ОЦЕНКА ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ почвг. Йошкар-Олы
Authors: Митякова И.И. , Иванова Р.Р. , Терентьев Д.В. 
Published: February 2025

Анализируется экологическое состояние почв г. Йошкар-Олы. Для этого были отобраны 45 смешанных почвенных образцов в различных функциональных зонах города. Оценка состояния почвы осуществлялась по гранулометрическому составу, рН, содержанию нефтепродуктов и фитотоксичности. Результаты исследования показали, что на городской территории преобладают легкосуглинистые почвы со слабощелочной реакцией, слабозагрязнённые нефтепродуктами. Экотоксикологическое состояние обследованных почв, оцененное по ИТФ, в основном соответствует 5 классу ‒ норма, только на пяти объектах почвы оцениваются как слаботоксичные (6 класс опасности). В работе использовались методы химического, физико-химического анализа и биотестирования.

Introduction. Soil is a universal indicator of environmental health. The assessment of its ecological state is a source of information on the health of ecosystem at large. The study of ecological state of urban soils is of topical importance as the conglomeration of population in the cities, urban land expansion, and the increase of negative impact on the urban ecosystem are typical for the present-day world. Urban soils make an integral part of the city, they ensure the viability of the natural-anthropogenic complex and have influence on the environmental comfort of people. The goal of the research is to make a comprehensive study of ecological state of urban soils and to generate a map of Yoshkar-Ola soil pollution with oil products. Material and methods of research. The area of the city was divided into 45 squares, the size of each square was 1х1 km. In accordance with GOST Р 53123-2008 (ISO 10381-5:2005), a composite sample was taken from a surface layer (0–20 сm) in each square. A comprehensive approach with the use of the methods of chemical and physico-chemical analyses and biotesting was used to assess the ecological state of the soil. A digital material was computer processed using the common mathematical methods of statistics and conventional applied programs Excel and Statistika. Results. The authors determined that light and middle loamy soils with neutral and slightly alkaline Ph predominated in Yoshkar-Ola. Such soil is of better buffering capacity in comparison with sandy and clay sandy soil which contributes to enhancement of biological potency and pollution resistance. By the extent of oil pollution, Yoshkar-Ola soils are mainly weakly polluted. Besides, the authors found that the soils were unevenly polluted. No exceedence of the allowable level (1000 mg/kg) was found. By the phytotoxicity, Yoshkar-Ola soils mainly belong to V class which corresponds to the norm. Based on the research findings, a map of Yoshkar-Ola soil pollution with oil products was generated. Conclusion. Light and middle loamy soils with neutral and slightly alkaline Ph prevail in the city. There is no phytotoxicity in most part of the soil. In the city, soil pollution with oil products is uneven. The content of oil products is mainly low, no exceedence of the allowable level was found. The ecological state of Yoshkar-Ola soils may be considered to be a satisfactory one.