bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new look at an old concept: using 15N2O isotopomers to understand the relationship between soil moisture and N2O production pathways
Authors: Congreves Katelyn A. , Phan Trang , Farrell Richard E.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Understanding the production pathways of potent greenhouse gases, such as
nitrous oxide (N2O), is essential for accurate flux prediction and for
developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies in response to
climate change. Yet there remain surprising gaps in our understanding and
precise quantification of the underlying production pathways – such as the
relationship between soil moisture and N2O production pathways. A
powerful, but arguably underutilized, approach for quantifying the relative
contribution of nitrification and denitrification to N2O production
involves determining 15N2O isotopomers and 15N site
preference (SP) via spectroscopic techniques. Using one such technique, we
conducted a short-term incubation where N2O production and
15N2O isotopomers were measured 24 h after soil moisture
treatments of 40 % to 105 % water-filled pore space (WFPS) were established
for each of three soils that differed in nutrient levels, organic matter,
and texture. Relatively low N2O fluxes and high SP values indicted
nitrification during dry soil conditions, whereas at higher soil moisture,
peak N2O emissions coincided with a sharp decline in SP, indicating
denitrification. This pattern supports the classic N2O production
curves from nitrification and denitrification as inferred by earlier
research; however, our isotopomer data enabled the quantification of source
partitioning for either pathway. At soil moisture levels < 53 %
WFPS, the fraction of N2O attributed to nitrification (FN)
predominated but thereafter decreased rapidly with increasing soil moisture
(x), according to FN=3.19-0.041x, until a WFPS of 78 % was reached. Simultaneously, from WFPS of 53 % to
78 %, the fraction of N2O that was attributed to denitrification
(FD) was modelled as
FD=-2.19+0.041x; at moisture levels of > 78 %, denitrification completely
dominated. Clearly, the soil moisture level during transition is a key
regulator of N2O production pathways. The presented equations may be
helpful for other researchers in estimating N2O source partitioning when
soil moisture falls within the transition from nitrification to
denitrification.
Treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater with combined system
Authors: Meiramkulova Kulyash , Zhumagulov Mikhail , Saspugayeva Gulnur , Jakupova Zhanar , Mussimkhan Ðœaral
Published: September 2019

With the interest to reuse and recycle the wastewater for technological use, this project aims to test the treatment of wastewater from poultry slaughterhouse industry from three main sections of the poultry slaughtering process, defeathering, eviscerating and cooling processes. The samples for the project were obtained from Izhevskoe a Kazakhstani company. The technology used is a combination of electrocoagulation, ultrafiltration, and photochemical system and its goal is to provide treated water that can be re-utilized in the poultry industry for sterilization of technical equipment without contaminating and affecting the quality of the poultry products. The treatment of wastewater samples lasted in total for 40 min. From the results, it was found that indicators such as BOD, COD, and phosphates had removal efficiency of almost 100%, while the microbiological colonies were all eradicated from then wastewater making the treated water microbes free. Hence, proving this system to be effective for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater and safe for technological reutilization.
Rheological properties of tomato ketchup
Authors: Kumbár Vojtěch , Ondruší­ková Sylvie , Nedomová Šárka
Published: September 2019

The objective of this paper was to determine the rheological properties especially shear stress and apparent viscosity vs. shear strain rate, and density of commercially available but also homemade tomato ketchup. The effect of tomato content of density and apparent viscosity of tomato ketchup was also described. Shear stress and apparent viscosity were observed in shear strain rates range from 0.1 s-1 up to 68 s-1. All measurements were carried out at a constant temperature of 22 °C. Experimental results were modeled using a power-law (also known as Ostwald-de Waele) model (R2 ranged from 0.9508 up to 0.9991). The flow behaviour of all measured tomato ketchup samples exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic (shear thinning) behavior where the flow index (n) showed values between 0 and 1. Flow index (n) and consistency coefficient (K) can be used especially in numerical simulation of the flow behaviour of pseudoplastic (shear thinning) liquids.
MAMAS SUPERNUMERARIAS EN MUJER PUERPERA
Authors: España Yessica , Torres Gabriela , Urbina Gabriela , Ortega Hassel , Miranda Baquedano Vilma Mercedes
Published: September 2019

La mama supernumeraria histológicamente presenta un sistema ductal organizado que se comunica con la piel que la cubre y tiene respuesta a los estímulos hormonales del ciclo menstrual. Se ha descrito en un 2 a un 6 % de mujeres. En la mayoría de los casos esta anomalía del desarrollo no presenta elementos cutáneos (rudimento de pezón y areola)
The Stooge Grebanier
Authors: Feffer Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter turns to the inquiry’s first main “friendly” or cooperative witness, Brooklyn College (BC) English professor, Bernard Grebanier. Windels began by investigating BC because of its reputation for left-wing activism and the involvement of teachers and students in Popular Front causes. Grebanier, like many of his colleagues, joined the Communist Party because of its strong stance against European fascism, anti-Semitism, and right-wing movements in the United States. Although Grebanier was an unreliable witness, Windels led him to promote the myth that Brooklyn faculty indoctrinated their students.
Vichy’s Lawyer?
Authors: Feffer Andrew
Published: September 2019

In this chapter, Frederic R. Coudert, Jr. who ran the probe is introduced, while his and the committee’s motives are examined. The generally liberal composition of the committee is also explored.
The Dewey Trial
Authors: Feffer Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter flashes back to the early 1930s, when liberal and socialist leaders of Local 5 brought charges against young communist activists for disrupting the union and challenging the authority and judgment of its leadership. The “trial” of six communist union members, in preparation for their expulsion, was led by liberal philosopher and educational reformer, John Dewey, a friend and supporter of Local 5 president Henry Linville. In pushing the so-called “Dewey Trial” in spring 1933, Linville and Dewey set the persecution of communist teachers on a track that would eventually lead to the Coudert inquisition, by exploiting accusations of bad faith and misrepresentation against radical union members. Linville, a conservative socialist, joined in emerging efforts to isolate and defeat the growing communist activism of the Popular Front.
The Educational Front
Authors: Feffer Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter recounts the history of conflicts between communist teachers and liberal educators, inside the teachers union and in the educational reform movement generally. It focuses on communist teacher-activists Alice Citron, Isidor Begun, and Williana Burroughs, who came into conflict with liberal union leaders over their emphases on the use of “mass action” and community mobilization to achieve higher salaries, better schools, and racial equality, as well as to promote the Popular Front against fascism. In reaction to their confrontational activism, perceived as a challenge to his authority, Linville and other liberals and social democrats tried once more to oust the communist “factions” from the union in 1935, supported by liberals, social democrats, and conservatives in the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Failing, the liberals walked out of Local 5 to form an explicitly anti-communist organization, the Teachers Guild.
CCNY
Authors: Feffer Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter returns to the next phase of the investigation, as Windels and Coudert turned their attention to City College of New York (CCNY), where they found a young history teacher willing to testify against fellow members of the Communist Party among his colleagues. With the confirmation of several other CCNY staff, William Martin Canning provided the testimony on the basis on which dozens of CCNY teachers and staff were fired.
Communism on Trial
Authors: Feffer Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter recounts the defense mounted by Bella Dodd’s Committee in Defense of Public Education on behalf of targeted teachers and staff at CCNY and BC as they came before tribunals of the Board of Higher Education.
Conclusion
Authors: Feffer Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter summarizes the implications of the Coudert probe for the history of McCarthyism, its relationship to the liberal political tradition, the damage wrought to civil liberties and, its impact on American democracy.
Crucified Wisdom
Authors: Heim S. Mark
Published: September 2019

This book is the first systematic discussion of the bodhisattva path in Māhayāna Buddhism from the perspective of Christian comparative theology. With the increasing interest and participation of Christians in Buddhist practice, many are seeking a deeper exploration of this topic, and of the way the two traditions and their teachings might interface. Crucified Wisdom provides important scholarly background material for this discussion, as well as a constructive proposal for Christian engagement. The text combines a rich exposition of the bodhisattva path with detailed reflection on it in connection with specific Christian convictions. The description of bodhisattva teachings centers on Śāntideva’s classic work the Bodicaryāvatāra and its interpretation by Tibetan commentators. The book argues that Christian theology can take direct instruction from Buddhism in three respects: developing an understanding of a “no-self” dimension in all creatures, recognizing an unvarying nondual dimension of divine immanence in the world, and appreciating that both of these are constituent dimensions in Christ’s incarnation and human redemption. The writer argues that Christians rightly remain committed to the value of novelty in history, the enduring significance of human persons, and the Trinitarian reality of God. A notable feature of the book is its exploration of the tensions around the crucifixion of Jesus in Buddhist-Christian interpretation. This work will be of particular value for those interested in “dual belonging” in connection to these traditions.
Thinking Geologically after Nietzsche
Authors: Wood David
Published: September 2019

Being geologically human is the name of a question: what could it mean to understand ourselves as the products of historical, evolutionary, and geological processes? A lot hangs on how we take up the past, who “we” take ourselves to be, and how expansive a view we have of the past. The geological takes this question to the limit. Nietzsche’s essay The Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life was provoked by his sense that a surfeit of historical knowledge could crush the human spirit. Its failures would weigh upon us like coffins returned from the war zone. If things looked bad then, how much worse they are now! Continued enthusiasm for life depends on a certain capacity for active forgetting. We can and must learn from history in various ways—monumental (drawing inspiration), antiquarian (preserving continuity), and critical history (reflective engagement). Each relation to the past is essential, but taken separately can get out of control. Faced with apocalypse, this chapter argues for privileging critical history, and for extending beyond the human the purview of Nietzsche’s reference to Life.
The Present Age: A Case Study
Authors: Wood David
Published: September 2019

This chapter deals with the question of historical mood: how to diagnose a mood, how to avoid obvious simplifications or idealizations, how to think through the relationships between a mood and its underlying conditions, what possibilities for transformation there are, and how moods affect agency. Trawling the media for comments about the present age it is hard to escape the language of passion and mood. Notable among these moral emotions are anger and ressentiment. Heidegger’s extended treatment of boredom opens up a deeper look at the significance of mood. Todays “mood” (anxiety, anger, ressentiment…) is tied both to short-term frustration (which may be cultural as well as economic), long term anxiety (what are our prospects?), and ultimate unsustainability (perhaps only dimly glimpsed). It is too easy to say that these are all problems of calculative time. But security, predictability (up to a point), and confidence in our ability to plan ahead enable a range of virtues. Finally, the relation between mood and agency—my frustration being tied to knowing that I alone cannot make much difference (though perhaps together we can)—is linked to the multiplicities of “we” in play, not only of agency, but also of constituency and impact.
Revelation 1-3 in Christian Arabic Commentary
Authors: al-Bushi Bulus , Qaysar Ibn Katib
Published: September 2019

This book, the first of the CATT series, presents excerpts from two thirteenth-century Christian Arabic Commentaries on the Apocalypse of John, written by the Egyptian authors Būlus al-Būshī and Ibn Kātib Qayṣar, focusing on their treatment of Revelation 1–3. The introduction and first three chapters consist of historical and theological introductions to this literature. Chapter one focuses on Būlus al-Būshī, foregrounding issues of Christology and Christian-Muslim encounter. Chapters two and three focus on Ibn Kātib Qayṣar’s more expansive commentary, including an exploration of his theories of visions, angels, prophets, and dreams. Chapters four and five present the translations themselves, with critical notes that provide readers with insights into Arabic terminology and the medieval reception of the biblical text.
Two Arabic Commentaries on the Apocalypse of John in Historical and Cultural Context
Authors: Davis Stephen J.
Published: September 2019

This introduction provides readers with a brief overview of early Christian interpretation of Apocalypse of John, with a special focus on its rather contested reception in the eastern Mediterranean. The Arabic commentaries produced by two thirteenth-century Egyptian Christians, Būlus al-Būshī and Ibn Kātib Qayṣar, are introduced as two previously under-explored sources for study of this history of interpretation.
Ibn Kātib Qayṣar on Revelation 1–3
Authors: Schmidt T. C. , Davis Stephen J.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 3 begins by presenting an analysis of Ibn Kātib Qayṣar’s exegetical methods and terminology, including discussions of textual corruptions, mistranslations, and interpretive difficulties related to recipients and time frames. The second half of the chapter focuses on the author’s theology: his classifications of humans, beasts, and angels; Christ and the saints; and finally death, resurrection, and the end times.
What Is Decolonial Love?
Authors: Drexler-Dreis Joseph
Published: September 2019

The introduction establishes the decolonial perspective that prompts the questions to which the book responds. In light of the modern/colonial context of the North Atlantic world, the introduction raises two basic questions. First, can theology, as a mode of critical reflection that employs core concepts and images within lineages grounded in the European experience, contribute to the task of decolonization? Second, if a positive response to this question were offered, what would the content of that response look like? The introduction then proceeds to map out how the core image of decolonial love is developed through the book as a basis for responding to these questions.
The Entanglement of Christian Theology and the Coloniality of Power: The Possibilities of a Response
Authors: Drexler-Dreis Joseph
Published: September 2019

The second chapter investigates the link between Christian thought and the historical matrix decolonial thinkers have theorized as the coloniality of power. In light of the historical theory of coloniality and Christian theology’s entanglement in coloniality, this chapter opens up options for what decolonization might look like within theological reflection. This chapter begins with the task of considering the place of Christian theology within the coloniality of power. It then moves to offering possibilities for decolonizing descriptive statements of the human person, ways of knowing, and eschatological imaginations, and introduces the concept of decolonial love by engaging the way Chela Sandoval has used this term. Introducing these options leads to a threshold question for thinking from a Christian theological perspective within a decolonial project: Can members of communities that have been rendered nonpersons through various manifestations of the coloniality of power think and speak theologically on their own terms?
James Baldwin’s Decolonial Love: Uncovering the Revelation of the Beat
Authors: Drexler-Dreis Joseph
Published: September 2019

James Baldwin worked out what decolonial love might mean from the experience of living within the center of the modern world-system as a result of colonialism in the Atlantic world. Within an orientation of decolonial love, Baldwin connects the categories of salvation and revelation. The task of revealing the reality that exists underneath the way Western modernity configures reality is itself an actualization of salvation. While Baldwin doesn’t use terms such as revelation and salvation in ways that are tied to religious discourse in the sense of being controlled by doctrines, creedal statements, or dogmatic theology, they do have religious—and this chapter argues theological—significance. Connecting Baldwin’s terms to a theological perspective demonstrates a connection between decolonial love and theology, and opens up decolonial love as a theologically pedagogic site.
Introduction
Authors: Even-Ezra Ayelet
Published: September 2019

The introduction addresses the complex interface between scholastic theologians and altered modes of consciousness, first in general, then in medieval Europe, through three case studies: 1) the correspondence of Hildegard of Bingen with Master Odo; 2) the heresy of the Amalricians, and 3) ecstatic experiences in Thomas Aquinas’ hagiography. It then moves from such encounters to the central topic of the book, the scholarly investigation of such modes of cognizing God, and introduces the community of theologians whose writings will be studied.
How could Paul remember his rapture?
Authors: Even-Ezra Ayelet
Published: September 2019

Traditionally, Paul was thought to have seen God without any mediating images. Yet, if no images had been involved, no images could have remained following his rapture, and therefore, there would have been no imprint in his mind by which he could have recalled and shared with the audience what he had seen. The chapter describes the various solutions that were suggested to explain what possible residues enabled this memory, among them, that all Paul had when he returned from ecstasy were mere words and definitions; or, in opposition, that he still possessed part of the light in which he had been illuminated, thus arguing for a continuity between the experiencing subject and later processing. These opposing solutions are then examined considering the perception of transformation and the continuity of the self they imply; then in the context of the role of experience and experiment on the one hand, and words on the other, in the medieval university. Theologians of the time, it is argued, attempted to define the relation between experience and words in their own profession, drawing inspiration from both the image of science in Aristotle’s Analytics and Physics and twelfth-century mysticism.
Can a soul see God or itself without intermediaries? The self as distinct from its habits and actions
Authors: Even-Ezra Ayelet
Published: September 2019

Are our habits and knowledge an inseparable part of “us”? Or is there a certain primal self, concealed beneath, that remains constant, while habits may be lost, change and disguise it? Chapter 3 examines this question through the lens of the problem of the immediacy attributed to the visions of Paul and the blessed souls. Approaching the condemnations of 1241 from a new perspective, it argues that what was at stake was competing approaches as to what should be considered “the self.” According to some, the seeing subject constituted one unified unit but was composed of a naked potency to know, which was regarded as the “self,” and a habitus of knowledge, which stood between it and its object. The problem of whether one’s essence is faithfully seen through one’s habitus is then shown to be dominant in contemporary French romance literature, in works such as Silence,and Renart’s Guillaume de Dole and The Shadow.
Does true faith rely on anything external?
Authors: Even-Ezra Ayelet
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 examines the ways in which several masters recast the certitude of faith as a private intellectual illumination, similar to that of the first principles assumed by Aristotle. They strongly contrasted this to the weak faith that relies on authorities and is rooted in the ecclesiastical power structure, while simultaneously aiming to strengthen the scientific image of theology and its distinction from simple belief. It considers the place of relying upon one’s judgment and another’s authority in the context of the transformation of charismatic school culture into the institution of the university and then the complex problem of relying on oneself or on another’s words in the context of heresy.
Can knowledge qua knowledge be a virtue?
Authors: Even-Ezra Ayelet
Published: September 2019

Some theologians defined Paul's cognition during his trance as purely intellectual and unmatched by the same degree of love, contrasting it to another form of cognition, which engages the affective part of the soul. Chapter 6 examines this dichotomy, thereby examining the moral aspects of knowledge in scholastic society and thought. A comparative investigation of questions concerning the meritorious value of prophecy and other modes of knowledge reveals the formulation of a new concept of grace: grace of a type that does not make one worthy for salvation and may well reside in a sinner. The prominent examples of such grace were the pure intellectual talent of pagans or sinners and the charisma of gifted preachers. A dominant metaphor for sterile knowledge was of “remaining standing in the truth, without moving further to the good deed” (which is like knowing you must go the gym—but remaining on the sofa). These and related theoretical discussions lead to a discussion of charisma, ethic in the academic sphere, and the value of personal example in teaching within the newly-formed institution and to reflections about the internal search for truth and the external pressure on university members to supply for the needs of society—tensions which have been accompanying the academy ever since
What Is Called Rhythm?
Authors: Smith David Nowell
Published: September 2019

This chapter starts from the question of how we define rhythm, once the concept has been expanded to incorporate not just prosody and versification, or art rhythms as a whole (music, dance, plastic arts), but dynamics through which entities come to appearance: ‘the dynamic unfolding/enfolding of sense.’ It suggests, however, that in place of a single definition, the work of defining rhythm is most important for the broader questions that rhythm brings up: ‘rhythm’ comes to name a set of problematics around the temporality of forms, the movements and articulations of language, and the ways in which poems deploy different kinds of linguistic movement in verse.
Sapphic Stanzas: How Can We Read the Rhythm?
Authors: Prins Yopie
Published: September 2019

This essay asks if, and how, we can read the rhythms of Sappho’s poetry as if it could be heard, still. The Sapphic stanza is a poetic form that has gone through a long history of transformations, from a powerful metrical imaginary in Victorian poetics (graphing Sapphic meter as a musical form) into an idealization of “Sapphic rhythm” in twentieth-century prosody (naturalizing the rhythms of speech). By comparing metrical translations of Sapphic fragment 16 (“The Anactoria Poem,” discovered in 1914), the essay proposes “metametrical” reading as a model for critical reflection on the complex dialectic between rhythm and meter. Examples are drawn from Victorian metrical theory and Anglo-American imitations of Sappho by modern and contemporary poets, including Joyce Kilmer, Marion Mills Miller, Rachel Wetzsteon, John Hollander, Jim Powell, Juliana Spahr, and Anne Carson..
“Form Against Force”
Authors: Kreisel Deanna K.
Published: September 2019

This essay considers art critic, environmental reformer, and heterodox political economist John Ruskin as an early sustainability theorist through an examination of his commitment to organicism. That commitment manifests in Ruskin’s struggle to differentiate the living from the non-living, most evident in his writings on crystals, leaves, and iron: “The Work of Iron, In Nature, Art, and Policy” (1858) and The Ethics of Dust (1866). This struggle is discussed in the context of his heterdox political economy as an early demand theorist, and his idiosyncratic writings on economic value as inhering in anything that avails “toward life.” By arguing that Ruskin is an important precursor to contemporary ecocritical discourse, it complicates recent critical readings of Ruskin’s anthropocentrism and instrumental aesthetics.
Satire’s Ecology
Authors: Shewry Teresa
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues that formal techniques associated with satirical humor, including irony, exaggeration, and sarcasm, allow for a disruptive engagement that can orient us into violence, contingency, and potential in relationships between humans, other elements, and other beings. I begin with a reading of Erewhon (1872), where Samuel Butler deploys satire to position settler-capitalist approaches to humans and elements such as water as both unacceptable and avoidable. Moving from Erewhon to a reading of New Zealand poet David Eggleton’ s “Driverless Ute” (2010), I consider the difficulty of facing satire’s fiery structural critiques and imaginaries of potential in this time of climate change, attachment to energy-intensive modern forms of life, and of futures involving the inevitable continuation of ecological upheaval.
Conclusion
Authors: Hornbeck J. Patrick
Published: September 2019

A brief Conclusion examines the latest public commemoration of Wolsey, a statue that was unveiled in Ipswich in 2011. It argues that this most recent portrayal, like its predecessors, strategically both highlights and elides certain features of Wolsey’s life in order to achieve a desired effect. Rounding out the book are some observations on what all this means for the study of the cardinal, for mnemohistory, and for the enterprise of commemoration at large.
Introduction
Authors: Hunter Walt
Published: September 2019

The introduction presents global keywords, logics, or critical frameworks that shape the work of contemporary poets as much as they shape our understanding of the contemporary period. Post-1970s globalization, forged by the US state and brought into existence by disruptive, top-down forms of modernization, uneven development, and neoliberalism, has called for new critical methodologies and aesthetic forms. Charting a course from foundational global and postcolonial terms (hybridity, flow, scape) to the new wave of global theory promulgated by David Harvey, Greta Krippner, Saskia Sassen, Leo Panitch, and Radhika Desai, this part of the book introduces contemporary concepts from globalization theory. The central concepts for understanding globalization today, from dispossession and citizenship to precarity and the anthropocene, provide the grounds for poetry’s political interventions.
Stolen Landscapes
Authors: Hunter Walt
Published: September 2019

This chapter shows how contemporary Irish poetry grapples with the politicized history of place, from the unfinished “ghost estates” to the recent monetization of water and the converted hotels used to keep asylum seekers in perpetual limbo. Readings of Irish poetry by Paula Meehan, Mary O’Malley, Seamus Heaney, and Sarah Clancy argue that the landscapes of contemporary Irish poetry are the indices of dispossession. The chapter then takes up poetic forms of the “block” and the “grid” to look more closely at the dispossessions produced by financialized capitalism, using as case studies British poet Keston Sutherland's Odes to TL61P (2013) and US poet Anne Boyer's "The Animal Model of Inescapable Shock" (2015). Finally, I turn to the literal displacement of forced migration, as well as its feminization and racialization, by reading the Iraqi poet Manal Al-Sheikh's prose poems.
Coda
Authors: Hunter Walt
Published: September 2019

The coda explores one of the tensions or problems for poets writing explicitly about globalization in English—namely, that the spread of English itself has been inseparable from the violence of the global and has abetted its propagation. In Look (2016), Solmaz Sharif writes about the Iran-Iraq War, the twenty-first century US invasion and occupation of Iraq, and the detainment of prisoners in Guatanamo Bay. She employs a particular kind of “global English,” one that is forged in US wars and military occupations in the Middle East. The coda concludes by reflecting on the ways that contemporary poetry has been engaged in remaking a politics of globalization and how poetry changes our sense of what ethical and political actions and subjectivities are possible under global capitalist regimes.
Touch and Its Elements and Kinds
Authors: Jaaware Aniket
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses touch and its elements and kinds. A fundamental characteristic of the sense of touch is its materiality. Apart from whatever advantages there might be in the metaphorical meaning of materiality, the chapter is equally interested in the more physical meaning of materiality. From this point of view, it becomes essential to define clearly the physical elements of touch. The four major physical elements of the sense of touch are inertia, density, reality, and contact. Meanwhile, the nonphysical elements of the sense of touch are repetition and attention; emotion; sociality; and intimacy/proximity. The chapter then considers the kinds of touch. The literal meanings of touch are clearly discernible when one touches something in order to touch that thing. Of the figural meanings, three are clearly the most frequent: metonymy, allegory, and metaphor.
(Un)touchability of Things and People
Authors: Jaaware Aniket
Published: September 2019

This chapter addresses the use of the practices of touchability/untouchability as markers of caste practices. People who touch things that one does not touch become untouchable. Their unrelation, their denial to relate to certain things is transposed onto people who do touch these things; perhaps superimposed is a better verb to describe the phenomenon. This is quite clearly, again, an operation of metonymy, with a sort of inmixing of the two basic kinds: invariable concomitance and cause-effect. Those who do not touch animal fat, skin, human waste, and so on will not touch people who do precisely that, because of their frequent contact with these things. Thus, regulations on touching things were transposed onto people. There are actually two processes: the thingification of humans and the humanization of things. These two processes enhance and extend and confuse regulations on touching and being touched by people and things.
Recapitulation with Variations
Authors: Jaaware Aniket
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter focuses on the word “caste.” Such diverse and heterogeneous practices as eating certain foods, marrying certain people, sitting in a certain way, dressing in a certain way, speaking in a certain way, addressing others in a certain way, performing certain rituals, voting in elections, emplotting histories, killing people, and so on, are done in the name of caste that one might have to admit that it is not one thing but many. There is a complementary and self-reinforcing movement here: Things are done “in the name of caste,” and things are also explained, post hoc, by the name of caste. It does not seem too much to say that caste enables one to unite and totalize rather diverse and often unwholesome things. The chapter then looks at the operations of metaphor and metonymy in the functioning of caste-as-system and caste-as-practice.
2
Authors: Lacoue-Labarthe Philippe
Published: September 2019

To show that Rousseau proposes a thought of the origin, Lacoue-Labarthe turns to the Second Discourse (“Discourse on the Origins and Foundations of Inequality Among Men”). The chapter argues that Rousseau does not limit himself to posing a question of empirical origins, but rather poses a radical and critical question on the relationship between nature and culture, phusis and techne. Man is an animal lacking an essence, an animal in default of animality, a de-natured animal requiring supplemental capacities. This denaturing is understood by Rousseau as grounded in an originary negativity. What Rousseau discovers or invents is the transcendental as negativity, or transcendental negativity. Lacoue-Labarthe refers to this condition as an onto-technology.
Introduction
Authors: Maxwell Jason
Published: September 2019

The introduction provides an overview of the longstanding division within the discipline of English between literary studies and composition studies. It briefly examines the writings of critics, most notably Wayne Booth, who seek a way of overcoming the hostilities that have long characterized the relationship between these two fields. The introduction then offers the central thesis of the book: that the relationship between literary studies and composition was complicated significantly by the introduction of French theory in the 1960s and 1970s. The incorporation of theory into English departments not only intensified existing antagonisms within the discipline but also forged new and unexpected alliances.
Coda: English Studies and the Uncertain Future
Authors: Maxwell Jason
Published: September 2019

The coda synthesizes a number of the concerns raised over the course of the preceding chapters. It focuses special attention on the vexed status of difference as a philosophical and political concept within English studies over the last several decades. The coda concludes by offering some potential points of tension in the discipline in the coming years.
Discharge Requests
Authors: Mendez James G.
Published: September 2019

Northern black soldiers and their families continued to support the Union effort. In spite of pay issues, discrimination and racism by northerners and southerners, the general hardships of military life, and the potential hardships for their families, black men continued to enlist in large numbers. Yet, for some families, conditions at home had become too hopeless. They had moved beyond the unequal pay issue as well as the army’s inability to pay their soldiers monthly. They had gone on as long as they could without the financial support of their men and had reached the point where they simply wanted their soldiers home. These family members asked Union officials for their soldiers to be discharged because the family’s situation was so desperate the only resolution was for the soldiers to return home. Often the requests were for discharges of underage sons, who continued to enlist through deceitfulness about their age.
Even Farther Away from Home
Authors: Mendez James G.
Published: September 2019

While some black regiments remained throughout the South performing occupation duties, others were sent to Texas to perform a combination of duties. They were keeping the peace and helping freedmen transition to freedom, but they were also sent to Texas to counter French aggression in Mexico. In Texas the troops would have to endure being even farther away from their families, in more remote and difficult terrain and in disease-ridden conditions. Additionally, homesickness, the terrible conditions, and the increase in idle time and boredom all led to a breakdown in order and professionalism among the officers and the men, which in turn led to an increase in tension between the two groups. Black troops’ discontent arose from knowing that, while white troops continued to be mustered out of service and returned home, they were headed to Texas. They were also upset about being farther away from their families and the paymaster. One positive outcome of occupation duty for black troops was their greater access to literacy programs. By September 1865, Union policy shifted against the continued use of black regiments. Union officials, including General Ulysses S. Grant, determined it was best to release all northern-raised black troops from military service.
Okinawa, 1945–1952: Allegories of Becoming
Authors: Shimabuku Annmaria M.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 2 gives a brief biopolitical prehistory to Okinawa. From the perspective of economic development, it was not treated like a national or colonial territory by the Japanese state, but ambiguously suspended in between both. This foregrounded the sexual politics surrounding the U.S. military in Okinawa because unlike mainland Japan, there was no development of a middle class equipped to reject the formation of a sex industry in base towns on the basis of an established ethno-nationalism. Hence, in contrast to the symbolic structure of Japanism presented in Chapter 1, this chapter positions Okinawa’s alegality in terms of Benjamin’s notion of allegory, or that which constantly fails communion with a totality. It argues that debates surrounding the establishment of a sex industry were driven by the sheer fear of exclusion from the biopolitical order, not by an identification with it, and were subsequently absent of discourses lamenting the racial contamination of the population. It traces the omnipresence of this fear through the Okinawan reception of so-called “comfort women” during the war, the experience of sexual violence and exploitation in the immediate postwar, and the formation of the sex industry after the “reverse course” of occupation in 1949.
Okinawa, 1958–1972: The Subaltern Speaks
Authors: Shimabuku Annmaria M.
Published: September 2019

The period between 1958 and 1972 marks the full-fledged emergence of the movement to revert to the Japanese administration along with the emergence of the New Left both globally and in Okinawa. This chapter shows how the New Left developed useful critiques of the Old Left’s ethno-nationalism, but once again, failed to account for the radical heterogeneity of base town workers who were immune to the class-based politics of the “Japanese proletariat.” Some critical Marxist activists such as Kawada Yō and Matsushima Chōgi questioned middle-class assumptions implicit in the “Japanese proletariat.” Paying attention to Okinawa’s historical exclusion from the biopolitical state, Matsushima defined the “Okinawan proletariat” as the condition of a class that constantly fails to be represented by the state. Reading this insight alongside Spivak’s distinction between Darstellung and Vertretung, this chapter presents an allegorical reading of sex workers in reportage and film, and asks the ways it is possible to hear them speak. Instead of making their voices intelligible in terms of state representation, it reads them in the quality of their alienation from the state. It was in this quality that these purportedly “pro-American” collaborators turned against their clients and instigated the Koza Riot in 1970.
Novel Shocks
Authors: Tucker-Abramson Myka
Published: September 2019

Novel Shocks argues that the political and cultural origins of neoliberalism lie in the battles over suburban and urban space in the 1950s and early 1960s. At the end of World War II, Harry Truman’s administration launched a national program of urban renewal that sought to create a new and distinctly American modernity, which would underpin US global hegemony. The program’s effects in Manhattan were particularly notable: throughout the 1950s and 1960s, New York bulldozed vast areas of land deemed “slums” or “blighted” to make way for freeways, public and private housing projects, medical centers, skyscrapers, and even the new United Nations headquarters. Taken together, these processes dramatically transformed New York’s metropolitan region, creating the segregated landscape of prosperous white suburbs and poor black cities, and with it new cultural forms and subjectivities. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, novelists such as Ralph Ellison, Patricia Highsmith, Ayn Rand, William Burroughs, Sylvia Plath, and Warren Miller all depicted and responded to these new urban spaces as forms of traumatic “shock” that required new aesthetic forms and political structures. These novels rejected older shock-based modernisms such as Surrealism and naturalism and, like the urbanization projects they depicted, forged a new kind of modernism, one that transformed shock from a traumatic and disruptive effect of urban modernity into a therapeutic force that helps strengthen and shape a more flexible, self-reliant, and resilient subject that would nourish the roots of neoliberalism.
Naked Lunch, Or, the Last Snapshot of the Surrealists
Authors: Tucker-Abramson Myka
Published: September 2019

Naked Lunch opens with drug use in Washington Square station and concludes with a drug deal gone. In between is a proliferation of shocking and lascivious scenes of drug use, deals, trafficking, and control, that travel from New York to Mexico to Tangier to the laboratories of Dr. Benway. Challenging readings that align Naked Lunch’s drug use with an aesthetics of shock, this chapter argues that drugs provide a lens through which the novel starts to map the new domestic and international geographies of US empire. This chapter argues that in linking together urban renewal projects at home and modernization and development projects such as Truman’s Point Four plan abroad, Naked Lunch focalizes the nascent political, economic, aesthetic, and psychological transformations that occur as a new system of US global hegemony was forged.
Fallen Corpses and Rising Cities: The Bell Jar and the Making of the New Woman
Authors: Tucker-Abramson Myka
Published: September 2019

Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar centers on two shock-fueled transformations: New York’s transformation from the nineteenth-century industrial city of slums, tenements, and factories to a shiny new metropolis and Esther’s transformation from an anxious, sick, and needy tenderfoot into a seemingly independent, liberated, and autonomous subject. Reading Esther’s psychic transformation against its geopolitical and spatial markers of renewal—the slumified lower east side of the Rosenbergs, the newly built glass-sheeted office buildings where the protagonist Esther works, and the newly constructed UN headquarters that hangs in Esther’s hotel window—the chapter challenges dominant readings of the novel, which often forefront how the double bind of consumer mass culture and patriarchal 1950s values trap and confine women. The chapter suggests the novel is less about the entrapment of women than it is about the formation of the woman we assume to be trapped. Specifically, it argues that the novel’s celebrated critique of the repressive, patriarchal state ultimately leads not to a more progressive position, but rather to the formation of a lactified, suburbanized, and entrepreneurial female subjectivity.
Ambiguous Welcome: The Protestant Response to American Catholics
Authors: Allitt Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines aspects of American Catholic history that lay outside the commonly told story of parishes and immigrants by surveying the efforts of American Protestants—from the colonial era to the present—to properly map that Catholic place in the life of their nation and their own religious sensibilities. It shows how the ambivalent greeting initially extended to Catholic immigrants by U.S. Protestants was shelved for outright hostility during the nativist era prior to the Civil War, when the mass emigration of impoverished, famine-stricken Irish Catholics greatly aggravated preexisting fears of “popish superstition.” At the same time a number of Protestants—often from elite backgrounds—found themselves powerfully drawn to Catholic art and ritual, and more than a few took the plunge into religious conversion.
Latino Catholics in the Southwest
Authors: Matovina Timothy
Published: September 2019

This chapter summarizes new trends in scholarship on the U.S. Southwest by expanding and refining the three-era schema of Southwest history illustrated in the book of Francis Baylies, who accompanied the victorious U.S. forces on their march through Mexico following the Mexican–American war. The book reflected U.S. views on the history of the region and the U.S. takeover of the former Mexican territories. The chapter divides Latino Catholicism in the Southwest into a thematic schema: colonial foundations, enduring communities of faith in the wake of the war between Mexico and the United States, the rejuvenation and diversification of Latino Catholic communities with the arrival of numerous immigrants from Mexico and throughout Latin America, and the struggle for rights in church and society that accelerated during the second half of the twentieth century.
Left Coast Catholicism: The Tradition of Dissent in the California Church
Authors: Burns Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues that independence, innovation, bold action, and openness to change—traditions uniquely nurtured in California from its beginnings—shaped Catholic experience in the Golden State. It presents a treatment of the formative California missions that focuses on the “first dissenter,” Fray José Maria Fernandez, a critic of the exploitation of Indians in the late 1790s who was persecuted by enemies (and later by many historians) as mad or brain-damaged, yet endured in his advocacy work. In the twentieth century, California Catholics engaged issues of great importance for the whole church; the local church engaged in vigorous dialogue that addressed questions of work and social justice with a directness and intensity rarely witnessed in eastern cities, where ethnic tribalism so often undermined concerted action, especially action that called the church to account for failures to practice its own social teachings.
Strangers in Our Midst: Catholics in Rural America
Authors: Marlett Jeffrey
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the history of Catholics in the rural United States, which engages three narrative strands. The role of the institutional church—its schools, churches, monasteries, and hospitals—and its clergy represent perhaps the most visible strand. Then there is the story of rural Catholic people themselves: where they came from, what they did, and how their religious faith separated them from their non-Catholic rural neighbors. An often-tense relationship between the city and the country constitutes the third strand; stereotypes aside, rural America has never existed in isolation from American cities. This dynamic was especially evident in the history of rural Catholics. That history generated some of its own quintessentially “American” images: family farms, wholesome church life, the simplicity and honesty of small town life; but these images were inevitably read as anomalous when Catholics staked their proprietary claims.