bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation of the coagulation mixing between dust and hygroscopic aerosol particles and its impacts
Authors: Tsai I‐Chun , Chen Jen‐Ping , Lin Yi‐Chiu , Chou Charles Chung‐Kuang , Chen Wei‐Nai
Published: April 2015

A statistical‐numerical aerosol parameterization was incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system to study the coagulation mixing process focusing on a dust storm event that occurred over East Asia. Simulation results show that the coagulation mixing process tends to decrease aerosol mass, surface area, and number concentrations over the dust source areas. Over the downwind oceanic areas, aerosol concentrations generally increased due to enhanced sedimentation as particles became larger upon coagulation. The mixture process can reduce the overall single‐scattering albedo by up to 10% as a result of enhanced core with shell absorption by dust and reduction in the number of scattering particles. The enhanced dry deposition speed also altered the vertical distribution. In addition, the ability of aerosol particles to serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) increased from around 107 m−3 to above 109 m−3 over downwind areas because a large amount of mineral dust particles became effective CCN with solute coating, except over the highly polluted areas where multiple collections of hygroscopic particles by dust in effect reduced CCN number. This CCN effect is much stronger for coagulation mixing than by the uptake of sulfuric acid gas on dust, although the nitric acid gas uptake was not investigated. The ability of dust particles to serve as ice nuclei may decrease or increase at low or high subzero temperatures, respectively, due to the switching from deposition nucleation to immersion freezing or haze freezing.
Long‐range seasonal streamflow forecasting over the Iberian Peninsula using large‐scale atmospheric and oceanic information
Authors: Hidalgo‐Muñoz J. M. , Gámiz‐Fortis S. R. , Castro‐Díez Y. , Argüeso D. , Esteban‐Parra M. J.
Published: April 2015

Identifying the relationship between large‐scale climate signals and seasonal streamflow may provide a valuable tool for long‐range seasonal forecasting in regions under water stress, such as the Iberian Peninsula (IP). The skill of the main teleconnection indices as predictors of seasonal streamflow in the IP was evaluated. The streamflow database used was composed of 382 stations, covering the period 1975–2008. Predictions were made using a leave‐one‐out cross‐validation approach based on multiple linear regression, combining Variance Inflation Factor and Stepwise Backward selection to avoid multicollinearity and select the best subset of predictors. Predictions were made for four forecasting scenarios, from one to four seasons in advance. The correlation coefficient (RHO), Root Mean Square Error Skill Score (RMSESS), and the Gerrity Skill Score (GSS) were used to evaluate the forecasting skill. For autumn streamflow, good forecasting skill (RHO>0.5, RMSESS>20%, GSS>0.4) was found for a third of the stations located in the Mediterranean Andalusian Basin, the North Atlantic Oscillation of the previous winter being the main predictor. Also, fair forecasting skill (RHO>0.44, RMSESS>10%, GSS>0.2) was found in stations in the northwestern IP (16 of these located in the Douro and Tagus Basins) with two seasons in advance. For winter streamflow, fair forecasting skill was found for one season in advance in 168 stations, with the Snow Advance Index as the main predictor. Finally, forecasting was poorer for spring streamflow than for autumn and winter, since only 16 stations showed fair forecasting skill in with one season in advance, particularly in north‐western of IP.
Data Acquisition by Roadside Detection
Authors: Roth Christoph
Published: April 2015

All intelligent traffic systems rely on accurate traffic data which is in many cases acquired by roadside equipment. A large variety of data types and detector technologies are used depending on the use cases and the requirements of the overall system. The choice of the most suitable detector requires technical know how of the detection technologies and the data types the detector is able to provide and the respective data accuracies. The data types range from vehicle presence information to traffic data acquisition with advanced vehicle classification. The vehicle detectors are based on a variety of technologies like inductive loop technology, radar, video, or magnetic field and they are installed in the road surface, above the road or on poles on the side of the road. This section provides an overview of the most frequently used data types, used cases and detector technologies.
Tuning Local Molecular Orientation–Composition Correlations in Binary Organic Thin Films by Solution Shearing
Authors: Ma Wei , Reinspach Julia , Zhou Yan , Diao Ying , McAfee Terry , Mannsfeld Stefan C. B. , Bao Zhenan , Ade Harald
Published: April 2015

A general impact of solution shearing on molecular orientation correlation is observed in polymer:fullerene organic solar cells in which one of the components forms fibrils or aggregates. Further investigation with polarized soft X‐ray scattering reveals that solution shearing induces more face‐to‐face orientation relative to the interface of two components compared to spin‐coating. This impact is shearing speed dependent, that is, slow shearing speed can induce more face‐to‐face orientation than a fast shearing speed. These results demonstrate that solution shearing is an effective method to control the relative molecular orientation. Solution shearing can also modify the domain size and average composition variations.
Dual‐Stage‐Light‐Guided Tumor Inhibition by Mitochondria‐Targeted Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Han Kai , Lei Qi , Wang Shi‐Bo , Hu Jing‐Jing , Qiu Wen‐Xiu , Zhu Jing‐Yi , Yin Wei‐Na , Luo Xu , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: April 2015

In this paper, a self‐delivery system PpIX‐PEG‐(KLAKLAK)2 (designated as PPK) is fabricated to realize mitochondria‐targeted photodynamic tumor therapy. It is found that the PPK self‐delivery system exhibited high drug loading efficacy as well as novel capacity in generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study also indicated that the photochemical internalization effect of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) under a short time light irradiation improved the cellular internalization of PPK. On the contrary, PPK could target to the subcellular organelle mitochondria due to the presence of proapoptosis (KLAKLAK)2 peptide. Importantly, the in situ generation of ROS in mitochondria enhanced the photodynamic therapy efficacy under another long time irradiation, leading to significant cell death with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Besides, relative high tumor accumulation, minimal systemic cytotoxicity and efficacious long‐term tumor inhibition in vivo are also confirmed by using a murine model. All these results demonstrated the self‐delivery system PPK with a dual‐stage light irradiation strategy is a promising nanoplatform for tumor treatment.
Tumor‐Penetrating Nanotherapeutics Loading a Near‐Infrared Probe Inhibit Growth and Metastasis of Breast Cancer
Authors: He Xinyu , Bao Xiaoyue , Cao Haiqiang , Zhang Zhiwen , Yin Qi , Gu Wangwen , Chen Lingli , Yu Haijun , Li Yaping
Published: April 2015

The tumor growth and metastasis is the leading reason for the high mortality of breast cancer. Herein, it is first reported a deep tumor‐penetrating photothermal nanotherapeutics loading a near‐infrared (NIR) probe for potential photothermal therapy (PTT) of tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer. The NIR probe of 1,1‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3,3‐tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR), a lipophilicfluorescent carbocyanine dye with strong light‐absorbing capability, is entrapped into the photothermal nanotherapeutics for PTT application. The DiR‐loaded photothermal nanotherapeutics (DPN) is homogeneous nanometer‐sized particles with the mean diameter of 24.5 ± 4.1 nm. Upon 808 nm laser irradiation, DPN presents superior production of thermal energy than free DiR both in vitro and in vivo. The cell proliferation and migration activities of metastatic 4T1 breast cancer cells are obviously inhibited by DPN in combination with NIR irradiation. Moreover, DPN can induce a higher accumulation in tumor and penetrate into the deep interior of tumor tissues. The in vivo PTT measurements indicate that the growth and metastasis of breast cancer are entirely inhibited by a single treatment of DPN with NIR irradiation. Therefore, the deep tumor‐penetrating DPN can provide a promising strategy for PTT of tumor progression and metastasis of breast cancer.
Reduction‐Sensitive Dextran Nanogels Aimed for Intracellular Delivery of Antigens
Authors: Li Dandan , Kordalivand Neda , Fransen Marieke F. , Ossendorp Ferry , Raemdonck Koen , Vermonden Tina , Hennink Wim E. , van Nostrum Cornelus F.
Published: April 2015

Targeting of antigens to dendritic cells (DCs) to induce strong cellular immune response can be established by loading in a nano‐sized carrier and keeping the antigen associated with the particles until they are internalized by DCs. In the present study, a model antigen (ovalbumin, OVA) is immobilized in cationic dextran nanogels via disulfide bonds. These bonds are stable in the extracellular environment but are reduced in the cytosol of DCs due to the presence of glutathione. Reversible immobilization of OVA in the nanogels is demonstrated by the fact that hardly any release of the protein occurred at pH 7 in the absence of glutathione, whereas rapid release of OVA occurs once the nanogels are incubated in buffer with glutathione. Furthermore, these OVA conjugated nanogels show intracellular release of the antigen in DCs and boost the MHC class I antigen presentation, demonstrating the feasibility of this concept for the aimed intracellular antigen delivery.
Carbonyls: Powerful Organic Materials for Secondary Batteries
Authors: Häupler Bernhard , Wild Andreas , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: April 2015

The application of organic carbonyl compounds as high performance electrode materials in secondary batteries enables access to metal‐free, low‐cost, environmental friendly, flexible, and functional rechargeable energy storage systems. Organic compounds have so far not received much attention as potential active materials in batteries, mainly because of the success of inorganic materials in both research and commercial applications. However, new requirements in secondary batteries such as flexibility accompanied with low production costs and environmental friendliness, in particular for portable devices, reach the limit of inorganic electrode materials. Organic carbonyl compounds represent the most promising materials to satisfy these needs. Here, recent efforts of the research in the field of organic carbonyl materials for secondary batteries are summarized, and the working principle and the structural design of different groups of carbonyl material is presented. Finally, the influence of conductive additives and binders on the cell performance is closely evaluated for each class of materials.
Characterization of liquid‐liquid dispersions with variable viscosity by coupled computational fluid dynamics and population balances
Authors: Vonka Michal , Soos Miroslav
Published: April 2015

Sustaining stable liquid‐liquid dispersion with the desired drop size still relies on experimental correlations, which do not reflect our understanding of the underlying physics and have a limited prediction capability. The complex behavior of liquid‐liquid dispersions inside a stirred tank, which is equipped with a Rushton turbine, was characterized by a combination of computational fluid dynamics and population balance equations (PBE). PBE took into account both the drop coalescence and breakup. With the increasing drop viscosity, the resistance to drop breakage also increases, which was introduced by the local criteria for drop breakup in the form of the local critical Webber number (Wec). The dependency of Wec on the drop viscosity was derived from the experimental data available in the literature. Predictions of Sauter mean diameter agree well with the experimentally measured values allowing prediction of mean drop size as a function of variable viscosity, interfacial tension, and stirring speed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2403–2414, 2015
Chronic probable ptsd in police responders in the world trade center health registry ten to eleven years after 9/11
Authors: Cone James E. , Li Jiehui , Kornblith Erica , Gocheva Vihra , Stellman Steven D. , Shaikh Annum , Schwarzer Ralf , Bowler Rosemarie M.
Published: April 2015

Background

Police enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR) demonstrated increased probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after the terrorist attack of 9/11/2001.

Methods

Police enrollees without pre‐9/11 PTSD were studied. Probable PTSD was assessed by Posttraumatic Stress Check List (PCL). Risk factors for chronic, new onset or resolved PTSD were assessed using multinomial logistic regression.

Results

Half of police with probable PTSD in 2003‐2007 continued to have probable PTSD in 2011–2012. Women had higher prevalence of PTSD than men (15.5% vs. 10.3%, P = 0.008). Risk factors for chronic PTSD included decreased social support, unemployment, 2+ life stressors in last 12 months, 2+ life‐threatening events since 9/11, 2+ injuries during the 9/11 attacks, and unmet mental health needs.

Conclusion

Police responders to the WTC attacks continue to bear a high mental health burden. Improved early access to mental health treatment for police exposed to disasters may be needed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:483–493, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heat‐Related symptoms in sugarcane harvesters
Authors: Crowe Jennifer , Nilsson Maria , Kjellstrom Tord , Wesseling Catharina
Published: April 2015

Background

Exposure to heat stress is a documented risk for Central American sugarcane harvesters. However, little is known about heat‐related illness in this population.

Methods

This study examined the frequency of heat‐related health effects among harvesters (n = 106) exposed to occupational heat stress compared to non‐harvesters (n = 63). Chi‐square test and gamma statistic were used to evaluate differences in self‐reported symptoms and trends over heat exposure categories.

Results

Heat and dehydration symptoms (headache, tachycardia, muscle cramps, fever, nausea, difficulty breathing, dizziness, swelling of hands/feet, and dysuria) were experienced at least once per week significantly more frequently among harvesters. Percentages of workers reporting heat and dehydration symptoms increased in accordance with increasing heat exposure categories.

Conclusions

A large percentage of harvesters are experiencing heat illness throughout the harvest demonstrating an urgent need for improved workplace practices, particularly in light of climate change and the epidemic of chronic kidney disease prevalent in this population. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:541–548, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Body language: The interplay between positional behavior and gestural signaling in the genusPanand its implications for language evolution
Authors: Smith Lindsey W. , Delgado Roberto A.
Published: April 2015

Objectives

The gestural repertoires of bonobos and chimpanzees are well documented, but the relationship between gestural signaling and positional behavior (i.e., body postures and locomotion) has yet to be explored. Given that one theory for language evolution attributes the emergence of increased gestural communication to habitual bipedality, this relationship is important to investigate.

Materials and Methods

In this study, we examined the interplay between gestures, body postures, and locomotion in four captive groups of bonobos and chimpanzees usingad libitumand focal video data.

Results

We recorded 43 distinct manual (involving upper limbs and/or hands) and bodily (involving postures, locomotion, head, lower limbs, or feet) gestures. In both species, actors used manual and bodily gestures significantly more when recipients were attentive to them, suggesting these movements are intentionally communicative. Adults of both species spent less than 1.0% of their observation time in bipedal postures or locomotion, yet 14.0% of all bonobo gestures and 14.7% of all chimpanzee gestures were produced when subjects were engaged in bipedal postures or locomotion. Among both bonobo groups and one chimpanzee group, these were mainly manual gestures produced by infants and juvenile females. Among the other chimpanzee group, however, these were mainly bodily gestures produced by adult males in which bipedal posture and locomotion were incorporated into communicative displays.

Discussion

Overall, our findings reveal that bipedality did not prompt an increase in manual gesturing in these study groups. Rather, body postures and locomotion are intimately tied to many gestures and certain modes of locomotion can be used as gestures themselves. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:592–602, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Graphene‐modified poly(lactic acid) for packaging: Material formulation, processing and performance
Authors: Barletta Massimiliano , Puopolo Michela , Tagliaferri Vincenzo , Vesco Silvia
Published: April 2015

Manufacturing of plastics by compostable polymers is of crucial relevance to limit the environmental impact and reduce oil consumption. Performance of compostable polymers is often mediocre, although they could be improved by physical and chemical routes. In this work, Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) is modified for improved performance by two different routes: (1) by physically dispersing Graphene Nano‐Platelets (GNP) in the organic matrix; (2) by the physical dispersion and covalent bonding of PLA and Amino‐Functionalized Nano‐Silica (A‐fSiO2). Functionalization of the PLAs after compounding and pelletizing was assessed by combined Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR). In addition, thermal analysis was performed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Mechanical response was evaluated on compression molded flat slabs of the modified PLAs by Pencil and progressive and constant load scratch tests. Chemical endurance was evaluated on compression molded flat slabs of the modified PLAs by dipping in aggressive acidic, basic, and saline environments. Finally, the modified PLAs were successfully injection molded to manufacture high performance coffee capsules, whose thermal stability and suitability to coffee brewing were demonstrated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42252.
Knockdown of asparagine synthetase by RNAi suppresses cell growth in human melanoma cells and epidermoid carcinoma cells
Authors: Li Hui , Zhou Fusheng , Du Wenhui , Dou Jinfa , Xu Yu , Gao Wanwan , Chen Gang , Zuo Xianbo , Sun Liangdan , Zhang Xuejun , Yang Sen
Published: April 2015

Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, causes more than 40,000 deaths each year worldwide. And epidermoid carcinoma is another major form of skin cancer, which could be studied together with melanoma in several aspects. Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the glutamine‐ and ATP‐dependent conversion of aspartic acid to asparagine, and its expression is associated with the chemotherapy resistance and prognosis in several human cancers. The present study aims to explore the potential role of ASNS in melanoma cells A375 and human epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431. We applied a lentivirus‐mediated RNA interference (RNAi) system to study its function in cell growth of both cells. The results revealed that inhibition of ASNS expression by RNAi significantly suppressed the growth of melanoma cells and epidermoid carcinoma cells, and induced a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in melanoma cells. Knockdown of ASNS in A375 cells remarkably downregulated the expression levels of CDK4, CDK6, and Cyclin D1, and upregulated the expression of p21. Therefore, our study provides evidence that ASNS may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of melanoma.
Sensitive and selective cataluminescence‐based sensor system for acetone and diethyl ether determination
Authors: Wang Qihui , Li Bo , Wang Yuhuai , Shou Zhouxiang , Shi Guolong
Published: April 2015

A three‐dimensional hierarchical CdO nanostructure with a novel bio‐inspired morphology is reported. The field emission scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffractometer were employed to characterize the as‐prepared samples. In gas‐sensing measurements, acetone and diethyl ether were employed as target gases to investigate cataluminescence (CTL) sensing properties of the CdO nanostructure. The results show that the as‐fabricated CdO nanostructure exhibited outstanding CTL properties such as stable intensity, high signal/noise values, short response and recovery time. The limit of detection of acetone and diethyl ether was ca. 6.5 ppm and 6.7 ppm, respectively, which was below the standard permitted concentrations. Additionally, a principal components analysis method was used to investigate the recognizable ability of the CTL sensor, and it was found that acetone and diethyl ether can be distinguished clearly. The performance of the bio‐inspired CdO nanostructure‐based sensor system suggested the promising application of the CdO nanostructure as a novel highly efficient CTL sensing material. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transparent and luminescent ionogels composed of Eu3+‐coordinated ionic liquids and poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Zhou Fan , Wang Tianren , Li Zhiqiang , Wang Yige
Published: April 2015

We report here on transparent and luminescent ionogels that consist of ionic ternary europium (III) complexes and the inexpensive non‐toxic compound, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and that were formed by dissolving these complexes in methacrylate (MMA) monomers followed by in situ polymerization. The resulting ionogels show a bright red emission under near‐UV light irradiation. Luminescence data confirm the energy transfer from terpyridine‐functionalized ionic liquid to Eu3+ ions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical‐scale purification of pluripotent stem cell derivatives for cell‐based therapies
Authors: Rodrigues Gonçalo M. C. , Rodrigues Carlos A. V. , Fernandes Tiago G. , Diogo Maria Margarida , Cabral Joaquim M. S.
Published: April 2015

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the potential to revolutionize cell‐replacement therapies because of their ability to self renew and differentiate into nearly every cell type in the body. However, safety concerns have delayed the clinical translation of this technology. One cause for this is the capacity that hPSCs have to generate tumors after transplantation. Because of the challenges associated with achieving complete differentiation into clinically relevant cell types, the development of safe and efficient strategies for purifying committed cells is essential for advancing hPSC‐based therapies. Several purification strategies have now succeeded in generating non‐tumorigenic and homogeneous cell‐populations. These techniques typically enrich for cells by either depleting early committed populations from teratoma‐initiating hPSCs or by positively selecting cells after differentiation. Here we review the working principles behind separation methods that have facilitated the safe and controlled application of hPSC‐derived cells in laboratory settings and pre‐clinical research. We underscore the need for improving and integrating purification strategies within differentiation protocols in order to unlock the therapeutic potential of hPSCs.
The role of micronutrients and strategies for optimized continual glycerol production from carbon dioxide by Dunaliella tertiolecta
Authors: Chow Yvonne , Tu Wang Yung , Wang David , Ng Daphne H.P. , Lee Yuan Kun
Published: April 2015

The microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta synthesizes intracellular glycerol as an osmoticum to counteract external osmotic pressure in high saline environments. The species has recently been found to release and accumulate extracellular glycerol, making it a suitable candidate for sustainable industrial glycerol production if a sufficiently high product titre yield can be achieved. While macronutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are essential and well understood, this study seeks to understand the influence of the micronutrient profile on glycerol production. The effects of metallic elements calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, cobalt, copper, and iron, as well as boron, on glycerol production as well as cell growth were quantified. The relationship between cell density and glycerol productivity was also determined. Statistically, manganese recorded the highest improvement in glycerol production as well as cell growth. Further experiments showed that manganese availability was associated with higher superoxide dismutase formation, thus suggesting that glycerol production is negatively affected by oxidative stress and the manganese bound form of this enzyme is required in order to counteract reactive oxygen species in the cells. A minimum concentration of 8.25 × 10−5 g L−1 manganese was sufficient to overcome this problem and achieve 10 g L−1 extracellular glycerol, compared to 4 g L−1 without the addition of manganese. Unlike cell growth, extracellular glycerol production was found to be negatively affected by the amount of calcium present in the normal growth medium, most likely due to the lower cell permeability at high calcium concentrations. The inhibitory effects of iron also affected extracellular glycerol production more significantly than cell growth and several antagonistic interaction effects between various micronutrients were observed. This study indicates how the optimization of these small amounts of nutrients in a two‐stage system can lead to a large enhancement in D. tertiolecta glycerol production and should be considered during the design of a large scale bioprocess for this alternative route to glycerol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2163–2171. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co‐culturing Chlorella minutissima with Escherichia coli can increase neutral lipid production and improve biodiesel quality
Authors: Higgins Brendan T. , Labavitch John M. , VanderGheynst Jean S.
Published: April 2015

Lipid productivity and fatty acid composition are important metrics for the production of high quality biodiesel from algae. Our previous results showed that co‐culturing the green alga Chlorella minutissima with Escherichia coli under high‐substrate mixotrophic conditions enhanced both culture growth and crude lipid content. To investigate further, we analyzed neutral lipid content and fatty acid content and composition of axenic cultures and co‐cultures produced under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. We found that co‐culturing C. minutissima with E. coli under high substrate conditions (10 g/L) increased neutral lipid content 1.9‐ to 3.1‐fold and fatty acid content 1.5‐ to 2.6‐fold compared to equivalent axenic C. minutissima cultures. These same co‐cultures also exhibited a significant fatty acid shift away from trienoic and toward monoenoic fatty acids thereby improving the quality of the synthesized fatty acids for biodiesel production. Further investigation suggested that E. coli facilitates substrate uptake by the algae and that the resulting growth enhancement induces a nitrogen‐limited condition. Enhanced carbon uptake coupled with nitrogen limitation is the likely cause of the observed neutral lipid accumulation and fatty acid profile changes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1801–1809. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influencing light versus heavy engagers of harmful behavior to curb their habits through positive and negative ad imagery
Authors: Burton Jennifer L. , Hill Donna J. , Bakir Aysen
Published: April 2015

Mass media advertising has increasingly been seen as an important vehicle to influence attitudes and behaviors on issues designed to enhance the well‐being of society overall. However, prior research shows mixed results on the ability of advertising to encourage substantial or long‐term changes in self‐destructive behavior. The current research provides a framework to reconcile previous findings and demonstrates that different psychological processes are occurring when trying to convince light versus heavy engagers to curb their potentially harmful behaviors.

Validated across two contexts (texting while driving and excessive gambling), the present study demonstrates that ads containing positive imagery (as opposed to negative imagery) are more effective at influencing heavy engagers to limit their harmful behaviors. Heavy engagers in the harmful behavior seem to resist ads containing negative imagery and do not find them to be more credible or involving. Instead, they are more influenced to curb their harmful behaviors after seeing positive imagery containing characters and situations to which they can relate.

On the other hand, light engagers of harmful behavior are more likely to be persuaded to limit their behaviors after exposure to advertising containing negative imagery. The negative imagery evokes perceptions of ad credibility and encourages individuals to think about the advertised problem and consequences. Both credibility and ad involvement are shown to be important mediators of ad effectiveness for light engagers, whereas relatability was not a significant mediator for this group. Implications for the design of effective public service announcements targeted toward these separate groups are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallization of Terutroban Sodium Salt Hydrate from the Deliquescent State
Authors: Couvrat Nicolas , Cartigny Yohann , Linol Julie , Vaysse‐Ludot Lucile , Langlois Pascal , Coquerel Gérard
Published: April 2015

Terutroban sodium salt (Teru‐Na) is a solid active pharmaceutical ingredient initially produced in its anhydrous form. The crystallization of a new dihydrate was established using liquid‐assisted grinding and the liquid‐liquid interface process. The stability of the Teru‐Na crystalline phases was investigated as a function of temperature and relative humidity. A combination of analytical tools (spectroscopic, thermal, and vapor sorption analyses) highlighted the remarkable stability of the dihydrate, in particular under variable storage conditions. A rationalization of the stability hierarchy was proposed by means of phase diagrams.
Generation of Crystalline Microcontainers of Salicylic Acid
Authors: Seidel Julia , Ulrich Joachim
Published: April 2015

The formation of liquid inclusions is frequently observed to be disrupting in crystallization processes. But such crystals containing liquid inclusions might offer the possibility to be used as container systems by encapsulating other substances inside the inclusions. Experimental parameters to generate such microcontainer systems, i.e., crystals including liquid inclusions, of salicylic acid by means of antisolvent crystallization were investigated. It was shown that concentration, addition rate of the antisolvent, and gas content of the liquids related to the temperature have a distinct influence on the size of the formed inclusions.
Protic‐Salt‐Derived Nitrogen/Sulfur‐Codoped Mesoporous Carbon for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Shiguo , Ikoma Ai , Ueno Kazuhide , Chen Zhengjian , Dokko Kaoru , Watanabe Masayoshi
Published: April 2015

Nitrogen/sulfur‐co‐doped mesoporous carbon (Phen‐HS) was obtained through direct carbonization of a single protic salt, that is, 1,10‐phenanthrolinium dibisulfate ([Phen][2 HSO4]), in the presence of a colloidal silica template without the use of additional acid or metal catalysts for prepolymerization prior to carbonization. Phen‐HS was prepared in a relatively high yield (30.0 %) and has a large surface area (1161 m2 g−1), large pore volume (2.490 cm3 g−1), large mesopores (≈12 nm), narrow pore‐size distribution (7–16 nm), and high nitrogen (7.5 at %) and sulfur (1.3 at %) contents. The surface area/pore‐size distribution is much higher/narrower than that of most reported carbon materials obtained from traditional precursors by using the same template. Phen‐HS was directly used as an electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and as an electrode material for supercapacitors. As an efficient metal‐free catalyst, Phen‐HS exhibited good electrocatalytic activity toward the ORR in a 0.1 M KOH aqueous solution, which is comparable to the activity of a commercial Pt/C catalyst. Electrochemical measurements for Phen‐HS used in a double‐layer capacitor showed high specific capacitances of 160 and 140 F g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 and 6 M KOH, respectively, with good rate capabilities and high cycling stabilities.
Organic Dyes Incorporating the Dithieno[3,2‐f:2′,3′‐h]quinoxaline Moiety for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Ni Jen‐Shyang , Kao Wei‐Siang , Chou Hao‐Ju , Lin Jiann T.
Published: April 2015

New donor–acceptor′–acceptor‐type sensitizers (QBT dyes), comprising arylamine as the electron donor, dithieno[3,2‐f:2′,3′‐h]quinoxaline as the internal acceptor, and 2‐cyanoacrylic acid as both the acceptor and anchor, have been synthesized. The QBT dyes have broad absorption spectra covering the range of λ=368–487 nm with a highest molar extinction coefficient of up to approximately 40 000 M−1 cm−1. The light‐to‐electricity conversion efficiencies of the dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated from the dyes range from 6.11 to 7.59 % under simulated AM 1.5 G illumination. Upon addition of a threefold concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid as the co‐adsorbent, the best performance cell has a power‐conversion efficiency of 8.41 %, which is higher than that of the N719‐based standard DSSC (8.27 %).
Catalytic Decarbonylation of Biosourced Substrates
Authors: Ternel Jérémy , Lebarbé Thomas , Monflier Eric , Hapiot Frédéric
Published: April 2015

Linear α‐olefins (LAO) are one of the main targets in the field of surfactants, lubricants, and polymers. With the depletion of petroleum resources, the production of LAO from renewable feedstocks has gained increasing interest in recent years. In the present study, we demonstrated that Ir catalysts were suitable to decarbonylate a wide range of biosourced substrates under rather mild conditions (160 °C, 5 h reaction time) in the presence of potassium iodide and acetic anhydride. The resulting LAO were obtained with good conversion and selectivity provided that the purity of the substrate, the nature of the ligand, and the amounts of the additives were controlled accurately. The catalytic system could be recovered efficiently by using a Kugelrohr distillation apparatus and recycled.
Understanding Cellulose Dissolution: Energetics of Interactions of Ionic Liquids and Cellobiose Revealed by Solution Microcalorimetry
Authors: de Oliveira Heitor Fernando Nunes , Rinaldi Roberto
Published: April 2015

In this report, the interactions between fifteen selected ionic liquids (ILs) and cellobiose (CB) are examined by high‐precision solution microcalorimetry. The heat of mixing (ΔmixH) of CB and ILs, or CB and IL/molecular solvent (MS) solutions, provides the first ever‐published measure of the affinity of CB with ILs. Most importantly, we found that there is a very good correlation between the nature of the results found for ΔmixH(CB) and the solubility behavior of cellulose. This correlation suggests that ΔmixH(CB) offers a good estimate of the enthalpy of dissolution of cellulose even in solvents in which cellulose is insoluble. Therefore, the current findings open up new horizons for unravelling the intricacies of the thermodynamic factors accounting for the spontaneity of cellulose dissolution in ILs or IL/MS solutions.
Development of Automotive LIDAR
Authors: NICLASS CRISTIANO , INOUE DAISUKE , MATSUBARA HIROYUKI , ICHIKAWA TADASHI , SOGA MINEKI
Published: April 2015

We are developing light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensing technology based on both CMOS single‐photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) and scanning systems and on an optical fiber preamplifier. CMOS SPADs are highly sensitive detectors that can detect single photons and can form dense pixel arrays. LIDAR based on an optical preamplifier has a thumb‐sized small sensor head.
Chronic Co‐Variation of Neural Network Configuration and Activity in Mature Dissociated Cultures
Authors: OKAWA SATORU , MITA TAKESHI , BAKKUM DOUGLAS , FREY URS , HIERLEMANN ANDREAS , KANZAKI RYOHEI , TAKAHASHI HIROKAZU
Published: April 2015

Spatiotemporal neural patterns depend on the physical structure of neural circuits. Neural plasticity can thus be associated with changes in the circuit structure. For example, newborn neurons migrate toward existing, already matured, neural networks in order to participate in neural computation. In the present study, we have conducted two experiments to investigate how neural migration is associated with the development of neural activity in primary dissociated cultures of neuronal cells. In Experiment 1, using a mature culture, a high‐density CMOS microelectrode array was used to continuously monitor neural migration and activity for more than two weeks. Consequently, we found that even in mature neuronal cultures neurons moved 2.0 ± 1.0 μm a day and that the moving distance was negatively correlated with their firing rate, suggesting that neurons featuring low firing rates tend to migrate actively. In Experiment 2 using a co‐culture of mature and immature neurons, we found that immature neurons moved more actively than matured neurons to achieve functional connections to other neurons. These findings suggest that neurons with low firing rates as well as newborn neurons actively migrate in order to establish their connections and function in a neuronal network.
Facile Rearrangement of a Bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene)borate Chelate Ligand and Access to [:GeX]+ Complexes (X = H, Cl)
Authors: Xiong Yun , Yao Shenglai , Szilvási Tibor , Driess Matthias
Published: April 2015

The unexpected isomerization of the potassium bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene)borate [BPh2(tBuNHC)2]K (2′) (tBuNHC = 3‐tert‐butylimidazole‐2‐ylidene) in toluene, affording the unique potassium imidazolyl–NHC–borate [BPh2(tBuIm)(tBuNHC)]K (2) (tBuIm = 3‐tert‐butyl‐2‐imidazolyl), is reported. The latter crystallizes as the centrosymmetric dimer 22. According to the results of DFT calculations, the rearrangement of 2′ is basically triggered by the solvation of the K+ ion: while 2′ is most stable in THF solutions, the formation of 2 is feasible in least coordinating toluene and drastically favored through dimerization to give 22. The latter reacts with GeCl2·dioxane to form solely the unprecedented chlorogermyliumylideneborate [BPh2(tBuIm)(tBuNHC)]GeCl (3). Treatment of 3 with KHB(sBu)3 furnishes the corresponding hydridogermyliumylideneborate complex [BPh2(tBuIm)(tBuNHC)]GeH (4) in 66 % yield.
Comparative Study of the Reactivity of Zirconium(IV)‐Substituted Polyoxometalates towards the Hydrolysis of Oligopeptides
Authors: Ly Hong Giang T. , Absillis Gregory , Parac‐Vogt Tatjana N.
Published: April 2015

The hydrolytic activity of the ZrIV‐substituted Keggin‐type (Et2NH2)8[{α‐PW11O39Zr‐(μ‐OH)(H2O)}2]·7H2O (1), Lindqvist‐type (Me4N)2[W5O18Zr(H2O)3] (2), and Wells–Dawson‐type Na14[Zr4(P2W16O59)2(μ3‐O)2(OH)2(H2O)4]·57H2O (3) polyoxometalates (POMs) towards the peptide bonds in the oligopeptides triglycine, tetraglycine, glycylglycylhistidine, and glycylserylphenylalanine was investigated by kinetic methods and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. 31P NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy showed that 1–3 were stable under the conditions used to study peptide bond hydrolysis. The reactivity of 1–3 towards oligopeptides was compared on the basis of the amount of free glycine produced at a certain time increment. In the presence of 1–3, rate constants in the range 6.25 × 10–7 to 10.14 × 10–7 s–1 were obtained, whereas no hydrolysis was observed after one month in the absence of these POMs. The results showed that the Keggin‐type complex 1 was the most active towards peptide bond hydrolysis in tri‐ and tetrapeptides. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy showed that triglycine, tetraglycine, and glycylserylphenylalanine interact with 1 and 2 preferentially through the amine nitrogen atom and the N‐terminal amide oxygen atom to activate the peptide bond towards hydrolysis. The coordination of glycylglycylhistidine resulted in multiple complexes with 1–3 as a result of additional imidazole coordination to the ZrIV centers.
Urea Azines (Bisguanidines): Electronic Structure, Redox Properties, and Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Herrmann Hendrik , Reinmuth Matthias , Wiesner Sven , Hübner Olaf , Kaifer Elisabeth , Wadepohl Hubert , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: April 2015

Urea azines are a largely neglected class of compounds. We show herein that they can easily be synthesized and sublimed at higher temperatures (90–100 °C) without decomposition. Our discussion includes the derivatives N,N′‐diisopropylurea azine (2), tetramethylurea azine (3), and N,N′‐dimethylethyleneurea azine (4) as examples. Vibrational spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations were used to study their electronic structure in detail. A clear trend in the calculated decomposition to N2 and carbene is found, but the analysis reveals that this trend reflects the stability of the carbene decomposition product rather than changes in the electronic structure of the urea azines. Using cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements we show that the urea azines are strong organic electron donors, which can be oxidized reversibly in two well‐separated one‐electron steps. The radical salt 4(TCNQ), featuring radical monocations and radical monoanions, which form mixed stacks in the solid state, was prepared by reaction of neutral 4 with tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). Oxidation of 4 with silver salts Ag+X– (X = BF4 or PF6) was accompanied by dehydrogenation, leading to intensively red‐brown colored radical azoimidazolium dyes. Furthermore, urea azines were used as chelating ligands. In the case of 2, coordination to late transition metals initiates tautomerization. Reaction of 2 with boron hydrides leads to hydrogen elimination and formation of new B,N bi‐heterocyclic ring structures.
Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Pyranonaphthoquinone‐Fused Spirooxindoles through Organocatalytic Three‐Component Cascade Reactions
Authors: Zhao Hong‐Wu , Li Bo , Tian Ting , Meng Wei , Yang Zhao , Song Xiu‐Qing , Chen Xiao‐Qin , Pang Hai‐Liang
Published: April 2015

In the presence of cinchona‐thiourea organocatalyst C1, the developed organocatalytic three‐component cascade reaction of isatins, malononitrile, and 2‐hydroxynaphthalene‐1,4‐diones readily proceeded to furnish chiral pyranonaphthoquinone‐fused spirooxindoles in excellent chemical yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 99 % yield and 97 % ee). The absolute configurations of the spirooxindoles were assigned on the basis of an X‐ray single crystal structure. Moreover, a reaction mechanism is proposed that accounts for the stereocontrolled formation of the chiral spirooxindoles,.
Evaluating aquatic invertebrate vulnerability to insecticides based on intrinsic sensitivity, biological traits, and toxic mode of action
Authors: Rico Andreu , Van den Brink Paul J.
Published: April 2015

In the present study, the authors evaluated the vulnerability of aquatic invertebrates to insecticides based on their intrinsic sensitivity and their population-level recovery potential. The relative sensitivity of invertebrates to 5 different classes of insecticides was calculated at the genus, family, and order levels using the acute toxicity data available in the US Environmental Protection Agency ECOTOX database. Biological trait information was linked to the calculated relative sensitivity to evaluate correlations between traits and sensitivity and to calculate a vulnerability index, which combines intrinsic sensitivity and traits describing the recovery potential of populations partially exposed to insecticides (e.g., voltinism, flying strength, occurrence in drift). The analysis shows that the relative sensitivity of arthropods depends on the insecticide mode of action. Traits such as degree of sclerotization, size, and respiration type showed good correlation to sensitivity and can be used to make predictions for invertebrate taxa without a priori sensitivity knowledge. The vulnerability analysis revealed that some of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa were vulnerable to all insecticide classes and indicated that particular gastropod and bivalve species were potentially vulnerable. Microcrustaceans (e.g., daphnids, copepods) showed low potential vulnerability, particularly in lentic ecosystems. The methods described in the present study can be used for the selection of focal species to be included as part of ecological scenarios and higher tier risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1907–1917. © 2015 SETAC
Efficacy of maternal tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in interrupting mother‐to‐infant transmission of hepatitis B virus
Authors: Chen Huey‐Ling , Lee Chien‐Nan , Chang Chin‐Hao , Ni Yen‐Hsuan , Shyu Ming‐Kwang , Chen Shih‐Ming , Hu Jen‐Jan , Lin Hans Hsienhong , Zhao Lu‐Lu , Mu Shu‐Chi , Lai Ming‐Wei , Lee Chyi‐Long , Lin Hsien‐Ming , Tsai Ming‐Song , Hsu Jenn‐Jeih , Chen Ding‐Shinn , Chan K. Arnold , Chang Mei‐Hwei ,   Taiwan Study Group for the Prevention of Mother‐to‐Infant Transmission of HBV (PreMIT Study)
Published: April 2015

The efficacy and safety of maternal tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in reducing mother‐to‐infant hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmissions is not clearly understood. We conducted a prospective, multicenter trial and enrolled 118 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)– and hepatitis B e antigen–positive pregnant women with HBV DNA ≥7.5 log10 IU/mL. The mothers received no medication (control group, n = 56, HBV DNA 8.22 ± 0.39 log10 IU/mL) or TDF 300 mg daily (TDF group, n = 62, HBV DNA 8.18 ± 0.47 log10 IU/mL) from 30‐32 weeks of gestation until 1 month postpartum. Primary outcome was infant HBsAg at 6 months old. At delivery, the TDF group had lower maternal HBV DNA levels (4.29 ± 0.93 versus 8.10 ± 0.56 log10 IU/mL, P < 0.0001). Of the 121/123 newborns, the TDF group had lower rates of HBV DNA positivity at birth (6.15% versus 31.48%, P = 0.0003) and HBsAg positivity at 6 months old (1.54% versus 10.71%, P = 0.0481). Multivariate analysis revealed that the TDF group had lower risk (odds ratio = 0.10, P = 0.0434) and amniocentesis was associated with higher risk (odds ratio 6.82, P = 0.0220) of infant HBsAg positivity. The TDF group had less incidence of maternal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels above two times the upper limit of normal for ≥3 months (3.23% versus 14.29%, P = 0.0455), a lesser extent of postpartum elevations of ALT (P = 0.007), and a lower rate of ALT over five times the upper limit of normal (1.64% versus 14.29%, P = 0.0135) at 2 months postpartum. Maternal creatinine and creatinine kinase levels, rates of congenital anomaly, premature birth, and growth parameters in infants were comparable in both groups. At 12 months, one TDF‐group child newly developed HBsAg positivity, presumably due to postnatal infection and inefficient humoral responses to vaccines. Conclusions: Treatment with TDF for highly viremic mothers decreased infant HBV DNA at birth and infant HBsAg positivity at 6 months and ameliorated maternal ALT elevations. (Hepatology 2015;62:375–386
Lipooligosaccharides from Mycobacteria: Structure, Function, and Synthesis
Authors: Bai Bing , Chu Chun‐jui , Lowary Todd L.
Published: April 2015

Mycobacteria produce a number of ‘extractable glycolipids’, which are present at the outer periphery of their cell wall structure. These molecules are believed to play important roles in mycobacteriahost interactions, although for many of these species the manner in which they mediate biological events is poorly understood. We summarize here the structures of one class of these molecules (lipooligosaccharides), highlight briefly their biological role, and discuss synthetic work done to access this complex and diverse group of bacterial glycolipids.