bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Incentive‐Based Compensation on Internal Auditors' Perceptions of Objectivity
Authors: Mohd Hanafi @ Omar Hasni , Stewart Jenny
Published: November 2014

A key threat to internal audit objectivity is the payment of incentive‐based compensation (IBC) to internal auditors. This study uses an experimental approach to examine whether IBC paid to internal auditors based on company performance and individual performance does impact their objectivity. The study also investigates whether the cultural background of internal auditors affects their objectivity in the context of IBC by examining whether those from an individualist culture (Australia) differ in their responses to those from a collectivist culture (Malaysia). The descriptive results suggest that IBC is awarded to both internal auditors/chief audit executives in Australia and Malaysia. The experimental results indicate that IBC is a threat to internal auditors' objectivity when it is based on company performance, but is less of a threat when it is based on individual performance. Culture does not appear to impact perceptions of internal auditors' behaviour but does affect perceptions of the appropriateness of adverse behaviour.
The prevalence of culture‐confirmed toenail onychomycosis in at‐risk patient populations
Authors: Gupta A.K. , Daigle D. , Foley K.A.
Published: November 2014

Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail and is the most common nail affliction in the general population. Certain patient populations are at greater risk of infection and the prevalence of onychomycosis reported in the literature has yet to be summarized across these at‐risk groups. We performed a systematic review of the literature and calculated pooled prevalence estimates of onychomycosis in at‐risk patient populations. The prevalence of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis was as follows: general population 3.22% (3.07, 3.38), children 0.14% (0.11, 0.18), the elderly 10.28% (8.63, 12.18), diabetic patients 8.75% (7.48, 10.21), psoriatic patients 10.22% (8.61, 12.09), HIV positive patients 10.40% (8.02, 13.38), dialysis patients 11.93% (7.11, 19.35) and renal transplant patients 5.17% (1.77, 14.14). Dialysis patients had the highest prevalence of onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes, elderly individuals had the highest prevalence of onychomycosis caused by yeasts (6.07%; 95% CI = 3.58, 10.11) and psoriatic patients had the highest prevalence of onychomycosis caused by non‐dermatophyte moulds (2.49%; 95% CI = 1.74, 3.55). An increased prevalence of onychomycosis in certain patient populations may be attributed to impaired immunity, reduced peripheral circulation and alterations to the nail plate which render these patients more susceptible to infection.
Guillain‐Barré syndrome associated with CASPR2 antibodies: two paediatric cases
Authors: Rosch Richard E. , Bamford Alasdair , Hacohen Yael , Wraige Elizabeth , Vincent Angela , Mewasingh Leena , Lim Ming
Published: November 2014

The pathogenesis of Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) is considered to be, at least in part, mediated by autoantibodies directed against neuronal antigens. Antibodies to contactin‐associated protein‐like 2 (CASPR2), part of the voltage‐gated potassium channel complex (VGKC‐complex), are associated with neurological disease predominantly affecting the peripheral nervous system but are not known to be associated with GBS. We report two cases of ganglioside antibody‐negative paediatric GBS associated with CASPR2 antibodies. Both patients made a complete clinical recovery. The tissue distribution and function of CASPR2 make it a biologically plausible autoimmune target in GBS and its clinical relevance in GBS should be determined in further studies.
Do sleep hygiene measures and progressive muscle relaxation influence sleep bruxism? Report of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Valiente López M. , van Selms M. K. A. , van der Zaag J. , Hamburger H. L. , Lobbezoo F.
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of sleep hygiene measures combined with relaxation techniques in the management of sleep bruxism (SB) in a double‐blind, parallel, controlled, randomised clinical trial design. Sixteen participants (mean ± s.d. age = 39·9 ± 10·8 years) were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 8) or to the experimental treatment group (n = 8). Participants belonging to the latter group were instructed to perform sleep hygiene measures and progressive muscle relaxation techniques for a 4‐week period. Two polysomnographic recordings, including bilateral masseter electromyographic activity, were made: one prior to the treatment and the other after the treatment period. The number of bruxism episodes per hour, the number of burst per hour and the bruxism time index (i.e. the percentage of total sleep time spent bruxing) were established as outcome variables. No significant differences could be observed between the outcome measures obtained before and after the 4‐week period, neither for the sleep bruxism variables nor for the sleep variables. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that there is no effect of sleep hygiene measures together with progressive relaxation techniques on sleep bruxism or sleep over a 4‐week observation period.
Genetic consequences of postglacial range expansion in two codistributed rodents (genus Dipodomys) depend on ecology and genetic locus
Authors: Jezkova Tereza , Riddle Brett R. , Card Daren C. , Schield Drew R. , Eckstut Mallory E. , Castoe Todd A.
Published: November 2014

How does range expansion affect genetic diversity in species with different ecologies, and do different types of genetic markers lead to different conclusions? We addressed these questions by assessing the genetic consequences of postglacial range expansion using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear restriction site‐associated DNA (RAD) sequencing in two congeneric and codistributed rodents with different ecological characteristics: the desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti), a sand specialist, and the Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami), a substrate generalist. For each species, we compared genetic variation between populations that retained stable distributions throughout glacial periods and those inferred to have expanded since the last glacial maximum. Our results suggest that expanded populations of both species experienced a loss of private mtDNA haplotypes and differentiation among populations, as well as a loss of nuclear single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) private alleles and polymorphic loci. However, only D. deserti experienced a loss of nucleotide diversity (both mtDNA and nuclear) and nuclear heterozygosity. For all indices of diversity and differentiation that showed reduced values in the expanded areas, D. deserti populations experienced a greater degree of loss than did D. merriami populations. Additionally, patterns of loss in genetic diversity in expanded populations were substantially less extreme (by two orders of magnitude in some cases) for nuclear SNPs in both species compared to that observed for mitochondrial data. Our results demonstrate that ecological characteristics may play a role in determining genetic variation associated with range expansions, yet mtDNA diversity loss is not necessarily accompanied by a matched magnitude of loss in nuclear diversity.
Regulation of metabolic gene clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Nützmann Hans‐Wilhelm , Osbourn Anne
Published: November 2014

Recent discoveries have revealed that the genes for the biosynthesis of a variety of plant specialized metabolites are organized in operon‐like clusters within plant genomes. Here we identify a regulatory process that is required for normal expression of metabolic gene clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Comparative gene expression analysis of a representative clustered gene was performed in a set of chromatin mutant lines. Subsequently, metabolite levels were analysed by GC‐MS and the local chromatin structure was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation and nucleosome positioning.

We show that the transcript levels of genes within two metabolic clusters are coordinately reduced in an arp6 and h2a.z background. We demonstrate that H2A.Z enrichment in the clusters is positively correlated with active cluster expression. We further show that nucleosome stability within the cluster regions is higher in the arp6 background compared with the wild‐type.

These results implicate ARP6 and H2A.Z in the regulation of metabolic clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana through localized chromatin modifications that enable the coordinate expression of groups of contiguous genes. These findings shed light on the complex process of cluster regulation, an area that could in the future open up new opportunities for the discovery and manipulation of specialized metabolic pathways in plants.
Levinas's ethics as a basis of healthcare – challenges and dilemmas
Authors: Nordtug Birgit
Published: November 2014

Levinas's ethics has in the last decades exerted a significant influence on Nursing and Caring Science. The core of Levinas's ethics – his analyses of how our subjectivity is established in the ethical encounter with our neighbour or the Other – is applied both to healthcare practice and in the project of building an identity of Nursing and Caring Science. Levinas's analyses are highly abstract and metaphysical, and also non‐normative. Thus, his analyses cannot be applied directly to practical problems and questions. Theorists in Nursing and Caring Science are generally aware of this. Nevertheless, many of them use Levinas's analyses to explore and solve questions of practical and normative character. This article focuses on the challenges and dilemmas of using Levinas in this manner.

The article is divided into two parts. The first part presents some central ideas of Levinas's ethics based on the latter part of his authorship. The main focus is on the radicalism of Levinas's critique of the symbolic order (which includes concepts, categories, knowledge, etc.) – or as he puts it ‘the said’ – as a basis for subjectivity and responsibility. Levinas's notions of saying, anarchy, and singularity accentuate this point of view. These notions refer to conditions in the language, which counteract the symbolic order in the ethical encounter to such an extent that it becomes an incomprehensible. Levinas gives the argumentation a metaphysical frame: The encounter with the incomprehensible is an encounter with the Holy, which is not the ontological God, but a metaphysical desire. It is a mystery as to what this means, and herein lies possibly the main challenge when using Levinas's ethics in science and research: How to maintain the radicalism of his critique of the symbolic order when this is to be communicated in a scientific context that expects clarification of statements and ideas? The second part of the article explores this question by examining how some theorists use Levinas's ethics on questions and problems in the area of healthcare and Nursing and Caring Science. The focus is especially on the theorists' reception and use of the just mentioned notions. The study reveals that these theorists to a large extent transform Levinas's ethics according to their own approaches, with the result that his ethics loses its critical radicalism. Thus, I question the reason why they use Levinas.
Production of high levels of poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate in plastids of Camelina sativa seeds
Authors: Malik Meghna R. , Yang Wenyu , Patterson Nii , Tang Jihong , Wellinghoff Rachel L. , Preuss Mary L. , Burkitt Claire , Sharma Nirmala , Ji Yuanyuan , Jez Joseph M. , Peoples Oliver P. , Jaworski Jan G. , Cahoon Edgar B. , Snell Kristi D.
Published: November 2014

Poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production in plastids of Camelina sativa seeds was investigated by comparing levels of polymer produced upon transformation of plants with five different binary vectors containing combinations of five seed‐specific promoters for expression of transgenes. Genes encoding PHB biosynthetic enzymes were modified at the N‐terminus to encode a plastid targeting signal. PHB levels of up to 15% of the mature seed weight were measured in single sacrificed T1 seeds with a genetic construct containing the oleosin and glycinin promoters. A more detailed analysis of the PHB production potential of two of the best performing binary vectors in a Camelina line bred for larger seed size yielded lines containing up to 15% polymer in mature T2 seeds. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of distinct granules of PHB in the seeds. PHB production had varying effects on germination, emergence and survival of seedlings. Once true leaves formed, plants grew normally and were able to set seeds. PHB synthesis lowered the total oil but not the protein content of engineered seeds. A change in the oil fatty acid profile was also observed. High molecular weight polymer was produced with weight‐averaged molecular weights varying between 600 000 and 1 500 000, depending on the line. Select lines were advanced to later generations yielding a line with 13.7% PHB in T4 seeds. The levels of polymer produced in this study are the highest reported to date in a seed and are an important step forward for commercializing an oilseed‐based platform for PHB production.
Genetic analysis and quantitative trait locus mapping of PEG‐induced osmotic stress tolerance in cotton
Authors: Abdelraheem Abdelraheem , Hughs Sidney E. , Jones Don C. , Zhang Jinfa
Published: November 2014

Water stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect cotton production. Seedlings of 142 backcross inbred lines (BILs) derived from Pima cotton ‘Pima S‐7’ (Gossypium barbadense L.) × Upland cotton ‘Sure‐Grow 747’(G. hirsutum L.) were evaluated in two tests for plant height, fresh shoot weight and root weight under two treatments (5% PEG and water‐control conditions) using a hydroponic system in the greenhouse. The experiment in each test was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The analysis of variance for the two tests detected significant genotypic variation in PEG‐induced stress tolerance within the BIL population and between the parents. Heritabilities were moderate to high and were higher under the control conditions than under the PEG treatment, and the three traits were also significantly and positively correlated. Based on a linkage map with 292 loci, six QTLs were detected including two for plant height, and two each for fresh shoot weight and root weight. This study represents the first report in using a permanent mapping population in genetic and linkage analysis of water stress tolerance in cotton.
Tacrolimus and sirolimus in capillary dried blood spots allows for remote monitoring
Authors: Dickerson Jane A. , Sinkey Marian , Jacot Kathleen , Stack Jennifer , Sadilkova Katerina , Law Yuk M. , Jack Rhona M.
Published: November 2014

Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus and sirolimus plays a significant role in the clinical follow‐up of transplant patients receiving IMS therapy. Success of transplant and favorable patient outcome relies on maintaining adequate therapeutic drug levels. The purpose of this research is to assess the clinical utility of remote collection of DBS for immunosuppressant monitoring and compare the IMS level in paired collections of venous whole blood and DBS. Sirolimus and tacrolimus levels were clinically correlated in capillary blood collected from a finger poke with venous whole blood from pediatric, post‐transplant patients. The participants took the dried blood spot card home with them with a pre‐addressed, postage‐paid envelope and mailed it back to the laboratory. Overall, a small but statistically significant negative bias was observed (−0.6 ng/mL, p = 0.0011). A chart review was performed to assess whether clinical management would have changed, and none of the cases revealed a clinically significant change. Sirolimus in DBS also correlated with venous levels. Overall, a small but statistically negative bias was observed (−0.8 ng/mL, p = 0.029). In summary, analysis of IMS levels in DBS is possible, and the difference noted between capillary and venous blood is within the clinically acceptable limits.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: Recent advances in pathology and genetics
Authors: Yamamoto Hidetaka , Oda Yoshinao
Published: November 2014

The discovery of KIT gene mutation in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has provided a paradigm shift in the classification, diagnosis and molecular‐targeted therapy of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors. There is growing evidence of phenotype‐genotype (KIT, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐alpha, succinate dehydrogenase or other driver gene mutation) and genotype‐therapeutic (sensitivity to imatinib) correlations in GIST. Risk stratification based on mitotic counts, tumor size and rupture is useful for the prognostication and management of patients with GIST. Blood vessel invasion is a strong indicator of liver metastasis in GIST. In addition, novel biomarkers such as cell‐cycle regulators, microRNAs and their targets have been discovered by using high throughput molecular analyses. In contrast, leiomyosarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract has become a very rare entity in the ‘KIT’ era, and its molecular pathogenetic mechanism is unclear. Recent studies have revealed a wide spectrum of cytological atypia, mitotic counts and biological behavior of gastrointestinal smooth muscle tumors, suggesting the necessity of establishing the criteria for malignancy. Collectively, both classical histopathological procedures and modern molecular investigations are indispensable for the evolution of diagnosis and treatment of GIST and mimics.
Tris–Egg Yolk–Glycerol (TEY) Extender Developed for Freezing Dog Semen is a Good Option to Cryopreserve Bovine Epididymal Sperm Cells
Authors: Lopes G , Soares L , Ferreira P , Rocha A
Published: November 2014

Contents

Cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa is often performed after shipping the excised testis–epididymis complexes, under refrigeration, to a specialized laboratory. However, epididymal spermatozoa can be collected immediately after excision of the epididymis and sent extended and refrigerated to a laboratory for cryopreservation. In this experiment, we evaluated the effect of both methods of cold storage bovine epididymal spermatozoa as well as of two different extenders on spermatozoa characteristics after freeze–thawing. For that, spermatozoa collected from the caudae epididymis of 19 bulls were extended and cryopreserved in either AndroMed® or a Tris–egg yolk (TEY)‐based extender. Cryopreservation of sperm cells was performed immediately after castration (Group A, n = 9) or after cold storage for 24 h diluted in the two extenders and (Group B, n = 9) and also after cold storage for 24 h within the whole epididymis (Group C, n = 10). Sperm subjective progressive motility (light microscopy), plasma membrane integrity (hypoosmotic swelling test) and sperm viability (eosin–nigrosin) were evaluated. In vitro fertilization and culture (IVF) was performed to assess the blastocyst rate. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed on post‐thaw sperm parameters between samples from Group A, B and C. TEY extended samples presented a higher (p < 0.01) percentage of progressive motile and live sperm, than those extended in AndroMed®. Blastocyst rate after IVF differed only (p < 0.05) between the reference group (IVF performed with frozen semen with known in vitro fertility) and Group A extended in AndroMed®. We conclude that when cryopreservation facilities are distant from the collection site, bovine epididymal sperm can be shipped chilled overnight either within the epididymal tail or after dilution without deleterious effect on post‐thaw sperm quality. TEY extender was more suitable for cold storage and freezing bovine epididymal sperm, than the commercial extender AndroMed®.
An Investigation into the Human Element of On‐farm Animal Welfare Incidents in Ireland
Authors: Devitt Catherine , Kelly Patricia , Blake Martin , Hanlon Alison , More Simon J.
Published: November 2014

A previous study on key farm performance indicators for animal welfare incidents in Ireland provided anecdotal evidence to suggest that farm animal welfare standards are often underpinned by social and human health‐related factors among farmers. The present study took an exploratory approach to identify these factors and how they influence farm animal neglect. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with farmers. Identified factors included farming difficulties associated with age and help on the farm (n = 5), mental health‐related problems (n = 4), and differing perceptions of animal welfare (n = 4). Stress was a prevalent theme. Evidence suggests that these negative human factors impact on farmers’ ability to carry out farm management activities. Poor uptake of support services was noted and barriers included resistance, self‐reliance and an inability to talk openly about mental health problems. Initiatives such as the early warning system, aimed at reducing the incidence of farm animal neglect in Ireland, should be understood as often involving a human element. In particular, further research is required into how mental health problems may lead to altered or reduced regard for animal welfare.
50th Anniversary Article: Seeing Stresses through the Thermoelastic Lens—A Retrospective and Prospective from an Australian Viewpoint
Authors: Wong A. K. , Rajic N. , Nguyen Q.
Published: November 2014

Thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) has been around for the past 30 years, but to date, it is still a very much underrated and under‐utilised experimental technique. Although there are devoted groups of practitioners in some industries, this technology is not well known within the aerospace sector. In contrast, the Aerospace Division of the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) in Australia has been in the forefront of this technology for some time, achieving many pioneering feats. This paper gives a brief introduction to the development of this technology from a historical perspective, then focuses on a number of innovations that have stemmed from DSTO, including the development and application of the world's first focal plane array based TSA system and, more recently, the development of small and robust microbolometer based systems. For the latter, it is shown that despite nominally poorer temperature sensitivities, they make ideal TSA devices and can in some cases outperform their much more expensive photon detector counterparts. Because of this, together with the enormous practical advantages of microbolometers, the future of TSA is shown to be brighter than ever. Specifically, it is argued that such TSA systems can play a major role in the pervasive and persistent surveillance of full scale fatigue testing of aircraft structures. By detecting both design and developing faults early, it can effectively relieve cost and schedule penalties that are often associated with unanticipated failures. To realise this capability, integration of this technology with autonomous systems will be important, and some preliminary but promising results from a technology demonstrator program are presented.
Clinical and immunological significance of HLA‐E in stem cell transplantation and cancer
Authors: Wieten L. , Mahaweni N. M. , Voorter C. E.M. , Bos G. M.J. , Tilanus M. G.J.
Published: November 2014

Human leukocyte antigen‐E (HLA‐E) is a nonclassical HLA class I molecule that canonically binds peptides derived from the leader sequence of classical HLA class I. HLA‐E can also bind peptides from stress protein [e.g. heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60)] and pathogens, illustrating the importance of HLA‐E for anti‐viral and anti‐tumor immunity. Like classical HLA class I molecules, HLA‐E is ubiquitously expressed, however, it is characterized by only a very limited sequence variability and two dominant protein forms have been described (HLA‐E*01:01 and HLA‐E*01:03). HLA‐E influences both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system by the engagement of inhibitory (e.g. NKG2A) and activating receptors [e.g. αβ T cell receptor (αβTCR) or NKG2C] on NK cells and CD8 T cells. The effects of HLA‐E on the cellular immune response are therefore complex and not completely understood yet. Here, we aim to provide an overview of the immunological and clinical relevance of HLA‐E and HLA‐E polymorphism in stem cell transplantation and in cancer. We review novel insights in the mechanism via which HLA‐E expression levels are controlled and how the cellular immune response in transplantation and cancer is influenced by HLA‐E.
Is leishmaniasis an “unusual suspect” of infection in allogeneic transplantation?
Authors: Komitopoulou A. , Tzenou T. , Baltadakis J. , Apostolidis J. , Karakasis D. , Harhalakis N.
Published: November 2014

Leishmaniasis is a disease of the immunocompetent population, more often affecting infants and young children. However, the number of leishmaniasis cases associated with immunosuppression has increased over the last 20 years. The visceral form of the disease, visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is identified as an opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed individuals, occurring mainly after solid organ transplantation, especially in renal transplant recipients. Limited data are available about VL after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We report the cases of 3 patients with late VL after allogeneic HSCT, and review the literature.
Enhanced detection of viral diversity using partial and near full‐length genomes of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 provirus deep sequencing data from recently infected donors at four blood centers in Brazil
Authors: Pessôa Rodrigo , Watanabe Jaqueline Tomoko , Calabria Paula , Alencar Cecilia Salete , Loureiro Paula , Lopes Maria Esther , Proetti Anna Barbara , Félix Alvina Clara , Sabino Ester C. , Busch Michael P. , Sanabani Sabri S. ,   International Component of the NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III (REDS‐III)
Published: November 2014

Background

Here, we report application of high‐throughput near full‐length genome (NFLG) and partial human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV‐1) proviral genome deep sequencing to characterize HIV in recently infected blood donors at four major blood centers in Brazil.

Study Design and Methods

From 2007 to 2011, a total of 341 HIV+ blood donors from four blood centers were recruited to participate in a case‐control study to identify HIV risk factors and motivations to donate. Forty‐seven (17 from São Paulo, eight from Minas Gerais, 11 from Pernambuco, and 11 from Rio de Janeiro) were classified as recently infected based on testing by less‐sensitive enzyme immunoassays. Five overlapping amplicons spanning the HIV genome were polymerase chain reaction amplified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The amplicons were molecularly barcoded, pooled, and sequenced by a paired‐end protocol (Illumina).

Results

Of the 47 recently infected donor samples studied, 39 (82.9%) NFLGs and six (12.7%) partial fragments were de novo assembled into contiguous sequences and successfully subtyped. Subtype B was the only nonrecombinant virus identified in this study and accounted for 62.2% (28/45) of samples. The remaining 37.8% (17/45) of samples showed various patterns of subtype discordance in different regions of HIV‐1 genomes, indicating two to four circulating recombinant subtypes derived from Clades B, F, and C. Fourteen samples (31.1%) from this study harbored drug resistance mutations, indicating higher rate of drug resistance among Brazilian blood donors.

Conclusion

Our findings revealed a high proportion of HIV‐1 recombinants among recently infected blood donors in Brazil, which has implications for future blood screening, diagnosis, therapy, and vaccine development.
Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Diversity in Salmonella from Humans and Cattle, 2004–2011
Authors: Afema J. A. , Mather A. E. , Sischo W. M.
Published: November 2014

Analysis of long‐term anti‐microbial resistance (AMR) data is useful to understand source and transmission dynamics of AMR. We analysed 5124 human clinical isolates from Washington State Department of Health, 391 cattle clinical isolates from the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and 1864 non‐clinical isolates from foodborne disease research on dairies in the Pacific Northwest. Isolates were assigned profiles based on phenotypic resistance to 11 anti‐microbials belonging to eight classes. Salmonella Typhimurium (ST), Salmonella Newport (SN) and Salmonella Montevideo (SM) were the most common serovars in both humans and cattle. Multinomial logistic regression showed ST and SN from cattle had greater probability of resistance to multiple classes of anti‐microbials than ST and SN from humans (P < 0.0001). While these findings could be consistent with the belief that cattle are a source of resistant ST and SN for people, occurrence of profiles unique to cattle and not observed in temporally related human isolates indicates these profiles are circulating in cattle only. We used various measures to assess AMR diversity, conditional on the weighting of rare versus abundant profiles. AMR profile richness was greater in the common serovars from humans, although both source data sets were dominated by relatively few profiles. The greater profile richness in human Salmonella may be due to greater diversity of sources entering the human population compared to cattle or due to continuous evolution in the human environment. Also, AMR diversity was greater in clinical compared to non‐clinical cattle Salmonella, and this could be due to anti‐microbial selection pressure in diseased cattle that received treatment. The use of bootstrapping techniques showed that although there were shared profiles between humans and cattle, the expected and observed number of profiles was different, suggesting Salmonella and associated resistance from humans and cattle may not be wholly derived from a common population.
Diversification in the Andes: the Atlapetes brush‐finches
Authors: Sánchez‐González Luis A. , Navarro‐Sigüenza Adolfo G. , Krabbe Niels K. , Fjeldså Jon , García‐Moreno Jaime
Published: November 2014

With nearly 30 species, the Atlapetes brush‐finches are one of the most species‐rich genera in the New World sparrows (Passerellidae). Atlapetes is mainly distributed in highland forests from Mexico to north‐western Argentina, with a few taxa in the foothills (<1000 m). Species diversity is highest in South America, because of high rates of local replacement but few cases of local co‐occurrence, creating a mosaic of forms with different plumage colours. With the purpose of understanding phylogenetic and environmental determinants of trait evolution, we reconstructed a molecular phylogeny based on full ND2 mtDNA sequences, with focus on the core group of Andean Atlapetes species and related outgroups. Phylogenetic relationships revealed that most Andean species are closely related to a geographical neighbour, although these neighbours may often be phenotypically quite different, with yellow‐plumaged species sister to grey‐plumaged taxa. Biogeographic analyses suggest Mesoamerica as the area of origin for Atlapetes, which dispersed through the Panama Isthmus to the eastern Andean slope, then the western Andes and finally the southern Andes. Diversification in the genus was apparently influenced by the glacial cycles that affected the distribution of montane forests in the Neotropics, particularly during the last million years. Phenotypic plumage changes may be associated with ecological conditions, with black dorsum in the wettest areas and a pale dorsum in a group of closely related species in dry environments on the Pacific slope. Local sympatry and ecological segregation presumably does not lead to increased divergence in plumage signals or song.
Evolution of Nanoparticle Deposits Printed Using Electrospray
Authors: Brown Nicholas A. , Gladstone Jessica N. , Chiarot Paul R.
Published: November 2014

In an electrospray, large electric potentials are used to generate a spray of highly charged droplets. Colloidal dispersions, consisting of nanoparticles in a volatile solvent, can be atomized using electrospray. Printing occurs by directing the emitted droplets toward a target substrate (TS). The solvent evaporation is rapid and dry nanoparticles are produced before reaching the surface. In this study, we investigate the structure of nanoparticle deposits printed using electrospray. Using dark field microscopy, four regimes are identified that mark the evolution of the deposit structure at early times. Electrospray imparts an excess electric charge onto the emitted particles. It is shown that the mutual Coulombic interaction between the particles governs their transport and ultimately the microstructure of the printed deposits. Electrospray offers enhanced control over the microstructure of printed nanomaterial deposits compared to traditional printing techniques. This has significant implications for the manufacturing of flexible electronic and photonic devices.
Optimal Turbulent Schmidt Number for RANS Modeling of Trailing Edge Slot Film Cooling
Authors: Ling Julia , Elkins Christopher J. , Eaton John K.
Published: November 2014

It has been previously demonstrated that Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations do not accurately capture the mixing between the coolant flow and the main flow in trailing edge slot film cooling configurations. Most RANS simulations use a fixed turbulent Schmidt number of either 0.7 or 0.85 to determine the turbulent scalar flux, based on the values for canonical flows. This paper explores the extent to which RANS predictions can be improved by modifying the value of the turbulent Schmidt number. Experimental mean 3D velocity and coolant concentration data obtained using magnetic resonance imaging techniques are used to evaluate the accuracy of RANS simulations. A range of turbulent Schmidt numbers from 0.05 to 1.05 is evaluated and the optimal turbulent Schmidt number for each case is determined using an integral error metric which accounts for the difference between RANS and experiment throughout a three-dimensional region of interest (ROI). The resulting concentration distribution is compared in detail with the experimentally measured coolant concentration distribution to reveal where the fixed turbulent Schmidt number assumption fails. It is shown that the commonly used turbulent Schmidt number of 0.85 overpredicts the surface effectiveness in all cases, particularly when the k-omega shear stress transport (SST) model is employed, and that a lower value of the turbulent Schmidt number can improve predictions.
The response of a radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter in megavoltage photon and electron beams
Authors: Araki Fujio , Ohno Takeshi
Published: November 2014

Purpose:

This study investigated the response of a radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter (RGD) in megavoltage photon and electron beams.

Methods:

The RGD response was compared with ion chamber measurements for 4–18 MV photons and 6–20 MeV electrons in plastic water phantoms. The response was also calculated via Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with EGSnrc/egs_chamber and Cavity user‐codes, respectively. In addition, the response of the RGD cavity was analyzed as a function of field sizes and depths according to Burlin's general cavity theory. The perturbation correction factor, PQ, in the RGD cavity was also estimated from MC simulations for photon and electron beams.

Results:

The calculated and measured RGD energy response at reference conditions with a 10 × 10 cm2 field and 10 cm depth in photons was lower by up to 2.5% with increasing energy. The variation in RGD response in the field size range of 5 × 5 cm2 to 20 × 20 cm2 was 3.9% and 0.7%, at 10 cm depth for 4 and 18 MV, respectively. The depth dependence of the RGD response was constant within 1% for energies above 6 MV but it increased by 2.6% and 1.6% for a large (20 × 20 cm2) field at 4 and 6 MV, respectively. The dose contributions from photon interactions (1 − d) in the RGD cavity, according to Burlin's cavity theory, decreased with increasing energy and decreasing field size. The variation in (1 − d) between field sizes became larger with increasing depth for the lower energies of 4 and 6 MV. PQ for the RGD cavity was almost constant between 0.96 and 0.97 at 10 MV energies and above. Meanwhile, PQ depends strongly on field size and depth for 4 and 6 MV photons. In electron beams, the RGD response at a reference depth, dref, varied by less than 1% over the electron energy range but was on average 4% lower than the response for 6 MV photons.

Conclusions:

The RGD response for photon beams depends on both (1 − d) and perturbation effects in the RGD cavity. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the energy dependence of RGD response by Burlin's theory and it is recommended to directly measure RGD response or use the MC‐calculated RGD response, regarding the practical use. The response for electron beams decreased rapidly at a depth beyond dref for lower mean electron energies <3 MeV and in contrast PQ increased.
A New Twist on Torque Labs
Authors: Lane W. Brian
Published: November 2014

The traditional introductory-level meterstick-balancing lab assumes that students already know what torque is and that they readily identify it as a physical quantity of interest. We propose a modified version of this activity in which students qualitatively and quantitatively measure the amount of force required to keep the meterstick level. The setup for this experiment also introduces upward forces in addition to downward forces. In this very accurate experiment, the torque equation can be discerned directly from the data, and torque's symmetry between upward and downward forces naturally arises.
Experimentally Building a Qualitative Understanding of Newton's Second Law
Authors: Gates Joshua
Published: November 2014

Newton's second law is one of the cornerstones of the introductory physics curriculum, but it can still trouble a large number of students well after its introduction, hobbling their ability to apply the concept to problem solving1 and to related concepts, such as momentum, circular motion, and orbits. While there are several possibilities for lab activities addressing the functional relationship among net force, mass, and acceleration, the qualitative understanding of the connection between forces and acceleration can still be lacking,2 leading to poor performance in problem solving and in assessments such as the Force Concept Inventory3 and Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation.4 There is a need for strong conceptual understanding of the relationships between net force and acceleration and between acceleration and velocity in order to effectively address common force-motion misconceptions;5 there is a large literature concerning student understanding of force and motion.6
Magnetic Fields at the Center of Coils
Authors: Binder Philippe , Hui Kaleonui , Goldman Jesse
Published: November 2014

In this note we synthesize and extend expressions for the magnetic field at the center of very short and very long current-carrying coils. Elementary physics textbooks present the following equation for the magnetic field inside a very long current-carrying coil (solenoid): Bsol=μ0NLI,(1) where I is the current, N the number of windings, and L the coil length. It is obtained directly from Ampère's law, ignores end effects (hence it assumes an infinite coil), and is valid over the entire cross-section of the coil. The field is in the axial direction and it follows the right-hand rule convention. For N superposed loops of radius R each carrying current I, the multi-loop magnetic field at the center is given by Bml=μ0N2RI.(2)
Community-Based Training–Detraining Intervention in Older Women: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Douda Helen T. , Kosmidou Konstantina V. , Smilios Ilias , Volaklis Konstantinos A. , Tokmakidis Savvas P.
Published: November 2014

This five-year follow-up nonrandomized controlled study evaluated community-based training and detraining on body composition and functional ability in older women. Forty-two volunteers (64.3 ± 5.1 years) were divided into four groups: aerobic training, strength training, combined aerobic and strength, and control. Body composition and physical fitness were measured at baseline, after nine months of training and after three months of detraining every year. After five years of training, body fat decreased, and fat free mass, strength, and chair test performance increased (p < .05) in all training groups. Training-induced favorable adaptations were reversed during detraining but, eventually, training groups presented better values than the control group even after detraining. Thus, nine months of annual training, during a five-year period, induced favorable adaptations on body composition, muscular strength, and functional ability in older women. Three months of detraining, however, changed the favorable adaptations and underlined the need for uninterrupted exercise throughout life.
The EdD in Kinesiology at UNCG: An Online Doctoral Program?
Authors: Gill Diane L. , Brown Pam Kocher , Reifsteck Erin J.
Published: November 2014

The online EdD in kinesiology at UNCG evolved from the face-to-face EdD, which was designed as an interdisciplinary doctoral degree tailored to working professionals in kinesiology. The new online EdD, which is the only online doctoral program in kinesiology, retains that broad, interdisciplinary curriculum and focuses on developing practicing scholars in kinesiology teaching, leadership, and advocacy. The fully-online EdD program faces many challenges, including technology issues, faculty buy-in, retention, and dissertation completion. To meet those challenges, the EdD curriculum is structured in a four-year cohort model, emphasizing collaboration and connections from the initial campus orientation session through the dissertation defense.
Putting Educational Innovations into Practice: Strategies to Support the American Kinesiology Association
Authors: Hanley Gerard L.
Published: November 2014

A framework to advance and sustain the American Kinesiology Association community's capabilities to put educational innovations into practice through the use of MERLOT's open educational services and resources (www.merlot.org) is presented through the metaphor of a folk tale, Stone Soup. The American Kinesiology Association can use MERLOT's free and open library services to build a quality collection of peer-reviewed instructional materials in kinesiology, design a custom “teaching commons” website for their community to share exemplary practices, use MERLOT Voices online community platform to enable asynchronous discussions and collaborations, and create new open educational resources with MERLOT's Content Builder tool. Leveraging the California State University's Course Redesign with Technology program and the Quality Online Learning and Teaching (QOLT) project can become part of the American Kinesiology Association's strategy as well.
Quantum spin Hall effect in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Qian Xiaofeng , Liu Junwei , Fu Liang , Li Ju
Published: November 2014

Quantum spin Hall (QSH) effect materials feature edge states that are topologically protected from backscattering. However, the small band gap in materials that have been identified as QSH insulators limits applications. We use first-principles calculations to predict a class of large-gap QSH insulators in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides with 1T′ structure, namely, 1T′-MX
2
with M = (tungsten or molybdenum) and X = (tellurium, selenium, or sulfur). A structural distortion causes an intrinsic band inversion between chalcogenide-
p
and metal-
d
bands. Additionally, spin-orbit coupling opens a gap that is tunable by vertical electric field and strain. We propose a topological field effect transistor made of van der Waals heterostructures of 1T′-MX
2
and two-dimensional dielectric layers that can be rapidly switched off by electric field through a topological phase transition instead of carrier depletion.
Whole-Genome Assemblies of 56
Burkholderia
Species
Authors: Daligault H. E. , Davenport K. W. , Minogue T. D. , Bishop-Lilly K. A. , Broomall S. M. , Bruce D. C. , Chain P. S. , Coyne S. R. , Frey K. G. , Gibbons H. S. , Jaissle J. , Koroleva G. I. , Ladner J. T. , Lo C.-C. , Munk C. , Palacios G. F. , Redden C. L. , Rosenzweig C. N. , Scholz M. B. , Johnson S. L.
Published: November 2014

Burkholderia
is a genus of betaproteobacteria that includes three notable human pathogens:
B. cepacia
,
B. pseudomallei
, and
B. mallei
. While
B. pseudomallei
and
B. mallei
are considered potential biowarfare agents,
B. cepacia
infections are largely limited to cystic fibrosis patients. Here, we present 56
Burkholderia
genomes from 8 distinct species.
Exploring the Genome of a Butyric Acid Producer, Clostridium butyricum INCQS635
Authors: Bruce Thiago , Leite Fernanda Gomes , Tschoeke Diogo Antonio , Miranda Milene , Pereira Nei , Valle Rogério , Thompson Cristiane C. , Thompson Fabiano L.
Published: November 2014

The draft genome sequence of
Clostridium butyricum
INCQS635 was obtained by means of ion sequencing. The genome provides further insight into the genetic repertoire involved with metabolic pathways related to the fermentation of different compounds and organic solvents synthesis (i.e., butyric acid) with biofuel applications.
EdAl-2 (Educació en Alimentació) programme: reproducibility of a cluster randomised, interventional, primary-school-based study to induce healthier lifestyle activities in children
Authors: Llauradó Elisabet , Tarro Lucia , Moriña David , Queral Rosa , Giralt Montse , Solà Rosa
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To assess the reproducibility of an educational intervention EdAl-2 (Educació enAlimentació) programme in ‘Terres de l'Ebre’ (Spain), over 22 months, to improve lifestyles, including diet and physical activity (PA).

Design

Reproduction of a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Setting

Two semi-rural town-group primary-school clusters were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group.

Participants

Pupils (n=690) of whom 320 constituted the intervention group (1 cluster) and 370 constituted the control group (1 cluster). Ethnicity was 78% Western European. The mean age (±SD) was 8.04±0.6 years (47.7% females) at baseline. Inclusion criteria for clusters were towns from the southern part of Catalonia having a minimum of 500 children aged 7–8 year; complete data for participants, including name, gender, date and place of birth, and written informed consent from parents or guardians.

Intervention

The intervention focused on eight lifestyle topics covered in 12 activities (1 h/activity/session) implemented by health promoting agents in the primary school over three academic years.

Primary and secondary outcomes

The primary outcome was obesity (OB) prevalence and the secondary outcomes were body mass index (BMI) collected every year and dietary habits and lifestyles collected by questionnaires filled in by parents at baseline and end-of-study.

Results

At 22 months, the OB prevalence and BMI values were similar in intervention and control groups. Relative to children in control schools, the percentage of boys in the intervention group who performed ≥4 after-school PA h/week was 15% higher (p=0.027), whereas the percentage of girls in both groups remained similar. Also, 16.6% more boys in the intervention group watched ≤2 television (TV) h/day (p=0.009), compared to controls; and no changes were observed in girls in both groups.

Conclusions

Our school-based intervention is feasible and reproducible by increasing after-school PA (to ≥4 h/week) in boys. Despite this improvement, there was no change in BMI and prevalence of OB.

Trial registration number:

Clinical TrialsNCT01362023.