bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sylvie a Les Yeux Bleus
Authors: Furukawa Naoyo
Published: November 2010

Sylvie a les yeux bleus: bi-thematic construction
The purpose of this paper is to describe the syntactic and semantic structures of the construction Sylvie a les yeux bleus. Traditionally, the verb avoir as taken in this construction is said to relate, syntactically, the NP les yeux with the adjective bleus, and that it comes under the category of verbs which take or can take a direct object NP and its complement: e.g. rendre, trouver, élire, appeler, etc.
By using the ne... que test, we show that the role of avoir is to bring Sylvie and les yeux (but not les yeux and bleus!) into syntactic relation, and that, therefore, the sentence elle a les cheveux longs is syntactically different from the sentence elle porte les cheveux longs, the former being composed of two clauses, the latter of one clause.
On the other hand, our semantic analysis shows that the construction Sylvie a les yeux bleus is a bi-thematic construction, the primary theme being Sylvie, the secondary theme les yeux, and that, from this point of view, the constructions j'ai la tête qui tourne and il a sa fille mariée can also be considered as bi-thematic constructions.
Règles Formelles et Règles Rhétoriques Sur un Cas D'analyse D'adverbes
Authors: Balibar-Mrabti Antoinette
Published: November 2010

La discussion porte sur la caractérisation syntaxique et sémantique de quatre types de groupes nominaux adverbiaux complémentaires d'adverbes en -ment, ou adverbes généralisés. La double réduction des noms tête dans une construction verbale et dans une construction adjectivale associée les caractérise d'une part comme des noms appropriés intermédiaires entre les deux mots prédicatifs des constructions. Redoublés dans des discours de phrases simples coordonnées, ils sont caractérisés d'autre part comme des pivots lexicaux à partir desquels les adverbes généralisés sont dérivés par relativation. Les noms pivots d'adverbes peuvent être comparés aux verbes supports car les deux types de mots sont régulièrement associés dans les phrases simples à un groupe nominal prédicatif, un même nom pouvant d'ailleurs cumuler le statut de nom pivot et de nom supporté.
Limites Et Possibilites De La Reconstruction Syntaxique
Authors: de Dardel Robert
Published: November 2010

In the nineteenth century, reconstruction of syntactic relations was neglected by genetic comparative grammar, because the neo-grammarians concentrated on sound change mainly. Nowadays scholars are trying to fill the gap; but, since they encounter many theoretical problems, which some of them even believe not to be solvable, reconstruction of syntactic relations has still a long way to go. The purpose of this paper is to sort problems out, to analyse the obstacles that arise especially when reconstructing syntactic relations and to show, on the basis of Romance evidence, how these obstacles could be overcome.
The fact that a reconstructed proto-language is "langue" only, never "parole," and the fact that syntactic relational features do not evolve in a regular way are the main obstacles. The means to overcome them are firstly the reconstruction of structures rather than of isolated elements, and the reconstruction of their evolution in time and space within the proto-language (provided the external history of the language family is known) and secondly, perhaps to a lesser degree, language universais and diachronic tendencies (in the absence of diachronic regularities).
Grammaire des Dates Etude Préliminaire à Leur Traitement Automatique
Authors: Maurel Denis
Published: November 2010

Grammar of dates: Preliminary study to their automatic treatment.
The automatic analysis of dates in a text requires a precise description of all the possible forms.
This article presents a detailed study of the sentence Ceci est arrivé le jeudi 3 avril 1986 à huit heure cinq (this happened thursday april the third 1986 at five past eight) according to the transformational methods developed by Z.S. Harris and M. Gross.
This sentence is considered as derived from a more complete one where genitives have been introduced and whose different steps of derivation are nearly all attested (sometimes in old French).
The sentences obtained in this way are analysed either by the replacement of the definite article by another determinant, or by its deletion. For each determinant, an automaton is described which identifies the various attested forms.
Finally, the influence on the previous forms of modifiers and conjunctions is studied.
There follows a short description of the calendar and the resulting constraints.
La Localisation Temporelle
Authors: Vetters Carl
Published: November 2010

The paper proposes a new approach to temporal clauses and temporal adverbs, which are mostly said to "localize" the main verb. In recent work of Vicenzo Lo Cascio and others, temporal clauses and adverbs are treated completely differently and independently. We want to show that they should be handled together. Therefore, we start from a different conception of temporal localization, based on non-linguistic localization, as used in f.e. geography. So, we are able to show similarities between temporal clauses and adverbs. Our conclusion is that the localizer is always the time interval which is situated at the background, although it is not necessarily expressed by the temporal clause or adverb. On the contrary, a temporal clause or adverb can also be localized by the verb of the main clause.
Impersonal Passive "Se" in Spanish
Authors: Campos Héctor
Published: November 2010

Within the last twenty years and in the framework of transformational grammar at least seven kinds of se have been proposed: spurious se, reflexive se, reciprocal se, pronominal se, impersonal se, passive se and se moyen. Each of these se's shows its own syntactic and semantic characteristics. In this article, in the framework of the Theory of Government and Binding, an eighth type of se, the impersonal passive se, is proposed. Similar to the passive se, it is passive in interpretation; however, unlike passive se, and similar to the impersonal se, it has an impersonal subject. The different syntactic properties this new se exhibits are shown to follow from the principles of universal grammar.
Les Dictionnaires Électroniques
Authors: Pivaut Laurent
Published: November 2010

The constitution of electronic dictionaries, i.e., directly usable by a computer, leads to several difficulties both linguistic and computational. The content of such dictionaries (entries and rules) must be defined in a precise and exhaustive way, using linguistic criteria, and must be based on an extensive description of the French language (or at least on a description of a specific domain of French, e.g. sports). Information must be systematic and consistent. When this analysis is done, there remains a problem with the representation of data. Different solutions are considered, such as lists or matrices. The method suggested here for representing compound words uses the simple mathematical model of a finite automaton.
[e, e, e]
Authors: Spa J.J.
Published: November 2010

The article presents a critical review of the various solutions that have been proposed, within the framework of generative phonology, regarding the problem of the morphophonological relations between the sounds [e, e, e] in French. In order to remedy the flaws in the above mentioned approaches that have been examined, a new model is developped, which may be considered as an extension of lexical phonology, invented by Kiparsky (1982) and Mohanan (1984). The model makes use of paracyclic rules beside the cyclic rules. It will be demonstrated that the recourse to paracyclic rules offers some advantages with respect to the postcyclic rules advocated by Booij & Rubach (1984, 1987).
Sur Les Contraintes D'emploi de Soit...Soit Alternatif
Authors: Joulin Jacqueline
Published: November 2010

We present a semantic analysis of the French alternative conjunction soit ... soit (either ... or). Study of its selectional restrictions reveals some interesting semantic features which are either shared by the other alternating conjunctions {e.g. ou) or specific to it. For the first set of features, we focus on selectional restrictions related to synonymous terms which determine either simultaneity or a superordinate relation; for the second, we analyze selectional retrictions related to the restrictive terms, the interrogative mood and the metalinguistic use of soit... soit.
Syntax and Machine Translation
Authors: Lamiroy Béatrice , Gebruers Rudi
Published: November 2010

Unlike much theoretical linguistics, both the comparative perspective and the automatic aspect of Machine Translation reveal that there cannot be a clear-cut borderline between grammar and lexicon. The interdependence of grammatical computation and lexical storage has become extremely obvious during the research and development work in the METAL-project. After outlining the history of this project, section 1 of this paper sketches the system's projected application environment. The systern's main lexical tools are discussed in section 2, and section 3 deals with its main grammatical techniques. The final section raises a number of problems and issues for further research. Some of these are well-known but still await a satisfactory solution given the present (1987) state of the project. Others are raised much less often and derive from the technical nature of the texts that METAL is intended to translate.
Les Clitiques en et Y dans les Causatives en Faire
Authors: Martineau France
Published: November 2010

It is proposed that, in French causative constructions, the clitic is attached to the verb which governs it and that the embedded verb cannot govern its complements after having been preposed. The clitics en and y, when associated with positions which are subcategorized by the embedded verb, can be attached to the embedded verb prior to its preposing. After V has been preposed, these clitics can be attached optionally to faire which governs them. However, the clitics associated with complements which are not subcategorized by the embedded verb must be attached to faire. The difference between the placement of en and y, and the placement of accusative and dative clitics is caused by the type of category assigning the case to the positions associated with these clitics.
L'Interprétation des Relatives
Authors: Gosselin Laurent
Published: November 2010

This paper deals with the problem of the opposition between restrictive and descriptive relative clauses. The syntactic and/or semantic nature and validity of this opposition are discussed. Based on recent semantic analyses which contest the necessity and the possibility of choosing in every case between restrictive or descriptive interpretations (Cf. C. Fuchs 1987, G. Kleiber 1987), the syntactico-semantic representation proposed here aims at predicting ambiguity and indeterminacy as well as non-ambiguous interpretations for relative clauses.
Sound Change in Romance and the Non-Explanatory Nature of Preference Laws
Authors: Picard Marc
Published: November 2010

In recent years, it has been proposed, notably by Vennemann and Murray, that the direction of sound change can be predicted in terms of a set of syllable-structure preference laws which are based on the notion of consonantal strength. This paper attempts to show how problematic such an approach proves to be when the data from Romance historical phonology proposed in support of these laws are examined critically. Numerous counterexamples and internal contradictions suggest that syllable structure has little or no influence on the effectuation of any type of sound change, and that it is purely fortuitous if a more "preferred" structure happens to emerge from a phonetically-motivated operation.
Sur la Syntaxe du Recit Oral
Authors: Sueur Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2010

The aim of this article is to argue in favor of a grammar of oral narrative by examining a series of narratives related to the same topic and produced under similar conditions. We will first present a frequency grammar drawn from the systematic study of correlations between various syntactic and enunciative facts. We will then present a sequential grammar which analyses the distribution in the linear arrangement of the narrative of the different types of regularities previously described. These facts will show the relevance of studying frequencies and the importance of taking into account the situations of enunciation in setting up a grammar of oral narrative. Such a grammar cannot be a mere variant of the general grammar of a given language, based on the description of the standard written language.
Sur Une Base de Donnees Relationnelle Pour L'étude Lexicologique du Nahuatl
Authors: Eisinger Marc
Published: November 2010

This text shows the implementation of a lexical data base to deal with a complex morphology. The samples are from nahuatl, a meso american language.
La Coreference et L'aspect
Authors: Mohri Mehryar
Published: November 2010

COREFERENCE AND ASPECT
We present some of the complex non-local dependencies between the elements of sentences in French, and especially their effect on coreference. Some of the parameters involved in these aspectual dependencies are listed and analysed. We then show that a more precise analysis including a simultaneous study of noun and verbal phrases is required.
Towards a Lexically Oriented Automatic Parsing
Authors: Costa Lucio
Published: November 2010

RIASSUNTO
La ricerca sul linguaggio naturale condotta in Intelligenza Artificiale si è sviluppata, malgrado le apparenze, in modo alquanto indipendente dal la-voro dei linguisti. Da un lato sono stati elaborati modelli computazionali delle facoltà di lunguaggio che si configurano come largamente autonomi rispetto a quelli sviluppati in linguistica. D'altro lato, l'implementazione dei sistemi è stata influenzata da soluzioni pragmatiche connesse all'efficacia computazionale delle regole indipendenti dal contesto, alla necessità di evitare componenti trasformazionali inversi e ad una concezione rappresenta-zionale del significato. Il presente articolo propone l'interesse dei lavori lin-guistici di Z. S. Harris e M. Gross ai fini dello sviluppo di un'analisi sintat-tica automatica che sia a controllo diffuso e incentrata sul comportamento idiosincratico delle unità lessicali. Essa è anche inquadrata nel tentativo di gettare luce sulla natura del processo denotazionale.
SUMMARY
In spite of the claim on the interactions between artificial intelligence (AI) and linguistics, AI research on natural language has developed independently from the work of linguists. On one hand, computational models of the faculties of language which are independent from the models developed in linguistics have been worked out. On the other hand, the AI system design has been oriented towards practical solutions, whose main motivations where to use context-free rules, to avoid an inverse transformational component, and to represent meanings by some data structures. This paper is about the linguistic works of Z.S. Harris and M. Gross to develop automatic distributed control parsing which takes seriously into account the indiosyncratic behaviour of the lexical items. The general framework for the discussion is the procedural nature of the denotational process.
On Expletive Negation Some Remarks With Regard to Catalan
Authors: Espinal M. Teresa
Published: November 2010

The aim of this paper is to identify which syntactic structures allow the interpretation of meaningless or expletive negation and under what conditions formal negation appears in the syntax of natural languages, with especial reference to Central Catalan.
I shall describe two syntactic environments: (a) the negation which occurs at the subordinate clause of a comparative structure of inequality, and (b) the negation which occurs at the subordinate clause in the subjunctive tense-mood of certain predicates. In both structures I shall assume that there is a lexical item at the main clause which subcategorizes, among other possible complements, for a que (than, that) clause. At D-structure there is, furthermore, a NegP which is the complement of this conjunction. At the level of LF no expletive is specified, because the logical specifications of the lexical items which subcategorize for these subordinate clauses absorb the value of the negative operator.
Projection Constraint and Se Passive in Spanish
Authors: Subirats Carlos
Published: November 2010

Se passive constructions can alter the coreference conditions of certain Spanish verbs that admit a sentential complement in object position.
Quelques Problèmes Inédits de Constructions Avec des Conjonctions "Conséquentielles"
Authors: Piot Mireille
Published: November 2010

We examine here several constructions that are characteristic of a subclass of French subordinating conjunctions termed "consecutive", e.g. à tel point que, tellement que, etc. In some of these constructions, the conjunction alone ( without the subordinate clause introduced by que) can be permuted to various points of the main clause, so that it is perceived as a sentence adverb.
In other constructions, a special case highlights as category change in the subordinating conjunction and so in the process itself: subordination gives way to a pure coordination of sentences. This is the second phenomena of this type that we have been able to observe in our general study of subordination in French.
Une Analyse des Fonctions Syntaxiques des Compléments Dans des Phrases Allemandes
Authors: Kempe André
Published: November 2010

Our algorithm of syntax analysis uses a verb table to find the subject and the objects in German sentences. This table contains information about the preposition, the case and some semantic properties of the subject and objects of each of the verbs therein listed.
The topic of this article is the analysis of the functions of the remaining phrases which are complements. The emphasis is put on nominal and pronominal phrases, since analysis of the adverbial ones (composed of a simple adverb and perhaps a prepositional group) is simple. We examine as example the functions of phrases with the preposition mit (with).
The Collectives in French
Authors: Michaux Christine
Published: November 2010

Comme nous l'avons déjà souligné (Michaux 1990), le pluriel est un phénomène complexe dans la mesure où il se reflète à différents niveaux dans la langue. Il faut en effet distinguer le pluriel exprimé au sein de la phrase du pluriel tel qu'il interagit avec le référent du mot. Dans ce deuxième cas — le pluriel au niveau du référent — il faut distinguer trois classes interactives et complémentaires: les noms comptables, les termes de masse et les collectifs. C'est sur ce troisième groupe que se penche cet article. Nous avons tout d'abord voulu mieux comprendre leurs caractéristiques morphologiques, syntaxiques et sémantiques de façon à pouvoir en donner une classification exhaustive. Nous envisageons ensuite et dans le cadre de ce classement les interactions des collectifs avec les termes de masse et les noms comptables ainsi que l'incidence de leur structure interne sur leur comportement syntaxique. Le but de cette analyse est donc de mieux cerner le problème des collectifs de façon à en donner une meilleure représentation lexicale.
La Structure Argumentale des Verbes Locatifs a Base Nominale
Authors: Labelle Marie
Published: November 2010

This paper presents an analysis of a subclass of denominal verbs in French, more specifically those which are interpreted as involving an entity which is located with respect to a location. It is shown that (1) when the N on which the verb is formed is a descriptor for a displaced entity, the location where this entity ends up appears in direct object position; (2) When the N on which the verb is formed is a descriptor for a location, the entity which is located appears in direct object position. An analysis of these verbs is developed which accounts for the relation between their conceptual structure, their morphological structure and their argument structure. This analysis relies crucially on the existence of a semantic predicate AFFECT, which is defined as follows: an entity is AFFECTED if the nuclear information of the verb describes a modification of the status of that entity. Real and apparent counterexamples to the analysis are discussed.
Le Principe D'inaccessibilité de la Phonologie par la Syntaxe
Authors: Miller Philip H. , Pullum Geoffrey K. , Zwicky Arnold M.
Published: November 2010

It has been proposed that there is a universal principle of grammar denying access to phonological information by syntactic rules (in English, the Principle of Phonology-Free Syntax). This paper examines three cases in French that appear to falsify this principle: (i) the claimed relevance of syllable count in describing the placement of attributive adjectives; (ii) mention of consonantality in stating the agreement rule for adverbial TOUT; and (iii) preposition choice (e.g. EN vs. AU) with geographical proper names. We show using independent evidence that the analyses employing phonology-sensitive syntax are wrong and that the prediction of the universal principle is correct.
Dictionnaires Pour Voyageurs, Dictionnaires Pour Marchands ou la Polyglossie au Quotidien aux XVIe et XVIIe Siecles
Authors: Colombo Timelli Maria
Published: November 2010

The cultural phenomenon of Renaissance "polyglossia" became a very important publishing phenomenon which spread considerably over space — the whole of Central Europe — and time — from the end of the 15th to the middle of the 18th Century.
This article examines two sets of multilingual dictionaries, "Solenissimo Vochabuolista" and "Berlaimont", considering both external and internal aspects of these works, such as concrete presentation features of the volumes, number of languages included (twelve different languages, up to eight in one edition), and content evolution. "Solenissimo Vochabuolista" and especially "Berlaimont", are not just dictionaries: they also include prayers, conversations and even patterns of letters and contracts. This touch with reality represents the key factor in their immense popularity with a public of travellers, merchants, people generally interested in the practical knowledge of language/s for the sake of everyday communication.
Sound Change, Preferences, and Explanation
Authors: Murray Robert W.
Published: November 2010

Based on data from Romance historical phonology, Picard (1990) attempts to demonstrate that the preference theory for syllable structure developed in Vennemann (1988a), Murray (1988), and elsewhere is inadequate. In this response, I argue that Picard's criticisms are vitiated by a number of flaws including a) the fact that he misconstrues basic concepts of preference theory in a number of cases and accordingly develops false extensions which have little relevance to the original theory and b) that his criticism of consonantal strength does not take into consideration different theoretical frameworks. Although some substantive points remain including the status of sibilant plus plosive clusters, the internal structuring of syllables, and Proto-Romance syllabication, I argue that preference theory provides a suitable basis for the fruitful development of research along these lines.
Réduction de Complétive à un Nom et Article Défini Générique
Authors: Mohri Mehryar
Published: November 2010

The description of the conditions under which generic definite articles appear in the sentences of French is a real issue. We present here a simple syntactic rule, based on the theory of support verbs (Z. Harris 1968, M. Gross 1975), which accounts for the appearance of these articles in a particular set of sentences. In these sentences, the generic article is followed by a noun which can be associated with a support verb, and be replaced by a sentential complement of the type que S (that S).
We first briefly describe a transformation which relates this sentential complement to its reduced form of simple noun. We then indicate a rule which consists in erasing the preposition de while applying this transformation. Various examples of sentences are shown in order to illustrate the wide range of application of the proposed rule. We also extend this rule to the case of sentences in which a generic definite article precedes a noun non linked with a support verb, and discuss the additional conditions required.
Une Classification Formelle des Adjectifs Psychologiques en Coreen
Authors: Nam Jeesun
Published: November 2010

In this work, we have tried to describe a set of adjectives which includes a large majority of those adjectives semantically termed psychological, by making use of the following syntactic relation:
(Qu P)0 N1-e Ad) [(Qu P)0 be Adj Prep N1]
= N1 (Qu P)0-fo Adj N1be Adj Prep (Qu P)0]
We discuss most particularly: the construction in which the complement clause can be replaced by a noun phrase, possibly containing the reflexive pronoun caki; the construction with a double N-i, the one described most frequently in the literary tradition; and finally two related verbal constructions of the following type:
N1 (Qu P)0-Acc Adf-6 Vop [N1 V(find) (Qu P)0 Adj°]
= (Qu P)0 N1-Acc Adj1-ke Vop [(Qu P)0 V(make) N1 Adj1]
Our formal criterion characterizes about 150 psychological adjectives that have a certain semantic and syntactic homogeneity : they all express "a feeling activated by the Qu P and felt by the Nhum". However, we observe another set of adjectives semantically close to the first which nevertheless do not accept the complement clause construction with -lo: we term them evaluative adjectives. One of the major differences between these two classes is the absence of causativity in the complement clause of the evaluative adjectives.
The study of psychological adjectives should be extended by other studies, in particular studies of psychological verbs that have no morphological relationship to adjectives, and which are defined in turn by appropriate formal criteria.
Les Connecteurs du Français
Authors: Piot Mireille
Published: November 2010

We explore in this article the syntactic criteria used to classify most French connectors. We have defined three main classes:
- the first main class contains subordinating conjunctions (Conjs) subdivided into eight subclasses corresponding to various syntactic-semantic properties;
- the second main class contains coordinating conjunctions (Conjco);
- the third main class contains coordinating adverbs (Advconj); several syntactic criteria have been used to divide this class into two major subclasses.
The use of formal criteria has allowed us to classify connectors on a more precise basis; one consequence is that some connectors are not classified in their traditional classes.
Our study has brought to light interesting linguistic phenomena such as new relations between several subordinating and coordinating conjunctions.
Une Représentation par Automate Fini des Textes et des Propriétés Transformationnelles des Verbes
Authors: Roche Emmanuel
Published: November 2010

We propose here to use finite state automata to represent morphologically tagged sentences. This formalism is especially relevant for the tagging of the ambiguities: (i) morphological features ambiguities, (ii) part of speech ambiguities and (iii) compound vs. sequence of simple words ambiguities. Formal operations on automata can then be applied to recognize patterns that can be words or sequences of words specified with or without morphological features specifications (a masculine noun for instance). We then consider the part of the lexicon-grammar that specifies the argument structure of the verbs and show that it can be semi-automati-cally translated into the same formalism. We take advandtage of this to start a syntactic analysis.
La Référence Nominale et L'emploi de L'imperfectif Constatif dans les Questions Oui-Non et Wh- en Russe
Authors: Vogeleer Svetlana
Published: November 2010

Noun's reference and the constative use of the imperfective aspect in yes-no and wh- questions in Russian.
The present paper attempts to establish the general semantic restrictions on the constative use of the Russian imperfective aspect in yes-no and wh-questions. The main conclusion of the proposed analysis is that all cases of the constative use of the imperfective aspect in questions are submitted to the multiplicity of hypothetical occurrences restriction. This restriction makes the constative use of the imperfective possible only if the hypothetical situation described in the question can have more than one occurrence even if the question concerns only one of all possible occurrences. This restriction is imposed on the lexical content of the VP. Special attention is drawn to the cases where the VP contains a nominal expression, since the referential or non-referential content of the noun belonging to the VP appears to be the principal factor influencing the possibility of the constative use of the imperfective.
Prépositions et Noms de Pays et D'iles
Authors: Garrigues Mylene
Published: November 2010

We present a detailed account of the shapes of prepositional noun phrases which complement verbs of movement. These complements are interpreted as destinations of the movement. We use the example of names of countries and islands to show the complexity of the problem. Attempts to predict the choice of a preposition according to the morphology of names is only partially correct. In fact, we show that in order to describe exactly the use of prepositions, we have to display all the quadruples {Verb, Preposition, Article, Noun}. Subregularities can then be accounted for, by means of a representation by finite automata. This representation has the advantage to provide directly a recognition algorithm which has been applied to a corpus. We present a sample of the results thus obtained.
Agreement, Government, Congruence
Authors: Mel’čuk Igor
Published: November 2010

Rigorous definitions are proposed for three important syntactic-morphological concepts: agreement, government and congruence. They are defined as particular cases of morphological dependency between wordforms of an utterance (distinguished from semantic and syntactic dependencies between wordforms). Definitions are based on the intermediate concepts of agreement class and related inflectional categories, as well as on the concepts of inflectional category, grammeme, syntactics feature and syntactics feature value. AGREEMENT is defined (roughly speaking) as a morphological dependency where a grammeme of the target, which is not a substitute pronoun, is selected depending either 1) upon a grammeme of a related category of the controller, or 2) upon its agreement class, pronominal person or pronominal number (syntactics features), or else 3) upon some of its semantic properties. GOVERNMENT is defined as a morphological dependency where a grammeme of the target is selected depending either 1) upon a grammeme of an unrelated category of the controller or 2) upon one of its syntactics features, which is not agreement class, pronominal person or pronominal number. CONGRUENCE is defined as a morphological dependency where a grammeme of the target, which is a substitute pronoun replacing an occurrence of the controller, is selected depending upon any property of the controller. Numerous examples of agreement, government and congruence are cited and analyzed, a comparison of agreement and government is presented, and relationships between these concepts and other types of dependencies are examined.
Les Groupes Nominaux Productifs et les Noms Composés Lexicalisés
Authors: Silberztein Max
Published: November 2010

Our project is to describe French, using a finite vocabulary and a finite set of grammar rules. As far as noun phrases are concerned, we have to decide which noun phrases are to be treated by grammar rules, and which ones should be put in a lexicon. We present four criteria that have been used to build the electronic dictionary for compound nouns, (DELAC), which contains over 100,000 entries. The first two criteria (not compositional meaning, and institutionalized terms) yield purely lexicalized entries; the last two criteria (distributional restrictions and exceptional transformational analysis) concern certain noun phrases which could probably be treated by grammar rules; we prefer to put them in a lexicon for methodological reasons.
Conversion Syntaxique
Authors: Barbaud Philippe E.
Published: November 2010

In this study, it is shown that the "category changing" property of morphological rules of conversion is unable to account for compound words, for formal and semantic reasons. Several convergent facts demonstrate that the compounding process is syntactic in nature. Consequently, it is argued that X-bar theory must be involved in compound word formation because of the "lexical function" of the syntax. Empirical data are mainly focused on French Noms Composés à base Verbale, or NCV, as tire-bouchon (cork screw),porte-parole (spoke person), gagne-pain (job), etc., which are analyzed as base generated "quasi-VPs" embedded in a NP. Thus, the NPWP exocentric dominance instantiates a "syntactic conversion" at the D-structure level. Such a categorial hierarchy is based on the "distribution changing" property of X-bar theory rather than on the "category changing" property of structuring morphological rules. Therefore, the high productivity of NCVs in French and other Romance languages is due to their morphology, which allows SPEC\HEAD agreement and VERB RAISING movement. The licensing of exocentric X-bar structures in grammar depends on several semantic principles of lexical interpretation, which are relevant to hyperonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, etc.. Thus, the model is dispensed with a superfluous component of "peripheral" rules of compounding. In conclusion, exocentricity of syntactic structures leads the author to claim that X-bar schema is primitive in grammar and that a given phrase is not the necessary projection of its head.
Le Pluriel Indéfini de L'attribut Métaphorique
Authors: Laca Brenda , Tasmowski Liliane
Published: November 2010

The Romance languages, with the exception of French, admit two ways of expressing indefiniteness in the plural, the bare plural (- N) or the plural introduced by a special determiner (Det N). We show that Det N is selected when reference is made to particulars, as opposed to mere categorization by naming the species, the latter being indicated by means of the bare plural. We are then left with the paradox that Det N is the form normally showing up in metaphorical expressions after the copula, a typically non referential position. We argue that this peculiar behaviour is due to the fact that Det N is basically a form of quantification whereas the property of referentiality is derived and contextually bound.
Quelques Aspects Semantiques D'une Construction a Verbe Support Faire
Authors: Pivaut Laurent
Published: November 2010

The notion of support verb enables us to construct a coherent lexicon of predicative nouns. It also enables us to describe their syntax and to provide a strong basis for their semantic description. This article gives a description of the construction of the support verb faire where the predicative noun relates to sport and musical activities. We also point out the privileged semantic and syntactic relation between the support verb subject and the predicative noun. The major property is the possibility for the determiner to commute with other determiners, whether or not accompanied by a modifier. This description enables us to divide the whole of these predicative nouns into five units. Each unit is homogeneous as far as its semantics and syntax are concerned.
Commentaires Explétifs à Propos D'un Certain Emploi de Ne
Authors: Larrivée Pierre
Published: November 2010

Cet article expose les principaux problèmes que pose la syntaxe et la sémantique de la négation explétive en français contemporain. Il fait état des analyses récentes à cet égard, particulièrement celle de Muller (1991), en faisant ressortir leurs qualités et leur insuffisances.
Plus-Que-Parfait
Authors: Engel Dulcie M.
Published: November 2010

Plus-que-parfait: past anterior or past perfect?
Following the author's investigation into the use of plus-que-parfait, passé antérieur and passé surcomposé by means of a gap-filling exercise administered to native speakers (Engel forthcoming), it appears that plus-que-parfait (PQP) is not a rival to the other two past anterior forms, despite their relative infrequency, i.e. it cannot replace them in particular contexts. Furthermore, PQP is not the automatic choice in seemingly appropriate PQP environments. It has also been noted by various scholars (such as Majumdar & Morris 1980) that PQP is increasingly taking on a past punctual function, which is of some interest considering its affinity to imparfait, i.e. the non-punctual past. This paper reexamines data from the author's corpora of newspaper texts, looking at the role of PQP, in order to establish its particular function in modern journalistic texts. Finally, an overview of the various shifts in the French tense system is presented, paying particular attention to the past and past anterior forms, that area which has witnessed the most change.
Les Liaisons Dangereuses
Authors: Desrochers Richard
Published: November 2010

The phenomenum of "false liaison" (linking errors) in French has almost never been studied in itself. A considerable number of examples from different sources are examined from a lexical, morphological and syntactic perspective. If many instances can be satisfactorily reduced to phrasal affixes (Miller 1991), the remaining cases fall under two types of explanations, analogy and "liaison à distance" (linking from a distance) (Pichon 1935), each of which alone is not sufficient, like the postulation of plural and verbal markers (Kaye & Morin 1982), to cover all the data, and a comparison of the consequences of these accounts is offered. Accounts on syntactical grounds do not make strong predictions, if at all, on this phenomenum, since false liaisons seem to be only loosely restricted. It is suggested that an explanation invoking analogy is possible on a morphological basis for many cases, and that some cases of liaison at a distance may be due to performance error involving the syntactic production stage of an utterance.
La Morphologie Est-Elle la Syntaxe des Mots?
Authors: Adouani Abdellatif
Published: November 2010

Is Morphology the Syntax of Words?
This article deals with the place of morphology in relation to the syntactic component of grammar. Its main purpose is to show, thanks to the study of some empirical data, that the general principles of the X-bar theory are unsuited to describe the inner structure of constructed words in French.
From this study emerges the fact that the construction of lexical units pertains to specific rules which must take place inside an autonomous lexical component.
L'expression de L'espace en Basque
Authors: Aurnague Michel
Published: November 2010

This paper deals with the expression of static localization in Basque. It proposes an analyzis of two spatial inflectional cases — genitive and inessive — bringing to the fore that their interpretation heavily relies on functional notions. The fact that Basque makes use of two distinct genitives (respectively locative and possessive) reveals the existence of an underlying categorization of entities into three classes. We show that the distribution of these genitives calls for the functional notions of "usual attachment" and "location function". This last notion allows us to better characterize the entities that can be conceptualized as "places". As regards the inessive case, we show that its interpretation can as well be explained in terms of functional notions such as containment, support and meronomic relations.
A System of Electronic Dictionaries of Portuguese
Authors: Eleutério Samuel , Freire Helena , Ranchhod Elisabete , Baptista Jorge
Published: November 2010

In this paper we present the state of development of DIGRAMA, a system of electronic dictionaries and grammars of Portuguese. We describe briefly the general characteristics of the system, concentrating then on the analysis of two dictionary modules: DIGRAS and DIGRAF. The former is a dictionary of simple words, the latter is a dictionary of inflected forms. To each lexical entry of DIGRAS has been associated a code corresponding to the formal description of the morphological properties of the entries. This information constitutes the basis for a program of automatic generation of inflected forms. DIGRAF is made up of all the inflected forms from the words of DIGRAS.
Localisme et Sémantique Lexicale
Authors: Gingras René
Published: November 2010

For a few years, many authors dealing with semantics have emphazised on the notion of movement in their theories. Some of these researchers (like Jackendoff 1983 and 1990) think that the notions of movement and location in space are the basis of the meaning of all the verbs, while others, including J. Miller (1985), assert that movement is the cornerstone of semantics. In this paper, we present both points of view and compare them with our vision of movement in semantics. Our position is based on our doctoral research, which is a contribution to the study of the semantics of the Spanish verbs of Mexico City. After the study of the 312 verbs of our corpus (using a "modified" version of Coseriu's structural semantics), we observed that movement, even if it has central place in semantics, cannot be used alone to identify the meaning of verbs, nor can it be the basis of the meaning of all the vocabulary of a language.
La Grammaire en Chaîne Revisitée ou le Système de L'araignée
Authors: Pellegrini Pascal
Published: November 2010

A syntactic analyzer based on a string grammar is presented. The handling of idioms — a difficult problem for parsers — is more satisfactory than what has been accomplished until now. It appears that it is necessary to distinguish the lexical and syntactic phases of the analysis. Moreover, using a sentence graph structure makes this system really powerfull.
There are four main points to this paper:
— the architecture of the parser:
— the identification of idioms based upon a new categorization of those forms;
— the use of a sentence graph structure;
— the description of the string grammar analyzer.
Le Traitement Automatique Des Variantes Linguistiques en Français
Authors: Labelle Jacques
Published: November 2010

This work deals with the sub-class of concrete nouns and with automatic lexical transfer. It is a part of an ongoing project of comparative description of Quebec French.
The paper presents a comparative method for studying language variants and some results concerning the construction of an electronic dictionary of synonyms. It is a contribution to the representation of relations of synonymy.
Syntaxe du Trait D'union
Authors: Mathieu-Colas Michel
Published: November 2010

Syntax of the Hyphen: Complex Patterns
Among the different values of the hyphen in French (typographical uses, grammatical uses, lexical uses, etc.), this study focuses on a specific set of complex patterns. Three models are developed:
a) correlative models, based on the particle mi- (mi-sérieux, mi-plaisant);
b) juxtaposed models, particularly the pattern NO N1-N2 (V opposition consonne-voyelles, le vol Paris-Londres), which allows a typological description based on the nature of the introductory term (NO);
c) double-compound models (conférence de presse-marathon, ex-homme de gauche), characterized by a form of discrepancy between the morphological pattern and the graphic boundaries (*presse-marathon, *ex-homme). They can combine with the first two models (mi-salle de billard, mi-cabinet de travail; l'interaction recherche fondamentale-recherche appliquée).
These patterns are analyzed with a view to an automatic treatment of hyphenated forms.
Trois Classes de Groupes Nominaux N À N
Authors: Poncet-Montange Anne
Published: November 2010

This article focuses on the subset of French N à N compounds which denote concrete objects, which can be analyzed in terms of headnoun (Na) and specifier (à Nb), and in which the specifier subclassifies the head. Our study shows that the various semantic functions of an à Nb specifier with respect to its head (e.g. part of, destination of, etc.) correspond to a) distinct relational properties between the two components, b) specific distributional properties of either Na, Nb, or both components, as well as c) particular configurations of general properties that account for the greater or lesser syntactic flexibility of complex nominals. Surprisingly enough, most of the compounds we examined fall into one of three main classes thus defined.
Dictionnaire Bilingue, Syntaxe et Sémantique
Authors: Lépinette Brigitte
Published: November 2010

We have first shown that the conventional and theoretical lexicography has always had a semantic basis which does not permit homogeneous analysis of the items which constitute the entries. We present in this paper a model of bilingual dictionary whose fundamental principles are syntactical.
This dictionary is an application of the methods of the Lexique-grammaire des langues romanes adapted to contrastive viewpoint. This contrastive aim implicates that we have to make specific analytic distinctions which we comment here.
On the one hand, from a theoretical standpoint, this dictionary may help to establish suitable basis of systematic contrastive (French/Spanish) linguistics, and on the other, it is computerizable.
Les Vsup Issus du Latin Esse et Stare Dans les Langues Romanes
Authors: Ranchhod Elisabete
Published: November 2010

The aim of this paper is to outline a comparative study of the argument structure of verbs issued from latin esse and stare in the main Romance languages (¥x.\être\ It.: essere/stare; Pt. and Sp. : ser/estar).
The complexity of the lexical and syntactic phenomena involved indicates that a systematic determination of the equivalence classes of those verbs as well as the study of the verbs that can operate on them has to be achieved in order to clarify linguistic facts, and to organize the data of the various languages on a formal basis.
Variété des Marques Syntaxiques et Lexicales de L'aspect
Authors: Marque-Pucheu Christiane
Published: November 2010

RÉSUMÉ
Grâce à la mise en parallèle de phrases où interviennent des arguments de durée, les intuitions qui ont souvent guidé les linguistes dans la création de termes comme "duratif ' ou "répétitif peuvent être vérifiées. Nous avons dégagé ainsi un environnement spécifique à l'adverbe au fil de N et précisé la notion de verbe d'évolution.
SUMMARY
Intuitive concepts like "durative" or "repetitive" could be more precisely or more syntactically defined by comparing sentences with such adverbs. We describe here the very specific syntactic environment of the French adverb "au fil de N" and give an outline of the definition of verbs describing an evolution and a process.
Formes Simples en 0-
Authors: Dugas André , Mathieu Yvette Yannick , Courtois Blandine
Published: November 2010

The linguistic fund, that is, the actual lexical inventory of a language, is always considerably larger than the sum total of the contents of dictionaries for that language. It corresponds to all the possibilities of derivation and compounding — with the associated word-formation rules. The exploitation of the latter within machine-readable dictionaries should therefore allow a far more accurate coverage of the linguistic fund, by generating thousands of additional entries, some being more or loss widely attested in their written form, some representing the set of virtual words generated by a productive rule that have not, for one reason or another, been recognized as existing words. Note that the boundary between the two subsets is not clearcut. The conditions which determine whether a generated form will belong to one or the other have not given rise to extensive studies, neither in linguistics nor in lexicology, in spite of their significance for a better understanding of lexical creativity and word-formation processes. The relevance of such phenomena seems to have been greatly underestimated — as is indicated by the fact that no studies have been fulfilled on the topic of words such as médico-légal and franco-québécois. We will demonstrate and illustrate for the French language the shortcomings of the simple compiling method and how ignoring them has led to unnecessary complications in the field of electronic lexicography.