bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model Uncertainty in Macroeconomics
Authors: Binder Michael , Lieberknecht Philipp , Quintana Jorge , Wieland Volker
Published: March 2019

For many years, structural macroeconomic models used at central banks for policy evaluation have exhibited New Keynesian features such as nominal rigidities and forward-looking decision-making. More recently, new contributions have added more detailed characterizations of the financial sector. This chapter employs a comparative approach to investigate the characteristics of this new generation of macro-financial models and documents increased model uncertainty. Policy transmission is highly heterogeneous across types of financial frictions and monetary policy has larger effects, on average. A simple policy rule optimized to perform well over several models with financial frictions involves a weaker response to inflation and the output gap than in earlier models. Including a response to financial variables such as credit growth does not improve performance very much, yet a response to output growth does. Models with financial frictions produce somewhat better forecasts. Overall, model-averaging yields a more robust framework for designing monetary policy.
Neuroplasticity
Authors: Reilly Judy S. , Polse Lara R.
Published: March 2019

With respect to language, it has long been observed that children who experience early unilateral brain injury do not show the same irreparable damage as do adults with homologous late-onset strokes. Neural plasticity has been proposed as the explanation for such differential linguistic profiles; that is, the plasticity of the young, developing brain allows the possibility for extensive adaptation and organization following a neural insult. Recent research, however, suggests that there are limits to this ability to adapt and organize. Results from a another communicative system, affect, suggest that children with unilateral pre- or perinatal stroke show similar (albeit subtler) effects to adults with homologous late-onset injuries. This chapter presents findings on language development in children who sustained a pre- or perinatal unilateral stroke, and complements these studies with a discussion of affective expression in these same children. These prospective studies of children with perinatal stroke provide a unique window into the development of the neural substrates for language and affect. Specifically, they afford a context to investigate the degree to which particular brain regions may be privileged for specific behavioral functions, as well as how the developing brain adapts to organize alternative pathways in the wake of an early insult.
Speech Perception
Authors: Poeppel David , Cogan Gregory B. , Davidesco Ido , Flinker Adeen
Published: March 2019

Speech perception can be thought of as the set of operations that take as input the continuously varying acoustic waveforms available at the auditory periphery (vibrations in the ear) and that generate as output those representations (abstractions in the head) that constitute the basis for the subsequent operations that mediate language comprehension (which can, of course, be fed by audition, vision, or touch). The neural basis of speech perception proper has been studied experimentally by every available neural recording and stimulation technique. The interpretation of the findings and the development of a comprehensive mechanistic theory are complicated by the fact that very different protocols are used: studies range from the identification and categorization of single vowels and syllables to decisions on single spoken words to intelligibility judgments on connected speech. Within this broader context, three topics have received considerable attention: the hemispheric lateralization of speech perception, the role of the motor system, and the potential contribution of neural oscillations to perceptual analysis. This chapter discusses each of these areas in turn.
Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Agrammatism
Authors: Thompson Cynthia K. , Mack Jennifer E.
Published: March 2019

This chapter provides a state-of-the-science summary of the neurobiology of agrammatism, an acquired impairment of grammar that may result from stroke or neurodegenerative disease (i.e., primary progressive aphasia). The chapter provides an overview of the language-deficit patterns that characterize agrammatism, such as impaired verb retrieval, verb inflection, verb-argument structure, and production and comprehension of complex sentences. The neurocognitive mechanisms of these deficit patterns are also reviewed, with particular emphasis on recent studies examining the real-time mechanisms of agrammatism and their neural correlates. The picture that emerges is that agrammatism results from impairments of grammatical processing, rather than grammatical knowledge. These deficits largely arise from damage to left hemisphere dorsal language pathways, in particular temporal-parietal and inferior frontal language regions and dorsal white matter tracts.
Verbal Working Memory
Authors: Buchsbaum Bradley R.
Published: March 2019

Working memory refers to the temporary retention of information that has just arrived to the senses or has been retrieved from long-term memory. While internal representations of external stimuli have a natural tendency to decay over time or with interference, they can be kept “in mind” through the action of memory rehearsal strategies, and can be subjected to various operations that manipulate information in the service of ongoing behavior. A fundamental debate about the neural basis of working memory for linguistic information is whether it is supported by a dedicated brain system in its own right, or whether it emerges from the same neural circuitry that underpins basic online language processing. While the answer to this question remains a matter of debate, recent cognitive neuroscience research suggests that verbal working memory can be viewed as a functional adaptation of core neural substrates that enable the perception, comprehension, and production of speech.
Neural Mechanisms of Music and Language
Authors: Ogg Mattson , Slevc L. Robert
Published: March 2019

Music and language are uniquely human forms of communication. What neural structures facilitate these abilities? This chapter conducts a review of music and language processing that follows these acoustic signals as they ascend the auditory pathway from the brainstem to auditory cortex and on to more specialized cortical regions. Acoustic, neural, and cognitive mechanisms are identified where processing demands from both domains might overlap, with an eye to examples of experience-dependent cortical plasticity, which are taken as strong evidence for common neural substrates. Following an introduction describing how understanding musical processing informs linguistic or auditory processing more generally, findings regarding the major components (and parallels) of music and language research are reviewed: pitch perception, syntax and harmonic structural processing, semantics, timbre and speaker identification, attending in auditory scenes, and rhythm. Overall, the strongest evidence that currently exists for neural overlap (and cross-domain, experience-dependent plasticity) is in the brainstem, followed by auditory cortex, with evidence and the potential for overlap becoming less apparent as the mechanisms involved in music and speech perception become more specialized and distinct at higher levels of processing.
What Has Direct Cortical and Subcortical Electrostimulation Taught Us about Neurolinguistics?
Authors: Duffau Hugues
Published: March 2019

Investigating the neural and physiological basis of language is one of the most important challenges in neurosciences. Direct electrical stimulation (DES), usually performed in awake patients during surgery for cerebral lesions, is a reliable tool for detecting both cortical and subcortical (white matter and deep grey nuclei) regions crucial for cognitive functions, especially language. DES transiently interacts locally with a small cortical or axonal site, but also nonlocally, as the focal perturbation will disrupt the entire subnetwork sustaining a given function. Thus, in contrast to functional neuroimaging, DES represents a unique opportunity to identify with great accuracy and reproducibility, in vivo in humans, the structures that are actually indispensable to the function, by inducing a transient virtual lesion based on the inhibition of a subcircuit lasting a few seconds. Currently, this is the sole technique that is able to directly investigate the functional role of white matter tracts in humans. Thus, combining transient disturbances elicited by DES with the anatomical data provided by pre- and postoperative MRI enables to achieve reliable anatomo-functional correlations, supporting a network organization of the brain, and leading to the reappraisal of models of language representation. Finally, combining serial peri-operative functional neuroimaging and online intraoperative DES allows the study of mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity. This chapter critically reviews the basic principles of DES, its advantages and limitations, and what DES can reveal about the neural foundations of language, that is, the large-scale distribution of language areas in the brain, their connectivity, and their ability to reorganize.
The Function of Assertion and Social Norms
Authors: Graham Peter J.
Published: March 2019

A proper function of an entity is a beneficial effect that helps explain the persistence of the entity. Proper functions thereby arise through feedback mechanisms with beneficial effects as inputs and persistence as outputs. We continue to make assertions because they benefit speakers by benefiting speakers. Hearers benefit from true information. Speakers benefit by influencing hearer belief. If hearers do not benefit, they will not form beliefs in response to assertions. Speakers can then only maintain influence by providing true information, often enough. The function of assertion is then inducing true hearer belief. When interests conflict, however, some mechanism must ensure that speakers provide true information often enough, instead of deceiving, or providing information regardless of quality. In humans, a core mechanism stabilizing true assertion involves social norms for truth telling. We tell the truth partly because we prescribe and enforce telling the truth.
Politics and Ethics, and the Ethic of Politics
Authors: Bruun Hans Henrik
Published: March 2019

This chapter first examines Max Weber’s views on the relationship between ethics and politics. Weber maintained that there is an ineradicable conflict between the ultimate value spheres, each of which has its own inherent logic; consequently, he rejected the idea that politics could build on ethical foundations. Moreover, he pointed to an essential conflict within the sphere of politics between two radically different “ethics”: the ethic of conviction and the ethic of responsibility. A person acting according to the ethic of conviction judges his or her action solely by its intrinsic value, regardless of consequences, and takes no responsibility for those consequences; a person acting in accordance with the ethic of responsibility will not only take those consequences into account but also feel that he or she must accept responsibility for them. Although Weber’s formulations often seem to indicate his personal preference for the ethic of responsibility, it should be noted that he explicitly states that the true vocation of politics presupposes both responsibility and conviction on the part of the politician. This account of Weber’s views is followed, first, by an analysis of contemporary usage of the terms “ethic of conviction” and “ethic of responsibility” and, second, by a discussion of the relevance of Weber’s argument today, on the basis of five concrete cases. The conclusion of these discussions is that Weber’s analysis of the relationship between ethics and politics, and of the ethic of politics, remains as relevant as ever.
The Rationalizations of Culture and Their Directions
Authors: Kemple Thomas
Published: March 2019

Although Max Weber did not comment extensively or systematically on the literary, visual, and plastic arts, several key statements allow us to reconstruct his views on the rationalization of the aesthetic sphere against the backdrop of the development of Western culture more generally. This chapter outlines this argument with reference to his remarks on art, literature, and cultural life in published writings, speeches, and private correspondence. His allusions to and discussions of specific art historians, cultural critics, cultural movements, artworks, and artists—from Rembrandt and Milton to Stefan George and Leo Tolstoy, for instance—are considered in light of his ideas on the directions of rationalization and their implications for intellectual work (including his own) as itself a kind of cultural practice. Weber’s concern with many dimensions of the rationalization of occidental culture, and of aesthetic culture in particular, has been taken up by later thinkers and has lessons for how we think of the directions of rationalization today.
Wiring the Cochlea for Sound Perception
Authors: Shrestha Brikha R. , Goodrich Lisa V.
Published: March 2019

Sound information enters the auditory brainstem via spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), which reliably encode and transmit information received from sensory hair cells in the cochlea. SGNs form both a structural and a functional bridge between the cochlea and the auditory brainstem beginning early in development, with long-term consequences for the maturation of central auditory circuits. This chapter summarizes the key events in SGN development, from their origin in the early otic vesicle and the emergence of the basic wiring pattern of the cochlea to the elaboration of specialized synapses and the acquisition of diverse firing properties that enable sound perception even within noisy environments. Key cellular events and molecular players are introduced, with emphasis on the impact of reciprocal interactions between the cochlea and the auditory brainstem throughout development.
Radical Graphics
Authors: Patrick Kevin
Published: March 2019

Australian comics underwent a radical transformation in the 1970s and 1980s. As the country’s remaining commercial comics publishers ceased operation, a new generation began producing idiosyncratic and sometimes controversial works that pushed the medium’s aesthetic boundaries. These artists embraced the DIY publishing ethos of the international small-press movement, largely driven by economic necessity and underscoring the tenuous commercial foundations of this second phase in Australian comics history. They experimented with graphic narratives and challenged the perception that comics was a juvenile medium. This chapter traces the evolution of Australian comics during this vibrant, tumultuous period. It will be argued that their “radical” aspect had more to do with their capacity to demonstrate the medium’s creative potential than any broadly shared commitment to radical politics or progressive social movements. With only minimal exposure, Australia’s “second-phase” comics represented a bold and exciting period and were the forerunners of contemporary Australian graphic novels.
Columbia and the Editorial Cartoon
Authors: Serrano Nhora Lucía
Published: March 2019

This chapter looks at the figure of Columbia in editorial cartoons from the nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century where she represents the nation at times of sociopolitical impasse, crisis, or change. The chapter analyzes a contemporary editorial cartoon, “The Handmaid’s Senators” by R. J. Matson, which editorializes the confirmation hearings of US Supreme Court justice Brett Kavanaugh. An analysis follows of Columbia in the 1865 “Pardon/Franchise,” Harper’s Weekly centerfold by Thomas Nast; Columbia is seen as the mouthpiece for Lincoln’s enfranchisement politics. The chapter briefly analyzes three illustrations from Joseph Keppler’s Puck, drawn during the 1893 Chicago World Fair and with a focus on women. Columbia recedes to the background here, while Lady Chicago celebrates this historic event. Returning to Matson’s cartoon, the chapter concludes that Columbia has always been the sociopolitical handmaid, who protects underrepresented people and facilitates commentary delivered to the public.
Forgetting at the Intersection of Comics and the Multimodal Novel
Authors: Ghosal Torsa
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores how the cognitive process of forgetting, that is, the absence of memory, is understood in contemporary culture. Scholars of comics studies, multimodality, and narrative theory have often studied the archival functions of comics and the representation of memory in literature across media. This chapter, however, analyzes the ways in which forgetting is constructed at the interface of image and text in James Sie’s novel Still Life Las Vegas (illustrated by Sungyoon Choi) and how this text, a hybrid between comics and the multimodal novel, presents the impossibility of memory retrieval. In so doing, Sie develops a model of forgetting that locates interference and artifice rather than involuntary decay over time as the cause for oblivion. However, by presenting narration itself as a mode of interference and distortion, the novel also suggests that any act of threading memories will contribute to forgetting but that this forgetting is a generative process.
Candy and Drugs for Dinner
Authors: Guynes Sean
Published: March 2019

This chapter links the seemingly disparate but deeply interconnected discourses and practices of contemporary media production, genre, aesthetics, and comics. It offers these arguments through a case study of the popular fantasy comic book Rat Queens and in the process demonstrates the critical utility to comics studies of reading genre, aesthetics, and industry together. The chapter reads Rat Queens through Sianne Ngai’s conception of the zany, cute, and interesting, showing how each of these categories is part of the aesthetic logic of the series, while also showing how each performs or critiques the series’ (superficial) investment in gender politics and the fantasy genre.
Literary Adaptations in Comics andGraphic Novels
Authors: Baetens Jan
Published: March 2019

In this chapter, the topic of literary adaptation in comics format is tackled from three points of view: first, a historical one (an overview of the adaptation policy in the various periods one can distinguish in the comics/graphic-novel history); second, a semiotic one (a look at the differences between two major types of adaptation, the storytelling adaptation, which only adapts the plot of the literary text, and the medium-specific adaptation, which tries to explore the comics features that are not only added to the story but that often dramatically change and literally reframe the initial story); and third, a properly literary one (an exploration of why comics can be seen as literature and why, in spite of this natural relationship, there exists a certain resistance to the idea as well as the practice of literary adaptation in comics).
Marvell, Writer and Politician, 1621–1678
Authors: von Maltzahn Nicholas
Published: March 2019

Marvell was by birth implicated in an English colonial project—the centralizing dominion over the regions—that prepared him well for national and international service. His lasting ties to his native Yorkshire (especially Hull) let him long represent centre to periphery, and periphery to centre, whether in politics or in poetry. After an education capped by service as travelling tutor on the Continent, Marvell returned in the late 1640s to an England still in the toils of revolution. Over the next decade he worked his way ever nearer the House of Cromwell. First elected as Cromwellian placeman in 1659, Marvell continued as MP until his death in 1678. His institutional service is much more fully documented than his well-guarded private life. But the complexity of his lyrics informs the complexity not only of his works as satirist and controversialist but also his busy London career and his voyaging on embassy.
Marvell and Science
Authors: Dzelzainis Martin
Published: March 2019

While Marvell’s post-Restoration life and writings have been much scrutinized of late, his relation to the nascent scientific culture of the time—largely London-centred and symbolized by the newly founded Royal Society—has been largely overlooked. Important developments in what we (loosely) call science but contemporaries would have termed ‘natural’, ‘new’, or ‘experimental’ philosophy were happening on Marvell’s doorstep, yet the lack of scholarly curiosity about what he made of them is remarkable. The aim of this essay is accordingly to establish that Marvell’s writings were more deeply informed by the activities and findings of the Royal Society than previously thought. Indeed, as the case studies (the nature of effluvia, glassmaking, and comets and divination) will demonstrate, experimental philosophy was a major imaginative resource for him. Indeed, in many respects, there is not that much to choose between a dedicated practitioner of the new experimental philosophy like Boyle and an interested lay observer like Marvell.
Marvell and Elegy
Authors: Chaplin Gregory
Published: March 2019

Marvell’s work as an elegist foregrounds his shifting political allegiance during the decade after his return to England. His first two elegies—‘An Elegy Upon the Death of My Lord Francis Villiers’ (1648) and ‘Upon the Death of Lord Hastings’ (1649)—place him in royalist literary circles during the Second Civil War and its immediate aftermath, whereas ‘A Poem upon the Death of his Late Highness the Lord Protector’ (1658‒9) testifies to his service to the Protectorate and personal relationship with Cromwell. In his elegies on Villiers and Hastings, Marvell uncovers the need for the historical and temporal agency that he later assigns to Cromwell in ‘An Horatian Ode’ and ‘The First Anniversary’. The death of Cromwell prompts Marvell to rework material and tropes from these earlier elegies to make sense of this seemingly immortal figure’s sudden mortality and to secure his former patron’s reputation and political legacy.
Andrew Marvell and Cavalier Poetics
Authors: Loxley James
Published: March 2019

Marvell’s relationship to Cavalier poetry has been a significant topic of interest for critics of his work, promising as it does to shed some light on both his place within the genres and styles of mid-seventeenth-century verse and on the complexities of political positioning evident in his earlier work. But Cavalier poetry is itself a complex and non-uniform category, with such complexities evident both in the difficulties of organizing and applying such a label to a group of poets and their work, and in the problems of accommodating significant differences and antagonisms between varying modes of Cavalier writing. In line with this understanding, this chapter explores Marvell’s poetic relationship to his Cavalier contemporaries in a way which recognizes that they can’t easily be comprehended as a fixed point of reference with which to measure Marvell’s own place in the poetic landscape of the time.
Ruin the Sacred Truths
Authors: Rogers John
Published: March 2019

This chapter begins by reviewing the relationship between Milton and Marvell, but is devoted more expansively to their literary and intellectual ties. It examines the presence of Milton in Marvell’s pastoral poetry of the early 1650s where Marvell engages with the ‘Nativity Ode’, Comus, and ‘Lycidas’ but avoids reproducing the prophetic quality of Milton’s voice, hedging his allusiveness with delicate irony. The chapter also examines Marvell’s later engagement with Milton’s tolerationist treatises. Like Milton, Marvell is shaped by recent heterodox positions, but steers away from the boldness of the Miltonic vision. Where Milton asks the state to tolerate a variety of fully independent churches and religions, Marvell clings to the more conservative hope that the Church of England will merely include, or ‘comprehend’, a wider range of beliefs and believers. A political realist and a literary ironist, Marvell distances himself from the political idealism and prophetic literariness of Milton.
Marvell and Parliament
Authors: Seaward Paul
Published: March 2019

Andrew Marvell represented Hull in Parliament for more than eighteen years. The record of his actual activity in Parliament is slight, and his political importance can, as a result, seem slight, at least compared to his significance as a satirist. Yet as well as his well-documented behind-the-scenes activity on behalf of Hull, Marvell’s parliamentary record can be interpreted as that of a very important fixer and strategist on behalf of the ‘Presbyterians’ in the Commons, a group which he did much to define and possibly also to call into existence. Analysis of Marvell’s ‘Last Instructions to a Painter’ suggests that it may be not just a polemical and satirical description of a debate, but also intended as a means of rallying some of the disparate elements of an opposition to the court. It, and Marvell’s other political writings, emphasize how central Parliament was to his thought.
England’s ‘Natural Frontier’
Authors: Levillain Charles-Édouard
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to examine Marvell’s attitude to the Low Countries, with a special interest in his Dutch connections. The Low Countries included the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands, two political and religious entities usually analysed separately in the historiography on the 1660s and 1670s. Marvell’s understanding of the condition of Flanders was based on his personal experience of international politics as well as a wide array of sources, ranging from Protestant and Catholic polemics to parliamentary debates. A combined knowledge of Dutch and Spanish sources is particularly useful in shedding light on the porous border that existed between Protestant and Catholic propaganda when it came to the designation of Louis XIV as Europe’s arch-enemy and aspiring universal monarchy. This article comes as the first attempt to reflect on the existence of a ‘Hapsburg connection’ in Marvell’s work.
Marvell and the Church
Authors: Connell Philip
Published: March 2019

Marvell’s hostility to the Church of England was a matter of faith for his clerical antagonists during his lifetime, and soon became a central component of his posthumous reputation. The present chapter re-examines this aspect of Marvell’s writings, which are contextualized with reference to the poet’s family background and the broader fortunes of the established Church in the early and mid-seventeenth century. Marvell’s complex and shifting political allegiances during the 1640s and 1650s had significant implications for his views on ecclesiastical settlement, but throughout the interregnal period he remained broadly in favour of a reformed national church establishment, in tacit opposition to the views of godly republicans such as John Milton and Henry Vane. This commitment survived, mutatis mutandis, into the Restoration period, and coloured Marvell’s support for a policy of ecclesiastical comprehension. Only with the king’s abandonment of that policy, and apparent surrender to the forces of intolerance, did Marvell come to identify the corruptions of the Church of England with the threat of arbitrary government on the part of the Stuart court.
Corporate Law as a Solution to Team Production Problems
Authors: Blair Margaret M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter explains the team production problem as described in economic theory, and presents the argument, first developed by Blair and Stout, that boards of directors serve as a solution to the team production problem. The chapter reviews the legal structure and duties of boards of directors under corporate law to show that directors are called on to make many of the most conflict-laden decisions that must be made in corporations. Thus many of the details of corporate law are consistent with the idea that a primary function of boards of directors is to mediate among important competing interests in the corporation and thereby resolve or head off disputes. The chapter discusses new empirical evidence about what directors do and how they affect the performance of corporations.
Theorizing the Corporation
Authors: Ruskola Teemu
Published: March 2019

Economic theories of the firm, and the legal analyses of corporation law that build on them, are ordinarily formulated in universal terms, as if “the firm” were in fact a singular category of economic organization. This chapter takes as its starting point the diverse and globalized world in which we exist. Beyond the familiar forms of “Western” capitalism—which itself is plural—much of the development in East Asia and Latin America, for example, has been characterized by strongly statist forms of capitalism, challenging many of the standard assumptions about the proper boundary between the market and the state. In the late twentieth century, “Confucian capitalism” became the rallying cry in many East Asian economies, suggesting that delimiting a clear boundary between the market and the family might be equally difficult. Insofar as these developments reconfigure the division of labor among the institutions of the state, the market, and the family, how can we account for them theoretically?
Finance Capitalism, the Financialized Corporation, and Countervailing Power
Authors: Cioffi John W.
Published: March 2019

The theoretical argument of this chapter is that the firm is best seen as a collectively managed resource or “commons” which is subject to a number of multiple, overlapping, and potentially conflicting property type claims on the part of the different constituencies or stakeholders who provide value to the firm. The sustainability of the corporation depends on ensuring proportionality of benefits and costs with respect to the inputs made to corporate resources, and on the participation of the different stakeholder groups in the formulation of rules governing the management and use of resources. Viewing the corporation as a commons in this sense is the first step toward a better understanding of the role that the corporate form can play in ensuring wider social and natural sustainability.
Corporate Sustainability In A Fragile Planet
Authors: Benn Suzanne , Edwards Melissa
Published: March 2019

New business models forming in the circular and sharing economies are enabling transitions to the adoption of sustainable business practices. Such new business models address resource depletion, issues associated with waste management, and innovative design of products and services. Transition requires new management practices and resource stewardship models that go beyond the traditional product life cycle requiring collaborative or inter-organizational governance structures. Global market challenges are faced, such as incorporating the cost of externalities, capitalizing on impact investing, developing integrated frameworks to account for sustainability performance, and enhancing corporate resilience and adaptation in regard to climate change.
Corporations as Sempiternal Legal Persons
Authors: Stout Lynn
Published: March 2019

This chapter considers the corporation as a time machine, providing intergenerational equity, and intergenerational efficiency. That is, the corporation can be understood as a legal innovation that historically has functioned as a means of transferring wealth forward and sometimes backward through time, for the benefit of present and future generations. In this fashion the board-controlled corporation promotes both intergenerational equity and intergenerational efficiency. Logic and evidence each suggest, however, that the modern embrace of “shareholder value” as the only corporate objective and “shareholder democracy” as the ideal of corporate governance is damaging the corporate form’s ability to serve this economically and ethically important function.
Cognitive Systems Engineering
Authors: Naikar Neelam , Brady Ashleigh
Published: March 2019

This chapter presents a perspective of human expertise in sociotechnical systems based on the phenomenon of self-organization. Consistent with the ideals of the field of cognitive systems engineering, this perspective is based on empirical observations of how work is achieved in complex settings and incorporates an emphasis on design. The proposed perspective is motivated by the observation that workers in sociotechnical systems adapt not just their individual behaviors, but also their collective structures, in ways that are closely fitted to the evolving circumstances, such that these systems are necessarily self-organizing, a phenomenon that is essential for dealing with complexity in the task environment. Accordingly, the chapter explores in depth the theoretical and design implications of the phenomenon of self-organization for understanding and supporting human expertise in sociotechnical systems, and draws attention to the broader implications of this phenomenon for advancing a social basis for human cognition.
Military Expertise
Authors: Fletcher J. D. , Kowal Dennis
Published: March 2019

This chapter reviews characteristics of expertise common to all domains as a context for the expertise needed by military personnel. However, the value of expertise in job performance is of particular value in the military due to the exposure of individuals to physical harm combined with time-pressured requirements to manage and apply advanced, highly complex technologies. The need, nature, and value of military expertise and decision making are discussed in general terms of tactical, operational, and strategic decision making centered on the readiness of military units and personnel to perform their missions successfully. Cognitive qualities needed for military expertise are considered, including the emerging issue of cognitive readiness required for both regular and irregular military operations. The chapter suggests that military expertise is similar to expertise elsewhere, but the volatility, uncertainty, complexity, ambiguity, and lethality of the environment in which military decisions are often made significantly affect its character, preparation, and requirements in ways discussed in the chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Stanghellini Giovanni , Broome Matthew R. , Fernandez Anthony Vincent , Fusar-Poli Paolo , Raballo Andrea , Rosfort René
Published: March 2019

This introductory chapter discusses the primary focus of psychiatry and how phenomenological psychopathology in particular serves as the basis for psychiatry. It argues that psychiatry is not only a biological discipline. It must maintain an intense concern with the quality of patients’ experiences by focusing on the “psyche” and not just the brain, which is of interest to psychiatry only insofar as it helps one better understand the relevant psychic phenomena. Thus, one must investigate the relationship between these subjective experiences, the brain, and the way we classify psychiatric disorders. In this light, phenomenological psychopathology becomes increasingly central to these discussions. At present, the psychiatric study of psyche and subjectivity is defined mainly by changes in experience and behavior. Therefore, psychopathology, the discipline that assesses and makes sense of the suffering psyche, is at the heart of psychiatry.
Vital Anxiety
Authors: López-Ibor María Inés , Picazo Zappino Julia
Published: March 2019

Anxiety is an ambiguous word, it is used to describe a feeling, a clinical symptom, but it is also a disorder or a group of disorders (anxiety disorder). Anxiety is related to our intimate relationship with ceasing to exist, with nothingness, with the limits of human beings. The problem of anxiety is intimately related to hope, because there is no human or psychological situation worse than despair. To know the meaning of anguish and anxiety helps to know mankind. From a phenomenological perspective, vital anxiety is a vital feeling, with the same characteristics as other vital feelings such as those of well-being, discomfort, or vertigo. They are feelings that express our way of “being in the world”. In this chapter, the concepts of anxiety and phenomenology of vital anxiety will be reviewed, as well as the point when a normal feeling turns into a pathological one, because the transition between a vital or mood feeling is of psychopathological interest and it is important to understand mood and anxiety disorders.
‘Mass May Be the Single Most Important Sensation’
Authors: Sarco-Thomas Malaika
Published: March 2019

This essay investigates how sensory perception can be cultivated as a key practice in dance improvisation performance. It looks at how artists such as Steve Paxton, Deborah Hay, and Simone Forti propose frameworks for exercising attention to perception when improvising, and how these scores can be routes towards experiencing different ways of relating to one’s environment. The essay draws on Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s contribution to theorizing sensory perception in bodily movement and in strands of ecological philosophy, developing the idea of ‘intelligent flesh’ as fundamental to both. It then uses the author’s experiences of working with these artists’ scores to investigate how perceptual attention can be creatively proposed, physicalized, performed, or, in Alva Noë’s term, ‘enacted’ in improvisation.
Improvisation and Habit
Authors: Peters Gary
Published: March 2019

Beginning with some reflections on Nietzsche’s demand that we learn new habits of thinking and willing, ones that will enable us to affirm the past as that which we willed, the focus here is on changing our own habits as regards the question of habit itself. Using the Slovenian dancer Jurij Konjar’s reimprovisation of Steve Paxton’s original Goldberg Variations improvisations as a case study, this essay provides a commentary on the documented correspondence between Konjar and Paxton. The central issue addressed here is Paxton’s desire to ‘outwit’ his habits of performance and Konjar’s ultimate acceptance and affirmation of his own. Countering the dominant antipathy to habit in the discourses on improvisation, this chapter argues for a deeper engagement with the essence of the habitual as the locus for a consideration of the very event of dance, understood (by Paxton) as having a ‘life of its own’ above, beyond, or outside the habitual structures of the performing self.
Improvisation in Dance and the Movement of Everyday Life
Authors: Worth Libby
Published: March 2019

Dance improvisation, as developed in the UK and the US in particular, has become associated with a number of tropes that apparently offer means of best practice. By attending to a few of these, I examine how they might offer insight into dance improvisation. This incorporates research into ways in which improvisation is a part of everyday life, as demonstrated most clearly in examples of infant movement and cognitive development. Taking Henry Montes and Marcus Coates’s dance film A Question of Movement as a case study example, I consider how their innovative way of dancing responses to life questions connects with the infant’s reliance on ‘thinking in movement’, a term offered by Maxine Sheets-Johnstone. Finally, I consider what dancers can learn from people living with chronic dementia-related diseases who forge ways to live in a perpetual present and, conversely, what insight dancers might offer through integration of dance improvisatory processes in caregiving.
Audience Improvisation and Immersive Experiences
Authors: Machon Josephine
Published: March 2019

Immersive events have evolved the idea and the practice of audience into spontaneous-decision-making improvisers within the work. In concept, content and form, immersive work relies on its audience for intuitive interaction. An immediate, sensory relationship in the experience of work embraces the play between choreographed and improvised moments. The sensual immersion in each piece enables audience members to retrace the immediacy and intimacy of these moments in any subsequent embodied recall of the work. This chapter analyses audience as improviser in immersive practice with close consideration of the work of Lundahl & Seitl. It touches on how immersive performance might position the audience member as practitioner, and the ways the audience-participant in immersive performance could contribute to practice-as-research. In so doing it offers an approach to audience appreciation as embodied philosophy, performance theory that evolves from improvisatory practice.
Dancing Life
Authors: Zuniga Shaw Norah
Published: March 2019

Part memoire, part historical fiction, this chapter weaves together practices, thinking and contributions of a handful of influential improvisers working in the US and Europe including Simone Forti, Nancy Stark Smith, Thomas Hauert, William Forsythe, Nik Haffner, and Alana Shaw. It combines interview transcripts, excerpts, and adaptations of sources available online and in print, impressions, dreams, and memories.
In the Moment
Authors: Shay Anthony
Published: March 2019

Many individuals, including some dance scholars, think that traditional dance genres are reified choreographic forms that are like physical objects, handed down unchanged and unchanging through time like heirlooms. Traditional dance genres do change through their history. In fact, many traditional genres contain a great deal of improvisation, which promotes change within the genre. Some dance genres, such as tango and Iranian solo urban dance, consist almost entirely of improvised movement. This essay describes and analyzes several dance genres and the ways in which improvisation informs them. The essay also details the characteristics of improvisation in general, and then use several genres of dance as examples of how dancers improvise within them.
Intention and Surrender
Authors: Skura Stephanie
Published: March 2019

This chapter illuminates methods of teaching improvisation and composition that the author has discovered and refined during more than three decades of choreographing and directing. Discovering and refining these methods has been a process fuelled by the author’s desire to evoke and manifest the whole being of each performer, to celebrate diversity, to honour subconscious realms, and to find coherence and connection amidst diversity. The chapter includes examples of writing by the author that is derived from and describes movement—of both the author and sometimes a collaborator.
Introduction
Authors: Gundel Jeanette , Abbott Barbara
Published: March 2019

This chapter introduces the concept of reference, the process by which linguistic expressions apply to/pick out entities (in the world/the mind), roughly speaking their meaning or intended interpretation. It provides an overview of approaches to reference in the linguistic and philosophical literature. It then outlines the structure and content of the two parts of the volume: I. Foundations and II. Applications and Implications. Part I covers foundational topics such as different types of referring expression and their interpretation, and Part II covers the acquisition and processing of reference from the perspectives of psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and computational linguistics, including robotics.
Reference and Referring Expressions in First Language Acquisition
Authors: Orvig Anne Salazar
Published: March 2019

Young children’s use of referring expressions raises the issue of the intertwining of morphosyntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of language acquisition. After presenting the milestones of the formal acquisition of referring expressions, this chapter presents the main results of research on child reference along two main lines: studies on the expression of arguments; and studies on determiners. Whereas studies in naturally occurring settings show a precocious competence in the use of referring expressions, studies on narratives and other experimental settings tend to show late mastery of referential values. Various factors can account for this paradox, including the conceptions of reference, the representation of the child’s cognitive development and of her involvement in dialogue, and more specifically the combined influence of the interlocutor’s discourse, of positioning, and of discourse genres and activities.
Computational Generation of Referring Expressions
Authors: Krahmer Emiel , van Deemter Kees
Published: March 2019

This chapter offers a survey of computational research on Referring Expression Generation (reg). The main body of the text comes from an article that was published in the journal Computational Linguistics in 2012; the preamble places the survey in the context of later developments. The survey introduces the reg problem and describes early work in this area, discussing what basic assumptions lie behind it, and showing how its remit has widened over the years. It discusses some computational frameworks underlying reg, and demonstrate a recent trend that seeks to link reg algorithms with well-established Knowledge Representation techniques. Considerable attention is given to recent efforts at evaluating reg algorithms and the lessons that they allow us to learn. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what we still see as important aspects of the way forward in this area of computational research, focusing particularly on referring in larger and more realistic settings.
Reference in Robotics
Authors: Williams Tom , Scheutz Matthias
Published: March 2019

As robots become increasingly prevalent in our society, it becomes increasingly important to endow them with natural language capabilities, including the ability to both understand and generate so-called referring expressions. In recent work, we have sought to enable referring expression understanding capabilities by leveraging the Givenness Hierarchy (GH), which provides an elegant linguistic framework for reasoning about notions of reference in human discourse. This chapter first provides an overview of the GH and discusses previous GH-theoretic approaches to reference resolution. It then describes our own GH-theoretic approach, the GH-POWER algorithm, and suggests future refinements of our algorithm with respect to the theoretical commitments of the GH. Next, the chapter briefly surveys other prominent approaches to reference resolution in robotics, and discusses how these compare to our approach. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of possible directions for future work.
The Indefiniteness of Definiteness
Authors: Abbott Barbara
Published: March 2019

This paper is about definiteness, and more specifically about the difficulties involved in getting clear on which noun phrases should be classified as definite, or more properly, which have uses which can be so classified. A number of possibilities are considered. First we consider some traditional proposals—those analyzing definiteness in terms of strength, uniqueness, or familiarity. Following that, three more recent proposals are presented, which have been put forward in the wake of Montague’s analysis of NPs as generalized quantifiers—those proposed by Jon Barwise and Robin Cooper (1981), Barbara Partee (1986), and Sebastian Löbner (2000). The tentative conclusion is that Russell’s uniqueness characteristic (suitably modified) holds up well against the others.