bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Effect of Balance Rhythm Dance and Aerobics on Motor Function Rehabilitation in Elderly Women
Authors: Zhang Shanshan , Yu Xiuli , Gao Kai , Yang Runli , Ren Liu , Yuan Ye , Li Xuefan , Shen Jun
Published: February 2025

Objective: To investigate the effect of a self-developed balance rhythm dance program on the rehabilitation of motor function and the reduction of fall risk in elderly women with diminished balance function. Methods: Fifty elderly women with reduced balance function, admitted to the Qingbar Elderly Care Center of Chongqing Medical University from December 2022 to December 2023, were randomly selected and divided into two groups. The aerobic exercise group (25 patients) received traditional treatment and rehabilitation nursing, while the balance rhythm dance intervention group (25 patients) received the balance rhythm dance intervention in addition to traditional treatment and rehabilitation nursing. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were used as evaluation indicators to compare the intervention effects between the two groups. Results: The data revealed that the balance rhythm dance intervention significantly improved the motor ability and balance function of elderly women in the intervention group (P < 0.01), with statistically significant differences observed. Conclusion: The balance rhythm dance program plays a critical role in promoting the rehabilitation of motor function and balance ability in elderly women, effectively enhancing their quality of life.
A Study on the Beliefs and Attitudes of Nurses in Yunnan Province Towards Nurse Prescriptive Authority
Authors: Lu Yulin , Chen Jian , Li Ying , Yu Jun , Chen Yanyu , Xue Jiangyu
Published: February 2025

Objective: To investigate the current beliefs and attitudes of nurses in Yunnan Province toward prescriptive authority, analyze the influencing factors, and provide evidence for future research and policy formulation to support the establishment of nurses’ prescriptive authority in China. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 937 nurses in Yunnan Province using the Beliefs and Attitudes Scale on Nurses’ Prescriptive Authority. The scale assessed four dimensions: perceived need, self-efficacy, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing the overall score and each dimension. Results: The total score of the Beliefs and Attitudes Scale was 89.17 ± 17.69, indicating a moderate level of awareness and positive attitude among nurses. The highest-scoring dimension was perceived benefits (34.94 ± 8.04), while the lowest was perceived barriers (15.23 ± 3.5). Age was identified as a significant factor influencing the overall score and self-efficacy dimension (P < 0.05). Years of practice influenced the perceived benefits dimension (P = 0.051), while gender, age, and professional title were key factors affecting the perceived barriers dimension (P < 0.05). Male nurses and senior nurses demonstrated more caution toward potential risks associated with prescriptive authority. Conclusion: Nurses in Yunnan Province exhibit moderate levels of belief in and attitudes toward prescriptive authority, with age being the most significant influencing factor. Tailored training programs, policy promotion, and practical guidance are recommended to enhance nurses’ understanding and support for prescriptive authority, thereby improving nursing practices and addressing regional healthcare challenges.
Meta-analysis of Influencing Factors of Psychological Distress in Patients with Enterostomy
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Zhang Long
Published: February 2025

Objective: To explore the factors affecting the psychological pain of patients with enterostomy through meta-analysis, with the aim of reducing psychological pain and improving patients’ quality of life. Methods: Published literature on psychological pain in enterostomy patients was retrieved from Chinese and English databases, including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, China Biomedical Network, PubMed, Embase, Ovid, and Web of Science. The search period covered the establishment of the databases until October 2024. Literature was screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and its quality was evaluated. Data analysis was performed using R Studio software. Results: A total of 2,237 articles involving 1,221 patients with enterostomy and 11 influencing factors were identified. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that age, marital status, ostomy complications, self-care ability, pain severity, and sleep quality were the primary contributors to psychological distress. Conclusion: Multiple factors influence psychological pain in enterostomy patients. Medical staff should prioritize addressing these factors to alleviate psychological pain and enhance patients’ quality of life.
Analysis of the Diagnostic Value of Blood Test Indicators for Anemia
Authors: Yu Xueguo
Published: February 2025

Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of blood test indicators in the differential diagnosis of anemia. Methods: Sixty patients diagnosed with anemia (disease group) from June 2021 to June 2024 were selected. Based on the type of disease, the group was subdivided into iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with 31 cases, hemolytic anemia (HA) with 11 cases, and aplastic anemia (AA) with 18 cases. Based on the severity of the disease, the group was divided into mild anemia (30 cases), moderate anemia (19 cases), and severe anemia (11 cases). Sixty healthy individuals (control group) were also included, and all underwent blood tests. Comparisons were made between the red blood cell (RBC) indicators of the disease group and the control group, the blood test indicators of different types of anemia, and the serum iron levels of varying severity of anemia. Results: Except for red cell distribution width (RDW), the RBC indicators in the disease group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Comparisons of RBC indicators among different types of anemia showed significant differences (P < 0.05). Serum iron levels varied significantly among different degrees of anemia severity (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Blood tests can detect anemia, distinguish types of anemia, and assess anemia severity, offering high diagnostic value.
A Study of Impact of Advertising on Consumers' Purchasing Behavior
Authors: Varun Kumar Singh Varun Kumar Singh , Dr. Hemant Kumar Singh Dr. Hemant Kumar Singh
Published: February 2025

Advertising is one of the most powerful and important ways that allow to give consumers an ideaor ―change their opinion‖ about a certain product or service, and that businesses from all over the worldtend to use. Marketing processes in today's business environment are centered on the relationshipbetween a company and its customers. Advertising has long been regarded as a popular managementtool for coping with today's competitive markets' quick technical and marketing changes, and thismanagement tool refers to the reanalysis and re-designing of activities and processes both within andoutside the business. The advertising business is a social institution that was created to meet the humandemand for information about product, brand, and service availability. Recently, there has been awidespread perception that advertising is a form of communication designed to exploit the consumer,and the study discusses advertising, economic social impact of advertising, the function ofadvertising, consumer attitudes and behaviors, social media advertising, internet advertising, consumerbehavior, marketing concept and consumer behavior.
Peningkatan Kepercayaan Diri Siswa Kelas IV Melalui Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) di SDN 7 Cakranegara
Authors: Rizki Cahaya , Zain Moh. Irawan , Muslehudin Muslehudin
Published: February 2025

Pendidikan sangatlah penting karena tidak hanya berbicara tentang kognitif dan keterampilan peserta didik, melainkan berkaitan dengan sikap, karakter, dan rasa kepercayaan diri. Kepercayaan diri merupakan suatu periliaku yang sangat positif seseorang dalam mengembangkan potensi yang dimilikinya sehingga akan berdampak positif bagi diri sendiri maupun orang sekitarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan diri peserta didik kelas IV melalui penerapan model Problem Based learning (PBL) di SDN 7 Cakranegara. Metode Penelitian Tindakan Kelas digunakan dengan dua siklus dan melalui 4 tahapan yakni perencanaan, tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Teknik pengumpulan data diambil dengan angket dan observasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis kuantitatif.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kepercayaan diri dari siklus 1 dan siklus 2. Pada siklus 1 persentase kepercayaan diri peserta didik yakni 69%. Sedangkan siklus 2 mencapai 89%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa penerapan model Problem Based learning (PBL) dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan diri peserta didik.
O Patinho Elmer: uma análise discursiva e prática do outra na Literatura Infantil
Authors: Duran Francisco
Published: February 2025

O sentimento homofóbico permeia nos meios sociais deixando rasto de violência e chagas físicas e mentais que ultrapassam as fronteiras racionáveis do sujeito. A escola tem um papel importante nesse processo de erradicação desse sentimento, principalmente por estar bastante envolvida, mas infelizmente ao mesmo tempo, emudecida. Outro olhar nas questões da sexualidade e principalmente da homossexualidade é crucial para pensarmos em vivências dentro da diversidade. Este artigo vem analisar a sexualidade através da releitura de um livro de fábula e a sua utilização num projeto que envolveu toda a comunidade de uma escola pública estadual.
Palavras-chave: infância, literatura, homossexualidade.
Temas de Direito Contemporâneo - Volume 10
Authors: Moraes Alan Jeffeson Lima de , Silva Amanda dos Santos da , Cassia Sousa Barros Patrícia de
Published: February 2025

Este livro compila as investigações realizadas pelos estudantes do Curso de Direito da Faculdade Anhanguera de São Luís/MA. Este é o início de uma longa jornada de estímulo à produção científica dos estudantes do curso, possibilitando a publicação dos Trabalhos de Conclusão de Curso em uma coletânea com temas variados no campo jurídico.
Dom Frei José Fialho, Bispo de Olinda e Arcebispo da Baía
Authors: Mueller Bonifácio
Published: February 2025

Começou o novo Arcebispo a considerar as obrigações que lhe impunha a sua dignidade arquiepiscopal, e observando alguns abusos introduzidos (não digo que por facilidade ou omissão do governo antecedente, e nem tão pouco por conveniências particulares, e bem útil, porque ordinariamente perturba todos os governos do mundo, mas, sim, pela humana fragilidade) e com sua natural viveza, com uma prudência toda espiritual de que era dotado, por si mesmo, sem estrondo, corrigiu alguns. Observando porém, com o correr do tempo, que era necessário usar de meios mais expressivos, e menos suaves, corrigiu tudo o que pôde na breve duração do seu governo. Acharam a sua prudência, integridade e justiça, motivos para seus exercícios, porque encontrou ele muitas coisas que podiam assentar a outro qualquer Prelado que não fosse como ele constante na observância da imunidade, na observância das Leis, e prontidão no acerto das resoluções.
Cross-Dimensional Integration and Innovative Applications of Piano and Vocal Sound Assets in the AI Era
Authors: Yuhao Cheng
Published: February 2025

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology is reshaping paradigms in musical creation, education, and performance. This paper focuses on piano and vocal sound assets as core research subjects, exploring how AI enables innovative applications through cross-dimensional integration (technology, art, education, and industry). Case studies on interactive smart piano pedagogy, ethical boundaries in vocal synthesis, and data-driven compositional models are analyzed to demonstrate AI’s multifaceted penetration into the music ecosystem and its disruptive impact on traditional practices. A fusion strategy balancing technological optimization and humanistic values is proposed. Findings indicate that AI enhances the efficient management and re-creation of sound assets, promoting the democratization, personalization, and globalization of music. However, systemic solutions are required to address challenges in copyright protection, emotional expression, and ethical governance.
Design Of Temperature Control Device In Milk Pasteurization Process With High Temperature Short Time (HTST) Method Using PID Controller
Authors: Chintia Rahma Rahayu  , Yultrisna Yultrisna , Herizon Herizon , Rohfadli Muhammad
Published: February 2025

Milk is one of the foods that contain a number of highly nutritious nutrients. The content of protein, glucose, lipids, mineral salts, and vitamins with a pH of 6.8 causes microorganisms to grow easily in milk. Microorganisms that develop in milk will cause the milk to spoil. Therefore, it is necessary to process milk in order to maximize the quality and durability of milk, one of which is by heating milk (pasteurization). The pasteurization device is designed using a MAX6675 thermocouple sensor to measure the temperature of the milk during the pasteurization process where the temperature is controlled by a PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controller with predetermined Kp, Ki, Kd parameters. The parameters obtained for PID control are Kp = 42, Ki = 3.5, Kd = 9. In testing the pasteurization device applying the High Temperature Short Time (HTST) method with a setpoint of 72 ℃ for 15 seconds with the time needed to reach the setpoint value for 29 minutes. Temperature readings using MAX6675 thermocouple sensors produce an average error of 0.5% when compared to national standard measuring instruments. Pasteurized milk can last for 3 days at 4-10℃ and for 4 hours at room temperature or around 21-25℃.
Sheikh M. Yasin’s Grave Pilgrimage: Study of Jamaah Tarekat Syattariyah in Tanjung Ampalu, West Sumatera
Authors: Anum Muhammad
Published: February 2025

The background of this research is the Syattariyah congregation's motivation to perform a grave pilgrimage to the grave of Sheikh M. Yasin in Tanjung Ampalu. The purpose of this research is basically to find out why Syattariyah adherents make a grave pilgrimage to the grave of Sheikh M. Yasin and why the grave of Sheikh M. Yasin becomes an attraction by the followers of the Syattariyah order to be used as a grave pilgrimage activity. The research method used in this study is the descriptive qualitative method. Data collection was done through interviews, observation, and documentation. The research place was conducted at the grave of Sheikh M. Yasin in Tanjung Ampalu. The study participants amounted to 17 people, consisting of the Tarekat Syattariyah congregation, traditional leaders, and tomb managers. The results showed that the congregation of the Syattariyah Order made a pilgrimage to eat Sheikh M. Yasin three times a year, namely Rajab, Safar, and Syaban, to carry out religious activities Yasinan, Zikir, and Wirid. The choice of the grave of Sheikh M. Yasin was influenced by three factors, first because it has Charismatic, secondly the grave and Surau of Sheikh M. Yasin were recorded as Cultural Heritage and included as a Surau of the West Sumatra Syattariyah Tarekat, thirdly because of religious knowledge.
Cultural Shifts in the Use of Acehnese Language in Community Interactions in Banda Aceh City
Authors: Lusi Chairun Nisak Cut , Izzati Nurul , Ayuning Anjar Yuva
Published: February 2025

This study is motivated by the declining number of Acehnese speakers in everyday interactions within the community in Banda Aceh. This research aims to identify the factors influencing the shift in the use of the Acehnese language in daily interactions among the community in Banda Aceh. The analysis in this study employs Herbert Blumer's symbolic interactionism theory and utilizes a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings of this study reveal that the shift in the use of the Acehnese language begins within the family environment. A lack of awareness among parents to pass down and instill the use of the Acehnese language in their children leads to a failure in cultural transmission to future generations. In addition to family, the school environment also contributes to the declining use of the Acehnese language, as teaching activities predominantly use Indonesian, with minimal local Acehnese language lessons. Furthermore, the influx of migrants in Banda Aceh who are not proficient in Acehnese also results in the community rarely using the Acehnese language in public, making Indonesian the dominant language used as a collective action to adapt language use to those around them. This study highlights the need to enhance the collective awareness of the community in preserving and maintaining the Acehnese language, as well as the necessity for educational policies that better support the teaching of the Acehnese language in schools.
Human Existence (Humanism) Perspective of Hamka's Islamic Philosophy
Authors: Hardewita Mutiara
Published: February 2025

This study aims to describe and analyze the thoughts about human existence or humanism from a figure in the Indonesian Archipelago, namely Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah who is known as Hamka. The method used in this study is the analytical descriptive method. The primary data source used as a reference is a book written by Hamka. The secondary data source comes from books and other journal articles that support this study. Based on the study, it shows that human existence or humanism in Hamka's perspective, where humans are rational is an aspect of humanism. Reason is a guard, and also something that can control humans. Human humanity is reflected in reason that is used optimally. Reason is used by humans to be able to think about how much pleasure humans receive from God. There are three original characteristics found in humans, which are used to perfect the animal nature of humans, namely tendencies, anger, and selfishness.
Dynamics in Implementing the Concept of Anti-Bullying Education Based on Prophet’s Sunnah
Authors: Sartini Titi , Ismail M. Syukri
Published: February 2025

The background of this paper is the prevalence of bullying behavior in society. Bullying behavior almost colors all aspects of life, especially in the political year. So that the success of our education is questioned. History has proven that the jahiliyyah tradition can turn into a prophetic tradition. The Prophet Muhammad was successful in instilling anti-bullying values. The approach used is qualitative, using the Library Study method (library research), and research relies on library data. This study found that there were 3 main methods of anti-bullying education carried out by the Prophet Muhammad, namely: first, the Prophet became a model, uswah hasanah, a role model in educating friends. Second, the Prophet Muhammad told the companions to carry out the teachings of Islam. Third, the Prophet Muhammad prohibited or condemned bullying.
Perception of Students Syiah Kuala University on the Islamic Shari'a Implementation in Banda Aceh
Authors: Zulfa Fadhillah.N Rayhan , Firdaus Roni , Abdul Azizsyah Maulana
Published: February 2025

Aceh is a region in Indonesia that implements Sharia Law as its legal foundation. However, violations of this policy, particularly among youth, remain prevalent. Understanding students' perceptions of this implementation is crucial, as they play a pivotal role as agents of social change. This study employs a descriptive quantitative survey approach, using a purposive sampling method to collect data from 95 students at the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Syiah Kuala University (FISIP USK). Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire with Likert-scale responses, focusing on three indicators: understanding, attitudes, and evaluation of Sharia Law implementation. The findings reveal that students generally have a positive perception of Sharia Law, with 66.3% expressing agreement regarding its understanding, 66.3% showing support in their attitudes, and 65.1% positively evaluating its implementation. The study underscores the influence of personal experiences, social environments, and media exposure on shaping perceptions. It also emphasizes the need for improved education on Sharia Law and collaborative efforts between the government and educational institutions to enhance awareness and adherence among youth. This research contributes to understanding the dynamics of Sharia Law implementation in Aceh, offering insights for policymakers to strengthen legal education for youth
Faʻāliyah Istikhdām Istirātījiyyah al-ʻIqāb ʻalá Mahārah al-Kalām ladā Ṭullāb Maʻhad Tāpūz Bāriyāmān Sūmaṭrah al-Gharbiyyah
Authors: Aditya Denika  , Anas Albaihaqi
Published: February 2025

Teaching Arabic is a process that aims to develop students' abilities and guide them towards mastering the language by using it in their daily lives. The implementation of the punishment strategy at the Tapuz Pariaman Institute is one of the activities that contribute to improving students' Arabic language skills, as students are required to use Arabic throughout the day. This study aimed to find out the effectiveness of using the punishment strategy in improving the speech skills of students of the Tapuz Pariaman Institute in West Sumatra. This research is qualitative research using the descriptive analysis method. Data were collected by interview and observation method. After processing and analyzing the data, the researcher obtained the results of the research that the application of the punishment strategy at the Tapuz Pariaman Institute is effective in upgrading the Arabic language speech skill of students. Use sanctions as an educational tool not only to promote discipline, but to achieve educational goals through useful educational activities, such as memorizing Arabic vocabulary and conducting dialogues. Punishment has also proven effective in motivating students to abide by the rules and develop their language skills continuously.
يعدّ تعليم اللغة العربية عملية تهدف إلى تنمية قدرات الطلاب وتوجيههم نحو إتقان اللغة من خلال استخدامها في حياتهم اليومية. يعدّ تطبيق إستراتيجية العقاب في معهد تافوز باريامان أحد الأنشطة التي تسهم في تحسين مهارات الطلاب في اللغة العربية، حيث يُلزم الطلاب باستخدام اللغة العربية طوال اليوم.. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة فعالية استخدام إستراتيجية العقاب في تحسين مهارة الكلام لدى طلاب معهد تافوز باريامان في سومطرة الغربية. هذا البحث بحث كيفي باستخدام أسلوب التحليل الوصفي. تم جمع البيانات عن طريقة المقابلة واللاحظة. بعد معالجة البيانات وتحليلها، حصل الباحث على نتائج البحث أن تطبيق إستراتيجية العقاب في معهد تافوز باريامان فعال في ترقية مهارة الكلام باللغة العربية لدى الطلاب. استخدام العقوبات كأداة تربوية ليست فقط لتعزيز الانضباط، بل لتحقيق أهداف تعليمية من خلال أنشطة تعليمية مفيدة، مثل حفظ المفردات العربية وإجراء الحوارات. كما أن العقاب قد أثبت فعاليته في تحفيز الطلاب على الالتزام بالقواعد وتطوير مهاراتهم اللغوية بشكل مستمر.
The Islamic Left and the Liberation of Oppressed Societies: A Critical Analysis of Hassan Hanafi's Thoght
Authors: Anggraini Reni Dian
Published: February 2025

This article examines the concept of the Islamic Left in Hassan Hanafi’s thought and its relevance to the liberation of oppressed societies. Hanafi introduces the Islamic Left as a transformative intellectual framework aimed at addressing the multifaceted crises—political, economic, and social—faced by marginalized societies. He envisions this paradigm as a critical tool for dismantling systemic oppression and fostering societal emancipation. Using a critical literature review of Hanafi’s major works, this study examines the core tenets of the Islamic Left and assesses its applicability in contemporary contexts. Hanafi’s approach emphasizes liberation as a central goal of prophetic religious teachings, aligning social justice with the ethical and spiritual imperatives of Islam. His critique of societal structures highlights the need to challenge economic exploitation, political subjugation, and cultural hegemony. Furthermore, his vision advocates a significant paradigm shift in Islamic thought, urging a move from a theocentric worldview—centered on divine transcendence—to an anthropocentric perspective, which places human agency and dignity at the forefront of social and civilizational struggles. This article contributes to the broader discourse on religion and social justice by demonstrating the relevance of Hanafi’s Islamic Left in contemporary efforts to combat inequality and foster progressive social change. It highlights the enduring significance of liberation theology within modern Islamic intellectual traditions.
The Supremacy of Revelation over Reason: Al-Ghazali's Critique of Rationalist Philosophy in Tahafut Al-Falasifah
Authors: Mujahidin Sultan
Published: February 2025

This study examines the implications of the supremacy of revelation over reason in the development of Islamic philosophical thought, with a specific focus on Al-Ghazali’s Tahafut al-Falasifah. It seeks to address three key questions: (1) How does Al-Ghazali conceptualize the relationship between reason and revelation in the acquisition of knowledge? (2) What socio-cultural, political, and intellectual factors influenced Al-Ghazali’s critique of rationalist philosophy and his prioritization of revelation? (3) What are the broader implications of his thought for the evolution of Islamic theology and philosophy after the publication of Tahafut al-Falasifah? Using a descriptive-analytical approach, this study explores Al-Ghazali’s arguments within the context of broader Islamic philosophical debates, emphasizing his assertion of revelation as the ultimate epistemological authority. The findings indicate that Al-Ghazali viewed divine revelation as the most reliable and authoritative foundation for knowledge, challenging the dominance of Peripatetic Islamic philosophy, which heavily relied on Greek rationalist traditions. His critique was shaped by the socio-political milieu of his time, marked by the increasing popularity of rationalist philosophy and its perceived threat to Sunni orthodoxy. The study concludes that Al-Ghazali’s prioritization of revelation resulted in a gradual decline in critical reasoning and fostered greater skepticism toward foreign ideas within Islamic intellectual traditions. These developments significantly shaped theological and philosophical trajectories in the post-Tahafut era, highlighting the enduring impact of Al-Ghazali’s thought on Islamic intellectual history.
Considerations for the Formulation of Fiqh Munakahat Reason and Criminal Law on Polygamy Sirri Practices in Indonesia
Authors: Rohman Moh. Mujibur , Basuki Aziz
Published: February 2025

Polygamy in Islam is legal with the condition that it must be fair. In practice, justice is rarely realised. This is what makes the state take a preventive stance by obtaining permission from the first wife. The difficulty of obtaining permission makes sirri polygamy a practice under the pretext of religious syi'ar, even though the danger is the neglect of women and their offspring. This research is a normative research with a statutory approach, analytical approach and conceptual approach which is then reduced, displayed and drawn conclusions on the data obtained. The results of the study state that administratively the perpetrators of nikah sirri are criticised by religion, because in the Islamic concept marriage must be carried out openly (i'lan al-nikah) and administratively the state of marriage must be carried out at the marriage registrar, both at the Dukcapil and at the KUA. Meanwhile, the sanction for those who commit polygamy sirri or underhand is imprisonment for a maximum of six years or punishment in the form of compensation or a fine of Rp. 200,000,000 (two hundred million rupiah), this refers to article 126 of Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP). This research is expected to be a reference for policy makers in formulating regulations that are more comprehensive and effective in overcoming the problem of sirri polygamy, as well as for legal practitioners in providing legal assistance for victims.
Deep Learning and Machine Learning: Contrastive Learning, from scratch to application
Authors: Song Xinyuan , Chen Keyu , Bi Ziqian , Niu Qian , Liu Junyu , Peng Benji , Zhang Sen , Liu Ming , Li Ming , Pan Xuanhe , Xu Jiawei , Wang Jinlang , Feng Pohsun , Zhang Li , Zhong Yan
Published: February 2025

Contrastive learning is a powerful technique in the field of machine learning, specifically in representation learning. The central idea of contrastive learning is to learn a model by distinguishing between similar and dissimilar data points. This involves pulling similar data points closer in the learned representation space while pushing dissimilar points farther apart.Imagine you have a collection of images, some of which are different views of the same object and some of which are completely unrelated. Contrastive learning would aim to generate embeddings (i.e., numerical representations) for these images such that the images showing the same object (similar images) are mapped close together, while images of different objects (dissimilar images) are mapped far apart.For example, consider a scenario where we have two images of cats and one image of a dog. The model would be trained to pull the representations of the two cat images closer together and push the dog image further away from the cat images in the representation space. This way, when the model encounters new images, it can easily identify whether two images represent the same object or not.Contrastive learning can be applied to a variety of tasks, such as image classification, natural language processing, and even reinforcement learning . The core principle, though, remains the same: learn a representation space that reflects the similarities and dissimilarities between the data points.
Points of contention in measure evaluation can arise from the use of divergent validity frameworks: A reply to Conway et al. (2025)
Authors: Wendt Leon Patrick
Published: February 2025

This reply to Conway et al. (2025) illustrates how points of contention in the evaluation of mindreading (or Theory of Mind) measures can arise from the use of divergent validity concepts. The construct validity model used in Wendt and colleagues’ (2024) empirical study contrasts with the perspective implicit in Conway and colleagues' commentary, which is more consistent with Lennon's content validity model. This is reflected in the authors' conception of the nature of what is to be measured (i.e., the measurand), the criterion for what makes a measure superior (i.e., validity), and the proposed methods for judging this (i.e., validation). The mismatch between the validity concepts adopted by the respective authors has three major implications: First, Conway and colleagues' critique does not fully address the specific goals, assumptions, and intricacies of construct validation methodology. Second, their approach to measuring mindreading should not be confused with, or considered as an alternative to, construct validation, but is valuable in its own right. Third, the two validity frameworks mentioned offer unique opportunities for different phases of the research process. While a content validity approach can be valuable for describing an empirical phenomenon that seems worthy of explanation (e.g., real-world mindreading), a construct validity approach helps identify the theoretical constructs that might help explain it (e.g., mindreading ability).
The way of thinking about depressive symptoms using Poisson process and exponential distribution (exponential process)
Authors: Yabu Takuya
Published: February 2025

So far, we have been using stochastic differential equations to explain the process of deriving emotions and ways of thinking based on the assumption of a Wiener process. However, in reality, there are cases where depression suddenly appears when things are going well. If a person is suffering from depression, the values of the group of curves, such as the similarity curve, will be at their lowest negative value if we consider them using a Wiener process. However, there are cases where a person goes from feeling good to suffering from depression, in other words, where the values of the group of curves, such as the similarity curve, suddenly change from positive to their lowest negative value. This cannot be explained using the conventional approach of considering groups of curves such as similar curves using the Wiener process. Therefore, we considered depression symptoms using the Poisson process and the exponential distribution (exponential process). We derived a stochastic differential equation that gives the number of times a person become depressed within a certain period of time, and showed that the number of times a person become depressed within a certain period of time follows a Poisson process. We also derived a stochastic differential equation that gives the time a person is feeling depressed, and showed that the time a person is feeling depressed follows an exponential distribution (exponential process). Based on these results, we explained the relationship between the number of times a person become depressed within a certain period of time and the length of time one is depressed. We also discussed the connections with similarity curve and other topics discussed in previous papers. Finally, We stated that putting oneself in an environment or situation where one is less likely to become depressed is a way of dealing with depression.
An Exploration of High-Performance Environments in Esports: A Preliminary Model
Authors: Poulus Dylan R , Jackman Patricia , Fransen Job , Polman Remco , Bennett Kyle James Madden
Published: February 2025

The professionalisation of esports has led to increased investment in high-performance environments. However, differences in resources and infrastructure between major and minor regions pose significant challenges to achieving competitive parity. In this study, we aimed to explore key success factors in high-performance esports environments and develop a preliminary conceptual framework capturing the core elements of elite esports environments. Following semi-structured interviews with elite players (n = 10), coaches (n = 9), and support staff (n = 7) from major and minor esports regions, we generated three categories to represent key factors contributing to success in esports: training environment, interpersonal dynamics, and intrapersonal development. Major region players benefited from structured support, including dedicated training facilities, access to psychological services, and in-person team cohesion strategies. Alternatively, minor region players faced resource constraints, limited access to psychological and physical training, and appeared to be at increased risk of burnout. Based on the novel insights generated, we proposed a preliminary Esports High-Performance Model (EHPM), a multi-layered, context-specific framework that highlights the interconnectedness of the training environment, interpersonal dynamics, and intrapersonal development in high-performing esports environments. Our findings provide a foundation for future research and can be used to inform policies and practices supporting the development of sustainable, high-performance esports environments. We propose that the EHPM could be a promising way to address current challenges and consequences surfaced by disparities between minor and major regions, potentially aiding the rebalancing of the competitive landscape in esports and improving player well-being.
Is the Mind More Powerful Than the Heart? A Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Loving-Kindness Interventions
Authors: Thériault Rémi , Masson Romane , Dandeneau Stéphane
Published: February 2025

Context. Many spiritual traditions, like Buddhism, emphasize the importance of developing feelings of love and altruism toward others regardless of circumstances, but doing so can be challenging, especially in situations where individuals have little self-control resources, for example due to cognitive fatigue. These traditions offer techniques to train the mind, such as loving-kindness meditation, in order to facilitate the achievement of this altruistic goal. However, the evidence in favour of the prosocial benefits of loving-kindness meditation is scant and at times conflicting. Methods. To investigate the long-term effects of loving-kindness training on prosociality and aggression, we investigated changes in a range of prosocial variables at pre, post, and follow-up in a preregistered randomized controlled trial comparing three groups: loving-kindness meditation (N = 58), loving-kindness reflection (N = 53), and waitlist control (N = 92). Furthermore, to establish the robustness of the loving-kindness training relative to challenging circumstances such as cognitive fatigue, we introduced an ego depletion task at post-testing. Results. Planned contrasts analyses suggested effects on positive affect only for the meditation group, on self-reported compassion for both the meditation and reflection groups, and explicit social attitudes, aggressive behaviour, cognitive accessibility of a recent altruistic behaviour, willingness to help, only for the reflection group. There were no other group differences in attitudes toward aggression, dehumanization, implicit aggression, or charity donations. Moderation analyses revealed three-way interactions between group, implicit attitudes, and ego depletion, as hypothesized, but only for compassion and cognitive accessibility of a recent altruistic behaviour. Discussion. In conclusion, results suggest that the effects of reflecting on loving-kindness concepts provide robust and reliable prosocial effects, perhaps more than meditating on those concepts. Even those benefits are limited to certain behaviours, cognitions, or affects, and they do not generalize to many common behaviours such as charity donations. However, ego depletion seems to only moderate implicit attitudes when loving-kindness is embodied through meditation and not when it is confined to the intellectual mind.
The Impact of Corporate Governance on Audit Pricing: Evidence from the Family and Non-family Owned Firms in Bangladesh
Authors: Hania Umma , Sen Kanon Kumar , Chowdhury Otoshi Sirajum Munira , Rahman Md. Abdur
Published: February 2025

A significant sum of a company’s expenses is spent on getting the financial statements audited. Widely varying pricing has been seen in this market of Bangladesh. Corporate governance has been attributed to the ownership structure. These two circumstances have necessitated this study which attempts to find out the effects of corporate governance on determination of audit fees from the perspective of family and non-family business.   Evidences have been drawn from a sample of 109 publicly listed companies in Bangladesh We explain the moderation effect of corporate governance on family and non-family firm using GMM model. It was found that in complex business structure, addition of board expertise significantly reduces the audit fees paid by the firms. Also, firms that require complex accounting procedures had a significant negative impact on audit fees when board expertise and audit committee independence were ensured. Corporate governance measures like an increase in female director ratio had a negative impact on audit fees in family-owned firms whereas the fee decreased in such non-family firms. Family owned firms increased the audit fee irrespective of employment of new auditor or continuation of current auditor, whereas the fee had a negative impact in non-family firms irrespective of the auditor’s tenure. Our findings have broad implications for audit markets in emerging nations, where the long-term viability of family businesses is critical to overall economic growth.
Impact of Credit Risk, Liquidity Risk, and Operational Risk on Commercial Bank's Profitability
Authors: Poudel Shiva Raj , Kunwar Birendra , Kharel Tika Ram , Dahal Subhadra , Panthi Rishikesh
Published: February 2025

The major objective of the study is to examine the impact of bank specific risk factors such as credit risk, liquidity risk, and operational risk on commercial bank's profitability operated in Nepali money market. The study consists of descriptive and causal comparative research design. All the data are collected from the annual reports of nine sample banks for 15 years from mid-July 2009 to mid-July 2023 with 135 observations. The explained variables are return on assets and the return on equity whereas the explanatory variables are capital adequacy ratio, non-performance loan, leverage, cost to income ratio, loan loss provision, and loan to deposit ratio. The research methods used for the study consists of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. The results confirmed that capital adequacy ratio, non-performing loan, cost to income ratio, and loan loss provision have the significant negative impact on commercial bank's profitability. In contrast, leverage ratio has the significant positive impact on return on equity only. Loan to deposit ratio do not has any significant impact on profitability. More clearly, credit risk and operational risk both have the significant negative impact whereas liquidity risk has the significant positive impact on commercial banks operated in Nepali money market. The policy makers involving in the money market and the executives taking decisions can be beneficiated from the findings if they consider these findings for their day-to-day practices.
Influence of Demographic Factors on Women's Career Development in Nepalese Commercial Banks
Authors: Shrestha Indira
Published: February 2025

In the business world, women's employment careers have been a significant problem. It has been determined that a variety of factors influence women's career outcomes in organizational contexts.  Thus, the study's goal was to examine how demographic variables affected Nepalese women's career advancement in commercial banks. The study's population was female employees in commercial banks who held supervisory positions or above. Samples of 319 women were collected for the research. A purposeful sampling technique was employed to get the respondents' responses. To analyze the influence of demographic characteristics on career development, descriptive as well as analytical research designs were utilized. Among the statistical methods used were the one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, mean, and percentage frequency. The results showed that factors influencing women's careers include age, income, and service year in addition to marital status, and designation. However, education did not affect women’s careers. The study's conclusions offer insightful information on the potential influence of demographic variables on the careers of females. The study's conclusions will be valuable to the existing literatures related to how demographic elements affects carrers of women. Additionally, supports organizations in focusing on creating rules that suit their unique set of circumstances.
Non- Monetary Reward on Employees Job Satisfaction of Commercial Banks in Nepal
Authors: Gnawali Bindu
Published: February 2025

Employees job satisfaction is crucial for both employees and organizations, as employees are considered the backbone and most valuable asset of any organization. Motivated and satisfied employees tend to be more committed and contribute more effectively. In today's dynamic business environment, where organizations face challenges related to employee acquisition and optimization, having satisfied and diligent employees is essential, especially in the banking sector. This study investigates employees job satisfaction among bank staff in Nepal, emphasizing the role of non-monetary rewards and their impact on overall employee satisfaction. The target population includes staff from all 20 commercial banks, with a sample of 200 employees. Data were collected on personal and job-related factors through a structured questionnaire using Google Forms and analyzed with a six-point Likert scale. All variable are reliable. This analysis underscores the critical role of non-monetary rewards in enhancing employee job satisfaction within the banking sector. By focusing on improving the work environment, capability building, social security, and flexible work schedule, banks can foster greater employee satisfaction, ultimately leading to improved performance and retention. The findings highlight the need for strategic interventions in these areas to cultivate a more engaged and satisfied workforce.
Cognitive Biases on Investment Decisions in the Nepalese Stock Market
Authors: Thapa Bhim Kumar
Published: February 2025

This paper analyzes how behavioral biases impact investor decision-making regarding investment opportunities in Nepal. Purposive sampling was adopted, with participants comprising investors in the Nepalese stock market. An explanatory research design was used, employing a quantitative data collection method. The analysis was conducted using the structural equation modeling approach with the SPSS Amos program. The results demonstrated high reliability, discriminant validity, and convergent validity of the developed scale. Behavioral biases such as herding behavior, overconfidence, anchoring, and the disposition effect were found to have positive influences on investment decisions. These findings highlight the need to reduce biases in investment strategies to enhance the quality of decision-making. By incorporating Nepalese market data, this study addresses a significant gap in the literature on behavioral finance. It also provides valuable insights for investors, improving their perceptions and decision-making processes.
एउटा महानगरमा कथामा परिचयसङ्कट
Authors: Atom Netra
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत लेखमा कथाकार मीरा प्रधान रेमको ‘एउटा महानगरमा’ कथालाई कलात्मक पाठका रूपमा लिई त्यसमा परिचयसङ्कटका विभिन्न आयामहरूको विश्लेषण र मूल्याङ्कन गरेर उक्त कथाको मूल्य निरूपण गरिएको छ । नेपालमा २०५० को दशकदेखि नै आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, शैक्षिक तथा रोजगारीका कारण अर्को देशमा जाने र त्यहाँको पृथक् परिवेशमा अन्तर्घुलन हुँदै पारदेशीय बन्ने प्रवृत्तिमा वृद्धि भएको छ । यसले गर्दा व्यक्तिमा आफ्नो समाज र संस्कृतिबाट विच्छेद भएर नयाँ मूल्ययुक्त जीवनपद्धति स्वीकार गर्नुपर्ने अवस्था आउँछ । ‘एउटा महानगरमा’ कथामा परिचयसङ्कट कुन पात्रमार्पmत कसरी अभिव्यञ्जित भएको छ भन्ने समस्यामा केन्द्रित रहेकाले देशको भूगोल, संस्कृति, परम्परा र मूल्यमान्यताहरूको अन्तर्सम्बन्धबाट उक्त कथाका पात्रहरूका जीवनचिन्तनमा देखिने भिन्नताको कारण र परिणति मूल्याङ्कन गर्नु यस लेखको उद्देश्य हो । यसमा परिचयसङ्कटको विश्लेषणका निम्ति मूल रूपमा मनोवैज्ञानिक इरिक्सन (सन् १९८२), उत्तरऔपनिवेशक चिन्तक सइद (सन् १९९३) र आप्रवासीको पहिचान र प्रतिनिधित्वका अध्येता हल (सन् १९९८) ले स्थापना गरेका परिचयसङ्कटका आधारभूत मान्यतालाई सैद्धान्तिक ढाँचाका रूपमा अवलम्बन गरी गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान पद्धतिअन्तर्गत पाठविश्लेषण विधि अवलम्बन गरिएको छ । यसमा पात्रहरूको भूमिकाको विस्तार, भूमिकामा दुविधा र आत्मसन्देहको परिस्थिति सिर्जना गर्ने कारकहरूको पहिचान, सङ्कटको सामना र त्यसले उत्पन्न गर्ने सकारात्मक–नकारात्मक निर्णयको मूल्याङ्कन भएको छ । ‘एउटा महानगरमा’ कथामा जर्मनीमा वसोवास गर्ने नेपाली ‘म’पात्रमा भूगोल र सांस्कृतिक भिन्नताका कारण प्रेम एवम् विवाहबारे सही निर्णय गर्न नसकी आफ्नो परिचयप्रति नै शङ्का हुने अवस्था आएको तर जर्मनेली केटीमा चाहिँ प्रेममा पुँजीवादी मूल्यको उपयोगितावादी प्रवृत्तिका कारण आत्मसन्देहको अवस्था सिर्जना भई परिचयसङ्कटको अभिव्यक्ति कलात्मक रूपमा प्रकट भएको छ भन्ने निष्कर्ष प्राप्त भएको छ
The Smallness of God in Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things
Authors: Singh Raj Kishor
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the intricate portrayal of the smallness of God in Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things, focusing on the character of Velutha. Drawing on Emmanuel Levinas’s concept of kenosis (self-emptying) and his philosophy of ethical responsibility, this study examines Velutha as an embodiment of divinity in the marginalized. Unlike conventional representations of God as omnipotent, Roy presents divinity in the minute, fragile, and often overlooked aspects of life. By analyzing Velutha’s role within the socio-political landscape of caste and power, this paper argues that Roy redefines divinity as deeply intertwined with human suffering and ethical responsibility.