bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS DENATURANTS ON THE HAEMOGLOBINS OF ADULT AND CORD BLOOD: II. UREA AS A DENATURANT
Authors: White F. D. , Kerr Audrey , Ferguson R. B. , Hull A. R.
Published: October 2017

The action of urea upon the haemoglobins of human adult and cord blood has been studied spectrophotometrically under varying conditions of temperature, urea concentration, and pH, and the velocity constants of the reaction determined at different temperatures and at different molar concentrations of urea.Breaks appeared in the reaction curves of adult blood at all temperatures studied and at urea concentrations greater than 4 M, but not in the case of cord blood, the corresponding rates of which are much lower than those of adult blood. It is suggested that these breaks may be indicative of the formation of an intermediate product, and only become apparent when the reaction attains a critical velocity, determined by conditions of temperature or urea concentration.The product of the urea reaction at pH 8.5, and that of alkali denaturation at pH 11.9, both give absorption curves whose dissimilarity in shape has been shown to be due to the difference in pH. The absorption curve of alkaline globin haematin (the product of alkali denaturation) when adjusted to pH 8.5, is indistinguishable from that produced by the urea reaction. It is therefore concluded that since the products of these reactions are spectroscopically identical, the action of urea upon oxyhaemoglobin appears to be a true denaturation.
EFFECTIVENESS OF YEAST, VITAMIN B12, AND ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS ON SURVIVAL OF INDIAN CARP DURING THE EARLY PERIOD OF LIFE
Authors: Das B. C.
Published: October 2017

Standardized preparations of yeast and vitamin B12, and some alternative treatments, were administered to Indian fresh-water carp (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala) during the first 2 weeks of life following hatching, to determine their effect on survival.A randomized block design was employed to set up 54 treatment groups, with 9 replications for each of 6 treatments. The daily treatments per 9 liters of water were: 0.324 g yeast; 25 μg crystalline vitamin B12; 10 ml of ruminant stomach extract; 1 μg cobalt nitrate; 10 ml ruminant stomach extract with 1 μg cobalt nitrate; and an untreated control. Significant differences (P < 01) were observed between the proportion of carp surviving in the control and in treatments with yeast, vitamin B12, ruminant stomach extract, and ruminant stomach extract with cobalt nitrate. Yeast was the most effective treatment, with 89% surviving; with ruminant stomach extract with cobalt nitrate 84% survived; with ruminant stomach extract alone 83% survived; with vitamin B12 75% survived; while 65% survived in the untreated control. The results indicate that some components of the vitamin B complex, including B12, are effective in increasing survival during the early period of life. Alternative treatments utilizing ruminant stomach extract, possibly containing these components, are also adequate for increasing survival.
THE OXIDATION OF SUCCINATE IN EXTRACTS OF XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI
Authors: Madsen N. B.
Published: October 2017

Succinoxidase and succinic dehydrogenase were found in cell-free extracts of Xanthomonas phaseoli, obtained by sonic oscillation, and remained largely in the supernatant solution after ultracentrifugation. The effect of time of exposure of the cells to sonic oscillation on cell breakage was found to follow first order reaction kinetics, as was the "solubilization" of succinic dehydrogenase and succinoxidase. It appears that the two enzymatic activities are released from the cell in a particulate form which is further fragmented on continued treatment in the sonic oscillator.The clear supernatant solution obtained after ultracentrifugation of the cell-free extract was found to contain those members of the electron transport chain which had previously been found in the intact cell, namely, flavoprotein and cytochromes b1, a1, and a2. These substances could be reduced by the addition of succinate. Malonate prevented this reduction. The effects of various inhibitors on the succinoxidase system and on succinic dehydrogenase are presented and discussed in relation to the operation of the electron transport chain in the oxidation of succinate by this organism.
A NEW REAGENT FOR THE GUANIDINATION OF PROTEINS
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A.
Published: October 2017

A reagent, 1-guanyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazole nitrate, has been used for the guanidination of bovine serum albumin and β-lactoglobulin. The reagent is more stable and permits the guanidination to occur under more gentle conditions than the O-methyl isourea formerly employed. The modified albumin had the same sedimentation coefficient and electrophoretic mobility as the native protein. The guanidination of β-lactoglobulin required blocking of the sulphydryl groups by N-ethyl maleimide and iodoacetic acid. Guanidinated β-lactoglobulin had a lower sedimentation coefficient and greater negative electrophoretic mobility than native lactoglobulin.
THE EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT INDOOR COLD EXPOSURE ON WHITE RATS
Authors: Héroux O.
Published: October 2017

Recently it has been shown that when white rats are kept in individual cages and exposed indoors to constant cold temperature or when they are exposed in groups to the outdoor winter conditions, they develop similar degrees of cold resistance and similar metabolic adjustments but they differ in endocrine, insulative, and peripheral adjustments.In an attempt to determine whether variations in temperature alone could be responsible for the type of adjustments developed outdoors, white rats were kept at 30 °C for 4 weeks but exposed to 6 °C for a few hours every day. Through these intermittent cold exposures, the animals developed the same type of acclimation as the one produced indoors by continuous exposure to a constant temperature, but to a lesser degree. Adrenals tended to hypertrophy, body and muscle growth tended to decrease, and over-all insulation appeared to decrease. In contrast to continuously exposed rats, however, they showed no cold injury, no change in ear vascularization, and no thickening of the ear epidermis, probably because the skin was never cooled long enough at any given time for the cold temperature to produce cellular alterations that could not be corrected during the warm periods.
FORMATION IN VIVO OF 16-EPIESTRIOL AND 16-KETO- ESTRADIOL-17β FROM ESTRIOL BY THE LAYING HEN AND OCCURRENCE OF EQUOL IN HEN'S URINE AND FECES
Authors: MacRae H. F. , Dale D. G. , Common R. H.
Published: October 2017

Estriol-16-C14was administered intravenously to a laying hen furnished with exteriorized ureters. Urine and feces were collected separately and estrogens were extracted by a method that included acid hydrolysis but avoided a highly alkaline pH (> 10.5) for the extract. The urine secreted in the first 24-hour period after injection contained radioactive estriol, radioactive 16-ketoestradiol-17β, and radioactive 16-epiestriol. No other radioactive metabolite was detected in the urine. The feces excreted in the first 24-hour period after injection contained radioactive estriol and radioactive 16-epiestriol, but little, if any, radioactive 16-ketoestradiol-17β. The feces did contain small amounts of a radioactive metabolite less polar than estradiol-17β. Reasons are advanced in support of the view that this metabolite was present in consequence of bacterial action in gut or feces. Comparison of blackening of radioautograms showed that a high proportion of the injected estriol was excreted by the fecal route, and that the greatest single fraction of radioactivity present was in 16-epiestriol. The urine and feces for the second 24-hour period contained insignificant amounts of radioactive estrogens as compared with those excreted in the first 24-hour period.The lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions of estrogen extracts both from urine and feces contained amounts of equol that were large relative to the amounts of the various estrogens excreted, as judged by staining of the chromatograms. Extracts from the first and from the second 24-hour periods contained about the same amount of equol.
THE PRESENCE OF ANSERINE AND CARNOSINE IN BRAIN TISSUE
Authors: Hosein E. A. , Smart Margaret
Published: October 2017

Anserine and carnosine have been found to be present in brain tissue. The dipeptides were isolated by column and paper chromatographic techniques, and their identity was confirmed by subsequent hydrolysis in acid to yield β-alanine, methylhistidine, and histidine.
EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION ON PROTEINS AND ENZYMES IN RAT PLASMA
Authors: Levy S. W. , Vaillancourt de Guise
Published: October 2017

The effects of anaphylactoid inflammation in rats on the limb volume, hematocrit, and plasma proteins, and on the activities of plasmin, antiplasmin, and esterase of the plasma were studied. The hyperemia and edema of the limbs and other extremities which occurred following the injection of dextran were found to be accompanied by a transient hemoconcentration and a prolonged depression in the concentration of plasma proteins (both albumin and globulin fractions). The specific activity of plasma esterase was increased and that of antiplasmin was decreased during inflammation compared with control animals. No consistent or significant change was observed in the specific activity of plasmin.
THE ACETYLATION OF PROTHROMBIN
Authors: Landaburu Ricardo H. , Seegers Walter H.
Published: October 2017

Purified bovine prothrombin was acetylated to a range of 27 to 30% of its amino groups. Except for just significant amounts it lost its power to generate thrombin-C. Upon activation the yield of thrombin-E was 100% on the basis of the thrombin-C yield that was obtained on an aliquot sample of the prothrombin before acetylation. Activation was achieved in 25% sodium citrate solution, with calcium ions plus brain extract thromboplastin, and with calcium ions plus protein-free brain thromboplastin. Evidently no Ac-globulin was needed; however, a concentrate of Ac-globulin accelerated the activation. The pH optimum for activation with brain extract thromboplastin is more to the alkaline side than with prothrombin. Activation with purified platelet factor 3 was quite slow, but was accelerated by adding a small amount of thrombin-E, in the form of acetylated thrombin, at zero time. Thrombin-C did not function in that capacity. A change in prothrombin had to be accompanied by a proportionate change in the thrombin to have the latter serve as a catalyst in the activation. Ac-globulin accelerates the hydrolysis of p-toluenesulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester by thrombin. Ac-globulin owes its activity to thrombin. The view is expressed that Ac-globulin is measured as accelerated thrombin activity in the activation of prothrombin. In other words Ac-globulin accelerates the activation of acetylated prothrombin by thrombin-E. The amino groups on the N-terminal glutamic acid residues are free in the thrombin-E obtained from acetylated prothrombin. It is possible to acetylate an amino group in prothrombin that is necessary for thrombin-C activity.
AGGLUTININ RESPONSES TO S. TYPHI H ANTIGEN IN INTACT AND SUBLETHALLY IRRADIATED MICE FOLLOWING THE INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF HOMOLOGOUS SPLEEN CELL SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Bain Gordon O.
Published: October 2017

Agglutinin production was depressed in unirradiated mice challenged with Salmonella typhi H antigen after intraperitoneal transfer of spleen cells from immunized or non-immunized homologous donors. The inhibition of agglutinin production in the homologous situation and the production of agglutinins by mouse tissues appear to be separate immunological phenomena differing in radiosensitivity. This conclusion is based on the observations that the inhibitory effect was abolished by 500-r but not by 200- or 400-r whole-body irradiation of the recipients before spleen cell transfer, and agglutinin production was depressed more by 400 r plus homologous cell transfer than by the latter procedure alone. Thus, radiation doses of 400 r contributed to depression of antibody production without demonstrably lessening the inhibitory effect attributed to the homologous state.
EFFECTS OF DIET ON INCORPORATION OF ACETATE-1-C14INTO CHOLESTEROL BY RAT LIVER SLICES
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: October 2017

The rate of incorporation of acetate-1-C14into cholesterol by rat liver slices decreased when animals were transferred from a commercial chow diet to semisynthetic diets. A greater decrease was observed when the test diet contained oleic acid or olive oil than when it contained higher homologues of oleic acid, or preparations of cerebrosides. The decrease was not affected by the presence or absence of fat-soluble vitamins in the test diet containing oleic acid. Amphenone B affected acetate incorporation into liver cholesterol differently depending on whether it was fed in a chow diet or a semisynthetic diet. The incorporation of acetate into liver fatty acids of rats fed various diets usually increased or decreased with incorporation into cholesterol but differences between groups were less marked. Incorporation of acetate into cholesterol by intestinal mucosa was relatively insensitive to changes in diet.
LOSS OF WEIGHT AND LIPID SHIFTS IN ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF TUMOR-BEARING RATS IN RELATION TO TUMOR SIZE
Authors: Boyd Carl E. , Boyd Eldon M. , Deyette Audrey A.
Published: October 2017

The objective of this project was to find to what extent loss of weight in the digestive tract might affect tumor size and age in albino rats bearing Walker carcinosarcoma 256. Wet weight, dry weight, and water content were measured upon tongue, esophagus, cardiac stomach, pyloric stomach, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and residual carcass (minus tumor). The animals bore tumors weighing 12 ± 6 (mean ± S.D.) % of host (minus tumor) weight after 18 ± 6 days of tumor growth (group I), 38 ± 12% after 24 ± 6 days (group II), and 93 ± 26% after 29 ± 5 days (group III) and controls were twins of the same sex. There were few significant changes in the animals of group I. In group II, there was loss of dry weight in all organs except pyloric stomach, losses being percentagewise the same as in residual carcass. Loss of dry weight of jejunum and ileum was less in rats of group III than in those of group II. In group III, loss of weight in other organs tended to be less than in residual carcass. Loss of dry weight in residual carcass was not significantly greater in the animals of group III than in those of group II. Water levels were increased in all organs of rats in groups II and III. This evidence indicates that rats of group III may have lived longer after tumor implantation, lost no more carcass weight, and bore larger tumors because they had lost weight in the small bowel at a lesser rate than had the rats of group II.Further studies revealed that lipid shifts were in general less marked in organs which had lost the least weight. In animals bearing large tumors, percentage loss of neutral fat was less in most organs of the digestive tract than in the residual carcass. Increases in the levels of cholesterol and phospholipid were less in pyloric stomach and small bowel than in other organs of the digestive tract. Shifts in the amount of nonlipid dry weight and in levels of lipids and water were in general less in pyloric stomach and small bowel than in other organs of the body. In these respects, pyloric stomach and small bowel resembled brain, heart, and lung. It is suggested that resistance of pyloric stomach and small bowel to the cachectic influence of the tumor may be a factor determining tumor size and length of survival of the host.
THYROID ENLARGEMENT PRODUCED BY PROLONGED ADMINISTRATION OF IODINE IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Isler H. , Nadler N. J. , Arboit T. , Johnston N. , Peter W. , Tucker E.
Published: October 2017

Mice were fed diets containing a low level of sodium chloride and 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 μg iodine per gram respectively for 72 and 142 days. At 142 days, the thyroids weighed 1.6, 3.0, and 4.2 mg per lobe respectively. To determine which thyroid tissue components were responsible for the increase in gland weight, quantitative measurements were performed on histological sections of the thyroid. At the lowest and highest iodine levels, the colloid weights were 1.0 and 3.0 mg per lobe and the epithelium weights were 0.39 and 0.88 mg per lobe respectively. Thus, the change in colloid accounted for 77% and the change in epithelium for 19% of the increase in thyroid weight. Follicular diameter increased by 40%. The goiter induced by iodine proved to be due essentially to an enlargement of follicle size and not to an increase in the number of follicles. Kidney inflammation was observed in animals ingesting large amounts of iodine.
THE IN VITRO METABOLISM OF ERYTHROCYTES FROM NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Zipursky A. , LaRue T. , Israels L. G.
Published: October 2017

In the red blood cells of the newborn there is a rapid fall in non-hydrolyzable phosphate during in vitro incubation. This difference appears to be due to a decreased rate of synthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid in the erythrocyte of the newborn. In addition the incorporation of P32orthophosphate into the red blood cell is slower in the newborn than in the adult. During 4 °C storage of blood of adults and newborns there is a progressive fall in phosphate esters which is similar in both groups.The erythrocytes of the newborn contain more potassium and water than those of adults. During storage at 4 °C the cells of the newborn lose potassium more rapidly than those of the adult. This may be related to differences in membrane permeability.
AMINO ACID–PROTEIN INTERACTIONS
Authors: Godin C.
Published: October 2017

Null
COMPOSITION OF EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE: I. CHANGES IN HEXOSAMINE AND ACETONE EXTRACTABLE CONTENTS OF EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE OF RACHITIC CHICKS FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMIN Da
Authors: Cipera J. D. , Migicovsky B. B. , Bélanger L. F.
Published: October 2017

The effect of vitamin D on the components of epiphyseal cartilage was investigated. Three-week-old rachitic chicks were pooled into two groups, one of which received vitamin D3, while the other served as a control. The epiphyseal cartilage from these two groups was subjected to comparative study which is described in detail. Two distinct effects that resulted from the vitamin D3administration were the significant increases in the hexosamine content and in the amount of acetone-extractable solids.
THE APPARENT EXTRACELLULAR SPACE OF MAMMALIAN SKELETAL MUSCLE: A COMPARISON OF THE INULIN SPACE IN NORMAL AND DYSTROPHIC MOUSE TISSUES
Authors: Burr L. H. , McLennan H.
Published: October 2017

The apparent extracellular volumes of the muscles from young normal and dystrophic mice have been estimated, using inulin dilution techniques. The inulin spaces were measured in the muscle both following injection of inulin in vivo and after soaking of excised tissues in a solution containing inulin. Comparisons were made between muscles of different size from the same animal as well as from different animals whose age, and consequently muscle size, varied. In all cases it has been found that the inulin space decreases with increasing muscle size. Similar results have been obtained by others with toad sartorii. The inulin space in muscles from dystrophic mice is larger than that of comparable normal tissues, and the dependence on muscle size, although similar to normal, is more pronounced. The results suggest that the dystrophic cells are permeable to inulin, and the question that some small permeability may be present also in normal tissue is considered.
SYNTHESIS OFL-α-CEPHALINS CONTAINING FATTY ACIDS OF SHORTER CHAIN LENGTH: WATER-SOLUBLE GLYCEROLPHOSPHATIDES II
Authors: Baer Erich , Gróf Tibor
Published: October 2017

L-α-(Dihexanoyl)cephalin has been synthesized by the phosphorylation of D-α,β-dihexanoylglycerol with phenylphosphoryl dichloride and pyridine, esterification of the reaction product, viz. dihexanoyl-L-α-glycerylphenylphosphoryl chloride, with N-carbobenzoxyethanolamine, and simultaneous removal of the protective groups of dihexanoyl-L-α-glycerylphenylphosphoryl-N-carbobenzoxyethanolamine by catalytic hydrogenolysis. The L-α-(dihexanoyl)cephalin is soluble in water.Infrared evidence supports the inner-salt structure of cephalins in chloroform solution.
EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATION OF THE MECHANISM OF PYRAMIDON EFFECT: III. EFFECT OF HIGH PYRAMIDON DOSES ON THE GLUTAMIC ACID–OXALOACETIC ACID TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY IN SERUM
Authors: Fazekas Á. Gy. , Fazekas I. Gy. , Rengei B.
Published: October 2017

In five rabbits, the changes of glutamic acid – oxaloacetic acid transaminase (SGOT) activity in serum were examined after a Pyramidon treatment in which 75% of the single lethal dose was given for 5 days, divided in three doses. Depending on the individual sensitivity, SGOT activity became from 3 to 8 times higher. This increase appeared to be a result of extensive renal lesions.
THE PREPARATION AND SOME METABOLIC PROPERTIES OF RAT SPINAL CORD SLICES
Authors: Hudson A. J. , Kini M. M.
Published: October 2017

The effect of various substrates upon the respiratory activity of cord slices has been investigated. Glucose was observed to support spinal cord respiration while fructose was not as effective a substrate as glucose. Sodium L-glutamate and α-ketoglutarate were poor substrates. With each substrate a higher respiratory activity was observed in the lumbar than in the cervical region of the cord. Since white matter constitutes a considerable part of spinal cord tissue, some of the metabolic characteristics observed with spinal cord may have been due to the high proportion of neuroglial elements present in white matter. However, the excessive thickness of the slices (0.3–0.9 mm) may also have been a cause of the low [Formula: see text] and poor stimulating effect of potassium.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF A PROTEASE FROM PENICILLIUM CYANEO-FULVUM
Authors: Singh Kartar , Martin S. M.
Published: October 2017

A proteolytic enzyme present in culture filtrates of Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum was purified approximately 100-fold. In the ultracentrifuge the enzyme behaved as a homogeneous protein, but on electrophoresis some contamination was apparent. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be about 45,000.The protease hydrolyzed casein and denatured haemoglobin, gelatin, and native bovine plasma albumin but not native or denatured ovalbumin. It also coagulated milk. The optimum pH for caseolysis was 9.5 to 11.0. Metal chelating- and sulphydryl-reagents did not affect enzyme activity but zinc and mercurous ions inhibited the enzyme, the inhibition being reversed with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Soybean trypsin inhibitor was without effect on the enzyme whereas ovomucoid inhibited the enzyme. Although it is similar in some respects to other alkaline proteases, the P. cyaneo-fulvum enzyme does not appear to be identical with any one of them.
THE EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND ACTH ON ZINC METABOLISM IN THE SEX GLANDS AND ADRENALS OF THE MALE RAT
Authors: Rudzik Allan D. , Riedel Bernard E.
Published: October 2017

The effects of hypophysectomy and ACTH administration on the uptake of Zn65and the concentration of zinc were observed in whole blood, testis, adrenals, and dorsolateral and ventral prostates of the male rat. ACTH was administered to both intact and hypophysectomized animals either as a single dose or as a daily dose over a period of 14 days.Hypophysectomy resulted in a marked decrease in the relative specific activity in all tissues studied. The administration of ACTH, as a single dose, had no significant effect, but, as a daily dose over a period of 14 days, caused significant changes in both intact and hypophysectomized animals.The probability of a relation between the adrenal gland and the sex glands is discussed. Further a relation between adrenal activity and zinc metabolism is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE PURIFICATION OF BOVINE PLASMINOGEN (PROFIBRINOLYSIN)
Authors: Dalby Arthur , Cole Edmond R. , Mertz Edwin T.
Published: October 2017

A crude bovine plasminogen product obtained from bovine serum by 30% ammonium sulphate precipitation has been purified 20-fold by means of isoelectric precipitation and calcium phosphate gel chromatography. A threefold purification was achieved by isoelectric precipitation. Plasminogen was precipitated in greatest yield and highest specific activity at 40-fold dilution in the pH range of 5.25–5.50. The conditions under which plasminogen is eluted from calcium phosphate gel columns have been investigated. Plasminogen fractions possessing specific activity seven times that of the isoelectric-precipitated materials have been obtained by elution with phosphate buffers over the range of 0.05 to 0.1 M, pH 6.8.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF 11-KETOTESTOSTERONE IN SALMON PLASMA
Authors: Idler D. R. , Schmidt P. J. , Ronald A. P.
Published: October 2017

A new blood steroid, 11-ketotestosterone, has been isolated from postspawned male sockeye salmon. The steroid was identified by chromatography, infrared spectra, chemical transformation, and synthesis. This steroid is present at a concentration of 12 μg/100 ml of plasma and probably was reported as corticosterone by other investigators. Evidence is presented in support of the occurrence of corticosterone at a very low concentration in salmon plasma. The concentrations of cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, and total Porter–Silber positive steroids were determined in large plasma samples taken from postspawned fish of both sexes.
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE ON ALDOSTERONE SECRETION
Authors: Lucis O. J. , Venning E. H.
Published: October 2017

Porcine, monkey, and human growth hormone have no effect on the in vitro secretion of aldosterone by the rat adrenal gland. When monkey growth hormone is injected into hypophysectomized rats, the adrenals of these animals secrete, under in vitro conditions, increased amounts of aldosterone with no change in the secretion rate of corticosterone. The plasma of these rats contains a substance which appears to stimulate the secretion of aldosterone in the adrenals of normal rats.
TISSUE CHOLINESTERASE LEVELS IN SARIN POISONING
Authors: Scaife J. F. , Shuster J.
Published: October 2017

The cholinesterase activity of brains and muscles from animals which have been treated with the enzyme inhibitor sarin can be estimated by a method which removes unreacted sarin present in the tissues. The method has been used to investigate the levels of cholinesterase activity in the brain, diaphragm, and gastrocnemius muscles of rats and guinea pigs at different times after various doses of sarin. Brain cholinesterase activity was found to be the earliest and most easily inhibited, followed by that of the diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles. Spastic paralysis of the hind limbs of rats could be induced by sarin without any appreciable inhibition of the cholinesterase activity of their gastrocnemius muscles. The brains of rats and guinea pigs showed an appreciable natural reactivation of the cholinesterase activities after sublethal doses of sarin. This effect could not be duplicated in vitro.
IN VITRO STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF UBIQUINONE
Authors: Phillips W. E. J.
Published: October 2017

Radioactive ubiquinone can be isolated from rat liver following intraperitoneal injections of C14-acetate or mevalonic acid. No detectable amount of radioactive ubiquinone could be isolated from liver homogenates, liver slices, or intestinal mucosa incubated in vitro with C14-acetate or mevalonic acid. The possible requirement of isolated tissues for an exogenous factor is discussed.
PROTEIN METABOLISM OF RAT BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Takahashi Y. , Akabane Y.
Published: October 2017

Rat brain slices respiring in a Krebs–Ringer phosphate medium were found to incorporate glycine-2-C14and DL-glutamic acid-1-C14into the protein.The addition of succinate as the substrate reduced the incorporation of glycine-2-C14into the protein of brain slices. The addition of glutamic acid, glutamine, and methionine sulphoxide into the glucose Krebs–Ringer phosphate medium inhibited the incorporation.The incorporation was also inhibited by 2,4-DNP in concentrations that do not decrease oxygen consumption.The respiration and the incorporation of glycine-2-C14were inhibited progressively with an increase in the concentration of isomytal, azacyclonol, chlorpromazine, and acetylpromazine. In the presence of succinate as the substrate these drugs did not inhibit the respiration of brain slices.
STUDIES ON THE INHIBITION OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL ATP-ase BY REDUCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN
Authors: Chefurka W.
Published: October 2017

The effects of inhibition of the electron transport system on the stimulation of the ATP-ase reaction in liver and rat-heart mitochondria by dinitrophenol were studied. Cyanide at concentrations 10−3M and higher effectively reduced the stimulation of ATP-ase by dinitrophenol. A similar but less striking inhibition was observed for rat-heart sarcosomes. This ATP-ase reaction was also inhibited in the presence of 10−4M cyanide with glutamate, β-hydroxybutyrate, DPNH, and succinate as reductants of the respiratory chain. Anaerobiosis also caused a substantial decrease in the ATP-ase reaction. In all instances, complete inhibition of the ATP-ase reaction could not be achieved when the respiratory chain was reduced. The magnesium-stimulated ATP-ase of rat-heart sarcosomes, of aged mitochondria, and of the Keilin–Hartree heart-muscle preparation was insensitive to reduction of the carriers suggesting that this reaction may constitute only part of the total ATP-ase reaction. The compatability of the various mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation with these results is discussed.
COMBINED ESTIMATES IN COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATIONS WITH HIGH VARIABILITY
Authors: Anastassiadis P. A.
Published: October 2017

In a number of colorimetric determinations used in biochemistry, the absorbances of replicates are subject to variations. The resulting variability may be time-to-time variability, measured by the intervariance, or variability of simultaneous replicates, measured by the intravariance. In such determinations two estimates of the unknown may be derived according to the standards used, one based on the absorbance of simultaneous standards, a second based on the mean absorbance of all available standards. If intravariance does not exist, the first estimate is the more precise. If intervariance does not exist, the second estimate is the more precise. If both intravariance and intervariance exist, a weighted mean of two estimates, one based on the absorbances of simultaneous standards and a second based on the mean absorbance of all the available non-simultaneous standards, is a value with an increased precision. A method for calculating this value is given.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN THE EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF HEMORRHAGIC DEATH BY MULTIPLE FACTORS
Authors: Calaresu F. R. , Jaques L. B.
Published: October 2017

Three experimental conditions were established in rats either singly or in combination: (a) thrombocytopenia by the intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of radioactive phosphorus, 4 μc/g of body weight, (b) prothrombopenia by the oral administration of dicumarol, 2 mg/100 g of body weight per day for 7 days, (c) stress by the intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of 10% NaCl, 2.5 ml/100 g of body weight. The response to the treatment was measured by the level of circulating platelets and the prothrombin time. The cause of death was assessed by gross and, occasionally, histological examination of the organs of the animals that had died within 15 days of the injection of the radioactive phosphorus.The percentage mortality from spontaneous hemorrhage when thrombocytopenia was combined with either hypocoagulability or stress was very much greater than the mortality resulting from a single treatment, or from a simple additive effect (P «0.01). Mortality due to hemorrhage was thrombocytopenia, 20%; P32 without thrombocytopenia, 0% (also together with dicumarol and with stress); dicumarol, 16%; stress, 0%; thrombocytopenia and dicumarol, 81%; thrombocytopenia and stress, 67%; controls, 0%. These results provide additional support for the hypothesis of spontaneous hemorrhage being caused by multiple factors acting simultaneously.
THE EFFECT OF BOUND INSULIN ON THE RESPIRATORY RATE AND ELECTROLYTES OF INTACT FROG MUSCLE
Authors: Manery J. F. , O'Niell K. E. , Meakin J. W. , Dryden E. E. , Duffield J. C.
Published: October 2017

Isolated frog muscles were immersed in Ringer's solution containing insulin, for varying periods of time from 5 to 40 minutes; following this procedure they were washed, with varying degrees of intensity, in insulin-free Ringer's solution. Contralateral muscles were treated similarly with insulin-free Ringer's solution. The muscles then respired in Warburg vessels in the presence of lactate for 6 hours, at which time the media in the Warburg vessels were analyzed for potassium and phosphate and the muscles for water and sodium. Data from paired muscles were always compared. Results from several experimental designs led to the conclusion that insulin was held in some way to the muscle and was carried over into the Warburg vessel since marked stimulation of respiratory rate, potassium and phosphate uptake, and sodium loss were observed. Extensive washing did not remove the bound insulin. No greater effect of insulin was observed when it was bound at a pH of 7.6 than at a pH of 6.0.
THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE NITRIFYING ORGANISMS: PART 7. THE PHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS OF NITROBACTER AND THE UPTAKE OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE BY THE ORGANISM
Authors: Butt W. D. , Lees H.
Published: October 2017

The phosphate compounds present in the cells of the chemosynthetic autotrophic bacterium Nitrobacter were fractionated by means of successive extractions with cold 5% trichloracetic acid, ethanol, ethanol:ether, and dilute alkali. It was found that about 50% of the total cell phosphate was soluble in dilute alkali and, of this, 76% was acid-labile. Treatment of the alkali extract with Norit reduced the content of non-labile phosphate without affecting the acid-labile component; this labile compound was identified as a polyphosphate. By the use of32P-labelled orthophosphate, it was shown that the cells absorbed orthophosphate from the medium at a slow rate during nitrite oxidation.
BIOLOGICAL CONVERSION OF 4-NITROBIPHENYL TO AN ACTIVE CARCINOGEN
Authors: Laham Souheil
Published: October 2017

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THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENALECTOMY AND INDIVIDUAL STEROID HORMONES UPON THE METABOLISM OF ACETATE-1-C14BY RAT LIVER SLICES: I. INCORPORATION INTO PROTEINS
Authors: Willmer J. S. , Foster T. S.
Published: October 2017

The influence of the adrenal gland on incorporation of acetate-1-C14into rat liver protein was studied. Cortisone, corticosterone, and deoxycorticosterone were found to increase isotope incorporation in both sham-operated and adrenalectomized groups, while Reichstefn's substance S increased radioactivity in the protein only from sham-operated animals. The effects of the alcohol and acetate forms of cortisone, hydrocortisone, deoxycorticosterone, and Reichstein's substance S were compared.
THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENALECTOMY AND INDIVIDUAL STEROID HORMONES UPON THE METABOLISM OF ACETATE-1-C14 BY RAT LIVER SLICES: III. RESPIRATORY EFFECTS
Authors: Willmer J. S. , Foster T. S.
Published: October 2017

The oxidation of acetate-1-C14 by rat liver slices was found to be raised above the control level in both sham-operated and adrenalectomized animals. Deoxycorticosterone further increased substrate oxidation in the adrenalectomized group, but had no effect upon sham-operated animals. No other hormone investigated influenced the oxidation of acetate. The respiratory rate of liver slices was elevated by adrenalectomy: cortisone and deoxycorticosterone lowered the respiratory rate of sham-operated animals. A comparison has been made with the effects of certain esterified steroids. These were, in general, observed to be less stimulatory in effect than the corresponding alcohols, and in some cases caused considerable inhibition of respiration.
PURIFICATION OF PROTHROMBIN AND THROMBIN BY CHROMATOGRAPHY ON CELLULOSE
Authors: Seegers Walter H. , Landaburu Ricardo H.
Published: October 2017

A method is described for obtaining purified bovine thrombin by chromatography on phosphate cellulose, and purified bovine prothrombin by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. Both proteins are obtained as single components, and in high yield. The purified prothrombin does not convert to thrombin in 25% sodium citrate solution or protamine sulphate solution. The N-terminal amino acid is the same as in purified prothrombin obtained by different methods in this laboratory, but instead of tyrosine and glycine the C-terminal amino acid is serine. A fundamental difference in structure is thus associated with altered activation characteristics.
CARDIAC OUTPUT IN ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
Authors: Gowdey C. W.
Published: October 2017

Methemoglobinemia induced in normal anesthetized dogs by intravenous infusions of aniline resulted in a decreased arterial oxygen content and a marked increase in cardiac output. Heart rate, arterial pressure, blood viscosity, and oxygen consumption increased, while total peripheral resistance and arteriovenous oxygen difference decreased. The elevation of cardiac output occurred in spite of the fact that the hematocrit level and blood viscosity increased. Ganglion-blocking doses of pentolinium bitartrate did not significantly alter the cardiovascular responses to the methemoglobinemia.
THE ROLE OF ESTERASE INHIBITION IN TETRAETHYLPYROPHOSPHATE POISONING IN THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA L.
Authors: Stegwee D.
Published: October 2017

The effect of tetraethylpyrophosphate (TEPP) was studied on the in vivo activity of different esterases in the housefly. TEPP was found to cause inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase and of the ali-esterase which hydrolyzes ethylbutyrate. The latter esterase could be selectively inhibited in vivo by treating the flies with tri-o-cresylphosphate (TOCP). Typical symptoms of organophosphorus poisoning developed only after TEPP when acetylcholinesterase was inhibited. Inhibition of this enzyme coincided with a rise of the level of acetylcholine in the insects. Treatment with TOCP caused a lowering of the level of acetylcholine. The insects became less sensitive to subsequent treatment with TEPP and in this case showed a lesser degree of accumulation of acetylcholine. The importance of acetylcholinesterase and ali-esterase in TEPP poisoning is discussed. It is concluded that the major biochemical lesion effected was the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Inhibition of the ali-esterase was not directly related to the toxic action of TEPP, although possibly it led to interference with the accumulation of acetylcholine resulting from the acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
PROTEINS IN FISH MUSCLE: 16. ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF COD MYOSIN AND ACTOMYOSIN
Authors: Dingle J. R. , Hines J. A.
Published: October 2017

The adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activities of actomyosin extracts of prerigor and postrigor cod muscle, and of myosins prepared from them by ultracentrifugation in the presence of ATP, have been measured at ionic concentration 0.1 and pH 7.3. The actomyosin ATPases were strongly activated by Mg++, while those of the myosins were suppressed by Mg++, in agreement with corresponding rabbit skeletal muscle proteins. Ca++ion also moderately activated the actomyosin ATPases, but had little effect on the myosin ATPases. When actomyosin was precipitated by dilution in the presence of ATP and Mg++, the characteristic activation by Mg++was lost. The myosin ATPases were very labile.
A COMPARISON OF FREE ADRENAL CORTICAL STEROIDS IN THE BLOOD OF A HIBERNATING AND NON-HIBERNATING MAMMAL
Authors: Denyes Arliss , Horwood Robert H.
Published: October 2017

White rats and hamsters were fasted and exposed to cold (6 ± 1 °C) for various periods of time. The adrenal glands were weighed and adrenal cortical steroids were extracted from the blood for separation by paper chromatography.The adrenal weight was not a reliable index of adrenal cortical activity as measured by the quantities of circulating hormones. Two steroid fractions were separated from rat and hamster blood. The fast component was identified as corticosterone and the slow component as an amorphous fraction.The adrenal cortical response to cold is different in rats and hamsters. The hamster does not have the typical alarm reaction and only trace quantities of hormones are found in the hibernating animal. Within 6 hours of arousal the concentrations of circulating adrenal cortical hormones have increased to or beyond those of the control animals. The changes in circulating adrenal cortical hormones of hamsters exposed to cold for varying periods of time can be correlated with changes in their intermediary metabolism and ion balance.
A HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIG FACTOR IN MARINE STEROLS
Authors: Reiner E. , Idler D. R. , Wood J. D.
Published: October 2017

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A NOTE ON THE PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF SOME INDOLE ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
Authors: Heacock R. A. , Mahon M. E.
Published: October 2017

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THE RATE OF DESTRUCTION OF CIRCULATING ADRENALINE IN THE RABBIT EAR, BY A RECIRCULATION METHOD
Authors: Stinson R. H.
Published: October 2017

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STUDIES OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS USING ISOTOPIC CARBON: X. FORMATION OF LIGNIN FROM PHENYLPROPANOIDS IN TISSUE CULTURE OF WHITE PINE
Authors: Higuchi Takayoshi
Published: October 2017

The incorporation of phenylalanine-R-C14, p-coumaric acid-2-C14, ferulic acid-2-C14, and sinapic acid-2-C14 into conifer lignin was studied by using tissue culture of white pine. The first three compounds were quite good precursors of conifer lignin. The lignin was degraded by ethanolysis to yield vanilloyl methyl ketone in approximately 0.2% yield of the lignin. When sinapic acid was fed no corresponding syringoyl methyl ketone could be isolated but the vanilloyl methyl ketone was radioactive. This suggests that demethoxylation of sinapyl compounds can occur in lignification. The results show that the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of lignin from these precursors are present in the cambium, and that the lignification route via phenylpropanoid acids is operative in this tissue as well as in other species.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM RAT LENS
Authors: Devi Anima
Published: October 2017

RNA from rat ocular lens has been isolated by a method based on Kirby's original procedure (7), but greatly modified so as to avoid any degradation of RNA by RNase during the process of its extraction from lenses. The absorption at 260 mμ of a 1.0% solution of this purified material in a 1-cm cell is 1.95. Its N/P ratio is 1.58. It has 20 to 25% activity of that of yeast-soluble RNA in accepting activated amino acids. When this RNA (like all other RNA's) is heated and cooled the polynucleotide chain can again form loops, thus suggesting a randomly coiled structure for this RNA. On the other hand, DNA preparations from calf thymus, rat liver, and E. coli showed irreversible changes when heated and cooled.
ESTROGEN-LIKE SUBSTANCES IN LEGUMES AND GRASSES: THE INFLUENCE OF FRACTIONATION AND ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION ON THE ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY OF PLANT MATERIALS
Authors: Ostrovsky D. , Kitts W. D.
Published: October 2017

The estrogenic potency of ethanolic extracts of red clover, as revealed by means of a 3-day mouse bio-assay, remained unaltered after removal of the unpalatable chlorophyl fraction. The uterine response was found to be more marked when the extract was incorporated into the basal diet, than when administered orally by catheter.
THE HETEROGENEITY OF PANCREATIC DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
Authors: Becking G. C. , Hurst R. O.
Published: October 2017

The action of crystalline pancreatic deoxyribonuclease on sodium oligonucleotides in the presence of manganous ions has been studied and a pH optimum of 6.6 observed. Inhibition of the enzyme activity by increased ionic strength of the digest occurred. The liberation of products soluble in uranyl acetate – trichloroacetate was found to vary with enzyme concentration and the relative activity of the enzyme on oligonucleotides was best determined by a logarithm-plot method. The activity of the enzyme towards deoxyribonucleic acid or sodium oligonucleotides as substrate was not affected by treatment with acetone. Evidence of heterogeneity in the crystalline enzyme preparation was obtained using paper electrophoresis and chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose. Two fractions were separated that showed different ratios of activity towards the two substrates employed.
THE EFFECTS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE UPON ESTABLISHED CELL LINES CULTIVATED IN VITRO
Authors: Thompson James R. , Pace Donald M.
Published: October 2017

Studies have been made on the effects of SO2 and its salts on strain L, mouse liver, and HeLa cells. Of the cell lines tested, the HeLa cells seemed to be more sensitive to SO2 and its salts than the cells of mouse origin.Cells cultivated in "biological" medium grow in concentrations of gaseous SO2 up to 2000 p.p.m., although somewhat inhibited. Cells subjected to a concentration of 500 p.p.m. in this medium are not affected greatly and their growth is comparable to those cells in control cultures.The addition of various salts of SO2 (Na2SO4, Na2SO3, and NaHSO3) in concentrations from 10 to 200 mg% produced responses ranging from complete inhibition of growth (by 200 mg% NaHSO3) to apparent stimulation of growth by some concentrations of Na2SO4. Toxicity of these salts was in the order of NaHSO3 > Na2SO3 > Na2SO4.When cells in vitro are directly exposed to SO2 in specially designed culture flasks, strain L cells are apparently able to tolerate 5 p.p.m. SO2 for five 8-hour exposure intervals, provided a "recovery" period follows each exposure.Certain components of serum seem to play a very important role as protective agents in modifying the effect of gaseous SO2, possibly by combination.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS: XVI. FRACTIONATION OF A PERFORMIC ACID OXIDIZED PROTEIN
Authors: Finlayson A. J. , McConnell W. B.
Published: October 2017

Wheat gliadin-C14was separated into ammonia-soluble and alkali-soluble fractions. Oxidation of the ammonia-soluble fraction with performic acid rendered the material water soluble and quantitatively converted the cystine and cysteine residues to cysteic acid. Little, if any, peptide bond hydrolysis resulted from the oxidation step. Five "protein-like" fractions were isolated by chromatography of the oxidation mixture on N,N′-diethylaminoethylcellulose (DEAE-cellulose).The specific activities of glutamic acid, proline, and leucine were found to vary widely with the fraction from which they were isolated. The fractions isolated are therefore characteristic of protein components with different biosynthetic histories.
SUCRASES IN FUNGI
Authors: Reese Elwyn T. , Birzgalis Rasma , Mandels Mary
Published: October 2017

The yields of the extracellular sucrases produced by fungi and yeasts were markedly increased by using sucrose monopalmitate as carbon source. The sucrases of 10 fungi moved as single components in zone electrophoresis. The sucrases of six fungi were composed of two separable components. In one fungus, three sucrase components were observed.