bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dating Violence: Outcomes Following a Brief Motivational Interviewing Intervention Among At‐risk Adolescents in an Urban Emergency Department
Authors: Cunningham Rebecca M. , Whiteside Lauren K. , Chermack Stephen T. , Zimmerman Marc A. , Shope Jean T. , Raymond Bingham C. , Blow Frederic C. , Walton Maureen A.
Published: June 2013

Objectives

A recent study demonstrated the efficacy of the SafERteens intervention in reducing peer violence among adolescents presenting to the emergency department (ED). The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of this ED‐based brief intervention (BI) on dating violence 1 year following the ED visit among the subsample of adolescents in the original randomized controlled trial reporting past‐year dating violence.

Methods

Patients (aged 14 to 18 years) at an ED were eligible for inclusion if they had past‐year violence and alcohol use. Participants were randomized to one of three conditions (BI delivered by a computer [CBI], BI delivered by a therapist and a computer (T+CBI), or control) and completed follow‐ups at 3, 6, and 12 months. In addition to content on alcohol misuse and peer violence, adolescents reporting dating violence received a tailored module on dating violence. The outcome of interest was frequency of moderate and severe dating violence victimization and aggression (baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after ED visit).

Results

Among eligible adolescents, 55% (n = 397) reported dating violence and were included in these analyses. Compared to the control group (who received a resource brochure only), participants in the CBI showed reductions in moderate dating victimization at 3 months (inter‐rater reliability [IRR] = 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51 to 0.99; p < 0.05) and 6 months (IRR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.38 to 0.83; p < 0.01). Models examining interaction effects were significant for the CBI on moderate dating victimization at 3 months (IRR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.98; p < 0.05) and 6 months (IRR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.66 to 0.99; p < 0.05). Significant interaction effects were found for the T+CBI on moderate dating violence victimization at 6 months (IRR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.69 to 0.96; p < 0.01) and 12 months (IRR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.90; p < 0.001) and severe dating violence victimization at 3 months (IRR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.59 to 0.96; p < 0.05).

Conclusions

ED‐based BIs tailored to address multiple risk behaviors (i.e., peer violence, alcohol use, and dating violence) show promise for reducing moderate and severe dating victimization for up to 1 year following an ED visit.
Changes in phosphorylated heat‐shock protein 27 in response to acute ureteral obstruction in rats
Authors: Carlsen I. , Nilsson L. , Frøkiær J. , Nørregaard R.
Published: June 2013

Aim

In vivo, renal medullary interstitial cells (RMICs) and collecting duct principal cells (mpkCCDcells) are subjected to inflammatory, oxidative and mechanical stress as a result of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Because heat‐shock protein (HSP) 27 andHSP70 are induced by cellular stresses and play a role in cytoprotection, we hypothesized thatHSP27 andHSP70 are increased in rats subjected to acuteUUOand inRMICs and mpkCCDcells exposed to inflammatory, oxidative or mechanical stress.

Methods

Rats were subjected to acute UUO for 6 h and 12 h. To examine the expression of HSP27, phosphorylated HSP27 (pHSP27) and HSP70 in response to inflammatory, oxidative and mechanical stressin vitro, we exposed RMICs and mpkCCD cells to interleukin 1β (IL‐1β), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and stretch stimulation over time.

Results

The phosphorylated form of HSP27 (pHSP27) was increased in the renal inner medulla (IM) after 6‐h and 12‐h UUO, while HSP27 and HSP70 were unchanged. Furthermore, after 6 h and 12 h of UUO, the expression of inflammatory (IL‐1β) and oxidative [haem oxygenase 1 (HO‐1)] markers was induced. Exposure to inflammatory, oxidative and mechanical stress changed HSP27 andpHSP27 expression in RMICs but not in mpkCCD cells, while HSP70 was not affected by any of the stress conditions. Exposure of RMICs to oxidative and mechanical stress induced HSP27 phosphorylation via a p38‐dependent mechanism.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate that, in response to acuteUUO, different forms of cellular stresses modulateHSP27 expression and phosphorylation inRMICs. This may affect the ability of renal cells to mount an effective cytoprotective response.
Frequent overexpression of ErbB – receptor family members in brain metastases of non‐small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Berghoff Anna Sophie , Magerle Manuel , Ilhan‐Mutlu Ayseguel , Dinhof Carina , Widhalm Georg , Dieckman Karin , Marosi Christine , Wöhrer Adelheid , Hackl Monika , Zöchbauer‐Müller Sabine , Preusser Matthias , Birner Peter
Published: June 2013

The ErbB receptor family has been implicated in brain metastases (BM) formation in various cancer types and specific targeted therapies are available. We investigated the overexpression of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 in BM of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to get a better insight on pathobiology of BM and potential drugable targets. We performed immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 on tissue microarrays of 131 NSCLC‐BM. Fifty‐one of 131 (38.9%) specimens were considered as positive for EGFR overexpression, 12/131 (9.2%) for HER2 and 27/131 (20.6%) for HER3 respectively. Sixty‐nine of 131 (52.7%) of the cases showed overexpression of at least one marker. Four of 131 (3.1%) were positive for all three markers. Strong correlation was observed between HER2 and HER3 overexpression (p = 0.009; Chi‐square test after Bonferroni‐Holmes correction). No statistically significant correlation of EGFR, HER2 or HER3 overexpression with clinico‐pathological parameters including overall survival times was observed. We observed overexpression of ErbB receptor family members, which represent established therapeutic targets in various primary tumours, in approximately half of NSCLC‐BM. Further studies should investigate the role of the ErbB pathway in development of and as a therapeutic target in BM of NSCLC patients.
A DNA microarray for the versatile diagnosis of infectious diarrhea
Authors: Donatin Emilie , Buffet Sylvain , Leroy Quentin , Raoult Didier , Drancourt Michel
Published: June 2013

Several bacteria, viruses, and parasites cause diarrhea as coinfecting pathogens. We designed a DNA microarray comprising 60‐bp probes spotted 194 times for the multiplex detection of 33 enteropathogenic bacteria and seven enteropathogenic viruses, and the archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii was used as an internal positive control. Nine pathogen‐free stool specimens were used as negative controls. One of these control specimens was further spiked with Salmonella enterica as a positive control. The microarray was then tested with 40 pathological stool specimens, comprising S. enterica (n = 30), Campylobacter jejuni (n = 4), pathogenic Escherichia coli (n = 2), and adenovirus (n = 4). M. smithii was detected in 47/49 (95.9%) specimens, no pathogen was detected in negative controls and S. enterica was identified in the S. enterica‐spiked positive control. The overall specificity was 100% and the overall sensitivity was 97.5% because one S. enterica sample was missed by the microarray. The multiplexed detection of C. jejuni spiked into an adenovirus‐positive stool sample gave positive results, with fluorescence values of 14.3 and 9.1, respectively. These data indicate that using the protocol developed in this article, the DNA array allows for the multiplexed detection of some enteropathogens in stool samples.
Survival in the environment is a possible key factor for the expansion of Escherichia coli strains producing extended‐spectrum β‐lactamases
Authors: Starlander Gustaf , Yin Hong , Edquist Petra , Melhus Åsa
Published: June 2013

Acquired resistance to cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae is a global problem. After an outbreak at Uppsala University Hospital of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐positive Klebsiella pneumoniae producing CTX‐M‐15, there was a shift from AmpC to ESBL production among Escherichia coli isolates. To explore the basis for this epidemiological shift, 46 E. coli isolates (ESBLs, n = 23; AmpC, n = 23) were characterized with regard to genetic relatedness, β‐lactamase, replicon and integron types, antibiotic resistance profiles, and genes encoding virulence factors. In addition, the survival in the environment and on hospital‐associated materials was analysed. CTX‐M‐15 was the most frequent ESBL (78%). Only three (13%) of the AmpC enzymes were harboured on plasmids (CMY‐2, DHA‐1). Independent of plasmid‐mediated beta‐lactamase, IncF plasmids predominated and only class I integrons were detected. The ESBL producers carried more virulence genes (p = 0.04), exhibited a broader resistance phenotype (p = 0.01) and survived significantly longer (p = 0.03) on different materials than the AmpC‐producing isolates. In conclusion, ESBL‐producing isolates had properties which are likely to augment their competitiveness. Apart from antibiotic resistance and virulence factors, extended survival in the environment could be a selective trait for successful ESBL‐producing E. coli strains.
Protein expression status in mucosal and submucosal portions of early gastric cancers and their predictive value for lymph node metastasis
Authors: Lee Kyoung Bun , Park Do Joong , Choe Gheeyoung , Kim Hyung‐Ho , Kim Woo Ho , Lee Hye Seung
Published: June 2013

We aimed to find out predictive markers for lymph node (LN) metastasis of early gastric carcinoma (EGC) by separating evaluation of protein expression in mucosa and submucosa considering tumor heterogeneity. We selected 37 pN1–3 EGCs and depth‐ and size‐matched 31 pN0 EGCs as training set and 72 EGCs including 14 pN1–3 EGCs as test set. Protein expression for β‐catenin, E‐cadherin, N‐cadherin, galectin‐3, c‐MET, TrkB, and Ki‐67 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in mucosal (‐m) and submucosal (‐sm) portions of tumor. In the training set, Ki67‐m was higher than in Ki67‐sm (mean ± SD: 82.67 ± 11.99% vs 61.79 ± 22.53%, p < 0.001). Altered E‐cadherin‐sm, high Ki67‐m, and high Ki67‐sm were correlated with LN metastasis (p < 0.05) and Ki67‐sm was independent with lymphatic invasion and desmoplasia (p = 0.015 by multivariate logistic analysis). The test set confirmed Ki67‐sm and E‐cadherin‐sm as predictors of LN metastasis (p < 0.05). Submucosal EGCs with ≥2 predictive factors out of high Ki67‐sm, altered E‐cadherin‐sm, large tumor size (≥3 cm), diffuse type histology, and present lymphatic invasion yielded 100% sensitivity and 90.9% specificity for prediction of LN metastasis in 21 submucosal EGCs of test set. The proliferative activity of tumor in submucosa is suggested to be an independent predictor for LN metastasis in EGC.
In VivoGenotoxicity Assessment of Sertraline by Using Alkaline Comet Assay and the Cytokinesis‐Block Micronucleus Assay
Authors: Battal Dilek , Aktas Ayca , Sungur Mehmet Ali , Kadioglu Ela , Derici Eker Ebru , Sahin Nefise Ozlen , Saygi Sahan
Published: June 2013

Sertraline, a leading antidepressant in the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) group of medicine, is the most frequently prescribed drug. In this study, the alkaline comet assay and the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus (CBMN) assay were used to investigate genotoxicity potential of sertraline in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of acute and chronic sertraline‐treated Wistar albino rats. Male Wistar albino rats (n = 48) were administered low, medium and high doses of sertraline (10, 40, 80 mg/kg) for acute and chronic treatment by employing the gavage method to investigate genotoxicity of the administered drug. The data (tail length, tail intensity and tail moment) were analysed and indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between sertraline‐treated groups and the negative control group with respect toDNAdamage (p > 0.05). However, it was observed that acute sertraline administration had caused much moreDNAdamage in comparison with chronic treatment (p < 0.05). According to the data obtained from theCBMNtest, an increase in the micronucleus (MN) frequency was detected at chronic and high‐dose acute sertraline treatment. Based on the outcome of comet assay, detection of statistically insignificantDNAdamage may be due to the fact that sertraline did not cause damage onDNA. Also, increase in frequency ofMNin chronic sertraline treatment suggests that chronic sertraline administration might influence some mechanisms of cell division. Therefore, dose adjustment in depressed patients seems significant as it may help prevent further prognosis of the diseases.
Competition and Facilitation in the Capuchin–Squirrel Monkey Relationship
Authors: Levi Taal , Silvius Kirsten M. , Oliveira Luiz F. B. , Cummings Anthony R. , Fragoso Jose M. V.
Published: June 2013

In Guyana, the range of the brown capuchin, Cebus apella, meets the range of its congener, the wedge‐capped capuchin, C. olivaceus, with the two species exhibiting a mutually exclusive patchy distribution. Squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, and C. apella form ubiquitous interspecific associations, but the reason remains debatable. With a large biogeographic field study, we tested the degree to which the distribution and abundance of Cebus and S. sciureus is determined by habitat type, fruit availability, and geography (i.e., determinants of the fundamental niche) relative to interspecific interactions, such as competition and facilitation (i.e., the realized niche). We used the competition between the two capuchin monkeys as a natural experiment that subjected S. sciureus to C. apella and C. olivaceus ‘treatments’. Using spatial regression models and principal components analysis, we found that S. sciureus was associated with seasonally flooded forests, and was correlated with fruit abundance and diversity (fundamental niche), but was also correlated with C. apella density even when accounting for habitat and fruit availability (realized niche). Saimiri sciureus density was unrelated to C. olivaceus density. Cebus apella was associated with a variety of forest types, but particularly included disturbed and edge habitats such as logged forests, seasonally flooded forests, and upland savanna, in addition to mature forest. Cebus apella was also positively correlated with S. sciureus density and negatively correlated with the density of C. olivaceus. In contrast, C. olivaceus avoided riparian areas and was associated with mixed‐height forests on sloped mountainous terrain. In sum, interspecific interactions such as competition between species of Cebus and facilitation between C. apella and S. sciureus were as important as habitat and fruit availability in determining the distribution and abundance of these primates.
Histological factors for accurately predicting first locoregional recurrence of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Hasebe Takahiro , Iwasaki Motoki , Hojo Takashi , Shibata Tatsuhiro , Kinoshita Takayuki , Tsuda Hitoshi
Published: June 2013

The accurate assessment of the risk of first locoregional recurrence is very important for improving the survival of patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. The present study investigated which histological factors (both well‐known histological factors and factors that we have proposed) were the most capable of accurately predicting first locoregional recurrence among 1042 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma and various tumor statuses (overall, nodal status, Union Internationale Contre le Cancer pathological TNM stage, adjuvant therapy status, and adjuvant radiotherapy status) using multivariate analyses by the Cox proportional hazard regression model. The present study clearly demonstrated that the best factor for accurately predicting locoregional recurrence was grade 3 lymph vessel tumor embolus (>4 mitotic figures and >6 apoptotic figures in tumor embolus), followed by type 2 invasive ductal carcinoma (negative for fibrotic foci but positive for atypical tumor‐stromal fibroblast), grade 2 lymph vessel tumor embolus (1–4 mitotic figures and >0 apoptotic figures in tumor embolus; >0 mitotic figures and 1–6 apoptotic figures in tumor embolus), primary invasive tumor cell‐related factors (>19 mitotic figures, presence of tumor necrosis, presence of skin invasion) and >5 mitotic figures in metastatic carcinomas to the lymph node. Our proposed factors were superior to well‐known histological factors of primary invasive tumors or clinicopathological factors for the accurate prediction of first locoregional recurrence in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.
Biodegradation and bone formation of various polyethylene glycol hydrogels in acute and chronic sites in mini‐pigs
Authors: Thoma Daniel S. , Schneider David , Mir‐Mari Javier , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Gemperli Anja C. , Molenberg Aart , Dard Michel , Jung Ronald E.
Published: June 2013

Objective

i) To test whether or not pH modifications of a PEG hydrogel matrix influence degradation time and bone regeneration in acute and unprepared (chronic) defects; and ii) to test whether or not the addition of a PEG hydrogel to hydroxyapatite/tricalciumphosphate (HA/TCP) can further enhance bone regeneration compared to HA/TCP alone in acute defects.

Materials and methods

In 11 mini‐pigs, three acute standardized defects and one chronic site were prepared in each hemi‐mandible. The following treatment modalities were applied in acute defects: PEG hydrogel regular (PEG 8.7), PEG hydrogel pH‐modified plus (PEG 9.0), PEG hydrogel pH‐modified minus (PEG 8.4), PEG 8.7 mixed with HA/TCP granules (PEG‐HA/TCP), HA/TCP granules (HA/TCP), and empty control (control). In chronic sites, PEG 8.7 and PEG 9.0 were applied. Subsequently primary wound closure was obtained and animals sacrificed at 10 (n = 6) and 21 days (n = 5). Descriptive histology and histomorphometric analyses were performed including measurements for newly formed bone, remaining hydrogel, and percent defect fill. Standard descriptive statistics were calculated, and regression analysis used to determine the difference between treatments, taking into account relevant factors and correction for multiple comparisons.

Results

In acute defects, the amount of newly formed bone increased statistically significantly over time for all treatments. The increase was higher for PEG 8.7 (35.9%) compared with PEG 8.4 and PEG 9.0 and was higher for PEG‐HA/TCP (24.7%) than for HA/TCP (14.6%). The remaining hydrogel ranged between 7.6 ± 13.3% for PEG 8.4 and 17.7 ± 12.8% for PEG 8.7 at 10 days. At 21 days, no remaining hydrogel was found except for PEG‐HA/TCP (11.5 ± 10.4%). In chronic sites, at 10 days, the remaining hydrogel covered 29.5 ± 10.3% (PEG 9.0) and 25.6 ± 21.8% (PEG 8.7) of the area. At 21 days, the amount of hydrogel (29.7 ± 31.7% for PEG 9.0; 1.4 ± 2.5% for PEG 8.7) decreased, while the amount of bone increased to 14.0 ± 16.3% for PEG 9.0 and to 37.9 ± 15.7% for PEG 8.7.

Conclusions

The PEG hydrogel matrix with a mid‐range pH (PEG 8.7) may serve as a matrix for localized bone regeneration with or without the addition of a bone substitute material. This was demonstrated by enhanced bone regeneration in acute and chronic defects compared with control hydrogels and HA/TCP alone.
Tailored rectal cancer treatment – a time for implementing contemporary prognostic factors?
Authors: Wibe A. , Law W. L. , Fazio V. , Delaney C. P.
Published: June 2013

Aim

To report data supporting the development of tailored treatment strategies for rectal cancer.

Method

A comprehensive review of the literature on the impact of prognostic factors cur‐rently not included in international guidelines in rectal cancer management.

Results

There is considerable variation in treatment guidelines for rectal cancer worldwide, especially for Stage II and Stage III disease. Long‐term side effects of chemoradiotherapy are not considered in any guideline. Detailed knowledge, and the prognostic impact, of the circumferential resection margin, tumour grade and venous invasion should be factored into the development of a treatment strategy.

Conclusion

Factors additional to the TNM system should improve decision making for contemporary rectal cancer treatment. Optimized radiological and pathological evaluations, and a focus on detailed clinical factors, should be the basis for treatment decisions. International guidelines should consider all known prognostic factors for long‐term oncological and functional outcomes.
Effect of brief daily resistance training on rapid force development in painful neck and shoulder muscles: randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jay Kenneth , schraefel mc , Andersen Christoffer H. , Ebbesen Frederik S. , Christiansen David H. , Skotte Jørgen , Zebis Mette K. , Andersen Lars L.
Published: June 2013

Objective

To determine the effect of small daily amounts of progressive resistance training on rapid force development of painful neck/shoulder muscles.

Methods

198 generally healthy adults with frequent neck/shoulder muscle pain (mean: age 43·1 years, computer use 93% of work time, 88% women, duration of pain 186 day during the previous year) were randomly allocated to 2‐ or 12 min of daily progressive resistance training with elastic tubing or to a control group receiving weekly information on general health. A blinded assessor took measures at baseline and at 10‐week follow‐up; participants performed maximal voluntary contractions at a static 90‐degree shoulder joint angle. Rapid force development was determined as the rate of torque development and maximal muscle strength was determined as the peak torque.

Results

Compared with the control group, rate of torque development increased 31·0 Nm s−1 [95% confidence interval: (1·33–11·80)] in the 2‐min group and 33·2 Nm s−1 (1·66–12·33) in the 12‐min group from baseline to 10‐week follow‐up, corresponding to an increase of 16·0% and 18·2% for the two groups, respectively. The increase was significantly different compared to controls (P<0·05) for both training groups. Maximal muscle strength increased only ~5–6% [mean and 95% confidence interval for 2‐ and 12‐min groups to control, respectively: 2·5 Nm (0·05–0·73) and 2·2 Nm (0·01–0·70)]. No significant differences between the 2‐ and 12‐min groups were evident. A weak but significant relationship existed between changes in rapid force development and pain (r = 0·27, P<0·01), but not between changes in maximal muscle strength and pain.

Conclusion

Small daily amounts of progressive resistance training in adults with frequent neck/shoulder pain increases rapid force development and, to a less extent, maximal force capacity.
Feasibility of interactive magnetic resonance imaging of moving anatomy for clinical practice
Authors: Brix Lau , Sørensen Thomas S. , Berber Yasmina , Ries Mario , Stausbøl‐Grøn Brian , Ringgaard Steffen
Published: June 2013

Background

Real‐time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging with real‐time reconstruction has been available for some time. The technique acquires and presents the MRI images to the operator the instant they are acquired. However, besides guiding purposes, like catheter tracking and placement of electrodes during neurosurgery, the diagnostic value of this method is relatively unexplored.

Purpose

To test an interactive slice‐positioning system with respect to real‐time MRI reconstruction for imaging of moving anatomical structures on two different scanner brands by using inexpensive computer hardware.

Materials and methods

The MRI data were sampled using two acquisition schemes: a Cartesian sampling scheme and a radial sampling scheme based on the golden ratio. Four anatomical targets, which exhibit non‐periodic movement, were identified and imaged: movement of the gastric ventricle emptying, movement of the small bowels, the articulators of a professional singer and of a 20‐week old fetus.

Results

Informative anatomical images were obtained in different settings of moving targets. The implemented real‐time system acquired, reconstructed and displayed MRI images in real time with a high frame rate using inexpensive computer hardware on two standard 1.5 T clinical MRI scanners.

Conclusion

Our approach verified that when imaging selected moving anatomical targets, with no a priori knowledge of the movement, interactive slice positioning using real‐time reconstruction may be a feasible approach for finding the optimal slice position in cases in which a standard 3D volumetric scan is impeded by movement. Future studies are needed to explore its full potential.
Energy Policy in American Faith Communities: “The Power to Change”
Authors: Townsend Patricia K.
Published: June 2013

This paper traces the development of energy policy in the mainline churches beginning with Margaret Mead and René Dubos's 1974 commission to prepare a report to the National Council of Churches on the use of plutonium as a commercial fuel. The report stirred a controversy and a broader examination of energy ethics that culminated in the adoption in 1979 of a National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. policy paper and encouraged constituent denominations to make their own studies of energy policy. The development and implementation of these policies is followed from 1980 to the present, using the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) as a representative mainline denomination. This turn to ethical reasoning to support change in U.S. energy policy is a hopeful development, given the stalemate in such discussion when framed in scientific or political terms.
Comparison of virtual microscopy and glass slide microscopy among dermatology residents during a simulated in‐training examination
Authors: Brick Katherine E. , Sluzevich Jason C. , Cappel Mark A. , DiCaudo David J. , Comfere Nneka I. , Wieland Carilyn N.
Published: June 2013

Background

Virtual microscopy is increasingly being used in dermatopathology educational settings.

Objective

The objective is to evaluate diagnostic accuracy and attitudes between virtual microscopy and traditional glass slide microscopy among dermatology residents.

Methods

A 48‐question dermatopathology examination was administered to 35 dermatology residents at three different dermatology residency training sites during the 2011–2012 academic year with half (n = 24) of the questions using the gold standard of glass slide microscopy and half (n = 24) using whole, scanned virtual slides. Correct number of questions using glass slides and virtual slides was evaluated. Participants were surveyed regarding previous experience with digital slide imaging; quality, ease of use, and speed of slide review; and overall microscopy preferences.

Results

Overall, diagnostic accuracy was better with glass slides than virtual slides (p = 0.01). However, no statistically significant difference was found in diagnostic accuracy of first‐year trainees (p > 0.99) or trainees with exposure to virtual microscopy greater than two times per month (p = 0.27). There was no overall personal preference for glass slide vs. virtual microscopy.

Limitations

Different cases and questions were used for glass slides and virtual microscopy.

Conclusions

Diagnostic accuracy with virtual microscopy is dependent on year of residency training and prior experience with virtual microscopy.
Hypoglycaemia, fear of hypoglycaemia and quality of life in children with Type 1 diabetes and their parents
Authors: Johnson S. R. , Cooper M. N. , Davis E. A. , Jones T. W.
Published: June 2013

Aim

To evaluate the association between fear of hypoglycaemia, episodes of hypoglycaemia and quality of life in children with Type 1 diabetes and their parents.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional, population‐based study of 325 children with Type 1 diabetes and their parents. The children were aged 2–18 years. A total of 325 parents of the patients aged 2–18 years and 196 of the patients themselves (aged 8–18 years) completed questionnaires including the PedsQL Diabetes Module, the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey and Clarke's hypoglycaemia awareness questionnaire. Data were compared with HbA1c results and the history of severe hypoglycaemia episodes.

Results

Parents with the highest levels of fear of hypoglycaemia reported that their children had a reduced quality of life (P < 0.001). Similarly children with the greatest fear also reported a reduced quality of life (P < 0.001); however a history of severe hypoglycaemia was not associated with the child's quality of life as perceived by the child or parent. Episodes of severe hypoglycaemia were associated with an increased fear of hypoglycaemia for the parents (P = 0.004) but not the children. Children in the highest fear quartile also had a higher HbA1c concentration compared with those in the lowest fear quartile [increase in HbA1c 7 mmol/mol (0.6%), P < 0.01].

Conclusions

Fear of hypoglycaemia and not episodes of hypoglycaemia per se is associated with increased psychological burden for children with Type 1 diabetes. Interventions to reduce fear of hypoglycaemia in these families may improve their quality of life.
Importance of factors determining the low health‐related quality of life in people presenting with a diabetic foot ulcer: the Eurodiale study
Authors: Siersma V. , Thorsen H. , Holstein P. E. , Kars M. , Apelqvist J. , Jude E. B. , Piaggesi A. , Bakker K. , Edmonds M. , Jirkovska A. , Mauricio D. , Ragnarson Tennvall G. , Reike H. , Spraul M. , Uccioli L. , Urbancic V. , van Acker K. , van Baal J. , Schaper N. C.
Published: June 2013

Aim

To identify the factors responsible for the low health‐related quality of life associated with foot ulcers and the relative importance of these factors.

Methods

A total of 1232 patients with a new foot ulcer, who presented at one of the 14 centres in 10 European countries participating in the Eurodiale study, were included in this cross‐sectional study. Patient and ulcer characteristics were obtained as well as results from the Euro‐Qol‐5D questionnaire, a health‐related quality of life instrument with five domains (mobility, self‐care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression). To analyse the relative importance of comorbidities and ulcer‐ and patient‐related factors for health‐related quality of life, linear regression models were used to calculate the relative contributions of each factor to the fit (R2) of the model.

Results

Patients reported poor overall health‐related quality of life, with problems primarily in the mobility and pain/discomfort domains. Among the comorbidities, the inability to stand or walk without help was the most important determinant of decreased health‐related quality of life in all five domains. Among ulcer‐related factors, ulcer size, limb‐threatening ischaemia and elevated C‐reactive protein concentration also had high importance in all domains. The clinical diagnosis of infection, peripheral arterial disease and polyneuropathy were only important in the pain/discomfort domain.

Conclusions

The factors that determine health‐related quality of life are diverse and to an extent not disease‐specific. To improve health‐related quality of life, treatment should not only be focused on ulcer healing but a multifactorial approach by a specialized multidisciplinary team is also important.
Association of living alone with the presence of undiagnosed diabetes in Japanese men: the role of modifiable risk factors for diabetes: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 13 (TOPICS 13)
Authors: Heianza Y. , Arase Y. , Kodama S. , Hsieh S. D. , Tsuji H. , Saito K. , Shimano H. , Hara S. , Sone H.
Published: June 2013

Aims

To investigate whether living alone was associated with the presence of undiagnosed diabetes and whether this association could be attenuated by modifiable lifestyle habits.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 6400 Japanese men without a history of diagnosed diabetes. Individuals with currently undiagnosed diabetes were identified through fasting glucose concentration ≥7.0 mmol/l or HbA1c concentration ≥ 48 mmol⁄mol (≥ 6.5%). Effect modification was examined using body mass index, hypertension, history of dyslipidaemia, drinking habits, smoking habits, physical activity, vegetable intake, emotional stress and depressed mood.

Results

Men who lived alone (n = 1098) had a significantly elevated odds ratio for having undiagnosed diabetes in an age‐adjusted model (odds ratio 1.45, 95% CI 1.07, 1.96; P = 0.018). After adjustment for lifestyle factors, the association was slightly attenuated (odds ratio 1.40, 95% CI 1.02, 1.91; P = 0.036). After further adjustment for all factors mentioned above, living alone was still marginally significantly associated with the presence of undiagnosed diabetes (odds ratio 1.38, 95% CI 1.003, 1.90; P = 0.048). A significant association of living alone with the presence of undetected diabetes was particularly observed among men who were overweight, currently smoked and were physically inactive, or had any one of those three factors.

Conclusions

The association between undiagnosed diabetes and living alone can be partially influenced by modifiable lifestyle factors. Men who lived alone, especially those who did not engage in favourable lifestyle habits, were more likely to have undiagnosed diabetes. Such individuals have a higher probability of having undetected diabetic hyperglycaemia and would need to undergo glucose tests to identify the disease.
Elevated peripheral leukocyte counts in acute cervical artery dissection
Authors: Grond‐Ginsbach C. , Giossi A. , Aksay S. S. , Engelter S. T. , Lyrer P. A. , Metso T. M. , Metso A. J. , Tatlisumak T. , Debette S. , Leys D. , Thijs V. , Bersano A. , Abboud S. , Kloss M. , Lichy C. , Grau A. , Pezzini A. , Touzé E. ,   CADISP group
Published: June 2013

Background and purpose

It has been suggested that inflammation may play a role in the development of cervical artery dissection (CeAD), but evidence remains scarce.

Methods

A total of 172 patients were included with acute (< 24 h) CeAD and 348 patients with acute ischaemic stroke (IS) of other (non‐CeAD) causes from the Cervical Artery Dissection and Ischemic Stroke Patients (CADISP) study, and 223 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy control subjects. White blood cell (WBC) counts collected at admission were compared across the three groups.

Results

Compared with healthy control subjects, CeAD patients and non‐CeAD stroke patients had higher WBC counts (P < 0.001). Patients with CeAD had higher WBC counts and were more likely to have WBC > 10 000/μl than non‐CeAD stroke patients (38.4% vs. 23.0%, P < 0.001) and healthy controls (38.4% vs. 8.5%, P < 0.001). WBC counts were higher in CeAD (9.4 ± 3.3) than in IS of other causes (large artery atherosclerosis, 8.7 ± 2.3; cardioembolism, 8.2 ± 2.8; small vessel disease, 8.4 ± 2.4; undetermined cause, 8.8 ± 3.1; P = 0.022). After adjustment for age, sex, stroke severity and vascular risk factors in a multiple regression model, elevated WBC count remained associated with CeAD, as compared with non‐CeAD stroke patients [odds ratio (OR) = 2.56; 95% CI 1.60–4.11; P < 0.001) and healthy controls (OR = 6.27; 95% CI 3.39–11.61; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Acute CeAD was associated with particularly high WBC counts. Leukocytosis may reflect a pre‐existing inflammatory state, supporting the link between inflammation and CeAD.
Influence, or the lack thereof, of host phenology, architecture and climate on the occurrence of Udranomia spitzi (Hesperiidae: Lepidoptera)
Authors: Bächtold Alexandra , Lange Denise , Del‐Claro Kleber
Published: June 2013

The occurrence of herbivores in nature is limited by biotic and abiotic factors which affect their development and survival. Udranomia spitzi is an endemic butterfly in the Brazilian savanna (cerrado) that feeds on young leaves of two sympatric plants, Ouratea hexasperma and O. spectabilis. It is not known which factors affect the occurrence of larvae on their hosts. Therefore, in this study we: (i) evaluated the oviposition preference of U. spitzi; (ii) evaluated the larval performance in both Ouratea species; (iii) investigated plant phenology; (iv) investigated climate (temperature and rainfall); and (v) investigated plant architecture (measured as plant height) on the abundance of skippers. Results showed that U. spitzi immatures (eggs and larvae) were far more abundant (n = 41, 96.7%) on O. spectabilis, whereas on O. hexasperma, the number of larvae was negligible (n = 1). In the laboratory, U. spitzi performed better on O. spectabilis than on O. hexasperma. The occurrence of larvae was not related to host phenology or environmental variations, but rather to plant height, since 92.7% (n = 38) of larvae were found on small O. spectabilis trees. A previous study showed that U. spitzi was not influenced by biotic factors (aggressive ants) and this study showed that plant structure plays a major role in skipper choice. The preference of U. spitzi for O. spectabilis is discussed.
Interspecific relationship between the Japanese horned beetle and two Japanese stag beetle species
Authors: Hongo Yoshihito
Published: June 2013

The Japanese horned beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus septentrionalis and the Japanese stag beetles Lucanus maculifemoratus maculifemoratus and Prosopocoilus inclinatus inclinatus generally occur syntopically and aggregate on oak tree surfaces that exude sap. Securement of these sap sites might be directly linked to male reproductive success. Among the three species, it is likely that males of T. d. septentrionalis are dominant in occupation of feeding sites because of their larger body size. However, there is no clear evidence of this superiority. Moreover, if T. d. septentrionalis is dominant, the mechanism by which the two stag beetle species secure the feeding sites remains unclear. In the present study, I used body mass to compare the body size among males of T. d. septentrionalis, L. m. maculifemoratus and P. i. inclinatus. Further, to clarify the interspecific relationship between the horned beetle and the two stag beetles, I investigated the seasonality of emergence pattern of males at the feeding sites in the field. Comparison of body mass and observation of fighting behavior revealed that males of T. d. septentrionalis have an apparent superiority over males of the two stag beetle species. The seasonal emergence patterns of the two stag beetle species at the feeding sites showed bimodal distributions, and avoided the peak of emergence in T. d. septentrionalis. My results suggest that the two stag beetle species exhibit mate‐securing tactics by emerging at the feeding sites early and late during the breeding season, in order to avoid encountering T. d. septentrionalis.
Can green tea be used to reverse compromised bond strength after bleaching?
Authors: Berger Sandrine B. , De Souza Carreira Renata P. , Guiraldo Ricardo D. , Lopes Murilo B. , Pavan Sabrina , Giannini Marcelo , Bedran‐Russo Ana K.
Published: June 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of green tea on microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to bleached enamel. Forty‐two human third molars were randomly divided into six experimental groups (n = 7 each group): group 1, no treatment; group 2, bleaching (10% carbamide peroxide); group 3, bleaching + 10% sodium ascorbate gel (SA); group 4, bleaching + 10% green tea gel (GT); group 5, SA; and group 6, GT. In groups 2, 3, and 4, bleach was applied onto the enamel surface for 6 h, every day for 14 d. In groups 3 and 5, SA was applied for 1 h; and in groups 4 and 6, GT was applied for 1 h. Immediately after treatment, the specimens were bonded with Adper Single Bond 2 and Filtek Z350 XT. The μTBS of the specimens was tested using a universal testing machine. Fracture mode analysis of the bonded enamel surface was performed using scanning electron microscopy. The mean μTBS values for each group were: group 1, 33.2 ± 5.8 MPa; group 2, 22.6 ± 5.5 MPa; group 3, 30.0 ± 5.2 MPa; group 4, 31.6 ± 3.8 MPa; group 5, 29.1 ± 4.2 MPa; and group 6, 32.2 ± 4.5 MPa. All groups had a higher percentage of mixed failures. In conclusion, green tea can be used as an alternative antioxidant on bleached enamel before bonding procedures.
EEG‐fMRI in atypical benign partial epilepsy
Authors: Moeller Friederike , Moehring Jan , Ick Imke , Steinmann Elisabeth , Wolff Stephan , Jansen Olav , Boor Rainer , Stephani Ulrich , Siniatchkin Michael
Published: June 2013

Atypical benign partial epilepsy (ABPE) is a subgroup among the idiopathic focal epilepsies of childhood. Aim of this study was to investigate neuronal networks underlying ABPE and compare the results with previous electroencephalography (EEG)–functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of related epilepsy syndromes. Ten patients with ABPE underwent simultaneous EEG‐fMRI recording. In all 10 patients several types of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) were recorded. Individual IED‐associated blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) signal changes were analyzed in a single subject analysis for each IED type (33 studies). A group analysis was also performed to determine common BOLD signal changes across the patients. IED‐associated BOLD signal changes were found in 31 studies. Focal BOLD signal changes concordant with the spike field (21 studies) and distant cortical and subcortical BOLD signal changes (31 studies) were detected. The group analysis revealed a thalamic activation. This study demonstrated that ABPE is characterized by patterns similar to studies in rolandic epilepsy (focal BOLD signal changes in the spike field) as well as patterns observed in continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) (distant BOLD signal changes in cortical and subcortical structures), thereby underscoring that idiopathic focal epilepsies of childhood form a spectrum of overlapping syndromes.
Immediate improvement of motor function after epilepsy surgery in congenital hemiparesis
Authors: Pascoal Tharick , Paglioli Eliseu , Palmini André , Menezes Rafael , Staudt Martin
Published: June 2013

Hemispherectomy often leads to a loss of contralateral hand function. In some children with congenital hemiparesis, however, paretic hand function remains unchanged. An immediate improvement of hand function has never been reported. A 17‐year‐old boy with congenital hemiparesis and therapy‐refractory seizures due to a large infarction in the territory of the middle cerebral artery underwent epilepsy surgery. Intraoperatively, electrical cortical stimulation of the affected hemisphere demonstrated preserved motor projections from the sensorimotor cortex to the (contralateral) paretic hand. A frontoparietal resection was performed, which included a complete disconnection of all motor projections originating in the sensorimotor cortex of the affected hemisphere. Surprisingly, the paretic hand showed a significant functional improvement immediately after the operation. This observation demonstrates that, in congenital hemiparesis, crossed motor projections from the affected hemisphere are not always beneficial, but can be dysfunctional, interfering with ipsilateral motor control over the paretic hand by the contralesional hemisphere.
Significant postictal hypotension: Expanding the spectrum of seizure‐induced autonomic dysregulation
Authors: Bozorgi Alireza , Chung Stephanie , Kaffashi Farhad , Loparo Kenneth A. , Sahoo Satya , Zhang G. Q. , Kaiboriboon Kitti , Lhatoo Samden D.
Published: June 2013

Periictal autonomic dysregulation is best studied using a “polygraphic” approach: electroencephalography ([EEG]), 3‐channel electrocardiography [ECG], pulse oximetry, respiration, and continuous noninvasive blood pressure [BP]), which may help elucidate agonal pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). A number of autonomic phenomena have been described in generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCS), the most common seizure type associated with SUDEP, including decreased heart rate variability, cardiac arrhythmias, and changes in skin conductance. Postictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES) has been identified as a potential risk marker of SUDEP, and PGES has been found to correlate with post‐GTCS autonomic dysregulation in some patients. Herein, we describe a patient with a GTCS in whom polygraphic measurements were obtained, including continuous noninvasive blood pressure recordings. Significant postictal hypotension lasting >60 s was found, which closely correlated with PGES duration. Similar EEG changes are well described in hypotensive patients with vasovagal syncope and a similar vasodepressor phenomenon, and consequent cerebral hypoperfusion may account for the PGES observed in some patients after a GTCS. This further raises the possibility that profound, prolonged, and irrecoverable hypotension may comprise one potential SUDEP mechanism.
Do Economists Have a Fatherland? How Global and National Efficiency Considerations Influence Economists’ Policy Judgements
Authors: Jacob Robert , Fetchenhauer Detlef , Christandl Fabian
Published: June 2013

This study evaluates whether economists support economic policies such as free trade because they deem them to be good for their home country or because they increase global welfare. In a telephone survey, 100 German economists were asked to judge different policy proposals dealing with immigration, military exports and climate policy. Our results show that the acceptance of the policy proposals is strongly influenced by national efficiency judgements. In contrast, global efficiency judgements exert no significant positive effect on policy proposal acceptance. These effects even hold for economists who self-reported a global perspective in the assessment of the policy proposals. These judgements might be based on the potentially erroneous assumption that their policy judgements, taken from a national perspective, are consistent with global interests.
Establishment of TSH β real‐time monitoring system in mammalian photoperiodism
Authors: Tsujino Kaori , Narumi Ryohei , Masumoto Koh‐hei , Susaki Etsuo A. , Shinohara Yuta , Abe Takaya , Iigo Masayuki , Wada Atsushi , Nagano Mamoru , Shigeyoshi Yasufumi , Ueda Hiroki R.
Published: June 2013

Organisms have seasonal physiological changes in response to day length. Long‐day stimulation induces thyroid‐stimulating hormone beta subunit (TSHβ) in the pars tuberalis (PT), which mediates photoperiodic reactions like day‐length measurement and physiological adaptation. However, the mechanism of TSHβ induction for day‐length measurement is largely unknown. To screen candidate upstream molecules of TSHβ, which convey light information to the PT, we generated Luciferase knock‐in mice, which quantitatively report the dynamics of TSHβ expression. We cultured brain slices containing the PT region from adult and neonatal mice and measured the bioluminescence activities from each slice over several days. A decrease in the bioluminescence activities was observed after melatonin treatment in adult and neonatal slices. These observations indicate that the experimental system possesses responsiveness of the TSHβ expression to melatonin. Thus, we concluded that our experimental system monitors TSHβ expression dynamics in response to external stimuli.
Mango wine aroma enhancement by pulp contact and β‐glucosidase
Authors: Li Xiao , Lim Sien Long , Yu Bin , Curran Philip , Liu Shao‐Quan
Published: June 2013

This study determined the influence of pulp maceration and β‐glucosidase on mango wine physico‐chemical properties and volatile profiles. The distinction in pH, sugars and organic acids among different treatments was not statistically significant. All wine samples reached around 8% (v/v) ethanol from about 16% (w/v) of sugars. The wine with pulp contact contained about ten times higher α‐terpinolene and up to three times higher acetate esters than the wine without pulp contact, but mitigated the production of medium‐chain fatty acids and relative ethyl esters by up to six times. β‐glucosidase enhanced terpenols by up to ten times and acetate esters by up to three times. Furthermore, enzyme treatment mitigated, by up to five times, the formation of medium‐chain fatty acids and ethyl esters to moderate levels. Sensory evaluation showed pulp contact, and β‐glucosidase not only improved the intensity and complexity of wine aroma but balanced odour attributes.