bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Question of Value in Social Marketing
Authors: Sirgy M. Joseph , Morris Michael , Samli K. Coskun
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Economic theory fails to recognize value in social marketing, it is argued, because these beliefs are widely held: (1) social marketers do not consider consumer needs, (2) they are motivated by social welfare, (3) the price mechanism does not fully operate in the social sphere, (4) there is usually insufficient competition, and (5) social marketing is less effective in market control. Based on quality‐of‐life (QOL) theory, several normative principles are derived to guide the efforts of social marketers. One, QOL‐means have to be determined by relating them to QOL‐ends (long term satisfaction). Two, discrepancies between QOI, means potentialities and actualities have to be minimized. And third, social marketing programs designed to minimize those discrepancies have to be developed in such a way as to reduce negative environmental impacts.
Bureaucratic and Personalized Strategies for Efficiency and Organization An Investigation of Structures and Efficiency in a Set of 104 Profit‐seeking Firms
Authors: Armandi Barry R. , Mills Edgar W.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A causal model of the relationship between organization structure and economic efficiency in profit oriented organizations is proposed and tested. Applying path analysis to data collected from 104 savings and loan associations in New York State, the results show that structural characteristics explained 20 per cent of the variance in organizational efficiency and 8 per cent in managerial efficiency Specifically, span of control, promotion policy and practice, and personnel evaluation frequency are good predictors of organizational efficiency. Similarly, complexity, documentation, and managerial salary differences serve as major causes of managerial efficiency changes. Overall, determinants of the efficiency measures are different from one another a bureaucratic strategy evokes a response in managerial efficiency, while a personalized strategy produces changes in organizational efficiency.
Discrimination and the Occupational Progress of Blacks since 1950
Authors: Medoff Marshall H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Previous research found that the relative occupational position of Blacks in the North and South between 1910 and 1950 showed little change. Utilizing an index of occupational position, which was the fixed weighted averages of the proportion of Blacks or Whites in different skill categories, it was found that the occupational position of Blacks relative to Whites showed substantial improvement between 1950 and 1980 in both the North and South and the United States as a whole. Using an index of occupational position based on variable weights as well as an index of occupational standing provided additional support for this finding. The hypothesis that best explained the relative occupational progress of Blacks since 1950 was that it was achieved by public policy. Antidscriminatory measures enacted in the sixties increased the cost of discriminating and concomitantly decreased the desire or ability to discriminate.
Worker Ownership and Participation in the Context of Social Change
Authors: Alexander Kenneth O.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A massive volume of literature has been generated over recent years concerning the nature of work organizations and resultant effects upon worker satisfaction and enterprise efficiency. Between extreme radical and conservative views, a good deal of attention has focused on worker ownership and the locus of power in the organization. Worker ownership can lead to beneficial results, but only if carefully structured. Worker participation in decision making is the key, but the transfer from authoritarianism is difficult. Any substantial transfer of enterprise ownership is remote. Even transformation to greater power sharing, short of ownership change, will be slow and fragile.
Henry George and the Catholic View of Morality and the Common Good, I
Authors: Benestad J. Brian
Published: July 2006

Abstract. On the issuance of the first of the modern social encyclicals, Rerum Novarum, Henry George, the American economist and social philosopher, criticized its author, Pope Leo XIII, for defending a limited right to own land and for limiting the right of private ownership of labor products. George did so by reasoning from Locke's ground that each human has a property right in one's person. George distinguished between possession (and use) and ownership of land on the ground of the common good. That required equality of mutual opportunity, which George would achieve by a Single Tax on all land values. Land reform, he held, would lead to moral reform, and thus to a society based on justice. Pope Leo goes beyond the Schoolmen in stressing a natural right to property, including land, which he asserted must be regarded as sacred. This right, he said, was not absolute, but subject to be used, according to God's Will, for the benefit of others. George looked to a change in the economic structure by reform of land tenure and use to establish a just social order; Leo to religion and the church, the government, moral individuals and voluntary associations to do so.
The Changing Status of Collectivized and Private Agriculture under Central Planning
Authors: O'Relley Z. Edward
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Official perceptions of agriculture's role in economic development in the Eastern European Soviet‐type economies have undergone significant alterations over the past several decades. These changes have been especially important in Hungary, a country well known for its unorthodox economic approaches. The modifications of status analyzed below have been consistent with the overall economic policy directives of the Communist party, including the current renewed emphasis on economic rationality, pragmatism, and the revitalization of the economic reform of 1968.
Liquidity, Its Origins and Effects
Authors: Miller Edward M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Accumulation of wealth claims—financial assets—gives the owner the option of present or future consumption and serves as a fund for it or as a reserve “against unforeseen contingencies” (Katona). In the latter case it reflects income uncertainties and the difficulties of borrowing in any time of personal emergency, or corporate special need. The borrowing rate must always be less than the lending rate to offset transaction costs; this gives rise to a spectrum of interest rates as economies of scale operate in capital raising and capital investing to overcome costs of achieving and improving liquidity. Uncertainty is a psychosocial factor in financial markets which makes traditional static two‐period models of limited value and requires dynamic multiperiod models for more comprehensive analyses.
Veblen and the Political Economy of the Engineer
Authors: Stabile Donald R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Thorstein Veblen's case for a Technocracy, “The Engineers and the Price System,” has long posed an enigma: Why would a thinker as radical as Veblen align himself with a group as conservative as engineers? But engineers themselves had developed a political economy with important points in common with Veblen's analysis. Starting from their positions as technological experts in corporations, engineers came to believe that business methods were not efficient for production; this belief led them to develop systems of scientific management as an antidote to old‐style management. Later, they expanded these ideas into a system of social management called Technocracy. This system of Technocracy represented an engineering effort at formulating an industrial democracy, with the cooperation of labor. Veblen was able to write a more systematic version of these ideas, because they fit in well with his own theoretical analysis.
The Methodology of Austrian Economics and Its Relevance to Institutionalism
Authors: Gunning J. Patrick
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The methodology of Austrian economics's presented in the writings of Ludwig von Mises is described. The Misesian system is built on a priori categories (choice, causality, teleology, time, uncertainty) which Mises regarded as common to all human actors. He used these categories to describe how theories of social phenomena must be constructed if they are to be comprehensible to others. To interpret history, including economic history, one must invent models based on subsidiary assumptions and he or she must make bypotheseszbom the specific “intentions and expectations” of actors. One model is that of an “economic institution.” The meaning of the Misesian model of an institution is stated. It is said to have much in common with the models of phenomenologicai sociology. Finally, contrary to recent papers in this Journal, it is argued that (1) Misesian a priori categories are not alternatives to a priori assumptions described by institutionalists, (2) although a pure theory of choice does not lend itself to the evaluation of public policy, hypotheses about specific intentions and expectations do permit such evaluations, and (3) statements by Mises on institutions and the study of history resemble those made by many institutionalists.
Henry George and the Ethics of Economics
Authors: Schwartzman Jack
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George's Progress and Poverty (1879) is a great ethical masterpiece. Its moral tone distinguishes the book. More than an economics test, it is a philosophic quest for justice, an impassioned declaration of the rule of natural law. Indignantly attacking the contention that economics has no place for natural law or ethics, George exclaims: “She [economics] has been degraded and shackled; her truths dislocated; her harmonies ignored.” On the contrary, George stresses, political economy (economics) is a science, and like all sciences, is governed by natural law. Furthermore, it is basically “moral.” Science must, of necessity, always lead to ethics. Natural law must, of necessity, always lead to morality, or justice.“The law of human progress, what is it but the moral law?” George asks. “Unless its foundation be laid in justice the social structure cannot stand.” The social ill that perpetuates poverty and the manifold evils it causes is private ownership of land and the private privilege of collecting its rent. “The fundamental law of nature, that the enjoyment by man shall be consequent upon his exertion, is thus violated.”
Effects of Educational Expenditures on Regional Inequality in the Social Quality of Life
Authors: Liu Ben‐chieh , Mulvey Thomas , Hsieh Chang‐Tzeh
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Earlier studies by Liu on Quality of Life (QOL) indicators have pointed out the problems of concentration interregional inequality among the fifty states in U.S.A. Noting that the interregional inequality problem has been gradually alleviated over the past two decades, this paper attempts to provide some rudimentary explanations about this converging phenomenon through a labor market adjusting process towards social, economic and spatial equilibrium. Published state data and QOL indicators developed by Liu for 1960, 1970 and 1978 tend to support the hypothesis that investment in human resources, especially through improved elementary and secondary education, would enhance social mobility which would in turn improve labor and capital productivity. The reduced regional inequality in economic QOL seemed to be more a response than a cause when compared to that in social QOL, because variations in educational expenditures were found to be more significantly related to the social QOL indicators than to the economic ones.
The Changing Political and Economic Status of the American Indians
Authors: Snipp C. Matthew
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Resource development on American Indian lands is bringing about a dramatic transformation of the political and economic status of American Indians. Recently, scholars observing this change have increasingly used underdevelopment theory to explain the nature of these changes. However, this discussion points out that as applied to American Indians, the perspective of underdevelopment theory is skewed in several important ways. Specifically, it fails to take into account the distinctive historical and political status of Indians in American society, A simple typology, captive nations 2Lad internal colonies is proposed for describing the status of Indian tribes before and after development.
Sex Discrimination in the Audiology Profession
Authors: Rassuli Ali , Roy Raj
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Male and female audiologists earn substantially different sums in the U.S. Inour survey of the practicing audiologists across the continental U.S., it was found that the male audiologists, on the average, earned$9,536 a year more in 1980 than did the female audiologists. The survey data, involving a well‐defined profession where males and females were nearly equally represented, were analysed to check if the observed differential was due to sex‐based productivity differences or to discrimination. Attributed to discrimination must be 64% of the earnings differential; it could not be explained by the relevant supply characteristics of audiologists, viz. experience, schooling, place of employment, marital status, regional concentration, etc. This conclusion was further confirmed by separate regressions of audiologists' earnings by attributing female supply characteristics to the male earnings structure and the male characteristics to the female earnings structure.
Leon Walras' Theory of Money
Authors: Cirillo Renato
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Leon Walras'theory of money, in spite of its serious flaws, provides important insights which should prove of interest to modern monetarists. He was one of the few economists in the classical tradition to detect major deficiencies in the quantity theory of money. He favored a strong public policy to regulate the money supply in order to ensure the preservation of economic equilibrium. Most of his arguments were motivated by his concern for the wage earners because he knew that they were the first to suffer in times of economic crisis.
Right‐to‐Work Laws and Geographic Differences in Living Costs: Comment
Authors: Reynolds Morgan O. , Edwards Mary
Published: July 2006

Abstract. M. Reynolds and M. Edwards, commenting on R. J. Cebula's study of geographic differences in living costs in states with Right‐to‐Work Laws, seek to extend his results and explore the relevance of alternative variables. Cebula, in reply, addresses the comment and re‐estimates the living cost impact of such laws, taking into account additional factors. Even after allowing for additional South/non‐South differences, Cebula reports, the original basic model is resilient.
Determinants of the Size of the Small Business Sector: They Are Labor Productivity, Wage Rates and Capital Intensity
Authors: Miller Edward M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Statistical analysis of a hitherto unpublished tabulation of the 1976 Annual Survey of Manufactures provides new evidence of the small business/ large business relationship in the U.S. economy. Small business (measured by employees) seems to have an advantage over large in that it has relatively lower wage costs. But the data prove it has a higher ratio of labor inputto unit output. Higher productivity in large firms make its wage/output relationship an advantage over small firms. Large firms pay appreciably higher wages than small where most production is by large firms. Highly skilled and hence higher paid workers may be a correlate of higher mechanization. Similarly, the role of capital intensity as an indicator of technology differences explains why capital productivity is no adequate explicator of firm industry share. These variables are closely related to profit margin. Relatively high book values in large firms are associated with low small business industry shares. Nor do large businesses have an advantage in lower prices for raw materials and parts. In the U.S. large business is centered in the capital intensive industries.
Rent Seeking in the Cameroon Economy: Krueger's Analytic Technique Helps to Account for Development Lag in Colonial States
Authors: Lorme Charles D. De , Kamerschen David R. , Mbaku John M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Traditional economic theory regards the social costs of monopoly as the reduction in both consumer and producer surplus as a result of monopolization of certain sectors of the economy. Recent research has shown that a proper accounting of the social costs of monopoly must include the costs of obtaining and maintaining monopoly positions. Anne O. Krueger used the term “rent seeking” to refer to the expending of scarce resources by entrepreneurs to fight for rents created through government activity in the economy. Excessive interference in the economy by government can result in an increase in the social costs of monopoly. In a developing country such as Cameroon, where government activity in the economy has been quite pervasive since the latter part of the 1800s, opportunities have been created for rent seeking. This type of activity has helped to impede the economic growth of the country.
The Vermont Land Gains Tax Experience With It Provides a Useful Lesson in the Design of Modern Land Policy
Authors: Daniels Thomas L. , Daniels Robert H. , Lapping Mark B.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Vermont is currently the only state which employs a special capital gains tax on certain land sales. A comparison between the Vermont land gains tax and Henry George's Single Tax provides a useful lesson in the design of modern land policy. The Vermont tax is aimed at discouraging short run land speculation, while the Single Tax seeks to discourage the long term quasimonopoly of land ownership. The Single Tax would capture unearned increments to land value while the Vermont tax applies only to realized capital gains and tends to reward long term speculators. An empirical analysis of the Vermont tax reveals that tax revenues have been small, and that the tax has not prevented a rise in land values. In fact, the Vermont tax may have increased land prices by restricting available land supply. Although the Vermont tax intended to curb speculation and reduce land subdivision activity, it is not a substitute for land use planning and carefully designed growth control ordinances and regulations.
American Indians and Natural Resource Development: Indigenous Peoples’Land, Now Sought After, Has Produced New Indian‐White Problems
Authors: Snipp C. Matthew
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In the colonial period of U.S. history, American Indian tribes enjoyed the status of political sovereigns, and dealt as equals with the English Crown and colonial authorities. In the years following U.S. independence, legal, administrative, and military actions were used to redefine the meaning of tribal sovereignty. Conceptualizing these developments, “captive nations” refers to the limited sovereignty of tribes and their isolation and detachment from mainstream American society. Recently, natural resource development on their land and especially the discovery of energy resources has had a major impact on the structure of Federal‐Indian relations and the political status of Indian tribes in American society. Willingly or unwillingly, many tribes are in the process of renegotiating their status with the Federal Government as a consequence of the resource development. As a result, these former captive nations are now more aptly described as “internal colonies.”
A Quality‐of‐Life Theory Derived from Maslow's Developmental Perspective
Authors: Sirgy M.Joseph
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A quality‐of‐life (QOL) theory developed from Abraham Maslow's human developmental perspective is presented. Developed societies involve members who are mostly preoccupied in satisfying higher‐order needs (social, esteem, and self actualization needs), it is argued, whereas less‐developed societies involve members who are mostly preoccupied in satisfying lower‐order needs (biological and safety related needs). QOL is defined in terms of the hierarchical need satisfaction level of most of the members of a given society. The higher the need satisfaction of the majority in a given society the greater the QOL of that society. Institutions are designed to serve human needs in a society, and therefore a society's QOL. Societal institutions that serve human needs include productive, maintenance, managerial/political, and adaptive institutions. Each of these types of societal institutions involve a hierarchical dimension. It is argued that progressive increases in QOL are accompanied with hierarchical changes of these societal institutions.
The Roles of Intellectual Pedigrees in Economic Science
Authors: Guthrie William
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Intellectual pedigrees, reviews of the intellectual history of a theory, perform important functions in economic science. The discipline of economics is comprised of numerous, competing Paradigm‐schools. Therefore, both ‘normal and ‘revolutionary’ science occur continuously in economics. In normal science, pedigrees place current work in the context of an on going research program, demonstrate the “significance” of that work, influence the process of theory appraisal, and aid in establishing Professional consensus. J. M. Keynes' use of pedigrees in his General Theory illustrates their revolutionary functions. During revolutionary science, pedigrees establish the identity, legitimacy, relevancy and authority of one school of economists and seek to persuade nonmembers to convert their allegiance to its disciplinary matrix.
Nature in Economic Theories: Hans Immler Traces Recognition of the Environment—and Its Neglect—in Various Classics
Authors: Karsten Siegfried G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Labor and capital are usually considered as the primary factors of production, the costs of which are of utmost importance. In contrast, nature (including all natural resources), as the essential third factor, is disregarded. She is generally assumed to be always available, self‐regenerating, and to be exploited without long‐term costs. In other words, she is more or less viewed as a constant. Hans Immler's new treatise represents an important contribution in that he emphasizes the role and function of the natural environment, and its neglect, in the formulation of theories of value and their long‐term consequences on contemporary economic theories and on the person and society. This essay traces Immler's evaluation with extensive quotations—especially with regard to Physiocracy and the classical economists— of nature's role and function, or their neglect, in the formulation of theories of value through the writings of Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, William Petty, John Locke, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, and others—all dealt with in Part 1 of his book—and Francois Quesnay and the Physiocrats—the topic of Part 2.
Natural Monopolies and Rent: A Georgist Remedy for X‐Inefficiency Among Publicly‐regulated Firms
Authors: Babilot George , Frantz Roger , Green Louis
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Publicly‐regulated firms are sheltered from competition and are inefficient. When analyzed within the theoretical framework of X‐inefficiency, it is discovered that they are subsidized by a quasi excise tax and result in deadweight losses to society. When the losses and X‐inefficiency are understood as rent, an appropriate public policy is to levy a tax on these firms. A tax would raise productivity and increase tax revenues without reducing output.
Forensic Economics and the Wrongful Death of a Household Producer: Current Practices, Methodological Biases and Alternative Solutions of Losses
Authors: Fischer Charles C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A new frontier in forensic economics has emerged: expert testimony on the loss of earning capacity due to the wrongful death of a household producer not in the labor force. Forensic economics—the application of economic analysis by an expert witness—in this area is at an early stage of development. While several methods have been developed for estimating the value of household production, one method, in negligence cases, dominates in the courtroom: replacement cost. Reliance upon a single methodology seems unwise in light of the newness and complexity of research in the area of household production. There are promising alternative methods which could be used. Opportunity cost, family profile and value of service flows methodologies are good candidates. Potentially, the use of alternative methodologies could help provide a consistency check on the reasonableness of any one particular methodology. Presently, several constraints frustrate the task of refining the state of forensic economics in this area. However, progress can be made by, among other things, subjecting forensic economics in these cases to more thorough unbaised professional review such as is common in an older area, antitrust cases.
Socioeconomic Impacts of Disinvestment on Communities in New York State
Authors: Wu Sen‐Yuan , Korman Hyman
Published: July 2006

Abstract.In order to determine the effect ofindustrial declineon localtax revenuesand to discern the stresses caused by higher demand forsocial servicesin a period of governmentfiscal crisis, the industrialmigrationactivities and local governmentbudgets of New York Statefrom 1962 to 1976 are analyzed. These regression analyses show that: (1)manufacturing declinehandicaps the growth of localproperty tax revenues; (2) when possible, local governments compensate for their lost property tax revenues by raisingnon‐property taxes; displacedworkersare likely to seekpublic assistance; and (4) localwelfare expendituresdo not correspond to the soaring social service demands. Provided thatplant openingsseldom re‐employ displaced workers, the authors suggest that it is as important for local governments to adopt policies for retaining their current manufacturing plants as to attract newindustrial investments.
Clarence E. Ayres and the Legacy of German Idealism
Authors: Pickens Donald K.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Based on the Clarence E. Ayres (1891‐1972) papers at the University of Texas, this study traces the continuity among thinkers such as Kant, Hegel, Veblen, Dewey, and Ayres; the latter was a leading institutional economist following Veblen's death. Publicly acknowledging his intellectual debt to Veblen and Dewey, Ayres drew from these men some idealistic assumptions as well as the historicism that is implicit in his technological determinism or instrumental theory of knowledge. Thorstein Veblen and John Dewey owed a great deal to the philosophical tradition of idealism, regardless of the devotion to naturalism in their systems. The origins of Ayres's technological theory of value are found in Veblen and Dewey writings and back of them the legacy of German idealism. The vital link was a mutual acceptance that freedom was expressed in a cultural and historical form, realized in human activity. It was a process.
Surplus Seeking and Rent Seeking Through Back‐Door Deals in Mainland China Price Control and Central Planning Fix Prices Below Market Clearance, Creating a Contrived Surplus
Authors: Fung K. K.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. When the selling price is set below the market‐clearing level through government price control, the price gap represents a contrived surplus transferred from the producer to the buyer. But, due to incomplete assignment of property rights to this contrived surplus and/or high enforcement costs, contrived surplus is often a non exclusive income subject to competitive capture. Exchange of favors between buyers and sellers to gain preferential access to rationed goods has become a dominant method of surplus seeking (cf. rent seeking) in the People's Republic of China. But since only well‐placed individuals in the distribution channels for such goods and officials who control access to positional goods have favors to exchange, these exchanges sabotage government efforts to achieve fairer access to scarce goods. And since favors involve illegally diverted resources, such back‐door deals threaten the integrity of government. Furthermore, exchange of favors fosters particularistic values which hinder modern economic development.
J. Shield Nicholson's Project of Empire: The Edinburgh Economist Evolved from a Free Trader into a Premier Apologist for Imperialism
Authors: Deans Robert H. , Deans H. , Deans Jantet S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. In the world economy at the turn of the century, great empires competed for position—those of Great Britain, the newly imperialistic United States, Germany, France and others. Britain, champion of free trade, finding its world status weakened by rising colonial nationalism, became racked with debate over imperial union or federation, empire free trade, preferential tariffs or protectionism, a common defense or independent strategy. A key figure in the controversies was J. Shield Nicholson, who evolved from a free trader into an imperialist apologist. Nicholson foresaw some of the problems the neglect of which explain in part the eventual dissolution of the empire: the colonies as sources of raw materials and foodstuffs or of manufactures, the allocation of the costs of defense and the protection of the mother country's economy. The debates, and especially the evolution of Nicholson's positions, illustrate how economic ideologies developed during the period.
The Negative Effects of Inappropriate Price Stimulation; The Case of Senegal: Rice Price Increases to Encourage Production May Harm Families of Non‐responsive Subsistence Farmers
Authors: Jolly Curtis M. , Diop Oumar
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Some governments of developing economieshzve been encouraged to use pricing policy to stimulate increases in food production. It is not known whether all subsistence farmers in those countries operate in an economic, financial and technological environment in which they can respond positively to price increases. In this paper models were used to demonstrate two situations: one in which farmers responded to price stimulation and another where price increases were ineffective, costly and produced results inconsistent with national goals. Data from the Basse Casamance Region in Senegal were used to show that farmers were not responsive to price changes and were net purchasers of grains. The study concludes that unless farmers' supply curves were shifted to the right—that is, that they meet more of their own subsistence needs—recent Senegalese government rice price increases could be harmful to the farm family.
Trade Unions and the Reform of the Quality of Work Life: Ergonomic and Other QWL Reforms Have Limited Goals and Are Held No Substitute for Labor Involvement
Authors: DiGiacomo Gordon
Published: July 2006

Abstract. North American labor unions have typically responded to management‐ initiated Quality of Work Life (QWL) reforms: by co operating in their design and implementation, or by rejecting involvement and relying on traditional collective bargaining. Neither response addresses the distribution of organizational power. Workplace reform in North America confines itself to the technical aspects of job design. Traditional collective bargaining, however, tends to be highly circumscribed, focusing on pay and fringe benefits. To be meaningful, workplace reform must take place within a context of changing power relations between unions and managements Otherwise it may be overwhelmed by events occurring in the external environment. Labor unions, therefore, need to participate in QWL initiatives while simultaneously making new types of demands at the bargaining table, and seeking input into strategic decisions.
Occupational Differences in the Determination of U.S. Workers’Earnings: Both the Human Capital and the Structured Labor Market Hypotheses Are Useful in Analysis
Authors: Maxwell Nan L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Using the older men's panel of the National Longitudinal Surveys (n = 5,000), path analysis and occupationally stratified samples, an empirical examination is made of the relative role of the human capital hypothesis and the structured labor market hypothesis in the determination of earnings. Results suggest that both hypotheses are useful in achieving an understanding of the process. There is a primary labor market (jobs with high wages, job security and mobility on promotional ladders) with individual productivity differences largely consequent from human capital differentials (investments in education, training and experience). There is also a secondary labor market (jobs with low wages, high turnover poor working conditions) in which human capital investments are not rewarded, dominated by structural influences (e.g. unionization) that, rather than individual productivity differences, explain the process by which earnings are determined.
Henry George and Europe: Ireland, the First Target of His Efforts to Spread His Doctrines Internationally, Disappointed Him
Authors: Silagi Michael , Faulkner Susan N.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George made several crusading forays into the British Empire at the time of its zenith. But the first, to Ireland, proved a disappointment. George saw Ireland as an object lesson in the land question and at first It was uppermost in the minds of the 600,000 tenant farmers. But the 20,000 landlords agreed to an amelioration, and for decades, republicanism replaced land reform in Irish social history. George misread the temper of the times; he saw Ireland's political future better served by becoming a self‐governing unit of a league of British nations. “Integration” was the trend of the times, the American social philosopher insisted. Ireland (with the exception of Ulster) became a dominion in 1921 but it withdrew from the British Commonwealth in 1949 to become a sovereign republic. George was not wholly wrong in emphasizing economics over politics. In 1955 Ireland, now Eire, entered the United Nations where it wielded influence all out of proportion to its resources and economic development became its over‐riding issue.
Absentee Ownership of Farmland and State and Local Tax Policy: Income Tax Promotes Absenteeism, But the Property Tax Can Be Used to Strengthen Family Farms
Authors: Fisher Peter S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The incentive effects of state and local tax policies in promoting or inhibiting the ownership of farmland by non‐operators are evaluated. Previous research on the economic, social and environmental effects of absentee ownership is reviewed as well as evidence regarding the impact of tax laws on absentee owners versus owner‐operators. The Federal tax laws, it is found, work to increase land prices, reduce entry into farming by young farmers, and increase absentee ownership. State income tax policies may reinforce these effects. Property tax policies, on the other hand, may counteract income tax laws by giving tax relief preferentially to owner‐operators. Several modifications of property tax relief programs are suggested.
Frank Knight on Preachers and Economic Policy: A 19th Century Liberal Anti Religionist, He Thought Religion Should Support the Status Quo
Authors: Kern Williams S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A central feature of the work of American economist and social philosopher Frank H. Knight was his antagonism toward organized religion, particularly Christianity and especially Catholicism. Knight's antagonism towards the Church may be traced to his historical views on the Liberal Revolution and the opposition of the Church to critical inquiry and open discussion, and its support for despotic social institutions. Additionally, Knight's antagonism stemmed from his skepticism about the possibilities of effective social reforms based upon Christian moral principles. Knight found little in Christian teaching that would offer appropriate solutions—certainly not the “Gospel of Love” which he took as the core of Christian social teachings. Furthermore he was critical of the reform efforts of preachers because of their ignorance of the function of the free market and their propensity towards radical solutions. On the centennial of his birth, he is remembered as an ardent social critic and a liberal supporter of the status quo.

Christianity had a reasonably fair trial at ordering the world and individual life for a ‘millenium’ or so, and the result was very different from the Kingdom of God on earth.

Frank H. Knight
Planning and Financing Water Resource Development in the United States: A Review and Policy Perspective
Authors: Rao P. K.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Since the beginning of the 80s, there has been a discernible decline in federal spending for water resource development. The methods of financing project development at the state level exhibit diverse characteristics across different states. The state and sub‐state level agencies and users will have to find and develop additional resources. This might also call for reduction in subsidies in water pricing which might give a greater role to market factors in conservation efforts. The present differentiated cost‐sharing formula for different uses on the basis of the federal agency involved in the project development contributes to inefficient allocation of the resource. There is urgent need for financial and water management reform in order to avert a potential water crisis. Use, efficiency and equity considerations need to play a greater role in the distribution of the resource than in the past.
Henry George and the Contemporary Debate over Industrial Protectionism
Authors: Rafalko Robert J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The central question of Henry George's 1886 book. Protection or Free Trade, commemorated now after a century, was: do protectionist policies help or hinder the working man Have George's concerns in 1886 since become outdated or anachronistic? If not, what are some historic trends toward protectionism since that time? Some of the formal arguments for and against protectionism are examined. George contended that protectionism threatens labor unions and reduces workers’wages. An apparent counterexample is provided by the International Ladies’Garment Workers’Union, which now actively lobbies for protectionist legislation. Its arguments have merit when protectionism is viewed instrumentally, but one must recognize that there are substantive objections to protectionism as a comprehensive national policy. George linked protectionism to paternalism; his theory of economic value as well as his model of the rational economic man are derived from basic democratic principles which stand at sharp odds with the implicit paternalism of tariff policies.
Economic Development and Income Distribution: A Cross‐National Analysis
Authors: Branco Kenneth J. , Williamson John B.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The relationship between level of economic development and income distribution is analyzed using both a relative measure of income distribution and, for the first time, an absolute measure of income distribution which corrects for purchasing power differences between nations. Cross sectional regression analysis findings indicate support for non‐linear relationships both in the total sample of 68 nations, and also in sub‐samples of 54 developing nations and 14 industrial democracies. Our findings suggest that the poorest 40 percent of the population lose income both relatively and absolutely in the early stages of economic development. Thereafter there are gains in income although with diminishing marginal returns at the highest levels of development.
Seasonal Employment, Seasonal Unemployment and Unemployment Compensation: The Case of the Tourist Industry of the Greek Islands
Authors: Mourdoukoutas Panos
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A theoretical and empirical investigation of the employment opportunities generated in the tourist industry of the Greek islands, this study supports the conventional thesis that unemployment is not necessarily produced by seasonal employment. Unemployment following a period of seasonal employment may be voluntary or involuntary. Some employees choose seasonal occupations because they pay more. Others do so because seasonal occupations suit their non‐market activities during their off‐peak season(s), or they may lack any other occupational alternatives. Any unemployment compensation policy designed to smooth out the seasonal nature of employment in industries such as tourism may accentuate the unemployment problem.
von Neumann/Morgenstrn Decision Making and Harsanyi's Theory of Justice: After Rawls and Nozick If It Risks Personal Freedom and Individual Liberty, Can It Be Really Just?
Authors: Health Will Carrington
Published: July 2006

Abstract. John C. Harsanyi has developed a theory of justice based on the von Neumann‐Morgenstern (vN‐M) theory of decision making under uncertainty. Instead of applying the vN‐M theory strictly, however, Harsanyi proposes to modify his approach so as to exclude decisions which seem to be the result of rashness, strong excitement and other circumstances which might hinder rational choice. The result is a theory of justice which is internally inconsistent and potentially hostile to liberty and individual freedom.
Henry George and the Classical Scientific Research Program: George's Modification of It and His Real Significance for Future Generations
Authors: Petrella Frank
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George's revision of classical economics was based on a new “hard core” assumption linking efficiency, equity, and social welfare to a revised concept of property rights in land. However, rather than create new core supporting “protective belt” theories, George either accepted or, when necessary, modified existing classical theories especially those which threatened his new hard core, for example, classical “wages‐fund” theory. Consequently, George's adaptation of the Ricardian “stationary state” model was less accurate than mainstream classical economics in its predictions concerning the behavior of the distributive shares of income over time, and the effects of technological change on economic growth and economic welfare. Without its own protective belt, George's classicism became a special case of classical economics whose value, nevertheless, existed in its effective criticism of classical property rights theory.
A Pollution Control Approach to Analysis of the Balanced Budget Amendment
Authors: Lee Dwight R. , Sexton Robert L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Fiscal Pollution (excessive budget deficits), in certain aspects, is like environmental pollution. In both types of pollution some, possibly most individuals would be willing to reduce their own pollution if others would do the same. In the case of fiscal pollution individuals would be willing to give up their special interest demands if others would reciprocate in kind. But as long as individuals are forced to pay for the programs of others there is little incentive to reduce their own demands. Hence, restraints on political behavior such as a balanced budget amendment to the U.S. Constitution are needed to contro excessive fiscal pollution.
Culture, Economic Development, and Quality of Life: A Speculative Comment on the Case of Kerala, India
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Chennat
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Kerala State, India, had a per capita income of abott $290 for 1985, about the same as other Indian states. But Kerala has a Physical Quality of Life Index of 79 (compared to 43 for India). Saudi Arabia has a per capita income of $8,850 for 1985 but a PQLI of 28. How come? Of course, per capita income does not measure income distribution and India is a plural democracy while Saudi Arabia is an authoritarian monarchy. But the critical factor may well be culture.
Henry George and Comparable Worth: Hypothetical Markets as a Stimulus for Reforming the Labor Market
Authors: Browne M. Neil , Powers Brian
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Despite significant improvements in the status of women, a significant gap between the wages of males and females persists. Women's work is not paid according to its comparable worth. Henry George, the 19th century economist and social philosopher, advocated payment according to contribution to production in a freely competitive labor market. The present is an exploitative one distorted by employers’market power, offering no free choice among alternative occupations. When women can prove, as they do, that sex discrimination has played some part in their historically lower compensation rate, the market is shown to be not fair and efficient. Hence non‐market decision making is demanded through vigorous and unrelenting prosecution enforcing the equal pay statute of 1964.
Henry George and British Socialism
Authors: Jones Prter D'A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henrys George, the American social reformer and Single Tax advocate, had a decisive impact on native British socialism considered apart from the Marxist and revolutionary types imported from the continent. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels were hostile critics but the typically English Fabian Society was influenced by George's seminal ideas. The Fabians were especially attracted to two notions: the conception that George gave to the thought of his time, that poverty was an evil preventable by political intervention—by State action; and that the disparity in incomes could be explained by the theory of unearned increment. In turn Sydney Olivier, George Bernard Shaw, Sidney Webb, Annie Besant, H. G. Wells and E, R. Pease came under the influence of George. Soon to affect the Fabians, however, was the development of the economist, P. H. Wicksteed, beyond George to Jenons and Marginalism. Key figures in the Parliamentary and Independent Labour parties almost achieved land value taxation.
Moses—Henry George's Inspiration
Authors: Shapiro Ahron H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Henry George delivered his famous “Moses” lecture in 1878, just one year prior to the publication of his masterwork. Progress and Poverty. The many parallels in the thinking of both George and Moses suggest that George may have been greatly inspired by Moses. George appreciated Moses’concern with improving this world rather than the hereafter. Moses, like George, advocated a minimum role for government. Moses proposed a thoroughly equitable distribution of the land which would generate fair taxes and avoid the exploitation so denounced by George. Land accumulation by the few would be prevented by requiring the return of ownership to the original owners every fifty years. George, the humanitarian, is also sympathetic with Mosaic reforms restoring human dignity such as the cancellation of oppressive debt every seventh year, and relief from drudgery every sabbath day and sabbatical year.
Income Polarization Between the Central Cities and Suburbs of U.S. Metropolises, 1950–1980
Authors: Winsberg Morton D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Through an examination between 1950 and 1980 of household income in central cities and suburbs of the 37 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the United States. was found that considerable polarization of household income groups had occurred. By 1980 the median share of the poorest within the total households of the central cities had risen to well over double the share of the group in the total households of the suburbs. The share of the wealthiest households in the total for the suburbs rose to double that of that group's share of the total central cities households. No generalizations could be made which would explain the degree nor the rate of polarization, though a number of socioeconomic variables were tested.