bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Old Belief as Popular Religion: New Approaches
Authors: Crummey Robert O.
Published: April 2006

In recent decades, the rediscovery of historical ethnography in western historiography has produced an extensive literature on "popular Christianity" in many European societies. Until recently, however, this historiographical current has exercised very limited influence on historical study in the former Soviet Union. In one sense, Russian historians had no need for such influence; the populist tradition in Russian historiography and its continuation in marxist-leninist attire meant that the study of popular attitudes and beliefs was hardly the novelty it was in other countries in recent decades.
Zabolotskii and Filonov: The Science of Composition
Authors: Goldstein Darra
Published: April 2006

In 1927 Nikolai Zabolotskii first began making public appearances with the young Leningrad poets Daniil Kharms and Aleksandr Vvedenskii. Kharms and Vvedenskii had been allied in an informal group called the Chinari, a name Kharms intended to signify “enfants terribles.“ In the autumn of 1927, however, they decided to join with Zabolotskii in the OBERIU (Ob“edinenie real'nogo iskusstva). The nucleus of this group was composed of Zabolotskii, Kharms, Vvedenskii, Konstantin Vaginov, Igor’ Bakhterev, and Boris Levin, although at various times others participated in the OBERIU performances. It was not necessarily easy to become allied with the group: Kharms and Zabolotskii would test the creative potential of candidates by having them answer questions like “Where is your nose?” and “What is your favorite dish?“

The OBERIU held readings in dormitories and military sections and at the Union of Poets and the Institute of the History of the Arts.
The Number of Orthodox Churches before and after the Khrushchev Antireligious Drive
Authors: Davis Nathaniel
Published: April 2006

Glasnost has made available to scholars many of the postwar files of the Soviet Council for Religious Affairs. These files, covering the activities between World War II and 1966 of the Council for Russian Orthodox Church Affairs and the Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults, have been deposited in the Central Governmental Archives in Moscow. Five thin volumes of indexes refer to thousands of pages of material, including signed original documents, initialed carbons, and reports from individual inspectors and district commissioners. The materials appear to be genuine, even though they are not complete.
Messianic Consciousness as an Expression of National Inferiority: Chaadaev and Some Samizdat Writings of the 1970s
Authors: Brun-Zejmis Julia
Published: April 2006

A long time ago, the religious thinker Chaadaev published a "Philosophical Letter," which is still regarded as a slander on Russia which he dated from "The Necropolis," i.e. Moscow. Anyone looking at Brezhnev's Russia must feel with horror what a prophetic term it was

Boris Shragin, 1977

Stalin's death and Nikita Krushchev's unsuccessful attempt at de-Stalinization significantly eroded official Marxist-Leninist ideology in the Soviet Union. Searching for a new alternative to the fading Communist ideology, many Russians turned toward traditional Russian forms of national and religious identity.
The Realization of the Collective Self: The Rebirth of Religious Autobiography in Dostoevskii's Zapiski iz Mertvogo Doma
Authors: Rosenshield Gary
Published: April 2006

Fedor Dostoevskii was at least as great and ingenious a renovator of old forms as he was a creator of the revolutionary new form, the polyphonic novel. However fond Dostoevskii may have been of old, often "outdated" modes and genres, he never accepted or used them as he found them; rather he seems to have been attracted to them primarily for the possibilities they offered for literary experimentation. Often overlooked, at least in this regard, is Dostoevskii's great semiautobiographical novel Zapiski iz Mertvogo doma. Perhaps in no other work did Dostoevskii perform as daring a literary experiment in the renewal of an "outmoded" genre–in this case, the religious autobiography. Lev Tolstoi, who himself, according to Prince Dmitrii Mirsky, years later wrote a confession on a par with the Book of Job, thought Zapiski the best thing that Dostoevskii ever did, and one of the greatest Christian works of its time. Uplifting, universal, and "infectious," Zapiski iz Mertvogo doma met all of Tolstoi's criteria for great art.
The Reforming Tsar: The Redefinition of Autocratic Duty in Eighteenth-Century Russia
Authors: Whittaker Cynthia H.
Published: April 2006

Don't lead the people to expect miracles. It is necessary to expunge from people's minds a belief in the "good tsar," in the assumption that someone at the top will impose order and organize change

–Mikhail Gorbachev, 1988

The idea of the "good tsar" originated in Muscovite times and obviously has since become a commonplace of Russian political culture. However, Gorbachev's statement does not really define a "good tsar" but what should instead be called a "reforming tsar," a term that more aptly characterizes the changed expectations of a ruler in the Imperial period of Russian history
“As in the Ship of Peter”
Authors: Kaganov Grigorii
Published: April 2006

When Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov, carrying out the decision of the military council Peter I had called at the time of the siege of Nienshants, placed an earthwork fortress on one of the islands of the Neva Delta, it is highly unlikely that anyone suspected what the consequences of this step would be. It was simply a timely move that made it possible to cut off the Neva’s channel by artillery fire, so that the Swedish fleet could not aid the beleaguered town by sea. The fortress proved useless in all respects: It never had occasion to beat back the enemy, whereas defending the Admiralty Wharf on the other side of the river was beyond its reach. It seemed appropriate to build another fortress around the wharf as quickly as possible. On all sides of both fortifications a small town began to spread out irregularly, and it bore the name of the tsar’s heavenly guardian, the apostle Peter.
Reading Suicide: Tsvetaeva on Esenin and Maiakovskii
Authors: Hasty Olga Peters
Published: April 2006

Мне кажется, смерть художника не следует выключать из цепи еґо творческих достижений, а рассматривать как последнее заключительное звено.

Osip Mandel’ shtam

The death of a poet is a theme Marina Tsvetaeva addressed frequently both in poetry and in prose. The list of poets whose deaths underwent Tsvetaeva’s artistic scrutiny is varied and includes Aleksandr Pushkin, Aleksandr Blok, Sergei Esenin, Rainer Maria Rilke, Vladimir Maiakovskii, Maksimilian Voloshin, Andrei Belyi, and Nikolai Gronskii. A number of notable lyric cycles and some of Tsvetaeva’s finest prose essays emerged as homage to deceased poets. The function of these works extends beyond commemoration and entails the elaboration of Tsvetaeva’s definition of lyric poetry and her exploration of poetic responsibility.
Out of the Closet behind the Wall: Sexual Politics and Social Change in the GDR
Authors: Hillhouse Raelynn J
Published: April 2006

The search for avenues to express changing cultural values has shaped recent politics in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). During the past decade tens of thousands of GDR citizens became involved in new social movements that included issueoriented groups within both the Protestant church and such mass organizations as the Kulturbund (League of Culture) and the Freie Deutsche Jungend (Free German Youth, FDJ). The rise of these issue-oriented movements evoked reactions from the former government ranging from repression to accommodation. Perhaps the most striking example of the old regime's response to social change can be seen in the emergence of a very visible gay and lesbian movement. Beginning with a handful of activists within the Evangelical church, the East German gay and lesbian movement expanded into state and party institutions throughout the republic. In 1985, partially in response to the growing movement, the state began a campaign to end discrimination on the basis of sexual and emotional orientation.
A Modern Demonology: Some Literary Statins
Authors: Ziolkowski Margaret
Published: April 2006

The publication of Anatolii Rybakov's Deti Arbata (1987) was heralded with much fanfare both in the Soviet Union and abroad. In the novel Rybakov seeks to capture the essence of Stalinism as it affected the day-to-day existence of Soviet citizens, a theme that commands intense interest in the Soviet Union today. Yet it seems unlikely that Deti Arbata would have attracted the attention it has were it not for its lengthy passages devoted to the actions and thoughts of Stalin. The novel's protagonist Sasha Pankratov remains curiously flat, too reminiscent of socialist realist paragons; it is instead Rybakov's Stalin who holds the reader's attention.

Few reliable Soviet histories of the Stalinist period or biographies of Stalin exist. Dmitrii Volkogonov and others are trying to rectify this situation, but literature has attempted to fill the gap and to respond to the national desire for some insight into the mysteries of Stalinism and its creator.
The 1936-1937 Purge of Soviet Astronomers
Authors: McCutcheon Robert A.
Published: April 2006

More than two dozen Soviet astronomers were arrested between March 1936 and July 1937. Few astronomers or historians are aware of the extent to which Soviet astronomy was devastated. This article investigates the situation in astronomy during these two years. It begins with a brief discussion of Soviet astronomy between 1917 and 1935 and continues with a detailed examination of the events that served as the catalyst for the purge, the arrests themselves, and a discussion of what is known about the fates of the victims.

In the mid-1930s the Soviet Union had approximately two hundred professional astronomers and sixteen astronomical observatories, most of which were associated with universities and had staffs of only two or three people. The most important and best equipped astronomical institution was the Central Astronomical Observatory of the USSR at Pulkovo, just outside Leningrad, with its branch observatories at Nikolaev and Simeis in the Ukraine. In 1935 thirty-three astronomers worked at Pulkovo.
Bulgakov's Ironic Parallel between Margarita and Afranius
Authors: Oja Matt F.
Published: April 2006

One of the most intriguing aspects of Mikhail Bulgakov's Master i Margarita is the complex and deeply significant system of parallels the author has set up between the Moscow and Jerusalem stories. These parallels have produced, in much scholarly analysis of the novel, a strong tendency toward what Andrew Barratt has called a “monistic” approach: An interpretation of the work as a double novel, or two variations of the same “master story,” acted out in different times and places by characters with clear, specific correlations—Woland-Pilate (or Latunskii-Pilate), the Master-Ieshua, Bezdomnyi-Matvei, and so forth. Although this approach has an obvious appeal, it also has several serious weaknesses. Not least among these is its failure to encompass the character of Margarita—that is, to identify a parallel to her in the Jerusalem story. In the following I will address this weakness by suggesting that Margarita's parallel character is Afranius, the chief of Pilate's secret service.
Part of History: The Oral Record and Moscow’s Model School No. 25, 1931-1937
Authors: Holmes Larry E.
Published: April 2006

All’s quiet now. Summer vacation has started, the halls and classrooms are deserted. Almost. It is 10 July 1992 and I am inside Moscow’s School No. 175 with Vladimir Dmitrievich Nikolaev, a pupil here from 1933 to 1941. Once this was School No. 25, hallowed ground, from 1931 to 1937 the most famous school in the Soviet Union, where a talented teaching corps instructed the children of Stalin and other representatives of the Soviet elite. The winner of many awards, School No. 25 was the object of my research for several years. It's a bit unnerving to imagine the sounds and images of the people who worked and played in these very rooms sixty years ago. Nikolaev interrupts, then enhances the experience: “This was the library; the deputy director’s office was here; Svetlana, Stalin’s daughter, and I were in the same literature class there.”
The Costs of Partition in Europe: A South Asian Perspective
Authors: Wallace Paul
Published: April 2006

Bob Hayden is the unusual kind of scholar who makes us confront our darker side. Our choice examples of civic culture and democratic functioning seem to emerge less shining as a consequence of his exposition. When put into a perspective that includes contemporary ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, both Steven Spielberg's Hollywoodized Oskar Schindler and Vaclav Klaus's Czech Republic lose some of their luster.
Kuropaty: The Investigation of a Stalinist Historical Controversy
Authors: Marples David R.
Published: April 2006

Between 1987 and 1990, simultaneous with "glasnost' and perestroika" and the rehabilitation of the victims of Stalin's crimes, execution sites were discovered, particularly in the European regions of the former USSR. One such discovery at Kuropaty (formerly Brod) about twelve kilometers north of Minsk, elicited widespread publicity, and was a serious embarrassment to the communist authorities.
Some Themes and Archetypes in Babel'‘s Red Cavalry
Authors: Shcheglov Yuri K.
Published: April 2006

It is an established fact that the so-called "Southern" (mainly Odessabased) school of writers enriched Soviet literature of the 1920s with a number of "European" dimensions neglected by the then dominant Russian realist tradition, such as (to name but a few) intertextuality, a focus on language and style, and a sharpened sensitivity to plot and composition. It can be said that in Babel' criticism some of these aspects are just beginning to receive the full measure of attention that they merit. However, the rich fabric of Russian and western cultural subtexts in Babel''s prose and its intricate relationships with various literary and mythological prototypes remain largely unexplored. Among recent studies that begin to fill this gap, the forthcoming monograph in Russian by Yampolsky and Zholkovsky deserves special mention as one of the most comprehensive to date.
The Ninth Circle: The Lena Goldfield Workers and the Massacre of 4 April 1912
Authors: Melancon Michael
Published: April 2006

"Stretching out ahead a frigid wasteland,…so thick a sheet of ice as never locked the Don up in its frozen source"

Dante, Inferno, Canto XXXII, "The Ninth Circle"

On a wintry early April day, far out in the Lena River basin to the north of Lake Baikal, a file of workers some three thousand strong marched determinedly out of the deforested hills along a road toward a company settlement on the Bodaibo River. Most walked three or four abreast on a road narrowed by the previous night's snow fall, as others trudged along a parallel railroad track a few meters away; within the sparse township, a small figure in the distance waved his arms and shouted but his voice faded in the chill late afternoon air. As the miners proceeded along lengthy stables and stacks of firewood, a uniformed guard hurried forward to persuade them to turn off onto another road. As they rounded the stables, the road curved somewhat bringing them into full view of a substantial building; only a wooden bridge over a small stream and perhaps two hundred meters stood between the workers and their goal. A company of soldiers stood in formation beyond the bridge. The workers' lines faltered uncertainly but people pushed forward from behind.
Maidens in Childbirth: The Sistine Madonna in Dostoevskii'sDevils
Authors: Fusso Susanne
Published: April 2006

When Jesus confronts the man possessed by demons in the eighth chapter of Luke, a collective, alien voice issues from the familiar human form: "And Jesus asked him, saying, What is thy name? And he said, Legion: because many devils were entered into him" (Luke 8:30). Dostoevskii's novel The Devils (Besy, 1871-1873), to which the continuation of this passage serves as epigraph, makes use of the rich metaphor of possession in many aspects: as madness, as ideological enslavement, as national destiny.
Synoptic Thinking and Political Culture in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Zimmerman William
Published: April 2006

There are two basic and conflicting views among scholars about the malleability of political culture—a group or nation's basic orientations to politics. By one account, culture is a relatively stable, ethnically or spatially specific predictor variable that shapes a nation's political institutions. In Russian studies, this is an approach that has emphasized the connection between the Russian autocratic past and the similarities between tsarist and bolshevik political institutions. Those attracted by this assessment of political culture are prone to think a statist, authoritarian political economy in Russia will be a constant regardless of the collapse of the Soviet system in 1991. The other approach views political culture as being more malleable. It has two variants. One snares with the first approach the assumption that culture is a predictor variable, but emphasizes the effects of secular changes in education and changes in work experience on the distribution of attitudes in a society.
The Fifty-Fifth Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights
Authors: Dennis Michael J.
Published: April 2006

The fifty-fifth session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights took place in Geneva from March 22 to April 30, 1999, and was chaired by Ambassador Anne Anderson of Ireland. The Commission reviewed the state of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the world, adopting eighty-two resolutions, fifty-eight by consensus, and thirteen decisions.

More than thirty-two hundred participants represented fifty-three member and ninety-one observer states, over two hundred nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and some fiftyfive specialized agencies and other organizations. Secretary-General Kofi Annan underscored the priority he attaches to human rights by stating that “the promodon and defense of human rights is at the heart of every aspect of our work and every article of our Charter. ”
Shade‐avoidance responses in two common coastal redwood forest species, Sequoia sempervirens (Taxodiaceae) and Satureja douglasii (Lamiaceae), occurring in various light quality environments
Authors: Peer Wendy A. , Briggs Winslow R. , Langenheim Jean H.
Published: April 2006

Shade‐avoidance responses were examined for two species common to the coastal redwood forest, Sequoia sempervirens and Satureja douglasii. Sequoia seedlings demonstrated a shade‐avoidance response when given end‐of‐day far‐red light by increased hypocotyl, epicotyl, and first‐node extension, and greater total number of needles and reduced anthocyanin concentration. Thus, Sequoia seedlings respond as sun‐adapted plants. Satureja has several leaf monoterpene chemotypes that occur in different light environments including the redwood forest, and the types responded differently to the light treatments. The pulegone type responded to end‐of‐day far‐red light as a sun‐adapted plant with significant extension growth, increased leaf area and chlorophyll, and reduced anthocyanin. The isomenthone type responded as a shade‐tolerant plant and did not exhibit extension growth nor a change in other parameters with end‐of‐day far‐red light. However, the carvone and bicyclic types had variable responses depending on the parameter studied, which indicated genetic variation for these traits.
Three pollination guilds and variation in floral characteristics of Bornean gingers (Zingiberaceae and Costaceae)
Authors: Sakai Shoko , Kato Makoto , Inoue Tamiji
Published: April 2006

The pollinators of 29 ginger species representing 11 genera in relation to certain floral morphological characteristics in a mixed‐dipterocarp forest in Borneo were investigated. Among the 29 species studied, eight were pollinated by spiderhunters (Nectariniidae), 11 by medium‐sized Amegilla bees (Anthophoridae), and ten by small halictid bees. These pollination guilds found in gingers in Sarawak are comparable to the pollination guilds of neotropical Zingiberales, i.e., hummingbird‐, and euglossine‐bee‐pollinated guilds. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed that there were significant correlations between floral morphology and pollination guilds and suggests the importance of plant–pollinator interactions in the evolution of floral morphology. Most species in the three guilds were separated on the plot by the first and second canonical variables. Spiderhunter‐pollinated flowers had longer floral tubes, while Amegilla‐pollinated flowers had wider lips than the others, which function as a platform for the pollinators. Pistils and stamens of halictid‐pollinated flowers were smaller than the others. The fact that gingers with diverse morphologies in a forest with high species diversity were grouped into only three pollination guilds and that the pollinators themselves showed low species diversity suggests that many species of rare understory plants have evolved without segregating pollinators in each pollination guild.
Pollen competition in a natural population of Cucurbita foetidissima (Cucurbitaceae)
Authors: Winsor James A. , Peretz Shani , Stephenson Andrew G.
Published: April 2006

The pollen competition hypothesis predicts that when the number of pollen grains deposited onto stigmas exceeds the number of ovules, selection can operate in the time frame between deposition and fertilization. Moreover, because of the overlap in gene expression between the two phases of the life cycle, selection on microgametophytes may alter the resulting sporophytic generation. The extent to which pollen competition occurs in nature has been unclear, because tests of the predictions of the pollen competition hypothesis have used cultivars and/or artificial growth conditions and hand‐pollination techniques. In this study we used a wild species, Cucurbita foetidissima, in its natural habitat (southern New Mexico) to determine the amount and timing of the arrival of pollen onto stigmas, the relationship between pollen deposition and seed number, and the effects of the intensity of pollen competition on progeny vigor. We found that ∼900 pollen grains are necessary for full seed set and that a single visit by a pollinator results in the deposition of 653.0 ± 101.8 pollen grains. About 29% of the flowers receiving a single pollinator visit had 900 or more pollen grains on its stigma. Moreover, within 2 h of anthesis, >4000 pollen grains were deposited onto a typical stigma, indicating that multiple pollinator visits must have occurred. Fruits produced by multiple visits had greater seed numbers (206 vs. 147) than fruits produced by a single visit. Finally, the progeny produced by multiple pollinator visits were more vigorous than those produced by single visits with respect to five measures of vegetative growth (MANCOVA, Wilks’ lambda = 0.96, F6,370 = 2.54, P < 0.02. These data demonstrate that conditions for pollen competition exist in nature and support the prediction that pollen competition enhances offspring vigor.
Systematic affinities of Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae, and intergeneric relationships within Rhizophoraceae, based on chloroplast DNA, nuclear ribosomal DNA, and morphology
Authors: Schwarzbach Andrea E. , Ricklefs Robert E.
Published: April 2006

A cladistic analysis of sequences from the chloroplast gene rbcL was used to determine the systematic affinities of Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae. This analysis rejects close relationships of Rhizophoraceae with Celastraceae or Elaeocarpaceae, suggested previously, and identifies Erythroxylaceae as sister group within the Malpighiales, supported by several morphological and anatomical characters. Our molecular results also indicate that Anisophylleaceae are nested within Cucurbitales. Although this placement is novel, this affinity is also well supported by shared morphological characters. Tribal and generic relationships within Rhizophoraceae are evaluated with a combination of six molecular data sets (rbcL, atpB‐rbcL intergenic spacer, trnL‐trnF intergenic spacer, ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S) and a morphological data set. These relationships are compared with results from previous morphological cladistic analyses. Against the background of the molecular results, we briefly discuss the evolution of morphological characters traditionally used for tribal subdivision as well as characters presumably significant for adaptation to mangrove habitats, namely, aerial stilt roots and vivipary.
Understanding population history for conservation purposes: population genetics ofSaxifraga aizoides(Saxifragaceae) in the lowlands and lower mountains north of the Alps
Authors: Lutz Eva , Schneller J. Jakob , Holderegger Rolf
Published: April 2006

Several alpine species have outlying populations in the lowlands and lower mountains north of the Alps. These small, isolated populations are usually described as either (1) glacial relics, (2) descendants from populations living on forelands and moraines during the ice ages, or (3) populations founded by long‐distance dispersal after glaciation. A floristic survey of the historic and present distributions and an allozyme investigation were performed on one of these relic species,Saxifraga aizoides.The species was historically more abundant and had more stations in more regions of northeastern Switzerland. The former population structures within regions, nowadays destroyed, were still reflected in distinct and high regional genetic diversity and variation. There was weak evidence of increased inbreeding in outlying populations, but populations did not deviate from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. No geographic pattern of genetic variation above the regional scale (>10 km) was found. Based on the spatial and genetic structures found, it was not possible to discriminate between the abovementioned hypotheses. Nevertheless, the study shows how a thorough evaluation of distribution and abundance data aids the interpretation of genetic data with respect to population history, biogeography, and conservation biology.
Comparison of common cytotypesof Andropogon gerardii(Andropogoneae, Poaceae)
Authors: Keeler Kathleen H. , Davis Geoffrey A.
Published: April 2006

Many plant species contain populations with more than one polyploid cytotype, but little is known of the mechanisms maintaining several cytotypes in a population. Andropogon gerardii cytotypes were compared to evaluate different models of autopolyploid cytotype coexistence. The enneaploid (90 chromosome, 9x) cytotype was found to be larger and taller than the hexaploid (60 chromosome, 6x) cytotype. Seed production is significantly more efficient in hexaploids, but seed production per area was not significantly different. The two cytotypes are not exomorphologically separable in the field because of great plasticity in response to environmental variation and wide variation within each cytotype. These data suggest cytotypic variation is maintained by natural selection.
Thorn and hook ontogeny inArtabotrys hexapetalus(Annonaceae)
Authors: Posluszny Usher , Fisher Jack B.
Published: April 2006

Artabotrys hexapetalusis widely planted in the tropics and is known as “climbing ylang‐ylang,” an ornamental liana or woody climber. New natural sprouts, or water shoots, and those induced by the damage of Hurricane Andrew (24 August 1992) were collected and fixed in formalin/acidic acid/alcohol. Seeds from these plants were planted and grown in a greenhouse where seedling morphology was observed and young material collected and fixed. The development of lateral plagiotropic and orthotropic shoots was studied using both epi‐illumination light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A series of buds develops in the axils of leaves on the orthotropic shoot. At the lateral margins of the axillary shelf, plagiotropic shoots form that will develop into either vegetative shoots, or thorns, or sympodial shoots that bear hooks and flowers. In between the two marginal buds, a series of median vertical buds develop that either remain dormant or grow out as renewal orthotropic shoots. Previous work that suggested that the plagiotropic shoot buds were displaced out of the median vertical series of supernumerary buds is not supported. The sympodial development of plagiotropic branches as inflorescence hooks is documented.
High levels of allozyme variation within populations and low allozyme divergence within and among species ofHemerocallis(Liliaceae)
Authors: Kang Soon Suk , Chung Myong Gi
Published: April 2006

Thirty populations from five species ofHemerocallisin Korea were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis to measure genetic diversity and to determine genetic population structure and the amount of genetic divergence within and between species at 12 isozyme loci. In addition, Moran'sIspatial autocorrelation statistics were used to examine the spatial distribution of allozyme polymorphisms in populations ofH. thunbergiiandH. hakuunensis.Populations of five Korean species maintain high levels of genetic variation and little differentiation among populations and species. Mean expected heterozygosities range from 0.165 inH. hongdoensis, an island endemic, to 0.265 inH. taeanensis, and a total of 81 alleles across the 12 loci were detected in the five species.GSTvalues for each of the five species were low, ranging from 0.051 inH. taeanensisto 0.078 inH. hakuunensis.Mean intraspecific Nei's genetic identities (I) between populations of the five species were all above 0.97. However, a considerable level of heterozygote deficiencies within populations was detected, ranging from 0.242 to 0.411 measured asFISstatistics. This deficiencies may be due to inbreeding, limited pollen and seed dispersal, or from the pooling of subpopulations that differ in allele frequencies. A small spatial scale population substructuring (<12 m) was found inH. thunbergiiandH. hakuunensis.A group of populations from each of the five previously designatedHemerocallisspecies (based on their morphology, ecology, and phenology) agrees with our allozyme data, though pairwise comparisons among species had highIvalues (from 0.862,H. middendorffiivs.H. hongdoensis, to 0.969,H. thunbergiivs.H. taeanensis). This is attributed to the presence of the same high‐frequency alleles in different species at seven loci. In addition, no “diagnostic allele” that appears in all populations of one species, but is absent in other species, was detected at the 12 isozyme loci. These all suggest that species ofHemerocallisin Korea may have recently derived from an ancestor or progenitor harboring high levels of genetic diversity.
Heritable variation and mechanisms of inheritance of spore shape within a population of Scutellospora pellucida, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus
Authors: Bever James D. , Morton Joseph
Published: April 2006

Substantial variation was found among single‐spore cultures established from a single population of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Scutellospora pellucida. A common environment experiment demonstrated that five single‐spore cultures differed in their average spore shape (as measured by length:width ratios) and size (volume) with interisolate heritabilities of offspring mean values of 0.96 and 0.87, respectively (0.66 and 0.43 for the shape and size of individual spores). The distribution of offspring spore shapes also differed in levels of variance, skewness, and kurtosis. In fact, these aspects of the distributions shifted with mean spore shape as predicted by the binomial distribution—the distribution expected due to the segregation of genetically diverse nuclei through dividing hyphae. Thus, the original parental spores generating these cultures appear to have contained genetically variable nuclei, which then segregate into the offspring spores to generate consistent differences in the mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis of the distribution of offspring spore shapes. This nuclear segregation may be followed by the assemblage of novel combinations of nuclei through hyphal fusion. Together these processes are rarely considered mechanisms for the creation of novel genetic combinations and may contribute to the maintenance of the high level of heritable variation observed in this study.
The mechanism of delayed selfing in Collinsia verna (Scrophulariaceae)
Authors: Kalisz Susan , Vogler Donna , Fails Brook , Finer Matt , Shepard Erica , Herman Tara , Gonzales Rebecca
Published: April 2006

Collinsia verna, blue‐eyed Mary, has floral attributes of an outcrossing species, yet most flowers readily self‐pollinate under greenhouse conditions. Here we describe the mechanism of self‐pollination in C. verna via changes in relative positions of the stigma and anthers and late timing of receptivity, resulting in delayed selfing. Each flower contains four anthers that dehisce sequentially over ∼1 wk. Pollen that is not collected by pollinators accumulates in the keel petal and retains high viability (>80% pollen germination) up to the time of corolla abscission. The stigmatic surface does not become receptive until after the third anther dehisces. This overlap in the sexual phases is concurrent with a change in herkogamy during floral development. In most flowers (70%), the stigma has moved to the front of the keel and is positioned near the anthers when the third anther dehisces. Under field conditions, fruiting success of plants within pollinator exclosures was ∼75% of the fruiting success in open‐pollinated plants (33% fruiting success via autogamy vs. 44% fruiting success, respectively). Collinsia verna plants in pollinator exclosures exhibit variation in autogamy rates within natural populations (range 0–80%). In addition, only half of naturally pollinated, receptive flowers examined had pollen tubes growing in their styles. In contrast, shortly after corolla abscission, nearly all flowers examined (96%) had pollen tubes in their styles. Thus we find that in C. verna, autogamy occurs late in floral development, which has the potential to provide substantial reproductive assurance, and that individuals vary in their ability to set fruit through this mechanism. We suggest that delayed selfing mechanisms may be overlooked in other species and that variable pollinator availability may play a significant role in the maintenance of mixed mating in species with delayed selfing, such as C. verna.
Fruit set in Styrax obassia (Styracaceae): the effect of light availability, display size, and local floral density
Authors: Kato Etsushi , Hiura Tsutom
Published: April 2006

Maternal reproductive success was examined in Styrax obassia (Styracaceae), a bumble‐bee pollinated mass‐flowering tree in a cool‐temperate deciduous forest in northern Japan. The effects of flower number on the success of individual flowers at three levels (inflorescence, individual, and population) were considered. During 1995 and 1996, variations in size, light availability to branches, floral display size, and fruit set were monitored in 37 out of 211 individual S. obassia trees in a 4‐ha forest plot. In addition, the locations of the 211 trees in this plot were mapped and the number of inflorescences in each tree was counted. A multiple regression analysis showed that flower number per inflorescence and inflorescence number per individual had negative effects on fruit set, and inflorescence number of aggregated clumps of flowering trees, tree size, and light resource had positive effects on fruit set although significant level were marginal. It is concluded that pollinator attraction may occur not at the individual tree level, but at the level of a clump of flowering trees. It is also suggested that geitonogamy increased with inflorescence number of tree and inflorescence size and that resource limitation was related to the light condition and variation of tree size.
Absence of conspecific pollen advantage in the dynamics of anIpomopsis(Polemoniaceae) hybrid zone
Authors: Alarcón Ruben , Campbell Diane R.
Published: April 2006

The frequency of hybrid formation in angiosperms depends on how often heterospecific pollen is transferred to the stigma and on the success of that heterospecific pollen at fertilizing ovules. Even if heterospecific pollen is capable of effecting fertilization it may perform poorly when conspecific pollen is also available on the stigma. We applied pollen mixtures to stigmas to determine how pollen interactions affect siring success and the frequency of hybrid formation between two species ofIpomopsis(Polemoniaceae) in Colorado. Plants of both parental species and natural hybrids were pollinated withI. aggregataandI. tenuitubapollen in ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 50:50, 20:80, and 0:100 by mass. Plants were homozygous for different alleles at an isozyme marker, allowing us to distinguish the type of pollen parent for 2166 viable seeds from 273 fruits. In contrast to studies of many other hybridizing taxa, there was no evidence of an advantage to conspecific pollen, nor did composition of the stigmatic pollen load affect seed set. Instead, the frequency of seeds sired by a given species was proportional to its representation in the pollen load. In this hybrid zone, both the frequency of first‐generation hybrid formation and the relative male fitness of the two parental species should be predictable from the rates of pollen transfer to stigmas.
Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from ndhF sequence data
Authors: Alverson William S. , Whitlock Barbara A. , Nyffeler Reto , Bayer Clemens , Baum David A.
Published: April 2006

The monophyly of the group comprising the core malvalean families, Bombacaceae, Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Tiliaceae, was recently confirmed by molecular studies, but the internal structure of this clade is poorly understood. In this study, we examined sequences of the chloroplast ndhF gene (aligned length 2226 bp) from 70 exemplars representing 35 of the 39 putative tribes of core Malvales. The monophyly of one traditional family, the Malvaceae, was supported in the trees resulting from these data, but the other three families, as traditionally circumscribed, are nonmonophyletic. In addition, the following relationships were well supported: (1) a clade, /Malvatheca, consisting of traditional Malvaceae and Bombacaceae (except some members of tribe Durioneae), plus Fremontodendron and Chiranthodendron, which are usually treated as Sterculiaceae; (2) a clade, /Malvadendrina, supported by a unique 21‐bp (base pair) deletion and consisting of /Malvatheca, plus five additional subclades, including representatives of Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae, and Durionieae; (3) a clade, /Byttneriina, with genera traditionally assigned to several tribes of Tiliaceae, plus exemplars of tribes Byttnerieae, Hermannieae, and Lasiopetaleae of Sterculiaceae. The most striking departures from traditional classifications are the following: Durio and relatives appear to be more closely related to Helicteres and Reevesia (Sterculiaceae) than to Bombacaceae; several genera traditionally considered as Bombacaceae (Camptostemon, Matisia, Phragmotheca, and Quararibea) or Sterculiaceae (Chiranthodendron and Fremontodendron) appear as sister lineages to the traditional Malvaceae; the traditional tribe Helictereae (Sterculiaceae) is polyphyletic; and Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae, as traditionally circumscribed, represent polyphyletic groups that cannot sensibly be maintained with their traditional limits for purposes of classification. We discuss morphological characters and conclude that there has been extensive homoplasy in characters previously used to delineate major taxonomic groups in core Malvales. The topologies here also suggest that /Malvatheca do not have as a synapormophy monothecate anthers, as has been previously supposed but, instead, may be united by dithecate, transversely septate (polysporangiate) anthers, as found in basal members of both /Bombacoideae and /Malvoideae. Thus, “monothecate” anthers may have been derived at least twice, independently, within the /Bombacoideae (core Bombacaceae) and /Malvoideae (traditional Malvaceae).
Levels and patterns of genetic variation in the endangered speciesAbronia macrocarpa(Nyctaginaceae)
Authors: Williamson Paula S. , Werth Charles R.
Published: April 2006

Genetic variation was evaluated in the federally endangered speciesAbronia macrocarpa(large‐fruited sand‐verbena), an herbaceous perennial restricted to deep sandy soils and endemic to three counties of east‐central Texas. Seven of the ten known populations were sampled and analyzed using starch gel electrophoresis of eight enzymes coded by 18 interpretable loci. Duplicate gene expression was observed for four loci, suggesting polyploid ancestry for the lineage that includesA. macrocarpa. Values for estimators of genetic polymorphism within populations (ranges: P = 38.9%–61.1%,A= 1.7–2.1,H= 0.122–0.279) exceeded average values for seed plants (P = 34.2%,A= 1.53,H= 0.113). Genotype proportions at most loci in most populations were in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium, consistent with obligate outcrossing previously documented for this species; exceptions could be attributed to population substructure. Values ofFSTtended to be high, ranging from 0.021 to 0.481 for individual loci (meanFST= 0.272), indicating substantial divergence and limited gene flow among populations, despite their close geographic proximity. Pairwise values of Nei's genetic identity between populations ranged from 0.799 to 0.975 and tended to be influenced by geographic proximity of population pairs. Collectively, these data suggest a long history of isolation among populations that have not been subjected to bottlenecks. Isolation ofA. macrocarpapopulations apparently results from the disjunct occurrence of suitable habitat and perhaps has been accentuated by human disturbance.
Inbreeding depression in smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora, Poaceae) invading San Francisco Bay
Authors: Daehler Curtis C.
Published: April 2006

The magnitude of inbreeding depression in invading plant populations is often presumed to be small and of little consequence. The purpose of this study was to assess the magnitude of inbreeding depression in a pollen‐limited, partially self‐incompatible, invading plant population. The magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression were compared among ten maternal plants sampled from a population of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) invading San Francisco Bay. Selfed and outcrossed progeny were compared for embryo abortion, survival of seedlings, and growth/survival at the end of the first growing season in three greenhouse environments. Estimates of inbreeding depression varied among environments, with competitive environment > high‐nutrient environment > low‐nutrient environment. Population‐level estimates of inbreeding depression ranged from 0.61 to 0.81; however, maternal plants varied significantly in their magnitude of inbreeding depression, ranging from 0.1 to 0.97. The 95% confidence interval for inbreeding depression for some maternal plants included zero. There was a significant negative correlation between the overall magnitude of inbreeding depression and self‐fertility rate among maternal plants. The few maternal plants with high self‐fertility carried relatively little genetic load, and their selfed progeny are likely to survive on open mudflats. The noncompetitive, pollen‐limited growing conditions associated with invasion may allow self‐fertility to spread in this population.
Phylogenetic relationships of Rutaceae: a cladistic analysis of the subfamilies using evidence from RBC and ATP sequence variation
Authors: Chase Mark W , Morton Cynthia M , Kallunki Jacquelyn A
Published: April 2006

Sequence data for plastidrbcLandatpBfrom members of Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Cneoraceae, Meliaceae, Ptaeroxylaceae, Rutaceae, and Simaroubaceae were analyzed cladistically to evaluate the familial and subfamilial circumscriptions of Rutaceae. Taxa representing all subfamilies and tribes were sampled. The analysis shows that Rutaceae are paraphyletic, withSpatheliaandDictyoloma(Rutaceae),Harrisonia(Simaroubaceae),Cneorum(Cneoraceae), andPtaeroxylon(Ptaeroxylaceae) forming a clade sister to all other Rutaceae. Circumscription of Rutaceae to include all of these taxa is recommended. This analysis indicates that Simaroubaceae and Meliaceae are the outgroups closest to Rutaceae. Correlation of the molecular phylogenies with biochemical data indicates that chemotaxonomic information is more reliable than fruit type as an indicator of familial and subfamilial circumscriptions. The subfamilial classification needs revision; none of the subfamilies of more than one genus is monophyletic.
Complementary Agreements and Compulsory Jurisdiction
Authors: Oxman Bernard H.
Published: April 2006

Since the founding of the United Nations, the number of treaties and the matters they address have expanded vastly. It is increasingly common to find the same subjects addressed in complementary global, regional, and bilateral treaties. Many of these treaties contain provisions on the settlement of disputes regarding the interpretation or application of that treaty itself. Only some of those provisions establish compulsoryjurisdiction. These circumstances suggest an increasing probability that a dispute will arise between states under the substantive provisions of two complementary treaties with dispute settlement clauses, only one of which provides for compulsory arbitration or adjudication either in general or with respect to that dispute.
The United States and Its Treaties: Observance and Breach
Authors: Vagts Detlev F.
Published: April 2006

The commitment of the United States to its treaty obligations has recently been put in question by two persistent histories of treaty violation—the refusal to pay U.S. United Nations dues in full until the contentious and tenuous settlement of early 2001 and the repeated failure to advise alien prisoners of their rights under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Official advocacy of an antimissile defense system has also raised concern about the United States’ continuing fidelity to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
The London Declaration of International Law Principles on Internally Displaced Persons
Authors: Lee Luke T.
Published: April 2006

At its sixty-ninth conference, held in London from July 25 to 29, 2000, the International Law Association (ILA) approved by consensus the Declaration of International Law Principles on Internally Displaced Persons (the Declaration). This Declaration, prepared by the International Committee on Internally Displaced Persons, followed two earlier ILA proclamations relating to the forced movement of people: the Declaration of Principles of International Law on Mass Expulsion, adopted in Seoul in 1986; and the Declaration of Principles of International Law on Compensation to Refugees, adopted in Cairo in 1992. All three instruments address forced movement from the perspective of the responsibility of countries of origin, in contrast to the traditional focus on the care and maintenance of refugees as a responsibility of first-asylum, resettlement, and donor countries, as well as of the United Nations and other international organizations, both governmental and non-governmental. By dealing with the root causes of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and their status, the present Declaration broadens the concerns of international law to encompass all persons who have been forcibly uprooted from their homes, whether or not they have crossed their national borders.