bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Hill Virginia , Mardale Alexandru
Published: August 2021

Chapter 8 concludes the book and lists its contributions to the understanding of Romanian DOM: (i) DOM data should be assessed separately for each DOM mechanism; (ii) the diachrony of DOM conforms to a general pattern of changes noticed for other parametric settings in Romanian grammar; (iii) the diachrony of DOM requires a typological perspective that considers not only the Romance DOM pattern (as in previous studies) but also the Balkan DOM; (iv) DOM triggers (i.e., the particularizing and topicality features) are mapped to D in Romanian (versus v in Spanish); (v) Romanian DOM completely conforms to the specificity/definiteness scales (albeit the contrary remarks in previous studies). These results inform the grammatical theory by indicating a new configurational variation that has DOM as its outcome although it is orthogonal to Kayne's generalization.
Results and Discussion
Authors: Frey Ulrich
Published: August 2021

This chapter presents the modeling results and their interpretation. First, the synthesis of success factors from existing success factor syntheses is developed and theoretically motivated. Then, the descriptive statistics and correlations between success factors are described analogously for each data set (CPR, NIIS, IFRI, and an overall model from all data sets). Finally, for each modelling methodology (multivariate regressions, random forests, and neural network), the model qualities are presented. In addition, the individual factors are described according to their importance for ecological success. Each presentation of results is followed by a discussion. The chapter is concluded with robustness and sensitivity analyses.
Starting a Conversation about Trans and Gender-Expansive Persons
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores the need for music teachers to honor trans and gender-expansive (TGE) students participating in school music programs. Diversity enriches arts engagement, in part, by uniting individuality through communal and collaborative music experiences. School music diversity includes the LGBTQA population and, more specifically, TGE young persons. Music educators benefit from knowing and understanding the lived experiences of TGE young persons as a way to honor and celebrate their individuality. Concepts of gender identity, gender expression, sexuality, and attraction are discussed in an effort to frame a glossary of terms used throughout the book. The authors acknowledge historical contexts in which this text was written. A brief primer of intersectionality is provided to contextualize the complex identities of TGE persons.
Understanding School Climate for Trans and Gender-Expansive Persons
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua
Published: August 2021

This chapter investigates why school music teachers should consider gender diversity—to honor all students, including trans and gender-expansive (TGE) youth. The question “How does the gender binary manifest in school music programs?” is addressed in an effort to raise teacher awareness and examine bias. Three theories are described as grounding principles for the book: (a) gender complexity, (b) gender affirmative model, and (c) transgender theory. The authors identity specific challenges faced by TGE youth in school learning environments. Readers gain a more complete image of TGE persons as individuals by acknowledging the resiliency of these young persons and understanding the challenges they face, rather than viewing them as only victims. This insight allows teachers to better understand how participation in school music programs can play a positive role in the development of these young persons.
Celebrating TGE Singers in Choral Classrooms
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua
Published: August 2021

Trans and gender-expansive (TGE) singers experience music-making challenges specific to their vocal instruments. This chapter is devoted solely to choirs and the TGE students who sing in them. A brief opening discussion contextualizes how vocal music can be a gendered art form. Challenges and potential solutions are described for singers participating in single-gender choirs. The middle section of the chapter focuses on inclusive vocal pedagogy, including discussions of congruence of voice identity and gender identity, voice part identification, and the application of Universal Design for Learning to choral classrooms. Voice masculinization and voice feminization are described, with a focus on how they might impact singers’ voices. Healthy group vocal technique exercises are discussed, with examples provided in Appendix D. Additional suggestions for inclusive choral techniques include ideas for standing and seating rehearsal arrangements and working with heteronormative and cisnormative texts.
The Limits of Antitrust
Authors: Posner Eric A.
Published: August 2021

While antitrust law is an important response to labor market monopsony, it cannot solve all the problems of labor monopsony. A significant degree of labor market power is “frictional,” that is, without artificial barriers to entry or excessive concentration of employment. The two major sources of such friction are search costs and job differentiation. Search costs refer to the costs a worker must incur in order to find a job. Job differentiation refers to the variations in amenities and other conditions that distinguish otherwise similar-seeming jobs. A simple mathematical exercise, drawing on estimates of concentration and aggregate and firm-specific labor supply elasticities, shows that even if labor market concentration were eliminated, workers would be paid less than 60% of the competitive wage.
Textual Transmission as Textual Participation
Authors: Hagbi Yaniv
Published: August 2021

One of the most fundamental notions of rabbinic Judaism is that concerning textual transmission. The Jewish text is always on the move—sometimes back and forth—from God to humanity, from generation to generation, from teacher to students. Textual transmission encompasses and even necessitates another idea, that of ...
Media in the Dissemination of Land of Israel Songs
Authors: Ramati Ido
Published: August 2021

In The Land of Promise, a Zionist propaganda film directed by Yehuda Leman and produced in 1935, there is a sequence depicting a prominent cultural phenomenon in the life of the Yishuv (the Jewish community in Palestine) in the early 20th century—the community sing-along....
Fighting Partition, Saving Mount Scopus
Authors: Livny Adi
Published: August 2021

In March 1948, David Werner Senator, the administrative director of the Hebrew University, wrote a letter to a colleague, Akiba Ernst Simon, who was in New York at the time. After describing the mounting level of violence between Arabs and Jews in Jerusalem, Senator noted:...
Piquing Political Interest, Forging Political Engagement
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Kittilson Miki Caul
Published: August 2021

How do sizable and visible gains in women’s officeholding affect women’s and men’s political engagement? This chapter examines how women’s political presence shapes gender differences in political knowledge, interest, discussion, and citizens’ beliefs about their own efficaciousness. The authors draw on their unique survey in Uruguay before quota implementation and after the resulting increase in women’s descriptive representation to track gender differences over time. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses reveal a consistent pattern of rising engagement for women as a consequence of the changing face of descriptive representation. After the election, previously statistically significant gender gaps in favor of men evaporate for political interest, political knowledge, perceptions of understanding issues, and political discussion.
“Standing Tall and Seeing Far”
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 12 examines the “ways and means” of China’s global grand strategy of expansion, discussing in concrete terms how it is building forms of control globally while weakening those of the United States. It examines this effort across three domains of statecraft, describing how Beijing has put forward global institutions and illiberal norms at the political level, sought to seize the “fourth industrial revolution” and weaken US financial power at the economic level, and increasingly acquired global capabilities and facilities at the military level—all as part of a broader effort to achieve its nationalistic vision of rejuvenation and displace US order.
The Pathway to Bacterial Genetics
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter reviews Esther Zimmer’s early training, as she set out on a parallel career pathway, from Neurospora to bacteria, to her future husband Joshua Lederberg. While still a junior at Hunter College, Zimmer found the best possible mentor in Bernard Ogilvie Dodge, the foremost expert in Neurospora, the new model organism of genetic research. After graduation, Dodge helped her gain further research experience at the Industrial Hygiene Research Laboratory in Bethesda, Maryland, where she worked with Alexander Hollaender, an expert in radiation biology. After two years of training in the procedures for developing X-ray and UV induced mutations, Zimmer acquired her bona fides for graduate school. She was accepted to graduate school at Stanford University because of Dodge’s association with George Beadle, who, with Edward Tatum, had developed a new paradigm for biochemical genetics: “one gene: one enzyme.” In 1946, their similar experiences in Neurospora research brought Joshua and Esther together.
Global Racial Violence
Authors: Barder Alexander D.
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the nineteenth-century history of American settler colonialism, what it reveals about the transformation of global politics in terms of racial violence, and, as a consequence, how it comes to structure ideas about global peace and order. It examines more specifically the case of American settler colonialism in the nineteenth century and the very ideas of the vanishing Indian. The nineteenth-century American Indian Wars were a critical dimension of the relationship between savage or racial warfare and global order. The discussion turns to Theodore Roosevelt’s idea that global politics is not (or not primarily) the realm of power politics; rather, the cleavages remain those of civilized races perpetually dominating or fearing racial violence from uncivilized barbarians. As a consequence, savage wars or racial wars become part and parcel of American imperial expansion, and their legacy is derived from the history of American settler colonialism.
What’s the Big Deal about Horror Movies, and Who Watches Them, Anyway?
Authors: Clasen Mathias
Published: August 2021

The audience for horror films is more diverse than many people seem to assume. The genre appeals to women and men, young and old, thrill seekers and neurotics alike. The horror genre is also more popular than many might assume, with hundreds of horror movies being produced in the United States each year, and an increase in horror movie production in recent decades. When people seek out horror movies, they desire emotional stimulation, and the fear elicited by a horror movie is a main attraction, not an unfortunate byproduct. The threat simulation theory of horror argues that people have safe, vicarious experiences with dangerous scenarios through scary fiction. This adaptive function of horror explains the paradoxical appeal of the genre.
“Okay, I’m Ready to Watch a Horror Movie. What Now?”
Authors: Clasen Mathias
Published: August 2021

If a nervous person wants to watch a horror movie, there are several pieces of science-based advice that may help make the experience as pleasant as possible, such as watching with others, watching at home, and keeping the sound at a reasonable level. Moreover, certain coping strategies can help to adjust psychological distance, thus decreasing immersion and fright response. At the same time, increasing psychological distance allows for an aesthetic form of engagement with horror, which comes with its own peculiar pleasure. The trick is to find a horror movie that hits the viewer’s sweet spot in terms of scariness, and to maximize the odds of having a fun and constructive experience.
Perishment, Extreme Dilution (Istihlak)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

This chapter supplements the preceding one on istihalah. Istihlak (perishment, or extreme dilution) happens when a forbidden food or drink is diluted to such an extent that it is no longer forbidden. For instance, when a drop of blood, or of poison, is diluted in a very larger quantity of water, this will not pollute the water or make it forbidden for consumption. Whereas istihalah is concerned with internal chemical changes in haram substances such that no trace of the latter remains, istihlak is primarily concerned with the mixing of quantities such that it reduces the smaller quantity into total insignificance.
Fatwa Issuance in Shariah
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

Many aspects of the halal slaughter and market developments require authoritative responses as and when new issues arise. These responses are often provided by the state muftis who are experts in shariah. Fatwa is defined as a response given by a qualified scholar to a particular issue raised by a person or a group of persons or an organization. This chapter examines the conditions of fatwa, qualifications of a mufti, and other fatwa regulations in shariah. It begins with an overview of fatwa in shariah, its history of development, and its role in bringing the shariah closer to the realities of people’s lives. This is followed by brief information on fatwa-related developments in Malaysia.
Halal in Indonesia, New Zealand, and Japan
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

As the title specifies, this chapter reviews halal-related developments in a select number of countries, including Indonesia, New Zealand, and Japan. Rising wages and younger, expanding populations in these countries are among the main drivers of growth. With nearly 88 percent of its 265 million population being Muslim, Indonesia has been advancing its halal agenda in a holistic manner and has passed laws make halal certification a mandatory requirement. New Zealand’s Trade and Enterprise Department is working with local companies in New Zealand to build halal compliance into the business models of those companies, especially the new ones. Japan is wooing record numbers of Muslim travelers to visit the country.
Imported Meat
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

The importation of meat into Muslim countries from non-Muslim-majority countries and producers raises a number of halal-related questions, which are addressed in this chapter. Imported meat of halal animals, such as beef, mutton, and chicken, from countries that follow Christianity or other monotheistic religions is lawful for consumption by Muslims even if the name of Allah has not been cited, provided they have gone through their own slaughter methods, thus precluding killing by other means. This is not, however, the case with regard to meats imported from countries that do not practice a monotheistic religion and do not fall under the People of Scripture.
Varieties of Atheism in Science
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R.
Published: August 2021

Not all atheists are New Atheists, but thanks in large part to the prominence and influence of New Atheists such as Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Daniel Dennett, and Christopher Hitchens, New Atheism has claimed the pulpit of secularity in Western society. New Atheists have given voice to marginalized nonreligious individuals and underscored the importance of science in society. They have also advanced a derisive view of religion and forcefully argued that science and religion are intrinsically in conflict. Many in the public think that all scientists are atheists and all atheist scientists are New Atheists, militantly against religion and religious people. But what do everyday atheist scientists actually think about religion? Drawing on a survey of 1,293 atheist scientists in the U.S. and U.K., and 81 follow-up in-depth interviews, this book explains the pathways that led to atheism among scientists, the diverse views of religion they hold, their perspectives on the limits of what science can explain, and their views of meaning and morality. The findings reveal a vast gulf between the rhetoric of New Atheism in the public sphere and the reality of atheism in science. The story of the varieties of atheism in science is consequential for scientific and religious communities and points to tools for dialogue between these seemingly disparate groups.
“I Am Not Like Richard”
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R.
Published: August 2021

Modernist atheists, the largest subset of atheist scientists, are the most like the New Atheists. They do not identify as religious or spiritual, they do not interact with religious individuals or organizations, and they are more likely than other atheists to view the science-faith interface as a relationship of conflict. Nevertheless, while this group includes fierce critics of religion, many view it as having a positive role in society. And independent of these views, most modernist atheists believe that New Atheist discourse on the relationship between religion and science is damaging to public trust in science and scientists.
Blame Ourselves
Authors: Okrent Arika , O’Neill Sean
Published: August 2021

This chapter evaluates how, over the centuries, as English became increasingly used in official institutions, written, taught, codified, and standardized, not only did the language change, but our idea of what the language is changed. All languages have rules—even unwritten, uncodified vernaculars. Linguistic rules are patterns, conventions for making utterances, that conform to certain general (though much debated) principles of human language ability. Languages that are written, codified, and standardized also have explicitly endorsed or prescribed rules. Rules that are taught and enforced to a certain degree, but not necessarily followed. Correctness in language can be defined in relation to rules that are either tacit conventions or explicitly formalized prescriptions. Over time, because language is something people do, both kinds of rules will change. Language also interacts with formal logic, the axioms and rules of inference, but it plays by its own rules. Ultimately, when it comes to language, we are creatures of habit and creatures of creativity.
Beyond Neoliberalism
Authors: Ergas Christina
Published: August 2021

Chapter 4 explains the cultural stories and values that bolster the neoliberal paradigm, one that shapes exploitative socioecological relationships. It argues that ideas have consequences and details the history of Western thought—such as Descartes’ hierarchical dualisms and social sciences’ profound misunderstanding of Darwin’s theory of evolution—that brought extreme individualization, inequality, and fierce competition. These stories and values promote ideas that humans have moral dominion over nature and man has dominion over woman. This world view justifies social inequity as well as humans’ exploitation of other species and the environment. These codified stories and values perpetuate humans’ acts of harm against others and the planet. The chapter further discusses how and why economic context matters in shaping paths of resistance and co-opting alternative and green technologies. It explains the need to scale up socioecological values first in order to cultivate the underlying framework for a new environmental economic paradigm.
Scaling Up the Values Themselves
Authors: Ergas Christina
Published: August 2021

The fifth chapter develops a radical sustainability framework by examining the socioecological values in sustainability experiments that exist in different political-economic contexts, the ecovillage in the United States and the urban farm in Cuba. It asks: What are the environmental values and stories that each case demonstrates? An argument is made for a paradigm shift from human’s war with nature to human’s collaboration with nature to regenerate a thriving biosphere. This means shifting Western culture away from that of atomized, competitive, self-interested individual consumers who use technology to dominate nature. And it means shifting toward a new culture that values community ties, cooperation with the socionatural world, “plentitude” or sufficiency, local self-reliance, and physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being for all. In addition, it means creating an economy built on social justice and environmental regeneration.
Parameters of predicate fronting: Introduction to the volume
Authors: Lee-Schoenfeld Vera , Ott Dennis
Published: August 2021

This introductory chapter surveys the phenomenon of predicate fronting and provides brief summaries of the individual chapters.
Predicate doubling by phonological copying
Authors: Müller Gereon
Published: August 2021

In this paper, I argue for an approach to copy constructions in syntax that does not rely on the copy theory of movement; rather, it employs copy operations as in standard cases of reduplication. As a case study, I consider predicate doubling constructions in (two varieties of) German, Hebrew, and Asante Twi. I argue that the choice between copying and do support in predicate doubling constructions can be reduced to the order of the two operations Move and Copy. The analysis relies on the assumption that predicate fronting in German must involve VPs (and cannot involve bare Vs); in an appendix, I provide independent evidence for this.
Counternarratives of Catastrophe
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: August 2021

Chapter 4 investigates how analysts, policymakers, and political movements began to articulate a counternarrative of disaster capitalism as a frame for understanding transition. The disaster capitalism narrative suggests that Western institutions sought to exploit postsocialist recessions to impose harsh reforms for self-interested motives. Following the financial crisis of 2008, populist movements, which often advocated heterodox economic policies, emerged across the postsocialist world. The chapter shows the links between economic anxiety brought on by the failures of transition and the rhetoric and ideology of growing populist movements. It also points to China’s policy of long-term economic liberalization as a success when compared to the economic devastation that neoliberal reforms wrought on the postsocialist countries of East Europe and Central Asia.
Attitudes Shift over Time
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: August 2021

Chapter 11 evaluates how public opinion data suggest shifts in attitudes toward transition since the beginning of the twenty-first century. It shows that of nine countries surveyed between 1991 and 2009, five saw decreases in support for the change from authoritarianism to democracy while every one of them saw decreased support for the change to capitalism, contrasting with increasing life satisfaction and support for the demise of communism. The chapter also finds that although increases in subjective life satisfaction were significant, they were still concentrated among the “winners” of transition. This chapter also suggests that although the negative impacts of the global financial crisis were much more severe in postsocialist countries, postsocialist elites remained committed to neoliberal capitalism after the financial crisis. Still, many postsocialist citizens, even in successful transition countries, believe that their lives were better prior to 1989.
Toward a New Social Contract?
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: August 2021

Chapter 12 shows that despite improvements in life satisfaction and living standards, postsocialist citizens do not believe that most people have done well in the transition and exhibit deep distrust of institutions and other people. In short, postsocialist societies have not created and legitimized a new social contract. While many individuals are doing well, few believe that society is doing well as a whole. This perception of corruption, distrust, and societal failures has fueled the rise of illiberalism, a preference for stronger states, and dissatisfaction with neoliberal capitalism. Low levels of trust in state and social institutions, high levels of perceived inequality, and significant popular support for a strong state all have eroded support for transitional reforms.
Return to the Past
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: August 2021

Chapter 15 analyzes ethnographic data that suggests many people in postsocialist countries, particularly those who lived in rural areas, felt that their lives were moving backward following transition. It shows that many were forced to return to subsistence agriculture and pastoral herding as rural state enterprises collapsed through privatization and as state job guarantees disappeared. The chapter explores how the flaws of privatization led to the substantial growth of informal economies and examines the new phenomenon of homelessness in societies where all had previously been guaranteed a home. In analyzing homelessness, it shows how the dissolution of state-support networks caused those without individual support networks to be “thrown away,” many of whom would end up living on the street in the clutches of alcoholism. The chapter considers nostalgia for past systems by those who cannot compete in a market economy, generally the elderly or members of marginalized groups.
Genomic Politics
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer
Published: August 2021

Genomic science is moving out of the laboratory and into societal uses: gene therapy for terrible diseases, evidence determining guilt or innocence in a courtroom, exploration of one’s racial and ethnic ancestry, prenatal testing, and much more. Genomics promises great benefits. It also entails great risks: surveillance, a revival of eugenics, the threat of bioterrorism, and the distortions brought about by understanding life as mechanically determined rather than freely chosen.
It Depends
Authors: Rettew David
Published: August 2021

The story of how the book came about will be described as the author found himself becoming a new child psychiatrist and a new parent around the same time. The argument is made for why the common one-size-fits-all approach of most parenting books falls short for so many parents and why there is a need for a reliable synthesis of parenting-related scientific information that includes the possibility that the “correct” answer for a particular child might depend on different factors. A case example is given to illustrate the point. This opening chapter also lays out the plan and format for the rest of the book.
Child Temperament 101
Authors: Rettew David
Published: August 2021

The second chapter introduces the reader to some core principles of temperament and how these dimensions often combine to yield five different temperamental types (mellow, moderate, anxious, vigorous, and agitated). Instructions and tools will be provided to help the reader identify their child’s temperament traits and type as well as their own. The well-known goodness-of-fit theory will be described to support the idea for why it is so important to incorporate temperament when making good parenting choices. This chapter will also briefly cover topics related to sex differences and the causes of temperament. The basic knowledge about temperament acquired in this chapter will be applied to future chapters concerning specific parenting debates.
Working
Authors: Rettew David
Published: August 2021

The decision to return to work and leave infants and toddlers in the care of childcare providers can be excruciating for families. Reliable answers regarding the developmental impacts of different caregiving arrangements have been hard to come by—even after the federal government decided that it was going to conduct what was supposed to be a definitive study: The National Institute of Child Health and Development’s Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Over 200 publications have come from this study alone, and, as might be expected, the results of this massive study are hard to boil down into a sound bite. The results of this study and others are summarized, and the “It Depends” section explains how the best childcare choice for an individual child might change according to that child’s temperament and other factors.
Yucky
Authors: Rettew David
Published: August 2021

A large number of young children are very selective in their eating. The internet is full of solutions, but many of them openly contradict each other. Some experts advise to get rid of dessert altogether, while others say the treat should be given up front, right next to the peas and applesauce. This chapter will take a look at the various strategies being proposed by experts and the evidence, or lack thereof, behind them. Practical suggestions will be offered in line with some of the approaches recommended by professional organizations as well as some instances that might require different methods to be used.
Sparing the Rod (and the Chair?)
Authors: Rettew David
Published: August 2021

Corporal punishment is illegal in many countries yet remains a core disciplinary practice in countless American families. The current debate often finds itself drawn along political lines, despite a fairly vast literature that finds little to support spanking. A lack of short-term effectiveness coupled with evidence that corporeal punishment leads to worse child behavior has led most child experts to discourage parents from using it. Indeed, some have even moved to condemn what were considered less harsh techniques like time-outs, although here the evidence is weaker. Lacking in many of these arguments is the consideration of several “it depends” factors that may be playing an important role in the degree that corporeal punishment results in resentment and feelings of rejection on the part of the child.
iToddler
Authors: Rettew David
Published: August 2021

The amount of time even young children spend watching television, playing video games, and generally looking at some sort of screen is truly astonishing. At the same time, technology has become a necessary part of so many aspects of our life. This chapter will summarize the evolving positions of many national child health organizations on screens and delve into the complex studies that have tried to measure the effects of media on child mental health and cognition with regards to things like aggression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Tips for helping children develop healthy habits for screen use are shared, and information is presented regarding how inherent qualities of the child need to be taken into account when looking at the potential risks and benefits of screen use for an individual child.
Good Job!
Authors: Rettew David
Published: August 2021

Children from generations past were not coddled. With the dawn of the self-esteem movement, however, many parenting experts began to stress the importance of providing praise and positive reinforcement as an important way to show children they are valued. Lately, however, there has been concern that too many “Good jobs!” may have backfired developmentally, particularly if they haven’t been truly earned. The research that has been done shows that the issue is much more complex. All praise, it turns out, is not created equal with some types having effects that are the exact opposite of other types. Furthermore, the idea that some children receive too much praise is certainly not mutually exclusive with the idea that others don’t get near enough. This chapter will distill what is actually known about this hotly debated topic and offer a roadmap to help parents distinguish between children who might benefit from hearing additional praise and those who might be getting too much.
Introduction
Authors: Gochberg Reed
Published: August 2021

The introduction highlights the changes and transitions that accompanied the development of museums in the early nineteenth century. Tracing ideas about “useful knowledge” from cabinets and lyceums to museums and galleries, the introduction explores competing ideas about the scope and purpose of museum collections during this period. The discussions that surrounded museums in travel narratives, fiction, and periodicals reveal the unpredictable and imaginative reflections evoked by their collections, as writers and visitors frequently saw opportunities to consider how objects were preserved, classified, and displayed. Much like the books, specimens, and artifacts housed together in museum collections, these debates crossed fields and disciplines, raising broader questions about the role of museums in determining what counts as “useful knowledge” and who participates in the conversation.
American Claimants
Authors: Gochberg Reed
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines descriptions of the British Museum in travel narratives and diaries by American travelers to show how it informed broader conversations about the development of American museums. Visiting during the mid-nineteenth century, American tourists encountered a museum that was attempting to organize its collections and define its purpose as a public museum, and their descriptions highlight the anxieties raised by this process. Nathaniel Hawthorne lamented the museum’s vast quantities of objects, linking a fruitless search for meaningful artifacts to questions of genealogy. Other American travelers more explicitly considered the role of visitors in interpreting collections. The artist Orra White Hitchcock reflected on the place of women in the museum’s galleries, while the Black abolitionist William Wells Brown celebrated the opportunity to continue his education and to participate in critical discussions of the museum.
Everyday Peace on the Battlefield
Authors: Mac Ginty Roger
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines informal truces and acts of humanity and reciprocity during violent conflict. It is interested in the ‘hard cases’ of all-out warfare and draws on World War I and World War II personal diaries and memoirs. The chapter demonstrates that in some circumstances, everyday peace—or at least everyday tolerance and civility—has been possible during warfare. It contains multiple examples of ‘ordinary’ combatants showing humanity, compassion, and generosity to their supposed opponents. These cases are particularly interesting from the point of view of this book as they often occurred ‘under the radar’ or outside the surveillance of the state and others. Indeed, in many cases, they were expressly forbidden by military organisations and were contrary to the prevailing national mood of antagonism towards the enemy. They show individual and group initiative, as well as resistance to a national or wider group.
The American Thinker
Authors: Brown Amanda
Published: August 2021

Chapter 1 establishes Thurman’s place within modern American thought, arguing that he is part of the American pragmatist tradition. Thurman inherited pragmatism from William James by way of W. E. B. Du Bois and Rufus Jones. Du Bois applied James’s ideas about people’s “blindness” to the experiences of others and the theory that social norms could evolve over time, through human agency, to better represent the needs of the democratic whole to his ideas about Black agitation and activism—a school of thinking within which Thurman was educated and nurtured. Thurman’s liberal theological component, especially his mysticism, is best understood through the James-Jones lineage. Rufus Jones drew off of James’s secular theories on mystical experience to popularize a culture of religious seeking and the pursuit of spiritual truth. Informed by his Quaker background, Jones theorized that the individual could reach points of heightened consciousness and could achieve a sense of oneness with a divine truth (James did not specify what this universal truth was, but Jones insisted that it was God). Both James and Jones favored affirmation mysticism—the idea that once a person experienced wholeness with the rest of the universe that he would be motivated and even responsible for attempting to create the same synchronicity within the society that he lived. Thurman, who had mystical leanings since childhood but could never fully articulate his insights on spirituality, felt as though he found a kindred spirit after he encountered one of Jones’s books on mysticism in 1929. The discovery led Thurman to study under Jones at Haverford that spring (with special permission from the college since Haverford did not admit Black students at that point). Thurman emerged from Haverford armed with a sophisticated grasp of affirmation mysticism that he connected seamlessly to his activist education. Through close readings of James, Du Bois, Jones, and Thurman, the chapter argues that Thurman’s pragmatist heritage both establishes him as a distinctly modern American thinker and sets the Fellowship Church—the physical expression of his ideas—as a distinctly modern American institution.
Coloring the Christian Left
Authors: Brown Amanda
Published: August 2021

Chapter 2 utilizes Thurman’s biography to comment on the ways in which a dynamic minority point of view pushed the otherwise White-dominated Christian Left to take on a more pluralistic and tolerant identity in the 1920s and 1930s. In line with Du Bois’s theory that minorities have a special insight, or “second sight,” to critique dominant culture, the chapter emphasizes how Thurman and his peers merged the concerns of the colored cosmopolitan community—the “darker peoples” that lived under Western imperialism and American Jim Crow—with the concerns of the Christian spiritual cosmopolitan community whose ideology strived to transcend social position.
Forecasting the Impact of Automation on Jobs
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: August 2021

Chapter 2 digs more deeply into the outlook for job destruction and job creation, and adds some theory and data to Chapter 1’s anecdotes about how machines can replace human workers. It reports an emerging consensus among leading scholars that automation is already contributing to the polarization, or hollowing out, of the labor market by destroying more middle-skill jobs than it is creating. And it reports on the more concerning prediction—still a minority view though more than plausible—that machines are destined to produce overall net job losses as they continually whittle away at humans’ comparative advantages. The chapter arrives at a working premise for the rest of the book that straddles those two forecasts: We are facing a future of less work—at least less work for those with ordinary human skills and without advanced education, and perhaps less work overall. While that straddle might seem untenable, either forecast is similarly bleak for most workers—if we do not respond constructively; and when it comes to the shape of a constructive response, both forecasts point largely in the same direction.
Preliminaries to Developing an Account of Honesty
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: August 2021

This chapter provides relevant background and stage setting. In section 1.1, the focus is on the virtue of honesty, as opposed to honest actions. Section 1.2 then turns to the scope of the virtue, or the kinds of behaviors to which it applies. Here the focus is on cases of lying, misleading, cheating, stealing, and promise-breaking. Section 1.3 wraps up the chapter by outlining four desiderata which any promising account of honesty should attempt to satisfy, with the first one being to develop a response to what is called the ‘unification challenge’ given that honesty pertains to so many different kinds of morally relevant behavior.
Dishonesty and the Virtuousness of Honesty
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: August 2021

Thus far this book has considered the first two desiderata for an account of the virtue of honesty: addressing the unification challenge and avoiding counterintuitive results. This chapter turns to the two remaining ones: helping to provide plausible accounts of the corresponding vice(s) and not threatening the virtue status of honesty. It takes up each of these in order, before ending with a recent challenge to the very idea that honesty is a virtue in the first place. The chapter responds to this challenge and defends the status of honesty as a virtue, even if in some cases it could lead to morally wrong behavior.
Classification and Taxonomy
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: August 2021

With the explosion of interest in virtue and virtue ethics, one set of issues that has been comparatively neglected is how to categorize moral character traits. There are virtues and there are vices. Each virtue has at least one corresponding vice, perhaps many. Virtues and vices have opposite moral valences. So much is familiar. But many underexplored questions remain: For a given moral domain, are virtues and vices the only options, or could there be intermediate states of character besides these two? Do virtues and vices come in degrees? Are they incompatible with each other, such that by having one of them, one necessarily cannot have the opposing trait? If there is more than one vice for a given virtue, can a person have multiple vices at the same time? This chapter hopes to make some progress in thinking further about these questions.
The Emerging Psychological and Moral Picture
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: August 2021

How should we make sense of the data reported in the previous chapter, both on psychological grounds and on moral ones too? This chapter will make an initial attempt. First I step back and make some general observations from the data, observations which will then serve as constraints on a plausible psychological account. Then in section 10.2, I propose such an account, drawing extensively on the leading proposal currently offered in the empirical literature. Finally, section 10.3 shifts from the empirical to the evaluative, as we assess whether the emerging psychological picture is one that fits comfortably with the requirements involved in being an honest person.
Introduction
Authors: Batterman Robert W.
Published: August 2021

This chapter introduces a conception of the relative autonomy of upper-scale, continuum theories from lower-scale more fundamental molecular and atomic theories. It contrasts a notion of foundational philosophical problems with an understanding of autonomy and fundamentality. It lays out the key ingredients required to argue for a middle-out, mesoscale approach to many-body systems, including hydrodynamic descriptions, representative volume elements, and fluctuation and dissipation.
Degrees of Legitimacy
Authors: Rafanelli Lucia M.
Published: August 2021

This chapter addresses the legitimacy objection to reform intervention (that it is impermissible because it disrespects recipients’ legitimate institutions) and argues that legitimacy should be understood as a scalar quality. The chapter argues that not all reform interventions are vulnerable to the legitimacy objection by showing that not all reform interventions are premised on a denial of recipient institutions’ legitimacy. Some reform interventions treat recipient institutions as one should treat fully legitimate institutions; they may be justified even if recipients’ institutions are fully legitimate. Other reform interventions treat recipient institutions neither as fully legitimate nor as completely illegitimate; they may be justified when recipients’ institutions are partially legitimate. Making sense of this requires adopting a scalar notion of legitimacy, which allows us to account for important global political phenomena that binary variants obscure. The chapter also argues we are morally required to open our own societies to reform intervention.
Notes on Allometry and Prediction of Body Mass and Age of Giraffes
Authors: Mitchell Graham
Published: August 2021

Quantification of how biological structures change during growth is essential for understanding how giraffes work. Allometry is the best arithmetical tool for analyzing changes that occur during growth. It measures how well the rate of change in one structure is associated with the rate of change in another in the species of interest. If the association is close, then allometry can be used, as in this chapter, to predict the age of a giraffe (from, say, its height) or its body mass (from its length and girth), with great accuracy. The best predictions are made if the data used to make predictions are derived from the particular species, and this type is referred to as ontogenetic allometry. A second type—interspecific allometry—uses data collected from other species to make predictions about the species of interest (like giraffes). Predictions using this second method are less accurate but are useful for establishing anatomical, physiological, and biochemical differences between the species of interest and all other comparable species.
Antitypes, Ancestors, and the Origin of Modern Giraffes
Authors: Mitchell Graham
Published: August 2021

Against the odds, over a period of 8 million years the genetic material in small gazelle-like Canthumerycids transformed by natural selection into modern long-legged, long-necked giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis. How did that happen? The 8 million-year-long evolutionary gap between Canthumerycids and giraffes, during which the astonishing morphophysiological changes occurred, is filled by three ancestral species of Paleotragine giraffids—Giraffokeryx, Paleotragus, and Samotherium—that lived in southern central Europe, with each making small but significant evolutionary contributions. While all had elongated necks, their necks were never more than half the length of modern giraffes. All, though, had long legs. Long necks arose in Bohlinia, a unique species that evolved from the Paleotragine genetic pool. Bohlinia migrated to Asia and gave rise to Indian and Chinese giraffes, and also into North Africa. Relatively quickly the Indo-Asian giraffes became extinct. In Africa the giraffe lineage that produced modern giraffes began with the evolution of Giraffa jumae from Bohlinia about 6 million years ago. G. jumae was the origin of three ancestors of modern giraffes—G. stillei, G. gracilis, and G. pygmaea—that made their appearance in East Africa around 3 million years ago. Their appearance then was a consequence of major episodes of climate change. From their genetic pool, modern giraffes, G. camelopardalis, emerged 1 million years ago.
The World of Browsers
Authors: Mitchell Graham
Published: August 2021

This chapter discusses the metabolism of giraffes. Giraffes obtain their energy and all the other nutrients needed to support their metabolism by browsing on leaves, fruits, and flowers of trees and shrubs. Wherever they live in Africa giraffes select browse from very few species but principally they browse plants of the Acacia clade. Typically their diet will contain ~15% protein, ~5% fat, ~30% fiber, and minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, and will provide ~8500 kJ of energy per kilogram of dry matter eaten. Acquisition of browse is facilitated by the elongated shape of their heads, the anatomy of their atlanto-occipital joint, a long neck supported by a unique suspensory ligament, a long and flexible tongue, and high visual and olfactory acuity. The preferred height at which giraffes browse (~3 m) is higher than the height achievable by other browsers, is an advantage conferred by their shape, and is usual explanation for the evolution of their shape. Browse preferred by giraffes is protected from over-browsing by thorns, ants, and unpalatable plant secondary metabolites, especially tannins. Giraffes tolerate tannins partly by secretion of saliva rich in proline that binds tannins. Tannins are metabolized by a combination of a gene-based ability and a liver larger than it is in grazer-ruminants. Thorns are avoided but thick layers of keratin in the mouth and tongue provide protection. Browse containing ants also is avoided, but giraffes have well-developed anatomical protection for their faces especially their eyes and nostrils.