bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Ytterbium(III) Triflate Catalyzed Annulation of Propargylic 1,4‐Diols with Aryl Sulfonamides to Give Highly Substituted Pyrrole Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxiang , Teo Jing Wei , Ma Dik‐Lung , Leung Chung‐Hang , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: April 2015

The presented procedure does not require exclusion of air and moisture.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Selective Synthesis of Isoindolin‐1‐ones and Isoquinolin‐1‐ones from the Three‐Component Coupling of 2‐Halobenzoic Acid, Alkynylcarboxylic Acid and Ammonium Acetate.
Authors: Irudayanathan Francis Mariaraj , Noh Jieun , Choi Jinseop , Lee Sunwoo
Published: April 2015

An efficient one‐pot synthesis of isoindolin‐1‐ones is described starting from 2‐iodobenzoic acid and arylalkynylcarboxylic acid or 2‐propinoic acid in the presence of ammonium acetate [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Aerobic Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Indoles from N‐Arylurea under Mild Conditions Through C—H Activation.
Authors: Kathiravan Subban , Nicholls Ian A.
Published: April 2015

This reaction can be carried out under aerobic conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition to Isatins to Give 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles by C—H Activation.
Authors: Deng Tao , Wang Hongjun , Cai Chun
Published: April 2015

The first example of a Cu‐catalyzed C‐H activation of acetonitrile allows the asymmetric synthesis of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Selective Aminoamidation and Aminocyanation of Alkenes Using Isonitrile as Amide and Cyanide Sources.
Authors: Jiang Huanfeng , Gao Hanling , Liu Bifu , Wu Wanqing
Published: April 2015

The title reaction allows for the rapid and efficient preparation of 2‐substituted indolines (III), tetrahydroisoquinolines (V) and pyrrolidines (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Regiospecific Synthesis of 1‐Acetamide‐5‐methoxy‐2‐oxindoles in Two Steps: (Ugi‐SN2)/Xanthate Mediated Free Radical Cyclization.
Authors: Renteria‐Gomez Angel , Islas‐Jacome Alejandro , Jimenez‐Halla J. Oscar C. , Gamez‐Montano Rocio
Published: April 2015

Due to incomplete conversion, the yields of the cyclization step achieved for arylaldehyde‐derived compounds are lower than the ones achieved for alkylaldehyde‐based derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Chain Tautomerism of 3‐Unsubstituted Trifluoromethyl‐Containing N‐Acyl‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrazolines.
Authors: Pakal'nis V. V. , Zerov A. V. , Yakimovich S. I. , Alekseev V. V.
Published: April 2015

Derivatives having a 5‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrazoline structure (III) are formed by reaction of hydrazides of aromatic and pyridine‐carboxylic acids (II) with 4‐ethoxy‐1,1,1‐trifluorobutenone (I).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Efficient Amidation of 2‐Aminothiazole.
Authors: Jung Jae‐Kyung , et al. et al.
Published: April 2015

Even for substrates prone to racemization, such as phenylglycine derivatives, the reaction proceeds without loss of enantiomeric purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(I)—Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition—Fusion of 1‐Iodoalkynes and Azides: One‐Pot Synthesis of Fused Tricyclic Heterosystems.
Authors: Banday Abid H. , Hruby Victor J.
Published: April 2015

The method provides pharmacologically relevant scaffolds for the construction of complex molecules.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activities of Dithiocarbamates Containing 1,2,3‐Triazoles Group.
Authors: Li Qing‐Han , Ding Yong , Huang Neng‐Wang
Published: April 2015

The first synthesis of dithiocarbamates containing a triazole moiety is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel One Pot Multi‐Component Strategy for Facile Synthesis of 5‐Aryl‐[1,2,4]triazolidine‐3‐thiones.
Authors: Mane M. M. , Pore D. M.
Published: April 2015

The present protocol offers high yields, easy work‐up and does not require chromatographic purification of the products.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Arylcoumarins: Synthesis and Potent Antiinflammatory Activity.
Authors: Pu Wenchen , Lin Yuan , Zhang Jianshuo , Wang Fei , Wang Chun , Zhang Guolin
Published: April 2015

Thirty five 3‐arylcoumarins (III) are prepared via Perkin condensation.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted Chromones in [3 + 2] Cycloadditions with Nonstabilized Azomethine Ylides: Synthesis of 1‐Benzopyrano[2,3‐c]pyrrolidines and 1‐Benzopyrano[2,3‐c:3,4‐c′]dipyrrolidines.
Authors: Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Y. , Kornev Mikhail Y. , Moshkin Vladimir S. , Buev Evgeny M.
Published: April 2015

Due to the work‐up procedures most of the products are isolated as the corresponding ammonium salts, e.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Coupling Reaction of Diaryl Methanol with Ketones or Aldehydes Catalyzed by AlCl3.
Authors: Zhu Zhiqiang , Bai Peng , Wang Tiantian , Huang Zhizhen
Published: April 2015

A novel AlCl3‐catalyzed coupling reaction of xanthenol (I) with ketones and aldehydes is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Intramolecular [2 + 2] Cycloaddition: Synthesis of 3‐Azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes from Morita—Baylis—Hillman Adduct‐Derived 4,4‐Diaryl‐1,3‐dienes.
Authors: Kim Ko Hoon , Lim Jin Woo , Lee Junseung , Go Min Jeong , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: April 2015

In addition to 3‐azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 3‐oxabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane and 3‐azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane derivatives could also be prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Pyridones (III) Using Arylamidoesters of Malonic Acid.
Authors: Hayotsyan S. S. , Hasratyan A. H. , Kon'kova S. G. , Khachatryan A. Kh. , Ayvazyan A. E. , Badasyan A. G. Badasyan A. G. , Panosyan G. A. , Sargsyan M. S.
Published: April 2015

and enedione (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Formal [4 + 2] Annulation of Enaminones and Cyanomethyl Sulfur Ylide: One‐Pot Access to Polysubstituted Pyridin‐2(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Zhang Qian , Liu Xu , Xin Xiaoqing , Zhang Rui , Liang Yongjiu , Dong Dewen
Published: April 2015

For the title transformation, a mechanism involving sequential nucleophilic vinylic substitution, intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization, and dealkylation is suggested.
ChemInform Abstract: Vicinal Difunctionalization of Dehydropiperidines Using α‐Chloro‐β‐Sulfonyl Eneformamides.
Authors: Beng Timothy K. , Bassler Daniel P.
Published: April 2015

The synthesis of the α‐chloro‐β‐sulfonyl substituted substrate (I) and its α‐bromo analogue is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Pyridinium Salts with an Iridium Phosphole Catalyst.
Authors: Chang Mingxin , Huang Yuhua , Liu Shaodong , Chen Yonggang , Krska Shane W. , Davies Ian W. , Zhang Xumu
Published: April 2015

Chiral piperidines are easily prepared by Ir‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of alkylpyridinium salts.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Catalyzed Tandem Radical Acylarylation of Cinnamamides in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Yang Hua , Guo Li‐Na , Duan Xin‐Hua
Published: April 2015

The reaction fails with Ph‐NH‐CO‐CH=CH‐Ph as substrate while N‐methylated cinnamamides (I) and (IV) react with β‐oxo‐carboxylic acids (II) and (VI) in moderate to good yields with clear regio‐ and diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐(Pyridin‐4‐yl) Quinolines via a Multicomponent Unprecedented Reaction of Pyridine‐4‐carbaldehyde, 2‐Iodoaniline and Triethylamine.
Authors: Ahmed Atiur , Dhara Shubhendu , Singha Raju , Nuree Yasin , Sarkar Pompy , Ray Jayanta K.
Published: April 2015

Using benzaldehyde (VII) as aldehyde component or 2‐bromoaniline (IXa) or 2‐iodo‐4,6‐dimethylaniline (IXb), resp., as amine component, gives intermediate imines only.
ChemInform Abstract: Modular Access to Highly Functionalized Tetrahydroquinolines.
Authors: Cordero Franca M. , Khairnar Bhushan B. , Brandi Alberto
Published: April 2015

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of o‐bromostyrene (II) or analogues (X) to nitrones produces mixtures of isoxazolidine structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Helical Oligotriazoles: New Class of Anion‐Binding Catalysts for the Asymmetric Dearomatization of Electron‐Deficient N‐Heteroarenes.
Authors: Zurro Mercedes , Asmus Soeren , Beckendorf Stephan , Mueck‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Garcia Mancheno Olga
Published: April 2015

Novel helical pentatriazoles are developed and the derivative TTR is successfully used under optimized conditions as an anion‐binding catalyst for the asymmetric dearomatization of quinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Some Novel 1,2‐Dihydroisoquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Asghari Sakineh , Malekian Nastaran , Esmaeilpour Roya , Ahmadipour Mohammad , Mohseni Mojtaba
Published: April 2015

An efficient and simple method for the synthesis of the title compounds (IV), (VI) is developed using the three‐component reaction of isoquinoline (I), activated acetylenes (II) in the presence of kojic acid (III) or 8‐hydroxyquinolone (V) as OH‐acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved and Efficient Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,3,4‐kl]acridin‐1‐one Derivatives under Ultrasound Irradiation.
Authors: Li Li‐Li , Wang Hui‐Yuan , Lin Wei , Huang Zhi‐Bin , Shi Da‐Qing
Published: April 2015

22 Title compounds of type (III) or (IV) are prepared in relatively short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrahydro‐β‐Carbolines from Phthalic Anhydrides and Tryptamine.
Authors: Sun Yan‐Ni , Wang Cui‐Ling , Zhang Ning , Wang Zheng , Liu Zhu‐Lan , Liu Jian‐Li
Published: April 2015

The title compounds are obtained by a sequence of intermolecular condensation, selective reduction, and intramolecular cyclization starting from phthalic anhydrides and tryptamines.
ChemInform Abstract: One Pot Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,4‐c]quinolinone/pyrrolo[3,4‐c]quinoline Derivatives from 2‐Aminoarylacrylates/2‐Aminochalcones and Tosylmethyl Isocyanide (TosMIC).
Authors: Lu Xin‐Mou , Li Jian , Cai Zhong‐Jian , Wang Rong , Wang Shun‐Yi , Ji Shun‐Jun
Published: April 2015

Title compounds (III) and (V) are formed by a reaction sequence consisting of a van Leusen reaction followed by an intramolecular cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of N‐Substituted Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrazin‐1(2H)‐one Derivatives via Alkyne Cyclization.
Authors: Cetinkaya Yasin , Balci Metin
Published: April 2015

The preparation of the substrates is described, and examination of the reaction mechanism is supported by DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile, One‐Pot Synthesis of New Phenanthridine Derivatives Through 1,4‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Phenantridine, Activated Acetylenes, and Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Mehrabi Hossein , Hatami‐Pour Mahdi
Published: April 2015

The title compounds are obtained under mild reaction conditions with high stereoselectivity and tolerance to various functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepine Derivatives Containing 1,2,3‐Triazole Moiety via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction.
Authors: Dong Zhi‐Qiang , Shi Hai , Chen Sen‐Lin , Chen Hong‐Xiang , Jiang Wei‐Bin , Liu Fang‐Ming , Hong Mei‐Lin
Published: April 2015

12 Title compounds of type (V) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: An Elegant Microwave Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of Di(α‐aminophosphonate) Pesticides.
Authors: Chandra Sekhar Reddy Gangireddy , Radha Rani Chinthaparthi , Veera Narayana Reddy Mudumala , Suresh Reddy Cirandur
Published: April 2015

Ten di(α‐aminophosphonates) are synthesized and evaluated towards their pesticidal activity with (IVb) showing the highest activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Aphagranols D—H: Five New Limonoids from the Fruits of Aphanamixis grandifolia
Authors: Zhang Yao , Wang Jun‐Song , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Kong Ling‐Yi
Published: April 2015

isolation, structure elucidation and insecticidal activities
ChemInform Abstract: Lycopodium Alkaloids from Huperzia serrata.
Authors: Ying You‐Min , Liu Xiao‐Sa , Tong Cui‐Ping , Wang Jian‐Wei , Zhan Zha‐Jun , Shan Wei‐Guang
Published: April 2015

isolation, structure elucidation, AChE‐ and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities of three new lycopodium alkaloids, huperserramines A—C (I)—(III) along with 15 known related compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich Cyclization of Hydroxylactams with Acetals: Total Syntheses of (‐)‐Epilupinine, (‐)‐Tashiromine, and (‐)‐Trachelanthamidine.
Authors: Koley Dipankar , Krishna Yarkali , Srinivas Kyatham , Khan Afsar Ali , Kant Ruchir
Published: April 2015

(‐)‐Tashiromine (XV), (‐)‐trachelanthamidine (XVI) and (‐)‐epilupinine (XVII) can be easily prepared from precursors (IIa), (V), and (IXa).
ChemInform Abstract: A Rapid and Divergent Access to Chiral Azacyclic Nucleoside Analogues via Highly Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of β‐Nucleobase Substituted Acrylates.
Authors: Yang Qi‐Liang , Xie Ming‐Sheng , Xia Chao , Sun Huan‐Li , Zhang Dan‐Jie , Huang Ke‐Xin , Guo Zhen , Qu Gui‐Rong , Guo Hai‐Ming
Published: April 2015

A novel protocol for an asymmetric 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with β‐nucleobase acrylates gives access to chiral azacyclic nucleosides.
ChemInform Abstract: Ten New Calyxins from Alpinia katsumadai: A Systematically Studies on the Stereochemistry of Calyxins.
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Bing , Yang Chang‐Shui , Zhang Chao , Luo Jun , Yang Ming‐Hua , Luo Jian‐Guang , Yu Wen‐Ying , Kong Ling‐Yi
Published: April 2015

Ten new calyxins such as (I), (II), and (III) are isolated from the seeds of Alpinia katsumadai.
ChemInform Abstract: Genesis of Rare Molecules Using Light‐Induced Reactions of Matrix‐Isolated Tetrazoles
Authors: Frija L. M. T. , Cristiano M. L. S. , Gomez‐Zavaglia A. , Reva I. , Fausto R.
Published: April 2015

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Cross‐Dehydrogenative‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Hamashima Yoshitaka , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: April 2015

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aryl‐Aryl Coupling via Cross‐Dehydrogenative‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Deboef Brenton , Porter Ashley L.
Published: April 2015

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives with Bifunctional Ruthenium Catalysts
Authors: Ikariya Takao , Kayaki Yoshihito
Published: April 2015

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Triptycene‐Derived Calixarenes, Heterocalixarenes and Analogues
Authors: Ma Ying‐Xian , Han Ying , Chen Chuan‐Feng
Published: April 2015

Review: synthesis and structural features; 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Systematic Modifications of Alkane‐Based Molecular Gelators and the Consequences to the Structures and Properties of Their Gels
Authors: Rogers Michael A. , Weiss Richard G.
Published: April 2015

Review: [99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalyzed meta‐C—H Functionalization of Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Yang Jiong
Published: April 2015

Review: [45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Ketothioamides: Efficient Reagents in the Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: Guo Wei‐Si , Wen Li‐Rong , Li Ming
Published: April 2015

Review: [37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave, Ultrasound and Ball Mill Procedures for Bio‐Waste Valorisation
Authors: Tabasso S. , Carnaroglio D. , Calcio Gaudino E. , Cravotto G.
Published: April 2015

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphitic Carbon Nitride Polymers: Promising Catalysts or Catalyst Supports for Heterogeneous Oxidation and Hydrogenation
Authors: Gong Yutong , Li Mingming , Li Haoran , Wang Yong
Published: April 2015

Review: 183 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxoindolinylidene Derivatives of Thiazolidin‐4‐ones: Methods of Synthesis and Biological Activity (Review)
Authors: Gazieva G. A. , Izmest'ev A. N.
Published: April 2015

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis: Fused Five‐Membered N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Kaur Navjeet
Published: April 2015

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in the Synthesis and Application of Saddle‐Shaped Cyclooctatetrathiophenes and Their Derivatives
Authors: Zhao Chunmei , Xu Li , Wang Yong , Li Chunli , Wang Hua
Published: April 2015

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Albumin as a Promiscuous Biocatalyst in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Albanese Domenico C. M. , Gaggero Nicoletta
Published: April 2015

Review: main applications of albumin in organocatalysis that have appeared in the literature in the past decade; 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation Reactions Using a Carbenoid Precursor Toolbox
Authors: Qian Deyun , Zhang Junliang
Published: April 2015

Review: [recent advances in gold‐catalyzed selective cyclopropanation reactions; 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Prodigiosin Alkaloids: Recent Advancements in Total Synthesis and Their Biological Potential
Authors: Nisha Nisha , Kumar Kewal , Kumar Vipan
Published: April 2015

Review: [122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Expanding the Carbene C—H Insertion Toolbox
Authors: Morton Daniel , Blakey Simon B.
Published: April 2015

Review: 10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Expanding the Toolbox of Organic Chemists: Directed Evolution of P450 Monooxygenases as Catalysts in Regio‐ and Stereoselective Oxidative Hydroxylation
Authors: Roiban Gheorghe‐Doru , Reetz Manfred T.
Published: April 2015

Review: [84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Malononitrile as a Key Reagent in Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Important Pyridines
Authors: Dandia Anshu , Singh Ruby , Maheshwari Shuchi
Published: April 2015

Review: reports from 2006‐ 2013
ChemInform Abstract: Ancillary Ligand Design in the Development of Palladium Catalysts for Challenging Selective Monoarylation Reactions
Authors: Stradiotto Mark
Published: April 2015

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Solvent‐Controlled Reactivity in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Yau Hon Man , Keaveney Sinead T. , Butler Bradley J. , Tanner Eden E. L. , Guerry Max S. , George Stephen R. D. , Dunn Michelle H. , Croft Anna K. , Harper Jason B.
Published: April 2015

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron Reagent Activation in Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling
Authors: Lennox Alastair , Lloyd‐Jones Guy
Published: April 2015

Review: 141 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoparticle—Blood Interactions: The Implications on Solid Tumour Targeting
Authors: Lazarovits James , Chen Yih Yang , Sykes Edward A. , Chan Warren C. W.
Published: April 2015

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Secondary Metabolites from the Plants of the Family Saururaceae and Their Biological Properties
Authors: Zhuang Tao , Li Fang , Huang Li‐Ru , Liang Jing‐Yu , Qu Wei
Published: April 2015

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Antibodies Armed with Photosensitizers: From Chemical Synthesis to Photobiological Applications
Authors: Pereira Patricia M. R. , Korsak Barbara , Sarmento Bruno , Schneider Rudolf J. , Fernandes Rosa , Tome Joao P. C.
Published: April 2015

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Naphthodithiophenes: Emerging Building Blocks for Organic Electronics
Authors: Takimiya Kazuo , Osaka Itaru
Published: April 2015

Review: [44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hierarchical Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposites: Structure, Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Gu Zi , Atherton John James , Xu Zhi Ping
Published: April 2015

Review: 131 refs.
Neue Wege der standardkonformen Gesamtprozesssteuerung in der Life Science Automation
Authors: Göde Bernd , Holzmüller‐Laue Silke , Thurow Kerstin
Published: April 2015

Für die flexible Workflowautomation unter Einbeziehung hybrider und heterogener Automations‐ und IT‐Systeme wird ein neuer Lösungsansatz vorgestellt. Er beruht auf der 2013 zum ISO‐Standard erhobenen Prozessnotation (BPMN 2.0). Gegenstand der drei vorgestellten, verallgemeinerbaren Prototypanwendungen ist die Life Science Automation. Das Potenzial von BPMN als Automationssprache wird dabei unter drei Gesichtspunkten betrachtet: dem durchgängigen Workflowsteuerungsansatz (Ende‐zu‐Ende‐Prinzip), dem Unterstützungspotenzial von manuellen Prozessschritten zwischen automatisierten Abläufen und der Erschließung der Workflowautomation in Entwicklungsprozessen.
Parametrische Empfindlichkeit einer stark exothermen Reaktion im Kapillarwendelreaktor
Authors: Gelhausen Marius Gerrit , Kurt Safa Kutup , Kockmann Norbert
Published: April 2015

Zum sicheren Betrieb stark exothermer Reaktionen bieten sich mikrostrukturierte Apparate besonders durch intensiven Wärmetransport an. Kapillarwendelreaktoren haben eine enge Verweilzeitverteilung und eignen sich für reaktionstechnische Untersuchungen, da Nichtidealitäten im Stofftransport vernachlässigbar sind. Dieser Reaktortyp wurde für die Studie der parametrischen Sensitivität verwendet, um Ansätze zur Vorhersage sensitiven Verhaltens nach Semenov, Renken und Gray zu untersuchen. Das Semenov‐Diagramm wurde dazu mithilfe der Lambert‐W‐Funktion in ein Betriebsdiagramm überführt. Die Oxidation von Natriumthiosulfat mit Wasserstoffperoxid diente als stark exotherme Reaktion, um den Ansatz nach Renken experimentell zu untersuchen.
Preliminary patient‐reported outcomes analysis of 3‐dimensional radiation therapy versus intensity‐modulated radiation therapy on the high‐dose arm of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0126 prostate cancer trial
Authors: Bruner Deborah W. , Hunt Daniel , Michalski Jeff M. , Bosch Walter R. , Galvin James M. , Amin Mahul , Xiao Canhua , Bahary Jean‐Paul , Patel Malti , Chafe Susan , Rodrigues George , Lau Harold , Duclos Marie , Baikadi Madhava , Deshmukh Snehal , Sandler Howard M.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

The authors analyzed a preliminary report of patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) among men who received high‐dose radiation therapy (RT) on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study 0126 (a phase 3 dose‐escalation trial) with either 3‐dimensional conformal RT (3D‐CRT) or intensity‐modulated RT (IMRT).

METHODS

Patients in the 3D‐CRT group received 55.8 gray (Gy) to the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles and were allowed an optional field reduction; then, they received 23.4 Gy to the prostate only. Patients in the IMRT group received 79.2 Gy to the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles. PROs were assessed at 0 months (baseline), 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months and included bladder and bowel function assessed with the Functional Alterations due to Changes in Elimination (FACE) instrument and erectile function assessed with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Analyses included the patients who completed all data at baseline and for at least 1 follow‐up assessment, and the results were compared with an imputed data set.

RESULTS

Of 763 patients who were randomized to the 79.2‐Gy arm, 551 patients and 595 patients who responded to the FACE instrument and 505 patients and 577 patients who responded to the IIEF were included in the completed and imputed analyses, respectively. There were no significant differences between modalities for any of the FACE or IIEF subscale scores or total scores at any time point for either the completed data set or the imputed data set.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite significant reductions in dose and volume to normal structures using IMRT, this robust analysis of 3D‐CRT and IMRT demonstrated no difference in patient‐reported bowel, bladder, or sexual functions for similar doses delivered to the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles with IMRT compared with 3D‐CRT delivered either to the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles or to the prostate alone. Cancer 2015;121:2422–2430. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Spectroscopic and Photophysical Characterization of Acetylenic Fluorophores: The Role of the Proximity Effect on Increasing Internal Conversion
Authors: Flamini Rebecca , Marrocchi Assunta , Spalletti Anna
Published: April 2015

The spectroscopic and photophysical behavior of a series of six extended arylacetylenes and one 1,3‐diyne derivative was studied in solvents of different polarity to gain insight into the relationships between molecular architecture and optical/photophysical properties. The radiative decay channel was revealed to be the most important one for all the compounds, particularly in nonpolar solvents. A notable fluoro‐solvatochromism was observed for the 1,3‐diyne derivative in line with the large increase of its dipole moment under excitation. A peculiar behavior was observed for nitro‐substituted aryl acetylenes on increasing solvent polarity, which was explained by the presence of an upper forbidden singlet state (S2) that is more polar than the allowed S1 state; this was confirmed by quantum mechanical calculations. The large decrease of the S2–S1 energy gap in a moderately polar solvent causes a strong increase of S1–S0 internal conversion to the detriment of fluorescence, which is in agreement with Lim’s proximity effect model.
Evaluation of the Sorbent Properties of Single‐ and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Volatile Organic Compounds through Thermal Desorption–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wong Gwendeline K. S. , Lim Li Zhen , Lim Marcus Jun Wen , Ong Li Lin , Khezri Bahareh , Pumera Martin , Webster Richard D.
Published: April 2015

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess well‐defined structural and chemical characteristics coupled with a large surface area that makes them ideal as sorbent materials for applications where adsorption processes are required. The adsorption properties of carboxylated derivatives of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (COOH‐MWCNT) and singlewalled carbon nanotubes (COOH‐SWCNT), together with their nonfunctionalized counterparts (MWCNT and SWCNT) for 48 common atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined using thermal desorption–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD‐GCMS). The CNTs exhibited similar recoveries for many of the VOCs compared to the standard sorbent materials, Carbopack X and Tenax TA. However, VOCs with electron donor–acceptor (EDA) properties such as carbonyls, alkenes, and alcohols exhibited poorer recoveries on all CNTs compared to Carbopack X and Tenax TA. The poor recoveries of VOCs from the CNTs has important implications for the long term use and storage of CNTs, because it demonstrates that they will become progressively more contaminated with common atmospheric VOCs, therefore potentially affecting their surface‐based properties.
Implications of the Institute of Medicine Report: Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease
Authors: Wagner JA , Ball JR
Published: April 2015

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a groundbreaking 2010 report, Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease. Key recommendations included a harmonized scientific process and a general framework for biomarker evaluation with three interrelated steps: (1) Analytical validation — is the biomarker measurement accurate? (2) Qualification — is the biomarker associated with the clinical endpoint of concern? (3) Utilization — what is the specific context of the proposed use?
Water‐Soluble MoS3 Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhou Tianhua , Zheng Jianwei , Hong Jindui , Pan Yunxiang , Xu Rong
Published: April 2015

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‐modified MoS3 nanoparticles with unusual water solubility up to 1.0 mg mL−1 were synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method in the presence of thioacetic acid. The amorphous nanoparticles wrapped by PVP have sizes of around 2.5 nm, which represent the smallest MoS3 clusters reported. The photocatalytic performance of the MoS3 nanoparticles was evaluated under visible light for H2 evolution using xanthene dyes as photosensitizers. The quantum efficiency of the optimized system for H2 evolution under green light irradiation (520 nm) is up to 36.2 %, which is comparable with those of other excellent photocatalytic systems involving earth‐abundant catalysts. The excellent photocatalytic activity can be attributed to its good dispersion in water, amorphous nature and limited layers with abundant surface active sites, and possibly higher conduction band potential for proton reduction and larger indirect band gap for a longer lifetime of the excited electrons.
Superior Lithium Storage Performance using Sequentially Stacked MnO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Electrodes
Authors: Kim Sue Jin , Yun Young Jun , Kim Ki Woong , Chae Changju , Jeong Sunho , Kang Yongku , Choi Si‐Young , Lee Sun Sook , Choi Sungho
Published: April 2015

Hybrid nanostructures based on graphene and metal oxides hold great potential for use in high‐performance electrode materials for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries. Herein, a new strategy to fabricate sequentially stacked α‐MnO2/reduced graphene oxide composites driven by surface‐charge‐induced mutual electrostatic interactions is proposed. The resultant composite anode exhibits an excellent reversible charge/discharge capacity as high as 1100 mA h g−1 without any traceable capacity fading, even after 100 cycles, which leads to a high rate capability electrode performance for lithium ion batteries. Thus, the proposed synthetic procedures guarantee a synergistic effect of multidimensional nanoscale media between one (metal oxide nanowire) and two dimensions (graphene sheet) for superior energy‐storage electrodes.
A 9‐bit successive approximation ADC in SOI CMOS operating up to 300 °C
Authors: Zou Lei , Pathrose Jerrin , Je Minkyu
Published: April 2015

Industrial electronics are in great demand for oil and gas exploration, well drilling, and automotive applications where the operating temperature goes beyond 200 °C. Circuit designs using conventional complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology are mostly rated at maximum of 125 °C, which is not suitable for harsh environment. In this paper, a high‐temperature (HT) 9‐bit successive approximation register analog‐to‐digital converter (SAR ADC) designed in silicon‐on‐insolation CMOS technology with a sampling rate of 50 kS/s is presented. The design considerations of the HT SAR ADC are discussed from process selection, temperature‐aware circuit design, and measurement perspectives. The ADC achieves an effective number of bit (ENOB) of 8.35 bits and a figure of merit of 93 pJ/step at room temperature. Under HT test, ENOBs of 7.3 bits at 225 °C and 6.9 bits at 300 °C are obtained. The power consumption is 1.52 mW from a 5‐V supply at room temperature and only 2.17 mW at 300 °C. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Gap Spacing between Dielectric Barriers in Atmospheric Pressure Discharges
Authors: Iqbal M. M. , Turner M. M.
Published: April 2015

The breakdown activity in helium atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma is strongly modified by introducing small impurities (nitrogen (N2) and air in ppm), although its precise implications for the behavior of discharge plasma is not evident under several constraints. In this simulation study, we investigate the influence of gap spacing between the dielectric barriers to explore the dynamic modification in the structure of discharge plasma in distinct phases of the discharge current pulse using a two‐dimensional fluid model in He‐air gas mixture. Specifically, the impact of nitrogen and air impurities is contrasted by exploring the spatial distributions of electrons in the breakdown phase under similar operating conditions. The filamentary mode of DBD plasma in He‐N2 is transformed into uniform glow discharge in He‐air gas mixture by the dominant effect of Penning ionization. Finally, the outcomes of two‐dimensional fluid model are validated by comparing with three‐dimensional fluid model to provide the reliability of numerical simulations. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Assessment of modulated cytostatic drug resistance by automated γH2AX analysis
Authors: Reddig Annika , Lorenz Sebastian , Hiemann Rico , Guttek Karina , Hartig Roland , Heiserich Lisa , Eberle Caroline , Peters Vanessa , Schierack Peter , Sack Ulrich , Roggenbuck Dirk , Reinhold Dirk
Published: April 2015

The efficacy of many chemotherapeutic agents relies on the preferential destruction of rapidly dividing cancer cells by inducing various kinds of DNA damage. The most deleterious type of DNA lesions are DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB), which can be detected by immunofluorescence staining of phosphorylated histone protein H2AX (γH2AX). Furthermore, γH2AX has been suggested as clinical pharmacodynamic biomarker in chemotherapeutic cancer treatment. A great challenge in treating neoplastic diseases is the varying response behavior among cancer patients. Thus, intrinsic or drug‐induced overexpression of efflux pumps often leads to multiple drug resistance (MDR) and treatment failure. In particular, inter‐individual differences in expression levels of efflux pumps, such as the permeability glycoprotein (P‐gp), were shown to correlate with cancer progression. Several efficient cytostatic drugs, including the DSB‐inducing agent etoposide (ETP) are known P‐gp substrates. In this respect, modulation of MDR by P‐gp inhibitors, like the immunosuppressives cyclosporine A (CsA) and rapamycin (Rapa) have been described. Here, we investigated the application of γH2AX focus assay to monitor the impact of CsA and Rapa on ETP‐induced cytotoxicity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Evaluation of γH2AX foci was performed by the automated fluorescence microscopy and interpretation system AKLIDES. Compared to ETP treatment alone, our results revealed a significant rise in γH2AX focus number and percentage of DSB‐positive cells after cells have been treated with ETP in the presence of either CsA or Rapa. In contrast, DSB levels of cells incubated with CsA or Rapa alone were comparable to focus number of untreated cells. Our results successfully demonstrated how automated γH2AX analysis can be used as fast and reliable approach to monitor drug resistance and the impact of MDR modulators during treatment with DSB‐inducing cytostatics. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The Role of Phonology, Morphology, and Orthography in English and Russian Spelling
Authors: Boulware‐Gooden Regina , Malatesha Joshi R. , Grigorenko Elena
Published: April 2015

The purpose of the present study was to explore the role of phonology, morphology and orthography in predicting the spelling performance in English‐speaking and Russian‐speaking children. Tests that tap phonology, morphology and orthography were administered to students in grades 4 and 6 in the USA and Russia. Multiple regression analyses showed that phonology and morphology contributed more for spelling of English words while orthography and morphology contributed more to the spelling of Russian words. The results are explained in terms of the orthographic nature of English and Russian languages as well as the instructional practices and the importance of morphology in spelling in both the languages. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of hypophosphatemia during refeeding of patients with severe anorexia nervosa
Authors: Brown Carrie A. , Sabel Allison L. , Gaudiani Jennifer L. , Mehler Philip S.
Published: April 2015

Objective

Hypophosphatemia of refeeding is one of the most dangerous complications seen during the treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa. Although easily detectable and treatable, hypophosphatemia is under‐recognized as a complication of refeeding. Specific risk factors for the development of hypophosphatemia are likely to exist among patients with severe anorexia nervosa. The purpose of this study was to identify clinically useful markers that may predict the development of or protection from hypophosphatemia during refeeding.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective case‐control study of 123 patients with severe anorexia nervosa admitted for medical stabilization at the ACUTE Center for Eating Disorders between October 1, 2008 and December 31, 2013. Risk factors for refeeding hypophosphatemia were determined by multivariate logistic regression from clinical parameters and laboratory values measured at the time of admission.

Results

The prevalence of hypophosphatemia was 33.3% (41 of 123 patients). Higher hemoglobin was the only risk factor associated with a higher odds of developing hypophosphatemia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.56 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12–2.18]). Statistically significant protective factors against the development of hypophosphatemia were observed with higher body mass index (aOR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.39–0.75]), higher serum potassium (aOR, 0.29 [95% CI, 0.14–0.62]), and higher serum prealbumin (aOR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.84–0.99]).

Discussion

Four independent factors associated with refeeding hypophosphatemia were identified. Identification of findings which correlate with hypophosphatemia, or the lack thereof, has the potential to facilitate appropriate triage of patients with anorexia nervosa for closer monitoring during refeeding. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:898–904).
Predicting dispersal of auto‐gyrating fruit in tropical trees: a case study from theDipterocarpaceae
Authors: Smith James R. , Bagchi Robert , Ellens Judith , Kettle Chris J. , Burslem David F. R. P. , Maycock Colin R. , Khoo Eyen , Ghazoul Jaboury
Published: April 2015

Seed dispersal governs the distribution of plant propagules in the landscape and hence forms the template on which density‐dependent processes act. Dispersal is therefore a vital component of many species coexistence and forest dynamics models and is of applied value in understanding forest regeneration. Research on the processes that facilitate forest regeneration and restoration is given further weight in the context of widespread loss and degradation of tropical forests, and provides impetus to improve estimates of seed dispersal for tropical forest trees. South‐East Asian lowland rainforests, which have been subject to severe degradation, are dominated by trees of the Dipterocarpaceae family which constitute over 40% of forest biomass. Dipterocarp dispersal is generally considered to be poor given their large, gyration‐dispersed fruits. However, there is wide variability in fruit size and morphology which we hypothesize mechanistically underpins dispersal potential through the lift provided to seeds mediated by the wings. We explored experimentally how the ratio of fruit wing area to mass (“inverse wing loading,”IWL) explains variation in seed dispersal kernels among 13 dipterocarp species by releasing fruit from a canopy tower. Horizontal seed dispersal distances increased withIWL, especially at high wind speeds. Seed dispersal of all species was predominantly local, with 90% of seed dispersing <10 m, although maximum dispersal distances varied widely among species. We present a generic seed dispersal model for dipterocarps based on attributes of seed morphology and provide modeled seed dispersal kernels for all dipterocarp species withIWLs of 1–50, representing 75% of species in Borneo.
Which is the First Electric Vehicle?
Authors: Morimoto Masayuki
Published: April 2015

The world's first electric vehicle is discussed. It is said that the first experiment on an electric vehicle was performed in the middle of the 1830s, just after the discovery of Faraday's law. Therefore, this era is called the age of invention for applications of the electric motor, one of them being the electric vehicle. There are numerous theories, rumors, and opinions about the first electric vehicle. Here, I will clarify which experiment should be called the first experiment on an electric vehicle.
Blended Instruction Utilizing Mobile Tools in English Teaching at Colleges of Technology
Authors: Ono Yuichi , Ishihara Manabu , Yamashiro Mitsuo
Published: April 2015

This paper presents a new blended instruction model incorporating mobile‐based e‐Learning into a traditional nonwired classroom in foreign language teaching. The mobile tool adopted is iPod Touch. Our lesson was designed on the basis of the motivational model proposed by John M. Keller, which is widely known as the ARCS model. Our study considers the effect of this teaching model on students' vocabulary retention and oral speaking ability, and evaluates the course model in terms of the ARCS model, conducted at a Japanese national college of technology. The results suggest that the course stimulated the learners' interest sufficiently and changed the attitude of their learning strategies in a more communicative direction.
Fabrication and Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide/Ag Nanocomposites with UV/Vis Response
Authors: Gou Xueli , Cheng Yongliang , Liu Bin , Yang Bingjun , Yan Xingbin
Published: April 2015

Novel one‐dimensional TiO2 nanofibers/reduced graphene oxide/Ag nanoparticles (TiO2/rGO/Ag) nanocomposite photocatalysts with UV/Vis response properties were fabricated by wrapping rGO sheets around TiO2 nanofibers and then loading Ag nanoparticles onto the surfaces of TiO2/rGO. The prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of the samples were evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of an aqueous solution of rhodamine B (RhB) under UV/Vis light irradiation. The results showed that the introduction of rGO and Ag greatly improved the photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 nanofibers, and this enhancement was attributed to the hybridization of rGO possessing specific electronic effects and Ag nanoparticles showing surface plasmon resonance effects. As a consequence, extension of the absorption spectrum to the visible region and efficient restriction of the recombination of photogenerated carriers were achieved.
Controlling the Activities of the Diiron Centre in Bacterial Monooxygenases: Lessons from Mutagenesis and Biodiversity
Authors: Nichol Tim , Murrell J. Colin , Smith Thomas J.
Published: April 2015

The soluble diiron monooxygenases (SDIMOs) are a diverse group of bacterial enzymes that possess a deeply buried binuclear iron centre that forms an oxo‐diferryl (FeIV) intermediate that is capable of oxygenating a wide range of unfunctionalised hydrocarbons and other hydrophobic organic molecules, ranging in size from methane to diaromatics such as naphthalene and substituted biphenyls. In the environment, these enzymes are important in bioremediation of hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons and in mitigation of the greenhouse effect due to methane, and also have numerous potential applications in synthetic organic chemistry. In this review we consider how both natural variations among the enzymes and an increasing body of evidence from mutagenesis studies cast light on how the protein controls the size of substrates that can access the active site, the precision of regio‐ and stereoselectivity and the oxidising power of the active centre.
Electronic Fine‐Tuning of Oxygen Atom Transfer Reactivity of cis‐Dioxomolybdenum(VI) Complexes with Thiosemicarbazone Ligands
Authors: Ducrot Aurélien , Scattergood Bethany , Coulson Ben , Perutz Robin N. , Duhme‐Klair Anne‐K.
Published: April 2015

A series of six cis‐dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes with thiosemicarbazone ligands was synthesized and characterized. The ligands were obtained by reacting ethyl thiosemicarbazide with salicylaldehydes substituted with a selection of electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating groups. The crystal structures, IR, NMR spectroscopic data and oxygen atom transfer activities of the complexes revealed that the electronic effects of the substituents located in the para‐position of the phenolate donor are transmitted through to the molybdenum center, as reflected by linear relationships between Hammett constants and key properties of the complexes, including the molybdenum–phenolate bond lengths and the coordination shift of the imine proton resonance. Compared with the unsubstituted catalyst, electron‐withdrawing substituents increase the rate of oxygen atom transfer from dimethyl sulfoxide to triphenylphosphine, whereas electron‐donating groups have the opposite effect. The highest rate enhancement was achieved through the introduction of a strongly electron‐withdrawing NO2 substituent in the p‐position of the phenolate donor.
Fluorescence Quenching of a Europium Coordination Compound for the Detection of Trace Amounts of Water: Uncovering the Response Mechanism by Structural Confirmation
Authors: Song Li , Wu Ye‐Wen , Chai Wen‐Xiang , Tao Yin‐Song , Jiang Chang , Wang Qiu‐Hua
Published: April 2015

The coordination compound Eu(DAF)2(NO3)3 (1, DAF = 4,5‐diazafluorene), which shows strong red fluorescence, has been synthesized and characterized. The luminescence‐quenching effect of 1 has been applied to the detection of water in CH3CN. For the first time, the response mechanism has been uncovered through the confirmation of the structure of the resultant nonluminous compound [Eu(NO3)2(H2O)5](NO3)(DAF)2·H2O (2). The replacement of the coordinated DAF ligands by the added water led to quenching of the emission of the EuIII ion and the simultaneous enhancement of the ligand emission. X‐ray powder diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses also confirmed this mechanism. Theoretical calculations by the semi‐empirical method revealed the origin of the absorption spectra of 1. This fluorometric detection of trace amounts of water in CH3CN by 1 is a direct, rapid, and sensitive method.
Synthesis of Diazirine‐Based Photoreactive Saccharin Derivatives for the Photoaffinity Labeling of Gustatory Receptors
Authors: Wang Lei , Yoshida Takuma , Muto Yasuyuki , Murai Yuta , Tachrim Zetryana Puteri , Ishida Akiko , Nakagawa Shiori , Sakihama Yasuko , Hashidoko Yasuyuki , Masuda Katsuyoshi , Hatanaka Yasumaru , Hashimoto Makoto
Published: April 2015

Saccharin is one of the most common artificial sweeteners that has a bitter taste at high concentrations. Currently, there are no detailed functional analyses of these gustatory receptors. Therefore, we designed and synthesized photoreactive saccharin derivatives that contain a (trifluoromethyl)diazirinyl moiety at the 5‐ or 6‐position for use as functional analysis tools for photoaffinity labeling.
Synthesis of Robust Precursors for the Controlled Fabrication of (6,6), (8,8), (10,10), and (12,12) Armchair Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Mueller Andreas , Amsharov Konstantin Yu.
Published: April 2015

We report an effective strategy for preparing robust precursors for the rational synthesis of helicity‐pure single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by a surface‐assisted strategy. The approach presented allows simple access to large‐diameter SWCNT precursors. The efficiency of the strategy is demonstrated by the synthesis of four robust precursors for the preparation of (6,6), (8,8), (10,10), and (12,12) armchair SWCNTs. The molecules exhibit a rigid and fully fused structure, which is expected to be important for a highly efficient conversion to CNT seeds and a high yield of the respective helicity‐pure SWCNTs. The presented synthetic approach provides simple access to robust SWCNT precursors that can be “programmed” for virtually any helicity.
Mechano‐sensitive nociceptors are required to detect heat pain thresholds and cowhage itch in human skin
Authors: Weinkauf B. , Dusch M. , van der Ham J. , Benrath J. , Ringkamp M. , Schmelz M. , Rukwied R.
Published: April 2015

Background

Mechano‐sensitive and mechano‐insensitive C‐nociceptors in human skin differ in receptive field sizes and electrical excitation thresholds, but their distinct functional roles are yet unclear.

Methods

After blocking the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (NCFL) in eight healthy male subjects (3‐mL Naropin® 1%), we mapped the skin innervation territory being anaesthetic to mechanical pin prick but sensitive to painful transcutaneous electrical stimuli. Such ‘differentially anaesthetic zones’ indicated that the functional innervation with mechano‐sensitive nociceptors was absent but the innervation with mechano‐insensitive nociceptors remained intact. In these areas, we explored heat pain thresholds, low pH‐induced pain, cowhage‐ and histamine‐induced itch, and axon reflex flare.

Results

In differentially anaesthetic skin, heat pain thresholds were above the cut‐off of 50°C (non‐anaesthetized skin 47 ± 0.4°C). Pain ratings to 30 μL pH 4 injections were reduced compared to non‐anaesthetized skin (48 ± 9 vs. 79 ± 6 VAS; p < 0.01). The axon reflex flare area did not differ between these zones (7.8 ± 1.4 cm2 vs. 8.3 ± 0.5 cm2). Histamine iontophoresis still caused pruritus in differentially anaesthetized skin in five of eight subjects (VAS 26 ± 14), whereas itch upon cowhage spicules was absent (VAS 0 vs. 29 ± 11 in non‐anaesthetized skin).

Conclusions

We conclude that activation of mechano‐insensitive nociceptors is sufficient to provoke itch by histamine‐ and acid‐induced pain. The mechano‐sensitive nociceptors are crucial for cowhage‐induced itch and for the assessment of heat pain thresholds.