bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Venerate the Lancet": Benjamin Rush's Yellow Fever Therapy in Context
Authors: Kopperman Paul E
Published: February 2007

In 1793, during a yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, Benjamin Rush adopted a therapy that centered on rapid depletion through purgation and bleeding. His method, especially his reliance on copious bloodletting, was at first widely condemned, but many American practitioners eventually adopted it. Although the therapy struck many observers as being radical, in large part it grew from premises that had substantial support. Rush was convinced that it worked and that heroic methods were the key to conquering disease. In particular, massive bleeding became central to his therapeutics.
At Home in Cyberspace: Staging Autobiographical Scenes
Authors: Zalis Elayne
Published: February 2007

United by a common tendency to raise questions about the meaning, recollection,
and locus of "home" in a digital age, the five hypermedia Web sites
on this virtual tour open up arenas for staging autobiographical scenes differently.
Broadening the scope of The Home Project that the trAce Online
Writing Centre maintains, and drawing on theories of spatiality and cyberculture,
the survey of Family Portrait, Grandfather Gets a House, The Family
Album Portrait, Home Maker, and Heard It in the Playground shows how
these networked experiments with collaborative storytelling and a composite
approach transform personal home pages into new spaces for cultural
intervention that, while merging "private" and "public" spheres, provide
forums in which culturally diverse casts of characters showcase theatres of
recollection for heterogeneous audiences around the world.
Ethnology and Biography: The Case of the Brownings
Authors: Phelan J. P. (Joseph P.)
Published: February 2007

The poets Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning have been subjected to a good deal of speculation about their ethnic origins. In tracing the history of this speculation, this article attempts to highlight some of the potential difficulties associated with a renewed attention to genealogy and ethnicity in contemporary biographical writing.
Converging Spectres of an Other Within: Race and Gender in Prewar Afro-German History
Authors: Campt Tina
Published: February 2007

This article examines two of the earliest historical contexts in which Germans articulated a public discourse on its black population. The essay explores the discourse of racial endangerment enunciated in the German colonies in the debates on the status of racially-mixed marriages and the Afro-German progeny of these relationships and links this discourse to a second recurrence of the spectre of racial mixture in the interwar years, the figure of the "Rhineland Bastard." Setting these discourses in relation to one another, the article maps the trajectory of an imagined spectre of racial danger that served as a powerful and resilient construct for the expression of German national anxieties on blackness in the first half of the twentieth century.
Showing Her Colors: An Afro-German Writes the Blues in Black and White
Authors: Goertz Karein Kirsten
Published: February 2007

This essay undertakes a detailed analysis of May Ayim's blues in schwarz weiss and examines her development of what she terms Ayim's "hybrid language" -- an expressive poetic style in which African and German elements are not mutually exclusive but rather two interwoven strands that Ayim brings together to articulate the texture of her identity as a Black German. Goertz contends that Ayim's use of complex forms of irony and displacement constitutes a sophisticated practice of "defamiliarization" that represents an important new signifying practice in German literary expression.
Oscar Micheaux's Body and Soul and the Burden of Representation
Authors: Bowser Pearl , Spence Louise
Published: February 2007

This essay explores Oscar Micheaux's silent drama Body and Soul (1925) and some of the critical discourses of the period. It also addresses the politics of racial identity and the quest for racial unity in a period when the class structure within the African American community was becoming more stratified.
A Cultural Approach to Television Genre Theory
Authors: Mittell Jason
Published: February 2007

This essay argues that genres are cultural categories that surpass the boundaries of media texts and operate within industry, audience, and cultural practices as well. Offering a television-specific approach, the article explores media genres by incorporating contemporary cultural theory and exemplifying its discursive approach with a brief case study.
The Wrong Kind of Nickel Madness: Pricing Problems for Pittsburgh Nickelodeons
Authors: Aronson Michael G.
Published: February 2007

This article explores the local conditions and determinants involved in the economic and cultural entrenchment of the nickel theater in Pittsburgh a full decade after Harry Davis opened his eponymous storefront nickelodeon.
Ethnic Masculinity and Early Television's Vaudeo Star
Authors: Murray Susan
Published: February 2007

This article discusses how the seemingly contradictory construction of many early television comedy stars bespeaks rather coherent symbolic constructions of ethnicity, masculinity, and anxieties over the changing demographics of the American cultural landscape.
"New Films in Story Form": Movie Story Magazines and Spectatorship
Authors: McLean Adrienne L
Published: February 2007

This essay focuses on a seldom studied but long-lived and robust
ancillary product of classical Hollywood cinema, the monthly movie
story magazines devoted to article-length fictionizations of feature
films. These magazines flourished in a variety of forms from the late
1920s through the 1970s.
"It's Only a Piece of Meat": Gender Ambiguity, Sexuality, and Politics in The Crying Game and M. Butterfly
Authors: Grist Leighton
Published: February 2007

Presenting a primarily psychoanalytic discussion of
The Crying Game and M. Butterfly, this article elaborates
on existing and predominantly homosexual readings of these films and
examines the connotations of the particular relation that they imply
between the sexual and the political.
Festival Mania, Tourism and Nation Building in Fiji: The Case of the Hibiscus Festival, 1956-1970
Authors: Bossen Claus
Published: February 2007

Why did festivals proliferate in all urban centers in Fiji in the late 1950s and 1960s to the extent that one official talked about "festival mania"? Today the Hibiscus Festival in Suva, the Sugar Festival in Lautoka, the Bula Festival in Nadi, and various other festivals have become natural parts of the national culture. However, when the festivals were started they were constructed as tourist attractions that should lure tourists to Fiji. Thus, the development of the festivals from being constructed tourist events to become part of the national culture points to some of the unexpected ways in which tourism links up with national identity. From 1950 to independence in 1970 three parallel processes of change took place in Fiji: Tourism became a major industry thus alleviating the economic dependence on sugar-production, urbanization created a new urban space for social interaction and public discussion, and a national identity had to be created as it became apparent that Fiji would cease to be a British colony and become independent. In this paper I will discuss how these processes of change condensed into "festival mania" focusing on the years from 1950 to independence in 1970.
The Japanese Encounter with the South: Japanese Tourists in Palau
Authors: Yamashita Shinji
Published: February 2007

This paper examines some sociocultural implications of Palauan tourism through the lens of Japanese tourists. In 1997, Palau had some seventy thousand international visitors, of whom more than twenty thousand were Japanese, second only to the Taiwanese, whose visits have been increasing rapidly in recent years. After discussing the general characteristics of tourism in Palau, I investigate the Japanese way of encountering Palau, not only through contemporary tourism, but also in its historical context. Tracing the history of Japanese colonial expansion to the South, the paper pays special attention to the Japanese type of orientalism, in which Japan needed to orientalize the South as a backward and undeveloped place in order to de-orientalize Japan as an advanced and modernized country. The paper also argues that this Japanese orientalism is at work in contemporary postcolonial Pacific tourism. Analyzing the interregional interaction of Japan and Palau in this way, I explore how the Pacific is situated in the larger modern world system.
Academic Responsibilities and Representation of the Ok Tedi Crisis in Postcolonial Papua New Guinea
Authors: Hyndman David
Published: February 2007

Since the start of the Ok Tedi mining project in Papua New Guinea in 1981, Broken Hill Proprietary has operated it. Weak environmental protection laws and a series of ecological disasters have endangered the greater Ok Tedi and Fly River socioecological region. A grassroots indigenous popular ecological resistance movement made an out-of-court settlement with the mining company in Melbourne in 1996. Early in 2000 the indigenous movement took Broken Hill Proprietary back to court in Melbourne to block the company's attempt to abandon the Ok Tedi mine. Research started with Wopkaimin subsistence ecology in the 1970s. Later the political ecology of the Ok Tedi crisis was evaluated, as was ecological change in social terms; both are illustrated through the politics of cultura and ecological representation. After the successful convergence of radical environmentalists and indigenous popular ecological resistance against the Ok Tedi mine, research shifted to liberation ecology to study the emancipatory potential of struggles and conflicts against environmental degradation. The responsibilities of academics conducting research in the Ok Tedi crisis are examined. The Ok Tedi crisis challenges the proposition that academics can act as honest brokers through mining companies to negotiate deals for local communities. Academics engaged by mining companies as consultants or employees must work according to managed science and circumscribed briefs. The approach of critical liberation ecology, which directs research to community empowerment, represents a freedom of critical inquiry only available in the academy.
Christian Citizens: Women and Negotiations of Modernity in Vanuatu
Authors: Douglas Bronwen
Published: February 2007

This paper seeks to unpack the ambiguous intersections of gender, Christianity, and kastom , together with place, island, and nation in a modern Melanesian state. It does so through a series of verbal "snapshots," mostly of mundane settings, which chart the ambivalent, mobile interplay of individual and community in the self-representations and actions of ni-Vanuatu, particularly women. The snapshots juxtapose local and wider aspects of ni-Vanuatu women's past and present lives as Christians and citizens, locating them successively in the remote island of Aneityum and in urban and national contexts. Arguing that women's agency deserves the same scrutiny as that of men, I problematize the romantic secularism that slights indigenous women's engagements in apparently banal Christian settings and activities, especially fellowship groups and sewing, because they seem to advance hegemonic agendas of conversion, domestication, and modernization. Instead I see the growing social and economic significance of Christian women's groups in Vanuatu's villages as potentially empowering for rural women. By contrast, women are generally absent from authority positions in the churches and in the nation-state—the latter a mainly male domain experienced as ineffectual by most ni-Vanuatu. Notwithstanding widespread indigenous suspicion of "western feminism," women's issues and gender relations are kept uneasily on the national agenda by the women's wings of the mainline churches and particularly by the umbrella women's organizations, the Vanuatu National Council of Women and the Vanuatu Women's Centre.
Crime and Criminality: Historical Differences in Hawai'i
Authors: Merry Sally Engle
Published: February 2007

Native Hawaiians are disproportionately arrested and incarcerated in the state of Hawai'i, according to statistics from the criminal justice system. Asians are under-represented and whites are re p resented slightly above their proportion of the population. Although these statistics have sometimes been used to make arguments about criminal propensities, this article argues that such differences are not inherent but are socially produced. They reflect the kinds of behavior that are defined as criminal and subjected to energetic arrest, prosecution, and conviction while other behaviors are ignored. Using historical data, this article argues that criminalization is a social process that zeroes in on certain populations and their activities and that its targets change with alterations in historical circumstances.
Revising the Scale of Intellectual Development: Application of an Unfolding Model
Authors: DeMars Christine , Erwin T. Dary
Published: February 2007

An unfolding model was selected for the scores on the Scale of
Intellectual Development to take into account that, for stage-based
instruments, agreement with a statement first increases as the student
approaches the stage represented by the statement, then decreases as
the student progresses beyond that stage.
The Effect of Personality and Precollege Characteristics on First-Year Activities and Academic Performance
Authors: Bauer Karen W , Liang Qingfeng
Published: February 2007

The relationship between students' gender, personality traits,
predicted first-year grades, and quality of effort put forth in
academic and personal/social activities with academic achievement
and critical thinking was examined for 265 first-year science and
engineering undergraduates enrolled at a selective doctoral-extensive
university. Results show that some personality traits influence the
quality of effort expended with academic and personal/social activities as
well as end-of-first-year grades and a measure of critical thinking.
Vandalism: Environmental and Social Factors
Authors: Brown Gregory , Devlin Ann Sloan
Published: February 2007

To explore the relationship between vandalism, college residence hall
size, and a number of social factors, 688 college students completed
the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey (Presley, Meilman, & Lyerla,
1994), the University Residence Environment Scale (Moos, 1988),
and answered questions about their television habits and athletic
participation. Vandalism costs came from college repair records. Larger
residence halls, those with more TV viewing, more freshmen, and less
student involvement were likely to have higher vandalism costs.
Learning to Value the "Other": A Framework of Individual Diversity Development
Authors: Chavez Alicia Fedelina , Guido-DiBrito Florence , Mallory Sherry L
Published: February 2007

Extrapolating from current developmental theory and using
practice-to-theory/theory-to-practice methods, the authors propose a
framework for individual diversity development among faculty, staff, and
students. The model offers individuals in-depth cognitive, affective and
behavioral frameworks of development toward consciously valuing complex
and integrated differences in ourselves and in others.
Saying Good-Bye: An Anthropological Examination of a Commencement Ritual
Authors: Magolda Peter Mark
Published: February 2007

This paper is an examination of college commencement, a formal campus
exiting ritual orchestrated for students as they conclude their academic
careers. The manuscript is focused on a single commencement ritual that
illuminates the power of rituals to transmit cultural norms and provides
an anthropological perspective that benefits scholars, practitioners,
and policy makers as they endeavor to better understand and modify
campus culture.
Developing Self-Authorship: Exploring the Experiences of High-Risk College Students
Authors: Pizzolato Jane Elizabeth
Published: February 2007

Through interviews with 35 high-risk college students, the author
examines two questions: (a) To what degree do high-risk college
students possess self-authoring ways of knowing? and (b) What types
of experiences are associated with development of self-authoring ways
of knowing? Findings suggest high-risk college students often develop
self-authoring ways of knowing prior to enrollment in college, especially
if the students possess low levels of privilege. Self-authoring ways of
knowing appear to arise from students' willingness to process provocative
interpersonal experiences. A model of self-authorship is presented to
illustrate these high-risk students' self-authoring processes.
Technology Transfer and the Future of Public Administration: An Agenda for Study and Practice
Authors: Klingner Donald E
Published: February 2007

abstract
This editorial essay (1) describes public administration and
its relationship to technology transfer, (2) discusses conflicting
tendencies in public administration and technology transfer as they are
currently understood in the United States, (3) explores how a reciprocal,
comparative, and international approach to technology transfer might
enrich the study and practice of public administration, and (4) proposes
an agenda of issues that reciprocal technology transfer might help
public administration scholars and practitioners address globally,
clustered around five themes: governance, democratization, societal
equity, administrative capacity, and ethics.
An Assessment of the Exchange of New Technology between Environmental Agencies and Business with the Pronoia Technology Transfer Framework
Authors: Milliman John F , Grosskopf John
Published: February 2007

Recently a new paradigm has emerged in the United States and many other
countries that calls for a more collaborative approach between industry
and government, such as the use of environmental management systems (EMSs)
in supplemental environmental projects (SEPs) associated with enforcement
actions. EMSs are seen as a promising new way to achieve higher corporate
environmental performance. However, it has been difficult for many
companies and regulatory agencies to work out mutually beneficial SEP
agreements. In this paper, we use the pronoia framework of technology
transfer to assess the impact of organizational trust on the ability
of business and environmental agencies to negotiate the use of EMSs
in SEP agreements. The interview data from business and governmental
managers indicates that all three dimensions of the pronoia framework
are useful in predicting the ability of the two parties to achieve
SEP agreements. Implications for research and practice are presented,
including the need to recognize the greater challenges involved in
technology transfer in regulated industries.
The influence of remarriage on the racial difference in motheronly families in 1910
Authors: London Andrew S. , Elman Cheryl
Published: February 2007

Historical demography documents that mother-only families were more common among African Americans than among Euro-Americans early in the twentieth century. We find direct evidence that African American males in both first and higher-order marriages were more likely to have (re)married previously married women and were more likely to have (re)married women with children. This racial difference in (re)marital partner choice reduced the racial difference in the prevalence of mother-only families such that, in the absence of such remarriage choices, the prevalence of mother-only families in the turn-of-the-century African American population would have been even higher than has been reported. Remarriage in this period countered the various demographic, economic, cultural, and social-institutional forces that disproportionately destabilized African American marriages; it must be taken into account more fully by analysts concerned with racial differences in family structure.
The salience of PAN-national hispanic and Asian identities in U.S. marriage markets
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: February 2007

In this paper I test whether “Hispanic” and “Asian” identities are salient in the U.S. marriage market. That is, I determine whether the different Asian and Hispanic national groups intermarry often enough to suggest that Asian and Hispanic pan-national identities are important. Analysis of census data from 1980 and 1990 suggests that both Hispanic and Asian pan-national identities are significant forces. Variations in the strength of pan-national Hispanic and Asian associations by region, education, and nativity are discussed.
One step back in understanding racial differences in birth weight
Authors: Zuberi Tukufu
Published: February 2007

In recognition of the biological and social connections in demographic processes, demographers have integrated biological factors into their models of population variation. This new effort has tended to focus on the analysis of fertility and mortality. Edwin J.C.G. van den Oord and David C. Rowe’s article, “Racial Differences in Birth Health Risk: A Quantitative Genetic Approach,” published in the August 2000 issue of Demography, is part of this effort. These authors use race as a proxy for genetic variation, which subverts even the most positive attempts to understand the impact of genetic variation on demographic processes. The authors’ statistical results restate their anachronistic theory of race using latent variables that are not open to empirical testing. Although new data increase the opportunities for the examination of the relationship between biology and demographic processes researchers must be vigilant not to commit the errors of the past by misusing race as a variable.
An empirical analysis of the matching patterns of same-sex and opposite-sex couples
Authors: Jepsen Lisa K. , Jepsen Christopher A.
Published: February 2007

We used 1990 Census data to compare the matching behaviors of four types of cohabiting couples: same-sex male couples, same-sex female couples, opposite-sex unmarried couples, and married couples. In general, we found evidence of positive assortative mating for all traits and across all types of couples. The positive assortative mating, however, is stronger for non-labor-market traits (e.g., age, education) than for labor-market traits (e.g., hourly earnings). Further, members of married couples are more alike with respect to most characteristics than are members of opposite-sex cohabiting couples, and members of opposite-sex cohabiting couples are more alike than are members of same-sex couples.
Has the Chinese family planning policy been successful in changing fertility preferences?
Authors: Merli M. Giovanna , Smith Herbert L.
Published: February 2007

Has China’s strict one-child policy been successful in changing fertility preferences? Using linked data from surveys conducted in four counties of northern China in 1991 and 1994, we compare reproductive behavior against prior fertility preferences and show when and where women change from wanting to not wanting more children. The acceptance of policy-sanctioned family size follows a development gradient and reflects the degree of enforcement. High acceptance occurs in the most urban, industrialized county and in the county with the most rigid family planning policy. Acceptance is weaker among women living in the poorest county and in the county where enforcement is most lenient.
Does race matter? Children’s height in Brazil and South Africa
Authors: Burgard Sarah
Published: February 2007

I examine racial differences in child stunting in mid-1990s South Africa and Brazil, two multiracial societies with different histories of legal support for racial discrimination. Using data from nationally representative household samples linked to community-level measures, the analysis shows that racial inequality in the distribution of socioeconomic resources across households and communities explains much of the racial difference in stunting in both countries. Even after these factors are controlled, however, the results indicate that in South Africa, nonwhite children are still at greater risk of growth faltering than are white children. The nature of socioeconomic and racial differences in children’s growth is examined, and major determinants are discussed. These findings suggest that although state-sanctioned racism may help to explain the greater racial inequality in stunting in South Africa than in Brazil, the eradication of a disadvantage for nonwhites will depend on changes in the same fundamental socioeconomic inequalities that characterize both nations.
A regression approach to estimating the average number of persons per household
Authors: Smith Stanley K. , Nogle June , Cody Scott
Published: February 2007

In the housing unit method, population is calculated as the number of households times the average number of persons per household (PPH), plus the population residing in group quarters facilities. Estimates of households and the group quarters population can be derived directly from concurrent data series, but estimates of PPH have traditionally been based on previous values or estimates for larger areas. In our study, we developed several regression models in which PPH estimates were based on symptomatic indicators of PPH change. We tested these estimates using county-level data in four states and found them to be more precise and less biased than estimates based on more commonly used methods.
HIV and population dynamics: A general model and maximum-likelihood standards for East Africa
Authors: Heuveline Patrick
Published: February 2007

In high-prevalence populations, the HIV epidemic undermines the validity of past empirical models and related demographic techniques. A parsimonious model of HIV and population dynamics is presented here and fit to 46,000 observations, gathered from 11 East African populations. The fitted model simulates HIV and population dynamics with standard demographic inputs and only two additional parameters for the onset and scale of the epidemic. The underestimation of the general prevalence of HIV in samples of pregnant women and the fertility impact of HIV are examples of the dynamic interactions that demographic models must reproduce and are shown here to increase over time even with constant prevalence levels. As a result, the impact of HIV on population growth appears to have been underestimated by current population projections that ignore this dynamic.
Vigilantius of Calagurris and Victricius of Rouen: Ascetics, Relics, and Clerics in Late Roman Gaul
Authors: Hunter David G
Published: February 2007

The Gallic presbyter Vigilantius of Calagurris was an outspoken opponent
of ascetic piety and devotion to relics. Known primarily through the
writings of Jerome, Vigilantius has too often been viewed only through the
lens of Jerome's polemics. This essay reads Vigilantius' arguments within
the context of the "ecclesiastical factionalism" of the Gallic church in
the late fourth and early fifth centuries. Vigilantius' objections
to clerical celibacy, ascetic renunciation, and relic piety appear to
be consonant with much of clerical opinion in Gaul at this time. By
contrast, Gallic writers, such as Sulpicius Severus and Victricius of
Rouen, seem to represent a controversial minority. This paper is offered
as a partner to Gillian Clark's introduction to and annotated translation
of Victricius' Praising the Saints, an important piece of evidence
for devotion to relics and asceticism in late Roman Gaul.
Victricius of Rouen: Praising the Saints
Authors: Victricius Saint, , Clark Gillian
Published: February 2007

Introduction to, and annotated translation of, Victricius of Rouen
Praising the Saints (de laude sanctorum). This short
sermon, the only known work of Victricius, was probably delivered in 396
to welcome a gift of relics from Ambrose of Milan, and was then sent to
him, probably with some expansion, in thanks. The sermon makes a unique
contribution to the theology of relics. This paper is offered as a partner
to David Hunter's paper, which uses Victricius to explore debates about
relics, asceticism, and clergy celibacy in fourth-century Gaul.
God's Milk: An Orthodox Confession of the Eucharist
Authors: Engelbrecht Edward
Published: February 2007

The Odes of Solomon and early orthodox Christianity compared a
believer's reception of the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist to a
child suckling at its mother's breast. This appears to have been connected
with the wide-spread use of a cup of milk and honey in the baptismal
eucharist, a visual aid to explain the Lord's nurturing presence in the
sacrament. The milk analogy did not stem from symbolic uses of milk in
pre-Christian religions or Gnosticism but from general beliefs about
physiology coupled with Christian sacramental theology. The feminine
characteristics of the milk analogy had no significant effect on
orthodox beliefs about the Godhead nor did they cause the analogy to
fall out of favor at a later date. Instead, as liturgical use of the
cup of milk began to disappear, so did the milk analogy.
Cerinthus, Gnostic or Chiliast?: A New Solution to an Old Problem
Authors: Hill Charles E. (Charles Evan)
Published: February 2007

Despite the potential importance of Cerinthus for understanding the
development of Christianity in Asia Minor, his teaching and legacy
have been obscured in the patristic reports about him. One can identify
two contrasting images of Cerinthus in the sources: an early "gnostic"
in conflict with the Johannine tradition (Irenaeus); a Judaistic
chiliast who opposed the apostles (beginning with Gaius of Rome and
culminating with Epiphanius of Salamis). This has resulted in an impasse
in understanding the early heretic and his significance which has
continued up to the present. This article proposes a way of sorting
out the traditions concerning Cerinthus and making sense of the earliest
accounts. Upon critical investigation, Irenaeus' profile of Cerinthus
as an early ditheistic and adoptionistic Christian emerges as essentially
unproblematic and plausible. But most elements of the "Judaic" portrait
are shown to be the product of confusion. What remains from this portrait,
namely Cerinthus' chiliasm, may however be understood as consistent
with Irenaeus' report if it was the type of chiliasm taught later by
Marcion. The article shows how Cerinthus' chiliasm finally can be
accounted for as a natural, not a heterogenous, part of his dualizing and
anti-Judaistic system. It suggests that a coherent picture of Cerinthus'
teaching can now be of help in elucidating the background and history
of the Johannine churches and the rise of Christian gnosticism.
Competing Claims to "Nobilitas" in the Western Empire of the Fourth and Fifth Centuries
Authors: Salzman Michele R.
Published: February 2007

From the Republic on into the early Empire, Roman senatorial nobilitas connoted not only the distinction of a distinguished family pedigree, but also the attainment of a high public office, the consulship. The association of birth with office persisted in the fourth and fifth centuries c.e. when the nobility still represented the most elite, most prestigious segment of the Roman senatorial aristocracy. But this was a group and a virtue that was not without its challengers. Christian leaders claimed nobilitas and its representatives for Christianity. Most often, as a survey of the texts from the western Empire of the fourth and fifth centuries shows, Christian leaders acknowledged the bases for nobilitas —family pedigree combined with public office—but subordinated these to Christian piety. By adopting this hierarchical notion of nobilitas , Christian leaders facilitated the conversion of the nobility even as they enabled them to continue in positions of preeminence within aristocratic Christian society. Even when the rhetoric of nobilitas was tied to the piety of the ascetic or virgin, the conservative rhetoric of Christian leaders, and the ability of the elites to manipulate this form of piety to their advantage, blunted the more radical implications of this notion of Christian nobilitas . As the texts will show, competing claims to nobilitas reflect conflicts within the Christian community, between ascetic and moderate models of piety, as well as conflicts with pagans. However, the Christian claim to and reformulation of nobilitas reveals, too, the influence of powerful elites who changed Christianity even as they changed their religious affiliation.
Writing Original Sin 1
Authors: Malamud Martha
Published: February 2007

Prudentius' Hamartigenia ("The Origin of Sin") places the corruption of language, emblematized in the poem by the splitting of Satan's tongue, at the origin of human sin. This article explores how Prudentius associates human sin with the inherently deceptive nature of language. In Hamartigenia, language and its snares, in particular figurative language, are programmatically associated with figures who represent the evils of division and imitation. Further, figured language, ornament, and rhetoric are conceived of as inherently feminine. The feminine is linked not only with the carnal, but also with language and its deceptive nature. Similarly, the reproductive process, whether sexual or linguistic, is associated not with the transcendent Logos, but with Satan and his split tongue, and with the viper and her endless brood of vicious offspring. The figures of Eve and of Lot's wife embody representation itself, and stand as signs of humanity's fundamental lack of "origin"ality.
The Significance of Social Unanimity in a Visigothic Hagiography: Keys to an Ideological Screen
Authors: Castellanos Santiago
Published: February 2007

The hagiographical texts of Visigothic Spain (c. 507-711) provide exciting material for the study of post-Roman Hispania in the general context of the late antique West. However, it is important to reflect on the nature of these works. Why were they written? What were their principal aims? The author works here on one concrete aspect common to the hagiographical Visigothic landscape: the idea of a general atmosphere of consensus projected by the entities from which the texts emerged. This article is centered on one of these sources, the Lives of the holy men of Mérida, a city that had been the administrative capital of Late Roman Hispania. This essay presents several hypotheses about the historical phenomenon of a cultural model of control, all inside the complex world of transformations occurring in an important space of post-Roman Europe.
Women and Land in Zambia: A Case Study of Small-Scale Farmers in Chenena Village, Chibombo District, Central Zambia
Authors: Kajoba Gear
Published: February 2007

The paper shows that most women in Zambia and especially in the study area suffer from insecurity in land since they do not have secure title to land under customary tenure. The results from the research which was carried out using semi structured interviews with 34 female farmers show that the majority of women farmers (62%) were not allocated land directly by headmen but got land through a male contact. However, some women were successful small-scale farmers and, together with the majority, expressed the need for more information on how to secure individual title to the land which they cultivate. Such empowerment of women would require cooperation from traditional leaders who have the power to allocate land to women, especially to single women, divorcees and widows, who tend to be marginalised.
Measuring Business Skills Cognition: The Case of Informal Sector Entrepreneurs in Kenya
Authors: Bosire Joseph , Gamba Paul
Published: February 2007

There has been an increased interest in informal sector business
activities. One of the major concerns has been the cognitive abilities of
the participants of this sector, especially in view of the liberalised and
highly competitive nature of business operations today. This paper
presents and discusses findings of a study on measuring Business Skills
Cognition among informal sector business owners. Data were collected
from 208 respondents distributed over nine trading centres in both urban
and rural Kenya. Business Skills Cognition was measured using three
instruments to yield a continuum of scores ranging from 45 to 265
points. It was found that informal sector business owners differ in the
various dimensions of business and in Business Skills Cognition. The
findings are important in evaluating the usefulness of the informal sector
in employment creation and the ability of the participants to earn a
comparative advantage in an increasingly complex and competitive free
market system.
Louis-Sebastien Mercier's New Words
Authors: Rosenberg Daniel
Published: February 2007

Louis-S�bastien Mercier opposed the language politics of both
Right and Left during the French Revolution. His 1801
La N�ologie, ou vocabulaire de mots nouveaux, � renouveler,
ou pris dans des acceptions nouvelles
is a kind of antidictionary, promoting linguistic innovation rather
than standardization or reform. In this work, as in others, Mercier
vindicates the creativity of speakers and writers against the "caprice"
of institutions. "The life of a language," he writes, "is that of the
people to whom it belongs."
Dickinson's Searching Philology
Authors: Monte Steven
Published: February 2007

"Dickinson's Searching Philology" argues that the emphasis critics have placed on manuscript features of Dickinson's poems should be questioned, especially insofar as it relates to trends that value multiple meanings in themselves. After surveying approaches to Dickinson and exploring how some conscientious interpretations nonetheless go awry, the article presents a detailed reading of "A word made flesh" in order to propose a way of reading philologically—focusing on how the poet fleshes out historical meanings of words in idiosyncratic ways, identifying productive ambiguities while expecting the poetry to express interrelated ideas and emotions, and understanding that an ethics of reading includes accountability to some spirit of the work.
"Not Unto Nomination": Dickinson at the Limits of Philology
Authors: Morse Jonathan , Achitoff Lauren , Ballantine Tia , Brown Boyce , Frakes Clinton , Fujinaka Brent , Ing Tiffany , Kim Jacquelyn , Pocock Kyla , Tanaka Jennifer
Published: February 2007

As a pedagogical experiment, the students in a graduate seminar set out to produce a miniature edition of some Dickinson poems, annotated in detail with the help of library and Web resources. However, Dickinson's language bears only a nominal relation to the normative languages of nineteenth-century New England culture, and that indeterminacy of reference worked against the class's efforts to find stable definitions for her words. Dickinson's lines "Not unto nomination / The Cherabim reveal" (Fr1243) have to be taken as their own warning against being too far understood.
Of Rats, Rice, and Race: The Great Hanoi Rat Massacre, an Episode in French Colonial History
Authors: Vann Michael G
Published: February 2007

Cet article utilise une campagne de dératisation, montée
à Hanoi en 1902 par l'administration coloniale, à explorer
les limites du pouvoir de l'état dans la ville coloniale. Au
début, les égouts municipaux d'Hanoi représentaient
le sommet du modernisme et du rationalisme de la "mission civilisatrice"
française. Mais les nombreux problèmes de santé, de
travail, et de qualité de vie qui se produisaient ont bientôt
révélé une crise profonde et surprenante qui
confrontait l'administration coloniale. L'arrivée d'armées
de rats dans les maisons de la communauté blanche en était
la manifestation la plus évidente, la plus dangereuse, et la plus
ennuyante, surtout quand la peste se déclarait dans le quartier
européen. Quand les investigateurs ont compris que ces visiteurs
sans invitation arrivaient par les égouts, l'état engageait
des équipes d'indigènes pour les combattre, mais sans effet
durable et avec des résultats inattendus. Cet épisode est
révélateur des illusions, des hypocrisies, et des paradoxes
du pouvoir colonial français.
"My Own Funny Little Lecture Boom": Henry James's American Performance
Authors: O'Donnell Heather
Published: February 2007

This essay considers Henry James's American lectures of 1904-1905 in the context of their original performance. James's lecture tour was designed to sell his work to American readers, but his "absolutely economic" considerations were at odds with his increasing desire to intervene directly in American life--to correct, exhort, and excoriate. His final American lecture, "The Question of Our Speech," a scathing (and ironically marketable) critique of American civilization, was informed by James's uneasy negotiation of the public and the private, the commercial and the
critical, during his previous lectures in the United States.
"Lurking Ghosts": Metaphor, The Ambassadors, and Henry James's Population of the American Scene
Authors: Scherzinger Karen
Published: February 2007

In The American Scene, James reconstructs the land of his birth as a "fine blank space" into which he inserts a population of ghosts and ethereal personifications that illuminate his own apprehension of bewildered alienation. By way of an extended deconstructive reading of James's use of metaphor in The Ambassadors, the article shows James, in The American Scene, to be reasserting the hard-won lesson, learnt during a lifelong professional struggle, that signification is untamable and that teleological striving must be suspended. Rather than simply reversing traditional hierarchies, James embraces the necessarily tenuous and vulnerable nature of any account of America-as-text.
The Portrait of Henry James in Estonia(n)
Authors: Sool Reet
Published: February 2007

Henry James is virtually invisible in Estonia(n), as is Estonia itself in the world. His earliest works in the library of the University of Tartu (1632) are German translations. In old catalogues, James figures as a British author, American literature being relatively unknown in Estonia before World War II. After the forceful incorporation of Estonia into the Soviet Union, literature could be studied predominantly from the Marxist-Leninist angle, as the textbooks and BA theses testify. Daami portree (1977, The Portrait of a Lady) was widely read, the first piece in the portrait of Henry James in Estonia(n).
Kant's Conception of Architectonic in its Historical Context
Authors: Manchester Paula
Published: February 2007

This paper defends Kant's conception of architectonic as furthering emancipatory reforms of critical philosophy. The author argues that while Lambert's reform of architectonic was the catalyst for Kant's attention to the term, Rousseau was important for Kant's conception of what architectonical thinking should be for philosophy. Kant's cosmopolitan meaning of architectonic requires that it not be based on an analogy to an architect, but on that of a "teacher in the ideal" who attempts to further essential ends of human reason by discovering systems that can interrogate doctrines for their significance for the whole vocation of humanity.
John Buridan and the Problems of Dualism in the Early Fourteenth Century
Authors: Lagerlund Henrik
Published: February 2007

In this paper I argue that the famous problems of dualism between mind (soul) and body, that is, the problems of interaction and unification, concerned philosophers already in a medieval Aristotelian tradition. The problems, although traceable earlier, become particularly visible after William Ockham in the early fourteenth century, and in formulating his own position on the animal and human souls I argue that Buridan realized these problems and laid down the only views on the soul he thought to be possible in an Aristotelian framework. His discussion then sets the stage for the following centuries. In presenting the background to Buridan's discussion I treat Aquinas, Ockham, Walter Chatton and Adam Wodeham
The Role of NGOs in the Formulation of and Compliance with the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
Authors: Breen Claire
Published: February 2007

This paper highlights the role that NGOs may play in the drafting of
human rights standards, with particular reference to the rights of the
child regarding children in armed conflict. The travaux preparatoires
of the Optional Protocol on Children in Armed Conflict illustrate the
role played by NGOs in that process. The drafting of Article 38 of the
Convention may have initially been a great disappointment for NGOs,
they were subsequently accorded a second shot at drafting appropriate
rules combining international humanitarian law with that of the rights
of the child—the outcome being the Optional Protocol.
Technological Achievement and Human Development: A View from the United Nations Development Program
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul , Dhanda Kanwalroop Kathy
Published: February 2007

The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship
between technological achievement and human development so that the
human rights community may better understand the impact of the digital
divide worldwide. Using data collected by a variety of international
organizations and in cooperation with the United Nations Development
Programme, this research explores the creation, diffusion, and utilization
of technology within the context of vast socioeconomic inequalities among
nations. The paper opens with a brief introduction to the technology
revolution, followed by a discussion of the digital divide. Data
descriptions are presented in the next section, along with findings that
show comparisons across technology achievement categories. The paper
closes with suggestions for abridging the digital divide, and policy
implications for the global community.
Human Rights without Democracy? A Critique of the Separationist Thesis
Authors: Langlois Anthony J.
Published: February 2007

The internationalization of democracy and human rights since World War
II is an achievement of great proportions and significance. However,
while human rights are regularly seen as universally applicable, not
all see democracy as the most appropriate form of government for all
peoples. Some proponents of human rights have therefore come to the
conclusion that insisting on a link between human rights and democracy
will be harmful for the further acceptance of human rights within the
international society. They claim that human rights and democratization
should be separated. The author calls this claim the separationist thesis
and examines this thesis and the various grounds which may be presented
in its favor, before mounting a series of critical arguments against
it. He concludes that human rights without democracy are standards or
norms, but not rights as such.
The Relationship Between Truth Commissions and International Courts: The Case of Sierra Leone
Authors: Schabas William
Published: February 2007

The Lom� Peace Agreement of 7 July 1999 officially ended Sierra
Leone's eight-year civil war, granted amnesty to the combatants, and
provided for the establishment of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission
to facilitate the country's healing process. Following renewed fighting,
the government of Sierra Leone, with the assistance of the United Nations,
established a special tribunal to try the most culpable violators of
international humanitarian law and the laws of Sierra Leone. This paper
considers the relationship between these two organizations and will
compare their legal mandates and jurisdictional scopes. This paper will
also examine the admissibility before the Special Court of testimony
delivered in a Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearing.
Prisons and Politics in Contemporary Latin America
Authors: Ungar Mark
Published: February 2007

Despite democratization throughout Latin America, massive human rights
abuses continue in the region's prisons. Conditions have become so bad
that most governments have begun to enact improvements, including new
criminal codes and facility decongestion. However, once in place, these
reforms are undermined by chaotic criminal justice systems, poor policy
administration, and rising crime rates leading to greater detention
powers for the police. After describing current prison conditions in
Latin America and the principal reforms to address them, this article
explains how political and administrative limitations hinder the range
of agencies and officials responsible for implementing those changes.