bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volcanostratigraphy Study of Way Ratai Geothermal Prospect in Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province
Authors: Arif Al-Hassan M. , Iqbal Mochamad
Published: April 2022

Way Ratai geothermal area is volcanogenic geothermal system located in Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province, Indonesia. The presence of the geothermal system in this area is indicated by the distribution of geothermal manifestations such as hot pools and hydrothermal alteration. Understanding the geological setting of this area plays an important role in considering the prospect of geothermal resources. This paper aims to determine the prospect of the geothermal area by investigating the relationship between volcanic units, geological structures, and geothermal systems in the Way Ratai. The study was conducted with remote sensing analysis and volcanostratigraphy study to interpret the stress regime, the permeability zone analyzed by the lineament density, the lithological unit, and the dimension of the volcanoes. Three groups of structural lineaments are identified from remote sensing analysis: NW-SE trend, NNE-SSW trend, and circular feature. Mount Ratai Volcanic Crown consists of 19 lithological units such as lava dome, lava flow, pyroclastic products, and surface deposit. The estimation of the volcanic product dimension is about 55 km3 that widespread radially which indicates the presence of a significant heat source beneath the surface. The volcanic activities occurred during the Pleistocene to Holocene with andesitic composition. Based on the lineament density extraction, the prospect area located on the southern flank of Mount Ratai has good permeability. Lineament maps that are overlaid by volcanic rock distribution maps will result in the relationship between the volcanostratigraphy units and the geological structure pattern of the area. From this study, the characteristics of the area show that this area has a good geothermal prospect to be developed and needs further investigation.
Study of Potential of Cascade Direct Use to Utilize Exhaust Steam from Back Pressure Turbine at Ulumbu Geothermal Power Plant
Authors: Haykal Ahmad Azaria , Lafkin Aby , Utami Sholihah R. , Hasyyati Luqiyana Nur , Karunia Hammad Fadhil , Andriana Rian , Hendrarsakti Jooned
Published: April 2022

The Indonesian government has fixated Flores Island for geothermal utilization due to its potential to reach about 776 MW. Of these potentials, one that has been utilized is at PLTP Ulumbu with a 10 MW energy reservation. 2 backpressure units at PLTP Ulumbu generate power 2×2.5 MW. The exhaust on the backpressure unit of the PLTP Ulumbu has an average temperature of 99°C with enthalpy ranging from 2,430 to 2,435 kJ/kg. Instead of releasing the steam to the environment, it would be wiser to utilize the brine’s heat through cascade direct use based on Lindal Diagram. The cascading system will be arranged from high to low temperature to use excessive energy efficiently. The direct use application is selected based on the best potential-for-fit commodities and the energy of the heat source. This paper aims to perform a feasibility study of cascade direct use of geothermal energy that uses an exhaust steam backpressure turbine at Ulumbu geothermal power plant. The Ulumbu area will be transformed as the center of agricultural, stockbreeding, factory, and geothermal tourism. From potential commodities, the four applications selected are coffee bean drying, egg-hatching incubator, brick factory, and new tourism site. Additionally, several preliminary scenarios are available regarding plant development components (e.g., stakeholder and partnership type). Hence, the comprehensive determination of the ‘best scenario’ will be discussed in terms of feasibility and economic attractiveness.
Identification of Direct-Use Geothermal Energy for Extracting Cajuput Oils Used to Reduce Respiratory Disorder Due to COVID-19
Authors: Hendrarsakti Jooned , Brahmantya Herdhani Adhi , Baravanni Afdhal , Rianto Deyan , Resha Mochammad , Andi Kolala Putra , Setia Febriatna Triya , Abraham Rasu William
Published: April 2022

The COVID-19 disease causes severe symptoms like fever, cough, and respiratory disorder like streptococcus pneumonia. Essential oil in cajuput is oil is believed to have effect to reduce respiratory disorder due to COVID-19. While the cajuput oil is not proven to prevent or to heal COVID-19 patients, the treatments using cajuput oil are proven helpful to ease the symptoms. Indonesia as a tropical country has large-scale cultivation of cajuput plants, for example in 2017, Sumedang and Majalengka areas produced up to 4 tons raw material or 10 kg in a day. In producing cajuput oil, there are some steps required for oil extraction and distillation including modified steam distillation method used in this study. This method of essential oil extraction process may use a large amount of heat to produce steam. Geothermal residual heat in the form of brine can be an alternative used to extract eucalyptus oil on small scale. This study shows the material balance analysis for the cajuput oil production with 10 kg cajuput leaves per day from Sumedang and Majalengka areas using Wayang Windu geothermal power plant brine at 180.7°C with 0.05 kg/s mass flow rate. Wayang Windu geothermal power plant itself was chosen because the distance is not too far from cajuput source, which is around 99.7 km. In this study the cajuput oil extraction produces around 57.918 × 10−3 kg of cajuput oil for daily production time 100 min/day.
Nutritional and Sensory Properties of Starry Trigger (Abalistes stellaris) Fish Balls Additional Fresh and Steamed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaves
Authors: Nuryahyani R , Kristanti D , Ishartani D , Setiaboma W
Published: April 2022

The starry trigger fish(Abalistes stellaris)is unique fish contains protein and low fat. Additions of plant as sources rich phytochemical is now widely observed. Moringa leaves is usually considered as the source of mineral and fiber. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition moringa leaves (fresh and steamed) on quality of starry trigger fish balls. The fish balls were made with seven formulations: C (control); A1 (5% of fresh moringa); A2 (10% of fresh moringa); A3 (15% of fresh moringa); B1 (5% of steamed moringa); B2 (10% of steamed moringa); B3 (15% of steamed moringa). The addition of moringa leaves increased a moisture content, iron, and water holding capacity (WHC) of fish meatball. The fish ball addition moringa leaves contained iron (0.66-1.07 mg/100g) and protein (45.20-48.33%). Otherwise, the treatments decreased a texture (hardness, gumminess, chewiness), lightness value of fish ball. The steamed treatment reduced a moisture content an iron, but increased a hardness, gumminess, chewiness, WHC, and lightness value of fish meatball. In generally, the addition of both fresh and steamed of moringa leaves did affect the panelist acceptance of fish meatballs. The addition of 15% fresh and steamed moringa leaves had the lowest acceptance by panelist.
Effect On The Variation Of Irradiation Time and Power Of UVC Lamp On Photocatalyst Degradation Of Iron (III) Sulfate Dye Waste
Authors: Nugroho DA , Trisnaliani L , Bustan MD
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the effect of variation in irradiation time and UVC lamp power on the degradation of iron (III) sulfate dye waste with the help of photocatalyst TiO2-Ag-Zeolite nanocomposite. TiO2 used was technical TiO2, Ag precursor was AgNO3 and, zeolite powder. The method used was sol-gel for the synthesis of TiO2-Ag-Zeolite. A photoreactor with irradiation with some UVC lamps (6,8,10 W) o in the catalyst test. The experimental result of the reduction process of iron (III) sulfate with the addition of TiO2-Ag-Zeolite catalyst and variations in reaction time (10,20,30,40,50 and 60 min) obtained the highest peak concentration of about 51% at 60 min with 6 and 8 W for pH > 4.0.
Fusarium Detected from Asymptomatic Seeds and the Highest From the Basal Clove Sections of Garlic
Authors: Hadwiyono  , Poromarto S H , Supyani  , Pamungkas Y H
Published: April 2022

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae causing basal rot is the most important pathogen on garlic in some fields such as in Tawangmangu Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonsesia. Information on the level of pathogen infection in seeds is an important factor that determines the intensity of disease in the field. This information is important in disease control in the field. The sensitivity of detection determines the success in measuring the index of pathogen infection in seeds. This paper reports the results of detection of the F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae based on visual symptoms and seed clove sections to determine the index of pathogen infection by incubation method on agar media. The detection results showed that the symptoms and clove part section determined the infection index of Fasarium in garlic seed bulbs. Pathogen in asymptomatic cloves can still be detected and from basal clove section is higher detected compared to the tip. The four varieties examined, namely Tawangmangu Baru, Lumbu Hijau, Lumbu Kuning, and Jawa Bawang were detected F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae 100.00, 97.22, 89.44, and 85.55% respectively.
Microsatellite Marker Mining Using PCR-Based Isolation of Microsatellite Arrays (PIMA) Method on Blue-Spotted Mudskipper, Boleophthalmus Boddarti
Authors: Azmir I A , Md-Yasin I S , Esa Y
Published: April 2022

Microsatellites are small and are codominant markers that can be amplified with polymerase chain reaction. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms possess large amounts of the microsatellites repeat. Many microsatellites have high mutation rates that generate the high levels of allelic diversity necessary for genetic studies of processes acting on ecological time scales. The high variability of microsatellites provided the foundation for their successful application in a wide range of fundamental and applied fields of biology. However,de novoisolation is needed for most species hence in this study we tried to mine the microsatellite marker using PCR-based isolation of microsatellite arrays (PIMA) on Blue spotted mudskipper,Boleophthalmus boddartia fish uniquely restricted to coastal and estuarine habitat was also commercially important. Out of three trials, seven microsatellite repeats were detected but only three repeat types (AAG)4, (TCAG)3and (CT)4can be useful as microsatellite marker following PHOBOS V3.3.12 analysis. Meanwhile, the detection of octa (AATACAT)2, penta (TGACA)2and heptanucleotides (GGAGATA)2 were unable to be continued as functional microsatellite marker as there were missense variants and interruptions detected either on forward or reverse strand of the repeat. Thus, PIMA method could be considered as tedious and detected low yields of microsatellite markers. Nevertheless, the conventional method for generating microsatellite markers from PCR based methods could be done within silicomining of microsatellite sequences from DNA sequence databases or next generation sequencing (NGS).
Co-Action Performance of Two Natural Dyes As Photosensitizer In Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) Apllication
Authors: Hower H , Tamrin  , Pratama F , Hersyamsi
Published: April 2022

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of coaction performance of two natural dyes which was Malabar melastome (Melastoma malabathricum). (SD) extract and nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) (NP) extract to photovoltaic properties of the fabricated DSSCs. Both plants are planted in different habitat (water and terrestrial). Experiment was carried out in 3 coaction which were combination of leaves (DN) and fruits (BH) from each plant. It was BH-SD+DN-NP, BH-SD+BH-NP and DN-SD+BH-NP. Extraction used absolute ethanol solution as solvent at the ratio of 1:3. Leaves, flowers and fruits from Malabar melastome and nipa palm were washed with distilled water then cutted in small pieces and subsequently dried at 45°C for 24 hours. The dried materials were ground and immersed in solvent for 7 days at room temperature in a dark room. All filtrate was obtained and used as dye photosensitizer. The DSSC encapsulation comprised of a photo electrode and counter electrode which were stacked up sandwich-like cell. Both electrodes were clamped with clamps on both sides prior dripping with electrolyte solution. The research revealed that co-action of two natural dye from Malabar melastome and nipa palm are able to increase the efficiency of DSSC. The maximum of field factor occoured in BH-SD+BH-NP while minimum was in BH-SD+DN-NP, 0.3816 and 0.2572 respectively. The co-action efficiency of natural dye reached maximum in BH-SD+DN-NP and minimum in DN-SD+BH-NP which were 7.7414% and 1.2229% respectively.
Marginal Substitution and Allocative Efficiency Evaluation of Rice Farming Applying Organic Fertilizer In Swampy Land Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatera Province, Indonesia
Authors: Adriani D , Maryadi  , Purbiyanti E , Mulyana E , Minha A
Published: April 2022

The growing awareness of the negative impact of using inorganic fertilizers on the environment in a small number of rice farmers has made them switch from conventional to organic farming. So far, economic research on the application of organic fertilizers has been widely carried out in irrigated rice fields. Economic research on the application of organic fertilizer use in tidal and lebak land areas has not been widely carried out. Differences in land types are expected to affect the amount of use of organic fertilizers and are also thought to affect production yields and income levels. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reduction in the use of inorganic fertilizers for rice farmers using organic fertilizers and their marginal substitution, as well as the impact of using organic fertilizers on the costs and income of rice farmers using organic fertilizers in tidal and lebak land. This research was conducted in Telang Sari Village, Tanjung Lago District and Sako Village, Rambutan District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Data was collected in April 2021. The research method was a survey with proportional stratified random sampling. The results showed that (1) the highest reduction of inorganic fertilizer in tidal land was 65.4 percent, while in lebak land it was 57.6 percent; the cost of production factors in tidal and lebak and areas increased by 4.94% and 18.56%; The income of rice farmers in lebak land increased by 60.58%, while on tidal land it was only 32.94%, (2) The marginal substitution of organic fertilizers to inorganic fertilizers was -2.61 and -5.68, (3) The use of these factors production for farmers who use organic fertilizers in both tidal and lebak land have not been efficien yett. The use of factors of production must be increased to obtain optimal profits.
In Vitro Rumen Methanogenesis Of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Nardus L.) Waste Silage
Authors: Abrar A , Priyanto L , Riswandi
Published: April 2022

Utilization of agroindustrial waste as feed for ruminant should consider not only biomass availability but also the impact to environment. Methanogenesis has been one of the issues regarding to the utilization of agroindustrial was as feed for ruminant. Lemon grass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) has known for its potential as feed for ruminant, however the information on its methanogenesis activities is very few. Ensiling process of the lemon grass waste may enhance the potential. Lemon grass waste were divided into two group of in vitro digestibility experiment; control (T0) and ensilage (T1) lemon grass waste. Observed parameters were pH, total gas production (mL) and rumen methane concentration (ppm). The Data were applied to T-tes student with 10 replications. The results showed that the pH was not significantly different (p> 0.05), while gas production and rumen methane concentration was significantly different (p <0.05). It can be concluded that the use of lemon grass waste silage can maintain the stability of pH values, reduce gas production, and methane gas concentration in cattle.
The Evaluation of Fish Growth Parameters and Exploitation of Hemibagrus nemurus In The Kotopanjang Reservoir, and The Sembakung River, Indonesia
Authors: Rais A H , Marini M
Published: April 2022

Hemibagrus nemurus or Baung is catfish grouped with pangasidae that has become a high economic value in Indonesia. The Kotopanjang Reservoir and the Sembakung River have the potential fishing ground of Hemibagrus nemurus in Riau Province and North Kalimantan respectively. This paper aims to evaluate the situation of the utilization of Hemibagrus nemurus based on growth parameters between two populations in the Kotopanjang Reservoir and the Sembakung River. The sample was collected from February to November 2017 in Kotopanjang, and February to September 2019 in the Sembakung. The conclusion has been produced by the length frequency analysis on both locations. The growth parameters have been analyzed by R software “TropFishR” and “fishmethods” packages. The result of ELEVAN analysis draws the same growth factor was 0.2 for the Kotopanjang and the Sembakung River. The length infinitive in the Sembakung River is 90 cm and the Kotopanjang 46.5 cm. The other result shows the exploitation level was higher recorded in the Kotopanjang Reservoir compare to the Sembakung with 0.514 and 0.277 respectively. It proved the exploitation rate in Kotopanjang was higher than the size caught in the Sembakung River. The recruitment pattern in both locations showed recruit pattern for the new stock was two times a year.
Geography and Early Modern English Drama
Authors: Publicover Laurence
Published: April 2022

The first purpose-built theater in England opened in 1576, the year before Francis Drake embarked on his circumnavigation of the globe (1577–1580).Early modern England’s most important theater was called the Globe, and English plays of this period consistently invoked the theatrum mundi (world-as-stage) motif. These basic facts indicate a strong relationship between geography and early modern English drama—that is, the plays performed in commercial theaters from the late-Elizabethan period until their closure at the outbreak of Civil War in 1642. English playwrights were alive to the far-reaching commercial and colonial projects contemporary with them, and they also engaged in various ways with developments in cartography at home and on the continent.

The geography of early modern drama was also, however, determined by the specific design and practices of the theaters in which it was presented. This was a theatrical culture that created location not through scenic backdrops but instead through actors’ movements, costumes, and speeches, and which brought into productive dialogue the fictional world performed and the site of performance. Other theatrical traditions also shaped these plays’ geographies: drama of the period was indebted to that of ancient Greece and Rome, as well as to the conventions of native religious theater, and early modern plays inherited, to some extent, these traditions’ place-making strategies and their wider geographical imaginaries.

While interested in real-world locations and in the realities of English geographical expansion in this period, then, early modern drama established a markedly fluid geography; and while geographical meanings often structured the action of these plays, those meanings derived from multiple (and often conflicting) sources. Early modern English drama asked its audiences to see in a variety of ways, and its combination of representational strategies enhanced its geographical scope.
Constructivist Perspectives in Crisis Studies
Authors: Spector Bert
Published: April 2022

Two important perspectives have come to dominate crisis studies. The first most traditional and dominant is what could be termed the crisis management or “crisis as event” perspective. The second more critical approach to crisis studies is the constructivist “crisis as a social construct” perspective. The purpose, structure, and focus of the two approaches differ significantly in virtually every regard.

The crisis management perspective assumes a positivist set of assumptions by adopting an objective epistemology and ontology. Crisis is taken to be a concrete, objective thing. Approaching storms, terrorist attacks, global pandemics, financial upheavals, and so on, are all taken to be crises with objectively threatening and urgent characteristics. Starting with an analysis of the crisis event, crisis management analysis considers the response to the event with the ultimate goal of improving reactions to and preparation for future events.

Constructivist crisis studies, conversely, participate in a broad post-modernist project that critiques dominant narratives, disputes epistemological certainty and ontological objectivity, and takes cognizance of language “games” and coded messages embedded in discursive acts. Constructivists take an antipositivist ontological position, insisting that the world as people perceive it is a human invention. The emphasis is not on corporeal things or objectively verifiable facts, but rather on the construction of knowledge and the resulting assignment of meaning. The constructivist crisis perspective shifts analytic focus away from the so-called “crisis event,” itself a contested construct, and to the claim that certain contingencies constitute a crisis. The process by which individuals and groups assert a claim of urgency, as well as the interests behind all such claims, comes into focus in a constructivist perspective. Who are the individuals and groups making the claim that a crisis exists, and what are their interests in so doing? In positivist crisis management studies, the event constitutes the independent variable; for constructivist scholars, it is the claim that is the independent variable.
The Crisis Cycle
Authors: Pursiainen Christer H.
Published: April 2022

While crisis management is a well-developed institutionalized activity in public administration and private organizations, it is less developed and notably fragmented theoretically. Without any grand theories, the field is characterized across a range of disciplines by middle-range theories and discourses on one element of the process or another. These discourses seldom communicate with each other and effectively develop in isolation. The result is a fragmented field of theoretical concepts. The traditional “crisis management cycle” nonetheless provides a holistic framework of sorts for both theoretical and practical reflection, including pre-crisis, during-the-crisis, and post-crisis components. Capturing the salient themes of crisis management, this framework is useful in identifying the most important middle-range scholarly debates within the field. Through its holistic and almost all-encompassing scope of existing and potential new dimensions in crisis research, the crisis management cycle also lends credence to the perspective that the field will evolve from its current multidisciplinary character towards more genuinely interdisciplinary scholarship.
Conservatism
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: April 2022

All conservatives have something in common, a particular argument, even if they disagree about the rationale behind this argument. The conservative argument can be stated thus: Some orders ought to be maintained because they are existing and well established. The reason given by conservatives why orders that are existing and well established ought to be maintained is varied. Typically, it has to do with pessimism with regard to the human moral nature or human rationality, or it has to do with pessimism with regard to rational argumentation combined with optimism about what has evolved historically speaking. The reasoning, then, is instrumental and pragmatic. However, there are also conservatives who claim that an existing and well-established order, such as a nation, a Volk, a species, or some cherished institution, has final value.
Muslim Literary Culture in Late Colonial India
Authors: Bose Neilesh
Published: April 2022

Muslim literary production in the late colonial period of South Asia’s modern history converged with a number of layers of South Asian Muslim cultural, political, and social histories. The “late colonial” period is conventionally understood to begin in the era of British rule in India when imperial power became questioned, threatened, or challenged in various ways through mass movements, such as the Swadeshi movement of 1905–1908, the Khilafat Noncooperation movement of 1919–1921, or various political organizations and gatherings that challenged the foundations of British colonial rule in the subcontinent. The late colonial lasted until the end of the British Empire in 1947 and the creation of India and Pakistan. Decolonization as a political process did not simply start on August 14–15, 1947, but rather entailed a range of negotiations and wars (such as in Kashmir and Hyderabad) in the immediate postcolonial era as well as a process by which new constitutional states were born in India in 1950 and in Pakistan in 1956. Furthermore, the state of Pakistan transformed into two states in 1971, with what had been West Pakistan becoming Pakistan and what had been East Pakistan turning into Bangladesh after an intense civil war throughout 1971. Highlights of Muslim literary production in this time period and across the expanse of India figure in this survey of individuals active in late colonial India, such as Muhammad Iqbal and Kazi Nazrul Islam, as well as important institutions central to the creation of Muslim literary production, such as the Progressive Writers Association. Literary production featured not only widely read literary texts of enduring quality but also of social institutions as well as political speeches or articles, important reference points generated by Muslim writers in this time period. What was at stake in all writings by Muslims was an engagement with the Muslim qaum (community). Not only visible in the politics of the All-India Muslim League, concern for the qaum was seen in newspapers, speeches, books, pamphlets, and reportage of the Khilafat and Noncoperation movements.
“National Races” in Myanmar
Authors: Thawnghmung Ardeth Maung
Published: April 2022

It has been conventional wisdom to attribute Myanmar’s entrenched military rule and civil war to the presence of more than a hundred ethnic groups and the near-exclusive political and economic monopoly enjoyed by the central government. While the presence of multiple ethnic groups has made it difficult to negotiate a settlement that satisfies all parties, the conflict that has occurred in Myanmar since the late 1940s originated in the colonial period and is perpetuated by the policies and practices of political and military elites since independence. Cultural identities remained fluid in precolonial Myanmar, but the British colonial government’s attempt to categorize groups based on their languages and to favor some groups at the expense of others reified and rigidified ethnic identities, creating political and economic divisions along these lines. The postcolonial government’s inability and unwillingness to accommodate demands for greater political and territorial autonomy by minority groups, as well as military repression of these aspirations, have further intensified conflict. This has resulted in the death or displacement of hundreds of thousands of people and has sharpened ethnic divisions.

However, while minority ethnic and linguistic groups share common grievances against the Bamar-dominated central government, they disagree on how best to promote group interests and interethnic peace. Political reforms in 2011–2020 saw a reduced military role in politics, greater willingness of a semi-democratic government to negotiate an end to civil war, and greater space and opportunities for minorities to promote their language and culture and to push for greater political autonomy. These prospects were crushed by a military coup in February 2021 that has transformed the nature of civil conflict in Myanmar and perpetuated a cycle of violence.
Kafuxi Ambari of Kisama
Authors: Alfagali Crislayne
Published: April 2022

Kafuxi Ambari was a key leader in the history of west central Africa, one who became a symbol of the political and military roles of African authorities under European occupation. Kafuxi Ambari refers to both a leadership position with spiritual connotations, used to describe individuals with a particular vocation, as well as the individuals who held that political title. The ruler (soba) had control over other authorities and dependents who honored him, paying tribute and fighting his battles. In return, he offered them spiritual and material protection. Kafuxi Ambari ruled the eastern part of Kisama, a region south of the Kwanza River, part of present-day Angola. He is remembered for the successive defeats he inflicted on Portuguese forces in the 16th and 17th centuries, especially his notable victory in the battle of 1594, which protected his lands and blocked the advance of Portuguese occupation and expansion of the slave trade in his territory. His efforts, along with those of other leaders, to host fugitives from slavery enshrined Kisama as a rebel territory, which remained autonomous and little known to colonial agents until the beginning of the 20th century. Over time, Kafuxi Ambari remained a respected and feared name and title, even as it weakened on account of colonial expansion. Kafuxi Ambari embodied resistance against colonialism and human trafficking that still reverberates in the local memories of Kisama residents. Although historians have paid attention to Kafuxi Ambari’s historical roles, there is still much to learn about the history of Kisama, its leaders, and its residents, all of which reveal the role of the slave trade and its link to power relations and political practices.
Administrative Law: Governing Economic and Social Governance
Authors: Coglianese Cary
Published: April 2022

Administrative law refers to the body of legal doctrines, procedures, and practices that govern the operation of the myriad regulatory bodies and other administrative agencies that interact directly with individuals and businesses to shape economic and social outcomes. This law takes many forms in different legal systems around the world, but even different systems of administrative law share a focus on three major issues: the formal structures of administrative agencies; the procedures that these agencies must follow to make regulations, grant licenses, or pursue other actions; and the doctrines governing judicial review of administrative decisions. In addressing these issues, administrative law is intended to combat conditions of interest group capture and help ensure agencies make decisions that promote the public welfare by making government fair, accurate, and rational.
Legal Perspectives in IR and the Role of Latin America
Authors: Peixoto Batista Juliana
Published: April 2022

The room for dialogue between international law (IL) and international relations (IR) is vast. Since the emergence of the liberal world order in the 20th century, there is a growing closeness between IL and IR approaches. Latin America played a significant role in this process, helping to shape the liberal world order. Despite the fact that liberal approaches to IR and IL promote the most self-evident interdisciplinary dialogue, there is a growing intersection field in critical approaches to IR and IL that should be further explored, and Latin America also has a role to play in that cross-fertilization process. By analyzing critical approaches, the narrative in both disciplines can be expanded, bringing a Global South perspective to the mainstream debate. How did IL scholars read changes in the international system from the second half of the 20th century? How did IR scholars read changes in the role of IL in the international system at the beginning of the 21st century? What is the role of Latin America and its contribution to these changes? With this in mind, intersection spaces can be revealed where room for conceptual, methodological, and collaborative work can be explored.
Anthropology of Peace and Justice Studies
Authors: Montgomery Eric , Drexler Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

The early 21st century has seen the largest protests for social justice in the history of the U.S., including the Women’s Marches of 2016–2020 as well as the Movement for Black Lives. Meanwhile, the Farmers’ Protest in India constitutes the largest and most expensive protest in the history of the world. Cases of state and political violence and genocide around the world have been addressed in transitional justice processes and peace agreements or commemorated in various forms. And yet, even as individuals and groups mobilize for peace and justice, violence and oppression continue to proliferate around the world. What we identify as the anthropology of peace and justice encompasses the empirical analysis, theoretical engagement, and practical advocacy of anthropologists across the subfields. These anthropologists work to identify, conceptualize, and study individual and collective engagement with violence, oppression, injustice, and efforts to make change, seek justice, and establish sustainable peace. Anthropological theory and methods are well suited to capture emergent, ongoing, and innovative struggles for justice that occur in a range of social, cultural, political, and institutional realms drawing on collective cultural and symbolic actions. Today’s anthropologists engage with issues of violence, conflict, inequality, and struggles for justice and equity. We highlight theoretical, methodological, analytic, and ethnographic elements that distinguish anthropological approaches to peace and justice studies from other disciplines that examine this domain. Anthropologists engaging immigrant rights, movements for racial justice, indigenous rights, climate justice, gender equity, the Fight for $15, Occupy Wallstreet, gun violence, and issues of authoritarian rule and neoliberalism (market-oriented principles and government deregulation) in the era of globalization continue to build this vibrant and expanding area of anthropological concern.
Native People and American Film and TV
Authors: Black Liza
Published: April 2022

Native people have appeared as characters in film and television in America from their inceptions. Throughout the 20th century, Native actors, writers, directors, and producers worked in the film and television industry. In terms of characterization, Native employment sits uncomfortable beside racist depictions of Native people. From the 1950s to the present, revisionist westerns come into being, giving the viewer a moral tale in which Native people are depicted with sympathy and white Americans are seen as aggressors. Today, a small but important group of Native actors in film and television work in limiting roles but turn in outstanding performances. Native directors, writers, and documentarians in the 1990s to the early 21st century have created critical interventions into media representations, telling stories from Indigenous viewpoints and bringing Native voices to the fore. The 2021 television show Rutherford Falls stands out as an example of Native writers gaining entry into the television studio system. Additionally, we have several Native film festivals in the early 21st century, and this trend continues to grow.
Early Modern European Encounters with Buddhism
Authors: Calobrisi Thomas
Published: April 2022

Historians Urs App and Martino Dibeltulo Concu have argued that the European “discovery” of Buddhism as a “religion” can be dated to the 16th century rather than the 19th, and that the presentation of the Buddha as a philosopher by the likes of Eugène Burnouf is a secularized holdover from the Jesuit accounts of the 16th century. These claims have a tenuous basis, and Burnouf’s portrayal of the Buddha as a philosopher was a radical break from earlier Jesuit accounts. Unlike the Asian Buddhists who preceded him, Burnouf separated the facts from beliefs and concluded the Buddha was a human philosopher.

The essay explores the 16th-century Jesuit encounter with Buddhists in Japan and the accounts that were generated therefrom, with particular attention to the notion that the Buddha taught both an inner materialist doctrine and an outer moral one; it looks to the dissemination and development of these ideas in the 17th and 18th centuries, with a focus on the “African hypothesis” as it is found in various European savants; it turns to the 19th-century “discovery” of Buddhism by the likes of Ozeray, Abel-Rémusat, Hodgson, and Burnouf. it then draws out the implications of the defense of Masuzawa and Droit’s position given in this article for the field of Buddhist studies, particularly with regard to methodological issues.
Transnational Jihadi Movements
Authors: Sheikh Mona , El-Jaichi Saer
Published: April 2022

Transnational jihadi movements are defined by their transnational appeal and demands, their reaction against external interventions and call for Muslim autonomy, and their network-like organization. These movements perceive jihad—in terms of an armed struggle—to be a (neglected) duty incumbent upon all Muslims, regardless of their national affiliation. The global jihadi movement has had two organizational manifestations: al-Qaeda, and the Islamic State movement. Al-Qaeda first appeared on the global stage in the 1990s as a local recruitment bureau for the mujahideen in Afghanistan during the Cold War. Islamic State appeared in the 2000s, initially as an Iraqi branch of al-Qaeda in the context of the country’s political turmoil in 2001–2003, later developing into a separate expansionist movement that took territorial control of large parts of Syria and Iraq. Though Islamic State lost its territorial control in 2018, it is still active across different regions, much like al-Qaeda. Regional branches of both organizations are at times reliant on a centralized authority, but more often they are local movements that have declared loyalty to the agenda of the al-Qaeda or Islamic State.

The worldview of transnational jihadi movements is framed and defined by geopolitical events that took place in the Middle East from the 1960s onward. The movements appear with a defensive anticolonial ethos against foreign intervention and interference, but also with offensive ambitions of establishing a transnational caliphate. Though Islamic State has a sectarian agenda largely defined against Shia Muslims, both contemporary movements are driven by the belief that God’s sovereignty is threatened, that the United States and the West are an enemy of Muslims along with apostate Muslim regimes, and that Islam needs to be purified from disbelief. Tactical and interpretive differences regarding the definition of disbelief, the right timing of establishing the caliphate, and fighting the near enemy (apostate regimes) or the far enemy (the United States and the West) have caused divisions among the transnational jihadi movements.
History of the Raeto-Romance Lexicon
Authors: Grünert Matthias
Published: April 2022

The Raeto-Romance varieties, which are spoken in noncontiguous areas reaching from the Grison Alps in Switzerland to the Italian Adriatic coast near the Slovenian border, are characterized by considerable differences from one another at the lexical level. Hence, when describing the Raeto-Romance lexicon, it is important to pay particular attention to which lexical types occur in which main varieties (i.e., in Romansh of Grisons, Dolomitic Ladin and Friulian, secondarily also in subvarieties).

The mentioned spatial perspective intersects the chronological perspective that aims at presenting the components of different origin entering the Raeto-Romance varieties in different periods. The pre-Roman lexicon is of rather small extent and contains especially terms of flora, fauna, terrain, farming, tools, and equipment. Within the Latin stratum, the lexicon inherited from late Latin, Romance formations (on the basis of elements of Latin origin) and borrowings from Latin have to be distinguished. All Raeto-Romance varieties have numerous borrowings from Germanic varieties. Early Germanic elements already entered late Latin and are present in Raeto-Romance as well as in the neighboring Romance varieties. Borrowings taking place in different periods of the Middle Ages and the Modern Era as well as borrowings from different regional varieties of German are often marked phonetically. Romansh of Grisons has borrowings from Alemannic dialects; however, its most eastern varieties are also characterized by borrowings from Tyrolean, which belongs to the Bavarian dialects. Dolomitic Ladin has been exposed to the influence of Tyrolean. In Friuli, there was a period of German influence from the Bavarian area in the Middle Ages, followed by a period of orientation toward Venetan, and later toward Italian as well. In Grisons and in the Dolomites, the influence of Italian dialects and Italian characterizes to a higher degree the southern varieties (i.e., Vallader and Puter, subsumed in Engadinese [Grisons], as well as Fascian, Fodom, and Anpezan [Dolomites]). In contrast, more numerous borrowings from German distinguish the northern varieties (i.e., Surselvan, Sutselvan, and Surmiran [Grisons] as well as Badiot and Gardenese [Dolomites]). A component characterizing exclusively Friulian is a borrowing from neighboring Slovene.
Secondary Predication in the Romance Languages
Authors: Heidinger Steffen
Published: April 2022

A secondary predicate is a nonverbal predicate which is typically optional and which shares its argument with the sentence’s main verb (e.g., cansada ‘tired’ in Portuguese Ela chega cansada ‘She arrives tired’). A basic distinction within the class of adjunct secondary predicates is that between depictives and resultatives. Depictives, such as cansada in the Portuguese example, describe the state of an argument during the event denoted by the verb. Typically, Romance depictives morphologically agree with their argument in gender and number (as in the case of cansada). Resultatives, such as flat in John hammered the metal flat, describe the state of an argument which results from the event denoted by the verb. Resultatives come in different types, and the strong resultatives, such as flat in the English example, are missing in Romance languages. Although strong resultatives are missing, Romance languages possess other constructions which express a sense of resultativity: spurious resultatives, where the verb and the resultative predicate are linked because the manner of carrying out the action denoted by the verb leads to a particular resultant state (e.g., Italian Mia figlia ha cucito la gonna troppo stretta ‘My daughter sewed the skirt too tight’), and to a much lesser extent weak resultatives, where the meaning of the verb and the meaning of the resultative predicate are related (the resultative predicate specifies a state that is already contained in the verb’s meaning, e.g., French Marie s’est teint les cheveux noirs ‘Marie dyed her hair black’). In Romance languages the distinction between participant-oriented secondary predicates and event-oriented adjectival adverbs is not always clear. On the formal side, the distinction is blurred when (a) adjectival adverbs exhibit morphological agreement (despite their event orientation) or (b) secondary predicates do not agree with the argument they predicate over. On the semantic side, one and the same string may be open to interpretation as a secondary predicate or as an adjectival adverb (e.g., Spanish Pedro gritó colérico ‘Pedro screamed furious/furiously’).
Peculiarities of Portuguese Word-Formation
Authors: Rio-Torto Graça
Published: April 2022

Portuguese shares major word-formation mechanisms—affixation, composition, conversion, blending, clipping—with Romance languages, but also displays some peculiarities related to different Latin, Celtiberian, Germanic, and Mozarabic lexical heritages and to the internal dynamics of the language from the 12th to the 21st century. Portuguese has preserved the core of the medieval word-formation framework, but new patterns were of course introduced from time to time, especially during the 20th century. Portuguese word-formation peculiarities are partly conservative, partly innovative; some comply with international trends of word-formation, others depart from them. The proliferation of Neo-Latin compounding and the increase of blending, as well as the introduction of phenomena such as clipping, reanalysis, and grammaticalization illustrate the convergence of modern Portuguese with international word-formation tendencies. In Portuguese, as in other languages, learned suffixes tend to be less productive than the corresponding nonlearned ones coexisting with them. However, in specific cases such as gentilic adjectives/nouns, a learned suffix like -ense could also win over its nonlearned rival (in this case, Pt. -ês/-esa), while in Italian the nonlearned suffix -ese prevails.

Apart from peculiar phonological outcomes of some Latin suffixes and the greater weight of interfixation due to phonological and prosodic conditions, the major distinctive traits of Portuguese word-formation include: (a) the unique distribution of the major evaluative suffixes, grounded in subjective/attitudinal values; (b) the subjective meanings associated with several suffixes that are not found in the corresponding suffixes of other Romance languages; (c) the specific set of suffixal resources for forming agentive and instrumental deverbal nouns; and (d) the expansion of the categorial bases selected by some suffixes.
Arthur Abramson
Authors: Rubin Philip
Published: April 2022

Arthur Seymour Abramson (1925–2017) was an American linguist who was prominent in the international experimental phonetics research community. He was best known for his pioneering work, with Leigh Lisker, on voice onset time (VOT), and for his many years spent studying tone and voice quality in languages such as Thai. Born and raised in Jersey City, New Jersey, Abramson served several years in the Army during World War II. Upon his return to civilian life, he attended Columbia University (BA, 1950; PhD, 1960). There he met Franklin Cooper, an adjunct who taught acoustic phonetics while also working for Haskins Laboratories. Abramson started working on a part-time basis at Haskins and remained affiliated with the institution until his death. For his doctoral dissertation (1962), he studied the vowels and tones of the Thai language, which would sit at the heart of his research and travels for the rest of his life. He would expand his investigations to include various languages and dialects, such as Pattani Malay and the Kuai dialect of Suai, a Mon-Khmer language. Abramson began his collaboration with University Pennsylvania linguist Leigh Lisker at Haskins Laboratories in the 1960s. Using their unique VOT technique, a sensitive measure of the articulatory timing between an occlusion in the vocal tract and the beginning of phonation (characterized by the onset of vibration of the vocal folds), they studied the voicing distinctions of various languages. Their long standing collaboration continued until Lisker’s death in 2006. Abramson and colleagues often made innovative use of state-of-art tools and technologies in their work, including transillumination of the larynx in running speech, X-ray movies of speakers in several languages/dialects, electroglottography, and articulatory speech synthesis.

Abramson’s career was also notable for the academic and scientific service roles that he assumed, including membership on the council of the International Phonetic Association (IPA), and as a coordinator of the effort to revise the International Phonetic Alphabet at the IPA’s 1989 Kiel Convention. He was also editor of the journal Language and Speech, and took on leadership roles at the Linguistic Society of America and the Acoustical Society of America. He was the founding Chair of the Linguistics Department at the University of Connecticut, which became a hotbed for research in experimental phonetics in the 1970s and 1980s because of its many affiliations with Haskins Laboratories. He also served for many years as a board member at Haskins, and Secretary of both the Board and the Haskins Corporation, where he was a friend and mentor to many.