bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pattern for Nobility: The Comte de Brienne
Authors: Doolittle James
Published: November 2006

The Comte de Brienne (1595-1666), soldier, bureaucrat, secrétaire d'Etat under Marie de Médicis, Louis XIII, Anne d'Autriche, and Louis XIV, wrote, ca. 1661, memoirs in which it appears (1) that he took seriously the principles of feudal polity, (2) that he sought to incarnate the ideal feudal vassal and expected his noble contemporaries to do so, and (3) that while such contemporary fictions as the heroes of d'Urfé and of Corneille were exemplified in fact, the fact was already an anachronism in morality and in politics.
The Interlocutor in La Chute: A Key to Its Meaning
Authors: Whartenby H. Allen
Published: November 2006

Close examination of the interlocutor's reflected reactions provides a method for a reading of La Chute which is more consistent with Camus's basic outlook. As he takes part in sporadic although important exchanges with Clamence, the interlocutor is first led generally to see resemblances to the generous lawyer. Later, however, he displays increasingly unfavorable reactions until he finally laughs aloud when Clamence states that he will listen fraternally to the other's confession. By creating an interlocutor who rejects the speaker's views and purposes, Camus affords the reader the pleasure of ridiculing Clamence and of reasserting his own interpretation of life rather than being intimidated into accepting Clamence's degrading portrait as characteristic of modern man.
Our New Poet: Archetypal Criticism and The Faerie Queene
Authors: Gottfried Rudolf B.
Published: November 2006

When the archetypal principles outlined by Northrop Frye in his Anatomy of Criticism have been applied to The Faerie Queene, they have dangerously misrepresented its structure and meaning. The Anatomy subordinates a poet's intention in any given text to the symbolic patterns a critic can discover there; and so it arbitrarily describes Spenser's poem as a romance in six books, covering many of the six phases which make up the archetypal plot of that genre. In a later essay Frye amends his scheme to include the Mutabilitie Cantos as a completed seventh part in the unified imagery of the whole. But the reductive possibilities of his approach are far more fully realized in A. C. Hamilton's Structure of Allegory in The Faerie Queene. Around the poem Hamilton weaves a network of recurring “images”: puns, sexual allusions, and mythological equivalents. He also forces it into various larger molds, asserting that Book One consists of two five-act plays, a tragedy followed by a comedy; that Book One falls into four parts which outline the remaining books; and that the seven books which survive are patterned on the chronological development of human life. Thus, archetypal criticism has made Spenser over into another poet.
A. C. Swinburne's “Hymn to Proserpine”: The Work Sheets
Authors: Peters Robert
Published: November 2006

Recently discovered work sheets for Swinburne's “Hymn to Proserpine” (1866) reveal that the central wave image, foreshadowing the later symbolists and imagists, was wrought by Swinburne with extreme care. Through a careful pruning and a suppression of the simile in favor of metaphor, Swinburne built this passage of eighteen lines so that effects accumulate, distilling his themes of power, fear, evil, and transcendent time with considerable symbolic force.
John Lane's Keynotes Series and the Fiction of the 1890's
Authors: Harris Wendell V.
Published: November 2006

The Keynotes Series was the result of one of John Lane's schemes for calling attention to new writers and trends. These fourteen novels and nineteen volumes of short stories published between 1894 and 1897 represent a significant cross section of what Lane, whose Bodley Head Press was regarded as the center of fin de siècle literary attitudes, thought new and modish. An examination of the contents of the Series is useful in seeing the 1890's in perspective: conventional morality is there defended more often than attacked, decadent themes are few but technical experiments in structure and style many, and Hardy, not Wilde or Pater, exercises the greatest influence. (The first complete listing of the Series is included.)
Anarchist, Detective, and Saint: The Possibilities of Action in The Secret Agent
Authors: Fradin Joseph I.
Published: November 2006

In four characters, Conrad undermines all possibility of unambiguous moral action. The Professor, whose anarchism begins in existential emptiness and contains a violent totalitarian impulse, dramatizes the potential for death in the human will when its energies are directed toward power, toward political ends; the capacity for destruction, both private and public, of the Professor's devotion to the “idea” is grotesquely symbolized by the bomb he carries, his hand always on the detonator. The Assistant Commissioner has no “idea,” but his apparent efficiency is thoroughly undermined by the way Conrad exposes the ambiguity both of his motives and of the sources of the energy which enables him to succeed in his hunt for Verloc. Like Winnie, the Commissioner has chosen “respectability”—an inauthentic life. Winnie's own destruction begins in her feeling for Stevie and is hastened by Stevie's angry compassion, since even compassion is dangerous as a motive for action. This is a lesson Michaelis' youthful political experience has taught him, and his withdrawal presents the novel's final paradox: that in an anarchic world, self-preoccupied inertia may become the posture of a saint.
Edward Taylor's Preparatory Meditations: A Decorum of Imperfection
Authors: Mignon Charles W.
Published: November 2006

The problem of assessing Edward Taylor's literary reputation has been made difficult by the claims put forward on his behalf and by the criticisms of these claims because both share the assumption that Taylor's poetry may be compared with Herbert's. But a consideration of Taylor's Prologue (glossed with relevant poems and sermons) reveals the rudiments of Taylor's Puritan theory of the imperfect function of human art, rudiments which form a concept of decorum which is not “metaphysical.” Taylor's theory features the severely limited possibilities of fallen human art not only in dealing with man's condition but even in attempting the praise of God. Accordingly, at the practice of metaphor Taylor is committed to meiosis, and uses amplification for the praise of God with considerable hesitation. On the other hand, Herbert, with a different religious position and with consequently a different subject (the contrast between man's insignificance and his greatness as a child of God), has as a result a much wider metaphoric range. These differences in the range and use of metaphor reveal quite different concepts of decorum and suggest judgments about Taylor's literary reputation based not on “metaphysical” decorum, but rather on a Puritan decorum of imperfection.
“The Hall of Fantasy” and the Early Hawthorne-Thoreau Relationship
Authors: Jones Buford
Published: November 2006

The two versions of “The Hall of Fantasy” reveal that the intellectual exchange between Hawthorne and Thoreau at the beginning of the Old Manse period was far more extensive and formative than has hitherto been supposed. The narrator's companion-guide is a strikingly full, thinly disguised fictional portrait of Thoreau as he appeared to Hawthorne in August and September 1842, when their friendship first developed. This portrait provides a new set of insights into their relationship and a more accurate notion of their attitudes toward Emerson, Alcott, and the whole intellectual ferment around Concord. The narrator and his guide assume the precise moral stances of Hawthorne and Thoreau concerning Transcendentalism, technical progress, reform movements, vegetarianism, “Adamism,” and other prominent philosophical and social issues. These discussions largely determined the subjects each would write about for the next year, especially in Hawthorne's “The Old Manse,” “The New Adam and Eve,” and “Earth's Holocaust,” and in Thoreau's two contributions to The Democratic Review. “The Landlord” and “Paradise (to be) Regained.” Their influence can still be seen in the major works of the late 1840's and early 1850's: “The Custom House,” The Bouse of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, and the different versions of Walden.
Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter: The Theory of the Romance and the Use of the New England Situation
Authors: Stubbs John C.
Published: November 2006

To write The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne drew on mid-nineteenthcentury theories of the prose romance and the central situation of New England romances. The romance was distinguished from the novel by the idea of artistic distance; romancers wanted to set human experience at a distance from their readers' world so that the meaning of the experience would be more clear. To get the distance exactly right, they balanced three sets of opposites: verisimilitude and ideality; the natural and the marvelous; and history and fiction. Hawthorne discussed each of the balances and used them as part of his conception of the form of The Scarlet Letter. The central situation of most contemporary romances about Puritanism provided him with the conflict of the “fair Puritan” and the “black Puritan.” Hester is his “fair Puritan” whose capacity for feeling is opposed to the reasoned but harsh justice of his “black Puritan,” Chillingworth. These two characters in their roles as types define the extreme sides of the moral argument Hawthorne synthesizes in the complex characterization of Dimmesdale.
Walt Whitman's Earliest Known Notebook
Authors: Grier Edward F.
Published: November 2006

The notebook, which disappeared from the Library of Congress sometime after its first, incomplete publication in 1921, has been described and analyzed from an imperfect microfilm copy. The new information discloses that, although the notebook was used until 1854–55, the traditional date of 1847 for most of the contents is correct. Although the notebook is close to the 1855 Leaves of Grass in its poetical material, it shows relatively little influence from specific events, politics, or literary ideas in Whitman's formative period.
VII.—The Phonology of the Stressed Vowels of ‘Béowulf'
Authors: Davidson Charles
Published: November 2006

The value of such an investigation as this depends upon the reliability of the methods employed; these I wish to sketch briefly.

Harrison and Sharp's ‘Béowulf,’ after careful collation with Zupitza's ‘Autotypes,’ with additional correction for quantity, has furnished the text of the poem. Every word of this text, every variation of stem, has been, by independent investigation, reduced to the West-Germanic form. The data for this step were furnished by the vocabularies and lexicons cited below, and the processes involved were pursued under the guidance of the grammars also cited in the subjoined list. The lists of words thus obtained were classified, and checked against the lists of Cook, Cosijn, Fischer, and Leioing, and all important disagreements noted. Where further investigation seemed to justify former conclusions, a reference to the author in question has been entered in the work.
X.—Other Dialectal Forms in Tennessee
Authors: Brown Calvin S.
Published: November 2006

The subject of this paper as announced some time ago in the programme of this convention, is not exactly the one which it should bear. In a former paper, published in the Modern Language Notes, I tried to trace back a number of our peculiar words and speech usages to an earlier period of the language, using Shakespeare as a basis. In the present paper this method of procedure has been attempted only incidentally. In other words, I invite your attention to a study of a few of the peculiarities of the language as found in Tennessee, regardless of their origin and history. It is not to be supposed, however, that the forms pointed out are limited to one particular state or to a small territory. On the other hand, most of them are found throughout the larger portion of the South, and many of them are common over the whole country. Nothing like a complete survey of the field, or a strict classification of the material gathered, has been attempted, and many of the words treated have been discussed by others. A few cases of bad pronunciation have been noticed, rather as an index of characteristic custom than as showing anything new.
The Language of Modern Norway
Authors: Bothne Gisle
Published: November 2006

Norway regained her political independence in 1814. Since then efforts have been made to establish a language-standard, truly national and Norwegian. The different theories set forth, the arguments advanced, the practical plans submitted, the struggle still going on between the opposing factions, present a linguistic condition, in many ways similar to the one existing in modern Greece, so well described by Prof. Wheeler in a recent issue of the American Journal of Philology. In this short paper it is possible only to state, in the briefest way, the facts as I have found them, regarding this question of language in Norway.
Jean de Mairet
Authors: Blume Julius
Published: November 2006

The third and fourth decades of. the seventeenth century, or more strictly speaking the years from 1625 to 1637, form a rather important period in the history of French literature. This is the time when the great Corneille makes his appearance and the “Académie française” is established. For this reason it is all the more striking that there exists, apparently, a great uncertainty concerning a number of the precursors and contemporaries of Corneille, not only with regard to chronology, but also as to their true merits. One of the poets of that time, about whom opinions seem to be divided as to his literary position and undecided as to the chronology, is Jean de Mairet. of Besançon, who lived from 1604 to 1684. The chief works which Mairet wrote, are in chronological order as follows:

Chryséide et Arimand, a tragi-comedy; Sylvie, a pastoral; Silvanire, also a pastoral, or as Mairet himself terms it, a tragicomédie pastorale; Due d'Ossonne, a comedy; Virginie, a tragi-comedy; and the tragedies: Sophonisbe, Marc Antoine Soliman, and Roland furieux.
The Genesis of the Characters in Lessing's ‘Nathan der Weise’
Authors: Gruener Gustav
Published: November 2006

In the discussion of the genesis of the characters in Lessing's ‘Nathan’ there are four elements to be considered, of which we must form a correct estimate before we can obtain a clear conception of the way in which these characters received their present form. First in importance is the plot, or action, of the drama. When Lessing first conceived the idea of making the story of the three rings in Boccaccio the central scene of a drama, he must have outlined in connection with the main features of its plot the leading characters in the play; and he must have given his conceptions of these characters such personal characteristics that the action would logically proceed from them. To this factor, then, we may ascribe the creation of most of the characters, and the salient and important personal traits of all. The first rough draught of the play, (the date of which is unknown but which must have been jotted down some years before it was worked up into the drama as it now is),∗ shows in the main what is to be attributed to the influence of this element. So much for the present, as this point will be taken up again later at greater length.
VII.—Two Modern German Etymologies
Authors: Collitz Hermann
Published: November 2006

Schnörkel in Modern German designates a twisted ornament, a ‘scroll’ or ‘flourish.’ In some of the earlier dictionaries, e. g. in Steinbach's Vollständiges Deutsches Wörter-Buch (Breslau, 1734) and in Frisch's Teutsch-Lateinisches Wörter-Buch (Berlin, 1741), the word occurs as Schnerkel, and this, no doubt, is the more original form; the change of e into ö being due to the influence of the neighboring sch, as in löschen, Schöffe, schöpfen, Schöpfer, schröpfen, schwören, which originated from Middle High German leschen, scheffe, schepfen, schepfere, schrepfen, swern? It is well known that in such cases the vowels ö and e are found interchangeably from a time earlier than the beginning of the sixteenth century. E. g. Luther in his later works clings to the e (in spelling schepffen, schweren, etc.), while in his earlier writings the ö is found at least in a few cases. On the whole the vowel ö is gaining ground; but in some instances the uncertainty between e and ö is not settled before the end of the eighteenth century. It is in accordance with these facts that, although Schnerkel is still used in the first half of the eighteenth century, yet the word is spelled Schnörchel, e. g. in Kramer's Wort-Buch in Teutsch-Italiänischer Sprach (Nürnberg, 1678).
IX.—Indirect Discourse in Anglo-Saxon
Authors: Gorrell J. Hendren
Published: November 2006

The study of Indirect Discourse in Anglo-Saxon has hitherto received comparatively little attention. We occasionally meet with discussions of this construction in grammatical studies of selected Anglo-Saxon writings. Kühn and Wohlfarht, in their treatments of the syntax of the works of Ælfric, have done little more than to mention Indirect Discourse; Nader, however, has furnished a far more satisfactory account of it as found in the Beowulf. Such studies are as a rule of a sketchy character and are also extremely unsatisfactory owing to the restricted field within which the work has been done.
The Manuscript, Orthography, and Dialect of the Hildebrandslied
Authors: Wilkens Frederick H.
Published: November 2006

The Old Saxon (or Old High German) Hildebrandslied occupies a unique position among the remains of Germanic antiquity. It is the only specimen of the ancient German national epic preserved in the O.H.G. or the O.S. language. Interesting as this noble poem is, when considered by itself, it gains still more in interest when viewed as an older type of the epic poetry developed into perfection, at a later period, in works like the Nibelungenlied. Its orthography and dialect also offer most interesting problems. These considerations will explain why a renewed detailed examination of the manuscript, orthography, and dialect of the poem were deemed justifiable.
Some Unpublished Poems of Fernan Perez de Guzman
Authors: Rennert Hugo A.
Published: November 2006

Spain, during the fifteenth century, was very prolific in writers of verse, as a glance at the Cancioneros of Baena, Castillo, Estuñiga, and a number of other early collections, both printed and manuscript, will show. That these were not all poets by divine right, no one perhaps will gainsay, nor would the world have suffered any great loss, if much of their verse had disappeared forever. In the time of Don Juan II. (1407-1454), himself a poet, it seemed to have been considered a necessary accomplishment of every courtier to write poetry, and as the Spanish language falls into measure and rhyme at the slightest provocation, the practice of such an accomplishment was fraught with little difficulty. Still, despite what has been said above, there is a charm about much of the poetry in these Cancioneros that is undeniable, and among their poets many names occur that will always occupy an honorable place in the literature of Spain. With perhaps a few exceptions, the best poetry in these collections is found in the short lyrical pieces. They are often delightfully naive, but necessarily suffer from sameness, love being the theme of most of them, and even this may become wearisome. But there were also poets, though in much lesser number, who turned their thoughts to things spiritual. Of these, two of the most famous were the Marquis of Santillana, and his kinsman Fernan Perez de Guzman, some of whose religious poems are here published for the first time. They are among the best verses that he has written, and are very fairly illustrative of his style and ability as a poet.
An Apocryphal Letter of St. Augustine to Cyril and a Life of St. Jerome, Translated Into Danish. Codex Regius 1586, 4to, GL. Kong. SAML, Copenhagen. Edited With an Introduction, and a Glossary of the Proper Names and the Obsolete Words and Forms
Authors: Dodge Daniel Kilham
Published: November 2006

The MS. from which the following extracts are taken is a beautiful vellum codex, substantially bound in dark red stamped morocco leather, with plain brass clasps, numbered 1586, 4to, Gl. Kong. Saml. (Old Royal Collection). It was written in 1488, at Mariager Cloister, near Aarhus in Jutland, by a monk residing there named Niels Morgensen, by order of the Prioress, Elizabeth Herman's daughter, as we are informed at the end of each part. It is the only text known. It contains, in addition to the portions now published, which form the second and fourth parts respectively, (I) A letter from St. Eusebius to Domacius, Bishop of Portoci, and Theodosius, a Roman Senator, announcing the death of St. Jerome, (III) Cyril's reply to St. Augustine's letter, and (V) A Life of St. Katharine of Siena, which last comprises almost a third of the whole.
Notes on the Language of J. G. Schottel
Authors: von Jagemann H. C. G.
Published: November 2006

In his collection of essays Von Luther bis Lessing,1 F. Kluge discusses at some length W. Scherer's proposition, that Luther marks but a transition period in the history of the German language, while the Modern High German period proper does not begin till the middle of the seventeenth century. I cannot find in Scherer's Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur anything so definite as to warrant Kluge's assertion that for Scherer “Schottel marks the beginning of the Modern High German period.”2 In the chronological tables, the Modern High German period begins with the Peace of Westphalia, and after various works by Spee, Gryphius, Lauremberg, Logan, Angelus Silesius and Scriver, Schottel's Ausführliche Arbeit von der deutschen Hauptsprache is mentioned, but it does not appear from this or from anything in the text of the volume, that Scherer intended to give Schottel anything like as prominent a place in this period as he had given Luther in the one immediately preceding. That the efforts of Schottel and other grammarians and purists of the seventeenth century contributed much to the wealth as well as the purity and regularity of the modem German language, there can be no doubt. It needs to be determined what Schottel's own share in this work was, what contributions he made to the vocabulary, what reforms he suggested, what position he took with reference to the reforms suggested by others, how far he understood the spirit of the language and the tendencies of its development. The present paper is intended as a step in this direction.
I.—Guernsey: Its People and Dialect
Authors: Lewis Edwin Seelye
Published: November 2006

Guernsey, in shape a triangle and sloping toward the North, is divided into twenty parishes. The Lower or Northern Parishes are those most frequently visited by strangers; here the scenery is quiet, the bays are large, with beautiful white sand-beaches, varied, here and there, by some bold projection. The Southern coast, on the contrary, is beautiful in its very ruggedness; here, cliffs a hundred feet in height, wild and fierce, sea gulls and crows with their piercing shrieks, waves dashing against the rocks and into the caverns, all contribute to produce a peculiar fascination on the visitor.
II.—The Social Aspect of Early German Romanticism
Authors: Francke Kuno
Published: November 2006

In the history of the human mind, there have been few more striking proofs of the organic unity in which the varied manifestations of national life are bound together than that afforded by the social causes and effects of German Romanticism. Few literary movements have demonstrated more impressively the futility of individual culture if it lacks a large sense of common responsibility. The predominance, in modern German society, of fact over theory, of common sense over genius, of practical tasks over ideal aspirations, may, to a large extent at least, be explained as a wholesome reaction against the excesses of Romantic wilfulness.
III.—Shakespeare's First Principles of Art
Authors: Sherman L. A.
Published: November 2006

Perhaps no part of Shakespeare has proved harder of interpretation and appreciation than the closet scene which ends Act III of Hamlet. Every reader, every spectator of the play has at some time felt regret, perhaps dismay, that so brilliant and capable a hero should, in such an unadvised and erratic way, reproach and revile his mother. It is a scene at no point pleasing, and in many points perplexing. And, particularly, what of the Ghost's reappearance ? We find it hard to believe, even dramatically, in the inconsequential return of the same vindictive, impassioned spirit that is made so much of at the opening of the play. “It is surely a subjective ghost,” says White. “It is not a subjective ghost,” says another; “but the audience does not see it.” “It is certainly not a subjective ghost,” says yet another; “everybody sees it but the Queen.” And so it goes. What did Shakespeare mean ?
II.—Warmpth
Authors: Grandgent C. H.
Published: November 2006

Among the many interesting phenomena of speech-life are the disappearance and the development of a p, b, t, d, k, or g between two consonants. The suppression of the stop seems to be usually due to a general tendency to simplify consonant groups, whenever such reduction facilitates utterance and does not interfere with intelligibility; thus Vulgar Latin compto becomes comto and then conto. The growth of a consonant between two others appears to be occasioned either by a lack of simultaneousness in the action of different organs, as in English Hampton from Hamton, or by an unconscious effort to bridge over a difficult transition, as in Old French estre from esre; sometimes, perhaps, as in Greek àνδρóς, it is brought about by a combination of these causes.
XVII.—Elizabethan Translations from the Italian: The Titles of Such Works Now First Collected and Arranged, with Annotations. II. Translations of Poetry, Plays, and Metrical Romances
Authors: Scott Mary Augusta
Published: November 2006

The first Italian grammar published in England, in 1550, written by William Thomas, clerk of the Council to King Edward VI. and one of the first Protestant victims of the succeeding reign, contains “a Dictionarie for the better understanding of Boccace, Petrarcha, and Dante.” The title indicates that the great Italian poets of the trecento were first studied by English readers, and Boccaccio and Petrarch are here named before Dante. Indeed, after a most careful search, I cannot find any Elizabethan translation of any work of Dante. The first English translation of Dante in the British Museum Catalogue is that of Henry Boyd, L'Inferno, in 1785, La Divina Commedia, in 1802.
XL—Troilus and Criseyde, a Study in Chaucer's Method of Narrative Construction
Authors: Price Thomas R.
Published: November 2006

It has been among the results of Dr. Lounsbury's noble work on Chaucer to make the mind of the poet for us, as never for any generation before us, discoverable in his poetry. Since that work appeared, each of Chaucer's poems, read now through the light of that illumination, seems to kindle into fresh meaning in its revealed association with the mind and purpose of the writer. And from the union of all the poems into one image, there seems to come a somewhat clear revelation of the poet's range of human vision and of his method of poetry. This revelation reaches, I think, its highest point of truth in that eighth chapter which forms the crown of Dr. Lounsbury's book, the chapter on Chaucer as Literary Artist. “About Chaucer's method of work,” he says, “there is nothing of that blind creative inspiration, which, acting without reflection, characterizes, or is supposed to characterize, the poets of the earliest periods. He has all the self-consciousness of the creative genius that has mastered his art” (Lounsbury, Studies in Chaucer, III, 324). “He knows precisely what he is aiming to accomplish.” Here is, I think, the true word spoken about Chaucer's mental character, about his poetical method, and, by inference, about his rank and special place among the classical poets. For the essence of classical poetry is self-knowledge and self-restraint, the artistic calculation of proportions, and the aesthetic calculation of effects. It is my purpose, therefore, to show in the Troilus and Criseyde, which I take to be Chaucer's most perfect poem, the evidence of Dr. Lounsbury's summary of Chaucer's poetical character, the evidence of deliberate and careful calculation, of cool, self-conscious, almost infallible skill.
XIV.—Antwurt vnd Klag mit Entschuldigung Doctor Murners wider Bru°der Michel Stifel
Authors: Voss Ernst
Published: November 2006

Th. Murner, the great opponent of Luther and one of the most interesting characters of the Reformation period, is unduly overshadowed by his great antagonist, Martin Luther, just as Wallenstein is by Gustavus Adolphus; and what. Schiller wrote about Wallenstein: “Von der Parteien Hass und Gunst verwirrt schwankt sein Charakterbild in der Geschichte,” is equally true of Murner.
A Study of the Metrical Structure of the Middle English Poem The Pearl
Authors: Northup Clark S.
Published: November 2006

The difference in the treatment of final unstressed -e among the various ME. dialects has long since been noticed. In Nth., according to Morsbach (Mittelenglische Grammatik §§ 6–9), it became silent (“ist stumm”) about 1350; in Ml. it was in part sounded throughout the fourteenth century, though as Morsbach remarks, “in vielen fällen ist es schon verstummt;” in WSth. and MSth. it was in general retained throughout the century; while Kt. on the whole retains it intact quite up to the middle of the century.
Phonology of the Patois of Cachy (Somme)
Authors: Logie Thomas
Published: November 2006

The differences which exist in the spoken language of France in different districts have been caused by two sets of influences, the one arising from a condition already existing before the Latin language was spread over the Gallic territory by the conquering Romans, and the other due to events which occurred after that language had gained a firm footing there. From the variety which exists to-day in the language of any speech district, we are justified in assuming that a like variety existed in the Celtic language of France before the Romans arrived there. The Latin language, coming in contact with a language thus variegated, was necessarily influenced in one part, in a different way from the influence it felt in another part. In this way the Neo-Latin language was broken up into dialects.
The Use of Diminutives in -ing by Some Writers in Low German Dialects
Authors: Chamberlain A. F.
Published: November 2006

William Heyse places as a motto on the title-page of his ‘Mecklenbörger Burhochtid’ the following lines:

En Volk aohn Schart,

Aohn Klink un Klank,

Dat is en Busch

Aohn Vaogelsank.

Certain languages and dialects all over the world—Catalan, Italian, German, Algonkian—relieve themselves from the charge that each is “a bush where no birds sing”, by presenting a peculiar development of diminutives, which gives the speech a noticeable “Klink un Klank”.
Lessing's Religious Development with Special Reference to His Nathan the Wise
Authors: Primer Sylvester
Published: November 2006

The primitive purity of the early Church soon yielded to a Church hierarchy. In those early times, before the New Testament was admitted to equal canonical authority with the Old, the Church became the supreme authority and the Bible was subordinate. After the incorporation of the New Testament into the Bible, the Scriptures and the Church appear to be coördinate authority in the patristic writings of that period. During the Middle Ages the Church grew rapidly in political power and the influence of the Scriptures waned accordingly, so that Dante complains of the way in which not merely creeds and fathers but canon law and the decretals were studied instead of the gospels. It is true that pious people, ever since the days of Pentecost, had believed that “the inward spiritual facts of man's religious experience were of infinitely more value than their expression in stereotyped forms recognized by the Church,” and that, too, “ in such a solemn thing as the forgiveness of sin man could go to God directly without human mediation.” These pious souls had found the pardon they sought, but the good majority were under the dominion of the Church, which at last degraded the meaning of “spiritual ” so that it signified mere ritualistic service, and “thrust itself between God and the worshipper, and proclaimed that no man could draw near to God save through its appointed ways of approach. Confession was to be made to God through the priest; God spoke pardon only in the priest's absolution. When Luther attacked indulgences in the way he did he struck at the whole system.” After the Reformation a reaction set in. New and better translations of the Bible were made, and the Word became accessible to every-body. The successors of the Reformers emphasized “the verbal inspiration of the Scripture and its infallible authority (more) than had been done for the most part by the first Reformers, Luther and Calvin and their contemporaries, who never seemed to have sanctioned the famous dictum of Chillingworth, ‘the Bible, and the Bible only, is the religion of the Protestants.‘” The Reformers took the Holy Scriptures, because they are the divine word, and require no further supplement from tradition and custom, merely as the rule and canon of their faith. Traditions, dogmas, ordinances established by the Church, were null and void. This freedom of the religious conscience and the Holy Scriptures as the living, pure source of religion brought a rich blessing to Christians. Religion was elevated above that sphere in which mere morality and outer ordinance were the determining principles, and raised man to a new spiritual life. The real motive principle of this new life is justification by faith.
I.—Die Beziehung der Satire Rabelais‘zu Erasmus’ Encomium Moriae und Colloquia
Authors: Schoenfeld Hermann
Published: November 2006

Die Beziehung Rabelais’ zu Erasmus von Rotterdam drängt sich beim Stadium der beiderseitigen, zumal satirischen Schriften mächtig von selber auf und ist infolge dessen auch längst erkannt worden. Keiner hat diese Beziehung stärker betont als Birch-Hirschfeld. Aber eine eingehende Abhandlung, eigens zu dem Zwecke verfasst zu erweisen, warum Rabelais fast in allen Stücken seiner Satire mit dem wahlverwandten Erasmus übereinstimmt, steht meines Wissens noch aus.
Of the Use of the Negative by Chaucer, with particular reference to the particlene
Authors: Kent Charles W.
Published: November 2006

It is well known that two kinds of ne are present in Chaucer, which are written alike in the manuscripts. These two particles, however, must not be confounded. One of them is ne (neque) and the other is ne (non). Compare Old French ne and né (=ni).
X.—A Rime-Index to the “Parent Cycle” of the York Mystery Plays and of a Portion of the Woodkirk Conspiracio et Capito
Authors: Coblentz H. E.
Published: November 2006

This Rime-Index of the “Parent Cycle” of the York Mystery Plays and the Woodkirk Play, Conspirado et Capito (from Cayphas to Tunc dicet Sanctus Johannes), was compiled with the intention of contributing a mite toward a fuller scientific study of the period in which the plays were written,—about 1340. If it is of any assistance toward that end it will have served my purpose.
The Psychological Basis of Phonetic Law and Analogy
Authors: Karsten Gustaf E.
Published: November 2006

The subject of Phonetic Law and Analogy belongs to Psychology as well as to Philology; it originated, however, and was for a long time kept within the domain of the latter discipline. When it first came into the foreground of our interest, it was agitated by scholars in historical philology. The experience of daily linguistic research suggested both the question and the answer, and in fact the main importance of the whole problem was seen in the influence which its solution must have upon the methods of detailed investigation.
Suppressive Subtraction Hybridization on Stimulated Primary Horse Macrophages
Authors: Matiašovic J. , Králík P. , Leva L. , Faldyna M. , Hořín P.
Published: November 2006

To study genes potentially involved in genetic resistance to infectious diseases in the horse, suppressive subtraction hybridization was used to identify genes expressed in primary horse macrophages after their stimulation with E. coli. Overnight culture of blood monocyte-derived macrophage cells was stimulated with E. coli K12 in ratio 40 E. coli cells to one macrophage cell. After 4 hours of incubation, non-phagocyted bacteria were washed away. Following next 20 hour incubation in MEM alpha containing 5 μg of gentamycin in 1 ml of media, mRNA was isolated and used in Clontech PCR-Select cDNA Subtraction Kit. Expression of several known horse genes, as well as some new ESTs (expressed sequence tags) showing sequence similarity with immunity-related genes from other species was identified.
Humoral and Cellular Response of Pheasants Vaccinated against Newcastle Disease and Haemorrhagic Enteritis
Authors: Graczyk S. , Wieliczko A. , Pliszczak-Król A. , Janaczyk B.
Published: November 2006

The purpose of the experiment was to define whether and to what extent can prophylactic vaccinations against Newcastle disease (ND) and haemorrhagic enteritis (HE) affect the humoral and cellular response in pheasants. The evaluation of humoral response was performed on a basis of agglutinin titre after administered antigen and the cellular immunity index was the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. The pheasants were prophylactically vaccinated against Newcastle Disease (ND) on the 1st, 28th and 56th day of life. Moreover, on the 49th day of life, part of the birds was given in the drinking water a vaccine containing the HEV (Haemorrhagic Enteritis Virus). Fourteen days after the HEV vaccination, the birds were intravenously given 0.5 ml of the 10% SRBC (sheep red blood cells) suspension. Simultaneously with the SRBC administration the delayed hypersensitivity test was performed by intradermal administration of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). It was shown that in pheasants vaccinated with NDV and additionally with HEV, the specific agglutinin anti-SRBC titre was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than in birds vaccinated against ND only. It also appeared that, the antibodies resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol were 43% of the total pool of specific anti-SRBC antibodies in the NDV vaccinated birds, whereas in birds vaccinated also with HEV they were 75%. No significant differences were found in the DTH test. Only in the HEV vaccinated pheasants the tendency to increase the wing index value was noted. The results confirm the observations concerning immunosuppressive effects of simultaneous vaccinations. They also indicate that overloading the pheasants with many antigens (ND and HEV vaccination) may weaken the humoral response to administered SRBC.
Dose-dependent Effect of T-2 Toxin on the Immunity against Newcastle Disease Virus in Chickens
Authors: Weber M. , Fodor J. , Balogh K. , Erdélyi M. , Mézes M.
Published: November 2006

The effect of 2.35 (a) and 4.18 (b) mg kg-1 feed T-2 toxin dose for 14 days on the haemagglutination inhibition titres against Newcastle disease virus was investigated in broiler chickens. The animals were divided into four groups and two separate experiments were carried out (a, b): (1) intact control group; (2) birds were fed with T-2 toxin contaminated feed and not vaccinated; (3) repeatedly vaccinated (on day 23 of age) control group which received uncontaminated feed; (4) birds were both repeatedly vaccinated and fed the T-2 toxin contaminated diet. Blood samples, from which sera titres were measured, were taken on days 7 and 14 of the experiments. It was found that heamagglutination titres were different in the two experiments even in the control (1) group because of the different efficiency of the first immunization at the hatchery. Titres on day 7 showed increases in all groups except for the group fed lower T-2 contaminated diet (a, group 2) but during the second week they increased only in the groups fed the diet with a lower dose of T-2 toxin. On the contrary, a higher dose of T-2 toxin contamination of the diet resulted in a dramatic decrease during the second week (b, groups 2 and 4). The results suggested that contrary to most of the previously published data, feeding of T-2 toxin contaminated feed with an amount of 2.35 mg.kg-1 did not decrease, but increase the antibody formation against attenuated Newcastle disease virus even without a second vaccination on day 1 of the experiment, whereas a higher amount of T-2 toxin (4.18 mg kg-1) decreased to day 14 after the repeated vaccination.
Cats in Czech Rural and Urban Households
Authors: Baranyiová E. , Holub A. , Tyrlík M. , Volfová M.
Published: November 2006

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of rural and urban environments on the coexistence of humans and their cats. From the obtained questionnaire data we selected the rural cats (R, n = 54) and compared them with urban cats (U, n = 144). The R group cats lived predominantly in family houses, U cats in urban apartments. The pressures of physical and social factors in the small niches of urban apartments (dwellings in Czech urban high-density living settings, though comfortable, are smaller than in numerous European countries; they prevailed in our U group) resulted in statistically significant differences in only 31 (51.7%) out of 60 traits under study. Among them, 15 (68.2%) out of 22 concerned the conduct of household members, and 16 (42.1%) out of 38 concerned the behaviour of their cats. Thus the conduct of people in U households showed relatively higher proportion of changes than the behaviour of their cats. U onwers more frequently purchased their cats (R = 24.1%, U = 48.6%, chi-square = 10.648, df = 4, p < 0.05), they kept the cat pedigrees (R = 37.0%, U = 75.4%, chisquare = 24.661, df = 1, p < 0.001), paid more attention to their cats ((R = 93.0%, U = 100.0%, chi-square = 8.950, df = 1, p < 0.005), talked to them daily (R = 87.0%, U = 98.6%, chi-square = 12.024, df = 1, p < 0.001), allowed them to use furniture (R = 77.8%, U = 100.0%, chi-square = 33.839, df = 1, p < 0.001), sleep in beds of family members (R = 61.1%, U = 95.1%, chi-square = 37.149, df = 1, p < 0.001), and celebrated their birthdays (R = 25.9%, U = 100.0%, chi-square = 7.014, df = 2, p < 0.05). Their cats were more destructive than R cats, hunted less and were less aggressive when stroked. However, they showed a slightly larger scope of aggressive behaviours and were more frequently described as nervous and restless. The nature of the significant differences found in this study indicates that the co-existence of cats with people in the urbanized world is becoming more intimate. More interactions occur between the two species. The relationships between people and their cats deserve further study not only in order to gain more insight but also for a practical application of this knowledge.
Mortality in Dairy Cows Transported to Slaughter as Affected by Travel Distance and Seasonality
Authors: Večerek V. , Malena M. , Malena M. , Voslářová E. , Bedáňová I.
Published: November 2006

A significant lapse in welfare conditions of dairy cows being shipped to slaughter may result in higher death rates of the animals in the course of transportation. The objective of this work was to quantify the rate at which dairy cows die while transported to slaughter facilities, to determine the impact of travel distance on this rate, the seasonal effect on the number of deceased cows, and to identify any developmental trends associated with these losses. In the period of 1997 - 2004, veterinary inspectors in the Czech Republic tracked the deaths of dairy cows in connection with their transportation to slaughter. Of the total number of 1,107,685 monitored dairy cows transported to slaughter in the Czech Republic in the period from 1997 to 2004, 418 dairy cows died. The death rate was determined to be 0.038%. However, the mortality varied depending on the distance travelled, from 0.013% for trips not exceeding 50 km, to 0.183% for trips longer than 300 km. Comparing Period I (1997 - 2000) with Period II (2001 - 2004), the overall death rate of dairy cows attributable to slaughterhouse-bound transportation rose from 0.023% to 0.057% (a 2.51 index) and the difference between periods was highly significant (p < 0.01). This outcome revealed an undesirable long-range trend of rising dairy cow mortality in all travel distances. The obtained results document a relatively low sensitivity of dairy cows to stresses arising from shipment to slaughter as indicated by transportation-related deaths. However, the growing trend in the number of dairy cows dying on their way to slaughter is a warning sign in relation to the welfare of cows subjected to such transportation.
Siloxane Copolymers for Nanoimprint Lithography
Authors: Choi P. , Fu P.‐F. , Guo L. J.
Published: November 2006

Presented here is the novel use of thermoplastic siloxane copolymers as nanoimprint lithography (NIL) resists for 60 nm features. Two of the most critical steps of NIL are mold release and pattern transfer through dry etching. These require that the NIL resist have low surface energy and excellent dry‐etching resistance. Homopolymers traditionally used in NIL, such as polystyrene (PS) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), generally cannot satisfy all these requirements as they exhibit polymer fracture and delamination during mold release and have poor etch resistance. A number of siloxane copolymers have been investigated for use as NIL resists, including poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐block‐polystyrene (PDMS‐b‐PS), poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐graft‐poly(methyl acrylate)‐co‐poly(isobornyl acrylate) (PDMS‐g‐PMA‐co‐PIA), and PDMS‐g‐PMMA. The presence of PDMS imparts the materials with many properties that are favorable for NIL, including low surface energy for easy mold release and high silicon content for chemical‐etch resistance—in particular, extremely low etch rates (comparable to PDMS) in oxygen plasma, to which organic polymers are quite susceptible. These properties give improved NIL results.
Molecular characterization of rpoB gene mutations in rifampicine‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from tuberculosis patients in Belarus
Authors: Titov Leonid P. , Zakerbostanabad Saeed , Slizen Veranika , Surkova Larisa , Taghikhani Mohammad , Bahrmand Ahmadreza
Published: November 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, location and type of rpoB mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from patients in Belarus. Tuberculosis cases are increasing every year in Belarus. Moreover, resistance to anti‐tuberculosis drugs, especially to rifampicine, has increased. In this study, 44 rifampicine‐resistance M. tuberculosis clinical isolates (including multidrug‐resistant isolates) were subjected to DNA sequencing analysis of the hypervariable region (hot‐spot) of the rpoB gene originating from different geographical regions in Belarus. Sixteen different types of mutations were identified. The most common point mutations were in codons 510 (47.7%), 526 (45.5%), 523 (40.86%) and 531 (29.5%). Eleven isolates (27.7%) carried one mutation and 23 (52%), 7 (16%), 3 (7%) of isolates carried 2, 3 and 4 mutations, respectively. A characteristic, prominent finding of this study was high frequency of multiple mutations in different codons of the rpoB gene (27.7%) and also the detection of unusual types of mutations in the 510 codon, comprising CAG mutations (deletion or changing, to CTG, CAC or CAT). In our study, the change TTG in codon 531 was found in 92% of isolates and the change TGC in 8% of isolates. A TAC change in codon 526 was not found, but the GAC change was found in all isolates. Isolates of M. tuberculosis isolated in Belarus were characterized by the wide spectrum of the important mutations and might belong to the epidemic widespread clones.