bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inadequate fine-tuning of protein synthesis and failure of amino acid homeostasis following inhibition of the ATPase VCP/p97
Authors: Parzych K , Chinn T M , Chen Z , Loaiza S , Porsch F , Valbuena G N , Kleijnen M F , Karadimitris A , Gentleman E , Keun H C , Auner H W
Published: December 2015

The cellular mechanisms that control protein degradation may constitute a non-oncogenic cancer cell vulnerability and, therefore, a therapeutic target. Although this proposition is supported by the clinical success of proteasome inhibitors in some malignancies, most cancers are resistant to proteasome inhibition. The ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP; p97) is an essential regulator of protein degradation in multiple pathways and has emerged as a target for cancer therapy. We found that pharmacological depletion of VCP enzymatic activity with mechanistically different inhibitors robustly induced proteotoxic stress in solid cancer and multiple myeloma cells, including cells that were insensitive, adapted, or clinically resistant to proteasome inhibition. VCP inhibition had an impact on two key regulators of protein synthesis, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and attenuated global protein synthesis. However, a block on protein translation that was itself cytotoxic alleviated stress signaling and reduced cell death triggered by VCP inhibition. Some of the proteotoxic effects of VCP depletion depended on the eIF2α phosphatase, protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A (PPP1R15A)/PP1c, but not on mTORC1, although there appeared to be cross-talk between them. Thus, cancer cell death following VCP inhibition was linked to inadequate fine-tuning of protein synthesis and activity of PPP1R15A/PP1c. VCP inhibitors also perturbed intracellular amino acid levels, activated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α kinase 4 (EIF2AK4), and enhanced cellular dependence on amino acid supplies, consistent with a failure of amino acid homeostasis. Many of the observed effects of VCP inhibition differed from the effects triggered by proteasome inhibition or by protein misfolding. Thus, depletion of VCP enzymatic activity triggers cancer cell death in part through inadequate regulation of protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism. The data provide novel insights into the maintenance of intracellular proteostasis by VCP and may have implications for the development of anti-cancer therapies.
Experimental verification of nanofluid shear-wave reconversion in ultrasonic fields
Authors: Forrester Derek Michael , Huang Jinrui , Pinfield Valerie J. , Luppé Francine
Published: December 2015

Experimental verification of shear-wave reconversion phenomena in ultrasonic fields is conducted using two kinds of ultrasonic spectrometer alongside a computationally efficient multiple scattering model for nanofluids.
Surface zwitterionic functionalized graphene oxide for a novel loose nanofiltration membrane
Authors: Zhu Junyong , Tian Miaomiao , Hou Jingwei , Wang Jing , Lin Jiuyang , Zhang Yatao , Liu Jindun , Van der Bruggen Bart
Published: December 2015

Surface zwitterionization of graphene oxide (GO) was firstly conducted by grafting poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) onto the GO surface via reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (RATRP).
Surface functionalization of conjugated microporous polymer thin films and nanomembranes using orthogonal chemistries
Authors: Lindemann P. , Schade A. , Monnereau L. , Feng W. , Batra K. , Gliemann H. , Levkin P. , Bräse S. , Wöll C. , Tsotsalas M.
Published: December 2015

The synthesis and surface modification of CMP thin films and nanomembranes was performed using orthogonal click chemistries. The surface modification can tune the nanomembrane properties for desired applications; the use of photo-initiated reactions provides the additional opportunity to photo-pattern the CMP materials.
Hierarchical nanostructures created by interference of high-order diffraction beams
Authors: Jeon Tae Yoon , Jeon Hwan Chul , Yang Seung-Man , Kim Shin-Hyun
Published: December 2015

Hierarchical nanostructures are created by interference of high-order diffraction beams.
Developing a Telephone Training Program for Adults Using Cochlear Implants
Authors: Lyford Anna , Worsfold Sarah , Johnson Samantha
Published: December 2015

Ellen Giles described the inability to use the telephone as “one of the most serious and restrictive consequences of hearing loss” (2005, p. 219). This restriction is more keenly felt now, with the world population at 7 billion, there are more than 6 billion cell phone subscriptions (International Telecommunication Union, 2012).
An Overview of Research in Bilingualism: Publication Records and Global Needs
Authors: Chakraborty Rahul
Published: December 2015

This paper presents an overview of the nature of research publication in the field of speech and language science during the last 20 years. Thirteen journals were reviewed to explore three questions: what was the frequency of bilingualism research publications in speech and language journals? What was the relative distribution of research focus offered to different world languages in bilingualism research? What was the nature of focus offered to various themes of enquiries within the realm of bilingualism? Review of publication history suggests that relatively less research attention was allocated to bilingualism during last 20 years compared to issues related to monolingualism. Maximum number of publication was observed between the year 1998 and 2007. English has been the primary language investigated as an first language (L1) and also as a second language (L2) of both the experimental and the control groups. Amongst different linguistic constructs syntax has received maximum attention. Thus, against the backdrop of global linguistic distribution and also within the United States, it is imperative to distribute research focusing on bilingualism and understand intricacies of L1-L2 interactions through the lenses of different world languages.
Orofacial Myology: National and International Perspectives
Authors: Erskine Barbara
Published: December 2015

This article provides information about the discipline of orofacial myology. Information about the International Association of Orofacial Myology (IAOM) in the United States will be presented. International perspectives on orofacial myology will be discussed.

The field of orofacial myofunctional therapy emerged in the early twentieth century thanks in large part to the pioneering work of two orthodontists Dr. Edward Angle and Dr. Alfred Rogers. Dr. Angle observed that myofunctional disorders including poor tongue and lip incompetence, impacted dental occlusion. Rogers proposed specific therapy exercises to develop tonicity and to improve orofacial muscle function. In the decades that followed, much was written to increase our understanding of orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMDs) and the importance of correct oral resting postures. In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, healthcare professionals worldwide including those from the fields of dentistry, dental hygiene, and speech pathology pursued training in the evaluation of and treatment of OMDs. In the 1970s a lack of research called into question the value of orofacial myofunctional therapy. However, over time, research articles proving treatment efficacy were published. In the 1990s, The American Association of Orthodontists and The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) considered this research together with presentations by orofacial myofunctional therapy advocates, subsequently writing position statements supporting evaluation and treatment.

Since 1972, the IAOM has provided orofacial myofunctional therapists with continuing education opportunities and certification in the field of orofacial myology. The International Journal of Orofacial Myology presents cutting edge research. Orofacial myology continues to flourish across the globe. With different countries and different cultures come different standards and protocols and areas of importance. This article presents international perspectives on orofacial myology. Information was gleaned from surveys completed by orofacial myologists in four continents representing nine countries. Respondents share a passion for the field and a desire to help their patients. The responses illustrate various areas of success as well as challenges that lie ahead in the areas of education, certification, and research. International dialogue is needed to expand the knowledge base of orofacial myologists, to encourage research, and to propel the field of orofacial myology forward.
Caudal Duplication Syndrome: the Vital Role of a Multidisciplinary Approach and Staged Correction
Authors: Samuk Inbal , Levitt Marc , Dlugy Elena , Kravarusic Dragan , Ben-Meir David , Rajz Gustavo , Konen Osnat , Freud Enrique
Published: December 2015

Caudal duplication syndrome is a rare entity that describes the association between congenital anomalies involving caudal structures and may have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. A full-term male presented with combination of anomalies including anorectal malformation, duplication of the colon and lower urinary tract, split of the lower spine, and lipomyelomeningocele with tethering of the cord. We report this exceptional case of caudal duplication syndrome with special emphasis on surgical strategy and approach combining all disciplines involved. The purpose of this report is to present the pathology, assessment, and management strategy of this complex case.
Copper-doping effects in electronic structure and spectral properties of SmNi5
Authors: Knyazev Yu. V. , Lukoyanov A. V. , Kuz'min Yu. I. , Kuchin A. G.
Published: December 2015

The electronic structure and optical properties of the SmNi5–xCux (x = 0, 1, 2) compounds are studied. The band spectra of the studied intermetallics were calculated with LDA + U + SO method supplementing the local density approximation with a correction for strong electron interaction on the shell of the rare-earth element. Optical properties were studied by ellipsometry method in the wide wavelength range. It was found that the substitution of copper for nickel leads to local changes in the optical conductivity spectra. Both the spectroscopic measurements and theoretical calculations demonstrate the presence of a broad absorption band around 4 eV associated with the Cu 3d → Ni 3d electron transitions and increasing with the grown of copper content. The experimental dispersion curves of optical conductivity in the interband absorption region were interpreted using the results of the calculations.
Exchange bias phenomenon in (Nd1−xYx)2/3Ca1/3MnO3 (x = 0, 0.1) perovskites
Authors: Fertman E. L. , Fedorchenko A. V. , Kotlyar A. V. , Desnenko V. A. , Čižmár E. , Baran A. , Khalyavin D. D. , Salak A. N. , Shvartsman V. V. , Feher A.
Published: December 2015

Exchange bias phenomenon, evident of antiferromagnetic–ferromagnetic phase segregation state, has been observed in (Nd1−xYx)2/3Ca1/3MnO3 (x = 0, 0.1) compounds at low temperatures. A contribution to the total magnetization of the compounds due to the ferromagnetic phase has been evaluated. It has been found that yttrium doping leads to the growth of the ferromagnetic phase fraction. The ferromagnetic phase in the doped compound has a lower coercivity Hc and more rectangular form of the hysteresis loop. The values of the exchange bias field HEB and coercivity are found to be strongly dependent on the cooling magnetic field Hcool. In sufficiently high magnetic fields, Hcool > 5 kOe, HEB in the doped compound is about twice as low as in the parent compound. This difference is attributed to a lower exchange interaction and higher saturation magnetization of the ferromagnetic phase in (Nd0.9Y0.1)2/3Ca1/3MnO3.
Use of a pendulum magnetometer for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of solids under pressure: The compound V4S9Br4
Authors: Panfilov A. S.
Published: December 2015

The construction and operating principle of a pendulum magnetometer for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of solids under high gas pressures are described. This device is distinctive in having the pendulum mounted directly in the high pressure chamber. Experimental plots of the susceptibility of the compound V4S9Br4 as a function of pressure up to 2 kbar at temperatures of 60–300 K are presented as an example of the use of the magnetometer.
Polyacrylonitrile nanofibers with added zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-7) to enhance mechanical and thermal stability
Authors: Lee Min Wook , An Seongpil , Song Kyo Yong , Joshi Bhavana N. , Jo Hong Seok , Al-Deyab Salem S. , Yoon Sam S. , Yarin Alexander L.
Published: December 2015

Zeolitic imidazolate framework 7/polyacrylonitrile (ZIF-7/PAN) nanofiber mat of high porosity and surface area can be used as a flexible fibrous filtration membrane that is subjected to various modes of mechanical loading resulting in stresses and strains. Therefore, the stress-strain relation of ZIF-7/PAN nanofiber mats in the elastic and plastic regimes of deformation is of significant importance for numerous practical applications, including hydrogen storage, carbon dioxide capture, and molecular sensing. Here, we demonstrated the fabrication of ZIF-7/PAN nanofiber mats via electrospinning and report their mechanical properties measured in tensile tests covering the elastic and plastic domains. The effect of the mat fabrication temperature on the mechanical properties is elucidated. We showed the superior mechanical strength and thermal stability of the compound ZIF-7/PAN nanofiber mats in comparison with that of pure PAN nanofiber mats. Material characterization including scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, tensile tests, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the enhanced chemical bonds of the ZIF-7/PAN complex.
The magnetocaloric effect in R2Fe17 intermetallics with different types of magnetic phase transition
Authors: Kuchin A. G. , Iwasieczko W. , Platonov S. P.
Published: December 2015

A study of the magnetocaloric effect for Tm2Fe16, Tm2Fe17, Tm2Fe18, Tm2Fe19, Tm2Fe17−xMnx (x ≤ 1.5), Ce2Fe17−xMnxHy (x < 2, y ≤ 3), Lu2Fe17−xMnx (x ≤ 2) systems at magnetic ordering temperatures TC, TN and a ferro-antiferromagnet phase transition ΘT, from magnetization measurements. In alloys with ground ferromagnetic and high-temperature antiferromagnetic states, the change in the magnetic entropy peak −ΔSM increases as the magnetic phase transition temperatures ΘT and TN converge with varying compound composition. Extrapolating the difference TN− ΘT to zero for the initial and doped alloys allows us to determine the maximum possible value of −ΔSM in such systems and the composition of the corresponding alloy. A superposition of the −ΔSM(T) maxima at ΘT and TN for compounds with two magnetic phase transitions creates much higher values of relative cooling power in comparison to compounds with only one magnetic phase transition at TC.
Self-similarity in incompressible Navier-Stokes equations
Authors: Ercan Ali , Kavvas M. Levent
Published: December 2015

The self-similarity conditions of the 3-dimensional (3D) incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are obtained by utilizing one-parameter Lie group of point scaling transformations. It is found that the scaling exponents of length dimensions in i = 1, 2, 3 coordinates in 3-dimensions are not arbitrary but equal for the self-similarity of 3D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. It is also shown that the self-similarity in this particular flow process can be achieved in different time and space scales when the viscosity of the fluid is also scaled in addition to other flow variables. In other words, the self-similarity of Navier-Stokes equations is achievable under different fluid environments in the same or different gravity conditions. Self-similarity criteria due to initial and boundary conditions are also presented. Utilizing the proposed self-similarity conditions of the 3D hydrodynamic flow process, the value of a flow variable at a specified time and space can be scaled to a corresponding value in a self-similar domain at the corresponding time and space.
A novel approach to correct the coded aperture misalignment for fast neutron imaging
Authors: Zhang F. N. , Hu H. S. , Zhang T. K. , Jia Q. G. , Wang D. M. , Jia J.
Published: December 2015

Aperture alignment is crucial for the diagnosis of neutron imaging because it has significant impact on the coding imaging and the understanding of the neutron source. In our previous studies on the neutron imaging system with coded aperture for large field of view, “residual watermark,” certain extra information that overlies reconstructed image and has nothing to do with the source is discovered if the peak normalization is employed in genetic algorithms (GA) to reconstruct the source image. Some studies on basic properties of residual watermark indicate that the residual watermark can characterize coded aperture and can thus be used to determine the location of coded aperture relative to the system axis. In this paper, we have further analyzed the essential conditions for the existence of residual watermark and the requirements of the reconstruction algorithm for the emergence of residual watermark. A gamma coded imaging experiment has been performed to verify the existence of residual watermark. Based on the residual watermark, a correction method for the aperture misalignment has been studied. A multiple linear regression model of the position of coded aperture axis, the position of residual watermark center, and the gray barycenter of neutron source with twenty training samples has been set up. Using the regression model and verification samples, we have found the position of the coded aperture axis relative to the system axis with an accuracy of approximately 20 μm. Conclusively, a novel approach has been established to correct the coded aperture misalignment for fast neutron coded imaging.
High-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance study of phase transition kinetics in LiNaSO4
Authors: Shakhovoy R. A. , Sarou-Kanian V. , Rakhmatullin A. , Véron E. , Bessada C.
Published: December 2015

A new high-temperature NMR technique for measurements of the phase transition kinetics in solids has been developed. The technique allows measuring the time evolution of the volume of the appearing phase at controlled cooling rates. Developed method was applied to study the phase transition kinetics in the superionic conductor LiNaSO4. It was revealed that the phase transition in LiNaSO4 is governed by the diffusion-controlled growth of nuclei (“germs”). An effect of the crystallite rearrangement in the LiNaSO4 powder after cooling through the phase transition was also revealed. This effect was studied by means of high-temperature XRD and NMR.
Effective field model of roughness in magnetic nano-structures
Authors: Lepadatu Serban
Published: December 2015

An effective field model is introduced here within the micromagnetics formulation, to study roughness in magnetic structures, by considering sub-exchange length roughness levels as a perturbation on a smooth structure. This allows the roughness contribution to be separated, which is found to give rise to an effective configurational anisotropy for both edge and surface roughness, and accurately model its effects with fine control over the roughness depth without the explicit need to refine the computational cell size to accommodate the roughness profile. The model is validated by comparisons with directly roughened structures for a series of magnetization switching and domain wall velocity simulations and found to be in excellent agreement for roughness levels up to the exchange length. The model is further applied to vortex domain wall velocity simulations with surface roughness, which is shown to significantly modify domain wall movement and result in dynamic pinning and stochastic creep effects.
Effects of relativity for atomization and isomerization energies of seaborgium carbonyl SgCO and seaborgium isocarbonyl SgOC: Relativity predicts SgOC to be more stable than SgCO
Authors: Malli Gulzari L.
Published: December 2015

Our ab initio all-electron fully relativistic Dirac-Fock (DF) and nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock (NR) calculations for seaborgium isocarbonyl SgOC predict atomization energy (AE) of 13.04 and 11.05 eV, respectively. However, the corresponding DF and NR atomization energies for the seaborgium carbonyl SgCO are predicted as 12.75 and 12.45 eV, respectively. This is the first such result in Chemistry where an isocarbonyl (and especially for a system of superheavy element Sg) is predicted to be more stable at the DF level of theory than the corresponding carbonyl. The predicted energy for the formation of the carbonyl SgCO at the relativistic DF and NR levels of theory is -54.90 and -50.95 kJ /mol, whereas the corresponding energy of formation of the isocarbonyl SgOC is -64.44 and -18.64 kJ/mol, respectively. Ours are the first results of relativistic effects for isomerization and atomization energies of the superheavy seaborgium isocarbonyl SgOC and its isomer SgCO.The formation of isocarbonyl SgOC, should be favored over the carbonyl isomer SgCO in the first step of the reaction Sg+CO →SgOC.
The role of acoustic phonon anharmonicity in determining thermal conductivity of CdSiP2 and AgGaS2: First principles calculations
Authors: Wei Lei , Wang X. P. , Liu B. , Zhang Y. Y. , Lv X. S. , Yang Y. G. , Zhang H. J. , Zhao Xian
Published: December 2015

Thermal conductivity of single-crystal materials is crucial in the fields of lasers and nonlinear optics. Understanding the physical mechanism of thermal conductivity in such systems is therefore of great importance. In the present work, first principles calculations were employed to study the thermal conductivity of the infrared nonlinear optical materials, CdSiP2 and AgGaS2. These compounds crystallize in similar structures but with an order-of-magnitude difference in thermal conductivity. The average Grüneisen parameters are −0.8 and −2.6 for CdSiP2 and AgGaS2, respectively; these values are indicative of the soft-mode phenomenon of acoustic phonons. Crystal structures are considered unstable at low temperature through the whole Brillouin zone, especially in the region from K-point X to Γ. Acoustic phonon anharmonicity is concluded to be the main factor that determines the magnitude of thermal conductivity.
Non-degenerate two photon absorption enhancement for laser dyes by precise lock-in detection
Authors: Xue B. , Katan C. , Bjorgaard J. A. , Kobayashi T.
Published: December 2015

This study demonstrates a measurement system for a non-degenerate two-photon absorption (NDTPA) spectrum. The NDTPA light sources are a white light super continuum beam (WLSC, 500 ∼ 720 nm) and a fundamental beam (798 nm) from a Ti:Sapphire laser. A reliable broadband NDTPA spectrum is acquired in a single-shot detection procedure using a 128-channel lock-in amplifier. The NDTPA spectra for several common laser dyes are measured. Two photon absorption cross section enhancements are found in the experiment and validated by theoretical calculation for all of the chromophores.
Semi-inverse solution for transient MHD flow of a second grade fluid past a stretching surface
Authors: Ahmad A. , Afzal S. , Asghar S.
Published: December 2015

Unsteady boundary layer flow of an electrically conducting second grade fluid over a stretching surface is studied in this paper. Asymptotic analytical solution of the governing non-linear equations is obtained for large magnetic field. The evolution of velocity field and skin friction with time is investigated in some detail. The stability of the asymptotic solution is also discussed.
Electrical characterization of fluorinated benzothiadiazole based conjugated copolymer – a promising material for high-performance solar cells
Authors: Toušek J. , Toušková J. , Remeš Z. , Chomutová R. , Čermák J. , Helgesen M. , Carlé J. E. , Krebs F. C.
Published: December 2015

Measurements of electrical conductivity, electron work function, carrier mobility of holes and the diffusion length of excitons were performed on samples of conjugated polymers relevant to polymer solar cells. A state of the art fluorinated benzothiadiazole based conjugated copolymer (PBDTTHD − DTBTff) was studied and benchmarked against the reference polymer poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT). We employed, respectively, four electrode conductivity measurements, Kelvin probe work function measurements, carrier mobility using charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (CELIV) measurements and diffusion length determinaton using surface photovoltage measurements.
Ni ohmic contacts to n-type Ge1−x−ySixSny using phosphorous implant and segregation
Authors: Wang Suyuan , Zheng Jun , Xue Chunlai , Li Chuanbo , Zuo Yuhua , Cheng Buwen , Wang Qiming
Published: December 2015

N-type Ge1−x−ySixSny ternary alloy was successfully grown by the Sb in situ doping technique through sputter epitaxy method. A study comparing the electrical contact characteristic of n- Ge1−x−ySixSny with and without phosphorous implantation was performed. Ohmic contacts to n-type Ge1−x−ySixSny are realized by shallow P implant and Ni(Ge1−x−ySixSny) formation after rapid thermal annealing at 400 °C. It is proposed that the ohmic behavior is mainly attributed to the phosphorous segregation effect confirmed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy.
Physiological breakdown of Jeffrey six constant nanofluid flow in an endoscope with nonuniform wall
Authors: Nadeem S. , Shaheen A. , Hussain S.
Published: December 2015

This paper analyse the endoscopic effects of peristaltic nanofluid flow of Jeffrey six-constant fluid model in the presence of magnetohydrodynamics flow. The current problem is modeled in the cylindrical coordinate system and exact solutions are managed (where possible) under low Reynolds number and long wave length approximation. The influence of emerging parameters on temperature and velocity profile are discussed graphically. The velocity equation is solved analytically by utilizing the homotopy perturbation technique strongly, while the exact solutions are computed from temperature equation. The obtained expressions for velocity , concentration and temperature is sketched during graphs and the collision of assorted parameters is evaluate for transform peristaltic waves. The solution depend on thermophoresis number Nt, local nanoparticles Grashof number Gr, and Brownian motion number Nb. The obtained expressions for the velocity, temperature, and nanoparticles concentration profiles are plotted and the impact of various physical parameters are investigated for different peristaltic waves.
ITER cost and schedule still not pinned down
Authors: Kramer David
Published: December 2015

Project partners will consider multiple budget scenarios before releasing new estimate.
A perfect proposal
Authors: Kleppner Daniel , Horowitz Paul
Published: December 2015

A 1950 grant application that helped launch hydrogen-line radio astronomy provides a model for the clarity, economy, and integrity attainable in such requests.
Single-electron cyclotron radiation
Authors: Monreal Benjamin
Published: December 2015

Experiments that track the radiation emitted by a lone electron orbiting a magnetic field may, in time, reveal the effects of neutrino mass.
Palmitoylation controls DLK localization, interactions and activity to ensure effective axonal injury signaling
Authors: Holland Sabrina M. , Collura Kaitlin M. , Ketschek Andrea , Noma Kentaro , Ferguson Toby A. , Jin Yishi , Gallo Gianluca , Thomas Gareth M.
Published: December 2015

Significance

Dual leucine-zipper kinase (DLK) is essential for responses to nerve injury and subsequent neural regeneration by controlling transfer of signals from damaged distal axons to neuronal cell bodies. However, DLK is predicted to be freely diffusible, raising the question of how it conveys long-distance, directional signals. Here we report that direct modification of DLK with the lipid palmitate, a process called palmitoylation, is critical for retrograde injury signaling. At the molecular level, palmitoylation targets DLK to retrograde trafficking vesicles, assembles DLK-dependent signaling complexes, and is also essential for DLK kinase activity. This “multifunctional” palmitoylation explains how DLK mediates injury responses and may be a previously unappreciated mechanism that ensures the specificity of enzymatic signaling in diverse cell types.
Deubiquitinase CYLD acts as a negative regulator for bacterium NTHi-induced inflammation by suppressing K63-linked ubiquitination of MyD88
Authors: Lee Byung-Cheol , Miyata Masanori , Lim Jae Hyang , Li Jian-Dong
Published: December 2015

Significance

Despite the critical role for myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in mediating pathogen-induced innate and adaptive immune responses, how functional activity of MyD88 is tightly controlled remains unknown. Among various types of posttranslational modification, ubiquitination and deubiquitination of host signaling molecules play an important role in tightly regulating immune response. However, inducible ubiquitination, in particular proteolysis-independent polyubiquitination as well as deubiquitination of MyD88, remains largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that deubiquitinase CYLD negatively regulates MyD88-mediated inflammation by directly interacting with MyD88 and deubiquitinating nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
-induced lysine 63-linked polyubiquitination of MyD88. Thus, our studies may not only bring insights into the negative regulation of Toll-like receptor–MyD88-dependent signaling but may also lead to the development of a previously unidentified therapeutic strategy for uncontrolled inflammation.
Comparison of Bottomless Lift Nets and Breder Traps for Sampling Salt‐Marsh Nekton
Authors: Raposa Kenneth B. , Chintala Marnita
Published: December 2015

Vegetated salt‐marsh surfaces provide refuge, forage, and spawning habitat for estuarine nekton, yet are threatened by accelerating rates of sea‐level rise in southern New England and elsewhere. Nekton responses to ongoing marsh surface changes need to be evaluated with effective and quantitative nekton sampling gear. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different gear for monitoring nekton in emergent salt‐marsh vegetation by comparing nekton parameters between Breder traps and bottomless lift nets and between Breder traps made from different materials. Breder traps collected a significantly different nekton community, fewer species, and larger‐sized Mummichogs Fundulus heteroclitus than did lift nets. Nekton community composition, richness, and the size of green crabs Carcinus maenas also differed significantly between Breder traps constructed from acrylic and wire mesh. These results show that it is not appropriate to directly compare nekton data between Breder traps and lift nets, nor between Breder traps made from different materials. Our lift‐net data correspond well to other data collected with enclosure traps in southern New England. We recommend lift nets or similar enclosure traps for sampling nekton in emergent marsh vegetation and caution against using Breder traps in monitoring and assessment programs.
Targeted social policy allocations by “clean” state bureaucracies: Chile 2000–2009
Authors: Luna Juan Pablo , Mardones Rodrigo
Published: December 2015

We present evidence on the distributive politics of social transfers implemented in the context of a capable bureaucracy and the absence of a clientelistic machine-party system; where the usual distinction between “core” and “swing” voter investments falls short. Using evidence from Chile, the paper illustrates a selective distributive politics scenario in which, at the margins of fair socioeconomic targeting, incumbents might seek to enhance their political returns by implementing a highly diversified investment portfolio that includes the pursuit of both electoral and non-electoral goals. Non-electoral goals might be more effectively accomplished through selective distributive politics. The empirical evidence is based on a series of seemingly unrelated-regression models generated using a database on the allocations of six different social programs in 345 municipalities over a nine-year period. Our findings and theory discourage the mechanical translation of investment rationales across cases, while promoting a broader and more contextualized analysis of distributive politics.
Second main theorems with weighted counting functions and algebraic dependence of meromorphic mappings
Authors: Duc Quang Si
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this article is twofold. The first is to prove a new second main theorem for meromorphic mappings and moving hyperplanes of

P

n

(

C

)

\mathbb {P}^n(\mathbb {C})

, where the counting functions are truncated multiplicities and have different weights. Our result is an extension of previous second main theorems for moving hyperplanes with the truncated (to level

n
n

) counting functions. As its application, the second purpose of this article is to prove a new algebraic dependence theorem for meromorphic mappings having the same inverse images of some moving hyperplanes, where the moving hyperplanes involve the assumption with different roles.
The outer automorphism groups of two-generator, one-relator groups with torsion
Authors: Logan Alan
Published: December 2015

The main result of this paper is a complete classification of the outer automorphism groups of two-generator, one-relator groups with torsion. To this classification we apply recent algorithmic results of Dahmani–Guirardel, which yields an algorithm to compute the isomorphism class of the outer automorphism group of a given two-generator, one-relator group with torsion.
Determining the potential in a wave equation without a geometric condition. Extension to the heat equation
Authors: Ammari Kaïs , Choulli Mourad , Triki Faouzi
Published: December 2015

We prove a logarithmic stability estimate for the inverse problem of determining the potential in a wave equation from boundary measurements obtained by varying the first component of the initial condition. The novelty of the present work is that no geometric condition is imposed to the sub-boundary where the measurements are made. Our results improve those obtained by the first and second authors in an earlier work. We also show how the analysis for the wave equation can be adapted to an inverse coefficient problem for the heat equation.
Preperiodic portraits for unicritical polynomials
Authors: Doyle John
Published: December 2015

Let

K
K

be an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, and for

c
∈
K

c \in K

and an integer

d
≥
2

d \ge 2

, define

f

d
,
c

(
z
)
:=

z
d

+
c
∈
K
[
z
]

f_{d,c}(z) := z^d + c \in K[z]

. We consider the following question: If we fix

x
∈
K

x \in K

and integers

M
≥
0

M \ge 0

,

N
≥
1

N \ge 1

, and

d
≥
2

d \ge 2

, does there exist

c
∈
K

c \in K

such that, under iteration by

f

d
,
c

f_{d,c}

, the point

x
x

enters into an

N
N

-cycle after precisely

M
M

steps? We conclude that the answer is generally affirmative, and we explicitly give all counterexamples. When

d
=
2

d = 2

, this answers a question posed by Ghioca, Nguyen, and Tucker.
Realizing fusion systems inside finite groups
Authors: Park Sejong
Published: December 2015

We show that every (not necessarily saturated) fusion system can be realized as a full subcategory of the fusion system of a finite group. This result extends our previous work from 2010 and complements the related result by Leary and Stancu (2007).
Compliance Path and Impact of Ethanol Mandates on Retail Fuel Market in the Short Run
Authors: Pouliot Sébastien , Babcock Bruce A.
Published: December 2015

Past studies have examined the impact of ethanol mandates with a long‐run perspective and were thus able to assume away short‐run rigidities and some of the specifics of the biofuel mandates. These studies have been of limited use in informing current policy debates because the short‐ to medium‐run reality is one of strong regulatory and infrastructure rigidities that restrict how ethanol can be consumed in the United States. Our objectives in this paper are to provide a more coherent framework than currently exists to model and understand how compliance with ethanol mandates in the short run cannot be met with conventional gasoline blends, how compliance impacts fuel prices and consumer and producer welfare, and also to measure the size of the transfer that occurs between refineries and ethanol producers through the market's Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs). In a model calibrated to 2015 data, we find that the effects of increasing ethanol mandates that are physically feasible are close to zero on the retail price of gasoline. This result is robust to different gasoline prices, supply elasticities, and export‐demand elasticities. Increased mandates can have a large negative effect on the price of high‐level ethanol gasoline blends such as E85 if the mandates are increased to approach consumption capacity.
Prevalence of “Flat-Line” Thromboelastography During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Respiratory Failure in Adults
Authors: Panigada Mauro , Iapichino Giacomo , L’Acqua Camilla , Protti Alessandro , Cressoni Massimo , Consonni Dario , Mietto Cristina , Gattinoni Luciano
Published: December 2015

We evaluated the prevalence of a thromboelastography reaction time (R time) >90 min (“flat-line”) reversible with heparinase during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We evaluated the association between “flat-line” thromboelastography, other coagulation tests, and risk of bleeding during ECMO. Thirty-two consecutive patients on ECMO were included. Anticoagulation was provided by continuous infusion of unfractionated heparin to maintain an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ratio between 1.5 and 2.0. Activated clotting times (ACTs) thromboelastography without and with heparinase were measured. Occurrence of bleeding was recorded. Median heparin infusion rate was 16 (12–20) IU/kg/h, aPTT ratio was 1.67 (1.48–1.96), and ACT was 173 (161–184) sec. One hundred forty-five (46%) of 316 paired thromboelastography samples were “flat lines” all reversed with heparinase. Patients with “flat-line” thromboelastography received more heparin (p = 0.001) but had similar platelet count (p = 0.164) and fibrinogen level (p = 0.952) than those without. Activated partial thromboplastin time, ACT, and R time without heparinase weakly correlated between each other (Spearman correlation ≤0.36) with poor agreement (Cohen’s κ ≤0.10). Major bleeding occurred in seven (22%) patients. Bleeding during ECMO was not predicted by any of the used test. In conclusion, adjusting heparin infusion to maintain aPTT ratio between 1.5 and 2.0 frequently resulted in “flat-line” thromboelastography.
Effects of Anesthesia on Pediatric pH Impedance
Authors: Hurtado Christine Waasdorp , Sheiko Melissa A. , Gralla Jane , Kinder Sarah , Kramer Robert E.
Published: December 2015

Objectives:

Anesthesia can alter gastric and small intestinal motility, but its effect on gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is unclear. We set out to evaluate the effect of anesthesia on pH‐multichannel intraluminal impedance (pH impedance) evaluation of GER.

Methods:

Retrospective single‐center analysis of 95 pH impedance probe studies performed in patients both with anesthesia exposure and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (n = 50) and without (n = 45).

Results:

Increased acid reflux per hour, nonacid reflux per hour, and total reflux per hour were observed in the first 4 hours, both overall and in children 1 year or older and in both sedation groups. This difference remained for the older children without sedation by multiple regression analysis for nonacid reflux per hour and total reflux per hour. Patients using proton pump inhibitors had more nonacid reflux events per hour and total reflux events per hour regardless of sedation.

Conclusions:

Based on the results of the present study, there is no need to eliminate the data collected immediately after placement of the probe in children younger than 1 year of age, but in those who are 1 year or older without sedation, there may be a greater number of reflux events in the first 4 hours. The first 4 hours, therefore, should be carefully evaluated in patients older than 1 year of age. Further study is needed to provide normative data for the first 4 hours versus the later time period, both for those undergoing sedation and for unsedated patients, to validate the findings from the present study and to better understand the mechanism of GER.
Failure to Thrive
Authors: Larson‐Nath Catherine M. , Goday Praveen S.
Published: December 2015

Objectives:

We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, diagnostic work‐up, interventions, and outcomes of children referred to a pediatric gastroenterology clinic with the diagnosis of failure to thrive (FTT).

Methods:

We prospectively enrolled 110 children seen for the first time in our pediatric gastroenterology clinic for FTT. Standard demographic information, history, and anthropometric data were collected at initial and follow‐up visits. We also obtained data about diagnostic workup, therapeutic interventions, and growth outcomes.

Results:

Seventy patients (63.6%) were boys with a median age of 0.79 years (interquartile range 0.36–1.98). Of the 91 children with follow‐up data, 81 (89%) were found to have nonorganic etiologies of their FTT. The majority of children (56.4%) underwent laboratory evaluation. Imaging and endoscopic evaluations were performed in fewer patients (29.6 and 10.2%, respectively). Endoscopic intervention yielded a diagnosis in 16.7% of patients while the positive result rates for laboratory testing and imaging were 3.2% and 3.1%, respectively. The most common therapeutic interventions included increasing calories (71.8%), avoiding grazing (71.8%), and structuring meals and snacks (67.3%). Compared with nonadherent children, children who were adherent with standard behavioral and nutritional interventions showed a higher positive change in z scores for weight (0.36 vs −0.01, P = 0.001) and body mass index (0.58 vs −0.18, P = 0.031).

Conclusions:

The majority of children in a pediatric gastroenterology clinic with FTT have nonorganic etiologies of their failure to thrive. Laboratory, imaging, and endoscopic evaluation are rarely positive and should be judiciously performed. Adherence to standardized interventions leads to improved growth.
Controversies and Variation in Diagnosing and Treating Children With Wilson Disease
Authors: Sturm Ekkehard , Piersma Femke E. , Tanner Malcolm S. , Socha Piotr , Roberts Eve A. , Shneider Benjamin L.
Published: December 2015

Objectives:

Variation in care is more common in settings in which evidence‐based approaches are limited. The aims of the present study were to describe consensus and variability in approaches taken by pediatric hepatologists in the management of Wilson disease (WD) in children.

Method:

International case‐centered, Internet‐based survey of pediatric hepatologists. Survey cases were developed by consensus of the authors and were intended to identify variation in the care of children with WD.

Results:

One hundred eleven of 253 clinicians responded (44%). Of these, 84% of North American and 41% of European participants used guidelines published in their respective region. Although consensus existed on the first‐line diagnostic tools (serum ceruloplasmin and baseline 24‐hour urinary copper excretion), survey participants did not agree on how much liver copper content was required for diagnosis: 57% considered >250 μg/g dry weight to be consistent with WD, whereas 25% considered >50 μg/g to be diagnostic. Overall, 50% of practitioners perform genetic testing in all suspected cases, and 81% perform genetic testing once they know the genotype of an index patient. For initial treatment of fulminant WD, 51% of participants chose chelation and 15% chose immediate transplantation; 47% chose listing for transplantation followed by monitoring using a disease‐severity score, and then carrying out transplantation only when the score reached a critical cut‐off. To treat mildly affected siblings of index patients, 43% of practitioners chose zinc. Most reported that they use chelation to treat patients with hepatic dysfunction; however, 29% of North American participants chose not to use D‐penicillamine as primary therapy.

Conclusions:

From an international perspective, pediatric hepatologists vary in the approaches they use in the care for children with WD. Regional preferences and accessibility to treatments may generate variation. Unwarranted variation, however, may also contribute to differences in outcome and should be targeted to improve quality of care.
MyGene.info and MyVariant.info: Gene and Variant Annotation Query Services
Authors: Xin Jiwen , Mark Adam , Afrasiabi Cyrus , Tsueng Ginger , Juchler Moritz , Gopal Nikhil , Stupp Gregory S. , Putman Timothy E. , Ainscough Benjamin J. , Griffith Obi L. , Torkamani Ali , Whetzel Patricia L. , Mungall Christopher J. , Mooney Sean D. , Su Andrew I. , Wu Chunlei
Published: December 2015

MyGene.info and MyVariant.info provide high-performance data APIs for querying gene and variant annotation information. They demonstrate a new model for organizing biological annotation information by utilizing a cloud-based scalable infrastructure. MyGene.info and MyVariant.info can be accessed athttp://mygene.infoandhttp://myvariant.info.
Simulating multi-substrate diffusive transport in 3-D tissues with BioFVM
Authors: Friedman Samuel H. , Ghaffarizadeh Ahmadreza , Macklin Paul
Published: December 2015

To simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of chemical compounds, we present BioFVM, an open-source reaction-diffusion equation solver using finite volume methods with motivation for biological applications. With various numerical solvers, we can simulate the interaction of dozens of compounds, including growth substrates, drugs, and signaling compounds in 3-D tissues, with cells by treating them as various source/sink terms. BioFVM has linear computational cost scalings and demonstrates first-order accuracy in time and second-order accuracy in space. Beyond simulating the transport of drugs and growth substrates in tissues, the ability to simulate dozens of compounds should make 3-D simulations of multicellular secretomics feasible.
Agent-based simulation of large tumors in 3-D microenvironments
Authors: Ghaffarizadeh Ahmadreza , Friedman Samuel H. , Macklin Paul
Published: December 2015

Multicellular simulations of tumor growth in complex 3-D tissues, where data come from high contentin vitroand bioengineered experiments, have gained significant attention by the cancer modeling community in recent years. Agent-based models are often selected for these problems because they can directly model and track cells’ states and their interactions with the microenvironment. We describe PhysiCell, a specific agent-based model that includes cell motion, cell cycling, and cell volume changes. The model has been performance tested on systems of 105cells on desktop computers, and is expected to scale to 106or more cells on single super-computer compute nodes. We plan an open source release of the software in early 2016 atPhysiCell.MathCancer.org