bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum Immunoglobulin Levels in Trio and Wajana Indians of Surinam
Authors: Zegers B. J. M. , Geerdink R. A. , Sander P. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serum levels of IgM, IgG, and IgA were determined in 62 Indian children of Surinam (4–10 years old) and in 12 Indian adults. The data have been compared with the levels of an earlier published control group of Dutch normal children and adults.

The difference in values between Indian children and adults was only statistically significant for IgM and IgA, and only for males. The mean levels of Indian children and adults are much higher than the mean levels of the control group. Very high values were not exceptional. A statistically significant influence of sex could not be demonstrated in this material.
Fluctuation of Natural Anti‐A and Anti‐B in High‐Titre Ugandans
Authors: Ssebabi E. C. T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Observation of the fluctuation of high‐titre anti‐A and anti‐B in Ugandan blood donors are reported. Anti‐A in group B donors is mostly affected while anti‐B in group A and anti‐A and anti‐B in group O are less affected. The fluctuations appear not to depend on seasons.
The Frequency of Hepatitis Associated Antigen and Antibody in Patients with Paraproteinemia
Authors: Riesen W. , Bütler R. , Skvaril F. , Noseda G. , Castel V. , Barandun S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The frequency of hepatitis associated antigen (HAA) and the corresponding antibody was studied in 625 sera containing M components. An increased incidence was observed only in sera containing IgA M components. In no instance of antibody‐positive sera the M component was responsible for the antibody activity.
Persistent Mixed Field Polyagglutinability: An Immunofluorescence Study in Genetically Abnormal Red Cells1
Authors: Poschmann A. , Fischer K. , Reuther K. , Myllylä G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Immunofluorescence studies of erythrocytes from Mr. O. S. (group O blood donor) showing persistent mixed field polyagglutinability are reported. In addition to human and animal sera, various extracts from plant seeds (anti‐TAh, anti‐BHEe) and albumin glands of snails (anti‐AHP, anti‐ACN, anti‐ACH) were applied. There was normal release of cryptantigens following RDE treatment of OS cells. Rh receptor D was normal. In contrast, the strong reaction with anti‐A reagents from snails and Dolichos biflorus (anti‐ADb) was abnormal. The presence of one or several components of A receptor substance is discussed. 50.75% of 6,353 OS cells were immunofluorescent positive with application of snail anti‐A agglutinins. Transplantation chimerism appears unlikely. A mutation during early embryonal differentiation is suspected.
Further Studies on the Rapid and Slow Components of Chromium Elution in vivo from Preserved Erythrocytes
Authors: Valeri C. R. , Szymanski I. O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 51Cr is commonly used to label red cells in estimating the 24‐hour posttransfusion survival of preserved red cells and the lifespan of autologous and homologous red cells. With this procedure, however, there is spontaneous loss of chromium label from the circulating red cells in vivo. In order to evaluate this phenomenon, the survival in vivo of previously frozen washed red cells and liquid‐stored washed and nonwashed red cells was studied with a 51Cr labelling procedure and an automated differential agglutination procedure (ADA) following therapeutic transfusions. Loss of the chromium label in vivo from circulating red cells during the 24‐hour posttransfusion period is referred to as the ‘rapid component of chromium elution’. Loss of the 51Cr label from the circulating red cells during measurement of red cell lifespan is referred to as the 6 ‘slow component of chromium elution’.

In liquid‐stored nonwashed and washed red cells the 51Cr uptake in vitro was greater than 94%. In previously frozen red cells washed by different methods the 51Cr uptake in vitro ranged from 44 to 95%. The rapid component of 51Cr elution from nonwashed and washed liquid‐stored red cells and from previously frozen washed red cells was at least 10% of the chromium label. Variable rates of the slow component of chromium elution from non‐washed and washed liquid‐stored red cells and from previously frozen washed red cells were observed: the average rate was 1.06% per day, and in some patients no elution was observed. Factors that influence the 51Cr up‐take in vitro and the rapid and slow components of 51Cr elution in vivo are not known.
Agglutinins in Human Saliva to Rabbit Erythrocytes
Authors: Tönder O. , Larsen B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes were found in saliva from all of 32 individuals. The titres ranged from 2 to 128, with a mode of 16. The agglutinins were of IgA class and behaved as specific antibodies. They did not fix complement and their sensitivity to mercaptoethanol varied. Immunization of rabbits with their own erythrocytes agglutinated by human saliva resulted in production of antisera, precipitating salivary and serum IgA. The antisera were made specific by absorption with rabbit erythrocytes agglutinated by human IgG. The antisera did not contain antibodies to the secretory component.
Secondary Stimulation of Rh Antibodies by Kidney Allografts from Rh‐Positive Donors
Authors: Huestis D. W. , Zukoski C. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three examples are described of Rh antibody appearing after kidney allografts from Rh‐positive cadaver donors to immunosuppressed Rh‐negative recipients. These are interpreted as secondary antibody stimulation, apparently caused by small amounts of residual blood in the transplanted kidneys. The Rh antibody did not appear to affect the survival of such grafts.

The serologic studies in case No. 1 were done by Ann Davis, BB(ASCP), Southern Arizona Red Cross Blood Center, Tucson, Ariz., and in cases No. 2 and 3 by Marguerite Penix, MT(ASCP), Blood Bank Supervisor, Veterans Administration Hospital, Nashville, Term.
Standardization and Modification of the Haemagglutination (Inhibition) Techniques for the Determination of HBAg and Anti‐HBAg Antibodies
Authors: Reesink H. W. , Duimel W. J. M. , Brummelhuis H. G. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination‐inhibition (HAI) techniques using CrCl3 to couple purified HBAg to human red cells were standardized and modified as follows:

Selection of human donor red cells used for coupling purified HBAg with CrCl3. It was found that the red cells of different human donors vary greatly with regard to their ability for optimal coating with HBAg.

Improvement of the CrCl3 coupling technique by which much less purified HBAg is used.

The use of a preservation fluid, developed in the Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, in which the HBAg‐coated cells can be preserved up to 4–6 weeks without change of titre in HA and HAI when tested against standard sera.

By these modifications, purified HBAg can be reproducibly coupled to human red cells.
Primates as a Model for Human Viral Hepatitis: Transmission of Infection by Human Hepatitis B Virus
Authors: Desmyter J. , Liu W. T. , De Somer P. , Mortelmans J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. With complement fixation, Australia antigen was detected in one, and antibody in 6 out of 50 chimpanzees. Seven other apes, and 48 monkeys were negative. All positive chimpanzees clustered in one colony comprising 15 animals, and antibody titres decreased simultaneously over a period of several months. This indicates an infectious pattern of Australia antigenaemia and antibodies in chimpanzees. Antigen and antibodies were undistinguishable from those of man.

Australia antigen‐positive serum from a contagious human carrier was injected in 5 chimpanzees. One chimpanzee, with antibody before, but not at the time of exposure, developed circulating antibodies after 13 weeks, followed by antigenaemia, antigen‐antibody complexes, increased transaminase levels and slightly abnormal liver histology. One chimpanzee, without spontaneous antibody, reacted with antibody after 8 weeks, suggesting active infection. No proof of infection was obtained in 3 other animals.
Hepatitis: Intrahepatic Expression of Au Antigen and Immune Complexes in Liver Tissue
Authors: Kater L. , van Gorp L. H. M. , Borst‐Eilers E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Seventy patients with various liver disorders were studies for the presence of Au antigen in their blood, as well as for the presence of Au antigen, immunoglobulins and complement in their liver. In 18 patients, we could demonstrate Au antigen in the serum; in all of these, Au antigen was also found in the liver. In both Au‐positive and Aunegative viral hepatitis cases, we observed granular deposition of IgG and complement in the liver along vessel walls and sinusoids. These findings suggest that immune complexes are involved in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis.
Australia Antigen and Antibody in Laboratory and other Hospital Personnel
Authors: Kunst V. A. J. M. , Bloo J. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. From 1969 until 1972, 768 persons working in St. Radboud Hospital (including laboratory personnel) were investigated for the presence of Australia (Au) antigen and antibody. The results of this investigation revealed that 12 were positive for Au antigen and 36 for Au antibody, in total 6.2% of the investigated population. Two persons are considered to be Au antigen carriers and have had elevated transaminase levels for 2 years. The personnel coming into contact with patients of blood from the renal dialysis unit show Au antigen or antibody in 18%. Preventive measures undertaken in 1970 have failed to demonstrate beneficial results to date.

The real incidence of infection with serum hepatitis virus is probably higher than we have detected because of limitations in the frequency and sensitivity of testing. These data stress the necessity of effective preventive measures with regular controls, particularly for people handling blood or patients from renal dialysis units.
Australia Antigen and Posttransfusion Hepatitis
Authors: Reinicke V. , Banke O. , Dybkjaer E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The incidence of posttransfusion hepatitis reported in Copenhagen was studied for 2 consecutive years. The 2 years were comparable in every respect, including the number of transfusions (21,000 per year). In the first year no screening of transfusion blood was made, while in the second year all units of blood were systematically screened for Au antigen by a counterelectrophoresis method. During that year, 49 Au antigen‐positive units were detected and refused.

The number of cases of transfusion hepatitis officially registered during the 2 years was 9 and 8, respectively. Detailed diagnostic studies revealed that the probable number of cases classifiable as transfusion hepatitis was 8 and 6 in the 2 years. Thus, in the present study screening of transfusion blood for Au antigen has not resulted in an obvious reduction in the incidence of transfusion hepatitis. Three patients were repeatedly examined for more than 6 months after transfusion of a unit of Au antigenaemic blood, but no case or hepatitis or Au antigenaemia was found. Our findings may be related to the fact that cases of acute and chronic hepatitis are unusual among Au antigenaemic Danish blood donors. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the correlation between donor Au antigenaemia, donor liver disease and hepatitis infectivity of donor blood.
Blood Bank Service Screening of Australia Antigen and Antibodies at Mainz, Germany
Authors: Arndt‐Hanser A. , Pyka R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. With agar gel diffusion, 0.42% of 9,230 blood donors had Australia antigen, and none had antibodies. With counterelectrophoresis on another series, 0.21% of 10,061 donors had antigen, and 0.30% had antibodies. There was no evidence for a decreased incidence of hepatitis in the population after it had ceased to receive antigen‐or antibody‐positive blood. Results of the study of pregnant mothers and their neonates, hepatitis patients, and members of a haemodialysis unit are presented and discussed.
Repeated Monitoring of Au/SH Antigen in Blood Donors of Reggio Emilia
Authors: Fabio U. , Zanasi‐Aggazzotti G. , Preite E. , Scapinelli G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Twelve blood donors out of 2,640 (0.45%) had Australia antigenaemia on repeated examination. Only seven of them were positive in all of three examinations spread over one year.
Two Latex Tests for Australia Antigen in Subjects with and without Hepatitis1
Authors: Desmyter J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. With latex particles coated with guinea pig or rabbit antibodies to Australia (Au) antigen, one third of Au‐positive acute hepatitis sera gave weak agglutination patterns similar to the nonspecific reaction of 10% of normal sera. More than 10% were negative and the rest caused strong agglutination. After Au antigen had ceased to be detectable by complement fixation (CF) in 23 patients, 9 to 16 still were positive with the latex tests. This is due to rheumatoid factor (RF) or a similar factor appearing during hepatitis, since (a) the latex test was 32‐fold less sensitive than CF for the specific detection of Au antigen; (b) 10 out of 10 latex‐positive CF‐negative hepatitis sera were positive in the RF test; and (c) 20 out of 20 Au‐CF‐negative sera from rheumatoid arthritis patients without hepatitis were positive in the latex‐Au test. In the present form, latex tests are unacceptable for use on patients' sera due to lack of specificity and sensitivity. Qualified use on the healthy population seems acceptable, but only under certain conditions. Parallel results, with quantitative rather than qualitative differences, were obtained with 2 latex tests of different sources and composition.
Radioimmunoassay of Hepatitis B Virus‐Associated (Australia) Antigen Employing 125I‐Antibody
Authors: Overby L. R. , Miller J. P. , Smith I. D. , Decker R. H. , Ling C. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 125I‐labeIed specific immune globulin was used in a 2‐step procedure to detect hepatitis B virus‐associated antigen in blood serum or plasma. In step 1, undiluted sample was incubated overnight in polypropylene tubes coated with hyperimmune guinea pig antiserum. The serum sample was then removed and specific 125I‐antibody was added and incubated for a period of 90 min. The presence of antigen in the original sample was then reflected by the count rate of the tube after the unreacted labeled antibody was removed. A typical dose response curve was observed for antigen in the concentration ranges of 0.005–0.32 μg/ml. Replicate analyses of normal sera and a low‐titer positive sera revealed method variations which were distributed between ± 5 standard deviations from the replicate mean values. The radioimmunoassay was 500–1,000 times as sensitive as complement fixation for ad‐subtype antigens. For ay‐subtype antigens, the method was 128–512 times as sensitive as complement fixation. Assay values of 4,500 blood donor sera had a typical distribution, with most counts falling between +3 and –3 standard deviations relative to a negative control serum. However, 6% of the samples gave a count rate greater than 3 standard deviations from the negative control mean, and about 3.5% gave a count rate greater than 5 standard deviations above the negative control mean. The increased sensitivity of the method resulted in the detection of more positive sera in a variety of donor groups than other immunological methods. In two volunteer donor groups, 1.4 and 1.9% of the samples were positive. In two analyses of commercial paid donors, one group was 4.6% positive and one was 5.5% positive.
Tissue and Organ Culture Studies of Hepatitis Type B
Authors: Zuckerman A. J. , Baines) Pamela M. Earl (née
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The morphological and functional capacity of cells maintained in organ culture may offer a system for cultivating viruses which closely simulates conditions in the intact host. Several attempts to propagate the hepatitis B virus in organ cultures have recently been reported. Hepatitis B antigen may be produced in suitable preparations of human embryo liver in organ culture. A progressive rise in the titre of antigen, as measured by several techniques, has been demonstrated with a limited number of sera; and one successful passage of harvested material from cultures on day 8 has been accomplished with two specimens. A most important and urgent need is the adaptation of the agent passaged in organ culture to growth in readily available cell cultures, because of the difficulty in obtaining suitable human fetal liver.
Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay for Australia Antibody
Authors: Schober A. , Thomssen R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The prozone phenomenon that is observed in the radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) test at lower dilutions of the sera tested for Australia antibody can be eliminated by adequate dilution of the primary antigen‐antiserum mixture after incubation of the latter. Fifty normal persons negative for Australia antibody in the counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) were found also negative in the RIP test. Out of 50 patients recovering from Australia antigen‐positive hepatitis, 2 developed antibody detectable in both tests, RIP and CIEP, 40 were negative, and 8 showed low antibody titers in the RIP test with negative findings in the CIEP. It does not seem possible to evaluate the incidence of serum hepatitis infection within the general population using the RIP test for Australia antibody.
An in vitro Study of the Activity against Australia Antigen of Various Preparations of IgG
Authors: Görtz J. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Data are presented which suggest that it is possible to detect low levels of antibodies to Australia antigen in certain pooled non‐specific human γ‐globulin preparations, using an immunoelectrophoresis‐inhibition method.
Blood Group O(H)‐Like Activity in Extracts from some Invertebrates
Authors: Baldo B. A. , Uhlenbruck G. , Steinhausen G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Using seven different anti‐H reagents of fish and plant origin, cross‐reactive human blood group O(H)‐like activity was detected in 15 of 22 invertebrate extracts examined. All of the ‘H‐active’ extracts reacted with eel serum. This was demonstrated by precipitation or by the inhibition of eel serum induced agglutination of group O erythrocytes. Catfish and eel anti‐H sera precipitated with the galactogens present in albumin gland extracts from five species of snails. L‐fucose has not been detected in these galactogens. Precipitation reactions were also observed when some other invertebrate extracts were diffused in gel against eel serum. Based on the reaction patterns observed with the different anti‐H reagents, the extracts which showed H‐like activity have been divided into four different categories.
Anti‐A1 Leb in Serum of a Person of a Blood Group A1h
Authors: Gundolf Fritz
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An antibody, anti‐A1 Leb, has been found in the serum of a person belonging to group A1h, with complete depression of H on the red cells as well as in the saliva. It differs from earlier examples of the antibody in that it can be neutralized by A1 nL, secretor saliva as well as O Leb secretor saliva in addition to A1 Leb secretor saliva. Although the proposita secretes A substance, she only secretes Lea substance and not Leb substance. No such abnormalities were found in the family investigated. An interpretation of the case is given according to the classical hypothesis of ABO and Lewis system development.
The Specificity of Leukocyte and Platelet Alloantibodies in Sera of Patients with Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Authors: Heinrich D. , Mueller‐Eckhardt C. , Stier W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To evaluate the relevance of HL‐A‐specific antibodies in nonhemolytic transfusion reactions, sera from 72 patients with transfusion reactions were examined using platelet microcomplement fixation and microlymphocytotoxicity. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were found in 24 and platelet complement‐fixing antibodies in 18 patients. Thirteen positive sera were studied by absorption and elution with platelets. A total of 103 eluates (mean 7.9 eluates per serum) was tested serologically for antibody specificity. Results were statistically analyzed for χ2‐association with known HL‐A antigens.

All sera investigated contained HL‐A‐specific antibodies. Antibody specificities determined were directed against 7 antigens (1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11 and W28) of the first series and 10 antigens (5, 7, 8, 12, W5, W10, W15, VV17, W21 and W27) of the second series of the HL‐A system. By means of antibody concentration in the eluates, all sera revealed cross‐reacting HL‐A‐specific antibodies.

The clinical importance of buffy coat‐free red blood cells for the prevention of transfusion reactions is stressed.
Automated Screening Test for High Titre: Tetanus Antibody in Donor Plasma
Authors: Nelson M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A test has been devised for use on a Technicon blood‐grouping autoanalyser which identifies high titre tetanus antibody in donor plasma by a passive haemagglutination method. The method of sensitization of red cells with tetanus toxoid is described.
Plastic Blood Transfusion Equipment1
Authors: Øie Signe Holta , D'Antoni Lina
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plastic bags for blood collection have been tested according to the chemical and biological tests in the European Agreement on the Exchange of Therapeutic Substances of Human Origin and in the Nordic Pharmacopoeia. The results show that the bags meet the requirements in the European Agreement except for taste and smell of the eluate and for heavy metals in one of the eluates. The requirements in the Nordic Pharmacopoeia are met by 3 out of the 7 bags tested.
The Role of Rheumatoid Factor and Related Human Antiglobulins in the Radioimmunoassay (Ausria System) for the Detection of Hepatitis B Antigen
Authors: Bütler R. , Brunner E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Of a total of 111 sera containing RF, 110 did not give false‐positive RIA results with the Ausria system; in only one case the influence of RF on the RIA result could not be completely excluded. Thus, false‐positive RIA results due to rheumatoid factor, if occurring at all, are apparently very infrequent. The same conclusion could be drawn for anti‐Gm, anti‐Inv and other human antiglobulins.
Quantitative Variation in the G Antigen of the Rh Blood Group System
Authors: Case J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The discovery of a blood giving the reactions C‐D‐E+G+ has provided an opportunity for a study of the reactions of such cells with different anti‐C+D sera.

The cells were found to adsorb antibody, even from anti‐C+D sera that showed negative reactions in direct agglutination tests. This led to the conclusion that there is considerable quantitative variation in the amount of G antigen represented in red cells of different Rh phenotypes so that qualitative misinterpretations may be possible.

Though the cells of the propositus showed a normal double dose of the c antigen, and though the family study yielded unequivocal evidence that the products of the gene complex r″G include c as well as G and E, it was subsequently shown that type r″Gr cells react weakly with a few especially powerful anti‐C reagents. This finding suggests that r″G, like r″s, is capable of producing both C and c. However, a preferable explanation may be that ‘pure’ anti‐C is able, under appropriately sensitive conditions and in the absence of D, to recognize the G antigen in the products of atypical gene complexes, and thus to mistake it for C.
Some Notes on the Rh‐System – A Complex‐Complex Model
Authors: Hirschfeld J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new class of immunogenetic models is presented, which is based on the assumption of complex (cross‐reacting) antibodies and complex antigens (i.e. antigens with more than one kind of antigenic determinants).

The model is applied to the Rh‐system at the 9 reagent‐8 haplotype level and shown to give a simplified conceptual image of the Rh‐system at this level. It is demonstrated that the same model could also have been deduced from a conventional (simple‐complex) model if only the discovery of the 9 base reagents had occurred in a different historical sequence.

Several experimental data which are difficult to accomodate in a conventional model appear strongly to support the new model, which also is in better harmony with the conceptual (but not notational) image of antibody‐antigen relations expressed by many workers in the field.

The new model only requires 5–6 symbols to account for those basic Rh‐data which in a conventional simple‐complex model would require 9–10 symbols. It is obvious that this new class of serologic models is also of great interest in other fields than immunogenetics.
A Comparative Study of Antiglobulin Antibodies and Residual Anti‐D Between Recipients of Intramuscular Anti‐D Immunoglobulin and Intravenous Plasma Anti‐D1
Authors: Vos G. H. , Shapiro M. , Burgess B. J. , Vos D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The incidence of ‘specific’ and ‘non‐specific’ antiglobulin antibodies was determined among 648 multiparous females, 213 recipients of intramuscular anti‐D immunoglobulin and 221 recipients of intravenous plasma anti‐D. Results obtained six months after the administration of anti‐D showed that the formation of ‘specific’ anti‐Gm or anti‐Inv was no greater in recipients of anti‐D immunoglobulin or plasma anti‐D than in the controls. The incidence of ‘non‐specific’ antiglobulins increased from an expected 5% among recipients of intravenous plasma anti‐D to almost 25% in mothers given intramuscular anti‐D immunoglobulin. It is suggested that the raised ‘non‐specific’ antiglobulins may be provoked by a residue of aggregated γ‐globulin components which is known to be present in preparations of Cohn fraction II. Six months after the passive administration of Rh antibodies residual anti‐D activity was more often observed in recipients of intramuscular anti‐D immunoglobulin than in recipients of plasma anti‐D.
The Action of Seed and Other Reagents on En(a‐) Erythrocytes
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The action of various seed agglutinins and other reagents on red cells of the rare phenotype En(a‐) is described. It is shown that En(a‐) red cells appear to lack part of the protease‐labile glycoprotein portion of the cell membrane. The specificity of some of the seed reagents is discussed. The Maclura aurantiaca receptor on En(a‐) cells is depressed, so that the agglutinins from Maclura seeds react much more weakly with En(a‐) than with En(a +) cells. The Maclura agglutinin may therefore be loosely described as ‘anti‐Ena’.
Relation Between Blood Groups and Hepatitis Associated Antigen Carrier State
Authors: Hadziyannis S. , Papaevangelou G. , Vissoulis Ch.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The relation of HAA carrier state to ABO and rhesus blood groups was investigated in a sample of 10,068 healthy Greek recruits. Although the frequency of HAA carriers was highest in the AB blood group, it did not differ significantly from the other ABO blood groups. No relation was found between rhesus blood group and HAA carrier state. It is suggested that factors closely associated with ABO and rhesus blood groups do not appear to be of importance for the genesis of the HAA carrier state.
A Study of African H‐Deficient A2 and A2B Phenotypes
Authors: Ssebabi E. C. T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The high proportion of non‐A1 in the African population has once again been confirmed and has been found to be 40.3%. The H content in African group A shows the same variation as in Caucasians. The strong action of B gene when in pair with A is more pronounced in Africans than in Caucasians. H and A are often absent or decreased on cells of AB blood groups in Africans when estimated by Dolichos biflorus high titre anti‐A1 and Ulex europaeus high titre anti‐H.
Three Further Antigen‐Antibody Specificities Associated with the Kell Blood Group System
Authors: Heistø H. , Guévin R.‐M. , Taliano V. , Mann Julia , MacIlroy Mija , Marsh W. L. , Tippett Patricia , Gavin June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three antisera are reported that reacted with all cells tested except the donor's own and those from K0 people. Each serum reacted with the cells of the other two donors. The nature of the association of the three antibodies with the Kell system remains unknown.
Australia Antibody Production elicited by Heat‐Treated Human Plasma Protein Solution
Authors: Mori Y. , Momose M. , Nakano Y. , Ata S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Nine patients given heat‐treated (60 °C, for 10 h) human plasma protein solution (Plasmanate, PPS) developed antibody against Australia antigen (Au antibody), while none of the patients manifested either Australia antigen (Au antigen) or clinical hepatitis. It is conceivable that Au antigen present in PPS was deprived of its infectivity but retained its antigenicity. Au antibody developed early in 7 of 9 patients after the first infusion. Of those, 4 patients showed high Au antibody titers of 8–32. Au antibody persisted from 4 to 82 days in 8 patients and for 74 weeks in the remaining one.
The Selection of Plasma for the Preparation of Antitetanus Immunoglobulin
Authors: Entwistle C. C. , Eldrlnge P. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The use of IEOP is described for screening blood donors to find plasma containing tetanus antitoxin suitable for fractionation. Preliminary results indicate that most recipients of tetanus toxoid are unlikely to have acceptable antitoxin levels for much longer than about three months after inoculation. A small number of recipients maintain acceptable levels even for many years without further known boosting. Such people can now be identified easily, among the 5% of all East Anglian donors who have antitoxin levels of at least 5 1U/ml.
Antibody Response in Hodgkin's Disease and Other Lymphomas Related to HL‐A Antigens, Immunoglobulin Levels and Therapy
Authors: Sybesma J. P. H. B. , Holtzer J. D. , Borst‐Eilers Else , Moes Mieke , Zegers B. J. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A group of 38 patients with lymphomas (29 with Hodkin's disease and 9 with other lymphomas) and a control group of 27 healthy individuals were vaccinated with an influenza vaccine, containing influenza A Hong Kong virus. Eight patients (6 with Hodgkin's disease and 2 with other lymphomas) did not respond with a fourfold raise in titre or greater as measured by haernagglutination inhibition assay. In the healthy control group, everyone showed an adequate antibody response.

In the patients, incapacity of antibody formation was not associated with cytostatic therapy, treatment with prednisone or the combination of the two, but a correlation was found with radiation therapy during the ‘immunization period’.

HL‐A typing and determination of serum immunoglobulin levels were performed both in the patients and in the healthy controls. A significant difference in HL‐A12 frequency was found between patients with adequate antibody response to influenza vaccination (HL‐A12 frequency 13%) and those without demonstrable antibody formation (HL‐A12 frequency 62%). No significant differences in serum immunoglobulin levels were noted between the patients and the control persons.
Transfusion in the Presence of Anti‐Sp1
Authors: Bell C. A. , Zwicker Helen , Spira Susan , Fischer Mary Lou
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐Sp1 was identified in the serum of an elderly woman following hemicolectomy, complicated by peritonitis. She had received 15 transfusions in the previous six weeks, and anti‐E and anti‐Kell were also present in her serum. The anti‐Sp1 had a titer of 32,000 with a marked prozone at 4°C. After several surgical procedures, anemia necessitated transfusion. Two 51Cr red cell survival studies of E negative, Kell negative donors indicated a half‐life of 5 and 10 days, which correlated with temporary elevations in hemoglobin following subsequent transfusions given through a warming coil. No unusual clinical symptoms were observed with transfusion of warmed blood.
The Relative Contributions of Different Salivary Glands to the Blood Group Activity of Whole Saliva in Humans
Authors: Milne R. W. , Dawes C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A quantitative haemagglutination‐inhibition method suitable for estimation of the concentration of blood group substance (BGS) A in saliva has been developed based on the quantitative haemagglutination method of Dybkjaer (1966). The coefficient of variation for estimation of BGS concentration in a given sample of saliva varied from 2 to 6%. The technique was used to quantitate the secretion of BGS A in different types of saliva from 12 young adult secretors. Sublingual saliva and secretions from the minor mucous glands (MMG) contained significantly more BGS (p<0.01) than did whole or submandibular saliva whilst parotid saliva contained negligible BGS. The sublingual and MMG secretions appear to contribute about 70% of the BGS in whole saliva, the remainder coming from submandibular saliva. Because different saliva collection conditions may result in different proportional contributions from the various salivary glands, quantitative studies on secretion of BGS in whole saliva are difficult to interpret and submandibular saliva would seem the secretion of choice for population and family studies.
Prevention of Rh‐Immunization. Modified Production of IgG Anti‐Rh for Intravenous Application by Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEC)1
Authors: Hoppe H. H. , Mester T. , Hennig W. , Krebs H. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A modified method for the production of IgG anti‐Rh by ion exchange chromatography is described. The resulting product represents unfragmented, immuno‐electrophoretically pure IgG with high relative antibody concentration. Since the anti‐complementary activity is insignificant with regard to the antibody concentration, the preparation is suitable for intravenous administration. Follow‐up studies on 4,467 Rh‐negative women treated with IgG anti‐Rh (out of a total number of 52,000) revealed two doubtful and one definite case of active Rh antibody formation. 161 Rh‐negative women did not produce anti‐Rh after the second Rh‐positive pregnancy.
The Possibility of Influencing Histocompatibility Antigens by Proteolytic Enzymes
Authors: Bube F. W. , Siebel E. , Heumann H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Five different proteolytic enzymes were tested, partly in commercial concentrations, against selected lymphocyte samples. By this selected material the increased sensibility of ficin, which has already been proved by other authors, was verified, and by the rest of the enzymes, most of all by papain, higher grades of injury were proved in the cytotoxic test. Defined cell samples allow statements about the specificity of the enzymes. It is referred to the possibility of identifying cross‐reacting antigens and antigens which cannot be seized with the standard technique.
BHm a Weak B Antigen Variant
Authors: Marsh W. L. , Ferrari Mary , Nichols Margaret E. , Fernandez Gloria , Cooper K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A weak B antigen has been found on the red cells of a healthy blood donor. His saliva contains B blood group substance. The mother is group A2B and a sibling is group B, both with strongly reactive B antigens, while the father is group O. The weak B phenotype has been named BHm.
A Dominant Suppressor of A and B
Authors: Rubinstein1 Pablo , Allen Fred H. , Rosenfield Richard E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A healthy blood donor was found to have no anti‐A in his serum while his red cells typed as O. A maternal half‐brother, whose father is not related, lacks anti‐B. The pedigree shows that the effect is due to dominant suppression of normal A1 and B genes.
Automated Continuous‐Flow Hemagglutination Inhibition Test for Hepatitis B Antigen in Blood1
Authors: Kwak Kun Se , Sturgeon P. , Gitnick G. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An automated continuous‐flow hemagglutination inhibition (HI) method for hepatitis B antigen using purified HAA‐conjugated red cells has been developed in these laboratories and has been used to test 497 blood donors. For comparison, counter electrophoresis (CEP) and microtiter complement fixation (CF) tests were done concurrently. 14 samples were found to be HAA‐positive by all three tests. One additional sample was negative by CF but HI and CEP positive. The automated HI test proved very simple to operate. The results are available in 27 min at the rate of 60 samples/h.
Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood
Authors: Heystek J. , Brummelhuis H. G. J. , Krijnen H. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two methods are described for the preparation of human prothrombin complex on a large scale. In the first method DEAE‐cellulose DE 52 is used as an adsorbent and in the second method DEAE‐Sephadex A‐50. The results obtained with both methods are compared. The DEAE‐cellulose method is an adaptation from a previously existing small‐scale to a large‐scale preparation. The DEAE‐Sephadex method is newly developed. The amount of DEAE‐Sephadex required for adsorption, the duration of adsorption and the influence of the temperature are examined. The behaviour of Hepatitis Associated Antigen (HAA) in both methods is tested and, it is argued, that by introducing an extensive washing the risk of transmitting serum hepatitis is considerably diminished. It is concluded that the DEAE‐Sephadex method is the most suitable for a routine large‐scale production of the prothrombin complex.
The Characterisation and Stability during Storage of Human Immunoglobulin Prepared for Clinical Use
Authors: Mackay Margaret , Vallet L. , Combridge B. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The effects on human immunoglobulin of preparation by solvent fractionation and of storage under different conditions are described. Samples were examined by ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis and electrofocusing in polyacrylaniide gel, by gel chromatography and complement fixation. Changes under extreme or prolonged storage conditions were apparent in anticomplement activity before they were detected by other techniques. There was no evidence of any major change in clinical immunoglobulin during storage for 4 years at 4°C.
Distribution of some of the HL‐A System Lymphocyte Antigens in Mexicans
Authors: Escobar‐Gutiérrez A. , Gorodezky Clara , Salazar‐Mallén M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Lymphocytes from 150 unrelated individuals, 100 atopics and 50 lepers of the general population, mainly Mestizo, were tested for seven HL‐A antisera. The results found in the atopics showed a significant excess for HA‐7, and, taken as a whole, the distribution of HL‐A antigens was in this group more similar to the Caucasian component of the Mestizo population than to the Indians. In the case of leprosy, the results were significantly low for HL‐A2 and HL‐A3, but many of the samples from the lepers had an abnormal behaviour, with low vitality, that made its classification difficult.
Anti‐I Autoantibody Acting Preferentially in Albumin
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An anti‐I autoantibody is reported which acted almost exclusively in albumin and was at first mistaken for the antibody responsible for the albumin autoagglutinating property, which is dependent on the presence of sodium caprylate added to albumin as a stabiliser. It is recommended that all sera thought to exhibit non‐specific autoagglutination in albumin be carefully investigated for blood group specificity.
The Presence of I, H, HI, and i Blood Group Substances in the Tissues of Rabbits, Monkeys, and Guinea Pigs1
Authors: Lambert R. M. , Zelenski S. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The erythrocytes and organs of rabbits, monkeys, and guinea pigs were examined for the presence of I, H, HI, and i blood group substances. The aqueous layers of butanol extracts of red cells and selected organs were analyzed by the inhibition of agglutination procedure using test cells and antisera of human origin. Rabbits and guinea pigs were shown to possess I, H, and HI substances on their erythrocytes and in other body tissues. Guinea pig red cells were found to have i substance, also. With the exception of i substance on erythrocytes and H substance in gastric mucosa, none of the extracts prepared of monkey red cells and tissues exhibited I, HI, or H blood group activity.
Mechanism of Red Cell Agglutination by IgG Antibodies
Authors: Romano E. L. , Mollison P. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract It has been shown by others that agglutination of red cells by IgC antibodies depends on the density of antigen sites at the red cell surface, suggesting the possibility that agglutination by IgG antibodies might possibly be due to the cells being rendered ‘sticky’ rather than to specific cross‐linking. However, the present experiments show that, when a mixture of purified IgG anti‐A and anti‐B is incubated with a mixture of A and B red cells, the clumps contain only A cells or only B cells, indicating that agglutination by these antibodies is, in fact, due to specific cross‐linking.
An IgA High‐Titer Cold Agglutinin with an Unusual Blood Group Specificity within the Pr Complex1
Authors: Garratty G. , Petz L. D. , Brodsky I. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract A high titer cold agglutinin was present in the serum of a patient with an IgA monoclonal protein. Cold agglutinin activity was confined to the IgA fraction of the separated proteins. The IgA cold antibody appears to have specificity within the Pr complex in that it reacts with adult I, adult i and cord i red cells equally strongly but none of these cells react when treated with papain and neuraminidase. Weak reactions were obtained with dog and rat cells, but only if the cells were not treated with papain or neuraminidase. Monkey, sheep, mouse, hamster, rabbit and guinea pig cells did not react. This pattern of reactions is different from any so far described and may indicate either a qualitative difference, suggesting a further antigen in the Pr complex, or a quantitive difference, suggesting that the Pr1 antigen is present in a weak form on the cells of some animals such as the rat and dog.
Immunological Dosage of Hb F and its Correlation with the Singer Test: Decrease of Fetal Hemoglobin with Age
Authors: Mauran‐Sendrail Anne , Boissezon J. F. de , Verdier J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract A new immunological technique for the dosage of fetal haemoglobin derived from Mancini's immunodiffusion technique is described. Results obtained by the immunological dosage are compared with those of the Singer test (alkali denaturation technique). In the second part of the study, the two dosages are applied in parallel to infants from birth to 24 months of age to study the decrease of fetal haemoglobin with age.
Quantitative Studies on Salivary Blood Group Substances III.: In Identical Twins1
Authors: Sturgeon P. , Bates Eleanor , Mcquiston Dorothy
Published: March 2009

Abstract With the use of a quantitative automated method, the concentrations of blood group substances A, B, H and Lea have been measured in salivas from 100 pairs of identical twins. Titers of Leb substance were determined manually. When the sample is grouped according to types, highly significant independent interactions of ABO blood types on the concentration of H and Leb activity and of secretor type on Lea activity are shown. It is also brought out in discussion that concentrations of salivary A and B substances are significantly higher in Lewis‐negative individuals. However, no influence of ABO type is shown on Lea activity in cell types Le(a+b‐) or Le(a‐b+). Highly significant allelic interactions are shown to influence the concentrations of A and B substances in A and B types and A subtypes. Thus, a major contribution to good intra‐pair correlations in the concentration of blood group activity in related individuals, particularly in identical twins, will be made by their similarity in ABO, secretor and Lewis types. However, when analyses of the twin data are restricted to pairs of the same ABO, secretor and Lewis types, intra‐pair correlations for A, B, H, Lea and Leb substance are highly significant in the majority of groupings except in the Lewis‐positive nonsecretors. This concordance is shown to be independent of sex, age or environment. It is concluded, therefore, that the concentration of salivary blood group substances A, B, H, Lea and Leb in secretors is under close genetic quantitative regulation. The suggestion is made that a series of quantitative Se alleles could be the source of such control.
Wka (Weeks), a New Antigen in the Kell Blood Group System
Authors: Strange J. J. , Kenworthy R. J. , Webb A. J. , Giles C. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An immune antibody, made in response to transfusion, has revealed a new antigen (Wka) with a frequency of 0.3% among English blood donors, and 0.1% among K+ blood donors. The families of 5 K+ Wk(a+) propositi have no recombinants and 13 non‐recombinants. The new antigen is shown to be part of the Kell blood group system.
Haemolytic Disease of New‐Born due to Anti‐D Antibodies in a Du‐Positive Mother
Authors: Hill Z. , Vacl J. , Kalasová Eva , Calábková Marie , Pintera J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A woman with Rh phenotype ccDu.ee obtained an osseous allograft from a O Rh‐positive (CcD.Ee) donor in the course of a bone cyst surgery. 13 years after, her first‐born child developed a haemolytic disease of new‐born due to anti‐D antibodies.
Increased Elevation of Peripheral Leukocyte Counts by Infusion of Histocompatible Granulocytes1
Authors: Higby D. J. , Mishler John Milton , Cohen E. , Rhomberg W. , Nicora R. W. , Holland J. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The results of 38 HL‐A and other antigen matching studies revealed an inverse relationship between the percent of donor‐recipient serologic discordance and increases in recipient granulocyte levels 1 h after infusion of donor cells. Selected unrelated, parent, and sibling donors possessing mean percent serologic discordances of 33, 22, and 16, respectively, increased postinfusion granulocyte counts by 10, 46, and 117%, respectively. A mean of 1.58 × 1010 total granulocytes collected from sibling donors was associated with a significant elevation of recipient levels, as compared to unfavorable results with the infusion of 2.05 × 1010 and 2.31 × 1010 total granulocytes harvested from less compatible parent and selected unrelated donors, respectively.
Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood
Authors: Vogelaar E. F. , Berg M. A. G. D. Boer‐V. D. , Brummelhuis H. G. J. , Beentjes S. P. , Krijnen H. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A quantitative analysis was performed of the method of plasma fractionation used in our institute, a modified Cohn VI system, in order to develop and evaluate methods for the increment of antibody yield and quality of the immunoglobulin concentrate. For this purpose the distribution of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA, the subclasses of IgG and several specific antibodies in the different fractions was analysed. In addition, the distribution of some plasma proteins which may be of importance for the quality of the immunoglobulin concentrate, such as α2M, α1‐antitrypsin, α2‐lipoprotein and fibrinogen, was determined. The average yield of IgG of immunoglobulin concentrates prepared from 31 plasma batches was 58% (SD 9%). Loss of IgG predominantly occurred in fraction III with an average of 25% (9 batches). Most of the measured antibody activities were similar to that of IgG. The anti‐D antibody showed a lower yield, the mean value of 13 batches was 41 % (SD 11 %), which could be attributed to a higher loss in fractions I and III.

The steps in the ethanol fractionation in which considerable losses occurred, were analysed in order to improve the yield of immunoglobulins, especially of anti‐D. Suggestions for modifications leading to improvement of the yield are given.