bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multinational Corporations from Brazil
Authors: Amann Edmund
Published: August 2018

Following an overview of relevant theoretical considerations centering on Mathews’s view of the potential sources of emerging market multinational corporation (MNC) advantage, this chapter presents a brief survey of statistical trends surrounding Brazilian outward foreign direct investment (FDI) over the past 15 years or so. The chapter characterizes the sectoral orientation of Brazilian MNCs, pointing out the significant natural-resource base (NRB) focus of many of the largest enterprises. It also considers the broad policy-related factors that have helped propel the recent surge in outward investment. The chapter concludes by considering the challenges currently facing Brazilian MNCs. Not the least of these is the current wave of corruption scandals surrounding key MNCs in the energy and construction sectors. It is argued that these partly underlie a process of consolidation and divestment that is taking place in many of Brazil’s largest MNCs.
Corruption Scandals, the Evolution of Anti-Corruption Institutions, and Their Impact on Brazil’s Economy
Authors: Prado Mariana Mota , Carson Lindsey
Published: August 2018

This chapter considers corruption in the Brazilian context and the impact this may have had on economic performance. It is first suggested that a corruption scandal can create a window of opportunity for reforms, such that a government’s action or inaction in the aftermath of a scandal may signify its commitment to institutional change. The chapter assesses the impacts of past scandals and responsive institutional reforms on perceptions of corruption. Finally, the chapter considers how foreign and domestic investors may react to government reforms, as well as perception-based indicators of corruption. It is argued that some corruption scandals have had significant impact on institutional reforms and corruption indicators in Brazil.
Brazil’s Import-Substitution Industrialization
Authors: Baer Werner
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the development of Brazil’s inward-oriented industrialization strategy, commonly termed “import-substitution industrialization” (ISI). Originating in the 1930s under the corporatist administration of Getúlio Vargas, by the 1960s the strategy had succeeded in transforming the structure of the Brazilian economy, turning it into a major industrial powerhouse. Successful though the strategy initially was in promoting growth and structural change, it nevertheless suffered from inherent flaws, notably its heavy reliance on imported inputs and a failure to produce and export efficient industrial sector. This chapter considers the achievements and failings of ISI in some detail and also discusses the results of attempts to reintroduce the strategy on a limited scale in the first decade of the 2000s.
Comparative Analysis in Language Revitalization Practices
Authors: Pérez Báez Gabriela , Vogel Rachel , Okura Eve
Published: August 2018

Language revitalization aims at reversing language shift. This chapter seeks to expand knowledge about ongoing efforts to sustain the use of languages by means of a study that goes beyond the relatively limited number of often cited case studies that have been reported in the relevant literature, and endeavors to document the diversity of efforts around the world for the purposes of comparative analysis. The authors report on the results of a pilot of the Global Survey of Language Revitalization Efforts carried out by Recovering Voices (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian) in collaboration with the Linguistics Department at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. This survey is, to their knowledge, the first attempt at analyzing revitalization comparatively across cultural and geographic contexts to shed light on correlations among variables that foster positive outcomes in language revitalization—and on correlations that may represent challenges.
Endangered Sign Languages
Authors: Woodward James
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to endangered sign languages specifically designed for linguists who know little about sign languages but who may have an interest in the documentation of endangered sign languages. Focusing on ten Southeast Asian sign languages, nine of which are endangered or dying and six of which are being documented by fluent Culturally Deaf users trained through the Asian-Pacific Sign Linguistics Program in The Centre for Sign Linguistics and Deaf Studies at The Chinese University of Hong Kong, this chapter provides information about: the historical relationships of these sign languages, sign language phonology, “alphabetization” of signs by formational parameters, sign language morphology, sign language syntax, and sign language lexicons and lexicography. Finally, the chapter provides some discussion about the possible future of the documentation, conservation, and possible revitalization of endangered sign languages.
Language Contact and Language Endangerment
Authors: Thomason Sarah G.
Published: August 2018

Language endangerment almost always involves language contact, but language contact does not always lead to endangerment: safe language contact features balanced bilingualism, and unsafe language contact features transitional bilingualism. In safe contact situations, neither of the languages in contact is likely to disappear unless and until the circumstances that make the situation safe change dramatically. In unsafe contact situations, by contrast, one of the languages is likely to disappear. Finally, attrition in endangered languages is compared with contact-induced change in non-endangered languages: individual changes do not differ significantly in the two processes, but only attrition leads to overall impoverishment of lexicon and structure.
Tools and Technology for Language Documentation and Revitalization
Authors: Rice Keren , Thieberger Nicholas
Published: August 2018

A defining feature of new methods of documenting languages is the advance in technologies for recording, transcribing, annotating, managing, and analyzing language records, which then facilitates delivering that documentation for use in various forms, in particular for language revitalization efforts. It is the affordances offered by these new methods that have expanded the possibilities of language documentation to create richer records and enabling collaboration over distance, both between linguists and between linguists and speakers. Digital materials can serve multiple purposes, often unforeseen by the original recorder. Analog recordings had limited availability in single locations and access to timepoints within a recording was labor intensive and slow. Digital media on the other hand can be instantly accessed in many locations, and permits citation to the level of a word or even a phoneme and thus offers verification of analyses with reference to the primary recordings.
Compiling Dictionaries of Endangered Languages
Authors: Rehg Kenneth L.
Published: August 2018

Dictionaries play an essential role in documenting and conserving endangered languages. However, many such languages lack dictionaries, for a variety of reasons. A fundamental one is that relatively few linguists have had any training in lexicography. The purpose of this chapter, therefore, is to provide a preliminary guide to compiling a dictionary by envisioning that task as the production of a product. The creation of any successful product entails at least five steps—research, preliminary planning, design and construction, distribution, and support. Each of these steps is briefly discussed here, with an emphasis on dictionary design, described in terms of the dictionary’s macrostructure, microstructure, and megastructure. Legal and ethical issues are also briefly considered. The primary goal of this chapter is to urge researchers to undertake the creation of a dictionary, and to provide them with a conceptual framework to do so.
Tools from the Ethnography of Communication for Language Documentation
Authors: Floyd Simeon
Published: August 2018

Documentary linguistics is increasingly responsible for documenting not just the grammatical aspects of endangered languages but the sociocultural contexts where they are spoken. An approach called the “ethnography of communication” developed by Dell Hymes in the 1960s offers ethnographic tools that apply specifically to the communicative practices in “speech events,” a key concept in this approach. Hymes created the SPEAKING model, which reminds researchers to take into account a broad range of aspects of communications, including the “setting,” the “participants,” their “ends,” the temporal “act sequence,” the “key” to the tone (e.g., serious or humorous), the linguistic “instrumentalities” used (languages, dialects, registers), the “norms” that govern them, and the “genres” they are performed in. The chapter summarizes this model and then applies it to two different language documentation case studies from indigenous languages of Ecuador to show how it can help strengthen the ethnographic aspects of language documentation.
Language Documentation in Diaspora Communities
Authors: Kaufman Daniel , Perlin Ross
Published: August 2018

Due to environmental, economic, and social factors, cities are increasingly absorbing speakers of endangered languages. In this chapter, the authors examine some of the ways that organizations can work with communities in an urban setting to further language documentation, conservation, and revitalization. They base their discussion on their experience at the Endangered Language Alliance, a non-profit organization based in New York City that facilitates collaboration between linguists, students, speakers of endangered languages, and other relevant parties. While ex-situ language documentation has not been given much attention in the literature, they argue that it has its own unique advantages and that diaspora communities need to be taken seriously, both to fully understand language endangerment and to better counteract it.
Approaches to and Strategies for Language Revitalization
Authors: Hinton Leanne
Published: August 2018

There are many paths language revitalization can take, but they are not mutually exclusive. A central aspect of language revitalization is the creation of new speakers. One path is for families to learn and transmit the endangered language at home. Schools are major venues for language learning. Language nests and immersion schools have been especially effective. Adult language education has also become a critical part of language revitalization. Universities and “bootstrap” methods such as the Master-Apprentice Program have been able to bring adults to high proficiency. Linguistic archives have been useful for access to language, especially when there are no speakers left. Modernization of the language is also unavoidable, including new vocabulary and the development of writing systems if necessary. Most importantly, language revitalization should involve increased use of the language, by native speakers and learners alike.
The Linguistics of Language Revitalization
Authors: O'Grady William
Published: August 2018

With hundreds of the world’s languages now in danger, the need for effective methods of language revitalization has never been greater. Yet most efforts fall short of their objective. The central point of this chapter is that language revitalization is possible only if it is possible to create or maintain the conditions under which language acquisition can take place. Two key issues are explored in detail—the question of how children acquire (and lose) language, and the question of how bilingualism can be pursued as a key component of language revitalization. The answers to both questions have certain features in common, including acknowledgment of the advantages that arise from exposure to the language at a young age, a recognition of the importance of ample, high-quality input, and the need for ongoing opportunities to use the language in a range of communicative situations.
New Media for Endangered Languages
Authors: Buszard-Welcher Laura
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents three technologies essential to enabling any language in the digital domain: language identifiers (ISO 639-3), Unicode (including fonts and keyboards), and the building of corpora to enable natural language processing. Just a few major languages of the world are well-enabled for use with electronically mediated communication. Another few hundred languages are arguably on their way to being well-enabled, if for market reasons alone. For all the remaining languages of the world, inclusion in the digital domain remains a distant possibility, and one that likely requires sustained interest, attention, and resources on the part of the language community itself. The good news is that the same technologies that enable the more widespread languages can also enable the less widespread, and even endangered ones, and bootstrapping is possible for all of them. The examples and resources described in this chapter can serve as inspiration and guidance in getting started.
Language Recovery Paradigms
Authors: King Alan R.
Published: August 2018

This chapter argues that successful language recovery evolves over time through a series of stages characterized by distinct paradigms (sets of assumptions), each of which in turn challenges deep-rooted assumptions of the preceding stage. The exposition draws on the narratives of Basque and Nawat language recovery to illustrate this, focusing on paradigm transitions which question typical priorities of orthodox approaches, such as the language’s oral character, its purity, native speakers, descriptivism, teaching children, and bonds with the rural world and a traditional lifestyle. A successful recovery process should transcend these constraints. It should recognize the importance of writing, neologisms, new speakers, prescriptive proposals, adult learners, urban settings and ideological neutrality. This alternative paradigm justifies current developments in the Nawat movement powered by the internet, social media, incorporation of new adult speakers, and a new generation of young, university-educated language enthusiasts.
Language Revitalization in Africa
Authors: Sands Bonny
Published: August 2018

Africa is home to almost a third of the world’s languages. Only about 400 of these languages are widely considered to be endangered but many more are vulnerable given the small populations who use them. Even minority languages spoken by fairly large populations face challenges. Language endangerment on the continent is widespread, affecting a majority of African languages, including ones spoken in small geographical areas as well as cross-border languages. While linguists have generally focused on documentation and revitalization of the most endangered languages, grassroots efforts have targeted both large and small languages. The success of language revitalization efforts remains to be seen as many of these programs are still in their infancy.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell Lyle , Rehg Kenneth L.
Published: August 2018

The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages’ purposes are (1) to provide a reasonably comprehensive reference volume for endangered languages, with the scope of the volume as a whole representing the breadth of the field; (2) to highlight both the range of thinking about language endangerment and the variety of responses to it; and (3) to broaden understanding of language endangerment, language documentation, and language revitalization, and, in so doing, to encourage and contribute to fresh thinking and new findings in support of endangered languages. This chapter introduces the thirty-nine chapters of this Handbook, which are addressed to the themes and approaches in scholarship on endangered language and to these objectives of the book. The authors introduce the criteria for determining whether a language is endangered and just how endangered it is, address the causes of language endangerment, review the reasons for why the language endangerment crisis matters, and discuss the variety of responses to it.
Congruence Between Species and Language Diversity
Authors: Harmon David , Loh Jonathan
Published: August 2018

Numerous studies have confirmed that there is a striking congruence between the global distributions of species diversity and language diversity. In both, richness and diversity generally increase at latitudes closer to the Equator. A variety of explanations has been offered; fundamentally, it appears that similar evolutionary processes, working on key biogeographic and environmental factors, are the cause. Advances in statistical analysis promise a deeper understanding of the overlap. The status of and trends in species and language diversity also show remarkable similarities when two leading indicators, the Living Planet Index and the Index of Linguistic Diversity, are compared at a global scale. Likewise, an analysis using IUCN Red List criteria reveals comparable levels of threat. At regional scales, however, differences emerge between trends. An integrated, biocultural approach to conservation is proposed as the most effective response to the parallel extinction crisis of species and languages.
Traditional and Local Knowledge Systems as Language Legacies Critical for Conservation
Authors: McClatchey Will C.
Published: August 2018

This chapter briefly addresses some of the issue and concerns about documentation and preservation of traditional and local knowledge about the environment and biodiversity, particularly as conceptualized within human languages. Parallels between the practices of biological science and language documentation are discussed as models for thinking about issues in language preservation. Language legacies are described as being both the details and the context of persistent use within communities of humans living in specific locations where their languages evolved. Local language complexities are largely based upon long-term interactions with, and observations of, local environments with resulting interpretations becoming important structural details of the language legacy. Non-local expertise in sciences (or other specialties) may be helpful for documenting local language details held by local experts that would otherwise be difficult for a linguist to understand. Collaboration between linguists and other scientists through incorporation of traditional and local knowledge about biodiversity will enable the collaborating scholars to increase the quality and relevance of their work for conservation of languages and life on earth.
Why Lexical Loss and Culture Death Endanger Science
Authors: Mackenzie Ian , Davis Wade
Published: August 2018

Contemporary linguistics, preoccupied with syntax, has neglected the lexicon. Yet languages in general may diverge more fundamentally in respect to the lexicon than they do on the level of syntax. Such lexical divergences may result in real differences in the way distinct human groups think. When lexicosemantic divergence between two languages leads to a situation where a concept expressed in one language cannot be translated into another, we have a case of absolute untranslatability. Speakers of the two languages necessarily conceive the world in different ways. A new corpus of data collected from the Penan nomads of Borneo provides instances of absolute untranslatability between their language and English. The extinction of languages like Penan is a tragedy for science: not only are their lexicons the repositories of enormous amounts of cultural data, but their dissolution results in the loss of information that may shed light on the nature of the language faculty and human cognition in general.
Funding the Documentation and Revitalization of Endangered Languages
Authors: Penfield Susan
Published: August 2018

The funding of documentation and revitalization projects within the field of endangered languages can be challenging. There are few, but significant, sources that are directed toward this effort worldwide. For this chapter, two potential audiences are recognized: (1) those who may be seeking funding for the first time and could use some general guidelines to get started and (2) those who may have had previous funding but need to think about some new ways to expand on it. In either case, it is good to be mindful of the basics of good grant writing. This chapter offers some general guidelines and some specific strategies to help researchers and community members alike strategize their funding efforts. The chapter concludes with an appeal for more language activism aimed at encouraging more funding for endangered languages worldwide.
Teaching Linguists to Document Endangered Languages
Authors: Genetti Carol
Published: August 2018

Language documentation is a complex undertaking requiring varied technical and interpersonal skills, in addition to a strong foundation in linguistics. A full training program would include: immersion in the literature on language endangerment and language documentation; project planning; grant writing; preparation for the practical and psychological challenges of fieldwork; extensive discussion of a wide range of ethical issues; an understanding of factors that impact community decisions on orthographies; development of technical skills (e.g., audio-video recording, mastery of software, data management, archiving); phonetic and discourse transcription; the analysis, glossing, and translation of texts; grammar writing; and lexicography. There are many resources and models for providing such training, which can be embedded into the university curriculum (including field methods), offered at workshops or institutes, or taught in situ in apprenticeship or service-learning models.
Training Language Activists to Support Endangered Languages
Authors: England Nora C.
Published: August 2018

Training speakers of Mayan languages to be linguists is described over a forty-year period. Most Mayas who have participated in such training have been language activists as well, thus combining activism with being or becoming linguists. Three different phases in training are described, starting with extra-scholastic training in Guatemala before the civil war, its evolution after the war, and the shift to university training, especially graduate training, in the last fifteen years. The different components of the training programs are discussed, in particular how collaborations between a non-speaker linguist and speaker linguists developed and expanded. Linguistics training adds the analytical and scholarly aspects of language study to language activism, which is itself community based.
Assessing Degrees of Language Endangerment
Authors: Lee Nala H. , Van Way John R.
Published: August 2018

The need for accurate measures of language endangerment is now more important than ever, given the global problem of language endangerment. In this chapter, different vitality measures are introduced and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In particular, this chapter draws attention to the Language Endangerment Index. Learning from the strengths and weaknesses of previous approaches, LEI was developed for assessing the level of endangerment for any language in the world. It takes into account four separate factors: intergenerational transmission, absolute number of speakers, speaker number trends, and domains of use. LEI combines these four factors to obtain an overall rating, which can be used for quick reference or comparison. The scale also generates a certainty level, based on how many of the four factors were used in the assessment, which allows it to be used and interpreted accurately, even when little is known about a language’s situation.
Indigenous Language Rights—Miner’s Canary or Mariner’s Tern?
Authors: McCarty Teresa L.
Published: August 2018

Drawing on the international literature in language planning and policy, this chapter examines Indigenous language rights. Like the diagnostic “miner’s canary,” the rights accorded or denied to Indigenous peoples reflect larger issues of equity and justice for minoritized- and endangered-language communities. The chapter begins with background on Indigenous peoples, their distinctive status as originary peoples and inherent sovereigns, the present state of Indigenous language vitality and endangerment, and the stakes involved in Indigenous language loss and reclamation. Following is an examination of research and practice in Indigenous language rights. A third section examines those rights in a key public domain: education. The chapter concludes with the implications of this work for the revitalization and sustainability of Indigenous languages and their associated cultural and knowledge systems. An aspirational alternative to the “miner’s canary” metaphor is offered, in which language rights are rooted in the principle and practice of Indigenous self-determination.
The Goals of Language Documentation
Authors: Rhodes Richard , Campbell Lyle
Published: August 2018

How is language documentation defined and what constitutes language documentation? What counts as having an adequate language documentation, and how is that assessed? In this chapter we address these questions and attempt to provide useful perspectives on what must go into answering them.
Globalization, Governance Gaps, and the Emergence of New Institutions for Political Consumerism
Authors: Gulbrandsen Lars H.
Published: August 2018

In recent decades, various nonstate governance programmes have emerged as vibrant new institutions seeking to ensure that environmental and social values inform market transactions. This chapter examines the role of globalization and governance gaps as precursors to the rise of sustainability certification programmes and various scholarly debates on such programmes. Extant research highlights the importance of various forms of political consumerism, including boycotts and buycotts, for the rise of sustainability certification programmes. Research also highlights, in contrast, a wider array of other factors of critical importance to the emergence and evolution of sustainability certification programmes and their full potential to govern the practices of global production, distribution, and consumption.
Political Consumerism for Sustainable Tourism
Authors: Lamers Machiel , Nawijn Jeroen , Eijgelaar Eke
Published: August 2018

Over the last decades a substantial and growing societal and academic interest has emerged for the development of sustainable tourism. Scholars have highlighted the contribution of tourism to global environmental change and to local, detrimental social and environmental effects as well as to ways in which tourism contributes to nature conservation. Nevertheless the role of tourist consumers in driving sustainable tourism has remained unconvincing and inconsistent. This chapter reviews the constraints and opportunities of political consumerism for sustainable tourism. The discussion covers stronger pockets and a key weak pocket of political consumerism for sustainable tourism and also highlights inconsistencies in sustainable tourism consumption by drawing on a range of social theory arguments and possible solutions. The chapter concludes with an agenda for future research on this topic.
Political Consumerism in Southern Europe
Authors: Lekakis Eleftheria J. , Forno Francesca
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides a comparative historical analysis of the evolution of political consumerism in Southern European countries (Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Greece), discussing the breadth of scholarship and identifying positive and negative forms of political consumerism with reference to ethical and political uses of the market. Despite the fact that political consumerism appears to be less diffuse in Southern Europe when compared with Northwestern Europe, the global financial crisis, which has had particularly serious effects in these countries, seems to have spearheaded and transformed political consumerism practices. Political consumerism in Southern Europe has recently appeared as an increasingly utilized tool for grassroots, locally based networks aiming to promote a solidarity economy. This chapter reflects on economic, political, and cultural opportunity structures and their relationship with new forms of collectivism and cooperativism, as well as on the methodological challenges this change poses for research in this area of study.
Facilitating Political Consumerism in an Emerging Economy
Authors: Kantamaturapoj Kanang , Thongplew Natapol , Wibulpolprasert Suwit
Published: August 2018

Thailand, an emerging economy in Southeast Asia, has witnessed the emergence of political consumerism over the last five decades. The start of political consumerism was in 1972 with a boycott of Japanese products due to their economic domination in Thailand. Since then political consumerism has acquired multiple forms. Owing to urbanization and economic development, the expanding urban middle-class has become an “agent of change.” Consumer organizations and business actors have joined forces in strengthening political consumerism. This chapter provides an overview of political consumerism in Thailand as depicted in four cases illustrating the four forms of political consumerism. The four cases demonstrate how consumers use the market as their political arena to participate in societal changes. Recommendations include further studies on mapping the relative importance of sustainability and social concerns among consumers in Thailand and suitable structures for engaging different groups of citizen-consumers in these actions.
Undemocratic Political Consumerism
Authors: Stolle Dietlind , Huissoud Lucas
Published: August 2018

This chapter highlights that political consumerism is not always used for democratic ends. The range of this variant of political consumerism is broad,—including campaigns and actions that pit societal, ethnic, or religious groups against each other; those that can be used to promote nationalism, nationalistic movements, or democratically dubious purposes; and, finally, clear instances of political consumerism that discriminate against and threaten targeted societal, ethnic, and religious groups. We find less systematic research on such undemocratic forms of political consumerism due to the fact that these variants are often less visible and, therefore, difficult to study with conventional methodological strategies and empirical materials. The chapter not only offers reflections on ways to establish a more inclusive agenda of political consumer research but also discusses several contemporary examples.
Political Consumerism and Corporate Strategy towards Sustainability Standard-Setting
Authors: Fransen Luc
Published: August 2018

This chapter surveys corporate activities to promote social, economic, and environmental standards across the clothing, electronics, and cocoa industries and argues that political consumerism has been one factor driving these activities. Factors pertaining to government intervention and business strategy, having little to do with societal pressure or conscientious consumer activities, also drive brands and retailers to engage in sustainability standard-setting. As a result, across the sectors investigated, there appears to be a gap between business-driven sustainability-standard efforts and experiments to get businesses to cater to political consumerist interests. Using empirical examples from the Netherlands, the chapter discusses the degree to which the relationship between these consumerist initiatives and corporate sustainability strategy can be considered in or out of sync. Can political consumerism guide and/or inspire mainstream brands and retailers towards better sustainability practices, or is it a movement supporting niche projects isolated from mainstream business efforts?
Political Consumerism in the South African and British Anti-Apartheid Movements
Authors: de Jager Johan Nicolaas Wilhelm
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides a historical perspective on how political consumerism was applied within the South African and British anti-apartheid movements, specifically addressing the role that consumer boycott campaigns played in undermining the apartheid regime. The chapter will first discuss the rise of boycott campaigns in apartheid South Africa and how one of these campaigns eventually spread to Britain and assisted in the creation of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement. The chapter will then discuss how increasingly violent state suppression in South Africa resulted in the rise of alternative forms of local resistance and how it galvanised the outside world to expand their use of the boycott tactic. Finally, the chapter will focus on the resurgence of local resistance in South Africa and how both local and international consumer boycott campaigns assisted in the fall of apartheid.
Rejecting and Embracing Brands in Political Consumerism
Authors: Boström Magnus
Published: August 2018

Brands play important roles as targets and arenas for political consumerism. Much of political consumerist action navigates towards large and highly visible brands, which political consumers reject or embrace. This chapter views a brand—the name and logo of an actor/object and their associated/recognized meanings—as a core symbolic asset of an organization. The chapter argues that such a symbolic resource brings both opportunities and risks. A brand increases its power if it is entwined in institutions, identities, everyday practices, discourses, values, and norms. Successful eco- or ethical branding can bring profits, legitimacy, and power to companies. At the same time highly visible brands are targets of negative media reporting and movement attacks, and thus they are vulnerable to reputation risks. Through a literature review, the chapter demonstrates how brands relate to boycott/brand rejection, buycott, discursive, and lifestyle political consumerism. The concluding discussion suggests topics for future research.
Studying Media within Political Consumerism
Authors: Yang Mundo , Baringhorst Sigrid
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on how media used within political consumerism are to be studied. There are basically two research traditions in the state of the art. The first focuses on phenomena such as culture jamming, while the second analyzes the effects of discursive political consumerism on mass media. The former derives its concepts from media studies, while the latter applies methods such as content analysis and frame interpretation from communication studies. The chapter also discusses methodological challenges posed by the rise of the internet, arguing that newer research tends to combine approaches from both traditions and now empirically includes analysis of online media. Research on political consumerism now applies new methods of case selection (e.g., through Google search results) and investigates the rising role of political consumers as content distributing agents.
Political Consumerism and the Social-Practice Perspective
Authors: Oosterveer Peter , Spaargaren Gert , Kloppenburg Sanneke
Published: August 2018

Social practice approaches, developed in sociology, contribute to the study of political consumerism by moving away from individual accounts of political consumerism and towards the study of everyday practices and their changes. This chapter presents the main conceptual tools and empirical orientations and connects these with political consumerism thinking. This leads to a focus on social practices, the embeddedness of different social practices, and the roles of power and information. This framework is then applied in empirical examples of energy, food, and mobility to illustrate the additional insights that social practices can contribute to political consumerism. The conclusion explores how social practice approaches can contribute to a better understanding of dynamics of agency, power, and change in everyday consumption.
Listening to the Musicking Body
Authors: Kim Youn
Published: August 2018

Listening is generally discussed in connection with auditory perception, with the ear as the primary perceptual organ. Recently, however, more comprehensive approaches are being emphasized along with the need to understand listening in the context of cultural and historical changes. This chapter investigates the plasticity of the idea of listening, both across disciplines and across historical contexts. By engaging with various discourses on seeing, hearing, and kinesthetics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the present chapter examines how a holistic conceptualization of listening that goes beyond the ear and functions in the context of the whole human body emerged and argues how understanding the past can shed light on the current understanding of music and the body.
Rude Representation
Authors: Berman Jacob Rama
Published: August 2018

This chapter investigates the influence of Jacksonian Orientalism on Poe’s description of the chasm glyphs in The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym. The essay focuses attention on two late additions to Pym, a second Chapter Twenty-three and the final “Note,” as well as on the influence of John Lloyd Stephens’s Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petræa, and the Holy Land on these late additions. “Rude Representation” argues that Poe uses these addenda to the final text to explore settler colonial racial politics, in general, and the construction of American whiteness, in particular. Ultimately, Poe’s story of polar exploration harnesses the tropes of discovery and revelation popularized in Near Eastern travel narratives, transforming the chasm scene into an examination of the domestic politics of Manifest Destiny. The essay concludes by considering Poe’s use of Arabic language in the context of Islamic hermeneutic traditions.
Pym and Unreadability
Authors: Weinstein Cindy
Published: August 2018

Many of Poe’s stories are allegories of reading or misreading or the impossibility of reading. The first sentence of “The Man of the Crowd” intones “it does not permit itself to be read.” Here, Poe is citing a “certain German book,” though which one has eluded critics since the story’s publication in 1840. Perhaps the most obvious reason it cannot be read is because the book simply does not exist. Such a superficial but overlooked explanation would certainly fit with Poe’s penchant for sabotaging readers’ expectations. But critics have correctly used this statement of unreadability as Poe’s self-conscious gloss on his own writings, which feature all kinds of reading material, as it were, including documents that are sometimes purloined, hieroglyphs, anagrams, and specific letters in the alphabet. My essay will discuss images of unreadability in Poe’s oeuvre with special attention to Pym, which contains both a narrative of white superiority and a critique of it.
Poe
Authors: Ginsberg Lesley
Published: August 2018

This chapter approaches Poe’s life through his letters with reference to historical contexts that shaped letter writing in antebellum America, Poe’s interests in handwriting and “Autography,” the relationship between letter writing and antebellum authorship and celebrity, and shifts in Poe’s voice across multiple letters and recipients. In his letters, Poe performed identities ranging from the wronged son, the victim, the lover, and the literary genius. Poe’s epistolary “rhetoric of dread” may be linked to his lyric poetry. As scholars of letter writing in the nineteenth-century United States attest, letters were not “private documents.” Rather, they were “self-conscious” artifacts “circulating between friends and strangers.” Poe’s letters were written when the distinctions between privately circulated manuscripts and public cultures of print were destabilized. His letters to women are studied in this chapter as is the issue of poverty haunting his letters. Finally, Poe’s letters also document his desire for editorship of a magazine and his participation in the business of publishing in antebellum America.
Bluestockings and Bohemians
Authors: Whitley Edward
Published: August 2018

Poe regularly attended New York City literary salons during the 1840s with women writers referred to as “bluestockings” in an homage to the feminist intellectuals of the eighteenth-century Blue Stockings Society. Poe depended on the salons of bluestocking women to help him access the literary marketplace. Poe’s posthumous career during the 1850s and 1860s followed a similar pattern, as his reputation was linked to a coterie of New Yorkers who modeled themselves on the bohemians of Paris’s Latin Quarter. These bohemian writers, who included Walt Whitman, used Poe as a touchstone for their own work. The various groups of New York writers who claimed Poe during his life and after his death illustrate a central tension in coterie practice: namely, that membership in a literary community both models and informs the fickle nature of the marketplace.
Postmodern Poe
Authors: Weinstock Jeffrey Andrew
Published: August 2018

This chapter addresses Edgar Allan Poe’s relation to postmodernism in three parts. It first considers the postmodern elements of Poe’s writing with an emphasis on hoaxes, metafictional self-referentiality, fragmentation, and an overall postmodern suspicion of metanarratives. Next it offers an overview of how Poe’s fiction has been used by poststructuralist theorists—notably, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, and Barbara Johnson—as well as critics including Dennis Pahl, Michael J. S. Williams, J. Gerald Kennedy, and Louis A. Renza, to illustrate poststructuralist claims about the nature of the self and language. Finally, it explores how the postmodern elements present in Poe’s fiction make him attractive to modern sensibilities. This final section considers the commodification not just of Poe’s writing but of Poe himself—how his biography and image themselves become postmodern narratives available for appropriation and exploitation in the contemporary culture of the Gothic.
Introduction
Authors: Kennedy J. Gerald , Peeples Scott
Published: August 2018

Edgar Allan Poe has long occupied a problematic place in discussions of American literature. Over the course of the twentieth century, however, an intensive reexamination of his relationship to nineteenth-century print culture and the controversies of Jacksonian America reframed our understanding of his work. Whereas scholars once regarded his dark fantasies as extraneous to American experience, we now recognize the complex and nuanced ways in which Poe’s work responded to and questioned core assumptions of American culture. The Oxford Handbook of Edgar Allan Poe offers a wide-ranging exploration of Poe, rereading his works through a variety of critical approaches and illuminating his ultimate impact on global literature, art, and culture. The introduction to the volume traces the development of scholarship on Poe from the time of his death in 1849 to the beginning of the twenty-first century, exploring the future possibilities for the study of Poe in the digital era.
“We Want Our Voices Back”
Authors: Koch Grace
Published: August 2018

The term “repatriation” can have different meanings for libraries, museums, and archives. This chapter deals with the important work of “knowledge repatriation” by returning copies of sound recordings to the places from which they originated and explores ethical issues arising from the process. Various repatriation initiatives by Australian institutions as well as specific research projects are explored. Some dilemmas arising for collections management staff due to outdated protocols and procedures for access and copying are shown within the context of the work of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies along with some actions being taken to address those difficulties. Examples are given of the special use of sound recordings within the legal context of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander land claims.
“Pour préserver la mémoire”
Authors: Orr Christopher
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the documentary film El Gusto through an expanded definition of music repatriation. The film captures the reunion of Jewish and Muslim sha‘bī musicians who perform together for the first time since the Algerian War of Independence. Using theories of collective memory, the author explores how the film’s director, Safinez Bousbia, presents this reunion both as a repatriation of individual culture-bearers who embody a tradition and as a reconstitution of their shared memories. The film’s subsequent publicity and Bousbia’s ongoing initiatives have enabled the musicians to advocate for their music and their shared oral history as intangible cultural heritage. Using Bousbia’s project as a model, the author argues for an approach to ethnographic representation that empowers subjects of repatriation to become agents in cultural preservation.
New Folk Music as Attempted Repatriation in Romania
Authors: Mengel Maurice
Published: August 2018

This chapter looks at cultural policy toward folk music (muzică populară) in socialist Romania (1948–1989), covering three areas: first, the state including its intentions and actions; second, ethnomusicologists as researchers of rural peasant music and employees of the state, and, third, the public as reached by state institutions. The article argues that Soviet-induced socialist cultural policy effectively constituted a repatriation of peasant music that was systematically collected; documented and researched; intentionally transformed into new products, such as folk orchestras, to facilitate the construction of communism; and then distributed in its new form through a network of state institutions like the mass media. Sources indicate that the socialist state was partially successful in convincing its citizens about the authenticity of the new product (that new folklore was real folklore) while the original peasant music was to a large extent inaccessible to nonspecialist audiences.
Reclaiming Ownership of the Indigenous Voice
Authors: Reed Trevor
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the origins, methodology, and preliminary results of the Hopi Music Repatriation Project (HMRP), a community-partnered initiative aimed at securing the return of Hopi ceremonial song recordings and their associated intellectual property rights back to the Hopi Tribe. While scholars have extensively documented the legal and ethical imperatives for the repatriation of Indigenous documentary materials from archives, museums, and other institutions, relatively little has been written about how to conceptualize and carry out a reincorporation of archived ancestral voices back into Indigenous communities. This chapter grapples with a methodology for recirculating archived Indigenous voices in ways that resist dependence on settler-imposed legal frameworks, relying instead on the social and political relationships that already govern ownership of and access to Indigenous knowledge, creativity, and ritual expression. Ultimately, community-based theorizing of repatriation methodologies is necessary to carry out a decolonizing repatriation of archived Indigenous voices.
Water in Australian Agriculture
Authors: Horne James
Published: August 2018

Water use has reached the limits of sustainable water extraction in many areas of Australia. This chapter explores how water is currently used in Australian agriculture, the policy responses of governments and the likely policy and industry challenges over the coming decades. It also examines how water reform has facilitated sustainable agricultural production, encouraging the innovative use of scarce inputs. In Australia and elsewhere, climate change will force many agricultural producers to question whether their product mix is best suited to likely future climatic conditions. Public policy has a role to play in ensuring the farming sector understands these new risks to water resources and opportunities and options to manage them.