bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An informal survey of modern linguistics
Authors: Garvin Paul L.
Published: June 2007

The field of linguistics is considered of importance to the information sciences. In the author's opinion, linguistic contributions have so far been of significance only in the field of machine translation. A critical survey of different approaches to linguistics is therefore given from the standpoint of their usefulness to machine translation. In conclusion, some comments about the relevance of linguistics to other areas of information processing are given.
Comparative indexing: Terms supplied by biomedical authors and by document titles
Authors: Schultz Claire K. , Schultz Wallace L. , Orr Richard H.
Published: June 2007

The original aim of this study was to obtain objective data bearing on the much argued question of whether author indexing is “good.” Author indexing of 285 documents reporting biomedical research was scored by comparing the author‐supplied terms (author set) for each paper with a criterion set of terms that was established by asking a group of 12 potential users to describe the same document. Terms in the document title (title set) were scored similarly. The average author set contained almost half of all the terms employed by more than one member of the user group and scored 73% of the maximal possible score, as compared with 44% for the average title set. When judged by the method and criterion employed here, author indexing is substantially better than indexing derived from document titles. The findings suggest that indicia supplied by an author should serve scientists in biomedical disciplines other than his own about as well as they serve his disciplinary colleagues. The general method developed for measuring indexing quality may represent a practical yardstick of wide applicability.
Indexing process evaluation
Authors: Bernier Charles L.
Published: June 2007

The process of subject indexing is difficult to describe and evaluate. The indexer provides guides to subjects reported to authors. The result is an index to subjects—a subject index. He selects subjects, paraphrases and chooses guides to them, and translates the guides into standard index language. The concept of “subject” is elusive. The author controls the number of complexity of subjects and, thus, the indexing density. Guidance among index entries is by cross references. Qualifications of indexers are education in the subject and training in indexing. Differentiation between generalization for brevity and that warranted by the author is important in indexing to the maximum specificity. Weighting of terms in manipulative systems enables increased selectivity upon retrieval. The most common rules for indexing are listed. Teaching and mechanics of indexing are described. Alternatives are contrasted with subject indexing. Indexer‐computer collaboration can lead to improved indexing.
Attitudes of scientists toward a specialized information center
Authors: Feinler E. J. , Cook C. J. , Heinz O. , Bourne C. P.
Published: June 2007

Data were obtained from more than 300 atomic and molecular physicists in the U. S. concerning their use of existing information sources. A discussion of their information needs and preferences is presented. An attempt is made to define the attitude of this group toward a specialized information center in the light of their responses.
Imprecision in meaning measured by inconsistency of indexing
Authors: Tinker John F.
Published: June 2007

Meaning is defined as the relevance of a word to the concept it labels. Following Hillman, meaning is tetradic: the relation of a word and a concept, to a degree, within a corpus, indexers, in choosing or assigning all words strongly associated with concepts of a document, assert that the document means the word; therefore, consistency of indexing measures the precision with which meaning is understood by the indexers. From an indexing experiment designed to avoid all judgments of truth or correctness of indexing, the following results were obtained: (1) When descriptors are freely chosen, the more descriptors assigned to a document, even when relatively few are assigned, the more difficult is the retrieval of it. (2) By restricting the descriptors used in searching, the disadvantage noted in (1) can be overcome. (3) Possibly, older words are used more frequently and less precisely than newer words. (4) A graph of the total number of applications of a descriptor versus the ranked document serial number lucidly illustrates the precision of meaning of the descriptor; a precisely understood word gives a rectangular curve; a less precise one, an S‐shape. Many words have imprecise meanings even to specialists in scientific fields.
On the optimum number of frames per microfiche
Authors: Kuebler Wolf
Published: June 2007

It is shown that, in reducing a collection of documents to microfiche, the efficiency of the microfiche‐microframe system has an optimum value. This optimum depends on the page distribution of the collection. For example, the optimum for the NASA and DOD collections is 63 frames per microfiche. The ratio of pages to frames is then 0.57, and the ratio of documents to microfiche 0.72. The existence of such an optimum suggests that further significant filming reduction ratio should be accompanied by a corresponding reduction of microfiche size.
Comprehensive dissemination of current literature
Authors: Sage C. R.
Published: June 2007

A résumé of the Ames Laboratory Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) System is presented and its potential for future generation computers is discussed. The system is compared with other operational SDI systems with particular emphasis on the design differences. The Ames Laboratory system's adaptability to different input tape compositions and subject coverage is shown through a study of the results of 26 production runs made from two distinct document sources. A detailed analysis of the Ames Laboratory SDI System is made for a 40‐run period in 1965, including a discussion of shortcomings of the system and suggested solutions to eliminate certain areas of “noise”.
The scholar and the future of microfilm
Authors: Dickison R. R.
Published: June 2007

The reasons for the failure of roll film and microcards to be fully integrated into library practices are examined and compared with present practices in microfiche systems. It is concluded that microfilm systems in the recently introduced form of the fiche will finally be integrated into library usage.
PICS: The pharmaceutical information control system of merck sharp and dohme research laboratories
Authors: Kolb Margaret C. , Maddock Jerome T. , Weaver Barbara N.
Published: June 2007

The Pharmaceutical Information Control System (PICS), developed at Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, provides centralized control and methodology for a series of decentralized information areas in the Division. It is compatible with and instrumental in total data processing and analysis of research information. Serving as a Core Index to all information resources of the Research Laboratories, it also processes, stores, and retrieves research project information for the staff members for planning and retrospective searches. A register of all domestic and international clinical research information on experimental and in‐line products of Merck & Co., Inc., is provided by the system.

An eight‐digit dual‐faceted classification code was developed based on a companywide program identification scheme. This code of two mutually exclusive facets enables us to identify a product with a field of research. This code has been adopted for use in administrative planning, cost accounting, time allocation, and internal reporting. The uniform use of this information code within the Research Division minimizes the vocabulary barrier between the user and information system and provides the system with a self‐indexing device for internal reports.

Incoming mail is copied and registered by the information center prior to transmittal to the addressee. Copies of all outgoing mail and intramural correspondence are directed to the center. An information scientist analyzes each document and selects the project code and document descriptors. This information is punched into 80‐column cards. The documents are filed by code and the cards are filed alphabetically by name, term, and by date. Output forms include information, documents, printouts of document citations, and reports to drug regulatory agencies. Continuous system evaluation results in reduced I/O time, better utilization of personnel, and improved user feedback and contact.
Biological dictionary preparation, control, and maintenance
Authors: Weinstein S. Jane
Published: June 2007

A description of the working processes involved in preparation, control, and maintenance of a biological dictionary or thesaurus is given. The actual use of the dictionary by the abstractor‐indexer is illustrated by sample coding sheets and examples from the dictionary of cross references, instructions, and scope notes. The use of specific authorities such as the World Health Organization Classification of Diseases is cited. Emphasis is placed on firm control by one person trained in biological science, especially in the matter of synonyms and of family or generic entries. Without this control, a great many pertinent references can easily be lost when a search is made. Non‐thesaurus, uncontrolled indexing is very wasteful and unreliable.
Classification Systems and Their Subjects. A General Analysis of Different Kinds of Classification Systems Characterized by Different Types of Subject
Authors: Wåhlin Ejnar
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this paper is to analyze different types of classification systems characterized by different types of subjects. The most important types of subjects in documentation are documents and terms, but other systems for other subjects are discussed. Systems of science are dealt with as an introduction to document systems. Every system ought to have a structure that will fit the subjects. The hierarchies for documents and terms are not the same. If we try to classify a category of subjects in a system made for another category of subjects (for example, classifying terms or technical products according to a document system) we will always meet with difficulties.

We should not be bound for the future to now existing systems, but for each type of subject we have to create the best possible system or variant. Our aim should be to get a system of systems, where every individual system as far as possible—without distortion of its primary function—has common features with the other systems. Principles for designing a modern universal document system based on concepts and adapted to technology and a universal term system are advanced.
The use of second order descriptors for document retrieval
Authors: Libbey Miles A.
Published: June 2007

It is proposed that one way to increase the efficacy of document retrieval is to define to the computer the descriptors used to index the file. A computer program written in COMIT to implement the proposal and to facilitate testing its capabilities is described. Definitions are given to the computer as a string of terms called a “definitor.” These terms, which act as “second order descriptors,” are not normally those used as file descriptors. Their introduction provides a controllably broader base for link‐finding and matchcounting operations by the computer. It also makes possible such things as introducing new terminology and biasing existing descriptor indexes towards special interests or languages without having to re‐index the file. The program computes a “pseudometric distance” between a query and each document and prints an ordered list of those documents closer to the query than some chosen cut‐off value. (Large files would probably require some preselection, such as that which would result from use of a concordance.) It then substitutes for each descriptor its definitor and repeats the above process. The result is that the subjective human judgment required to evaluate the efficacy of introducing the definitors is reduced to a statement as to which list would be considered more useful. Use of the program to date has been only as a demonstration so no conclusions can be stated other than that the demonstration results would seem to indicate that testing on a serious scale should be undertaken. (This paper is a result of work sponsored by The MITRE Corporation's Educational Assistance Program).
A film system for the duplication of termatrex cards
Authors: Baker C. W. , Haefele C. R. , Reckhow W. A.
Published: June 2007

The Termatrex information retrieval system marketed by the Jonkers Business Machines, Inc., uses large plastic cards containing drilled holes. Duplicating the plastic cards to make identical copies for distribution requires multiple drilling and is costly, time‐consuming, and error‐prone. The Eastman Kodak Company has developed a method of photographing the plastic cards on cut sheet film approximately one‐half the dimensions of the Termatrex cards. The film sheets can be manipulated in the same manner as the original plastic cards. The problems of supplying duplicate decks is easily handled by photographic copies of one original Termatrex deck.
Coding and tabulating machine processing of physical signs in toxicity tests
Authors: Reichardt R. W. , Sher S. P. , Ford R. , Anderson R. B. , Vogin E. E.
Published: June 2007

A system utilizing relatively simple machine methods is described for processing physical signs occurring in subacute and chronic toxicity tests in dogs and rats. Signs are coded by organ system and specific sign within organ systems. These codes are then entered on IBM cards. Signs that are not included in the code notation are entered in natural language. At the termination of the experiment, signs are printed out by sign and dosage group or by animal and dosage group. The system has simplified the analysis of the experiments and aided in evaluating the dose relationship of signs.
Distribution of indexing terms for maximum efficiency of information transmission
Authors: Zunde Pranas , Slamecka Vladimir
Published: June 2007

A function was developed for the optimum distribution of indexing terms by the number of postings. This makes it possible to transmit information with maximum efficiency. The comparison of the actual distribution of the term groups with the calculated optimum distribution provides an objective measure for evaluating any indexing system with respect to its efficiency as information transmission channel.
A documentation training model
Authors: Batty C. D.
Published: June 2007

This contribution reports on the design and development of a series of model information retrieval and library systems. These are designed to allow documentation students access to a variety of basic files, permit lecture demonstrations, enable comparisons (since all files relate to the same collection), and to serve as the depository for the input assignments of advanced students.

Comments are provided as to the choice of systems made, and their potential applications for research.
An experimental system for automatic identification of personal names and personal titles in newspaper texts
Authors: Borkowski Casimir
Published: June 2007

Natural language seems to contain various special‐purpose subsystems, e.g., personal titles, personal names, dates, street addresses, place names—each with its own structure which relative to the total structure of language is rather simple.

An ability to identify automatically words and word strings belonging to various special‐purpose linguistic subsystems (akin to some thesaurus classes) may prove to be very useful since they play an important role in the making of indexes and in various systems for extracting and distributing information.

This article describes some of the main problems involved in automatic identification in newspaper texts of words and word strings belonging to two important linguistic subsystems, viz., personal titles and names; lists some of the major rules of an algorithm designed to perform this task; presents statistics concerning the algorithm's accuracy and exhaustiveness obtained in manual application of the algorithm to texts; and suggests some applications for computer programs capable of recognizing personal titles and names.

The results obtained indicate that an automatic system capable of accurate and exhaustive identification of personal titles and names in texts requires recognition procedures which are rather complex.

It is therefore suggested that along with researching and developing methods for high‐quality automatic classification of words in texts, it may be advisable to set up efficient procedures for manual classification and tagging of words in texts, and automatic extraction of data from texts which were recognized either manually or automatically.

Such action seems appropriate since automatic extraction of information from manually recognized texts would probably constitute a valuable service, and, when automatic procedures for identifying dates, personal names, personal titles, trade names, company names, chemical formulas, numbers and measure words, and so forth become competitive with manual ones, the data‐processing profession will be already in possession of operational computer programs capable of extracting data from recognized exts.
The Japan information center of science and technology (JICST): Its organization and function
Authors: Fukudome Takao
Published: June 2007

The Japan Information Center of Science and Technology (JICST) was established in 1957, with initial funds from the Japanese Government and private industry. The organization now has a full‐time staff of nearly 260 people of which 25 percent consists of subject specialists. In addition, there are more than 2,000 outside cooperators for abstracting and translating. JICST's services include current bibliographic publications, photocopy, current content‐sheet, translation, and literature search. The charges for these services give partial support for the activities of JICST. “JEIPAC” is a special purpose electronic computer designed for JICST's information handling, which was installed in 1961. JICST has been engaged in developing information retrieval systems in several subject areas by using this machine and it is being used in practice for metallurgical literature search. Although JICST is Japan's central organization for the dissemination of scientific and technical information, its services do not cover the fields of the life sciences because of economic limitations. The present services of JICST are mainly concerned with foreign literature relating to the physical sciences.
The relationship of natural and social sciences to social problems and the contribution of the information scientist to their solutions
Authors: Hoffer Joe R.
Published: June 2007

Social problems have multiple causes, and their solutions accordingly require a multidiscipline approach, which is facilitated by the fact that technology, the natural sciences, and the social sciences are closely interrelated (a point of view that is making itself increasingly felt in educational theory). The deterioration of the inner city is an example of a typical complex social problem that will yield only before such a unified attack. Solutions to social problems have been suggested by findings from such varied fields as astrophysics, sensory psychophysics, and population studies, as well as the more theoretical social sciences, whose influence can be seen in their application to problems of urban development. Although information specialists have hardly yet developed a full‐fledged body of knowledge, they can contribute much towards the solving of social problems by: (1) organizing and disseminating information to those broad‐gauged individuals and groups that are working on problems that defy solution by a fragmented approach; (2) controlling the rapidly mushrooming body of pertinent technical literature; (3) developing periodical indexes for the field of social welfare; and (4) assisting in the compilation of state‐of‐the‐art papers on social problems, basing their work on a value‐oriented extracting technique derived from a model created by the National Association of Social Workers.
The interpretation of SDI data
Authors: Savage T. R.
Published: June 2007

Although a large number of Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) Systems have been planned, implemented, and tested over the past few years, insufficient attention has been given to the collection and interpretation of important data needed for evaluation. We describe some of the defects common to almost all of the reported systems, single out one recent report for detailed discussion and argue in favor of collection and correct interpretation of data on one important and frequently overlooked evaluation factor.
A comparison of the relevance of key‐word‐in‐context versus descriptor indexing terms
Authors: Rosenberg Kenyon C. , Blocher Charles L. M.
Published: June 2007

This report describes a technique for measuring the relevance of indexing terms per se to the subject of their source document. It is then postulated that the average relevance value of indexing terms and their distribution provides a basis for the evaluation of the relative merits of two indexing systems; for example, System A is better than System B if the average relevance value of its indexing terms is higher than that of System B. To demonstrate the method, 100 randomly selected DDC (Defense Documentation Center) technical documents (representative of the literature) previously indexed by the methods of KWIC (i.e., Key Word in Context) and of DII (i.e., Descriptor Indexing) are used. The relevance values of the index terms derived by each method are compared, analyzed, and reported.
Expected search length: A single measure of retrieval effectiveness based on the weak ordering action of retrieval systems
Authors: Cooper William S.
Published: June 2007

A measure of document retrieval system performance called the “expected search length reduction factor” is defined and compared with indicators, such as precision and recall, that have been suggested by other workers. The new measure is based on calculations of the expected number of irrelevant documents in the collection which would have to be searched through before the desired number of relevant documents could be found. Its advantages are: (1) it provides a single index for the property it attempts to measure; (2) it allows for gradations of retrieval status, through the mathematical concept of a “weak ordering”; (3) it evaluates retrieval performance relative to random searching; and (4) it takes into account the amount of relevant material desired by the requester.
On the need for role indicators in postcoordinate retrieval systems
Authors: Lancaster F. W.
Published: June 2007

A summary of the findings of various evaluations of role indicators is given. In general, the results have been negative in that little real evidence for the value of these devices has been presented. The need for roles in various subject fields and in very large systems, is discussed. They can only be justified on purely economic grounds—if the added cost involved in their use is offset by substantial reduction in the amount of output screening that must be done by the end user.
Scientists meet the KWIC index
Authors: Adams Wm. Mansfield , Lockley Laurence C.
Published: June 2007

A KWIC Cumulative Index to the first 53 years of the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America has been produced and distributed to the members of the Society. There are only about 1,000 members of this group. This paper reports the reactions of this group of scientists to the novel index. Temporal variation of the preference is studied both as a simple Markov process and as a birth and death model. The findings are extrapolated to predict the stable level of preference. By the birth and death model, about 75% of the respondents would eventually prefer the KWIC index over the traditional subject index. Authors provided a large percentage of the respondents so they were treated separately. About 80% of the authors would eventually prefer the KWIC index, assuming no change in the environment. The simple Markov process gave slightly lower values. Because of the rapid change in information retrieval techniques, these results may not remain valid very long, nor for groups in different environments.
Offset printing from typescript as a substitute for microfilming of dissertations
Authors: Harris Jessica L.
Published: June 2007

Most universities, since conventional printing of doctoral dissertations became prohibitively expensive, have switched to the University Microfilms plan, whereby typewritten copies are deposited with UM, microfilmed, and abstracts published in Dissertation Abstracts. However, in the last few years, newer printing methods, especially photo‐offset, have made short‐run publication an economic possibility for this purpose. Estimated costs of editions of 25 to 500 copies, produced by various methods, are presented here. The methods include microfilm and 5.5 × 8.5 in. Xerox Copyflo reproductions available from University Microfilms, short‐run photo‐offset at 31% and 50% reduction, single‐spaced short‐run photo‐offset at 50% reduction, full‐size Xeroxing on the new Xerox 2400, and photo‐offset from full‐size masters produced on the Xerox 914. It is shown that the cost of true publication of doctoral dissertations no longer need be prohibitive, even if the candidate were forced to pay all costs himself.
Storage, retrieval, and editing of information for a dictionary
Authors: Venezky Richard L.
Published: June 2007

A computer system has been designed for storing, retrieving, and editing data for the Dictionary of American Regional English (D.A.R.E.). This dictionary, in contrast to most commercial dictionaries, will consist of words which have regional rather than national currency and will derive its entries from data collected by its own fieldworkers, readers, and researchers. Entries, consisting of a headword or phrase, plus descriptors for such items as the user, meaning, pronunciation, and collection technique for this word or phrase are stored in a central file. Interrogations on this file can be made on the value of any headword or description, or any logical combination of such values.

Any portion of an entry which satisfies an interrogation may be designated for retrieval. An experimental editing system employing an on‐line CRT terminal has been developed for the editing process, although a more flexible system will be needed for the actual editing which is scheduled to begin in approximately three years.
A proposed structure for displayed information to minimize search time through a data base
Authors: Thompson David A. , Bennigson Lawrence A. , Whitman David
Published: June 2007

Minimum user search time is selected as a relative measure of efficiency for evaluation of data base classification structures. For two common structures with similar characteristics, a “table of contents” format and a “decision tree” format, a visual search time formula is derived. The optimal shape for a data base classification structure is shown to be narrow: three to five information items to be selected at each successive level of the structure, with as many levels as necessary for the data base size. This shape is compared with those of classification structures commonly in use and, based on search time parameters developed, recommendations for librarians and other information classifiers are made.
Unanswered science and technology reference questions
Authors: Jahoda G. , Culnan Mary
Published: June 2007

Twenty‐six science and technology and chemistry libraries kept a record of unanswered science and technology reference questions received during a 1‐month period. The 47 questions collected are listed and reasons why they were not answered are given. Unanswered questions and types of questions that are difficult or impossible to answer were collected to determine what improvements in the science and technology bibliographic apparatus appear desirable. In view of the small number of unanswered questions collected in this study, other techniques for determining desirable improvements in the bibliographic apparatus are suggested.
Photocopying, copyright, and the librarian
Authors: Lazowska Edward S.
Published: June 2007

Prior to the advent of microfilm, copyright was of little concern to American librarians. They viewed it, according to Verner Clapp, as a “vague but commendable doctrine, intended for the encouragement of authors and the discouragement of plagiarism. Its connection with copying performed on library premises was remote.” (1, p. 11) Indeed, copying on library premises has been common practice since the beginning of library history. As Clapp points out, libraries (as opposed to archives) exist for the very purpose of copying, since the use of books (as contrasted with their mere storage) involves making some kind of copy, either mental or mechanical. (1, p. 1) Although copyright laws have existed for centuries, the question of copyright was never considered relevant to the kind of pencil‐and‐paper copying traditionally performed in libraries. This situation began to change with the development of inexpensive photographic copying methods in the 1920's and 1930's. Since that time, technological advances have made it possible for libraries to use mass‐production methods of copying, with the result that copyright and library photocopying now present serious ethical, if not yet legal, problems for librarians. This paper will attempt to explore the subject of copyright as it relates to photocopying in libraries.
The publication inflation
Authors: London Gertrude
Published: June 2007

The much‐vaunted information explosion seems to be the manifestation of a rather generalized publication inflation. Multipublication and pretentious writing have become obstacles to “communication between human minds.” To counteract their harmful effects it will be necessary to reduce the quantity and improve the quality of the printed records by filtering the material before it is stored for retrieval.
Combined grouping for coordinate indexes
Authors: Perry Peter
Published: June 2007

A method is suggested for the more economical storage of documents in coordinate indexes on the basis of inclusion relationships existing between sets of features assigned to documents. Essentially, the technique consists of using sets of features to identify documents that have been indexed either by all or by only some of the total features of the sets. The resulting index has been named a combined grouped coordinate index. Using combined grouping in the construction of a punched feature card index, the Group Research and Development Centre of E. S. & A. Robinson (Holdings) Ltd., Bristol, England, has achieved a 35% saving in dedicated positions. The advantages, implications, and applications of combining groups of features in coordinate indexes are discussed.
An index system of terms with related and associated words
Authors: Potocko Richard J.
Published: June 2007

An Index System of Terms with Related and Associated Words is described with a general discussion of the mechanical and the intellectual aspects of indexing. The details of grammar, syntax, and rhetoric are only mentioned. Index systems from the traditionally ordered Dewey Decimal System to the more recent Uniterm system have been evaluated. Both have positive qualities that contribute to a system of four Look‐up aids: a table of contents, a glossary, a vocabulary, and an index. A survey and word count of a variety of technical literature resulted in a consistently smooth statistical distribution of word combinations. Hence, a simple, numeric code system is recommended to prefix word combinations; and a second numeric code system is recommended to cross‐reference the indexed word combinations. These numeric code systems are one extension to the presently operational permuted term index systems. This system can increase the recall and relevance ratios of retrospective searches by systematically displaying to the information specialist those unique words of the total vocabulary and also the actual, not all of the possible, word combinations that exist in the texts of the document library.

The continuation of this system is a system of truth tables and the use of the Socratic Method to program and control the order of events during the interrogation of the information file that has been derived from the document store.
Systematics of knowledge with enneametry and data processing machines
Authors: Santiago Antony
Published: June 2007

The logic of a functional system of classification of variables of any taxon within a matrix of (3 × 3)n cells, codified systematically with numbers and letters is named enneametry. Examples of using enneametry in systematics of fields of knowledge are presented. The natural basis of enneametry in systematics of knowledge is discussed. The adaptability of enneametry in data processing machines with a practicable procedure is illustrated. The value of the principles of enneametry in systematics of complex variables of a qualitative nature is compared with the value of the principles of the abacus in data processing machines. Systematists of knowledge are therefore urged to investigate seriously the intrinsic, practical, and abstract properties of enneametry which may be developed further to meet the demands of information recording, storage, and retrieval for all time.
Possibilities of articulation of information systems into a network
Authors: Wall Eugene
Published: June 2007

The interconnection of systems into a network permits sharing of effort in certain respects so that, from an input—output viewpoint, only 14 types of systems for handling serial literature are possible; it is believed that systems for handling separate literature are identical, nearly identical, or closely equivalent. Each of the 14 system types produces a different combination of outputs for use by its clientele or by other systems. When the variations in combinations of outputs transmitted between pairs of system types are examined, it is concluded that only 13 different modes of such communication—i.e., “modes of articulation”—are possible. Further, the 14 types of systems constitute only six overall groups; all system types within a group interact with each other system type in identical ways. Finally, the 13 modes of articulation can be organized into hierarchies, with the more general modes subsuming the more specific modes—pointing to the possibilities of (1) planned routes for evolutionary development of systems' articulative capabilities and (2) the need for only a very few standard procedures of articulation from which the more specific modes may be excerpted. In short, articulation among information systems for handling serial literature is not technically complex on the “system of systems” level (i.e., determining what is to be done) once the requirements of the clientele of the individual component systems have been determined. The matter of determining how to implement the what, however, may well be technically and sociopolitically difficult, and perhaps even economically impracticable.
Subject heading authority list, computer prepared
Authors: Way William
Published: June 2007

A Subject Heading Authority List containing main entries, scope notes, cross‐references, and subdivisions is compiled, printed, and updated by computer. A code‐sort method preserves the Library of Congress format of the subject headings and allows for random insertion and deletion of entries. The master tape and updated punched cards are used to produce biweekly change notices plus a quarterly revision of the list. Design criteria, programing, input preparation, printing, and future refinements of the list technique are covered. Selection from among several design alternatives is emphasized.
A framework for comparing SDI systems
Authors: Jordan John R.
Published: June 2007

The process of comparing the many Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems numerically is a complicated task, requiring proper test procedures and the control of critical variables. The necessity for controlling for interest level as well as the number of documents disseminated when evaluating systems is discussed here. The process of SDI is described graphically in order to demonstrate the effect of these variables.
Document specification and search strategy using basic intersections and the probability measure of sets
Authors: Uhlmann Wolfram
Published: June 2007

The usefulness of basic intersections and of the probability measure of sets for the formulation of document and search specifications in coordinate indexing systems is discussed. It is possible to formulate a search equation representing accurately the matching procedure between the specification of the request and that of the file item. The equation contains, besides the usual set of descriptive terms, a part comprising a matrix formulation of the truth tables of the file item and of the request. Through an operation between these matrix representations a new truth table referring to the subset of descriptive terms that are common to both, the request and the file item, is generated. The equation produces, furthermore, a general and quantitative criterion of relevance between request and file item. Certain numerical values of this criterion may be specified in advance, and thus the search operation may be controlled at will.
Extracting the basic structure of scientific literature
Authors: Van Cott Harold P. , Zavala Albert
Published: June 2007

Much of the periodical literature within scientific disciplines is characterized by overlap in content among journals and by scatter of content areas across journals. This obscures the inherent structure that may exist within the literature of a discipline, creating problems for authors seeking suitable publication outlets, for editors wishing to establish coverage policy, and for fibraries wishing to be selective but representative in acquiring journals for a discipline. Four factor analytic studies were done on samples of the periodical literature of physics in an attempt to define its inherent structure. The first study resulted in 10 factors interpreted as journal groups within physics. The remaining three studies resulted in factors that define relatively homogeneous topical or content areas. The consistency of results across the analyses justified the conclusion that factor analysis methods are applicable to defining the structure of the literature of science.
Traditional methods of organizing and storing information
Authors: Evans Luther H.
Published: June 2007

The library science of precomputer days developed or accepted the fundamental concepts and processes that are the heart of the library science of the future. The methods used were so time consuming and the technical orientation so limited, however, that inefficiencies of method and of scale rendered the system almost self‐destroying. The ramifications of this situation are described in regard to the processes of acquisition, classification, descriptive and subject cataloging, and circulation.
Psychology and information
Authors: Miller George A.
Published: June 2007

An aspect of the human use of information that has generally been overlooked in the automation of information services is the human tendency to locate information spatially. Computer‐based systems do not necessarily assign any unique role to spatial tags, and so a feature of considerable importance for the organization of the user's memory seems to have been largely overlooked. The spatial dimension of human memory is discussed, and some suggestions are offered for exploiting it more effectively in the context of information retrieval services.
The scientist and scientific data
Authors: Sarett Lewis H.
Published: June 2007

The statistic that 90% of scientists of all time are alive today has often been used for its shock value, but the same can be said of babies, of TV repairmen, and of newlyweds, a piece of data which alarms no one. The massive growth of the literature produced by this corps of scientists does present a problem—a real one for society but sometimes an illusory one for the individual scientist. The latter may undergo anxiety, not so much because of the two million scientific papers which appear annually but because his fraternal badge says “biochemist,” “pathologist,” or what you will, and this semantic tyranny demands reading a constant fraction of the swelling mass. What the scientist puts into the literature is different from what he wants back out of it. He must endow his published work with experimental reproducibility and add his interpretation as a very separate adjunct. In order to insure plausibility, the referee system of peer judgment is brought to bear on manuscripts. The scientist does not enjoy having his manuscript trimmed. What he prefers to take out of the literature is its quintessence, which has predictive value when applied to his own field of exploration. It is clear that an extensive job of adaptation is needed to reconcile input of raw material with output of knowledge potentially useful to society. Carrying the problem a step further, the conversion of that knowledge into applied technology requires a system for adaptation. It will be the task of the future to define fresh means to effect this conversion.
Documentation and electronic data processing
Authors: Becker A. M.
Published: June 2007

How can a large company cope with the problem of the rapid increase of bibliographic data and the growing interest in technical literature? The following article describes a practical solution for the dissemination and classification of literature abstracts based on electronic data processing.
Habitability
Authors: Watt W. C.
Published: June 2007

A “habitable” language is one in which its users can express themselves without straying over the language's boundaries into unallowed sentences. If meant only to permit expressions addressed to a restricted subject matter, such a language can be a proper subset of, for example, the set of English sentences. Such a habitable subset is what any practical English man—computer interface must be. Yet, for any subject matter of interest, a subset that contains all English sentences “appropriate” to that subject will be impossibly large. Moreover, the subset must consist of the utterances of performance, not the sentences of competence; and, besides having differences of form, utterances are partly interpreted and disambiguated on the basis of the situation of usage. Thus the “English subset” must be redefined to bear the less direct relationship to the grammar that its performative nature indicates, and then, because of the large size of this subset, it must be greatly reduced, though without losing habitability.
Linking research and teaching
Authors: Saracevic Tefko
Published: June 2007

A laboratory course was developed on the basis of and in connection with a research project on test and evaluation of retrieval systems. The approach, methodology, problems, and solutions in developing and teaching such a course are presented in such a manner that general implications can be drawn for the important problems of directly relating research and teaching.
Cyclopropene als Komplexliganden: Darstellung und Struktur von Komplexen des Typs (η3:η1‐Allylcarbonyl)tricarbonyleisen, (η3:η1‐C3R1R2R3R3′CO)Fe(CO)3, und Hexacarbonyl‐μ‐(phenylallyl)‐dieisen(FeFe), (C3PhR1R2R3)Fe2(CO)6
Authors: Dettlaf Gerd , Behrens Ulrich , Weiss Erwin
Published: June 2007

Cyclopropene (1a–e) reagieren mit Fe2(CO)9 im Molverhältnis 1:1 unter Öffnung des Dreirings und CO‐Einschiebung zu (η3:η1‐Allylcarbonyl)tricarbonyleisen‐Komplexen (2a–e). Die Struktur von Tricarbonyl(η3:η1‐1,2,3‐triphenylallylcarbonyl)eisen (2d) wurde röntgenographisch bestimmt. – 3‐Phenylsubstituierte Cyclopropene (1d–f) reagieren mit überschüssigem Fe2(CO)9 zu Hexacarbonyl‐μ‐(η2‐phenyl‐η3:η1‐allyl)‐dieisen(FeFe)‐Komplexen (4d–f). 4d und e entstehen auch aus 2d und e mit weiterem Fe2(CO)9. Die Kristallstruktur von Hexacarbonyl‐μ‐(1η2, 2,3‐triphenyl‐η3:η1‐allyl)‐dieisen(FeFe) (4d) wurde gleichfalls ermittelt.
[3 + 2]‐Cycloadditionen mesoionischer 1,3‐Dithiolone an Ethylendicarbonsäure‐Derivate und 1,2‐Dibenzoylethylen
Authors: Gotthardt Hans , Christl Brigitte
Published: June 2007

Als cyclisches Thiocarbonyl‐ylid vereinigt sich das 1,3‐Dithiolylium‐4‐olat 1a in 2,5‐Stellung mit N‐Phenylmaleinimid unter Bildung der endo exo‐isomeren 2,7‐Dithiabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐3‐on‐Derivate 2,3 in 98 proz. Ausbeute. Mit Maleinsäureanhydrid reagiert 1a zu 6. Die analogen Umsetzungen der mesoionischen Dithiolone 1a–d mit Maleinsäure‐dimethylester führen zu den endo‐Addukten 10a–d. Weiterhin reagiert 1a mit Fumarsäure‐dimethylester bzw. cis‐ oder trans‐Dibenzoylethylen zu 11a, 12a bzw. 11b, 12b. Spektroskopische Daten und die Ergebnisse chemischer Abbaureaktionen sind in Übereinstimmung mit den Addukt‐Konstitutionen.
Cycloadditionen mesoionischer 1,3‐Dithiolone an cyclische Olefin‐Abkömmlinge
Authors: Gotthardt Hans , Weisshuhn C. Michael , Christl Brigitte
Published: June 2007

Das 1,3‐Dithiolylium‐4‐olat 1a reagiert mit 1,2,3‐Triphenylcyclopropen bei 100°C in 88proz. Ausbeute zum isomerenfreien exo‐Tricyclus 2a, der durch Oxidation in die Sulfoxide 3 und 4 übergeht. Mit 1,2‐Diphenylcyclopropen‐3‐carbonester vereinigt sich 1a bei 100°C zu 2b (88%), während Cyclopropen bereits bei Raumtemp. mit 1a, b die 1:1‐Cycloaddukte 2c, d bildet. Aus 1a, c und Acenaphthylen erhält man 5a bzw. 5b. Andererseits liefern die Reaktionen von 1a bzw. 1d mit überschüssigem p‐Benzochinon neben den 1:1‐Addukten 7a, b noch die Thiophen‐Derivate 9a, b als Ergebnis einer dehydrierenden Fragmentierung. Durch entsprechende Umsetzungen von 1c bzw. 1a mit Norbornadien, Norbornen oder Norbornen‐5,6‐dicarbonester gelangt man zu den tetracyclischen Addukten 10, 12a bzw. 12b. Weiterhin cycloaddiert 1a an Cyclopenten, Cyclopentadien, 1,3‐Cyclohexadien und 1,5‐Cyclooctadien unter Bildung der Heterotricyclen 13–16, 18a, b.

Spektroskopische Daten und die Ergebnisse chemischer Überführungsreaktionen sind in Einklang mit den Strukturen der neuen Addukte.
Präparative, spektroskopische und strukturelle Untersuchungen an Organyl‐IVb‐Element‐Seleninsäure‐Derivaten
Authors: Ansorge Ulrich , Lindner Ekkehard , Strähle Joachim
Published: June 2007

Durch Umsetzung verschiedener Triorganyl‐IVb‐Elementhalogenide R3EX (X = Cl, Br) mit Natrium‐ oder Silberseleninaten R′SeO2M erhält man die Seleninsäurederivate R3EO2SeR′ [E = Pb (1), Sn (2), Ge (3), Si (4), C (5); R = CH3, C6H5: R′ = CH3 (a, d), C2H5 (b, e), C6H5 (c, f)]. Die Blei‐ und Zinnverbindungen 1 und 2 liegen als polymere Seleninato‐O, O′‐Komplexe mit der Koordinationszahl 5 vor. Während es sich bei den Germanium‐ und Silicium‐Derivaten 3 und 4 um Ester handelt, in denen die Ge‐ und Si‐Atome über nur ein O‐Atom an die R′SeO2‐Liganden gebunden sind, ist (C6H5)3CSe(O)2C6H5 (5f) ein Selenon. Die IR‐, Raman‐, 1H‐. 77Se‐, 13C‐NMR‐ und Mößbauer‐Spektren werden diskutiert. (CH3)3SnO2SeCH3 (2a) kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit Z = 8.
Natürlich vorkommende Terpen‐Derivate, 144: Über ein dimeres Furanoeremophilan und neue Cacalohastin‐Derivate aus Senecio crispus Thumb. und Senecio macrospermus DC
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Zdero Christa
Published: June 2007

Die südafrikanischen Senecio‐Arten, Senecio crispus und S. macrospermus, enthalten neben bereits bekannten Verbindungen neue Cacalohastin‐Derivate, deren Konstitutionen durch spektroskopische Methoden geklärt werden. S. crispus liefert das dimere Sesquiterpen 13 und den Diester 4, während aus S. macrospermus der Diester 7, der Hydroxyester 6, der Dehydrocacalohastinester 10 und der Alkohol 11 isoliert werden. Die stereochemischen Probleme werden durch intensive NMR‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen geklärt.