bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LAND USE/LAND COVER DYNAMICS AND FLOOD-INDUCED EFFECTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC OF HOUSEHOLDS IN DAWO DISTRICT, SOUTHWEST SHEWA ZONE, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA
Authors: SHIBESHI SAMUEL , HUNDERA HURGESA , TAKELE TAMENE
Published: July 2023

Undesirable conversion of land from natural to human-induced landscape has been increasing in this century because of many interrelated factors thereby increasing the frequency and intensity of flooding. Thus, this study aimed at examining land use/cover dynamics and effects of flooding on socio-economic conditions of households in Dawo District for the past three decades. Data collection techniques employed in this study were questionnaire, key informant interviews, group discussions and personal observation. Sample sizes of 310 households were contacted for questionnaire survey using systematic sampling techniques while purposive sampling technique was applied for identifying participants of group discussions and interviews. Landsat imageries of 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2020 were utilized for studying land cover dynamics and the classification was done by using supervised maximum likelihood classifier algorithm. The results of the study demonstrated that in the past three decades (1991 – 2020), vegetation and grass land have been severely diminished aggravating the severity of flooding on livelihoods of the local communities. Thus, the results obtained from the image reveal that settlement and cultivation land of the study area have been reduced by 202.15 and 640.22 ha respectively. The collapse of grass and vegetation have been documented mainly because of absence of integrated land use planning in the country. The results of the study also show that standing crop, livestock production, grazing land, housing conditions, sources of drinking water and school attendance have been adversely affected by flooding events leading to the disturbance of livelihoods of the households. Therefore, the study recommended the development of integrated land use planning and locally applied flood controlling measures.
ASSESSING COMMUNITY PERCEPTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY, ITS IMPACTS IN ANLEMO WOREDA, HADIYA ZONE SOUTHERN NATION NATIONALITIES AND PEOPLES
Authors: ERSADO ALEMU ERSINO , ABE MULUGETA WOLDE
Published: July 2023

The study assessed the rural community's perception of climate change and variability, its impacts, and adaptation strategies in Anlemo woreda. The study used purposive sampling techniques to select woreda and both kebeles. The sizes of the sample household respondents were 191 each, and 30 participants were from female-headed households. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis were used. A time-series analysis was used to show the trend of temperature and rainfall. The researcher used the Coefficient of variation and percent of deviation to discern rainfall variability. The findings of the study showed that both maximum and the average temperature had increased, belg rainfall had decreased, whereas annual and Meher rainfall had increased and showed inter-annual and seasonal variation. The researchers also showed that the district is experiencing increasing land degradation, spatially soil erosion, nutrient depilation, and deforestation are perceived as impacts of climate variability. The results revealed that most people perceived long-term variability in the pattern of rainfall amount and distribution and an increasing trend and variability of temperature. Therefore, farmers are undertaking different adaptation and coping mechanisms. Providing training, increasing accessibility to infrastructure, the credit services market, and introducing new technologies are forwarded as recommendations.
DIVERSITY OF WATERBIRDS FROM COASTAL AGROECOSYSTEM, CENTRAL KERALA, INDIA
Authors: NARAYANAN NEENA
Published: July 2023

Coastal Agroecosystem (Pokkali Farming) has been identified with a high waterbird density. In this study, we analysed the waterbird diversity and their current threats in Pokkali farming during February 2021- January 2022. Bird survey was carried out using the Direct Observation Method, Point Count Method and Line Transect Method. A total of 31 species of waterbirds belonging to 8 orders and 14 families were recorded. All bird species are included in Least Concern of the IUCN Category except three species. Three bird species are Globally Threatened ones and these are recorded from Pokali wetland. They are: Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster), Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) and Black headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus). Most threats to birds are the cause of human actions. The leading threats observed in our sampling site are Habitat destruction, Electric lines, Fishing nets inside the water affects mainly cormorants, Feral dogs and other Predators, Communication tower, flood, climate change, hunting of waterbirds,, hunting, loss of employees, Solid waste, plastics, water hyacinth, water and soil pollution.
PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL SCREENING OF THE AU (III) COMPLEX WITH NOVEL (AZO -SCHIFF BASE) LIGAND
Authors: EMMAN J. J. , MOHAMMED LAYLA ALI , ABBAS KHALIDA KADHIM
Published: July 2023

The Aim: Biological studies carried out of new gold complexes after its preparation.

Place and Duration of Study: All preparations were carried out in college of education, chemistry lab between (Jan 2021 to May 2022).

Study Design: New azo –Schiff base ligand 2-amino-3-(2-((3-((2-hydroxy-4-sulfamoylphenyl)imino)-1,5- dimethyl- 2-phenyl- 2,3-dihydro- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl) diazenyl) -1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid with chelate complexes of Co(II),Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) , Hg(II) and Au(III) were prepared with metal salts in ethanol a solvent in 1:1 ratio (metal : ligand) . The azo-Schiff base ligand has been synthesized from condensation of 2-amino-3- (2-((3-( (2 -hydroxy- 4-sulfamoylphenyl) imino)- 1,5-dimethyl -2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)diazenyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid with 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide.

Methodology: The prepared azo Schiff ligand and its metal complexes where checked by different spectral technique as, FT-IR ,C.H.N elemental analyses , Atomic absorption, magnetic moment measurements, molar conductance, UV-vis, ,1H-NMR and mass spectra studies.

Results: The data show that the complexes have the composition of 1:1[M:L] chelates type and octahedral geometry with each of Co(II), Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) ions, except for Au(III) ion which has square planer geometry. All complexes that non electrolytes and no conductive species but Au(III) complex is 1:2 electrolyte nature. This can support the electrolytic nature of the metal complex.

Conclusion: Biological activity studies of the ligand and their metal complexes against several organisms, bacteria Gram positive G(+ve)staphylococcus aureus and bacteria Gram negative G (- ve)Escherichia coli, In addition to fungi like Aspergillus Niger, and Aspergillus flavus , are reported. Compounds exhibited the high activity on the growth of all types microorganisms in this study . The results showed the highest inhibitory effect for gold the complex. The effect of biological screening of the gold complex on human colon cancer cell line HT- 29 was investigated. The gold complex was observed to have the highest inhibitory effect.
POPULATION STATUS AND HABITAT ASSOCIATION OF SWAYNE’S HARTEBEEST (Alcelaphus Buselaphus Swaynei (Sclater, 1892)) IN MAZE NATIONAL PARK, SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA
Authors: TOLCHA ABRAHAM , SHIBRU SIMON , AYECHEW BELAYNEH
Published: July 2023

We investigated the population status and habitat association of the endemic and emblematic Swayne’s Hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei) in Maze National Park, Southwest Ethiopia. Line-transect sampling method was used for the population estimation, while habitat association was made based on the abundance of counted individuals in each habitat. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and compared with the X2 test. The counted population of Swayne’s Hartebeest in the study period were 1456 and 1492 during wet and dry seasons, respectively showing no seasonal variation. Of these, 31.03% were adult males, 38.53% adult females, 13.95% sub-adult males, 15.96% sub-adult females, and 0.53% young. The number of adult females was higher than in the other age groups followed by adult males in both seasons. Significant differences were observed among age and sex structure during both seasons (wet season: X2= 58.423, df =3, P < 0.05; dry season: X2=534.08, df= 4, P < 0.05). The maximum group size was 36 and the minimum was 1. The ratio of adult males to adult females was 1:1.24 and 1:1.24, sub-adult males to sub-adult females were 1:1.16 and 1:1.12, adult males to sub-adult males was 1:0.36 and 1:0.56, adult females to sub-adult females was 1:0.33 and 1:0.49 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The male to female ratio was 1:1.22 and 1:1.19 during wet and dry seasons as well. The population trend among ten years were significantly differed (X2 = 1.71, df= 9, P < 0.05). The Swayne’s Hartebeest was distributed in three habitat types (grassland, riverine forest, and scattered trees) with significant differences (X2=1109.94, df = 3, P < 0.05). The grassland was most preferred by the animal followed by the scattered tree habitat. Managing its habitats is recommended for sustaining the population of the animal
OPTIMIZATION AND ENHANCED SACCHARIFICATION OF COIR PITH BY MICROWAVE IRRADIATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Authors: SUBHA S. LAKSHMI , ISABEL W. , PRISCILLA A. S.
Published: July 2023

Coir pith is a widespread, low cost, agricultural based readily available lignocellulosic source in India. The main objective of this study is the microwave pretreatment method modified its complex structure and more accessible to the cellulose surface area for enzymatic hydrolysis of microbial communities followed by biogas production. Based on the preliminary studies, an ecofriendly microwave pretreatment method was adopted using variables like microwave intensity (MI) (500-800W), irradiation time (IT) (5-15min) and a solid, liquid ratio(S:L) (3 – 5%) were selected and optimized using central composite design, a subset of response surface methodology. The maximum cellulose saccharification (CS) and hemicellulose saccharification (HS) was observed as 42.17% and 15.02% respectively. To consider the numerical optimization, the desirability value, cost and energy efficiency, the reducing sugar yield of cellulose and hemicellulose saccharification was 43.78 and 16.9% respectively, which is higher than the observed value. The optimal condition for the maximum CS and HS was MI of 690, IT of 12.5, and S:L of 3.5. The chemical analysis of pretreated samples further confirmed that the microwave irradiation could disrupt the complex structure and increase the digestibility of coir pith. These pretreated samples were used as a sole carbon source for future biofuel production.
ON-FARM EVALUATION OF HAY BOX BROODER EFFECTIVENESS ON SASSO AND INDIGENOUS CHICKS
Authors: GULILAT LEMMA , TEGEGNE FIREW , DEMEKE SOLOMON
Published: July 2023

This study was conducted in South Gondar Zone to evaluate the effectiveness of hay-box chick brooder under rural farming condition with the use of Sasso and Indigenous day old chicks. Based on their voluntariness to construct the hay box brooder, fifteen households were selected purposively. A total of 150 indigenous and 450 Sasso T-44 day old chicks were divided equally in to 15 groups each with 10 indigenous and 30 Sasso day-old chicks. The Sasso groups were active and vigorous after the first week of hay box brooding: whereas the indigenous groups were found to be difficult to adapt to the hay box brooding environment and characterized by dull appearance, noisy voice/sound, huddling together, wing dropping, poor feed and water consumption and stunted growth throughout the brooding period. About 85 and 50% of Sasso and indigenous chicks survived at 8 weeks of age of hay box brooding respectively. Hay box brooding technology is effective in rising exotic baby chicks under rural Ethiopian conditions as compared to the performance of natural brooding. On the contrary, the survival rate of indigenous chicks assigned to the hay box brooder was comparable to that of natural brooding. Therefore, it seems that the hay box chick brooding technology is not adequately effective in raising indigenous chicks as measured by chick growth performance and rate of survival 8 weeks of age.
EFFECTS OF NICKEL TOXICITY ON VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE Swiss albino MICE
Authors: KHAN IFTIKHAR , BILAL ASIF , SHAKEEL KINZA , MALIK FARUKH TAHIRA
Published: July 2023

Nickel was discovered by A. F. Cronstedt in 1754 and is a bountiful metal in the Earth's outside layer, it is the 24th most plentiful element and 28th component of the periodic table. It is a silver-white metal found in a few oxidation states (going from - 1 to +4); nonetheless, the +2 oxidation state [Ni (II)] is the most widely recognized one in natural systems. Nickel is famous as a haematotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic, genotoxic, regenerative harmful, aspiratory poisonous, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and cancer-causing operator. The mass number of nickel (Ni) is 58.71 and the atomic number of Nickel is 28 just as the thickness is 8.9g/cm3 and the softening point is 1453°C and the edge of boiling over is 2732°C. Nickel (Ni) is silver-white pliable metal. In the living cells of plants, animals, and humans, minor components have a significant influence on synthetic, organic, biochemical, metabolic, catabolic, and enzymatic actions. Nickel (Ni), an occurring element, is found in a variety of environments, including soil, water, and air. Many industrial and commercial applications for Ni compounds and metallic Ni exist, including alloy manufacture, luster, nickel-cadmium batteries, and catalytic agent in the chemical and foodstuff industries. Acute and intense toxicity in mammals resulting from assimilation by consumption through lungs or gastro-intestinal tract was mainly reported. Nickel carbonyl ingestion produces two types of acute venomous effects. Nickel produces the variation of the (p53 gene), which is a transcription factor and crucial tumor suppressor gene, in epithelial cells of the kidney. The removal of sewage and industrial is a significant issue. It is oftentimes drained to agricultural regions, where it is used to develop yields like vegetables. Heavy metal pollution in wastewater water systems represents various dangers to the climate. . Most vegetables have contained a large number of organic compounds that are role-playing in cell reinforcement. The significant cell reinforcements in vegetables are phenolic acids, flavonoids, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, lutein, and ascorbic destructive. Although in different nourishments like grains, nuts and a few types of meat, chicken meat and fish.
STUDY OF BIOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF CESTODE PARASITES FROM Capra hircus (L) IN SOLAPUR DISTRICT (M.S), INDIA
Authors: BHOGIL ASHA , BORDE SUNITA , THOSAR AMOL
Published: July 2023

In biochemistry, the study of biomolecules such as  proteins, glycogen and lipids, are very important in each and every organism. A cestode parasite absorbs all nutritive biomolecules from the body host. In the present study cestode parasites, infected intestine and non-infected intestine of the host are determined by biomolecules such as protein, glycogen, and lipid. The estimation of protein content in the cestode parasites and host intestinal tissue (infected and non-infected) were carried out by Lowry’s method [1], glycogen estimation by Kemp A. Vankits and Haljnimgem A.J.M., [2] and lipid estimation by Folch, J., Lees, M. and Sloane-Stanley, G. H., [3] method.  Results, after comparison between cestode parasites i.e. Moniezia Sp. and host intestine (non-infected and infected intestine of host Capra hircus(L) indicates that the protein and lipid concentration is lower whereas the glycogen concentration is higher in Moniezia Sp. as compare to host intestine.
EVALUATION OF REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND MILK PRODUCTION POTENTIALS OF LOCAL COWS UNDER FARMER’S MANAGEMENT IN AND AROUND JINKA TOWN IN SOUTH OMO ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
Authors: WOLDE BOGALE , KEJELA YONAS , SIRAG HUSSIEN , DEBEBE SOLOMON
Published: July 2023

The study was conducted in and around Jinka Town to investigate the reproductive and productive performances of local cows under the farmer’s management. Six kebeles were selected from in and around Jinka town by simple random sampling technique. One-hundred and twenty households (60 from each) were used for the household survey. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and secondary sources. The data were analyzed by using the SPSS version 20 and the mean comparison was made by LSD. An average age at first mating for male cattle was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Jinka town than around it. Average number of calves produced in lifetime was significantly higher around kebeles than in Jinka town. The overall mean±SE age at sexual maturity for both female and male cattle was 3.75±.05 and 3.38±.05 year, respectively. The overall mean±SE milk production per cow per was 1.28±0.35 liter per a day. Lactation milk yield per cow was significantly higher in town than around kebeles of Jinka town. During focus discussion and interview, the most breeding practices problems that hinder herd productivity were long calving interval, delayed age at first calving, postpartum anoestrous, seasonal fluctuation, the genetic makeup of animals, inadequate AI services and lack of skilled manpower. Generally, milk production in and around Jinka town is of subsistence type. On station investigation of production and reproduction performances of the local cattle is recommended through correlation studies and regular monitoring of the population to select the best animals, pasture improvement, and introducting technology that will enhance nutritive value of crop residue and dry season feed resources are needed.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) IN PERAMBALUR DISTRICT OF TAMIL NADU
Authors: SUGUNA G. , ARIVUDAINAMBI S.
Published: July 2023

The Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), a migratory polyphagous pest with high feeding preference to maize, is native to American continent but detected in African continent in the year 2016 and reached the Indian sub-continent by 2018. Now the pest has been spread over the maize growing states in India and causing drastic economic loss. Studies on population dynamics of Spodoptera frugiperda was carried out in all the four blocks of Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu by conducting the season long survey with the aim to correlate the occurrence and weather variables. The number of egg masses and larval population were counted and percent infestation was worked out. Among the four blocks, Veppur block showed the heavy infestation of 85%.  Thus, the climatologic conditions prevailing in the cropping season decides the fluctuation and abundance of FAW. So, abiotic factors must be taken into consideration in the IPM model for the management of FAW.
CARBOHYDRATE PROFILE IN RELATION TO GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION OF PROGLOTTIDS OF CYCLOPHYLLIDEAN CESTODE, Raillietina tetragona (MOLIN, 1858) INFECTING DOMESTIC CHICK, Gallus gallus
Authors: ACHAIAH N. , KUMAR N. VIJAYA , RAJU P. , THIRUPATHI C. H. , SURESH B.
Published: July 2023

Cestodes are endoparasites and exhibit a great degree of difference in morphology and physiology within the same body. Raillietina tetragona infects domestic chick, Gallus gallus. The present study investigated the transition in carbohydrate metabolites in relation to the differentiation of proglottids of Raillietina tetragona, infecting domestic chick. The glycogen content was estimated by Carroll et al (1956). It was 37.81±2.79, 44.71±1.78 and 34.05±4.02 mg glucose/g fresh weight of tissue in immature, mature and gravid regions; total carbohydrates in immature, mature and gravid regions were 23±3.94, 41.32±5.05 and 34.53± 3.58 mg glucose/g fresh weight respectively where as pyruvate levels were 4.78 ±0.40, 4.86 ±0.50 and 4.60±0.20 µg of pyruvate /gm fresh weight of parasite in immature, mature and gravid proglottids respectively. The data obtained from adult worm revealed that higher levels of activities were associated with mature and immature segments whereas the gravid segment was having low levels of all these metabolites. They respire by anaerobic and semi-aerobic modes that yield lesser amount of energy, and therefore they store higher levels of glycogen.
FATTY ACID PROFILE ANALYSIS OF KARUPU KAVUNI RICE (Oryza sativa L. indica) BY USING GC- MS/ FID
Authors: TNA ARUNASREE , BHUVANA S.
Published: July 2023

The FAME (Fatty acid Methyl esters) analysis identifies the fatty acids group. In this study the karupu kavuni rice is examined for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters by using the GC-MS/FID. The chromatogram showed 11 major fatty acids at the different peak heights. The highest peak chromatogram was found at the retention time of 17.6 min, and the fatty acid was identified as omega-6-fatty acid. The amount of unsaturated fatty acid is high when compared to the saturated fatty acid group in kavuni rice. Hence the karupu kavuni rice is enriched with high good triglycerides which effectively act as the precursor for the various types of the life style diseases.
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENT OF SIX MEDICINAL PLANTS
Authors: SUBRAHMANIYAN MEETHU , MANGANG IRENGBAM BARUN , MANICKAM LOGANATHAN
Published: July 2023

The medicinal plants, Aloe vera (Kattarvazha), Ocimum tenuiflourm (Tulsi), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Piper betel (Betel leaf), Acalypha indica (Kuppaimeni) were selected for management of stored grain pest management. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of these six medicinal plant extracts were evaluated by using DPPH free radical, Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride method, respectively. The total Phenolic content of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and ranged from 127.0 mg/g to 339.6 mg/g on fresh leaves basis. The total flavanoid content of extracts were determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay and the values ranged from 0.16 mg/g to 4.00 mg/g of fresh weight. The results showed that the betel leaf extracts in acetone have highest (80.35%) DPPH Scavenging activity. The use of these plant extracts for the pest management in storage facilities may provide additional medicinal values to stored food commodities.
In-vitro ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THREE SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF Solanum nigrum: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: NAJAR TARIQ AMIR , BANERJEE SUCHITRA , CHAUHAN RAJENDRA
Published: July 2023

In traditional system of medicine, Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae) has been considered as a remedy for treating various ailments like epilepsy, gastric ulcers etc. and is believed to have hepatoprotective activities. In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of three extracts namely petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol of the Solanum nigrum leaves and their antioxidant activity was carried out by using spectrophotometric methods. Methanol extract with high absorbance exhibited highest antioxidant activity containing highest quantity of phenolics and flavonoids followed by ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds indicated that these compounds can contribute to the antioxidant activity. These active constituents alone or in combination with others may be responsible for the observed antioxidant activity. The findings indicated promising antioxidant activity of crude extracts of leaves needs further exploration for their effective use in both modern and traditional system of medicines. The Solanum nigrum leaf can be regarded as promising candidate for natural plant sources of antioxidants with higher values. A comparative study of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents extracted by the solvents,and their in-vitro antioxidant activity that could be an effective remedy in hepatoprotection was carried out in the study.
ON A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS Dorylaimus (NEMATODA: DORYLAIMIDAE) FROM JALNA DISTRICT (MS) INDIA
Authors: BAROTE VISHNU K. , BAROTE RAOSAHEB K. , BORDE SUNITA N.
Published: July 2023

A Specimen of the genus Dorylaimus was found in soil around the root of the soybean crop in Jalna district (M.S) India. The species is characterized by the body being circular. The body is ventrally curved upon fixation tapering toward both sides, cuticle thick at mid-body. Lip is separated angular, lateral chord about 1/4th to 1/3rd of the body. Guiding is ring single, pharynx odontostylet, length is long. The female genital system is amphidelphic, both the sexual branches are equally developed. Oviduct was joined ovary sub terminally, sphincter present in oviduct uterus junction. The tail is straight and long.
ANTIPROTOZOAN ACTIVITY OF HERBAL EXTRACTS AGAINST Trichodina modesta LOM, 1970 (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) IN GOLD FISH Carassius auratus
Authors: RAHAMAN HABIBUR , MITRA AMLAN KUMAR
Published: July 2023

Trichodiniasis is a severe disease of aquaculture that kills a large number of fish. The discovery of new antiprotozoal drugs to treat Trichodina infections is gaining popularity. The purpose of the study was to see how efficient two medicinal plants were against Trichodina infection. The methanol extracts of Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi and Zingiber officinale seemed to have antiprotozoal action against Trichodina modesta Lom, 1970, with 5 day LC50 values of 2.80 and 4.43 g/ kg, respectively. Concentrations of Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi extracts of 2.5, 5.0, and 8.0 g/kg resulted in mortality of Trichodina modesta Lom, 1970 of 44.7, 88.3, and 100%. These results suggested that the methanol extracts of Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi and Zingiber officinale have the potential to be employed to control Trichodina infection in an environmentally acceptable manner.
FIRST RECORD OF AN EXOTIC TRICHODINID CILIOPHORAN (CILIOPHORA: TRICHODINIDAE) Trichodina modesta Lom, 1970 FROM AN INDIAN GANGETIC LEAFFISH Nandus nandus (HAMILTON, 1822)
Authors: MITRA AMLAN KUMAR
Published: July 2023

Nandus nandus, often known as the Gangetic leaffish, is an Asian leaffish species native to South Asia and Indochina. They are commonly found in slow-moving or stagnant bodies of water such as ponds, lakes, ditches, and flooded fields. The species is also known as speckled nandus and mud perch. This species was tested for parasite infestations in various species of freshwater fish in the river Ganges. For taxonomic evaluation, parasite smears were treated with silver nitrate. Disc-shaped trichodinids were discovered with a body diameter of 28.5-31.6 µm, adhesive disc diameter of 19.3-25.5 µm, and denticulate ring diameter of 11.2-16.8 µm. The physical traits were similar to those of Trichodina modesta Lom, 1970, a species with a strong host preference for Cypriniformes. Until recently, it was only found in the Eurasian region. The current study reports a new host for T. modesta and thus the first occurrence of this species in India. The parasite may have entered the Oriental region via the exotic fish trade, specifically Cypriniformes utilized by aquarists.
EFFECT OF CERTAIN POLLUTANTS ON THE TOTAL PROTEIN OF RED AND WHITE MUSCLES OF AN AIR- BREATHING CATFISH Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)
Authors: NILESH KUMAR , BHOWMICK D.
Published: July 2023

The pesticides and heavy metals have profound effect on the total protein of Red and White muscles of Heteropneutes fossilis. The increase in concentration and exposure period has shown great reduction in the quantity from the control value. The two pesticides: Malathion & γ-BHC and two heavy metal compounds lead nitrate and sodium arsenite were found to be significantly decreasing the total protein of these two tissues. However, the decrease in case of lead nitrate was quite noticeable.
UTILIZING VILLAGE WATER BODIES FOR POLYCULTURE OF FISH AND PRAWN: ROLE OF INPUTS IN PRODUCTION ENHANCEMENT
Authors: MANJAPPA K. , SEENAPPA D. , NESARA K. M.
Published: July 2023

A field study on participatory technology development (PTD) approaches was taken up in the southern transitional zone (Zone 7) of Karnataka in village water bodies leased by the Grama Panchayat. Polyculture of Indian Major Carps catla and rohu with freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii was investigated. The experimental water bodies were of the size 0.8 to 1.0 ha, having an average depth of 1.8 m to 2 m. After observing pre-stocking management measures, the water bodies were stocked with fingerlings of catla and rohu at 0.5 /m2each and juveniles of prawn at1/m2. In T1, replicate water bodies received cow dung as manure at 6 t/ha, applied in split doses of 375 kg once every fortnight and the fish were fed at the rate of 3% of body weight daily in the morning hours. Water bodies receiving only cow dung at 6t/ha were designated T2. Two water bodies without either of the inputs served as the control and were designated as T3. The average total production in T1 treatment was significantly higher at 3401.40 kg/ha compared to T2 and T3, which recorded 1674.25 kg/ha and 975.75 kg/ha production respectively. Production of the prawn was 544.50 kg/ha, 146.75 kg/ha and 45.25 kg/ha in T1, T2, and T3 treatments. The average survival rate of fish was 83.41%, 54.39%, and 32.16%, while that of the prawn was 64.55%, 34.65% and 28.6% respectively. The study indicates that use of manure and feed in polyculture of fish and prawns could be a viable strategy for enhancing productivity and profitability in village water bodies.
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP AND HEALTH OF Macrobrachium dux (LENZ, 1910) AND Macrobrachium macrobrachion (HERKLOTS, 1851) IN RIVER ETHIOPE HEADWATERS, NIGERIA
Authors: ISIOMA ILOBA, KATE , ZINO OTOKUEFOR, JEMINE , ISRAEL OYEDOKUN SUNDAY
Published: July 2023

The length-weight relationship and condition factor of two identified Palaemonidae species, Macrobrachium dux (Lenz, 1910) and Macrobrachium macrobrachion (Herklots, 1851) from the upper limnic River Ethiope, Nigeria, were investigated for future aquaculture feather nest and management. Prawn samples were collected from three sites (Umutu, Abraka, and Eku) by artisanal fishers using local traps and scooping gear. Of the 285 prawns collected from artisanal, 238 (83.51%) were allotted to Abraka and Eku registered 47(16.49%). The prawns were identified using the taxonomic keys. The total length of the prawns was measured to the nearest 0.01 cm with a pair of dividers and a metre rule. The weights of the shrimp were also taken using the OHAUS dial spring scale to the nearest 0.1g. The length-frequency analyses showed the males ranged from 4.1-6.5cm in length, with a weight range of 0.51-2.63g, mostly more massive than the females (1.5-5.3cm) with a higher weight range (0.03-12.0g) and the non-identified sex (NIS) group with a 0.1-2.9cm length range. Only the NIS of M.dux at Eku showed positive allometric growth (b > 3), while the others showed negative allometry (b 3). High correlation determinants (r²) exist between the length-weight of all species besides the female M.dux at Abraka (0.26) and Eku (0.33). The condition factors of the two prawns predicted upper River Ethiope soft water quality as good for farming M.dux and M. macrobrachion.
STUDY OF GENUS CHEIROCHELA (NAUCORIDAE) FROM DIFFERENT PART OF INDIA
Authors: SHOEB MOHAMMAD
Published: July 2023

Naucoridae is a small family of aquatic insect of sub order Heteroptera. The member of family Naucoridae are easily distiguished due to broad, oval and flattned body. The study of Indian naucoridae is of a great importance. The genus cheirochela is previously record by two species cheirochela assamensis hope, 1841 and Cheirochela Feena, Montand 1897. A new species of the genus is being discovered for the first time in its current state. The current study is the result of a three-and-a-half-year continuous survey of these bugs in various locations of India. Several field surveys were conducted in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Assam, and Rajasthan to gather a significant number of bugs from ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and water reservoirs in various parts of India. The genital propagation of the new species was made and examined. The insect of this study were preserved in 90% Alcohal. The study was made under binoculars, stereoscope and compound microscope, camera lucida were used for making the sketches and measurements were taken with the halp of micrometer.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC (SEM) STUDY OF NEMATODE PARASITES OF GOAT IN LUCKNOW DISTRICT UTTAR PRADESH
Authors: SAVITA . , MISHRA SUMAN , JAISWAL KAMAL
Published: July 2023

The goat is a vital milk and meat production source in India and contributes to the national and international economy. Goat production faces multiple challenges; one major problem is parasites leading to high mortality and economic losses. Nematode parasites are major problems to livestock globally, characterized clinically by enteritis, anaemia, emaciation, dehydration, and death. This study revealed the morphological identification of nematode parasites (Haemonchus sp., Oesophagostomum sp., and Trichuris sp.) in goats in the Lucknow region (India). Morphological identification was done by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) with the help of Souls in 1982. Scanning electron microscope exposed some species-specific characters, total body length of parasites, posterior region of Haemonchus having well-developed Copulatory Bursa (CB), spicules, Dorsal ray (DR) Anterior region of Haemonchus having cervical papillae (CP), vulval flap, knob, and cervical lamina. Oesophagostomum showed that the collar region on the mouth part and Buccal Capsule (BC) is surrounded by External Corona Radiate (ECR) and Internal Corona Radiate (ICR). Trichuris sp. was showed the anterior end vulva region of the female, and the posterior end of the male was spirally coiled and spicular sheath covered with minute spines (S).
ROLE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN REMEDIATION OF ARSENIC-INDUCED TOXICITY: A MINI-REVIEW
Authors: KALITA TRISHNA , DEKA PARAG
Published: July 2023

Arsenic toxicity is a major public health concern on a global scale, affecting hundreds of thousands of people. Arsenic contamination of drinking water is due to the leaching of arsenic into groundwater from sources of natural geological origin. Additionally, it is possible for it to occur as a result of mining and other industrial activities. Arsenic poisoning alters the parameters of haematology, biochemistry, and oxidative stress, and it results in tissue damage, which is localized mostly in the liver and kidney. However, due to the lack of effective medications, treating arsenic-mediated illnesses remains difficult. In recent years, indigenous plant-based treatments have been revealed to give effective and gradual recovery from arsenic-mediated toxicity while causing no adverse effects on the patient. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that these plant-based interventions eliminate arsenic from the biological system. This might make them more effective than typical treatment drugs in addressing arsenic-mediated adverse effects in particular situations. The purpose of this study is to bring together experimental data on medicinal plants that have been shown to have anti-arsenic toxicity properties. In this review of the literature, it was shown that 15 medicinal plants provided considerable protection against arsenic poisoning in pre-clinical experiments.
FORAGING PATTERN OF APIS CERANA INDICA FAB DURING DIFFERENT SEASONS IN COASTAL BELT OF CUDDALORE, TAMILNADU, INDIA
Authors: FLORET V. MARY , MANICKAVASAGAM S.
Published: July 2023

Foraging bees collect pollen and nectar from various floral resources to fulfil their nutritional requirements. Forging activity of bees change for every one hour, based on floral sources available, their colony requirement and weather parameters. In a calendar year, maximum number of bees i.e., 36.38 to 41.57, forage from February to May due to the presence of better floral sources, and minimum during November and December (20.33 and 25.05) because of heavy rainfall and scarcity of floral sources in coastal belt of Chidambaram, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu. This paper deals with the foraging activity of bees during different months in a year and possible reasons for such changes in foraging which might be helpful for the coastal beekeepers to know about the honey flow and dearth periods and plan their activities either for sustaining or shifting colonies without losing for a successful apiculture.
MICROPLASTICS: A REVIEW ON ITS INFLUENCE ON MARINE SPECIES AND VARIOUS METHODS OF ITS TREATMENTS
Authors: DAS BHABANA , PHUKAN SOUBHIK , DAS JYOTISMITA
Published: July 2023

The presence of microplastics in the aquatic system is a major concern of today’s society. Microplastic pollution has caused degradation of the aquatic system and its species. The influence of microplastics on marine species was seen to be significant as microplastics are easily ingested by fishes and other inhabitants of the water bodies due to the small size of microplastics. This review discussed the potential technologies for controlling and recycling of plastics, treatment of municipal waste water, drinking water and marine water bodies through clean up boats, sea bins and trash racks. The current technologies for eliminating microplastics from the environment: 1) Catalytic degradation of microplastics; 2) Agglomeration- fixation using organosilanes; 3) Experimentation with hybrid silica gels are also reviewed here. The objective is to learn and understand the degrading influence of MPs on aquatic habitants so that they adapt, develop and practice the necessary implementations to eliminate microplastics from the water bodies.
IMPACT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LEACHATE ON SOIL AND GROUND WATER QUALITY IN AND AROUND THE CHIDAMBARAM, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
Authors: GOVINDHASAMY S. , HARSWETHA M. , JODHI C. , SRINIVASAN K.
Published: July 2023

One of the most serious faced today by artificial pollution of an environment which includes soil and water pollution. Water and soil is an essential component for the survival organism. Due to rapid increase in population and industrialization there is increase in solid waste generation and it is disposed by dumping on land. Proper municipal solid waste management is not practiced   in Chidambaram. Chidambaram municipality collects the MSW from 33 wards inclusive of village panchayats and dumps in open areas at   Thandeswaranalur which is 3kms from the city. These dumping areas are close a fertile land.

This paper aims at study of polluted water and soil due to municipal solid waste in and around the Chidambaram. The quality of ground water and soil of different depths for several parameters of soil like pH, EC, N, P, K and water characteristics such as turbidity, total solids, electrical conductivity, pH, hardness, nitrate, chloride, fluoride and sulphate content estimated.
SEROLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF OVINE PARATUBERCULOSIS IN VERACRUZ, MEXICO
Authors: VERGARA-REYES REBECA ISABEL , MARTINEZ-HERRERA DAVID ITZCOATL , LUNA-RODRIGUEZ MAURICIO , FLORES-PRIMO ARGEL , MENDOZA-CERVANTES GUILLERMO , SANGABRIEL-CONDE WENDY , VILLAGOMEZ-CORTES JOSE ALFREDO
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to determine the presence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in three sheep production regions in the state of Veracruz, México. The study regions were the Totonaca, Capital, and Tuxtlas. The study included 414 animals distributed in 55 farms. Ewes and males used as rams over three months old were randomly selected to collect serum for its subsequent analysis by indirect ELISA standard kits. Overall seroprevalence was 0.96% (IC95% 0.02-1.90), 23.07% (IC95% 0.017-45.98) by municipality, and 5.45% (IC95% 0.00-11.46) by flock. This could be the first report of exposition to MAP in sheep from the state of Veracruz. Since it is the third ovine producer in Mexico, the undetected threat of paratuberculosis (PTB) could induce economic losses and commercial disadvantage to producers. Meanwhile, the subclinical animals deemed as seropositive in this study, could be use as breed. Therefore, subclinical animals might maintain and disseminate the pathogen within herds. Furthermore, exposure to MAP was identified in the three regions studied (which have different climate conditions). These results confirm the environmental resistance of MAP and imply a health risk to ruminants and other susceptible species. Besides, in extensive livestock production, local wildlife could acquire MAP and transmit to other flocks or regions. None of the studied variables were considered as risk factor associated with MAP. Results suggest the need to develop further research to establish the distribution and impact of MAP in Veracruz. This work also prompts to enhance biosecurity measures amongst ovine producers.
LIFE IN A CONTAMINATED WORLD: THE PESTICIDES AND THE BIRDS POPULATION DECLINE
Authors: BISWAS SHATABDI , SINGH PUJA , DAS BHABANA , DAS JYOTISMITA
Published: July 2023

Background: The extensive use of pesticides has been increasing with the modernization of agricultural system, vector borne disease control, pest control, etc. Pesticides not only affect the environment, but also affect the wildlife including birds. Generally the chemical pesticides which are tremendously used in the agricultural fields fall under three major groups, which are organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate [1].

Aim: To review the effect of pesticides in population decline of birds.

Materials and Methods: The related data on pesticide’s contribution to the bird’s decline were obtained from digital data bases like Google Scholar, PubMed/ Medline, the Google Search Engine, Science Direct, Research gate, and NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) .

Result: After reviewing many research papers, we can say that though use of pesticides increases agricultural production and control the vector borne diseases, but it has a severe effect on the bird’s metabolism, the nervous system, endocrine system, development, behavior, etc.

Conclusion: When birds are exposed to pesticides for a long time it causes continuous health hazard for the population. To overcome this situation, intensive research should be carried out at molecular level, genetic level, etc. Rigid legal plans should set up against the extensive use of pesticides and concerned authorities shall look into its implement as well.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL RESULTS FROM HOT MINERAL WATER IN THE VILLAGE OF VARVARA, DISTRICT OF PAZARDZHIK, BULGARIA
Authors: IGNATOV IGNAT , VALCHEVA NEDYALKA , POPOVA TEODORA P. , NESHEV NIKOLAI , HUETHER FABIO , IGNATOV ALEXANDER I.
Published: July 2023

There are 225 mineral springs in Bulgaria, and out of them, 148 are in southern Bulgaria and 77 in northern Bulgaria. The region with mineral water “Varvara” is located in Rhodope mountains, Pazardzhik region, Bulgaria. Physicochemical and microbiological research of two springs from the village of Varvara is presented in the article. The springs are “Drilling No. 3 - Varvara” and “Drilling No. 5 – Varvara”. The physicochemical research of mineral waters showed that it is characterized as hydrothermal, mineralized, hydrocarbon-sulphate, sodium, silicon-rich and fluoride waters. The hyperthermal mineral spring “Drilling No. 3 – Varvara” is with t=79.9°С. The hyperthermal mineral spring “Drilling No. 5 – Varvara” is with t=83.7°С. The presence of single spores of species of genus Bacillus (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis), phylum Bacillota were found in the tested mineral waters. B. subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium that forms heat-resistant spores. B.

licheniformis is a Gram-positive, mesophilic bacterium and its optimal growth temperature is around 50°С. B. licheniformis can survive at higher temperatures. Geobacillus stearothermophilus also was registered in the tested mineral waters. It is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium, a member of the phylum Bacillota.

The results show that the waters from both examined sources in Varvara are useful for human health according to their physicochemical composition. The content of silicon and calcium is a prerequisite for their application in strengthening the musculoskeletal system. The rich fluoride content allows their controlled use for reduction in dental caries. The waters from “Drilling No. 3 - Varvara” and “Drilling No. 5 - Varvara” did not show any sanitary- chemical and microbiological signs of contamination. This reveals opportunities for balneological therapy and tourism in this region. Bottling these waters would allow for their wider use.
NANOPARTICLES TOXICITY IN FISHES
Authors: LAD DEVDATTA
Published: July 2023

Nanoparticles have a size between 1 to 100 nm. Nanoparticles have applications in the production of agrifood, biomedical products, fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, sensors, food processing, food packaging, nutraceuticals, diagnosis, drug delivery and treatment of diseases. Nanoparticles easily enter the environment unimpeded, entering soil, water and air through various anthropogenic activities. In water, fishes quickly ingest or inhale these nanoparticles. Due to their small size, nanoparticles easily enter the body and affect various tissues, and they also easily cross the blood-brain barrier. This results in different toxic effects on the fishes, an essential part of our ecosystem. Studies and research on fishes have revealed that various nanoparticles damage the gills, liver, intestine, brain, and enzyme system of fishes. They also lead to decreased heart rate, curvatures of the axis, delayed or early hatching, osmoregulatory failure, and genotoxic effects in fishes. Cerium oxide nanoparticles induced fish mortality in Rainbow trout at an initial concentration of 10 \(\mu\)g/L in tap and green waters. Studies on cell lines of various fish species such as rainbow trout, fathead minnow, zebrafish, goldfish, and haddock have proved that Silica nanoparticles are toxic to their epithelial tissues of skin and gills. These findings agree with similar human and mouse cell studies reported to date. If the nanoparticles accumulate in the fish tissue and the same fishes are consumed by the organisms from other trophic levels, the nanoparticles accumulate, leading to biomagnification. The release of nanoparticles in the environment must be checked and reduced. And further detailed research needs to be carried out on the effects of nanoparticles in fishes, humans, and other animals.