bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Methodological Framework for Project Task Coordination and Team Organization in Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Chen Shi-Jie (Gary)
Published: August 2005

Complex products or projects with long development times always involve multiple disciplines and a great deal of effort. Especially in concurrent engineering, the design needs to simultaneously consider various downstream activities throughout the entire product life cycle. To accomplish this, tasks in the concurrent engineering environment generally involve multifunctional teams in which team members from different functional departments interact in every phase of development tasks. However, as products become more complex, so do the design process and the project teams. This will inevitably degrade team performance when the team size becomes too large to handle. Moreover, to ensure a successful multifunctional team, it is also important to understand the characteristics of team members that affect team performance. Thus, an efficient multifunctional team can be established with all the right team members being assigned. The objective of this research is to develop an integrated methodological framework for project task coordination and team organization from the concurrent engineering perspective in order to assign the right team members to the right tasks. The framework includes three models: (1) a project task model to understand the complex task structure of the project; (2) a team member model to provide a quantitative representation of three important team member characteristics; and (3) a task-member assignment model to accomplish the research goal - assign the right team members to the right tasks. The effectiveness of this framework is demonstrated by an illustrative example. The result shows that the proposed integrated framework is capable of coordinating the project tasks and helpful in organizing project teams.
Product Node Architecture: A Systematic Approach to Provide Structured Flexibility in Distributed Product Development
Authors: Chung Charles Chan-Woo , Choi Jun-Ki , Ramani Karthik , Patwardhan Harshal
Published: August 2005

Representation of the product/project information throughout the design life cycle is a critical aspect in engineering activities. The article begins with a discussion of the background research wherein the existing methodologies, which deal with product information representation, are reviewed. The article then proceeds to propose a new methodology for product management by presenting all the details of the system architecture. Product node (PN), which is introduced in this article, has a database-centric system at its core and an application built around it to support the various functions necessary to efficiently manage a distributed project environment. To aid the design life cycle, the system also enables distributed collaboration among people from different teams to support concurrent design activities. Effective management of product data using user-based control is also discussed. The detailed logic behind the system architecture and the practical implementation of the system are shown.
Analytical Solution for the Ultimate Strength of Metal-faced Elastomer-cored Sandwich Panels under In-plane Edge Compression and Lateral Pressure
Authors: Kim Bong Ju , Hughes Owen F.
Published: August 2005

This paper presents a closed-form analytical solution for the ultimate strength of simply supported sandwich panels with metal faces and an elastic isotropic core under combined in-plane compression and lateral pressure. By solving the geometrically nonlinear governing differential equations of imperfect isotropic sandwich panels with a relatively soft core using the ordinary Galerkin method, the stress distribution in the faces under uniaxial and lateral pressure loads is obtained. The ultimate strength equations are then derived on the basis that collapse occurs when yield has spread from the middle of the concave face plate to the mid-length of the unloaded sides of the face plate. The solution is validated by a detailed nonlinear finite element analysis using three alternative models. Because the solution is analytical and closed-form, it is rapid and efficient and is well-suited for use in practical structural design methods, including repetitive use in structural optimization. The solution applies for any elastic isotropic core material, but the application that stimulated the study is an elastomer-cored steel sandwich panel that has excellent energy absorbing and protective properties against fire, collision, ballistic projectiles and explosions.
Local and Global Damped Vibrations of Plates with a Viscoelastic Soft Flexible Core: An Improved High-order Approach
Authors: Malekzadeh K. , Khalili M. R. , Mittal R. K.
Published: August 2005

An improved high-order theory is presented to investigate the dynamic behavior of thin and thick fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) plates with a soft viscoelastic flexible core. Shear deformation theory is used for the face sheets while three-dimensional elasticity theory is used for the soft core. The analysis permits nonlinear distortions of the cross-sectional plane of the core as well as changes in its height. The analysis determines the damped natural frequencies, loss factors, and local and global mode shapes of plates. Some of the results are hitherto not reported in the literature based on a higher-order plate theory (HSAPT). Transverse shear and rotary inertia effects of face sheets are taken into consideration. For simply supported boundary condition, closed-form solutions are obtained by Navier’s technique. Numerical results are presented and compared with the experimental and theoretical results found in literature.
Building a Social Materiality: Spatial and Embodied Politics in Organizational Control
Authors: Dale Karen
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this article is to explore the relevance of ‘materiality’ to understanding changing modes of control in organizational life. In doing this, materiality is not placed in a dualistic relationship with social relations. Rather a conceptualization of ‘social materiality’ is developed whereby social processes and structures and material processes and structures are seen as mutually enacting. In developing this concept of social materiality, I have drawn upon insights from three areas of social theory. These are studies of material culture, Lefebvre’s work on the ‘social production of space’, and sociological and phenomenological approaches to embodiment. The final section of the article explores how control and materiality are linked through spatial politics in one organizational case.
Regulating Europarties
Authors: Johansson Karl Magnus , Raunio Tapio
Published: August 2005

Political parties organized at the European level, Europarties, have become more relevant actors in the European Union. Constitutional and legal rules have recognized their role in the EU political system, they now receive funding from the Union’s budget and the strengthening of the European Parliament offers them more opportunities for influencing the EU policy process. Drawing on extensive interview material, we explain why and how Europarties have strengthened their position and show the crucial part played by coalitions of leading personalities of the Europarties. In piecemeal fashion, these coalitions have capitalized on ‘incomplete contracts’ ever since the opening created by the Party Article in the Maastricht Treaty and have successfully argued for a stronger position for the Europarties. Analysing the regulation, we combine rational choice and historical institutionalism and in the concluding discussion look ahead at the future of Europarties.
Political Parties in Bulgaria
Authors: Spirova Maria
Published: August 2005

Trends in the organizational development of Bulgarian political parties are discussed in this article. Original data are presented on several indicators of party organization and compared to data on East-Central European parties reported elsewhere. An explanation for the somewhat higher level of organizational development of Bulgarian parties is given and the article concludes with an examination of the impact stronger organization has had on the Bulgarian parties and party system.
Damage Identification in a Composite Plate using Prestack Reverse-time Migration Technique
Authors: Wang Lei , Yuan F. G.
Published: August 2005

Migration technique, which is normally used in geophysical prospecting, is proposed to locate and image multiple delamination damages in a laminated composite plate. In this simulation study, an active diagnostic system with a linear array of actuators/sensors is used to excite/receive the lowest mode of flexural waves in the laminate. The wavefield scattered from the damages and sensor array data are synthesized using a two-dimensional explicit finite difference scheme to model wave propagation in the laminate based on the Mindlin plate theory. A prestack reverse-time migration technique is then adopted to interpret the synthetic sensor array data and to visualize the damages. The phase and group velocities of flexural waves in the composite plate are derived from the dispersion relations, and subsequently an excitation-time imaging condition specifically for migration of waves in the plate is introduced based on ray tracing and group velocity. Then the prestack reverse-time migration is performed using the same finite difference scheme to back-propagate the scattered energy to the damages. During the migration process, the laminate is imaged in terms of velocity of the transverse deformation. The locations and dimensions of the damages can be visually displayed. Simulated results demonstrate that multiple delamination damages can be successfully identified and the resulting image correlates well with the target damages.
Model Correlation and System Health Monitoring using Frequency Domain Measurements
Authors: Zimmerman D. C. , Simmermacher T. , Kaouk M.
Published: August 2005

In this paper, algorithmic approaches to enhance model correlation and system health monitoring capability are developed in which direct frequency response function (FRF) data are utilized. The algorithmic approaches utilizes the concept of minimum rank perturbation theory. The use of direct FRFs, as opposed to measured modal parameters, is shown to be one method to address a part of the incomplete measurement problem common to model correlation and system health monitoring; namely the mismatch in the number of measured vibration modes in the measured frequency band in comparison to the number of modes included in the analytical finite element model. Key points made in the development are highlighted using numerical and experimental studies.
A Wavelet-based, Distortion Energy Approach to Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Bukkapatnam S. T.S. , Nichols J. M. , Seaver M. , Trickey S. T. , Hunter M.
Published: August 2005

A method for quantifying damage-induced distortions to the vibrational response of an experimental plate is presented. By examining a wavelet representation of the difference in strain response between the damaged and the undamaged structures, the distortion energy may be computed on multiple timescales. This feature is tested in its ability to detect both the presence and the location of degradation of the plate. In addition, the effects of competing excitation mechanisms, including the outputs of Lorenz and Rossler systems, as well as a 0-225 Hz Gaussian noise are studied. The results indicate that the distortion energies, statistically speaking, are significantly higher under damaged conditions compared to those extracted under undamaged conditions, implying that the new distortion energy approach will yield adequate features for detecting the presence as well as possibly the location of damage in a structure.
A Conceptual Structural Health Monitoring System based on Vibration and Wave Propagation
Authors: Mal Ajit , Ricci Fabrizio , Banerjee Sauvik , Shih Frank
Published: August 2005

Development of efficient methodologies to determine the presence, location, and severity of hidden damage in critical structural components is an important task in the design and construction of structural health monitoring systems in aging as well as new structures. In this article, a methodology for automatic damage identification and localization is presented. The structure is assumed to be instrumented with an array of actuators and sensors to excite and record its dynamic response, including vibration and wave propagation effects. In the vibrational approach, the data consist of the modal response of the structure produced by the actuators while in the wave propagation approach, they are the broadband signals due to ultrasonic waves propagating in the structures. Both types of signals are affected by the presence of defects. The approximate location and severity of an unknown defect is determined using a damage correlation index calculated from the frequency response function (FRF) of the structure. The damage index is a relative measure whose value depends on the differences in the dynamical properties of the undamaged (baseline) and damaged structures. The method is applied to simple structural components involving aluminum beams and plates with reduced local stiffness and a composite plate with impact damage. The potential application of the technique to practical health monitoring problems is discussed.
The Development of Doctrine: A Lutheran Understanding and its Ecumenical Application
Authors: Root Michael
Published: August 2005

In this essay, a Lutheran understanding of the development of doctrine is developed, in contrast with what George Lindbeck calls ‘historical situationalism’, the limitations of which are analysed. While the final authority of doctrine is a function of its evangelical content, a particular historical development of church teaching can possess a subordinate, distinct, formal authority as an authoritative sign of the material authority of its content. Such developments of doctrine can be irreversible. This understanding is placed in relation to the most prominent doctrine on the development of doctrine, the Catholic teaching on papal infallibility. The comprehensive narrative of the Western church’s struggle over authority since the late Middle Ages should be seen as including both Catholic and non-Catholic developments and as still unresolved.
The Common Statement Called into Question
Authors: Wagschal David
Published: August 2005

The forms, structures and conventions of ecumenical texts, and the methods of their production, play a determinative role in shaping the successes and failures of the quest for Christian unity. The textual genre of the ‘common statement’ has played a particular critical role in the development of the modern ecumenical movement, but hermeneutical problems inherent in this genre demand a re-evaluation of the viability of these texts as effective vehicles for ecumenical dialogue. The re-imagination of ecumenism for the twenty-first century must begin with a reassessment of the role of this traditional text form as part of a broader re-imagination of the entire textual life of the movement.
What is Communion and When is it Full?
Authors: Small Joseph
Published: August 2005

‘Full communion’ has become the favoured term to characterize forms of reconciled life between and among churches in North America. Yet the term is problematic. This article examines ‘full communion’ in light of its genesis in the ecumenical movement, challenges from Orthodox and Roman Catholic perspectives, the biblical witness, and the actual life of churches that are in ‘full communion’. The article concludes by suggesting a way to retain and employ koinoō nia categories in ecumenical relations.
Whose History? Historical Method and Ecclesiology in Ecumenical Context
Authors: Morris Jeremy
Published: August 2005

This article explores the concealed relationship of changing historical formulations of Christian doctrine to the statements of doctrine contained in ecumenical dialogue reports, and argues for a form of church history that would be ecumenically and theologically useful. Through a series of specific examples, it points to the hidden history of the ecclesiological contexts in which doctrine is situated. Noting limitations in the concept of ‘paradigm shift’, as well as in theories of doctrinal development, it argues that church history needs to attend to three levels of historical argumentation, covering doctrines, institutions, and social context, and proposes a historical methodology cognizant of all three, and above all of the links between all three.
First report of donor cell–derived acute leukemia as a complication of umbilical cord blood transplantation
Authors: Fraser Christopher J. , Hirsch Betsy A. , Dayton Vanessa , Creer Michael H. , Neglia Joseph P. , Wagner John E. , Baker K. Scott
Published: August 2005

Donor cell leukemia is a rare complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A 12-month-old boy underwent unrelated donor umbilical cord blood transplant (UCBT) for refractory Langerhan's cell histiocytosis. Forty months after transplantation, he developed acute myeloid leukemia. Cytogenetic and molecular analysis confirmed donor cell origin. The Cord Blood Bank (CBB) contacted the donor's family and established that the child, now 7 years old, was healthy. This represents the first reported case of donor cell leukemia following UCBT. This case illustrates that donor cell leukemia is a rare but real event after UCBT as with other stem cell sources and highlights the need for CBBs to maintain linkage data between donors and recipients.
Health-related quality of life and physical well-being among a 63-year-old cohort of women with androgenetic alopecia; a Finnish population-based study
Authors: Hirsso Päivi , Rajala Ulla , Laakso Mauri , Hiltunen Liisa , Härkönen Pirjo , Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka
Published: August 2005

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the possible associations between female androgenetic alopecia (AGA), insulin resistance and health-related quality of life (HRQOL)-linked factors in women. We hypothesized that not only the mental aspects but also certain physical aspect of women's health, such as insulin resistance, have an important role in the determination of HRQOL among women with hair loss.

Methods

A population-based cohort of 330 healthy women aged 63 years, who participated in this study in the City of Oulu in Northern Finland, underwent a medical check-up including assessment of hair status on Ludwig's scale. Background data were collected with a standard questionnaire including a validated RAND 36-Item Health Survey (RAND-36) questionnaire.

Results

105 (31%) women with AGA and 225 (69%) controls completed the RAND-36 questionnaire. The women with AGA were more insulin-resistant than the women with normal hair (QUICKI 0.337 vs. 0.346, p = 0.012). Impaired glucose regulation (IGR) was more prevalent among the former than the latter group (39% vs. 25%). The mean RAND-36 scores were significantly lower on the dimensions of physical functioning, role limitation due to physical health and general health, but not on the mental or social dimensions, among the women with AGA compared with the controls. In multivariate logistic regression analyses with the lowest quintiles of the HRQOL dimensions as the dependent variables and AGA, depression, marital status, education and IGR or QUICKI as independent variables, AGA was independently associated with role limitations due to physical health (2.2, 95% CI 1.20–4.05, 2.45 95% CI 1.32–4.55, respectively).

Conclusion

In women aged 63 years, AGA was associated with role limitations due to physical health. Furthermore, the prevalence rates of IGR and insulin resistance measured by QUICKI were higher among the women with hair loss than those with normal hair.
The ‘Fifth Column’ and the British Experience of Retreat, 1940
Authors: Prysor Glyn
Published: August 2005

Fear of the ‘Fifth Column’ was one of the most important aspects of the defeat suffered by the British army in France and Belgium during May and June 1940, but it has so far been largely overlooked in most accounts of the campaign. There was widespread paranoia throughout the British Expeditionary Force that its efforts were being undermined by spies, traitors and saboteurs, all working behind the lines to deliver a fatal ‘stab in the back’ to British forces. This paper suggests that this feature of the experience of retreat is a fundamental issue. It argues that many of the other notable facets of the retreat - the strained relationship with allies, the problems in dealing with civilians, the deterioration of morale - can be better understood within the context of the widespread fear of the ‘Fifth Column’. Furthermore, it argues that there was a disintegration and brutalization of relationships with civilians, refugees and allies as a direct result of ‘Fifth Column’ paranoia. It concludes that although the actual influence of any Fifth Column was probably insignificant, the British army suffered far greater damage from the phantom menace of its imaginary ‘Fifth Column’.
Endogenous production of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors
Authors: Anthony Shelagh , Leiper James , Vallance Patrick
Published: August 2005

Numerous reports have indicated that the plasma concentration of endogenously produced inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase are elevated in human disease states. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of these inhibitors.
ADMA metabolism and clearance
Authors: Teerlink Tom
Published: August 2005

The plasma concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, is the resultant of many processes at cellular and organ levels. Post-translational methylation of arginine residues of proteins plays a crucial role in the regulation of their functions, which include processes such as transcription, translation and RNA splicing. Because protein methylation is irreversible, the methylation signal can be turned off only by proteolysis of the entire protein. Consequently, most methylated proteins have high turnover rates. Free ADMA, which is formed during proteolysis, is actively degraded by the intracellular enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). Some ADMA escapes degradation and leaves the cell via cationic amino acid transporters. These transporters also mediate uptake of ADMA by neighboring cells or distant organs, thereby facilitating active interorgan transport. Clearance of ADMA from the plasma occurs in small part by urinary excretion, but the bulk of ADMA is degraded by intracellular DDAH, after uptake from the circulation. This review discusses the various processes involved in ADMA metabolism: protein methylation, proteolysis of methylated proteins, metabolism by DDAH, and interorgan transport. In addition, the role of the kidney and the liver in the clearance of ADMA is highlighted.
Arginine metabolism in vascular biology and disease
Authors: Morris Sidney M
Published: August 2005

Arginine metabolism plays a major role in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, largely via nitric oxide (NO)-dependent processes. It is becoming increasingly apparent, however, that arginine metabolic enzymes other than the NO synthases can also play important roles via both NO-dependent and -independent processes. There are three sources of arginine in vivo and at least five mammalian enzymes or enzyme families that utilize arginine as substrate. Changes in arginine availability or in production of the different end products of the various arginine metabolic pathways can have distinct and profound physiologic consequences. However, our knowledge regarding the complex interplay between these pathways at the level of the whole body, specific tissues, and even individual cells, is incomplete. This review will highlight recent findings in this area that may suggest additional avenues of investigation that will allow a fuller understanding of cardiovascular physiology in health and disease.
Insulin resistance: potential role of the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor ADMA
Authors: Sydow Karsten , Mondon Carl E , Cooke John P
Published: August 2005

The insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) is considered to be a new target of risk-reduction therapy. The IRS is a cluster of closely associated and interdependent abnormalities and clinical outcomes that occur more commonly in insulin-resistant/hyperinsulinemic individuals. This syndrome predisposes individuals to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, essential hypertension, certain forms of cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and sleep apnea. In patients at high risk for cardiovascular diseases, endothelial dysfunction is observed in morphologically intact vessels even before the onset of clinically manifest vascular disease. Indeed, there are several lines of evidence that indicate that endothelial function is compromised in situations where there is reduced sensitivity to endogenous insulin. It is well established that a decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) contributes to endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, NO may modulate insulin sensitivity. Activation of NO synthase (NOS) augments blood flow to insulin-sensitive tissues (i.e. skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue), and its activity is impaired in insulin resistance. Inhibition of NOS reduces the microvascular delivery of nutrients and blunts insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, induction of hypertension by administration of the NOS inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine is also associated with insulin resistance in rats. Increased levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are associated with endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. An intriguing relationship exists between insulin resistance and ADMA. Plasma levels of ADMA are positively correlated with insulin resistance in nondiabetic, normotensive people. New basic research insights that provide possible mechanisms underlying the development of insulin resistance in the setting of impaired NO bioavailability will be discussed.
A Bayesian approach to randomized controlled trials in children utilizing information from adults: the case of Guillain-Barre
Authors: Goodman Steven N , Sladky John T
Published: August 2005

Background Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurologic disease that occurs at all ages, causing a progressive, ascending paralysis that usually resolves over weeks or months. The disease appears to be identical in children and adults, except that children recover more quickly, with fewer residua. For patients who lose the ability to walk independently, the main treatment options are plasmapheresis or intravenous immune globulin (IVIg), treatments that have shown to have identical effectiveness in adults in two large RCTs involving 388 patients. The effectiveness of the treatments in children has only been studied in small, poorly controlled studies. If one could capture all eligible patients in the United States, only about 100–300 children would be available for a trial annually.

Methods The goal of this case was to demonstrate how Bayesian methods could be used to incorporate prior information on treatment efficacy from adults to design a randomized noninferiority trial of IVIg versus plasmapheresis in children. A Bayesian normal–normal model on the hazard ratio of time to independent walking was implemented.

Results An evidence-based prior was constructed that was equivalent to 72 children showing exact equivalence between the therapies. A design was constructed based on a Bayesian normal–normal model on the hazard ratio, yielding a sample size of 160 children, with a preposterior analysis demonstrating a “Type I” error rate of 5% and a power of 77%.

Conclusions This case study illustrates a rational approach to constructing an evidence-based prior that would allow information from adults to formally augment data from children to minimize unnecessary pediatric experimentation. The frequentist properties of a Bayesian design can be evaluated and reported as they would be for a standard design. Discussion of the appropriate prior for such designs is both a necessary and desirable feature of Bayesian trials.
Role of PECAM-1 in the shear-stress-induced activation of Akt and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells
Authors: Fleming Ingrid , Fisslthaler Beate , Dixit Madhulika , Busse Rudi
Published: August 2005

The application of fluid shear stress to endothelial cells elicits the formation of nitric oxide (NO) and phosphorylation of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Shear stress also elicits the enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of endothelial proteins, especially of those situated in the vicinity of cell-cell contacts. Since a major constituent of these endothelial cell-cell contacts is the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) we assessed the role of PECAM-1 in the activation of eNOS.

In human endothelial cells, shear stress induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of PECAM-1 and enhanced the association of PECAM-1 with eNOS. Endothelial cell stimulation with shear stress elicited the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS as well as of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). While the shear-stress-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PECAM-1 as well as the serine phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS were abolished by the pre-treatment of cells with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP1 the phosphorylation of AMPK was unaffected. Down-regulation of PECAM-1 using a siRNA approach attenuated the shear-stress-induced phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, as well as the shear-stress-induced accumulation of cyclic GMP levels while the shear-stress-induced phosphorylation of AMPK remained intact. A comparable attenuation of Akt and eNOS (but not AMPK) phosphorylation and NO production was also observed in endothelial cells generated from PECAM-1-deficient mice.

These data indicate that the shear-stress-induced activation of Akt and eNOS in endothelial cells is modulated by the tyrosine phosphorylation of PECAM-1 whereas the shear-stress-induced phosphorylation of AMPK is controlled by an alternative signaling pathway.
Meso and Racemic Isomers of a New S-Bridged Diruthenium(II) Complex with Pendant Aminoalkyl Groups
Authors: Matsuura Noriyuki , Igashira-Kamiyama Asako , Kawamoto Tatsuya , Konno Takumi
Published: August 2005

A diruthenium(II) complex, [{Ru(bpy)2}2(μ-Haet)2]4+ ([1]4+, Haet = −SCH2CH2NH3+), which consists of two cis-[Ru(bpy)2]2+ units bridged by two thiolato groups, was newly prepared and separated into meso and racemic isomers. The spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of [1]4+, together with the crystal structure of its meso isomer, are reported.
Odorant Binding to Bovine Odorant Binding Protein Detected by Intrinsic Fluorescence
Authors: Ikematsu Mineo , Takaoka Daizo , Yasuda Masashi
Published: August 2005

Odorant binding to bovine odorant binding protein (OBPb) made OBPb structure a little tighter and odorant detection by intrinsic fluorescence possible. For odorant with high affinity such as 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol (DMO), the binding reaction proceeded in a two-step manner that inferred an existence of a third binding site.
Co–WS2 Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts: An Unexpected More Favorable Combination than Co–MoS2
Authors: Okamoto Yasuaki , Kato Akira , Usman  , Sato Kenji , Kubota Takeshi
Published: August 2005

The specific activity of the Co–W–S phase, formed on WS2/SiO2 (presulfided above 973 K) by a CVD technique using Co(CO)3NO, was 1.6 times as high as that of the Co–Mo–S phase formed on MoS2/SiO2 (above 873 K) for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene, demonstrating, for the first time, that in sharp contrast to general belief, Co–WS2 is a much more favorable combination for the generation of catalytic synergy than Co–MoS2, which has been widely used in industry.
A Facile Preparation of 2-Amino-1,3-selenazoles by Reactions of N,N-Unsubstituted Selenoureas with Chloroacetonitrile
Authors: Koketsu Mamoru , Tanaka Hidenori , Ishihara Hideharu
Published: August 2005

Reactions of N,N-unsubstituted selenoureas 1 with chloroacetonitrile 2 was investigated. When anhydrous solvent was used, the reaction gave cyanomethyl 1-piperidinoselenocarboimidate hydrochloride 3. The reaction in solvent including water yielded 2-amino-4,5-dihydro-1,3-selenazol-4-iminium chlorides 4 in moderate to high yields.
Low-Temperature Refluxing Synthesis of Nanosized LiMn2O4 Cathode Materials
Authors: Zhou Fu , Zhao Xuemei , Zheng Huagui , Shen Tao , Tang Chenming
Published: August 2005

Nanosized spinel LiMn2O4 particles were synthesized from Na-birnessite precursor by a LiBr refluxing method in hexanol at temperature as low as 80 °C. TEM tests showed that the average crystallite size is about 50 nm with a fairly narrow size-distribution. The electrochemical experiments showed that after post-treatment under vacuum, the initial discharge capacity of the as-prepared spinels could reach 125 mAh g−1 with good cycleability.
Globular Self-aggregates Formed with a Urea-functionalized Resorcinarene Derivative in Chloroform
Authors: Hayashida Osamu , Matsumoto Shinji , Hamachi Itaru
Published: August 2005

Globular self-aggregates were formed with a resorcinarene derivative having eight N,N′-dialkylurea side-chains, as confirmed by dynamic light scattering and negative-staining transmission electron microscopy. The resulting aggregates were found to bind anions such as chloride and bromide in chloroform.
Synthesis of Ferromagnetic CsCuCr Prussian Blue Analogue with a Tetragonal Structure
Authors: Kosaka Wataru , Ishihara Tohru , Yashiro Hisashi , Taniguchi Yayoi , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Ohkoshi Shin-ichi
Published: August 2005

We report a crystal structure, bond lengths, and magnetic properties of a Prussian blue analogue, CsCu[Cr(CN)6]·2.1H2O. This compound has a tetragonal structure (), which is caused by the strong cooperativity due to the Jahn–Teller effect of CuII and shows ferromagnetism with Curie temperature of 65 K.
An internal ribosome entry site mediates translation of lymphoid enhancer factor-1
Authors: JIMENEZ JUDITH , JANG GWENDOLYN M. , SEMLER BERT L. , WATERMAN MARIAN L.
Published: August 2005

The lymphoid enhancer factor-1 LEF1 locus produces multiple mRNAs via alternative promoters. Full-length LEF-1 protein is produced via translation of an mRNA with a 1.2-kb, GC-rich 5′-untranslated region (UTR), whereas a truncated LEF-1 isoform is produced by an mRNA with a short, 60-nucleotide (nt) 5′-UTR. Full-length LEF-1 promotes cell growth via its interaction with the WNT signaling mediator β-catenin. Truncated LEF-1 lacks the β-catenin binding domain and opposes WNT signaling as a competitive inhibitor for WNT response elements. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the long, GC-rich 5′-UTR within the full-length LEF1 mRNA contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Using a dicistronic vector in transient DNA transfections, we show that the LEF1 5′-UTR mediates cap-independent translation. Additional experiments involving a promoter-less dicistronic vector, Northern blot analysis, and transient transfections of dicistronic mRNAs into cultured mammalian cells compromised for cap-dependent translation demonstrate that the 5′-UTR of full-length LEF1 mRNA contains a bona fide IRES. Deletion analysis of the 5′-UTR shows that maximal IRES activity requires the majority of the 5′-UTR, consistent with the notion that cellular IRESs require multiple modules for efficient activity. This study demonstrates that full-length LEF1 mRNA has evolved to utilize a cap-independent mechanism for translation of full-length LEF-1, whereas the truncated isoform is produced via the canonical cap-dependent ribosome scanning mechanism.
The Transduction Channel Filter in Auditory Hair Cells
Authors: Ricci Anthony J. , Kennedy Helen J. , Crawford Andrew C. , Fettiplace Robert
Published: August 2005

In the first step in auditory transduction, sound-induced vibrations of the stereociliary bundles on the sensory hair cells are converted into electrical signals by opening of mechanotransducer channels. Faithful transduction and hence auditory performance will be limited by the kinetic properties of these channels. We have measured the time course of mechanotransducer currents in turtle and rat auditory hair cells during rapid deflections of the hair bundle. Current activation in the turtle had a time constant that decreased 10-fold with stimulus amplitude to a limiting value of ∼50 μs. Lowering the external Ca2+concentration slowed both activation and adaptation time constants. Similar effects were seen in hair cells tuned to low and high frequencies, but the overall kinetics was slower in low-frequency cells. In rat outer hair cells, the time courses of both activation and adaptation were at least 10-fold faster. Although activation kinetics was too fast to characterize accurately, the adaptation time constants in the rat, like the turtle, were Ca2+dependent and faster in hair cells tuned to higher frequencies. The results imply that mechanotransducer channels operate similarly in turtle and rat but are faster in the mammal to accommodate its higher frequency range of hearing. We suggest that the kinetics of channel activation and adaptation imposes a bandpass filter on transduction, with a center frequency matched to the frequencies detected by the hair cell, which may improve the signal-to-noise ratio near threshold.
5-HT7Receptor Is Coupled to Gα Subunits of Heterotrimeric G12-Protein to Regulate Gene Transcription and Neuronal Morphology
Authors: Kvachnina Elena , Liu Guoquan , Dityatev Alexander , Renner Ute , Dumuis Aline , Richter Diethelm W. , Dityateva Galina , Schachner Melitta , Voyno-Yasenetskaya Tatyana A. , Ponimaskin Evgeni G.
Published: August 2005

The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in the regulation of multiple events in the CNS. We demonstrated recently a coupling between the 5-HT4receptor and the heterotrimeric G13-protein resulting in RhoA-dependent neurite retraction and cell rounding (Ponimaskin et al., 2002). In the present study, we identified G12 as an additional G-protein that can be activated by another member of serotonin receptors, the 5-HT7receptor. Expression of 5-HT7receptor induced constitutive and agonist-dependent activation of a serum response element-mediated gene transcription through G12-mediated activation of small GTPases. In NIH3T3 cells, activation of the 5-HT7receptor induced filopodia formation via a Cdc42-mediated pathway correlating with RhoA-dependent cell rounding. In mouse hippocampal neurons, activation of the endogenous 5-HT7receptors significantly increased neurite length, whereas stimulation of 5-HT4receptors led to a decrease in the length and number of neurites. These data demonstrate distinct roles for 5-HT7R/G12 and 5-HT4R/G13 signaling pathways in neurite outgrowth and retraction, suggesting that serotonin plays a prominent role in regulating the neuronal cytoarchitecture in addition to its classical role as neurotransmitter.
Kinetic and thermodynamic investigations of strontium ions retention by natural kaolinite and clinoptilolite minerals
Authors: Akar D. , Shahwan T. , Eroglu A. E.
Published: August 2005

The current study was devoted to the determination of various thermodynamic and kinetic parameters resulting from the fixation of Sr2+by natural samples of kaolinite and clinoptilolite minerals. The sorption process followed pseudo second order kinetics, with faster sorption on kaolinite compared to clinoptilolite, where the uptake is affected by intraparticle diffusion. Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models described the data more adequately than Langmuir model, and clinoptilolite showed a higher strontium sorption capacity than kaolinite. Thermodynamically, the activation energy of Sr2+sorption by kaolinite and clinoptilolite were respectively, −8.5 and −18.4 kJ/mol. The sorption process on both minerals was spontaneous and endothermic at all the studied concentrations, with ΔH° being 11.3 and 9.8 kJ/mol, for sorption on kaolinite and clinoptilolite, respectively. The findings of this study were compared with those of an earlier study on the uptake of Cs+by the same minerals.
Disorderly development: Globalization and the idea of “culture” in the Kalahari
Authors: Sylvain Renée
Published: August 2005

The San (Bushmen) of southern Africa are currently engaged in global activism and local struggles for rights as indigenous people. As their identity becomes globalized, the San are encouraged to promote a stereotypical image of themselves as isolated, pristine primitives. In this article, I argue that primordial expressions of San identity reflect the globalization of an essentialist idea of culture. I examine how this idea of culture is instrumentalized in local contexts of disorder and corruption. Finally, I outline how disorder and primordialism combine to sustain systems of inequality for an underclass of farm San in the Omaheke Region of Namibia.
The birth of the “salon”: Poverty, “modernization,” and dealing with witchcraft in southern Tanzania
Authors: Green Maia , Mesaki Simeon
Published: August 2005

In this article, we explore the social process of modernization through an examination of the transformation in the delivery of antiwitchcraft services that has occurred in southern Tanzania under the pervasive influence of transnational ideoscapes of market liberalization and public‐sector reform. We argue that the anthropological association of witchcraft with the modern in Africa overlooks witchcraft's explicitly unmodern associations in popular discourse and state policy. These latter associations contrast with the practice of antiwitchcraft specialists who seek to enable the realization of modernity both through dealing with witchcraft and through the self‐conscious adoption of specifically modernizing practices.
Copyright in context: Carvings, carvers, and commodities in Vanuatu
Authors: Geismar Haidy
Published: August 2005

Much of the anthropology of indigenous copyright and other forms of intellectual property focuses on the ways in which indigenous understandings of reproductive entitlement diverge from the Euro‐American or Western property values perceived to be enshrined within national and international legislation. I argue that in Vanuatu, local chiefs and carvers have successfully merged international and indigenous reckonings of entitlement within their understanding of copyright, simultaneously capitalizing on and blurring commonly understood conceptual, economic, and sociopolitical divides. When the people of Vanuatu are asked what copyright is, they invariably refer to the carvings and carvers involved in the ritual hierarchies of entitlement of the region of North Ambrym. I take this locally drawn analogy as my starting point to argue that concepts of “copyright,” and, indeed, copyright legislation and enforcement, may be mutually constituted between spheres of exchange and understandings of entitlement, as much from the bottom up as from the top down.
Disparate markets: Language, nation, and education in North India
Authors: LaDousa Chaise
Published: August 2005

In this article, I explore the ideological underpinnings of the Indian government's language policies in the school setting, and I investigate why they fail to be compelling to residents of Banaras, a city in North India. The multiple language markets that exist in India are incommensurate and subvert the government's language policies in multiple ways. By exploring the uneven quality of these markets, this article illustrates the especially complicated dilemmas in which postcolonial nation‐states are implicated.
To be happy in a Mercedes: Tropes of value and ambivalent visions of marketization
Authors: Patico Jennifer
Published: August 2005

The disintegration of Soviet social contracts has provoked, for many Russians, a continuing deliberation over the tense interrelation between material embodiments of value (wealth and commodities) and moral ones (respectability, education, and kindness). By contrast with previous anthropological tendencies to locate value production primarily within exchange transactions, in this article I identify two historically specific tropes of value (“culturedness” and “civilization”) and show how their articulation illuminates positioned experiences of large‐scale change and social displacement. From the particular vantage point of St. Petersburg schoolteachers, I consider everyday deliberations about value and social difference as they take form within both local and global frames of reference, examining how these two contexts frequently produce divergent—but only seemingly contradictory—visions of marketization, its desirability, and its sociomoral significance.
Can the Police be Reformed?
Authors: Weitzer Ronald
Published: August 2005

Police corruption and brutality are serious problems in America. Some types of reform have the potential to curb police misconduct and to increase public confidence in the police.
Sick Out of Luck: The Uninsured in America
Authors: Sered Susan Starr , Fernandopulle Rushika
Published: August 2005

Interviews with uninsured Americans demonstrate how making affordable health care dependent on employment is leading to fundamental changes in the nature of society. Increasing numbers of Americans enter a deadly spiral of poor health, poor jobs, and inconsistent health care. The uninsured are a new, stigmatized caste in American society.
Before and After the Central Park Jogger: When Legal Cases Become Social Causes
Authors: Chancer Lynn
Published: August 2005

A number of recent high-profile criminal cases have served as vehicles for public debates about race, gender, and class prejudice. What are the implications of these cases for the legal system and for the political activists who become involved with them?
Telemann in the Marketplace: The Composer as Self-Publisher
Authors: ZOHN STEVEN
Published: August 2005

This article tells the story of a self-publishing business maintained by Georg Philipp Telemann in Frankfurt and Hamburg from 1715 through the late 1730s, a remarkable venture that illuminates much about music commerce during the early eighteenth century. At a time in Germany when conditions were generally unfavorable for the publishing of music, Telemann issued forty-six entirely new editions of his own works. Not only did he solicit subscribers to his publications and set up a network of agents across Europe (anticipating the activities of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach a half century later), but he also did much, if not all, of the engraving himself and pioneered the use of pewter plates and punches in Germany. A recently discovered supplement to the subscriber list printed with the Nouveaux quatuors (Paris, 1738) enriches our knowledge of Telemann's audience, while a close examination of his engraving practices provides evidence for a redating of the well-known Hamburg collection Essercizii musici. Despite the continuing success of his Selbstverlag, Telemann suddenly dissolved the business in 1740 with the sale of his entire stock of engraved plates, a move that seems to have been motivated in part by his aspirations as a music theorist.
"The Air is Becoming Full of War"
Authors: IRWIN MARY ANN
Published: August 2005

This article examines the responses of Jewish San Franciscans to World War I, comparing reactions of Jewish and non-Jewish Americans and considering regional differences in the Jewish response. The primary source is the Emanu-El, San Francisco's only Jewish newspaper during the war. Comparing the San Francisco experience with that of New York, the article argues that, while San Francisco Jews shared many of their fellow citizens' feelings toward the nations at war, the �ghting in Europe raised troubling issues for Jewish Americans, as well as problems they did not share with other Americans. In key respects, region mattered more than religious identi�cation: Jewish San Franciscans tended to view the war as westerners rather than as Jews, but war exacerbated tensions within American Jewry and added urgency to leaders' efforts to create consensus, especially on such controversial issues as Zionism.