bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cribra orbitalia, a possible sign of anemia in early historic native populations of the British Columbia coast
Authors: Cybulski Jerome S.
Published: February 2006

Excavated and museum skeletons of the postcontact period revealed cribra orbitalia in four native ethnolinguistic divisions of the British Columbia coast, Haida, Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Coast Salish. Affected skulls were distributed among 25 of 35 localities, indicating widespread occurrence in a mainly heterogeneous population. Manifestations were similar to porotic hyperostosis, and additional lesions in the sample tend to support the concept that cribra orbitalia is related to anemia. Both inherited and acquired disorders may have been involved in the etiology. A uniquely high incidence of 52.9% occurred in immature of the Haida, a relatively homogeneous population. However, marked variability in expression by age group and by sex in the total sample is suggestive of iron‐deficiency anemia. The data and historical information parallel modern expectations of susceptibility. Among 454 skulls, cribra orbitalia occurred in 32.7% of growing children and adolescents, 19% of infants and toddlers, 13.3% of adult females, and 4.8% of adult males. Postcontact disruptions and disease may have figured in promoting iron‐deficiency anemia, but noted precontact occurrences may also have been due to the disorder.
Condylar translation and the function of the superficial masseter muscle in the rhesus monkey(M. mulatta)
Authors: Carlson David S.
Published: February 2006

The relationship between translation of the mandibular condyle during symmetrical mandibular rotation, i.e., symmetrical jaw depression and elevation, and the function of the superficial masseter muscle was examined in light of relative torque and the length‐tension relationship for muscle. Lateral cephalograms of live adult rhesus monkeys(Macaca mulatta) were analyzed using two models: (1) Model A, normal symmetrical jaw rotation accompanied by condylar translation; and (2) Model B, mandibular rotation about an axis fixed at the position of the condyles during centric occlusion.

The decrease in relative torque and the excursion of the superficial masseter at mouth‐open positions are significantly greater in Model B than in Model A. Symmetrical rotation of the jaw about a fixed axis would result in a 35% greater loss of maximum producible tension at maximum gape than rotation associated with condylar translation. These results suggest that condylar translation during mandibular depression and elevation functions to minimize reduction in relative torque and excursion of superficial masseter muscle, thereby maintaining optimal potential for exerting maximum tension during jaw closure.
ABO‐typing of ancient skeletons from Israel
Authors: Micle S. , Kobilyansky E. , Nathan M. , Arensburg B. , Nathan H.
Published: February 2006

Sixty‐eight ancient skeletons, unearthed at Jerusalem and En Gedi and, according to the archeological data belonging to Jewish residents of these places from about 1,600 to 2,000 years ago, were ABO‐typed by means of the hemagglutination‐inhibition test. The blood groups of 13 skeletons were undiagnosable and the remaining 55 showed the following distribution: 30.91% A‐group, 14.54% B‐group, 50.91% AB‐group and 3.64% O‐group. According to these findings, the population to which these skeletons belonged must have had a high frequency of genesIA andIB, and a low occurrence of O blood group and its relatedIO gene.
Congruence of distance matrices based on cranial discrete traits, cranial measurements, and linguistic‐geographic criteria in five Alaskan populations
Authors: Ossenberg N. S.
Published: February 2006

Biological distances (C. A. B. Smith's Measure of Divergence) based on 25 nonmetric skull variants have been compared with distances (Mahalanobis' D2) based on cranial measurements of four Eskimo populations representing the Yupik subdivision of the Eskaleut linguistic stock, and one Aleut population. The ranking of Measures of Divergence (pooled‐sex samples ) for ten pairwise comparisons is significantly correlated (pearman's rs) with both the male and female rankings of the F‐values of D2. In addition, the nonmetric distances showed stronger concordance than the metric distances with a hierarchy based on linguistic and geographical affinities. These findings indicate that, depending upon the particular battery of variants used, discrete traits provide valid taxonomical information in the study of extinct human populations.
Variations in the anterior patellar groove of the human femur
Authors: Wanner James A.
Published: February 2006

An analysis of the anterior patellar groove of the human femur shows considerable variation in its medial and lateral spects. The groove itself, measured by the angle it encloses, shows considerably less variation than its individual components. The suggested functional relationship between bicondylar angle and lateral elevation of the patellar groove does not obtain for this sample.
Eskimo craniofacial morphology, cold stress and the maxillary sinus
Authors: Shea Brian T.
Published: February 2006

A determination of the capacity of the maxillary sinus was made for eight Eskimo populations, one Mongolian population and one American white population. Statistical analyses reveal strong and significant correlations of the mean temperature of the coldest month where these populations live with differences in mean maxillary sinus volume (MSV) values. Results indicate that maxillary sinus volume in Eskimo populations decreases in colder areas. These changes may be due to commensurate structural ramifications of internal nasal anatomy variation, specifically of the inferior concha (maxilloturbinal) and inferior meatus.

A review of the physiological, morphological and cultural responses of the Eskimo to cold suggests that only the facial area as a whole, and the internal nasal apparatus in particular, sustain significant cold exposure. The “cold‐engineered” hypothesis of Mongoloid craniofacial form (Coon et al., '50) finds little support in the anthropological research and literature.
Intra and intertribal genetic variation within a linguistic group: The Ge‐speaking Indians of Brazil
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Neel J. V. , Gershowitz H. , Migliazza E. C.
Published: February 2006

A total of 562 individuals living in four villages of two Brazilian Indian tribes (Cayapo and Krahó) was studied in relation to blood groups ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego; haptoglobin, Gc, acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase types. These results were compared with those obtained previously among the Xavante, and the inhabitants of three other Cayapo villages, all of whom speak Ge languages; the ranges in gene frequencies observed in a representative series of South American Indians from all over the continent were also compiled. The Ge Indians are characterized by low frequencies ofRz, medium frequencies ofR1,R2, R0, orr,Jka andPGM11, and high frequencies ofGc2 andACPA when compared with other South American tribes. Genetic distance analyses based on six loci indicate that the intratribal variability observed among Cayapo is of the same order of magnitude as those obtained among the Xavante and Krahó, being much less pronounced than those observed among the Yanomama and Makiritare. The intertribal differences within this linguistic group are much less pronounced than those encountered among tribes that speak more differentiated languages.
Corrigenda to “estimation of stature from long limb bones of American Whites and Negroes,” American Journal Physical Anthropology (1952)
Authors: Trotter Mildred , Gleser Goldine C.
Published: February 2006

The amount of disparity between the lengths of the radii and ulnae of 177 Negro female skeletons of the Terry Collection was questioned. An error was found and corrections have been made in the relevant statistics and tables.
Presence of correlations between the five palmar area patterns
Authors: Floris Giovanni
Published: February 2006

The true patterns and vestiges in the five palmar areas and their possible correlations in a series of four Sardinian populations are considered. Of the significant differences observed during the examination, a greater homogeneity was found in the males rather than in the females. The variability found both for the rate and for the correlations in the four samples of both sexes calls for caution in interpreting data from small samples. Also in evidence was a strong negative correlation between the third and fourth interdigital areas; but there is no correlation if only the patterns determined by accessory triradii are considered. Finally a few positive correlations between the other palmar areas exist.
Genetic studies in Ecuador: Acetylator phenotypes, red cell enzyme and serum protein polymorphisms of Shuara Indians
Authors: Goedde H. W. , Benkmann H. G. , Agarwal D. P. , Kroeger A.
Published: February 2006

Population genetic studies of Shuara Indians in Ecuador are performed for GPT, AP, PGM1, Ak, EsD, 6‐PGD, Hp, Gc, C3, Bg, ChE, Tf, Pi, Bf phenotypes, IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C3‐proactivator, C4 levels and acetylator phenotypes. Some systems having a polymorphism in many other populations showed a lack of some of those alleles in the population under study (C3, ChE, Tf, AK and almost absent 6‐PGD, Bg, Bf).
The dentition of the Queckchi Indians. Anthropological aspects
Authors: Escobar Victor , Michael Conneally P. , Lopez Cesar
Published: February 2006

The incidence of nine minor dental traits, in 540 Queckchi Indians from Guatemala is reported. A combination of frequencies of neither Caucasoid nor Mongoloid groups was observed. The apparently Caucasoid elements of their tooth morphology might well be the result of admixture with Spanish genes during the conquest.
Dermatoglyphics of American Blacks
Authors: Qazi Qutub H. , Mapa Helouise C. , Woods James
Published: February 2006

Dermatoglyphics of 100 male and 100 female phenotypically normal Black Americans living in New York City were analyzed. The significant bimanual asymmetry was noted only for patterns in the second and the third interdigital areas of the palms. The significant sex differences included excess of digital arch patterns in females and higher mean finger ridge counts in males.

Distribution of dermatoglyphic characteristics of Black Americans in our study was compared to those of Black Americans studied by Steinberg et al. ('75) and Caucasian Americans studied by Schaumann and Alter ('76). The results show that significant differences in the dermatoglyphics exist not only between the Caucasian and Black subjects but also between the two groups of Black Americans.
The immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm and Km) of twelve Indian Tribes of Central and South America
Authors: Gershowitz Henry , Neel James V.
Published: February 2006

The Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes are presented, for the first time, for six South American Indian tribes (Baniwa, Kanamari, Kraho, Makiritare, Panoa, and Ticuna) and one Central American tribe (Guaymi). Additional allotype information is presented for five previously reported South American tribes (Cayapo, Piaroa, Trio, Xavante and Yanomama). The distributions of the Gm and Km allotypes among all the tribal populations tested to date are reviewed and evidence is presented for the presence of a north (high) ‐south (low) cline in Km frequency. The wave theory of the populating of the South American continent was tested by an examination of the distribution of six alleles (Gmax;g, Gma;b0,3,t, Dia, Rz, TFD Chi, and 6PGDC), absent in some populations but with polymorphic proportions in others. The present, limited, data failed to confirm the theory.
Bilateral asymmetry of human skeletal non‐metric traits
Authors: Trinkaus Erik
Published: February 2006

The use of non‐metric skeletal traits to compute population distance statistics assumes strong genetic control of trait expression. An investigation of bilateral asymmetry frequencies of human cranial and postcranial non‐metric traits shows that asymmetry is common. This suggests that environmental stress, as well as the genotype, is important in controlling trait frequencies.
Differences between populations in body shape of children and adolescents
Authors: Eveleth Phyllis B.
Published: February 2006

Growth is marked by changes in body shape as well as increase in body size. It is suggested that changes in body shape in childhood and adolescence be analyzed by least squares fit lines for one dimension on a second at successive ages. These are preferred during childhood to the traditional indices of anthropologists because body proportions change with growth, and one can identify the direction of the change and observe which body dimension is changing, or if both are. Furthermore, populations may be compared by analysis of covariance for different patterns of growth related to sex and ethnic groups.

Analysis of a number of populations have demonstrated clear differences between the sexes and between populations for the following body proportions: sitting height to leg length, arm length to leg length, biacromial width to biiliac width.
Contribution of breast volume and weight to body fat distribution in females
Authors: Katch Victor L. , Campaigne Barbara , Freedson Patty , Sady Stanley , Katch Frank I. , Behnke Albert R.
Published: February 2006

Breast volume and body composition were measured in 45 adult females to determine the contribution of breast weight and breast volume to total body fat. Plaster casts were filled with sand of known density to obtain breast volume. Breast weight was computed as breast volume times its density. The correlation between total breast volume and percent body fat was r = .40. Breast weight (X = 484 grams) accounted for 3.5 percent of the total weight of body fat, and at most, 12 percent of the estimated quantities of sex‐specific fat. A theoretical model is proposed for the distribution of body fat in the female which subdivides total body fat into three components: reserve storage fat, essential fat, and expendable storage fat.
Within‐species brain‐body weight variability: A reexamination of the Danish data and other primate species
Authors: Holloway Ralph L.
Published: February 2006

A restudy of the Danish brain weight data published by Pakkenberg and Voigt ('64), using partial correlation techniques, confirms and extends their earlier conclusions regarding a much stronger allometric relationship between height and brain weight than between body weight and brain weight. The relationship is particularly strong in males, and not in females, which is hypothesized to be related to higher fat components in the latter. Comparative data for smaller samples of Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, Macaca, Papio, and Saimiri using body weights, suggest that such relationship also hold more strongly in males than females, although more reliable data are greatly needed. In addition to providing within‐species ranges of variability for variously derived neural statistics (e.g., encephalization quotients, “extra neurons,” etc.), for “normal” primates, it is suggested that while allometric trends do exist within species, and particularly males, evolutionary pressures leading to larger brain size were probably very diverse, and that any one homogenistic theory is unlikely.
Dental asymmetry as a measure of environmental stress in the Ticuna Indians of Colombia
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Nweeia Martin T.
Published: February 2006

The magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry is reported for a marginally Westernized, horticultural Indian group, the Ticuna of the Regíon Amazonas, Colombia. Asymmetry is lower than in other Amerindian and Eskimo groups reported to date, which accords with the adequacy and reliability of traditional food sources and complements the claim that protein intake is at or above minimum requirements. Partitioning the variation by sex, arcade, dimension, and tooth discloses several statistically significant effects. Among these: 1) females are proportionately more asymmetric than males; 2) maxillary teeth are more asymmetric than their mandibular counterparts; 3) the mesiodistal dimension is less canalized than buccolingual width in the maxilla, but is more asymmetric in the mandible; and 4) the pattern of asymmetry corresponds closely with the morphogenetic gradients within each tooth field, suggesting that bilaterality provides an additional measure for disclosing underlying genetic and ontogenetic patterns in the dentition.
Middle Pleistocene hominids from Olduvai Gorge, Northern Tanzania
Authors: Rightmire G. P.
Published: February 2006

Cranial, dental, and mandibular remains of eight Olduvai hominids are described in detail. Four individuals were recovered in situ in Beds II to IV, while three more are most probably derived from Bed IV, the Masek Beds and the Lower Ndutu Beds. One specimen is of uncertain provenance. Deposits from which the fossils were collected range from late Lower Pleistocene to Middle Pleistocene in age. Of particular interest are three fragmentary lower jaws, which can be compared to mandibles of Homo erectus known from localities in Northwest Africa and China. Olduvai hominid 22, a nearly complete half mandible with crowns of P3‐M2 in place, shares many anatomical features with fossils from Ternifine and Choukoutien. This individual is also similar to a jaw from the Kapthurin Formation west of Lake Baringo, Kenya. How best to interpret these comparisons is not clear, but in view of marked similarities between specimens representing geographically diverse populations from different time periods, it may be unwise to rely on mandibular evidence alone to document the presence of regional lineages. Gradual change and continuity within a sequence of Northwest African Homo fossils has been endorsed by many workers, but such hypotheses cannot be tested adequately with the fragmentary jaws available.
Frontal sinus size in Eskimo populations
Authors: Hanson Christine L. , Owsley Douglas W.
Published: February 2006

The frontal sinuses of 143 Eskimo skulls from two sites in the Hudson Bay region of Canada were examined radiographically. No between‐site or sex differences were noted in the size of the sinuses. On average, the sinuses are small and often bilaterally absent. The Canadian samples have smaller sinuses than reported for Alaskan Eskimos or American Indian groups.
The O.H. 7 (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) hominid partial brain endocast revisited
Authors: Holloway Ralph L.
Published: February 2006

The O.H.7 brain endocast was reexamined using a stereoplotting apparatus to quantify the amount of distortion. Some 127 measurements for each of the left and right sides were taken and treated statistically by student t‐tests, both in paired and grouped fashion. Grouped data indicated no significant left‐right differences. Paired data suggested three small regions of distortion, which produced three pairs of left‐right differences that were significantly different. Given the very local nature of these minor distortions, it is concluded that the original reconstruction by Tobias was essentially correct. In addition, multiple regression analyses of selected chord‐arc dimensions suggest that a volume in excess of 700 ml is most probable.
The effects of race, sex, and nutrition on craniofacial differentiation in rats. A multivariate analysis
Authors: Pucciarelli Héctor M.
Published: February 2006

Wistar and Holtzman rats were fed (a) control diet ad libitum (controls); (b) restricted control diet (undernourished); and (c) low‐protein diet ad libitum (malnourished), from weaning to 70 days of age. Mahalanobis D2 distances between cranial groups were assessed. Besides, differences among traits were assessed by the analysis of variance and Tukey test. The relative influence of each factor yielded a decreasing sequence: protein‐calorie malnutrition (PCM)‐Protein deficit (PD)‐race‐sex. However, this sequence differed between races. The significant sexual dimorphism in Wistar controls disappeared because of PCM and PD. Race and sex, race and nutrition, and race, sex, and nutrition interacted. Traits were classified into: (a) specific, (b) nonspecific, and (c) invariable. The specific race traits were alveolar length and foraminal width. The specific nutritional traits were neurocranial and splanchnocranial lengths and heights, alveolar and neurocranial widths, and the neuro‐splanchnorcranial index (NSI) and the neurocranial vertico‐transversal index (NVTI). There were no specific sexual traits. It was concluded that nutritional factors can modify a taxonomic distance in three different ways: (a) evoking morphological differences among populations of the same racial group, (b) altering differences among racial groups, and (c) modifying the pattern of sexual dimorphism of a population. It is suggested that craniological studies should take into account only the set of specific traits, disregarding both specific traits due to other factors and nonspecific ones.
Ossification in the hand and foot of the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina). II. Order of appearance of centers and variability in sequence
Authors: Newell‐Morris Laura , Tarrant Lewis H. , Fahrenbruch Carol E. , Burbacher Thomas M. , Sackett Gene P.
Published: February 2006

The order of appearance of the carpals, tarsals and secondary epiphyseal centers in the hand‐wrist and foot‐ankle regions of the fetal and infant pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) was reconstructed using a cross‐sectional sample of 127 animals and a longitudinal one of 14 animals. Comparison of the most common sequence in the monkey with that described in the human studies showed major interspecific differences in the order of appearance of several groups of centers, particularly those involving the thumb and great toe. The monkey displays a degree of sequence variability equivalent to that documented by the human longitudinal data, with certain centers markedly variable in timing and/or order of appearance. The evidence from related animals suggests a strong genetic component underlying some of the variable sequences observed, as has been reported in the human studies. The demonstrated variability in both timing and sequence precludes the use of specific centers in the determination of gestational age in fetuses of unknown conception date.
Additional fossil Hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania: 1976–1979 specimens
Authors: White Tim D.
Published: February 2006

Fossil hominid specimens recovered from the Pliocene Laetolil Beds in Tanzania in 1935 and between 1974 and 1979 are described (BMNH M. 18773, L.H.‐2, ‐3/6, ‐5, ‐14, ‐15 to ‐17, ‐19, and ‐21 to ‐26). Of special interest is a partial juvenile skeleton. Anatomical descriptions, measurements, and illustrations are presented. Specimens described are referred to Australopithecus afarensis.
The distribution of Gc subtypes among the Mongoloid populations
Authors: Matsumoto Hideo , Matsui Kiyoshi , Ishida Nakao , Ohkura Koji , Teng Yao‐Sheng
Published: February 2006

The polymorphism of Gc (group‐specific components) has been investigated for a series of 3,160 individual samples from 11 Mongoloid populations in Asia and North and South America by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. The samples fall into six Gc phenotypes which can be explained by the three common alleles, Gc1F, Gc1S, and Gc2, together with several variant phenotypes explained as the heterozygotes for the three common alleles. The distribution of Gc1F suballele appears to be considerably different from population to population among Mongoloids, ranging from 0.105 (Machiguenga Indans, Peru) to 0.609 (Kadazan, Borneo). A clear geographic cline from Southeast Asia into South America in Gc1F allele was observed in the populations. In general, Gc1F allele frequencies are lower in European populations and higher in African populations. The range of variability in the Gc1F values observed among the Asiatic populations is between the Africans and the Europeans.
Distribution of abnormal hemoglobins and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase variants in 1200 school children of Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Azevêdo Elaine S. , Alves Auristela F.P. , Da Silva Maria Christina B. Olympio , Souza Maria Das Graçlas F. , Lima Angela Maria V. Muniz Dias , Azevêdo Wigberto Cunha
Published: February 2006

School children from Bahia, Brazil were studied for hemoglobin and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase electrophoretic variants. Eighty‐nine heterozygotes Hb AS and 41 Hb AC were identified out of 1200 children. In a subsample of 369 male children there were 38 Gd A−, 38 Gd A, and six Gd Med. An example of Gd MG was identified and evidence is added to the suggestion that this allele is not rare in Brazil.
Morphometric affinities ofGigantopithecus
Authors: Gelvin Bruce R.
Published: February 2006

Multivariate analyses, supplemented by univariate statistical methods, of measurements from mandibular tooth crown dimensions and the mandible ofGigantopithecus blacki, G. bilaspurensis, Plio‐Pleistocene hominids,Homo erectus, and seven Neogene ape species from the generaProconsul, Sivapithecus, Ouranopithecus, andDryopithecuswere used to assess the morphometric affinities ofGigantopithecus. The results show thatGigantopithecusdisplays affinities toOuranopithecusand to the hominids, particularly the Plio‐Pleistocene hominids, rather than to the apes.Ouranopithecusdemonstrated dental resemblances toG. bilaspurensisand the Plio‐Pleistocene hominids but mandibular similarities to the apes. Results of analyses of tooth and mandibular shape indices, combined with multivariate distance and temporal relationships, suggest thatOuranopithecusis a more likely candidate forGigantopithecusancestry than isSilvapithecus indicus. Shape and allometric differences betweenG. bilaspurensisand the robust australopithecines weaken the argument for an ancestraldescendant relationship between these groups. The results support the hypothesis thatGigantopithecusis an extinct side branch of the Hominidae.
Evolution of the supraorbital region in Upper Pleistocene fossil hominids from South‐Central Europe
Authors: Smith Fred H. , Ranyard Gail C.
Published: February 2006

South‐Central European fossil hominids dated to the Upper Pleistocene exhibit a distinct morphological and metric continuum in supraorbital form from early Neandertal (Krapina), through late Neandertals (Vindija), to early Upper Paleolithic hominids. The supraorbital morphologies pertinent to this continuum are documented, and the alterations in size and morphology are discussed ralative to the function of supraorbital superstructures and their relationship to overall craniofacial form. It is concluded that this continuum most likely reflects localized transition between Neandertals and modern man in this region of Europe.
Fat distribution in lean and obese young indian women: A densitometric and anthropometric evaluation
Authors: Singh Satwanti Indera P. , Bharadwaj H.
Published: February 2006

The pattern of fat distribution in lean and obese young Indian women was studied using seven girths and ten skinfold thicknesses. Though the lean and obese subjects differed significantly with respect to their body weight and total body fat content, body girths indicated that the proportion of fat distributed between the extremities and over the trunk region was essentially similar. By comparing skinfold thicknesses, it was observed that the fat women were merely an exaggeration of the fat profile pattern of the lean women. Although the pattern of subcutaneous fat distribution was similar in lean and obese subjects, the rate of fat deposition differed on different parts of the body with increase in total adiposity.
Bone mineral‐osteon analysis of Yupik‐inupiaq skeletons
Authors: Thompson D. D. , Gunness‐Hey M.
Published: February 2006

Living adult Eskimos from St. Lawrence Island, North Alaska, and Canada undergo an earlier and more rapid rate of age‐related bone mineral loss compared with U.S. whites. Further, it has been shown that Eskimos and Indians differ in patterns of osteon remodeling at the Haversian envelope.

Femoral bone cores from adult Eskimo skeletons from St. Lawrence Island (n = 53), Kodiak Island (n = 92), Baffin Island (n = 44), and Southampton Island (n = 69) were analyzed and the results compared with those obtained from cores from U.S. whites (n = 144). Cortical thickness, bone mineral content of cores, cortical bone density, secondary osteon and Haversian canal number and area were quantified for each core. Ages at death were estimated by histological methods and compared with the ages at death estimated by morphological methods for the Eskimo skeletons. Known ages at death were compared with histologically estimated ages at death for the U.S. white series.

St. Lawrence Island and Kodiak Island (Yupik speakers) Eskimo cortical thickness values were significantly (P < .05) greater than Baffin Island and Southampton Island (Inupiaq speakers) Eskimo cortical thickness values but less than the cortical thickness values for U.S. whites. The bone mineral content of the Southampton Eskimo femoral cores was the lowest found in this study. Histological analysis of the femoral bone sections showed that Eskimos contain more osteons per unit area than U.S. whites. No differences in osteon size were noted between the two populations. Differences in patterns of osteon remodeling between Eskimos and whites were inferred.

Age at death estimations by histological methods in Eskimos using U.S. white regression equations yielded age estimates in poor agreement with those obtained by morphological methods.
Multivariate statistical analysis of quantitative serum protein data in populations of Rwanda
Authors: Jayakar S. D. , Marcovina S. , Peracino A. , Merlini G. P. , Desmarais J. C. , Siccardi A. G.
Published: February 2006

Data on serum protein levels of four populations from Rwanda were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods to assess their utility as an anthropological tool. These populations consisted of two ethnic groups in two different environments. Seven proteins were considered in the analysis. The total concentration of proteins is intermediate between Italian levels and those of the Binga pygmies of the Republic of Central Africa (RCA). Discrimination between the populations was possible with a 25% misclassification. The major principal components can be interpreted from a medical viewpoint, and show significant differences between the populations.
Developmental correlates of crown component asymmetry and occlusal discrepancy
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Potter Rosario H. Yap
Published: February 2006

To improve our understanding of dental asymmetry, more anatomically discriminating measurements than maximum crown dimensions were used. The relation between antimeres and opponents in permanent first molar teeth of 192 twins were studied with respect to crown component measures. Several statistical methods were used to describe asymmetry and discrepancy of occluding units to correlate with developmental stress indicators such as zygosity, birth weight, and congenital disease. To varying degrees, developmental correlates are found to be associated with asymmetry. The amount of occlusal discrepancy seems to be a direct function of bilateral asymmetry. Heterogeneity of MZ‐DZ total (among plus within pair) variances occurs fairly consistently for asymmetry but not for discrepancy, implying differential environmental influences between zygosities regarding asymmetry. Genetic variance estimates, designed to be unbiased by differences in environmental variances, are significant for cusp size but not for asymmetry. Our results suggest that asymmetry at the individual cusp level may be an indicator of developmental disruption and that environmental effects, particularly prenatal, may be greater for antimeric units than for occluding units.
Dimensional characteristics of the Filipino dentition
Authors: Potter Rosario H. Yap , Alcazaren Athena B. , Herbosa Francisco M. , Tomaneng Jesus
Published: February 2006

This study concerns odontometric analysis of the Tagalog Filipinos in Manila, Philippines. Mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of the permanent dentition, a total of 56 variables, were studied in 100 males and 152 females. Results showed that their absolute tooth size was small. Relative tooth size, however, seemed to reflect their Southeast Asian Mongoloid origin. From univariate analysis, considerable male‐female differences were shown in most of the variables studied. When correlation effects among the teeth were held constant through multivariate analysis, male‐female distance was found to be small and substantial overlapping of the two multivariate distributions was evident. Only four variables could be shown by stepwise discriminant analysis to contribute significantly to the distance. Even the mandibular canine, as the strongest discriminator, could only account for 16.4% of the total multivariate distance. These contrasting findings for sex dimorphism in a set of teeth taken singly and taken jointly indicate that there are factors other than the teeth themselves that are expected to play important roles in determining overall male‐female size differences in the set of teeth, and that these differences may not be as clear‐cut as univariate analysis suggests.
Gm and Inv (Km) studies of melanesian people on the Huon Peninsula in northeast Papua New Guinea: Polymorphism for a Gm1,5,10,11,13,14,17,21,26 haplotype
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G. , Larrick James W.
Published: February 2006

Blood samples from 448 people living in six villages in the Huon Peninsula in northeast Papua, New Guinea, were tested for Gm(1,2,3,5,6,10,11,13,14,17,21,24,26) and Inv(1) [Km(1)]. All the people are non‐Austronesian (NAN) speakers.

As expected, there was a low frequency of the Gm1,3,5,10,11,13,14,26 haplotype, but in contradiction to expectations there was a complete absence of the Gm1,2,17,21,26 haplotype. In addition, samples from people in one village (Yupna) and probably those for two other villages (Irumu 13 and 14) have the rare haplotype Gm1,5,10,11,13,14,21,26 at polymorphic frequencies.

Two samples from people living in Yupna had the rare phenotype Gm(1,3,17,21,26), indicating the presence of any one of several rare haplotypes that had been observed in other populations. These are discussed.
Big problems for little people
Authors: Chadney James G.
Published: February 2006

By George M. Guthrie and Helen A. Guthrie (Pennsylvania State University). Distributed by Pennsylvania State University, Audio‐Visual Services, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. 16‐mm color, sound, 23 minutes, rental $14, sale $290.
Electromyography of the gluteal muscles in Hylobates, Pongo, and pan: Implications for the evolution of hominid bipedality
Authors: Stern, Jack T. , Susman Randall L.
Published: February 2006

The gluteal musculature of primates has been a focus of great research interest among those who study human evolution. Most current theorists agree that gluteus superficialis (= maximus) need not have changed its action in the step from pongid to hominid, but dispute has arisen over a purported change in action and role of the gluteus medius. To clarify the functions of gluteus medius, gluteus superficialis, and tensor fasciae femoris during ape locomotion, we conducted a telemetered electromyographic study of these muscles in two gibbons, one orangutan, and four chimpanzees as they walked bipedally on the ground and on a horizontal tree trunk, walked quadrupedally on the same substrates, and climbed a vertical tree trunk. The results indicate that the gluteus medius of apes is not, as has been previously suggested, primarily an extensor of the thigh; its action is chiefly that of medial rotation. The role of the gluteus medius during bipedality is the same in apes and humans–to provide side‐to‐side balance of the trunk at the hip. The change in the hominid lateral balance mechanism can be viewed as primarily osteological, allowing preservation of the same muscle function with an extended thigh. As a result, the stride length is increased and there occurs a diminution of the demands placed on other muscles to maintain anteroposterior balance at the hip and knee. Our data also support the view that vertical climbing may be specifically preadaptive to bipedalism. One may picture the earliest hominid as part biped, when on the ground traveling between scattered food trees, and part climber, when moving from the ground to food.
Anterior dental cutting at Laetolil
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. , Russell Mary D.
Published: February 2006

No evidence supports the interpretation of malocclusion in the LH‐14 right P3. The pattern of anterior cutting shown in the younger Laetolil specimens has its analogue in the deciduous dentitions of Pongo.
Population structure and anthropometric variation in rural western Ireland: Isolation by distance and analysis of the residuals
Authors: Relethford John H. , Lees Francis C. , Crawford Michael H.
Published: February 2006

The study of human population structure allows the assessment of cultural and historical influences on mating probabilities, and, hence, genetic variation. A commonly used model is isolation by distance, which predicts a negative exponential relationship between genetic similarity and geographic distance. Anthropometric data collected during the 1930's for 261 adult women in 12 towns of rural western Ireland were used to test the isolation by distance model and to assess the influence of cultural factors upon the fit of the model. The effects of recent migration were tested by using two additional data subsets, one excluding known intercounty migrants and the other consisting of unmarried women, only in an attempt to control partially for local migration upon marriage. Deviations from the expected isolation by distance model were analyzed using rotational fitting and regression analysis. Estimates of the isolation by distance parameters agree closely with independent estimates from isonymy and with estimates obtained in other studies of rural European population structure. Analysis of the residuals indicates three major factors which contribute to deviations from the expected model: recent migration upon marriage, age variation among groups, and variation in population size and/or transportation opportunities. Variation in population size was tested using the gravity model of economic geography by regressing the residuals from the isolation by distance model for each pair of towns on the product of their population sizes. The best fit occurred for the unmarried sample, as expected from ethnographic evidence, since rural–urban migration was most common among unmarried women.
Crown dimensions of deciduous teeth from prehistoric India
Authors: Lukacs John R.
Published: February 2006

Mean mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters are presented for deciduous teeth from the important Chalcolithic site of Inamgaon (1400–700 B.C.), a prehistoric farming community on the Deccan Plateau of western India.

The deciduous teeth from Inamgaon are consistently larger than deciduous teeth of modern populations of European descent and smaller than the deciduous teeth of modern Australian aboriginals.

Comparative data for prehistoric deciduous teeth are rare, especially for populations of southern Asia. The deciduous teeth of Mesolithic Europeans are comparable in size to certain dimensions of the Inamgaon teeth, and a small sample of deciduous teeth from the Iron Age site of Pomparippu (Sri Lanka) exhibits larger anterior teeth and smaller molar teeth than does the sample from Inamgaon.
Growth of rural and urban children in the valley of Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Himes John H. , Stepick Carol Dutton , Lopez Francisca Gutierrez , Buschang Peter H.
Published: February 2006

Weight, stature, arm circumference, and the triceps skinfold were measured in 1,410 school children, 6 through 14 years of age, from two urban colonias in the city of Oaxaca de Juarez (n = 479), and from two rural Ladino (n = 467) and two rural Zapotec (n = 464) communities in the Valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. Children from rural Ladino communities and urban colonias are significantly taller, heavier, and more muscular than children in rural Zapotec communities. The differences between rural Ladino and urban colonia children favor the former, particularly for weight and stature. These observations thus suggest (1) that children in the rural, indigenous communities in the Valley of Oaxaca are relatively undernourished compared to children in Ladinoized and urban communities, and (2) that rural‐to‐urban migration does not necessarily result in improved growth status.
Lead in bone II: Skeletal‐lead content as an indicator of lifetime lead ingestion and the social correlates in an archaeological population
Authors: Aufderheide Arthur C. , Neiman Fraser D. , Wittmers, Lorentz E. , Rapp George
Published: February 2006

Measurements of skeletal‐lead content (by atomic absorption spectroscopy) were made for 16 individuals recovered from a Colonial (1670–1730) plantation cemetery in Virginia. Archaeological and historical evidence allowed the identification of two social groups (plantation proprietors and laborers) within this small population, each with vastly different estimated lifetime lead exposure, reflecting different living conditions. Measured bone‐lead levels confirmed these differences. The character of plantation social organization proved a more important determinant of skeletal‐lead content in the individuals studied than age, sex, or race.
On the definition of variables in studies of primate dental allometry
Authors: Smith Richard J.
Published: February 2006

Cranial and dental measurements are taken on 253 adult female primates from 32 species. Regression equations are calculated to determine allometric relationships between anterior tooth size, posterior tooth size, and body size. When cranial length or skull length is used as the measure of general size, the results of the equations differ from when body weight is the reference dimension. Similarly, using different definitions of posterior tooth size (such as mandibular second molar length and maxillary postcanine area) alters results substantially. The same occurs with different definitions of anterior tooth size. It has been common in studies of primate dental allometry to generalize from the specific variables measured to broad functional interpretations. However, highly correlated variables cannot be substituted one for another in allometric analyses without important changes in the results of the equation. Interpretation of allometric data is more highly restricted to the precise variables measured in a particular study than has been generally recognized.
Regional continuity in Australasian Pleistocene hominid evolution
Authors: Thorne Alan G. , Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: February 2006

A reconstruction of the Indonesian male Homo erectus specimen Sangiran 17 reveals a suite of features that suggests regional morphological continuity in Australasia during the middle and late Pleistocene. Characteristics reflecting a morphological clade are established through a comparison with the males from Kow Swamp, the late Pleistocene Australian site with the largest number of hominid specimens. It is argued that the “center and edge” hypothesis could account for the initial appearance of regional variation, and that a dynamic model of geneflow and opposing selection provides the mechanism that maintained a long‐standing dynamic clinal equilibrium in this area.
Functional aspects of primate pelvic structure: A multivariate approach
Authors: Steudel K.
Published: February 2006

This study aims to clarify the relationship of primate bony pelvic structure to locomotor habit. As with most of the postcranial skeleton, the pelvic bones of species within the Ceboidea and the Cercopithecoidea are remarkably similar visually except for variations in size. Yet there are substantial differences in locomotor pattern between the species in these taxa. I performed canonical analyses on a sample of 17 pelvic variables describing 22 primate species of the Ceboidea, the Cercopithecoidea, and the Hominoidea to discover which variables were significant in separating them into groups. In both analyses there was good separation of major taxa and additional separation of groups that differed in locomotor habit. The separation of colobine from cercopithecine monkeys was particularly consistent.

In the analysis, including all 22 species, the variables given particular weight by the canonical analysis were the same as those traditionally used by anatomists for the same purpose. Specifically, breadth of the ischial tuberosity (reflecting presence or absence of ischial callosities) separated the Old from the New World monkeys. Breadth of the iliac tuberosity, in which man and to some extent other hominoids differ from other primates, and ilium height, in which man differs from other primates, were significant. Sagittal diameter of the pelvis was also substantially weighted.

Having established that the technique would select variables of anatomical significance, the same method was applied to a study of monkeys only where the characteristics that differ between groups are not well established. Breadth of the ischial tuberosity was again important in separating the Ceboidea from the Cercopithecoidea. Discrimination of locomotor groups within these large divisions was brought about mainly by ischial length and the sagittal diameter of the pelvis. In studying these variables and their relationship to size in greater detail, it was found that among cercopithecoid monkeys, the colobines showed relatively lower values than did cercopithecines for both these dimensions. Atelines showed low values for ischial length but high values for the sagittal pelvic diameter. Biomechanical explanations of these observations are suggested.
Tooth size and morphology in a recent Australian Aboriginal population from Broadbeach, South East Queensland
Authors: Smith Patricia , Brown T. , Wood W. B.
Published: February 2006

Odontometric and morphologic observations were made of the dentition of skeletal remains of Australian aborigines from Boradbeach, S.E. Queensland. Tooth size, especially of the molars, was found to be significantly larger than that reported for other recent Aboriginal populations. Tooth morphology also differed, with a higher frequency of five cusped second molars, and a lower frequency of shoveling and Carabelli's cusp than previously reported as typical of Australian aborigines.
Kin‐structured migration and the rate of advance of an advantageous gene
Authors: Fix Alan G.
Published: February 2006

Hemoglobin E, an allele generally considered to confer malarial resistance in heterozygotes, is found in high frequencies across a wide area of Southeast Asia. Apparently it originated as a single‐point mutation which was spread by gene flow. The rate of diffusion of this adaptive allele is studied using four computer simulation models. It is shown that in small populations deterministic equations for gene flow may overestimate rates of diffusion. Other aspects of population structure, however, such as kin‐structuring of migrant groups, increase the rate of advance. Finally, population growth coupled with the spread of the allele leads to much more rapid diffusion. These results suggest that population structure can be an important factor affecting the diffusion of advantageous genes.