bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of galaninergic immunoreactivity in the brain of the mouse
Authors: Pérez Silvia E. , Wynick David , Steiner Robert A. , Mufson Elliott J.
Published: August 2002

The distribution of galaninergic immunoreactive (‐ir) profiles was studied in the brain of colchicine‐pretreated and non‐pretreated mice. Galanin (GAL)‐ir neurons and fibers were observed throughout all encephalic vesicles. Telencephalic GAL‐ir neurons were found in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, lateral and medial septum, diagonal band of Broca, nucleus basalis of Meynert, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, amygdala, and hippocampus. The thalamus displayed GAL‐ir neurons within the anterodorsal, paraventricular, central lateral, paracentral, and central medial nuclei. GAL‐ir neurons were found in several regions of the hypothalamus. In the midbrain, GAL‐ir neurons appeared in the pretectal olivary nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, the medial and lateral lemniscus, periaqueductal gray, and the interpeduncular nucleus. The pons contained GAL‐ir neurons within the dorsal subcoeruleus, locus coeruleus, and dorsal raphe. In the medulla oblongata, GAL‐ir neurons appear in the anterodorsal and dorsal cochlear nuclei, salivatory nucleus, A5 noradrenergic cells, gigantocellular nucleus, inferior olive, solitary tract nucleus, dorsal vagal motor and hypoglossal nuclei. Only GAL‐ir fibers were seen in the lateral habenula nucleus, substantia nigra, parabrachial complex, cerebellum, spinal trigeminal tract, as well as the motor root of the trigeminal and facial nerves. GAL‐ir was also observed in several circumventricular organs. The widespread distribution of galanin in the mouse brain suggests that this neuropeptide plays a role in the regulation of cognitive and homeostatic functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:158–185, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constitutive expression of heat shock protein HSP25 in the central nervous system of the developing and adult mouse
Authors: Armstrong Carol L. , Krueger‐Naug Anne Marie , Currie R. William , Hawkes Richard
Published: August 2002

Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization have been used to survey constitutive heat shock protein (HSP)25 expression in the brain and spinal cord of the developing and adult mouse. The data reveal both transient and sustained patterns of expression and demonstrate robust differences between mice and rats. During development, HSP25 is transiently expressed in neurons of the inferior colliculus, various thalamic subnuclei, and the majority of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Sustained expression into adulthood is seen in neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei, spinal cord motoneurons, median preoptic nucleus, and a subset of Purkinje cells. Differences in HSP25 expression between adult rats and mice include the somatic motor nuclei innervating the extraocular muscles, which are HSP25 immunoreactive only in the rat. Similar differences in HSP25 expression are seen during the development of the inferior colliculus, thalamus, and cerebellum, where expression is restricted to mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:262–274, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of the taste buds in the blind cave fish Astyanax jordani (“Anoptichthys”) and the sighted river fish Astyanax mexicanus (Teleostei, Characidae)
Authors: Boudriot Friederike , Reutter Klaus
Published: August 2002

This study describes the ultrastructure of the taste buds of the sighted river fish Astyanax mexicanus and of the blind cave fish Astyanax jordani (= Anoptichthys) (Teleostei, Characiformes, Characidae). In Astyanax and Anoptichthys, taste buds occur in the epithelia of the lips, oral cavity, and, in Anoptichthys, lower jaw. Both possess three types of taste buds: type I (elevated), type II (slightly elevated), and type III taste buds (not elevated or sunken). The taste buds are up to 60 μm high and up to 35 μm wide. The taste bud's sensory epithelium consists of 100–130 elongated cells: light cells, dense‐cored‐vesicles (dcv) ‐cells, dark cells, and degenerating cells. The dcv‐cells are rich in dense‐cored vesicles and are described for the first time in a teleostean taste bud. At the taste bud's base, there lie two to three basal cells. The basal cells of type I and type II taste buds have microvillus (spine)‐like processes, in contrast to those of type III taste buds. The taste bud's nerve fiber plexus is situated between the bases of the elongated taste bud cells and the basal cells. Afferent synapses occur between dcv‐cells and basal cells (presynaptic sides) and axons (postsynaptic side). Indistinct synapses occur between light cells and dark cells (presynaptic sides) and axons (postsynaptic side). The nerve fiber plexes of Anoptichthys type II and type III taste buds contain significantly more axon profiles than those of Astyanax. This may be associated with a compensatory improvement of the sense of taste in the blind, cave‐dwelling fish. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:428–444, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonergic innervation of the auditory brainstem of the Mexican free‐tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis
Authors: Hurley Laura M. , Thompson Ann M.
Published: August 2002

Anatomical and electrophysiological evidence suggests that serotonin alters the processing of sound in the auditory brainstem of many mammalian species. The Mexican free‐tailed bat is a hearing specialist, like other microchiropteran bats. At the same time, many aspects of its auditory brainstem are similar to those in other mammals. This dichotomy raises an interesting question regarding the serotonergic innervation of the bat auditory brainstem: Is the serotonergic input to the auditory brainstem similar in bats and other mammals, or are there specializations in the serotonergic innervation of bats that may be related to their exceptional hearing capabilities? To address this question, we immunocytochemically labeled serotonergic fibers in the brainstem of the Mexican free‐tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis. We found many similarities in the pattern of serotonergic innervation of the auditory brainstem in Tadarida compared with other mammals, but we also found two striking differences. Similarities to staining patterns in other mammals included a higher density of serotonergic fibers in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and in granule cell regions than in the ventral cochlear nucleus, a high density of fibers in some periolivary nuclei of the superior olive, and a higher density of fibers in peripheral regions of the inferior colliculus compared with its core. The two novel features of serotonergic innervation in Tadarida were a high density of fibers in the fusiform layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus relative to surrounding layers and a relatively high density of serotonergic fibers in the low‐frequency regions of the lateral and medial superior olive. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:78–88, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytology of human caudomedial cingulate, retrosplenial, and caudal parahippocampal cortices
Authors: Vogt Brent A. , Vogt Leslie J. , Perl Daniel P. , Hof Patrick R.
Published: August 2002

Brodmann showed areas 26, 29, 30, 23, and 31 on the human posterior cingulate gyrus without marking sulcal areas. Histologic studies of retrosplenial areas 29 and 30 identify them on the ventral bank of the cingulate gyrus (CGv), whereas standardized atlases show area 30 on the surface of the caudomedial region. This study evaluates all areas on the CGv and caudomedial region with rigorous cytologic criteria in coronal and oblique sections Nissl stained or immunoreacted for neuron‐specific nuclear binding protein and nonphosphorylated neurofilament proteins (NFP‐ir). Ectosplenial area 26 has a granular layer with few large pyramidal neurons below. Lateral area 29 (29l) has a dense granular layer II‐IV and undifferentiated layers V and VI. Medial area 29 (29m) has a layer III of medium and NFP‐ir pyramids and a layer IV with some large, NFP‐ir pyramidal neurons that distinguish it from areas 29l, 30, and 27. Although area 29m is primarily on the CGv, a terminal branch can extend onto the caudomedial lobule. Area 30 is dysgranular with a variable thickness layer IV that is interrupted by large NFP‐ir neurons in layers IIIc and Va. Although area 30 does not appear on the surface of the caudomedial lobule, a terminal branch can form less that 1% of this gyrus. Area 23a is isocortex with a clear layer IV and large, NFP‐ir neurons in layers IIIc and Va. Area 23b is similar to area 23a but with a thicker layer IV, more large neurons in layer Va, and a higher density of NFP‐ir neurons in layer III. The caudomedial gyral surface is composed of areas 23a and 23b and a caudal extension of area 31. Although posterior area 27 and the parasubiculum are similar to rostral levels, posterior area 36′ differs from rostral area 36. Subregional flat maps show that retrosplenial cortex is on the CGv, most of the surface of caudomedial cortex is areas 23a, 23b, and 31, and the retrosplenial/parahippocampal border is at the ventral edge of the splenium. Thus, Brodmann's map understates the rostral extent of retrosplenial cortex, overstates its caudoventral extent, and abridges the caudomedial extent of area 23. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:353–376, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurofilament protein: A selective marker for the architectonic parcellation of the visual cortex in adult cat brain
Authors: Van Der Gucht Estel , Vandesande Frans , Arckens Lutgarde
Published: August 2002

In this immunocytochemical study, we examined the expression profile of neurofilament protein in the cat visual system. We have used SMI‐32, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a nonphosphorylated epitope on the medium‐ and high‐molecular‐weight subunits of neurofilament proteins. This antibody labels primarily the cell body and dendrites of pyramidal neurons in cortical layers III, V, and VI. Neurofilament protein‐immunoreactive neurons were prominent in 20 visual cortical areas (areas 17, 18, 19, 20a, 20b, 21a, 21b, and 7; posteromedial lateral, posterolateral lateral, anteromedial lateral, anterolateral lateral, dorsal lateral, ventral lateral, and posterior suprasylvian areas; anterior ectosylvian, the splenial, the cingulate, and insular visual areas; and the anterolateral gyrus area). In addition, we have also found strong immunopositive cells in the A laminae of the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and in the medial interlaminar nucleus, but no immunoreactive cells were present in the parvocellular C (1–3) laminae of the dLGN, in the ventral part of the LGN and in the perigeniculate nucleus. This SMI‐32 antibody against neurofilament protein revealed a characteristic pattern of immunostaining in each visual area. The size, shape, intensity, and density of neurofilament protein‐immunoreactive neurons and their dendritic arborization differed substantially across all visual areas. Moreover, it was also obvious that several visual areas showed differences in laminar distribution and that such profiles may be used to delineate various cortical areas. Therefore, the expression of neurofilament protein can be used as a specific marker to define areal patterns and topographic boundaries in the cat visual system. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:345–368, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A study of the emotional evaluation models of color patterns based on the adaptive fuzzy system and the neural network
Authors: Um Jinsub , Eum Kyoungbae , Lee Joonwhoan
Published: August 2002

Proposed in this article are two kinds of emotional models based on the neural network and the adaptive fuzzy system that can transform the physical features of a color pattern into its emotional features. The purpose of this system of models is to evaluate the neural network and adaptive fuzzy system for its ability to model psychological experimental data in a way similar to what a human expert would do. Construction of the models was motivated by Soen's psychological experiments, in which he found that such physical features as average hue, saturation, and intensity and the dynamic components of color patterns affected the emotional features represented by a pair of adjectives having opposite meanings. One is based on the neural network in the proposed models, and the other consists of two adaptive fuzzy rule bases and a γ model, a fuzzy set operator, to fuse the evaluation values produced by them. The proposed models showed superior performances compared to Soen's model in the approximation of nonlinear transforms, whereas the latter showed an advantage in obtaining the linguistic interpretation from the trained results. The evaluated results of color patterns can be used to construct a emotion‐based color‐pattern retrieval system, which would be able to recommend the color patterns of a desired human feeling. We believe that in linguistic queries of human feelings, these color‐pattern retrieval systems would be able to select from a gallery the corresponding textile designs, wallpapers, or pictures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 208–216, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10052
Global stability analysis of bidirectional associative memory neural networks with time delay
Authors: Zhang Jiye , Yang Yiren
Published: August 2002

In this paper, without assuming the boundedness, monotonicity and differentiability of the activation functions, we present new conditions ensuring existence, uniqueness, and global asymptotical stability of the equilibrium point of bidirectional associative memory neural networks with fixed time delays or distributed time delays. The results are applicable to both symmetric and non‐symmetric interconnection matrices, and all continuous non‐monotonic neuron activation functions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the rectangular grid representation of general CNN networks
Authors: Radványi András G.
Published: August 2002

Although the cellular neural paradigm in its original form provides a suitable framework for investigating problems defined on arbitrary regular grids, the chips—ready ones or under design—as well as the available simulators are all restricted to a rectangular structure. It is not at all self‐evident, however, that the rectangular structure is the most suitable to represent every practical problem. In this paper we demonstrate that several cellular neural networks of various regular grids can be mapped onto the typical eight‐neighbour rectangular one, by applying weight matrices of periodic space variance. By adopting this option, the applicability of cellular neural chips and simulators can be extended to investigate and solve problems of essentially arbitrary grid structures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
G1/S but not G0/G1 cell fraction is related to 5‐fluorouracil cytotoxicity
Authors: Mirjolet J.‐F. , Didelot C. , Barberi‐Heyob M. , Merlin J.‐L.
Published: August 2002

Background

Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry is of clinical interest for making treatment decisions or for predicting response and survival, through proliferation rate (labeling index or S‐phase fraction) assessment or Tpot calculation. Thymidylate synthase expression was tested in vitro, in vivo, and clinically as a prognostic factor for 5‐fluorouracil (5FU) sensitivity. However, results were still controversial. Moreover, we had reported that 5FU sensitivity was related to the labeling index of untreated cell cultures.

Methods

We used six human cancer cell lines that exhibited a wide range of 5FU sensitivity. Cell cycle analysis was performed using flow cytometry monovariate propidium iodide (PI) analysis and bivariate distributions of BrdU incorporation versus DNA content. 5FU sensitivity was assayed using a 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay.

Results

In all cell lines, 5FU exposure resulted in a statistically significant G1/S accumulation. No statistically significant relationship was seen between G0/G1 delay determined by monovariate analysis and 5FU sensitivity. However, 5FU sensitivity was statistically correlated to the labeling index and G1/S subpopulation assessed with bivariate analysis using BrdU incorporation versus DNA content.

Conclusions

Cellular proliferation parameters using BrdU incorporation are more informative than PI for in vitro 5FU sensitivity. Because BrdU incorporation could be assessed clinically, it could also be informative for 5FU clinical response prediction. Cytometry 48:6–13, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of three commonly used cytologic preparations in effusion immunocytochemistry
Authors: Fetsch Patricia A. , Simsir Aylin , Brosky Keith , Abati Andrea
Published: August 2002

Discrepant results in effusion immunocytochemistry are often the result of specimen processing. Smears, cytospins, cell blocks, and monolayer preparations have all been used in various published studies; thus, there is no consistency in the immunostaining process for cytology to compare with the surgical pathology “gold standard” results.

We sought to evaluate optimal specimen preparation for the immunostaining of effusion samples. Fourteen reactive and 15 malignant effusion samples (various epithelial/mesothelial neoplasms) were each prepared in three forms: air‐dried cytospins (postfixed in ethanol), formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded cell blocks, and liquid‐based thin‐layer (ThinPrep™, CYTYC, Boxborough, MA) processing. All slides were immunostained with antibodies commonly used in effusion cytology: HBME‐1, calretinin, E‐cadherin, BerEP4, B72.3, LeuM1, and CA19‐9.

Cytospin and ThinPrep samples performed in a similar manner: high background staining was encountered in 66% of cases, most evident in three‐dimensional clusters of cells. In addition, membrane staining patterns were difficult to interpret. Cell blocks provided the best milieu for morphologic interpretation, with less background staining (only 17% of cases) and results that most closely approximated those reported in the surgical pathology literature. The cost per test for cell block immunocytochemistry was also the most economical for our laboratory. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:61–66. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brush cytology of the biliary tract: Retrospective study of 278 cases with histopathologic correlation
Authors: Govil Hema , Reddy Vijaya , Kluskens Larry , Treaba Diana , Massarani‐Wafai Razan , Selvaggi Suzanne , Gattuso Paolo
Published: August 2002

Bile aspiration during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography has been used as a diagnostic tool in the evaluations of pancreatic and biliary tree strictures for the last two decades. However, recently biliary tract brush cytology has become the method of choice in evaluating pancreatic/biliary tract abnormalities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of pancreatobiliary lesions by an endobiliary cytotechnique. From 1993–1999, 278 pancreatobiliary brushings were performed at our institutions. Cytologic material was air‐dried for Diff‐Quik stain or fixed in ethanol for Papanicolaou staining. The cytologic diagnoses were classified in three categories: 1) benign, 2) atypical/suspicious, or 3) malignant. Subsequent surgical biopsy was available in 87 (31%) patients. There were 150 males and 128 females with a mean age of 63 yr (range 22–97); 167 (60%) were benign cases. Follow‐up surgical material was available in 39 cases, seven of which showed adenocarcinoma; 67 of all cases (24%) were atypical/suspicious cases. Follow‐up surgical material was available in 31 cases, 17 (55%) of which showed adenocarcinoma; 32 cases (12%) were malignant cases. Follow‐up surgical material was available in 15 cases. All 15 cases were in agreement with the cytologic diagnosis. Twelve (4%) cases were unsatisfactory for cytologic examination. Follow‐up surgical material was available in two cases. One case showed mucinous cystadenoma of the pancreas. The other case showed benign duct epithelium. Our study shows a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 100%. Of the atypical cases, 55% were malignant on follow‐up biopsy. Brush cytology of pancreatobiliary strictures is the most widely used technique in the diagnosis of carcinoma, with a high degree of specificity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:273–277. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aspiration cytopathology of middle‐ear neuroendocrine carcinoma
Authors: Menezes Geetha , Wakely Paul
Published: August 2002

Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid tumor) is among the rarest of middle‐ear (ME) neoplasms, with only a rare case of metastatic disease having been reported. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed in a 51‐yr‐old male with a two‐decade history of multiple local recurrences from a right middle‐ear neoplasm, with the most recent surgical excision 2 yr ago. He currently presented with an enlarged right parotid gland, and a right infratemporal mass. Aspirate smears showed a monotonous population of cytologically bland cells with a small to moderate amount of pale granular cytoplasm, round to oval nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli, and finely granular chromatin. Rare, isolated large cells were occasionally seen. Immunohistochemical staining of the cell block made from the aspirated material showed strong cytoplasmic positivity for chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), serotonin, and cytokeratin cocktail, and negative staining for S100 protein. Review of tissue slides from the patient's prior middle‐ear tumor showed an identical immunoprofile and morphology, and led to a revision of the original diagnosis of paraganglioma. Middle‐ear neuroendocrine carcinoma has a low but definite metastatic potential, which can be diagnosed using FNAB if ancillary immunohistochemical studies are available. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:168–171, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overview of P2 receptors: Possible functions in immune cells
Authors: Burnstock G.
Published: August 2002

P2 nucleotide receptors are subdivided into two families: P2X ionotropic ligand‐gated ion channel receptors and P2Y metabotropic G‐protein‐coupled receptors. Seven subtypes of each family have been cloned and characterized. Immune cells are richly supplied by purinoceptors and there is a dominant presence of P1 (A2A), P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y2 receptors. Their mediating roles include: release of prostanoids and inflammatory cytokines; cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, fusion, and death; chemoattraction; cell adhesion and immuno‐endothelial cell interactions; bone remodeling (osteoclasts); platelet aggregation; and wound healing, as well as regulation of immune responses. There is plasticity of P2 receptor expression in immune cells during development and after growing in culture. Examples include: the expression of P2X7 receptors in mature, but not developing, monocytes and the decline in P2Y2 mRNA during monocyte to macrophage maturation. Inflammatory mediators have been shown to upregulate P2X7 receptors and downregulate P2Y2 receptors. The possible cellular sources of ATP acting on receptors on immune cells are considered, as well as some other questions about mechanisms involving P2 receptors. Therapeutic strategies for drug developments related to purinergic signaling in immune systems are considered. Drug Dev. Res. 53:53–59, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
5‐HT2C receptor antagonists: Potential in schizophrenia
Authors: Wood Martyn D. , Heidbreder Christian , Reavill Charles , Ashby Charles R. , Middlemiss Derek N.
Published: August 2002

The therapeutic success of clozapine and other so‐called atypical antipsychotics has focused attention on the serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine; 5‐HT) system and its interaction with the dopaminergic system as a treatment for psychotic illnesses. Clozapine has been shown to display high affinity for the 5‐HT2 receptor family and it has been suggested that this, together with evidence that dopamine D2 receptor blockade following clozapine treatment is lower than typical antipsychotics, contributes to the therapeutic profile of clozapine and, in particular, its efficacy in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Much attention has concentrated on the interaction of clozapine and atypical antipsychotics with the 5‐HT2A receptor. In this review, we focus on the role of the 5‐HT2C receptor in both the therapeutic profile of atypical antipsychotics and in the regulation of the dopaminergic system. We further suggest that 5‐HT2C receptor antagonists may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of psychotic illnesses. Drug Dev. Res. 54:88–94, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endogenous opioids and their role in odor preference acquisition and consolidation following odor–shock conditioning in infant rats
Authors: Roth Tania L. , Sullivan Regina M.
Published: August 2002

We assessed the neurochemical basis of olfactory learning induced by presentations of odor and moderate shock in infant rats. Paradoxically, shock conditioning produces an odor preference in 8‐day‐olds, but an odor aversion in 12‐day‐olds. Studies have demonstrated the importance of opioids in early olfactory learning; their specific role remains undefined. In this study, postnatal Days 8 and 12 pups were systemically injected with naltrexone, a nonspecific opioid antagonist, or saline and received either paired or backward presentations of odor‐moderate shock or odor‐only presentations. Blocking the opioid system during conditioning disrupted acquisition of the Day 8 odor preference, but not the Day 12 odor aversion. Additional Day 8 pups were given naltrexone posttraining. Naltrexone not only blocked consolidation of an odor preference but also yielded an odor aversion. These results suggest that the opioid system has a critical role in both olfactory learning and consolidation of odor preferences during the sensitive period. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 188–198, 2001
Risk assessment for developing type 1 diabetes: intentions of behavioural changes prior to risk notification
Authors: Hendrieckx C. , De Smet F. , Kristoffersen I. , Bradley C.
Published: August 2002

Background

Recent progress in predictive techniques allows people at risk of developing type 1 diabetes to be identified in a pre‐symptomatic stage and prevention trials to be implemented. The present study examined prospectively whether participants in a screening programme anticipated behavioural changes in the event of having a high risk.

Methods

Four hundred and three first‐degree relatives of people with type 1diabetes completed a self‐administered questionnaire about their views on screening and diabetes, and questionnaires on well‒being and locus of control.

Results

Prior to risk notification, 73% reported that they intended to introduce lifestyle changes if at high risk. The vast majority of the respondents (87%) reported that eating habits would be the main changes made. Those anticipating changes believed they could take actions to reduce their risk of type 1 diabetes (p<0.001) and to have personal control over diabetes onset (p<0.001). They were also more worried about developing diabetes (p<0.01) and preoccupied with diabetes‐related symptoms (p<0.01).

Conclusions

Prior to risk notification, the process of being screened raised concerns and expectations about future changes. Despite the lack of any evidence, people believed lifestyle changes would be effective in reducing their risk. Since the impact of lifestyle in the development of type 1 diabetes is not yet established, accurate information about the role of health behaviour in the progression to overt diabetes is needed to avoid unrealistic expectations on the benefit of these changes and unnecessary impairment to quality of life. Personally initiated changes should be monitored since they could importantly influence the progress and outcome of prevention trials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of DNTNP, which encodes a potential nuclear protein that is expressed in the developing, dorsal neural tube
Authors: Jun Lin , Balboni Armand L. , Laitman Jeffrey T. , Bergemann Andrew D.
Published: August 2002

We have performed a screen to identify genes expressed in a functionally significant anatomic region of the vertebrate dorsal neural tube, the dorsomedial roof of the third ventricle (DMRTV). The DMRTV includes the primordia of a series of circumventricular organs. The screen searched for genes preferentially expressed in the DMRTV of stage 18–25 chicken embryos, relative to their telencephala and ventral diencephalon. Through this screen, we have cloned a series of genes strongly expressed in the dorsal but not ventral neural tube. We describe here the first of these genes, DNTNP (dorsal neural tube nuclear protein). DNTNP is highly expressed in the dorsal regions of the diencephalon, the midbrain, the hindbrain, and the spinal neural tube in the chicken stage 18 embryo. Expression is also observed in the telencephalon, the branchial arches, the heart, and somites, but is absent from the presomitic mesoderm. The amino acid sequence of DNTNP reveals that it belongs to an uncharacterized protein family with at least two additional members. All the members of this family possess a basic region reminiscent of a nuclear localization signal (NLS). We demonstrate that the putative NLS of DNTNP can indeed direct nuclear localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The dorsal localization of DNTNP in the early embryonic central nervous system suggests roles for this molecule in specifying dorsal cell fates within the neural tube. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variables associated with disturbed eating habits and overvalued ideas about the personal implications of body shape and weight in a female adolescent population
Authors: Wade Tracey D. , Lowes Jacinta
Published: August 2002

Objectives

Few studies exist that examine risk factors for the overvalued ideas about the personal implications of body shape and weight that are viewed as the central cognitive substrate of eating disorders.

Method

In a female adolescent population (mean age = 14 years, SD = 0.7), we examine variables previously identified in the literature as risk factors for eating disorders, namely, self‐esteem, comments from others about eating/weight/shape, perfectionism, childhood and parental weight/shape, and parental conflict.

Results

These variables were all correlated significantly with current (past 4 weeks) levels of overvalued ideas and disturbed eating patterns in the predicted directions. Self‐esteem was found to mediate partially the relationship between the overvalued ideas and comments about weight and perfectionism. Self‐esteem fully mediated the relationship between the overvalued ideas and parental conflict. A family index of body size had an independent influence on the overvalued ideas, that is, the bigger the size, the greater the overvalued ideas. Finally, the overvalued ideas fully accounted for the relationship between self‐esteem and disturbed eating patterns.

Discussion

The cognitive model of bulimia nervosa is supported by the results of this study. Self‐esteem represents an important gateway to the overvalued ideas that contribute substantially to disturbed eating patterns. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32:39–45, 2002.
On‐line learning method for EMG prosthetic hand control
Authors: Nishikawa Daisuke , Yu Wenwei , Yokoi Hiroshi , Kakazu Yukinori
Published: August 2002

This paper proposes a novel learning method for prosthetic hand control. Conventional works have used off‐line learning methods for control, and hence two kinds of training must be carried out separately: one is for the amputee to control prosthetic hands, and the other is for the prosthetic hand controller to adapt to the amputee's variations. Consequently, an amputee cannot acquire the sensations of operating prosthetic hands through training, and nevertheless he or she is likely to experience difficulties in forcing the prosthetic hand controller to follow the change of his or her own characteristics in practical use. We accordingly design an on‐line learning mechanism which can adapt to the individual's characteristics in real time. Using this mechanism, a suitable mapping function of the surface electromyogram (EMG) to motions of prosthetic hands can be acquired according to the amputee's evaluation in practical use. Thereby, the mechanism realizes a shortening of training time and adaptation to individual variation in real time. The experiments succeeded in discriminating six forearm motions to verify the proposed method. First, we use intrinsic exercise images to control a prosthetic hand, and compare our on‐line method with one conventional off‐line method. Second, we use EMG signals on shoulder girdles to control the prosthetic hand for upper elbow amputation. The discrimination rate in forearm EMG experiments is 89.9% by our method and 80.3% by the conventional method. Moreover, we show the possibility of applying the on‐line learning method to upper elbow amputees, because a discrimination rate of 79.3% is achieved by our method in shoulder girdle EMG classification. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(10): 35–46, 2001
Genotoxicity of some sulfur dyes on tadpoles (Rana hexadactyla) measured using the comet assay
Authors: Rajaguru P. , Kalpana R. , Hema A. , Suba S. , Baskarasethupathi B. , Kumar P. A. , Kalaiselvi K.
Published: August 2002

This report presents the results of a genotoxicity study to evaluate the DNA damage caused by four sulfur dyes used in the textile and tannery industries. Alkaline single‐cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE) was performed on erythrocytes from Rana hexadactyla tadpoles following whole‐body exposure to increasing concentrations of the dyes. The dyes, along with their active ingredients, were Sandopel Basic Black BHLN, Negrosine, Dermapel Black FNI, and Turquoise Blue. The dye‐treated tadpoles showed significant DNA damage, measured as mean DNA length:width ratio, when compared with unexposed control animals. Among the four tested dyes Sandopel Basic Black BHLN appears to be highly genotoxic, Dermapel Black FNI was least genotoxic, and Negrosine and Turquoise Blue were moderately toxic to R. hexadactyla tadpoles. The tadpoles showed a significant reduction in DNA damage when placed in dechlorinated tap water after exposure for a 24‐hr period to the dye solutions. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:316–322, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Level of implementation of the ISO 14001 standard in Spanish industrial companies
Authors: del Brío Jesús Ángel , Junquera Beatriz
Published: August 2002

We analyse in this work aspects related to the ISO 14001 standard to certify an environmental management system: the average time to obtain the certificate, the level of difficulty and the numbers of trained managers and employees, among other things. With this analysis we show that the process of certification in Spain has not reached a sufficient level of development yet, but is in a progressive stage of introduction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A further exploration of disgust in eating disorders
Authors: Troop Nicholas A. , Treasure Janet L. , Serpell Lucy
Published: August 2002

Objective:

Disgust is an emotion that is intimately linked to food and eating and it has been proposed that disgust may therefore be an important emotion in eating disorders. However, empirical evidence has been mixed.

Method:

Two hundred and eight participants with a history of eating disorders completed measures of current and past eating disorder symptoms and a disgust questionnaire measuring disgust sensitivity in five domains (foodstuffs of animal origin, human body and body products, invertebrate animals, gastroenteric products, sexual practices).

Results:

Despite some differences with previous results, both current and remitted eating disorder volunteers reported higher levels of disgust towards foodstuffs of animal origin and to the human body and its products. In addition, those in remission from an eating disorder had lower levels of disgust towards the human body and its products than did those who were still ill but these groups did not differ in their disgust towards foodstuffs of animal origin.

Conclusion:

It is concluded that eating disorders are not associated with an increased global disgust sensitivity but that this is specific to areas that concern food and the body. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
2H/1H ratio analysis of flavor compounds by on‐line gas chromatography–pyrolysis–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HRGC–P–IRMS): citral
Authors: Hör Katja , Ruff Christiane , Weckerle Bernhard , König Thorsten , Schreier Peter
Published: August 2002

Based on 2H/1H measurements of commercial synthetic and natural citral (neral and geranial), on‐line gas chromatography–pyrolysis–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HRGC–P–IRMS) was used to determine the δ2HSMOW values of citral in essential oils from Cymbopogon flexuosus and C. citratus, Litsea cubeba, Lippia citriodora, Melissa officinalis and the Citrus species C. aurantium, C. limon, C. sinensis, C. paradisi and C. aurantifolia. The technique allowed reliable differentiation of natural (δ2HSMOW from −236 to −314‰) from synthetic products (δ2HSMOW from +38 to −197‰), even when some samples can also have very negative δ2H values, e.g. −197‰, but permitted no distinction within the origins from the various plant species. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solution of Navier–Stokes equations using multiquadric radial basis function networks
Authors: Mai‐Duy Nam , Tran‐Cong Thanh
Published: August 2002

A numerical method based on radial basis function networks (RBFNs) for solving steady incompressible viscous flow problems (including Boussinesq materials) is presented in this paper. The method uses a ‘universal approximator’ based on neural network methodology to represent the solutions. The method is easy to implement and does not require any kind of ‘finite element‐type’ discretization of the domain and its boundary. Instead, two sets of random points distributed throughout the domain and on the boundary are required. The first set defines the centres of the RBFNs and the second defines the collocation points. The two sets of points can be different; however, experience shows that if the two sets are the same better results are obtained. In this work the two sets are identical and hence commonly referred to as the set of centres. Planar Poiseuille, driven cavity and natural convection flows are simulated to verify the method. The numerical solutions obtained using only relatively low densities of centres are in good agreement with analytical and benchmark solutions available in the literature. With uniformly distributed centres, the method achieves Reynolds number Re = 100 000 for the Poiseuille flow (assuming that laminar flow can be maintained) using the density of $11\times 11$, Re = 400 for the driven cavity flow with a density of $33\times 33$ and Rayleigh number Ra = 1 000 000 for the natural convection flow with a density of $27\times 27$. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparisons of numerical methods with respect to convectively dominated problems
Authors: Wang Yongqi , Hutter Kolumban
Published: August 2002

A series of numerical schemes: first‐order upstream, Lax–Friedrichs; second‐order upstream, central difference, Lax–Wendroff, Beam–Warming, Fromm; third‐order QUICK, QUICKEST and high resolution flux‐corrected transport and total variation diminishing (TVD) methods are compared for one‐dimensional convection–diffusion problems. Numerical results show that the modified TVD Lax–Friedrichs method is the most competent method for convectively dominated problems with a steep spatial gradient of the variables. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation of follicular from mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma by detection of t(14;18) on single‐cell preparations and paraffin‐embedded sections
Authors: Nomura Kenichi , Sekoguchi Satoru , Ueda Kyoji , Nakao Mitsushige , Akano Yumiko , Fujita Yasuko , Yamashita Yasuhide , Horiike Shigeo , Nishida Kazuhiro , Nakamura Shigeo , Taniwaki Masafumi
Published: August 2002

A 57‐year‐old woman was referred to the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine because of multiple polypoid lesions in the duodenum. On the basis of the histopathologic findings, mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma had been diagnosed. The polypoid lesions did not show any improvement in spite of antimicrobial therapy for elimination of Helicobacter pylori. Because the disease remained stable during the clinical course, no other specific treatment was administered. We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on a single‐cell preparation obtained from the duodenal lesions, to assess the specific chromosome translocation. We identified BCL2/IGH fusion at a frequency of 83%. Two‐color FISH was also performed on paraffin‐embedded tissue sections, which demonstrated BCL2/IGH fusion–positive cells in neoplastic follicles. These findings, together with the CD10+ immunophenotyping of tumor cells, led to a diagnosis of primary follicular lymphoma of the duodenum. Interphase FISH with the IGH gene and oncogene probes is a rapid and powerful tool for assessing genomic changes in gastrointestinal lymphoma on single‐cell preparations and tissue sections. This technique is particularly useful in view of the increasingly small core biopsy samples and needle aspirations obtained for diagnostic purposes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defective DNA‐mismatch repair: a potential mediator of leukemogenic susceptibility in therapy‐related myelodysplasia and leukemia
Authors: Olipitz Werner , Hopfinger Georg , Aguiar Ricardo C.T. , Gunsilius Eberhard , Girschikofsky Michael , Bodner Claudia , Hiden Karin , Linkesch Werner , Hoefler Gerald , Sill Heinz
Published: August 2002

We investigated the potential role of defective DNA‐mismatch repair (MMR) as a mediator of leukemogenic susceptibility in patients with therapy‐related myelodysplasia (t‐MDS) and leukemia (t‐leuk). Thirty‐seven individuals with t‐MDS/t‐leuk were analyzed for microsatellite instability (MSI), the hallmark of defective DNA‐MMR. Using standardized international criteria, 5/37 (14%) patients displayed high MSI, whereas 3 other patients had low MSI (8%). To determine the stage at which MSI had developed, we analyzed the primary tumors of 12 patients. Three of 4 patients with high MSI t‐MDS/t‐leuk also had microsatellite unstable primary tumors. Conversely, MSI was not detected in any primary malignancy of patients with low MSI or microsatellite stable t‐MDS/t‐leuk (P = 0.0182). In the high MSI group, we further investigated genes targeted by defective DNA‐MMR (BAX, TGFBRII, IGFIIR, Caspase‐5, APC, PTEN, E2F4, MBD4, MSH6, and MSH3) in both primary tumor and t‐MDS/t‐leuk. However, no mutation was found in any gene. The significant association of MSI in t‐MDS/t‐leuk and corresponding primary tumors suggests that defective DNA‐MMR confers leukemogenic susceptibility to this cohort of patients. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apparent human BRCA1 knockout caused by mispriming during polymerase chain reaction: Implications for genetic testing
Authors: Kuschel Bettina , Gayther Simon A. , Easton Douglas F. , Ponder Bruce A. J. , Pharoah Paul D. P.
Published: August 2002

We report an apparent BRCA1 homozygous knockout that, on further analysis, was found to be an artefact of the polymerase chain reaction. This finding has two important implications. First, it challenges results of a previous study that reported a homozygous knockout associated with the same BRCA1 mutation. Second, our findings suggest that mispriming caused by mismatched primers at the site of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, leading to preferential amplification of one allele, may represent a significant proportion of instances of mutation‐detection insensitivity. This may have major implications for the sensitivity of all polymerase chain reaction–based mutation‐detection methods in clinical genetic testing laboratories. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transposition and gene disruption in the male germline of the mouse
Authors: Dupuy Adam J. , Fritz Sabine , Largaespada David A.
Published: August 2002

We have tested a synthetic, functional, transposon called Sleeping Beauty for use in mice as a germline insertional mutagen. We describe experiments in which mutagenic, polyadenylation‐site trapping, transposon vectors were introduced into the germline of mice. When doubly transgenic males, expressing the Sleeping Beauty transposase gene (SB10) and harboring poly(A)‐trap transposon vectors, were outcrossed to wild‐type females, offspring were generated with new transposon insertions. The frequency of new transposon insertion is roughly two per male gamete. These new insertions can be passed through the germline to the next generation and can insert into or near genes. We have generated a preliminary library of 24 mice harboring 56 novel insertion sites, including one insertion into a gene represented in the EST database and one in the promoter of the galactokinase (Gck) gene. This technique has promise as a new strategy for forward genetic screens in the mouse or functional genomics. genesis 30:82–88, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient FLP recombination in mouse ES cells and oocytes
Authors: Schaft Julia , Ashery‐Padan Ruth , van der Hoeven Frank , Gruss Peter , Stewart A. Francis
Published: August 2002

Summary: We report an improved vector, pCAGGS‐FLPe, for transient expression of the enhanced FLP recombinase in mouse ES cells and oocytes. In standard transfection experiments, about 6% of total ES colonies showed FLP recombination, albeit with mosaicism within each colony. After microinjection of pCAGGS‐FLPe into oocytes, about one‐third of heterozygotic mice born showed complete FLP recombination. Thus pCAGGS‐FLPe presents two practical options for removal of FRT cassettes in mice. genesis 31:6–10, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of P2X7 receptors induced [3H]GABA release from the RBA‐2 type‐2 astrocyte cell line through a Cl−/HCO3−‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Wang Chia‐Mei , Chang Yuan‐Yi , Kuo Jon‐Son , Sun Synthia H.
Published: August 2002

ATP is an important signaling molecule in the nervous system and it's signaling is mediated through the metabotropic P2Y and ionotropic P2X receptors. ATP is known to stimulate Ca2+ influx and phospholipase D (PLD) activity in the type‐2 astrocyte cell line, RBA‐2; in this study, we show that the release of preloaded [3H]GABA from RBA‐2 cells is mediated through the P2X7 receptors. ATP and the ATP analogue 3′‐O‐(4‐benoylbenoyl)‐adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (BzATP) both stimulated [3H]GABA release in a concentration dependent manner, while the nonselective P2 receptor antagonist pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulfonic acid (PPADS), the P2X7‐sensitive antagonist oxidized ATP (oATP), and high extracellular Mg2+ all inhibited the ATP‐stimulated [3H]GABA release. The ATP‐stimulated [3H]GABA release was not affected neither by removing extracellular Na+ nor by changes in the intracellular or extracellular Ca2+ concentration. The GABA transporter inhibitors nipecotic acid and β‐alanine also had no effect. The ATP‐stimulated [3H]GABA release was blocked, however, when media Cl− was replaced with gluconate and when extracellular HCO3− was removed. The Cl− channel/exchanger blockers 4,4′‐diisothiocyanatostilbene‐2′,2′‐disulfonic acid (DIDS) and 4‐acetamido‐4′‐ isothiocyanatostilbene‐2′,2′‐disulfonic acids (SITS), but not diphenylamine‐2‐carboxylic acid (DPC) and furosemide, blocked the ATP‐stimulated [3H]GABA release. The anionic selectivity of the process was F− > Cl− > Br− which is the same as that reported for volume‐sensitive Cl− conductance. Treating cells with phorbol‐12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), forskolin, dibutyryl‐cAMP, PD98059, neomycin, and D609 all inhibited the ATP‐stimulated [3H]GABA release. We concluded that in RBA‐2 cells, ATP stimulates [3H]GABA release through the P2X7 receptors via a Cl−/HCO3−‐dependent mechanism that is regulated by PKC, PKA, MEK/ERK, and PLD. GLIA 37:8–18, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.