bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Component Sizing and Forward-Looking Dispatch of an Electrical Microgrid for Energy Storage Planning
Authors: Whitefoot John W. , Mechtenberg Abigail R. , Peters Diane L. , Papalambros Panos Y.
Published: June 2012

Optimal design of an electrical microgrid and sizing of its components seeks to balance capital investment with expected operational cost while meeting performance requirements. Calculating operational cost requires scheduling each microgrid component over some time period (dispatching) for each design evaluated. Heuristic or rule-based dispatch strategies typically consider only single time instances and are computationally efficient but do not include scheduling energy storage for future time periods. In this paper, we propose to optimize microgrid designs using forward-looking optimal dispatch for future energy storage planning. We present a case study of an ‘islanded’ military base microgrid with renewable and non-renewable electricity generation, battery storage, and plug-in vehicles with electrical export power capability. The optimal design and forward-looking dispatch strategy are compared to results obtained using the publicly available rule-based dispatch strategy in HOMER Energy software. Results show that the forward-looking strategy uses storage batteries to plan for future energy shortfalls rather than simply as a buffer for variable renewable energy supply, resulting in a 7.8% reduction in predicted fuel use. For the given cost assumptions, sensitivity analysis of the optimal design with respect to fuel price shows that investment in renewable energy technology is justified at prices greater than $5 per gallon ($1.32/liter) with an attendant reduction in fuel use of 3–30%.
Virtual Repair: Geometric Reconstruction for Remanufacturing Gas Turbine Blades
Authors: Piya Cecil , Wilson J. Michael , Murugappan Sundar , Shin Yung , Ramani Karthik
Published: June 2012

The usage of Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) technology for repairing defective voids in high-value metallic components is time consuming, since traditional geometric reconstruction methods are not seamlessly connected to the DMD process. Here, we consider the development of a semi-automated geometric algorithm for “virtually” repairing defective voids that appear on gas turbine airfoils after extensive use. Our method produces an accurately reconstructed geometric model that can be used for generating DMD scanning paths, while ensuring both dimensional accuracy and topological consistency required by the airfoil design. This model is constructed by using the Sectional Gauss Map concept to generate a series of Prominent Cross Sections (PCS) along the longitudinal axis of a digitally acquired defective airfoil. The intrinsic geometry of the PCS lying in the non-defective region is then extrapolated across the defective region to fill in the voids. A boolean difference between the original defective model and the final reconstructed model yields a fully parameterized geometric representation of the repair volume. The test results of this method demonstrate the algorithm’s robustness and versatility over a wide range of airfoil defects.
A Physics-Based Fretting Model With Friction and Integration to a Simple Dynamical System
Authors: Eriten Melih , Polycarpou Andreas A. , Bergman Lawrence A.
Published: June 2012

Dynamical modeling and simulations of structures containing joint interfaces require reduced-order fretting models for efficiency. The reduced-order models in the literature compromise accuracy and physical basis of the modeling procedure, especially in regards to interface contact and friction modeling. Recently, physics-based fretting models for flat-on-flat contacts, including roughness effects have been developed and tested on individual (isolated) mechanical lap joints [1]. These models follow a “bottom up” modeling approach; utilizing the micromechanics of sphere-on-flat fretting contact (asperity scale), and statistical summation to model flat-on-flat contact (macroscale). Since these models are derived from first principles, the effects of surface roughness, contact conditions, and material properties on fretting and dynamical response of the jointed interfaces can be studied. The present work illustrates an example of how the physics-based models can be incorporated in dynamics of jointed structures. A comparison with the friction models existing in the literature is also provided.
The Role of Sketch Finish and Style in User Responses to Early Stage Design Concepts
Authors: Macomber Bryan , Yang Maria
Published: June 2012

Conceptual sketches of design alternatives are often employed as a tool for eliciting feedback from design stakeholders, including potential end-users. However, such sketches can vary widely in their level of finish and style, thus potentially affecting how users respond to a concept. This paper presents a study of user responses to three objects drawn in styles ranging from rough hand sketches to CAD drawings. This study also considers the amount of design time required to create the sketches. Results show that respondents generally ranked realistic, “clean” hand sketches the highest over other types of sketches, particularly “rough” sketches. These types of sketches took longer than other types of hand sketches to create, but were still much faster than CAD renderings. Results also suggest that the complexity and familiarity of an object can influence how users respond to a sketch.
Efficient Traffic Simulation Using Busses as Active Sensor Network
Authors: Catani Ludovico , Frontoni Emanuele , Zingaretti Primo , Di Pasquale Guido
Published: June 2012

In this paper we present a traffic simulation system using traffic data gathered from readings by GPS devices installed on board of busses, i.e., busses running on the road are used as a mobile sensor network. Traffic data are inferred from the comparison of data about normal speed and current speed in a certain position. The simulation system was developed to invent mechanisms that use such information for traffic optimization. In particular, simulations allow to manage traffic lights in real time and to control the traffic system in order to give priority to public transportation systems.
Successful Treatment of Ebola Virus–Infected Cynomolgus Macaques with Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Qiu Xiangguo , Audet Jonathan , Wong Gary , Pillet Stephane , Bello Alexander , Cabral Teresa , Strong Jim E. , Plummer Frank , Corbett Cindy R. , Alimonti Judie B. , Kobinger Gary P.
Published: June 2012

Macaques survived infection with Ebola virus when treated starting at 24 hours after infection with mix of three neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.
The effect of a healthy lifestyle programme on 8–9 year olds from social disadvantage
Authors: Breslin Gavin , Brennan Deirdre , Rafferty Ruth , Gallagher Alison M , Hanna Donncha
Published: June 2012

Aims

This study assessed the efficacy of a school-based healthy lifestyle intervention (Sport for LIFE) for increasing physical activity, decreasing sedentary behaviour, reducing screen time behaviour, encouraging healthy attitudes and behaviour to nutrition, and reducing body mass index (BMI) in 8–9-year-old primary school children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds in Northern Ireland.

Methods

A non-randomised controlled trial of 416 children from 24 schools took part. Schools were randomly assigned to one of two groups, an intervention or control group with 12 schools in each group. The intervention group received a 12-week school-based programme based on social cognitive theory. At baseline and follow-up, groups completed questionnaires assessing physical activity, screen time behaviour and dietary patterns. On each occasion anthropometric assessments of height and weight were taken. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured by accelerometry.

Results

Significant effects were observed for vigorous, moderate and light activity for the intervention group at follow-up. Sedentary behaviour was significantly reduced for the intervention group but not for the control group. No significant effects of the intervention on BMI, screen time behaviour or attitudes to nutrition, with the exception of non-core foods, were shown.

Conclusions

The programme was effective in increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour, however no significant changes in screen time behaviour and attitude to nutrition, with the exception of non-core foods, were observed. Future research ideas are offered for tackling low levels of physical activity in children.
The oral corticosteroid-sparing effect of omalizumab in children with severe asthma
Authors: Brodlie Malcolm , McKean Michael C , Moss Samantha , Spencer David A
Published: June 2012

Objective

To report the oral corticosteroid-sparing effect of omalizumab in children with severe asthma.

Design

16-week therapeutic trial.

Setting

Tertiary paediatric asthma clinic.

Patients

34 children with severe asthma maintained on oral prednisolone (median age 12 years; 15 children <12 years and 19 children ≥12 years).

Interventions

Fortnightly or monthly subcutaneous injections of omalizumab; the dose was calculated as per manufacturer's instructions based on body weight and serum immunoglobulin E concentration.

Main outcome measures

Reduction in prednisolone dose; mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ); Childhood Asthma Control Test (ACT); forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1).

Results

Median daily prednisolone dose reduced from 20 mg to 5 mg (n=34, p<0.0001), including seven children who stopped prednisolone completely. Mini-AQLQ score increased from 3.5 to 5.9 (n=24, p<0.0001). Childhood ACT score increased from 12 to 20 (n=23, p=0.0001). FEV1increased from 2.10 to 2.25 litres (n=31, non-significant). The reduction in prednisolone dose and improvements in mini-AQLQ and childhood ACT were significant in children both under and over 12 years of age, with no differences in outcome detected between these two groups.

Conclusions

A 16-week therapeutic trial of omalizumab allowed a significant reduction in daily prednisolone dose and was associated with improvements in asthma control and quality of life in 34 children with severe asthma. Similar benefits were seen in children both above and below 12 years of age. These uncontrolled data are very encouraging. There is an urgent requirement for a multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial of omalizumab in children with severe asthma, with reduction in oral corticosteroid dose as the primary outcome measure.
Hamstring exercises for track and field athletes: injury and exercise biomechanics, and possible implications for exercise selection and primary prevention
Authors: Malliaropoulos Nikos , Mendiguchia Jurdan , Pehlivanidis Hercules , Papadopoulou Sofia , Valle Xavier , Malliaras Peter , Maffulli Nicola
Published: June 2012

Hamstring strain injuries are the most prevalent muscle injuries in track and field (TF). These injuries often cause prolonged symptoms and a high risk of re-injury. Strengthening of the hamstring muscles has been recommended for injury prevention. The authors review the possible role of eccentric training in TF hamstring injury prevention and introduce exercise classification criteria to guide clinicians in designing strengthening programmes adapted to TF. The principles exposed may serve as a foundation for future development and application of new eccentric programmes to decrease the high incidence of this type of injury in other sports.
International Olympic Committee consensus statement on thermoregulatory and altitude challenges for high-level athletes
Authors: Bergeron MF , Bahr R , Bärtsch P , Bourdon L , Calbet JAL , Carlsen KH , Castagna O , González-Alonso J , Lundby C , Maughan RJ , Millet G , Mountjoy M , Racinais S , Rasmussen P , Subudhi AW , Young AJ , Soligard T , Engebretsen L
Published: June 2012

Challenging environmental conditions, including heat and humidity, cold, and altitude, pose particular risks to the health of Olympic and other high-level athletes. As a further commitment to athlete safety, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical Commission convened a panel of experts to review the scientific evidence base, reach consensus, and underscore practical safety guidelines and new research priorities regarding the unique environmental challenges Olympic and other international-level athletes face. For non-aquatic events, external thermal load is dependent on ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation, while clothing and protective gear can measurably increase thermal strain and prompt premature fatigue. In swimmers, body heat loss is the direct result of convection at a rate that is proportional to the effective water velocity around the swimmer and the temperature difference between the skin and the water. Other cold exposure and conditions, such as during Alpine skiing, biathlon and other sliding sports, facilitate body heat transfer to the environment, potentially leading to hypothermia and/or frostbite; although metabolic heat production during these activities usually increases well above the rate of body heat loss, and protective clothing and limited exposure time in certain events reduces these clinical risks as well. Most athletic events are held at altitudes that pose little to no health risks; and training exposures are typically brief and well-tolerated. While these and other environment-related threats to performance and safety can be lessened or averted by implementing a variety of individual and event preventative measures, more research and evidence-based guidelines and recommendations are needed. In the mean time, the IOC Medical Commission and International Sport Federations have implemented new guidelines and taken additional steps to mitigate risk even further.
Trends inStaphylococcus aureusbacteraemia and impacts of infection control practices including universal MRSA admission screening in a hospital in Scotland, 2006–2010: retrospective cohort study and time-series intervention analysis
Authors: Lawes Timothy , Edwards Becky , López-Lozano José-Maria , Gould Ian
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To describe secular trends inStaphylococcus aureusbacteraemia (SAB) and to assess the impacts of infection control practices, including universal methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) admission screening on associated clinical burdens.

Design

Retrospective cohort study and multivariate time-series analysis linking microbiology, patient management and health intelligence databases.

Setting

Teaching hospital in North East Scotland.

Participants

All patients admitted to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2010: n=420 452 admissions and 1 430 052 acute occupied bed days (AOBDs).

Intervention

Universal admission screening programme for MRSA (August 2008) incorporating isolation and decolonisation.

Primary and secondary measures

Hospital-wide prevalence density, hospital-associated incidence density and death within 30 days of MRSA or methicillin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA) bacteraemia.

Results

Between 2006 and 2010, prevalence density of all SAB declined by 41%, from 0.73 to 0.50 cases/1000 AOBDs (p=0.002 for trend), and 30-day mortality from 26% to 14% (p=0.013). Significant reductions were observed in MRSA bacteraemia only. Overnight admissions screened for MRSA rose from 43% during selective screening to >90% within 4 months of universal screening. In multivariate time-series analysis (R20.45 to 0.68), universal screening was associated with a 19% reduction in prevalence density of MRSA bacteraemia (−0.035, 95% CI −0.049 to −0.021/1000 AOBDs; p<0.001), a 29% fall in hospital-associated incidence density (−0.029, 95% CI −0.035 to −0.023/1000 AOBDs; p<0.001) and a 46% reduction in 30-day mortality (−15.6, 95% CI −24.1% to −7.1%; p<0.001). Positive associations with fluoroquinolone and cephalosporin use suggested that antibiotic stewardship reduced prevalence density of MRSA bacteraemia by 0.027 (95% CI 0.015 to 0.039)/1000 AOBDs. Rates of MSSA bacteraemia were not significantly affected by screening or antibiotic use.

Conclusions

Declining clinical burdens from SAB were attributable to reductions in MRSA infections. Universal admission screening and antibiotic stewardship were associated with decreases in MRSA bacteraemia and associated early mortality. Control of MSSA bacteraemia remains a priority.
Postnatal corticosteroids and neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely low birthweight or extremely preterm infants: 15-year experience in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Cheong Jeanie Ling , Anderson Peter , Roberts Gehan , Duff Julianne , Doyle Lex W ,   Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group
Published: June 2012

Objective

Postnatal corticosteroids (PCS) are used to prevent or treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in extremely low birthweight (ELBW; <1000 g) or extremely preterm (EPT; <28 weeks) infants. In the early 2000s, concerns were raised about increased risks of cerebral palsy (CP) in association with PCS, which may have affected prescribing of PCS, and influenced rates of BPD, mortality or long-term neurosensory morbidity. Our aim was to determine the changes over time in the rates of PCS use and 2-year outcomes in ELBW/EPT infants in Victoria, Australia.

Design

All ELBW or EPT infants born in Victoria, Australia in three distinct eras (1991–92, 1997 and 2005) who were alive at 7 days were included. Rates of PCS use, rates of BPD (oxygen dependency at 36 weeks' corrected age), death before 2 years of age, CP and major disability (any of moderate/severe CP, developmental quotient <−2 SD, blindness or deafness) were contrasted between cohorts.

Results

The rate of PCS use and the dose prescribed diminished significantly in 2005 compared with earlier eras, but the rate of BPD rose. Non-significant changes in the rates of mortality over time were mirrored by non-significant changes in the rates of CP or major disability. Combined outcomes of mortality with either major disability or CP were similar over the three eras.

Conclusions

PCS use decreased in 2005 compared with earlier eras, and was accompanied by a rise in BPD, with no significant changes in mortality or neurological morbidity.
Effect of thrombin receptor expression on microvessel endothelial cells, and survival by coagulation state in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Shao Ying , Xu Qin-Qin , Li Chun , Wu Ming-Yao , Huang Xiao-Yan
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The authors aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of thrombin receptor (TR) expression in microvessel endothelial cells (VECs) by coagulation state in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods

In 138 ESCC normal and para-tumour samples, we investigated the association of the expression of TR and CD34 (microvessel marker) seen on immunohistochemical staining and clinicopathological parameters, coagulation state, microvessel density (MVD), and survival of patients.

Result

In total, 62 ESCC tissues were positive for TR in VECs, and in 48 cases, the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was <28.5 s, with significant difference in tumour depth between TR-positive and -negative cases with APTT<28.5 s. Also with APTT<28.5 s, TR-positive MVD (TRMVD) was significantly greater with high than low CD34-positive MVD (CD34MVD; 7.96±4.27 vs 5.64±2.99; p=0.032). High CD34MVD was associated with increased TR expression in patients with APTT<28.5 than ≥28.5 s. In patients with high CD34MVD, the number of TR-positive microvessels was greater with APTT<28.5 than ≥28.5 s (n=17 vs n=6; p=0.002), and APTT and TR expressions were negatively correlated for patients with APTT<28.5 s (r2=−0.472, p=0.023). For patients with APTT<28.5 s, the cumulative survival rate was poorer with high than low TRMVD (p=0.027). On multivariate analysis, tumour size (p=0.006), tumour stage (p=0.004) and TRMVD (p=0.024) were independently associated with survival for patients with APTT<28.5 s. TRMVD had the second highest HR.

Conclusion

TR positivity in VECs may be an adverse prognostic factor for patients with ESCC and increased coagulation state. TR expression in VECs might be related to angiogenesis in ESCC.
Isolated cutaneous manifestation of IgG4-related disease
Authors: Hattori Tomoyasu , Miyanaga Tomomi , Tago Osamu , Udagawa Mai , Kamiyama Yuka , Nagai Yayoi , Ishikawa Osamu
Published: June 2012

Aims

The cutaneous manifestation of IgG4-related disease has rarely been reported. The aim of this study is to identify and describe the cutaneous manifestations associated with IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration in the skin.

Methods

The authors investigated two cases of IgG4-related disease with solitary skin lesions and compared the immunohistochemical characteristics of infiltrating cells among IgG4-related disease, Kimura's disease and cutaneous pseudolymphoma.

Results

IgG4-related disease manifested as an indurated plaque on the anterior chest in one case and a nodule on the toe in the other case. Histopathologically, skin lesions of IgG4-related disease showed a dense, mixed-cell infiltrate containing lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils along with fibrosis. Plasma cells stained positively with anti-IgG and anti-IgG4antibodies, and the ratio of IgG4+/IgG+ cells was more than 50%. Serum levels of IgG and IgG4were not elevated and no lesions were found in other organs. Skin samples taken from Kimura's disease showed histopathological features similar to those of IgG4-related disease. The proportion of IgG4+/IgG+ was high in Kimura's disease, but not in cutaneous pseudolymphoma.

Conclusions

The solitary skin lesions of IgG4-related disease were similar histologically and immunohistochemically to the skin lesions of Kimura's disease. The concept of IgG4-related disease may help clarify the pathomechanism of diseases of unknown aetiology that possess features of IgG4-related disease.
Non-invasive urine based tests for the detection of bladder cancer
Authors: Wadhwa Neha , Jatawa Suresh Kumar , Tiwari Archana
Published: June 2012

Bladder cancer is the fourth most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasm and cause of cancer-related deaths in men and eighth in women. Patients with bladder cancer undergo repeated cystoscopic examinations of the bladder to monitor for tumour recurrence which is invasive, costly and lacks accuracy. Therefore, the development of non-invasive urine based tests for the early detection of bladder cancer would be of tremendous benefit to both patients and healthcare systems. A number of urine based markers are available for the early diagnosis of bladder cancer. The diagnosis of bladder cancer relies on identifying malignant cells in the urine. All urinary markers have a higher sensitivity as compared with cytology but they score lower in specificity. Many soluble and cell based markers have been developed. Only two of the soluble and cell based markers have obtained the Food and Drug Administration approval. In the current review, the most recent literature of urinary markers is summarised. This article reports some of the more prominent urine markers and new technologies used nowadays.
The UK NEQAS for Molecular Genetics scheme for gastrointestinal stromal tumour: findings and recommendations following four rounds of circulation: Table 1
Authors: Wong Newton A C S , Deans Zandra C , Ramsden Simon C
Published: June 2012

Aims

To describe the UK NEQAS for Molecular Genetics scheme for gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) and to report and interpret the findings of four rounds of circulation of this quality assurance programme forKIT/PDGFRAmutation analyses.

Methods

Samples of GISTs from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were circulated to registered participants of the UK NEQAS for Molecular Genetics scheme for GIST. Three samples were provided per annual circulation from 2008 to 2011 inclusive. The participants were required to analyse the samples forKITand/orPDGFRAmutations using their routine protocols, and the anonymised participants' reports were assessed and an annual scheme report issued.

Results

The genotyping error rates for the 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 circulations were 13%, 33%, 19% and 4%, respectively. These errors were either missed or incorrectly described mutations. There was an overall false negative rate of 2% and false positive rate of 0%. The main recommendations that arose from these circulations were: (1) inclusion of reference accession numbers in reports; (2) avoidance of the term ‘heterozygous’ when analysing DNA from tumour tissue unless there was certainty that only neoplastic DNA was studied; and (3) the need to screenKITexons 9, 11, 13 and 17 andPDGFRAexons 12, 14 and 18 before classifying a GIST as ‘wild type’.

Conclusions

The UK NEQAS for Molecular Genetics scheme emphasises the potential complexities ofKIT/PDGFRAmutation analyses for GISTs and provides recommendations to help optimise such genotyping and reporting. The scheme has also demonstrated its educational value among participating laboratories.
Rsf-1/HBXAP overexpression is independent of gene amplification and is associated with poor outcome in patients with urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Liang Peir-In , Wu Li-Ching , Sheu Jim Jinn-Chyuan , Wu Ting-Feng , Shen Kun-Hung , Wang Yu-Hui , Wu Wen-Ren , Shiue Yow-Ling , Huang Hsuan-Ying , Hsu Han-Ping , Chen Yi-Hsien , Chen Li-Tzon , Li Chien-Feng , Liao Alex C
Published: June 2012

Backgrounds

Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UCUB) is prevalent in developed countries. It often shows genetic instability and is associated with amplification (or gain) of various oncogenic genes or suppressive genes. Rsf-1, a subunit of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling complexes that mediates ATPase-dependent chromatin remodelling, confers tumour aggressiveness in certain carcinomas. The authors evaluate the Rsf-1 gene and expression status and its associations with clinicopathological features and survival in their UCUB collection.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the Rsf-1 expression profile in 295 UCUB specimens, and was found to correlate with clinicopathological data. Real-time RT-PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridisation were used to detectRSF-1mRNA expression and gene dosage in 20 independent cases. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate Rsf-1 protein expression in human urothelial cell lines.

Results

Rsf-1 overexpression was demonstrated in 101 cases (34.2%), and was significantly associated with advanced primary tumour (p<0.001), nodal metastasis (p=0.004), higher histological grades (p=0.001) and frequent mitoses (p<0.001). Moreover, it was predictive in disease-specific survival and metastasis-free survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses (p<0.0001 for both). AlthoughRSF-1gene amplification can be barely detected, its mRNA expression is significantly enhanced in tumours with higher primary tumour (p=0.041) and positive nodal statuses (p=0.010), respectively. Rsf-1 protein was abundant in invasive urothelial carcinoma cells but was not benign.

Conclusions

Overexpression of Rsf-1 is associated with higher tumour stage and poorer clinical outcome. The current study by the authors suggests gene amplification-independent mechanisms driving Rsf-1 overexpression during UCUB tumour progression.
IgG4-related disease: can non-classical histopathological features or the examination of clinically uninvolved tissues be helpful in the diagnosis?
Authors: Culver Emma L , Bateman Adrian C
Published: June 2012

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an increasingly recognised inflammatory and fibrosing condition that commonly shows multisystem involvement. The disease may mimic malignancy and other inflammatory or immune-mediated disorders, but usually has a good response to corticosteroid therapy, underlining the requirement for recognition of the condition. Accurate diagnosis requires careful interpretation of varying combinations of serum IgG4 levels, radiological features and characteristic histopathological appearances within an appropriate clinical setting. The presence of ‘classical’ histopathological features together with an elevated tissue IgG4+ plasma cell count and IgG4 to IgG ratio is often diagnostic and at the very least can strongly support a clinicopathological diagnosis of IgG4-RD. The authors describe the most recent diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD, especially the histopathological features. The authors then discuss the merits of examining tissues that may be more easily obtainable than those that commonly show the ‘classical’ histopathological features, but within which not all of these ‘diagnostic’ features may be present. The authors conclude that while a combination of ‘classical’ histopathological features and an elevated tissue IgG4+ plasma cell count is the gold standard for diagnosis, examination of tissues that show some but not all of these features can, in the appropriate context, provide useful supporting evidence for a clinicopathological diagnosis of IgG4-RD.
Characteristics of HIV-positive patients infected by vertical transmission, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, 1993–2009
Authors: Matos Vanessa Terezinha Gubert de , Oliveira Ana Lúcia Lyrio de , Souza Albert Schiaveto de , Dal Fabbro Márcia Maria Ferrairo Janini
Published: June 2012

Objectives

The goal of the authors was to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of all HIV-positive children and adolescents infected by vertical transmission.

Methods

A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted that included all HIV-positive patients infected by vertical transmission who attended the referral services of the municipality of Campo Grande from 1993 to 2009, and who used antiretrovirals (ARV). The data were collected from medical records after local institutional review board approval.

Results

78 patients were included, and almost half of the living patients (75) in 2009 were 11–15 years of age. The average age at diagnosis was 38.8 months, treatment was most often initiated from 12 to 35 months of age, and HAART was the most common treatment. Most patients (51.3%) were hospitalised between one and five times, and the first regimen was not associated with hospitalisation (p=0.2). The majority of patients did not exhibit virological suppression at the last examination, and genotyping revealed the presence of resistance mutations. Failure of therapy was often the result of non-adherence to therapy. Five patients died, and the causes of death were pneumonia, sepsis, cerebral cryptococcosis and myocarditis.

Conclusions

Despite the availability of drugs and appropriate laboratory tests, a significant number of paediatric patients were failing ARV therapy due to non-adherence. Further interventions to enhance adherence in this population are needed.
Activities of γ-ray emitting isotopes in rainwater from Greater Sudbury, Canada following the Fukushima incident
Authors: Cleveland B.T. , Duncan F.A. , Lawson I.T. , Smith N.J.T. , Vázquez-Jáuregui E.
Published: June 2012

We report the activity measured in rainwater samples collected in the Greater Sudbury area of eastern Canada on 3, 16, 20, and 26 April 2011. The samples were γ-ray counted in a germanium detector and the isotopes 131I and 137Cs, produced by the fission of 235U, and 134Cs, produced by neutron capture on 133Cs, were observed at elevated levels compared to a reference sample of ice water. These elevated activities are ascribed to the accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear reactor complex in Japan that followed the 11 March 2011, earthquake and tsunami. The activity levels observed at no time presented health concerns.
QUANTUM CORRECTIONS TO GRAVITY AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPHYSICS
Authors: FABRIS JULIO C. , DE OLIVEIRA PAULO L. C. , RODRIGUES DAVI C. , VELASQUEZ-TORIBIO ALAN M. , SHAPIRO ILYA L.
Published: June 2012

The quantum contributions to the gravitational action are relatively easy to calculate in the higher derivative sector of the theory. However, the applications to the post-inflationary cosmology and astrophysics require the corrections to the Einstein–Hilbert action and to the cosmological constant, and those we cannot derive yet in a consistent and safe way. At the same time, if we assume that these quantum terms are covariant and that they have relevant magnitude, their functional form can be defined up to a single free parameter, which can be defined on the phenomenological basis. It turns out that the quantum correction may lead, in principle, to surprisingly strong and interesting effects in astrophysics and cosmology.
A COMBINATION METHOD AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO NONLINEAR EVOLUTION EQUATIONS
Authors: XIE YUANXI
Published: June 2012

In this paper, a combination method is developed to construct the explicit and exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations (NEEs). As illustrative examples, the explicit and exact solutions of some physically significant NEEs, comprising the generalized BBM–Burgers equation, generalized KdV–Burgers equation and generalized Benney equation are successfully presented by this means.
INNOVATION & PRODUCTIVITY: INVESTIGATING EFFECTS OF OPENNESS IN SERVICES
Authors: MENTION ANNE-LAURE , ASIKAINEN ANNA-LEENA
Published: June 2012

This study investigates the effects of openness on the different stages of the innovation process and further on firm performance. More specifically, it concentrates on inter-firm cooperation and information sourcing practices, which embody the implementation of an inbound open innovation strategy. Cooperation and information sourcing from market actors is contrasted with cooperation and information sourcing from competitors. To different extents, these actors may shape research and development (R&D) investments, affect success of the innovation process and contribute directly as well as through the innovation process to the labour productivity. Effects of these simultaneous practices on the innovation process are investigated in service sector firms, which have so far been largely neglected in (open) innovation studies. Results indicate that cooperation with and information sourcing from competitors positively influence innovation performance while market cooperation and information sourcing is resource-intensive and deteriorates performance on the short term.
COSMOLOGY WITH THE Ep,i – Eiso CORRELATION OF GAMMA–RAY BURSTS
Authors: AMATI LORENZO
Published: June 2012

Gamma–Ray Bursts (GRBs) are the brightest sources in the universe, emit mostly in the hard X–ray energy band and have been detected at redshifts up to about 8.2. Thus, they are in principle very powerful probes for cosmology. I shortly review the researches aimed to use GRBs for the measurement of cosmological parameters, which are mainly based on the correlation between spectral peak photon energy and total radiated energy or luminosity. In particular, based on an enriched sample of 120 GRBs, I will provide an update of the analysis by Amati et al. (2008) aimed at extracting information on ΩM and, to a less extent, on ΩΛ, from the E p,i – E iso correlation.
ON MAGNETIC FIELDS IN ROTATING NUCLEAR MATTER CORES OF STELLAR DIMENSIONS
Authors: BOSHKAYEV KUANTAY , ROTONDO MICHAEL , RUFFINI REMO
Published: June 2012

We consider a degenerate globally neutral system of stellar dimensions consisting of Nn neutrons, Np protons and Ne electrons in beta equilibrium. Such a system at nuclear density having mass numbers A ≈ 1057 can exhibit a charge distribution different from zero. We present the analysis in the framework of classical electrodynamics to investigate the magnetic field induced by this charge distribution when the system is allowed to rotate as a whole rigid body with constant angular velocity around the axis of symmetry.
VALIDITY OF THIN SHELL MODELS
Authors: GAO SIJIE
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this paper is to test the validity of the thin shell formalism. Firstly, we construct a dust thick shell collapsing to a Schwarzschild black hole. From this exact solution, we show that the two sides of the shell satisfy different equations of motion. Moreover, we show that the inner side and the outer side always cross each other right after the formation of the thin shell, causing a breakdown of the model. Secondly, we establish a class of wormholes with non-zero thickness and extremal Reissner-Nordström exterior. In the thin shell limit, we find that the surface stress-energy tensor contains the contribution of electromagnetic field, which contradicts the assumption in previous literature.
DARK ENERGY AND DARK MATTER ACCRETION ONTO A BLACK HOLE IN EXPANDING UNIVERSE
Authors: KIM SUNG-WON , KANG YURI
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we considered the multi-component accretion onto the black hole in the expanding universe. The accreted matters are dark energy, dark matter, and the interaction terms. We found the black hole mass change rates and their behaviors according to the models of interaction and dark energy.
THE PICARD SATELLITE MISSION FOR SOLAR ASTROMETRY
Authors: SIGISMONDI COSTANTINO
Published: June 2012

The Picard solar satellite has been launched on June 15, 2010. This mission is dedicated to the measurement of the solar diameter with an expected accuracy of milliarcseconds of arc. The radiometer onboard is to measure the total solar irradiance. The final goal is the evaluation of the W, the logarithmic ratio of radius and luminosity. This parameter will help the climatologists to recover past values of the solar luminosity when the radius is available from ancient eclipses data.
GRAND UNIFICATION WITHOUT HIGGS BOSONS
Authors: BARR STEPHEN M. , CALMET XAVIER
Published: June 2012

We discuss how a model for the electroweak interactions without a Higgs could be embedded into a grand unified theory. The requirement of a non-trivial fixed point in the SU(2) sector of the weak interactions together with the requirement of the numerical unification of the gauge couplings leads to a prediction for the value of the SU(2) gauge coupling in the fixed point regime. The fixed point regime must be in the TeV region to solve the unitarity problem in the elastic scattering of W bosons. We find that the unification scale is at about 1014 GeV. Viable grand unified theories must thus conserve baryon number. We discuss how to build such a model without using Higgs bosons.
PERTURBATIVE RENORMALIZABILITY OF NONCOMMUTATIVE CHIRAL GAUGE THEORIES
Authors: BURIĆ MAJA , LATAS DUŠKO
Published: June 2012

We review renormalizability of noncommutative gauge theories with fermionic matter in the enveloping algebra approach and discuss specific properties of the chiral U(1) model.
LEARNING FROM JULIUS' STAR, *, ⋆
Authors: FIORE GAETANO
Published: June 2012

While collecting some personal memories about Julius Wess, I briefly describe some aspects of my recent work on many particle quantum mechanics and second quantization on noncommutative spaces obtained by twisting, and their connection to him.
RENORMALIZATION OF A NONCOMMUTATIVE FIELD THEORY
Authors: GROSSE HARALD , WULKENHAAR RAIMAR
Published: June 2012

We discuss a special Euclidean [Formula: see text]-quantum field theory over quantized space-time as an example of a renormalizable field theory. Using a Ward identity, it was possible to prove the vanishing of the beta function for the coupling constant to all orders in perturbation theory. We extend this work and obtain from the Schwinger-Dyson equation a non-linear integral equation for the renormalized two-point function alone. The non-trivial renormalized four-point function fulfils a linear integral equation with the inhomogeneity determined by the two-point function. These integral equations might be the starting point of a nonperturbative construction of a Euclidean quantum field theory on a noncommutative space. We expect to learn about renormalization from this almost solvable model.
JULIUS WESS — A SCIENTIST IN GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: MÖLLER LUTZ
Published: June 2012

Over several years the author co-operated closely with Julius Wess at the University of Munich in supporting re-establishing scientific links between physicists of the countries of South-East Europe and between these and the rest of the world. Major achievements have been the SinYu project leading to high-speed internet at the Serbian universities as well as re-establishing two series of conferences and summer schools. This is the first time, that the short history of the "WIGV initiative" has been written up.
SUPERSYMMETRY AND UNIFICATION: HEAVY TOP WAS THE KEY
Authors: SENJANOVIĆ GORAN
Published: June 2012

I review the history of the unification of gauge couplings of the Standard Model. I start by recalling the history of the most important prediction of low-energy supersymmetry: the correct prediction of the weak mixing angle tied to the prediction of a large top quark mass. I then turn to the discussion of the present day situation of the minimal supersymmetric Grand Unified Theories based on SU(5) and SO(10) groups. For the sake of completeness I also summarize the problems and possible solution of the minimal ordinary SU(5).
Complex Fluid-Fluid Interfaces: Rheology and Structure
Authors: Fuller Gerald G. , Vermant Jan
Published: June 2012

Complex fluid-fluid interfaces are common to living systems, foods, personal products, and the environment. They occur wherever surface-active molecules and particles collect at fluid interfaces and render them nonlinear in their response to flow and deformation. When this occurs, the interfaces acquire a complex microstructure that must be interrogated. Interfacial rheological material properties must be measured to appreciate their role in such varied processes as lung function, cell division, and foam and emulsion stability. This review presents the methods that have been devised to determine the microstructure of complex fluid-fluid interfaces. Complex interfacial microstructure leads to rheological complexity. This behavior is often responsible for stabilizing interfacial systems such as foams and emulsions, and it can also have a profound influence on wetting/dewetting dynamics. Interfacial rheological characterization relies on the development of tools with the sensitivity to respond to small surface stresses in a way that isolates them from bulk stresses. This development is relatively recent, and reviews of methods for both shear and dilatational measurements are offered here.
Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Hayner Cary M. , Zhao Xin , Kung Harold H.
Published: June 2012

The lithium-ion battery is the most promising battery candidate to power battery-electric vehicles. For these vehicles to be competitive with those powered by conventional internal combustion engines, significant improvements in battery performance are needed, especially in the energy density and power delivery capabilities. Recent discoveries and advances in the development of electrode materials to improve battery performance are summarized. Promising substitutes for graphite as the anode material include silicon, tin, germanium, their alloys, and various metal oxides that have much higher theoretical storage capacities and operate at slightly higher and safer potentials. Designs that attempt to accommodate strain owing to volumetric changes upon lithiation and delithiation are presented. All known cathode materials have storage capacities inferior to those of anode materials. In addition to variations on known transition metal oxides and phosphates, other potential materials, such as metal fluorides, are discussed as well as the effects of particle size and electrode architecture. New electrolyte systems and additives as well as their effects on battery performance, especially with regard to safety, are described.
Unraveling Reaction Pathways and Specifying Reaction Kinetics for Complex Systems
Authors: Vinu R. , Broadbelt Linda J.
Published: June 2012

Many natural and industrial processes involve a complex set of competing reactions that include several different species. Detailed kinetic modeling of such systems can shed light on the important pathways involved in various transformations and therefore can be used to optimize the process conditions for the desired product composition and properties. This review focuses on elucidating the various components involved in modeling the kinetics of pyrolysis and oxidation of polymers. The elementary free radical steps that constitute the chain reaction mechanism of gas-phase/nonpolar liquid-phase processes are outlined. Specification of the rate coefficients of the various reaction families, which is central to the theme of kinetics, is described. Construction of the reaction network on the basis of the types of end groups and reactive moieties in a polymer chain is discussed. Modeling frameworks based on the method of moments and kinetic Monte Carlo are evaluated using illustrations. Finally, the prospects and challenges in modeling biomass conversion are addressed.
Epstein-Barr-Virus-Positive B-Cell Lymphoma of Recipient Origin Despite of the Elimination of Clonally EBV-Infected T Cells by Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in a Patient with Chronic Active EBV Infection
Authors: Nagasawa Masayuki
Published: June 2012

A 20-year-old patient with chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) received peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) from HLA-one-locus-mismatched mother. Although EB-virus-infected T cells were eliminated after PBSCT, she developed EB-virus-positive B-cell lymphoma of recipient origin in the brain. By reducing the immunosuppressive therapy, the initial lesion disappeared. However, another lesion in the opposite lateral brain appeared later and was resistant to further reduction of immunosuppressive therapy. EBV-DNA was persistently negative after PBSCT in the peripheral blood. This case is suggestive in management of EBV reactivation after SCT and understanding alloimmune response to EBV.
Mycobacterium bovis: A Model Pathogen at the Interface of Livestock, Wildlife, and Humans
Authors: Palmer Mitchell V. , Thacker Tyler C. , Waters W. Ray , Gortázar Christian , Corner Leigh A. L.
Published: June 2012

Complex and dynamic interactions involving domestic animals, wildlife, and humans create environments favorable to the emergence of new diseases, or reemergence of diseases in new host species. Today, reservoirs ofMycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of tuberculosis in animals, and sometimes humans, exist in a range of countries and wild animal populations. Free-ranging populations of white-tailed deer in the US, brushtail possum in New Zealand, badger in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and wild boar in Spain exemplify established reservoirs ofM. bovis. Establishment of these reservoirs is the result of factors such as spillover from livestock, translocation of wildlife, supplemental feeding of wildlife, and wildlife population densities beyond normal habitat carrying capacities. As many countries attempt to eradicateM. bovisfrom livestock, efforts are impeded by spillback from wildlife reservoirs. It will not be possible to eradicate this important zoonosis from livestock unless transmission between wildlife and domestic animals is halted. Such an endeavor will require a collaborative effort between agricultural, wildlife, environmental, and political interests.