CHILDHOOD URINARY TRACT INFECTION: CLINICAL SIGNS, BACTERIAL CAUSES AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
Authors: Ishak Abdulrahman A. , Alhadi Abdulrahman M , Al-Moyed Khaled Abdulkareem A , Al-Shamahy Hassan A. 
Published: September 2021

Background and objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the neglected infection in children from the side of study its clinical symptoms, causative organisms and their antibiotic sensitivity. This investigation searches for determine clinical symptoms frequency, prevalence rate, bacterial features, and  antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial urinary tract infection in children attending private children’s health center in Sana’a city.
Methods: In a prospective study carried out over a 24-month period, 1925 samples from children patients suspected of having a UTI were investigated, of which 175 were culture-positive. Clinical and demographic data were collected. Isolated bacteria were identified by standard tests, and antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the disk diffusion method.
Results: Fever was the most frequent symptom that occurred (88%) while other UTI symptoms were less frequent than that reported in adult patients for UTI. The most common etiological agent was Escherichia coli (89.7%), followed Staphylococcus aureus (3.4%), Klebsiella spp (2.9%), Proteus spp (2.3%), and beta haemolytic streptococci (1.7%).  Results of antimicrobial resistant for E. coli, as the most prevalent cause of UTI, to commonly used antibiotics are ranged from less than 3% for  levofloxacin, gentamicin,  amikacin and cefoxitin to more than 75% for  tetracycline, nalidixic acid,  doxycycline,  co-trimoxazol and amoxicillin .
Conclusions: The results show the most common  symptom of UTI are fever and lack of more obvious symptoms of UTI in adult patients. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of the causes of UTI are highly changeable and constant surveillance of trends in resistance patterns of uropathogens among children  is essential.
                 
Peer Review History:
Received: 11 July 2021; Revised: 13 August; Accepted: 5 September, Available online: 15 September 2021
Academic Editor:  Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id
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Received file:                Reviewer's Comments:
Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10
Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
Reviewers:
Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr
Dr. Salfarina Ramli,  Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. salfarina2892@uitm.edu.my  
Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, edress2020@gmail.com
Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com
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