bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimizing the Complexity of Systems through Structural Optimization and Variability Reduction
Authors: Jackson Scott , dos Santos Ricardo Moraes
Published: October 2015

Scholars have focused on two primary characteristics that reflect the complexity of a system: the structure of the system and in the variability in the relationships between the elements. This paper discusses both aspects of the system and shows that they can be treated separately during development to reduce complexity. The first part treats the structural aspect of complexity by employing the cluster analysis of (Hitchins 1993, 135‐147) and (Hitchins 2003, 143‐148; 449‐457). This method optimizes the architecture of the system and minimizes the number of sub‐elements by determining which elements have the maximum amount of functional affinity. The second part deals with the variability of the relationships between the elements also called information entropy defined by (Shannon 1948). However, this concept can apply to the relationships among the elements of any type of system. The application of both of these methods it is believed will result in a significant reduction in complexity.
Using SysML to Automatically Generate of Failure Modes and Effects Analyses
Authors: Hecht Myron , Dimpfl Emily , Pinchak Julia
Published: October 2015

This paper describes a method for automated generation of Failure Modes and Effects Analyses from SysML models containing block definition diagrams, internal block diagrams, state transition machines, and activity diagrams. The SysML model can be created in any SysML modeling tool and then an analysis is performed using the AltaRica language and modeling tool. An example using a simple satellite and ground user shows the approach.
Systems Engineering in a Cyber Security Engineering Program
Authors: Brouse Peggy
Published: October 2015

George Mason University Volgenau School of Engineering (VSE) introduced a new undergraduate degree in Cyber Security Engineering (BS/CYSE) starting in Spring 2015. This program, the first cyber security engineering program in the country, prepares graduates for a successful career in cyber security engineering. Cyber security engineering is the proactive engineering design of physical systems with cyber security incorporated from the beginning of system development, creating cyber‐resilient systems. Cyber security engineering is an important quantitative design methodology to be used in all industries. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of cyber security engineering, systems engineering principles played an important role in the formulation of the BS/CYSE curriculum. Cyber security engineers must become part of the solution by developing appropriate, effective, and affordable systems with security engineered in from the concept phase, through design, and into implementation and deployment. There is the need for giving a strong background in engineering and providing extensive communication skills. Such background and skills allow ready consultation with colleagues either in engineering or in the given application domain. This paper will discuss the new BS/CYSE and the systems engineering influence on the program.
The Role of Requirements In Agile System Realization
Authors: Ann Rosser Larri
Published: October 2015

Requirements play a fundamental role in the realization of systems, regardless of the methodology used. Current understanding of requirements usage is strongly influenced by traditional program lifecycle paradigms. This paper highlights the fundamental contribution of requirements to system realization, reviews typical requirements usage, quality attributes and assumptions, and identifies areas where a different perspective on requirements usage can enhance agility.
The Challenge of 21st‐Century Literacies
Authors: Burnett Cathy , Merchant Guy
Published: October 2015

In the second edition of their influential bookNew Literacies: Everyday Practices and Classroom Learning, Lankshear and Knobel argued that engagement with these practices was “largely confined to learners’ lives in spaces outside of schools.” That was nearly 10 years ago, and in some respects, very little has changed. In many classrooms, there is a lot more technology than there was back then; for instance, the provision of interactive whiteboards, desktops, laptops, and portable devices is better, and there is a greater variety of software and hardware on offer. Yet, even when equipment is available, up to date, and in good working order, problems of curricular integration still arise. Despite all the rhetoric about the importance of new or digital literacies in education, recent curricular reforms and their associated assessment regimes have tended to privilege traditional literacy skills and printed text. An expansive view of new literacies in practice seems hard to realize. Why should this be the case?
Low‐Dose Actinomycin‐D Induces Redistribution of Wild‐Type and Mutated Nucleophosmin Followed by Cell Death in Leukemic Cells
Authors: Brodská Barbora , Holoubek Aleš , Otevřelová Petra , Kuželová Kateřina
Published: October 2015

Specific mutations involving C‐terminal part of the nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (NPM) are associated with better outcome of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy, possibly due to aberrant cytoplasmic NPM localization facilitating induction of anti‐NPM immune response. Actinomycin D (actD) is known to induce nucleolar stress leading to redistribution of many nucleolar proteins, including NPM. We analyzed the distribution of both wild‐type and mutated NPM (NPMmut) in human cell lines, before and after low‐dose actD treatment, in living cells expressing exogenous fluorescently labeled proteins as well as using immunofluorescence staining of endogenous proteins in fixed cells. The wild‐type NPM form is prevalently nucleolar in intact cells and relocalizes mainly to the nucleoplasm following actD addition. The mutated NPM form is found both in the nucleoli and in the cytoplasm of untreated cells. ActD treatment leads to a marked increase in NPMmut amount in the nucleoplasm while a mild decrease is observed in the cytoplasm. Cell death was induced by low‐dose actD in all the studied leukemic cell lines with different p53 and NPM status. In cells expressing the tumor suppresor p53 (CML‐T1, OCI‐AML3), cell cycle arrest in G1/G0 phase was followed by p53‐dependent apoptosis while in p53‐null HL60 cells, transient G2/M‐phase arrest was followed by cell necrosis. We conclude that although actD does not increase NPM concentration in the cytoplasm, it could improve the effect of standard chemotherapy in leukemias through more general mechanisms. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1319–1329, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Research Needs for Understanding the Biology of Overdiagnosis in Cancer Screening
Authors: Srivastava Sudhir , Reid Brian J. , Ghosh Sharmistha , Kramer Barnett S.
Published: October 2015

Many cancers offer an extended window of opportunity for early detection and therapeutic intervention that could lead to a reduction in cause‐specific mortality. The pursuit of early detection in screening settings has resulted in decreased incidence and mortality for some cancers (e.g., colon and cervical cancers), and increased incidence with only modest or no effect on cause‐specific mortality in others (e.g., breast and prostate). Whereas highly sensitive screening technologies are better at detecting a number of suspected “cancers” that are indolent and likely to remain clinically unimportant in the lifetime of a patient, defined as overdiagnosis, they often miss cancers that are aggressive and tend to present clinically between screenings, known as interval cancers. Unrecognized overdiagnosis leads to overtreatment with its attendant (often long‐lasting) side effects, anxiety, and substantial financial harm. Existing methods often cannot differentiate indolent lesions from aggressive ones or understand the dynamics of neoplastic progression. To correctly identify the population that would benefit the most from screening and identify the lesions that would benefit most from treatment, the evolving genomic and molecular profiles of individual cancers during the clinical course of progression or indolence must be investigated, while taking into account an individual's genetic susceptibility, clinical and environmental risk factors, and the tumor microenvironment. Practical challenges lie not only in the lack of access to tissue specimens that are appropriate for the study of natural history, but also in the absence of targeted research strategies. This commentary summarizes the recommendations from a diverse group of scientists with expertise in basic biology, translational research, clinical research, statistics, and epidemiology and public health professionals convened to discuss research directions. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1870–1875, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human coronaviruses in severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases in southwest India
Authors: Suresha Prabhu G. , Akhil Chameettachal , Anjali Aithal , Giselle Dsouza R. , Revti Bhaskar , Arunkumar Govindakarnavar
Published: October 2015

Acute viral respiratory infections (AVRI) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among all age groups globally. Except for Influenza virus and Respiratory Syncytial virus, mostly viral aetiology of AVRI remains undiagnosed. Lately, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have emerged as an important aetiology of AVRI. A laboratory based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted in which respiratory samples (throat swabs) of patients (n = 864), with Influenza negative SARI, of all age groups between Jan 2011–Dec 2012 were tested for HCoVs including MERS‐CoV using Conventional and real time PCR assays. The prevalence of HCoV among SARI cases was 1.04% (9/864) [95% CI: 0.36–1.72]. Of these four (44.44%) were identified as HCoV OC43, three (33.33%) as HCoV NL63 and two (22.22%) as HCoV 229E. No HCoV HKU1 was detected. The samples were also negative for SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV. The results of this study documents low prevalence of human coronaviruses in SARI cases in south western India and the absence of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. As the study included only SARI cases the prevalence reported could be an under estimate when it is extrapolated to community. J. Med. Virol. 88:163–165, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Air temperature changes in Svalbard and the surrounding seas from 1865 to 1920
Authors: Przybylak R. , Wyszyński P. , Nordli Ø. , Strzyżewski T.
Published: October 2015

In this article, air temperature variability in the Svalbard region (74–82°N, 6–30°E) from 1865 to 1920 is presented based on a large amount of early instrumental land and marine data. Measurements were taken during many exploratory and scientific expeditions to the study area. In addition, changes of air temperature from historical times to the present day (1981–2010) were investigated. Present‐day air temperatures for land were taken from regular meteorological stations and from campaign measurements, while for marine environment data were taken from three reanalysis products: 20CR, ERA‐20C and ERA‐Interim.

Analysis reveals that Svalbard (land data) in the period 1865–1920 was markedly colder than today (1981–2010, by about 3 °C) in all seasons except summer, when air temperature was similar in both periods. However, the majority of mean monthly air temperatures in historical times still lie within two standard deviations (SDs) from the modern mean. Marine data show good correspondence with land data. The May–September average air temperature for the period 1871–1910 was slightly lower in the seas surrounding Svalbard (by 0.4 °C) than today. About 90% of these mean air temperatures lie within the range of ±3SDs from the ERA‐Interim present‐day mean.

Seasonal patterns of air temperature changes in the Svalbard archipelago between historical and standard normal (1961–1990) periods show generally very good correspondence to similar changes, not only for the Atlantic region, but also for some other Arctic regions (e.g. SE Greenland, Canadian Arctic, Barents and Kara seas), as well as for the entire Arctic. All available reconstructions of annual air temperature using isolated series of early instrumental observations reveal that in historical times, air temperatures were colder than the standard normal (1961–1990) by about 0.5–1.0 °C. Compared with the new normal period (1981–2010), those differences rise to about 1.5–2.5 °C.
Delayed withdrawal of the autumn rainy season over central Vietnam in recent decades
Authors: Nguyen‐Le Dzung , Matsumoto Jun
Published: October 2015

A significant delay in the autumn rainy season withdrawal (ARSW) along the central coast of Vietnam (CCV) is detected since 1993, and the associated dynamics are discussed. During 1979–1992, the mean ARSW date was in early December, which is three pentads earlier than that during 1993–2006. Since rainfall over the CCV is primarily produced by cold surge vortices formed by the interaction of easterly waves with the cold surge flow, the ARSW is characterized by a gradual equatorward propagation (retreat) of the northeasterly winter monsoon (tropical easterlies). Therefore, the relatively late ARSW in the recent epoch is determined by the intensification and delayed withdrawal of the tropical easterlies during December, which should cause an increase in the easterly wave activity over the Philippine Sea and South China Sea (SCS), in response to the significant warm sea surface temperature (SST) in the western Pacific and cold SST in the central‐eastern Pacific. Correspondingly, since 1993, remarkable increases of convection and water vapour flux convergence around the CCV have occurred in December. The decadal environmental circulation changes also favour an enhancement of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) activities on 30–60‐, 12–24‐, and 5‐day scales that maintained rainfall along the CCV. Another potential factor is a distinct increase in the number of tropical cyclones (TCs) passing through the southern SCS during 1993–2006 compared with those occurring during 1979–1992, which is related to a strengthening and more westward‐extended sub‐tropical high and a significant SST warming in the tropical western Pacific. This enhanced ISO and TC activity, and the markedly delayed ARSW, originated from the decadal circulation changes, may be attributed to a mean state change in the Pacific basin since the mid‐to‐late 1990s characterized by a grand La Niña‐like pattern, which also results in the simultaneous advance of the Asian summer monsoon onset.
A simple framework to quantitatively describe monthly precipitation and temperature climatology
Authors: Berghuijs Wouter R. , Woods Ross A.
Published: October 2015

Climate descriptors and classifications are vital for ordering past, current and future climatic conditions. Yet, these parsimonious descriptors of climatic conditions only capture specific aspects of this climate signal, and lose all other information available in the observations. As a result, climate descriptions are often not physically insightful when they are applied in other studies. In this study, we show that a sinusoidal function with an annual period can adequately describe the vast majority of monthly precipitation and temperature climates around the world. This finding allows us to synthesize intra‐annual monthly precipitation and temperature climatology using five indices that are easy to interpret. The indices describe (1) the mean precipitation rate (), (2) the mean temperature (), (3) the seasonal precipitation amplitude (δP), (4) the seasonal temperature amplitude (ΔT) and (5) the phase difference between the precipitation and temperature regimes (sd). The combination of the five indices describes the relative time series of precipitation and temperature climatology, in contrast to earlier proposed similarity indices that only capture specific aspects of these time series. We demonstrate how the framework can reproduce many earlier proposed indices and classifications, and provide an example how the framework can be used to classify regions. We argue that the framework provides comprehensive insight into global climatology and can function as a quantitative conceptual basis for climate descriptions among different sciences.
A flexible, single‐arm robotic surgical system for transoral resection of the tonsil and lateral pharyngeal wall: Next‐generation robotic head and neck surgery
Authors: Holsinger F. Christopher
Published: October 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

To describe the application of a novel flexible robotic surgical system to transoral endoscopic head and neck surgery of the tonsillar fossa and lateral oropharyngeal wall.

Study Design

Preclinical anatomic study using three human cadavers.

Methods

Transoral resection of the lateral oropharyngeal wall with mucosal and muscular resection of the tonsillar fossa.

Results

This single‐port flexible robotic system could be used to successfully perform transoral resection of this region. The optimal angle to dock the patient‐side cart was at a 90‐degree angle to the operating room table. The placement of the remote center of the robotic instrument arm was evaluated in three positions. When the cannula tip was placed at 10 to 15 cm, all instruments could be deployed past the first and second joggle joint settings, without collision or restriction of arm movement. Using this position and docking location, all four arms were deployed inside the oral cavity without collision or restriction of movement in all three cadavers. The Da Vinci SP (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) provided sufficient access, reach, and visualization in order to complete a transoral lateral oropharyngectomy.

Conclusion

The first preclinical feasibility study of a novel, flexible, single‐arm robotic surgical system is presented for its use in transoral endoscopic head and neck surgery.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 126:864–869, 2016
Super Stable and Tough Hydrogel Containing Covalent, Crystalline, and Ionic Cross‐Links
Authors: Zhai Yunge , Meng Xia , Duan Hongdong , Ding Zhaoyun , Liu Yu , Lucia Lucian
Published: October 2015

A novel hydrogel with super stability and toughness is obtained by polymerizing acrylamide and maleic acid in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) chains. Then the hydrogel is processed with dry‐anneal and loading with cation solution method in order to construct a polymer network containing covalent, crystalline, and ionic cross‐links. Various hydrogels are measured via tensile and compressive tests to determine the optimal preparation and mechanical properties of hydrogels. The hydrogels show high tensile stress of ≈ 8 MPa and toughness of ≈ 25.4 MJ m−3. The hydrogel exhibits good chemical stability that remained up to 93% of original strength after 12 h soaking in phosphate buffered saline. Finally, an energy dissipation mechanism is discussed.

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How Do I Examine Blepharospasm?
Authors: Colosimo Carlo , Bologna Matteo , Berardelli Alfredo
Published: October 2015

Blepharospasm, which is the most frequent cranial dystonia, is characterized clinically by bilateral, synchronous, and symmetric involuntary orbicularis oculi muscle contractions. Assessment of motor abnormalities in patients with blepharospasm is an important issue in the clinical practice of movement disorders. This video highlights the most important aspects in the clinical evaluation of blepharospasm. We will show how we approach the main motor abnormalities related to blepharospasm. Additional features that often characterize blepharospasm, such as increased blinking, sensory tricks that can transiently improve muscle spasms, and apraxia of eyelid opening will also be discussed. Then, we will summarize the main aspects that differentiate patients with blepharospasm from other conditions characterized by eyelid disturbances. Finally, we will take into account the possible therapeutic implications of an accurate clinical examination of patients.
MR fingerprinting with simultaneous B1 estimation
Authors: Buonincontri Guido , Sawiak Stephen J.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

MR fingerprinting (MRF) can be used for quantitative estimation of physical parameters in MRI. Here, we extend the method to incorporate B1 estimation.

Methods

The acquisition is based on steady state free precession MR fingerprinting with a Cartesian trajectory. To increase the sensitivity to the B1 profile, abrupt changes in flip angle were introduced in the sequence. Slice profile and B1 effects were included in the dictionary and the results from two‐ and three‐dimensional (3D) acquisitions were compared. Acceleration was demonstrated using retrospective undersampling in the phase encode directions of 3D data exploiting redundancy between MRF frames at the edges of k‐space.

Results

Without B1 estimation, T2 and B1 were inaccurate by more than 20%. Abrupt changes in flip angle improved B1 maps. T1 and T2 values obtained with the new MRF methods agree with classical spin echo measurements and are independent of the B1 field profile. When using view sharing reconstruction, results remained accurate (error <10%) when sampling under 10% of k‐space from the 3D data.

Conclusion

The methods demonstrated here can successfully measure T1, T2, and B1. Errors due to slice profile can be substantially reduced by including its effect in the dictionary or acquiring data in 3D. Magn Reson Med 76:1127–1135, 2016. © 2015 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Reducing slab boundary artifacts in three‐dimensional multislab diffusion MRI using nonlinear inversion for slab profile encoding (NPEN)
Authors: Wu Wenchuan , Koopmans Peter J. , Frost Robert , Miller Karla L.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

To propose a method to reduce the slab boundary artifacts in three‐dimensional multislab diffusion MRI.

Methods

Bloch simulation is used to investigate the effects of multiple factors on slab boundary artifacts, including characterization of residual errors on diffusion quantification. A nonlinear inversion method is proposed to simultaneously estimate the slab profile and the underlying (corrected) image.

Results

Correction results of numerical phantom and in vivo data demonstrate that the method can effectively remove slab boundary artifacts for diffusion data. Notably, the nonlinear inversion is also successful at short TR, a regimen where previously proposed methods (slab profile encoding and weighted average) retain residual artifacts in both diffusion‐weighted images and diffusion metrics (mean diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy).

Conclusion

The nonlinear inversion for removing slab boundary artifacts provides improvements over existing methods, particularly at the short TRs required to maximize SNR efficiency. Magn Reson Med 76:1183–1195, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Synthetic Studies on Tricyclic Diterpenoids: Direct Allylic Amination Reaction of Isopimaric Acid Derivatives
Authors: Timoshenko Mariya A. , Kharitonov Yurii V. , Shakirov Makhmut M. , Bagryanskaya Irina Yu. , Shults Elvira E.
Published: October 2015

A selective synthesis of 7‐ or 14‐nitrogen containing tricyclic diterpenoids was completed according to a strategy in which the key step was the catalyzed direct allylic amination of methyl 14α‐hydroxy‐15,16‐dihydroisopimarate with a wide variety of nitrogenated nucleophiles. It was revealed that the selectivity of the reaction depends on the nature of nucleophile. The catalyzed reaction of the mentioned diterpenoid allylic alcohol with 3‐nitroaniline, 3‐(trifluoromethyl)aniline, and 4‐(trifluoromethyl)aniline yield the subsequent 7α‐, 7β‐ and 14αnitrogen‐containing diterpenoids. The reaction with 2‐nitroaniline, 4‐nitro‐2‐chloroaniline, 4‐methoxy‐2‐nitroaniline, phenylsulfamide, or tert‐butyl carbamate proceeds with the formation of 7α‐nitrogen‐substituted diterpenoids as the main products.
Transcriptome and proteome of Conus planorbis identify the nicotinic receptors as primary target for the defensive venom
Authors: Jin Ai‐Hua , Vetter Irina , Himaya Siddhihalu W. A. , Alewood Paul F. , Lewis Richard J. , Dutertre Sébastien
Published: October 2015

Most venomous predators have evolved complex venom primarily to immobilize their prey and secondarily to defend against predators. In a new paradigm, carnivorous marine gastropods of the genus Conus were shown to rapidly and reversibly switch between two types of venoms in response to predatory or defensive stimulus, suggesting that the defensive use of venom may have a more important role in venom evolution and specialization than previously thought. To further investigate this phenomenon, the defensive repertoire of a vermivorous species, Conus planorbis, was deciphered using second‐generation sequencing coupled to high‐throughput proteomics. The venom gland transcriptome of C. planorbis revealed 182 unique conotoxin precursors from 25 gene superfamilies, with superfamily T dominating in terms of read and paralog numbers. Analysis of the defense‐evoked venom revealed that this vermivorous species uses a similarly complex arsenal to deter aggressors as more recently evolved fish‐ and mollusk‐hunting species, with MS/MS validating 23 conotoxin sequences from six superfamilies. Pharmacological characterization of the defensive venom on human receptors identified the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as a primary target. This work provides the first insights into the composition and biological activity of specifically evolved defensive venoms in vermivorous cone snails.
Fabry–Perot Microcavity Modes in Single GaP/GaNP Core/Shell Nanowires
Authors: Dobrovolsky Alexander , Stehr Jan E. , Sukrittanon Supanee , Kuang Yanjin , Tu Charles W. , Chen Weimin M. , Buyanova Irina A.
Published: October 2015

Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) are attracting increasing interest as nanobuilding blocks for optoelectronics and photonics. A novel material system that is highly suitable for these applications are GaNP NWs. In this article, we show that individual GaP/GaNP core/shell nanowires (NWs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si substrates can act as Fabry‐Perot (FP) microcavities. This conclusion is based on results of microphotoluminescence (μ‐PL) measurements performed on individual NWs, which reveal periodic undulations of the PL intensity that follow an expected pattern of FP cavity modes. The cavity is concluded to be formed along the NW axis with the end facets acting as reflecting mirrors. The formation of the FP modes is shown to be facilitated by an increasing index contrast with the surrounding media. Spectral dependence of the group refractive index is also determined for the studied NWs. The observation of the FP microcavity modes in the GaP/GaNP core/shell NWs can be considered as a first step toward achieving lasing in this quasidirect bandgap semiconductor in the NW geometry.
Getting Students Hooked on the Reading Habit
Authors: Gambrell Linda B.
Published: October 2015

We know that students who enjoy reading are likely to choose to read more often than students who do not enjoy reading. We also know that the more students read the better readers they become. The bottom line is that reading proficiency has been linked to a better and more productive academic, social, and civic life. We really don't need to be convinced that reading is a good thing for our students. The larger question is how do we help out students develop the reading habit? Recent research suggests three promising practices for supporting and nurturing the reading habit: design reading instruction based on principles of motivation, make reading relevant to the real world, and provide reading texts and tasks that are high‐interest and moderately challenging.
Introducing carbon structural adjustment: energy productivity and decarbonization of the global economy
Authors: Hargroves Karlson ‘Charlie’ , Desha Cheryl , von Weisaecker Ernst
Published: October 2015

In the 21st century, much of the world will experience untold wealth and prosperity that could not be conceived only some three centuries before. However as with most, if not all, of the human civilizations, increases in prosperity have accumulated significant environmental impacts that threaten to result in environmentally induced economic decline. A key part of the world's response to this challenge is to rapidly decarbonise economies, with options to achieve 60–80% improvements (i.e., in the order of Factor 5) in energy and water productivity now available and proven in every sector. Drawing upon the 2009 publication ‘Factor 5’, in this article we discuss how to realize such large‐scale improvements, involving complexity beyond technical and process innovation. We begin by considering the concept of greenhouse gas stabilization trajectories that include reducing current greenhouse gas emissions to achieve a ‘peaking’ of global emissions, and subsequent ‘tailing’ of emissions to the desired endpoint in ‘decarbonising’ the economy. Temporal priorities given to peaking and tailing have significant implications for the mix of decarbonising solutions and the need for government and market assistance in causing them to be implemented, requiring careful consideration upfront. Within this context, we refer to a number of examples of Factor 5 style opportunities for energy productivity and decarbonization, and then discuss the need for critical economic contributions to take such success from examples to central mechanisms in decarbonizing the global economy. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:57–67. doi: 10.1002/wene.181

This article is categorized under:

Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy

Energy and Climate > Systems and Infrastructure
Long-term trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: A critical overview
Authors: Shmukler A.B. , Gurovich I.Y. , Agius M. , Zaytseva Y.
Published: October 2015

Background

Cognitive disturbances are widely pronounced in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Whilst cognitive deficits are well established in the prodromal phase and are known to deteriorate at the onset of schizophrenia, there is a certain discrepancy of findings regarding the cognitive alterations over the course of the illness.

Methods

We bring together the results of the longitudinal studies identified through PubMed which have covered more than 3 years follow-up and to reflect on the potential factors, such as sample characteristics and stage of the illness which may contribute to the various trajectories of cognitive changes.

Results

A summary of recent findings comprising the changes of the cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients along the longitudinal course of the illness is provided. The potential approaches for addressing cognition in the course of schizophrenia are discussed.

Conclusions

Given the existing controversies on the course of cognitive changes in schizophrenia, differentiated approaches specifically focusing on the peculiarities of the clinical features and changes in specific cognitive domains could shed light on the trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and spectrum disorders.
NOTIONS OF ADDICTION IN THE TIME OF THE FIRST OPIUM WAR
Authors: CAQUET P. E.
Published: October 2015

This article explores whether the British decision-makers and public were conscious of the habit-forming nature of opium at the time of the Chinese war of 1839–42, the First Opium War. While most political historians have assumed that the British authorities understood the nature of the drug, social historians argue that notions of addiction only arose, in Britain, at the end of the nineteenth century. Examining the abundant press, pamphlet, and parliamentary literature generated by the war debate, this article examines in what terms opium use was characterized. It considers the groups that intervened on both sides of the debate and draws lessons from the arguments they deployed for and against the war. Situating the source literature within the context of early Victorian values and mores, finally, it argues that the British leaders and political nation were aware of the drug's habit-forming properties. Not only was it widely recognized that it was something dangerous that was being introduced, at the point of a gun, into China, but there can be said to have existed, in Britain, a layman's notion of drug addiction.
CONTESTED HERITAGE: MULTI-LAYERED POLITICS AND THE FORMATION OF THE SACRED SPACE – THE CHURCH OF GETHSEMANE AS A CASE-STUDY
Authors: HALEVI MASHA
Published: October 2015

The article analyses the processes that preceded the construction of sanctuaries in the Holy Land through the prism of the Church of Gethsemane in Jerusalem, deconstructing and uncovering layers of political power struggles which led to its formation and present shape. This study, based on extensive archival research and a field survey, demonstrates how the reconstruction of the basilica of Gethsemane, and hence the concretization in stone of some of the most depicted evangelical traditions, was not merely the result of an ecumenical consideration. In fact, it reflects the narrow, and sometimes very down-to-earth, interests of various denominations and political forces. The study also demonstrates how the unique setting of the Holy Land encouraged simultaneous multi-layered political processes, comparing the case-study of the Church of Gethsemane to those of other symbolic and national religious monuments: the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the basilica of Sacré-Coeur in Paris, and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN g LOADINGS AND HERITABILITY IN RUSSIA
Authors: Voronin Ivan , Te Nijenhuis Jan , Malykh Sergey B.
Published: October 2015

The study focused on the extent to which the general factor of intelligence g and heritability coefficients of the subtests of an IQ battery correlate. Modest to strong positive correlations were found in five studies from Western countries and six studies from a Japanese meta-analysis. The results for Russian twins were compared with those of the Western and Japanese studies. Data from 402 twins aged 13 and 296 twins aged 16 showed correlations of r=−0.45 and r=−0.60, respectively. It is concluded that the two data points are clearly not in line with established findings. It may be that the link between g loadings and heritabilities is more complex than previously thought.
Criteria for recognizing marine hermit crabs in the fossil record using gastropod shells
Authors: Walker S. E.
Published: October 2015

Hermit crabs have left a rich fossil legacy of epi- and endobionts that bored or encrusted hermit crab-inhabited shells in specific ways. Much of this rich taphonomic record, dating from the middle Jurassic, has been overlooked. Biological criteria to recognize hermitted shells in the fossil record fall within two major categories: 1) massive encrustations, such as encrusting bryozoans; and 2) subtle, thin encrustations, borings, or etchings that surround or penetrate the aperture of the shell. Massive encrustations are localized in occurrence, whereas subtle trace fossils and body fossils are common, cosmopolitan, and stratigraphically long-ranging. Important trace fossils and body fossils associated with hermit crabs are summarized here, with additional new fossil examples from the eastern Gulf Coast.Helicotaphrichnus, a unique hermit crab-associated trace fossil, is reported from the Eocene of Mississippi, extending its stratigraphic range from the Pleistocene of North America and the Miocene of Europe.
Depression in Mexican Americans with diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes
Authors: Olvera R. L. , Fisher-Hoch S. P. , Williamson D. E. , Vatcheva K. P. , McCormick J. B.
Published: October 2015

Background

Depression and diabetes commonly co-occur; however, the strength of the physiological effects of diabetes as mediating factors towards depression is uncertain.

Method

We analyzed extensive clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data from n = 2081 Mexican Americans aged 35–64 years, recruited from the community as part of the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC) divided into three groups: Diagnosed (self-reported) diabetes (DD, n = 335), Undiagnosed diabetes (UD, n = 227) and No diabetes (ND, n = 1519). UD participants denied being diagnosed with diabetes, but on testing met the 2010 American Diabetes Association and World Health Organization definitions of diabetes. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression (CES-D) scale. Weighted data were analyzed using dimensional and categorical outcomes using univariate and multivariate models.

Results

The DD group had significantly higher CES-D scores than both the ND and UD (p ⩽ 0.001) groups, whereas the ND and UD groups did not significantly differ from each other. The DD subjects were more likely to meet the CES-D cut-off score for depression compared to both the ND and UD groups (p = 0.001), respectively. The UD group was also less likely to meet the cut-off score for depression than the ND group (p = 0.003). Our main findings remained significant in models that controlled for socio-demographic and clinical confounders.

Conclusions

Meeting clinical criteria for diabetes was not sufficient for increased depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that the ‘knowing that one is ill’ is associated with depressive symptoms in diabetic subjects.
Expanding a Formal Role for Islamic Law in the Indonesian Legal System: The Case of Mu’Amalat
Authors: Alfitri
Published: October 2015

Contemporary conflicts over efforts to expand the role of Islamic law in the national legal system of Indonesia are so intense that they undermine reasoned public debate about this question. They are part of a long-standing polemic, not only about the role ofShariahin Indonesia generally but about the specific question of whether the Jakarta Charter, which references obligations to obey Islamic law, should be restored as part of the Constitution. This article is an attempt to revive the neglected academic discourse on the role of Islamic jurisprudence in Indonesian law, and to move beyond the confused polemics to a thoughtful consideration of where Islamic law fits in a non-Islamic state such as Indonesia. Because Indonesia is a secular state, theShariah as a wholeis not enforced by the state, but theShariahhas a significant meaning for Muslims in Indonesia because it provides the norms distinguishing the obligatory and recommended from those actions which are neutral, disapproved and prohibited in Muslims' lives. Moreover, some elements of Islamic jurisprudence in personal law have been absorbed into positive law in Indonesia through the decisions of religious courts, which have existed since the Dutch colonialism,3 as currently regulated by Law No. 7/1989. The Compilation of Islamic Law No. 1/1991 essentially functions as the legal code for all Muslims who must resort to the religious courts for the adjudication of disputes involving marriage, divorce, inheritance andwaqf. Thus, consideration of the propriety of attempts to extend Islamic law to matters of property and of contract is appropriate at this time.
Entrapped in Multidimensional Exclusion: The Perpetuation of Poverty among Conflict-induced Migrants in an İstanbul Neighborhood
Authors: Yılmaz Bediz
Published: October 2015

In order to analyze the interdependent vicious circles of social exclusion and spatial relegation, this article will discuss the findings of fieldwork in the inner-city neighborhood of Tarlabaşı, İstanbul. The introductory section revolves around the concepts of poverty and exclusion, followed by a brief historical background of this locality. The core of the article is devoted to an analysis of different dimensions of exclusion—namely, economic, social, political, spatial and discursive dimensions. In the neighborhood of Tarlabaşı, it is possible to trace the signs of a transformation leading to the creation of a new type of urban poverty based on exclusion. This inner-city area, a territory of urban relegation par excellence, illustrates that informal activities no longer suffice to integrate socially; that the neighborhood is increasingly becoming polarized along lines of class, religion and ethnicity; that inner-city slums are no longer transitory places for rural-to-urban migrants, but perpetual spaces of relegation; and that the conflict-induced migrant Kurds are the primary candidates to become Turkey's “underclass.”
Persistence of impaired health status of Q fever patients 4 years after the first Dutch outbreak
Authors: LIMONARD G. J. M. , PETERS J. B. , BESSELINK R. , GROOT C. A. R. , DEKHUIJZEN P. N. R. , VERCOULEN J. H. , NABUURS-FRANSSEN M. H.
Published: October 2015

A significant proportion of Q fever patients from the first Dutch Q fever outbreak in 2007 showed impairment in health status up to 1 year after infection. Interested in whether this decrease in health status persisted, we set out to determine the health status in the same cohort of patients, 4 years after primary infection and to compare health status scores at the individual patient level between 1 and 4 years follow-up. Health status was assessed with the Nijmegen Clinical Screening Instrument (NCSI). Patients were serologically tested to exclude patients with possible, probable or proven chronic Q fever. Results on the NCSI sub-domains at group level [2008 (n = 54) and 2011 (n = 46)] showed a persistent significant percentage of patients exhibiting clinically relevant (‘severe’) scores for all NCSI sub-domains. After 4 years, undue fatigue was present in 46% and exactly half of all patients experienced a severely impaired general quality of life. Patients with NCSI scores available in both 2008 and 2011 (n = 37) showed no difference in all sub-domain scores, except for a small decrease in dyspnoea emotions in 2011. In this group, a significant proportion of patients either improved or worsened in one or more sub-domains of health status. We conclude that at the group level, health status of Q fever patients remained impaired 4 years after primary infection. At the individual patient level, health status may change.
Emergent Oscillations in Mathematical Model of the Human Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Rasgon Natalie L. , Pumphrey Lara , Prolo Paolo , Elman Shana , Negrao Andre B. , Licinio Julio , Garfinkel Alan
Published: October 2015

Background:

The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis that would reflect available data in humans.

Methods:

A model of hormonal relationships at the early follicular and midluteal phases of the human menstrual cycle is proposed.

Findings:

Two distinct temporal patterns of oscillatory behavior have been demonstrated for both pituitary and gonadal steroids in the early follicular phase: first, rapid oscillations in gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone (Q∼1 hour) that were an immediate consequence of the programmed equations. Second, there were slower, undulating, emergent rhythms in luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, and also in estrogen, having oscillatory periods of 2–12 hours. There was also a longer-period (Q2–3 days) emergent rhythm in progesterone. In the mid-luteal phase, estrogen and progesterone rhythms were correlated, and all hormones showed an ∼6-hour periodicity.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, the oscillatory behavior of peripheral sex steroids in the follicular phase has not been previously noted.
Delegation and the Crisis-Induced Political Development of Bailout Institutions: The Case of Japan Between 1992 and 2003
Authors: SEBŐK MIKLÓS
Published: October 2015

This paper argues for a reappraisal of extant scholarship on delegation in the domain of financial regulation. Through an examination of Japan's experience with financial regulation between 1992 and 2003, it is demonstrated that crisis-induced institutional development entails a shift toward a more flexible, trustee-type bureaucratic structure. While the logic presented in this paper is far from a universally applicable theory of institutional change, it calls into question the relevance of more conventional approaches to the origins of delegation of authority, notably the approach that uses unified and divided government as a key variable. A renewed emphasis on the role of extra-political sources of transfers of authority inside the executive, and also between the legislature and the executive, therefore, is in order.
From KISS to TASS Modeling: A Preliminary Analysis of the Segregation Model Incorporated with Spatial Data on Chicago
Authors: ITO GAKU , YAMAKAGE SUSUMU
Published: October 2015

The ‘keep it simple, stupid’ slogan, or the KISS principle has been the basic guideline in agent-based modeling (ABM). While the KISS principle or parsimony is vital in modeling attempts, conventional agent-based models remain abstract and are rarely incorporated or validated with empirical data, leaving the links between theoretical models and empirical phenomena rather loose. This article reexamines the KISS principle and discusses the recent modeling attempts that incorporate and validate agent-based models with spatial (geo-referenced) data, moving beyond the KISS principle. This article also provides a working example of such time and space specified (TASS) agent-based models that incorporates Schelling's (1971) classic model of residential segregation with detailed geo-referenced demographic data on the city of Chicago derived from the US Census 2010.
US – COOL (Article 21.5 – Canada and Mexico), DS384/DS386
Authors: Carlson Geoffrey
Published: October 2015

These compliance proceedings under Article 21.5 of the DSU concerned measures adopted by the United States to comply with the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) recommendations and rulings inUS – COOL. InUS – COOL, the DSB found that a certain US country-of-origin labelling (COOL) measure regarding muscle cuts of meat (the Original COOL Measure), and the administration of that measure, were inconsistent with certain aspects of the TBT Agreement and the GATT 1994. The United States' measure taken to comply with the recommendations and rulings of the DSB consisted of an amendment to the Original COOL Measure (the 2013 Final Rule). In these compliance proceedings, the Panel and Appellate Body referred to the 2013 Final Rule, together with the Original COOL Measure, as the Amended COOL Measure. The Amended COOL Measure was the focus of these compliance proceedings.
Construction and Validation of the Community and Socio-Political Participation Scale (SCAP)
Authors: Moreno-Jiménez M. Pilar , Ríos Rodríguez M. Luisa , Martín Macarena Vallejo
Published: October 2015

This article describes the development and validation of a new instrument, the scale (SCAP) which measures community participation (CP) and socio-political participation (SPP). The sample consists of 756 participants in Málaga, residents whose average age is 38.78 years old (SD= 13.96) and of whom 58.5% are women. The results endorse the psychometric qualities of the instrument. We present descriptive analysis of the items, the dimensionality of the scale and its internal consistency. The external evidence of validity shows positive and statistically significant correlations with sense of community and empowerment, variables theoretically related to participation. A confirmatory factor analysis confirms the two-dimensional structure (CP and SPP). Further analysis show a higher CP in women. This instrument extends the quantitative research on citizen participation.