bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apple, Pandemis Leafroller Control in Summer, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Three Bt products alone or in combination with Asana XL were evaluated for their ability to control PLR larvae during the summer. The test orchard was located at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee. Test trees were 12-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The orchard was irrigated by under-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test design consisted of 5- to 7-tree plots replicated 3 times in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied as handgun sprays at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Applications were made on 19 and 26 Jul and 2 Aug. On 13 Aug 100 shoot tips in each replicate were examined and the number of live leafroller larvae recorded. On 29 Aug, 200 fruit from each replicate (600 fruit per treatment) were picked and examined for presence of PLR damage. Mites were sampled in Aug and Sep. Twenty-five leaves were collected from each tree. In the laboratory leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and each mite species was counted with aid of a dissecting microscope. Weather during the test period was good.
Control of Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Big Lake, MN, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Watrin Cliff
Published: March 2022

CPB control failure became quite marked in this irrigated sand-early harvest area during 1989-1991. An early snow and a mild winter contributed to unusually good winter survival and extremely high spring populations of CPB adults in 1992. Plots were established adjacent to a CPB wintering site. In order to assure some plant survival adult control was carried out on 18 May using Guthion 3 F 0.56 kg Al/ha. We also believe all plots were treated with a Bravo-Furadan 4 F mixture (Furadan 1.12 kg/ha) on 24 Jun. Individual plots were 4 rows, 0.9 m in width and 9.1 m long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Four treated buffer rows were left between the winter site and the plot area. Systemic insecticides (Thimet 20 G and NTN 2.5 G) were applied 22 May, covered lightly and watered in within the week. Biologicals (Margosan-O, M-Trak and M-Trak + Asana XL) were first applied on 2 Jun. All plots receiving foliar applications were treated on 12, 18, and 27 Jun, 7 and 12 Jul. Vines were killed on 26 Jul, and the center 2 rows of each plot dug for yield. Larval ratings and percent defoliation were taken on 12, 18, and 27 Jun and 7 Jul.
Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Osseo, MN, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Watrin Cliff , Olson Ken
Published: March 2022

This location is on the eastern end of the Anoka Sand Plain where early potatoes are commonly produced for fresh market. At various sites in this general area CPB control failures were reported. This farm was the second such site selected for field comparisons in 1992. An early snow and a mild winter apparently contributed to unusually successful adult overwintering from 1991 to 1992. Some adult control which we normally recommend against, was necessary just to save the plots. Such adult applications were made on 22 May (Pounce 3.2 E 0.56 kg Al/ha), 5 Jun (Guthion 3 F, 0.56 kg Al/ha), and 26 Jun (Asana XL .66 E 0.045 kg Al/ha). Plot size was 4 rows, 0.9 m in width X 9.1 m in length. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Soil systemics (Thimet 20 G and NTN 33893 2.5 G) were arjplied on 22 May, lightly covered, and irrigated in within one week. The first applications of M-Trak & Margosan-O were made on all plots on 17 and 26 jun, 12 and 19 Jul, and 1 and 6 Aug. Vines were killed 12 Aug and the center 2 rows of each plot dug and weighed on 18 Sep.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato-Infesting Aphids, 1992
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch R.H.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was a randomized complete block design replicated six times, conducted at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1991. It was planted 20 May. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were sown to oats on 1 Jul. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter, 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole Katahdin seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by seven foliar applications of a flowable maneb (4F) 2.3 to 3.5L/ha). Furrow applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Trigard, 1991
Authors: Sirota J. M. , Grafius E. , Ferrari B. , Kolarik P. , Scriber B. , Simstad S. , Boylan-Pett W.
Published: March 2022

Two fields in Bay Co., MI, were selected for trials using the insect growth regulator Trigard against CPB. ‘Onaway’ potatoes were planted on 17 Apr 1991, and 3 May 1991, respectively, and were managed by growers Brian Hugo and Jim Kryszak. Plots measuring 14 rows wide by 60 feet long were established in each field on 7 Jun in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were: 0.125 lb (AI)/acre (low rate); 0.25 lb (AI)/acre (medium rate); and 0.375 lb (AI)/acre (high rate; and an untreated control. The fields were sprayed on 7 and 19 Jun using a tractor mounted boom sprayer at 25 gal/acre and 40 psi. A maintenance spray program using insecticides effective against adult beetles was started on all plots the second week of Jul, after the summer adults had emerged. A pre-spray count of CPB egg masses, adults, and small and large larvae from one or two plants per plot was taken on 7 Jun. High numbers of large larvae were already present in the Hugo field at this time. Four plants per plot were sampled on 13, 20, 27 Jun and 2 Jul. On 2 Jul a qualitative defoliation rating was given to each plot based on the percent of plants in each of five defoliation categories. Potatoes were harvested from two 10-ft sections of row per plot in 19 Aug, sized and weighed.
In-Furrow and Foliar Treatments to Control Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, Painter, VA, 1992
Authors: Speese J.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 18 Mar at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plant spacing was 12 inches with 36 inches between rows. NTN 33893 2.5 G and Temik 15 G were applied in-furrow at planting using a hand-held shaker. NTN 33893 240 FS and Furadan 4 F were applied in-furrow at planting with a propane compressed gas backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone (D4-45) nozzle boom and delivering 30 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Foliar sprays were applied on 21 and 27 May and 8, 15, and 23 Jun using a boom with 3 hollow cone (D4-45) nozzles/row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays, 1992
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 30 Mar near Middletown, DE. Four row plots, 25 ft long and 30 inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 45 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 29 May; 3, 11, 17, and 25 Tun; 1 and 8 Jul. A CPB defoliation rating was taken on 7 Jul. Defoliation injury ratings of 1-5 were indexed as follows: (1) 1-20%; (2) 21-30%; (3) 31-50%; (4) 51-80%; (5) 81-100%. CPB evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of adults, small larvae (first and second instar) and large larvae (third and fourth instar). Plots were harvested and yield recorded (cwt/acre) on 30 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Soil Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 1 Apr near Middletown, DE. Four row plots, 50 ft long on 36-inch centers, were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular soil insecticides were applied with a one-row Noble applicator. Liquid soil insecticides were applied with a backpack sprayer using one nozzle per row delivering 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. The foliar treatment was applied with an ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 45 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granular and liquid soil insecticides were applied on 1 Apr. Foliar treatments (2 applications Novodor; 3 applications Kryocide) were applied on 3, 11, 17, and 25 Jun; and 1 Jul. A CPB defoliation rating was taken on 1 Jul. Defoliation injury ratings of 1-5 were indexed as follows: (1) 1-20%; (2) 21-30%; (3) 31-50%; (4) 51-80%; (5) 81-100%. CPB evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of adults, small larvae (first and second instar) and large larvae (third and fourth instar). Plots were harvested and yield recorded (cwt/acre) on 30 Jul.
Acaricide Evaluation, 1992
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Cheves Robert , Day Merry Lou , Grove Chris
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a one-acre block of 6-yr-old trees on M7A, which measured 10 ft high and 7.5 ft wide and were planted 18 × 24 ft apart. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree plots in a randomized block design, with each replicate surrounded by at least one unsprayed tree on each side. Acaricides were applied on 15 Jun with an Agrotec handgun sprayer (model no. ASA0287) operated at 100 psi. Each tree received approximately 1 gal of spray (ca. 100 GPA). Other materials applied separately to the entire block throughout the season were Bayleton, Captan, Dodine, Ethrel, Javelin, Kocide, NAA, Nova, Solubor, Streptomycin, Supracide, Tenn-Cop, Topsin-M, and Ziram. In addition, Sevin and/or Lannate were applied to the entire block on 27 May, 8 and 25 Jun, and 9 Jul to exclude predators. European red mite control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope.
Rescue Treatments for First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1992
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M.
Published: March 2022

Two studies were conducted near Forestburg (Study 1) and Winfred (Study 2), SD, to evaluate 28 insecticide treatments for control of 1st brood ECB larvae. Preapplication counts indicated uniform infestations of late 2nd- and early 3rd-instars in stalks sampled, and shothole damage was observed in greater than 70% of plants examined at both locations. Untreated controls were used to assess the performance of 20 granular and 8 liquid insecticide treatments in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatment plots consisted of single 30.5 m rows spaced 0.9 m apart. Granules were placed directly into corn plant whorls using a Gandy pneumatic device powered by a 3.5 hp engine, all equipment was mounted on a highboy applicator. Noble metering units were connected to a modified chain-driven apparatus that regulated granules released into the pneumatic device. Metering units were calibrated on the apparatus prior to insecticide applications. Liquids were applied using a 3 gal CO2 backpack sprayer unit and a hand-held spray boom equipped with a single Teejet 8002 nozzle that delivered 20 gal/acre at 39 psi traveling 3 mph. All insecticides were applied to corn (13 and 14 Jul at Winfred and Forestburg, respectively) at whorl stage. Approximately 1 month following application (18 and 19 Aug at Winfred and Forestburg, respectively), 20 corn plants were selected at random from each plot. Plants were split vertically and examined for ECB tunneling damage. The number and length of ECB cavities were recorded and analyzed using SAS’s GLM procedure with means being compared by DMRT.
Black Cutworm Control in Field Corn at Planting Time, 1992
Authors: Jarvi Keith J. , Echtenkamp Gerald W.
Published: March 2022

Granular and liquid insecticides were applied at planting time at a site near Wayne, NE on 26 May. The soil type was silty clay loam and the previous crop was alfalfa. The field was prepared by killing the alfalfa with 2,4-D and dicamba on 4 May. The plot was planted no till into slots prepared by the landowner’s planter. Residue cover was heavy. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of 2 rows 16 m long, with 2 untreated rows between each treatment; rows were 75 cm apart. Granular materials were applied in an 18 cm band by a John Deere 2 row planter equipped with a cone-belt insecticide distributor and incorporated by tines. Ambush 2 E was broadcast immediately after planting, with a 4 nozzle CO2 back pack sprayer equipped with T-jet 8002 nozzles applying approximately 177 liters/ha total volume at 25 psi. Spray width was 1.66 m. Ambush 2E was also banded with the same spray equipment but the 4 nozzle boom was replaced with a single nozzle. Band width was 37.7 cm. Topsoil moisture was adequate at time of planting and no rain fell during the evaluation period. Plots were evaluated by counting plants remaining on either side of a randomly selected 10 m length marked between the 2 treated rows. The results are given as number of plants per 20 m of row. Final plant stand count was taken on 25 Jun.
Wireworm Control, 1992
Authors: Jarvi Keith J. , Echtenkamp Gerald W.
Published: March 2022

Granular soil insecticides were applied at planting time at a site just north and west of Schuyler in Colfax Co., NE, on 7 May. The soil type was silt loam and the previous crop was wheat. The plot was planted no-till into the wheat stubble into slots previously prepared with the landowner’s planter. Residue cover was heavy. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of 2 rows 16 m long. Rows were 75 cm apart. Materials were applied in a 18 cm T-band or in the furrow by a John Deere 2-row planed equipped with a cone-belt distributer and incorporated by tines. Soil moisture was adequate at planting. Plant populations were taken in a randomly selected 10 m length in each of the 2 rows. The results are given as number of live plants per 20 m of row. Final plant stand count was taken on 10 Jul. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Control of Bands Grass Mite in West Central Nebraska, 1991
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were applied in fixed wing aircraft to hard dough stage (R7 stage) field corn near Sutherland, NE on 23 Aug to control Banks grass mite. Treatments were replicated 2 times and applied to 20 by 400 m plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was applied with a water carrier in a total volume of 4,677 ml/ha (5 gal/acre). Applications were made with a Turboprop S2R Thrush aircraft flown at 209 km/h (130 mph). Liquid was applied at 158,536 Pa (23 psi) through 64 cone nozzles with #46 cores and #D-10 orifices. Size of mite colonies was rated on 4 plants located ca 75 m (250 ft) from the front edge and in the center of each plot. Ratings were made on the underside of three leaves below the ear, the ear leaf and 2 leaves above the ear at 4 days prior to application then 7 and 14 DAT. Ratings were made on a 0-6 scale where 0 = no mites, 1 = individual mites, 2 = small colonies, 3 = large, individual colonies, 4 = large connected colonies but not completely covering the underside of the leaf, 5 = colonies completely covering the underside of the leaf, 6 = leaf dead due to spider mite damage. Spider mite predators were also counted. Yield was determined by harvesting and shelling all ears from 10.67 linear m (35 ft) or row in the same area of each plot where mites were evaluated.
Planting Time Treatments for Control of Onion Thrips in Cotton, 1992
Authors: Harrison-Bryan W. W. , Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of planting time insecticide treatments was evaluated against OT injury in cotton planted in eastern VA. The cotton was planted 1 May with 36-inch row spacing. In-furrow (IF) treatments were applied into the seed furrow at planting, granules using a tractor-mounted Noble applicator, liquids using a CO2 pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 24 psi through 1 SS8001E nozzle mounted just above planter disks and turned parallel to the row to deliver spray fan into the seed furrow. Seed treatments were applied by gently rolling seeds in a plastic bag containing product until seeds were evenly coated. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no CT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent leaves injured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Apple, Efficacy of an Experimental Miticide, 1992
Authors: Hornsburg R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Warren J. R.
Published: March 2022

Three rates of an experimental miticide were evaluated for control of an ERM and TSM on six year old ‘Empire’ apple trees on MM 111 rootstock. Comparisons were made with Omite 6E as a standard and a water control. Test trees were planted_20‘J6.1_meters) apart in the row and the rows were 24’ (2.32) apart. Data on other phytophagous mites, predatory mites and insects were also collected. Sprays were appliedwith a truck mounted airblast sprayer with the top nozzles shut off because of the small tree size 6 ft high (1.83 meters). A randomized block design was used in this five treatment, four replicate experiment. Each plot tree was separated from the next plot tree in a row by an unsprayed guard tree. Guard rows were also unsprayed. Data were collected by counting mites and eggs on 20-leaf samples per tree (following the Henderson-McBurnie procedure) from each single tree replicate. All treatments were applied 5 Aug 1992. Two and a half gal (9.46 liters) was also applied to each test tree.
Apple, Effect of Sevin XLR on Predator Mites And White Apple Leafhopper, 1992
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (‘Red’ Block) at a rate of 125 gal/acre with an FMC CP 3000 sprayer. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks of 12 trees, 2 replicate samples taken from within each block. Applications were made on 25 Aug and 4 Sep. Rubigan, Captan, and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. At the evaluations on 25 Aug, 2, 8, 16 and 24 Sep, samples consisted of 50 leaves per tree (100 per treatment) picked at random and brushed on a mite brushing machine. Mite predator adults (AF and ZM) were counted under a stereo microscope. WALH evaluations were made by picking 50 randomly selected leaves per replicate (100 per treatment) from the periphery of the tree and counting leafhopper nymphs.
Apple, Phytotoxic Effects of Avermectin 0.15 EC, 1992
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (9-Var Block) at a rate of 150 gal/acre with an FMC CP 3000 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of nine tree blocks (one tree of each of nine varieties), each replicated four times. Applications of all materials were made on 10 Jun and 10 Jul. Imidan, Captan, Nova, Lannate, Lorsban, Rubigan, Bayleton, Streptomycin, COCS and Lime were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluation of phytotoxicity was made on 14 Aug and 22 Sep by randomly selecting and examining 25 fruit per tree for signs of phytotoxicity. Individual fruits were for percent of fruit surface with injury.
Apple, Campylomma Insecticide Test, 1992
Authors: Reding M. E. , Beers E. H.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a 12-year-old ‘Delicious’ orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The experimental design was randomized complete block with ten treatments each with four single-tree replicates. Treatments were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 240 psi and the rate of 400 gal/acre. Nymphs were sampled by jarring MPB on to a 45 cm x 45 cm black cloth tray. One limb per tree (one tap per limb) was sampled on each date. Fruit evaluation was conducted before hand thinning in Jun and before fruit harvest. Forty apples per tree (or every apple on trees with less than 40 apples) were examined at both evaluations. Apples with one or more stings were considered culls.
Pear, Agri-Mek Dilute and Concentrate Evaluation, 1992
Authors: VanBuskirk Philip , Hilton Richard
Published: March 2022

The orchard consisted of mature ‘Bosc’ pears tree planted on a 7.6 m by 7.6 m spacing. Treatments were applied: 11 Jun (2nd cover) by using an air carrier sprayer set to deliver 2338.2 liter/ha (dilute) or 935.3 liter/ha (concentrate). Plots consisted of 4 X 5 tree rectangles replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Additional sprays applied to the entire orchard during the trial were Imidan 50% WP 5.69 kg/ha applied 2 Jul. Treatments were evaluated at 1-wk intervals. Samples consisted of 20 leaves from the tree centers and 20 leaves from the middle of 20 terminal shoots selected at random. Arthropods were removed from leaves using a mite brushing machine and PP eggs and nymphs, and TSSM eggs and post-egg stages were counted with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Control of Citrus Red Mite on ‘Washington Navel’ Orange in Louisiana, 1991
Authors: Bourgeois W. J. , Pollet D. K.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on a plot of ‘Washington navel’ citrus trees located at the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center’s Citrus Research Station, Port Sulphur, Louisiana. Pre-spray mite counts were made 11 Jun, and treatments were applied 13 Jun with the aid of an FMC model 100 CP airblast sprayer with an operating pressure of approximately 200 psi and tractor speed of 3rd low 1200 RPM. The study consisted of 5 treatments with 10 single tree replications from which mite counts were determined by taking 5 leaves per tree and counting the number of live mites on the right bottom half of the leaf and then doubling the count to obtain the number of mites per leaf. Once treatment application had occurred, counts were taken at 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 120 DAT. When mite population built up to 10+ mites per leaf, that treatment(s) was reapplied. During this study, this occurred with the Kelthane treatment, which was reapplied 12 Jul and for both Morestan treatments which were reapplied 16 Aug. All miticide spray solutions were buffered to a pH of approximately 6.0 with the addition of Triton AG-44 M (Latron AG-44 M).
Mediterranean Fruit Fly Control on Persimmon, 1989
Authors: Kawate Michael K. , Coughlin Julia A.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted at 3 persimmon orchard sites in Kula, Hawaii. At each site, 10 trees were selected, 5 for treatment and 5 for control. Sprays were applied to bearing trees weekly during harvest to control MFF. Applications were made on 25 Oct; 1, 8, 15, and 22 Nov; 1 Dec. A CO2-backpack sprayer was operated at 30 psi, using an adjustable spray nozzle. Each tree received 20 ml of spray (4.9 liters/ha), 2.75 mg Al/ml. The spray was applied as 2-10 ml broadcast sprays, one on each side of the tree. Control trees were not sprayed. Fruits were harvested on 31 Oct; 7, 14, 21 Nov; 1, 8 Dec. Fruits were categorized into marketable fruit and fruit fly damage fruit and counted. Phytotoxicity was evaluated on 26 Oct.
Mediterranean Fruit Fly Control on Persimmon, 1991
Authors: Kawate Michael K. , Coughlin Julia A.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted at a 50-yr-old persimmon orchard in Kula, Hawaii. Thirty trees were used; 15 for treatment and 15 for control. Sprays were applied to bearing trees prior to first harvest and continuing weekly throughout the harvest period to control MFF. Application dates were as follows: 18 and 25 Sep; 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30 Oct; 6, 13, 20, and 27 Nov. Sprays were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at 30 psi with a single nozzle generating large droplets. Each tree received 100 ml of spray (25 liters/ha), 2.0 mg Al/ml. The spray was directed at the underside of foliage on each tree. Control trees were not sprayed. All mature persimmon fruits on each tree were harvested weekly. Harvest dates were as follows: 10, 15, 22, and 29 Oct; 5, 12, 19, and 26 Nov; 3 Dec. Efficacy of sprays was evaluated weekly at harvest by sorting the harvested fruit from each tree into the following categories: (a) marketable fruit; (b) fruit fly stung fruit; and (c) unmarketable fruit with damage by other factors (minor insect pests, disease etc.). Fruits in each category were counted.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Dry (Navy) Bean, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Sheets Becky
Published: March 2022

A large trial was planted at the Staples Irrigation Station on 20 May. The navy beans followed last year’s corn with most cornstalks remaining on the soil surface. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Soil applications were banded in a 10 cm band over the row immediately after planting. Foliar materials were broadcast on 11 and 29 Jul using 2 liter total material on 0.0023 ha, each application, each treatment. Data on stand, moisture and yield were collected and final yields adjusted to a standard moisture. All plots were irrigated.
Aerial Application of Sevin 4-Oil Efficacy Trials, 1976
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron
Published: March 2022

Four soybean plots (Var. Amsoy) were located 3 miles southwest of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 300 ft by 135 ft (54 rows) with 30 in centers. Experimental design consisted of each plot being randomly assigned a treatment. Treatments are given in the table. Treatments were applied on August 17 by airplane as follows: Sevin 4 - Oil , airplane with 6 Delavan nozzles (equivalent to Tee Jet 8002), spray pressure 40 psi and application rate at 1 qt/acre; Sevin 80S, airplane with 16 Tee Jet No. 6 D-6 nozzles, spray pressure at 30 psi and application rate at 2 qt/acre. Weather conditions on the day of application were: temperature ca 70° F, wind speed ca 8 mph. Plants were randomly sampled with a 15-in diam sweep-net (50 sweeps/row, 4 rows/plot) on August 17 (pretreatment), August 18 (1-day post-treatment), August 20 (3-day post-treatment) and August 24 (7-day post-treatment). Soybeans were in growth stage R5 (beans growing in size) on all sampling dates. Samples were examined for green cloverworm larvae in the laboratory. Plants were examined for visual signs of phytotoxicity, viz., discoloration of leaves, on August 24. No measurable rainfall occurred during sampling.
Maleic Hydrazide and Dipel Tank Mix, 1976
Authors: Regan T. E. , Collins W. K.
Published: March 2022

Two on-farm tests evaluating potassium salt formulations of maleic hydrazine (6-hydroxy-3-(2H)-pyridazinone) at 2.25 lb a.i./acre for systemic sucker control tank mixed with Dipel wettable powder formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) at 1/4 lb a.i./acre for control of the tobacco hornworm each were replicated twice on flue-cured tobacco at Bladen and Warren counties. North Carolina. Trade names of maleic hydrazine used at the respective locations were Royal MH-30 by Uniroyal and Super Sucker Stuff by Ansul. Plots consisted of 4 rows × 75 ft (ca 150 plants/plot) separated by vacant 5th middles and 10 ftalleys. Since natural hornworm infestations were abnormally low in 1976, field infestations were supplemented with hornworms reared several days in the laboratory. After allowing 2-3 days for artificially infested larvae to begin feeding on plants in the field, counts were made to determine establishment. Treatments applied the following day (July 14 - Warren and 31 - Balden) were: (A) Dipel and maleic hydrazide applied as a tank mix, (B) Dipel + maleic hydrazide (separate applications of rates in A, 1-2 days apart), and (C) maleic hydrazide alone (no insecticide - untreated check). Treatments were applied at full-flower stage of development using tractor sprayer with a 2-row boom and 3 full-cone nozzles (TG-3) per row delivering 50 gal/A at 50 psi. Plants were subsequently topped. Survival counts were made 72 hr and 7 days post-treatment. Comparable observation on amount of sucker growth and possible chemical injury leafburn were made among treatment plots. Yield and quality were obtained at the Warren test. Analyses of variance and orthogonal partitioning of treatments were conducted on 72 hr survival counts and yield data.
Leafhopper Control in First-Year Cottonwood Plantations, 1976
Authors: Oliveria F. L. , Solomon J. D.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, containing 10 treated plots paired with adjacent control plots. Each plot consisted of 54 trees (6 rows × 9 trees) planted at 12- × 12-ft spacings. Three similar tests were installed, two in Mississippi and one in Louisiana. During June 1976, carbofuran (FuradanR 10G) at 20 lb/A (2 lb a.i. /A) was applied to each treatment plot as a 6- to 8-inch subsoil treatment with a tractor-drawn applicator. Control plots were not treated. Live leafhoppers on trees in the two center rows (18 trees) of each plot were counted in August 1976. Number of leafhoppers per tree was converted to mean individuals per tree for each treatment. An analysis of variance (0.95 level of confidence) was done to test for statistically significant differences in the means.
Cankerworm Control in Shelterbelts, Walhalla, North Dakota, 1973
Authors: Frye R. D. , McBride D. K.
Published: March 2022

Each insecticide was applied from the air to 1 of 8 one-half mile long single row belts. There were approximately 100 yds between belts. Pre-treatment larval counts were made from five randomly selected 2 ft twigs on each side of 5 frees along each belt on May 29. Twig samples were taken from eye level to approximately 20 ft above ground level. Larvae were in the 1st to the 3rd instar and averaged 22.5/2 ft twig. Cankerworms were significantly more abundant on Siberian elm than on American elm. There were approximately 2 spring cankerworms to 1 fall cankerworm. Treatments were applied May 30. Post-treatment larval counts were similarly made on June 8. The materials were applied with 44, D-7 nozzels at 38 psi and 115 mph. Three gals of water were applied/acre. Imidan 1EC, Imidan 70W and Imidan 5W were applied to American elm. The rest were applied to Siberian elm. The untreated check belt was American elm. Wind speed at application was 5 mph, and rainfall was light during the period between application and post-treatment counts. Data consisted of % reduction in cankerworm counts between pre- and post-treatment counts. No reduction in cankerworms was assumed when post-treatment counts were equal to or greater than pre-treatment counts. The arcsin transformation was applied to the data. Treatments were compared with a series of “t” tests for paired comparisons.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1976
Authors: Asquith Dean , Hull Larry A. , Travis James W. , Mowery Paul D.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 Red Deiicious, both spur-type trees. Experimental sprays were applied with a spray gun from a truckmounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump on June 24, June 30, and July 15 to all plots except those treated with Sumithion and Vydate “L”. The Sumithion plot listed first in Tables 1 and 2 received only one spray on June 24 and the second Sumithion plot received the first and second sprays on June 24 and June 30. The Vydate “L” treatment was applied on June 24, June 30, July 8, July 15, and July 26. General purpose sprays of 1.5 lb captan 50W, 0.25 lb Guthion 50W, and 1 lb Sevin 50W/100 gallons dilute were applied at ca. intervals of 2 weeks throughout the summer. Average temperatures were: May 57.74° F, June 71.30° F, July 70.09° F, August 67.92° F, and September 62.78° F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 5 . 6 8 , June 2 . 6 3 , July 4 . 8 6 , August 2 . 6 2 , and September 4 . 4 9 . Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite, twospotted spider mite, and A . fallacis was evaluated by making several counts of mites on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 80 leaves/treatment.
Cutworm - Armyworm Control in Ground Covers, California, 1976
Authors: Oetting Ronald , Morishita Frank S.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were tested for the control of cutworm and armyworm larvae feeding on dichondra and Irish moss. Over 80% of the larvae in these tests were granulate cutworms. Two experiments were conducted on the control of larvae feeding on ground covers. The first was an infestation of larvae on Irish moss at a nursery in San Diego County, Ca. The Irish moss was in flats 17 1/2 in. sq and a treatment consisted of 4 flats and was replicated 5 times. Application of insecticides was with a Bean 5 gpm sprayer operated at 150 psi and ca 400 gal/acre on Sept 1'76. Counts were made immediately before and at 7 day intervals after application by flooding each flat with water and counting the number of larvae which came to the surface. The second experiment was on 2 dichondra lawns in Orange County, Ca. Each lawn was divided into 8 treatments. Application of insecticides was with a hose end attachment sprayer at ca 400 gal/acre on Oct 14'76. Counts represent an average of the 2 lawns and were made immediately before and at 7 day intervals after application by flooding at 10 sq ft areas in each treatment with water and counting the number of larvae coming to the surface.
Evaluation of Several Insecticides For Quarantine Use, 1976
Authors: Fons James , Cawley Bryant M. , Sullivan William N. , Schechter Milton S. , Jaffe Howard , Hayes Dora K. , Morgan Neal O.
Published: March 2022

All test insects except Japanese beetle were laboratoryreared and hand-carried or airmailed to the test site in Miami, Fla. Insects were caged in either 1 -gal paper tubs (cockroaches, tobacco budworms), plastic cups (boll weevils, Colorado potato beetles, Mexican bean beetles, and mosquitoes), plastic vials, 5 cm deep × 2 Cm diameter (brown dog ticks), or wire screen cylinders (Japanese beetles). All containers were covered wity nylon screen, 6 × 7 mesh/cm2 for mosquitoes, ticks, and Japanese beetles and 4 × 4 mesh/cm2 for all others. Both adult and nymphal cockroaches were treated; all other test species were adults. Cages were arrayed in the center of 71 -m3 trailers. Aerosols were dispensed while walking the length of the trailer. The actual dosage was determined by weighing the container after a release lasting for a predetermined period (predicated by the nominal dosage level). Dusts were preweighed and introduced through the door of the trailer from a CO2_propelled gun. Test animals were exposed for 10 min with trailer doors closed and 20 min with the doors open. After exposure, cages were removed to the laboratory where the tobacco budworms, flies, and mosquitoes were given access to 10% sucrose in distilled water and the Japanese beetles and boll weevils were given halved apples. All test species were held for 24 hrs before mortality was determined. The criterion for mortality was ataxia. During exposure and holding prior to and after testing, the average temperature was 25° C. Each replication consisted of a minimum of 20 specimens. Applications were made over a period of 7 days. There was a control for each day. Abbott's formula was used to correct each day's mortality. The corrected data were pooled. Dust formulations were prepared by dissolving technical material in a sufficient amount of methylene chloride to form a slurry with the carrier. Hi Sil 233, and evaporating off the solvent. Dusts were not micronized. Aerosol formulations were prepared with 50% propellant 11 and 50% propel Iant 12 except the 5% d-phenothrin formulation which contained 97.7% propellant 12. Also, 2 formulations of 0.3% RU-22,974 were prepared, one with a cosolvent and one without. All other formulations contained no cosolvents.
Horn, Face and Stable Fly Control with Feed Additive Insecticides, 1972-75
Authors: Campbell J. B.
Published: March 2022

Rabon and Famphur were used either as mineral or feed additives. In some of the trials the herds were isolated and in others they were not. The stable fly control trial was at a dairy where cattle were restricted to lots. In several of the trials the control herds were treated by spraying or, at the dairy, mist applications of naled were used. Horn flies were counted on 1 side of an animal with the aid of binoculars. Face flies were counted on the face of animals also with the aid of binoculars. Stable flies were counted on the outside of 1 leg and the inside of the other and the count termed flies/leg. Counts were taken on 10% of the animals with a minimum of 15 animals/count. All herds with the exception of the dairy cattle were yearlings.
Cattle-

HYPODERMA LINEATUM

ANIMAL SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE TEST, 1976
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Government-owned Hereford and Angus calves and yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bullis, Bexar County, Texas, naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (deVillers), are treated with new animal systemic insecticides detected in the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test (Drummond, R.O., 1976, Insectic. Acaric. Tests 1: 117-8). Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 liters/animal at>150 psi (usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts)). In secondary tests, insecticides may be administered dermally by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly by injection (usually technical grade insecticide in diethyl succinate). Usually cattle are treated initially at the highest nonlelhal dosages determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages for initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. After the treatment in May or June, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3 animals/treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from August to February (next year) for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; and the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of a treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number in untreated cattle. The most recent report of tests with new systemics in cattle was presented by Drummond, R. O., and T. M. Whetstone, 1974, J. Econ. Entomol. 67: 237-9.
Apple, Insecticide Tests, 1976
Authors: Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J. , Thomas John H.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied dilute with a Bean, 35 gallon per minute sprayer operating at 540 psi to 20 year old Rome trees. Trees were sprayed to run-off. The treatments were made on single trees and replicated in random fashion 5 times. Applications were made 5 times on the following dates: May 24, June 9 & 28, July 19 and August 11. Other materials used during the season were: Oil + Difolatan, Polyram, Karathane, Sulfur and Captan.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Shenandoah Valley Research Station Steeles Tavern, Virginia 24476 European Red Mite Control on Peach, 1976
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Ponton L. F.
Published: March 2022

The commercial planting at Lovingston, Virginia, in which the tests were conducted, was planted in 1963 and set 15 feet between trees and 22 feet between rows. Due to complete freeze out of buds in March there was no crop and no commercial spraying was done in this orchard in 1976. All treatments were applied randomly in each of three rows. Unsprayed guard trees were left between each treatment tree and an unsprayed guard row was left between each treatment row. All applications were applied with an adjustable hand gun at 250 psi to the point of run off. Sprays were applied on May 12, 1976 and May 20 to single tree plots replicatec 3 times. Mites and eggs from 25 randomly selected leaves/tree were counted microscopically on the dates indicated after brushing from the leaves according to the Henderson-MacBurnie method. Data on the abundance of rust mite, Eriophyidae spp on the treatment trees was collected and analyzed for the August 3 sampling date. Data were tabulated as mites per leaf, or eggs per leaf, and subjected to analysis of variance.
Control of Grape Cane Gallmaker in Pennsylvania, 1976
Authors: Jubb Gerald L.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were evaluated for control of grape cane gallmaker in 1976 on grapes near Harborcreek, PA. Plots consisted of 6 vines in a row replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Guard plants of 3 vines within rows and one row between treated rows isolated the plots. Sprays were applied using an Ortho Spray-Ette Queen Size garden sprayer. This was operated off a high pressure hose on a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 psi. Sprays were applied to run-off, resulting in 100 gallons of solution being applied per acre. Spray application dates were May 27 and June 9; shoot lengths (± SD) at times of application were 10.4 inches (+ 2.2) and 26.6 inches (± 4.7), respectively. In sampling, 75 shoots were selected at random per plot and examined for gallmaker injury. Numbers of injured shoots were transformed t o ^ x + 0.5 and treated by analysis of variance and Duncan's modified (Bayesian) least significant difference test. Two fungicide applications (July 13 and August 16) were applied to the entire experimental area: Folpet 50WP 2 lb ai/acre.
Control of Foliar Form Grape Phylloxera in Ohio, 1976
Authors: Williams Roger N.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were screened for efficacy against phylloxera at Wooster and Vermilion. At Wooster, plots consisted of 2 Clinton vines with 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 8 ft × 9 f t . Aqueous treatments were applied to foliage at rate of 68 gal spray per acre using a Hudson 6209, 2 gal. Favorite sprayer at 40 psi. All sprays were applied June 22 and July 5. Furadan and Temik granules were incorporated in soil 1.5 ft away from vine row and 1.5 ft outside end vines, in form of ellipsis around plot. Granules were distributed uniformly in the bottom of a 1.5 inch furrow and covered with soil as soon as applied. Soil was moist at time of application. Granules were applied May 13, ca. one month before full bloom. At Vermilion, plots consisted of 3 Beta vines with 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Spacing was 6 ft × 8 f t . Sprays were applied to vines at rate of 100 gal per acre using the same sprayer on June 4 and June 17. Nu-Film-17 extender was added to all spray treatments, except Zolone, at 1 pt per acre.
Reduction of Insect Induced Apical Seediness in Strawberry, 1976
Authors: Schaefers George A.
Published: March 2022

The experimental planting consisted of 14 rows of 'Gala' variety strawberry at the Experiment Station in Geneva, NY. Two-foot wide matted rows were planted on 6 ft centers. Each row contained 7 replicates with 6 ft between each replicate. The planting was divided into 5 blocks and 16 treatments were completely randomized within each block. A single application was made on June 8 when nymphal counts reached 48/30 blossom clusters. Application was made at a rate of 100 gpa with a tractor-mounted row crop sprayer. All fruit was harvested and rated as injured or not injured, but only those fruits harvested ca 30 days (the normal ripening period) after the treatment are included in the table.
Contact Toxicity of Seven Insecticides To Strawberry Sap Beetle Adults, 1976
Authors: Williams Roger N. , Niemczyk Harry D.
Published: March 2022

Adults of the strawberry sap beetle were collected on overripe strawberries in a commercial strawberry field near Akron, Ohio. These beetles were brought to O.A.R.D.C. to test their susceptibility to several classes of insecticides. They were held 24 hr at the holding conditions indicated below, prior to being treated. Stock solutions (1 %) of each material tested were prepared from technical grade materials using a mixture of acetone and olive o i l , 19:1 (vol/vol), as the solvent. Two replicates of 10 beetles each, selected at random, were anesthetized with ether and placed on filter paper in 9-cm glass petri dishes. Each replicate was sprayed with 5 ml of the insecticides at one of the concentrations in a Potter spray tower. Checks consisted of 2 sets of 10 beetles each sprayed with the solvent. Treated beetles were removed from petri dishes and placed in paper cups with a moist wick of 5% honey-water and covered with a glass petri dish and held at 24° ± 1.5°C and 60% RH. Treatments were made on July 27, July 29 or September 13. Mortality readings were made 24 hr after treatment.
Citrus Red Mite Control with Galecron and Omite, 1976
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L.
Published: March 2022

Plots of 5 acres each were treated with Galecron and Galecron plus Omite on March 17. Materials were applied with a speed sprayer using 100 gallons per acre, 100 psi. Counts were made 5, 9, 15, 20, and 26 days following treatment in the field by examining 100 newer leaves per treatment and check at random within the grove in a diagonal direction.
Garden Symphylan Control in Broccoli, 1976
Authors: Berry Ralph E.
Published: March 2022

Studies were conducted in a naturally infested field to compare broadcast and band treatments against the garden symphylan. Plots (20 x 15 ft) were arranged in pairs and treatments were applied at random in a randomized block design to one plot of each pair and the other was left as a check. Check plots were used to adjust the response in the treated plots for variation in the distribution of symphylans in the field. Each pair of plots was replicated three times. Granules were applied with a hand-operated applicator and liquids with a CO2 sprayer equipped with a hand-held boom fitted with T-jet 8003 flat fan nozzles operated to deliver 18 gal/A at 30 psi. Broadcast treatments were incorporated immediately to a depth of 6 inches with a tractor-mounted rototiller. Band treatments were applied in a 7-inch band to previously marked rows spaced 36 inches apart. Five rows of broccoli (var. Coastal) were planted through the plots after treatment (June 14). Plant stand counts were made July 2 1 . Two soil samples (25.4 cm deep) were taken at random with a small spade from each treatment on July 28. Soil samples were placed in plastic bags and symphylans were extracted from the examples in the laboratory by water flotation.
Cabbage Maggot Control with Drenches on Transplant Cabbage, 1976
Authors: Libby J. L.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots consisted of single 27 ft rows, with 36 inches between rows, at 14 inch plant spacing. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Plots were transplanted and treated on June 17. Drenches were applied at the rate of 4 oz per plant. Results were taken on August 24. The soil type was Piano silt loam with a pH 6.0 and a soil composition of sand 12%, silt 70%, clay 18%.