bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imprinting Johnson
Authors: Redford Bruce
Published: October 2023

James Boswell’s publisher, Edward Dilly, was hot off the mark: the day after news of Johnson’s death reached Boswell in December 1784, he received ‘a letter from Mr. Dilly mentioning it, and in the true spirit of the trade wanting to know if I could have an octavo volume of 400 pages of [Johnson’s] conversations ready’ within two months.1 In his reply to Dilly, Boswell insisted that he would write the biography ‘deliberately’, but that in the meantime he could offer ‘my tour with Dr. Johnson, a good Prelude to my large Work his Life’.2 Boswell did indeed proceed ‘deliberately’: not until the summer of 1786 did he sit down to write; not until the winter of 1790 did printing begin; not until the spring of 1791 did the Life appear.
Transmitting Johnson
Authors: Redford Bruce
Published: October 2023

In the autumn of 1790, Frances Burney, then serving as second keeper of the robes to Queen Charlotte, finds herself re-enacting the role of one of her fictional heroines. Like the well-named Evelina Anville, upon whom shamelessly aggressive males are forever hammering, Burney is trapped in a crowded public space by an importunate suitor. In this instance the setting is Windsor Castle and the suitor is James Boswell, who is seeking not sexual but literary favours. First Boswell embarrasses Burney by declaring, in the midst of ‘a multitude’, that she must resign her position at Court.
‘Bastard Feudalism’ and the Lancastrian Affinity
Authors: Walker Simon
Published: October 2023

‘BUT the duke of Lancaster does what he likes without check’ complained one bitter chronicler. The most important conclusion to have emerged from each of these county studies is that, in fact, he did not. The limitations on what a magnate, even a magnate as powerful as John of Gaunt, could and could not do at the local level were very considerable. In the palatinate of Lancaster, where the duke was at his most powerful, some prudential limitations were nevertheless placed upon his lordship by the proportion of the county community that remained outside the Lancastrian affinity and, when he tried to enforce a decision given in his own palatinate court, the duke’s authority could still be flouted by a determined gentry opponent who was prepared to resort to violence. There were similar constraints on Gaunt’s freedom of action in the northern Midlands, where the king and the earls of Stafford presented attractive alternatives to his lordship and the duke had difficulty in restraining the unruly violence of his own retainers. If this was the case in areas where he held a clear landed pre-eminence, it is no surprise that John of Gaunt was unable to make much impact on the prosperous and cohesive county community in Norfolk or many inroads into the traditional loyalties of the Sussex gentry. Instead, the duke’s lordship was too often appropriated by the host of minor officials on whom he relied for the administration of his estates and then abused for their personal advantage. Unjust disseisin, petty extortion, and the deliberate obstruction of administrative process were their stock-in-trade, practices that the duke might seek to restrain by the dismissal of delinquent officials, but that he could hardly hope to eradicate.
Metropolitan crises
Authors: Slack Paul
Published: October 2023

The writings of Samuel Pepys and Daniel Defoe have made the ‘Great Plague’ of London of 1665 so much a part of the common currency of historical knowledge that it has obscured earlier epidemics. That outbreak was simply the last of a series of metropolitan crises which shaped the consciousness of the literate and governing classes with regard to plague. For more than a century epidemics in London had prompted medical and religious tracts, been the subject of macabre stories by writers such as Thomas Dekker, and finally, in 1662, produced the first serious work on English demography, by John Graunt. They also forced the government to develop those policies for public health which will be considered in later chapters. As in other spheres of English life, events in the capital played a large part in determining national attitudes and actions. The definitive account of plague in London has still to be written, and it cannot be attempted in the space available here.
Ekaru Apumpum: ‘The Time of Gunfire’
Authors: Lamphear John
Published: October 2023

While Kokoi and the northern Turkana were buying guns in the north, a new British district commissioner arrived in the south: in December 1913 Dudley Russell Crampton relieved Alexander Bruce at Marich Post. He was a corpulent man, known affectionately to his colleagues as ‘our heavy-weight CPO’ and to the Turkana as the ‘great fat red bull’. Meticulous to the point of being fussy he affected a monocle and dined on spotless white linen even when out on patrol.
The First World War and International Politics
Authors: Stevenson David
Published: October 2023

The First World War was a disaster whose repercussions are still felt. This book goes behind the battlefronts to focus on the politics of the war. David Stevenson explains why the governments of the day turned to violence in pursuit of their aims; why the resulting conflict expanded to global dimensions; why it could not be ended by compromise; the international significance of the Russian revolution and the entry into the war of the USA; and why the eventual peace settlement took the form it did. The First World War and International Politics sets the events of 1914-18 in the context of twentieth-century world history; it also illuminates the political background of wars in general, and illustrates Clausewitz’s dictum that `war...is a true political instrument, a continuation of political activity by other means.’
The Outbreak of the Conflict July-August 1914
Authors: Stevenson David
Published: October 2023

In the gentlemanly statecraft of 1914, the resort to force was still preceded by a declaration of war. Among the avalanche of declarations between 28 July and 12 August four stand out. That of Austria-Hungary on Serbia on 28July initiated a local, Balkan conflict; those of Germany on France and Russia on 1 and 3 August a continental European one; and that of Britain on Germany on 4 August brought into the European balance the resources of a global Power. At stake in both the Balkan and the European conflicts was whether Austria-Hungary’s internal divisions and external isolation would allow it to survive. And ostensibly Vienna gave the impetus to local war. On 28 June the heir to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated with his wife at Sarajevo, the capital of the Habsburg province of Bosnia. On 23July an Austro-Hungarian ultimatum accused the neighbouring kingdom of Serbia of having sheltered organizations aiming to deprive the Habsburg Monarchy of territory (and of Bosnia in particular) by terrorism and subversion. Serbian officials, it alleged, had helped the Sarajevo conspirators cross the frontier, and had provided them with weapons. The subversive organizations must be suppressed, and the conniving officials punished. Two days later a Serbian reply accepted almost all the Austrian demands. But for Habsburg representatives to participate in a judicial inquiry into those implicated in the conspiracy, it protested, would violate the Serbian constitution and criminal law. Nominally on this ground Austria-Hungary declared war on 28 July, and on the following day bombarded the Serbian capital, Belgrade.
The Failure to Compromise March-November 1917
Authors: Stevenson David
Published: October 2023

In 1917 the earth trembled under the belligerents’ feet. Thus far the pre-existing balance of power and the European social and political order had withstood the strains of conflict with remarkable resilience. The battles on the Western Front grew in length and cost and scale, but the geography of the Front stayed virtually unchanged. The German Socialists continued to vote war credits; the French Socialists and the British Labour Party remained in the Paris and London Cabinets. Britain and Germany remained divided over Belgium, the German navy, and rival colonial claims; France and Germany over the Rhineland and Alsace-Lorraine; Russia and the Central Powers over Poland; Austria-Hungary and Italy over the Adriatic and the Tyrol. Germany sought victory through a separate peace that would shatter its encirclement; its opponents were unanimous at least in their determination not to be divided by the Central Powers. As a result of this multiple impasse the haemorrhage of European manpower at a previously unimaginable rate went on.
Introduction 1832 and All That
Authors: Phillips John A
Published: October 2023

Historians hold few things sacred, least of all the work of their predecessors. As revisionists scurry about wreaking havoc on a once well-ordered historical landscape, very few judgements of previous generations of scholars have proven impervious to assault. Attributions of significance to a specific year (or years) have been particularly susceptible to revision. Few years once identified as ‘watersheds’ have retained the global significance accorded them in the past. Years for which far less grandiose claims have been made have usually succumbed even more quickly to historiographical affrays.
Reform Retardant: Parliamentary and Municipal Reform in Beverley
Authors: Phillips John A
Published: October 2023

Analyses of boroughs such as Bristol, Northampton, and Shrewsbury have pointed to the powerful effects of Reform. Paradoxically, the indifference to Reform shown by some voters in Lewes and Great Yarmouth revealed deep partisan divisions in some constituencies well in advance of 1832. Thus the evidence of electoral behaviour in all seven boroughs examined so far suggests a very Whiggish interpretation of popular politics in English boroughs in the early nineteenth century. Partisan politics, or something very much like it, already dominated some constituencies, but Reform helped push others into a decidedly more partisan Would. Beverley might be seen as the exception that proves the rule; Reform failed to alter traditional non-partisan voting habits there. Though Beverley was referred to as early as 1818 as ‘an open borough and generally contested’, its popular politics cannot withstand comparisons to towns such as Bristol, much less Lewes and Yarmouth. Neither the Act nor the era could overcome Beverley’s resistance to new modes of thought and behaviour. Other than reducing their numbers by disfranchising non-resident freemen, Reform had no measurable impact on the town’s electors. They continued after 1832 to be dominated by considerations that had very little, perhaps nothing, to do with the parliamentary parties, specific issues, or political principles.
The Townshends And Their County
Authors: Moreton C E
Published: October 2023

Despite their contacts with the outside world and their landholdings in other counties, the Townshends were, above all else, Norfolk men. As such, they provide a good medium for discussing the Norfolk gentry and local government in the later fifteenth and first half of the sixteenth centuries.
States and their Business
Authors: Doyle William
Published: October 2023

Before 1789 the idea of the state, as we understand it now, was only half formulated. If, for instance, we define a state as an autonomous political unit recognizing no sovereign power over itself outside itself, then Europe had few indeed. Only non-Catholic countries were free of the jurisdictional claims of the pope. There were over 300 autonomous territories in Germany, far more than in the rest of Europe put together, but all technically subordinate parts of the Holy Roman Empire. Yet that shadowy structure in itself was not a state at all, since it had no real control over its hundreds of constituent parts. How, too, should we classify Hungary, Scotland before 1707, or Lorraine before 1768, where dynastic accidents had reduced their nominal independence to almost nothing? Rigorous modern definitions are seldom flexible enough to comprehend the diversity and complexity of old-regime political institutions.
The Crisis
Authors: Doyle William
Published: October 2023

During the last thirty or so years of the eighteenth century Europe was convulsed by an enormous crisis which would be remembered as the Age of Revolutions. Its consequences would be momentous for the whole world, and ever since historians have debated the nature of the crisis, its causes, and its results.
The English Nobility under Edward the Confessor
Authors: Clarke Peter A
Published: October 2023

This is a study of the major landholders of England and their estates during the reign of Edward the Confessor. It is the first comprehensive analysis of the lay landholders recorded in Domesday Book. Peter A. Clarke examines not only the great earls but also lesser lords with significant holdings, and the complex network of relationships based on land. As well as Domesday, Dr Clarke makes full use of all other available evidence, such as chronicles and charters, and skilfully builds a detailed and convincing picture of landholding and lordship in eleventh-century England. He assesses the impact of the Norman Conquest, contrasting conditions under Edward the Confessor with those of the Norman regime. Dr Clarke’s work marks a significant advance in knowledge and understanding of medieval England, and its extensive and detailed appendices of landholders and their estates will form an invaluable reference resource.
The County Of Cambridge, Tre
Authors: Clarke Peter A
Published: October 2023

It is now proposed to examine the relationship between the greater landholders and lesser men in some detail in a single county Cambridgeshire. There are good reasons for choosing this particular county. First, the text of the Exchequer Domesday is supplemented as a source for the county by two satellite texts: the lnquisitio Eliensis (IE) and the Inquisition comitatus Cantabrigiensis (ICC). The first of these documents is connected with the Domesday survey of the lands of Ely Abbey, and so does not provide more than a few sidelights on the lay lords of Cambridgeshire. The second source, the ICC, covers all landholders (with the notable exception of the Crown) over an area of about two-thirds of the county. It lists its information by village and hundred rather than by tenant-in-chief, and although clearly linked to the Exchequer text, it nevertheless provides a useful amount of additional detail (see Ch. 4). In particular, the ICC often names lesser men and their lords, while the Exchequer Domesday merely lists a number of freemen or sokemen. For example, at Dullingham, the primary text merely mentions ‘three sokemen’ whilst the ICC gives their names and the names of their lords: Horulf, the man of Eadgifu the Fair, h:lfstan, the man of Ordgar, and Viking, the man of Earl Harold. This, with the additional information about bynames, makes the identification of lesser landholders much easier than would otherwise be the case.
Guilt and Individual Consciousness: The Individual, the Church and the State in the Modern Era, Sixteenth-Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Dupont-Bouchat Marie-Sylvie
Published: October 2023

My contribution to this study of the individual and the State in modem Europe may be seen as a response to the work of Hans Guggisberg and Martin van Gelderen. In this volume, the former studies the appearance of the idea of toleration in the Protestant countries,1 and the latter chronicles the rise of the consciousness of individual freedom in the United Provinces, after the break with the southern Netherlands, present-day Belgium.2 In comparison with the Protestant countries, I would like to consider here answers put forward by the Catholic side, especially by the rulers and the Catholic Church in the southern Netherlands, which remained under the domination of the Spanish monarchy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and then the house of Austria in the eighteenth.
Conclusion And Future Research
Authors: Sawyer Birgit
Published: October 2023

This study is based on 2,307 runic inscriptions on stone (some fragmentary) that were made in Scandinavia between the middle of the tenth century and the beginning of the twelfth. They are all in the Nordic language and with very few exceptions they all have the same basic formula: ‘X raised this stone’ or ‘had this stone raised in memory of Y’ (or variations giving the same information) . Most inscriptions state the relationship between X and Y, and many give additional details. This remarkable uniformity justifies treating these monuments as the result of a fashion that began in Denmark and spread to Västergötland and Norway before the end of the tenth century, and—at the latest—by 1020 had reached what is now eastern Sweden. The individual monuments cannot be closely dated but it appears that relatively few were made in Denmark or Västergötland after the 1020s. In Norway most are earlier than 1050 although a few may be later. In eastern Sweden, however, the fashion flourished until the early twelfth century, even later on the islands of Bornholm and Gotland.
Maps
Authors: Orme Nicholas
Published: October 2023

Parish boundaries are those conjectured in 1291, omitting the small urban parishes of Pads tow town, St Thomas-by-Launceston, Tregony, and Truro. The ‘Celtic’ saint-cults in each parish are given in brackets: those of parish churches in roman type and those of chapels in italics. Further information about site locations is given in the Dictionary.
Aspects of Relic Cults
Authors: Crook John
Published: October 2023

The vivid accounts of the activities of Henry VIII’s Commissioners at the Reformation are rich in descriptions of shrines despoiled, improbably exotic relics, and deceptions presumed to have been perpetrated on a gullible populace by avaricious monks. Contemporary documents give an impression of religious practices that had degenerated into calculated charlatanism, intended to ‘alure & intense the yngnorantt pepull’. But the documentation is biased in favour of the Reformers, surviving as it does mainly in the official records that they themselves generated. The other face of the coin is less frequently displayed, in the depositions of recusants and the reports of foreign diplomats.
The Garter in Fourteenth-Century Politics, 1350–1399
Authors: Collins Hugh E L
Published: October 2023

As an honorific and highly visible extension of court life, elevation to the ranks of the order held, as we have seen, a special appeal for the armigerous classes. Offering a unique relationship not only with the ruling monarch but also the male members of his immediate family, often including the heir to the throne, as well as with the most socially distinguished and martially renowned knights in the realm, it represented an unparalleled honorific distinction.
The United States and Japan,1945–1965
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi , Westad Odd Arne
Published: October 2023

As it became clear to the Japanese authorities that the ,War was lost, they worried more about social instability and the Communist threat than about the effects of a foreign occupation. The US policy of keeping Soviet forces out of Japan suited the traditional power-holders in 1okyo well. Still, the initial insistence of the Allied occupation regime, headed by US General Douglas MacArthur, on basic social, economic, and political refom1 and the political exclusion of prominent members of the wartime regime led to fears that the occupiers world force radical change. In order to prevent such change, the Japanese authorities were willing to extend all possible favours to the occupying forces, as long as they themselves would be protected against a challenge from the left.
The Korean War and the Sino-Soviet Alliance
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi , Westad Odd Arne
Published: October 2023

The alliance between the Soviet Union and the new People’s Republic of China, signed during the Moscow meetings between Stalin and Chinese leader Mao Zedong in February 1950, was one of the cornerstones of the early Cold War and one of the causes of the Korean War. It was a warning to the West that Moscow could find mighty allies outside Europe, and a harbinger, recognized as such both in Washington and Moscow, of revolutionary challenges elsewhere. While Stalin was never fully convinced of the ideological dedication of the Chinese Communists, he had made sure that they received vital aid in the latter stages of their civil war with the US-supported Chinese government, and believed that the Chinese Communist regime could be a stepping-stone for increased Soviet power elsewhere in Asia, including Korea.
Technologies, Weapons, and the Arms Race
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi , Westad Odd Arne
Published: October 2023

Technology Was at the core of the Cold War conflict because the race for ever more sophisticated weapons provided much of its dynamic, but also because technological achievement was the yardstick in the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to represent the best model for future societies. Being seen as the most ‘advanced’ state was of crucial significance to both .Moscow and Washington in the struggle for legitimacy for their ideological projects and for international support. To Soviet leaders, their state represented not only the embryo of what the world would look like in the future, but it could also produce, through technology, the ideal method of moving rapidly from backwardness to Communism. In the United States, successive presidents viewed the nation’s advanced technology as the best defence against the Soviet challenge and as the instrument that would convince the world of the benefits of the American model.
Cold War Legacies
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi , Westad Odd Arne
Published: October 2023

To most observers, the sense that capitalism had finally triumphed at the end of the twentieth century seemed irrefutable. Aside from the People’s Republic of China, communism was the official ideology only in a handful of small states (such as Vietnam, Cuba, and North Korea). Moreover, even in these countries the appeal of the free market could not be held in check. China, in particular, continued on the road of economic reform. While political control remained in the hands of the Communist Party in China, the most populous country in the world was dearly being incorporated into the world economic system; the most evident signal of this was China’s eventual entry into the World hide Organization that was agreed-after a decade and a half of continuous negotiations—in the fall of 2001. Moreover, in the 1990s Vietnam, which had fought a number of wars with China since the late 1970s, adopted the Chinese model of economic liberalization (coupled with continued political control by the Communist Party), Cuba and, in particular, North Korea, became increasingly marginalized and isolated as vestiges of defunct totalitarian socialism.
The Third Coalition, 1802-1805
Authors: Schroeder Paul w.
Published: October 2023

The French government chose first of all not to conceal its overseas ambitions from Britain, but to flaunt them, even where it had no specific plans for expansion. For example, it deliberately created a false impression that it was preparing to reconquer Egypt. Colonel Horace Sebastiani was sent on a special mission to Egypt in 1802, and his enthusiastic report on how easy and valuable a conquest Egypt would be was published in the official Moniteur. Talleyrand boasted to the British ambassador, Whitworth, that French recovery of Egypt was only a matter of time. Other French initiatives in Algiers and Muscat reinforced British fears of French expansion in the Mediterranean and Near East.
The Loss of the Holy Land 1274–1370
Authors: Housley Norman
Published: October 2023

In March 1272 the recently elected Pope Gregory X summoned a general council of the Church to discuss the three greatest problems facing the Catholic faith: the threat to Latin Syria, the schism between the Latin and Greek churches, and corruption within the Latin church. The Council, which opened proceedings at Lyons in May 1274, therefore forms a natural point at which to begin consideration both of the downfall of Latin Syria, and (in the next chapter) of papal-Byzantine relations in the late Middle Ages. The Second Council of Lyons does not possess the significance, for the history of the crusades, of the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, or even the Vienne Council of 1311-12; but as a general council of the Church it was bound to be a major event, and in two respects it was special. It constituted the last attempt by a thirteenth-century pope to launch a crusade which was recognizably cast in the could of Innocent Ill’s conception of crusading as an expression of papal supremacy in temporal matters. And, more importantly, it can be seen in retrospect as Christendom’s last chance to set in motion military activity on a scale sufficient to save the Latin states in Syria from destruction.
The Anti-Turkish Crusade and European Politics, 1502–1580
Authors: Housley Norman
Published: October 2023

Until a few years ago most historians would have said that the inclusion of a chapter on events in the sixteenth century in a book about the later crusades was at best superfluous, and at worst misguided. They would have argued that popular and governmental commitment to a crusade against the Turks was negligible by 1500; that calls for a crusade, no matter how frequently or forcefully made by individual enthusiasts or the papal Curia, were therefore anachronistic, meriting serious study only by antiquarians; and, most importantly, that narrating the great conflicts which occurred in the sixteenth century between the Ottomans and their western enemies, especially the Habsburgs, in terms of a religious war is as misleading as applying that description to, say, the Allied campaigns against the Turkish armies in the First World War. It is the achievement of Professor K. M. Setton to have shown how inaccurate this view was. In two massive volumes, a total of 1,179 double-columned pages, he recently surveyed Turkish relations with the West between 1502 and 1571 in exhaustive detail. By simply describing what took place, Professor Setton demonstrated that, while these relations accommodated many new features characteristic of an age of profound change, they also formed a continuation of crusading history, in terms of basic ideas and institutions as well as terminology. No great chasm separated the world of King Philip II of Spain and Pope Pius V from that of Philip the Good of Burgundy and Pius II; the one evolved from the other and shared many of its features. Lepanto (1571) was a great crusading victory, Alcazar (1578) a terrible crusading defeat, and some account of at least this first phase of the long Habsburg-Ottoman struggle must now feature in any history of the later crusades which claims to be comprehensive (see maps 3, 4, and 5).
Government and the Crusade 1274–1580
Authors: Housley Norman
Published: October 2023

‘All, the great expeditions which were made in times past beyond the sea, against the Saracens, were made with the consent of the holy father of Rome; and those who have read the histories of times past well know this.’ This statement by the legal commentator Honore Bonet in his ‘The Tree of Battles’ (c.1380) reflects the awareness amongst educated people in the late Middle Ages of the pivotal role played by the papal Curia in launch¬ ing crusades. No crusade had taken place in the past, or could be set in motion in the future, without the clear authorization of the Curia. In the first place, the Curia retained its exclusive authority to grant the necessary indulgences and sanction the preaching of the cross, without which an expedition was not regarded as a crusade at all. Equally importantly, the papacy controlled the purse strings of crusade finance; without access to such funds major expeditions, to the East at least, could not be undertaken. But even apart from these basic functions of definition and financial support, the Curia’s assistance was highly desirable in order to facilitate the intensive preliminary work which a crusade called for: the internal political ordering and military preparations, the external peace-making and search for allies, which underpinned crusading of virtually any kind.
The Corpus Delicti 1637-1642
Authors: Russell Conrad
Published: October 2023

‘These are times for historians to write who seek to avoid all calm narrations as a dead water, to fill their volumes with cruell wars and seditions. I desire not employment at these times’. So wrote Sir Henry Slingsby at the beginning of the Bishops’ Wars. As James Bond put the point in the inimitably different idiom of the late twentieth century, ‘it reads better than it lives’. Interesting times are often more interesting to those who do not suffer the misfortune of living in them. In these days of social history, it is no longer clear that historians, as a profession, deserve Sir Henry Slingsby’s reproaches, but we have certainly spilt enough ink on the causes of the English Civil War. Contemplating the umpteenth assault on this subject, I feel bound to echo Eric Shipton on Mount Everest: ‘for God’s sake let’s climb the bloody thing, and then get back to real mountaineering’. The hunt for the causes of the Civil War has not, on the whole, had a beneficial effect on seventeenth-century historiography: not all the most important developments in the early seventeenth century can be assumed to be causes of the English Civil War. There is a risk that important themes may be either ignored, or strait-jacketed in order to turn them into causes of the Civil War when they are not. To take a couple of examples, the fact that England reached the top of the demographic curve sometime around 1640 is clearly of the highest long-term importance. The coincidence of dates makes it tempting to see whether this can be turned into a cause of the Civil War, but though it is possible to make a connection by way of resistance to taxation, such a connection is highly tangential, and it is hard to make it of the first importance. In the long term, the slow growth of cultural diversity is also of the highest importance. This at first sight looks a little more promising, but in fact it turns out that only those manifestations of diversity which can be directly related to religion, such as maypoles or the sabbath, will fit at all accurately into the jigsaw.
The Franchise Factor in the Rise of the Labour Party*
Authors: Matthew Colin , Kay John
Published: October 2023

The literature on the rise and fall of the Liberal Party is voluminous and inconclusive. We believe it is inconclusive because it usually assumes British politics to be structurally static. We wish to suggest that changes in the structure of British politics are at least as significant as chronological developments: in other words, that the changes in the franchise are at least as significant as the effects of the First World War. On the evidence presented to date, after all, the post-war difficulties of the Liberal Party are paradoxical and difficult to explain. In practice, the problems are such that nearly all historians are forced to argue that the First World War was decisive in fragmenting the Liberal Party’s support and in leaving the way clear for Labour. But the ‘war’ argument has never been satisfactorily demonstrated. Undoubtedly it is not easy to compare the pre- and post-war electoral situations, but we should at least attempt such a comparison: to argue that, since comparison is difficult, historians must resort to inference and guess is clearly absurd. In this article we will suggest that too little attention has been given to the size of the Edwardian electorate, and the effect which it had on the form and nature of Edwardian politics. Furthermore, this electorate, created in two stages by the Reform and Redistribution Acts of 1867-8 and 1884-5 and by a number of ancillary minor Acts, has not adequately been compared with its successor, a product of the ‘Fourth’ Reform Act of 1918. Such a comparison may provide the necessary data to explain the Liberal Party’s decline. We will also suggest that the Liberals were wedded to the forms of the 1867-1914 political community as their opponents were not, that the ideologies of both the Labour and Conservative Parties made them better able to exploit a fully democratic franchise, and that these things were true before 1914 as well as after the war.
The Italian City-State
Authors: Jones Philip
Published: October 2023

Italy in the Middle Ages was unique among the countries of Europe in recreating, in a changed environment, the urban civilization of antiquity - the society, culture, and political formations of city-states. This book examines the origins and nature of this phenomenon from the fall of Rome to the eve of its consummation, the Italian Renaissance. The explanation is sought in Italy's singular `double existence' between two contrasted worlds - ancient and medieval. The ancient was characterised by the total predominance of the landed aristocracy in economy and society, enforced through a peculiar system of city states embracing town and country. The new medieval influences were marked by the separation of town, country and aristocracy, by the identification of towns with trade and a mercantile bourgeoisie, and by commercial and proto-industrial revolution. Italy shared in both worlds. It remained a land of cities and of an urbanized ruling class (except in the Norman South) and re-established territorial city states; but the staes were very different from those of antiquity, the city leaders in the commercial revolution, and Italy itself seen as a nation of shopkeepers, birthplace of capitalism. In this fascinating and ground-breaking study, Philip Jones traces in detail the tension and interaction between the two traditions, civic and patrician, mercantile and bourgeois, through all phases of Italian life to their culmination in two rival regimes of communes and despots.
The English and their Christian Neighbours c.550–650
Authors: Blair John
Published: October 2023

Perched on the edge of the Roman world, the sixth-century English occupied an ambiguous position between ‘civilized’ Europe and the ‘barbarian’ north. Christianity was remote, yet accessible; alien, yet the religion of the sub-Roman British culture which the Anglo-Saxon migrations had overlain. A pagan warrior people knowing little of Rome, they had infiltrated a former province in which the ruins of towns, forts, and villas remained widely visible. Although those monuments were massive and relatively recent, their social and economic functions were remote from the experience and comprehensions of the settlers, and even of the remaining British. But not so far away, another ‘barbarian’ people, the Franks, had assumed in a more purposeful fashion the authority, religion, and urban culture of what had been Roman Gaul. To the west, in some of the least Romanized parts of former Britannia, autonomous British aristocracies had preserved and transformed the religion of the late Empire within a non-urban, kin-based culture like that of their Germanic rivals. Further west still, beyond the Irish Sea, a continuing Iron Age society, without any direct experience of Roman rule, was developing a powerful Christian civilization.
The Business of Culture
Authors: Theodore Hoppen K
Published: October 2023

As industrialization became more pervasive in the second half of the nineteenth century so the imperatives of an increasingly sophisticated commercialism began to affect all aspects of British life. High and low culture enthusiastically embraced what Dickens called a new frankness about ‘those little screws of existence—pounds, shillings, and pence’. ‘I write for money. Of course I do’, noted Trollope, ‘It is for money that we all work, lawyers, publishers, authors and the rest.’ And while this neither negated nor overwhelmed that internally generated logic which has in all periods given works of art their essential pattern and form, its influence upon the deep structures—as well as the surface appearances—of novels, poems, music, buildings, and paintings is difficult to exaggerate.
Trends in the Development of Family Law in Europe - Comparative Perspectives
Authors: Vlaardingerbroek Paul
Published: October 2023

This chapter will give a broad overview of the main developments in family law in Europe in the last two decades. In most countries the influence of modern family life can be seen in the way family codes have tried to adapt to these trends (e.g. the introduction of no-fault divorce, modernization of the law on affiliation). Another trend - and maybe the most important one - is the growing influence of human rights in the field of family law. As a result of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) being ratified in the European countries, this convention has had a great impact upon national laws.
Disability and Functional Status among Elderly People: Cross-National Comparisons
Authors: Heikkinen Eino , Jokela, Jukka , Jylha Marja
Published: October 2023

Questions about age-related and age-dependent changes in functional abilities have been a focus of gerontological research for several decades (e.g. Katz et al., 1963; Katz, 1983; Lawton, 1972, 1990; Kane and Kane, 1981; Fillenbaum, 1985; Applegate et al., 1990). The prevalence of chronic conditions increases with advancing age. Only a minority, about 15 per cent, of 75-80-year-olds are healthy in terms of clinically diagnosed diseases (see Svanborg, 1988; Waters et al., 1989; Jylha et al., 1992). From this point of view the old saying ‘ipsa senectus morbus est ‘ suggesting that old age equals disease seems to be true. On the other hand about one-half of 75-80-year-olds regard themselves as healthy (e.g. Shanas et al., 1968; Heikkinen et al., 1983; Jylha et al., 1992). There are presumably several reasons for this discrepancy. The criteria for good health may change with age, elderly people may adapt to certain symptoms which they accept as the normal consequences of ageing, and not all diseases cause functional limitations capable of reducing an individual ‘s ability to cope with the routines of daily living. Among elderly people the level of functional abilities in particular seems to modulate their perceptions of health (e.g. Jylha et al., 1986).
Making Sense out of Nonsense
Authors: Howarth David
Published: October 2023

At the heart of jurisprudence lies the theory of adjudication. It concerns itself with questions about how judges decide cases and how they ought to decide cases. Traditionally, two schools of thought competed for the allegiance of scholars. One school maintained that the law should be thought of as a gapless system of rules, in which the task of the judge in a disputed case was to discover what the law already said. The other school contended that the law was not gapless, and that the task of the judge in a disputed case was to fill the gap with whatever rule seemed best.
Preventing Impunity
Authors: Gross Hyman
Published: October 2023

My purpose here is to suggest a new way of looking at what in general is going on when people are brought to book for their crimes. I hope that what I have to say will make clear what the important questions are, though I shall not attempt to pursue those questions here. In a nutshell, my suggestion is this. We enforce the law simply because we cannot tolerate letting people get away with their crimes. Preventing impunity (by which I mean not allowing people to get away with their crimes) is the one and only good reason we have for enforcing the law as we do. It is not crime itself, but rather the possibility of being allowed to get away with it, that really matters when the very system of law enforcement itself is thought to need justification. The aim of making people pay for their crimes will not do the job, nor will the aim of reducing the number of crimes that will be committed in the future.
The Administration of the West Bank under Israeli Rule
Authors: Rishmawi Mona
Published: October 2023

During its twenty-year occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, Israel has attempted to integrate the administration of the Occupied Territories into its own central system of government. This chapter attempts to show that, while the military government may be the most visible administrative body in the Occupied Territories and has at times been described as being autonomous, decisions concerning the administration of the West Bank are in fact in the hands of Israeli cabinet ministers and government sub-committees. The alternating years of Likud and Labour Party administrations have brought only changes in tactics in their treatment of the Occupied Territories and not changes in their aims or goals. Both parties support a policy of de facto annexation of the West Bank and Gaza.
The Right to Form Trade Unions under Military Occupation
Authors: Quigley John
Published: October 2023

States occupying territory in belligerent occupation are typically hostile to organizations formed by the occupied population. Such organizations, from the standpoint of the occupant, hold the danger that they will foment opposition to the occupation. The law of military occupation requires a belligerent, however, to protect freedom of association, and specifically trade union organizing. A right to organize trade unions is deemed by human rights law to be necessary for the economic and social well-being of workers.
Utilitarianism and Distributive Justice
Authors: Kelly P J
Published: October 2023

In this book Dr Kelly presents the first full-length exposition and sympathetic defence of Jeremy Bentham's unique utilitarian theory of justice. He rescues Bentham's reputation from crude nineteenth- and twentieth-century caricatures, and develops a sophisticated and subtle interpretation of Bentham's moral theory which places him at the heart of the British Liberal tradition. Drawing heavily on Bentham's unpublished civil and distributive law writings, classic and recent Bentham scholarship, and contemporary work in moral and political philosophy, Dr Kelly shows how Bentham developed a moderate welfare-state liberal theory of justice with egalitarian leanings, the aim of which was to secure the material and political conditions of each citizen's pursuit of his own conception of the good life in co-operation with others. This strikingly original interpretation makes a valuable contribution to the growing literature on Bentham's legal and political thought, and develops a utilitarian theory of justice which offers much to contemporary political philosophy.
International Trade and Competition Law in Japan
Authors: Matsushita Mitsuo
Published: October 2023

Modern Japanese Law Series This new series has been established to provide scholars and practitioners with a library of books which deal with contemporary issues in Japanese law, particularly in areas of law which are of importance to the international business community. It will include books on Japanese labour law, the Law of Civil Procedure, Securities Regulation, and environmental law. Two volumes containing accurate and up-to-date translations of all the major Japanese Codes (Civil and Criminal) are planned for 1994. This book analyses the means by which the Japanese government regulates business activity, principally through the use of competition or anti-monopoly laws. These laws operate both within Japan and, to a lesser extent, beyond. The book also looks at legal aspects of industrial policy as well as the legal framework of foreign trade and investment in Japan. As such it goes to the very heart of industrial and commercial life in Japan, and will be of interest to all those who are involved in doing business with Japan, as well as to their legal and financial advisers.
Non-Discrimination in General International Law (I)
Authors: Thornberry Patrick
Published: October 2023

The brief account of the emergence of the non-discrimination formula in the drafting of the United Nations Charter at San Francisco indicates that, unlike the principle of identity (as applied to minorities), non-discrimination as a concept is capable of appealing to a very broad spectrum of States, including the ‘countries of immigration’. The explicit nature of the non discrimination formula, in contrast to the generalized references to ‘human rights and fundamental freedoms’ elsewhere in the Charter, and the insistent character of its repeated invocation,2 promised from the outset that the United Nations would make it a principle of great potency in international law and relations. The gradual coalescence of opinion at San Francisco in favour of the principle was not without elements of political compromise.
Beyond ILO Convention 107
Authors: Thornberry Patrick
Published: October 2023

Many references have been made in the foregoing chapter to the anachronistic nature of ILO Convention 107 and to the need for change. The criticism was essayed from the point of view of humanitarian standards and the equal valuation of cultural contributions to humanity. A vaguely identified indigenous point of view was also mentioned. ‘ Indigenous groups’ are not, of course, a unified body of ‘peoples’ and many points of view are possible on the scope of a more helpful regime of national and international legislation. However, in recent years a number of indigenous group organizations have emerged to promote their claims on the national and international plane. This is already a significant new area of awareness in international human rights law which shows every sign of further development. Valid criticism and reform of the present international system must incorporate in some form the indigenous peoples’ perception of their relationship to international law.
Indigenous Groups and Contemporary International Standards
Authors: Thornberry Patrick
Published: October 2023

There has been a considerable amplification of United Nations activity on indigenous populations following the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the subsequent Programme for the Decade of Action to Combat Racism and Racial Dis crimination2 (the Decade began on 10 December 1973). One of the objectives of this Programme is declared to be ‘ to identify, isolate and dispel the fallacious and mythical beliefs, policies and practices that contribute to racism and racial discrimination’. The Programme also looks forward to the ending of racist regimes, and is thus both activity directed and educational. The proposed revaluation of values’ has a particular potency in the context of indigenous populations, victims of the psychology and vocabulary of prejudice, dehumanization and patronization to as great an extent as any human group.
The Legal Aspect of Money
Authors: Mann F A
Published: October 2023

First published in 1938, The Legal Aspect of Money has become the foremost authority on the law of money throughout the world. The fifth edition has been revised and updated to include discussion of recent changes in international (especially European) law. Although originally intended primarily as a reference work on the English law of money, the comparative methodology established in the original edition has been maintained, and readers will find the combination of new material plus established scholarship an indispensable guide to the financial and legal systems of the world. The 6th edition edited by Charles Proctor is also available with ISBN 978-0-19-826055-4.
Explaining the Court’s Performance: Visions of Law in South Africa
Authors: Ellmann Stephen
Published: October 2023

We must explain the actions of two courts-very similar in membership, but very different in performance. We have already seen the immediate sources of the difference between the two. The Rabie court, so far as the emergency was concerned, was decisively dominated by the five members of the emergency team. It is these judges’ jurisprudence, developed in a period of stern government repression directed against what was seen as total onslaught, that we must explain. The emergency jurisprudence of the Corbett court, on the other hand, is much more the work of the Appellate Division as a whole, and it is work carried on in a time of both continued government repression and hesitant, but gathering, hope of broad racial reconciliation in South Africa.