bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sutura de menisco com implantes absorvíveis
Authors: Hernandez Arnaldo José , Camanho Gilberto Luis , Laraya Marcos Henrique Ferreira , Fávaro Edimar
Published: October 2006

Os autores avaliam clinicamente 19 pacientes (19 joelhos - 15 meniscos mediais e 5 laterais) submetidos à sutura de menisco, utilizando 2 tipos de implantes absorvíveis (ácido polilático) Arrow® e Clear fix®. O estudo compõe-se de 15 homens e 4 mulheres com idades entre 16 e 44 anos, com média de 26,8 anos. O tempo de seguimento médio foi de 24 meses, com mínimo de 18 e máximo de 32 meses. A técnica operatória constituiu-se da sutura de um ou ambos os meniscos (1 caso), via artroscópica com Arrow® em 15 pacientes e Clear fix® em 4. Dos 19 indivíduos, 6 foram submetidos à sutura meniscal isolada, 11 associada à reconstrução do LCA e 2 à reconstrução do LCA com osteotomia valgizante da tíbia. Os resultados foram avaliados segundo exame físico incluindo as manobras de Appley e Mc Murray. A avaliação funcional pré e pós-operatória do joelho foi realizada pela escala de Lysholm modificada. Todos os pacientes tiveram suas manobras meniscais negativadas no pós-operatório. A pontuação média pré-operatória segundo a escala de Lysholm foi de 39,8 subindo para 91,5 no pós-operatório. Os autores concluem que a sutura de menisco, utilizando implantes absorvíveis, tem se mostrado eficiente até o momento, e que tecnicamente ela é mais simples que a sutura convencional.
Resposta da cana-de-açúcar, primeira soca, a níveis de irrigação e adubação de cobertura
Authors: Dantas Neto José , Figueredo Jorge L. da C. , Farias Carlos H. de A. , Azevedo Hamilton M. de , Azevedo Carlos A. V. de
Published: October 2006

Esta pesquisa foi realizada na Fazenda Capim da Destilaria Miriri, situada no município de Capim na Paraíba, com o objetivo de se identificar o comportamento da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, primeira soca (segunda folha), diante de diferentes lâminas de irrigação e níveis de adubação de cobertura. Com este propósito, conduziu-se um experimento utilizando-se a variedade SP79-1011, em blocos casualizados num arranjo fatorial de 4 x 2 (quatro lâminas de irrigação e dois níveis de adubação de cobertura), com três repetições. O total de água aplicada nos respectivos tratamentos foi 807, 986, 1164 e 1343 mm e os níveis de adubação de cobertura utilizados foram 85 e 305 kg ha-1 da mistura, contendo N e K2O na proporção 1 para 0,94, respectivamente. Analisaram-se parâmetros de crescimento, qualidade e rendimento da cana-de-açúcar. As irrigações influenciaram na fase inicial de crescimento e no início do máximo desenvolvimento da primeira soca. A dose de adubação influenciou mais nos parâmetros analisados que a lâmina de irrigação. A lâmina de irrigação influenciou significativamente, segundo um comportamento linear positivo, os parâmetros de crescimento, enquanto a sacarose (POL) da cana apresentou comportamento quadrático.
Cultivares, épocas de plantio e componentes da produção no consórcio de algodão e amendoim
Authors: Araújo Afrânio C. de , Beltrão Napoleão E. de M. , Bruno Genildo B. , Moraes Martival dos S.
Published: October 2006

Os cultivos consorciados são praticados pelo pequeno produtor objetivando favorecer não só a dieta mas, também, a renda de sua família, além de diminuir os riscos de perda da produção. Com a finalidade de se estudar a influência de cultivares de algodão e amendoim e épocas relativas de plantio em consórcio verificando-se os componentes de produção, produtividade vegetal e a qualidade dos produtos, instalou-se um experimento no município de Missão Velha, CE, no campo experimental da Embrapa Algodão, no ano agrícola de 2002. Testaram-se 20 tratamentos com 4 repetições em delineamento estatístico de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de análise fatorial 2 x 2 x 4 + 2 + 2, cujos fatores foram duas cultivares de algodão (BRS 186 - precoce 3 e BRS 201), duas cultivares de amendoim (L7 e BR-1), quatro épocas de plantio (0; 7; 14 e 21 dias) mais as testemunhas isoladas das duas cultivares de algodoeiro e amendoim. As características tecnológicas da fibra do algodoeiro praticamente não sofreram influência do consórcio; porém os rendimentos, tanto do algodoeiro quanto do amendoim, foram reduzidos em função do sistema de cultivo, dada a competição estabelecida entre as duas culturas.
Efeito do beneficiamento na qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes do algodoeiro herbáceo
Authors: Lopes Kilson P. , Bruno Riselane de L. A. , Costa Rubens F. da , Bruno Genildo B. , Rocha Maria do S.
Published: October 2006

Sementes de algodoeiro cvs. CNPA Precoce 2 e CNPA 7H, produzidas em campos irrigados do município de Touros, RN, safra 1998/99, foram submetidas, distintamente, ao descaroçamento, deslintamento mecânico e químico e, depois, acondicionadas em sacos de papel multifoliado, armazenadas em ambiente não controlado e em câmara seca, por 360 dias. Durante o armazenamento e em intervalos de 90 dias, realizaram-se avaliações da qualidade fisiológica e sanitária. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em parcela sub-subdividida, com quatro repetições, além de realizada a análise de variância e regressão polinomial. As sementes de ambas as cultivares, deslintadas quimicamente e mantidas em câmara seca preservaram suas qualidades fisiológicas pelo tempo de 270 dias de armazenamento. A maior preservação das sementes da cv. CNPA Precoce 2, descaroçadas, e as deslintadas mecanicamente, verificou-se em câmara seca; para as sementes da cv. CNPA 7H, isto se verificou no material mantido em ambiente não controlado. A micoflora foi constituída pelos fungos do gênero Aspergillus.
Modelagem empírica do processo de biodegradação de efluentes protéicos por enzimas de Carica papaya sp.
Authors: Biazus Joana P. M. , Santana José C. C. , Souza Roberto R. de
Published: October 2006

O objetivo deste trabalho foi modelar empiricamente a biodegradação de efluentes protéicos por enzimas papaínas do látex de Carica papaya sp. num biorreator agitado, para facilitar a otimização do processo por metodologia de análise de superfície de resposta (RSM) e aplicar em tratamento de efluentes provenientes de indústrias de processamento de carne. As análises das curvas de biodegradação mostraram que o tempo de residência para os biorreatores está entre 28 e 30 h. O modelo empírico que mais se ajustou aos dados de biodegradação sob influência dos fatores (pH e temperatura) foi o de um hiperplano e a região de operação otimizada para a degradação de proteínas pelas papaínas foi aquela que apresentou os maiores valores de temperatura e menores valores de pH.
Movimento do herbicida tebutiuron em dois solos representativos das áreas de recarga do aqüífero Guarani
Authors: Gomes Marco A. F. , Spadotto Cláudio A. , Pereira Anderson S. , Matallo Marcus B. , Luchini Luis C.
Published: October 2006

O movimento do herbicida tebutiuron foi analisado em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico psamítico (LVdq) e um Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico típico (RQo), representativos das áreas de recarga do aqüífero Guarani no Brasil, tendo como fatores influenciadores, a condutividade hidráulica (K), o teor de carbono orgânico (CO) e o teor de argila (TAr). O presente estudo foi realizado em colunas de solos indeformados, com aplicação do produto comercial contendo o herbicida em discussão. Esses parâmetros evidenciam certa influência na movimentação vertical do herbicida tebutiuron, particularmente no RQo, uma vez que esse herbicida é quimicamente neutro. Observou-se, por exemplo, uma diferença significativa entre os valores K dos dois solos, sendo superior no RQo. Além de uma relação inversa entre teores de CO e de TAr e os valores de K dos dois solos, indicando serem aqueles parâmetros inibidores do deslocamento do tebutiuron no perfil do solo. Os resultados aqui obtidos neste trabalho visam subsidiar estudos de avaliação de risco ambiental, sobretudo água subterrânea, a partir de áreas de recarga de aqüíferos naturalmente frágeis, com ênfase para o aqüífero Guarani.
Rendimento forrageiro e composição bromatológica de variedades de milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. BR.)
Authors: Kollet José Luiz , Diogo José Mauro da Silva , Leite Gilberto Gonçalves
Published: October 2006

O experimento foi realizado para avaliar a produtividade, o perfilhamento, a porcentagem de lâmina/haste e a composição bromatológica (PB, FDN e FDA) de três variedades (Africano, Americano e BN-2) de milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.) em três idades de corte (35, 42 e 49 dias). Na primeira fase da pesquisa, foi utilizado delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro repetições. Na fase de rebrota, o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com o mesmo número de repetições. As parcelas principais foram representadas pelas variedades e as subparcelas, pelas três idades de corte. A produção média de MS durante a fase de corte foi similar entre as variedades (4.360, 4.204 e 3.247 kg/MS/ha para as variedades Africano, Americano e BN-2, respectivamente), ao passo que os teores de PB, FDN e FDA e a relação lâmina/haste diferiram (Americano: 16,71% PB; 56,29% FDN e 30,04% FDA; BN-2: 16,30% PB; 55,93% FDN e 30,98% FDA; Africano: 15,36% PB; 60,55% FDN e 34,55% FDA). Com o avançar da idade de corte, a produtividade e os teores de FDN e FDA aumentaram, enquanto a relação lâmina/haste e o teor de PB decresceram linearmente. Na rebrota, a produtividade diminuiu, mas os teores médios de PB, FDN e FDA não diferiram entre as variedades (Americano: 20,21% PB; 53,19% FDN e 26,72% FDA; BN-2: 20,43% PB; 53,42% FDN e 27,06% FDA; Africano: 19,75% PB; 52,45% FDN e 27,44% FDA), observando-se diferença para a relação média lâmina/haste. O valor nutritivo da forragem na rebrota manteve-se acima dos encontrados na primeira fase de corte. As maiores porcentagens de lâminas foram observadas nas variedades Americano e BN-2 e as maiores de hastes, na variedade AFRICANO. As melhores variedades para uso na alimentação animal são: Americano e BN-2 e a melhor idade de corte é de 49 dias.
Estimação da digestibilidade dos carboidratos não-fibrosos em bovinos utilizando-se o conceito de entidade nutricional em condições brasileiras
Authors: Detmann Edenio , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos , Henriques Lara Toledo , Pina Douglas dos Santos , Paulino Mário Fonseca , Valadares Rilene Ferreira Diniz , Chizzotti Mário Luiz , Magalhães Karla Alves
Published: October 2006

Objetivou-se neste estudo estimar a fração aparentemente digestível dos carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) a partir dos teores dietéticos em bovinos com base no conceito de entidade nutricional. O banco de dados utilizado foi constituído de 167 observações experimentais (57 obtidas de dois experimentos com vacas em lactação e 110 de três experimentos com bovinos em crescimento e terminação). O banco de dados foi aleatoriamente dividido em dois subgrupos, o primeiro utilizado para estimação de parâmetros e o segundo, para validação de equações. Ajustaram-se equações de regressão pelo teste de identidade de modelos por meio de variável indicadora para diferenciação entre categorias animais. O coeficiente de digestibilidade verdadeiro dos CNF (0,9507) não diferiu entre as categorias animais. Verificou-se superioridade da fração metabólica fecal para vacas em lactação. Essa porção mostrou-se não relacionada ao teor dietético de CNF (CNF%) quando expressa como percentual da dieta. Assim, para animais em condições de alimentação ad libitum, o teor de CNF aparentemente digestíveis (CNFad%) pode ser estimado pelas equações: CNFad% = 0,9507CNF% - 5,72 para vacas em lactação; e CNFad% = 0,9507CNF% - 5,11 para bovinos em crescimento e terminação. O processo de validação indicou similaridade entre valores preditos e observados de CNFad%. O teste de entidade nutricional fornece estimativas não-viesadas para CNFad%.
Influência da condição corporal e da concentração de energia nas dietas no periparto sobre o desempenho de cabras em lactação
Authors: Rodrigues Carla Aparecida Florentino , Rodrigues Marcelo Teixeira , Branco Renata Helena , Queiroz Augusto César de , Araújo Cláudio Vieira de
Published: October 2006

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da interação nível de energia líquida (EL) nas dietas × condição corporal (CC) no periparto sobre o desempenho de cabras nos primeiros 60 dias da lactação e as concentrações plasmáticas de ácidos graxos não-esterificados (AGNE) no pós-parto. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 2 com quatro repetições, composto de duas condições corporais, três níveis de EL (baixo, médio, alto) na dieta no pré-parto e dois níveis de EL (médio, alto) no pós-parto. Inicialmente, os animais foram separados em dois grupos, de acordo com a CC, adotando-se o valor de 3,25 como mediano. Dietas no pré e no pós-parto foram isoprotéicas, com 13 e 16% de PB, respectivamente. No período pré-parto, os níveis de energia das dietas foram 1,1; 1,4 e 1,6 Mcal de EL/kg de MS e, no período pós-parto, de 1,4 e 1,6 Mcal de EL/kg de MS. A interação CC × níveis de EL no pós-parto influenciou o consumo de FDN, de modo que cabras com menor CC consumiram mais fibra (FDN) com a redução da concentração de EL nas dietas. Os níveis de EL fornecidos durante o pós-parto influenciaram o consumo de nutrientes e a produção de leite, pois a presença de níveis elevados de FDN na dieta com 1,4 Mcal EL/kg MS limitou a expressão do potencial produtivo dos animais. Não foram observados efeitos das CC e dos níveis de EL nas dietas sobre a concentração plasmática de AGNE no pós-parto, indicando pequena mobilização de reservas de lipídios do tecido adiposo.
Genetics in eating disorders: extending the boundaries of research
Authors: Pinheiro Andréa Poyastro , Sullivan Patrick F , Bacaltchuck Josue , Prado-Lima Pedro Antonio Schmidt do , Bulik Cynthia M
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE: To review the recent literature relevant to genetic research in eating disorders and to discuss unique issues which are crucial for the development of a genetic research project in eating disorders in Brazil. METHOD: A computer literature review was conducted in the Medline database between 1984 and may 2005 with the search terms "eating disorders", "anorexia nervosa", "bulimia nervosa", "binge eating disorder", "family", "twin" and "molecular genetic" studies. RESULTS: Current research findings suggest a substantial influence of genetic factors on the liability to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Genetic research with admixed populations should take into consideration sample size, density of genotyping and population stratification. Through admixture mapping it is possible to study the genetic structure of admixed human populations to localize genes that underlie ethnic variation in diseases or traits of interest. CONCLUSIONS: The development of a major collaborative genetics initiative of eating disorders in Brazil and South America would represent a realistic possibility of studying the genetics of eating disorders in the context of inter ethnic groups, and also integrate a new perspective on the biological etiology of eating disorders.
Newer Pharmacotherapy in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: A Guide for Pharmacists and Other Health Care Professionals
Authors: Levine Glenn N. , Berger Peter B. , Cohen David J. , Maree Andrew O. , Rosenfield Kenneth , Wiggins Barbara S. , Spinler Sarah A.
Published: October 2006

Significant advances in pharmacotherapy for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have occurred during the past decade, including the introduction and approval of new antithrombin and antiplatelet therapies, as well as modifications in dosing, administration, and/or duration of older pharmacotherapy regimens. Also, off‐label (i.e., not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration) use of certain agents has become common. Given the novel nature of these agents and the nuances of therapy, the pharmacist and other health care professionals should play an integral role in collaboration with interventional cardiologists in development of hospital protocols, determination of appropriate agent selection, assessment of patient renal function and hematologic status, dosing, and monitoring for adverse effects. In this guide, the newer antiplatelet and antithrombin drugs that may be used during PCI are reviewed, and recommendations regarding the proper administration of these agents are provided.
Effect of Patient Withdrawal on a Study Evaluating Pharmacist Management of Hypertension
Authors: Rozenfeld Yelena , Hunt Jacquelyn S.
Published: October 2006

Study Objectives. To examine potential threats to internal and external study validity caused by differential patient withdrawal from a randomized controlled trial evaluating pharmacist management of hypertension, to compare the characteristics of patients who withdrew with those of patients who completed the study, and to identify characteristics that predispose patients to withdraw from hypertension management.

Design. Prospective, randomized, comparative study.

Setting. Network of primary care clinics.

Patients. Four hundred sixty‐three patients with a diagnosis of hypertension and a last documented systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg or greater and/or diastolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg or greater.

Intervention. Patients were randomly allocated to the pharmacist intervention or usual‐care (control) group. Those in the pharmacist intervention group were collaboratively managed by a primary care clinical pharmacy specialist and their primary care provider. Patients in the control group received usual care from only their primary care provider.

Measurements and Main Results. Of the 463 patients, 191 (41%) withdrew from the study after randomization and 272 (59%) completed the study. Patients who withdrew from the pharmacist intervention group were similar to patients who withdrew from the usual‐care group with respect to age, sex, insurance status, and chronic conditions. Patients who smoked or had commercial insurance were more likely to withdraw from the study than the other participants. However, multivariate analysis of all variables, when adjusted for the effect of the intervention, revealed that insurance status was the only variable associated with a heightened probability of withdrawal (p=0.002).

Conclusion. Although this study had a high withdrawal rate, between‐group patient characteristics remained balanced. Therefore, internal validity was preserved, and outcomes from the study groups could be reliably compared. A lack of significant differences between patients who withdrew versus those who completed, with the exception of insurance status, suggests that external validity was not jeopardized.
Cefotaxime‐Ciprofloxacin Combination Therapy for Nontyphoid Salmonella Bacteremia and Paravertebral Abscess After Failure of Monotherapy
Authors: Chang Chia‐Ming , Lee Hsin‐Chun , Lee Nan‐Yao , Huang Guan‐Cheng , Lee I‐Wen , Ko Wen‐Chien
Published: October 2006

Therapeutic failure of monotherapy with either a third‐generation cephalosporin or a fluoroquinolone against nontyphoid salmonellae has been observed in clinical practice. Combination therapy with both agents is recommended in the literature for treating life‐threatening infections. However, we know of no published case reports that indicate a therapeutic advantage of this combination therapy for nontyphoid salmonellae infections. We describe a 60‐year‐old man who had breakthrough bacteremia with vertebral osteomyelitis and paravertebral abscess caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis. This was not controlled with sequential monotherapy but was eventually cured with cefotaxime‐ciprofloxacin combination therapy. The Etest showed that the strain was susceptible to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin, but resistant to nalidixic acid. Cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin in combination may be considered as an option for difficult‐to‐treat salmonellosis.
Synthesis and stereochemistry of some new 1,3,5-tris(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-benzene derivatives
Authors: Florian Maria , Cîrcu Monica , Toupet Loïc , Terec Anamaria , Grosu Ion , Ramondenc Yvan , Dincă Nicolae , Plé Gerard
Published: October 2006

The synthesis and the stereochemistry of new 1,3,5-tris(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-benzene derivatives are reported. The anancomeric structure and the axial orientation of the aryl group with respect to all 1,3-dioxane rings, and the cis-trans isomerism of some of the compounds are revealed. The data are supported by NMR investigations and by the molecular structure of one compound determined by single crystal X-ray diffractometry.
X-ray powder diffraction study of chromium-vanadium oxide compounds prepared by “soft chemistry” methods
Authors: Pozdnyakova O. , Megyeri J. , Kuzmann E. , Szirtes L.
Published: October 2006

A novel aqueous method was used to synthesise mixed chromium-vanadium oxide hydrates with various chromium content, via the reaction of peroxo-polyacids of chromium and vanadium. The resulting materials are gelatinous. The dehydration of the gels result in a brown coloured amorphous powder. Depending on the chromium content, the compounds have a different characteristic crystallisation temperature upon the further heating. The crystalline compounds, except for the low chromium ones, go on a phase transition and decompose with increasing temperature.

By refining the XRPD measurement data of the compounds, the type and parameters of the unit cells were determined. The experimental data were in concordance with the calculated values, using the PWC code. The lattice parameters and the crystalline structure were changed with the variation of chromium content.
Enhancement of Workability in AZ31 Alloy – Processing Maps: Part I, Cast Material
Authors: Dzwonczyk J. , Prasad Y. V. R. K. , Hort N. , Kainer K. U.
Published: October 2006

Processing maps developed on the basis of the Dynamic Materials Model provide valuable information that might help the metal working industry in solving problems related to workability and microstructural control in commercial alloys. In this research, the processing maps for an as‐cast AZ31 magnesium alloy are presented. The results are validated via microstructural observations, clearly delineating safe and unsafe regimes for further process design of this alloy.
Effects of Testing Temperatures and Thermal Treatments on Flexural Strength of Si3N4‐MoSi2‐BN Composites
Authors: Medri V. , Guicciardi S. , Dupont V. , Melandri C. , Bellosi A.
Published: October 2006

The machinability of ceramic materials can be improved by the addition of hexagonal‐BN. Si3N4/h‐BN composites are suitable as rotor seals for gas turbine engines in the ranges 1000°C–1300°C. Oxidation resistance and strength retention can be improved by the addition of MoSi2 up to 1500°C. Strength retention is due to the formation of a surface borosilicatic glassy phase and the partially oxidized sub‐surface region which prevent extensive bulk damage.
Towards the Development of a New Iron Age
Authors: Branagan D. J. , Sergueeva A. V. , Mukherjee A. K.
Published: October 2006

Steel in its various forms is the most widely utilized metallic alloy and comprises over 80 % by weight of all metallic alloys in industrial use.[1] The development of steel microstructures is based on manipulation of a very specific solid/solid state transformation called an eutectoid transformation (i.e. γaustenite → αferrite+ Fe3Ccementite). The control of this transformation is the primary factor resulting in wide variety of microstructures and resulting properties found in commercial steel alloys. However, the full benefit of its main constituent, iron has never been realized. Based on the metallic bonding in iron, the theoretical tensile strength has been calculated to be 13.2 GPa but ultra high strength steels, even today, only achieve maximum tensile strength levels from 1 to 1.5 GPa. Thus, our modern technological society has been established utilizing approximately only ∼ 10 % strength level of iron. Here we demonstrate that a high level of strength (6.2 GPa) and strength to weight ratio of 8.3 × 104/m3 may be obtained in iron‐based alloys by their solidification into metallic glasses, as well as, by employing another solid state transformation called glass devitrification.
Fabrication of Binary Ni‐Nb Bulk Metallic Glass with High Strength and Compressive Plasticity
Authors: Zhu Z. , Zhang H. , Pan D. , Sun W. , Hu Z.
Published: October 2006

Off‐eutectic Ni61.5Nb38.5 alloy, exhibiting the highest glass‐forming ability in the binary Ni‐Nb system, can be cast into the 1.5mm‐diameter fully amorphous rods by using copper mold injection casting method. Room temperature uniaxial compression tests yield for the high fracture strength and compressive plastic strain values of about 3.4GPa and 2%, respectively. The successful fabrication of the bulk metallic glassy samples in the binary Ni‐Nb alloy is of great interest to prepare large dimension Ni‐based bulk metallic glasses as structural materials.
Tool Coatings as Thermocouple for the Monitoring of Temperatures in Turning Processes
Authors: Weinert K. , Tillmann W. , Hammer N. , Kempmann C. , Vogli E.
Published: October 2006

A new method for in‐process measuring of cutting temperatures in turning processes is presented. Therefore, a thin‐film thermocouple is deposited at the surface of a cutting insert consisting of a nickel and nickel‐chromium conductor path. The coating technology used for the production of the pure metallic layers is performed by a PVD‐process. Turning experiments were conducted with grey cast iron GG25 in order to verify the functionality of the discussed thin layer thermocouples.
Negative Strain‐rate Sensitivity in a Nanostructured Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Han B. Q. , Huang J. , Zhu Y. T. , Lavernia E. J.
Published: October 2006

The influence of strain rate in the range of 10–1 to 10–5 s–1 on the compression behavior of a cryomilled 5083 Al alloy is studied. The compression flow stress remains constant after an initial short strain hardening and a small stress dip, which indicates a dynamic saturation of dislocations. It is found that the compression flow stress increases with decreasing strain rate, which is believed to be attributed to dynamic strain aging.
Relationship between the structure and mechanical properties of polypropylene: Effects of the molecular weight and shear‐induced structure
Authors: Stern Claudia , Frick Achim , Weickert Günter
Published: October 2006

A series of homopolymer polypropylenes (PPs), within a weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) range of 100–1600 kg/mol, were manufactured as dumbbell microspecimens. The effects of the molecular weight and shear‐induced crystallization on the mechanical properties and morphology were studied to gain a better understanding of the structure–property relationship. The results showed that the crystallinity decreased from 50 to 41% and the lamellar thickness increased as Mw increased. Tensile tests demonstrated that the stiffness and especially the tensile strength rose to extremely high values (Young's modulus = 2400 N/mm2, stress at 30% strain = 120 N/mm2). Furthermore, the strain hardening effect was strongly affected by the lamellar thickness and highly oriented superstructures. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated that the mobility of the molecular chains depended on Mw and on the lamellar thickness. In addition, the viscoelastic properties of unannealed and annealed samples indicated further the existence of shish‐kebab structures caused by shear‐induced crystallization during injection molding. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 519–533, 2007
Compatibilization of styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer in polypropylene/polystyrene blends by analysis of phase morphology
Authors: Li Yun‐yan , Wang Ya , Li Wei‐qing , Sheng Jing
Published: October 2006

Effect of compatibilization of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) block copolymer in polypropylene/polystyrene (PP/PS) blends was studied by means of small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to SAXS, a certain amount of SBS was located at the interface in all the analyzed samples, forming the relatively thicker interface layer penetrating into homopolymers, and the thickness of the interface layer was quantified in terms of Porod light scattering theory. The incorporation of SBS into PP/PS blends resulted in a decrease in domain size following an emulsification curve as well as an uniform size distribution, and consequently, a fine dispersion of PP domains in the PS matrix. This effect was more pronounced when the concentration of SBS was higher. A critical concentration of SBS of 15% above which the interface layer approaches to saturation and domain size attains a steady‐state was observed. Further, the morphology fluctuation of unetched fracture surface of umcompatibilized and compatibilized blends was analyzed using an integral constant Q based on Debye‐Bueche light scattering theories. Variation of Q as a function of the concentration of SBS showed that, due to the penetrating interface layer, adhesion between phases was improved, making it possible for applied stress to transfer between phases and leading to more uniform stress distribution when blends were broken; accordingly, a more complicated morphology fluctuation of fracture surface appeared. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:365–370, 2007
Electrospinning and crosslinking of zein nanofiber mats
Authors: Yao Chen , Li Xinsong , Song Tangying
Published: October 2006

Electrospinning processing can be applied to fabricate fibrous polymer mats composed of fibers whose diameters range from several microns down to 100 nm or less. In this article, we describe how electrospinning was used to produce zein nanofiber mats and combined with crosslinking to improve the mechanical properties of the as‐spun mats. Aqueous ethanol solutions of zein were electrospun, and nanoparticles, nanofiber mats, or ribbonlike nanofiber mats were obtained. The effects of the electrospinning solvent and zein concentration on the morphology of the as‐spun nanofiber mats were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the morphologies of the electrospun products exhibited a zein‐dependent concentration. Optimizing conditions for zein produced nanofibers with a diameter of about 500 nm with fewer beads or ribbonlike nanofibers with a diameter of approximately 1–6 μm. Zein nanofiber mats were crosslinked by hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). The tensile strength of the crosslinked electrospun zein nanofiber mats was increased significantly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:380–385, 2007
Morphology and texture development of uniaxially stretched poly(ethylene naphthalene‐2,6‐dicarboxylate)
Authors: Douillard A. , Hakme C. , David L. , Stevenson I. , Boiteux G. , Seytre G. , Kazmierczak T. , Galeski A.
Published: October 2006

The texture development of PEN films with different semicrystalline morphologies have been studied by X‐ray diffraction. These different structures have been obtained by uniaxially stretching PEN amorphous films at 100 and 160°C (below and above Tg) at different drawing ratios. Samples have also been characterized by DSC to determine the crystallinity ratios, the crystallization, and melting temperatures. To define the orientation of crystallites in the oriented samples, pole figures have been constructed, as a function of temperature and drawing ratio (DR) in the range 1.5–4. In the range from DR = 2 to 4 the orientation is clearly uniplanar‐axial. At Tdraw = 100°C the crystallinity shown by DSC analysis is higher than the sample stretched at 160°C. The orientation is also higher when samples are stretched at 100°C. The naphthalene rings mainly stay in the plane of the film with a lower fraction perpendicular to the plane of the film. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 395–401, 2007
Photografting of unable‐to‐be‐irradiated surfaces. II. Batch liquid‐phase process by one‐step method
Authors: Zhang Zhengdong , Kong Lingbing , Deng Jianping , Luo Huiyue , Yang Wantai
Published: October 2006

In this article, a batch liquid‐phase process was reported, by which the photo‐initiated grafting polymerization could be carried out on the dark surfaces that were not directly irradiated by UV light. In the reaction system, an aluminum foil was placed horizontally to reflect UV light back and form a dark area underneath where the grafting polymerization took place. The occurrence of the polymerization was demonstrated by gravitational analyses and XPS spectra. The factors affecting the grafting reaction have been studied and the results showed that increasing irradiation time, reaction temperature, and benzophenone concentration and decreasing distance (D) between the light area and the place where grafting reaction took place were beneficial to the grafting reaction. The highest grafting density was obtained at a acrylic acid concentration of 15 vol %. Moreover, some further investigations were also made. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 118–124, 2007
Thermal stability of butyl/EPDM/neoprene based rubber compounds
Authors: Deniz Veli , Karaagac Bagdagul , Ceyhan N.
Published: October 2006

Tyre curing bladders are usually prepared by using butyl/neoprene based compounds. To demonstrate the heat resistance and to extend the service life of a bladder, the mechanical properties of butyl/neoprene/ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) based compounds in different compositions were analyzed and compared. In this study, the effects of partial replacements of IIR with different types of EPDM in different proportions were studied. Rheological and mechanical properties of vulcanizates were measured before and after the thermal ageing. Curing characteristics of unvulcanized compounds and mechanical properties, permanent set, fatigue index, and IRHD hardness of vulcanized compounds were measured. The better results were obtained by using the recipes containing Keltan 27 type EPDM of 10–20 phr. Mechanical properties of recipes decreased due to high EPDM ratio in the recipes studied. The service life of tyre curing bladders can be increased by the replacement of EPDM with butyl rubber in appropriate type and quantity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 557–563, 2007
Synthesis of well‐defined difunctional polydimethylsiloxane with an efficient dianionic initiator for ABA triblock copolymer
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zhang Zhijie , Wang Qian , Xie Zemin
Published: October 2006

A new efficient dianionic initiator dipotassium diphenylsilanediolate (Ph2Si(OK)2) was synthesized by reacting diphenylsilanediol with potassium in the mixture of THF and benzene. The anionic ring‐opening polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) or tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (D) initiated by Ph2Si(OK)2 was systematically investigated. A number of factors including the nature of initiators, promoters, and monomers, the molar ratio of promoter to initiator (Cp/Ci ratio) and monomer to initiator (Cm/Ci ratio) affect the polymerization remarkably. Using N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone as the promoter, a series of well‐defined difunctional HSi‐terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMSs) were prepared with high monomer conversion (> 90%) and relatively low polydispersity (< 1.6) at 30°C. By hydrosilation of the synthesized PDMS with ally end‐capped poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), amphiphilic PEO‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PEO triblock copolymers with low polydispersities and high block purities were obtained. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 153–159, 2007
Correlation of swelling and crosslinking density with the composition of the reacting mixture employed in radical crosslinking copolymerization
Authors: Pacios Isabel E. , Molina M. Jesús , Gómez‐Antón M. Rosa , Piérola Inés F.
Published: October 2006

This article reports the scaling laws relating the synthesis conditions with the crosslinking density (νe) and swelling degree (S) of poly(N‐vinylimidazole) hydrogels (PVI) prepared by radical crosslinking copolymerization in aqueous solution, with N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide (BA) as crosslinker. Multiple linear regression of νe versus BA concentration ([BA]) and total comonomers concentration (CT) in double log scale render the scaling law νe ∼ C × [BA]1.04 as comparable to that predicted by the model of polymer network with pendant vinyl groups (νe ∼ CT × [BA]), and showing inverse dependence on CT to that expected, following from stoichiometry, for an ideal network (νe ∼ 2[BA]/CT). S scales with νe through a solvent‐dependent exponent ranging from −0.46 to −0.54, only slightly over the value predicted by the Flory–Rehner theory (−0.6) or the blob's model by de Gennes (−0.5 to −0.8). Finally, the scaling law of S with the composition of the reacting mixture is also solvent‐dependent and it seems to result not only from the dependence of νe on CT and [BA] but also from that of v2r, the polymer volume fraction in the reference state, and χ, the polymer–solvent interaction parameter. Models used seem to overestimate the contribution of entanglements to the effective crosslinking density of PVI. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 263–269, 2007
Effects of bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, on bile salt export pump and multidrug resistance–associated protein 2
Authors: Mano Yuji , Usui Takashi , Kamimura Hidetaka
Published: October 2006

The bile salt export pump (BSEP/Bsep/ABCB11) and multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2 (MRP2/Mrp2/ABCC2) are involved in bile acid‐dependent and ‐independent bile secretion, respectively. It has been reported that bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, inhibits Bsep, which may lead to cholestatic liver injury due to the intracellular accumulation of bile salts, while increasing bile salt‐independent bile flow. Thus, in this study, the effects of bosentan on BSEP/Bsep and MRP2/Mrp2 were evaluated using membrane vesicles derived from Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf) 9 cells, which express these transporters. The adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP)‐dependent uptake of 3H‐taurocholic acid into membrane vesicles for BSEP/Bsep was inhibited by bosentan, and its IC50 values were 76.8 and 101 µM for BSEP and Bsep, respectively. In contrast, bosentan stimulated the MRP2/Mrp2‐mediated ATP‐dependent vesicular transport of 3H‐estradiol 17β‐glucuronide by shifting the sigmoidal dependence of transport rate on substrate concentration to a more hyperbolic one. Collectively, these results suggest that bosentan inhibits BSEP in humans with a similar potency to rats, and that increased bile salt‐independent flow in rats by bosentan is at least partly attributable to the activation of Mrp2. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteolytic regulatory mechanisms in the formation of extracellular morphogen gradients
Authors: LeMosy Ellen K.
Published: October 2006

Growth factors are secreted into the extracellular space, where they encounter soluble inhibitors, extracellular matrix glycoproteins and proteoglycans, and proteolytic enzymes that can each modulate the spatial distribution, activity state, and receptor interactions of these signaling molecules. During development, morphogenetic gradients of these growth factors pattern fields of cells responsive to different levels of signaling, creating such structures as the branched pattern of airways and vasculature, and the arrangement of digits in the hand. This review focuses specifically on the roles of proteolytic enzymes and their regulators in the generation of such activity gradients. Evidence from Drosophila developmental pathways provides a detailed understanding of general mechanisms underlying proteolytic control of morphogen gradients, while recent studies of several mammalian growth factors illustrate the relevance of this proteolytic control to human development and disease. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 78:243–255, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic Patterning of the mammalian telencephalon by morphogenetic molecules and transcription factors
Authors: Takahashi Hiroshi , Liu Fu‐Chin
Published: October 2006

Patterning centers that produce gradients of morphogenetic molecules, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), Wnt, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and retinoic acid (RA), are located in telencephalic anlage during early stages of development. Genetic evidence based on loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function studies indicate that they are involved in regional specification of the dorsal, ventral, and lateral telencephalon. For patterning of the dorsal telencephalon, FGF8 controls the anteroposterior patterning, while BMP and Wnt molecules regulate the mediolateral patterning. Shh and retinoic acid regulate patterning of the ventral and the lateral telencephalon. The regionalization of telencephalon is accompanied by expression of region‐specific codes of transcription factors, which in turn regulate different phases of neuronal development to generate different cell types in each brain region. Therefore, bioactive signals of morphogenetic molecules are translated into transcription factor codes for regional specification, which subsequently leads to neurogenesis of the diversity of cell types in different regions of the telencephalon. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 78:256–266, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is the early left‐right axis like a plant, a kidney, or a neuron? The integration of physiological signals in embryonic asymmetry
Authors: Levin Michael
Published: October 2006

Embryonic morphogenesis occurs along three orthogonal axes. While the patterning of the anterior‐posterior and dorsal‐ventral axes has been increasingly well‐characterized, the left‐right (LR) axis has only relatively recently begun to be understood at the molecular level. The mechanisms that ensure invariant LR asymmetry of the heart, viscera, and brain involve fundamental aspects of cell biology, biophysics, and evolutionary biology, and are important not only for basic science but also for the biomedicine of a wide range of birth defects and human genetic syndromes. The LR axis links biomolecular chirality to embryonic development and ultimately to behavior and cognition, revealing feedback loops and conserved functional modules occurring as widely as plants and mammals. This review focuses on the unique and fascinating physiological aspects of LR patterning in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate species, discusses several profound mechanistic analogies between biological regulation in diverse systems (specifically proposing a nonciliary parallel between kidney cells and the LR axis based on subcellular regulation of ion transporter targeting), highlights the possible importance of early, highly‐conserved intracellular events that are magnified to embryo‐wide scales, and lays out the most important open questions about the function, evolutionary origin, and conservation of mechanisms underlying embryonic asymmetry. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 78:191–223, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracellular modulation of BMP activity in patterning the dorsoventral axis
Authors: Little Shawn C. , Mullins Mary C.
Published: October 2006

Signaling via bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulates a vast array of diverse biological processes in the developing embryo and in postembryonic life. Many insights into BMP signaling derive from studies of the BMP signaling gradients that pattern cell fates along the embryonic dorsal–ventral (DV) axis of both vertebrates and invertebrates. This review examines recent developments in the field of DV patterning by BMP signaling, focusing on extracellular modulation as a key mechanism in the formation of BMP signaling gradients in Drosophila, Xenopus, and zebrafish. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 78:224–242, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disulfide bond rearrangement during regioselective oxidation in PhS(O)Ph/CH3SiCl3 mixture for the synthesis of α‐conotoxin GI
Authors: Szabó Ildikó , Schlosser Gitta , Hudecz Ferenc , Mező Gábor
Published: October 2006

Rearrangement of disulfide bonds during the synthesis of α‐conotoxin GI using PhS(O)Ph/CH3SiCl3 oxidation procedure was observed. We have demonstrated that the protecting scheme (order of acetamidomethyl (Acm) and tBu protecting groups) of the Cys residues as well as the reaction time influenced the ratio of the native and the mispaired compounds, while the temperature of the reaction mixture had no significant effect. However, in all cases the nonnative derivative was produced in high amount. The structure of the isomers was identified by the combination of enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry measurements. We conclude that the air oxidation followed by the application of Tl(tfa)3 for the regioselective formation of disulfide bonds leads up to the appropriate compound in the case of the synthesis of α‐conotoxin GI, while the oxidation procedure using PhS(O)Ph/CH3SiCl3 system resulted in the nonnative disulfide isomer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88:20–28, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com.
Insights into the Mechanism of BN Generation via Boron Triazide Precursor: Theoretical Study
Authors: Liu Fengyi , Meng Lingpeng , Sun Zheng , Zheng Shijun
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural and Electronic Characterization of Eu2LiSi3, Eu2LiGe3 and EuxSr2‐xLiGe3 Mixed Crystals.
Authors: Xie Qingxing , Nesper Reinhard
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Redetermination of the Lanthanum Iron Sulfide La52Fe12S90.
Authors: Mills Allison M. , Braeunling Daniel , Ruck Michael
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Routes to Sodium Tetradecaphosphide Na4P14 and Molecular Structure of Na4(DME)7.5P14 and Na4(en)6P14 (DME = 1,2‐Dimethoxyethane; en = Ethylenediamine).
Authors: Miluykov Vasili , Kataev Alexander , Sinyashin Oleg , Loennecke Peter , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Series of Borate‐Rich Metalloborophosphates Na2 [MIIB3P2O11(OH)] ×0.67H2O (MII: Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn): Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Susceptibility.
Authors: Yang Tao , Li Guobao , Ju Jing , Liao Fuhui , Xiong Ming , Lin Jianhua
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
[BeCl(12‐Crown‐4)][SbCl4]: A Novel Cationic Beryllium Complex.
Authors: Neumueller Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rare‐Earth Nickel Nitridoborates with (BN) Anions: Characterized LnNi(BN) and Anticipated LnM(BN) Compounds.
Authors: Neukirch Michael , Blaschkowski Bjoern , Haeberlen Marco , Meyer H.‐Juergen
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient and Regiospecific Biocatalytic Esterification of Some Organic Acids Using Beef Pancreas Lipase (Bpl).
Authors: Roy H. N. , Sarkar M. S. , Paul A. M.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.