bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Functional Response in Resource Selection Links Multiscale Responses of a Large Carnivore to Human Mortality Risk
Authors: Dougherty Kyle D. , Dellinger Justin A. , Cristescu Bogdan , Gammons Daniel J. , Garcelon David K. , Higley J. Mark , Martins Quinton E. , Riley Seth P. D. , Sikich Jeff A. , Stephenson Thomas R. , Vickers T. Winston , Wengert Greta M. , Wilmers Christopher C. , Wittmer Heiko U. , Benson John F.
Published: December 2024

Theory suggests that animals make hierarchical, multiscale resource selection decisions to address the hierarchy of factors limiting their fitness. Ecologists have developed tools to link population‐level resource selection across scales; yet, theoretical expectations about the relationship between coarse‐ and fine‐scale selection decisions at the individual level remain elusive despite their importance to fitness. With GPS‐telemetry data collected across California, USA, we evaluated resource selection of mountain lions (Puma concolor; n = 244) relative to spatial variation in human‐caused mortality risk. With hierarchical resource selection, coarse‐scale selection determines availability at finer scales. This simple relationship allowed us to demonstrate that functional responses in resource selection explicitly link individual‐level resource selection decisions across scales. We show that individuals proactively avoiding risk when selecting home ranges are freed to relax this avoidance when making decisions within home ranges. However, individuals also exhibit reactive avoidance of risk at the finest scales along movement paths.
Pollination Across the Diel Cycle: A Global Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Kendall Liam , Nicholson Charlie C.
Published: December 2024

The daily transition between day and night, known as the diel cycle, is characterised by significant shifts in environmental conditions and biological activity, both of which can affect crucial ecosystem functions like pollination. Despite over six decades of research into whether pollination varies between day and night, consensus remains elusive. We compiled the evidence of diel pollination from 135 studies with pollinator exclusion experiments involving 139 angiosperms. We used phylogenetic multi‐level meta‐analysis to test the influence of environmental conditions and plant functional traits on diel pollination differences. Our synthesis revealed an overall lack of difference in pollination between day and night; many plant species (90% of studied spp.) exhibit similar pollination success across the diel cycle. Diel pollination differences were partially explained by elevation: nocturnal pollination success was greater at low elevations, whereas diurnal pollination was more beneficial at higher elevations. Furthermore, floral traits related to pollinator attraction (odour, colour) and anthesis time influenced diel pollination differences. In the light of increasing anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity, as well as unique challenges for nocturnal biota, this synthesis underscores the diel complementarity of pollinators for many flowering plants and the importance of considering both nocturnal and diurnal pollinators in agricultural and conservation contexts.
modelRxiv: A Platform for the Dissemination and Interactive Display of Models
Authors: Harris Keith D. , Hadari Guy , Greenbaum Gili
Published: December 2024

Modelling the dynamics of biological processes is ubiquitous across the ecological and evolutionary disciplines. However, the increasing complexity of these models poses a challenge to the dissemination of model‐derived results. Often only a small subset of model results are made available to the scientific community, with further exploration of the parameter space relying on local deployment of code supplied by the authors. This can be technically challenging, owing to the diversity of frameworks and environments in which models are developed. To address this issue, we developed a platform that serves as an interactive repository of biological models, called modelRxiv. To facilitate adding models to modelRxiv, we utilise large‐language models (LLMs) to make the platform language‐agnostic. The platform provides a unified interface for the analysis of models that do not require any technical understanding of the model implementation, thus improving the accessibility, reproducibility and validation of ecological and evolutionary models.
Seasonal Assembly of Nectar Microbial Communities Across Angiosperm Plant Species: Assessing Contributions of Climate and Plant Traits
Authors: Cecala Jacob M. , Landucci Leta , Vannette Rachel L.
Published: December 2024

Plant–microbe associations are ubiquitous, but parsing contributions of dispersal, host filtering, competition and temperature on microbial community composition is challenging. Floral nectar‐inhabiting microbes, which can influence flowering plant health and pollination, offer a tractable system to disentangle community assembly processes. We inoculated a synthetic community of yeasts and bacteria into nectars of 31 plant species while excluding pollinators. We monitored weather and, after 24 h, collected and cultured communities. We found a strong signature of plant species on resulting microbial abundance and community composition, in part explained by plant phylogeny and nectar peroxide content, but not floral morphology. Increasing temperature reduced microbial diversity, while higher minimum temperatures increased growth, suggesting complex ecological effects of temperature. Consistent nectar microbial communities within plant species could enable plant or pollinator adaptation. Our work supports the roles of host identity, traits and temperature in microbial community assembly, and indicates diversity–productivity relationships within host‐associated microbiomes.
Current and Historical Resource Nitrogen Supply Affects the Eco‐Physiological Traits and the Ionome of a Diazotrophic Cyanobacterium
Authors: Wagner Nicole D. , Prater Clay , Robbins Caleb J. , Osburn Felicia S. , Wang Jingyu , Jeyasingh Punidan D. , Scott J. Thad
Published: December 2024

Diazotrophic cyanobacteria can overcome nitrogen (N)‐limitation by fixing atmospheric N2; however, this increases their energetic, iron, molybdenum, and boron costs. It is unknown how current and historic N‐supplies affect cyanobacterial elemental physiology beyond increasing demands for elements involved in N‐fixation. Here, we examined the changes in pigment concentrations, N‐storage, and the ionome (i.e., multivariate elemental composition) of the freshwater diazotroph Dolichospermum flosaquae adapted to an N‐gradient for two temporal scales: 27 days and 45 months. We found short‐term adaptation of Dolichospermum to low N‐supply decreased pigment concentrations, N‐storage, N:carbon (C), and increased boron:C, calcium:C, and magnesium:C than high N‐supply adapted populations. Dolichospermum adapted to low N‐supplies for 45 months had higher pigment concentrations, N‐storage, and lower boron:C, calcium:C, magnesium:C, and phosphorus:C than the short‐term adapted populations when grown in low N‐supplies. Our results highlight the connections between the ionome and physiology, identifying the previously unrecognised roles of elements that can be used to advance physiological patterns.
Investigating Loading Path–Dependent Fatigue Behavior of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Adhesive Bonding Butt Joints Under Tension–Torsion Multipath Cyclic Loading
Authors: Zhang Jin‐Yang , Jia Hong , Zhang Jun
Published: December 2024

The tension–torsion multipath cyclic loading experiments of the nonlinear viscoelastic adhesive bonding butt joints were conducted with the asymmetric strain‐control mode, and the effect of loading path and strain strength on the mechanical behavior of the joint was observed through the dissipated energy and the cyclic stress response. It was found that the loading path had influences on the fatigue damage and nonproportional strain loading path had additional fatigue damage to the joints. Meanwhile, the initial decline rate of dissipated energy and cyclic stress increased with the increase of equivalent mean strain (EMS) and equivalent strain amplitude (ESA) have been observed. In addition, the uniaxial cyclic damage model was extended to a tension–torsion fatigue damage model by adding a path factor into the tensile and torsional cyclic damage model. The model calculated results showed that the proposed model could better predict the loading path–dependent fatigue behavior of the joint.
Disentangling the Impact of Forest Management Intensity Components on Soil Biological Processes
Authors: Klein‐Raufhake Theresa , Hölzel Norbert , Schaper Jens Jakob , Elmer Michael , Fornfeist Max , Linnemann Britta , Meyer Michael , Neuenkamp Lena , Rentemeister Katharina , Santora Lea , Wöllecke Jens , Hamer Ute
Published: December 2024

Temperate forests cover 25% of the world's forest area and most of them are managed for timber production. To increase yields, native deciduous trees have been commonly replaced by fast‐growing conifers, especially in Western and Central Europe. Despite the importance of forest soils for a variety of ecosystem functions, the effects of forest management intensity on soil biological processes have not yet been sufficiently understood. Using a standardized sampling protocol that covers 200 plots across four regions with different abiotic site conditions, our study aims at disentangling the effects of individual components of forest management intensity such as (i) share of native deciduous trees, (ii) timber harvesting volume, and (iii) natural deadwood volume on soil biological processes. Our findings indicate that the effects of management practices on soil biological processes are as important as abiotic factors, such as subsoil pH value and soil texture. Piecewise structural equation modeling revealed that forest management has both direct and indirect effects on soil biological processes via humus form and topsoil pH. Generally, the ratio of deciduous and coniferous trees had the most significant effect on nutrient cycling and soil properties, followed by nutrient extraction through timber harvesting and natural deadwood volume. The strength of the observed effects was modified by regional variations in climate, topography, and bedrock. Our findings underline the high diagnostic value of humus form as an indicator of biological processes in mineral topsoil (particularly pH, C/N, and microbial characteristics can be predicted) that can guide forest managers in evaluating soil quality and identifying management impacts.
Desire: A Theological Reappraisal
Authors: Ward Graham
Published: December 2024

Desire and its cognates—longing, yearning—do a lot of hard work in modern theology, the work grounded in philosophical precedents going back at least as far as the early German Romantics. These precedents helped to inaugurate the twentieth century explorations of psychoanalysis. And so, desire re‐entered theological conversation and some lessons were learnt; most evidently about bringing the body back to the soul and the spirit. Despite the impact of Nygren’s Agape and Eros thesis, the range ‘desire’ covers now in modern theology admits no dualism between caritas and eros, and has actively promoted discussions that move fluidly between philosophy and theology. But a question remains that this essay can only begin to explore: what is desire? The question arises because, as theologians concerned with concepts closely allied to desiring, yearning, and longing—concepts such as grace, participation, friendship, love, and formation, for example—we employ it as if we knew what it is, and the mechanics of its operations are self‐evident. But desire, this essay argues, is obscure and multiple, elusive, deceptive, and slippery. And that has theological implications.
Segmental vitiligo: autoimmune pathogenesis, neuronal mechanisms, and somatic mosaicism
Authors: Lin Xiran , Meng Xianmin , Lin Jingrong
Published: December 2024

Vitiligo is a common depigmentation disorder classified into nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV) and segmental vitiligo (SV). SV accounts for 5–27.9% of patients with vitiligo. The primary pathogenesis of NSV involves the autoimmune‐mediated destruction of melanocytes. Recently, an autoimmune pathogenesis of SV was identified. High levels of melanocyte antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells are found in early SV lesional skin infiltrating around melanocytes along the basal layer. Mixed vitiligo suggests an overlap in pathogenesis between SV and NSV. In active SV, serum innate immune cytokines, and CD8+ T cell cytokines are increased. Oxidative stress in SV may activate autoimmune responses. SV pathogenesis is associated with a local cytotoxic response targeting epidermal melanocytes. Theories have been put forward to explain the segmental pattern in SV. The previous basis of the neurogenic theory that SV results from dermatomes is no longer accepted. However, there are still research reports supporting this theory. Evaluating the distribution pattern of SV lesions has provided clues to the mosaicism detection of suspected melanocytic defects at the site of SV lesions, supporting this theory. Evidence points to a cytotoxic response targeting mosaic melanocytes. Understanding SV's autoimmune pathogenesis prompts a reevaluation of immunosuppressive medical treatments for SV. The excellent results of autologous melanocyte transplantation in SV lesions compared with the moderate to limited results in patients with NSV support the mosaicism theory.
Acute simulated weight gain might not increase the energy cost of walking in adolescents with obesity
Authors: Thivel D. , Ennequin G. , Siroux J. , Couret A. , Beraud D. , Pereira B. , Duclos M. , Lazzer S. , Boirie Y. , Isacco L.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

This work aims at evaluating the adaptations of the energy cost of walking (Cw) to simulated weight gain at different walking speeds in adolescents with obesity.

Methods

Substrate use and Cw were evaluated during a graded walking exercise (4 × 5min at 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5 m.s−1) performed under three randomized body weight conditions (BW‐conditions): (i) at the adolescents' body weight (BW + 0%) or with a simulated weight gain of (ii) 5%(BW + 5%) and (iii) 10%(BW + 10%), in 18 adolescents with obesity (14.2 ± 1.4 years, BMI:33.86 ± 2.55 kg.m‐2). Body composition was assessed by absorptiometry and perceived exertion rated after every walking speed stage.

Results

EE in absolute or relative to BW and FFM was different between BW‐conditions (p = 0.017, 0.006 and 0.007, respectively) being lower on BW + 5% than BW + 10%. Gross Cw (absolute, relative to BW and fat‐free mass) showed overall speed (p < 0.001) and BW‐conditions effects, being lower on BW + 5% compared with BW + 10% (p < 0.001). Net Cw (absolute, relative to BW and fat‐free mass) showed a significant speed effect (<0.001) but no BW‐conditions nor interaction effect.

Conclusion

While EE and Cw have been shown to decrease in response to weight loss, potentially as a way to save stored energy and limit further weight loss, inverse adaptations do not seem to occur with increased acute simulated weight gain in weight stable adolescents with obesity.
Challenge‐Hindrance Stressors and Novice Nurses' Safety Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Regulatory Focus and the Moderating Role of Workplace Spirituality
Authors: Hou Mengyuan , Wei Wanhong , Wang Siyu , Hu Jiaqi , Chen Yanhong
Published: December 2024

Aims

This study aims to investigate the impact of challenge‐hindrance stressors on novice nurses' safety behaviour, the mediating effect of regulatory focus, and the moderating effect of workplace spirituality.

Background

The relationship between challenge‐hindrance stressors and novice nurses' safety behaviour has rarely been investigated, despite the global concern for patient safety in healthcare systems. Previous research suggests that regulatory focus and workplace spirituality matter for nurse safety behaviour, but the relationship between them remains unclear.

Methods

An on‐site cross‐sectional survey. The STROBE guidelines were followed to report this study. Stratified sampling was used to recruit participants, and 471 novice nurses completed the Nurse Safety Behaviour Questionnaire, the Challenge‐Hindrance Stressors Scale, the Regulatory Focus Scale, and the Workplace Spirituality Scale between January 2024 and May 2024. SPSS 24.0 and SPSS PROCESS 3.5 macros were used to test research hypotheses.

Results

Challenge stressors positively affect novice nurses' safety behaviour, and promotion focus mediates this relationship. Hindrance stressors negatively affect novice nurses' safety behaviour, and prevention focus partially masks this relationship. Workplace spirituality positively moderates the relationship between challenge stressors and novice nurses' safety behaviour.

Conclusion

Challenge‐hindrance stressors have a double‐edged sword effect on novice nurses' safety behaviours. Regulatory focus and workplace spirituality play significant roles in the relationship between challenge‐hindrance stressors and novice nurses' safety behaviour.

Impact

Managers should leverage challenge stressors to boost novice nurses' safety behaviours and enhance their intrinsic motivation through regulatory focus. Additionally, managers should highlight workplace spirituality's importance in coping with work stress. This approach can effectively improve safety behaviours and ensure patient safety.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patients and the public were not involved in the design and implementation of this study. Clinical novice nurses completed a questionnaire for this study.
Sustainable photovoltaic recycling to mitigate environmental pollution under climate and resource constraints
Authors: Guo Jianxin , Cheng Yonglong , Song Xiaoling
Published: December 2024

This article studies how to enhance the deployment efficiency of photovoltaics (PVs) and reduce the environmental pollution process of end‐of‐life products through recycling. We consider realistic constraints such as recycling opportunities, resource and mineral supplies, waste treatment capabilities, and climate goals for PV development. To do this, we model the entire life cycle of PV modules and take into account the waste and greenhouse gases generated during their production. We used the established model to estimate China's future photovoltaic deployment strategy and determine the optimal trajectory for related resource utilization. Our analysis results show that given the long‐term PV development target of 2000 GW toward 2070, it is predicted that the total number of scrapped photovoltaics will reach 900 GW in 2060–2070. By then, the copper, zinc, and aluminum metals that can be recycled can each reach about 2 million tonnes. In addition, we also found that recycling can greatly reduce the environmental pollution caused by end‐of‐life photovoltaics, and analyzed the negative impact of different recycling strategies on the environment. Finally, we put forward several suggestions for reducing environmental pollution through the resource recycling process.
Criticality assessment and management policy analysis of rare earth elements
Authors: Kosajan Vorada , Wen Zongguo , Wang Xiyuan
Published: December 2024

Under the trend of global energy structure transformation driven by carbon neutrality and increasingly fierce international competition, global competition for rare earth elements (REEs) has intensified, and countries have classified them as strategically critical resources. However, few studies have examined the associated characteristic of individual REEs and their differences in supply–demand relationships, which has led to previous misjudgments of critical REEs. Therefore, in this paper, the criticality of 15 REEs was reassessed using a modified three‐dimensional criticality evaluation system. The results show that the global supply risk and vulnerability to supply restriction (VSR) of praseodymium, neodymium, and dysprosium involved in electronic device and new energy equipment manufacturing are high, while neodymium is also with the highest VSR in China and the United States. The differentiated management of specific REEs, such as recycling and application development, is a more effective means of regulating the supply–demand balance than the total mining control policy that is currently in use. These findings could support countries in the advance planning of targeted management policies for critical REEs to guarantee the safe supply of REE resources and the achievement of sustainable development goals.
Environmentally responsible supply chains in the era of digital transformation By PietroEvangelista, JukkaHallikas, and Mohamad Y.Jaber (Eds.), Cheltenhem, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024, pages: 286, price: 148$, ISBN: 9781803920191
Authors: Berger Katharina
Published: December 2024

This manuscript provides a book review of Environmentally Responsible Supply Chains in the Era of Digital Transformation, edited by Pietro Evangelista, Jukka Hallikas, and Mohamad Y. Jaber.
Patient Satisfaction With the Level of Competence of the Triage Nurse in Hospital Emergency Departments
Authors: López Hernández Meritxell , Puig‐Llobet Montserrat , Higon Fernández Sergio , Franco Freirut Marta , Moreno Mateos Yolanda , Galimany Masclans Jordi
Published: December 2024

Aims

To analyse the level of patient satisfaction regarding the care received in triage and its relationship with the competency level of clinical nurses in a hospital setting.

Design

A cross‐sectional, prospective and multicentre study of nurses in hospital emergency triage and the patients they attended.

Method

Data were collected between October and November 2019 using two questionnaires; one collected sociodemographic factors, professional experience of the nurse and the competency assessment questionnaire for clinical nurses in the hospital setting (COM_VA). The other questionnaire recorded the age of patients, reason for consultation, pain and the Patient Satisfaction with Emergency Nursing Care Scale (CECSS). The abstract includes an indication of the chosen checklist, specifically the STROBE checklist for descriptive observational studies.

Results

The study included a sample of 624 patients and 77 nurses. The findings indicated that the nurses' level of competence, with an average score of 8.61, is significantly correlated with patient satisfaction. A total of 90.2% of patients reported being satisfied with the care they received during triage, highlighting the technical competence and empathy of the nurses as highly valued attributes. However, areas for improvement were identified, particularly in pain management and addressing the emotional needs of patients. Other factors related to nursing competence that influenced patient satisfaction included perceived safety in clinical practice and the sense of respect from the multidisciplinary team. Additionally, the intensity of pain experienced by patients during triage was a significant determinant of their overall satisfaction.

Conclusions

The results of this study indicate that the higher the level of nursing competence, the more satisfied the patients. In addition to knowledge and skills in triage, aspects such as empathy, concern and assertive listening influence patient satisfaction, and, therefore, perceived quality of care.

Reporting Method

In preparing the manuscript, the authors adhered to the relevant EQUATOR guidelines and the STROBE checklist for descriptive observational studies.

Public or Patient Contribution

No public or patient or professional contribution outside of participation for data collection purposes.

Trial Registration: N/A. This was not a clinical trial
How Does Blockchain Technology Contribute to the Development and Functioning of Smart Cities?—A Scoping Review and Future Research Directions
Authors: Sahoo Saumyaranjan , Kumar Satish , Vyas Mukund
Published: December 2024

Smart cities leverage blockchain technology to increase the quality of urban life by effectively tackling the many challenges that arise from the rapid process of urbanization. Recognizing the increasing significance of the subject matter, it becomes essential to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the current state of research in this domain. To do so, 79 articles from top‐tier journals were selected from the Scopus database and studied using a systematic literature review approach to identify the performance of contributing research constituents and underlying themes that map the topic. The findings of the performance analysis indicated that authors associated with American, Chinese, and Indian institutions were the primary contributors in terms of number, whileauthors affiliated with French and American institutions were the primary contributors in terms of impact. Furthermore, the findings of the science mapping analysis revealed the identification of five knowledge clusters: (1) Blockchain‐based urban mobility and transportation; (2) blockchain for secure and transparent urban governance; (3) decentralized and efficient resource management; (4) internet of things integration and data security; and (5) digital identity and access control. Based on a content analysis approach, future research avenues were determined for each of the aforementioned knowledge clusters.
Limited Effectiveness of Conventional Sanitisers and Hot Water as an Alternative for Preventing the Spread of Ceratocystis fimbriata via Tools
Authors: Cassol Sabrina Angela , Alexandre Flávia Sampaio , dos Santos Taís Aparecida Machado , de Macedo Davi Mesquita , Pal Chandan , Del Ponte Emerson Medeiros , Alfenas Acelino Couto , Alfenas Rafael Ferreira
Published: December 2024

Wounds are crucial entry points for infection by Ceratocystis spp. Consequently, tool disinfestation is a crucial practice in disease management, especially for host crops such as kiwifruit, teak, mango and cacao, which require cultural practices that cause wounds, such as pruning and thinning. Although conventional sanitisers, such as sodium hypochlorite, are recommended for controlling Ceratocystis wilt, their effectiveness on tools lacks scientific validation. Additionally, there is no consensus on the optimal exposure time and active ingredient concentration for effective disinfestation. Our study confirmed that C. fimbriata can be mechanically spread from diseased to healthy plants via pruning shears. We then evaluated the effectiveness of conventional sanitisers and hot water (80°C) for the disinfestation of pruning shears and scalpels on kiwifruit plants. Firstly, in vitro comparisons revealed that ammonium chloride solution and hot water effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungus. Furthermore, immersing tools in hot water (80°C for 15 s) was the only effective disinfestation method, while sodium hypochlorite and other conventional sanitisers failed to eliminate the pathogen at the dosages and exposure times tested. Based on these findings, a revision of disinfestation protocols for Ceratocystis wilt is recommended, with further studies needed to evaluate different concentrations and exposure times. In conclusion, hot water is an effective alternative to conventional sanitisers in preventing the mechanical spread of the pathogen.
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy for insomnia mechanism of action: Exploring the homeostatic K‐complex involvement
Authors: Sforza Marco , Morin Charles M. , Dang‐Vu Thien Thanh , Pomares Florence B. , Perrault Aurore A. , Gouin Jean‐Philippe , Bušková Jitka , Janků Karolina , Vgontzas Alexandros , Fernandez‐Mendoza Julio , Bastien Celyne H. , Riemann Dieter , Baglioni Chiara , Carollo Giacomo , Casoni Francesca , Zucconi Marco , Castronovo Vincenza , Galbiati Andrea , Ferini‐Strambi Luigi
Published: December 2024

Investigating the mechanisms of action of cognitive‐behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I), the first‐line treatment for chronic insomnia disorder (ID), can contribute to the overall understanding of insomnia and its treatment. To date, no study has examined the relationship between K‐complexes (KC) and CBT‐I, despite the known homeostatic and protective function of this relevant sleep brainwave. This retrospective multicentre study aims to explore the relationship between electroencephalographic (EEG) indices and CBT‐I, with a particular focus on evaluating an index of sleep homeostasis identified by KC. This research is designed to assess the predictive value of this index for treatment outcomes and to examine its variations before and after intervention. Ninety eight patients with ID underwent a 6–8 week in‐person CBT‐I programme, with pre‐and post‐treatment evaluation conducted using polysomnography (PSG) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The main outcome was determined by calculating the slope of the linear equation indexing the KC density (number of KC/minutes of N2) in each non‐artifacted NREM stage 2 epoch throughout the night (KCSlope). Furthermore, the sample was categorised into Responders (ISIdecrease ≥8) and non‐Responders (ISIdecrease <8). The results indicate that the KC Slope is effective not only to predict treatment response (one‐way ANOVA, F = 7.831 p = 0.007; Responders = −2.954*10−5 ± 3.346*10−5, non‐Responders = −5.583*10−5 ± 5.305*10−5; adjusted for PSG wake after sleep onset at the baseline), but also to detect a statistically significant improvement in sleep pressure following CBT‐I (Wilcoxon signed‐rank test W = 3074.000 p = 0.022; KCSlope pre‐treatment = −4.054*10−5 ± 4.446*10−5, KCSlope post‐treatment = −4.797*10−5 ± 5.710*10−5). These findings suggest that CBT‐I increases sleep pressure in patients with chronic insomnia, highlighting a novel and relevant biomarker in this context.
Cone Beam CT Sialography for the Assessment of Submandibular Gland Structure in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sümbüllü Muhammed Akif , Başaran Aslan Kübra , Çağlayan Fatma
Published: December 2024

Objective

To examine the anatomical and morphological structure and potential pathological conditions of the submandibular gland by performing Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) sialography in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Study Design

The submandibular salivary glands of 25 diabetic and 25 healthy volunteers were examined by CBCT sialography. The images were evaluated to determine the main and lateral canals, the diameter of the main canal, the presence of ductal stenosis, central ductal dilatation, acinar pooling, the presence of sialoliths, and the visualization of the main and lateral canals and parenchyma.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference between the patients and controls in the diameters of the primary ducts of submandibular glands and the visibility of secondary and tertiary ducts, sialoliths, ductal stenosis, and acinar pooling (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, ductal dilatation and the location of ductal dilatation were statistically more prevalent in diabetic patients (p = 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusion

The prevalence of sialolith, ductal stenosis, and peripheral ductal dilatation was higher among diabetic patients than in the control group, although this difference was not statistically significant. However, ductal dilatation was observed to be statistically significantly more prevalent in diabetics. CBCT sialography proved to be a valuable tool for demonstrating parenchymal changes.
Immune Priming Promotes Thermotolerance, Whereas Thermopriming Suppresses Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Nishad Anand , Gautam Janesh Kumar , Agarwal Ishu , Nandi Ashis Kumar
Published: December 2024

Heat stress and pathogens are two serious yield‐limiting factors of crop plants. Plants that previously experienced high but sub‐lethal temperatures become subsequently tolerant to higher temperatures through the development of acquired thermotolerance (ATT). ATT activation is associated with the elevated expression of heat shock (HS)‐related genes such as HSFA2, HSFA3, and HSP101. Similarly, through the development of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), previously experienced plants achieve a higher resistance than naïve plants. SAR activation requires mobile signals and primarily depends on salicylic acid (SA) signaling. Studies to understand the interaction between ATT and SAR are limiting. To investigate the possible interconnection, we studied cross‐protection between SAR and ATT on 4‐week‐old soil‐grown Arabidopsis plants. We observed localized pathogen inoculation provides thermotolerance. Pathogens activate the expressions of HSFA2, HSFA3, HSA32, and HSP101 in pathogen‐free systemic tissues. Interestingly, pathogen‐induced SAR activation is impaired in hsfa2, hsfa3, and hsp101 mutants, suggesting these HS memory genes are essential for SAR induction. In contrast, thermopriming by exposing plants to sublethal temperatures, blocks SAR activation by pathogens. Thermopriming suppresses SAR mobile signal generation, accumulation of SA, and PR1 gene expression in systemic leaves. Altogether, our results demonstrate a complex interaction between SAR and ATT induction pathways in plants.
Surface Modification of Polycaprolactone/Gelatin Nanofibers with β-Tricalcium Phosphate
Authors: Syakirah Athirah Abdulla Hamid  , Jusoh Norhana , Sharifah Raihanah Kamaruddin  , Abdul Samad Adlisa
Published: December 2024

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is one of synthetic biomaterials that have been used for bone scaffolds. PCL is a synthetic, linear, and semicrystalline aliphatic polymer that is widely used for bone application due to its biocompatibility and good mechanical properties. However, PCL has disadvantages due to its hydrophobicity nature that require combination with another natural biomaterial such as Gelatin. However, this composite still lacks elements to support bone mineralization environment. Besides hydroxyapatite, ß-tricalcium phosphate (B-TCP) is one of bioceramics that having similar components with natural bone minerals. ß-Tricalcium phosphate (B-TCP) is a widely used for bone scaffolds, but the study on the effect of this biomaterial coating on nanofibers remains limited. Therefore, this study focuses on the surface modification of fabricated PCL/Gelatin nanofibers with B-TCP. Prior to surface modification, PCL/Gelatin nanofibers were fabricated by using an electrospinning at two distinct PCL to gelatin volume ratio, which are 60:40 and 70:30. This approach aims to identify the optimal volume ratio for nanofiber through scanning electron microscope (SEM) result analysis. The PCL/Gelatin nanofibers with mix ratio of 70:30 was selected and subjected to surface modification using a post-treatment method, involving immersion in a B-TCP solution. Following this modification, all types of nanofibers were analyzed using SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The surface-modified PCL/Gelatin nanofibers treated with B-TCP (PCL/Gelatin/B-TCP) exhibited a rougher morphology, with an average diameter of 395.0799.83 nm and an average porosity of 26%. WCA analysis indicated an increase in hydrophilicity for the PCL/Gelatin/ß-TCP nanofibers, with an average contact angle of 56.17#2.87°, compared to the PCL/Gelatin nanofibers, which had an average contact angle of 89.958.43°. Based on the results obtained, the surface modified-nanofibers demonstrated characteristics that have potential in enhancing bone regeneration. Consequently, this provides valuable insights for advancing bone tissue engineering applications.
A Prototype Validation Study of a Digitized Pressure Biofeedback Unit Versus Electromyography During Transverse Abdominis Muscle Activation
Authors: Mahmod Siti Ruzita , Baharuddin Mohamad Loqman Ilyasa' , Azaman Aizreena , Sahalan Mariaulpa
Published: December 2024

Core stability, particularly involving the Transverse Abdominis (TrA) muscle, is essential for lumbar support and is especially relevant for individuals with lower back pain. Traditional Pressure Biofeedback Units (PBUs) are commonly used to monitor TrA activation during core stabilization exercises but these analogue devices have limitations in terms of monitoring usability, often requiring manual readings prone to error. This study aims to develop and test a digitized Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) prototype specifically for monitoring transverse abdominis (TrA) muscle activation, enhancing accuracy and providing real-time digital feedback for clinical and rehabilitation settings. The prototype integrates an Arduino microcontroller and a barometric pressure sensor to capture TrA activation automatically, reducing manual operation. Readings of the PBU prototype were then evaluated by applying loads weighing 1 to 3 kg and compared against the pressure gauge. Six healthy male participants (mean age 24 ÷ 2 years) performed abdominal draw-in manoeuvres at targeted pressures of 50, 60, and 70 mmg, with muscle activation recorded via surface electromyography (EMG) and PBU. Results indicated that the root mean square error (RMSE) of dPBU ranged 0.15 to 0.94mmHg at baseline (i.e. no load) and with loads up to 2kg only, affirming the dPBU's accuracy in detecting TrA activity. Additionally, a positive trend showed between the PBU and EMG measurements with dispersion less than 0.5mmHg across different levels of muscle activity suggests that the PBU could serve as a reliable, user-friendly alternative to EMG biofeedback in core stabilization training, supporting efficient TrA monitoring and activation in clinical rehabilitation.
Lateral Flow Biosensors (LFBs) for Rapid Detection of Infectious Diseases and Saliva as a Diagnostic Biofluid
Authors: Ismail Norjihada Izzah , Pavithiran Sathis Kumar  , Najib Abdul Salam L. William  , Nur Natasha Amyra Ahmad Azizi  , Tham Chun Hwa  , Abdullah Basam Halak  , Ibrahim Adel Mohammed Qahteh
Published: December 2024

This review highlights the importance and recent development of lateral flow biosensors (LFBs) for rapid detection of infectious diseases. The LFBs could provide better disease prognosis, diagnosis, community surveillance and continuous care of patients and useful for point-of-care (POC) testing. This review also discusses the alternative sampling using saliva for sensitive and specific detection of infectious agents, indicating the effectiveness of saliva as a noninvasive diagnostic biofluid for diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Bacteria from Homemade Fertilizer
Authors: Yusof Fatin Natasha , Hasmoni Siti Halimah
Published: December 2024

The rising demand for natural resources has resulted in the usage of chemical fertilizers. Biological fertilizers must be mandated to safeguard humans and the environment from toxic chemical fertilizers. As a result, this study focuses on isolating, characterizing, and identifying bacteria from homemade biofertilizers, which are environmentally friendly and help boost plant growth. Two distinct media of purple non-sulfur bacteria enrichment medium (PNSBEM) and nutrient agar were used to grow bacteria isolated from the homemade fertilizer. The optimum bacterial growth study was conducted under aerobic, facultative, and obligate anaerobic conditions. Further characterization of isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, catalase assay, pathogenicity assay and partial 16s rRNA sequencing, reflects Gram-positive Clostridium sp. The bacteria isolated from the homemade fertilizer showed its ability to synthesize auxin components such as Indole acetic acid (IAA) and aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Homemade fertilizer has the potential to be an effective biofertilizer since it shows a favourable outcome in the IAA component, which is vital in controlling plant growth and development.
Synthesis, Characterization and Density Functional Theory (DFT) study on the Zinc Metal Complex for Nonlinear Optical Application
Authors: Pang Song , Jillani Mamoona , Abdul Razak Fazira Ilyana
Published: December 2024

Schiff base metal complexes are well-known for its nonlinear optics (NLO) properties. However, different metals may show different NLO properties. In this study, zinc (Zn) metal, N,N-bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)benzylidene]cyclohexane-1,2-diamine ligand was selected. The ligand was synthesized at room temperature while stirring for 24 hours, using dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) as the solvent.  Complexation of the selected metals (Zn) were later carried out with the ligand under inert conditions, N2 gas refluxed for 12 to 24 hours in solvent. The percentage yield of products was 38 %. The types of characterization involved in this study were Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Computational studies were also performed to optimize the structure of ligand and metal complexes using density functional theory (DFT) method with basis set 6-31G and hybrid functional B3LYP. The data obtained from both experimental and computational methods were compared. To confirm nonlinear optic properties, one can use the HOMO-LUMO energy gap. Our choice of metal complex of zinc with organic ligand was based on the excellent NLO characteristics of transition metal based organic compounds. Transition metal-based complexes yield impressive results because they offer additional flexibility by offering charge transfer between the metal and the ligand, resulting in a higher NLO response. It was discovered that the zinc complex with the lower band gap of 1.69 eV particularly in comparison with the ligand 2.44 eV. Thus, the lower the band gap, the higher the NLO properties of the compound.
Biosorption of Methylene Blue on Sodium Hydroxide-Treated Oil Palm Trunk: Characterisation, Isotherm, and Kinetic Studies
Authors: Mohd Sakri Nurul Aqeelah , Ahmed Al-Amrani Waheeba , Zakaria Haslizaidi , Wibowo Agustono , Megat Hanafiah Megat Ahmad Kamal
Published: December 2024

Methylene blue (MB), a commercial dye, is widely studied in ecology and environmental pollution research due to its toxic and carcinogenic properties. This work used a NaOH solution to treat oil palm trunk (SHOPT) as a biosorbent for MB removal under varied experimental settings. The SHOPT was characterised using FTIR, SEM-EDX, pHslurry, and pHZPC.By using FTIR, functional groups like hydroxyl, carbonyl, and ether were found, which may have been the MB uptake's active sites. At pH 6, the highest biosorption capacity of 277.33 mg/g was predicted by the Langmuir isotherm model. SHOPT showed that MB had a greater biosorption capacity than other biosorbents. The desorption percentage recorded in neutral and acidic environments suggested the electrostatic attraction, π-π attraction, and H-bonding between MB molecules and the SHOPT surface. The results indicated that SHOPT might be a viable and practical biosorbent for eliminating MB from wastewater.
Study of Green Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles using Banana Peels on Organic Waste Composting
Authors: Teo Siew Lu , Hussin Huszalina , Ahmad Zawawi Nurliyana
Published: December 2024

Composting is a sustainable method of organic waste management with significant environmental advantages. The utilization of nanoparticles, namely silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), has garnered interest due to its potential impact on crop productivity. Nevertheless, there is limited knowledge regarding the effects of AgNPs on waste decomposition. This study reports on synthesized green AgNPs using banana peel extract (BPE) as a reducing and capping agent. The impact of these BPE-AgNPs on the organic waste composting process was studied in treatment groups consisting of various concentrations of AgNPs and Ag+ in comparison to a control group without any Ag treatment. The compost samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, moisture, electrical conductivity, and mineral content throughout the composting period. The results indicated successful synthesis of BPE-AgNP showed by its surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 430 nm and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results that showed functional groups involved for reducing Ag+ to Ag0. The presence of the AgNPs was observed not to influence the performance of the composting process and humification. Nonetheless, mineral analysis revealed that the content of magnesium was sufficient for supporting plant growth. The findings of this study indicate the functionality of organic waste compost may not be affected by the presence of AgNPs, even in relatively low quantities. The utilization of BPE-AgNPs in solid form may offer valuable insights into the impact of composting on soil microbial communities, warranting further study in the future.
Advancements in Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) for Antibacterial Therapy: Recent Innovations and Future Prospects
Authors: Matmin Juan , Hussin Siti Aifa , Abdullah Faizuan , Zainal-Abidin Mohamad Hamdi , Malek Nik Ahmad Nizam Nik , Muhammad Hariz Asraf  , Alias Siti Salwa
Published: December 2024

This review delves into the rapidly evolving field of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) and their increasing significance in antibacterial therapy. ZIFs have garnered considerable attention due to their distinct structural properties, which enable precise control over key parameters like pore size, surface chemistry, and particle-incorporating capacities. The integration of combination therapy within Ag/ZIF-8, involving the co-administration of multiple antibacterial agents or synergistic combinations of silver (Ag) nanoparticles, emerges as a prominent development. Furthermore, Ag/ZIF-8 inherently possess antibacterial properties rooted in their composition and surface characteristics, offering a multiple-action mechanism of antibacterial therapy. In the near future, ZIFs may revolutionize antibacterial treatment strategies, providing a glimmer of hope for the ongoing battle against bacterial infections due to their tailored properties.
Preservation of Tilapia Fillet using Dried Lemongrass Leaves Pre-treatment and Closed System Dehydration Method
Authors: Mohd Noor Norfakhrina , Edris Widdey Khalsom , Ahmad Azwin , Asli Umi Aisah , Khamis Aidee Kamal
Published: December 2024

Tilapia fish is one of the important commercial aquaculture species, fast-growing, and a source of protein either on a wet or dry basis. An unpleasant smell associated with dried tilapia can make it challenging to market. For this purpose, lemongrass leaves with a strong citrus aroma and antimicrobial properties were used to pretreat the fish. This study aims to identify the best temperature and drying time for lemongrass leaves and the production of dried salted fillet tilapia to maintain quality and moisture. In this study, the mini dehydrator model Anywin FD-77 (closed system) was chosen as a drying tool. The dried lemongrass leaves were used as pre-treatment to remove the fishy smell by soaking fresh tilapia fillets and dried lemongrass leaves in water. The advantage of this combined method is that it is suitable for ensuring the hygiene of the dried fillet without outdoor weather constraints. Fresh tilapia fillets were smeared with edible salt and placed in a chiller for the curing process for 24 hours. The temperature of the drying condition was set up at different ranges between 40°C to 60°C, with a drying time duration of 24 to 48 hours. The moisture content of dried lemongrass leaves and dried salted fillet tilapia were analyzed using a moisture analyzer (Model AND MX-50). It was revealed in this study that drying lemongrass leaves with a mini dehydrator at 50°C for 15 hours provided the lowest moisture content of 7.40 %, which is the best to use for the pretreatment of the fish fillet. In the latter process, it was found that the best temperature and duration for drying salted fillet tilapia was 60°C for 36 hours with a final moisture content of 15.24 %. The electrical consumption of the mini dehydrator at this condition was reasonable (7.56 kWh/MYR1.6481). Using a mini dehydrator, the drying process of salted fillet tilapia can be accelerated, and the contamination can be prevented. This process has a high potential to be commercialized as it is easy to handle and can be multiplied on a larger scale.