bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertebral Artery Disease
Authors: Pearl Gregory J. , Shutze William P.
Published: January 2021

Vertebral artery disease (VAD) is a significant cause of severe symptoms or stroke. Approximately 25 to 30% of strokes involve the posterior circulation system; VAD will be present in 20% of these and will be the source in about 10%. The ability to properly diagnose, manage, and treat VAD is an important skill for practitioners caring for patients with extracranial cerebral occlusive disease. This review covers anatomy, presentations of VAD, evaluation, patterns of disease, treatment, and other vertebral artery (VA) syndromes. Tables outline symptoms and differential diagnoses of vertebrobasilar insufficiency, etiologies of VA compression syndromes, posterior circulation cerebrovascular accident symptoms and associated syndromes, and ultrasonography velocity and VA stenosis. Figures show the anatomy of the VA, circle of Willis, aberrant arteries, VA compression, ischemic posterior circulation, collateral pathways to the VA, common disease patterns in VAD, VA to carotid artery anastomosis, incision for the V3 bypass, VA aneurysm, VA dissection, angiography of the right VA, giant cell arteritis, and fibromuscular dysplasia. Radiologic videos are provided.
This review contains 15 figures, 6 tables, 7 videos, and 71 references.
Upper Extremity Aneurysms
Authors: Damrauer Scott M. , Fairman Ron M.
Published: January 2021

Aneurysms of the upper extremity arteries can be divided into those that occur in the central great vessels and those that occur in the arteries of the upper extremity. Aneurysms of the great vessels tend to be atherosclerotic in nature and are frequently the extension of an arterial field defect in patients with other aneurysmal disease. In contrast, aneurysms of the upper extremity arteries are mostly pseudoaneurysms that result from either acute or recurrent trauma or iatrogenic injury. Although the underlying principles of management are similar, the magnitude of the operations vary significantly. This review covers aneurysms of the great vessels and aneurysms of the peripheral upper extremity arteries. Figures show a computed tomographic angiogram demonstrating bilateral subclavian artery aneurysms in an individual with Marfan disease; the aberrant right subclavian artery originating from the thoracic aorta distal to the left subclavian orifice and coursing behind the esophagus as it travels back to the right hemithorax and arm; arterial thoracic outlet syndrome associated with compression of the subclavian artery as it travels through the scalene triangle and between the first rib and clavicle; the extent of arterial replacement necessary to treat great vessel aneurysms; isolated great vessel aneurysms with adequate proximal and distal landing zones treated with endovascular placement of a covered stent; hybrid operations combining endovascular exclusion of the great vessel aneurysm and transcervical extra-anatomic revascularization as an alternative to open surgery when placement of a traditional stent graft is not anatomically feasible; and an angiogram demonstrating a traumatic axillary artery. Tables list symptoms associated with great vessel aneurysms, distribution of aneurysm locations in the major series of great vessel aneurysms, and  outcomes of major series of great vessel aneurysms. 
This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 68 references.
Key words: axillary artery aneurysm; great vessel aneurysm; peripheral upper extremity aneurysm; subclavian artery aneurysm; thoracic outlet obstruction; upper extremity aneurysm
Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Authors: Illig Karl A. , Wooster Mathew
Published: January 2021

The thoracic outlet is the area of the body at the base of the neck and upper chest and shoulder region that contains the nerves, artery, and vein as they pass from the upper extremity to the spine and thorax. Each of these three structures can be compressed by abnormal anatomy in one of several areas, which leads to neurogenic, arterial, and venous thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS), respectively. Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS), although by far the most common form of TOS, is least likely to be associated with defined or even visible pathology. Treatment of NTOS often falls to the vascular surgeon, rather than the thoracic surgeon or the neuro-surgeon, and it is essential that the vascular surgeon is aware of modern terminology, diagnostic criteria, and reporting standards, of which the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) has attempted to standardize in recent years. This review examines and discusses the history of NTOS, the anatomy and pathophysiology of the thoracic outlet, evaluation and diagnosis, treatment, special groups, results, and SVS reporting standards. Figures show the anterior view of the right thoracic outlet, the close-up view of the scalene triangle, a view of pectoralis minor space creation and the costoclavicular space, the elevated arm stress test (EAST), the upper limb tension test (ULTT), a useful graphic instrument or classification and treatment recommendations, a radiograph of the anterior cervical spine, chest radiographs illustrating first ribs that may be contributory neurogenic compression, an algorithm for work-up of patients with potential neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome, two methods of arm elevation for transaxillary first rib resection, steps for transaxillary excision, steps for supraclavicular excision, steps for paraclavicular incision, steps for pectoralis minor release/resection, and graphs comparing postsurgical quality of life for NTOS and  VTOS patients.
This review contains 15 highly rendered figures and 44 references.
Descending Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Open and Endovascular Repair
Authors: Saqib Naveed U. , Rhee Robert Y.
Published: January 2021

The prevalence of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms (DTAs) and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) are described. Imaging techniques and classification is given. Preoperative evaluation is described in detail, as prior to proceeding with repair of a DTA or a TAAA, patients must be thoroughly evaluated medically to determine if they are physiologically fit enough for repair. Indications for repair, primarily relating to size of aneurysm, are listed for both DTAs and TAAAs. Repair options and management for DTAs now includes thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR); its outcomes, benefits, and drawbacks are discussed in detail. The discussion of TAAAs is similar, with indications for repair and surgical management options given: direct open repair; a debranching procedure with subsequent endograft repair; and branched or fenestrated endograft repair. A table lists the symptoms attributable to thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Figures show the classification of DTAs; the evaluation of a patient with a thoracic aortic aneurysm; available thoracic endografts; anatomic restrictions for TEVAR; evaluation of a patient with a thoracoabdominal aneurysm; regional spinal cord hypothermic protection; distal aortic perfusion; visceral artery bypass; and a branched endograft. 
This review contains 8 figures, 3 tables, and 125 references.
Open Procedures for Mesenteric Ischemia
Authors: Dhanisetty Ravi V , Moneta Gregory L. , Danczyk Rachel C
Published: January 2021

Mesenteric ischemia is a relatively rare disease that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to preserve bowel and prevent mortality. Despite endovascular advances, open revascularization remains essential to reestablish blood flow in patients with either acute or chronic mesenteric ischemia. Open revascularization continues to provide excellent primary patency and durable relief of symptoms with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Acute mesenteric ischemia warrants prompt evaluation of the bowel for signs of infarction, and determining the etiology of the ischemia is critical to planning revascularization. Hybrid procedures provide a viable solution in those patients who are moribund and require revascularization and bowel resection.
Key words: duplex graft surveillance, mesenteric bypass, mesenteric ischemia, open revascularization, retrograde open mesenteric stenting
Renovascular Hypertension and Stenosis
Authors: Modrall J. Gregory
Published: January 2021

Renal artery stenosis (RAS) may present clinically as an incidental radiographic finding in an asymptomatic patient, or it may be the etiology of renovascular hypertension or ischemic nephropathy. Incidental RAS should be treated medically. The available clinical trial data suggest that medical management is the primary treatment for presumed renovascular hypertension. Renal artery stenting should be reserved for patients who fail medical therapy. When renal artery stenting is contemplated for presumed renovascular hypertension or ischemic nephropathy, clinical studies suggest that there are clinical predictors of outcomes that may be useful in identifying patients with a higher probability of a favorable clinical response to stenting. Clinical predictors of a favorable blood pressure response to renal artery stenting include (1) a requirement of four or more antihypertensive medications, (2) preoperative diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg, and (3) preoperative clonidine use. The only clinical predictor of improved renal function with stenting is the rate of decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the weeks prior to stenting. Patients with a more rapid decline in eGFR have a higher probability of improved renal function after stenting compared with those with relatively stable eGFR prior to stenting. Finally, surgical renal artery revascularization remains a viable option but is usually reserved for younger, fit patients with unfavorable anatomy for stenting. Pediatric renovascular disease responds poorly to endovascular therapy and requires a surgical plan to address both renal artery stenoses and concomitant abdominal aortic coarctation if present. Renal artery stenosis in pediatric patients is best treated with reimplantation of the renal artery or interposition grafting using the autogenous internal iliac artery as a conduit.
This review contains 39 references, 15 figures, and 3 tables.
Key Words: chronic kidney disease, hypertension, renal artery stenosis, renovascular, stenting
PENINGKATAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL BELAJAR ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL MATERI KEGIATAN EKONOMI MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN QUANTUM TEACHING BERBASIS MEDIA VISUAL
Authors: Hartati Hery
Published: January 2021

Penelitian bertujuan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar IPS materi kegiatan ekonomi melalui model quantum teaching dengan media visual pada siswa kelas V SD Krandon semester I tahun pelajaran  2017/2018. Prosedur pelaksanaan dan implementasi penelitian terbagi dalam dua siklus. Siklus I dilakukan dua kali pertemuan dan begitu juga siklus II dilakukan dua kali pertemuan. Pada akhir tindakan siklus I aktivitas belajar siswa sebesar 72,29% meningkat pada siklus II menjadi 88,97%. Selanjutnya, rata-rata nilai tes formatif siklus I sebesar 72,33 meningkat pada siklus II menjadi 78,33. Ketuntasan belajar klasikal pada siklus I sebesar 73,33% meningkat pada siklus II menjadi 86,67% sehingga mengalami peningkatan sebesar 13,24%. Disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model quantum teaching dengan media visual dapat meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar IPS materi kegiatan ekonomi pada siswa kelas V SD Krandon.
Modeling of fibrocystic mastopathy in experiment on animals
Authors: Anisimova Svetlana A. , Svirina Janna A. , Maksaev Denis A.
Published: January 2021

Nowadays, hormonal imbalance is proven to be a factor that influences initiation of malignant and benign breast tumors. To study the aspects of participation of sex hormones in damage to organs and tissues, it may be necessary to model a common womens pathology fibrocystic disease of mammary glands characterized by the most pronounced effects of this pathogenetic factor, on experimental animals.
Aim. To create a model of fibrocystic disease of mammary gland with the subsequent possibility of studying morphological manifestations of the disease in natural and drug-induced pathomorphism.
Materials and Methods. The pathology was induced by intramuscular injection of 0.5 ml of 2% synestrol and 0.5 ml of 2.5% progesterone to virgin female rats on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days of the experiment. For examination, histological preparations of inguinal mammary glands were made. The preparations were described and studied using morphometric analysis.
Results. In the result of the experiment, pronounced macro- and microscopic alterations of mammary glands were found. Microscopic picture was similar to that observed in fibrocystic mastopathy in women. Almost all the morphometric parameters underwent reliable alterations in correspondence with the given pathology.
Conclusion. A model of fibrocystic disease of mammary gland was obtained that may be used for further study of morphogenesis and methods of correction.
Interrelation between markers of system of hemostasis and hemocoagulation disorders in patients with tuberculosis of respiratory organs and comorbid diabetes mellitus after surgical intervention on respiratory organs
Authors: Chitorelidze Georgy V. , Serebryanaya Bella , Lepeha L. N. , Papkov Aleksandr V. , Bagirov M. A.
Published: January 2021

The relevance of the work is determined by the necessity to study markers of coagulation system of blood and hemocoagulation disorders in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and comorbid diabetes mellitus in different stages of postoperative period.
Aim. To determine the interrelation between markers of system of hemostasis and signs of development of intravascular blood coagulation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and comorbid diabetes mellitus (TB-DM) depending on the volume of surgical intervention on the respiratory organs.
Materials and Methods. The extent of changes of markers of the system of hemostasis was determined in 89 patients with TB-DM before and after surgical treatment. Parameters of coagulation system of blood: concentration of fibrinogen, the level of soluble fibrin-monomer complexes, compensatory potentials by the level of fibrinolysis, activity of fibrinolytic system and of anticoagulation system (antithrombin III) were determined; parameters of prothrombin activity were studied. Besides, operation material of lungs was prepared for morphological examination.
Results. A general tendency to increase in the parameters of hypercoagulation syndrome was identified in all the study groups starting from the 3rd-5th day and reaching maximum on the 7th-10th and 14th-17th days of the postoperative period, with compensatory activation of fibrin-stabilizing factor and of fibrinolytic system. Changes in the markers of hemostasis were most prominent in the group of patients after lobectomy. Microthrombotic lesions of the vessels of pulmonary microcirculation with partial or complete obturation of the lumen were morphologically visualized.
Conclusion. On the basis of the data obtained a conclusion can be made about the existence of pronounced hypercoagulation syndrome with phenomena of intravascular coagulation of blood in this category of patients, which evidently requires timely prevention and treatment of thromboembolic complications. The results obtained may be used for development of measures aimed at prevention of hemocoagulation complications in patients with TB-DM after the conducted surgical treatment.
Training of students of higher medical educational institutions in endovideosurgery skills
Authors: Lipatov V. A. , Severinov D. A. , Naimzada M.D. Z. , Dragovoz I. S.
Published: January 2021

Aim. Evaluation of basic skills in endovideosurgery of students of higher medical educational institutions (HMEI) before and after taking an elective course Basics of Surgical Technique.
Materials and Methods. Basic skills in endovideosurgery were investigated in students of the General Medicine Faculty before and after taking an elective course Basics of Surgical Technique organized on the base of the simulation hall of the experimental surgery and oncology laboratory of Research Institute of Experimental Medicine at Kursk State Medical University. The training course included the following exercises on box trainers: Peg Transfer, Pattern Cut, Intracorporal (single interrupted) Suture. After achievement of satisfactory results, final assessment was conducted in the form of examination in practical skills and abilities on laboratory animals biological models (Wetlab). Manipulations conducted by students were assessed using Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skill (GOALS).
Results. The average values of the assessed parameters increased: criteria manipulations with tissues from 2.8 to 4.0 points (42.9%), perception of depth from 2.4 to 3.6 points (50%), movement effectiveness by 54.5% (from 2.2 to 3.4 points), bimanual orientation by 60% (from 2.0 to 3.2 points). Criterion independence increased by 66.7% (from 1.8 to 3.0 points).
Conclusion. After the elective course Basics of Surgical Technique, all average values of the studied parameters increased. The results obtained evidence effectiveness of the methods of training in basics of endovideosurgery within the frames of the elective course, which permits to develop skills in endosurgical technique at the stage of getting higher medical education.
Protective mechanisms of lungs
Authors: Shustova Svetlana Alexandrovna , Miroshkina Tatiana Alexandrovna
Published: January 2021

Respiratory system maintains a close contact with the environment and is constantly exposed to numerous pathogenic factors. In response to action of pathogen, different strategies of specific and non-specific defense have been formed: barrier functions of the epithelium, defense reflexes (coughing, sneezing), muco-ciliary clearance, resident and recruited cells, secretion of a number of proteins and peptides with protective functions.
Aim. To systematize modern concepts of the protective mechanisms of lungs on the basis of the data of the relevant literature.
In the work, the mechanisms and clinical significance of muco-ciliary clearance, resident alveolar and recruited macrophages, epithelial cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets are analyzed.
Conclusion. The presented mechanisms can counteract the action of various pathogenic agents with sufficient effectiveness. However, in some cases an organism develops insufficient, excessive or perverted response to permeation of pathogens. This results in damage to the lung tissue by exogenous agents and/or by self immune system. Knowledge of protective mechanisms realized in the respiratory system, is necessary for understanding pathogenesis of respiratory diseases and for choice of the optimal treatment tactics.
Internal and External Constraints on the Orientation of Science and Technology to Socio-Economic Development in a Small Country
Authors: Stolte-Heiskanen Veronica
Published: January 2021

No abstract
Beyond the Frontier: The Convergence of Military and Civilian R&D in the U.S.
Authors: Etzkowitz Henry
Published: January 2021

No abstract
Evolutionary Economics
Authors: Lemola Tarmo
Published: January 2021

No abstract
Changing Attitudes to Science
Authors: Cholakov Valery
Published: January 2021

No abstract
Internationalisation of Science
Authors: Hakala Johanna
Published: January 2021

No abstract
Studying Trajectories and Networks
Authors: Lehenkari Janne
Published: January 2021

No abstract
The Rise of Technocapitalism
Authors: Suarez-Villa Luis
Published: January 2021

The rise of technocapitalism involves the commodification of knowledge in faster and more diverse ways than at any previous time in human history. This article provides insights from a macro-analytical perspective on the phenomena that mark the emergence of technocapitalism as a new form of market capitalism, and their influence on the commodification of knowledge for invention and innovation. The phenomena in question involve the rapid accumulation of inventions and of knowledge-sensitive infrastructure. The rapid reproduction of creativity and a faster diffusion of knowledge, both of which have been supported by a massification of technical education, are also important for the emergence of the new era. Their contribution to the commodification of technological knowledge is most obvious in the pervasive corporatization of invention and innovation, and even more so in the emergence of continuous invention and innovation as a standard component of corporate strategy.
Patenting and Voluntary Standards
Authors: Iversen Eric J.
Published: January 2021

This article focuses on the interaction between intellectual property rights (IPRs) regimes and committee-based standards development organisations (SDOs) in terms of the commodification of knowledge. IPRs and SDOs are institutions that are designed to codify technical knowledge with quite different purposes though. The resulting documents describe a private right (patent) or a public good (a standard). The article associates the former with a commodification and the latter with a decommodification process of technical knowledge, and it explores a situation in which these respective purposes have come into conflict. The scope for conflict is examined and analysed in light of the controversy, which emerged during the standardization of GSM telephony in Europe.
Canadian Science Policy and the Public Research Organisations in the 20th Century
Authors: Atkinson-Grosjean Janet , House Dawn , Fischer Donald
Published: January 2021

Across OECD nations, public/private partnerships have recently become popular mechanisms in advancing science and technology policies. But Canada has a long tradition of such partnerships. The federal government was involved in the promotion of relations between public research organisations (PROs) and the private sector as early as the start of the twentieth century. In this paper, we trace the evolution of policies promoting the economic utility of public science in Canada. We then present the National Research Council’s Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRCIRAP) and Industry Canada’s Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) program as contrasting cases of federal steering. By developing an understanding of these flagship instruments, we seek insight into the wider implications of state intervention in relations between PROs and Canadian industry.
Regulating Biotechnology in the Age of Homeland Security
Authors: Reppy Judith
Published: January 2021

The anthrax letters in the United States in October 2001, coming soon after the September 11 terrorist attacks, raised the fear of bioterrorism to a high level. Legislation to restrict access to select agents (i.e., those pathogens considered likely to be used in biological weapons) and to screen laboratory personnel for security risks soon followed; in addition, the major scientific journals in the field have agreed to practice self-censorship to prevent the publication of information that might be useful to terrorists. These developments are ushering in a new relationship between the field of biology and the state, raising important issues of governance. In this article I summarize the new regulatory regime, analyse its likely impact on the research community, and discuss the problems that the current approach to rule making creates for legitimacy and acceptance of the new regime.
Trapped in the Digital Divide? Old People in the Information Society
Authors: Jæger Birgit
Published: January 2021

Senior citizens have not been amongst the first to start utilising Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Thus there is a danger that they will be excluded from the growing Information Society. In a Danish program, six local experiments are trying out the possibilities of utilising ICT to fulfil the needs of old people. This article will present some of the results of the program. First, I will present the Danish ICT-policy, which shapes the political background for the program. Second, I will present the program. Third, I will give a brief presentation of the methodology and the theoretical framework the study is based on. Through an analysis of two of the local experiments I will show how ICT becomes a part of old people’s everyday life. Finally, I will conclude as to whether or not old people in Denmark are becoming part of the Information Society through these local development projects. *Key words*: social experiment, information society, digital divide.
Five Framings - One Entity? The Political Ethics of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Nielsen Torben Hviid
Published: January 2021

Following their initial derivation in 1998, human embryonic stem cells have been presented in five dominant framings. The original framings as a breakthrough in basic research and a medical hope were both intended and orchestrated to anticipate and overrule the old bioethical concerns. The third framing nonetheless questioned the legitimacy of the bare laboratory research from day one. Two subsequent framings presented adult stem cells as Nature’s own solution and cloning as Mankind’s technofix solution, i.e. as alternative points of passages to the ethical concerns, but they did not succeed to regain the agenda and the public discourse. The five framing are thus elements of a still unclosed encounter over-determined by (bio)politics. Finally the framing of “facts” of nature, technological “artefacts” and social “construct” is discussed in the light of recent interpretations of stem cells as “state” rather than as “entity”, thus indicating that no single entity is to be found behind the five framings. *Key words*: bioethics, biotechnology, stem cells
Making Lists, Enlisting Scientists: The Bibliometric Indicator, Uncertainty and Emergent Agency
Authors: Jensen Casper Bruun
Published: January 2021

The question of how to measure research quality recently gained prominence in the context of Danish research policy, as part of implementing a new model for the allocating of funds to universities. The measurement device took the form of a bibliometric indicator. Analyzing the making of the indicator, the paper engages the literature on social studies of quantification and classification. The analysis proceeds from the inside out, through description of the organizational processes and classificatory disputes through which the indicator was developed. It addresses questions such as: How was the indicator conceptualised? How were notions of scientific knowledge and collaboration inscribed and challenged in the process? The analysis shows a two-sided process in which scientists become engaged in making lists but which is simultaneously a way for research policy to enlist scientists. In conclusion, the analysis offers suggestions for a reorientations of the of study emergent quantification systems.
Repairing the ‘Broken Middle’ of the Health Innovation Pathway
Authors: Mittra James
Published: January 2021

The emergence of Translational Medicine (TM) as a potential solution to health innovation challenges has gained currency in scientific, clinical and policy discourses. Using interview data from key professionals involved in TM, this article explores diverse practitioner definitions and the multiple meanings ascribed to TM in the context of a purportedly broken R&D system and promissory visions and expectations built around new life science. It also begins to address some of the transformative impacts of TM on the broader institutional landscape for life science innovation, particularly the changes in traditional institutional boundaries. I conclude that in light of the multiple framings of TM, it might best be conceived as an institutional mechanism or process for co-ordinating multiple actors and complex activities in the new collaborative research and development contexts now demanded of the life sciences.
Architecture as a Science: Boundary Work and the Demarcation of Design Knowledge from Research
Authors: Kurath Monika
Published: January 2021

Recent STS literature has described a trend of academisation in higher education and universities in which administrative bodies and formalised practices like evaluations have gained increased influence. This article discusses the impact of such trends on the discipline of architecture, focusing on the strains and boundaries that architectural faculties face in their research and teaching practice. Specifically, the development of design knowledge from individual and multiple theoretical and methodological approaches, the tight connection with tacit knowledge forms, as well as the use of non-formalised tenure and peer-review indicate on-going processes of boundary work (Gieryn, 1983), where external disciplines evaluate architectural knowledge production and demarcate it from their own research approaches. Due to the increased meaning of evaluations, such boundary work plays an increasing role in framing the form and content of design research. In this respect, architectural research becomes a matter of negotiation that not only involves architecture, but also traditional research disciplines as well as the added restrictions of interdisciplinary and administrative bodies.
STS and Enhancement Technologies – A Programme for Future Research
Authors: Morrison Michael
Published: January 2021

The concept of human technological enhancement originated as a tool for the moral classification of technologies, but has since spilled over from ethical debates to become a site for prospective technology development as part of a ‘converging technologies’ agenda. To date, enhancement and the technologies labelled as ‘enhancing’ have been underserved by STS research. While case studies do exist, there has been a dearth of co-ordinated investigation. This paper proposes a systemic programme for STS research on enhancement technologies based on five key challenges posed by dominant conceptions of enhancement as a way of understanding technological development. After setting out this agenda, a short history of the enhancement debate is provided to illustrate the changing meanings of ‘enhancement’ across different contexts. Recognising the limitations of critique alone, particular emphasis is given to the possibilities for productive engagement by STS scholars with the domain of enhancement across its multiple manifestations.
From ‘Alternative’ to ‘Advanced’: Mainstreaming of Sustainable Technologies
Authors: Sørensen Knut H.
Published: January 2021

This paper revisits some technologies that, in the 1970s, were considered as ‘low-tech’ alternatives to mainstream versions, but more recently have been developed using high-tech elements. This change from alternative to advanced is analysed as a process called sociotechnical mainstreaming, whereby technologies are transformed by the dominant R&D institutions and/or industry. The paper aims to clarify what is involved in such processes of mainstreaming, and how they affect the fate of the alternative technology legacy, not only in terms of being ecological but also their production being craft-based, decentralised and with some form of local control. This is explored through three examples: wind turbines, electric cars, and ecological architecture. Four mainstreaming processes are identified: pragmatic, expansive, dominant design and conceptual. More empirical research is called for to further develop the concept of mainstreaming.
Controversy goes online: Schizophrenia genetics on Wikipedia
Authors: Wyatt Sally , Harris Anna , Kelly Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Scientific controversy is increasingly played out via the internet, a technology that is simultaneously content, medium and research infrastructure. Here we analyse material from Wikipedia, focusing on schizophrenia genetics. We find that citation and curation of scientific resources follow a negotiated, ad hoc adherence to Wikipedia rules, are based on limited access to scientific literature, and thus lead to a partially constructed ‘review’ of the science that excludes non-professionals. Given its policies and systems for developing neutral, evidence-based articles, one would not expect to find controversy on Wikipedia, yet we find traces. Scientific ambiguity about schizophrenia genetics lends itself to multiple ways of curating resources, and the infrastructure of online spaces enables the practices behind curation work to become visible in new ways. We argue that not only does Wikipedia make scientific controversy visible to a wider range of people, it is also involved in the production of knowledge.
Studying the History of Social Science Data Archives as Knowledge Infrastructure
Authors: Shankar Kalpana , Eschenfelder Kristin R. , Downey Greg
Published: January 2021

We map out a new arena of analysis for knowledge and cyberinfrastructure scholars: Social Science Data Archives (SSDA). SSDA have influenced the international development of the social sciences, research methods, and data standards in the latter half of the twentieth century. They provide entry points to understand how fields organise themselves to be ‘data intensive’. Longitudinal studies of SSDA can increase our understanding of the sustainability of knowledge infrastructure more generally. We argue for special attention to the following themes: the co-shaping of data use and users, the materiality of shifting revenue sources, field level relationships as an important component of infrastructure, and the implications of centralisation and federation of institutions and resources. We briefly describe our ongoing study of primarily quantitative social science data archives. We conclude by discussing how cross-institutional and longitudinal analyses can contribute to the scholarship of knowledge infrastructure.Keywords: social sciences; data archives; institutional sustainability
Building Knowledge Infrastructures for Empowerment: A Study of Grassroots Water Monitoring Networks in the Marcellus Shale
Authors: Jalbert Kirk
Published: January 2021

This paper characterizes the activities of two nongovernmental environmental monitoring networks working to protect watersheds in the Northeast United States from the impacts of shale oil and gas extraction. The first is a grassroots coalition of advocacy groups. The second is a large network managed by academic institutions. In both cases, knowledge infrastructures were built to distribute resources and to assist members in using data to make scientific claims. I find that the designs of these knowledge infrastructures can reproduce entrenched dynamics of power in ways that advance the agendas of some stakeholders more than others. However, findings also suggest that the ‘grassroots’ of infrastructures can tactically alter power relationships and redistribute resources to their advantage. By bringing a discourse of power and empowerment into the study of knowledge infrastructures, this paper offers a theoretical contribution to better understand the conditions by which marginalized stakeholders shape knowledge work to deal with complex scientific and environmental problems. Keywords: Knowledge infrastructures, public empowerment, citizen science, environmental justice
Taxonomic Government: Ecuador’s National Herbarium and the Institution of Biodiversity, 1986–1996
Authors: Taber Peter
Published: January 2021

From the late 1980s to the mid-1990s, biodiversity went from being an arcane, technical way of thinking about natural resources, to an important object of political concern and planning in Ecuador. This historically novel relationship to biological resources was catalyzed in large part by Ecuador’s National Herbarium. The Herbarium’s work modif ed existing regimes for managing plant resources during a time of economic crisis, and served as infrastructure for the field of biodiversity conservation in the country by helping to prioritize geographic regions for intervention. Biologists’ practices were woven across protected area planning, environmental assessment and development projects. Through archival documentation and oral histories, I analyze biodiversity’s emergence as a governable object out of an institutional arrangement I term “taxonomic government”, organized around taxonomically-based biological systematics.Keywords: infrastructure, economization of biodiversity, governmentality
Vanhempien kokemukset neuvolasta saadusta tuesta vauva-aikana ja tuessa koetut muutokset odotusajan ja vauva-ajan välillä
Authors: Raunima Mari , Lepistö Sari , Koivisto Anna-Maija , Kylmä Jari , Paavilainen Eija
Published: January 2021

Aiemmissa tutkimuksissa erilaiset tuki-interventiot on todettu vaikuttaviksi keinoiksi parantaa lapsiperheiden terveyttä ja hyvinvointia. Tässä tutkimuksessa kuvataan pikkulapsiperheiden neuvolasta saamaa tukea lapsen ollessa kymmenen kuukauden ikäinen ja tuen kokemukseen yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös tuen muutosta odotusajan ja vauva-ajan välillä. Kyselytutkimukseen osallistui 106 perhettä. Aineiston analysoinnissa käytettiin tilastollisia menetelmiä. Perheet olivat pääsääntöisesti tyytyväisiä neuvolasta saamaansa tukeen. Äidit kokivat puutteita saamassaan tuessa liittyen vaikeiden asioiden puheeksi ottamiseen ja kannustukseen puhua vaikeista asioista. Lisäksi äidit olisivat kaivanneet enemmän tukea lasten kasvatuksen periaatteisiin ja käytäntöihin. Vanhemmat kokivat myös henkisen rasituksen ymmärtämisen riittämättömäksi ja enemmän olisi kaivattu tukea liikunnan harrastamiseen. Vanhemmat kaipasivat myös enemmän tiedollista tukea ymmärtääkseen vanhempien sukupuolielämässä tapahtuvia muutoksia lapsen syntymän jälkeen. Ne äidit, jotka kokivat perheen asioista puhumisen ulkopuoliselle helpoksi, kokivat myös saamansa tuen tilastollisesti merkitsevästi vahvempana. Toisien vanhempien kohdalla tuen kokemukseen oli tilastollisesti merkitsevästi yhteydessä koulutustaso. Tuki koettiin heikompana, mikäli toisella vanhemmalla oli yliopisto- tai korkeakoulututkinto. Sekä äidit että toiset vanhemmat kokivat tuen vahvemmaksi lapsen ollessa kymmenen kuukauden ikäinen. Toisien vanhempien kohdalla ero oli tilastollisesti merkitsevä. Neuvolan tuen tulisi vastata perheen yksilöllisiin tarpeisiin, jotta voidaan edistää koko perheen ja perheenjäsenten hyvinvointia. Aineiston pienuuden ja pienelle alueelle rajoittumisen vuoksi tuloksia ei kuitenkaan voida yleistää koko neuvolajärjestelmää koskeviksi, vaikkakin saadut tulokset auttavat ymmärtämään tuen kehittämistarpeita. Jatkossa on keskeistä tehdä tutkimuksen keinoin näkyväksi ehkäisevän työn konkreettisia hyötyjä lapsiperheille, jotta palvelut osattaisiin mitoittaa tarvetta vastaavalle tasolle.
Primitiivisyyden käsite työvälineenä 1920-luvun kontekstissa
Authors: Paloposki Hanna-Leena
Published: January 2021

Väitöskirja-arvio teoksesta Antonella Perna, Lionello Venturi and The Taste of the Primitives: from Text to Context (1918–1931). The Concept of the Primitive as a Perspective of Analysis (Turku: Turun yliopisto, 2020), 345 s.
Sukupuolitettu ja tartuntavaarallinen itsemurha
Authors: Kosonen Heidi
Published: January 2021

Lektio
Sex differences in verbal forward digit span: A brief communication
Authors: Manoochehri Majid
Published: January 2021

The overarching role of working memory, its characteristics, and functions in our cognitive system is conspicuous. Nevertheless, sex differences in digit span as an index of the phonological loop - one of the main components of the working memory system - remain puzzling. In spite of numerous attempts, the previous studies yielded inconsistent results. The focus of this article was to study potential sex differences in verbal forward digit span. To this end, a sample of 120 young adults ranging from 16 to 25 years old from Persian population was measured and the memory span scores were analyzed using the classical method of comparing the mean score as well as the relatively new method of comparing the frequency of extreme performances. Similar to some previous studies, no significant difference was observed between males and females’ mean score. However, analyzing the frequency of extreme scores revealed that females were slightly overrepresented in the lower tail of the score distribution. Considering the evidence observed in the present study and other similar works, it is very likely that sex differences in performing memory strategies, but not in the true size of short term memory, are the underlying reasons of the observed differences. The theoretical implications and practical importance of these findings are broadly discussed.
The Impact of Training Programs on Professional Learning and Development (PLD). A study for Romania
Authors: Catalano Horațiu , Albulescu Ion , Stan Cristian
Published: January 2021

Training programs focused on professional learning and development are meant to provide teachers with opportunities to develop their professional competencies for teaching in specific domains. These programs represent an important branch of the educational system in Romania. In the study that we have initiated we have tested and validated the hypothesis that identifying professional training needs and offering specific courses in order to develop the professional competencies represents a key condition for teachers’ effectiveness in terms of their professional learning and development. The methods and instruments for educational research that we used in the present study are both qualitative and quantitative, based on questionnaires, individual interviews and focus group interviews. The reason why we opted for the mixed methods is because quantitative research throughout questionnaires does not always allow participants to explain their choices or the meaning of the questions. The quantitative survey was carried out on a non-probabilistic sample (770 teachers) and the focus groups were conducted with groups of 10 randomly selected respondents from the training program. All the teachers participating in our study are from pre-university education and have participated in continuing education programs accredited by the Department of Educational Sciences of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences.
A qualitative study on the values of moral eco-pedagogy: A case study of a Romanian school
Authors: Simion Radu , Rusu Alina S.
Published: January 2021

The aim of this paper is to present a qualitative study using a focus-group method applied to a group of educators in a private nature-oriented school in Romania (Green School Romania), with the purpose of identifying ecological friendly behavioral models, values and virtues shown by children in relation to the natural environment. The importance of this interdisciplinary study is related to the pedagogical philosophy of the above mentioned Romanian school, which is experiential environment-oriented education, a holistic approach to environmental ethics, considered as a moral education for sustainability, trust and care for life and nature.
Variables that influence teachers’ attitude regarding the inclusion of special needs children in the mainstream school system
Authors: Crișan Claudia , Albulescu Ion , Turda Sebastian Emanuel
Published: January 2021

„Education for All” is the concept intended to lift all barriers found in educating all children, especially, those vulnerable to exclusion and marginalization. Therefore education for all represents the ideal of maximum flexibility and tolerance regarding diversity. The study conducted on 130 teachers, from 5 Romanian counties (Cluj, Mureș, Sălaj, Maramureș, Bistrița-Năsăud), had the purpose of identifying the attitudes of the teachers towards the educational inclusion of children with CES. We wanted to find out if there were significant differences in perception between counties but also related to the teachers’ age/experience. The results didn’t show any difference in perception between counties, as well as the way the teachers’ attitudes were influenced by their age/experience.
Objectives of the Early Education in Romania – A Theoretical and Practical Teleological Curricular Study
Authors: Souca Valentina , Pop-Ignat Bianca , Bocoș Mușata
Published: January 2021

In Romania, early education is undergoing an intense process of curricular reform which began during the school-year of 2005-2006, when the first attempts had been implemented by the Minister of Education at the time, university professor dr. Mircea Miclea (with the support from the World Bank, UNICEF, universities and NGOs), continued in the following years through the implementation of two projects (PETI and PRET, with the support of UNICEF), and culminated with the publication of The Ordinance by the Ministry of Education no. 4.694 of 2nd August 2019 regarding the approval of the curriculum for early education. It was by this ordinance that the Educational Plan as well as the Teaching Methodology and the Teaching Programme for early education were enacted. Thus, new objectives were established for the early educational system, capable of reflecting the changes in our society, the recent contributions from the learning psychology, as applicable to preschool education, and able to conform to the reform and the general principles of the Romanian educational system, to the contemporary orientations regarding the educational objectives, and, last but not least, build rapport with the specific objectives of the other levels of education, and with the international educational legislation and practices.
THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY PRIOR AND DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC– FROM A MAIN GLOBAL ECONOMIC ENGINE TO ITS DECLINE
Authors: SĂVAN Emanuel-Emil , BODE Oana Ruxandra , GORI Marina
Published: January 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions on travel established as a response to it, have a serious impact on Travel and Tourism industry. The global health crisis shut down hotels, restaurants and cafes, and many other additional businesses; it has grounded airplanes and greatly affected the Travel and Tourism industry. The aim of this paper is threefold. Firstly, it analyzes and underlines the development, size and dynamics of the Travel and Tourism industry compared to other industries which have a comparable presence worldwide. Secondly, it concisely examines this industry’s direct, indirect and induced contribution to GDP and to employment worldwide, during 2010-2019. Finally, it highlights the prospects for the development of tourism in the future, taking into account the pandemic that we face globally. Moreover, this paper highlights the positive impact this industry had upon the economic growth worldwide in the last years, and the fact that we should not disregard its relevance, as it represents an important global economic engine.
JEL classification: Z32, O18, L83
THE EMERGENCE OF AN EUROPEAN UNION CULTURAL DIPLOMACY
Authors: MĂRĂȘESCU Cristina
Published: January 2021

On 16 April 2020, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) released preliminary figures[1] according to which the collective Official Development Assistance (ODA) from the European Union (EU) and its Member States to developing countries amounted to 75.2 billion in 2019, representing 55.2% of global assistance. The EU and its Member States therefore maintain their position as the largest international aid donor.
In spite of the vast amount of resources spent annually by the EU, there is widespread perception that the EU punches below its weight. Notwithstanding the undeniable positive impact that the EU external policies have on the ground, the EU’s role in international development remains mostly invisible.
This paper presents the perception of the EU and EU’s policies abroad and makes the case for the necessity of an integrated and fully coordinated EU Public Diplomacy (PD) capable of communicating effectively and strengthening EU’s role as a global actor. It argues that culture has a substantial potential in Europe’s international relations, making the case for the necessity of an integrated and tailor-made EU Cultural Diplomacy. This paper shows that culture is a worthwhile investment in driving economic growth. Failure to capitalise on this would be a huge missed opportunity for Europe.
JEL classification: O10, Z10
 
[1] Publication of preliminary figures on 2019 Official Development Assistance, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/attachment/864363/Annex_Tables_and_Graphs_ODA_2019.pdf