bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamik mikrobieller Prozesse
Authors: Globitza F. , Heinritz B.
Published: July 2010

The unique description of the dependences of the specific consumption coefficients on the process state known from the literature is an important prerequisite to the further increase of the intensity and efficiency of the process for the industrial protein synthesis. Suitable measuring quantities for it are entropy production, an important quantity of thermodynamics of irreversible processes, and differential heat flow which can be measured by microcalorimetry.

The description of the dependences of consumption coeffients by thermodynamics of irreversible processes allows an ingenious statement of calorimetric measurements of the fermentation process the confirm and to make precise the knowledge from thermodynamics.

Thermodynamical considerations and calorimetric measurements are used to describe the dependences of consumption coefficients on substrate concentration, nature of limitation, and periodical perturbations of the process.
Properties of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris phage Ta1 and its extracted DNA
Authors: Sarfert Eva , Kretschmer Sigrid , Triebel H. , Luck G.
Published: July 2010

The virulent phage Ta1 was obtained in good yields from infected cultures of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 1227. The purified phage was found to sediment with a single band, the sedimentation constant being (519 ± 14)S, and to exhibit a typical nucleoprotein behaviour in UV‐spectrophotometric and CD experiments. The Ta1 phage consists of a hexagonal head about 0.056 μm in diameter and a very short tail. It is morphologically similar to the temperate Salmonella phage P22.

The nucleic acid extracted from the phage was found to be a double‐stranded linear DNA with a G+C content of 42 mole‐% as deduced both from its melting temperature and buoyant density in CsCl. Analytical sedimentation revealed a high degree of molecular homogeneity of Ta1 DNA. The sedimentation constant of this DNA amounts to (35.9 • 0.3)S, corresponding to a DNA molecular weight of about 29 millions daltons. The biological activity of Ta1 DNA was indicated by its ability to infect the mycelium of the competent T. vulgaris strain 1227 and to give rise to mature phages.
Inhibition by glycine of the catabolic reduction of proline in Clostridium sticklandii: Evidence on the regulation of amino acid reduction
Authors: Schwartz A. C. , Quecke W. , Brenschede Gundel
Published: July 2010

The growth of Clostridium sticklandii on the substrate pair L‐alanine‐L‐proline (reductant‐oxidant each 40 mM) in a medium containing 2 g/l yeast extract was completely inhibited by equimolar amounts of glycine, although glycine itself should be used as oxidant by the cells. The effect of glycine was the same, whether L‐alanine, L‐arginine, or L‐serine were used as reducdants. Performance of the growth experiments in media of high osmolarity excluded the possibility that the inhibition effected by glycine was caused by the synthesis of defective cell wall peptidoglycan. In cell‐free extracts an inhibition of L‐proline reduction by glycine was observed that did not belong to anyone of the known types of kinetic inhibition. It depended upon the presence of a functioning glycine‐reducing enzyme system, besides glycine itself, and was lost after the purification of D‐proline reductase. It was concluded from these results that a protein, besides glycine, participated in the inhibition of L‐proline reduction. The regulatory implications of the inhibition for the energy metabolism of C. sticklandii are discussed.
Aufnahme von organischen Säuren durch Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Authors: Haferburg D. , Kleber H.‐P. , Aurich H.
Published: July 2010

Die Aufnahme von Pyruvat, α‐Ketoglutarat, Succinat und L‐Malat durch intakte nicht wachsende Zellen von Acinetobacter calcoaceticus wird in Abhängigkeit von der C‐Quelle (Acetat, n‐Alkane, Succinat, L‐Malat, Hefeextrakt) untersucht, und einige kinetische Parameter der Aufnahme dieser organischen Anionen werden ermittelt.

Der „scheinbare”︁ KM‐Wert für die Aufnahme von Pyruvat beträgt 1,8 × 10−3 M, für α‐Ketoglutarat 7,6 × 10−4 M, für Succinat 3,3 × 10−4 M und für L‐Malat 1,4 × 10−4 M. Die Aufnahme von Pyruvat wird von α‐Ketoglutarat und den untersuchten Dicarbonsäuren nicht‐kompetitiv gehemmt. Die Dicarbonsäuren hemmen einander bei der Aufnahme kompetitiv. α‐Ketoglutarat beeinflußt den Transport von Succinat und L‐Malat nicht. Umgekehrt dagegen wird die Aufnahme von α‐Ketoglutarat durch Dicarbonsäuren kompetitiv (durch Oxalacetat allerdings nicht‐kompetitiv) gehemmt.

Uranylacetat, Hemmstoffe der Atmungskette und Protonenleiter hemmen die Aufnahme von Pyruvat, α‐Ketoglutarat, Succinat und L‐Malat z. T. vollständig.
Alternative carboxylation reactions in type II Methylotrophs and the localization of carboxylase activities in the intra‐cytoplasmic membranes
Authors: Naguib M.
Published: July 2010

The peripheral arrangements of the intra‐cytoplasmic membranes (ICM) as well as the guanine + cytosine (G + C) content of 63% indicate that our obligate methanotrophic strain M 102 would belong to the type II Methylotrophs.

There are no active transport mechanisms for some organic additives, some of which are known to stimulate CO2‐fixation. The CO2‐acceptor molecules, Pyr (pyruvate) and PEP (phospho‐enolpyruvate), must be metabolically intracellularly furnished.

More than one carboxylating system could be induced in cell fractions. The carboxylating activities were variably registered in cell‐free extracts and fragments. Indications that the site of the carboxylating activities are the ICM are discussed.

The fact that the CO2‐fixation intensities decreased at about the middle of the active growing phase indicates that the formation of the intermediate C4‐compound OAA (oxaloaccetate) must be furnished through some reactions by‐passing the PEP‐carboxylation step.

The common serine‐pathway for C1‐assimilation is rearranged so as to fit in the discussed findings.
Chitin structures of the cell walls of synchronously grown virgin cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Vršanská M. , Krátký Z. , Biely P. , Machala S.
Published: July 2010

The ability of a lytic β‐glucanase of Arthrobacter GJM‐1 to dissolve cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with exception of the chitin‐containing fraction was employed for the isolation of chitin‐rich residues of the cell walls of synchronously growing populations of virgin cells. Electron microscopical examination of such wall residues isolated from cells at various stages of the budding cycle showed that the first phase of chitin deposition in the wall corresponds to the formation of an annular structure found as a part of the bud scar after cell division. The annular chitin‐rich structure could not be isolated at cell cycle stages preceding the bud emergence and at earliest stages of bud development. The observations confirmed that the annular structure (chitin ring) formed during bud growth represents a major part of total chitin present in the bud scar after septum closure.
Steroidumwandelnde Enzyme aus Mikroorganismen X. Anreicherung einer 4‐En‐3‐oxosteroid‐5α‐Reduktase aus Mycobacterium smegmatis sowie Abtrennung und Anreicherung des Apoenzyms mit Hilfe der Affinitätschromatographie
Authors: Atrat P. , Deppmeyer V. , Groh H. , Hörhold C.
Published: July 2010

The 4‐en‐3‐oxosteroid‐5α‐reductase from Mycobacterium smegmatis was bound biospecifically on the affinant containing an immobilized testosterone ligand. The enzyme obtained by elution with ethylene glycol and urea in a 32 fold purity has a S. A. of 8.73 × 10−3 μM androstenedione min−1 mg−1.

The coenzyme (FAD) could be separated from the immobilized enzyme substrate complex on the affinity matrix, in the presence of (NH4)2SO4 at pH 3.0. After elution of the apoenzyme 97% of the initial enzyme activity was obtained by incubation with FAD. The reactivated enzyme results in a 40 fold enrichment.
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in yeasts II. NAD+‐and NADP+‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenases in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica
Authors: Barth G. , Künkel W.
Published: July 2010

In Sm. lipolytica one NAD+‐dependent and three NADP+‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenases are detectable by polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis.

The NAD+‐dependent ADH (ADH I), with a molecular weight of 240,000 daltons, reacts more intensively with long‐chain alcohols (octanol) than with short‐chain alcohols (methanol, ethanol). The ADH I is not or only minimally subject to glucose repression. Besides the ADH I band no additional inducible NAD+‐dependent ADH band is gel‐electrophoretically detectable during growth of yeast cells in medium containing ethanol or paraffin. The ADH I band is very probably formed by two ADH enzymes with the same electrophoretic mobility. The NADP+‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH II–IV) react with methanol, ethanol and octanol with different intensity. In polyacrylamide gradients two bands of NADP+‐dependent ADH are detectable: one with a molecular weight of 70,000 daltons and the other with 120,000 daltons. The occurrence of the three NADP+‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenases is regulated by the carbon source of the medium.

Sm. lipolytica shows a high tolerance against allylalcohol. Resistant mutants can be isolated only at concentrations of 1 M allyalcohol in the medium. All isolates of allylalcohol‐resistant mutants show identical growth in medium containing ethanol as the wild type strain.
Einfluß der Temperatur auf die RNA‐Synthese von Escherichia coli CRT 266 (dna Bts) nach Infektion mit dem Bakteriophagen T3
Authors: Brux B. , Michel S. , Mann W. , Richter G. , Adrian K. , Jähnig R.
Published: July 2010

Infection of the temperature‐sensitive E. coli CRT 266 (dna Bts) with T3‐phages at the temperature of 30°C and 35°C, respectively, induced T3‐specific RNA synthesis with a maximum rate at 7 min (30°C) and 4.5 min (35°C) afte infection. At temperatures above 40°C no T3‐induced RNA synthesis could be observed. Infection of E. coli CR 34–45 (dna B+) with T3 phages at 30°C, 35°C and at temperatures above 40°C, however, produced T3‐specific RNA synthesis. The maximum of T3‐induced RNA synthesis could be observed between 7 min and 3 min depending on the temperature during infection. The inability to form T3‐specific RNA after infection of E. coli CRT 266 at nonpermissive temperatures may be a cause for the absence of the formation of T3 phages and lysis of the host cells.
Vorkommen von NAG‐Vibrionen in Berliner Gewässern
Authors: Juras Heidemarie , Futh Ursula , Winkler D. , Friedemann J. , Hillig T.
Published: July 2010

1974/75 wurden in 12 aufeinanderfolgenden Monaten 221 Proben aus Berliner Oberflächengewässern und 39 Proben aus Abwäsern auf Vibrionen untersucht. Isolierte Keime wurden mit kulturellen, mikroskopischen, biochemischen und serologischen Methoden und auf Phagenempfindlichkeit getestet. Aus den Oberflächenwässern wurden 105 NAG‐Vibrio‐Stämme isoliert und identifiziert, die vorwiegend den HEIBERG‐Gruppen I und II zuzurechnen sind. In den Monaten Juni bis Dezember lagen die Isolationen gehäuft vor. Aus den Abwässern wurden nur 3 Stämme der HEIBERG‐Gruppe II nachgewiesen.
Wirtsbereichsverhalten der Bakteriophagen T3 und T7 an Escherichia coli K12‐Stämmen
Authors: Krüger D. H. , Hansen Sigrid , Presber W. , Rudolph M. , Scholz D. , Rosenthal H. A.
Published: July 2010

The closely related phages T3 and T7 exhibit different growth patterns on Escherichia coli W host cells (E. coli K12 derivatives). T7 grows normally while T3 does not adsorb. T3hw mutants displaying a T7‐like host range were isolated and described.
Geomikrobiologische Untersuchungen. XIII. Mikroorganismen und Lagerstätten‐Entstehung in heißen Schwefelseen auf Hokkaido (Japan)
Authors: Schwartz Adelheid , Schwartz W.
Published: July 2010

Unter Einbeziehung des umgebenden Geländes werden die mikrobiologischen Verhältnisse in zwei Gruppen von heißen Schwefelseen auf Hokkaido (Japan) untersucht und zu Vorgängen bei der sedimentären Lagerstättenbildung von Schwefel und Schwermetall‐Sulfiden unter hydrothermalen Bedingungen im Grenzbereich der Biosphäre in Beziehung gesetzt.
Interferometrische Untersuchungen zur Dynamik von Hydratur und Trockenmassegehalt während der lichtabhängigen Keimung der Akineten von Anabaena variabilis KÜTZING
Authors: Braune W. , Sanke Heidi
Published: July 2010

Calculations following interference‐microscopical measurements performed on akinetes (A), heterocyts (H), and “vegetative” cells (F) of the Cyanobacterium (blue‐green alga) Anabaena variabilis resulted in significant higher values of mean absolute dry matter content of the akinetes (2.06 · 10−10 g; as compared to 0.46 · 10−10 g and 0.31 · 10−10 g for H and F, respectively). The water content of these resting cells (63%) was significantly lower than in the other two types of cells (H: 85%, F: 77%). Light exposition of the akinetes in fresh nutrition medium (i. e., conditions allowing germination within 30–50 h) resulted in a decrease of the relative dry matter content so that already in the period preceding the outgrowth of the germling the water content of the vegetative cells was achieved. Simultaneously their volume increased by the uptake of water; whereas the absolute content of dry matter remained constant or was even temporarily diminished during the first period. Only in the second period the values increased in some cases and then remained constant up to germination. The increased dry matter content, however, was not a precondition necessary for the germination of the akineties. In darkness under otherwise unaltered conditions the values remained unchanged or, after a light period, came back to the initial level.

The results demonstrate that formation and germination of the resting cells of Cyanobacteria as well are connected with an alteration in the hydratation level, i.e., in cells which continuously are kept under water saturated conditions. This increase in hydratation during the germination period is, as the germination process itself, strictly controlled by light.
Microbial introduction of a 16α‐hydroxyl function into the steriod nucleus
Authors: Iida M. , Shinozuka T. , Iizuka H.
Published: July 2010

The introduction of a 16α‐hydroxyl function into the steroid nucleus was studied in resting cells of Streptomyces roseochromogenes NRRL B‐1233. The oxidation product of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was identified as 16α‐hydroxy DHEA by suing thin‐layer and gas‐liquid chromatography. A linear relation between cell concentration and 16α‐OH‐DHEA formation was observed. 16α‐Hydroxylase showed good activity at pH 8.0 for 16α‐OH‐DHEA formation. The enzyme showed good activity at 3.1 × 10−4 M DHEA. The oxidation products of pregnenolone, 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione, estrone, and 5‐androstene‐3β, 17β–diol as well as of other substrates were identified as the 16α‐hydroxy steroid, respectively. The rates of microbial 16α‐hydroxylation were as follows: 76.9% for DHEA, 50.4% for pregnenolone, 43.9% for 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione, 34.3% for estrone, and 19.6% for 5‐androstene‐3β, 17β‐diol. The organism tested catalyzes 16α‐hydroxylation of a wide variety of steroids.
Glucoamylase aus Endomycopsis bispora II. Verschiedene morphologische Formen des Enzymbildners
Authors: Winkler K. , Zickler F. , Ruttloff H.
Published: July 2010

Bei der Kultivation von E. bispora werden – in Abhängigkeit von den Kulturbedingungen – verschiedene morphologische Formen beobachtet. Es sind dies: Septiertes Mycel (Hyphenform), Pseudomycel (sproßzellenförmige Übergangsform), Sproßzellen (Hefeform), Ascosporen, Blastosporen, Arthrosporen (Gliedersporen) und Protoplasten. Die Bedingungen für ihre Ausbildung werden beschrieben, und es werden die lichtmikroskopischen Bilder der einzelnen Strukturen gezeigt.
Wirkung von Ölen und Fettsäuren auf Wachstum und Enzymbildung bei Thermoactinomyces vulgaris I. Einfluß von Ölen und Fettsäuren auf den Stoffwechsel von Mikroorganismen (Literaturüberblick)
Authors: Leuchtenberger A. , Ruttloff H.
Published: July 2010

Eigene Untersuchungen bei Thermoactinomyces vulgaris haben gezeigt, daß die Proteasebildung dieses Stammes durch Rapsöl stimuliert werden kann. Über ähnliche Effekte tierischer und pflanzlicher Öle bzw. Fette sowie Fettsäuren auf den Stoffwechsel von Mikroorganismen im allgemeinen sowie auf die Enzymbildung und ‐wirkung im besonderen berichten auch andere Autoren. Die nachfolgende Literaturübersicht faßt diese Angaben zusammen und versucht, aus den verschiedenen Hypothesen über die Ursache derartiger Effekte einige allgemeingültige Schlußfolgerungen abzuleiten.
Etude d'un mutant modifiant le métabolisme du méthanol chez une souche de Pseudomonas
Authors: Ratomahenina R. , Arthaud J. F. , Cabane B. , Galzy P.
Published: July 2010

A glycine‐resistant mutant was isolated from a methylotrophic strain of Pseudomonas species possessing serine pathway. This mutant presents some improvements in regard to growth parameters, and is able to excrete a fluorescent pigment under certain culture conditions. This pigment is capable of accelerating the reduction rate of formaldehyde to formate coupled with NAD. The same cannot be said for the wild type.
Einfluß von Tonmineralien auf das Verhalten von acidophilen Thiobacillus‐Arten in Suspensionen
Authors: Rinder G.
Published: July 2010

Untersucht wurde der Einfluß der Tonmineralien Montmorillonit und Kaolinit auf die Oxydation von S°, FeSO4 und Kupferkies durch Thiobacillus thiooxidans und Th. ferrooxidans. Die Adsorptionskapazität von Montmorillonit war größer für Th. thiooxidans‐ als für Th. ferrooxidans‐Zellen, die von Kaolinit geringer als von Montmorillonit. Auch bei niedrigen Zellgehalten je ml der Suspension wurden nicht mehr als etwa 50% der Zellen an Montmorillonit und Kaolinit adsorbiert.

Mit Schwefel (Th. thiooxidans) und FeSO4 (Th. ferrooxidans) fanden wir bei Tonmineralzugabe eine leichte Steigerung der Oxydationsgeschwindigkeit sowie der Wachstumsrate im Anfangsbereich der exponentiellen Phase; die lag‐Phase war verkürzt. Die Kupferfreisetzung aus Kupferkies mit einer Th. thiooxidans/Th. ferrooxidans‐Mischkultur wurde mit Tonzusatz anfangs gefördert, jedoch nach 4 Tagen gehemmt. Höhere Tonkonzentrationen, vor allem von Montmorillonit (ab 2%), verzögerten bei hohen Zellgehalten das Wachstum. Kaolinit hatte im Vergleich zu Montmorillonit stets einen schwächeren Einfluß auf die beiden Thiobacillus‐Arten.
Bewertung von Substraten für das mikrobielle Wachstum auf der Grundlage ihres Kohlenstoff/Energie‐Verhältnisses
Authors: Babel W.
Published: July 2010

Ausgehend von der Tatsache, daß sich die Verbrennungsenthalpien mikrobieller Biomassen, unabhängig von der Kohlenstoff‐ und Energiequelle, bei nicht‐limitiertem Wachstum praktisch nicht unterscheiden, wurde das Kohlenstoff/Energie‐Verhältnis von 23 Substraten berechnet. Gemessen an der Verbrennungsenthalpie der Biomasse lassen sich die Substrate einteilen in Substrate 1. mit Energieüberschuß (z. B. Äthanol), 2. mit einem nahezu ausgewogenen Kohlenstoff/Energie‐Verhältnis (z. B. Glycerin), 3. mit Energiemangel (z. B. Acetat, Succinat).

Durch Kombination von Substraten in einem bestimmten Mischungsverhältnis sollte ein Ausbalancieren möglich sein, was zur Verbesserung der Ertragskoeffizienten, zu Erhöhung der spezifischen Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit und zur Verkürzung von lag‐Phasen beim Start von Fermentationsprozessen führen könnte, vorausgesetzt, das Auxiliar‐Substrat („suppline”︁) wird simultan verwertet. Für Substrate, die durch Fixierung an einen Akzeptor assimiliert werden und/oder deren Assimilationssequenz heterotrophe CO2‐Fixierung einschließt, ist dieses Prinzip vorgebildet. Die simultane Verwertung von Substraten sollte danach eher ein biologisches Prinzip sein und nicht eine Ausnahme.
Salt tolerance of Rhizobium species in broth cultures
Authors: Wahab A. M. Abdel , Zahran H. H.
Published: July 2010

Salt tolerance of five rhizobia strains was examined in broth cultures. Five levels of NaCl concentration were used and the optical density was taken as a measure for the vigour of bacterial growth.

Rhizobium leguminosarum and R. meliloti were tolerant to high levels of salinity and growth curves in saline broth showed a similar pattern to the control level.

Rhizobium japonicum, cowpea Rhizobium, and R. trifolii were intolerant to salt and showed a strong growth retardation with increasing salt concentration. Growth was inhibited at high levels of salinity. It is suggested that rhizobia sensitivity to salts may be partly responsible to the inhibition of nitrogen fixation by legumes growing under salt stress.
Regulation der Citrat‐Synthase bei methylotropher und chemoorganoheterotropher Ernährung von Bakterien
Authors: Babel W. , Müller‐Kraft Gabriele
Published: July 2010

“Hexulosephosphatweg‐Bakterien” nehmen bei methylotropher Ernährung den Citrat‐Zyklus als bioenergetische Bahn nicht in Anspruch, beim aeroben Wachstum auf Substraten mit C‐C‐Bindungen (Acetat, Glucose) ist dagegen der Citrat‐Zyklus geschlossen. Entsprechend der unterschiedlichen Funktion des Citrat‐Zyklus wird die bei Pseudomonas oleovorans beim Wachstum auf Methanol vorhandene „methylotrophe”︁ Citrat‐Synthase, wie die von chemolithoautotrophen Mikroorganismen mit offenem Citrat‐Zyklus, von NADH (und/oder ATP) nicht kontrolliert. Da mit erweist sich dieses Bakterium inbezug auf die Korrelation zwischen Gram‐Verhalten und regulatorischen Eigenschaften der Citrat‐Synthase als taxonomische Ausnahme. Dagegen wird von P. oleovorans beim Wachstum auf Acetat eine gegenüber Energiemetaboliten empfindliche Citrat‐Synthase gebildet, die alle Eigenschaften zeigt, wie sie für Citrat‐Synthasen von strikt aeroben gram‐negativen Bakterien charakteristisch sind.

Fakultativ methylotrophe „Serinweg‐Bakterien”︁ scheinen dagegen auch beim Wachstum auf reduzierten C1‐Verbindungen nur eine –„chemoorganoheterotrophe”︁– Citrat‐Synthase zu besitzen, die durch NADH hemmbar ist. Ihre anabole Funktion bei der methylotrophen Ernährung wird wahrscheinlich über die Effektorkonzentration geregelt.
Vorkommen und Verbreitung Fruchtkörper‐bildender Myxobakterien im Siebengebirge Vergleichende Untersuchungen unter Berücksichtigung charakteristischer Biotope
Authors: Dawid W.
Published: July 2010

In the region of the “Siebengebirge” near Bonn, six characteristic biotopes were studied with respect to the occurrence of fruiting body forming myxobacteria. 23 different species, belonging to the 8 known genera, were found. The number of species in the respective biotopes varied between 6 and 17, the average numbers of species per sampling area were between 2.1 and 10.0.

15 species were found on dung pellets of wild living herbivorous mammals. Deciduous forest soils contained 13 species in spring, 17 species in autumn. Rock covering contained 14, creek slopes 16, bark of living trees 9, and rotting wood 16 fruiting myxobacterial species. Myxococcus fulvus, Myxococcus coralloides and Archangium gephyra occurred in all biotops studied. The rare species were Melittangium boletus, Polyangium vitellinum, Stigmatella aurantiaca, and Chondromyces apiculatus. The composition of the myxobacterial flora depends on ecological factors (kind of dung pellets, rock, bark, and pH). The ecological influences upon the distribution are discussed.
Steroidtransformation mit immobilisierten Mikroorganismen. I. Transformation von Cholesterin zu Cholestenon in organischen Lösungsmitteln
Authors: Atrat P. , Hüller E. , Hörhold C.
Published: July 2010

The transformation of cholesterol to cholest‐4‐ene‐3‐one has been investigated in the presence of toluene and carbontetrachloride using cells of Nocardia erythropolis (IMET 7185) immobilized by different methods. The adsorption on DEAE‐cellulose has been observed to be the most effective method. The stability of immobilized cells relating to cholesteroloxydase activity, transformation capacity, and the influence of water have been investigated.
Neue Selektionsmethode zur Gewinnung von Leistungsmutanten des Lambdamycin‐Bildners Streptomyces glaucoachromogenes mit Hilfe des thermophilen Phagen‐Wirtssystems Tal/Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
Authors: Fleck W. F.
Published: July 2010

In order to obtain high‐producing mutants of the lambdamyein producer Streptomyces glaucoachromogenes IMET 31 118, a new selection technique using the thermophilic phage‐host system Tal/Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, was developed. Lambdamyein is a yellow‐green pigment antibiotic of the chromoglycoside type with antimicrobial, antiviral, cancerostatic, and ergotropic activity in vitro and in vivo. The physicochemical properties of lambdamycin resemble those of chartreusin. By means of the selection technique developed the determination of the concentration‐dependent influence of lambdamycin on bacterial growth inhibition and Tal‐phage development in the agar diffusion sphere of mutagen‐treated colonies is possible without time and material‐consuming pre‐tests. A positive correlation exists between the biosynthetic capacity of mutants on solid media and in fermentation liquors. Using this new selection technique, the titres of lambdamycin in fermentation liquors of mutants could be increased by 10 to 20 fold in comparison to the wild type strain.
Antimitotische Aktivität von Methylbenzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamat (MBC). I. Licht‐, elektronenmikroskopische und physiologische Untersuchungen an keimenden Konidien von Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Künkel W.
Published: July 2010

In the presence of methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamate (MBC) swelling of conidia of Aspergillus nidulans was not influenced. The total DNA content per nucleus doubled only once, indicating that the first cell cycle was arrested in the G2‐period. Later RNA as well as protein synthesis were inhibited. Nuclear migration into the germ tube and tip growth were delayed.

MBC‐treatment induced nuclear enlargement and inhibited the first nuclear division in the germinating conidia. A characteristic nuclear invagination developed within which in most cases the enlarged “single NAO” and more less the formed “double NAO” are localized.

On the basis of ultrathin sections a model is suggested in which the typical position of “double NAO” in nuclear invagination is demonstrated. The possible relationship between nuclear invagination and NAO‐formation, as well as its eventual importance are discussed.
Host components required for the replication of the resistance plasmid R124 and a copy mutant derivative
Authors: Pritchard J. J. , Rowbury R. J.
Published: July 2010

The replication of R124, and a copy mutant derivative of it, was measured with respect to dependence on the host DnaA, DnaB, DnaC, DnaE, DnaG, and Po1A gene products. Both plasmids replicated under conditions where the DnaA gene product was inactivated or where the polymerising activity of the PolA gene product was reduced. In contrast, neither plasmid replicated to any appreciable extent, if the DnaB, DnaC, DnaE or DnaG gene products were inactivated. R124 integratively suppressed the lesion of the dnaA mutant but the copy mutant derivative had only a very weak suppressing effect. Neither plasmid suppressed the lesions of any of the other dna mutants.
Nalidixic acid inhibition of post‐ultraviolet recovery by nalidixic acid sensitive and resistant strains of Candida albicans
Authors: Sarachek A. , Lee Shwu‐Ching
Published: July 2010

Nalidixic acid (Nal) can kill Candida albicans directly or suppress the organism's recovery from ultraviolet irradiation. Mutants selected for resistance to inactivation by Nal alone have generally enhanced DNA repair proficiencies evidenced by their coincident increased resistances to ultraviolet radiation, ethylmethane sulfonate, and nitrous acid. The effects of Nal, erythromycin, and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation on survivals of mutant and wild type strains following ultraviolet exposure indicate that different mechanisms underly the direct lethality of Na1 and its ability to inhibit post‐irradiation recovery.
Anabolic‐catabolic glucose utilization and product formation of Streptomyces griseus
Authors: Bormann E. J. , Christner A.
Published: July 2010

If in stationary growth phases appearing in the submerged cultivation of Streptomyces griseus several times the consumption rates of glucose and oxygen and the rates of streptomycin formation are put in relation, the following results are obtained: The yield coefficient Y of glucose was below 0.1. Since from the stoichiometric equation of turnover for the biosynthesis of the streptomycin follows that the substrate and the product are in the same weight relation, it was possible to check whether the quantity of glucose that does not appear in the streptomycin is used for the energy supplying synthesis or concervation reactions. As a characteristic value was built up the quotient qo3/qgluc that in total substrate oxidations takes the numerical value 6. This quotient varied between 2.0 and 6.0 so that anabolic side reactions during the production of secondary substances were concluded from. As possibilities are discussed syntheses of analytically disregarded primary metabolites or preliminary steps of the biosynthesis of streptomycin. Due to the decrease of the enthalpy production by anabolic reaction steps in stationary growth phases follows a physiological‐energetical importance of microbial product syntheses with likely evolutive action.
Candida ethanolica n. sp.
Authors: Rybářová Johanna , Štros F. , Kocková‐Kratochvílová Anna
Published: July 2010

A new yeast, Candida ethanolica, isolated from industrial fodder yeast cultivated on synthetic ethanol as the only source of carbon, originally designated III‐5 and III‐6, is described. This species differs from all recently accepted Candida species in not assimilating nitrate, not producing urease and not fermenting sugars.
Influence of soil on wood‐degradation and fruit body formation by parasites and saprophytes among wood‐destroying basidiomycetous fungi
Authors: Gramss G.
Published: July 2010

Formation of soil mycelium enables the fungal mycelium to amend the nutrient‐deficient wood substrate actively by enclosing macronutrients from soil. Supposition to formation of a soil mycelium proved the resistance of the fungus to competitive substrate microorganisms. This resistance is absent in pathogenic, but wide‐spread in saprophytic wood‐decay fungi. Consequently, production of soil mycelium was restricted to saprophytic fungi. Saprophytes of the white‐rot type are superior to brown‐cubical rot type fungi in forming soil mycelium and utilizing soil nutrients. However, rich soils stimulate a more limited degree of wood degradation and yield increase of basidiocarps in parasitic fungi, too, that fail to produce a soil mycelium. It is concluded that uptake of soil nutrients turns out in two different ways, via an actively absorbing soil mycelium and via passive nutrient diffusion from soil into the substrate wood.
Struktur der Zellwandpolysaccharide in der Futtereiweiß‐Hefe Candida spec. H. I. Struktur des alkalistabilen Mannan‐Proteins
Authors: Grimmecke H. D. , Keuter G.
Published: July 2010

The isolated manno‐protein contains about 80% mannose and 10% glucose. Methylation analysis established the highly branched nature of this polysaccharide and the presence of 1,2‐, 1,3‐ and 1,6‐linkages, as well as the linkages of the branchpoints. The research of the acetolysis fragments revealed that the molecule is composed of mannose and mannooligosaccharides with DP2 to DP12. These oligosaccharides are terminated in the nonreducing end by α(1,2)‐ and α(1,3)‐linked mannose residues. The pentasaccharide is terminated only by an α(1,3)‐mannose. Glucose was only found in the monosaccharide fraction corresponding to the nonsubstituted backbone and in the α(1,3)‐disaccharide fraction (reducing and nonreducing end) of the acetolysis. A heptasaccharide fraction corresponding to the N‐glycosidical linkage region between polysaccharide and protein parts of the glycoprotein had been isolated. 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and chemical characterization made it probable that the unit with the first side chain, mannopentaose, is linked by di‐N,N′‐acetylchitobiose or by 4‐0‐β‐D‐glucosyl‐N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine to the asparagine residue of the protein.
Struktur der Zellwandpolysaccharide in der Futtereiweiß‐Hefe Candida spec. H. II. Charakterisierung der Bindung des Phosphats am Mannan‐Protein‐Phosphat‐Komplex und Identifizierung der als Phosphodiester gebundenen Mono‐ und Oligosaccharide
Authors: Grimmecke H. D. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

The proteophosphomannan (PPM) obtained by extraction with citrate buffer, purification by the cetavlon method and gelfiltration contains a high proportion of diesterfied phosphate groups between the C‐6 of a side chain mannose and another glycosidically bound carbohydrate. Mild acid hydrolysis cleaved the phosphate diester linkages to yield mono‐ and oligosaccharide fractions. Chemical analysis and 1H‐NMR studies demonstrated the heterogeneity of the oligosaccharide fractions containing α(1,2)‐, α(1,3)‐ and α(1,6)‐linked manno‐oligosaccharides. All repeated PPM preparations contained mono‐, tri‐ and heptasaccharides as the phosphate bound main compounds. Galactose, arabinose, fucose, and rhamnose of the monosaccharide fraction and tetra‐, penta‐ and hexasaccharides were not found in all preparations.
Characterization of a radiation‐resistant Acinetobacter
Authors: Nishimura Y. , Kairiyama E. , Shimadzu M. , Iizuka H.
Published: July 2010

For characterizing the radiation‐resistant Acinetobacter strain FO‐1 reported in the previous paper (1980), we investigated the structure of cell wall, the cellular fatty acid composition, and the detailed taxonomic characteristics. The results denoted that the cell division occurred by simple constriction with the formation of a slight septum and the intermediate dense layer between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane was seen, the main components of the cellular fatty acids were oleic acid, palmitic acid, and palmitoleic acid, and that the strain was tolerant to salt and could not produce acids from cellobiose, melibiose, lactose, and ribose.
Strukturuntersuchungen an einem Mannan aus Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Erler W. , Feist H. , Flossmann K.‐D. , Jacob B. , Schlegel J.
Published: July 2010

Aus verschiedenen Stämmen von P. multocida wurde ein Mannan isoliert, dessen Struktur aufgeklärt wurde. Es ist ein verzweigtes Polysaccharid mit einer Grundkette von 1 6‐α‐glykosidisch gebundener Mannose. An diese Grundkette sind kurze Seitenketten gebunden, in denen Mannose 1 3‐ bzw. 1 29‐glykosidisch verknüpft ist. Die Molekulargewichte liegen zwischen 53000 bis 78000 Dalton. Mit dieser Struktur gleichen die Mannane sehr den Mannanen aus Hefen. Die mögliche biologische Bedeutung wird diskutiert.
Cultural and nutritional studies of zoopathogenic fungi associated with livestock feeds in Nigeria
Authors: Ogundero V. W.
Published: July 2010

Mycelial growth and nutritional physiology of zoopathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus Fres., Thermoascus aurantiacus Miehe, and Thermomyces lanuginosus Tsik., obtained from livestock feeds and poultry droppings in Nigeria were studied. An optimal pH‐temperature range of 5.5–6.5 and 37°–45°C was recorded for the growth of these fungi. Various sources of carbon supplied in the growth medium, except sorbose and rhamnose, were utilized for growth. Only Aspergillus fumigatus caused considerable weight losses of the filter papers supplied and hydrolyzed the carboxy‐methyl cellulose (CMC) in the medium. The culture filtrates of this fungus contained CM‐cellulases which also hydrolyzed CMC to reducing sugar at 45°C. D‐glucose and L‐asparagine concentrations in the range of 15–20 g/liter and 2.5–5 g/liter, respectively, were best for growth of the test fungi. Various forms of organic and inorganic nitrogen provided were also utilized. The inorganic sources of nitrogen could readily substitute the organic forms at the optimal growth conditions.
Effect of rifampicin on the heterocyst pattern in Anabaena ARM 314
Authors: Grover I. S. , Puri S.
Published: July 2010

Alteration in the pattern of heterocysts is observed when suspending ammonia‐grown filaments of Anabaena ARM 314 in a medium devoid of combined nitrogen source but supplemented with rifampicin. Paired as well as strings of 3–9 heterocysts were noticed. The electrophoretic protein pattern of non‐heterocystous, heterocystous and multiple heterocystous filaments revealed that multiple heterocystous filaments are characterized by the presence of two additional protein transients. It is speculated that rifampicin may lead to an alteration in the enzyme system involved in the synthesis of inhibitory substances or, alternatively, to the formation or activation of enzyme systems involved in the sequestering of inhibitory substances.
Effect of growth‐promoting chemicals on growth, nitrogen fixation and heterocyst frequency of a blue‐green alga
Authors: Kapoor K. , Sharma V. K.
Published: July 2010

IAA

Abbreviations used: IAA, indole‐3‐acetic acid; NAA, α‐naphthalene acetic acid; GA, Gibberellic acid; IPA, 3‐indole propionic acid; IBA, 3‐indole butyric acid; PAA, phenyl acetic acid

was found to stimulate growth, nitrogen fixation and pigment synthesis in Anabaena doliolum in all concentrations tested. Heterocyst frequency was stimulated up to a concentration of 50 ppm IAA. NAA stimulated growth and nitrogen fixation up to 10 ppm. GA promoted growth, pigment synthesis, heterocyst frequency and nitrogen fixation only up to a concentration of 2 ppm. Kinetin promoted growth up to 100 ppm and synthesis of pigments, while nitrogen fixation was stimulated up to 5 ppm.
The induction of cytochrome P‐450 in Lodderomyces elongisporus
Authors: Mauersberger S. , Schunck W.‐H. , Müller H.‐H.
Published: July 2010

In the alkane‐utilizing yeast strain Lodderomyces elongisporus cytochrome P‐450 is induced by aliphatic hydrocarbons and to a lesser degree also by some of their derivatives. Cycloheximide and glucose inhibit the induction process, the former by inhibition of cytoplasmic translation, the latter presumably by catabolite repression. Among the nearly 40 checked compounds tetradecane and 1‐tetradecene are the most effective inducers. The branching of the alkyl chain as well as the terminal introduction of electrophilic atoms decrease the induction effect.
Competition growth between Escherichia coli mutL and mut+ in continuously growing cultures
Authors: Tröbner W. , Piechocki R.
Published: July 2010

Competition experiments between Escherichia coli mutL and mut+ populations show that the mutator gene confers a selective advantage on the strain which carries it. Fitness values vary from experiment to experiment.
Aggregation und Trennbarkeit der Enzyme des Shikimat‐Pathway bei Hefen
Authors: Bode R. , Birnbaum D.
Published: July 2010

Gel filtration was employed to estimate the molecular weights and to determine possible physical aggregation of enzymes [5‐dehydroquinate synthase (DHQ synthase), 5‐dehydroquinase (DHQase, EC 4.2.1.10), shikimate: NADP oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.25), shikimate kinase (EC 2.7.1.71), 3‐enolpyruvylshikimate 5‐phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase)] in the shikimate pathway in eleven species of yeasts. The five enzymes were not aggregated in extracts of Hansenula henricii, H. fabianii, H. anomala, Candida utilis, Pichia guilliermondii, and Lodderomyces elongisporus. Two enzymes (DHQase and shikimate:NADP oxidoreductase) were not separable by this method and by ion exchange chromatography, and we conclude that they exist as an aggregate in these yeasts. Evidence is presented for an enzyme aggregate containing five activities, with a molecular weight of approximately 280,000 in Rhodosporidium spaerocarpum, Rh. toruloides, Rhodotorula rubra, Saccharomycopsis lipolytica, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Similarities between the enzymes in the shikimate pathway of plants, bacteria, and other fungi and those of investigated yeasts are discussed.
Effect of growth factor deficiency on killler toxin sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Jirků V. , Čejková A.
Published: July 2010

The killer toxin sensitivity, as well as the levels of total sterols and individual phospholipids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are influenced by variations in the supply of growth factors.
Interaction of bacteriophage O2 with strains of the genus Oerskovia
Authors: Klein I. , Kittler L. , Kretschmer S. , Süss F. , Taubeneck U.
Published: July 2010

Bacteriophage O2 multiplies normally on Oerskovia turbata IMET 47153. It has a burst size of about 100 p.f.u. per infected cell and a latent period of 100 min at 30°C. On Oerskoria xanthineolytica IMET 47383 clear spots were formed after addition of high phage concentrations onto agar top layers. By phase contrast observation, and measurement of the optical density of infected cultures, it was found that the clearing effect on strain IMET 47383 was due to lysis‐from‐without. Phage O2 adsorbs and injects its DNA into cells of strain IMET 47383 but phage multiplication does not occur, and the phage DNA becomes degraded. Inhibition of phage DNA injection by the combined action of xanthotoxin–u.v. irradiation abolishes the clearing activity of phage lysates. Therefore, both adsorption and DNA injection seem to be prerequisites for the release of a lytic activity out of the phage particle, which is responsible for the clearing effect on strain IMET 47383.
Studies on microbial transformations XVIII. Microbiological transformation of l‐α‐santonin
Authors: Iida M. , Hatori Y. , Yamakawa K. , Iizuka H.
Published: July 2010

The microbial transformation of a sesquiterpene lactone, l‐α‐santonin was carried out by Streptomyces roseochromogenes NRRL‐B‐1233. The product obtained from l‐α‐sanatonin was purified using silica gel column chromatography with 1% acetone‐benzene as the eluant. The molecular weight of the product was 248, estimated by mass spectroanalysis. The product was assignad the chemical structure of 1,2‐dihydro‐l‐α‐santonin on the bases of 1H and 13C‐NMR and mass spectro‐analyses. Similar products were also obtained from other actinomycetes. The conversion of l‐α‐santonin to 1,2‐dihydro‐l‐α‐santonin was 28% for Streptomyces roseochromogenes NRRL‐B‐1233, 14% for S. roseochromogenes ATCC 13400, 30.9% for S. aureofaciens KCC‐S‐0008, and 43.0% for S. aureofaciens KCC‐S‐0624, respectively.
Root exudates in relation to growth and nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium japonicum
Authors: Odunfa S. A. , Werner D.
Published: July 2010

Root exudates of cowpea and soybean were collected in aerated water cultures. The ability of these exudates to support nitrogenase activity of R.japonicum was studied on defined media. When a complete nitrogenase‐inducing medium was supplemented with concentrated root exudate, there was an increased nitrogenase activity. When the cowpea root exudate was substituted for glutamine or sodium succinate in the medium, nitrogenase activity was not detected. Growth was good when the root exudate was substituted for sodium succinate but was poor when the exudate replaced glutamine. There was nitrogenase activity in R. japonicum when the cowpea root exudate was substituted for arabinose in the 20E medium. Gas chromatographic analyses of cowpea root exudates revealed that ribose, arabinose, glucose, and sucrose were the main constituents. The significance of this finding in the asymbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium spp. is discussed.
Verbreitung transferabler Trimethoprimresistenz‐ und Gentamicinresistenzplasmide in Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Tschäpe H. , Bratoeva Momka , Heier H. , Tietze E. , Ziesché K. , Rische H.
Published: July 2010

Following the employment of trimethoprim/sulfonamid and gentamicin in the general clinical praxis transferable plasmids with respective resistance functions were identified at first in enteric bacteria from sewage before they could be detected in patient strains. Whereas the trimethoprim resistance plasmids represent different incompatibility groups (C, FII, I5, K, M, N, S, U) the gentamicin resistance plasmids are very similar IncM members of 62 MD in size. Therefore a clonal distribution of a particular gentamicin resistance plasmid has to be taken into consideration.
Binding of a bacteriophage to wall‐membrane adhesion in Proteus mirabilis
Authors: Cole S. A. , Smith D. G.
Published: July 2010

A bacteriophage was shown to adsorb to plasmolysed non‐swarming cells of Proteus mirabilis preferentially at the sites of adhesion between the inner membrane and outer cell wall membrane; 75% of phage particles were adsorbed at these sites, while 25% were not. Differences in outer membrane composition between swarming and non‐swarming cells were reflected in altered phage‐binding properties, with only 33% of phage absorbed at these adhesion sites in swarming cells. On the basis of their phage distribution, cross‐sections of swarm cells could be distinguished from sections of short non‐swarming cells.
Biotin deficiency in yeast: Electron microscopic analysis
Authors: Jirků V. , Ludvík J. , Čejková A. , Krumphanzl V.
Published: July 2010

An electron microscopic comparison was made of the cytological responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to growth factor deficiency. Ultrathin sections of exponential deficient cells revealed a thickening of cell wall and a conversion of central vacuole into a vacuolar system. Common alteration in cytology of deficiency stationary cells in condensed vacuolar material.
Cyanide‐resistant respiration in a respiration‐deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisae
Authors: Arrabaça J. D. , Loureiro Dias M. C.
Published: July 2010

A respiration‐deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, grown aerobically with glucose as the sole source of energy and carbon, showed residual respiration resistant to cyanide. The differential sensitivity of cell fractions to inhibition by hydroxamic acids and carbon monoxide suggested that more than one type of organelle, probably mitochondria and microsomes, was involved in the consumption of oxygen.
Preparation and characterization of proteases from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris V. Investigations on autolysis and thermostability of the purified protease
Authors: Behnke U. , Ruttloff H. , Kleine R.
Published: July 2010

Thermitase, the main component of the proteases of the culture medium from Thermactinomyces vulgaris, is degraded by autolyses (increase of liberated amino groups) and thereby inactivated especially at elevated temperature, at alkaline pH‐values and in the absence of added substrates. As shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis autolysis is an essential part during heat inactivation (complete disappearance of the thermitase band after heating the enzyme at 85°C for 5 min). The quantitative comparison of autolysis and heat inactivation as well as the kinetics of reversible inhibition of the enzyme by HgCl2 at different temperatures showed that above 60°C thermal denaturation of the enzyme protein contributes to thermitase inactivation. Ca2+‐ions (20 mM) have a stabilizing effect against both autolysis and thermal denaturation (inactivation) of thermitase.
Einfluß von Nalidixinsäure auf die Aktivierung der RNA‐Synthesen auswachsender Sporen von Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Hecker M.
Published: July 2010

Outgrowth of B. subtilis spores depends on the action of DNA gyrase (comp. MATSUDA and KAMEYAMA 1980). Application of nalidixic acid (100 μg/ml) to dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis prevents the outgrowth. Application of nalidixic acid (100 μg/ml) during the early outgrowth phase (after a 20 min germination period) does not prevent, but only delay spore outgrowth. Germination of spores is not influenced.

Nalidixic acid is an effective inhibitor of RNA synthesis in outgrowing spores, whereas vegetative cells are more resistant. Spores cn grow out inspite of a remarkably reduced intensity of RNA synthesis.

Nalidixic acid particularly inhibits the synthesis of stable RNA, probably that of ribosomal RNA.

We suggest that DNA gyrase‐catalyzed alterations in DNA structure are involved in the regulation of the gene expressional program of outgrowing B. subtilis spores.