bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiating Shoulder Pain
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 66-year-old man had recurrent neck pain radiating to the left arm for several years. Two months ago, numbness developed over the shoulder with weakness in shoulder elevation. This was not exacerbated at night or by Valsalva’s maneuver. His medical history was negative. Physical Examination. Cranial nerve and cerebellar function were normal. There was no motor or sensory deficit. DTRs were hypoactive and symmetric with no pathologic reflexes. There was no Phalen’s, Homer’s, or Tinel’s sign.
“Split” Finger Findings
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

One month earlier, a 41-year-old man developed numbness of his medial finger and half of the adjacent finger on the right. He did not note any weakness. Four years earlier, he experienced neck pain radiating into both arms and numbness of the left hand. This was treated with cervical traction and subsided. Physical Examination. Slight weakness was restricted to ulnar-innervated intrinsic hand muscles. There was hyperpathia of the fifth and the medial half of the fourth digit extending to the wrist. No Homer’s or Froment’s sign was present. DTRs were hypoactive and symmetric. Plantar responses were flexor. The ulnar nerve was normal to palpation in the cubital fossa.
Foot Drop
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Nine days previously, while running, an athletic 20-year-old male severely damaged his right knee in a fall. Subsequently, he developed foot drop and numbness from the lateral midcalf to the dorsum of his foot, sparing only his fifth digit. There was no back pain or effect from Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history of sickle cell trait and low back injury several years ago.Physical Examination. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function were intact. He was unable to dorsiflex or evert the right ankle or to dorsiflex the toes. Ankle inversion was intact. Sensation was decreased over the dorsum of the foot, extending laterally to the midcalf. DTRs were active and symmetric (although the right knee jerk could not be tested). There were no pathologic responses. There was no Lasègue’s sign.
Abnormal Pinch
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

The patient was a 17-year-old girl who, 5 months previously, noted pain in the right volar forearm, worsened by elbow extension. One month later, she was unable to pinch small items and developed a numbness of the dorsal forearm to the first interspace. She recalled a period of increased exercise preceding this. Her medical history was negative. Physical Examination. Patient could not form a “ring sign” with her thumb and index finger. In addition, pronation weakness was detected when her elbow was in a flexed position. She had decreased sensation over the dorsum of the right first and second digits, extending almost to the wrist. DTRs were active and symmetric, with flexor plantar responses.
Caveat Again!
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

For 6 years, a 73-year-old woman experienced low back pain radiating into her right leg. She denied numbness, weakness, and bladder problems. Symptoms were not increased by Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history included insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and removal of a benign colon tumor 4 years ago. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function were normal. No weakness or sensory deficit was found. DTRs were absent and plantar responses flexor. There was no Lasègue’s sign.
Foot Drop After Arthroplasty
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Two years previously, the left hip of a 41-year-old woman was replaced surgically. Four days later, her cast was removed and she noted a foot drop. In addition, numbness was present over the lateral leg to the dorsum of her foot. There was no change since then. Medical history was negative except for contralateral hip pathology. Physical Examination. Weakness was evident in the left tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, and extensor digitorum brevis. There was decreased touch and pain sensation involving the anterior thigh to the dorsolateral aspect of her foot. DTRs were active and symmetric. Plantar responses were flexor. There was no Lasègue’s sign.
Tunnel and More
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Five weeks previously, a 64-year-old right-handed man developed left elbow pain extending to the medial two digits. This was accompanied by hand weakness. Paresthesias of the entire other hand dated back 3 months. He denied neck or shoulder symptoms or exacerbation by Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history revealed severe scoliosis. Physical Examination. Focal findings were confined to the left hand-atrophy of the first dorsal interosseous and hypothenar muscles, loss of sensation over the medial two digits extending slightly proximal to the wrist. Tinel’s sign was present behind the medial humeral epicondyle. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function were intact. No Homer’s sign was apparent. DTRs were active and symmetric, and plantar responses were flexor.
Recurrent Weakness and Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Three years previously, a 68-year-old man experienced bilateral calf pain and weakness progressing to complete paraplegia within 24 hours. Several days later, his upper extremities became severely weak. There was no respiratory involvement. Spinal tap revealed high CSF protein with no abnormal cells. He was treated with steroids, and within 4 weeks all his motor symptoms resolved. He was left, however, with persistent distal paresthesias of hands and feet and a corset-like tightness around his ribs. Prior to that episode he had been treated with antibiotics for a respiratory infection. Several weeks before this present examination, he again received antibiotics experiencing exacerbation of his paresthesias. Medical history revealed that he had suffered a fractured right elbow at the age of 7, with subsequent anterior transportation of the ulnar nerve.
Saddle Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Three months previously, a 31-year-old man injured his back. Since then, he has had leg weakness, numbness of the saddle region, and the lateral aspect of his legs exacerbated on Valsalva’s maneuver. He denied bladder or sexual dysfunction. Thirteen years earlier, his lower spine was fused because of spondylolisthesis, discovered after an accident. The patient remained asymptomatic until the present episode. Physical Examination. Bilateral weakness was present in tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and gastrocnemius muscles. There was decreased sensation of the posterior thigh and perineum, with no sacral sparing. DTRs were absent, with extensor plantar responses. Roentgenograms revealed spondylolisthesis with anterior overriding of L5 over the sacrum.
Thumb Numbness and Distal Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

One month previously, a 49-year-old man slipped, hitting his elbow. An hour later he developed numbness of the lateral three right digits and difficulty flexing them. His symptoms were worse at night. He denied cervical pain. His medical history was negative. Physical Examination. Weakness was isolated to abduction of his right thumb and flexion of its distal phalanx. Pronation was intact. Decreased touch sensation involved the lateral three digits and tip of the fourth, extending to the wrist and including the thenar region. There was no Tinel’s or Phelan’s sign. DTRs were active and symmetric with no pathologic reflexes.
Difficulty Relaxing Grip and Ptosis
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 26-year-old woman was referred for evaluation because of a family history of neuromuscular abnormalities. Patient’s perinatal and developmental history was normal. She had no symptoms until she noted right knee weakness at the age of 15 years. She admitted to difficulty relaxing her grip, especially in cold weather. Her family history revealed that her 4-year-old son had hypotonia and delay in language and motor milestones; biopsy was interpreted as central core myopathy. A diagnosis of myopathy was recently made in her 40-year-old paternal half brother. A 34-year-old paternal half-sister (from a third marriage) had clawed hands since adolescence.
Arm Symptoms Aggravated by Valsalva
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Two months previously, a 21-year-old man collided with an object during a baseball game. Since then, he complained of increasing global soreness and weakness of his left arm. Valsalva’s maneuver increased the pain. Wearing a cervical collar did not help. Medical history included the fact that 9 years earlier he had lumbar spinal fusion to treat a “cracked vertebra” caused by injury in a helicopter crash.
Cramps and Fasciculations
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 29-year-old man had a chronic history of muscle fasciculations and painful muscle contractions triggered suddenly after extreme exertion. His symptoms were exacerbated in the wintertime but were not related to meals or sleep. He denied excessive sweating, sensory abnormalities, difficulty with facial or bulbar muscles, and episodes of dark urine. Medical and family history was negative. Cramps and contractures may be identical clinically. The former is more common in neurogenic disease, whereas in myopathies they are more likely to be contractures or myotonia. True cramps occur without provocation. If they are exercise induced (in which the pain has a quasistoichiometric relation to muscle work), they are more suggestive of contractures and suggest abnormal muscle metabolism. Other features of cramps are explosive onset, occurrence in parts of one muscle, occurrence at rest (especially in a muscle in a contracted position) or after triggering movement (either minor or forceful), and relief by passive stretch.
Antecubital Shunt and Hand Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Patient was a 74-year-old woman with chronic renal disease and left nephrectomy. Because of the need for chronic dialysis, an arteriovenous fistula was implanted twice, more recently on the left, 1 month earlier. Subsequently, she developed left-handed weakness and distal tingling. The other extremities were normal. Her medical history included arteriosclerotic heart disease.
Weakness, Dry Mouth, Areflexia
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 69-year-old woman became progressively weaker over a 3-month period. Her symptoms fluctuated diurnally, being worse when she awoke. Although her greatest difficulty was climbing stairs, she also had difficulty raising her arms. Patient denied pain, numbness, diplopia, difficulty swallowing, bladder abnormalities, and dark urine. She noted dryness of her mouth. Medical history included vascular insufficiency of her legs and diabetes mellitus treated orally. She had been a heavy smoker for years. Physical Examination. There were no abnormalities of cranial nerve, cerebellar, or sensory function. Her weakness was diffuse and mild, with strength increasing with exertion. DTRs were absent, but after quadriceps exertion, knee jerk became obtainable. Plantar responses were flexor. Nerves were normal to palpation. There was no plantar hyperpathia and no calf tenderness.
Focal Fasciculations in a Physician
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 53-year-old physician became aware of a focus of fasciculations in his left leg. He referred himself for electrodiagnosis because of suspicion of MND. The only other symptom was a change in his left knee jerk when he crossed his leg. Past medical history revealed no related condition. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves, cerebellar, and sensory and motor function were normal. DTRs were active and symmetric with no pathologic reflexes. Occasional fasciculations occurred in muscles of his left leg.
Slow Progression of Proximal Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 27-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of slowly progressive proximal weakness. Perinatal history was uneventful (except for excision of a membranous tongue tag). Growth and motor milestones were normal until the age of 16 years, when she noticed hand tremors and difficulty running and climbing. Over the next few years these progressed until she required Lofstrand crutches to walk. During a recent fall, she fractured her left tibia and fibula and was placed in a long-leg cast. Subsequently, she was unable to walk and remained wheelchair-bound. Medical history included episodes of severe depression. No other family member, including an older brother, had any similar problem. Her mother had congenital kyphoscoliosis and a deviant gait, and there was a strong family history of affective disorders.
Foot Drop After Walking
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 49-year-old man complained of leg stiffness and difficulty walking for several months. He felt a tightness and ache after prolonged standing. After prolonged walking, he would develop a dropped left foot. These symptoms resolved on resting. Valsalva’s maneuver had no effect. Medical history was negative. Patient had dieted and lost 40 pounds.
Weak Pinch and Pronation
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 44-year-old right-handed man became aware of decreased distal flexion of his left thumb and index finger for 9 months. Pronation of the left forearm was questionably weak. In addition, he had tingling of all of his fingers. He denied neck pain, change on Valsalva’s maneuver, nocturnal worsening, and leg symptoms. His medical history was limited to recurrent left shoulder pain since a car injury 1 year before.
Clavicular Fracture and Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Three weeks previously, a 21-year-old man sustained a depressed fracture of the left clavicle. His forearm and hand became weak with numbness sparing the dorsum. Surgery was limited to careful elevation of the clavicle. Subsequently, the numbness decreased and strength improved. His medical history was negative. Physical Examination. There was weakness of all radial innervated muscles, the flexor pollicis longus, and intrinsic hand muscles, including those of the thenar eminence. Hypalgesia extended from the axilla along the medial arm, medial forearm, and volar surface of all digits. An operative scar was present over the left clavicle. No Homer’s sign was evident. DTRs were active and symmetric, and plantar responses were flexor.
Arm Weakness After Breech Delivery
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 10-year-old girl was referred for evaluation of residual right arm weakness which related to a complicated breech delivery. No other medical or family history was relevant. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION. Cranial nerves were normal with equal coloration of her eyes and pupillary diameter. There was winging of the right scapula with shoulder atrophy and a flexion contracture of her elbow. Sensation was decreased proximally. DTRs were symmetric and hypoactive with no pathologic reflexes.
Exacerbating, Remitting Weakness, and Ataxia
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Patient is a 46-year-old physician who, 18 years ago, noted deterioration of his handwriting that lasted for 2 months. Twelve years later, he developed ataxia, tremors of his hands and lips, voice change, and leg weakness. These persisted, with varying degrees of severity, for 2 years. His subsequent course was of remissions and exacerbations. During the recent months, he developed numbness of his toes and hands. He denied pain, difficulty swallowing, visual problems, or changes with temperature. Family history was negative.
Knee Fracture with Puzzling Findings
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 71-year-old woman fell 7 weeks previously, developing a left “dropped foot” 5 days later. She was found to have a depressed fracture of her tibial plateau and nondisplaced fracture of her fibular head. Open reduction and internal fixation was performed. Subsequently, there was no change in her function. Medical history showed hypertension.
Charlie Chaplin Gait and Ataxia
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 19-year-old boy was sent for evaluation of difficulty with gait and coordination, progressing since the age of 3. In spite of a prolonged breech delivery, patient appeared normal at birth. His motor milestones were delayed, his gait described as clumsy, with small steps (“like Charlie Chaplin”). He also had difficulty with fine grasp. Bilateral tendon lengthening was performed when he was 15, at a point when his gait had stabilized. He had episodes of body and leg shaking triggered by anxiety. He admitted to balance difficulty in the dark. Family history was negative.

1.Patient had dysmetria of his upper and lower limbs and nystagmus on lateral gaze. These suggest an abnormality of the cerebellum or of its input. In addition, the decreased gag reflex and palatal movement points to abnormality in the bulbar region. These all indicate intracranial pathology in the posterior fossa.
Fracture C1-C2 Complications
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 9-year-old boy was hit by a truck. He was brought comatose to the hospital and found to have fracture of the C1-C2 region. Gardner-Wells tongs were applied. After 3 months, he regained consciousness but remained quadriplegic with no spontaneous respiration. An evaluation of the status of his phrenic nerve was requested because implantation of a phrenic nerve stimulator was being considered.
Gait Difficulty in the Dark
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 62-year-old woman noted difficulty walking because of impaired balance progressing slowly over the previous 5 years. This was exacerbated in the dark. Patient also complained that objects appeared to be jumping when she nodded. She had numbness of hands and feet for 4 years and arthritic pain in her left hand. Medical history included duodenal ulcer surgery, labile blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol. No relevant family history.
Combined HMSN I and HSAN III
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

An 18-year-old boy was admitted for evaluation of development abnormalities. Although there were no perinatal problems, delayed motor and language milestones soon became evident, necessitating special education. The patient continued to function below his age level. For several months he developed gastrointestinal symptoms that progressed from persistent vomiting to difficulty swallowing solids, and finally to frequent abdominal and chest pains. This was diagnosed as esophagitis. His blood pressure fluctuated, and hyperthermic episodes were triggered by sore throats. Other abnormalities included impaired lacrimation, frequent burns and bruises, and difficulty with fine finger movements.
Patchy Numbness and Hypereosinophilia
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 27-year-old woman developed swelling and numbness below her right knee 1 month previously, progressing to numbness and weakness of her foot. Two weeks later, a numbness developed in the medial aspect of her left hand. There was a brief period of cervical stiffness, but no other back pain. Valsalva’s maneuver had no effect. A rash appeared all over her body and extremities for a brief period. There was no significant past medical history. Patient was found to have marked eosinophilia on complete blood count.
Postdelivery Ann Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 13-year-old boy was sent for reevaluation of a left arm lesion that occurred with his delivery. There was no other medical history. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves were intact, with equal pupils (both in width and coloration). All findings were confined to the left arm. There was no scapular winging or atrophy. He had mild weakness of his deltoid, biceps, triceps, and brachioradialis with normal distal function. Hypesthesia was patchy and difficult to define. DTRs were absent in this arm.
Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Over the course of a decade, a 65-year-old woman noted gradual progression of nocturnal paresthesias of her legs. She described constant restless movements. In addition, she had difficulty climbing stairs, possibly because of pain or weakness. Some tender spots occurred on her legs. Physical Examination. Cranial nerve, cerebellar, motor, and sensory function were normal. DTRs were absent with no pathologic reflexes. No Lasègue’s sign was present.
Toward a Unified Theory of Causation
Authors: Koons Robert C
Published: November 2023

The literature in the twentieth century on causation is vast and complex. I will give here only a cursory survey of it, with the aim of locating the elements that I have appropriated into the formal theory developed in the rest of part I. My main objective has been to unify the theory of causation in such a way as to provide something useful to philosophers of science, researchers in artificial intelligence, and philosophers of mind and intentionality.
An In deterministic Model
Authors: Koons Robert C
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, we encountered a number of reasons for being dissatisfied with a deterministic conception of causation, both for token-causation and for causal explanation. The most important reason for such dissatisfaction is that an ideal definition of causation should not make causation impossible in an entirely in deterministic world. For all we know, the actual world is in deterministic through and through, and yet we can be reasonably confident that causation is a reality in our world.
Causal Theories of Mental Content
Authors: Koons Robert C
Published: November 2023

In the early 1980s a number of accounts of mental content involving teleology and proper function were developed. I will concentrate here on two representative theories, those of Millikan and Dretske, and on an influential critique of the teleological turn by Fodor.
A Causal Theory of Logical and Mathematical Cognition
Authors: Koons Robert C
Published: November 2023

Gettier examples in epistemology indicate that a causal element is needed to distinguish knowledge from true opinion. The distinction between knowledge and true opinion pertains to the domain of logic and mathematics, as well as to domains of contingent and temporal truths. Hence, we need to be able to appeal to the existence of causal connections of the appropriate kind between mathematical facts and our beliefs about them. Paul Benacerraf (1983a) has pressed this point as a basis for a critique of realist conception of mathematical truth: if mathematical facts are causally inert, we cannot know them.
Enduring Substances and Their Identities
Authors: Koons Robert C
Published: November 2023

The ontologically basic components of the world are situation-tokens and situation types. Situation-tokens encompass such things as events, states, processes, histories, and (in one sense of the word) facts. Situation-types are predicables: multiply-instantiated properties and relations of situation-tokens.

The most prominent inhabitants of the world are enduring substances, spatially extended things, typically composed of matter, that experience change, that are sometimes created and destroyed, and that have histories. Enduring substances include such things as living organisms, artifacts, discrete, homogeneous masses, and social institutions.
Moral Theory as the Teleology of Character
Authors: Koons Robert C
Published: November 2023

Moral virtue is the disposition to fulfill those of one’s teleofunctions concerned with choice and intentional action. As such, the exercise of moral virtue is an important component of eudaemonia. The primary teleofunctions of the will are included in the set of primary teleofunctions whose fulfillment constitutes eudaemonia.
Literary Fictz”on and Reality
Authors: Kermode Frank
Published: November 2023

Towards the beginning of his novel The Man Without Qualities, Robert Musil announces that ‘no serious attempt will be made to … enter into competition with reality.’ And yet it is an element in the situation he cannot ignore. How good it would be, he suggests, if one could find in life the simplicity inherent in narrative order. ‘This is the simple order that consists in being able to say: “When that had happened, then this happened.” What puts our mind at rest is the simple sequence, the overwhelming variegation of life now represented in, as a mathematician would say, a unidimensional order.’ We like the illusions of this sequence, its acceptable appearance of causality: ‘it has the look of necessity.’ But the look is illusory; Musil’s hero Ulrich has ‘lost this elementary narrative element’ and so has Musil. The Man Without Qualities is multidimensional, fragmentary, without the possibility of a narrative end. Why could he not have his narrative order? Because ‘everything has now become non-nairrative.’ The illusion would be too gross and absurd.
The Market as Prison
Authors: Lindblom Charles
Published: November 2023

Suppose—just to limber up our minds—that we faced the fanciful task of designing a political system or a political/economic system that would be highly resistant to change. How to do it? One way that can be imagined—but only imagined—is to design institutions of such excellence as would satisfy us without further amendment and would do so under all possible circumstances in a rapidly changing world. To identify such a possibility is to discard it as hopelessly visionary. Another possibility might be somehow to place all power in the hands of a despot or oligarch, who would thereafter deny citizens any capacity for changing the system. But doing so would of course enable the elites to change the system, and we know that some elites are more eager for change than some masses.

Another possibility is simple and fiendishly clever. It is to design institutions so that any attempt to alter them automatically triggers punishment. By “automatic” I mean that the punishment follows from the very act intended to change the system. Punishment does not wait for anyone’s deliberation on whether the change is acceptable or not. Such a change-repressing system would be all the more effective if the punishments were strong; if they took the form of over responses, like the tantrums of a spoiled child raging at even mild attempts at parental control.
The Politics of Nineteenth-Century Gospel Hymns
Authors: Lange Barbara Rose
Published: November 2023

Believers requested the song “Föl, barátim!” (Forward, My Friends) at almost every midweek service of the IG that I attended in Pees, where many elderly Magyars were present. It is a translation of Philip Bliss’s “Hold the Fort.” Although no one used a musical score, the singers interspersed dotted and even rhythms in a way that was nearly congruent with Bliss’s original.1 They used heavy accents and handclaps, emphasizing many consonants and alliterative “z” sounds in the refrain line.
Stigma and Stereotype
Authors: Lange Barbara Rose
Published: November 2023

Many small congregations like the IG operate with a sense of egalitarianism arising out of their structure as folk churches where their sense of communicating with God and each other is immediate. They resemble the early Pentecostals in America, who characterized their community as one “body of Christ.” IG members even used the phrase “we are one body” (egy test vagyunk) at times when they were explaining their ethnic mixture to outsiders. Writers in the early issues of the American Pentecostal movement’s periodical Apostolic Faith used images of melting and of multitudes gathering (MacRobert 1988:55-56).
Touchstones
Authors: Fort Timothy L
Published: November 2023

During the mid-l980s, I primarily practiced business and tax law. One exploding area was employee benefits law. Pension plans, of course, had been around for some time, but many companies found that there were more efficient and inexpensive ways for a corporation to provide retirement benefits than through traditional defined-benefit plans. A proper execution of the termination of a defined-benefit plan, which had been the mainstay of corporate retirement programs, could result in substantial excess cash that a company could convert for other corporate purposes.
Social Contracting
Authors: Fort Timothy L
Published: November 2023

This chapter assesses an approach that is significantly advanced over that of agency contractarianism. Social contractarianism, however, is not without weaknesses. I begin by providing a background of the social contractarian approach and go on to focus specifically on the most advanced social contract application to business: Donaldson and Dunfee’s integrative social contracts theory (ISCT). In the last section, I offer three critiques of ISCT: that it gives a too-thin assessment of community, a too-thin understanding of nature, and a too-thin understanding of transcendence.
The Dark Side of Religion in the Workplace and Some Suggestions for Brightening It
Authors: Fort Timothy L
Published: November 2023

Several years ago when I was writing an article about Supreme Court church-state jurisprudence, a judge on a U.S. circuit court asked incredulously if I thought I could make sense of it. Indeed, the second half of the twentieth century regularly witnessed bewildering litigation over religion’s proper role in a constitutional democracy.
Bright Dots, Dot Corns, and Camelot?
Authors: Fort Timothy L
Published: November 2023

David Messick has proposed an account of evolutionary altruism bolstered by contemporary findings in social psychology. In this book, I have essentially embraced a significant portion of Messick’s methodology. Rather than being tepid about his methodology, I hope I have shown that a naturalist approach is a strong ally for philosophical business ethics and has potential for substantive reconfiguration of corporate governance structures that take advantage of aspects of human nature in order to construct organizations that foster ethical business behavior.
Spiritual Movement
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno
Published: November 2023

The ambiguity surrounding my use of the word “story” has already surfaced: On the one hand, a story is supposed to provide whatever content a concept has (and the universal story should supply the content of the one and only concept there ultimately is)—which is in principle compatible with such a story being haphazard and messy, and even making no sense at all. On the other hand, the latter is definitely not the kind of story Hegel has in mind; in fact, if the story allegedly telling the truth about the world (history, that is) were to reduce to something like that, he would insist that there is no truth to it.
The end of History?
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno
Published: November 2023

Hegel’s treatises and lecture series usually end with a strong suggestion of finality: spirit has come to its last station, we are told, and some kind of absoluteness has been achieved.
Stit: A canonical form for agentives
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming
Published: November 2023

Among the topics of discussion in this world, none are more common than those concerning the achievements and refrainings, obligations and prohibitions, successes and failures of the agents with whom we share a common space.* “What happened when so-and-so did that?” we ask, or “What should have been done?” Biographies and narrative histories, which form a sizable segment of our reading materials, have as their central concern the doings of agents, their obligations and prohibitions, the outcomes of their choices, and the range of things from which they refrain.
Stit and the imperative
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming
Published: November 2023

Suppose that we humans were to be deprived of all forms of speech, except just one that we might choose to keep.* Which would it be? On p. 10 of chapter 1 we cited and endorsed, as a much-neglected truth, Hamblin’s confident assertion that we should choose imperatives over all other forms. The central concern of the following is to explore ways that stit can help in the understanding of this important category. Among the factors underlying the relationship between stit and imperatives is the fact that on the one side stit is a theory of agents seeing to-it-that, while on the other issuing and receiving imperatives are distinctive forms of agentive behavior: Agents use imperatives to tell other agents what to do, or what not to do, to advise them about how to act and what to wear, to invite other agents to dinner and to the theater, to request favors and to demand attention.
Broadway Yearbook 1999-2000
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Broadway Yearbook 1999-2000 is a unique and detailed guide to the theatrical year presenting 46 different shows. The volume features a comprehensive discussion of every show that opened on Broadway during the 1999-2000 season as well as several non-Broadway productions of importance or general interest. Each entry is accompanied by credits and cast lists, scorecards summarizing overall critical reception for each show, and a recap of each show’s financial performance. A new kind of theatre annual, this distinctive volume discusses what the shows are actually like (instead of merely relying on plot synopses or photographs). It is an interpretive record, featuring not only dates and names but also the stories behind the statistics. Opening night title pages illustrate each show discussion. Appendices include a roundup of the season’s major awards, memorable performances of the year, obituaries, long run leaders, shows still running from prior seasons, scheduled shows that never reached Broadway, and a comprehensive index. Steven Suskin has provided a relevant and irreverent record of the year’s memorable high points (and low points). Written from an insider’s perspective, the book is knowledgeable, intriguing, provocative, and entertaining.
November 17 Tango Argentino
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Tango Argentino first came to town in 1985. Like many similar non-English-language “special” attractions, it was booked for a single week at City Center. The response was good enough for the show to arrange a quick transfer to the empty Mark Hellinger Theatre for a four-week run. Business was phenomenal; apparently, there was an enormous South American audience in New York, just waiting for an attraction of this sort. So much so that Tango Argentino stayed on Broadway for an unprecedented six months.
December 15 Amadeus
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

There is something disconcerting about sitting down in a Broadway theatre and watching a revival of something that you worked on in the first place. The words are the same, but the world of the play is, by necessity, different.
March 30 Contact: “A Dance Play in Three Short Stories”
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

As the decade ended, Lincoln Center Theater gambled its resources on two innovative, uncompromising musical tragedies. Parade, in December 1998, dealt with a true-life lynching; Marie Christine, in December 1999, dealt with matricide out of Medea. Both, surprisingly enough, were exceedingly glum; both marked the Broadway debut of modernistic young composer-lyricists; both were rooted in the American South, with race-rooted overtones of the Civil War; and both were pretty much inaccessible to most audiences. Despite some vociferous fans, Parade and Marie Christine met walls of resistance from critics and audiences, and quickly failed. (Cast albums of the two shows demonstrated that they were, indeed, important— if difficult— musical theatre works.)

The financial losses were huge, markedly so in an era when inordinate costs have significantly choked off the production of new musicals — built from scratch— on Broadway. While both experiments were to some extent underwritten by outside sponsors, ticket sales play a large part in Lincoln Center Theater’s health— specifically, the “single-ticket,” nonsubscriber sales. Lincoln Center subscribers pay an annual $35 fee, which goes toward overall costs, plus $30 for tickets to each show they choose to attend. The nonsubscriber price for orchestra seats is presently $80.
Kinetic Models
Authors: Zwanzig Robert
Published: November 2023

Kinetic models originated in attempts to make useful approximations to the Boltzmann equation. However, because of their simplicity and pictorial quality they are often used in entirely different contexts.
The Separatist Mistake
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder
Published: November 2023

A DEEP mistake has colored value theory1. The mistake is believing in the general separability of the aesthetic and the moral. This mistake extends to insisting that the aesthetic is separated from all other human ends and activities— the scientific, political, religious, economic, and so on. I am concerned with the aesthetic and the ethical, but I believe that much of what I say applies to the other areas of human value. A variety of factors have led to and reinforced this mistake. But first let us consider three examples that foreground the issue. Gauguin: The example of the life of this French painter has recently figured in several writings of moral philosophers who discuss what is referred to as the “overridingness thesis.” (I summarize this discussion later.) Gauguin, with some remorse, left or, to put it less neutrally, deserted his family in order to travel to Tahiti to devote himself to a kind of painting that he evidently believed he could succeed at only in that island environment. Many people, even those who could not themselves possibly turn their backs on familial obligations, appreciate, even admire his decision.
“What poems are many private lives”: The Emerson Brothers
Authors: Bosco Ronald A , Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

The combined intellectual and imaginative instincts of a philosopher, a historian, and an idealist steeped in humanistic tradition and possessing the rarest sensibility are required to conceive and then express in so few words a sentiment that acknowledges the poetry residing in the recesses of “many private lives.” For Ralph Waldo Emerson, a master of humanistic tradition who possessed the liberal sensibility of one conversant in multiple disciplines, the ability to articulate this sentiment in 1834 meant that he had personally assimilated two fundamental truths about human experience.
Works for Piano in a Central European Style
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: November 2023

Granados grew up playing the music of Schumann, Chopin, and Liszt. This Central European literature was the sum and substance of his musical infancy and adoles-cence, and it supplied the foundation for everything he was later to do. Not only did he play this music, but he no doubt improvised many waltzes and mazurkas à la Chopin during his stints as a café entertainer. As noted earlier, Pedrell was astounded at his knowledge of repertoire and ability to acquire music. By this he meant not only Granados’s facility, his capacity to get the notes “under his fingers” quickly, but also his complete assimilation of the melodic gestures, harmonic language, and rhythmic traits that distinguish a composer’s style.
Goyescas
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: November 2023

The most famous and enduring of Granados’s majismo creations is the piano suite in two “books” entitled Goyescas: Los majos enamorados (Goyescas: The Majos in Love). The individual numbers of book 1 are “Los requiebros” (The Flirtations), “El colo- quio en la reja” (Dialogue at the Window), “El fandango de candil” (The Fandango by Candlelight), and “Quejas o La maja y el ruiseñor” (Complaints, or The Maja and the Nightingale); of book 2, “El amory la muerte” (Love and Death) and “Epílogo: Serenata del espectro” (Epilogue: The Ghost’s Serenade).
Neurologic Manifestations of Acid-Base Derangements, Electrolyte Disorders, and Endocrine Crises
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Critically ill patients, by nature of their illness, display a gamut of homeostatic imbalances. These aberrations are not always consequential, and overlapping or simultaneously mounting physiologic disturbances do not in all instances explain the neurologic features at the bedside. What the ultimate clinical response will be in any given patient with any degree of acute metabolic crisis is virtually impossible to predict.
Metarepresentation and Conceptual Change: Evidence from Williams Syndrome
Authors: Carey Susan , Johnson Susan
Published: November 2023

Abnormal development sometimes provides a unique vantage point from which to view normal development. Data on autism has enriched our understanding of the normal development of a theory of mind (Baron-Cohen, 1995; Baron-Cohen, Leslie, & Frith, 1985; Frith, 1989). The analysis of data from deaf children who are late learners of American Sign Language has extended our understanding of normal language ac quisition (Newport, 1990), and data from blind children has been brought to bear on the question of the role of visual input in language acquisition (Landau & Gleitman, 1985).
Exterminations of Bird Populations
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

Many bird species of oceanic islands have become extinct in modern times after Europeans reached the islands. These extinctions have been caused by direct and indirect effects of humans, such as habitat destruction, introductions of mammalian predators and herbivores, introductions of nonnative bird species, and overhunting. Recent discoveries of subfossil birds at archaeological sites have revealed even more extinctions that occurred after oceanic islands had first been settled by preindustrial peoples but before modern literate observers or ornithologists arrived. Still other island species, while still extant today, have suffered drastic range contractions through extinctions of their populations on some islands. Extinctions of island birds are best known for Hawaii, New Zealand, and the Mascarenes, but they have now been documented for all paleontologically explored Pacific islands east of the Solomons, as well as for the West Indies and South Atlantic islands (e.g., Olson & James 1982, Steadman & Olson 1985, Steadman 1989, 1993, 1995,James & Olson 1991, Steadman& Kirch 1998, Steadman et al. 1999).
Family Composition
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

Part III completes the presentation of background material by introducing Northern Melanesia’s resident native avifauna, whose colonization routes and speciation are analyzed in the remainder of the book. This chapter describes the avifauna’s family composition and compares it with that of the principal source avifauna, the avifauna of New Guinea. Chapters 9-12 go on to discuss variation in total number of resident bird species among Northern Melanesian islands and variation in ecologically important properties (level of endemism, habitat preference, abundance, and dispersal ability, plus number, area, and species richness of islands occupied)among Northern Melanesian bird species.
Proximate Origins of Northern Melanesian Populations
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

What are the main routes by which the ancestors of Northern Melanesia’s bird populations arrived? Can one identify not only the proximate geographic source of the colonists, but also a more ultimate geographic source from which those colonists originated? These and related questions about colonization routes form the subject of part IV of our book. To illustrate the types of evidence available for answering these questions and to understand the distinction between proximate and ultimate origins, let us begin with an example: the origins of the Northern Melanesian population of Blyth’s hornbill, Rhyticeros plicatus. Blyth’s hornbill, whose distribution, taxonomy, and relationships are detailed on p. 387 of appendix 1, is the sole species of its family occurring in New Guinea and Northern Melanesia. The hornbill family as a whole (Bucerotidae) consists of 14 genera with about 45 species, of which 22 species live in Africa, 19 in the Indomalayan region, four (including R. plicatus) in Wallacea, and only one (R. plicatus) in the Australian region (Sanft 1960, Forshaw amp; Cooper 1983-94, Kemp 1995). The four species of Wallacea and the Australasian region belong to two genera, both of which have their other populations concentrated in the Indomalayan region.
The Problem of Speciation
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

One of the most unyielding problems of evolutionary biology has been the problem of speciation. How does one species give rise to several daughter species? Darwin was confronted by this problem in 1837, when he began to study the collections that he had accumulated during the voyage of the Beagle. The philosopher John Herschel referred to speciation as the “mystery of mysteries.” Sadly, Darwin failed to arrive at the correct answer to this question in his book On the Origin of Species, whose title suggests that it is devoted to the question’s solution. In reality, Darwin’s book is instead devoted to establishing the fact of evolutionary change with time (see fig. 0.1 for the distinction) and to elucidating the mechanism of natural selection that underlies evolutionary change.
Conclusions about Speciation
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

This last section of the book brings together our conclusions. The present chapter begins by assembling our conclusions about speciation: we reconsider the biological species concept, use the separate snapshots of species distributions to reconstruct the course of speciation with its main trends and variants, and discuss the establishment of isolates and the role of peripheral isolates. Chapter 35 examines species differences as expressed in the evolution of dispersal, the so-called taxon cycle, and the heterogeneity of the montane avifauna. In the final chapter, we suggest some promising directions for future research. Consider again the historical background of the biological species concept. When scholars began in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to classify, describe, and name natural history specimens, ranging from birds and plants to rocks, they understandably used a phenetic (morphological, typological) species concept for birds and plants just as they did for rocks. That concept could be applied by a museum taxonomist sorting out natural history specimens that someone else had collected and of which the taxonomist had no field experience. For instance, among Northern Melanesian birds, the bright green male and the bright red female of the eclectus parrot, Eclectus roratus, were initially described as separate species; the high percentage of missexed specimens in the nineteenth century postponed the day when taxonomists would recognize the true relationship of these two taxa.
Vocal Requirements of Twentieth-Century Music: Common Characteristics
Authors: Mabry Sharon
Published: November 2023

One of the singer’s most important goals should be the development of a smooth legato connection between pitches, enabling the vocal tone to flow from one register of the voice to the next without undue stress on the musculature controlling the action of the vocal cords. Pedagogues disagree when establishing a practice routine for the development of this essential vocal technique. Some concentrate on elongating the sung vowels while making the intermittent consonants short and crisp.
The New Language of Notation
Authors: Mabry Sharon
Published: November 2023

Notation, whether traditional or modern in concept, is full of variables. When it is translated into sound it is not possible to have an exact replica of that notation with each performance. The performers’ musical finesse and sensitivity, and their intellectual understanding of the musical symbols and their ramifications, contribute to the final interpretation of the simplest musical notations. When the notations are more complex and less well understood, these factors have a greater effect on the outcome.