bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PONDx: real-life utilization and decision impact of the 21-gene assay on clinical practice in Italy
Authors: Cognetti Francesco , Masetti Riccardo , Fabi Alessandra , Bianchi Giulia , Santini Donatella , Rognone Alessia , Catania Giovanna , Angelucci Domenico , Naso Giuseppe , Giuliano Mario , Vassalli Lucia , Vici Patrizia , Scognamiglio Giovanni , Generali Daniele , Zambelli Alberto , Colleoni Marco , Tinterri Corrado , Scanzi Francesco , Vigna Leonardo , Scavina Paola , Gamucci Teresa , Marrazzo Emilia , Scinto Angelo Fedele , Berardi Rossana , Fabbri Maria Agnese , Pinotti Graziella , Franco Daniela , Terribile Daniela Andreina , Tonini Giuseppe , Cianniello Daniela , Barni Sandro
Published: May 2021

Clinicopathological prognostic features have limited value to identify with precision newly diagnosed patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (BC), who would benefit from chemotherapy (CT) in addition to adjuvant hormonal therapy (HT). The 21-gene Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score® (RS) assay has been demonstrated to predict CT benefit, hence supporting personalized decisions on adjuvant CT. The multicenter, prospective, observational study PONDx investigated the real-life use of RS® results in Italy and its impact on treatment decisions. Physicians’ treatment recommendations (HT ± CT) were documented before and after availability of RS results, and changes in recommendations were determined. In the HR+ HER2− early BC population studied (N = 1738), physicians recommended CT + HT in 49% of patients pre-RS. RS-guided treatment decisions resulted in 36% reduction of CT recommendations. PONDx confirms that RS results provide clinically relevant information for CT recommendation in early-stage BC, resulting in a reduction of more than a third of CT use.
Modeling poliovirus replication dynamics from live time-lapse single-cell imaging data
Authors: Teufel Ashley I. , Liu Wu , Draghi Jeremy A. , Cameron Craig E. , Wilke Claus O.
Published: May 2021

Viruses experience selective pressure on the timing and order of events during infection to maximize the number of viable offspring they produce. Additionally, they may experience variability in cellular environments encountered, as individual eukaryotic cells can display variation in gene expression among cells. This leads to a dynamic phenotypic landscape that viruses must face to replicate. To examine replication dynamics displayed by viruses faced with this variable landscape, we have developed a method for fitting a stochastic mechanistic model of viral infection to time-lapse imaging data from high-throughput single-cell poliovirus infection experiments. The model’s mechanistic parameters provide estimates of several aspects associated with the virus’s intracellular dynamics. We examine distributions of parameter estimates and assess their variability to gain insight into the root causes of variability in viral growth dynamics. We also fit our model to experiments performed under various drug treatments and examine which parameters differ under these conditions. We find that parameters associated with translation and early stage viral replication processes are essential for the model to capture experimentally observed dynamics. In aggregate, our results suggest that differences in viral growth data generated under different treatments can largely be captured by steps that occur early in the replication process.
Elliptically polarized high-harmonic radiation for production of isolated attosecond pulses
Authors: Bengs Ulrich , Zhavoronkov Nickolai
Published: May 2021

Circularly polarized attosecond pulses are powerful tool to study chiral light-matter interaction via chiral electron dynamics. However, access to isolated circularly polarized attosecond pulses enabling straightforward interpretation of measurements, still remains a challenge. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of highly elliptically polarized high-harmonics in a two-color, bi-circular, collinear laser field. The intensity and shape of the combined few-cycle driving radiation is optimized to produce a broadband continuum with enhanced spectral chirality in the range of 15-55 eV supporting the generation of isolated attosecond pulses with duration down to 150 as. We apply spectrally resolved polarimetry to determine the full Stokes vector of different spectral components of the continuum, yielding a homogenous helicity distribution with ellipticity in the range of 0.8-0.95 and a negligible unpolarized content.
Eye movement characteristics provide an objective measure of visual processing changes in patients with visual snow syndrome
Authors: Solly Emma J. , Clough Meaghan , McKendrick Allison M. , Foletta Paige , White Owen B. , Fielding Joanne
Published: May 2021

Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a poorly understood neurological disorder that features a range of disabling sensory changes. Visual processing changes revealed previously in VSS appear consistent with poor attentional control, specifically, with difficulty controlling environmentally driven shifts of attention. This study sought to confirm this proposal by determining whether these changes were similarly evident where attention is internally driven. Sixty seven VSS patients and 37 controls completed two saccade tasks: the endogenously cued saccade task and saccadic Simon task. The endogenously cued saccade task correctly (valid trial) or incorrectly (invalid trial) pre-cues a target location using a centrally presented arrow. VSS patients generated significantly shorter saccade latencies for valid trials (p = 0.03), resulting in a greater magnitude cue effect (p = 0.02), i.e. the difference in latency between valid and invalid trials. The saccadic Simon task presents a peripheral cue which may be spatially congruent or incongruent with the subsequent target location. Latencies on this task were comparable for VSS patients and controls, with a normal Simon effect, i.e. shorter latencies for saccades to targets spatially congruent with the preceding cue. On both tasks, VSS patients generated more erroneous saccades than controls towards non-target locations (Endogenously cued saccade task: p = 0.02, saccadic Simon task: p = 0.04). These results demonstrate that cued shifts of attention differentially affect saccade generation in VSS patients. We propose that these changes are not due to impairment of frontally-mediated inhibitory control, but to heightened saccade-related activity in visual regions. These results contribute to a VSS ocular motor signature that may provide clinical utility as well as an objective measure of dysfunction to facilitate future research.
Investigation of the antimicrobial activity and hematological pattern of nano-chitosan and its nano-copper composite
Authors: Ahmed Somia B. , Mohamed Hadeer I. , Al-Subaie Abeer M. , Al-Ohali Ahoud I. , Mahmoud Nesrine M. R.
Published: May 2021

Novel synthesized Chitosan–Copper oxide nanocomposite (Cs–CuO) was prepared using pomegranate peels extract as green precipitating agents to improve the biological activity of Cs-NP's, which was synthesized through the ionic gelation method. The characterization of biogenic nanoparticles Cs-NP's and Cs–CuO-NP's was investigated structurally, morphologically to determine all the significant characters of those nanoparticles. Antimicrobial activity was tested for both Cs-NP's and Cs–CuO-NP's via minimum inhibition concentration and zone analysis against fungus, gram-positive and gram-negative. The antimicrobial test results showed high sensitivity of Cs–CuO-NP's to all microorganisms tested in a concentration less than 20,000 mg/L, while the sensitivity of Cs-NP's against all microorganisms under the test started from a concentration of 20,000–40,000 mg/L except for the C. albicans species. The hematological activity was also tested via measuring the RBCs, platelet count, and clotting time against healthy, diabetic, and hypercholesteremia blood samples. The measurement showed a decrease in RBCs and platelet count by adding Cs-NP’s or Cs–CuO-NP's to the three blood samples. Cs-NP's success in decreasing the clotting time for healthy and diabetic blood acting as a procoagulant agent while adding biogenic CuO-NP’s to Cs-NP’s increased clotting time considering as an anti-coagulant agent for hypercholesteremia blood samples.
Adenosine-related small molecules show utility of recall antigen assay to screen compounds for off-target effects on memory T cells
Authors: Kleiman Eden , Sierra Gloria , Mao Binchen , Magcase Dennie , George Marybeth V. , Daftarian Pirouz M.
Published: May 2021

Extracellular adenosine suppresses T cell immunity in the tumor microenvironment and in vitro treatment of memory T cells with adenosine can suppress antigen-mediated memory T cell expansion. We describe utilizing the recall antigen assay platform to screen small molecule drug off-target effects on memory T cell expansion/function using a dosing regimen based on adenosine treatment. As a proof of principle, we show low dose GS-5734, a monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analog, does not alter memory T cell recall at lower doses whereas toxicity observed at high dose favors antigen-specific memory T cell survival/proliferation over non-specific CD8+ T cells. Conversely, parent nucleoside GS-441524 at high dosage does not result in cellular toxicity and reduces antigen-specific T cell recall in most donors. Despite similar chemical structure, these drugs displayed opposing effects on memory T cell expansion and viability highlighting the sensitivity of this assay setup in screening compounds for off-target effects.
Elucidating direct kinase targets of compound Danshen dropping pills employing archived data and prediction models
Authors: Wang Tongxing , Liang Lu , Zhao Chunlai , Sun Jia , Wang Hairong , Wang Wenjia , Lin Jianping , Hu Yunhui
Published: May 2021

Research on direct targets of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the key to study the mechanism and material basis of it, but there is still no effective methods at present. We took Compound Danshen dropping pills (CDDP) as a study case to establish a strategy to identify significant direct targets of TCM. As a result, thirty potential active kinase targets of CDDP were identified. Nine of them had potential dose-dependent effects. In addition, the direct inhibitory effect of CDDP on three kinases, AURKB, MET and PIM1 were observed both on biochemical level and cellular level, which could not only shed light on the mechanisms of action involved in CDDP, but also suggesting the potency of drug repositioning of CDDP. Our results indicated that the research strategy including both in silico models and experimental validation that we built, were relatively efficient and reliable for direct targets identification for TCM prescription, which will help elucidating the mechanisms of TCM and promoting the modernization of TCM.
fMRI findings in MTBI patients with headaches following rTMS
Authors: Vaninetti Michael , Lim Mike , Khalaf Aladdin , Metzger-Smith Valerie , Flowers Matthew , Kunnel Alphonsa , Yang Eric , Song David , Lin Lisa , Tsai Alice , Lee Roland , Golshan Shahrokh , Leung Albert
Published: May 2021

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) patients with persistent headaches are known to have diminished supraspinal modulatory connectivity from their prefrontal cortices. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is able to alleviate MTBI-related headache (MTBI-HA). This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study assessed supraspinal correlates associated with the headache analgesic effect of rTMS at left prefrontal cortex (LPFC), hypothesizing real rTMS would significantly increase modulatory functions at LPFC in comparison to sham treatment. Subjects with MTBI-HA were randomized to receive either real or sham rTMS treatments and subjected to pre- and post-treatment resting state and evoked heat-pain fMRI as described in a prior study. Real rTMS consisted of 2000 pulses delivered at 10 Hz and 80% of the resting motor threshold at left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas sham treatment was delivered with same figure-of-eight coil turned 180 degrees. Follow-up fMRI was performed one-week post-treatment.
All fMRI data was processed using BrainVoyager QX Software. 14 subjects receiving real and 12 subjects receiving sham treatments completed the study. The REAL group demonstrated significant (P < 0.02) decreases in headache frequency and intensity at one week following treatment. fMRI scans in the REAL group showed increased evoked heat pain activity (P < 0.002) and resting functional connectivity (P < 0.0001) at the LPFC after rTMS. Neither this significant analgesic effect nor these fMRI findings were seen in the sham group. Sham treatment was, however, associated with a decrease in resting state activity at the LPFC (P < 0.0001). This study correlates the demonstrated analgesic effect of rTMS in the treatment of MTBI-HA with enhanced supraspinal functional connectivity in the left prefrontal cortex, which is known to be involved in “top-down” pain inhibition along the descending midbrain-thalamic-cingulate pathway.

Trial Registration: This study was registered on September 24, 2013, on ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier: NCT01948947. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01948947.
Number of daily measurements needed to estimate habitual step count levels using wrist-worn trackers and smartphones in 212,048 adults
Authors: Yao Jiali , Tan Chuen Seng , Lim Nicole , Tan Jeremy , Chen Cynthia , Müller-Riemenschneider Falk
Published: May 2021

Daily step count is a readily accessible physical activity measure inversely related to many important health outcomes. However, its day-to-day variability is not clear, especially when measured by recent mobile devices. This study investigates number of measurement days required to reliably estimate the weekly and monthly levels of daily step count in adults using wrist-worn fitness trackers and smartphones. Data were from a 5-month physical activity program in Singapore. The 5-month period was divided into 22 weekly and 5 monthly time windows. For each time window, we leveraged data sampling procedures and estimated the minimum number of measurement days needed to achieve reliable mean daily step count with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) above 80%. The ICCs were derived using linear mixed effect models. We examined both simple random and random consecutive measurement days and conducted subgroup analysis by participant characteristics and tracking devices. Analysis of weekly and monthly step count included 212,048 and 112,865 adults, respectively. Fewer simple random measurement days are needed than random consecutive days for weekly time windows (mean 2.5, SD 0.5 vs mean 2.7, SD 0.5; p-value = 0.025). Similarly, monthly time windows require fewer measurements of simple random days than random consecutive days (mean 3.4, SD 0.5 vs mean 4.4, SD 0.5; p-value = 0.025). Younger participants and those tracking steps via smartphones consistently required more days. Being obese was associated with more measurement days for weekly time windows. In sum, to obtain reliable daily step count level, we recommend at least 3 measurement days for weekly and 5 days for monthly time window in adults. Fewer days could be considered for adults age 60+ years, while more days are required when tracking daily step via smartphones.
Author Correction: Cross-sectional analysis of plasma and CSF metabolomic markers in Huntington’s disease for participants of varying functional disability: a pilot study
Authors: McGarry Andrew , Gaughan John , Hackmyer Cory , Lovett Jacqueline , Khadeer Mohammed , Shaikh Hamza , Pradhan Basant , Ferraro Thomas N. , Wainer Irving W. , Moaddel Ruin
Published: May 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
SWI/SNF subunit BAF155 N-terminus structure informs the impact of cancer-associated mutations and reveals a potential drug binding site
Authors: Allen Mark D. , Freund Stefan M. V. , Bycroft Mark , Zinzalla Giovanna
Published: May 2021

SWI/SNF (BAF) chromatin remodelling complexes are key regulators of gene expression programs, and attractive drug targets for cancer therapies. Here we show that the N-terminus of the BAF155/SMARCC1 subunit contains a putative DNA-binding MarR-like domain, a chromodomain and a BRCT domain that are interconnected to each other to form a distinct module. In this structure the chromodomain makes interdomain interactions and has lost its canonical function to bind to methylated lysines. The structure provides new insights into the missense mutations that target this module in cancer. This study also reveals two adjacent, highly-conserved pockets in a cleft between the domains that form a potential binding site, which can be targeted with small molecules, offering a new strategy to target SWI/SNF complexes.
Iron induces two distinct Ca2+ signalling cascades in astrocytes
Authors: Guan Wenzheng , Xia Maosheng , Ji Ming , Chen Beina , Li Shuai , Zhang Manman , Liang Shanshan , Chen Binjie , Gong Wenliang , Dong Chengyi , Wen Gehua , Zhan Xiaoni , Zhang Dianjun , Li Xinyu , Zhou Yuefei , Guan Dawei , Verkhratsky Alexei , Li Baoman
Published: May 2021

Iron is the fundamental element for numerous physiological functions. Plasmalemmal divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT1) is responsible for cellular uptake of ferrous (Fe2+), whereas transferrin receptors (TFR) carry transferrin (TF)-bound ferric (Fe3+). In this study we performed detailed analysis of the action of Fe ions on cytoplasmic free calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) in astrocytes. Administration of Fe2+ or Fe3+ in μM concentrations evoked [Ca2+]i in astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Iron ions trigger increase in [Ca2+]i through two distinct molecular cascades. Uptake of Fe2+ by DMT1 inhibits astroglial Na+-K+-ATPase, which leads to elevation in cytoplasmic Na+ concentration, thus reversing Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and thereby generating Ca2+ influx. Uptake of Fe3+ by TF-TFR stimulates phospholipase C to produce inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3), thus triggering InsP3 receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum. In summary, these findings reveal the mechanisms of iron-induced astrocytic signalling operational in conditions of iron overload.
Chemomechanical effect of reduced graphene oxide encapsulation on hydrogen storage performance of Pd nanoparticles
Authors: Kim Daeho , Koh Jinseok , Kang ShinYoung , Heo Tae Wook , Wood Brandon C. , Cho Eun Seon , Han Seung Min
Published: May 2021

The chemomechanical effect of rGO/Pd/rGO nanolaminates is studied, which related the hydrogen sorption characteristics with nanoconfinement. Results of this study open an interesting avenue for tuning the hydrogen storage performance of metal hydrides.
Earth-abundant iron(iii) species serves as a cocatalyst boosting the multielectron reduction of IO3−/I−redox shuttle in Z-scheme photocatalytic water splitting
Authors: Murofushi Katsuya , Ogawa Kanta , Suzuki Hajime , Sakamoto Ryota , Tomita Osamu , Kato Kosaku , Yamakata Akira , Saeki Akinori , Abe Ryu
Published: May 2021

The FeIII/FeIIredox couple in the amorphous FeOxcocatalyst on the Bi4TaO8Cl photocatalyst captures photoexcited electrons and facilitates the multielectron (6-electrons) reduction of IO3−, thus boosting O2evolution under visible light.
Order in the chaos
Authors: Arca Sedda Manuel , Li Gongjie , Kocsis Bence
Published: May 2021

Black hole (BH) triples represent one of the astrophysical pathways for BH mergers in the Universe detectable by LIGO and VIRGO. We study the formation of BH triples via binary–binary encounters in dense clusters, showing that up to two-thirds of the triples formed through this channel are hierarchical, whereas the remaining one-third are in a non-hierarchical, unstable configuration. We built a database of 32 000 N-body simulations to investigate the evolution of BH triples focusing on mildly hierarchical and non-hierarchical unstable configurations. Varying the mutual orbital inclination, the three BH masses and the inner and outer eccentricities, we show that retrograde, nearly planar configurations lead to a significant shrinkage of the inner binary. We find a universal trend of triple systems, namely that they tend to evolve toward prograde configurations and that the orbital flip, driven by the torque exerted on the inner BH binary (BHB) by the outer BH, leads in general to tighter inner orbits. In some cases, the resulting BHB undergoes coalescence within a Hubble time, releasing gravitational waves. A large fraction of merging BHBs with an initial separation of 1 AU enter the 10−3 − 10−1 Hz frequency band with large eccentricities, thus representing potential eccentric LISA sources. Mergers originating from an initially tighter BHB (a ∼ 0.01 AU), instead often have eccentricities above 0.7 in the 1 Hz band. We find that the mass distribution of the mergers in this astrophysical channel maps the original BH binary spectrum. This might have interesting consequences in light of the growing population of BH mergers detected by LIGO and VIRGO, namely that eccentric sources detected in high-frequency detectors are most likely connected with a high-velocity dispersion stellar environment, whereas eccentric sources detected in low-frequency detectors are likely to develop in low-density clusters.
SN 2018ijp: the explosion of a stripped-envelope star within a dense H-rich shell?
Authors: Tartaglia L. , Sollerman J. , Barbarino C. , Taddia F. , Mason E. , Berton M. , Taggart K. , Bellm E. C. , De K. , Frederick S. , Fremling C. , Gal-Yam A. , Golkhou V. Z. , Graham M. , Ho A. Y. Q. , Hung T. , Kaye S. , Kim Y.-L. , Laher R. R. , Masci F. J. , Perley D. A. , Porter M. D. , Reiley D. J. , Riddle R. , Rusholme B. , Soumagnac M. T. , Walters R.
Published: May 2021

In this paper, we discuss the outcomes of the follow-up campaign of SN 2018ijp, discovered as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey for optical transients. Its first spectrum shows similarities to broad-lined Type Ic supernovae around maximum light, whereas later spectra display strong signatures of interaction between rapidly expanding ejecta and a dense H-rich circumstellar medium, coinciding with a second peak in the photometric evolution of the transient. This evolution, along with the results of modeling of the first light-curve peak, suggests a scenario where a stripped star exploded within a dense circumstellar medium. The two main phases in the evolution of the transient could be interpreted as a first phase dominated by radioactive decays, and a later interaction-dominated phase where the ejecta collide with a pre-existing shell. We therefore discuss SN 2018jp within the context of a massive star depleted of its outer layers exploding within a dense H-rich circumstellar medium.
A critical assessment of the applicability of the energy-limited approximation for estimating exoplanetary mass-loss rates
Authors: Krenn A. F. , Fossati L. , Kubyshkina D. , Lammer H.
Published: May 2021

Context. The energy-limited atmospheric escape approach is widely used to estimate mass-loss rates for a broad range of planets that host hydrogen-dominated atmospheres as well as for performing atmospheric evolution calculations.

Aims. We aim to study the applicability range of the energy-limited atmospheric escape approximation.

Methods. We revise the energy-limited atmospheric escape formalism and the involved assumptions. We also compare the results of the energy-limited formalism with those of hydrodynamic simulations, employing a grid covering planets with masses, radii, and equilibrium temperatures ranging between 1 M⊕ and 39 M⊕, 1 R⊕ and 10 R⊕, and 300 and 2000 K, respectively.

Results. Within the grid boundaries, we find that the energy-limited approximation gives a correct order of magnitude estimate for mass-loss rates for about 76% of the planets, but there can be departures from hydrodynamic simulations by up to two to three orders of magnitude in individual cases. Furthermore, we find that planets for which the mass-loss rates are correctly estimated by the energy-limited approximation to within one order of magnitude have intermediate gravitational potentials (≈2.5–5.5 ×108 J kg−1) as well as low-to-intermediate equilibrium temperatures and irradiation fluxes of extreme ultraviolet and X-ray radiation. However, for planets with low or high gravitational potentials, or high equilibrium temperatures and irradiation fluxes, the approximation fails in most cases.

Conclusions. The energy-limited approximation should not be used for planetary evolution calculations that require computing mass-loss rates for planets that cover a broad parameter space. In this case, it is very likely that the energy-limited approximation would at times return mass-loss rates of up to several orders of magnitude above or below those predicted by hydrodynamic simulations. For planetary atmospheric evolution calculations, interpolation routines or approximations based on grids of hydrodynamic models should be used instead.
Significant interstellar object production by close stellar flybys
Authors: Pfalzner Susanne , Aizpuru Vargas Luis L. , Bhandare Asmita , Veras Dimitri
Published: May 2021

Context. Within just two years, two interstellar objects (ISOs) – 1I/‘Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov – have been discovered, the first of their kind. Large quantities of planetesimals form as a by-product of planet formation. Therefore, it seems likely that ISOs are former planetesimals that became somehow unbound from their parent star. The discoveries raise the question of the dominant ISO formation process.

Aims. Here, we concentrate on planetesimals released during another star’s close flybys. Such close flybys happen most frequently during the first 10 Myr of a star’s life. Here, we quantify the amount of planetesimals released during close stellar flybys, their ejection velocity and likely composition.

Methods. We numerically study the dependence of the effect of parabolic flybys on the mass ratio between the perturber and parent star, the periastron distance, inclination, and angle of periastron.

Results. As expected, close prograde flybys of high-mass stars produce the most considerable amount of ISOs. Especially flybys of stars with M > 5 M⊙ on trajectories closer than 250 AU can lead to more planetesimals turning into ISOs than remaining bound to the parent star. Even strongly inclined orbits do not significantly reduce the ISO production; only retrograde flybys lead to a significantly lower ISO production. For perturbers slightly more massive than the parent star, there is a competition between ISO production and planetesimals being captured by the perturber. Whenever ISOs are produced, they leave their parent system typically with velocities in the range of 0.5–2 km s−1. This ejection velocity is distinctly different to that of ISOs produced by planet scattering (~4–8 km s−1) and those shed during the stellar post-main-sequence phase (~0.1–0.2 km s−1). Using the typical disc truncation radius in various cluster environments, we find that clusters like the Orion nebula cluster are likely to produce the equivalent of 0.85 Earth-masses of ISOs per star. In contrast, compact clusters like NGC 3603 could produce up to 50 Earth-masses of ISOs per star. Our solar-system probably produced the equivalent of 2–3 Earth masses of ISOs, which left our solar system at a mean ejection velocity of 0.7 km s−1.

Conclusions. Most ISOs produced by flybys should be comet-like, similar to Borisov and unlike ‘Oumuamua. ISOs originating from compact long-lived clusters would often show a deficiency in CO. As soon as a statistically significant sample of ISOs is discovered, the combined information of their observed velocities and composition might help in constraining the dominant production process.
The use of the ‘Heinemanns Rote Spatlese' variety as the initial form in the Ribes rubrum selection
Authors: Golyaeva Olga , Panfilova Olga
Published: May 2021

Red currant is a valuable berry crop. The assortment is improved through the selection of new varieties. In the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (Russia), breeding work for red currant has been carried out since 1984. The ‘Heinemanns Rote Spatlese’ variety, selected in Germany in 1942 by crossing the Prince Albert variety with Andenken an Lorgus (type of multiflowered currant - Ribes multiflorum Kit. ex Schult.), was widely used as the initial form in crosses. The greatest breeding value was shown by the family 'Rote Spatlese'×'Jonkheer van Tets’, from which 7 varieties of red currant were obtained: Asora, Valentinovka, Dana, Dar Orla, Ogonyok, Orlovchanka, Podarok Leta. The combinations in which 2 varieties were selected were also effective: 'Rote Spatlese‘×'Red Lake' - Bayana (white-fruited), Selyanochka; 'Rote Spatlese'×'Minnesota’ – Osipovskaya, Orlovskaya Zvezda; 'Rote Spatlese'×'Maarse's Prominent' - Marmeladnitsa, Ustina. The research results show that the cultivar ‘Rote Spatlese ' is a valuable initial form in red currant selection for late ripening, long-raceme, high productivity. Based on the ‘Rote Spatlese’ genotype, VNIISPK has created 13 late-maturing, high-yielding varieties of red currant, 9 of them are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use in the Russian Federation.
Evaluation of economically valuable traits of the columnar variety Poesia and the prospects of its use in breeding
Authors: Korneeva S.A. , Sedov E.N. , Yanchuk T.V.
Published: May 2021

One of the most promising forms of apple trees for super-intensive gardens on a new genetic basis is the columnar apple tree. Within the framework of the breeding program of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Selection, 5 columnar apple tree varieties were created and released, one of which is the Poesia variety. The article presents an assessment of the suitability of the columnar apple tree variety Poesia for intensive gardening and prospects of its use in breeding work to create competitive varieties of the new generation. According to complex of economically valuable traits, the variety is characterized by winter-hardiness, early maturation, high yield – for the first 7 years of fruiting, the average variety yield on dwarf rootstock 62–396 was 41.6 t/ha, immunity to scab (gene Rvi6), greatly reducing the pesticide load in the garden. The fruits have an attractive appearance, which is rated with 4.4 points (on a five-point scale), sweet and sour taste (4.3 points). It was established that the Poesia variety is a donor of columnar shape (Co gene) and immunity to scab (Rvi6 gene). With its participation, eight selected forms and one elite seedling have already been created.
Promising directions in the selection of peach, apricot and nectarine
Authors: Smykov Anatoly , Shoferistov Evgeny , Korzin Vadim , Mesyats Natalya , Saplev Nikita
Published: May 2021

The collection of stone fruit crops (peach, apricot and nectarine) was analyzed in accordance with their belonging to certain ecological-geographical groups and ecotypes. The most valuable characteristics were determined, sources of economically valuable properties were identified, and included in crossbreeding combinations for intraspecific and interspecific hybridization. Methods of radiation and chemical mutagenesis were used in the selection of peach and apricot. New genotypes with different levels of susceptibility to common diseases have been created. As a result of breeding, new varieties of stone fruit crops selected by NBG were introduced into the Register of Plant Varieties of the Russian Federation: 28 peaches, 3 nectarines, 15 apricots.
Some aspects of raspberry breeding with predominant fruiting on annual shoots
Authors: Evdokimenko Sergey , Kulikov Ivan , Podgaetsky Maxim
Published: May 2021

The purpose of the study was to identify the inheritance traits of economic and biological characteristics and properties in the hybrid progeny of primocane raspberry. The objects of study were 16 parental forms and progeny of 15 hybrid combinations of crosses with a total number of 1008 seedlings. It is established that in breeding of raspberry with a predominant fruiting on annual shoots, there are certain difficulties in obtaining forms with a high degree of remontancy, early, friendly crop ripening, multiple fruits and increased berry strength, as evidenced by the depression in the inheritance of these traits. Despite this, promising combinations of crosses were identified: Podarok Kashinu x Penguin, 44–154–2 x Poklon Kazakovu, 13–118–1 x 1–16–11, Podarok Kashinu x 1–16–11, 13–118–1 x Podarok Kashinu, Atlant x Bryanskoe Divo with the highest yield of transgressive seedlings. In the hybrid progeny, selections of 6–119–1, 3–170–1, 8–189–1, 11–165–10, 10–165–11, 9–163–2, 5–83–10 and others were revealed, combining the degree of remontancy, early fruiting with the components of productivity and fruit quality at a high level.
Efficiency of the breeding use of the genus Prunus L. biodiversity
Authors: Zaremuk R.Sh. , Dolya Yu.A. , Kopnina T.A. , Kochubey A.A.
Published: May 2021

Preservation and search of the source material of the Prunus L. gene pool for breeding, especially in contrasting weather conditions, it becomes particularly relevant. Breeding collection of representatives of the genus Prunus L. NCFSCHVW: sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), common cherry (Prunus сerаsus L.), plum (Prunus domestica L.), has more than 500 samples and is the basis for improving the genotypes of stone fruit plants. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the breeding potential of stone crops and to identify unique variety forms for new varieties creation. The paper presents donors and sources of important traits: early fruitfulness, winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to Coccomyces hiemalis Higg., Monilia cinerea, large fruitfulness and productivity, and substantiates their importance in ensuring the further breeding process and updating the gene pool of stone crops. The best varieties, primarily of domestic breeding, with specific characteristics for integration into new breeding programs are selected: sweet cherry – Madonna, Kavkazskaya Uluchshennaya, Volshebnitsa, Cherniye Glaza, Alaya and Mak; cherry – Krasnodarskaya Sladkaya, Kazachka, Kirina Kubanochka, Alexa; plum – Prikubanskaya, Krasnodarskaya, Milena, Podruga, Charodeyka, Krasotka, Gertsog.
Dwarf varieties and rootstocks - the basis for creating intensive pear gardens in Central Russia
Authors: Dolmatov Evgeny , Igor Semin
Published: May 2021

The interim results of many years of work on the creation of pear varieties - genetic dwarfs and dwarf rootstocks of an intensive type with a high adaptive potential suitable for setting intensive gardens in the conditions of the Central region of Russia are presented. At the first stage in the creation of intensive pear varieties obtained from crossing of highly winter-resistant and disease-resistant donors of various genetic origins with donors of monogenic determined dwarfism, high winter-resistant dwarf donors with group resistance to diseases were obtained. Among the seedlings obtained, promising forms were noted – 1-4-38, 1-6-74, 1-6-79, 1-6-83, which have a number of economically useful traits that are valuable for further work in the direction of obtaining super-intensive pear varieties. Preliminary data on the assessment of common quince as an intensive pear rootstock are given. The high winter-hardiness of common quince plants in the conditions of the Orel region is shown, the possibility of selected forms to propagate well with green cuttings and provide a high yield of homogeneous planting material is determined. High indicators of seed productivity and rootstock yield were noted in comparison with green cuttings. The preliminary results of the assessment of common quince compatibility with some pear varieties in nursery are presented. The prospects of the apple-pear hybrid as an intermediary in incompatible scion-rootstock combinations with dwarf rootstocks of VNIISPK breeding are shown.
The state and prospects of using Central Russian bee colonies of the “Orlovsky” type
Authors: Grankin N.N. , Bakina S.N. , Tyapkina A.P. , Fedyaeva T.V. , Fomina E.A.
Published: May 2021

the article presents data on the state and prospects of using the Central Russian bee colonies of the highly productive “Orlovsky” type. The features of the source material for breeding, growth characteristics, productivity for honey and wax of bee colonies of geographically remote populations are presented. The scheme of the breeding process and the results of the evaluation of the main biological and economically useful traits at the stages F1-F6 are presented. The principle of organization and functioning of apiaries of bee colonies of a new type is described. The main features of bee colonies of the bred type and recommendations for their use in the area of the Central Russian bee breed are given. The feed-back mechanism in the functioning of apiaries of bee colonies of the bred type is evaluated. The results of the introduction of Central Russian bee colonies and queens of the “Orlovsky” type in the central and northern regions of the Russian Federation are presented.
Features of physiological and biochemical processes of Prunus armeniaca and Ficus carica in water stress conditions
Authors: Gubanova Tatiyana , Pilkevich Ruslana , Paliy Ivan , Grebennikova Oksana , Melkozeorova Ekaterina
Published: May 2021

Studies results of drought resistance degree of 4 Ficus carica varieties and 4 Prunus armeniaca varieties are presented. It was established that genotypes of ‘Sary Stambulskiy’ and ‘Sabrucia Rozovaya’ (F. carica), ‘Kazachok’ and ‘Professor Smykov’ (P. armeniaca) are characterized by a high level of adaptation to inadequate water supply. Their leaves show an increased ability to retain moisture in the wilting process and the ability to carry out the fullest possible tissue reparation after critical water loss. The relationship between peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity, as well as the concentration of proline with the implementation of protective mechanisms against the negative influence of dehydration was revealed. Characteristics of primary photosynthesis processes in water stress conditions were given. It was found that in F. carica varieties, the rapid fluorescence phase parameters are the most sensitive to dehydration. In P. armeniaca varieties, water stress causes an increase in basic fluorescence and decrease in variable.
Immunogenic breeding program. Stage I-phytopathological screening of the grape gene pool
Authors: Volynkin Vladimir , Gorislavets Svetlana , Volodin Vitaliy , Vasylyk Irina , Lushchay Ekaterina , Likhovskoi Vladimir , Potokina Elena
Published: May 2021

At the present stage of science development it is necessary to develop and implement the grape breeding programs for immunity basing on the international level of knowledge about the genetics of immunity to pathogens that cause culture diseases. The extensive material on genes of grape resistance to Plasmopara viticola and Erysiphe necator (Uncinula necator), which cause mildew and oidium diseases, has been collected thanks to the MAS technology. There is an evidence of necessity to pyramidize genes of resistance to these pathogens in one progeny genome for consistent field resistance to the complex of these pathogens. However, even at present, the issue of study the transfer of specific genes of resistance from parents to the progeny, their combining ability in one genome, and gene expression during pathogenesis remains relevant. This publication discusses the formation of grape breeding program in the FSBSI Institute Magarach of the RAS on introgression of resistance genes of the species Vitis rotundifolia (Muscadinia rotundifolia), and also presents the results of phytopathological screening of populations resulting from crossing with this species.
Comparative estimation of metrological characteristics of different PCR types for quantitative material assessment in complex matrices on the example of soybeans’ GM line
Authors: Prasolova O.V. , Soltynskaya I.V. , Sukhoedova A.V. , Gergel M.A. , Kish L.K.
Published: May 2021

A method of quantitative determination of genetically modified line (GM line) of soybean Mon 89788 based on digital PCR has been developed. Comparative analysis of metrological characteristics of this technique with identical based on PCR-RT was carried out. Both the detection limit and the quantitative detection limit of the methodology were defined. Correlation coefficient (R2=0.9987) was close to the maximum value, indicating a good correlation of the analytical signal linear dependence of the GMO content in the panel samples. The digital PCR methodology allows to determine the GMO content in the range from 0.5% to 100%. Compared to real time PCR results, digital PCR results show GMO content closer to the reference value; however, this technique does not allow to determine GMO content below 0.5%.
Some aspects of clonal micropropagation of Amelanchier Medik. genus representatives
Authors: Raeva-Bogoslovskaya Ekaterina N. , Molkanova Olga I. , Kryuchkova Viktoriya A.
Published: May 2021

The article presents studies of organogenesis peculiarities of varieties belonging to various species of Amelanchier Medik. genus in in vitro culture at the stages of micropropagation, rooting and depositing. Mineral composition and growth regulator for active adventive microshoots formation were determined. The optimal auxin source for rhizogenesis of various Amelanchier alnifolia varieties has been established. Conditions for explants' preservation in aseptic conditions for 12 months have been revealed. Different effects of cytokinin type substances on shadberry regeneration potential under aseptic conditions were noted. Analysis of regenerants' morphometric indicators showed the effectiveness of using 6-benzylaminopurin (BAP) in the concentration of 1.0 mg/L for shadberry varieties' clonal micropropagation and indolebutyric acid (IBA) at 1.0 mg/L concentration for microshoots' rooting.
New innovative technologies for obtaining compost using forestry and agriculture waste
Authors: Pozyvaylo O.P. , Kopytkov V.V. , Kotovich I.V. , Savchenko V.V.
Published: May 2021

The use of organic fertilizers creates optimal conditions for obtaining standard planting material. The technology of obtaining organomineral compost via storing bunker method using sawdust, poultry excreta and waste of mushroom production is presented. It was established that at a 60 -65% humidity of organomineral compost, the degree of its readiness is 3-5 months. The use of agricultural and forestry wastes contributes to their more efficient use in forest nursery production. The rational use of non-traditional organic fertilizers in the form of mushroom waste and sawdust will help reduce the burden on the environmental condition. To grow standard forest species seedlings and increase soil fertility, it is necessary to use both pure organic fertilizers and compost as they contain nutrients in plant-accessible form.
Efficiency of the application of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of soy and mung bean (mash) in the conditions of the sogd region of the republic of Tajikistan
Authors: Nabiev T.N. , Asrorov A.J.
Published: May 2021

The article provides research on the study of the norms of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers on the yield of soybeans and masha in the conditions of gray-brown soils. The use of mineral fertilizers has had a significant impact on the formation of soybean and mash yields. Yields of soybean grains, depending on the study variants of experience, range from 15.8 to 27.6 c/ha, and mush - from 13.0- to 24.1 cents per hectare.
Collection of rare and endangered plant species in the meristem bank of the RAS Main Botanical Garden
Authors: Molkanova Olga , Gorbunov Yuri , Shirnina Irina , Egorova Daria
Published: May 2021

Results of many research years on in vitro formation and conservation of genetic plants' bank of rare and endangered species in the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Peculiarities of plants' cultivation and conservation in vitro related to different families were revealed. The main methodological aspects at the stages of obtaining axenic culture, micropropagation and long-term deposition are reflected. The main criterion in choosing the optimal explant type for both taxa introduction into the culture in vitro and for long-term reproduction and conservation is the plants’ life form. The nutrient media formulations and cultivation factors for slow explants’ growth of the studied crops and conservation of their viability were optimized. It was revealed that when selecting optimal conditions of cultivation and conservation it is necessary to consider the biological features of the taxon.
The possibility of using new varieties of essential oil plants in medicinal plant production
Authors: Shevchuk Oksana , Konovalov Dmitry , Bakova Nadezhda , Suslova Anna , Orobinskaya Valeriya
Published: May 2021

The collection of plants grown in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden is an inexhaustible source of plant resources. One such resource species is Thymus vulgaris L. Being a perennial, the species is traditionally used as an aromatic, essential oil and medicinal plant. Thyme herb is described as a medicinal raw material in many pharmacopoeias. Essential oil and phenolic compounds, which are considered the main active ingredients of this raw material, are a source of antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other therapeutically significant activities of drugs created on its basis. The purpose of the presented research was to study the essential oil and develop some indicators of the quality of raw materials (herbs) of the new essential oil variety Thymus vulgaris cv. ‘Fantasiya’ cultivated in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden. As a result of the study, it was found that this variety of thyme allows to get 40 kg of essential oil per hectare, with a high content of the main components - thymol and carvacrol. Some indicators of the raw materials quality, as well as the qualitative composition of the essential oil and the quantitative content of the components identified in it, were determined.
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. and Artemisia annua L. in the collection of aromatic and medicinal plants of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden
Authors: Shevchuk O.M. , Logvinenko L.A. , Mezenova T.D. , Konovalov D.A.
Published: May 2021

The article presents the results of the study of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. (paniculate wormwood) and Artemisia annua L. (annual wormwood), grown in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden - National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (NBG-NSC RAS). The Nikitsky Botanical Garden is the originator of Artemisia scoparia cv. varieties. Tavrida and Artemisia annua cv. Novichok, which are included in the Register of varieties of Russia allowed for distribution in the south of Russia. Both varieties are of interest as resource varieties having a significant potential for use as sources of essential oil, biologically active compounds, as well as aromatic and medicinal. Analysis of samples of the aboveground part of plants showed that the maximum content of essential oil in Artemisia scoparia accumulates at the end of flowering (1.78±0.15% of the dry weight), and in Artemisia annua – at the beginning of flowering (2.95-3.14% of the dry weight). In addition, the essential oil of Artemisia scoparia is a valuable source of polyacetylene compounds (capillin, capillene), and the aboveground part of Artemisia annua is a source of artemisinin sesquiterpene lactone.