bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ETHICAL ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABILITY
Authors: Amantova-Salmane Liene
Published: November 2015

Ethics can be defined as a reflection on nature and a definition of “the good”. Individuals value qualities and things dissimilarly, most visibly, but they also value their goods in different ways, in different relations to each other, for different reasons, and to different ends. These differences are very applicable to sustainability. In other words, sustainability cannot be achieved without attention to its ethical dimensions. The aim of this research is to examine the ethical aspects of sustainability. Consequently, the main tasks of the research are: to define a reason for developing the ethics of sustainability and to describe the ethical context of sustainability. The following primary research methods are used: the monographic method, analysis, scientific induction and deduction. The key results are: a survey on the responsibility to the next generations and categorized values of the ethics of sustainability. All forms of sustainability in society depend on the human conduct. Therefore, the ethical aspects of reality are of larger significance in ensuring sustainability. Ethical sustainability needs to be realized in order to have sustainable political and social systems and processes.
CALCULATION OF FINANCIAL INDICATORS IN A SINGLE-ENTRY ACCOUNTING SYSTEM
Authors: Arbidāne Iluta , Poļaka Gunta , Ruža Oksana
Published: November 2015

The company’s accounting data are a base for the analysis of its business performance. As provided by the legislation, the company can choose whether the accountancy is maintained in a single-entry or in a double-entry system. Exploiting the financial analysis formulas, an economic performance analysis could be easily enough performed by the enterprises keeping their accounts in accordance with the accrual principle. If the accounting registers are kept in a single-entry system, data provided in the financial reports cannot be used to perform the analysis employing the formulas of the financial analysis. Currently, in Latvia, the single-entry accounting systems are commonly used by the farming enterprises. These businesses often apply for various funding, hence the analysis of diverse indicators is required, though it cannot be performed using the existing financial report data. The paper aims to identify the differences between a single-entry and a double-entry accounting systems, to explore opportunities to modify and to adjust the formulas calculating the financial indicators, so they can be used in a single-entry accounting system. As a result of the research, there has been developed a methodology that allows relating the cash-based accounting indicators with the accrual-based accounting indicators. Consequently, the appropriate information could be obtained for the economic performance analysis by the companies using the single-entry accounting system. Applied research methods: the monographic or descriptive research method as well as the synthesis method, the modelling and the document analysis method.
LATVIA AS A TOURISM DESTINATION FOR GERMAN TOURISTS
Authors: Blatt Benjamin
Published: November 2015

The German source market offers a high potential for the Latvian tourism industry. This paper provides an analysis of the German outgoing tourism which allows evaluating how good the Latvian tourism market can satisfy the needs of the German outgoing tourists. This research study assesses the conformity between the needs of German travellers and the Latvian tourism offers. The methods used in this research study are as follows: evaluation and analysis of surveys, content analysis, graphical analysis and synthesis, logical and abstract constructive methods, reference methods.
THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA WITHIN THE DIMENSIONAL FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SUBJECT
Authors: Gaveika Arturs
Published: November 2015

In operations of public administration, and especially law enforcement agencies, a particular understanding of the definition of national territory is necessary, especially having in mind the various sovereignty differentiation of national territory into sea areas and airspace, resulting from the modern international and European Union law and which would not be contrary to Article 3 of the Constitution generally determining the meaning of the Latvian State territory. Sometimes the national territory is understood as land or water surface. But setting national borders and border treaties and the national regulatory framework of the state border concept, states include the concept of national borders within their jurisdiction spread in space – technical capabilities of land and deep-water in depth and in airspace to the space limit. The main purpose of the research was to analyse the Latvian national framework of legal subject or international and national regulatory frameworks of territory and to offer a clearer and more comprehensive definition of the national territory. The author developed the dimensional framework definition of national territory in the result of research that would be necessary in the national regulatory framework in the context of national security and not in conflict with the international regulatory framework.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPANY'S PERFORMANCE
Authors: Kotāne Inta
Published: November 2015

The concept of performance is one of the most important categories of economic analysis, it has been extensively used and it has a broad interpretation. To describe the concept of performance, the related words are used, linked by the noun “performance”: performance management, performance measurement, and performance assessment. In Latvia, these concepts have not been analysed and assessed; therefore, there is a necessity to carry out a theoretical investigation into the concept of performance as well as the concept of performance measurement and management. The research is based on the analysis of foreign scientific publications and special literature devoted to the concept of performance and issues of performance measurement and management. The aim of the research is to carry out a theoretical investigation into company’s performance and performance measurement and management General research methods are employed in this research: the monographic or descriptive research method, the comparative research method, carrying out exploration of the concepts “performance” and “performance measurement and management framework”, based on the extensive study of literature. As a result of the research, the investigation into the concept of performance has been carried out, systematization of the performance measurement and management frameworks and systematization of the small and medium-sized companies’ performance measurement and management frameworks have been performed.
EXTERNAL BUSINESS ENVIRONEMENT PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN REZEKNE CITY
Authors: Litavniece Lienīe , Znotiņa Daina
Published: November 2015

Entrepreneurship is an essential driving force for the social and economic development of any city. Well-arranged external environment is a fundamental prerequisite in order to motivate local entrepreneurs and to attract investors for establishing new businesses and development of the existing ones. An important role in the development of the external business environment is played by the political position of the local government and the process regulations at the city. The paper aims to carry out the assessment of the external business environment factors and their impact in Rezekne City. The external business environment analysis was performed using PESTEL analysis method; the document “Analysis of the Current Situation” elaborated for Rezekne City in 2014 was used as the base for the current research. The external business environment was evaluated based on six factors: political factors, economic conditions, sociocultural forces, technological factors, environmental factors, and legal/regulatory conditions. Results of the research indicate that the development priorities are defined in Rezekne; the appropriate measures are being performed to achieve the objectives. Overall, it enables entrepreneurs to plan their activities.
SELECTED ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT METHODS USED BY COMPANIES IN PODLASKIE PROVINCE
Authors: Matwiejczuk Wieslaw , Kobulinska Urzula
Published: November 2015

Since the principles of the free market economy were introduced in Poland, the increased interest of managers has been noticed in acquiring modern management methods and implementing them in different spheres of business activity. More and more companies use benchmarking, outsourcing, lean management, strategic scorecard or competence management in their business practice. Awareness of managers regarding modern approaches that reflect the world's best practical achievements is important in itself. But no less important is the understanding that management methods cannot be always applied and not by everyone, so there are also some serious risks. Inappropriate use of the concept of management can lead a company to the crisis and fall when, in its turn, the proper understanding and its further application can protect the company against those risks. It is important to determine what for, when and how to use the concept. This article presents the results of the pilot studies conducted among companies in Podlasie on the application and assessment of the suitability of modern management methods. The aim of the research presented in this article was to identify whether and to what extent the Podlasie companies use modern methods of management. The study was carried out in the first quarter of 2014 focusing on a sample of 104 randomly selected companies in Podlaskie province. The research method employed was a survey carried out among enterprises.
Assessment of direct taxation instruments
Authors: Puzule Anita
Published: November 2015

Creation and development of a favourable business environment in regions is unthinkable without an appropriate tax system. The research study aims to assess the direct tax system in Latvia comparing it with the tax systems in Estonia, Sweden, Finland and Denmark in order to detect common features and differences, as well as to learn the experience that could be adopted in Latvia. The research tasks are to evaluate criteria of the tax policy and to analyse development directions of the direct tax system. The monographic descriptive method, statistical methods in economics, methods of logic and construction are used in the research. Relationships between the elements of the direct tax are explored, and differences between them are determined in the research; the conclusions that could be considered for the tax system improvement in Latvia are made. Evaluation of the direct tax systems in other countries shows that only distributed profit is subject to the corporate income tax in Estonia. The progressive rates are applied to the personal income tax; non-taxable income is higher; as well the tax distribution among budgets differs. In its turn, social security contributions depend on the financing arrangements of the services provided, and the property tax rates are determined by the municipalities, and they are affected by the location of the property and purpose of its use.
RESEARCH INTO SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS RELATED TO EMIGRATION: THE CASE OF SLOVAKIA AND LATVIA
Authors: Silineviča Irēna , Slovikova Ivana
Published: November 2015

The common problem in the EU countries is a high rate of youth unemployment. Many well- educated young people emigrate from their native countries with the aim to look for better job opportunities abroad. Slovakia and Latvia are the countries with a high rate of youth emigration. The major reason for emigration is the economic situation in both countries - high rate of unemployment and low wages. Usually emigrants from these countries are employed as unskilled workers abroad. Thereby the native countries of emigrants lose well-educated people but the destination countries of migrants do not exploit the skills and knowledge of these people. In this case this problem is a social problem at the EU level. The aim of this research study is to evaluate and to compare the economic situation in Slovakia and Latvia, as well as in the destination countries of migrants. Suggestions referred to the decrease in human capital flight or brain drain from Latvia and Slovakia are presented in this paper. The main sources exploited in the analysis embrace the European statistical database and the statistical databases of the Slovak Republic and the Republic of Latvia. This research focuses on the annual data of two countries covering a period of 2004-2014. The year 2004 for both countries is the year of their accession to the EU. The main research methods employed in this study are as follows: comparison analysis, statistical analysis, content analysis.
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS MAIN CAUSES IN LATGALE REGION
Authors: Zvaigzne Anda , Saulāja Inese , Čerpinska Aija
Published: November 2015

Youth unemployment is an urgent problem in the European Union, as well as in the regions of Latvia. The research aim is to examine the trends and the causes of youth unemployment in Latgale region and to make proposals for improving the situation. Youth unemployment is a significant problem in Latvia, as unemployed youngsters make up 13.1% of the total number of unemployed in the country, while in Latgale region the number of unemployed young people aged of 15-24 amounted to 8.8% of the total number of unemployed in 2014. The novelty of the present research is that the known unemployment causes for youths (aged of 15-24) were defined more precisely and new causes of youth unemployment in Latgale region were revealed. In Latgale, there are various causes of youth unemployment, such as lack of professional skills, poor preparedness for the labour market, lack of foreign language skills (especially the Russian language) as well as lack of social competences (cooperation or work in a team, communication, skills to take responsibility and lack of self-confidence).
Your Patients with Multiple Sclerosis have Set Wellness as a High Priority—And the National Multiple Sclerosis Society is Responding
Authors: Dunn Maura , Bhargava Pavan , Kalb Rosalind ,   Senior Manager, Social Media/Community, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, US,   Neuroimmunology Fellow, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, US,   Vice President, Healthcare Information and Resources, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, US
Published: November 2015

Over the past few years, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (Society) has been analyzing topics of importance to the MS community across a variety of communication channels. The data show a trend toward decreased trust in pharmacologic approaches and increased interest in more holistic approaches to MS treatment. People living with MS want to know what they can do today—particularly related to diet, exercise, and emotional wellness—to feel and function at their best. In addition, they want the support of knowledgeable healthcare professionals who are armed with accurate information about wellness interventions. This article reports the findings and conclusions from a recent meeting convened by the Society, during which clinicians, researchers, people with MS, and Society staff reviewed what is currently known about diet, exercise, and emotional issues in MS; identified key questions to be answered in each of these domains, along with the research gaps and challenges to be addressed to arrive at the answers; made specific programmatic recommendations to ensure that people living with MS are getting the personalized support and information they need to achieve wellness; and determined next steps to move this important priority forward, some of which are already underway.
Patent Foramen Ovale—Its Correlation with Other Maladies and a Review of Detection Screening
Authors: Jopling Michael W , Kurowski John A , Williams Suzanne M ,   Chief Medical Officer, Cardiox Corp, Columbus, Ohio, US,   Clinical Educator, Cardiox Corp, Columbus, Ohio, US,   Clinical Educator, Cardiox Corp, Columbus, Ohio, US
Published: November 2015

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a condition that often remains undiagnosed despite studies showing it has a prevalence as high as 25 % in the adult population. Blood passing from the right to the left atria across a PFO bypasses the pulmonary circulation allowing embolic debris, deoxygenated blood, and various vasoactive substances direct access to the systemic circulation. Studies suggest that a PFO may contribute to certain illnesses such as: cryptogenic stroke, decompression illness, venous air embolism, migraine with aura, and others due to a higher prevalence in patients with these problems than in the general population. Knowledge of the presence of a PFO may become an important aspect in the clinical management of disease. Various technology tools that are utilized to assess circulatory right-to-left shunt abnormalities, such as cardiac ultrasound visualization, transcranial Doppler, and dye dilution curves, are reviewed as well as the importance of the Valsalva procedure in creating a positive right-to-left atrial pressure gradient.
Genetic Advances in Epilepsy
Authors: Zubkov Sarah , Kuzniecky Ruben ,   Research Epilepsy Fellow,   Professor and Co-Director, NYU Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, US
Published: November 2015

Approximately 40–70 % of all epilepsies are now estimated to have a genetic cause. Though most epilepsies are genetically complex, the past decade has seen an explosion of advances in genetic etiologies. Early gene discovery in epilepsy was limited to large families with milder, inherited monogenic epilepsies using linkage analysis. Newer techniques underlie the past decade’s accelerated gene discovery, especially in noninherited, severe epileptic encephalopathies, and have reinforced the diverse role of cellular functions that may be affected. This review examines recently discovered epilepsy genes and discusses the importance of a genetic diagnosis in patient care.
Uso da densidade para estimar o teor de tântalo columbita-tantalita: aplicação ao pegmatito Ubaeira, Currais Novos (RN)
Authors: Souza Neto João Adauto de , Costa Carlos Eduardo Fernandes de Souza
Published: November 2015

As aplicações do tântalo (Ta) estão aumentando, provocando uma procura intensa por este metal. A tantalita [(Fe,Mn)Ta2 O6 ], uma das principais fontes de  Ta, ocorre como columbita-tantalita [(Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2 O6 ] nos pegmatitos da Província Pegmatítica do Seridó (RN-PB). O preço deste último mineral é função do teor de Ta, o que torna imprescindível a determinação exata do conteúdo desse metal. Neste trabalho, a densidade é aplicada como um método prático e barato para se determinar o teor de Ta na columbita-tantalita. A série da columbita-tantalita é uma solução-sólida envolvendo a substituição mútua de Nb e Ta, e de Fe e Mn. Nesta série a densidade é aproximadamente proporcional ao teor de Ta, sendo portanto possível obter o teor desse metal utilizando-se a densidade. A densidade foi obtida pelas técnicas do volume deslocado e picnômetro. Pela primeira técnica obteve-se valores de densidade variando de 5,2 a 7,0 g/cm3, enquanto que pela técnica do picnômetro, estes valores variaram de 5,53 a 5,79 g/cm3. A técnica do picnômetro, considerada mais precisa, foi utilizada para determinar os teores de Ta variando entre 8,62 e 15,41 % (10,52-18,81 % de Ta2 O5) nas amostras testadas. A utilização da densidade para o fim exposto revela boas perspectivas de aplicação, uma vez que a mesma contornaria problemas de custo e dificuldades analíticas ligados às análises químicas do Ta. O uso da densidade torna-se viável considerando-se sua praticidade e baixo custo, pois utiliza materiais analíticos de uso simples e baratos, permitindo a determinação do Ta no próprio garimpo e promovendo uma rápida avaliação do minério.
Variabilidade histórica de elementos maiores e traços em sedimentos estuarinos sob influência da carcinicultura: o sistema estuarino Goiana-Megaó, Pernambuco, Brasil.
Authors: Baggio Garlipp Adriana , Adauto de Souza Neto João , Maria Mafra Valença Lúcia , Do Amaral Vaz Manso Valdir
Published: November 2015

O sistema estuarino Goiana-Megaó, localizado no litoral norte do Estado de Pernambuco, é formado pelos rios Goiana e Megaó. Por suas características físicas e bióticas, constitui área de interesse ecológico, além de abrigar fl ora e fauna variadas, o que a torna importante fonte de sustento das comunidades urbanas e rurais circunvizinhas. Possuindo em seu entorno áreas agrícolas, indústrias e núcleos urbanos e rurais desprovidos de rede de esgoto, o sistema estuarino Goiana-Megaó sofre a atividade antrópica principalmente da agricultura e da carcinicultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a realização de um diagnóstico e avaliação das concentrações totais e potencialmente biodisponíveis de elementos maiores e traços, incluindo metais pesados, a fi m de avaliar a variação destas concentrações por um período de até 200 anos atrás por meio de dois perfi s de fundos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o estuário ainda se encontra relativamente preservado, apesar da crescente interferência antrópica na área. Mg, Mn, P e Na mostraram tendência de aumento nos respectivos fatores de enriquecimento, principalmente em sedimentos mais recentes, o que pode ser uma evidência da infl uência das atividades de carcinicultura na região. Cr, Cu e Ni encontram-se acima dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação,porém apresentam fonte predominantemente geogênica, ou seja, são naturalmente enriquecidos.
Novos dados geológicos da região entre Timbaúba e Macaparana, terreno Rio Capibaribe, Província Borborema: faixa de rochas metavulcanossedimentares, corpos lenticulares de granitóides e enriquecimento anômalo em epidotos
Authors: Souza Natália Gomes Alves de , Garlipp Adriana Baggio , Souza Neto João Adauto de , Santos Edilton José dos , Farias Douglas José Silva
Published: November 2015

Regionalmente a área deste estudo encontra-se inserida no contexto da "Zona Transversal", no Terreno Rio Capibaribe, e onde ocorrem as rochas do Complexo Gnáissico-Migmatítico, rochas metavulcanossedimentares, além de rochas de Suítes Magmáticas Neoproterozoicas. Visando o mapeamento geológico de semi-detalhe (escala de 1:50.000), foram realizadas as caracterizações dos principais tipos litológicos da região, com análises petrográficas detalhadas dos mesmos, entendimento das relações de campo e temporal entre as rochas, além do enquadramento das fases tectono-metamórficas que afetaram a área. Como resultado foram individualizadas quatro unidades litoestratigráficas (Complexo gnáissico-migmatítico; Complexo Metavulcanossedimentar; Granito Tipo Serra do Mascarenhas, e Granito Tipo Timbaúba). Estas duas últimas unidades correspondem às Suítes Magmáticas Neoproterozoica, e ocorrem dispostas de acordo com a influência das zonas de cisalhamento contracionais (denominadas de Pindoba e Uruçu, Fase deformacional Dn) transcorrentes (Fase Dn+1), presentes principalmente nas porções sudoeste e sudeste da área investigada. As condições de pico metamórfico são na fácies anfibolito alto (500°C < T < 650°C e 3 kbar < P < 11,5 kbar), que atingem localmente a fácies granulito (750°C), sendo atribuídas ao momento de atuação do evento deformacional Dn. E pico é sucedido por um estágio retrometamórfico na fácies xisto verde baixo (T < 350°C e 2 kbar < P < 9 kbar). Destaca-se na área estudada, a descoberta de uma faixa de rochas metavulcanossedimentares, as formas lenticulares dos corpos intrusivos (Granitos Tipo Timbaúba e Serra dos Mascarenhas), relacionados ao evento deformacional Dn (contracional), além da anômala abundância de minerais do grupo do epidoto (epidoto, alanita, zoisita/clinozoisita), notadamente nos litotipos do Granito Tipo Timbaúba.
Comparison of Probability Distribution Function in Determining Minimum Annual and Monthly Streamflow
Authors: Finkler Nícolas Reinaldo , Mendes Ludmilson Abritta , Schneider Erwin Henrique Menezes , Bortolin Taison Anderson , Schneider Vania Elisabete
Published: November 2015

In this study it was aimed to provide the foundation studies of water availability in the Arroio Belo basin, in Caxias do Sul/RS. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the application of Weibull, Normal, LogNormal, Gumbel (minimum), LogPearson and Pearson theoretical probability functions to data of minimum streamflows for seven consecutive days of the basin. The analysis had two approaches: application in annual data, and then on monthly data, considering seasonality. To verify the adherence to the estimated probabilities of observed frequencies, we applied three tests: Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling and Chi-Squared. The results show that the Log-Pearson III distribution shows greater accuracy in representing the annual data of the series and reach the best fit of the minimum streamflow. The monthly data analysis indicated the use of the distribution Pearson III, which showed higher suitability to the minimum streamflow data.  http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v3iss2p42
Gray Water Footprint of Pigs Slaughtered in Corede Serra/RS - Brazil
Authors: Zanella Carra Sofia Helena , Schneider Vania Elisabete
Published: November 2015

The pig activity, as well as other livestock activities, is directly dependent on natural resources and therefore the lack of knowledge about the impact on water resources in the cattle industry could compromise the sector's growth. In this context, the water footprint comes as a comprehensive indicator of water use that evaluates which is the fuel used, directly or indirectly, to produce a particular product throughout the supply chain. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the gray water footprint for pigs slaughtered in 2014 in Corede Serra/RS, in the confinement process. The gray water footprint in Corede Serra was 0.1346 km3. The municipalities of Parai (0.0142 km3), Nova Prata (0.0133 km3) and Serafina Correa (0.0103 km3) showed the largest footprints while the municipalities of São Marcos (0.00001 km3) and Bento Gonçalves (0.00002 km3) presented the smallest footprints. Because of the concentration of phosphorus in pig manure have presented a significant value (1.65 kg animal year-1) when evaluated under the total number of animals slaughtered in each municipality and considering the phosphorus concentration provided for in Conama Resolution n° 357/05, the demand is observed a large volume of water to phosphorus load assimilation. The gray water footprint can be reduced through the use of more efficient technologies for processing of manure, so that phosphorus is removed or reduced to low concentrations.  http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v3iss2p55
The Effect of Counterpart Material on the Sliding Wear of TiAlN Coatings Deposited by Reactive Cathodic Pulverization
Authors: Ordoñez Michell Felipe Cano , Paruma Johan Steeven Restrepo , Osorio Federico Sequeda , Farias María Cristina Moré
Published: November 2015

This work aims to study the effect of the counterpart materials (100Cr6, Al2O3 and WC-Co) on the tribological properties of TiAlN thin films deposited on AISI H13 steel substrate by reactive magnetron co-sputtering. The structural characterization of the TiAlN films, performed by X-ray diffraction, showed (220) textured fcc crystalline structure. The values of hardness and elastic modulus obtained by nanoindentation were 27 GPa and 420 GPa, respectively, which resulted in films with a relatively high resistance to plastic deformation. Ball-on-disk sliding tests were performed using normal loads of 1 N and 3 N, and 0.10 m/s of tangential velocity. The wear coefficient of the films was determined by measuring the worn area using profilometry every 1000 cycles. The mechanical properties and the chemical stability of the counterpart material, debris formation and the contact stress influences the friction and the wear behavior of the studied tribosystems. Increasing the hardness of the counterpart decreases the coefficient of friction (COF) due to lower counterpart material transference and tribofilm formation, which is able to support the contact pressure. High shear stress concentration at the coating/substrate interface was reported for higher load promoting failure of the film-substrate system for all tribopairs. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v3iss2p59
Proposal of Environmental Sensibilization through elaborations of Alternatives of Reuse of Rainwater at the Polytechnic School of Santa Maria - RS
Authors: Machado Gabriella Eldereti , Vestena Natana Pozzer , Da Silveira Djalma Dias
Published: November 2015

The water is available in many forms in nature, covering approximately 70% of the planet's surface, it is critical for the survival of living beings, because all organizations need the same, however, for their use is essential that water resources are in appropriate physical and chemical conditions. While it is demonstrated plenty of water on the planet, not all its elements is used by man. In the research site, the water that is used has the underground source, serving for human consumption, sanitary discharges and cleaning of buildings and machinery. Therefore, in this place, it becomes important to the preservation of natural resources to decrease and care for the consumption of ground water, leading to a preservation path of the environment and promoting environmental awareness among its students, staff and community. This research was conducted at the Polytechnic School of the Federal University of Santa Maria, in which he sought to know the alternatives that have been made for the (re) use of water. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v3iss2p67
The Importance of Detail and Organization of Technical Drawings for the Project Management
Authors: Avila Diego de , Júnior Amilton Rogério de Morais , Schaefer Eduardo
Published: November 2015

This research takes into account the process of technical improvement through the development and interpretation of technical drawing with the appropriate software. However, it’s known that the technical design, no longer being new in business, tends to effect the production process in a clear and objective way, but there is a concern for the training and use of this standardized form tool. This article presents a case study detailing the use of standardized technical drawing by CAD system and continuously. Seeking to meet the improvement of quality control, production flexibility, reduced costs, documentation and even security, in a company in the northern region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v3iss2p73
Investigation of Using Sulfur-Containing Gases in Low-Temperature Fuel Cell at Sulfuric Acid Production Site
Authors: Duysebaev B. , Abramov A. , Berstenev S. , Ryspanov N. , Sokolov A.Y. , Shkolnik V. , Umirov N. , Bakenov Z.
Published: November 2015

The possibility and effectiveness of using sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide as the fuel in low-temperature fuel cells at the sulfuric acid production site has been investigated. A fuel cell has been designed and constructed using palladium as a catalyst, which enables conversion of the energy of oxidation of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide to the electric energy. The experimental data showed that the use of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide as a fuel allows achieving the power of 1.0 and 0.5 mW, respectively. The
comparative studies with the use of hydrogen in the same fuel cell resulted in the power of about 2.0 mW, i.e. the use of hydrogen sulfide delivers a performance comparable with that of the hydrogen. The processes of oxidizing of the sulfur containing gases are used in our company in production of sulfuric acid. Oxidation
of these gases conducted using the conventional technological processes. The use of these processes to produce energy as a byproduct could be an attractive way to reduce the energy consumption of the whole process. Considering the relatively high power obtained in this work for the sulfur containing gases fed fuel
cells, the substitution of conventional oxidation of sulfur containing gases in this technological chain by the fuel cell oxidation, and by-producing the electric energy, could be very profitable for the energy efficiency enhancement of the main production process. In the future work, the design and development of fuel cell catalysts and membranes to enhance the performances of sulfur containing fuel cells will be significant
Upgrading Metallurgical Grade Silicon to Solar Grade Silicon
Authors: Mukashev B. , Betekbaev A. , Skakov D. , Pellegrin I. , Pavlov A. , Bektemirov Zh.
Published: November 2015

he photovoltaics (PV) is a method of direct conversion of solar energy to electricity using semicon-ductor solar cells. In terms of globally installed capacity, PV remains third the most important renewable energy source after hydro and wind powers. 31.1 GW of PV systems were installed around the world in 2012 and up from 30.4 GW in 2011.There is a rapid growth of PV cell production and it is expected to increase further. However PV technology have to cost effective in comparison to hydro or wind powers and other sources of renewable energy. It has to reach the “grid parity” i.e. less or equal price for generated electricity
power. More than 85% of solar cells (SC) are made from solar grade silicon (SoGSi). SoGSi is produced by purification of metallurgy grade silicon (MGSi) which is produced by carbon recovering silicon from quartz. Also Quartz is an initial and essential material for obtaining SoGSi and SC. Rich resource of quartz
Sarykol located at southern part of Kazakhstan where the main factory for MG Si production «Каzsilicon» is situated. Upgrading of MGSi up to SoGSi consists is a number of technological steps and SoGSi is basis for PV industry. Therefore the cost of SoGSi determines the competitiveness of PV technology compared to
other energy sources. There are several chemical and metallurgical technologies for SoGSi production. This paper briefly describes these technologies and shows main advantages of metallurgical technologies based on slag refining (oxygenation). Considered technologies are the basis for industrial production of SoGSi,
solar cells with an efficiency of 15.8-17.1% and solar panels. The 1st power plant made from solar panels in Kazakhstan was launched in December 25, 2012 by «AstanaSolar» with a total capacity of 250 kW.
Removability Efficiency of Heavy Metals with Modified Humate from Aqueous Media
Authors: Taubayeva A.S. , Dzhusipbekov U.Z. , Nurgalieva G.О. , Shakirova A.K. , Temel H. , Pasa S.
Published: November 2015

The main aim of this work was to study the possibility of using amine-modified humate as a sorbent for the purification of water from heavy metal ions (Cu&Co). One of the effective methods of creating new sorbents of humic acids is chemical modification based on the high reactivity of the functional groups in the composition of humic acids. The possibility of modification of humic acid with bis(3-aminopropyl)  amine was illustrated. Modification was carried out with the aim of increasing its sorption capacity. Metal-humate complexes were also obtained by an ion-exchange procedure with modified humate (Mod-Hum) by employing metal salts such as Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O. Maximum sorption percentages of Mod-Hum achieved were about 99.2% for Cu (II) and 90% for Co (II). The sorption degree depending on pH changes was studied in the range of 2 to 8, the sorption ability of the sorbents was stated to increase with the increase in pH. The degree of sorption of copper (ІІ) on Mod-Hum in the studied range of рН 5 was higher and of cobalt (II) for which the sorption is optimal at higher values (рН 7-8). It is stated that sorption degree increases with the increase in time from 15 min to 2 h. The adsorption of toxic metal ions with Mod-Hum was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The experimental results on determination of the adsorption isotherm were evaluated with the Langmuir equation. It is shown that the sorbent develops a high sorption capacity in regard to ions of Cu (18.42 mg/g) and Со (16.25 mg/g). All the obtained complex compounds were analyzed and characterized by FT infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Chemical Kinetic Modeling in Coal Gasification Processes: an Overview
Authors: Slavinskaya N.A. , Riedel U. , Messerle V.E. , Ustimenko A.B.
Published: November 2015

Coal is the fuel most able to cover world deficiencies in oil and natural gas. This motivates the development of new and more effective technologies for coal conversion into other fuels. Such technologies are focused on coal gasification with production of syngas or gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, as well as on direct coal liquefaction with production of liquid fuels. The benefits of plasma application in these technologies is based on the high selectivity of the plasma chemical processes, the high efficiency of conversion of different types of coal including those of low quality, relative simplicity of the process control, and significant reduction in the production of ashes, sulphur, and nitrogen oxides. In the coal gasifier, two-phase turbulent flow is coupled with heating and evaporation of coal particles, devolatilization of volatile material, the char combustion (heterogeneous/porous oxidation) or gasification, the gas phase reaction/oxidation (homogeneous oxidation) of gaseous products from coal particles. The present work reviews literature data concerning reaction kinetic modelling in coal gasification. Current state of related kinetic models for heterogeneous/homogeneous oxidation of coal particles, included plasma assisted, is reviewed.
Elongated Wire-Like Zinc Oxide Nanostructures Synthesized from Metallic Zinc
Authors: Duraia El-Shazly M. , Beall G.W. , Mansurov Zulkhair A. , Shabanova Tatyana A. , Hannora Ahmed E.
Published: November 2015

Elongated wire-like Zinc oxide, nanocombs and nanocrystals have been successfully synthesized on the silicon substrate from the metallic zinc as a starting material. The annealing temperature was as low as 450 ºC in argon atmosphere mixed with about 3% oxygen. Structural analysis using the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed that the existence of two phases; nanowires and crystalline form. Moreover some nanoparticles aggregates were noticed to be attached in the bulk to the sides of the ZnO nanocrystals and sometimes these aggregate attached to the Zinc oxide hexagonal crystal and grow to form nanowire at different angles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations for the zinc oxide nanostructure on the silicon substrate showed the formation of the nanocrystals in the gas flow direction and at the low energy sites over the silicon substrate. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements, performed at the room temperature, showed the existence of two basic emissions: narrow ultraviolet (UV) emission at 398 nm which attributed to the near band edge emission of the wide band gap and a very wide, more intensive, green emission at 471 nm corresponds to the crystal defects such as vacancies, interstitial sites in ZnO.
Growth of 3C-SiC Films on Si (111) and Sapphire (0001) Substrates by MOCVD
Authors: Beisenov R. , Ebrahim R. , Mansurov Z.A. , Tokmoldin S.Zh. , Mansurov B.Z. , Ignatiev A.
Published: November 2015

Thick silicon carbide films were grown on sapphire (0001) and silicon (111) substrates using metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Diethylmethylsilane (DEMS) has been used as a single precursor, which contain Si and C atoms in the same molecule, without any carrier or bubbler gas. Atomic structure, surface composition and morphology have been investigated by XRD, AES, SEM and AFM analysis. SiC films of 5-7 micron thickness were grown at a rate of ~ 40 nm/min on sapphire (0001) and Si (111) substrates. The films grown at low temperature (850 ºC and 900 ºC) on both substrates show crystalline 3C-SiC in the (111) orientation. XRD results show that the orientation of the crystal structure does not depend of the substrate orientation AFM pictures of SiC films grown on sapphire (0001) exhibit more crystalline order as compared to films grown on the Si (111) substrates. AES of the grown films shows that in both cases the Si peak intensity is greater than that of carbon. This work shows promise for the development of alternative processes for developing low cost, large area substrates for application to IIInitrides LED and UV photodetector fabrication and also for gas detector application.
SHS - Processes in the Carbonaceous Oxide System at High Nitrogen Pressure Values
Authors: Fomenko S.M. , Dilmukhambetov E.E. , Mansurov Z.A. , Korkembai Zh. , Alipbaev A.N.
Published: November 2015

This paper contains study results of the nitride containing composites features formed in the compacted Al-TiO2-C-Si samples inside a high pressure reactor with various nitrogen pressure values. The nitriding and carbide-formation processes take place simultaneously with aluminothermic reduction of titanium oxide in the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) mode. It has been found that the nitrogen pressure effect is manifested as insignificant reduction of the combustion temperature and increased durability of the synthesized composite. The SHS process in the nitric environment leads to practically complete reduction of titanium oxide, the free titanium being absent. The X-ray analysis has revealed that the basic SHS products are refractory compounds such as metal nitrides, carbides, and oxides. Increase in nitrogen pressure results in decrease of the specific electric resistance of the synthesized composites caused by growth of the electroconductive phases i.e. titanium carbides, nitrides, and silicides. Performed electron microscopic study including the energy dispersion analysis of the morphology and structure of the SHS products has revealed formation of the nano-sized titanium silicide crystals distributed between the complex carbonitride particles. The complex carbonitride composites synthesized in the high pressure reactor are of interest as highrefractory and abrasive materials considering their physical and chemical properties.
Effect of Solid Fuel Mineral Composition on the Formation of Sour Pulp in Hydro-Slug Removal System of Thermal Power Plants
Authors: Idrissova K.S. , Tumanova A.A.
Published: November 2015

Researches have been conducted into the causes of acidity of pulp formed in the system of circulating hydraulic ash and slag removal in thermal power plants (TPP) when using coals of Ekibastuz and Karaganda coal fields of the Republic of Kazakhstan. We have carried out a comparative study of combustion of Karazhyra and Maikube coals at the two RK TPPs with BKZ-75-39FB and BKZ-160-100FB steam boilers. For ash collection, wet ash collectors with remounted Venturi tube coagulators have been installed on TPP. In them, a chemical interaction of irrigating water with flue gases occurs, which include CO2, SO2, SO3 and ash particles. The ash pulp formed moves to the pipeline, mixes with the slag pulp and is further transported along a tract to the ash dump. We have defined the relationship between the composition of the products of coal combustion and the formation of acidic pulp in the scrubber. Qualitative and quantitative composition of coals and their combustion products have been determined by the methods of X-ray and X-ray fluorescence analysis. As the analysis showed, the main components of ash and slag materials are the oxides SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, K2О, Na2O. In the wet ash collectors gaseous substances present in flue gases, are dissolved and hydrolysed in irrigating water. While hydroremoving ash and slag, the compounds are dissolved in water and undergo hydrolysis. Oxides SiO2, SO2, TiO2, P2O5 are hydrolyzed into acid, oxides CaO, MgO, K2O and Na2O – into base, Al2O3, Fe2O3 – into amphoteric compounds. Chemical analysis of ash and slag pulp formed after Karazhyra coal combustion has been carried out. Calculation of the acidity of ash and slag material has been performed. Karazhyra coal ash is more acidic in nature. A lower content of amphoteric oxides in Maikube coal appears to be the cause of the pulp formation, with a higher pH. With X-ray diffraction method, the nature of combinations of metal oxides in the samples of coal, slag and ash have been determined. 
Sorptive and Separation Properties of Ultrafiltration Membranes on the Basis of Sulfonate-Containing Polyamide with Respect to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Smirnova N.N. , Fedotov Yu.A. , Nebukina I.A.
Published: November 2015

Investigation of sorption of bovine serum albumin in the static mode and in ultrafiltration conditions by membranes produced from statistic copolymers of aromatic polyamides synthesized by polycondensation of the sodium salt of 4, 4/-diaminodiphenylamine-2-sulfo-acid and m-phenylenediamine in various ratios with chloroanhydride of isophthalic acid has been carried out. Interconnection has been established between the charge of protein macromolecules, concentration of fragments containing ionic groups in the aromatic polyamide and sorptive, separation and transport characteristics of membranes on its basis. It has been shown that dominant forces that determine membrane/protein interaction in the systems under consideration are coulomb forces, but the contribution of hydrophobic interactions is also significant. The results of mathematical processing of experimental data indicate that there is a good compliance of sorption isotherms with Langmuir’s model. Depending on the concentration of fragments containing ionic groups in the polyamide and pH of the solution, the calculated values of maximum sorption in sorbent/sorbate systems under consideration vary in the range of 0.028 to 0.338 mg/cm2. Dynamic investigations have shown that selectivity of the membranes is 85 to 98%. To assess the sorptive activity of the membranes in the course of ultrafiltration, indicators of sorption and sorptive losses calculated on the basis of the ratio of the change of mass content of protein in the process of filtration to the initial value have been used. Depending on the material used to produce the membrane and pH of the solution being filtered, sorptive losses range from 5 to 33%. Their minimum value is observed when pH is higher than the isoelectric point of the protein, i.e. in the field where protein macromolecules and the surface of the membrane have like charges.
Petroleum Sorption by Thermally Treated Rice Husks Derived from Agricultural Byproducts
Authors: Kudaybergenov K.K. , Ongarbayev E.K. , Mansurov Z.A.
Published: November 2015

Agricultural byproducts or residues are widely produced in Kazakhstan and their utilization as a sorbent material for petroleum spill can be developed as low cost, high tech environmental technology. Rice husk, an agricultural waste, was used as petroleum sorbent material. The present study examines the sorption capacity of thermally treated rice husk for different petroleum products. Results showed that the petroleum sorption capacity of this material prepared at 700 ºC was 15 g/g for heavy crude petroleum. The material obtained by thermal treatment of rice husk has very good buoyancy characteristics, high petroleum sorption capacity and high hydrophobicity. The effects of heating temperature, contact time and petroleum density on the petroleum sorption capacity of thermally treated rice husks were further studied on the basis of phase composition, microstructure and morphology using X-ray diffraction analysis, FTIR spectrometry, optical digital microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the SEM and optical microscopy studies strongly indicate that thermal treatment is a suitable method to improve structure of husk particles regarding porosity compared to virgin samples. The research provides the basis for development of a new environmental material with optimal characteristics, providing efficient sorption of petroleum and petroleum products from aqueous medium.