bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unholy Crusaders: The Wehrmacht and the Reestablishment of Soviet Churches during Operation Barbarossa
Authors: Harrisville David
Published: January 2020

During the summer and fall of 1941, as they took part in Operation Barbarossa—the invasion of the Soviet Union—Wehrmacht personnel paused to reopen churches that had been shuttered by the communist regime. These events, which drew enormous crowds, brought together conquerors and conquered in a surprising display of shared faith before being halted by a directive from the Führer. This article addresses the question of why they took place at all, given the genocidal nature of the campaign in which they were embedded, as well as what they can tell us about the role of religion in the Wehrmacht, its relationship to Nazi ideology, and the nature of the military occupation. The reopening ceremonies, it is argued, were the spontaneous outcome of a number of interrelated factors, including Nazi rhetoric, the pent-up yearnings of Soviet Christians, and above all the vision of the invasion as a religious crusade against an atheist power adopted by many chaplains and soldiers. Although often overlooked, religion remained a powerful force in the Wehrmacht, one that could serve both to undermine and justify Nazi goals. Further, the reopenings demonstrate the army's capacity for flexibility in its dealings with the population, particularly during the war's opening months.
POWERS OF THE MAXIMAL IDEAL AND VANISHING OF (CO)HOMOLOGY
Authors: CELIKBAS OLGUR , TAKAHASHI RYO
Published: January 2020

We prove that each positive power of the maximal ideal of a commutative Noetherian local ring is Tor-rigid and strongly rigid. This gives new characterizations of regularity and, in particular, shows that such ideals satisfy the torsion condition of a long-standing conjecture of Huneke and Wiegand.
THE OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES AND THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE LAW
Authors: Goodwin-Gill Guy S.
Published: January 2020

The role of international organisations in international law-making tends to be downplayed in this largely State-centric world. The practice of UNHCR, however, is reason enough for a more sophisticated appreciation of the role that operational entities can play in stimulating State practice, and of how they may interact with and guide domestic courts in treaty interpretation and application. The ILC's recently completed projects on customary international law and subsequent agreements and practice encourage a cautious approach, but the high degree of judicialisation in refugee decision-making, the strong legal content in the international protection regime and the impact of UNHCR's operational activities open the way for institutional and grass-roots developments, keeping the law in closer touch with social and political realities and with the needs of those displaced.
The trophic ecology of marine catfishes in south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Gatts Pedro V. , Franco Marcos A. L. , Almeida Marcelo G. , Zalmon Ilana R. , Di Beneditto Ana Paula M. , Costa Paulo A. S. , de Rezende Carlos E.
Published: January 2020

The stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) and total mercury concentrations (THg) of the three marine catfish speciesAspistor luniscutis,Bagre bagreandGenidens genidenswere evaluated to understand their trophic relationship in northern Rio de Janeiro state, south-eastern Brazil. The δ13C was similar among the three marine catfishes, whereas δ15N was similar inA. luniscutisandB. bagreand lower inG. genidens. THg was higher inG. genidensand lower inB. bagre. The greater assimilation of Sciaenidae fishes and squids byA. luniscutisandB. bagreresulted in smaller isotopic niche areas and trophic diversity but higher isotopic niche overlap, trophic redundancy and evenness. ForG. genidens, the similar assimilation of all prey items resulted in the broadest isotopic niche among the marine catfishes. The higher mercury content inG. genidensis consistent with an increased important contribution of prey with a higher Hg burden. The bioaccumulation process was indicated by significant correlations of δ15N and THg with total length and total mass. Additionally, a significant correlation between THg and δ15N reflected the biomagnification process through the food web.
The role of meat in the European diet: current state of knowledge on dietary recommendations, intakes and contribution to energy and nutrient intakes and status
Authors: Cocking Chris , Walton Janette , Kehoe Laura , Cashman Kevin D. , Flynn Albert
Published: January 2020

The role of meat in the diet has come under scrutiny recently due to an increased public emphasis on providing healthy diets from sustainable food systems and due to health concerns relating to the consumption of red and processed meat. The present review aimed to summarise dietary guidelines relating to meat, actual meat intakes and the contribution of meat to energy and nutrient intakes of children, teenagers and adults in Europe. The available literature has shown that food-based dietary guidelines for most countries recommend consuming lean meat in moderation and many recommend limiting red and processed meat consumption. Mean intakes of total meat in Europe range from 40 to 160 g/d in children and teenagers and from 75 to 233 g/d in adults. Meat contributes to important nutrients such as protein, PUFA, B vitamins, vitamin D and essential minerals such as Fe and Zn; however, processed meat contributes to significant proportions of saturated fat and Na across population groups. While few data are available on diaggregated intakes of red and processed meat, where data are available, mean intakes in adults are higher than the upper limits recommended by the UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (70 g/d) and the World Cancer Research Fund (500 g/week). While there are no recommendations for red and processed meat consumption in children and teenagers, intakes currently range from 30 to 76 g/d. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of meat in the European diet which may be of use to stakeholders including researchers, policy makers and the agri-food sector.
A Study of Membrane Impact on Spatial Resolution of LiquidIn SituTransmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Li Ming , Knibbe Ruth
Published: January 2020

Microchip technology with electron transparent membranes is a key component forin situliquid transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization. The membranes can significantly influence the TEM imaging spatial resolution, not only due to introducing additional material layers but also due to the associated bulging. The membrane bulging is largely defined by the membrane materials, thickness, and short dimension. The impact of the membrane on the spatial resolution, especially the extent of its bulging, was systematically investigated through the impact on the signal-to-noise ratio, chromatic aberration, and beam broadening. The optimization of the membrane parameters is the key component when designing thein situTEM liquid cell. The optimal membrane thickness of 50 nm was found which balances the impact of membrane bulging and membrane thickness. Beyond this, the short membrane window dimension and the chip nominal spacing should be minimized. However, these two parameters have practical limitations in regards to chip handling.
Stereotactic radiotherapy for small and very small tumours (≤1 to ≤3 cc): evaluation of the influence of volumetric-modulated arc therapy in comparison to dynamic conformal arc therapy and 3D conformal radiotherapy as a function of flattened and unflattened beam models
Authors: Mamballikalam Gopinath , Senthilkumar S. , Jaon Bos R. C. , Ahamed Basith P. M. , Jayadevan P. M.
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

The objective of this article is to evaluate the dosimetric efficacy of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in comparison to dynamic conformal arc therapy (DCAT) and 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for very small volume (≤1 cc) and small volume (≤3 cc) tumours for flattened (FF) and unflattened (FFF) 6 MV beams.

Materials and methods:

A total of 21 patients who were treated with single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery, using either VMAT, DCAT or 3DCRT, were included in this study. The volume categorisation was seven patients each in <1, 1–2 and 2–3 cc volume. The treatment was planned with 6 MV FF and FFF beams using three different techniques: VMAT/Rapid Arc (RA) (RA_FF and RA_FFF), dynamic conformal arc therapy (DCA_FF and DCA_FFF) and 3DCRT (Static_FF and Static_FFF). Plans were evaluated for target coverage (V100%), conformity index, homogeneity index, dose gradient for 50% dose fall-off, total MU and MU/dose ratio [intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) factor], normal brain receiving >12 Gy dose, dose to the organ at risk (OAR), beam ON time and dose received by 12 cc of the brain.

Result:

The average target coverage for all plans, all tumour volumes (TVs) and delivery techniques is 96·4 ± 4·5 (range 95·7 ± 6·1–97·5 ± 2·9%). The conformity index averaged over all volume ranges <1, 2, 3 cc> varies between 0·55 ± 0·08 and 0·68 ± 0·04 with minimum and maximum being exhibited by DCA_FFF for 1 cc and Static_FFF/RA_FFF for 3 cc tumours, respectively. Mean IMRT factor averaged over all volume ranges for RA_FF, DCA_FF and Static_FF are 3·5 ± 0·8, 2·0 ± 0·2 and 2·0 ± 0·2, respectively; 50% dose fall-off gradient varies in the range of 0·33–0·42, 0·35–0·40 and 0·38–0·45 for 1, 2 and 3 cc tumours, respectively.

Conclusion:

This study establishes the equivalence between the FF and FFF beam models and different delivery techniques for stereotactic radiosurgery in small TVs in the range of ≤1 to ≤3 cc. Dose conformity, heterogeneity, dose fall-off characteristics and OAR doses show no or very little variation. FFF could offer only limited time advantage due to excess dose rate over an FF beam.
Correlating lung tumour location and motion with respiration using 4D CT scans
Authors: Siow T R. , Lim S K.
Published: January 2020

Background:

Lung tumours, especially those in the lower lobes, can move a lot during respiration; this motion needs to be accounted for during radiotherapy. In cases where 4D CT simulation scans are not performed, the current protocol at our centre is to apply a generic (internal motion + setup) margin of 0·70 cm in the axial plane and 1·20 cm in the longitudinal plane to all lung tumours, regardless of location. We analyse the tumour motions of a cohort of our local patients and categorise them into different locations in the lung. We seek to assess the adequacy of the current margins and to derive a more accurate set of standard margins which are specific for lung tumour locations.

Methods:

All cases of lung tumours treated with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy between 2012 and 2016 were identified retrospectively and 4D CT scan data analysed. These tumours were grouped into the following locations: upper zone (UZ), middle zone (MZ) and lower zone (LZ). The treatment planning system was used to generate the displacements of the centre of mass of the tumours in the right–left, anterior–posterior and superior–inferior axes; these were compared with the current generic margins. Median displacements were calculated for each axis in each location. New planning target volume (PTV) margins were derived by summing the median displacement, median absolute deviation (MAD) and 0·5 cm (for setup error).

Results:

Sixty-three cases were eligible for analyses. Motion in the superior–inferior direction was the greatest for all tumour locations, ranging from a median of 0·17 cm (MAD 0·12 cm) in UZ to 0·77 cm (MAD 0·27 cm) in LZ. Median tumour displacements in the anterior–posterior and right–left axes were similar for all locations, <0·30 and 0·20 cm, respectively. The current generic margins were adequate for only one-third of the cases in this study. A new PTV margin of 2·10 cm in the superior–inferior axis may be required for LZ tumours, while an additional 1–2 mm should be added to the current radial margins.

Conclusion:

The current generic margins are inadequate for the majority of cases. Tumour motion is the greatest in LZ in the superior–inferior axis. Motion mitigation strategies are essential for large LZ tumours.
Genetics of fruit oleoresin and capsaicin contents in chilli inter-species (Capsicum annuum × C. chinense) cross
Authors: Bhavani B. , Anilkumar C. , Rao A. Mohan , Ramesh S.
Published: January 2020

Choice of the most appropriate breeding method hinges on mode of action of genes controlling expression of target traits. Pungency (capsaicin) and colour (oleoresin) are most important fruit quality traits in chilli. Genetics of fruit quality traits was unravelled using a combination of first and second degree statistics. An additive-dominance model was inadequate to explain the inheritance of fruit yield and quality traits. Magnitude of additive genetic effects [a] and their variances [σ2A] were higher than those of dominance genetic effects [d] and dominance genetic variances [σ2D] suggesting predominance of additive effect genes in the inheritance of both oleoresin and capsaicin contents. These results are discussed in relation to appropriate selection strategy to be followed for genetic improvement of chilli for oleoresin and capsaicin contents.
Pebble accretion onto planets in turbulent discs
Authors: Kley Wilhelm , Picogna Giovanni , Stoll Moritz H. R.
Published: January 2020

Planets form in protoplanetary accretion discs around young protostars. These discs are driven by internal turbulence and the gas flow is not laminar but has stochastic components. For weakly ionised discs the turbulence can be generated purely hydrodynamically through the vertical shear instability (VSI). Embedded particles (dust/pebbles) experience a hydrodynamic drag and drift inward radially and are stirred up vertically by the turbulent motion of the disc. We study the accretion of particles onto a forming planet embedded in a VSI turbulent protoplanetary disc through a series of 3D hydrodynamical simulations for locally isothermal discs with embedded planets in the mass range from 5 to 100 Earth masses (M2295).
Carbon and oxygen abundances in dwarf stars of the Solar neighbourhood
Authors: Tautvaišienė G. , Minkevičiūtė R. , Stonkutė E. , Drazdauskas A. , Mikolaitis Š.
Published: January 2020

Stars and planets form from the same material, thus some of their properties are expected to be inter-connected. In order to characterise exoplanets, we need to investigate the planet-hosting stars. Carbon and oxygen are quite abundant and play an important role in stellar interiors by generating energy in thermonuclear reactions. Abundances of C and O may influence water availability on exoplanets. The C/O ratio also controls an amount of carbides and silicates that can be formed. Thus, we are performing a uniform study of C/O ratios in bright stars ( V < mag) located towards the northern ecliptic pole which will be targeted by the TESS and JWST space missions. The first results for a sample of 140 stars analysed are presented.
Formation of S-type planets in close binaries: tidal capture of circumbinary planets
Authors: Ji Jianghui , Gong Yan-Xiang
Published: January 2020

In this work, we proposed a possible mechanism for the formation S-type planet in close binaries (0.5 au < aB < 3 au). Numerical simulations showed that the maximum capture probability is ∼ 10%, which can be comparable to the tidal capture probability of hot Jupiters in single star systems. The capture probability is related to binary configurations. Furthermore, we find that S-type planets with retrograde orbits can be naturally produced via capture process. These planets on retrograde orbits can help us distinguish in situ formation and post-capture origin for S-type planet in close binaries. The forthcoming missions (PLATO or TESS) will provide the opportunity and feasibility to detect such planets.
Water delivery to dry protoplanets by hit-and-run collisions
Authors: Burger Christoph , Maindl Thomas I. , Schäfer Christoph
Published: January 2020

Final water inventories of newly formed terrestrial planets are shaped by their collision history. A setting where volatiles are transported from beyond the snowline to habitable-zone planets suggests collisions of very dry with water-rich bodies. By means of smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations we study water delivery in scenarios where a dry target is hit by a water-rich projectile, focusing on hit-and-run encounters with two large surviving bodies, which probably comprise about half of all similar-sized collisions (Genda et al. 2017).
Formation of the Earth-Moon system
Authors: Ipatov Sergei I.
Published: January 2020

Trans-Neptunian satellite systems and embryos of the Earth-Moon system could be formed as a result of contraction of rarefied condensations. The angular momenta of rarefied condensations needed for such formation could be acquired at collisions of condensations. The angular momentum of the present Earth-Moon system could be acquired at a collision of two rarefied condensations with a total mass not smaller than 0.1ME, where ME is the mass of the Earth. The mass of the condensation that was a parent for the embryos of the Earth and the Moon could be about 0.01ME, if we take into account the growth of the angular momentum of the embryos with growth of their masses. The Moon embryo could get by an order of magnitude more material ejected from the Earth embryo than that fell directly onto the Moon embryo.
Near-Earth object population and formation of lunar craters during the last billion of years
Authors: Ipatov Sergei I. , Feoktistova Ekaterina A. , Svetsov Vladimir V.
Published: January 2020

We compared the number of lunar craters with diameters greater than 15 km with age less than 1.1 Gyr in the region of the Oceanus Procellarum with the estimates of the number of craters made based on the number of near-Earth objects and on the characteristic times elapsed before collisions of near-Earth objects with the Moon. Our estimates allow the increase of the number of near-Earth objects after a recent catastrophic disruption of a large main-belt asteroid. However, destruction of some old craters and variations in orbital distribution of near-Earth objects with time could allow that the mean number of near-Earth objects during the last billion years could be close to the present value.
Multiplicity study of T Tauri starsin the Lupus star forming region
Authors: Mugrauer M. , Ginski C. , Vogt N. , Neuhäuser R.
Published: January 2020

We carried out a high contrast imaging search for (sub)stellar companions of young pre-main sequence stars in the Lupus star forming region. For this project we utilized NACO/ESO-VLT, operated at the Paranal observatory. On this poster, we presented the results of this survey. In several observing campaigns we could obtain diffraction limited deep IR imaging data and detected faint co-moving companions around our targets, whose astro- and photometry was determined in all observing epochs. The co-moving companions found in our survey exhibit angular separations in the range between about 0.1 and a few arcsecs, i.e. projected separations between about 10 and a few hundreds of au, at the average distance of our targets of about 140 pc. Beside several new binary and triple star systems, whose multiplicity was revealed in this survey, also faint co-moving companions in the substellar mass regime could be identified close to some of our targets.
Dust Trapping and Coagulation in Protoplanetary Disks
Authors: Li Ya-Ping
Published: January 2020

In this work, we carry out two-fluid (gas+dust) hydrodynamical simulations on a large family of models in order to study the dust coagulation and the dust-gas dynamical processes in protoplanetary disks. Our theoretical effort is guided by the observational results of disks in nearby star forming regions at sub-millimeter and millimeter (mm) wavelengths. By a systematic comparison with the continuum emission at several mm bands from ALMA observations, we find that ringed structures are predicated in the unresolved faint disks for those with mm spectral indexes as low as about 2.0. Our parameter exploration can also be used to constrain the fragmentation velocity, one key parameter of the dust coagulation model, and some other disk parameters.
Constraints of habitability for the young Earth in a highly eccentric orbit
Authors: Pilat-Lohinger Elke , Kislyakova Kristina G. , Lammer Helmut , Johnstone Colin P. , Bancelin David , Bazsó Ákos
Published: January 2020

Thousands of planets outside the Solar system have been discovered, with exoplanets in different environments. Since we cannot expect to find an exoplanetary system fully resembling our Solar System, we consider a Solar System type configuration where the Earth moves in an eccentric orbit. We focus on young Earth 1 billion years ago, when the Sun’s extreme UV (EUV) flux was about 5 times higher than the current radiation. In case of eccentric motion of Earth, strong variations of the EUV flux would influence the evolution of the planet’s atmosphere (EUV radiation of 50 times the current EUV flux would be possible). Taking into account a certain amount of Nitrogen in the atmosphere of such a young Earth, we study the non-thermal loss of N2 over a long time interval. We therefore investigate to what extent eccentric motion will influence the conditions of habitability of a terrestrial planet.
The physical and chemical properties of planet forming disks
Authors: Kamp Inga
Published: January 2020

VLT instruments and ALMA have revolutionized in the past five years our view and understanding of how disks turn into planetary systems. They provide exquisite insights into non-axisymmetric structures likely closely related to ongoing planet formation processes. The following cannot be a complete review of the physical and chemical properties of disks; instead I focus on a few selected aspects. I will review our current understanding of the physical properties (e.g. solid and gas mass content, snow and ice lines) and chemical composition of planet forming disks at ages of 1-few Myr, especially in the context of the planetary systems that are forming inside them. I will highlight recent advances achieved by means of consistent multi-wavelength studies of gas AND dust in protoplanetary disks.
Resolving star and planet formation with ALMA
Authors: Bjerkeli Per , Harsono Daniel , van der Wiel Matthijs H. D. , Ramsey Jon P. , Kristensen Lars E. , Jørgensen Jes K.
Published: January 2020

Disks around young stars are the sites of planet formation. As such, the physical and chemical structure of disks have a direct impact on the formation of planetary bodies. Outflowing winds remove angular momentum and mass and affect the disk structure and therefore potentially planet formation. Until very recently, we have lacked the facilities to provide the necessary observational tools to peer into the wind launching and planet forming regions of the young disks. Within the framework of the Resolving star formation with ALMA program, young protostellar systems are targeted with ALMA to resolve the disk formation, outflow launching and planet formation. This contribution presents the first results of the program. The first resolved images of outflow launching from a disk were recently reported towards the Class I source TMC1A (Bjerkeli et al. 2016) where we also present early evidence of grain growth (Harsono et al. 2018).
Application of synthetic auxin herbicides to suppress seed viability of Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) in tall fescue seed production
Authors: Bobadilla Lucas K. , Hulting Andrew G. , Curtis Daniel W. , Mallory-Smith Carol
Published: January 2020

Italian ryegrass is one of the most troublesome weeds worldwide because of the rapid evolution of herbicide resistance in this species. Oregon tall fescue seed production requires high seed purity, demanding good control of Italian ryegrass. The necessity to control herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass and maintain tall fescue seed purity created interest in new chemical management options. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of synthetic auxin herbicides on seed viability of Italian ryegrass biotypes and the feasibility of this management strategy for use in tall fescue seed production. Eight treatments of synthetic auxin herbicides were applied to Italian ryegrass and tall fescue at two growth stages (boot and anthesis): dicamba (1.0 and 2.2 kg ae ha−1), 2,4-D (1.1 and 2.2 kg ae ha−1), aminopyralid (0.5 kg ae ha−1), dicamba + 2.4-D (0.8 + 1.1 kg ae ha−1), 2.4-D + clopyralid (1.1 + 0.3 kg ae ha−1), and halauxifen-methyl + florasulam (0.4 kg ae ha−1 + 0.4 kg ai ha−1). Aminopyralid applied at boot and anthesis stages of Italian ryegrass reduced seed viability. Aminopyralid treatments reduced seed viability and weight of Italian ryegrass more than 50% compared to the control. Four biotypes from different locations in western Oregon with different types of herbicide resistance were sprayed, and differences in aminopyralid effect among Italian ryegrass biotypes were documented. Aminopyralid reduced the speed of germination by 1 to 2 d. Aminopyralid treatments had a greater effect when applied at the anthesis stage and had a greater negative impact on tall fescue. Tall fescue plants were more susceptible to aminopyralid, so this management practice is not feasible for tall fescue seed production. Future studies are needed to understand the physiological mechanisms involved in the reduced seed viability and to define an optimum aminopyralid rate for different Italian ryegrass biotypes.
Cross-resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase–inhibiting herbicides conferred by a target-site mutation in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) from Argentina
Authors: Yanniccari Marcos , Gigón Ramón
Published: January 2020

In Argentina,Loliumspp. occur in 40% of winter cereal crops from the Pampas. Several years ago, cases of glyphosate-resistant perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) were detected, and the use of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides to eradicate these plants has been considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of a putative pinoxaden-resistantL. perennepopulation to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. Around 80% of plants from the putative resistant population survived at a recommended dose of pinoxaden, and they produced viable seeds. The resistance indices (RIs) to pinoxaden were 5.1 and 2.8 for plant survival and seed production, respectively. A single point mutation that conferred a Asp-2078-Gly substitution in ACCase was the source of the resistance. To match the plant control achieved in the susceptible population, the resistant population required 5.4- and 10.4-fold greater doses of clethodim and quizalofop, respectively. RIs for viable seed production when treated with clethodim and quizalofop were 3.3 and 6.6, respectively. The Asp-2078-Gly mutation endowed significant levels of resistance to pinoxaden, clethodim, and quizalofop. For three herbicides, the level of resistance of a pinoxaden-resistantL. perennepopulation to ACCase inhibitors was evaluated, based on an evaluation of dose response for plant survival and seed production. The RIs were higher for plant survival than for seed production. In Argentina, the selection pressure associated with clethodim and haloxifop preplant application and pinoxaden use on wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) crops, would have favored the propagation of the Asp-2078-Gly mutation with its associated resistance.
Psychische Belastetheit im Bereich Hyperaktivität / Aufmerksamkeitsprobleme und die Qualität der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung aus der Sicht von Jugendlichen
Authors: Roos Stefanie , Stetinova-Popitz Katerina
Published: January 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Sicht von Jugendlichen scheint besonders interessant, wenn es um eine Einschätzung von Stärken und Schwächen im eigenen Verhalten und die erlebte Qualität der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung geht. Der Fokus lag in der vorliegenden Untersuchung auf einer subjektiven jugendlichen Bewertung von sich selbst bezogen auf die Problembereiche Hyperaktivität und Unaufmerksamkeit. Es wurden im schulischen Kontext Daten bei einer großen Zahl an Jugendlichen (N = 2324; Alter: Ø 15,4 Jahre) mittels „Elternbildfragebogen für Kinder und Jugendliche“ ( EBF-KJ) und der „Skala Hyperaktivität / Unaufmerksamkeitsprobleme“ des „Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire“ ( SDQ) erhoben. Es zeigen sich in Abhängigkeit der subjektiven Belastetheit im Bereich Hyperaktivität / Unaufmerksamkeit (unauffällige, grenzwertige und auffällige Summenwerte auf der entsprechenden SDQ-Skala) signifikante Unterschiede bezogen auf die Gesamtqualität der Elternrepräsentation, aber auch im Hinblick auf einzelne von den Jugendlichen formulierte Stärken und Schwächen in der Beziehung zu Mutter und Vater. Geschlechtsunterschiede liegen vor, werden kritisch betrachtet, bleiben aber von ihrer Effektstärke her sehr gering. Interessanter Weise fällt die Gruppe mit den grenzwertigen SDQ-Selbsteinschätzungen zum Teil mit signifikant höheren Mittelwerten auf den Risikoskalen des EBF-KJ sowie signifikanten Unterschieden zur unauffälligen Gruppe auf. Mögliche Erklärungen und Konsequenzen für die Praxis werden diskutiert.
Suicide Attempt and Associated Factors Among Adolescents in Five Southeast Asian Countries in 2015
Authors: Pengpid Supa , Peltzer Karl
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Background: Suicide is a major cause of death among adolescents. Aims: The study aimed to report on the prevalence and correlates of suicide attempt among in-school adolescents in five Southeast Asian countries. Method: Cross-sectional data from the 2015 Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) included 33,004 middle-school children (mean age = 14.3 years, SD = 1.6) that were representative of all students in secondary school in Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, and Timor-Leste. Results: The overall prevalence of past 12-month suicide attempt was 9.0%, ranging from 3.9% in Indonesia to 16.2% in the Philippines. Among those with a suicide attempt in the past 12 months, almost half (49.0%) had suicidal ideation and 47.7% had a suicide plan in the past 12 months. In adjusted Poisson regression analysis, female gender, residing in Laos, Philippines, Thailand, and Timor-Leste, no close friends, loneliness, anxiety, bullying victimization, physical attack, lack of parental support, lack of peer support, current alcohol use, lifetime cannabis use, lifetime amphetamine use, soft drink consumption, truancy, and injury were associated with suicide attempt. Limitations: The correlational nature of the study limits the implications of the findings. Conclusion: Almost one in 10 students had attempted suicide in the past 12 months and several factors associated with suicide attempt were identified among adolescents in five Southeast Asian countries.
Point‐Source Inversion of Small and Moderate Earthquakes From P‐wave Polarities and P/S Amplitude Ratios Within a Hierarchical Bayesian Framework: Implications for the Geysers Earthquakes
Authors: Shang Xueyi , Tkalčić Hrvoje
Published: January 2020

Characterizing seismic moment tensors of small‐ to moderate‐magnitude earthquakes (i.e., 2.5<M<4.0) still represents a challenge in observational seismology. To address this problem, inversion methods based on fitting the first‐motion polarity and/or the amplitude ratios of the recorded waves have been designed, and where possible, the full waveform inversions were also used. The inversions that include a combination of subsets of data are desirable, but the weighting of each subset is typically treated in an ad hoc manner. In order to circumvent this problem, here we develop a new method in a Bayesian framework, which apart from the model‐parameter means and uncertainties, also relaxes the weighting scheme as a free hyper‐parameter. We then rigorously test our proposed method for a range of representative focal mechanisms, each with a different level of noise. The proposed method constrains full moment‐tensors better than the methods that employ only the first polarity, the amplitude ratio subsets of data or a combination of all subsets with fixed weightings. We apply our method to three representative events of different magnitudes from the Geysers, California geothermal field (the 26 April 2011; Mw 3.90, the 30 January 2010; Mw 3.61, and the 6 January 2012; Mw 2.75 earthquakes). While there are similarities with the previous results, two of the events require significantly smaller double‐couple and higher positive isotropic components than previously estimated. This discrepancy in the obtained results has implications for the interpretation of physical mechanisms responsible for the seismicity in the Geysers. Overall, we demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method, which opens a way to analyze small‐ to moderate‐size events in different settings where the contribution of non‐double‐couple components in the seismic moment tensor is significant.
Influence of Floods, Tides, and Vegetation on Sediment Retention in Wax Lake Delta, Louisiana, USA
Authors: Olliver E. A. , Edmonds D. A. , Shaw J. B.
Published: January 2020

Sediment is the most valuable natural resource for deltaic environments because it is required to build new land. For land building to occur, sediment must be retained in the delta instead of being transported offshore. Despite this, we do not know what controls sediment retention within a delta. Here we use a calibrated numerical model of Wax Lake Delta, Louisiana, USA to analyze sediment retention for different riverine flood magnitudes, tidal amplitudes, and vegetation extents. Our results show that as riverine flood magnitude increases, areally averaged vertical accretion increases from 0.33 to 2 cm per 60‐day flood, but sediment retention decreases from 72% to 34%. For the uniform vegetation characteristics considered, the buffering effect, defined as the reduction of sediment flux onto the islands in the presence of vegetation, reduces the sediment flux onto the islands 14 to 22% on a fully vegetated delta. When sediment is transported onto the islands, vegetation enhances retention, which we refer to as the trapping effect, by ~10%. But, this does not offset the buffering effect, and vegetation decreases vertical accretion and retention in the delta up to 6% (or ~0.5 cm per 60‐day flood). We suggest that vegetation will increase sedimentation only when trapping compensates for buffering. Finally, greater tidal amplitude at higher discharges enhances vertical accretion by ~0.5 cm per 60‐day flood compared to smaller tidal amplitudes. These results provide insight on the mechanisms behind coastal systems growth, and suggest how sediment diversions might be operated more efficiently in deltas with reduced sediment supply.
Sensitivity Analysis‐Based Automatic Parameter Calibration of the VIC Model for Streamflow Simulations Over China
Authors: Gou Jiaojiao , Miao Chiyuan , Duan Qingyun , Tang Qiuhong , Di Zhenhua , Liao Weihong , Wu Jingwen , Zhou Rui
Published: January 2020

Model parameter calibration is a fundamentally important stage that must be completed before applying a model to address practical problems. In this study, we describe an automatic calibration framework that combines sensitivity analysis (SA) and an adaptive surrogate modeling‐based optimization (ASMO) algorithm. We use this framework to calibrate catchment‐specific sensitive parameters for streamflow simulation in the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model with a 0.25° spatial resolution over 10 major river basins of China from 1960 to 1979. We found that three parameters—the infiltration parameter (B) and two of the soil depth parameters (D1, D2)—are highly sensitive in most basins, while other parameter sensitivities are strongly related to the dynamic environment of the basin. Compared with directly calibrating the seven parameters recommended for the default calibration procedure, our framework not only reduced the computing time by two thirds through opting out of insensitive parameters (type I error) but also improved the Nash‐Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) for optimized results when it identified a missing sensitive parameter (type II error) in the case study river basins. Results show that the SA‐based ASMO framework is an effective and efficient model‐optimization technique for matching simulated streamflow with observations across China. The NSE for monthly streamflow ranged from 0.75 to 0.97 and from 0.71 to 0.97 during the validation and calibration periods, respectively. The calibrated parameters can be applied directly in streamflow simulations across China, and the proposed calibration framework holds important implications for relevant simulation studies in other regions.
Accelerating development of high-risk neuroblastoma patient-derived xenograft models for preclinical testing and personalised therapy
Authors: Kamili Alvin , Gifford Andrew J. , Li Nancy , Mayoh Chelsea , Chow Shu-Oi , Failes Timothy W. , Eden Georgina L. , Cadiz Roxanne , Xie Jinhan , Lukeis Robyn E. , Norris Murray D. , Haber Michelle , McCowage Geoffrey B. , Arndt Greg M. , Trahair Toby N. , Fletcher Jamie I.
Published: January 2020

Background

Predictive preclinical models play an important role in the assessment of new treatment strategies and as avatar models for personalised medicine; however, reliable and timely model generation is challenging. We investigated the feasibility of establishing patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of high-risk neuroblastoma from a range of tumour-bearing patient materials and assessed approaches to improve engraftment efficiency.

Methods

PDX model development was attempted in NSG mice by using tumour materials from 12 patients, including primary and metastatic solid tumour samples, bone marrow, pleural fluid and residual cells from cytogenetic analysis. Subcutaneous, intramuscular and orthotopic engraftment were directly compared for three patients.

Results

PDX models were established for 44% (4/9) of patients at diagnosis and 100% (5/5) at relapse. In one case, attempted engraftment from pleural fluid resulted in an EBV-associated atypical lymphoid proliferation. Xenogeneic graft versus host disease was observed with attempted engraftment from lymph node and bone marrow tumour samples but could be prevented by T-cell depletion. Orthotopic engraftment was more efficient than subcutaneous or intramuscular engraftment.

Conclusions

High-risk neuroblastoma PDX models can be reliably established from diverse sample types. Orthotopic implantation allows more rapid model development, increasing the likelihood of developing an avatar model within a clinically useful timeframe.
Physical activity and breast cancer risk: results from the UK Biobank prospective cohort
Authors: Guo Wenji , Fensom Georgina K. , Reeves Gillian K. , Key Timothy J.
Published: January 2020

Background

Previous studies suggest a protective role of physical activity in breast cancer risk, largely based on self-reported activity. We aimed to clarify this association by examining breast cancer risk in relation to self-reported physical activity, informed by accelerometer-based measures in a large subset of participants.

Methods

We analysed data from 47,456 premenopausal and 126,704 postmenopausal women in UK Biobank followed from 2006 to 2014. Physical activity was self-reported at baseline, and at resurvey in a subsample of 6443 participants. Accelerometer data, measured from 2013 to 2015, were available in 20,785 women. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression.

Results

A total of 3189 cases were diagnosed during follow-up (mean = 5.7 years). Women in the top compared with the bottom quartile of self-reported physical activity had a reduced risk of both premenopausal (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.60–0.93) and postmenopausal breast cancer (RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.78–0.98), after adjusting for adiposity. In analyses utilising physical activity values assigned from accelerometer measurements, an increase of 5 milli-gravity was associated with a 21% (RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.66–0.95) reduction in premenopausal and a 16% (RR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73–0.96) reduction in postmenopausal breast cancer risk.

Conclusions

Greater physical activity is associated with a reduction in breast cancer risk, which appears to be independent of any association it may have on risk through its effects on adiposity.
Passively stable distribution of polarisation entanglement over 192 km of deployed optical fibre
Authors: Wengerowsky Sören , Joshi Siddarth Koduru , Steinlechner Fabian , Zichi Julien R. , Liu Bo , Scheidl Thomas , Dobrovolskiy Sergiy M. , Molen René van der , Los Johannes W. N. , Zwiller Val , Versteegh Marijn A. M. , Mura Alberto , Calonico Davide , Inguscio Massimo , Zeilinger Anton , Xuereb André , Ursin Rupert
Published: January 2020

Quantum key distribution (QKD) based on entangled photon pairs holds the potential for repeater-based quantum networks connecting clients over long distance. We demonstrate long-distance entanglement distribution by means of polarisation-entangled photon pairs through two successive deployed 96 km-long telecommunications fibres in the same submarine cable. One photon of each pair was detected directly after the source, while the other travelled the fibre cable in both directions for a total distance of 192 km and attenuation of 48 dB. The observed two-photon Bell state exhibited a fidelity 85 ± 2% and was stable over several hours. We employed neither active stabilisation of the quantum state nor chromatic dispersion compensation for the fibre.
Dynamical and thermal magnetic properties of the Kitaev spin liquid candidate α-RuCl3
Authors: Laurell Pontus , Okamoto Satoshi
Published: January 2020

What is the correct low-energy spin Hamiltonian description of $$\alpha$$
α
-RuCl$$_{3}$$

3

? The material is a promising Kitaev spin liquid candidate, but is also known to order magnetically, the description of which necessitates additional interaction terms. The nature of these interactions, their magnitudes and even signs, remain an open question. In this work we systematically investigate dynamical and thermodynamic magnetic properties of proposed effective Hamiltonians. We calculate zero-temperature inelastic neutron scattering (INS) intensities using exact diagonalization, and magnetic specific heat using a thermal pure quantum states method. We find that no single current model satisfactorily explains all observed phenomena of $$\alpha$$
α
-RuCl$$_{3}$$

3

. In particular, we find that Hamiltonians derived from first principles can capture the experimentally observed high-temperature peak in the magnetic specific heat, while overestimating the magnon energy at the zone center. In contrast, other models reproduce important features of the INS data, but do not adequately describe the magnetic specific heat. To address this discrepancy we propose a modified ab initio model that is consistent with both magnetic specific heat and low-energy features of INS data.
A single dose of a vesicular stomatitis virus-based influenza vaccine confers rapid protection against H5 viruses from different clades
Authors: Furuyama Wakako , Reynolds Pierce , Haddock Elaine , Meade-White Kimberly , Quynh Le Mai , Kawaoka Yoshihiro , Feldmann Heinz , Marzi Andrea
Published: January 2020

The avian influenza virus outbreak in 1997 highlighted the potential of the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus to cause severe disease in humans. Therefore, effective vaccines against H5N1 viruses are needed to counter the potential threat of a global pandemic. We have previously developed a fast-acting and efficacious vaccine against Ebola virus (EBOV) using the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) platform. In this study, we generated recombinant VSV-based H5N1 influenza virus vectors to demonstrate the feasibility of this platform for a fast-acting pan-H5 influenza virus vaccine. We chose multiple approaches regarding antigen design and genome location to define a more optimized vaccine approach. After the VSV-based H5N1 influenza virus constructs were recovered and characterized in vitro, mice were vaccinated by a single dose or prime/boost regimen followed by challenge with a lethal dose of the homologous H5 clade 1 virus. We found that a single dose of VSV vectors expressing full-length hemagglutinin (HAfl) were sufficient to provide 100% protection. The vaccine vectors were fast-acting as demonstrated by uniform protection when administered 3 days prior to lethal challenge. Moreover, single vaccination induced cross-protective H5-specific antibodies and protected mice against lethal challenge with various H5 clade 2 viruses, highlighting the potential of the VSV-based HAfl as a pan-H5 influenza virus emergency vaccine.
Anomalously warm temperatures are associated with increased injury deaths
Authors: Parks Robbie M. , Bennett James E. , Tamura-Wicks Helen , Kontis Vasilis , Toumi Ralf , Danaei Goodarz , Ezzati Majid
Published: January 2020

Temperatures that deviate from the long-term local norm affect human health, and are projected to become more frequent as the global climate changes1. There are limited data on how such anomalies affect deaths from injuries. In the present study, we used data on mortality and temperature over 38 years (1980–2017) in the contiguous USA and formulated a Bayesian spatio-temporal model to quantify how anomalous temperatures, defined as deviations of monthly temperature from the local average monthly temperature over the entire analysis period, affect deaths from unintentional (transport, falls and drownings) and intentional (assault and suicide) injuries, by age group and sex. We found that a 1.5 °C anomalously warm year, as envisioned under the Paris Climate Agreement2, would be associated with an estimated 1,601 (95% credible interval 1,430–1,776) additional injury deaths. Of these additional deaths, 84% would occur in males, mostly in adolescence to middle age. These would comprise increases in deaths from drownings, transport, assault and suicide, offset partly by a decline in deaths from falls in older ages. The findings demonstrate the need for targeted interventions against injuries during periods of anomalously warm temperatures, especially as these episodes are likely to increase with global climate change.
Evaluation of Ozone Removal by Spent Coffee Grounds
Authors: Hsieh Pei-Fu , Wen Tsrong-Yi
Published: January 2020

Activated carbon is the most known material used to adsorb ozone. Activating carbonaceous materials by ozonation is commonly used to produce activated carbon, however, requiring sophisticated skills and professional equipment. This paper presents a reversed idea: to adsorb ozone using an unactivated carbonaceous material, coffee. Three powder adsorbents are presented: fresh coffee (unactivated), spent coffee grounds (unactivated), and activated carbon (commercially available). The test is conducted by measuring and comparing the ozone concentration in an ozone-supplied chamber with or without the ozone adsorbent. The results show that, at the specific conditions, the peak ozone concentration is lowered by 38% to 56% when the chamber has the activated carbon. At the same conditions, the peak ozone concentration is lowered by 25% to 43% when the chamber has the coffee powders (either fresh or spent). The elemental analysis demonstrates that the oxygen content after the ozone adsorption increases by 20%, 14.4%, and 34.5% for the fresh coffee, the spent coffee grounds, and the activated carbon, respectively. The characteristic analysis (the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the thermogravimetric, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) suggests that the unactivated coffee is not porous, however, contains various organic compounds that could react with and consume ozone.