bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Distance Threshold (PRE-PRINT)
Authors: Nyman Thomas Jonathan , Lampinen James Michael , Antfolk Jan , Korkman Julia , Santtila Pekka
Published: July 2018

Increased distance between an eyewitness and a culprit decreases the accuracy of eyewitness identifications, but the maximum distance at which reliable observations can still be made is unknown. Our aim was to identify this threshold.We hypothesized that increased distance would decrease identification and rejection accuracy, confidence, and increase response time. We expected an interaction effect, where increased distance would more negatively affect younger and older participants (vs. young adults), resulting in age-group specific distance thresholds where diagnosticity would be 1. We presented participants with four live targets at distances between 5-110 meters (m) using an eight-person computerized line-up task. We employed simultaneous and sequential target-absent or target-present line-ups and presented these to 1588 participants (age range 6-77; 61% female, 95% Finns) resulting in 6233 responses. We found that at 40m diagnosticity was 50% lower than at 5m, and with increased distance diagnosticity tapered off until it was 1 (+/- 0.5) at 100m for all age groups and line-up types. However, young children (6-11) and older adults (45-77) reached a diagnosticity of 1 at shorter distances compared with older children (12-17) and young adults (18-44). We found that with increased distance, confidence dropped whereas response time remained stable, and that high confidence and shorter response times were associated with identification accuracy up to 40m. We conclude that age and line-up type moderate the effect distance has on eyewitness accuracy and that there are perceptual distance thresholds at which an eyewitness can no longer reliably encode and later identify a culprit.
Artifical grammar learning and its neurobiology in relation to language processing and development
Authors: Udden Julia , Männel Claudia
Published: July 2018

The artificial grammar learning (AGL) paradigm enables systematic investigation of the acquisition of linguistically relevant structures. It is a paradigm of interest for language processing research, interfacing with theoretical linguistics, and for comparative research on language acquisition and evolution. We present a key for understanding major variants of the paradigm. An unbiased summary of neuroimaging findings of AGL is presented, using meta-analytic methods, pointing to the crucial involvement of the bilateral frontal operculum and regions in the right lateral hemisphere. Against a background of robust posterior temporal cortex involvement in processing complex syntax, we review the evidence for involvement of the posterior temporal cortex in AGL. Infant AGL studies testing for neural substrates are reviewed, covering the acquisition of adjacent and non-adjacent dependencies as well as algebraic rules. The language acquisition data suggest that comparisons of learnability of complex grammars performed with adults may now also be possible with children.
Partition dependence in development: Are children’s decisions shaped by the arbitrary grouping of options?
Authors: Reichelson Sheri , Zax Alexandra , Patalano Andrea , Barth Hilary
Published: July 2018

The grouping of options into arbitrary categories influences adults’ decisions about allocating choices or resources among those options; this is called “partition dependence.” Partition dependence has been demonstrated in a wide range of contexts in adults, and is often presented as a technique for designing choice architectures that nudge people toward better decisions. Whether children also make partition dependent decisions is unknown, as are potential patterns of developmental change. In this experiment (N = 159), we examined whether children exhibit partition dependence using a novel resource allocation task. This novel task, distributing food tokens to zoo animals, did elicit partition dependence in our developmental sample. Both older children (ages 7-10 years), and younger children (ages 3-6 years) made partition dependent allocations, and younger children exhibited a larger partition dependence effect than did older children. This work provides the first evidence that children’s decisions, like adults’, are influenced by the arbitrary grouping of the options, and suggests that younger children may be more susceptible to this influence, at least in the context explored here.
Revisiting Mental Simulation in Language Comprehension: Six Replication Attempts
Authors: Zwaan Rolf Antonius , Pecher Diane
Published: July 2018

Raw and aggregated data in Excel of Experiments 1a-3b, as reported in the paper.
Spontaneous Thought and Goal Pursuit: From Functions such as Planning to Dysfunctions such as Rumination
Authors: Klinger Eric , Marchetti Igor , Koster Ernst H. W.
Published: July 2018

Spontaneous thoughts occur by default in the interstices between directed, generally task-oriented thoughts or moments of perceptual scrutiny. Their contents are overwhelmingly related to thinkers’ current goals, either directly or indirectly via associative networks, including to past and tentative future goals. They are triggered by ambient goal-related stimuli or segments of own thought. Most spontaneous thought segments are very brief, a matter of seconds, but may be much longer. Their typical brevity generally permits wide variation in content, reflecting the individual’s current agenda of goals. Their evocation is accompanied by emotional responses that vary widely in type, valence, and intensity. These properties of the emotional accompaniments probably determine which content area receives priority for thought. Given these properties of thought flow, spontaneous thoughts are highly adaptive as (1) reminders of the individual’s larger agenda of goals while occupied with pursuing any one of them, (2) promotion of planning for future goal pursuits, (3) review and deeper understanding of past goal-related experiences, and (4) development of creative solutions to problems in goal pursuit. In the face of threats to successful pursuit of important goals or the prospect of failure, the same mechanisms may occasion repetitive but unproductive thoughts about the pursuit, the consequences of the failure, or the self, and strong negative emotions steering the train of thought may lead to narrowing of its focus, thus producing rumination. The disposition to ruminate is in part a function of states of negative affect and individual differences such as strength of focus on particular thought themes, momentum of particular emotional states, and neuroticism. Rumination is a common occurrence during low mood or outright depression that accompanies the process of disengaging from goal pursuits that have become unrealistic or overly expensive. The typically reduced interest in alternative goals during this phase further limits the range of thought content and the individual’s resources for re-engagement with gratifying goal pursuits. For assessment and clinical purposes, spontaneous thought content can potentially provide information not captured by other procedures. When an individual’s spontaneous thoughts are themselves problematic, empirically validated methods for improving the individual’s motivational structure provide a likely best treatment strategy.
Shared group membership facilitates the persistence of culturally transmitted behaviour
Authors: Koschate-Reis Miriam , Mesoudi Alex , Levine Mark
Published: July 2018

Cultural transmission allows humans, and several other species, to create distinct cultural traditions and cultural repertoires. While the spread of innovations is well researched, much less focus has been given to factors allowing for novel behaviour to persist within a group so that novelties become cultural traditions. Here we show experimentally that group membership is a key factor in determining the stability of horizontally transmitted behaviour, and corroborate our findings with immigrant survey data. In two experiments, the perception of a shared group membership led to persistence of transmitted behaviour (tapping speed) across several days, indicating long-term stability. In contrast, where no shared group membership was perceived, transmitted behaviour was shown during immediate interaction with others but was quickly lost over time, indicating short-lived compliance. Consistent with our findings, a re-analysis of survey data from British Bangladeshi migrants indicates that identification with the host group facilitates horizontal transmission. Our data suggest that group membership is of considerable importance for our understanding of cultural diversity, immigrant acculturation, and the maintenance of behavioural change. Our study highlights the hitherto underappreciated relevance of social factors in our understanding of cultural transmission and evolution.
The role of intentions in conceptions of prejudice: An historical perspective
Authors: Forscher Patrick S. , Devine Patricia G.
Published: July 2018

As a morally charged subject with great relevance to society, prejudice has captured the attention of social psychologists since the field's inception. However, these characteristics have also made the study of prejudice particularly susceptible to the vicissitudes of historical circumstance. In this chapter, we trace how the study of prejudice has been affected by historical events. We argue that changing conceptions of prejudice have been particularly affected by changing views about whether it is primarily intentional. We conclude by arguing that a full conception of prejudice requires attending to both its intentional and unintentional aspects.
Verify Original Results through Reanalysis before Replicating: A Commentary on “Making Replication Mainstream” by Rolf A. Zwaan, Alexander Etz, Richard E. Lucas, & M. Brent Donnellan
Authors: Nuijten Michele B. , Bakker Marjan , Maassen Esther , Wicherts Jelte M.
Published: July 2018

In determining the need to directly replicate, it is crucial to first verify the original results through independent reanalysis of the data. Original results that appear erroneous and that cannot be reproduced by reanalysis offer little evidence to begin with, thereby diminishing the need to replicate. Sharing data and scripts is essential to ensure reproducibility.
The HARMONIC trial: Study protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial of Shaping Healthy Minds – a modular transdiagnostic intervention for mood, stress and anxiety disorders in adults
Authors: Black Melissa , Hitchcock Caitlin , Bevan Anna , Leary Cliodhna O , Clarke James , Elliott Rachel , Watson Peter , Lafortune Louise , Rae Sarah , Gilbody Simon , Kuyken Willem , Johnston David , Newby Jill , Dalgleish Tim
Published: July 2018

Introduction: Anxiety, mood and trauma-related disorders are common, affecting up to 20% of adults. Many of these individuals will experience symptoms of more than one disorder as diagnostically defined. However, most psychological treatments focus on individual disorders and are less effective for those who experience comorbid disorders. The HARMONIC trial introduces a novel transdiagnostic intervention (Shaping Healthy Minds), which synthesises several evidence-based treatment techniques to address the gap in effective interventions for people with complex and comorbid difficulties. This early-phase trial aims to estimate the efficacy and feasibility of the transdiagnostic intervention in preparation for a later-phase randomised controlled trial, and to explore mechanisms of change.Methods/Analysis: We outline a patient-level two-arm randomised controlled trial (HARMONIC) that compares Shaping Healthy Minds to treatment-as-usual (TAU) for individuals aged >18 years (N=50) with co-morbid mood, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive or trauma/stressor disorder diagnoses, recruited from outpatient psychological services within the UK National Health Service. The co-primary outcomes will be 3-month follow-up scores on self-report measures of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and disability and functional impairment. Secondary outcomes include changes in symptoms linked to individual disorders. We will assess the feasibility and acceptability of Shaping Healthy Minds, the utility of proposed outcome measures, and refine the treatment manuals in preparation for a later-phase trial. Ethics and dissemination: This trial protocol has been approved by the Health Research Authority of the National Health Service of the United Kingdom (East of England, Reference: 16/EE/0095). We anticipate that trial findings will inform future revisions of clinical guidelines for numerous forms of mood, anxiety, and stressor-related disorders. Findings will be disseminated broadly via peer-reviewed empirical journal articles, conference presentations, clinical workshops, and a trial website.
The Development and Diversity of Cognitive Flexibility: Greater Cultural Variation in Early Rule Switching than Word Learning
Authors: Legare Cristine , Dale Michael T. , Kim Sarah Y. , Deák Gedeon O.
Published: July 2018

Cognitive flexibility, the adaptation of representations and responses to new task demands, improves dramatically in early childhood. It is unclear, however, whether flexibility is a coherent, unitary cognitive trait that develops similarly across populations, or is an emergent dimension of task-specific performance that varies across populations with culturally variable experiences. Children from two populations that differ in pre-formal education experiences completed two distinct tests of cognitive flexibility, matched for complexity. Three- to 5-year-old English-speaking U.S. children and Tswana-speaking South African children completed two language-processing cognitive flexibility tests: the FIM-Animates, a word-learning test, and the 3DCCS, a rule-switching test. U.S. and South African children did not differ in word-learning flexibility, showing similar age-related increases. In contrast, only U.S. preschoolers showed an age-related increase in rule-switching flexibility; South African children did not. Working memory explained additional variance in both tests, but did not modulate the interaction between population-sample and task. The data suggest that rule-switching flexibility may be more dependent upon culturally-variable educational experience, whereas word-learning flexibility may be less dependent upon culturally-specific input.
Bayesian evaluation of effect size after replicating an original study
Authors: van Aert Robbie Cornelis Maria , van Assen Marcel A. L. M.
Published: July 2018

The vast majority of published results in the literature is statistically significant, which raises concerns about their reliability. The Reproducibility Project Psychology (RPP) and Experimental Economics Replication Project (EE-RP) both replicated a large number of published studies in psychology and economics. The original study and replication were statistically significant in 36.1% in RPP and 68.8% in EE-RP suggesting many null effects among the replicated studies. However, evidence in favor of the null hypothesis cannot be examined with null hypothesis significance testing. We developed a Bayesian meta-analysis method called snapshot hybrid that is easy to use and understand and quantifies the amount of evidence in favor of a zero, small, medium and large effect. The method computes posterior model probabilities for a zero, small, medium, and large effect and adjusts for publication bias by taking into account that the original study is statistically significant. We first analytically approximate the methods performance, and demonstrate the necessity to control for the original study’s significance to enable the accumulation of evidence for a true zero effect. Then we applied the method to the data of RPP and EE-RP, showing that the underlying effect sizes of the included studies in EE-RP are generally larger than in RPP, but that the sample sizes of especially the included studies in RPP are often too small to draw definite conclusions about the true effect size. We also illustrate how snapshot hybrid can be used to determine the required sample size of the replication akin to power analysis in null hypothesis significance testing and present an easy to use web application (https://rvanaert.shinyapps.io/snapshot/) and R code for applying the method.
Another little piece of my heart: Positive emotions and the autonomic nervous system.
Authors: Shiota Michelle N. , Danvers Alexander Francois
Published: July 2018

This chapter provides an overview of research on positive emotions and autonomic reactivity.The chapter is published in Oxford University Press' "Positive Emotion: Integrating the Light Sides and Dark Sides" edited by J. Gruber and J.T. Moskowitz.
Normality and actual causal strength
Authors: Icard Thomas , Kominsky Jonathan F. , Knobe Joshua
Published: July 2018

Existing research suggests that people's judgments of actual causation can be influenced by the degree to which they regard certain events as normal. We develop an explanation for this phenomenon that draws on standard tools from the literature on graphical causal models and, in particular, on the idea of probabilistic sampling. Using these tools, we propose a new measure of actual causal strength. This measure accurately captures three effects of normality on causal judgment that have been observed in existing studies. More importantly, the measure predicts a new effect ("abnormal deflation"). Two studies show that people's judgments do, in fact, show this new effect. Taken together, the patterns of people's causal judgments thereby provide support for the proposed explanation.
Electrophysiological Evidence for Preserved Primacy of Lexical Prediction in Normative Aging
Authors: Dave Shruti , Brothers Trevor A. , Traxler Matthew J. , Ferreira Fernanda , Henderson John M. , Swaab Tamara Y.
Published: July 2018

Young adults show consistent neural benefits of predictable contexts when processing upcoming words, but these benefits are less clear-cut in older adults. Here we conduct two ERP experiments to examine whether aging uniquely affects neural correlates of prediction accuracy, as compared to contextual support independent of accuracy. In Experiment 1, readers were asked to predict sentence-final words and self-report prediction accuracy, allowing for separation of ERP effects of accurate prediction and contextual support. While N250 and N400 effects of accurate prediction were reduced in older readers, both temporal primacy and relative amplitudes of predictive compared to contextual processing were similar across age. In Experiment 2, participants read for comprehension without an overt prediction task and showed similar age-related declines in N400 amplitude across experiments. In both studies, older adults showed relatively larger frontal post-N400 positivities (PNPs) than young adults, suggesting age-graded differences in revision following unexpected items. Previous research suggests the production system may be linked to lexical prediction, but here we found that verbal fluency modulated PNP effects of contextual support, but not predictive accuracy. Taken together, our findings suggest that normative aging does not result in specific declines or boosts of lexical prediction.
Prospect Theory Reflects Selective Allocation of Attention
Authors: Pachur Thorsten , Schulte-Mecklenbeck Michael
Published: July 2018

There is a disconnect in the literature between analyses of risky choice based on cumulativeprospect theory (CPT) and work on predecisional information processing. One likely reason is that for expectation models (e.g., CPT) it is often assumed that people only behaved as if they conducted the computations leading to the predicted choice, and that the models are thus mute with regard to information processing. We suggest that key psychological constructs in CPT, such as loss aversion and outcome and probability sensitivity, can be interpreted in terms of attention allocation. In two experiments, we tested hypotheses about specific links between CPT parameters and attentional regularities. Experiment 1 used process tracing to monitor participants’ predecisional attention allocation to outcome and probability information. As hypothesized, individual differences in CPT’s loss-aversion, outcome-sensitivity, and probability-sensitivity parameters (estimated from participants’ choices) were systematically associated with individual differences in attention allocation to outcome and probability information. For instance, loss aversion was associated with the relative attention allocated to loss and gain outcomes, and a more strongly curved weighting function was associated with less attention allocated to probabilities. Experiment 2 manipulated participants’ attention to losses or gains, causing systematic differences in CPT’s loss aversion parameter. This result indicates that attention allocation can to some extent cause choice regularities that are captured by CPT. Our findings demonstrate an “as-if” model’s capacity to reflect characteristics of information processing. We suggest that the observed CPT–attention links can be harnessed to inform the development of process models of risky choice.
Does the Conceptual Distinction Between Singular and Plural Sets Depend on Language?
Authors: Li Peggy , Ogura Tamiko , Barner David , Yang Shu-Ju , Carey Susan
Published: July 2018

Previous studies indicate that English-learning children acquire thedistinction between singular and plural nouns between 22 and 24 months ofage. Also, their use of the distinction is correlated with the capacity todistinguish nonlinguistically between singular and plural sets in a manualsearch paradigm (D. Barner, D. Thalwitz, J. Wood, S. Yang, & S. Carey,2007). The authors used 3 experiments to explore the causal relationbetween these 2 capacities. Relative to English, Japanese and Mandarin hadimpoverished singular–plural marking. Using the manual search task, inExperiment 1 the authors found that by around 22 months of age, Japanesechildren also distinguished between singular and plural sets. Experiments 2and 3 extended this finding to Mandarin-learning toddlers. Mandarinlearners who were 20–24 months of age did not yet comprehend Mandarinsingular–plural marking (i.e., yige vs. yixie, or –men), yet they diddistinguish between singular and plural sets in manual search. Theseexperiments suggest that knowledge of singular–plural morphology is notnecessary for deploying the nonlinguistic distinction between singular andplural sets.
Learning language from within: Children use semantic generalizations to infer word meanings
Authors: Srinivasan Mahesh , Mughairy Sara Al , Foushee Ruthe , Barner David
Published: July 2018

One reason that word learning presents a challenge for children is because pairings between word forms and meanings are arbitrary conventions that children must learn via observation – e.g., the fact that “shovel” labels shovels. The present studies explore cases in which children might bypass observational learning and spontaneously infer new word meanings: By exploiting the fact that many words are flexible and systematically encode multiple, related meanings. For example, words like shovel and hammer are nouns for instruments, and verbs for activities involving those instruments. The present studies explored whether 3- to 5-year-old children possess semantic generalizations about lexical flexibility, and can use these generalizations to infer new word meanings: Upon learning that dax labels an activity involving an instrument, do children spontaneously infer that dax can also label the instrument itself? Across four studies, we show that at least by age four, children spontaneously generalize instrument activity flexibility to new words. Together, our findings point to a powerful way in which children may build their vocabulary, by leveraging the fact that words are linked to multiple meanings in systematic ways.
Toward a New Understanding of Ethnic/Racial Settings for Ethnic/Racial Identity Development
Authors: Syed Moin , Juang Linda P. , Svensson Ylva
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this conceptual paper is to advance theory and research on one critical aspect of the context of ethnic/racial identity (ERI) development: ethnic/racial settings, or the objective and subjective nature of group representation within an individual’s context. We present a new conceptual framework that consists of four dimensions: 1) perspective (that settings can be understood in both objective and subjective terms); 2) differentiation (how groups are defined in a setting); 3) heterogeneity (the range of groups in a setting); and 4) proximity (the distance between the individual and the setting). Clarifying this complexity is crucial for advancing a more coherent understanding of how ethnic/racial settings are related to ERI development.
Personality traits share overlapping neuroanatomical correlates with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology
Authors: Hyatt Courtland , Owens Max Michael , Gray Joshua , CARTER NATHAN T , MacKillop James , Sweet Lawrence , Miller Josh
Published: July 2018

Although personality traits have been linked to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, the extent to which these traits and psychopathological phenotypes share a common neuroanatomical structure is unclear. To address this gap, we used structural neuroimaging and self-report data from 1101 participants in the Human Connectome Project to generate neuroanatomical profiles (NAPs) of FFM traits and psychopathology indices composed of the thickness, surface area, and gray matter volume of each region in the Desikan atlas, then used a profile matching approach to compare the absolute similarity of the FFM trait NAPs and psychopathology index NAPs. These analyses indicated that the NAPs derived from Neuroticism and Extraversion demonstrated medium to large positive and negative absolute similarities to the NAPs of internalizing psychopathology, respectively. Similarly, the NAPs of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness showed medium to large negative relations with the NAPs of antisocial behavior and substance use, respectively. These results suggest that similar neuroanatomical correlates underlie specific personality traits and symptoms of psychopathology, providing support for dimensional models that incorporate personality traits into the etiology and manifestation of psychopathology.
Implied Motion Language can Influence Visual Memory
Authors: Vinson David W. , Engelen Jan , Zwaan Rolf Antonius , Dale Rick , Matlock Teenie
Published: July 2018

How do language and vision interact? Specifically, what impact can language have on visual processing, especially related to spatial memory? What are typically considered errors in visual processing, such as remembering the location of an object to be farther along its motion trajectory than it actually is, can be explained as perceptual achievements that are driven by our ability to anticipate future events. In twohree experiments we tested whether the prior presentation of motion language influences visual spatial memory in ways that afford greater perceptual prediction. Experiment One found that motion language influenced judgments for the spatial memory of an object that implied motion. Experiment Two replicated this finding. A summary analysis comparing Experiment One and Experiment Two shows how motion language influences judgments of spatial memory beyond the implied motion present in the image itself. Our findings support a theory of perception as prediction.
I Get Knocked Down but I Get Up Again: The Effects of Listening to Music When Sad on Young Adults
Authors: Larwood Joel L , Dingle Genevieve
Published: July 2018

*THIS PAPER HAS NOT YET BEEN PEER REVIEWED* Listening to music is a strategy many people use to regulate their emotions, especially sadness. However, there is disagreement about whether listening to music is a healthy way to regulate emotions, with some research finding that sad music worsens a sad state, especially for people high in rumination. To further explore the immediate consequences of music listening when sad 128 young adults (41% male, aged 18 to 25 years) were induced into a sad emotional state prior to random assignment to listening of either self-selected music, experimenter-selected sad music, or no music. Results revealed that listening to either self-selectedor experimenter-selected music led to a decrease in sadness. No difference was found between groups at post-listening. However, participants who listened to self-selected music reported a return to baseline levels of sadness, while this did not occur for participants who listened to experimenter-selected or were in the no music control. Rumination was also measured but did not moderate the impact of music listening on sadness for either musiccondition. Furthermore, there was no impact of rumination on participants’ perceptions of sadness in music. These results support the notion that listening to sad music does not worsen a sad state—even for those high in rumination—although it does appear to slow the emotion regulation process in cases where sad music is not self-selected.
Scaling the Slippery Slope: How p-values ruined scientific practice in psychology, and how we can fix it immediately
Authors: Basehore Zachariah
Published: July 2018

For over a half-century, psychologists, educators, and researchers have criticized the common misuses of statistics in the social sciences. Here, I summarize some of the various objections to the blind use of p-values and propose simple adjustments to 1) ameliorate the weaknesses inherent in current statistical practice, and 2) to paint a more complete picture of a study’s results.
A Principled Method to Identify Individual Differences and Behavioral Shifts in Signaled Active Avoidance
Authors: Krypotos Angelos-Miltiadis
Published: July 2018

This is a preprint to a previous version of the manuscript. There may be deviations from the final paper. Please refer to the main article for the list of authors and their affiliations. ## MAIN ABSTRACT ## Signaled active avoidance (SigAA) is the key experimental procedure for studying the acquisition of instrumental responses towards conditioned threat cues. Traditional analytic approaches (e.g. general linear model) often obfuscate important individual differences. However, individual differences models (e.g. latent growth curve modeling) typically require large samples and onerous computational methods. Here, we present an analytic methodology that enables the detection of individual differences in SigAA performance at a high accuracy based at the n=1 level. We further show an online software that enables the easy application of our method to any SigAA data set.
The rules of implicit evaluation by race, religion, and age
Authors: Axt Jordan
Published: July 2018

The social world is stratified. Social hierarchies are known but oftendisavowed as anachronisms or unjust. Nonetheless, hierarchies may persistin social memory. In three studies (total *N* > 200,000), we foundevidence of social hierarchies in implicit evaluation by race, religion,and age. Across racial groups, implicit positive associations followedthis rule: *my racial group* > *Whites* > *Asians* > *Blacks *> *Hispanics*.Each racial group evaluated its own group most positively, with theremaining three groups ordered identically following it. Across religions,implicit positive associations followed this rule: *my religion* > *Christians> Jews > Hindus/Buddhists > Muslims*. A final task investigating positiveassociations with various age groups found this rule: *children > youngadult > middle-age adult > older adult *across all participant ages. Theseresults suggest that the rules of social evaluation are pervasivelyembedded in culture and mind.
Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy
Authors: Aberson Chris
Published: July 2018

This is an editorial announcing changes in practices at Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. The editorial promotes open science practices and details other structural changes to the outlet.
A Complex Network Perspective on Clinical Science
Authors: Hofmann Stefan G.
Published: July 2018

Contemporary classification systems for mental disorders assume that abnormal behaviors are expressions of latent disease entities. An alternative to the latent disease model is the /complex network /approach. Instead of assuming that symptoms arise from an underlying disease entity, the complex network approach holds that disorders exist as systems of inter-related elements of a network. This approach also provides a framework for the understanding of therapeutic change. Depending on the structure of the network, change can occur abruptly once the network reaches a critical threshold (the /tipping point/). Homogeneous and highly connected networks often recover more slowly from local perturbations when the network approaches the tipping point, allowing for the possibility to predict treatment change, relapse, and recovery. In this article we discuss the complex network approach as an alternative to the latent disease model, and we discuss its implications for classification, therapy, relapse, and recovery.**-- Stefan G. Hofmann, Ph.D.Professor of PsychologyDepartment of Psychological and Brain SciencesBoston University648 Beacon Street. 6th Fl.Boston, MA 02215Tel: (617) 353 9233Fax: (617 353 9609Director, PERL, www.bostonanxiety.orgISI Highly Sited Researcher, http://highlycited.com/President, IACP, www.the-iacp.com
Collaboration promotes proportional reasoning about resource distribution in young children
Authors: Ng Rowena , Heyman Gail , Barner David
Published: July 2018

We investigated how children and adults evaluate the “niceness” ofindividuals who engage in resource distribution, with a focus on theirsensitivity to the proportion of resources given. Across three experiments,subjects evaluated the niceness of a child who gave a quantity of penniesto another child. In Study 1 (N = 30), adults showed sensitivity to theproportion given whereas 5- and 7-year-old children did not. In Study 2 (N =74), both younger (3- to 5-year-old) and older (6- to 8-year-old) childrenwere sensitive to proportion only when resources were earned by a giver incollaboration with the recipient rather than by the giver alone. Adults,however, were sensitive to proportion in both cases. In Study 3 (N = 44),we tested 5- and 6- year-olds and their parents to be sure thatsocio-economic and ethnic differences between samples did not drive resultsand replicated key findings from Studies 1 and 2. Together, these findingsindicate that children favor proportional resource distribution insituations that invoke intuitions about equity. We suggest that theseintuitions may form the basis for adult notions of fairness and generosity.
Adaptive constructive processes: An episodic specificity induction impacts false recall in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm
Authors: Thakral Preston , Madore Kevin Paul , Devitt Aleea , Schacter Daniel L
Published: July 2018

Numerous studies indicate that an episodic specificity induction (ESI) - brief training in recollecting the details of a past experience - enhances performance on subsequent tasks that rely on episodic retrieval, including autobiographical memory, imagination, problem solving, and creative thinking. In four experiments, we examined whether these benefits of the ESI extend to reducing susceptibility to false memory, or whether they are accompanied by a cost in the form of increased susceptibility to false memory. To assess how ESI impacts false memory generation, we used the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, a reliable procedure for generating false memories. When an ESI was administered after DRM list presentation and just before a free recall test, rates of false recall for critical lures were significantly enhanced relative to a control induction. These findings support the hypothesis that ESI operates to boost recollection of illusory episodic details associated with critical lures in the DRM, and suggest that constructive rather than reproductive episodic retrieval processes support the wide-ranging benefits of ESI on a range of cognitive tasks.
Twenty years of stereotype threat research: A review of psychological mediators.
Authors: Pennington Charlotte Rebecca , Heim Derek , Levy Andrew , Larkin Derek
Published: July 2018

This systematic literature review appraises critically the mediating variables of stereotypethreat. A bibliographic search was conducted across electronic databases between 1995and 2015. The search identified 45 experiments from 38 articles and 17 unique proposedmediators that were categorized into affective/subjective (n = 6), cognitive (n = 7) and motivationalmechanisms (n = 4). Empirical support was accrued for mediators such as anxiety,negative thinking, and mind-wandering, which are suggested to co-opt working memoryresources under stereotype threat. Other research points to the assertion that stereotypethreatened individuals may be motivated to disconfirm negative stereotypes, which canhave a paradoxical effect of hampering performance. However, stereotype threat appearsto affect diverse social groups in different ways, with no one mediator providing unequivocalempirical support. Underpinned by the multi-threat framework, the discussion postulatesthat different forms of stereotype threat may be mediated by distinct mechanisms.
Lucky or clever? From expectations to responsibility judgments
Authors: Gerstenberg Tobias , Ullman Tomer David , Nagel Jonas , Kleiman-Weiner Max , Lagnado David , Tenenbaum Joshua
Published: July 2018

How do people hold others responsible for the consequences of their actions? We propose a computational model that attributes responsibility as a function of what the observed action reveals about the person, and the causal role that the person's action played in bringing about the outcome. The model first infers what type of person someone is from having observed their action. It then compares a prior expectation of how a person would behave with a posterior expectation after having observed the person's action. The model predicts that a person is blamed for negative outcomes to the extent that the posterior expectation is lower than the prior, and credited for positive outcomes if the posterior is greater than the prior. We model the causal role of a person's action by using a counterfactual model that considers how close the action was to having been pivotal for the outcome. The model captures participants' responsibility judgments to a high degree of quantitative accuracy across three experiments that cover a range of different situations. It also solves an existing puzzle in the literature on the relationship between action expectations and responsibility judgments. Whether an unexpected action yields more or less credit depends on whether the action was diagnostic for good or bad future performance.
Forbidden and Unasked Questions about Stereotype Accuracy
Authors: Jussim Lee , Stevens Sean T. , Honeycutt Nathan
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we argue that there are many unanswered questions crucial to scientific understanding about stereotypes and stereotype accuracy because they are forbidden. To ask these questions risks incurring a ire and backlash of moral outrage one’s colleagues in the social psychological community. In presenting these questions, we explain why each question is unasked or forbidden, and why nevertheless each question needs to be asked. We review the history of the first forbidden question in this area, “Are stereotypes inaccurate?” which went empirically unanswered for about 70 years after the initial social science interest in stereotypes. Current forbidden and unasked questions include: 1. When and how does relying on a stereotype increase the accuracy of person perception? 2. Why are some stereotypes more accurate than others 3. How accurate are implicit stereotypes? 4. Do people ever actually ignore individuating information?. In science there should be few, if any, forbidden questions, but only the most courageous psychologists may adopt this position and thereby investigate the forbidden. Alternatively, though it may sometimes distort investigations, political diplomacy and reframing controversial topics may be less blunt, help disarm moral outrage, and be a good first step forward. Empirically addressing these unasked questions is critical for advancing research in this domain in theoretically and practically important ways.
Minear&Coane_The Benefits of Retrieval Practice Depend on Item Difficulty and Intelligence
Authors: Minear Meredith , Coane Jennifer
Published: July 2018

We examined whether individual differences in fluid intelligence (gF) modulate the testing effect. Participants studied Swahili-English word pairs and repeatedly studied half the pairs or attempted retrieval, with feedback, for the remaining half. Word pairs were easy or difficult to learn. Overall, participants showed a benefit of testing over re-study. However, almost 1/3 of the sample had a negative testing effect and benefitted more from re-study than testing, as well as performing better overall. These individuals self-reported less use of shallower encoding strategies than positive testing effect participants, but did not differ in other dimensions. For individuals with a positive testing effect, difficulty had differential effects on participants who scored high or low on a measure of fluid intelligence, with high gF participants showing larger testing effects for difficult over easy items, whereas low gF participants showed the opposite. Working memory performance was not related to the magnitude of the testing effect; however, vocabulary knowledge revealed a similar pattern as gF, with higher vocabulary associated with a testing effect for difficult but not easy items. This suggests that the benefit of retrieval practice varies with item difficulty and participant abilities. Thus, recommendations to engage in retrieval practice should take into consideration the interactive effects of to-be-learned materials and individual differences in the learners.
Waist-to-chest ratio predicts the reward value of men’s bodies linearly, but not quadratically
Authors: Jones Benedict C , Morrison Danielle , Hahn Amanda , DeBruine Lisa Marie
Published: July 2018

Sell et al. [1] found that cues of upper body strength were a particularly good predictor of women’s judgments of men’s physical attractiveness. As they noted, some theories of men’s physical attractiveness suggest that particularly masculine-, strong-looking men will be relatively unattractive. In other words, these theories predict a quadratic, rather than linear, effect of strength cues on men’s physical attractiveness. Consequently, it is striking that Sell et al. [1] found a strong positive linear effect of strength cues on women’s ratings of men’s physical attractiveness, but observed no evidence for a quadratic effect of these strength cues.In a recent paper [2], we measured women’s responses to images of men’s bodies using a standard key-press task that is commonly used to measure stimulus reward value and in which longer viewing times indicate more rewarding images. In light of Sell et al’s [1] results, we used multilevel modeling to reanalyse these [2] data and test whether viewing times were linearly predicted by waist-to-chest ratio (an important cue of men’s upper-body strength and formidability, [3]) and also whether there was a quadratic relationship between viewing times and waist-to-chest ratio.Our analysis suggested that women found men’s bodies with more masculine waist-to-chest ratios more rewarding (i.e., there was a significant linear effect of waist-to-chest ratio, t=-2.48, p=.016), but showed no evidence of a quadratic effect of waist-chest ratio on the reward value of men’s bodies (t=0.21, p=0.83). These results are consistent with Sell et al’s [1] conclusion that women find strong, masculine male bodies optimally attractive and do not show the aversions to highly masculine bodies that some theories might predict. We suggest that investigating the extent to which women’s responses to men’s strength cues vary as a function of ecological and cultural factors could provide further insights into the function and development of these preferences.
Is Word Adoption a Grassroots Process? An Analysis of Reddit Communities
Authors: Cole Jeremy , Ghafurian Moojan , Reitter David
Published: July 2018

This study examines how novel words originate in and dispersethrough online communities. It asks whether larger numbers of peopleor closer social ties are better environments to foster the adoption ofnew words. The data stem from Reddit, a large sample of web-mediated,asynchronous conversations. Reddit communities are divided by size inthis study: larger communities are based on discussing general topics andhave weak social ties, whereas small communities are based on discussingspecific topics and have strong social ties. The analysis shows that themajority of new words are created / first adopted in larger communities.
Goal Conflict When Making Decisions for Others
Authors: Ferrer Rebecca , Orehek Edward , Padgett Lynne S.
Published: July 2018

Some of life’s most important and difficult decisions are made on behalf of others. However, little is known about how goal conflict influences high-stakes decisions made on behalf of others. A nationally representative sample of U.S. healthcare providers (n = 502) read a statement presenting curative and palliative care goals as conflicting or complementary. We predicted and found that providers who received a goal conflict (vs. complementary) message perceived greater conflict, and rated palliative goals as less important. Providers who received a goal conflict (vs. complementarity) message also rated curative goals as less important. Moreover, there was an indirect link from goal conflict condition to willingness to provide palliative care, mediated by perceived goal conflict. A self-affirmation manipulation reduced providers’ willingness to provide palliative care, but did not influence the effect of goal conflict on decision-making. Findings suggest that goal conflict is consequential for high-stakes decisions made for others, and that goal conflict (vs. complementarity) lowers importance of, and increases disengagement from, conflicting goals.
Are males in a relationship flirted with more? Testing for mate choice copying in humans
Authors: van de Ven Niels , Pollmann Monique Maria Henriettte , Nelissen Rob , Sayenko Nadiya
Published: July 2018

Ample anecdotal and some scientific evidence suggests that men who enter a relationship feel that they are flirted with more frequently than before they had a partner. This phenomenon has been interpreted as a form of mate choice copying; the idea that females prefer males that are in a relationship with another female. In two samples (N = 271 and N = 396) we replicate that people indicate that flirting increased after entering a relationship. However, on a more absolute measure (how often people feel they are flirted with), we did not find that those in a relationship felt to be flirted with more than those without one. Our findings cast doubt on the interpretation that ours (and similar) findings are support for mate choice copying, and we argue that alternative explanations should be considered.