bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of avian radar systems for tracking birds on the airfield of a large international airport
Authors: Phillips Adam C. , Majumdar Siddhartha , Washburn Brian E. , Mayer David , Swearingin Ryan M. , Herricks Edwin E. , Guerrant Travis L. , Beckerman Scott F. , Pullins Craig K.
Published: September 2018

Avian radar technologies have the potential to serve an important role in the quantification of bird movements and determining patterns of bird use in areas where human–wildlife conflicts might occur (e.g., airports, wind‐energy facilities). However, capabilities and limitations of these technologies are relatively unknown and ground‐truthing studies are needed to help wildlife managers understand the biological meaning of radar information. We evaluated the efficacy of 3 X‐band marine radar sensors for tracking birds and flocks of birds observed on the airfield at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, USA, during March 2011–November 2012. We used specific information regarding field observations of birds or flocks to determine how frequently the 3 radar sensors provided corresponding tracks of these avian targets. In addition, we examined various factors to determine if they had any influence on the frequency of correspondence between visual observations and radar tracks. Of the 972 sightings of individual birds (49%) or flocks of birds (51%) by observers on the airfield that had the potential to be observed by the radar, 143 (15%) were tracked by ≥1 radar sensor. All confirmed tracks of individual birds or flocks were ≤4.8 km from these radars. Among the 3 radar sensors, larger bodied bird species, bird/flocks flying at higher altitudes, and bird/flocks closer to the radars increased the ability of those units to track avian targets. This study provides new information regarding the performance of radar systems for tracking birds on the airfield of one of the largest and busiest airports in the world. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
MINLO t-channel single-top plus jet
Authors: Carrazza Stefano , Frederix Rikkert , Hamilton Keith , Zanderighi Giulia
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We present a next-to-leading order accurate simulation of t-channel single-top plus jet production matched to parton showers via the Powheg method. The calculation underlying the simulation is enhanced with a process-specific implementation of the multi-scale improved NLO (Minlo) method, such that it gives physical predictions all through phase space, including regions where the jet additional to the t-channel single-top process is unresolved. We further describe a tuning procedure for the Minlo Sudakov form factor, fitting the coefficient of the first subleading term in its exponent using an artificial neural-network. The latter tuning, implemented as a straightforward event-by-event reweighting, renders the Minlo simulation NLO accurate for t-channel single-top observables, in addition to those of the analogous single-top plus jet process.
Probing leptogenesis at future colliders
Authors: Antusch Stefan , Cazzato Eros , Drewes Marco , Fischer Oliver , Garbrecht Björn , Gueter Dario , Klarić Juraj
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We investigate the question whether leptogenesis, as a mechanism for explaining the baryon asymmetry of the universe, can be tested at future colliders. Focusing on the minimal scenario of two right-handed neutrinos, we identify the allowed parameter space for successful leptogenesis in the heavy neutrino mass range between 5 and 50 GeV. Our calculation includes the lepton flavour violating contribution from heavy neutrino oscillations as well as the lepton number violating contribution from Higgs decays to the baryon asymmetry of the universe. We confront this parameter space region with the discovery potential for heavy neutrinos at future lepton colliders, which can be very sensitive in this mass range via displaced vertex searches. Beyond the discovery of heavy neutrinos, we study the precision at which the flavour-dependent active-sterile mixing angles can be measured. The measurement of these mixing angles at future colliders can test whether a minimal type I seesaw mechanism is the origin of the light neutrino masses, and it can be a first step towards probing leptogenesis as the mechanism of baryogenesis. We discuss how a stronger test could be achieved with an additional measurement of the heavy neutrino mass difference.
Holography on local fields via Radon transform
Authors: Bhowmick Samrat , Ray Koushik
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We define Radon transform and its inverse on the two-dimensional anti-de Sitter space over local fields using a novel construction through a quadratic equation over the local field. We show that the holographic bulk reconstruction of quantum fields in this space can be formulated as the inverse Radon transform, generalizing the case over the reals, studied earlier.
Barriers to Timely Presentation of Patients with Surgical Conditions at Tamale Teaching Hospital in Northern Ghana
Authors: Tabiri Stephen , Jalali Ali , Nelson Richard E. , Damah Michael C. , Abantanga Francis A. , Price Raymond R. , Katz Micah G.
Published: September 2018

Background

Improving access to surgical services and understanding the barriers to receiving timely care are necessary to save lives. The aim of this study was to assess barriers to timely presentation to an appropriate medical facility using the Three‐Delay model, for patients presenting to Tamale Teaching Hospital, in northern Ghana.

Methods

In 2013, patients with delays in seeking surgical care were prospectively identified. Pairwise correlation coefficients between delay in presentation and factors associated with delay were conducted and served as a foundation for a multivariate log‐linear regression model.

Results

A total of 718 patients presented with an average delay of 22.1 months. Delays in receiving care were most common (56.4%), while delays in seeking care were seen in 52.3% of patients. “Initially seeking treatment at the nearest facility, but appropriate care was unavailable” was reported by 56.4% and predicted longer delays (p < 0.001). 42.9% of patients had delays secondary to treatment from a traditional or religious healer, which also predicted longer delays (p < 0.001). On multivariate regression, emergent presentation was the strongest predictor of shorter delays (OR 0.058, p = 0.002), while treatment from a traditional or religious healer and initially seeking treatment at another hospital predicted longer delays (OR 7.6, p = 0.008, and OR 4.3, p  = 0.006, respectively).

Conclusions

Barriers to care leading to long delays in presentation are common in northern Ghana. Interventions should focus on educating traditional and religious healers in addition to building surgical capacity at district hospitals.
Correction to: Complement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Paul Morgan B.
Published: September 2018

The presentation of Fig. 2 was incorrect.
Efficacy of pregabalin in post-traumatic peripheral neuropathic pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial
Authors: Markman John , Resnick Malca , Greenberg Scott , Katz Nathaniel , Yang Ruoyong , Scavone Joseph , Whalen Ed , Gregorian Gabriela , Parsons Bruce , Knapp Lloyd
Published: September 2018

The growing need for symptomatic treatment of post-traumatic neuropathic pain (PTNP) continues to be unmet. Studies evaluating the efficacy of pregabalin for reducing neuropathic pain following trauma and surgery yielded positive results over ≤ 8-week treatment. To assess the efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin over 3 months in patients with PTNP, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial evaluated patients with PTNP at 101 centers in 11 countries—the longest, largest such trial. Adults diagnosed with PTNP were randomly assigned (1:1) to 15 weeks of pregabalin (flexibly dosed 150–600 mg/day) or matching placebo. Primary efficacy analysis was by mixed-model repeated measures comparing change from baseline to week 15 in weekly mean pain scores between active and placebo groups. Evaluable patients included 274 in the pregabalin group and 265 in the placebo group. Trauma was surgical in 49.6% of patients, non-surgical in the remainder. The primary efficacy analysis showed no statistically significant difference between pregabalin and placebo groups in the change from baseline to week 15 [mean difference, − 0.22 points (95% confidence interval, 0.54–0.10); p = 0.1823]. However, comparisons for key secondary outcome measures yielded p values < 0.05 favoring pregabalin. Consistent with the known safety profile of pregabalin, the most common adverse events were dizziness and somnolence (14.6 and 9.9% of patients, respectively) with pregabalin (vs 4.2 and 3.4% with placebo). These findings demonstrate the feasibility of conducting a large, phase 3 registration trial in the heterogeneous PTNP study population.

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01701362.
Individual Uncertainty About Longevity
Authors: Dormont Brigitte , Samson Anne-Laure , Fleurbaey Marc , Luchini Stéphane , Schokkaert Erik
Published: September 2018

This article presents an assessment of individual uncertainty about longevity. A survey performed on 3,331 French people enables us to record several survival probabilities per individual. On this basis, we compute subjective life expectancies (SLE) and subjective uncertainty regarding longevity (SUL), the standard deviation of each individual’s subjective distribution of her or his own longevity. It is large and equal to more than 10 years for men and women. Its magnitude is comparable to the variability of longevity observed in life tables for individuals under 60, but it is smaller for those older than 60, which suggests use of private information by older respondents. Our econometric analysis confirms that individuals use private information—mainly their parents’ survival and longevity—to adjust their level of uncertainty. Finally, we find that SUL has a sizable impact, in addition to SLE, on risky behaviors: more uncertainty on longevity significantly decreases the probability of unhealthy lifestyles. Given that individual uncertainty about longevity affects prevention behavior, retirement decisions, and demand for long-term care insurance, these results have important implications for public policy concerning health care and retirement.
The Melville Monument and the Shaping of the Scottish Metropolis
Authors: Godard Desmarest Clarisse
Published: September 2018

The Melville Monument, which stands at the centre of St Andrew's Square in Edinburgh, was erected between 1821 and 1823 in memory of the Tory statesman Henry Dundas, first Viscount Melville (1742–1811). The design for the monument, more than 150 ft tall, was provided by William Burn (1789–1870). The 15 ft statue of Dundas that stands on top, added in 1827, was carved by Robert Forrest (1789–1852), a Scottish sculptor from Lanarkshire, from a design by Francis Chantrey (1781–1841). The Melville Monument, imperial in character and context, is part of a series of highly visible monuments built in Edinburgh in the early nineteenth century to celebrate such figures as Horatio Nelson, Robert Burns, William Pitt, King George IV and the dead of the Napoleonic wars (National Monument). This article examines the commission and construction of the Melville Monument, and analyses the choice and significance of St Andrew's Square as a locus for commemoration. The monument is shown to be part of an emerging commitment to enhance the more picturesque qualities of the city, a reaction against the exaggerated formality of the first New Town and its grid pattern.
Ad hoc coalitions in the U.S. energy sector: Case studies in the gas, oil, and coal industries
Authors: Downie Christian
Published: September 2018

In the field of business and politics, research on the role of business actors in individual fossil fuel industries that contribute to climate change has been sparse. At the same time theorising the role of ad hoc coalitions has been limited even though they appear to be an important vehicle for business actors seeking to shape contemporary policy contests. This paper attempts to address these understudied areas by drawing on a rich empirical dataset to examine the role of three ad hoc coalitions in the U.S. energy sector. In doing so, it builds on the existing literature to establish a theoretical basis for identifying the defining elements of ad hoc coalitions and the conditions under which business actors decide to establish them. Further, it sheds light on how business actors use ad hoc coalitions in three key fossil fuel industries—gas, oil, and coal—to shape policy outcomes, and in turn shape the path to a clean energy transition.
THE GREAT ADVENTURES OF A SMALL GOD: NEW EVIDENCE FOR THE DIVINE MESSENGER STAFFHUṬĀRU
Authors: Kleber Kristin
Published: September 2018

The messenger staffHuṭāruwas a non-anthropomorphic deity in the Neo-Babylonian Eanna temple of Uruk that also had a practical function: it served as a symbol of authority of the goddess Ištar during the collection of taxes and dues. In this article I edit and discuss two hitherto unpublished texts that shed new light on this little known divine object. Furthermore, I suggest its identification with the “Doppellöwenkeule”, a ceremonial mace with animal protomes that is represented alone or carried by Ištar on seals and terracotta plaques from the Old and Neo-Babylonian periods.
Evidence for an interaction between linoleic acid intake and skin barrier properties in healthy dogs – a pilot study
Authors: Watson Adrian , Thomas Gaelle , Butowski Christina , Allaway David
Published: September 2018

Dogs suffer from skin associated issues with a disproportionate frequency, with consequent interest in providing nutrition to optimize their skin's natural defences. Linoleic acid (LA) is known as an essential nutrient in dogs and plays a critical part in the lipid component of skin barrier formation. Minimum requirements have been defined, primarily based on eliminating signs of deficiencies such as dry, flaky skin and inflammation. Zn has been shown as an important nutrient for maintaining epidermal health. This pilot study investigated whether there are skin barrier benefits from feeding both linoleic acid and Zn at levels significantly in excess of published minimum requirements. Eight Labrador retrievers were fed a diet containing 3.8 g/Mcal LA, 21 mg/Mcal Zn for 12 weeks to establish baseline conditions for all dogs (basal diet). After this period, for a further 12 weeks, the dogs were switched onto a diet containing 7.9 g/Mcal LA and 50 mg/Mcal Zn (test diet). Transepidermal water loss (TEWL measurements) were used as a measure of skin quality and integrity and were taken at the end of the initial feeding period, and at 6 and 12 weeks of the test feeding period. TEWL was reduced by 8.11 g/m2/h (P < 0.001) six weeks after instigation of the test diet, and by 7.52 g/m2/h (P < 0.005) at 12 weeks, compared to the levels (14.73 g/m2/h) at the end of the basal feeding trial period. The results showed evidence of improved barrier properties as TEWL when feeding higher levels of LA and Zn for six and 12 weeks.
The shape and motion of gas bubbles in a liquid flowing through a thin annulus
Authors: Lei Q. , Xie Z. , Pavlidis D. , Salinas P. , Veltin J. , Matar O. K. , Pain C. C. , Muggeridge A. H. , Gyllensten A. J. , Jackson M. D.
Published: September 2018

We study the shape and motion of gas bubbles in a liquid flowing through a horizontal or slightly inclined thin annulus. Experimental data show that in the horizontal annulus, bubbles develop a unique ‘tadpole-like’ shape with a semi-circular cap and a highly stretched tail. As the annulus is inclined, the bubble tail tends to vanish, resulting in a significant decrease of bubble length. To model the bubble evolution, the thin annulus is conceptualised as a ‘Hele-Shaw’ cell in a curvilinear space. The three-dimensional flow within the cell is represented by a gap-averaged, two-dimensional model, which achieved a close match to the experimental data. The numerical model is further used to investigate the effects of gap thickness and pipe diameter on the bubble behaviour. The mechanism for the semi-circular cap formation is interpreted based on an analogous irrotational flow field around a circular cylinder, based on which a theoretical solution to the bubble velocity is derived. The bubble motion and cap geometry is mainly controlled by the gravitational component perpendicular to the flow direction. The bubble elongation in the horizontal annulus is caused by the buoyancy that moves the bubble to the top of the annulus. However, as the annulus is inclined, the gravitational component parallel to the flow direction becomes important, causing bubble separation at the tail and reduction in bubble length.
GEOCHRONOLOGY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE OLDEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE (7800–7900 cal BP) IN THE WEST INDIES, BANWARI TRACE, TRINIDAD
Authors: Tankersley Kenneth Barnett , Dunning Nicholas P. , Owen Lewis A. , Sparks Janine
Published: September 2018

Banwari Trace, a well-stratified shell midden located in southeastern Trinidad, provides the oldest known archaeological evidence of human settlement in the West Indies and has been crucial to our understanding of the initial peopling of the greater Caribbean region. Detailed excavation profile descriptions, soil and faunal analyses, accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating, and stable carbon isotope analyses provide an accurate chronology and paleoenvironmental framework for the natural and anthropogenic depositional history of this significant archaeological site. Our findings support the recognition of three Middle Holocene strata at Banwari Trace, which represent significant periods of midden deposition and environmental change at: ~7800–7900 cal BP (Level 3); ~6900–7400 cal BP (Level 2); and ~5500–6200 cal BP (Level 1). Stable carbon isotope analyses show the landscape was dominated by C3vegetation throughout the Middle Holocene with a possible drying episode near the end of the Middle Holocene climatic optimum. Cedrosan potsherds discovered in the uppermost 25 cm (Level 0) suggest that a Late Holocene radiocarbon age of ~2770–2200 cal BP for charcoal from this stratum is valid and possibly contemporary with an apparently intrusive human burial recovered in 1971 at a depth of ~20 cm.
Do Women Get Fewer Votes? No.
Authors: Sevi Semra , Arel-Bundock Vincent , Blais André
Published: September 2018

We study data on the gender of more than 21,000 unique candidates in all Canadian federal elections since 1921, when the first women ran for seats in Parliament. This large data set allows us to compute precise estimates of the difference in the electoral fortunes of men and women candidates. When accounting for party effects and time trends, we find that the difference between the vote shares of men and women is substantively negligible (±0.5 percentage point). This gender gap was larger in the 1920s (±2.5 percentage points), but it is now statistically indistinguishable from zero. Our results have important normative implications: political parties should recruit and promote more women candidates because they remain underrepresented in Canadian politics and because they do not suffer from a substantial electoral penalty.
Violence, Ideology and Counterrevolution: Landowners and Agrarian Reform in Cautín Province, Chile, 1967–73
Authors: Carter Daniel
Published: September 2018

The article analyses social and political conflict in Chile during the agrarian reform period of the 1960s and 1970s through a case study of the province of Cautín, in the indigenous heartlands of the south. Using a combination of written and oral sources, it analyses the responses and strategies of landowners descended from nineteenth-century settlers to the emancipatory projects carried out during the presidencies of Eduardo Frei and Salvador Allende. In the context of an increasingly radicalised agrarian reform programme and a growing number of territorial conflicts with the Mapuche communities, this little-studied political actor developed a collective identity, an ideological discourse and a readiness to use violence which provides important insights into the causes of the military coup carried out in 1973.
What Does Belief Have to Do with Truth?
Authors: Fileva Iskra
Published: September 2018

I argue that the widely-held view that belief aims at the truth is false. I acknowledge that there is an important connection between truth and belief but propose a new way of interpreting that connection. On the account I put forth, evidence of truthconstrainsbelief without furnishing anaimfor belief.
Naturalism and the success of science
Authors: HARRISON PETER
Published: September 2018

Methodological naturalism is usually regarded as compatible with a range of religious commitments on the part of scientific practitioners and it is typically assumed thatmethodologicalnaturalism does not implymetaphysicalnaturalism. Against this, it has been argued that the cumulative success of the sciences, conducted in conformity with the principle of methodological naturalism, actually provides compelling evidence for the truth of metaphysical naturalism. In this article I assess the argument for naturalism from the history of science and suggest that it is deficient in a number of ways. There may be reasons for adopting naturalism, but the history of science is not the place to look for them.
Symptom prevalence and management in older adult patients in Lebanon
Authors: Huijer Huda Abu-Saad , Fares Souha , Bejjani Rachele , Dhaini Suzanne , Noureddine Samar , Ghusn Husam
Published: September 2018

Objective

The purpose of this study is to explore symptoms and the effectiveness of their management in older adult palliative care candidates in Lebanon. The aims of this study were to: (1) determine symptom prevalence in Lebanese older adults who qualify for palliative care; (2) identify the severity and distress of symptoms; (3) identify the prevalence of symptom management and its efficacy; and (4) explore the relationship between overall symptom burden and its correlates.

Method

This study uses an observational cross-sectional design using convenience sampling (N = 203) to recruit older adults qualifying for palliative care from three major medical centers in Lebanon.

Result

The mean age of the sample was 78.61 years. The most prevalent symptoms were lack of energy (93.5%), worrying (83.2%), and pain (71.4%). Psychological symptoms had the highest mean scores, preceded only by the physical symptoms and lack of energy. The most treated symptoms were physical with pain having the highest treatment prevalence (91%). Although psychological symptoms were the most burdensome, they were poorly treated. Multiple regression analysis showed that symptom scores had significant positive associations with financial status, social functioning, and comorbidities; there was a negative association with age.

Significance of results

Lack of energy and psychological symptoms were the most prevalent, with the latter having the highest mean total symptom scores. Treatment was poor for psychological symptoms and effective for physical ones. Associations were found between age, comorbidity, financial problems, social functioning, and total physical and psychological mean symptom burden scores. More attention needs to be given to psychological symptoms and their management among older adults receiving palliative care.
Ein Curriculum für die generalistische Pflegeausbildung
Authors: Schneider Kordula , Kuckeland Heidi , Hatziliadis Myrofora
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Unter wissenschaftlicher Begleitung des Instituts für Berufliche Lehrerbildung der Fachhochschule Münster entwickelt die Pflegeschule der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover in Kooperation mit der Berufsfachschule für Altenpflege der Johanniter ein kompetenzorientiertes und anschlussfähiges Curriculum Hannover (KraniCH) für die ­generalistische Pflegeausbildung. An der vorgeschalteten umfassenden Berufsfeldanalyse waren die Lehrerteams beider Schulen aktiv beteiligt. Dieser Beitrag erläutert den Hintergrund, gibt einen Einblick in das Forschungsdesign, beschreibt die Beteiligung der Lehrenden aus Theorie und Praxis und berichtet deren Erfahrungen im Forschungsprozess.
The Influence of Solar Wind and Geomagnetic Indices on Lower Band Chorus Emissions in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Boynton R. J. , Aryan H. , Walker S. N. , Krasnoselskikh V. , Balikhin M. A.
Published: September 2018

Statistical wave models, describing the distribution of wave amplitudes as a function of location, geomagnetic activity, and other parameters, are needed as the basis to describe the wave‐particle interactions within numerical models of the radiation belts. In this study, we widen the scope of the statistical wave models by investigating which of the solar wind parameters or geomagnetic indices and their time lags have the greatest influence on the amplitudes of lower band chorus (LBC) waves in the inner magnetosphere. The solar wind parameters or geomagnetic indices with the greatest control over the waves were found using the error reduction ratio (ERR) analysis, which plays a key role in system identification modeling techniques. In this application, the LBC magnitudes at different locations are considered as the output data, while the lagged solar wind parameters are the input data. The ERR analysis automatically determines a set of the most influential parameters that explain the variations in the emissions. Both linear and nonlinear applications of the ERR analysis are compared using solar wind inputs and show that the linear ERR analysis can be misleading. The linear results show that the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) factor has the most influence on at each magnetic local time (MLT) sector. However, the nonlinear ERR analysis shows that the IMF factor coupled with the solar wind velocity has the main contribution to the LBC wave magnitudes. When geomagnetic indices are included as inputs with the solar wind parameters to the nonlinear ERR analysis, the results show that the majority of the variation in emissions may be attributed to the Auroral Electrojet (AE) index. In the dawn sectors between 00 and 12 MLT and 5 < L < 7, the AE index multiplied by the solar wind velocity with zero time lag has the most influence on the amplitudes of LBC. For 5 < L < 7, the parameters with the highest ERR are the AE index multiplied by the solar wind velocity with a 2‐hr time lag at 12–16 MLT, the linear AE index with a 2‐hr time lag at 16–20 MLT, and AE index multiplied by the IMF factor with zero lag at 20–00 MLT. For 4 < L < 5, the parameters with the highest ERR are the AE index multiplied by the solar wind dynamic pressure with zero time lag at 00–04 MLT, the AE index multiplied by the solar wind velocity with zero time lag between 14 and 12 MLT, the AE index multiplied by the solar wind velocity with a 2‐hr time lag at 12–16 MLT, the Dst index with a 6‐hr time lag at 12–16 MLT, and the AE index multiplied by the IMF factor with zero lag at 20–00 MLT.
Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation in the Tropical Tropopause Layer
Authors: Jensen Eric J. , Kärcher Bernd , Ueyama Rei , Pfister Leonhard , Bui Theopaul V. , Diskin Glenn S. , DiGangi Joshua P. , Woods Sarah , Lawson R. Paul , Froyd Karl D. , Murphy Daniel M.
Published: September 2018

Recent laboratoryexperiments have advanced our understanding of heterogeneous ice nucleation at low temperatures. We use these laboratory results, along with field measurements of aerosol composition, to constrain a parameterization of heterogeneous nucleation rate dependence on temperature and supersaturation. We apply this nucleation parameterization in detailed simulations of transport and cloud formation in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL, ≃14–18 km) constrained by high‐altitude aircraft measurements of TTL cirrus microphysical properties and supersaturation. The model results indicate that if the abundant TTL organic‐containing aerosols were effective glassy ice nuclei (IN), as indicated by laboratory experiments with simple sugars/acids, then heterogeneous nucleation would prevent the occurrences of large ice concentrations and large ice supersaturations, both of which are clearly indicated by the in situ observations. If glassy organic aerosols are relatively poor IN, as indicated by laboratory experiments with more atmospherically relevant secondary organic aerosol‐like composition, then the simulated ice concentrations and supersaturations are in reasonable agreement with the observations. Concentrations of effective mineral dust or ammonium sulfate IN larger than about 50/L can drive significant changes in cirrus microphysical properties and occurrence frequency. The cloud occurrence frequency can either increase or decrease, depending on the efficacy and abundance of IN added to the TTL. Relatively low TTL concentrations of mineral dust particles (≤10 L−1 indicated by the limited available field measurements) have negligible impact on cirrus frequencies or microphysical properties. Given the assortment of uncertainties, meaningful estimates of TTL aerosol‐cirrus indirect effects on radiative forcing are likely not possible at this time.
WISHE‐Moisture Mode in an Aquaplanet Simulation
Authors: Shi Xiaoming , Kim Daehyun , Adames Ángel F. , Sukhatme Jai
Published: September 2018

This study aims to understand the nature of the tropical intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) in an aquaplanet simulation performed using Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's AM2.1 with a uniform sea surface temperature within the deep tropics. The simulated ISO resembles the observed Madden‐Julian Oscillation in that the spectral peak in precipitation appears at zonal wave number 1 and a period of ~60 days. Vertically integrated moist static energy budget of the simulated ISO shows that enhanced latent heat flux to the east of anomalously active convection causes eastward propagation of the ISO mode, which is weakly opposed by horizontal moisture advection. A series of mechanism denial experiments are conducted either by homogenizing select variables—surface wind stress, longwave radiative heating, and surface evaporation—with their zonal means from the control simulation or by suppressing free‐tropospheric moisture variation. Results of the mechanism denial experiments show that the simulated ISO disappears when the interactive surface evaporation is disabled, suggesting that the wind‐induced surface heat exchange (WISHE) mechanism is essential to the simulated ISO. Longwave cloud‐radiation feedbacks and moisture‐convection feedbacks affect horizontal scale and phase speed of the simulated ISO, respectively. Our results strongly suggest that the simulated ISO is the linear WISHE‐moisture mode of Fuchs and Raymond under horizontally uniform boundary conditions.
Brain monoamine oxidase A in seasonal affective disorder and treatment with bright light therapy
Authors: Spies Marie , James Gregory M. , Vraka Chrysoula , Philippe Cécile , Hienert Marius , Gryglewski Gregor , Komorowski Arkadiusz , Kautzky Alexander , Silberbauer Leo , Pichler Verena , Kranz Georg S. , Nics Lukas , Balber Theresa , Baldinger-Melich Pia , Vanicek Thomas , Spurny Benjamin , Winkler-Pjrek Edda , Wadsak Wolfgang , Mitterhauser Markus , Hacker Marcus , Kasper Siegfried , Lanzenberger Rupert , Winkler Dietmar
Published: September 2018

Increased cerebral monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) levels have been shown in non-seasonal depression using positron emission tomography (PET). Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a sub-form of major depressive disorder and is typically treated with bright light therapy (BLT). The serotonergic system is affected by season and light. Hence, this study aims to assess the relevance of brain MAO-A levels to the pathophysiology and treatment of SAD. Changes to cerebral MAO-A distribution (1) in SAD in comparison to healthy controls (HC), (2) after treatment with BLT and (3) between the seasons, were investigated in 24 patients with SAD and 27 HC using [11C]harmine PET. PET scans were performed in fall/winter before and after 3 weeks of placebo-controlled BLT, as well as in spring/summer. Cerebral MAO-A distribution volume (VT, an index of MAO-A density) did not differ between patients and HC at any of the three time-points. However, MAO-A VT decreased from fall/winter to spring/summer in the HC group (F1, 187.84 = 4.79, p < 0.050), while SAD showed no change. In addition, BLT, but not placebo, resulted in a significant reduction in MAO-A VT (F1, 208.92 = 25.96, p < 0.001). This is the first study to demonstrate an influence of BLT on human cerebral MAO-A levels in vivo. Furthermore, we show that SAD may lack seasonal dynamics in brain MAO-A levels. The lack of a cross-sectional difference between patients and HC, in contrast to studies in non-seasonal depression, may be due to the milder symptoms typically shown by patients with SAD.
Brain responses to different types of salience in antipsychotic naïve first episode psychosis: An fMRI study
Authors: Knolle Franziska , Ermakova Anna O , Justicia Azucena , Fletcher Paul C , Bunzeck Nico , Düzel Emrah , Murray Graham K
Published: September 2018

Abnormal salience processing has been suggested to contribute to the formation of positive psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and related conditions. Previous research utilising reward learning or anticipation paradigms has demonstrated cortical and subcortical abnormalities in people with psychosis, specifically in the prefrontal cortex, the dopaminergic midbrain and the striatum. In these paradigms, reward prediction errors attribute motivational salience to stimuli. However, little is known about possible abnormalities across different forms of salience processing in psychosis patients, and whether any such abnormalities involve the dopaminergic midbrain. The aim of our study was, therefore, to investigate possible alterations in psychosis in neural activity in response to various forms of salience: novelty, negative emotion, targetness (task-driven salience) and rareness/deviance. We studied 14 antipsychotic naïve participants with first episode psychosis, and 37 healthy volunteers. During fMRI scanning, participants performed a visual oddball task containing these four forms of salience. Psychosis patients showed abnormally reduced signalling in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) for novelty, negative emotional salience and targetness; reduced striatal and occipital (lingual gyrus) signalling to novelty and negative emotional salience, reduced signalling in the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex and parahippocamal gyrus to negative emotional salience, and reduced cerebellar signalling to novelty and negative emotional salience. Our results indicate alterations of several forms of salience processing in patients with psychosis in the midbrain SN/VTA, with additional subcortical and cortical regions also showing alterations in salience signalling, the exact pattern of alterations depending on the form of salience in question.
Somatic Trp53 mutations differentially drive breast cancer and evolution of metastases
Authors: Zhang Yun , Xiong Shunbin , Liu Bin , Pant Vinod , Celii Francis , Chau Gilda , Elizondo-Fraire Ana C. , Yang Peirong , You Mingjian James , El-Naggar Adel K. , Navin Nicholas E. , Lozano Guillermina
Published: September 2018

TP53 mutations are the most frequent genetic alterations in breast cancer and are associated with more aggressive disease and worse overall survival. We have created two conditional mutant Trp53 alleles in the mouse that allow expression of Trp53R172H or Trp53R245W missense mutations in single cells surrounded by a normal stroma and immune system. Mice with Trp53 mutations in a few breast epithelial cells develop breast cancers with high similarity to human breast cancer including triple negative. p53R245W tumors are the most aggressive and exhibit metastases to lung and liver. Development of p53R172H breast tumors with some metastases requires additional hits. Sequencing of primary tumors and metastases shows p53R245W drives a parallel evolutionary pattern of metastases. These in vivo models most closely simulate the genesis of human breast cancer and will thus be invaluable in testing novel therapeutic options.
Nordic Seas polynyas and their role in preconditioning marine productivity during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Knies Jochen , Köseoğlu Denizcan , Rise Leif , Baeten Nicole , Bellec Valérie K. , Bøe Reidulv , Klug Martin , Panieri Giuliana , Jernas Patrycja E. , Belt Simon T.
Published: September 2018

Arctic and Antarctic polynyas are crucial sites for deep-water formation, which helps sustain global ocean circulation. During glacial times, the occurrence of polynyas proximal to expansive ice sheets in both hemispheres has been proposed to explain limited ocean ventilation and a habitat requirement for marine and higher-trophic terrestrial fauna. Nonetheless, their existence remains equivocal, not least due to the hitherto paucity of sufficiently characteristic proxy data. Here we demonstrate polynya formation in front of the NW Eurasian ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which resulted from katabatic winds blowing seaward of the ice shelves and upwelling of warm, sub-surface Atlantic water. These polynyas sustained ice-sheet build-up, ocean ventilation, and marine productivity in an otherwise glacial Arctic desert. Following the catastrophic meltwater discharge from the collapsing ice sheets at ~17.5 ka BP, polynya formation ceased, marine productivity declined dramatically, and sea ice expanded rapidly to cover the entire Nordic Seas.
Uniform doping of graphene close to the Dirac point by polymer-assisted assembly of molecular dopants
Authors: He Hans , Kim Kyung Ho , Danilov Andrey , Montemurro Domenico , Yu Liyang , Park Yung Woo , Lombardi Floriana , Bauch Thilo , Moth-Poulsen Kasper , Iakimov Tihomir , Yakimova Rositsa , Malmberg Per , Müller Christian , Kubatkin Sergey , Lara-Avila Samuel
Published: September 2018

Tuning the charge carrier density of two-dimensional (2D) materials by incorporating dopants into the crystal lattice is a challenging task. An attractive alternative is the surface transfer doping by adsorption of molecules on 2D crystals, which can lead to ordered molecular arrays. However, such systems, demonstrated in ultra-high vacuum conditions (UHV), are often unstable in ambient conditions. Here we show that air-stable doping of epitaxial graphene on SiC—achieved by spin-coating deposition of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-tetracyano-quino-dimethane (F4TCNQ) incorporated in poly(methyl-methacrylate)—proceeds via the spontaneous accumulation of dopants at the graphene-polymer interface and by the formation of a charge-transfer complex that yields low-disorder, charge-neutral, large-area graphene with carrier mobilities ~70 000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at cryogenic temperatures. The assembly of dopants on 2D materials assisted by a polymer matrix, demonstrated by spin-coating wafer-scale substrates in ambient conditions, opens up a scalable technological route toward expanding the functionality of 2D materials.
Spatial heterogeneity as the structure feature for structure–property relationship of metallic glasses
Authors: Zhu Fan , Song Shuangxi , Reddy Kolan Madhav , Hirata Akihiko , Chen Mingwei
Published: September 2018

The mechanical properties of crystalline materials can be quantitatively described by crystal defects of solute atoms, dislocations, twins, and grain boundaries with the models of solid solution strengthening, Taylor strain hardening and Hall–Petch grain boundary strengthening. However, for metallic glasses, a well-defined structure feature which dominates the mechanical properties of the disordered materials is still missing. Here, we report that nanoscale spatial heterogeneity is the inherent structural feature of metallic glasses. It has an intrinsic correlation with the strength and deformation behavior. The strength and Young’s modulus of metallic glasses can be defined by the function of the square root reciprocal of the characteristic length of the spatial heterogeneity. Moreover, the stretching exponent of time-dependent strain relaxation can be quantitatively described by the characteristic length. Our study provides compelling evidence that the spatial heterogeneity is a feasible structural indicator for portraying mechanical properties of metallic glasses.
16-qubit IBM universal quantum computer can be fully entangled
Authors: Wang Yuanhao , Li Ying , Yin Zhang-qi , Zeng Bei
Published: September 2018

Entanglement is an important evidence that a quantum device can potentially solve problems intractable for classical computers. In this paper, we prepare connected graph states involving 8 to 16 qubits onibmqx5, a 16-qubit superconducting quantum processor accessible via IBM cloud, using low-depth circuits. We demonstrate that the prepared state is fully entangled, i.e., the state is inseparable with respect to any fixed partition.
Author Correction: Selection and evaluation of an efficient method for the recovery of viral nucleic acids from complex biologicals
Authors: Sathiamoorthy Sarmitha , Malott Rebecca J. , Gisonni-Lex Lucy , Ng Siemon H. S.
Published: September 2018

In the original version of this Article the title was incorrectly given as ‘Selection and evaluation of an efficient method for the recovery of viral nucleic acid extraction from complex biologicals’. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Integration of Molecular Interactome and Targeted Interaction Analysis to Identify a COPD Disease Network Module
Authors: Sharma Amitabh , Kitsak Maksim , Cho Michael H. , Ameli Asher , Zhou Xiaobo , Jiang Zhiqiang , Crapo James D. , Beaty Terri H. , Menche Jörg , Bakke Per S. , Santolini Marc , Silverman Edwin K.
Published: September 2018

The polygenic nature of complex diseases offers potential opportunities to utilize network-based approaches that leverage the comprehensive set of protein-protein interactions (the human interactome) to identify new genes of interest and relevant biological pathways. However, the incompleteness of the current human interactome prevents it from reaching its full potential to extract network-based knowledge from gene discovery efforts, such as genome-wide association studies, for complex diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we provide a framework that integrates the existing human interactome information with experimental protein-protein interaction data for FAM13A, one of the most highly associated genetic loci to COPD, to find a more comprehensive disease network module. We identified an initial disease network neighborhood by applying a random-walk method. Next, we developed a network-based closeness approach (CAB) that revealed 9 out of 96 FAM13A interacting partners identified by affinity purification assays were significantly close to the initial network neighborhood. Moreover, compared to a similar method (local radiality), the CAB approach predicts low-degree genes as potential candidates. The candidates identified by the network-based closeness approach were combined with the initial network neighborhood to build a comprehensive disease network module (163 genes) that was enriched with genes differentially expressed between controls and COPD subjects in alveolar macrophages, lung tissue, sputum, blood, and bronchial brushing datasets. Overall, we demonstrate an approach to find disease-related network components using new laboratory data to overcome incompleteness of the current interactome.
Dynamics of liquid-liquid phase separation of wheat gliadins
Authors: Boire Adeline , Sanchez Christian , Morel Marie-Hélène , Lettinga Minne Paul , Menut Paul
Published: September 2018

During wheat seeds development, storage proteins are synthetized and subsequently form dense protein phases, also called Protein Bodies (PBs). The mechanisms of PBs formation and the supramolecular assembly of storage proteins in PBs remain unclear. In particular, there is an apparent contradiction between the low solubility in water of storage proteins and their high local dynamics in dense PBs. Here, we probe the interplay between short-range attraction and long-range repulsion of a wheat gliadin isolate by investigating the dynamics of liquid-liquid phase separation after temperature quench. We do so using time-resolved small angle light scattering, phase contrast microscopy and rheology. We show that gliadins undergo liquid-liquid phase separation through Nucleation and Growth or Spinodal Decomposition depending on the quench depth. They assemble into dense phases but remain in a liquid-like state over an extended range of temperatures and concentrations. The analysis of phase separation kinetics reveals that the attraction strength of gliadins is in the same order of magnitude as other proteins. We discuss the respective role of competing interactions, protein intrinsic disorder, hydration and polydispersity in promoting local dynamics and providing this liquid-like behavior despite attractive forces.
Crystallographic texture and mineral concentration quantification of developing and mature human incisal enamel
Authors: Al-Mosawi Mohammed , Davis Graham Roy , Bushby Andy , Montgomery Janet , Beaumont Julia , Al-Jawad Maisoon
Published: September 2018

For human dental enamel, what is the precise mineralization progression spatially and the precise timing of mineralization? This is an important question in the fundamental understanding of matrix-mediated biomineralization events, but in particular because we can use our understanding of this natural tissue growth in humans to develop biomimetic approaches to repair and replace lost enamel tissue. It is important to understand human tissues in particular since different species have quite distinct spatial and temporal progression of mineralization. In this study, five human central incisors at different stages of enamel maturation/mineralization were spatially mapped using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and X-ray microtomography techniques. From the earliest developmental stage, two crystallite-orientation populations coexist with angular separations between the crystallite populations of approximately 40° varying as a function of position within the tooth crown. In general, one population had significantly lower texture magnitude and contributed a higher percentage to the overall crystalline structure, compared to the other population which contributed only 20–30% but had significantly higher texture magnitude. This quantitative analysis allows us to understand the complex and co-operative structure-function relationship between two populations of crystallites within human enamel. There was an increase in the mineral concentration from the enamel-dentin junction peripherally and from the incisal tip cervically as a function of maturation time. Quantitative backscattered-electron analyses showed that mineralization of prism cores precedes that of prism boundaries. These results provide new insights into the precise understanding of the natural growth of human enamel.