bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coping Styles and Psychological Distress among Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Hing-chu B. , Chan David W. , Yik Michelle S. M.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the relationship between coping styles and psychological distress in a nonclinical sample of 832 Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Measures included the General Health Questionnaire and an Adolescent Coping Scale adapted from both Western and Eastern sources. Results from factor analyses suggested that adolescents used relatively similar coping strategies when confronted with problems. Thus four broad coping styles were identified. The coping style of avoidancelblaming was consistently found to be a significant and moderately strong predictor of psychological distress in four different problem areas relating to academic difficulties, conflicts with elders, conflicts with friends, andfuture concerns. A lthough males and females used similar coping styles when confronted with difficulties, they differed in the frequency with which they might use a particular coping style when dealing with a particular problem. Limitations of the study and implications for future research in adolescent coping are also discussed
Concern about AIDS and Relationship Satisfaction
Authors: Strube Michael J. , Davis Larry E.
Published: March 2007

This study explored concern aboutAIDS and relationship appraisals ofAfricanAmerican and White dating couples. Partners independently rated their relationship commitment, relationship satisfaction, liking for the partner, and loving for the partner. In addition, partners rated their fear of contracting AIDS, the extent to which fear of AIDS had changed their dating behavior, and the likelihood thatfear of AIDS had increased their partner's and their own relationship commitment. African American couples were more likely than White couples to report (inaccurately) thatfear of AIDS had increased their partner's commitment. In addition, males andfemales differed in the ways in whichAIDS concerns were related to relationship appraisals. Males, but not females, appeared to distinguish between feelings of being trapped in the relationship and feelings of being abandoned by theirpartners. Results show thatfearof contractingAIDShasa significant impact on dating dynamics among this college sample.
Virgins' Expectations and Nonvirgins' Reports
Authors: Langer Lilly M. , Zimmerman Rick S. , Katz Jennifer A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined anticipated attitudes of virgins and actual attitudes of nonvirgins regarding how they would feel or felt about themselves, respectively, after losing their virginity. Data were collected over5 monthsfrom high school students in Miami, Florida (N = 1,305). The degree to which virgins predicted they would feel better afterfirst experiencing sex was significantly less than that which nonvirgins reported actually feeling. For virgins, anticipated positive feelings were associated with being male, placing less value on postponing intercourse, being a peer-influenced decision maker, and being African American. Reports offeeling better by nonvirgins were associated with being male and havingagreaternumberof sexpartners. Thefinding thatnonvirgins reported having felt better afterfirst sex suggests an HIV risk-reduction intervention should emphasize thatfeeling good is not to be a state of being one would be willing to die for
School Truants and Truancy Motivation Sorted out with Multidimensional Scaling
Authors: Bimler David , Kirkland John
Published: March 2007

A combination of established and novel multivariate techniques was applied to the problem of school truancy. Informants described 104 truants they were acquainted with by ranking the applicability of 73 motives and causes for absence from school. Individual rankings were analyzed in the context of a multidimensional representation of the motives, derived from sorting data provided by other informants. Each ranking was interpreted as a three-dimensional vector within this “similarity space” and as a profile of 10 weights indicating the contributions of 10 “hotspots” (broad themes summarizing the motives) located in the space. The broad spectrum of motivational profiles was subdivided using clustering techniques. Five main relatively homogeneous clusters emerged, of which two cover a previously recognized pattern of parent-condoned truancy, whereas the other three are related to recognized syndromes of adolescent delinquency. There may be considerable differences between these clusters in terms of developmental antecedents, prognosis, and most effective form of intervention.
Vocational Preferences of Early Adolescents
Authors: Vondracek Fred W. , Silbereisen Rainer K. , Reitzle Matthias , Wiesner Margit
Published: March 2007

The timing of early vocational preferences was compared in a sample of young adolescents from former East Germany and from West Germany. Because of German unification in 1990, and the attendant massive sociocultural changes, such a sample offers a unique opportunity to examine the joint influence of development and context on key transitions and on the accomplishment of developmental tasks. Results suggested that, as the memory of the restrictive Communist system fades and as younger adolescents have had less exposure to it in the first place, differences between East and West tend to disappear. Separately, the present findings, obtained through the use of survival analysis, indicated that the formation of early vocational preferences among the 10- to 13-year-old respondents appeared to be associated with more advanced identity development. Moreover, these young adolescents appeared to be remarkably “tuned in” to the world of occupations, suggesting greater realism than might be predicted on the basis of conventional career development theory.
Lost Talent
Authors: Trusty Jerry , Harris Morag B. Colvin
Published: March 2007

Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the extent to which demographic variables, students’personal resources, and family resources were predictive of stable or lowered educational expectations across the time period from eighth grade to 2 years post-high school. The sample was limited to U.S. students who (a) indicated in the eighth grade that they later expected at least a bachelor’s degree, and (b) achieved above the median score on eighth-grade reading and math tests. Therefore, students had high early expectations and showed early signs of academic talent. Lowered educational expectations across time have been described in the research literature as lost talent. For male and female adolescents, low socioeconomic status was most strongly related to lost talent. Racial group membership was also predictive of lost talent. For females, external locus of control was predictive of lost talent; whereas for males, family resources were protective factors.
Does a Biological Clock Reside in the Eye of Quail?
Authors: Underwood Herbert , Siopes Thomas , Barrett R. Keith
Published: March 2007

The site (intra- vs. extraocular) of the circadian clock driving an ocular melatonin rhythm in Japanese quail was investigated by alternately covering the left and right eyes of individual quail, otherwise held in constant light (LL), for 12-hr periods. This procedure exposed each eye to a light-dark (LD) 12:12 light cycle 180° (12 hr) out of phase with the LD 12:12 light cycle experienced by the other eye. This protocol entrained the melatonin rhythm in the left eye of quail 180° out of phase with the rhythm expressed in the right eye. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that an independent light-entrainable circadian pacemaker resides in each eye; they are incompatible with the hypothesis that a single (or functionally single) extraocular pacemaker drives the ocular melatonin rhythm in both eyes. However, the results are also compatible with a model in which two independent extraocular circadian pacemakers, each with an exclusive photic input from one eye, drive the ocular melatonin rhythm.
Light-Induced Phase Shifting of the Circadian Conidiation Rhythm Is Inhibited by Calmodulin Antagonists in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Sadakane Yutaka , Nakashima Hideaki
Published: March 2007

The effects of calmodulin antagonists and inhibitors of protein kinases and phosphatases on light-induced phase shifting were investigated in Neurospora crassa. Calmodulin antagonists, namely, trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and W-7, almost completely inhibited the light-induced phase shifting without having any effect on the circadian clock itself. Chlorpromazine was less effective in inhibiting the light-induced phase shifting than trifluoperazine. W-5, a dechlorinated analogue of W-7, failed to inhibit the light-induced phase shifting at the same concentration as that at which W-7 was effective. These results suggest that calmodulin is required during signal transduction from the light-perceiving system to the circadian clock in N. crassa. Inhibitors of protein phosphorylation did not inhibit the light-induced phase shifting, although these inhibitors completely inhibited mycelial growth. Trifluoperazine partially inhibited the phosphorylation of three proteins when phosphorylation was assayed in vitro.
Rhythms of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase mRNA in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Authors: Huhman Kim L. , Hennessey Ann C. , Albers H. Elliott
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether there is a rhythm in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) message in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of rats housed in a light:dark cycle. The mRNAs encoding two isoforms of GAD (i.e., GAD65 and GAD67) were examined using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Computerized image analysis of film autoradiographs revealed that GAD65 mRNA was significantly higher in the light than it was in the dark. GAD67 mRNA levels were lower overall and did not decrease significantly in the dark. Following emulsion autoradiography, silver grain counts over individual SCN cells indicated that GAD65 mRNA was highest in the dorsomedial hypothalamus during the light. These data suggest that GAD mRNA varies rhythmically in the SCN and that mRNA levels are regulated differently within SCN subdivisions during the light:dark cycle.
Attachment Site of Grafted SCN Influences Precision of Restored Circadian Rhythm
Authors: LeSauter J. , Romero P. , Cascio M. , Silver R.
Published: March 2007

Fetal hypothalamic grafts containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) restore circadian locomotor rhythmicity when implanted into the third ventricle of SCN-lesioned hamsters. However, the quality of restored rhythms is variable, and the locomotor rhythms of grafted animals are generally less robust than those of intact animals. The present study explored whether anatomical features of the graft predict the quality of the recovered rhythm and whether such information might provide insight as to the target of the signal from the SCN that controls locomotor rhythmicity. The following graft parameters were assessed: distance between the attachment site of the graft and potential targets for the output signal from the SCN, number and overall size of SCN clusters, the size of the cluster closest to the SCN lesion site, and extent of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and vasopressin-associated neurophysin (NP) positive fiber outgrowth from the graft. The restored circadian activity rhythm was assessed by quantifying the precision of activity onset and the amount, period, and robustness of rhythmicity. The results indicate a significant positive correlation between the precision of activity onset and the proximity of the closest SCN cluster to the site of the lesioned host SCN. A more detailed analysis of the spatial location of the graft indicates that proximity of the graft in the dorsal and caudal directions, but not the rostral direction, is positively correlated with the precision of the recovered rhythm. This suggests two possibilities: the coupling signal may act on a site very near the SCN and travel preferentially in a rostro-caudal direction. Alternatively, the coupling signal may act on a site rostral to the SCN. That the site is not far rostral to the SCN was suggested by the lack of a correlation between the precision of the restored rhythm and the rostrally lying anterior medial preoptic nucleus. Finally, evaluation of NP- and VIP-ergic fibers in nuclei known to receive input from the SCN indicates that the extent of such innervation by graft efferents does not predict either the occurrence of recovery or the precision of the recovered rhythm. Overall, these results suggest that the target(s) of SCN pacemakers regulating locomotor rhythmicity lie in the hypothalamus, close to or rostral to the SCN.
Simple Alternatives Using a Single Centrifugal Pump for Biventricular Assistance in Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Lefemine Armand A. , Dunbar Jacob
Published: March 2007

The application of pumps and other mechanical and physiologic aids for improving circulation and heart recovery must be based on physiologic requirements. The needs of circulation and cardiac recovery are different and depend on competence of the right ventricle as well as the left ventricle and the pattern of cannulation and decompression. Our studies of various bypass tech niques and drugs in a standardized severe cardiogenic shock model lead us to believe that biventricular decompression can be accomplished with a single centrifugal pump without an oxygenator. Cardiogenic shock and severe biven tricular failure was best treated by LV+RA bypass, based on survival, hemo dynamics and metabolism. LA + RA bypass was the next best. LA bypass, LV bypass, substrates (cysteine and ribose) and nitroprusside were intermediate. Circulatory support is not enough unless appropriate cardiac decompression ensures myocardial recovery.
Reference Sources in City Planning in the United States
Authors: McMaster Jane
Published: March 2007

An extensive, cross-disciplinary literature has developed in city planning since its emergence as a profession over seventy years ago. This article surveys reference sources that serve as access points to the literature on the physical aspects of city planning in the United States. Comprehensive bibliographies, historical and biographical works, and the publications of professional organizations are covered in the context of the historical development of this literature. Currently available city planning research tools and sources for the special topics of cities, housing, and historic preservation are also discussed.
The Filtering of Households and Housing Units
Authors: Baer William C. , Williamson Christopher B.
Published: March 2007

The concept of filtering is about one hundred years old, yet much remains to be done to solidify a common understanding of the process and its policy implications-not the least of which is to clearly distinguish filtering's processesfrom its results, and to clarify whether the focus is on households or housing units. This article presents a model of filtering gleaned from the literature and discusses its assorted criticisms. Next, the literature is cast in its one hundred-year historical context to show how it evolved and how it was influenced by housing policy considerations of different eras. The article then offers a unifying framework for filtering's exposition. This framework allows the basic dimensions of filtering to be presented within its shelter system, and also shows how they are connected to larger economic and demographic forces in society that drive the filtering processes in the first place. The framework also allows a substantive rather than merely chronological organization of the literature. Finally, areas for future research are suggested based on this framework.
Organizational Perspectives and Urban Spatial Structure: A Review and Appraisal
Authors: Wilson David
Published: March 2007

Many academic and practicing planners continue to examine local organizational effects on urban form despite failure to substantively theorize organizational functioning. This neglect, interestingly enough, occurs in spite of the recent emergence of innovative theories on organizationalfunctioning put forth by fellow planners and social scientists. This article informs planners of the need to theorize more penetratingly about organizations and reveals an evolving literature on this topic. It introduces frameworks such as urban managerialism, revisionist managerialism, organizational structuralism, and structuration, by tracing their evolution, substance, and points of controversy. The results suggest that planners need to theorize more substantively about the interconnections among societal structures, organizational morphology, and individuals. These influences generate active but bounded decision-makers who structure frequently unorthodox actions.
Neighborhood as a Unit of Planning and Action: A Heuristic Approach
Authors: Chaskin Robert J.
Published: March 2007

The neighborhood is increasingly used as an organizational anchorfor the promotion of planned social change, but defining neighborhood for programmatic ends in any given case is problematic because it admits a variety of competing choices. There is no universal way of defining the neighborhood as a unit, and selecting and defining target neighborhoods is a highly political and negotiable process. This article suggests a heuristic approach to defining neighborhoods that is guided by explicit programmatic aims, informed by a theoretical understanding of neighborhood and the elements it may include, and based on descriptive information on local context.
Discrimination Against Women in New Deal Work Programs
Authors: Rose Nancy E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a historical perspective on the "feminization of poverty" by examining policies that affected women in the governmental work programs during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Although the programs created problems for capital, they remained consistent with patriarchy, as well as with divisions based on race and class. That is, they limited women's participation to one-sixth of the participants; paid women less than they did men; and permitted women to do only "women's work. "
Effects of Fetal-Protection Policies on Women Workers
Authors: Nuccio Kathleen E. , Sakina Mama Robin
Published: March 2007

Exclusionary work policies, known as fetal-protection policies, have a rationale and focus on women that is similar to those of the outlawed protective labor laws. These policies are prominent in male-dominated industries, such as chemical refineries, paint-manufacturing plants, and the auto industry. This article explores the relationship between these policies and the outlawed labor laws, examines the effects of these policies on the economic well-being of women, and suggests how occupational social workers and policymakers can broaden their focus to make the workplace safer for all workers.
Treating Major Depression
Authors: Jensen Carla C.
Published: March 2007

The case study presented in this article demonstrates the effectiveness of feminist therapeutic principles applied in the combined intervention model of cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy. The author developed a collaborative-team approach in an eight-session course of treatment for women who suffer from major depression that illustrates this approach.
Perspectives of Women on Family and Social Policy
Authors: Spakes Patricia , Nichols-Casebolt Ann
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a unique study that was designed to hear the diverse voices of women on policy issues related to families in crisis. The study provided insights into how women define family, how they perceive families in crisis, and what they identify as important policy issues. The implications for policy development are discussed.
On the Road to Beijing: The Evolution of the International Women's Movement
Authors: Wetzel Janice Wood
Published: March 2007

The assessment of women's concerns from a global perspective, "to look at the world through women's eyes" (the theme of the Fourth International Conference on Women), sheds light on otherwise hidden issues and allows for a clear delineation of problems that are unique to given cultures and those that pervade the lives of women the world over. It opens up a universe of resources for possible solutions to various problems and provides a context in which these problems can be prevented. This article traces the evolution of the international women's movement through the four international conferences on women that have been held since 1975, paying special attention to the fourth conference, held in China in 1995.
Hull House and the Birth Control Movement: An Untold Story
Authors: Haslett Diane C.
Published: March 2007

The residents of Jane Addams's Hull House were in the vanguard of those supporting reproductive alternatives for all women. They were instrumental in bringing family planning services to Chicago and actively opposed the withholding of abortion services. This article discusses the work of two longtime Hull-House residents, Alice Hamilton and Rachelle Yarros, in the birth control movement and presents the implications of their approach for improving the delivery of services to and ensuring reproductive freedom for women today.
Childhood Maltreatment, PTSD, and Suicidal Behavior Among African American Females
Authors: THOMPSON MARTIE P. , KASLOW NADINE J. , LANE DANIELLE BRADSHAW , KINGREE J. B.
Published: March 2007

The independent and combined roles of childhood maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect) and current post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were examined in predicting nonfatal suicide attempts among 335 African American women. It was hypothesized that suicide attempters (n = 157) would evidence higher rates of all forms of childhood maltreatment and higher rates of current PTSD than controls (n = 178). The authors predicted that women with both current PTSD and a lifetime history of child maltreatment would be at greatest risk for making a nonfatal suicide attempt. Results revealed that current PTSD and all five forms of childhood maltreatment were independently related to risk for suicide attempts. PTSD in combination with any of the five forms of childhood maltreatment increased a woman's risk for making a nonfatal suicide attempt. This suggests interventions designed to reduce suicidal behavior should focus on women with PTSD and a history of child maltreatment.
Fraternities, Athletic Teams, and Rape
Authors: HUMPHREY STEPHEN E. , KAHN ARNOLD S.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between sexual assault and membership in high-risk fraternities and athletic teams. Although past research has identified fraternities and athletic teams as high-risk groups for sexual assault, the findings have been inconclusive. Based on student perceptions, we separated fraternities and athletic teams into high-risk and low-risk groups. A survey of 182 male students, including those who were members of three fraternities and five athletic teams as well as nonmembers, indicated that the high-risk groups scored significantly higher than the low-risk groups on measures of sexual aggression, hostility toward women, and male peer support endorsing sexual aggression. These findings showed that some fraternity or athletic team members are more likely to commit sexual assault than males in the general student population, but this is not true for all such groups. The results help explain inconsistencies reported by previous researchers.
Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse Among College Students in Taiwan
Authors: CHEN RODA
Published: March 2007

This study identifies the risk factors connected with the occurrence of sexual abuse and associated with the severity of sexual abuse, comparing the risk factors derived from U.S. and Taiwan studies. A sample of 2,178 college students was randomly selected from nine universities: 1,073 males, 1,074 females, and 31 who did not specify gender. The results show that the family interaction variables are good predictors for the occurrence of sexual abuse. However, the location, gender of the victim, age of the victim and the abuser, and the relationship of the abuser are found to be the risk factors associated with the severity of abuse.
Intimacy, Loneliness, and Attachment Style in Sexual Offenders
Authors: HUDSON STEPHEN M. , WARD TONY
Published: March 2007

Recent research suggests that offenders have difficulties in successfully establishing adult relationships. The authors have developed an attachment-based model that relates offending styles and interpersonal goals, and they have provided some preliminary evidence for it at the level of attachment style and offender type. Here the authors examined offender type, attachment style, and some relevant interpersonal variables. Although only the offender-type differences related to anger, most of the attachment model's predictions were supported. Preoccupiedly and fearfully attached men were the most lonely, whereas fearfully and dismissingly attached men scored highest on fear of intimacy, anger expression, and anger suppression. Fearful men reported the greatest hostility toward women, whereas dismissing men were most accepting of rape myths. The relationship between attachment style and social competency issues appears more fundamental than that between offender type and social competency. As such, approaching the social dysfunctions associated with offending from an attachment perspective has considerable clinical utility.
Incidence and Prevalence of Dating Partner Abuse and Its Relationship to Dating Practices
Authors: NEUFELD JONATHAN , McNAMARA JOHN R. , ERTL MELISSA
Published: March 2007

Although physical violence between couples has been widely researched, few estimates of the extent of psychological abuse between intimates have been published. A sample of 623 college-age women completed the Abusive Behavior Inventory with reference to the previous 6-month period (incidence) and their entire dating history (prevalence). The 6-month incidence rate of physical abuse (26.8%) was comparable to previously reported rates. Over 77% reported experiencing some form of psychological abuse during the same 6-month period. Lifetime prevalence was 43.1% for physical abuse and 91.2% for any psychologically abusive incident. Participant responses estimating the number of previous sexual and emotional partners, the amount of perceived male partner control in the typical relationship, and the length of the typical relationship accounted for a small but significant proportion of the variance in levels of both physical and psychological abuse.
Employee Benefit Compliance Checklist
Authors: Parmenter Eric M.
Published: March 2007

Complying with the sea of federal and state benefit laws and corresponding regulations is an immense undertaking. This article provides a checklist for employers to understand recent developments and maintain compliance with regulations. Covering five benefit compliance tasks—document, audit, filing, notification and administration—the checklist highlights the changing landscape in benefit regulation. The article also includes suggestions about the efficiency of reviewing a benefit plan in its entirety when a compliance issue such as GUST affects an employer.
Learn to Manage Pay and Performance Like an Entrepreneur
Authors: Cantoni Craig J.
Published: March 2007

Too much of the conventional wisdom about pay and performance management is based on large companies' practices. These firms typically define fairness in terms of consistency, reliance on inflexible human resource systems, and a culture that attracts and retains people who are more comfortable with predictability and fairness than with ambiguity and risk-taking. The bigger the firm, the more likely it will publish salary grades and ranges, rely on formal job evaluation, and use HR programs that don't support effective performance management.

Entrepreneurial firms, on the other hand, manage pay and performance effectively, not because they have sophisticated programs, but because they need to eliminate weak links and to reward top performers. They also have leaders who know what is happening in the organization and the will to hold people accountable for their performance. Big companies can manage like their entrepreneurial counterparts if they are willing to replace some long-standing HR practices with an HR approach that values inconsistency, flexibility, and hands-on management.
When is Compensation not Enough? Rethiinking how to Rewand the Workforce
Authors: Wilson Stephanie Y.
Published: March 2007

Most organizations reward employees (merit increases, incentive payouts) on a 12-month cycle. Unfortunately, employee-produced results do not tend to occur in neat 12-month cycles. Organizations need to provide rewards that are more timely and closely linked to employee results. For example, by using both cashand noncash-based reward and recognition programs, organizations can tailor their programs to better suit both the importance and timing of a particular accomplishment. Before designing reward and recognition programs, an organization must decide what it is willing to reward; i.e., what results it needs employees to produce and what types of behaviors they must demonstrate. There are three basic steps in developing effective reward and recognition programs: 1. Design a program that gets "internal customers" (employees) excited. 2. Match the reward to the expected outcome. 3. Recognize when a program no longer works. The author provides an extensive explanation of how to follow these steps.
How IBM Reengineeted Its Benefits Center into a National HR Service Center
Authors: Shugrue Edward , Gonzales Bob , Berland Joan , Duke Kimberly
Published: March 2007

The early 1990s were difficult years for IBM. With revenues down and expenses up, the company was losing money for the first time in its history. To again be profitable, IBM decided it needed to change, and this article takes readers on IBM's journey to reengineer its HR services. The journey started with the concept of a national benefits center that used technology and a central support system to improve benefits administration efficiency and consistency. This led to an organizational model that includes self-service tools and a centralized service center, to provide IBM's thousands of active and retired employees with their compensation, benefits, and a range of HR support services. The model has reduced IBM's expenses and improved its program administration. The authors detail this transformation, and also share the lessons IBM learned along the way.
The Glass Wall
Authors: Dalton Glenn
Published: March 2007

Even though the nature of work has changed dra-matically in recent years, you would never know it by looking at the reward systems for America's 16 million unionized workers. While there has been much talk about using alternative rewards to motivate unionized workers, the action has failed to penetrate the glass walls that exist around organized workforces. Across all indus-tries, the narrow, highly focused and predictable jobs wrought by the Industrial Revolution largely have disappeared. To be effective, employees now have to do more than just show up and follow instructions. Like their nonunion counterparts, union workers must work in groups or teams that do not follow a predictable routine, and they increasingly find their jobs require problem solv-ing and participation in and understanding of the organizations they work for. It follows that com-panies should reward these union employees for the higher levels of performance required to excel in this environment. Here is where the misalign-ment is occurring. Finding it a challenge, but not an insurmountable one, companies are learning to use alternative rewards to focus and motivate unionized workers and invigorate union-man-agement relationships.
Determinate Sentencing In Illinois: An Assessment Of Its Development And Implementation
Authors: Goodstein Lynne , Hepburn John
Published: March 2007

Observers of the process of legal reform caution that reforms often do not operate as intended by their formulators due to inhibitors at both the policy development and implementation stages. This paper traces the development and implementation of Illinois' determinate sentencing law in an attempt to determine the extent to which the formulators' objectives of sentence equity, release certainty, and non-coerced program participation have been met. The legal provisions and subsequent sentencing patterns are reviewed and evaluated with respect to their adherence to reformers' original objectives. As much of the law's impact was projected to occur at the correctional level, the implementation of determinate sentencing by correctional personnel is also reviewed in depth. Procedures regulating good time, supervised release and program participation reflect the continuation of discretionary decisionmaking and coerced treatment which conflict with the objectives of early advocates of determinacy. Inmates do, however, possess greater release certainty under the new law. Organizational and political factors are cited as accountable for the law's mixed success in meeting its original objectives.
The Victimization Of Probation And Parole Workers In The Line Of Duty: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Parsonage William H. , Bushey W. Conway
Published: March 2007

Concern over the victimization of probation and parole workers in the line of duty has recently resulted in legislative proposals (e.g. , enhanced sentences for assault on workers) and policy initiatives intended to improve their protection. Prior to the research reported here there has been no published information describing the extent and nature of the phenomenon. Our survey revealed that 38% of the total probation/parole workforce in Pennsylvania have been victimized (e.g., assaulted, threatened, intimidated) at least once during their careers. When only probation and parole officers who actively supervise cases were considered, the rate of victimization rose to about 50%. Data generated by the survey demonstrate that the victimization of probation/parole workers in the line of duty is a serious and pervasive occupational health problem about which something needs to be done.
A Research Note On Successful Criminal Justice Survey Research: A "Personal Touch" Model For Enhancing Rates Of Return
Authors: Peak Ken
Published: March 2007

Survey research is an extremely old and common method of gathering information in our society. Yet many attempts by faculty and graduate students to gather data for scholarly research will fail because the survey component failed to generate an adequate data base. This article provides a total design model for maximizing response rates in survey research, using techniques which have consistently helped to achieve response rates of from 50 to 80 percent. Included are "personal touch" recommendations for questionnaire construction and mailing, and associated cost factors. A matrix is provided of these survey methods, as are caveats for researchers seeking to survey practitioners in "total institutions" where social intercourse may be discouraged and examination difficult.
Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders' Right to Rehabilitation
Authors: Alexander Rudolph
Published: March 2007

In the 1970s a series of legal decisions in lower federal courts created momentum for establishing incarcerated juvenile offenders' right to rehabilitation. However, in the 1980s this momentum was halted following attacks upon the legal foundation of juveniles' right to rehabilitation. The author of this paper reviews the opponents' rationale for rejecting the right to rehabilitation and finds it incorrect and unsupported. The author reasserts juvenile offenders' right to rehabilitation.
Judicial Acceptance of The Battered Woman Syndrome
Authors: Sigler Robert T. , Shook Chadwick L.
Published: March 2007

The Battered Woman Defense has been gaining acceptance in recent years. This note reviews the legal theory and issues relating to the use of the defense and presents the results of a Battered Woman Defense. While the judges are willing to admit expert testimony on the Battered Woman Defense, older and more experienced the judges were the less receptive to the use of the Battered Woman Syndrome as a defense and the more cases the judges have heard the less likely they were to consider traumat ic psychological abuse as a mitigating factor in sentencing.
The Search and Seizure of Electronic Pagers: A Federal Case Law Review
Authors: Decker Lisa Kay
Published: March 2007

Today, advances in technology outstrip the ability of the law to address technology related issues. Such is the case in the area of electronic pagers or "beepers." The use of pagers by drug dealers has been a standard for many years yet there are relatively few cases dealing with the issue of the search and seizure of pagers. This article reviews the federal cases, and a few state court cases, which have decided issues relating to the search and seizure of electronic pagers. Issues addressed in this article include the application of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the reasonable expectation of privacy in a pager, the warrantless search of a pager based on the exigent circumstance of destruction of evidence, the search of a pager incident to a lawful arrest, the search of a pager pursuant to a general search warrant and the search of a pager based on consent.
State Constitutional Policymaking In Criminal Procedure: A Longitudinal Investigation
Authors: Cauthen James N. G.
Published: March 2007

A number of scholars assert that state and federal courts are in a new relationship, labeled the "new judicial federalism," that began in the 1970s when the Burger Court started to retreat from and limit the Warren Court's expansive interpretations of federal civil liberties protections. Under this relationship, state courts have developed an independent body of state constitutional law in criminal procedure, oftentimes engaging in "state constitutional policymaking" by interpreting provisions of their state bills of rights more broadly than the U.S. Supreme Court's interpre tation of analogous provisions of the U.S. Constitution.
Romania's Mystical Revolutionaries: the Generation of Angst and Adventure Revisited
Authors: Tismaneanu Vladimir , Pavel Dan
Published: March 2007

“The point was to do something, heroic or criminal, which was unpredictable and undetermined by anybody else.”

Hannah Arendt

“... the saddest are among the youth; because their days are burning with doubts and their respite plagued with endless settlings of accounts with themselves.”

Nae Ionescu

“Everything begins in mystique and ends in politics.”

Charles Péguy
Effect of Breastfeeding Support from Different Sources on Mothers' Decisions to Breastfeed
Authors: Giugliani Elsa R.J. , Caiaffa Waleska T. , Vogelhut Judith , Witter Frank R. , Perman Jay A.
Published: March 2007

A cross-sectional study compared 100 breastfeeding and 100 non-breastfeeding new mothers in order to investigate the relationship between mothers' choice of breastfeeding and support from health professionals and lay people, taking into account potentially confounding sociodemographic influences. The importance of the male partners' opinion about breastfeeding was also examined. A favorable attitude of partners towards breastfeeding was the most important factor associated with breastfeeding (odds ratio=32.8). Prenatal class attendance and breastfeeding support from lay people increased the odds of breastfeeding 2.7 and 3.3 times, respectively. Breastfeeding orientation provided by doctors, nurses, and nutritionists was not associated with the maternal decision to breastfeed. The results point toward the need for reevaluation of prenatal care interventions, inclusion of fathers in breastfeeding educational programs, and emphasis on community-based programs.
Infant Feeding Decisions in the Missouri WIC Program
Authors: McClurg-Hitt Deborah , Olsen Jennifer
Published: March 2007

A breastfeeding questionnaire was developed to help determine how we could better support our WIC mothers' efforts to breastfeed. The questionnaire was pilot tested in 12 local WIC agencies, wherein 878 participants returned the instrument for tabulation. Forty-six percent of the women who returned questionnaires initiated breastfeeding. The main support for women choosing to breastfeed came from their husbands. Women choosing not to breastfeed identified "self' as the person who most discouraged them from breastfeeding. Using this tool has helped to highlight the breastfeeding needs of our participants.
The Treatment of Staphyloccocus Aureus Infected Sore Nipples: A Randomized Comparative Study
Authors: Livingstone Verity , Stringer L. Judy
Published: March 2007

Sore, cracked nipples are commonly experienced by breastfeeding mothers. We have previously reported a strong correlation between sore, cracked nipples and S. aureus colonization. A prospective, randomized clinical trial was performed to compare four treatmnent regimes for S. aureus infected sore nipples. Eighty-four breastfeeding mothers were enrolled in the study. After 5 days to 7 days of treatment, only 8% of mothers showed improvement in the "optimal breastfeeding technique alone" group, 16% improved with topical mupiricin, 29% improved with topical fusidic acid, yet 79% improved with oral antibiotics (p<.0001). Optimal breastfeeding techniques and topical antibiotics ointment failed to heal most infected, sore, cracked nipples. Mastitis developed in 12% to 35% of mothers not treated with systemic antibiotics compared to 5% of mothers treated with systemic antibiotics (p<.005). In conclusion, S. aureus infected sore, cracked nipples should be diagnosed as a potentially widespread impetigo vulgaris and treated aggressively with systemic antibiotics in order to improve healing and decrease the risk of developing mastitis due to an ascending lactiferous duct bacterial infection.
Welfare Waiting Rooms
Authors: Goodsell Charles B.
Published: March 2007

Waiting rooms of welfare bureaucracies are considered as physical enclosures that embrace the citizen with behavioral cues when seeking human services. Twenty-eight rooms across the country were directly observed and inductively grouped into five metaphoric categories: "Dog Kennel," "Pool Hall," "Business Office," "Bank Lobby," and "Circus Tent." In addition, waiting times as perceived by 240 clients using 12 of the rooms were noted. It is concluded that welfare waiting rooms differ far more than the literature suggests, with some degrading and others quite the opposite.
Owning Places and Buying Time
Authors: Williams Brett
Published: March 2007

Stalled gentrification creates a problematic community that illuminates in a rare way the interplay among class, culture, race, and gender in everyday city life. Newer owners and long-time male renters clash over the use of public space; women renters argue to their landlord that through buying time with rent they are culturally like owners; Black and Latino renters split over how to share a large building. Neighborhood conflicts thus reflect varied resources and traditions, disparate visions of place, and contrasting strategies for making a neighborhood home.
Real Punks and Pretenders
Authors: Fox Kathryn Joan
Published: March 2007

Very little has been written from a sociological perspective about the punk counterculture in the United States. Further, few studies of antiestablishment style cultures deal with their implicit social organization. In this essay I describe and analyze the informal stratification of a local punk community. I based members' positions within the hierarchy on their perceived level of commitment to the scene. Within the group, three categories of punks emerged: hardcore punks, softcore punks, and preppie punks. Another type appeared that was peripheral to the scene, referred to as “spectators.” In discussing each type, I describe their appearance, lifestyle, and attitude and how these factors affected members' positions in the larger scene. I conclude by analyzing the function of each group for the social organization of the scene, and for antiestablishment cultures more generally.
Dependency, Control, and Isolation
Authors: Schillinger Elisabeth
Published: March 2007

Shelters for victims of domestic violence, established by grassroots activists and feminists in the late 1960s and early 1970s, have been coopted by federal, state, and local welfare agencies in recent years. While the expropriation has resulted in greater visibility and funding, it has also perverted many of the goals and philosophies of the early movement by inflicting bureaucratic controls on battering victims. Interviews with shelter residents in a small southwestern city revealed that in seeking to appeal to power-wielding bureaucrats, battering victims develop economic, legal, and psychological dependencies upon the welfare establishment. The domestic violence shelter may serve not only as a haven from abusive males but also as a funnel into a paternalistic social institution. The process of “agencization” can reduce clients' autonomy, retard the development of self-worth, and discourage victims from seeking reinforcement from mutual-support networks.
THE STORY OF EDWARD
Authors: ROLLINSON PAUL A.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a rich description of the everyday geography of an often overlooked population in contemporary urban America: elderly tenants of Single Room Occupancy (SRO) hotels. By recording, firsthand, this population's geographical movement, I was able to document members' daily struggle for survival as it became translated into withdrawal from both the neighborhood and the hotel environment. The members' mean journey beyond the hotel extended a mere three city blocks. This withdrawal was exacerbated by the negative and inaccurate labels society has applied to tenants of these hotels.
DANGER AT SEA
Authors: ENCANDELA JOHN A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the tension between maintaining and blurring traditional lines of authority among workers on a ship. Through the years, work crews aboard ships have operated under hierarchical arrangements. The author places the experience of one ship's crew in historical and social context and demonstrates ways in which shared living experiences at sea served to foster camaraderie and a sense of community among workers in spite of hierarchical arrangements. Interestingly, elements of these shared experiences were drawn on by officers of the ship in order to maintain social status distinctions on board. The combination of comradeship and hierarchy served the efficient operation of the ship. This finding challenges the traditional understanding that in total institutions like a ship, social distance is maintained between status groups for the sake of efficient administration of the institution.
INTERPRETIVE RESTRAINT AND RITUAL TRADITION
Authors: CHACE PAUL G.
Published: March 2007

Interpretive restraint is the purposeful withholding of symbolic meaning for traditional ritual performance. Within a multicultural urban community, interpretive restraint often is an essential precondition for promoting cooperative action from community segments who otherwise would be alienated. The annual Bok Kai Festival at Marysville, California, was begun by Chinese immigrants over a century ago. By 1990, the multicultural community participated and sustained these orthodox Chinese folk religious rituals, which were publicly presented as historic civic festival activities. The article argues that because of an effective interpretive restraint on the traditional religious symbolism, this diverse urban community, Chinese and non-Chinese alike, can celebrate harmoniously together in this local tradition.