bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culturally Sensitive Instructional Design Principles for Online Learning Environments
Authors: Kartal Gülten , Toprak Elif , Kumtepe Evrim Genc
Published: October 2017

Distance education and e-learning practices are preferred by increasing number of people and institutions in the recent years all around the globe. It's clear that there are different interests, expectations, needs, characteristics, and backgrounds of participants in these learning environments. In this connection, it is important that courses are designed, taking cultural diversity into account, optimizing self-learning in such environments. The instructional designs that support multiculturalism in learning environments, lead to more efficient learning. Based on the awareness about cultural diversity, this chapter focuses on culturally sensitive instructional design principles for online learning environments. Firstly, “culture” as a concept and its components, based on various prominent definitions in literature are given. Then, the design principles are discussed with a critical look on online learning environments, with an eye to different theories and studies of leading researchers in the field.
Trade's Impact on the Profits and Losses for American Workers
Authors: Hampton-Garland Pamela
Published: October 2017

Trade was a unifying topic for the Republican elected U.S. President Donald Trump in the 2016 election. Many of his supporters believed trade deals like NAFTA had destroyed the quality of life they lived before their manufacturing jobs were sent to Mexico, China and other countries where the jobs could be performed for much lower wages. This chapter will uncover misinformation about trade and the Trump revolutionaries who voted for him. In addition to challenging the assumptions of trades impact on job losses and the campaign promise by candidate Trump to bring those jobs back, this chapter will explore who the voters were, why they voted for Trump and what can be done now to create skilled workers for viable jobs.
Instructional Technology and Meaningful Learning
Authors: Ntuli Esther , Nyarambi Arnold
Published: October 2017

The use and importance of technology in teaching and learning processes is well established in teacher training programs and teaching literature; however, integration of technology in meaningful ways remains a challenge. For teacher candidates to be able to effectively integrate technology in the classrooms, they need to experience meaningful technology pedagogical practices during teacher training. This chapter synthesizes well-established and relatively new technology pedagogical strategies that could be used with teacher candidates. The aim is to provide a summary of research-based strategies for teacher educators interested in improving technology integration in their teacher training programs.
The Vignette TaBLE
Authors: Elwood Susan , Johnson Robin D. , Perales Cary
Published: October 2017

This chapter investigates the research and recommendations regarding the collaborative design of the joint, flipped-instruction micro-learning vignettes for classroom mentors and teacher candidates regarding promising practices of flipped instruction within a mobile learning environment. The focus of the chapter relates to pedagogies that incorporate active learning within mobile technologies that are most likely to enhance meaningful learning. The Vignette Team-based, Blended Learning Experience (TaBLE) will be presented, based upon its research-based rationale, design, preliminary results, and future implications.
Toward a Participatory View of Early Literacies in Second Language Contexts
Authors: Cañas Claudia , Ocampo Ángela Patricia , Rodríguez Ana Karina , López-Ladino Mónica , Mora Raúl Alberto
Published: October 2017

This chapter will introduce a pedagogical framework to engage with literacy practices in early childhood contexts and English language learners (ELLs), based on the commonalities across three research studies carried out in three schools in Medellín, Colombia. In this chapter, we argue that developing strong pedagogical proposals for PreK-5 spaces entails breaking the traditional compartmentalization of children's practices between in or out of school and carefully integrating multimodality and critical literacy in our curricula. Besides the explanation of our pedagogical framework and its link to our current research, the chapter also provides some insights for early childhood teachers working with ELLs around the world to draw from these frameworks and transform their curricula. Although language context may differ, there are developmental commonalities across the board that practitioners and teacher educators can draw from, regardless of whether the children are in English-speaking contexts or not.
Korean Immigrant Parents' Involvement in Children's Biliteracy Development in the U.S. Context
Authors: Cho Hyesun , Song Kwangok , Lee Ji-Yeon
Published: October 2017

Drawing on the experiences of Korean immigrant families in the United States, this chapter highlights the importance of parental involvement in the bilingual literacy development of young English language learners. Findings of two projects on Korean parents' engagement in Korean and English language development at home are presented. These findings yield several insights into Korean immigrant parents' perspectives of and experiences in supporting their children's biliteracy development. This chapter suggests not only the importance of parental role but also the teachers' role in bilingual literacy development among young children. Suggestions for educators to support immigrant families to enhance their children's biliteracy learning are provided.
Panoramic Radiographs for Detecting Osteopenia: A Pilot Study
Authors: Velayudhan Nair Vivek , Thomas Sunila , Thomas Jincy , Mathew Cucoo Mariam
Published: October 2017

Osteoporosis characterized by low bone mass/osteopenia can be identified using radiomorphometric indices in routine panoramic radiographs. This study estimates the prevalence of osteopenia in 50-80 years age group, using panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mental index (MI) and mandibular cortical index (MCI). PMI, MI and MCI were applied on 36 panoramic radiographs; MI and MCI were compared with PMI. The prevalence of osteopenia was 11.1% with PMI and 44.4% with MCI. Using MI, the prevalence was 2.8% and 33.3% with 3mm and 4.77mm threshold respectively. The prevalence of osteopenia detected was highest using MCI (44.4%). Considering PMI as gold standard, MI with 4.77 mm threshold showed better agreement with PMI.
Corrosion of Post-Tensioned Tendons with Deficient Grout, Part 1: Electrochemical Behavior of Steel in Alkaline Sulfate Solutions
Authors: Krishna Vigneshwaran K.K. , Permeh S. , Echeverría M. , Lau K. , Lasa I.
Published: October 2017

Severe corrosion recently documented in Florida post-tensioned bridges were related to grout segregation that created deficient grout with characteristics of having low chloride content, high sulfate concentration, high pore water pH, and high moisture content. The role of elevated sulfate concentrations in the development of steel corrosion in deficient grout has not been elucidated. As first approach to determine the corrosion mechanism of steel strand in deficient grout, the objective of the research, described here, was to evaluate the role of sulfate ions on the corrosion of steel in alkaline solutions. Steel coupons were exposed to two different alkaline solutions (SPS) simulating pore solutions with pH 12.6 (SPS1) or 13.3 (SPS2) with varying sodium sulfate levels (early fixed content and later increments). Electrochemical experiments included the steady-state condition and potentiodynamic polarization tests. Solution pH was found as an important parameter in the corrosion development of steel in sulfate SPS solutions. In the highly SPS2 solution (pH 13), sulfate ions did not impair passive film growth or stability. In the moderate SPS1 solution (pH 12.6), early fixed sulfate presence could be aggressive by impairing passive film development; however, even high levels of later increments of sulfates cannot depassivate steel. The instability of the passive film in alkaline sulfate solutions resulted in pitting corrosion of steel.
Two decades of satellite observations of AOD over mainland China
Authors: de Leeuw Gerrit , Sogacheva Larisa , Rodriguez Edith , Kourtidis Konstantinos , Georgoulias Aristeidis K. , Alexandri Georgia , Amiridis Vassilis , Proestakis Emmanouil , Marinou Eleni , Xue Yong , van der A Ronald
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The retrieval of aerosol properties from satellite observations provides their spatial distribution over a wide area in cloud-free conditions. As such, they complement ground-based measurements by providing information over sparsely instrumented areas, albeit that significant differences may exist in both the type of information obtained and the temporal information from satellite and ground-based observations. In this paper, information from different types of satellite-based instruments is used to provide a 3-D climatology of aerosol properties over mainland China, i.e. vertical profiles of extinction coefficients from CALIOP, a lidar flying on board the CALIPSO satellite, and the column-integrated extinction (AOD), available from three radiometers: ESA’s ATSR-2, AATSR (together referred to as ATSR) and NASA's MODIS/Terra, together spanning the period 1995–2015. AOD data are retrieved from ATSR using the ADV v2.31 algorithm while for MODIS the Collection 6 (C6) DTDB merged AOD data set is used. These data sets are validated and differences are compared using AERONET version 2 L2.0 AOD data as reference. The results show that, over China, MODIS slightly overestimates the AOD and ATSR slightly underestimates the AOD. Consequently, MODIS AOD is overall higher than that from ATSR, and the difference increases with increasing AOD. The comparison also shows that none of the ATSR and MODIS AOD data sets is better than the other one everywhere. However, ATSR ADV has limitations over bright surfaces where the MODIS DB was designed for. To allow for comparison of MODIS C6 results with previous analyses where MODIS Collection 5.1 (C5.1) data were used, also the difference between the C6 and C5.1 DTDB merged data sets from MODIS/Terra over China is briefly discussed. The AOD data sets show strong seasonal differences and the seasonal features vary with latitude and longitude across China. Two-decadal AOD time series, averaged over the whole mainland China, are presented and briefly discussed. Using the 17 years of ATSR data as the basis and MODIS/Terra to follow the temporal evolution in recent years when ENVISAT was lost requires a comparison of the data sets for the overlapping period to show their complementarity. ATSR precedes the MODIS time series between 1995 and 2000 and shows a distinct increase in the AOD over this period. The two data series show similar variations during the overlapping period between 2000 and 2011, with minima and maxima in the same years. MODIS extends this time series beyond the end of the ENVISAT period in 2012, showing decreasing AOD.
Changes in gross oxygen production, net oxygen production, and air-water gas exchange during seasonal ice melt in the Bras d'Or Lake, a Canadian estuary
Authors: Manning Cara C. , Stanley Rachel H. R. , Nicholson David P. , Loose Brice , Lovely Ann , Schlosser Peter , Hatcher Bruce G.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Sea ice is an important control on gas exchange and primary production in polar regions. We measured net oxygen production and gross oxygen production using near-continuous measurements of the O2 / Ar gas ratio and discrete measurements of the triple isotopic composition of O2 in the Bras d'Or Lake, an estuary in Nova Scotia, Canada, as the bay transitioned from ice-covered to ice-free conditions. The volumetric gross oxygen production was 5.4(+2.8−1.6) mmol O2 m−3 d−1, similar at the beginning and end of the time-series, and likely peaked at the end of the ice melt period. Net oxygen production displayed more temporal variability and the system was on average net autotrophic during ice melt and net heterotrophic following the ice melt. We performed the first field-based dual tracer release experiment in ice-covered water to quantify air-water gas exchange. The gas transfer velocity at > 90 % ice cover was 6 % of the rate for nearly ice-free conditions. Published studies have shown a wide range of results for gas transfer velocity in the presence of ice, and this study indicates that gas transfer through ice is much slower than the rate of gas transfer through open water. The results also indicate that both primary producers and heterotrophs are active in Whycocomagh Bay during spring while it is covered in ice.
Effects of electrical stimulation in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Authors: Fornell Salvador , Ribera Juan , Mella Mario , Carranza Andrés , Serrano-Toledano David , Domecq Gabriel
Published: October 2017

Introduction:

The aim of this study was to examine whether the use of an internal electrostimulator could improve the results obtained with core decompression alone in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective study of 41 patients (55 hips) treated for osteonecrosis of the femoral head between 2005 and 2014. Mean follow-up time was 56 (12-108) months. We recorded 3 parameters: time to recurrence of pain, time to conversion to arthroplasty and time to radiographic failure. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The equality of the survival distributions was determined by the Log rank test.

Results:

Implanted electrostimulator was a factor that increased the survival of hips in a pre-op Steinberg stage of II or below, while it remained unchanged if the stage was III or higher.

Conclusions:

The addition of an internal electrostimulator provides increased survival compared to core decompression alone at stages below III.
ESTUDIO EXPERIMENTAL DE LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL VIENTO INCIDENTE SOBRE ESTRUCTURAS EN CASO DE TERRENOS COMPLEJOS
Authors: Wittwer Adrián Roberto , Loredo-Souza Acir Mércio , Klaus Olivera Mario Gustavo , Marighetti Jorge Omar , De Bortoli Mario Eduardo
Published: October 2017

En el caso de estructuras sensibles a la acción aerodinámica, las características del viento incidente se ven modificadas por la topografía circundante provocando variaciones de las cargas aerodinámicas respecto a las que se podrían prever en caso de terrenos planos. Los Reglamentos de Viento incorporan factores vinculados a las características topográficas que permiten tener en cuenta estas modificaciones para las situaciones más comunes. En casos más complejos es necesario realizar simplificaciones que pueden disminuir la confiabilidad en el cálculo, o bien utilizar el túnel de viento que permite un análisis más adecuado de este tipo de efecto. En este estudio se presentan los resultados obtenidos en dos estudios experimentales realizados en el túnel de viento “Jacek P. Gorecki” de la UNNE, utilizando modelos a escala, para terrenos complejos de características diferentes. Los casos evaluados corresponden a un edificio de gran altura y a un puente atirantado de dimensiones importantes. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de mediciones de valores medios y fluctuantes de velocidad de viento son analizados y comparados con datos de referencia, para su aplicación en términos de la Normativa de Vientos.
A Family of Non Linear Models in a Market with Semi Markov Regimes: Application to the Commodity and the Derivative Market
Authors: Assonken Patrick , S. Ladde Gangaram
Published: October 2017

This paper introduces a family of coupled semi Markov regime switching multidimensional non linear models for general asset prices. Two particular instances of the models are explored. The first instance is one modeling commodity prices. Estimation formulas for historical parameters are developed. The second instance of the family of models introduced is one generalizing Heston model. It allows for semi Markov regime switching of Heston parameters. We develop a general semi closed formula for vanilla option prices given the risk neutral option parameters.
Chromosomal Q-Heterochromatin and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Ibraimov A. I.
Published: October 2017

We suppose that at study of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, it is possible that some evolutionary aspects of the problem are missed. This aspect is related to the peculiarity of human adaptation to climatic geographic conditions of Eurasia, which differ significantly from the climate of East Africa, where Homo sapiens was formed as a tropical biological species and so it has remained to this day. A hypothesis has been put forward that the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is associated with some previously unknown features of the genome and the physical properties of the human body that arose in the process of its adaptation to a mild and cold climate. These adaptive genetic changes that have contributed to the development (settling) by Homo sapiens of non-tropical, including cold and high mountain areas of the Earth, resulted to the fact that a man became the single species vulnerable (predisposed) to atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis is apparently a purely human disease that appeared after adaptation of man to climatic conditions of temperate and northern latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The type of vessels (arteries or veins) and the site of their lumen have no role in the development of atherosclerotic changes. The primary and main causative factor in the development of atherosclerosis is blood temperature. The degree of blood cooling in the lungs depends on geographical latitudes and altitude above sea-level of the site of permanent residence of man. The preclinical stage of atherosclerosis may develop into a pathological form predominantly in individuals in the genome of which the amount of chromosomal Q-heterochromatin material is higher than its mean value per individual in the population.
The contexts of developing an artwork of the liturgical monody genre
Authors: Sławecki Michał
Published: October 2017

In the case of historically informed performance, in every field of musical art, performance is a long process consisting of many stages. Between the first contact with a score and the final presentation of a piece on stage, there is a period of strenuous individual and team work. A conductor, as a person responsible for artistic creation, becomes a philologist, critic, music theorist and musicologist. As far as ancient repertoire – Western liturgical monody – is concerned, a conductor’s reflections should be of an interdisciplinary nature, enriched with theological aspects.
In the liturgical monody repertoire, there are neither interpretational patterns nor instructions for a conductor. The better one knows the background of monody and its objectives, the better one is likely to understand the reasons for and manners of performance. Only interpretation of a neumatic symbol is a legitimate act in the field of artistic creation, wherein conductor finds one’s self-fulfillment.
Report on the „Poznajemy muzykę Aleksandra Tansmana” [„Getting acquainted with Alexander Tansman’s music”] Solfeggio Competition
Authors: Włodarczyk Magdalena
Published: October 2017

Report on the „Poznajemy muzykę Aleksandra Tansmana” [„Getting acquainted with Alexander Tansman’s music”] Solfeggio Competition
Report on 7th All-Polish Methodological Conference for teachers
Authors: Broj Katarzyna
Published: October 2017

Report on 7th All-Polish Methodological Conference for teachers
Report on the „Konteksty Sztuki Dyrygenckiej” [„The Contexts of the Conducting Art”]
All-Polish Academic Conference
Authors: Ber Dawid
Published: October 2017

Report on the „Konteksty Sztuki Dyrygenckiej” [„The Contexts of the Conducting Art”]
All-Polish Academic Conference
Zone grise d’emploi, pouvoir de l’employeur et espace public : une illustration à partir du cas Uber
Authors: Azaïs Christian , Dieuaide Patrick , Kesselman Donna
Published: October 2017

L’article propose une grille de lecture des transformations de la relation d’emploi dans le cadre de la globalisation des marchés à partir de la notion de « zone grise d’emploi » (ZGE). Cette notion, forgée à l’origine par le juriste A. Supiot, pour désigner une convergence de situation entre l’« état de subordination » des salariés et des travailleurs indépendants est reprise et discutée dans le cadre élargi d’une « relation d’emploi avec tiers ». Ce cas de figure renvoie à un contexte d’internationalisation de la production où la relation employé-employeur ne se résume pas à une relation de face à face, mais dépend d’un ensemble de parties prenantes impliquées dans les conditions qui président à son organisation et sa gestion. L’article propose une définition de la ZGE qui ne se limite pas à souligner un défaut d’institutionnalisation dans la règle de droit, mais considère que tout « écart à la norme » est devenu la règle et non plus l’exception. La ZGE est définie comme « espace public » entendu comme un espace de délibération où les jeux d’intérêt et les relations de pouvoir se coordonnent ou se confrontent pour la constitution d’un ordre de régulation hybride, public et privé, formel et informel. L’intérêt de cette notion est de porter un autre regard sur les transformations de la relation d’emploi. En prenant la firme Uber comme exemple, l’article montre que l’on ne peut réduire la question de l’emploi des chauffeurs prestataires au paradigme juridique standard qui limiterait le débat entre choisir le statut de travailleur indépendant ou celui de salarié. La diversité, mais aussi la fragilité des jugements prononcés par les tribunaux, leurs caractères partiels et toujours provisoires, laissent deviner que la situation socio-professionnelle des chauffeurs, si elle relève de l’« indécidable » au plan du droit, ne peut être comprise sans prendre en considération l’action des États, des territoires et de la société civile dans le jeu de la régulation.
La représentation collective au travail en contexte d’externalisation des services publics d’aide à domicile au Québec
Authors: Boivin Louise
Published: October 2017

L’externalisation, qui donne lieu à l’intégration indirecte du travail dans l’organisation productive, pose des défis importants pour la représentation collective des travailleuses et des travailleurs. C’est que le droit du travail a été établi en fonction d’un tout autre modèle organisationnel. Afin de mieux comprendre ces défis, nous avons mené trois études de cas sur la représentation collective en contexte d’externalisation des services publics d’aide à domicile au Québec durant la période 2003-2013. Les travailleuses concernées — majoritairement des femmes — occupent des emplois précaires chez trois types de prestataires privés intégrés à des réseaux locaux de services: entreprises d’économie sociale en aide domestique (EESAD), usagers du programme Chèque emploi-service (CES) et agences de location de personnel. Nous avons examiné si des pratiques de représentation collective de ces travailleuses existent et quels acteurs sociaux les portent. Nous avons aussi vérifié si ces pratiques se confinent à l’intérieur des frontières de l’entité identifiée comme l’employeur au sens juridique ou si elles sont « réticulaires », étendant la solidarité à la sphère du pouvoir stratégique (Appay, 1997) exercé par les autorités publiques dans les réseaux.

Nos résultats montrent l’absence d’une représentation collective réticulaire dans ces réseaux locaux de services où la dévalorisation sexuée du travail, contrée en partie dans le secteur public, revient en force. Le personnel de 15% des EESAD est syndiqué, mais les pratiques de représentation syndicale n’interpellent que l’employeur reconnu au sens juridique, les EESAD. Dans les agences de location de personnel intégrées à ces réseaux locaux, aucune forme de représentation collective n’existe, ni dans le programme CES. Cependant, une action collective interpellant les autorités publiques au sujet des conditions d’emploi dans le CES a eu un certain succès ponctuel. Portée par une coalition d’associations locales représentant des personnes vivant avec des limitations fonctionnelles, elle ouvre la voie à l’idée d’alliances salariées-usagers autour de la qualité des services et de l’emploi.
Le journal La Liberté, espace discursif d’inclusion ou d’exclusion? Le cas de Daniel Lavoie et le « 500 Taché »
Authors: Monnin Isabelle C.
Published: October 2017

Le présent article propose l’analyse de la mise en place en 2005 d’un espace discursif dansLa Liberté, hebdomadaire francophone du Manitoba, à propos des modalités d’appartenance et les conditions d’inclusion et d’exclusion dans la communauté franco-manitobaine. À l’aune de la prise de parole publique de Daniel Lavoie, auteur-compositeur-interprète d’origine franco- manitobaine qui a déménagé au Québec dans les années 1970, autour de la construction imminente d’un immeuble de résidences privées (le « 500 Taché ») sur une artère principale à Saint-Boniface (Manitoba) – un projet qui a causé des divisions profondes dans la communauté franco-manitobaine à l’époque – l’auteure du présent article observera non seulement le rôle de la langue dans la construction de la frontière sociale au Manitoba français, mais aussi la place que peut légitimement occuper un groupe de personnes ayant quitté le Manitoba durant la période 1960-1980 dans les prises de décisions ayant trait à la gouvernance communautaire et à la gestion du patrimoine. Cet article s’insère dans des recherches en cours sur le sentiment d’appartenance de « ceux qui sont partis » du Manitoba vers l’Estentre 1960 et 1980 ainsi que les frontières d’inclusion et d’exclusion au Manitoba français.
Comprendre la construction identitaire à l’école de la minorité francophone sous l’angle de la reconnaissance
Authors: Gauvreau Marilyne
Published: October 2017

Cet article, fondé en partie sur notre projet de thèse doctoral, vise seulement à problématiser le concept de construction identitaire souvent utilisé dans le jargon issu du système éducatif évoluant en milieu francophone minoritaire. En faisant appel à la notion de la reconnaissance liée à la connaissance de soi, des autres et du monde (Honneth, 2002), nous nous engageons dans un travail d’interprétation, voire de clarification, avec l’espoir qu’au final, l’idée de construction identitaire sera plus claire qu’elle ne l’est à l’heure actuelle ou du moins qui laisse entrevoir une nouvelle façon de l’appréhender. De fait, nous espérons pouvoir donner encore plus de sens à l’expérience de la construction identitaire qui semble parfois, pour certains agents éducatifs, complexe et aberrante. Notre but consiste alors à mieux s’entendre sur les termes qu’on emploie, un point de vue qu’ont partagé les trois experts invités (Réal Allard, Diane Gérin-Lajoie et Gilberte Godin) lors d’une table ronde organisée par le Centre de recherche et de développement en éducation [CRDE] à l’Université de Moncton en 2015. Une mise en perspective des facteurs qui pourraient expliquer l’apparition de ce concept depuis les dernières années au sein de la francophonie canadienne sera d’autant plus exploitée dans cet article.
Géographie des seringues souillées à la traîne à Montréal
Authors: LESAGE-MANN Élaine , APPARICIO Philippe
Published: October 2017

Plusieurs études s’intéressent aux seringues à la traîne, mais elles sont souvent de nature qualitative et portent surtout sur les comportements des utilisateurs de drogues injectables. Pourtant, il serait très pertinent de connaître la localisation des seringues souillées abandonnées afin d’optimiser les programmes de gestion de seringues. L’objectif de cet article est donc de tracer un portrait spatiotemporel des seringues à la traîne dans le quartier montréalais Centre-Sud, entre les années 2010 et 2014. Au plan méthodologique, deux méthodes d’analyse spatiale récentes sont mobilisées : le Network Kernel Density Estimation (NKDE) et le I Local Indicators of Network-Constrained Clusters (ILINCS) qui utilisent la distance réticulaire plutôt que la distance euclidienne. Nos résultats montrent qu’il existe plusieurs concentrations importantes de seringues dans le quartier et qu’elles bougent peu durant les cinq années. Ces résultats permettent aussi de constater que l’utilisation de ces nouvelles méthodes d’analyse spatiale (NKDE et ILINCS) est tout à fait appropriée dans le cadre d’événements se déroulant sur des axes routiers et que ces méthodes mériteraient d’être plus largement utilisées en géographie urbaine.
Alex Grant and the Big Ditch
Authors: Styran Roberta M. , Taylor Robert R.
Published: October 2017

The technological history of the building of the Welland ship canal (1913-1932) is well recorded with photographs, documents, maps and plans in various archives. On the other hand, the social history of this saga is harder for the reader to discover because the engineers, contractors, and labourers have left little trace of their experiences “on the ground.” Fortunately, a diary kept by the engineer in charge, Alexander J. Grant, has come to life. Covering the longest period of construction, it chronicles the day-to-day problems of a hard-working, intelligent professional -- but also offers glimpses into the emotional and social life of the man. It will be a valuable source for a future biographer of this remarkable engineer.
’Free from all possibility of historical error’
Authors: Stevenson Michael D.
Published: October 2017

The 1925 unveiling of the Champlain monument in Orillia capped nearly three decades of public commemoration of Samuel de Champlain’s explorations in North America. Promoted tirelessly by local entrepreneur Charles Harold Hale and designed by English sculptor Vernon March, the monument was beset by controversy, construction delays and cost overruns. Nonetheless, when completed, it was initially greeted with nearly unanimous international acclaim. Two overarching themes marked the monument. First, its backers sought to use it to improve frayed relations between Ontario’s anglophone and Quebec’s francophone populations. Second, the monument’s design misrepresented the mutually beneficial relationship between Champlain and his Huron allies and promoted Eurocentric and colonial mentalities that marginalized the Indigenous contribution to the development of New France and Canada. While the first goal was largely unrealized, the second has resonated down to the present day.
The senses as a resource of meaning in the construction of the Stranger: an approach from Georg Simmel’s relational sociology
Authors: Sabido Ramos Olga
Published: October 2017

This article explores the analytical relation between senses, space, and the stranger in Simmel’s relational thought. We can say that Simmel provides an analytical framework for thinking of how we create forms of socialization that take place from the senses. The senses mark areas of familiarity and strangeness among people and, the senses are a resource of meaning in the construction and exclusion of the stranger. Specifically, the article recovers Simmel's reflections regarding the relationship of estrangement that develops from the gaze, smell, and hearing, supplemented by recent empirical research in these fields and some examples related to Latin American cities.
Revising Estimates of Aquatic Gross Oxygen Production by the Triple Oxygen Isotope Method to Incorporate the Local Isotopic Composition of Water
Authors: Manning Cara C. , Howard Evan M. , Nicholson David P. , Ji Brenda Y. , Sandwith Zoe O. , Stanley Rachel H. R.
Published: October 2017

Measurement of the triple oxygen isotope (TOI) composition of O2 is an established method for quantifying gross oxygen production (GOP) in natural waters. A standard assumption to this method is that the isotopic composition of H2O, the substrate for photosynthetic O2, is equivalent to Vienna standard mean ocean water (VSMOW). We present and validate a method for estimating the TOI composition of H2O based on mixing of local meteoric water and seawater H2O end‐members, and incorporating the TOI composition of H2O into GOP estimates. In the ocean, GOP estimates based on assuming the H2O is equivalent to VSMOW can have systematic errors of up to 48% and in low‐salinity systems, errors can be a factor of 2 or greater. In future TOI‐based GOP studies, TOI measurements of O2 and H2O should be paired when the H2O isotopic composition is expected to differ from VSMOW.
Simultaneous Remote Observations of Intense Reconnection Effects by DMSP and MMS Spacecraft During a Storm Time Substorm
Authors: Varsani A. , Nakamura R. , Sergeev V. A. , Baumjohann W. , Owen C. J. , Petrukovich A. A. , Yao Z. , Nakamura T. K. M. , Kubyshkina M. V. , Sotirelis T. , Burch J. L. , Genestreti K. J. , Vörös Z. , Andriopoulou M. , Gershman D. J. , Avanov L. A. , Magnes W. , Russell C. T. , Plaschke F. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Giles B. L. , Coffey V. N. , Dorelli J. C. , Strangeway R. J. , Torbert R. B. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Ergun R.
Published: October 2017

During a magnetic storm on 23 June 2015, several very intense substorms took place, with signatures observed by multiple spacecraft including DMSP and Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS). At the time of interest, DMSP F18 crossed inbound through a poleward expanding auroral bulge boundary at 23.5 h magnetic local time (MLT), while MMS was located duskward of 22 h MLT during an inward crossing of the expanding plasma sheet boundary. The two spacecraft observed a consistent set of signatures as they simultaneously crossed the reconnection separatrix layer during this very intense reconnection event. These include (1) energy dispersion of the energetic ions and electrons traveling earthward, accompanied with high electron energies in the vicinity of the separatrix; (2) energy dispersion of polar rain electrons, with a high‐energy cutoff; and (3) intense inward convection of the magnetic field lines at the MMS location. The high temporal resolution measurements by MMS provide unprecedented observations of the outermost electron boundary layer. We discuss the relevance of the energy dispersion of the electrons, and their pitch angle distribution, to the spatial and temporal evolution of the boundary layer. The results indicate that the underlying magnetotail magnetic reconnection process was an intrinsically impulsive and the active X‐line was located relatively close to the Earth, approximately at 16–18 RE.
Factors That Modulate Properties of Primary Marine Aerosol Generated From Ambient Seawater on Ships at Sea
Authors: Keene William C. , Long Michael S. , Reid Jeffrey S. , Frossard Amanda A. , Kieber David J. , Maben John R. , Russell Lynn M. , Kinsey Joanna D. , Quinn Patricia K. , Bates Timothy S.
Published: October 2017

Model primary marine aerosol (mPMA) was produced by bubbling clean air through flowing natural seawater in a high‐capacity generator deployed on ships in the eastern North Pacific and western North Atlantic Oceans. Physicochemical properties of seawater and mPMA were quantified to characterize factors that modulated production. Differences in surfactant organic matter (OM) and associated properties including surface tension sustained plumes with smaller bubble sizes, slower rise velocities, larger void fractions, and older surface ages in biologically productive relative to oligotrophic seawater. Production efficiencies for mPMA number (PEnum) and mass (PEmass) per unit air detrained from biologically productive seawater during daytime were greater and mass median diameters smaller than those in the same seawater at night and in oligotrophic seawater during day and night. PEmass decreased with increasing air detrainment rate suggesting that surface bubble rafts suppressed emission of jet droplets and associated mPMA mass. Relative to bubbles emitted at 60 cm depth, PEnum for bubbles emitted from 100 cm depth was approximately 2 times greater. mPMA OM enrichment factors (EFs) and mass fractions based on a coarse frit, fine frits, and a seawater jet exhibited similar size‐dependent variability over a wide range in chlorophyll a concentrations. Results indicate that the physical production of PMA number and mass from the ocean surface varies systematically as interrelated functions of seawater type and, in biologically productive waters, time of day; bubble injection rate, depth, size, and surface age; and physical characteristics of the air‐water interface whereas size‐resolved OM EFs and mass fractions are relatively invariant.
Soil Gross Nitrogen Transformations in Typical Karst and Nonkarst Forests, Southwest China
Authors: Li Dejun , Yang Yi , Chen Hao , Xiao Kongcao , Song Tongqing , Wang Kelin
Published: October 2017

Soil gross nitrogen (N) transformations are crucial for assessing forest N status. Although there is evidence suggesting that the N cycle is open in the karst forest, southwest China, process‐based investigation of gross soil N transformations is limited. In the current study, gross soil N transformations were investigated using 15N isotope dilution and 15N tracer techniques in a typical karst forest with calcareous soil (Calcareous lithosols) in comparison with an adjacent nonkarst forest with red soil (Haplic acrisol).The gross rates of N mineralization, nitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), and nitrate immobilization were significantly greater in the karst forest. Ammonium immobilization was comparable to gross N mineralization, so that ammonium could be efficiently conserved in the nonkarst forest. Meanwhile, the produced nitrate was mostly retained via DNRA and nitrate immobilization. This resulted in a negligible net nitrate production in the nonkarst forest. In contrast, ammonium immobilization rate only accounted for half of gross N mineralization rate in the karst forest. The nitrate retention capacity is relatively low, with 41.6 ± 4.2% of the produced nitrate being retained via DNRA and nitrate immobilization. Due to relatively low nitrate retention capacity, nitrate was accumulated in the karst forest soil. Our results indicate that the nonkarst forest with red soil holds a very conservative N cycle, but the N cycle in the karst forest is leaky.
Selective Oxidative Coupling Reaction of Isocyanides Using Peroxide as Switchable Alkylating and Alkoxylating Reagent
Authors: Zhang Xinglu , Liu Zhiqiang , Gao Yu , Li Feng , Tian Yaming , Li Chunju , Jia Xueshun , Li Jian
Published: October 2017

A switchable oxidative coupling reaction of isocyanide and peroxide has been disclosed. In the presence of iron catalyst, the coupling reaction affords N‐arylacetamides in good yields. By simply replacing the iron with copper catalyst, another different coupling reaction takes place in which peroxide can serve as alkoxylating source. This protocol represents a new fundamental coupling of two basic chemicals involving C−C and C−O bond‐forming process. The unusual reactivity of an isocyano group in a radical reaction acting formally as an amidoyl synthon has also been well established. The experiment outcome reveals that aromatic isocyanides are particularly compatible reaction partners in present coupling reaction, whereas no desired products are observed when aliphatic isocyanides are used.

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Laccase‐catalyzed polymerization drying of Chinese lacquer sap with TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Jianhong , Shen Fengqin , Deng Jianping , Cai Jun , Zhang Qiuhua , Liu Wanghui
Published: October 2017

Nano‐TiO2/lacquer hybrid coatings are prepared by the blend of nano‐TiO2 and lacquer sap. Nano‐TiO2 particles are involved in the laccase‐catalyzed polymerization process of urushiol, which improves the properties of lacquer film. With increasing nano‐TiO2 from 0 to 5 wt %, the drying time of lacquer film to reach hardened dryness decreases from >12 h to 8 h 30 min under 30 °C and 80% relative humidity. Gel permeation chromatography analysis shows that the addition of nano‐TiO2 accelerates the polymerization of urushiol. It is also related to the formation of TiOC bonds due to the reaction between nano‐TiO2 and the radicals produced by laccase‐catalyzed oxidation. The pencil hardness, flexibility, and adhesion of hybrid lacquer film can be improved and reach 4H, 1 mm, and grade 2, respectively. Its inhibition rate against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus increases from 22.6% and −21.4% to 49.2% and 67.8%, respectively. Furthermore, nano‐TiO2 hybrid lacquer films also possess higher thermo‐stability than the raw lacquer film. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45865.
Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate promotes the activated hepatic stellate cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress and ameliorates fibrogenesis in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Bian Mianli , Chen Xingran , Zhang Chenxi , Jin Huanhuan , Wang Feixia , Shao Jiangjuan , Chen Anping , Zhang Feng , Zheng Shizhong
Published: October 2017

Varied pathogenetic elements have been touched upon the liver fibrosis, including inflammatory, stress, apoptosis and unfolded proteins aggregation. Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizinate (MgIG) has been accepted to be a neuroprotective effect, hepatoprotective and anti‐inflammatory molecule. In our vitro researches, MgIG was considered to activate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) apoptosis by promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) detrimental response to a certain extent. Consequently, MgIG showed its potential therapeutic capacity in fibrogenesis and counteracted the pathogenetic aspects, which were involved in integrating current treatments correcting liver fibrosis. In addition, we further verificated the behavior and pathogenic mechanisms in the CCl4‐induced liver fibrosis in male mice. What surprised us was that with the treatment of MgIG caused the activation of ERS and resisted the activated HSCs in the protective effects on liver damage. We found MgIG significantly promoted the apoptosis of activated HSCs and protected the CCl4‐induced liver fibrosis. Main molecules came down to the unfolded protein response signaling pathway. Furthermore, MgIG inhibited the levels of the downstream inflammatory cytokines, which were triggered by CCl4‐induced liver fibrosis. Here, we reported that MgIG improved behavioral impairments induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 and decreased the expression of proinflammatory factor, which indicated the preserving effects on liver fibrosis. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(6):836–846, 2017
Predicting Transmembrane Pressure Rise from Biofouling Layer Compressibility and Permeability
Authors: Skinner Samuel J. , Stickland Anthony D. , Scales Peter J.
Published: October 2017

The operation of filtration membranes for wastewater treatment is severely affected by biofouling formation, which causes a rapid increase in transmembrane pressure (TMP) in constant rate filtration. The TMP rise is often attributed to particulate fouling within the membrane, but the external fouling layer or filter cake contributes significantly. The fouling is highly compressible, so any model must incorporate cake compression. A one‐dimensional controlled rate model based on compressible cakes and accurate sludge properties is proposed to predict the TMP rise needed to maintain constant flux. Increased compressibility results in more rapid TMP rise. Model predictions were compared to pilot‐plant data and showed good correlation, without assuming fouling within the membrane. Optimization of cycle times and flux rates are performed.
Separation of Small Particles by Diffusio‐ and Thermophoresis in a Gas‐Liquid Cross‐Flow Array
Authors: Zheng Zhijian , Zhu Jiahua , Xia Sulan , Laminger Thomas , Höflinger Wilhelm
Published: October 2017

A wet scrubber technique was studied for the separation of particles < 2.5 μm from exhaust gas by a gas‐liquid cross‐flow array. The cleaning water of the separator flows vertically down along many regularly configured wires and the generated water film acts as an independent sink for particle collection. Due to the surface‐orientated horizontal particle movement caused by diffusio‐ (DP) and thermophoresis (TP), the particles can be captured by the water films. Since wastewater from the same production process can be used, the necessary cleaning water recycling costs can be saved due to the already available water treatment device. Experiments on a laboratory‐scale test rig show the particle grade removal efficiency (PGRE) for different inlet gas‐water temperature gradients and for a constant vapor injection.
Composition‐Dependent Effect of the Calcination of Cobalt‐, Nickel‐, and Gallium‐Based Layered Double Hydroxides to Mixed Metal Oxides in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Chakrapani Kalapu , Özcan Fatih , Ortega Klaus Friedel , Machowski Thomas , Behrens Malte
Published: October 2017

Mixed cobalt and nickel based layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with Ga as the third cation and the mixed metal oxides (MMOs) resulting from their thermal decomposition were synthesized in various compositions through constant pH co‐precipitation and calcination. The structural and textural properties of the catalysts with variable Co/Ni ratios were assessed by N2 physisorption, powder X‐ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. The obtained materials exhibit electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline solution. The highest activity was found for catalysts containing both transition‐metal cations, Co and Ni. However, comparison of the LDH precursors and the calcined MMOs revealed a composition‐dependent effect of calcination. Co‐rich LDH tends to lose activity when calcined, whereas Ni‐rich LDH gains activity. The optimal cation composition of the LDH was Co1.5Ni0.5Ga with an overpotential of 382 mV. The highest performance among the MMOs, on the other hand, has been encountered for the Co0.5Ni1.5Ga composition, reaching a similar overpotential.
Born at the right time? A conceptual framework linking reproduction, development, and settlement in reef fish
Authors: Shima J. S. , Noonburg E. G. , Swearer S. E. , Alonzo S. H. , Osenberg C. W.
Published: October 2017

Parents are expected to make decisions about reproductive timing and investment that maximize their own fitness, even if this does not maximize the fitness of each individual offspring. When offspring survival is uncertain, selection typically favors iteroparity, which means that offspring born at some times can be disadvantaged, while others get lucky. The eventual fate of offspring may be further modified by their own decisions. Are fates of offspring set by birthdates (i.e., determined by parents), or can offspring improve upon the cards they've been dealt? If so, do we see adaptive plasticity in the developmental timing of offspring? We evaluate these questions for a coral reef fish (the sixbar wrasse, Thalassoma hardwicke) that is characterized by extreme iteroparity and flexible larval development. Specifically, we monitored larval settlement to 192 small reefs over 11 lunar months and found that most fish settled during new moons of a lunar cycle (consistent with preferential settlement on dark nights). Settlement was significantly lower than expected by chance during the full moon and last quarter of the lunar cycle (consistent with avoidance of bright nights). Survival after settlement was greatest for fish that settled during times of decreasing lunar illumination (from last quarter to new moon). Fish that settled on the last quarter of the lunar cycle were ~10% larger than fish that settled during other periods, suggesting larvae delay settlement to avoid the full moon. These results are consistent with a numerical model that predicts plasticity in larval development time that enables avoidance of settlement during bright periods. Collectively, our results suggest that fish with inauspicious birthdates may alter their developmental trajectories to settle at better times. We speculate that such interactions between parent and offspring strategies may reinforce the evolution of extreme iteroparity and drive population dynamics, by increasing the survival of offspring born at the “wrong” time by allowing them to avoid the riskiest times of settlement.