bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood-Brain Barrier Opening with Ultrasound Augments Doxorubicin and Anti-PD-1 Therapy Efficacy, Intracranial Immune Activation, and Prolongs Survival in Preclinical Glioma Models
Authors: Arrieta Victor Andrés , Gould Andrew , Kim Kwang-Soo , Habashy Karl , Dmello Crismita , Amidei Christina , Gómez Cristal G. , Zhang Daniel , Saganty Ruth , Chen Li , Pandey Surya , Cholak Meghan E. , McCord Matthew , McCortney Kathleen , Castro Brandyn , Ward Rachel , Muzzio Miguel , Bouchoux Guillaume , Desseaux Carole , Carpentier Alexandre C. , Zhang Bin , Miska Jason , Horbinski Craig , Lukas Rimas Vincas , Stupp Roger , Chang Catalina Lee , Sonabend Adam M.
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION:

The limited drug penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a challenge for the treatment of glioblastoma patients. A novel drug delivery technology based on low-intensity pulsed ultrasound combined with intravenous microbubbles (LIPU/MB) overcomes this challenge by opening the BBB. In this study, we hypothesize that LIPU/MB enhances the therapeutic effect of both liposomal doxorubicin and anti-PD-1 therapy in gliomas by eliciting local immune responses.

METHODS:

We utilized LIPU/MB to deliver doxorubicin and anti-PD-1 blocking antibodies to murine models and evaluated drug concentrations in the brain. Flow cytometry evaluated IFN-g production by glioma-associated microglia and macrophages in murine gliomas treated with doxorubicin and anti-PD-1 therapy delivered by LIPU/MB. Furthermore, we assessed the efficacy of this drug combination delivered by LIPU/MB in glioma-bearing mice.

RESULTS:

LIPU/MB induced a 4-fold increase in doxorubicin concentrations in sonicated brains compared to those not sonicated (p = 0.003). In addition, doxorubicin delivered with LIPU/MB elicited an IFN-g phenotype (p < 0.0001) as well as MHC I and PD-L1 expression in glioma-associated microglia and macrophages (p < 0.05). Increased brain concentrations of doxorubicin led to long-term survivors in the majority of glioma-bearing mice. On the other hand, LIPU/MB-mediated BBB opening increased brain concentrations of anti-PD-1 therapy in mice (6.3-fold increase, p < 0.01). The combination of doxorubicin and anti-PD-1 therapy delivered with LIPU/MB resulted in long-term survival (p < 0.0001). This effect was abrogated in CD8-/- mice suggesting that T cells are important for the efficacy of doxorubicin and anti-PD-1 therapy delivered with LIPU/MB.

CONCLUSIONS:

This preclinical study demonstrates the immense potential of LIPU/MB technology in enhancing intracranial immune responses and drug delivery for glioblastoma treatment using doxorubicin and anti-PD-1 therapy, paving the way for more effective treatment strategies for this brain cancer.
Safety and Feasibility of JAK Inhibitor Ruxolitinib in Newly-Diagnosed High-Grade Gliomas (CRUX): Final Trial Report
Authors: Ozair Ahmad , Khosla Atulya , Rauf Yasmeen , Wei Wei (Auston) , Murphy Erin , Chao Samuel T. , Suh John H. , Stevens Glen , Peereboom David M. , Ahluwalia Manmeet
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION:

Dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway in newly-diagnosed high-grade gliomas (nHGG) is linked to enhanced survival and proliferation of tumor cells. Ruxolitinib, a small molecule inhibitor of JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3, limits glioma growth in preclinical models.

METHODS:

This non-randomized prospective study included 60 WHO Grade 3-4 nHGG patients who received standard of care (SOC) therapy along with ruxolitinib in a 3 + 3 dose-escalation design; level 1 of 10 mg BID, level 2 of 15 mg BID, level 3 of 20 mg BID, level -1 of 5 mg BID. Primary study objective was determination of maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of ruxolitinib in combination with chemoradiation. Secondary objective was the determination of safety as assessed using NIH CTCAE scale, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS). Exploratory aims were to investigate relationships between clinical outcomes and genomic signatures.

RESULTS:

60 patients were enrolled, with median age 60.5 years (range 22-78), 23 (38%) female, and 37 (62%) were male. Amongst 59 evaluable patients, 29 (49%) were MGMT unmethylated and received ruxolitinib with 60Gy radiation over 6 weeks, while 30 (51%) patients were MGMT methylated and received ruxolitinib with 75mg/m2 of temozolomide (TMZ) with 60Gy radiation over 6 weeks. MTD for both cohorts was 20 mg BID. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. Toxicities attributable to study medications included four grade 4 AEs including seizure, respiratory distress, somnolence, and thromboembolic event along with 14 grade 3 adverse events (AEs), including respiratory distress, seizure, gait disturbance, weakness, thrombocytopenia, cognitive disturbance, urinary retention, and meningitis. Median follow-up of patients alive was 34.2 months (range 18-52.2) with outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS:

Ruxolitinib therapy is safe and therapeutically feasible in combination with TMZ and radiation. A randomized phase 2 trial is planned.
Transcranial Agonism of CD40 and ICOS Promotes Meningeal Immunity and Control of Glioblastoma
Authors: Walsh Lisa , Monaghan Kelly , Ampie Leonel , Ghabdan-Zanluqui Nagela , Heiss John D. , McGavern Dorian
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION:

Glioblastomas generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment that limits antitumor immune responses.

METHODS:

We used the SB28 model of glioblastoma in C57BL/6J (B6) mice, which is a poorly immunogenic tumor with a lower mutational load than other many glioblastoma cell lines used in rodents. We stereotactically injected 7,000 SB28 cells at a depth of 1 mm into the neocortex of 8- to 10-week-old mice. At day 7, a carboxymethylcellulose gel containing 100 µg of agonistic anti-ICOS and 200 µg anti-CD40 were injected transcranially (i.e., under the scalp) of mice. Control mice received corresponding isotype control antibodies. Meningeal whole mounts were then stained using immunohistochemistry and imaged by confocal microscopy.

RESULTS:

Transcranial agonism of CD40 and ICOS generated a markedly enhanced and more localized meningeal immune response against SB28 tumors than intravenous agonism. Specifically, transcranial treatment promoted formation of CD4 T cell and B cell clusters in the meninges as well as increased production of class-switched immunoglobulins. These clusters were also associated with reduced tumor size at day 14.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our results demonstrate that transcranial delivery of antibodies against CD40 and ICOS can drive a local humoral immune response against an immunologically silent SB28 glioblastoma. We postulate that application of these agonistic antibodies in combination with a tumor neoantigen will further enhance tumor control and may offer a possible treatment modality in human glioblastoma patients.
Extent of Resection Thresholds in Molecular Subgroups of IDH-Wildtype Glioblastoma
Authors: Dono Ostorga Antonio Gabriel , Zhu Ping , Takayasu Takeshi , Arevalo Octavio , Tandon Nitin , Ballester Leomar , Esquenazi Yoshua
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION:

Maximizing the extent of resection (EOR) improves outcomes in glioblastoma (GBM). However, prior GBM studies have not addressed the impact of EOR in molecular subgroups of GBM beyond IDH1/IDH2 status. Therefore, it remains unclear whether EOR confers a benefit in all GBM subtypes or only in particular molecular subgroups.

METHODS:

Patients with newly diagnosed GBM IDH-wildtype undergoing resection were prospectively included in a database (n=138). EOR and RTV were quantified with semi-automated software. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues were analyzed by targeted next-generation sequencing. The association between recurrent genomic alterations and EOR/RTV was evaluated using a recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) to identify thresholds of EOR or RTV that may predict survival. The Kaplan-Meier methods and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression methods were applied for survival analysis.

RESULTS:

Patients with EOR = 95.9% and younger than 67.5 years experienced improved survival compared to older patients with EOR <95.9% (Hazard ratio [HR] 5.85, p < 0.002). Patients with alterations in the TP53 pathway and EOR <88.72% showed reduced OS (mOS: 10.5 vs. 18.8 months; HR: 2.78, p = 0.013). However, EOR/RTV was not associated with OS in patients without alterations in the TP53 pathway. Among patients with EOR <87.69%, PTEN altered had significantly worse overall survival than PTEN wildtype (9.5 vs. 15.4 months; HR: 4.53, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Our results suggest that a subset of molecularly defined GBMs IDH-wildtype may benefit more from aggressive resections. Re-resections to optimize EOR might be beneficial in a subset of molecularly defined GBMs. Molecular alterations should be taken into consideration for surgical treatment decisions in GBM IDH-wildtype.
Murine Models of Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Immuno-Oncology
Authors: Haskell-Mendoza Aden Pepe , Wachsmuth Lucas , Tyc Richard , Fecci Peter Edward
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION:

Cytoreductive surgery is a cornerstone of management for intracranial tumors. However, such treatment may remove an important source of neoantigen. In the case of laser interstital thermal therapy (LITT), thermally-ablated tumor remans in situ, allowing for a potential anti-tumor immune response.

METHODS:

Brain tumor cell lines (CT-2A) were stereotactically implanted into C57BL/6 mice. A 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser (Neuroblate, Monteris Medical) was used to ablate normal brain and tumor tissue.

RESULTS:

To establish anatomical boundaries for our ablation, we characterized our CT-2A model on T2 MRI, selecting 10 days post-implantation for LITT based on lesion size. We simultaneously implanted a 400 μm laser fiber and thermocouple probe into the center and edge of the target volume, respectively, for simultaneous ablation and temperature monitoring. To characterize the laser's effects, we first performed a dose titration of laser power/time in normal mouse brains, finding that doses above 2 W for 30 s produced cavitary lesions with charring that resulted in death at 24 h post-LITT. We therefore selected 1 W for 60 s as a safe laser power dose in our tumor model. Ablations at this setting rapidly heated the lesion edge to a peak temperature of mean 43.79 ± 2.993 °C, sparing the surrounding brain. MRI imaging at 1, 3, and 7 days post-LITT revealed an expansile T2 hyperintense lesion, with hemmorhage and necrosis on H&E. LITT increased survival to 28 from 25.5 days (vs sham, p = 0.0172).

CONCLUSIONS:

Using a clinical laser system, we were able to model the essential clinicopathological effects of LITT in mice: a cytoreductive survival benefit; lesion expansion on MRI; and focal necrosis with hemorrhagic vasculature on H&E. This model allows for detailed immunological studies of LITT and use with existing brain metastasis cell lines.
Agenda
Authors: Fähndrich Hartmut
Published: March 2024

Agenda
ERCP-induced perforation: review and revisit after half a century
Authors: A. Al Manasra Abdel Rahman A. , Mesmar Zaid , Manasreh Tarek , Hammouri Hanan M . , Husein Anas , Jadallah Khaled , Bani hani Mohammed , Abu Farsakh Niazy , K. Shahwan Shatha , Al-qaoud Doaa , Fataftah Jehad
Published: March 2024

Background Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an invasive procedure. We aimed to investigate ERCP-induced perforations at our institution and conduct a comprehensive review of literature on ERCP-induced perforations (EIP) since the introduction of this procedure as a therapeutic intervention. Methods This was a case-control study, in which charts of all patients diagnosed with ERCP-induced duodenal perforation were reviewed and compared to a control group without perforation. Patient’s sociodemographic and clinical data, including ERCP procedure-related data, were gathered. Results A total of 996 ERCP procedures were performed; only 13 patients proved to have EIP. Obstructive jaundice was the most common indication for ERCP. The main predisposing factor was difficult cannulation (P = 0.003). In total, five patients required surgical treatment; the majority of them had type I perforation, whereas type IV was the most common in patients who were treated conservatively. The overall mortality rate was 15%, the surgical group had a slightly higher mortality rate. Conclusions Fifty years after the introduction of ERCP for therapy, it remains an invasive procedure that carries significant morbidity and mortality, even in skilled hands or at high- volume units. Conservative management of perforation yields favorable outcomes in selected patients.
Methylation risk score in peripheral blood predictive of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Morrow Jarrett D.
Published: March 2024

Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative and heterogeneous disorder with complex etiology. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may represent an intermediate stage of AD, and the ability to identify MCI patients at greater risk of conversion to AD could guide personalized treatments. This study sought to develop a methylation risk score predictive of conversion from MCI to AD using publicly available blood DNA methylation (DNAm) data. Methods Using blood DNA methylation data from an epigenome-wide association study of AD that included 111 subjects with MCI, a methylation risk score of MCI conversion was created using an elastic-net framework. The elastic-net model was trained with a high-variance subset of the DNAm data, age and sex as predictors. Results The final model included three CpG sites: SLC6A3 (cg09892121) and TRIM62 (cg25342005), with a third (cg17292662) near the genes ATP6V1H and RGS20. A significant difference (p < 0.0001, t-test) was observed in the scores for MCI stable subjects compared with MCI converters. No statistically significant difference was observed between AD subjects and controls, suggesting specificity of the risk score for susceptibility to conversion. Conclusions The ability to identify MCI patients at greater risk of progression could inform early interventions and is a critical component in mitigation strategies for AD. This study provides insight into a potential role for epigenetics in the development of a multi-omic risk score of conversion.
DA-6034 ameliorates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in high fat diet-induced obese mice
Authors: Kim Hong Min , Kwon Mi-Hye , Lee Eun Soo , Ha Kyung Bong , Chung Choon Hee
Published: March 2024

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by an increase in hepatic triglyceride content and increased inflammatory macrophage infiltration through the C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR) 5 pathway in the liver. DA-6034 (7-carboxymethyloxy-3',4',5-trimethoxy flavone), is a synthetic derivative of eupatilin that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in inflammatory bowel disease. However, the effect of DA-6034 on the inflammatory response in NAFLD is not well elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of DA-6034 on hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Methods: Forty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into the following four groups: (1) regular diet (RD), (2) RD with DA-6034, (3) high fat diet (HFD), and (4) HFD with DA-6034. All mice were sacrificed 12 weeks after the start of the experiment. The effects of DA-6034 on macrophages were assessed using RAW264.7 cells.Results: DA-6034 not only reduced hepatic triglyceride levels and lipid accumulation but also macrophage infiltration and proinflammatory cytokines in HFD-fed mice. According to fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, DA-6034 reduced the CD8+ T cell fraction in the liver of HFD-fed mice. DA-6034 also reduced CCR5 expression and the migration of liver macrophages in HFD-fed mice and inhibited CCR2 ligand and CCR4 ligand, which stimulated the migration of macrophages.Conclusion: Overall, DA-6034 attenuates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in obesity by regulating CCR5 expression in macrophages.
Spreadsheet Modeling and Wrangling with Python
Authors: Isken Mark W.
Published: March 2024

A staple of many spreadsheet-based management science courses is the use of Excel for activities such as model building, sensitivity analysis, goal seeking, and Monte-Carlo simulation. What might those things look like if carried out using Python? We describe a teaching module in which Python is used to do typical Excel-based modeling and data-wrangling tasks. In addition, students are exposed to basic software engineering principles, including project folder structures, version control, object-oriented programming, and other more advanced Python skills, creating deployable packages and documentation. The module is supported with Jupyter notebooks, Python scripts, course web pages that include numerous screencasts, and a few GitHub repositories. All of the supporting materials are permissively licensed and freely accessible.

Supplemental Material: The supplemental files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ited.2023.0047 .
An evaluation of driveline dressing protocols and infection rates for left ventricular assist devices across UK transplant centres
Authors: Woods Andrew , Tovey Sian , McGurk Jennifer , Kore Shishir , Synowiec Ewa , Mulhern Justin , Smith Sophie , Sequeira Joao , Fernandez Oscar , McDiarmid Adam , Shah Asif , Scheuler Stephan , MacGowan Guy
Published: March 2024

Background/Aims

Left ventricular assist devices are used to improve the quality of life of people waiting for heart transplantation. Driveline infections are a significant complication of these devices, occurring in 30–40% of cases, which could lead to life threatening sepsis. This study aimed to review UK driveline dressing protocols and infection rates to determine if national standardisation is possible.

Methods

Six UK heart transplant centres were asked to share their driveline dressing protocols for comparison. National driveline infection data were obtained from the NHS Blood and Transplant database. Infection rates, patient demographics and device types were compared using Chi squared tests, with a P value of <0.05 indicating statistical significance.

Results

The study found 38 driveline infections over a 3-year period, with an average infection rate was 4.4% per year. There were no significant difference in infection rates between device types. Dressing protocols varied between centres, but all centres followed international guidance. The timepoint where the highest number of infections were diagnosed was 12 months post implantations, accounting for 23.7% of infections. There were no significant differences in infection rates between centres in 2019–20 or 2021–22, but a significant difference was observed for 2020–21 (P=0.013).

Conclusions

UK driveline infection rates are below the average reported in the literature. Despite some differences in dressing protocols, all centres examined in this study maintained a level of infection comparable to reported rates. The feasibility of national standardisation remains uncertain, and further research is needed to determine the most effective dressing protocols for preventing driveline infections.
Learning with Errors
Authors: Edwards Chris
Published: March 2024

Large-language models threaten to upend software and hardware development as we know it, but can they really deliver the goods? CHRIS EDWARDS investigates
Sourcing Electronic Components
Authors: Williams Del
Published: March 2024

How are independent distributors assisting manufacturers and identifying ways to reduce electronic component costs? By DEL WILLIAMS
Lifetime cost-effectiveness analysis osseointegrated transfemoral versus socket prosthesis using Markov modelling
Authors: Voigt Jeffrey D. , Potter Benjamin K. , Souza Jason , Forsberg Jonathan , Melton Danielle , Hsu Joseph R. , Wilke Benjamin
Published: March 2024

Aims

Prior cost-effectiveness analyses on osseointegrated prosthesis for transfemoral unilateral amputees have analyzed outcomes in non-USA countries using generic quality of life instruments, which may not be appropriate when evaluating disease-specific quality of life. These prior analyses have also focused only on patients who had failed a socket-based prosthesis. The aim of the current study is to use a disease-specific quality of life instrument, which can more accurately reflect a patient’s quality of life with this condition in order to evaluate cost-effectiveness, examining both treatment-naïve and socket refractory patients.

Methods

Lifetime Markov models were developed evaluating active healthy middle-aged male amputees. Costs of the prostheses, associated complications, use/non-use, and annual costs of arthroplasty parts and service for both a socket and osseointegrated (OPRA) prosthesis were included. Effectiveness was evaluated using the questionnaire for persons with a transfemoral amputation (Q-TFA) until death. All costs and Q-TFA were discounted at 3% annually. Sensitivity analyses on those cost variables which affected a change in treatment (OPRA to socket, or socket to OPRA) were evaluated to determine threshold values. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated.

Results

For treatment-naïve patients, the lifetime ICER for OPRA was $279/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). For treatment-refractory patients the ICER was $273/QALY. In sensitivity analysis, the variable thresholds that would affect a change in the course of treatment based on cost (from socket to OPRA), included the following for the treatment-naïve group: yearly replacement components for socket > $8,511; cost yearly replacement parts OPRA < $1,758; and for treatment-refractory group: yearly replacement component for socket of > $12,467.

Conclusion

The use of the OPRA prosthesis in physically active transfemoral amputees should be considered as a cost-effective alternative in both treatment-naïve and treatment-refractory socket prosthesis patients. Disease-specific quality of life assessments such as Q-TFA are more sensitive when evaluating cost-effectiveness.

Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(3):218–226.
SDG-enabled decarbonisation transport pathways for mid-sized Indian cities
Authors: Mahadevia Darshini , Lathia Saumya , Mukhopadhyay Chandrima
Published: March 2024

All international agreements recognise that sustainable development, equity and poverty alleviation are preconditions for the substantial societal and technological transformations required to limit global warming to 1.5°C. A growing body of literature indicates that while climate change undermines the progress of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), climate actions also pose several trade-offs with them. Climate adaptation has a largely synergistic relationship with SDGs across various socio-economic contexts. However, climate mitigation’s relationship with SDGs is far more complex. While the need to decarbonise is universal, the pathways to deliver deep decarbonisation vary across contexts and scales and are located within the local socio-economic realities besides local environmental factors. This paper argues that (1) climate mitigation measures in countries like India – with rising income inequality and high social diversity in caste, religion and region – need a tailored assessment approach, (2) carefully mediating climate mitigation measures – like deep decarbonisation – at the local level is crucial to enable transformative change required to meet the Paris Agreement and the UN Agenda 2030, (3) enabling ‘just’ deep decarbonisation or SDG-enabled decarbonisation at the local level requires addressing unmet needs of the vulnerable population even at the cost of increased emissions, and (4) sector-specific decarbonisation strategies at the national level must be translated into the local area’s social, economic, environmental and institutional realities. This paper grounds this approach using the example of the transport sector and applies it in a mid-sized city of India, Udaipur, to illustrate the argument.
Revealed and Concealed: Carrying and the Sinus in Ancient Rome
Authors: Kutner Melissa Bailey
Published: March 2024

Abstract: This paper uses literary sources to investigate how Romans carried objects. Carrying took place openly, in purses, and in clothing, especially the sinus , a fold of cloth created by togas or tunics. While open carrying is portrayed as reinforcing social hierarchies, carrying things in the sinus escaped hierarchies and was closely associated with the individual: with intimacy, character, and the ability to take potentially disruptive action (since people could retrieve objects from it unexpectedly in front of others). References to the latter cluster in the imperial period and center on men’s political power and their potential vulnerability to women.
The Misadventures of Latona in Ovid, Metamorphoses 6
Authors: Oliensis Ellen
Published: March 2024

Abstract: Latona enters the Ovidian spotlight in two episodes in Metamorphoses 6, confronting first Niobe and then some rude Lycian farmers. This essay begins by drawing attention to two features of these episodes: first, Ovid’s reshaping of the tradition to highlight Latona’s peculiar susceptibility to eviction, and second, the way the Lycian story in particular not only reenacts the disrespect the story warns against but, more startlingly, brings Latona’s very divinity into question. The essay ends by linking these humiliations to Latona’s anomalous status as a goddess who is also a fully embodied mother.
Retroframing the Future: Digital De-aging Technologies in Contemporary Hollywood Cinema
Authors: Holliday Christopher
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT: An emergent current of contemporary Hollywood cinema’s virtual population is the digitally age-regressed body, whereby computer animation “de-ages” star performers in feats of astonishing technological expressivity. This article examines the critical implications of virtual de-aging processes as both an institutional shift and a set of regularized formal practices. While the computerization of stardom by visual effects studios permits the aged star to transcend the limitations of their flesh-and-blood bodies, de-aging technologies intervene into critical discussions surrounding computer-mediated acting and digital performance; Hollywood’s increasingly “puzzling” narrative structures; gendered representations of aging in popular cinema; and the historical relationship between cinema, physiognomy, and memory.
Before the Confession
Authors: Bissell Mirande
Published: March 2024

Abstract: “Before the Confession” is a lyric poem on the themes of shame and awareness of the body.
A Stratigrapher Examines the Layers of Ararat
Authors: Dionne Jessica
Published: March 2024

Abstract: This poem examines the historical implications of Mount Ararat—both as a modern-day landmark and as the Biblical location where Noah’s Ark landed after the flood.
Lullaby
Authors: James John
Published: March 2024

Abstract: “Lullaby” explores the idea of raising children in the midst of an uncertain climatological future.
The Moth Effect
Authors: Smith Kylie
Published: March 2024

Abstract: This essay explores themes of mental health, intergenerational trauma, and the limits of one’s control over their own body. The work relies primarily on personal narrative, but also includes discussion of different theories surrounding peppered moth populations in England. The primary work cited in the essay’s discussion of moths is Judith Hopper’s Of Moths and Men: An Evolutionary Tale.
Painting and Socializing COVID-19 Dreams
Authors: Lockheart Julia
Published: March 2024

Abstract: A catastrophic worldwide trauma occurred with the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, which caused changes in the content of dreams worldwide. In response to this, the science art collaboration DreamsID (Dreams Interpreted and Drawn; Dreams Illustrated and Discussed) held dream salons online, from March to July 2020, to explore the effects of the pandemic on the dreams of healthcare professionals and keyworkers. In each salon a worldwide audience discussed the dream of a key worker, and the dream was painted simultaneously so as to return the dream to a visual form. Three of these dreams are described here. Each is shown to reflect metaphorically the adverse circumstances of the pandemic. The painting of each dream is reproduced, with feedback from each dreamer about this process. This article shows how, through discussion with others, the socialization of the dream results in an artistic intervention and a collaborative act of creativity. It concludes that the dream salon, as a forum, combines the dream and rational waking life of the dreamer, one of the key aims of Surrealism.
Estimation of modified Zernike coefficients from turbulence-degraded multispectral imagery using deep learning
Authors: Siddik Abu Bucker , Sandoval Steven , Voelz David , Boucheron Laura E. , Varela Luis
Published: March 2024

We investigate how wavelength diversity affects the performance of a
deep-learning model that predicts the modified Zernike coefficients of
turbulence-induced wavefront error from multispectral images. The
ability to perform accurate predictions of the coefficients from
images collected in turbulent conditions has potential applications in
image restoration. The source images for this work were a point object
and extended objects taken from a character-based dataset, and a
wavelength-dependent simulation was developed that applies the effects
of isoplanatic atmospheric turbulence to the images. The simulation
utilizes a phase screen resampling technique to emulate the
simultaneous collection of each band of a multispectral image through
the same turbulence realization. Simulated image data were generated
for the point and extended objects at various turbulence levels, and a
deep neural network architecture based on AlexNet was used to predict
the modified Zernike coefficients. Mean squared error results
demonstrate a significant improvement in predicting modified Zernike
coefficients for both the point object and extended objects as the
number of spectral bands is increased. However, the improvement with
the number of bands was limited when using extended objects with
additive noise.
Laser-pump-resistive-probe technique to study nanosecond-scale relaxation processes
Authors: Blumenau Mark I. , Kuntsevich Aleksander Yu.
Published: March 2024

Standard optical pump-probe methods analyze a system’s temporal
response to a laser pulse within sub-femtoseconds to several
nanoseconds, constrained by the optical delay line’s length. While
resistance is a sensitive detector in various fields, its measurements
are typically slow (>µs) due to stabilization requirements.
We suggest here a time-resolved pump-probe technique that combines an
optical pump pulse and a rectangular electrical probe pulse through
the sample, measuring transmission in a 50 ohm matched circuit
with a digital oscilloscope. This allows electrically driven delays
from nanoseconds to seconds. Demonstrations include studying
heat-induced changes in a thin amorphous VO
x
film and carrier relaxation in a CdS
photoresistor, showcasing potential applications in heat transfer,
biochemical reactions, and gradual electronic transformations.
Pump-power-controlled L-band wavelength-tunable mode-locked fiber laser utilizing nonlinear polarization evolution in all-polarization-maintaining fibers
Authors: Ye Guanyu , Liu Bowen , Dai Maolin , Ma Yifan , Shirahata Takuma , Yamashita Shinji , Set Sze Yun
Published: March 2024

We present for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the pump-power-controlled, all-polarization-maintaining (all-PM), all-fiber configured, wavelength-tunable mode-locked fiber laser in the L-band (1565 to 1625 nm). A tuning range over 20 nm (1568.2  to 1588.9 nm) is attained simply by varying the pump power between 45 and 115 mW. Our work represents the first demonstration of wavelength tuning in all-PM configured nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) lasers. The non-mechanical and electrically controllable tuning method offers ease of use and cost efficiency within an advanced all-PM, all-fiber design, indicating promising adaptability to diverse wavelength bands.
Integrated segmented IQ-modulator for orthogonal sampling and multi-level high-bandwidth signal generation
Authors: Mandalawi Younus , Hosni Mohamed I. , Meier Janosch , Singh Karanveer , De Souvaraj , Das Ranjan , Schneider Thomas
Published: March 2024

Photonic-assisted signal processing of high-bandwidth signals emerges as a solution for challenges encountered in electronic-based processing. Here we present a concept for a compact, photonic-assisted digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and optical IQ-modulator in one single integrated device based on two innovative concepts: a segmented Mach–Zehnder modulator and orthogonal sampling. For electrically driving the modulator, only a single radio frequency oscillator and no pulse source or electrical DAC are required. The presented and simulated proof-of-concept device with six segments can generate a multi-level and high-bandwidth signal from low-bandwidth electronic drivers; e.g., we show the generation of a 120 Gbps data rate, 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM, 30 Gbaud) signal solely based on low-bandwidth (5 GHz) non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signals. Integrated on a silicon photonic platform, the device provides fixable speed and bandwidth operations, positioning it as a viable solution for diverse communication systems.
Echelon grating refractive index sensor
Authors: Zhang Haotian , Li Xiaoping , Pan Yue , Cao Hongzhong , Xia Yunjie , Ma Rende
Published: March 2024

There are few reports on optical refractive index sensors that have both high resonant-wavelength resolution (RWR) and high refractive index sensitivity (RIS). Herein, based on an echelon grating, we design a refractive index sensor that combines the two advantages together. The principal fringe of echelon grating has a small full width at half maximum and a good signal-to-noise ratio, leading to a high RWR. The wavefront splitting interference makes the sensor have high RIS. The large free spectral range (FSR) of the principal fringes expands the dynamic range of the sensor. The experimentally realized RWR, RIS, and FSR are 2 × 10−2 nm, 1.14 × 104 nm/RIU (RIU: refractive index unit), and 130 nm, respectively. The detection limit of refractive index is 1.59 × 10−6 RIU. The dynamic range of the sensor is 1.14 × 10−2 RIU. In addition, there are schemes to improve RWR and RIS, which can further reduce the detection limit of refractive index. The echelon grating refractive index sensor features low detection limit, low cost, high stability, and good robustness.
Localization landscape of optical waves in multifractal photonic membranes
Authors: Shubitidze Tornike , Zhu Yilin , Sundar Hari , Dal Negro Luca
Published: March 2024

In this paper, we investigate the localization properties of optical waves in disordered systems with multifractal scattering potentials. In particular, we apply the localization landscape theory to the classical Helmholtz operator and, without solving the associated eigenproblem, show accurate predictions of localized eigenmodes for one- and two-dimensional multifractal structures. Finally, we design and fabricate nanoperforated photonic membranes in silicon nitride (SiN) and image directly their multifractal modes using leaky-mode spectroscopy in the visible spectral range. The measured data demonstrate optical resonances with multiscale intensity fluctuations in good qualitative agreement with numerical simulations. The proposed approach provides a convenient strategy to design multifractal photonic membranes, enabling rapid exploration of extended scattering structures with tailored disorder for enhanced light-matter interactions.
Ensemble dynamics and information flow deduction from whole-brain imaging data
Authors: Toyoshima Yu , Sato Hirofumi , Nagata Daiki , Kanamori Manami , Jang Moon Sun , Kuze Koyo , Oe Suzu , Teramoto Takayuki , Iwasaki Yuishi , Yoshida Ryo , Ishihara Takeshi , Iino Yuichi
Published: March 2024

The recent advancements in large-scale activity imaging of neuronal ensembles offer valuable opportunities to comprehend the process involved in generating brain activity patterns and understanding how information is transmitted between neurons or neuronal ensembles. However, existing methodologies for extracting the underlying properties that generate overall dynamics are still limited. In this study, we applied previously unexplored methodologies to analyze time-lapse 3D imaging (4D imaging) data of head neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. By combining time-delay embedding with the independent component analysis, we successfully decomposed whole-brain activities into a small number of component dynamics. Through the integration of results from multiple samples, we extracted common dynamics from neuronal activities that exhibit apparent divergence across different animals. Notably, while several components show common cooperativity across samples, some component pairs exhibited distinct relationships between individual samples. We further developed time series prediction models of synaptic communications. By combining dimension reduction using the general framework, gradient kernel dimension reduction, and probabilistic modeling, the overall relationships of neural activities were incorporated. By this approach, the stochastic but coordinated dynamics were reproduced in the simulated whole-brain neural network. We found that noise in the nervous system is crucial for generating realistic whole-brain dynamics. Furthermore, by evaluating synaptic interaction properties in the models, strong interactions within the core neural circuit, variable sensory transmission and importance of gap junctions were inferred. Virtual optogenetics can be also performed using the model. These analyses provide a solid foundation for understanding information flow in real neural networks.
The economic burden of cervical cancer on women in Uganda: Findings from a cross-sectional study conducted at two public cervical cancer clinics
Authors: Dau Hallie , Nankya Esther , Naguti Priscilla , Basemera Miriam , Payne Beth A. , Vidler Marianne , Singer Joel , McNair Avery , AboMoslim Maryam , Smith Laurie , Orem Jackson , Nakisige Carolyn , Ogilvie Gina
Published: March 2024

There is limited research on how a cervical cancer diagnosis financially impacts women and their families in Uganda. This analysis aimed to describe the economic impact of cervical cancer treatment, including how it differs by socio-economic status (SES) in Uganda. We conducted a cross-sectional study from September 19, 2022 to January 17, 2023. Women were recruited from the Uganda Cancer Institute and Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, and were eligible if they were ≥ of 18 years and being treated for cervical cancer. Participants completed a survey that included questions about their out-of-pocket costs, unpaid labor, and family’s economic situation. A wealth index was constructed to determine their SES. Descriptive statistics were reported. Of the 338 participants, 183 were from the lower SES. Women from the lower SES were significantly more likely to be older, have ≤ primary school education, and have a more advanced stage of cervical cancer. Over 90% of participants in both groups reported paying out-of-pocket for cervical cancer. Only 15 participants stopped treatment because they could not afford it. Women of a lower SES were significantly more likely to report borrowing money (higher SES n = 47, 30.5%; lower SES n = 84, 46.4%; p-value = 0.004) and selling possessions (higher SES n = 47, 30.5%; lower SES n = 90, 49.7%; p-value = 0.006) to pay for care. Both SES groups reported a decrease in the amount of time that they spent caring for their children since their cervical cancer diagnosis (higher SES n = 34, 31.2%; lower SES n = 36, 29.8%). Regardless of their SES, women in Uganda incur out-of-pocket costs related to their cervical cancer treatment. However, there are inequities as women from the lower SES groups were more likely to borrow funds to afford treatment. Alternative payment models and further economic support could help alleviate the financial burden of cervical cancer care in Uganda.
Anxiety and its risk factors among non-Japanese residents living in Japan undergoing COVID-19 situation: A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Luu Mai Ngoc , Imoto Atsuko , Matsuo Yoshimi , Huy Nguyen Tien , Qarawi Ahmad , Alhady Shamael Thabit Mohammed , Truong Le Van , Yoshino Ryuji , Duc Nguyen Tran Minh , Tabei Kozue , Lu Yixiao , Singh Manmeet Kaur , Truong Mai Phuong , Dumre Shyam Prakash , Rocha Ian Christopher Naungayan , Hung I-Chun , Fudo Akane , Sato Miho , Kansakar Sajog , Tsukamoto Akiko , Komatsu Aiko , Cai Guoxi , Moji Kazuhiko , Khongyot Thanawat , Mogan Saruveish , Soukdavone Souksavath , Hartuti Endah Dwi , Thidatheb Kounnavong , Honda Shiho , Woo Hyunjae , Lama Nitu , Huynh Vy Thi Nhat , Khoa Huynh Le Anh , Abbas Kirellos Said , Monib Fatma A. , Omran Hoda Aly Mohamed , Rezq Chiristine Samuel , Qatora Mostafa Shehata , Jia Ng Sze , Morena Graca Jaqueline Vanessa , Miranda Adriana Viola , Ngo Huynh Minh-Trang , Ota Junko , Minjung Kim , An Jaemin , Vorlasane Latdavanh , Gunasegaran Kesshinee , Zulkefli Fazureen , Lima Girón Belen de Jesús , Bhattachan Punita Gauchan , Dumre Renu Bhandari , Pandey Kishor , Yamashita Sarina , Seposo Aden Kay Celis , Zabala Jayson , Riva-Moscoso Adrián , Ordóñez Joyce Nicole Pineda , Uitrakul Suriyon , Principe-Meneses Fortunato S. , Dila Kadek Agus Surya
Published: March 2024

Introduction

In the context of collective efforts taken in Japan to control the spread of COVID-19, the state of emergency and social distancing have caused a negative impact on the mental health of all residents, including foreign communities in Japan. This study aimed to evaluate the level of anxiety and its associated factors among non-Japanese residents residing in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A web-based survey in 13 languages was conducted among non-Japanese residents living in Japan during the COVID-19 situation. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory assessed the level of anxiety–State (STAI-S) scores prorated from its six-item version. The multivariable logistic regression using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) method was performed to identify the associated factors of anxiety among participants.

Results

From January to March 2021, we collected 392 responses. A total of 357 valid responses were analyzed. 54.6% of participants suffered from clinically significant anxiety (CSA). In multivariable logistic model analysis, the CSA status or the high level of anxiety was associated with three factors, including having troubles/difficulties in learning or working, decreased sleep duration, and decreased overall physical health (p<0.05).

Conclusion

Our study suggests several possible risk factors of anxiety among non-Japanese residents living in Japan undergoing the COVID-19 pandemic, including the troubles or difficulties in learning or working, the decrease in sleep duration, and the decrease in overall physical health.
Testing a faith-placed education intervention for bowel cancer screening in Muslim communities using a two-group non-randomised mixed-methods approach: Feasibility study protocol
Authors: Carr Marimba , Thompson Claire , Berger-Gillam Tara , Freedman Joanne , Smeeton Nigel , Waqar Salman , Trivedi Daksha
Published: March 2024

Background

Inequalities exist in uptake of bowel cancer screening in England with low uptake in areas with high deprivation and amongst certain ethnic and religious groups. Individuals from these groups are more likely to receive a late diagnosis of bowel cancer. Uptake in Muslim communities, for example, has been shown to be lower than in the general population. Culturally adapted interventions are needed to address these inequalities. This feasibility study aims to assess the acceptability and accessibility of an educational faith-placed bowel cancer screening intervention in the East of England, alongside its impact on bowel screening uptake. It was developed by the British Islamic Medical Association in partnership with community stakeholders and professionals.

Methods

Ethical approval was granted on the 27 October 2021, REC reference number 21/EE/0231. A two-group non-randomised feasibility mixed methods study will be conducted, using surveys, focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Participants eligible for bowel screening will be recruited through local mosques and community venues. We aim to recruit 100 participants to the intervention group and 150 to the comparison group (not receiving the intervention). Intervention group participants will complete a survey at baseline, post-intervention and at six-month follow up. Comparison group participants will complete a survey at baseline and at six-month follow up. Outcomes will include: intention to take up screening; actual screening uptake; knowledge, attitudes, barriers and facilitators towards screening. Regional screening hub records will be used to ascertain actual screening uptake at six-month follow-up. Quantitative survey data will be summarised using descriptive statistics (e.g., proportion), and exploratory univariate analysis will be undertaken (e.g., chi-squared test). Two focus group interviews will be conducted with intervention group participants (with up to 16 participants). Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with 10 clinicians delivering the intervention to explore the acceptability of the intervention, training, and delivery. All qualitative data will be subject to a general inductive analysis.

Discussion

The findings will inform how faith-placed interventions can be implemented to increase uptake of bowel cancer screening, and potentially other health promotion programmes, to address health inequalities in ethnically diverse communities in England.
TMH: Two-Tower Multi-Head Attention neural network for CTR prediction
Authors: An Zijian , Joe Inwhee
Published: March 2024

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is a term used to predict the probability of a user clicking on an ad or item and has become a popular research area in advertising. As the volume of Internet data increases, the labor costs of traditional feature engineering continue to rise. To reduce the dependence on feature interactions, this paper proposes a fusion model that combines explicit and implicit feature interactions, called the Two-Tower Multi-Head Attention Neural Network (TMH) approach. The model integrates multiple components such as multi-head attention, residual network, and deep neural networks into an end-to-end model that automatically obtains vector-level combinations of explicit and implicit features to predict click-through rates through higher-order explicit and implicit interactions. We evaluated the effectiveness of TMH in CTR prediction through numerous experiments using three real datasets. The results demonstrate that our proposed method not only outperforms existing prediction methods but also offers good interpretability.