bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Trafficking Across Borders: Human Rights Violations of Women and Children, Challenges and Remedies
Authors: Vyas Om Prakash
Published: August 2020

This paper seeks to deliberate upon the human trafficking in women and children in Nepal focusing on the need for regional coordination and cooperation in particular between Nepal and India for combating this menace effectively. It explores the issue within the ambit of the potential reasons behind trafficking such as abject poverty; underemployment, poor working conditions in source countries, vis-a-vis better conditions in affluent destination countries. It is important to understand human trafficking in its totality, by taking into consideration the social, economic and political reasons (structural factors) and seek to co-relate this to policy formulation and governance issues (proximate factors). There are numerous push and pull factors in human trafficking in Nepal’s context. There is significant, although still insufficient, knowledge about the networking of human traffickers and a range of policy options exist at the domestic and regional levels to address this problem. An understanding of the structural factors and their relationship to proximate factors is thus vital for combating the problem at both the site of origin and at destination and ultimately at the regional level. Quintessentially, current efforts to address the problem of human trafficking across the Indo Nepal border can definitely improved through bilateral cooperation between the two countries through adequate homework.
Setting Aside Foreign Seated Arbitral Awards: Indian Supreme Court Introspects
Authors: Srinivasan Badrinath , Rajiv Roshni
Published: August 2020

This paper primarily provides a descriptive comment on the developments leading to the decision in BALCO from the passing of the 1996 Act and briefly analyses the effect of BALCO on arbitration in India. It provides a contextual background to the Indian Supreme Court’s decision in BALCO which has received wide acclamation in the international arbitration community. It discusses on the historical background of the 1996 (Indian) Arbitration and Reconciliation Act, the case regarding Bhatia International and developments subsequent to Bhatia International and proceeds towards a descriptive comment on BALCO and its effects on Indian arbitration.
Why the New Constitution Matters
Authors: Acharya Bhimarjun
Published: August 2020

In every country, there are certain objectives for having a new constitution. One of the most common objects why the people desire a new constitution is that the people wish to make a fresh start in the prevailing system of governance by breaking up with the past. The circumstances in which a breakup with the past and the desire for a fresh start may come about vary from country to country. The historical instances which show how and when the desire or need for a fresh start arose commonly include the achievement of independence from an empire or colony, a category to which the best examples to be drawn would be the constitutions of the USA, India, Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, to name a few. A revolution in order to make the break with the past or circumstances lead the people to desire formation of a new form of government on new forms of principles of governance, as exemplified by the French constitution of 1789, the Russian constitution of 1917 among others. Defeat in war makes the constitution of the government crumble necessitating a fresh start, as discernible in the German Constitution of 1918.
Intellectual Property and Human Rights: A Conceptual Analysis in the Light of Developing Countries
Authors: Mohammad Nour
Published: August 2020

This paper examines some competing legal frameworks that governments, NGOs, and intergovernmental organizations are using to conceptualize the intersection of human rights and intellectual property. Among the two approaches examined, the first approach views the two areas of law as in fundamental conflict, with strong intellectual property protection standards in particular those of the TRIPS Agreement undermining a broad spectrum of human rights. The second approach sees both areas of law as concerned with the same basic question .This paper aims to critically analyze different provisions of the intellectual property and to search for the implications of them for the developing countries in line with the Human right. Finally an attempt is made to explore ways and means in mitigating or addressing the problems arising out of the TRIPS which are peculiar to the developing countries.
Special Procedures of the UN Human Rights Council and Protection and Promotion of the Human Rights: Fact or Myth
Authors: Kedia Bineet
Published: August 2020

The article deals with the special procedure of UN human rights council in the first part where it discusses the origin and development of the special procedure and its nexus with UN Commission on Human Rights. Similarly, the article outlays the special procedure in Human Rights Council discusses its origin and development as well. The article also deals with the work and status of the special procedures experts and also discusses institution building process and review mandate. Then the article investigated the code of conduct that is to be followed by the special procedures mandate holder. After this the article looks into the merit and limitation of the special procedure. The article concludes with the analysis of the special procedure and its impact.
‘From the Frying Pan into the Fire’, IDPS in a State of Emergency: Sri Lankan Context
Authors: Jayawardana Mahesha
Published: August 2020

With the closure of the last of the Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) welfare camps in the North-Central Province of Sri Lanka, the official records deem an end to a phenomenon that has been a reality for many Sri Lankans for many decades. Considering the furor that was caused by the confining of the IDPs to camps in the last phases of the war, this paper examines the flaws in the framing of the debate that grew into a national crisis and almost set the tone for another ethnic divide.
International Watercourses Law and A Perspective on Nepal-India Cooperation
Authors: Sangroula Yubaraj
Published: August 2020

Water is unequivocally essential for life; simply not possible without it. The Greeks were astute enough to acknowledge it as the primal substance of universe, some 2500 years ago. Water is a resource for dignified life, as much as it is a bare necessity. Explaining the ‘development’ and ‘survival’ aspect of water requires a deeper thinking, analysis and projection of ideas thereof. The book authored by Suryanath Upadhyay is an apt example in which the author has rightly projected that Nepal boasts abundance of water resource in it territory but sadly, the ordinary citizens have not been able to reap much from the abundance.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): An Accommodating Tool for Business Enterprises to Respect Human Rights
Authors: Ghimire Amarjibi
Published: August 2020

This article articulates on number of issues on CSR with an analysis of the importance in safeguarding human rights. It explains the comprehendible understanding of CSR and how it has evolved. Further, it highlights what should be the role of human right commission of Nepal in promoting CSR and what should be the corporate behavior of business enterprises under CSR in Nepal upon examination of human rights treaties and exploration of the specific business risks posed by the CSR dilemma. It makes some suggestions on range of actions that responsible business enterprises can take in order to respect and encourage human rights protection.
A Legal Perspective of the Regulatory Framework for Trado-Medical Practice in Nigeria
Authors: Ayemere Eric , Enakemere Lucky Ehimen
Published: August 2020

The authors are of the view that based on the good services provided by genuine trado-medical practitioners; this form of healing art should be encouraged under a strict regulatory regime in order to avoid the dangers prevalent where there is a lack of effective regulations. The article analyses the legal and institutional framework of trado-medical practice in Nigeria and examines the constitutionality of the extant National and some States legal regime if any and its impact in effectively and positively facilitating tradomedical practice in Nigeria. This article also contends that presently, there is no comprehensive regulation due to the absence of specific National legislations on the trado-medical practice. Governments all over the world are increasingly embracing and recognizing Trado-medical practice which been propelled by the fact that many diseases which have prove resistant to orthodox medicine requires attention from alternative therapy. The challenge of adopting trado-medical practice into the mainstream health care sector is that it is not backed with a specific legislation regulating its practice and practitioners. This paper finally conclude that unless there is an urgent and positive change in the attitude of Government coupled with a vigorous political will to strengthen the present legal and institutional framework, patronage of traditional medicine in Nigeria will not be guaranteed as to the safety of the patient and trado-medical practice which is rooted in our culture and heritage will be lost.
Title of the Book: Fatalism and Development, Nepal’s Struggle for Modernization
Authors: Kaphle Poonam
Published: August 2020

No Abstract.
Criminal Enforcement and International Intellectual Property Law
Authors: Singh Siddharth Partap
Published: August 2020

There is a global consensus that domain of Intellectual Property should be subjected to criminal enforcement in order to secure the rights of owners of such Intellectual Property Rights. The TRIPS Agreement was, to some extent, successful in crystallizing the consensus as regards the criminal measures to be taken by States in the event of the infringement of Intellectual Property Rights through article 61. However, the standard set by the provision by minimal, to say the least. The advent of Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement has broader obligations, while also addressing some unsettled issues that have surfaced in disputes such as the China-IPRs case.
Using the Unprecedented Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion as Precedent in the Marshall Islands Cases
Authors: Kishore Pallavi
Published: August 2020

The issue of nuclear weapons is long-standing and controversial. This article uses the nuclear weapons advisory opinion issued by the International Court of Justice on July 8, 1996 as precedent to determine the imagined outcome of the cases filed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands against three nuclear powers in 2014.
The Implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in China’s Judicial System: Perspectives on Adoption of Exclusionary Rule in China
Authors: Xu Sun
Published: August 2020

China has signed the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)1 on the date of October 5, 1998.2 Though awaiting ratification of the ICCPR, China as a party to the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT),3 has adopted considerable number of measures to live up to the spirit and purpose of the ICCPR in accordance with Article 18 of the VCLT. The recent evidence of this is China’s effort to promote in-depth judicial reform. This essay critically focuses on the newly amended criminal procedure law, especially the rule on exclusion of illegally obtained evidence.
“Corruption” in Development Grants and Aids: An Impediment to Sustainable Development Initiatives
Authors: Gautam Upma , Tewari Deeksha Bajpai
Published: August 2020

“Development” is a human-centric concept and so is “corruption”. A cursory glance at the neo-liberal world order reinforces the simultaneity of these two almost undeniably linked concepts. Focus on corruption as a development issue is not an isolated trend. Rather, it is part of a general shift in development thinking. In any system, corruption is related to political and economic development. Studies have documented the fact that the corruption in any society is the materialization of relationships between the state and the society as in: the role state plays, the manner of working of political systems, the existing development model, its potential future trail and also the type of global policies it adopts for development. The present paper, in one hand, analyzes the importance and relevance of grants and aids provided by the International Finance Institutions (IFIs) in smoothing development initiatives especially in the developing world. On the other hand, it also underlines the trends of corruption in such grants and aids programme and the pernicious impacts such corruption can cause in creating obstacles and interventions for developmental activities in the developing economies.
Maritime Threats to the South and Southeast Asia: Scope for a Regional Agreement
Authors: Raha Utpal Kumar , K. D. Raju
Published: August 2020

Piracy has continued to be a thriving criminal activity in the seas and pirates are considered to be the enemy of mankind. Recent reports show that more than half of the piracy reports reported have been from the area of Southeast Asia. Along with piracy, armed robbery, illicit trafficking, and smuggling have broadened and deepened the nature and scope of this threat. The Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS III) 1982, SUA Convention, 1988 and the regional agreements establish the legal frameworks then several organizations have enhanced enforcement measures in the suppression of sea perils. This paper attempts to examine the drawbacks in the existing legal framework and maritime security arrangements and to provide suggestions to fill the gaps. It further argues that India should take the lead in entering into a regional maritime security agreement with South and South East Asian nations within the ambit of UNCLOS 1982. This is important in the background of South China Sea Dispute and consequent maritime security issues in the region.
Conflict of Laws: Jurisdiction of the Court and Choice of Law in Cross-Border Matrimonial Suit in India
Authors: Kundu Indrani
Published: August 2020

Marriage, a civil union between two persons, involves some legal procedures which determine the rights and liabilities of parties in such civil union. Conflict of marriage laws is the conflict of laws governing status and capacity to marry defined by personal laws of parties to the marriage. Rules of Conflict of Laws are set of procedural rules which determine A) which legal system will be applicable to a given dispute, & B) which Court will have jurisdiction to try the suit.In the words of Dicey and Morris, rules of Private International Law do not directly determine the rights and liabilities of persons, rather it determines the jurisdiction of Court and the choice of body of law i.e. whether by the domestic law or by any foreign law, the case will be decided. This paper, by adopting doctrinal approach, seeks to find the criteria for Indian court to exercise jurisdiction in cross border matrimonial suit. Further, it endeavors to find out the difference between term ‘domicile’ and ‘residence’.
The Rise of Digital Era: A Changing Scenario of E-governance in Nepal
Authors: K. C. Ojaswi , Regmi Roshani
Published: August 2020

The development of Information Communication Technology (ICT) has made the world smaller day by day. The domain of ICT can notonly be seen in people’s life, but also in the plans and policies of the state, aswell. As its consequence, a new era has emerged in the governance system. Today, the paradigm of governance has shifted from being a paperwork hassle to being an effectivetool for bridging the gap between the government, public and private sector. This shift has resulted in the emergence of Electronic governance (e-governance). E-governance proves to be monumental in ensuring people’s participation and upholding democratic norms. In this perspective, this paper makes an effort to elucidate on the roleof e-governance in Nepal by providing a conceptual framework of existing scenario of e-governance.
Citizens of an Enemy State: The Enemy Alien Disability Rule in the Constitution of Nepal
Authors: Khati Prakat , Sharma Kundan Raj
Published: August 2020

The Enemy Alien Disability rule has been a constantfeature of many of Nepal’s constitutions in the past and is also featured in its present Constitution. Under this rule, citizens of an enemy state are not protected by the fundamental guarantees of the right to criminal justice and are disabled from seeking constitutional remedies such as a writ of habeas corpus. In this context, a legal and normative analysis of this rule and its compatibility with current norms of Human Rights and of Humanitarian Law is warranted. This article intends to conduct analyses of the historical, normative and legal aspects of this rule.
Tax Regime in Nepal-Implications on Human Rights
Authors: Omwesiga Dagan
Published: August 2020

This paper examines how tax abuse affects the realization of human rights in Nepal. Nepal is losing approximately 597 million US dollars through tax evasion and other illicit fi nancial fl ows annually; it is no surprise that over 25.2 percent of the population lives below the national poverty line.1 This shows that they lack access to basic human rights such as the right to food, the right to housing, the right to clothing and above all, the right to health. This article explores how human rights in Nepal have evolved over time and how they are protected along with the available remedies through national and international mechanisms. Additionally, it examines the available mechanisms and remedies for the breach of human rights. To contextualize the concept offered, this write-up explores the research produced by scholars and the steps that have been taken by organizations like United Nations and the International Bar Association to establish a link between illicit fi nancial fl ows and violation of human rights. In conclusion, the paper provides some recommendations to both the government of Nepal and business enterprises.
Assessing Social Impacts of Slum Displacement on Women’s Lives: A Case Study of three Resettlement Colonies in Delhi, India
Authors: Bajpai Deeksha , Gautam Upma
Published: August 2020

The mega-cities’ displacement often affects all in different ways but it goes economically, politically and socially beyond words to most vulnerable and marginalized groups of the population. Further, impoverishment and risks associated with resettlement can be felt more intensely on and by certain segments of the displaced population. Such projects have multiple and differential impacts, especially on women, men and children. Nonetheless, regardless of differences in caste, class, religion, or region, women everywhere bear the heavy brunt (in terms of tangible and intangible losses) of the forced move a lot more than the male members of their families. This very paper has projected a detailed study of similar courses on women of three major resettlement colonies of Bawana, Bhalsawa and TikriKhurd in Delhi, India.
An Analysis of Principle of Erga Omnes Partes with Special Reference to the Case of Belgium v. Senegal, 2012
Authors: Rana Prajwol Bickram
Published: August 2020

In the Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal case), the International Court of Justice for the very fi rst time declared the country's standing before the court on the basis of erga omnes partes as admissible. The court found that Belgium had the standing to claim the responsibility of Senegal for the alleged breach under the Convention against Torture on the basis of being a party of the same convention. The court described erga omnes partes as the obligation that the state party has to all the other state parties of the convention, the court further stated that it arises due to the common interest of the state parties of a convention. Many sitting judges of the court rejected the reasoning of the majority decision and some gave a dissenting opinion. The present paper assesses the concept of erga omnes partes in the public international law and the legal consequences of erga omnes partes in the future development of public international law. The scope of the present paper is limited within the issue of admissibility of the case with the specifi c focus on the concept of erga omnes partes and does not deal with the merits or other issues raised before the court.
Accessing Impacts of Banks and Financial Institutions Act in the Development of Financial Sector
Authors: Pokharel Ram Sharan
Published: August 2020

The main objective behind the establishment of Nepal Rastra Bank in 1956, as per the then Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 2012 B.S. (Now Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 1955), was to maintain macro-economic stability, by adopting sound and effective monetary, foreign exchange and financial sector policies. Institutional Development and Legal Development are the main underlying components to achieve the objectives of macroeconomic stability along with the development of Regulatory Authority and market mechanism subject to Institutional Development.

Ministry of Finance, Nepal Rastra Bank, Securities Board of Nepal, Insurance Board, etc. form Regulatory Authorities whereas banks and financial institutions, securities brokers, merchant bankers, insurance companies form the Market Mechanism.

This article, does not give much attention to institutional development, aims mainly to emphasize on the impacts of legal input in the development of financial sectors of Nepal, especially, the promotion of Banks and Financial Institutions and its impacts in the financial sector and the impacts of Banks and Financial Institutions Act (BAFIA) in the development of Banks and Financial Institutions, respectively.

The history of modern banking in Nepal is yet to complete 100 years as it is evident from the establishment of Nepal Bank Limited in 1937. Prior to the establishment of Nepal Bank Limited, limited amount of bank transactions used to be done by Tejarath Adda which was established in 1880. Tejarath Adda did not collect deposit but it used to disburse loan. However, it did not provide loan to general people, rather it used to provide loan to government employees and land-lords only. Nevertheless, the government had provided loan to general people through Tejarath Adda to build house after the great earthquake of 1934.

The modern banking history of Nepal commenced after the establishment of Nepal Bank Limited in 1937. Subsequently, Nepal Industrial Development Corporation, Agricultural Development Bank, Rastriya Bannijjya Bank, Nepal Arab Bank Limited, Nepal Indosuez Bank Limited (which later became Nepal Investment Bank Limited), Nepal Grindlays Bank Limited (which later became Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited), Himalayan Bank Limited, and the youngest bank Mega Bank Limited have been established in series. Now, Nepal Rastra Bank has stopped licensing process of Banks and Financial Institutions except Infrastructure Bank.
South Asia China Geo-Economics
Authors: Dahal Atindra
Published: August 2020

No Abstract.
Battered Women Syndrome: Need for Judicial Objectivity
Authors: Shrestha Dibya , Bhandari Nisha
Published: August 2020

When the victims of wife-beating are subjected to excessive violence, a syndrome occurs, which during a criminal procedure can be pleaded as BWS (Battered Women Syndrome). It is also referred to as Battered Spouse Syndrome. However; the condition is most common among women than that of men. Wife battering is the most common and least reported crimes in all types of society. Some never mention about it and bear the violence while some others seek help from the law. But there also exists a different group of battered women who kill their abusive partner without any remorse. Some scholars have claimed that is a normal reaction from a woman who has been subjected to acute battering and that they should be given defense by law while some others have opposed to this notion of Battered Woman Syndrome. BWS, as a very new concept to the legal and judicial system of Nepal, still has a lot of gaps to be filled. This paper will analyze the concept and practical implications of Battered Woman Syndrome alongside the legal and judicial trend in case of Nepal. Further, this paper will establish why Battered Women Syndrome cannot blatantly be given as a defense in all cases and yet should be considered by the judiciary. In the end, the paper puts forth the necessity of new law/legal provisions in making the judicial decisions objective and justiciable in case of battered women.
Paradigm Shifts in Internalization of International Law: A Case Study of Growing Human Rights Jurisprudence in Nepal
Authors: Geeta Pathak Prof.
Published: August 2020

The concept of internalization (domestication) of international law, underpinning the traditional theories of ‘monism and dualism,’ is being shifted along with the change in the contexts. Internalization can be mapped out through the process and result indicators of recognition of international legal norms through incorporation or transformation in the domestic laws, including the Constitution. The success of the internalization of international human rights law depends on the political will of the government and independent judiciary. The state practices, including decisions of the courts, discussed in this paper, further indicate the eventual changes in the process. Most importantly, the level of internalization can be measured by jurisprudential trends of application of international law in general and the international human rights instruments in particular. The second part of this paper minutely observes the 'bramble-bush effects' on the laws and jurisprudence developed along with democratization in Nepal since 1990. Nepal is an interesting case study due to its experiment of the theories of monism and dualism. Although the Treaty Act of Nepal explicitly recognizes the higher legal status of international agreements or treaties to which Nepal is a party, the Constitution of Nepal does not recognize the same. Nevertheless, the situation of ratification and accession of a large number of human rights treaties without reservation and growing thematic human rights jurisprudence reasonably justify the greater scope of internalization of international human rights laws in Nepal.
An Introduction to World Trade Organization
Authors: Baral Sagar , Basnet Sampurna
Published: August 2020

No Abstract.
Peculiarities of Manipulative Strategies in English Political Discourse
Authors: Abrahamyan Samvel
Published: August 2020

The article discusses peculiarities of manipulative strategies in English political discourse. Manipulative strategy can be considered as a form of persuasive strategy aimed at influencing hearers and making them accept beliefs or do things advocated by the manipulator. Manipulation can be considered effective when the hearer doesn’t recognize the intentions of the speaker to influence him. Manipulation is realized by means of different strategies. The two most important ones are the strategy of positive self-presentation which aims at maximizing the significance of one’s own status and the strategy of negative other-presentation which aims at creating a negative image of the opponent, discrediting him. An equally important manipulative strategy often used in political discourse is the theatrical strategy which is characterized by a very high level of emotionality and aims at forcing emotional responses on behalf of the hearers. In the article linguistic means of realization of manipulative strategies and tactics are revealed and discussed.
The Impact of Metaphor on G.G. Byron’s Linguopoetic Thinking
Authors: Ghumashyan Varduhi
Published: August 2020

The issue touched upon in this article refers to the extraordinary use of innumerable metaphors in one of the greatest works by George Gordon Byron – Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Among literary devices it is especially metaphor that is peculiar to Byron’s linguopoetic thinking. The linguostylistic and linguopoetic methods of analysis help to bring out metaphor as an important device for Byron. Through metaphors he portrays his heroes, their feelings and thoughts and makes the reader feel his powerful flight of imagination. The author does not convince the reader to make the resulting points, but he makes him/her indirectly judge the heroes and understand situations. Thus, Byron’s metaphors are the result of his linguopoetic thinking. They give a certain charm and musical perception through plain words and word-combinations, and serve as a bridge between physics and poetics across temporal and spatial scale.
Sanctities Sustained: An Outsider’s Experience inside Armenian Culture
Authors: Whitman Waller Dylan
Published: August 2020

This essay will depict one American musician’s journey in the discovery of Komitas’ music and how this led to a deeper discovery of Armenian culture and history writ large, resulting in a visit to Armenia itself. It is intended to honor the greatness of the Armenian spirit and identity, as well as to encourage the following of one’s inspiration and intuition in life.
THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF VRUDDHADARVADI UPANAHA AND WAX THERAPY IN THE PAIN MANAGEMENT OF JANU SANDHIGATAVATA W.S.R. TO OSTEOARTHRITIS OF KNEE JOINT
Authors: Snigdha Rani Patra  , Manjunath Akki  , G G Patil
Published: August 2020

A clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different treatment modalities in Janu Sandhigatavata. The Lakshanas of Janu Sandhigatavata as per classics are Shotha, Shoola, Prasaranaa kunchanayovedana, and Atopa are like the symptoms of Osteoarthritis of knee joint i.e., pain, swelling, crepitation and joint restriction. 30 patients suffering from Janu Sandhigatavata (single or both knees), who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for the study. 30 Patients were randomly allocated equally into two groups, Group A and Group B. Group A patients received Vruddhadarvadi Upanaha sweda for 1 Hour and Group B patients received Wax therapy for 20min, for 7 days. Both the groups received Placebos (capsules filled with rice flour) for 14 days during the follow-up period. The data of both the groups were analysed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Mann- Whitney U Test. The efficacy was statistically significant in both the Groups as p value <0.001 in most of the symptoms. Upanaha Sweda and Wax therapy, both the treatments shown equal effectiveness in relieving the pain, swelling, joint restriction and difficulty in walking. While comparison between the Groups, Group A i.e. Upanaha group showed marked reduction in symptoms. The final evaluation proved that the efficacy of Group A was moderately significant as compared to Group B.
A CASE STUDY AND CHALLENGES IN REPORTING OF ANO-RECTAL DISORDERS
Authors: Suman Yadav  , Ashutosh Kumar Yadav  , Vishal Tiwari
Published: August 2020

Ano-rectal disorders namely Haemorrhoids, Fissure-in-ano and Fistula-in-ano here includes a variety of pathological disorders having different and various types of clinical presentation. These ano- rectal disorders generates relevant discomfort and disability to the patient. In this work our primary focus is only on these three anorectal disorders. The prevalence of Ano- rectal disorders are much higher than what we see in the hospital or clinics because most of the patient having such disorders do not seek for medical attention at an early stage. The present paper discusses about the hurdles or challenges faced while trying to enroll, update and increase the cases of Haemorrhoids, Fissure-in-ano and Fistula-in-ano reporting to Shalya Tantra OPD and IPD of Government Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Varanasi between year 2009-2019. The study had been also carried out to know the prevalence of diagnosed cases of Haemorrhoids, Fissure-in-ano and Fistula-in-ano and the interpretation of the data on the gender basis for better understanding of the disease. It is an institutional data study of total 5158 patients with an aim to estimate and evaluate the epidemiology of these ano–rectal disorders in eastern UP. This work is exploring scientifically the cause behind the prevalence of these three ano-rectal diseases reporting in our hospital.
A COMPREHENSIVE AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE – A CASE REPORT
Authors: Sreeja Sreekumar  , Ravi Varma Raja H
Published: August 2020

Vatarakta, classified as a Mahavatavyadhi and as a separate disease in the scriptures has evoked attention of the Ayurvedic physicians and scholars because of its versatility in symptoms. Focussing on a single disease elaborated in modern science and equate it to Vatarakta cannot be considered as an apt methodology. Rather, Vatarakta can be understood as a conglomeration of different diseases such as autoimmune disorders, peripheral arterial disease and gouty arthritis to name a few.
In this case study, a 42 year old male patient diagnosed with peripheral vascular disease was treated with the aid of the principles of Vataraktachikitsa and medications suitable to the disease under consideration. Shamana modality of treatment was advocated for the patient. The findings were obtained with timely monitoring of the symptoms and condition of the disease. Medications which included Shilajatu, Guggulu tiktakakashaya and Jatyaditaila provided significant relief.
Análisis de los Microcréditos de las MIPYMES en el Sector Sergio Toral 1, Guayaquil
Authors: Ortiz Luzuriaga María Tamara , Vizueta León Sonia
Published: August 2020

La informalidad y la baja cultura financiera son factores característicos de los sectores poco desarrollados económicamente e inclusive de los emprendedores en etapa inicial, quienes acuden por financiamiento a personas informales sin ser consciente de los altos costos y demás riesgos de estos créditos. En muchos países en vía de desarrollo, el microcrédito es otorgado para implementar una actividad comercial, potenciar un negocio, o para optimizar los recursos. El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar un análisis de las principales fuentes de financiamientos para microcréditos de la micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPYMES) en el sector Sergio Toral 1. El tipo de investigación utilizada fue descriptiva con un enfoque cuantitativo basado en un estudio de tipo longitudinal del período 2011-2014. Los métodos empíricos aplicados fueron la observación y encuesta para analizar la realidad del sector. Los informantes claves fueron determinados de manera no probabilística, escogiendo 35 microempresarios a conveniencia del autor. Como conclusión, se evidenció la importancia de una entidad financiera orientada a las MIPYMES para el desarrollo sostenible de estos sectores y la necesidad de capacitación para los beneficiarios del microcrédito para optimizar los recursos concedidos.
PENGARUH KOMPETENSI MANAJERIAL DAN SUPERVISI KEPALA SEKOLAH TERHADAP KINERJA GURU RA PC WERU KABUPATEN CIREBON
Authors: Nuraeni Nuraeni , Halimah Halimah , Junaedi Junaedi
Published: August 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh kompetensi manajerial dan supervisi kepala sekolah terhadapkinerja guru RA PC Weru Kabupaten Cirebon. Tempat penelitian adalah di semua RA yang termasuk ke dalam Pengurus Cabang (PC) Kecamatan Weru Kabupaten Cirebon. Populasi dan sampel sasaran dalam penelitian ini adalah pendidik (guru) RA di PC Weru Kabupaten Cirebon sebanyak 74 orang. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif. Adapun metode penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian survei. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan pengamatan (wawancara dan kuesioner). Adapun teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu analisis data deskriptif dan data inferensial. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa 1) Terdapat korelasi yang positif antara Kompetensi Majerial Kepala Sekolah (X1) dengan Kompetensi Supervisi Kepala Sekolah (X2). Koefisien korelasinya sebesar 0,365 dengan nilai Sig. 0,001 (<0,05) yang berarti korelasinya tinggi dan signifikan; 2) Tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan dari Kompetensi Manajerial Kepala Sekolah terhadap Kinerja Guru RA PC Weru Kabupaten Cirebon. Berdasarkan uji hipotesis yang telah dilakukan diperoleh thitung sebesar 0,130 dan ttabel1,993, maka diperoleh nilai thitung< ttabel(0,130 < 1,993) yang berarti terima H0dan Ha ditolak, ini menunjukkan koefisien regresi tidak signifikan; 3) tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan dari Kompetensi Supervisi Kepala Sekolah terhadap Kinerja Guru RA PC Weru Kabupaten Cirebon. Berdasarkan uji hipotesis yang telah dilakukan diperoleh thitung sebesar 0,600 dan ttabel1,993, maka diperoleh nilai thitung< ttabel(0,600 < 1,993) yang berarti terima H0dan Ha ditolak, ini menunjukkan koefisien regresi tidak signifikan.
Thalassemia and erythroid transcription factor KLF1 mutations associated with borderline hemoglobin A2 in the Thai population
Authors: Srivorakun Hataichanok , Thawinan Wachiraporn , Fucharoen Goonnapa , Sanchaisuriya Kanokwan , Fucharoen Supan
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Elevated hemoglobin (Hb) A2 is an important diagnostic marker for β-thalassemia carriers. However, diagnosis of cases with borderline Hb A2 may be problematic. We described the molecular characteristics found in a large cohort of Thai subjects with borderline Hb A2.

Material and methods

Examination was done on 21,657 Thai subjects investigated for thalassemia at Khon Kaen University, Thailand. A total of 202 subjects with borderline Hb A2 (3.5–4.0%) were selectively recruited and hematological parameters were recorded. DNA variants in α-, β-, δ-globin, and Krüppel-like factor 1 (KLF1) genes were examined using PCR.

Results

Among 202 subjects, DNA analysis identified carriers of α+-thalassemia (n = 48; 23.8%), β-thalassemia (n = 22; 10.9%) and KLF1 mutations (n = 48; 23.8%). No molecular defect was observed in the remaining 84 subjects (41.5%). Interaction of KLF1 and α-thalassemia was observed in 10 cases. Of the 22 β-thalassemia carriers, five β+-thalassemia mutations were identified with lower MCV and higher Hb A2. Seven KLF1 mutations were detected in 10 genotypes in subjects with higher MCV and Hb F. No β0-thalassemia, α-globin gene triplication or δ-globin gene mutation was detected.

Conclusions

A large proportion of subjects with borderline Hb A2 are not β-thalassemia carriers and for those with β-thalassemia, only mild β+-thalassemia mutations were detected. Evaluation of the patients using Hb A2, Hb F and MCV values will help in selecting cases for further molecular analysis. The results should explain the unusual phenotype of the cases and facilitate a thalassemia screening program in the region.
Thyroid remnant ablation with radioiodine activity
of 30, 60, and 100 mCi in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer – a prospective comparison of long-term outcomes
Authors: Kukulska Aleksandra , Krajewska Jolanta , Gawkowska Marzena , Paliczka-Cieslik Ewa , Handkiewicz-Junak Daria , Kropińska Aleksandra , Puch Zbigniew , Olczyk Tomasz , Roskosz Jozef , Jarzab Barbara
Published: August 2020

Introduction

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate long-term outcomes in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients postoperatively treated with distinct RAI activities of 30 mCi, 60 mCi, and 100 mCi.

Material and methods

The analysis involved 277 low-risk and 46 intermediate-risk patients, who underwent radioiodine (RAI) ablation with 30 mCi, 60 mCi or 100 mCi under prospective, randomized clinical trials. Seventy-eight patients from the low-risk group received 30 mCi, whereas 125 and 74 patients received 60 mCi and 100 mCi, respectively. Regarding the intermediate-risk group, 20 patients were given 60 mCi, and 26 subjects were given 100 mCi. The mean time of follow-up was 11 years.

Results

An excellent treatment response was obtained in 88%, 89% and 90% of low-risk patients treated with 30 mCi, 60 mCi, and 100 mCi, respectively, and in 85% of intermediate-risk patients, who were administered 60 or 100 mCi. An indeterminate response was achieved in 9.4% and 6.5%, whereas an incomplete structural response was obtained in 1.4% and 6.5% of low-risk and intermediate-risk patients, respectively. An incomplete biochemical response was observed only in 2.2% of intermediate-risk patients. The differences in treatment response regarding RAI activity were not significant.

Conclusions

RAI activity of 30 mCi demonstrates a comparable efficacy as 60 mCi and 100 mCi in low-risk DTC. RAI activity of 60 mCi seems to be effective in intermediate-risk DTC.
Warty carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a virus-induced disease?
Authors: Yordanov Angel , Ivanov Ivan , Dineva Tereza , Slavchev Stanislav , Kostov Stoyan , Strashilov Strahil , Konsoulova Assia
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Warty carcinoma (WC) of the uterine cervix is a rare subtype of squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), and its frequency, clinical behaviour, and aetiology are obscure. It originates from condylomas, and a viral carcinogenesis seems logical.

Material and methods

Retrospective analysis was performed of all cervical carcinomas (CC), diagnosed at a single institution for a 10-year period. Analysed patients had stage I carcinoma. Patients with WC were identified, and their tumour samples were tested for high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) and EBV, using PCR and ISH. Clinical characteristics and WC rates across all stage I CC patients were assessed. All patients had minimum 3-year follow-up, and overall survival (OS) and 5-year survival rates were calculated.

Results

WC comprised 2.2% of all stage I CC (n = 630). The mean age of the patients was 48 years (range: 29–72). The primary tumour size was 2 cm in 4 (28.6%) patients, 2–4 cm in 2 (14.3%) patients, and 4 cm in 8 (57.1%) patients. Lymph node metastasis was found in 1 (7.1%) patient. EBV or hr-HPV were detected in 2 (18.2%) patients using ISH, with no coinfection reported. Hr-HPV was detected in 2 (18.2%) patients; EBV in 4 (36.4%) cases, and in 2 of them (18.2%) there was a co-infection. Thirteen patients had a follow-up of ≥ 5 years and their 5-year OS was 100%.

Conclusions

WC is a rare subtype of SCC with good prognosis, regardless of viral status. In contrast to SCC, its aetiology is not related to hr-HPV. The role of EBV remains unclear and cannot currently be denied.
The footprint of humans with serious psychological distress: a cross-sectional study of 1.5 million adults in the United States
Authors: Rethemiotaki Irene
Published: August 2020

Background

This study investigates the prevalence of serious psychological distress (SPD) in the United States during 2012-2018 as well as the characteristics of people with SPD with the ultimate goal to find statistically significant indi-cators for SPD.

Participants and procedure

The statistical methods used to analyze the results of this study are the chi-square and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests. Additionally, a multiple logistic regression analysis was used with the odds ratio (OR) to find statistically significant prognostic factors for SPD.

Results

The prevalence of SPD was found to be 3.4%. The number of individuals with SPD increased from 2012 to 2018 by 34.1%. As indicated by multiple logistic regression analyses, individuals who have less than $35 000 family income have six times higher risk of SPD occurring (OR = 6.31), while white females (OR = 1.93) in the age group of 45-64 (OR = 2.01) who are not employed but have worked previously (OR = 1.25), and are di-vorced or separated (OR = 1.57) have a two-fold higher risk for the occurrence of this type of disorder. In addi-tion, the risk of SPD is fivefold higher in poor individuals (OR = 4.81) with inadequate education (OR = 5.44).

Conclusions

The results of this study explain the significance of deprivation (of financial comfort, education, husband, and work) as the main prognostic risk factor for SPD. Moreover, individuals with SPD are more likely to be white females in the age group of 45-64.
Exploring the relationship between coping humor and subjective happiness:belongingness and forgiveness as serial mediators
Authors: Satici Begum
Published: August 2020

Background

Positive psychology plays an important role in strengthening mental health. Nevertheless, the relationships between variables have not been clarified yet. The present study used an undergraduate sample to test a mediation-based model of the cross-sectional association of coping humor with subjective happiness, as serially mediated by belongingness and forgiveness.

Participants and procedure

A total of 306 valid participants (51.6% female and 48.4% male), ranging in age from 18 to 26, completed pa-per and pencil questionnaires assessing subjective happiness, coping humor, belongingness, and forgiveness. The bootstrapping procedure was used for serial mediation.

Results

The results indicated a significant and positive link among subjective happiness, coping humor, belongingness, and forgiveness. In addition, serial mediation analysis revealed that coping humor was associated with higher belongingness, which was associated with increased forgiveness, which were then associated with more sub-jective happiness. Therefore, coping humor was indirectly associated with more subjective happiness via be-longingness and forgiveness, in a serial fashion.

Conclusions

These findings indicated that coping humor could help university students’ belongingness, and improve for-giveness, thereby enhancing their subjective happiness. We suggest possible prevention and intervention pro-grams for increasing subjective happiness among individuals with low coping humor and suggest courses for future inquiry. We also discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Well-being at work and its association with work-home interactions: a study of young Vietnamese employees
Authors: Thai Bui , Trang Nguyen , Duc Tran
Published: August 2020

Background

Studying well-being at work and how it is related to employees’ work-home interactions has been of great con-cern to both researchers and policy-makers in recent years. The aim of this study is to investigate the status of well-being at work of young Vietnamese employees working in Hanoi city and how dimensions of their work-home interaction contribute to their well-being at work.

Participants and procedure

A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted on 675 Vietnamese employees whose age was un-der 35 years. Demo and Paschoal’s well-being at work scale and the Survey Work-Home Interaction – Nijme-gen (SWING) scale were applied to measure employees’ well-being at work and work-home interactions re-spectively. The control variables include employees’ sex, marital status, working tenure, work position, mentor-ing, and type of organization.

Results

This study documented differences in the status of well-being at work between groups by gender, work posi-tion, mentoring, whereas no difference was found between groups in age, marital status, working tenure or types of organization. Regression results demonstrated that altogether positive work-home, negative work-home, positive home-work interactions and work position can explain quite well the variance of employees’ well-being at work, and the predictive power of positive interaction for well-being at work was significantly stronger than that of work position and negative work-home interaction.

Conclusions

Our results suggested that to promote employees’ well-being at work, organizations should invest in boosting the positive interactions between work and home life of employees. Work position, gender issue and mentoring are also meaningful determinants of well-being at work.