bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional Identities in a Re‐Territorialising World: From thinning cosmopolitan to thickening resistance identities
Authors: Terlouw Kees
Published: July 2024

This paper discusses the current relevance of Anssi Paasi's 2002 paper Bounded Spaces in the Mobile World: Deconstructing ‘Regional Identity’. Using Paasi's conceptual tools to analyse the cultivation of a thin regional identity discourse of the metropolitan region Amsterdam, it is shown how the construction of a large upmarket housing estate in the small town of Muiden near Amsterdam is legitimised. Paasi's conceptual tools also help to analyse the use of a traditional thick local identity discourse by the local population. This illustrates the growing importance of thickening resistance identities in reaction to the neoliberal policies promoting globalisation. When Paasi wrote this paper at the turn of the century, the world was opening up, which challenged established identities. Today, we see a revival of thickening identities again.
Global trend and epidemiological profiles of climate‐related disasters from 2000 to 2021
Authors: Fernández García Andrea , Gan Rick Kye , Cernuda Martínez José Antonio , Arcos González Pedro
Published: July 2024

Objective

The objective of this study is to analyse the epidemiological profile of global climate‐related disasters in terms of morbidity and mortality, as well as to examine their temporal trends.

Method

This cross‐sectional study analysed climate‐related global disasters from 2000 to 2021, utilising definitions and criteria from the United Nations Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. Data were sourced from the EM‐DAT database. The study assessed trends over the entire period and compared them with previous years (1978–2000).

Results

A total of 7398 climate‐related disasters were recorded, with hydrological disasters being the most frequent, followed by meteorological and climatological disasters. Statistically significant differences were noted in the average rates of affected individuals and injuries per million inhabitants. No significant trends were found in mortality rates, but the frequency trends for the entire period (1978–2021) and the subperiod (1978–2000) were increasing and statistically significant. However, the trend from 2000 onwards showed a non‐significant decrease, potentially reflecting better disaster preparedness and response strategies under the Hyogo and Sendai Framework.

Conclusion

The study highlights hydrological disasters as the most frequent and deadliest climate‐related events, with climatological disasters affecting and injuring the most people. The lack of standardised criteria for disaster inclusion in databases presents a significant challenge in comparing results and analysing trends. Establishing uniform inclusion criteria is crucial for effective data analysis and disaster management.
Carbon usage in yellow‐fleshed Manihot esculenta storage roots shifts from starch biosynthesis to cell wall and raffinose biosynthesis via the myo‐inositol pathway
Authors: Gutschker Sindy , Ruescher David , Rabbi Ismail Y. , Rosado‐Souza Laise , Pommerrenig Benjamin , Pauly Markus , Robertz Stefan , van Doorn Anna M. , Schlereth Armin , Neuhaus H. Ekkehard , Fernie Alisdair R. , Reinert Stephan , Sonnewald Uwe , Zierer Wolfgang
Published: July 2024

Cassava is a crucial staple crop for smallholder farmers in tropical Asia and Sub‐Saharan Africa. Although high yield remains the top priority for farmers, the significance of nutritional values has increased in cassava breeding programs. A notable negative correlation between provitamin A and starch accumulation poses a significant challenge for breeding efforts. The negative correlation between starch and carotenoid levels in conventional and genetically modified cassava plants implies the absence of a direct genomic connection between the two traits. The competition among various carbon pathways seems to account for this relationship. In this study, we conducted a thorough analysis of 49 African cassava genotypes with varying levels of starch and provitamin A. Our goal was to identify factors contributing to differential starch accumulation. Considering carotenoid levels as a confounding factor in starch production, we found that yellow‐ and white‐fleshed storage roots did not differ significantly in most measured components of starch or de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. However, genes and metabolites associated with myo‐inositol synthesis and cell wall polymer production were substantially enriched in high provitamin A genotypes. These results indicate that yellow‐fleshed cultivars, in comparison to their white‐fleshed counterparts, direct more carbon toward the synthesis of raffinose and cell wall components. This finding is underlined by a significant rise in cell wall components measured within the 20 most contrasting genotypes for carotenoid levels. Our findings enhance the comprehension of the biosynthesis of starch and carotenoids in the storage roots of cassava.
Wheat TaNACα18 functions as a positive regulator of high‐temperature adaptive responses and improves cell defense machinery
Authors: Mishra Divya , Shekhar Shubhendu , Subba Pratigya , Prasad T. S. Keshava , Chakraborty Subhra , Chakraborty Niranjan
Published: July 2024

Global wheat production amounted to >780 MMT during 2022–2023 whose market size are valued at >$128 billion. Wheat is highly susceptible to high‐temperature stress (HTS) throughout the life cycle and its yield declines 5–7% with the rise in each degree of temperature. Previously, we reported an array of HTS‐response markers from a resilient wheat cv. Unnat Halna and described their putative role in heat acclimation. To complement our previous results and identify the key determinants of thermotolerance, here we examined the cytoplasmic proteome of a sensitive cv. PBW343. The HTS‐triggered metabolite reprograming highlighted how proteostasis defects influence the formation of an integrated stress‐adaptive response. The proteomic analysis identified several promising HTS‐responsive proteins, including a NACα18 protein, designated TaNACα18, whose role in thermotolerance remains unknown. Dual localization of TaNACα18 suggests its crucial functions in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The homodimerization of TaNACα18 anticipated its function as a transcriptional coactivator. The complementation of TaNACα18 in yeast and overexpression in wheat demonstrated its role in thermotolerance across the kingdom. Altogether, our results suggest that TaNACα18 imparts tolerance through tight regulation of gene expression, cell wall remodeling and activation of cell defense responses.
Intensive Surveillance of Porcine‐Rhesus Kidney Xenotransplant Using Different Ultrasound Techniques
Authors: Qi Ruochen , Ma Shuaijun , Han Shichao , Wang Guohui , Zhang Xiaoyan , Liu Kepu , Sun Yuanyuan , Gong Xue , Yu Ming , Zhang Xuan , Yang Xiaojian , Dou Kefeng , Qin Weijun
Published: July 2024

Background

Significant progress has been made in kidney xenotransplantation in the past few years, and this field is accelerating towards clinical translation. Therefore, surveillance of the xenograft with appropriate tools is of great importance. Ultrasonography has been widely used in kidney allotransplantation and served as an economical and non‐invasive method to monitor the allograft. However, questions remain whether the ultrasonographic criteria established for human kidney allograft could also be applied in xenotransplantation.

Methods

In the current study, we established a porcine‐rhesus life sustaining kidney xenotransplantation model. The xenograft underwent intensive surveillance using gray‐scale, colorful Doppler ultrasound as well as 2D shear wave elastography. The kidney growth, blood perfusion, and cortical stiffness were measured twice a day. These parameters were compared with the clinical data including urine output, chemistry, and pathological findings.

Results

The observation continued for 16 days after transplantation. Decline of urine output and elevated serum creatinine were observed on POD9 and biopsy proven antibody‐mediated rejection was seen on the same day. The xenograft underwent substantial growth, with the long axis length increased by 32% and the volume increased by threefold at the end of observation. The resistive index of the xenograft arteries elevated in response to rejection, together with impaired cortical perfusion, while the peak systolic velocity (PSV) was not compromised. The cortical stiffness also increased along with rejection.

Conclusion

In summary, the ultrasound findings of kidney xenograft shared similarities with those in allograft but possessed some unique features. A modified criteria needs to be established for further application of ultrasound in kidney xenotransplantation.
Validation of Thermal History Coating Technology on Two Stage-One Turbine Blades
Authors: Karagiannopoulos Solon , Tomoki Taniguchi , Peral David , Araguás Rodríguez Silvia , Tanaka Ryozo , Hickey Jim , Feist Jörg P.
Published: July 2024

Small and midsize gas turbines for distributed power generation have been widely used in recent years, with designers constantly seeking to improve efficiency by increasing operating temperatures. Therefore, accurate thermal mapping is now more critical than ever for validating new designs, but also very challenging in such a dynamic environment as a gas turbine. A novel advanced offline temperature mapping technology has been developed called thermal history coating (THC). Thermal History technology has distinct advantages including wide temperature measurement range (150 °C to >1600 °C), high durability, high-temperature resolution, single or multicycle operation, high spatial resolution (thousands of measurement points per component), and fully digitized computer-aided design (CAD) compatible data. Additionally, THC materials are REACH-compliant and can be used for both moving and stationary components. High-resolution thermal maps of the surface of three-dimensional (3D) CAD components can be delivered at the end of the process. For the first time ever this paper directly compares Thermal History technology with other methods such as Type-K sheathed thermocouples, uniform crystal temperature sensors (UCTS), and pyrometry on two stage-1 blades of a midsize Kawasaki gas turbine engine test. Temperature data obtained from the different temperature methods were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. Measurement data were also compared with the conjugate heat transfer (CHT) model for the particular internal cooling design of these blades. Further, the application of the THC on two identical blades allowed a direct comparison of component-to-component variations and indicated excellent repeatability of the THC data.
Performance Evaluation of Neonatal Anti-Pressure Ulcer Bed Using a Novel Force-Sensing Array
Authors: Mallick Adarsha Narayan , Basumatary Bijit , Kumar Mukesh , Arora Kamaldeep , Pal Durba , Sahani Ashish Kumar
Published: July 2024

Pressure ulcer (PU) is a serious issue among newborns, particularly those who are premature and have medical conditions that require hospitalization. Existing conventional beds require modifications that can reduce the chance of PU and the extra effort of nursing staff. In this work, a force-sensing resistor array (FSRA) mattress is implemented that detects high-pressure points. The microcontroller processes the data that are collected from the FSRA using an electronic circuit based on the principle of voltage divider circuits. The multiplexer identifies the pixels of high-pressure points and plots the heat maps using matlab. The results of the FSRA mattress use an alternately inflating and deflating pressure channel bed to act as an anti-PU bed and compare it with the currently deployed bed. The demonstrated work was validated using the finite element modeling framework. This anti-PU bed is effective in detecting high-pressure points; based on that, chances of PUs in neonates can be prevented. The performance evaluation of the designed and tested anti-PU bed with more accuracy and automatically varies the contact position to reduce the efforts made by the nursing staff. This innovation significantly improves the quality of life as compared to the conventional methods to avoid PUs for neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).
Effect of Radial Neutron Reflector on the Characteristics of Nuclear Fuel Burn-Up Wave in a Fast Neutron Energy Spectrum Multiplying Medium: A Consistent Parametric Approach
Authors: Ray Dipanjan , Saraswat Satya Prakash , Bhadouria Vikesh Singh
Published: July 2024

The influence of radial neutron reflector on the build-up and propagation of a nuclear fuel burn-up wave in a fast multiplying medium is investigated using a consistent parametric approach. Coupled multigroup neutron diffusion equations with a burn-up evolution model are simulated on the two-dimensional cylindrical reactor geometry with azimuthal symmetry. Uranium–plutonium transmutation model is considered, and the simulation is performed by using the finite element multiphysics software package comsol. Transient characteristics of the burn-up wave are represented by two new parameters, namely, transient time (TT) and transient length (TL). TT and TL are defined as the time and distance required for the burn-up wave to attain its steady-state nature. Steady-state phases are characterized in terms of wave velocity, full width half maximum (FWHM), and full width 10% of maximum (FW10M). A sensitivity study of steady-state and transient parameters is conducted for the different values of radial reflector thickness. The potential relevance of these characterization parameters on the development of optimal geometrical configuration of radial neutron reflector in breed and burn (B&B)-based reactor design is addressed based on the sensitivity study.
Genomic investigation of 18,421 lines reveals the genetic architecture of rice
Authors: Wei Xin , Chen Mengjiao , Zhang Qi , Gong Junyi , Liu Jie , Yong Kaicheng , Wang Qin , Fan Jiongjiong , Chen Suhui , Hua Hua , Luo Zhaowei , Zhao Xiaoyan , Wang Xuan , Li Wei , Cong Jia , Yu Xiting , Wang Zhihan , Huang Ruipeng , Chen Jiaxin , Zhou Xiaoyi , Qiu Jie , Xu Ping , Murray Jeremy , Wang Hai , Xu Yang , Xu Chenwu , Xu Gen , Yang Jinliang , Han Bin , Huang Xuehui
Published: July 2024

Understanding how numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) shape phenotypic variation is an important question in genetics. To address this, we established a permanent population of 18,421 (18K) rice lines with reduced population structure. We generated reference-level genome assemblies of the founders and genotyped all 18K-rice lines through whole-genome sequencing. Through high-resolution mapping, 96 high-quality candidate genes contributing to variation in 16 traits were identified, including
OsMADS22
and
OsFTL1
verified as causal genes for panicle number and heading date, respectively. We identified epistatic QTL pairs and constructed a genetic interaction network with 19 genes serving as hubs. Overall, 170 masking epistasis pairs were characterized, serving as an important factor contributing to genetic background effects across diverse varieties. The work provides a basis to guide grain yield and quality improvements in rice.
A photoluminescent hydrogen-bonded biomass aerogel for sustainable radiative cooling
Authors: Ma Jian-Wen , Zeng Fu-Rong , Lin Xin-Cen , Wang Yan-Qin , Ma Yi-Heng , Jia Xu-Xu , Zhang Jin-Cheng , Liu Bo-Wen , Wang Yu-Zhong , Zhao Hai-Bo
Published: July 2024

Passive radiant cooling is a potentially sustainable thermal management strategy amid escalating global climate change. However, petrochemical-derived cooling materials often face efficiency challenges owing to the absorption of sunlight. We present an intrinsic photoluminescent biomass aerogel, which has a visible light reflectance exceeding 100%, that yields a large cooling effect. We discovered that DNA and gelatin aggregation into an ordered layered aerogel achieves a solar-weighted reflectance of 104.0% in visible light regions through fluorescence and phosphorescence. The cooling effect can reduce ambient temperatures by 16.0°C under high solar irradiance. In addition, the aerogel, efficiently produced at scale through water-welding, displays high reparability, recyclability, and biodegradability, completing an environmentally conscious life cycle. This biomass photoluminescence material is another tool for designing next-generation sustainable cooling materials.
Slow rupture in a fluid-rich fault zone initiated the 2024
M
w
7.5 Noto earthquake
Authors: Ma Zhangfeng , Zeng Hongyu , Luo Haipeng , Liu Zemin , Jiang Yu , Aoki Yosuke , Wang Weitao , Itoh Yuji , Lyu Mingzhe , Cui Yan , Yun Sang-Ho , Hill Emma M. , Wei Shengji
Published: July 2024

The 2024 moment magnitude 7.5 Noto Peninsula (Japan) earthquake caused devastation to communities and was generated by a complex rupture process. Using space geodetic and seismic observations, we have shown that the event deformed the peninsula with a peak uplift reaching 5 meters at the west coast. Shallow slip exceeded 10 meters on an offshore fault. Peak stress drop was greater than 10 megapascals. This devastating event began with a slow rupture propagation lasting 15 to 20 seconds near its hypocenter, where seismic swarms had surged since 2020 because of lower-crust fluid supply. The slow start was accompanied by intense high-frequency seismic radiation. These observations suggest a distinct coseismic slip mode reflecting high heterogeneity in fault properties within a fluid-rich fault zone.
Interfacial epitaxy of multilayer rhombohedral transition-metal dichalcogenide single crystals
Authors: Qin Biao , Ma Chaojie , Guo Quanlin , Li Xiuzhen , Wei Wenya , Ma Chenjun , Wang Qinghe , Liu Fang , Zhao Mengze , Xue Guodong , Qi Jiajie , Wu Muhong , Hong Hao , Du Luojun , Zhao Qing , Gao Peng , Wang Xinqiang , Wang Enge , Zhang Guangyu , Liu Can , Liu Kaihui
Published: July 2024

Rhombohedral-stacked transition-metal dichalcogenides (3R-TMDs), which are distinct from their hexagonal counterparts, exhibit higher carrier mobility, sliding ferroelectricity, and coherently enhanced nonlinear optical responses. However, surface epitaxial growth of large multilayer 3R-TMD single crystals is difficult. We report an interfacial epitaxy methodology for their growth of several compositions, including molybdenum disulfide (MoS
2
), molybdenum diselenide, tungsten disulfide, tungsten diselenide, niobium disulfide, niobium diselenide, and molybdenum sulfoselenide. Feeding of metals and chalcogens continuously to the interface between a single-crystal Ni substrate and grown layers ensured consistent 3R stacking sequence and controlled thickness from a few to 15,000 layers. Comprehensive characterizations confirmed the large-scale uniformity, high crystallinity, and phase purity of these films. The as-grown 3R-MoS
2
exhibited room-temperature mobilities up to 155 and 190 square centimeters per volt second for bi- and trilayers, respectively. Optical difference frequency generation with thick 3R-MoS
2
showed markedly enhanced nonlinear response under a quasi–phase matching condition (five orders of magnitude greater than monolayers).
Just keep swimming
Sharks Don’t Sink: Adventures of a Rogue Shark Scientist
Jasmin Graham
Pantheon, 2024. 224 pp.
Authors: Venkatraman Vijaysree
Published: July 2024

A shark scientist charts her own course
There will be blood
Authors: Zaleski Andrew
Published: July 2024

Is mimicking the cells that carry hemoglobin the key to a blood substitute?
China’s GeoGPT led to firing of top European geoscientist
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: July 2024

Fears of AI and foreign influence prompt panic among publishers
Supreme Court ruling threatens role of science in regulation
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: July 2024

End of Chevron doctrine has far-reaching implications
Estimation of the Spin of a Supermassive Black Hole in Sagittarius A*
Authors: Andrianov A. S. , Chernov S. V.
Published: July 2024

In April 2017, the Event Horizon telescope received an image of a supermassive black hole in the Sagittarius A* source. This image consists of a ring-like structure that contains three areas with increased brightness (spots). If we assume that these spots are associated with flares near the event horizon of a black hole, then we can estimate its spin. Our estimate gives a value of the order of $$a \approx 0.9$$.
Responsive public health doctoral education: experiences and reflections from a School of Public Health in South Africa
Authors: Schneider Helen , Amde Woldekidan , Carolissen Corinne , Van Wyk Brian , Lehmann Uta
Published: July 2024

Institutional capacity for doctoral training is key to addressing the complex challenges facing the global south. In the context of the need for skilled knowledge workers in health systems and growing demand for doctoral places, we reflect on the evolution of a public health doctoral programme in a South African School of Public Health. Through this case, we aim to contribute to wider debates on the form and content of emerging public health doctoral programmes in South Africa and the African continent. Drawing on a multi-level framework of ‘curriculum responsiveness’ we consider responsive public health doctoral education as simultaneously engaging macro-social, institutional/cultural, disciplinary and individual learning imperatives. We assess the responsiveness of the doctoral programme against these elements, describing the growth, institutional context and systems and pedagogical strategies introduced over the last decade, and areas for further development. We conclude by proposing the multi-level capacities required for responsive public health doctoral education. We highlight the need for diversified curricula (including professional doctorates) that support a wider set of graduate attributes and career trajectories beyond academia, greater investment in doctoral infrastructures within higher education institutions, and disciplinary practices and pedagogies that centre epistemic access and justice.
Cluster randomised trial of a health system strengthening approach applying person-centred communication for the prevention of female genital mutilation in Guinea, Kenya and Somalia
Authors: Balde Mamadou Dioulde , Ndavi Patrick Muia , Mochache Vernon , Soumah Anne-Marie , Esho Tammary , King’oo James Munyao , Kemboi Jackline , Sall Alpha Oumar , Diallo Aissatou , Ahmed Wisal , Stein Karin , Nosirov Khurshed , Thwin Soe Soe , Petzold Max , Ahmed Muna Abdi , Diriye Ahmed , Pallitto Christina
Published: July 2024

Introduction

There is limited evidence on effective health systems interventions for preventing female genital mutilation (FGM). This study tested a two-level intervention package at primary care applying person-centred communication (PCC) for FGM prevention.

Methods

A cluster randomised trial was conducted in 2020–2021 in 180 antenatal care (ANC) clinics in Guinea, Kenya and Somalia. At baseline, all clinics received guidance and materials on FGM prevention and care; at month 3, ANC providers at intervention sites received PCC training. Data were collected from clinic managers, ANC providers and clients at baseline, month 3 and month 6 on primary outcomes, including delivery of PCC counselling, utilisation of level one materials, health facility preparedness for FGM prevention and care services and secondary outcomes related to clients’ and providers’ knowledge and attitudes. Data were analysed using multilevel and single-level logistic regression models.

Results

Providers in the intervention arm were more likely to deliver PCC for FGM prevention compared with those in the control arm, including inquiring about clients’ FGM status (adjusted OR (AOR): 8.9, 95% CI: 6.9 to 11.5; p<0.001) and FGM-related beliefs (AOR: 9.7, 95% CI: 7.5 to 12.5; p<0.001) and discussing why (AOR: 9.2, 95% CI: 7.1 to 11.9; p<0.001) or how (AOR: 7.7, 95% CI: 6.0 to 9.9; p<0.001) FGM should be prevented. They were more confident in their FGM-related knowledge (AOR: 7.0, 95% CI: 1.5 to 32.3; p=0.012) and communication skills (AOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.0 to 3.2; p=0.035). Intervention clients were less supportive of FGM (AOR: 5.4, 95% CI: 2.4 to 12.4; p<0.001) and had lower intentions of having their daughters undergo FGM (AOR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.7; p=0.004) or seeking medicalised FGM (AOR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.5; p<0.001) compared with those in the control arm.

Conclusion

This is the first study to provide evidence of an effective FGM prevention intervention that can be delivered in primary care settings in high-prevalence countries.

Trial registration and date

PACTR201906696419769 (3 June 2019).
Reporting quality of published reviews of commercial and publicly available mobile health apps (mHealth app reviews): a scoping review protocol
Authors: Gasteiger Norina , Norman Gill , Grainger Rebecca , Eost-Telling Charlotte , Jones Debra , Ali Syed Mustafa , van der Veer Sabine N , Ford Claire R , Hall Alex , Law Kate , Byerly Matthew , Davies Alan , Paripoorani Deborah , Shi Chunhu , Dowding Dawn
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Reviews of commercial and publicly available smartphone (mobile) health applications (mHealth app reviews) are being undertaken and published. However, there is variation in the conduct and reporting of mHealth app reviews, with no existing reporting guidelines. Building on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we aim to develop the Consensus for APP Review Reporting Items (CAPPRRI) guidance, to support the conduct and reporting of mHealth app reviews. This scoping review of published mHealth app reviews will explore their alignment, deviation, and modification to the PRISMA 2020 items for systematic reviews and identify a list of possible items to include in CAPPRRI.

Method and analysis

We are following the Joanna Briggs Institute approach and Arksey and O’Malley’s five-step process. Patient and public contributors, mHealth app review, digital health research and evidence synthesis experts, healthcare professionals and a specialist librarian gave feedback on the methods. We will search SCOPUS, CINAHL Plus, AMED, EMBASE, Medline, APA PsycINFO and the ACM Digital Library for articles reporting mHealth app reviews and use a two-step screening process to identify eligible articles. Information on whether the authors have reported, or how they have modified the PRISMA 2020 items in their reporting, will be extracted. Data extraction will also include the article characteristics, protocol and registration information, review question frameworks used, information about the search and screening process, how apps have been evaluated and evidence of stakeholder engagement. This will be analysed using a content synthesis approach and presented using descriptive statistics and summaries. This protocol is registered on OSF (https://osf.io/5ahjx).

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval is not required. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publications (shared on our project website and on the EQUATOR Network website where the CAPPRRI guidance has been registered as under development), conference presentations and blog and social media posts in lay language.
Suicidal behaviours and associated factors among medical students in Bangladesh: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis (2000–2024)
Authors: Rahman Mantaka , Kabir M H M Imrul , Sultana Sharmin , Shimu Afroza Tamanna , Griffiths Mark D
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Suicidal behaviour is common among medical students, and the prevalence rates might vary across various regions. Even though various systematic reviews have been conducted to assess suicidal behaviours among medical students in general, no review has ever assessed or carried out a sub-analysis to show the burden of suicidal behaviours among Bangladeshi medical students.

Methods and analysis

The research team will search the PubMed (Medline), Scopus, PsycINFO and Google Scholar databases for papers published between January 2000 and May 2024 using truncated and phrase-searched keywords and relevant subject headings. Cross-sectional studies, case series, case reports and cohort studies published in English will be included in the review. Review papers, commentaries, preprints, meeting abstracts, protocols and letters will be excluded. Two reviewers will screen the retrieved papers independently. Disagreements between two reviewers will be resolved by a third reviewer. Exposure will be different factors that initiate suicidal behaviours among medical students. The prevalence of suicidal behaviours (suicidal ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts) in addition to the factors responsible, and types of suicide method will be extracted. Narrative synthesis and meta-analysis will be conducted and the findings will be summarised. For enhanced visualisation of the included studies, forest plots will be constructed. Heterogeneity among the studies will be assessed and sensitivity analysis will be conducted based on study quality. Included studies will be critically appraised using Joanna Briggs’s Institutional critical appraisal tools developed for different study designs.

Ethics and dissemination

The study will synthesise evidence extracted from published studies. As the review does not involve the collection of primary data, ethical approval will not be required. Findings will be disseminated orally (eg, conferences, webinars) and in writing (ie, journal paper).

PROSPERO registration number

CDR 42023493595.
Rationale and design of the Self-TI Study protocol: a cross-sectional human papillomavirus self-testing pilot study among transgender adults in England
Authors: Jackson Sarah S , O’Callaghan Stewart , Ward Elanore , Orkin Chloe M , Clarke Megan A , Berner Alison May
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causal agent of several cancers including cervical, anal and oropharyngeal cancer. Transgender men and transmasculine non-binary (TMNB) people with a cervix are much less likely to undergo cervical cancer screening than cisgender women. Transgender women and transfeminine non-binary (TWNB) people assigned male at birth may be at increased risk of HPV. Both TMNB and TWNB people face many barriers to HPV testing including medical mistrust due to stigma and discrimination.

Methods and analysis

The Self-TI Study (Self-TI) is a pilot study designed to measure acceptability and feasibility of HPV self-testing among transgender and non-binary people in England. TMNB people aged 25–65 years, with at least 1 year of testosterone, and TWNB people, aged 18 years and over, are eligible to participate. Participants self-collect up to four samples: an oral rinse, a first void urine sample, a vaginal swab (if applicable) and an anal swab. TMNB participants are asked to have an additional clinician-collected cervical swab taken following their routine Cervical Screening Programme sample. TWNB people are asked to take a self-collection kit to perform additional self-collection at home and mail the samples back to the clinic. Acceptability is assessed by a self-administered online survey and feasibility is measured as the proportion of samples returned in the clinic and from home.

Ethics and dissemination

Self-TI received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Wales 4 and ethical review panel within the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics at the US National Cancer Institute. Self-TI was coproduced by members of the transgender and non-binary community, who served as authors, collaborators and members of the patient and public involvement (PPI) group. Results of this study will be shared with the community prior to being published in peer-reviewed journals and the PPI group will help to design the results dissemination strategy. The evidence generated from this pilot study could be used to inform a larger, international study of HPV self-testing in the transgender and non-binary community.

Trial registration number

NCT05883111.
Understanding the preferences of young adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus with regard to diabetes self-management education: a qualitative study
Authors: Sim Richard Ren Jie , Soon Winnie , Smith Helen E , Griva Konstadina , Wong Sabrina Kay Wye
Published: July 2024

Aim

Young-onset type 2 diabetes (YOD) is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. To support the development of more effective diabetes self-management education (DSME) programmes, this study aimed to understand the preferences of young adults with YOD in relation to the modality, content and qualities of DSME.

Methods

Maximal variation sampling was employed to recruit participants of varied age, ethnicity and marital status. In-depth interviews using a semistructured questionnaire were conducted. Subsequently, thematic analysis with coding and conceptualisation of data was applied to identify the main themes regarding DSME.

Results

21 young adult participants aged 22–39 years were interviewed from three polyclinics in Singapore. The most used modalities for DSME included education from healthcare providers, information and support from family and friends and information from internet sources. Participants were most interested in information regarding diet, age-specific diabetes-related conditions and medication effects. Additionally, participants valued DSME that was credible, accessible, individualised and empathetic. Conversely, absence of the above qualities and stigma hindered participants from receiving DSME.

Conclusion

Our study explored the preferences of young adults with YOD with regard to DSME, identifying the most used modalities, preferred content and qualities that were valued by young adults. Our findings will help inform the development of DSME programmes that can better meet the needs and preferences of young adults with YOD.
Homes Heat Health protocol: an observational cohort study measuring the effect of summer temperatures on sleep quality
Authors: Lomas Kevin , Morgan Kevin , Haines Victoria , Hartescu Iuliana , Beizaee Arash , Barnes Jo , Zambelli Zoe , Ravikumar Monisha , Rossi Vincenzo
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Quality sleep is essential to our health and well-being. Summertime temperatures in the bedrooms of homes in temperate climates are increasing, especially in city apartments. There is very little empirical evidence of the effect of temperature on sleep when people are sleeping in their own bedroom. The Homes Heat Health project seeks to develop a measurable definition of temperature-related sleep disturbance and the effects on health, and so produce a credible criterion for identifying overheating in new and existing homes.

Methods and analysis

A cohort of at least 95 people that live in London apartments and who are free of significant personal and health factors that could affect sleep are being recruited for an ongoing observational cohort study. A baseline questionnaire determines their customary sleep patterns and health. The geometrical form and thermal characteristics of their apartments is being recorded along with temperature, relative humidity and in some apartments CO2levels, throughout one summer. Actigraphy records nightly sleep disturbance and every morning an app-based diary captures perceived sleep quality. Questionnaires following spells of hot weather capture changes in sleep pattern, sleep quality, and consequential health and well-being.

Ethics and dissemination

The study protocol was approved by the Loughborough University ethics committee. The participants will receive both verbal and written information explaining the purpose of the study, what is expected of them, the incentives for participating and the feedback that will be provided. The results will be reported bi-annually to a project advisory board. Presentations will be made at conferences and the methods, intermediary and final results, in academic journals. Informing government bodies, professional organisations, construction industry representatives and housing providers is of particular importance.
Periodontitis in patients with diabetes and its association with diabetes-related complications. A register-based cohort study
Authors: Trullenque-Eriksson Anna , Tomasi Cristiano , Eeg-Olofsson Katarina , Berglundh Tord , Petzold Max , Derks Jan
Published: July 2024

Objective

To evaluate the association between type 1 diabetes (T1D)/type 2 diabetes (T2D) and periodontitis and assess the influence of periodontitis on diabetes-related complications.

Design

Observational study; longitudinal analysis of register data.

Setting

Swedish primary care centres, hospitals and dental clinics reporting to nationwide healthcare registers (2010–2020).

Participants

28 801 individuals with T1D (13 022 women; mean age 42 years) and 57 839 individuals without diabetes (non-T1D; 26 271 women; mean age 43 years). 251 645 individuals with T2D (110 627 women; mean age 61 years) and 539 805 individuals without diabetes (non-T2D; 235 533 women; mean age 60 years). Diabetes and non-diabetes groups were matched for age, gender and county of residence.

Main outcome measures

Prevalent periodontitis, diabetes-related complications (retinopathy, albuminuria, stroke and ischaemic heart disease) and mortality.

Results

Periodontitis was more common among T2D (22%) than non-T2D (17%). Differences were larger in younger age groups (adjusted RR at age 30–39 years 1.92; 95% CI 1.81 to 2.03) and exacerbated by poor glycaemic control. Periodontitis prevalence was 13% in T1D and 11% in non-T1D; only the subgroup with poor glycaemic control was at higher risk for periodontitis. Periodontitis was associated with a higher incidence of retinopathy (T1D: HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.14; T2D: HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.10) and albuminuria (T1D: HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.23; T2D: HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.11). Periodontitis was not associated with a higher risk for stroke, cardiovascular disease or higher mortality in T1D/T2D.

Conclusions

The association between T2D and periodontitis was strong and exacerbated by poor glycaemic control. For T1D, the association to periodontitis was limited to subgroups with poor glycaemic control. Periodontitis contributed to an increased risk for retinopathy and albuminuria in T1D and T2D.
Genetically engineering glycolysis in T cells increases their antitumor function
Authors: Toledano Zur Raphaëlle , Atar Orna , Barliya Tilda , Hoogi Shiran , Abramovich Ifat , Gottlieb Eyal , Ron-Harel Noga , Cohen Cyrille J
Published: July 2024

Background

T cells play a central role in the antitumor response. However, they often face numerous hurdles in the tumor microenvironment, including the scarcity of available essential metabolites such as glucose and amino acids. Moreover, cancer cells can monopolize these resources to thrive and proliferate by upregulating metabolite transporters and maintaining a high metabolic rate, thereby outcompeting T cells.

Methods

Herein, we sought to improve T-cell antitumor function in the tumor vicinity by enhancing their glycolytic capacity to better compete with tumor cells. To achieve this, we engineered human T cells to express a key glycolysis enzyme, phosphofructokinase, in conjunction with Glucose transporter 3, a glucose transporter. We co-expressed these, along with tumor-specific chimeric antigen or T-cell receptors.

Results

Engineered cells demonstrated an increased cytokine secretion and upregulation of T-cell activation markers compared with control cells. Moreover, they displayed superior glycolytic capacity, which translated into an improved in vivo therapeutic potential in a xenograft model of human tumors.

Conclusion

In summary, these findings support the implementation of T-cell metabolic engineering to enhance the efficacy of cellular immunotherapies for cancer.
IFIH1
variants are associated with generalised epilepsy preceded by febrile seizures
Authors: Song Wang , Bian Wen-Jun , Li Hua , Guo Qing-Hui , Wang Jie , Tang Bin , Zhang Jia-Yuan , Wei Wei , Liu Xiao-Rong , Liao Wei-Ping , Li Bin , He Na
Published: July 2024

Background

IFIH1
variants have been reported to be associated with immune-related disorders with/without seizures. It is unknown whether
IFIH1
variants are associated with common epilepsy without acquired causes and the mechanism underlying phenotypic variation remains elusive.

Methods

Trio-based whole-exome sequencing was performed on patients with febrile seizures or epilepsy with antecedent febrile seizures. Previously reported variants were systematically reviewed to investigate genotype-phenotype associations.

Results

Two de novo heterozygous and three biallelic missense variants were identified in five patients with generalised epilepsy with antecedent febrile seizures. The variants were predicted to be damaging by in silico tools and were associated with hydrogen bonding changes to neighbouring amino acids or decreased protein stability. Patients exhibited an early onset age and became seizure-free with favourable outcome. Further analysis revealed that de novo missense variants located in the Hel region resulted in seizures with multiple neurological abnormalities, while those in the pincer domain or C-terminal domain led to seizures with normal neurodevelopment, suggesting a sub-molecular effect. Biallelic missense variants, which were inherited from unaffected parents and presented low allele frequencies in general populations, were associated with seizures without neurological abnormalities. Truncation variants were related to refractory epilepsy and severe developmental delay, suggesting a genotype-phenotype correlation.
IFIH1
is predominantly expressed in the neonatal stage and decreases dramatically in the adulthood, which is consistent with the early onset age and favourable outcome of the patients.

Conclusions

IFIH1
variants are potentially associated with generalised epilepsy with antecedent febrile seizures. The sub-molecular implication and genotype-phenotype association help explain phenotype variations of
IFIH1
variants.
Induction cyclophosphamide with maintenance immunosuppression in high-risk myasthenia gravis: long-term follow-up and safety profile
Authors: Chan Fiona , Hardy Todd A , Malik Sameer , Ramanathan Sudarshini , Riminton D Sean , Reddel Stephen W
Published: July 2024

Background

Patients with refractory or high-risk myasthenia gravis (MG) respond poorly to conventional immunosuppressive therapy, requiring rescue therapies and often experiencing treatment toxicity. Rescue and injectable therapies do not induce remission and require repetitive administration leading to significant constraints on patients and the healthcare system. This long-term follow-up study demonstrates cyclophosphamide as a rapidly effective and safe treatment in patients with refractory or high-risk MG.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of MG patients treated with cyclophosphamide between January 2000 and June 2022 conducted at a quaternary neuroimmunology clinic in New South Wales, Australia.

Results

31 patients were treated: mean age of 64 years; median follow-up 3.6 years (5 months to 11 years); 94% seropositive to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies and 45% had thymoma. A reduced intensity cyclophosphamide induction protocol followed by oral antiproliferative maintenance is described.

Median myasthenia gravis composite scores reduced by >50% after the third cycle of cyclophosphamide. Complete cessation of prednisolone was possible in 11 patients while 20 remained on prednisolone with a median daily dose of 5 mg. Plasma exchange was ceased in 62% of patients and intravenous immunoglobulin ceased in 55%. Cyclophosphamide was generally well tolerated with mild cytopenias. There were no malignancies or cases of haemorrhagic cystitis.

Conclusion

We describe a large cohort of high-risk MG patients treated with cyclophosphamide in a retrospective single-clinic cohort. We suggest cyclophosphamide should be considered for rapid remission induction, corticosteroid reduction and long-term freedom from recurrent injectable therapies in selected patients, typically those with AChR antibodies.
Pigmented acuminated condylomas seborrhoeic keratosis-like: a new entity?
Authors: Corbalán-Vélez Raúl , Ruiz-Maciá Jose Antonio , López-Martínez Diego , Moreno Docón Antonio , Fernández-Pérez Juan , Martínez-Menchón Teresa , Segado-Sánchez Marta , Parra-García Jose Juan , Martínez-Ortega Francisco José , Román-Gómez Julia
Published: July 2024

Background

Condyloma acuminatum is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), which typically presents as excrescent, pedunculated, papillomatous lesions which may be of a pale colour. On rare occasions, we have observed pigmented genital lesions that are similar to seborrhoeic keratoses, but with histological findings of condyloma acuminatum and positive genotyping for HPV. We have termed these ‘seborrhoeic keratosis-like’ type condylomas.

Methods

This is an observational retrospective study. The following clinical data were collected: age, sex, time of evolution, location, isolated or multiple lesions, monomorphous or polymorphous/mixed lesions. HPV genotyping was performed in all cases, and excision for histological study in eight cases.

Results

A total of 31 patients were diagnosed with this type of pigmented condylomata acuminata. Of these, 16 had isolated lesions (less than five lesions) and 15 had multiple lesions. 67% of the lesions exhibited slow growth, with an evolution period of greater than 1 year. The most frequent location was the base of the penis and pubis. HPV genotyping of the lesions was positive in all cases, with the HPV-6 genotype predominating (28 cases, 90.3%). The lesions exhibited dermoscopic differences from other pigmented lesions and histological findings attributable to HPV infection (pseudoparakeratosis, koilocytosis, etc) and others similar to those observed in seborrhoeic keratoses.

Conclusions

A total of 31 patients were diagnosed with pigmented verrucous lesions, excrescents, isolated or multiple, in the genital region. These lesions exhibited clinical characteristics similar to seborrhoeic keratoses, with positive genotyping for HPV. In the majority of cases, the genotype was HPV-6. These lesions have been named ‘pigmented condylomata acuminata seborrhoeic keratosis-like’. Only 10 cases of these lesions have been described in the literature.
Pilot randomised controlled trial of a culturally aligned smoking cessation app for American Indian persons
Authors: Carroll Dana Mowls , Jennings Dylan , Stately Antony , Kamath Amika , Tessier Katelyn M , Cotoc Crina , Egbert Andrew , Begnaud Abbie , Businelle Michael , Hatsukami Dorothy , Pickner Wyatt
Published: July 2024

Objective

To pilot test QuitGuide for Natives, a culturally aligned version of the National Cancer Institute’s QuitGuide smartphone app for smoking cessation.

Methods

This randomised controlled trial was conducted remotely during 2022–2023. American Indian adults who smoked and resided in the Midwest (n=115) were randomised to QuitGuide for Natives or the general audience QuitGuide smartphone-based intervention. Group differences in feasibility (times the app was initiated), usability, acceptability (‘How likely would you be to recommend the app to a friend?’), fit of app with culture and preliminary efficacy (24-hour quit attempts, cotinine-confirmed self-reported 7-day abstinence) outcomes were examined.

Results

QuitGuide for Natives versus the general audience QuitGuide did not differ in the number of times the app was opened (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.94 (95% CI 0.63 to 1.40); p=0.743) nor in usability score (adjusted mean difference (aMD) 0.73 (95% CI: −5.00 to 6.46); p=0.801) or likeliness of recommending the app to a friend (aMD 0.62 (95% CI −0.02 to 1.27); p=0.058). Differences were observed for all cultural fit outcomes such as ‘The app fits my American Indian culture (aMD 0.75 (95% CI 0.35 to 1.16); p<0.001). QuitGuide for Natives versus the general audience QuitGuide resulted in an average of 6.6 vs 5.1 24-hour quit attempts (p=0.349) and cotinine-confirmed 7-day abstinence was achieved by 6.9% vs 3.5% (p=0.679).

Conclusions

Acceptability, cultural fit and preliminary efficacy findings are encouraging and will inform future, larger-scale evaluation of culturally aligned digital smoking cessation resources for American Indian adults.