bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolic and physiological responses to graded exercise testing in individuals with type 1 diabetes using insulin pump therapy
Authors: McCarthy Olivia M. , Kristensen Kasper Birch , Christensen Merete Bechmann , Schmidt Signe , Ranjan Ajenthen G. , Nicholas Chloe , Bain Stephen C. , Nørgaard Kirsten , Bracken Richard
Published: December 2022

Aims

To profile acute glycaemic dynamics during graded exercise testing (GXT) and explore the influence of glycaemic indicators on the physiological responses to GXT in adults with type 1 diabetes using insulin pump therapy.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of pooled data from four clinical trials with identical GXT protocols. Data were obtained from 45 adults with type 1 diabetes using insulin pumps [(30 females); haemoglobin A1c 59.5 ± 0.5 mmol/mol (7.6 ± 1.0%); age 49.7 ± 13.0 years; diabetes duration 31.2 ± 13.5 years; V̇O2peak 29.5 ± 8.0 ml/min/kg]. Integrated cardiopulmonary variables were collected continuously via spiroergometry. Plasma glucose was obtained every 3 min during GXT as well as the point of volitional exhaustion. Data were assessed via general linear modelling techniques with age and gender adjustment. Significance was accepted at p ≤ .05.

Results

Despite increasing duration and intensity, plasma glucose concentrations remained similar to rest values (8.8 ± 2.3 mmol/L) throughout exercise (p = .419) with an overall change of +0.3 ± 1.1 mmol/L. Starting glycaemia bore no influence on subsequent GXT responses. Per 1% increment in haemoglobin A1c there was an associated decrease in V̇O2peak of 3.8 ml/min/kg (p < .001) and powerpeak of 0.33 W/kg (p < .001) concomitant with attenuations in indices of peripheral oxygen extraction [(O2 pulse) −1.2 ml/beat, p = .023].

Conclusion

In adults with long‐standing type 1 diabetes using insulin pump therapy, circulating glucose remains stable during a graded incremental cycle test to volitional exhaustion. Glycaemic indicators are inversely associated with aerobic rate, oxygen economy and mechanical output across the exercise intensity spectrum. An appreciation of these nexuses may help guide appropriate decision making for optimal exercise management strategies.
Beetles on the move: Not‐just‐a‐technical review of beetles' radio‐tracking
Authors: Růžičková Jana , Elek Zoltán
Published: December 2022

Radio telemetry with very high‐frequency transmitters is a powerful tool for studying the movement patterns of animals. Although this tracking technology is widely utilized for various vertebrates, its application is limited to only a fraction of large‐bodied insect species. Among them, beetles are the most popular insect group used for radio‐tracking due to their relatively large body size, solid exoskeleton, and to some extent the well‐known ecological background of some species. Here, we review the available literature about radio telemetry applied to beetles, focusing on current methodological advantages and constraints to record their movement, as well as how this method can assist in understanding various ecological aspects of beetle life history. Regardless of the huge potential of radio‐tracking, the number of tracked beetle species is still very low, covering so far only 13 species belonging to five families that were studied almost exclusively in the Western Palearctic region. Most studies were descriptive, measuring simple trajectory parameters and examining movement behavior as a single strategy that is not triggered by any particular internal or external cues. Ecological aspects have been accessed to a lesser extent, especially in relation to the effects of abiotic factors and habitat use. There are still conceptual knowledge gaps: promising statistical approaches for movement analyses can connect movement patterns with specific habitat utilization but they are not yet used by entomologists. Moreover, knowing the movement patterns of many individuals and species can assist us to understand the composition and dynamics at the community level.
Job shadowing for early undergraduate dental students: Evaluation and validation of educational effectiveness using structural equation modelling
Authors: Abe Susumu , Matsuka Yoshizo , Murakami Ayu , Rodis Omar Marianito Maningo , Oka Kenji , Okawa Toshinori , Wada‐Mihara Chie , Shinohara Chihiro , Kawano Fumiaki
Published: December 2022

Introduction

This study aimed to evaluate and validate the educational effectiveness of a job shadowing class as a dental teaching programme for preclinical dental students through a questionnaire that assessed related student perceptions.

Materials and Methods

A total of 124 preclinical (second year) dental students at Tokushima University participated in job shadowing placements from 2017 to 2019. Each student observed dental practice or surgery for 1 day in the university hospital. After shadowing, the students were requested to fill out a nine‐item questionnaire based on a five‐point scale. The first analysis was performed to calculate the correlation for each item. Furthermore, regression analysis for the categorical data was performed to show the relationship between eight questions (Items 1–8) and one question (Item 9: comprehensive evaluation). Next, factor analysis was performed to determine students' perceptions regarding the shadowing class.

Results

Ninety‐eight students (response rate: 79%) completed the questionnaire. There was a strong relationship amongst Items 1, 8 and 9 (“interested in dentistry as a job,” “learning motivation” and “comprehensive evaluation” respectively) based on the results of the correlation and regression analysis. The factor analysis led to three student perceptions as latent factors, namely, “Interesting,” “Self‐awareness” and “Future Goal,” which had a relatively close inter‐factor correlation (0.465–0.772).

Conclusion

The finding suggests that job shadowing may increase a students' interest in a dentistry career at an early stage of their education and learning motivation, along with generating self‐awareness. This programme may present possible educational effectiveness in dental education.
Characterizing SOD1 mutations in Spain: The impact of genotype, age and sex in the natural history of the disease
Authors: Vázquez‐Costa Juan F. , Borrego‐Hernández Daniel , Paradas Carmen , Gómez‐Caravaca María Teresa , Rojas‐Garcia Ricardo , Varona Luis , Povedano Mónica , García‐Sobrino Tania , Jericó Pascual Ivonne , Gutiérrez Antonio , Riancho Javier , Turon‐Sans Janina , Assialioui Abdelilah , Pérez‐Tur Jordi , Sevilla Teresa , Esteban Pérez Jesús , García‐Redondo Alberto ,   ALSGESCO
Published: December 2022

Background and purpose

The aim of this study was to describe the frequency and distribution of SOD1 mutations in Spain, and to explore factors contributing to their phenotype and prognosis.

Methods

Seventeen centres shared data on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic SOD1 variants. Multivariable models were used to explore prognostic modifiers.

Results

In 144 patients (from 88 families), 29 mutations (26 missense, 2 deletion/insertion and 1 frameshift) were found in all five exons of SOD1, including seven novel mutations. A total of 2.6% of ALS patients (including 17.7% familial and 1.3% sporadic) were estimated to carry SOD1 mutations. The frequency of this mutation varied considerably among regions, due to founder events. The most frequent mutation was p.Gly38Arg (n = 58), followed by p.Glu22Gly (n = 11), p.Asn140His (n = 10), and the novel p.Leu120Val (n = 10). Most mutations were characterized by a protracted course, and some of them by atypical phenotypes. Older age of onset was independently associated with faster disease progression (exp[Estimate] = 1.03 [0.01, 0.05], p = 0.001) and poorer survival (hazard ratio 1.05 [1.01, 1.08], p = 0.007), regardless of the underlying mutation. Female sex was independently associated with faster disease progression (exp[Estimate] = 2.1 [1.23, 3.65], p = 0.012) in patients carrying the p.Gly38Arg mutation, resulting in shorter survival compared with male carriers (236 vs. 301 months).

Conclusions

These data may help to evaluate the efficacy of SOD1 targeted treatments, and to expand the number of patients that might benefit from these treatments.
Research transparency in dental research: A programmatic analysis
Authors: Raittio Eero , Sofi‐Mahmudi Ahmad , Uribe Sergio E.
Published: December 2022

We assessed adherence to five transparency practices—data sharing, code sharing, conflict of interest disclosure, funding disclosure, and protocol registration—in articles in dental journals. We searched and exported the full text of all research articles from PubMed‐indexed dental journals available in the Europe PubMed Central database until the end of 2021. We programmatically assessed their adherence to the five transparency practices using a validated and automated tool. Journal‐ and article‐related information was retrieved from ScimagoJR and Journal Citation Reports. Of all 329,784 articles published in PubMed‐indexed dental journals, 10,659 (3.2%) were available to download. Of those, 77% included a conflict of interest disclosure, and 62% included a funding disclosure. Seven percent of the articles had a registered protocol. Data sharing (2.0%) and code sharing (0.1%) were rarer. Sixteen percent of articles did not adhere to any of the five transparency practices, 29% adhered to one, 48% adhered to two, 7.0% adhered to three, 0.3% adhered to four, and no article adhered to all five practices. Adherence to transparency practices increased over time; however, data and code sharing especially remained rare. Coordinated efforts involving all stakeholders are needed to change current transparency practices in dental research.
Daily resting‐state intracranial EEG connectivity for seizure risk forecasts
Authors: Cousyn Louis , Messaoud Rémy Ben , Lehongre Katia , Frazzini Valerio , Lambrecq Virginie , Adam Claude , Mathon Bertrand , Navarro Vincent , Chavez Mario
Published: December 2022

Forecasting seizure risk aims to detect proictal states in which seizures would be more likely to occur. Classical seizure prediction models are trained over long‐term electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings to detect specific preictal changes for each seizure, independently of those induced by shifts in states of vigilance. A daily single measure—during a vigilance‐controlled period—to estimate the risk of upcoming seizure(s) would be more convenient. Here, we evaluated whether intracranial EEG connectivity (phase‐locking value), estimated from daily vigilance‐controlled resting‐state recordings, could allow distinguishing interictal (no seizure) from preictal (seizure within the next 24 h) states. We also assessed its relevance for daily forecasts of seizure risk using machine learning models. Connectivity in the theta band was found to provide the best prediction performances (area under the curve ≥ .7 in 80% of patients), with accurate daily and prospective probabilistic forecasts (mean Brier score and Brier skill score of .13 and .72, respectively). More efficient ambulatory clinical application could be considered using mobile EEG or chronic implanted devices.
Latent class analysis of eHealth behaviors among adults with epilepsy
Authors: Kee Dustin , Jetté Nathalie , Blank Leah J. , Kummer Benjamin R. , Mazumdar Madhu , Agarwal Parul
Published: December 2022

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the proportions of uptake and factors associated with electronic health (eHealth) behaviors among adults with epilepsy.

Methods

The 2013, 2015, and 2017 National Health Interview Surveys were analyzed. We assessed the proportions of use of five domains of eHealth in those with epilepsy: looked up health information on the internet, filled a prescription on the internet, scheduled a medical appointment on the internet, communicated with a health care provider via email, and used chat groups to learn about health topics. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to identify factors associated with any eHealth behaviors among those with active epilepsy. Latent class analysis was performed to identify underlying patterns of eHealth activity. Survey participants were classified into three discrete classes: (1) frequent, (2) infrequent, and (3) nonusers of eHealth. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with frequency of eHealth use.

Results

There were 1770 adults with epilepsy, of whom 65.87% had at least one eHealth behavior in the prior year. By domain, 62.61% looked up health information on the internet, 15.81% filled a prescription on the internet, 14.95% scheduled a medical appointment on the internet, 17.20% communicated with a health care provider via email, and 8.27% used chat groups to learn about health topics. Among those with active epilepsy, female sex, more frequent computer usage, and internet usage were associated with any eHealth behavior. Female sex and frequent computer use were associated with frequent eHealth use as compared to nonusers.

Significance

A majority of persons with epilepsy were found to use at least one form of eHealth. Various technological and demographic factors were associated with eHealth behaviors. Individuals with lower eHealth behaviors should be provided with targeted interventions that address barriers to the adoption of these technologies.
Pharmacokinetics of single dose administration of three increasing doses of acetaminophen per os in 1–3‐month‐old foals
Authors: Gold Jenifer Robin , Grubb Tamara , Court Michael , Villarino Nicolas Francisco
Published: December 2022

Background

Acetaminophen is a common analgesic and antipyretic drug used in human medicine and might be an alternative to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for treating pain and pyrexia in foals. The pharmacokinetics and safety of differing doses of acetaminophen have not been investigated in foals.

Objectives

To determine the plasma pharmacokinetics and any changes in haematology and biochemistry profiles following oral administration of single doses of acetaminophen at 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg to foals.

Study design

Randomised cross‐over pharmacokinetic study.

Methods

Six Quarter Horse (two colts and four fillies) foals received 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg acetaminophen orally once. Haematology and biochemistry profiles were performed before and 7 days after each drug administration. Blood samples were collected over 64 h after drug administration and were used to quantify plasma acetaminophen concentrations by liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using compartmental analysis.

Results

Median (range) acetaminophen plasma concentrations were 4.4 (1.8–5.1), 6.3 (2.6–12.6), and 14 (7.3–18) μg/ml for the 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses, respectively. Median acetaminophen area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC)0–∞ranged from 25 (11–32), 41 (22–74), and 105 (82–142) h × μg/ml for the 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses, respectively. Dose‐normalised maximal concentrations and AUC0–∞values were similar across dose concentrations (p > 0.05). Median terminal half‐life for all doses was 2.7–2.8 h. Haematology and biochemistry profiles were normal except for blood urea nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase concentrations.

Main limitations

Foals were growing throughout the study, starting at 1 month and ending at 3 months. Deposition of drugs changes with age. The sample size was small and only single doses were evaluated. No liver biopsies were performed.

Conclusion

Plasma disposition of acetaminophen after a single oral dose of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg to 1–3‐month‐old foals varies greatly with the dose. The analgesic and antipyretic effect in foals is unknown.
Robot facilitated rehabilitation of children with autism spectrum disorder: A 10 year scoping review
Authors: Kohli Manu , Kar Arpan Kumar , Sinha Shuchi
Published: December 2022

Background

A severe shortage of skilled clinicians and infrastructure limits the delivery of early intervention programmes for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children that are labour and duration intensive and most advantageous in the first 3 years.

Aim

Assess the role of robot mediated intervention (RMI) role in the rehabilitation of ASD individuals by responding to five research questions in the area of (1) Technology maturity; (2) Skill improvement areas; (3) Research design including participant's demographics, datasets, intervention details, and evaluation tools; (4) Data gathering, analysis, and technology contribution, and (5) Role of Robots in intervention and its effectiveness.

Methods

Scoping review included RMI studies for ASD individuals published in PUBMED, SCOPUS, and IEEE‐Xplore databases between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2020. The publications were evaluated utilizing the PRISMA scoping review criteria (PRISMA‐ScR) checklist and the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP).

Results

The 59 selected publications demonstrated that RMI improved skills for ASD individuals in 12 areas. During RMI, extensive joint attention stimuli were given to ASD individuals, and the therapy promoted ASD children's eye contact, imitation, socio‐communication, and academic skills. However, various ethical, privacy, and safety concerns were reported in the review.

Conclusion

RMI can improve access, quality, and affordability in ASD intervention. The acceptance and use of technology can be fast‐tracked by (1) incorporating statistically valid study designs; (2) carrying out field trials including diverse participant groups; (3) standardizing datasets with quality parameters; (4) recruiting statistically appropriate participant groups from ASD, Neuro Typical (NT) and diverse developmental disorder population; and (5) and addressing ethical, privacy, safety, trust, and other stakeholder concerns.
Parental COVID‐19–related health information practises, sources, evaluations and needs: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Altawil Hala , Klawunn Ronny , Dierks Marie‐Luise , Lander Jonas
Published: December 2022

Background

Parents of infants and young children may have specific health information needs and preferences, as they are responsible for their children's health. COVID‐19 posed many challenges for families, not least in terms of the constantly updated disease‐prevention guidelines. However, little is known about parents' experiences with this unprecedented situation, that is, how and where they seek, use and evaluate COVID‐19 (child)‐specific health information. We aimed to find out more about this to provide insights to health (information) providers when communicating pandemic information to parents.

Methods

We conducted semistructured telephone interviews (August to October 2020) with a purposively selected sample of 20 German‐speaking and 10 Arabic‐speaking parents of children up to 4 years old. Recruitment occurred through multiple channels, including childcare institutions and social media. Qualitative content analysis of the interview transcripts illustrates the main differences between the two groups.

Results

By the time the interviews were conducted (mid‐2020), some parents reported to seek information less actively or not at all, compared to the beginning of COVID‐19. German speakers frequently used Google to obtain information, whereas Arabic speakers mentioned social media (particularly Facebook) as a central source. However, medical providers were the most trusted source for child health. Though determining the credibility of online information was difficult for some parents, others, mostly German speakers (middle–high education), were aware of some author‐related criteria. When deciding on information use, parents often rely on their own judgement and gut instinct. Besides the necessity to disseminate information via multiple outlets to reach all parents, Arabic speakers desired audio‐visual and translation tools to facilitate understanding.

Discussion and Public Conclusion

Apart from education, language and knowledge of the health system and of the attributes of credible information may determine its quality and consequent decisions. There seems to be a considerable need to foster knowledge about reliable information sources, a greater understanding of the range of quality criteria and specific support for nonnative speakers, not least to better inform parents' decision‐making.

Patient and Public Contribution

A parent panel (n = 7) contributed to gathering ideas regarding recruitment, discussing initial results and the choice of topics and questions for a second interview phase.
Next‐generation sequencing in breast pathology: real impact on routine practice over a decade since its introduction
Authors: Nourieh Maya , Vibert Roseline , Saint‐Ghislain Mathilde , Cyrta Joanna , Vincent‐Salomon Anne
Published: December 2022

The diagnosis, histomolecular classes of breast cancers (luminal A, luminal B, HER2‐enriched, and basal‐like), and accurate prediction of prognosis are commonly determined using morphological and phenotypical analyses in clinical practice worldwide. Therapeutic strategies are mostly based on the disease stage and molecular subclasses of breast cancer. Targeted therapies, such as anti‐HER2s, poly‐ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors or, to a lesser extent, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitors, have substantially improved breast cancer patient prognosis over the past decades. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression is widely determined based on immunohistochemistry, while next‐generation sequencing (NGS) is currently employed to assess the presence of molecular alterations, including breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and 2 or phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate 3‐kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutations, which are targets of these new approved therapies. In addition, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) can aid the pathologist in challenging situations, such as a diagnostic workup for a metastatic carcinoma in lymph nodes of unknown origin, differential diagnosis of spindle cell tumourtumor in the breast between metaplastic carcinoma, malignant PT and sarcoma, o, as well as determining relatedness between primary breast cancers and recurrences. NGS offers a powerful tool that enables the pathologist to combine morphological analyses together with molecular alterations in challenging diagnostic situations.
Pitfalls in breast pathology
Authors: Quinn Cecily , Maguire Aoife , Rakha Emad
Published: December 2022

Accurate pathological diagnosis is the cornerstone of optimal clinical management for patients with breast disease. As non‐operative diagnosis has now become the standard of care, histopathologists encounter the daily challenge of making definitive diagnoses on limited breast core needle biopsy (CNB) material. CNB samples are carefully evaluated using microscopic examination of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained slides and supportive immunohistochemistry (IHC), providing the necessary information to inform the next steps in the patient care pathway. Some entities may be difficult to distinguish on small tissue samples, and if there is uncertainty a diagnostic excision biopsy should be recommended. This review discusses (1) benign breast lesions that may mimic malignancy, (2) malignant conditions that may be misinterpreted as benign, (3) malignant conditions that may be incorrectly diagnosed as primary breast carcinoma, and (4) some IHC pitfalls. The aim of the review is to raise awareness of potential pitfalls in the interpretation of breast lesions that may lead to underdiagnosis, overdiagnosis, or incorrect classification of malignancy with potential adverse outcomes for individual patients.
An international unified approach to reporting and grading invasive breast cancer. An overview of the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) initiative
Authors: Ellis Ian O , Rakha Emad A , Tse Gary M , Tan Puay Hoon
Published: December 2022

Standardised reporting of breast cancer key pathology data has become the norm in some parts of the world, but are based on national or regional guidelines that differ in certain aspects, resulting in divergent reporting practices and a lack of comparability of data internationally. The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR), a global alliance of major (inter‐)national pathology and cancer organizations, have recently produced a new international dataset for the pathology reporting of breast cancer, including resection specimens with invasive cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast. This initiative aims at providing an international unified approach to reporting cancer. The guidance was prepared by an international expert panel consisting of experienced breast pathologists, a surgeon, and an oncologist. The dataset includes core (essential) and noncore (optional) data items based on a critical review and discussion of current evidence. Commentary is provided for each data item to explain the rationale for selection, its clinical relevance, and to highlight potential areas of disagreement or lack of evidence, in which case a consensus position was formulated. The process concludes with international public consultation, before ratification and publication on the free open access ICCR website, with a synoptic reporting guide. The key aim is to promote high‐quality, standardised pathology reporting that can be used worldwide. Histological grade, tumour size, and oestrogen receptor status are used in this article to illustrate this process and the detail provided to support its inclusion.
Breast lesions with myoepithelial phenotype
Authors: Foschini Maria P. , Nishimura Rieko , Fabbri Viscardo Paolo , Varga Zsuzsanna , Kaya Handan , Cserni Gábor
Published: December 2022

Myoepithelial cells (MECs) constitute a continuous layer of cells surrounding the breast glands, localised between the epithelial cells (ECs) and the basal membrane. MECs play important roles in normal mammary gland as they produce basal membrane and stimulate secretion. During neoplastic transformation, MECs act as a barrier preventing stromal invasion. MECs themselves can undergo a great variety of changes, ranging from hyperplastic to metaplastic, to neoplastic, and giving rise to a wide spectrum of morphological pictures sometimes difficult to interpret on routine diagnoses. Several benign and malignant breast tumours can present features of MECs differentiation. As these latter tumours are quite infrequent, the purpose of the present study is to offer a review of the morphological spectrum of MECs lesions, with correlations to prognosis.
Real‐world outcomes of pembrolizumab for platinum‐refractory advanced urothelial carcinoma: Efficacy, safety, and evidence for trial‐unfit patients
Authors: Ito Katsuhiro , Kita Yuki , Kobayashi Takashi
Published: December 2022

Pembrolizumab, monoclonal antibody targeting programmed cell death 1, is widely used for platinum‐refractory urothelial carcinoma (UC) patients. Although the survival benefit of pembrolizumab was proven in the well‐designed phase III trial, these data represent only a part of patients due to strictly defined eligibility criteria. The patients' characteristics in the clinical practice are much more heterogenous than those of trial participants. The real‐world experience is useful to validate the trial result and find suitable candidates for the treatment. Similarly, real‐world data plays a significant role in addressing the efficacy and safety of special populations, such as poor performance status or older patients. This review summarizes the real‐world evidence on pembrolizumab for platinum‐refractory UCs and discusses the clinical risk factors and efficacy for trial‐ineligible patients.
Unity that Liberates for an Embodied Mission
Authors: Oviedo Pablo Guillermo
Published: December 2022

Taking into account the global and local challenges that we are going through, and from a theological‐historical perspective, the working hypothesis in this article is that the ecumenical movement (as part of missio Dei) helped to produce a scenario in 20th‐century Latin America that we could call “mission incarnated.” This is argued using two historical examples: the interaction and mutual enrichment between Latin American liberation theology and the theology of the Wesleyan tradition; and the ecclesial example of the Methodist Church in Argentina. Finally, some theological and missionary challenges that stem from this history are discussed, being important for the ecumenical movement and the Christian faith communities in Latin America at this key point in time.
The 1921 Founding of the International Missionary Council in the Life of John R. Mott
Authors: Hartley Benjamin L.
Published: December 2022

The beginning of the International Missionary Council (IMC) at Lake Mohonk, New York, in 1921 represented a pivot point in the life of John R. Mott (1865–1955). It symbolized for him and other participants a bold initiative in international missionary collaboration that had ramifications for liberal internationalism well beyond the Christian movement itself. World War I was devastating for millions throughout the world, but for Mott it was also a time where his influence in world affairs grew. This article focuses on the years after the war as a time of many challenges and disappointments for Mott as he struggled with nationalism, racism, and the dire effects of colonialism. Student movements which he championed (the YMCA, the World's Student Christian Federation, and the Student Volunteer Movement) also began to go in theological directions with which Mott sometimes disagreed. Mott further experienced setbacks during these post‐war years in his efforts to promote collaboration in mission. He nonetheless possessed hope for a new era of international missionary cooperation that the IMC had inaugurated.
The International Missionary Council
Authors: Stanley Brian
Published: December 2022

This article reflects on the 40‐year history of the International Missionary Council (IMC) from its formation at Lake Mohonk in 1921 to its integration within the World Council of Churches at the WCC's 3rd Assembly in New Delhi in 1961. It does so by analyzing the explicit or implicit answers that were given within IMC circles to three fundamental theological questions. The first question is: What is the theological basis and justification for the Christian mission to all of humanity? A second question came to be regarded by the first IMC secretary, J. H. Oldham, as of primary importance: What is a Christian view of race and racial justice? A third question lay at the heart of the changing relationship between the IMC and the WCC: To what extent does the mission of the church require its visible unity? In investigating the various answers to these questions given within IMC meetings between 1921 and 1961, the article also pursues a fourth question: What answers did non‐Western church and mission leaders give to these three questions, and were their answers heard by the white Europeans and Americans who directed the IMC throughout its history? The article pays particular attention to the Jerusalem meeting in March–April 1928 and the debates supporting and opposing integration within the WCC at what was technically the first assembly of the IMC in Ghana in December 1957–January 1958.
Pope Francis’ Theology of Mission
Authors: Gregory William P.
Published: December 2022

Since his election in 2013, Pope Francis has embarked upon a significant program of teaching, exhortation, and internal church critique aimed at stimulating the missionary reform of the Catholic Church. This article provides an overview of his contributions in this area with attention to his efforts to promote the greater involvement of all the baptized in mission, a deeper spirituality of mission across the church, and renewed practices of proclamation and social outreach. The fundamentally practice‐oriented nature of Francis’ teaching is highlighted and a framework for conceiving the central facets of his mission theology is proposed.
Employee responses to information security related stress: Coping and violation intention
Authors: Yazdanmehr Adel , Li Yuan , Wang Jingguo
Published: December 2022

Studies on employee responses to the information security policy (ISP) demands to show that employees who experience stress over the demands would resort to emotion‐focused coping to alleviate the stress and subsequently violate the ISP. However, their intent to engage in problem‐focused coping to meet the ISP demands and possibly reduce ISP violations has yet to be analysed. We argue that both types of coping responses coexist in employee responses to ISP demands and they together influence ISP violation intention. Drawing upon the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, we examine how security‐related stress (SRS) triggers inward and outward emotion‐focused coping, and problem‐focused coping to the ISP demands, which together influence employee ISP violations. We also examine how ISP‐related self‐efficacy and organisational support moderate the effects of SRS on coping responses. We surveyed 200 employees in the United States to test our model. The results indicate that SRS triggers all three coping responses, and ISP‐related self‐efficacy and organisational support reduce the effects of SRS on inward and outward emotion‐focused coping. Problem‐focused coping then decreases ISP violation intention, whereas inward and outward emotion‐focused coping increases it. The model was further verified with ISP compliance as the outcome construct, which yielded consistent results. Understanding various coping responses to SRS and the factors that facilitate or inhibit the responses can assist managers in effectively designing and implementing the ISP to reduce employee ISP violations.
Temperature‐ and stress‐dependent electromechanical properties of phase‐boundary‐engineered KNN‐based piezoceramics
Authors: Gadelmawla Ahmed , Eckstein Udo , Riess Kevin , Liu Yi‐Xuan , Wang Ke , Li Jing‐Feng , Kakimoto Ken‐ichi , Khansur Neamul H. , Webber Kyle G.
Published: December 2022

The influence of stress on the small‐signal dielectric permittivity and piezoelectric coefficient of polycrystalline lead‐free perovskite 0.92(Na1/2K1/2)NbO3–(0.08 − x)Bi1/2Li1/2TiO3–xBaZrO3 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.07) was characterized under different constant uniaxial stress up to −200 MPa within a temperature range of −150 to 450°C, revealing stress‐induced suppression of the electromechanical response as well as shifts in the phase boundaries. For all compositions, the interferroelectric and ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transitions were shifted to higher temperatures under the uniaxial compressive stress. Interestingly, the sensitivity to the applied stress was found to increase with increasing BZ/BLT ratio in the system. The origin of a different extent of stress‐sensitivity with BZ/BLT ratio is suggested to be related to the change in the crystal structure. Additionally, at temperatures below −50°C, the relative permittivity showed a significant increase under applied compressive stress.
To what extent a modern teaching style benefits students? Why do teachers act the way they do?
Authors: Villar‐Aldonza Adriano
Published: December 2022

Background

The growth of teaching practices conducted to promote cognitive activation and active participation in the classroom in recent years has become the epicentre of an active debate regarding their effectiveness.

Objectives

This study is aimed to shed some light on this topic by empirically analysing the causes and consequences of more modern strategies in Spanish secondary schools.

Methods

The database used in the study was PISA 2018. In order to analyse the causes behind the teaching style followed by teachers, a logit model was used. Likewise, to analyze the consequences that a modern teaching style has on students at the age of 15, we used propensity score analysis techniques.

Results and Conclusions

Regarding the results obtained through a logit model, it is shown that the likelihood of a modern teaching style decreases if teachers work for a state school or if they usually apply traditional strategies. Similarly, this series of practices are shown to be more common in schools where teachers and students make greater use of digital devices. The second section of results, focused on analysing the effect this type of teaching strategies has on cognitive, non‐cognitive and wellbeing among students, show that, on the one hand, modern teaching style negatively affects students' performance in mathematics, science or language. On the other hand, modern teaching style has been shown to contribute to improving the students' well‐being, motivation and cooperation, only being significant the latter. Moreover, this teaching style contributes to reducing bullying among students.
Validation of the accuracy of contact force measurement by contemporary force‐sensing ablation catheters
Authors: Kueffer Thomas , Haeberlin Andreas , Knecht Sven , Baldinger Samuel H. , Madaffari Antonio , Seiler Jens , Mühl Aline , Tanner Hildegard , Roten Laurent , Reichlin Tobias
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Contact force sensing catheters are widely used for ablation of cardiac arrhythmias. They allow quantification of catheter‐to‐tissue contact, which is an important determinant for lesion formation and may reduce the risk of complications. The accuracy of these sensors may vary across the measurement range, catheter‐to‐tissue angle, and amongst manufacturers. We aim to compare the accuracy and reproducibility of four different force sensing ablation catheters.

Methods

A measurement setup containing a heated saline water bath with an integrated force measurement unit was constructed and validated. Subsequently, we investigated four different catheter models, each equipped with a unique measurement technology: Tacticath Quartz (Abbott), AcQBlate Force (Biotronik/Acutus), Stablepoint (Boston Scientific), and Smarttouch SF (Biosense Webster). For each model, the accuracy of three different catheters was measured within the range of 0–60 g and at contact angles of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°.

Results

In total, 6685 measurements were performed using 4 × 3 catheters (median of 568, interquartile range: 511–606 measurements per catheter). Over the entire measurement‐range, the force measured by the catheters deviated from the real force by the following absolute mean values: Tacticath 1.29 ± 0.99 g, AcQBlate Force 2.87 ± 2.37 g, Stablepoint 1.38 ± 1.29 g, and Smarttouch 2.26 ± 2.70 g. For some models, significant under‐ and overestimation of >10 g were observed at higher forces. Mean absolute errors of all models across the range of 10–40 g were <3 g.

Conclusion

Contact measured by force‐sensing catheters is accurate with 1–3 g deviation within the range of 10–40 g. Significant errors can occur at higher forces with potential clinical consequences.
Ultrasound processing of sweet lime juice: Effect of matrix pH on microbial inactivation, enzyme stability, and bioactive retention
Authors: Shaik Lubna , Chakraborty Snehasis
Published: December 2022

The effect of pH on microbial, enzyme inactivation, and bioactive retention in ultrasound (US) treated sweet lime (Citrus limetta) juice was studied. The pH of the juice varied at 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5, whereas the US duty cycle (DC) ranged between 75% and 95% (0.07–0.7 W/cm3), and the treatment time varied between 15 and 30 min. More than 5‐log reduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli was achieved at DC 95% (25 min) while Listeria monocytogenes got inactivated at DC 85% (25 min). 95%–99% inactivation of peroxidase and pectin methylesterase was achieved at DC 95% (30 min), while 60% inactivation in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was observed. The addition of ascorbic acid (1 g/L) as an EI resulted in the complete inactivation of PPO at DC 85% (25 min). A maximum color change (ΔE*) of 2.6 was noticed at the highest US treatment condition (DC 95%, 30 min). Eventually, pH showed a marginal effect (˂5%) on retaining vitamin C and bioactive compounds, but US treatment enhanced them. US treatment at DC 95% (30 min) produced microbially safe (˃5‐log cycle reduction) and enzymatically stable (99% enzyme inactivation) juice. To conclude, optimized US treatment increased total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity, and vitamin C in sweet lime juice by 16.7%, 10.7%, and 14.1%, respectively.

Practical applications

Consumer demand for superior quality sweet lime juice with minimal processing. This explores the opportunity of applying US technology as one of the nonthermal treatments for such a product. Furthermore, the treated juice should be microbially safe and enzymatically stable with better bioactive preservation. Typically, the pH of the fruit juice is one of the main influencing factors controlling microbiological spoilage. The current study explores the consequence of matrix pH and US conditions on the microbial inactivation, enzyme stability, and bioactive compounds of US‐treated sweet lime juice. The hypothesis is that the ultrasonic power required to achieve microbial safety at a lower pH of sweet lime juice should be lower. This will eventually help the industry choose an optimal harvesting condition to obtain the desired pH during processing.
Biomechanical behavior of weakened roots restored with custom‐made post‐and‐cores of glass fiber and polyetheretherketone
Authors: Gontijo Isabela G. , Ferretti Marcela A. , Caldas Ricardo A. , Pecorari Vanessa G. A. , França Fabiana M. G. , Oliveira Lorena K. N. , Aguiar Flávio H. B.
Published: December 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the influence of post type and mechanical aging on compression force resistance, fracture pattern, and stress distribution in weakened roots.

Materials and methods

Bovine roots were endodontically treated and widened—and randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 10) according to post type (prefabricated glass fiber post and customized anatomic glass fiber post, milled glass fiber post‐and‐core, and milled polyetheretherketone post‐and‐core) and mechanical aging (without and with mechanical aging). Three hundred thousand cycles of mechanical fatigue were performed and compression force resistance (N) was analyzed by two‐way ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). Fracture patterns were reported and stress distribution was analyzed by finite elements analysis.

Results

There was a significant effect of post type (p = 0.032) and mechanical aging (p = 0.009), but no double interaction (p = 0.879). Higher values were recorded in the milled glass fiber and polyetheretherketone post‐and‐core groups compared to the prefabricated glass fiber post groups, and no significant difference was found among anatomic glass fiber post groups and other groups. Reparable fractures were predominant in the milled glass fiber and polyetheretherketone post‐and‐core groups. Prefabricated glass fiber posts and milled polyetheretherketone post‐and‐cores showed similar stress distribution.

Conclusions

Post type and mechanical aging influence the compression force resistance and fracture pattern of weakened roots. Milled glass fiber and polyetheretherketone post‐and‐cores exhibited higher compression force resistance and more reparable fractures compared to prefabricated glass fiber posts. Prefabricated glass fiber posts and milled polyetheretherketone post‐and‐cores showed similar stress distribution.
The worldwide ageism crisis
Authors: Levy Sheri R. , Lytle Ashley , Macdonald Jamie
Published: December 2022

Ageism is a worldwide crisis. The COVID‐19 pandemic exacerbated ageism toward older adults with hate speech, intergenerational resentment, and human rights violations. This article provides an overview of the interdisciplinary and international theoretical and applied research literature in three subareas: intergenerational attitudes and relations, psychological and physical effects of ageism on older adults, and reducing ageism. Cross‐cutting themes are the need to (1) consider positive (including seemingly “positive”) and negative views, treatment, and experiences of older adults, (2) expand the study of diverse populations including by age and country as well as intersectionality of ageism and other isms (e.g., ableism, classism, heterosexism, racism, sexism), (3) expand the study of the wide‐ranging manifestations of ageism at multiple levels of analysis including greater attention to human rights and new indicators of ageism, and (4) expand the circle of interdisciplinary and international collaborations within and across communities worldwide with all stakeholders and policymakers. Ageism and other isms are intertwined with and multiplied by population aging and other societal issues such as pandemics and climate crises. This article aims to further sound the alarm for the urgent need for age‐friendly societies and addressing ageism through basic research, preventive measures, and intervention efforts.
How COVID‐19 affected food systems, health service delivery and maternal and infant nutrition practices: Implications for moving forward in Kenya
Authors: Ahoya Brenda , Kavle Justine A. , Kiige Laura , Gathi Constance , Samburu Betty , Maina Lucy , Ramirez Lacey , Wambu Rose , Codjia Patrick
Published: December 2022

This implementation research study sought to examine the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on maternal and infant nutrition practices, and related aspects of health and food systems in Nairobi and Uasin Gishu Counties, Kenya. The study triangulated in‐depth interviews with 16 pregnant women, 31 lactating women (including COVID‐19 positive), 10 facility health workers, 10 community health volunteers, 6 focus group discussions (FGDs) with food vendors, 4 FGDs and 15 stakeholder interviews with government and implementing partners. Trends from Kenyan Health Information System indicators (i.e., exclusive breastfeeding and initiation of breastfeeding, antenatal care) were also examined. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, a decline in attendance of antenatal care, and maternity facilities was observed, and corroborated by Kenyan Health Information System data. Lack of clarity among health workers on COVID‐19 breastfeeding guidance and fear of COVID‐19 infection early in the pandemic were key drivers of early infant formula use, mother–child separation following delivery and delayed initiation of breastfeeding. Most women exclusively breastfed due to Government of Kenya restrictions in movement. Unemployment and job loss was linked to food insecurity and worsened by increased food prices and limited social protection measures. In response, pregnant and lactating women resorted to skipping meals and reducing quantity and variety of foods consumed. Efforts to build forward from COVID‐19 in Kenya should include facility and community health education to prevent disruptions in breastfeeding and to support maternal dietary intake, and in the provision of targeted social protection measures alongside other multisectoral interventions (i.e., psychosocial support) for Kenyan pregnant and lactating women.