bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BIOGENIC VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND TRANSPORT AND CHEMISTRY WITHIN A TROPICAL FOREST CANOPY
Authors: Gerken Tobias , Chamecki Marcelo , Fuentes Jose
Published: August 2016

A multitude of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are emitted within the canopy air-space of tropical forests. These compounds undergo reactions with atmospheric oxidants (eg. Ozone O3, the nitrate NO3 or the hydroxyl OH radicals), which mainly originate above the canopy, and reaction products can subsequently condense to form secondary organic aerosols. Canopy resolving Large Eddy Simulation (LES) combined with a representation of atmospheric chemistry presents a valuable tool for a better understanding of the interaction between chemistry and transport processes. This requires the adequate resolution of concentration fields of reactants (BVOCs and oxidants) as well as the flow field inside the canopy. We present the results of an LES study with 17 layers inside the forest (2 m vertical resolution), which includes a simplified BVOC chemistry in order to estimate the export of BVOCs and their principal reaction products such as methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR) from a tropical canopy. These results are compared to field measurements of ozone, nitrogen oxides, isoprene, monoterpenes as well as MVK and MACR observed during a field campaign at the Cuieiras Biological Reserve K34 (2°36’32” S, 60° 12’33” W) tower from April 2014 to January 2015.
Odd Shape Out
Authors: Cady Jo Ann , Wells Pamela
Published: August 2016

Solutions to a previous Solve It problem are discussed, and the procedures used with problem solving are explored.
Fostering Perseverance
Authors: Lewis Jennifer M. , Özgün-Koca S. Asli
Published: August 2016

This research department describes strategies for helping students persevere in solving complex mathematics problems.
Tissue Issues
Authors: Metz James
Published: August 2016

Students analyze how many trees are used to produce toilet tissue.
Early Algebra: Expressing Covariation and Correspondence
Authors: Panorkou Nicole , Maloney Alan P.
Published: August 2016

Develop fifth-grade students' early expression of pattern relationships through instructional tasks.
Dissecting the pre-placodal transcriptome to reveal presumptive direct targets of Six1 and Eya1 in cranial placodes
Authors: Riddiford Nick , Schlosser Gerhard
Published: August 2016

The pre-placodal ectoderm, marked by the expression of the transcription factor Six1 and its co-activator Eya1, develops into placodes and ultimately into many cranial sensory organs and ganglia. Using RNA-Seq in Xenopus laevis we screened for presumptive direct placodal target genes of Six1 and Eya1 by overexpressing hormone-inducible constructs of Six1 and Eya1 in pre-placodal explants, and blocking protein synthesis before hormone-inducing nuclear translocation of Six1 or Eya1. Comparing the transcriptome of explants with non-induced controls, we identified hundreds of novel Six1/Eya1 target genes with potentially important roles for placode development. Loss-of-function studies confirmed that target genes encoding known transcriptional regulators of progenitor fates (e.g. Sox2, Hes8) and neuronal/sensory differentiation (e.g. Ngn1, Atoh1, Pou4f1, Gfi1) require Six1 and Eya1 for their placodal expression. Our findings provide insights into the gene regulatory network regulating placodal neurogenesis downstream of Six1 and Eya1 suggesting new avenues of research into placode development and disease.
Allosteric activation of SENP1 by SUMO1 β-grasp domain involves a dock-and-coalesce mechanism
Authors: Guo Jingjing , Zhou Huan-Xiang
Published: August 2016

Small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) are conjugated to proteins to regulate a variety of cellular processes. SENPs are cysteine proteases with a catalytic center located within a channel between two subdomains that catalyzes SUMO C-terminal cleavage for processing of SUMO precursors and de-SUMOylation of target proteins. The β-grasp domain of SUMOs binds to an exosite cleft, and allosterically activates SENPs via an unknown mechanism. Our molecular dynamics simulations showed that binding of the β-grasp domain induces significant conformational and dynamic changes in SENP1, including widening of the exosite cleft and quenching of nanosecond dynamics in all but a distal region. A dock-and-coalesce mechanism emerges for SENP-catalyzed SUMO cleavage: the wedging of the β-grasp domain enables the docking of the proximal portion of the C-terminus and the strengthened cross-channel motional coupling initiates inter-subdomain correlated motions to allow for the distal portion to coalesce around the catalytic center.
Leaving negative ancestors behind
Authors: Muñoz-Gómez Sergio A , Roger Andrew J
Published: August 2016

Bacteria with a single cell membrane have evolved from ancestors with two membranes on multiple occasions within the Firmicutes phylum.
Continent-wide survey reveals massive decline in African savannah elephants
Authors: Chase Michael J. , Schlossberg Scott , Griffin Curtice R. , Bouché Philippe J.C. , Djene Sintayehu W. , Elkan Paul W. , Ferreira Sam , Grossman Falk , Kohi Edward Mtarima , Landen Kelly , Omondi Patrick , Peltier Alexis , Selier S.A. Jeanetta , Sutcliffe Robert
Published: August 2016

African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are imperiled by poaching and habitat loss. Despite global attention to the plight of elephants, their population sizes and trends are uncertain or unknown over much of Africa. To conserve this iconic species, conservationists need timely, accurate data on elephant populations. Here, we report the results of the Great Elephant Census (GEC), the first continent-wide, standardized survey of African savannah elephants. We also provide the first quantitative model of elephant population trends across Africa. We estimated a population of 352,271 savannah elephants on study sites in 18 countries, representing approximately 93% of all savannah elephants in those countries. Elephant populations in survey areas with historical data decreased by an estimated 144,000 from 2007 to 2014, and populations are currently shrinking by 8% per year continent-wide, primarily due to poaching. Though 84% of elephants occurred in protected areas, many protected areas had carcass ratios that indicated high levels of elephant mortality. Results of the GEC show the necessity of action to end the African elephants’ downward trajectory by preventing poaching and protecting habitat.
Influence of droplet coverage on the electrochemical response of planar microelectrodes and potential solving strategies based on nesting concept
Authors: Yu Yue , Li Zhanming
Published: August 2016

Recently, biosensors have been widely used for the detection of bacteria, viruses and other toxins. Electrodes, as commonly used transducers, are a vital part of electrochemical biosensors. The coverage of the droplets can change significantly based on the hydrophobicity of the microelectrode surface materials. In the present research, screen-printed interdigitated microelectrodes (SPIMs), as one type of planar microelectrode, were applied to investigate the influence of droplet coverage on electrochemical response. Furthermore, three dimensional (3D) printing technology was employed to print smart devices with different diameters based on the nesting concept. Theoretical explanations were proposed to elucidate the influence of the droplet coverage on the electrochemical response. 3D-printed ring devices were used to incubate the SPIMs and the analytical performances of the SPIMs were tested. According to the results obtained, our device successfully improved the stability of the signal responses and eliminated irregular signal changes to a large extent. Our proposed method based on the nesting concept provides a promising method for the fabrication of stable electrochemical biosensors. We also introduced two types of electrode bases to improve the signal stability.
Male foraging efficiency, but not male problem-solving performance, influences female mating preferences in zebra finches
Authors: Chantal Véronique , Gibelli Julie , Dubois Frédérique
Published: August 2016

Experimental evidence suggests that females would prefer males with better cognitive abilities as mates. However, little is known about the traits reflecting enhanced cognitive skills on which females might base their mate-choice decisions. In particular, it has been suggested that male foraging performance could be used as an indicator of cognitive capacity, but convincing evidence for this hypothesis is still lacking. In the present study, we investigated whether female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) modify their mating preferences after having observed the performance of males on a problem-solving task. Specifically, we measured the females’ preferences between two males once before and once after an observation period, during which their initially preferred male was incapable of solving the task contrary to their initially less-preferred male. We also conducted a control treatment to test whether the shift in female preferences was attributable to differences between the two stimulus males in their foraging efficiency. Finally, we assessed each bird’s performance in a color associative task to check whether females can discriminate among males based on their learning speed. We found that females significantly increased their preference toward the most efficient male in both treatments. Yet, there was no difference between the two treatments and we found no evidence that females assess male cognitive ability indirectly via morphological traits. Thus, our results suggest that females would not use the males’ problem-solving performance as an indicator of general cognitive ability to gain indirect fitness benefits (i.e., good genes) but rather to assess their foraging efficiency and gain direct benefits.
Characterization, development and multiplexing of microsatellite markers in three commercially exploited reef fish and their application for stock identification
Authors: Taillebois Laura , Dudgeon Christine , Maher Safia , Crook David A. , Saunders Thor M. , Barton Diane P. , Taylor Jonathan A. , Welch David J. , Newman Stephen J. , Travers Michael J. , Saunders Richard J. , Ovenden Jennifer
Published: August 2016

Thirty-four microsatellite loci were isolated from three reef fish species; golden snapperLutjanus johnii, blackspotted croakerProtonibea diacanthusand grass emperorLethrinus laticaudisusing a next generation sequencing approach. Both IonTorrent single reads and Illumina MiSeq paired-end reads were used, with the latter demonstrating a higher quality of reads than the IonTorrent. From the 1–1.5 million raw reads per species, we successfully obtained 10–13 polymorphic loci for each species, which satisfied stringent design criteria. We developed multiplex panels for the amplification of the golden snapper and the blackspotted croaker loci, as well as post-amplification pooling panels for the grass emperor loci. The microsatellites characterized in this work were tested across three locations of northern Australia. The microsatellites we developed can detect population differentiation across northern Australia and may be used for genetic structure studies and stock identification.
Depression in the older adult: What should be considered?
Authors: Bradley Bridget , Backus Danielle , Gray Emily
Published: August 2016

Introduction: The updated American Geriatrics Society (AGS) 2015 Beers Criteria include the following antidepressant classes as potentially inappropriate medications to be used with caution in older adults: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and mirtazapine.

Methods: A search of the medical literature using PubMed and references included in the AGS 2015 Beers Criteria.

Results: The treatment of depression in the older adult can additionally be complicated by comorbid conditions, as 80% of older adults have at least 1 comorbid condition and 50% have at least 2. These considerations limit the pharmacologic treatment options for depression in older adults. However, the treatment of major depression should not be overlooked, as it is quite common, with estimates of up to 5% of older adults in the community and up to 13.5% in older adults who receive home health care.

Discussion: This article reviews treatment considerations of depression in the older adult, including both available screening tools and a discussion balancing the need for treatment of depression in this population with the concerns addressed in the 2015 Beers Criteria.
Evaluation of clinical pharmacy services within the primary care–mental health integration model at the Tuscaloosa Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Authors: Parikh Mamta , Ebong Ekaette E. , Harris Erin , Barnes Brittany
Published: August 2016

Introduction: The purpose of this review is to evaluate the direct delivery of health care to veterans before and after incorporating clinical pharmacy services within primary care mental health integration (PCMHI) at the Tuscaloosa Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Prior to establishing the role of the clinical pharmacy specialist (CPS) within PCMHI, the primary care providers deferred all mental health assessments to specialty mental health. As the demands of the service grew exponentially, assistance from clinical pharmacy was critical.

Methods: A randomized, computer-generated list of 114 patients selected for the retrospective chart review was used to evaluate clinical outcomes in patients enrolled in the PCMHI clinic 1 year preincorporation and postincorporation of CPS. Outcome measures included the number of patients discharged from the PCMHI clinic upon achieving therapeutic goals or discharged to specialty mental health due to therapeutic failure or adverse drug events with first- and second-line psychotropic agents.

Results: When contrasting the end points, there was a 60% increase in the number of patients who achieved therapeutic goal and a 32% decrease in the number of patients discharged to specialty mental health clinic postincorporation of CPS into PCMHI as compared to preincorporation of CPS (P = .024).

Discussion: The results support the significance of CPS in the PCMHI in providing pharmacotherapy, patient education, and medication monitoring for managing psychiatric conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and insomnia. In addition, patients had greater accessibility to medication and frequent monitoring and follow-up, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
High‐resolution seismic tomography of the 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal: Evidence for the crustal tearing of the Himalayan rift
Authors: Pei Shunping , Liu Hongbing , Bai Ling , Liu Yanbing , Sun Quan
Published: August 2016

The Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake struck Nepal and ruptured the boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates. We conducted 2‐D Pg wave tomography to clarify the seismogenic structure and try to understand causal mechanisms for this large earthquake, using the aftershock data recorded by 15 broadband seismic stations located near the China‐Nepal border. Our high‐resolution results show that coseismic slip area of the main shock is consistent with the high P wave velocity anomaly, and the region of maximum slip has a larger area with higher velocity than the region of initial slip, possibly resulting in the dominant low‐frequency radiation of energy observed after the dominant high‐frequency radiation of energy in the source rupture process. The boundary between these regions of contrasting high and low seismic velocity anomalies suggests a potential crustal tearing at the southern end of the Tangra Yum Co Rift, possibly resulting from different thrust speeds in the Greater Himalaya.
Comparison of coseismic near‐field and off‐fault surface deformation patterns of the 1992Mw7.3 Landers and 1999Mw7.1 Hector Mine earthquakes: Implications for controls on the distribution of surface strain
Authors: Milliner C. W. D. , Dolan J. F. , Hollingsworth J. , Leprince S. , Ayoub F.
Published: August 2016

Subpixel correlation of preevent and postevent air photos reveal the complete near‐field, horizontal surface deformation patterns of the 1992Mw7.3 Landers and 1999Mw7.1 Hector Mine ruptures. Total surface displacement values for both earthquakes are systematically larger than “on‐fault” displacements from geologic field surveys, indicating significant distributed, inelastic deformation occurred along these ruptures. Comparison of these two data sets shows that 46 ± 10% and 39 ± 22% of the total surface deformation were distributed over fault zones averaging 154 m and 121 m in width for the Landers and Hector Mine events, respectively. Spatial variations of distributed deformation along both ruptures show correlations with the type of near‐surface lithology and degree of fault complexity; larger amounts of distributed shear occur where the rupture propagated through loose unconsolidated sediments and areas of more complex fault structure. These results have basic implications for geologic‐geodetic rate comparisons and probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.
Trends of perchlorate in Antarctic snow: Implications for atmospheric production and preservation in snow
Authors: Jiang Su , Cox Thomas S. , Cole‐Dai Jihong , Peterson Kari M. , Shi Guitao
Published: August 2016

Perchlorate concentration ranges from a few to a few hundred ng kg−1 in surface and shallow‐depth snow at three Antarctic locations (South Pole, Dome A, and central West Antarctica), with significant spatial variations dependent on snow accumulation rate and/or atmospheric production rate. An obvious trend of increasing perchlorate since the 1970s is seen in South Pole snow. The trend is possibly the result of stratospheric chlorine levels elevated by anthropogenic chlorine emissions; this is supported by the timing of a similar trend at Dome A. Alternatively, the trend may stem from postdepositional loss of snowpack perchlorate or a combination of both. The possible impact of stratospheric chlorine is consistent with evidence of perchlorate production in the stratosphere. Additionally, perchlorate concentration appears to be directly affected by the springtime Antarctic ozone hole. Therefore, perchlorate variations in Antarctic snow are likely linked to stratospheric chemistry and ozone over the Antarctic.
Stress rotations due to the M6.5 foreshock and M7.3 main shock in the 2016 Kumamoto, SW Japan, earthquake sequence
Authors: Yoshida Keisuke , Hasegawa Akira , Saito Tatsuhiko , Asano Youichi , Tanaka Sachiko , Sawazaki Kaoru , Urata Yumi , Fukuyama Eiichi
Published: August 2016

A shallow M7.3 event with a M6.5 foreshock occurred along the Futagawa‐Hinagu fault zone in Kyushu, SW Japan. We investigated the spatiotemporal variation of the stress orientations in and around the source area of this 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence by inverting 1218 focal mechanisms. The results show that the σ3 axis in the vicinity of the fault plane significantly rotated counterclockwise after the M6.5 foreshock and rotated clockwise after the M7.3 main shock in the Hinagu fault segment. This observation indicates that a significant portion of the shear stress was released both by the M6.5 foreshock and M7.3 main shock. It is estimated that the stress release by the M6.5 foreshock occurred in the shallower part of the Hinagu fault segment, which brought the stress concentration in its deeper part. This might have caused the M7.3 main shock rupture mainly along the deeper part of the Hinagu fault segment after 28 h.
Heliospheric plasma sheet (HPS) impingement onto the magnetosphere as a cause of relativistic electron dropouts (REDs) via coherent EMIC wave scattering with possible consequences for climate change mechanisms
Authors: Tsurutani B. T. , Hajra R. , Tanimori T. , Takada A. , Remya B. , Mannucci A. J. , Lakhina G. S. , Kozyra J. U. , Shiokawa K. , Lee L. C. , Echer E. , Reddy R. V. , Gonzalez W. D.
Published: August 2016

A new scenario is presented for the cause of magnetospheric relativistic electron decreases (REDs) and potential effects in the atmosphere and on climate. High‐density solar wind heliospheric plasmasheet (HPS) events impinge onto the magnetosphere, compressing it along with remnant noon‐sector outer‐zone magnetospheric ~10‐100 keV protons. The betatron accelerated protons generate coherent electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves through a temperature anisotropy (T⊥/T|| > 1) instability. The waves in turn interact with relativistic electrons and cause the rapid loss of these particles to a small region of the atmosphere. A peak total energy deposition of ~3 × 1020 ergs is derived for the precipitating electrons. Maximum energy deposition and creation of electron‐ion pairs at 30‐50 km and at < 30 km altitude are quantified. We focus the readers' attention on the relevance of this present work to two climate change mechanisms. Wilcox et al. (1973) noted a correlation between solar wind heliospheric current sheet (HCS) crossings and high atmospheric vorticity centers at 300 mb altitude. Tinsley et al. () has constructed a global circuit model which depends on particle precipitation into the atmosphere. Other possible scenarios potentially affecting weather/climate change are also discussed.
Crustal deformation dynamics and stress evolution during seamount subduction: High‐resolution 3‐D numerical modeling
Authors: Ruh Jonas B. , Sallarès Valentí , Ranero César R. , Gerya Taras
Published: August 2016

Seamounts or submarine volcanoes frequently collide with the overriding crust along presently active subduction zones locally modifying stress and permanent deformation patterns. Dynamics of this process is not fully understood, and several end‐member scenarios of seamount‐crust interaction are proposed. Here we use high‐resolution 3‐D numerical models to investigate evolution of crustal deformation and stress distribution within the upper plate induced by the underthrusting of subducting seamounts. The dynamical effects of the upper plate strength, subduction interface strength, and strain weakening of the crust are investigated. Experiment results demonstrate that characteristic crustal fracturing patterns formed in response to different seamount‐crust interaction scenarios. Indenting seamounts strongly deform the overriding plate along a corridor as wide as the underthrusting seamount by constantly shifting subvertical shear zones rooted at the seamount extensions. A reentrant develops during initial seamount collision. A topographic bulge atop the seamount and lateral ridges emerge from further seamount subduction. Obtained stress pattern shows areas of large overpressure above the rearward and large underpressure above the trenchward flank of the seamount. Results of numerical experiments are consistent with seismic reflection images and seismic velocity models of the upper plate in areas of seamount subduction along the Middle America Trench and give important insights into the long‐lasting question, whether subducting seamounts and rough seafloor act as barriers or asperities for megathrust earthquakes.
Method of analytical regularization in computational photonics
Authors: Nosich Alexander I.
Published: August 2016

We discuss the advantages of the conversion of electromagnetic field problems to the Fredholm second‐kind integral equations (analytical regularization) and Fredholm second‐kind infinite‐matrix equations (analytical preconditioning). Special attention is paid to specific features of the characterization of metals and dielectrics in the optical range and their effect on the problem formulation and on the methods applicable to the mentioned conversion.
Ethylbenzene [MAK Value Documentation, 2001]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: August 2016

The article contains sections titled:

Toxic Effects and Mode of Action

Mechanism of Action

Toxicokinetics and Metabolism

Effects in Humans

Single exposures

Repeated exposure

Allergenic effects

Carcinogenicity

Animal Experiments and in vitro Studies

Subacute, subchronic and chronic toxicity

Genotoxicity

In vitro

In vivo

Genotoxicity of ethylbenzene metabolites

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity

Fertility

Developmental toxicity

Carcinogenicity

Short‐term studies

Long‐term studies

Carcinogenicity studies with ethylbenzene metabolites or mixtures

Other Effects

Manifesto (MAK value/classification)
Isoflurane [MAK Value Documentation, 2007]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: August 2016

The article contains sections titled:

Toxic Effects and Mode of Action

Mechanism of Action

Toxicokinetics and Metabolism

Absorption

Metabolism

Effects in Humans

Biomonitoring

Single exposure

Repeated exposures

Other effects

Animal Experiments and in vitro Studies

Acute toxicity

Reproductive toxicity

Manifesto (MAK value, classification)
Pyrethrum [MAK Value Documentation, 2008]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: August 2016

The article contains sections titled:

Toxic Effects and Mode of Action

Mechanism of Action

Toxicokinetics and Metabolism

Effects in Humans

Single exposures

Repeated exposure

Local effects on skin and mucous membranes

Allergenic effects

Developmental and reproductive toxicity

Genotoxicity

Carcinogenicity

Animal Experiments and in vitro Studies

Acute toxicity

Subacute, subchronic and chronic toxicity

Effects on skin and mucous membranes

Allergenic effects

Reproductive and developmental toxicity

Genotoxicity

Carcinogenicity

Manifesto (MAK value, classification)
Diagnostic utility of ASL‐MRI and FDG‐PET in the behavioral variant of FTD and AD
Authors: Tosun Duygu , Schuff Norbert , Rabinovici Gil D. , Ayakta Nagehan , Miller Bruce L. , Jagust William , Kramer Joel , Weiner Michael M. , Rosen Howard J.
Published: August 2016

Objective

To compare the values of arterial spin‐labeled (ASL) MRI and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET in the diagnosis of behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

Partial least squares logistic regression was used to identify voxels with diagnostic value in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRgl) maps from patients with bvFTD (n = 32) and AD (n = 28), who were compared with each other and with cognitively normal controls (CN, n = 15). Diagnostic values of these maps were compared with each other.

Results

Regions that differentiated each disorder from controls were similar for CBF and CMRgl. For differentiating AD from CN, the areas under the curve (AUC) for CBF (0.89) and CMRgl (0.91) were similar, with similar sensitivity (CBF: 86%, CMRgl: 78%) and specificity (CBF: 92%, CMRgl: 100%). Likewise, for differentiating bvFTD from CN performances of CBF (AUC = 0.83) and CMRgl (AUC = 0.85) were equivalent, with similar sensitivity (CBF: 78%, CMRgl: 79%) and specificity (CBF: 92%, CMRgl: 100%). In differentiating bvFTD from AD, classification was again similar for CBF (AUC = 0.87) and CMRgl (AUC = 0.79), as were sensitivity (CBF: 83%, CMRgl: 89%) and specificity (CBF: 93%, CMRgl: 78%). None of the differences in any performance measure were statistically significant.

Interpretation

ASL‐MRI has similar diagnostic utility as FDG‐PET in the diagnosis of AD and bvFTD. Continued development of ASL‐MRI as a diagnostic tool for neurodegenerative dementias is warranted.
Oxidation Behavior of Three Different Zones of Linear Friction Welded Ti2AlNb Alloy
Authors: Chen Xi , Xie Faqin , Ma Tiejun , Li Wenya , Wu Xiangqing
Published: August 2016

Linear friction welding is employed to weld a Ti2AlNb‐based alloy. The oxidation behavior of three different zones, i.e., base metal, weld zone, and thermo‐mechanically affected zone is studied at 800 °C exposed to air. The oxidation kinetics of the specimens consist of an initial parabolic kinetic and followed by a linear kinetic. For the base metal, absorption of more oxygen due to higher amount of α2 phase leads to the thickest oxidation scale, while the preferential formation of Al2O3 for the joint contributes to better oxidation resistance. The presence of AlNbO4 for all the three zones can be observed after a prolong exposure in air, leading to a drastic acceleration of oxidation rate.
Platinum‐Coated Hollow Graphene Nanocages as Cathode Used in Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Wu Feng , Xing Yi , Zeng Xiaoqiao , Yuan Yifei , Zhang Xiaoyi , Shahbazian‐Yassar Reza , Wen Jianguo , Miller Dean J. , Li Li , Chen Renjie , Lu Jun , Amine Khalil
Published: August 2016

One of the formidable challenges facing aprotic lithium‐oxygen (Li‐O2) batteries is the high charge overpotential, which induces the formation of byproducts, loss in efficiency, and poor cycling performance. Herein, the synthesis of the ultrasmall Pt‐coated hollow graphene nanocages as cathode in Li‐O2 batteries is reported. The charge voltage plateau can reduce to 3.2 V at the current density of 100 mA g−1, even maintain below 3.5 V when the current density increased to 500 mA g−1. The unique hollow graphene nanocages matrix can not only provide numerous nanoscale tri‐phase regions as active sites for efficient oxygen reduction, but also offer sufficient amount of mesoscale pores for rapid oxygen diffusion. Furthermore, with strong atomic‐level oxygen absorption into its subsurface, ultrasmall Pt catalytically serves as the nucleation site for Li2O2 growth. The Li2O2 is subsequently induced into a favorable form with small size and amorphous state, decomposed more easily during recharge. Meanwhile, the conductive hollow graphene substrate can enhance the catalytic activity of noble metal Pt catalysts due to the graphene‐metal interfacial interaction. Benefiting from the above synergistic effects between the hollow graphene nanocages and the nanosized Pt catalysts, the ultrasmall Pt‐decorated graphene nanocage cathode exhibits enhanced electrochemical performances.
Self‐Repair and Patterning of 2D Membrane‐Like Peptoid Materials
Authors: Jiao Fang , Chen Yulin , Jin Haibao , He Pingang , Chen Chun‐Long , De Yoreo James J.
Published: August 2016

Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, 2D materials have attracted intense interest for applications in filtration, sensing, nanoelectronics, and biomedical devices. Peptoids are a class of biomimetic sequence‐defined polymers for which certain amphiphillic sequences self‐assemble into 2D crystalline materials with properties that mimic those of cell membranes. In this study the ability of these membrane‐like materials to self‐repair following damage on a range of substrates is explored. In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to both create damage and image the subsequent repair process. Damage is induced by using the AFM to scribe peptoid‐free patterns within a preassembled membrane. The results show here that, upon introduction of a peptoid‐containing solution, for a suitable range of pH conditions, the damage is eliminated through assembly of the peptoids at the newly created edges, regardless of whether the substrates are negatively or positively charged and even in the absence of an underlying surface. The rate of the advancing edge depends on the edge orientation, the pH, and the composition of the substrate. Moreover, if the solution contains a second peptoid having an identical sequence in the hydrophobic block, repair of the defects results in nanoscale patterns of the new peptoid, even if the hydrophilic regions are distinct. Consequently, this ability to self‐repair can be exploited to create nm‐sized patterns of distinct functional groups within a single coherent membrane.
Conductive Graphitic Channel in Graphene Oxide‐Based Memristive Devices
Authors: Kim Sung Kyu , Kim Jong Yoon , Jang Byung Chul , Cho Mi Sun , Choi Sung‐Yool , Lee Jeong Yong , Jeong Hu Young
Published: August 2016

Electrically insulating graphene oxide with various oxygen‐functional groups is a novel material as an active layer in resistive switching memories via reduction process. Although many research groups have reported on graphene oxide‐based resistive switching memories, revealing the origin of conducting path in a graphene oxide active layer remains a critical challenge. Here nanoscale conductive graphitic channels within graphene oxide films are reported using a low‐voltage spherical‐aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscopy. Simultaneously, these channels with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets induced by the detachment of oxygen groups are verified by Raman intensity ratio map and conductive atomic force microscopy. It is also clearly revealed that Al metallic protrusions, which are generated in the bottom interface layer, assist the local formation of conductive graphitic channels directly onto graphene oxide films by generating a local strong electric field. This work provides essential information for future carbon‐based nanoelectronic devices.
Donor/Acceptor‐Modified Electrodes for Photoelectrochemical and Photobioelectrochemical Applications
Authors: Metzger Tzuriel S. , Chandaluri Chanchayya Gupta , Tel‐Vered Ran , Shenhar Roy , Willner Itamar
Published: August 2016

A 7‐pyrrolidino‐7‐benzylamino‐8,8‐dicyanoquinodimethane, PBEDQ, (1), donor–acceptor–modified electrode yields, in the presence of hydroquinone, (2), an anodic photocurrent with quantum efficiency of 1.5%. The PBEDQ‐functionalized electrode yields, in the presence of the electron acceptor diquat, (3), a cathodic photocurrent with a quantum efficiency corresponding to 2.1%. The electron transfer cascades leading to the anodic or cathodic photocurrents in the different systems are discussed. It is further demonstrated that the integration of 1,4‐dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, as electron donor, with the PBEDQ‐modified electrode leads to an anodic photocurrent. This allowed the assembly of a photobioelectrochemical integrated electrode composed of the photoactive PBEDQ donor–acceptor compound, NAD+ as cofactor, and the NAD+‐dependent glucose dehydrogenase, GDH. Irradiation of the integrated electrode in the presence of glucose results in the GDH–biocatalyzed oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid with the concomitant generation of NADH that acts as electron donor for the photoactive donor–acceptor PBEDQ units, leading to the generation of steady‐state anodic photocurrent. The photocurrent intensities are controlled by the concentrations of glucose. The integrated PBEDQ/NAD+/GDH electrodes introduces a functional photobioelectrochemical electrode for the detection of glucose, and demonstrates the assembly of a functional photo‐biofuel cell that uses light and a biomass product (glucose) for the generation of electric power.
Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Quantum Dot Stabilized Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoprobe for Fluorescence, Magnetic Resonance, and Computed Tomography Triple‐Modal In Vivo Bioimaging
Authors: Liu Xiaoli , Jiang Hui , Ye Jing , Zhao Chunqiu , Gao Shengping , Wu Changyu , Li Changhui , Li Jincheng , Wang Xuemei
Published: August 2016

Multimodal imaging, which combines complementary information of two or more imaging modalities, offers huge advantages. In this paper, the synthesis, characterization, and application of superparamagnetic nitrogen‐doped carbon‐iron oxide hybrid quantum dots (C‐Fe3O4 QDs) is reported for triple‐modal bioimaging through fluorescence/magnetic resonance/computed tomography (FL/MR/CT). Especially, C‐Fe3O4 QDs are synthesized by using poly (γ‐glutamic acid) as a precursor and stabilizer via a green and facile one‐pot hydrothermal approach. The as‐prepared C‐Fe3O4 QDs exhibit excellent water dispersibility, wavelength‐tunable FL property with high quantum yield of about 21.6%, good photostability, strong superparamagnetic property as well as favorable biocompatibility. Meanwhile, these C‐Fe3O4 QDs also show a transverse relaxivity value (r
2) of 154.10 mm
−1 s−1 for T2‐weighted MR imaging mode and an observable X‐ray attenuation effect for CT imaging mode. Moreover, the in vivo bioimaging of tumor‐bearing nude mice by combining FL, MR, and CT images further demonstrates that the as‐prepared C‐Fe3O4 QDs can be readily and efficiently used in FL/MR/CT triple‐modal tumor imaging. Hence, the new and facile one‐pot synthesis strategy for preparing multifunctional C‐Fe3O4 QDs nanoprobes provides a convenient way for achieving an effective and versatile agent for tumorous bioimaging/or diagnostics.
Mild and Direct Multiple Deuterium‐Labeling of Saturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Yamada Tsuyoshi , Park Kwihwan , Yasukawa Naoki , Morita Kosuke , Monguchi Yasunari , Sawama Yoshinari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: August 2016

We have established a mild and direct platinum on carbon (Pt/C)‐catalyzed multi‐deuterium labeling of various saturated fatty acids including bioactive compounds with high deuterium efficiencies in a mixed solvent of isopropyl alcohol and deuterium oxide (i‐PrOH)/D2O under neutral conditions at 120 °C without the external addition of deuterium or hydrogen gas.

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Meso‐scale statistical properties of gas–solid flow—a direct numerical simulation (DNS) study
Authors: Liu Xiaowen , Wang Limin , Ge Wei
Published: August 2016

Statistical properties of particles in heterogeneous gas–solid flow were numerically investigated based on the results of a three‐dimensional large‐scale direct numerical simulation (DNS). Strong scale‐dependence and local non‐equilibrium of these properties, especially the particle fluctuating velocity (PFV) or granular temperature, were observed to be related to the effect of meso‐scale structures formed by the compromise in competition between fluid and particle dominated mechanisms. To quantify such effects, the heterogeneous structures were partitioned into a gas‐rich dilute phase and a solid‐rich dense phase according to the particle‐scale voidage defined through the Voronoi tessellation. Non‐equilibrium features, such as the deviation of PFV from Gaussian distribution and anisotropy, were found even in phase‐specific properties. A new distribution function for the PFV well characterizing these features was obtained by fitting the DNS results, which takes a typical bi‐disperse mode, with phase‐specific granular temperatures. The implications of these findings to the kinetic theory of granular flow and traditional continuum models of gas–solid flow were also discussed. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3–14, 2017
Kinetics of oxidative cracking of n‐hexane to olefins over VOx/Ce‐Al2O3 under gas phase oxygen‐free environment
Authors: Elbadawi AbdAlwadood H. , Khan Muhammad Y. , Quddus Mohammad R. , Razzak Shaikh A. , Hossain Mohammad M.
Published: August 2016

The kinetics of oxidative cracking of n‐hexane to olefins using lattice oxygen of VOx/Ce‐Al2O3 is investigated. The TPR/TPO analysis shows a consistent reducibility (79%) of VOx/Ce‐Al2O3 in repeated redox cycles. The total acidity of the sample is found to be 0.54 mmol/g with 22% are strong acid sites that favors olefin selectivity. The oxidative cracking of n‐hexane in a fluidized CREC Riser simulator gives approximately 60% olefin selectivity at 30% n‐hexane conversion. A kinetic model is developed considering (1) cracking, (2) oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH), and (3) catalyst deactivations. The proposed cracking mechanism considers adsorption, C–H and C–C bond fission and desorption as elementary steps and implemented by pseudo steady state hypothesis. A Langmuir‐Hinshelwood mechanism is found to represent the ODH reactions. The developed model fits the experimental data with favorable statistical indicators. The estimated specific reaction rate constants are also found to be consistent with the product selectivity data. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 130–138, 2017
Urban American Indian Community Perspectives on Resources and Challenges for Youth Suicide Prevention
Authors: Burrage Rachel L. , Gone Joseph P. , Momper Sandra L.
Published: August 2016

American Indian (AI) youth have some of the highest rates of suicide of any group in the United States, and the majority of AI youth live in urban areas away from tribal communities. As such, understanding the resources available for suicide prevention among urban AI youth is critical, as is understanding the challenges involved in accessing such resources. Pre‐existing interview data from 15 self‐identified AI community members and staff from an Urban Indian Health Organization were examined to understand existing resources for urban AI youth suicide prevention, as well as related challenges. A thematic analysis was undertaken, resulting in three principal themes around suicide prevention: formal resources, informal resources, and community values and beliefs. Formal resources that meet the needs of AI youth were viewed as largely inaccessible or nonexistent, and youth were seen as more likely to seek help from informal sources. Community values of mutual support were thought to reinforce available informal supports. However, challenges arose in terms of the community's knowledge of and views on discussing suicide, as well as the perceived fit between community values and beliefs and formal prevention models.
NMR Structure of a Triangulenium‐Based Long‐Lived Fluorescence Probe Bound to a G‐Quadruplex
Authors: Kotar Anita , Wang Baifan , Shivalingam Arun , Gonzalez‐Garcia Jorge , Vilar Ramon , Plavec Janez
Published: August 2016

An NMR structural study of the interaction between a small‐molecule optical probe (DAOTA‐M2) and a G‐quadruplex from the promoter region of the c‐myc oncogene revealed that they interact at 1:2 binding stoichiometry. NMR‐restrained structural calculations show that binding of DAOTA‐M2 occurs mainly through π–π stacking between the polyaromatic core of the ligand and guanine residues of the outer G‐quartets. Interestingly, the binding affinities of DAOTA‐M2 differ by a factor of two for the outer G‐quartets of the unimolecular parallel G‐quadruplex under study. Unrestrained MD calculations indicate that DAOTA‐M2 displays significant dynamic behavior when stacked on a G‐quartet plane. These studies provide molecular guidelines for the design of triangulenium derivatives that can be used as optical probes for G‐quadruplexes.
Type Number Based Steady‐State Error Analysis on Fractional Order Control Systems
Authors: Pan Jinwen , Gao Qing , Qiu Jianbin , Wang Yong
Published: August 2016

In this paper, steady‐state error of fractional order control systems (FOCSs) is analyzed based on the concept of type number. Some practical definitions of the reference and the error for FOCSs with non‐unity feedback are first given. Based on these definitions, the type number concept is first introduced to FOCSs with non‐unity feedback. Then steady‐state error of various types of FOCSs are analyzed respectively via type number concept. It is also shown that FOCSs with type number more than 1 are not able to track particular reference without changing the sign of the tracking error.
Sustaining Competitive Advantage Through Corporate Environmental Performance
Authors: Yadav Prayag Lal , Han Seung Hun , Kim Hohyun
Published: August 2016

This research investigates the relationship between a firm's environmental efforts and the sustainability of its competitive advantage by analyzing the effects of change in firm environmental performance on the persistence of profitability growth. We find that environmental resources allow a firm with superior financial performance to sustain its competitive advantage, and also complement the efforts of a poorly performing firm to hasten recovery from inferior financial performance. Our findings further indicate that firms attain such positive effects through enhanced profit margins resulting from improved environmental performance. Additionally, we observe that a corporate strategy of improving environmental performance demonstrates management's responsibility to maximize the shareholder wealth of a well‐performing firm. The results provide valuable insights to align environmental activities towards developing unique resources for sustaining the competitive advantage. The study provides an empirical support for creating economic value by benefiting the environment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The Impact of Board Structure on Corporate Social Responsibility: A Temporal View
Authors: Galbreath Jeremy
Published: August 2016

Time plays an important role in corporate social responsibility (CSR) decisions. In the context of time and the boardroom, the consideration of CSR can be affected by board structure. For example, because of considerable short‐term pressures, this study posits that insiders on the board are less likely to prioritize the longer‐term time horizons needed to affect CSR. Following this perspective, a hypothesis is put forth that insiders generally have temporal orientations that are more short term in nature and that they therefore have a negative effect on CSR. A study of 300 of Australia's largest firms confirmed this hypothesis. However, when inside director compensation linked to environmental and social metrics and inside director CSR training are introduced as moderating variables, their interactive effects lead to positive results: both positively moderate the negative insider–CSR relationship in environmental and social dimensions. The study contributes to a temporal view of boards of directors, as well as to corporate governance and CSR. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Microfluidic tools toward industrial biotechnology
Authors: Oliveira Aline F. , Pessoa Amanda C. S. N. , Bastos Reinaldo G. , de la Torre Lucimara G.
Published: August 2016

Microfluidics is a technology that operates with small amounts of fluids and makes possible the investigation of cells, enzymes, and biomolecules and encapsulation of biocatalysts in a greater variety of conditions than permitted using conventional methods. This review discusses technological possibilities that can be applied in the field of industrial biotechnology, presenting the principal definitions and fundamental aspects of microfluidic parameters to better understand advanced approaches. Specifically, concentration gradient generators, droplet‐based microfluidics, and microbioreactors are explored as useful tools that can contribute to industrial biotechnology. These tools present potential applications, inclusive as commercial platforms to optimizing in bioprocesses development as screening cells, encapsulating biocatalysts, and determining critical kinetic parameters. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1372–1389, 2016
Tetrahydrofolate increases suspension growth of dihydrofolate reductase‐deficient chinese hamster ovary DG44 cells in chemically defined media
Authors: Kim Bong Gyun , Park Hong Woo
Published: August 2016

Adaptation of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)‐deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cells to chemically defined suspension culture conditions is a time‐consuming and labor‐intensive process because nonadapted DHFR‐deficient CHO DG44 cells normally show poor growth in chemically defined medium (CDM). We examined the effects of folate derivatives, ribonucleotides, and nucleobases on the growth of suspension‐adapted DHFR‐deficient CHO DG44 cells in CDM. Among the tested additives, tetrahydrofolate (THF) was identified as an effective component for increasing cell growth. THF supplementation in the range of 0.2–359 μM enhanced cell growth in in‐house CDM. Addition of 3.6 μM THF to in‐house CDM resulted in a more than 2.5‐fold increase in maximum viable cell density. Moreover, supplementation of six different commercial CDMs with 3.6 μM THF yielded up to 2.9‐fold enhancement of maximum viable cell density. An anchorage‐ and serum‐dependent DHFR‐deficient CHO DG44 cell line was adapted within two consecutive passages to suspension growth in in‐house CDM supplemented with 3.6 μM THF. These data indicate that supplementation of chemically defined cell culture media with greater than 0.2 μM THF can help achieve a high density of suspension‐adapted DHFR‐deficient CHO DG44 cells and may facilitate rapid adaptation of nonadapted DHFR‐deficient CHO DG44 cells to suspension culture. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1539–1546, 2016