bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shape Imagery in Technical Terminology
Authors: Harris John S.
Published: May 2005

The concept of shape is commonly conveyed in scientific and technical fields by reference to pre-existing images presumably familiar to both writer and reader. Such images are drawn from a wide variety of sources which include geometrical images, shape images from nature and simple technology, and from familiar arbitrary forms such as the alphabet. Shape images in language continue to be invented, and provide both analogs for expression and analogs for thought. Once a term is established, it ceases to function as an analog. Examination of shape analogs serves as a useful microcosm of language development. Shape imagery is a facet of language that remains quite impervious to computer analysis and translation.
Dangers and Unreliability of Mammography: Breast Examination is a Safe, Effective, and Practical Alternative
Authors: Epstein Samuel S. , Bertell Rosalie , Seaman Barbara
Published: May 2005

Mammography screening is a profit-driven technology posing risks compounded by unreliability. In striking contrast, annual clinical breast examination (CBE) by a trained health professional, together with monthly breast self-examination (BSE), is safe, at least as effective, and low in cost. International programs for training nurses how to perform CBE and teach BSE are critical and overdue.
Recent Research and Views on Shaking Baby Syndrome
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: May 2005

Primary care physicians and psychiatrists should be aware of the incidence, causes, diagnosis, and prognosis of the conditions of Shaking Baby Syndrome (SBS). This article discusses both accidental and non-accidental head injury, and also addresses the legal aspects of SBS. Incidence, potential causes, explanations, prevention, and treatment of the condition, both for the perpetrators and the unfortunate victims, are considered. Of special importance is the fact that SBS is difficult to diagnose with absolute certainty. Hence the identification of a potential perpetrator can be difficult and injustices can occur.
Teaching Writing by Interdisciplinary Computer Conference
Authors: Kremers Marshall , Haile Penelope
Published: May 2005

Computer conferencing makes asynchronous interaction possible through a mainframe computer. The computer conferencing system called “Participate” at New York Institute of Technology provided the basis for an experiment in interdisciplinary writing which the authors describe in this article. Their assertion is that computer conferencing has great potential as an interdisciplinary teaching tool because it is fast, efficient, and cost-effective. In fact, it could replace writing centers and in-home faculty workshops for teaching writing.
Effects of a Social Norm Feedback Campaign on the Drinking Norms and Behavior of Division I Student-Athletes
Authors: Thombs Dennis L. , Hamilton Monair J.
Published: May 2005

Social norm feedback is a promising strategy for reducing alcohol misuse on college campuses. However, little is known about the impact of these interventions on at-risk populations, such as student-athletes. This study examined the effects of a campus-wide media campaign on Division I student-athletes at three universities. A discriminant function analysis revealed that a composite measure of perceived campus drinking norms distinguished between two campaign exposure groups. With the exception of one perceived norm measure (closest friends), the campaign-exposed group reported more conservative estimates of alcohol use in peers. However, there was no evidence that the campaign had reduced alcohol use. The inability of the campaign to reduce perceptions of alcohol use among one's closest friends may have accounted for the lack of change in drinking behavior. Discussion is directed to the potential limitations of using social norm feedback campaigns to reduce alcohol misuse in high-risk groups, such as student-athletes.
Moving beyond the What to the Why: Differences in Professional and Popular Science Writing
Authors: Rowan Katherine E.
Published: May 2005

This article argues that an understanding of professional and popular science writers' goals provides a basis for both explaining and evaluating their language use. Rhetoricians fault scientists for unnecessarily stilted language; scientists fault popularists for inaccuracy and sensationalism. Although these charges are sometimes justified, they deflect attention from the obstacles writers face and the ways in which they use language to overcome these obstacles.
Upstream Healthy Public Policy: Lessons from the Battle of Tobacco
Authors: McKinlay John B. , Marceau Lisa D.
Published: May 2005

Many consider public health and politics to be entirely separate worlds. Public health activities are generally well-motivated by public interest, perceived as value-free, scientific, and devoid of partisan preference. Politics, in contrast, can be viewed as a distasteful activity involving self-interested pressure groups, misuse of state power, and influence of money on national decisions. Public health and politics are inappropriate bedfellows if politics is reduced to party politics. Politics, of course, involves more than just party activities; it concerns the structure, distribution, and effects of power in society. Which groups pattern the social order? What are their sources of influence? How do they retain privileged status? What social effects result from the policies these groups shape? Viewed in this broader sense, politics is essential for effective public health and thus is the inescapable context of public health interventions. To disregard sociopolitical determinants of health is to relegate public health to prevention and promotion of individual risk behaviors. If public health is to be more successful in the 21st century, it must comprehend the magnitude of the forces against it and the strategies used to engineer its defeat. Public health interventions in the new millennium must be appropriate to their sociocultural context.
Interactive Television as a Vehicle for the Delivery of Higher Education to Rural Areas
Authors: Lyons Charles M. , MacBrayne Pamela , Johnson Judith L.
Published: May 2005

Through the Community College of Maine, the University of Maine System has designed and implemented a distance education program, using interactive television, to reach students statewide. This article describes that system's technology, its instructional methodology, and its effectiveness as reported by students and faculty. The application of this model for areas with sparsely distributed populations is supported.
An Empirical Study of Children's Use of Computer Pointing Devices
Authors: Jones Tom
Published: May 2005

Four experiments were carried out to investigate the use of computer-based pointing devices by six, eight and ten year old children. Three groups ( N = 45) used three devices (mouse, joystick, trackball) for a discrete and a continuous pointing task. Two target shapes were used: square and rectangular. A factorial analysis of variance with repeated-measures design was employed. The dependent variables were movement time (MT) and processing rate and the independent variables were age, device, target depth and trial. Results showed that there was a significant age and device difference for both tasks. Target depth appeared to affect strongly movement time in a linear fashion for the square targets while weaker support was found for Fitts' law for the continuous task/rectangular target condition. The discrete task/rectangular target condition showed no effect of target depth and offered no support for Fitts' law. A comparison of target shape for both tasks indicated that the prediction of movement time was not restricted to the effect of the index of difficulty given a relative definition of the pointing movement. For the continuous task, the definition of target depth as the size of the target measured from the movement initiation point was found to be reasonable. With respect to children's processing rate, surprisingly low rates were recorded.
Overlooked, Overworked: Women's Unpaid and Paid Work in the Health Services' “Cost Crisis”
Authors: Glazer Nona Y.
Published: May 2005

Dewaging shifts work from the marketplace to the household. The shift seems a short-term strategy used by capitalists, governmental policy-makers, and managers to reduce the wage bill for service workers in such areas as schooling, retailing, health services, and banking. In health services, the expansion of women's unpaid nursing in the household and a new labor process among paid nursing workers are necessary for new corporate and federal cost-containment strategies. Registered and licensed nurses, nurse's assistants and aides see their jobs eliminated, expanded, or moved from one work site to another. Increased use of outpatient clinics, in-and-out hospital stays of less than one day, and shortened hospital stays mean sick people in their homes, not hospitals. The work of caring for the sick does not disappear, however, though people may go without. Much nursing work is shifted to patients and to their families, and even to friends and neighbors. Within the family, women's unwaged work is central, supporting the new labor process among paid nurses. Wives, mothers, daughters, friends, etc., do the work once done for pay in clinics and hospitals.
Desiring and Avoiding Close Romantic Attachment in Response to Mortality Salience
Authors: Coolsen Michael K. , Nelson Lori J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine individual differences in the effects of mortality salience on romantic attachment style. Participants were categorized as high or low in both agency and communion. After exposure to either a mortality salience or a control videotape, participants rated the idealness of Hazan and Shaver's (1987) three romantic attachment styles and rated the appeal of romantic involvement. Participants who were high in agency responded to mortality salience with increased endorsement of avoidant attachment, decreased endorsement of secure and anxious-ambivalent attachment, and diminished desire for involvement in a romantic relationship. Participants who were low in communion responded to morality salience with increased endorsement of anxious-ambivalent attachment. The results are discussed in light of research on defense mechanisms, Becker's (1973) theories about the role of romance in symbolic transcendence of death, and terror management theory (Solomon, Greenberg,&Pyszczynski, 1991).
Internet Usage by Students in an Israeli High School
Authors: Nachmias Rafi , Mioduser David , Shemla Anat
Published: May 2005

This study examines the extent and characteristics of Internet usage among 384 junior-high and high school students in Israel. Its focus is on the purpose and patterns of Internet usage by twelve- to eighteen-year-old youngsters, and on the linkage between Internet usage and school activities. The findings show that the Internet is being used by about half of the research population, with the main use being for communication. Search for information comes only in the second place. Low degree of connection was found between Internet usage and school practice. The results show significant sex differences. In general, more boys are using the Internet, and more extensively than girls. Surprisingly, only some differences among age groups were found. The results of the study are discussed in terms of the range of Internet use among youngsters and its emerging role as an alternative knowledge resource outside school.
View from an Electronic Learning Environment: Perceptions and Patterns among Students in an Online Graduate Education Course
Authors: Craig Dorothy Valcarcel
Published: May 2005

The study examined perceptions and patterns of technology use among graduate students enrolled in an online education course. Eight participant profiles and case studies—consisting of subjects currently teaching in a public school environment and also enrolled in a Masters' program; subjects employed as public school substitute teachers and also enrolled in a non-degree teacher licensure program, and one non-employed graduate student—were examined and analyzed. A qualitative approach to research was implemented using the constant comparative method of data analysis. Data in the form of participant observer field notes, sample products completed by participants, online Discussion Board postings, research papers, participant presentations, onsite discussions, generated reports regarding online course access patterns, and information gleaned from a summative Online Course Evaluation Survey revealed specific patterns of technology use, learning preferences, and benefits of an online university environment. Results from the study indicate that students preferred to work at specific hours of the day, engaged in research-supported online discussions with a high rate of activity, and preferred to complete Internet-based research assignments. Additional findings show that by participating in an online graduate-level course—which required frequent action research, inquiry-based projects—participants were able to connect typical education content with relevant classroom experiences. In addition, those participants, who at the time of the study were employed as public school teachers, were able to successfully incorporate teleresearch into their own classroom teaching.
Sequelae of Attempted Suicide by Cyanide Ingestion: A Case Report
Authors: Feldman Jacqueline M. , Feldman Marc D.
Published: May 2005

A twenty-eight-year-old man presented emergently after ingesting 800 mg of potassium cyanide in a suicide attempt. He survived only with intensive medical and psychiatric intervention, and went on to develop severe parkinsonian symptoms, including profound micrographia and hypersalivation. Bilateral, symmetrical basal ganglial abnormalities were demonstrated with magnetic resonance imaging. Survival following cyanide poisoning is rare; the clinical, radiologic, and neuropathologic sequelae in other documented cases are reviewed.
Profile of Technical Writers in San Diego County: Results of a Pilot Study
Authors: Little Sherry Burgus , McLaren Margaret C.
Published: May 2005

In spite of the recent proliferation of technical writing programs, textbooks, and professional associations, quantitative information on the people and work involved in technical writing is scant. This article reports the responses of 122 technical writers in the San Diego area to a questionnaire asking them about the tasks they perform, documents they produce, skills they consider significant, audiences they write to, working conditions, types of companies they work for, and education and training. The pilot survey also identified other demographic information such as salary and length of service as technical writers and in their present position.
Some Associated Nominals in Technical Writing
Authors: Jordan Michael P.
Published: May 2005

This article is placed within the defined area of study of “coherence,” which is seen as one of the three parts of recent work in the “discourse analysis” of contemporary English prose with emphasis on technical writing. One element of the total system of coherence is seen to be the “associated nominal” which, together with repetition, substitution, deletion, synonymy, among others, enables writers to maintain the thread of continuity in a text. Introductory details of associated nominals are given, and some of their purposes and environments of use are described with the use of examples of actual English use. Potential effects of this work on the teaching of technical writing are mentioned, and detailed references and anannotated bibliography assist readers who may wish to read further.
Is Depressed Affect a Function of One's Relationship with God?: Findings from a Study of Primary Care Patients
Authors: Levin Jeff
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This study examines the association between a self-reported loving relationship with God and the presence of depressed affect. Building on prior clinical and epidemiologic research on religious factors in mental health, it seeks to extend consideration to internal religious resources.

Method:

Data are from 205 primary care outpatients who completed a self-administered survey inquiring about their relationship with God, their mental and physical health, and various religious and psychosocial issues. The principal dependent construct is the depressed affect subscale of the General Well-Being Scale. The principal independent construct is a validated eight-item self-report measure of loving and being loved by God based on a theoretical taxonomy developed by Sorokin.

Results:

Hierarchical ordinary least squares regression was used to investigate the association between this construct, which Sorokin termed “religious love,” and the measure of depressed affect. After controlling for sets of hypothesized mediating factors (multi-item measures of religious involvement, social resources, psychological resources, and physical health status) in five successive models, as well as several key sociodemographic variables, the statistically significant inverse association between these two constructs in the baseline model (β = −.29, p < .01) remained strong and statistically significant (β = −.21, p < .05).

Conclusions:

These findings raise the possibility that a loving relationship with God may exert a protective effect on psychological distress. One's relationship with God thus may represent an important personal resource for mitigating the emotional consequences of poor health and other deleterious life circumstances, as well as a marker for successful religious coping.
Developing Countries and Trade in Health Services: Which Way is Forward?
Authors: Timmermans Karin
Published: May 2005

International trade in health services appears to be increasing It may receive a further boost when liberalized and bound under international trade agreements, such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Liberalization of trade in health services can create opportunities, but may also exacerbate preexisting problems. Moreover, once liberalization is locked in under international trade agreements, reversing policies becomes difficult, especially for developing countries. Making undue commitments to liberalize health services under GATS may therefore result in the loss of policy space. Yet the GATS agreement contains considerable flexibility to fine-tune commitments in accordance with national (health) objectives. But flexibility entails complexity, and for GATS the complexity is compounded by the fact that some of its rules are still being developed. Moreover, flexibility is meaningless unless used, and used well, which calls for a profound analysis of the alternatives and their implications. This article provides an overview of considerations related to (international) trade in health services and key features of GATS that are relevant to public health. It highlights that policymakers have something at stake in GATS negotiations; thus, they should take an interest in liberalization of trade in health services, analyze its implications, and give input and guidance to their country's trade negotiators. Moreover, to convey their concerns and aspirations effectively, they must learn the trade language, while staying focused on (public) health objectives.
Qualitative Health Research and Health Promotion at the Local Level
Authors: Van Gilst Els C. H. , Van Oers Hans A. M. , Van Den Bogaard Josine H. M. , Hortulanus Roelof P.
Published: May 2005

The Municipal Health Service for Rotterdam area in the Netherlands has developed a health research strategy with special focus on qualitative methods. This article describes one of the first and most instructive cases in which this strategy has been applied: a local health study in “Feijenoord.” The research in Feijenoord was carried out between 1989 and 1990 making it possible to look both at the short-term and long-term effects. Quantitative data were used to describe the neighborhood health situation. Qualitative data were used to expand on this description. The qualitative information was obtained from residents and workers in health care and welfare using focused interviews and nominal group interviews. The results and effects of the research presented were influential. The research started a train of activity that could not have been predicted, and of which the Municipal Health Service had little control at first. An important effect in the short-term was that, as bringer of unpleasant news, the Municipal Health Service was unfavorably regarded. In the long-term, the Municipal Health Service participated significantly in the activities set up within the health framework. After evaluating these effects it was possible to formulate the conditions for an effective use of qualitative methods in public health research.
The Spanish Entrada: A Model for Assessing Claims of Pre-Columbian Contact between the Old and New Worlds
Authors: Feder Kenneth L.
Published: May 2005

The vast majority of evidence marshaled by those who support scenarios of the pre-Columbus, pre-Viking discovery, exploration, and settlement of the New World has been epigraphic. Virtually no archaeological evidence has been presented in support of such claims. Here, the historically documented, early sixteenth-century Spanish exploration of the American Southeast is used as a model for the kind of archaeological evidence to be expected for such exploration and culture contact. It is suggested that unless and until similar evidence is forthcoming for an eariler presence of Celts, Libyans, Chinese, or other visitors from the Old World, their visits remain unproved.
Remembering Alan J. P. Dalton
Authors: Wigmore Dorothy
Published: May 2005

A Class Working Hero

There aren't many heroes around any more. Not the kind who selflessly devote themselves to saying what they believe, without fear, favor, an ounce of fanaticism or hope of any reward; those who tirelessly work with all and anyone who might advance—even by just one jot—the quest for a non-toxic, humane, and egalitarian society. Alan Dalton was just such a rare bird; and he almost always got his facts straight.
Purpose in Life: A Moderator of Recovery from Bereavement
Authors: Ulmer Ann , Range Lillian M. , Smith Peggy C.
Published: May 2005

For those with relatively low purpose in life, the experience of bereavement may induce an existential crisis, particularly if the cause of death is suicide. To assess whether this happens in recent bereavement, 122 people (31% of those who received questionnaires) recently bereaved (mode < two years) completed scales measuring life purpose, life satisfaction, reasons for living, and social support. Multivariate analysis followed by univariate analysis indicated that purpose was associated with greater life satisfaction, stronger reasons for living, more social support, and less impact. Unexpectedly, those bereaved by suicide were not different from other cause of death groups on these measures. High purpose in life apparently can buffer the negative aspects of the bereavement experience, regardless of the cause of death.
Depression in the Elderly: A Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Dysfunction?
Authors: Burch Earl A. , Goldschmidt Thomas J.
Published: May 2005

Depression is a significant problem in the elderly population and is often accompanied by cognitive changes and agitation. Hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction may occur in some depressed elderly patients and represent a non-specific physiological hyperarousal state. Moreover, recent evidence confirms that antidepressants down-regulate beta-adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system. These findings provide the background for proposing that depression may result from an age-specific, stress-induced dysfunction of the beta-adrenergic receptor system in a subgroup of the geriatric population. A bio-psycho-social model for understanding and developing innovative treatment strategies for depression in the elderly is presented.
Aids Funding: Competing Needs and the Politics of Priorities
Authors: Krieger Nancy
Published: May 2005

Despite the Department of Health and Human Service's 1983 claim that AIDS is the nation's “number one health priority,” funding for AIDS research, prevention, and treatment remains inadequate. Worse, it is often marshaled from or juxtaposed against other necessary health allocations. Consequent AIDS-related resource crises include diverting funds for research on other diseases to AIDS investigations, propping up AIDS prevention efforts at the expense of traditional sexually transmitted disease control programs, and pitting the health needs of AIDS patients against the needs of those seeking other urgent health services, e.g., prenatal care. While this forced competition typically is blamed on fiscal constraints, examination of federal spending priorities suggests that it results principally from Reagan Administration policies. This Administration has consistently boosted military spending at the expense of social and health services, and has deliberately undermined efforts to obtain sufficient and new allocations for AIDS. In order to avert political divisions spurred by competition for currently scarce resources, AIDS and other health activists together must argue that excessive military allocations must be shifted to health research and services, and that a national health program must be implemented, if AIDS programs are to be funded appropriately without jeopardizing other necessary health initiatives.
Death Anxiety and Social Desirability among Nurses
Authors: Martin Thomas O.
Published: May 2005

Registered nurses ( n = 210) from Canadian public general hospitals were administered Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Responses on the Death Anxiety Scale were subjected to a principal-axes factor analysis, from which were extracted five factors. In the order of their relative prominence for the sample of nurses, the identified factors were: 1) “death anxiety denial,” 2) “general death anxiety,” 3) “fearful anticipation of death,” 4) “physical death fear,” and 5) “fear of catastrophic death.” Correlation analyses indicated a statistically significant inverse relationship between the variable of social desirability and “death anxiety denial”; however, no other statistically significant relationships were found to exist between the social desirability variable and the remaining four Death Anxiety Scale factors. The inverse relationship between a particular aspect of death anxiety and the response set of social desirability for nurses in this study was discussed in light of corroborative findings by other investigators, as well as in terms of its implications for further studies of death anxiety among health professionals.
Using Existing Health Care Systems to Respond to the Aids Epidemic: Research and Recommendations for Chile
Authors: Aiken Linda H. , Smith Herbert L. , Lake Eileen T.
Published: May 2005

Chile is a country with a relatively low prevalence of HIV infection, where successful prevention has the potential to change the future course of the epidemic. A controversial national prevention strategy based upon public education has emerged in response to characterizations of the epidemic as well-dispersed with a growing involvement of heterosexuals. This characterization is not consistent with the observed facts. There is a comparatively well-organized health care system in Santiago that is doing a good job of detecting HIV infection and already has in place the elements of a targeted intervention scheme. Chile should place priority on the use of the existing health care infrastructure for implementing both the traditional public health interventions for sexually transmitted diseases (contact tracing and partner notification) and the AIDS-necessitated strategy of focused counseling and education.
Advanced Planning and thorough Documentation—The Basis for Winning Proposals
Authors: Battaglia Robert A.
Published: May 2005

Advanced planning and thorough documentation is required to prepare winning proposals. This article shares, with all persons involved in responding to the U.S. Government's Requests for Proposals, suggestions for preparing better proposal documentation, from the foundation, the Capture Plan, to the final proposal product—all with a goal of increasing the number of contract wins.
Heuristic and Formative Evaluation: A Case Study Illustration of a New Technique
Authors: Schnackenberg Heidi L. , Chin Kevin , Luppicini Rocci J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the present work was to carry out an evaluation of an interactive, instructional Website that teaches the basic tenets of human performance technology. The evaluation methodology was based upon a unique combination of heuristic and formative evaluation techniques. It involved measuring attitudinal reactions to the Website, learning gains from performance scores on practice exercises, and content, navigation, and design areas needing modification or revision. Evaluation data were gathered from five students pursuing graduate degrees in education at an urban university. Paper-based attitude surveys, think-aloud protocols, and heuristic response forms were utilized to collect data. Student evaluators found the content in the Website to be useful and interesting; however, in some instances the practice items were confusing. The site was found to be easy to navigate and, overall, evaluators enjoyed using it. The evaluation methodology was shown to be effective in assessing design, content, and attitudinal issues, although in the future think-aloud protocols may be optional because they do not provide sufficient data to warrant the time spent on their use. Data also revealed that measuring learning gains was critical to the accurate evaluation and educational effectiveness of instructional Websites.
Perceptions of Social Support by Suicide Survivors and their Social Networks
Authors: Wagner Katharine G. , Calhoun Lawrence G.
Published: May 2005

Current research tentatively suggests that families bereaved by suicide may receive and experience low levels of support. It is not clear, given the available data, whether there is a difference in the support given or in the support received, because no studies have systematically compared survivors with their social networks. Two groups participated in this investigation: survivors of a suicide in the family and members of their support systems. Each group completed objective scales of the social support that was offered or received by the members of the family as well as a scale of recovery from grief, and all participants were interviewed. Statistical analyses of the quantitative data indicated no differences between the groups, with the exception of a marginal trend suggesting survivors were rated less recovered by themselves than by members of their support systems. However, analysis of the qualitative data indicated that survivors believed that only other suicide survivors could fully understand them, and that they experienced implicit pressure from others to “recover” from their loss.
The Relaxation Response: Psychophysiologic Aspects and Clinical Applications
Authors: Benson Herbert , Greenwood Martha M. , Klemchuk Helen
Published: May 2005

It is hypothesized that situations requiring continuous behavioral adjustment activate an integrated, hypothalamic response, the emergency reaction. The frequent elicitation of the physiologic changes associated with the emergency reaction has been implicated in the development of diseases such as hypertension. Prevention and treatment of these diseases may be through the use of the relaxation response, an integrated hypothalamic response whose physiologic changes appear to be the counterpart of the emergency reaction. This article describes the basic elements of techniques which elicit the relaxation response and discusses the results of clinical investigations which employ the relaxation response as a therapeutic intervention.
The Effects of Computer-Based Drill and Practice Exams in Introductory Sociology: A Mainframe Orientation
Authors: Morris David C.
Published: May 2005

The central focus of the article discusses the effects of a mainframe based drill and practice program in a large introductory sociology course. The major topics examined are: 1) the development of the program itself, using DEC's CAS language and 2) the effects of the program on students' grades in the course [1–3].
Perceptions of Terminal Illness by Family Physicians and Relatives
Authors: Moore W. R.
Published: May 2005

The final weeks and days of a dying patient's life arouse deep emotions in all those concerned. Invariably, doctor and relative speculate on what the patient feels and knows. This paper explores the area, particularly from the point of view of the English general practitioner caring for his patient in the home environment in cooperation with community nurses. The doctor rated the suffering severe in 19.2 percent of the cases; the relative in 33.3 percent. The doctor found there was direct communication about the outcome with 19 percent of the patients; the relative's estimate was 30.7 percent. Among this group the doctor believed 60.5 percent were completely aware of the situation; the relative 73.7 percent. These are statistically significant differences, though surprisingly doctor and relative found an equal degree of patient acceptance of impending death among those who showed awareness of the outcome. There was another field of significant difference in the frequency of reporting major symptoms.
Quick Prototyping of Educational Software: An Object-Oriented Approach
Authors: Wong Simon C-H
Published: May 2005

Educational software developers have been criticized for the lack of software engineering methodologies and principles in their analysis and design and therefore have led to low quality products. This article introduces and demonstrates the “quick” or “rapid” prototyping software engineering paradigm which can be easily employed by causal software designers such as classroom teachers using object-oriented software production tools. Development of an educational software called “The Match-Maker,” a game for learning new words, is used as an example using HyperCard™ and its scripting language, HyperTalk™, for quick prototyping. The flexibility and suitability of the object-oriented hypermedia for quick prototyping are identified. Software engineering principles involved in various development stages are presented. Good programming styles and design principles which can be implemented at ease in the object-oriented environment are also discussed.
Fear of Personal Death and the Mmpi Profile of Middle-Age Men: The Moderating Impact of Personal Losses
Authors: Florian Victor , Mikulincer Mario , Green Edna
Published: May 2005

The present study examines the association of fear of personal death and aspects of psychological maladjustment and the moderating impact of personal losses. Ninety-seven middle-aged Israeli males completed the MMPI, a brief scale on personal loss experiences, and the Fear of Personal Death Scale. Results revealed that the MMPI profile was significantly related to the pattern of fear of personal death. This association, however, only reached significance among the middle-aged men who had not experienced personal losses. In addition, respondents who had experienced personal losses reported higher levels of fear of personal death than respondents who had not experienced any personal loss. Results were discussed from a multidimensional perspective of fear of death.
Long-Term Follow-up of Chronic Pain Patients: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Duckro Paul N. , Margolis Ronald B. , Tait Raymond C. , Korytnyk Natalie
Published: May 2005

Patients who participated in a structured outpatient pain management program were followed for twenty-four to forty-three months with a mean of 31.8 months. Patients who were evaluated only were compared with patients who terminated prematurely or completed treatment. Patients completing treatment reported greater ability to handle domestic and occupational tasks, and greater tolerance for exercise. There appeared to be no significant effect of treatment on the subjective experience of pain, but patients who completed treatment reported markedly reduced use of medical resources for diagnosis and treatment of pain. Limitations of the present study are discussed.
Attitudes of Dental and Medical Students toward Death and Dying
Authors: Sundin Robert H. , Gaines W. George , Knapp WM. Bruce
Published: May 2005

This study explored the attitudes of dental students toward death and dying and compared them with attitudes held by medical students. The population included regularly enrolled students pursuing the M.D., or D.D.S., degree at the L.S.U. Schools of Medicine and Dentistry. Patterns which emerged from the data analysis suggested that attitude toward death is a factor influencing choice between dental school and medical school would, at best, be latent. Additionally, there is an association between class membership which suggests that attitudes of dental and medical students toward death may be differentially affected by their professional experiences.
Small Group Dynamics and Survival on Chronic Hemodialysis
Authors: Foster F. Gordon , McKegney F. Patrick
Published: May 2005

Two groups of patients undergoing hemodialysis for chronic renal failure were prospectively studied for twenty-four months. Group A patients (n=12) were dialyzed on Mondays and Thursdays; Group B patients (n=9) on Tuesdays and Fridays. Although patients were supposedly assigned to dialysis groups on a random basis, over a twenty-four month period Group A had significantly more deaths (7 patients) than did Group B (none). This phenomenon is interpreted in the framework of an ongoing intergroup interaction among patients and between patients and staff, as conceptualized in the Tavistock Model propounded by Bion. It is hypothesized that in the dialysis unit, unconscious splitting by the staff led to a bias in patient-group assignment, such that those patients with more severe personality disruption, and “bad” in that sense, were assigned to Group A. Since patients in Groups A and B did not differ significantly in biological or demographic parameters at time of entry into the study, it is suggested that the increasing density of psychopathology in Group A was related to poorer care, more physical morbidity and a decreasing survival rate. Although no intermediary psychobiological mechanisms were defined, these findings suggest a significant interaction between the social, psychological and biological factors determining survival on chronic renal hemodialysis, beginning with the treatment decision and continuing throughout the course of treatment. These phenomena should be studied further and may have important implications for planning patient care and patient-staff interactions.
Hemispheric Processes in the Perception of Art
Authors: Coney Jeffrey , Bruce Christine
Published: May 2005

Known differences in visual processing between the cerebral hemispheres imply the possibility of lateral asymmetry in aesthetic evaluation of art. In a test of this proposition, 40 participants were asked to indicate their preference for paintings projected to the left or right visual field. The stimuli were selected from representative works drawn from eight different European schools of art ranging from the 15th to 20th centuries. An overall right visual field preference was found for the paintings. A principal components analysis revealed that participants evaluated the paintings in terms of two distinct groups: older realistic art and more recent abstract art. The right visual field preference was found to apply only to abstract art. This finding is interpreted in terms of selective activation of each side of the brain resulting in the generation of asymmetrical affective states which influence aesthetic judgments.
On the Future of Death: Some Images and Options
Authors: Kastenbaum Robert
Published: May 2005

Voices of the past insist that we have no significant options with respect to death. Voices of the future protest that the past does not hold the future captive and some even proclaim the eventual technological conquest of death. This paper offers a dialogue between past and future orientations toward death, taking as focus the question: is suicidology absurd? Some major dimensions of our culture's death system are discussed. The tendency to regard death as an individual and discrete event is contrasted with the mass processing of death (and life), and the many ways in which death-related dimensions permeate daily life. A narrow suicidology could play into some of the more dubious aspects of our national character, while an enlightened suicidology could increase our options and emphasize the inner relationship of every human being to the mortality of himself and others.
Work Factors and Stress: A Critical Review
Authors: Peterson Chris L.
Published: May 2005

Occupational stress research encompasses a very large and diversified field, yet the areas sometimes remain relatively distinct. In this review of the literature the author shows that there have been numerous studies and conceptualizations of the effects of negative work factors on stress, but very few have placed the experience of stress in a comprehensive framework. Psychological approaches are presented and critically appraised as having several drawbacks, while it is argued that sociological approaches are essential to explaining the context of occupational stress. Labor process studies are closest to providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the causes and consequences of stress at work. The author develops an approach for extending labor process analysis to incorporate the effects on stress of management's control over work at a number of different levels of analysis, not only point of production activities.
Race Differences in Antisocial Behaviors and Attitudes and Early Initiation of Substance Use
Authors: Wells Elizabeth A. , Morrison Diane M. , Gillmore Mary R. , Catalano Richard F. , Iritani Bonita , Hawkins J. David
Published: May 2005

This article examines racial differences in self-reported delinquency, school trouble, antisocial attitudes, and toughness and in teacher-rated aggressive and inattentive behaviors among fifth grade black, white, and Asian American subjects. Also examined are the relationships of these variables to substance initiation within each racial group. Controlling for socio-economic status, racial groups differed from one another in self-reported delinquency, school trouble and toughness, and in teacher-rated aggressiveness and inattention. Antisocial behavior and attitudes were stronger predictors of substance initiation for Asian American than for black and white children. For white children both self-reported and teacher-rated behavior were significantly related to substance initiation. For black children, only self-reported antisocial behavior, and for Asian American children only self-reported delinquent behavior and attitudes predicted substance initiation. Implications for prevention and research are discussed.
Can This Marriage Be Saved: Is an English Department a Good Home for Technical Communication?
Authors: MacNealy Mary Sue , Heaton Leon B.
Published: May 2005

In partial answer to the many questions that have been raised about the definition and location of technical writing programs, a random sample of full-time teachers of professional writing was conducted. The results indicate that those located in English departments do not receive the respect and support they need. Those located in other departments are significantly more satisfied. Some strategies for improving the situation are suggested.
Bison Exploitation by Late Fort Ancient Peoples in the Central Ohio River Valley
Authors: Tankersley Kenneth B.
Published: May 2005

Recent radiocarbon dating demonstrates that Bison bison was present in the central Ohio River Valley between AD 1450 and 1800. The association of this species with cultural material suggests that bison were exploited as a source of food and raw material by Fort Ancient peoples of the Madisonville phase. Bison sought access to the salt and sulphur spings at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky, making this an important locale for bison exploitation.
Edgar Allan Poe: Drawing the Line between Self-Destructive Life Style and Actual Suicide
Authors: Shulman Ernest
Published: May 2005

Edgar Allan Poe, an alcoholic from age seventeen onward, died at age forty. Besides his alcoholism, he was self-destructive in various other ways. He was constantly in debt, lived often in abject poverty, could not hold a job, feuded with the literary establishment and most other writers, lied and plagiarized, and usually changed residences at least once a year. Nevertheless, his ability to win the love and devotion of many women, especially his wife and mother-in-law, provided the basis of his great achievements as writer, magazine editor, and literary critic, and his total commitment to American literature. Poe's history of bereavement, beginning with his mother's death when he was three, and his longing to join loved ones in the next world, help to support an interpretation of his death as neither disguised suicide nor an accident, but as death with a suicidal element.
The Weeping Wound: Reflections on “Foundations of Verse”
Authors: Scott Cuve
Published: May 2005

A review of the articles in Empirical Studies of the Arts (Vol. 10:2). The introduction points out questions raised by generative metrics and is followed by a close discussion of the phonetics of metrics and Lehiste's instrumental approach to the analysis of verse. This leads to a discussion of rhyme, rhythm, and meter in terms of reading and performance and to comparative remarks on the role of the caesura in English and French verse.
The Experiential Themes of Various Emotions
Authors: Sim Jordan , Lyman Bernard
Published: May 2005

The experiential themes or invariant structures which emerge from the concrete properties of emotion experience were identified for twenty-two common emotions. Ninety-three subjects were randomly assigned four of the twenty-two emotion terms and asked to imagine herself or himself experiencing each emotion and to fully describe the experience. The experiential themes were extracted from these descriptions. For validation, a different sample of sixty-four subjects were asked to identify the emotions by giving an emotion term for each theme. Application of χ2 showed that the frequency of correct theme identifications was statistically significant at the .01 level for all twenty-two emotions. Some of the characteristics common to many of the themes are discussed. Suggestions are made for practical applications as well as for research using the theme extraction method.
A Review of Data on the Health Sector of the United States May 2001
Authors: Hellander Ida
Published: May 2005

This report presents data on the state of U.S. health care in early 2001. It provides information on the numbers of uninsured and underinsured and their difficulties in obtaining health care; the increasing costs of care; and medical, social, and economic inequalities. Data are presented on the state of the nations' health maintenance organizations (including Medicare HMOs), pharmaceutical industry, and hospital industry, and on the role of these industries' money in U.S. politics. The author also looks at some proposals on the Congressional agenda, and gives a summary of some reasons why tax credits won't work. Also provided is some recent information on the status of health care and health care systems elsewhere in the world.