bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The One-Step Flow of Communication
Authors: Bennett W. Lance , Manheim Jarol B.
Published: October 2006

This analysis explores the transformation of public communication in the United States from a two-step flow of messages passing from mass media through a social mediation process, to a one-step flow involving the refined targeting of messages directly to individuals. This one-step flow reflects both a transformation in communication technologies and fundamental changes in the relations between individuals and society. Opinion leaders who played a pivotal role in the two step paradigm are increasingly less likely to “lead” because they are more likely to reinforce latent opinions than to reframe them. And because the mass media in the one-step flow are increasingly fragmented and differentiated, they contribute to the individualizing process through shrinking audiences, demographically driven programming, and transmitting targeted political advertising and news spin.
The Consumer and the Citizen in Personal Influence
Authors: Glickman Lawrence B.
Published: October 2006

This article analyzes the relationship between citizenship and consumption posited by the Decatur Study and developed in the influential book Personal Influence by Katz and Lazarsfeld. It shows that they understood a close relationship between the two. It also contrasts the Katz/Lazarsfeld understanding of the relationship between citizenship and consumption with that of contemporary consumer activists to show that, for scholars of “effects,” Katz and Lazarsfeld, who focused exclusively on the “inputs” of consumer choice, paid surprisingly little attention to the social impact of consumption.
As Time Goes By...
Authors: Mccormack Thelma
Published: October 2006

Published in 1955, Personal Influence is a study of how middle America made political and consumer decisions in small primary groups and how ordinary people were both influenced and influencing. The Vietnam War challenged the paradigm as a new generation of scholars turned to larger units—state and society—and the power the media might have in reinforcing class structure. Part II of this article examines the application of the paradigm in voting studies from Walter Lippmann as the prototypical cosmopolitan to the locals of Decatur. The conclusion raises questions about the future based on globalization and the decline of the nation-state. Drawing on Dayan and Katz’s work in studying televised events, this article shares their perspective based on aesthetics, which would give more attention to culture.
The Katz/Lowenthal Encounter: An Episode in the Creation of Personal Influence
Authors: Robinson Gertrude J.
Published: October 2006

This article traces the scholarly contacts between two important intellectual traditions: the historically based, Marxist Frankfurt school and the Lazarsfeld/Merton Bureau of Applied Social Research in New York between 1934 and 1956. In this account, the focus will be on the differential career stages of Leo Lowenthal and Elihu Katz and what that meant for their understanding of the mass culture critique. Three interrelated questions will be addressed: first, Lowenthal's preparation for his work at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt; then the Institute's transfer to Columbia and Lowenthal's role in developing a sociology of literature and popular culture; and finally, the implications of Lowenthal's mentorship of Katz at the beginning of his scholarly career.
Sex-Specific Relationships Between Route-Learning Strategies and Abilities in a Large-Scale Environment
Authors: Choi Jean , McKillop Erin , Ward Micheal , L’Hirondelle Natasha
Published: October 2006

Spatial theories identify three aspects of the environment that are used to various degrees in route-learning tasks; namely, landmarks, routes, and configurations. Although research has demonstrated sex differences in the relative predominance of each aspect in route-learning strategies, it is unclear how these sex differences correspond to route-learning abilities in a large-scale environment. The present experiment addresses this void by examining route-learning abilities in an indoor environment. Participants are taken through an unfamiliar route and instructed to find the point of origin using one of three strategies: (a) direct, (b) retrace, and (c) choice. Results reveal sex differences in route-learning abilities in the direct condition. Furthermore, a landmark-biased strategy is used more by females and is associated with better route-learning abilities. The same relationship is not found in males. These findings suggest that sex-specific patterns of relationships exist between strategy use and route-learning abilities.
General Beliefs and Environmental Concern
Authors: Olofsson Anna , Öhman Susanna
Published: October 2006

The aim of the study was to empirically test whether grouping people according to their general beliefs, combined with positional factors, can explain environmental concern, and whether there are country differences in this respect. The study is based on the United States, Canadian, Norwegian, and Swedish parts of The International Social Survey Program (ISSP) survey 2000 on environmental concern. The four countries were paired resulting in a comparison between North America and Scandinavia. The results showed that general beliefs, together with education and political affiliation, were the most stable predictors of environmental concern, and that adding general beliefs to the analysis improves the explanatory power in a significant way.
Throughput Guarantees for TCP Flows in a Network Based on Packet Classes Using Edge-to-Edge Per Flow Measurements
Authors: Fàbrega Lluís , Jové Teodor , Vilà Pere , Marzo José
Published: October 2006

TCP flows generated by applications such as the Web or FTP require a minimum network throughput and can also benefit from an extra throughput due to their rate-adaptive algorithms. To build a guaranteed minimum throughput service, the authors propose a scheme with Admission Control (AC) using a small set of packet classes in a core-stateless network. At the ingress of the network, each flow packet is marked as one of the set of classes, and within the network, each class is assigned a different discarding priority. The AC method is based on edge-to-edge per flow measurements and requires flows to be sent at a minimum rate. The scheme is able to provide different minimum throughput to different users and protection against nonresponsive sources. The authors evaluate the scheme through simulation using different traffic loads consisting of TCP flows that carry files of varying sizes. In the simulation, TCP uses a new algorithm that forces the source to keep the short-term sending rate above a desired minimum rate. The authors study the influence of several parameters on the performance of the scheme in different network topologies. The results show that the scheme guarantees the requested throughput to accepted flows and achieves a high utilization of network resources, similar to the ideal results of a classical hop-by-hop AC.
WLAN-UMTS Integration: Architecture, Seamless Handoff, and Simulation Analysis
Authors: Zarai Faouzi , Boudriga Noureddine , Obaidat Mohammad S.
Published: October 2006

Providing Quality of Service (QoS) for sophisticated and QoS-constraining applications (e.g. video-based applications, multimedia services, and high speed data services) and ensuring continuous connectivity for universal mobile stations (UMS) in heterogeneous networks are important issues in the design of fourth generation (4G) networks. The latter will utilize multiple radio access technologies including cellular technologies (such as GSM, GPRS, and UMTS), satellite-based communications, and wireless local area networks, which are seamlessly integrated to form a heterogeneous wireless network. In the paper, first, an architecture for WLAN-UMTS integration is defined that makes the composing networks transparent to users and provides seamless services. Second, a novel protocol is proposed to reserve resources for handoff. Third, modeling and simulation is used to evaluate the QoS performance.
Human Pregnane X Receptor: Genetic Polymorphisms, Alternative mRNA Splice Variants, and Cytochrome P450 3A Metabolic Activity
Authors: He Ping , Court Michael H. , Greenblatt David J. , von Moltke Lisa L.
Published: October 2006

Human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) gene polymorphisms (spanning exon 2 to exon 5) and alternative mRNA splicing were investigated as possible contributors to individual variability in CYP3A metabolic activity measured both in vivo and in vitro. None of the 9 variants evaluated, including the 2 most common nonsynonymous variants (Pro27Ser and Gly36Arg), was found to be associated with midazolam 1′‐hydroxylation rate measured in a bank of human livers (48 European Americans, 4 African Americans, 2 Hispanics). In contrast, 3 linked hPXR variants (g.252A>G, g.275A>G, and g.4760G>A) were significantly (P < .05) associated with oral midazolam clearance in a mixed race/ethnicity population (n = 26) and the African American subpopulation (n = 14) but not in European Americans (n = 9). Although the amount of hPXR mRNA normally spliced at the exon 4–5 junction correlated well with midazolam 1′‐hydroxylation activities (P < .05), none of the 6 hPXR mRNA splice variants identified was associated with midazolam 1′‐hydroxylation. In conclusion, several hPXR polymorphisms have been identified that may have predictive value for oral midazolam clearance, particularly in African Americans.
Effect of Conjugated Equine Estrogens on Oxidative Metabolism in Middle‐aged and Elderly Postmenopausal Women
Authors: O'Connell Mary Beth , Frye Reginald F. , Matzke Gary R. , Peter John V. St. , Willhite Laurie A. , Welch Margaret R. , Kowal Paul , LaValleur June
Published: October 2006

The effects of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) 0.625 mg daily on cytochrome P450 (CYP) were quantified in 12 middle‐aged and 13 elderly postmenopausal women at baseline and 6 months later. CYP phenotype was characterized by caffeine (CYP1A2), chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1), dapsone (CYP, N‐acetyltransferase 2), dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), and mephenytoin (CYP2C19) metabolism. CEE significantly decreased CYP1A2 (caffeine metabolic ratio: 0.57 ± 0.20 before, 0.40 ± 0.20 after, P = .001) and significantly increased CYP2D6 (dextromethorphan/dextrorphan ratio: 0.0116 ± 0.0143 before, 0.0084 ± 0.0135 after, P = .022) metabolism. CEE had no overall effect on CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP‐mediated dapsone metabolism, and N‐acetyltransferase 2. The dextromethorphan metabolic ratio decreased only in the seniors. The dapsone recovery ratio decreased in the middle‐aged group and increased in the seniors. CEE significantly influenced CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP‐mediated dapsone oxidative metabolism but not CYP2C19, CYP2E1, or N‐acetyltransferase 2 metabolism in postmenopausal women. Age influenced CYP2D6 metabolism and dapsone hydroxylation.
Rosuvastatin Increases α‐1 Microglobulin Urinary Excretion in Patients With Primary Dyslipidemia
Authors: Kostapanos Michael S. , Milionis Haralampos J. , Gazi Irene , Kostara Christine , Bairaktari Eleni T. , Elisaf Moses
Published: October 2006

The renoprotective effect of statins has been recently disputed because of observations of proteinuria associated with rosuvastatin treatment, the newest drug of the class. Statin‐induced proteinuria findings were mainly based on crudely quantitative dipstick assays. The authors quantitatively evaluated the effect of rosuvastatin at the recommended starting dose of 10 mg/d, on urine protein excretion in patients with primary dyslipidemia. Serum lipid and nonlipid parameters as well as urinary electrolyte, creatinine, and protein (total, albumin, immunoglobulin G, and α‐1 microglobulin) levels were measured in 40 patients treated with rosuvastatin and 30 controls at baseline and after 12 weeks. The protein‐to‐creatinine ratios were used to assess urinary protein excretion. Rosuvastatin improved the lipid profile, produced no deterioration of kidney function, but induced a small but significant increase in the excretion of α‐1 microglobulin (by 16%, P < .05) indicating that statin‐related proteinuria involves low‐molecular‐weight proteins and is of proximal tubular origin.
Entecavir Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability After Multiple Ascending Doses in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Yan Jing‐He , Bifano Marc , Olsen Steven , Smith Robert A. , Zhang Duxi , Grasela Dennis M. , LaCreta Frank
Published: October 2006

A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multiple oral dose escalation study was conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of entecavir in healthy subjects. Eight subjects were assigned to each of the 3 dose panels (0.1 mg, 0.5 mg, and 1 mg or matched placebo once daily for 14 days). Blood and urine samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analyses. Entecavir was rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentration occurring within 1 hour of dosing. Steady‐state plasma concentrations of entecavir were achieved by 10 days following the initial dose. At steady state, the mean area under the plasma concentration‐time curve over 1 dosing interval, increased approximately proportional to dose. Entecavir had a mean terminal half‐life ranging from 128 to 149 hours and an effective half‐life of approximately 24 hours. Elimination was predominantly through renal excretion, with mean urinary recovery ranging from 62% to 73%. Entecavir was safe and well tolerated when administered at doses ranging from 0.1 mg to 1 mg/d for 14 days.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antidepressants and Cytochrome P450 Genotyping in General Practice
Authors: Kootstra‐Ros Jenny E. , Van Weelden Marga J. M. , Hinrichs John W. J. , De Smet Peter A. G. M. , van der Weide Jan
Published: October 2006

In the psychiatric setting, therapeutic drug monitoring and genotyping for cytochrome P450 (CYP) polymorphisms help to ensure and maintain therapeutic drug levels. In this study, the authors extended the therapeutic drug monitoring and genotyping protocol routinely used in their psychiatric clinic to primary care patients treated with antidepressants. They examined the variation in serum concentrations and assessed the role of CYP polymorphisms, wrong dosing, and noncompliance in deviating serum concentrations. Of 227 serum concentrations obtained, 127 (56%) were more than 20% outside therapeutic ranges. Of these 127 cases, 64 (50%) were congruous with aberrant CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 genotypes, incorrect dosing, or a pharmacy record suggesting noncompliance. Prevalence of aberrant CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes did not differ significantly between the investigated primary care patients and 751 secondary care users of antidepressants. The therapeutic drug monitoring and the genotyping findings resulted in recommendations to physicians to alter the medication strategy of 146 (64%) patients. These results strongly suggest that the rationale for therapeutic drug monitoring and CYP genotyping when prescribing antidepressants in secondary care also applies to the primary care setting.
Paul and Roman Stoicism: Romans 12 and Contemporary Stoic Ethics
Authors: Thorsteinsson Runar M.
Published: October 2006

Exemplifying a rather widespread attitude among Pauline scholars, it has recently been argued on the basis of Rom. 12 that Paul differed sharply from the Stoics in his moral teaching. The present article aims to show that such a claim does not hold if and when the sources of Roman Stoicism are taken into consideration. A comparison of Paul’s moral teaching in Rom. 12 and contemporary Stoic ethics reveals that, whereas the two differ somewhat in scope (particular vs. universal), the differences are clearly outweighed by the many, striking similarities.
Microswitch Clusters Promote Adaptive Responses and Reduce Finger Mouthing in a Boy With Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , O’reilly Mark F. , Singh Nirbhay N. , Sigafoos Jeff , Oliva Doretta , Baccani Simona , Groeneweg Jop
Published: October 2006

The authors assessed new microswitch clusters (i.e., combinations of two microswitches) and contingent stimulation to increase adaptive responses (i.e., foot and head movements) and reduce aberrant behavior (i.e., finger mouthing)in a boy with multiple disabilities. Initially, intervention was directed at increasing the frequency of each adaptive response, individually, through contingent use of preferred stimuli. Subsequently, adaptive responses led to preferred stimuli only if they occurred in the absence of finger mouthing. Postintervention checks occurred 1, 2, and 3 months after the end of the intervention. Data showed that the boy (a) increased the frequency of the adaptive responses extensively, (b) learned to perform these responses largely free from finger mouthing, and (c) maintained these changes over time. The importance of microswitch clusters to simultaneously pursue the dual objective of promoting adaptive responses and reducing aberrant ones is underlined.
A Study on the Effects of Some Reinforcers to Improve Performance of Employees in a Retail Industry
Authors: Raj John Dilip , Nelson John Abraham , Rao K. S. P.
Published: October 2006

Two field experiments were conducted in the Business Information Technology Department of a major retail industry to analyze the impact of positive task performance reinforcers. The employees were divided into two broad groups—those performing complex tasks and those performing relatively simpler tasks. The first group was further divided into two subgroups, one being reinforced with money and paid leave and the other with feedback. Both the subgroups showed a significant improvement in performance behavior. However, feedback had a stronger effect on task performance even after the reinforcement was withdrawn. The second group of employees was allowed to choose reinforcers of their liking. Two simple techniques, a casual dress code and flexible working hours chosen by them, had a positive effect on their performance, which continued even after 6 months into the intervention. Besides, the procedure for the second group required no monetary or work-time loss to the employer.
HAART Adherence Strategies for Methadone Clients Who Are HIV-Positive
Authors: Haug Nancy A. , Sorensen James L. , Gruber Valerie A. , Lollo Nicole , Roth Gregory
Published: October 2006

Research demonstrates that injection drug users with HIV and/or AIDS have difficulty adhering to complex regimens of HIV medications. Because of the risk of increased viral resistance associated with irregular medication adherence, there is considerable clinical need to assist clients who abuse substances in taking their antiretroviral medications on time and as directed. This article outlines intervention strategies to improve medication adherence among clients who are in methadone maintenance. In this treatment manual, the authors delineate contingency management procedures, including voucher incentives and a fishbowl lottery prize system. They also describe intervention elements and adherence tools for medication coaching. The purpose of this manual is to describe the intervention procedures for clinicians and to serve as a resource for drug abuse treatment programs that serve clients who are HIV-positive.
Multiple Effects of Joint Attention Intervention for Children With Autism
Authors: Jones Emily A. , Carr Edward G. , Feeley Kathleen M.
Published: October 2006

Joint attention refers to an early developing set of behaviors that plays a critical role in both social and language development and is specifically impaired in children with autism. In a series of three studies, preschool teachers demonstrated the effectiveness of discrete trial instruction and pivotal response training strategies to teach joint attention to 5 children with autism (Study 1). Parents of 2 of the 5 children also taught joint attention at home and in the community (Study 2). Several additional dependent measures demonstrated collateral improvements in expressive language and social-communicative characteristics that were socially validated by parent raters (Study 3). Results are discussed with respect to the importance of addressing different forms of joint attention, the necessity to extend intervention to naturalistic contexts and joint attention partners, the pivotal nature of joint attention, and whether intervention adequately addresses both the form and social function of joint attention.
Classroom Intervention for Illness-Related Problem Behavior in Children With Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Carr Edward G. , Blakeley-Smith Audrey
Published: October 2006

There is growing evidence of an association between physical illness and problem behavior in children with developmental disabilities. Such behavior can compromise school performance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate, using a group design, the effectiveness of medical intervention alone ( N = 11) versus behavioral plus medical intervention ( N = 10) for illness-related problem behavior in a school setting. Following intervention, the behavioral plus medical intervention group showed lower levels of problem behavior and completed more academic tasks than did the medical intervention alone group. The results are discussed with respect to the concept of illness and pain as a setting event for problem behavior. The need for research to develop algorithms that allow one to select the best combination of medical and behavioral interventions for specific illnesses and contexts is noted.
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of an Instrument to Assess Reinforcer Preferences
Authors: Sarafino Edward P. , Graham James A.
Published: October 2006

The Preferred Items and Experiences Questionnaire (PIEQ) is a new instrument to assess reinforcer preferences in adolescents and adults. Research was conducted with college and high school students to develop the PIEQ, to examine its reliability with test-retest and internal consistency methods, and to test its validity. This research provides support for the PIEQ’s reliability and validity.
Phenomenological Characteristics, Social Problems, and the Economic Impact Associated With Chronic Skin Picking
Authors: Flessner Christopher A. , Woods Douglas W.
Published: October 2006

In this study, the authors collected data on the demographic characteristics, phenomenology, and social and economic impact of skin picking. A total of 92 participants completed an anonymous, Internet-based survey through a link to the Trichotillomania Learning Center’s home page. Results indicated that skin pickers experienced social, occupational, and academic impairment, a number of medical or mental health concerns, and financial burdens, which they attributed to skin picking. Results also revealed moderate, statistically significant relationships between skin picking severity and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and experiential avoidance. Subsequent mediational analyses demonstrated that the relationship between skin picking severity and symptoms of anxiety and depression was partially mediated by experiential avoidance. Implications, conclusions, and future areas of research are discussed.
Tampering with nature: ‘nature’ and the ‘natural’ in media coverage of genetics and biotechnology
Authors: Hansen Anders
Published: October 2006

Concepts of nature and the ‘natural’ order of things form a central anchor in public debate and controversy about developments in genetic research and in human, animal and plant biotechnology. ‘Nature’, as Raymond Williams observed, ‘is perhaps the most complex word in the language’, and it is precisely from this complexity that its discursive and ideological power is derived. While it is widely accepted that ‘nature' is a social construct, it is perhaps its characteristic appearance of not being so that makes it a powerful ideological anchor. This article examines how nature and appeals to what is ‘natural’ are invoked in media discourse on genetics. Starting with a review of research on the representation of genetics and on ‘nature’ in a range of public discourses and media genres, the article explores the changing uses of nature in British newspaper coverage of genetics and biotechnology from 1986/7 to 2002/3.
Race, gender and sex on the net: semantic networks of selling and storytelling sex tourism
Authors: Chow-White Peter A.
Published: October 2006

This study investigates how discourses of race, gender, sexuality and the market intersect online in sex tourism websites. The selling of sex tourism and sex tourist storytelling are structured in a manner where neither race, sexuality, gender, nor the market overdetermine the character of the discourse. Using a quantitative approach to usually qualitative concerns, this study employs a complementary combination of content analysis and network analysis to show how identity formation is based not on a dominant unitary identity but emanates through a number of strategic points of negotiation over the meaning of identification and difference. Increasingly, information and communication technologies, such as the internet, are playing a particularly significant role, not only in the promotion and packaging of sex tourism but also of a new type of global surveillance of bodies, race and desire.
Dynamics of power in contemporary media policy-making
Authors: Freedman Des
Published: October 2006

Despite the growing interest in the organization and regulation of media industries, there is relatively little public discussion of the material processes through which media policy is developed. At a time of considerable change in the global media environment, new actors and new paradigms are emerging that are set to shift the balance of power between public and private interests in the policy-making process. This article focuses on some core challenges to the pluralist conception of public policy-making that still dominates today and considers whether key aspects of UK and American media policy-making can be said to be competitive, accessible, transparent or rational. Based on interviews with a wide range of ‘stakeholders’, the article assesses the power dynamics that underlie media policy-making and argues that the process is skewed by the taken-for-granted domination of market ideology.
Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren
Authors: Goodman Catherine Chase , Silverstein Merril
Published: October 2006

This study compares the well-being of African American, Latina, and White grandmothers raising or helping to raise grandchildren in custodial and coparenting families. Grandmother caregivers ( N = 1,051) were recruited through schools and media for 1-hr interviews. Latina grandmothers had higher life satisfaction than African American or White grandmothers when they coparented with a parent in the household. Among African American grandmothers, higher life satisfaction was evident in custodial compared to coparenting arrangements. White grandmothers had higher negative mood and assumed care more frequently in response to serious parental substance-related reasons and less frequently because of the parent’s financial need. In contrast, levels of depression were the same regardless of ethnicity. Results suggest that expectations regarding caregiving roles and socioeconomic resources may shape the grandmother’s mood and sense of satisfaction with life in response to family circumstances but not affect her depression, an important aspect of mental health.
Scientific Habitus
Authors: Lenoir Remi
Published: October 2006

According to Bourdieu, the `collective intellectual' resembles the sports team in terms of the spirit which drives it (in this case the `scientific spirit', in the sense that Bachelard used the term), the collectivist attitudes implied by its activity, and the form of apprenticeship involved - constant, intensive and regular training. The combination of these elements gives rise to gestures and syntheses which are constantly, incessantly repeated to the point where they become a habitus (what Bourdieu called the scientific habitus); it also creates the mutually supportive force, mobilized in its practical, articulate and coherent mode, which Bourdieu believed a research centre - a specific form taken by the collective intellectual in the scientific sphere - should constitute. His prime concern, a principle evident from the start both in his experience of teaching and in the first research projects he led in Algeria, was in fact to establish and institutionalize a collective sociological practice based on a habitus shared by all those involved in the activities he instigated.
Bourdieu’s Béarnais Ethnography
Authors: Jenkins Tim
Published: October 2006

Bourdieu was born in Béarn, in the south-west of France. He conducted fieldwork there, publishing the results in 1962. He returned twice to that fieldwork in articles that developed several of the central concepts, concerns and approaches deployed in his major writings. Bourdieu reflected increasingly on the place of biography in the construction of both social and sociological knowledge, invoking his autobiography as a key to explaining his ideas. These articles on Béarn therefore form a privileged corpus for understanding Bourdieu's oeuvre, providing access to the link between biography and theory, and a means of grasping what is at stake in a reflexive sociology. The aim of this article is threefold. First, to consider the contribution of Béarnais material to the development of Bourdieu's thought. Further, to offer a critique of his use of that material from the perspective of an anthropologist who has worked in the region, and who is familiar both with the kinds of materials and also the earlier accounts on which he was drawing. And last, to indicate ways that Bourdieu's reading of the local materials influences the character of his wider theoretical concepts.
Bourdieu’s Work on Literature
Authors: Boschetti Anna
Published: October 2006

What explanation can be given for the relevance of literature to Bourdieu's theoretical work? In order to explain this choice of object, in the first part of this article I consider the national and international context within which Bourdieu's theory has been built. In the French intellectual space literature was a central theoretical object. In the international context, the attention paid to literature was justified by the importance given to the symbolic phenomena in the main contemporary theoretical traditions. In order to appreciate the singularity and difficulty of Bourdieu's theoretical acquisition, I try to reconstruct the problems that he attempted to resolve, the theoretical possibilities with regard to which his hypotheses were defined, and the position that he held in his field of production at the time in which they were formulated. In Bourdieu's thought, this conjunctural dimension does not imply that a theory is particularized or relativized. So he presented his theoretical frameworks on literature as a model applying to any kind of cultural products. In the second part of my paper I intend to test these claims by examining under what conditions and to what extent his `Principles of a science of works' have been considerd transposable to other national contexts and/or to new objects.
An Examination of the Degree to Which Sex Offenders Kill
Authors: Sample Lisa L.
Published: October 2006

It seems clear that most of our current sex offender policies and those being proposed for the future are the result of sexually related homicides against children committed by previously convicted sex offenders. Given the enactment of these laws, one implicit legislative assumption emerges: that many, if not most, sex offenders go on to kill. This study explores the assumption that sex offenders often kill their victims. Specifically, criminal history information from Illinois from 1990 to 1997 is analyzed to examine the degree to which sex offenders are charged with murder in conjunction with a sex crime and the likelihood of arrested sex offenders experiencing a future arrest for homicide. These results are compared to those found for other types of nonsexual offenders. Findings indicate that sex offenders do not frequently commit murder, nor do they commit homicide at higher rates than other types of offenders.
Determinants of Property Value Growth for Tax Increment Financing Districts
Authors: Byrne Paul F.
Published: October 2006

Although the majority of empirical research on tax increment financing (TIF) examines municipal-level effects, there are fewer studies looking at TIF effects at a more localized level. This article examines the characteristics of the areas in which TIF districts are located as well as the factors influencing property value growth within TIF districts. In addition to finding that TIF districts, on average, are located in areas that are more economically disadvantaged than the municipality as a whole, the results of this study suggest a positive relationship between blight and subsequent property value growth. The results also show that the spatial size of a TIF district has a positive influence on property value growth and that industrial TIF districts and TIF districts located in low-density areas and in areas with high proportions of White residents and close to the city center have higher growth.
New York as a Global Creative Hub: A Competitive Analysis of Four Theories on World Cities
Authors: Currid Elizabeth
Published: October 2006

How New York City has maintained its position atop the global urban hierarchy as a leading player in the world and national economy is part of the broader discussion on why cities grow and why some remain at the top of the heap decade on decade. There are several dominant theories explaining New York City’s success, most notably those that argue the city is a center of command and control or managerial elite and is a global hub of finance and its related services. Yet an emerging framework explaining New York City’s dominant position argues for the importance of global creative centers. From an occupational analysis of these competing hypotheses emerges a picture of New York City as a great bastion of creativity and cultural and artistic production. These results provide a unique perspective on New York City’s position in the world hierarchy of cities and new opportunities for economic development strategies.
Online Art Auctions à la Française and à l'Américaine
Authors: Robinson Laura
Published: October 2006

This study extends previous research into online auctions by introducing a comparative cross-cultural dimension and focusing on heterogeneous goods. Samples of artwork auctions taken from two independent eBay sites—eBay USA and eBay France—are analyzed to detect culturally specific patterns of seller and bidder behavior. The analysis of these two samples reveals systematic differences in the art auctioned, winning bids, starting prices, and price dynamics, as well as bidders' “flocking” behavior and sellers' reliance on reserve auctions and other risk-management strategies. American sellers tend to offer more valuable items and to garner much better closing prices than French sellers. French auctions, by contrast, are dominated by domestic sellers; further, the number of bidders is more highly correlated with the final sale price in French than in American auctions. Finally, the data regarding art auctions disclose contrasting orientations to eBay's reputation system in that French bidders tend to be more attentive to negative feedback than Americans.
A Disappearing Digital Divide Among College Students?
Authors: Cotten Shelia R. , Jelenewicz Shameeka M.
Published: October 2006

Given debate about the existence of a digital divide in the United States, the question remains: If individuals are in situations where all have access to the Internet (e.g., a university), will aspects of a digital divide still exist? The authors examine whether a racial digital divide exists among college students in the odds of their using the Internet and the different levels and types of usage. Data are from a random sample of full-time, residential college freshmen. Results indicate that aspects of a digital divide exist in terms of whether one uses the Internet for specific purposes; however, once individuals begin using the Internet, few racial differences exist. Internet experience and gender affect particular types of Internet usage, suggesting that the digital divide is multilayered. A policy implication from this study is that bringing individuals into structured environments with assured access may help to decrease aspects of the digital divide.
Online Interactions and Social Capital
Authors: Best Samuel J. , Krueger Brian S.
Published: October 2006

Some of the earliest and best-known theoretical work on the social implications of the Internet focus on interpersonal interactions with other users met online. However, in part because of the difficulty of measuring the level of interactions with others met online, generalizable empirical research on this topic remains limited. In this study, the authors develop a new approach to measuring the degree of online interactions with those not known offline. Next, they test the relationship between these online social interactions and social capital using a probability sample survey of U.S. residents. Contrary to previous empirical investigations, they find that the level of online interaction with people met on the Internet positively relates to common indicators of social capital, such as generalized trust. Finally, they discuss the implications of these results.
A Comparison of Agent-Based Models of Income Tax Evasion
Authors: Bloomquist Kim M.
Published: October 2006

This article compares three multiagent-based simulation models of individual income tax evasion. The models'similarities and differences are highlighted, and their significance for the field of computational social science is discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of process validity for models intended to represent real-world phenomena of interest to policy makers.
An Evaluation of Nonresponse and Coverage Errors in a Prerecruited Probability Web Panel Survey
Authors: Lee Sunghee
Published: October 2006

This study examines nonresponse and coverage errors separately in a probability Web panel survey by applying traditional postsurvey adjustments. This was done by using variables whose estimates were obtainable at both the survey respondent and the full survey sample levels and whose values were known for both the full survey sample and the target population. Nonresponse error measured by the differences between the estimates from the respondents and the known full sample values was not found to be large, implying that nonresponse error in this Web survey data may not be critical. However, coverage properties of the full survey sample show some problems, and traditional postsurvey adjustments were limited in alleviating the unequal coverage of the survey sample. This coverage problem was more evident for the subpopulation-level estimates.
The Effects of Data Collection Mode and Disclosure on Adolescent Reporting of Health Behavior
Authors: Beebe Timothy J. , Harrison Patricia A. , Park Eunkyung , McRae James A. , Evans James
Published: October 2006

This study examined how information obtained from an adolescent screening instrument administered in a medical clinic is affected by the method of data collection and knowledge that a summary report would be given to the provider. The Adolescent Health Review (AHR) was administered to 610 adolescent patients randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions to test the effect of mode of administration (paper vs. computer) and disclosure of results to the provider versus only to researchers (using the computer version). The AHR obtained information on mental health, sexual experiences, and use of psychoactive substances. Response patterns varied by mode of administration, with the paper version generally eliciting higher, and arguably more accurate, rates of disclosure. Knowing that the results would be provided to the doctor further attenuated disclosure. Results suggest that the paper version's higher rates of reporting must be weighed against the computer version's benefits of automated scoring and reporting.
Securing the Virtual State
Authors: Garson G. David
Published: October 2006

Recent developments in U.S. privacy and security policy are traced, including coverage of the renewal of the PATRIOT Act, the domestic spying affair of 2005 to 2006, passage of the Real ID Act, and other developments associated with the Department of Homeland Security. Threats to democratic values are assessed.
The Third Voice: Writing Case-notes
Authors: Swartz Sally
Published: October 2006

The article examines the activity of writing case-notes. For this purpose, case-notes are broadly defined as textual records of encounters between mental health practitioners and their clients. The primary focus is on psychotherapy notes, written for private use. It suggests that note writing is potentially a lively addition to the dialogue within the therapy room, an essential part of the unique relationship that grows between practitioner and client. In particular, it looks at the possibilities of representing intersubjectivity, the third voice, emerging from the dialogue between two subjectivities, in ways that forward both theoretical understanding and the therapeutic endeavour. It will argue that serious engagement with case-notes must of necessity tackle questions of voice, speaking rights, a variety of deafnesses, power, the inscription or oblation of race and gender in professional discourses, and reclamation of knowledge colonized by patriarchal and colonial structures of authority. It is feminist in its orientation. It speaks from a postcolonial African context, and a psychoanalytic approach, and draws on psychotherapy experience saturated with those foundational identities.
Comparing the Effects of Judicial Versus Child Protective Service Relationships on Parental Attitudes in the Juvenile Dependency Process
Authors: Ashford José B.
Published: October 2006

This pilot study examined the attitudes of parents in the child dependency process to determine whether their perceptions of fairness, trustworthiness, and satisfaction with the juvenile dependency system differed across types of relationships: relationships with judges or child protective service (CPS) workers. Method: The study relied on a convenience sample of (N = 40) parents who were administered structured interviews with Likert-type items after being in relationships with the authorities for 6 months. Results: The findings supported the study's hypotheses about the nature of the relationships in the family drug court process and the relative contributions of relational versus self-interest factors in explaining variations in parental attitudes. Discussion and Applications to Practice: The implications of the study's findings were examined regarding the roles played by CPS case managers in improving compliance with substance abuse treatment in the dependency process.
Education and Child Welfare Supervisor Performance: Does a Social Work Degree Matter?
Authors: Perry Robin E.
Published: October 2006

Objective: To empirically examine whether the educational background of child welfare supervisors in Florida affects performance evaluations of their work. Method: A complete population sample (yielding a 58.5% response rate) of administrator and peer evaluations of child welfare workers' supervisors. ANOVA procedures were utilized to test if performance scores on a multitude of items differed for supervisors with university degrees in social work, psychology, sociology, criminology, education, business, and other fields. Results: The ratings of social workers' skills and competency did not statistically differ from those supervisors with other educational backgrounds on 30 measures of performance. Conclusions: Educational background of child welfare supervisors is a poor predictive variable of their performance as evaluated by their superiors and peers. However, more research is needed to determine if performance evaluations of supervisors are positively correlated with successful service outcomes with clients and evaluations of supervisory performance as gauged by front-line workers.
An Assessment of the Predictive Validity of Impact Factor Scores: Implications for Academic Employment Decisions in Social Work
Authors: Holden Gary , Rosenberg Gary , Barker Kathleen , Onghena Patrick
Published: October 2006

Objective: Bibliometrics is a method of examining scholarly communications. Concerns regarding the use of bibliometrics in general, and the impact factor score (IFS) in particular, have been discussed across disciplines including social work. Although there are frequent mentions in the literature of the IFS as an indicator of the impact or quality of scholars' work, little empirical work has been published regarding the validity of such use. Method: A proportionate, stratified, random sample, of n=323 articles was selected from 17 Web of Science listed social work journals published during the 1992 to 1994 period. Results: The relationship between journals'IFSs and the actual impact of articles published in those journals (predictive validity) was r= .41 (short term) and r = .42 (long term).Conclusion: The practice of using the IFS as a proxy indicator of article impact merits significant concern as well as further empirical investigation.
Association Between Dyads and Correct Responses on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT)
Authors: Gonzalez Raul , Miller S. Walden , Carey Catherine L. , Woods Steven Paul , Rippeth Julie D. , Schweinsburg Brian C. , Norman Marc A. , Martin Eileen M. , Heaton Robert K.
Published: October 2006

The sensitivity of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) to working memory deficits may be enhanced by examining “dyads” (i.e., correct responses immediately preceded by a correct response) as a complement to the traditional total correct summary score. In a sample of 397 mostly African American (79%) healthy adults, total dyad and total correct scores were highly correlated (r = .96, p < .001); however, the magnitude of this association diminished in faster stimulus presentation trials, particularly among participants with impaired working memory abilities.
Measuring Social Change Preferences in African American Adolescents
Authors: Lewis Kelly M. , Lambert Michael C.
Published: October 2006

Studies addressing Black adolescents’ social change strategies are nonexistent and might be associated with the absence of social change measures for Black adolescents. In an effort to begin addressing this concern, the 30-item Measure of Social Change for Adolescents (MOSC-A) was designed to measure Black adolescents’ first- (i.e., within the system) and second- (outside of the system) order social change strategies. Factor analysis of responses that 226 Black adolescents gave to the MOSC-A revealed first- and second-order social change factors. Item response theory analyses revealed that 65% of the items on the former factor adequately discriminate across different trait levels, but those of the latter were less promising. Scaffolded on this study, future research might refine the MOSC-A’s psychometric properties and improve its utility.
Feasibility of Telecognitive Assessment in Dementia
Authors: Cullum C. Munro , Weiner Myron F. , Gehrmann Helena R. , Hynan Linda S.
Published: October 2006

Videoconferencing (VC) technology has been used successfully to provide psychiatric services to patients in rural and otherwise underserved settings. VC-based diagnostic interviewing has shown good agreement with conventional face-to-face diagnosis of dementia in several investigations, but extension of this technology to neurocognitive assessment has received little attention. To this end, the authors administered a brief battery of common neuropsychological tests via VC technology (telecognitive) and traditional face-to-face methods to 14 older persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 19 persons with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Highly similar test scores were obtained when participants were tested in-person or via VC. Telecognitive assessment appears to be a valid means to conduct neuropsychological evaluation of older adults with cognitive impairment. Furthermore, continued development of VC technology has implications for expanding neuropsychological assessment options in under-served populations.