bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE FL-REACH PROJECT: TRANSLATING AN EBP FOR AN OUTPATIENT CLINICAL SETTING TO REACH DIVERSE COMMUNITY MEMBERS
Authors: Wharton Tracy C , Paulson Daniel , Laird Rosemary , Clark Judy , Shepherd Gayle , Bender Felicia
Published: December 2019

With more than 500,000 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, constituting nearly 10% of all cases in the US, the state of Florida spends an estimated $20 billion per year on care and treatment related to this disease. The Florida State Plan on Aging reported that 75% of informal caregivers felt that early education and training should be a high priority for the state, and that difficult behaviors and limited knowledge about dementias were among the most significant challenges that they faced. The REACH II intervention is the gold-standard for evidence-based practices that address burden, well-being, and skills training for dementia caregivers. This presentation describes the partnership of a Memory Disorder Clinic (MDC) team and two university-based researchers working to embed a modified REACH protocol into an outpatient clinic. Critical streamlined components and new material designed to innovations since the REACH trials. The FL-REACH protocol is significantly shorter, adds a structured assessment for both patient and family needs, expands to include advanced care planning and grief modules, and intentionally builds linkages to the medical care team, with a focus on outreach to diverse families. This manualized intervention is offered to families of patients diagnosed through the MDC, thus capitalizing on the rapport and trust that is built, and providing in-house opportunities to engage diverse populations with a program grounded in the evidence base. This intervention provides critical foundational training for families that will bridge to seamless team coordination in the future.
An analysis of antibiotic prescribing practices for enteric bacterial infections within FoodNet Canada sentinel sites
Authors: Dougherty Brendan , Finley Rita , Marshall Barbara , Dumoulin Danielle , Pavletic Amy , Dow Joanne , Hluchy Tara , Asplin Rod , Stone Jason
Published: December 2019

Objectives

Understanding the current state of antibiotic treatment guidelines and prescribing practices for bacterial enteric infections is critical to inform antibiotic stewardship initiatives. This study aims to add to the current understanding through three objectives: (i) to identify and summarize published treatment guidelines for bacterial enteric infections; (ii) to describe observed antibiotic prescribing practices for bacterial enteric infections across three sentinel sites in Canada; and (iii) to assess concordance between observed antibiotic prescribing and treatment guidelines.

Methods

An environmental scan of treatment guidelines for bacterial enteric infections was conducted and recommendations were collated. A descriptive analysis of cases of bacterial enteric illnesses captured in FoodNet Canada’s sentinel site surveillance system between 2010 and 2018 was performed. Antibiotic-use data were self-reported by cases via an enhanced questionnaire.

Results

Ten treatment guidelines were identified in the environmental scan. There was substantial variation between guidelines for both when to prescribe antibiotics and which antibiotics were recommended. Of the 5877 cases of laboratory-confirmed bacterial enteric illness in the three sites, 49% of cases reported having received an antibiotic prescription. Of particular significance was the finding that 21% of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli cases received a prescription. Of the 17 antibiotics recommended in the guidelines, 14 were used in practice. In addition to these, 18 other antibiotics not included in any of the guidelines reviewed were also prescribed.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that a substantial proportion of enteric bacterial infections in Canada are prescribed antibiotics. These findings highlight the need to standardize treatment guidelines for enteric illnesses and could be used to inform future stewardship programme development.
Expression of AraC/XylS stress response regulators in two distinct carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae ST89 biotypes
Authors: Majewski Piotr , Gutowska Anna , Sacha Pawel , Schneiders Thamarai , Talalaj Mariola , Majewska Paulina , Zebrowska Agnieszka , Ojdana Dominika , Wieczorek Piotr , Hauschild Tomasz , Kowalczuk Oksana , Niklinski Jacek , Radziwon Piotr , Tryniszewska Elzbieta
Published: December 2019

Background

The growing incidence of MDR Gram-negative bacteria is a rapidly emerging challenge in modern medicine.

Objectives

We sought to establish the role of intrinsic drug-resistance regulators in combination with specific genetic mutations in 11 Enterobacter cloacae isolates obtained from a single patient within a 7 week period.

Methods

The molecular characterization of eight carbapenem-resistant and three carbapenem-susceptible E. cloacae ST89 isolates included expression-level analysis and WGS. Quantitative PCR included: (i) chromosomal cephalosporinase gene (ampC); (ii) membrane permeability factor genes, e.g. ompF, ompC, acrA, acrB and tolC; and (iii) intrinsic regulatory genes, e.g. ramA, ampR, rob, marA and soxS, which confer reductions in antibiotic susceptibility.

Results

In this study we describe the influence of the alterations in membrane permeability (ompF and ompC levels), intrinsic regulatory genes (ramA, marA, soxS) and intrinsic chromosomal cephalosporinase AmpC on reductions in carbapenem susceptibility of E. cloacae clinical isolates. Interestingly, only the first isolate possessed the acquired VIM-4 carbapenemase, which has been lost in subsequent isolates. The remaining XDR E. cloacae ST89 isolates presented complex carbapenem-resistance pathways, which included perturbations in permeability of bacterial membranes mediated by overexpression of ramA, encoding an AraC/XylS global regulator. Moreover, susceptible isolates differed significantly from other isolates in terms of marA down-regulation and soxS up-regulation.

Conclusions

Molecular mechanisms of resistance among carbapenem-resistant E. cloacae included production of acquired VIM-4 carbapenemase, significant alterations in membrane permeability due to increased expression of ramA, encoding an AraC/XylS global regulator, and the overproduction of chromosomal AmpC cephalosporinase.
310 Using synergistic antibacterial combinations based on vegetable essential oils to replace feeding antibiotics
Authors: Hu yanping , Huang Jie , Zhou Zhongxin
Published: December 2019

Vegetable essential oils, medium-chain fatty acids and organic acids have great potential in the development of alternatives to feeding antibiotics, but many problems in practice limit their application, such as irritating odor, poor water solubility, easy oxidation and volatility. In this study, we found that vegetable essential oils (carcilol, cinnamaldehyde, terptol-4) and medium chain fatty acids (octanoic acid and nonanoic acid) or organic acids (citric acid) had significantly synergistic bactericidal effects on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteribacilli, which are both common pathogens causing piglets diarrhea. Furthermore, we also compared the tolerances of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli against plant essential oils (cinnamaldehyde, carcocol, 4- terptol), medium chain fatty acids (octanoic acid and nonylic acid), organic acids (citric acid), and commonly used antibiotic growth promoter (gentamycin sulfate). They were in vitro cultured with ETEC strain for 30 consecutive generations and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was detected. The results showed that the MIC values of carvonol, cinnamaldehyde, terpineol-4, octanoic acid, nonylic acid, and citric acid against the ETEC bacteria increased by 5, 3, 1, 0.3, 0.4 and 0 times. But the MIC value of gentamicin against ETEC bacteria increased, in the 20th generation, by more than 64 times. In conclusions, the synergistic bactericidal combination based on the plant essential oil and middle chain fatty acid or organic acid may be a better strategy to replace feeding antibiotics because their synergistic bactericidal combination can greatly reduce the effective concentration of plant essential oil, medium chain fatty acid and organic acid, thus alleviating to a certain extent the shortcomings of unstable effects caused by the irritating odor, the poor water solubility, easy oxidation and volatility. The synergistic bactericidal combination based on plant essential oils are also relatively difficult to cause bacterial tolerance and alleviate bacterial resistance to a certain extent.
8 Precision dairy cattle welfare: use of technology for individual measures, record keeping and early disease detection
Authors: Costa Joao
Published: December 2019

Precision Dairy Farming (PDF) technologies measure physiological or behavioral parameters from individual cows with the objective of enhancing animal health and welfare. Continuous monitoring of individual animals allows for detailed data record keeping and offers an opportunity to tailor management to the individual. Here we present some of the available technologies related to some of the key animal welfare measures on dairy farms, such as lying and rumination behavior, lameness and BCS monitoring. Generally, changes associated with lying time and rumination behavior are precise at the individual level but still not able to be generalized between herds, regions and productions systems. Automated gait scoring and BCS of individual cows are commercially available and becoming more accessible, allowing for increased opportunity for use on commercial dairy farms and in dairy research. Any use of PDT should understand the precision, accuracy and bias of the devices used, especially when interpreting herd summaries and regional averages. Most technologies evaluated are highly precise, but many fail to be accurate. In addition to their uses for farmers, PDT with high accuracy also aid researchers and processors to collect comprehensive data sets and reliable records. Overall, the potential uses of precision technology tools are likely to become more common on farms, and consequently improve dairy cattle management strategies, aid in herd monitoring, and improve animal welfare at the individual level.
204 Relationships between semen quality and scrotal circumference, adiposity, and rumen conditions of developing bulls
Authors: Proctor Jarret A , Long Nathan S , Biehler Connor K , Schneider Liesel G , Rhinehart Justin D , Smith Jason K
Published: December 2019

Growing concern over breeding soundness examination failures has led to increased interest in identifying factors that may influence semen quality of developing bulls. An experiment was conducted to evaluate relationships between semen quality and scrotal circumference, adiposity, and rumen conditions of Angus bulls (n = 48; 332 ± 47 d of age) that were developed over an 84-d period. Bulls underwent breeding soundness examinations at each of four 21-d intervals. Backfat thickness was measured on d 0 and 84, and rumen pH and temperature were continuously monitored throughout the experiment via rumen boluses (eBolus; eCow, Devon, UK). Simple linear regression was conducted (JMP 13.0; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) to determine independent relationships between semen characteristics and respective explanatory variables. Change in scrotal circumference between d 0 and 84 was directly related to change in percent morphologically-normal sperm (R2 = 0.12; P < 0.05), but no other semen quality characteristics (P ≥ 0.17). Change in backfat thickness throughout the experiment tended to be inversely related to change in percent morphologically-normal sperm (R2 = 0.06; P < 0.10), but was directly related to changes in semen volume (R2 = 0.10; P < 0.05) and total sperm per ejaculate (R2 = 0.12; P < 0.05), but not change in motility (P = 0.24). Mean rumen pH tended to be directly related to changes in semen volume (R2 = 0.07; P < 0.10) and total sperm per ejaculate (R2 = 0.07; P < 0.10), but not changes in motility (P = 0.28) or percent morphologically-normal sperm (P = 0.94). Mean rumen temperature was not related to any semen quality characteristics (P ≥ 0.15). Collectively, these results suggest that rumen pH, as well as changes in scrotal circumference and adiposity are related to and independently explain variation in semen quality of developing bulls.
205 Runs of homozygosity and analysis of inbreeding depression
Authors: Sumreddee Pattarapol , Toghiani Sajjad , Roberts Andrew J , Hay El H , Aggrey Samuel E , Rekaya Romdhane
Published: December 2019

Pedigree information was traditionally used to assess inbreeding. Availability of high-density marker panels provides an alternative to assess inbreeding, particularly in the presence of incomplete and error-prone pedigrees. Assessment of autozygosity across chromosomal segments using runs of homozygosity (ROH) is emerging as a valuable tool to estimate inbreeding due to its general flexibility and ability to quantify chromosomal contribution to genome-wide inbreeding. Unfortunately, identifying ROH segments is sensitive to the parameters used during the search process. These parameters are heuristically set, leading to significant variation in the results. The minimum length required to identify a ROH segment has major effects on the estimation of inbreeding, yet it is arbitrarily set. Understanding the rise, purging, and the effects of deleterious mutations requires the ability to discriminate between ancient and recent inbreeding. However, thresholds to discriminate between short and long ROH segments are largely unknown. To address these questions, an inbred Hereford cattle population of 785 animals genotyped for 30,220 SNPs was used. A search algorithm to approximate mutation loads was used to determine the minimum length of ROH segments. It consisted of finding genome segments with significant differences in trait means between animals with high and low autozygosity intervals at certain threshold values. The minimum length was around 1 Mb for weaning and yearling weights and ADG, and 2.5 Mb for birth weight. Using a model-based clustering algorithm, a mixture of three Gaussian distributions was clearly separable, resulting in three classes of short (< 6.16 Mb), medium (6.16–12.57 Mb), and long (>12.27 Mb) ROH segments, representing ancient, intermediate, and recent inbreeding. Contribution of ancient, intermediate and recent to genome-wide inbreeding was 37.4%, 40.1% and 22.5%, respectively. Inbreeding depression analyses showed a greater damaging effect of recent inbreeding, likely due to purging of old highly deleterious haplotypes.
215 Selection response for meat quality and carcass composition in commercial pigs using crossbred and purebred traits as predictors
Authors: Lozada-Soto Emmanuel A , Fix Justin , Schwab Clint , Tiezzi Francesco
Published: December 2019

Meat quality (MQ) and carcass composition (CC) are traits with high economic value, but their phenotyping costs makes direct selection for these traits economically unsustainable. Evaluation of traits with lower cost of collection in crossbred (CB) and purebred (PB) animals for use in selection for MQ and CC remains limited. The aim of this study was to measure the response to selection of economically important MQ and CC traits using different selection indices built on cost-effective correlated traits. Phenotypic and genomic information (using 60K SNP chips) was collected for three-way CB (n = 1227 to 5117 phenotyped, n = 1252 genotyped) and PB (n = 3,251 phenotyped, n = 1035 genotyped) Duroc animals belonging to 28 paternal half-sib families. The three breeding objectives (for which response was estimated) were intramuscular fat (IMF), slice shear force (SSF), and loin weight (LW). In total 7 different selection indices (A-G) were used to estimate the selection response for each breeding objective (Table 1). Heritability and genetic correlation parameters for all traits were estimated using GIBBS1F90. Selection response was obtained as expected response per generation weighed by the accuracy of breeding values estimated from a 4-fold cross validation, where animals were grouped based on sire relatedness. For all three breeding objectives, the index which provided best selection response was A (direct selection), with values of 0.35%, -0.72 kg, and 0.85 kg for IMF, SSF, and LW respectively. The index which provided the second-best selection response was B (color and pH traits) for all three breeding objectives, with values of 0.15%, -0.26kg, and 0.30kg for IMF, SSF, and LW respectively. Results for selection response using indices C-G can be found in Table 1. In the absence of direct selection due to high costs of phenotyping, respectable selection response can be achieved by indirect selection using traits with lower cost of collection.
220 Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism as a measure of genetic diversity in African tilapia fish
Authors: Ikpeme Ekei , Ekerette Ekerette , Ozoje Michael
Published: December 2019

This study focused on the assessment of genetic diversity in African tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) obtained from two populations (Domita in South-South and Odeda in South-West, Nigeria) using the displacement loop (D-loop) and cytochrome B region of the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA). A total of 28 samples (15 from South-South and 13 from South-West) were used for the genetic analysis. DNA was extracted from the tissue of all the samples using Quik-gDNATM miniPrep kit. The D-loop region was sequenced for all samples from the two populations, while cytochrome b (cyt b) region of mtDNA was only sequenced for samples from South-South population Multiple sequence alignment was carried out using molecular evolutionary genetic analysis (MEGA) software before subsequent genetic analyses. There were 176, 162 and 144 polymorphic sites for D-loop of South-South, South-West and cyt b of South-South populations, respectively. Haplotype diversities (Hd) were 1.00 ± 0.024 and 1.00 ± 0.030 while nucleotide diversities were 0.168 ± 0.086 and 0.161 ± 0.084 for D-loop of South-South and South-West populations, respectively. For the cyt b, haplotype and nucleotide diversities were 0.91 ± 0.003 and 0.051 ± 0.016. The genetic distance inferred between D-loop regions of South-South and South-West populations was 0.243. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the samples into two clusters based on population. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed 37.32% variation within population and 62.68% variation among population with a significant fixation index of 0.627 (P < 0.05). The findings of this study revealed high level of genetic diversity among the tilapia populations and may serve as pivot information for the genetic improvement of this important species.
56 Redox regulation of stallion spermatozoa and its impact in reproductive technologies
Authors: Vega Fernando J Pena
Published: December 2019

Redox regulation is being unveiled as a major mechanism regulating sperm functionality, probably at the same level as tyrosine phosphorylation. Sophisticated mechanisms must be present to maintain redox status under physiological control. The spermatozoa has antioxidant defenses, including glutathione, and other enzymatic antioxidant defenses such as thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin families of proteins. Oxidative stress is thus better defined as the fail in the regulation of redox signalling due either overproduction of ROS, or exhaustion of regulatory mechanisms. The stallion spermatozoa is a paradigm of this; recent research has shown apparently paradoxical results, in this regard more fertile spermatozoa show increased ROS production. A major component of the alteration of ROS homeostasis in cryopreserved spermatozoa is the exhaustion of intrinsic antioxidant defence mechanisms. Thiols and particularly glutathione (GSH) are essential for the regulation of stallion sperm functionality. As cysteine is a pre cursor of GSH, we hypothesized that stallion spermatozoa are able to synthesize this tri-peptide using exogenous cysteine. We investigated the presence of two enzymes required to synthesize GSH (GSS and GCLC); using western blotting and immunocytochemistry we detected both enzymes in stallion spermatozoa. The inhibition of glutamate cysteine ligase reduced the recovery of GSH by addition of cysteine after depletion, suggesting that stallion spermatozoa may use exogenous cysteine to regulate GSH. Mean concentration of GSH in stallion spermatozoa was 8.2±2.1 mM /109spermatozoa, well above the nanomolar ranges reported for other mammals. In addition we have reported the presence of the soluble carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) antiporter, which exchanges extracellular cystine (Cyss) for intracellular glutamate. The investigations of the author have been funded by Ministerio de Ciencia y Competividad- FEDER AGL 2017-83149-R and Junta de Extremadura FEDER IB16030 and GR18008
91 The production of sulfated 16-androstene steroids by porcine Leydig cells and their potential role in the development of boar taint
Authors: Bone Christine , Laderoute Heidi , Brewer Dyanne , Cameron Jocelyn , Squires E James
Published: December 2019

Boar taint is a meat quality issue characterized by an off-odour or off-flavour in pork caused primarily by the accumulation of androstenone in the fat, but sensory estimates of boar taint do not always correlate with fat androstenone concentrations. However, these evaluations examine the sensory qualities of both the fat and lean tissue of heated pork products. Sulfated metabolites of androstenone are polar compounds that are abundantly produced by the Leydig cells of the testes, which may accumulate in more hydrophilic lean tissue. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the testicular metabolism of androstenone, which is responsible for the high production of sulfated androstenone metabolites. Leydig cells were isolated from 7-month-old Yorkshire, Duroc and terminal cross [Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire)] (n = 3) boars and incubated with radiolabeled androstenone for 8 hours. The proportion of sulfated metabolites produced was quantified using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioisotope detection. The sulfated metabolites were subsequently identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Statistical analysis was conducted using a one-way ANOVA in SAS. Following isolation and analysis with LC-MS/MS, the sulfated metabolites were identified as androstenol-3-sulfate and two major sulfated forms of androstenone. Additionally, removal of the sulfate group from these two sulfated forms of androstenone returned the parent compound androstenone, and not a hydroxylated metabolite. The average production of sulfated androstenol produced across all boars was 52.1±8.6%, which was not significantly different (P = 0.7) from the average production of sulfated androstenone (47.9±8.6%). The results of this study indicate that androstenone is directly sulfated, which allows these sulfated metabolites to function as steroid reservoirs that can enzymatically regenerate free androstenone within hydrophilic lean tissue. Alternatively, these metabolites may accumulate in the lean tissue, which we are proposing as a novel mechanism that contributes to the development of boar taint.
102 The National Center for Applied Reproduction and Genomics (NCARG) in Beef Cattle: supporting improvements in reproductive management
Authors: Patterson David J , Brown Scott , Smith Michael F , Lamberson William R , Taylor Jeremy , Spencer Thomas E , Poock Scott E , Thomas Jordan M , Decker Jared E
Published: December 2019

Limited transfer of existing and emerging reproductive technologies to beef cattle enterprises precludes those enterprises from reaching their economic potential and places them at a competitive disadvantage relative to livestock enterprises where such technologies are being implemented more aggressively. On the other hand, and until now, the beef cattle sector has never had the reproductive tools available to facilitate widespread successful adoption of these technologies within the industry. Hence, the need for increased efforts to transfer technology to the industry has never been greater. The National Center for Applied Reproduction and Genomics (NCARG) in Beef Cattle will serve as a new model for research and technology transfer wherein industry participants at all levels and from across the US are afforded the opportunity to access information and acquire new skills that will improve reproductive management and resulting genetic makeup of our nation’s beef cattle industry. Comprehensive educational training programs will be developed for practicing veterinarians, extension livestock specialists, allied industry, producers, and students that will enable various segments of the beef cattle sector to acquire (through face-to-face and distance-learning applications) new knowledge and skills that will aid in the successful adoption of reproductive procedures/biotechnologies. Curriculum modules designed to support improvements in reproductive management will be comprised of the following: 1) Heifer development programs including reproductive tract scoring, fetal aging and sexing; 2) Breeding management, including estrus synchronization, artificial insemination, sex-sorted semen, and embryo transfer; 3) higher education student internships in reproductive management; and 4) on-farm beef heifer development and marketing programs patterned after the Missouri Show-Me-SelectTM Replacement Heifer Program. In addition, a graduate certificate program will be offered, entitled “Bovine Reproductive Management and Genomic Technologies.” Collectively, NCARG will serve as a new model for research and technology transfer intent on improving reproductive management and genetic makeup of our nation’s beef industry.
263 Interaction between stocking and supplementation rates on the performance of steers grazing mixed-grass prairie during winter
Authors: Gunter Stacey A
Published: December 2019

To evaluate the effects of stocking and supplementation rates on steers grazing mixed-grass prairie during winter, 16 pastures (10 to 21 ha each) were selected and treatments were arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial design; the first factor was an stocking rate of 39.4, 33.2, and 29.7 animal-unit-d/ha harvested over 88 d of grazing; the second factor was supplementation at 0.9 or 1.4 kg/d. Steers were fed a 43% CP cottonseed meal-based pellet. Pastures were stocked annually in late January (2009, 2010, and 2011) with British x Continental crossbred beef steers (body weight = 202 ± 6.7 kg; n = 137 steers/yr) at stocking densities described above. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with pasture as the experimental unit and year as a random variable; least-squares means were separated with linear and quadratic contrast. From late-January to mid-March, average daily gain (ADG, kg) did not differ (P = 0.13) among stocking rates, but ADG differed (P = 0.01) between 0.9 and 1.4 kg of supplement/d. From mid-March to late-April and over the entire grazing period, ADG responded to stocking rate and interacted (P < 0.01) with supplementation rate; ADG tended to respond quadratically (P ≤ 0.09) to stocking rate at 0.9 kg/d of supplementation, but with 1.4 kg/d of supplement ADG was not affected (P ≥ 0.18). Body weight gain per hectare tended (P < 0.08) to interact between stocking and supplementation rates. With 0.9 kg/d of supplement the BW gain per hectare increased quadratically (P < 0.01) in response to increasing stocking rate, where supplementation at 1.4 kg/d resulted in BW gain per hectare increasing linearly (P < 0.01). Optimal supplementation rates with high-protein feeds is related to stocking rate. At lower stocking rates, less supplement seems to be most beneficial. At higher stocking rates, more supplement is justified.
259 Screening of Lespedeza germplasm for forage quality and bioactivity
Authors: Terrill Thomas H , Morning Breyanna , Courson Erica , Morris Bradley , Naumann Harley , Whitley Niki , Owen Vicki
Published: December 2019

Interest in the condensed tannin-containing legume sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) as a nutraceutical (bioactive) forage for livestock has been increasing in the United States but other Lespedeza species have not been adequately evaluated. A study was completed to determine the nutritional and bioactivity potential of Lespedeza species obtained from the USDA Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit in Griffin, GA. Accessions from 15 Lespedeza species were planted in small plots at Fort Valley State University in Fort Valley, GA. After establishment, forage was harvested, freeze-dried, ground and analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), total phenolics (TP), and protein precipitable phenolics (PPP). Species differences were significant (P < 0.01) for all parameters measured. Lespedeza cuneata accessions, including “AUGrazer,” the cultivar most commonly used as an anti-parasitic crop in the United States had NDF, ADF, and IVTD values of 35.7±0.4%, 26.8±0.4%, and 74.3±1.2%, while L. virginica, a native species, had 34.9±3.0%, 26.0±2.5%, and 74.9±4.2%, respectively. The L. cuneata accessions averaged 179.6±4.3 and 133.6±3.5 mg/g of forage material for TP and PPP, while L. virginica averaged 564.2±24.6 and 306.5±19.9 mg/g, respectively. Other species varied from 30.5±3.0 to 47.4±4.2% NDF, 22.9±1.6 to 36.4±3.6% ADF, 55.2±5.9 to 81.6±3.4% IVTD, and 107.7±17.4 to 283.5±34.7 and 55.2±14.0 to 139.4±28.1 mg/g of forage for TP and PPP, respectively. Based upon these results, Lespedeza species tested in this study, particularly L. virginica, have potential as nutraceutical forages for livestock production systems. As L. cuneata accessions established and grew much better than other Lespedeza species in this study, agronomic testing of this germplasm collection in other environments is warranted. In addition, determining potential anti-parasitic properties of these species using in vitro and in vivo testing would be beneficial.
264 Using bermudagrass baleage to increase stocking rates of fall wheat pasture
Authors: Beck Paul A , Weiss Caleb P , Kegley Elizabeth , Hess Tom , Hubbell Don
Published: December 2019

The objectives of the current research were to determine the effect of offering ad libitum bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) round bale silage on performance and stocking rate of growing steers grazing wheat pasture in northern Arkansas. Eighteen, 1.6-hectare wheat fields were no-till planted to soft-red winter wheat in the first week of September (101 kg wheat seed/ha; cv. Jamestown) and were stocked to growing steers on October 23, 2018 at 2.5 steers/ha without bermudagrass baleage (CONTROL, n = 6) or with ad libitum bermudagrass baleage stocked at 2.5, 3.75, or 5.0 steers/ha (BALE2.5, BALE3.75, and BALE5.0, respectively; n = 4 pastures/treatment). The bermudagrass baleage was harvested in the late summer of 2018 and contained 40%DM, 14.3% CP, 70% NDF, 39% ADF, and 55% calculated TDN. Forage mass was 1,268 kg DM/ha (P ≥ 0.39) at the start of grazing and forage allowance (P < 0.01) was 2.25, 2.20, 1.62, and 1.27 kg forage DM/kg steer BW, respectively, at the start of grazing. Average daily gains of CONTROL (1.40 kg/d) did not differ (P = 0.36) from BALE2.5 (1.34 kg/d), but as stocking rate increased ADG decreased (P < 0.01) to 1.14 kg/d and 0.96 kg/d, for BALE3.75 and BALE5.0, respectively. As observed with ADG, gain per hectare and steer grazing-days per hectare did not differ (P ≥ 0.53) between CONTROL (340 kg/ha and 272 d/ha, respectively) and BALE2.5 (365 kg/ha and 272 d/ha, respectively), but each increased (P < 0.01) with increasing stocking rate, to 408 and 543 grazing d/ha for BALE3.75 and BALE5.0, respectively, and 467 and 524 kg BW gain/ha, respectively. The current research indicates that, even though individual animal performance decreases, stocking rates of wheat pasture for fall grazing stocker calves can be increased two-fold with up to 54% increase in BW gain/ha.
128 Additional dietary DL-methionine affects tissue redox and inflammation status of broiler chicks in response to high stocking density
Authors: Magnuson Andrew , Liu Guanchen , Sun Tao , Tolba Samar , Whelan Rose , Lei Xingen
Published: December 2019

We determined if 30% extra supplemental DL-methionine affected oxidative and inflammatory responses of broilers stocked at a high density. A total of 560 day-old male Cornish cockerel chicks were divided into 4 groups: 2 stocking densities (2.9 and 3.8 kg/ft2) and 2 methionine supplementations (grower: 2.90 or 3.77 g/kg and finisher: 2.60 or 3.38 g/kg). Chicks were fed the same corn-soy starter diet and then respective experimental diets (grower: 6.4 g SAA/kg, finisher: 5.9 g SAA/kg, n = 10 pens/treatment). Blood and tissues (3 chicks/pen) were sampled at the end of each period. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. The high density elevated (P < 0.05) glutathione concentration in the plasma, breast, and thigh of growers, but decreased (P < 0.05) it in the liver of growers and thigh of finishers. The high methionine elevated (P < 0.05) glutathione concentration in the thigh at both ages. There were interactions (P < 0.05) between dietary methionine and stocking density on activities of antioxidant enzymes including GST in 2 or more tissues at both ages and GPX and SOD in the thigh of growers. Hepatic expression of inflammation-related gene IL-6 was decreased (P < 0.05) by the high density, while heat shock protein genes HSP70 and HSP90 were decreased (P < 0.05) by the high methionine. Expression of stress-related genes TNFα and JNK was decreased (P < 0.05) by a combined high methionine and density treatment. The high methionine decreased (P < 0.05) finisher thigh and breast malondialdehyde concentrations and grower plasma glucose concentrations. Neither the density nor the methionine supplementation affected concentrations of plasma ferric reducing ability, serum amyloid A, and corticosterone or hepatic protein carbonyl. In conclusion, the high stocking density showed bilateral effects on the redox and inflammatory responses of broilers. Supplemental extra methionine modulated some of those effects.
138 ASAS-EAAP Exchange Speaker Talk: Immediate and long-term consequences of methylating micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on the offspring’s phenotype
Authors: Trakooljul Nares , Oster Michael , Muráni Eduard , Ponsuksili Siriluck , Wimmers Klaus
Published: December 2019

Environmental factors including maternal diet during periconception and pregnancy can immediately impact fetal growth and development and have long-term consequences on phenotypic outcomes of the offspring, a phenomenon known as “fetal programming” by which the in utero environmental cues regulate specific gene functions via epigenetic modifications. This prompted us to investigate the effects of a methylating micronutrient-rich maternal diet in pregnant Pietrain sows fed either a standard (CON) or supplemented diet with methionine, folate, choline, B6, B12, and zinc (MET). Our results showed an association between increased fetal weight and MET. Microarray-based transcriptional responses of the liver were analyzed at 35, 63, and 91-days post-conception (dpc). Altered insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling led us to investigate IGF-2 and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the muscle and liver. Indeed, weight differences and modulated IGF pathways reflected increased and decreased levels of the muscle IGF-2 and IGFBP-2 in MET, respectively. We extended the study to further investigate the effects of MET on transcriptome and DNA-methylation of the liver at two ontogenetic stages (91-dpc (fetal) and 150-days post-natal (adult)) and breeds (German-Landrace and Pietrain) using RNA-Seq and bisulfite-sequencing (RRBS). The results showed numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) depending on stage, sex, breed and maternal diet. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of DEGs (MET vs CON) highlighted regulations of genes related to nucleic acid metabolisms including DOT1L, SLBP, TCF3 and RPA1 in the fetuses, while genes involved in lipid metabolisms including PON3, ACSM2B, CYP4F2 and LDHB were altered by MET in the adults. Several genes showed an inverse relationship between gene expression and DNA-methylation state of the promoter including CBFA2T3, CPEB4 and TUBB4B. Altogether, our results provide evidence demonstrating immediate and long-term consequences of methylating micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on phenotypic outcomes of the pig offspring reinforcing epigenetic modulation via intervening maternal diet.
379 Effect of progesterone infused controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) device and timing of gonadotropin stimulation using P.G. 600 ® on reproductive success in anestrous ewes
Authors: Redden Reid , Neville Tammi , Black Dani , Crosswhite Mellissa , Dahlen Carl
Published: December 2019

Objective of this study was to determine effects of controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) devices in combination with P.G. 600 use either at CIDR removal or one day before CIDR removal on day of lambing, lambing rate, and prolificacy in seasonally anestrous ewes. Multiparous ewes (n = 414) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: untreated (U, n = 122), 7 d CIDR (C, n = 97), 7 d CIDR plus P.G. 600 at CIDR removal (CPG0, n = 97), and 7 d CIDR plus P.G. 600 1 d before CIDR removal (CPG-1, n = 98). Rams (n = 15) were joined with ewes immediately after CIDR removal for a 21 d breeding period. Data collected included day of lambing in the lambing season, lambing rate (number of ewes lambing/ewe exposed), and prolificacy (number of lambs/ewe lambing). Lambing season was further divided into the first 10 d and overall. Lambing rate in the first 10 d was greater (P < 0.05) for CPG0 and CPG-1 ewes compared with CIDR ewes, which was greater (P < 0.0001) compared with U ewes. Overall lambing rate increased (P ≤ 0.0001) in all treatments utilizing CIDR compared with U ewes, but no differences (P > 0.76) due to P.G. 600 were detected. Day of lambing was reduced (P ≤ 0.03) for CPG0 and CPG-1 compared with CIDR ewes, which was reduced (P < 0.0001) compared with U ewes (d 10.6, 9.0, 13.4, and 24.4 ± 0.9 for CPG0, CPG-1, CON, and U, respectively). Prolificacy was similar among all treatments both for the first 10 d of the lambing season (P = 0.86) and overall (P = 0.80). The combination of CIDR and P.G. 600 may be beneficial in promoting fewer days to lambing and increasing overall productivity in out of season breeding scenarios.
411 Relationships between dietary composition and reproductive outcomes in cattle
Authors: Davis Ty C , White Robin R
Published: December 2019

Individual experiments and recent literature summaries suggest links between reproductive outcomes in cattle and dietary composition. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of dietary composition on reproductive efficiency of cows and heifers. A literature search returned 42 previously published papers containing 164 treatment means that were eligible for use in the meta-analysis. Diet composition information of interest included neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), lignin, ether extract (EE), non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and starch percentages. For papers to be included, they needed to report reproductive outcomes, dry matter intake (DMI), experimental design details (treatments, design, number of experimental units, measurement SE or SD values, and P-values), and diets with all ingredients and inclusion percentages. Details on diet composition, intake, and reproductive outcomes were extracted from these papers and analyzed using linear mixed effects models with a random intercept for each study. When diet composition information was not reported, it was estimated from commercial feed library data and reported dietary feed inclusion rates. Days to service, days to ovulation, pregnancy at first artificial insemination, and overall pregnancy rate were the primary reproductive outcomes of interest. Significant variables were identified through a backward elimination approach. Overall pregnancy rate tended to be affected by the percentage of lignin in the diet (P = 0.078). Days to service was affected by dietary NDF (P = 0.013), ADF (P = 0.022), and starch (P = 0.027) percentages, and tended to be affected by lignin (P = 0.0768) percentage. Days to ovulation and pregnancy at first artificial insemination were not affected by the nutritional factors tested here. Additional assessment is needed to assess how dietary factors interact with other experimental and environmental variables to influence reproductive outcomes.
414 The influence of trace mineral source on fiber digestion, rumen fermentation characteristics, and mineral solubility in beef cattle fed a low-quality forage diet
Authors: Guimaraes Octavio , Jalali Sam , Wagner John , Spears Jerry , Engle Terry
Published: December 2019

Twelve Angus steers (BW 452.8 ±21.8 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used to determine the impact of trace mineral source on neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and ruminal solubility of Cu, Mn, and Zn. Steers were fed a low-quality grass hay diet (10.8% CP, 63.1% NDF, 6.9 mg Cu/kg, 65.5 mg Mn/kg, and 39.4 mg Zn/kg) supplemented with protein for 21 d. Treatments consisted of 20, 40, and 60 mg supplemental Cu, Mn, and Zn/kg DM, respectively from either sulfate (STM) or hydroxy (HTM) sources (n = 6 steers/treatment). Following a 21-d adaptation period total fecal output was collected for 5 d. Dry matter digestibility tended (P < 0.07) to be reduced (51.9 vs. 53.4 ±0.52%) and NDF digestibility was reduced (P < 0.04; 40.4 vs. 42.7 ±0.67%) in STM vs. HTM steers. On d 6, rumen fluid was collected at 0, 2, and 4h post feeding. Steers receiving HTM had lesser (P < 0.02) butyric acid and greater (P < 0.05) total SCFA than STM steers. Steers were then fed the same grass hay diet without supplemental Cu, Zn, or Mn for 14 d. On d 15 steers received a pulse dose of 20, 40, and 60 mg Cu, Mn, and Zn/kg DM, respectively from either STM or HTM. Ruminal samples were obtained at 2h intervals starting at -4 and ending at 24h relative to dosing. Ruminal soluble mineral concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) for Cu at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14h; for Mn at 4 and 6h; and for Zn at 4, 6, and 8h post dosing in STM compared to HTM steers. Results indicate that ruminal solubility of Cu, Mn, and Zn differs between STM and HTM sources and rumen Cu, Mn, and Zn solubility may impact ruminal fermentation.
165 Effect of late lactation nutrition on milk production and composition in prolific sheep on an accelerated lambing system
Authors: Ehrhardt Richard A , Moody Jordan , Makela Barbara , Almudena Veiga-Lopez
Published: December 2019

Late lactation nutrition is important in prolific sheep to ensure adequate lamb growth and in the context of accelerated production, to potentially improve reproductive outcomes. Therefore, the effect of plane of energy nutrition was evaluated in 24 (Dorset x Polypay) multiparous ewes randomly assigned to diets providing either 100% (C), 70% (Low) or 150% (High) of NRC energy requirements during the last 28 days of lactation (n = 4 single- and n = 4 twin-rearing ewes/group). Milk volume (MILK) was measured by hand milking following oxytocin treatment (20 I.U.) prior to and after 3 hours of removal from lambs with samples taken for composition analysis just prior and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were followed throughout. A mixed statistical model accounting for rearing status and stage of lactation revealed that High ewes gained 4.0kg and 0.28BCS units and Low ewes lost 4.9kg and 0.21BCS units (P < 0.05, High vs. Low for both), but these outcomes did not differ by rearing status. C ewes maintained BCS, but lost 3.7kg relative to High ewes (P < 0.05). Ewes rearing twins produced greater MILK than singles (1.85L for singles vs. 2.32L for twins, P < 0.01). However, MILK in C ewes remained unchanged regardless of rearing status over the study period. MILK response to treatment differed according to rearing status (P < 0.01) with twin but not single-rearing ewes responding. After two weeks, twin-rearing High ewes increased MILK ~50% relative to pre-treatment measures (P < 0.01) and remained elevated until week 4, while C or Low ewes showed no treatment response. Milk fat percent increased over lactation in all ewes (P < 0.01). These data indicate that only twin-rearing ewes were able to respond in milk synthesis to increased energy intake demonstrating that current feeding standards for twin-rearing ewes limit milk production.
163 Annual differences in fecal egg counts in a forage-based ram test
Authors: Davelaar Morgan Van , Notter David R , Wright D Lee , Zajac Anna M , Greiner Scott P , Bradford Heather L
Published: December 2019

The objective was to determine the magnitude of yearly differences in parasite load in growing ram lambs. Data were obtained from the Southwest Virginia Agriculture Research and Extension Center in Glade Spring, VA. The center conducts a forage-based ram growth test during the summer where rams also undergo a parasite challenge. Data consisted of 488 Katahdin rams tested from 2012 to 2018. Rams were dewormed at delivery, and at the start of the test, each ram received an oral dose of 5,000 H. contortus larvae adjusted for body weight. Fecal egg count was measured 70 d later when rams were on average (SD) 200 (18) d old. Fecal egg counts were not normally distributed. The Box-Cox procedure indicated that a log transformation was appropriate, but the residuals were not normally distributed for several linear models. A zero-inflated negative binomial generalized linear mixed model was used for data analysis with the glmmTMB package in R. The model included fixed effects of centered and scaled weight, centered and scaled age, year, birth type, and rearing type, and the random effect of consignor. Birth type, rear type, and age were not significant (P > 0.10). The least square mean (SE) fecal egg counts by year were 344 (118) for 2012, 623 (214) for 2013, 574 (195) for 2014, 1,125 (409) for 2015, 745 (253) for 2016, 408 (142) for 2017, and 239 (86) for 2018. Differences in summer precipitation could affect average parasite load. Despite similar total summer precipitation, 2012 had 1 extremely wet month whereas, 2015 had consistent precipitation throughout the summer. We conclude that producers should not compare fecal egg counts across years because the overall average may be multiple-fold different from year to year. Ranking rams within year will be more effective to select for improved parasite resistance.