bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distributed Generation: A Tool for Power Reliability and Quality
Authors: Krepchin Ira
Published: April 2022

Distributed generation technologies are entering a changing NorthAmerican utility landscape that is being shaped on one side of the meterby restructuring and on the other by increasing customer demand forhigher-quality, more reliable power . Whatever form restructuring takes,it will likely provide opportunities for more companies, including endusers, to develop small-scale generation capabilities. If established utili-ties can't deliver dependable, high-quality power, the growing numberof users that expect better service will either find different suppliers ordevelop their own generation capabilities.This changing situation is having two immediate impacts. On onehand, some utilities, their unregulated offspring, and independent en-ergy service providers are beginning to offer distributed generationcapabilities at energy users' sites. At the same time, a growing numberof energy users are starting to show a preference for generating theirown power to improve both power quality and power integrity.Distributed generation can improve power quality and reliabilityin several ways: it can serve as a second or redundant source of power;it can isolate sensitive loads by letting them operate independently fromthe grid; and it can minimize the impact of voltage sags. Overall gridquality can also improve, because the impact on other energy users fromharmonics (generated by, say, a nearby industrial user) would be reduced.
A Tough Lesson Lack of Run Time-A Cogeneration Pitfall
Authors: Kolanowski Bernard F.
Published: April 2022

Numerous pitfalls will cause a cogeneration project to be unsuc-cessful. If success is measured in a project's ability to meet the proformaexp ectations in overall utility savings and return on investment , thenany thing less than that renders a project unsuccessful. However, partialsuccess still ma y be acceptable. For instance, if a project pencils out tohav e a r eturn on inve stment of 35% and attains onl y a 28% savingsov erall, that pro ject still gives greater-than-normal returns c ompared toother inv e stment s and can be deem ed successful.But the primar y con cern is when a project fails abjectl y. When ther eturn s ar e considerably less than what can be earned in con s ervat iveinve stmen ts, then the pro ject would be said to ha ve failed .
BUYING TIME: The New Merchant Power Dialectic
Authors: Feldman Roger D.
Published: April 2022

Power business strategists have all long since come to the conclu-sion that the unique monopoly service of generation provision hasbecome a commodit y business, in which skill at cost control, operatingefficiency and price speculation through trading are the drivers of suc-cess. On a parallel track, regulators increasingly derive self satisfactionfrom the increasing conformity of their domains to true marginal costcomp etition. For all these pla yers, the power business finally seems to befitting int o that Econom ics /Finance 101 box we know so well: valuationof alternative strategies discounted cash flow streams.Thi s almost Newtonian certainty of how the world work s also is tobe found in analysis of the current acquisition boom triggered by de-regulati on, i.e. it is all interpreted as bidder match-ups of present valuecash stream analysis to corporate strategy. Sales of assets are dri ven byre gulator y compliance or core business focus . Purchasers are drawn ofasset s by one of three basic approaches: economics of scale, initiallythrou gh the fuel suppl y chain; asset backed trading of retail and whole-sale en erg y services; and operational efficiencies based on improvedmana gem ent of specific sites. Power strategies are thus characterized asall ab out alternative appraisals of cash flow potential; different cost ofcapital hurdle rates and different forward price curve s for the regionalmark et s int o which the particular auction is being carved.
A R-E-A-L-L-Y Big Energy Plot?
Authors: Kemp Jack
Published: April 2022

The subjec t her e is the p rop osed legislation conce rni ng so-called"ea rly action cred its" to reward hyp oth eti cal reducti on s in fossil fu elem iss ions . Th ese cred its are t out ed by so me as offering a " mar ke t ap-p roa ch " en abling us to re gulat e the futur e climate of the Earth .T hey are n othin g of the kind: inst ead , the y a re truly m ark et soc ial-ism , an art ificial d evi ce att emptin g to mimic mark et ac tiv ity that reallyco ncea ls a concerted cam p aign by in te rna tion al bur eau crat s to se ize con-trol of the wo rl d's ene rgy su pp ly an d inde ed of e very facet of ou recon om ic life.
A Case Study about Profit Maximization 10 MWe Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Cogen Plant
Authors: Dietrich Dave
Published: April 2022

Clear and present market signals increase economic efficiency andbring environmental and social benefits. Market signals that lack thesequalities will be poorly understood and infrequently applied. One yearof operation of a combined cycle gas turbine cogeneration plant in the10 Megawatt electric (MWe) class serves as a case study. The author ap-plies a new index of economic efficiency called the “profit maximizationfactor” in order to quantify plant performance. Recommendations aremade to benefit cogeneration plant manufacturers, owners, operators,regulators, utilities, and environmentalists.
The Evolution of the Energy Business
Authors: Hyman Leonard S.
Published: April 2022

There is no such thing as an electric, gas, central station, distrib-uted generation, transmission, regulated or unregulated market, inde-pendent of other markets. Nor is there a safe, must-run or oligopolisticmarket. Customers want reliable, low-cost energy to perform tasks, orthey want someone to figure out how to eliminate or more efficientlyperform those tasks. Every sector of the business competes with othersectors. Information in the form of prices impels market players to takeaction to achieve their goals in the optimal manner. Technology will en-able them to do so. In short, everything is up for grabs and nothing is safe.
D istributed Generation/Fuel Cells DOE Helps Expand Both Technologies and Markets
Authors: Williams Dr. Mark C.
Published: April 2022

The early entry market penetration by ONSI and its phosphoricacid fuel cell (PAFC) technology has proven that fuel cells are reliableand suitable for premium power and other opportunity fuel niche ap-plications. Now, new fuel cell technologies—solid oxide fuel cells,molten carbonate fuel cells, and polymer electrolyte fuel cells—arebeing developed for early market entry shortly after 2003. Some of theevolving fuel cell systems are incorporating gas turbines in hybridconfigurations. The combination of the gas turbine with the fuel cellpromises to lower system costs and increase efficiency to enhancemarket penetration.Significant early entry markets exist to sustain the initially highcost of some distributed generation technologies. However, distrib-uted generation technologies must have low introductory first cost,low installation cost, and high system reliability to be viable optionsin competitive commercial and industrial markets. In the long-term,solid state fuel cell technology with stack costs under $100/kilowattpromises deeper and wider market penetration in a range of applica-tions including a mature distributed generation market
How to Split Your Electricity Accounts To Maximize Your Savings
Authors: Audin Lindsay
Published: April 2022

Let’s say you are handling multiple electricity accounts, as either alarge customer or an aggregation group. Just because you are now ableto buy from a non-utility power supplier does not mean you should doso for all your accounts. For some of your accounts, your utility may stillbe able to provide better pricing.But how can you determine which accounts to leave with yourutility and which to offer to energy marketers? Two basic steps are in-volved: obtaining hourly load profile data for your accounts, and re-questing separate pricing for each account instead of accepting alumped price for all accounts.
Barriers to Distributed Power
Authors: Alderfer R. Brent , Starrs Thomas J. , Eldridge M. Monika
Published: April 2022

This article focuses on cases where barriers to distributed powerare present. It offers the following findings about current restrictions tointerconnection of DG power generation projects.• A variety of technical, business practice, and regulatory barriersdiscourage interconnection in the US domestic market.• These barriers sometimes prevent distributed generationprojects from being developed.• The barriers exist for all distributed-generation technologies andin all regions of the country.• Lengthy approval processes, project-specific equipment require-ments, or high standard fees are particularly severe for smallerdistributed generation projects.• Many barriers in today’s marketplace occur because utilitieshave not previously dealt with small-project or customer-genera-tor interconnection requests.• There is no national consensus on technical standards for con-necting equipment, necessary insurance, reasonable charges foractivities related to connection, or agreement on appropriatecharges or payments for distributed generation,• Utilities often have the flexibility to remove or lessen barriers.

• Distributed generation project proponents faced with technicalrequirements, fees, or other burdensome barriers are often ableto get those barriers removed or lessened by protesting to theutility, to the utility’s regulatory agency, or to other public agen-cies. However, this usually requires considerable time, effort,and resources.• Official judicial or regulatory appeals were often seen as toocostly for relatively small-scale distributed generation projects.• Distributed generation project proponents frequently felt thatexisting rules did not give them appropriate credit for the contri-butions they make to meeting power demand, reducing trans-mission losses, or improving environmental quality.
Load Curtailment Get Paid to Reduce Your Electric Load
Authors: Audin Lindsay
Published: April 2022

Since the summer of 1997, some utilities and Independent SystemOperators (ISOs) have been faced with situations where they must payvery high wholesale prices for power they need to balance supply anddemand. To minimize the cost of doing so, they may request that somecustomers curtail their loads. In the past, customers did so voluntarilyand were typically not paid. In many cases, the response was insufficientto bring wholesale market prices down to reasonable levels. Note thatthis differs from interruptible electric service under which some largeindustrial customers were required to reduce load (in exchange for ageneral discount on the rest of their power) or else pay heavy fines.
How Would PURPA Repeal Affect Cogenerators?
Authors: Gottlieb Jonathan W.
Published: April 2022

Congress has been considering electricity restructuring legislationfor the past several years. Legislative hearings have been conducted inboth the House and the Senate, and markup of legislation proceeded inthe Senate.It is clear that such legislation will loom as a major agenda item forCongress in 2001, particularly in light of reliability and pricing problemsthat appeared in certain markets last summer.Prominent features of this proposed legislation include provisionswhich would repeal the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978(PURPA). Current proposals call for PURPA to be repealed prospectivelyfor fossil fueled qualifying cogeneration facilities, while the mandatorypurchase/sale provisions of PURPA for alternative fueled small powerproducers may be maintained.Congress may also amend certain elements of the Federal PowerAct and the Public Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA) with respectto electricity restructuring, interconnection and transmission. Specifi-cally, many provisions of the proposed legislation focus on repealingPURPA for qualifying cogeneration facilities, including the right to au-tomatically connect to the grid, the PURPA “put” obligation, the exemp-tions provided in Section 210(e) from the Federal Power Act and PU-HCA, the statutory rights to standby and backup power, and finallyexemptions from certain state ratemaking and accounting requirementsfor qualifying facilities.
Demand Common Sense
Authors: Feldman Roger D.
Published: April 2022

By the time this article is published, it will be time for postmortems on the “great energy legislative fix” of 2000. One may have acertain confidence that however substantial or modest or non-existentthat fix may turn out to be, it will be at best ameliotory and likely ad-dictive (i.e., necessitate more fixes to come).The reasons are simple: Deregulation is not as great a thing in theelectric industry as it has been (at least by some key criteria) in otherformerly regulated industries. To the extent deregulation is going to bemade to work, the key lies in the substantial physical revamping andupgrading of the grid on a national basis and emphasis on demandmanagement breakthroughs. While the best aspects of the proposed leg-islation would create a better regionally based infrastructure to oversee“reliability,” it at best offers an improved long-term institutional ap-proach to a market that is physically discontinuous.A key data point which supports this observation is the great pricecap war currently raging. Regulator after regulator in the DeregulatedStates of America now has sought to address the summer shortage andprice spiking phenomenon by one of the most ancient of means: fiat,California has been the most visible battleground.
Can “Green Power Insurance” Boost the Renewable Energy Industry?
Authors: Anderson Heidi
Published: April 2022

The development of renewable powerprojects can be hindered by many things. Cost,public opposition, and lack of consumer un-derstanding about the effects of different power generation technologiesare just a few. A lesser known restraint, however, is the scarcity of fi-nancing options available for the development of renewable generation.Prior to deregulation, power plants were built according to needand utilities had a captive customer base and were able to charge aregulated rate for electricity. Lending institutions offered reasonable in-terest rates because there was strong assurance that the investmentwould be recouped. The market is still principally supplied by facilitiesthat were built with the guarantee that utilities would purchase thepower. In a competitive market, however, no such guarantees exist forthose building new generation facilities. Absent customer choice, themajority of power producers will construct generating capacity onlyunder favorable financing terms. Green power is still a niche market andgenerally available at premium prices which limits the number of cus-tomers a marketer might acquire
“Management Metrics” A Way To Measure Global ESCO Effectiveness
Authors: Bobker Michael
Published: April 2022

In the de-regulated energy industry, energy service companieshave become utility marketing subsidiaries, invading new markets,creating brand recognition, and transferring technology packages tai-lored to customer needs. They have been at the center of a kind ofinnovation which is new to the utility Industry: developing end-use“knowledge solutions,” or “Management Metrics.” As the utility in-dustry moves towards business models built around informationtechnology, knowledge management, and customer-focus at the sametime as “going global,” conceptualizing and measuring progress innew markets is needed.“Metric Management Measurement Sets” are suggested, based onbusiness data and geared to the process of innovation diffusion. From atechnology platform this management information is readily dissemi-nated throughout a globally networked firm, to improve innovation,technology transfer, corporate performance, and, ultimately, change inthe global energy system.
How E-Commerce Affects Energy Procurement and Management
Authors: Ronsivalli Louis J.
Published: April 2022

The nature of how energy business is conducted, promoted andtransacted is rapidly evolving as new information and software tech-nologies are applied to the energy industry. This article focuses on therapid acceleration of e-commerce technology and how it is impactingand will continue to impact all aspects of energy purchasing and man-agement for business buyers and users.This article is written primarily for those using energy, managingand operating facilities. For these professionals, not only are they be-ing tasked with developing procurement strategies for the ‘new’ era ofderegulation, but they continue to operate buildings, upgrade andmaintain systems, meet with vendors selling a new variety of‘bundled’ services while handling business as usual.Commodity procurement will realize the most significantchanges as deregulation matures and technologies are applied. Accessto real-time data and pricing will be made easy and convenient and theavailability of suppliers to meter data will become common. “B2B”(business-to-business) e-commerce marketplaces and portals will con-tinue to evolve and offer a multitude of energy-related products andservices, from which to choose.
STANDBY D ISTRIBUTED G ENERATION: ENGINE-SIDE I SSUES AND SOLUTIONS
Authors: Bishop Jim
Published: April 2022

Significant attention has been given to energy supply and pricesduring the past year. The volatility in reliability and pricing of electricalenergy, particularly in markets such as California, has prompted manycompanies to take a renewed interest in their energy supply, energycosts, and consumption patterns. More recently, the economic environ-ment has many businesses scrambling to cut costs to preserve profitabil-ity in a soft market. One of the strategies for gaining better control ofpower reliability and energy costs is to utilize on-site or distributed gen-eration (DG).While the media currently favors coverage of emerging commer-cialized versions of distributed generation technologies such as fuel cellsand micro-turbines, one generation resource that is often readily dis-missed is standby generation. Standby generation is most often in theform of diesel reciprocating, engine-driven generation used for power inthe event of a utility outage. Given the extensive installed base ofstandby generation, there is a clear opportunity for energy cost savings.
INDUSTRIAL A PPLICATIONS OF F LYWHEELS
Authors: Craven K.L. , Lawrence Roger
Published: April 2022

This article examines the technical and economic factors behind theapplication of a flywheel system to an industrial application to alleviatethe damaging and costly effects of electrical sags and momentary powerinterruptions. The article examines an industrial customer who was los-ing production through sag and momentary power outage events. In asingle event, the affected customer was out of action for 11 hours follow-ing a sag in the electrical power that tripped four extrusion lines. Previ-ously, industry had considered that it is uneconomical to provide con-tinuous power ride-through for adjustable speed drive equipment in theextruder application. Now industry has a new tool that can be employedto add security to the process through the use of kinetic energy stored ina flywheel. It is very clear from the results of this demonstration projectthat there are many industrial applications that would gain from thisform of low-speed flywheel energy storage system.
F UEL CELLS PROVIDE RELIABLE POWER TO U.S. P OSTAL SERVICE F ACILITY IN ANCHORAGE, A LASKA
Authors: Parker Steven
Published: April 2022

Working together, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) and Chugach Elec-tric Association, partnering with the Department of Defense (DOD),Department of Energy (DOE), US Army Corps of Engineers ConstructionEngineering Research Laboratories (USA CERL), Electric Power ResearchInstitute (EPRI), and National Rural Electric Cooperative Association(NRECA), developed and installed one of the largest fuel cell installa-tions in the world.The 1-Megawatt fuelcell combined heat andpower plant sits behind theAnchorage U.S. Postal Ser-vice Mail Processing and Dis-tribution Facility. ChugachElectric owns, operates, and maintains the fuel cell power plant, whichprovides clean, reliable power to the USPS facility. In addition, heat re-covered from the fuel cells, in the form of hot water, is used to heat theUSPS Mail Processing and Distribution Facility. By taking a leadershiprole, the USPS will save over $800,000 in electricity and natural gas costsover the 5 1/2-year contract term with Chugach Electric.
LESSONS L EARNED FROM W ORLD’ S LARGEST FUEL C ELL INSTALLATION : C ONNECTICUT J UVENILE TRAINING S CHOOL
Authors: Redden James B.
Published: April 2022

This article addresses the practical application of emerging distrib-uted technology (fuel cells) in a real-life project under way in Connecti-cut. Select Energy Services, Inc. (SESI), formerly HEC Inc., has installedand is operating the world’s largest commercial fuel cell installation. This1.2-megawatt energy plant provides electricity, heating, and cooling forthe state-of-the-art Connecticut Juvenile Training School (CJTS). The dis-cussion chronicles the creative engineering and business solutions thatovercame the obstacles faced by Connecticut State agencies in construct-ing this project, and how state government and private industry collabo-rated on this technically complex project.Since going fully on line in November 2001, the plant has operatedcontinuously for 12 months, logging 9,000 hours of uninterrupted pro-duction of power, heat, and cooling. One or more of the six fuel cells hasoperated continuously during that entire period, meeting all energy re-quirements without interruption except for small grid supplements.
MASSACHUSETTS AND ENERGY S ECURITY: W HAT O NE STATE IS D OING TO ENHANCE SECURITY THROUGH D ISTRIBUTED G ENERATION
Authors: Herz Raphael
Published: April 2022

The events of September 11, 2001, have indelibly marked require-ments for a focus on energy generation and use strategies to protectpublic interests and manage emergency events. Security experts haveconcluded that current electrical systems could be vulnerable to conven-tional military, nuclear, and terror attacks. Disbursed, renewable anddomestic supplies of fuels and electricity can be used to reduce theserisks1 .As part of a larger state strategy to prepare for and respond toharmful events, Massachusetts is undertaking activities to reduce risk ofharm to critical public facilities by considering distributed generation.The state’s clean energy fund has begun an initiative to consider fuelcells and solar technologies as part of emergency planning and response.The early lessons from that effort indicate a strong willingness and needfor distributed generation but a lack of resources to implement it. Theselessons and plans for future activities are shared in this report.
Cost Benefit Analysis for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Cogeneration
Authors: Ohkita Mr. Yuji , Schaub Dr. Diane
Published: April 2022

Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) cogeneration, which supplieswhole space/water heating demand and 70% of electricity demand in ahousehold in Japan, is considered to be a very attractive product fornatural gas facilities to sell, because it is expected to double the naturalgas sales to a household while letting the homeowner save electricitycosts. On the other hand, the initial cost of fuel cell cogeneration equip-ment and installation is considered to be the main obstacles to its popu-larization. In this article, life cycle costs of both a conventional waterheater and PEFC cogeneration was estimated, and it is concluded that aPEFC cogeneration system benefits homeowners, with a payback periodof less than 4 years and system life cycle savings between $1000 and$1500 compared to a conventional water heating system.
INSTALLATION OF DISTRIBUTED G ENERATION AND C OMBINED HEAT AND POWER AT M EDWAY PLASTICS C ORPORATION , L ONG B EACH, CA
Authors: Faubert F. Michael
Published: April 2022

This article describes the installation of three 375-kWe natural-gas-powered distributed generation units at Medway Plastics Corporationlocated in Long Beach, California. In addition to electric power, Medwayhas elected to utilize heat available in the engine jacket water to drive a151-ton, single-effect, vapor absorption chiller, which Medway will usefor cooling operations attendant to the injection molding process. As thisarticle was being written, the units were scheduled to undergo exhaustgas emission testing to verify compliance with regulations set forth bySouth Coast Air Quality Management District.
THE V ALUE OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION IN A DEREGULATED MARKET
Authors: Wilson H. Bertram , Schroeder Mark
Published: April 2022

Deregulation of energy markets and the establishment of a trans-parent market such as the PJM Interconnection, LLC have allowed com-panies that have generation assets located in that market, a means to costeffectively manage market risks over a significantly longer period thantypical supply contracts. The value of on-site generation lies in its abilityto dispatch based on market conditions, therefore acting as a markethedge for the purchase of electricity. This provides a collar on the priceof electricity for the life of the generator, unlike financial hedges, whichare limited in their term.An analysis of the benefits of on-site generation as a hedge for themarket purchase of electrical power will be discussed for a project lo-cated in the PJM market. A pro forma analysis demonstrates the behaviorof the generation project in various market conditions and is based onactual data. The electric procurement strategy for the site includes mar-ket based dispatch, which is simply a make/buy decision. When the costof power on the spot market is below the price to generate, then theconsumer buys. When the price exceeds the cost to generate, the equip-ment is operated to supply the needs of the consumer. In this way, a capis placed on the price of power and corresponding futures (fixed price)power contract premiums are avoided.
USE OF TIME-A GGREGATED DATA IN E CONOMIC SCREENING A NALYSES OF COMBINED H EAT AND P OWER SYSTEMS
Authors: Hudson C. Randy , Badiru Adedeji “Deji” B.
Published: April 2022

Combined heat and power (CHP) projects (also known as cogen-eration projects) usually undergo a series of assessments and viabilitychecks before any commitment is made. A screening analysis, with elec-trical and thermal loads characterized on an annual basis, may be per-formed initially to quickly determine the economic viability of the pro-posed project. Screening analyses using time-aggregated data do notreflect several critical cost influences, however. Seasonal and diurnalvariations in electrical and thermal loads, as well as time-of-use utilitypricing structures, can have a dramatic impact on the economics. A moreaccurate economic assessment requires additional detailed data on elec-trical and thermal demand (e.g., hourly load data), which may not bereadily available for the specific facility under study. Recent develop-ments in CHP evaluation tools, however, can generate the needed hourlydata through the use of historical data libraries and building simulation.This article utilizes model-generated hourly load data for four po-tential CHP applications and compares the calculated cost savings of a CHP system when evaluated on a time-aggregated (i.e., annual) basis tothe savings when evaluated on an hour-by-hour basis. It is observed thatthe simple, aggregated analysis forecasts much greater savings (i.e.,greater economic viability) than the more detailed hourly analysis. Thefindings confirm that the simpler tool produces results with a muchmore optimistic outlook, which, if taken by itself, might lead to errone-ous project decisions. The more rigorous approach, being more reflectiveof actual requirements and conditions, presents a more accurate eco-nomic comparison of the alternatives, which, in turn, leads to betterdecision risk management.
C OOLING , H EATING , AND P OWER (CHP) FOR C OMMERCIAL BUILDINGS B ENEFITS ANALYSIS
Authors: Zogg Robert
Published: April 2022

We performed a detailed analysis of the energy consumption andend-user economics combined heat and power (CHP) systems in large-commercial buildings that included:• Five generation technologies (standard and advancedmicroturbines, standard and advanced internal combustion (IC)engines, and high-temperature PEM fuel cells);• Three building types (hospital, large office, and large hotel);• Five US cities (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami, and Phoe-nix); and• Utilizing recovered heat for both heating and absorption cooling.Our detailed, hour-by-hour analysis includes a novel operating al-gorithm that makes the generate-versus-buy decision based on minimiz-ing overall operating costs, including accounting for the impacts of elec-tric demand charges.Our analysis did not consider benefits beyond end-user energy-costsavings, such as improved power quality/reliability, transmission anddistribution system (T&D) support, and possibly emissions credits. Thisis an important limitation as these other benefits can be significant.
University Retirement Community at Davis: A Combined Heat and Power Case Study
Authors: Damberger Thomas
Published: April 2022

Electricity is like any other commodity, it is subject to the laws ofsupply and demand. If the demand increases; prices trend upward. If thesupply component cannot increase to meet the new level of demand, apressure to increase price is a nominal reaction to market forces. This isepitomized in what we experienced early in 2004 with the normallyubiquitous gasoline commodity.When electricity prices quadrupled over the course of a fewmonths, many were unprepared. The unprepared directly experienced alack of commodity, while others planned ahead with a diversified energyportfolio mitigating these risks. Because prices of electricity are highlyvolatile and will probably rise again, companies can use economic senseby incorporating certain technologies to better prepare their operation tomanage energy costs—even during blackouts.Because of the operational nature of hospitals and retirement facili-ties, which operate 7/24, there are options to help reduce the cost ofthose operations. There are early market adopters of certain energy tech-nologies who demand a high level of reliability and power quality 7/24from their central plants. Telco-hotels and server farms are one suchindustry that requires this level of reliability and quality. These sametechnologies can also be adapted for hospitals and retirement facilities.And why not, when it comes to a human life hanging in balance basedon the reliability of the utility grid or emergency generator? Any finan-cial incentives or savings achieved are simply a secondary benefit whenconsidering the reliability of the electricity commodity. University Retire-ment Community at Davis decided it was time to take control of theirenergy future, thereby assuring a diversified, cost-effective, and reliableenergy portfolio by adapting one of these technologies for their tenants.
Procedure for Conducting a Cast Study of the Domain CHP Project in Austin, Texas
Authors: Newcomer Adam , Eaton David J. , Mardiat Ed , , Schwass Roderick G. , Braddock Cliff , Berry Jeanette (Jan) B.
Published: April 2022

This article describes a packaged cooling, heating and power (CHP)system for a buildings project in Austin, Texas operated by AustinEnergy, the municipal utility. The article develops measures to reportsystem efficiency and also identi fies the research agenda to evaluate theCHP project’s performance.
New Natural Gas Technologies for Enhancing the Indoor Environment
Authors: Burgis Eric , Ryan William A.
Published: April 2022

For decades, natural gas has been used largely as a heating fuelfor commercial buildings. Today’s technologies provide an opportunityfor natural gas to provide far more to your commercial clients by pro-viding an enhanced indoor environment at reduced costs and with lessenvironmental impact than conventional electric systems.
Efficiency Improvements through Combined Heat and Power for On-site Distributed Generation Technologies
Authors: Karki Shankar , Kulkarni Manohar , Mann Michael D. , Salehfar Hossein
Published: April 2022

With the evolution of electricity market transformation, there is arenewed interest in distributed generation (DG)—that has a promisingrole for mitigating technical, regulatory, and environmental constraintsin the electricity sector. These bene fits are further enhanced with theability of such DG in heat recovery applications in which the waste heatis used to produce hot water, heat building space, drive absorption cool-ing, and supply other thermal energy needs in a commercial buildingor industrial process. This article identi fies the ef ficiency gain and otherenvironmental and economical bene fits of using fossil fuel based DGunder combined heat and power (CHP) application. Based on emissionfactors and operational performance of existing commercially availableDG under both separate heat and power (SHP) and CHP applications,economic and environmental performance of such DG is analyzed andcompared under different loading conditions characterized by differentheat to power (HPR) ratios
Operating Results of Wind Farms in New Jersey
Authors: Dovey Richard S.
Published: April 2022

Located at the Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA) Waste-water Treatment Plant in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the Jersey-AtlanticWind Farm (JAWS) is the first coastal wind farm in the Northeast. JAWS,an 8 megawatt system, became operational in December 2005, and hasperformed better than anticipated. The ACUA purchases almost 70% ofthe total energy produced by JAWS under a long-term purchase agree-ment. The price discount the ACUA benefits from saved our ratepayersover $400,000 in 2006
Simplified Method for Determining the Net Carbon Dioxide Reduction from Installing a CHP System
Authors: Sclafani Anthony
Published: April 2022

As awareness of the possible implications of greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and the merits of energy efficiency increase, so do the numberof facilities, institutions, and people that seek an active role in reducingtheir net GHG emissions and energy usage. With the increase in projectsdeveloped to achieve a targeted GHG reduction, it is becoming increas-ingly important to quantify CHP system performance in terms of GHGemissions. This work presents a preliminary method for evaluating thenet GHG emissions of a combined heat and power (CHP) system as ameans of evaluating the feasibility of installing a CHP system in a carbondioxide reduction project
Implementing Combined Heat and Power In New York City
Authors: Ahrens David
Published: April 2022

This article provides information about the challenges and oppor-tunities for combined heat and power (CHP) in New York City. Someof the up front engineering processes that must be done to successfullyimplement CHP projects are identi fied. Included are some of the costsavings and other financial incentives that motivate the decision to de-sign CHP systems. Detail is provided on the technical challenges thatcompanies face in developing CHP projects.
Lesser Known Energy Sources: A Study of Biogas and Tire-based Fuel
Authors: Smith Carl Benjamin , Lailhacar Cristián Cardenas
Published: April 2022

The objective of this article is to investigate two reasonably uncom-mon energy sources: biogas and scrap tire-based fuel and their potentialuse in industry. The article will discuss germane background informationabout the energy sources, such as current and potential uses, operationalconstraints, advantages, and disadvantages. In addition, this article willexplore each fuel source’s potential capacity for energy generation andfuel savings. The quantitative section on biogas analyzes the amountof power biogas digesters can provide based off on varying types andnumbers of farm animals and generation methods. The scrap tire fuelsection analyzes potential fuel savings with cement kilns, explores thesevalues using several examples, and conducts cursory financial analysisof tire fuel projects. Lastly, this article concludes that there exists greatpotential for fuel and cost savings with these types of alternative energysources.
Energy Ef ficiency Drives Environmental Ef ficiency Case Study of the Thermal Energy Corporation Energy Center at Texas Medical Center in Houston, Texas
Authors: Swinson Stephen K. , Andracsek Robynn , Mardiat Ed
Published: April 2022

While the momentum continues to grow for renewable energy andsustainable solutions, it will likely be a long time before we are able tocompletely wean our energy plants from using fossil fuel. In the mean-time, it is important to continue to find ways to use fossil fuel in a moreefficient and environmentally sound way. This article will address anapproach to integrating state-of-the-art technology to implement an on-site energy system that generates electric power and thermal energy atsignificantly higher ef ficiencies and produces lower emissions than ourtraditional central generation facilities. Another increasingly importantbenefit to on-site energy systems is the increased reliability and securityan on-site energy plant brings to facilities, especially those that serve orhave a critical mission, such as hospitals, data centers or command andcontrol centers
Exergetic, Thermal, and Fuel Savings Analyses of a Heat-matched, Bagasse-based Cogeneration Plant in Sugar Industries
Authors: Kamate S.C. , Gangavati P.B.
Published: April 2022

The sugar industry employs different cogeneration schemes to sat-isfy process steam demand, and generates surplus power by upgradingthe steam inlet parameters. A wide range of steam inlet parameters isused in Indian sugar industries, and varies from 21 bar to 110 bar inpressure and 330°C to 540°C in temperature. Most of the people under-stand that higher pressure (HP) steam inlet conditions result in moreefficient power plant. In this article, exergy methods, in addition tomore conventional energy analysis, are employed to evaluate overall andcomponent efficiencies and to identify and assess thermodynamic losses.The analysis is carried out for a heat-matched bagasse-based cogenera-tion plant of a typical 2500 tcd sugar factory using a backpressure steamturbine and an extraction condensing steam turbine for a wide rangeof steam inlet conditions; selected around the sugar industry’s exportcogeneration plant for better choice of cogeneration plant configura-tion. The results indicate that a backpressure turbine plant achieves thehighest energy and exergetic efficiency, and fuel savings; the condensingturbine plant generates maximum power per tonne of cane processed.Steam inlet conditions of 61 bar and 475°C can be considered as theoptimal steam parameters that yield the best thermodynamic advantage.Exergy analysis of the components indicates that the turbine is the mostefficient and the boiler is the least efficient component of the plant.
Solar Stirling Dish Power Generation Atlas of India
Authors: Krishnaiah T. , Rao Dr. S. Srinivasa , Murthy Dr. K. Madhu
Published: April 2022

In this article, an atlas of solar electricity potential of Stirling dishpower generation system is presented. Important parameters neededfor solar power generation modeling are direct solar insolation, ambienttemperature, wind speed, concentrator aperture area, rim angle, mirrorreflectance, working fluid, operating temperature, receiver insulatingmaterial and intercept factor. The input data values averaged over a10-year period is obtained from India Meteorological Department, Pune.The useful energy delivered by a collector is evaluated with consider-ation for various heat losses. An average value of solar electricity po-tential of a 25.3 kW parabolic dish collector is found to be maximum of15.3 kW for Jodhpur and minimum of 12.7 for Calcutta. Maps of annualvariation of solar electricity potentials, comparison of electricity poten-tials of Indian cities for different months, average electricity potentialsand annual electrical energy generation for various Indian cities havebeen developed. To produce 25 kW of electrical power on all the daysof a year, three different dishes are recommended for the Indian citiesof Jodhpur, Trivendrum and Calcutta. This atlas provides knowledgeand aids in exploitation of solar electricity generation for Indian climaticconditions.
CHP Microturbine Configuration Model and Economic Analysis
Authors: Şah Mr. Sezgin , Çubuk Dr. Handan
Published: April 2022

Energy produced at the power plant has losses until it reaches theend-use site. Approximately two thirds of source energy is lost on theway. These are thermal losses at the power plant and losses in trans-mission and distribution systems. Energy prices are constantly rising.Energy security is another major issue for industry. All these aspectsforce industries to produce their own energy onsite.The use of mainframe gas turbines for power generation hasincreased in recent years and is likely to continue to increase. The pro-portion of power generation using combined heat and power is alsogrowing mainly because of efficiency improvements and environmentalbenefits. Mini- and microturbines offer a number of potential advan-tages compared to other technologies for small-scale power genera-tion, particularly for distributed power generation, although there aresome technical and non-technical barriers to the implementation of thetechnology. Small turbines could be used for power generation in theindustrial, commercial and residential sectors.The best common use of source energy is the production of com-bined heat and power (CHP). To optimize return on investment, sys-tems are sized to have maximum utilization and minimum idle time. Adetailed study considering the electrical and thermal energy needs of ahotel building located in Istanbul was carried out. Thermal and electri-cal peak loads of the building were measured and recorded. The peakelectricity demand of the building was found to be 694 kW. Domestic hotwater (DHW) and heating loads are 487 kW. Seven micro turbines of 65kW (nominal electric power) are required to meet all the thermal energyneeds of the building. The electricity generated by the microturbines isto be used to reduce electricity demand of the building. The analysis showed that 100% of thermal load and, 55% of electrical load is metwith the selected capacity.Investment and operational costs are taken into account in calcu-lating the feasibility of the project. In this study the net present valuemethod is used for detailed life cycle cost economic analysis.
Cogeneration and Emergency Generation in Health Care Facilities
Authors: Funk, Jr. Peter V.K.
Published: April 2022

Hospitals and other health care facilities with full-time patientsand residents have the opportunity to benefit from the installation ofcogeneration systems.Unlike other residences, which often have weekday energy peaksas people return from work, health care facilities tend to have a rela-tively level demand for electricity. Operation of a cogeneration systemin such an environment is likely to be both efficient and practical. Also,governmental subsidies can offset a portion of the initial costs anddecrease the project’s payback period.Cogeneration systems cannot generally be used for emergencygeneration in light of the typical start up time requirements. However,they can be used in conjunction with emergency generators provideenhanced reliability.Cogeneration can also help smooth out the unintended “voltagesags” and instantaneous grid outages that can occur unexpectedly.These undesirable conditions can trip medical diagnostic equipmentand cost the hospital or health care facility delays and loss of revenue.If interconnected to the electrical grid, cogeneration systems have thecapability to sell excess energy or capacity.Cogeneration can usually be readily installed on-site because typi-cal units have a modest footprint. The systems do not produce muchnoise and may be placed in an insulated enclosure if desired. Theoperation and maintenance of a cogeneration system can be partiallyor wholly contracted out, if warranted.Cogeneration, with the ability to save money, provide thermalenergy and electricity and enhance emergency capabilities should bean attractive option for many health care facilities
Atlantic County Utilities Authority: Building Renewable, Sustainable and Carbon-free Operations
Authors: Dovey Richard S.
Published: April 2022

The Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA) has two divi-sions, Solid Waste and Wastewater, and holds as its mission to be anenvironmental leader responsible for enhancing the quality of life for itsresidents through the protection of waters and lands from pollution byproviding responsible waste management services.ACUA’s mission is accomplished via the use of new technologies,innovations and employee ideas. These technologies include the use ofsustainable landfill technologies and waste diversion strategies. Waste-water, the most energy intensive of the two divisions, now derives themajority of its energy from on-site renewable sources. ACUA was alsothe first New Jersey organization to join the Chicago Climate Exchange(CCX). CCX is the world’s first and North America’s only legally bind-ing, voluntary greenhouse gas (GHG) emission registry, reduction andtrading system.Additionally, ACUA is developing several projects. At Wastewater,two beneficial reuse projects are underway: a Category I in Smithville, NJand a Category IV for Marina Energy in Atlantic City, NJ. Both projectsare anticipated to be operational by 2010 and process a combined 155million gallons of water per year. At the Environmental Park, there aretwo exciting projects anticipated for development in 2009: a compressednatural gas (CNG) station and a landfill solar project.
Why Plasma? Evaluating New Energy-from-waste Technologies
Authors: Surma Jeffrey
Published: April 2022

The waste that society generates can be converted into variousenergy products using new conversion technology. This article highlightsthe benefits of one promising conversion technology known as plasmagasification, which can be used to generate clean fuels, chemicals andclean electric power. A comparison of plasma gasification to conventionalgasification technology is also discussed. Implementation of plasma gas-ification has the potential to dramatically reduce emissions, includinggreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, relative to conventional waste disposaland treatment methods. The plasma gasification process is a significantmove to a more sustainable approach to waste treatment and renewableenergy production.
New Financing Options and Incentives for Landfill Gas Energy
Authors: Godlove Chris , Singleton Amanda
Published: April 2022

Stakeholders promoting landfill gas (LFG) energy projects are iden-tifying new funding incentives to implement LFG energy (LFGE) proj-ects. This article focuses on how landfills are participating in voluntarycarbon and renewable energy markets, and presents case studies fromaward-winning projects that utilize these funding mechanisms.Landfills participate in the voluntary carbon markets using one oftwo main mechanisms: on an exchange or through an over-the-counter(OTC) transaction. An exchange, such as the Chicago Climate Exchange(CCX), is likely the most well known mechanism. At present, CCX has35 registered landfill methane offset project providers in the United States[1]. As of April 2008, landfill methane projects comprised approximately9 percent of all the carbon credits issued by CCX. OTC transactions areprivate between the seller, buyer, and/or broker involved in the transac-tion. Despite their private nature, the volume of OTC traded emissions hassubstantially grown in recent years according to research from EcosystemMarketplace [2]. Recent data from Point Carbon indicate that 132 U.S.landfills have either made a transaction in the carbon market, or are in theprocess of developing, producing, certifying, or verifying their emissionsreductions to prepare for an OTC transaction or exchange on the CCX [3].In addition to carbon finance, LFGE projects generating electricityare also selling renewable energy certificates (RECs). These RECs arethen purchased by companies wishing to reduce their environmentalfootprint or used by utilities to comply with various renewable portfoliostandards.