bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parasitization of a hydrothermal vent limpet (Lepetodrilidae, Vetigastropoda) by a highly modified copepod (Chitonophilidae, Cyclopoida)
Authors: TUNNICLIFFE V. , ROSE J. M. , BATES A. E. , KELLY N. E.
Published: July 2008

The limpetLepetodrilus fucensisMcLean is very abundant at hydrothermal vents on the Juan de Fuca and Explorer Ridges in the northeast Pacific Ocean. This limpet is parasitized by an undescribed chitonophilid copepod throughout the limpet's range. The parasite copepodite enters the mantle cavity and attaches to the afferent branchial vein. The initial invasive stage is a vermiform endosome within the vein that develops an extensive rootlet system causing an enlargement of the afferent branchial vein. Subsequently, an ectosomal female body grows outside the vein to sizes up to 2 mm in width. Once a dwarf male attaches, egg clusters form and nauplii are released. In over 3000 limpets examined from 30 populations, prevalence averaged about 5% with localized infections in female limpets over 25%. After the establishment of limpet populations at new vents, copepod prevalence increased over the succeeding months to 3 years. Host effects were marked and included castration of both sexes and deterioration in gill condition which affected both food acquisition and the gill symbiont. There was a significantly greater parasite prevalence in larger females which likely modifies the reproductive and competitive success of local host populations.
Lack of seasonal variation in the life-history strategies of the trematodeCoitocaecum parvum: no apparent environmental effect
Authors: LAGRUE C. , POULIN R.
Published: July 2008

Parasites with complex life cycles have developed numerous and very diverse adaptations to increase the likelihood of completing this cycle. For example, some parasites can abbreviate their life cycles by skipping the definitive host and reproducing inside their intermediate host. The resulting shorter life cycle is clearly advantageous when definitive hosts are absent or rare. In species where life-cycle abbreviation is facultative, this strategy should be adopted in response to seasonally variable environmental conditions. The hermaphroditic trematodeCoitocaecum parvumis able to mature precociously (progenesis), and produce eggs by selfing while still inside its amphipod second intermediate host. Several environmental factors such as fish definitive host density and water temperature are known to influence the life-history strategy adopted by laboratory raisedC. parvum. Here we document the seasonal variation of environmental parameters and its association with the proportion of progenetic individuals in a parasite population in its natural environment. We found obvious seasonal patterns in both water temperature andC. parvumhost densities. However, despite being temporally variable, the proportion of progeneticC. parvumindividuals was not correlated with any single parameter. The results show thatC. parvumlife-history strategy is not as flexible as previously thought. It is possible that the parasite's natural environment contains so many layers of heterogeneity thatC. parvumdoes not possess the ability to adjust its life-history strategy to accurately match the current conditions.
Genetic classification ofCryptosporidiumisolates from humans and calves in Slovenia
Authors: SOBA B. , LOGAR J.
Published: July 2008

To assess the importance of cattle as a source of human cryptosporidial infections in Slovenia,Cryptosporidiumisolates from calves and humans with cryptosporidiosis were characterized genetically by direct DNA sequencing, targeting a variable region of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. In total, 15 genetic variants, designated ‘subtypes’, were identified, of which 7 were novel. In humans,C. hominisIa (subtype IaA17R3) and Ib (IbA10G2) andCryptosporidium parvumIIa (IIaA9G1R1, IIaA11G2R1, IIaA13R1, IIaA14G1R1, IIaA15G1R1, IIaA15G2R1, IIaA16G1R1, IIaA17G1R1 and IIaA19G1R1), IIc (IIcA5G3), and IIl (IIlA16R2) were recorded; this is the first record of the latter subtype in humans. In cattle,C. parvumIIa (IIaA13R1, IIaA15G2R1, IIaA16R1 and IIaA16G1R1) and IIl (IIlA16R2 and IIlA18R2) were recorded. Of the 15 subtypes identified, subtypes ofC. parvumIIa were the most frequently encountered (>90%) in both humans and calves. The present findings suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in sporadic human cryptosporidiosis in Slovenia.
British Arctic whaling logbooks and journals: a provisional listing
Authors: Brown Sidney , Credland Arthur , Savours Ann , Stonehouse Bernard
Published: July 2008

This paper lists accounts of whaling voyages to the Arctic from British ports, dating from the early 17th to early 20th centuries, that are available as logbooks, journals or publications for study in British, Canadian or United States public institutions. Included are all original whaling logbooks and journals located by the authors, mainly but not exclusively from previous listings, plus early publications by whaling masters, mates, surgeons and others in the trade containing details of particular voyages, and later accounts based on edited versions of holograph manuscripts. Records of whaling voyages are of intrinsic historical and sociological value, and many include data on weather and sea ice conditions that are of particular relevance to current studies of climatic variation.
‘Balloonacy’: Commander Cheyne's flight of fancy
Authors: Lewis-Jones Huw
Published: July 2008

Commander John P. Cheyne, R.N. (1826–1902) is a forgotten figure in the history of nineteenth-century polar exploration. A veteran of three expeditions in search of the missing Franklin expedition, his retirement was atypical of the many naval officers who had served in the Arctic. Late in 1876, after the disappointing return of the British Arctic expedition under George Strong Nares, Cheyne first announced his grand plans to reach the North Pole by balloon. He embarked on a transatlantic lecture tour in an effort to raise funds. It was a novel proposal that captured public imagination, but also drew wide criticism, and sometimes ridicule. This paper draws upon a study of primary and secondary materials: original manuscripts and correspondence, British and American newspapers and the illustrated press, souvenirs, pamphlets, and periodical reviews. This is a neglected episode in the history of polar exploration and in the history of aeronautics more generally, and it is a story of naivety and optimism, bravado and speculation. This paper examines the prevailing currents of public opinion of the value of exploration in this period, the debates surrounding new techniques of polar travel, and the changing image of the explorer. Both aeronautical pioneer and itinerant showman, Cheyne was increasingly maligned as a charlatan and lunatic. He proved unable to realise his dream of polar flight.
Human geographies of sea ice: freeze/thaw processes around Pangnirtung, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Laidler Gita J. , Dialla Andrew , Joamie Eric
Published: July 2008

Sea ice has been, and continues to be, an integral component of life in the Inuit community of Pangnirtung, Nunavut. Located in a fiord of the same name off the northeastern end of Cumberland Sound, extensive ice formation occurs within the fiord and the sound. This creates an important travel and hunting platform, and enables access to the coastlines of Cumberland Sound, hunting and fishing grounds, and nearby communities. With the combined importance, dynamism, and continuous use of this frozen ocean environment, local Inuit elders and hunters have developed a detailed and nuanced understanding of sea ice conditions, freeze/thaw processes, and the influences of winds and currents on ice conditions. Working collaboratively with the community of Pangnirtung since September 2003, we present the results of 30 semi-directed interviews, 5 sea ice trips, and 2 focus groups to provide a baseline understanding of local freezing processes (near-shore, open water, sea ice thickening, landfast ice, tidal cracks, and the floe edge), melting processes (snow melt, water accumulation and drainage, and break-up), wind influences on sea ice (wind direction and strength affecting sea ice formation and movement), and, current influences on sea ice (tidal variations and current strength affecting sea ice formation, movement, and polynya size/location). Strong emphasis is placed on Inuktitut terminology and spatial delineations of localised ice conditions and features. Therefore, this paper provides insights into local scale ice conditions and dynamics around Pangnirtung that are not captured in regional scale studies of Cumberland Sound and/or Davis Strait. As the third in a series of three papers on the same subject, but from different communities in the Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin) Region of Nunavut, this paper also provides a comparative summary of Inuktitut and scientific sea ice terminology along with an overview of the broader implications of results for collaborative science, education, and heritage initiatives.
A neural-symbolic perspective on analogy
Authors: Borges Rafael V. , Garcez Artur S. d'Avila , Lamb Luis C.
Published: July 2008

The target article criticises neural-symbolic systems as inadequate for analogical reasoning and proposes a model of analogy as transformation (i.e., learning). We accept the importance of learning, but we argue that, instead of conflicting, integrated reasoning and learning would model analogy much more adequately. In this new perspective, modern neural-symbolic systems become the natural candidates for modelling analogy.
The evolution of priming in cognitive competencies: To what extent is analogical reasoning adaptive?
Authors: Bouissac Paul
Published: July 2008

This commentary questions the general assumptions concerning the cognitive value of analogical reasoning on which the argument developed by Leech et al. appears to rest. In order to better assess the findings of their meta-analysis, it shifts the perspective from development to evolution, and frames their “how” concern within a broader “why” issue.
Analogy as relational priming: The challenge of self-reflection
Authors: Cheshire Andrea , Ball Linden J. , Lewis Charlie N.
Published: July 2008

Despite its strengths, Leech et al.'s model fails to address the important benefits that derive from self-explanation and task feedback in analogical reasoning development. These components encourage explicit, self-reflective processes that do not necessarily link to knowledge accretion. We wonder, therefore, what mechanisms can be included within a connectionist framework to model self-reflective involvement and its beneficial consequences.
Toward extending the relational priming model: Six questions
Authors: Dietrich Eric
Published: July 2008

Six questions are posed that are really specific versions of this question: How can Leech et al.'s system be extended to handle adult-level analogies that frequently combine concepts from semantically distant domains sharing few relational labels and that involve the production of abstractions? It is Leech et al. who stress development; finding such an extension would seem to have to be high on their priority list.
Developing structured representations
Authors: Doumas Leonidas A. A. , Richland Lindsey E.
Published: July 2008

Leech et al.'s model proposes representing relations as primed transformations rather than as structured representations (explicit representations of relations and their roles dynamically bound to fillers). However, this renders the model unable to explain several developmental trends (including relational integration and all changes not attributable to growth in relational knowledge). We suggest looking to an alternative computational model that learns structured representations from examples.
Relational processing in conceptual combination and analogy
Authors: Estes Zachary , Jones Lara L.
Published: July 2008

We evaluate whether evidence from conceptual combination supports the relational priming model of analogy. Representing relations implicitly as patterns of activation distributed across the semantic network provides a natural and parsimonious explanation of several key phenomena observed in conceptual combination. Although an additional mechanism for role resolution may be required, relational priming offers a promising approach to analogy.
Analogy and the brain: A new perspective on relational primacy
Authors: Goswami Usha
Published: July 2008

Leech et al.'s demonstration that analogical reasoning can be an emergent property of low-level incremental learning processes is critical for analogical theory. Along with insights into neural learning based on the salience of dynamic spatio-temporal structure, and the neural priming mechanism of repetition suppression, it establishes relational primacy as a plausible theoretical description of how brains make analogies.
Implicit analogy: New direct evidence and a challenge to the theory of memory
Authors: Greene Anthony J.
Published: July 2008

The authors propose that analogical reasoning may be achieved without conscious or explicit deliberation. The argument would be strengthened by more convincingly demonstrating instances of analogy that do not require explicit deliberation. Recent findings demonstrate that deliberative or explicit strategies are not necessary for flexible expression under novel circumstances (Greene et al. 2001) to include analogical transfer (Gross & Greene 2007). This issue is particularly critical because the existence of relational priming poses a serious challenge to the widely held notion that flexible expression of learned relations requires deliberative processes.
No way to start a space program: Associationism as a launch pad for analogical reasoning
Authors: Holyoak Keith J. , Hummel John E.
Published: July 2008

Humans, including preschool children, exhibit role-based relational reasoning, of which analogical reasoning is a canonical example. The “role-less” connectionist model proposed in the target article is only capable of conditional paired-associate learning.
Neurocognitive process constraints on analogy: What changes to allow children to reason like adults?
Authors: Morrison Robert G. , Cho Soohyun
Published: July 2008

Analogy employs a neurocognitive working-memory (WM) system to activate and bind relational representations, integrate multiple relations, and suppress distracting information. Analogy experiments exploring these processes have used a variety of methodologies including dual tasks, neuropsychology, and functional neuroimaging, as well as experiments with children and older adults. Collectively, these experiments provide a rich set of results useful in evaluating any model of analogy and its development.
Relational priming plays a supporting but not leading role in adult analogy-making
Authors: Petrov Alexander A.
Published: July 2008

Leech et al.'s analysis adds to an emerging consensus of the role of priming in analogy-making. However, their model cannot scale up to adult-level performance because not all relations can be cast as functions. One-size-fits-all accounts cannot capture the richness of analogy. Proportional analogies and transitive inferences can be made by nonstructural mechanisms. Therefore, these tasks do not generalize to tasks that require structure mapping.
Abstract analogies not primed by relations learned as object transformations
Authors: Phillips Steven
Published: July 2008

Analogy by priming learned transformations of (causally) related objects fails to explain an important class of inference involving abstract source-target relations. This class of analogical inference extends to ad hoc relationships, precluding the possibility of having learned them as object transformations. Rather, objects may be placed into momentarily corresponding, symbolic, source-target relationships just to complete an analogy.
Relation priming, the lexical boost, and alignment in dialogue
Authors: Raffray Claudine N. , Pickering Martin J. , Branigan Holly P.
Published: July 2008

The authors' claim that analogical reasoning is the product of relational priming is compatible with language processing work that emphasizes the role of low-level automatic processes in the alignment of situation models in dialogue. However, their model ignores recent behavioral evidence demonstrating a “lexical boost” effect on relational priming. We discuss implications of these data.
Child versus adult analogy: The role of systematicity and abstraction in analogy models
Authors: Schwering Angela , Kühnberger Kai-Uwe
Published: July 2008

The target article develops a computational connectionist model for analogy-making from a developmental perspective and evaluates this model using simple analogies. Our commentary critically reviews the advantages and limits of this approach, in particular with respect to its expressive power, its capability to generalize across analogous structure and analyze systematicity in analogies.
Analogy is to priming as relations are to transformations
Authors: Sloutsky Vladimir M.
Published: July 2008

The commentary discusses three components of the target proposal: (1) analogy as a host of phenomena, (2) relations as transformations, and (3) analogy as priming. The commentary argues that the first component is potentially productive, but it has yet to be fully developed, whereas the second and third components do not have an obvious way of accounting for multiple counterexamples.
Computational modeling of analogy: Destined ever to only be metaphor?
Authors: Speed Ann
Published: July 2008

The target article by Leech et al. presents a compelling computational theory of analogy-making. However, there is a key difficulty that persists in theoretical treatments of analogy-making, computational and otherwise: namely, the lack of a detailed account of the neurophysiological mechanisms that give rise to analogy behavior. My commentary explores this issue.
Computational complexity analysis can help, but first we need a theory
Authors: Wareham Todd , Rooij Iris van , Müller Moritz
Published: July 2008

Leech et al. present a connectionist algorithm as a model of (the development) of analogizing, but they do not specify the algorithm's associated computational-level theory, nor its computational complexity. We argue that doing so may be essential for connectionist cognitive models to have full explanatory power and transparency, as well as for assessing their scalability to real-world input domains.
A unified framework for addiction: Vulnerabilities in the decision process
Authors: Redish A. David , Jensen Steve , Johnson Adam
Published: July 2008

The understanding of decision-making systems has come together in recent years to form a unified theory of decision-making in the mammalian brain as arising from multiple, interacting systems (a planning system, a habit system, and a situation-recognition system). This unified decision-making system has multiple potential access points through which it can be driven to make maladaptive choices, particularly choices that entail seeking of certain drugs or behaviors. We identify 10 key vulnerabilities in the system: (1) moving away from homeostasis, (2) changing allostatic set points, (3) euphorigenic “reward-like” signals, (4) overvaluation in the planning system, (5) incorrect search of situation-action-outcome relationships, (6) misclassification of situations, (7) overvaluation in the habit system, (8) a mismatch in the balance of the two decision systems, (9) over-fast discounting processes, and (10) changed learning rates. These vulnerabilities provide a taxonomy of potential problems with decision-making systems. Although each vulnerability can drive an agent to return to the addictive choice, each vulnerability also implies a characteristic symptomology. Different drugs, different behaviors, and different individuals are likely to access different vulnerabilities. This has implications for an individual's susceptibility to addiction and the transition to addiction, for the potential for relapse, and for the potential for treatment.
Vulnerabilities to addiction must have their impact through the common currency of discounted reward
Authors: Ainslie George
Published: July 2008

The ten vulnerabilities discussed in the target article vary in their likelihood of producing temporary preference for addictive activities – which is the phenomenon that puzzles conventional motivational theory. Direct dopaminergic stimulation, but probably not the other vulnerabilities, may contribute to the necessary concavity of addicts' delay discounting curves, as may factors that the senior author analyzes elsewhere. Whatever their origins, these curves can themselves account for temporary preference, sudden craving, and the “automatic” habits discussed here.
Addiction, procrastination, and failure points in decision-making systems
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula
Published: July 2008

Redish et al. suggest that their failures-in-decision-making framework for understanding addiction can also contribute to improving our understanding of a variety of psychiatric disorders. In the spirit of reflecting on the significance and scope of their research, I briefly develop the idea that their framework can also contribute to improving our understanding of the pervasive problem of procrastination.
Computing motivation: Incentive salience boosts of drug or appetite states
Authors: Berridge Kent C. , Zhang Jun , Aldridge J. Wayne
Published: July 2008

Current computational models predict reward based solely on learning. Real motivation involves that but also more. Brain reward systems can dynamically generate incentive salience, by integrating prior learned values with even novel physiological states (e.g., natural appetites; drug-induced mesolimbic sensitization) to cause intense desires that were themselves never learned. We hope future computational models may capture this too.
Impulsivity, dual diagnosis, and the structure of motivated behavior in addiction
Authors: Chambers R. Andrew
Published: July 2008

Defining brain mechanisms that control and adapt motivated behavior will not only advance addiction treatment. It will help society see that addiction is a disease that erodes free will, rather than representing a free will that asks for or deserves consequences of drug-use choices. This science has important implications for understanding addiction's comorbidity in mental illness and reducing associated public health and criminal justice burdens.
Gambling and decision-making: A dual process perspective
Authors: Coventry Kenny R.
Published: July 2008

The consideration of gambling as a decision-making disorder may fail to explain why the majority of people gamble, yet only a small percentage of people lose control of their behaviour to the point where their gambling becomes problematic. The application of dual process theories to gambling addiction offers a means of explaining the differences between “normal” and “problem” gambling, augmenting the multiple vulnerabilities proposed by Redish et al.
Different vulnerabilities for addiction may contribute to the same phenomena and some additional interactions
Authors: Goudie Andrew James , Field Matt , Cole Jon
Published: July 2008

The framework for addiction offered by the target article can perhaps be simplified into fewer, more basic, vulnerabilities. “Impulsivity” covers a number of vulnerabilities, not just enhanced delay discounting. Real-world drug-use decisions involve both delay and probability discounting. The motivational salience of, and attentional bias for, drug cues may be related to a number of vulnerabilities. Interactions among vulnerabilities are of significance and complicate the application of this framework.
The biopsychosocial and “complex” systems approach as a unified framework for addiction
Authors: Griffiths Mark D.
Published: July 2008

The “unified framework” for addiction proposed by Redish and colleagues is only unified at a reductionist level of analysis, the biological one relating to decision-making. Theories of addiction may be complementary rather than mutually exclusive, suggesting that limitations of individual theories might be unified through the combination of ideas from different biopsychosocial “complex” systems perspectives.
Neither necessary nor sufficient for addiction
Authors: Hardcastle Valerie Gray
Published: July 2008

Although Redish et al. have pulled together a large number of approaches to understanding decision-making and common errors in cognition, they have outlined neither the necessary nor the sufficient attributes of addiction. They are correct in claiming that addiction is multifaceted and probably more akin to a syndrome than a genuine disease. But grasping what that multifaceted syndrome is still eludes us.
Addiction: More than innate rationality
Authors: Lende Daniel H.
Published: July 2008

Redish et al. rely too much on a rational and innate view of decision-making, when their emphasis on variation, their integrative spirit, and their neuroscientific insights point towards a broader view of why addiction is such a tenacious problem. The integration of subjective, sociocultural, and evolutionary factors with cognitive neuroscience advances our understanding of addiction and decision-making.
The disunity of Pavlovian and instrumental values
Authors: Ostlund Sean B. , Balleine Bernard W.
Published: July 2008

A central theme of the unified framework for addiction advanced by Redish et al. is that there exists a common value or incentive process controlling Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning. Here we briefly review evidence from a variety of sources demonstrating that these incentive processes are in fact independent. Clearly the influence of Pavlovian predictors and goal values on choice offer distinct potential targets for pathologies of decision-making.
Timing models of reward learning and core addictive processes in the brain
Authors: Ross Don
Published: July 2008

People become addicted in different ways, and they respond differently to different interventions. There may nevertheless be a core neural pathology responsible for all distinctively addictive suboptimal behavioral habits. In particular, timing models of reward learning suggest a hypothesis according to which all addiction involves neuroadaptation that attenuates serotonergic inhibition of a mesolimbic dopamine system that has learned that cues for consumption of the addictive target are signals of a high-reward-rate environment.
Cue fascination: A new vulnerability in drug addiction
Authors: Sarnecki John , Traynor Rebecca , Clune Michael
Published: July 2008

Redish et al. propose a constellation of vulnerabilities inherent in the brain's decision-making system. They allow over-attention to cues a minor role in drug addiction. We think this is inadequate. Using the established links among drug cues, dopamine, and novelty, we propose a fuller account of this key feature of addiction, which we call the phenomenon of cue fascination.
E pluribus unum? A new take on addiction by Redish et al.
Authors: Stalnaker Thomas , Schoenbaum Geoffrey
Published: July 2008

Neuroscientists and psychologists have proposed a variety of well-supported theories to explain addiction. Many of these theories suggest that addiction results from a single process or dysfunction across all of its forms. The authors of the current review, in contrast, have used a well-defined theoretical account of decision-making to outline the variety of dysfunctions that could account for addictive behavior.
A mismatch with dual process models of addiction rooted in psychology
Authors: Wiers Reinout W. , Havermans Remco , Deutsch Roland , Stacy Alan W.
Published: July 2008

The model of addiction proposed by Redish et al. shows a lack of fit with recent data and models in psychological studies of addiction. In these dual process models, relatively automatic appetitive processes are distinguished from explicit goal-directed expectancies and motives, whereas these are all grouped together in the planning system in the Redish et al. model. Implications are discussed.
The elephantine shape of addiction
Authors: Yin Henry
Published: July 2008

By summarizing, in a single piece, various current perspectives on addiction, Redish et al. have performed a useful service to the field. Their central message is that addiction comprises many vulnerabilities rather than a single vulnerability. Such a message may not be new, but it is worth repeating.
Divergence of combinatorial averages and the unboundedness of the trilinear Hilbert transform
Authors: DEMETER CIPRIAN
Published: July 2008

We consider multilinear averages in ergodic theory and harmonic analysis and prove their divergence in some range of Lp spaces. This contrasts with the positive behavior exhibited by these averages in a different range, as proved in Demeter et al [Maximal multilinear operators. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.360(9) (2008), 4989–5042]. We also prove that the trilinear Hilbert transform is unbounded in a similar range of Lp spaces. The principle underlying these constructions is stated, setting the stage for more general results.
X-ray emission from an X-pinch and its applications
Authors: Liu R. , Zou X. , Wang X. , Zeng N. , He L.
Published: July 2008

The temporal and spatial X-ray emission from PPG-X, an X-pinch driven by pulsed power generator, was studied by using diamond photo-conducting detectors and pinhole cameras. It was found that the X-ray pulse usually consists of two sub-nanosecond peaks with a time interval of about 0.5 ns, these two X-ray peaks are consistent with two point sources of X-ray recorded with pinhole camera. The total X-ray energy changes from shot to shot and is averaged to be 0.35 J for hν > 1.5 keV. The size of the X-ray point source is in the range from 100 µm to 5 µm, decreasing rapidly with the increase of the photon energy. The X-pinch was used as X-ray source for backlighting the electrical explosion of single wire and for phase-contrast imaging of a mosquito.
Laser plasma interaction in copper nano-particle targets
Authors: Chaurasia S. , Munda D.S. , Ayyub P. , Kulkarni N. , Gupta N.K. , Dhareshwar L.J.
Published: July 2008

In this paper, we present the results of studies on ion emission characteristics of a laser plasma produced from a copper nano-particle layer of 1–3 µm thickness coated over polished surface of a solid copper target. Laser intensity of 1013–1014 W/cm2 was produced on the targets by a 2 J Nd:glass laser having a variable pulse duration of 300–800 ps. Nano-particle size was in the range of 15–25 nm. Ion emission from the nano-particle plasma was compared with plasma generated from a polished copper target. Ion emission from the nano-structured target was observed to depend on the polarization of the incident laser beam. This effect was stronger for a shorter laser pulse. X-ray emission was measured in the soft and hard X-ray region (0.7 to 8 keV) using various X-ray filters. A nano-particle coated target is found to yield a larger flux as well as velocity of ions as compared to polished target when the laser polarization is parallel to the plane containing target normal and detector axis. However, no X-ray enhancement has been observed in the wavelength range 1.5 to 20 Å.
Ozsváth Szabó's correction term and lens surgery
Authors: TANGE MOTOO
Published: July 2008

We will give an explicit formula of Ozsváth–Szabó's correction terms of lens spaces. Applying the formula to a restriction studied by P. Ozsváth and Z. Szabó in [12] and [13], we obtain several constraints of lens spaces which are constructed by a positive Dehn surgery in 3-sphere. Some of the constraints are results which are analogous to results which were known in [6] and [20] before. The constraints completely determine knots yielding L(p, 1) by positive Dehn surgery.
Pure Projective Approximations
Authors: HERZOG IVO , ROTHMALER PHILIPP
Published: July 2008

A notion of good behavior is introduced for a definable subcategory of left R-modules. It is proved that every finitely presented left R-module has a pure projective left -approximation if and only if the associated torsion class of finite type in the functor category (mod-R, Ab) is coherent, i.e., the torsion subobject of every finitely presented object is finitely presented. This yields a bijective correspondence between such well-behaved definable subcategories and preenveloping subcategories of the category Add(R-mod) of pure projective left R-modules. An example is given of a preenveloping subcategory ⊆ Add(R-mod) that does not arise from a covariantly finite subcategory of finitely presented left R-modules. As a general example of this good behavior, it is shown that if R is a ring over which every left cotorsion R-module is pure injective, then the smallest definable subcategory (R-proj) containing every finitely generated projective module is well-behaved.
The distribution of the largest digit in continued fraction expansions
Authors: WU JUN , XU JIAN
Published: July 2008

Let [a1(x), a2(x), . . .] be the continued fraction expansion of x ∈ [0,1). Write Tn(x)=max{ak(x):1 ≤ k ≤ n}. Philipp [6] proved that

Okano [5] showed that for any k ≥ 2, there exists x ∈ [0, 1) such that T(x)=1/log k. In this paper we show that, for any α ≥ 0, the set

is of Hausdorff dimension 1.
Trends in overweight and obesity in pre-school children in urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, from 2002 to 2005
Authors: Dieu Huynh Thi Thu , Dibley Michael J , Sibbritt David W , Hanh Tran Thi Minh
Published: July 2008

Objective

To assess the trends in overweight and obesity in pre-school children in urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam, over the period 2002 to 2005.

Design

Two cross-sectional studies were conducted in 2002 and 2005. Multistage cluster sampling was used in both surveys to select the subjects. Sociodemographic information was collected using a self-administered questionnaire given to parents in 2002 and using an interview-administered questionnaire to parents in 2005. Weight and height were measured using the same standard methods in both surveys. BMI (kg/m2) was calculated and overweight/obesity was defined using the age- and sex-specific BMI cut-off points proposed by the International Obesity Taskforce.

Subjects and setting

Children aged 4 to 5 years, attending pre-schools in urban areas of HCMC, Vietnam, in 2002 (n492) and 2005 (n670).

Results

The prevalence of overweight and obesity almost doubled from 2002 to 2005 (21·4 % and 36·8 %, respectively). The increase was more evident in less wealthy districts than in wealthy districts. The proportion of boys classified as obese in 2005 (22·5 %) was three times that in 2002 (6·9 %).

Conclusion

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased rapidly in children aged 4 to 5 years in urban areas, and especially in less wealthy districts, over a 3-year period. These results signal an urgent need for prevention programmes to control and reverse this rapid upward trend in overweight and obesity in young children in HCMC.
Policy options for obesity in Europe: a comparison of public health specialists with other stakeholders
Authors: González-Zapata Laura I , Alvarez-Dardet Carlos , Ortiz-Moncada Rocio , Clemente Vicente , Millstone Erik , Holdsworth Michelle , Sarri Katerina , Tarlao Giulio , Horvath Zoltanne , Lobstein Tim , Savva Savvas
Published: July 2008

Objective

To explore policy options that public health specialists (PHS) consider appropriate for combating obesity in Europe, and compare their preferences with those of other stakeholders (non-PHS).

Design

Structured interviews using multicriteria mapping, a computer-based, decision-support tool.

Setting

Nine European countries.

Subjects

A total of 189 stakeholders. Twenty-seven interviewees were PHS and non-PHS included food, sports and health sectors.

Measurements

A four-step approach was taken, i.e. selecting options, defining criteria, scoring options quantitatively and weighting the criteria to provide overall rankings of options. Interviews were recorded and transcribed to yield qualitative data.

Results

The PHS concur with other stakeholders interviewed, as all emphasised the importance of educational initiatives in combating obesity, followed by policies to improve community sports facilities, introduce mandatory food labelling and controlling food and drink advertising. Further analyses revealed several significant differences. The non-PHS from the private sector ranked institutional reforms favourably; the PHS from non-Mediterranean countries supported the option of medicines to prevent obesity; and those PHS from Mediterranean countries endorsed the use of activity monitoring devices such as pedometers. As far as appraisal criteria were concerned, PHS considered efficacy and the economic impact on the public sector to be the most important.

Conclusion

There is clear consensus among PHS and other stakeholders concerning the need for a package of policy options, which suggests that European-wide implementation could be successful. However, it would be advisable to avoid more contentious policy options such as taxation until future changes in public opinion.
Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in eastern Turkey (Malatya Province): 7 years after the introduction of mandatory table salt iodization
Authors: Egri Mucahit , Ercan Cihan , Karaoglu Leyla
Published: July 2008

Objective

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the urinary I excretion of pregnant women in Malatya Province, eastern Turkey.

Design and setting

A cross-sectional study was performed on pregnant women in urban and rural settlements of Malatya Province.

Subjects

Urinary I excretion was measured for 824 pregnant women who were randomly selected using a probability-proportional-to-size sampling methodology.

Results

Median urinary I concentration (UIC) of pregnant women was 77·4 μg/l. The percentage of pregnant women with UIC below 100 μg/l was 83·3.

Conclusion

These results indicate that I deficiency disorders (IDD) is still a problem in Malatya Province and most certainly in other parts of the country. Proper monitoring of I content of the salt sold or used in the area, in order to strengthen the IDD intervention programme, is suggested.
Multidisziplinäres Malnutritionsprogramm zur Erfassung und Behandlung von Patienten mit dem Risiko oder bestehender Mangelernährung in pflegerischer Verantwortung
Authors: Bläuer Cornelia , Schierz-Hungerbühler Judith , Trachsel Edith , Spirig Rebecca , Frei Irena Anna
Published: July 2008

Mangelernährung ist ein weltweites Problem, von dem nicht nur Entwicklungsländer betroffen sind. Sie stellt auch in Industrieländern, insbesondere bei betagten, hochbetagten, armen und kranken Menschen ein Risiko dar. Man geht davon aus, dass je nach Patientenpopulation auch in der Schweiz zwischen 15–20% der Patienten bei Spitaleintritt Zeichen einer Mangelernährung aufweisen. Daher wurden mit einer systematischen Literaturbearbeitung für den Bereich Medizin am Universitätsspital Basel ein Malnutritionsprogramm erarbeitet, bestehend aus einem Screeninginstrument, einem multidisziplinärem Handlungsleitfaden, der die Interventionen beschreibt, einer Informationsbroschüre und einem Schulungskonzept für Pflegende. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es aufzuzeigen, wie das Programm zur Erkennung und Behandlung von Mangelernährung entwickelt, implementiert und evaluiert wurde.
Instrumente zur Messung der Selbstpflege bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz. Ergebnisse einer Literaturanalyse
Authors: Haasenritter Jörg , Panfil Eva-Maria
Published: July 2008

Herzinsuffizienz ist eine häufige Erkrankung, die mit großem Leid für die Betroffenen und hohen Kosten für die jeweiligen Gesundheitssysteme einhergeht. Eine Verbesserung der Selbstpflege soll zu einer Verbesserung der Ergebnisse wie höhere Lebenserwartung, bessere Lebensqualität, geringere Hospitalisationsrate und verminderten Ressourcenverbrauch führen. Um die Effektivität von Interventionen zur Verbesserung der Selbstpflege in Praxis und Forschung zu beurteilen, sind valide und reliable Instrumente zur Messung der Selbstpflege nötig. Ziel der vorliegenden Literaturanalyse ist es, eine Übersicht über die vorhandenen pflegerischen Assessmentinstrumente zur Messung der Selbstpflege bei Herzinsuffizienz zu erstellen und diese in ihrer messtheoretischen Güte zu bewerten. Hierzu wurde in Datenbanken und anschließender Handsuche nach Studien gesucht, in denen Messungen der gesundheitsbedingten Selbstpflege von Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz durchgeführt wurden. Es konnten fünf Instrumente identifiziert werden: European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour Scale (EHFScBS); Revised Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour Scale (rHFScBS); Heart Failure Self-Care Inventory (HFS-CI) Self-Management of Heart Failure Scale (SMHF); Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI). Jede der besprochenen Skalen besitzt im Hinblick auf die Gütekriterien unterschiedlich ausgeprägt Stärken und Schwächen. Die EHFSCBS, der HFS-CI und der HFSCI können zumindest bedingt für den Einsatz in Forschung in Praxis empfohlen werden. Für alle Instrumente sind aber weitere Überprüfungen im Bereich der Reliabilität und Validität notwendig.
Ionospheric oxygen ions dominant bursty bulk flows: Cluster and Double Star observations
Authors: Zong Q.‐G. , Zhang H. , Fu S. Y. , Wang Y. F. , Pu Z. Y. , Korth A. , Daly P. W. , Fritz T. A.
Published: July 2008

Two extreme oxygen‐rich bursty bulk flows (BBFs) with predominant ionospheric O+ ions have been observed on 8 November 2004 by the Cluster and Double Star spacecraft during a strong magnetic storm time period with Dst = −373 nT. The oxygen densities in two BBFs are found to be 3–5 times larger than the hydrogen densities and the oxygen thermal pressures in the BBFs are 8 times higher than the hydrogen thermal pressure. These BBFs are associated with nested magnetic structures and are observed simultaneously by the CLUSTER and the DSP TC‐1 spacecraft. Thus, the flow braking region should be greatly pushed inside the usual pressure balance region (even inside the inner magnetosphere) since the BBF is dominated by oxygen ions. Results in this paper indicate that oxygen dominated BBFs can be formed during a strong magnetic storm time period. The observations made in this paper suggest that singly charged oxygen ions embedded in the BBFs could be carried into the ring current region by bursty flows during very intense magnetic storms.
Interaction evidence between Enceladus' atmosphere and Saturn's magnetosphere
Authors: Wannawichian S. , Clarke J. T. , Pontius D. H.
Published: July 2008

Saturn's ultraviolet (UV) auroras are highly variable, with much of the activity believed to be controlled by conditions in the solar wind. Like Jupiter, Saturn is also expected to have an electrodynamic interaction between the planet's ionosphere and its satellites' atmospheres, a process that is responsible for the moon's auroral footprint components at Jupiter. Recent observations from several instruments on the Cassini spacecraft, e.g., the UltraViolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) and the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS), show strong evidence that Enceladus makes significant plasma contributions to Saturn's magnetosphere. Modeling by Pontius and Hill (2006) suggests that Enceladus' mass loading region may be comparable in extent to Io's, whose auroral footprint emissions are clearly detected. However, the upper limits of Enceladus' magnetic footprint emissions are predicted to be only a few tenths of kilo‐Rayleighs (kR). We present results of a search for Enceladus' auroral footprint using series of UV images of Saturn's aurora taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) in January 2004 and the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) between February 2005 and January 2007. We detected no auroral evidence of the electromagnetic connection between Enceladus' atmosphere and Saturn's ionosphere, in agreement with modeling predictions. As our study could detect no signature of currents linking Saturn's ionosphere and Enceladus' interaction region, the implication is that the field‐aligned currents associated with mass loading at Enceladus are too weak to cause auroral emission.
Coherent electric structures: Vlasov‐Ampère simulations and observational consequences
Authors: Briand C. , Mangeney A. , Califano F.
Published: July 2008

Coherent electrostatic structures, like bipolar electric pulses (also called electrostatic solitary waves) or Langmuir waves, are frequently observed in many astrophysical plasma of the Earth environment (plasma sheet boundary layer, Earth bow shock, auroral regions etc.) or in the solar wind. They are thought to play a crucial role in the energy transfer from small to large scale and to reconnection processes. Numerous simulations have studied their emergence and evolution. Most of them are based on the development of two stream instabilities. Another mechanism is investigated here: the plasma is excited by a localized, time dependent modulation of the electron distribution function (heating of the electrons). The investigation is performed through a 1D Vlasov‐Ampere code, in open boundary conditions. We explore the response of the plasma to several heating conditions, mass ratio and density gradient. We find that the heating leads to the development of an extended turbulent domain. We also show that the history of the electrostatic solitary waves (ESW) strongly depends on the presence of a density gradient and the mass ratio between species. If the positive charged neutralizing background is composed of heavy ions, the ESW turns back to the entrance domain when a density gradient is included. From the observational point of view, this means that the electric field shows a polarity reversal with time.
Volcano tectonic setting of the intraplate, Pliocene‐Holocene, Newer Volcanic Province (southeast Australia): Role of crustal fracture zones
Authors: Lesti C. , Giordano G. , Salvini F. , Cas R.
Published: July 2008

The Pliocene‐Holocene Newer Volcanic Province in Victoria, southeast Australia, is a wide volcanic field site of the most recent volcanic activity of Australia. The intraplate signature and the localization on the northern side of the Southern Ocean have been used in the past to ascribe the volcanic activity either to the presence of a mantle hot spot or to thermal anomalies inherited from the seafloor spreading that separated Australia from Antarctica during the Gondwana breakup. The spacing and distribution of groups of eruption points suggests the presence of a 32 km deep mantle thermal anomaly. Alignments of eruption points indicate a strong tectonic control on magma emplacement mainly along NW‐SE Mesozoic‐Cenozoic structures and along N‐S Palaeozoic and E‐W Late Cretaceous structures. This volcano tectonic setting relates to the interference of the left‐lateral kinematics of the major N‐S trending faults associated with the Tasman Fracture Zone and the extensional structures of the Otway basin. This interpretation is also coherent with stress in situ data and focal mechanisms of earthquakes (SHmax oriented N150°). This interpretation enhances the role of the Tasman Fracture Zone, a major sinistral transform, on the reactivation of transtensional structures, and on triggering the magmatism of the Newer Volcanic Province.
Characterization of sand sediment by pore size distribution and permeability using proton nuclear magnetic resonance measurement
Authors: Minagawa Hideki , Nishikawa Yasunori , Ikeda Ikuko , Miyazaki Kuniyuki , Takahara Naoya , Sakamoto Yasuhide , Komai Takeshi , Narita Hideo
Published: July 2008

This study used proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure pore size distribution of sediment in order to characterize methane hydrate‐bearing sediment by pore size distribution and permeability. Sand sediment with different grain size distributions was measured as fundamental research and for application of natural methane hydrate‐bearing sediment. Sediment pore size distribution and porosity were measured by NMR and mercury porosimetry. The absolute permeability of sediment measured by water flow based on the Darcy law was compared with the permeability calculated from NMR spectra based on the sediment delivery ratio equation. NMR spectra were also analyzed by a conversion technique in order to obtain pore size distribution with higher spatial resolution.