bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotype–phenotype correlations in mapped split hand foot malformation (SHFM) patients
Authors: Elliott Alison M. , Evans Jane A.
Published: May 2006

Split hand foot malformation (SHFM) also known as central ray deficiency, ectrodactyly and cleft hand/foot, is one of the most complex of limb malformations. SHFM can occur as an isolated malformation or in association with other malformations, as in the ectrodactyly‐ectodermal dysplasia‐clefting (EEC) syndrome and other autosomal dominant conditions with long bone involvement, all showing variable expressivity and reduced penetrance. The deficiency in SHFM patients can also be accompanied by other distal limb anomalies including polydactyly and/or syndactyly. This variability causes the phenotypic classification of SHFM to be far from straightforward and genetic heterogeneity, with at least five loci identified to date, further complicates management of affected patients and their families. Although genotypic–phenotypic correlations have been proposed at the molecular level for SHFM4 patients who have mutations in the P63 gene, phenotypic correlations at the chromosomal level have not been thoroughly documented. Using descriptive epidemiology, Chi square and discriminant function analyses, our laboratory has identified phenotypic patterns associated with the mapped genetic SHFM loci. These findings can assist in classification, provide insight into responsible developmental genes and assist in directing mapping efforts and targeted genetic testing, resulting in more accurate information for family members in the clinical setting. Comparison with relevant animal models is discussed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Intricate Molecule: Aluminum Triiodide. Molecular Structure of AlI3 and Al2I6 from Electron Diffraction and Computation.
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna , Reffy Balazs , Kolonits Maria
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of a New Family of Mixed‐Framework Chalcohalide Semiconductors: CdSbS2X (X: Cl, Br), CdBiS2X (X: Cl, Br), and CdBiSe2X (X: Br, I).
Authors: Wang Lei , Hung Yi‐Chung , Hwu Shiou‐Jyh , Koo Hyun‐Joo , Whangbo M.‐H.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New High‐Yield Preparation Procedure of Ln[Fe(CN)6]×nH2O (Ln: La, Gd, and Lu) and Their Thermal Decomposition into Perovskite‐Type Oxides.
Authors: Kondo Nobuyuki , Itoh Hiroyuki , Kurihara Masato , Sakamoto Masatomi , Aono Hiromichi , Sadaoka Yoshihiko
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of Fe1.5Pb5.5In10S22.
Authors: Matsushita Yoshitaka , Ueda Yutaka
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carbohydrate‐Derived Amino Alcohol Ligands for Asymmetric Alkynylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Emmerson Daniel P. G. , Hems William P. , Davis Benjamin G.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Mediated Debromination of vicinal‐Dibromides.
Authors: Khurana Jitender M. , Agrawal Arpita
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Reaction of Aromatic Aldehydes and 5,5‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione under Solvent‐Free Grinding Conditions.
Authors: Jin Tong‐Shou , Wang Ai‐Qing , Ma Hui , Zhang Jian‐She , Li Tong‐Shuang
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxidation of Alcohols and vic‐Diols with H2O2 by Using Catalytic Amounts of N‐Methylpyrrolidin‐2‐one Hydrotribromide.
Authors: Joseph Jomy K. , Jain Suman L. , Sain Bir
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Deacylation of Esters, Thioesters and Amides by a Naphthalene‐Catalyzed Lithiation.
Authors: Behloul Cherif , Guijarro David , Yus Miguel
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A General and Efficient Method for the Preparation of β‐Enamino Ketones and Esters Catalyzed by Indium Tribromide.
Authors: Zhang Zhan‐Hui , Yin Liang , Wang Yong‐Mei
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ring‐Closure Metathesis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Sole Solvent with Use of Covalently Immobilized Ruthenium Catalyst.
Authors: Michalek Florian , Maedge Daniel , Ruehe Juergen , Bannwarth Willi
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bulky Diarylammonium Arenesulfonates as Mild and Extremely Active Dehydrative Ester Condensation Catalysts.
Authors: Sakakura Akira , Nakagawa Shoko , Ishihara Kazuaki
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aqueous Media Deprotection of Ketoximes with Ammonium Persulfate.
Authors: Imanzadeh G. H. , Zamanloo M. R. , Eskandari H. , Banaei A. R.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Diazeniumdiolates from the Reactions of Nitric Oxide with Enolates.
Authors: Arulsamy Navamoney , Bohle D. Scott
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols by (η6‐p‐Cymene)‐Ruthenium(II) Complexes in Organic and Aqueous Media: New Recyclable and Highly Efficient Catalysts in Water Containing Ammonium‐Functionalized Ligands.
Authors: Crochet Pascale , Diez Josefina , Fernandez‐Zumel Mariano A. , Gimeno Jose
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Polymer‐Bound Azabis(oxazoline) Ligands and Their Application in Asymmetric Cyclopropanations.
Authors: Werner Heiko , Herrerias Clara I. , Glos Michael , Gissibl Anja , Fraile Jose M. , Perez Ignacio , Mayoral Jose A. , Reiser Oliver
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Induction from Ethyl Lactate in the Reduction of Acetophenone to Phenylethanol.
Authors: Huettenhain Stefan H.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electrochemical Synthesis of α‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acids from Acetophenones.
Authors: Lateef S. Khaja , Raju R. Ramesh , Mohan S. Krishna , Reddy S. Jayarama
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium Catalyzed Heck Reaction of Arenediazonium Tetrafluoroborate Salts with Baylis—Hillman Adducts: Production of α‐Benzyl‐β‐keto Esters.
Authors: Perez Rolando , Veronese Demetrius , Coelho Fernando , Antunes O. A. C.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of α,β‐Unsaturated Fischer Carbene Complexes with Allyl Alkoxide.
Authors: Kamikawa Ken , Tachibana Atsushi , Shimizu Yasunori , Uchida Kazuya , Furusyo Masaru , Uemura Motokazu
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Tellurides with Potassium Aryltrifluoroborate Salts.
Authors: Cella Rodrigo , Cunha Rodrigo L. O. R. , Reis Ana E. S. , Pimenta Daniel C. , Klitzke Clecio F. , Stefani Helio A.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Pd/C Catalyzed “Domino” HALEX and Sonogashira Reactions: A Ligand‐ and Cu‐Free Alternative.
Authors: Thathagar Mehul B. , Rothenberg Gadi
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Suzuki Coupling of Cyclopropylboronic Acid with Aryl Halides Catalyzed by a Palladium—Tetraphosphine Complex.
Authors: Lemhadri Mhamed , Doucet Henri , Santelli Maurice
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of [6,n] cis‐Fused Ring Compounds via Cr‐Mediated Dearomatization—Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Kuendig E. Peter , Bellido Alejandro , Kaliappan Krishna P. , Pape Andrew R. , Radix Sylvie
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Kinetic Energy Release of C+70 and Its Endohedral Cation N@C+70: Activation Energy for N Extrusion.
Authors: Cao Baopeng , Peres Tikva , Lifshitz Chava , Cross R. James , Saunders Martin
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Chiral Sulfonato‐Salen‐Manganese(III)‐Pillared Hydrotalcite Catalysts for the Asymmetric Epoxidation of Styrenes and Cyclic Alkenes.
Authors: Bhattacharjee Samiran , Anderson James A.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Chiral Iminium Salt Catalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidation.
Authors: Bulman Page Philip C. , Buckley Benjamin R. , Rassias Gerasimos A. , Blacker A. John
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyanuric Chloride: Decent Dehydrating Agent for an Exclusive and Efficient Synthesis of Kinetically Controlled Isomaleimides.
Authors: Haval Kishan P. , Mhaske Santosh B. , Argade Narshinha P.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of N‐Substituted γ‐Methylene γ‐Lactams.
Authors: Adhikari Raju , Jones Dionne A. , Liepa Andris J. , Nearn Roland H.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Er(OTf)3 as New Efficient Catalyst for the Stereoselective Synthesis of C‐Pseudoglycals.
Authors: Procopio Antonio , Dalpozzo Renato , De Nino Antonio , Nardi Monica , Russo Beatrice , Tagarelli Antonio
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Selective Transformation of Flavanones to 3‐Bromoflavones and Flavones under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Zhou Zhongzhen , Zhao Peiliang , Huang Wei , Yang Guangfu
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Oxygen Heterocycles.
Authors: Ganguly A. K. , Mahata P. K. , Biswas D.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantiospecific Formation of 3,6‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyridin‐2‐ones: Low‐Pressure Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Carbonylation of 3‐Tosyl‐5‐vinyloxazolidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Knight Julian G. , Lawson Iain M. , Johnson Christopher N.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Quantitative Structure—Activity Relationship (QSAR) Studies on Sulfide Analogues as Potent M2 Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Srivastava A. K. , Khan A. A. , Tripathi Abha , Archana Archana
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of Poly‐Substituted Quinolines Assisted by p‐Toluene Sulfonic Acid under Solvent‐Free Conditions: Comparative Study of Microwave Irradiation versus Conventional Heating.
Authors: Jia Cheng‐Sheng , Zhang Ze , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Wang Guan‐Wu
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Synthetic Approach to Pyrrolo[3,4‐a]indolizines.
Authors: Tereshchenko Alexander D. , Sysoiev Dmitry A. , Tverdokhlebov Anton V. , Tolmachev Andrey A.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Auto‐Redox Reaction: Tin(II) Chloride‐Mediated One‐Step Reductive Cyclization Leading to the Synthesis of Novel Biheterocyclic 5,6‐Dihydro‐quinazolino[4,3‐b]quinazolin‐8‐ones with Three‐Point Diversity.
Authors: Roy Abhijeet , Subramanian Arunachalam , Roy Raja
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Internal Alkynes with Silane Reagents Bearing Heteroatom Substituents. Studies on the Regio‐ / Stereochemistry and Transformation of the Produced Alkenylsilanes by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition.
Authors: Sanada Tomoyuki , Kato Tsuyoshi , Mitani Makoto , Mori Atsunori
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Design and Chemical Synthesis of a Highly Potent Epothilone.
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Pratt Benjamin A. , Arseniyadis Stellios , Wartmann Markus , O'Brate Aurora , Giannakakou Paraskevi
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐1893B Aimed at Establishing Its Stereochemistry.
Authors: Yasui Hiroyuki , Hirai Kunihiro , Yamamoto Shun , Takao Ken‐ichi , Tadano Kin‐ichi
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Boron Compounds: Hydroboranes
Authors: Matteson D. S.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lanthanoid—Transition Metal Carbonyl Complexes: Architectures Derived from Isocarbonyl Polymeric Arrays
Authors: Liu Shengming , Plecnik Christine E. , Shore Sheldon G.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Neutral and Cationic Macromolecules Based on Iron Sandwich Complexes
Authors: Abd‐El‐Aziz Alaa S. , Manners Ian
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electron Transfer in Ferrocene‐Containing π‐Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Nishihara Hiroshi , Murata Masaki
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Electron‐Deficient Olefins
Authors: Yoshida Kazuhiro , Hayashi Tamio
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Supported Organic Synthesis: Applications. Part 35. Fused Heterocycles
Authors: Keller Walter E.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
Authors: Crampton M. R.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design of Copper‐Based Hybrid Catalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation
Authors: Park Young‐Kwon , Jeon Jong‐Ki , Ihm Son‐Ki
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions with CO2: Status and Perspectives
Authors: Centi Gabriele , Perathoner Siglinda
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Inclusion Complexation as a Tool in Resolution of Racemates and Separation of Isomers
Authors: Urbanczyk‐Lipkowska Zofia , Toda Fumio
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Catalysis by Chiral Hydrogen‐Bond Donors
Authors: Taylor Mark S. , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hyaluronidases: Their Genomics, Structures, and Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Stern Robert , Jedrzejas Mark J.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Application of Crown Compounds Bearing Photochromic Moiety for Metal Ion Separation and Determination
Authors: Sakamoto Hidefumi , Kimura Keiichi
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Coulometric Generation of Acids and Bases for Acid—Base Titrations in Non‐Aqueous Solvents
Authors: Mihajlovic R. P. , Jaksic Lj. N. , Dzudovic R. M.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hypogonadism in male patients with cancer
Authors: Garcia Jose M. , Li Huiling , Mann Douglas , Epner Daniel , Hayes Teresa G. , Marcelli Marco , Cunningham Glenn R.
Published: May 2006

BACKGROUND

Patients with cancer often develop anorexia, fatigue, and decreased muscle mass. These signs and symptoms are nonspecific, and they frequently occur in other conditions, including hypogonadism.

METHODS

The objectives of this study were 1) to measure testosterone levels in patients with cancer and 2) to examine the correlations between testosterone, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), ghrelin levels, and appetite in patients with cancer patients and in a noncancer control group. This was designed as a cross‐sectional study in the setting of a university‐affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The study population included 31 male patients with cancer and 25 gender‐matched noncancer controls of similar age. The variables total testosterone (TT), calculated free testosterone (cFT), calculated bioavailable testosterone (cBT), sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), TNF‐α, IL‐6, IGF‐1, and active ghrelin were measured in fasting morning plasma samples. Appetite was measured according to a visual analog scale. The main outcome measures were cFT and cBT.

RESULTS

Cancer patients had mean TT levels similar to levels in the noncancer control group but significantly lower levels of cFT, cBT, IGF‐1, and appetite. SHBG, LH, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and ghrelin levels were increased in patients with cancer compared with the control group. cFT and cBT levels were correlated inversely with IL‐6 and ghrelin levels and were correlated directly with IGF‐1 levels and appetite.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with cancer had lower levels of biologically active testosterone. TT was not adequate for the evaluation of hypogonadism, because SHBG levels were increased. A reliable measurement of FT and/or BT should be used. LH was elevated in the patients with cancer, indicating that low FT levels were caused by primary testicular dysfunction. The authors postulated that high IL‐6 or ghrelin levels inhibit testosterone synthesis, although a secondary effect at the hypothalamic‐pituitary levels cannot be excluded. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
T4 category revision enhances the accuracy and significance of stage III breast cancer
Authors: Güth Uwe , Singer Gad , Langer Igor , Schötzau Andreas , Herberich Linda , Holzgreve Wolfgang , Wight Edward
Published: May 2006

BACKGROUND

Because of the considerable heterogeneity in breast carcinoma with noninflammatory skin involvement (T4b/Stage IIIB), a revision was proposed of the TNM staging system that would classify these tumors exclusively based on their tumor size and lymph node status. In the current study, the authors evaluated how implementation of this proposal will affect Stage III noninflammatory breast cancer.

METHODS

Two hundred seven patients who were classified with noninflammatory Stage III breast cancer were treated consecutively between 1990 and 1999 at the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland. To assess the extent of T4b/Stage IIIB tumors independent of the clinicopathologic feature of skin involvement, the reclassification was undertaken.

RESULTS

Of 68 patients who had nonmetastatic T4b breast cancer, 37 patients (54.4%) had a tumor extent in accordance with Stage I/II and had improved disease‐specific survival (DSS) compared with patients who had Stage III breast cancer (P = .008). Excluding those patients from Stage III led to a 17.9% reduction of the number of patients in this group (n = 170 patients). The 10‐year DSS declined from 48.5% to 42.9%.

CONCLUSIONS

Considerable numbers of patients who are classified with noninflammatory Stage IIIB breast cancer show only a limited disease extent. Through a revision of the T4 category, these low‐risk patients were excluded from the highest nonmetastatic TNM stage, and overstaging could be avoided. This procedure decreased the degree of heterogeneity of the entire Stage III group and may result in a more precise assessment of this disease entity. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Effects of Polymer Architecture and Composition on the Adhesion of Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
Authors: Tu Chen‐Yuan , Liu Ying‐Ling , Luo Min‐Tzu , Lee Kueir‐Rarn , Lai Juin‐Yih
Published: May 2006

Poly(glycidyl methacrylate), PGMA, chains in linear and arborescent structures were incorporated onto surfaces of poly(tetrafluoroethylene), PTFE, films by hydrogen plasma and ozone treatment and atom transfer radical polymerization. The epoxide groups of the PGMA chains were further reacted with acetic acid (AAc), oxalic acid (XAc), allyl amine (AA), and ethylenediamine (EDN) to introduce hydroxyl and amine groups to the surfaces of the PTFE films. Surface characterizations performed by Fourier Transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the surface modification and the chemical structure. The PGMA chains in arborescent structures show a high effectiveness for the enhancement of the adhesion of PTFE films. The adhesion of PTFE films was also significantly enhanced by ring‐opening reactions of the PGMA epoxide groups with acetic acid and amine compounds. A high value of 9.5 N cm−1 in the optimum 180° peel strength test was observed with PTFE/copper assemblies.
Molecular and cytogenetic changes involved in the immortalization of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells by telomerase
Authors: Li H.M. , Man C. , Jin Y. , Deng W. , Yip Y.L. , Feng H.C. , Cheung Y.C. , Lo K.W. , Meltzer P.S. , Wu Z.G. , Kwong Y.L. , Yuen A.P.W. , Tsao S.W.
Published: May 2006

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common disease in Hong Kong and southern provinces of China. EBV infection is believed to play a critical role in the development of NPC. Previous studies on the transformation mechanism of EBV genes were mostly performed in either NPC or nonnasopharyngeal epithelial cells which may not be representative of premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Establishment of a representative cell system would greatly facilitate the elucidation of the role of EBV infection in the development of NPC. Using telomerase alone, we were able to establish an immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line from primary nonmalignant nasopharyngeal biopsies. The telomerase‐immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cells are largely diploid in karyotype. Interestingly, this newly immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line, referred as NP460hTert, harbors genetic alterations previously identified in premalignant and malignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. These include inactivation of p16 by homozygous deletion of the p16INK4A locus and downregulation of RASSF1A expression. The deletion of the p16INK4A locus appears to be the most crucial event for the immortalization of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells by telomerase and precedes RASSF1A downregulation. In addition, detailed analysis of the cytogenetic changes by conventional cytogenetics, spectral karyotyping (SKY) and array‐based CGH revealed a gain of a 17q21‐q25 fragment on 11p15 chromosome in all NP460hTert cells which occurred before deletion of the p16INK4A locus. Gain of 17q has been previously reported in NPC. In addition, activation of NF‐κB was observed in immortalized NP460hTert cells at the later population doublings, and may play a role in the survival of immortalized NP epithelial cells. Id1 which is commonly expressed in various human cancers, including NPC, was also upregulated in the immortalized NP460hTert cells. Thus, the establishment of an immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line harboring common genetic alterations present in premalignant and cancerous nasopharyngeal epithelial cells may provide a valuable cell system to examine for early events involved in NPC carcinogenesis, particularly in elucidating the role of EBV infection in NPC development. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PPARγ‐regulated tight junction development during human urothelial cytodifferentiation
Authors: Varley Claire L. , Garthwaite Mary A.E. , Cross William , Hinley Jennifer , Trejdosiewicz Ludwik K. , Southgate Jennifer
Published: May 2006

Urothelial barrier function is maintained by apical membrane plaques and intercellular tight junctions (TJ). Little is known about the composition and regulation of TJ expression in human urothelium. In this study, we have characterised the expression of TJ components in situ and their regulation in an in vitro model of differentiating normal human urothelial (NHU) cells. In normal ureteric urothelium in situ, there was a differentiation‐associated profile of claudins 3, 4, 5, 7, ZO1 and occludin proteins. Proliferating NHU cells in vitro expressed predominantly claudin 1 protein and transcripts for claudins 1–5 and 7. Following induction of differentiation by pharmacological activation of PPARγ and blockade of EGFR, there was de novo expression of claudin 3 mRNA and protein and downregulation of claudin 2 transcription. There was also a massive increase in expression of claudin 4 and 5 proteins which was due to inhibition of proteasomal degradation of claudin 4 and consequential stabilisation of the claudin 5 heterodimerisation partner. NHU cell differentiation was accompanied by relocalisation of TJ proteins to intercellular junctions. The differentiation‐associated development of TJ formation in vitro reflected the stage‐related TJ expression seen in situ. This was distinct from changes in TJ composition of NHU cells mediated by increasing the calcium concentration of the medium. Our results imply a role for PPARγ and EGFR signalling pathways in regulating TJ formation in NHU cells and support the hypothesis that TJ development is an integral part of the urothelial differentiation programme. J. Cell. Physiol. 208: 407–417, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo electroporation and ubiquitin promoter – a protocol for sustained gene expression in the lung
Authors: Gazdhar Amiq , Bilici Murat , Pierog Jaroslaw , Ayuni Erick L , Gugger Mathias , Wetterwald Antoinette , Cecchini Marco , Schmid Ralph Alexander
Published: May 2006

Background

Gene therapy applications require safe and efficient methods for gene transfer. Present methods are restricted by low efficiency and short duration of transgene expression. In vivo electroporation, a physical method of gene transfer, has evolved as an efficient method in recent years. We present a protocol involving electroporation combined with a long‐acting promoter system for gene transfer to the lung.

Methods

The study was designed to evaluate electroporation‐mediated gene transfer to the lung and to analyze a promoter system that allows prolonged transgene expression. A volume of 250 µl of purified plasmid DNA suspended in water was instilled into the left lung of anesthetized rats, followed by left thoracotomy and electroporation of the exposed left lung. Plasmids pCiKlux and pUblux expressing luciferase under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate‐early promoter/enhancer (CMV‐IEPE) or human polyubiquitin c (Ubc) promoter were used. Electroporation conditions were optimized with four pulses (200 V/cm, 20 ms at 1 Hz) using flat plate electrodes. The animals were sacrificed at different time points up to day 40, after gene transfer. Gene expression was detected and quantified by bioluminescent reporter imaging (BLI) and relative light units per milligram of protein (RLU/mg) was measured by luminometer for p.Pyralis luciferase and immunohistochemistry, using an anti‐luciferase antibody.

Results

Gene expression with the CMV‐IEPE promoter was highest 24 h after gene transfer (2932 ± 249.4 relative light units (RLU)/mg of total lung protein) and returned to baseline by day 3 (382 ± 318 RLU/mg of total lung protein); at day 5 no expression was detected, whereas gene expression under the Ubc promoter was detected up to day 40 (1989 ± 710 RLU/mg of total lung protein) with a peak at day 20 (2821 ± 2092 RLU/mg of total lung protein). Arterial blood gas (PaO2), histological assessment and cytokine measurements showed no significant toxicity neither at day 1 nor at day 40.

Conclusions

These results provide evidence that in vivo electroporation is a safe and effective tool for non‐viral gene delivery to the lungs. If this method is used in combination with a long‐acting promoter system, sustained transgene expression can be achieved. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative model of EutB from coenzyme B12‐dependent ethanolamine ammonia‐lyase reveals a β8α8, TIM‐barrel fold and radical catalytic site structural features
Authors: Sun Li , Warncke Kurt
Published: May 2006

The structure of the EutB protein from Salmonella typhimurium, which contains the active site of the coenzyme B12 (adenosylcobalamin)‐dependent enzyme, ethanolamine ammonia‐lyase, has been predicted by using structural proteomics techniques of comparative modelling. The 453‐residue EutB protein displays no significant sequence identity with proteins of known structure. Therefore, secondary structure prediction and fold recognition algorithms were used to identify templates. Multiple three‐dimensional template matching (threading) servers identified predominantly β8α8, TIM‐barrel proteins, and in particular, the large subunits of diol dehydratase (PDB: 1eex:A, 1dio:A) and glycerol dehydratase (PDB: 1mmf:A), as templates. Consistent with this identification, the dehydratases are, like ethanolamine ammonia‐lyase, Class II coenzyme B12‐dependent enzymes. Model building was performed by using MODELLER. Models were evaluated by using different programs, including PROCHECK and VERIFY3D. The results identify a β8α8, TIM‐barrel fold for EutB. The β8α8, TIM‐barrel fold is consistent with a central role of the α/β‐barrel structures in radical catalysis conducted by the coenzyme B12‐ and S‐adenosylmethionine‐dependent (radical SAM) enzyme superfamilies. The EutB model and multiple sequence alignment among ethanolamine ammonia‐lyase, diol dehydratase, and glycerol dehydratase from different species reveal the following protein structural features: (1) a “cap” loop segment that closes the N‐terminal region of the barrel, (2) a common cobalamin cofactor binding topography at the C‐terminal region of the barrel, and (3) a β‐barrel‐internal guanidinium group from EutB R160 that overlaps the position of the active‐site potassium ion found in the dehydratases. R160 is proposed to have a role in substrate binding and radical catalysis. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Opal–AgI photonic crystal controlled by the superionic phase transition
Authors: Il'inskii Alexander V. , Aliev Rasul A. , Kurdyukov Dmitry A. , Sharenkova Nataliya V. , Shadrin Evgenii B. , Golubev Valery G.
Published: May 2006

A three‐dimensional photonic crystal based on an opal–AgI composite was fabricated using a high‐pressure melt technique. It is shown that the semiconductor–superionic conductor phase transition in AgI controls electronic and optical properties of the composite. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of ramping anneals under inert or oxidizing ambient on the formation of oxygen precipitate denuded zone in nitrogen‐doped Czochralski silicon wafers
Authors: Ma Xiangyang , Tian Daxi , Gong Longfei , Yang Deren
Published: May 2006

The formation of an oxygen precipitate denuded zone in nitrogen‐doped Czochralski (NCZ) silicon and conventional CZ silicon subjected to ramping anneals under Ar or O2 ambient has been investigated. It is revealed that the nitrogen doping is able to homogenize substantially the density of bulk micro‐defects associated with oxygen precipitation in the silicon wafers with different thermal histories and initial oxygen contents. The oxygen precipitate denuded zone is only formed in specimens subjected to the ramping anneal under Ar ambient. It is believed that the ramping anneal under Ar ambient could be an alternative intrinsic gettering process for NCZ silicon wafers, while it is not very appropriate for conventional CZ silicon wafers. Furthermore, it is somewhat unexpected that oxygen precipitation during the ramping anneal under O2 ambient is not suppressed but slightly enhanced in comparison with that during the ramping anneal under Ar ambient, the reason for which is tentatively explained. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transport properties of the two‐dimensional electron gas in GaN/AlGaN heterostructures grown by ammonia molecular‐beam epitaxy
Authors: Pogosov A. G. , Budantsev M. V. , Lavrov R. A. , Mansurov V. G. , Nikitin A. Yu. , Preobrazhenskii V. V. , Zhuravlev K. S.
Published: May 2006

Transport properties of the two‐dimensional electron gas in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown by ammonia molecular‐beam epitaxy are experimentally investigated. Conventional Hall and Shubnikov–de Haas measurements as well as investigations of quantum transport phenomena are reported. It is found that negative magnetoresistance (NMR) caused by weak localization demonstrates an unusual behavior at low temperature (1.8 K). The observed NMR cannot be described by the ordinary theory of quantum corrections to conductivity based on a single phase breaking time τϕ . The anomalous NMR behavior can be explained by the presence of two occupied quantum subbands, characterized by their own phase breaking times τ ϕ 1 and τ ϕ 2. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical simulation of impedance and admittance of OLEDs
Authors: Nguyen N. D. , Schmeits M.
Published: May 2006

The electrical characteristics of organic light‐emitting devices are calculated for the dc and ac regimes by numerically solving the basic semiconductor equations under steady‐state and small‐signal conditions. For a given structure, the dc and ac electric potential and electric field, the electron and hole concentrations, as well as the different components of the current density are obtained as function of the one‐dimensional spatial coordinate. This approach allows a detailed microscopic description of the dependencies of these quantities on the applied steady‐state voltage V0 and the frequency of the modulating voltage. The final output consists in the frequency‐dependent complex admittance and impedance of the device, the real and imaginary parts of which are the experimentally‐available data. As a typical example, we show the results for a two‐layer structure where α‐NPD is the hole‐transporting material and Alq3 the electron‐transporting material. The anode is made of ITO and Al/LiF composes the cathode. The admittance and impedance curves, yielded by the numerical simulation as functions of the modulation frequency, are fitted by an equivalent electrical circuit, the elements of which are resistances and capacitances. The number of components depends on the structure composition and on the applied steady‐state voltage. We show that each element can be associated with a particular region of the device. This allows to correlate the dependence of each feature of the admittance and impedance curves with one or several parameters describing the material system. Such an analysis can be useful for the inverse approach, where, starting from measurements of the electrical ac characteristics, the aim is to get information on the microscopic mechanisms which contribute to the electrical conduction of the device. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimental evidence for Drude‐Boltzmann‐like transport in a two‐dimensional electron gas in an AlGaN/GaN heterostructure
Authors: Chen Jing‐Han , Lin Jyun‐Ying , Tsai Jung‐Kai , Park Hun , Kim Gil‐Ho , Ahn Jungseok , Cho Hyun‐Ick , Lee Eun‐Jin , Lee Jung‐Hee , Liang C.‐T. , Chen Y. F.
Published: May 2006

We report transport measurements on an AlGaN/GaN two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) as a function of magnetic field B over a wide range of temperature (0.3 K ≤ T ≤ 80 K). At T = 20 K, the electron‐electron interaction effect in the diffusive limit is expected to be strongly suppressed, causing the longitudinal resistivity ρxx (B ) te be nomially B ‐independent at low field B < 6 T. At T = 80 K, ρxx (B ) is nomially B ‐independent for B < 13 T. The range of nominally B ‐independent ρxx increases with increasing temperature due to the suppression of electron‐electron interaction effects. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Formation of low resistance nonalloyed ohmic contacts to p‐type GaN by KrF laser irradiation
Authors: Oh Min‐Suk , Jang Ja‐Soon , Kim Sang‐Ho , Seong Tae‐Yeon
Published: May 2006

KrF excimer‐laser‐irradiation treatment in a N2 atmosphere is introduced to improve the electrical properties of p ‐type GaN and so to form low resistance nonalloyed Ni/Au ohmic contacts. The as‐grown sample exhibits non‐linear electrical behavior. However, the samples laser‐annealed in N2 ambient become ohmic with specific contact resistance of 8.9(±0.6)×10–5 Ωcm2. Hall measurement and current‐voltage‐temperature results show that the laser irradiation is effective in increasing a hole concentration in the surface region of p ‐GaN, leading to both the enhancement in field emission and the reduction of the effective Schottky barrier heights at the metal‐semiconductor interface. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reduced residual stress in GaN grown on 3c‐SiC/Si(111) templates formed by C+‐ion implantation
Authors: Kobayashi T. , Sawazaki N. , Cho M. S. , Hashimoto A. , Yamamoto A. , Ito Y.
Published: May 2006

This paper reports the residual tensile stress in GaN grown on 3c‐SiC/Si template formed by C+‐ion implantation into Si(111). A GaN layer is grown using MOVPE method with the conventional two‐step growth. The residual tensile stress is dependent on the fabrication conditions of the template, such as substrate temperature for implantation, acceleration voltage of C+‐ions, temperature and time for the post‐implantation annealing of Si wafers. It is found that the substrate temperature during implantation is a predominant factor. The residual stress in GaN layer is reduced from 1.3 to 0.45 GPa when the substrate temperature during implantation is changed from 400 to 600 ºC. The stress is also decreased by increasing accelerating voltage for implantation and post‐implantation annealing time. The residual tensile stress of 0.45 GPa is the lowest one ever reported for GaN on Si. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature current‐voltage characterisation of MOCVD grown InGaN/GaN MQW LEDs
Authors: Moldovan Grigore , Phillips Andrew , Thrush E. J. , Humphreys Colin J.
Published: May 2006

A methodology of temperature current‐voltage characterisation for blue GaN‐based LED is described, with emphasis on artefacts arising from self‐heating at high forward currents and voltage transients at low forward currents. Examples of LEDs with Al2O3 and SiC substrates are discussed, with methods of accounting and avoiding these errors. For the devices studied here it is found that tunnelling dominates the charge transport and that two parallel conduction pathways are present. A method of interpretation of extracted data is also presented, in the context of desired device performance. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamic polarization rotation in pump‐and‐probe transients of anisotropically strained M ‐plane GaN films on LiAlO2
Authors: Omae K. , Flissikowski T. , Misra P. , Brandt O. , Grahn H. T. , Kojima K. , Kawakami Y.
Published: May 2006

We report on the dynamical polarization rotation of anisotropically strained M ‐plane GaN films on LiAlO2. Since M ‐plane GaN films on LiAlO2 exhibit a large anisotropic in‐plane strain, the wavefunction of the highest (second highest) valence band becomes completely |x 〉 (|z 〉) like, where x and z are parallel to the a ‐ and c ‐axis, respectively, of the wurtzite crystal structure. Therefore, the absorption spectra for M ‐plane GaN depend strongly on the polarization of the incoming light beam. As a result, a static rotation of the polarization vector appears after transmission of linearly polarized light. This rotation can be dynamically controlled by a selective bleaching of the absorption of only one or both valence bands using carriers excited by additional pumping. For an incoming polarization angle of 60°, the maximum dynamic rotation reaches 35°, while the maximum static polarization rotation is about 40°. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)