bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fairyland and its Fairy Kings and Queens
Authors: Ward Ian
Published: March 2003

‘Fairyland and its Fairy Kings and Queens’ is a review article of a collection of essays examining the responses to the death of Princess Diana, entitled ‘After Diana: Irreverent Elegies’. The purpose of this article is to trace the origins of the Diana phenomenon, and particularly that variant which possessed the English political imagination in late summer 1997; and in so doing to investigate further the cultural context of a constitution that is presently the subject of considerable debate regarding its potential reform. The first part will take a closer look at ‘Diolatry’. The second part will then concentrate upon the ultimate Diana figure in English constitutional history, Gloriana herself, Elizabeth I. The third part of the article discusses the residual authority of monarchical iconography in the English constitutional culture. The conclusion will then suggest why, rather than testifying to a supposed mood of fundamental constitutional change abroad in the country, reactions to Diana’s death evidence the innate strength of a constitutional imagination that still craves the reassurance of its Fairy Kings and Queens.
Canada as Reflected in her Participation in the Coronation of her Monarchs in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Munro Kenneth
Published: March 2003

The evolution of the Crown from an institution imposed by colonial powers to one that has become uniquely Canadian is symbolised through the rituals and ceremonial of the Coronations of Canada’s Monarchs in the twentieth century. This study reveals the development under the Crown of an indigenous honours system instituted to celebrate the achievements of Canadians. The granting of honours by the sovereign for the Coronation changed from British, to distinctively Canadian ones. In addition, the gradual evolution of the Canadian military from militia to regular army, navy and air force is seen in the Canadian military’s participation in the Coronation Procession. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, through their various transformations, represented Canada’s values of “peace, order and good government” and had a place of prominence at all four Coronations. Canadians saw themselves as an important and integral part of the British Empire in 1902 and transformed to an independent and respected people with considerable world power and influence by 1953. Through the Coronation ceremonies, Canadians publicly celebrated their ideals as a people and reflected their “national” character to the world while at the same time rooting the Crown more deeply in Canadian soil.
Analysts' Forecasts of German Firms' Earnings: a Comparative Analysis
Authors: Capstaff John , Paudyal Rees Krishna, William
Published: March 2003

This paper examines analysts' forecasts of the annual earnings per share of German firms over the period of February 1987 to December 1995. The German case is particularly interesting as the accounting and institutional structures vary from those in more thoroughly researched markets such as the U.S. or U.K. The paper therefore considers the features of the German forecasting environment which distinguish it from the Anglo‐American model, and whether these might be reflected in forecasting performance. The results for Germany show that the accuracy of analysts' forecasts improves as the forecast horizon shortens, are less accurate than a naive prediction model over longer horizons, and contain a positive bias. When the results for Germany are contrasted with the results for the U.K., as reported in a recent paper, they are found to be a little less accurate but the positive bias is greater in U.K. forecasts. Taken overall the forecasting process in Germany appears to be less efficient than in the U.K., but this may be due to the distinct features of the German forecasting environment.
Price‐Earnings Ratios in Japan: Recent Evidence and Further Results
Authors: Kumar Shashi , Hyodo Kumi
Published: March 2003

We analyse the disparity between Japanese and US price‐earnings ratios between 1975 and 1995 with a view to find if the accounting differences between two countries can explain this disparity. Our results indicate that the accounting differences can explain a significant part but not all differences between Japanese and US price‐earnings ratios. We further investigate the effect of other possible economic factors on the behaviour of Japanese price‐earnings ratios and find that changing expectations about growth opportunities, changes in the real returns and differing inflation also do not fully explain the behaviour of the price‐earnings ratios. Therefore, the possibility of the existence of the speculative bubble needs to be explored to fully explain the behaviour of Japanese share price‐earnings ratios during this period.
Strategy for Implementation of IFAC International Education Guideline No. 9: “Prequalification Education, Tests of Professional Competence and Practical Experience of Professional Accountants”: A Task Force Report of the International Association for Accounting Education and Research (IAAER)
Authors: Needles, Jr. Belverd E. , Cascini Karen , Krylova Tatiana , Moustafa Mohamed
Published: March 2003

This paper provides strategies for implementing the recommendations of the International Education Guideline No. 9 (hereafter referred to as Guideline), issued by the International Federation of Accountants. The three principal implementation issues addressed in this paper are as follows. (1) How to instill the characteristics of lifelong learning in future professional accountants through accounting education. (2) How to design and implement a program of accounting education that achieves the objectives of the Guideline. (3) How to develop awareness and encourage adoption of the recommendations of the Guideline by communicating and disseminating information through a series of projects within IFAC's constraints and policies.
Reassessing the Feminist Theoretical Project in Law
Authors: Conaghan Joanne
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to address the current state of theoretical debate within feminist legal studies in the United Kingdom and beyond. It is part map, part critique of dominant theoretical trends – an attempt to identify and explore a range of questions about feminist scholarly engagement in law, including the relationship between academic feminism and political activism, the distinction (if any) between ‘feminist’ analyses and broader engagements with law and gender, and the normative underpinnings of feminist legal scholarship. The author makes no pretence to neutrality on these issues, questioning the perceived ‘drift’ between political and academic feminism, and arguing strongly for the recognition and realization of feminism's normative and transformative aspirations. Similarly, she challenges the emergence of an ‘anti‐essentialist’ norm in feminist discourse, and reaffirms the value of ‘women‐centred’ feminist approaches. Finally, this article is also a personal venture, a ‘stock‐taking’ exercise which seeks to interrogate the author's own understanding of what feminist legal work entails.
Hero or Villain? Cinematic Lawyers and the Delivery of Justice
Authors: Greenfield Steve
Published: March 2003

This essay is concerned with two specific issues that have as their backdrop the heroic central figure, the trial lawyer. First it considers the role of screen lawyers in seeking to maintain public (in this sense the public is the community within the film) support for the due process of law. The issue is the link between the lawyer and the initiation of the formal legal process. Essentially it is the extent to which the lawyer defends the institution of law. The second part of the piece considers when screen lawyers are permitted to go outside the formal process of law to ensure that the right result is achieved. It examines instances of where lawyers have been prepared to go ‘beyond law’ to achieve justice. Such acts raise a number of questions concerning how such behaviour affects perception of the legitimacy of the law, professional ethics, and the relationship between law and justice
From the Autopoiesis to the Allopoiesis of Law
Authors: Neves Marcelo
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the empirical limits of the concept of autopoiesis of law in world society today. The argument is based principally on observation of the problems of reproduction of the legal system in ‘peripheral countries’. The central thesis of the article is that, in the countries of ‘peripheral modernity’ the reproduction of the legal system is blocked by a wide variety of social factors, in such a way that one can speak more of the allopoiesis than the autopoiesis of law. Beginning with a biological concept, the article considers the sociological concept of autopoiesis, and then analyzes the concept of autopoiesis of law. Based on this theoretical parameter, the argument about the allopoiesis of law in the ‘peripheral countries’ is presented. Finally, the article returns to the central theme of the allopoiesis of law in ‘peripheral countries’ and points to the indications of a normative concept of autopoiesis of law in the theories of Niklas Luhmann and Gunther Teubner.
Interpreting Nicknames: A Micropolitical Portal
Authors: Fortado Bruce
Published: March 2003

Perhaps due to their ubiquitous and seemingly nonsensical nature, workplace nicknames have received little analytic attention to date. This exploratory study based on six case scenarios from the United States reveals nicknames often convey potent meanings. These monikers are found to have a wide variety of purposes: including among others, furthering social control, contributing to socialization, marking group boundaries, building camaraderie, catalysing joking, conveying discontent, cathartically venting frustrations, equalizing social exchanges and adjusting to labelling. Although the nicknaming and collateral social processes we encountered were not the product of formal planning, they are a complex and highly organized set of micropolitical activities. In the future, nicknames should be thought of as key symbols that can unlock many meanings when they are properly interpreted
Research in the Strategic Theory of the Firm: ‘Isolationism’ and ‘Integrationism’
Authors: Foss Nicolai
Published: March 2003

It has been increasingly often argued that strategy research should aim for a ‘strategic theory of the firm’, that is, a theory explains the existence, boundaries, organization and competitive advantage of the firm within a unified theoretical framework. This paper discusses two archetypal strategies in research in the strategic theory of the firm, namely ‘isolationism’ and ‘integrationism’. While the former is representative of the positions that either the knowledge‐based view or the modern economics of organization can develop into full‐blown strategic theories of the firm, the integrationist strategy stresses that progress is more likely to emerge from a combination of insights and research procedures from both the knowledge‐based view and the modern economics of organization. The paper argues in favour of integrationism. In addition, the paper presents some novel criticisms of both the knowledge‐based view and the modern economics of organization.
The Relationship Between Perspective‐Taking and Nonaggressive Responding in the Face of an Attack
Authors: Richardson Deborah R. , Green Laura R. , Lago Tania
Published: March 2003

Perspective‐taking functions as an inhibitor of interpersonal aggression and as a facilitator of prosocial behavior. The present study examined the extent to which perspective‐taking enhances nonaggressive responses in a situation in which people typically make aggressive responses. It also examined the relationship between perspective‐taking and response to interpersonal context. Subjects participated in a reaction‐time task in which they could respond either aggressively or nonaggressively in two different interpersonal contexts (i.e., the target either increased or decreased provocation during the interaction). As predicted, perspective‐taking was related to the inhibition of aggressive responding and the facilitation of nonaggressive responding. In general, perspective‐taking was associated with less aggression, including relatively more positive and fewer negative responses. This was especially the case in the interpersonal context in which the target had increased provocation across the trials of the task.
Changing Notions of Defense Within Psychoanalytic Theory
Authors: Cooper Steven H.
Published: March 2003

Psychoanalysis began with a focus on how the “intrapsychic” defense mechanisms of the individual helped to reduce and control conflict. More specifically, defenses were seen as helpful in managing the intensity of needs, desires, and affects that inevitably lead to conflict as the individual encounters the needs and desires of others around him. While the earliest theory of defenses focused more on maintaining internal equilibrium, contemporary theories of defense are seen as part of a set of relational and cognitive patterns that develop in the context of close relationships with important others. In the more contemporary psychodynamic approach to defense, many defenses are seen as protecting the self‐esteem of an individual rather than axiomatically protecting an individual from becoming conscious of thoughts or ideas that would cause anxiety were they to be remembered or recognized. The shift to more object relational and interpersonal approaches for the understanding of defense has had major implications for clinical treatment, which are examined in this article.
Hope and Dysphoria: The Moderating Role of Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Kwon Paul
Published: March 2003

It was hypothesized that the adaptive value of hope cognitions would be dependent upon the quality of an individual's defense style. Undergraduate students completed measures of hope, defense mechanisms, and dysphoria in two studies. As predicted, defense mechanisms significantly moderated the relation between hope and dysphoria. In addition, both hope and defense mechanisms predicted dysphoria as main effects. Individuals who had low hope and an immature defense style had particularly high levels of dysphoria. Low hope was not maladaptive for individuals with a mature defense style, suggesting that a subtype of low hope (“defensive hopelessness”) may exist that is analogous to defensive pessimism. Individuals with high hope had low levels of dysphoria regardless of defense style. Overall, the present study suggests that an integration of psychodynamic and cognitive perspectives on hope may be productive.
The Causes and Costs of Crime and a Controversial Cure
Authors: Lykken David T.
Published: March 2003

In spite of recent modest decreases, the epidemic of crime that began in the United States in the early 1960s has left us with a rate of violent crime that is still some 300% higher than it was 40 years ago. The usual suspects—poverty, the easy availability of street drugs and handguns, violent television programs—cannot account for this ominous trend. The fact that African Americans are responsible for nearly half of this violence, although they constitute only about one‐eighth of the U.S. population, is the principal reason why the great improvement in race relations made over the past half‐century has reached an asymptote. White fears, and Black resentment of these fears, are a grave threat to further progress. It is argued here that the main reason for this epidemic of crime and violence is the rapid recent increase in the proportion of the young people aged 15 to 24 who have grown up unsocialized. It is argued further that most of these feral youngsters are sociopaths, defined as genetically normal children whose failure of socialization was due to their being domiciled with an immature, overburdened, unsocialized, or otherwise incompetent parent or parents.
The Michelangelo Phenomenon and Personal Well‐Being
Authors: Drigotas Stephen M.
Published: March 2003

Previousresearch has demonstrated that when a close romantic partner views you and behaves toward youin a manner that is congruent with your ideal self, you experience movement toward your idealself (termed the “Michelangelo phenomenon”; Drigotas, Rusbult, Wieselquist,& Whitton, 1999). The present research represents an attempt demonstrate thephenomenon's link to personal well‐being. Results of a cross‐sectional study of individualsin dating relationships, with a 2‐month follow‐up assessing breakup, replicated previous findingsregarding relationship well‐being and revealed strong links between the model and personalwell‐being, even when accounting for level of relationship satisfaction. Such results providefurther evidence for the social construction of the self and personal well‐being.
Defense Mechanisms, Behavior, and Affect in Young Adulthood
Authors: Cramer Phebe
Published: March 2003

The relationship betweendefense mechanism use, observed behavior, and affect was investigated in a sample of 91 youngadults. Defense mechanisms were assessed using Cramer's (1991a) Defense MechanismManual for TAT stories; behavior was based on observer Q‐sort ratings (Block, 1978). Thefindings show that men and women who rely on the immature defense of denial at age 23 showmultiple signs of behavioral immaturity, as well as anxiety. In contrast, extensive use of projectionwas related to a suspicious, hyperalert personality style, including anxiety and depression, in men,but to a sociable, nonwary, nondepressed style in women. The use of the mature defense ofidentification, by women, was related to behavior characterized by maturity, social competence,and the absence of depressive symptoms.
Effect of Performance Model Accuracy on Optimal Pavement Design
Authors: Madanat Samer , Prozzi Jorge A. , Han Michael
Published: March 2003

In the first part of this paper, an analysis of the data collected during the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) road test, based on probabilistic duration modeling techniques, is presented. Duration techniques enable the stochastic nature of pavement failure time to be evaluated as well as censored data to be incorporated in the statistical estimation of the model parameters. The second part of this paper presents the use of economic optimization principles for determining the optimal design of flexible pavements. We study the effect of deterioration model accuracy on optimal design and lifecycle costs by comparing three models. The first is a simple regression model developed by the AASHO, which forms the basis of design standards in use today. The second is a regression model that was developed with the same AASHO data set, but that includes a correction for data censoring. The third model is the probabilistic model developed in the first part of this paper. The results show that the AASHO model, when used as an input to lifecycle cost minimization, produces a pavement structural number that is lower than that produced by using the other two deterioration models. This results in shorter pavement lives and higher costs due to more frequent resurfacing. The savings in lifecycle cost accrued by using optimal structural number are shown to be quite significant, offering a sound basis for revising current design practices.
Using Colors to Detect Structural Components in Digital Pictures
Authors: Abeid Neto Jorge , Arditi David , Evens Martha W.
Published: March 2003

This article describes a method of recognizing the presence of structural components in a digital picture taken at a construction site. The objective is to introduce image recognition into the construction management process in order to enhance the control of the performance at a construction site. The developed system can detect a component in a picture through its color and position. An algorithm capable of tracing the edges of a shape in a digital picture is introduced. A procedure to collect objects using this edge detector is presented. A complete description of procedures written in Delphi 5 to store a set of objects detected in a picture is included. The component‐recognition engine presented in this article is an important part of a system called PHOTO‐NET that was designed to monitor progress in a construction site and as such constitutes a unique application in the context of construction management.
Modeling of Tunnel Excavation Using a Hybrid DEM/BEM Method
Authors: Chen Shou Gen , Zhao Jian
Published: March 2003

The hybrid DEM/BEM scheme is investigated in modeling tunnel excavation in an infinite or semi‐infinite fractured rock mass. First, the hybrid DEM/BEM scheme is briefly described, which is very similar to the traditional hybrid FEM/BEM. In the hybrid DEM/BEM scheme, the near field is modeled by the DEM where the rock fractures can be physically introduced, and the far field by the BEM where the rock mass is treated as an equivalent continuous medium. The hybrid DEM/BEM scheme as well as the conventional model are then employed to carry out a practical case study to model an excavation of two tunnels, one above the other, in a heavily fractured rock mass. The comparison indicates that the DEM/BEM scheme can obtain a higher accuracy result with much shorter running time than the conventional model.
How can Political Liberals be Environmentalists?
Authors: Bell Derek
Published: March 2003

It is often assumed that neutralist liberalism and environmentalism are incompatible because promoting environmentally friendly policies involves endorsing a particular conception of the good life. This paper questions that assumption by showing that one important version of neutralist liberalism, John Rawls's ‘justice as fairness’, can allow two kinds of justification for environmental policies. First, public reason arguments can be used to justify conceptions of sustainability and environmental justice. Second, comprehensive ideals (including non-anthropocentric ideals) can be used to justify more ambitious environmental policies when two conditions are met, namely, the issue under discussion does not concern constitutional essentials or matters of basic justice; and the policy is endorsed by a majority of citizens. Rawls's willingness to allow this second kind of justification for environmental (and other) policies is defended against two objections, which claim that Rawls's ‘democratic liberalism’ is incoherent. The first objection – the ‘justice’ objection – is that to spend public money promoting comprehensive (environmental) ideals is inconsistent with the ‘difference principle’. The ‘justice’ objection depends on a common misunderstanding of the difference principle. The second objection – the ‘neutrality’ objection – claims that ‘democratic liberalism’ is inconsistent with Rawls's commitment to neutrality. The ‘neutrality’ objection is unconvincing because ‘democratic liberalism’ is ‘fundamentally neutral’ whereas the leading alternative is not.
Friedrich Engels and the Origins of German Revisionism: Another Look
Authors: Steger Manfred B.
Published: March 2003

The precise nature of Friedrich Engels' theoretical role following Marx's death in 1883 has remained a hotly disputed topic among historians of socialist thought. However, despite their intellectual disagreements, the exponents of various perspectives frequently share a serious interpretive deficiency: the failure to anchor their readings of crucial texts in an analysis of specific political contexts. Situating Engels' later writings – his 1890s Letters on Historical Materialism, and his 1895 Introduction to Marx's The Class Struggles in France – within the dramatically changed political situation in fin de siècle Germany, this essay seeks to recast the entire gestalt of the quarrel over Engels' alleged revisionism by illuminating the historical and political framework that shaped his late Marxism and its theoretical premises.
Immigration and Citizenship in Germany: Contemporary Dilemmas
Authors: Halfmann Jost
Published: March 2003

The paper starts from a paradox of contemporary German politics: after the unification of the two Germanies the ethnocultural grounding of German citizenship has lost its historical meaning; at the same time violent conflicts and heated debate over the rights to full membership for immigrants in the German state have developed. After a theoretical discussion of the notions of nation state, citizenship, and immigration, the development of the contemporary paradox of citizenship is sketched historically using two pairs of distinctions: nationhood v. statehood and political v. social (state-mediated) inclusion. The paradox of ‘ethnicized’ conflicts over Germans v. foreigners is interpreted as a discrepancy between membership in the state on the one hand and membership in the welfare state system on the other – a discrepancy which currently is ‘overdetermined’ by the socio-economic consequences of unification.
Putting the Economy First: Or Does Postmodernization Really Matter?
Authors: Castles Francis G.
Published: March 2003

In recent years, there has been a strong tendency for the politicians of Western nations to make issues of economic policy making their first priority. Emerging evidence from the economics discipline, which shows a close association between subjective well-being and other macroeconomic variables such as unemployment and inflation, suggests that this priority ordering of politicians may well be one which is functional from an electoral viewpoint. However, recent research by Ronald Inglehart on the development of ‘postmaterialist’ values challenges the continuing electoral relevance of an economics-first approach to policy making by suggesting that, in advanced societies, mass publics are exercised more by quality of life concerns than by issues of economic affluence. Here we use Eurobarometer data for 12 EU nations to explore the nature of the linkage between economic policy outcomes and levels of popular satisfaction in both economically advanced and less advanced societies. Our findings suggest that affluence is not the only economic determinant of subjective well-being in these countries and that, contrary to Inglehart's thesis, the growth of the economy impacts on subjective well-being in rich and poor nations alike.
Are Referendums Controlled and Pro-Hegemonic?
Authors: Qvortrup Mads
Published: March 2003

Are most referendums controlled and pro-hegemonic, i.e. do governments only submit issues to referendums if they are certain that they will win (as asserted by Lijphart, Butler and Ranney)? This paper shows conclusively that the constitutional referendums in Western polities have performed the functions of constitutional safeguards, and that the governments have been unsuccessful in their attempts to control the referendum.
Why Freedoms Do Not Exist by Degrees
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: March 2003

The overall freedom of an individual or a society is something that exists in differing degrees. By contrast, anyone's particular freedom to engage in this or that mode of conduct is something that exists (or does not exist) in an all-or-nothing manner. Many political philosophers have taken a contrary view, however, and have contended that each particular freedom exists to a greater or lesser extent in proportion to the easiness or difficulty of exercising it. This essay argues that the temptation to view particular freedoms as matters of degree can be overcome when careful attention is paid to three distinctions: overall liberty versus particular liberties, the existence of any particular liberty versus the probability of its emergence, and becoming more free to do something versus becoming free to do something in more ways. By properly marking these distinctions, one can readily apprehend that the existence or inexistence of each particular freedom is characterized by no gradations – an insight that improves one's understanding of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of any such freedom.
Labour's Transformation: Searching for the Point of Origin
Authors: Lent Adam
Published: March 2003

Existing analyses of the Labour Party's recent transformation tend to begin in the period after the 1987 election defeat, and less commonly after the 1985 conference. Because of this, analysts have ignored additional causes and aspects of transformation occurring in the early 1980s in the areas of policy reform, campaign strategy and ‘ethos’. Once these extra factors are taken into account we can acknowledge that Labour's transformation is more complex than previously recognised. Consequently, what often appears as an origin of change is more accurately a point of transition in an unending process of development and flux.
The Changing Politics of Foreign Aid — Where to Next?
Authors: Burnell Peter
Published: March 2003

The 1990s have seen the most systematic attempt yet to influence directly the government and politics of sovereign aid receiving states Aid's conditionalities now include political as well as economic dimensions The proclaimed objectives include democracy human rights and good governance. But the old politics linking aid to donors' security and commercial interests has not disappeared. The future directions are uncertain. Some observers urge additional conditionalities emphasising social objectives of poverty alleviation. Others argue conditionality is bound to be ineffective. Aid's capacity to combat poverty and thereby the contribution it can make indirectly to democratic prospects, is contested anyway. It should remain a durable object of social and political research.
Beliefs in Government
Authors: Kaase Max , Newton Kenneth , Scarbrough Elinor
Published: March 2003

This article conveys the general findings of the multi-national, multi-volume Beliefs in Government research project, perhaps the most exhaustive analysis of mass beliefs and attitudes conducted in the west. In spite of considerable socio-economic change in recent decades, the study provides evidence of political stability, continuity and adaptability in west European countries. This suggests that political scientists should pay more attention than hitherto to pressures for inertia and continuity in western democracies.
Agency, Structure, and Social Chance as Cross-Disciplinary Concepts
Authors: Sibeon Roger
Published: March 2003

It is appropriate that social scientists should develop explicit conceptualisations of agency, structure and social chance, these being three major dimensions of social and political life. The agency-structure debate, which refers to theoretical and ontological issues that tend not to be explicitly discussed by political scientists, is an important interdisciplinary starting point for conceptual and empirical work involving collaboration between political scientists and sociologists. Following a theoretical review of agency, structure and chance, it is argued that empirical research concerned with the study of politics and policy - indeed, social scientific research on any topic - should employ an ontology and methodology that focuses on the dynamics of interaction between agency, structure and social chance.
The PDS and the SPD's Dilemma of Governance in the Eastern German Länder
Authors: Hough Daniel , Grix Jonathan
Published: March 2003

Coalition formation in the Federal Republic of Germany has, following unification in 1990, become a more complex process. This is particularly true in the eastern states, where the existence of a problematic partner (the post-communist Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS)) further complicates coalition options. As a result of its eastern heritage and its successful representation of eastern German interests, the PDS is likely to be an important actor in the medium/long-term future. This article argues that if the Social Democratic Party (SPD) is going to form governing majorities in the eastern states, it must, therefore, come to some sort of practical accommodation with the PDS.
The Enlargement of the UN Security Council: Reflections from the Current Debate
Authors: Bourantonis Dimitris , Magliveras Konstantinos
Published: March 2003

In this article an attempt is made to take stock of recent developments (1997–2000) regarding the ongoing debate on the UN Security Council enlargement. The comprehensive plan for reform, known as the ‘Razali Plan’, its repercussions on the debate as well as the attitude of the membership of the UN are among the issues discussed here. We argue that the only realistic proposition for the time being is an expansion of the non-permanent membership of the Security Council, which could give some impetus to the process of comprehensive reform.
Comment: Seeking Fame and the Graduate Path to Getting Published
Authors: McGough Sean
Published: March 2003

This article looks at the difficulties graduates face in getting their first article published. The main aim is to encourage graduates to take that first step into publication. It comments on some of the attitudes towards graduate articles and ways that graduates can attempt to overcome the initial problems of getting published.
Making the World a Better and Safer Place: The Time for Action is Now
Authors: Wolfensohn James D.
Published: March 2003

This article argues that the events of 11 September 2001, and their aftermath, have heightened the need both to confront terrorism directly, increase global security and enhance the structures of global governance. The article concentrates on measures to enhance global security and governance. In particular, measures must be taken to address some of the root causes of terrorism: those of economic exclusion, poverty and under-development. The article argues that the World Bank, along with other international financial institutions and the UN system, have a central role to play. The article concludes by identifying four priority areas for international action.
Part Boundaries Alter the Perception of Transparency
Authors: Singh Manish , Hoffman Donald D.
Published: March 2003

The perception of transparency is a remarkable feat of human vision: A single stimulation at the retina is interpreted as arising from two (or more) distinct surfaces, separated in depth, in the same visual direction. This feat is intriguing because physical transparency is neither necessary nor sufficient for phenomenal transparency. Many conditions for phenomenal transparency have been studied, including luminance, chromaticity, stereo depth, apparent motion, and structure from motion. Figural conditions have also been studied, primarily by Gestalt psychologists, resulting in descriptive laws. Here we extend, and make precise, these laws using the genericity principle and the minima rule for part boundaries. We report experiments that support the psychological plausibility of these refinements. The results suggest that the formation of visual objects and their parts is an early process in human vision that can precede the representation of transparency.
Representing Inner Worlds: Theory of Mind in Autistic, Deaf, and Normal Hearing Children
Authors: Peterson Candida C. , Siegal Michael
Published: March 2003

The purpose of the study reported here was to examine the degree to which delays or deficits in developing a theory of mind are specific to children with autism or extend to other groups of atypical children with varying conversational experience and awareness. The performance of deaf children from a variety of conversational backgrounds was compared with that of autistic and normal hearing children on a range of tasks requiring representation of others' mental states. Native signers, oral deaf children, and normal hearing children scored similarly, and their performance exceeded that shown by signing deaf children from hearing families and children with autism. The latter two groups did not differ significantly from each other. These results point to an interplay among biology, conversation, and culture in the development of a theory of mind.
On the Dimensional and Hierarchical Structure of Affect
Authors: Tellegen Auke , Watson David , Clark Lee Anna
Published: March 2003

Green, Goldman, and Salovey (1993) challenged the view that “positive affect” and “negative affect” are largely uncorrelated dimensions. On the basis of factor analytic studies of happiness and sadness, and of positive and negative emotional activation (PA and NA), they claimed that a “largely bipolar structure of affect” (p. 1029) emerges when random and nonrandom error are taken into account. A reappraisal of their own findings and confirmatory analysis of additional data do not support this claim. Happiness and sadness form a largely unidimensional bipolar structure, but PA and NA are relatively independent. However, exploratory analyses yield a three-level hierarchy incorporating in one structure a general bipolar Happiness-Versus-Unhappiness dimension, the relatively independent PA and NA dimensions at the level below it, and discrete emotions at the base. We emphasize the heuristic value of a hierarchical perspective.
Frontal Brain Electrical Activity in Shyness and Sociability
Authors: Schmidt Louis A.
Published: March 2003

A number of studies have shown that shyness and sociability may be two independent personality traits that are distinguishable across a variety of measures and cultures. Utilizing recent frontal activation–emotion models as a theoretical framework, this study examined the pattern of resting frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in undergraduates who self-reported high and low shyness and sociability. Analyses revealed that shyness was associated with greater relative right frontal EEG activity, whereas sociability was associated with greater relative left frontal EEG activity. Also, different combinations of shyness and sociability were distinguishable on the basis of resting frontal EEG power. Although high-shy/high-social and high-shy/low-social subjects both exhibited greater relative right frontal EEG activity, they differed significantly on EEG power in the left, but not right, frontal lead. High-shy/high-social subjects exhibited significantly less EEG power (i.e., more activity) in the left frontal lead compared with the high-shy/low-social subjects. These findings suggest that in distinguishing individual differences in personality and personality subtypes, it is important to consider not only frontal EEG asymmetry measures, but also the pattern of absolute EEG power in each frontal hemisphere.
Conflict and the Stochastic-Dominance Principle of Decision Making
Authors: Diederich Adele , Busemeyer Jerome R.
Published: March 2003

One of the key principles underlying rational models of decision making is the idea that the decision maker should never choose an action that is stochastically dominated by another action. In the study reported in this article, violations of stochastic dominance frequently occurred when the payoffs produced by two actions were negatively correlated (in conflict), but no violations occurred when the payoffs were positively correlated (no conflict). This finding is contrary to models which assume that choice probability depends on the utility of each action, and the utility for an action depends solely on its own payoffs and probabilities. This article also reports, for the first time ever, the distribution of response times observed in a risky decision task. Both the violations of stochastic dominance and the response time distributions are explained in terms of a dynamic theory of decision making called multiattribute decision field theory.
On the Difficulty of Noticing Obvious Features in Patient Appearance
Authors: Brooks Lee R. , LeBlanc Vicki R. , Norman Geoffrey R.
Published: March 2003

Medical students and experts were given head-and-shoulder photographs of patients, each showing a key feature of the patient's problem. Three quarters of these pictures were taken from textbooks. Noticing these supposedly obvious features was difficult and strongly influenced by contextual factors. Both experts and students gained about 20% in diagnostic accuracy by having the key features verbally described for them, although these were clearly visible on the photographs. Conversely, both experts and students reported seeing more of these features when the correct diagnosis was suggested to them. This facilitation resulted from an increase in sensitivity to depicted features, rather than a response bias. The properties of these features that allow such failures of noticing are discussed.
Synchronizing Visual and Language Processing: An Effect of Object Name Length on Eye Movements
Authors: Zelinsky Gregory J. , Murphy Gregory L.
Published: March 2003

Are visual and verbal processing systems functionally independent? Two experiments (one using line drawings of common objects, the other using faces) explored the relationship between the number of syllables in an object's name (one or three) and the visual inspection of that object. The tasks were short-term recognition and visual search. Results indicated more fixations and longer gaze durations on objects having three-syllable names when the task encouraged a verbal encoding of the objects (i.e., recognition). No effects of syllable length on eye movements were found when implicit naming demands were minimal (i.e., visual search). These findings suggest that implicitly naming a pictorial object constrains the oculomotor inspection of that object, and that the visual and verbal encoding of an object are synchronized so that the faster process must wait for the slower to be completed before gaze shifts to another object. Both findings imply a tight coupling between visual and linguistic processing, and highlight the utility of an oculomotor methodology to understand this coupling.
A Search Asymmetry Reversed by Figure-Ground Assignment
Authors: Humphreys Glyn W. , Müller Hermann
Published: March 2003

We report evidence demonstrating that a search asymmetry favoring concave over convex targets can be reversed by altering the figure-ground assignment of edges in shapes. Visual search for a concave target among convex distractors is faster than search for a convex target among concave distractors (a search asymmetry). By using shapes with ambiguous local figure-ground relations, we demonstrated that search can be efficient (with search slopes around 10 ms/item) or inefficient (with search slopes around 30–40 ms/item) with the same stimuli, depending on whether edges are assigned to concave or convex “figures.” This assignment process can operate in a top-down manner, according to the task set. The results suggest that attention is allocated to spatial regions following the computation of figure-ground relations in parallel across the elements present. This computation can also be modulated by top-down processes.
Are Real Moods Required to Reveal Mood-Congruent and Mood-Dependent Memory?
Authors: Eich Eric , Macaulay Dawn
Published: March 2003

While simulating, or acting as if, they were either happy or sad, university students recounted emotionally positive, neutral, or negative events from their personal past. Two days later, subjects were asked to freely recall the gist of all of these events, and they did so while simulating a mood that either did or did not match the one they had feigned before. By comparing the present results with those of a previous study, in which affectively realistic and subjectively convincing states of happiness and sadness had been engendered experimentally, we searched for—and found—striking differences between simulated and actual moods in their impact on autobiographical memory. In particular, it appears that the mood-congruent effects elicited by simulated moods are qualitatively different from those evoked by induced moods, and that only authentic affects have the power to produce mood-dependent effects.
The Centercept: An Estimable and Meaningful Regression Parameter
Authors: Wainer Howard
Published: March 2003

Linear regression is a mathematical model that is employed broadly throughout all of social science research. The choice of parameterization for linear models has important substantive and statistical implications. This article examines the typical parameterization chosen, which includes a parameter for slope and a parameter for the y-intercept. The article demonstrates that the centercept has an interpretive advantage over the traditionally used y-intercept and that the centercept is typically estimated more accurately.
How do People Know?
Authors: Kuhn Deanna
Published: March 2003

To fully understand processes of knowing and knowledge acquisition, it is necessary to examine people's understanding of their own knowing. Individual and developmental differences in what it means to know something, and hence in the criteria for justifying knowledge claims, have potentially wide-ranging implications. In providing support for a claim, young children have difficulty differentiating explanation of why a claim makes sense and evidence that the claim is true. Epistemic understanding progresses developmentally, but substantial variation remains among adults, with few adults achieving understanding of the complementary strengths and weaknesses of evidence and explanation in argument. Epistemic understanding shapes intellectual values and hence the disposition (as opposed to competence) to exercise intellectual skills. Only its most advanced levels support a disposition to engage in the intellectual effort that reasoned argument entails. The sample case of juror reasoning illustrates how epistemic understanding underlies and shapes intellectual performance.
Brain-Mind States: Reciprocal Variation in Thoughts and Hallucinations
Authors: Fosse Roar , Stickgold Robert , Hobson J. Allan
Published: March 2003

The exclusion of thinking from recent studies of sleep mentation has hindered a full appreciation of how cognitive activity differs across the states of waking and sleep. To overcome this limitation, this study investigated thoughts and hallucinations using experience sampling, home-based sleep-wake monitoring, and formal analyses of the psychological data. The prevalence of thoughts decreased gradually from waking through sleep onset and non-REM sleep, to reach its nadir in REM sleep, whereas hallucinations increased sharply across these states. Furthermore, multiple occurrences of hallucinations but not of thoughts increased significantly from sleep onset through non-REM sleep, to a peak in REM sleep. This reciprocity in thoughts and hallucinations might reflect a progressive shift from high to low aminergic-to-cholinergic neuromodulatory ratios across wake-sleep states, accompanied by an array of changes in the regional activation patterns of the brain.
Lesbians and Their Sisters as a Control Group: Demographic and Mental Health Factors
Authors: Rothblum Esther D. , Factor Rhonda
Published: March 2003

Lesbians and their heterosexual sisters were compared on demographic variables and mental health subscales, so that the feasibility of using heterosexual sisters as a control group for lesbians could be investigated. Lesbians were significantly more educated, more likely to live in urban areas, and more geographically mobile than their heterosexual sisters. Heterosexual sisters were more likely than lesbians to be married and homemakers, to have children, and to identify with a formal religion. There was no difference in mental health, but lesbians had higher self-esteem. When all respondents were included, bisexual women had significantly poorer mental health than did lesbians and heterosexual women. This is the first study to use sisters as a control group in lesbian research.