bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sudan, Anthropology in
Authors: Assal Munzoul A. M.
Published: September 2018

In October 2008 the Department of Anthropology of the University of Khartoum celebrated its golden jubilee. It owed its establishment and development to foreign anthropologists who taught and led research during its formative years, including Wendy James, Ahmed Al‐Shahi, Gunnar Haaland, Gunnar Sørbø, and Jay O'Brien. Ian Cunnison, and Fredrik Barth. British, American, and Norwegian anthropologists played key roles in the development of anthropology in Sudan and directed the course of the discipline in the country. Sudan holds a prestigious position in world anthropology as a result of the influential contributions of E. E. Evans‐Pritchard, Charles G. Seligman, and Barth. This entry is an account of anthropology in Sudan and how it developed. It gives a chronology of the discipline in Sudan, describes the evolution of the department, and explores the themes covered by anthropologists who did their research in Sudan.
Dreams and Dreaming
Authors: Tedlock Barbara
Published: September 2018

Dreams are subjective experiences consisting of thoughts, emotions, and hallucinations. They occur periodically during the three main stages of human consciousness: waking, dreaming, and sleeping. Constituting an imaginal rather than a strictly empirical or conceptual discourse, dreams have long been useful as vehicles for the discovery of key insights into human lives.
Feminism and Anthropology
Authors: Morgain Rachel
Published: September 2018

Many pioneers in feminist anthropology were among the United States' cultural anthropologists from the early 1920s. Most notable among these was Margaret Mead, whose cross‐cultural writings on gender and sexual roles influenced later movements for women's liberation. By the 1970s, feminists had begun to question what they saw as the marginalization of women's lives and concerns from traditional ethnographies. A key debate at this time concerned the status of women and, in particular, whether or not certain societies could be described as “egalitarian.” Later writers largely concluded that the terms of these debates, including concepts such as status, dominance, and even “man” and “woman” were difficult or impossible to understand in cross‐culturally meaningful ways. Subsequently, attention has turned from the study of women in anthropology to cross‐cultural studies of gender regimes, including issues of colonialism, postcolonialism, race, and representation.
Language and Anthropology
Authors: Street Brian
Published: September 2018

This entry briefly reviews the various strands of development in this field over the years, in particular in the United Kingdom and United States. While the term “linguistic anthropology” will be familiar to many readers in the United States, the Royal Anthropological Institute in the United Kingdom has recently established a specialist committee, named “Language and Anthropology,” partly in an attempt to oversee the diverse range of topics included in this field without necessarily privileging any one of them. While in the United States, then, there has been emphasis on the linguistic aspect of anthropology, in the United Kingdom various terms have been deployed, including “language and anthropology” but also terms such as “sociolinguistics,” to indicate a broader social perspective. In attempting to unpack some of these terms and signal their particular histories in the discipline, this entry traces some of the key work in both countries.
Diplomacy and International Relations
Authors: Brown Keith
Published: September 2018

The increase in power and assertiveness in US foreign policy in the second half of the twentieth century had an enormous impact on the practice of diplomacy as well as on the hierarchies of knowledge production in the social sciences. As American political scientists embraced “realism,” anthropologists either were relegated to the role of information gatherers or withdrew from engagement with the security state on principled grounds, especially as covert and direct US engagement in Latin America and Southeast Asia escalated. More recently, debates over theory, methods, and ethics in diplomatic and social–scientific circles have challenged conventional wisdom, opening space for productive reengagement by anthropologists. Recent works that have been built around ethnographic research on the policy process and that employ theoretical perspectives on networks, relatedness, and expertise provide templates for a wider disciplinary commitment to reenergize interdisciplinary conversations on pressing global issues.
Fieldwork, Processing the Experience: The Work of the Mind
Authors: Macfarlane Alan
Published: September 2018

Social anthropology is unique as a discipline because the anthropologist's own body, personality, and mind become the main research tools. The anthropologist becomes a musical instrument upon which culture and people play. This requires a double process. There is the distancing from one's own culture and absorption into another in the physical fieldwork. Then there is a “second fieldwork” done within the mind of the anthropologist. This may start “in the field,” but it mainly occurs on the return, away from the physical presence of the object of study, where the chaos of confused images and sensations can be more calmly ordered. If poetry is “emotion recollected in tranquillity,” as Wordsworth said, anthropology has something of a similar quality. Both of these two processes, the gathering and the imaginative reconstruction, are equally important, but the mental journeys that occur in the “writing‐up” period are less often discussed by anthropologists.
Patriarchy and Male Dominance
Authors: Dougé‐Prosper Mamyrah
Published: September 2018

Patriarchy is a gendered structure in which the most powerful men of society impose their will on others. Patriarchy is linked to other axes of oppression to produce scattered experiences of power and inequality for different men and women in distinct national contexts. Masculine hegemons codify patriarchy in legal systems that underpin culture‐making institutions such as the family, schools, religion, the media, the medical establishment, and the workplace. Male dominance shapes and orders lives and bodies. As such, women and men who do not neatly fit into the heterosexual gender binary are rejected and “corrected” through physical, structural, and institutional violence.
Indigenous Peoples and Higher Education
Authors: Mato Daniel
Published: September 2018

The topic of indigenous peoples and higher education encompasses an increasingly important field of experiences associated with the struggles of indigenous peoples and human rights movements around the world. It involves the institutional practices of universities and other institutions of higher education worldwide, as well as governmental and intergovernmental agencies, nongovernmental organizations, private foundations, and sectors of various churches. Experiences in this field take place through a wide variety of institutional arrangements that involve the participation of community leaders, indigenous and nonindigenous students, educators, researchers, and university officers. These include affirmative action programs, special degree programs at conventional universities, alliances between universities and indigenous peoples' organizations, state‐established intercultural universities, and colleges and universities founded by indigenous peoples. The development of these experiences—their achievements, challenges, and conflicts—constitutes significant areas of research and conceptual debates in anthropology, education, and interdisciplinary studies, among others.
Weber,Max (1864–1920)
Authors: Laiz Alvaro Morcillo , Weisz Eduardo
Published: September 2018

The biography of Weber, born into a cosmopolitan family with some deeply religious members, may have inspired his main thesis: that Protestantism influenced the rise of “modern capitalism,” a Western development of worldwide significance. In his attempt to identify the impact of religion on economic life, Weber analyzed the religiously rooted life‐conduct (Lebensführung) of socially relevant groups in various civilizations, emphasizing the economic consequences of religious behavior. According to him, the members of certain Protestant sects experienced an incentive toward a rational, restrained attitude that favored economic success through work in a calling (Beruf) that was blessed by God. A comparison of religious ethics in major civilizations showed that rational prophecies are crucial in people's ability to break away from magical beliefs, because they frequently lead to regulations that believers observe in order to reach salvation. Weber's explanation was that individuals resort to religious thinking to rationalize injustice and suffering. He opened up several paths for contemporary social thinkers concerned with the paradoxes of rationalization in modern, capitalist societies.
Gay, Lesbian, and Queer Sexuality
Authors: Mason Jessica
Published: September 2018

Anthropological studies of gay, lesbian, and queer sexuality examine its social meanings and functions; political conflicts and movements related to sexuality; the complex relationship between sexuality, gender, and identity; sexual violence and coercion; the effects of globalization; and associated health and medical practices, especially with respect to HIV/AIDS. Ethnographic research has documented the social acceptance of nonbinary gender roles and non‐hetero sexualities in numerous societies, challenging the idea that homosexuality and transgender identities are deviant or pathological and contributing to political movements for LGBTQ rights in many countries. While in Euro‐American societies, sexuality is commonly assumed to be an essential part of identity derived from the gender of one's desired partner, ethnographic evidence shows that people do not universally regard sexual behavior or desire as related to identity or believe that the gender of one's desired sexual partner(s) determines one's sexuality.
Virtual Worlds
Authors: Atkins Michael John
Published: September 2018

A virtual world is a custom‐built computer‐based environment that allows multiple people, or “users,” to interact with one another. The design of virtual worlds varies considerably from text‐based forums to rendered combinations of text and both two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional graphics and sound. Virtual worlds are created for a wide range and mixture of purposes including entertainment, commerce, community building, and education. They are distinguished by anthropologists from other computer‐based systems by their interactivity and persistence beyond any one individual's engagement with them.
Griaule,Marcel (1898–1956)
Authors: Gauthier Nadine Wanono
Published: September 2018

The French ethnographer Marcel Griaule is a founding figure in the field of ethnology. He was the first professor of the newly created chair of anthropology at University Paris La Sorbonne, France. During the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, he undertook fieldwork in Ethiopia, the “Sahara‐Soudan,” the “Sahara‐Cameroun,” “Niger‐Lac Iro,” and Mali.
Color
Authors: Young Diana
Published: September 2018

Although colors are central to our cultural and social interactions with the world, color is a topic that has more often been pushed to the periphery of anthropological study. This entry outlines an anthropology of colors by tracing approaches to color, from interests in perception, linguistics, color naming, evolutionary theories, and semiotics through to the more recent resurgence in material culture studies and the sensorial turn in anthropology since the 1990s. Works since the mid‐2000s have attempted to overcome prior challenges posed by considering color as a fixed single hue by instead examining what colors do through their transformation and their relations with other colors, properties, things, and people. This focus has opened up new possibilities—for example, considering how indigenous peoples have resocialized their worlds by using colors in novel ways following experiences of colonialism. A renewed interest in light and the increasing experience of colors as mediated through digital screens indicate future directions for anthropological investigations of colors.
Indigenous and Local Knowledge and Science: From Validation to Knowledge Coproduction
Authors: Roue Marie , Nakashima Douglas
Published: September 2018

When considering the relationship between science and local knowledge, the issue of validation inevitably arises. Today, this concern, which has been addressed differently in different contexts and at different times, is as present as ever in the context of, for example, assessments by the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services or the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Even though everyone proclaims their respect for these “other” knowledge systems, they nevertheless remain a subject of heated debate. Will the natural sciences continue in their historical role as the only legitimate means of apprehending “reality”? If science sets the norm, then is it legitimate that it validates all other sources of knowledge? Or is scientific validation inevitably top down and a product of asymmetrical relations of power? This entry examines various forms of validation and proposes that coproduction of knowledge may provide one way out of the validation dilemma.
Religion and Politics
Authors: Bandak Andreas
Published: September 2018

Religion and politics provide an interesting juxtaposition. On one level, both may initially come across as rather self‐evident categories, with religion dealing with human perceptions and what people hold as sacred and politics addressing the control and governance of fellow human beings. Nonetheless, such a simple opposition should be only a starting point for an interrogation of both terms and how they have come to look and function as empirical and analytical categories. Focusing on the ways in which religion is played out in relation to politics reveals different historical and cultural constellations and positions, which can be highlighted as variations of religion
as
politics, religion
in
politics, religion
outside
politics, and religion
not
politics.
Leisure and Recreation, Anthropological Study of
Authors: Chick Garry
Published: September 2018

Leisure is a cultural universal generally regarded as time or activities that individuals engage in free from obligation. Free time and free‐time activities, such as play, games, sport, festivals, visiting family or friends, hobbies, resting, or simple idleness, have attracted relatively little anthropological attention but may be important in culture change and evolution and may have adaptive consequences for individuals and groups. Like the rest of culture, the forms of leisure have evolved over time and, in recent years, have undergone revolutionary changes based on technological development, primarily driven by the internet and mobile technologies.
Social Cohesion
Authors: Taylor Jacob , Davis Arran
Published: September 2018

Since the inception of the discipline of anthropology, social cohesion—understood here as the proximity, coordination, and stability of relationships between members of a group—has been a primary focus of scholarly attention. Only recently, however, have anthropologists begun to use an interdisciplinary, scientific approach to provide an empirical basis for long‐standing theories on social cohesion. This work has focused on understanding how the emergence of cultural norms and institutions has interacted with human adaptations for social bonding in bringing about and sustaining social cohesion in human groups.
Multimodality
Authors: Collins Samuel Gerald , Durington Matthew Slover
Published: September 2018

Multimodality describes anthropological research through different media and along different platforms, including social media. Although anthropological work has involved multimodal forms from the beginnings of the discipline, multimodality has typically been pushed to the margins, with anthropologists achieving academic success only to the extent that they were able to produce academic monographs and journal articles in addition to their multimodal work. Accordingly, multimodality develops critical themes that emerge from classic debates in anthropological research, including an emphasis on process, the development of multimedia, the questioning of the canon and the formation of undergraduate and graduate education in anthropology. Through these debates, multimodal anthropology has emerged as a locus of engagement that includes blogs and social media, simulation and gaming, design, multisensorial orientations, and a restructuring of visual research. In addition, the future promises to bring new forms of engagement through multiple media and platforms.
F
ernandes,
F
lorestan (1920–95)
Authors: Laraia Roque De Barros
Published: September 2018

Florestan Fernandes was a Brazilian anthropologist and sociologist who was responsible for the training of a new generation of social scientists in São Paulo. He was exiled by the Brazilian military dictatorship of 1964–85. After his return to Brazil, he was elected twice as a congressman. His works on the Tupinambá Indians and on racial relations are landmarks of Brazilian anthropological and sociological thought.
Materiality
Authors: Gygi Fabio R.
Published: September 2018

The term “materiality” has been used since the 1980s in the humanities and social sciences as a critical concept to address what was perceived as an excessive emphasis on meaning, discourse, and human agency. Materiality points to the ways in which matter can be conceived of as more than just a passive surface into which cultural meanings are inscribed. It illuminates how humans are both enabled and constrained by their material environments and how the immaterial—intentions, divinities, and ideas—can become active constituents of life worlds through materialization. The first part of the entry sketches some of the philosophical background of materiality; the second part focuses on the notion of mind in matter. The third part looks at debates on objectification and enmeshment and the entry concludes with recent developments in material feminism and new materialisms.
Postcolonialism
Authors: Mellino Miguel
Published: September 2018

Since the mid‐1980s the term “postcolonial” has become a well‐known key signifier in analysis of cultural and political representations of dominance and subalternity in contemporary societies. It was in the wake of the success of this term that from the early 1990s an impressive field of studies, from transversal to traditional disciplines, entered the archives of Western knowledge, at first in the Anglo‐American world but later worldwide: postcolonial studies, or postcolonial critique.
CIPA
/Internet Filtering
Authors: Harris Frances Jacobson
Published: September 2018

The Children's Internet Protection Act of 2000 (CIPA) requires US schools and public libraries that are recipients of federal government Internet E‐rate funding to install a “technology protection measure” (filtering software) that “blocks or filters Internet access to visual depictions that are (1) obscene; (2) child pornography; or (3) harmful to minors.” In practice, the effectiveness of filtering technology has proven problematic and implementation of the technology typically overreaches the requirements of the law by blocking a much wider range of information and media than the three categories of visual depiction. This reduced access inhibits students' ability to assess the credibility of online media and information as well as educators' efforts to deliver information and media literacy education. It also raises concerns among librarians regarding issues of censorship and intellectual freedom.
Teaching about Media Violence
Authors: Scharrer Erica
Published: September 2018

The topic of violence in the media has fueled considerable public and scholarly controversy and concern and has inspired decades of social science research. Those who conduct research on teaching about media violence through media literacy education tend to take up the position of intervention, with studies that test whether such instruction can bolster critical attitudes and orientations toward media violence and perhaps make negative media violence effects less likely to occur. There is mixed evidence for some of these outcomes and general indication of complexity in student responses to teaching about media violence.
Financing the Expanded Field: Adding Value Through Innovative Practice
Authors: Bose Shumi
Published: September 2018

Is the architect's role primarily creative, commercial or service based? And what economic opportunities can be opened up by embracing more than one of these categories? London‐based teacher, curator and editor Shumi Bose looks at the multiple different ways qualified architects can earn a living in these financially challenging times. Highlighting examples from theory and practice on both sides of the Atlantic, she examines the options – from entrepreneurship to academia and from specialisation to diversification – and explores how some practitioners are making the most of new media and modes of collaboration.
High Thermal Conductivity in Isotopically Enriched Cubic Boron Phosphide
Authors: Zheng Qiye , Li Sheng , Li Chunhua , Lv Yinchuan , Liu Xiaoyuan , Huang Pinshane Y. , Broido David A. , Lv Bing , Cahill David G.
Published: September 2018

Zinc blende boron arsenide (BAs), boron phosphide (BP), and boron nitride (BN) have attracted significant interest in recent years due to their high thermal conductivity (Λ) predicted by first‐principles calculations. This research reports the study of the temperature dependence of Λ (120 K < T < 600 K) for natural isotope‐abundance BP and isotopically enriched 11BP crystals grown from modified flux reactions. Time‐domain thermoreflectance is used to measure Λ of sub‐millimeter‐sized crystals. At room temperature, Λ for BP and 11BP is 490 and 540 W m−1 K−1, respectively, surpassing the values of conventional high Λ materials such as Ag, Cu, BeO, and SiC. The Λ of BP is smaller than only cubic BN, diamond, graphite, and BAs among single‐phase materials. The measured Λ for BP and 11BP is in good agreement with the first‐principles calculations above 250 K. The quality of the crystals is verified by Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. By combining the first‐principles calculations and Raman measurements, a previously misinterpreted Raman mode is reassigned. Thus, BP is a promising material not only for heat spreader applications in high‐power microelectronic devices but also as an electronic material for use in harsh environments.
Recent Advances of Optical Imaging in the Second Near‐Infrared Window
Authors: Kenry  , Duan Yukun , Liu Bin
Published: September 2018

The near‐infrared window between 1000 and 1700 nm, commonly termed the “second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window,” has quickly emerged as a highly attractive optical region for biological imaging. In contrast to conventional imaging in the visible region between 400 and 700 nm, as well as in the first NIR (NIR‐I) window between 700 and 900 nm, NIR‐II biological imaging offers numerous merits, including higher spatial resolution, deeper penetration depth, and lower optical absorption and scattering from biological substrates with minimal tissue autofluorescence. Noninvasive imaging techniques, specifically NIR‐II fluorescence and photoacoustic (PA) imaging, have embodied the attractiveness of NIR‐II optical imaging, with several NIR‐II contrast agents demonstrating superior performance to the clinically approved NIR‐I agents. Consequently, NIR‐II biological imaging has been increasingly explored due to its tremendous potential for preclinical studies and clinical utility. Herein, the progress of optical imaging in the NIR‐II window is reported. Starting with highlighting the importance of biological imaging in the NIR‐II spectral region, the emergence and latest development of various NIR‐II fluorescence and PA imaging probes and their applications are then discussed. Perspectives on the promises and challenges facing this nascent yet exciting field are then given.
Highly Luminescent Quantum Dots in Remote‐Type Liquid‐Phase Color Converters for White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Le Thanh‐Hai , Choi Yunseok , Han Hyunwoo , Noh Seonmyeong , Park Chul Soon , Kim Semin , Chae Subin , Kim Ha Jun , Im Won Bin , Ha Tai Hwan , Kwon Oh Seok , Yoon Hyeonseok
Published: September 2018

Quantum dots (QDs) can be integrated into a solid‐phase color converter (SCC) for white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs). However, the development of QD‐based SCCs is prevented by the limitations of the QDs themselves, nonuniform dispersion or aggregation of the QDs, and heat accumulation by low thermal conductivity of the solid matrix. Herein, the development of new high‐quality CdZnSeS/ZnS QDs in a one spot synthesis is reported that have high photoluminescence quantum yield (up to 100% for green wavelengths), narrow emission spectra (full width at half maximum < 27.3 nm), and good color tunability in the green region, 496–586 nm. Seven different color QDs are used to fabricate liquid‐phase color converters (LCCs) for application in WLEDs with a remote configuration. The best LCC‐based WLEDs show not only intense bright day white light (correlated color temperature = 6029 K) with a maximum luminous efficacy of 222.7 lm W−1, but also excellent color quality (color rendering index = 95.1, as well as R9 = 94.4, and R13 = 97.1), which is very important in medical diagnostic lighting, dressing and display room lighting, painting and accent lighting. These results indicate remarkable progress both in the synthesis of high‐quality QDs and in the development of WLEDs for high‐performance commercial lighting devices.
Direct Writing of Additive‐Free MXene‐in‐Water Ink for Electronics and Energy Storage
Authors: Quain Evan , Mathis Tyler S. , Kurra Narendra , Maleski Kathleen , Van Aken Katherine L. , Alhabeb Mohamed , Alshareef Husam N. , Gogotsi Yury
Published: September 2018

Additive‐free, single step formulations of MXene‐in‐water inks are developed from clay‐like titanium carbide (Ti3C2) sediments. Solution‐processable Ti3C2 inks are compatible with stamping, printing, painting, and writing on a variety of substrates. Specifically, MXene‐in‐water inks at higher concentrations of 30 mg mL−1 are employed in commercially available pens for dispensing and patterning 2D MXene directly. These MXene pens are employed either manually or automatically using an AxiDraw, enabling direct‐writing and complex patterning of functional MXene devices. Versatile MXene pens show compatible writing on a variety of substrates, including paper and polymers, where the deposited ink is used as a passive circuit, similar to silver and copper nanoparticle inks. Written MXene lines without additional post‐treatment exhibit length dependent resistance, showing typical resistivity values between carbon based and metal nanoparticle inks. Current collector‐free fabrication of MXene micro‐supercapacitors is demonstrated on unconventional platforms including paper, textiles, and curved surfaces directly.
Iron and Cobalt Metallotropism in Remote‐Substituted NHC Ligands: Metalation to Abnormal NHC Complexes or NHC Ring Opening
Authors: Danopoulos Andreas A. , Massard Alexandre , Frison Gilles , Braunstein Pierre
Published: September 2018

Metallotropism of the M[N(SiMe3)2]2 metal fragment in the tautomeric system IAR⇌ACR involving imidazolium salts/N‐heterocyclic carbenes with remote aminide/amine substituents, respectively, is manifested by its CNHC carbophilicity (R=tBu, M=Co, Fe) or NRaminido nitrogenophilicity (R=Cy, M=Co, Fe; R=Mes, M=Fe) and has been rationalized on the basis of steric and electronic effects. The thermolysis products of the [M{N(SiMe3)2}2]/ IAR⇌ACR system are also substituent‐dependent, leading to a rearranged aminide‐functionalized aNHC Co2 complex of an unprecedented type or to ring‐opened metallaketenimines; they are postulated to originate from different metalloisomers. The results are interpreted on the basis of the X‐ray diffraction analysis of 11 new compounds.
A matter of time: The necessity of temporal language in research on health conditions that present with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Rubenstein Eric , Bishop‐Fitzpatrick Lauren
Published: September 2018

Relatively consistent findings from recent studies using population‐level data identify heightened physical and psychiatric morbidity in autistic people compared to the general population. Health problems that commonly present with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are generally discussed in the literature as “co‐occurring” or “comorbid” regardless of their known or hypothesized causal mechanisms. In this commentary, we introduce a new temporally focused terminology to describe health conditions that present with ASD. Emphasizing the temporal development of health conditions in research will help the field understand whether conditions are (1) “truly co‐occurring” (share an etiologic origin with ASD in utero and are a defining characteristic of a subphenotype), (2) “resulting” (caused by ASD related disparity or the health effect of behaviors developed to cope with ASD symptoms), or (3) “associated” (conditions more common in individuals with ASD with etiology not yet known or hypothesized, or an artifact of diagnostic process or trends). Whether a health condition is “truly co‐occurring”, “resulting”, or “associated” has implications for how we design interventions to prevent and treat health conditions in people on the autism spectrum. Ultimately, we think that using clear and temporally focused language can set us on a path to better deduce etiology and develop effective prevention and intervention efforts for health conditions that impact the lives of autistic individuals. We hope that this approach to temporal language to describe health conditions that present with ASD promotes thought and discussion in research, advocate, and autistic communities. Autism Research 2019, 12: 20–25. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Research finds autistic people have more health problems than the general population but we do not understand why. In this commentary, we argue researchers need to use language describing the timing of health problems in autistic people, specifying whether problems truly co‐occur (share a cause), result from autism‐related disparities, or are more common in autistic people for an unknown reason. Clarifying language can provide more specificity in research and improve efforts to prevent and treat health problems in autistic people.
Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy study of the neural correlates between auditory environments and intellectual work performance
Authors: Hiwa Satoru , Katayama Tomoka , Hiroyasu Tomoyuki
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Many people spend a considerable amount of time performing intellectual activities within auditory environments that affect work efficiency. To investigate auditory environments that improve working efficiency, we investigated the relationship between brain activity and performance of the number memory task in environments with and without white noise using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).

Methods

Twenty‐nine healthy subjects (aged 21.9 ± 1.4 years) performed the number memory task in both the white noise and silent environments. Cerebral blood flow changes during the task were measured using an ETG‐7100 fNIRS system (Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The psychological states of the subjects were also estimated by subjective ratings of the pleasantness of the auditory environment. Then, they were divided into three groups based on their task scores. The differences in the cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes, functional connection strength, and the subjects’ feelings of pleasantness to the noise between the subject groups were analyzed and discussed.

Results

The first group felt that the white noise was pleasant, which strengthened the bilateral functional connections between the brain regions related to the memory task. Therefore, the subjects’ task performance improved in the white noise environment. Although the second group felt that the white noise was uncomfortable, the frontal regions related to attention control were more activated in the white noise environment to sustain the task performance in the noisy environment. The third group felt that the white noise was unpleasant, and their CBF decreased in that environment, which was associated with deteriorated task performance.

Conclusions

Task performance was closely related to the subjects’ feelings of pleasantness to the noise. The results of the analysis of the CBF changes and functional connectivity suggested that the effects of the white noise on brain activity differed among the three groups.
Treatment options of complicated urinary tract infections in ectopic kidneys: A case report
Authors: Triantafyllou Spyridon , Aggelis Stavros , Tzavelas Dimitrios , Kontoteza Ifigeneia‐Vasiliki , Skandalakis Panagiotis , Filippou Dimitrios
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

Renal ectopia is a relatively rare situation which may complicate the diagnosis. In cases with renal ectopia, the normal route of the urinary tract alters and may be associated with increased incidence of infections or coexist with other malformations. We report a female patient with unobstructed pelvic renal ectopia complicated by urinary tract infection. After presenting our diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas and strategy, we discuss the existing diagnostic and treating options including conservative and surgical approaches.
Combined endodontic and periodontal management of a class 3 invasive cervical resorption in a mandibular first molar
Authors: Nagahara Takayoshi , Takeda Katsuhiro , Aida Yusuke , Iwata Tomoyuki , Yagi Ryoichi , Kurihara Hidemi , Shiba Hideki
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

Dental radiography and cone‐beam computed tomography revealed the left mandibular first molar in a 68‐year‐old female patient with Heithersay Class 3 invasive cervical resorption (ICR). The inhibition of ICR progression and environmental improvement in and around the affected tooth through combined endodontic and periodontal treatments led to a favorable clinical outcome.
Carbon‐Based Dual‐Ion Battery with Enhanced Capacity and Cycling Stability
Authors: Yang He , Shi Xiaoyuan , Deng Ting , Qin Tingting , Sui Lu , Feng Ming , Chen Hong , Zhang Wei , Zheng Weitao
Published: September 2018

A high cycling stability of dual‐ion batteries is greatly challenging, as the size required for inserting anions matches only insufficiently with the interlayer spacing of graphite which is often used as positive electrode. Herein, an activated expanded graphite (AEG) electrode is successfully prepared via KOH treatment. The loose structure of AEG accommodates the volume expansion caused by anion intercalation, and the large specific surface area facilitates the immersion of electrolyte ions to afford more energy density. Thus, the cycling stability is largely enhanced without losing capacity. Matching with activated carbon as negative electrode and an ionic liquid electrolyte, the assembled dual‐ion battery achieves an energy density of 43 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 756 W kg−1 within a working window of 0–3.6 V. Specifically, the energy density retains 83 % after 50 cycles. Such effective and low‐cost electrode optimization opens up a new route toward full enhancement on the cycling performance of positive electrodes for dual‐ion batteries.
Detection of somatic epigenetic variation in Norway spruce via targeted bisulfite sequencing
Authors: Heer Katrin , Ullrich Kristian K. , Hiss Manuel , Liepelt Sascha , Schulze Brüning Ralf , Zhou Jiabin , Opgenoorth Lars , Rensing Stefan A.
Published: September 2018

Epigenetic mechanisms represent a possible mechanism for achieving a rapid response of long‐lived trees to changing environmental conditions. However, our knowledge on plant epigenetics is largely limited to a few model species. With increasing availability of genomic resources for many tree species, it is now possible to adopt approaches from model species that permit to obtain single‐base pair resolution data on methylation at a reasonable cost. Here, we used targeted bisulfite sequencing (TBS) to study methylation patterns in the conifer species Norway spruce (Picea abies). To circumvent the challenge of disentangling epigenetic and genetic differences, we focused on four clone pairs, where clone members were growing in different climatic conditions for 24 years. We targeted >26.000 genes using TBS and determined the performance and reproducibility of this approach. We characterized gene body methylation and compared methylation patterns between environments. We found highly comparable capture efficiency and coverage across libraries. Methylation levels were relatively constant across gene bodies, with 21.3 ± 0.3%, 11.0 ± 0.4% and 1.3 ± 0.2% in the CG, CHG, and CHH context, respectively. The variance in methylation profiles did not reveal consistent changes between environments, yet we could identify 334 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) between environments. This supports that changes in methylation patterns are a possible pathway for a plant to respond to environmental change. After this successful application of TBS in Norway spruce, we are confident that this approach can contribute to broaden our knowledge of methylation patterns in natural tree populations.
The overkill model and its impact on environmental research
Authors: Nagaoka Lisa , Rick Torben , Wolverton Steve
Published: September 2018

Research on human‐environment interactions that informs ecological practices and guides conservation and restoration has become increasingly interdisciplinary over the last few decades. Fueled in part by the debate over defining a start date for the Anthropocene, historical disciplines like archeology, paleontology, geology, and history are playing an important role in understanding long‐term anthropogenic impacts on the planet. Pleistocene overkill, the notion that humans overhunted megafauna near the end of the Pleistocene in the Americas, Australia, and beyond, is used as prime example of the impact that humans can have on the planet. However, the importance of the overkill model for explaining human–environment interactions and anthropogenic impacts appears to differ across disciplines. There is still considerable debate, particularly within archeology, about the extent to which people may have been the cause of these extinctions. To evaluate how different disciplines interpret and use the overkill model, we conducted a citation analysis of selected works of the main proponent of the overkill model, Paul Martin. We examined the ideas and arguments for which Martin's overkill publications were cited and how they differed between archeologists and ecologists. Archeologists cite overkill as one in a combination of causal mechanisms for the extinctions. In contrast, ecologists are more likely to accept that humans caused the extinctions. Aspects of the overkill argument are also treated as established ecological processes. For some ecologists, overkill provides an analog for modern‐day human impacts and supports the argument that humans have “always” been somewhat selfish overconsumers. The Pleistocene rewilding and de‐extinction movements are built upon these perspectives. The use of overkill in ecological publications suggests that despite increasing interdisciplinarity, communication with disciplines outside of ecology is not always reciprocal or even.
Resolving the paradox of clumped seed dispersal: positive density and distance dependence in a bat‐dispersed species
Authors: Sugiyama Anna , Comita Liza S. , Masaki Takashi , Condit Richard , Hubbell Stephen P.
Published: September 2018

One of the hypothesized benefits of seed dispersal is to escape density‐ and distance‐responsive, host‐specific, natural enemies near maternal plants where conspecific seed and seedling densities are high. Such high conspecific neighbor densities typically result in lower offspring growth and survival (i.e., negative density‐dependent effects), yet many dispersal modes result in clumped seed distributions. New World leaf‐nosed bats transport fruits to their feeding roosts and deposit seeds, thereby creating high‐density seed/seedling patches beneath feeding roosts in heterospecific trees away from maternal trees, which seemingly nullifies a key benefit of seed dispersal. Such dispersal may still be adaptive if negative density‐dependent effects are reduced under feeding roosts or if the benefit of being dispersed away from maternal trees outweighs negative effects of conspecific seed/seedling density below roosts. We mapped the entire post‐germination population of a bat‐dispersed tree speciesCalophyllum longifolium(Calophyllaceae) in a 50‐ha plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama in each of three successive years. We tested two hypotheses: (1) distance‐dependent effects are stronger than density‐dependent effects on seedling performance because seedlings far from conspecific adults are more likely to escape natural enemies even when at high densities and (2) negative density‐dependent effects will be reduced far from vs. near conspecific adults. Density and distance were naturally decoupled, as expected. However, in contrast to our expectation, we found positive density effects on seedling survival and density‐dependent effects did not differ with distance from conspecific adults. Both density and distance had positive effects on seedling survival when considered together, while only year had a significant effect on seedling growth. Thus, both being dispersed under bat feeding roosts and escaping the vicinity of conspecific adults were beneficial forC. longifoliumseedling survival, supporting the directed dispersal and escape hypotheses, respectively. Despite resulting in high densities of conspecific seedlings, favorable habitat under bat feeding roosts and lack of negative density‐dependent effects appear to provide evolutionary advantages inC. longifolium.
Fc gamma receptor IIa suppresses type I and III interferon production by human myeloid immune cells
Authors: Newling Melissa , Hoepel Willianne , Vogelpoel Lisa T.C. , Heineke Marieke H. , van Burgsteden Johan A. , Taanman‐Kueter Esther W.M. , Eggink Dirk , Kuijpers Taco W. , Beaumont Tim , van Egmond Marjolein , Kapsenberg Martien L. , Baeten Dominique L.P. , den Dunnen Jeroen , Jong Esther C. de
Published: September 2018

Type I and type III interferons (IFNs) are fundamental for antiviral immunity, but prolonged expression is also detrimental to the host. Therefore, upon viral infection high levels of type I and III IFNs are followed by a strong and rapid decline. However, the mechanisms responsible for this suppression are still largely unknown. Here, we show that IgG opsonization of model viruses influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strongly and selectively suppressed type I and III IFN production by various human antigen‐presenting cells. This suppression was induced by selective inhibition of TLR, RIG‐I‐like receptor, and STING‐dependent type I and III IFN gene transcription. Surprisingly, type I and III IFN suppression was mediated by Syk and PI3K independent inhibitory signaling via FcγRIIa, thereby identifying a novel non‐canonical FcγRIIa pathway in myeloid cells. Together, these results indicate that IgG opsonization of viruses functions as a novel negative feedback mechanism in humans, which may play a role in the selective suppression of type I and III IFN responses during the late‐phase of viral infections. In addition, activation of this pathway may be used as a tool to limit type I IFN‐associated pathology.
An improvement sealing method for gas pressure measurement by drilling a reducing‐nipple borehole
Authors: Wang Long , Wang Zhaofeng , Liu Hai , Chen Jinsheng , Yang Tenglong
Published: September 2018

Gas pressure measurement is one of the crucial steps for CBM resource extraction. However, the previous sealing methods are not applicable for horizontal boreholes owing to the autoshrinkage effect of cement mortar. The autoshrinkage tests of cement specimens with different water‐cement ratios were performed here, and then the gas flow model in an eccentric ring gap was established to analyze the autoshrinkage effect on the hole sealing. Furthermore, the selections of the initial sealing position and the grouting pressure were also discussed through the numerical method. The results show that the shrinkage amount would be decreased with the water‐cement ratio rising in the early setting stage, and the gas leakage amount of the eccentric model is larger than that of the concentric ring model. The initial sealing position should be kept away from the plastic zone around tunnel, which is related to the lithology of surrounding rock, the buried depth and the size of tunnel section. The diffusion radius of cement mortar would be enlarged with an increasing grouting pressure. While the grouting pressure reaching the threshold, the increment of diffusion radius would gradually descent. Eventually, a pressurized sealing method by drilling the reducing‐nipple borehole was successfully applied for the gas pressure measurement of the horizontal borehole in 7# coal seam, Liulong coal mine.
Evolution of a large Baltic beach ridge plain (Neudarss, NE Germany): A continuous record of sea‐level and wind‐field variation since the Homeric Minimum
Authors: Lampe Matthias , Lampe Reinhard
Published: September 2018

The Neudarss cuspate foreland is one of the largest beach ridge plains in Europe. It comprises about 140 beach ridges which can be divided into eight ridge sets from morphological criteria, trends in course and advance as well as erosional discontinuities. The reconstruction of the foreland's evolution is based on the dating of 33 samples from 14 sites by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and three additional datings on the basis of historical maps and aerial images. The derived progradation model shows variations in the progradation rate which are consistent with past climate and sea‐level changes. Cool (warm) periods correlate with decreased (increased) progradation rates. Both area and volume growth of the ridge sets vary in the same direction. We conclude that the progradation rate is predominantly controlled by the sediment supply which in turn depends on sea‐level variations and wind‐driven wave action. The development of the plain's relief during the last 1000 years is compared with detailed climate parameter reconstructions. The Medieval Warm Period and several phases of the Little Ice Age can clearly be traced in the morphology, thus allowing conclusions concerning predominant wind direction and aeolian activity also on smaller time scales. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.