bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sources of Disenchantment with Democracy*
Authors: Reykowski Janusz
Published: April 2020

Disenchantment with democracy may have different sources. One such source is the discrepancy between the expected advantages of the system and the experience with real democracy. In our research, we found that these expectations depend on lay theories of democracy that may differ substantially from its normative conceptions and practical realizations. Another source is the change in social priorities that can be described as a conservative shift. This change is a reaction to an increased sense of existential and epistemic insecurity that entails higher preferences for strong government founded on tradition and a shared worldview. It is associated with decreased importance of political agency and pluralism. There is also disappointment with democratic politics based on adversarial principles, in which those who gain political advantage shape the political and social relations according to their own interests and points of view, ignoring the interests and views of others.
Metaphor
Authors: Freeman Margaret H.
Published: April 2020

Metaphor is dangerous. The act of metaphoring—mapping between unlike domains—has iconic power, power to transform our conventional ways of seeing and, by so doing, to change or modulate our minds and our behavior. First, the chapter lays the groundwork for a cognitively oriented view of metaphor by discussing two contrasting views of what happens when one either takes metaphor literally or sees it as a model of reality. It then explores the ways in which good metaphor has been traditionally understood in literary criticism in order to suggest a more interconnected approach between ourselves and the worlds of our experience. The chapter compares the present view of metaphorical function in structuring a poem as icon with two Peircean-influenced approaches, and introduces hierarchic metaphoric processing at the linguistic, conceptual, and sensory-emotive levels. Finally, the chapter builds on the model of blending to explain how metaphoring functions in the creation of a poetic icon.
Topography and Tools of Interaction
Authors: Leidwanger Justin
Published: April 2020

This chapter provides the key parameters for modeling the Roman and Late Antique maritime movement and economic activities at the center of this study. It first explores the local marine environment, particularly the topography, currents, winds, and other natural factors most directly relevant to ancient seafaring. Following a brief overview of the archaeological evidence and allied iconographic and textual sources for Roman and Late Antique seafaring, the discussion turns to ship construction and types, sizes of vessels and cargos, and rigging and outfitting, as well as sailing speeds, capabilities, and journey conditions in the study area.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place
Authors: Haberman David L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers ways of thinking about the challenges of radical cultural difference posed by something like intimate interaction with a stone, and explores the nature of and possibilities within anthropological cross-cultural understanding and interpretation designed to address them. The author claims that, as one who works to interpret, translate, and explain aspects of Hindu religious culture primarily for an American readership, he stands between a rock—Mount Govardhan—and a hard place—American society. For most Americans the worship of stones is hard to understand. This practice is alien, weird, absurd, unreasonable, or silly and childish, perhaps even sinful. Comprehending it in any acceptable manner seems extremely difficult, maybe impossible.
A God of Stone
Authors: Haberman David L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers various theological conceptions of the mountain, much of which has never been presented in previous scholarly literature. This also helps illustrate the specific nature of the extreme cultural difference represented by Mount Govardhan. It argues that Mount Govardhan is a mountain of embodied love, and is identified with the very source of all love. Govardhan is a mountainous form of divinity that is said to give love quickly and is readily available for a loving relationship with those devotees who approach it. This goes for every stone on the mountain. In this sense, Govardhan is a mountain of “loving stones.” In return, what the mountain asks for is love. And indeed, Mount Govardhan and its stones are honored and loved intensely through a great variety of forms of worship.
Honoring the King of Mountains
Authors: Haberman David L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the ritualized ways in which the mountain is honored, specifically its circumambulation (parikrama) and devotional worship (puja). Pious pilgrims have been circumambulating Mount Govardhan for centuries; today, their numbers seem to be rising steadily. Although no official statistical information is available, residents of the five towns around the mountain report swelling crowds of visitors coming to circumambulate the sacred mountain. The routine parikrama draws thousands of pilgrims daily, and these numbers surge considerably on special days. The customary way of performing the circumambulation of Mount Govardhan consists of walking around the hill reverentially in a clockwise direction. All pilgrims are to fix their hearts and minds on this mountain form of Krishna and commune with it visually through sight (darshan) and physically with touch (sparshan).
A Tale of Two Mountains
Authors: Haberman David L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter investigates the history of the application of the concept of idolatry as an interpretive strategy in the comparative study of religions—particularly as it has been applied to the worship of material forms such as mountains or stones. It also considers more productive ways of regarding religious interaction with material forms of divinity. The roots of the concept of idolatry can be traced back to the times of the Hebrew Bible and theological reflections of Jewish thinkers like Maimonides. However, in the sixteenth century, Europe witnessed enormous changes wherein this concept came to overshadow much thought and action. Application of the concept of idolatry became the crucial concern, and was employed in a much stricter and more extensive manner.
Non-Duality, Play, and an Invitation
Authors: Haberman David L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers major philosophical tenets that circumscribe the particular Hindu worldview which supports and informs many of the conceptions and practices associated with Mount Govardhan—especially non-duality (advaita) and play (lila). It reflects on some of the implications derived from the interrelated concepts of non-duality and play in the context of the worship of Mount Govardhan, particularly as they relate to the possibilities they have to offer to the larger field of religious studies. What might non-dual play contribute to the study of religion that takes difference seriously, and what might be gained from engaging in such an adventure into religious difference? The chapter concludes with an examination of some of the environmental lessons that can be inferred from a study of the worship of Mount Govardhan.
If Research Is So Important, Why Do We Often Ignore the Results?
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In If Research is So Important, Why Do We Often Ignore the Results? the authors challenge the extent to which mental health professionals truly are consumers of research. Do they keep up with research or even care about research in the field. Many of the issues, concerns, and problems faced in social science research are multi-faceted, yet society tends to focus on simple solutions. For example, violence in the schools can be curtailed by school uniforms. Such myths perpetuate poor practice. In addition, the scientific method adopted from the physical sciences have limited application to the social sciences, of which psychotherapy is based. As these limitations are applied to psychotherapy, the ability to understand the extent to which psychotherapy is beneficial to clients is compromised. Reframing what constitutes success with a client may be necessary.
Mythology and Ethics
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In Mythology and Ethics the authors note the difficulty in navigating emotional and values-based conflicts. Cases of counter-transference are common and require an awareness by the therapist to address the conflict. Sometimes a referral could be necessary. But when such conflicts are values-based, ethical bracketing is recommended, which runs counter-intuitive to countertransference. Individual change, even for therapists, can be difficult, and although the research basis for counter-transference is well-established, extant research on ethical bracketing is very limited. Such issues, along with other ethical mandates such as confidentiality, can compromise client trust. Moreover, although therapists may strive to be honest with clients, transparency and honesty are not always easy to maintain. Therapists cannot guarantee the success of a client or know that an intervention will be effective. Yet, such statements often persist in counseling.
All You Need Is Tea
Authors: Herrold Catherine E.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 presents the democracy building strategies of Egypt’s philanthropic foundations and development NGOs. Amidst widespread government repression of civil society and heightened suspicion of Western efforts to promote democracy, local organizations stepped in. They harnessed citizens’ desires to take part in Egypt’s trajectory and positioned themselves as facilitators of citizen-led initiatives. Instead of creating and imposing their own reform initiatives, Egyptian foundations and development NGOs worked closely with grassroots communities to cultivate democracy on their terms. Egyptians wanted political, economic, and social justice, not necessarily a Western-style democracy. The approach taken by local groups both respected grassroots priorities and cultures and allowed the organizations to evade government crackdowns.
The New Normal
Authors: Wallace Jeremy
Published: April 2020

Since 2012, politics in the People’s Republic of China has been remade. Both institutional and rhetorical changes characterize this neopolitical “new normal,” which coincides with Xi Jinping’s rise to the top of the party-state hierarchy. But these changes extend well beyond Xi himself. Political authority has been centralized and folded back into the Chinese Communist Party, while complaints, self-criticisms, and confessions have begun to air publicly. Repression and humiliation have been used against critics as wide-ranging as Hong Kong booksellers, feminist activists, and rights lawyers, among others. Most ominously, the government has embarked on a massive detention and reeducation scheme in Xinjiang, with the number of those interned estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands or even surpassing a million. This chapter investigates China’s neopolitical turn—its limits, sources, and implications.
How Russian Media Control, Manipulate, and Leverage Public Discontent
Authors: Lankina Tomila , Watanabe Kohei , Netesova Yulia
Published: April 2020

The chapter analyzes how state media in authoritarian states manipulate information on protest. The authors develop a Russian-language dictionary and leverage the Latent Semantic Scaling (LSS) electronic content analysis technique to identify periods during which the media are more likely to portray protests as contributing to public disorder and those during which the media employ a frame that highlights citizens’ democratic right to freedom of assembly. Employing supervised machine learning, the authors analyze protest coverage in thousands of news stories that appeared in Russia’s state-controlled media during the 2011–2013 protest cycle and contrast it with coverage of protests in non-state-controlled media. Following the reelection of Vladimir Putin to his third presidential term in March 2012, a significant shift toward the disorder framing of anti-regime street activism was observed. This trend contrasts sharply with coverage of the October 2013 nationalist rallies in Moscow, which targeted migrants. The findings have implications for theorizing how autocrats manipulate protest.
The Logic of Vladimir Putin’s Popular Appeal
Authors: Matovski Aleksandar
Published: April 2020

This chapter traces the roots of the popularity of Vladimir Putin—arguably the most important, controversial, and perplexing aspect of his reign. Based on his image of an indispensable strongman, reversing Russia’s catastrophic post-Soviet decline, Putin’s popularity allowed him to consolidate an authoritarian regime largely through the ballot box and with minimal resort to coercion. But this strongman appeal faded as Russia began to stagnate under his reign. The chapter analyzes how Putin resuscitated his decaying brand with the interventions in Ukraine and Syria, and why he cannot back down from his dangerous crusade to “make Russia great again.”
Policing in India and the Status of Human Rights
Authors: Aston Joshua N.
Published: April 2020

This chapter deals with the policing system in India, the police acts and various other related acts enforced in the country, and the status of human rights of the accused or the person in detention. There have been frequent incidents of violation of human rights and complaints against the use of torture, third-degree methods, illegal detention, custodial deaths, assaults, and fake encounters, which have been reported by the media. There are numerous instances of reported custodial crimes and terrible cases of the use of third-degree methods, harassment, and misuse of power, position, and authority. This chapter discusses such serious violations of human rights of the accused and imprisoned by way of arrest, third-degree methods, unwarranted summoning of people/suspects to the police station, and various other custodial crimes. The chapter also discusses the provision of bail in non-bailable offences and handcuffing in the country. It highlights the role of the National Human Rights Commission and its relation with the police system and upholding of human rights.
Crisis in the Indian Police System
Authors: Aston Joshua N.
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the situation and conditions of the police force of the country and the crisis it faces while administering and maintaining law and order. It also discusses and gives an overview of the politicization of the police force, how it is misused by people in power and public servants of the state, and the accountability of the police towards its citizens in protecting them and their fundamental rights.
Community Policing
Authors: Aston Joshua N.
Published: April 2020

Community policing is often referred to as neighbourhood policing, and this has been one of the major reforms in the police system. In this chapter, various community policing initiatives and reforms undertaken by the police in various states of India have been discussed. By such experiences through different schemes, it has been proved that community policing is of utmost importance, and it is advantageous towards having a smooth functioning of society in particular and the government in general.
Migration, Modernization, and Social Change
Authors: Afsar Rita , Hossain Mahabub
Published: April 2020

Chapter 8 unlocks the inter-relationship between migration and modernization by analysing attitudinal changes associated with urban living such as attitudes towards gender division of labour, women’s higher education, and participation in the labour market, to generate broader understanding on women’s empowerment. It also assesses whether, how, and to what extent gender and generational relations are redefined and impacted in relation to migration. It does so by analysing gender roles, attitudes, and aspirations regarding major institutions and practices including marriage, divorce, dowry, and inheritance that govern gender relations. It presents the actual situation of the members of these families on each of these accounts to examine whether there is consistency between what they think and what they practice. In this process, it identifies the factors that are conducive towards progressive attitudes and practices, and those which impede progress, the key determinant of qualitative changes and a migrants’ prospects for a better future.
Steeped in the Blood of Racism
Authors: Bristow Nancy K.
Published: April 2020

This book recounts the death of two young African Americans, Phillip Gibbs and James Earl Green and the wounding of twelve others when white police and highway patrolmen opened fire on students in front of a dormitory at Jackson State College, a historically black college (HBCU) in May 1970. It situates this story in the broader events of the civil rights and black power eras, emphasizing the role white supremacy played in causing police violence and shaping the aftermath. A state school controlled by an all-white Board of Trustees, Jackson State had a reputation as a conservative campus where students faced expulsion for activism. By 1970, students were pushing back, responding to the evolving movement for African American freedom. Law enforcement attacked this changing campus, reflecting both traditional patterns of repression and the new logic and racially coded rhetoric of “law and order.” After, the victims and their survivors struggled unsuccessfully to find justice or a place in the nation’s public memory. Despite multiple investigations, two grand juries, and a civil suit, no officers were charged, no restitution was paid, and no apologies were offered. Overshadowed by the shooting of white students at Kent State University ten days earlier, the violence was routinely misunderstood as similar in cause, a story that evaded the essential role of race in causing it. Few besides the local African American community proved willing to remember. This book provides crucial context for situating the ongoing crisis of state violence against people of color in its long history.
“A well conceived scheme to maintain racial segregation”
Authors: Bristow Nancy K.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1 situates Jackson State College in the racial history of Mississippi, emphasizing the struggle it faced against white supremacy and the balancing act its leadership performed. Determined to preserve the school, its presidents, both white and black, were forced to accept elements of racial containment. When protests emerged in Jackson in the 1960s, the Board of Trustees ensured that Jackson State’s president, Jacob Reddix, controlled student activism. When students joined Jacksonians to protest segregation in the city, he expelled them. When students voiced their political opinions, he dissolved the Student Government Association. During Freedom Summer, the Board of Trustees tightened restrictions on students. The smallest protest or rumor prompted white Jacksonians to condemn the campus as a breeding ground of criminals. In 1967 a new president, John A. Peoples, relaxed some restrictions on student life, even as the increasing influence of Black Power began to be felt on campus.
“Buckshot, rifle slugs, a submachine gun”
Authors: Bristow Nancy K.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 details the events culminating in the shooting deaths of two young African Americans and the wounding of twelve others. On May 13, 1970, police responded to students throwing rocks at the vehicles of white motorists. Trouble resumed the next evening. Although, law enforcement later claimed there was a sniper, the shootings were entirely unwarranted, and resulted from their mistakes and failures as they rushed through their protocols, skipped important steps, and substituted a hyper-militarized response for careful planning. Their inability to distinguish between a handful of people engaging in property destruction and the majority of peaceful students as well as their abrogation of the basic rules of crowd control heightened the risk of violence. But it was their racism, and their false belief that the students posed a dangerous threat, which made it possible for these heavily armed officers to pull the trigger on unarmed African American students.
“The law says they can do it, and they did it”
Authors: Bristow Nancy K.
Published: April 2020

In 1972 the families of Phillip Gibbs, James Earl Green, and three students injured in the Jackson State shootings, filed suit against Mississippi, its former governor, the city of Jackson and its mayor, leadership of both the highway patrol and city police, and the patrolmen and policemen who had fired their weapons. White defense attorneys worked to recast the police and Jackson’s white citizens as the shooting’s victims and coupled presumed black criminality with accusations about civil rights activism. Jackson’s black community was not surprised when the all-white jury found for the defendants. A federal appeals court disagreed, finding law enforcement officers had overreacted in an “excessive and unjustifiable use of force” but maintained no damages could be paid because the state and its officers were protected by “sovereign immunity.” When the US Supreme Court refused to hear the case, the last legal recourse of the Jackson State victims ended.
Introduction
Authors: Wilken Rowan
Published: April 2020

This Introduction provides an overview of the general terrain of the book as a whole. It examines definitional complications associated with the phrase “locative media”; traces the origins of this term within locative media arts; gives an overview of a number of major technological developments that fueled wider uptake and broader public embrace of mobile location-based services; acknowledges that determining the whereabouts of mobile (cell) phone users has a longer history that predates smartphones; and outlines three major evolutions to mobile location-sensitive social networking. The Introduction also reflects on a number of limitations to the present study, and summarizes the book’s structure and contents.
Location Integration and Data Markets
Authors: Wilken Rowan
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the still-evolving business and revenue models and geolocation data capture efforts of two commercial businesses now central to the contemporary settlement of locative media: Foursquare and Facebook. In Foursquare’s case, it underwent a quite dramatic series of transformations, evolving from a check-in based mobile social networking service, to a search and recommendation service, and now also serving as a firm offering location intelligence related enterprise services. In Facebook’s case, it set about further strengthening its grip on social media data markets by adding geolocation functionalities and geodata capture capabilities to its social networking operations. These two case studies provide a rich composite picture of the business ecologies of locational information. The aim in selecting these cases is to develop a clearer understanding of how both firms accrue location data and how they extract location value—that is, how this information is shared, harvested, valued, reused, and commodified.
Location Data Extraction and Retention
Authors: Wilken Rowan
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines two separate case studies that pertain to the acquisition and retention of various forms of geocoded data extracted from locative media devices and associated infrastructure at scale, and where the political economic interests of governments and corporations are in tension. The first of these case studies examines the controversies that flowed from revelations that Google had been gathering Wi-Fi data as part of its international Street View operations. The second focuses on the US National Security Agency (NSA) and its far-reaching surveillance program, as revealed through the Edward Snowden papers. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the impacts of corporate and corporate-state data extraction and retention, and the legacies of the two specific cases under examination.
Conclusion
Authors: Wilken Rowan
Published: April 2020

The Conclusion revisits the terrain the book has covered, providing recapitulations of the arguments of each of the three parts of the book and the chapters contained within them. The argument of this Conclusion is that, while locative media having shifted significantly over the course of the past decade or so, location, locative media, and location data capture remain central concerns, both in the present and within and for new technological developments. It is, for instance, central to visions of “smart” or “networked” cities, and of depth-sensing vision capture technologies. Location is also crucial to recent developments in mapping and indoor mapping, autonomous vehicle development, environmental sensing, the internet of things, machine learning, and distributed ledger technologies.
The God of Rome
Authors: Hejduk Julia
Published: April 2020

Inspiring reverence and blasphemy, combining paternal benignity with sexual violence, transcendent universality with tribal chauvinism, Jupiter represents both the best and the worst of ancient religion. Though often assimilated to Zeus, Jupiter differs from his Greek counterpart as much as Rome differs from Greece; “the god of Rome” conveys both Jupiter’s sovereignty over Rome and his symbolic encapsulation of what Rome represents. Understanding this dizzyingly complex figure is crucial not only to the study of Roman religion, but to the whole of literary, intellectual, and religious history. This book examines Jupiter in Latin poetry’s most formative and fruitful period, the reign of the emperor Augustus. As Roman society was transformed from a republic or oligarchy to a de facto monarchy, Jupiter came to play a unique role as the celestial counterpart of the first earthly princeps. While studies of Augustan poetry may glance at Jupiter as an Augustus figure, or Augustus as a Jupiter figure, they rarely explore the poets’ richly nuanced treatment of the god as a character in his own right. This book fills that gap, demonstrating how Jupiter attracts thoughts about politics, power, sex, fatherhood, religion, poetry, and almost everything else of importance to poets and other humans. It explores the god’s manifestations in the five major Augustan poets (Virgil, Horace, Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid), providing a fascinating window on a transformative period of history, as well as a comprehensive view of the poets’ individual personalities and shifting concerns.
The Changing World of Scholarly Books
Authors: Greco Albert N.
Published: April 2020

Digital scholarly book technologies, especially print-on-demand (POD), directly impacted authors, readers, libraries, and publishers. It was possible to significantly reduce traditional lithographic (often called litho, offset, or photo-offset) print runs and rely on small runs, which were more likely to be sold, and then utilize POD for additional sales. This chapter addresses the impact of technological changes on print and digital scholarly books, including patron-driven access, and the impact on academic library collection development and electronic reserves. Attention is paid to the movement for open access scholarly books, libraries publishing academic books, and the growing threats and costs of book piracy to publishers, including Sci-Hub. Scholarly book revenues are presented and discussed.
Compensation
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

This chapter looks at so-called backward-looking justifications for affirmative action, e.g., most notably arguments that justify affirmative action as a way of providing quasi-compensation for descendants of victims of past injustices. The chapter is quite critical of this justification. One reason for this derives from Parfit’s important non-identity problem, while another reason for this skepticism derives from the difficulties of providing an attractive account of what a quasi-compensation-relevant relation of descent consists of. With these two problems in mind the chapter also scrutinizes the view that innocent beneficiaries of historic injustice have special duties to bear the costs of affirmative action. In closing, the chapter argues that the expounded criticisms of compensation-based justifications of affirmative action are compatible with the view that there exist duties (e.g., on the part of states) to apologize for past injustices.
Mitigating discrimination
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 explores the anti-discrimination justification for affirmative action, i.e., the argument that affirmative action is justified as a means of eliminating discrimination or, less ambitiously, neutralizing the negative effects of discrimination on discriminatees. It shows why this argument amounts to a strong argument in favor of affirmative action even on the assumption that discrimination is not unjust per se. It also offers some general reasons why affirmative action is a better means of mitigating unjust discrimination than aggressive anti-discrimination law enforcement or cash payments. Finally, it defends the two premises of the anti-discrimination argument against the proportional representation assumption and the moral division of responsibility challenge.
Role models
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

This chapter assesses arguments contending that affirmative action is justified as a means of ensuring role models for minorities. It argues that often this argument is best construed as one that appeals to a suitably broad notion of qualifications and which, coincidentally, justifies some of the selection schemes that are normally regarded as affirmative action. As such, within a certain range of settings, most notably educational ones, it is a rather strong argument, though possibly reducible to the equality of opportunity argument. Moreover, exactly what sort of affirmative action it supports—if any at all—depends on which distributive shape its normative premise takes and on the specifics of the psychology of role modeling—issues which are generally under-described in the literature.
Diversity
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses diversity-based justifications of affirmative action. It offers different accounts of the scope of diversity and different accounts of what diversity consists of. The overall conclusion of the chapter is that while, in some contexts, considerations about diversity speak in favor of specific affirmative action policies, most benefits from diversity are not tied to specifically boosting the representation of excluded groups. Moreover, in some scenarios increasing diversity will actually speak in favor of reducing the representation of an excluded, but large, minority. Finally, the chapter draws a distinction between critiques of proponents of the diversity argument who appeal to a concern for diversity in an opportunistic way and critiques of that argument as such.
Integration
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that while Elizabeth Anderson’s recent integrationist argument for affirmative action justifies some forms of affirmative action, it does not justify affirmative action across the board. Moreover, in those versions where it does provide some justification for some schemes of affirmative action, it might be reducible to particular versions of the discrimination mitigation-based or the equality of opportunity-based arguments. In those cases where it is not so reducible, it represents a novel way of thinking about affirmative action, to wit, in light of the so-called relational ideal of justice as opposed to distributive ideals of justice. When so construed, however, the integrationist argument cannot stand alone, since it implies, implausibly, that we should possibly be indifferent between affirmative action for those who are worse off and preferential treatment of the privileged in relation to low-ranking jobs in the occupational hierarchy, etc.
Stigma and self-esteem
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

This chapter looks at the objection that the intended beneficiaries of affirmative action are harmed through its stigmatizing effects and, thus, that affirmative action is self-defeating. It offers three main reasons why this objection is weak. First, it seems likely that stigma is not merely a matter of rational statistical inferences but also a matter of irrational processes such as implicit bias, the sheer numbers effect, etc. Second, much stigma is likely to reflect epistemic injustice, e.g. recipients of affirmative action are likely to suffer from comparative and non-comparative epistemic injustice in the form of overgeneralizations to a higher degree than other groups. Hence, the stigma objection provides no objection to affirmative action schemes that also involve means to eliminate the relevant epistemic injustice. This relates to the chapter’s third point, which is that affirmative action policies can be part of a larger package of policies that, taken as a whole, is immune to the stigma objection.
Mismatch
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

This chapter scrutinizes objections pointing to the putative fact that affirmative action is both under- and overinclusive, i.e. it both benefits people who are not relevantly disadvantaged and harms people who neither bear responsibility for nor are innocent beneficiaries of the injustice that the relevant affirmative action schemes address. While the empirical premise of the initial version of the under-/over-inclusion objection is true, its normative premise is implausibly demanding, i.e. that any degree of under-/over-inclusion renders a scheme unjust. Hence, I propose to revise this argument such that its normative premise becomes less demanding and, thus, more plausible in that, inter alia, it coheres with the belief that a penal system might be justified even if it raises issues about under-/overinclusion similar to those raised by affirmative action. The resulting argument is a better objection in that its normative premise, with some qualifications, seems relevantly true. However, it is no longer clear that the required empirical premise is true, i.e. that the mismatch between deserved and actual harms and benefits is not smaller with affirmative action than without.
Publicity
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

According to the publicity objection to affirmative action, inevitably public affirmative action programs are self-defeating. This is the empirical premise of the objection. The normative premise says that affirmative action is justified only if it does not violate the liberal publicity constraint and has a reasonable chance of being successful. The chapter argues that the former premise is false and the latter groundless. The normative premise is groundless because, in the form publicity must take to be congenial to the publicity objection, it cannot be based on the work of a selection of prominent liberal defenses of publicity. The empirical premise is false. Even if we focus on those goals which most plausibly are best served by nonpublic rather than public affirmative action, public affirmative action might still serve these goals even if not optimally so. While some actual affirmative action schemes might be objectionable because of the way in which they flout requirements of publicity, we cannot reject affirmative action on grounds of publicity.
The backend of news as a juxtaposition of data and human costs
Authors: Dowd Cate
Published: April 2020

Indexing and semantic code in news draw on a base of well-defined vocabulary from classification systems used by news editors for search tags, but journalism also uses leaked data, mobile metadata logs, and datasets for visualisations. The tagging systems in news, like NewsCode, are embedded in CMS and help to bind data for cross-referencing purposes. The defined concepts have an ontological base that relate to “news” and they are structured in hierarchical and logical ways. For many years social media tags were unstructured, but folksonomy approaches do not exclude semantic methods, and vice versa. Media cloud tools can also be used by journalists to generate lightly interactive graphic visualisations or to integrate data onto maps. However, data and metadata should also be used to develop new semantic systems to better protect journalists in conflict zones and to embed the values and ethics of journalism into algorithms for journalism training systems.
Language in data processing and ontology engineering for journalism
Authors: Dowd Cate
Published: April 2020

Trigonometry in algorithms with NLP (Natural Language Processing) can sort word connotations. The Triple structure of grammar in the RDF also extends to semantics in machine learning and big-data processing, but ontologies and a metamodel are essential for meaningful relations across data. They should inform the design of new journalism systems. Major processing platforms used by Facebook and Yahoo are distributed systems, like Hadoop, with resource negotiation features and computations applied to text. NLP used by Google also uses cosine vectors for connotations of words. Data processing already works across structured data for online news tags and unstructured data, like social media tags, with folksonomy characteristics, but social media also uses structured data. However, journalism is yet to come up with semantic systems, from an ontological base. For that end, ontologies across journalism, social media, and public relations and a little OWL to reason about resources can inform AI sub-systems and wider system perspectives.
Introduction
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues
Published: April 2020

This chapter provides an overview of U.S. criminal enforcement actions against global banks, including aggregate statistics about their targets and the penalties levied. It then examines the characteristics and motives of the principal actors involved: the global banks themselves, the regulatory agencies that supervise them, and the prosecutors who brought criminal cases against them. The chapter develops the book’s three central arguments, which structure the case studies examined in the following chapters. First, it argues that prosecutors bring to global bank oversight a set of priorities, incentives, and tools that differ fundamentally from those of the specialized agencies and transnational networks that traditionally occupied that field. Second, it contends that the U.S. government’s ability to impose its will on global banks stems from its control over vital hubs of the international financial infrastructure, such as the U.S. dollar and U.S.-based payment systems. Third, it argues that although U.S. enforcement actions have triggered complaints of unilateralism and can in some cases be self-interested, they can also unlock obstacles to international cooperation and lead to widespread benefits.
“An Extortion and an Act of Piracy”
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the efforts by Argentine bondholders that refused to consent to the country’s debt restructuring to use U.S. court proceedings to enforce their claims. It shows how, despite the theoretical availability of legal remedies against defaulting sovereigns, debt holders historically faced severe practical limitations of their ability to identify and attach assets to satisfy their claims. The chapter then relates how NML Capital, a U.S.-based investment fund, convinced a U.S. federal judge to accept a controversial interpretation of the bonds’ pari passu clause and to issue an injunction prohibiting Argentina from paying its other bondholders unless it also paid the holdouts. By extending the injunction to global banks and other central elements of the international financial infrastructure, the U.S. court effectively imposed financial sanctions on Argentina to enforce a private debt claim. This strategy proved successful, compelling Argentina to repay the holdout bondholders. The decision threatened to disrupt the sovereign debt restructuring process and led the IMF and other multilateral actors to initiate reforms to strengthen the legal basis for future restructurings.
Conclusion
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues
Published: April 2020

This chapter summarizes the findings of the case studies examined in the previous chapters and discusses their implications. The cases support the conjectures proposed in the introduction. Consistent with the differences in incentives and capabilities between regulators and prosecutors, the latter repeatedly provided robust enforcement against harmful practices by global banks that had not been effectively addressed by the former. Their ability to do so was buttressed by U.S. control over the international financial infrastructure, such as access to U.S. dollar payments, and the country’s leverage over global banks that rely on that infrastructure. Although banks and foreign governments often complained of U.S. unilateralism, in two cases—benchmark manipulation and tax evasion—U.S. enforcement actions led to substantial and widely beneficial international reforms. These conclusions challenge the widespread notion that U.S. enforcement actions against global banks are ineffective due to the “too big to jail” problem. They also qualify arguments to the effect that explicit deployment of U.S. structural power over international finance to achieve policy goals necessarily threatens to erode U.S. centrality in international finance.
The Transnational Formation of Latin American Musicology
Authors: Palomino Pablo
Published: April 2020

This chapter tells the history of the German-born Uruguayan musicologist Francisco Curt Lange and the Latin-American Music Bulletin he created, a musicological project intended as a forum for musicians and music-related figures from all over Latin America, and the United States, interested in creating a regional field of musicological studies and musical promotion. It examines policies about disc collection, score printing and distribution, musical ethnographies, folklore, musical analysis, conferences, concerts, and regional institutions promoted by the Bulletin, and traces relevant aspects of Lange’s professional journey between Germany, Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, and the United States, among other places. The chapter also highlights the changing place of the United States, both as a subject of musicological study and as a site of music-related hemispheric initiatives, in the history of this Latin Americanist project.
Latin/Pan-American Music
Authors: Palomino Pablo
Published: April 2020

This chapter explains the pan-American absorption of Latin Americanism during World War II and the inception of the “world music” discourse that led to the creation of UNESCO. It focuses on the work of Charles Seeger as director of the Pan American Union’s Music Division from the years leading to the United States entry into the war to the immediate postwar years. The chapter analyzes a host of actors and initiatives, by the Pan American Union and other music-related associations, that influenced the consolidation of Latin American music and inter-Americanism as fields of musicological and educational practice. It illuminates the place of Latin American music in the convergence of nationalist traditions, hemispheric rhetoric, and global horizons among musicological and diplomatic actors as World War II came to an end.
Home Free
Authors: Kirk David S.
Published: April 2020

This book is about building credible science to address the challenge of criminal recidivism. It does so by drawing upon a unique natural experiment that presented an opportunity to witness an alternate reality. More than 625,000 individuals are released from prison in the United States each year, and roughly half of these individuals will be back in prison within just three years. A likely contributor to the churning of the same individuals in and out of prison is the fact that many released prisoners return home to the same environment with the same criminal opportunities and criminal peers that proved so detrimental to their behavior prior to incarceration. This study uses Hurricane Katrina as a natural experiment for examining the question of whether residential relocation away from an old neighborhood can lead to desistance from crime. Many prisoners released soon after Katrina could not go back to their old neighborhoods, as they normally would have done. Their neighborhoods were devastated by a once-in-a-generation storm that damaged the vast majority of housing units in New Orleans. Hurricane Katrina provided a rare opportunity to investigate what happens when individuals move not just a short distance, but to entirely different cities, counties, and social worlds. This study draws upon both quantitative and qualitative evidence to reveal where newly released prisoners resided in the wake of the Katrina, the effect of residential relocation on the likelihood of reincarceration through eight years post-release, and the mechanisms revealing why residential change is so important after release from prison.
Introduction
Authors: Kirk David S.
Published: April 2020

This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to analyze why criminal recidivism rates remain persistently high and to reorient the search for solutions to recidivism by focusing on the importance of place of residence. This chapter situates the study by describing the facts about mass incarceration and prisoner reentry in the United States, including the fact that half of exiting prisoners are reincarcerated within three years of prison release. Many social critics have claimed that “nothing works” to rehabilitate prisoners. However, this book argues that residential change is an overlooked solution to chronic recidivism. This chapter introduces Hurricane Katrina as a natural experiment for examining the question of whether residential relocation away from an old neighborhood can lead to desistance from crime. Katrina provided an alternate reality for examining the relationship between where people live and their behavior.
The Wrath of Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Kirk David S.
Published: April 2020

The chapter describes the devastation to New Orleans and the Louisiana Gulf Coast inflicted by Hurricane Katrina. In Orleans Parish, 71.5 percent of housing units suffered some damage following Hurricane Katrina, with 42 percent severely damaged. The extent of housing destruction was similar in adjacent parishes of the wider New Orleans metropolitan area. Consequently, many prisoners released soon after Katrina could not go back to their old neighborhoods, as they normally would have done. Typically, 75 percent of individuals released from prison return to their former parish of residence. In the first six months after Katrina, just 50 percent returned to their home parish. Thus, this chapter shows that Hurricane Katrina fundamentally altered prevailing geographic patterns of prisoner reentry in Louisiana, affecting residential change and residential mobility for this population.