bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autoxidation of polyunsaturated triacylglycerols. I. Trilinoleoylglycerol
Authors: Neff W. E. , Frankel E. N. , Miyashita K.
Published: February 2007

The hydroperoxides and secondary products formed from trilinoleoylglycerol autoxidized at 40°C were isolated and characterized to clarify their contribution to oxidative deterioration of vegetable oils. The products were purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified, as intact triacylglycerols, by ultraviolet, infrared,1H NMR and13C NMR analyses, and after derivatization by lipolysis, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The main, primary products included mono‐,bis‐ and tris‐9‐hydroperoxy‐trans‐10,cit‐12‐; 9‐hydroperoxy‐trans‐10,trans‐12; 13‐hydroperoxy‐cis‐9,trans‐11; and 13‐hydroperoxy‐trans‐9,trans‐11‐linolenoyl glycerols. The structures of the minor secondary products analyzed after derivatization were consistent with known oxidative degradation products of linoleate hydroperoxides. HPLC analyses showed that thebis‐ and tris‐hydroperoxides were formed from the mono‐hydroperoxides during autoxidation at peroxide values above 18 and 28 meq/kg. Studies on the further oxidation of the mono‐hydroperoxides support a mechanism for the consucutive formation ofbis‐ and tris‐hydroperoxides from the monohydroperoxides. HPLC analyses showed that no preferential oxidation occurred between the 1(3)‐ and 2‐triglyceride positions. Hydroperoxides of linoleate triacylglycerols may be important precursors of volatile compounds contributing to off‐flavors of vegetable oils.
Binding of galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) by albumin
Authors: Igisu Hideki , Matsuoka Masato , Hamasaki Naotaka
Published: February 2007

On applying [3H]galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) and albumin to a gel filtration column, either as a pre‐incubated mixture or as separate solutions, the lipid and albumin co‐eluted. When albumin and [3H]galactosylsphingosine were incubated with Sephadex G‐50, the concentration of galactosylsphingosine outside the gel increased as the concentration of albumin increased. These observations indicate that albumin binds galactosylsphingosine. By using an equilibrium gel procedure, it was estimated that one molecule of albumin has 7.4 binding sites for galactosylsphingosine, and that the dissociation constant is 3.9×10−6 M. These values appear compatible with the potency of albumin to suppress galactosylsphingosine‐induced hemolysis.
Construction and analysis of ground models and their refinements as a foundation for validating computer-based systems
Authors: Börger Egon
Published: February 2007

We explain why for the verified software challenge proposed in Hoare (J ACM 50(1): 63–69, 2003), Hoare and Misra (Verified software: theories, tools, experiments. Vision of a Grand Challenge project. In: [Meyer05]) to gain practical impact, one needs to include rigorous definitions and analysis, prior to code development and comprising both experimental validation and mathematical verification, of
ground models
, i.e., blueprints that describe the required application-content of programs. This implies the need to link via successive refinements the relevant properties of such high-level models in a traceable and checkable way to code a compiler can verify. We outline the Abstract State Machines (ASM) method, a discipline for reliable system development which allows one to bridge the gap between informal requirements and executable code by combining application-centric
experimentally validatable system modelling
with
mathematically verifiable stepwise detailing
of abstract models to compile-time-verifiable code.
Disability, race/ethnicity and gender: themes of cultural oppression, acts of individual resistance
Authors: McDonald Katherine E. , Keys Christopher B. , Balcazar Fabricio E.
Published: February 2007

Community psychologists have called for research on human diversity and interactions between individuals and society with a focus on oppression. This study examines learning disabilities as they co‐occur with other sociopolitical minority statuses. We examined dominant cultural narratives of and individual responses to learning disability, race/ethnicity and gender identified by low‐income men and women of color with learning disabilities. Our qualitative analysis identified cultural narratives that suggest that: (1a) individuals with learning disabilities are perceived as having an illegitimate impairment and being of lower intellectual ability and unworthy; (1b) having an invisible disability facilitates passing as nondisabled, thereby lessening disability discrimination from within racial/ethnic groups; (1c) having a learning disability detracts from positive gender expectations and exacerbates negative ones; and (1d) gender and racial/ethnic narratives are relevant for individuals with learning disabilities. Our analysis also identified two overarching individual acts of resistance used to thwart internalization of oppressive cultural narratives: (2a) removing self from oppressive environments and (2b) reframing dominant cultural narratives (including discounting the validity of negative messages, using negative narratives for motivation, and engaging in positive self‐talk). We discuss findings in relation to extant research and theory and consider implications for research, theory, and practice.
Absorption of Dietary Cholesterol Oxidation Products and Their Downstream Metabolic Effects Are Reduced by Dietary Apple Polyphenols
Authors: Ogino Yamato , Osada Kyoichi , Nakamura Shingo , Ohta Yutaka , Kanda Tomomasa , Sugano Michihiro
Published: February 2007

Exogenous and endogenous cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) perturb various metabolic processes, and thereby they may induce various homeostasis‐related disorders. Here, we observed that procyanidin‐rich dietary apple polyphenol (APP) from unripe apples alleviates the perturbation of lipid metabolism by decreasing the exogenous COP levels in rats. Dietary COPs may be the greatest source of COPs found in the human body. Rats (4 weeks of age) were fed AIN‐purified diets containing 0.3% COPs supplemented with 0.5 or 2.5% APP for 3 weeks. Dietary APP alleviated the growth inhibition action of the exogenous COPs. The modulations of the liver lipid profile by COPs remained unchanged. However, serum total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels increased following the intake of dietary APP. Further, dietary APP inhibited the increase in lipid peroxide levels in the liver and serum by COPs. The activity of hepatic Δ6 desaturase was lowered by dietary APP in a dose‐dependent manner, although exogenous COPs generally increased the activity of this enzyme. In keeping with this observation, Δ6 desaturation indices in the phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of the liver and serum lipids were lower in the APP‐fed groups than those in the control group. Dietary APP also promoted the excretion of exogenous COPs, cholesterol, and acidic steroids in feces. Therefore, the inhibition of intestinal absorption of COPs may partly contribute to the alleviation of the perturbation of lipid metabolism and lipid peroxidation levels. Thus, APP may be an important removal agent of exogenous toxic material such as COPs contained in processed or fast foods.
Alterations of high density lipoprotein subclasses in obese subjects
Authors: Tian Li , Jia Lianqun , Fu Mingde , Tian Ying , Xu Yanhua , Tian Haoming , Yang Yuye
Published: February 2007

The object of this study was to investigate the characteristics of lipid metabolism in obese subjects, with particular emphasis on the alteration of HDL subclass contents and distributions. A population of 581 Chinese individuals was divided into four groups (25 underweight subjects, 288 of desirable weight, 187 overweight, and 45 obese) according to body mass index (BMI). Apoprotein A‐I (apoA‐I) contents of plasma HDL subclasses were determined by 2‐D gel electrophoresis associated with an immunodetection method. The concentrations of TG and the apoA‐I content of pre‐α1‐HDL were significantly higher (P<0.01 and P<0.01, respectively), but the levels of HDL cholesterol, and the apoA‐I contents of HDL2a and HDL2b were significantly lower (P<0.01, P<0.05, and P<0.01, respectively) in obese subjects than in subjects having a desirable weight. Moreover, with the elevation of BMI, small‐sized pre‐α1‐HDL increased gradually and significantly, whereas large‐sized HDL2b decreased gradually and significantly. Meanwhile, the variations in HDL subclass distribution were more obvious with the elevation of TG levels in obese as well as overweight subjects. In addition, Pearson correlation analysis revealed that BMI and TG levels were positively correlated with pre‐α1‐HDL but negatively correlated with HDL2b. Multiple regression analysis also showed that TG concentrations were associated independently and positively with high pre‐α1‐HDL and independently and negatively with low HDL2b in obese and overweight subjects. The HDL particle size was smaller in obese and overweight subjects. The shift to smaller size was more obvious with the elevation of BMI and TG, especially TG levels. These observations, in turn, indicated that HDL maturation might be abnormal, and reverse cholesterol transport might be impaired.
Association of ceramides in human plasma with risk factors of atherosclerosis
Authors: Ichi Ikuyo , Nakahara Kayoko , Miyashita Yavoi , Hidaka Atsuko , Kutsukake Sahoko , Inoue Kana , Maruyama Taro , Miwa Yoshikazu , Harada‐Shiba Mariko , Tsushima Motoo , Kojo Shosuke ,   Kisei Cohort Study Group
Published: February 2007

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disorder. Recent studies indicate that the plasma level of sphingomyelin, which yields ceramide, correlates with the risk of coronary heart disease. Therefore, ceramide, a well‐known lipid causing apoptosis in various cell types, may contribute to atherogenesis. We examined the relationship between ceramide concentration and risk factors of atherosclerosis in normal human plasma using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Major ceramides in human plasma were C24∶0 and C24∶1. The ceramide concentration showed a significant positive correlation with total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG). In addition, plasma ceramide level increased drastically at a high level of LDL cholesterol (more than 170 mg/dL). Our previous studies demonstrated that the sum of fragmented and conjugated apolipoprotein B‐100 proteins (B‐ox), which were products of a radical reaction of LDL as well as plasma, was a reliable index of atherosclerosis. B‐ox showed a significant positive correlation with the plasma ceramide level. Based on these results, we propose that the ceramide level in human plasma is a risk factor at the early stages of atherosclerosis.
Dietarytransfatty acids: Review of recent human studies and food industry responses
Authors: Hunter J. Edward
Published: February 2007

DietarytransFA at sufficiently high levels have been found to increase low density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol and decrease high density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol (and thus to increase the ratio of LDL‐cholesterol/HDL‐cholesterol) compared with diets high incismonounsaturated FA or PUFA. The dietary levels oftransFA at which these effects are easily measured are around 4% of energy or higher to increase LDL‐cholesterol and around 5 to 6% of energy or higher to decrease HDL‐cholesterol, compared with essentiallytrans‐free control diets. Very limited data at lower levels of intake (less than 4% of energy) are available. Most health professional organizations and some govemments now recommend reduced consumption of foods containingtransFA, and effective January 1, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires the labeling of the amounts oftransFA fer serving in packaged foods. In response, the food industry is working on ways to eliminate or greatly reducetransFA in food products. Current efforts focus on four technological options: (i) modification of the hydrogenation process, (ii) use of interesterification, (iii) use of fractions high in solids from natural oils, and (iv) use of trait‐enhanced oils. Challenges to the food industry in replacingtransFA in foods are to develop formulation options that provide equivalent functionality, are economically feasible, and do not greatly increase saturated FA content.
Modification of fillet composition and evidence of differential fatty acid turnover in sunshine bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis following change in dietary lipid source
Authors: Lane Ryan L. , Trushenski Jesse T. , Kohler Christopher C.
Published: February 2007

Marine oil‐based finishing diets have been used to restore fillet FA profile in several “medium‐fat” fleshed aquaculture species, and a simple dilution model describing FA turnover has been established to predict and tailor final fillet composition. We evaluated finishing diet efficacy and suitability of the dilution model to describe patterns of FA change in a lean‐fleshed model, sunshine bass. Two practical diet (45% crude protein, 15% crude lipid) were formulated, respectively containing corn oil (CO) or menhaden oil (MO) as the primary lipid sources. Sunshine bass (age 1 [⊃ 14 mo], 347 ±8.6 g, mean individual weight ±SEM) were stocked in a recirculating system and fed the diets according to different feeding regimens during the final 28 wk of the production cycle. Control groups were fed the CO or the MO feeds exclusively; whereas, the remaining treatment groups were transitioned from the CO diet to the MO diet at 4−, 8−, or 12‐wk intervals. Upon completion of the feeding trial, fish were harvested, and production performance and fillet composition were assessed. Replacing MO with CO as the primary lipid source in sunshine bass diets yielded fillets with distinctly different FA profiles; however, finishing with a MO‐based diet offered significant compensation for CO‐associated reductions in fillet long‐chain highly unsaturated FA (LC‐HUFA). Although complete restoration was not observed, we achieved significant augmentation of endogenous n−3 FA within 4 wk of feeding the MO diet, and observed a significant increase in LC‐HUFA and a beneficial shift in n−3∶n−6 FA ratio after 8 weeks. Simple dilution accurately predicted tissue composition for most FA; however, deviations from the model were noted, suggesting selective retention of n−3, PUFA, and LC‐HUFA and preferential catabolism of saturates. We conclude marine oil‐based finishing diets can rapidly augment beneficial FA levels in sunshine bass fillets; however, simple dilution models do not fully describe selective FA metabolism observed for this lean‐fleshed fish.
Industrial trial to evaluate the effect of oxygen concentration on overall quality of refined, bleached, and deodorized soybean oil in PET bottles
Authors: Arruda C. S. , Garcez W. S. , Barrera‐Arellano D. , Block J. M.
Published: February 2007

Soybean oil, owing to its FA composition, is highly susceptible to deterioration by oxidation. The use of nitrogen gas permits the removal of dissolved oxygen and oxygen in the headspace of tanks and bottles. The objective of this work (an industrial trial) was to evaluate the shelf life of soybean oil packaged in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles with different levels of oxygen in the headspace (<0.3, 5–6.5, 7–9, and >15%). The quality of the oil was evaluated during 6 mon. FFA and moisture increased and the smoke point decreased in all experimental conditions, even though the difference between the experiments was not significant. An increase was observed for peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV), and specific extinction, and higher increases in these parameters were observed in higher oxygen concentrations. After 180 d, the difference between the PV and AV was significant. According to sensory analysis, the shelf life of the oil increased from 60 to 90, 120, and 180 d as the initial concentration of oxygen was reduced from >15%, 7–9%, 5–6.5%, and 0–3%, respectively. The results demonstrated that shelf life of soybean oil packaged in PET bottles can be significantly increased by using nitrogen to reduce available oxygen in the headspace.
Functional properties of protein ingredients prepared from high‐sucrose/low‐stachyose soybeans
Authors: Deak Nicolas A. , Johnson Lawrence A.
Published: February 2007

High‐sucrose/low‐stachyose (HS/LS) soybeans were used to prepare ethanol‐washed soy protein concentrate (EWSPC), soy protein isolate (SPI), and a new low‐fiber soy protein concentrate (LFSPC) in which the protein was extracted with alkali to remove fiber and the protein extract was neutralized and freeze‐dired. LFSPC prepared from HS/LS soybeans contained significantly higher ratios of β‐conglycinin to glycinin (1∶1.32) than did EWSPC (1∶1.75) or SPI (1∶1.69), which may have affected functional properties. The LFSPC were also high in soluble sugars (14.7%) and low in fiber (0.3%) compared with traditional EWSPC (2.9 and 3.4%, respectively) and SPI (1.8 and 0.3%, respectively). For both normal and HS/LS soybean varieties, the LFSPC, especially when extracted at pH 7.5 as opposed to pH 8.5, had higher denaturation enthalpies than did EWSPC and SPI, indicating less denaturation had occurred. Water solubilities, surface hydrophobicities, and emulsification properties were highest for the LFSPC and lowest for EWSPC. The LFSPC also had good foaming properties and low viscosities. These desirable functional properties of the LFSPC make them unique among alternative soy protein ingredients and highly suitable for industrial applications as food additives and ingredients.
The selectivity of tyrosine 280 of human 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in inhibitor binding
Authors: Kim Ki Won , Wang Zhulun , Busby James , Tsuruda Trace , Chen Michelle , Hale Clarence , Castro Víctor M. , Svensson Stefan , Nybo Rebecca , Xiong Fei , Wang Minghan
Published: February 2007

11β‐Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is a homodimer where the carboxyl terminus of one subunit covers the active site of the dimer partner. Based on the crystal structure with CHAPS, the carboxyl terminal tyrosine 280 (Y280) has been postulated to interact with the substrate/inhibitor at the binding pocket of the dimer partner. However, the co‐crystal structure with carbenoxolone argues against this role. To clarify and reconcile these findings, here we report our mutagenesis data and demonstrate that Y280 is not involved in substrate binding but rather plays a selective role in inhibitor binding. The involvement of Y280 in inhibitor binding depends on the inhibitor chemical structure. While Y280 is not involved in the binding of carbenoxolone, it is critical for the binding of glycyrrhetinic acid.
First evidences for a third sulfatase maturation system in prokaryotes from E. coli aslB and ydeM deletion mutants
Authors: Benjdia Alhosna , Dehò Gianni , Rabot Sylvie , Berteau Olivier
Published: February 2007

To be active all known arylsulfatases undergo a unique post‐translational modification leading to the conversion of an active site residue (serine or cysteine) into a Cα‐formylglycine. Although deprived of sulfatase activity, Escherichia coli K12 can efficiently mature heterologous Cys‐type sulfatases. Three potential enzymes (AslB, YdeM and YidF) belonging to the anaerobic sulfatase maturating enzyme family (an SME) are present in its genome. Here we show that E. coli could mature Cys‐type sulfatases only in aerobic conditions and that knocking‐out of aslB, ydeM and yidF does not impair Cys‐type sulfatase maturation. These findings demonstrate that these putative anSME are not involved in Cys‐type sulfatase maturation and strongly support the existence of a second, oxygen‐dependent and Cys‐type specific sulfatase maturation system among prokaryotes.
Neurogenin 3 recruits CBP co‐activator to facilitate histone H3/H4 acetylation in the target gene INSM1
Authors: Breslin Mary B. , Wang Hong-Wei , Pierce Amy , Aucoin Rebecca , Lan Michael S.
Published: February 2007

INSM1 is a downstream target gene of neurogenin 3 (ngn3). A promoter construct containing the −426/+40 bp region transiently co‐transfected into NIH‐3T3 cells with a ngn3 expression plasmid resulted in a 12‐fold increase in promoter activity. The ngn3/E47 heterodimer selectively binds and activates the E‐box3 of the INSM1 promoter. The endogenous ngn3 and CREB‐binding protein (CBP) co‐activator occupy the INSM1 promoter, resulting in hyper‐acetylation of histone H3/H4 chromatin in a human neuroblastoma cell line, IMR‐32. Additionally, adenoviral ngn3 can induce endogenous INSM‐1 expression in pancreatic ductal carcinoma‐1 cells through the recruitment of CBP to the INSM1 promoter and increase the acetylation of the INSM1 promoter region.
Chinese weight‐correction model for maternal serum markers in Down syndrome prenatal screening
Authors: Wang Yuan‐Yuan , Zhang Li , Peng Zuo‐Qi , Cui Qin‐Zi , Ma Xu
Published: February 2007

Objective: To determine the best weight‐correction model by means of analyzing the relationship between maternal weight and maternal serum markers when screening for Down syndrome in China. Methods: Serum levels of α‐fetoprotein (AFP) and free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were measured in 35,917 Chinese women during the second semester of a normal singleton pregnancy and converted to multiple of median (MoM) values. Using 2 methods of statistical analysis, the all‐point method and the median regression method, 4 weight‐correction models were then tried, the simple linear, reciprocal, quadratic, and log‐linear regression models. Results: The median regression method performed better than the all‐point method, and the quadratic regression model showed the best fit for both AFP and hCG in the median regression method, with adjusted R2s of 0.987 and 0.988, respectively. Conclusion: The quadratic regression model was found to be the most suitable for Chinese pregnant women.
Foundations in Nursing and Health Care: Beginning Reflective Practice
Authors: O'Connor Ellen
Published: February 2007

Foundations in Nursing and Health Care: Beginning Reflective Practice Melanie Jasper 2003, 206 pages £12 softcover
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF FOUR-DIMENSIONAL MÖBIUS TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: Cao Wensheng
Published: February 2007

Based on the identification of four-dimensional Möbius transformations

$$ g(x)=(ax+b)(cx+d)^{-1} $$

by the matrix group $\mathrm{PS}_\triangle L(2,\mathbb{H})$ of quaternionic $2\times2$ matrices with Dieudonné determinant equal to $1$, we give an explicit expression for the classification of $g$ in terms of $a$, $b$, $c$ and $d$.
AUTOMORPHISMS OF ENDOMORPHISM MONOIDS OF RELATIVELY FREE BANDS
Authors: Araújo João , Konieczny Janusz
Published: February 2007

For a set $X$ and a variety $\mathcal{V}$ of bands, let $B_{\mathcal{V}}(X)$ be the relatively free band in $\mathcal{V}$ on $X$. For an arbitrary band variety $\mathcal{V}$ and an arbitrary set $X$, we determine the group of automorphisms of $\mathrm{End}(B_{\mathcal{V}}(X))$, the monoid of endomorphisms of $B_{\mathcal{V}}(X)$.
Effect of the general loss-cone distribution function on kinetic Alfvén waves—a kinetic approach
Authors: SHUKLA NIDHI , VARMA P. , TIWARI M.S.
Published: February 2007

Kinetic Alfvén waves are investigated in the presence of a general loss-cone distribution function including finite electron pressure and ion-gyroradius effects. The dispersion relation and damping/growth rate are evaluated for different electron to ion temperature ratios, Te/Ti, using a kinetic approach. The wave frequency ω and damping/growth rate γL are evaluated for two regimes of propagation, k⊥ρi < 1 and k⊥ρi > 1, where k⊥ is the perpendicular wave number and ρi is the ion-gyroradius. An enhancement of the wave frequency and a reduction in the damping rate are predicted by steep loss-cone distribution indices and Te/Ti. The growth of the wave is also noticed at higher values of the distribution index and lower Te/Ti. Plasma parameters appropriate to the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) are used to discuss the propagation of kinetic Alfvén waves from the PSBL to the auroral ionosphere.
The constraints of academic politics are not violations of academic freedom
Authors: Donchin Emanuel
Published: February 2007

Tenure is designed to protect the academic freedom of faculty members by insulating them from arbitrary dismissal by administrative authorities external to their community of scholars. Therefore, the target article's focus on constraints that derive from peer pressures and academic politics is misplaced, rendering the results of the survey irrelevant to the issue of the value of tenure.
The heuristic value of controversy in science
Authors: Lilienfeld Scott O.
Published: February 2007

Ceci et al.'s (2006) findings remind us that tenure rarely serves its intended purpose. I argue that tenure often fails in part because many faculty members possess an insufficient appreciation for the heuristic value of controversy in science and other disciplines. Using two case examples from clinical/personality psychology, I show how controversial positions can draw sharp criticism while facilitating scientific progress.
Tenure is justifiable
Authors: MacLeod W. Bentley
Published: February 2007

The target article by Ceci et al. provides some interesting results regarding how faculty might react to difficult social dilemmas, but it has little to say about tenure and its effect upon academic freedom. This comment discusses briefly what we know about tenure, and employment protection more generally, and why it may be in a university's best interest to hire tenured faculty. The comment concludes by pointing out that the results make a rather useful contribution regarding the difficulty of eliciting information on malfeasance in organizations, an area of enormous importance. For example, the results may help us understand why the government has introduced rewards for the reporting of fraud under the whistle-blowing provisions of the Federal Claims Act.
Tenure as a necessary but not sufficient requirement for academic freedom
Authors: Ruscio John , Kelly-Woessner April
Published: February 2007

Although the job security afforded by tenure is one important factor in deciding whether or how to exercise academic freedom, professors must weigh a number of other important career goals that constrain their choices. This multiplicity of goals, combined with concerns about career mobility, may help to explain the differences Ceci et al. observe between professors at different ranks.
Testing tenure: Let the market decide
Authors: Shermer Michael
Published: February 2007

Tenure debates and disputes are often irresolvable because of the complex and multivariate nature of contractual relationships between faculty and administration, and the nuanced and varying beliefs about tenure held by the professoriate. The Ceci et al. study leads this commentator to suggest a simple solution – allow individual institutions to define the parameters of tenure according to their unique core values.
Spectrum of child psychiatric disorders and ritualized behavior: Where is the link?
Authors: Kirov Roumen
Published: February 2007

There is a spectrum of child psychiatric and neurological disorders, in all of which a comorbidity with obsessive-compulsive disorder and ritualized behavior is very common. Therefore, they may appear as a basis for the rituals in children that cross into adolescence and adulthood. Resolving the nature of these disorders may help us to better understand “Why ritualized behavior?”
Useful distraction: Ritualized behavior as an opportunity for recalibration
Authors: Orrock John L.
Published: February 2007

Responding to potential hazards is likely to require precaution-related recalibration, the extensive integration of complex variables related to inferred risk and fitness. By swamping working memory with goal-demoted actions and focusing recalibration on the inferred threat, ritualized behaviors may serve to increase the efficacy of precaution-related recalibration. This benefit may be an important mechanism maintaining non-pathological ritualized behavior.
Rituals are rational for the imperfect experimentalist
Authors: Rutherford M. D.
Published: February 2007

Humans are, by design, imperfect experimentalists. The cost of testing each step of a process exceeds the benefit of knowing which steps can be eliminated. To an outsider who knows which steps are superfluous, the actors appear superstitious, even ridiculous. Nonetheless, the exact duplication of all steps is rational for the imperfect experimentalist. The case of ritual in autism illustrates this point.
Morbid jealousy as a function of fitness-related life-cycle dimensions
Authors: Schipper Lucas D. , Easton Judith A. , Shackelford Todd K.
Published: February 2007

We suggest that morbid jealousy falls on the extreme end of a jealousy continuum. Thus, many features associated with normal jealousy will be present in individuals diagnosed with morbid jealousy. We apply Boyer & Lienard's (B&L's) prediction one (P1; target article, sect. 7.1) to morbid jealousy, suggesting that fitness-related life-cycle dimensions predict sensitivity to cues, and frequency, intensity, and content of intrusive thoughts of partner infidelity.
The evolved architecture of hazard management: Risk detection reasoning and the motivational computation of threat magnitudes
Authors: Tooby John , Cosmides Leda
Published: February 2007

The architecture of the hazard management system underlying precautionary behavior makes functional sense, given the adaptive computational problems it evolved to solve. Many seeming infelicities in its outputs, such as behavior with “apparent lack of rational motivation” or disproportionality, are susceptibilities that derive from the sheer computational difficulty posed by the problem of cost-effectively deploying countermeasures to rare, harmful threats.
Ritual: Meaningful or meaningless?
Authors: Turner Robert
Published: February 2007

In conflating opposing meanings of the term “ritual,” arising from historical Western cultural conflicts regarding church and state, this target article begs fundamental questions. Its appeals to cognitive science concepts such as “working memory” are poorly informed and obfuscate what could have been a far more penetrating and less biased discussion of stereotyped human action.
Origins and expertise in the musical improvisations of adults and children: a phenomenological study of content and process
Authors: Custodero Lori A.
Published: February 2007

This study explores the musical content and human processes of improvisations of children and adults using the phenomenological lenses of time, space and responsivity. Paired improvisational performances of two late-career adult composers and two 7-year-old children were analysed considering a lifespan-related perspective involving the origins of spontaneous musical creativity associated with childhood dispositions and the musical expertise gained from practice, training and experience. Findings suggest that origins and expertise are operating in improvisational experiences of children and adults. Implications are drawn for musically meaningful research and evaluation of children's improvisations.
Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children seen in hospital
Authors: CLARK J. E. , HAMMAL D. , HAMPTON F. , SPENCER D. , PARKER L.
Published: February 2007

There is little UK data on hospital admission rates for childhood pneumonia, lobar pneumonia, severity or risk factors. From 13 hospitals serving the catchment population, demographic and clinical details were prospectively collected between 2001 and 2002 for children aged 0–15 years, seen by a paediatrician with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and consistent chest X-ray changes. From 750 children assessed in hospital, incidence of CAP was 14·4 (95% CI 13·4–15·4)/10000 children per year and 33·8 (95% CI 31·1–36·7) for <5-year-olds; with an incidence for admission to hospital of 12·2 (95% CI 11·3–13·2) and 28·7 (95% CI 26·2–31·4) respectively. Where ascertainment was confirmed, incidence of CAP assessed in hospital was 16·1 (95% CI 14·9–17·3) and 41·0 (95% CI 37·7–44·5) in the 0–4 years age group, whilst incidence for hospital admission was 13·5 (95% CI 12·4–14·6) and 32 (95% CI 29·1–35·1) respectively. In the <5 years age group incidence of lobar pneumonia was 5·6 (95% CI 4·5–6·8)/10000 per year and severe disease 19·4 (95% CI 17·4–21·7)/10000 per year. Risk of severe CAP was significantly increased for those aged <5 years (OR 1·50, 95% CI 1·07–2·11) and with prematurity, OR 4·02 (95% CI 1·16–13·85). It also varied significantly by county of residence. This is a unique insight into the burden of hospital assessments and admissions caused by childhood pneumonia in the United Kingdom and will help inform future preventative strategies.
Group A streptococcal skin infection outbreak in an abattoir: lessons for prevention
Authors: HUMPHREYS C. P. , MORGAN S. J. , WALAPU M. , HARRISON G. A. J. , KEEN A. P. , EFSTRATIOU A. , NEAL S. E. , SALMON R. L.
Published: February 2007

During a group A streptococcus (GAS) outbreak 21 abattoir workers developed skin infections. The unusual outbreak strain (emm 108.1) was cultured from five workers and four persons in the community with links to the abattoir. The attack rate was 26% in the lamb line. Communal nailbrushes were neither routinely disinfected nor changed, and had high bacterial counts. A cohort study found a higher risk from working in the gutting area and getting cuts on hands more than weekly. Despite high bacterial counts daily nailbrush use had a lower risk, as did always wearing disposable gloves. Working in the gutting area (OR 11·44) and nailbrush use at least once a day (OR 0·04) were significant in the multivariate model. Transmission of infection is likely to have occurred on carcasses. GAS infection among abattoir workers was once common. Simple hygiene measures, such as nailbrush use, may reduce the impact of future outbreaks.
Free boundary Darcy flows with surface tension: Analytical and numerical study
Authors: SEMENOV Yu. A. , CUMMINGS L. J.
Published: February 2007

We study surface tension effects for two-dimensional Darcy flow with a free boundary in a corner between two non-parallel walls. The analytic solution is based on two governing expressions constructed in an auxiliary parameter domain, namely a complex velocity and a derivative of the complex potential. These expressions admit a general solution for the problem in a corner geometry for the flow generated by a source/sink at the corner vertex or at infinity. We derive an integral equation in terms of the velocity modulus and angle at the free surface, determined by the dynamic boundary condition. A numerical procedure, used to solve the obtained system of equations, and numerical results concerning the effect of surface tension on the time evolution of the free boundary, are discussed.
Not Lost in Translation: Protocols for Interpreting Trauma-Focused CBT
Authors: d'Ardenne Patricia , Farmer Elly , Ruaro Laura , Priebe Stefan
Published: February 2007

This paper describes the development of protocols with interpreters employed in an East London psychological trauma clinic. The service treats traumatized refugee people with cognitive methods, according to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guidelines for PTSD. NICE states that language should not be a barrier to treatment, but provides no further guidance to achieve this. These protocols for interpreting CBT are designed to be explicit, consistent and ethical. A telephone poll from a recent UK-wide trauma survey, a focus group with local interpreters, and practitioner reflection were all used to develop and refine the protocols and their rationale, which are described, together with implications for future culturally sensitive practice and research.
Encapsulation of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy Applications
Authors: Turner Peter , Petch Amelia , Al‐Rubeai Mohamed
Published: February 2007

In gene therapy, a number of viruses are currently being used as vectors to provide transient expression of therapeutic proteins. A drawback of using free virus is that it gives a potent immune response, which reduces gene transfer and limits re‐administration. An alternative delivery system is to encapsulate the virus in poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLG) microspheres prior to administration. A recombinant adenovirus (Ad) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to test the transduction efficiency of Ad encapsulated in microspheres on target cells. The number of infected cells that expressed GFP was measured by flow cytometry. It was demonstrated that encapsulated viral vectors could successfully transduce target cells with encapsulation efficiencies up to 23% and that the level of transduction could be controlled by varying both the quantity of microspheres and the amount of Ad in the microspheres. High transduction efficiencies and its recognized biocompatibility make PLG‐encapsulated Ad an attractive alternative to the use of free virus in gene therapy applications. The infectivity of Ad was found to be significantly influenced by the processing conditions and changes in environmental factors. Free Ad and encapsulated Ad were able to infect both E1 complimenting cells (HEK 293) and non‐complimenting cells (A549), with the viral expression in HEK 293 cells being 2.1 times greater than for A549 cells.
Effect of Extracellular pH on Matrix Synthesis by Chondrocytes in 3D Agarose Gel
Authors: Wu Min‐Hsien , Urban Jill P.G. , Cui Zhan Feng , Cui Zheng , Xu Xia
Published: February 2007

In cartilage tissue engineering, the determination of the most appropriate cell/tissue culture conditions to maximize extracellular matrix synthesis is of major importance. The extracellular pH plays an important role in affecting energy metabolism and matrix synthesis by chondrocytes. In this study, chondrocytes were isolated from bovine articular cartilage, embedded in agarose gel, and cultured at varied pH levels (7.3–6.6). Rate of lactate production, total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen synthesis, as well as total cell numbers and cell viability were evaluated after culturing for up to 7 days. The results showed the rate of lactic acid production over the 7‐day culture was significantly affected by extracellular pH; acidic pH markedly inhibited the production of lactate. Also, a biphasic response to extracellular pH in regard to total GAG synthesis was observed; the maximum synthesis was seen at pH 7.2. However, the collagen synthesis was not pH‐dependent within the pH range explored. In addition, within the conditions studied, total cell numbers and cell viability were not significantly affected by extracellular pH. In conclusion, even minor changes in extracellular pH could markedly affect the metabolic activities and biosynthetic ability of chondrocytes. Consequently, the control of extracellular pH condition is crucially important for successful cartilage tissue engineering and for the study of chondrocyte physiology and functions.
Electron sources in Saturn's magnetosphere
Authors: Rymer A. M. , Mauk B. H. , Hill T. W. , Paranicas C. , André N. , Sittler E. C. , Mitchell D. G. , Smith H. T. , Johnson R. E. , Coates A. J. , Young D. T. , Bolton S. J. , Thomsen M. F. , Dougherty M. K.
Published: February 2007

We investigate the sources of two different electron components in Saturn's inner magnetosphere (5 < L < 12 Rs) by performing phase space density (f(v)) analyses of electron measurements made by the Cassini CAPS instrument (1 eV to 28 keV). Because pitch angle distributions indicate that the traditional single particle invariants of gyration and bounce are not appropriate, we use a formulation of the isotropic invariant derived by Wolf (1983) and Schulz (1998) and show that it is similar in functional form to the first adiabatic invariant. Our f(v) analyses confirm that the cooler electrons (<100 eV) have a source in the inner magnetosphere and are likely products of neutral ionization processes in Saturn's neutral cloud. The mystery is how the electrons are heated to energies comparable to the proton thermal energy (which is approximately equal to the proton pickup energy), a process that reveals itself as a source of electrons at given invariant values in our f(v) analyses. We show that Coulomb collisions provide a viable mechanism to achieve the near equipartition of ion and electron energies in the time available before particles are lost from the region. We find that the source of the hotter electron component (>100 eV) is Saturn's middle or outer magnetosphere, perhaps transported to the inner magnetosphere by radial diffusion regulated by interchange‐like injections. Hot electrons undergo heavy losses inside L ∼ 6 and the distance to which the hot electron component penetrates into the neutral cloud is energy‐dependent, with the coolest fraction of the hot plasma penetrating to the lowest L‐shells. This can arise through energy‐dependent radial transport during the interchange process and/or loss through the planetary loss cone.
Initializing numerical weather prediction models with satellite‐derived surface soil moisture: Data assimilation experiments with ECMWF's Integrated Forecast System and the TMI soil moisture data set
Authors: Drusch M.
Published: February 2007

Satellite‐derived surface soil moisture data sets are readily available and have been used successfully in hydrological applications. In many operational numerical weather prediction systems the initial soil moisture conditions are analyzed from the modeled background and 2 m temperature and relative humidity. This approach has proven its efficiency to improve surface latent and sensible heat fluxes and consequently the forecast on large geographical domains. However, since soil moisture is not always related to screen level variables, model errors and uncertainties in the forcing data can accumulate in root zone soil moisture. Remotely sensed surface soil moisture is directly linked to the model's uppermost soil layer and therefore is a stronger constraint for the soil moisture analysis. For this study, three data assimilation experiments with the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) have been performed for the 2‐month period of June and July 2002: a control run based on the operational soil moisture analysis, an open loop run with freely evolving soil moisture, and an experimental run incorporating TMI (TRMM Microwave Imager) derived soil moisture over the southern United States. In this experimental run the satellite‐derived soil moisture product is introduced through a nudging scheme using 6‐hourly increments. Apart from the soil moisture analysis, the system setup reflects the operational forecast configuration including the atmospheric 4D‐Var analysis. Soil moisture analyzed in the nudging experiment is the most accurate estimate when compared against in situ observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet. The corresponding forecast for 2 m temperature and relative humidity is almost as accurate as in the control experiment. Furthermore, it is shown that the soil moisture analysis influences local weather parameters including the planetary boundary layer height and cloud coverage.
A chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique for airborne measurements of ammonia
Authors: Nowak J. B. , Neuman J. A. , Kozai K. , Huey L. G. , Tanner D. J. , Holloway J. S. , Ryerson T. B. , Frost G. J. , McKeen S. A. , Fehsenfeld F. C.
Published: February 2007

A chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) utilizing protonated acetone dimer ion chemistry to measure gas‐phase ammonia (NH3) from the NOAA WP‐3D aircraft is described. The average sensitivity determined from in‐flight standard addition calibrations ranged from 2.6 to 5 ion counts s−1 pptv−1, depending on flow conditions, for 1 MHz of reagent ion signal. The instrument time response was determined to be 5 s from the 2 e‐folding signal decay time after removal of a standard addition calibration. The instrumental background varied from flight to flight ranging from 0.5 to 1.3 ppbv. The variability between successive background measurements ranged from 50 pptv to 100 pptv. Total uncertainty for the 5 s data was conservatively estimated to be ±(30% + 125 pptv). Two NH3 sources were sampled during the New England Air Quality Study–Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (NEAQS‐ITCT) 2004 campaign, one urban and one agricultural. During the 25 July flight, enhancements in NH3 mixing ratios were coincident with enhancements in CO, NOx, and SO2 mixing ratios downwind of New York City. The NH3 mixing ratios in the urban outflow plume ranged from 0.4 to 1 ppbv, or enhancements of 0.2 to 0.8 ppbv above local background. During the 15 August flight, NH3 mixing ratios were enhanced 0.3 to 0.45 ppbv above local background directly downwind of an agricultural area northeast of Atlanta, Georgia. The NH3 CIMS instrument has shown the ability to measure sub‐ppbv NH3 levels at high time resolution from an aircraft.
Carbon export and cycling by the Yukon, Tanana, and Porcupine rivers, Alaska, 2001–2005
Authors: Striegl Robert G. , Dornblaser Mark M. , Aiken George R. , Wickland Kimberly P. , Raymond Peter A.
Published: February 2007

Loads and yields of dissolved and particulate organic and inorganic carbon (DOC, POC, DIC, PIC) were measured and modeled at three locations on the Yukon River (YR) and on the Tanana and Porcupine rivers (TR, PR) in Alaska during 2001–2005. Total YR carbon export averaged 7.8 Tg C yr−1, 30% as OC and 70% as IC. Total C yields (0.39–1.03 mol C m−2 yr−1) were proportional to water yields (139–356 mm yr−1; r2 = 0.84) at all locations. Summer DOC had an aged component (fraction modern (FM) = 0.94–0.97), except in the permafrost wetland‐dominated PR, where DOC was modern. POC had FM = 0.63–0.70. DOC had high concentration, high aromaticity, and high hydrophobic content in spring and low concentration, low aromaticity, and high hydrophilic content in winter. About half of annual DOC export occurred during spring. DIC concentration and isotopic composition were strongly affected by dissolution of suspended carbonates in glacial meltwater during summer.
Subsurface modifications in indium phosphide induced by single and multiple femtosecond laser pulses: A study on the formation of periodic ripples
Authors: Couillard M. , Borowiec A. , Haugen H. K. , Preston J. S. , Griswold E. M. , Botton G. A.
Published: February 2007

We use cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy to study the damage induced below the surface of indium phosphide (InP) samples by single and multiple femtosecond laser pulses with a photon energy lower than the InP band gap. Single-pulse irradiation creates a ∼100 nm deep crater with a resolidified surface layer consisting of quasiamorphous indium phosphide. The resolidified layer has a thickness of ∼60 nm at the center and extends laterally beyond the edge of the crater rim. Exposure to multiple femtosecond pulses of 2050 nm center wavelength results in the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) with two different periods, one (∼1730 nm) less than but close to the laser wavelength and one (∼470 nm) four times smaller. Segregation beneath both types of ripples leads to the formation of In-rich particles embedded in the resolidified surface layer. Extended defects are detected only below the center of the multiple-pulse crater and their distribution appears to be correlated with the LIPSS modulation. Finally, LIPSS formation is discussed in terms of the observed subsurface microstructures.