bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative Pool Size of Potentially Competent Antibody-Forming Cells of Primed and Nonprimed Spleen Cells Grown in in Vivo Culture
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Makinodan T.
Published: January 2023

Spleen cells from primed and nonprimed donors were cultured in lethally irradiated, isologous recipients and the relative pool size of PC cells was determined at varying intervals for 13 days under various experimental conditions. The results showed that the pool size of PC cells decreased to a minimum during the first 5 days after culture of nonprimed spleen cells. This decrease in pool size can be circumvented almost completely by the combined treatment of reduced radiation exposure to recipients and bone marrow therapy. It can be accentuated by exposing these cells to a noncross-reacting antigen when spleen cells are known to be proliferating and differentiating into terminal blood cells maximally. In contrast, the pool size of PC cells from primed donors neither increased nor decreased significantly during this period of observation and, furthermore, was not affected by these treatments. These results indicate that there exist, in accordance with the unidirectional flow model, at least two sequential compartments of PC cells, PC1 and PC2. Cells in the former compartment can be considered to be multipotent—capable of differentiating along several paths depending upon the stimuli—and those in the latter unipotent and therefore insensitive to hematopoietins and unrelated antigenic stimuli.
The Effect of Endotoxin on the Antibody Response of Transferred Spleen Cells
Authors: Cohen Edward P. , Crosby Louise K. , Talmage David W.
Published: January 2023

The antibody response of mouse spleen cells transferred to an isologous recipient by intravenous injection was studied. It was confirmed that nonsensitized normal cells made detectable quantities of antibody when stimulated with antigen immediately after transfer. If the antigenic stimulus was delayed to day 5 or day 10 after cell transfer, no antibody was found. The addition of bacterial endotoxin to the antigenic challenge increased the antibody titer and cells otherwise unresponsive responded normally.
The Bactericidal Actions of O and VI Antibodies against Salmonella Typhosa
Authors: Osawa Etsuko , Muschel Louis H.
Published: January 2023

Anti-Vi and anti-O are both bactericidal against virulent strains of S. typhosa. With currently used vaccines, however, the anti-Vi response contributed very little to the bactericidal action of immune serums. The bactericidal activity of such serums reflected primarily their anti-O content. The apparent lack of protection afforded by anti-Vi in human subjects may be related to this finding.
Patterns of “Lipovirus” Antibody in Human Populations
Authors: Chang R. Shihman , Owens Susan
Published: January 2023

Lipovirus antibody in human and animal sera was surveyed using the newly devised sensitized erythrocyte agglutination and complement-fixation tests. The following pertinent results were obtained: Fifty-nine per cent of 332 serum samples from the general population in the Boston area were positive for lipovirus antibody. The highest incidence of positives occurred in the 5- to 9.9-year-old group (83%) and the lowest in the 1-year-old group (33%) and in those over 40 years of age (24%).The incidence of positives as well as the antibody titers in 28 infectious hepatitis patients belonging to two noninstitutional epidemics, and in five sporadic cases, were significantly higher than those of the nonhepatitis patients of comparable age.In the Ely, Nevada, hepatitis epidemic, the incidence of positives or antibody titers were not higher than in the nonhepatitis population.No lipovirus antibody was demonstrated in the sera of two serum hepatitis patients.Sera from 27 guinea pigs, 10 white Swiss mice, 6 rats, 6 hamsters and an unknown number of calves were negative for lipovirus antibody. One of 56 rabbit sera gave positive SEA test. Five of 27 chick sera were positive in the SEA test; the agglutination was, however, weak and inconsistent. Four of nine horse sera agglutinated lipovirus-sensitized erythrocytes at dilutions of 1:160 to 1:640, but their CF antibody titers were low.

It is concluded that the lipovirus is a common infectious agent of man or is antigenically related to a common human pathogen, and that the lipovirus is immunologically related to an agent capable of causing infectious hepatitis in man.
Disappearance of I131 Labeled Diphtheria Toxoid in Human Skin and its Relationship to Immediate Wheal Reactions
Authors: Kuhns William J.
Published: January 2023

The disappearance of I131 and I131 toxoid from injection sites was studied in the skin of normal Schick positive and Schick negative subjects. The curve of disappearance of I131 toxoid was in three phases; (1) equilibration, which occurred both in Schick positive and Schick negative persons immediately after injection; (2) exponential phase, which was observed in Schick positive persons subsequent to the equilibration phase; (3) immune elimination, which occurred in Schick negative subjects subsequent to the equilibration phase. Immune elimination appeared to be responsible for shortened survival of I131 toxoid in local sites as suggested by its relatively rapid removal from skin in the Schick negative person and in subjects who received preformed I131 toxoid antitoxin complexes. When delayed reaction occurred following I131 toxoid, there was seen an unexpected degree of retention of the isotope in Schick negative persons.

Apart from variable results associated with delayed reactions, the half-life of I131 toxoid in skin sites injected with toxoid was estimated at a) 3 to 5 days in Schick positive persons; b) <1 to 2 days in Schick negative persons. Preformed I131 toxoid-antitoxin complexes disappeared from intradermal sites with a half-life of < 1 day.

Immediate wheal reactions occurred commonly when I131 toxoid was present in a Schick-negative person with a high titer of circulating antitoxin. In this circumstance wheal reactions occurred in the phase of immune elimination of I131 toxoid. Two successive doses of I131 diphtheria toxoid given to each person caused wheal reactions in all instances. Delayed reactions after toxoid appeared to assist this process by slowing the release of antigen from the injection site. The data suggest that immediate wheal reactions occur in hyperimmune persons in association with the formation in skin of antigen-antibody complexes.
Antibody Formation by Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Attardi Giuseppe , Cohn Melvin , Horibata Kengo , Lennox Edwin S.
Published: January 2023

A technique for measuring antibody produced by single cells was developed which permitted a demonstration that one cell can make two antibodies.
Antibody Formation by Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Attardi Giuseppe , Cohn Melvin , Horibata Kengo , Lennox Edwin S.
Published: January 2023

The formation of antibody to bacteriophage by lymph node cells in micropipets has been analyzed. It has been shown that one cell can produce two antibodies and that the cellular distribution of antibody production is the same as that found for the microdrop technique (1, 2). Furthermore antibody production is associated with lymphocytes as well as plasmacytes although the frequency of found producers is about two times higher in the latter.
Antibody Formation by Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Attardi Giuseppe , Cohn Melvin , Horibata Kengo , Lennox Edwin S.
Published: January 2023

A method for the assay of antibody formation by single cells has been described. The technique involves the measurement of the inactivation of the immunologically unrelated bacteriophages T2, T5 and C by antibody synthesized by single cells in microdrops.

The detailed description has been presented of: a) the purification and titration of bacteriophage strains, b) the immunization of rabbits, c) the assay of antisera, d) the preparation of antibody producing cell suspensions, e) the dispensing in microdrops of single cells, f) the assay of antibody found in microdrops.

We have reviewed our findings concerning the properties of the rabbit and of cell suspensions important for single cell studies of antibody formation. Included are the kinetics of the response of rabbits to immunization, controls on techniques for isolating cells, and conditions for antibody synthesis in tissue culture.
Humoral Factors in Cellular Resistance
Authors: Wu William G. , Marcus Stanley
Published: January 2023

Experiments were designed to determine the effect of complement (C′) and/or partially purified calf properdin (PPCP) on phagocytosis and digestion of P-32 labeled Histoplasma capsulatum by peritoneal macrophages from immunized and control mice. The following results were obtained: Little difference was found in the phagocytic and cytopeptic rates between immune and normal phagocytes studied in the presence of cell maintenance fluid (CMF), or media containing C′ and/or PPCP, or heated PPCP.The presence of C′, PPCP or heated PPCP caused enhanced rates of cytopepsis by both immune and normal phagocytes; the effect induced by heated and unheated PPCP was greater than that induced by C′. This effect brought about by heated and unheated properdin is apparently due to factors other than properdin.Complement and properdin in the same medium (the properdin system) gave the most rapid rates of cytopepsis. This suggests that both of these heat labile factors are necessary for maximal cellular resistance.
Enhancement of the Primary Antibody Response to Particulate Antigens by Simple Lipids
Authors: Barrie Jean U. , Cooper G. N.
Published: January 2023

Intravenous injection of suspensions of triolein or ethyl stearate cause significant modification of the phagocytic activity of the RES in rats and in mice. When given in conjunction with particulate antigens these substances have been found to possess considerable adjuvant properties; however, adjuvance does not seem to be dependent upon the phagocytic activity of the RES at the time of antigen injection. The adjuvant effects of both lipids are dose-dependent and also influenced by the time of administration in relation to the antigen. Although both triolein and ethyl stearate elevate the primary antibody response if given 48 hr before the antigen, only triolein has marked adjuvant properties when given simultaneously with the antigen. Studies of the distribution of 51Cr-labeled antigen in rats and morphologic changes in spleen cell smears have suggested that two different mechanisms may operate in adjuvance due to these lipids. Of most significance has been the finding that, in animals treated simultaneously with triolein and antigen, a marked acceleration and augmentation of the early cellular events related to antibody production occurs in the spleen. The significance of these findings has been discussed in connection with their similarity to those of other workers using endotoxins and related substances as adjuvants.
Constituents and Antigens of Normal Human Gastric Mucosa as Characterized by Electrophoresis and Immunoelectrophoresis in Agar Gel
Authors: Rapp W. , Aronson S. B. , Burtin P. , Grabar P.
Published: January 2023

Mucosal extracts of 20 normal human stomachs obtained at surgery were characterized by chemical methods after electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis in agar gel. Nine protein fractions were observed after electrophoresis, three of which migrated faster than serum albumin. Using absorbed rabbit antigastric mucosal antisera nine specific mucosal antigens were found and classified according to their electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic mobility. The SE and IE patterns of glycoproteins, carboxylic esterases, lactic dehydrogenases, acid phosphates, peroxydases, catalase have been described. Proteolytic activities with a pH optimum in the strongly acid range were detected in the anodic region corresponding to four pepsin-like enzymes, three of which have been shown to be antigenic. Esterase activity was found at five different electrophoretic sites but only one precipitin line in the cathodic region stained for the same activity. Two lines near the center well were characterized as glycoproteins. Contamination of mucosal extracts by blood and other nonmucosal constituents was evaluated in SE by successive extraction of the mucosa and by comparison with blood, normal human serum, gastric muscularis and mucus. Catalase and peroxydase activities proved to be due to blood contaminants. Several plasma proteins were identified in the different gastric extracts by immunoelectrophoresis. The organ specificity of the nine gastric mucosal antigens was established by absorption studies with blood, erythrocytes, plasma and other human organ extracts. Two of the nine antigens disappeared after absorption of the antiserum with human small intestine. No significant differences were observed in the electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic patterns of the individual stomachs. By combining electrophoretic, immunoelectrophoretic and chemical characterization methods a typical pattern of normal gastric mucosal constituents and antigens has been established to serve as a baseline for further investigation of alterations in malignant gastric mucosae.
Ineffectiveness of Antibody on the Intracellular Development of Influenza Virus WS Strain in Ehrlich Ascites Cells in Mice
Authors: Onodera Tokio , Hinuma Yorio , Ishida Nakao
Published: January 2023

The effect of antiviral antibody on replication of the WS strain of influenza A virus in Ehrlich ascites cells was examined by inoculating mice immunized against the virus with cells infected with the virus.

Multiplication of this virus in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was examined in detail by fluorescent antibody staining of the virus antigens, titration of egg infectivity of the cell-associated virus, and counting of cells to measure the oncolytic effect of the virus. By immunofluorescence, intracellular development of the virus was demonstrated both in nucleus and cytoplasm and was found to proceed in a uniform manner in all cells of a suspension.

Results of experiments on the effect of antibody on virus growth were as follows: a) When virus infection was established in vitro, the oncolytic effect of the virus was not prevented when the cells were implanted in immune mice; b) immunofluorescent staining revealed that the development of virus antigens in cells inoculated into immune mice proceeded as in nonimmune mice; c) growth curves of the cell-associated virus were identical in immune mice and nonimmune mice; d) when suspensions of cells grown in immune mice were washed free of antibody, virus multiplication was equal to that of cells from nonimmune mice.

The results obtained indicate that there is no inhibitory effect of antiviral antibody on the intracellular processes producing multiplication of WS virus.
Phagocytosis and Intracellular Fate of Pasteurella Tularensis
Authors: Thorpe Bert D. , Marcus Stanley
Published: January 2023

In vitro studies on the ingestive and digestive capacities of rabbit mononuclear phagocytes from the peritoneal cavities of normal and previously immunized rabbits were made using avirulent, moderately virulent and highly virulent strains of Pasteurella tularensis. The types of serum (autologous, homologous and heterologous) present in 30% concentration and specific antibodies were not found to have any significant effects on the ingestive and intracellular destructive capabilities of these phagocytes on the three strains of the organism. Phagocytes from immune animals were found to have significantly increased intracellular destructive capacities in all cases as compared to those from normal animals. The following hypotheses have been defended: a) The degree of severity of P. tularensis infection in normal rabbits is dependent on the abilities of the phagocytic cells of the animals to destroy the organisms intracellularly; b) host resistance in acquired immunity to tularemia is primarily dependent on the altered phagocytic cells which have greatly enhanced intracellular destructive capacities; and c) humoral factors in acquired immunity to tularemia are secondary in importance.
Immunochemical Studies of the Rh System
Authors: Kochwa Shaul , Rosenfield Richard E.
Published: January 2023

A method of antibody isolation based upon absorption with intact erythrocytes, lysis of washed sensitized cells with digitonin, and acid elution of antibodies from hemoglobin-free stroma, has been described. Antibody activity of eluates was correlated with the firmness of the erythrocytic antigen-antibody bond during absorption and with the amount of γ-globulin found in the eluate. The γ-globulin in eluates was characterized by column chromatography, double gel diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation, and was measured by specific precipitin method. Ficin treatment of red cells was found to increase the capacity of Rh antigenic sites to bind some Rh antibodies. On gradient DEAE chromatographic fractionation of sera, poorly binding Rh antibodies in one serum were recovered at a slightly higher buffer concentration than the more common firmly binding antibodies.
Quantitative Studies on the Precipitation of Anti-2,4-Dinitrophenyl Antibody in Antigen Excess
Authors: Siskind Gregory W.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Decrease in precipitation of purified rabbit anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody in antigen excess was studied with various DNP-proteins under different conditions of pH and salt concentration. It was shown that the tendency to form soluble complexes in antigen excess depends upon the nature of the protein to which DNP is coupled. DNP-proteins which have a greater charge density and thus a greater tendency to enter aqueous solution, as indicated by their solubility under different conditions of pH and salt concentration, their behavior on acid-base titration, and their electrophoretic mobility, have a greater tendency to form soluble complexes in antigen excess, and their precipitation with antibody is more readily inhibited by the presence of free hapten.
The Production and Transfer of Immune Reactions to Bovine Serum Albumin in Isogenic and Allogeneic Mice
Authors: Vredevoe Donna L.
Published: January 2023

Isogenic A-line mice and nonisogenic Swiss mice were sensitized to BSA incorporated into Freund's complete adjuvant. Booster injections of soluble BSA were given intracutaneously 17 and 24 days after the initial antigen injection. Spleen, lymph node and thymus cells were transferred intraperitoneally to normal recipients of the same strain 2, 7 and 14 days after the booster injections to the donor mice. In cell transfers between nonisogenic Swiss mice, antibody production was transient, whereas in cell transfers between isogenic A-line mice, antibody production by transferred cells continued for many days. This study demonstrates the essentiality for immunogenetic compatibility of donor and recipient in cell transfer experiments.
Immunoelectrophoretic Changes in Mouse γ-Globulin after Intraperitoneal Injection of Bayol F
Authors: Talal Norman , Hermann Günther , Cyr Christiane de Vaux St. , Grabar Pierre
Published: January 2023

BALB/Gif mice were injected intraperitoneally with Bayol F (group 1), Bayol F and ovalbumin (group 2) or ovalbumin alone (group 3) and immunoelectrophoretic studies were performed weekly on sera of individual mice. Marked γ-globulin changes developed in groups 1 and 2 during the first 9 months of observation, before the appearance of plasmacytomas. The time of onset, incidence and nature of these changes were different in each group. Group 3 showed only minimal changes.

A double γ-globulin precipitin line, reflecting an increased antigenic heterogeneity, developed in 20% of group 1 and 100% of group 2 animals. It appeared early (6th week) and abruptly in group 2 and was associated with diffuse hypergammaglobulinemia and the presence of precipitating antibodies directed against ovalbumin. Doubling appeared later and more slowly (12th to 16th week) in group 1 mice who also exhibited hypogammaglobulinemia. Both groups developed peritoneal plasmacytomas and myeloma globulins after the 9th month.
The Production of Anaphylactic Antibody in the Rat
Authors: Binaghi Ruben A. , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: January 2023

The immune response of rats injected in the footpads with protein antigens mixed with Bordetella pertussis organisms or with complete Freund's adjuvant has been investigated.

All the animals produced a high concentration of precipitating antibody in a short period of time. A different type of antibody, able to transfer passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and mast cell damage in normal rats, could also be demonstrated in many of the sera of these animals. This anaphylactic antibody appeared early during immunization, was present in low titers, and disappeared from the serum in about 4 weeks. The presence and titer of the anaphylactic antibody did not show any correlation with the concentration of total precipitating antibody.

The conditions for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats, with rat anaphylactic antibody, were investigated. The optimal sensitization required a latent period of 16 hr and persisted at the skin site for many days.

The significance of these findings is discussed.
Heterotypic Hemagglutination-Inhibition Antibody Responses in Volunteers Inoculated with Adenovirus Types 26 and 27
Authors: Kasel Julius A. , Knight Vernon , Alling David W.
Published: January 2023

In a study of heterotypic HI antibody rises in two groups of volunteers inoculated with adenovirus types 26 and 27, respectively, a high frequency of reciprocal responses between the inoculating types was found and is interpreted as indicating an immunologic relationship between them. Similarly, a significantly elevated frequency of heterotypic responses to type 13 among volunteers inoculated with type 26 suggested a possible immunologic relationship between these types. There was a low percentage of heterotypic responses to 22 other adenovirus types. The presence of heterotypic HI antibody before inoculation was associated with a somewhat greater frequency of postinoculation heterotypic rises.
The Reductive Dissociation of Rabbit Immune Globulin in Sodium Dodecylsulfate
Authors: Jaquet H. , Bloom B. , Cebra John J.
Published: January 2023

Reduction of rabbit immune globulin in the presence of dodecylsulfate resulted in the separation of antigenic sites present in the intact molecule. Components having an s20 of 3.8 S and 2.5 S appeared upon reduction whereas in the absence of reducing agent γ-globulin in detergent alone had an s20 of 5.5 S. Anti-lysozyme or anti-phage globulin retained full antibody activity after reduction in detergent and subsequent alkylation. Partial separation of components of reduced γ-globulin was achieved by gel filtration. Antibody activity was found to be associated mainly with the smaller components of the mixture, which included “B-chains,” chains with I-type antigenic sites related to “A-chains,” and separate chains containing III-type antigenic sites. No convincing antibody activity could be demonstrated with preparations of “A-chain” or “B-chain” obtained by reduction and propionate dissociation. This “B-chain” fraction appeared to contain components which existed in pairs in solution. Between pH 3.7 and 2.4 the “B-chains” dissociated. A similar pairing in neutral buffers and dissociation in 1 M propionic acid was indicated for components in the antibody-active fractions obtained by reduction of γ-globulin or Fragment I in the presence of detergent. In some instances, antibody-active components which remained dissociated after removal of detergent were obtained by reduction of γ-globulin. These components had MW = 20 to 27,000. Ion exchange chromatography of the smaller components obtained from γ-globulin by reduction in detergent yielded fractions containing principally “B-chains.” These fractions retained antibody activity.
The American Association of Immunologists: Past Accomplishments, Future Challenges
Authors: Cheever F. S.
Published: January 2023

Man is a creature of habit, and the members of the American Association of Immunologists are no exception to this rule. This is why I have the privilege of addressing you today, even though I have been weaned away from any significant immunological research during the past six years. Let me explain this paradox.

In the past those chosen by you to serve as Secretary-Treasurer of the Society have been selected in the belief that they possessed certain elementary qualities such as industry, energy, faithfulness and rectitude, and one equally important negative characteristic—a state of relative anergy as regards simple bookkeeping and accounting procedures. An acceptable term of service as Secretary-Treasurer (accompanied by a successful prosecution of the duties incumbent upon a member of the Secretaries Committee of the Federation) has usually been rewarded by election to membership on the Council of the American Association of Immunologists.
Purification of Human Serum γ-Globulin for Immunologic Studies: γ-Globulin Fragmentation after Sulfate Precipitation and Prolonged Dialysis
Authors: Strauss Arthur J. L. , Kemp Pierson G. , Vannier Wilton E. , Goodman Howard C.
Published: January 2023

Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose chromatography of whole human serum, and sodium sulfate precipitated serum globulins in Trisphosphate at pH 8.6, 0.005 M phosphate was used to obtain highly purified human γ-globulins. A 14-fold increase in yield of purified γ-globulin was obtained for a given column size when sodium sulfate precipitated globulins were used. γ-Globulins so derived were incorporated in Freund's adjuvant and injected repeatedly into rabbits over many months. The hyperimmune rabbit serum contained antibodies directed solely against the γ-globulins of human serum and cross-reactive with β2A and β2M globulins when tested by immunodiffusion techniques. Sustained immunization in several animals has been stressed as a more critical procedure for assessing purity of a γ-globulin preparation than initial in vitro immunodiffusion studies. The use and merits of specific and potent anti-human γ-globulin serums in the preparation of immunohistologic reagents has been discussed. Chromatographically prepared γ-globulins have been studied by immunodiffusion, electrophoretic and analytical ultracentrifugal techniques. Fragmentation was found repeatedly in preparations derived from sodium sulfate precipitated globulins which had been allowed to dialyze under sterile conditions for long periods against the chromatography buffer. The fragmentation is presumably different from the produced by papain because both electrophoretically slow and fast fragments retained the ability to bind antigens.
Biologic Activity of Canine Nonprecipitating and Precipitating Antibody
Authors: Patterson Roy , Pruzansky Jacob J. , Janis Burton
Published: January 2023

Studies by autoradiographic immunoelectrophoresis demonstrate the presence of a single antibody in canine nonprecipitating antiserum and two antibodies in canine precipitating antiserum. The nonprecipitating antibody is a faster migrating globulin present singly in nonprecipitating antiserum but associated with a slower migrating precipitating antibody in precipitating antiserum. The nonprecipitating antiserum results in initial immune retention of antigen in the circulation of a passively sensitized animal followed by immune elimination of soluble nonprecipitating antibody-antigen complexes. Nonprecipitating antibody did not result in passive sensitization of guinea pigs for systemic anaphylaxis or cutaneous anaphylaxis or Arthus reactions.
Studies on Phagocytosis of Bacteria by the Reticulo-Endothelial System in a Strain of Mice Lacking Hemolytic Complement
Authors: Stiffel C. , Biozzi G. , Mouton D. , Bouthillier Y. , Decreusefond C.
Published: January 2023

The rate of S. typhimurium phagocytosis by the reticulo-endothelial system and the opsonic activity of immune antibody are similar in mice containing complement and in a strain of mice genetically lacking hemolytic complement activity.

The in vivo decomplementation with an unrelated antigen-antibody system did not change the rate of S. typhimurium phagocytosis, but markedly reduced the opsonizing effect of specific antibody irrespective of the presence of complement in the strain of mice.

These results indicate that neither the bacterial phagocytosis nor the effect of immune opsonins are related to the serum complement titer measured in terms of hemolytic activity.
Localization of Antigens in Mechanically Disrupted Cells of Certain Species of the Genera Candida and Torulopsis
Authors: Kemp G. , Solotorovsky M.
Published: January 2023

The antigenic structure of mechanically disrupted cells of seven species of Candida and of T. glabrata was studied by means of agar gel diffusion methods. Two purified cell wall components of C. albicans, both glucomannanproteins (GMP I and GMP II), were compared with cell wall fractions of the seven species studied and found to be components common to all of them as well as to T. glabrata. Use of antisera to C. albicans, portions of which had been rendered monospecific for various antigens present in the genus by adsorption with cells of heterologous species, permitted an identification of antigens 1 to 3 as cell wall components, and of antigen 5 as a cytoplasmic component. Unique thermolabile antigens present in C. pseudotropicalis, C. krusei and C. parakrusei were determined to be cytoplasmic. Other antigens found were present in both cytoplasmic and cell wall components.
Inhibitors of Echovirus and Reovirus Hemagglutination
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Dennis Juanita , Hoffman Marjorie N. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: January 2023

Studies were conducted on the nature of nonspecific inhibitors of echovirus and reovirus hemagglutination (HA) present in human sera. It was found that the inhibitors are heat stable (in fact heating at 80°C increased their activity), and the inhibitory activity of human sera was not significantly reduced by treatment with individual proteolytic or lipolytic enzymes, RDE, periodate, protein denaturing agents or certain organic solvents. However, treatment with a combination of chymotrypsin and phospholipase C inactivated the inhibitors, suggesting that they might be a phospholipid-protein complex. It was also found that lecithins, cephalin and sphingomyelin inhibit HA by certain of the echoviruses and reovirus type 1; this inhibitory activity was abolished or reduced by treatment with phospholipase C or filtrates from a psychrophylic Pseudomonas species, but treatment with lecithinase D had little or no effect.
Changes of Serum Complement and Properdin Levels in Experimental Typhoid Fever
Authors: Schubart Adalbert F. , Hornick Richard B. , Ewald Rolf W. , Schroeder Wolfgang C. , Myerburg Robert J. , Goodman Jay S. , Woodward Theodore E.
Published: January 2023

Serum complement and properdin levels were determined throughout the incubation period and the entire course of experimental typhoid fever induced with one billion viable Salmonella typhosa in five of six volunteers. Four patients were treated with chloramphenicol. The clinical course of the disease was correlated with changes of serum complement and properdin levels, and bacteremia, as well as H- and O-antibody titers. During the incubation period, reduction of complement levels was seen in two cases with the disease and in one case that failed to develop typhoid fever; properdin titers rose in three cases. During the early phase of the illness with the appearance of the first symptoms, fever, and bacteremia, rising complement levels and falling properdin titers were the uniform changes seen in all five cases who developed the disease. Clinical and serological data were analyzed in detail. The literature was reviewed briefly.
Studies on the Terminal Steps of Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Frank Michael M. , Rapp Herbert J. , Borsos Tibor
Published: January 2023

EDTA buffer at a concentration of 0.09 M inhibits both the interaction of SAC′4,2a and C′3 and the transformation of E* to ghosts and hemoglobin. SAC′4,2a as well as C′3 are unaffected by EDTA. EDTA, therefore, can be used to prepare and maintain cells in the E* state. The availability of stable E* simplifies the study of the mechanism of E* transformation.
Serologic and Antigenic Properties of Type A Influenza Virus after Trypsin Treatment
Authors: Cleeland Roy , Sugg John Y.
Published: January 2023

The effect of trypsin on the serologic and antigenic properties of two strains of type A influenza virus was studied. When enzyme treatment was carried out under conditions that inactivated the hemagglutinins and greatly reduced infectivity, there was a rapid accumulation of viral material of small particle size that was apparently protein in nature and that could be readily separated from intact virus by filtration. This material, when combined with antiserum to the whole virus, reduced the capacity of the antiserum to inhibit hemagglutination and to neutralize infectivity. The trypsinized preparations were about as effective as the control preparations (virus plus inactive trypsin) in inhibiting hemagglutination inhibition, but were only 1/10 to 1/15 as effective as the controls in inhibiting neutralization of infectivity.

Trypsin treatment markedly reduced the ability of the virus to induce the formation of antibodies by either rabbits or roosters. However, when trypsinized suspensions that had been freed of intact virus by filtration were combined with adjuvant and injected into roosters, they stimulated the production of both hemagglutination inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies.
Dissociation of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity as Mediator for an Accelerated Pulmonary Granulomatous Response in Rabbits
Authors: Kawata Huminori , Myrvik Quentin N. , Leake Eva Soto
Published: January 2023

Data are presented which support the concept that classical tuberculin hypersensitivity is not the mediator of the accelerated pulmonary (macrophagic) granulomatous response in rabbits. After sensitization by means of heat-killed BCG, rabbits that are desensitized with tuberculin can produce an accelerated granulomatous response when challenged with BCG intravenously. Rabbits sensitized intradermally with nonliving BCG in saline become positive reactors to tuberculin but fail to produce a pulmonary granulomatous response when challenged intravenously with BCG. Finally, rabbits sensitized with killed BCG fail to develop a typical pulmonary granulomatous response when challenged with OT.
Rubella Interferon and Factors Influencing the Indirect Neutralization Test for Rubella Antibody
Authors: Neva Franklin A. , Weller Thomas H.
Published: January 2023

Resistance of primary human amnion cultures to Sindbis virus was found to correlate well with the presence of specific rubella cytopathic effects. Certain exceptions to this relationship were noted. Sindbis virus interfering activity present in rubella infected cultures was related to interferon on the basis of chemical, physical and biologic properties. With the indirect interference neutralization test for rubella, using amnion cultures and challenge with Sindbis virus, rubella cytopathology was found to be a useful criterion for determining the optimum time for Sindbis virus challenge. The incorporation of normal rabbit serum enhanced neutralization of rubella virus. Important factors contributing to reliability of indirect neutralization results include the use of 10 or more TCID50 of rubella virus, and the use of more than two cultures per serum dilution tested. It is concluded that the results of interference neutralization tests may reflect a variety of factors in addition to the specific neutralization of rubella virus.
Biologic Comparison of a Syncytial and a Small Giant Cell-Forming Strain of Herpes Simplex
Authors: Wheeler Clayton E.
Published: January 2023

A syncytium-forming strain (HPF) and a small giant cell-forming strain (HF) have been isolated from a standard reference herpes simplex virus. Compared to HF, HPF is less virulent for mice, rabbits, chorioallantoic membrane and chick embryos; it is more rapidly inactivated by heat; there is more viral production in tissue cultures at lower temperatures; and there is a distinct but minor antigenic difference between the two. Both strains appear stable on serial passage and neither requires antibody in the culture medium for characteristic appearance in tissue cultures. The stability and reproducibility of plaque morphology and virulence of these strains can probably be exploited in studies of neutralization, viral genetics, immunity and giant cell formation.
Analysis of Toxoplasma Gondii Antigens by Agar Diffusion Methods
Authors: Chordi Andres , Walls Kenneth W. , Kagan Irving G.
Published: January 2023

A T. gondii CF antigen, a hemagglutination antigen, a T. gondii antigen free of leukocytes, and an antigen prepared from the supernatant of peritoneal exudate were studied by the Ouchterlony technique and by absorption procedures in gel-diffusion reactions. Four to seven bands of host origin and one to three bands of parasite origin were found in these antigens. Human and rabbit sera produced two to three heterophile bands when tested with normal mouse serum antigen or T. gondii antigens which contained high concentrations of mouse peritoneal exudate.

An immunoelectrophoretic analysis of these T. gondii antigens revealed the presence of 1 to 14 host components. The complement fixation T. gondii antigen contained 14 host components; the hemagglutination antigen, 8 components; and an antigen freed of leukocytes and peritoneal exudate, only 1 component. From three to four parasite components were also found. A total of four parasite components and two antigens of doubtful parasite origin were found in the T. gondii antigens. Human sera with high antibody titers demonstrated two of the four parasite bands with electrophoretic mobility of and β1 α2 mouse serum components. The preparation of specific T. gondii antigens for serologic tests based on the Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoretic analysis and suggestions for their preparation are discussed.
Growth and Senescence of the Primary Antibody-Forming Potential of the Spleen
Authors: Makinodan T. , Peterson William J.
Published: January 2023

Growth and senescence of the primary antibody-forming potential (PAFP) of the spleen was assessed by culturing spleen cells of 1- to 126-week-old mice together with the test antigen in heavily x-irradiated, genetically compatible, 12-week-old mice. The maximum growth rate of the PAFP of the spleen occurred during the first month after birth. The mean doubling time during this period was ∼4 days in contrast to ∼14 days for spleen and body weights. The highest antibody-forming activity was obtained with cells from 40-week-old mice. The PAFP of the spleen increased ∼600-fold between 1 and 40 weeks of age. In contrast the body weight increased only 8-fold and the spleen weight 4-fold. After 40 weeks of age the PAFP of the spleen decreased gradually with age. Among the very old mice (∼120 weeks) it was only one fourth that of the spleen of 40-week-old mice. With improvement in the animal health program the PAFP of the spleen increased, especially among the very old mice. Evidence was presented to show that the change in the PAFP of the spleen with age is due mainly to the change in the number of potential antibody-forming cells. Furthermore, it was shown that the change in the number of these cells with age is not due to migration of these cells to and from the spleen. The significance of these results is discussed from the standpoint of functional differentiation.
Cellular Activities in Hypersensitive Reactions
Authors: Martins A. B. , Raffel Sidney
Published: January 2023

Guinea pigs were immunized with egg albumin or with tuberculoprotein incorporated in water-oil emulsion with and without tubercle bacilli. In the absence of bacilli in the mixtures, animals tested after 1 week developed delayed hypersensitive reactions referred to as being of “Jones-Mote” type in which the number of later appearing plasma cells corresponded with the intensity of the induced skin reaction. This observation coincides with other evidence relating the intensity of “Jones-Mote” reactivity to the capacity for antibody anamnesis.

When tubercle bacilli were present in the immunizing inocula, delayed reactions of similar degree elicited after a week revealed relatively few developing plasmocytes, nor did the numbers of these correlate with intensities of induced reactions.

The significance of these observations is discussed from the viewpoint that delayed hypersensitivity of the tuberculin type results from the differentiation of a multipotential immunocompetent stem cell along a pathway which it ordinarily does not take in response to primary antigenic stimulation.
Cellular Activities in Hypersensitive Reactions
Authors: Martins A. B. , Moore William D. , Dickinson Jacqueline B. , Raffel Sidney
Published: January 2023

Small lymphocytes from lymph nodes of guinea pigs with tuberculin hypersensitivity react specifically with tuberculoproteins, as revealed by fluoresceinated guinea pig antituberculoprotein serum. Fluorescence occurs as a rimming or halo effect in 5 to 20% of such cells. Occasional glowing cells are seen in normal cell preparations, at a lower level of intensity of fluorescence.

Although the methods employed suggest that antibody globulin adsorbed to cells, or produced by them, is not implicated in the reactive property, this possibility cannot be excluded.
Some Molecular Characteristics of Blocking Antibodies in Human Brucellosis
Authors: Zinneman Horace H. , Seal Ulysses S. , Hall Wendell H.
Published: January 2023

The blocking antibody in human brucellosis was isolated from the serum of a male suffering of a chronic brucellar abscess. It proved to be a 5.8 S protein with a molecular weight near 180,000 and probably constitutes an asymmetric molecule. It migrated as a β2-(γ1)-globulin and was precipitated by specific anti-β2A rabbit sera, but not by anti-γ globulin serum. The measurement of amino acids also supports its classification within the β2A (γ1A) group of globulins. Its carbohydrate contents are similar to those found in 7 S γ2-globulins.
Studies of Antiviral Factors in Human Milk and Serum
Authors: Michaels Richard H.
Published: January 2023

Information has been presented which proves that the antipoliovirus activity in human milk is specific antibody. Milk has also been found to contain neutralizing antibodies for coxsackie- and echoviruses and probably for the virus of herpes simplex. In spite of immunoelectrophoretic and chromatographic differences between the antibodies in milk and serum, data from the present study would indicate that the immune globulin molecule in each case may contain very similar, if not identical, antibody combining sites for polioviruses.
Serologic and Immunofluorescent Studies of Humoral Antibody and γ-Globulin Localization in Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Authors: Koffler David , Paronetto Fiorenzo
Published: January 2023

Immunofluorescent studies of thyroiditis in Hartley guinea pigs revealed humoral antibody to colloid antigen which correlated with the severity of thyroid lesions 3 weeks after the injection of homologous thyroid antigen. Hemagglutinating antibodies to thyroglobulin did not show a similar correlation. In vivo deposition of γ-globulin was demonstrated in guinea pigs with extensive thyroiditis. Humoral antibodies may be of significance in the pathogenesis of experimental thyroiditis.
Characterization of Virus Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Serum and Nasal Secretions
Authors: Bellanti Joseph A. , Artenstein Malcolm S. , Buescher Edward L.
Published: January 2023

The virus neutralizing activity of human serum and nasal secretions was characterized by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200 and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The predominant antibody activity in serum was found in association with the 7 S γG-immunoglobulins and, to a lesser extent, with the γA-immunoglobulins. Neutralizing activity to some viruses was found also in the 19 S regions. The antiviral activity in normal nasal secretions was associated with the γA-immunoglobulins, the predominant immunoglobulin in these secretions. In some normals, and during respiratory infections, nasal secretions contained γA- and γG-immunoglobulins, both of which showed antiviral activity.

It is concluded that γA-immunoglobulins carry significant antiviral activity in serum and in nasal secretions.
A One-Dose Potency Test for Poliomyelitis Vaccine
Authors: Van Frank R. M. , Havens M. L. , MacFarlane J. O. , Boand A. V. , Kirk B. E. , Hosley R. J.
Published: January 2023

Studies leading to the development and use of a one-dose potency test for poliomyelitis vaccine are described. The test is based on the measurement of neutralizing antibody in the serum of 6-week-old chickens that received one dose of a single dilution of vaccine. The basic principles which should be adhered to in the design of such a test are discussed.

In studies using chickens 2 to 8 weeks of age, antibody response increased up to an age of 4 to 5 weeks and then leveled off. Trivalent vaccine diluted 1:10 or corresponding dilutions of monovalent vaccines were found to contain concentrations of antigen which would not saturate the antibody producing mechanism of the test animal and would thus permit effective measurement of vaccine potency. Antibody response was found to be specific in studies of cross-reactions of the three antigenic types, and in observations relating to possible modification of response to a given antigenic type as the result of trivalent combination. Practical application of the test is illustrated. Statistical criteria for the tests are discussed with comment on extension of the test for semiquantitative studies.
Gel Double Diffusion Studies with Group B and Group A, Type 9, Coxsackieviruses
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Dennis Juanita
Published: January 2023

Immunologic relationships between coxsackie-viruses of group B and group A, type 9, were studied by means of an antigen-antibody absorption technique in which absorbents (antigens or antibodies) were incorporated into the agar employed for gel double diffusion tests (intragel absorption).

Sera from monkeys immunized by i.m. injection of virus-adjuvant mixtures absorbed only homotypic group and specific precipitating antigens. Sera from patients, or from monkeys orally infected with coxsackievirus types B1, B3, B4, B5, B6 and A9, absorbed both group and specific precipitating antigens of the infecting viral type and group antigens of heterotypes. Only sera from coxsackievirus type B2 patients (or immune monkeys) absorbed type B2 precipitating antigen.

Crude precipitating antigens of coxsackievirus types B1, B3, B4, B5, B6 and A9 absorbed group and specific homotypic precipitating antibodies and group antibodies for heterotypes, while coxsackievirus type B2 precipitating antibodies were absorbed only by homotypic antigen.
Studies of Antibodies to 1956 and 1963 Equine Influenza Viruses in Horses and Man
Authors: Minuse Elva , McQueen James L. , Davenport Fred M. , Francis Thomas
Published: January 2023

Fourteen of 30 horses with pre-existing hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies to A/Equine-1/Prague/1/56 virus exhibited 4-fold or greater rise in titer after infection with the A/Equine-2/63 agent. These findings give further evidence of shared viral antigens among the two families of Type A/Equine virus.

HI and neutralizing antibodies to A/Equine-2/63 virus were found in human serum from individuals born between 1870 and 1900. Persons born about 1880 to 1890, however, exhibited higher levels and higher frequencies of antibody than did younger or older individuals. The results suggest a relationship between hemagglutination (HA) antigens of the 1963 equine strains and a virus formerly prevalent in man.