bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’obligation de disponibilité du salarié au-delà de son temps et de son lieu de travail : les enseignements de la Cour suprême du Canada dans Association des juristes de justice c Canada (Procureur général)
Authors: Vallée Guylaine
Published: December 2018

Un employeur peut-il imposer à ses employés des périodes de garde obligatoires pendant lesquelles ils doivent être joignables en tout temps afin de pouvoir se rendre au travail rapidement et être en état d’accomplir leur prestation de travail ? Dans un arrêt rendu en 2017, la Cour suprême du Canada estime qu’une telle politique ne constitue pas un exercice raisonnable des droits de direction de l’employeur, mais qu’elle ne porte pas atteinte au droit à la liberté des employés protégé par laCharte canadienne. La démarche utilisée par la Cour pour apprécier ce qu’est l’exercice raisonnable d’un droit de direction représente la principale retombée de cet arrêt. Toutefois, l’analyse de l’obligation de disponibilité sous l’angle de l’atteinte aux droits fondamentaux des employés reste à faire.
BC Teachers’ Federation v British Columbia: The Supreme Court Takes a School Holiday
Authors: Tucker Eric
Published: December 2018

Constitutional labour rights in Canada now protect workers’ freedom to organize and bargain collectively and to strike. These associational freedoms are especially important for public sector workers, the most frequent targets of legislation limiting their freedoms. However, the Supreme Court of Canada judgments recognizing these rights and freedoms have also introduced important ambiguities about their foundation, scope and level of protection. This brief comment locates these ambiguities in the context of Canada’s political economy and industrial relations regime, which are beset by contradiction and conflict. It then explores the origins and development of the jurisprudential ambiguities in constitutional labour rights through a survey of recent Supreme Court of Canada’s labour rights judgments, including most recently British Columbia Teachers’ Federation and British Columbia (2016).
Application of aerial photography with visible atmospherically resistant index by using unmanned aerial vehicles for seagrass bed classification in Kung Krabaen Bay, Thailand
Authors: Chayhard Suchart , Manthachitra Vipoosit , Nualchawee Kaew , Buranapratheprat Anukul
Published: December 2018

The aim of this research was to study seagrass classification by using aerial photography with Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) in the Kung Krabaen Bay, Chanthaburi, Thailand, which covers an area of 5.59 km2 and has an average depth of 2.5 m in the shallow zone. The classification based on VARI resulted in three classes, namely (i) long-leaved species (E. acoroides), (ii) short-leaved species (H. pinifolia and H. uninervis), and (iii) other objects. Results showed that aerial photographs could clearly differentiate seagrass species having different digital number value ranges with the VARI approach. The overall accuracy of visual interpretation (86.36%) was higher than that of supervised classification (46.97%). This technique could be useful for seagrass species mapping in other areas. The results also showed that H. pinifolia and H. uninervis were distributed on sandy clay and seashell substrates while E. acoroides was distributed only on sandy areas.
An ADAR1 inducer attenuated the effects of social isolation on depressive-like behavior and ADAR1 (p110) in BALB/c mice
Authors: Xue Ying , Yu Weizhi , Li Jinying , Hong Xu , Zhang Xiaonan , Li Huairui , Zhai Xiuli , Gao Ye , Gui Lin , Yu Deqin , Xiao Zhaoyang , Tang Yiyuan , Yin Shengming
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Social isolation induces depressive-like behavior in animals and humans by impacting RNA editing, but the detailed mechanisms are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore how an ADAR1 (RNA-editing enzyme) inducer and inhibitor may impact the isolation-induced depressive-like behavior of mice and to identify new therapeutic targets for the development of an effective solution for the recovery from depressive-like behavior in socially isolated animals and humans.

Methods

Twenty-one-day-old BALB/c mice with and without isolation treatment were evaluated for depressive-like behavior by open-field tests, tail suspension tests, and forced swimming tests. Immunohistochemistry and Western blots were used to measure the immunoreactivity and protein expression of ADAR1 (p110). In addition, the isolated mice were treated with an ADAR1 inducer (IFN-γ) or inhibitor (EHNA). The performance of both treatments on the behavior of and ADAR1 (p110) expression in isolated mice was examined.

Results

Both the immunoreactivity and protein expression of ADAR1 (p110) in the prefrontal cortex decreased in isolated BALB/c mice with depressive-like behavior compared to those of the age-matched, gregarious BALB/c mice. Additionally, the treatments with ADAR1 inducer or inhibitor improved or aggravated depressive-like behavior in isolated mice, respectively. Furthermore, the ADAR1 inducer returned the immunoreactivity and protein expression of ADAR1 (p110) back to the normal level.

Conclusion

The ADAR1 inducer attenuated the effects of social isolation on depressive-like behavior and ADAR1 (p110) in BALB/c mice.
Drivers and assemblies of soil eukaryotic microbes among different soil habitat types in a semi-arid mountain in China
Authors: Zhao He , Li Xuanzhen , Zhang Zhiming , Zhao Yong , Chen Peng , Zhu Yiwei
Published: December 2018

The effects of environmental and species structure on soil eukaryotic microbes inhabiting semi-arid mountains remain unclear. Furthermore, whether community assembly differs in a variety of soil habitat types, for example, artificial forest, artificial bush, farmland, and natural grassland, is not well understood. Here, we explored species diversity and composition of soil eukaryotic microbes south of the Taihang Mountains (mid-western region of China) using Illumina sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene (V4) region on the MiSeq platform. The results suggest that the forest soil habitat type improved the diversity and abundance of soil eukaryotic microbes that will benefit the restoration of degraded soil. The SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizaria) supergroup and Metazoa were the dominant soil eukaryotic microbial groups at the phylum level. About 26% of all operational taxonomic units were common among the different soil habitat types. The O-elements, water content, soil organic matter, and elevation significantly influenced the abundance of soil eukaryote communities (P < 0.05). Our findings provide some reference for the effectiveness of local ecological restoration and the establishment of a soil eukaryotic microbe resource databases in a semi-arid area.
Congenital Conditions
Authors: Burnett Scott E. , Case D. Troy
Published: December 2018

Congenital conditions may affect the body either in isolation or in combination with other anomalies. Their severity ranges from minor, relatively inconsequential variants, to major malformations and syndromes with functional significance and potentially deleterious effects. While congenital conditions affecting the skeleton have long been noted in archaeological contexts worldwide, their etiological and contextual heterogeneity results in a diversity of ways in which they are culturally and biologically interpreted, both in the past and today. This entry aims to provide a broad perspective on congenital conditions and their utility in archaeological contexts, using examples varying in severity and frequency.
Conservation of Metals
Authors: Paterakis Alice Boccia
Published: December 2018

The conservation of archaeological metals as part of the cultural heritage is reviewed here by considering the history of the field, corrosion of metal, composite and decorated objects, conservation ethics, approaches to conservation treatment, the goals of research and investigation, and the concept of stabilization. The interventive approach to conservation—including mechanical and chemical cleaning, the removal of chlorides through washing and reduction (chemical, electrolytic, electrochemical) methods, corrosion inhibitors, and protective coatings—is summarized. Preventive conservation for stabilizing chloride‐contaminated metals includes liquid‐phase and vapor‐phase treatments. Methods of preventive conservation for the stabilization of metals may be carried out before, after, or instead of interventive conservation. The applications of the corrosion potential and corrosion indicator values of archaeological metals for their conservation are mentioned.
Dairying
Authors: Gillis Rosalind E.
Published: December 2018

Dairying is an important resource for present‐day societies. Evidence from organic residue analysis of ceramics has demonstrated the antiquity of dairying. Interdisciplinary research using zooarchaeological and analytical chemical methodologies such as age at death and stable isotopic analysis, coupled with organic residue analysis, have shown that dairying was practiced by some early Neolithic cultures during the seventh to the sixth millenniumbcin Europe. This indicates that the uptake of dairy husbandry would have been influenced by socioenvironmental factors such as cultural food preferences and the stocking capacity of a landscape.
Dating and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
Authors: Duval Mathieu
Published: December 2018

This entry presents an overview of the current potential and limitations of electron spin resonance (ESR) dating in archaeological contexts, in comparison with other numerical methods classically used in Quaternary geochronology. ESR is a highly versatile paleodosimetric dating method that can produce ages from fossil remains like carbon‐14, from quartz grains like optically stimulated luminescence or terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides methods, or from cave carbonates like uranium‐series. Consequently, under suitable conditions it is potentially applicable in almost any sedimentary environment over the last 2.6 Ma. Although the age precision achieved appears to be significantly lower than that of the more established methods, ESR is in many cases the only numerical method that can simply be used at a given archaeological locality. In particular, the method is especially useful to date Paleolithic occupations beyond 50 ka and those found in nonvolcanic sedimentary context, as frequently documented in Europe and northern Africa, for example.
Dating and Infrared Stimulated Luminescence
Authors: Demuro Martina , Arnold Lee J.
Published: December 2018

Infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating is part of a suite of luminescence dating techniques that exploit past radiation dose accumulated within minerals over geological timescales. IRSL dating is commonly applied to feldspars because the trapped charge populations of these minerals can be easily evicted via stimulation with infrared photons. Feldspar IRSL dating offers several advantages over quartz OSL because of brighter luminescence signals and because signal saturation occurs at higher doses. Although a form of malign signal instability, termed anomalous fading, has discouraged the use of feldspar IRSL dating in the past, a new signal (pIR‐IR) has recently been uncovered that can largely circumvent this problem. As a result, an increasing amount of attention has been paid to using feldspar IRSL for sediment dating purposes over the last decade. This review focuses on IRSL of feldspars and its use for dating, including signal characteristics, development and recent advancements.
Dating (Burnt) Lithics
Authors: Tribolo Chantal
Published: December 2018

Burnt lithics made of macro‐ or microcrystal aggregates, like quartzite, silcrete, vein quartz, chalcedony, flint, and cherts, are usually dated by luminescence methods. Most of the time, the dated event is the last heating in a prehistoric hearth (although lava flows and natural fires may induce sufficient warming as well) and the covered period ranges from a few years to several hundreds of thousands of years. The method has been particularly useful for establishing the chronology of prehistoric sites and cultures beyond the limit of radiocarbon dating (i.e., beyond 50 ka) in many locations worldwide. The precision is about 10 percent at 1σ.
Descriptive Statistics
Authors: Sharma Suresh Kumar , Kanchan Tanuj , Krishan Kewal
Published: December 2018

Descriptive statistics is an integral part of analysis and presentation of any set of observations. These observations may be related to research/experimental outcomes, or details of a population, event, office records, survey, and so on. In any case, the available information that we are concerned with is called data, which is usually in the form of numbers. Descriptive statistics is a quantitative/qualitative summary of a particular dataset. The concepts and methods necessary for achieving the objective of summarization are usually presented in terms of numerical facts, or data, and in the form of either tables or graphs. Descriptive statistics help us to determine what conclusions are reliable and, more generally, provide the navigational guidance for making advances in science and addressing societal issues. The section defines the measures commonly described in descriptive statistics.
Ore and Smelting Slag
Authors: Martinón‐Torres Marcos
Published: December 2018

Ores and smelting slag are, respectively, the main raw materials and by‐products of metallurgy. As such, they are one of the major research foci of archaeometallurgy. The morphology, composition, and microstructure of archaeological ores and slag can yield information about the metals being produced and underlying engineering parameters such as furnace types, temperatures, and redox conditions, the selection and manipulation of natural materials, and the efficiency of ancient technologies. Through large‐sample comparative approaches it is possible to use slag analyses to reconstruct knowledge transmission, technological traditions, and their evolution in time and space in response to different environmental and cultural constraints. Ores and slag can be among the most revealing material categories in the archaeological record. Their study has progressively become mainstream since the 1980s, after decades of neglect owing to their “industrial” nature and allegedly limited museological potential.
Paleodemography
Authors: Paine Richard R.
Published: December 2018

Paleodemography, or osteological demography, relies on morphological traits correlated with age and sex in human skeletons and a variety of skeletal lesions, to reconstruct basic population characteristics, including fertility, mortality, and community health, of ancient populations. An important characteristic of paleodemography has been its focus on cultural, ecological, and behavioral processes and their impact on ancient demographic patterns and community health. Paleodemography has a strong history of self‐critique, having faced a series of challenges including reference sample bias, hidden heterogeneity of frailty, and selective mortality. This has produced advanced new statistical methods for estimating age, and the use of hazards analysis and demographic modeling to explore relationships between population characteristics and skeletal data.
Paleoethnobotany and Ancient
DNA
Analysis
Authors: Kistler Logan
Published: December 2018

Ancient DNA analysis integrates the deep‐time perspective of archaeology and paleontology with the capacity of genetics to address questions of evolution, ecology, and population biology. This toolkit serves as a powerful complement to paleoethnobotany, the analysis of archaeological plant remains. Ancient DNA research with plant tissues has been developing for roughly thirty years, as part of the broader maturation of ancient DNA‐based studies. Early studies established the preservation of DNA in ancient plants and addressed preliminary questions about the evolution and dispersal of domestic plants under human influences. Over the last decade, genomic technologies have revolutionized the field of ancient DNA, and genome‐level experiments with archaeological plants now provide unprecedented analytical opportunities. Some key questions for ancient plant DNA moving forward focus on the biogeography and cultural history of crops, plant evolution on the human landscape, and human interactions with plant communities through time.
Parallel and Distributed Computing
Authors: Rubio‐Campillo Xavier
Published: December 2018

Archaeological research has an increasing need for computational power. The requirement is generated by the use of advanced algorithms with high computational costs such as simulation and spatial analysis. This is currently one of the biggest challenges for several scientific fields, as the speed of new computers cannot maintain the pace of computational requirements. The solution is to distribute the execution of these algorithms over more than one computer. Parallel computing methods are responsible for designing the hardware infrastructures and programming tools needed to achieve this task.
Personhood and Objecthood
Authors: Lund Julie
Published: December 2018

Studies of personhood and objecthood examine who or what had the capacity of being a person or, respectively, an object in a given historical context. Studies of personhood have in particular focused dividuality by investigating the distribution of fragmented body parts and parallels in the ways bodies and objects were treated. Studies of objecthood reject anthropocentric positions and include examinations of the effects objects have on one another.
Philosophy of Science
Authors: Krieger William H.
Published: December 2018

The philosophy of science focuses on the theoretical and methodological foundations of science as well as on the implications of these factors on scientific practice. Practitioners ask about the characteristics of science, the workings of science, the goals of science, and the impact of our theoretical goals and assumptions on our methods and outcomes. This entry will briefly introduce these questions to an archaeological audience, showing how these issues impact (and can be impacted by) archaeology as a science.
Photorealism and Digital Reconstruction
Authors: Papadopoulos Constantinos
Published: December 2018

Photorealism and reconstruction are two misunderstood and long‐debated terms in digital archaeology. Both words have been used as a basis to discuss accuracy, transparency, and authenticity in the implementation of three‐dimensional (3D) modeling and computer‐based visualizations as a process of producing and sharing knowledge about the past. Discussions have focused on the fact that any attempts to revive the past by using reconstructions—which by definition only comprise interpretations of past reality in the present—are futile, since the past cannot be ever fully known. Criticisms also emphasize that their high levels of visual stimulus can deceive end‐users into thinking that these are precise accounts of past reality based on the evidence unearthed in archaeological fieldwork and accurately interpreted by archaeologists, the authoritative agents of the past. However, their potential to become analytical tools and thinking mechanisms to aid archaeological interpretations has been relatively underexplored.
Ion Beam Analysis (
PIXE/RBS
)
Authors: Giudice Alessandro Lo , Re Alessandro
Published: December 2018

Ion beam analysis (IBA) methods are analytical techniques requiring a particle beam and providing information on chemical composition and elemental distribution in a material. They can operate in air in a non‐invasive way, analyzing objects of any shape and dimension, collecting spatially resolved information and carrying out a multi‐elemental and quantitative analysis up to very low concentrations. On the other hand, they are non‐portable, it is impossible to analyze samples that are radiation or heat‐sensitive, and the probing depth is limited to the superficial layers. IBA‐based methods are employed in the archaeological field to answer questions and solve problems that cannot be addressed using other analytical techniques, allowing the identification of materials, provenance studies, and evaluation of fabrication techniques and state of conservation. This entry provides an overview of the IBA methods used in the archaeological field and of the materials to which they have been applied.
Poisson and Binomial Distribution
Authors: Palmisano Alessio
Published: December 2018

Probability distributions are important tools for assessing the probability of the outcomes that occur. In particular, archaeologists have used the binomial and the Poisson distributions in order to model the likelihood of discrete archaeological phenomena. This section introduces these two methods and shows practical examples where they can be applied to archaeological contexts. The two distributions are, therefore, comparatively described and evaluated on their similarities and differences. The binomial distribution models the probability of “successes” and “failures” in a fixed number of trials. Instead, the Poisson distribution counts the occurrences occurring in a given unit of time or space with no fixed cutoff.
Predictive Modeling
Authors: Verhagen Philip
Published: December 2018

Predictive modeling is a technique to predict the location of archaeological sites in uninvestigated areas that has been used since the 1970s to aid spatial planning, for example, in cultural resource management. Predictive modeling is also used to develop and test scientific models of human locational behavior, as it is based on either statistical extrapolation of known archaeological data or explanatory models of site location preference. In practice, a number of methods can be used in predictive modeling, and the resulting maps of predicted site density can vary in accuracy. The main difficulties in producing accurate predictive models are coupled with the resolution and representativeness of the archaeological and nonarchaeological datasets used, the theoretical frameworks underlying the models, and the lack of model testing. Nonetheless, predictive models are very useful to provide basic protection to areas of high sensitivity, and can save costs for archaeological investigations.
Pyrotechnology of Cements
Authors: González Rafael Fort , Ergenç Duygu
Published: December 2018

The analysis of cements found in archaeological sites provides a good deal of information about the technological acumen of civilizations. One significant discovery, namely that the properties of cement could be improved by heating its constituents to high temperatures (pyrotechnology), revolutionized the mortars used for foundations, joints, and surfacing. Hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2), for instance, one of the most prominent pyrotechnological binders, converts when carbonated into calcium carbonate (CaCO3, calcite), a highly deterioration‐resistant material with very good petrophysical properties. The use of pozzolanic admixtures to make hydraulic cement brought a second technological breakthrough, for this material carbonates under water. Natural cements appeared in the eighteenth century, and later came the most important pyrotechnic revolution with Portland cement. The techniques used to characterize ancient (and modern) mortar components include polarized light microscopy for petrographic determinations, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry differential thermal analysis (TG‐DTA), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), and Raman spectroscopy.
Reflectometry
Authors: Ludwig Nicola
Published: December 2018

Measurements of reflected signals are strictly connected with noninvasive analysis methods. For this reason, they are suitable for use in the study of art and archaeological objects. Virtually any kind of radiation and subatomic particle could be used. Spectroscopy using ultraviolet, visible, and near‐infrared wavelengths is the most important diagnostic technique for both composition and optical characterization (i.e., color) of painted surfaces (such as frescoes, easel paintings, ceramics, and illumination).
Regression and Correlation Analysis
Authors: Nakoinz Oliver
Published: December 2018

Observing and establishing the relationships between variables is one of the most important tools for scientific research. Regression and correlation are concerned with the relationship between two or more variables. A correlation measures the degree of dependency of two variables. While correlation establishes a degree of relationship, it does not specify the kind of relationship; this is the aim of regression. A regression is the quantitative description of the relationship using a mathematical function. A regression analysis has at least two steps: the determination of a regression model and the estimation of the regression coefficients. The regression model is the type of function of the independent variable defining the general shape of the regression curve, while the regression coefficients define the actual shape of the regression curve. Interpolation estimates the value of a dependent variable based on an independent variable and uses regression techniques.
Responsible Metal Detecting
Authors: Thomas Suzie
Published: December 2018

Responsible metal detecting is the behavior of metal detectorists who adhere to a set of standard procedures to ensure that the archaeological context of what they find is adequately and accurately recorded, the finds are properly conserved, and are reported to the correct authorities. In countries where metal detecting is permitted, metal detectorists must meet certain legal obligations. Hobbyist metal detecting has attracted controversy however due to its invasive nature and its impact on the archaeological resource. Critics also argue that hobbyist metal detecting results in poor data, hardly comparable to that obtained through robust scientific approaches. Other archaeologists however have acknowledged that when material is recovered responsibly, and when the researcher takes into account the methods of recovery, it is still possible to recover useful information about context and loss.
Sampling in Airborne Field
Authors: Lasaponara Rosa , Masini Nicola
Published: December 2018

Aerial survey is one of the most effective noninvasive methods for archaeological prospection. Historically, aerial photography was the first remote sensing tool used extensively for digital archaeology and surveying emerging archaeological remains, as well as for detecting underground archaeological structures, through the reconnaissance of so‐called soil‐marks, crop‐marks, and shadow‐marks. Today aerial survey offers a suite of techniques that can be tailored to the specific characteristics and needs of each specific site or landscape.
Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Pendleton Michael W.
Published: December 2018

A scanning probe microscope (SPM) measures surface roughness by using a sharp pointed tip which repeatedly traverses the sample surface at the end of a cantilever. Changes in sample elevation are digitally processed into three‐dimensional maps and profile views. A related method of determining roughness, such as the laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), is compared to SPM.
SEM‐EDSand Material Analysis
Authors: Schreiner Manfred , Melcher Michael
Published: December 2018

Electron microscopic techniques based on backscattered and/or secondary electrons and combined with energy‐ or wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (SEM‐EDX or SEM‐WDX) have gained an important role in the material identification of an archaeological finding. The applicability of these analytical methods for the investigation of historic materials, their benefits, but also their inherent limitations are discussed. A short introduction to the principles of the most widely applied techniques and multivariate statistical methods used for the evaluation and interpretation of the results obtained is also provided, which may serve as a rough guide for the selection of the best (combination of) suitable technique(s) for a given problem.
Seriation
Authors: Porčić Marko
Published: December 2018

Seriation is a method for relative dating. The purpose of seriation is to arrange archaeological entities into a relative chronological sequence based on their formal properties. This is done by arranging units in a sequence in which the dissimilarity between adjacent pairs of entities in the sequence is minimized, and, therefore, the most similar entities are next to each other in the resulting sequence. Most commonly, seriation is applied to presence/absence data (occurrence seriation) or frequency data (frequency seriation). Seriation can be performed on attributes of artifacts, artifacts, or assemblages. Seriation is a general method that can be performed by different techniques. In contemporary archaeology, it is usually performed by using multivariate exploratory techniques such as correspondence analysis or multidimensional scaling. Recent research within cultural transmission theory has extended the use of seriation beyond relative dating by demonstrating its utility for studying cultural dynamics in time and space.
Sorghum and Pearl Millet
Authors: Stevens Chris J. , Fuller Dorian Q
Published: December 2018

The two most important cereals of African origin are sorghum (
Sorghum bicolor
(L.) Moench.) and pearl millet, sometimes referred to as bulrush millet or cattail millet (
Pennisetum glaucum
(L.) R. Br.), being the fifth and sixth most‐produced cereals in the modern world, respectively (after wheat, rice, maize, and barley). While both are widespread and important cereals in Africa, they are also widely cultivated in India, mostly in the hot dry plains of southern and western India. Sorghum extends further north and east, with historical cultivation documented in China, parts of Southeast Asia, and Mediterranean Europe, with production more recently in the central states of the United States. Current archaeological evidence and modern distributions of wild progenitors indicate that pearl millet was domesticated in western sub‐Saharan Africa and sorghum was domesticated in eastern Sudan, both before 2000
bce
.
Spectroscopy
Authors: Angelini Ivana
Published: December 2018

Spectroscopy describes the interaction between a probe (radiation, particles) and matter. The absorption and emission processes involved in such interaction provide useful mechanisms to investigate the quantized structure of atoms, molecules, and solids. Spectrometry deals with the experimental measurement of the absorption and emission signals from matter. Spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques therefore provide fundamental tools to investigate archaeological materials of any kind.
Structured Light Scanning
Authors: Begley Christopher
Published: December 2018

Structured light illumination (SLI) is a category of techniques used to extract three‐dimensional (3D) surface information, and is widely used in both scientific and industrial applications. SLI involves the projection of a known pattern onto the surface of the target object. The 3D information is derived from triangulation between the structured pattern and the camera observing the scene. This is an active, noncontact technique of 3D data acquisition, and will be more accurate and precise than passive techniques such as stereovision or photogrammetry. The SLI process for 3D reconstruction involves a computer or processing module, a projector, and one or more cameras. Recent innovations have made SLI possible without a tethered computer, enabling work in remote or hostile environments such as underwater, or where the scanner must be carried.
Supervised Pattern Recognition
Authors: Villalón Turrubiates Iván E.
Published: December 2018

Pattern recognition is the scientific discipline that focuses on the classification of data, objects, or, in general terms, patterns into categories or classes. To achieve this goal, the methodology uses the extraction of information from the data observation, learns to recognize the different patterns contained within the data, and makes a decision based on the category of the patterns. This involves supervised classification methods, which are based on external knowledge of the area within the sample to be studied, and, therefore, requires some a priori information before the chosen classification algorithm can be applied. The supervised methods are implemented using two main paradigms: statistical algorithms and neural algorithms. The statistical approach uses parameters that are derived from sampled data in the form of training classes. The neural approach does not rely on statistical information derived from the sample data but is trained directly on the sample data.
Transition From High School to Adulthood
Authors: Test David W. , Clark Kelly A. , Rusher Dana E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter describes evidence‐based predictors and practices of postschool success for students with disabilities. Examples for implementation and implications for adult education practitioners as they design instruction and programming for individuals with disabilities are provided.
The Influence of Physicochemical Properties of Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite on the In Vitro Behavior of Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Their Interaction with Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Sadowska Joanna Maria , Guillem‐Marti Jordi , Ginebra Maria‐Pau
Published: December 2018

Calcium phosphate (CaP) substrates are successfully used as bone grafts due to their osteogenic properties. However, the influence of the physicochemical features of CaPs in angiogenesis is frequently neglected despite it being a crucial process for bone regeneration. The present work focuses on analyzing the effects of textural parameters of biomimetic calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) and sintered beta‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP), such as specific surface area, surface roughness, and microstructure, on the behavior of rat endothelial progenitor cells (rEPCs) and their crosstalk with rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs). The higher reactivity of CDHA results in low proliferation rates in monocultured and cocultured systems. This effect is especially pronounced for rMSCs alone, and for CDHA with a fine microstructure. In terms of angiogenic and osteogenic gene expressions, the upregulation of particular genes is especially enhanced for needle‐like CDHA compared to plate‐like CDHA and β‐TCP, suggesting the importance not only of the chemistry of the substrate, but also of its textural features. Moreover, the coculture of rEPCs and rMSCs on needle‐like CDHA results in early upregulation of osteogenic modulator, i.e., protein deglycase 1 might be a possible cause of overexpression of osteogenic‐related genes on the same substrate.
Fungi‐Enabled Synthesis of Ultrahigh‐Surface‐Area Porous Carbon
Authors: Wang Ping , Ye Huan , Yin Ya‐Xia , Chen Hao , Bian Yin‐Bing , Wang Zhuo‐Ren , Cao Fei‐Fei , Guo Yu‐Guo
Published: December 2018

The growth of white‐rot fungi is related to the superior infiltrability and biodegradability of hyphae on a lignocellulosic substrate. The superior biodegradability of fungi toward plant substrates affords tailored microstructures, which benefits subsequently high efficient carbonization and chemical activation. Here, the mechanism underlying the direct growth of mushrooms toward the lignocellulosic substrate is elucidated and a fungi‐enabled method for the preparation of porous carbons with ultrahigh specific surface area (3439 m2 g−1) is developed. Such porous carbons could have potential applications in energy storage, environment treatment, and electrocatalysis. The present study reveals a novel pore formation mechanism in root‐colonizing fungi and anticipates a valuable function for fungi in developing the useful porous carbons with a high specific surface area.
N‐Doped C@Zn3B2O6 as a Low Cost and Environmentally Friendly Anode Material for Na‐Ion Batteries: High Performance and New Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Wang Sai , Zhang Xin‐Bo
Published: December 2018

Na‐ion batteries (NIBs) are ideal candidates for solving the problem of large‐scale energy storage, due to the worldwide sodium resource, but the efforts in exploring and synthesizing low‐cost and eco‐friendly anode materials with convenient technologies and low‐cost raw materials are still insufficient. Herein, with the assistance of a simple calcination method and common raw materials, the environmentally friendly and nontoxic N‐doped C@Zn3B2O6 composite is directly synthesized and proved to be a potential anode material for NIBs. The composite demonstrates a high reversible charge capacity of 446.2 mAh g−1 and a safe and suitable average voltage of 0.69 V, together with application potential in full cells (discharge capacity of 98.4 mAh g−1 and long cycle performance of 300 cycles at 1000 mA g−1). In addition, the sodium‐ion storage mechanism of N‐doped C@Zn3B2O6 is subsequently studied through air‐insulated ex situ characterizations of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, and is found to be rather different from previous reports on borate anode materials for NIBs and lithium‐ion batteries. The reaction mechanism is deduced and proposed as: Zn3B2O6 + 6Na+ + 6e− ⇋ 3Zn + B2O3 ∙ 3Na2O, which indicates that the generated boracic phase is electrochemically active and participates in the later discharge/charge progress.
Double‐Layer Polymer Electrolyte for High‐Voltage All‐Solid‐State Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Zhou Weidong , Wang Zhaoxu , Pu Yuan , Li Yutao , Xin Sen , Li Xiaofang , Chen Jianfeng , Goodenough John B.
Published: December 2018

No single polymer or liquid electrolyte has a large enough energy gap between the empty and occupied electronic states for both dendrite‐free plating of a lithium‐metal anode and a Li+ extraction from an oxide host cathode without electrolyte oxidation in a high‐voltage cell during the charge process. Therefore, a double‐layer polymer electrolyte is investigated, in which one polymer provides dendrite‐free plating of a Li‐metal anode and the other allows a Li+ extraction from an oxide host cathode without oxidation of the electrolyte in a 4 V cell over a stable charge/discharge cycling at 65 °C; a poly(ethylene oxide) polymer contacts the lithium‐metal anode and a poly(N‐methyl‐malonic amide) contacts the cathode. All interfaces of the flexible, plastic electrolyte remain stable with no visible reduction of the Li+ conductivity on crossing the polymer/polymer interface.
Progress of Graphene–Silicon Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Huang Kun , Yu Xuegong , Cong Jingkun , Yang Deren
Published: December 2018

Solar cells fabricated with the most dominant material in industry, silicon (Si), developed rapidly in the recent years. Traditional Si solar cells require a complex process of fabricating junction. Thanks to its exotic electrical and optical properties, graphene (Gr) has attracted tremendous research interest in optoelectronic device applications, e.g., solar cells. The Gr/Si solar cell can be achieved by a simple room‐temperature transfer technique, which exhibits great potential application in photovoltaics. Currently, many researchers focus on the strategies to dope the Gr for the cell efficiency improvement, from 1.65% to 16.2%. Although great progress has been made, there are still some key issues to be solved on the way to the commercialization of Gr/Si solar cells. Here, the recent progress in the development of Gr/Si solar cells is comprehensively reviewed, and the road map of Gr/Si solar cell techniques in the future is discussed.
A 1D Magnetoelectric Sensor Array for Magnetic Sketching
Authors: Chu Zhaoqiang , Shi Weiliang , Shi Huaduo , Chen Qingxiao , Wang Lei , PourhosseiniAsl Mohammad Javad , Xiao Chijie , Xie Tianyu , Dong Shuxiang
Published: December 2018

Although various magnetic sensors have been developed, tiny magnetic object detection is still a challenging issue in some cases, such as capsule position detection, endoscope navigation, and the detection of magnetic devices hidden in/on the human body. In this paper, a magnetic detecting and sketching system utilizing a 1D magnetic sensor array with 56 magnetoelectric (ME) sensing units is proposed. The ME sensors used in this system are based on a (1‐1) connectivity Metglas/piezofiber composite operating in the longitudinally magnetized and transversely poled (L‐T) mode. Simulation and experiment results show that the proposed magnetic detecting system can not only monitor the 2D position of a running magnetic metal object, but it can also identify its posture and length‐diameter ratio. The proposed magnetic detecting method is, therefore, very promising for medical magnetic positioning and security checking.
Butterfly‐Inspired Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Spring‐Assisted Linkage Structure for Water Wave Energy Harvesting
Authors: Lei Rui , Zhai Hua , Nie Jinhui , Zhong Wei , Bai Yu , Liang Xi , Xu Liang , Jiang Tao , Chen Xiangyu , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: December 2018

The exploration of water wave energy to generate electric power is a promising and valuable way to solve global energy crisis. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are considered as one of the most promising approaches for harvesting water wave energy. Here, a butterfly‐inspired triboelectric nanogenerator (B‐TENG) with spring‐assisted four‐bar linkage is fabricated to acquire multidirectional water wave energy from different types of movements generated by the device. The arc‐shaped outer shell can efficiently absorb the impact force of water wave and inner spring‐assisted four‐bar linkage can induce multiple contact–separation motion of TENG module, both of which allow the B‐TENG to harvest energy from different types of low‐frequency waves. The short‐circuit current and open‐circuit voltage of this B‐TENG device can reach 75.35 µA and 707.01 V, while a maximum output power density of 9.559 W m−3 can be achieved and 180 light‐emitting diodes can be directly lightened up by this B‐TENG. The energy generated from this B‐TENG can also be stored in a capacitor and to drive some marine sensor devices, such as an electronic thermometer. This proposed B‐TENG device is specially designed for multidirectional water energy harvesting and it may have good application prospects for ocean information monitoring and power supply to oceanic islands.
Bladeless‐Turbine‐Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Fluid Energy Harvesting and Self‐Powered Fluid Gauge
Authors: Chen Jian , Tang Wei , Han Kai , Xu Liang , Chen Baodong , Jiang Tao , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: December 2018

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is attractive as an energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing technology. The working frequency and surface charge density are the key factors that influence the output performance. To boosting the output of the TENG by improving the working frequency, a bladeless turbine–based triboelectric nanogenerator (BT‐TENG) is designed, which transforms the fluid flow into a high rotation motion that drives the rotation TENG. When blown by compressed air, the BT‐TENG rotates at an average speed of 7500 rpm. Owing to its high‐frequency rotation, the short‐circuit current of the BT‐TENG is 60 µA and the output power is 3.6 mW. By integrating six layers of TENG into the bladeless turbine (BT‐6TENGs), the total short‐circuit current is 180 µA and the output power reaches 15 mW. The BT‐6TENGs could charge a 4.7 mF capacitor to 3.6 V within 3 min, and continuously drive a wireless sensor to collect data and transmit to a smartphone. In practical applications, the BT‐TENG could harvest steam mechanical energy, which can be widely used in home heat steam to industrial wasted heat. Additionally, the BT‐TENG is integrated within a fluidic system as a self‐powered flow rate sensor.
Portable Multiplex Optical Assays
Authors: Coskun Ahmet F. , Topkaya Seda Nur , Yetisen Ali K. , Cetin Arif E.
Published: December 2018

Global health issues are increasingly becoming critical with high fatality rate due to chronic and infectious diseases. Emerging technologies aim to address these problems by understanding the causes of lethal conditions and diagnosing symptoms at early stage. Existing commercial diagnostics primarily focus on single‐plex assays due to ease‐of‐use, simplicity in analysis, and amenability to mass manufacturing. Many research grade devices have utilized only a few molecular and morphological signatures in bodily fluids. However, multiplex devices can improve accuracy, sensitivity, and scalability of research and diagnostic devices. This review presents multiplex assays that utilize optical, electrical, and chemical methods and materials that have the potential to improve portable point‐of‐care diagnostics. The critical role of emerging optical and complementary assays with multiple contrast mechanisms is investigated to enable highly multiplex analysis in field settings. Multiparameter portable devices for field applications toward health monitoring, food testing, air quality monitoring, and microanalysis in other extreme conditions are examined. Current trends indicate the need for validation of health diagnosis based on a large number of biomarkers in randomized clinical trials. Advanced digital analysis, crowd‐sourced solutions, and robust user interfaces will become an integral part of the connected global health systems and personalized monitoring platforms.
Scalable, Highly Uniform, and Robust Colloidal Mie Resonators for All‐Dielectric Soft Meta‐Optics
Authors: Cho YongDeok , Huh Ji‐Hyeok , Kim Kwangjin , Lee Seungwoo
Published: December 2018

All‐dielectric nanoparticles (NPs) with high (>3.0) or moderate (1.7–3.0) refractive indices have become fundamental to meta‐optics, as they enable low‐loss, low‐heating, and quenching‐free magnetodielectric Mie resonances, which are difficult to achieve by use of plasmonic counterparts. However, a scalable and versatile synthetic route for such magnetodielectric NPs retaining high uniformity, roundness, and robustness has remained elusive. Thus, soft self‐assembly still represents an underutilized method in the optical engineer's toolset, which in turn limits the accessible range of meta‐optics. Herein, a gram‐scale and versatile synthesis of dielectric colloidal Mie resonators is presented, in which selenous acid precursors are converted into highly uniform, crystalline colloids by a low demand reaction. These crystalline selenium (c‐Se) colloids enable strong electric and magnetic resonances due to their moderate refractive index (2.8–3.2 at optical frequencies), while simultaneously satisfying the requirements of high uniformity, roundness, and robustness. Even with these exotic properties, c‐Se colloids are successfully self‐assembled into various all‐dielectric meta‐optics systems including (i) metafluids exhibiting directional scattering, (ii) metamolecules with nanogap‐dielectric resonances, and (iii) metacrystals with magnetodielectric bandgaps. The design space of all‐dielectric meta‐optics will be greatly expanded by utilizing soft self‐assembly of c‐Se colloids.
Phototunable Morpho Butterfly Microstructures Modified by Liquid Crystal Polymers
Authors: Qing Xin , Liu Yuyun , Wei Jia , Zheng Ran , Zhu Chongyu , Yu Yanlei
Published: December 2018

The unique hierarchical microstructures of the Morpho butterfly wing (MBW) exhibit angle independent blue iridescence. Biomimicking these microstructures and turning them into functional photonic crystals (PhCs) have fascinated scientists yet remain challenging. Here, a phototunable PhC is fabricated by depositing the azobenzene‐containing linear liquid crystal polymer (LLCP) onto the MBW template. Thanks to the excellent mechanical properties and deformability of LLCP, the generated 3D bilayer microstructures demonstrate hierarchical deformation upon UV light irradiation, leading to a blueshift of the reflection peak (70 nm) and a remarkable change of reflectance (40%). This phototunable PhC may have potential applications in pigments, cosmetics, and sensors.