bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly efficient compact gigawatt‐level microwave source using relativistic electrons: radial relativistic magnetron
Authors: Sattorov M. , Hong D. , Kim S. , Kwon H.‐J. , Kwon H.‐O. , Min S.‐H. , Park G.‐S.
Published: February 2020

The relativistic magnetron is one of the most attractive high‐power microwave sources, due to its compactness with high efficiency. It can generate hundreds of megawatts of microwave power in the L‐ and S‐bands. However, the efficiency of the magnetron is often limited due to the mode stability. In this Letter, three‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulation suggests even further increase of total efficiency of the magnetron can be realised via mode stabilisation using a self‐excited extended interaction in a collector region. A six‐vaned radial relativistic magnetron with a single radial output port powered by 400 kV, <10 kA electron beam with a 70 ns pulse demonstrates >900 MW with an efficiency of ∼48%. This improvement is attributed to the mode locking of operating π‐mode by a power‐boosted TE315 mode excited in the extended cavity.
Improved intrusion detection method for communication networks using association rule mining and artificial neural networks
Authors: Safara Fatemeh , Souri Alireza , Serrizadeh Masoud
Published: February 2020

Nowadays, detecting anomaly events in communication networks is highly under consideration by many researchers. In a large communication network, traffic is massive, which leads to a larger amount of data travelling and also the growth of noise. Therefore, to extract meaningful data for anomaly detection would be very challenging. Each attack has its own behaviour that determines the type of attack. However, some attacks may have similar behaviours and only differ in some features. Extracting such meaningful features is of special importance. In this study, an association rule mining algorithm, in particular, the Apriori algorithm is employed to extract appropriate features from the raw data including rules and repetitive patterns. The extracted features would be used then for classifying the data and detecting anomalies in communication networks. A hybrid of artificial neural network and AdaBoost classification algorithms are employed for classifying the detected events with normal behaviour and attack events. The proposed method is compared with previous methods reported in this field such as CART, CHAID, multiple linear regression and logistic regression on KDDCUP99 data set. The results showed that the proposed method outperformed other classifiers examined. The strategy of reinforcement learning is used to combine the classifier's results which is based on Max vote strategy.
QoS‐aware stochastic spatial PLS model for analysing secrecy performance under eavesdropping and jamming
Authors: Ahuja Bhawna , Mishra Deepak , Bose Ranjan
Published: February 2020

Securing wireless communication, being inherently vulnerable to eavesdropping and jamming attacks, becomes more challenging in resource‐constrained networks such as internet‐of‐things. Towards this, physical layer security (PLS) has gained significant attention due to its low complexity. The authors address the issue of random inter‐node distances in secrecy analysis and develop a comprehensive quality‐of‐service (QoS) aware PLS framework for the analysis of both eavesdropping and jamming capabilities of the attacker. The proposed solution covers the spatially stochastic deployment of nodes. The secrecy performance is characterised against both attacks using inter‐node distance‐based probabilistic distribution functions. The model takes into account the practical limits arising out of underlying QoS requirements, which include the maximum distance between legitimate users driven by transmit power and receiver sensitivity. A novel concept of eavesdropping zone is introduced, and the relative impact of jamming power is investigated. Closed‐form expressions for asymptotic secrecy outage probability are derived offering insights into the design of optimal system parameters for desired security level against the attacker's capability of both attacks. The analytical framework, validated by numerical results, establishes that the proposed solution offers a potentially accurate characterisation of the PLS performance and key design perspective from point‐of‐view of both legitimate user and attacker.
Radial stub based negative group delay circuit theory
Authors: Wan Fayu , Xu Yexiang , Ravelo Blaise
Published: February 2020

This study addresses a negative group delay (NGD) circuit theory regarding a distributed passive topology consisted of an open‐ended radial stub. The equivalent circuit composed of the lumped R, L and C elements is proposed. Then, the S‐parameter model of the passive topology is established. The NGD analysis is described from the S‐parameter model. The synthesis method enabling to determine the stub parameters as a function of the targeted NGD level, frequency centre and reflection coefficient is formulated. The radial stub topology limit is explained with an analytical condition from the synthesis relation. The developed NGD theory feasibility is validated with two cases of proof‐of‐concept (POC). First, ideal POC circuit with NGD value varied from −2 to −1 ns around the centre frequency 1.3 GHz is confirmed with ideal optimised circuit presenting figure‐of‐merit of approximately −0.27. Then, the theoretical prediction is verified numerically and experimentally by designing and fabricating an actual microstrip radial stub circuit. The calculated model, simulation and measurements are in very good correlation. The prototype test results confirm that the NGD circuit exhibits an NGD of approximately −1.2 ns level at approximately 0.85 GHz centre frequency.
Ka‐band multi‐focus and pattern manipulation in near‐field based on three‐dimensional printed transmit‐array antenna
Authors: Liu Shi Lin , Lin Xian Qi , Zhu Zhong Bo
Published: February 2020

A simple method to achieve multi‐focus and pattern manipulation in antenna near field (NF) is proposed in this study, whose effectiveness is then validated by measurements based on different transmit‐array antennas. The radiating aperture is divided into several regions and each region corresponds to one assigned focal point, thus achieving multi‐focusing performance. Then, the superposition principle is employed and constrains the multiple foci into a certain area to get a contoured pattern. Three examples are investigated. Ant‐A presents four balanced focal spots simultaneously, while Ant‐B presents two unbalanced foci. A square flat‐top field pattern is obtained for Ant‐C. Three‐dimensional printing technology is employed to fabricate these lenses, resulting in a low cost and light weight. Measured results coincide well with the numerical design and simulation. The proposed method provides a simple and effective alternative for NF power redistribution and owns great value in such applications as radio‐frequency identification, wireless power transmission, millimetre‐wave imaging etc.
Beam scanning antenna based on parabolic phase distribution lenses
Authors: Wang Hao‐fang , Wang Peng‐cheng , Wang Zheng‐bin , Zhang Hua‐mei , Zhang Ye‐rong
Published: February 2020

In this study, the authors present a beam scanning lens antenna for 30 GHz applications, which is composed of a feed horn and a planar lens with parabolic phase distribution. Due to the parabolic phase compensation, the lens antenna can perform the scanning coverage of ±60° with a gain tolerance of 3 dB. The fabricated lens has a size of 10λ0 × λ0 × 0.2λ0 (λ0 is wavelength at the centre frequency of 30 GHz) and the focal length of 24 mm. The beam steering mechanism and the phase error of the lens antenna are analysed in detail. The total system has the advantages of wide scan angle, low profile and lightweight, and it can be readily applied to multi‐beam or beam‐scanning antenna designs.
UHF RFID tag antenna based on the DLS‐EBG structure for metallic objects
Authors: Li Xiuping , Gao Gege , Zhu Hua , Li Quanping , Zhang Ning , Qi Zhenguo
Published: February 2020

In this study, a novel compact radio frequency identification (RFID) tag antenna with a combination of a dipole and the double‐layer symmetric electromagnetic band gap (DLS‐EBG) structure is proposed for metallic objects in ultra‐high‐frequency (UHF) band. The DLS‐EBG unit cell consists of a symmetrical double‐layer structure and offset vias for tag miniaturisation. The equivalent circuit model of the unit cell is developed to analyse reflection phase characteristics. The measurement results show that the bandwidth ranges from 876 to 992 MHz and the impedance matching of the tag remains stable as the metal plate changes. The reading distance of the tag on the metal plate is up to 12.3 m under the transmitted equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 36 dBm. Measurement and simulation results agree well.
Efficient computation of the reduced matrix of MLFMA–CBFM for electrically large blocks
Authors: García Eliseo , Lozano Lorena , Delgado Carlos , Cátedra Felipe
Published: February 2020

In recent years, the characteristic basis function method has been developed as an efficient approach for the solution of large electromagnetic radiation or scattering problems. According to this technique, the currents over the scenario under analysis are defined using a set of pre‐computed characteristic basis functions, associated with a number of blocks into which the geometry is partitioned. This involves some computational advantages due to the reduction of the number of unknowns compared to conventional approaches. However, additional pre‐processing time is introduced due to the computation of the CBFs and the reduced coupling matrix. A novel strategy is presented in this study in order to accelerate the generation of the reduced matrix, based on the application of the multilevel fast multipole algorithm.
Compact coaxial slotted‐cavity feed antenna with shaped‐beam pattern for high‐power microwave using high‐order modes and polarisation cancellation techniques
Authors: Ma Xiao , Yang Feng , Yang Peng , Wang Rui , Yan Yi
Published: February 2020

The coaxial slotted‐cavity antenna is an easily‐manufactured, novel high‐power microwave antenna developed specifically for its compact and shaped‐beam characteristics. It can directly cascade with the high‐power microwave source, and radiate linear‐polarisation electromagnetic wave without extra power dividers and mode converters, which obtains a low profile. In this study, a double‐layer coaxial cavity operating in two high‐order modes is introduced to eliminate the high‐order interference modes caused by structural discontinuities, and three shaped beams on the compact aperture can be achieved by the polarisation cancellation technique. Unique proprieties of three shaped beams, namely the peak of gain enhancement beam, the ripple of Gaussian beam and the null depth of conical beam are investigated, all of which can be controlled by the rotation angle of three phase adjusted slot pairs. This study demonstrates the design process of such antenna, and verifies it against simulation and experimental results. The measured return‐loss of all three shaped beams are higher than 13 dB, while the corresponding radiation efficiencies are not lower than 98.9%. Furthermore, the estimated minimum power capacity of such antenna exceeds 1.26 GW at 9.375 GHz, making it a highly potential candidate in application towards high‐power microwave.
DC‐link capacitor voltage balance strategy of independent double three‐phase common bus five‐level NPC/H‐bridge inverter based on finite control set
Authors: Wei Wang , Guangsen Wang
Published: February 2020

This study aims at the DC‐link capacitor voltage imbalance problem of independent double three‐phase common bus five‐level neutral point‐clamped/H‐bridge inverter, which is applied to an electromagnetic launch system under instant high‐power and high‐current conditions. First, the traditional method of voltage balance strategy based on redundant vectors is described, and the key factors leading to the DC‐link capacitor voltage fluctuation is analysed in detail. Second, the objective function is constructed to predict the variation trend of DC‐link capacitance voltage difference. Third, an optimised voltage balance strategy is proposed. At first, the optimised strategy calculates the variation trends of the voltage difference for all three‐phase switch vector combinations. Then, the results make up a voltage balance finite control set. At last, compare the results in the set to select the vector combination corresponding to the minimum variation for output. Finally, tested by the semi‐physical real‐time simulation platform, and the proposed optimised voltage balance strategy is verified effective for improving DC‐link capacitor voltage imbalance and inhibiting the voltage difference fluctuation.
Investigation of single‐stage transformerless buck–boost microinverters
Authors: Mathew Derick , Naidu Rani Chinnappa
Published: February 2020

The conventional microinverters with transformers and multiple‐stage system increases the cost, weight and size, lowering the effectiveness and power density of PV system. It is therefore desirable to prevent using these methods for a microinverter. However, extra care must be taken to prevent component stress, excess switching and conduction losses, ground leakage currents and harmonics. Several transformerless buck–boost inverters have lately been suggested to address various issues. Due to the availability of a number of buck–boost inverter‐topology for the solar PV system, it is often difficult to identify when to choose the appropriate topology. Therefore, in order to present a clear view of the advancement of transformerless buck–boost inverters for next‐generation grid‐integrated PV systems, this article seeks to explore multiple buck–boost topologies with an extensive analytical comparison. Computer simulations for the 70 W system have been conducted in PLECS software to strengthen the results and comparisons, as well as to provide more insight into the features of the distinct topologies for the building‐integrated photovoltaic implementation. At the later part, voltage and current stress in each component, efficiency and total harmonic distortion of the system are provided with a general summary, as well as, a technology roadmap.
State‐space modelling of LLC resonant half‐bridge DC–DC converter
Authors: Li Sen , Fahimi Babak
Published: February 2020

Recently, LLC resonant converters have attracted significant research from industry and academia for AC–DC and DC–DC power conversion with high efficiency and remarkable power density. They are appealing candidates for numerous vehicular and renewable energy applications including battery chargers for electric vehicles and drivers of LED lights. This study introduces a mathematical model of LLC resonant half‐bridge DC–DC converter, which captures its steady‐state behaviours for both continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode operations. One major advantage of the proposed model lies in accurate estimation of the switching frequency of power switches under a wide range of parametric variations. This benefit is, however, not offered by the prevailing method based on the first harmonic approximation (FHA). The analytical derivations of the system's state‐space model, as well as equations for calculating the switching frequency by FHA, are discussed in details. For illustration, a 340W digitally controlled LLC resonant converter is targeted in this study. The simulation analyses of current and voltage waveforms for light and heavy load conditions are presented. Moreover, the experimental results, along with the comparison of switching frequency estimation for both methods, are demonstrated and discussed, which confirms the validity and effectiveness of the proposed model.
A new method for measuring the meteor mass index: application to the 2018 Draconid meteor shower outburst
Authors: Vida D. , Campbell-Brown M. , Brown P. G. , Egal A. , Mazur M. J.
Published: February 2020

Context.Several authors predicted an outburst of the Draconid meteor shower in 2018, but with an uncertain level of activity.

Aims.Optical meteor observations were used to derive the population and mass indices, flux, and radiant positions of Draconid meteors.

Methods.We performed 90 min of multi-station observations after the predicted peak of activity using highly sensitive Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Device cameras. The data calibration is discussed in detail. A novel maximum likelihood estimation method was developed to compute the population and mass index with robust error estimation. We applied the method to observed Draconids and used the values to derive the flux. Meteor trajectories were computed and compared to predicted radiant positions from meteoroid ejection models.

Results.We find a mass index of 1.74 ± 0.18 in the 30 min bin after the predicted peak, and 2.32 ± 0.27 in the subsequent 60 min. The location and the dispersion of the radiant are a good match to modeled values, but there is an offset of 0.4° in solar longitude.
Polarized emission by aligned grains in the Mie regime: Application to protoplanetary disks observed by ALMA
Authors: Guillet V. , Girart J. M. , Maury A. J. , Alves F. O.
Published: February 2020

Context. The azimuthal polarization patterns observed in some protoplanetary disks by the Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) at millimeter wavelengths have raised doubts about whether they are truly produced by dust grains that are aligned with the magnetic field lines. These conclusions were based on the calculations of dust polarized emission in the Rayleigh regime, that is, for grain sizes that are much smaller than the wavelength. However, the grain size in such disks is typically estimated to be in the range of 0.1−1 mm from independent observations.

Aims. We study the dust polarization properties of aligned grains in emission in the Mie regime, that is, when the mean grain size approaches the wavelength.

Methods. By using the T-MATRIX and DustEM codes, we computed the spectral dependence of the polarization fraction in emission for grains in perfect spinning alignment for various grain size distributions. We restricted our study to weakly-elongated oblate and prolate grains of astrosilicate composition that have a mean size ranging from 10 μm to 1 mm.

Results. In the submillimeter and millimeter wavelength range, the polarization by B-field aligned grains becomes negative for grains larger than ∼250 μm, meaning that the polarization vector becomes parallel to the B-field. The transition from the positive to the negative polarization occurs at a wavelength of λ ∼ 1 mm. The regime of negative polarization does not exist for grains that are smaller than ∼100 μm.

Conclusions. When using realistic grain size distributions for disks with grains up to the submillimeter sizes, the polarization direction of thermal emission by aligned grains is shown to be parallel to the direction of the magnetic field over a significant fraction of the wavelengths typically used to observe young protoplanetary disks. This property may explain the peculiar azimuthal orientation of the polarization vectors in some of the disks observed with ALMA and attest to the conserved ability of dust polarized emission to trace the magnetic field in disks.
Population dynamic of Big Eye Scad (Selar crumenophthalmus Bloch, 1793) in Kwandang Waters-Sulawesi Sea
Authors: Chodrijah Umi , Faizah Ria , Tirtadanu
Published: February 2020

Big eye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus) is one of important small pelagic fish which is exploited in Kwandang waters-Sulawesi Sea. The exploitation of this species has been increasing every year. This research was carried out to study the growth, mortality and exploitation of bigeye scad in the Kwandang waters during January-November 2016. The von Bertalanffy growth equation was derived as Lt = 25.95(1 - e 1,01(t+-0.16374)) with length between 14.9 -26.4 cm FL (average length 18,64 cm). The size at first capture (Lc) was estimated as 18.69 cm. The total, natural and fishing mortality rates were assessed as 4.28, 1.90 and 2.38 year−1, respectively. The exploitation rate (E) of 0.56 per year indicates that the degree of harvesting leads to a more capture condition.. The management that must be applied is to reduce fishing efforts to 12% of the current situation and to consider temporarily closing fishing activities (closing season).
Suitability analysis of Tanjung Benoa Waters-Bali for dive tourism
Authors: Wiyanto Dwi Budi , Harahab Nuddin , Rudianto  , Sartambul Aida
Published: February 2020

This study was aimed to evaluate the suitability of Tanjung Benoa waters for dive tourism. The suitability analysis was carried out using Suitability Tourism Index (STI) method. Water visibility, coral reef coverage, lifeform, coral fish, water depth, and water current were used to analyze the suitability rate. The result showed that Tanjung Benoa waters were categorized as appropriate conditional (STI = 40.74 to 42.59). The less appropriate condition at the location might be caused by the high anthropogenic activities in the land.
Spatial distribution of drought levels in Bantimurung District, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Province
Authors: Senjani Mina , Kusratmoko Eko , Ristya Yoanna
Published: February 2020

Drought is an event that almost occurs every year in several regions of Indonesia. Drought events are often associated with the El Nino phenomenon, namely the lack of rainfall over a certain period of time in a reasonably long time. In 2015, Indonesia experienced drought in several parts of Indonesia, one of which was Bantimurung District in Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Province. This study aimed to map the level of drought in Bantimurung District. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) based meteorological and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were used to determine the spatial-temporal distribution of drought. Then, the NDVI values of weak (2014) and very strong (2015) El Nino year were correlated with SPI. The results show that Bantimurung District experienced drought in 2015 with near normal (July-September) to moderately dry (October-November) drought levels. In 2014, the drought was not so severe compared to 2015 because the level of drought was near normal and moderately wet. In 2014, the moderately wet area was located in the east district including Leang-leang and Kalabbirang villages. In 2015, villages Minasa Baji, Mattoangin, Alangtae, Baruga, Tukamasea, Mangeloreng, west of Kalabbirang and Leang Leang were located in western of the district have moderately dry drought level.
Phase transitions in nematics: textures with tactoids and disclinations
Authors: Golovaty Dmitry , Kim Young-Ki , Lavrentovich Oleg D. , Novack Michael , Sternberg Peter
Published: February 2020

We demonstrate that a first order isotropic-to-nematic phase transition in liquid crystals can be succesfully modeled within the generalized Landau-de Gennes theory by selecting an appropriate combination of elastic constants. The numerical simulations of the model established in this paper qualitatively reproduce the experimentally observed configurations that include interfaces and topological defects in the nematic phase.
Über das Thromboserisiko von Astronauten
Authors: Schmitz Jan
Published: February 2020

Astronauten in Schwerelosigkeit zeigen eine Verschiebung von Körperflüssigkeiten kopfwärts im Vergleich zum Aufenthalt auf der Erde mit bisher weitestgehend unerforschten Auswirkungen auf den zerebral-venösen Ausfluss. Die Autoren der vorgestellten Publikation untersuchten deshalb in einer prospektiven Kohortenstudie, inwieweit sich der Fluss und die Morphologie der V. jug. interna (IJV) während eines Raumflugs bei insgesamt 11 Astronauten mit einem Langzeitaufenthalt auf der internationalen Raumstation (ISS) verändert.
Epicondylopathie – Neuraltherapie und adjuvante Injektionen in der Sportmedizin
Authors: Günter Uwe
Published: February 2020

Beschwerden im Bereich des Ellenbogens werden als Cubitalgie, Epikondalgie, Insertions- bzw. Myotendopathie bezeichnet. Bei 1–3 % aller Menschen tritt die Epikondylopathienach wiederkehrenden Belastungsabläufen oder Kraftaufwand auf. Als konservative Standards geltenaktuell eine Medikation, die physikalische Kombinationstherapie, assistierender Ultraschall. Extrakorporale Stoßwellentherapie und Akupunktur werden adjuvant, jedoch wie Verbände und Orthopädietechnik sowie Injektionen ohne signifikanten Unterschied in Leitlinien erwähnt.

Die Neuraltherapie kombiniert lokale mit regionalen Injektionen sowie Injektionen an potenzielle Störfelder, die nicht saniert werden können. Bei Synovialitiden des Ellenbogengelenks bzw. inkomplettem Effekt der Neuraltherapie kommen Ozon-Sauerstoff, Eigenserum bzw. -plasma lokoregional zur Anwendung.
Neue einheitliche Rahmenbedingungen für Freiwilligendienst weltwärts
Authors: Prüfer-Krämer Luise , Boecken Gerhard , Steiner Florian , Rieke Burkhard
Published: February 2020

Für die weltwärts-Freiwilligen wurde vom Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) 2019 eine verpflichtende Beratung mit Eignungs- und Nachuntersuchung eingeführt. Diese neuen systematischen Vor- und Nachuntersuchungen von weltwärts-Freiwilligen sind aus tropen- und reisemedizinischer Sicht ein deutlicher Fortschritt. Sie sollen dazu führen, dass absehbar riskante Ausreisen unterbleiben und sich die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass durch eine fachgerechte Beratung Erkrankungen vermieden beziehungsweise durch die Auslandstätigkeit bedingte Gesundheitsstörungen rechtzeitig entdeckt werden. Der Spagat zwischen Sicherheit und Kosten ist dabei schwierig. Die Erfahrung aus dem ersten Jahr der Umsetzung der neuen Regelung wird derzeit ausgewertet und wird zeigen, ob weitere Anpassungen der Vorgehensweise notwendig sind. Die Formulare wurden bereits angepasst. Diese werden über die Webseiten der DTG und der DFR zur Verfügung gestellt.
Fexinidazol zur oralen Therapie der Westafrikanischen Schlafkrankheit: wesentliche Änderungen für die klinische Praxis
Authors: Lindner Andreas K. , Stich August
Published: February 2020

Die Schlafkrankheit (Afrikanische Trypanosomiasis) führt ohne Behandlung in der Regel zum Tod. Mit Fexinidazol steht eine rein orale Monotherapie für die westafrikanische Form zur Verfügung, welche von der Europäischen Arzneimittel-Agentur im November 2018 positiv bewertet wurde. Im August 2019 veröffentlichte die Weltgesundheitsorganisation eine neue Therapieleitlinie. Fexinidazol wird als Erstlinientherapie für die Westafrikanische Schlafkrankheit im Stadium I und im Stadium II bei < 100 Leukozyten/µl im Liquor für Patienten ≥ 6 Jahre und ≥ 20 kg empfohlen. NECT (nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy) ist weiterhin Erstlinientherapie für Patienten mit ≥ 100 Leukozyten/µl im Liquor – neu definiert als schweres Stadium II. Fexinidazol ist in diesem Stadium deutlich weniger effektiv. Ohne den klinischen Verdacht auf ein schweres Stadium II kann auf eine Lumbalpunktion verzichtet und eine Therapie mit Fexinidazol unter Beaufsichtigung der Einnahme durchgeführt werden.
Synthesis of the Enantiomers of Thioridazine
Authors: Antonsen Simen , Monsen Erling B. , Ovchinnikov Kirill , Nolsøe Jens M. J. , Ekeberg Dag , Kristiansen Jette E. , Diep Dzung B. , Stenstrøm Yngve
Published: February 2020

Thioridazine, a well-known antipsychotic drug, has shown promising effects on several bacterial strains (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Suppressive effects towards selected cancer cell-lines have also been reported. However, due to adverse effects, the compound is no longer in use for the primary indication. More recent research has demonstrated that these side effects are limited to one of the two enantiomers, (+)-thioridazine. The question arises to whether the beneficial effects of thioridazine are limited to one enantiomer, or if (–)-thioridazine can prove itself to be useful in its pure enantiomeric state. The published procedures on the synthesis of the optically pure enantiomers of thioridazine were found to be unsatisfactory, either due to low optical purity, high cost, or problems scaling up. Herein, we have used an auxiliary-based strategy for the total synthesis of both enantiomers in high optical purity and good overall yield. The strategy can easily be scaled up. Both enantiomers were tested against several bacteria. Comparison of the racemic mixture, (–)-thioridazine and its (+)-antipode revealed that they have the same antimicrobial effects. Thus, the non-toxic enantiomer, (–)-thioridazine, can prove useful in this role and should be investigated further.
Application of Fat Grafting in Cosmetic Breast Surgery
Authors: Davis Matthew J. , Perdanasari Aurelia T. , Abu-Ghname Amjed , Gonzalez Santiago R. , Chamata Edward , Rammos Charalambos K. , Winocour Sebastian J.
Published: February 2020

The role of fat grafting to the breasts has evolved in the recent past, gaining several new applications within both reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. Initially used for reconstructive purposes to fill lumpectomy defects or to correct residual contour deformities after breast reconstruction, it has since made its way into cosmetic breast surgery and has grown to encompass a wide variety of new indications. Fat grafting in aesthetic breast surgery may be performed as a form of primary autologous breast augmentation or as an adjunct to implant-based breast augmentation to disguise implant edges. It may also be used to provide added volume after explant surgery or to provide improvements in breast contour alongside mastopexy techniques. In this article, we will review the current applications of fat grafting in aesthetic breast surgery and provide an up-to-date summary of its reported outcomes, safety, and complications.
Fat Grafting in Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Turner Acara , Abu-Ghname Amjed , Davis Matthew J. , Winocour Sebastian J. , Hanson Summer E. , Chu Carrie K.
Published: February 2020

The past two decades have witnessed a growing application of autologous fat grafting in the setting of breast reconstruction after surgical treatment of breast cancer. While traditionally used to correct contour deformities during secondary revisions, fat grafting has since evolved to achieve desired breast shape and size both as a complementary adjunct to established reconstructive techniques as well as a standalone technique for whole breast reconstruction. In this article, we will review fat grafting as an adjunct to autologous and implant-breast based reconstruction, an option for primary breast reconstruction, and a treatment of postmastectomy pain.
The Role of Fat Grafting in Buttock Augmentation
Authors: O'Neill Rebecca C. , Abu-Ghname Amjed , Davis Matthew J. , Chamata Edward , Rammos Charalambos K. , Winocour Sebastian J.
Published: February 2020

Autologous fat grafting is now considered the gold standard for buttock augmentation. Although a variety of techniques are currently being used by surgeons around the world, methods of fat grafting to the buttocks remain unsystematized, poorly understood, and controversial in terms of their safety and efficacy. Nonetheless, buttock augmentation by fat grafting has a satisfaction rate of 97.1%, and its mean complication rate has been estimated to be around 7 to 10%, with serious complications occurring in less than 1% of cases. Fat emboli are one such serious complication, with several reports in the literature discussing morbidity and mortality, specifically with intramuscular injection. With the increasing popularity of fat grafting for buttock augmentation, it is more important than ever to continue researching and learning to safeguard the satisfaction and safety of our patients.
Fat Processing Techniques
Authors: Xue Erica Y. , Narvaez Luciana , Chu Carrie K. , Hanson Summer E.
Published: February 2020

Autologous fat grafting is an aesthetic and reconstructive procedure in which an individual's own fat is harvested and injected into the soft tissues to correct contour and other abnormalities. Fat graft is considered the ideal soft tissue filler for its biocompatibility, lack of immunogenicity, and availability. The entire procedure of harvesting, processing, and transfer of fat graft affects fat graft take and effectiveness of fat grafting. This article will focus on the most common methods of fat graft processing, including centrifugation, cotton gauze rolling, sedimentation, and filtration/washing. The fragility of the harvested adipocytes makes the technique of fat graft processing of utmost importance, as blood and other unnecessary cellular fragments are removed. Each fat graft processing method has its own merits and shortcomings; however, due to a lack of well-defined prospective studies, there is no evidence to support one processing method as superior to another.
Fat Grafting for Facial Rejuvenation
Authors: Schultz Kelly P. , Raghuram Anjali , Davis Matthew J. , Abu-Ghname Amjed , Chamata Edward , Rohrich Rod J.
Published: February 2020

For optimal results, facial rejuvenation procedures should address both the tissue laxity and volume deflation associated with facial aging. The lift-and-fill face lift, in which fat grafting provides volumetric rejuvenation to the face while surgical lift effectively repositions and removes ptotic and redundant tissue, has revolutionized the plastic surgeon's approach to the aged face. An understanding of the intricate anatomy of distinct facial fat compartments and a systematic method to assess areas of fat atrophy and volume depletion are keys to provide patients with a natural and youthful result. Fat grafting may be used to improve contour in any area treatable by nonautologous injectable fillers, including the temples, forehead, upper and lower orbit, cheeks, perioral region, nasolabial fold, jawline, and chin—with the benefit of a more natural contour and integration with native tissue.
Fórmulas enterais no mercado brasileiro: classificação e descrição da composição nutricional
Authors: da Cunha Selma Freire de Carvalho , Ferreira Carolina Rodrigues , Braga Camila Bitu Moreno
Published: February 2020

Introdução: No mercado brasileiro estão disponíveis inúmeras formulações de dietas enterais, com diferentes formas de apresentações e indicações. Objetivo: descrever as características básicas das formulações enterais disponíveis no mercado brasileiro. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado o tabulamento de informações contidas nos catálogos dos diferentes laboratórios farmacêuticos. De acordo com as suas características, os produtos foram classificadas em fórmulas padrão com ou sem fibras e fórmulas modificadas, específicas para pacientes diabéticos, para aqueles com insuficiência renal, hepática ou respiratória, além de fórmulas semi-hidrolisadas e imunomoduladoras. Resultados e discussão: Estão disponíveis no mercado brasileiro 80 fórmulas enterais comercializadas por 6 diferentes laboratórios. As dietas têm apresentações em pó ou líquida em pack (embalagem hermeticamente fechada com 6 camadas protetoras, garantindo as condições estéreis do produto) com relativa uniformidade na distribuição de macronutrientes e grande variação na composição de micronutrientes. Foram encontradas 42 fórmulas padrão, sendo 25 sem fibras e 17 com fibras. Dentre as fórmulas modificadas, foram identificadas 7 específicas para pacientes diabéticos, 6 para insuficiência renal, 9 semi-hidrolisadas, 8 fórmulas contendo imunonutrientes, 4 produtos específicos para insuficiência pulmonar e 4 para insuficiência hepática. Conclusão: O mercado brasileiro tem uma grande variedade de fórmulas enterais padrão e modificadas. A avaliação da composição das fórmulas enterais disponíveis no mercado nacional permite uma melhor seleção pelo profissional para cada situação clínica.
Iron peptide complex does not increase blood iron concentration at the same extent as ferrous sulfate after oral ingestion in healthy adult males
Authors: Sakamoto Luiz Maçao , Hotta Júlia Keiko Sakamoto , Máximo Aparecida de Fátima , Del Lama Unamuno Maria do Rosário , Ferreira Jacob Fernando , Suen Vivian Marques Miguel , Marchini Júlio Sérgio
Published: February 2020

Iron-deficient anemia continues to be one of the major nutritional and public health problems all over the world. Although ferrous sulfate is largely used for the prevention and treatment of this deficiency, the gastrointestinal side effects preclude its use in some cases. This study aimed to compare the effect of iron peptide complex and ferrous sulfate on serum iron and to examine serial serum iron levels. Ten volunteers were submitted to 5 different treatments: Control (C), Ferrous sulfate 60 mg (FS), Iron peptide 60 mg (IP1), Iron peptide 80 mg (IP2) and Iron peptide 60 mg plus diet (IPD). In the first treatment (C), empty capsules were given, whereas in the second (FS), third (IP1), fourth (IP2) and fifth (IPD) treatments, ferrous sulfate 60 mg, iron peptide complex 60 mg, iron peptide complex 80 mg and iron peptide complex 60 mg plus diet were given in a randomized crossover design, with a washout period of 1 week. The products were offered as capsules and blood samples were drawn at the following time points: 0, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 720 minutes after oral intake. FS produced higher serum iron levels than Control, IP1, IP2 and IPD (P< 0.05). The areas under the curves for serum iron for the different compounds gave AUCFS > AUCC = AUCIP1 = AUCIP2 = AUCIPD. Conclusions: The iron peptide complex did not increase blood iron FS C IP1 IP2 IPD concentration as compared to control and ferrous sulfate at the respective time points.
Efeitos Benéficos do Açaí
Authors: Portinho José Alexandre , Zimmermann Livia Maria , Bruck Mirian Rotnes
Published: February 2020

O açaí (Euterpe Oleracea Mart.), fruto da região amazônica é um alimento funcional cuja polpa apresenta elevado valor energético por conter alto teor de lipídeos como Omegas 6 e 9, além de carboidratos, fibras, vitamina E, proteínas, minerais (Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr) e grande quantidade de antioxidantes. Antocianinas, proantocianidina e outros flavonóides são os fitoquímicos predominantes, mas as antocianinas são os compostos que contribuem com a maior capacidade antioxidante da polpa do açaí. Os componentes do açaí parecem ter efeitos benéficos como antiinflamatório, no perfil imunológico, na dislipidemia, no diabetes tipo 2, na síndrome metabólica, no câncer e no envelhecimento. É necessário padronizar métodos de conservação prolongada do produto para manter estável a capacidade antioxidante e a atividade dos princípios ativos. Existe a necessidade de mais estudos randomizados e controlados in vivo para avaliar os benefícios e mecanismo de ação dos nutrientes do açaí.
A community public health programme to control iron-deficiency anemia through iron-fortification of drinking water
Authors: Dutra-de-Oliveira Jose Eduardo , Marchini Júlio Sérgio , Lamounier Joel , de Almeida Carlos Alberto Nogueira
Published: February 2020

On a global basic, an estimated 2 billion people are iron deficient or anaemic with small children and child bearing age women most likely to be affected. In Brazil a recent 2009 meta-analysis of anaemia considered it to be a serious public health problem affecting 53% of children under 5 years. Fortification and supplementation of food can make and important contribution to the reduction of iron anaemia. Our studies on anaemia and iron fortification of drinking water showed a large prevalence of anaemia among under 5 children attending day-care institutions. After 3 to 6 months drinking iron fortified water it was shown a decrease of anaemic children. It was shown that the iron fortification of drinking water can be considered an easy and practical way to supply iron to children at community level. It is a vehicle available everywhere. It is consumed everyday by everyone, has a much lower price than any other iron food carrier and/or pharmaceutical supplements. The water may be easily fortified locally, the iron sulfate is low-priced and used in small amounts with highly bioavailable iron. Its effectiveness was scientifically shown and was strategically supported by the Community, the Public Health Workers and got Municipal Government approval and support.
A cirurgia bariátrica e a perda óssea
Authors: Mustafa S
Published: February 2020

Nos últimos anos, vem ocorrendo um aumento significativo na prevalência de obesidade, que é considerada uma doença crônica. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão da literatura, a fim de avaliar a relação entre cirurgia bariátrica e a perda óssea. Método: pesquisa descritiva, qualitativa com revisão da literatura. Os dados foram coletados de artigos e dissertações relacionadas à cirurgia bariátrica. Conclusão: observou-se que a cirurgia bariátrica está associada a alterações no metabolismo ósseo, perda óssea e a um possível aumento de fraturas. Assim, é importante realizar uma intervenção nutricional aliada à suplementação regular de vitamina D e cálcio, além de uma vida saudável.
Tireotoxicose factícia causada pelo uso de suplementos alimentares e produtos naturais
Authors: Bittencourt Ana Clara de Moraes , Pereira Anne Gabriela Correia , Nascimento Larissa Ferreira Cunha , Nunes Marcelo Henrique Silva , Bomfim Marcela Bastos de Paula , Andrade Vera Lúcia Angelo , Regazzoni Liubiana Arantes de Araújo
Published: February 2020

Introdução: A supervalorização da imagem leva ao consumo excessivo de suplementos alimentares e produtos naturais, como polivitamínicos, fitoterápicos, ervas e substâncias usadas para emagrecimento. Este consumo pode levar a alterações no organismo, dentre eles a Tireotoxicose factícia. Objetivo: Descrever o que já foi publicado no meio científico sobre o real efeito dos suplementos alimentares no desenvolvimento de tireotoxicose exógena, bem como as consequências para o organismo. Metodologia: Revisão não sistemática da literatura, com base nos bancos de dados Pubmed, Lilacs e Cochrane, nas quais foram encontrados respectivamente 136, 109 e 4 artigos. Dos quais foram selecionados 14 de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Desenvolvimento: Foram encontrados diversos suplementos que continham hormônios tireoidianos ou iodo em excesso e verificou-se que estas substâncias não estavam contidas nos rótulos dos produtos, o que dificulta a fiscalização pela ANVISA e FDA. Os suplementos analisados possuíam extratos de gingko biloba, kelp, guggulu, humol e withamina somnífera relacionados ao aumento da função tireoidiana. O uso destes produtos pode levar a um quadro de tireotoxicose factícia, que cursa com taquicardia, irritabilidade, insônia, alterações cardiovasculares e hipertensão. Interações medicamentosas e efeitos nefrotóxicos, hematológicos e cardíacos também são relatados com o uso indiscriminado destas substâncias. Conclusão: A literatura demonstra que o uso dos suplementos causa alterações no organismo, como a tireotoxicose factícia e outros efeitos sistêmicos. Todavia, sãonecessários novos estudos comparando a relação de suplementação alimentar e tireotoxicose, além de uma fiscalização eficiente.
Azeite de Oliva e suas propriedades em preparações quentes: revisão da literatura
Authors: Nogueira-de-Almeida Carlos Alberto , Filho Durval Ribas , de Mello Elza Daniel , Melz Graziela , Almeida Ane Cristina Fayão
Published: February 2020

Introdução: O azeite de oliva é reconhecido devido a suas propriedades antioxidantes de forma a ser incorporado na culinária, contudo, a forma mais utilizada do azeite é na apresentação fria. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar as modificações de propriedades do azeite de oliva após cozimento e fritura. Métodos: Pesquisa ativa de artigos nas bases científicas nacionais e internacionais, cobrindo os anos de 1990 a 2015. Resultados: O azeite de oliva apresenta discretas perdas das propriedades antioxidantes e mudanças pequenas no perfil lipídico após o aquecimento em temperaturas elevadas, contudo apresenta grande estabilidade comparada a demais tipos de óleos, praticamente não levando à formação de compostos tóxicos. Conclusão: Pode-se utilizar azeite de oliva em preparações aquecidas, pois são preservadasboa parte de suas características benéficas e, após aquecimento, as mesmas mantêm-se superiores aos demais óleos.
Interface da má absorção da frutose e depressão: revisão sistemática da literatura
Authors: Júnior José Rodolfo dos Santos , Cecília Natássia Campos Santa , Matheus Nathália Alves , Cançado Tatiane Souza Borba , Rodrigues Thiago Fernandes , Andrade Vera Lúcia Ângelo , de Arauìjo Liubiana Arantes
Published: February 2020

O presente trabalho visa levantar dados presentes na literatura sobre a relação entre a má absorção da frutose e a depressão. Trata-se de revisão sistemática da literatura, de nove artigos publicados em inglês, espanhol e português, de 1998 a 2014. Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos com pacientes com ou sem má absorção da frutose ou que possuíam ou não sintomas depressivos, em todas as faixas etárias, de ambos os sexos e experimentos em animais. Os critérios de exclusão foram estudos em que outros fatores associados afetavam direta ou indiretamente no surgimento da depressão. Foram selecionados nove artigos, sendo dois de revisão, um transversal, cinco de coorte e um ensaio clínico. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada pelo fator de impacto da revista onde o artigo foi publicado, além de analisar a qualidade de cada um pelo CASP e Strobe, avaliados via EQUATOR. Em oito estudos foram encontradas relação positiva entre a má absorção de frutose e o desenvolvimento de sintomas depressivos, em apenas um artigo, isto não foi encontrado. Conclui-se que a relação entre má absorção de frutose e depressão é ainda controversa na literatura, tal fato pode dever-se à falta de conhecimento por parte dos profissionais, com consequente falta de investigação da má absorção de frutose nos pacientes com depressão. Sendo assim, muitos casos não estão sendo diagnosticados. Este é o primeiro trabalho nacional que correlaciona sistematicamente má absorção de frutose e depressão. A literatura sobre o tema ainda é escassa.
Hábito alimentar nos lanches intermediários de crianças pré-escolares brasileiras: estudo em amostra nacional representativa
Authors: Fisberg Mauro , Del’Arco Ana Paula Wolf Tasca , Previdelli Agatha , Tosatti Abykeyla Mellisse , Nogueira-de-Almeida Carlos Alberto
Published: February 2020

Objetivo: Descrever os hábitos alimentares das crianças pré-escolares brasileiras, relacionados à ingestão dos lanches intermediários, e verificar o aporte nutricional dos mesmos. Metodologia: Análise secundária de questionário estruturado respondido por 3 dias, pelas mães de 1.391 crianças de 4 a 6 anos, de todas as regiões do país, sobre os alimentos consumidos nos lanches e suas quantidades. Resultados: 98,20% das crianças brasileiras realizam os lanches intermediários e, em média, são compostos por 2,9 grupos de alimentos. Qualitativamente, as composições dos lanches da manhã e da tarde foram semelhantes, em sua maioria contendo os mesmos grupos alimentares: frutas em geral, biscoitos em geral e iogurtes em geral. O lanche da tarde se mostrou mais calórico e com consumo mais frequente de alimentos variados e com alto teor de açúcares de adição (como balas, sorvetes e chocolates). O consumo de açúcar de adição, somadas as quantidades de açúcares do lanche da manhã e da tarde, se aproximou do limite recomendado para a dieta. O consumo do grupo das frutas em geral foi frequente em 98,8% das composições de lanches estudadas. Conclusão: As crianças pré-escolares brasileiras têm o hábito de realizar os lanches intermediários. A composição dos lanches é de suma importância, uma vez que são oportunidades para o preenchimento dos requerimentos nutricionais desta faixa etária, que por estarem em período de crescimento e desenvolvimento, precisam de aporte nutricional adequado.