bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Negative Poisson's Ratio in Modern Functional Materials
Authors: Huang Chuanwei , Chen Lang
Published: July 2016

Materials with negative Poisson's ratio attract considerable attention due to their underlying intriguing physical properties and numerous promising applications, particularly in stringent environments such as aerospace and defense areas, because of their unconventional mechanical enhancements. Recent progress in materials with a negative Poisson's ratio are reviewed here, with the current state of research regarding both theory and experiment. The inter‐relationship between the underlying structure and a negative Poisson's ratio is discussed in functional materials, including macroscopic bulk, low‐dimensional nanoscale particles, films, sheets, or tubes. The coexistence and correlations with other negative indexes (such as negative compressibility and negative thermal expansion) are also addressed. Finally, open questions and future research opportunities are proposed for functional materials with negative Poisson's ratios.
Growth of Co Nanomagnet Arrays with Enhanced Magnetic Anisotropy
Authors: Fernández Laura , Ilyn Maxim , Magaña Ana , Vitali Lucia , Ortega José Enrique , Schiller Frederik
Published: July 2016

A trigon structure formed by submonolayer gadolinium deposition onto Au(111) is revealed as a robust growth template for Co nanodot arrays. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and X‐Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism measurements evidence that the Co nanoislands behave as independent magnetic entities with an out‐of‐plane easy axis of anisotropy and enhanced magnetic anisotropy values, as compared to other self‐organized Co nanodot superlattices. The large strain induced by the lattice mismatch at the interface between Co and trigons is discussed as the main reason for the increased magnetic anisotropy of the nanoislands.
Morphological convergence in the pubis of slow‐moving primates and xenarthrans
Authors: Lewton Kristi L. , Dingwall Heather L.
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Determining the functional significance of pubic rami is important for reconstructing locomotor behavior of fossil species. The slow loris pelvis, characterized by long pubic rami, is unusual among primates. Long pubic rami may be related to increasing the moment arm of the abdominal musculature during ventroflexion after the termination of hindlimb suspension, which is a common component of slow arboreal quadrupedalism (AQ). Some extant xenarthran species are also slow AQ taxa, and provide an ideal group to test hypotheses of morphologically convergent adaptations to slow AQ.

Materials and Methods

A model relating abdominal moment arms to pubic morphology is tested in three genera of slow‐moving xenarthrans (Bradypus, Choloepus, and Cyclopes) and two species of slow loris (Nycticebus coucang and Perodicticus potto), using a comparative sample of 37 species of primates and xenarthrans. Phylogenetic analyses of variance and regression were performed on pubic dimensions (superior and inferior pubic ramus length, pubic symphysis length).

Results

As a locomotor group, slow‐moving xenarthrans and lorises share superior pubic rami that are longer than all other locomotor groups; at the species level, there is some overlap among slow AQ and non‐slow‐AQ taxa. Inferior pubic ramus and pubic symphysis lengths also differ according to locomotor category, but multiple comparisons among locomotor groups are non‐significant.

Discussion

These results support the hypothesis that superior pubic ramus length is functionally related to slow, suspensory locomotion by increasing the leverage of the ventral abdominal musculature, and demonstrates morphological convergence among two phylogenetically distant groups of mammals that have evolved adaptations for slow, suspensory locomotion.
Selective and Efficient Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide on Oxide‐Derived Nanostructured Silver Electrocatalysts
Authors: Ma Ming , Trześniewski Bartek J. , Xie Jie , Smith Wilson A.
Published: July 2016

In this work, the selective electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide on oxide‐derived silver electrocatalysts is presented. By a simple synthesis technique, the overall high faradaic efficiency for CO production on the oxide‐derived Ag was shifted by more than 400 mV towards a lower overpotential compared to that of untreated Ag. Notably, the Ag resulting from Ag oxide is capable of electrochemically reducing CO2 to CO with approximately 80 % catalytic selectivity at a moderate overpotential of 0.49 V, which is much higher than that (ca. 4 %) of untreated Ag under identical conditions. Electrokinetic studies show that the improved catalytic activity is ascribed to the enhanced stabilization of COOH. intermediate. Furthermore, highly nanostructured Ag is likely able to create a high local pH near the catalyst surface, which may also facilitate the catalytic activity for the reduction of CO2 with suppressed H2 evolution.
Rephrasing Sue Bulmer's six‐style Port Moresby pottery sequence
Authors: ALLEN JIM
Published: July 2016

In her 1978 PhD thesis, Sue Bulmer delineated a sequence of six pottery styles for the past 2000 years of Port Moresby prehistory. This aspect of her thesis became the standard reference for Port Moresby pottery for all Papuan researchers over the past 38 years. This paper considers the way in which Bulmer constructed this sequence from limited available data. A more recent analysis of another pottery sequence from the Bootless Bay site of Motupore now allows a rephrasing of the latter part of the Bulmer sequence (Styles III, IV, V and VI). These new data revise two accepted views: (1) that these styles were chronologically sequential; and (2) that these different styles reflected different Port Moresby manufacturing centres.
Langzeitverhalten geklebter Bauteile aus Holz und hochfestem Beton bei natürlichem Klima
Authors: Eisenhut Lars , Seim Werner
Published: July 2016

Holz‐Beton‐Verbundkonstruktionen kombinieren die Eigenschaften der Werkstoffe Holz und Beton auf vorteilhafte Weise. Im Vergleich zur reinen Holzbau‐Lösung weist die Verbundstruktur eine optimierte Tragfähigkeit, ein verbessertes Schwingungsverhalten, einen höheren Schallschutz sowie eine größere thermisch aktivierbare Masse auf. Der Verbund zwischen Holz und Beton wird bisher üblicherweise durch mechanische Verbindungsmittel oder mittels Formschluss erreicht. Dies führt zu einem mehr oder weniger nachgiebigen Verbund. Durch den Einsatz der Klebtechnologie als Verbundmittel wird ein „starrer Verbund” erreicht und durch die Vorfertigung von Verbund‐Fertigteilelementen bleiben die Vorteile einer „trockenen Bauweise” erhalten. Die Fragen zur Herstellungstechnologie und zum Kurzzeitverhalten geklebter Holz‐Beton‐Verbundbauteile wurden am Fachgebiet Bauwerkserhaltung und Holzbau der Universität Kassel bereits in der Vergangenheit untersucht. Für die Anwendung in der Baupraxis fehlten jedoch Kenntnisse des Langzeitverhaltens. Diese Lücke wurde in den vergangenen drei Jahren im Rahmen des von der AiF geförderten Forschungsclusters „BestKleb” geschlossen. Im folgenden Beitrag wird von den Untersuchungen an Bauteilen und der Schlussfolgerung für eine baupraktische Anwendung berichtet.
Off‐label use of the amplatzer ductal occluder II additional size for percutaneous treatment of acute aortic occlusion in a baby
Authors: Ferraro G. , Marini D. , Agnoletti G.
Published: July 2016

We describe the case of a 5‐month‐old baby with a pro‐coagulative condition, referred for rapid atrial tachycardia. At echocardiography we found a large free‐floating atrial thrombus that spontaneously embolized into the descending aorta and produced acute sub‐renal occlusion. Aorta and iliac vessels were cleared using the ADO II additional sizes device. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gossypiboma
Authors: De Utpal , Dutta Manas , Chattopadhyay Prasenjit
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical Message

Gossypiboma is a dreadful complication and nightmare for a surgeon. It might cost the patient his life and the surgeon his reputation. It is a preventable condition and additional safeguard measures should be sought and implemented to prevent against human error.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Arylation of Trifluoromethylated/Perfluoroalkylated 2‐Quinazolinones with High Enantioselectivity
Authors: Zhou Bo , Jiang Chunhui , Gandi Vasudeva Rao , Lu Yixin , Hayashi Tamio
Published: July 2016

Asymmetric arylation of 4‐fluoroalkyl‐2‐quinazolinone derivatives with arylboronic acids proceeded smoothly in the presence of a cationic palladium catalyst (1 mol %) coordinated with a chiral phosphinooxazoline (phox) ligand to create the corresponding fluorine‐containing arylated dihydroquinazolinones in high yields and with greater than 99 % ee.
Versuchsplanerische Untersuchung der Umesterung von Sojaöl mit Ethanol im Mikroreaktor
Authors: Ulrich Tobias , Borovinskaya Ekaterina S. , Reschetilowski Wladimir
Published: July 2016

Die basisch katalysierte Umesterung pflanzlicher und tierischer Fette und Öle mit einwertigen Alkoholen zur Herstellung von Biodiesel ist im diskontinuierlichen Betrieb ein etabliertes industrielles Verfahren. Der Einsatz von Mikroreaktionstechnik und die kontinuierliche Prozessführung tragen zu einer Intensivierung des Prozesses bei. Die Fettsäureethylester‐Ausbeute der mit KOH katalysierten Ethanolyse von Sojaöl im Mikroreaktor wird am stärksten durch das Ethanol/Sojaöl‐Stoffmengenverhältnis bei niedrigen Eduktvolumenströmen sowie durch die Reaktorgeometrie beeinflusst. Die Katalysatorkonzentration spielt hingegen eine untergeordnete Rolle.
Indazole, Pyrazole, and Oxazole Derivatives Targeting Nitric Oxide Synthases and Carbonic Anhydrases
Authors: Maccallini Cristina , Di Matteo Mauro , Vullo Daniela , Ammazzalorso Alessandra , Carradori Simone , De Filippis Barbara , Fantacuzzi Marialuigia , Giampietro Letizia , Pandolfi Assunta , Supuran Claudiu T. , Amoroso Rosa
Published: July 2016

Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential endogenous mediator with a physiological role in the central nervous system as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. A growing number of studies have demonstrated that abnormal nitrergic signaling is a crucial event in the development of neurodegeneration. In particular, the uncontrolled production of NO by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is observed in several neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, it is well recognized that specific isoforms of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) physiologically modulate crucial pathways of signal processing and that low expression of CA affects cognition, leading to mental retardation, Alzheimer′s disease, and aging‐related cognitive impairments. In light of this, dual agents that are able to target both NOS (inhibition) and CA (activation) could be useful drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer′s disease, aging, and other neurodegenerative diseases. In the present work, we show the design, synthesis, and in vitro biological evaluation of new nitrogen‐based heterocyclic compounds. Among the tested molecules, 2‐amino‐3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐N‐(1H‐indazol‐5‐yl)propanamide hydrochloride (10 b) was revealed to be a potent dual agent, able to act as a selective nNOS inhibitor and activator of the hCA I isoform.
Design of functionalized gold nanoparticle probes for computed tomography imaging
Authors: Silvestri Alessandro , Zambelli Vanessa , Ferretti Anna M. , Salerno Domenico , Bellani Giacomo , Polito Laura
Published: July 2016

The development of new molecules able to efficiently act as long‐circulating computed tomography (CT) contrast agents is one of the most crucial topics in the biomedical field. In the last years, the chance to manipulate materials at the nano‐size level gave new boost to this research, with the specific aim to design innovative nanoprobes. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have showed unique X‐rays attenuation properties which, combined with their easy surface functionalization, makes them ideal candidates for the next generation of contrast agents. In this paper, we present a rational and facile approach to synthesize engineered and water‐stable AuNPs, achieving concentrated colloidal solution with high Hounsfield Units (HU). An accurate control of reagents ratio allowed us to design AuNPs with different shapes, from symmetrical to anisotropic morphology, in a convenient ‘one‐pot’ fashion. Their activity as efficient and reliable CT contrast agents has been evaluated and compared. Moreover, glucosamine‐functionalized gold nanoparticles have been developed ([Au] = 31.20 mg/mL; HU = 2453), in order to obtain a CT contrast agent able to combine spatial resolution with metabolic information. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Replication of Polymer‐Based Peptide Microarrays by Multi‐Step Transfer
Authors: Striffler Jakob , Mattes Daniela S. , Schillo Sebastian , Münster Bastian , Palermo Andrea , Ridder Barbara , Welle Alexander , Trouillet Vanessa , Stadler Volker , Markovic Goran , Proll Günther , Bräse Stefan , Loeffler Felix F. , Nesterov‐Müller Alexander , Breitling Frank
Published: July 2016

Peptide microarrays serve as a high‐throughput tool for the readout of protein–peptide interactions. We present a multi‐step purification of high‐complexity peptide microarrays by transfer to specialized surfaces. Only correctly synthesized peptides are transferred from the synthesis surface to various substrates where they can be immobilized by a variety of different anchor molecules. Here, we demonstrate the transfer to rigid streptavidin, epoxide, gold, and azide surfaces. The reported method reduces the cost of purified peptide array production through the reproduction of one array several times.
FOXN1 in thymus organogenesis and development
Authors: Vaidya Harsh Jayesh , Briones Leon Alberto , Blackburn C. Clare
Published: July 2016

Development of the primary T‐cell repertoire takes place in the thymus. The linked processes of T‐cell differentiation and T‐cell repertoire selection each depend on interactions between thymocytes and thymic stromal cells; in particular, with the epithelial cells of the cortical and medullary thymic compartments (cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells; cTECs and mTECs, respectively). The importance of the thymic epithelial cell lineage in these processes was revealed in part through analysis of nude (nu/nu) mice, which are congenitally hairless and athymic. The nude phenotype results from null mutation of the forkhead transcription factor FOXN1, which has emerged as a pivotal regulator both of thymus development and homeostasis. FOXN1 has been shown to play critical roles in thymus development, function, maintenance, and even regeneration, which positions it as a master regulator of thymic epithelial cell (TEC) differentiation. In this review, we discuss current understanding of the regulation and functions of FOXN1 throughout thymus ontogeny, from the earliest stages of organogenesis through homeostasis to age‐related involution, contextualising its significance through reference to other members of the wider Forkhead family.
IL‐10 differentially controls the infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and antigen‐presenting cells during inflammation
Authors: Liao Chia‐Te , Rosas Marcela , Davies Luke C. , Giles Peter J. , Tyrrell Victoria J. , O'Donnell Valerie B. , Topley Nicholas , Humphreys Ian R. , Fraser Donald J. , Jones Simon A. , Taylor Philip R.
Published: July 2016

The inflammatory activation and recruitment of defined myeloid populations is essential for controlling the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and shaping the immune response to microbial challenge. However, these cells exhibit significant functional heterogeneity and the inflammatory signals that differentially influence their effector characteristics are poorly characterized. In this study, we defined the phenotype of discrete subsets of effective antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) in the peritoneal cavity during peritonitis. When the functional properties of these cells were compared to inflammatory monocyte‐derived macrophages we noted differential responses to the immune‐modulatory cytokine IL‐10. In contrast to the suppressive actions of IL‐10 on inflammatory macrophages, the recruitment of APCs was relatively refractory and we found no evidence for selective inhibition of APC differentiation. This differential response of myeloid cell subsets to IL‐10 may thus have limited impact on development of potentially tissue‐damaging adaptive immune responses, while restricting the magnitude of the inflammatory response. These findings may have clinical relevance in the context of peritoneal dialysis patients, where recurrent infections are associated with immune‐mediated membrane dysfunction, treatment failure, and increased morbidity.
A compact short‐capillary based high‐speed capillary electrophoresis bioanalyzer
Authors: Fang Xiao‐Xia , Fang Pan , Pan Jian‐Zhang , Fang Qun
Published: July 2016

Here, a compact high‐speed CE bioanalyzer based on a short capillary has been developed. Multiple modules of picoliter scale sample injection, high‐speed CE separation, sample changing, LIF detection, as well as a custom designed tablet computer for data processing, instrument controlling, and result displaying were integrated in the bioanalyzer with a total size of 23 × 17 × 19 cm (length × width × height). The high‐speed CE bioanalyzer is capable of performing automated sample injection and separation for multiple samples and has been successfully applied in fast separations of amino acids, chiral amino acids, proteins and DNA fragments. For instance, baseline separation of six FITC‐labeled amino acids and ultrahigh‐speed separation of three amino acids could be achieved within 7 and 1 s, respectively. The separation speed and efficiency of the optimized high‐speed CE system are comparable to or even better than those reported in microchip‐based CE systems. We believe this bioanalyzer could provide an advanced platform for fundamental research in bioscience and clinical diagnosis, as well as in quality control for drugs, foods, and feeds.
Micronutrient composition and acceptability of Moringa oleifera leaf‐fortified dishes by children in Ada‐East district, Ghana
Authors: Glover‐Amengor Mary , Aryeetey Richmond , Afari Edwin , Nyarko Alexander
Published: July 2016

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), a green leafy vegetable, is a good source of minerals and vitamins which could be consumed as part of diet to improve human health and well‐being. Drying M. oleifera leaves could make it readily available for use as a food fortificant. The objectives of the study were to determine micromineral and β ‐carotene content of dried M. oleifera leaves, and leaf‐incorporated local dishes, and also assess school children's (4‐12 yr) acceptability of dried M. oleifera leaf‐incorporated local dishes and feasibility of introducing dried leaves into a school lunch menu. M. oleifera leaves were solar dried, milled into powder, and packaged into polythene bags. Moisture level in the dried leaves and pH were determined. Minerals in the leaf powder were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Beta‐carotene levels were determined by spectrophotometry. Acceptability tests of dishes fortified with M. oleifera leaf powder were conducted with score sheets (Smileys) on a 5‐point hedonic scale of “Like Extremely” to “Dislike Extremely”, and dishes ranked to determine preference. Dried M. oleifera leaves contained high levels of micronutrients: 0.36 ± 0.04 mg/100 g Copper (Cu); 5.80 ± 0.68 mg/100 g Manganese (Mn); 20.96 ± 1.37 mg/100 g Iron (Fe); 6.79 ± 1.82 mg/100 g Zn; and 21.42 ± 1.67 mg/100 g β‐carotene. The dishes showed significant levels of these minerals compared to the nonfortified dishes (P < 0.05). M. oleifera leaf‐fortified dishes were also highly acceptable to the children (highest mean score of 5.0 ± 0 of 5 and lowest of 3.50 ± 1.43 of 5). M. oleifera leaf powder contains high levels of the micronutrients β‐carotene, Zn, Mn, and Fe, comparable to levels found in amaranth and spinach. M. oleifera leaf‐fortified local dishes were well accepted by children in Ada‐East district. M. oleifera leaf fortified dishes could be good sources of β‐carotene and other minerals for children vulnerable to malnutrition in Ghana.
Migration of nonylphenol and plasticizers from polyvinyl chloride stretch film into food simulants, rapeseed oil, and foods
Authors: Kawamura Yoko , Ogawa Yuko , Mutsuga Motoh
Published: July 2016

Nonylphenol (NP) has been suspected as an endocrine‐disrupting chemical. Japanese polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stretch films contained 0.5–3.3 mg/g of NP and 100–400 mg/g of plasticizers such as diisononyl adipate (DINA), di‐n‐alkyl adipate (DAA), and diacetyllauroyl glycerol (DALG). Migration of NP and plasticizers from PVC stretch films into food simulants (water; 4% acetic acid; 20%, 50%, and 95% ethanol; and heptane), rapeseed oil, and foods was investigated. Plasticizers migrated only in small amounts into aqueous simulants and foods, although they migrated at much higher levels into 50% and 95% ethanol, heptane, rapeseed oil, and fatty foods, whereas NP more easily migrated into aqueous simulants and foods. At 5°C for 24 hr, migration of NP into vegetable and fruit was 2.9%–6.4% of their contents, and that of DINA and DAA was 0.1%–0.3%. The migration ratios of NP into aqueous foods were much higher than those of DINA and DAA. The migration ratio of NP into fatty foods, such as minced tuna and pork, was 33% and 24%, which was almost similar to that of DINA and DAA. The estimated daily intakes of NP and DINA for Japanese individuals of those days were 35 and 1,050 μg, respectively, and should not be associated with any safety concerns.
Comparative toxicities of 3 platinum‐containing chemotherapy regimens in relapsed/refractory lymphoma patients
Authors: Tixier F. , Ranchon F. , Iltis A. , Vantard N. , Schwiertz V. , Bachy E. , Bouafia‐Sauvy F. , Sarkozy C. , Tournamille J. F. , Gyan E. , Salles G. , Rioufol C.
Published: July 2016

Optimal salvage chemotherapy regimen for patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma remains unclear but often based on platinum regimens. This retrospective study assesses in real life the toxicities profiles of patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma treated with DHA (dexamethasone, high dose aracytine cytarabine) plus platinum salt (dexamethasone‐High dose aracytine (cis)platin (DHAP), dexamethasone‐High dose aracytine carboplatin (DHAC), or dexamethasone‐High dose aracytine Oxaliplatin (DHAOX)), from February 2007 to May 2013 in 2 French hospitals. Toxicities were recorded from medical files and assessed according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria version 3.0. Potential risk factors of renal insufficiency were tested by univariate analyses. A total of 276 patients were treated: 168 with DHAP (60.9%), 79 with DHAOX (28.6%), and 29 with DHAC (10.5%). Rituximab was associated in 80.1% of patients (n = 221). Renal failure was reported in 97 patients, mainly with cisplatin regimen (86.6%) leading to 8.9% grade III to IV renal failure (P = .001). Renal insufficiency was reversible in most patients but remained persistent in 24, with all of them being treated with DHAP except 1. Cisplatin‐based regimen (50.0% versus 12.0%, P < .05) and female (44.6% versus 29.7%, P < .05) appeared to be at higher risks of renal failure. Platinum cumulative dose is a significant risk factor of nephrotoxicity. Hematologic toxicity was more frequent with carboplatin and cisplatin with at least 1 event (all toxicity grade) respectively in 79.3% and 71.4% of patients treated (P < .005). Auditory toxicity was mainly reported with cisplatin (n = 19; 4 grade I‐II and 15 grade III‐IV). Oxaliplatin was implicated in 77.6% of neurotoxicity (n = 59), mainly moderate (grade I‐II). In conclusion, DHAOX and DHAC regimens have more favorable toxicity profile than DHAP regimen. Their lack of renal toxicity makes them attractive regimens, which may be interesting for patients eligible for autologous stem cell transplantation. Nevertheless, these results have to be confirmed by the therapeutic efficacy of these 3 regimens.
Longitudinal Trajectories of Television Watching Across Childhood and Adolescence Predict Bone Mass at Age 20 Years in the Raine Study
Authors: McVeigh Joanne A , Zhu Kun , Mountain Jenny , Pennell Craig E , Lye Stephen J , Walsh John P , Straker Leon M
Published: July 2016

Sedentary behaviors such as watching television (TV) are associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. The effects of TV watching during key developmental stages on skeletal health are uncertain. Hours of TV watching/week were recorded by parental or self-report at 5, 8, 10, 14, 17, and 20 years of age in 1181 members (48% female) of a pregnancy cohort (the Raine Study). Participants were classified into one of three TV-watching trajectories (using latent class analysis): low (consistently <14 h/week; 20.3%), high (consistently ≥14 h/week; 44.4%), or increasing (increased from <14 to ≥14 h/week during adolescence; 35.3%). General linear models tested associations between TV trajectory and bone mineral content (BMC) measured at age 20 years using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After adjustment for height, body mass, physical activity, calcium intake, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, alcohol, and smoking (all at age 20 years), males in the low TV-watching trajectory had greater BMC for whole body (mean ± SEM, 3338 ± 59 g versus 3111 ± 31 g), legs (612 ± 12 g versus 569 ± 6 g), and arms (234 ± 5 g versus 214 ± 3 g) than those in the high TV-watching trajectory. Differences between low and high TV-watching trajectories were similar for females. BMC in the increasing TV-watching trajectory also differed for both sexes, for example males in the increasing TV-watching trajectory had greater whole-body BMC (3252 ± 38 g) than males in the high TV-watching trajectory (3111 ± 31 g) but less arm BMC (218 ± 3 g) than those in the low TV-watching trajectory (234 ± 5 g). In this community-based cohort, consistently high TV watching during childhood and adolescence independently predicted reduced peak bone mass at age 20 years. Because attainment of optimal peak bone mass is protective against osteoporosis in later life, reducing sedentary time in children may have long-term skeletal benefits. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Semi‐Automatic Rating Method for Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase Activity
Authors: Sugano Kanae , Hashi Kotomi , Goto Misaki , Nishi Kiyotaka , Maeda Rie , Kono Keigo , Yamamoto Mai , Okada Kazunori , Kaga Sanae , Miwa Keiko , Mikami Taisei , Masauzi Nobuo
Published: July 2016

Background

The neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) score is a valuable test for the diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms, but it has still manually rated. Therefore, we developed a semi‐automatic rating method using Photoshop® and Image‐J, called NAP‐PS‐IJ.

Methods

Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase staining was conducted with Tomonaga's method to films of peripheral blood taken from three healthy volunteers. At least 30 neutrophils with NAP scores from 0 to 5+ were observed and taken their images. From which the outer part of neutrophil was removed away with Image‐J. These were binarized with two different procedures (P1 and P2) using Photoshop®. NAP‐positive area (NAP‐PA) and granule (NAP‐PGC) were measured and counted with Image‐J.

Results

The NAP‐PA in images binarized with P1 significantly (P < 0.05) differed between images with NAP scores from 0 to 3+ (group 1) and those from 4+ to 5+ (group 2). The original images in group 1 were binarized with P2. NAP‐PGC of them significantly (P < 0.05) differed among all four NAP score groups. The mean NAP‐PGC with NAP‐PS‐IJ indicated a good correlation (r = 0.92, P < 0.001) to results by human examiners.

Conclusions

The sensitivity and specificity of NAP‐PS‐IJ were 60% and 92%, which might be considered as a prototypic method for the full‐automatic rating NAP score.
One‐pot Green Synthesis of 3‐Methyl‐4‐aryl‐2,4,5,7‐tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐6‐ones by Multicomponent Assembling of 5‐Methylpyrazol‐3‐amine, Aldehydes, and Meldrum's Acid Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) in Water
Authors: Hemmati Saba , Safarimehr Parisa , Safaei Maryam , Hekmati Malak
Published: July 2016

A simple, economical, and green approach to the one‐pot synthesis of 3‐methyl‐4‐aryl‐2,4,5,7‐tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐6‐ones by multicomponent assembling of 5‐methylpyrazol‐3‐amine, aldehydes, and Meldrum's acid using sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant in water is described. This protocol has the advantages of high yields, wide application scope, and an environmental benign procedure.
The versatility of profunda femoral artery perforator flap for oncological reconstruction after cancer resection—Clinical cases and review of literature
Authors: Ito Ran , Huang Jung‐Ju , Wu Jerry Chih‐Wei , Lin Miffy Chia‐Yu , Cheng Ming‐Huei
Published: July 2016

Background

The profunda feomris artery perforator (PAP) flap was recently revisited and gains popularity as an alternative method of autologous breast reconstruction. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that PAP flap can be used reliably for reconstruction of various soft tissue defects.

Methods

A total of 55 free PAP flaps and 16 pedicle PAP flaps were transferred in 63 patients. Each case was reviewed to verify a PAP flap was performed identifying defect location, flap size, flap design, and postoperative complications.

Results

Seven flaps in five patients underwent breast reconstructions, 48 patients underwent head and neck reconstructions using free PAP flaps. The mean perforator number was 1.9, and the average pedicles length was 9.7 cm. The majority of perforators were musculocutaneous, and the others were septocutaneous. The mean ischemia time was 121.4 min. Minor complications included wound poor healing, flap partial necrosis, and pedicle vessels problems. Sixteen pedicle PAP flaps were transferred in 10 patients for vulvar reconstruction. Minor complications included urinary tract infection, poor wound healing, wound infection, hematoma.

Conclusions

The anatomy and number of perforators of PAP flap are reliable with adequate pedicle length. This flap can be an excellent option for reconstruction of most soft tissue defects. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:193–201. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence of age‐related hearing loss, including sex differences, in older adults in a large cohort study
Authors: Homans Nienke C. , Metselaar R. Mick , Dingemanse J. Gertjan , van der Schroeff Marc P. , Brocaar Michael P. , Wieringa Marjan H. , Baatenburg de Jong Rob J. , Hofman Albert , Goedegebure André
Published: July 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To obtain actual status of age‐related hearing loss in a general unscreened population of older Dutch adults and to investigate whether the prevalence or degree has changed over time.

Study Design

To investigate the prevalence and degree of hearing loss, we conducted a large prospective cohort study of older adults between February 2011 and July 2015.

Methods

Pure‐tone air‐ and bone‐conduction thresholds were measured for 4,743 participants. Results were compared to previous cohort studies.

Results

As expected, hearing loss increased with age. We found a correlation of R2 = 0.317 for men and R2 = 0.354 for women (right ears). A prevalence of hearing loss greater than 35 dB hearing level the average of 0.5/1/2/4 kHz in the better ear, was found in 33% of the male and almost 29% of the female participants aged 65 years and older. Compared with previous studies, men had less hearing loss at the frequencies of 2 kHz and above. Hearing thresholds in women were significantly higher at 4 and 8 kHz. The difference in hearing loss between men and women is significantly less than in earlier studies.

Conclusions

Our study confirms that hearing loss is highly prevalent in the general unscreened population of older adults. However, the difference in hearing between sexes was considerably less than previously reported. This is probably due to changing lifestyle and environmental circumstances,

Level of Evidence

2b Laryngoscope, 127:725–730, 2017
Investigation of the mechanic behaviours in hollow composite shafts having different fiber reinforcement and orientation angles
Authors: Yıldırım H. , Pıhtılı H.
Published: July 2016

This study experimentally investigates the mechanical properties and behaviors of the hollow circular composite shafts, which are widely used in the industry and operated under a variety of environmental influences. Within the context of this study, glass, carbon and kevlar fibers were utilized as fiber materials and epoxy resins were preferred as the matrix material for hollow circular composite shafts. Composite shafts having 80 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm length and different internal diameters were used for three‐point bending tests. Composite hollow shafts were manufactured by utilizing filament winding method at different orientation angles (θ = 45°, 60°, 75°, 80°, 88°). The bending behaviors of the hollow circular composite shafts manufactured were repeated separately for each sample in three‐point bending tests. The results obtained were evaluated inter se, displayed in graphics and necessary considerations were addressed.
Experimentelle Ermittlung des Ver‐ und Entfestigungsverhaltens durch zyklische plastische Verformung auf Basis von Biegewechselversuchen
Authors: Bauer M. , Thomisch M. , Kley M.
Published: July 2016

Für Biegeprozesse mit wechselnder Beanspruchung werden Materialgrößen benötigt, welche die Ver‐ bzw. Entfestigung durch den Bauschinger‐Effekt berücksichtigen. Hierzu werden Biegewechselversuche an Drahtproben durchgeführt. Durch Ermittlung der „bezogenen Maximalkraftdifferenz“ wird die Ver‐ bzw. Entfestigung quantitativ angegeben. Für eine Auswahl an Eisenwerkstoffen und Nichteisenmetallen werden entsprechende bezogene Maximalkraftdifferenzen bereitgestellt und miteinander verglichen. Aufgezeigt wird, welche Werkstoffe tendenziell verfestigen und welche eher eine Entfestigung erfahren. Auch der Einfluss des Verformungsgrades wird erläutert.
On the Maxwell–Stefan diffusion limit for a mixture of monatomic gases
Authors: Hutridurga Harsha , Salvarani Francesco
Published: July 2016

Multi‐species Boltzmann equations for gaseous mixtures, with analytic cross sections and under Grad's angular cutoff assumption, are considered under diffusive scaling. In the limit, we formally obtain an explicit expression for the binary diffusion coefficients in the Maxwell–Stefan equations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer under nondestructive lightning current
Authors: Sun A. Jinru , Yao B. Xueling , Xu C. Wenjun , Chen D. Jingliang
Published: July 2016

An experiment platform was established to study the measuring methods for the dynamic impedance characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) under nondestructive lightning component A. On basis of the experimental results, the two‐electrode testing system was conducted and silicone grease was coated between the electrode and specimens to reduce the high‐frequency discharging disturbances. The dynamic characteristics of CFRP under lightning current (the peak time TP is 30.2 μs and the duration time Td is 72.2 μs) were investigated by measuring the voltage between two terminals of specimens and the impulse current flowing through the tested CFRP in this article. The experimental results show that the CFRP has a strong conduction capability under the lightning impulse, and its dynamic resistance has significant nonlinear characteristics which decrease from 20 Ω to 2 Ω with the impulse current increasing from 5 A to 100 A. The peak time of voltage is little prior to that of the impulse current, which showed inductive effect. Moreover, the residual voltage may maintain a positive or negative value within a certain time after the lightning current returning to zero, which called the voltage holding effect. The experimental phenomena such as inductive effect, nonlinear behavior, and voltage‐holding effect can be explained by the proposed conduction model of CFRP qualitatively, in which the internal layer‐structures and the conductivity of CFRP are considered comprehensively. This work will provide a theoretical support for further researches of electric characteristics, thermal degradation of CFRP, and also lays a foundation for its widely applications in aerospace industries. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1514–1521, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Agglomeration effects on electro‐magneto‐thermo elastic behavior of nano‐composite piezoelectric cylinder
Authors: Loghman Abbas , Cheraghbak Ali
Published: July 2016

Agglomeration effect on the electro‐magneto‐thermo elastic response of a hollow piezoelectric circular cylinder reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is the main contribution of present work. The cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure, a distributed temperature field due to steady state heat conduction with convective boundary condition, a magnetic field in axial direction and a constant electric potential difference between its inner and outer surfaces or combination of these loadings. All the equivalent mechanical, thermal and piezoelectric properties of nano‐composite cylinder are obtained using Mori–Tanaka model considering agglomeration effects. The governing equation in polarized form is shown to reduce to a second‐order ordinary differential equation for the radial displacement. Considering mechanical boundary condition, this differential equation is analytically solved. The electro‐magneto‐thermo‐mechanical stresses, the electric potential and radial displacement distributions in the structure are discussed in detail. The presented results indicate that the agglomeration and volume percent of CNTs have significant influences on the electro‐magneto‐thermo‐mechanical behavior of the nano‐composite cylinder. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1594–1603, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Possibilities and limitations of 2DE‐based analyses for identifying low‐abundant tumor markers in human serum and plasma
Authors: Strohkamp Sarah , Gemoll Timo , Habermann Jens K.
Published: July 2016

Hallmarks of malignancy can be monitored by protein signatures in serum or plasma. The current challenge in cancer research is the identification of clinically reliable protein biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. A widely used and powerful technique to screen tumor markers is two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). This review provides an overview of 2DE functionality with its advantages and drawbacks as well as a current literature overview of gel‐based cancer biomarker discovery in serum/plasma. In this context, 11 of the 12 studies reviewed here identified at least one of eight classical serum or high‐abundant proteins (HAPs). Expression levels of those proteins are regulated by a vast variety of different physiological, metabolic and immunological stimuli leading to a questionable application as cancer‐specific markers. Misinterpretation of HAPs as tumor markers might be caused by either the experimental setup or the technical and analytical potential in gel‐based serum or plasma proteomics to detect low‐abundant proteins, or a combination thereof. Additionally, based on currently available technology we propose an optimized experimental workflow to allow detecting cancer‐specific protein markers of low abundance in future 2DE studies.
The intricacy of biomarker complexity–the identification of a genuine proteomic biomarker is more complicated than believed
Authors: Büchler Rita , Wendler Sindy , Muckova Petra , Großkreutz Julian , Rhode Heidrun
Published: July 2016

Several reasons have been put forward to explain the irreproducibility of proteomic biomarker search. However, these reasons pertain to almost every part of biomarker search across the entire analytical workflow but are entirely experimental or methodological. However, in this article we point out that there is a further cause of such irreproducibility. This is not an additional methodological or experimental cause but arises directly from the biology of protein expression. It arises from the fact that disease changes the diversity within protein families. This cause of irreproducibility has been very little studied in relation to proteomic biomarker search. Gene expression is highly variable even in healthy people. Therefore, multiple proteoforms are also to be expected when gene expression is disrupted by disease, proteoforms that may be differently altered by pathology. In consequence, it is illogical to expect that the whole protein family produces a reliably usable biomarker. It is more reasonable to expect that a specific proteoform fulfills this role. Appropriate sample pre‐fractionation methods and data analyses could help to identify this version, carrying the modification or the epitope required.
C‐axis transport of pnictide superconductors
Authors: Müller Paul , Koval Yuri , Lazareva Irina , Steiner Christian , Wurmehl Sabine , Büchner Bernd , Stürzer Tobias , Johrendt Dirk
Published: July 2016

The generic structure of most high Tc superconductors is a stacking sequence of superconducting planes separated by so‐called charge reservoir layers. It is well known that carrier doping of these materials is achieved either by substitution of atoms or by nonstoichiometry in the charge reservoir layer. The alternating type of stacking causes yet another two important consequences. First, the transport anisotropy of these materials can be so high, that in the superconducting state the c‐axis transport is governed by the intrinsic Josephson effect. Whereas the anisotropy of our investigated LaO1–xFxFeAs samples was not sufficient, optimum‐doped Ca10(FeAs)10Pt4As8 showed hysteretic c‐axis current–voltage characteristics. Together with the Ambegaokar–Baratoff like temperature dependence of the critical current, this is a strong indication of intrinsic Josephson effects. Second, it is possible to deposit in the charge reservoir layers a substantial amount of charge only by injecting large c‐axis currents. By charge compensation, this decreases the concentration of mobile electrons in the conducting layers of electron‐doped materials. We were able to verify this in all details by c‐axis transport measurements of LaO1−xFxFeAs single crystals and pure and Pt doped (CaFe1–xPtxAs)10Pt4As8 single crystals. After current injection, we observed a decrease of Tc for doping levels at or below the Tc maximum, and a Tc increase for doping levels beyond the maximum. In all cases, the resistivity of the samples increased significantly. In both material classes, heavily overdoped samples showed a spectacular Tc increase by more than 10 K only accomplished by carrier injection.

Generic stacking sequence of layered superconductors and crystal structure of the pnictide LaOFeAs.
Inorganic Molybdenum Clusters as Light‐Harvester in All Inorganic Solar Cells: A Proof of Concept
Authors: Renaud Adèle , Grasset Fabien , Dierre Benjamin , Uchikoshi Tetsuo , Ohashi Naoki , Takei Toshiaki , Planchat Aurélien , Cario Laurent , Jobic Stéphane , Odobel Fabrice , Cordier Stéphane
Published: July 2016

The first step of the integration of molybdenum clusters as new absorbers in all inorganic solar cells inspired from perovskite cells have been investigated via the fabrication of first cluster sensitized solar cells. The latter have been realized from the photoelectrodes obtained by chemisorption of the clusters on TiO2 and NiO films (respectively named photoanodes and photocathodes). Photovoltaic characteristics reveal that photoinduced electron or hole transfers can occur from the cluster units to the n‐ or p‐type semiconductors respectively. These first photovoltaic performances highlight the interest in using this inorganic cluster as new absorber for photo‐electronical systems.
Concise Total Synthesis of Isospongian Diterpenoid (±)‐Polyrhaphin D
Authors: Wang Zemin , Xing Zhimin , Liu Lin , Zhang Hao , Zhong Zhuliang , Xie Dr Xingang , She Xuegong
Published: July 2016

The first total synthesis of isospongian diterpenoid (±)‐polyrhaphin D has been accomplished in 9 steps with 19 % overall yield starting from the Wieland–Miescher ketone derivative. The key features of our synthesis include a sequential reduction/Michael addition/aldol condenzation to assemble the A ring and an intramolecular dehydrative cyclization/olefin isomerization reaction to install the γ‐butenolide D ring.
Involvement of EGF receptor signaling and NLRP12 inflammasome in fine particulate matter‐induced lung inflammation in mice
Authors: Jin Yuefei , Wu Weidong , Zhang Weiguo , Zhao Yang , Wu Yongjun , Ge Guoyin , Ba Yue , Guo Qiang , Gao Tianyu , Chi Xuejing , Hao Huiyun , Wang Jing , Feng Feifei
Published: July 2016

Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with respiratory diseases. Lung inflammation is a central feature of many pulmonary diseases, which can be induced by PM2.5 exposure. However, the mechanisms underlying PM2.5‐induced lung inflammation remain unclear. To characterize the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and inflammasome in PM2.5‐induced lung inflammation in mice, 30 BALB/c mice were intrabroncheally instilled with saline and PM2.5 suspension (4.0 mg/kg b.w.) for 5 consecutive days, respectively. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was conducted and BAL fluid (BALF) was collected. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), epidermal growth factor (EGF), CXCL1, interleukin (IL)−1β, and IL‐18 in BALF were determined using ELISA. mRNA levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐18, CXCL1, IL‐10, NLRP3, Caspase‐1, and NLRP12 in lung tissues were determined by RT‐PCR. Phospho‐EGFR (Tyr1068) and phospho‐Akt (Thr308) in lung tissues were examined using immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting, respectively. Protein levels of Caspase‐1, NLRP3, NF‐κB‐p52/p100, and NF‐κB‐p65 in bronchial epithelium were examined using immunohistochemical staining. It was shown that PM2.5 exposure induced lung inflammation. Levels of total protein, ROS, iNOS, EGF, and CXCL1 and cell number in the BALF of mice exposed to PM2.5 were markedly elevated relative to the control. mRNA levels of CXCL1, IL‐1β, and IL‐18 in lung tissues of PM2.5‐exposed mice were increased in comparison with the control. However, level of NLRP12 mRNA in lung tissues of PM2.5‐exposed mice was reduced. Phospho‐EGFR (Tyr1068) and phospho‐Akt (Thr308) levels in the lungs of PM2.5‐instilled mice were higher than those in the lungs of the control. The protein levels of NF‐κB‐p52/p100 and NF‐κB‐p65 in bronchial epithelium of PM2.5‐exposed mice were also increased compared with the control. This study suggests that EGF‐EGFR‐Akt‐NF‐κB signaling and NLRP12 inflammasome may be associated with PM2.5‐induced lung inflammation in mice. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1121–1134, 2017.
New biofunctional effects of the flower buds of Camellia sinensis and its bioactive acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides
Authors: Matsuda Hisashi , Nakamura Seikou , Morikawa Toshio , Muraoka Osamu , Yoshikawa Masayuki
Published: July 2016

We review the biofunctional effects of the flower buds of Camellia
sinensis and C. sinensis var. assamica, such as antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic, antiobesity, and gastroprotective effects in vivo, and antiallergic, pancreatic lipase inhibitory, and amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation inhibitory activities in vitro. Although the biofunctional effects of tea leaves have been extensively studied, less attention has been given to those of the flowers and seeds of the tea plant. Our studies focused on the saponin constituents of the extracts of the flower buds of C. sinensis cultivated in Japan and China, and C. sinensis var. assamica cultivated in India, and we review their beneficial biofunctions for health promotion.