bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The diffusion of climate policies among German municipalities
Authors: Abel Dennis
Published: July 2019

The German government established a funding scheme for local climate policy in 2008. The translation of this programme into climate action varies between municipalities. This article studies the drivers and barriers for the diffusion of the programme among German municipalities. A major aim is to disentangle the diffusion effects across different steps within the policy cycle by employing Event History Analysis and spatial panel autoregressive models. Geographical proximity, party channels and transnational city networks are predictors of the diffusion process. Differences in diffusion effects between policy adoption and substantial policy output indicate that emulation as well as learning influence policy activity. Furthermore, increasing deployment of solar photovoltaic systems in neighbouring municipalities is associated with an intensification of climate policy in the focal municipality. The absence of similar effects for other renewable energy technologies hints at the “conditional nature” of policy learning with respect to the policy-makers’ vote- and policy-seeking behaviour.
Migrant Workers in an Era of Religious Revival: Industrial Capitalism, Labour and Christianity in Shenzhen
Authors: Gao Quan , Qian Junxi
Published: July 2019

In the reform era, China appears to be caught in a contradictory dual process – the entrenchment of secular values and simultaneously, the notable revival of all forms of religion. However, the existing literature has achieved limited success theorizing how the thriving of faiths constitutes, and co-evolves with, secular modernity and capitalism. This article contributes to this re-theorization by bringing migration, labour and industrial capitalism to bear on faith and religious practices. Our empirical study in Shenzhen focuses on the formation of rural-to-urban migrant workers’ Christian faith. We examine the ways in which migrant workers manoeuvre religion as a cultural, symbolic and discursive resource to come to terms with, but also sometimes to question and counteract, the double exploitation enforced by state regulation and labour relations. In the meantime, however, this article also argues that migrants’ efforts in self-transformation through the discourses ofbenfenandsuzhi, and their theologically mediated interpretation of alienation, labour exploitation and social inequality, overlap with, and reinforce, the agenda of producing docile, productive bodies of migrants, an agenda endorsed by the state–capital coalition. This research opens new opportunities for theorizing how capitalist secularity and religious orientation implicate one another in the current Chinese society.
Aspectual and quantificational properties of deverbal conversion and -ingnominalizations: the power of context
Authors: ANDREOU MARIOS , LIEBER ROCHELLE
Published: July 2019

In this article we explore the range of aspectual and quantificational readings that are available to two kinds of deverbal nominalizations in English, conversion nouns and -ingnominals. Using data gathered from theCorpus of Contemporary American English(COCA) and theBritish National Corpus(BNC), we examine the range of readings available for the conversion and -ingforms of 106 English verbs in context. We distinguish eventive versus referential readings, looking at instances of both count and mass quantification for the two kinds of nominalizations. Within the eventive readings we also distinguish bounded versus unbounded aspectual readings, and within bounded readings two types that we call ‘completive’ and ‘package’. We argue that the quantificational properties and aspectual intepretation of both conversion and -ingnominalizations are not rigidly or even loosely determined by the form of the nominalization, but that the lexical aspect of the base verb (state, activity, accomplishment, achievement, semelfactive) plays some role in circumscribing aspectual readings. We argue that the strongest role in determining quantificational and aspectual readings is played by factors arising from the context in which conversion forms and -ingnominalizations are deployed. The aspectual interpretation of conversion and -ingnominalizations can be influenced by the presence of temporal and quantificational modifiers, by surrounding tenses, as well as by encyclopedic knowledge. We conclude with a consideration of the theoretical implications of our findings.
Mindfulness-based Wellness and Resilience intervention among interdisciplinary primary care teams: a mixed-methods feasibility and acceptability trial
Authors: Colgan Dana Dharmakaya , Christopher Michael , Bowen Sarah , Brems Christiane , Hunsinger Mathew , Tucker Brian , Dapolonia Eli
Published: July 2019

Aims:

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate feasibility and acceptability of Mindfulness-based Wellness and Resilience (MBWR): a brief mindfulness-based intervention designed to enhance resilience and is delivered to interdisciplinary primary care teams.

Background:

Burnout is a pervasive, international problem affecting the healthcare workforce, characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and decreased professional effectiveness. Delivery models of mindfulness-based resilience interventions that enhance feasibility for onsite delivery, consider cultural considerations specific to primary care, and utilize team processes that are integral to primary care are now needed.

Methods:

We conducted a mixed-methods feasibility and acceptability trial of MBWR. Primary feasibility and acceptability outcomes were assessed by number of participants recruited, percent of MBWR treatment completer, and attrition rate during the 8-week intervention, and four items on a Likert-type scale. Secondary outcomes of perceived effects were measured by focus groups, an online survey, and self-reported questionnaires, including the Brief Resilience Scale, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form, and the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form. Participants included 31 healthcare providers on interdisciplinary primary care teams employed a safety-net medical center. In the MBWR group, 68% identified as Latinx, compared to 64% in the control group.

Findings:

All criteria for feasibility were met and participants endorsed high levels of satisfaction and acceptability. The results of this study suggest that MBWR provides multiple perceived benefits to the individual healthcare provider, cohesion of the healthcare team, and enhanced patient care. MBWR may be a feasible and acceptable method to integrate mindfulness, resilience, and teamwork training into the primary care setting.
Primary health care workers’ understanding and skills related to cervical cancer prevention in Sango PHC centre in south-western Nigeria: a qualitative study
Authors: Onyenwenyi Anthonia O. C. , Mchunu Gugu Gladness
Published: July 2019

Aim:

The study explored the knowledge and service delivery skills of primary health care (PHC) workers to conduct cervical cancer screening programmes in Sango primary health centre in Sango town, Ado-Odo Ota, Ogun State in Nigeria.

Background:

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer affecting women. The prevention and control services in Nigeria are provided mainly at post-primary health facilities. Authorities have advocated the integration of cervical cancer prevention into reproductive health services provided at PHC centres. The service delivery capabilities of PHC workers are critical for successful implementation of screening programmes.

Method:

Exploratory qualitative research design was used. Data were collected among 10 PHC workers who were purposively sampled at Sango PHC. Semi-structured interview guide with broad items and a checklist were used to assess participants’ cervical cancer screening knowledge and service delivery skills using visual inspection screening methods. Data were analysed thematically and triangulated.

Findings:

A range of roles were represented in the interviews of the health care workers at the PHC studied. They had poor knowledge and skills about cervical cancer screening using visual inspection with acetic acid and visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine. Study participants perceived nurses as most equipped PHC workers to conduct screening at PHC level, followed by the community health officers. Participants reported no cervical cancer services at the centre and community. The findings provided useful insight that guided the training of primary health workers and the development of a community-based cervical cancer screening model for women in rural communities.

Conclusion:

Nurses and other PHC workers should be trained on visual inspection screening method. This low-cost but effective methodology could be incorporated into their training curricula as a strategy for scaling up cervical cancer prevention programmes across Nigeria.
Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the WHO-5, in adults and older adults for its use in primary care settings
Authors: Eser Erhan , Çevik Celalettin , Baydur Hakan , Güneş Soner , Esgin Tayfun Alperen , Öztekin Çağlar Söğüt , Eker Esen , Gümüşsoy Ufuk , Eser Gün Baris , Özyurt Beyhan
Published: July 2019

Background:

This study aims to determine the psychometric properties of the World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) Turkish version in Turkish adults and older adults.

Methods:

This is a multicenter cultural adaptation study carried out with 1752 participants. Internal consistency (by Cronbach’s alpha); Construct validity (by known groups and confirmatory factor analysis-CFI) and discriminant validity are evaluated stratified by adults and older adults. Cohen’s Effect Size is used in known groups and discriminant validity analyses.

Results:

Distribution properties of the WHO-5 Turkish version are in acceptable limits. Alpha values are 0.81 for adults and 0.86 for older adults. The variances of the 58.5% of the adults sample and 63.9% of the older adults sample are explained in Exploratory FA. Model fits (CFI) are satisfactory ( > 0.95) in both samples; but RMSEA is poor in the older adults sample (0.166) whereas it is acceptable (0.073) in the adults sample. Known groups validity and discriminant analyses are satisfactory in both adults and older adults.

Conclusion:

The WHO-5 Turkish version has a good measurement capacity, internal consistency and good model fits in both samples. The error values in the older adults group suggest that the results when testing older adults should be interpreted with caution.
Are people’s health care needs better met when primary care is strong? A synthesis of the results of the QUALICOPC study in 34 countries
Authors: Schäfer Willemijn L.A. , Boerma Wienke G.W. , van den Berg Michael J. , De Maeseneer Jan , De Rosis Sabina , Detollenaere Jens , Greß Stefan , Heinemann Stephanie , van Loenen Tessa , Murante Anna Maria , Pavlič Danica R. , Seghieri Chiara , Vainieri Milena , Willems Sara , Groenewegen Peter P.
Published: July 2019

Aim:

This article synthesises the results of a large international study on primary care (PC), the QUALICOPC study.

Background:

Since the Alma Ata Declaration, strengthening PC has been high on the policy agenda. PC is associated with positive health outcomes, but it is unclear how care processes and structures relate to patient experiences.

Methods:

Survey data were collected during 2011–2013 from approximately 7000 PC physicians and 70 000 patients in 34, mainly European, countries. The data on the patients are linked to data on the PC physicians within each country and analysed using multilevel modelling.

Findings:

Patients had more positive experiences when their PC physician provided a broader range of services. However, a broader range of services is also associated with higher rates of hospitalisations for uncontrolled diabetes, but rates of avoidable diabetes-related hospitalisations were lower in countries where patients had a continuous relationship with PC physicians. Additionally, patients with a long-term relationship with their PC physician were less likely to attend the emergency department. Capitation payment was associated with more positive patient experiences. Mono- and multidisciplinary co-location was related to improved processes in PC, but the experiences of patients visiting multidisciplinary practices were less positive. A stronger national PC structure and higher overall health care expenditures are related to more favourable patient experiences for continuity and comprehensiveness. The study also revealed inequities: patients with a migration background reported less positive experiences. People with lower incomes more often postponed PC visits for financial reasons. Comprehensive and accessible care processes are related to less postponement of care.

Conclusions:

The study revealed room for improvement related to patient-reported experiences and highlighted the importance of core PC characteristics including a continuous doctor–patient relationship as well as a broad range of services offered by PC physicians.
Development and validation of the Vietnamese Primary Care Assessment Tool – provider version
Authors: Hoa Nguyen Thi , Derese Anselme , Markuns Jeffrey F. , Tam Nguyen Minha , Peersman Wim
Published: July 2019

Aim:

To adapt the provider version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) for Vietnam and determine its internal consistency and validity.

Background:

There is a growing need to measure and explore the impact of various characteristics of health care systems on the quality of primary care. It would provide the best evidence for policy makers if these evaluations come from both the demand and supply sides of the health care sector. Comparatively more researchers have studied primary care quality from the consumer perspective than from the provider’s perspective. This study aims at the latter.

Method:

Our study translated and adapted the PCAT provider version (PCAT PE) into a Vietnamese version, after which a cross-sectional survey was conducted to examine the feasibility, internal consistency and validity of the Vietnamese PCAT provider version (VN PCAT PE). All general doctors working at 152 commune health centres in Thua Thien Hue province had been selected to participate in the survey.

Findings:

The VN PCAT PE is an instrument for evaluation of primary care in Vietnam with 116 items comprising six scales representing four core primary care domains, and three additional scales representing three derivative domains. From the translation and cultural adaptation stage, two items were combined, two items were removed and one item was added. Six other items were excluded due to problems in item-total correlations. All items have a low non-response or ‘don’t know/don’t remember’ response rate, and there were no floor or ceiling effects. All scales had a Cronbach’s alpha above 0.80, except for the Coordination scale, which still was above the minimum level of 0.70.

Conclusion:

The VN PCAT PE demonstrates adequate internal consistency and validity to be used as an effective tool for measuring the quality of primary care in Vietnam from the provider perspective.
Women’s views on contact with a health visitor during pregnancy: an interview study
Authors: Olander Ellinor K. , Aquino Maria Raisa Jessica (Ryc) , Chhoa Celine , Harris Erica , Lee Suzanne , Bryar Ros
Published: July 2019

Aim:

To explore recent mothers’ views of the health visiting antenatal contact in England.

Background:

English health visitors are mandated to be in contact with all women in the third trimester of pregnancy. The aim of this antenatal contact is to assess the needs of the family before the birth and support preparation for parenthood. Recent data show that this contact is provided fragmentarily and not always face-to-face. More information on how women view this contact could inform service provision.

Methods:

Twenty-nine mothers with a baby less than 1 year old were recruited via social media and word of mouth. Having had antenatal contact with a health visitor was not a requirement to participate in the study. Women took part in face-to-face or phone interviews and all recordings were transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using systematic thematic analysis.

Findings:

Eleven women had contact with a health visitor during pregnancy: nine through a home visit, one via a letter and one via a phone call. The remaining 18 women were asked about what they would have wanted from an antenatal contact. Three themes were identified: relationship building, information provision, and mode and time of contact. Some participants who had experienced a home visit reported building rapport with their health visitor before the postnatal period, but not everyone had this experience. Women reported requesting and receiving information about the health visiting service and the role of the health visitor. Finally, women suggested different modes of contact, suggesting a letter or that the information about health visiting could be provided by a midwife. A few women preferred a home visit. These study findings show women were unclear regarding the aim of the health visitor antenatal contact. As such, the contact is unlikely to reach its full potential in supporting parents-to-be.
Strengthened Indian Summer Monsoon Precipitation Susceptibility Linked to Dust‐Induced Ice Cloud Modification
Authors: Patel Piyushkumar N. , Gautam Ritesh , Michibata Takuro , Gadhavi Harish
Published: July 2019

A growing body of research has underscored the radiative impact of mineral dust in influencing Indian summer monsoon rainfall variability. However, the various aerosol‐cloud‐precipitation interaction mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we analyze multisatellite observations to examine dust‐induced modification in ice clouds and precipitation susceptibility. We show contrasting dust‐induced changes in ice cloud regimes wherein despite a 25% reduction in ice particle radius in thin ice clouds, we find ~40% increase in ice particle radius and ice water path in thick ice clouds resulting in the cloud deepening and subsequently strengthened precipitation susceptibility, under strong updraft regimes. The observed dust‐ice cloud‐precipitation interactions are supported by a strong correlation between the interannual monsoon rainfall variability and dust frequency. This microphysical‐dynamical coupling appears to provide negative feedback to aerosol‐cloud interactions, which acts to buffer enhanced aerosol wet scavenging. Our results underscore the importance of incorporating meteorological regime‐dependent dust‐ice cloud‐precipitation interactions in climate simulations.
Statistical Study of Heavy Ion Outflows From Mars Observed in the Martian‐Induced Magnetotail by MAVEN
Authors: Inui S. , Seki K. , Sakai S. , Brain D.A. , Hara T. , McFadden J.P. , Halekas J.S. , Mitchell D.L. , DiBraccio G.A. , Jakosky B.M.
Published: July 2019

It is important to include the effects of cold ions when we consider heavy ion outflows from Mars. We here report on statistical properties of heavy ion outflows (including cold ion outflows) observed by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN in the optical wake region. Using data from July 2015 to December 2017, we statistically investigate the effects of solar wind convection electric fields and crustal magnetic fields on the heavy ion outflows. Results show that the average density ratio of O+:O2+:CO2+ is ~29:68:04. In the southern hemisphere where the strong crustal magnetic fields are located, the heavy ion outflow flux becomes smaller and the relative contribution of molecular ions to heavy ion outflows is larger than the northern hemisphere. The solar wind convection electric field strongly affects the heavy ion outflows. Heavy ion density is larger in the −E (electric field) hemisphere than in the +E hemisphere, while the dependence of velocity is opposite. Acceleration by the solar wind convection electric field in the +E hemisphere is expected to cause these dependencies. The heavy ion flux is larger in the −E (total O: 8.6 × 106 cm–2/s) than in the +E hemisphere (2.9 × 106 cm–2/s) due to the large density in the −E hemisphere. Velocity ratios of O+ to O2+ suggest that heavy ion outflows with large velocities tend to have the same energy to each other, while the O+ to O2+ ions are more likely to have the same velocity in outflows with small velocities.
Lateral Fault Growth in the Kashi Anticline (Chinese Tian Shan): Insights From Seismic Interpretation, Shortening Distribution, and Trishear Methods
Authors: Li Zhigang , Li Tao , Almeida Rafael , Zhang Peizhen , Zheng Wenjun , Sun Chuang , Jia Dong , Chen Zhuxin , Wang Weitao
Published: July 2019

Deciphering the relationship between lateral growth of faults and along‐strike deformation (i.e., shortening and uplift) in the Earth's upper crust remains a challenge. Here we gain insight into the relation between these processes by studying the Kashi anticline, an asymmetric, doubly plunging thrust‐fault‐related fold located in the southwest Tian Shan, China. We use seismic interpretation and field observations, together with 2‐D trishear and excess area methods, to quantify the distribution of shortening along this structure. The shortening distribution along strike of the Kashi anticline is nonlinear and has a peaked, asymmetric, bell shape, with a maximum value of 5.9 ± 0.2 km. After comparing the 3‐D structural model of the Kashi anticline and our trishear models, we propose that lateral propagation‐to‐maximum shortening ratio, initiation fault length, and lateral propagation rate control the lateral fault propagation process and the fold terminations. Moreover, the 3‐D fault morphology and the ages of the growth strata suggest that the Kashi anticline experienced two stages of lateral growth with propagation rates of 60 km/Ma between 1.4 ± 0.2 Myr and 0.9 ± 0.3 Ma, and ~67 km/Myr from 0.9 ± 0.3 Ma to present. These observations highlight the relation between the evolution of lateral fault growth and the along‐strike shortening distribution, allowing us to use the latter (which we can measure) to infer the former (which we cannot). These novel insights from the Kashi anticline can be used to understand lateral growth of thrust and normal faults worldwide.
Challenging Vertical Turbulence Mixing Schemes in a Tidally Energetic Environment: 1. 3‐D Shelf‐Sea Model Assessment
Authors: Luneva Maria V. , Wakelin Sarah , Holt Jason T. , Inall Mark E. , Kozlov Igor E. , Palmer Matthew R. , Toberman Matthew , Zubkova Evgenia V. , Polton Jeff A.
Published: July 2019

Mixing in the ocean and shelf seas is critical for the vertical distribution of dynamically active properties, such as density and biogeochemical tracers. Eight different decadal simulations are used to assess the skill of vertical turbulent mixing schemes (TMS) in a 3‐D regional model of tidally active shelf seas. The TMS differ in the type of stability functions used and in the Ozmidov/Deardorff/Galperin limiter of the turbulence length scales. We review the dependence of the critical Richardson and Prandtl numbers to define the “diffusiveness” of the TMS. The skill in representing bias and variability of stratification profiles is assessed with five different metrics: surface and bottom temperatures and pycnocline depth, thickness, and strength. The assessment is made against hydrography from three data sets (28,000 profiles in total). Bottom and surface temperatures are found to be as sensitive to TMS choice as to horizontal resolution or heat flux formulation, as reported in other studies. All TMS underrepresent the pycnocline depth and benthic temperatures. This suggests physical processes are missing from the model, and these are discussed. Different TMSs show the best results for different metrics, and there is no outright winner. Simulations coupled with an ecosystem model show the choice of TMS strongly affects the ecosystem behavior: shifting the timing of peak chlorophyll by 1 month, showing regional chlorophyll differences of order 100%, and redistributing the production of chorophyll between the pycnocline and mixed layer.
Horizontal Atmospheric Delay Measurement Using Wireless Two‐Way Interferometry (Wi‐Wi)
Authors: Yasuda S. , Ichikawa R. , Hanado Y. , Kawamura S. , Hanado H. , Iwai H. , Namba K. , Okamoto Y. , Fukunaga K. , Iguchi T. , Shiga N.
Published: July 2019

A method of estimating the propagation delay between two remote sites using a wireless communication module that is compatible with IEEE 802.15.4g is proposed. In our previous paper, we reported that propagation delay due to water vapor can be estimated using digital terrestrial broadcasting waves, which is a passive method from the user's view point. In this paper, we propose an active method that allows the propagation delay between two remote sites of the user's choice to be monitored, as long as a line of sight exists. A real‐time propagation delay monitoring system with wireless communication modules, (wireless two‐way interferometry [Wi‐Wi] modules,) is developed and tested. The data obtained using Wi‐Wi modules separated by 4.25 km show about 14‐cm variation of propagation delay in 1 day, in good agreement with values obtained by ground‐based meteorological observation. This study shows that this technique enables measurement of the surface propagation delay in the horizontal direction with millimeter precision and high spatial and temporal resolution at a low cost.
Climate Variability Alters Flood Timing Across Africa
Authors: Ficchì Andrea , Stephens Liz
Published: July 2019

Modes of climate variability are known to influence rainy season onset, but there is less understanding of how they impact flood timing. We use streamflow reanalysis and gauged observation data sets to examine the influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño–Southern Oscillation across sub‐Saharan Africa. We find significant changes in flood timing between positive and negative phases of both Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño–Southern Oscillation; in some cases the difference in the timing of annual flood events is more than three months. Sensitivity to one or other mode of variability differs regionally. Changes in flood timing are larger than variability in rainy season onset reported in the literature, highlighting the need to understand how the hydrological system alters climate variability signals seen in rainy season onset, length, and rainfall totals. Our insights into flood timing could support communities who rely on flood‐based farming systems to adapt to climate variability.
How Did South China Connect to and Separate From Gondwana? New Paleomagnetic Constraints From the Middle Devonian Red Beds in South China
Authors: Xian Hanbiao , Zhang Shihong , Li Haiyan , Xiao Qisheng , Chang Linxi , Yang Tianshui , Wu Huaichun
Published: July 2019

The paleogeographic relationship between South China and Gondwana is critical for understanding the dispersion of Gondwana, accretion of Asia, and evolution of the Paleo‐Tethys. However, the lack of robust Devonian paleomagnetic data prevents a confirmative reconstruction of South China's connection to Gondwana and its subsequent separation during the Paleozoic. Here we report a new paleopole (33.6°N, 236.4°E; A95 = 3°) from the Givetian red beds (~385 Ma) in central South China. Fitting apparent polar wander paths between South China and Gondwana suggests that South China was connected to East Gondwana from the earliest Cambrian to Early Devonian, with its position closed to NW Australia. Thereafter, South China separated from Gondwana during ~400–385 Ma, as evidenced by their decoupled apparent polar wander paths. The paleomagnetic data suggest that the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean between South China and East Gondwana had been up to ~1,600 km latitudinally wide by ~360 Ma.
The Young Age of the LAMP‐observed Frost in Lunar Polar Cold Traps
Authors: Farrell W. M. , Hurley D. M. , Poston M. J. , Hayne P. O. , Szalay J. R. , McLain J. L.
Published: July 2019

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) ultraviolet instrument detected a 0.5–2% icy regolith mix on the floor of some of the southern pole permanently shadowed craters of the Moon. We present calculations indicating that most or all of this icy regolith detected by LAMP (sensed to a depth of <1 μm) has to be relatively young—less than 2,000 years old—due to the surface erosional loss by plasma sputtering (external ionized gas‐surface interactions), meteoric impact vaporization, and meteoric impact ejection. These processes, especially meteoric impact ejection, will disperse water along the crater floor, even onto warm regions where it will then undergo desorption. We have determined that there should be a water exosphere over polar craters (e.g., like Haworth crater) and calculated that a model 40‐km‐diameter crater should emit ~1019 H2O per second into the exosphere in the form of free molecules and ice‐embedded particulates.
Seasonal Injection Strategies for Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering
Authors: Visioni Daniele , MacMartin Douglas G. , Kravitz Ben , Tilmes Simone , Mills Michael J. , Richter Jadwiga H. , Boudreau Matthew P.
Published: July 2019

Simulations of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering have typically considered injections at a constant rate over the entire year. However, the seasonal variability of both sunlight and the stratospheric circulation suggests seasonally dependent injection strategies. We simulated single‐point injections of the same amount of SO2 in each of the four seasons and at five different latitudes (30°S, 15°S, equator, 15°N, and 30°N), 5 km above the tropopause. Our findings suggest that injecting only during one season reduces the amount of SO2 needed to achieve a certain aerosol optical depth, thus potentially reducing some of the side effects of geoengineering. We find, in particular, that injections at 15°N or 15°S in spring of the corresponding hemisphere results in the largest reductions in incoming solar radiation. Compared to annual injections, by injecting in the different seasons we identify additional distinct spatiotemporal aerosol optical depth patterns, thanks to seasonal differences in the stratospheric circulation.
Imaging of the Daytime Ionospheric Equatorial Arcs With Extreme and Far Ultraviolet Airglow
Authors: Stephan A. W. , Finn S. C. , Cook T. A. , Geddes G. , Chakrabarti S. , Budzien S. A.
Published: July 2019

We present the first global images of the daytime ionosphere equatorial arcs as manifested in the 83.4‐nm airglow. These images were collected by the Limb‐Imaging Ionospheric and Thermospheric Extreme‐Ultraviolet Spectrograph that commenced operations on the International Space Station in early 2017. We compare these to simultaneous images of the ionospheric radiative recombination airglow at 135.6 nm measured between 250‐ and 350‐km tangent altitudes, where the emission is generated primarily by radiative recombination of ionospheric plasma. We find that these signatures of the dense crests of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly, their symmetry, and daily variability at 1300–1600 LT over 1–6 April 2017 do not show any strong periodicity during this time. These results are also important to the joint interpretation of these two correlated extreme and far ultraviolet emission features measured under solar minimum conditions and the evaluation of absorption and radiative transfer effects that affect these emissions differently.
Investigation of Mass‐/Charge‐Dependent Escape of Energetic Ions Across the Magnetopauses of Earth and Jupiter
Authors: Mauk B. H. , Cohen I. J. , Haggerty D. K. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Connerney J. E. P. , Anderson B. J. , Bagenal F. , Ebert R. W. , Bolton S. J. , Burch J. L. , Levin S. M. , Torbert R. B. , Vines S. K. , Westlake J. H.
Published: July 2019

We present a continuing investigation of mass‐/charge‐dependent interactions between energetic ions (greater than tens of kiloelectron volts) and planetary magnetopauses and of the escape of the ions across the boundary. Previous studies at Earth using Magnetospheric Multiscale mission data are refined and advanced showing profound behavior differences between light (H, He) and singly charged heavy ions (O+). We highlight a distinctive feature of oxygen ions: an angular distribution bifurcation providing clear indication of entrainment along the magnetopause in Speiser‐like orbits during relatively stable magnetic conditions. This signature, interpreted using a simple kinetic model, suggests that these ions tend to be carried substantial distances along the boundary (even with boundary‐normal magnetic fields) in a fashion that impedes their full dayside escape. While large fluctuations and waves can likely sometimes disrupt the observed ordering, the following picture emerges. Energetic particles with gyroradii much smaller than the magnetopause thickness (e.g., electrons and absent boundary‐normal magnetic fields) and ions with gyroradii much larger than the thickness (e.g., O+) are impeded from fully escaping across the boundary. However, energetic ions with intermediate‐sized gyroradii commensurate with the thickness (e.g., H+, He++, and O6+) can be effectively scattered within the boundary causing them to escape much more readily, with and without boundary‐normal fields. This picture is supported by observations from the Juno spacecraft at the near‐dawn meridian side of Jupiter's magnetopause. There it is observed that energetic electrons and heavy ions are more strongly contained by the magnetopause than are the energetic protons and helium ions.
Superfountain Effect Linked With 17 March 2015 Geomagnetic Storm Manifesting Distinct F3 Layer
Authors: Venkatesh K. , Patra A.K. , Balan N. , Fagundes P.R. , Tulasi Ram S. , Batista I.S. , Reinisch B.W.
Published: July 2019

The existence of an additional stratification in the daytime equatorial ionospheric F region (the F3 layer) was known since the 1940s. However, its characteristics and the underlying physical mechanism have been uncovered only recently. In this paper, we present and discuss the F3 layer characteristics observed by six ionosondes distributed over equatorial and low latitudes (−20° to +25° dip latitudes) in the Brazilian longitude sector during the strongest geomagnetic storm (DstMin = −223 nT) of solar cycle 24, the St. Patrick's Day storm of 17 March 2015. Two eastward prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) events, as seen in equatorial electrojet, occurred during the main phase of the storm on 17 March 2015, a strong one (~100 nT) at around ~1200 UT and a weak one (~50 nT) at around ~1725 UT. Local time variations in the F3 layer occurrence and ionospheric base height (h′F), peak height (hmF), and peak electron density (Nmax) are investigated. Notably, the F3 layer occurred at all six locations, more distinctly during the stronger PPEF event. The large latitudinal extend in the occurrence of the F3 layer in opposite hemispheres (−20° to +25° dip latitudes) covering the equatorial ionization anomaly crests observed for the first time is interpreted in terms of the combined effect of the super plasma fountain generated by the eastward PPEF and storm time equatorward neutral wind.
Abnormal Subauroral Ion Drifts (ASAID) and Pi2s During Cross‐Tail Current Disruptions Observed by Polar on the Magnetically Quiet Days of October 2003
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C.
Published: July 2019

In this study we further investigate the development of abnormal subauroral ion drifts/polarization streams (ASAID/ASAPS) during the magnetically quiet days of 9–10 October 2003. Our main aim is to provide direct observational evidence verifying that the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F15 detected quiet‐time ASAID/ASAPS features developed due to the formation of a magnetospheric cold plasma ripple‐hot ring current interface. By utilizing multisatellite and multi‐instrument Cluster_C2, Polar, and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program observations, we investigate plasma rippling and Pi2 pulsation events. In good agreement with the associated empirical scenario of plasma sheet rippling, we demonstrate with various C2 and Polar events the following observational results. (1) The rippling of the plasma sheet's inner edge was related to the process of cross‐tail current disruption and its earthward propagation. (2) The Pi2 pulsation of the cross‐tail EY field reversed the local convection flow when EY was dawnward directed and thus caused plasma ripples while (3) energy was provided by the earthward flows' braking/deceleration. (4) The ASAID/ASAPS feature's underlying EY is antisunward (or dawnward) and EZ is inward (or earthward). By tracking the cross‐tail current disruptions' tailward (by Cluster_C2) and earthward (by Polar) propagations, almost simultaneously, our results demonstrate also that the convection flows' local reversal by the dawnward EY is a common feature of both the tailward and the earthward flows. This study demonstrates also, with multiple plasmapause and EY detections made by Polar, the multiple and mixed occurrences of ASAID and SAID in the plasmasphere's rippled outer edge.
Characteristics of the Occurrence of Ion Upflow in Association With Ion/Electron Heating in the Polar Ionosphere
Authors: Ji Eun‐Young , Jee Geonhwa , Lee Changsup
Published: July 2019

We investigate the statistical characteristics of the ion upflow occurrence in association with ion and electron heatings in the polar ionosphere using the European Incoherent Scatter Svalbard Radar during the period of 2000–2015. The ion upflow events are classified as four types: with ion temperature increase (Type 1), with electron temperature increase (Type 2), with both ion and electron temperature increases (Type 3), and without any temperature increase (Type 4). These four types of upflow events are statistically analyzed with various geophysical conditions. We found that the overall occurrence of ion upflow is highest for Type 3 and then followed by Type 2, Type 1, and Type 4. This result indicates that the ion upflow is highly associated with soft particle precipitation induced electron heating, which becomes more effective with simultaneous friction induced ion heating. The statistical characteristics of ion upflow is summarized as follows: (1) It is most highly distributed in the daytime with a double peak structure but a deep minimum at dusk, (2) the highest occurrence appears at about 350‐ to 450‐km altitude for most of local time but extended to higher altitude near the magnetic local noon, (3) the ions mostly reach only up to about 200 km above their initiated altitudes, (4) it tends to increase with magnetic activity, particularly during the daytime, but (5) decreases and distributed at higher altitude with increasing solar activity, and (6) finally, the maximum occurrence appears in December solstice but the minimum in June solstice for most of local times.
Global Ionosphere Estimation Based on Data Fusion From Multisource: Multi‐GNSS, IRI Model, and Satellite Altimetry
Authors: An X. , Meng X. , Jiang W. , Chen H. , He Q. , Xi R.
Published: July 2019

Traditionally, the ionosphere determination just uses American Global Positioning System and Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System dual‐frequency data and has a low precision particularly on oceans. With the rapid development of Chinese BeiDou and European Galileo systems, they are playing an increasingly important role for modeling global ionosphere. Meanwhile, satellite altimetry provides valuable and precise ionosphere delay over the oceans. Through introducing priori ionosphere values from an advanced empirical ionosphere model, combining the advantages of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and satellite altimetry technologies, the precision of global ionosphere estimation can be further improved. To assess the improvement, we collect satellite altimetry data from Jason‐2/3 and more than 300 global GNSS stations, the data are processed in 2014 and 2018 when the Sun is in a high and a low activity conditions. The results suggest that the ionosphere determination based on multitechnique fusion in a solar‐geomagnetic reference frame is well suitable to represent the ionosphere and its structure. The determined ionosphere achieves a better global consistency, and its formal accuracy is significantly reduced. By comparing with the International GNSS Service products, evaluating by satellite altimetry measurements, and independently validating with ionosonde techniques, it is proved that the ionosphere results are further improved through employing additional available data, especially for the ionosphere over the oceans.
Effects of the MY34/2018 Global Dust Storm as Measured by MSL REMS in Gale Crater
Authors: Viúdez‐Moreiras D. , Newman C. E. , de la Torre M. , Martínez G. , Guzewich S. , Lemmon M. , Pla‐García J. , Smith M. D. , Harri A.‐M. , Genzer M. , Vicente‐Retortillo A. , Lepinette A. , Rodriguez‐Manfredi J. A. , Vasavada A. R. , Gómez‐Elvira J.
Published: July 2019

The Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) instrument is on board NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover. REMS has been measuring surface pressure, air, and ground brightness temperature, relative humidity, and ultraviolet (UV) irradiance since MSL's landing in 2012. In Mars Year (MY) 34 (2018) a global dust storm reached Gale Crater at Ls ~ 190°. REMS offers a unique opportunity to better understand the impact of a global dust storm on local environmental conditions, which complements previous observations by the Viking landers and Mars Exploration Rovers. All atmospheric variables measured by REMS are strongly affected albeit at different times. During the onset phase, the daily maximum UV radiation decreased by 90% between sols 2075 (opacity ~1) and 2085 (opacity ~8.5). The diurnal range in ground and air temperatures decreased by 35 and 56 K, respectively, with also a diurnal‐average decrease of ~2 and 4 K respectively. The maximum relative humidity, which occurs right before sunrise, decreased to below 5%, compared with prestorm values of up to 29%, due to the warmer air temperatures at night, while the inferred water vapor abundance suggests an increase during the storm. Between sols 2085 and 2130, the typical nighttime stable inversion layer was absent near the surface as ground temperatures remained warmer than near‐surface air temperatures. Finally, the frequency domain behavior of the diurnal pressure cycle shows a strong increase in the strength of the semidiurnal and terdiurnal modes peaking after the local opacity maximum, also suggesting differences in the dust abundance inside and outside Gale.
Combining Numerical and Statistical Models to Predict Storm‐Induced Dune Erosion
Authors: Santos V. M. , Wahl T. , Long J. W. , Passeri D. L. , Plant N. G.
Published: July 2019

Dune erosion is an important aspect to consider when assessing coastal flood risk, as dune elevation loss makes the protected areas more susceptible to flooding. However, most advanced dune erosion numerical models are computationally expensive, which hinders their application in early‐warning systems. Based on a combination of probabilistic and process‐based numerical modeling, we develop an efficient statistical tool to predict dune erosion during storms. The analysis focuses on Dauphin Island, AL, in the northern Gulf of Mexico, where we combine synthetic sea storms with a calibrated and validated XBeach model to develop and test a range of different surrogate models for their ability to predict barrier island geometric parameters under storm conditions. Surrogate models are developed by combining the oceanographic forcing from 100 optimally sampled sea storm events covering the entire multivariate parameter space (used as XBeach input) and associated changes in the dune system (XBeach output). We test four surrogate models using a k‐fold approach for validation. All models perform well in predicting changes in dune elevation, barrier island area, and width but are less accurate in predicting alterations in the cross‐shore locations of dune morphological features. Multivariate adaptive regression splines is identified as the best surrogate model based on its fast development and good performance, attaining a modified Mielke index of 0.81 for dune crest height. As demonstrated at Dauphin Island, our approach shows potential to be used in an operational framework to predict dune response (in particular crest elevation change) when water level and wave forecasts are available.
Cardioprotective role of APIP in myocardial infarction through ADORA2B
Authors: Lim Bitna , Jung Kwangmin , Gwon Youngdae , Oh Jae Gyun , Roh Jae-il , Hong Se-Hoon , Kho Changwon , Park Woo-Jin , Lee Han-Woong , Bae Jang-Whan , Jung Yong-Keun
Published: July 2019

In ischemic human hearts, the induction of adenosine receptor A2B (ADORA2B) is associated with cardioprotection against ischemic heart damage, but the mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. Apaf-1-interacting protein (APIP) and ADORA2B transcript levels in human hearts are substantially higher in patients with heart failure than in controls. Interestingly, the APIP and ADORA2B mRNA levels are highly correlated with each other (R = 0.912). APIP expression was significantly increased in primary neonatal cardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions and this induction reduced myocardial cell death via the activation of the AKT-HIF1α pathway. Accordingly, infarct sizes of APIP transgenic mice after left anterior descending artery ligation were significantly reduced compared to those of wild-type mice. Strikingly, knockdown of APIP expression impaired the cytoprotective effects of ADORA2B during hypoxic damage. Immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays revealed that APIP interacts with ADORA2B, leading to the stabilization of both proteins by interfering with lysosomal degradation, and to the activation of the downstream PKA-CREB signaling pathways. ADORA2B levels in the hearts of APIPTg/Tg, APIPTg/+, and Apip+/- mice were proportionally downregulated. In addition, ADORA2B D296G derived from the rs200741295 polymorphism failed to bind to APIP and did not exert cardioprotective activity during hypoxia. Moreover, Adora2b D296G knock-in mice were more vulnerable than control mice to myocardial infarction and intentional increases in APIP levels overcame the defective protection of the ADORA2B SNP against ischemic injury. Collectively, APIP is crucial for cardioprotection against myocardial infarction by virtue of binding to and stabilizing ADORA2B, thereby dampening ischemic heart injury.
Positive expression of basic transcription factor 3 predicts poor survival of colorectal cancer patients: possible mechanisms involved
Authors: Liu Qi , Wu Junjie , Lu Tailiang , Fang Zhixue , Huang Zixuan , Lu Shanzheng , Dai Chen , Li Mengqian
Published: July 2019

Basic transcription factor 3 (BTF3) is associated with the development of several cancers. The aim of our study was to elucidate the role of BTF3 in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues. CRC tissues or their paired adjacent noncancerous (ANCT) tissues were obtained from 90 patients who underwent operations in our hospital from November 2011 to December 2016, and then we implemented a gene microarray assay for detecting significant changes in gene expression and confirmed expression in tissues using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. We transfected or injected the silencing BTF3 (BTF3-siRNA) plasmid into cells and nude mice, and measured the tumorigenicity of CRC cells with flow cytometry and studied the expression level of BTF3 downstream genes (MAD2L2, MCM3 and PLK1) in CRC cells. BTF3 expression level was not only significantly higher in CRC tissue than in ANCT tissue (2.61 ± 0.07 vs 1.90 ± 0.03,P < 0.001) but BTF3-siRNA decreased tumor formation in a nude mice model. Furthermore, based on the data of gene microarray analysis, MAD2L2, MCM3 and PLK1 were detected as the downstream target genes of BTF3 and their expressions were positive related with BTF3 expression. Also, through transfecting BTF3-siRNA into HCT116 cells, we found that BTF3-siRNA could decrease cell viability and induced cell apoptosis and blocking the cell cycle. In conclusion, BTF3 is positively related to CRC and BTF3-siRNA attenuated the tumorigenicity of colorectal cancer cells via MAD2L2, MCM3 and PLK1 activity reduction.