bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neonates Hospitalized with Community-Acquired SARS-CoV-2 in a Colorado Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: White Alicia , Mukherjee Priya , Stremming Jane , Sherlock Laura G. , Reynolds Regina M. , Smith Danielle , Asturias Edwin J. , Grover Theresa R. , Dietz Robert M.
Published: June 2020

Importance: The novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) has been well described in adults. Further, the impact on older children and during the perinatal time is becoming better studied. As community spread increases, it is important to recognize that neonates are vulnerable to community spread as well. The impact that community-acquired SARS-CoV-2 has in the neonatal time period is unclear, as this population has unique immunity considerations. Objective: To report on a case series of SARS-CoV-2 in neonates through community acquisition in the USA. Design: This is an early retrospective study of patients admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) identified as having SAR-CoV-2 through positive real-time polymerase chain reaction assay of nasopharyngeal swabs. Findings: Three patients who required admission to the NICU between the ages of 17 and 33 days old were identified. All 3 had ill contacts in the home or had been to the pediatrician and presented with mild to moderate symptoms including fever, rhinorrhea, and hypoxia, requiring supplemental oxygen during their hospital stay. One patient was admitted with neutropenia, and the other 2 patients became neutropenic during hospitalization. None of the patients had meningitis or multiorgan failure. Conclusions and Relevance: Infants with community-acquired SARS-CoV-2 may require hospitalization due to rule-out sepsis guidelines if found to have fever and/or hypoxia. Caregivers of neonates should exercise recommended guidelines before contact with neonates to limit community spread of SARS-CoV-2 to this potentially vulnerable population, including isolation, particularly as asymptomatic cases become prevalent.
Evaluation of Bleb Characteristics after Trabeculectomy and Glaucoma Implant Surgery in the Rabbit
Authors: Ishida Kyoko , Nakano Yukimichi , Ojino Kazuki , Shimazawa Masamitsu , Otsuka Tomohiro , Inagaki Satoshi , Kawase Kazuhide , Hara Hideaki , Yamamoto Tetsuya
Published: June 2020

The characteristics of the conjunctival bleb are some of the most important factors for the surgical success of glaucoma filtering surgery. To improve surgical outcome, we investigated bleb histology after 3 different glaucoma surgeries. Surgery was performed in 21 white rabbits. Rabbits were randomized to trabeculectomy or implantation with EX-PRESS or a silicone tube (each n = 7). Bleb survival, intraocular pressure (IOP), and vascularity were evaluated. At 6 weeks, eyes were enucleated for histological analysis. Postoperative IOP at 2 weeks was significantly lower in the trabeculectomy and the EX-PRESS group than in the silicone tube group (p = 0.037) but not thereafter. Postoperative bleb survival (p = 0.542) and vascularity (p = 0.988) were similar among the 3 groups. Histologically, a capsule showing mild fibroblast proliferation associated with intercellular collagen was present around the surgical site. The thickness of the bleb was similar among all experimental groups, but it was significantly greater than in controls (p < 0.05). The inflammatory area did not differ between the EX-PRESS and the silicone tube group but was significantly greater in the trabeculectomy group than in the tube group (p = 0.031). A correlation between the thickness of the bleb wall and inflammation was found (r = 0.56, p < 0.01). EX-PRESS and silicone tube implants appear to be relatively inert, with little difference in biocompatibility and bleb survival. Since some degree of inflammation was still observed histologically in the bleb, more noninvasive surgical methods and more biocompatible materials may be desirable.
Experimenting with Matter in the Works of Gabriel Plattes
Authors: Matei Oana
Published: June 2020

This paper investigates the relation between Gabriel Plattes’ (c. 1600–1644) cosmology and theory of matter, on the one hand, and his method of experimentation, on the other. In my view Plattes based his cosmology and theory of matter on specific “principles of nature” expressed as alchemical qualitative relations between bodies, and these principles formed the theoretical framework for his experimental method and technologies. I also claim that Plattes’ method of experimentation has heuristic purposes, acting as a tool to instantiate and illustrate these natural principles. By quantifiable manipulations of matter (expressed in terms of proportions and numbers), Plattes made use of experimentation to provide technologies whose immediate purpose was to ameliorate or improve the material world.
God Made Manifest: Josephus, Idolatry, and Divine Images in Flavian Rome
Authors: Forger Deborah L.
Published: June 2020

After the destruction of the Second Temple, Jews lived under Flavian lords who peppered Rome’s landscape with sculpted images of themselves, oftentimes suggesting that these images, and the emperors who stood behind them, functioned as gods in embodied form. This paper considers how these divine images impacted Jews, given that these same Jews lived under Roman authority yet also served the God of Israel alone. By analyzing Josephus’s Antiquities 11.331-334 in light of Israel’s strong anti-idolic tradition, I explore how the name of Israel’s God, inscribed on the high priest’s golden miter, may have functioned as visible counterpoint to the Flavians’ graven images. It is widely assumed that first-century Jews viewed God as invisible, incorporeal, and utterly removed from the material realm, but for Josephus at least God’s name offered a means by which Jews could gaze upon an aspect of their God in visible, perceptible, and material form.
Common Sense, Scepticism and Deep Epistemic Disagreements
Authors: Thébert Angélique
Published: June 2020

Considering the persisting disagreement between the common sense philosophers and the sceptics, it seems that they are faced with a deep epistemic disagreement. Taking stock from Wittgenstein’s On Certainty, one generally thinks that deep epistemic disagreements cannot be rationally resolved. Hinge epistemology, inherited from Wittgenstein, is also considered as an illuminating detour to understand common sense epistemology. But is there really a deep epistemic disagreement between the common sense philosophers and the sceptics? Could it not be considered that they share a common background? If so, is the rational resolution of their disagreement logically possible? What rational means can common sense use to convince someone of the privileged status of an epistemic principle? Relying on Reid’s, Alston’s and Lynch’s arguments, I show that common sense epistemology is a more promising approach than hinge epistemology, because it is driven by an optimism about reason in the solving of deep epistemic disagreements.
The true identity of Marshallia grandiflora, an extinct species, and the description of Marshallia pulchra (Asteraceae, Helenieae, Marshalliinae)

Authors: KNAPP WESLEY M. , POINDEXTER DERICK B. , WEAKLEY ALAN S.
Published: June 2020

Marshallia grandiflora (Asteraceae, Helenieae, Marshalliinae) is recognized as the 53rd extinct species to North America, and an endemic species of the Blue Ridge physiographic province of North Carolina. A new name, Marshallia pulchra, is provided for the more broadly ranging species that has been confounded with and generally considered conspecific with M. grandiflora. Morphologic and biogeographic data clearly separates two species within the previous concept of M. grandiflora. Marshallia grandiflora and M. pulchra are compared with their sister species, M. legrandii. Cytological data is given for M. legrandii, including the first report of B-chromosomes in the genus.
Three new combinations in Gloeocantharellus (Gomphales, Agaricomycetes) from Mexico based on molecular evidence

Authors: GONZÁLEZ-ÁVILA ASTRID , RAMÍREZ-MARTÍNEZ CÉSAR RAMIRO , ALVARADO-SIZZO HERNÁN , VALENZUELA RICARDO , LUNA-VEGA ISOLDA
Published: June 2020

In this study, we included for the first time three Mexican Gomphaceae species in a molecular phylogeny. These species were described as members of the genus Gomphus, despite their tropical and subtropical habitat. We undertook a molecular analysis using the atp6 and SSU mitochondrial loci and nuclear ribosomal LSU. Our analysis showed that the three species studied are better included as members of Gloeocantharellus. In this study, we are suggesting three new combinations: Gloeocantharellus albidocarneus, G. calakmulensis and G. pleurobrunnescens.
Redescription and typification of Dendropanax umbellatus (Araliaceae)

Authors: FERNANDEZ-HILARIO ROBIN , VILLANUEVA-ESPINOZA ROSA , FACK VINCIANE
Published: June 2020

The relationship between Dendropanax umbellatus and Gilibertia pavonii has remained uncertain for more than one hundred years, causing the second species to be considered a synonym of the first one. In order to provide nomenclature and taxonomic clarity, we herein discuss the history of both species and do the necessary typifications.
A new species of Clavariadelphus (Basidiomycota: Clavariadelphaceae) from China based on morphological and molecular data

Authors: XIA LU , FAN LI
Published: June 2020

Clavariadelphus griseoclavus sp. nov. is described and illustrated from North China. Morphologically, the new species is distinguished from other Clavariadelphus species by its grey to greyish basidiomata. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences is provided and supports the establishment of the new species.
Mayacaceae, a newly naturalized family for the Flora of China

Authors: SU FAN , GUO YA-NAN , ZHOU XIN-XIN , WANG RUI-JIANG
Published: June 2020

Mayaca fluviatilis, an aquatic plant belonging to the monogeneric family Mayacaceae, native to tropical America, is reported here for the first time to be naturalized in Guangdong province, China. A morphological description, with detailed photographs, is provided for further taxonomic identification. Its invasive risk is evaluated according to its present propagation tendency.
New Trechus species of the kozlovi group from Sichuan (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Authors: BELOUSOV IGOR A. , KABAK ILYA I.
Published: June 2020

The main goal of the present paper is to define the kozlovi-species group of the genus Trechus Clairville, 1806, one of the most species-rich groups of Chinese Trechus and to describe new species of this group from two neighboring areas in Sichuan Province. Description of species groups for Chinese Trechus is a way to get a more consistent view of the taxonomy of this extremely diverse genus. The kozlovi group includes many described species, which are widespread in Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan provinces. In turn, the group can be split into several subgroups each embracing close allopatric relatives but much more material from various areas of China is required for such detailed classification. In the present work, we describe 9 new Trechus species belonging to this group, all collected in central and southern Sichuan, China: T. suopoensis sp. n. and T. gemaensis sp. n., both from the northern slopes of Mount Gema, E of Danba City, T. bianericus sp. n. and T. maoniu sp. n., both from the nortwestern slopes of the mountain massif located south of Bianer Village, WNW of Danba City, T. shangensis sp. n., T. mengensis sp. n., both from the upper valley of the small river located WSW of the village of Shangmeng, NW of Lixian City, T. cuspis sp. n. from the southern slope of Mount “5200” NW of Lixian City, three latter species from the left bank of the Zagunao River, T. qunlaishanicus sp. n. from the Qunlaishan mountains on the right bank of the Zagunao River and T. chiguguanensis sp.n. from the Chiguguan Pass.
A synopsis of Kiotina Klapálek, 1907 (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from China, with description of a new species from Zhejiang Province
Authors: SU TONG , CHEN ZHI-TENG
Published: June 2020

A new species of Kiotina, K. yexiaohani sp. nov. is described from Zhejiang Province of southeastern China. The male of the new species is characterized by the V-shaped epiproct sclerite with thick, out-curved arms and a fusiform base. The apical half of subgenital plate sub-trapezoidal with a slightly notched apex distinguishes the female of the new species. Information on the types and available descriptions of Chinese Kiotina species are summarized. Additionally, an unassociated female of a Kiotina species is described and illustrated.
On a new synonymy in the spider genus Nephila Leach, 1815 (Araneidae, Nephilinae) from India with supplementary notes on colour polymorphism in the genus
Authors: SANKARAN PRADEEP M. , CALEB JOHN T.D. , JOSEPH MATHEW M. , SEBASTIAN POTHALIL A.
Published: June 2020

The golden orb-weaving spider genus Nephila Leach, 1815 currently has four representatives in India: Nephila dirangensis Biswas & Biswas, 2006, Nephila kuhlii (Doleschall, 1859), Nephila pilipes (Fabricius, 1793) and Nephila robusta Tikader, 1962 (World Spider Catalog 2020). While N. kuhlii has its type locality in Java (Doleschall 1859) and that of N. pilipes in Australasia (Fabricius 1781), N. dirangensis and N. robusta are both confined to India (World Spider Catalog 2020). Tikader (1962) described the species N. robusta based on a single female specimen collected in West Bengal. The original genitalic illustrations of this species, however, show close resemblance to that of N. pilipes, indicating its possible synonymy with the latter. To confirm the novelty of N. robusta, we examined its type specimen and the result is presented below. Additionally, we discuss the occurrence of colour morphs in the Indian populations of N. pilipes.
Leucapamea srnkai sp. n., a new Apameini species from China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
Authors: GYULAI PETER , SALDAITIS AIDAS
Published: June 2020

The genus Leucapamea was erected by Sugi (1982). The most recent revision of the genus was provided by Zilli et al. (2009), and include descriptions of five new species. Leucapamea species are diagnosed by the whitish ground colour of forewings and the very long, sword-like superior saccular process. Leucapamea is distinguished from the related genus Lateroligia Zilli, Fibiger & Ronkay, 2005 by the triangular cucullus having only a slight ventral extremity and the presence of the strong cornutus in the vesica. Thirteen species of Leucapamea have been described (Zilli et al. 2009), four of which are endemic to Taiwan, two to Japan, and the other species distributed from the northern Pacific to Southern China and Vietnam. Following research in Sichuan during the last years, an additional species is described and diagnosed here.Abbreviations for personal and institutional collections used herein are as follows: AFM = Alessandro Floriani (Milan, Italy); ASV = Aidas Saldaitis (Vilnius, Lithuania); HNHM = Hungarian Natural History Museum (Budapest, Hungary); PGM = collection of Péter Gyulai (Miskolc, Hungary); GYP = genitalia slide of P. Gyulai; RL = genitalia slide of L. Ronkay.
Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay Freshwater Exports: New Estimates from Seven Decades of Hydrographic Surveys on the Labrador Shelf
Authors: Florindo-López Cristian , Bacon Sheldon , Aksenov Yevgeny , Chafik Léon , Colbourne Eugene , Holliday N. Penny
Published: June 2020

While reasonable knowledge of multidecadal Arctic freshwater storage variability exists, we have little knowledge of Arctic freshwater exports on similar time scales. A hydrographic time series from the Labrador Shelf, spanning seven decades at annual resolution, is here used to quantify Arctic Ocean freshwater export variability west of Greenland. Output from a high-resolution coupled ice–ocean model is used to establish the representativeness of those hydrographic sections. Clear annual to decadal variability emerges, with high freshwater transports during the 1950s and 1970s–80s, and low transports in the 1960s and from the mid-1990s to 2016, with typical amplitudes of 30 mSv (1 Sv = 106m3s−1). The variability in both the transports and cumulative volumes correlates well both with Arctic and North Atlantic freshwater storage changes on the same time scale. We refer to the “inshore branch” of the Labrador Current as the Labrador Coastal Current, because it is a dynamically and geographically distinct feature. It originates as the Hudson Bay outflow, and preserves variability from river runoff into the Hudson Bay catchment. We find a need for parallel, long-term freshwater transport measurements from Fram and Davis Straits to better understand Arctic freshwater export control mechanisms and partitioning of variability between routes west and east of Greenland, and a need for better knowledge and understanding of year-round (solid and liquid) freshwater fluxes on the Labrador shelf. Our results have implications for wider, coherent atmospheric control on freshwater fluxes and content across the Arctic Ocean and northern North Atlantic Ocean.
Interannual Subtropical Indian Ocean Variability due to Long Baroclinic Planetary Waves
Authors: Chapman Christopher C. , Sloyan Bernadette M. , O’Kane Terence J. , Chamberlain Matthew A.
Published: June 2020

Low-frequency variability in the south Indian Ocean is studied by analyzing 200 years of output from a fully coupled climate model simulation. At time scales of 2–10 years, the variability is dominated by westward-propagating features that form on the eastern side of the basin. Using feature tracking and clustering, the spatiotemporal characteristics and preferred pathways of the propagating features are identified and studied in detail. By comparison of the phase speed and vertical structure of the propagating anomalies identified by the feature tracking with linear theory, we conclude that these features are likely mode 1 or 2 baroclinic planetary waves. The effects of this low-frequency variability on the climate system is investigated. By analysis of the mixed-layer temperature budget, it is shown that at particular geographic locations, the propagating features can substantially modify the near-surface ocean and induce significant fluxes of heat into the atmosphere. In turn, these heat fluxes can drive a coherent atmospheric response, although this response does not appear to feed back onto the ocean. Finally, we discuss the implications for the interannual climate predictability.
Resolution Dependence and Subfilter-Scale Motions in Idealized Squall-Line Simulations
Authors: Lai Kwan Tsaan , Waite Michael L.
Published: June 2020

In this paper, the sensitivity of idealized squall-line simulations to horizontal resolution, subgrid turbulence mixing scheme, and subfilter-scale motion is discussed. Inconsistent results from numerical simulations of convective systems have suggested that there are issues with the behavior of the subgrid turbulent mixing parameterizations with increasing resolution that still need to be understood. WRF is used to perform large-eddy simulation of an idealized squall line with horizontal grid spacings of 4 km, 2 km, 1 km, 500 m, and 250 m. While 4 km grid spacing is able to produce the general structure of the squall line, higher-resolution simulations produce more detailed structures. Individual convective cell size decreases, the maximum cloud top height increases, and the subgrid turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) ratio decreases as resolution increases. As found in past studies, 4 km grid spacing is not recommended as it contains an unreasonable amount of subgrid TKE, is not sufficient to resolve the large energy-containing eddies, and may even suppress propagation of the squall line. While horizontal resolution of 1 km can produce a squall line, there are several discrepancies between the 1 km case and higher resolutions, including trailing banded structures and inhibited three-dimensionalization. These issues at 1 km resolution are investigated by examining the subfilter energy transfer for the highest-resolution simulation filtered to a horizontal scale of 1 km. The subfilter energy transfer rate at a scale of 1 km is dominated by the streamwise and shear components. While dissipation dominates the transfer, a significant amount of backscatter also exists, which is not represented by most subgrid models.
When and how does volunteering influence wages? – Evidence from panel data
Authors: Eberl Andreas , Krug Gerhard
Published: June 2020

Volunteering is an activity in which individuals work for free to benefit others; however, research has also focused on the benefits volunteers themselves might experience. We add to the literature by focusing on how not only volunteering itself has an impact on wages but how the intensity, duration and timing of volunteering also have an effect on these. In addition, we distinguish between the effects on volunteers in the same job and when changing a job, and test the role of social capital. Using German data from the Socio-Economic Panel, we find that current volunteering has positive effects on wages in a fixed effects wage regression, especially if individuals volunteer with low to medium intensity. The duration of volunteering does not increase wages. However, based on the dummy impact function, we find that volunteering increases wages almost immediately and that this effect remains fairly constant over time. We find no indication that reverse causality drives this effect. Furthermore, we show that the wage benefits of volunteering are realized only through job changes, not on-the-job wage progression. With regard to job changers, we show that social capital accumulation through volunteering is one reason explaining the observed wage effects.
Rethinking history and memory in organization studies: The case for historiographical reflexivity
Authors: Decker Stephanie , Hassard John , Rowlinson Michael
Published: June 2020

The historic turn in organization studies has led to greater appreciation of the potential contribution from historical research. However, there is increasing emphasis on integrating history into organization studies, rather than on recognizing how accommodating history might require a reorientation. As a result, key conceptual and methodological insights from historiography have been overlooked or at times misrepresented. We identify four modes of enquiry that highlight distinctions from history about ‘how to conceptualize’ and ‘how to research’ the past. First, historical organization studies research the past primarily through reference to archival sources. Second, retrospective organizational history reconstructs the past principally from retrospective accounts, such as those generated in oral history. Third, retrospective organizational memory uses ethnography and interviews to explore the role of memory in the present. Fourth, historical organizational memory traces the institutionalization of organizational memory through archival research. From the analysis, we argue that historical organization studies are increasingly established, and interest in ‘uses of the past’ has contributed to the rise of retrospective organizational memory. However, historiographical reflexivity – a new concept for organization studies – focuses attention on engaging with both history and collective memory, and on the distinct methodological choices between archival and retrospective methods.
The Political Economy of Private and Public Regulation in Post-Rana Plaza Bangladesh
Authors: Bair Jennifer , Anner Mark , Blasi Jeremy
Published: June 2020

How do public and private labor governance regimes intersect in global supply chains and with what effects? Based on fieldwork in Bangladesh, including interviews with garment industry stakeholders, this article examines the main public and private regulatory reforms instituted in post-Rana Plaza Bangladesh: the Sustainability Compact and the Bangladesh Accord, respectively. Despite the Accord’s substantial achievements in improving workplace safety, particularly relative to the progress achieved under the Compact, findings show that government and industry actors in Bangladesh have resisted the Accord’s efforts to empower workers for fear that improved labor standards would threaten managerial control over one of the global garment industry’s largest and cheapest labor forces. Rather than being an example of complementarity between private and public governance, or an effective substitution of one by the other, post-Rana Plaza Bangladesh represents an undermining of effective private regulation by a state opposed to pro-labor reforms.
College multimedia teaching system devise and application evaluation
Authors: Lu Jianyin , Valaec thahrocc
Published: June 2020

Aiming at multimedia teaching system is one of the important links in the current information construction and teaching quality evaluation of colleges and universities. Design multimedia teaching system, on the one hand, from the perspective of software design for other users to provide reference; on the other hand, according to the multilevel gray system evaluation theory, making multimedia teaching evaluation, to determine the index value; index weight; sample matrix; evaluation of gray classes, etc., for the evaluation of teachers’ multimedia teaching skills to make a comprehensive evaluation, make originally not quantitative evaluation, multimedia teaching more scientific and more reasonable and more accurate quantitative evaluation, through actual application, good results have been achieved.
Sustainable Conflict Resolution through Community Based Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Planning in Fragile and Conflict Situations: The Case of Somalia
Authors: Mafuta Wonder , Zuwarimwe Jethro , Kamuzhanje Joseph , Mwale Marizvikuru , Chipaike Ronald
Published: June 2020

The study examines the nature of disputes, which are prevalent in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programming and suggests possible conflict management and resolution mechanisms. An online web-based survey, hosted on the popular Survey Monkey platform, was conducted through the Somalia WASH Cluster to 40 ‘active’ member organisations. A response rate of 73% was achieved. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo 12. The type of conflicts identified are as follows: visible versus non-visible benefits, emergency versus development focus, the young and the old, insiders versus outsiders, local versus donor priorities and men versus women. The article goes on to suggest possible conflict resolution mechanisms, which include: planning together with communities, continuum programming, setting up early warning systems, harmonisation of institutions managing WASH resources and the development of localised Memorandums of Understanding. It is recommended that the complexities of conflict and fragility require different approaches. The approaches would apply to both relief and developmental WASH programming.
Effect of temperature on damage mechanisms and mechanical behaviour of an acrylic-thermoplastic-matrix and glass-fibre-reinforced composite
Authors: Boissin E , Bois C , Wahl J-C , Palin-Luc T
Published: June 2020

The mechanical response of polymer matrix composites exhibits a temperature dependency even if the service temperature range is lower than the glass transition temperature of the polymer matrix. This dependency is mainly due to the temperature effect on the mechanical behaviour of the polymer matrix. However, the micro- and meso-structures driving the composite anisotropy and local stress distribution play an essential role regarding the effect of temperature on damage mechanisms specific to reinforced polymers. There are few data in the literature on the sensitivity to temperature of damage mechanisms and scenarios of polymer matrix composites regardless of loading type. In this paper, after a synthetic literature review of the effect of temperature on polymers and polymer composites, several complementary tests are proposed to analyse the temperature effect on damage mechanisms undergone by laminated composites under in-plane quasi static loadings. These tests are applied to an acrylic-thermoplastic composite reinforced by glass fibres in its service temperature range of –20℃ to 60℃. The results show that the testing temperature has a significant impact on the mechanical response and damage mechanisms of the composite material in the selected temperature range, which is markedly lower than the glass transition temperature (around 100℃). While the temperature rise generates a gradual decrease in matrix stiffness and strength, the increase in matrix ductility associated to the stress heterogeneity in the composite microstructure produces a rise in the transverse cracking threshold and removes this damage mode during quasi-static tensile tests when the temperature shifts from 15℃ to 40℃.
Focal Moments and Protests in Autocracies: How Pro-democracy Anniversaries Shape Dissent in China
Authors: Carter Erin Baggott , Carter Brett L.
Published: June 2020

Social scientists have long observed that focal points enable citizens to coordinate collective action. For antiregime protests in autocracies, however, focal points also enable repressive governments to prepare in advance. We propose a theory to explain when citizens are likely to employ focal points to organize antiregime protests. Our key insight is that tacit coordination is most critical when explicit coordination is costly. Empirically, we use our theory to identify a setting where focal points are likely to be salient and then argue that the anniversaries of failed pro-democracy movements satisfy conditions for focality. In China, we find that the anniversaries of failed pro-democracy movements occasion nearly 30 percent more protests than any other day. Protests during pro-democracy anniversaries are more likely to employ “rights-conscious” discourse, which scholars have argued is code for democratic resistance, and to be repressed by the government. We find no similar trends for other holidays.
“Dying With Dignity”: A Qualitative Study With Caregivers on the Care of Individuals With Terminal Cancer
Authors: Hayden Lucy , Dunne Simon
Published: June 2020

This study aimed to examine family members’ attitudes and perceptions regarding their choice of care in the event of terminal illness, based on their experience in a caregiver’s role, while a loved one was terminally ill. All participants ( N = 10) had cared for an immediate family member with terminal cancer. Snowball sampling was used. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. The data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Five themes were identified from the data. These included two themes relating to participants’ experience of care, two themes in relation to participants’ attitudes toward the type of care they experienced and a final theme related to the role of religion and spirituality in dealing with loss. The findings of this study support the integration of multidisciplinary healthcare teams and the introduction of holistic care as early as possible within hospitals for individuals with terminal cancer, using the biopsychosocial–spiritual model.
Permanent Revolution In Science: A Quantum Epistemology
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: June 2020

This article is the preface to the Russian translation of my Kuhn vs Popper. I use it as an opportunity to re-examine the difference between Kuhn and Popper on the nature of ‘revolutions’ in science. Kuhn is rightly seen as a ‘reluctant revolutionary’ and Popper a ‘permanent revolutionary’. In this respect, Kuhn sticks to the original medieval meaning of ‘revolution’ as restoration of a natural order, whereas Popper adopts the more modern meaning of ‘revolution’ that comes into fashion after the French Revolution, which suggests a radical renewal. A key to understanding this difference in revolutionary mentalities lies in Kuhn’s and Popper’s respective treatment of the ‘Gestalt switch’ phenomenon. Kuhn sees the ambiguous Gestalt figure from the standpoint of the subject, and Popper from that of the experimenter. Behind this difference lies alternative interpretations of the significance of quantum mechanics for scientific epistemology, a preoccupation that Kuhn and Popper shared with the original Gestalt psychologists and is beginning engage the interest of social scientists.
Modified palm stearin compatibilized natural rubber/halloysite nanotubes composites: Reinforcement versus strain-induced crystallization
Authors: Jehsoh Nureeyah , Surya Indra , Sahakaro Kannika , Ismail Hanafi , Hayeemasae Nabil
Published: June 2020

Natural rubber (NR) is known as hydrophobic material and is incompatible with hydrophilic filler such as halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). To overcome this obstacle, the compatibilizer is a material of choice to incorporate in such compound. In this study, bio-based compatibilizer was used which was prepared by modification of palm stearin. The presence of special functionalities of modified palm stearin (MPS) was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. It was then varied from 0.5 phr to 2 phr to the NR matrix. Here, the properties were evaluated through the mechanical properties with special attention to the relationship between their reinforcement and crystallization behavior after stretching. It was found that the addition of MPS significantly enhanced the modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the composites. This clearly corresponded to interaction between NR and HNT promoted by MPS. The FTIR spectrum, X-ray diffraction patterns, and scanning electron microscopy images were also utilized to verify the behavior of MPS in the NR/HNT composites. As for the crystallization of the composites, the results obtained from stress–strain curves are in very good agreement to the outputs observed by the synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering. This corresponding interaction of MPS has greatly influenced on assisting the strain-induced crystallization of composites.
An improved method for swing measurement based on monocular vision to the payload of overhead crane
Authors: Huang Jinling , Xu Weimin , Zhao Weiwei , Yuan Hesong
Published: June 2020

In order to solve the problem that the blurred image of a moving object decreases accuracy in the process of detecting the payload swing angle of an overhead crane based on vision, and the tracking failure caused by the drastic change of grey targets, a robust real-time detection method of the load swing angle of a bridge crane is proposed. This method uses a spherical marker attached to the load, which is insensitive to rotation and tilt when it is detected. First, it uses the mean shift algorithm combined with Kalman filter to track the moving objects in the image plane continuously, and then integrates the method of minimum area circle to detect the spherical marker image in the region of interest accurately and quickly. Finally, combined with the geometric method, the real-time swing angle is calculated. In addition, the angle diagram method is used to increase the speed of calculating the swing angle. The experimental results show that the method is effective for detecting the load target swing angle of different trolley motion speed.
Elegant anti-disturbance control for stochastic systems with multiple heterogeneous disturbances based on fuzzy logic systems
Authors: You Lihong , Wei Xinjiang , Han Jian , Zhang Huifeng , Liu Xiuhua , Hu Xin
Published: June 2020

There are a large number of non-harmonic disturbances generated by nonlinear exogenous systems in realistic engineering. The current disturbance observer is not applicable for estimating the non-harmonic disturbance with unknown nonlinear dynamics, thus greatly reducing the accuracy of the controller. This paper addresses a class of stochastic systems with multiple heterogeneous disturbances including white noise and non-harmonic disturbance with unknown smooth nonlinear function, which can be approximated by fuzzy logic systems. Based on the approximation of the unknown nonlinear function, an adaptive disturbance observer (ADO) is constructed to estimate non-harmonic disturbance. Combining disturbance observer-based control with fuzzy control, an elegant anti-disturbance control (EADC) scheme is proposed such that the composite system achieves asymptotically bounded in mean square. Simulation examples show that the state responses of the system gradually approache [Formula: see text] from divergence, indicating that the effectiveness of the controller is satisfactory. In addition, the anti-disturbance control accuracy of EADC approximately improves [Formula: see text] times compared with [Formula: see text] control. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
The Assessment of Cognitive Development in Blind Infants and Preschoolers
Authors: Brambring M. , Tröster H.
Published: June 2020

One goal of the Bielefeld Developmental Test for Blind Infants and Preschoolers was to try to reduce the difficulties in comparing cognitive development in blind and sighted infants and preschoolers by developing “blind-neutral” items. The results showed that even this test did not permit a fair comparative assessment of cognitive development, but the scale provided a suitable within-group rating in blind children.
Travel Performance of Preschoolers: The Effects of Mobility Training with a Long Cane versus a Precane
Authors: Clarke K.L. , Sainato D.M. , Ward M.E.
Published: June 2020

Using a single-subject alternating treatments design, this study compared the effectiveness of a long cane and a precane device as an initial protective device for preschool children. The authors found that the precane device was the easier of the two devices for the young children to use appropriately, and it protected the children from body contact with travel obstacles to a greater extent than did the long cane.
The Use of Light Rail or Light Rapid Transit Systems by Individuals with Severe Visual Impairments
Authors: Svendsen K.
Published: June 2020

This study investigated the relationship between use of light rapid or light rail transit (LRT) systems by persons with severe visual impairments and independence in orientation and mobility. It found that orientation and mobility training on LRT systems would resolve many of the difficulties that users of the systems encountered. Modification that would make the systems more easily accessible to visually impaired travelers are suggested.
Visually Impaired Persons’ Vulnerability to Sexual and Physical Assault
Authors: Pava W.S.
Published: June 2020

This article reports on a national survey of 161 visually impaired women's and men's perceptions of their vulnerability to and experiences with actual or attempted sexual or physical assaults and their experience with and desire for training in self-defense. Although the women perceived themselves to be at significantly more risk for assault than did the men, 1 in 3 of all the respondents had been targets of either attempted or actual assault at some point in their lives.
A Survey of Children's First Understanding of Being Visually Impaired
Authors: Erin J.N. , Corn A.L.
Published: June 2020

At an early age and at a basic level of understanding, children who are visually impaired realize that their vision is different from that of others. This article reports on a survey of 32 parents’ recollections of when their children first demonstrated an awareness that they were visually impaired.
A Structured Support Group for Midlife and Older Adults with Vision Loss
Authors: McCulloh K.J. , Crawford I. , Resnick J.D.
Published: June 2020

This article describes an eight-week structured social support group for midlife and older adults who are adventitiously visually impaired. The group objectives, topics covered, and issues encountered are presented, along with recommendations for developing future support groups for this population.
Visual Experience and Access to Spatial Knowledge
Authors: Juurmaa J. , Lehtinen-Railo S.
Published: June 2020

Persons who were congenitally blind, late blind, and blindfold sighted learned an object-array by being guided within it in cardinal directions towards walls. Subjects then judged the near, far, left, and right locations of objects from different points of observation (PO). One-half of the subjects were guided to POs and at spot informed about their orientation (actual condition). The rest were first asked to imagine being at POs (imaginal condition). Group and task condition did not interact, but group and PO did: Visual experience speeded up judgments, especially in corners. The sequence imaginal-actual speeded up judgments in all groups.
Self-reported Functional and Psychosocial Outcomes of Blind Rehabilitation
Authors: Elliott J.L. , Kuyk T.K.
Published: June 2020

This study explored changes in the self-reported functional capacity and psychosocial adjustment of 40 persons who completed a comprehensive residential rehabilitation program for visually impaired veterans. The significant improvements in the subjects’ perceptions of their functional capacity and self-esteem from the pretest to the posttest were compared to the changes in the subjects’ scores on clinical assessments routinely administered at the rehabilitation center. In the area of orientation and mobility, there was considerable correlation between self-reported improvements and improvements noted in the clinical assessments after rehabilitation.
Can Visually Impaired Children Use Tactile Maps to Estimate Directions?
Authors: Ungar S. , Blades M. , Spencer C. , Morsley K.
Published: June 2020

This article reports on three experiments in which totally blind children and children with residual vision were asked to estimate directions between landmarks in a large-scale layout of objects. The children experienced the layout either directly, by walking around it, or indirectly by examining a tactile map. The authors found that the use of tactile maps considerably facilitated the performance of the totally blind children. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Visual Environmental Adaptation Problems of Partially Sighted Children
Authors: Kalloniatis M. , Johnston A.W.
Published: June 2020

This article reports the results of an analysis of questionnaires administered to partially sighted children and their parents. The aim of the study was to identify the visual environmental adaptation problems (VEAPs) of children who attend regular classrooms but have support from teachers of visually impaired students. In addition to discussing the VEAPs that were found in various areas, the article offers suggestions for adaptive techniques and materials that will help these children function more effectively.
The Relation of Vision Loss to Depression in Older Veterans
Authors: Teitelbaum L.M. , Davidson P.W. , Gravetter F.J. , Taub H.A. , Teitelbaum C.S.
Published: June 2020

This study examined the relationship between degree of visual loss and depression in male veterans over age 60, while controlling for the influences of general health and age. No relationship was established between visual loss and depression. However, self-reports of poor health were found to be a significant predictor of depression in this population.
Visual Cues for Enhancing Depth Perception
Authors: O'Donnell L.M. , Smith A.J.
Published: June 2020

This article describes the physiological mechanisms involved in three-dimensional depth perception and presents a variety of distance and depth cues and strategies for detecting and estimating curbs and steps.
Seeing through the Isolation: A Study of First-Year Teachers of the Visually Impaired
Authors: Seitz J.A.
Published: June 2020

This article presents the results of a 1992 study of the education and first-year teaching experience of 103 teachers of the visually impaired in Illinois. The aims of the study were to identify the needs of beginning teachers and to derive suggestions for curbing these teachers’ high rate of attrition.
The Use of Play Assessment to Examine the Development of Communication Skills in Children who are Deaf-Blind
Authors: Finn D.M. , Fewell R.R.
Published: June 2020

This study evaluated the relationship between the play behaviors of 18 children aged 3–12 who are deaf-blind and their communication skills using the Play Assessment Scale and several multidomain developmental checklists. The results revealed that behaviors observed during play assessment are highly related to ratings of receptive, expressive, and nonverbal skills.
The Development of Infants who are Deaf-Blind: A Case Study
Authors: Murdoch H.
Published: June 2020

It is usually assumed that the development of infants who are deaf-blind follows an observable “normal” sequence, although progress may be slow and uneven. However, the means by which these infants learn new skills and concepts is not well understood. This article uses a case study of one such infant to address these issues and the factors that affected the method used to study them.
Use of Dual Communication Boards with Students who are Deaf-Blind
Authors: Heller K.W. , Ware S. , Allgood M.H. , Castelle M.
Published: June 2020

The study reported here examined the use of dual communication boards for teaching appropriate communication responses to three high school students who were deaf-blind. It found that the students were able to use these boards with 100 percent accuracy in three communication routines in both school and community environments.
Meta-Analytic Use of Balanced Identity Theory to Validate the Implicit Association Test
Authors: Cvencek Dario , Meltzoff Andrew N. , Maddox Craig D. , Nosek Brian A. , Rudman Laurie A. , Devos Thierry , Dunham Yarrow , Baron Andrew S. , Steffens Melanie C. , Lane Kristin , Horcajo Javier , Ashburn-Nardo Leslie , Quinby Amanda , Srivastava Sameer B. , Schmidt Kathleen , Aidman Eugene , Tang Emilie , Farnham Shelly , Mellott Deborah S. , Banaji Mahzarin R. , Greenwald Anthony G.
Published: June 2020

This meta-analysis evaluated theoretical predictions from balanced identity theory (BIT) and evaluated the validity of zero points of Implicit Association Test (IAT) and self-report measures used to test these predictions. Twenty-one researchers contributed individual subject data from 36 experiments (total N = 12,773) that used both explicit and implicit measures of the social–cognitive constructs. The meta-analysis confirmed predictions of BIT’s balance–congruity principle and simultaneously validated interpretation of the IAT’s zero point as indicating absence of preference between two attitude objects. Statistical power afforded by the sample size enabled the first confirmations of balance–congruity predictions with self-report measures. Beyond these empirical results, the meta-analysis introduced a within-study statistical test of the balance–congruity principle, finding that it had greater efficiency than the previous best method. The meta-analysis’s full data set has been publicly archived to enable further studies of interrelations among attitudes, stereotypes, and identities.
Dialogue and Coordination: How Hybrid Models Can Strengthen Labor Standards Enforcement
Authors: Pike Kelly
Published: June 2020

This article examines the factors that limit and support the capacity of developing states to regulate labor in the public and private spheres, as well as the role of international parties in strengthening that capacity. The purpose is to better understand the potential for a more coordinated approach informed by hybrid models of enforcement, which can contribute to closing regulatory gaps. Fieldwork was carried out in the garment sectors in South Africa and Lesotho during 2018, including 20 semi-structured interviews with industry stakeholders representing government, business, and labor. Findings indicate that the developing state has an important role to play in facilitating a more coordinated approach between systems of enforcement, including public and private enforcement agencies, national development agencies, manufacturers, buyers, and unions. The case studies indicate the potential of such an approach to, for example, improve inspection quality, accountability, and transparency. The state can play an active role in facilitating a hybrid approach to regulation that involves both state and non-state actors, with dialogue and coordination at the core of addressing broader challenges for enforcement.