bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of ELF and AIM parameter ratios for bond order characterization of two‐, three‐, and four‐coordinate gallium hydrides
Authors: Chesnut D. B.
Published: March 2003

Calculations at the B3LYP/6‐311 + G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐311 + G(d,p) level involving the electron localization function (ELF) and atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) methods have been carried out for two‐, three‐, and four‐coordinate gallium hydrides present in Na and Li salts and as the isolated dianionic species, for some isoelectronic germanium compounds, and for several neutral gallium hydrides. Using the ratio of delocalization indices and bond basin populations referenced to reasonable standards, formal bond orders are derived. While chemically expected bond orders are found in most cases, the situation in the [HGaGaH]2− species appears to lie intermediate between bonds of order 2 and 3, and that for neutral trans‐bent HGaGaH is found to be best described as a bond of order 1. In these cases the larger bond order predicted by ELF bond basin populations evidently results from overlap of the bond basin into the lone pair (nonbonding) region of the molecule. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:175–185, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10120
A comparison of reactivity of (EtO)2P(O)CH2I with related non‐phosphorus‐containing iodides in the radical iodine atom transfer addition
Authors: Bałczewski Piotr , Białas Tomasz , Szadowiak Aldona
Published: March 2003

Based on competitive reactions and 1H NMR measurements, it was found that (EtO)2P(O)CH2I is at least 2–3 orders of magnitude less reactive than other non‐phosphorus iodides of the EWG‐CH2I type (EWG = NC, COOMe, 4‐Br‐C6H4CO). MeSCH2I turned out to be totally unreactive in the title reaction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:186–188, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10121
The double base impact in the dehydrochlorination of 1,2‐bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methylchlorophosphino]ethane
Authors: Ionkin Alex S. , Marshall William J.
Published: March 2003

1,2‐Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methylchlorophosphino]ethane was prepared by the reaction of 1,2‐bis(dichlorophosphino)ethane and the Grignard reagent of bis(trimethylsilyl)chloromethane. It adds DBN (1,5‐diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐5‐ene) in a 1:2 ratio. Subsequent treatment with t‐BuLi converts the adduct to a condensation product, which in its enamine form reacts with MgCl2 (still present from the preparation of 1) to give the cyclic magnesium diamide 2. By additional coordination of the two phosphine sites of the condensation product, 2 attains a tricyclic structure. An unchanged DBN molecule completes the pentacoordination of the magnesium atom. The structure of product 2 has been determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:197–199, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10122
Bonding and energetics in small clusters of gallium and arsenic
Authors: BelBruno Joseph J.
Published: March 2003

Density functional theory is used to study the electronic, geometric, and bonding properties of small Gan, Asm, and GanAsm clusters with up to eight atoms. New ground state structures for many of these clusters are reported. Electronic states, stabilities, and charges are also reported and discussed in terms of the bonding in the clusters. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:189–196, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10127
Nitroanilinomethanephosphonates derived from ferrocene and nitrobenzaldehyde
Authors: Lewkowski Jarosław , Rzeźniczak Monika , Skowroński Romuald
Published: March 2003

A series of new aminophosphonates derived from ferrocene and nitrobenzene were synthesized. They were characterized by means of the 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy as well as by their elemental analysis. Synthesis of esters was carried out without solvent as refluxing of the reagents in toluene or in acetonitrile gave no results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:144–148, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10128
Characteristics of soil moisture in permafrost observed in East Siberian taiga with stable isotopes of water
Authors: Sugimoto A. , Naito D. , Yanagisawa N. , Ichiyanagi K. , Kurita N. , Kubota J. , Kotake T. , Ohata T. , Maximov T. C. , Fedorov A. N.
Published: April 2003

Soil moisture and its isotopic composition were observed at Spasskaya Pad experimental forest near Yakutsk, Russia, during summer in 1998, 1999, and 2000. The amount of soil water (plus ice) was estimated from volumetric soil water content obtained with time domain reflectometry. Soil moisture and its δ18O showed large interannual variation depending on the amount of summer rainfall. The soil water δ18O decreased with soil moisture during a dry summer (1998), indicating that ice meltwater from a deeper soil layer was transported upward. On the other hand, during a wet summer (1999), the δ18O of soil water increased due to percolation of summer rain with high δ18O values.

Infiltration after spring snowmelt can be traced down to 15 cm by the increase in the amount of soil water and decrease in the δ18O because of the low δ18O of deposited snow. About half of the snow water equivalent (about 50 mm) recharged the surface soil. The pulse of the snow meltwater was, however, less important than the amount of summer rainfall for intra‐annual variation of soil moisture.

Excess water at the time just before soil freezing, which is controlled by the amount of summer rainfall, was stored as ice during winter. This water storage stabilizes the rate of evapotranspiration. Soil water stored in the upper part of the active layer (surface to about 120 cm) can be a water source for transpiration in the following summer. On the other hand, once water was stored in the lower part of the active layer (deeper than about 120 cm), it would not be used by plants in the following summer, because the lower part of the active layer thaws in late summer after the plant growing season is over. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irreversible sorption of benzene in sandy aquifer materials
Authors: Baek Doo‐Sung , Kim Song‐Bae , Kim Dong‐Ju
Published: April 2003

Hydrocarbon compounds in aquifers are generally known to show a retardation effect due to sorption onto the surfaces of solid particles. In this study, we investigated the effect of sorption on the transport of benzene in sandy aquifer materials by conducting batch and column tests for both sandy aquifer materials and sandy materials to which had been added 0·5% powdered activated carbon. The batch test was conducted by equilibrating dry materials with benzene solutions of various initial concentrations, and by analysing the concentrations of benzene in the initial and equilibrated solutions using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The column test was performed to monitor the concentrations of effluent versus time, known as a breakthrough curve (BTC). We injected KCl and benzene solutions as tracers into the inlet boundary as two different types of square pulse and step, and monitored the effluent concentrations at the exit boundary under a steady‐state condition using an electrical conductivity meter and HPLC. Simulation of benzene transport was performed using the convective–dispersive equation model with the distribution coefficients obtained from the batch test and the transport parameters of the conservative solute KCl from the column test. The observed BTCs of KCl and benzene for pulse injection showed that the arrival times of the peaks of both tracers coincided well, but the relative peak concentration of benzene was much lower than that of KCl. Comparison of the simulated and observed BTCs showed a great discrepancy for all cases of injection mode and material texture, indicating the absence of retardation effect. These results reveal that the predominant process affecting the benzene transport in the sandy aquifer materials is an irreversible sorption rather than retardation. This tentative conclusion was verified by simulation of benzene transport using an irreversible sorption parameter that led to a good agreement between the simulated and observed BTCs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydraulic conductivity in upland blanket peat: measurement and variability
Authors: Holden J. , Burt T. P.
Published: April 2003

A key parameter used in wetland hydrological and landform development models is hydraulic conductivity. Head recovery tests are often used to measure hydraulic conductivity, but the calculation techniques are usually confined to rigid soil theory. This is despite reports demonstrating the misapplication of rigid soil theory to non‐rigid soils such as peats. Although values of hydraulic conductivity calculated using compressible techniques have been presented for fenland peats, these data have never, to the authors' knowledge, been compared with such calculations in other peat types. Head recovery tests (slug withdrawal) were performed on piezometers at depths ranging from 10 to 80 cm from the surface on north Pennines blanket peats. Results were obtained using both rigid and compressible soil theories, thus allowing comparison of the two techniques. Compressible soil theory gives values for hydraulic conductivity that are typically a factor of five times less than rigid soil calculations. Hydraulic conductivity is often assumed to decrease with depth in upland peats, but at the study site in the northern Pennines it was not found to vary significantly with depth within the range of peat depths sampled. The variance within depth categories was not significantly different to the variance between depth categories showing that individual peat layers did not have characteristic hydraulic conductivity values. Thus, large lateral and vertical differences in hydraulic conductivity over short distances create problems for modelling but may help account for the high frequency of preferential flow pathways within what is otherwise a low matrix hydraulic conductivity peat. Hydraulic conductivity was found to vary significantly between sampling sites, demonstrating that hillslope‐ or catchment‐scale variability may be more important than plot‐scale variability. Values for compressibility of the peats are also reported. These generally decline with depth, and they also vary significantly between sampling sites. There are implications for the way in which measurements of hydraulic conductivity and other properties of blanket peat are interpreted, as the effects of environmental change in one part of a peat catchment may be very different to those in another. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation and estimation of evaporation from the ground surface of the cryosphere in eastern Asia
Authors: Zhang Yinsheng , Ohata T. , Ersi Kang , Tandong Yao
Published: April 2003

The characteristics of evaporation from the ground surface of Asian cryosphere sites are presented, as estimated by the lysimeter method, a profile method, and a heat budget method. The observation sites were located on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, in the Qilian and Tianshan Mountains of China, and in eastern Siberia. The lysimeter method has been demonstrated to be a reliable observation technique for estimating daily evaporation from the land surface, given suitable experiment design and operation. Daily mean evaporation varied within the range of 0·3 to 3·5 mm on the permafrost surface, and regional differences in evaporation were strongly related to surface soil moisture. Locally, topography, by way of its influence on surface soil moisture, was found to control evaporation systematically. Seasonality of ground evaporation in permafrost regions is dominated by thaw–freeze cycles at the surface; evaporation from the melting permafrost surface is up to four to seven times greater than that from frozen ground. In forested terrain, the interception of precipitation can reduce daily evaporation by 60 to 70%. Sublimation from the snow surface was observed at some sites in the range of 0·2 to 1·0 mm daily; atmospheric conditions, such as wind speed and saturation deficit, were dominant factors in determining snow sublimation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutrient budget of a montane evergreen broad‐leaved forest at Ailao Mountain National Nature Reserve, Yunnan, southwest China
Authors: Liu Wenyao , Fox John E. D. , Xu Zaifu
Published: April 2003

Hydrological fluxes and associated nutrient budget were studied during a 2 year period (1998–99) in a montane moist evergreen broad‐leaved forest at Ailao Mountain, Yunnan. Water samples of rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow, and of surface runoff, soil water, and stream flow were collected bimonthly to determine the concentration and fluxes of nutrients. Soil budgets were determined from the difference between precipitation input (including nutrient leaching from canopy) and output via runoff and drainage.

The forest was characterized by low canopy interception and surface runoff, and high percolation and stream flow. Concentrations of nutrients were increased in throughfall and stemflow compared with precipitation. Surface runoff and drainage water had higher nutrient concentrations than precipitation and stream water. Total nitrogen and NH4+‐N concentrations were higher in soil water than stream water, whereas K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations were lower in the former than the latter. Annual nutrient fluxes decreased with soil depth following the pattern of water flux. Annual losses of most nutrient elements via stream flow were less than the corresponding inputs via throughfall and stemflow, except for calcium, for which solute loss was greater than the inputs via precipitation. Leaching losses of that element may be compensated by weathering. Losses of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and sulphur could be replaced through atmospheric inputs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suspended sediment transport during tropical‐cyclone floods in Fiji
Authors: Kostaschuk Ray , Terry James , Raj Rishi
Published: April 2003

Flow records, rising‐stage sediment samplers, and a sand suspension model are used to examine suspended sediment concentrations during major floods caused by tropical cyclones TC Joni and TC Kina in the Rewa River, Fiji. The highest concentrations of total suspended solids were measured during the early stages of TC Kina. The suspension model predicts higher sand concentrations for TC Kina compared with TC Joni because of the larger slope and higher shear stresses during Kina. Extremely high wash load concentrations early in TC Kina are at least partly due to remobilization of fine sediment deposited during the earlier TC Joni flood. Samples from the TC Kina had volumetric concentrations larger than 5%, indicating hyperconcentrated streamflows. Mass‐density shear stresses in the hyperconcentrated flows are up 1·6 times larger than clear‐water shear stresses, but they occur early during low stages of the flood and probably do not result in severe bed erosion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wavelet analysis of inter‐annual variability in the runoff regimes of glacial and nival stream catchments, Bow Lake, Alberta
Authors: Lafrenière Melissa , Sharp Martin
Published: April 2003

Continuous wavelet analyses of hourly time series of air temperature, stream discharge, and precipitation are used to compare the seasonal and inter‐annual variability in hydrological regimes of the two principal streams feeding Bow Lake, Banff National Park, Alberta: the glacial stream draining the Wapta Icefields, and the snowmelt‐fed Bow River. The goal is to understand how water sources and flow routing differ between the two catchments. Wavelet spectra and cross‐wavelet spectra were determined for air temperature and discharge from the two streams for summers (June–September) 1997–2000, and for rainfall and discharge for the summers of 1999 and 2000. The diurnal signal of the glacial runoff was orders of magnitude higher in 1998 than in other years, indicating that significant ice exposure and the development of channelized glacial drainage occurred as a result of the 1997–98 El Niño conditions. Early retreat of the snowpack in 1997 and 1998 led to a significant summer‐long input of melt runoff from a small area of ice cover in the Bow River catchment; but such inputs were not apparent in 1999 and 2000, when snow cover was more extensive. Rainfall had a stronger influence on runoff and followed quicker flow paths in the Bow River catchment than in the glacial catchment. Snowpack thickness and catchment size were the primary controls on the phase relationship between temperature and discharge at diurnal time scales. Wavelet analysis is a fast and effective means to characterize runoff, temperature, and precipitation regimes and their interrelationships and inter‐annual variability. The technique is effective at identifying inter‐annual and seasonal changes in the relative contributions of different water sources to runoff, and changes in the time required for routing of diurnal meltwater pulses through a catchment. However, it is less effective at identifying changes/differences in the type of the flow routing (e.g. overland flow versus through flow) between or within catchments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transpiration coefficient and ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration of pear tree (Pyrus communis L.) under alternative partial root‐zone drying conditions
Authors: Kang Shaozhong , Hu Xiaotao , Du Taisheng , Zhang Jianhua , Jerie Peter
Published: April 2003

Transpiration coefficient Kcb, crop coefficient Kc, and the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration (T/ET) are important parameters for pear orchard irrigation management and may vary with different methods of irrigation. This study investigated their changes under three irrigation methods: conventional flood irrigation (CFI), fixed partial root‐zone drying and irrigation (FPRD) and alternative partial root‐zone drying and irrigation (APRD), in a semi‐arid region of Victoria, Australia. The average seasonal ET was 865·29, 795·63 and 804·72 mm respectively for CFI, FPRD, and APRD with ET0 of 817·59 mm for the pear fruiting season. The seasonal transpiration accounted for 81·1%, 84·4%, and 84·1% of evapotranspiration for CFI, FPRD, and APRD respectively. For the CFI, FPRD, and APRD treatments, the seasonal average Kc were 1·058, 0·973, and 0·984 (with their maximum values of 1·326, 1·211, and 1·257) respectively similarly, the respective seasonal average Kcb were 0·858, 0·822, and 0·828 (with maximum values of 1·059, 1·024, and 1·054). The relationships between Kcb, Kc, T/ET, and days after the season beginning were fitted to a fifth‐order polynomial equation with higher coefficients of determination R2. The maximum Kc and Kcb occurred in mid‐January. The ratio T/ET varied from 0·736 to 0·909, 0·743 to 0·947, and 0·741 to 0·925 in the pear fruiting season for CFI, FPRD, and APRD treatments respectively. Results suggested that APRD and FPRD can improve the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration, and reduce transpiration coefficient and crop coefficient. Such effects should help improve of water‐use efficiency in pear orchards. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geologic controls on the chemical behaviour of nitrate in riverside alluvial aquifers, Korea
Authors: Min Joong‐Hyuk , Yun Seong‐Taek , Kim Kangjoo , Kim Hyoung‐Soo , Kim Dong‐Ju
Published: April 2003

To investigate the origin and behaviour of nitrate in alluvial aquifers adjacent to Nakdong River, Korea, we chose two representative sites (Wolha and Yongdang) having similar land‐use characteristics but different geology. A total of 96 shallow groundwater samples were collected from irrigation and domestic wells tapping alluvial aquifers.

About 63% of the samples analysed had nitrate concentrations that exceeded the Korean drinking water limit (44·3 mg l−1 NO3−), and about 35% of the samples had nitrate concentrations that exceeded the Korean groundwater quality standard for agricultural use (88·6 mg l−1 NO3−). Based on nitrogen isotope analysis, two major nitrate sources were identified: synthetic fertilizer (about 4‰ δ15N) applied to farmland, and animal manure and sewage (15–20‰ δ15N) originating from upstream residential areas. Shallow groundwater in the farmland generally had higher nitrate concentrations than those in residential areas, due to the influence of synthetic fertilizer. Nitrate concentrations at both study sites were highest near the water table and then progressively decreased with depth. Nitrate concentrations are also closely related to the geologic characteristics of the aquifer. In Yongdang, denitrification is important in regulating nitrate chemistry because of the availability of organic carbon from a silt layer (about 20 m thick) below a thin, sandy surface aquifer. In Wolha, however, conservative mixing between farmland‐recharged water and water coming from a village is suggested as the dominant process. Mixing ratios estimated based on the nitrate concentrations and the δ15N values indicate that water originating from the village affects the nitrate chemistry of the shallow groundwater underneath the farmland to a large extent. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The hydrology of inland valleys in the sub‐humid zone of West Africa: rainfall‐runoff processes in the M'bé experimental watershed
Authors: Masiyandima Mutsa C. , van de Giesen Nick , Diatta Sitapha , Windmeijer Pieter N. , Steenhuis Tammo S.
Published: April 2003

Inland valleys with wet lowlands are an important water source for farming communities in the sub‐humid zone of West Africa. An inland valley and surrounding contributing watershed area located in the sub‐humid zone near M'bé in central Côte d'Ivoire was instrumented to study surface runoff and base flow mechanisms. Four flumes at different distances down the main stream and more than 100 piezometers were installed. Measurements were taken during two rainfall seasons in 1998 and 1999. Under initial wet conditions, a typical single‐peak hydrograph was observed. Under low antecedent moisture conditions, however, runoff was characterized by a double‐peaked hydrograph. The first peak, which occurred during the storm, was caused by rain falling on the saturated valley bottom. The second peak was delayed by minutes to hours from the first peak and consisted of rain flowing via the subsurface of the hydromorphic zone that surrounds the valley bottom. The duration of the delay was a function of the water table depth in the hydromorphic zone before the storm. The volume of the second peak constituted the largest portion of the stream flow. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological flowpaths and nitrate removal rates within a riparian floodplain along a fourth‐order stream in Brittany (France)
Authors: Clément Jean‐Christophe , Aquilina Luc , Bour Olivier , Plaine Kristelle , Burt Tim P. , Pinay Gilles
Published: April 2003

Three main reservoirs were identified that contribute to the shallow subsurface flow regime of a valley drained by a fourth‐order stream in Brittany (western France). (i) An upland flow that supplied a wetland area, mainly during the high‐water period. It has high N‐NO3− and average Cl− concentrations. (ii) A deep confined aquifer characterized by low nitrate and low chloride concentrations that supplied the floodplain via flow upwelling. (iii) An unconfined aquifer under the riparian zone with high Cl− and low N‐NO3− concentrations where biological processes removed groundwater nitrate. This aquifer collected the upland flow and supplied a relict channel that controlled drainage from the whole riparian zone. Patterns of N‐NO3− and Cl− concentrations along riparian transects, together with calculated high nitrate removal, indicate that removal occurred mainly at the hillslope–riparian zone interface (i.e. first few metres of wetland), whereas dilution occurred in lower parts of the transects, especially during low‐water periods and at the beginning of recharge periods. Stream flow was modelled as a mixture of water from the three reservoirs. An estimation of these contributions revealed that the deep aquifer contribution to stream flow averaged 37% throughout the study period, while the contribution of the unconfined reservoir below the riparian zone and hillslope flow was more variable (from ca 6 to 85%) relative to rainfall events and the level of the riparian water table. At the entire riparian zone scale, NO3− removal (probably from denitrification) appeared most effective in winter, despite higher estimated upland NO3− fluxes entering the riparian zone during this period. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of an extreme melt event on the runoff and hydrology of a high Arctic glacier
Authors: Boon Sarah , Sharp Martin , Nienow Peter
Published: April 2003

On 28–30 July 2000, an extreme melt event was observed at John Evans Glacier (JEG), Ellesmere Island (79° 40′N, 74° 00′W). Hourly melt rates during this event fell in the upper 4% of the distribution of melt rates observed at the site during the period 1996–2000. Synoptic conditions during the event resulted in strong east‐to‐west flow over the northern sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet, with descending flow on the northwest side reaching Ellesmere Island. On JEG, wind speeds during the event averaged 8·1 m s−1 at 1183 m a.s.l., with hourly mean wind speeds peaking at 11·6 m s−1. Air temperatures reached 8°C, and rates of surface lowering measured by an ultrasonic depth gauge averaged 56 mm day−1. Calculations with an energy balance model suggest that increased turbulent fluxes contributed to melt enhancement at all elevations on the glacier, while snow albedo feedback resulted in increased melting due to net radiation at higher elevations. The event was responsible for 30% of total summer melt at 1183 m a.s.l. and 15% at 850 m a.s.l. Conditions similar to those during the event occurred on only 0·1% of days in the period 1948–2000, but 61% of events occurred in the summer months and there was an apparent clustering of events in the 1950s and 1980s. Such events have the potential to impact significantly on runoff, mass balance and drainage system development at high Arctic glaciers, and changes in their incidence could play a role in determining how high Arctic glaciers respond to climate change and variability. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing monetary rules performance across EMU countries
Authors: Altavilla Carlo
Published: March 2003

The topic covered in this paper is the performance of different monetary policy rules used as guidelines in practical policy making. To this end, different rules are evaluated using alternative econometrics techniques. A comparative analysis is made of the ability of the rules to correspond to the historical central bank behaviour and of the volatility of output, inflation and interest rate changes that they imply. The study is conducted of the EMU countries. The results suggest that simple rules perform quite well and that the advantages obtained from adopting an optimal control‐based rule are not so great. Moreover, the addition of a forward‐looking dimension and of an interest rate smoothing term in the reaction function seems to improve the performance of the rules. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical analysis of nominal rigidities and exchange rate overshooting: an intertemporal approach
Authors: Park Gonyung , Kim Young‐yong
Published: March 2003

This paper develops a system of equations from a model that combines an intertemporal approach with nominal rigidities, and empirically examines for five foreign currencies if exchange rates overshoot. Exchange rate overshooting is considered as a country's idiosyncrasy that depends on characteristics of the goods produced by the country. Empirical results show that exchange rates tend to overshoot in response to the US monetary shocks and undershoot in response to foreign monetary shocks. According to the underlying framework of consumption‐based intertemporal optimization, the results imply that the consumption demand is elastic for foreign goods and inelastic for the US‐produced goods. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exchange rate pass‐through in a small open economy: Panel evidence from Hong Kong
Authors: Parsley David C.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents estimates of exchange rate pass‐through derived from a panel of very disaggregated import unit‐values to Hong Kong. The estimation approach builds on that utilized by Knetter (1989, 1993) to study export pricing and pricing to market. The three‐dimensional data set examined comprises Hong Kong's top eight floating exchange rate trading partners, and twenty‐one of the top 5‐digit SITC imports since 1992. Pass‐through estimates for Hong Kong imply relatively faster import price adjustment than is typically found for larger, less open economies. These estimates are robust to a number of sensitivity tests. Finally these results confirm, from a different perspective, findings by Parsley (2001) that deviations from the law of one price play a relatively smaller role in real exchange rate movements for Hong Kong to be supplies than for other East Asian countries. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On currency crises and contagion
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the role of contagion in the currency crises in emerging markets during the 1990s. It employs a non‐linear Markov‐switching model to conduct a systematic comparison and evaluation of three distinct causes of currency crises: contagion, weak economic fundamentals, and sunspots, i.e. unobservable shifts in agents' beliefs. Testing this model empirically through Markov‐switching and panel data models reveals that contagion, i.e. a high degree of real integration and financial interdependence among countries, is a core explanation for recent emerging market crises. The model has a remarkably good predictive power for the 1997–1998 Asian crisis. The findings suggest that in particular the degree of financial interdependence and also real integration among emerging markets are crucial not only in explaining past crises but also in predicting the transmission of future financial crises. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐country comparison of the linkages between inflation and exchange rate competitiveness
Authors: Kamin Steven B. , Klau Marc
Published: March 2003

This paper compares the response of inflation to changes in exchange rate competitiveness in various regions of the world. The paper first presents evidence that an empirical relationship between the rate of inflation and the level of the real exchange rate holds for a large set of countries. It then demonstrates that the responsiveness of inflation to the real exchange rate has been much higher in Latin America than in Asian or industrialized countries. This difference in inflationary responsiveness is not fully explained either by the prior history of inflation or by the extent of openness to foreign trade. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling the risk: a case study of the Indian liquidity crisis 1990–92
Authors: Clark Ephraim , Lakshmi Geeta
Published: March 2003

Over the period 1990–92, India experienced a foreign exchange crisis complicated by political turmoil that led to three rapid downgrades of its credit rating within the short space of a year. However, India did not default or reschedule its debt and with the help of foreign exchange loans after 44 years of socialism, proceeded with a structural, market‐oriented reform of the economy. This crisis differs from the subsequent crises in Mexico, Asia and Russia that followed later in the 1990s in that it did not spread to other countries. The reaction of the international markets was mild. Net flows of private foreign capital remained positive over the crisis period and the three rating migrations increased the country's cost of borrowing by only 1 per cent. The reaction of domestic markets was also positive and by the end of 1991 the local stock market had started an impressive bull run. Thus, the case of India 1990–92 is an interesting study in macroeconomic crisis management with lessons for the future. The crisis was short, damage to investor confidence was minimal, and a turnaround was achieved within three years. This study attempts to examine the crisis, its handling and reaction of the market to downgradings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why was there a precrisis capital inflow boom in Southeast Asia?
Authors: Rajan Ramkishen S. , Siregar Reza , Sugema Iman
Published: March 2003

Much of the recent literature on the East Asian crisis of 1997–98 has focused on the sudden capital reversals and the accompanying regional bust. An oft ignored fact is that the bust was preceded by a prolonged boom period. This boom was fuelled primarily by large‐scale capital inflows throughout the early 1990s, a significant proportion of which was intermediated via the domestic banking sector. Motivated by this observation, along with the recognition of the importance of the credit (bank lending) transmission channel in the crisis‐hit Southeast Asian economies, this paper concentrates on the precrisis capital inflow boom to emerging economies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The social impact of structural adjustment in Bolivia
Authors: Thiele Rainer
Published: March 2003

This paper provides an account of the evolution of poverty and inequality during adjustment in Bolivia, covering the period 1985–99. It turns out that urban poverty declined somewhat after the initial stabilization phase that followed the hyperinflation in 1985. A similar evolution of per capita income suggests a positive impact of growth on urban poverty, although the correlation between the two variables is rather low in international perspective. Urban inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient does not exhibit a clear long‐term trend upward or downward, but a rising premium for high‐skilled workers indicates increasing disparities in the urban labour market. For rural areas, the scant evidence available points towards persistently high poverty levels and a widening rural–urban gap. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stochastic frontier approach to total factor productivity measurement in Bangladesh crop agriculture, 1961–92
Authors: Coelli Tim , Rahman Sanzidur , Thirtle Colin
Published: March 2003

This paper applies a stochastic production frontier model to measure total factor productivity growth, technical efficiency change and technological change in Bangladesh crop agriculture for the 31 observations from 1960/61 to 1991/92, using data for 16 regions. The results reveal that technical change followed a U‐shaped pattern, rising from the early 1970s, when the green revolution varieties were adopted, giving an overall rate of technical progress at 0.27 per cent per year. However, technical efficiency declined throughout, at an estimated annual rate of 0.47 per cent. The combined effect of slow technical progress, dominated by the fall in technical efficiency resulted in total factor productivity (TFP) declining at a rate of 0.23 per cent per annum, with the rate of decline increasing in the later years. TFP change is shown to depend on the green revolution technology and agricultural research expenditures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capital source and the location of industrial investment: a tale of divergence from post‐reform India
Authors: Chakravorty Sanjoy
Published: March 2003

The industrial locational decisions of private capital are expected to be profit‐maximizing or efficiency‐oriented, and directed towards leading industrial regions, coasts and metropolises, and away from socialist governments. Industrial investments by the state, on the other hand, are expected to consider equity and security issues, and therefore be less biased towards leading regions. Since the state as an agent of industrialization is weaker under liberalization, and private capital is increasingly dominant, structural reforms can be expected to lead to increased regional divergence. These propositions are tested using district‐level data from the pre‐reform and post‐reform periods in India using logistic and OLS regression models. The results provide unambiguous support for the outlined propositions and raise concerns about the political and welfare implications of these location decisions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linking public issues with private troubles: panel studies in developing countries
Authors: Harpham Trudy , Huttly Sharon , Wilson Ian , De Wet Thea
Published: March 2003

Accompanying the call for increased evidence‐based policy the developed world is implementing more longitudinal panel studies which periodically gather information about the same people over a number of years. Panel studies distinguish between transitory and persistent states (e.g. poverty, unemployment) and facilitate causal explanations of relationships between variables. However, they are complex and costly. A growing number of developing countries are now implementing or considering starting panel studies. The objectives of this paper are to identify challenges that arise in panel studies, and to give examples of how these have been addressed in resource‐constrained environments. The main issues considered are: the development of a conceptual framework which links macro and micro contexts; sampling the cohort in a cost‐effective way; tracking individuals; ethics and data management and analysis. Panel studies require long term funding, a stable institution and an acceptance that there will be limited value for money in terms of results from early stages, with greater benefits accumulating in the study's mature years. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The economic potential of tourism in Tanzania
Authors: Kweka Josaphat , Morrissey Oliver , Blake Adam
Published: March 2003

For sub‐Saharan African countries with few evident opportunities to diversify export earnings away from primary commodities, tourism has emerged as an option to contribute to economic growth. This study uses input–output analysis to estimate the economic impact of tourism and assesses its potential contribution for the Tanzanian economy. The results show that tourism has a significant impact on output and incomes, especially taking into account the strong inter‐sector linkage effects, although this has not been translated into corresponding employment gains. The tourism sector also contributes to tax revenue and foreign exchange earnings. Overall, tourism is shown to make a significant economic contribution. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectroscopic investigations and density functional theory calculations on trans‐diaquabis(picolinato)zinc(II) dihydrate complex
Authors: Sinha P. K. , Bolboaca M. , Schlücker S. , Popp J. , Kiefer W.
Published: April 2003

FT‐Raman and FT‐infrared spectra of pyridine‐2‐carboxylic acid (picolinic acid) and its corresponding trans‐diaquabis(picolinato)zinc(II) dihydrate complex were recorded. Density functional theory was used in order to calculate the optimized geometries and harmonic vibrational wavenumbers of the coordination compound and its isolated ligand. The calculation for the complex was performed under Ci symmetry constraints and all 93 vibrational modes were classified as either Raman active (ag symmetry) or infrared active (au symmetry). The assignment of the characteristic bands was performed by using the calculated harmonic wavenumbers and their Raman intensities. The agreement between the calculated and experimental values of both the structural parameters and the vibrational modes was fairly good. The influence of metal coordination on the picolinic acid was monitored by the wavenumber shift of certain marker bands and the appearance of new vibrational bands.Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fourier transform Raman spectral reconstruction of inorganic lead mixtures using a novel band‐target entropy minimization (BTEM) method
Authors: Ong Lih Ren , Widjaja Effendi , Stanforth Robert , Garland Marc
Published: April 2003

A novel method of band‐target entropy minimization (BTEM) was successfully applied to spectral reconstruction of two sets of solid mixtures containing different species of lead compounds which were measured using Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy. As a first step, bands or regions containing significant spectral features in the vector‐space decomposition of the observations were identified and selected to untangle the superposition of the pure component spectra. The targeted bands were retained and the pure component spectra of lead oxide and lead arsenate, both common in the two sets, lead carbonate (in Set 1) and lead hydroxide and pyromorphite (both in Set 2) were all readily recovered. The BTEM algorithm results in (i) a fast computational speed since one spectrum is generated at a time and (ii) high‐quality spectral reconstructions. The algorithm allows maximum chemical information recovery from experimental data by utilizing more vectors in the vector‐space decomposition than the actual number of species present in the observations. The results further indicate that the BTEM algorithm is viable for detecting species at low concentrations or which have low intensity. Most important, there is no recourse to any libraries and no a priori information is required for spectral reconstruction. This approach holds promise for the rapid analysis and identification of solid mixtures by FT Raman spectroscopy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoreduction of iron protoporphyrin IX chloride in ionic detergent micelles probed by resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Shantha P. K. , Saini G. S. S. , Thanga H. H. , Verma A. L.
Published: April 2003

Photoinduced electron transfer from axially coordinated electron donor to hemin in aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles under various pH conditions with and without hindered/unhindered imidazoles was investigated. Photoreduction of hemin in the former micelles under anaerobic conditions in alkaline and neutral aqueous medium takes place by electron transfer from axially coordinated hydroxyl ion to an FeIII atom in the photoexcited state. In sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles, hemin is photoreducible only at alkaline pH and under anaerobic conditions in the presence of alcohol and imidazoles. Photoreduction appears to depend on the immediate local environment of hemin in the micelles. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectra and structure of silicon‐containing compounds. XXXVI—Raman and infrared spectra, conformational stability, ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment of ethyldibromosilane
Authors: Guirgis Gamil A. , Klaboe Peter , Shen Shiyu , Powell David L. , Gruodis Alytis , Aleksa Valdemaras , Nielsen C. J. , Tao Jing , Zheng Chao , Durig James R.
Published: April 2003

The Raman spectrum of liquid ethyldibromosilane, CH3CH2SiHBr2, was recorded at various temperatures between 298 and 218 K, and the spectrum of the crystal was obtained at 210 K from a sample sealed in a capillary. Additional spectra of the amorphous and annealed crystals, which were deposited on a copper finger cooled with boiling liquid nitrogen, were recorded. The infrared spectra were recorded of the vapor and amorphous and crystalline solid in the range 4000–50 cm−1 and mid‐infrared spectra isolated at 4.8 K in argon and nitrogen matrices were also observed. These vibrational spectra show that two conformers, anti and gauche, are present in the vapor and in the liquid, but only the anti conformer remains in the crystalline solid. Three conformer pairs in the Raman spectrum of the liquid phase were used to obtain the enthalpy difference, which gave an average value of 128 ± 17 cm−1 (1.53 ± 0.2 kJ mol−1) with the anti form lower in energy. At ambient temperature it is estimated that there is 52 ± 2% of the gauche conformer present in the liquid. The optimized geometries, infrared and Raman intensities, and scaled vibrational wavenumbers for the anti and gauche conformers were obtained from ab initio MP2/6–31G(d) calculations with full electron correlation. The conformational energy difference was also obtained from ab initio MP2/6–311 + G(d,p) calculations which gave a predicted energy difference of 97 cm−1 with the anti form the conformer of lower energy. These spectroscopic and theoretical results are discussed and compared with the corresponding quantities for some similar molecules. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of 4,4′‐biphenyl diisocyanide on gold nanoparticle surfaces investigated by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Joo Sang‐Woo , Kim Wan‐Joong , Yoon Wan Soo , Choi Insung S.
Published: April 2003

We investigated the spectral features of the ν(NC) bands when 4,4′‐biphenyl diisocyanide (BPDNC) is adsorbed on gold nanoparticle surfaces by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The mode of adsorption of BPDNC on gold nanoparticles was found to change with the bulk concentration. At low concentrations of BPDNC, only the ν(NC)bound band was conspicuous at ∼2185 cm−1 and the free NC stretching band was barely detected in the SERS spectra. When the bulk concentration was increased, the ν(NC)free band became prominent at ∼2123 cm−1. BPDNC was assumed to bridge two different gold particles at low concentrations, but as the concentration was increased, the bridge appeared to be broken and bonded to the gold particle only via one of the two isocyanide groups. On the basis of the electromagnetic surface selection rule, we attempted to explain the orientation of the adsorbate on Au surfaces by determining the relative enhancement factor of each vibrational band. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman and DFT study of the vibrational properties of some para‐substituted benzohydroxamic acids: towards an interpretation of SER spectra
Authors: Blajiev Orlin , Hubin Annick , Tielens Frederik , Geerlings Paul
Published: April 2003

The vibrational properties of p‐chloro‐, p‐methoxy‐ and p‐nitrobenzohydroxamic acids (BHA) and of the unsubstituted BHA were investigated and the spectra were assigned. The assignment was made on the basis of the experimental information available about the Raman peaks of mono‐ and disubstituted benzenes and the procedure was greatly facilitated by the data obtained from high‐level DFT quantum‐chemical calculations. In order to support an intended assignment of the SER spectra of BHA on copper, the molecular electrostatic maps and Fukui functions were derived from ab initio calculations. Both quantum‐chemical descriptors were shown to provide similar information about the possible BHA molecule–copper surface interaction sites. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pink pigment optimization by resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Faurel Xavier , Vanderperre Anne , Colomban Philippe
Published: April 2003

The chromium‐doped tin‐based sphene (malayite) pink pigment was synthesized in different ways in the form of powder and single crystals. The usefulness of resonance Raman spectroscopy as a fast characterization technique for such ceramic pigments was evaluated with emphasis on the colour shift induced by second phases. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.