bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengungkapan Perubahan Iklim Industri Pertambangan: Adakah Peran Struktur Kepemilikan?
Authors: Ariani Kurnia Rina , Sulistyawati Ardiani Ika , Wijayanti Rita
Published: December 2023

This study intends to examine how ownership structure affects the amount of disclosure on climate change in the mining sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2022. Purposive sampling was used to select a sample of 44 businesses, yielding 216 imbalanced observation data in all. The websites of each company's annual reports are used to gather secondary data. Items for disclosing climate change were taken from Darus, Mohd Zuki, and Yusoff's (2020) declaration of carbon emissions. To find out how much information corporations were disclosing about climate change, content analysis techniques were used. According to the study's findings, just 16.33% of climate change information is now disclosed. To test the theory, panel data regression using a random effect model technique was used. The results highlight the important part that institutional investors have played in pressuring businesses to disclose climate change. Foreign ownership, meanwhile, was determined to have  no effect. The findings of this study have indirect repercussions for managers who must consider the low level of investor-required disclosure of climate change as a substantial factor in investment choices. Additionally, legislative rules might be included recognising the crucial contribution that institutional investors contribute to promoting corporate disclosure performance.

Keywords: Carbon Emission; Climate Change Disclosure; Content Analysis; Mining Industry; Ownership Structure
Pengaruh Struktur Modal Terhadap Profitabilitas Perusahaan Manufaktur Tahun 2019-2022
Authors: Sabakodi Marijka Yuliantini , Andreas Hans Hananto
Published: December 2023

Capital structure and profitability are essential factors in business, where profitability serves as the primary indicator of a company's success. This research aims to examine the impact of capital structure on profitability in manufacturing companies before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The research methodology employed multiple linear regression analysis. The F-test results indicate an F-value of 53.817 with a significance level (P-value) of 0.000, which is smaller than ? = 0.05, indicating the suitability of the model used in this study. The adjusted R-squared (adjusted coefficient of determination) is 0.571. The t-test calculations show that the regression coefficient (X1) for Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) is 0.248, which is positively valued, with a significance level of 0.008, less than 0.050. The two-tailed P-value for the difference between ROA (Return on Assets) Before Pandemic and ROA After Pandemic is 0.110, which is greater than 0.05. Similarly, the two-tailed P-value for the difference between DER Before Pandemic and DER After Pandemic is 0.929, also greater than 0.05. In conclusion, Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) has a significantly positive impact on Profitability. Based on the ROA ratio, there is no significant difference in profitability (ROA) among Manufacturing Companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, based on the DER ratio, there is no significant difference in the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) among Manufacturing Companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Bagaimanakah kepercayaan konsumen, kepercayaan bisnis dan konsumsi rumah tangga mempengaruhi kestabilan perekonomian Indonesia?
Authors: Nursari Ayu , Pratama Ahmad Dhea
Published: December 2023

Kepercayaan konsumen menunjukkan konsumsi rumah tangga di masa depan, kepercayaan bisnis memberikan informasi mengenai perkembangan bisnis masa depan sehingga merupakan bagian instrument penting dalam memacu pergerakan aktivitas perekonomian Indonesia. Kestabilan perkembangan kepercayaan konsumen, bisnis dan konsumsi pengaruhnya diharapkan menjaga konsistensi perekonomian kepada trend positif.  Penelitian ini bersifat deskriftif kuantitatif menggunakan data skunder, Indonesia sebagai observasi penelitian, rentan waktu yang digunakan tahun 2011 kuartal 1 sampai 2022 kuartal 4. Data berbentuk timeseries sehingga metodelogi yang digunakan adalah Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dan Error Correction Model (ECM). Hasil penelitian menemukan sepanjang tahun 2011 Kuartal 1 dan 2022 kuartal 4 di Indonesia, Keyakinan Konsumen (CCI) memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan pada jangka panjang, sedangkan tidak memiliki pengaruh dalam jangka pendek terhadap perekonomian,  Kepercayaan bisnis (BCI) tidak memiliki pengaruh dalam jangka panjang terhadap perekonomian,  dalam jangka pendek Kepercayaan bisnis (BCI) memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap perekonomian. Konsumsi final rumah tangga (RTP) dalam jangka panjang memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap perekonomian, tidak memiliki pengaruh jangka pendek terhadap perekonomian.
Validasi Kuesioner Accountant Career Adaptability Skills Pada Mahasiswa Politeknik
Authors: Wijayani Dahyang Ika Leni , Opu Nur Vita , Kusno Hendra Sanjaya
Published: December 2023

According to students enrolled in accounting study programs, the purpose of this study is to map the skills of an accounting graduate, particularly from vocational school. The purpose of this competence mapping is to help vocational education institutions (PTPV) determine which key competencies students need to possess to be prepared for a career in the workforce. Students in vocational colleges in East Kalimantan are the subjects of this study to gather their opinions on the essential skills of accountants. The core competencies are derived from the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) lists five professional skills: intellectual, technical & functional, organizational & management, interpersonal & communication. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is used in data analysis using SPSS AMOS 26 software. The five dimensions- that comprise 31 question items can be used to career adaptability skills for accountants. The findings of this study can be utilized to develop a career adaptability skills questionnaire for accountants that can be used by both the workplace and vocational education.
Audit Dana Adat Upacara Rambu Solo
Authors: Muslim Muslim
Published: December 2023

Pelaksanaan upacara adat rambu solo' (upacara pemakaman) di Tana Toraja dianggap sebagai sarana untuk melestarikan budaya leluhur. Pelaksanaannya membutuhkan niat yang tulus untuk menjunjung tinggi prinsip-prinsip sakral dari upacara tersebut. Namun, upacara adat rambu solo kini tidak hanya dianggap sebagai cara untuk melestarikan budaya leluhur, tetapi juga sebagai sarana untuk menunjukkan status sosial seseorang. Fenomena yang ada adalah tantangan untuk menilai akuntabilitas upacara tradisional karena meningkatnya jumlah anggota kelas menengah ke atas. Individu, dalam upaya untuk menunjukkan status sosial modern mereka, dapat melampaui batas-batas yang ditentukan dari stratifikasi sosial mereka ketika menyelenggarakan upacara tersebut. Pelanggaran ini merusak kesucian upacara tradisional dan mengganggu tatanan sosial yang sudah mapan. Oleh karena itu, patut dipertanyakan apakah pelaksanaan upacara adat masih menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai budaya leluhur atau justru menjadi ajang pamer hedonisme sosial. Dalam peradaban Tana Toraja, terdapat empat kelas sosial yang berbeda: kelas bangsawan tinggi (tana' bulaan), kelas bangsawan menengah (tana bassi), kelas orang merdeka (tana karurung), dan kelas budak (tana' kua-kua). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian fenomenologi untuk menilai keselarasan antara dana yang dialokasikan dan peraturan yang mengatur pelaksanaan upacara adat dengan hirarki sosial adat yang ada. Proses penelitian ini melibatkan beberapa tahapan, termasuk identifikasi, pemeriksaan, perbandingan, penyesuaian, deskripsi, dan kesimpulan dari tingkat akuntabilitas yang ditunjukkan oleh individu-individu yang bertanggung jawab atas penyelenggaraan upacara adat terhadap nilai-nilai budaya tradisional yang dijunjung tinggi oleh masyarakat Tana Toraja. Penelitian ini menyelidiki proses pelaksanaan audit dana adat untuk menentukan apakah terdapat kesesuaian atau penyimpangan antara dana yang dikeluarkan oleh individu atau organisasi dalam merencanakan sebuah acara adat dengan nilai-nilai budaya adat masyarakat Tana Toraja.
GÖRME ENGELLİLERE VE İŞİTME ENGELLİLERE ANA DİLDE TÜRKÇE EĞİTİMİ VE YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ ÜZERİNE YAPILMIŞ ÇALIŞMALARIN BİBLİYOMETRİK ANALİZİ
Authors: BULUT Serdar
Published: December 2023

Türkiye’de görme engellilere ve işitme engellilere dil eğitimi ve dil öğretimi merkezli çalışmalar çok yoktur. Bu çalışmaları özellikle ana dilde Türkçe eğitimi ve yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi konularında sınırladığımız zaman çalışma sayısı daha da azalmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, görme engellilere ve işitme engellilere ana dilde Türkçe eğitimi ve yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi üzerine yapılan araştırmaların anahtar kelime, yazar, kullanılan metot, dil, üniversite, atıf ve benzeri yönlerden dağılımının incelenmesi ve yapılan incelemeyle ana dilde Türkçe eğitimi ve yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi üzerine yapılan araştırmalarının güncel durumunun tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada bilimsel haritalama yöntemi olarak da bilinen bibliyometrik analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada, Türkiye merkezli dergilerde yayınlanan makaleler, sempozyumlarda tam metin bildiri olarak basılan bildiriler ve YÖK Tez Merkezinde yer alan lisansüstü tezler ele alınmıştır. Bunun için öncellikle Google Akademik veri tabanında ve YÖK Tez Merkezi sisteminde “görme engelliler, işitme engelliler, Türkçe eğitimi, yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi” sözcükleriyle arama yapılmış, arama sonucunda 15 çalışma bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmalar, 2017-2022 yılları arasında yayınlanmıştır. Bu yayınlar, Vosviewer paket programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. İncelenen yayınların; yayın türü, anahtar kelimeleri, atıf sayısı, yayın yapılan dergiler, yazarların kurumları haritalandırılmış, görselleştirilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır.
Examining students’ perceptions of Podcasts as authentic materials for self-access listening practice
Authors: Cao Thai Bao Ngoc , Bui Diem Bich Huyen
Published: December 2023

The development of listening skills has long been a topic of interest in the field of language teaching and learning. In recent years, there has been a growing trend in utilizing Podcasts as a means of language acquisition, particularly for enhancing listening skills. This approach has gained significant popularity due to the various advantages it offers. However, there is a considerable lack of related research in the context of Vietnam, particularly in university-level academic listening classes. This study addresses this gap by investigating the perceptions of 118 intermediate English linguistics students at International University, Vietnam National University HCMC, regarding the use of Podcasts to enhance their listening skills beyond the classrooms. Data collection was conducted using a mixed-methods approach, which involved the use of an online survey questionnaire as well as interviews conducted through the Zoom application. A total of 118 intermediate English linguistics students were involved in the survey questionnaire, whereas the interviews were conducted with a smaller sample size of eight students. Results showed positive perceptions regarding the usefulness of Podcasts in post-classroom listening practice. The participants reported that Podcasts were valuable for improving their ability to understand spoken language, providing an enjoyable and entertaining experience, and offering flexibility beyond traditional classroom settings. This study indicates the potential of Podcasts as effective tools for improving English listening skills and, therefore, highlights the need for teachers to consider integrating Podcasts as a resource for teaching and learning listening skills beyond the classroom.
The multidimensional effects of extensive listening on EFL learners
Authors: Chang Anna C-S , Renandya Willy Ardian
Published: December 2023

This study investigated the multidimensional effects of extensive listening (EL) on learners’ actual language gains, selection of study materials, and practice styles. Language gains were measured through a pre- and a post-test on students’ aural vocabulary test (Listening Vocabulary Levels Test, LVLT) and general listening comprehension (TOEIC), administered before and after the intervention. Fifty-five university student participants took part in the four-month experiment; they were entirely free to select their favorite study materials online or off-line. The results showed that each student spent an average of 1,387 minutes (approximately 87 minutes per week) doing EL practice. The three most popular study materials were the following: Songs (63.64%), movies (49.09%), and talks (43.46%); materials were mainly from YouTube (74.55%), Netflix (49.09%), and other miscellaneous sources (43.63%). Their practice style was unanimously a combination of viewing and listening. From the pre-tests to the post-tests, students made significant gains in both LVLT and TOEIC, but the effect sizes were small. Some suggestions are made for implementing EL.
Efektivitas Google Maps Sebagai Fungsi Promosi dan Media EWOM pada Pelaku Usaha Kuliner Surabaya
Authors: Rizqiawan Hendrik , Novianto Iful , Indrawati Trisa
Published: December 2023

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan melakukan wawancara pada 24 informan dalam rangka mengumpulkan data primer serta melakukan akses dokumentasi dan literatur sebagai rujukan data sekundernya. Adapun kriteria para informan tersebut antara lain pria atau wanita dengan usia minimal 17 tahun, pernah melakukan kunjungan atau pembelian produk pada usaha kuliner yang berada di Surabaya dan pernah menggunakan Google Maps. Kemudian diperoleh data berupa fitur apa saja pada Google Maps yang perlu adalah diperhatikan oleh pelaku usaha kuliner di Surabaya agar dapat menjadi media komunikasi bisnis yang efektif dari perspektif konsumen atau pelanggan, khususnya pada fungsi promosi dan media EWOM. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, ada 2 fitur utama pada Google Maps yang hendaknya diperhatikan dengan baik oleh pelaku usaha atau pemilik tempat kuliner, sehingga Google Maps dapat memiliki fungsi promosi yang efektif. Fitur tersebut antara lain fitur menu (makanan dan minuman) serta fitur foto & video. Kemudian ada 2 fitur utama pada Google Maps yang hendaknya diperhatikan dengan baik oleh pelaku usaha atau pemilik tempat kuliner, sehingga Google Maps dapat menjadi media EWOM yang efektif pada komunikasi bisnis yang dijalankan. Fitur tersebut antara lain fitur ulasan dan fitur rating.

Kata Kunci : Google Maps, Promosi, EWOM, Usaha Kuliner
Bacteria Pseudomonas taiwanensis as a decomposing agent of peat fiber
Authors: Gulo Elrich Gratiawan WD , Amalia Dewi , Mase Lindung Zalbuin , Yulianto Faisal Estu , Kusuma Yusmiati , Juarti Ery Radya , Suyono Agus
Published: December 2023

Efforts are needed to accelerate the decomposition of peat fiber to reduce the fiber content through bioaugmentation using Pseudomonas taiwanensis bacteria so that it can reduce the high-water content of peat fiber. The research aimed to determine the effect of adding Pseudomonas taiwanensis bacteria on the decomposition of peat fiber. This research is a laboratory experimental research. The research sampling location was in Bereng Bengkel Village, Palangkaraya. The parameters observed included fiber content, fiber size distribution, and peat fiber decomposition speed following the Peat Testing Manual. The research instrument was an observation sheet for fiber content, size distribution, and peat fiber decomposition speed. Research data was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed that adding 15% Pseudomonas taiwanensis bacteria with a curing period of 28 days in fibrous peat resulted in the highest reduction in fiber content, from the initial condition of 61.14% to 12.33%. This variation also shows a decrease in coarse and medium fiber content and a significant increase in fine fiber content. The decomposition rate for this variation shows good consistency. The conclusion was that adding 15% Pseudomonas taiwanensis bacteria with a curing period of 28 days showed optimal results in accelerating the decomposition of peat fiber through the bioaugmentation method.
“İslam sanatı” imgesinin inşası ve oluşum süreci hakkında bir değerlendirme
Authors: DOĞAN Oytun
Published: December 2023

İslam sanatı, bir gösterge olarak dini ve coğrafi sınırlamalarla belirlenen sanat üretimlerini tanımlamıştır. İslam sanat eserleri genel bir tanımlamayla şeriat hükmü altında yönetilen toplumların üretimleri olmuştur. Bu durum, tanımlayanının bakış açısını ve tanımlamanın gerçekleştiği toplumu adlandırma ve anlamlandırma amacı taşımıştır. Sanat, Batı’da bir bilim dalı olarak gelişimini seküler düşünce üzerinden inşa etmiştir. Bu nedenle sanatın kanon bilgisi Batı toplumunun kültürel ve siyasal olarak kendi içinde yaşadığı üslup değişimleriyle oluşmuştur. İslam sanatı, tüm Batı dışı toplumların sanat araştırmalarında olduğu gibi etnografya araştırmaları temelinde başlamıştır. Bu bağlamda araştırma nesneleri sanat eseri olarak değil bir kültürel üretim olarak görülmüştür. Bundan dolayı İslam sanat uzmanları sanat tarihi dışında antropoloji, din ve siyasi tarihte de uzman kişiler olmuştur. Araştırma bu yönelimle toplumsallaşan İslam sanatının kapsayıcılığının yol açtığı problemleri İslam sanat imgesinin oluşumunun incelenmesiyle değerlendirecektir. Bu incelemede, farklılıkların göz ardı edilerek tekleştirici bir terim olarak gelişen İslam sanatı imgesinin ideolojik arka planının ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, Batılı müzelerin İslam toplumları üzerine gerçekleştirdikleri bilgi inşa sürecinde İslam sanatının bir gösterge olarak değerlendirilmesiyle sınırlandırılmıştır.
Turizm antropolojisinin ana hatları
Authors: ÇALIŞKAN Nurgül , ÇOKAL Zeynep , BEKTAŞ Yener
Published: December 2023

Giderek küreselleşen dünyada turizmin kültürler ve/veya alt kültürler arasında bir karşılaşmaya sahne olması, turizm ve antropolojiyi pragmatik yollarla bir araya getirmektedir. Buna karşın, ulusal literatürde turizm ve antropoloji arasındaki bağlantıların yeterince kurulmadığı dikkat çekmektedir. Literatürdeki eksikliğe bir yanıt olarak bu çalışma ile turizm antropolojisinin doğuşundan bu yana söylemindeki önemli dönüm noktalarının ve değişen doğasının gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede, çalışmada öncelikle turizm ve antropoloji arasındaki ilişki irdelenmiş ve turizm antropolojisinin bir alt disiplin olarak nasıl meşruiyet kazandığı tartışılmıştır. Ardından, antropologların “misafirler” ve “ev sahiplerine” odaklanarak turizme yönelik sordukları sorular iki ana temaya (turizmin doğası ve etkileri) ayrılmış ve bu temalar altında tartışılan konuların bir özeti sunulmuştur. Böylece turizm antropolojisine ilişkin genel bir çerçeve çizilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Adaptation of Fusarium Species causing Head Blight to Quantitative Resistance in Wheat: Field Evidence for Increased Aggressiveness in a New Pathogen Population
Authors: Sakr Nachaat
Published: December 2023

The use of quantitatively resistant wheat cultivars is an essential component of a sustainable management strategy of Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by several Fusarium species. However, little information is available on the variation of aggressiveness of the newly emerging FHB collection compared to old one. It is therefore important to determine to what extent FHB populations can be selected for increased aggressiveness by wheat cultivars with several levels of quantitative resistance. To this end, FHB populations were sampled in 2005 (old population) and in 2015 (new population) from one of the major Syrian wheat production regions, chosen as a location where head blight occurs regularly. New and old FHB isolates were characterized for aggressiveness by single-floret inoculation under controlled conditions on eight durum and bread wheat cultivars of contrasting susceptibility to FHB, and molecularly distinguished using DNA markers. Results showed the new population caused a higher disease severity (ranging from 55% to 67%) than the old population. Thus, their aggressiveness increased between early and late samplings, suggesting that wheat plants cultivated over 10 years selected for increased aggressiveness during epidemics. Our comparative population genetic analyses with analyzed markers showed that the new population had more polymorphic loci compared with the old one. The information obtained in this study indicated that FHB populations adapt to prevailing wheat cultivars, irrespective of their resistance levels, and can therefore overcome polygenic, quantitative resistance. Adaptation to wheat resulting in increased pathogen aggressiveness that was not specific may render quantitative resistance nondurable if not properly managed
Management of Covered Kernel Smut (Sporisorium sorghi) Disease of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at Gabilley District in Somaliland
Authors: Dahir Mukhtar , Abera Merkuz , Abdullahi Hared
Published: December 2023

Sorghum is multi-purpose crop that plays an important role in the socio-economic life of farming communities in Somaliland. However its production and productivity is threatened due to Covered kernel smut disease. A field experiment was carried out at Aburin Agricultural Research Center at Gabilay district in Somaliland in order to identify management options for Covered kernel smut disease of sorghum. The experiment consisted of 12 factorial treatment combinations of three varieties (i.e., Faruryogele, Abadro and Kuso) and three types of seed treatments which includes synthetic and bio-fungicides (i.e., Apron star 42WS%, Cow urine, and Neem seed kernel extract) and including Untreated control, laid out in RCBD with three replications. Parameters such as disease incidence, disease severity, phenological data, grain yield (kg)/plot, actual grain yield/plot, 1000 grains weight (g) and yield loss (%) were collected. The experiment result showed that highest disease (44.0%) incidence was recorded on untreated Kuso variety while lowest disease (4.33%) incidence was Apron star with Abadiro. Similarly, the highest disease severity (37%) was scored from Untreated Abadiro whereas lowest disease severity (4%) was scored from Abadiro with Apron star and Faruryogele with Apron star. Untreated Abadiro variety reached highest AUDPC (1036.0% days). The Apron star treated varieties had the lowest AUDPC and consistently showing markedly low infection rates indicating that they were more effective to the disease relative to the other seed treatments. The highest yield (1896 kg ha-1) was recorded from Faruryogele with Apron star and lowest (933 kg ha-1) was recorded from untreated Abadiro and Faruryogele. So, Apron star was effective to reduce the yield loss of sorghum and could be recommended to manage sorghum covered kernel smut. However, the experiment should be repeated across different environments over years in order to give the right recommendations and its rate may need to be well defined.
Epidemiological Markers for Citrus Canker caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri
Authors: Hameed Akhtar , Rajput Nasir A. , Binyamin Rana , Ali Faizan , Alam Muhammad W. , Aslam Hafiz M. U. , Riaz Hasan , Ali Subhan
Published: December 2023

Climatic factors have a significant impact on the growth and development of citrus canker disease, which is one of the biggest threats to the citrus industry caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc). The growth stage, host sensitivity, succulence, vigour, survival, rate of multiplication, pathogen dispersal direction, rate of spore penetration, and germination are all impacted by these factors. Climatic factors such as maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, rainfall, and wind speed were studied in the experiment in order to determine their effects on the development of disease. Significant positive association was observed on ten varieties/cultivars (Grapefruit, Rough lemon, Kinnow, Red blood, Shamber, Duncan, Foster, Malta, Citrus Sinensis and China lemon). To find the correlation between climatic factors and disease projection, a multiple regression model based on a two-year study was developed. Goodness of model was signified by coefficient determination value. There was a significant positive association among all ten varieties. It was concluded that all the climatic factors like max. T (37 0C), min. T (27 0C), RH 55%, RF (4.7-7.1 mm) and WS 8 Km/h were the conditions for the development of canker disease. This study would be beneficial for researchers to develop better disease management strategies for the future as a result of changing climatic conditions against disease
Integration of Rhizobacterial Isolates and Airone Chemical for Effective Management of Bacterial Wilt in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Authors: Mahmood Umair , Inam-ul-Haq Muhammad , Irshad Gulshan , Hayat Rifat
Published: December 2023

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of integrated disease management strategies against bacterial wilt, caused by Erwinia tracheiphila in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) within a controlled greenhouse environment. A total of 56 E. tracheiphila were recovered from the symptomatic cucumber plants among which 13 were tested highly virulent. Among six rhizobacterial isolates; Pseudomonas flurescens-3 (Pf-3), Pseudomonas putida-5 (Pu-5), Pseudomonas stutzeri-2 (Ps-2), Bacillus subtilis-1 (Bs-1), Bacillus safensis-2 (Bs-2), and Pseudomonas stutzeri-1 (Ps-1), tested in vitro using dual culture technique against extremely virulent strain of E. tracheiphila revealed Pf-3, Pu-5 and Bs-1 significantly reduced its growth. Two separate experiments were performed to investigate the synergistic effects of these PGPRs in combination with Airone chemical (active ingredients; Copper Oxychloride + Copper Hydroxide 20%SC by Swat Agro Chemicals, Pakistan) on disease severity and overall plant growth. In the first experiment, eight treatments were tested in a complete randomized design (CRD) with eight replications, focusing on the combination of Pf-3, Pu-5 and Bs-1. Results revealed that the combined application of Pf-3 and Pu-5 significantly outperformed other treatments, exhibiting substantial improvements in key growth parameters; vine length, number of leaves and branches per plant, and a remarkable reduction in disease severity compared to positive and negative controls. In the second experiment, Pf-3, Pu-5 and Bs-1 and Airone chemical were employed in seed and soil treatments to confer resistance to E. tracheiphila and suppress bacterial wilt. The treatment involving P.u-5 and Bs-1, along with a foliar spray of Airone, recorded the lowest disease severity and an increase in plant growth compared to the positive control. These findings suggest that the synergistic application of PGPR and Airone chemical holds promise for integrated disease management in cucumber, providing effective control of bacterial wilt while promoting plant growth. Moreover, the environmentally friendly nature of rhizobacterial-based formulations underscores their potential as safe alternatives for controlling soil-borne plant pathogens without adverse effects on human health or the environment
Walking After Dark: A Sidewalk Illumination Case Study in Cedar City, UT
Authors: Waite Sabrina , Nelson Ian , Spinney Jamie
Published: December 2023

Sidewalks are an important part of public space, but they are becoming increasingly dangerous, especially at night. Therefore, it is important that sidewalks are adequately illuminated to meet the safety, comfort, and accessibility needs (i.e., provide high levels of pedestrian reassurance) to sidewalk users. The objective of this case study was to quantitatively measure and subsequently explore the spatial and statistical distributions of light intensities along the sidewalks that surround Southern Utah University in Cedar City, Utah. A secondary objective was to develop a set of “adequate lighting” guidelines (i.e., 5 to 10 lux) to help identify areas that could benefit from sidewalks lighting enhancements. A digital light meter was used to measure horizontal light intensity, in lux, at a systematic sample of 208 points along the sidewalks within the study area. Geographic coordinates were also collected for each sample observation to enable mapping and spatial analysis of the light intensity data. Results indicate 61% of the observations have lux values equal to zero (complete darkness), 13.4% met or exceeded the minimum guidelines, while 4.3% fell within the “adequate lighting” guidelines adopted by this case study. These results suggest that sidewalks are too dark in too many places to provide reassurance to sidewalk users in the study area. The mapping and spatial analysis results from this case study also provide information to support targeted visibility enhancements of sidewalks within the study area. KEY WORDS: Lighting; Optimum Illuminance; Luminometer; Sidewalks; Pedestrians; Safety; Security; Reassurance
Dynamic Structural Equation Models: Promising Yet Concerning
Authors: Baral Suryadyuti , Curran Patrick J.
Published: December 2023

Dynamic Structural Equation Model (DSEM) is a powerful statistical modeling approach that has recently gained popularity among researchers studying intensive longitudinal data. Despite its exciting potential, the stability and replicability of DSEM is yet to be closely examined. This study empirically investigates DSEM using recently published data to explore its strengths and potential limitations. The results show that while some of its parameter estimates are stable, others are characterized by substantial variation as a function of seemingly innocuous initial model estimation conditions. Indeed, some parameters fluctuate between significance and non-significance for the same model estimated using the same data. The instability of DSEM estimates poses a serious threat to the internal and external validity of conclusions drawn from its analyses, challenging the reproducibility of findings from applied research. Given the recent focus on the replication crisis in psychology, it is critical to address these issues as the popularity of DSEM in psychological research continues to rise. Several potential solutions are investigated to address this problem and recommendations of best practice are offered to applied researchers who plan to use DSEM in intensive longitudinal data analysis. KEYWORDS: Dynamic Structural Equation Model; Bayesian; Robust Estimation; Intensive Longitudinal Data
Chitosan-Silver Thin Film-Coated Titanium Coupons using Silane Linkers Inhibit Biofilm and Planktonic Growth
Authors: Montgomery Emily , Gupta Nidhi , Atwill Matthew , Bumgardner Joel , Jennings Amber
Published: December 2023

Titanium is a component of many implants and orthopedic instruments, such as screws and rods; however, this and other materials may serve as a nidus for bacterial biofilm attachment. Chitosan is a biopolymer with advantages as a surface modifier, and silver ions have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. For this study, chitosan is bound to silver through a novel, patented process. The purpose of this research is to characterize silane-linked chitosan-silver coatings for titanium, including comparing antimicrobial efficacy. In this study, silane-linked chitosan-silver titanium coupons reduced Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) viability by 98% (planktonic) and 99.5% (biofilm) while supporting viability of Saos-2 osteoblast cells at levels of 75% compared with control uncoated titanium. Due to the observation of retaining osteoblast viability while reducing bacterial viability, silane-linked chitosan-silver coatings could be useful for titanium implants to reduce post-operative infection as well as support the healing process.
KEYWORDS: Titanium; Staphylococcus aureus; Silver; Chitosan; Silane; Osteoblast; Antimicrobial; Coating
Modern Tefsirde Ahlâk Meselesi -İbn Âşûr Örneği-
Authors: Külünkoğlu Gülnur
Published: December 2023

İslam düşüncesinde ahlâk meselesi, çeşitli boyutlarıyla pek çok ilim dalında ele alınmıştır. Ahlâk konusuna gösterilen teveccühte İslam’ın temel kaynağı olan Kur’an’ın konu ve hedef olarak ahlâka yer vermesinin payı büyüktür. Öncelikli olarak Kur’an’ın konularından biri olan ahlâk, insanın ıslahı amacıyla Kur’an’ın maksatları arasında yer almaktadır. Modernleşme ile birlikte pek çok alanda olduğu gibi sabitelerin değerini yitirmesiyle ahlâkî bir boşluk oluşmuştur. Bu sebeple İslam ahlâkına vurgular artmış ve bu konuda ortaya çıkan te’lifler artış göstermiştir. Özellikle ıslah hareketleri modern dönemde ortaya çıkan problemlerde çözümü hem ahlâkî hem de siyasî ıslah ile mümkün görmüştür. Bu çalışma İbn Âşur’un ahlâk içerikli ayetlere yaklaşımını konu edinmiştir. Modern dönemin önemli müfessirlerinden olan İbn Âşûr, çağdaşları arasında makâsıd konusuna katkısı ve ıslah fikri ile öne çıkmakta, müellifin fikirleri daha çok hukuk alanında incelenmektedir. Müfessirin hukuka zemin teşkil eden ahlâkî yaklaşımı hakkında yeterli çalışmanın olmadığı görülmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, müfessirin ahlâk muhtevalı ayetlere yaklaşımı üzerinden akıl, fıtrat, ıslah ve ifsad kavramlarının ahlâk ile ilişkisine açıklık getirmektir. Son tahlilde müfessirin ahlâk konulu görüşlerinin ıslah fikrinden bağımsız olmadığı ve müfessirin fertten topluma yayılan ıslah fikrindeki tedriciliğin ahlâk yorumuna yansıdığı görülmektedir. İbn Âşur, ahlâk konulu yorumlarında küllî ilkelerin işlevselliğine dikkat çekmiştir. Bu bağlamda onun düşüncesinde adalet ve ihsan gibi küllî ilkeler, ahlâklı olma temel ilkesi altında yer almaktadır. Cüz’î ahlâkî ilkeler ise küllî ilkeler altında yorumlanmaktadır. Çalışmada müfessirin ilgili ayetler bağlamındaki yorumları tespit edilmiş, elde edilen veriler analiz edilerek müfessirin ahlâk konusuna yaklaşımı ortaya konulmuştur. Külli ilkelerin rehberliği hakkındaki görüşleri ve ahlâk konusuna hiyerarşik yaklaşımı infak örneği çerçevesinde analiz edilmiştir.
Kırâat İhtilaflarının Vakf-İbtidâya Etkisi (Vakf Yerlerinin Değişmesi Bağlamında)
Authors: Salihoğlu Alaaddin
Published: December 2023

Müdevven Kur’ân ilimlerinden tecvid ilminin mühim rükünlerinden biri kabul edilen vakf-ibtidâ, doğrudan Kur’ân’ın manası ve tilâvetiyle ilgili bir ilim dalı olması nedeniyle farklı okuyuşları konu edinen ve Kur’ân’ın yorumuna etkisi olan kırâat ilmi ile yakından ilişkilidir. Nitekim âyetlerin irâbının doğru yapılabilmesi, âyette Allah’ın muradına uygun mananın ortaya çıkarılması, âyetlerin sahih bir şekilde tefsir edilerek itikâdî ve fıkhî hükümlerin tespit edilmesi ve bu hususların tilâvete yansıtılması ancak bu iki ilmin birlikte değerlendirilmesiyle mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle kırâat ilminin vakf-ibtidâ ile ilişkisi üzerinde durulmuştur. Daha sonra vakf-ibtidâ yerlerinin belirlenmesinde takip edilen yöntemler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Bununla birlikte bu başlık altında kırâat imamlarının konuyla ilgili belli tercihlerinden bahsedilmiştir. Ardından kırâat vecihlerinin vakf-ibtidâya etkisi ele alınmış ve üç başlıkta incelenmiştir. Bunların birincisi kırâat farklılıklarının vakf yerlerine etki etmemesi, ikincisi vakf yerlerinin derecesini değiştirmesi ve üçüncüsü de vakf yerlerinin mahallini değiştirmesidir. Çalışmada araştırmanın ana konusunu teşkil eden üçüncü başlık üzerinde yoğunlaşılmış ve meselenin açıklayıcı örneklerle anlaşılır olması hedeflenmiştir. Yöntem açısından mukayese ve tarama metodu kullanılmıştır.
Kur’an’ın Ahlâkî Tekâmül Yöntemi
Authors: Keskin Hasan , Yılmaz Muhammet
Published: December 2023

Çalışmamız, Kur'an'ın ahlâkî tekâmül yöntemini detaylı bir şekilde ele alarak, Kur’an ahlâkının temel prensiplerini ve bu prensiplerin insana kazandırılmasında uyguladığı stratejiyi incelemektedir. Bu makale; fıtrattan uzaklaşarak zamanla yozlaşmış olan ahlâkî yapıyı, evrensel özelliğiyle yeniden güncelleyecek potansiyele sahip Kur’an’ın ahlâk algısı ve amacını ele almaktadır. Aynı zamanda Kur'an'ın ahlâkî tekâmül yöntemini analiz ederek, Kur’an ahlâkının insanın olgunlaşmasına olan etkilerini ayrıntılı bir şekilde ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, Kur'an'ın içerdiği ahlâkî prensiplerin, bireyin karakter gelişimine ve toplumsal ahlâkın sağlanmasına yönelik rolünü açıklamayı hedeflemektedir. Makalede, Kur'an'ın ahlâkî tekâmül metodolojisini anlamak ve analiz etmek maksadıyla literatür taraması, konuyla ilgili âyetlerin incelenmesi ve tefsir çalışmalarını içeren kapsamlı bir yöntem benimsenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, makale, Kur'an'ın ahlâkî tekâmül stratejisini sistematik bir şekilde ortaya koyarak insan davranışlarındaki ahlâki gelişimi açığa çıkaracak bir yaklaşım sergilemiştir. Bu süreçte Kur’an’ın, bireyleri hedeflediği ahlâkî olgunluğa kavuşturmak için uzun soluklu bir yol haritası çizerek adım adım ilerleme yöntemini uyguladığı gözlenmiştir. Kur’an’ın iyi ve kötüyü tanıtma, güdüleme, örnekleme gibi yöntemlerle tedrîcen bir değişim stratejisiyle toplumun tekâmülünü gerçekleştirme çabası ortaya koyduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu yöntemle ümitsizliğe kapılmama, bağışlanma, ahiret inancının toplumu motive etmesi ve güzel ahlâk kazandırma konularının etkili olarak kullandığı gözlenmiştir. Bu süreçte Kur’an’ın örnekleme sistemini tedrîcî bir yöntem kullanarak hedeflediği kâmil ahlâka ulaştıracak fikrî alt yapıya zemin hazırladığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu araştırmanın sonucunda, Kur’an’ın bireylerde meydana getirdiği değişimden hareketle sadece geçmişte değil her dönemde moral değerleri yükselen, ideal bir toplum oluşturmayı hedeflediği anlaşılmaktadır.
İletişim Teknolojilerinde Veri Güvenliği ve Uzaktan Erişim: VPN Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Vaka Çalışması
Authors: AYDEMİR Mustafa , FETAH Vedat
Published: December 2023

Yeni medya sisteminin önemli bir alanını oluşturan iletişim teknolojileri, yoğun enformasyon akışının gerçekleştiği mecralardır. Son yıllarda veri yönetimi konusunda çeşitli uygulama örnekleri bulunmaktadır. İletişim alanı internet üzerinden eklektik ve sanal etkileşimli bir yapıya dönüştüğünden yasal ve yasadışı kullanımlar güvenlik alanını çatışmalı hale getirmektedir. Medya kullanımı, bireysel ölçekte gerçekleştiği mecralar dışında genellikle toplumsal sistemin ihtiyaçları ve yönelimleriyle şekillenmektedir. Günümüzde bilgiye ulaşma, sınırsız ve uzaktan erişim sağlayabilme konusunda eğilimler artış göstermektedir. İletişim konusu, bireyler arası süreçlerden insan-makine etkileşim alanına doğru gerçekleşmektedir. Bu noktada veri güvenliği ile erişim politikalarında önemli çözüm araçları bulunmaktadır. VPN uygulamaları, hesap aktivasyonları üzerinden şifrelenmiş verilerin aktarımı veya uzaktan erişimi konularında son kullanıcılara önemli kazanımlar sağlamaktadır. Bilgi kaynaklarının ve ilgili alandaki veri tabanlarının önemli derecede hassasiyet içermesi, özellikle uzaktan erişim politikaları konusunda süreli ya da süresiz olarak çeşitli yetki matrisleriyle belirlenmektedir. Kurumsal veri güvenliğinin KVKK, ISO27001 ve Cumhurbaşkanlığı DDO gibi denetleme mekanizmalarıyla biçimlendirilmesi, sunucu ve güvenlik duvarı gibi araçlar ile ilgili ağ servislerinin yönetiminde siber güvenlik çözümlerini de zorunlu hale getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, sistem ve cihaz güvenliği konusunda geliştirilen bir senaryo üzerinden kurumsal bir VPN yapısını mimari ve uygulama arayüzü vaka çalışması yöntemiyle analiz etmektedir.
STUDI KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET CAMPURAN USED CARBON DAN SLUDGE INDUSTRI BIOTEKNOLOGI DENGAN ANALISA PROKSIMAT DAN NILAI KALOR
Authors: Wardani Farida Kusuma , Ariani Ariani
Published: December 2023

Used carbon merupakan limbah dari proses produksi pada industri bioteknologi yang tergolong ke dalam limbah B3, sedangkan sludge IPAL yang dihasilkan oleh industri bioteknologi tidak termasuk dalam limbah B3. Kedua limbah tersebut wajib dikelola oleh pihak industri yang bersangkutan karena dapat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan, yaitu apabila terbawa aliran air hujan dan masuk ke dalam badan air, maka dapat menurunkan kualitas air dan merusak ekosistem air. Dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan oleh limbah tersebut dapat diatasi dengan pemanfaatan limbah sebagai bahan baku sumber energi alternatif berupa briket dengan memanfaatkan nilai kalor yang terkandung pada limbah tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kualitas terbaik dari briket campuran used carbon dan sludge untuk dijadikan sumber energi alternatif. Metode penelitian diawali dengan karakterisasi bahan baku dan dilanjutkan pembuatan produk briket. Briket berbahan baku used carbon kemudian ditambahkan bahan baku tambahan berupa sludge yang dicampur dengan perbandingan 4:1, 2:1, dan 1:1 pada masing-masing ukuran 60 mesh, 40 mesh dan 20 mesh. Briket yang dihasilkan kemudian dilakukan analisa proksimat dan dilakukan perbandingan dengan SNI 4931 Tahun 2010. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, diperoleh briket dengan kualitas terbaik pada ukuran 60 mesh dengan perbandingan 4:1, kadar air 7,52%%, kadar abu 12,21%, volatile matter 35,59%, fixed carbon 44,68% dan nilai kalor 5.070,52 kal/g yang telah memenuhi standar SNI 4931 Tahun 2010.
DESAIN COOLER PADA PRARANCANGAN PABRIK DISPROPORTIONATED ROSIN DARI GONDORUKEM GRADE WG DENGAN KAPASITAS 3000 TON/TAHUN
Authors: Salsabila Anne Rahma , Chumaidi Achmad , Naryono Eko
Published: December 2023

Tahapan proses pada pembuatan disproportionated rosin dari gondorukem yaitu tahap persiapan, pencampuran, reaksi kimia, pengendapan, pemisahan, dan pemurnian. Pada tahap pemurnian, disproportionated rosin produk dari evaporator didinginkan sebelum disimpan dalam tangki penyimpanan menggunakan cooler. Tujuan pendinginan untuk menurunkan suhu disproportionated rosin produk evaporator agar sesuai dengan kondisi operasi tangki penyimpanan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan desain cooler yang sesuai untuk menurunkan suhu disproportionted rosin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan desain cooler pada prarancangan pabrik disproportionated rosin dengan kapasitas 3000 ton/tahun. Acuan yang digunakan pada perhitungan desain cooler adalah buku Process Heat Transfer oleh Donald Q. Kern menggunakan bantuan microsoft excel. Dari hasil perhitungan didapatkan tipe cooler yaitu Double Pipe Heat Exchanger (DPHE) dengan dimensi ukuran 2x1¼, NPS 1¼, schedule 40, diameter dalam pipa 0,115 ft, diameter luar pipa 0,138 ft, panjang pipa 20 ft, dan jumlah hairpin sebanyak 3 buah. Desain cooler ini diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan desain kebutuhan alat pada proses industri.
ANALISIS EKONOMI PRA RANCANGAN PABRIK KIMIA PEMBUATAN KARBON AKTIF DARI SERBUK GERGAJI DENGAN KAPASITAS 8100 TON/TAHUN
Authors: Rahmayanti Amalia Putri Dwi , Susanti Ari
Published: December 2023

Indonesia termasuk salah satu negara kaya akan sumber daya alam berupa kayu yang sering digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan industri khususnya industri mebel (furniture). Salah satu limbah industri mebel (furniture) yang banyak dihasilkan ialah berupa serbuk gergaji. Limbah ini sangat berpotensi untuk diolah menjadi karbon aktif karena adanya kandungan selulosa dan lignin yang dapat mengikat ion logam berat. Pemanfaatan karbon aktif banyak digunakan di berbagai industri, diantaranya sebagai adsorben polutan limbah dan logam berat. Hadirnya karbon aktif diharapkan dapat menaikkan nilai jual serbuk gergaji serta dapat memenuhi kebutuhan karbon aktif dalam negeri sehingga mampu menekan angka impor di Indonesia dalam bidang Industri Kimia. Pra rancangan pabrik karbon aktif serbuk gergaji ini berkapasitas 8100 ton/tahun dengan waktu operasi selama 330 hari dalam setahun dan 24 jam per hari. Tujuan analisis ekonomi dalam pra rancangan pabrik ini adalah untuk memperoleh perkiraan (estimasi) mengenai kelayakan investasi modal dalam kegiatan produksi pada pabrik tersebut serta untuk mengetahui kebutuhan modal investasi sebagai pertimbangan investor untuk memberikan investasinya terhadap pabrik yang akan dibangun. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan diperoleh nilai Return on Investment (ROI) setelah pajak sebesar 19,61%, nilai Pay Out Time (POT) setelah pajak selama 2,7 tahun, nilai Break Even Point (BEP) sebesar 42%, nilai Shut Down Point (SDP) sebesar 18%, dan nilai Internal Rate of Return (IRR) sebesar 30,12%. Karena nilai ROI dan IRR yang diperoleh lebih besar dari bunga pinjaman bank yaitu sebesar 30% maka pabrik termasuk layak untuk didirikan.
EVALUASI NERACA MASSA DAN NERACA ENERGI PADA PROSES DISTILASI ATMOSFERIK DI UNIT KILANG PPSDM MIGAS CEPU
Authors: Maya Poppy Puspa , Dewi Anisa Rahma , Rohmadi Rohmadi , Sa'diyah Khalimatus
Published: December 2023

Pengolahan crude oil untuk menghasilkan produk minyak bumi meliputi persiapan bahan baku, proses distilasi atmosferik, dan proses treating. Proses distilasi atmosferik di unit kilang PPSDM Migas Cepu bertujuan untuk pemisahan fraksi dalam crude oil menjadi produk-produk yang dikehendaki berdasarkan perbedaan titik didihnya pada tekanan atmosfer. Pada artikel ini dilakukan evaluasi pada proses distilasi atmosferik di unit kilang. Metode evaluasi yang dilakukan meliputi menghitung neraca massa, neraca energi, dan efisiensi alat dengan mengolah data lapangan serta data literatur. Neraca massa dapat dihitung menggunakan data mass flow rate dan total feed. Perhitungan neraca energi memerlukan data massa dan perubahan entalpi. Perhitungan efisiensi panas memerlukan data panas yang hilang dan data panas yang masuk. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan pada periode 01– 05 Agustus 2022, kapasitas crude oil di unit kilang PPSDM Migas Cepu sebesar 290.975,9146 kg/hari produk yang dihasilkan adalah pertasol CA 13.815,7886 kg/hari, pertasol CB 24.533,1042 kg/hari, pertasol CC 10.230,8168 kg/hari, solar 171.651,0263 kg/hari, dan residu 69.350,5995 kg/hari. Efisiensi panas pada kolom fraksinasi lebih dari 40%. Berdasarkan Perry’s Chemical Engineers Handbook 7th Edition Gas-Liquid Contacting Systems, column efficiency minimal 40%. Dalam Petroleum Refinery Engineering karya W.L. Nelson dimana Thermal Efficiency alat adalah 60%-95%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tiap alat masih layak digunakan.
PENENTUAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI DAN SELEKSI PROSES PRA RANCANGAN PABRIK KIMIA ENZIM PAPAIN DARI GETAH PEPAYA
Authors: Opeda Moch Hisyam Pratama Geoparadiase , Mas’udah Mas’udah , Santosa Sandra
Published: December 2023

Enzim papain merupakan enzim protease yang dapat diperoleh dari getah papaya dan memiliki banyak manfaat dalam industri makanan, farmasi, dan kosmetik. Oleh karena itu enzim papain menjadi kebutuhan yang terus meningkat di Indonesia. Sehingga, pendirian pabrik enzim papain dengan memanfaatkan getah pepaya akan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri maupun ekspor. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan kapasitas produksi dan seleksi proses pra rancangan pabrik enzim papain dari getah pepaya yang direncanakan berdiri pada tahun 2024 dan berlokasi di Dampit, Kabupaten Malang. Metode penentuan kapasitas produksi menggunakan metode linier dari data rata-rata kebutuhan produk dalam 5 tahun terakhir. Sedangkan untuk seleksi proses menggunakan metode penilaian pada beberapa aspek proses produksi enzim papain pada rentang nilai 0-100 dengan kategori 0-25: rendah, 26-50: cukup, 51-75: baik, dan 76-100: sangat baik. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan kapasitas produksi enzim papain tahun 2024 sebesar 8000 ton/tahun dan proses produksi menggunakan metode pengeringan beku, sehingga dengan pendirian pabrik enzim papain dapat memenuhi kebutuhan impor dan ekspor