bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time Headway in Different Vehicle-Following Manoeuvres
Authors: Fuller Raymond G. C.
Published: September 2011

Reliable differences in time headway were observed for 6 experienced volunteer truck drivers who drove continuously 11 hr. on each of 4 days over a 300-mile route. Type of manoeuvre was a significant factor in observed time headway in following another vehicle.
Effect of Maternally Administered Methadone on Discrimination Learning of Rat Offspring
Authors: Van Wagoner Steven , Risser Judith , Moyer Marcia , Lasky David
Published: September 2011

Shape discrimination learning by four groups of 150-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats was studied. The groups were the offspring of mothers on the following schedules: (1) prenatal and postnatal methadone, (2) prenatal methadone and postnatal saline, (3) prenatal and postnatal methadone, and (4) prenatal and postnatal saline. The hypothesis investigated was that the methadone groups would show a deficit in learning when compared to the saline-control group. This hypothesis was upheld for the prenatal methadone group and the postnatal methadone group.
Effects of Prescribed Weight-Training and Basketball Programs on Selected Basketball Skill Test Scores
Authors: Ford H. Thomas , Puckett John R.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of prescribed weight-training exercises and a prescribed basketball program on scores of four AAHPER basketball skill tests each of 76 seventh grade students at a junior high school participated on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays for 16 class periods in one of three programs (weight-training, basketball, and regular physical education), (a) On the front shot, a significant difference was found between the basketball group and the weight-training group, in favor of the former, (b) No other significant differences were found among the three groups on the other skill tests, speed pass, jump and reach, and dribble.
Pursuit Rotor Learning of Mildly Retarded Children under Supplementary Feedback Conditions
Authors: Horgan James S.
Published: September 2011

A rotary pursuit task employing a supplementary feedback paradigm was used to study the effects of augmenting, task-inherent information (feedback) in enhancing motor acquisition of mildly retarded children. 119 subjects were trained on the task under control and six differential applications of supplementary visual, tactile or auditory feedback. Task acquisition was facilitated by supplementary feedback in specific treatments. Also, task acquisition was favored under conditions where the locus of the supplementary feedback was juxtaposed with the “correct” response behavior. Those feedback treatments which were juxtaposed with incorrect or “error” behavior did not serve to facilitate acquisition of the pursuit task with mildly retarded subjects. A tenable explanation for the consistency of the difference between treatments could be an increase in habit state, created by the locus of the feedback which served to reinforce the elicited response.
Students' Perceptions of Parental Practices and Evaluations of Self, Mother, and Father
Authors: Nunn Gerald D. , Parish Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined perceptions of parental discipline and associated evaluations of self, i.e., self-concept, mother, and father by 55 undergraduate college students attending a large midwestern university. Significantly more positive evaluations of self and father, but not mother, were associated with restrictive than with permissive parenting practices. The implications in regard to acceptance of parental authority are discussed.
Reaction Time, Noise Distraction and Autonomic Responsivity in Smokers and Non-Smokers
Authors: Knott Verner J.
Published: September 2011

Non-smokers, ‘low-arousal smokers,’ and ‘high-arousal smokers’ were exposed to interminent, aperiodic noise of 100 db (A) while performing a choice reaction time task. The former were smokers who experienced their strongest need to smoke in low-arousal situations characterized by, e.g., monotony and low-level stimulation, while the latter experienced their strongest need to smoke in high-arousal situations characterized by anxiety and high-level stimulation. Behavioral measures of decision time and movement time were examined together with tonic and phasic measures of skin conductance and heart rate during noise and in response to a single high intensity 100 db (A) auditory tone. Relative to a noise-free condition, noise significantly impaired decision time of smokers and this was paralleled by autonomic response measures to tone stimulation which were reflective of less efficient defensive response mechanisms to aversive stimulation. Significant differences were also observed between low-and high-arousal smokers.
Use of Musical Scales to Display Distance to Objects in an Electronic Travel Aid for the Blind
Authors: Heyes Anthony D.
Published: September 2011

An electronic travel aid for the blind has been designed which displays distance to objects in terms of the eight notes of the musical scale. Experiments are described which determine the relationship between the efficacy of various tonal displays and the musical sophistication of the subjects. In particular it is shown that the accuracy of predicting the end of a scale, and hence a collision with an object, is a function of familiarity with the scale. That this accuracy is a function of musical sophistication receives only partial support. As expected, the ascending and descending versions of a scale are, in general, equally effective but, unexpectedly, the hypothesis that the accuracy of predicting the end of a tonal sequence would be an inverse function of the sequence length is confirmed only in the case of one scale, the Ionian or Major scale.
Clinical Confidence and Self-Monitoring Behavior
Authors: Abston Nathaniel
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the relationship between ratings by 2 groups of 12 students of clinical confidence and self-monitoring behavior observed during the initial videotaped interview with a client seeking psychotherapy. Results supported previous research in regards to the experience of the clinician and the mode of information; however, no significant relationship was found between clinical confidence and self-monitoring behavior.
Word Memory in Non-Psychotic Depression
Authors: Davis Henry , Unruh W. R.
Published: September 2011

Two diverging explanations can be given for the fact that depressed persons often show deficits on verbal learning tasks: (a) researchers have suggested that memory deficits are the result of interference in the transfer from short- to long-term memory; (b) other researchers have suggested that depressives may not have cognitive deficits but may instead simply show deficits in performance. The present study assessed differences in recognition memory, free recall, organization in multitrial free recall, and final free recall among short-term and long-term non-psychotic depressives ( ns = 15) to determine whether such depressed adults show deficits on verbal learning tasks. No verbal learning deficits were demonstrated for 30 depressives relative to 30 nondepressives. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of interference and the possibility that poor verbal learning in depression is a problem of performance and not learning.
An Adaptive-Rate Continuous Performance Test: Vigilance Characteristics and Reliability for 400 Male Students
Authors: Buchsbaum M. S. , Sostek A. J.
Published: September 2011

An adaptive-rate Continuous Performance Task for the assessment of human performance has been developed based on the original method of Rosvold, et al. (1956). The stimulus presentation speeds up after correct detections and slows down after errors of omission or commission, allowing applications in a wide range of clinical populations and normal age groups. Adequate error rates are obtained to characterize each individual's performance. Signal detection analysis yields d′ and β parameters with adequate test-retest reliability over 6 mo. A specific decline in a′ over time is consistent with other studies of human vigilance.
Concurrent Validity of the Personal Attribute Inventory as a Self-Concept Scale
Authors: Kappes Bruno M.
Published: September 2011

The Personal Attribute Inventory has demonstrated promise as a self-concept scale. Scores have been significantly correlated with measures of self-concept and several personality factors on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. This study examined the responses of 38 volunteers on self-concept, anxiety, and self-reports of symptoms. Significant correlations were .60 with State Anxiety, .75 with Trait Anxiety and .54 with Symptom Check List, which suggest, as a function of negative self-concept, that the Personal Attribute Inventory may reflect various anxiety states and accompanied somatic complaints.
Predictive Capabilities of Nonhuman Operators in a Manual Control System
Authors: Jaeger Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The requirement for a credible monkey-man extrapolation in the area of manual control systems led to the investigation of the predictor-operator phenomenon in rhesus monkeys performing in a manual control system. Two monkeys were trained to proficiency in a single-axis visual compensatory manual control system using a random (unpredictable) system input. Data were obtained for system performance in the random case. The system input was then changed to pure sinusoidal (predictable). Data were obtained for the sinusoidal case and compared with data for the random case. Unlike humans, monkeys were not able to improve system performance in the predictable versus unpredictable case.
Effect of Passive Concentration as Instructional Set for Training Enhancement of EEG Alpha
Authors: Knox Sarah S.
Published: September 2011

The technique of passive concentration, employed by autogenic training and Transcendental Meditation for achieving relaxation, was tested here as a technique for enhancing EEG alpha. Of 30 subjects displaying between 15% and 74% alpha in their resting EEGs recruited, 10 had to be eliminated. The remaining 20 constituted two groups. One was instructed only to attempt to maintain a tone indicating alpha but given no information about technique (control group). The other was given additional instructions in passive concentration (experimental group). Both were given four 5-min. trials a day for 4 consecutive days. Heart rate and skin conductance were measured to monitor autonomic arousal. The group receiving instructions in passive concentration had significantly less alpha than the control group, which did not increase amount of alpha above baseline. The reduction of alpha in the experimental group was interpreted as resulting from beginning long training periods (20 min. per day), a practice advocated by Transcendental Meditation but discouraged by autogenic training. It was concluded that the relevance of passive concentration for alpha enhancement is doubtful.
Classification of Figural Spatial Tests
Authors: Eliot John
Published: September 2011

A classification of figural spatial tests was derived from sorting more than 300 tests according to perceived similarity of behaviors required for task solution. Task categories were then ordered in terms of information about their stimulus demand and task complexity from factorial research.
Memory for Natural Settings: Role of Diffuse and Focused Attention
Authors: Baroni Maria Rosa , Job Remo , Peron Erminielda Mainardi , Salmaso Paola
Published: September 2011

Recall and recognition of various aspects of a real scene, a university corridor, were studied under three conditions. In the “low-attention” condition the subjects had to traverse the place in order to carry out aims attainable somewhere else; in the “medium-attention” condition instructions directed their attention to the place in a rather vague and unfocused manner; in the “high-attention” condition their attention was explicitly focused on all aspects of the corridor. An interaction of attention level with memory was investigated considering, according to schema theories, the distinction between expected, stable elements and unexpected, variable ones. It was predicted that memory of objects of furniture (variable elements) should be higher with medium than low, while memory of structural elements (stable elements) should be higher with medium than high attention. The results confirmed this hypothesis, suggesting that medium attention is well suited for investigating memory when the experimenter's aim is to induce attention to all aspects of the environment.
Role of Foveal and Peripheral Visual Information in Maintenance of Postural Equilibrium in Man
Authors: Amblard Bernard , Carblanc Abel
Published: September 2011

In a previous report (Amblard & Crémieux, 1976) we demonstrated that the maintenance of postural equilibrium, measured with the subject in Mann's stance on a foam rubber support, was significantly more difficult under stroboscopic rather than normal lighting conditions. The most plausible cause of the difficulty is the subject's loss of visual perception of movement as a result of the stroboscopic lighting. The present study was designed to look at this factor under normal lighting conditions. Also, the relative contributions of foveal and peripheral vision were assessed. During stance, the subjects (5 women and 6 men, aged from 25 to 55 yr.) viewed either a horizontal or a vertical rectangular grating. With horizontal lines, the visual perception of lateral movement is minimized. Lateral acceleration was measured at three anatomical levels: ankles, hips, and head. The horizontal stripe condition was significantly less effective than the vertical stripe one for maintenance of balance, both for measurements at the head level only and for values averaged from all three levels. Balance was significantly impaired with foveal vision alone compared to full vision or to peripheral vision alone, for measurements from each of the three levels. We conclude that the visual perception of movement is a very important factor in the maintenance of the equilibrium, peripheral vision playing the major role, and foveal vision only a supplementary one.
Alcohol and Velocity Perception: II. Stimulus Discrimination
Authors: MacCarthy Fiona , Tong J. E.
Published: September 2011

The ability of 14 men to discriminate between successively paired velocity presentations was impaired by alcohol particularly with higher stimulus speeds and for the presentation order fast-slow. Alcohol also increased the number of false alarms.
An Approach Combining Relaxation Training, Imagery and Practice Examinations for the Control of Test Anxiety
Authors: Bennett Bonnie , Hall Craig , Guay Michel
Published: September 2011

The use of relaxation training in combination with imagery and practice examinations was considered as a treatment for controlling test anxiety among 4 university students. Subjective reports and State-anxiety scores indicated the treatment was beneficial.
Impact of Clarity of Goals and Role Perceptions on Job Satisfaction
Authors: Futrell Charles M. , Parasuraman A.
Published: September 2011

Using path analysis, this study examined the direct and indirect influence of clarity of goals on the work and company satisfaction of 216 salespeople. Role conflict and ambiguity were intervening variables. The study's proposed conceptual model was not totally supported. The results suggest external validity of clarity of goals as an important influence on satisfaction and that perceptions of role have a significant influence in the process.
Attribution of Age-Discrepant Couples
Authors: Hartnett Jack , Rosen Fred , Shumate Michael
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to determine how dating couples widely discrepant in age are perceived. In the first study, 40 male and 40 female college students were asked to read a vignette where the older protagonists were described as either wealthy or had an average income. Sex was also manipulated so that the male was older in half (he conditions and younger for the other half. A second study with 30 older females as subjects utilized two vignettes with the older protagonists being male in half the conditions and female in the other half. Results indicated that sex and age of subjects were significantly related to how age-discrepant couples are perceived by these two groups. Role salience and role identification are influential.
Memory Processes Involved in Morning Recall of Mental Rem-Sleep Experience: A Psycholinguistic Study
Authors: Cipolli C. , Salzarulo P. , Calabrese A.
Published: September 2011

For two nights 10 subjects were asked to recall their mental sleep experience after experimental awakening during REM sleep (night report) and again upon spontaneous morning awakening (morning report). The two types of report were subjected to linguistic analysis and compared. The number of sentences used to describe the mental sleep experience, their syntactic structures, and over-all report length were similar. Those contents common to both reports were in both cases encoded in about one fourth of the sleep-related kernel sentences, these kernel sentences being distributed over about two-thirds of the sentences of the report, generally the longer ones. The organization of the morning reports reflects the consolidation of the contents in memory. The only significant physiological variable, waking time, was negatively correlated to the numbers of kernel sentences and sentences reproducing contents previously encoded in the night reports. The organization of the morning report primarily appears to be the result of retrieval and encoding procedures relative to the mental sleep experience preceding the night awakening rather than simply to the encoded contents of the night report.
Effects of Training on Response Latency and Accuracy for a Difficult Visual Discrimination
Authors: Whitaker Leslie A.
Published: September 2011

The learning of a difficult discrimination task was investigated in a laboratory simulation of a quality control task. In an earlier experiment, observers were trained to discriminate between 2 brief, masked stimulus patterns. Then, a trained and an untrained group of observers were tested on the same stimulus-discrimination task. Response latency as well as P(Dis) were measured in a forced-choice reaction time paradigm. Untrained observers responded with a mean probability of correct discrimination, P(Dis), = .65 for stimuli with 30-msec. duration and mean P(Dis) –.90 for those stimuli with 100-msec. duration. Trained observers produced discrimination scores of P(Dis) greater than or equal to .90 for all stimulus durations tested. Despite this large, reliable training effect of P(Dis), response latencies did not differ reliably between the two groups but instead were a negative function of stimulus duration for both trained and untrained observers.
Anticipation of Coincidence in Children: A Test of Schema Theory
Authors: Wrisberg Craig A. , Mead Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

The present study tested Schmidt's (1975) schema theory by manipulating the variability of initial conditions information given during training on a task requiring anticipation of coincidence. 36 first grade children attempted to tap a padded and hinged target barrier coincident with the lighting of the last of a series of runway lights. Equal numbers of males and females received either variable practice with each of four stimulus velocities (134, 179, 268, and 313 cm/sec.), constant practice with one of the four velocities, or no practice. All subjects were then given trials with two illumination velocities different from those presented during training. Both constant and variable practice groups demonstrated greater accuracy of transfer performance than control subjects, but only the absolute error of constant practice subjects was significantly lower than that of the controls. All groups responded with early anticipations, i.e., negative constant errors, to the slower of the two transfer velocities. Increasing variability of perceptual stimuli in coincidence-anticipation tasks may not give optimal training for young children.
Does Brightness Contrast Really Affect the Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Butler Darrell L.
Published: September 2011

Several writers have hypothesized that the Mueller-Lyer illusion is influenced by brightness contrast between figure and background. According to them, lateral inhibition in the retina causes displacement in Mueller-Lyer figures at the intersections of lines. They argue that the strength of the displacement varies with brightness contrast between the background and the figure, and they cite research by Pollack and others for support. The experiments reported here show that the Mueller-Lyer illusion is no more affected by changes in contrast than are judgments of single straight lines. These results are not consistent with the view that lateral. inhibition in the retina has an effect on the illusion.
Students' Perceptions of Locus of Control in College Classrooms and Their Global Appraisals of College Instruction
Authors: Scott Owen
Published: September 2011

In this study students' perceptions of locus of control were conceived of as their perceptions of their roles in making decisions in the classroom. Data obtained in 47 college classrooms suggest that the extent to which students' perceived actual locus of control coincided with their preferred locus with respect to decisions about the sequence in which subject matter was considered and the selection of the instructional materials was positively correlated with their appraisals of the over-all effectiveness of the instruction. The extent to which they agreed with decisions made in the classroom also correlated positively with these appraisals.
Three-Dimensional View of Sign Iconicity
Authors: Griffith Penny L. , Panagos John M. , Robinson Jacques H.
Published: September 2011

The data suggest that learners' backgrounds are influential in determining which signs will be most easily perceived as iconic, which means that iconicity should not be determined solely on a linguistic basis.
Effect of Exposure to Prototypic Skill and Experience in Identification of Performance Error
Authors: Bayless Mary Ann
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of type and length of exposure to a prototypic skill and experience in discriminating correct from incorrect performance on proficiency in detecting errors. Subjects were 24 physical education majors. Experimental groups received one or three exposures to prototypic skilled performances of the volleyball serve, spike, and block through either a visual or audio-visual mode. Practice in discrimination was provided through the use of skill checklists applied in the reciprocal style of teaching. Proficiency in detection of error was assessed by subjects' ability to recognize errors in performance by occurrence and identification. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 analysis with repeated measures on the last three factors to investigate the effects of treatment type, number of exposures, skill type, and practice. A Pearson correlation was computed to determine if a relationship existed between knowledge of performance and ability to detect error. Only the visual mode and one exposure to prototypic skilled presentations produced superior detection of error, although performance on the spike was inferior to that on serve and block. Practice in discriminating between correct and incorrect performance had a significant effect on all groups. The Pearson correlation between knowledge of performance and detection of error was –.71.
Effects of Brand Labeling on Ratings of Product Quality
Authors: Nevid Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2011

The product quality of two status-oriented brands of carbonated bottled water and of one low-status popularly-priced brand was rated by 24 college students each in brand labeled and unlabeled conditions. The results supported the influence of product image on consumers' judgments of product quality, but it was suggested that the salience of such extrinsic cues might depend on the breadth of the consumers' evaluative frame of reference for judging particular classes of products.
Interview Methods of Affecting Self-Attribution
Authors: Strong Stanley R. , Matross Ronald P. , Danser Donald B.
Published: September 2011

Strong (1970) proposed that a counselor could change a client's view of self by controlling the client's information about norms, alternative actions, and personal history. These hypotheses were tested in a two-step experiment in which college students first reacted to a standard event and then reviewed their reactions in an interview in which the interviewer controlled the information the students had to evaluate their actions. A strong effect of trait labeling and analysis of alternatives was observed, but the other variables had no effects. The results confirmed that a statement of opinion by an expert can have powerful effects on an individual's thinking.
Vision and Kinesthesis in Spatial Short-Term Memory
Authors: Podbros Linda Z. , Wyke Maria A. , Waters James M.
Published: September 2011

This investigation examined the effects of different localizing cues on the precision with which subjects can recall the position of a target in space. The availability of the cues—vision, kinesthesis, or both—was varied during both learning and recall. Subjects (age range 26 to 58 yr.) placed the stimulus or watched it being placed. The stimulus was removed, and subjects replaced or indicated its replacement location. Results show a striking similarity of performance for all subjects and significant performance differences relative to the different cues. The results provide information about intramodal and intermodal visual and kinesthetic transfer effects and about the effects of unimodal and multimodal input in such transfer. Results confirm dominance of vision over kinesthesis, i.e., “kinesthetic memory” does not provide as accurate localizing information as does “visual memory.”
Acquisition of Bitransitive Sentences in Persian and Chinese: Differences between Comprehension and Production Tests
Authors: Salili Farideh , Hoosain Rumjahn
Published: September 2011

48 Iranian and 48 Chinese children, from 3 to 5 yr. old, were tested for their comprehension and production of two forms of bitransitive sentences in their respective languages. There was evidence that sentential forms in which the transfer object was mentioned next to the transfer action were acquired better by the subjects than those in which the two were separated by the recipient of the transfer object. Sentences that were closer in structural or semantic aspects to extra-linguistic experiences were handled better. Some differences were obtained between sentence comprehension and sentence production, apparently due to psychomotor factors in the language-related behaviors of the children.
Exchange Threshold Colorimeter and Analytical Anomaloscope of Class I and Class II Subjects and Colour Defectives
Authors: Cobb Stephen R.
Published: September 2011

The spectral absorption curve of ‘red’ cones erytholabe and the ‘green’ cones chlorolabe are examined by these techniques. Evidence is elicited for a fourth photopic response peaking at approximately 570 nm.
Neuropsychological Effects of Abuse of Inhalants
Authors: Korman Maurice , Matthews Robert W. , Lovitt Robert
Published: September 2011

A neuropsychological battery of 67 measures was completed by 68 inhalant-abusing and 41 other-drug-abusing adolescent subjects. The measures tapped both global and specific functioning. Analysis of covariance was used to control effects of age and other drug use. These analyses indicated that inhalant abusers performed significantly more poorly than other drug abusers on 20 of the 67 measures. Deficits were observed on both global measures (WAIS and WRAT) and specific measures (perception of speech sounds, visual suppression, sensory perception, and Trails). These deficits suggest that the effect of inhalant abuse may be severe and widespread.
Re-Examination of the Relationship between Locus of Control and Field Independence/Dependence
Authors: Lau Sing , Figuerres Cyril , Davis J. Kent
Published: September 2011

A total of 187 American and 90 Filipino college students were given Levenson's locus of control scales and the Thurstone's Goetschaldt hidden figures test. Consistent with past studies, no linear relationship between locus of control and field-independence was found. Results point fairly consistently to the existence of a curvilinear relationship instead. Those who were high in field-independence and high in field-dependence were more external than the individuals in the middle of the field-independence/dependence dimension. A similar curvilinear relationship was observed with the Filipino and the American subjects.
Maintenance of Environmental Orientation during Body Rotation
Authors: Book Anders , Gärling Tommy
Published: September 2011

The accuracy with which orientation is maintained in unfamiliar environments during body rotation was investigated by showing subjects ( n = 16) a target in different directions (15° to 60° relative to the direction faced), then after varied retention intervals (7 to 14 sec.) requiring them to rotate their bodies 0° to 75° and, having completed rotation, to estimate numerically the direction to the target which by then was out of sight. By contrast to a perceptual baseline condition in which the target was visible, the subjects overestimated the target direction by an amount which increased linearly with the angle of body rotation. This overcompensation differed from the larger undercompensation that had been observed previously for straight walking, which suggested that different mechanisms produced the errors.
Eye Movements and Cognitive Strategies
Authors: Johnston Cris W. , Pirozzolo Francis J.
Published: September 2011

Eye movements were recorded using an infra-red reflection method from two female subjects while they took the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. The purpose of the study was to investigate the manner in which oculomotor behavior may characterize an individual's verbal-cognitive ability, and to study processing and evaluating visual information. Correct responses on the test were best associated with relatively high fixation density, i.e., frequency, for the chosen item compared to alternative selections. When the chosen item was an incorrect response die most predictive measure was that the chosen item received the longest duration of fixation. Less useful measures studied were mean duration of fixation and total time spent looking at each alternative (gaze time). Upon exposure of the test items, the initial fixation was on the left and the initial direction of eye movement was clockwise. Based on a sequential “scan pattern” analysis of location, frequency, and duration of fixation, other evidence of psycho-oculomotor strategies was not observed. It is suggested that a trade-off may exist between the various parameters of oculomotor behavior and that perhaps by some unique combination and analysis of selected measures it would be possible to further elucidate how eye movements reflect cognitive processes.
Effect of Listeners' Comprehension on Judgments of Speakers' Height and Weight
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Riley Annetta L. , Giachetti Joyce A. , Cline Anne L. , Dodson Cynthia K. , Bellotte Susan L.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effect of listeners' comprehension on speakers' height and weight judgments, a total of 40 speakers, 20 Americans (10 females and 10 males) and 20 non-Americans representing various nationalities (10 females and 10 males), recorded a standard prose passage. A total of three master tapes were constructed to represent the three experimental conditions: (1) American speakers' readings in English, (2) foreign speakers' readings in their native languages, and (3) foreign speakers' readings in English. A total of 30 judges, 15 females and 15 males, participated in three sessions, one for each of the three master tapes, and were asked to provide direct estimations of the height and weight of each speaker from the tapes. Listeners' comprehension does not appear to play a major role in height and weight judgmental tasks.
Meaning of Physical Dimensions of Women's Clothes
Authors: Gibbins Keith , Coney Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2011

This paper examined the possibility that the impression of a woman dressed in a certain outfit varies simply and directly with the physical dimensions of the component garments. Line drawings of 8 skirts were produced, of 4 lengths and 2 widths and combined with two types of top to make 16 ensembles. These were shown to 30 subjects who rated the probable wearer on 8 different adjectives. The impressions were transmitted very simply and the dimensions did not interact with each other or with the tops. It is suggested that complex meaning rules for clothing only occur when and if particular outfits become so familiar as to acquire idiosyncratic meanings.
Time Estimation in Humans: Effects of Ambient Illumination and Sex
Authors: Delay Eugene R. , Richardson Maryjo A.
Published: September 2011

7 male and 7 female college students made estimations of 15-sec. intervals in conditions of dark, low and high ambient illumination. Analysis of variance showed significant effects of illumination and illumination by sex. Increased light levels shortened time estimation except for males under high light intensity. Results are discussed in terms of arousal theory and the relevance of these factors in research on time estimation.
Effects of Physical or Perceptual Work Loads on a Coincidence/Anticipation Task
Authors: Fleury Michelle , Bard Chantal , Carrière Lise
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to analyze the effects of physical or perceptual work loads on a coincidence/anticipation task. Three experimental treatments were applied: (1) a physical work load, (2) a perceptual work load, and (3) a combination of the physical and the perceptual work loads. The dependent variable was performance on a coincidence/anticipation task, a throw at a moving target. Time errors and accuracy scores were recorded. The type of work load does not affect any of the dependent variables. However, all types of work load generated definite improvement pre- and posttest for the temporal constant error; better performance, as measured by constant error, was recorded for all subjects when the speed of the apparent movement being intercepted was 4.7 km/hr. Temporal variability was reduced in the subject performance at 8.1 km/hr.
Selection of Music Therapy Activities by Mentally Retarded Young Adults of Low, Moderate, and High Activity
Authors: Humphrey Terrence
Published: September 2011

There was a significant relationship between activity level and choice of music therapy activities by a sample of 33 moderately retarded clients.
Behavioral Science in Medical Education: An Updated Bibliography
Authors: Holmes George R. , Goldschmidt Thomas J. , Donald Alexander G.
Published: September 2011

Holmes, et al. in 1979 compiled 125 studies in a bibliography of behavioral science in undergraduate and graduate education. Since 1979, 75 additional studies of behavioral science in medical education have been identified. The current updated bibliography contains 200 entries. Foreign medical journals, Index Medicus, and Psychological Abstracts were reference sources for the bibliography.
Effect of Retinal Location on Cone Critical Flicker Frequency
Authors: Montvilo Robin Kamienny , Montvilo Jerome A.
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated the differential sensitivity of various areas of the retina using flicker. For 12 subjects testing was carried out in the fovea, and 5° and 6° temporal to the fovea using a wavelength of 555 nm. Testing was done both in the presence of a surround beam and in its absence. In all cases, there was a 2.5- to 4-fold increase in the amount of energy needed to perceive flicker as testing was shifted from the fovea to the periphery. A number of possible explanations are suggested to account for these findings.
Responses to Schematic Faces: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Gordon I. E. , Zukas M. , Chan J.
Published: September 2011

32 Brunswik schematic faces, formed from combinations of features associated with responses of Good, Bad, Happy and Sad, were rated on Good-Bad and Happy-Sad scales by British undergraduates, and school children from Britain, Hong Kong, and Zambia. All groups responded in similar ways to the faces. Omitting pupils from the faces shifted ratings towards the Bad and the Sad ends of the scales.
Solitaire Illusion: Replication and Extension
Authors: Ginsburg Norman
Published: September 2011

The solitaire illusion, according to which elements of a single cluster appear more numerous than an equal number organized in several clusters, was replicated using other levels of number and different arrangements from those of Frith and Frith. An illusion of 16% was found.
Differences in Characteristics Preferred by College Students for Academic Advisors, Vocational Counselors, and Psychotherapists: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Somervill John W. , Barrios Francisco X. , Fleming Richard M. , Reiher Todd C. , Fish Nancy L.
Published: September 2011

144 college students rated an academic advisor, a vocational counselor, or a psychotherapist on 10 characteristics and subsequently rated each of the three types of counseling situations on how “personal” they perceived each to be. Sex of experimenter and sex of subject were varied systematically. Female subjects when tested by a male experimenter preferred a psychotherapist be more religious than an academic advisor or vocational counselor. Subjects viewed psychotherapy as a more personal situation than academic advising or vocational counseling.
Fingertip Textural Perception of Normal Children
Authors: Royeen Charlotte Brasic
Published: September 2011

The current study investigated the influence of masking upon children's fingertip textural perception. While a screen occluded their vision 52 6- to 10-yr.-old subjects palpated a pair of equivalent paper-covered sandpaper blocks and judged whether the blocks felt rougher when palpated with or without intermediate paper covering their fingertips. Pressure exerted by the subjects was recorded. It was concluded that children's judgment is independent of pressure exerted; r = .04. Masking in children, unlike adults, was related to sandpaper grit, for the children judged the paper condition rougher primarily when the coarser sandpaper was used. Possible explanations are presented.
Psychological Differentiation in Nigerian Children as Measured from Their Drawings
Authors: Jegede R. Olukayode , Bamgboye E. Afolabi
Published: September 2011

A representative sample of Grade 7 students in the Oyo State of Nigeria was asked to produce human-figure drawings which were scored using Witkin's Articulation-of-Body-Concept Scale. Additional data on the subjects' background and self-concept were obtained. Of the several variables studied, sex and stability of self-concept made the greatest contribution to variation in psychological differentiation indexed by scores on Witkin's scale.
Comparison of Interjudge Reliabilities in Scoring TAT Protocols as a Measure of NACH
Authors: Boivin Michel , Begin Guy
Published: September 2011

Several indices of interjudge reliability are discussed with respect to the TAT-scoring methodology. Some improvements are suggested for the indices proposed by McClelland, et al. (15). Two indices of proportion of agreement are proposed. A comparison of McClelland, et al.'s indices and those of proportion of agreement shows that the proportion of agreement in scoring subcategories is more severe and suggests that it should be added to evaluate more tightly interjudge reliability in scoring the TAT.
Cerebral Dominance and Muscle Tone at Rest
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Sabatini Nicoletta
Published: September 2011

This study examined some aspects of the relationship between muscle tone at rest and cerebral dominance. Right and left EMG recordings of sternocleidomastoid, trapezium, orbicularis oculi, and frontalis muscles were taken on 40 female subjects between 19 and 30 yr. of age. Analysis of total score for right and left muscles gave three groups: right-dominant subjects with higher myographic score on the right (42.5%), left-dominant subjects with higher myographic score on the left (52.5%), and non-dominant subjects with no difference between right and left myographic score (5%). Moreover, right-dominant subjects showed a greater right-left difference for the sternocleidomastoid, the trapezium, and the frontalis, left-dominant subjects for the trapezium and the frontalis.
Inhibition of Motor Movement in Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: D'Amato Gabriel , Herr Paul M.
Published: September 2011

This study compared 36 learning disabled school-grade children with 17 controls matched for mental age on the ability to inhibit hand movement. Using a “Move A Ball Slowly” game-like apparatus, responses suggested older rather than younger disabled children had more difficulty.
Evidence of Laterality in the Lowland Gorilla
Authors: Fischer Robert B. , Meunier Gary F. , White Pamela J.
Published: September 2011

The description of hand preference in the primates is at present sadly incomplete. In the lowland gorilla the consistency of the dextral preference across all tests is amazing and comparable to the human data. Similar analysis of the behavior of the orang-utan and a reexamination of the chimpanzee might present a coherent picture of homologous behaviours for the hominoidea.
Lateralization of Sensory and Motor Functions in Human Neonates
Authors: Cioni Giovanni , Pellegrinetti Graziella
Published: September 2011

Lateral differences in some motor and sensory functions were examined in 89 full-term normal newborns, 2 to 4 days old. They were divided in two groups, according to the cerebral dominance in the family: Group A (70 subjects), offspring of right-handed parents and siblings, and Group B (19 subjects), with at least one parent or sibling left-handed or ambidextrous. Only subjects of Group A showed a marked tendency to spend more time with the head to right as opposed to the left, to turn right after release from the midline position, to have their heads right 5 min. later, to lead with the right leg on the placing response. The two groups were significantly different from each other on these tests. Differences were not observed for stepping, tactile responses, asymmetrical tonic neck reactions in either of the two groups. The results confirm the existence of lateral differentiations of neurological functions in the newborn and stress the presence of genetic factors in these phenomena.
Relationships between McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities and Teachers' Ratings of School Achievement
Authors: Simons Marc R. , Goh David S.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated how well the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities correlated with teachers' ratings of children's academic achievement. The McCarthy Scales are useful in predicting school achievement of normal children, but more research is needed with learning disabled students. The use of teachers' rating scales with children of low functioning was discussed in light of the recent Larry P. decision.
Note on Reliability of Fixed-Response Formats
Authors: Bardo John W. , Yeager Samuel J.
Published: September 2011

Responses to various fixed test-response formats were examined for “reliability” due to systematic error; Cronbach's as up to .67 were obtained. Of the various formats tested, 4-point Likert were the least affected while various forms of lines and faces were most problematic. Results are discussed in relation to possible modification in a to account for systematic bias.
Perceived Age and Perceived Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Korthase Kathleen M. , Trenholme Irene
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to determine if there exists an inverse relationship between perceived age and perceived physical attractiveness, i.e., are older faces evaluated as less attractive? Four groups of 15 subjects were studied: adult males and females (aged 31 to 38 yr., M = 34.53 yr.), adolescent males and females (aged 14 to 16 yr., M = 14.63 yr.). Subjects were given written instructions asking them to arrange two sets of photographs, male and female, according to physical attractiveness and then according to age. Perceived age and perceived physical attractiveness were negatively correlated ( rho = –.91, p < .01), i.e., as perceived age increased perceived attractiveness decreased. Differences in rankings by 30 male vs 30 female subjects and by 30 adolescent vs 30 adult subjects were not significant. However, there was greater agreement among the adolescent females than among members of the other groups for rankings of both males' attractiveness and females' age. All subjects showed greater agreement for what constitutes females' physical attractiveness than for what constitutes males' physical attractiveness.
Acoustic Analysis of Fundamental Frequencies of Voices of Children with and without Vocal Nodules
Authors: Hufnagle Jon
Published: September 2011

Fundamental frequency measurements were made for 26 male children, 13 with vocal nodules and 13 without vocal nodules. The two groups were matched for age and size. Fundamental frequencies were obtained from narrow-band sonograms that were magnified to expand the spectrum from 0 to 1300 Hz. The group with vocal nodules had significantly higher fundamental frequencies than the normal group. The results are discussed in relation to prior findings.
Effects of Type of Center Fixation Stimulus on Visual-Field Preferences: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Moore W. H. , Snow Kathleen A.
Published: September 2011

60 normal subjects (30 males and 30 females) viewed bilateral presentations of pairs of CVC or CVVC English words high in imagery. Three types of central fixation stimuli were studied: numbers, letters, and geometric forms. A significant main effect for kind of fixation was found, but not for sex, visual fields, or their interactions. Results are discussed relative to the processing of high imagery words by both the left and right hemispheres.
A New Technique for the Assessment and Modification of Feigned Memory Deficit
Authors: Pankratz Loren
Published: September 2011

The two-alternative forced-choice technique has been successful in the assessment of functional sensory deficits because it has the power to assess deception or exaggeration. This report describes how the procedure can be used for the assessment and modification of a memory complaint. Three case studies are presented. In two cases the supposed deficit was judged to be functional. In a third case a brain-injured patient “cheated” to obtain correct answers, suggesting that he was trying to hide a deficit and not attempting to obtain compensation.
Food, Drugs, and Alcohol—A Common Temporal Pattern of Use
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Judd Brian , Olson Martha A.
Published: September 2011

Two samples of college students ( n = 42) in a weight-control program were shown to deviate from their diets in a temporal pattern found in previous studies for the abuse of street drugs and alcohol. Implications for the treatment of various types of substance abuse and eating disorders are discussed.
Identification of Tachistoscopically Presented Consonant-Vowel Syllables
Authors: Chermak Gail D. , Borneman H. John
Published: September 2011

An investigation was undertaken to examine visual-field differences for the perception of tachistoscopically presented consonant vowel (CV) syllables. 10 normal right-handed college-age subjects viewed CV syllables presented tachistoscopically for 10 msec, in unilateral and bilateral modes. Statistical analysis yielded a left visual-field, right-hemisphere advantage for the bilateral mode of presentation only.