bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strong Antiferromagnetic Interactions in the Binuclear Cobalt(II) Complex with a Bridged Nitroxide Diradical
Authors: Morozov Vitaly A. , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Vostrikova Kira E.
Published: October 2024

A binuclear cobalt–radical complex formed by the reaction of Co(hfac)2·2H2O (hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate) with the 2,2-bis(1-oxyl-3-oxide-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolinyl) biradical (BR) has been synthesized. The complex {(hfac)CoII(BN)CoII(hfac)} crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1¯ :  C34H28Co2F24N4O12, a = 11.1513(5) Å, b = 12.8362(7) Å, c = 18.2903(8) Å, α = 103.061(1)°, β = 100.898(2)°, γ = 102.250(1)°, Z = 2. The compound consists of two non-equivalent pseudo-octahedral CoII ions, each bearing two hfac ancillary ligands bridged by the tetradentate bis-nitroxide (BN). The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility indicates a strong antiferromagnetic exchange between each of the Co2+ ions and the nitroxyl biradical, as well as between the spins within the bridging ligand, forming a spin-frustrated system. Micro-squid investigations, performed on a single crystal of {(hfac)CoII(BN)CoII(hfac)}, reveal a peculiarity of the M(H) graph at temperatures below 0.4 K displaying a step that is a result of ground and first excited levels mixing by the applied magnetic field due to a small energy gap between them, as inferred from ab initio calculation. The latter was also carried out for two models of mononuclear Co2+ complexes in order to obtain a set of initial parameters for fitting the experimental magnetic curves using the Phi program. Moreover, direct CAS(12,10)/def2-TZVP calculations of the magnetic dependences χT(T) and M(H) were performed, which satisfactorily reproduced the experimental ones.
The Labor Market and Growth Implications of Skill Distribution: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Model with Skill Heterogeneity
Authors: Jung Jaewon
Published: October 2024

This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model which explicitly incorporates the skill distribution of heterogeneous workers. Workers are distributed heterogeneously in their individual skill level and can be endogenously sorted into different tasks using different technologies. In doing so, we study in depth the labor market and growth implications of the changes in skill distribution. Specifically, we consider two changes in the skill distribution in a given population, (i) the increased density in the upper tail (skill upgrading), and (ii) the increased density both in the lower and upper tails (skill polarization). It is shown that, though the labor market implications for individual workers are likely to be largely different and complex (skill polarization even leads to nonlinear labor market changes), both changes in the skill distribution may increase steady-state real investment and enhance growth so that all workers gain with time.
Robust Parameter Optimisation of Noise-Tolerant Clustering for DENCLUE Using Differential Evolution
Authors: Ajmal Omer , Arshad Humaira , Arshed Muhammad Asad , Ahmed Saeed , Mumtaz Shahzad
Published: October 2024

Clustering samples based on similarity remains a significant challenge, especially when the goal is to accurately capture the underlying data clusters of complex arbitrary shapes. Existing density-based clustering techniques are known to be best suited for capturing arbitrarily shaped clusters. However, a key limitation of these methods is the difficulty in automatically finding the optimal set of parameters adapted to dataset characteristics, which becomes even more challenging when the data contain inherent noise. In our recent work, we proposed a Differential Evolution-based DENsity CLUstEring (DE-DENCLUE) to optimise DENCLUE parameters. This study evaluates DE-DENCLUE for its robustness in finding accurate clusters in the presence of noise in the data. DE-DENCLUE performance is compared against three other density-based clustering algorithms—DPC based on weighted local density sequence and nearest neighbour assignment (DPCSA), Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN), and Variable Kernel Density Estimation–based DENCLUE (VDENCLUE)—across several datasets (i.e., synthetic and real). The study has consistently shown superior results for DE-DENCLUE compared to other models for most datasets with different noise levels. Clustering quality metrics such as the Silhouette Index (SI), Davies–Bouldin Index (DBI), Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), and Adjusted Mutual Information (AMI) consistently show superior SI, ARI, and AMI values across most datasets at different noise levels. However, in some cases regarding DBI, the DPCSA performed better. In conclusion, the proposed method offers a reliable and noise-resilient clustering solution for complex datasets.
New 24-Membered Macrolactines from an Arctic Bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SCSIO 41392 and Their Anti-Pathogenicity Evaluation
Authors: Song Yue , Zhou Yachun , Cong Mengjing , Deng Shengyi , Chen Yushi , Pang Xiaoyan , Liu Yonghong , Liao Li , Yang Liang , Wang Junfeng
Published: October 2024

Three new 24-membered macrolactines, amylomacrolactines A–C (1–3), along with two known compounds 4 and 5, were isolated from the Arctic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SCSIO 41392. The configurations of 1–3 were assigned by a combination of coupling constants, NOESY, and analysis of MM2-optimized conformation, as well as by comparison with reports in the literature. Compounds 1 and 2 showed quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory activities against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) PQS system and suppressed PQS-regulated virulence factor pyocyanin synthesis. In addition, compounds 3–5 affected the production of another essential virulence factor, siderophore of pyoverdine (PVD), in P. aeruginosa. More importantly, compound 5 showed an anti-biofilm activity against P. aeruginosa. Altogether, the isolated compounds displayed multiple bacterial virulence inhibition activities, which is worthy of further exploration for novel analogues in antimicrobial drug development.
Comparative Diagnostic Value of 18F-FDG–PET–CT and Intraoperative Examination in Cervical Cancer Staging
Authors: Malenković Goran , Malenković Jelena , Tomić Sanja , Šljivo Armin , Gavrankapetanović-Smailbegović Fatima , Tomić Slobodan
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of 18F-FDG–PET–CT in preoperative staging of cervical cancer, focusing on determining surgical operability and exploring the correlation between its quantitative parameters and clinicopathological characteristics. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 62 cervical cancer patients treated at the Department of Gynecology, Clinic for Operative Oncology at the Institute of Oncology Vojvodina between January 2016 and January 2020, where preoperative clinical examinations and 18F-FDG–PET–CT were performed to assess the extent of cancer, followed by intraoperative and pathohistological examinations of surgically removed specimens to provide a comprehensive evaluation. Results: The mean tumor size measured by 18F-FDG–PET–CT was slightly greater than that obtained through clinical examination (26.4 mm vs. 26.0 mm), with a strong linear correlation (r = 0.678, p < 0.001) observed between the two measurement methods. The overall prediction accuracy of 18F-FDG–PET–CT for primary tumors is 88.7% (55/62) [sensitivity 86.8%, specificity 100.0%, PPV 100.0%, NPV 56.2%] and for intraoperative examination is 88.7% (55/62) [sensitivity 98.1%, specificity 33.3%, PPV 89.7%, NPV 75.0%]. The agreement with histopathological examination was good for 18F-FDG–PET–CT and moderate for intraoperative examination for primary tumors. Regarding lymph nodes, the overall prediction accuracy of 18F-FDG–PET–CT is 82.2% (51/62) [sensitivity 53.8%, specificity 89.8%, PPV 58.3%, NPV 88.8%] and for intraoperative examination 66.1% (41/62) [sensitivity 76.9%, specificity 63.3%, PPV 35.7%, NPV 91.2%]. The agreement with histopathological examination was moderate for 18F-FDG–PET–CT and poor for intraoperative examination for lymph node metastasis, highlighting that the overall accuracy of 18F-FDG–PET–CT (82.1%) was significantly higher than that of intraoperative examination (66.1%) (p = 0.002). Conclusions: In conclusion, 18F-FDG–PET–CT provides high accuracy in detecting primary tumors and superior predictive value for lymph node metastases compared to intraoperative examination, highlighting the importance of incorporating this imaging modality into the preoperative evaluation process to enhance diagnostic precision and inform treatment decisions.
Clinical Features and Prognosis of Acute Cholangitis in Octogenarians: A Prospective Comparative Study
Authors: Comoglu Mustafa , Acehan Fatih , Sahiner Enes Seyda , Kalkan Cagdas , Comoglu Ezgi , Yılmaz Yusufcan , Canlı Tolga , Ates Ihsan
Published: October 2024

Background: The data on acute cholangitis in the octogenarian population are very limited. This study aimed to examine the clinical characteristics of acute cholangitis and complications related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in octogenarians. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted prospectively between July 2022 and December 2023 and included 250 patients aged 65 years and older. Patients eligible for the study were divided into two groups: those aged ≥80 years (octogenarian) and those aged 65–79 years (non-octogenarian). These two groups were compared in terms of the clinical characteristics of cholangitis and ERCP-related complications. In addition, factors associated with in-hospital mortality were evaluated. Results: Out of 250 patients, 87 (34.8%) were octogenarians and 163 (65.2%) were non-octogenarians. The median age was 76 (69–82) years. Although the octogenarian group had higher rates of severe illness and intensive care unit admissions (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively), there were no significant differences in in-hospital mortality (p = 0.359) or ERCP-related complications (p = 0.417). Malignant etiology (odds ratio [OR]: 5.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.11–15.3), hypoalbuminemia (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.07–0.45), and qSOFA score ≥ 2 (OR: 6.5, 95% CI: 1.7–24.5) were independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: Being over 80 years old is not an indicator of poor outcomes, and ERCP can be safely performed on these patients. However, elderly patients with hypoalbuminemia, malignant etiology, or a qSOFA score of ≥2 should be closely monitored, regardless of their age.
Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Products in Autoimmune Systemic Syndromes with Severe Dryness: A Pilot Study
Authors: Foti Rosario , Zeppieri Marco , Foti Roberta , Dal Bosco Ylenia , Foti Riccardo , Maniaci Antonino , D’Esposito Fabiana , Gagliano Giuseppe , Gagliano Caterina
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives: Human umbilical cord blood serum (HUCBS) stands out as a potent adjunct to conventional therapies for ocular surface disorders (OSDs) caused by, among many, autoimmune systemic syndromes. By expediting ocular surface regeneration and fostering epithelial integrity, HUCBS not only enhances subjective patient experiences but also improves objective clinical indicators. This makes it particularly useful in patients with corneal ulcers through ocular surface regeneration and anti-inflammatory activity. This study aims to explore the efficacy of HUCBS in patients who had previously received other treatments unsuccessfully. Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective, non-comparative, interventional case series study involving 49 patients (30 females and 19 males) aged 15–82 years with severe OSDs who were unresponsive to standard treatments. The study was conducted at the San Marco Hospital, Catania, Italy. Patients were categorized into four groups based on the etiology of their severe OSDs: Group I consisted of twenty four patients with filamentary keratitis and corneal ulcers associated with rheumatologic diseases such as Sjogren’s syndrome and systemic sclerosis; Group II comprised thirteen patients with graft-versus-host disease; Group III consisted of nine patients with corneal neurotrophic ulcers; and Group IV included three patients with Steven–Johnson syndrome. The outcomes were evaluated before and after treatment using the following assessments: OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index) and SANDE (Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye) questionnaires, VAS (Visual Analog Scale), Slit Lamp Examination, Esthesiometry, Lissamine Green Staining, NIBUT (Non-Invasive Break-Up Time), BUT (Break-Up Time), Fluorescein Staining with Photography and Oxford Classification, The Schirmer Test, Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), and Meibography. Results: We observed a significant improvement in the outcomes from the SANDE, VAS, and OSDI questionnaires, The Schirmer Test, BUT, BCVA, and Oxford Classification, after treatment with UCBS. Clinical variables, such as corneal inflammation, conjunctivalization, corneal neovascularization, and pain, were also considered individually. Nevertheless, pain and inflammation reduced markedly over time until complete healing was achieved in all cases. Conclusions: Our pilot study highlights the substantial efficacy of HUCBS in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases who have shown inadequate responses to prior treatments for dry eye. This underscores the need for further comprehensive investigations in this field.
Albumin-To-Alkaline Phosphatase Ratio as a New Early Predictive Marker of Axillary Response in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: A Pilot Study
Authors: Schmidt Rahel Felicia Mirjam , Harder Yves , Rossi Lorenzo , Canino Paola , Schiaffino Simone , Calcinotto Arianna , Perriard Ulrike , Graffeo Rossella , Decio Roberta , Canonica Claudia , Cuzzocrea Marco , Farooqi Ammad Ahmad , Colombo Giorgia Elisabeth , Diller Mirjam , Peradze Nickolas , Papadia Andrea , Pagnamenta Alberto , Gasparri Maria Luisa
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives: The Albumin-to-Alkaline Phosphatase ratio (AAPR) is an easily applicable and cost-effective marker investigated as an outcome predictor in solid cancers. Preliminary evidence in breast cancer suggests that a low AAPR correlates with a poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in primary tumors. However, data regarding the axillary response are lacking. This study aims to evaluate whether the AAPR can predict the axillary response in initially nodal-positive (cN+) breast cancer patients undergoing NAC. Materials and Methods: Clinical and biochemical variables of cN+ breast cancer patients undergoing NAC were collected. Pre-NAC albumin and alkaline phosphatase serum values were utilized in the AAPR calculation. Fisher’s exact test was performed to identify differences between the two groups of patients (high and low AAPR according to the cut-off reported in the literature). The primary outcome was the nodal pathologic complete response (pCR) rate in the two groups of patients. Results: Nodal pCR was achieved in 20/45 (44.4%) patients. A total of 36/45 (80%) patients had an AAPR > 0.583. Among patient and tumor characteristics, the only statistically significant difference between the two groups was the axillary pCR between the low and high AAPR groups (p-value = 0.03, OR = 0.129, 95% CI = 0.00–0.835). Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that the pre-treatment AAPR might be an early predictor of axillary response in cN+ breast cancer patients undergoing NAC. This result justifies further investigation in larger prospective trials to validate this finding.
Influence of Al and Ti Alloying and Annealing on the Microstructure and Compressive Properties of Cr-Fe-Ni Multi-Principal Element Alloy
Authors: An Keyan , Yang Tailin , Feng Junjie , Deng Honglian , Zhang Xiang , Zhao Zeyu , Meng Qingkun , Qi Jiqiu , Wei Fuxiang , Sui Yanwei
Published: October 2024

This study meticulously examines the influence of aluminum (Al) and titanium (Ti) on the genesis of self-generated ordered phases in high-entropy alloys (HEAs), a class of materials that has garnered considerable attention due to their exceptional multifunctionality and versatile compositional palette. By meticulously tuning the concentrations of Al and Ti, this research delves into the modulation of the in situ self-generated ordered phases’ quantity and distribution within the alloy matrix. The annealing heat treatment outcomes revealed that the strategic incorporation of Al and Ti elements facilitates a phase transformation in the Cr-Fe-Ni medium-entropy alloy, transitioning from a BCC (body-centered cubic) phase to a BCC + FCC (face-centered cubic) phase. Concurrently, this manipulation precipitates the emergence of novel phases, including B2, L21, and σ. This orchestrated phase evolution enacts a synergistic enhancement in mechanical properties through second-phase strengthening and solid solution strengthening, culminating in a marked improvement in the compressive properties of the HEA.
Ajuga orientalis L. Extract as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor of Aluminum in an Acidic Solution: An Experimental and DFT Study
Authors: Abu Orabi Faten M. , Abu-Orabi Sultan T. , Fodeh Omaima A. , Algethami Faisal K. , Rawashdeh Abdel Monem M. , Bataineh Tareq T. , Al-Mazaideh Ghassab M. , Al-Qudah Mahmoud A.
Published: October 2024

The inhibitory effect of A. orientalis L. extract (AO) on aluminum corrosion in a 1.0 M HCl solution was investigated utilizing weight loss, electrochemical polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that AO is a potent inhibitor in an acidic environment, and that the inhibition potency increases with concentration. Temperature investigations showed that, in an acidic medium, the efficiency decreased, increased, and then decreased as the temperature rose. Adsorption isotherms from Freundlich, Temkin, El Awady, and Redlich–Peterson (R-P) approximated the inhibitor’s adsorption properties. For the inhibitory behavior, a physical and chemical adsorption mechanism is proposed. The adsorption process’s thermodynamic parameters (Ea, ΔH*, and ΔS*) were determined and explained. The inhibitor, AO, was identified as a mixed-type (anodic and cathodic) inhibitor based on polarization studies. According to the SEM findings, the inhibitor partially covers the metal surface, providing it with a respectable level of protection. The weight loss, electrochemical polarization, EIS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and quantum chemical calculations show a strong agreement, indicating that the AO extract is a highly effective inhibitor of aluminum in an acidic solution.
Effect of Age at First Calving on the Reproduction Parameters, Metabolic Profile, and Fatty Acid Composition of Polish Holstein Friesian (PHF) and Crossbreds PHF × Swedish Red (SRB) Cattle
Authors: Solarczyk Paweł , Gołębiewski Marcin , Slósarz Jan , Natalello Antonio , Musati Martino , Menci Ruggero , Sakowski Tomasz , Tucki Karol , Puppel Kamila
Published: October 2024

Background: The high dairy production of Polish Holstein Friesian (PHF) cows determines high energy requirements in the early stages of lactation. Unfortunately, it is very often difficult to meet this demand through feedstuffs; therefore, homeostasis may be disturbed and metabolic diseases may occur, causing a majority of cows’ health problems. Breeders are, therefore, looking for alternatives to the PHF breed using crossbreeding. Methods: This experiment involved 30 PHF cows and 30 PHF × Swedish Red (SRB) crossbred hybrid cows, divided into two age groups, <2 years and >2 years, at first calving. Milk and blood samples were collected at 35 ± 5 days postpartum for analysis. Data on reproductive performance were also analyzed. Results: This study revealed lower milk production for the crossbreds hybrid (27.44 kg compared to 32.08 kg), with a higher basic composition content than PHF cows (fat: 3.97% compared to 3.83%, protein: 3.53% compared to 3.27%). The heifers of the crossbreds hybrid reached sexual maturity earlier but did not affect the lower age at first calving. Dividing the cows into age categories provided a more detailed perspective of the impact of genotypic differences on reproductive and metabolic profiles in PHF and PHF × SRB cattle. The findings highlight the importance of considering age-specific effects when assessing the performance and health of dairy cattle with diverse genotypes. Conclusions: The choice between PHF and PHF × SRB should depend on the specific goals and priorities of the cattle farming operation. Factors such as overall milk yield requirements, market demands, reproductive management strategies, and health considerations should be carefully evaluated to determine the most suitable breed for a given farming context.
First Insights into the Fecal Metabolome of Healthy, Free-Roaming Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis): An Untargeted GCxGC/TOF-MS Metabolomics Study
Authors: Grobbelaar Andri , Osthoff Gernot , du Preez Ilse , Deacon Francois
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: This study provides the first insights to the fecal metabolome of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). By using untargeted metabolomics via gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS), this study primarily aims to provide results of the impact that external stimuli, such as supplemental feeding (SF) practices, seasonal variation and sex, might have on the fecal metabolome composition of healthy, free-roaming giraffes. Methods: Untargeted GCxGC/TOF-MS analysis was applied to the feces collected from thirteen giraffes (six males and seven females) from six different locations within the central Free State Province of South Africa over a period of two years. Statistical analysis of the generated data was used to identify the metabolites that were significantly different between the giraffes located in environments that provided SF and others where the giraffes only fed on the natural available vegetation. The same metabolomics analysis was used to investigate metabolite concentrations that were significantly different between the wet and dry seasons for a single giraffe male provided with SF over the two-year period, as well as for age and sex differences. Results: A total of 2042 features were detected from 26 giraffe fecal samples. Clear variations between fecal metabolome profiles were confirmed, with higher levels of amino acid-related and carbohydrate-related metabolites for giraffes receiving SF. In addition, a separation between the obtained profiles of samples collected from a single adult male giraffe during the wet and dry seasons was identified. Differences, such as higher levels of carbohydrate-related metabolites and organic compounds during the wet season were noted. Distinct variations in profiles were also identified for the metabolites from fecal samples collected from the six males and seven females, with higher concentrations in carbohydrate-related metabolites and alkanes for female giraffes comparatively. Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate the composition of the fecal metabolome of free-roaming giraffes, as well as the effects that external factors, such as environmental exposures, feeding practices, seasonal variations, age and sex, have on it. This novel use of fecal metabolomics assists in developing non-invasive techniques to determine giraffe populations’ health that do not require additional stressors such as capture, restraint and blood collection. Ultimately, such non-invasive advances are beneficial towards the conservation of wildlife species on a larger scale.
Investigation of an Innovative Roll-to-Plate (R2P) Hot-Embossing Process for Microstructure Arrays of Infrared Glass
Authors: Li Qinjun , Li Kangsen , Lv Jinyu , Tao Linglong , Gong Feng
Published: October 2024

The roller-to-plate (R2P) hot-embossing process is an effective, low-cost method for producing high-quality micro-/nano-optical components. In the field of night vision applications, the fabrication of chalcogenide glass microstructures is emerging as a promising alternative to traditional infrared glass. This trend is driven by the potential of chalcogenide glass to surpass conventional materials in terms of performance. However, the development of R2P hot embossing faces challenges, such as the high cost of curved mold manufacturing, the reliance on roll-to-roll processes for nano hot embossing, the limitations of plastic materials, and the unclear viscoelastic properties of infrared glass. In this study, a novel R2P hot-embossing process was developed to fabricate flat chalcogenide glass structures. The key parameters, such as roller temperature, speed, and embossing pressure, were investigated to understand their impact on the glass-filling performance. The deformation mechanism of the glass microstructures was also analyzed. The experimental results show that the R2P hot-embossing method offers excellent reproducibility, achieving a maximum filling rate of 96% and an average roughness deviation of 8.36 nm. The increase in the roller temperature and embossing force increased the filling height of the glass microstructure arrays, while an increase in the roller speed decreased the filling height. Different embossing methods, including variations in speed, temperature, and force, are summarized to analyze the structural changes during embossing. This study provides a foundation and a basis for future research on the roller-to-plate hot embossing process.
Large Range Curvature Measurement Using FBGs in Two-Core Fiber with Protective Coating
Authors: Chen Ruibin , Li Lutian , Yu Qianqing , Luo Zhijun , Lian Zhenggang , Teng Chuanxin , Qu Hang , Hu Xuehao
Published: October 2024

In this work, we propose a fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based sensor for curvature measurements. Two gratings are inscribed through the protective coating in a specialty optical fiber using focused femtosecond laser pulses and point-by-point direct writing technology. One grating is inscribed on the central core adjacent to an air channel, while the other is inscribed on the eccentric core. The bending characteristics of the two-core fiber strongly depend on the bending direction due to the asymmetry of the fiber cores. A bending sensitivity of 58 pm/m−1 is achieved by the FBG in the eccentric fiber core over the curvature range of 0–50 m−1. Temperature and humidity cross-sensitivity could be significantly reduced by analyzing the differences in peak shifts between the two gratings. The sensor features a large sensing range and good robustness due to the presence of its protective buffer coating, which makes it a good candidate for curvature sensing in engineering fields.
Blood Parasites (Haemosporida, Trypanosomatida) in Culex pipiens: A Study and Review of Hibernating and Active Mosquitoes
Authors: Valavičiūtė-Pocienė Kristina , Kazak Margarita , Iezhova Tatjana , Kalinauskaitė Gabrielė , Bernotienė Rasa
Published: October 2024

Culex pipiens mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are widespread during warm periods and actively feed on blood while serving as vectors for various human and animal pathogens. Culex mosquitoes overwinter as adults in temperate zones, raising the question of whether hibernating Cx. pipiens can act as pathogen reservoirs. In this study, hibernating mosquitoes and mosquitoes collected during the warm season were tested for the presence of trypanosomatids and avian haemosporidian parasites using PCR. Midgut preparations were made from Cx. pipiens females in order to search for trypanosomatids morphologically. In total, 1037 Cx. pipiens mosquitoes (556 collected during the warm season and 481 overwintering mosquitos) were investigated. The parasite prevalence differed for mosquitoes collected during the warm season and hibernating ones for both Haemosporida (2.9% in warm-season and no infections in overwintering mosquitoes) and Trypanosomatida (1.6% and 0.4%, respectively) parasites. A phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the trypanosomatids found in hibernating mosquitoes were monoxenous and were not parasites of vertebrates. The peak prevalence of Haemosporida parasites was detected in July (4.9%) and August (2.8%), and for Trypanosomatida, it was detected in May (3.5%). The results of the present study show that overwintering Cx. pipiens mosquitoes are questionable reservoirs for avian haemosporidian parasites, but some monoxenous trypanosomatids can be found in overwintering females.
High Clinical Burden of Cryptosporidium spp. in Adult Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency in Ghana
Authors: Sarfo Fred Stephen , Frickmann Hagen , Dompreh Albert , Osei Asibey Shadrack , Boateng Richard , Weinreich Felix , Osei Kuffour Edmund , Norman Betty Roberta , Di Cristanziano Veronica , Feldt Torsten , Eberhardt Kirsten Alexandra
Published: October 2024

There is a paucity of information on the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical correlates of people living with HIV (PLWH) who are co-infected with Cryptosporidium spp. in the post-combined antiretroviral therapy era in Ghana. To provide such data, in this observational study, stool samples of 640 HIV-positive and 83 HIV-negative individuals in Ghana were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. Additionally, sociodemographic parameters, clinical symptoms, medication intake, and immunological parameters were assessed. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 11.8% (n = 73) in HIV-positive and 1.2% (n = 1) in HIV-negative participants (p < 0.001). Within the group of HIV-positive participants, the prevalence reached 26.0% in patients with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 cells/µL and 46.2% in the subgroup with CD4+ T cell counts below 50 cells/µL. The frequencies of the clinical manifestation of weight loss and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher in patients with Cryptosporidium spp. compared to those without co-infection (45.8% vs. 21.4%, p < 0.001 and 22.2% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.031, respectively). In the modern post-cART era, the acquisition of Cryptosporidium spp. among PLWH in Ghana is driven largely by the degree of immunosuppression. Access to cART and screening for Cryptosporidium spp. as part of routine care might help control and reduce the burden of the infection.
Coxsackievirus B3-Induced m6A Modification of RNA Enhances Viral Replication via Suppression of YTHDF-Mediated Stress Granule Formation
Authors: Zhao Guangze , Zhang Huifang M. , Chen Yankuan T. , Shi Kerry , Aghakeshmiri Sana , Yip Fione , Luo Honglin , McManus Bruce , Yang Decheng
Published: October 2024

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal RNA modification. Here, we demonstrate that coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a common causative agent of viral myocarditis, induces m6A modification primarily at the stop codon and 3′ untranslated regions of its genome. As a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, CVB3 replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm through a cap-independent translation initiation mechanism. Our study shows that CVB3 modulates the expression and nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of the m6A machinery components—METTL3, ALKBH5 and YTHDFs—resulting in increased m6A modifications that enhance viral replication. Mechanistically, this enhancement is mediated through YTHDF-driven stress granule (SG) formation. We observed that YTHDF proteins co-localize with human antigen R (HuR), a protein facilitating cap-independent translation, in SGs during early infection. Later in infection, YTHDFs are cleaved, suppressing SG formation. Notably, for the first time, we identified that during early infection CVB3’s RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3D) and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are stored in SGs, co-localizing with HuR. This early-stage sequestration likely protects viral components for use in late-phase replication, when SGs are disrupted due to YTHDF cleavage. In summary, our findings reveal that CVB3-induced m6A modifications enhance viral replication by regulating YTHDF-mediated SG dynamics. This study provides a potential therapeutic strategy for CVB3-induced myocarditis.
“CLADE-FINDER”: Candida auris Lineage Analysis Determination by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Magrì Carlotta , De Carolis Elena , Ivagnes Vittorio , Di Pilato Vincenzo , Spruijtenburg Bram , Marchese Anna , Meijer Eelco F. J. , Chowdhary Anuradha , Sanguinetti Maurizio
Published: October 2024

In 2019, Candida auris became the first fungal pathogen included in the list of the urgent antimicrobial threats by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) are considered the gold standard, and can be complemented by other molecular methods, for the genomic surveillance and clade classification of this multidrug-resistant yeast. However, these methods can be expensive and require time and expertise that are not always available. The long turnaround time is especially not compatible with the speed needed to manage clonal transmission in healthcare settings. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, a biochemical fingerprint approach, has been applied in this study to a set of 74 C. auris isolates belonging to the five clades of C. auris (I-V) in combination with an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm to create and validate “CLADE-FINDER”, a tool for C. auris clade determination. The CLADE-FINDER classifier allowed us to discriminate the four primary C. auris clades (I-IV) with a correct classification for 96% of the samples in the validation set. This newly developed genotyping scheme can be reasonably applied for the effective epidemiological monitoring and management of C. auris cases in real time.
The Occurrence of Myxomycete Communities in Taxodium distichum Forests: Influence of Substrates and Seasons
Authors: Chen Yajing , Song Wenlong , Rao Gu , Dai Qun , Yan Shuzhen , Chen Shuanglin
Published: October 2024

Myxomycete communities in Taxodium distichum forests and the influence of substrates and seasons on myxomycete diversity were studied. In total, 80 substrates (40 living barks and 40 litters) were collected from the sample site in winter, spring, summer and autumn of 2023, followed by moist chamber cultures. A total of 733 records representing 34 myxomycete species in 21 genera were obtained. Arcyria cinerea and six other species were abundant (A). Six species were common (C), six species were occasional (O), and fifteen species were rare (R). Species diversity (H’ = 2.04 ± 0.20) of corticolous communities was significantly higher than that (H’ = 1.49 ± 0.31) of litter-inhabiting communities (p < 0.05). Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analyses showed significant differences between these two communities (p < 0.01). Species diversity was slightly higher in summer and autumn compared to winter and spring. NMDS analyses indicated no significant differences among seasonal communities. Redundancy Analysis showed that the corticolous species were closely related to wind speed (p < 0.05), while litter-inhabiting species were mainly determined by temperature (p < 0.05). The study revealed that substrates and seasons influenced myxomycete communities in T. distichum forests, with the communities being particularly affected by the substrates in which they live.
Fungal Methane Production Under High Hydrostatic Pressure in Deep Subseafloor Sediments
Authors: Zhao Mengshi , Li Dongxu , Liu Jie , Fang Jiasong , Liu Changhong
Published: October 2024

Fungi inhabiting deep subseafloor sediments have been shown to possess anaerobic methane (CH4) production capabilities under atmospheric conditions. However, their ability to produce CH4 under in situ conditions with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) remains unclear. Here, Schizophyllum commune 20R-7-F01, isolated from ~2 km below the seafloor, was cultured in Seawater Medium (SM) in culture bottles fitted with sterile syringes for pressure equilibration. Subsequently, these culture bottles were transferred into 1 L stainless steel pressure vessels at 30 °C for 5 days to simulate in situ HHP and anaerobic environments. Our comprehensive analysis of bioactivity, biomass, and transcriptomics revealed that the S. commune not only survived but significantly enhanced CH4 production, reaching approximately 2.5 times higher levels under 35 MPa HHP compared to 0.1 MPa standard atmospheric pressure. Pathways associated with carbohydrate metabolism, methylation, hydrolase activity, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and oxidoreductase activity were notably activated under HHP. Specifically, key genes involved in fungal anaerobic CH4 synthesis, including methyltransferase mct1 and dehalogenase dh3, were upregulated 7.9- and 12.5-fold, respectively, under HHP. Enhanced CH4 production under HHP was primarily attributed to oxidative stress induced by pressure, supported by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and comparative treatments with cadmium chloride and hydrogen peroxide. These results may provide a strong theoretical basis and practical guidance for future studies on the contribution of fungi to global CH4 flux.
Efficacy of Streptococcus salivarius Blis K12 in the Prevention of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Physically Active Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bertuccioli Alexander , Cardinali Marco , Micucci Matteo , Rocchi Marco Bruno Luigi , Palazzi Chiara Maria , Zonzini Giordano Bruno , Annibalini Giosuè , Belli Annalisa , Sisti Davide
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the efficacy of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in preventing upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in healthy adults. URTIs are a common issue, particularly in physically active individuals, leading to significant disruptions in daily life. Probiotics, such as S. salivarius K12, have emerged as a potential preventive strategy for these infections. This research was conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 112 participants aged between 19 and 25. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: one group received a daily dose of S. salivarius K12, marketed as Bactoblis®, while the other received a placebo. The trial lasted for four months, during which adherence to the treatment protocol was closely monitored. The primary goal was to measure the incidence of URTIs using the Jackson Scale and the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-11). The results indicated that higher adherence to the S. salivarius K12 treatment was associated with an increased number of days without URTI symptoms. Although the overall severity of symptoms did not differ significantly between the treatment and control groups, those with high adherence to S. salivarius K12 (greater than 90%) reported more days free from illness. In conclusion, S. salivarius K12 demonstrated potential as a preventive measure against URTIs, especially in individuals who adhered strictly to the treatment regimen. However, further research involving larger populations and longer follow-up periods is needed to fully confirm these findings and better understand the role of S. salivarius K12 in preventing respiratory infections.
Evaluating Sequence Alignment Tools for Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Detection in Assembly Graphs
Authors: Shah Yusreen , Kafaie Somayeh
Published: October 2024

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global health threat, often driven by the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of resistance genes. Detecting AMR genes and understanding their genomic context within bacterial populations is crucial for mitigating the spread of resistance. In this study, we evaluate the performance of three sequence alignment tools—Bandage, SPAligner, and GraphAligner—in identifying AMR gene sequences from assembly and de Bruijn graphs, which are commonly used in microbial genome assembly. Efficiently identifying these genes allows for the detection of neighboring genetic elements and possible HGT events, contributing to a deeper understanding of AMR dissemination. We compare the performance of the tools both qualitatively and quantitatively, analyzing the precision, computational efficiency, and accuracy in detecting AMR-related sequences. Our analysis reveals that Bandage offers the most precise and efficient identification of AMR gene sequences, followed by GraphAligner and SPAligner. The comparison includes evaluating the similarity of paths returned by each tool and measuring output accuracy using a modified edit distance metric. These results highlight Bandage’s potential for contributing to the accurate identification and study of AMR genes in bacterial populations, offering important insights into resistance mechanisms and potential targets for mitigating AMR spread.
Crowding for Confinement: Reversible Isomerization of First-Generation Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct Derivatives in Water Modulated by Thermoresponsive Dendritic Macromolecules
Authors: Zhang Jiaxing , Ma Qinqin , Wang Huan , Zhang Peinan , Su Xinyan , Zhang Afang , Li Wen
Published: October 2024

Mimicking nature, the reversible isomerization of hydrophobic dyes in aqueous solutions is appealing for bio-applications. Here, we report on the reversible isomerization of first-generation solvatochromic donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) in water within dendritic matrices, realized either through the dendronization of DASAs or the incorporation of DASA pendants into dendronized copolymers. These dendritic macromolecules contain three-fold dendritic oligoethylene glycols (OEGs), which afford the macromolecules water-solubility and unprecedented thermoresponsive behavior. The thermoresponsive behavior of both dendronized DASAs and dendronized copolymers is dominated by the peripherals of dendritic OEGs. However, the hydrophilicity of the acceptor from DASA moieties also play a role in mediating their thermal phase transitions, and more importantly, tailor the hydrophobic interactions between dendritic OEGs and DASA moieties. Intriguingly, dendritic topologies contribute confinement to encapsulate the DASA moieties through crowding effects, and cooperative interactions from the crowded dendritic OEGs modulate the DASA moieties with different isomerization in aqueous media. The thermally induced collapse of dendritic OEGs, accompanied by the aggregation of dendritic macromolecules, leads to the formation of hydrophobic domains, which exert enhanced crowding effects to efficiently encapsulate the DASA moieties. Compared to the low molar mass of dendronized DASAs, thermally collapsed dendronized copolymers can efficiently retard the hydration of DASA pendants through cooperation between neighboring dendritic OEGs and afford the DASA pendants with better confined microenvironments to mediate their isomerization recovery by up to 90% from a cyclic charged (hydrophilic) state into a noncharged (hydrophobic) linear state in water. This dendritic confinement exhibits excellent fatigue resistance after several cycles of alternating photo-irradiation and thermal annealing at elevated temperatures.
Biological Potential of Asphodelus microcarpus Extracts: α-Glucosidase and Antibiofilm Activities In Vitro
Authors: Floris Sonia , Pintus Francesca , Fais Antonella , Era Benedetta , Raho Nicola , Siguri Chiara , Orrù Germano , Fais Sara , Tuberoso Carlo Ignazio Giovanni , Olla Stefania , Di Petrillo Amalia
Published: October 2024

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), characterized by insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, requires continuous advancements in management strategies, particularly in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia to prevent complications. Current antidiabetics, which have α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, have side effects, prompting the search for better alternatives. In addition, diabetes patients are particularly vulnerable to yeast infections because an unusual sugar concentration promotes the growth of Candida spp. in areas like the mouth and genitalia. Asphodelus microcarpus contains bioactive flavonoids with potential enzyme inhibitory properties. This study investigates α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and antioxidant and antimycotic capacity of ethanolic extracts from different parts of A. microcarpus. Results show that extracts significantly inhibit α-glucosidase, with the IC50 value being up to 25 times higher than for acarbose, while exerting low α-amylase activity. The extracts also demonstrated strong antioxidant properties and low cytotoxicity. The presence of phenolic compounds is likely responsible for the observed biological activities. Molecular docking analysis of 11 selected compounds identified emodin and luteolin as significant inhibitors of α-glucosidase. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated significant antibiofilm action against an MDR strain of Candida albicans. These findings suggest that A. microcarpus is a promising source of natural compounds for T2D management.
Unexpected Course of Reaction Between (1E,3E)-1,4-Dinitro-1,3-butadiene and N-Methyl Azomethine Ylide—A Comprehensive Experimental and Quantum-Chemical Study
Authors: Sadowski Mikołaj , Kula Karolina
Published: October 2024

In recent times, interest in the chemistry of conjugated nitrodienes is still significantly increasing. In particular, the application of these compounds as building blocks to obtain heterocycles is a popular object of research. Therefore, in continuation of our research devoted to the topic of conjugated nitrodienes, experimental and quantum-chemical studies of a cycloaddition reaction between (1E,3E)-1,4-dinitro-1,3-butadiene and N-methyl azomethine ylide have been investigated. The computational results present that the tested reaction is realized through a pdr-type polar mechanism. In turn, the experimental study shows that in a course of this cycloaddition, only one reaction product in the form of 1-methyl-3-(trans-2-nitrovinyl)-Δ3-pyrroline is created. The constitution of this compound has been confirmed via spectroscopic methods. Finally, ADME analysis indicated that the synthesized Δ3-pyrroline exhibits biological potential, and it is a good drug candidate according to Lipinski, Veber and Egan rules. Nevertheless, PASS simulation showed that the compound exhibits weak antimicrobial, inhibitory and antagonist properties. Preliminary in silico research shows that although the obtained Δ3-pyrroline is not a good candidate for a drug, the presence of a nitrovinyl moiety in its structure indicates that the compound is an initial basis for further modifications.
A Novel Near-Infrared Tricyanofuran-Based Fluorophore Probe for Polarity Detection and LD Imaging
Authors: Hang Zhaojia , Jiang Shengmeng , Wu Zhitong , Gong Jin , Zhang Lizhi
Published: October 2024

In this paper, LD-TCF, a targeting probe for lipid droplets (LDs) with a near-infrared emission wavelength and large Stokes shift, was fabricated for polarity detection by assembling a donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) molecule with typical twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) characteristics. Surprisingly, the fluorescence emission wavelength of the newly constructed probe LD-TCF was stretched to 703 nm, and the Stokes shift was amplified to 126 nm. Furthermore, LD-TCF could specifically answer the change in polarity efficiently and did not experience interference from other biologically active materials. Importantly, LD-TCF exhibited the ability to target lipid droplets, providing valuable insights for the early diagnosis and tracking of pathophysiological processes underlying LD polarity.