The use of novel diffuse optical spectroscopies for improved neuromonitoring during neonatal cardiac surgery requiring antegrade cerebral perfusion
Authors: Shaw Kalil , Mavroudis Constantine D. , Ko Tiffany S. , Jahnavi Jharna , Jacobwitz Marin , Ranieri Nicolina , Forti Rodrigo M. , Melchior Richard W. , Baker Wesley B. , Yodh Arjun G. , Licht Daniel J. , Nicolson Susan C. , Lynch Jennifer M. 
Published: June 2023

Background

Surgical procedures involving the aortic arch present unique challenges to maintaining cerebral perfusion, and optimal neuroprotective strategies to prevent neurological injury during such high-risk procedures are not completely understood. The use of antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) has gained favor as a neuroprotective strategy over deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) due to the ability to selectively perfuse the brain. Despite this theoretical advantage over DHCA, there has not been conclusive evidence that ACP is superior to DHCA. One potential reason for this is the incomplete understanding of ideal ACP flow rates to prevent both ischemia from underflowing and hyperemia and cerebral edema from overflowing. Critically, there are no continuous, noninvasive measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral oxygenation (StO2) to guide ACP flow rates and help develop standard clinical practices. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of using noninvasive, diffuse optical spectroscopy measurements of CBF and cerebral oxygenation during the conduct of ACP in human neonates undergoing the Norwood procedure.

Methods

Four neonates prenatally diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) or a similar variant underwent the Norwood procedure with continuous intraoperative monitoring of CBF and cerebral oxygen saturation (StO2) using two non-invasive optical techniques, namely diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) and frequency-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (FD-DOS). Changes in CBF and StO2 due to ACP were calculated by comparing these parameters during a stable 5 min period of ACP to the last 5 min of full-body CPB immediately prior to ACP initiation. Flow rates for ACP were left to the discretion of the surgeon and ranged from 30 to 50 ml/kg/min, and all subjects were cooled to 18°C prior to initiation of ACP.

Results

During ACP, the continuous optical monitoring demonstrated a median (IQR) percent change in CBF of −43.4% (38.6) and a median (IQR) absolute change in StO2 of −3.6% (12.3) compared to a baseline period during full-body cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The four subjects demonstrated varying responses in StO2 due to ACP. ACP flow rates of 30 and 40 ml/kg/min (n = 3) were associated with decreased CBF during ACP compared to full-body CPB. Conversely, one subject with a higher flow6Di rate of 50 ml/kg/min demonstrated increased CBF and StO2 during ACP.

Conclusions

This feasibility study demonstrates that novel diffuse optical technologies can be utilized for improved neuromonitoring in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery where ACP is utilized. Future studies are needed to correlate these findings with neurological outcomes to inform best practices during ACP in these high-risk neonates.