. Additionally, collecting is technologically advancing and continues to infiltrate regular shopping as a potent sales promotion tool, presenting marketing and ethical implications. Despite collecting's burgeoning popularity in practice, research is lagging. To address this limitation, the present study conducts a systematic review, consolidating over 30 years of research into the motivations that drive consumer collecting. Following the format of a domain‐based structured systematic literature review, the study provides scholars theoretical, methodological, and thematic guidance. Our analysis of the 51 journal articles reveals a set of six motivations driving the consumption of collectibles, including Achievement through Collecting Goals; Social Membership; Cooperation and Competition; Societal and Personal Memories; Legacy; and Financial Value. The findings from the review also illuminate several shortcomings in the literature and the complexity associated with the theoretical grounding of consumer collecting research and of its associated behaviours (i.e., acquisition through disposal). Future research propositions are presented in the Theory, Context, and Methodology framework that provides direction for the scholarly community and aids further theory development in consumer collecting research.
Unravelling the relation between natural microbiota and biogenic amines in Brazilian dry‐cured loin: a chemometric approach
Authors: Mutz Yhan S. , Kaic Alves Rosario Denes , Alves de Aguiar Bernardo Yago , Paulo Vieira Carla , Vilela Pinto Moreira Rodrigo , Bernardes Patrícia C. , Conte‐Junior Carlos A.
Published: December 2021

Exploratory data analysis was used to evaluate the influence of NaCl concentration on the relation between endogenous microbiota (mesophilic aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp.) and biogenic amines (BAs) (histamine, tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine) content in Brazilian dry‐cured loin (BDL). Using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), initial data analysis led to samples separation into a higher and a lower NaCl cluster. The analysis of variance showed that the microbial counts did not differ between the clusters (p > 0.05). However, the higher NaCl cluster showed a lower level of BAs. Further, principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated a negative correlation between the microbial counts and BAs content in the lower NaCl cluster, thus indicating the possibility of the higher BA’s content in the lower NaCl cluster being a result of a stress–response mechanism. On the other hand, in the higher NaCl cluster, the salt concentration had an inhibitory property in BA’s formation except for histamine. The collective results point to a NaCl threshold to minimise the production of BAs in BDL. The findings of the present exploratory study highlight the possibility of intervention for BA minimization without the need for designed starter cultures or preservation treatments.
Effect of pH on the coagulation properties of Tenebrio molitor coagulant
Authors: Song Zhaoyang , Zhang Yan , Wen Pengcheng , Wang Yue , Qiao Haijun , Zhang Weibing , Zhang Zhongming
Published: December 2021

Because of the continuous increase in global cheese consumption, there is a continual need to find new coagulants for producing cheeses with different characteristics to suit various consumers. A new coagulant was extracted from Tenebrio molitor larvae. We then investigated the influence of pH on the coagulation properties of Tenebrio molitor coagulant. The results indicate that the rennet flocculation time and whey OD value of Tenebrio molitor coagulant increased with the increase in coagulation pH (P < 0.05). The water holding capacity, turbidity, particle size and storage modulus increased and then decreased (P < 0.05) and reached the maximum at pH 5.6. There was a decrease and then increase for casein glycopeptide in the hydrolysis solution (P < 0.05), and its content reached 0.64 mg/mL at pH 6.2; the minimum hydrolysis of Tenebrio molitor coagulant was found at pH 5.6. SDS‐PAGE, secondary structure and confocal laser scanning microscope indicated that the curd structure was stable at pH 5.6, and the coagulation performance was better. Moreover, there were the smallest differences for the texture structure of Tenebrio molitor coagulant curd with commercial rennet curd at pH 5.6. Therefore, pH 5.6 is the optimum pH of Tenebrio molitor coagulant. The study provides a theoretical basis and reference for the development of a new edible insect coagulant and its application.
A comparative study on the physicochemical, cooking and textural properties of fortified rice kernels prepared from raw and parboiled rice
Authors: Nithya A. , Dalbhagat Chandrakant Genu , Mishra Hari Niwas
Published: December 2021

Fortified rice kernels (FRK) are extruded rice‐shaped kernels manufactured by blending broken rice flour and vitamin–mineral premix. In this study, four parboiled and three raw rice with intermediate amylose content (20–24%) were processed to manufacture FRK. The system parameters (torque and die pressure), physicochemical properties (length, lightness, water absorption index and water solubility index), cooking properties (cooking time, solid loss, elongation) and textural properties of FRK were analysed and correlated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The torque and die pressure were 16.76–22.76 Nm and 92.56–136.41 bar, respectively. Compared to raw rice, the parboiled rice showed the highest torque, die pressure and axial expansion in uncooked FRK while longer cooking times, higher elongation ratio and hardness; lesser water absorption ratio and solid loss in cooked FRK. The raw rice FRK showed higher lightness. There was a significant difference between all FRK for water absorption index (1.74–2.52) and water solubility index (2.06–3.53%).
Presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in Mediterranean sea and North Italian lake fish addressed to Italian consumer
Authors: Chiesa Luca Maria , Pavlovic Radmila , Arioli Francesco , Nobile Maria , Di Cesare Federica , Mosconi Giacomo , Falletta Ermelinda , Malandra Renato , Panseri Sara
Published: December 2021

The primary source of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exposure is the diet, mainly fish. Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Sparus aurata) are among the most consumed sea fish in Italy. Fish from Northern Italy lakes like perch (Perca fluviatilis) is of particular importance in terms of consumption volume, while Mediterranean shad (Alosa agone) and European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) represent niche consumption. These species too could be a cause of consumer exposure to PFAS. The study investigated the presence of PFASs in the above‐mentioned fish species through LC‐HRMS analysis. Only PFBA and PFOS were found both in lake and sea fish while PFBS was found only in lake fish. The found concentrations were used to estimate intake of PFOS, the only detected molecule of the four discussed in the last EFSA report. The Tolerable Weekly Intake of 4.4 ng kg−1 b.w. per week was never exceeded also for the 99th percentile consumers.
Role of Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System in predicting muscle‐invasive bladder cancer: A diagnostic meta‐analysis
Authors: Yuan Baorui , Cai Lingkai , Cao Qiang , Wu Qikai , Zhuang Juntao , Sun Xueying , Zhang Yudong , Li Pengchao , Yang Xiao , Lu Qiang
Published: December 2021

The objective of this study is to systematically evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System for predicting muscle‐invasive bladder cancer. Embase, PubMed and Web of Science were systematically searched from 1 September 2018 to 30 July 2021 to include proper studies. We included studies that included data on Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System and their associated pathological findings, and we assessed their quality using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies‐2 tool. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated and plotted using hierarchical summary receiver operating characterisijutic modeling. Meta‐regression analysis was carried out to detect heterogeneity. A total of 20 studies with 2725 patients were included. When the cut‐off point was 3, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.92 (0.89–0.94) and 0.85 (0.78–0.90), respectively, and 0.82 (0.75–0.88) and 0.95 (0.91–0.97), respectively, when the cut‐off point was 4. The area under the curve was 0.95 and 0.95, respectively. Heterogeneity was substantially considerable in sensitivity and specificity. All subgroup variables, including patient number, study design, magnetic resonance imaging field strength, number of radiologists, surgery pattern, diffusion‐weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, contributed to sensitivity heterogeneity when the cut‐off point was 3 and specificity heterogeneity when the cut‐off point was 4. Multiple image acquisition plane of diffusion‐weighted imaging achieved a higher sensitivity than single image acquisition plane of diffusion‐weighted imaging in both the Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System 3 and 4 groups, and higher specificity in the Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System 4 group. Another significant source of heterogeneity was the cut‐off point. The diagnostic performance of the Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System for predicting muscle‐invasive bladder cancer was excellent in both cut‐off points of the Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System 3 and 4. Multiple image acquisition planes of diffusion‐weighted imaging should be given more attention in the Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System.
Insights into the development of a new index, vesical adaptation response to diuresis, for understanding lower urinary tract dysfunction
Authors: Matsuoka Kanako , Akaihta Hidenori , Hata Junya , Imai Hitomi , Tanji Ryo , Honda‐Takinami Ruriko , Hoshi Seiji , Koguchi Tomoyuki , Sato Yuichi , Kataoka Masao , Ogawa Soichiro , Kojima Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2021

Objectives

To clarify how vesical adaptation response, the homeostatic system that constantly changes voided volume to adapt to diuresis, is involved in male lower urinary tract symptoms and bladder storage function.

Methods

We included male patients older than 65 years with lower urinary tract symptoms. Vesical adaptation response to diuresis was defined as a positive correlation between urine output rate and voided volume on 3‐day sensory‐related frequency volume charts. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of vesical adaptation response to diuresis, and characteristics were compared between groups.

Results

Ninety‐four male patients were finally analyzed. Vesical adaptation response to diuresis was found in 48 patients (51%) and was lacking in 46 patients (49%). Patients without vesical adaptation response to diuresis were significantly more often diagnosed with overactive bladder (P = 0.04). After adjusting for confounders, absence of vesical adaptation response to diuresis was significantly associated with overactive bladder (adjusted odds ratio 3.76, 95% confidence interval 1.34–10.55; P = 0.01) and benign prostatic enlargement (adjusted odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.07; P = 0.02).

Conclusions

The absence of vesical adaptation response to diuresis, characterized by decreased voided volume during a diuretic phase, can be interpreted as a form of bladder storage dysfunction. Assessment of vesical adaptation response to diuresis may provide a new index of bladder storage function and contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying bladder storage dysfunction in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms.
Regulatory function of the trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase gene TPS3 on chitin metabolism in brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Zhou Min , Shen Qida , Wang Shasha , Li Guoyong , Wu Yan , Xu Caidi , Tang Bin , Li Can
Published: December 2021

Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is one of the important pests that damage rice. Trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase (TPS) is a key enzyme responsible for catalysing the biosynthesis of trehalose, which is the energy substance of insects. In this study, combined with the reported N. lugens TPS1, TPS2 and newly discovered TPS3, we studied the regulation of TPS in chitin metabolism by RNA interference. Firstly, we found that the relative expression levels of TRE1‐1, TRE1‐2 and TRE2 increased significantly after 48 h of dsTPS3 injection, and the activity of TRE1 enhanced significantly. Secondly, abnormal and lethal phenotypes were observed after dsTPS3 and dsTPSs injection. The relative expression levels of PGM2, G6PI2, Cht1‐4, Cht6‐10 and IDGF decreased significantly after 48 h of dsTPS3 injection. At 72 h after injection of dsTPS3, the relative expression levels of CHS1, Cht2, Cht4, Cht7 and Cht8 reduced significantly, but the expression levels of G6PI1, Cht5 and ENGase increased significantly. The relative expression levels of GFAT, UAP, PGM2, G6PI2, CHS1, CHS1a, CHS1b, Cht2, Cht4, Cht8, Cht9 and Cht10 decreased significantly after 48 h of dsTPSs injection. However, at 72 h after the injection of dsTPSs, the expression levels of GNPNA, UAP, PGM1, G6PI1, HK, CHS1, CHS1a, CHS1b, Cht3, Cht5, Cht7 and ENGase increased significantly. Finally, the chitin content decreased in dsTPS1, dsTPS2 and dsTPSs treatments. In conclusion, the inhibition of TPS expression affected the metabolism of trehalose and chitin in N. lugens. The related research results provide a theoretical basis for pest control.
Biochemical characterization and overexpression of an α‐amylase (BmAmy) in silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Yan Hao , Wen Feng , Xiang Haiying , Wen Yuchan , Shang Deli , Liu Anyang , Niu Yicheng , Xia Qingyou , Wang Genhong
Published: December 2021

Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is the only fully domesticated insect. As an economically important insect, nutrition utilization is important for its productivity. Hence, the present study investigated the expression pattern of BmAmy, an α‐amylase, in B. mori. BmAmy protein purification and biochemical characterization were performed, and effects of BmAmy overexpression were assessed. Real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated that BmAmy transcription was positively correlated with the silkworm's food intate. Moreover, enzymatic activity assay results showed that BmAmy had significant α‐amylase activity of about 1 mg/min/mg protein. Furthermore, treatment with mulberry amylase inhibitors MnAI1 and MnAI2 resulted to 89.92% and 93.67% inhibition in BmAmy activity, respectively, and the interaction between BmAmy and MnAI was also confirmed by protein docking analysis. A silkworm line that specifically overexpressed BmAmy in the midgut was generated through piggyBac‐based transgenic technology, and compared to those of non‐transgenic silkworms, the whole cocoon and cocoon shell weights of these transgenic silkworms increased by 10.13% and 18.32%, respectively, in the female group, and by 5.83% and 6.00%, respectively, in the male group. These results suggested that BmAmy may be a suitable target for breeding better silkworm varieties in the future.
Transcriptome analysis and identification of sex pheromone biosynthesis and transport related genes in Atrijuglans hetaohei (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea)
Authors: Zhu Shuying , Shaheen Tayyab , Li Rong , Pei Pei , Zhao Xing , Li Yan , Li Feifei , Tang Guanghui
Published: December 2021

Atrijuglans hetaohei Yang (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) is one of the major pests that can seriously damage the walnut tree, leading to harvest loss. Sex pheromones regulate mating communication and reproduction in insects and provide targets for developing a novel pest control strategy. In this study, by transcriptomic sequencing and analysis of the female pheromone gland (PG) and male genitalia of A. hetaohei, we identified 92 putative genes, of which 7 desaturases (Dess), 8 fatty acyl reductases (FARs), 4 fatty acid synthetases (FASs), 2 aldehyde oxidases (AOXs), 4 acetyltransferases (ACTs), 1 chemosensory protein (CSP), and 2 odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) were predominantly expressed in the female PG, while 5 Dess, 11 FARs, 7 FASs, 6 AOXs, 1 ACT, and 1 CSP showed more robust expression in the male genitalia. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis revealed that 7 Dess and 1 FAR were grouped with genes involved in pheromone synthesis in other Lepidoptera species. Thus, we proposed that these candidate genes are possibly involved in the sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway in A. hetaohei. Our findings will provide a solid genetic basis for further exploring the function of the tissue‐biased genes and may be useful to screen potential targets for interfering chemical communication in A. hetaohei.
ZAP70, too little, too much can lead to autoimmunity*
Authors: Ashouri Judith F. , Lo Wan‐Lin , Nguyen Trang T. T. , Shen Lin , Weiss Arthur
Published: December 2021

Establishing both central and peripheral tolerance requires the appropriate TCR signaling strength to discriminate self‐ from agonist‐peptide bound to self MHC molecules. ZAP70, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, directly interacts with the TCR complex and plays a central and requisite role in TCR signaling in both thymocytes and peripheral T cells. By studying ZAP70 hypomorphic mutations in mice and humans with a spectrum of hypoactive or hyperactive activities, we have gained insights into mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance. Interestingly, both hypoactive and hyperactive ZAP70 can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases, albeit through distinct mechanisms. Immature thymocytes and mature T cells rely on normal ZAP70 function to complete their development in the thymus and to modulate T cell responses in the periphery. Hypoactive ZAP70 function compromises key developmental checkpoints required to establish central tolerance, allowing thymocytes with potentially self‐reactive TCRs a greater chance to escape negative selection. Such ‘forbidden clones’ may escape into the periphery and may pose a greater risk for autoimmune disease development since they may not engage negative regulatory mechanisms as effectively. Hyperactive ZAP70 enhances thymic negative selection but some thymocytes will, nonetheless, escape negative selection and have greater sensitivity to weak and self‐ligands. Such cells must be controlled by mechanisms involved in anergy, expansion of Tregs, and upregulation of inhibitory receptors or signaling molecules. However, such potentially autoreactive cells may still be able to escape control by peripheral negative regulatory constraints. Consistent with findings in Zap70 mutants, the signaling defects in at least one ZAP70 substrate, LAT, can also lead to autoimmune disease. By dissecting the similarities and differences among mouse models of patient disease or mutations in ZAP70 that affect TCR signaling strength, we have gained insights into how perturbed ZAP70 function can lead to autoimmunity. Because of our work and that of others on ZAP70, it is likely that perturbations in other molecules affecting TCR signaling strength will be identified that also overcome tolerance mechanisms and cause autoimmunity. Delineating these molecular pathways could lead to the development of much needed new therapeutic targets in these complex diseases.
Acceptability of medical immobilization: Results from a pilot international survey
Authors: Townsend Janice A. , Peng Jin , McDaniel Jodee C. , Casamassimo Paul S.
Published: December 2021

Background

Controversy exists on the acceptability of medical immobilization (MI).

Aim

To identify regulations, professional conventions, and opinions on the acceptability of MI and to identify practice patterns through a pilot study of members of the International Association of Paediatric Dentistry (IAPD) and their colleagues.

Design

A 22‐item questionnaire was developed and electronically distributed to 1191 members of the IAPD.

Results

Responses were received from 182 dentists in 45 countries. The majority (74.9%) of respondents use MI, and 29.1% use an immobilization device. MI with an immobilization device was reported as professionally acceptable (58.1%) and permitted by medicolegal regulations (70.8%) in their countries of practice. Dentists rated acceptability of MI higher than they perceived parents would overall and perceived MI to be more acceptable by parents for emergency situations and for children with special healthcare needs but 19.8% of respondents found it totally unacceptable in all scenarios. Use and opinions of acceptability varied by geographical location with respondents from North America being more accepting of MI. Most dentists felt that the use of an immobilization device could lead to lasting psychological trauma (72.3%) and violation of the rights of the child (55.4%) but that it improves access to care (58.5%).

Conclusion

The acceptability of MI remains an area of controversy for paediatric dentists internationally.
Dynamics of the bacterial communities and predicted functional profiles in wilted alfalfa silage
Authors: Wang Siran , Li Junfeng , Zhao Jie , Dong Zhihao , Dong Dong , Shao Tao
Published: December 2021

Aims

To investigate the fermentation characteristics, bacterial community and predicted functional profiles during the ensiling of wilted alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.).

Methods and Results

First-cutting alfalfa was harvested at the early bloom stage, wilted for 6 h, and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (1 L capacity). Triplicate silos were sampled after 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of ensiling, respectively. The bacterial communities of wilted alfalfa and silages on day 3 and 60 were assessed through high throughput sequencing technology, and their functional characteristics were evaluated according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes using Tax4Fun. After 60 days of ensiling, alfalfa silage showed a moderate fermentation quality, indicated by high lactic acid (56.7 g kg−1 dry matter [DM]) and acetic acid (39.4 g kg−1 DM) contents, and low concentrations of butyric acid (2.12 g kg−1 DM) and ammonia nitrogen (128 g kg−1 total nitrogen). Lactobacillus rapidly became predominant on day 3 and increased to 60.4% on day 60. Results of functional prediction analyses showed that the metabolism of amino acid, energy, cofactors and vitamins were reduced, while metabolism of nucleotide and carbohydrate were increased during ensiling. Fructokinase, 1-phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase played important roles in producing lactic acid. The production of acetic acid may be correlated with the enhancement of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA synthetase.

Conclusions

Knowledge regarding bacterial dynamics and their metabolic pathways during alfalfa ensiling is important for understanding the fermentation process and may contribute to the production of nutritious and stable alfalfa silage.

Significance and Impact of the Study

High throughput sequencing technology combined with 16S rRNA gene-predicted functional analyses could provide a new and comprehensive insight into bacterial community dynamics and functional profiles to further improve the silage quality.
Factors influencing the detection of antibacterial-resistant Escherichia coli in faecal samples from individual cattle
Authors: Turner Andrea , Schubert Hannah , Puddy Emma F. , Sealey Jordan E. , Gould Virginia C. , Cogan Tristan A. , Avison Matthew B. , Reyher Kristen K.
Published: December 2021

Aims

To investigate whether on-farm antibacterial usage (ABU), environmental antibacterial-resistant (ABR) Escherichia coli prevalence, sampling and sample handling methodologies are associated with ABR E. coli positivity in individual faecal samples from dairy heifers.

Methods and Results

Three hundred and sixty-four heifers from 37 farms were sampled via rectal or faecal pat sampling. Samples were stored at −80°C for variable periods before microbiological analysis. Data analysis was done through a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression approach. Individual rectal samples had increased odds of positivity for amoxicillin-, cefalexin- and tetracycline-resistant E. coli. Sample storage for 6–12 months was associated with decreased odds of finding amoxicillin- and tetracycline-resistant E. coli. On-farm ABU had little influence, and environmental ABR E. coli prevalence had no significant influence on the odds of sample-level positivity for ABR E. coli.

Conclusions

Sampling methodology and sample handling have a greater association than on-farm factors with the detection of ABR E. coli in individual faecal samples from dairy heifers.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Sampling and storage methodologies should be considered carefully at the point of designing ABR surveillance studies in livestock and their environments and, where possible, these methodologies should be standardized between and within future studies.