bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
British or American English?
Authors: Algeo John
Published: February 2010

Speakers of British and American English display some striking differences in their use of grammar. In this detailed survey, John Algeo considers questions such as:
•Who lives on a street, and who lives in a street?
•Who takes a bath, and who has a bath?
•Who says Neither do I, and who says Nor do I?
•After 'thank you', who says Not at all and who says You're welcome?
•Whose team are on the ball, and whose team isn't?
Containing extensive quotations from real-life English on both sides of the Atlantic, collected over the past twenty years, this is a clear and highly organized guide to the differences - and the similarities - between the grammar of British and American speakers. Written for those with no prior knowledge of linguistics, it shows how these grammatical differences are linked mainly to particular words, and provides an accessible account of contemporary English in use.
The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf
Authors: Goldman Jane
Published: February 2010

For students of modern literature, the works of Virginia Woolf are essential reading. In her novels, short stories, essays, polemical pamphlets and in her private letters she explored, questioned and refashioned everything about modern life: cinema, sexuality, shopping, education, feminism, politics and war. Her elegant and startlingly original sentences became a model of modernist prose. This is a clear and informative introduction to Woolf's life, works, and cultural and critical contexts, explaining the importance of the Bloomsbury group in the development of her work. It covers the major works in detail, including To the Lighthouse, Mrs Dalloway, The Waves and the key short stories. As well as providing students with the essential information needed to study Woolf, Jane Goldman suggests further reading to allow students to find their way through the most important critical works. All students of Woolf will find this a useful and illuminating overview of the field.
Beethoven
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: February 2010

Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is acknowledged as one of the supreme masterpieces of the Western tradition. More than any other musical work it has become an international symbol of unity and affirmation. Yet early critics rejected it as cryptic and eccentric, the product of a deaf and ageing composer. Nicholas Cook's guide charts the dramatic transformation in the reception of this work. The story begins in Vienna, with the responses of listeners at the first performance, and ends in contemporary China and Japan, where the symphony has acquired diametrically opposed interpretations. The account embraces many of the major figures of nineteenth- and twentieth-century music, among them Wagner and Schenker. Including an account of the sketches, an examination of the performance tradition, and a suggested new interpretation, this book opens up new dimensions in our understanding of Beethoven's last symphony.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Blair Roger D. , Cotter Thomas F.
Published: February 2010

This book addresses several aspects of the law and economics of intellectual property rights (IPRs) that have been underanalyzed in the existing literature. It begins with a brief overview of patents, trade secrets, copyrights, and trademarks, and the enforcement and licensing of IPRs, focusing on the remedies available for infringement (injunctions, various forms of damages, and damages calculation issues); the standard of care (strict liability versus an intent- or negligence-based standard); and the rules for determining standing to sue and joinder of defendant for IPR violations. The authors demonstrate that the core assumption of IPR regimes - that IPRs maximize certain social benefits over social costs by providing a necessary inducement for the production and distribution of intellectual products - have several important implications for the optimal design of remedies, the standard of care, and the law of standing and joinder.
Hunter and Hunted
Authors: Kruuk Hans , Brown Diana E.
Published: February 2010

Humans have mixed emotions concerning carnivores. We admire them as beautiful hunters, cosset them as pets, and use their pelts and other products in clothing, medicines and cosmetics. However, they are also responsible for killing us and our livestock, carry disease and compete with us for space and food. While some advocate the conservation of predators such as wolves and tigers, others see them as vermin and want them gone. In this book, Hans Kruuk, a life-long naturalist with a passion for predators tells the fascinating story of carnivores and our intricate relationships with them. Illustrated with specially commissioned drawings, it deals with the wild beauty of carnivores and their conservation, but also with furs and medicine, man-eaters and sheep-killers, explaining in simple terms what the role of carnivores is in nature, how this impacts on human lives, our art and literature, how we instinctively respond to them and why.
Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis
Authors: Gruner Wolf
Published: February 2010

Forced labor was a key feature of Nazi anti-Jewish policy and shaped the daily life of almost every Jewish family in occupied Europe. This book systematically describes the implementation of forced labor for Jews in Germany, Austria, the Protectorate, and the various occupied Polish territories. As early as the end of 1938, compulsory labor for Jews had been introduced in Germany and annexed Austria by the labor administration. Similar programs subsequently were established by civil administrations in the German-occupied Czech and Polish territories. At its maximum extent, more than one million Jewish men and women toiled for private companies and public builders, many of them in hundreds of now often-forgotten special labor camps. This study refutes the widespread thesis that compulsory work was organized only by the SS, and that exploitation was only an intermediate tactic on the way to mass murder or, rather, that it was only a facet in the destruction of the Jews.
Hearing the Other Side
Authors: Mutz Diana C.
Published: February 2010

'Religion and politics', as the old saying goes, 'should never be discussed in mixed company.'And yet fostering discussions that cross lines of political difference has long been a central concern of political theorists. More recently, it has also become a cause célèbre for pundits and civic-minded citizens wanting to improve the health of American democracy. But only recently have scholars begun empirical investigations of where and with what consequences people interact with those whose political views differ from their own. Hearing the Other Side examines this theme in the context of the contemporary United States. It is unique in its effort to link political theory with empirical research. Drawing on her empirical work, Mutz suggests that it is doubtful that an extremely activist political culture can also be a heavily deliberative one.
Islam and the Moral Economy
Authors: Tripp Charles
Published: February 2010

How do modern Muslims adapt their traditions to engage with today's world? Charles Tripp's erudite and incisive book considers one of the most significant challenges faced by Muslims over the last sixty years: the challenge of capitalism. By reference to the works of noted Muslim scholars, the author shows how, faced by this challenge, these intellectuals devised a range of strategies which have enabled Muslims to remain true to their faith, whilst engaging effectively with a world not of their own making. The work is framed around the development of their ideas on Islamic socialism, economics and the rationale for Islamic banking. While some Muslims have resorted to confrontation or insularity to cope with the challenges of modernity, most have aspired to innovation and ingenuity in the search for compromise and interaction with global capitalism in the twenty-first century.
Japanese Exports and Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Yamawaki Hideki
Published: February 2010

This book addresses the question of how competition takes place in international manufacturing industries. It examines patterns of rivalry among firms from different countries across national boundaries and their influences on international trade and investment. By using various data on Japanese firms in manufacturing industries from the late 1950s through the early 2000s, the first part of this book presents a series of empirical analyses that examines effects of market structure on export pricing, linkages of domestic and foreign market structures on trade performance, and patterns of oligopolistic interactions among firms from different countries in exporting. The second part of this book deals with the impact of strategic interactions on foreign direct investment. In particular, the book examines 'bunching' in foreign direct investment, strategic interactions in intra-industry cross-market foreign direct investment, and their effects on entry patterns and post-entry performance.
Imagining the Middle Class
Authors: Wahrman Dror
Published: February 2010

Why and how did the British people come to see themselves as living in a society centred around a middle class? The answer provided by Professor Wahrman challenges most prevalent historical narratives: the key to understanding changes in conceptualisations of society, the author argues, lies not in underlying transformations of social structure - in this case industrialisation, which supposedly created and empowered the middle class - but rather in changing political configurations. Firmly grounded in a close reading of an extensive array of sources, and supported by comparative perspectives on France and America, the book offers a nuanced model for the interplay between social reality, politics, and the languages of class.
Invertebrate Relationships
Authors: Willmer Pat
Published: February 2010

Phylogenetic study is an important corner-stone of biology, for the evolutionary relationships between groups of animals bear heavily on the analysis of their physiology, behaviour and ecology. Despite this, there have been few books which analyse the diversity of animal life in terms of its origins, and the relationships between different groups. In this book Pat Willmer draws on her experience of teaching invertebrate zoology to produce a stimulating account of both the relationships between invertebrate phyla and of the phylogenetic pattern of the animal kingdom. After reviewing the current state of the subject, the author discusses the various sources of evidence - structural, chemical, genetic, embryological and fossil - which bear upon the question of how living animals are related to each other. Much of this evidence has accumulated over the last two decades, yet there has been surprisingly little appreciation of the implications it has on phylogenetic research. Dr Willmer goes on to apply these lines of evidence to particular groups of invertebrates, discussing many of the classical problems of invertebrate phylogeny - the origins and relations of the lower metazoa, arthropod phylogeny, the protostome/deuterostome question, and the origin of chordates from invertebrates. The prevalence of convergent evolution is a strong theme of the book, as it becomes clear that many features, from details of cell chemistry and structure to overall body plan and life history, have been invented repeatedly and independently under similar selection pressures. This book succeeds in bringing together the previously scattered literature on invertebrate phylogeny, forming a unique introduction to this fascinating and controversial subject, and up-to-date review of invertebrate zoology.
Illustrating Pascal
Authors: Alcock Donald G.
Published: February 2010

This book, written entirely by hand, is an introduction to programming in Pascal. It starts with the fundamental concept of a stored program and works through to the manipulation of records in dynamic storage. The style of presentation is pictorial. This book may be used as a self-contained reference manual for Pascal to BS 6192 and ISO 7185. Besides defining the statements and structures of Pascal this book illustrates the use of such features in small but complete programs. These programs introduce fundamental techniques of programming such as symbol-state tables, bubble sort, quicksoft, stacks and queues, reverse Polish notation, linked lists, shortest-route technique, doubly linked rings, binary trees, hashing technique and other tools of the programmer's trade.
Judging in Good Faith
Authors: Burton Steven J.
Published: February 2010

This book offers an original theory of adjudication focused on the ethics of judging in courts of law, and proposes two main theses. One is the good faith thesis, which defends the possibility of lawful judicial decisions even when judges exercise discretion. The other is the permissible discretion thesis, which defends the compatibility of judicial discretion and legal indeterminacy with the legitimacy of adjudication in a constitutional democracy. Together these two theses oppose both conservative theories that would restrict the scope of adjudication unduly, and leftist critical theories that would liberate judges from the rule of law.
In Defense of Pure Reason
Authors: BonJour Laurence
Published: February 2010

This book is concerned with the alleged capacity of the human mind to arrive at beliefs and knowledge about the world on the basis of pure reason without any dependence on sensory experience. Most recent philosophers reject the view and argue that all substantive knowledge must be sensory in origin. Laurence BonJour provocatively reopens the debate by presenting the most comprehensive exposition and defence of the rationalist view that a priori insight is a genuine basis for knowledge. This important book will be at the centre of debate about the theory of knowledge for many years to come.
Justice for Here and Now
Authors: Sterba James P.
Published: February 2010

This book conveys the breadth and interconnectedness of questions of justice - a rarity in contemporary moral and political philosophy. James P. Sterba argues that a minimal notion of rationality requires morality, and that a minimal libertarian morality requires the welfare and equal opportunity endorsee by welfare liberals and the equality endorsed by socialists, as well as a full feminist agenda. Feminist, racial, homosexual, and multicultural justice, are also shown to be mutually supporting. The author further shows the compatibility between anthropocentric and biocentric environmental ethics, as between just war and pacifist theories. Finally, he spells out when normal politics, legal protest, civil disobedience, revolutionary action, and criminal disobedience are morally permitted by justice for here and now. This highly original and potentially controversial book is ideal for courses in moral and political philosophy, applied ethics, women's studies, environmental studies, and peace studies.
Kinetics for the Life Sciences
Authors: Gutfreund H.
Published: February 2010

The aim of the book is to introduce the reader to the kinetic analysis of a wide range of biological processes at the molecular level. It is intended to show that the same approach can be used to resolve the number of steps in enzyme reactions, muscle contraction, visual perception and ligand binding receptors that trigger other physiological processes. Attention is also given to methods for characterizing these steps in chemical terms. Although the treatment is mainly theoretical, a wide range of examples and experimental techniques are also introduced and an historical approach is used to demonstrate the development of the theory and experimental techniques of kinetic analysis in biology.
Investing in Protection
Authors: Manger Mark S.
Published: February 2010

Since the early 1990s the world has seen an explosion of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) between North and South. Mark Manger argues that current North-South PTAs are not primarily about liberalizing exports as is usually assumed. Rather, they are driven by the needs of foreign direct investment. The interests of multinational firms in investing in developing countries converge with the desires of the host countries to attract foreign capital. Yet to be politically feasible in the developed country, North-South PTAs must discriminate against third countries. PTAs thus create a competitive dynamic between countries, as excluded firms lobby their governments to restore access to important investment locations, leading to yet more preferential agreements. Based on extensive research in Europe, Japan, and the Americas and interviews with decision-makers in governments and the private sector, this book offers a new perspective on the roles of the state and corporations in international trade.
Personality and Civic Engagement: An Integrative Framework for the Study of Trait Effects on Political Behavior
Authors: MONDAK JEFFERY J. , HIBBING MATTHEW V. , CANACHE DAMARYS , SELIGSON MITCHELL A. , ANDERSON MARY R.
Published: February 2010

People's enduring psychological tendencies are reflected in their traits. Contemporary research on personality establishes that traits are rooted largely in biology, and that the central aspects of personality can be captured in frameworks, or taxonomies, focused on five trait dimensions: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability. In this article, we integrate a five-factor view of trait structure within a holistic model of the antecedents of political behavior, one that accounts not only for personality, but also for other factors, including biological and environmental influences. This approach permits attention to the complex processes that likely underlie trait effects, and especially to possible trait–situation interactions. Primary tests of our hypotheses draw on data from a 2006 U.S. survey, with supplemental tests introducing data from Uruguay and Venezuela. Empirical analyses not only provide evidence of the value of research on personality and politics, but also signal some of the hurdles that must be overcome for inquiry in this area to be most fruitful.
The significance of iron-stained foraminifera off SE Trinidad, West Indies, western central Atlantic Ocean
Authors: WILSON BRENT
Published: February 2010

Eleven samples of seafloor sediment were taken from water depths of 78–90 m within the Savonette Field, off SE Trinidad, western Atlantic Ocean. This surface sediment is relict, having been deposited during an early Holocene transgression. The samples yielded much iron-stained quartz and a rich assemblage of dead foraminifera, of which 75% of planktonic foraminifera were stained with iron, as was 66.5% of the calcareous benthonic foraminiferal assemblage. The fauna, both iron-stained and unstained, was dominated byCibicidoidesex. gr.pseudoungerianus, and is concluded, despite the proximity of the Orinoco Delta, to be equivalent to a relictCibicidoidesbiofacies in carbonate-rich areas of the Gulf of Mexico. Staining was by limonite and hematite. Differing percentages of calcareous benthonic species had been stained with iron, ANOVA revealing three groups of species within which the mean percentage of iron-stained specimens per sample did not differ: (a)Globocassidulina subglobosaandHanzawaia concentrica; (b)Amphistegina gibbosa, Cassidulina norcrossi australis Cibicioidesex. gr.pseudoungerianus,C. io,Elphidium translucensandQuinqueloculina lamarckiana; and (c)Eponides antillarumandE. repandus. It is concluded that species differ in their susceptibility to iron staining, and that planktonic foraminifera are more susceptible than most benthonic species. Although waters off northern South America are turbid and the photic zone only ~25 m deep, the relict assemblage contained 8.4% algal symbiont-bearing foraminifera (especiallyA. gibbosaandE. translucens) that would be limited to the photic zone. These are thought to have lived at a time early in the Holocene transgression when sequestration of sediment within the Orinoco delta rendered the water sufficiently clear for viable populations of symbiont-bearing foraminifera. Should iron-stained foraminifera prove to be restricted to transgressive systems tracts, this would make them a useful sequence stratigraphic tool.
Age of volcanism and its migration in the Samoa Islands
Authors: McDOUGALL IAN
Published: February 2010

Potassium–argon (K–Ar) ages on whole rock samples have been measured on lavas from the subaerial Samoa Islands, which form a broadly linear volcanic chain that extends from the ESE to the WNW for about 360 km. The Manu'a Islands near the southeast limit of the chain exhibit youthful ages, with most <0.4 Ma, in keeping with the geological observations. Tutuila consists of several volcanoes, and previous work yielded a mean K–Ar age of 1.26 ± 0.15 Ma for the shield-building volcanism. Upolu, to the WNW of Tutuila, gives a mean age of 2.15 ± 0.35 Ma for the shield-building phase, represented by the Fagaloa Volcanics, with much of the island covered by significantly younger volcanic rocks. Savai'i, further to the WNW, is dominated by youthful volcanism, extending into historic times. In a restricted area, adjacent to the NE coast of Savai'i, previously thought to have volcanic rocks correlating with the Fagaloa Volcanics of Upolu, the ages are much younger than those on Upolu, lying between 0.32 and 0.42 Ma. Considering only the subaerial volcanism from Ta'u to Upolu, but also including Vailulu'u, the volcanism has migrated in a systematic ESE direction at 130 ± 8 mm a−1 over 300 km in the last 2.2 Ma. This rate is nearly twice that obtained from GPS measurements of Pacific Plate motion of 72 mm a−1 at N64°W in this area. However, if the much older age of shield-building volcanism from the submarine foundations of Savai'i is included, the regression yields a volcanic migration rate of 72 ± 14 mm a−1, in keeping with the measured GPS rate and consistent with a hotspot origin for the island chain. This suggests that the volcanic migration rates determined from the age of subaerial volcanism can be considerably overestimated, and this is now evident in other Pacific Ocean island chains. Clearly, the ages of the main shield-building volcanism from subaerial volcanism are minima, and if the older submarine lavas can be measured, these may yield a migration rate more in keeping with current plate motions.
Analysis of the interaction between particles in non-ideal quasi-equilibrium extended systems
Authors: VAULINA O. S. , LISIN E. A. , GAVRIKOV A. V. , PETROV O. F. , FORTOV V. E.
Published: February 2010

Two techniques for the analysis of the interaction between particles in non-ideal quasi-equilibrium extended systems are considered. The first technique is based on a solution of the inverse problem describing the movement of dust particles by a system of Langevin equations. The second technique proceeds from the basic integral approaches of statistical physics. The conditions for the correct use of these techniques are presented, together with the results of their experimental application for the analysis of inter-grain interactions in the dusty plasma of radio frequency discharge.
Differential antibacterial activities of fusiform and oval morphotypes of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae)
Authors: Desbois Andrew P. , Walton Mike , Smith Valerie J.
Published: February 2010

The diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a common inhabitant of inshore waters and can exist in different morphotypes that are thought to be adapted for survival in different habitats. Despite this diatom being widely used for physiological and genetic studies of microalgae, little is known about biochemical or physiological differences between the cell morphotypes. The present study was aimed at comparing differences in the antibacterial properties of the fusiform and oval morphotypes, the dominant cell types found in laboratory cultures of most strains of P. tricornutum. In cultures differing in proportions of fusiform and oval cells, there is a significant and positive correlation between the proportion of cells in the fusiform morphotype and the antibacterial activity of cell extracts. Extracts prepared from cultures enriched for fusiform cells (~76%) show greater antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, than those prepared from pure (100%) oval cultures. Thus fusiform cells contain greater antibacterial activity per cell compared to the ovals. Gas–liquid chromatographic analyses of the extracts reveal that those from enriched fusiform populations contain significantly greater levels of the free fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), hexadecatrienoic acid (HTA) and palmitoleic acid (PA) than the pure oval cell cultures. These free fatty acids from P. tricornutum have been previously shown by us to have potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Free fatty acids, released from damaged microalgal cells, defend the microalgal population against grazing predators but, here, we suggest that these free fatty acids could also act against pathogenic bacteria in the vicinity of the algae. As cell extracts from the fusiform cells contain greater quantities of these fatty acids, fusiform cells may have greater potential than the ovals for this type of protection.
Morphology and development of the early growth stages of an Indonesian Stylaster (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)
Authors: Puce Stefania , Bo Marzia , Di Camillo Cristina Gioia , Paoli Linda , Pica Daniela , Bavestrello Giorgio
Published: February 2010

The aim of this work is to describe the skeletal morphology of the early stages of the colonies of Stylaster sp., settled on artificial panels placed along a coral reef in the Bunaken Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). The youngest observed stage deriving from the planula settlement is represented by a well developed primary cyclosystem symmetrically budding two secondary cyclosystems in a very early phase of growth. Successively each cyclosystem starts its vertical growth producing new cyclosystems sympodially arranged. At the same time the basal disc of the first cyclosystem enlarges producing a flattened crust from which new colonies arise. Vertical and encrusting forms are considered different modalities to face the problem of space competition in marine benthic organisms. The colonies of Stylaster sp. grow using both strategies resulting in the asexual reproduction of several colonies from a single settled planula. The new cyclosystems originate as small volcano-like elevations having the centre filled with calcium carbonate. Gradually this calcareous matrix dissolves starting from its perimetric zone and leads to the formation of the gastrostyle and the ring palisade. It is plausible that the cells composing the stolon nets deeply pervading the calcareous structure are responsible for this skeletal plasticity.
Design and kinematics analysis of a new 3CCC parallel mechanism
Authors: Gan Dongming , Liao Qizheng , Dai Jian S. , Wei Shimin
Published: February 2010

A CCC limb and a new 3CCC parallel mechanism have been designed in this paper based on geometry analysis. Their mobility and geometrical constraints are discussed by using screw theory and geometrical equations separately. Following that both the inverse and forward kinematics of the 3CCC parallel mechanism are proposed, in which Dixon's resultant is used to get the forward solutions for the orientation and a eighth-order polynomial equation in one unknown is obtained, leading to the results for the position analysis, numerical examples confirm these theoretical results. A short comparison with the traditional Stewart platforms is presented in terms of kinematics, workspace and trajectory planning.
Tendon sheath analysis for estimation of distal end force and elongation for sensorless distal end
Authors: Phee S. J. , Low S. C. , Dario P. , Menciassi A.
Published: February 2010

Tendon sheath actuation is found in many applications, particularly in robotic hands and surgical robots. Due to the friction between the tendon and sheath, many undesirable characteristic such as backlash, hysteresis and non-linearity are present. It is desirable to know the end-effector force and elongation of the tendon to control the system effectively, but it is not always feasible to fix sensors at the end effector. A method to estimate the end-effector parameters using only a force and position sensor at the proximal site is given. An analytical study is presented and experiments are reported to support the result, showing a maximum full-scale error of approximately 7%. This result is achieved if the shape of the sheath remains the same and buckling is negligible. The results presented in this study could contribute towards haptic development in robotics surgery.
Overcoming trends in irregularly spaced locations by regional polish – exemplified by estimation of the range of influence between Salmonella Dublin-seropositive cattle herds
Authors: ERSBØLL A. K. , ERSBØLL B. K.
Published: February 2010

The aim of the study was to develop a procedure to remove spatial trends in irregularly spaced data, with trends partly due to regional differences. Median polish is often used on regularly spaced (lattice) data where column and row medians are removed. For irregularly spaced data a low-resolution map of the spatial locations is often used where data locations are assigned to the nearest lattice node followed by median polish. In this study regional polish was developed. The inverse distance weighted median was calculated based on observations from locations in the neighbourhood of the actual observation. The regional polish residual is obtained as the difference between the observed value and the weighted median. The regional polish procedure was applied to Salmonella Dublin data showing strong regional trends. Estimation of the range of influence between cattle herds with positive S. Dublin herd status was considerably improved with a stable parameter estimate and reduced standard error.
Emergence of MRSA clone ST22 in healthy young adults in the community in the absence of risk factors
Authors: MOLLAGHAN A. M. , LUCEY B. , COFFEY A. , COTTER L.
Published: February 2010

One thousand adults aged between 18 and 35 years were investigated for nasal colonization with community-acquired methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA). Each volunteer completed a questionnaire to assess the presence or absence of risk factors for hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) carriage. All MRSA isolated were characterized by microbiological and molecular methods. AS. aureuscarriage rate of 22% and a MRSA carriage rate of 0·7% were observed. Analysis of the questionnaires revealed 121 individuals with HA-MRSA risk factors. Subsequently two MRSA infections with associated risk factors were excluded from calculation of the true carriage rate and an adjusted rate of 0·57% (5/879) was established. All seven MRSA isolates expressed the genotypic profile ST22-MRSA-IV, were PVL negative,agrtype 1, and differed only by their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. ST22-MRSA-IV (EMRSA-15) has shown worldwide spread in the hospital setting but has not been previously documented in isolation in the community.
A modelling study of atrial septostomy for pulmonary arterial hypertension, and its effect on the state of tissue oxygenation and systemic blood flow
Authors: Diller Gerhard-Paul , Lammers Astrid E. , Haworth Sheila G. , Dimopoulos Konstantinos , Derrick Graham , Bonhoeffer Philipp , Gatzoulis Michael A. , Francis Darrel P.
Published: February 2010

Atrial septostomy is performed in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension, and has been shown to improve symptoms, quality of life and survival. Despite recognized clinical benefits, the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are poorly understood. We aimed to assess the effects of right-to-left shunting on arterial delivery of oxygen, mixed venous content of oxygen, and systemic cardiac output in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and a fixed flow of blood to the lungs. We formulated equations defining the mandatory relationship between physiologic variables and delivery of oxygen in patients with right-to-left shunting. Using calculus and computer modelling, we considered the simultaneous effects of right-to-left shunting on physiologies with different pulmonary flows, total metabolic rates, and capacities for carrying oxygen. Our study indicates that, when the flow of blood to the lungs is fixed, increasing right-to-left shunting improves systemic cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, and arterial delivery of oxygen. In contrast, the mixed venous content of oxygen, which mirrors the average state of tissue oxygenation, remains unchanged. Our model suggests that increasing the volume of right-to-left shunting cannot compensate for right ventricular failure. Atrial septostomy in the setting of pulmonary arterial hypertension, therefore, increases the arterial delivery of oxygen, but the mixed systemic saturation of oxygen, arguably the most important index of tissue oxygenation, stays constant. Our data suggest that the clinically observed beneficial effects of atrial septostomy are the result of improved flow of blood rather than augmented tissue oxygenation, provided that right ventricular function is adequate.
PARAMETER UNCERTAINTY AND NONLINEAR MONETARY POLICY RULES
Authors: Tillmann Peter
Published: February 2010

Empirical evidence suggests that the instrument rule describing the interest rate–setting behavior of the Federal Reserve is nonlinear. This paper shows that optimal monetary policy under parameter uncertainty can motivate this pattern. If the central bank is uncertain about the slope of the Phillips curve and follows a min–max strategy to formulate policy, the interest rate reacts more strongly to inflation when inflation is further away from target. The reason is that the worst case the central bank takes into account is endogenous and depends on the inflation rate and the output gap. As inflation increases, the worst-case perception of the Phillips curve slope becomes larger, thus requiring a stronger interest rate adjustment. Empirical evidence supports this form of nonlinearity for post-1982 U.S. data.
Family meals and adolescents: what have we learned from Project EAT (Eating Among Teens)?
Authors: Neumark-Sztainer Dianne , Larson Nicole I , Fulkerson Jayne A , Eisenberg Marla E , Story Mary
Published: February 2010

Objective

The purpose of the present paper is to provide an integrated overview of the research methodology and key findings from a decade of research on family meals as part of Project EAT (Eating Among Teens), a large, population-based study of adolescents.

Design

Focus groups conducted with 141 middle-school and high-school adolescents suggested the importance of family meals in influencing adolescents’ food choices. These findings led to the inclusion of questions on family meals in the Project EAT-I survey, completed by 4746 middle-school and high-school students, and in the Project EAT-II longitudinal survey, completed by 2516 of the original participants five years later. A subset of 902 parents also participated in telephone interviews as part of Project EAT-I.

Results

Findings indicate that many adolescents and parents view family meals in a positive light, but there is great diversity in the context and frequency of family meal patterns in the homes of adolescents. Findings further suggest that family meals may have benefits in terms of dietary intake, disordered eating behaviours, substance use and psychosocial health.

Conclusions

Findings from Project EAT, in conjunction with other research studies on family meals, suggest the importance of working with families to increase the frequency and improve the quality of family meals. Further research is needed in order to elucidate the pathways that underpin the relationships between family meals and health outcomes. Suggestions for a future research agenda based on what was learned from Project EAT are provided.
Energy Functionals and Complex Monge–Ampère Equations
Authors: Hou Zuoliang , Li Qi
Published: February 2010

We introduce certain energy functionals to complex Monge–Ampère equations over bounded domains with inhomogeneous boundary conditions, and use these functionals to show the convergence of solutions to certain parabolic Monge–Ampère equations.
Differential Modules on p-Adic Polyannuli—Erratum
Authors: Kedlaya Kiran S. , Xiao Liang
Published: February 2010

The statement of Theorem 2.7.6 in the indicated paper is incorrect. For instance, if m = 0 (i.e., the base field K contains no additional derivations), it is inconsistent with Theorem 2.7.4 due to the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic generic radii of convergence. Theorems 2.7.12 and 2.7.13 are incorrect for similar reasons.
Diamonds in Torsion of Abelian Varieties
Authors: Jarden Moshe
Published: February 2010

A theorem of Kuyk says that every Abelian extension of a Hilbertian field is Hilbertian. We conjecture that for an Abelian variety A defined over a Hilbertian field K every extension L of K in K(Ator) is Hilbertian. We prove our conjecture when K is a number field. The proof applies a result of Serre about l-torsion of Abelian varieties, information about l-adic analytic groups, and Haran's diamond theorem.
Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O‐CN land surface model: 1. Model description, site‐scale evaluation, and sensitivity to parameter estimates
Authors: Zaehle S. , Friend A. D.
Published: February 2010

Nitrogen (N) availability plays a key role in terrestrial biosphere dynamics. To understand and quantify the role of terrestrial N in the Earth system, we developed an advanced terrestrial biogeochemical model O‐CN that mechanistically couples terrestrial energy, water, carbon, and nitrogen fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. We evaluate this new model against observations from intensive forest monitoring plots at temperate and boreal locations in Europe. O‐CN simulates realistic foliage N concentrations and N cycling rates and reproduces observed diurnal and seasonal cycles of C fluxes as well as observed gradients in vegetation productivity with N availability for the forest sites studied. A sensitivity test reveals that these results are reasonably robust against uncertainties in model parameter estimates. Using this model we quantify the likely contribution of anthropogenic N deposition to present ecosystem C sequestration as 36 (range: 2–79) g C g−1 N in agreement with ecosystem manipulation studies.
Sensitivity of isoprene emissions from the terrestrial biosphere to 20th century changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration, climate, and land use
Authors: Lathière J. , Hewitt C. N. , Beerling D. J.
Published: February 2010

We describe the development and analysis of a global model based on Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) (Guenther et al., 2006) for estimating isoprene emissions from terrestrial vegetation. The sensitivity of calculated isoprene emissions to descriptors including leaf age, soil moisture, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and regional variability of emission factors is analyzed. The validity of the results is evaluated by comparison with compilations of published field‐based canopy‐scale observations. Calculated isoprene emissions reproduce above‐canopy flux measurements and the site‐to‐site variability across a wide range of latitudes, with the model explaining 60% of the variance. Although the model underestimates isoprene emissions, especially in northern latitude localities, this disagreement is significantly corrected when regional variability of emission factors for particular plant functional types is considered (r2 = 0.78). At the global scale, we estimate a terrestrial biosphere isoprene flux of 413 TgC yr−1 using the present‐day climate, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and vegetation distribution, and this compares with other published estimates from global modeling studies of 402 to 660 TgC yr−1. The validated model was used to calculate changes in isoprene emissions in response to atmospheric CO2 increase, climate change, and land use change during the 20th century (1901–2002). Changes in all of these factors are found to impact significantly on isoprene emissions over the course of the 20th century. Between 1901 and 2002, we estimate that at the global scale, climate change was responsible for a 7% increase in isoprene emissions, and rising atmospheric CO2 caused a 21% reduction. However, by the end of the 20th century (2002), anthropogenic cropland expansion has the largest impact reducing isoprene emissions by 15%. Overall, these factors combined to cause a 24% decrease in global isoprene emissions during the 20th century. It remains to be determined whether predicted 21st century warming and increased use of isoprene‐emitting crops for biofuels (e.g., oil palm) will more than offset any future CO2 suppression of isoprene emission rates.
Origin of apparent magnetic excursions in deep‐sea sediments from Mendeleev‐Alpha Ridge, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Xuan Chuang , Channell James E. T.
Published: February 2010

Arctic deep‐sea sediments often record intervals of negative inclination of natural remanence that are tens of centimeters thick, implying magnetic excursions with durations of tens of thousand years that far exceed excursion durations estimated elsewhere, and the lack of tight age control usually provides excessive freedom in the labeling of Arctic excursions. Fortuitous variations in sedimentation rate have been invoked to explain the “amplified” excursions. Alternating field demagnetization of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of sediment cores 08JPC, 10JPC, 11JPC, and 13JPC recovered by the Healy Oden Trans‐Arctic Expedition in August 2005 (HOTRAX05) to the Mendeleev‐Alpha Ridge yields apparent magnetic “excursions” in sediments deposited in the Brunhes Chron. Thermal demagnetization of the NRM, however, implies multiple magnetization components with negative inclination components usually “unblocked” below ∼350°C. Analysis of isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition curves from magnetic extracts indicates two magnetic coercivity components superimposed on one another. Magnetic experiments conducted under high and low temperatures show features that are characteristic for (titano)magnetite and titanomaghemite. Presence of the two magnetic phases is further confirmed by elemental mapping on a scanning electron microscope equipped for X‐ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and by high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction (XRD). It is unlikely that anomalously thick intervals of negative inclination in these Brunhes‐aged sediments are caused by unusual behavior of the magnetic field in the Arctic area. We therefore attribute low and negative NRM inclinations in these cores to partially self‐reversed chemical remanent magnetizations, apparently carried by titanomaghemite and acquired during the oxidation of detrital (titano)magnetite grains. The high Ti contents and high oxidation states indicated by EDS and XRD data provide the conditions required for partial self‐reversal by ionic reordering during diagenetic maghemitization, and this process appears to have affected all HOTRAX05 cores collected from the Mendeleev‐Alpha Ridge.
Plume‐like upper mantle instabilities drive subduction initiation
Authors: Burov Evgueni , Cloetingh Sierd
Published: February 2010

The control of upper mantle‐lithosphere interactions (MLI) on compressional tectonics is not well resolved. This applies to the role of MLI in triggering of subduction initiation or lithosphere mantle (LM) downwellings. We present results of thermo‐mechanically thermo‐dynamically coupled numerical experiments that are consistent with an array of recent geophysical constraints on lithosphere and upper mantle rheology and structure. We demonstrate that MLI can lead to initiation of continental lithosphere subduction, inducing its spontaneous downthrusting to depths of 300–500 km upon plume impingement of the lithosphere. This downthrusting is pre‐conditioned by rheological stratification of visco‐elasto‐plastic lithosphere and its free surface. The subsequent evolution of the slab is governed by phase changes and its interactions with the surrounding mantle. We demonstrate that the mode of MLI is strongly affected by the lateral heterogeneities and the presence of suture zones in the lithosphere.
Emissions of anaerobically produced methane by trees
Authors: Rice Andrew L. , Butenhoff Christopher L. , Shearer Martha J. , Teama Doaa , Rosenstiel Todd N. , Khalil M. Aslam K.
Published: February 2010

Recent studies indicate that plants may be a previously overlooked but significant source of atmospheric CH4, though there is considerable disagreement on the mechanism of production. Our work sought to verify that woody deciduous trees grown under inundated conditions had the capacity for transporting CH4 from an anaerobic subsurface to the atmosphere and to consider if such a source could be important globally. Here, we report results from a greenhouse mesocosm study that indicate significant emissions of anaerobically produced CH4 transmitted to the atmosphere through broadleaf riparian tree species grown under flooded conditions. Using a leaf area normalized mean emission rate (0.7 ± 0.3 μg cm−2 hr−1), results were scaled globally for flooded forest regions and estimated to be 60 ± 20 Tg year−1, ∼10% of the global CH4 source. The carbon isotopic composition of CH4 emitted was found to be significantly enriched compared with expectations (δ13C ∼ −54‰) and provided an important isotopic constraint on the global source which coincides with the mean of the globally scaled greenhouse‐based estimate.
Role of iron‐spin transition in ferropericlase on seismic interpretation: A broad thermochemical transition in the mid mantle?
Authors: Cammarano F. , Marquardt H. , Speziale S. , Tackley P. J.
Published: February 2010

Most of the lower mantle is relatively simple in terms of seismic structure. Lateral variations are weaker compared to its bottom part and to the upper mantle and seismic velocities increase smoothly with depth. To a first order, these features appear consistent with the adiabatic compression of a homogeneous medium. Here we show, instead, that seismic data require a change of chemical and/or thermal state with depth below ∼1600 km, if the effect of the spin‐transition of Fe2+ in ferropericlase on the elastic signature of a typical lower mantle assemblage is taken into account. The inferred thermochemical structure helps to reconcile geochemical and geophysical observations and has profound implications on the dynamical evolution of our planet.
Subgrid‐scale treatment for major point sources in an Eulerian model: A sensitivity study on the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX) and Chernobyl cases
Authors: Korsakissok Irène , Mallet Vivien
Published: February 2010

We investigate the plume‐in‐grid method for a subgrid‐scale treatment of major point sources in the passive case. This method consists in an online coupling of a Gaussian puff model and an Eulerian model, which better represents the point emissions without significantly increasing the computational burden. In this paper, the plume‐in‐grid model implemented on the Polyphemus air quality modeling system is described, with an emphasis on the parameterizations available for the Gaussian dispersion, and on the coupling with the Eulerian model. The study evaluates the model for passive tracers at continental scale with the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX) and the Chernobyl case. The aim is to (1) estimate the model sensitivity to the local‐scale parameterizations and (2) bring insights on the spatial and temporal scales that are relevant in the use of a plume‐in‐grid model. It is found that the plume‐in‐grid treatment improves the vertical diffusion at local scale, thus reducing the bias, especially at the closest stations. Doury's Gaussian parameterization and a column injection method give the best results. There is a strong sensitivity of the results to the injection time and the grid resolution. The “best” injection time actually depends on the resolution but is difficult to determine a priori. The plume‐in‐grid method is also found to improve the results at fine resolutions more than with coarse grids by compensating the Eulerian tendency to overpredict the concentrations at these resolutions.