bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
V. Zum Patronatsrecht in Hessen
Authors: Eckhardt Wilhelm A.
Published: August 2015

On the rights of patronage in Hesse - patronal churches of the Schencken zu Schweinsberg. The starting point for this study is a charter of the year 1235, by which Archbishop Siegfried III of Mainz exempted the chapel of Elnhausen from the mother churches Michelbach and Oberweimar near Marburg “de consensu patronorum [vel] advocatorum Guntrami scilicet et Wideroldi de Marburg”. At issue are the following questions: 1. Are the expressions patronus and advocatus synonymous here? - 2. Who was patron in Michelbach, who in Oberweimar, and how did the rights of patronage of both churches come down to the Schencken of Schweinsberg, who held them from the 16th century? - 3. Are we dealing with what had earlier been proprietary churches, where features of this right may possibly have survived, or with patronal churches of a new legal order, and how did the Reformation affect the right of presentation and the ecclesiastical rights of the patrons?
Minima Byzantina
Authors: Schminck Andreas
Published: August 2015

Amelioration Aiming at Greater Humanity. The author suggests that the wording in the rubric of the „Isaurian“ Ecloga of probably 741 does not concern a substantive but rather a stylistic amelioration - in the sense of a simplification in comparison with Justinian’s codification.
Sur la nature du Zakon Sudnyj Ljudem et l’influence du droit criminel byzantin
Authors: Angelini Paolo
Published: August 2015

On the Nature of the Zakon Sudnyj Ljudem and the Influence of Byzantine Criminal Law. The Zakon Sudnyj Ljudem was enacted as law by the crown in the Bulgarian kingdom after the conversion to Christianity in the 9th century. The text was composed of dispositions extracted from the Ekloge which was translated into Slav language. The article focuses on the vulgarization of penal law therein, which was based on the Isaurian juridical compilation but was mitigated with the introduction of pecuniary fines and of the selling into slavery, instead of physical punishments and mutilations, and instead of - notably - the death penalty. The Zakon Sudnyj Ljudem has to be considered a Slav version of the Ekloge, vulgarized in order to favour its acceptance among the population.
Magnitudes and moment‐duration scaling of low‐frequency earthquakes beneath southern Vancouver Island
Authors: Bostock M. G. , Thomas A. M. , Savard G. , Chuang L. , Rubin A. M.
Published: August 2015

We employ 130 low‐frequency earthquake (LFE) templates representing tremor sources on the plate boundary below southern Vancouver Island to examine LFE magnitudes. Each template is assembled from hundreds to thousands of individual LFEs, representing over 269,000 independent detections from major episodic‐tremor‐and‐slip (ETS) events between 2003 and 2013. Template displacement waveforms for direct P and S waves at near epicentral distances are remarkably simple at many stations, approaching the zero‐phase, single pulse expected for a point dislocation source in a homogeneous medium. High spatiotemporal precision of template match‐filtered detections facilitates precise alignment of individual LFE detections and analysis of waveforms. Upon correction for 1‐D geometrical spreading, attenuation, free surface magnification and radiation pattern, we solve a large, sparse linear system for 3‐D path corrections and LFE magnitudes for all detections corresponding to a single‐ETS template. The spatiotemporal distribution of magnitudes indicates that typically half the total moment release occurs within the first 12–24 h of LFE activity during an ETS episode when tidal sensitivity is low. The remainder is released in bursts over several days, particularly as spatially extensive rapid tremor reversals (RTRs), during which tidal sensitivity is high. RTRs are characterized by large‐magnitude LFEs and are most strongly expressed in the updip portions of the ETS transition zone and less organized at downdip levels. LFE magnitude‐frequency relations are better described by power law than exponential distributions although they exhibit very high b values ≥∼5. We examine LFE moment‐duration scaling by generating templates using detections for limiting magnitude ranges (MW<1.5, MW≥2.0). LFE duration displays a weaker dependence upon moment than expected for self‐similarity, suggesting that LFE asperities are limited in fault dimension and that moment variation is dominated by slip. This behavior implies that LFEs exhibit a scaling distinct from both large‐scale slow earthquakes and regular seismicity.
Initial conditions or emergence: What determines dissolution patterns in rough fractures?
Authors: Upadhyay Virat K. , Szymczak Piotr , Ladd Anthony J. C.
Published: August 2015

Dissolution of fractured rocks is often accompanied by the formation of highly localized flow paths. While the fluid flow follows existing fractures in the rock, these fissures do not, in general, open uniformly. Simulations and laboratory experiments have shown that distinct channels or “wormholes” develop within the fracture, from which a single highly localized flow path eventually emerges. The aim of the present work is to investigate how these emerging flow paths are influenced by the initial aperture field. We have simulated the dissolution of a single fracture starting from a spatially correlated aperture distribution. Our results indicate a surprising insensitivity of the evolving dissolution patterns and flow rates to the amplitude and correlation length characterizing the imposed aperture field. We connect the similarity in outcomes to the self‐organization of the flow into a small number of wormholes, with the spacing determined by the length of the longest wormholes. We have also investigated the effect of a localized region of increased aperture on the developing dissolution patterns. A competition was observed between the tendency of the high‐permeability region to develop the dominant wormhole and the tendency of wormholes to spontaneously nucleate throughout the rest of the fracture. We consider the consequences of these results for the modeling of dissolution in fractured and porous rocks.
On the role of infiltration and exfiltration in swash zone boundary layer dynamics
Authors: Pintado‐Patiño José Carlos , Torres‐Freyermuth Alec , Puleo Jack A. , Pokrajac Dubravka
Published: August 2015

Boundary layer dynamics are investigated using a 2‐D numerical model that solves the Volume‐Averaged Reynolds‐Averaged Navier‐Stokes equations, with a VOF‐tracking scheme and a k ‐ ϵ turbulence closure. The model is validated with highly resolved data of dam break driven swash flows over gravel impermeable and permeable beds. The spatial gradients of the velocity, bed shear stress, and turbulence intensity terms are investigated with reference to bottom boundary layer (BL) dynamics. Numerical results show that the mean vorticity responds to flow divergence/convergence at the surface that result from accelerating/decelerating portions of the flow, bed shear stress, and sinking/injection of turbulence due to infiltration/exfiltration. Hence, the zero up‐crossing of the vorticity is employed as a proxy of the BL thickness inside the shallow swash zone flows. During the uprush phase, the BL develops almost instantaneously with bore arrival and fluctuates below the surface due to flow instabilities and related horizontal straining. In contrast, during the backwash phase, the BL grows quasi‐linearly with less influence of surface‐induced forces. However, the infiltration produces a reduction of the maximum excursion and duration of the swash event. These effects have important implications for the BL development. The numerical results suggest that the BL growth rate deviates rapidly from a quasi‐linear trend if the infiltration is dominant during the initial backwash phase and the flat plate boundary layer theory may no longer be applicable under these conditions.
Effects of thermodynamic profiles on the interaction of binary tropical cyclones
Authors: Jang Wook , Chun Hye‐Yeong
Published: August 2015

The interactions between idealized binary tropical cyclones (TCs) on f and β planes with different separation distance and thermodynamic soundings obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data averaged over the western North Pacific are investigated through ensemble three‐dimensional numerical simulations with a horizontal resolution of 10 km in a single domain. In the simulations on the f plane, two TCs show mutual cyclonic rotations with symmetric structures. Two TCs with thermodynamic profiles of larger convective available potential energy (CAPE) and maximum potential intensity (MPI) show greater interaction than those with a smaller CAPE and MPI due to the stronger tangential velocity near the TC center. In the simulations on the β plane, the two TCs do not merge, because the beta effect prevents the attraction of the two TCs by generating asymmetric motions of the TC with northwestward forcing. The relative strengths of the two TCs change with time and depend on the low‐level inflow influenced by the Coriolis parameter. Similar to the results on the f plane, the two TCs only merge with the thermodynamic soundings of large CAPE and MPI.
WRF‐simulated sensitivity to land surface schemes in short and medium ranges for a high‐temperature event in East China: A comparative study
Authors: Zeng Xin‐Min , Wang Ning , Wang Yang , Zheng Yiqun , Zhou Zugang , Wang Guiling , Chen Chaohui , Liu Huaqiang
Published: August 2015

We designed simulations for the high‐temperature event that occurred on 23 July 2003 in East China using a series of forecast lead times, from short‐range to medium‐range, and four land surface schemes (LSSs) (i.e., SLAB, NOAH, RUC, and PX) in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), Version 3. The sensitivities of short and medium‐range simulations to the LSSs systematically varied with the lead times. In general, the model reproduced short‐range, high‐temperature distributions. The simulated weather was sensitive to the LSSs, and the LSS‐induced sensitivity was higher in the medium range than in the short‐range. Furthermore, the LSS performances were complex, i.e., the PX errors apparently increased in the medium range (longer than 6 days), RUC produced the maximum errors, and SLAB and NOAH had approximately equivalent errors that slightly increased. Additional sensitivity simulations revealed that the WRF modeling system assigns relatively low initial soil moisture for RUC and that soil moisture initialization plays an important role that is comparable to the LSS choice in the simulations. LSS‐induced negative feedback between surface air temperature (SAT) and atmospheric circulation in the lower atmosphere was found in the medium range. These sensitivities were mainly caused by the LSS‐induced differences in surface sensible heat flux and by errors associated with the lead times. Using the SAT equation, further diagnostic analyses revealed LSS deficiencies in simulating surface fluxes and physical processes that modify the SAT and indicated the main reasons for these deficiencies. These results have implications for model improvement and application.
Mauryan Empire
Authors: Chakravarti Ranabir
Published: August 2015

The Maurya Dynasty (c.324–185bce), with no known royal pedigree, established a vast empire, the first of its kind in the ancient South Asian subcontinent. The empire was obviously carved out by a sustained policy of aggressive expansion during the reigns of its first three rulers, Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara, and Asoka. Nearly pan‐Indian in extent, the empire was administered by a large number of functionaries, known largely from the Greek accounts, the Arthasastra and inscriptions of Asoka. Recent historiography questions the traditional view of the Mauryan Empire as a unitary state, but presents a more nuanced view of the complexities of state and imperial formations in which the ideology of Dhamma (employed by Asoka) played a crucial role. The empire witnessed the first advent of written records and stone sculpting in Indian history. The empire collapsed in c.185bce.
British Empire: 4. Australasia and Pacific
Authors: Bongiorno Frank
Published: August 2015

Britain's Australasian (Australia and New Zealand) and Pacific Empire has its origins in the Enlightenment, James Cook's voyages to the Pacific, and Britain's desire to rid itself of convicts and obtain strategic and commercial advantage. Expanding from the settlement established at Sydney in 1788, the empire was based on the spread of commercial and missionary activities from the late 18th century. The occupation of inland Australia, which led to violence between settlers and Aboriginal people, was essential in the development of the fine wool industry. Britain was somewhat reluctant to move from the practice of informal to formal empire in the Pacific but through a combination of local and global factors, including the rivalry of other European powers and the pressure of local settlers and their governments, it had acquired a large empire by the early 20th century. There were further acquisitions as a result of the defeat of Germany in World War I. World War II stimulated decolonization and “de‐dominionization” but their character and timing, although influenced by wider global forces, were also a product of the distinctive character and history of British imperialism in the Pacific.
Ornithinimicrobium
Authors: Groth Ingrid
Published: August 2015

Or'ni.thi.ni.mic.ro.bi.um. N.L. n.ornithinumornithine (an amino acid named after the Gr. n.ornithos, bird); N.L. neut. n.microbium(from Gr. adj.mikrossmall and Gr. n.bioslife) a microbe; N.L. neut. n.Ornithinimicrobiuma microbe with ornithine.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Ornithinimicrobium

Cells are irregularshort rods(1.0–3.2 × 0.5–1.0 µm) and/orcocci(0.7–1.4 µm) that occur singly, in pairs, short chains, or clusters (Figure 1). Gram‐stain‐positive, not acid‐fast,nonsporeforming.Nonmotile.Aerobic to microaerobic. Colonies are smooth, circular, opaque, convex with entire margins, and cream to yellow in color. Good growth on complex organic media between 25–38°C and pH 6–8. NaCl in the culture medium is tolerated up to 6–7%.Oxidase‐negative;catalase‐positive. Thepeptidoglycan type is A4β withL‐Orn–L‐Ala–Gly–D‐Asp as interpeptide bridge which is in accordance with variation A21.14.The acyl type is acetyl.Whole cell sugarsare glucose,arabinose,rhamnose,and xylose. The major menaquinone isMK‐8(H4); MK‐8(H2), MK‐8 and MK‐6 may occur in minor amounts. Thepolar lipidsare composed ofphosphatidylinositol,phosphatidylglycerol,diphosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified phospho‐ and glycolipids. The cellularfatty acid profileis distinctly dominated by the occurrence ofiso‐branched‐chain acids; anteiso‐branched acids may also occur in a higher amount. Mycolic acids are absent. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, strains ofOrnithinimicrobiumare most closely related to members of the generaSerinicoccusandOrnithinicoccus; slightly less closely related are the generaArsenicicoccus,Humihabitans,Oryzihumus, andKribbia. The 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides that differentiate the genus from the other genera of the familyIntrasporangiaceaeare listed in Table 1.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 69–71.

Type species:Ornithinimicrobium humiphilumGroth, Schumann, Weiss, Schuetze, Augsten and Stackebrandt 2001, 85VP.
Tetrasphaera
Authors: Seviour Robert J. , Maszenan Abdul M.
Published: August 2015

Te.tra.spha.e'ra. Gr.n.
tetra
four; L. fem. n.
sphaera
sphere; N.L. fem. n.
Tetrasphaera
four spherical bacterial cells.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Tetrasphaera

Cells show a highly variable morphology with some growing as highly irregularly septate filaments
,
cocci in tetrads
,
often clustered or in pairs
,
as single cells
,
or irregular elongated clusters of rods
,
or showing an ability to change from rods to cocci
,
from filamentous forms to single often swollen cocci
,
or to and from V or T shaped arrangements
.
Gram‐stain‐positive
,
but can stain Gram variably
.

Member of the family
Intrasporangiacaeae

, order

Micrococcales

. Cells are nonmotile, and do not form endospores. Aerobic and chemoheterotrophic, often growing very slowly on a limited range of substrates. All strains may store polyphosphate granules; poly‐β‐hydroxyalkanoates are only detected in some strains. Growth occurs at 10–35°C, but not in all strains, and at pH 6.0–9.0. Catalase‐positive, and usually oxidase‐positive, but indole‐negative. Where tested, all strains can grow on acetate and glucose, and, in most cases, on propionate.

Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid

,
characterizing the A1
γ
murein
,
or 3‐hydroxy
‐

meso

‐
diaminopimelic acid
(
A4
γ)

for Tetrasphaera duodecadis

(

formerly known as
Arthrobacter duodecadis

).
Menaquinone composition varies
,
but
,
in most strains
,
the major menaquinone is MK‐8
(H
4
). Polar lipid composition of isolates varies too, but diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylglycerol are generally present. The major fatty acids in all isolates except
Tetrasphaera elongata
Lp2
T
are the branched fatty acids (C
16:0
iso and C
17:0
anteiso), although 10‐methyl branched fatty acids may be present.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68–73.

Type species
:
Tetrasphaera japonica
Maszenan, Seviour, Patel, Schumann, Burghardt, Tokiwa and Stratton 2000, 601
VP
.
Xylanimonas
Authors: Velázquez Encarna , Rivas Raúl , Mateos Pedro F.
Published: August 2015

Xy.la.ni.mo'nas. N.L. n.
xylanum
xylan a polysaccharide; Gr. fem. n.
monas
a monad, unit; N.L. fem. n.
Xylanimonas
a monad from xylan.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Promicromonosporaceae / Xylanimonas

Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐spore forming coccoid cells
. Aerial mycelium is not formed.
Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
, chemo‐organotropic,
and xylanolytic
. Optimum temperature 30°C and pH 7. Oxidase‐positive. Catalase weak positive. Phylogenetically related to members of the family
Promicromonosporaceae
on basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence.

Peptidoglycan type is A4α,
l
‐Lys–
d
‐Asp

. Cell‐wall sugars are
galactose and rhamnose
. Major menaquinones are

MK‐9(H
4
)

and

MK‐8(H
4
)

. Predominant fatty acids are C
15:0
anteiso and C
15:0
iso. Mycolic acids are absent. The polar lipids detected were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 73.

Type species
:
Xylanimonas cellulosilytica
Rivas, Sánchez, Trujillo, Zurdo‐Piñeiro, Mateos, Martínez‐Molina and Velázquez 2003, 102
VP
.
Brooklawnia
Authors: da Costa Milton S. , Rainey Fred A. , Moe William M.
Published: August 2015

Brook.law'ni.a N.L. fem. n.
Brooklawnia
named after Brooklawn, the contaminated site from which members of the genus were first isolated.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Brooklawnia

Pleomorphic rods
. Colonies are white. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐positive. Strains are
nonmotile. Mesophilic
with a temperature optimum for growth of about 37°C; neutrophilic with an optimum pH for growth of about 6.5.
Menaquinone 9
(

H
4

) is the predominant respiratory quinone. Fatty acids are primarily
iso
‐ and
anteiso‐branched
; straight‐chain fatty acids are also present. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐DAP (Alγ). Cells are catalase‐positive and oxidase‐negative, and nitrate is not reduced.
Facultatively anaerobic. Chemoheterotrophic
. Propionate and acetate are the predominant products of glucose fermentation. Strains of this genus were isolated from groundwater contaminated with chlorosolvents.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 67.5–67.9.

Type species
:
Brooklawnia cerclae
Rainey, da Costa and Moe 2006, 1981
VP
(
in
Bae, Moe, Yan, Tiago, da Costa and Rainey 2006b).
Pseudonocardia
Authors: Huang Ying , Goodfellow Michael
Published: August 2015

Pseu.do.no.car'di.a. Gr. adj.
pseudês
false; N.L. fem. n.
Nocardia
a bacterial genus name; N.L. fem. n.
Pseudonocardia
the false
Nocardia
.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Pseudonocardia

Aerobic
,
Gram‐stain‐positive
,
non‐acid‐fast
,
nonmotile
,
catalase‐positive
,
actinomycetes which form branched substrate hyphae that may fragment into rod‐shaped elements
. Hyphae vary in thickness and in the degree of branching. Aerial hyphae, when formed, may be sterile, fragmented into chains of oval or squarish elements, or into chains of two or more spores.
Substrate and aerial hyphae may exhibit cell division in different directions with a tendency to form apical or intercalary swellings
.
Spores are usually smooth and are produced on the substrate and
/
or aerial mycelium by acropetal budding and
/
or by basipetal septation
(
fragmentation
),
or else are formed in longitudinal pairs on vegetative hyphae and singly or in longitudinal pairs on aerial hyphae
.
In some species
,
the mycelium is covered by an electrondense outer layer
. Grows on a variety of organic and synthetic media. Some species are facultative autotrophs.

Cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid

(

meso

‐
A2pm
),
arabinose
,
and galactose
.
The major menaquinone is MK‐8
(

H
4

)
and the predominant fatty acid is iso‐branched hexadecanoic acid
.
Mycolic acids are absent
. The polar lipid profile, which varies between species, may include any of the following: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, and glucosamine‐containing phospholipids.

The 16S rRNA gene sequence contains two unique regions which correspond to nucleotide positions 179–219 and 813–833 of the
Streptomyces ambofaciens
16S rRNA gene

(Pernodet et al., 1989). The phylogenetic position of
Pseudonocardia
, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, is in the family
Pseudonocardiaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68–79 (HPLC,
T
m
).

Type species
:
Pseudonocardia thermophila
Henssen 1957, 408
AL
.
Microbispora
Authors: Franco Christopher M. M.
Published: August 2015

Mi.cro.bi.spo'ra. Gr. adj.
mikros
small; L. adv. num.
bis
twice; Gr. n.
spora
a seed; N.L. fem. n.
Microbispora
the small two‐spored (organism).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Streptosporangiaceae / Microbispora

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid–alcohol‐fast, nonmotile, mesophilic, and thermophilic actinobacteria
which form stable, highly branched substrate and aerial mycelia. Spore chains, typically containing two spores, are borne longitudinally on short aerial hyphae. Spores are slightly oval to cylindrical (1.0–1.4 to 1.2–1.7 μm in diameter) and have smooth surfaces. Mesophilic species grow from 20–37°C, with thermophilic species up to 55°C
. Most species require B vitamins, particularly thiamine, for growth. Chemoorganotrophic with an oxidative type of metabolism.

Cell walls contain
N
‐acetylated muramic acid and major amounts of
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid; peptidoglycan type is A1γ. Whole‐cell hydrolysates contain madurose

and complex mixtures of saturated, unsaturated, iso‐, anteiso‐, and branched chain fatty acids.

Predominant menaquinones have nine isoprene units with hydrogenation at positions III and IV [MK‐9(III, IV‐H
4
), MK‐9(H
2
), and MK‐9(H
0
)]. Major phospholipids are phosphatidylcholine and unknown glucosamine‐containing compounds, but no phosphatidylglycerol

. Natural habitat is soil, plant litter, and as epiphytes and endophytes of plants.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68–73.

Type species
:
Microbispora rosea
Nonomura and Ohara 1957, 307
AL
.
Actinomadura
Authors: Trujillo Martha E. , Goodfellow Michael
Published: August 2015

Ac.ti.no.ma.du'ra. Gr. n.
actis actinos
a ray; N.L. n.
Madura
Madura, name of a province in India; N.L. fem. n.
Actinomadura
referring to a micro‐organism first described as the causative agent of “Madura foot” disease.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Thermomonosporaceae / Actinomadura

Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid–alcohol‐fast, nonmotile actinomycetes that form an
extensively branched non‐fragmenting, substrate mycelium. Aerial mycelium moderately developed or absent
. When present, aerial hyphae carry up to 50 arthrospores.
Aerial mycelium at maturity forms short or occasionally long chains of arthrospores. Spore chains straight, hooked (open loops), or irregular spirals (1–4 turns)
.
Spore surface folded, irregular, rugose, smooth, spiny, or warty
. Color of mature sporulated aerial mycelium: blue, brown, cream, gray, green, pink, red, white, or yellow.
Colonies have a leathery or cartilaginous appearance
when aerial mycelium is lacking. Aerobic, chemo‐organotrophic with an oxidative type metabolism. Temperature growth range 10–60°C.

Cell wall contains
meso
‐2

,

6‐diaminopimelic acid as the major diamino acid and
N
‐acetylated muramic acid

. Whole‐cell hydrolysates contain galactose, glucose, madurose, mannose, and ribose.
The major phospholipids are diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. Menaquinones are predominantly hexahydrogenated with nine isoprene units saturated at sites II, III, and VIII
. Complex fatty acid profile is rich in branched saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including tuberculostearic acid. Mycolic acids are absent. Widely distributed in soil. Some strains are pathogenic for animals, including man.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66–73 (
T
m
, HPLC).

Type species
:
Actinomadura madurae
(Vincent 1894) Lechevalier and Lechevalier 1970a, 400
AL
.
Prevotella
Authors: Shah Haroun N. , Chattaway Marie Anne , Rajakurana Lakshani , Gharbia Saheer E.
Published: August 2015

Pre.vo.tel'la. N.L. dim. ending
ella
; N.L. fem. n.
Prevotella
, named after the French microbiologist, A. R. Prévot, a pioneer in anaerobic microbiology.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Prevotellaceae / Prevotella

Short rods
. Nonsporeforming. Nonmotile. Gram‐stain‐negative. Anaerobic.
Moderately saccharolytic
.
Growth is inhibited by 20
%
bile
.
Succinic and acetic acids are the major metabolic end products
in peptone‐yeast extract‐glucose (PYG) broth, but lower levels of other short‐chain acids may be produced.
Malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase are present
,
but glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase are absent
. Sphingolipids are produced. The nonhydroxylated long‐chain fatty acids are primarily of the
straight‐chain saturated and monounsaturated types
; methyl branched fatty acids are either absent or present in small amounts.
Porphyrins
are produced by pigmented species, while
menaquinones are the sole respiratory quinones found in all species so far studied
.
Diaminopimelic acid is the only dibasic amino acid in the peptidoglycan
(Miyagawa et al., 1981). Neither heptose nor 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctulosonic acid has so far been reported (Hofstad, 1974). The primary site of isolation is the oral cavity, but more recently species have been reported from the intestinal tract of man and animals.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%)
of most species
: 40–52.

Type species
:
Prevotella melaninogenica
(Oliver and Wherry 1921) Shah and Collins 1990, 206
VP
emend. Wu, Johnson, Moore and Moore 1992, 536
VP
[
Fusiformis nigrescens
Schwabacher, Lucas and Rimington 1947, 109;
Bacteroides melaninogenicus
(Oliver and Wherry 1921) Roy and Kelly 1939, 569
AL
;
Ristella melaninogenica
(Oliver and Wherry 1921) Prévot 1938, 290;
Hemophilus melaninogenicus
(
sic
) (Oliver and Wherry 1921) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1930, 314;
Bacterium melaninogenicum
Oliver and Wherry 1921, 341].
Hymenobacter
Authors: Buczolits Sandra , Busse Hans‐Jürgen
Published: August 2015

Hy.me.no.bac'ter. Gr. masc. n.
hymen
pellicle, thin layer; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
the equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
baktron
a rod or staff; N.L. masc. n.
Hymenobacter
a rod growing in thin layers.

Bacteroidetes / Cytophagia / Cytophagales / Cytophagaceae / Hymenobacter

Rod‐shaped
,
with polyphosphate granules near the cell poles
.
Cells aggregating with increasing formation of extracellular polymer and spreading in thin
,
red to pink layers on agar surfaces
.
Nonmotile
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Colonies are flat with a small, raised center. Colony edges may show parallel arrangement of cells in the form of palisades. Aerobic. Heterotrophic, with a
preference for oligotrophic media
. Temperature range for growth, 4–37°C; optimum, 10–28°C. Some strains can grow at 42°C, but most strains do not. Cells do not grow anaerobically with or without light. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Nonhemolytic. The carbon utilization spectrum is limited to some sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, and a few amino acids. Hydrolysis of gelatin, starch, xylan, Tween 80, and Tween 60 is common. DNA may also be hydrolyzed, but cellulose and pectin are not. Cells are highly sensitive towards the action of numerous antibiotics.

meso

‐
Diaminopimelic acid is present in the cell‐wall murein
.
The principal menaquinone is MK‐7
.
The fatty acid profile consists of predominantly branched fatty acids of the iso‐ and anteiso‐type with C

15
:
0

iso,
C

15
:
0

anteiso,
C

16
:
1

ω

7
c

/
C

15
:
0

iso 2‐
OH
(
summed feature
),
and C

17
:
1

iso I/
C

17
:
1

anteiso B (
summed feature
),
usually present in moderate to major amounts
(except for
Hymenobacter roseosalivarius
, which lacks C
15:0
anteiso). Unbranched fatty acids are usually present in moderate amounts, but their content is low in
Hymenobacter ocellatus
. All members of the genus contain a
polar lipid profile
consisting of
phosphatidylethanolamine
,
an unknown aminophospholipid
(
APL3
),
two unknown polar lipids
(
L3
,
L5
), and a mixture of several other unknown aminophospholipids, aminolipids, phospholipids, glycolipids, and polar lipids.
sym
‐
Homospermidine
is the major polyamine.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 55–65.

Type species
:
Hymenobacter roseosalivarius
Hirsch, Ludwig, Hethke, Sittig, Hoffmann and Gallikowski 1999, 1
VP
(Effective publication: Hirsch, Ludwig, Hethke, Sittig, Hoffmann and Gallikowski 1998a, 382.).
Sejongia
Authors: Yi Hana , Chun Jongsik
Published: August 2015

Se.jong'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Sejongia
named after the King Sejong Station, where the type species was isolated.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Sejongia

Rods
with parallel sides and rounded ends, generally 0.4–0.5 × 1.0–3.1 µm. Gram‐stain‐negative. Spores are not formed. Nonmotile.
Do not glide
or spread.
Aerobic
, exhibiting only weak growth under microaerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Pychrotolerant
, with optimum growth temperatures of 19–22°C. Optimum growth is observed at pH 7–8 and in 0% NaCl. Growth occurs on R2A, Anacker and Ordal's agar (AOA), nutrient agar (NA) and tryptic soy agar (TSA), but not on cetrimide or MacConkey agars. Colonies are convex, translucent, circular, glistening, butyrous, and
yellow
with entire margins, becoming mucoid after prolonged incubation on R2A. Do not adhere to agar plates. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Congo red is not adsorbed. The maximum absorption peak of the yellow pigment in ethanolic extracts is at 452 nm and the next shoulder peak is at 480 nm.
No flexirubin‐type pigments are produced
. Acid is produced aerobically or fermentatively from some carbohydrates. The major isoprenoid quinone is MK‐6. The predominant cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
iso (12.2–13.6%), C
15:0
anteiso (15.2–24.2%), and C
17:1
iso ω9
c
(8.6–21.3%).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34–36.

Type species
:
Sejongia antarctica
Yi, Yoon and Chun 2005b, 414
VP
.
Subsaximicrobium
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: August 2015

Sub.sa.xi.mi.cro'bi.um. L. pref.
sub
below; L. neut. n.
saxum
stone; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
microbe; N.L. neut n.
Subsaximicrobium
microbe living below stone.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Subsaximicrobium

Straight
rod‐shaped cells
, 0.3–0.5 × 1–6 µm. In stationary growth phase cultures, cells may transform into spheroplasts, 1–3 µm in diameter.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Cells occur singly or in pairs. Spores and resting cells are not present. Gas vesicles and helical or ring‐shaped cells are not formed.
Gliding motility
is present.
Strictly aerobic. Oxidative metabolism. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐positive. Chemoheterotrophic. Colonies are orange
due to production of carotenoids.
Flexirubin pigments are not produced. Sodium ions are required
for growth. Best growth occurs in organic media containing seawater salts.
Psychrophilic
. Grows between −2 and 20°C, with temperature optima at 15–20°C in seawater or NaCl‐containing media. Neutrophilic, with optimal growth occurring at about pH 7.5–8.0. The major fatty acids include C
15:1
iso ω10
c
, C
15:1
anteiso ω10
c
, C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
anteiso, C
16:1
ω7
c
, C
15:0
anteiso 3‐OH, and C
16:0
iso 3‐OH. The major isoprenoid quinone is
menaquinone‐6
. Inhabits Antarctic quartz stone sublithic cyanobacterial biofilms.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39–40.

Type species
:
Subsaximicrobium wynnwilliamsii
Bowman and Nichols 2005, 1481
VP
.
Zhouia
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Zhou'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Zhouia
named after Pei‐Jin Zhou, a pioneer of environmental microbiology in China.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Zhouia

Rods
,
0
.
25–0
.
3
×
1
.
3–3
.
0
μ
m
. Nonmotile.
No gliding motility
. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Strictly aerobic
.
NaCl is required for growth
.
Growth occurs at 42
°
C
. Colonies are yellow to pale yellow. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐negative. Urease‐negative. Flexirubin pigments are not produced. Nitrate is not reduced. Starch and gelatin are hydrolyzed, but not agar, casein, or Tweens 40 and 80.
Acid is produced from cellobiose
,
but not glucose
. Glucose and sucrose are utilized. The menaquinone is MK‐6. The major fatty acids are C
15:1 G
iso, C
15:0
iso, summed feature 4 (C
15:0
iso 2‐OH and/or C
16:1
ω7
c
/
t
), and C
15:0
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34.5.

Type species
:
Zhouia amylolytica
Liu, Wang, Dai, Liu and Liu 2006, 2827
VP
.
Protochlamydia
Authors: Horn Matthias
Published: August 2015

Pro.to.chla.my'di.a. Gr. adj.
protos
first, foremost; N.L. fem. n.
Chlamydia
name of a bacterial genus; N.L. fem. n.
Protochlamydia
first
Chlamydia
, referring to the similarity of these bacteria to the chlamydial ancestor.

Chlamydiae / Chlamydiia / Chlamydiales / Parachlamydiaceae / Protochlamydia

Coccoid, nonmotile, obligately intracellular bacteria, 0.5–1 μm
. Cells show a
developmental cycle
with morphologically distinct stages and
grow within host‐derived vacuoles
. Organisms naturally

infect amoebae of the genus
Acanthamoeba

. The genus
Protochlamydia
currently contains a single species,
Protochlamydia amoebophila
(Figure 1) (Collingro, Toenshoff, Taylor, Fritsche, Wagner and Horn, 2005b; Fritsche, Horn, Wagner, Herwig, Schleifer and Gautom, 2000). A 16S rRNA gene sequence showing 97% similarity with the 16S rRNA gene of
Protochlamydia amoebophila
has been deposited at GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ (DQ632609). This sequence represents a second species within the genus
Protochlamydia
, tentatively named
Protochlamydia naegleriophila
(Casson, Michel, Goy, Müller and Greub, unpublished), but no further details have yet been published.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35.8.

Type species
:
Protochlamydia amoebophila
Horn, sp. nov. (previously known as “
Candidatus
Protochlamydia amoebophila” Collingro, Toenshoff, Taylor, Fritsche, Wagner and Horn, 2005b).
Rhabdochlamydia
Authors: Horn Matthias
Published: August 2015

Rhab.do.chla.my'di.a. Gr. fem. n.
rhabdos
stick, rod; N.L. fem. n.
Chlamydia
taxonomic name of a bacterial genus; N.L. fem. n.
Rhabdochlamydia
referring to the rod‐like morphology of the elementary bodies of this genus.

Chlamydiae / Chlamydiia / Chlamydiales / Rhabdochlamydiaceae / Rhabdochlamydia

Coccoid to rod shaped, nonmotile, obligately intracellular bacteria, 0.35–4 μm
. Cells show a
developmental cycle
with morphologically distinct stages and
grow within host‐derived vacuoles
. Organisms naturally
infect arthropods
and are differentiated from all other chlamydiae by the
rod‐shaped elementary body
, which has a
five‐layer cell wall
and shows one or two
electron‐translucent oblong structures in the cytoplasm
(Figure 1). The genus
Rhabdochlamydia
is based on the description of “

Candidatus
Rhabdochlamydia porcellionis

” and

Rhabdochlamydia crassificans

(Corsaro et al., 2007; Kostanjšek et al., 2004) (Figure 2).

Type species
:
Rhabdochlamydia crassificans
Horn, gen. nov. (previously known as “
Candidatus
Rhabdochlamydia” Kostanjšek, Štrus, Drobne and Avguštin 2004).
Pyrobaculum
Authors: Huber Robert , Stetter Karl O.
Published: August 2015

Py.ro.ba' cu.lum
. Gr. neut. n.
pyr
fire; L. neut. n.
baculum
stick; M.L. neut. n.
Pyrobaculum
the fire stick.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Thermoproteales / Thermoproteaceae / Pyrobaculum

Rod‐shaped, almost rectangular cells
. During growth, the rods form aggregates arranged in a V‐shape with various angles. X‐ and raft‐shaped aggregates occur.
Rods form terminal spheres
. Cells usually 0.5–0.6 × 1.5–8 µm. Gram negative.
No murein present
. No spores formed.
No cell septa
. Cells surrounded by
a single or double S‐layer
of protein subunits,
arranged on a p6 lattice. Isoprenyl ether lipids present
in the membrane. Motile due to flagellation. Facultatively aerobic or strictly anaerobic.
Hyperthermophilic
, optimum growth temperature: 100°C; maximum: 104°C; minimum: 74°C. Elongation factor G is ADP‐ribosylated. Facultative or obligate heterotrophs.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 45–52.

Type species
:
Pyrobaculum islandicum
Stetter, Huber and Kristjansson 1988, 221 (Effective publication: Stetter, Huber and Kristjansson
in
Huber, Kristjansson and Stetter 1987b, 100).
Thermoproteus
Authors: Zillig Wolfram , Reysenbach Anna‐Louise
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.pro' te.us
. Gr. fem. n.
therme
heat; Gr. masc. n.
proteus
a mythical figure able to assume different forms; M.L. masc. n.
Thermoproteus
the genus of thermophilic bacteria of various forms.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Thermoproteales / Thermoproteaceae / Thermoproteus

Rigid rods of ~0.4 μm in diameter and from <1 to ~100 μm in length
. No cell septa. Otherwise, the description is the same as that for the family.

Type species
:
Thermoproteus tenax
Zillig and Stetter 1982, 267 (Effective publication: Zillig and Stetter
in
Zillig, Stetter, Shäfer, Janekovic, Wunderl, Holz and Palm 1981, 225).
Form‐Cyanobacterium
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Cy
.
ano
'
bact
.
er
.
ium
. Gr. adj.
kuanos
blue (color); Gr. n.
bakterion
(diminutive of
baktron
) small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Cyanobacterium
small blue‐(green) rod.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Cyanobacterium

Unicellular cyanobacteria that reproduce by transverse binary fission in a single plane. Cells are spherical to rod‐shaped, 1.7–2.3 µm in diameter. Thylakoids are parallel and located throughout the cell.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 39–41.

Type species
: (Botanical Code):
Cyanobacterium stanieri
Rippka and Cohen‐Bazire 1983.
Form‐Cyanothece
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Waterbury John B. , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Cy
.
an
.
o
.
the
'
ce
. Gr. adj.
kuanos
blue color; Gr. n.
theke
case, envelope; M.L. fem. n.
Cyanothece
blue (green) sheath.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Cyanothece

The form‐genus
Cyanothece
is a provisional assemblage of strains loosely defined as unicellular coccoid to rod‐shaped cyanobacteria that divide by transverse binary fission in a single plane. The cells are ~3 µm or greater in width and lack structured (e.g., laminated) sheaths.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 41–49.
Form‐ Prochlorococcus
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Pro
.
chlor
'
o
.
coc
'
cus
. Gr. prefix
pro
primitive; Gr. adj.
chloros
green; Gr. n.
kokkos
grain or kernel; M.L. masc. n.
Prochlorococcus
primitive green kernel (cell).

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Prochlorococcus

Marine planktonic cyanobacteria that possess spherical to slightly rod‐shaped cells (0.5–0.8 × 0.7–1.6 µm) and divide by binary fission in a single plane. They lack phycobilisomes and contain divinyl‐chlorophyll
a
and
b
(
a
2
and
b
2
).

Type species
:
Prochlorococcus marinus
Chisholm, Frankel, Goericke, Olson, Palenik, Waterbury, West‐Johnsrud and Zettler 1992, 299.
Form‐ Dermocarpella
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Waterbury John B. , Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W.
Published: August 2015

Der.mo.car.pel' la
. L. suffix ‐
ella
diminutive; M.L. fem. n.
Dermocarpella
small
Dermocarpa
.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection II / Genera Reproducing by Multiple Fissions Only, or in Combination with Limited (1–3) Binary Fissions / Form‐ Dermocarpella

Cyanobacteria that undergo binary fission to form an ovoid aggregate consisting of a large apical cell and from one to three smaller basal cells. The cell aggregate possesses an intrinsic apical‐basal polarity. Multiple fission occurs initially in the apical part of the small cell aggregate, followed by the release of baeocytes that do not possess an outer fibrous layer, and which may exhibit gliding motility. The baeocytes enlarge asymmetrically into ovoid vegetative cells before initiating binary fission. After the initial round of multiple fission, the remaining basal cells enlarge asymmetrically and undergo binary fission to form apical reproductive cells and smaller basal cells; multiple fission is reinitiated in the new apical cells.
Form‐ Stanieria
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Waterbury John B. , Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W.
Published: August 2015

Stan' ier.ia
. M.L fem. n. named after R.Y. Stanier, microbiologist.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection II / Genera Reproducing by Multiple Fissions Only, or in Combination with Limited (1–3) Binary Fissions / Form‐ Stanieria

This genus encompasses unicellular cyanobacteria that are generally spherical in shape, not exhibiting intrinsic heteropolarity. Reproduction occurs exclusively by multiple fission. The baeocytes lack a fibrous outer wall layer and therefore are generally motile.
Form‐ Xenococcus
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Waterbury John B. , Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W.
Published: August 2015

Xe.no.coc' cus
. Gr. n.
xenos
stranger, foreigner; Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain or kernel; M.L. masc. n.
Xenococcus
strange (spherical) cell.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection II / Genera Reproducing by Multiple Fissions Only, or in Combination with Limited (1–3) Binary Fissions / Form‐ Xenococcus

Unicellular cyanobacteria that reproduce exclusively by multiple fission, leading to the formation and release of baeocytes that possess a fibrous outer wall and are therefore nonmotile. The baeocyte enlarges into a spherical vegetative cell. The successive cleavage stages of multiple fission are readily detectable by light microscopy.
Form‐ Chroococcidiopsis
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Waterbury John B. , Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W.
Published: August 2015

Chro.o.coc' ci.di.op' sis
. Gr. fem. n.
chroa
skin; Gr. n.
kokkidios
presumed diminutive of
kokkos
small seed or grain; Gr. fem. n.
opsis
appearance; M.L. fem. n.
Chroococcidiopsis
small cells appearing in skin or coating.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection II / Genera in Which Extensive Vegetative Binary Fission Precedes Multiple Fission / Form‐ Chroococcidiopsis

Cyanobacteria that undergo repeated binary fission in three planes to produce more or less regular cubical cell aggregates. Multiple fission occurs simultaneously in most cells of the aggregate and is followed by the release of nonmotile baeocytes which possess an outer fibrous wall layer. The baeocytes differ little in diameter from mature parental cells and enlarge symmetrically into a spherical vegetative cells that, just before the onset of binary fission, attain dimensions characteristic and constant for any given strain.
Form‐ Limnothrix
Authors: Castenholz Richard W. , Rippka Rosmarie , Herdman Michael , Wilmotte Annick
Published: August 2015

Lim' no.thrix
. Gr. n.
lime
lake; Gr. n.
thrix, trichos
thread or hair; M.L. fem. n.
Limnothrix
lake hair or lake thread.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection III / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Limnothrix

The members of this genus, although morphologically similar and apparently phylogenetically closely related to
Pseudanabaena
spp., deserve separate mention because they are typical constituents of the freshwater plankton (Meffert, 1987). Trichomes composed of elongate cells (although sometimes isodiametric), typically 1–3 µm in diameter (exceptionally up to 6 µm); constrictions between cells indistinct or shallow. Apical cells rounded.
Generally synthesis of conspicuous gas vacuoles near both cell poles and in the center of predivisional cells, but sometimes dispersed throughout the cells
(Figure 1).
Motility lacking or very slight
; reproduction by random intercellular trichome breakage. With T.E.M., thylakoids are mainly peripheral.
Form‐ Spirulina
Authors: Castenholz Richard W. , Rippka Rosmarie , Herdman Michael , Wilmotte Annick
Published: August 2015

Spi.ru.li' na
. L. n.
spira
a coil; L. n.
linea
a line; M.L. fem. n.
Spirulina
coiled filament.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection III / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Spirulina

Filamentous organisms that divide exclusively by binary fission and in one plane but that grow in the form of a
tight to nearly tight, coiled right‐ or left‐handed helix
, although this helix may become partly unwound in some trichomes of cultured populations. More loosely coiled representatives often form partial double helices composed of two individual filaments that rotated into each other. The
cross‐walls are thin and barely visible even if observed by light microscopy using phase contrast objectives
, a characteristic that distinguishes this genus from
Arthrospira
(Holmgren et al., 1971) (Figure 1). Originally
Spirulina
was described as being a long unicellular thread.
No sheath
is visible under the light microscope, and “healthy” trichomes are in constant motion. Gliding motility consists of a “turning of the screw”, thus with great transverse movement and little forward motion.
Motility is by rotation around the outer surface of the helix
. Free ends not in contact with a solid support may oscillate wildly as the coil turns. The terminus of the trichome is either blunt or pointed. In different species the diameter of the trichome can range from <1 µm to ∼5 µm in size. In the latter case, the width of the whole helix may be as great as 12 µm. Color is variable, blue‐green to red; the latter being typical of some marine representatives that synthesize C‐PE as the major light‐harvesting pigment, but contain relatively little PC and APC. Although C‐PE content may vary inversely with light intensity, complementary chromatic adaptation has not been observed (Tomaselli et al., 1995).
Spirulina
isolates seem to be stable with respect to trichome structure. Straight variants, as found often in
Arthrospira
(Jeeji‐Bai and Seshadri, 1980; Lewin, 1980; Rippka, unpublished), have not been observed, even after maintenance in culture for more than 30 years (Rippka, unpublished).