bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application and Justification of Eclectic Approach (an Innovative Teaching Style) for ELT Practitioners in both Private and Public Universities in Bangladesh
Authors: Summa Sumya Alam
Published: April 2021

The use of modern innovative techniques is an essential requirement for language pedagogy. One single method cannot meet all the needs of learners in language teaching.  The purpose of this paper is to figure out the contextual application of eclecticism and compare two perspectives of learning which relates to public and private educational institutions. (Reference: both AIUB and BSMRSTU where I had been teaching for years). This study intends to draw the picture of real-life teaching experiences in both private and public universities. My focus will be on justification of practicing all four skills, specially listening and speaking skill through eclecticism. It is all about a teacher’s unique innovations and his/her own creations to cover up all skills in one lesson. To conduct this research, a comparative study based of literature review was done to find out real problems of each institution. Some new innovative techniques and activities have been applied in learning and acquiring English in my classroom. All the students were given some tasks and they were asked to follow some instructions given. They became interested to accomplish all the tasks and learn lessons promptly. My goal is to talk about how successful a teacher can be to introduce a new technique. For example, teachers are suggested here to practice on the basis of ‘realia’ like playing and listening songs and music videos as innovative texts to exercise on all for skills. At last, the general purpose of this paper is to discuss a very authentic new technique, its future implications, results, problems and solutions. To talk about these, limitations of all other single methods and some current practices will be mentioned to investigate learners’ needs on the basis of “Needs Analysis”.  Some solutions will be suggested at the very end of this paper.
An Investigation of the English Vocabulary Knowledge of Lower Secondary Students: A Case Study of a Malaysian School
Authors: Mayadi Noor Syahira Noor , Yamat Hamidah
Published: April 2021

This preliminary study aimed to investigate the vocabulary level of lower secondary students in Kedah, specifically in a school located at a sub-urban area. The purpose was to gather the base data for a study on the effectiveness of using audio-visual materials in enhancing students’ vocabulary.  In this preliminary study, quantitative approach was employed to identify the vocabulary level of the secondary school students.  The samples consisted of 30 Form 1 students from a sub-urban school in Kepala Batas, Kedah, Malaysia. A vocabulary checklist was used to identify their knowledge of vocabulary and a vocabulary test was used to identify their vocabulary levels. The finding of this study shows that the students are at intermediate level on vocabulary knowledge. Based on this finding, the researcher will be able to conduct a suitable activity according to the students’ vocabulary knowledge for the study on the effectiveness of using audio-visual materials in enhancing students’ vocabulary.
Translation Technique of “Red Herring” as a Conversation Topic Change in Big Little Lies Novel by Liane Moriarty
Authors: Prihartanti Gandis Octya , M. R. Nababan  , Djatmika
Published: April 2021

Through this paper, the authors expose “Red Herring” as a kind of logical fallacy used to change conversation topic caused by sensitive topics that attack someone’s face. The authors choose qualitative research design since format data is presented by words. Thus, the utterances in Big Little Lies novel by Liane Moriarty are selected as data. To collect the data, the authors applied a documentary study  which covers document analysis and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). FGD is done  by raters who have capability  of translation studies and linguistics whose role is to recognize translation technique and assess translation qualities as well. There are 10 translation techniques that are used for “Red Herring.” Moreover, after the calculation, the results for translation qualities are as follows 2.96 (accuracy), 2.88 (acceptability), and 2.92 (readability). The translation technique that affects Red Herring’s quality score of accuracy is literal. Meanwhile, borrowing translation technique affects the acceptability and readability score. Although there are translation aspects  whose scores are reduced due to translation techniques, its quality is still relatively good. It is because of the majority of translation techniques which are used do not have this impact.
Explanatory Notes on the Problems of Equivalence in the Translation of Academic Certificates and Diplomas
Authors: Akpaca Servais Martial
Published: April 2021

The aim of this paper is to discuss the impact of the multicultural dimension of English on the translation of academic diplomas issued at secondary school level in French-speaking countries. Translators have difficulty in finding the equivalents of the diplomas in English (the target language). The methodology of the paper is both descriptive and comparative. On the one hand, the polycentric nature of the English language is described and its implications for translation are underlined. On the other hand, a comparative approach is used in comparing the diplomas from both linguistic communities. The findings of the paper revealed that translating from the source language (French) into English is both a linguistic and, particularly, a cultural transaction. There are three circles of English in the world, making the search for equivalents particularly complex. Translation under these conditions needs to adopt a functional approach by taking into account the realities of the target language and culture.
Retro, Nostalgia and Absurdity: The British Temperaments in Film 1917
Authors: Han Guo , Jing Hua
Published: April 2021

The British film 1917 tells the story of two British corporals who crossed dangerous enemy territory to deliver vital information during World War I. The film is full of the retro and nostalgic temperament of British history. The main line of the film, the messenger mission and the battlefield ruins set off against the lonely soldiers, highlighting its absurd aesthetics. This article provides a detailed analysis of British temperaments conveyed in the film 1917 and it is found out the typical British temperaments of being retro, nostalgic and absurd are fully conveyed in this film. And with the understanding of these temperaments one can understand and appreciate the film in a better way.
The Impact of Students’ Proficiency in English on Science Courses in a Foundation Year Program
Authors: Kadwa Mohammed Siddique , Alshenqeeti Hamza
Published: April 2021

English plays a crucial role in determining a student’s academic success and career path in Saudi Arabia. This is one of the reasons why all Saudi Arabian universities offer mandatory foundation year programs to university entrants. The assumption is that if a student has high proficiency levels in the English language, the student will be able to meet the challenges and demands of other science courses that are taught in the English language in the first-year program as well as the subsequent bachelor's programs. In order to prepare students for academic success, the trend at Saudi Arabian universities is to use US or UK publishers to provide the resources for its curriculum which is based on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). This study investigates the relationship between Saudi Arabian university students’ English language levels and their performance in science courses in a foundation year program. Using Oxford University’s Q: Skills Placement Test, quantitative data is used to establish the students’ language levels according to the internationally accepted CEFR scales. The scores were then correlated with students’ overall averages in the science courses.  Data was gathered over a period of five academic years and statistical analyses were conducted using Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient formula and scatter plots. The findings and conclusions have serious implications for curriculum designers at Saudi Arabian universities as well as institutions of higher learning in the Middle East and the Arab world.
Implicatures Used to Communicate Meanings in Sermons: A Study of Pentecostal Churches in Eldoret, Kenya
Authors: Oluoch, Monica Oloo
Published: April 2021

Implicatures are taken to be the meanings that arise due to the flouting of any of the maxims of the Cooperative Principle. The maxims are flouted in order to communicate a meaning beyond the literal meaning of the words used. This paper examines the implicatures used to convey meanings in sermons from selected Pentecostal churches in Eldoret town, Kenya. The research assumed that preachers perform various speech acts but at times they do not get the desired response. It was guided by the Speech Acts theory and the Cooperative Principle. Data for the study was collected using camcorder video recording and participant observation. The data from the camcorder was transcribed word-for-word and then analysed at the level of speech acts and implicatures. The relevant texts were extracted from the selected sermons to illustrate the speech acts and implicatures identified. It was revealed that preachers flout the maxims in order to communicate implied meanings. Preachers use repetition of words and phrases to flout the quantity maxim. In this way, they are able to communicate and reinforce messages to their congregations. Preachers also flout the quality maxim to underscore some of the weaknesses of Christians that make them prone to mistakes or sin. They emphasize these implicatures by making references to examples of characters in the Bible who were not careful in their spiritual walk and who subsequently ended up in a bad place. The relevance maxim is flouted through reference to contextual information in order to strengthen the main message in the sermon. Lastly, the manner maxim is flouted through the use of obscurities in communication, which in themselves represent a lack of spiritual steadiness. It is recommended that the examination of implicatures should be replicated in other Christian denominations and other major world religions to illustrate the communicative strategies used in religious discourse.
Reading Difficulties of Grade 5 Pupils in English
Authors: Rivera Arleen G. , Aggabao Rischelle G.
Published: April 2021

The main purpose of the study was to diagnose the reading difficulties of grade 5 pupils in English. The researchers made use of descriptive method to obtain the data on the reading difficulties, comprehension, and behavioral performance of the respondents. To gather the data, the researchers adopted the reading selections from Philippine Informal Reading Inventory as a tool in examining the reading level of the pupils. As for the respondents’ reading miscues and behavioral performance, a teacher-made questionnaire was used to determine the learning areas that require intervention. The findings of the study pointed out that grade 5 pupils had difficulties on word recognition and reading comprehension. They tend to mispronounce English words and their behavior affects their performance while reading. A proposed reading program was included in this study to provide a reading remediation to learners with reading difficulties. Alongside with this initiative, teachers may conduct drill lessons to monitor progress of the pupils on areas that need improvement. Teachers must also be aware on the common errors committed by the learners to be able to provide remedial instruction.
Investigating Reading Proficiency: A Case Study of a Moroccan High School
Authors: LAKHAL Mounim
Published: April 2021

The present study explores students’ primary concerns, perceptions, difficulties and attitudes characterized by a sheer lack of motivation towards reading. It also demonstrates how a language teacher can prosper in his/her own undertaking to bring about a community of readers with a want to read. This study covers an important comparison between students of three different levels, namely Common Core, First and Second year Baccalaureate. Likewise, it tries to explore the extent to which unmotivated readers are prone to meet the challenges all along the assigned reading tasks. A questionnaire was designed for analyzing the barriers towards attaining reading proficiency. It was also geared to determine the things that should be done to overcome the obstacles towards achieving the aspired reading competence. The results from this study imply that there is reason to suggest the need to develop a want in students to read via breathing life into comprehension texts presented to students. This can be done through integrating more illustrations and key vocabulary rubrics. Equally important, reading texts in students’ textbooks need to be given due importance, and dedicated efforts are to be considered on the part of textbook designers to help students attain and boost their reading skills. Reading, if done extensively, helps develop the reader’s reading competence and ultimately becomes an essential tool for academic success.
On the Effect of Perceived Test Impact on Test Anxiety and Attainment of PhD Candidates: Studying English Proficiency Test in Islamic Azad University
Authors: Ashraf Hamid , Khosravani Mahmood
Published: April 2021

Research findings has shown that high stakes test bring about unfortunate consequences inside and beyond educational context which are known as washback and impact respectively. English proficiency test (EPT) of Islamic Azad University (IAU) in Iran, as an obligatory part of the PhD graduation program, is not an exception. Thus, considering possible adverse consequences of the test, the current research was an attempt to investigate the effect of perceived test impacts on test anxiety and attainment of the examinees. To this aim, a mixed method design was employed in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 81 PhD candidates in different disciplines of the humanities. In the first phase, adopting a framework for test impact perception, a structured interview was conducted on the basis of which participants were assigned to NPTI (non-perceived test impact), MPTI (moderately perceived test impact) and SPTI (severely perceived test impact). Then performance of these was compared in an adopted test anxiety scale (five-point Likert scale) and EPT of IAU. Kruskal-Wallis and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The findings on test anxiety scale indicated a significant difference between groups (χ2 (2) = 52.618, p = 0.000.). However, the group means were not significantly different in EPT (F (2, 77) = 1.975, p = 0.146). Findings obtained from test anxiety supported previous studies carried out in the literature while those from EPT stood in sharp contrast. An experimental design is required to control other variables that interact with these findings. Yet, these findings have implications for applied linguistics, researchers and educational decision makers.
Role of Social Media in English Language Learning to the Adult Learners
Authors: Yadav Meenakshi Sharma
Published: April 2021

Today social media has become part and parcel of adults’ lives. Adult learners use social media much as a key to learn and improve their English as a foreign language (EFL) in academics. Currently, English instructors also encourage their adult learners within the realm of technologies. These learners are too self-motivated to use social media tools to learn English language skills. During texting, chatting, and socializing with friends, family, and global society on Facebook, WhatsApp, Blogs, Wikis, LinkedIn, YouTube, Twitter, Telegram, Hangout, and Snapchat, social media are facilitating and enhancing the process for both teachers and the adult learners worldwide. Due to proliferation of advanced technological equipped electronic handy-gadgets, like smartphones, tablets, laptops, and watches, EFL learners (EFLL) with different social media applications (Apps) and tools have become easy, mobile, and flexible. Even spectacular innovation and creation of mobile Apps of international testing agencies and institutes for EFLL are available formally and informally worldwide. Therefore, in this scientific descriptive research article, the critical study investigates the hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among observed phenomena and personal experience of various websites and social media Apps' interwoven role, creative ways of functioning, and prospects scientifically in the EFLL for adult learners. An adult learner can master a specific skill while using these Apps on social media. Moreover, it is supposed to be handled meticulously and precisely. In that case, social media can prove a boon and panacea for adult learners inside and outside the classroom.
Translation of Names in Consumer-oriented Texts: In-flight Magazines Articles as a Case Study
Authors: Alrumayh Alhanouf
Published: April 2021

This study aims to explore and investigate the procedures that are currently used in translating proper nouns within the area of consumer-oriented texts. The paper contributes to the development of the understanding of translation involving the English-Arabic language pair, with a particular look at differences in their cultural elements in a selection of articles that are taken from in-flight magazines of Gulf region airlines. Vermeer’s model of translation operations for rendering proper names (2003) is adopted to this study while the data is arranged according to Newmark’s categorization of proper names (1988). Findings show that substitution/transliteration is the most frequent translation procedure in the translation of proper names in consumer-oriented texts.
Man-Woman Conflict in Selected Carlos Palanca: Award Winning Plays of the 1980’s
Authors: Ibrahim Bai Salam Macapia
Published: April 2021

The study attempted to help shape a fuller and deeper understanding of man-woman relationships and its attendant tensions, complications and intricacies seen and refracted through the feminist perspective and psychoanalytic lens. To achieve this objective, three selected Palanca award winning plays in the Philippines were critically examined to this end: The Chieftain’s Daughter by Felix Clemente, Celadons by Dhelia Racines, and Brisbane by Bobby Flores Villasis.  Freudian psychoanalytic criticism and feminist perspective guided the analysis and interpretation of the text. It aimed to identify the type of man-woman conflicts in each play and the literary devices which are employed in the plays. It also aimed to examine the confluence factors which underlie the conflicts and the insights into the man-woman relationship conveyed by the selected plays. Based on the analysis, among the devices used to highlight the conflict were dialectics and symbolism. Some of the underlying factors which affect the conflicts were the pressure of traditional value and practices, greed, and insecurities. Thus, this study unveiled the nature of gender and conflict and the understanding of the man-woman relationships through the intervention or mediation of literature.
Rosetta Stone CALL Software as A Vocabulary Teaching Media at Indonesian High Schools
Authors: Nur Rafi’ah , Annisa Rifka
Published: April 2021

Vocabulary is the basic aspect of language. The ability to master vocabulary holds an important part in learning a language, including English. That becomes one of the researcher's considerations to conduct this research when observing at one of Indonesia's high schools since the students show difficulties in vocabulary mastery. Modifying the teaching media can become a problem solving for students' lack of vocabulary mastery. In this case, using Rosetta Stone CALL software is suggested to overcome the problem. The research's objective was to determine whether or not the use of Rosetta Stone CALL software can improve the tenth-grade students' vocabulary mastery. The researcher applied a quasi-experimental method, with two group pre-test and post-test design. The research sample was forty students from two classes taken from the population of the 10th-grade students of SMA Negeri 2 Barru. The data analysis result showed that the pre-test's mean score in the experimental class was 2.21, and the post-test was 3.04. It proves that the tenth-grade students' vocabulary mastery improved using Rosetta Stone CALL Software. After analyzing the data using SPSS version 21, the probability value in the post-test was 0.01, and the significance value was 0.05. It means that the probability value (0.01) was lower than the significance value (0.05). It was indicated that H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. It revealed that the vocabulary mastery of the tenth-grade students of SMA Negeri 2 Barru for the experimental and control groups was significantly different.
The Dynamic Dialectic and the Eclectic Plaintive Rhythm in Bembeya Jazz’s, Black Beats Music
Authors: Diallo Souleymane
Published: April 2021

The foremost line of the post-independent music evolves especially, from a simple to a more compound whole within the understanding of convention of representation and the association of experience become structural materials. Thereby, the basic component of conventional imagery, and the colonialist dynamic straightforward influences frame a new idiosyncratic type that evaluates the establishment of realty, memory and symbol. Correspondingly, through the foundation of intellectual and artistic image, the commensurate imagination of the musical nationalism schedule moves afar unconscious and insensate sensitivity. Indeed, the cultural and artistic body of the Bembeya Jazz and the Black Beats Band deconstruct the colonialist conventional perception of productivity; then, through extensive collective relation with their time and space, their nationalistic music exhibits boundaries of cross-examination regarding the realm of recombination, reconciliation and re-appropriation. Within the respect of material imagination and objective reality, verbal text, and contemporary Western musical instruments become the developing artistic cosmos within a new social and linguistic narrative is structured. Hence, the commitment of this article stands as a diagnostic process within we try to grasp the rapport of the indigenous value of imagination and the transcontinental stylistic effects inside the historio-context of redefining the self, sociolinguistic reflectivity, and perceptive sensibility in post-independent era.
Pidgin Language at Present: The Alternative Language for Nigerian Contemporary Performing Artists
Authors: Rukaye OHWONOHWO Titus , Ebele CHIEDU Rosemary
Published: April 2021

Pidgin language (PL) is cardinal o many Nigerians especially in the South-South region, where the language is mostly used. The pidgin language is mostly employed to solve the issues of language difficulties in terms of usage. This is because of the enormous population of illiterates in Nigeria. The pidgin language is for everybody: the educated, uneducated, rich, poor, etc. The way it is used in Nigeria and elsewhere does not require one going to school to study it before one can actually speak it.  It is a fast-growing language in Nigeria. New lexical items are brought into the province of the language daily especially by Nigerian musicians from the Niger-Delta and Lagos areas. The pidgin language that has been frowned at decades ago is now a contemporary communicative instrument used by different people and for different purposes. This paper, therefore, seeks to demonstrate that pidgin language plays a prevailing role than English Language in Nigeria these days. The paper goes further to state that in the absence of the pidgin language, disseminating messages through songs will not get to the actual target.
Promoting Gender Equality Values in a Fiction Written by A Lombok Female Writer
Authors: Puspita Dewi  , - Riyana Rizki Yuliatin , Sulmi Magfirah  , Dian Eka Sari  , Farida Maricar
Published: April 2021

Plenty of media is used, such as newspapers, magazines, novels, and movies to share information and incorporate some life values, including gender equality values. The collection of short stories entitled NING was written by Irma Argiyanti. She is an active Lombok writer. This research aims to identify the writer's ideology through the artwork (the short story collection). This methodological framework was adopted from Fairclough’s concept of the three-dimensional model, explored gender representation in the short stories, and tried to identify the truth behind the texts' ideology. The results show that the stories represent implicitly and explicitly gender equality values. Therefore, the topics and the stories' flow provide patriarchy, women empowerment, and equality values in the family. Based on the data, there are about 33 words representing women’s names and 19 words of men. Consequently, the short stories pursue the readers to think, elaborate, and accept gender equality values, and it is expected to implement in daily life and change to be a better society.
An Investigation of Using Audio-Visual Aids in the EFL Classes in Libya: A Case Study of Kufrah Secondary Schools
Authors: Al Jawad Ahmed Sanoussi Himeda
Published: April 2021

This study investigates the use of audio-visual aids in the EFL classes in Libyan secondary schools. Specifically, it aims to determine how audio-visual aids could work as an excellent motivational instrument for teachers and students in Kufrah secondary schools. Two sets of questionnaires were administered to teachers and students to clarify the needed information. Kufrah secondary schools were chosen for the survey study. 80 students, and 20 teachers were randomly selected. Through the questionnaires made by the researcher, the data was collected, organized and analysed using statistical techniques like percentages. The results of the study revealed that the use of audio-visual aids to develop EFL students seemed to be effective, as indicated by the teachers and students. The results also showed fewer teacher training opportunities in schools and restricted administrative support. The researcher recommends appropriate teacher training, adequate audio-visual equipment and material, and needed administrative support to ensure the optimum use of audio-visual aids, ensuring the learner's maximum benefit.
Linguistic Features of Kakawing Speeches: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Pantao Alyanah
Published: April 2021

This study took a serious and more probing look at one of the most interesting and well-developed art forms – i.e. Meranaw orature, rhetoric, or public speaking, specifically ceremonial speeches delivered at formal occasions during weddings. The study is qualitative and ethnographicas as it involved participant-observation.  Using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as enunciated by Norman Fairclough (1995) and Textual Analysis of Teun Van Dijk (1998), this study aimed to identify the linguistic features of the ceremonial speeches and discover the values reflected that shaped the ideology of the Meranaws. The values dicoveres were classified to three frameworks-social, political and religious.The findings revealed that Meranaw speech is rich with islamic lexicons that praises Allah, compliments and honorifics, lietmotifs, local words, idiomatics expression and figures of speech which describes the nature of marriage and its relevance in Meranaw society. The study revealed that the values identified defined and shaped what is essential among the Meranaws-the concept of Bangsa (clan). Marriage among the Meranaws is not just a union between the bride and groom but the union of the clans to maintan the status que of the family and preserve purity of the blood line. Marriage is used to impower and elevate the status of the family through kathothonganaya (close family ties), kapagisa-isa (unity) and kambatabata (tightening relationship).
Differences Among English – Arabic Simultaneous Interpreters in Interpreting Trump’s Inaugural Speech in Washington
Authors: Issa Saddam H.M. , Ahmad Ghufran , Al Ersan Falah
Published: April 2021

The objective of this study is to analyze and describe the various techniques followed by three different skilled interpreters of the inaugural speech delivered on Friday, January 20, 2017 by former U.S. President Donald Trump on the West Front of the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. Three separate interpretations by Arab interpreters working for three existing Arabic TV stations, Al-Jazeera, RT Arabia and France 24 Arabic, were analyzed using culture-bound elements in the speech. It is indicated by analyzing the interpreting techniques used that interpreters' wisdom performing better in their mother tongues cannot be maintained. The study also reveals that transcoding was the most commonly used technique.
Recontextualization and Proverbiality: Pragmatic Analysis of Arabic and English Proverbs
Authors: Hashem Zahraa Abed , Muhi Thulfiqar Hussein
Published: April 2021

Proverbs are a type of idiomatic expressions that are commonly used in everyday spoken language. They concisely and figuratively summarize everyday experiences and common observations (Borowska, 2014, p. 22). The use of proverbs often gives rise to interesting pragmatic processes, including, most notably, recontextualization. Recontextualization is intimately connected to two distinctive features of proverbs, namely, traditionality, and self-containedness. Pragmatically, the meanings and functions of the love proverbs, the focus of this paper, are not totally fixed because the conventionalized meanings and functions associated with these proverbs should be modulated in light of the new context of use. This study will examine 50 proverbs of love (25 in each language) from a pragmatic perspective. The analytical framework employed in the analysis will draw on the concept of implicature and the distinction between utterance-type implicature and utterance-token implicature. In this part, the study will draw on Culpeper and Haugh’s (2014) neo-Gricean model. At a higher contextual level, the analysis will follow Linell’s (1998) conceptualization of recontextualization's pragmatic process. The analysis showed that upon using a proverb in a new context, the proverb could go through a recontextualization process that might serve two pragmatic functions: illocution shift and foregrounding of didactic content.
Learning Theories and Foreign Language Teaching Methods: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Nifaoui Asma
Published: April 2021

L’objectif de cet article est de donner un aperçu historique sur les courants d’apprentissage qui ont marqué plusieurs domaines ces deux derniers siècles, et dont les méthodes d’enseignement des langues étrangères se sont largement inspirées. Enseigner et apprendre une langue étrangère a toujours été la préoccupation majeure des responsables exerçant dans le secteur éducatif. Trouver une méthode unique, parfaite et convenable à l’ensemble des apprenants était le centre d’intérêt de la plupart des chercheurs tous profils confondus, linguistes, pédagogues ou formateurs. Trois grandes théories d’apprentissage ont réellement bouleversé le domaine de l’éducation et spécifiquement le champ de l’acquisition des langues étrangères. Ces trois courants sont respectivement le behaviorisme, le cognitivisme et le constructivisme. Chaque courant avait ses partisans et ses détracteurs selon le progrès réalisé au terme de leurs travaux de recherche. Les méthodes qui ont découlé de ces trois théories d’apprentissage ont également connu des hauts et des bas selon le degré de l’atteinte des objectifs escomptés. Au cours de la présente étude, nous projetons de contourner, dans un ordre chronologique, les différentes méthodes et approches, provenant des trois courants, et pratiquées dans l’enseignement des langues étrangères. Notre attention sera focalisée sur l’étude de la méthode audio-orale, la méthode audio-visuelle, l’approche communicative et l’approche par compétences. Nous proposons aussi, dans cet article, une discussion dont l’intérêt et d’élucider les circonstances qui ont mené à la réussite ou à l’échec de telle ou telle méthode. Nous nous arrêterons également sur les réussites et les limites de chacune de ces méthodes. La conclusion fera l’objet d’une réflexion sur l’ensemble des points abordés dans l’article tout en proposant une ouverture sur d’autres solutions pouvant améliorer l’enseignement/apprentissage des langues étrangères.
Towards Achieving Organisational Objectives: The Role of Effective Communication
Authors: Owusu Edward , Mardani Mahdi
Published: April 2021

This paper investigated communication as a tool for achieving organisational objectives. Again, the paper explored the influence that communication has on the operations of organisations. The study adopted descriptive survey design. A simple random sampling technique was used in sampling a sample size of 35 staff from the staff of Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA), Suame-Maakro, Branch, Kumasi, Ghana. The main instrument used for collecting data was questionnaire. The findings showed that spoken or oral communication is the dominant channel of communication that is often used at that workplace. The findings also revealed that the views of employees need to be considered when choosing the right channel of communication. Again, it was realized that poor leadership prevents organisations from achieving their objectives. Effective channel of communication was seen to have a positive influence on the performance of workers. Consequently, managers should be proactive when they are choosing communication channels. The study recommended that the management of GRA, Suame-Maakro Branch should employ measures that would enhance the effective use of spoken or oral communication.
Role of Short Stories in EFL Classes
Authors: Luis Chiossa Luis
Published: April 2021

The research seeks to investigate why most teachers at Cristiano Paulo Secondary School are not using short stories in English Language Teaching despite the fact that they know the importance of short stories, and suggest techniques to increase the use of short stories in ELT (English Language Teaching). The study will take place in Niassa Province, specifically at Cristiano Paulo Taimo Secondary School – Lichinga. The sample of this study will be students and teachers of English of grade 12 of the school aforementioned and will be determined through simple random sampling, mixed approach will be the approach in use for this study and data for this study will be collected through questionnaires and observation. 2 teachers of English and 10 students of grade 12 participated in the survey study. The data will be analyzed through statistics and themes.  Searching for practical ways to improve students’ English language skills is a real concern for all English teachers. There is a consensus among English Language Teaching practitioners regarding the significance of reading for learning new languages, since reading gives depth to language learning (Stern, 2001). Therefore, teachers are obligated to provide their students with interesting and suitable texts to read. Real stories are by far more interesting and involving than scientific and historical texts. Thus, the researcher expects that this study will help teachers to improve the teaching of English Language through short stories and students will be able to develop speaking skills.
The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Challenge of Teaching English Online in Higher Institutions of Learning in Cameroon
Authors: Chiatoh Blasius Agha-ah , Chia Jude
Published: April 2021

The resources of the internet have long served the English language teaching enterprise with varying levels of implementation and success. The Covid19-imposed lockdown in March, 2020 and the Prime Ministerial decision for higher institutions of learning in Cameroon to switch to online lectures fazed many staff, including those on the Use of English programmes in state universities. This study set out to describe Use of English teachers’ views about the place of the internet in English language instruction as well as their online teaching experiences during the Covid-19-imposed lockdown. A questionnaire survey was used to elicit data from thirty Use of English staff affiliated to the Universities of Buea and Bamenda. The findings highlight English language teachers’ firm belief in the potential of internet-based tools to facilitate not only English language learners’ display of 21st century learning skills but English language skills as well. However, not much success regarding the integration of the various internet-based tools was acknowledged. Limited Information and Communication Technology competence, lack of adequate training on how to teach online, poor internet connection, power failures, and high costs of internet subscription, were amongst the challenges enlisted by the subjects in this study. We recommend the effective integration of E-Learning as a post-pandemic pedagogy for Use of English staff in both universities under study.
A Study of Vocabulary Learning Strategies and their Effect on Vocabulary Development
Authors: Nagodavithana Sunimali , Premarathne Kaushika
Published: April 2021

Language learners use Vocabulary Learning Strategies to learn new words or to consolidate the meaning of words they have already learnt. This paper presents findings of a study conducted to examine the vocabulary learning strategies (VLS) used by English as a second language (ESL) learners when learning English at tertiary level, in Sri Lanka.   The aim of the study was to gain a better understanding of VLS used by ESL learners with the view of adopting better vocabulary teaching methods in the classroom. The study made use of a questionnaire, a vocabulary learning activity and a delayed post-test to obtain data.  Schmitt’s (1997) taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies was utilized in categorizing the data collected. The research brought to light the common strategies used by learners when learning the meaning of unfamiliar words in the target language and the strategies used by them when recalling the meaning of already learnt words.  The results show that when students fall back on their mother tongue to learn and retain the meaning of target language vocabulary it impedes the vocabulary learning process, the development of reading skills and target language proficiency.
Pragmatic Analysis of ex-President Donald Trump’s interviews and its relation with the Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle
Authors: Kwarteng Michael
Published: April 2021

This analytical-descriptive paper investigates the violation and the keeping of Grice's (1975) cooperative principles (CPs) in an interview between some American Journalists and former President Donald Trump. The study involved the observation and analysis of ten Donald Trump’s interviews in the context and content of racism, coronavirus, election, politics, leadership and social relation that were randomly selected via YouTube. Its aim was to assess critically the violation and the keeping of Grice's (1975) cooperative principles (CPs) and its maxims, the speech act theory, and also improve upon interlocutor’s communication skills. Also, pragmatically, the current study examines the perlocutionary effect of utterances on interlocutors and listeners in general, and further investigates a new way of understanding speakers' non-cooperative and cooperative attitude and their violation of Cooperative Principles and its maxims throughout the communication process.  The research sample was solely analyzed through conversational implicature and the consideration of Grice’s four propounded maxims under cooperative principle, as well as the speech act theory. According to the results, speakers' uncooperative attitude is mostly influenced by psychological factors like frustration, irritation, nervousness, anxiety, conflict of interest, and other factors such as politeness, cheap praise, lack of adequate information, entertainment, and sometimes deliberate violation. It was also revealed that language users do sometimes cooperate most often than not due to the perlocutionary effect on listeners and themselves. Besides, interlocutors sometimes violate some maxims, because they have least or no idea about the consequences of their responses on their listeners as well as themselves. Also, it was evident that, albeit speakers might not be aware of Grice’s maxims and its Cooperative principles yet they habitually conform to it in communication process. The study recommends a deeper way for readers understanding of Paul Grice’s CP and its maxims, the speech act theory, and also improve upon their communication skills. In summary, it recommends that communicators, language learners, teachers and linguists are to be mindful about their diction and its consequences on their participants and the society as a whole.
The Role of Social Studies Course in the 21st Century Society: Perspective from Educators and Learners
Authors: Garcia Cherry E.
Published: April 2021

The objective of study is to determine the role of Social Studies (Araling Panlipunan)     to the present and modern society from the perceptions of the Social Studies teachers and senior high students of Zone 4, Division of Zambales, Philippines. The present study utilized a descriptive research and used a survey questionnaire for data collection. The study utilized also descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency counts, and mean) and inferential statistics (ANOVA) using SPSS version 16. The majority of the teachers in the present study are females, in their middle adulthood, specialize in Social Studies and are holders of bachelor’s degree with master’s units. The students are males, in their middle adolescence stage and were grade 11. The findings from the teachers and students’ perception show that the Social Studies teachers always execute lessons and provide classroom settings in which the roles of Social Studies Program to help the students acquire knowledge and enhance understanding on Contemporary Global Education, Civic and Citizenship Education, Contents and Knowledge, and develop Collaboration and Socio-Cultural Sensitivity skills are assured. On the other hand, the senior high school students believed that the role on developing Collaboration skill was always guaranteed at Social Studies classroom. The Analysis of variance computation resulted from a no significant difference in the perceptions of teachers on the Contents and Knowledge, Socio-Cultural Sensitivity, Collaboration, and Contemporary Global Education roles of Social Studies Program when attributed to teachers’ sex and highest educational attainment. There is highly significant difference in the perceptions on the Contents and Knowledge, Socio-Cultural Sensitivity, Collaboration, Civic & Citizenship Education, and Contemporary Global Education roles which can be acquired from learning Social Studies when attributed to students’ sex and grade level.
نظرية الإشعاع الشمسي
Authors: Widén Joakim , Munkhammar Joakim
Published: April 2021

إن ارتباط موارد الطاقة الشمسية بالزمان والمكان يعد أحد التحديات في هندسة الطاقة الشمسية. كما تتمثل إحدى المهام الهندسية الكبرى في تصميم أنظمة طاقة شمسية قادرة على تجميع أكبر قدر ممكن من الإشعاع الشمسي في ظل هذه القيود. لذلك يقدم هذا الكتاب الخصائص الأساسية للإشعاع الشمسي المطلوبة لفهم كيفية تحويل الموارد الشمسية إلى حرارة مفيدة وطاقة كهربائية، وماهية تلك القيود. ويوضح الكتاب أيضًا كيفية نمذجة الإشعاع الشمسي على الأسطح المستوية رياضيًا. يفيد هذا عند ضبط اتجاه الأسطح المُجمِعة والتنبؤ بأداء تصميمات مختلفة للنظام. يعتمد الكتاب على ملاحظات المحاضرات من مقررات الهندسة الشمسية في جامعة أوبسالا، والتي تم تحريرها بعناية لتناسب جمهورًا أوسع من العلماء والمهندسين. يتمتع المؤلفان معًا بأكثر من عقدين من الخـبرة في التدريس والبحث والتطوير في مجال نمذجة الإشعاع الشمسي.
Effect of Growth Media on Plumule Emergence and Early Seedling Growth of Monodora myristica
Authors: Saani Chinwe I. , Kayode Joshua , Ademiluyi Benson O. , Saragih M. Yoserizal
Published: April 2021

The study investigated the emergence and early seedling development of Monodora myristica in six different growth media viz: mixture of river sand/top soil, river sand/saw dust, top soil/saw dust, saw dust only, top soil only and river sand only. Results obtained recorded highest percentage germination (63%) in seeds sown in saw dust only. Early seedling growth was observed for four months. The results of this study showed that seedlings sown in mixture of top soil/saw dust recorded highest mean plant height (16.83cm), stem girth ( 2.50mm), and leaf area (46.18cm2) at the end of the experimental time. Seedlings on top soil only had the highest number of leaves (3.89). River sand had the least seedling performance in all the growth parameters examined; plant height (13.27cm), stem collar girth (1.99mm), leaf length (8.61cm), leaf width (4.77cm) and leaf area (30.83cm2). The study established that the % emergence of Monodora myristica seedlings was best in saw dust medium while mixture of top soil/saw dusts is recommended for enhancing early seedling growth of this plant in the nursery.
Reviewers of Current Issue Vol 11(2)
Authors: Uddin Khwaja Nazim
Published: April 2021

Abstract not available

Birdem Med J 2021; 11(2): 159
Answer to Medical Quiz Vol 11(2)
Authors: Uddin Khwaja Nazim
Published: April 2021

Abstract not available

Birdem Med J 2021; 11(2): 157-158
La entrevista al artista en las fichas de catalogación de arte urbano como método de conservación preventiva
Authors: Cruz Molina Sergio
Published: April 2021

El autor plantea la importancia de redactar una ficha de catalogación de las obras arte urbano, en la que la entrevista al artista constituiría un campo importante, de cara al registro, conservación preventiva y respeto a la voluntad del artísta.
EDUCATIONAL-TRAINING ACTIVITIES OF IVAN BOBERSKYI IN CANADA
Authors: SOVA Andrii
Published: April 2021

The study investigates Ivan Boberskyi's educational-training activities in Canada during 1920-1932 years, based on documents of the state archives of Ukraine and Ukrainian periodicals of the USA, Canada, and Halychyna. Despite his public and political activism as a participant in Canadian Ukrainians' cultural and educational events, he devoted a lot of effort and time to educational work in Winnipeg and other settlements in Canada. His cooperation as a teacher and author of scientific-methodological works on various aspects of physical education and sports with the «Ridna Shkola» and the Ukrainian Institute «Prosvita» is considered. Describing the activities within the Organization of Ukrainian Teachers of Canada, the author highlights I. Boberskyi's teaching of various subjects at teacher training courses and performances at various events, parties, and celebrations by this authoritative organization. I. Bobersky provided counseling to many people and organizations living and operating in Canada. Within the St. Raphael Society for the Guardianship of Ukrainian Immigrants in Canada and the Ukrainian society «Sokil-Batko» in Lviv carried out publishing and editorial work. The author notes, while in the diaspora, I. Boberskyi did not sever ties with the «Sokil-Batko» society, helped it in publishing, consulted, reviewed, gave, and raised funds for various needs. In various publications, he explained the tasks of the Ukrainian «sokil» movement in Halychyna and Europe, the importance of physical education and sports for Ukrainians.

Keywords: Ivan Boberskyi, Canada, educational-training activities, Organization of Ukrainian Teachers of Canada, «Ridna Shkola», «Prosvita», St. Raphael Society for the Guardianship of Ukrainian Immigrants in Canada, «Sokil-Batko», Ivan Boberskyi Canadian Library.