bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food Insecurity and Dietary IntakeOf Immigrant Food Bank Users
Authors: Rush Timothy J. , Ng Victor , Irwin Jennifer D. , Stitt Larry W. , He Meizi
Published: May 2007

Purpose: The degree of food insecurity and dietary intake was examined in adult Colombians who are new immigrants to Canada and use a food bank.

Methods: In-person surveys were conducted on a convenience sample of 77 adult Colombian immigrant food bank users in London, Ontario. Degree of food insecurity was measured by the Radimer/Cornell questionnaire, food intakes by 24-hour recall, sociodemographics, and questionnaires about changes in dietary patterns before and after immigration.

Results: Thirty-six men and 41 women participated in the study. Despite being highly educated, all respondents had experienced some form of food insecurity within the previous 30 days. The degree of food insecurity seems to be inversely associated with income and length of residency in Canada. Total daily energy intake was low, with a mean value of 1,568.3 ± 606.0 kcal (6,217.5 ± 2,336.4 kJ). In particular, a large proportion of participants consumed a diet low in fruits and vegetables (73%) and milk and dairy products (58%).

Conclusions: Colombian immigrant food bank users new to Canada experience various degrees of food insecurity, which is associated with inadequate food intake. Interventions are needed to assist this population with adapting to society while concurrently sustaining healthy eating patterns.
Learning with microcomputers: Training primary school children on a problem‐solving program
Authors: Simon Tony , McShane John , Radley Sally
Published: May 2007

This study investigated the effects of structured training at two informational levels on children's performance on a problem‐solving computer program. An informed‐training group (strategy training with detailed explanations) performed at a superior level to a blind‐training group (strategy training with no explanations) and a control group. This superiority was maintained 3 weeks later on retest. The results are discussed in relation to the processes that mediate and facilitate training.
Monitoring archaeological sites in a changing landscape–using multitemporal satellite remote sensing as an ‘early warning’ method for detecting regrowth processes
Authors: Barlindhaug Stine , Holm‐Olsen Inger Marie , Tømmervik Hans
Published: May 2007

In the coastal areas of North Norway farm abandonment followed by regrowth and reforestation is a major factor leading to landscape change. One consequence of this change is that archaeological sites are lost. A survey programme started by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage in 1997, aimed at monitoring the condition of archaeological sites listed in the Norwegian National Sites and Monuments Record, has documented that regrowth processes represent a threat to the sites. The extent of the problem of regrowth and reforestation of archaeological sites is mostly unknown, however, and efficient coping strategies are not developed. In this article we present a change detection method based on the use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) applied to Landsat images with different acquisition dates, followed by image differencing. This procedure results in an easily interpretable and extremely quick approach to change detection of land cover as well as change in biomass, and it can be used as a ‘first warning’ method to indicate archaeological sites threatened by regrowth processes. The method as it is applied in this study appears to be most suitable for monitoring changes in the infield areas where contrasts are clearest. Further development is possible, both at the regional level using medium resolution satellite remote sensing where the aim is to detect significant changes in the agricultural as well as the cultural landscape, and at the site level, where use of the same method on data from high‐resolution sensors will allow monitoring of the site on a very detailed scale. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An explicit and conservative remapping strategy for semi‐Lagrangian advection
Authors: Reich Sebastian
Published: May 2007

A conservative semi‐Lagrangian advection scheme has recently been proposed by Cotter et al. in their article “The remapped particle‐mesh semi‐Lagrangian advection scheme” published in The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society (2007, volume 133, pages 251–260). It is based on a remapped particle‐mesh implementation using bicubic B‐spline as basis functions. It has been shown that the method is of comparable accuracy as standard bicubic semi‐Lagrangian advection schemes. A potential drawback of the, so called, remapped particle‐mesh semi‐Lagrangian (RPM SL) advection scheme is that it requires the solution of tridiagonal linear systems of equations. In this note, we demonstrate that the solution of linear equations can be avoided without sacrificing the conservation and accuracy properties of the original RPM SL method. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The structure of informed consent in psychiatric research
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S. , Roth Loren H.
Published: May 2007

The manner in which the informed consent process is structured was explored by means of intensive interviews with 17 experienced psychiatric researchers. Despite differing views on informed consent, investigators displayed a commonality of practice. Most investigators were themselves not usually involved in obtaining consents, relegating the process to lower‐level assistants. They did not closely monitor the process and generally were unaware of problems that may have arisen. Most protocols called for repeat contact with patients so that a relationship would develop and information could be provided before obtaining a formal consent. The actual signing of a consent form often reflected a decision that had been made much earlier in the process. These findings have significance for both sides in the dispute over informed consent in research. Those who favor tighter controls over psychiatric research will have to consider the implications of monitoring, without destroying, a prolonged and complicated process. Those who argue for a reliance on investigators' integrity must deal with the apparent lack of involvement most investigators have in the consent process.
Informed consent in psychiatric practice: The primacy of ethics over law
Authors: Winslade William J.
Published: May 2007

In recent years, concern with informed consent in psychiatry has led to an overemphasis on legal formulations of the problem and a heated debate about when physician paternalism can be justified. This paper proposes that the principle of respect for persons provides better guidance for treatment decisions than do legal guidelines based on a questionable standard of competency.
Patient's choice to suicide v. treater's duty to prevent suicide: Some changing clinical dilemmas
Authors: Felthous Alan R.
Published: May 2007

The evolution of civil commitment procedures is seen as reflecting changing social and ethical values regarding individual liberty versus protection of self and others. The dilemma of dealing with the modern suicidal patient places the psychiatrist at the interface of conflicting societal expectations. The legal aspects of civil commitment are seen as not necessarily compatible with the best clinical course for the suicidal patient. The relationship of the process of the civil commitment to the process of treatment is briefly explored.
Expert testimony on malingering: The admissibility of clinical procedures for the detection of deception
Authors: Adelman Roger M. , Howard April
Published: May 2007

The detection of malingering in the legal context frequently requires the use of psychiatric and psychological expert testimony. These experts may rely on certain clinical techniques in order to detect deception. This article addresses the problem of the admissibility in evidence of clinical procedures used by these experts. The scientific reliability and effect on constitutional rights of procedures such as hypnosis, polygraphy, “truth” drugs, and psychological tests is examined.
Malingering of psychological disorders
Authors: Ziskin Jay
Published: May 2007

Differences between clinical and forensic approaches to evaluating individuals for malingering are discussed. Several important studies are discussed relative to malingering in clinical evaluations, objective and projective psychological testing, and neuropsychological assessment procedures.
Trial by polygraph
Authors: Lykken David T.
Published: May 2007

A brief review of the early and current applications of lie detectors to detecting deception is presented. Research findings on the accuracy of polygraphs in real life situations are discussed. Additionally, the circumstances of polygraph testing (i.e., friendly or adversarial), methods of “beating” the polygraph, and the acceptance of polygraph results in the courtroom are reviewed.
The description and classification of presidential threateners
Authors: Logan William S. , Reuterfors David L. , Bohn Martin J. , Clark Charles L.
Published: May 2007

Presidential threateners who received court‐ordered psychiatric evaluations at the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in 1981 and 1982 were studied. Using data from psychiatric reports and other background documents, the cases were analyzed according to demographic, legal, and psychiatric variables. Cases were also classified according to a system based on the characteristics of the threatener and the context in which the threat was made.
Psychotic perceptions of pet animals in defendants accused of violent crimes
Authors: Felthous Alan R.
Published: May 2007

Some defendants charged with aggressive crimes against people have a history of psychotic perceptions and delusions involving their pet animals. Careful history of this phenomenon can contribute towards better understanding of a defendant's state of mind at the time of the alleged offense. Three case examples are presented and discussed.
The predictive value of the triad for sex offenders
Authors: Prentky Robert A. , Carter Daniel L.
Published: May 2007

This study examined the predictive value of the triad (enuresis, firesetting, cruelty to animals) in a group of incarcerated sex offenders. The most salient positive finding in this investigation was the association between one or more components of the triad and a highly abusive home environment. There was no compelling evidence to support the prognostic value of the triad of behaviors for predicting adult criminal outcome. The triad appeared to be primarily a maladaptive response to the turmoil and abuse in the home prior to and during adolescence. Finally, it is noteworthy that this study revealed a much lower frequency of triad behaviors than has been reported in the literature.
How do people influence in jury deliberation? a social psychological view
Authors: Kaplan Martin F.
Published: May 2007

Research in small‐group decision making suggests two means by which discussion shifts the responses of individual members—Nonmative influence and informational influence. The former is based on pressure to conform to the normative positions of group members, and the latter involves changes due to the informational content of persuasively or passively shared facts. Which influence mode is used depends on the group decision rule, whether the response is public or private, the perceived nature of the task, and the nature of the issue. Specifically, normative influence is likely to prevail in public judgments, under group cohesion sets, and with value‐laden issues, while informational influence will emerge when responses are private, the group is oriented toward the immediate task, and the issue is intellective. Suggestions are made regarding strategy and tactics for anticipating, harnessing, and shaping the form of influence that will take place during deliberation.
The perils of police psychology: 10 strategies for minimizing role conflicts when providing mental health services and consultation to law enforcement agencies
Authors: Dietz Park Elliott , Reese James T.
Published: May 2007

This article addresses common dilemmas faced by mental health professionals working on behalf of law enforcement agencies, focusing on those relating to informed consent; conflicts in values, norms, or their relative importance; and the erosion of professional identity. The authors suggest 10 strategies that mental health professionals may invoke to reduce their risk of confronting ethical dilemmas or of experiencing role conflicts while working on behalf of law enforcement agencies. The need for each strategy is illustrated with one or more examples of problems that have arisen when mental health professionals have failed to obtain consent for their activities, have been insufficiently sensitive to or unaware of conflicts between the usual norms in their professions, and the norms of law enforcement agencies, or have identified too strongly with law enforcement personnel. The 10 strategies recommended here are intended to reduce professional conflicts without compromising operational effectiveness.
Criminal profiling from crime scene analysis
Authors: Douglas John E. , Ressler Robert K. , Burgess Ann W. , Hartman Carol R.
Published: May 2007

Since the 1970s, investigative profilers at the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit (now part of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime) have been assisting local, state, and federal agencies in narrowing investigations by providing criminal personality profiles. An attempt is now being made to describe this criminal‐profile‐generating process. A series of five overlapping stages lead to the sixth stage, or the goal of apprehension of the offender: (1) profiling inputs, (2) decision‐process models, (3) crime assessment, (4) the criminal profile, (5) investigation, and (6) apprehension. Two key feedback filters in the process are: (a) achieving congruence with the evidence, with decision models, and with investigation recommendations, and (b) the addition of new evidence.
Relationships between the U.S. Secret Service and the behavioral and social sciences
Authors: Carney Caren M. , Baker Kenneth P.
Published: May 2007

The United States Secret Service is a federal law enforcement agency of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The Secret Service investigates crimes related to U.S. currency, credit card fraud, forgery of government obligations, and other related violations. However, the Secret Service is perhaps best known for its protective and investigative responsibilities involving the President and Vice President of the United States, members of their immediate families, and visiting foreign dignitaries. During the past 22 years, concern for protective responsibilities has provoked occasional and sometimes fruitful dialogue between the Secret Service and members of the professional behavioral and social sciences communities. This article describes the evolution and future possibilities of that relationship by providing: (a) a brief history and overview of the Secret Service, focusing on its protective and investigative responsibilities, (b) an analysis of the recent contributions of the behavioral and social sciences to the Secret Service, and (c) an assessment of current and future directions to be taken in the professional behavioral sciences intramural and extramural research programs recently established by the Secret Service.
Trial by polygraph: Scientific and juridical issues in lie detection
Authors: Ben‐Shakhar Gershon , Bar‐Hillel Maya , Lieblich Israel
Published: May 2007

The present article examines two methods of polygraph‐assisted lie detection: the Control Question Technique (CQT) and the Guilty Knowledge Technique (GKT). It presents the rationale for both, arguing that only the latter is well grounded in psychological theory. It then surveys the empirical support for claims of the polygraph's ability to detect deception, arguing that such support often comes from studies that are methodologically flawed by contamination of various sorts—especially studies of the CQT. The article then explores the legal implications of introducing polygraph test results, as presently gathered, into the criminal courtroom.
Diagnosing and treating “insanity” on death row: Legal and ethical perspectives
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick
Published: May 2007

In every American state with a death penalty law, execution of the insane is forbidden by statute or case law. Recently, the United States Supreme Court held that this proscription is mandated by the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment. As a result of these laws and the Supreme Court's recent ruling, psychiatrists and psychologists have been and will continue to be called upon to both diagnose and treat insanity among death row inmates. This article considers whether psychiatrists and psychologists can meet both these legal demands and the ethical demands of the healing professions to which they belong.
Ethical issues in prison research: A risk/benefit analysis
Authors: Overholser James C.
Published: May 2007

Ethical issues in research are especially important when working with confined populations such as prisoners. One method that has been proposed to assist the decision‐making process is the use of a risk/benefit model. The informed estimation of the probable risks and potential benefits of any given research project should be used to determine the ethical justifiability of conducting the research. The present article enumerates the variables relevant to a risk/benefit analysis when conducting research in a prison setting. Also, the risks of undue influence and the limits of confidentiality will be discussed. Finally, the appropriate use of informed consent will be discussed as a safeguard against these risks.
Neuroradiologic evaluation of craniocerebral trauma
Authors: Ramsey Ruth G. , Scheer‐Williams Mary
Published: May 2007

Modern imaging techniques have greatly aided our ability to diagnose the effects of craniocerebral trauma. Computed tomography (CT), introduced in 1973, revolutionized the evaluation of changes related to trauma, allowing accurate diagnosis of intracerebral and extracerebral areas of blood accumulation. It became readily apparent that in most cases CT was the only exam necessary prior to surgical treatment. CT also accurately evaluates facial bone trauma. Magnetic resonance (MR), widely introduced in 1983, has also aided in diagnosis and is most accurate in cases of subacute and chronic injury, particularly cases involving shearing injuries. Skull films continue to be useful for linear skull fractures.
An introduction to organic brain syndromes
Authors: Elliott Richard L.
Published: May 2007

Organic brain syndromes are of forensic interest for several reasons. First, patients with organic brain syndromes may require judicial determination of competence in any of a number of areas, e.g., testamentary capacity, need for financial guardianship, or competence to make medical decisions. Second, any patient whose mental state is of legal interest will need evaluation for contributing organic factors; uncovering these factors may have considerable medical and legal consequence. Third, the discovery of organic factors may be decisive in the outcome of a judicial proceeding, where “hard” biological data are often accorded more weight, and are thus more persuasive, than “soft” psychological data. This article provides an introductory overview of the organic brain syndromes. For each syndrome, the clinical features are described and are illustrated with a case vignette, the more common etiologies are presented, and selected aspects to the evaluation are highlighted. In addition, since the detectian of malingered mental illness is a key component in many forensic contexts, characteristics are described which help to distinguish actual from malingered mental illness.
Crime and amnesia: A review
Authors: Kopelman Michael D.
Published: May 2007

The present article reviews amnesia for criminal offenses. It discusses the organic disorders most likely to be implicated, and the nature and differentiation of psychogenic amnesia. With the exception of alcohol and drug intoxication, organic dysfunction is a rare (though important) cause of amnesia for crime. Likewise, fugue states may occasionally be triggered by an offence, but are a very rare cause of the amnesia claimed by offenders. Amnesia is most commonly seen in homicide cases, in which it is claimed by 25% to 45% of offenders, but it occurs also in other types of violent crime, and occasionally in nonviolent crime. It arises in states of extreme emotional arousal, in alcoholic intoxication, and in states of florid psychosis; and it is also associated with depressed mood. Various methods have been advocated for the differentiation of genuine amnesia from deliberate simulation: this distinction can be difficult, but it is noticeable that many amnesic subjects either have reported the crime themselves or have made no attempt to conceal it. The nature of the deficit in this type of amnesia, and its implications for assessment, are also discussed.
Major legal and ethical issues in behavioral treatment: Focus on institutionalized mental patients
Authors: Bentley Kia J.
Published: May 2007

Proponents of behavior therapies advocate expanded use of this approach based on its pragmatics and clinical successes. Critics, however, point not only to abuses in implementation, but charge that the behavioral approach is inherently unethical, especially when used with institutionalized mental patients. This article will review these arguments as well as provide an updated exploration of relevant court decisions impacting behavioral treatment in mental institutions. Suggested courses of action are then provided.
The mental illness defense in the capital penalty hearing
Authors: White Lawrence T.
Published: May 2007

Several defense strategies are available to the capital defendant who is arguing for life in the penalty phase, including a mental illness (MI) defense. An MI defense presents psychiatric testimony to the effect that the defendant was mentally disturbed at the time of the offense and, therefore, should not be held completely responsible. The few studies available suggest that an MI defense will be ineffective because (1) death‐qualified jurors do not respond favorably to purely psychological explanations of criminal behavior and (2) an MI defense may erroneously mislead the jury regarding the defendant's unpredictability and dangerousness. Analagous studies of insanity acquittals suggest certain factors that may be associated with a succesful MI defense.
Boundary maintenance and capital punishment: A sociological perspective
Authors: French Laurence A.
Published: May 2007

Capital punishment represents a sociolegal dilemma in the United States. While there is seemingly popular support in the country for the death penalty, a clear discriminatory bias exists challenging the foundation of American justice–that of fair treatment before the law. A review of sentencing practices and executions indicates major regional (south/non‐south) differences regarding the proportion of executions in terms of both numbers and race. This social process is explained in terms of societal reaction/boundary maintenance model. One means of avoiding these regional biases and to ensure a more objective adjudication process would be to make capital crimes a federal offense.
The juvenile death penalty: A frustrated society's attempt for control
Authors: Ogloff James R. P.
Published: May 2007

The United States is alone among western industrialized nations in allowing a provision for the juvenile death penalty. Specifically, 92% of the juveniles presently sentenced to death were convicted under a felony‐murder doctrine which eliminates the state's burden of proving the mens rea requirement for murder. The high rate of felony‐murder convictions of juveniles on death row is highly inconsistent with theories of punishment which have traditionally been used to support the death penalty.
Legal schizophrenia and the mental health lawyer: Recent trends in civil commitment litigation
Authors: Brakel Samuel Jan
Published: May 2007

Mental disability law is among the most conflicted fields in American jurisprudence, whose essential adversarial structure has accentuated a natural degree of tension between the interests of the disabled and those of society at large, and created a largely needless division between legal rights and human needs. Practitioners in this field, whether lawyers or mental health services providers, exhibit the deleterious symptoms of this conflicted state of things which range from an indiscriminate hyperactivity to nearcatatonia. This overview of recent developments in commitment‐related litigation traces the persisting conflicts over admission criteria, outpatient treatment alternatives, conditional release, transfer procedures, remedies for inappropriate commitment, and the scope of confidentiality rights. It draws a picture of practitioners who continue to be at the mercy of the law's contradictory pushes and pulls. While a degree of conflict in mental disability law is inevitable, the article suggests that by focusing on the best particular interests of the disabled client, practitioners can do social good and avoid the damage that results when other interests are allowed to dominate.
Civil commitment: A review of empirical research
Authors: Hiday Virginia Aldigé
Published: May 2007

This article presents a comprehensive review of empirical micro‐level research which has attempted to evaluate changes in civil commitment law in the United States. It groups studies by category of the general question they address: Who are being processed through civil commitment and who are being committed? How dangerous are civil commitment candidates on admission, in the hospital, and after release? To what extent are court officers adhering to procedural protections in form and in intent? To what extent have restrictive criteria influenced the behavior of medical professionals in processing individuals through civil commitment? and What happens to individuals after their civil commitment experience and their involuntary hospitalization? The article points to needed research and concludes by summarizing existing research from the perspective of finding a balance between civil liverty and benevolence.
Civil commitment laws in nineteenth‐century New York
Authors: Dwyer Ellen
Published: May 2007

The roots of nineteenth‐century American civil commitment law lay in English common law, in particular poor law, with its mixed motives of helping lunatics and of protecting the community from them. As state institutions assumed an increasingly large share of the burden of restraint in the 1840s and 1850s, such confinement decisions became subject to greater public scrutiny. This can be seen particularly clearly in New York State, which in 1842 passed a law requiring that two physicians examine each alleged lunatic and report their findings to a judge who then made the final commitment decision. After the Civil War, a number of legal decisions limited the state's power to initiate civil commitments to cases of clear social danger, though families were not so confined. An 1874 statute further tightened procedural guidelines for civil commitments. A State Commissioner in Lunacy was appointed to oversee the internal workings of lunatic asylums. Yet such legal “reforms” failed to slow the increasing tendency of both families and communities to use such institutions as long‐term holding places for the socially marginal or threatening.
An experimental analysis of the civil commitment recommendations of psychologists and psychiatrists
Authors: Thompson Judith S. , Ager Joel W.
Published: May 2007

Legal and nonlegal factors influencing the civil commitment recommendations of psychologists and psychiatrists separately and as a whole were investigated using an experimental design. One hundred and seventy‐six psychologists and psychiatrists made recommendations for or against commitment for a series of clinical vignettes wherein the five facets of commitment criterion, legal committability, clinical treatability, alternative resources and presence of psychosis were systematically varied. Results revealed that all facets contributed independently and in combination to the commitment decisions of participants as a whole. It was concluded that mental health professionals may utilize a variety of types of information, beyond the relevant legal criteria, in making actual decisions to initiate civil commitments.
Some characteristics of inmates transferred from prison to a state mental hospital
Authors: Edwards K. Anthony
Published: May 2007

Forty‐four inmates transferred to a state mental hospital from a maximum‐security prison and its adjacent trusty unit were compared with a randomly selected group of thirty‐seven inmates from the same prison. Transferred inmates were found over‐represented in terms of assignment to restrictive housing units, sentences of life or some form of life imprisonment, prior hospitalization in a state mental hospital, and conviction for murder. The two groups were not statistically different in terms of age, race, conduct, or prior incarcerations. Implications for planning psychological services in prisons are discussed.
Assessing treatability in drug offenders
Authors: Ashford José B.
Published: May 2007

The goal of this study was to describe the factors employed by clinicians in assessing treatability in offenders seeking statutory benefits of drug treatment. This goal was achieved by using descriptive principles from representative designs in the field of psychology to make explicit the decision rules or clinical policy of an Ohio forensic psychiatric center.
The credibility of children's allegations of sexual abuse
Authors: Quinn Kathleen M.
Published: May 2007

Sexual abuse, the fastest growing type of abuse complaint, often raises issues concerning the credibility of individual allegations. This paper discusses historical, developmental, and societal factors affecting children's credibility and recommended assessment methods that maximize a child's capacity to relate his or her experience. Clinical factors leading to false allegations are discussed.
Combining cognitive‐behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of pedophilic incest offenders
Authors: Stermac Lana , Hucker Stephen
Published: May 2007

Treatment programs for incest offenders traditionally do not differentiate between pedophilic and nonpedophilic perpetrators. This oversight has failed to meet the specialized needs of pedophilic incest offenders, who differ from other incest as well as nonfamilial sex offenders in important ways. This paper describes a treatment intervention combining cognitive‐behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy for the specialized treatment needs of the pedophilic incest offender. A case report is presented to illustrate the use of combined treatment and to highlight indicators for this strategy.
An overview of the law of juvenile delinquency
Authors: Whitebread Charles , Heilman John
Published: May 2007

The juvenile justice system as we know it today evolved in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a result of reformers' desires to create separate juvenile courts designed to rehabilitate delinquent youths. The first step of the current system is the intake phase where a probation officer decides whether a petition should be filed against the juvenile or whether the juvenile should be diverted to a social service agency. If a petition is filed, the next issue that arises is whether the juvenile will be detained pending the hearing on the petition. In most instances, the minor will be released to the custody of his or her parents unless there is evidence that the juvenile will flee or engage in additional criminal conduct prior to the hearing. The juvenile court, in most states, will also determine whether the juvenile will benefit from the rehabilitative treatment offered by the juvenile court. If not, the matter will be transferred to adult court. If the juvenile court retains jurisdiction, an adjudicatory hearing will be held to determine whether the minor engaged in criminal conduct. After the adjudicatory hearing, those juveniles who are found to be delinquent receive a disposition. A wide range of dispositions are available to juvenile court judges, with the most common being probation.
Advancing knowledge about delinquency and crime: The need for a coordinated program of longitudinal research
Authors: Farrington David P.
Published: May 2007

Past research on delinquency and crime has provided convincing data about correlates but not about causes, because it has been largely cross‐sectional in design. Whereas cross‐sectional research focuses on variations between subjects, longitudinal research can provide information about changes within subjects, which are more important for causes, prevention, and treatment. Many of the most important results in criminology have been obtained in longitudinal or experimental studies, and the major studies of these types are reviewed here. It is now desirable to combine the two methods in a new coordinated program of longitudinal studies including experimental interventions or quasi‐experimental analyses. Such projects could study several overlapping cohorts, extend from birth to adulthood, have frequent data collection, and obtain data from a variety of sources about many different types of antisocial behavior.
Treatment of juvenile offenders: Study outcomes since 1980
Authors: Basta Joanna M. , Davidson William S.
Published: May 2007

Past reviews of the treatment of juvenile offenders have concluded that “nothing works.” More recently, some reviewers have concluded that treatment concepts are not necessarily ineffective, but, instead, research methodology and treatment integrity have been inadequate. The present review looks at the treatment of adjudicated juvenile offenders from a computer‐data‐based search of the literature published from 1980 to 1987. Research outcome and methodology are summarized and critiqued. The conclusions are that treatment outcomes were positive, but that serious methodological weaknesses still exist in the literature. Improvements still need to be made in sample sizes, use of appropriate and multiple measures of recidivism, random assignment and/or use of appropriate control groups, and long‐term follow‐up assessment.
Delinquency, substance abuse, and risk taking in middle‐class adolescents
Authors: Levine Murray , Singer Simon I.
Published: May 2007

Risk‐taking attitudes are strong predictors of delinquency and substance abuse among male and female middle‐class adolescents. Risk‐taking measures make strong and independent contributions to predicting self‐reported delinquency and drug and alcohol use, even taking into account bonding to family and school and attitudes toward one's religious faith and employment. A measure of involvement with a delinquent peer group also predicts delinquency and drug and alcohol use. Moreover, those adolescents who are more likely to be involved in delinquent activity, or to be heavier users of substances, are less likely to turn to parents or formal helpers (e.g., counselors, teachers, etc.), and more likely to turn to peers for help. Delinquency and substance abuse prevention programs should take into account adolescent risk taking and should affect peer group norms if they are to be effective.
MMPI profiles of adolescents charged with homicide
Authors: Cornell Dewey G. , Miller Carolee , Benedek Elissa P.
Published: May 2007

Study of adolescent violence has been impeded by failure to distinguish among the circumstances in which youth engage in violent behavior. The present study investigated MMPI profiles of 36 adolescent murderers and a control group of 18 adolescents charged with larceny. Homicide cases were subgrouped into those who committed homicide secondary to another crime (e.g., robbery or rape) and those who acted in the context of interpersonal conflict with the victim. While there were no significant differences between homicide and larceny groups, crime and conflict subgroups were significantly different on scales F, Hs, Hy, and Sc.
Neuropsychological perspectives on delinquency
Authors: Miller Laurence
Published: May 2007

Neuropsychological studies of delinquents have revealed characteristic deficits in skills that require verbal mediation, conceptual integration, impulse control, anticipation of consequences of actions, and the utilization of feedback from behavior to modify maladaptive response patterns. Formulations of this impairment pattern in terms of frontal lobe and left hemisphere dysfunction are reviewed. The role of verbal mediation in the development of a stable personality and the capacity for self‐control is discussed. It is proposed that the neuropsychodynamic profile of the delinquent is dominated by an inability to form a self‐referential conceptual classification system and that this predisposes to behavioral disinhibition under conditions of stress or interpersonal conflict. The relationship between language development, moral cognition, and social behavior is examined and therapeutic and dispositional implications are discussed. Finally, the general role of neuropsychological models in personality and social theory is addressed.
Homicide without an apparent motive
Authors: Holcomb William R. , Daniel Anasseril E.
Published: May 2007

Fifty‐two defendants who allegedly killed without apparent motive were compared to 154 homicide defendants with clear motives on demographic and psychiatric variables. Individuals who killed without motive were more likely to have: (1) no history of alcohol abuse: (2) a recent release from prison: (3) claims of amnesia for the crime; and (4) denial of the crime. They also tended to exhibit psychotic behavior following the crime and to be assessed as not guilty of the crime due to mental illness.
Fixing forensic patients: Psychiatric recommendations for treatment in pretrial settings
Authors: Menzies Robert J. , Webster Christopher D.
Published: May 2007

This article is concerned with psychiatric recommendations for treatment at the Metropolitan Toronto Forensic Service (METFORS), a clinical assessment agency providing both 1‐day and 30‐day evaluations of criminal defendants in Toronto, Canada. Analysis of both psychiatric reports and quantitative research instruments demonstrated the saliency of treatment as a central forensic issue at METFORS. Among a sample of 592 defendants, 134 were considered in need of outpatient care. Persons recommended for hospitalization were most likely to exhibit histories of mental health rather than criminal justice contacts; to be arrested for nonviolent offenses; to manifest psychotic behavior while at METFORS; to be found unfit for bail, incompetent to stand trial, in need of further assessment and dangerous to self; and to experience higher rates of hospitalization, but lower levels of criminalization during the two years following their initial forensic assessment. Psychiatric reports at METFORS tended to merge recommendations for treatment and assessment; to suggest prison or probation as means for securing clinical treatment; and to provide little written support for judgments about the need for intervention. Along with competency and dangerousness, treatment is a key issue in forensic practice, and warrants further attention in the psycholegal literature.
An empirical approach to the classification and treatment of maximum security psychiatric patients
Authors: Rice Marnie E. , Harris Grant T.
Published: May 2007

Treatment approaches with forensic patients have traditionally been nonspecific and have been based primarily on legal or diagnostic categories. The current study, stimulated by the need to reorganize treatment and assessment services, examined the incidence among 189 maximum security psychiatric patients of 70 problems commonly exhibited either in the community prior to admission or within the institution. Through a series of factor and cluster analyses, a model for the placement and treatment of these patients was developed that included assaultiveness, level of functioning, social withdrawal, and active psychotic symptoms.
Predicting outcome of insanity acquittees released to the community
Authors: Cohen Marcia I. , Spodak Michael K. , Silver Stuart B. , Williams Katherine
Published: May 2007

This research developed a model for forensic release decisions that incorporated actuarial and psychiatric predictors. The model was based on research that compared 127 insanity acquittees in the State of Maryland with a matched control group of 127 convicted felons and a comparison group of 135 mentally disordered prison transfers. The three cohorts were followed for an average of 10 years after release from hospital or prison. Findings on two outcome indicators are reported in this article: rearrests within 5 years after release and overall functioning in the community during 2½ years after release. Discriminant analysis was performed on the outcome variable of rearrest; it was found to accurately predict the outcome of 75% of the subjects with the following six variables: adjustment in hospital, clinical assessment of hospital staff, Global Assessment Scale score at release, functioning prior to instant offense, heroin addiction, and birth order. A second discriminant analysis identified seven variables that accurately predicted the overall functioning of 80.4% of the insanity acquittees.
Predictors of improvement in maximum security forensic hospital patients
Authors: Rodenhauser Paul , Khamis H. J.
Published: May 2007

In a maximum security forensic hospital population (n= 376), relationships between three groups of patient factors (diagnostic data patient histories, and hospital course) and two indicators of treatment effectiveness (length of hospitalization [LOH] and restoration of competency to stand trial) were analyzed. Schizophrenia, previous hospitalizations, felony charges, drug treatment refusal, involuntary medication, physical restraint, and absence of personality disorders were associated with increased LOH. Nonschizophrenic patients without histories of previous incarceration, and, paradoxically, drug treatment refusers were relatively successful with competency restoration. Implications of these findings and questions for future research are discussed.
Guidelines are not enough: The need for written sentencing opinions
Authors: Miller Professor Marc
Published: May 2007

Guideline sentencing systems, including the new federal guidelines, have not settled on a clear conception of when and how a trial judge should explain sentences. Indeterminate sentencing systems did not have a tradition of written sentencing decisions and recent sentencing reforms do not focus on the trial judge's role. This article suggests the many advantages of written sentencing opinions. Initial experience under the federal sentencing guidelines bolsters the conclusion that written sentencing opinions in appropriate cases—including both sentences “within” guidelines and guideline “departures”—are the next step in the evolving law of sentencing and the best way to recognize trial judges as an essential engine of principled change.
Stakes and risk: Incapacitative intent in sentencing decisions
Authors: Gottfredson Don M. , Gottfredson Stephen D. , Conly Catherine H.
Published: May 2007

Measures of seriousness of the conviction offense and prior criminal record are strong correlates of sentences. This is consistent with a desert orientation to sentencing. Competing sentencing theories emphasize concepts of risk and incapacitation, but their roles in sentencing decisions have received less attention.

This study focused on judicial risk assessments and on the concept of stakes. Both variables plausibly are related to incapacitative intents of judges. Our hypotheses that the risk and stakes measures used are relatively independent and correlated with, and have an interaction effect on, decision outcomes were supported. Both judges' assessments of risk and our stakes scale accounted for substantial variation in the decision to incarcerate. Time actually served in confinement also was related substantially to stakes, risk, and their interaction.

Implications of the stakes and risk concepts for future guidelines development and decision study in criminal justice are discussed.
The conscience and convenience of sentencing reform in Indiana
Authors: Hamm Mark S.
Published: May 2007

Over the course of the past decade and a half, enormous energy and talent have been devoted to the issue of determinate sentencing. Yet today we know little about the values underlying this reform, and we know even less about the efficacy of determinate sentencing as a crime control policy. This article considers these issues in Indiana 10 years after the renovation of the state's Penal Code. Through a survey of state legislators, an examination of law, official statistics, and personal interview data, the analysis endeavors to understand the ideologies, pragmatics, and impacts of sentencing reform. It is suggested that the implementation of determinate sentencing represents a corruption of both good intentions (“conscience)” and policy objectives. Parenthetically, the article argues that the constructs known as the crime control model and the justice model both constitute a case of arid scholasticism. That is, sentencing reform can be more fully understood in terms of organizational “convenience”.
Inmates' perceptions of determinate and indeterminate sentences
Authors: Larson Calvin J. , Berg Bruce L.
Published: May 2007

The movement to replace indeterminate with determinate sentencing is among the most important recent developments in the criminal justice field. While the views of citizens and scholars on the subject have been widely promulgated, little is known about those of the ultimate “consumers” of sentencing reform, namely, inmates. This article examines the views of a systematic sample of inmates in a maximum security institution in Massachusetts. Subjects' opinions were sought on the relative merits of the two typs of sentencing, and possible behavioral and deterrent effects of a proposed switch to determinate sentencing. More inmates were found to be either opposed to or undecided about than in favor of determinate sentencing.
The admissibility of expert testimony regarding malingering and deception
Authors: Ogloff James R. P.
Published: May 2007

This article discusses the legal admissibility of expert testimony and the ability of mental health professionals to detect malingering and deception among defendants. A legal analysis of the admissibility of expert testimony regarding malingering and deception in formal legal proceedings is presented. Some guidelines are provided to help mental health professionals and attorneys determine the admissibility of evidence they intend to introduce. Although psychologists and psychiatrists currently have a limited ability to identify accurately malingering and deception, expert testimony about the genuineness of a defendant's mental illness is likely to be held admissible for both practical and evidentiary reasons. In contrast, evidence about a witness' credibility is rarely admissible. In addition, psychologists are ethically obliged to recognize their limitations in making representations about their skills.
The SIRS as a measure of malingering: A validation study with a correctional sample
Authors: Rogers Richard , Gillis J. Roy , Bagby R. Michael
Published: May 2007

A simulation design was used to test the validity of the SIRS as a structured interview for the assessment of malingering. A correctional sample (25 simulators and 26 controls) was compared to previous validation research (Rogers et al., 1989) which had employed clinical and community samples. Results indicated that six of the 13 SIRS scales, as well as overall item endorsement, differed consistently between honest and simulating/malingering conditions across correctional, clinical, and community settings. In addition, the suggestion that sociopaths may be more effective malingerers was not supported by the SIRS data.