bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kids First?
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua
Published: May 2005

Nearly 20 years afer the licensure of a vaccine against the hepatitis B virus, an estimated 300,000 U.S. residents still become infected with the potentially fatal liver virus every year. One major reason for the persistence of hepatitis B is that few adolescents and adults whose sexual and drug-using behavior places them in danger of infection are able to obtain the vaccine. Public health authorities and legislators have spent hundreds of millions of dollars to vaccinate low-risk but politically popular babies, while largely ignoring high-risk older siblings, parents, aunts, and uncles. Now this strategy, chosen in part for political reasons, is unwittingly fueling anti-vaccine efforts. The United States' poor use of the hepatitis B vaccine will surely cast a shadow over efforts to prevent HIV, a disease with remarkably similar transmission patterns.
Improving Technical and Bureaucratic Writing
Authors: Limaye Mohan R.
Published: May 2005

This article emphasizes four syntactic-rhetorical imperatives which make written messages easier to read. 1. Keep subjects and their verbs close together. Since native speakers of English expect verbs to follow subjects closely, any intervening element makes the processing of information difficult. The longer the intervening element, the more difficult the comprehension of the message. 2. Use appropriate prepositions between nouns to explicitly indicate their semantic relationships. Long nominal phrases are hard to understand because these implicit relationships create ambiguity. What compounds the difficulty of the message is that all the nouns in the phrase, except the last one, assume the function normal to adjectives namely, modification. 3. Help readers to segment syntactic units correctly. The obstacles to readability in this area are the omission of commas and of the signals of subordination, and the misplacement of modifiers. 4. Match textual sequence with chronological sequence. If the sequence of the events does not match the sequence of their reporting in a piece of technical writing, that piece of expository prose is bound to communicate poorly.
Testing Alternative Record Keeping Formats Not Requiring Literacy Skills: Onchocerciasis Control at the Village Level
Authors: Oladepo Oladimeji , Brieger William R. , Otusanya Sakiru
Published: May 2005

Keeping accurate health records at the village level is a challenge since many rural dwellers have low or no literacy skills. The African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) is distributing the drug ivermectin at the village level by villagers themselves, and requires an accounting of drugs dispensed and villagers treated. Recently, pictorial tally sheets were developed for Community Directed Distributors (CDDs) of ivermectin. At that same time a question arose concerning indigenous record keeping methods and whether such methods could also be adapted to ivermectin distribution. This study identified two indigenous methods, counting beans/pebbles and chalk/charcoal marks on walls and compared them with the pictorial tally sheets in three clusters of onchocerciasis-endemic villages in Kajola Local Government Area (LGA) of Oyo State, Nigeria. Field staff trained the CDDs using standard APOC procedures and after distribution, collected their treatment records. A household survey was then conducted for comparison with CDD records. The tally sheet users scored the lowest mean and median percentage point difference between reported and surveyed coverage (6.6 and 4.8) compared to chalk boards (19.0, 5.6) and pebbles (15.2, 9.2), but since the village was the unit of analysis, the differences observed were of only boarderline significance ( p = 0.08). Because the tally sheets proved to be both cheaper and easier to use, they are recommended for community ivermectin programs as well as other primary health care activities at the village level.
Factors Associated with the Use of SSS among Mothers in Nsukka Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Okeibunor Joseph C. , Asobie Florence C. , Igboeli Chiazor C.
Published: May 2005

The study was designed to identify factors influencing mothers' use of SSS in the management of diarrhoea in children. A survey questionnaire was used and a total of 652 mothers drawn from both rural and urban communities were interviewed. The two perceptual factors, perceived seriousness of diarrhoea and perceived efficacy of salt sugar solution (SSS) were found to relate significantly with SSS use. Similar associations were found between knowledge of SSS preparation and beliefs about diarrhoeal illness causation. Of the three demographic factors tested, only one, education, showed potential for influencing SSS use. Religion and residence (rural, urban) were not found to be predictors of SSS use. The positive association of clinic use (as measured by place where the mother gave birth to her last child) with SSS points to the need to improve the quality of facility-based health education with special focus on improving knowledge of SSS preparation procedures and perception of SSS efficacy.
Visuo-Spatial Span and Cognitive Functions: A Theoretical Analysis of the “Corsi” Task
Authors: Cavallini Elena , Fastame Maria Chiara , Palladino Paola , Rossi Stefano , Vecchi Tomaso
Published: May 2005

The Corsi block tapping task has been widely used in the past 20 years to assess nonverbal/visuo-spatial abilities. However, there have been considerable inconsistencies in the administration and scoring of this measure and, from a theoretical point of view, little effort has been put to interpret this task from a more general model of cognitive functions. Within a working memory paradigm, we presented the Corsi task in association with five different types of interference designed to tap either verbal, visuo-spatial, motor, or more central components. Results showed that, though visuo-spatial abilities are involved in the execution of the task, more central, coordinative abilities seem to play a greater role. In addition, we showed an evident role of motor components that may have often been underestimated. A second experiment featuring the verbal span task allowed us to exclude that results on the Corsi task could be interpreted as general undifferentiated interference effects. In conclusion, the Corsi task seems to tap a set of different abilities: This leads us to suggest that a number of different strategies could be used in the execution of the test and this could be the reason for the anomalous results often reported in the literature.
Communication Technology to Develop Collaborative Skills
Authors: Lawrence Carolena Lyons
Published: May 2005

Is communication technology effective as an instructional tool in building collaborative skills? This study explores communication technology as an instructional tool in relationship to quality of interaction, individual productivity, group productivity, and satisfaction with the learning environment. To analyze the data in this study, a two-sample t-test was calculated on the dependent variables to determine the differences in students' perception using groupware versus face-to-face. The findings indicated that GDSS and EMS were viable tools as an instructional strategy in building collaborative skills in this study.
Cognitive Styles, Computerized Treatments on Mathematics Achievement and Reaction to Treatments
Authors: Canino Casilda , Cicchelli Terry
Published: May 2005

This Aptitude Treatment Interaction (ATI) study used the cognitive style dimension, field dependent-independent, matched to computerized algorithmic and discovery treatments, respectively, for mathematics achievement in number series using an 80 percent mastery learning criterion and student attitude to computerized treatment. Extreme groups ( n = 93) resulting in fifty-one and forty-two students in algorithmic and discovery methods, respectively, completed at their own pace, twenty software lessons for thirty minutes for twenty-four days. Posttest mathematics scores and student responses to the computer were analyzed by multiple regression analysis at the .05 level. Analysis of covariance using regression procedures for mathematics ability as the covariate was used to adjust the achievement scores for differences in mathematics ability. A significant difference was found for the cognitive style variable and reaction to the computerized treatment.
Pet Loss in Death-Related Literature for Children
Authors: Corr Charles A.
Published: May 2005

The death of a pet—or, as some prefer to call it, a companion animal—is a frequent subject in death-related literature for children. Pets are important to children for many reasons; for example, they serve as friends, playmates, and sources of unconditional love. In addition, pets help teach children about the responsibilities that are involved in caring for another living creature. Also, because the life cycles of most animals that become pets are much shorter than those of the humans who care for them, pets often teach children important lessons about loss, death, grief, and coping. For all of these reasons, when I began writing about death-related literature for children my attention was soon drawn to books within that general category that told stories about the death of a pet. In this article, my purpose is to describe and examine a selected sample of 20 books for children whose principal subject or story line is concerned with pet loss. Full bibliographical information for each of these books appears in the list of “Children's Literature” at the end of this article.
Manufacturing Poverty: The Maquiladorization of Mexico
Authors: La Botz Daniel
Published: May 2005

Based on interviews with social workers, attorneys, feminists, union activists, and factory workers, the author argues that the maquiladora free trade zone of Northern Mexico portends developments under the North American Free Trade Agreement. Today some 500,000 Mexican workers labor in 2,000 factories for $4.50 a day in Mexico's maquiladoras. Two-thirds of the workers are women, many single women who head their households. These women work in the new, modern manufacturing plants in industrial parks, but live in squalid shanty towns without adequate water, sewage, or electricity. On the job, workers face exposures to toxic chemicals and dangerous work processes. The Mexican government does not have the political will, the trained personnel, or the equipment to monitor these occupational health problems. While Mexico's Constitution and labor laws guarantee workers the right to organize, bargain collectively, and strike, in practice the state controls the unions and opposes worker activism. In the face of employer and state repression workers are forced to organize secretly to fight for higher wages and safer conditions.
Regret and Psychological Well-Being among Voluntarily and Involuntarily Childless Women and Mothers
Authors: Jeffries Sherryl , Konnert Candace
Published: May 2005

This study examines regret and psychological well-being among 72 middle-aged and older women who are either voluntarily childless, involuntarily childless, or mothers. Group comparisons indicate that, when compared to involuntarily childless women, voluntarily childless women show higher levels of overall well-being, rate themselves as more autonomous with greater environmental mastery, and are less likely to have a child-related regret. An unexpected finding is that about one-third of women categorized by researchers as involuntarily childless indicate that they are “childless by choice.” These women report making an active decision to accept the childless lifestyle and focus on the future, in essence exerting control over their situations. Results from this small and selective sample should be interpreted cautiously. However, they do suggest that researchers' definitions of childlessness may not map directly onto those of participants, and they emphasize the importance of ascertaining respondents' perceptions of control over their situations.
State Mediation of Conflicts over Work Refusals: The Role of the Ontario Labour Relations Board
Authors: Walters Vivienne
Published: May 2005

A key feature of occupational health and safety legislation is that it has sought to compartmentalize health and safety issues by creating structures and processes that depart from “typical” social relations of production. The Ontario Labour Relations Board, in adjudicating disputes concerning work refusals, faces the difficult, if not impossible, task of defining and maintaining a sphere in which workers have an uncommon latitude and power. Analysis of cases before the Board during the 1980s shows how it errs on the side of caution and uses criteria related to “typical” social relations of production to define convincing testimony and assess workers' entitlement to redress. Similarly, employers' interests and the requirements of the labor process are a reference point in the Board's definition of the scope of workers' rights and what constitute legitimate penalties for the “abuse” of these. Yet decisions are not wholly biased toward employers; dissenting opinions reveal important differences and progressive rulings establish precedents that could be a basis for future decisions.
Volunteers and the Care of the Terminal Patient
Authors: Chng Chwee Lye , Ramsey Michael Kirby
Published: May 2005

In a time of shrinking funds and growing demand for health services, volunteers are indispensable. Civic minded people from all walks of life, when properly trained, can play an important supportive role to health professionals in terminal care facilities. Beside enhancing the quality of life of patients, volunteers may also help educate professionals to cope with death and bereavement. More specifically, the article examines the different roles of the volunteer: companion/friend, advocate, and educator. It also draws a profile of the volunteer, lists qualifications and personal characteristics, offers suggestions on where to work, and discusses special training programs to prepare volunteers for work with the dying.
Using the Entire Manual: A Proposal for the Integrated Presentation of Technical Writing Information
Authors: Christian Barbara
Published: May 2005

Instructors in the field of technical writing must incorporate an ever increasing amount of information into their courses. They can save time and stretch the teaching potential of individual assignments by devising writing situations that combine different audiences and purposes. Such situations force students to perceive the writing activity as an integrated whole and make them evaluate different ways to present the same information. The lessons suggested in this article demonstrate the interrelationships between report types and rhetorical approaches, and they allow oral activities to arise naturally. The lessons do not interfere with the philosophical choices that an instructor has made about the proper approach to teaching report writing.
Marital Intimacy and Medical Practice
Authors: Waring Edward M.
Published: May 2005

Recent studies of marriage focusing on the development of marital intimacy and its role in the family as it influences emotional and physical health are reviewed. Marital pathology is increasingly presented in diverse and often covert ways to almost all physicians. Specific suggestions for the detection of marital discord in medical practice and its management will be presented.
Physician Willingness to Refer Older Depressed Patients for Psychotherapy
Authors: Alvidrez Jennifer , Areán Patricia A.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Psychotherapy for late-life depression is an efficacious treatment option for older primary care patients who do not wish to take or do not respond to antidepressant medication. However, rates of physician referral to psychotherapy to treat late-life depression tend to be low. The purpose of this study was to assess attitudes toward psychotherapy for late-life depression and to identify predictors of physician willingness to refer older patients to psychotherapy.

Methods:

Two hundred and five physicians identified from PPO directories of general internists in California and North Carolina completed a brief mailed survey about how they would treat a hypothetical older depressed patient and specific attitudes and practices regarding their own treatment of late-life depression.

Results:

Only 27 percent of physicians said they would refer a depressed older patient to psychotherapy. In a regression analysis, female gender, the belief that psychotherapy is effective for older adults, and physician use of psychosocial techniques were associated with increased willingness to refer to psychotherapy. Practicing in North Carolina, awareness of depression treatment guidelines, and the perception of patient willingness to attend psychoeducational classes on depression and medication management were associated with decreased willingness to refer.

Conclusions:

More efforts are needed to increase the use of referral to psychotherapy as a treatment option for older medical patients. Education about guideline-level treatment alone may not be sufficient. More specific education, including information about the efficacy of psychotherapy for older adults, as well as direct training in psychosocial techniques, may be helpful in promoting referral to psychotherapy.
Modular Learning in Electrical Engineering
Authors: Waks Shlomo
Published: May 2005

A learning module specially suited for subjects in technology and engineering is presented. Its main features are: Integration of theory and laboratory experimentation; integration of individualized mastery learning with frontal instruction; orientation from system to components; remedy learning material prepared ahead of time.

The learning package is of cybernetic nature: A net of feedback loops is built into the module so that faults are detected by the learner on the spot and adequate corrective (remedial) measures are taken immediately, so as to minimize cumulative lagging in the learning process.
The Presentation of Information in Combined Reading-Writing Computer Tasks
Authors: Magilsen Ingrid , Maes Alfons A.
Published: May 2005

This article discusses the adequacy of two modes of presenting information on a computer screen, i.e., the alternating screen presentation in which information is presented “screen by screen” and the simultaneous screen presentation that shows different sources of information simultaneously on the same screen. Using a simultaneous or an alternating screen presentation, subjects had to perform short writing tasks, half of which required the use of one on-line document, the other half required two documents. The subjects' task performance as well as their appreciation of the task and the presentation mode were measured. The results show that performance and appreciation data do not run parallel. While all subjects clearly prefer a simultaneous mode of presenting information on the screen, performance data are much more varied and less clear cut: when reading, subjects performed significantly better in the alternating mode; when producing a text, subjects slightly benefited from simultaneous screens.
Professional Ideology and the Construction of Western Psychiatry in Southeast Asia
Authors: Higginbotham Nick , Connor Linda
Published: May 2005

This article provides a critical examination of the professional ideology associated with the expansion of psychiatric treatment in the ASEAN countries of Southeast Asia. Four components of professional ideology are identified: appeal to “modernization”; medicalization of social problems; integration of psychiatry with primary health care; and panhuman uniformity of mental illness. However, the adoption of psychiatric technology has been a significant factor in the erosion of indigenous systems of social and psychological support since the colonial period. Contemporary psychiatric practices are also shown to exacerbate social inequalities, enhance state control of the populace, and continue to operate without adequate validation of diagnoses and treatments.
Writing for the Technical Representative
Authors: Robbins Jan C.
Published: May 2005

The achievement of both effectiveness and efficiency in communications directed to the technical representative demands careful communications planning. In particular, it demands analysis of the information needs of technical representative trainees, journeymen, and specialists. It also requires study of the information functions the communication is to perform—functions such as instruction, on-the-job reference, general reference, current awareness, and consultation.
Repression as the Monitoring and Censoring of Images: An Empirical Study
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G.
Published: May 2005

The results of the present research show, first, that repressers' waking images are less vivid than sensitizers' waking images. They show, also, that hypnosis increases the vividness of repressers' images, but not the vividness of sensitizers' images. Such results were predicted by the theory of cognitive-state monitoring and its corollary, that wakeful image-monitoring plays a role in repressing potentially traumatic images.
Technical and Pedagogical Challenges Faced by Faculty and Students in Computer-Based Distance Education in Higher Education in Indiana
Authors: McElhinney James H. , Nasseh Bizhan
Published: May 2005

This study reports faculty members' and students' responses to the technological and pedagogical challenges they faced in completing computer-based distance education. After mastering computer-based technology, faculty members as teachers using technology had to translate the content they intended to teach into the unique pedagogy that exploited the strengths and accommodated the limitations of computer-based teaching. Faculty members may have overestimated their current competence at this task and may need further development of the unique competencies of computer-based pedagogy. Student challenges included mastering computer-based technology, mastering the skills of learning from computers, and mastering the content they intend to learn. Students also needed to master the skills required to communicate evidence of their learning to faculty members. Many students needed further development in each of these four competencies. Faculty members as resource and support persons need to be available as students need support. Technical support persons need to be available during student study time. Students studied all twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week.
The Interactive Videodisc System in the Zone of Proximal Development: Academic Motivation and Learning Outcomes in Precalculus
Authors: Henderson Ronald W. , Landesman Edward M.
Published: May 2005

High school students enrolled in precalculus/trigonometry classes were randomly assigned to receive instruction either by a master teacher in a regular classroom or via interactive videodisc instructional modules. The interactive modules were designed to help students understand mathematical concepts by means of real-world video exemplars of the concepts, and by modeling problem-solving strategies and metacognitive processes. Evaluation results showed that students who learned solely by means of the interactive videodisc materials achieved as well or better than students who received traditional instruction organized around the same objectives. The relation of student goal orientations and self-perceptions to learning outcomes was also investigated. The results of multiple regression analyses for each of eight instructional topics revealed a pattern supportive of Dweck's theory regarding the role of goal orientations in academic motivation.
Volunteers: The Life-Line of Hospice
Authors: Patchner Michael A. , Finn Mark B.
Published: May 2005

Volunteers are an important component of hospice programs. They perform a variety of functions which are an essential part of the multi-dimensional approach to care. This study examined hospice volunteers' characteristics, motivations, preparedness, performance, satisfaction, and attitudes toward death. The volunteers were relatively young, well educated, in good health, and had a wide range of family incomes. They were motivated by their religious beliefs and personal experiences, and they saw their role as instrumental to the functioning of the program. After a training program, nearly two-thirds felt completely prepared for their jobs, and after some on-the-job experience, 86 percent felt capable of performing all of their duties. They were very satisfied with volunteering, but were most satisfied with assignments which involved direct contact with patients and families and with work in the hospital. They had a strong belief in life after death, and felt that grief and mourning rituals were very important.
The Peter Effect in Early Experimental Education Research
Authors: Little Joseph
Published: May 2005

One of the signatures of scientific writing is its ability to present the claims of science as if they were “untouched by human hands.” In the early years of experimental education, researchers achieved this by adopting a citational practice that led to the sedimentation of their cardinal method, the analysis of variance, and their standard for statistical significance, 0.05. This essentially divorces their statistical framework from its historical conditions of production. Researchers suppressed their own agency through the use of passive voice and nominalization. With their own agency out of the way, they imbued the methods, results, and presentational devices themselves with the active agency of the situation through the use of personification. Such a depiction creates the impression that the researchers and audience stand on equal epistemic ground as interested witnesses to the autonomous activity of a third party, the method, which churns out the brute facts of science.
Through a Different Looking-Glass: Technical Writing to Train the Imagination
Authors: Rutter Russell
Published: May 2005

A technical writing course can simulate the work situation and develop in students the uniquely human faculty of imagination. Whole-group effort is needed to sustain the fiction that the course is a job. Special presentation by the instructor of traditional assignments is essential. Such a course prepares students for demands made on the job. More importantly, the course, by emphasizing the act of imagining, enables students to progress from fitting facts into given formats to designing reports for specific communication situations. Because of this emphasis on imagination, the course is a humanities offering as well as a technical complement.
Women Uranium Workers: A Case Study of Perceived Hazardous Exposures and Health Effects
Authors: Madsen Gary E. , Dawson Susan E. , Spykerman Bryan R. , Coons Teresa A. , Gilliland Frank D.
Published: May 2005

An exploratory study of seventy-four women uranium workers employed in the western United States (miners, millers, truck haulers, and office workers) was conducted. These uranium industry workers were employed primarily during the 1970s and 1980s. It was found that approximately 60 percent perceived overall moderate to high levels of dust during their employment, and about 50 percent reported the likelihood of having past, present, or future health problems related to their uranium work. Two of the most-often-identified health problems were respiratory symptoms or illnesses and cancer. Issues regarding public policy, research, and worker rights are discussed.
Pedagogical Patronizing of the Pharmacodynamic Promises of Illicit Drugs
Authors: Belcastro Philip A.
Published: May 2005

A review of popular drug education textbooks and curricula indicated most juxtapose the physiologic effects of licitly manufactured drugs under headings representing illicitly prepared drugs. This misrepresentation ignores the literature, which is undivided, in reporting that illicit drugs contain adulterants and substitutes such as: sodium acetate, sodium cyclamate, dolomite, acetaminophen, gypsum, mannitol, inositol, lidocaine, amydricaine, benzocaine, caffeine, ephedrine, intercaine, phenylpropanolamine, piperocaine, procainamide, azopyridine, bromodiphenhydramine, ibuprofen, methaqualone, phenobarital trazodone, acetylcodine, codeine, quinine, quinidine, thallium, arsenic and strychnine. The temptation to extrapolate the results of licitly pure drug lots administered at precisely measured doses to represent the pharmacodynamics of illegally prepared drug lots administered at indiscernible doses must be avoided in drug educational resources. There is a pressing need to correct the factual base, both implied and suggestive, of drug education resources regarding the purity and toxicity of illicitly manufactured and purchased drugs.
Comparing Drug Use between Welfare-Receiving Arrestees and Non-Welfare-Receiving Arrestees
Authors: Yacoubian George S. , Peters Ronald J. , Urbach Blake J. , Johnson Regina J.
Published: May 2005

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) symbolized a comprehensive change to the nation's welfare system. Despite several provisions within PRWORA that focus on the use of illegal drugs, few studies have attempted to identify the prevalence of illegal drug use among welfare recipients. Moreover, no scholarly works have compared rates of drug use in welfare-receiving populations to those of non-welfare-receiving populations with an objective measure of drug use. In the current study, urine specimens were collected from 1,572 arrestees interviewed through Houston's Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program in 1999. Drug positive rates are compared between welfare-receiving arrestees ( n = 116), non-welfare receiving arrestees living below the poverty level ( n = 539), and non-welfare receiving arrestees living above the poverty level ( n = 917). Welfare-receiving arrestees were more likely to be female, older, less educated, and to test positive for opiates and benzodiazepines than the other subgroups. Implications for welfare reform policy are discussed in light of the current findings.
Follow-up of Psychiatric Comorbidity in the General Hospital
Authors: Strain James J. , Ginsburg Jeffrey , Fulop George , Strain Jay J.
Published: May 2005

Although appropriate follow-up is an important task in the consultation setting, little attention has been directed to its frequency, or the risk profile for minimal or maximal follow-up. Eight hundred twenty-three patients from 1983 to 1986 were examined at the Mount Sinai Hospital using a computerized psychiatric consultation database that recorded demographic information, reason for referral, DSM-III 5 Axes diagnosis, recommendations and number of follow-up interviews. Forty-two percent of the consultations had three or less (minimum) follow-up visits. The minimum follow-up group were significantly less often referred for depression or diagnosed as depression ( p = .01), had fewer psychosocial stressors (Axis III) ( p = .03), and recommendations for psychosocial treatment by the psychiatric consultant ( p = .0001), but had significantly more personality disorders (Axis II) ( p = .04). Sixty-two percent of the consultation patients were correctly classified into the follow-up groups by the variables: 1) marital status; 2) living situation; 3) problem assessed as chronic illness or pain; 4) absence of an Axis I diagnosis or diagnostic uncertainty; and 5) number of recommendations by the consultant.
Alienated Labor, Stress, and Coronary Disease
Authors: Garfield Jon
Published: May 2005

The concept of alienation is used to integrate research findings on the relationship of occupational stress to coronary disease risk. The analysis takes the objective aspects of alienated labor (lack of control over the work process, loss of the product through appropriation, and competitive and fragmented work relations) and the subjective dimensions of alienation (sense of powerlessness, dissatisfaction, and frustration) as categories within which certain occupational factors in coronary disease can be subsumed. These categories are placed within a broader social analysis and critique, and it is suggested that chronic stress and alienation may be reduced as workers gain increased control over the process and product of their labor.
Headaches in an Angry Diabetic Patient
Authors: Levy Norman B. , Clark Julian J.
Published: May 2005

A diabetic patient with headaches is interviewed and discussed with respect to his childhood problems in dealing with aggression and separation as well as the significance of his “choice” of symptom. Suggestions are made for the effective management of such a patient.
ePluribus UNUM? Dialogism and Monologism in Organizational Web Discourse
Authors: Killoran John B.
Published: May 2005

This article draws on the principles of linguistic theorist Mikhail Bakhtin to analyze and explain discursive diversity in organizational Web pages. Organizational Web sites must typically appeal to multiple audiences, a condition that often results in different discourses being juxtaposed within the same interface. To analyze and explain the effects of such juxtapositions, this article adapts to the Web the principles that Bakhtin developed to conceptualize discursive diversity in the novel, in particular his concept of dialogism. To illustrate their efficacy, the article applies these principles to analyze a pair of government Web sites about forests, the forest industry, and the environment. Whereas the homepages of the two sites project divergent approaches to the discourses of their diverse audiences, a dialogic analysis of the new site's deeper levels reveals how the government's discursive strategy appears to favor one audience at the expense of others. Drawing on this case study, this article discusses how an approach informed by Bakhtin's principles can illuminate our analysis of organizational Web discourse.
Evaluation of a Peer Health Education Project in the Gambia, West Africa
Authors: Wong Tinadale , Travers Kim
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a peer health education program among high school students in The Gambia, West Africa. Using convenience sampling, two of the ten high schools targeted by the program (one urban and one rural) were selected for evaluation. A total of eighty respondents, forty from each school, were randomly selected for participation. A validated questionnaire with both open and closed-ended questions was the data collection instrument which was subject to qualitative content analysis and quantitative descriptive analysis. Altogether, seventy-four participants completed the questionnaire for a response rate of 92.5 percent. Respondents' almost universal awareness of the peer health education program and their ability to recall the presentations suggested that peer education is an effective and acceptable means of disseminating information among youths. Over 90 percent of respondents applied the health information to their own lives, suggesting that peer health education can also have an influence on health behaviors of youths. Within the context of a developing country, peer health education was found to be culturally appropriate and allowed for the efficient utilization of local resources.
Dispensing Death, Desiring Death: An Exploration of Medical Roles and Patient Motivation During the Period of Legalized Euthanasia in Australia
Authors: Street Annette , Kissane David W.
Published: May 2005

A qualitative case study was conducted to explore the clinical decision making processes that underpinned the practice of euthanasia under the Rights of the Terminally Ill (ROTI) Act. The key informant for this research was Philip Nitschke, the general practitioner responsible for the legal cases of euthanasia. His information was supported by extensive document analysis based on the public texts created by patients in the form of letters and documentaries. Further collaborating sources were those texts generated by the media, rights groups, politicians, the coroner's court, and the literature on euthanasia and assisted suicide. A key study finding was that the ROTI legislation did not adequately provide for the specific medical situation in the Northern Territory, Australia. The medical roles, as proscribed by the legislation, carried many inherent assumptions about the health care context and the availability of appropriately qualified medical staff committed to providing euthanasia. These assumptions translated into difficulties in establishing clinical practices for the provision of euthanasia. A further finding concerned the motivations of those who requested euthanasia. This article addresses the medical roles and the motivations of those seeking euthanasia.
From Naguatex to the River Daycao: The Route of the Hernando de Soto Expedition through Texas
Authors: Bruseth James E. , Kenmotsu Nancy A.
Published: May 2005

Over the past several decades, many attempts have been made to trace the route of the Hernando de Soto expedition through Texas. All of these efforts have been based on an incomplete understanding of the archeological record relating to the 16th century in Texas. A number of archeological investigations have been conducted over the past several decades, and provide better knowledge of the late prehistoric period in Texas. This article examines the route of the de Soto expedition, under the command of Luis de Moscoso, through the state based on our present archeological knowledge. The expedition is proposed to have entered Texas along the Red River and traveled southward until reaching Caddoan settlements near Nacogdoches in the east-central portion of the state. From here the expedition traveled westward until reaching the Guadalupe River of south-central Texas, where the soldiers abandoned hopes of reaching New Spain by an overland route. Implications of the proposed route upon Native American populations of eastern Texas are discussed and related to the possible introduction of European diseases.
Towards the Proletarianization of Physicians
Authors: McKinlay John B. , Arches Joan
Published: May 2005

The thesis of this article is that in general where most other workers were quickly and easily proletarianized, physicians—through the use of a variety of tactics at the disposal of some elite groups—have, until now, been able to postpone or minimize this process in their own case. Now, as a result of the bureaucratization which is being forced on medical practice as a consequence of the logic of capitalist expansion, physicians are slowly being reduced to a proletarian function, and their formerly self-interested activities subordinated to the broader requirements of the capitalist control of highly profitable medical production.
Female Jar Carriers of the Mimbres: Probable Prehistoric Depictions of Water Transportation
Authors: Shaffer Brian S. , Gardner Karen M.
Published: May 2005

Historically, the transportation of water for the Pueblos of the American Southwest was an important activity conducted primarily by females. Water commonly was transported in a jar, balanced on the top of the female's head. The antiquity of this practice has gone undetermined in the archaeological record because it represents a behavioral, instead of a material, aspect of society. As a result, virtually the only way to identify this practice and its antiquity in prehistory is through art. From the American Southwest, Mimbres painted pottery motifs documented females carrying jars on their heads, possibly representing water transportation, as early as 900 years ago.
Alcohol Misuse among College Athletes: Self-Medication for Psychiatric Symptoms?
Authors: Miller B. E. , Miller M. N. , Verhegge R. , Linville H. H. , Pumariega A. J.
Published: May 2005

A collegiate athlete population was surveyed for alcohol abuse as well as self-reported depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric symptoms. This study revealed that in a group of 262 athletes there were 21 percent who reported high alcohol use and problems associated with its use. Significant correlations were found between reported alcohol abuse and self-reported symptoms of depression and general psychiatric symptoms. Subjects with positive depression and psychiatric symptom ratings in the “severe” range had a significantly higher rate of alcohol abuse than subjects who had low depression and low or mild symptom ratings. Conversely, subjects reporting higher rates of alcohol misuse had more psychiatric symptoms. These findings suggest a possible causal link between psychopathology and serious alcohol abuse among college athletes. They also point to the need for routine depression and anxiety screening in college students who are typically beginning a significant exposure to alcohol.
Learner as Bobsled Operator: The Physics of Learner Engagement
Authors: Cates Ward Mitchell , Bishop M. J.
Published: May 2005

One need not visit many classes to discover some students not sufficiently energized to do the work necessary to learn. Many of these same students, however, immerse themselves in complex computerized mystery/adventure games, becoming so engaged by the experience they lose track of time. Designers invest much of their energy in trying to figure out how to make instructional software comparably engaging. This article explores learner motivation's role by considering engagement through the lens of energy physics; in this case, as exemplified by bobsledding. Principles of good bobsled course design are matched to good practices in designing instructional software.
Tricyclic Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Misri Shaila , Sivertz Kristin
Published: May 2005

The management of severe depression during pregnancy and lactation is a serious concern to both physicians and parents, since the use of tricyclic antidepressant drugs (TCAs) has not been proven to be safe. This is a preliminary report of our ongoing studies of four groups of women treated with tricyclic antidepressants before and during pregnancy and/or lactation. The four groups are women who: became pregnant while on TCAs ( n = 9); were prescribed TCAs during pregnancy ( n = 9); were prescribed TCAs during lactation ( n = 20); or were clinically depressed during lactation, but who refused TCAs ( n = 5). Our results to date on the very small number of subjects indicate that there have been no fetal malformations, no greater frequency of complications during labor and delivery than in the normal population, only short-term withdrawal symptoms in the neonate, and no adverse effects on the breast-fed infants of mothers on TCAs. However, all of the lactating mothers who refused TCAs had exacerbation of symptoms; two required treatment in hospital, and all five ultimately had to discontinue nursing and commence treatment with TCAs.
The Influence of Metacognitive Skills on Learners' Memory of Information in a Hypermedia Environment
Authors: Schwartz Neil H. , Andersen Christopher , Hong Namsoo , Howard Bruce , McGee Steven
Published: May 2005

Twenty-eight students (aged 9 to 17) freely explored a science Web site structured either in an outline (linear) format or “puzzle” (non-linear) format for 2.5 hours. Subjects then engaged in tasks involving locational memory and informational recall. The results indicate that presence of metacognitive skills was a necessary but not sufficient condition for learning in hypermedia environments; the navigational structure of the Web site also was important. Metacognitive skill (as measured by the Junior Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (Jr. MAI) (Sperling, Howard, Miller, & Murphy, 2002) and the How I Study Questionnaire (HISP) (Fortunato, Hecht, Tittle, & Alvarez, 1991) was not a significant predictor of measures of retention within an outline structure (where the conventional structure did not stimulate meta-cognitive knowledge), while metacognition was a significant predictor of informational recall within the puzzle structure (which required active meta-cognitive knowledge to make meaning within the unfamiliar structure). The results point to the need for instructional designers to consider the structure of Web sites, with particular emphasis on the use of recognizable conventions, in order to reduce the metacognitive demands upon working memory involved in deciphering the structure.
Family Communication Patterns, Rebelliousness, and Adolescent Reactions to Anti-Drug PSAs
Authors: Skinner Ellen R. , Slater Michael D.
Published: May 2005

Research suggests that adolescents' family communication patterns should predict their reactions to anti-drug messages. The authors propose that the impact of such patterns is contingent upon the extent of adolescent rebelliousness. Fifty-one adolescents saw six anti-drug PSAs, and assessed whether they considered the messages believable and likely to persuade them and people they knew. Respondents were split into high/low groups with respect to conformity-orientation (authoritarian family communication patterns), conversation-orientation (open family communication patterns), and rebelliousness. As predicted, rebellious adolescents from the more authoritarian, conformity-oriented families considered the messages relatively less believable than did the non-rebellious adolescents from authoritarian, conformity-oriented families. Predicted negative relationships between family conversation-orientation and assessments of anti-drug PSA believability and persuasiveness were not found. Youth who had experimented with drugs, as predicted, did assess the anti-drug PSAs as less persuasive than those who did not.
Can Educational Programs Affect Teenage Drinking? A Multivariate Perspective
Authors: Kline Rex B. , Canter William A.
Published: May 2005

Of various means to prevent alcohol-related problems among adolescents, school-based educational approaches are very prevalent. The potential effectiveness of such programs will be limited, however, if teenage drinking is determined by factors beyond the influence of school-based interventions, such as demographic characteristics or quality of family environment. On the other hand, educational programs would have greater potential efficacy if teenage drinking is influenced mainly by factors more amenable to change, such as characteristics of individual adolescents like their alcohol expectancies or social reasoning. We evaluated in this study whether drinking among high school students was related more to factors “unchangeable” versus “changeable” by school-based intervention. We found that drinking varied with different types of “unchangeable” and “changeable” factors for male and female students. Implications for alcohol education programs are discussed.
Tobacco Control Policies and Strategies in Taiwan: A Social Mobilization Case Study
Authors: Chen Ted , Hsu Chih-Cheng , Chi Hsueh-Yuen
Published: May 2005

An historical review of the evolvement of tobacco control policies and strategies in Taiwan is presented. The role of the U.S. government and international tobacco firms in obstructing change and promoting smoking for profit is discussed and the battle with its anti-tobacco opponents (primarily the John Tung Foundation), public health authorities, and the Asian Pacific Association for the Control of Tobacco (APACT) are highlighted. The political constraints for Taiwan in not being a member of the United Nations and the effect on the evolvement of its strong anti-tobacco efforts are explored in detail in this case study.
Metaphor Interpretation as Selective Inferencing: Cognitive Processes in Understanding Metaphor (Part 2)
Authors: Hobbs Jerry R.
Published: May 2005

In Part 1, the importance of spatial and other metaphors was demonstrated. An approach to interpreting metaphor in a computational framework was described, based on the idea of selective inferencing, in which a processor draws or refrains from drawing certain inferences in a controlled fashion. Two examples of metaphors were examined in detail in this light—a simple metaphor and a spatial metaphor schema. In Part 2 a novel metaphor is examined and there is a discussion, from this perspective, of some classic issues concerning metaphor, including the analogical processes that underlie metaphor, the stages in the life of a metaphor, and the definition of metaphor.