bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Awareness towards Herbals Substitutes for Root Canal Disinfectants among Dental Students
Authors: Sheriff K. Ahmed Hilal , Chandana C. S. , Ganapathy Dhanraj
Published: August 2020

Successful root canal therapy relies on the combination of proper instrumentation, irrigation, and obturation of the root canal. Of these three essential steps of root canal therapy, irrigation of the root canal is the most important determinant in the healing of the periapical tissues. The primary endodontic treatment goal must thus be to optimize root canal disinfection and to prevent reinfection. This study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of herbal substitutes for root canal disinfectants among dental students. This study was a cross-sectional study, which was conducted among the clinical students of Saveetha Dental College. The questionnaire consisted of 14 multiple choice questions Once the students have answered the questionnaire, the data obtained from the survey were analyzed using statistical sciences (SPSS) version and results were obtained. A total of 100 students which comprised 3rd year, 4th year, and Final year students had actively participated and taken up the survey and completed the survey successfully. The results of this survey show that the students who attempted the questionnaire had a fair knowledge about herbal substitutes in root canal disinfection. From this survey, we can see that the dental students have fair knowledge and awareness about the herbal substitutes for root canal disinfection and It is very important to educate and create awareness and increase the knowledge of our traditional folk medicine where herbs are used to treat and cure individuals among the health care members.
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Chromium Picolinate Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle
Authors: Aathira C. M. , Arivarasu Lakshminarayanan , Rajeshkumar S.
Published: August 2020

Aim: To study the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of chromium Picolinate mediated Zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Introduction: Chromium is required by the body in a noticeable amount, even though it’s mechanism and required dietary allowance is not known clearly. It is found in supplements. It is expected to enhance insulin production and weight loss. Zinc oxide also has its own beneficial role in various biomedical applications. In the present study the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the chromium picolinate mediated Zinc oxide nanoparticle is evaluated. Nanoparticles are of great interest nowadays in research and study. The outcomes of using metal nanoparticles were fascinating as color pigments in luster and glass technology.

Materials and Methods: DPPH assay for antioxidant activity and Protein denaturation assay was performed for anti-inflammatory activity.

Results and Discussion: Chromium Picolinate mediated Zinc oxide nanoparticles showed good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity at higher concentration against standard.
Cytotoxic Effect and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Hafnium Metal Based Composite: Two Sides of the Same Coin- An In vitro Study
Authors: Rajaraman Vaishnavi , Rajeshkumar S. , Nallaswamy Deepak , Ganapathy Dhanraj
Published: August 2020

Chitosan (CTS) is a biocompatible polymer that has been widely researched for tissue engineering purposes. It has demonstrated a significant role in bone tissue engineering in the last two decades. Being a natural polymer obtained from chitin, a major component of crustacean exoskeleton, it has varied uses. Lately, attention has been given to chitosan composite materials due to its minimal foreign body reactions, antibacterial nature, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and the ability to be molded into various shapes and forms. It can be used as porous structures, suitable for cell ingrowth and osteoconduction. The aim of this research was to assess the biocompatibility of a chitosan nanoparticle and hafnium metal-based composite and project its use for bone tissue engineering. In the present study, we have prepared chitosan nanoparticles and their based hafnium composite and it was analyzed for its cytotoxic effect using brine shrimp lethality assay and antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method. There was a significant difference between the concentrations used (p<0.01), when One way ANOVA statistical analysis was performed. The current study substantiates the antimicrobial activity and highlights the possible cytotoxicity of the CTS and hafnium composite.
Effect of Three Different Dentifrices on Enamel by Automated Brushing Simulator- In vitro Profilometric Study
Authors: Keerthana T. , Ramesh Sindhu
Published: August 2020

Bacterial plaque control is critical in maintenance of oral health because dental plaque is the primary etiological factor for both caries and periodontal disease. Toothbrush and dentifrices play an integral part in accomplishing plaque removal. The aim of the study was to assess the                enamel surface abrasion caused by three different dentifrices using automated brushing            simulator and profilometer. A total of 24 samples (N=24) which are extracted for orthodontic purposes were divided into three groups based on the dentifrices used. They are Group 1-Colgate Swarnavedsakthi (n=8), Group 2-Dabur Herbal(n=8),Group 3-Ayush(n=8). Samples were  subjected to take pre profilometric readings and brushing was done by an automated brushing simulator. A Laser 3D profilometer was used to detect the wear in the enamel surface.                  Pre and Post profilometric readings were compared. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in the values of enamel abrasion among the Group 1(Colgate               Swarnavedsakthi) and Group 3(Ayush). After analysing the profilometric values, significant differences were found among the Ayush group while comparing with other groups such as Colgate Swarnavedsakthi and Dabur herbal. This indicates the higher enamel surface abrasion in the ayush group.
Estimation of Salivary and Blood Glucose Level among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus – A Comparative Study
Authors: Sagana M. , Dharman Sreedevi
Published: August 2020

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia because of the absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. It requires frequent monitoring of glucose levels in the body which requires multiple pricking at regular intervals. It could be physically and psychologically traumatic to the patient. This necessitates an alternative to measure the glucose level. This study aims to correlate the salivary glucose level with the blood glucose level in diabetes patients. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 60 patients. Patients were categorized into two groups as Group A- 30 patients with diabetes and Group B- 30 healthy subjects. The blood and saliva samples were collected from the patients and the glucose levels were recorded. All these data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed statistically using SPSS software. The mean (±SD) value of the random blood and salivary glucose level in diabetic patients were found to be 251.4±82.66 and 2.85±0.85 respectively and the mean blood and salivary glucose level in healthy subjects were found to be 101.12±10.14 and 0.875±0.13 respectively. There was a significant correlation between the salivary glucose levels and blood glucose levels among diabetes (p-0.00) and healthy individuals (p-0.00). From the data, the diagnostic accuracy was found to be 100%. Thus, Saliva could be used as an alternative to blood for monitoring the glucose status in diabetes patients.
Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Chromium Picolinate Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle
Authors: Shree M. Kavya , Arivarasu Lakshminarayanan , Rajeshkumar S.
Published: August 2020

Aim: To study the chromium picolinate mediated with zinc oxide nanoparticle and its cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity

Introduction: Chromium can alleviate glucose intolerance and insulin resistance and it is involved in the metabolism of glucose, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid .Chromium picolinate [CrPic], also named as picolinic acid chromium and several studies have proved that CrPic, as the source of Chromium, can alleviate the high level of blood glucose, blood lipid, insulin, and cholesterol in the patients with metabolic syndrome and  zinc oxide [ZnO] has also gained momentum due to their unique properties in the process of nanotechnology. Chromium picolinate works together with insulin that produced by the pancreas to metabolize carbohydrates. It's made by combining chromium with picolinic acid. The acid helps the body absorb chromium. Randomized controlled trials have failed to demonstrate a link between chromium supplementation and the prevention or treatment of type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Chromium supplementation of young men and women does not promote muscle accretion, fat loss, or gains in strength. Physically active individuals with concerns about meeting guidelines for nutrient intake should be counseled to select and consume foods with high nutrient densities rather than to rely on nutritional supplements.

Materials and Methods: Chromium picolinate mediated with ZnO nanoparticles were evaluated for its antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity potential using brine shrimp lethality assay.

Results: Chromium picolinate mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles show good results in antimicrobial activity as well as in cytotoxicity.

Conclusion: Chromium picolinate mediated Zn nanoparticles is an efficient antibacterial and a potential cytotoxicity agent.
Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Hyaluronic Acid Mediated Zinc Nanoparticles
Authors: Akash N. , Arivarasu Lakshminarayanan , Rajeshkumar S.
Published: August 2020

Aim: The aim of the study is to interpret the hyaluronic acid mediated with zinc oxide nanoparticle and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.

Introduction: Hyaluronic acid has a role as ‘physiological selector’ for spermatozoa prior to intracy to plasmic sperm injection (icsi). They are mostly seen in the synovial joints and act as a shock absorber. The objective of this study is to analyse the results achievable by the introduction of a routine HA. Hyaluronic acid is an immune neutral polysaccharide that is ubiquitous in the human body, and it is crucial for many cellular and tissue functions. Nanoparticles are the compounds which respond to the applied magnetic fields, magnetic separation labelled cells, therapeutic drug, gene and radionuclide delivery and other biological entities.

Materials and Methods: Hyaluronic acid mediated with zno nanoparticles were evaluated for its anti inflammatory activity and antioxidant potential using photometry analysis.

Results and Discussion: Zinc nanoparticles shows a higher efficiency of antibacterial activity, but sublethal concentration causes adverse effects and results in increased biofilm formation of V. cholerae Hyaluronic acid mediated zinc oxide nanoparticle show good result in anti inflammatory activity as well as in antioxidant activity. The biosynthesis of the nanoparticle was done by addition of hyaluronic acid with zinc nanoparticles in a scarese amount. This was kept in the orbital shaker, hence they take a long time for the synthesis. The colour change was observed, hence the synthesized nanoparticles proceeded with the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant tests.
Assessment of Nicotine Dependence, Cotinine Level and Carbon Monoxide Levels among Tobacco Users Employed in Private Automobile Companies in Chennai
Authors: Barma Manali Deb , Kumar R. Pradeep
Published: August 2020

Background and Aim: Tobacco is a leading preventable cause of death which causes death of six millions each year worldwide. One of the most effective methods of preventing this are tobacco counseling sessions as it provides a platform for the patient and the dental professionals to map out a plan for the patient to lead a tobacco free life. Therefore, the study was conducted to assess nicotine dependence, cotinine level and carbon monoxide levels among tobacco users employed in private automobile companies in Chennai.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Subject and Methods: A cross sectional study of 53 males was conducted among automobile company employees, using simple random sampling technique in Chennai, India. A detailed questionnaire assessing their demographic data, pattern of usage of tobacco, Fagerstrom test for Nicotine Dependence was recorded, carbon monoxide levels were recorded using Smokerlyzer, and presence of urine cotinine was recorded. Descriptive statistics and Chi square test were used to analyze the data.

Results: The mean age of the study participants was 31.7±11.32. Prevalence of smoking tobacco (64.20%) was higher among the study participants. Majority of the smoker study participants were highly dependent on tobacco, according to the FNTD scale. No statistical significance was found between dependency on nicotine and carbon monoxide levels among users of smoking tobacco (p <0.05). A statistical significant association (p <0.05) was found between dependency on nicotine and presence of urine cotinine among smokers.

Conclusion: High level of nicotine dependence was observed in the smoker participants, and cotinine in urine was found to be a prominent marker of nicotine among users of smoking tobacco. Carbon monoxide levels were high among people with higher dependency on smoking.
T‐type calcium channel blockade induces apoptosis in C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscle via endoplasmic reticulum stress activation
Authors: Chen Mao , Li Suting , Hao Menglei , Chen Jue , Zhao Zhihan , Hong Shasha , Min Jie , Tang Jianming , Hu Ming , Hong Li
Published: August 2020

Loss of T‐type calcium channel (TCC) function has been reported to result in decreased cell viability and impaired muscle regeneration, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We previously found that expression of TCC is reduced in aged pelvic floor muscle of multiple vaginal delivery mice, and this is related to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) activation and autophagy flux blockade. In the present work, we further investigated the effects of TCC function loss on C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscle, which is mediated by promotion of ERS and ultimately contributes to mitochondrial‐related apoptotic cell death. We found that application of a TCC inhibitor induced mitochondria‐related apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner and also reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MMP), induced mito‐ROS generation, and enhanced expression of mitochondrial apoptosis proteins. Functional inhibition of TCC induced ERS, resulting in disorder of Ca2+ homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum, and ultimately leading to cell apoptosis in C2C12 myotubes. Tibialis anterior muscles of T‐type α1H channel knockout mice displayed a smaller skeletal muscle fiber size and elevated ERS‐mediated apoptosis signaling. Our data point to a novel mechanism whereby TCC blockade leads to ERS activation and terminal mitochondrial‐related apoptotic events in C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscles.
Gene Therapy Based on Nucleic Acid Nanostructure
Authors: Wu Xiaohui , Wu Tiantian , Liu Jianbing , Ding Baoquan
Published: August 2020

During the past decades, nucleic acids have been employed for the construction of versatile nanostructures with well‐defined shapes and sizes. Owing to the remarkable programmability, addressability, and biocompatibility, nucleic acid nanostructures are extensively applied in biomedical researches, such as bioimaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. In particular, nucleic acid nanostructures can act as promising candidates for the delivery of gene‐related nucleic acid drugs based on the inherent homology. In this review, the recent progress in the design of multifunctional nucleic acid nanocarriers for gene therapy through antisense, RNA interference, gene editing, and gene expression is summarized. Furthermore, the challenges and future opportunities of nucleic acid nanotechnology in biomedical applications will be discussed.
Multistate Switching of Photonic Angular Momentum Coupling in Phase‐Change Metadevices
Authors: Zhang Fei , Xie Xin , Pu Mingbo , Guo Yinghui , Ma Xiaoliang , Li Xiong , Luo Jun , He Qiong , Yu Honglin , Luo Xiangang
Published: August 2020

The coupling between photonic spin and orbital angular momenta is significantly enhanced at the subwavelength scale and has found a plethora of applications in nanophotonics. However, it is still a great challenge to make such kind of coupling tunable with multiple sates. Here, a versatile metasurface platform based on polyatomic phase‐change resonators is provided to realize multiple‐state switching of photonic angular momentum coupling. As a proof of concept, three coupling modes, namely, symmetric coupling, asymmetric coupling, and no coupling, are experimentally demonstrated at three different crystallization levels of structured Ge2Sb2Te5 alloy. In practical applications, coded information can be encrypted in asymmetric mode using the spin degree of freedom, while revealing misleading one without proper phase change or after excessive crystallinity. With these findings, this study may open an exciting direction for subwavelength electromagnetics with unprecedented compactness, allowing to envision applications in active nanophotonics and information security engineering.
Printable CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells with PCE of 19% via an Additive Strategy
Authors: Chang Xiaoming , Fang Junjie , Fan Yuanyuan , Luo Tao , Su Hang , Zhang Yalan , Lu Jing , Tsetseris Leonidas , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) , Zhao Kui
Published: August 2020

All‐inorganic CsPbI3 holds promise for efficient tandem solar cells, but reported fabrication techniques are not transferrable to scalable manufacturing methods. Herein, printable CsPbI3 solar cells are reported, in which the charge transporting layers and photoactive layer are deposited by fast blade‐coating at a low temperature (≤100 °C) in ambient conditions. High‐quality CsPbI3 films are grown via introducing a low concentration of the multifunctional molecular additive Zn(C6F5)2, which reconciles the conflict between air‐flow‐assisted fast drying and low‐quality film including energy misalignment and trap formation. Material analysis reveals a preferential accumulation of the additive close to the perovskite/SnO2 interface and strong chemisorption on the perovskite surface, which leads to the formation of energy gradients and suppressed trap formation within the perovskite film, as well as a 150 meV improvement of the energetic alignment at the perovskite/SnO2 interface. The combined benefits translate into significant enhancement of the power conversion efficiency to 19% for printable solar cells. The devices without encapsulation degrade only by ≈2% after 700 h in air conditions.
Particulate Alum via Pickering Emulsion for an Enhanced COVID‐19 Vaccine Adjuvant
Authors: Peng Sha , Cao Fengqiang , Xia Yufei , Gao Xiao‐Dong , Dai Lianpan , Yan Jinghua , Ma Guanghui
Published: August 2020

For rapid response against the prevailing COVID‐19 (coronavirus disease 19), it is a global imperative to exploit the immunogenicity of existing formulations for safe and efficient vaccines. As the most accessible adjuvant, aluminum hydroxide (alum) is still the sole employed adjuvant in most countries. However, alum tends to attach on the membrane rather than entering the dendritic cells (DCs), leading to the absence of intracellular transfer and process of the antigens, and thus limits T‐cell‐mediated immunity. To address this, alum is packed on the squalene/water interphase is packed, forming an alum‐stabilized Pickering emulsion (PAPE). “Inheriting” from alum and squalene, PAPE demonstrates a good biosafety profile. Intriguingly, with the dense array of alum on the oil/water interphase, PAPE not only adsorbs large quantities of SARS‐CoV‐2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) antigens, but also harbors a higher affinity for DC uptake, which provokes the uptake and cross‐presentation of the delivered antigens. Compared with alum‐treated groups, more than six times higher antigen‐specific antibody titer and three‐fold more IFN‐γ‐secreting T cells are induced, indicating the potent humoral and cellular immune activations. Collectively, the data suggest that PAPE may provide potential insights toward a safe and efficient adjuvant platform for the enhanced COVID‐19 vaccinations.
Injectable Biomaterials for Treatment of Glioblastoma
Authors: Anderson Alexa R. , Segura Tatiana
Published: August 2020

Despite ongoing advancements in the field of medicine, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is presently incurable, making this advanced brain tumor the deadliest tumor type in the central nervous system. The primary treatment strategies for GBM (i.e., surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and newly incorporated targeted therapies) fail to overcome the challenging characteristics of highly aggressive GBM tumors and are presently given with the goal of increasing the quality of life for patients. With the aim of creating effective treatment solutions, research has shifted toward utilizing injectable biomaterial adjuncts to minimize invasiveness of treatment, provide spatiotemporal control of therapeutic delivery, and engage with cells through material‐cell interfaces. This review aims to summarize the limitations of the current standard of care for GBM, discuss how these limitations can be addressed by local employment of injectable biomaterial systems, and highlight developments in the field of biomaterials for these applications.
Monolayer Nanoparticle‐Covered Liquid Marble Production with Low Surface Tension Liquids
Authors: Shi Haixiao , Li Xiaoguang
Published: August 2020

As an emerging droplet system, monolayer nanoparticle‐covered (mNPc) liquid marbles have shown fascinating properties and application values. Their formation process has been clear, but liquid availability for production has yet to be clarified. This study addresses this issue from the angle of surface tension, revealing critical surface tension and contact angle values for mNPc liquid marble production with both rolling and compression methods. Water‐ethanol and water‐surfactant systems are employed as testing liquids. With irreversible pinning as criterion, critical surface tension values that allow mNPc liquid marble formation are obtained with the two kinds of liquids, forming ranges from 38.6 to 31.8 mN m−1, and from 36.7 to 27.6 mN m−1, for the rolling and compression methods, respectively. Correspondingly, contact angles in the ranges from 132° to 126° and from 116–124° are regarded as the lower limits for mNPc liquid marble production with the rolling and compression methods, respectively. In addition, rupture and deformation behaviors under low surface tension are systematically investigated and a depinning approach that facilitates marble formation is proposed. This study could provide important guidance for various applications that require low surface tension liquids to produce mNPc liquid marbles.
Defect Tolerance and Intolerance in Metal‐Halide Perovskites
Authors: Kim Guan‐Woo , Petrozza Annamaria
Published: August 2020

Metal‐halide perovskites present exceptional optoelectronic properties such as large light absorption coefficients, long free charge carrier diffusion lengths with ambipolar character. They are apparently protected by what is often described as a “defect tolerance” which has allowed to achieve, relatively quickly, highly performing devices. Nevertheless, there also exists a “defect intolerance” when it is dealt with stability. Further rationalization of the passivation strategies, especially for complex chemical systems, will be beneficial to achieve a full materials library which can be the platform for an efficient and reliable technology.
Intra‐specific competition affects the density tolerance and grain yield of maize hybrids
Authors: Zhai Lichao , Li Haishan , Song Shijia , Zhai Lifang , Ming Bo , Li Shaokun , Xie Ruizhi , Jia Xiuling , Zhang Lihua
Published: August 2020

Increasing plant density usually increases the intra‐specific competition of maize plants. This study was conducted to determine whether maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid density tolerance is related to intra‐specific competition. Field experiments were conducted using a split‐plot design, the main plots contained four maize hybrids, and subplots were 12 plant densities varied from 1.5 to 18 × 104 plants ha−1. This study focused on dry matter accumulation, grain yield (GY), competition intensity (CI), and absolute severity of competition (ASC) based on the above treatments. Among all tested hybrids, GY exhibited a curvilinear response to plant density, which was well characterized by the Steinhart–Hart equation. Maize hybrids differed in optimum GY in descending order as follows: Zhongdan909 (ZD909) > Xianyu335 (XY335) = Yedan13 (YD13) > Zhongdan2 (ZD2). The CI and ASC of tested maize hybrids indicated that intra‐specific competition increased with increasing plant density. In most cases, the CI and ASC of older maize hybrids were higher than those of modern maize hybrids when plant density exceeded 9.0 × 104 plants ha−1. The results showed that the slope of the linear regression of ASC and plant density (i.e., the k‐value) could be used to compare the intra‐specific CI of maize hybrids, and there were significant negative correlations of k‐value with optimum plant density and GY. Intra‐specific competition is negatively correlated with the density tolerance of maize hybrids. This relationship may provide new insights for determining future maize breeding targets.
Isotopic and morphologic proxies for reconstructing light environment and leaf function of fossil leaves: a modern calibration in the Daintree Rainforest, Australia
Authors: Cheesman Alexander W. , Duff Heather , Hill Kathryn , Cernusak Lucas A. , McInerney Francesca A.
Published: August 2020

Premise

Within closed‐canopy forests, vertical gradients of light and atmospheric CO2drive variations in leaf carbon isotope ratios, leaf mass per area (LMA), and the micromorphology of leaf epidermal cells. Variations in traits observed in preserved or fossilized leaves could enable inferences of past forest canopy closure and leaf function and thereby habitat of individual taxa. However, as yet no calibration study has examined how isotopic, micro‐ and macromorphological traits, in combination, reflect position within a modern closed‐canopy forest or how these could be applied to the fossil record.

Methods

Leaves were sampled from throughout the vertical profile of the tropical forest canopy using the 48.5 m crane at the Daintree Rainforest Observatory, Queensland, Australia. Carbon isotope ratios, LMA, petiole metric (i.e., petiole‐width2/leaf area, a proposed proxy for LMA that can be measured from fossil leaves), and leaf micromorphology (i.e., undulation index and cell area) were compared within species across a range of canopy positions, as quantified by leaf area index (LAI).

Results

Individually, cell area, δ13C, and petiole metric all correlated with both LAI and LMA, but the use of a combined model provided significantly greater predictive power.

Conclusions

Using the observed relationships with leaf carbon isotope ratio and morphology to estimate the range of LAI in fossil floras can provide a measure of canopy closure in ancient forests. Similarly, estimates of LAI and LMA for individual taxa can provide comparative measures of light environment and growth strategy of fossil taxa from within a flora.
The clinical and pathological features of plasma cell myeloma post solid organ transplantation
Authors: Ofori Kenneth , Soderquist Craig R. , Murty Vundavalli V. , Park David , Vlad George , Leeman‐Neill Rebecca J. , Lentzsch Suzanne , Alobeid Bachir , Bhagat Govind
Published: August 2020

Plasma cell neoplasms (PCNs), comprising plasma cell myelomas (PCMs) and plasmacytomas, which occur after solid organ transplantation, represent rare subtypes of monomorphic post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (M‐PTLDs). Data regarding the clinical and pathological features of post‐transplant (PT)‐PCMs are limited. To gain a better understanding of disease biology, we performed comprehensive immunophenotypic analysis, reviewed cytogenetic analysis results and evaluated clinical outcomes of PT‐PCMs diagnosed and treated at our institution. Fifteen PT‐PCM (M: F ‐ 4:1) and two PT‐MGUS (two males) cases were identified. The median age of PT‐PCM patients was 68 years (29‐79 years) and PCMs presented at a median of 9.7 years (0.5‐24.7 years) after transplantation. The PT‐PCMs accounted for 11.6% of all M‐PTLDs and the period prevalence was 9/3108 (0.29%), 3/1071 (0.28%), 2/1345 (0.15%) and 1/878 (0.11%) post kidney, heart, liver and lung transplantation. Lytic bone disease was observed in 1/11 (9%) patients. Marrow plasma cell infiltration ranged from 10%‐70% (median 20%), with 10/15 (67%) and 5/15 (33%) cases manifesting immature and plasmablastic morphology. The immunophenotype of all cases and cytogenetic abnormalities, identified in 60% of cases, were similar to multiple myeloma (MM) of immunocompetent individuals. All PT‐PCMs were EBER negative. Ten of 11 (91%) patients with active MM were treated, all with proteasome inhibitor‐based therapy. Treatment response and 5‐year overall survival (54.5%) was comparable to MM of immunocompetent individuals. However, the survival of patients with plasmablastic PCMs was inferior to those with immature PCMs. 0ur findings indicate PT‐PCMs to be predominantly late onset PTLDs that have similar clinicopathologic characteristics as conventional MM.
Natural history of achondroplasia: A retrospective review of longitudinal clinical data
Authors: Okenfuss Ericka , Moghaddam Billur , Avins Andrew L.
Published: August 2020

There are limited data on the longitudinal frequency and severity of the symptoms and complications of achondroplasia. We undertook a retrospective electronic chart review of 114 patients to develop a more thorough understanding of the lifetime impact of achondroplasia. Craniocervical stenosis (involving the foramen magnum with or without cervical vertebrae C1 and/or C2) was noted in nearly 50% of patients with craniovertebral junction imaging; however, corrective decompression surgery was only needed in 6% of patients. No children in our cohort died at 4 years of age or under. Kyphosis was present in most patients but usually resolved in early childhood. Cervical and lumbar stenosis were diagnosed in children and adults while, genu varum, elbow contractures, and radial head dislocations were identified during childhood. Central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea were present in children, while the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea was shown to recur in adulthood. Cardiovascular risk factors were present in only 7% of patients. A range of mental health disorders were identified, with most diagnoses being made before 18 years of age. Our data show that achondroplasia has a significant impact on patients' physical health, and complications continue to be reported and require intervention throughout patients' lifetimes. This highlights the need for continuous support beyond pediatric care, by adult care clinicians experienced with managing the long‐term complications of achondroplasia.
Ophthalmic genetics practice and research in India: Vision in 2020
Authors: Bansal Mayank , Tandon Radhika , Saxena Rohit , Sharma Arundhati , Sen Sagnik , Kishore Alisha , Venkatesh Pradeep , Maiti Souvik , Chakraborty Debojyoti
Published: August 2020

Ophthalmic genetics is a much needed and growing area in India. Ethnic diversity, with a high degree of consanguinity, has led to a high prevalence of genetic disorders in the country. As the second most populous country in the world, this naturally results in a significant number of affected people overall. Practice involves coherent association between ophthalmologists, genetic counselor and pediatricians. Eye genetics in India in recent times has witnessed advanced research using cutting edge diagnostics, next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches, stem cell therapies, gene therapy and genomic editing. This article will highlight the studies reporting genetic variations in the country, challenges in practice, and the latest advances in ophthalmic genetic research in India.
Inherited eye diseases in Turkey: Current approaches and future directions
Authors: Yaylacioglu Tuncay Fulya , Guntekin Ergun Sezen , Oner Ayse , Turan Ayse , Ozmert Emin , Ergun Mehmet Ali , Ozdek Sengul
Published: August 2020

The aim of this review is to reveal Turkey's current status of medical practice in inherited eye diseases and the necessary steps to improve healthcare services and research activities in this area. Since consanguinity rate is high, disease burden is estimated to be high in Turkey. Universal health insurance system, easily accessible medical specialists, increasing genetic test, and counseling opportunities are the key advantages of Turkey's healthcare system. However, specialized clinics for inherited eye diseases, low‐vision rehabilitation services, training of ophthalmologists about the recent developments in ocular genetics, and multidisciplinary translational research are the main headlines needed to be focused for better health services and successful research in Turkey.
Introduction to the special issue on Ophthalmic Genetics: Vision in 2020
Authors: Hufnagel Robert B. , Walter Michael A. , Arno Gavin
Published: August 2020

In this special issue of the American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part C, we explore the ever‐expanding field of Ophthalmic Genetics. The eye is unique among organs for its accessibility to physical examination, permitting exploration of every tissue by slit lamp microscopy, ophthalmoscopy, and imaging including color and autofluorescent photography, ultrasound, optical coherence tomography (OCT), electrophysiology, and adaptive optics confocal and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. This accessibility permits a variety of surgical and nonsurgical treatments, including the first FDA‐approved gene therapy, voretigene neparvovec‐rzyl for RPE65‐associated Leber Congenital Amaurosis. In this issue, we sought to provide a survey highlighting how heritable ophthalmic disorders are recognizable and accessible to clinical geneticists as well as ophthalmologists.
Assessing thoraco‐pelvic covariation in Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes: A 3D geometric morphometric approach
Authors: Torres‐Tamayo Nicole , Martelli Sandra , Schlager Stefan , García‐Martínez Daniel , Sanchis‐Gimeno Juan Alberto , Mata‐Escolano Federico , Nalla Shahed , Ogihara Naomichi , Oishi Motoharu , Bastir Markus
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Understanding thoraco‐pelvic integration in Homo sapiens and their closest living relatives (genus Pan) is of great importance within the context of human body shape evolution. However, studies assessing thoraco‐pelvic covariation across Hominoidea species are scarce, although recent research would suggest shared covariation patterns in humans and chimpanzees but also species‐specific features, with sexual dimorphism and allometry influencing thoraco‐pelvic covariation in these taxa differently.

Material and Methods

N = 30 adult H. sapiens and N = 10 adult Pan troglodytes torso 3D models were analyzed using 3D geometric morphometrics and linear measurements. Effects of sexual dimorphism and allometry on thoraco‐pelvic covariation were assessed via regression analyses, and patterns of thoraco‐pelvic covariation in humans and chimpanzees were computed via Two‐Block Partial Least Squares analyses.

Results

Results confirm the existence of common aspects of thoraco‐pelvic covariation in humans and chimpanzees, and also species‐specific covariation in H. sapiens that is strongly influenced by sexual dimorphism and allometry. Species‐specific covariation patterns in chimpanzees could not be confirmed because of the small sample size, but metrics point to a correspondence between the most caudal ribs and iliac crest morphology that would be irrespective of sex.

Conclusions

This study suggests that humans and chimpanzees share common aspects of thoraco‐pelvic covariation but might differ in others. In humans, torso integration is strongly influenced by sexual dimorphism and allometry, whilst in chimpanzees it may not be. This study also highlights the importance not only of torso widths but also of torso depths when describing patterns of thoraco‐pelvic covariation in primates. Larger samples are necessary to support these interpretations.
Persistent left superior vena cava with partial anomalous venous return in a liver transplant patient
Authors: Milam A. J. , Tou E. , Lam P. , Wachsman A. M. , Gereboff A.
Published: August 2020

Insertion of central venous catheters is commonly performed on critically ill patients. Successful placement requires knowledge of vascular anatomy, but vascular anomalies may pose difficulties during insertion and confirmation of catheter position. This report describes the incidental discovery of a persistent left superior vena cava emptying into a pulmonary vein with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return to the left innominate vein and ultimately into the right superior vena cava, after placement of a left internal jugular central line in a patient presenting for liver transplant. We discuss the clinical implications of persistent left superior vena cava and the steps we took to evaluate catheter position.
Isorhamnetin attenuates TNF‐α‐induced inflammation, proliferation, and migration in human bronchial epithelial cells via MAPK and NF‐κB pathways
Authors: Ren Xiaojie , Han Longyin , Li Yongxing , Zhao Huanyi , Zhang Ziyin , Zhuang Yuerong , Zhong Ming , Wang Qiang , Ma Wuhua , Wang Yong
Published: August 2020

Isorhamnetin has distinct anti‐inflammatory activity and inhibits cell proliferation and migration. These effects are also involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. However, the effect of isorhamnetin on bronchial epithelial cells in patients with asthma has not been examined. Cells of human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS‐2B were cultured with isorhamnetin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. The effects of isorhamnetin on BEAS‐2B cell viability were assessed using CCK8 assay. The EdU (5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine) cell proliferation assay was performed to assess cell proliferation. BEAS‐2B cell migration was measured using Transwell and wound healing assays. Real‐time PCR and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay were conducted to measure the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Protein expression levels were determined by western blotting. Immunofluorescence was used to detect nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB). We found that isorhamnetin at 20 and 40 μM reduced the proliferation of BEAS‐2B cells induced by TNF‐α. Isorhamnetin significantly decreased the expression of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 10 in BEAS‐2B cells induced by TNF‐α. Additionally, 10 μM isorhamnetin effectively reduced cell migration induced by TNF‐α. Treatment with isorhamnetin inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF‐κB pathways induced by TNF‐α. In summary, isorhamnetin inhibited the inflammation, proliferation, and migration of BEAS‐2B cells by regulating the MAPK and NF‐κB signaling pathways and is a drug candidate for asthma.
Does Augmented Visual Feedback from Novel, Multicolored, Three‐Dimensional‐Printed Teeth Affect Dental Students' Acquisition of Manual Skills?
Authors: Lugassy Diva , Levanon Yafi , Rosen Gal , Livne Shiri , Fridenberg Naama , Pilo Raphael , Brosh Tamar
Published: August 2020

Although three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology is increasingly used in dental education, its application regarding the provision of online visual augmented feedback has not been tested. Thus, this study aimed to: (1) develop two generations of multicolored 3D‐printed teeth that provide visual augmented feedback for students conducting the cavity preparation process, (2) assess students' clinical performance after training on the 3D models, and (3) acquire student feedback. For the first‐generation model, augmented feedback was obtained from five 3D‐printed teeth models for five cavity preparation procedures. Each model comprised three layers printed in green, yellow, and red indicating whether preparation was acceptable, limited, or unacceptable, respectively. The study used a crossover design in which the experimental group trained on five multicolored models and 10 standard plastic teeth, and the control group trained on 15 standard plastic teeth. Students gave positive feedback of the methodology but complained about the printed material's hardness. Therefore, a second‐generation model was developed: the model's occlusal plane was replaced with a harder printed acrylic material, and the experiment was repeated. During training, instructors provided external terminal feedback only for performance on standard plastic teeth. Manual grades for cavity preparations on standard plastic teeth were compared. No significant differences were found between the control and experimental groups in both generations' models. However, less instructor time was needed, and similar clinical results were obtained after training with both generations. Thus, multicolored 3D‐printed teeth models promote self‐learning during the process of acquiring manual skills and reduce student dependency on instructors.
Eye‐Tracking Reveals Absent Repetition Learning Across the Autism Spectrum: Evidence From a Passive Viewing Task
Authors: Gaigg Sebastian B. , Krug Marie K. , Solomon Marjorie , Roestorf Amanda , Derwent Claire , Anns Sophie , Bowler Dermot M. , Rivera Susan , Nordahl Christine Wu , Jones Emily J. H.
Published: August 2020

In the domain of memory, autism is characterized by difficulties in explicitly remembering the specific order of stimuli, whereas implicit serial order memory appears to be preserved. This pattern is of considerable interest because serial order memory is known to play a critical role in children's language development. Currently, however, few paradigms exist that can effectively probe serial order memory across heterogeneous groups of children, including those who are minimally verbal. We present two experiments, involving 39 adults (20 ASD; 19 TD) and 130 children (86 ASD; 44 TD), that address this issue using an eye‐tracking paradigm, which simply required participants to “watch out for a bunny” that appeared in repeating sequences of screen locations. The adults in Experiment 1 all had normative IQs, whereas Experiment 2 included children with and without substantial language and intellectual difficulties. In both experiments gaze latencies and anticipatory fixations to the bunny indicated reliable repetition learning effects in the TD but not the ASD groups. Importantly, we were able to acquire reliable data from around half of the children with significant language impairments in Experiment 2, indicating that the paradigm can shed light on important learning processes in this underrepresented group. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of memory in ASD as well as for the utility of eye‐tracking technology to probe repetition learning effects in autism. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1929‐1946. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Lay Summary

Remembering the specific order of stimuli plays an important role in language development and is thought to be a source of difficulty for autistic individuals. Research in this area, however, rarely includes autistic participants who are minimally verbal. Here we develop an eye‐tracking paradigm that demonstrates serial order learning difficulties across the autism spectrum. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of the role of memory difficulties in the varied language profiles across the autism spectrum.
Impact of Bisphenol A on neural tube development in 48‐hr chicken embryos
Authors: Atay Emre , Ertekin Ayşe , Bozkurt Erhan , Aslan Esra
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most heavily produced chemicals in the world. BPA is involved in the production of many substances such as cosmetics, various foodstuffs, toys, personal care products, detergents and plastic bottles all that are frequently used in daily life. Depending on BPA exposure, sexual maturation and reproductive function, and bone and brain development are adversely affected. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible effects of BPA on the development of the nervous system and neural tube in 48‐hr chicken embryos.

Methods

Thirty specific pathogen‐free (SPF) fertilized eggs were used in the study. SPF eggs were placed in the incubator and divided into three groups at 28 hr of incubation; control, BPA 1 and BPA 2 (10 eggs in each group). At this stage of incubation, two different doses of BPA were injected sub‐blastodermically with the Hamilton microinjector. At the end of 48 hr of incubation, all eggs were opened and embryos were dissected and separated from the embryonic membrane. All embryos were evaluated morphologically and histopathologically.

Results

As the BPA dose increased, delays in the development of the nervous system and midline closure increased in the early period of chicken embryos. Depending on the dose, it was found that the embryo's crown‐rump length and somite number decreased (p < .05).

Conclusion

It was determined that BPA application on early chicken embryos adversely affected neural tube development. It was also found to delay midline closure.
‘Omics driven discoveries of gene targets for apoptosis attenuation in CHO cells
Authors: Orellana Camila A. , Martínez Verónica S. , MacDonald Michael A. , Henry Matthew N. , Gillard Marianne , Gray Peter P. , Nielsen Lars K. , Mahler Stephen , Marcellin Esteban
Published: August 2020

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used in biopharmaceutical production. Improvements to cell lines and bioprocesses are constantly being explored. One of the major limitations of CHO cell culture is that the cells undergo apoptosis, leading to rapid cell death, which impedes reaching high recombinant protein titres. While several genetic engineering strategies have been successfully employed to reduce apoptosis, there is still room to further enhance CHO cell lines performance. ‘Omics analysis is a powerful tool to better understand different phenotypes and for the identification of gene targets for engineering. Here, we present a comprehensive review of previous CHO 'omics studies that revealed changes in the expression of apoptosis‐related genes. We highlight targets for genetic engineering that have reduced, or have the potential to reduce, apoptosis or to increase cell proliferation in CHO cells, with the final aim of increasing productivity.