bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasmodium falciparum EBA-175 kDa protein peptides
which bind to human red blood cells
Authors: RODRIGUEZ L. E. , URQUIZA M. , OCAMPO M. , SUAREZ J. , CURTIDOR H. , GUZMAN F. , VARGAS L. E. , TRIVIÑOS M. , ROSAS M. , PATARROYO M. E.
Published: July 2002

Solid experimental evidence indicates that EBA-175 is used as a ligand by the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite to bind
to human RBC, via different binding processing fragments. Using synthetic peptides and specific receptor-ligand
interaction methodology, we have identified 6 high-activity binding sequences from the EBA-175 CAMP strain; peptide
1758 (KSYGTPDNIDKNMSLIHKHN), located in the so-called region I for which no binding activity has been
reported before, peptides 1779 (NIDRIYDKNLLMIKEHILAI) and 1783 (HRNKKNDKLYRDEWWKVIKK),
located in region II, in a sub-region known as 5′ Cys F2, previously reported as being a binding region, and peptides 1814
(DRNSNTLHLKDYRNEENERH), 1815 (YTNQNINISQERDLQKHGFH) and 1818 (NNNFNNIPSRYNLYDKKLDL),
in region III–V where antibodies inhibit merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. The affinity constants were
between 60 and 180 nM and the critical amino acids involved in the binding were identified. The binding of these peptides
to enzyme-treated RBC was analysed; binding of peptide 1814, located in the III–V region, was found to be sialic acid
dependent. Some of these high binding peptides were able to inhibit in vitro merozoite invasion and to block the binding
of recombinant RII-EBA to RBC. Several of these peptides are located in regions recognized by protective immune
clusters of merozoites (ICMs) eluted antibodies.
Infection of the glass-eel swimbladder with the nematode Anguillicola crassus
Authors: NIMETH K. , ZWERGER P. , WÜRTZ J. , SALVENMOSER W. , PELSTER B.
Published: July 2002

The ability of the nematode Anguillicola crassus to infect eel larvae (glass-eel stage) was tested. The results show that glass-eels fed on infected copepods, the natural intermediate host of the nematode, can be infected. Light microscopical
examination of the infected developing swimbladder tissue revealed that the infection results in a significant thickening
of the connective tissue. The basolateral labyrinth of gas gland cells is very much reduced in infected swimbladders, and
the distance of gas gland cells to blood capillaries is enlarged. Critical swimming speed, defined as the speed where the
larvae were no longer able to swim against the current, was similar in infected and uninfected animals. At intermediate
speeds (about 60–80% of critical swimming speed) infected eels showed a slightly higher swimming activity than control
animals. Resting oxygen consumption, measured as an index of metabolic activity, within the first 2 months of infection
was higher in control animals, which may be due to a reduced rate of activity in infected glass-eels. By 4–5 months after
the infection, however, it was significantly higher in infected animals. This may indicate that at this stage a higher activity
of the animals is required to compensate for the increase in body density, but swimming performance of infected and non-infected glass-eels was not significantly different. Oxygen consumption during swimming activity, measured in a swim
tunnel at 50% of maximal swimming speed, also was not affected. The results thus show that even glass-eels can be
infected with A. crassus, and this probably contributes to the rapid spread of the nematode in Europe. While aerobic
metabolism during swimming activity is not affected at this stage of infection, the swimbladder tissue shows severe
histological changes, which most likely will impair swimbladder function.
Nematode parasites of sheep: a survey of epidemiological
parameters and their application in a simple model
Authors: KAO R. R. , LEATHWICK D. M. , ROBERTS M. G. , SUTHERLAND I. A.
Published: July 2002

We review the literature on parameter values relevant to the epidemiology of strongyle nematode infections of domestic
sheep. Information is subdivided by parasite genus, country of origin and climate type. While field observations have been
made in a large number of countries, the bulk of studies under controlled conditions have been conducted in Australia,
New Zealand and the UK. For these countries, experiments and parameters are interpreted in terms of a previously
published model of nematode dynamics, and are used to calculate the basic reproduction number. Average values range
from less than 6 for Haemonchus contortus in New Zealand and a winter rainfall region of Australia, to more than 16 for
Ostertagia circumcincta in New Zealand and the UK. Additional considerations of the effects of climate and the annual
replacement of host stock show that for conditions favourable for parasite transmission this is a robust indicator of parasite
epidemiology. When climate variation and annual replacement are added to the model, it is shown to reasonably describe
the qualitative behaviour of an experimental data set, indicating it to be a useful tool for further investigation of some of
the underlying assumptions of sheep–nematode dynamics.
Genetic risk factors for major depression in men and women: similar or different heritabilities and same or partly distinct genes?
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , GARDNER C. O. , NEALE M. C. , PRESCOTT C. A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Although women are at consistently greater risk for major depression (MD) than men, it is unclear whether sex modifies the aetiological impact of genetic factors on MD. Is the heritability of MD different in men and women? Do the same genetic risk factors predispose to MD in the two sexes?

Methods. We obtained a lifetime history of MD by personal interview on two occasions from 6672 individual twins and 2974 complete twin pairs. Three diagnostic criteria of increasing narrowness were employed: DSM-III-R, DSM-III-R plus impairment and Washington University. To increase power by controlling for unreliability of assessment, we evaluated sex differences on genetic risk for MD using a structural equation measurement model.

Results. Using DSM-III-R criteria, but not the two narrower definitions, heritability of MD was significantly greater in women than in men. In the three diagnostic systems, the genetic correlation in liability to MD in men and women was estimated at between +0·50 and +0·65. These estimates differed significantly from unity for the two broader definitions.

Conclusion. Using broad but not narrower definitions of illness, genetic factors play a greater role in the aetiology of MD in women than in men. The genes that influence risk for MD in the two sexes are correlated but are probably not entirely the same. These results raise the possibility that, in linkage and association studies, the impact of some loci on risk for MD will differ in men and women.
Epidemiology of unexplained fatigue and major depression in the community: The Baltimore ECA Follow-up, 1981–1994
Authors: ADDINGTON A. M. , GALLO J. J. , FORD D. E. , EATON W. W.
Published: July 2002

Background. Fatigue is a common, non-specific, subjective symptom associated with several medical and psychiatric illnesses. The purpose of this investigation was to explore further the epidemiology of unexplained fatigue in the general population and the relationship between fatigue and depression.

Methods. The design was a prospective population-based study. Subjects included community-dwelling adults who were participants of the Baltimore sample of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program in 1981 and who were reinterviewed 13 years later. Lay interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule interviewed subjects.

Results. Number of somatization symptoms and history of a dysphoric episode at baseline were the two strongest predictors of both new onset of fatigue as well as recurrent/chronic fatigue over the 13-year follow-up interval. In addition, individuals who reported a history of unexplained fatigue at baseline as well as during the follow-up, were at markedly increased risk for new onset major depression as compared to those who never reported such fatigue, (RR = 28·4, 95% CI) (11·7, 68·0). Similarly, respondents who developed new fatigue or had remitted fatigue after 1981 were also at increased risk for developing major depression.

Conclusions. Somatization was the strongest predictor of both new and chronic fatigue with unknown cause. In addition, fatigue was both predictive and a consequence of the depression syndrome.
Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal
evidence for a familial subtype
Authors: FARAONE S. V. , BIEDERMAN J. , JETTON J. G. , TSUANG M. T.
Published: July 2002

Background. An obstacle to the successful
classification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is
the frequently reported co-morbidity between ADHD and conduct disorder
(CD). Prior work suggested that from a familial perspective, ADHD
children with CD may be aetiologically distinct from those without
CD.

Methods. Using family study methodology and three
longitudinal assessments over 4 years, we tested hypotheses about
patterns of familial association between ADHD, CD, oppositional
defiant disorder (ODD) and adult antisocial personality disorder
(ASPD).

Results. At the 4-year follow-up, there were 34 children
with lifetime diagnoses of ADHD + CD, 59 with ADHD + ODD and 33 with
ADHD only. These were compared with 92 non-ADHD, non-CD, non-ODD
control probands. Familial risk analysis revealed the following: (1)
relatives of each ADHD proband subgroup were at significantly greater
risk for ADHD and ODD than relatives of normal controls; (2) rates
of CD and ASPD were elevated among relatives of ADHD + CD probands
only; (3) the co-aggregation of ADHD and the antisocial disorders could

not be accounted for by marriages between ADHD and antisocial spouses;

and (4) both ADHD and antisocial disorders occurred in the same
relatives more often than expected by chance alone.

Conclusions. These findings suggest that ADHD with and
without antisocial disorders may be aetiologically distinct disorders
and provide evidence for the nosologic validity of ICD-10 hyperkinetic
conduct disorder.
Changes in classification of suicide in England and Wales: time
trends and associations with coroners' professional
backgrounds
Authors: NEELEMAN JAN , WESSELY SIMON
Published: July 2002

Background. The legal definition of suicide in
England and Wales (E & W) gives rise to a high proportion of open
verdicts and an underestimated suicide rate. We examined whether the
ratio between open and suicide verdicts in E & W has changed between
1974 and 1991 and whether it varies according to coroners'
qualifications.

Methods. Temporal changes of the ratio of open and suicide
verdicts were examined using logistic regression adjusting for
confounders such as changing age and gender distributions of suicide
victims and the methods they use.

Results. Adjusted for age at death and suicide method, the
ratio between open and suicide verdicts had, over successive 3-year
time periods, increased with a factor 1·21 (95% CI
1·20–1·23) for male and 1·15 (95% CI
1·14–1·17) for female deaths. Medical coroners
were 1·25 (1·08–1·44) times more likely
than non-medical coroners to return open rather than suicide
verdicts.

Conclusions. As a likely result of factors in the death
registration system, the ratio between open and suicide verdicts has
increased substantially in E & W since the early 70s. In 1990 it was
higher than in any other comparable country. This has important
implications for comparisons of time trends in suicide between E &
W
and other countries.
Effects of attention training on hypochondriasis:

a brief case series
Authors: PAPAGEORGIOU COSTAS , WELLS ADRIAN
Published: July 2002

Background. Empirical evidence indicates that manipulations

of attention may facilitate changes in

cognition and stress symptoms in emotional disorder.

Methods. The present study reports the effects of Attention

Training (ATT) in a brief case series of

three patients with primary hypochondriasis using an

A–B–A design.

Results. ATT produced clinically significant improvements

in self-reported measures of affect, and

illness-related behaviour and cognition. Treatment gains were

maintained at 6 months follow-up

assessments. Measures of body-focused attention indicated that the

ATT procedure acted on attentional processes as intended.

Conclusions. The present case series extends the effects of

ATT to problems of hypochondriasis. A

number of studies now suggest that ATT is associated with a reduction

in anxiety and negative

beliefs across disorders of panic, social phobia and hypochondriasis.

Controlled clinical trials are

now required to establish firmly the effects of ATT as a component of

cognitive therapy.
‘Theory of mind’ skills during an acute episode of
psychosis and following recovery
Authors: DRURY V. M. , ROBINSON E. J. , BIRCHWOOD M.
Published: July 2002

Background. A neuropsychological formulation of
schizophrenia has suggested that problems with
meta-representation underpin both positive and negative symptoms.
This study tested Frith's
account by asking patients experiencing an acute episode of psychosis
to complete a set of tasks that involved Theory of Mind (ToM) skills.

Methods. Fourteen patients who fulfilled criteria for schizophrenia,

10 deluded patients who were
suffering from psychotic disorders other than schizophrenia and 12 depressed
patients completed
second-order false belief tasks, a test which involved substitution
of a co-referential term in a
linguistic description of an event, and metaphor and irony tasks.
The battery of tests was completed
during the acute phase and following recovery. Selection of these patient
groups allowed
comparisons to be made between schizophrenia patients and non-schizophrenia
patients and
between patients with and without persecutory delusions.

Results. Schizophrenia patients, who had a multiplicity of

positive and negative symptoms,
performed significantly worse than non-schizophrenia patients on some
of the ToM tasks during an
acute episode. Patients with delusions of persecution and reference
did not perform significantly
worse than non-deluded patients on ToM tasks. There was no significant
difference
between groups in performance on any of the tasks at recovery.

Conclusions. The results provide at best weak support for
Frith's account and it remains unclear
whether the ToM deficits demonstrated are genuine deficits or are
a result of information-processing
overload. However, it is clear that difficulties interpreting
interpersonal contexts, as shown by some
schizophrenia patients, are state rather than trait characteristics.
Genetic and environmental risk factors for the weight
and shape concerns characteristic of bulimia nervosa
Authors: WADE T. , MARTIN N. G. , TIGGEMANN M.
Published: July 2002

Background. This study seeks to identify the genetic
and environmental risk factors for the
overvalued ideas that are characteristic of bulimia nervosa, using a biometrical
model fitting
approach with twin data.

Methods. The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), which can be

used to gain continuous
measures of dietary restraint, eating concern, weight concern and shape

concern, was administered
to 325 female twins, both monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ). For each
subscale, questions were
asked concerning the month prior to interview and lifetime prevalence (‘ever’).

Results. Model fitting indicated that there is a powerful
role of the environment in shaping women's
attitude towards weight, shape, eating and food, ranging from 38% to 100%
of the variance. For
all subscales, with the exception of weight concern, the best
explanation for individual variation was
one that incorporated additive genetic and non-shared environmental
influences. In contrast, model
fitting indicated that non-shared and shared environmental influences best
explained the variance
of weight concern.

Conclusions. With the exception of the Shape Concern
subscale, environmental factors make a
greater contribution than genetic factors to the development of
the overvalued ideas that are seen
to be one of the triggers for the development of bulimia nervosa.
Given this substantial role of the
environment influences, it seems likely that environmental manipulation
can be effective in the
prevention of bulimia nervosa.
Increased cortical inhibition in depression: a
prolonged silent period with transcranial magnetic
stimulation (TMS)
Authors: STEELE J. D. , GLABUS M. F. , SHAJAHAN P. M. , EBMEIER K. P.
Published: July 2002

Background. Motor slowing in depression may be associated with a relative dopaminergic (DA)
deficit. Bradykinesia in Parkinson's syndrome is associated with an abnormally short silent period
(SP) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We hypothesized that depression would also
be associated with a short SP.

Methods. Sixteen patients with DSM-IV depression and 19 matched controls participated. SPs were
elicited by exercising the contralateral abductor policis brevis (APB) during TMS.

Results. The SP was significantly increased in the patient group. No correlation was found between
SP and depression score.

Conclusion. A long SP suggests increased motor cortical inhibition in depression. This finding is
inconsistent with the hypothesis of behavioural motor slowing in depression being associated with
Parkinsonian-like mechanisms including the dopaminergic deficit. There is a need for studies
incorporating larger patient groups to investigate potential correlations between SP and depression
indices.
Enhanced corticotropin response to corticotropin-releasing hormone as a predictor of mania in
euthymic bipolar patients
Authors: VIETA E. , MARTÍNEZ-DE-OSABA M. J. , COLOM F. , MARTÍNEZ-ARÁN A. , BENABARRE A. , GASTÓ C.
Published: July 2002

Background. Dysregulation of corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol response after corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation has been reported in bipolar patients. Most findings involve
the pathophysiology of the depressive phase of the illness and its prediction. However, the possible
predictive value of the CRH challenge test with respect to manic episodes remains unknown.

Methods. The ACTH and free cortisol response to the injection of 100 μg of synthetic human CRH
and plasma cortisol-binding globulin levels were measured in 42 lithium-treated patients suffering
from Research Diagnostic Criteria bipolar I disorder in remission, and 21 age- and sex-matched
normal controls. A 1-year follow-up was conducted to assess any possible relationship between
outcome and the hormonal response.

Results. Bipolar patients showed higher baseline and peak ACTH concentrations than control
subjects. A higher area under ACTH concentration curve after CRH stimulation predicted
manic/hypomanic relapse within 6 months by multiple regression analysis.

Conclusion. Bipolar patients in remission show mild abnormalities in ACTH levels before and after
CRH stimulation. CRH challenge may be a potentially good predictor of manic or hypomanic
relapse in remitted bipolar patients.
Psychosocial and health belief variables associated
with frequent attendance in primary care
Authors: BELLÓN J. Á. , DELGADO A. , DE DIOS LUNA J. , LARDELLI P.
Published: July 2002

Background. The reasons for high use of primary care, and in particular the role of psychosocial
factors, remain unclear.

Methods. We identified and interviewed 236 frequent attenders and 420 normal users, matched by
age and sex, of a public Health Centre in Granada, Spain. Users were questioned about mental
health (GHQ-28), social support (Duke-UNC-11), family dysfunction (family APGAR) and health
beliefs (health belief model, locus of health control and medical care expectations). We also
measured a set of individual, social and illness variables.

Results. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that mental health was the main factor
associated with frequent attender status (odds ratio = 3·1; 2·4–3·9). The association was stronger
than that between frequent attender status and perceived illness, and between the former and
reported chronic illness. Family dysfunction and perceived susceptibility to and severity of disease
were also significantly but more weakly associated with frequent attender status. Affective support
was more strongly associated with FA status than was confidant support, but both associations
disappeared when mental health and family function were controlled for.

Conclusions. Our findings document the association of psychosocial factors and primary health
care use. We suggest that the effective management of mental health problems from a family-based
approach may reduce primary health care high use.
Topic neutrality and the parity thesis: a surrejoinder to Williams
Authors: MORELAND J. P.
Published: July 2002

In an important paper, Clifford Williams advanced a Lockean-style
argument to justify the parity thesis, viz., that there is no intellectual advantage to
Christian physicalism or Christian dualism. In an article in Religious Studies I
offered a critique of Williams's parity thesis and he has published a rejoinder to me
in the same journal centring on my rejection of topic neutrality as an appropriate
way to set up the mind–body debate. In this surrejoinder to Williams, I present his
three main arguments and respond to each: (1) The dualist rejection of topic
neutrality is flawed because it expresses a conceptual approach to the mind–body
problem instead of the preferable empirical approach. The latter favours
physicalism and, in any case, clearly supports topic neutrality. (2) If the dualist
rejects the first argument, then a second parity thesis can be advanced in which an
essentialist view of soul and the brain are presented in which each is essentially a
thinking and feeling entity. Thus, an essentialist parity thesis is preserved. (3) If the
dualist rejects the second argument, a new topic neutrality emerges in the dialectic,
so topic neutrality is unavoidable. Against the first argument, I claim that Williams
makes two central confusions that undermine his case and that he fails to show how
the mind–body debate can be settled empirically. Against the second argument, I
claim that it leaves Williams vulnerable to a topic-neutral approach to God and it
merely proffers a verbal shift with a new dualism between normal and ‘special’
matter. Against the third argument, I point out that it misrepresents the dualist
viewpoint and leads to two counterintuitive features that follow from topic
neutrality.
The free will theodicy
Authors: Schoenig Richard
Published: July 2002

The Free Will Theodicy (FWT) attempts to defeat the Argument from

Evil by claiming that the suffering of the innocent (SOI) is justified
by the existence
of free will (FW). I argue against the FWT by demonstrating that there
are at least
three logically possible worlds, one without FW and two with it, such that,
if given
a choice, all conscious beings would act rationally in choosing to live
in any of those
three worlds rather than in the current world. This choice outcome undermines
the
FWT's contention that FW adequately justifies the quantity and severity
of the SOI
in this world.
Miracles are not immoral: a response to James
Keller's moral argument against miracles
Authors: MCKENZIE DAVID
Published: July 2002

James Keller recently argued that miracles in the sense of divine

intervention are immoral because in such acts God would unfairly choose
to help the
beneficiary of the miracle over others who may be equally in need and just
as
deserving. I respond generally by arguing that his analysis overlooks the
possibility
that those who do not receive the miraculous intervention may receive other
benefits
of equal or greater value and that there may be purposes for miraculous
intervention
which transcend individual benefit. More specifically, I argue that Keller's
understanding
of miracles does not accommodate the Christian doctrine of grace, that
he
does not come to grips with the evangelical purpose of miracles depicted
in Christian
apologetics, that his view of the context in which miracles occur is abstract
and
sterile in light of charismatic experience, and finally that his argument
leads to the
counterintuitive conclusion that the Resurrection of Christ is somehow
immoral. In
the light of these considerations, I argue that miracles are not immoral.
Flexible Contracting? Economic Cultures and Implicit Contracts in Social Care
Authors: MACKINTOSH MAUREEN
Published: July 2002

Drawing on case studies from two local authorities, this article identifies
two distinct economic cultures in social care contracting. An arms-length
contracting culture was emerging in interaction with risk-averse
commercial suppliers, while a ‘partnership’ contracting culture was
developing in association with non-profit providers who actively sought
risk and responsibility. The article explores the discursive construction of
the distinct implicit contracts associated with the two economic cultures,
showing that ‘flexibility’ had become a key trope in contracting debate,
carrying complex meanings of both responsiveness and control. The article
thus unpacks the notion of ‘soft’ contracting in social care, and argues
that social care contracting should be understood as a process of mutual
shaping of both a divided care industry and an internally divided local
authority economic culture. The article then draws out a series of implications
of the research for policy and regulation in care contracting.
How does the dreaming brain explain the dreaming mind?
Authors: Antrobus John S.
Published: July 2002

Recent work on functional brain architecture during dreaming provides invaluable clues for an understanding of dreaming, but identifying active brain regions during dreaming, together with their waking cognitive and cognitive functions, informs a model that accounts for only the grossest characteristics of dreaming. Improved dreaming models require cross discipline apprehension of what it is we want dreaming models to “explain.”

[Hobson et al.; Neilsen; Revonsuo; Solms]
Choice of mating tactics and constrained optimality
Authors: Baum William M.
Published: July 2002

Gangestad & Simpson's arguments may be rendered more substantial and precise by capitalizing on research and theory on choice between reinforced response alternatives. An analysis in terms of feedback functions shows that the effects of individual differences in attractiveness may be understood as constraints on optimality and may be reconciled with the previous research and theory that the authors criticize.
Dynamical systems and mating decision rules
Authors: Kenrick Douglas T. , Li Norman , Butner Jonathan E.
Published: July 2002

Dynamical simulations of male and female mating strategies illustrate how traits such as restrictedness constrain, and are constrained by, local ecology. Such traits cannot be defined solely by genotype or by phenotype, but are better considered as decision rules gauged to ecological inputs. Gangestad & Simpson's work draws attention to the need for additional bridges between evolutionary psychology and dynamical systems theory.
The search for fixed generalizable limits of “pure STM” capacity: Problems with theoretical proposals based on independent chunks
Authors: Ericsson K. Anders , Kirk Elizabeth P.
Published: July 2002

Cowan's experimental techniques cannot constrain subject's recall of presented information to distinct independent chunks in short-term memory (STM). The encoding of associations in long-term memory contaminates recall of pure STM capacity. Even in task environments where the functional independence of chunks is convincingly demonstrated, individuals can increase the storage of independent chunks with deliberate practice – well above the magical number four.
Self, awareness of self, and the illusion of control
Authors: Freeman Walter J.
Published: July 2002

A distinction between the self and its superstructure, the
ego, supports Mele's conclusions. The dynamics of the limbic
system generates the self through behavior that is subject to societal
observation. The rest of the brain contributes awareness that, by
ingenious back-dating and rationalization, gives the ultimate in
self-deception: the illusion of control of the self by its own
derivative.
Intentional self-deception can and does occur
Authors: Gorassini Donald R.
Published: July 2002

A form of self-deception exists that is both intentional and
common. In it, people act as if they are undergoing a certain state of
mind as a tactic for experiencing the state. This kind of self-
deception can be illustrated by what happens to players of simulation
games. Someone playing a pilot in a flight simulator game, for
example, comes to experience aspects of the world of a pilot. Research
on hypnotic responding is used to illustrate the nature and
effectiveness of such a strategy of self-deception.
Learning is remembering
Authors: Székely George
Published: July 2002

The strong correlation between the geometry of the dendritic
tree and the specific function of motoneurons suggests that their
synaptic contacts are established on a selective stochastic
basis with the characteristic form of dendrites being the source of
selection in the frog. A compromise is suggested according to which
specific structures may have evolved on a selective
stochastic basis and “constructive learning” could be
the source of selection in the cortex.
Animal concepts
Authors: Allen Colin
Published: July 2002

Millikan's account of concepts is applicable to questions
about concepts in nonhuman animals. I raise three questions in this
context: (1) Does classical conditioning entail the possession of
simple concepts? (2) Are movement property concepts more basic than
substance concepts? (3) What is the empirical content of claiming that
concept meanings do not necessarily change as dispositions
change?
Out of the mouths of babes: A hierarchical view of imitation by human infants
Authors: Hayne Harlene
Published: July 2002

Byrne & Russon have argued that imitation is not an
all-or-none phenomenon but may instead occur at different levels.
Although I applaud their theoretical framework, their data provide
little empirical support for the theory. Data from studies of human
infants, however, are consistent with the view that imitation may
occur at different levels. These data may provide better support for
Byrne & Russon's hierarchical view of imitation than the
nonhuman primate data that their theory was developed to
explain.
And if the developmental data doesn't quite fit ...
Authors: Wright Barlow
Published: July 2002

Halford et al. seek to provide a framework that unifies
distinct developmental phenomena. However, in pursuit of this
goal, they sidestep crucial aspects of some well-known developmental
benchmarks (most notably Transitive Inference and Object Concept),
and they do not acknowledge “repeated” or
“direct” experience as possibly being more
fundamental than relational complexity, instead, ascribe
all experience a secondary role.
What happened to Homo habilis? (Language and mirror neurons)
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo
Published: July 2002

The evolutionary continuity between the prespeech functions
of premotor cortex and its new linguistic functions, the main thesis
of MacNeilage's target article, is confirmed by the recent
discovery of “mirror” neurons in monkeys and a
corresponding action-observation/action-execution matching
system in humans. Physiological data (and other considerations)
appear to indicate, however, that brachiomanual gestures played
a greater role in language evolution than MacNeilage would like
to admit.
Cognitive impenetrability, phenomenology, and nonconceptual content
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: July 2002

This commentary discusses Pylyshyn's model of
perceptual processing in the light of the philosophical distinction
between the conceptual and the nonconceptual content of perception.
Pylyshyn's processing distinction maps onto an important
distinction in the phenomenology of visual perception.
Investigating lexical entries and rules: A typological perspective
Authors: Corbett Greville G.
Published: July 2002

Research into entries and rules based on English is hampered by the fact that crucial factors coincide. Clahsen avoids this problem and demonstrates his claims by working on German. Seen against the background of the immense variety of the world's languages, this successful move is potentially the first of many possible ones: Several languages offer promising configurations of the factors relevant to Clahsen, and others present new challenges.
Dondersian dreams in brain-mappers' minds, or, still no cross-fertilization between mind mappers and cognitive modelers?
Authors: Jacobs Arthur M. , Rösler Frank
Published: July 2002

Pulvermüller identifies two major flaws of the
subtraction method of neuroimaging studies and proposes remedies.
We argue that these remedies are themselves flawed and that the
cognitive science community badly needs to take initial steps toward
a cross-fertilization between mind mappers and cognitive modelers.
Such steps could include the development of computational task models
that transparently and falsifiably link the input (stimuli) and output
(changes in blood flow or brain waves) of neuroimaging studies to
changes in information processing activity that is the stuff of
cognitive models.
Learning from cerebellar lesions about the temporal and spatial aspects of saccadic control
Authors: Guillaume Alain , Goffart Laurent , Pélisson Denis
Published: July 2002

In the model proposed by Findlay & Walker, the programming of saccadic eye movements is achieved by two parallel processes, one dedicated to the coding of saccade metrics (Where) and the other controlling saccade initiation (When). One outcome of the “winner-take-all” characteristics of the salience map, the main node of the model, is an independence between the metrics and the latency of saccades. We report on some observations, made in the head-unrestrained cat under pathological conditions, of a correlation between accuracy and latency of saccadic gaze shifts. To account for such a correlation, the link between metrics specification (Where) and saccade triggering (When) should be amended in the model.
Oculomotor capture by abrupt onsets reveals concurrent programming of voluntary and involuntary saccades
Authors: Kramer Arthur F. , Irwin David E. , Theeuwes Jan , Hahn Sowon
Published: July 2002

In several recent experiments we have found that the eyes are often captured by the appearance of a sudden onset in a display, even though subjects intend to move their eyes elsewhere. Very brief fixations are made on the abrupt onset before the eyes complete their intended movement to the previously defined target. These results indicate concurrent programming of a voluntary saccade to the defined saccade target and an involuntary saccade to the sudden onset. This is inconsistent with the idea that a single salience map determines the location of a saccade in a winner-take-all fashion. Other results indicate that subjects attend to more than one location in a display during saccade preparation, contrary to the claim that covert attentional scanning plays no role in saccade generation.
Supervenience and qualia
Authors: Mogi Ken
Published: July 2002

The privileged position of neural activity in biological
neuroscience might be justified on the grounds of the nonlinear
and all-or-none character of neural firing. To justify the neuron
doctrine in cognitive neuroscience and make it both plausible and
radical, we must consider the supervenience of elementary mental
properties such as qualia on neural activity.
No “When” without “Where”
Authors: Quaia Christian , Optican Lance M.
Published: July 2002

Deciding where to look is a very complicated process, but deciding when to look is probably much simpler. Once the brain is certain of where it wants to look, the saccade-generating pathway may simply start autonomously. Higher cognitive areas of the brain can only override this automatic start by preventing all saccades. Hence, the brain has no ability to say when to go; it can only say “go there” or “stay here.”
The self-regulatory nature of preschool children's private speech in a naturalistic
setting
Authors: PATRICK ELIZABETH , ABRAVANEL EUGENE
Published: July 2002

Private speech (PS) – or speech for the self – was studied in preschool-age
children to determine how widely and with what characteristics it occurs when examined in the
familiar home setting. Activities were selected that required several steps and that were intended
to engage working memory or longer term recall. Both quantitative (numbers of words and
utterances produced) and qualitative (utterance type) analyses were conducted on the
children's PS. Across the age range from 4 ½ to 6 years, younger children had
higher frequencies of PS than older children, which fits the predictions made by Vygotsky
(1958/1962, 1978). Increased information loads resulted in more PS, indicating a relation
between PS and task difficulty; however, total quantities of PS were not correlated with degree of
task success. Self-regulatory utterances accounted for 89% of the PS produced; the
majority of these utterances involved repetitions of the instructions that appeared to enhance
recall, to help pace the children's activity, or to enable deliberation with respect to making
choices. There was a strong age trend in which the amount of audible PS decreased with age.
Qualitative differences across tasks are presented and considered in relation to how PS functions
for different activities and possibly achieves adaptive significance.
Création de connexions en topologie C1
Authors: ARNAUD MARIE-CLAUDE
Published: July 2002

Dans cet article nous allons commencer par démontrer un résultat perturbatif, nous en déduirons différentes manières de créer des connexions à l'aide de perturbations de difféomorphismes petites en topologie C1. Ensuite, nous nous intéresserons plus spécifiquement à la place des variétés stables des points périodiques hyperboliques ainsi qu'à la fermeture d'orbites récurrentes en un sens faible; puis, nous ferons une étude plus fine des difféomorphismes de classe C1 ‘génériques’, montrant en particulier l'existence d'attracteurs, au sens de Liapounov, transitif en un certain sens faible ; enfin, nous expliquerons ce qui se passe pour les difféomorphismes qui préservent une forme volume finie.
Error terms for closed orbits of hyperbolic flows
Authors: POLLICOTT MARK , SHARP RICHARD
Published: July 2002

In this paper we obtain a polynomial error term for the closed orbit counting function associated to certain hyperbolic flows. In the case of weak-mixing transitive Anosov flows no further conditions are required; for general weak-mixing hyperbolic flows a diophantine condition on the periods of the closed orbits is required.
The forcing partial order on the three times punctured
disk
Authors: HANDEL MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

The two-dimensional analogue of the Sharkovski order on periods
for maps of the interval restricts to a partial order on essential
pseudo-Anosov conjugacy classes in the mapping class group of
the $n$-times punctured disk. In this paper we give an explicit
description of this restricted partial order in the case when $n=3$.
Topological entropy of polygon exchange transformations and polygonal billiards
Authors: GUTKIN EUGENE , HAYDN NICOLAI
Published: July 2002

We study the topological entropy of a class of transformations with mild
singularities: the generalized polygon exchanges.
This class contains, in particular, polygonal billiards. Our main result is a
geometric estimate, from above, on the topological
entropy of generalized polygon exchanges. One of the applications of our
estimate is that the topological entropy of polygonal
billiards is zero. This implies the subexponential growth of various
geometric quantities associated with a polygon.
Other applications are to the piecewise isometries in two dimensions, and to
billiards in rational polyhedra.
Partitions with independent iterates along IP-Sets
Authors: DEL JUNCO ANDRES , REINHOLD KARIN , WEISS BENJAMIN
Published: July 2002

We prove a collection of results inspired by Krengel's theorem on the existence of partitions with infinitely many independent iterates in any weakly mixing measure-preserving dynamical system. Our approach avoids Krengel's use of two-fold mixing thereby obtaining stronger results, including characterizations of mild and strong mixing, as well as weak mixing. We also obtain results for non-weakly mixing systems and for more general group actions.
Policy by the Way: When Policy is Incidental to Making Other Policies
Authors: Dery David
Published: July 2002

My aim is to explore an important feature of public policy that has been somewhat neglected: many policies are largely made by the way of making other polices. To examine this idea and tentatively explore some of its implications, I shall employ the notion of ‘policy by the way’. What I wish to convey with the help of this concept is the reality of many areas of concern which are touched by public policy entirely or primarily by the way of focusing on other areas of concern. The notion of ‘policy by the way’ is anticipated in some key concepts of policy research and policy analysis, but its specific features still seem to deserve more focused attention. I gradually build up the notion of policy by the way with the help of well-known contributions to the field and a few examples from Israel, albeit no claim is made that Israel is in any way representative of other western democracies. It is quite possible, however, that the reality of public policy as a byproduct, which I believe is universal, is more easily discerned due to the special politics of Israel, basically, a fragile coalition government with strong turf orientation and weak coordination.
Poor and dependent seniors in Canada
Authors: CHEAL DAVID , KAMPEN KAREN
Published: July 2002

The economic status and problems of seniors, people aged 55–64
years,
have been neglected, particularly those of women. Following a summary of

government policy in Canada regarding income transfers, this paper reports

upon an analysis of data from the 1993 national Survey of Labour and Income

Dynamics. Attention is given to relative poverty and financial dependence

within households, as types of economic constraint. Both are higher among

seniors than either the middle aged or the elderly. Senior women are the
most
likely to be dependent. The implications of these findings for future fiscal

policy are discussed. It is concluded that more attention in gerontology
needs
to be given to this age group.
‘I'm not bad for my age’: the meaning
of body size and eating in the lives of
older women
Authors: TUNALEY JILLIAN R. , WALSH SUSAN , NICOLSON PAULA
Published: July 2002

Empirical research on women's feelings about their body size has traditionally
focused on adolescents and young adults and has been carried out within the
framework of experimental social psychology. This article examines the subjective
meanings of body size for a sample of 12 women aged between 63 and
75 years via an analysis of in-depth interview data. The findings suggest that
body size has a complexity of contradictory meanings for older women, which
are shaped in relation to social discourses surrounding beauty ideals, gender
identity and constructions of age and ageing. Many of the older women were
dissatisfied with their body size, highlighting the cross-generational influence
of a ‘thin ideal’ of size. At the same time, however, the women adopted a
laissez-faire attitude towards body size and eating, rejecting the pressures
surrounding size and food. This attitude was related to the women's
constructions of this stage of their lives as a time of freedom, their awareness
of personal mortality, and their beliefs about the inevitability of weight-gain
as they grew older. The findings are discussed in relation to feminist
approaches to body size and gerontological research on age/gender
stereotypes.
Stability and change in late-life friendships
Authors: JERROME DOROTHY , WENGER G. CLARE
Published: July 2002

This article draws on material from the Bangor Longitudinal Study of Ageing.
The survivors, now all 80 plus, were interviewed first in 1979 and for the last
time in 1995. This paper concentrates on friendship over that period. Answers
to questions about the presence or absence of ‘real friends’ and about
satisfaction with the status quo are related to personal strategies for managing
change in the friendship network. Four types of response to current levels of
friendship are identified: contented, dissatisfied, needy and resigned. Examples
are given from each category, drawing on qualitative data.

Findings suggest three types of movement over the 16 years in the relationships
of these very old respondents: contraction in the friendship network,
expansion, and the replacement of departed friends or fading friendships. New
friendships were unusual in departing from same-sex, same age and reciprocal
norms of adult friendship. The findings indicate that older adult friendships
might breach several of the norms of friendship common in earlier adulthood;
the distinctiveness of close relationships in advanced old age calls for its
treatment as a separate life stage.
The challenge of ageing in tomorrow's Britain
Authors: BERNARD MIRIAM , PHILLIPS JUDITH
Published: July 2002

Some 50 years after the creation of the welfare state and at the start of the new
millennium, this paper considers the current and future status of older people
in Britain. It argues that as the population ages, the situation of older people
is becoming an increasingly important element in social policy debates. The
first half of the paper critically reviews developments over the last five decades,
emphasising the salience of accommodation issues during this period. In the
light of recent initiatives such as ‘Better Government for Older People’, the
second half of the paper outlines a policy agenda for the early years of the 21st
century. We argue unequivocally for an integrated social policy which
addresses the broad needs of an ageing society as opposed to narrow age-based
interests, or the interests of specific problematised or stigmatised groups. The
creation and delivery of such an integrated policy for tomorrow's Britain rests,
we contend, on three crucial dimensions: an explicitly articulated value base;
a consideration of the educational, technological and spatial aspects of policy;
and harmonisation of action at both local and national levels.
Aid and sovereignty: a reply to Ralf Leiteritz
Authors: WILLIAMS DAVID
Published: July 2002

In Sovereignty, Developing Countries and International Financial Institutions: A Reply to David Williams, Ralf Leiteritz takes issue with some of my arguments in Aid and Sovereignty: Quasi-States and the International Financial Institutions. I want to answer some of Leiteritz's charges
Women and War: ten years on
Authors: BETHKE ELSHTAIN JEAN
Published: July 2002

The questions with which I began and ended Women and War remain: How might we locate ourselves in order to create space for a less rigid play of individual and civic identities and virtues than those we have thus far known? What alternatives of citizenship can we draw upon? What perspectives within our reach offer hope for sustaining an ethos that extends the prospect of limiting force and the threat of force? In the book, I recommend a form of civic membership that cannot and does not place duty and loyalty to one's particular political body above all else; nevertheless, one that honours and gives ethical and civic weight precisely to that form of membership. I called this civic character a ‘chastened patriot’, one who is critical of the excesses of nationalism and critical, as well, of feminist arguments that express contempt for forms of identity as these are embodied in loyalties to ways of life shared by men and women. At the same time, this civic paragon of mine is also critical of those who defend particular ways of life in a way that generates contempt for the universalistic features of feminist concerns for the dignity and rights of woman. The ‘chastened patriot’ is one who understands and honours both universalistic and particularistic commitments, one for whom neither automatically trumps the other.