bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEASURING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND TOTAL PRODUCTIVITY OF RESOURCE AND THE TECHNICAL CHANGE OF AGRICULTURAL COMPANIES IN IRAQ USING SFA AND DEA FOR THE PERIOD 2005-2017
Authors: & Lafta Ali
Published: August 2020

The research aims to measure the economic efficiency and technological change and the total productivity of resources using the parameter and non-parameter methods, for agricultural companies registered in the Iraqi stock exchange, the number of 6 companies for the period from 2005 to 2017 based on the hypothesis that the  agricultural companies do not achieve economic efficiency and does not control the management of its operations, and It may be technically efficient but the size of its operations is not optimal. From non-parametric methods, the data envelope analysis method was used. Using the DEAP program, the Middle East Company achieved the highest average technical and cost efficiency of 0.62 and 0.58, respectively. The Iraqi seed production company achieved the highest average efficiency of 0.66. Using Al- Malmquist Index, the National Company for Agricultural Production achieved the highest rate of change in the total productivity of resources and the highest change in the technical efficiency respectively 1.97 and 2.28, while the Modern company for agricultural production obtained the highest technological change averaging 1.14. A stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) technique was used; logarithmic TL function was estimated using FRONT software. The maximum likelihood method (ML) shows that the capital was increased by 1%, the value of production of companies will increase by 0.22% because it helps to take advantage of the advanced technology that these companies are supposed to work to localize and support the agricultural sector. The cross-elasticity between labor and capital was 0.67 which indicates the nature of the substitution relationship between the two items, because using the technology reduces the workers. The value of sigma-squared was 0.21.
DETERMINANTS OF VIRTUAL WATER TRADE OF CEREAL CROPS IN SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Alamri Y. , Reed M. , Saghaian S.
Published: August 2020

In this research, we used a gravity model to investigate whether water scarcity variables influence agricultural trade of cereal crops for Saudi Arabia. We compare the OLS, Fixed effects, Random effects, and Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimators to determine the best model. The AIC, and multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation tests assist in determining estimation procedures and the final model. We cluster the errors by distance to improve the specific country effect variables, such as economic mass. We find that water-related variables influence virtual water imports of cereals, millet, corn, barely, and sesame.
ROLE OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN IMPROVING PRODUCTION WATER AND NITROGEN EFFICIENCY OF WHEAT UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS
Authors: & et al. Othman
Published: August 2020

The research work was conducted in Izra’a Research station, which affiliated to the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), during the growing seasons (2016 – 2017; 2017 – 2018), in order to evaluate the response of two durum wheat verities (Douma3 and Cham5) and two bread wheat varieties (Douma4 and Cham6) to Conservation Agriculture (CA) as a full package compared with Conventional Tillage system (CT) under rainfed condition using lentils (Variety Edleb3) in the applied crop rotation. The experiment was laid according to split-split RCBD with three replications. The average of biological yield, grain yield,  rainwater use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency was significantly higher during the first growing season, under conservation agriculture in the presence of crop rotation, in the variety Douma3 (7466 kg. ha-1, and 4162kg. ha-1, 19.006 kg ha-1 mm-1,  39.62 kg N m-2respectively). The two varieties Douma3 and Cham6 are considered more responsive to conservation agriculture system in the southern region of Syria, because they recorded the highest grain yields (2561, 2385 kg ha-1 respectively) compared with the other studied varieties (Cham5 and Douma4) (1951 and 1724 kg ha-1 respectively). They also exhibited the highest values of both rainwater and nitrogen use efficiency.
ESTIMATING IRRIGATION WATER USE FOR DATE PALM USING REMOTE SENSING OVER AN OASIS IN ARID REGION
Authors: Biro K. , Zeineldin F. , Al-Hajhoj M. R. , Dinar H. A.
Published: August 2020

Date palm needs sufficient water of acceptable quality to reach its potential yield. The present study conducted in Al-Hassa Oasis located in the Eastern Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia aiming to estimate the daily, monthly and annual actual evapotranspiration (ETa) for date palm using Landsat-8 satellite data during 2017/2018. Also, an attempted was made to compare between the computed ETa and the actual water applied in the field. The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) supported by climate data was used to calculate the ETa. The SEBAL model outputs were validated using the FAO Penman-Monteith method coupled with field observation and measurements. The results showed that the highest daily ETa value observed during the summer season was 9 mm.day−1, and the lowest value was 2 mm.day−1 in winter. The mean monthly water applied in the farms was 15% higher than that suggested by SEBAL during the peak summertime. The annual ETa varied between 800 and 1,400 mm.year−1, while the annual irrigation requirement for date palm was in the range of 11000 – 13000 m3.ha−1. The validation measure showed a significant agreement level between the SEBAL model and the FAO Penman-Monteith method with RMSE of 0.84 mm.day−1. The study concludes that the ETa calculated from the satellite data and the SEBAL model is useful for guiding the daily operation of date palm water management at the farm scale. Also, this information is essential for water planners and policymakers to formulate strategies and make decisions for managing water resources over large agricultural areas.
ECO-FRIENLY SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES AND STUDY THEIR EFFECT WITH ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII
Authors: & et al. Al-Shaabani
Published: August 2020

This study was aimed to produce AuNPs biologically using Klebsiella pneumoniae and study their synergistic effect with some antibiotics.Technologies of nanoparticles are quick and are employed in many applications in biomedicine. The potential of metallic nanoparticle as an anti-microbial agent is greatly investigated which considered as an alternative method to reduce the challenges of multi-drug resistance microbes. The present study discusses the novel approach to synthesize nanoparticles involving eco-friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Klebsiella pneumoniae and study their effect as antimicrobial spectrum .Also study synergism effect of gold nanoparticles with antibiotic against Acinetobacter baumannii. These approaches are used to enhance antimicrobial efficacy of nanoparticles by modification of surfaces and to investigate activity of antibiotic delivery.
SEROLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII AMONG EWES AND HORSES IN DUHOK PROVINCE-IRAQ
Authors: & Al-Saeed Mikaeel
Published: August 2020

This study was aimed to demonstrate the seroprevalence and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii among ewes and horses as well as to determine the risk factors for infection in Duhok province. Sera and blood samples from 700 ewes and 62 horses were collected. Sera were examined by indirect ELISA for detection of anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies and in molecular study, DNA was extracted, then by PCR, B1 gene was amplified and the product visualized and sent off for sequencing. Serologically, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 17.7 (11/62) and 28.9 (202/700) in horses and ewes by ELISA respectively. Present of cats on the farm was significantly associated with T. gondii infected ewes in the farm. While, Age, number of abortion and history of abortion has no role in infection in ewes. On the other hand, age and sex have no role in prevalence of toxoplasmosis among the horses. Only 2 samples among 11 seropositive samples by ELISA were give positive results by PCR in rate 18.2% in horse, while in ewes 13 samples from 60 randomly selected seropositive by ELISA were found to be positive by PCR in rate 21.7%. Results of this study indicate that prevalence of T. gondii among ewes and horses was high and cats have a role in prevalence of infection among the ewes.
MICROSCOPIC AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF Ascaridia spp. IN DOMESTIC PIGEONS(Columba livia domestica) IN BAGHDAD CITY,IRAQ
Authors: & Al- Amery Faraj
Published: August 2020

Ascaridiosis is a very important parasitic disease of birds, it is caused by Ascaridia. This study was conducted to identify the Ascaridia species by microscopic and molecular assay in Baghdad city. One hundred and sixty fecal samples were collected from domestic pigeons during the period from 1/1/ 2019 to 31/3/ 2019.  Results showed that the rate of infection for Ascaridia spp. 15.62% by microscopic examination.  Significant difference was observed in infection rates between males and females pigeons. Fifty samples randomly selected and subjected to molecular diagnosis of Ascaridia  spp.. Molecular examination results, the total infection rate showed 16%(8/50). The eight  positive PCR products were sequenced and deposited in Gene bank data base, phylogenic analysis demonstrated that 4 sequences belongs to Ascaridia galli ( MK918635.1, MK918636.1, MK918847.1, MK919081.1), while 2 (MK919199.1, MK919200.1) belong to  Ascaridia nymphii and 2 (MK919207.1, MK919264.1)  belong to Ascaridia numidae. It is the first study in Iraq to diagnosis of  Ascaridia nymphii and Ascaridia numidae  in domesticed pigeons by using conventional PCR.
PHYTOTOXICITY OF WASTEWATER CONTAINING CADMIUM (Cd) USING OLEANDER
Authors: & Ridha Zeki
Published: August 2020

This study was aimed to investigate the ability of N.oleander to remove Cadmium (Cd) from wastewater. A prolonged toxicity test was performed in a single exposure and run for 65 days with various concentrations of Cd. Plants were grown in sand medium and irrigated with simulated wastewater contaminated with Cd, using different concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50, 75 mg/L), which were chosen based on previous preliminary test. The results of physical observation of the plants didn’t show any withering symptoms. The Cd concentration in plants increased, while in water decreased. The results of plant analysis showed that Cd concentration in plant shoots (stems and leaves) was higher than that in roots for almost all exposure doses along the test duration. The concentration of Cd in water decreased significantly from the first week of the test and become (0 mg/l) on day-35 for 10 and 25 mg/l exposure doses, while exceeded the permissible limits for 50 and 75 mg/l exposure doses and were 0.14 and 0.91 mg/l, respectively. Wet weight and dry weight of Oleander decreased with increasing Cd concentration level except for 10 mg/l exposure dose where the plant wet weight and dry weight increased at the end of the test. Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and Translocation Factor (TF) was found to be greater than 1, indicating that Oleander is a successful hyperaccumulator for Cd.
EFFECT OF PETROLUME REFINERY WASTEWATER ON PLANT GROWTH IN INTEGRATED MICROBIAL FUEL CELL-CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS SYSTEMS
Authors: & Ismail Hussain
Published: August 2020

Three identically designed microbial fuel cell-constructed wetland (MFC-CW) systems were constructed and setup in this study for simultaneous biotreatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) and bioelectricity generation. MFC-CW1 and  MFC-CW2 were planted with Canna indica, and Phragmites australis, respectively. MFC-CW3 was unplanted and considered as the control. These three systems were operated simultaneously in a batch mode for two cycles to evaluate  the effect of PRW biotreatment on the growth and development of the selected plants and the potential of generated bioelectricity as well.  The operation period for each cycle was 8 days.  Results demonstrated that maximum removal efficiency of the organic content represented as chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 98.75%, 97.67%, and 97.83% observed in MFC-CW1, MFC-CW2, and MFC-CW3, respectively, whereby, the highest power generation were 19.86, 19.04, and  18.7 mW/m2, respectively. On the other hand, both types of plants exhibited notable growth and new sprouts appearance. The potential convergence of the results in the three MFC-CWs, and the healthy growth of both types of plants clearly and potentially indicated that the dominant mechanism of organic pollutant removal was via biodegradation process by the anodic biofilm in the MFC rather than being removed by phytoremediation process.
Evaluation of the response levels of non-metastatic thyroid cancer patients in the postoperative twelfth month
Authors: Atılgan Hasan İkbal , Yalçın Hülya
Published: August 2020

Objective: Radioactive iodine (RAI) is used to ablate residual thyroid tissue after total thyroidectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response according to the12th-month results of thyroid cancer patients and to investigate the changes in response level during follow-up.

Materials and Methods: The study included 97 patients, comprising 88 (90.7%) females and 9 (9.3%) males, with a mean age of 41.68±13.25 years. None of the patients had lymph node or distant metastasis and all received RAI therapy. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (TG), and anti-TG levels and neck USG were examined in the 12th-month. Response to therapy was evaluated as an excellent response, biochemical incomplete response, structural incomplete response, or indeterminate response.

Results: In the 12th month, 80 patients (82.47%) had excellent response, 13 patients (13.40%) had an indeterminate response, 3 patients (3.09%) had structural incomplete response and 1 patient (1.03 %) had biochemical incomplete response. Of the 80 patients with excellent response, 15 had no follow-up after the 12th month. The remaining 65 patients were followed up for 31.11±9.58 months. The response changed to indeterminate in the 18th month in 1 (1.54%) patient and to structural incomplete response in the 35th month in 1 (1.54%) patient. The 13 patients with indeterminate responses were followed up for 20.61±6.28 months.

Conclusion: The TG level at 12th months provides accurate data about the course of the disease especially in patients with excellent responses. Patients with excellent response in the 12th month may be followed up less often and those with the indeterminate or incomplete responses should be followed up more often.
Inflammatory and oxidative alterations of water immersion and epidural analgesia during the labor
Authors: Sert Ümit Yasemin , Uzunlar Özlem , Kadıoğlu Nezaket , Candar Tuba , Üstün Yaprak Engin
Published: August 2020

Objective: Water immersion and epidural analgesia are both pain relief methods used to perceive less pain during the labor process. There are concerns about the maternal and fetal outcomes, although studies presented no significant complication directly related to these methods. We aimed to compare the IL-1 and 6 levels, Total serum oxidant (TOS), antioxidant (TAS) and catalase levels of births with epidural analgesia, water immersion and conventional birth without analgesia.

Material and Methods: A total of 88 patients were included in the study (The water immersion group included 29 patients, while the epidural analgesia and control group included 30 and 29 patients respectively). Umblical cord IL-1, IL-6, catalase, TAS, TOS levels, neonatal Apgar scores, duration of birth process and demographic data were compared between three groups

Results: There was no significant difference between the three groups in terms of age, Body mass index (BMI), gravidity, parity, gestational week, and birth weight (p>0.05). TOS and IL-6 levels were significantly lower in epidural group than others (p=0.031, p=0.019 respectively). Apgar scores were significantly lower in epidural group (p<0.001).

Conclusion: The water immersion and epidural analgesia were found to have no adverse effect on oxidative status and infection parameters of women.
Radiological changes observed in Covid 19 Pneumonia and utilization of CT scan as a screening tool along with a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) for effective diagnosis
Authors: Mukhtar Bisma , Mukhtar Omar , Malik Bilal
Published: August 2020

Objective: In this review article, Symptom and diagnosis of SARS-COV-2 or more commonly known as COVID-19 viral infection have been reviewed based on current literature. The CT scan, rRT-PCR results for infected patients have been focused on.
Conditions affecting postpartum depression in the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Koyuncu Kazibe , Alan Yasemin , Sakin Önder , Aktaş Hale Ankara , Angın Ali Doğukan
Published: August 2020

Objective: Covid-19 infection was first diagnosed in Wuhan, China, and became a pandemic. Afterward, it had a devastating effect on mental and physical health. Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common health problem that needs attention to improve women’s healthcare. Herein, we aim to search for the PPD incidence in the pandemic period.

Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 126 pregnant women were included for the study. None of the patients had Covid-19 infection. Inclusion criteria included; women were aged 18 or over and ability to communicate fluently provided informed consent to participate. Women who had late fetal loss and stillbirth or neonatal death were excluded. Patients age, gravida, medical history, previous or ongoing psychological disease, and drug use, alcohol use and smoking, obstetric follow-up regarding any complication for the fetus or mother, socio-economic status, spouse support, sleep disorder, hyperemesis gravidarum, type of delivery, fetal birth weight, height, AGGAR scores 1-5th min, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions were recorded. Postpartum depression diagnosis was evaluated via Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). Patients were grouped into two, group 1 consisted of patients who are at low risk for postpartum depression and group 2 was at high risk for depression according to their EPDS scores.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 28.90±5.26 (18-41). 68 (54%) of the patients had vaginal deliveries and 58 (46%) of them had cesarean section. The average weight of newborn babies was 3324±586.11 grams (2750-4950), 1st minute APGAR score was 7.75±0.9 (4-8), 5th minute APGAR score was 8.88±0.45 (7-9). 23 (18.3%) of the newborns were admitted to neonatal intensive care (Table 1). According to the EDPS scores, only 12% of the patients were classified as having high risk group for depression. Lower income, previous psychiatric illness, higher education levels and having newborn needs NICU were found to significantly related to PPD (p = 0.029, p = 0.034, p=0.046 and p = 0.001 respectively) (Table 2). The other parameters were not found to be significantly related to PPD scores.

Conclusion: Covid-19 was not found to increase the rate of PPD in short term notice in our center, which was affected seriously. Studies with a higher number of patients and in different regions are necessary to state a precise conclusion.
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA PERUSAHAAN KAWASAN INDUSTRI DI KABUPATEN KARAWANG
Authors: Sungkono  , Aji Tuhagana
Published: August 2020

Kinerja karyawan merupakan salah satu kegiatan kerja yang dilakukan olehkaryawan yang biasanya digunakan sebagai dasar penilaian karyawan di perusahaan. Untukmeningkatkan kinerja karyawan perusahaan harus melakukan upaya-upaya agar kinerjakaryawan meningkat, karena karyawan merupakan penunjang keberhasilan perusahaan dalammencapai tujuan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh bukti-bukti empirik dan menemukankejelasan fenomena serta kesimpulan tentang Pengaruh Kepemimpinan dan LingkunganKerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada Perusahaan Kawasan Industri di KabupatenKarawang. Skripsi ini diharapkan dapat memberikan sumbangan bagi pembangunan ilmumanajemen khususnya manajemen sumber daya manusia.Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif dan verifikatif. Sampeldikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode Sample Random Sampling dengan jumlah sampelsebanyak 110 responden dari populasi 156 orang. Teknik analisis menggunakan rentang skaladan analisis jalur dengan bantuan Method Of Successive Interval (MSI), program komputerMicrosoft Excel 2013, dan SPSS versi 16.Hasil penelitian diperoleh berdasarkan analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwakepemimpinan dengan rata-rata skor sebesar 423 yang berada pada rentang skala 375-463dengan kriteria baik, lingkungan kerja dengan rata-rata skor sebesar 398 yang berada padarentang skala 375-463 dengan kriteria baik, kinerja karyawan dengan rata-rata skor sebesar418 yang berada pada rentang skala 375-463 dengan kriteria baik. Berdasarkan analisisverifikatif menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif sedang antara kepemimpinan danlingkungan kerja yaitu sebesar 53,2 %, pengaruh parsial kepemimpinan terhadap kinerjakaryawan sebesar 30,2 %, pengaruh lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan sebesar 44,6%. Adapun besarnya pengaruh Kepemimpinan dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap KinerjaKaryawan pada Perusahaan Kawasan Industri di Kabupaten Karawang secara simultan adalahsebesar 43,4 %. Sedangkan sisanya sebesar 56,6 % yang dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain (ɛ)yang tidak diteliti.Kata Kunci : Kepemimpinan, Lingkungan Kerja, Kinerja Karyawan.
PENGARUH E-SERVICE QUALITY DAN HARGA TERHADAP KEPUASAN PELANGGAN PERUSAHAAN JASA PENGIRIMAN PAKET DI KARAWANG
Authors: Citra Savitri  , Aji Tuhagana
Published: August 2020

Perkembangan internet telah membawa banyak perubahan dalam aspek kehidupan manusia. Internet membuat semua menjadi lebih mudah dan cepat, perkembangan internet yang turut di imbangi perkembangan teknologi membuat hal- hal dalam kehidupan manusia lebih cepat dan mudah indonesia merupakan negara yang turut merasakan perkembangan tersebut,pengguna internet terus mengalami peningkatan setiap harinya.

 

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh e-service quality, harga dan kepuasan pelanggan pada Perusahaan Jasa khususnya Jasa pengiriman paket.

 

Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif dan verifikatif. Sampel dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode Sample Random Sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 30 orang pengguna jasa pengiriman paket. Teknik analisis menggunakan Teknik sampling yang gunakan adalah non random sampling dengan teknik Sratified Proporsional Random Sampling menggunakan analisis linier berganda dan SPSS Statistics versi 23.

 

Hasil penelitian diperoleh berdasarkan analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa variabel e-service quality berpengaruh positif terhadap kepuasan pelanggan. Berdasarkan analisis verifikatif membuktikan bahwa “e-service quality dan harga berpengaruh positif secara bersama-sama terhadap kepuasan pelanggan”. Besarnya pengaruh e-service quality dan harga terhadap kepuasan pelanggan sebesar 0,278 atau 27,8% artinya bahwa besarnya pengaruh variabel e-service quality dan harga terhadap kepuasan pelanggan sebesar 27,8% sedangkan 72,2% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini.

 

Kata Kunci : E-service quality, Harga, Kepuasan Pelanggan
PENGARUH E-PROMOTION DAN KUALITAS PRODUK TERHADAP MINAT BELI KONSUMEN PRODUK DI PT. XYZ
Authors: Citra Savitri  , Flora Patricia Anggela
Published: August 2020

Kegiatan E-Promotion yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan terhadap produk yang dijualnya haruslah beriringan dengan kualitas produk yang dijual, karena banyaknya perusahaan yang berkompetisi perusahaan diharapkan mampu menciptakan produk yang bermutu tinggi serta berkualitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan serta besarnya pengaruh E-Promotion, kualitas produk, terhadap minat beli konsumen pada PT. Bernofarm cabang Karawang. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan kuantitatif, dan bersifat deskriptif dan verifikatif. Dalam penelitian ini akan diuji apakah e-promotion dan kualitas produk berpengaruh terhadap minat beli konsumen. Mengingat sifat penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dan verifikatif yang dilaksanakan melalui pengumpulan data di lapangan, maka metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode descriptive survey dan metode explanatory survey Hasil penelitian variabel E-Promotion menunjukan bahwa E-Promotion memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan secara parsial terhadap Minat Beli yaitu sebesar 24.8%. Kualitas Produk memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan secara parsial terhadap terhadap Minat Beli yaitu sebesar 53.8%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian besaran angka pengaruh variabel E-Promotion adalah 24.8% dan Variabel Kualitas Produk sebesar 53.8%. maka dapat dinyatakan bahwa Kualitas Produk lebih banyak memberikan kontribusi terhadap Minat Beli dibandingakan dengan E-Promotion. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat korelasi antara e- promotion dengan kualitas produk sebesar 76.6%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa total pengaruh simultan E-Promotion dan Kualitas Produk sebesar 78.6%. sedangkan sisanya 21.4% merupakan pengaruh variabel lain (ɛ) yang tidak diteliti.

Kata Kunci : Promosi, Kualitas Produk, Minat Beli Konsumen.
ETOS KERJA DAN TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN PETANI DI KABUPATEN BOALEMO
Authors: Adam Echan , Datau Tity Iriani
Published: August 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan tingkat kesejahteraan tipologi masyarakat petani, serta dampak etos kerja terhadap tingkat kesejahteraan rumah tangga petani. Populasi penelitian adalah sebanyak 1.022 petani yakni petani yang menempati kawasan pertanian terpadu di Kabupaten Boalemo. Penentuan sampel menggunakan tehnik stratified sampling dengan rumus Krejcie and Morgan, sehingga diperoleh jumlah sampel sebanyak 88 petani dan kemudian sampel dipilih secara disproportional dan dapat mewakili masing-masing tipologi masyarakat petani. Analisis data dilakukan berdasarkan hasil kuesioner dan wawancara menggunakan tehnik analisis statistik inferensial one way ANOVA welch, serta matriks analisis tingkat etos kerja petani. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara statistik, tingkat kesejahteraan antara tipologi masyarakat PL dengan PNL dan PL dengan PC berbeda secara signifikan dengan rerata perbedaan berada diatas 50%, sedangkan antara PNL dengan PC tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dengan rerata perbedaan sebesar 19%. Matriks analisis tingkat etos kerja menunjukkan etos kerja petani di Kabupaten Boalemo adalah cukup tinggi (sedang) dengan tingkat rata-rata nilai berada di atas 50%.
KEMANDIRIAN PETANI DALAM PENERAPAN PENGENDALIAN HAMA TERPADU PADI SAWAH (Oryza sativa. L)
Authors: Ramadan Yandri Muhamad , Achdiyat Achdiyat , Saridewi Tri Ratna
Published: August 2020

Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) sudah dikenalkan kepada petani oleh penyuluh melalui program SLPHT dan pembinaan lanjutan untuk melatih petani agar mandiri dalam menerapkan PHT. Kenyataannya, tercatat dalam programa tingkat Desa Sukalarang Kecamatan Sukalarang Tahun 2020 baru 51% telah melaksanakan pengendalian hama dan penyakit secara terpadu, sisanya 49% belum menerapkan pengendalian hama dan penyakit secara terpadu. Pengkajian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat kemandirian petani, dan menganalisis pengaruh faktor internal dan eksternal terhadap kemandirian petani dalam penerapan pengendalian hama terpadu tanaman padi sawah. Pengkajian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan survey, dan analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis deskriptif dan uji Regresi Linier Berganda. Berdasarkan hasil pengkajian dari 40 orang sampel responden, 15 orang (37,5%) berada pada tingkat kemandirian rendah, 21 orang (52,5%) responden berada pada tingat kemandirian sedang, sedangkan 4 orang (10%) responden berada pada tingkat kemandirian tinggi. Faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap secara signifikan kemandirian petani yaitu peran kelompok tani (0,0030,5). Strategi berupa penyuluhan dan pembinaan untuk peningkatan kemandirian petani harus dilakukan.
The Role of Personal Values and Personality Traits On Intention to Recommend a Destination
Authors: Japutra Arnold , Loureiro Sandra Maria Correia , Wang Shasha
Published: August 2020

In this study, the researchers explore the antecedents of tourists' intention to recommend a destination using an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Two personal values (i. e., prosocial and maturity) and two personality traits (i. e., extraversion and agreeableness), which
are rarely studied but important elements for marketers to better understand the market (e.g., segment the market), are examined. To test the extended model of TPB, a survey (n = 312) was conducted with tourists in Portugal. The researchers find support for the hypothesis that tourists
with higher prosocial values, maturity values, and extraversion personality traits are more likely to have a favorable attitude toward a destination and a tendency to recommend the destination. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Towards an Authentic Nigeria Hymnody: The Study of Yoruba Hymnody
Authors: Ozah Marie Agatha , Bolaji David
Published: August 2020

The indigenous hymnology has experienced a lot of tonality distortion in Nigeria due to the direct translation of Western hymn tunes to the indigenous hymns. Different scholars have identified this act of perversion, but little or no documentation can be found on the method(s) that can be used in correcting this perverse act. The focus of this paper is on Yoruba hymnody. In this light, the paper examines and discuss the abnormality found in Yoruba indigenous hymns, through an analytical content of three selected indigenous Yoruba hymns and propounds methods and implementation strategies towards correcting the aforementioned act of perversion. Findings revealed that most of the indigenous hymns had been distorted in meaning due to the deformation of the indispensable Yoruba tone language. The paper discusses and draws out specific lessons that would serve as channels and even methods for consideration during composition, especially by Nigerian art composers. Tackling this challenge from a unanimous perspective, the effort will address the articulation and use of tonal inflexions in Yoruba Nigerian hymns.
Formulation and Evaluation of Oro Dispersible Tablets of Ondansetron Hydrochloride by Direct Compression using Superdisintegrants
Authors: R. Gosai Avani , B. Patil Sanjay , K. Sawant Krutika
Published: August 2020

The objective of the present investigation was to prepare oro dispersible tablets of ondansetron hydrochloride, because of its application in emesis condition, fast onset of action and avoidance of water is highly desirable. Tablets were prepared by direct compression using sodium starch glycolate and croscarmellose as superdisintegrants, as the combination of these two agents gives better disintegration of the tablet. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as diluent and mannitol, mint flavor, sodium saccharine to enhance the organoleptic properties of tablets. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, mechanical strength, in vitro disintegration time, in vivo disintegration time, wetting time, and drug release characteristics. Hardness and friability data indicated good mechanical strength of tablets.  The results of in vitro disintegration time and in vivo disintegration time indicated that the tablets dispersed rapidly in mouth within 3 to 5 seconds. Dissolution study revealed faster release rate of ondansetron hydrochloride from the tablets as compared to pure drug and marketed conventional tablet formulation of ondansetron hydrochloride. It was concluded that superdisintegrants addition technique is a useful method for preparing oro dispersible tablets by direct compression method
Phytochemicals of Gentianaceae: A Review of Pharmacological Properties
Authors: Singh Amritpal
Published: August 2020

Aim of the review paper is to give an enlightenment on potential phyto-constituents of Gentianaceae.  Bitter principles (secoiridoid glycosides) and xanthones are widely distributed among plants belonging to the family Gentianaceae. Phytochemicals like amarogentin, bellidifolin, gentianine and swerchirin have been reported to possess significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-asthmatic, anticonvulsant, antihistaminic, antimalarial, antiamoebic, cytoprotective, diuretic, hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic properties. Topoisomerase inhibition is significant pharmacological activity reported from amarogentin. Further investigations exploring possible use of these phytochemicals as therapeutic agents are warranted. The articles reviews certain pharmacological investigations carried out on phytochemicals reported from Gentianaceae
Optimization Study to Develop Once-a-day Controlled Release Formulation of Metoclopramide with Predictable Design Space
Authors: Dubey Rajesh , K. Chowdary Udaya , V. Venkateswarlu
Published: August 2020

A controlled release formulation of metoclopramide was developed using a combination of hypromellose (HPMC) and hydrogenated castor oil (HCO). Developed formulations released the drug over 20 hr with release kinetics following Higuchi model. Compared to HCO, HPMC showed significantly higher influence in controlling the drug release at initial as well as later phase. The difference in the influence can be explained by the different swelling and erosion behaviour of the polymers. Effect of the polymers on release was optimized using a face-centered central composite design to generate a predictable design space. Statistical analysis of the drug release at various levels indicated a linear effect of the polymers’ levels on the drug release. The release profile of formulations containing the polymer levels at extremes of their ranges in design space was found to be similar to the predicted release profile
Development of Mucoadhesive Buccal Films of Glipizide
Authors: Semalty Mona , Semalty Ajay , Kumar Ganesh , Juyal Vijay
Published: August 2020

For improving bioavailability in controlled release fashion and to circumvent the hepatic first pass effect of glipizide mucoadhesive buccal films of glipizide were prepared by solvent casting technique. Buccal films were prepared using hydroxy propylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, carbopol-934P and Eudragit RL-100. Films were evaluated for their weight, thickness, surface pH, swelling index,       in vitro residence time, folding endurance, in vitro release, ex vivo permeation studies and drug content uniformity. The films exhibited controlled release over more than 6 h. From the study it was concluded that the films containing 5 mg glipizide in 4.9 % w/v hydroxy propylmethylcellulose and 1.5 % w/v sodium carboxymethylcellulose exhibited satisfactory swelling, an optimum residence time and promising drug release thus proved to be potential candidate for the development of buccal films for therapeutic use.
Designing of Biodegradable Interpenetrating Polymer Network of Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-acrylic acid)/sodium chloride hydrogel : An Approach to Drug Delivery
Authors: Ray Debajyoti , Sahoo Prafulla Kumar , Mohanta Guru Prasad
Published: August 2020

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) networking with polyacrylic acid (PAA), generated insitu, were prepared by without any added crosslinker, using benzoyl peroxide an initiator and sodium chloride (NaCl) as additive. The response of the hydrogels with and without NaCl was observed by studying their swelling behavior, biodegradability and thermal stability. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed that the pores of the prepared IPN were mostly open in presence of NaCl, thus making the hydrogel macroporous. (PVA-co-PAA)/NaCl was found to be more biodegradable than without NaCl. The IPN hydrogel showed comparatively higher swelling at intestinal pH than that of gastric medium and presence of NaCl in the IPN increases the swelling properties in both media. Thermal stability of IPN was affected by copolymerization, due to increasing porosity of the IPN. The prepared nontoxic, hydrophilic IPN hydrogel system holds good for further drug delivery studies in connection to its superswelling and biodegradablity.
Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Antibiotic Drug Immunoconjugates
Authors: T Mamatha , S Sunitha , K Prabhakar , Rao Madhusudan , V Kishan
Published: August 2020

The aim of the present study was to develop drug immunoconjugates (DIC) of antibiotics like Ampicillin trihydrate, Amoxycillin trihydrate, Streptomycin sulphate, Rifampicin and doxorubicin with Anti-D serum using different coupling methods. Protein content in Anti- D serum was estimated by Lowry’s method. The conjugates were purified from unbound drug by dialysis. The drugs to antibody ratios were estimated by determining the quantity of antibacterial drugs coupled during coupling reactions by turbidimetric or colorimetric assay. The conjugates were tested for both antibody and antibacterial activities by simple in vitro methods. Slide agglutination test was used to know the retention of activity of the antibody qualitatively. The antibacterial activity was observed by reduction in turbidity due to growth inhibition. When glutaraldehyde method was used to couple the drugs the resulted DICs of Ampicillin trihydrate, Amoxycillin trihydrate and Streptomycin sulphate retained both antibody and antibacterial activities, while a direct linkage of Streptomycin sulphate to antibody resulted in the loss of antibacterial activity. Rifampicin was also linked to antibody by two methods. Upon direct linkage of Rifampicin to antibody retained both activities, but when linked by dicyclohexyl carbodiimide method, an antibody inactive preparation was resulted. Doxorubicin an anticancer antibiotic was also linked to antibody by glutaraldehyde method which retained antibody activity. Taken together, the results of our studies would be useful in the design of drug immunoconjugates with antibiotic drugs to treat specific infections in chemotherapy.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Starch – Urea – Borate as Rate Controlling Matrix for Controlled Release
Authors: KPR Chowdary , MN Murali Krishna
Published: August 2020

The objective of the present investigation is to synthesize starch – urea – borate, a new starch based polymer and to evaluate its application in the design of controlled release matrix tablets of diclofenac and gliclazide. The release rate controlling efficiency of starch – urea – borate was also compared with that of known polymers. Starch – urea – borate (SUB) polymer was synthesized by gelatinization of starch in the presence of urea and borax. Matrix tablets of diclofenac (100 mg) and gliclazide (60 mg) were formulated employing starch – urea – borate polymer in different proportions of drug and polymer and the tablets were evaluated. With both diclofenac and gliclazide, release from the formulated matrix tablets was slow and spread over 24 h and depended on percent polymer in the tablet. Release was diffusion controlled and followed zero order kinetics. Non – fickian diffusion was the drug release mechanism from the formulated tablets. Diclofenac release from matrix tablets formulated employing 33 % SUB (DF3) and Gliclazide release from matrix tablets formulated employing 50 % SUB (GF4) was similar to that from the corresponding commercial SR tablets. Starch – urea – borate polymer was found suitable for the design of oral controlled release tablets of diclofenac and gliclazide. The order of increasing release rate controlling efficiency with various polymers was ethyl cellulose = guar gum > SUB > sodium CMC > HPMC. Starch – urea – borate is a better release rate controlling polymer than HPMC and sodium CMC for obtaining controlled release over    24 hours.
Formulation and Evaluation of pH Induced In-situ Nasal Gel of Salbutamol Sulphate
Authors: Nandgude Tanaji , Thube Rahul , Jaiswal Nitin , Deshmukh Pradip , Chatap Vivek , Hire Nitin
Published: August 2020

Nasal solutions of Salbutamol Sulphate were prepared for sustaining its release and improving its bioavailability. Carbopol was used as a key ingredient to effect pH induced sol to gel conversion of the formulations. Different formulations were prepared by varying the concentrations of Carbopol 934 and Hydroxyl Propyl Methyl Cellulose. These formulations were evaluated for parameters like pH, drug content, viscosity, gel strength and drug release. Release profile of some formulations showed rapid phase while some showed slow phase. At extreme low concentrations of the polymers, the formulations drained out due to poor viscosity while at higher concentrations of the same the formulations formed stiff gel and showed slow release of drug. Finally optimized formulation with specific concentrations of carbopol 934 and Hydroxyl Propyl Methyl Cellulose showed pH induced sol-gel conversion, sustained release and higher bioavailability
Recent Advances in Hormonal Contraceptives for Women
Authors: Reddy D. Samba
Published: August 2020

Currently, Contraceptive agents play a key role in family planning in India. Hormonal contraception is the marketed most common birth control option in women. An estimated 100 million women throughout the world use hormonal contraceptives for prevention of pregnancy. This article briefly describes the recent advances in hormonal contraceptive strategies that may minimize side effects while optimizing effective contraception. There are four types of hormonal contraceptive agents available for birth control. They include oral contraceptives pills (combined and mini-pills), contraceptive patches, hormonal implants, intrauterine devices and hormone injection agents. Oral contraceptives (OCs) are among the most widely used agents because they are highly effective when used properly. Generally, OCs are designed to simulate the 28 days of the menstrual cycle by daily intake of steroid hormones consisting of an estrogen and/or a progesterone. The primary mechanism underlying OC action is inhibition of ovulation. This action is achieved using a variety of OCs with substantially different components, doses, and side effect profile.  Two types of OC pills are widely available: combination pills; and progesterone only pills. The combined daily OC pill is composed of low dose of synthetic estrogen and progesterone. They are usually taken for 21 days with a 7 day gap during which menstruation-like bleeding occurs. Recently, there are several new OCs that have been approved to minimize the frequency and/or extent of breakthrough bleeding while achieving reliable means of contraception for the avoidance of unplanned pregnancies.
Spray Dried Mucoadhesive Microspheres of Ondansetron for Nasal Administration
Authors: Mahajan Hitendra , Gattani Surendra , Surana Sanjay
Published: August 2020

Systemic delivery of drugs via nasal route has many advantages for protein and peptide drug molecules as well as conventional molecules. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are those that provide intimate contact of the drug are those that provide intimate contact of the drug with the mucosa for an extended period of time.  In this current work chitosan mucoadhesive microspheres of ondansetron HCL were prepared by spray-drying method, with an aim to avoid first pass effect and to improve therapeutic efficacy of Ondansetron in treatment of nauseas and vomiting. Preformulation studies were carried out in order to find out the drug excipient interaction in order to find out the drug excipients. I.R. spectrum and TLC method was used to find out the interaction between drug and excipient.  Formulations were evaluated for physical characteristics such as particle size, incorporation efficiency, swelling ability in vitro bioadhesion and in vitro drug release in pH 6.6 phosphate buffer.  Average particle size of microspheres was found to be in size of microspheres was found to be in size range 7-9 µm.  All microspheres had good percentage of entrapment efficiency between 88% and 97% chitosan microspheres showed very good mucoadhesion due to electrostatic attraction between chitosan and mucin. The Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectra obtained from various formulations of spray-dried microspheres showed no interaction within these formulations. The release of ondansetron hydrochloride from these microspheres was fast. These in vitro results show that spray-dried microspheres based on chitosan could be suitable nasal mucoadhesive delivery system for administration of ondansetron hydrochloride.
Influence of Helicteres isora L. Bark Extracts on Glycaemic Control and Renoprotective Activity in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Kumar Ganesan , Sharmila banu Gani , Murugesan Arunachalam Ganesan
Published: August 2020

The present investigation, the aqueous bark extracts of Helicteres isora was investigated on glycaemic control and renoprotective activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using short term and long term study. The blood glucose lowering activity of the bark extracts (100, 200mg/kg) was determined in streptozotocin-induced (60 mg/kg) diabetic rats in short term study. Blood samples were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 h after bark extracts administration and the samples were analyzed for blood glucose.  In long term study, the bark extracts (100, 200 mg/kg) were administered to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, daily for 8 weeks. Blood glucose was measured at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Urine samples were collected before the induction of diabetes and at the end of 8 weeks of treatments and analyzed for urinary protein, albumin and creatinine levels. The results shows that the aqueous bark extracts of Helicteres isora produced dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose of diabetic rats and comparable with that of standard drug, tolbutamide. The renoprotective activity is also observed in bark extracts treated rats. The results indicate a prolonged action in reduction of blood glucose by Helicteres isora and are probably mediated through enhanced secretion of insulin from the β-cells of Langerhans or through extra pancreatic mechanism. The probable mechanism of potent renoprotective actions of Helicteres isora has to be evaluated.
An Overview: Nanoparticles
Authors: Patel Jayvadan K. , Patel Dhaval J. , Pandya Vikram M.
Published: August 2020

Nanoparticles have unique properties as compared to micro or macro particles. Different types of nanoparticulate material use in electronic, magnetic, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, energy, catalytic and materials industries. Nanoparticles can be produced by biological, chemical or physical processes. Several of these processes have been known for a long time, while others are new technologies. Nanoparticles are also used in the medical field to aid in drug delivery and medical imaging. Nanoparticles are solid colloidal drug carriers, typically made of a single material, in which a drug is entrapped, encapsulated or adsorbed onto the surface. In pharmaceutical field, it is estimated that about 40% of newly developed drugs will be poorly soluble in future. The poor solubility even makes it very difficult to perform the pharmacological screening of compounds for potential drug effects. With help of nanoparticle technology, this can be solving. Nanoparticle technology is currently taking prominence in the market. This review presents the production process of nanoparticles, characterization techniques & its clinical aspects