bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Xenogeneic matrix for basal cell carcinoma reconstruction: a case report
Authors: Hildebrandt Helmut , Kämmerer Peer W , Heimes Diana , Hartmann Amely
Published: June 2024

This case report introduces an innovative approach for tissue regeneration post-total excision of basal cell carcinoma utilizing a xenogeneic collagen matrix coupled with injectable platelet-rich fibrin. The clinical outcome underscores the efficacy and predictability of this protocol in soft tissue regeneration. While further investigation on a larger patient cohort is warranted to fully elucidate its effects and advantages, this technique holds promise in streamlining surgical procedures following excision of extraoral neoplasms. Notably, its simple handling, minimal resource requirements, and potential to mitigate donor site morbidity and patient comorbidities post-surgery signify its value in clinical practice.
Cotton leaf curl Multan virus subverts the processing of hydroxyproline-rich systemin to suppress tobacco defenses against insect vectors
Authors: Chen Na , Zou Chi , Pan Li-Long , Du Hui , Yang Jing-Jing , Liu Shu-Sheng , Wang Xiao-Wei
Published: June 2024

Insect vector–virus–plant interactions have important ecological and evolutionary implications. The constant struggle of plants against viruses and insect vectors has driven the evolution of multiple defense strategies in the host as well as counter-defense strategies in the viruses and insect vectors. Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) is a major causal agent of cotton leaf curl disease in Asia and is exclusively transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Here, we report that plants infected with CLCuMuV and its betasatellite CLCuMuB enhance the performance of the B. tabaci vector, and βC1 encoded by CLCuMuB plays an important role in begomovirus–whitefly–tobacco tripartite interactions. We showed that CLCuMuB βC1 suppresses the jasmonic acid signaling pathway by interacting with the subtilisin-like protease 1.7 (NtSBT1.7) protein, thereby enhancing whitefly performance on tobacco plants. Further studies revealed that in wild-type plants, NtSBT1.7 could process tobacco preprohydroxyproline-rich systemin B (NtpreproHypSysB). After CLCuMuB infection, CLCuMuB βC1 could interfere with the processing of NtpreproHypSysB by NtSBT1.7, thereby impairing plant defenses against whitefly. These results contribute to our understanding of tripartite interactions among virus, plant, and whitefly, thus offering ecological insights into the spread of vector insect populations and the prevalence of viral diseases.
The double-edged sword of potassium and sodium fertilization in xylem embolism resistance of two Eucalyptus species under drought stress
Authors: Mateus Nikolas Souza , Perez-Martinez Victoria , Lavres Jose , Tissue David T , Choat Brendan
Published: June 2024

Sodium (Na+) is a beneficial element for most plants and may replace potassium (K+) in osmoregulatory process to a certain extent, increasing plant water use efficiency. Thus, understanding coordinated mechanisms underlying the combined use of K+ and Na+ in tree drought tolerance is a key challenge for forestry in dealing with productivity and water limitations. A pot experiment with three ratios of K/Na (K-supplied, partial K replacement by Na, and K-deficient plants) and two water regimes, well-watered (W+) and water-stressed (W−), was conducted on saplings of two Eucalyptus species with contrasting drought sensitivities. We evaluated the point of stomatal closure (Pgs90), xylem water potential at 12, 50, and 88% embolized xylem area (P12, P50, P88), hydraulic safety margin, leaf gas exchange (A, E, gs, and dark respiration), pre-dawn and midday leaf water potential (ΨPD and ΨMD), long-term water use efficiency (WUEL) and total dry mass. Partial K replacement by Na increased leaf gas exchange, WUEL, and total dry mass, while Pgs90, P12, P50, P88, and ΨMD decreased (were more negative), compared with plants exclusively supplied with K and K-deficient plants of both species. Fertilized plants had narrower hydraulic safety margins than K-deficient plants, indicating that these Eucalyptus species adopt the functional adaptive strategy of operating close to their hydraulic limits to maximize carbon uptake while increasing the risk of hydraulic failure under drought stress.
Movement Quality Assessment of Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps Cadets: A Report of Validity and Normative Data
Authors: Lally Erin , Ericksen Hayley , Mach Madison , Earl-Boehm Jennifer
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Movement quality screening in early-career military populations, like Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (AROTC) cadets, could decrease the negative impact of musculoskeletal injury observed within the military. Movement quality screening techniques should be valid before being pursued in the field. Normative data describing movement quality of AROTC cadets are also needed. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine criterion validity of several movement quality assessments and report normative jump-landing kinematics of AROTC cadets.

Materials and Methods

This cross-sectional research was approved by the Institutional Review Board. As part of a larger study, 20 AROTC cadets (21.3 ± 3.4 years; 1.7 ± 0.1 m; 73.8 ± 14.8 kg) had 3-dimensional (3D) and 2-dimensional (2D) kinematic data collected simultaneously while performing a jump-landing task. Variables of interest were 3D hip and knee sagittal, frontal, and transverse joint angles at maximum knee flexion. An experienced rater calculated sagittal and frontal 2D joint angles at maximum knee flexion. Averages of 2D and 3D angles were calculated to describe normative data and for further data analysis. Bivariate correlations between 3D and 2D variables were used to determine criterion validity.

Results

Moderate correlations were found between 2D and 3D hip frontal plane angles (P = .05, r =−0.33), 2D and 3D knee sagittal plane angles (P = .04, r = 0.35), and 2D and 3D knee frontal plane angles (P = .03, r = −0.36). Normative values of knee and hip kinematics demonstrated averages of 17.58° of knee adduction, 16.48° of knee external rotation, 11.57° of hip abduction, 10.76° of hip internal rotation, and 103.47° of knee flexion during landings. However, ranges demonstrated that landing patterns vary within AROTC cadets.

Conclusions

The normative values of 3D jump-landing kinematic data indicate that movement quality varies greatly within AROTC cadets, and some cadets display potentially injurious movements. Therefore, screening movement quality could be beneficial to determine musculoskeletal injury risk in AROTC cadets. Based on the correlations discovered in this study, we recommend the 2D techniques used in this study be researched further as they may serve as alternatives to expensive, timely 3D techniques that could be better utilized in military environments.
A Novel Mutation as a Rare Cause of Pneumothorax in a Soldier
Authors: Shank Christopher G , Holtzclaw Arthur W , Rosenberg Alexandra P , Ducummon III Clarence C
Published: June 2024

Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) is a rare cause of spontaneous pneumothorax caused by an autosomal-dominant mutation in the folliculin gene (FLCN). The syndrome can have widely variable presentations and is associated with recurrent pneumothorax, cystic lung disease, characteristic skin lesions, and renal tumors. Lung cysts have been described in over 80% of cases, and roughly 24 to 38% of patients have at least one pneumothorax and over 75% have multiple pneumothoraces. One of the defining features of this condition is fibrofolliculomas, which are benign tumors of the hair follicle. Given its rarity, the diagnosis is often missed and/or delayed for many years. This delay has clinical implications as screening for renal cancer is recommended in both the patient and affected family members. Increased recognition of this syndrome can lead to more patients receiving definitive treatment for their first pneumothorax, and being screened for renal cancers. We present a rare case of Birt-Hogg-Dubé with a never before described mutation in the FLCN gene, leading to spontaneous pneumothorax in an active duty male soldier.
Role of Pain Catastrophizing in the Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain in Different Subgroups: An Exploratory Secondary Data Analysis Using Finite Mixture Models
Authors: Wi Dahee , Ransom Jeffrey C , Flynn Diane M , Steffen Alana D , Park Chang , Burke Larisa A , Doorenbos Ardith Z
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Providing effective treatment for debilitating chronic pain is a challenge among many populations including military service members. Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain (CBT-CP) is a leading psychological pain treatment. Pain catastrophizing is a pivotal mediator of pain-related outcomes. The purpose of this study was (1) to identify patient subgroups who differ in response to CBT-CP and (2) to explore the characteristics that define these patient subgroups. The overall goal was to obtain a better understanding of factors that may influence response to CBT-CP.

Materials and Methods

This study was a secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial of 149 U.S. active duty service members with chronic pain. Participants underwent group-based CBT-CP for 6 weeks and completed pre- and posttreatment assessments. Finite mixture models were employed to identify subgroups in treatment response, with pain impact score as the primary outcome measure.

Results

We identified two classes of nearly equal size with distinct pain impact responses. One class reported improved pain impact scores following CBT-CP. This improvement was significantly associated with lower (better) baseline depression scores and greater improvement in posttreatment pain catastrophizing. In contrast, the other class reported slightly worse mean pain impact scores following CBT-CP treatment; this response was not related to baseline depression or change in pain catastrophizing.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that a sizable proportion of individuals with chronic pain may not respond to group-based CBT-CP and may require a more individualized treatment approach.
DESI complete calibration of the colour–redshift relation (DC3R2): results from early DESI data
Authors: McCullough J , Gruen D , Amon A , Roodman A , Masters D , Raichoor A , Schlegel D , Canning R , Castander F J , DeRose J , Miquel R , Myles J , Newman J A , Slosar A , Speagle J , Wilson M J , Aguilar J , Ahlen S , Bailey S , Brooks D , Claybaugh T , Cole S , Dawson K , de la Macorra A , Doel P , Forero-Romero J E , Gontcho A Gontcho S , Guy J , Kehoe R , Kremin A , Landriau M , Le Guillou L , Levi M , Manera M , Martini P , Meisner A , Moustakas J , Nie J , Percival W J , Poppett C , Prada F , Rezaie M , Rossi G , Sanchez E , Seo H , Tarlé G , Weaver B A , Zhou Z , Zou H ,   DESI Collaboration
Published: June 2024

We present initial results from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) complete calibration of the colour–redshift relation (DC3R2) secondary target survey. Our analysis uses 230 k galaxies that overlap with KiDS-VIKING ugriZYJHKs photometry to calibrate the colour–redshift relation and to inform photometric redshift (photo-z) inference methods of future weak lensing surveys. Together with emission line galaxies (ELGs), luminous red galaxies (LRGs), and the Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) that provide samples of complementary colour, the DC3R2 targets help DESI to span 56 per cent of the colour space visible to Euclid and LSST with high confidence spectroscopic redshifts. The effects of spectroscopic completeness and quality are explored, as well as systematic uncertainties introduced with the use of common Self-Organizing Maps trained on different photometry than the analysis sample. We further examine the dependence of redshift on magnitude at fixed colour, important for the use of bright galaxy spectra to calibrate redshifts in a fainter photometric galaxy sample. We find that noise in the KiDS-VIKING photometry introduces a dominant, apparent magnitude dependence of redshift at fixed colour, which indicates a need for carefully chosen deep drilling fields, and survey simulation to model this effect for future weak lensing surveys.
Evolving past instabilities on the thermally pulsing-(super)asymptotic giant branch
Authors: Rees Natalie R , Izzard Robert G
Published: June 2024

We address the challenge of running thermally pulsing-(super)asymptotic giant branch [TP-(S)AGB] models, with a 1D hydrostatic stellar evolution code, without suffering instabilities that terminate the evolution. We investigate two instabilities that usually occur during the luminosity peak following a thermal pulse: the hydrogen recombination instability and the Fe-peak instability. Both instabilities occur when the stellar mass is significantly reduced ($M \lesssim M_\mathrm{i}/2$) at the end of the TP-(S)AGB in our models with initial mass $M_\mathrm{i}\gtrsim 2~\mathrm{M}_\odot$. The hydrogen recombination instability occurs due to the difficulty of modelling a thermally and dynamically unstable envelope in a 1D hydrostatic code, and is prevented by damping the energy released by hydrogen recombination in the outer envelope. The Fe-peak instability occurs when the radiation pressure drops at the base of the convective envelope and is prevented by boosting the convective energy transport in this region. We provide custom routines to prevent these instabilities in the stellar evolution code mesa. The impact of these routines on the stellar structure is minimized so as to not affect the efficiency of third dredge-up, hot-bottom burning, or the wind mass-loss rate. We find only a modest reduction in third dredge-up efficiency at small envelope masses ($M_\mathrm{env}\lesssim 1.0~\mathrm{M}_\odot$). Consequently, our $M_\mathrm{i}=5~\mathrm{M}_\odot$ star, with hot-bottom burning, becomes a carbon star for the last $\sim 10~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of its thermally pulsing lifetime. The largest stellar radii are reached during the final thermal pulses, which may have important consequences for binary–star interactions.
Quasi-periodic oscillations in rotating and deformed space–times
Authors: Boshkayev K , Konysbayev T , Kurmanov Ye , Muccino M , Quevedo H
Published: June 2024

Quasi-periodic oscillation (QPOs) analysis is important for understanding the dynamical behaviour of many astrophysical objects during transient events such as gamma-ray bursts, solar flares, magnetar flares, and fast radio bursts. In this paper, we analyse QPO data in low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) systems, using the Lense-Thirring, Kerr, and approximate Zipoy-Voorhees metrics. We demonstrate that the inclusion of spin and quadrupole parameters modifies the well-established results for the fundamental frequencies in the Schwarzschild space–time. We interpret the QPO data within the framework of the standard relativistic precession model, allowing us to infer the values of the mass, spin, and quadrupole parameters of neutron stars in LMXBs. We explore recent QPO data sets from eight distinct LMXBs, assess their optimal parameters, and compare our findings with results in the existing literature. Finally, we discuss the astrophysical implications of our findings.
The fission yeast ortholog of Coilin, Mug174, forms Cajal body-like nuclear condensates and is essential for cellular quiescence
Authors: Deng Xiaoling , Yao Qinglian , Horvath Attila , Jiang Ziling , Zhao Junjie , Fischer Tamás , Sugiyama Tomoyasu
Published: June 2024

The Cajal body, a nuclear condensate, is crucial for ribonucleoprotein assembly, including small nuclear RNPs (snRNPs). While Coilin has been identified as an integral component of Cajal bodies, its exact function remains unclear. Moreover, no Coilin ortholog has been found in unicellular organisms to date. This study unveils Mug174 (Meiosis-upregulated gene 174) as the Coilin ortholog in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mug174 forms phase-separated condensates in vitro and is often associated with the nucleolus and the cleavage body in vivo. The generation of Mug174 foci relies on the trimethylguanosine (TMG) synthase Tgs1. Moreover, Mug174 interacts with Tgs1 and U snRNAs. Deletion of the mug174+ gene in S. pombe causes diverse pleiotropic phenotypes, encompassing defects in vegetative growth, meiosis, pre-mRNA splicing, TMG capping of U snRNAs, and chromosome segregation. In addition, we identified weak homology between Mug174 and human Coilin. Notably, human Coilin expressed in fission yeast colocalizes with Mug174. Critically, Mug174 is indispensable for the maintenance of and transition from cellular quiescence. These findings highlight the Coilin ortholog in fission yeast and suggest that the Cajal body is implicated in cellular quiescence, thereby preventing human diseases.
Modular CRISPR/Cas12a synergistic activation platform for detection and logic operations
Authors: Hu Minghao , Cheng Xianzhi , Wu Tongbo
Published: June 2024

The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas has reshaped the landscape of molecular biology and molecular engineering. This tool is of interest to researchers in multiple fields, including molecular diagnostics, molecular biochemistry circuits, and information storage. As CRISPR/Cas spreads to more niche areas, new application scenarios and requirements emerge. Developing programmability and compatibility of CRISPR/Cas becomes a critical issue in the new phase. Here, we report a redundancy-based modular CRISPR/Cas12a synergistic activation platform (MCSAP). The position, length, and concentration of the redundancy in the split DNA activators can finely regulate the activity of Cas12a. With the redundant structure as an interface, MCSAP serves as a modular plug-in to seamlessly integrate with the upstream molecular network. MCSAP successfully performs three different tasks: nucleic acid detection, enzyme detection, and logic operation. MCSAP can work as an effector for different molecular networks because of its compatibility and programmability. Our platform provides powerful yet easy-to-use tools and strategies for the fields of DNA nanotechnology, molecular engineering, and molecular biology.
The translocation activity of Rad54 reduces crossover outcomes during homologous recombination
Authors: Sridalla Krishay , Woodhouse Mitchell V , Hu Jingyi , Scheer Jessica , Ferlez Bryan , Crickard J Brooks
Published: June 2024

Homologous recombination (HR) is a template-based DNA double-strand break repair pathway that requires the selection of an appropriate DNA sequence to facilitate repair. Selection occurs during a homology search that must be executed rapidly and with high fidelity. Failure to efficiently perform the homology search can result in complex intermediates that generate genomic rearrangements, a hallmark of human cancers. Rad54 is an ATP dependent DNA motor protein that functions during the homology search by regulating the recombinase Rad51. How this regulation reduces genomic exchanges is currently unknown. To better understand how Rad54 can reduce these outcomes, we evaluated several amino acid mutations in Rad54 that were identified in the COSMIC database. COSMIC is a collection of amino acid mutations identified in human cancers. These substitutions led to reduced Rad54 function and the discovery of a conserved motif in Rad54. Through genetic, biochemical and single-molecule approaches, we show that disruption of this motif leads to failure in stabilizing early strand invasion intermediates, causing increased crossovers between homologous chromosomes. Our study also suggests that the translocation rate of Rad54 is a determinant in balancing genetic exchange. The latch domain's conservation implies an interaction likely fundamental to eukaryotic biology.
“We’re on the Same Team”: A Qualitative Study on Communication and Care Coordination Surrounding the Requirement to Quit Smoking Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Golden Sara E , Sun Christina J , Young Allison , Katz David A , Vander Weg Mark W , Mayeda Marissa Song , Gundle Kenneth R , Bailey Steffani R
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Many surgeons require patients to quit smoking prior to elective surgeries to reduce the risk of postoperative complications. Our aim was to qualitatively evaluate the communication and care experiences of patients and clinicians involved in conversations about quitting smoking prior to elective orthopedic surgery.

Aims and Methods

A qualitative interview study of rural-residing Veterans, primary care providers (PCP), and Veterans Administration (VA) orthopedic surgery staff and pharmacists, who care for rural Veterans. We performed a combination of deductive and inductive approaches to support conventional content analysis using a Patient-centered care (PCC) framework.

Results

Patients appreciated a shared approach with their PCP on the plan and reasons for cessation. Despite not knowing if the motivation for elective surgeries served as a teachable moment to facilitate long-term abstinence, almost all clinicians believed it typically helped in the short term. There was a lack of standardized workflow between primary care and surgery, especially when patients used care delivered outside of the VA.

Conclusions

While clinician-provided information about the reasons behind the requirement to quit smoking preoperatively was beneficial, patients appreciated the opportunity to collaborate with their care teams on developing a plan for cessation and abstinence. Other aspects of PCC need to be leveraged, such as the therapeutic alliance or patient-as-person, to build trust and improve communication surrounding tobacco use treatment. System-level changes may need to be made to improve coordination and connection of clinicians within and across disciplines.

Implications

This study included perspectives from patients, primary care teams, and surgical teams and found that, in addition to providing information, clinicians need to address other aspects of PCC such as the therapeutic alliance and patient-as-person domains to promote patient engagement in tobacco use treatment. This, in turn, could enhance the potential of surgery as a teachable moment and patient success in quitting smoking.
β-Lactamase and Macrolide Resistance Gene Carriage in Escherichia coli Isolates Among Children Discharged From Inpatient Care in Western Kenya: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Mogeni Polycarp , Soge Olusegun O , Tickell Kirkby D , Tornberg Stephanie N , Pascual Rushlenne , Wakatake Erika , Diakhate Mame M , Rwigi Doreen , Kariuki Kevin , Kariuki Samuel , Singa Benson O , Fang Ferric C , Walson Judd L , Pavlinac Patricia B
Published: June 2024

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to infectious disease control, particularly among recently hospitalized children. We sought to determine the prevalence and mitigating factors of resistance in enteric Escherichia coli among children discharged from health facilities in western Kenya.

Methods

Between June 2016 and November 2019, children aged 1 to 59 months were enrolled at the point of discharge from the hospital. E coli was isolated by microbiological culture from rectal swabs at baseline. β-Lactamases and macrolide resistance–conferring genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. A modified Poisson regression model was used to assess the predictors mph(A) and CTX-M–type extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL).

Results

Of the 238 children whose E coli isolates were tested, 91 (38.2%) and 109 (45.8%) had detectable CTX-M–type ESBL and mph(A) genes, respectively. Antibiotic treatment during hospitalization (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 2.47; 95% CI, 1.12–5.43; P = .025), length of hospitalization (aPR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.00–2.01; P = .052), and the practice of open defecation (aPR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.40–4.36; P = .002) were independent predictors for CTX-M–type ESBL and mph(A) genes. Pneumococcal vaccination was associated with a 43% lower likelihood of CTX-M–type ESBL (aPR, 0.57; 95% CI, .38–.85; P = .005), while measles vaccination was associated with a 32% lower likelihood of mph(A) genes (aPR, 0.68; 95% CI, .49–.93; P = .017) in E coli isolates.

Conclusions

Among children discharged from the hospital, history of vaccination, shorter hospital stay, lack of in-hospital antibiotic exposure, and improved sanitation were associated with a lower likelihood of AMR genes. To mitigate the continued spread of AMR, AMR control programs should consider strategies beyond antimicrobial stewardship, including improvements in sanitation, increased vaccine coverage, and the development of novel vaccines.
Association Between Antibiotic Receipt and Provider Rating Within a National Telemedicine Practice
Authors: Kambam Greeshmasree , Salehian Shiva , Liu Cindy M , Kleinschmidt Nina , Dean Kristin , Roy Vibin , Marshall Jaclyn , Hamdy Rana F
Published: June 2024

This retrospective cohort study estimated the association between prescription receipt and provider 5-star rating for adult visits with upper respiratory infections in a national telemedicine practice with active antibiotic stewardship initiatives. The odds of a 5-star rating were higher for visits with an antibiotic or nonantibiotic prescription and longer visits.
Two structurally different oomycete lipophilic microbe-associated molecular patterns induce distinctive plant immune responses
Authors: Monjil Mohammad Shahjahan , Kato Hiroaki , Ota Satomi , Matsuda Kentaro , Suzuki Natsumi , Tenhiro Shiho , Tatsumi Ayane , Pring Sreynich , Miura Atsushi , Camagna Maurizio , Suzuki Takamasa , Tanaka Aiko , Terauchi Ryohei , Sato Ikuo , Chiba Sotaro , Kawakita Kazuhito , Ojika Makoto , Takemoto Daigo
Published: June 2024

Plants recognize a variety of external signals and induce appropriate mechanisms to increase their tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Precise recognition of attacking pathogens and induction of effective resistance mechanisms are critical functions for plant survival. Some molecular patterns unique to a certain group of microbes, microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), are sensed by plant cells as nonself molecules via pattern recognition receptors. While MAMPs of bacterial and fungal origin have been identified, reports on oomycete MAMPs are relatively limited. This study aimed to identify MAMPs from an oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Using reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phytoalexin production in potato (Solanum tuberosum) as markers, two structurally different groups of elicitors, namely ceramides and diacylglycerols, were identified. P. infestans ceramides (Pi-Cer A, B, and D) induced ROS production, while diacylglycerol (Pi-DAG A and B), containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as a substructure, induced phytoalexins production in potato. The molecular patterns in Pi-Cers and Pi-DAGs essential for defense induction were identified as 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine (9Me-Spd) and 5,8,11,14-tetraene-type fatty acid (5,8,11,14-TEFA), respectively. These structures are not found in plants, but in oomycetes and fungi, indicating that they are microbe molecular patterns recognized by plants. When Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was treated with Pi-Cer D and EPA, partially overlapping but different sets of genes were induced. Furthermore, expression of some genes is upregulated only after the simultaneous treatment with Pi-Cer D and EPA, indicating that plants combine the signals from simultaneously recognized MAMPs to adapt their defense response to pathogens.
To train or educate? or train and educate?: The Australian police recruit training versus tertiary education dilemma
Authors: Miles-Johnson Toby
Published: June 2024

Police organizations across the globe are challenged by how best to prepare recruits for careers in policing. In Australia, police organizations differ on whether to focus on officer preparedness in relation to occupational training or tertiary level police education. While the recruit training versus tertiary education dilemma is not a new debate regarding recruit preparation, this problem is heightened by the police staffing crisis, declining recruit applications, increasing officer retention, building a police force that is responsible, accountable, and respectful of the rights and dignity of every individual, and the need for officers to be digitally literate and to use technologies, so that the police organization can provide a better service to the community. As such, many Australian police organizations are struggling to recruit and retain officers and are considering whether mandated training or tertiary level education programs may dissuade or prevent applicants from a career in policing. This raises questions about the importance or lack of importance that Australian police organizations place on recruit education; firstly, as an entry requirement to a career in policing, and secondly, whether education should be partnered with occupational training. Whether recruits need to be educated to specific levels to effectively conduct police work and engage with citizens, or if police academy training (occupational training) without tertiary level police education is sufficient is discussed.
Elucidating and unravelling the novel antidepressant mechanism of action for atypical antipsychotics: repurposing the atypical antipsychotics for more comprehensive therapeutic usage
Authors: Fasipe Olumuyiwa John , Ogunboye Igbekele
Published: June 2024

Background

There has been a paucity of research reports on the obscured antidepressant mechanism of action for the atypical antipsychotics.

Purpose

This study was designed to elucidate and unravel the novel antidepressant mechanism of action for atypical antipsychotics.

Data Sources and Materials

During the course of this study, original peer-reviewed articles reported in English language that investigated atypical antipsychotics were identified by exploring the Medline-Entrez-PubMed search, Web of Science database, Google Scholar search, and Science Direct database online facilities. Information was also sourced from printed textbooks and the reports documented by some recognized medically inclined and health professional bodies. These published materials containing documented reports relating to the subject matter of focus in this review article were accessed and adequately referenced. This study spanned for 8-month duration from March 2023 to November 2023.

Study Selection and Manuscript Preparation with Limitations

A total number of 117 published articles were reviewed, out of which 60 referenced articles were found to contain information pertinent to this study, while those parts of the referenced articles inapt to this study were neglected. Based on the pharmacological mechanism of action, the atypical antipsychotic agents can be broadly classified into two major subclasses, namely: regular and irregular atypical antipsychotics.

Conclusion

This review will proclaim and repurpose the atypical antipsychotics pharmacological properties for more comprehensive therapeutic usage as a new generation class of antidepressants that has brought forth substantial improvement and positive outcomes to the management of patients with depressive disorders in clinical practice.
Industrial policy and strategy: a contextual perspective and descriptive typology
Authors: Hemphill Thomas A
Published: June 2024

Defining what “industrial policy” is, and correspondingly defining and differentiating “industrial strategy” from this legacy term, is of analytic consequence to understanding what these concepts mean in the current public and business policy debates taking place in the world’s developed and developing economies. Of import to these debates, however, is accurately understanding the role of industrial strategy and its symbiotic relevance to industrial policy. In this paper, the author develops a typology allowing the analyst to utilize five key components—governance approach, public research and development investment, public incentives, public disincentives, and industry/sectoral participation—to evaluate the proposed national approach (vertical or horizontal) to industrial strategy. To illustrate this industrial strategy typology, the author uses examples from the People’s Republic of China (vertical) and the USA (horizontal). Recent legislation has moved the USA to a balanced approach of vertical and horizontal industrial strategies (incorporating both central planning and market-based approaches).
Representing science: diversity on the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
Authors: Evans Kenneth M , Matthews Kirstin R.W
Published: June 2024

Federal advisory committees related to science and technology are important mechanisms for connecting policy-makers with independent experts and the broader public. The balance of represented expertise and viewpoints shapes a committee’s intended advisory role, consensus building processes, and the quality and impact of its policy recommendations. This paper presents the first historical analysis of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) and examines its changing balance of social and professional perspectives from 1990 to 2023. We demonstrate that PCAST’s balance has shifted to be more inclusive of different social groups and professional backgrounds over time, particularly under President Biden. We conclude with recommendations for future White House science policy advisory bodies to ensure they are adequately representative of the diversity of perspectives in the US research enterprise and the overall US population.
Returnees and innovation: evidence from Chinese publicly listed firms
Authors: Qiao Yibo , Ascani Andrea  , Breschi Stefano , Morrison Andrea
Published: June 2024

As the Chinese economy shifts from factor-driven to innovation-driven growth, Chinese firms are increasingly lacking highly skilled talents. In this context, attracting high-skill returnees might represent an effective strategy to access knowledge. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between high-skill returnees and innovation of Chinese publicly listed firms. We construct a unique dataset of 2,499 firms over the period 2002–16 by combining three different data sources (i.e. Chinese Research Data Services Platform, China Stock Market & Accounting Research Database, and LinkedIn). Our results show that different typologies of returnees (employees, technologists, and managers) with different experiences abroad (work vs study) may bring back different skills and impact differently on firm innovation. Our main findings show that (1) returnee employees and technologists are positively associated with firm’s patenting; (2) returnees’ overseas work experience matters more than study experience; and (3) the positive role of returnees is subject to contingencies related to firm characteristics such as ownership, location, and size.
Nanotechnology and knowledge relatedness: how to identify optimal regional partners in EU innovation networks?
Authors: Calignano Giuseppe , Lee Junmin , Kogler Dieter F
Published: June 2024

Research & Innovation (R&I) policy initiatives employed by the European Union (EU) across its regional economies are important instruments to ensure the scientific and technological progress along with the associated benefits. One relevant aspect in this regard is to encourage and enable collaboration between regional partners to enhance potential learning opportunities and to ensure cohesive long-term development patterns. Furthermore, frequently these initiatives are also targeted at specific technology sectors, such as the EU R&I policy actions towards nanotechnology. Based on an advance theoretical framework and data from the official EU project databases as well as regionalized European Patent Office data, the present study develops a methodological tool through which it is possible to identify effective collaboration settings, while providing policymakers and evaluators with a practical tool that will enable them to predict the possible outcomes of such critical EU-funded R&I projects from the onset.
Impact of planning horizon length on traits in an economic breeding goal and ranking of selection candidates in beef cattle
Authors: Valasek Hunter F , Lewis Ronald M , Golden Bruce L , Spangler Matthew L
Published: June 2024

In beef production herds, unique situations such as breeding system, economic parameters, and current phenotypic performance can affect the emphasis of traits in the breeding goal and consequently the weighting of traits within a selection index. An often overlooked component of breeding goals is the planning horizon, or the time span to consider the economic impact of a selection decision, that varies between enterprises. A platform for constructing economic selection indexes (iGENDEC) was used to determine the impact of planning horizon length, breeding system, and sale endpoint on the relative emphasis of traits in the breeding goal and the re-ranking of selection candidates. As part of this investigation, the adjustment of phenotypic means for hot carcass weight and planning horizons were used to determine the impact of the relative emphasis on hot carcass weight as its mean approached a predetermined discount threshold. General-purpose indexes were created for animals sold at weaning and slaughter for three breeding systems with six different planning horizons (2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 yr). As planning horizon increased, the relative emphasis on weaning weight or hot carcass weight, which affected revenue, decreased while the relative emphasis on stayability and mature weight increased. As the phenotypic mean for hot carcass weight approached and surpassed a predetermined discount threshold, the relative emphasis decreased before increasing again, once the mean weight surpassed the threshold. Rank correlations between indexes with different sale endpoints was 0.71 ± 0.1. Within a slaughter endpoint, re-ranking occurred between short and long planning horizons (r = 0.78 ± 0.09) while that of a weaning endpoint was less substantial (r = 0.85 ± 0.10). Jacard index scores between indexes with different planning horizons ranged from 39.7% to 87.9% and from 47.9% to 78.7% for weaning and carcass endpoints, respectively, for the top 5% of selection candidates. These results illustrate that the determination of a planning horizon can impact the rank of selection candidates and increases in net profit.
Characterization of Quantitative Trait Loci for Leaf Rust Resistance from CI 13227 in Three Winter Wheat Populations
Authors: Zhao Lanfei , Lu Yue , Zhang Xiaocun , Zhao Wei , Xu Xiangyang , Wang Hongliang , Zhang Guorong , Fritz Allan K. , Fellers John , Guttieri Mary , Jordan Katherine W. , Bai Guihua
Published: June 2024

Leaf rust is a widespread foliar wheat disease causing substantial yield losses worldwide. Slow rusting is “adult plant” resistance that significantly slows epidemic development and thereby reduces yield loss. Wheat accession CI 13227 was previously characterized as having slow-rusting resistance. To validate the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and develop diagnostic markers for slow rusting resistance in CI 13227, a new population of recombinant inbred lines of CI 13227 × Everest was evaluated for latent period, final severity, area under the disease progress curve, and infection type in greenhouses and genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing. Four QTLs were identified on chromosome arms 2BL, 2DS, 3BS, and 7BL, explaining 6.82 to 28.45% of the phenotypic variance for these traits. Seven kompetitive allele-specific polymorphism markers previously reported to be linked to the QTLs in two other CI 13227 populations were validated. In addition, the previously reported QLr.hwwg-7AL was remapped to 2BL (renamed QLr.hwwg-2BL) after adding new markers in this study. Phenotypic data showed that the recombinant inbred lines harboring two or three of the QTLs had a significantly longer latent period. QLr.hwwg-2DS on 2DS showed a major effect on all rust resistance traits and was finely mapped to a 2.7-Mb interval by two newly developed flanking markers from exome capture. Three disease-resistance genes and two transporter genes were identified as the putative candidates for QLr.hwwg-2DS. The validated QTLs can be used as slow-rusting resistance resources, and the markers developed in this study will be useful for marker-assisted selection.
Unraveling the Interplay: Soil Biogeochemical Factors Shaping the Efficacy of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation in Suppressing Fusarium Root Rot of Strawberry
Authors: Littrell James , Ownley Bonnie H. , Butler David M.
Published: June 2024

Nontoxic alternatives to chemical soil fumigants for suppressing soilborne pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum ( Fo), one causative agent of strawberry black root rot complex prevalent in the Southeastern United States, are urgently needed. A promising alternative is anaerobic soil disinfestation, in which soil is amended with labile organic materials, irrigated to field capacity, and tarped to induce anaerobic fermentation for a brief period before planting. Pathogen-suppression mechanisms of anaerobic soil disinfestation include anaerobic conditions and generation of reduced metal cations (Fe2+ and Mn2+) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs; e.g., acetic, n-butyric, isovaleric, and others). However, little is known about how the interaction between VFAs, reduced metals, soil texture, and liming influences suppression of Fo. We investigated Fo suppression by VFAs and reduced metal cations in both aqueous and soil-based incubation trials. Inoculum containing Fo chlamydospores was added to aqueous medium containing either 5 or 10 mmol/liter VFAs and either 0.01 or 0.05% (wt/wt) reduced metals. In soil-based incubations, chlamydospore-containing inoculum was applied to sandy, sandy loam, and silty clay soil saturated by solutions containing 10 or 20 mmol/liter VFAs with or without 0.05% (wt/wt) reduced metals. VFAs, particularly in combination with Fe2+ in aqueous solutions and Mn2+ in soils, significantly reduced Fo viability. At the same time, liming and higher soil clay content reduced the effectiveness of VFAs and reduced metals for suppressing Fo, highlighting the influence of soil pH and soil texture on anaerobic soil disinfestation effectiveness.
Rapid Detection of Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, and Oomycete Pathogens on Tomatoes with Microneedles, LAMP on a Microfluidic Chip, and Smartphone Device
Authors: Shymanovich Tatsiana , Saville Amanda C. , Paul Rajesh , Wei Qingshan , Ristaino Jean Beagle
Published: June 2024

Rapid detection of plant diseases before they escalate can improve disease control. Our team has developed rapid nucleic acid extraction methods with microneedles and combined these with loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) assays for pathogen detection in the field. In this work, we developed LAMP assays for early blight ( Alternaria linariae, A. alternata, and A. solani) and bacterial spot of tomato ( Xanthomonas perforans) and validated these LAMP assays and two previously developed LAMP assays for tomato spotted wilt virus and late blight. Tomato plants were inoculated, and disease severity was measured. Extractions were performed using microneedles, and LAMP assays were run in tubes (with hydroxynaphthol blue) on a heat block or on a newly designed microfluidic slide chip on a heat block or a slide heater. Fluorescence on the microfluidic chip slides was visualized using EvaGreen and photographed on a smartphone. Plants inoculated with X. perforans or tomato spotted wilt virus tested positive prior to visible disease symptoms, whereas Phytophthora infestans and A. linariae were detected at the time of visual disease symptoms. LAMP assays were more sensitive than PCR, and the limit of detection was 1 pg of DNA for both A. linariae and X. perforans. The LAMP assay designed for early blight detected all three species of Alternaria that infect tomato and is thus an Alternaria spp. assay. This study demonstrates the utility of rapid microneedle extraction followed by LAMP on a microfluidic chip for rapid diagnosis of four important tomato pathogens.
Improvements in Pediatric Bone Loss Reconstruction With the Induced Membrane Technique
Authors: Stein Alexandra M. , Badina Alina , Pannier Stéphanie , Saghbini Elie , Fitoussi Frank
Published: June 2024

Background:

The induced membrane technique is now widely used for pediatric diaphyseal bone loss due to various etiologies. Although consolidation rates remain satisfactory, complications, and healing delays may occur requiring additional procedures. We studied a series of induced membrane bone reconstructions in which the second stage included an embedded endomembranous non vascularized fibular shaft, in addition to iliac bone grafts. The purpose of this study was to analyze the results in terms of bone consolidation and complications.

Methods:

This is a retrospective comparative and multicentric study of 32 children with large bone loss treated with the induced membrane reconstruction technique. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the graft used during the second stage. The first group (G1) of 16 patients had a nonvascularized fibula embedded inside the membrane in addition with the corticocancellous grafts from the iliac crest. The second group (G2) of 16 patients underwent reconstruction using the original technique, with iliac crest graft only.

Results:

The 2 groups were similar in terms of etiologies of bone loss and follow-up (mean: 44 mo for G1 and 49 mo for G2). Mean bone losses were 15.4 cm (range: 2 to 25; SD: 5.6) for G1 and 10.6 cm (range: 3 to 19; SD: 5.2) for G2. In the first group, all patients healed primarily, with a mean time of 5.9 months (range: 4 to 8; SD: 1.6). In the second group, 2 of 16 patients did not healed; for the others 14, healing mean time was 6.9 months (range: 3 to 12; SD: 2.7). The short-term and long-term complications rates were 38% to 19% for G1 and 50% to 31% for G2, respectively. Regarding the donor site, the fibulas reconstructed spontaneously with a mean time of 4.8 months (range: 3 to 6; SD: 1.2).

Conclusions:

The integration of a nonvascularized fibula during the second stage of the induced membrane technique appears to improve the consolidation rate in the pediatric population.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—Retrospective comparative study.
Management of Unstable Pediatric Distal Radius Fractures With a 2-Pin External Fixator and a Short Arm Cast: Technique and Case Series
Authors: Lachance Andrew D. , Aynaszyan Stephan , Giro Margaret , Appleton Abraham T.
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

Pediatric distal radius fractures that are unacceptably aligned and undergo closed reduction are often redisplaced when immobilized in a cast alone without additional fixation. Percutaneous pinning, plate and screw fixation, and 4-pin wrist joint and physis-spanning external fixation constructs have previously been described to achieve and maintain reduction.

Technique and Results:

We successfully treated and followed 12 consecutive pediatric patients presenting with malaligned, nonphyseal distal radius fractures that were reduced and held with a 2-pin external fixation construct that did not extend distal to the physis, supplemented by a short arm cast. No complications were encountered in this series of patients.

Conclusion:

Two-pin external fixation is an alternative solution for completely displaced or markedly angulated pediatric distal radius fractures.