bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining Band Recovery Data and Pollock's Robust Design to Model Temporary and Permanent Emigration
Authors: Lindberg M. S. , Kendall W. L. , Hines J. E. , Anderson Michael G.
Published: May 2004

Summary. Capture‐recapture models are widely used to estimate demographic parameters of marked populations. Recently, this statistical theory has been extended to modeling dispersal of open populations. Multistate models can be used to estimate movement probabilities among subdivided populations if multiple sites are sampled. Frequently, however, sampling is limited to a single site, Models described by Burnham (1993, in Marked Individuals in the Study of Bird Populations, 199–213), which combined open population capture‐recapture and band‐recovery models, can be used to estimate permanent emigration when sampling is limited to a single population. Similarly, Kendall, Nichols, and Hines (1997, Ecology51, 563–578) developed models to estimate temporary emigration under Pollock's (1982, Journal of Wildlife Management46, 757–760) robust design. We describe a likelihood‐based approach to simultaneously estimate temporary and permanent emigration when sampling is limited to a single population. We use a sampling design that combines the robust design and recoveries of individuals obtained immediately following each sampling period. We present a general form for our model where temporary emigration is a first‐order Markov process, and we discuss more restrictive models. We illustrate these models with analysis of data on marked Canvasback ducks. Our analysis indicates that probability of permanent emigration for adult female Canvasbacks was 0.193 (

) and that birds that were present at the study area in year i— 1 had a higher probability of presence in year i than birds that were not present in year i— 1.
Nonparametric Estimation in a Cure Model with Random Cure Times
Authors: Betensky Rebecca A. , Schoenfeld David A.
Published: May 2004

Summary.Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life‐threatening acute condition that sometimes follows pneumonia or surgery. Patients who recover and leave the hospital are considered to have been cured at the time they leave the hospital. These data differ from typical data in which cure is a possibility: death times are not observed for patients who are cured and cure times are observed and vary among patients. Here we apply a competing risks model to these data and show it to be equivalent to a mixture model, the more common approach for cure data. Further, we derive an estimator for the variance of the cumulative incidence function from the competing risks model, and thus for the cure rate, based on elementary calculations. We compare our variance estimator to Gray's (1988,Annals of Statistics16, 1140–1154) estimator, which is based on counting process theory. We find our estimator to be slightly more accurate in small samples. We apply these results to data from an ARDS clinical trial.
Statistical Evaluation of the Regulatory Guidelines for Use of Furosemide in Race Horses
Authors: Chu Karin K. , Wang Naisyin , Stanley Scott , Cohen Noah D.
Published: May 2004

Summary. The pharmacokinetic behavior of furosemide concentrations in performance horses is of great interest to the equine industry and equine researchers. Specifically, such information is useful for the evaluation of the existing guidelines in several racing jurisdictions and for the possible development of new guidelines for varying time periods after administration. We studied several approaches within the framework of nonlinear mixed effects models to increase the accuracy of evaluating these guidelines. Theoretical properties of the proposed methods were examined and the variances of the resulting estimators compared. Their numerical performances were further evaluated through simulations. Finally, we applied these methods to a furosemide concentration profile data set and used our findings to address certain important practical issues.
Factor Analytic Models of Clustered Multivariate Data with Informative Censoring
Authors: Dunson David B. , Perreault Sally D.
Published: May 2004

Summary. This article describes a general class of factor analytic models for the analysis of clustered multivariate data in the presence of informative missingness. We assume that there are distinct sets of cluster‐level latent variables related to the primary outcomes and to the censoring process, and we account for dependency between these latent variables through a hierarchical model. A linear model is used to relate covariates and latent variables to the primary outcomes for each subunit. A generalized linear model accounts for covariate and latent variable effects on the probability of censoring for subunits within each cluster. The model accounts for correlation within clusters and within subunits through a flexible factor analytic framework that allows multiple latent variables and covariate effects on the latent variables. The structure of the model facilitates implementation of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for posterior estimation. Data from a spermatotoxicity study are analyzed to illustrate the proposed approach.
A Bayesian Decision Approach for Sample Size Determination in Phase II Trials
Authors: Leung Denis Heng‐Yan , Wang You‐Gan
Published: May 2004

Summary. Stallard (1998, Biometrics54, 279–294) recently used Bayesian decision theory for sample‐size determination in phase II trials. His design maximizes the expected financial gains in the development of a new treatment. However, it results in a very high probability (0.65) of recommending an ineffective treatment for phase III testing. On the other hand, the expected gain using his design is more than 10 times that of a design that tightly controls the false positive error (Thall and Simon, 1994, Biometrics50, 337–349). Stallard's design maximizes the expected gain per phase II trial, but it does not maximize the rate of gain or total gain for a fixed length of time because the rate of gain depends on the proportion of treatments forwarding to the phase III study. We suggest maximizing the rate of gain, and the resulting optimal one‐stage design becomes twice as efficient as Stallard's one‐stage design. Furthermore, the new design has a probability of only 0.12 of passing an ineffective treatment to phase III study.
Book Reviews
Authors: Ridout M. S.
Published: May 2004

McCONWAY, K. J., JONES, M. C., and TAYLOR, P. C. Statistical Modelling using Genstat.

SCHINAZI, R. B. Classical and Spatial Point Processes.

PERRY, J. E., SMITH, R. H., WOIWOD, I. P., and MORSE, D. R. (editors). Chaos in Real Data: The Analysis of Non‐linear Dynamics from Short Ecological Time Series.

BURTON, R. F. Physiology by Numbers, 2nd edition.

BERLINER, L. M., NYCHKA, D., and HOAR, T. (editors). Studies in the Atmospheric Sciences.

PRAKASA RAO, B. L. S. Statistical Inference for Diffusion Type Processes.

DONNER, A. and KLAR, N. Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research.

MATIS, J. H. and KIFFE, T. R. Stochastic Population Models: A Compartmental Perspective.

LINDSEY, J. K. Models for Repeated Measurements, 2nd edition.

FORD, E. D. Scientific Method for Ecological Research.

BURNHAM, K. P. and ANDERSON, D. R. Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information‐Theoretic Approach.

COX, D. R. and REID, N. The Theory of the Design of Experiments.

PINHEIRO, J. C. and BATES, D. M. Mixed‐effects models in S and S‐PLUS.

VENABLES, W. N. and RIPLEY, B. D. S Programming.

KRAUSE, A. and OLSON, M. The Basics of S and S‐PLUS.

CHEN, M.‐H., SHAO, Q.‐M., and IBRAHIM, J. G. Monte Carlo Methods in Bayesian Computation.

SAHAI, H. and AGEEL, M. L. The Analysis of Variance: Fixed, Random, and Mixed Models.

EVERITT, B. S. and DUNN, G. Statistical Analysis of Medical Data: New Developments.

MUKHOPADHYAY, N. Probability and Statistical Inference.

KNIGHT, K. Mathematical Statistics.

Brief reports by the editor MILLER, R. E. Optimization: Foundations and Applications.

BLAND, M. An Introduction to Medical Statistics, 3rd edition.

RABE‐HESKETH, S. and EVERITT, B. A Handbook of Statistical Analyses using Stata, 2nd edition.

KOO, J. O. (editor). American Series in Mathematical and Management Sciences Volume 42. Modern Mathematical, Management, and Statistical Sciences, The Index to the 20th Century, Prologue to the 21st Century.

MISHRA, S. N. and SHARMA, B. D. (editors). American Series in Mathematical and Management Sciences Volume 43. FIM‐I, Forum for Interdisciplinary Mathematics Proceedings on Statistical Inference, Combinatorics and Related Areas, Volume I of Proceedings of Banaras Hindu University (BHU) Conference (Varanasi, India, December 1997).

VENABLES, W. N. and RIPLEY, B. D. Modern Applied Statistics with S‐PLUS, 3rd edition.
The relationship between nonverbal immediacy, student motivation, and perceived cognitive learning among Japanese college students1
Authors: PRIBYL CHARLES B. , SAKAMOTO MASAHIRO , KEATEN JAMES A.
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Research in the United States has found a strong and consistent relationship between teacher behavior and learning. Data collected from American college students indicate that perceptions of teacher nonverbal immediacy (NVI) are associated with students’ feelings toward learning and perceptions of cognitive learning. The purposes of this study were to accomplish the following: (1) develop standardized Japanese versions of the instruments used to measure teacher nonverbal immediacy, student motivation, and perceived cognitive learning (how much students think they have learned); and (2) assess the relationship between NVI, student motivation, and perceptions of cognitive learning among Japanese college students. Results note that Japanese students report (1) a positive relationship between reported levels of teacher NVI and student motivation; (2) a negative relationship between reported levels of teacher NVI and perceived learning loss; and (3) a negative relationship between student motivation (SM) and perceived learning loss (how much students think they did not learn with their teacher compared to an ideal teacher). Further, cross‐cultural comparisons between Japanese and American students were conducted. Results from the cross‐cultural comparison suggest that the relationships between reported teacher nonverbal immediacy, student motivation, and learning loss among Japanese college students are similar to those found among American college students, but the dimensional structure of the questionnaires was different.
The Preauricular Sinus: A Review of its Clinical Presentation, Treatment, and Associations
Authors: Scheinfeld Noah S. , Silverberg Nanette B. , Weinberg Jeffrey M. , Nozad Valerie
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Preauricular sinuses (ear pits) are common congenital abnormalities. Usually asymptomatic, they manifest as small dells adjacent to the external ear near the anterior margin of the ascending limb of the helix, most frequently on the right side. Preauricular sinuses can be either inherited or sporadic. When inherited, they show an incomplete autosomal dominant pattern with reduced penetrance and variable expression. They may be bilateral, increasing the likelihood of being inherited, in 25–50% of cases. Preauricular sinuses are features of other conditions or syndromes in 3–10% of cases, primarily in association with deafness and branchio‐oto‐renal (BOR) syndrome. When other congenital anomalies coexist with these sinuses, auditory testing and renal ultrasound should be considered. Sinuses may become infected, most commonly with gram‐positive bacteria, in which case their exudates should be cultured and appropriate antibiotics administered. Recurrent infection is a clear indication for complete excision and provides the only definitive cure. Recurrence rates after surgery range from 9% to 42%. Meticulous excision by an experienced head and neck surgeon minimizes the risk of recurrence.
Three Children with CD30+ Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas Bearing the t(2;5)(p23;q35) Translocation
Authors: Hinshaw Molly , Trowers Andrea B. , Kodish Eric , Kuerbitz Steven , Shurin Susan , Wood Gary S.
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Since its discovery in CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphomas, the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation has shown a high degree of association with nodal disease, younger patient age, and better prognosis. Furthermore, primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphomas rarely manifests the t(2;5) translocation. We present three cases of this disease that occurred in children, bore the t(2;5) translocation, and had excellent outcomes, but presented cutaneously. Two of these lesions were primary skin lymphomas. Review of the available literature in conjunction with these three cases suggests that the t(2;5) translocation may be more strongly associated with younger patient age and favorable outcomes rather than nodal versus cutaneous site of presentation.
Frequency and Clinical and Dermatoscopic Features of Volar and Ungual Pigmented Melanocytic Lesions: A Study in Schoolchildren of Manizales, Colombia
Authors: Jaramillo‐Ayerbe Felipe , Vallejo‐Contreras Jessica
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  In Latin American populations, acral lentiginous melanoma is the prevailing type of melanoma. Its relationship to preexistent benign volar melanocytic lesions has not been established; however, it is common practice to remove these lesions from children in spite of the fact that childhood acral lentiginous melanoma is extremely rare. To determine the frequency and the clinical and dermatoscopic characteristics of acrally located pigmented melanocytic lesions in schoolchildren of Manizales, Colombia, we undertook an exploratory, descriptive study of 1106 schoolchildren in search of pigmented volar and ungual lesions. In the study group there were 680 males and 426 females, ranging in age from 6 to 23 years (median age 13 years). At least one acral pigmented lesion was found in 464 individuals (42%). Their distribution over the volar surface was rather regular. Increasing age and darkness of the skin correlated with an increased number of lesions. Dermatoscopic patterns were consistent and suggestive of union nevus and simple lentigo as the predominant types of melanocytic proliferation. Typical pigmented melanocytic volar skin lesions are very common in our schoolchildren. Removal of these lesions is not routinely recommended since a relationship with acral lentiginous melanoma has not been established.
Periumbilical Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Blue Jeans or Belt Buckles?
Authors: Byer Tara T. , Morrell Dean S.
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Nickel is the most ubiquitous contact allergen among children and adolescents. Metal blue jeans buttons and belts have been noted to cause nickel dermatitis around the umbilicus. For these children, traditional teaching is strict avoidance of all pants with metal snaps/buttons, particularly blue jeans. In this study we tested 90 pairs of blue jeans and 47 belts for nickel using the dimethylglyoxime spot test. Only 10% of blue jeans tested positive, while 53% of belts tested positive. Furthermore, 10 pairs of nickel‐negative blue jeans remained negative after 10 washings. Overall we found no resistance to testing in clothing stores. From these results, we recommend that patients with allergic contact dermatitis secondary to nickel need not strictly avoid blue jeans and metal belt buckles. Rather, families should be encouraged to use the dimethylglyoxime spot test to test these items for nickel prior to purchase.
Erythema Nodosum in Association with Celiac Disease
Authors: Bartyik Katalin , Várkonyi Ágnes , Kirschner Ágnes , Endreffy Emöke , Túri Sándor , Karg Eszter
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  We present a 16‐year‐old girl with a 4‐year history of chronic persistent erythema nodosum. Recurrently low serum iron values suggested the possibility of a malabsorption syndrome. The presence of antitransglutaminase and antiendomysium antibodies and the jejunal biopsy specimen findings showed an underlying celiac disease. On a strict gluten‐free diet, the skin lesions resolved and the girl has since remained symptom free for 9 months. Thus celiac disease can be a triggering factor for erythema nodosum. In the chronic form of the skin lesions, serologic testing for this specific enteropathy may be justified.
Dermatologic Signs of Biotin Deficiency Leading to the Diagnosis of Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency
Authors: Seymons Katia , De Moor Anja , De Raeve Hendrik , Lambert Julien
Published: May 2004

Abstract: The biotin‐responsive, multiple carboxylase deficiencies are autosomal recessively inherited disorders of metabolism in which biotin‐dependent carboxylases show diminished activity. This results in an accumulation of organic acids in the urine. The clinical picture involves the nervous system, skin, respiratory system, digestive system, and immune system. The disorder has a good prognosis if biotin therapy is introduced early. If not, it can result in irreversible damage to the central nervous system and early death from metabolic acidosis. We report a 4‐year‐old girl with unexplained seizures that did not respond well to anticonvulsants. The development of skin problems, which histologically could match the diagnosis of a nutritional dermatitis, together with the fact that the child was constantly eating without gaining weight, led us to the diagnosis of a metabolic disorder. The accumulation of organic acids in the urine suggested the possibility of a biotin deficiency. With biotin therapy the skin problems resolved completely. The seizures also diminished. This case shows that in young children with unexplained seizures that do not respond well to classic anticonvulsant therapy, the possibility of biotin deficiency should always be considered. This article also includes a thorough review of the skin manifestations and other problems caused by biotin deficiency.
An Unusual Case of Factitious Onychodystrophy
Authors: Lesher Jack L. , Peterson Christopher M. , Lane Joshua E.
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Nail disorders are a common dermatologic problem, and when such disorders are self‐induced, the diagnosis and treatment can be challenging. We present an unusual instance of factitious onychodystrophy with associated erythronychia of the nail bed.
The Importance of Screening for Sight‐Threatening Retinopathy in Incontinentia Pigmenti
Authors: Wong Gavin A. E. , Willoughby Colin E. , Parslew Richard , Kaye Stephen B.
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is an X‐linked dominant disorder of ectodermal structures affecting the skin, hair, teeth, eyes, and central nervous system. The four classic cutaneous stages of the disorder are well known to pediatric dermatologists. However, ocular and neurologic sequelae represent the major morbidity in IP. The two patients reported here highlight some of the potential ocular manifestations of IP and emphasize the importance of early ophthalmologic assessment in this condition.
Fatal Cytophagic Histiocytic Panniculitis
Authors: Seçmeer Gülten , Sakalli Hale , Gök Faysal , Özen Seza , Kara Ates , Cengiz Ali Bülent , Ceyhan Mehmet , Gürgey Aytemiz , Gögüs Safiye , Kanra Güler
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Individual cases of so‐called Weber‐Christian disease with a bleeding diathesis have been reported for several years. These were originally diagnosed as Weber‐Christian disease, but have been recategorized on review as a chronic, visceral, and cutaneous histiocytic (cytophagic) panniculitis, progressing to liver dysfunction and jaundice and a terminal hemorrhagic diathesis. We report here a rare catastrophic form of systemic panniculitis in an adolescent girl. Despite compelling clinical evidence, the diagnosis was made only on postmortem biopsies.
Baboon Syndrome in Childhood: Easy to Avoid, Easy to Diagnose, but the Problem Continues
Authors: Moreno‐Ramírez David , García‐Bravo Begoña , Pichardo Antonio Rodríguez , Rubio Francisco Peral , Martínez Francisco Camacho
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Baboon syndrome was first described as a particular type of systemic contact dermatitis, characterized by an exanthem with involvement of the buttocks and flexures. In children, it is an important entity to take into account for the differential diagnosis of viral exanthem. A large number of allergens have been implicated, although inhalation of mercury vapor is a common trigger. We present the findings in 14 patients younger than 14 years with baboon syndrome. We also look at the frequency in children and the most common causes and triggers in our area.
Invasive Fungal Dermatitis in a 770 Gram Neonate
Authors: Passeron Thierry , Desruelles Françis , Gari‐Toussaint Martine , Dageville Christian , Lacour Jean‐Phillipe
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  A 770 g birthweight, 25‐weeks gestation infant girl was born from a bigeminal pregnancy. Six days later she developed erythematous “diaper dermatitis” and maceration of the flexural areas. Despite topical antifungal therapy, erythematous plaques appeared 2 days later on the back. Within less than 24 hours, skin erosions with crusting appeared and spread over the whole body. Candida albicans was found in cutaneous scales, and blood, umbilical catheter, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures. In spite of intravenous fluconazole therapy, her general condition deteriorated and she died 2 days later. This premature neonate had a typical case of invasive fungal dermatitis, which is characterized by diffuse erosive and crusting cutaneous lesions appearing several days after birth and a high rate of systemic fungal infection (mainly but not exclusively) due to Candida sp. Mortality is high and prompt diagnosis and initiation of antifungal therapy appears to be the most important factor for survival.
Competency, Bureaucracy, and Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Hood Christopher , Lodge Martin
Published: May 2004

Competency can be considered a central theme in contemporary public service reforms. This article analyzes the development of competency frameworks for senior public servants at the national–government level in three countries (the U.S., the U.K., and Germany). By tracing the development of competency as an idea, it is shown that competency reforms drew selectively on management ideas, and by tracing the nature and time‐patterns of competency reform developments in the three countries, it is shown that competency came onto the reform agenda at different times and by various routes rather than by a simple pattern of international policy transfer or business‐to‐government transfer. It is argued that the adoption of competency frameworks took place at critical junctures for preexisting public service bargains or agreements in each case and that they were shaped by the particularities of institutional context. However, although competency is arguably central to public service reform, it is far from clear that the competency frameworks in these three cases contributed to the declared aims of many contemporary public service reformers.
Inspecting the Inspectors: Overseeing Labor Inspectorates in Parliamentary Democracies
Authors: Jensen Christian B.
Published: May 2004

Most theories of how to control bureaucracies are derived from American experience and are tested with data from the U.S. In contrast, this article uses evidence from the 15 members of the European Union to examine oversight mechanisms through which legislators attempt to control the bureaucracy. Analysis of European data shows that “police patrol” mechanisms of oversight appear in countries with relatively little gridlock as measured by the ideological range of their governments. “Deck stacking” mechanisms appear in countries that experience greater problems with gridlock measured in the same way.
The Politics of Administrative Reform in East and Southeast Asia: From Gridlock to Continuous Self‐Improvement?
Authors: Painter Martin
Published: May 2004

This article compares patterns and outcomes of administrative reform in four countries: Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand. It focuses on the supply side, that is, on reform implementation. It is assumed that bureaucrats, upon whom implementation depends, have an interest in controlling the process. A distinction is made between two types of bureaucratic systems—autonomous and instrumental—according to structural features that increase the potential to block reforms. Four possible patterns of administrative reform are distinguished according to whether demand is high or low, and whether the bureaucracy can be classed as autonomous or instrumental. More broadly, it is argued that supply will be lower in autonomous bureaucratic systems. A comparative case study method is applied to test this model, and the proposition is not disconfirmed. Malaysia and Singapore, both classed as instrumental bureaucracies, demonstrate a predictable style of “continuous administrative self‐improvement.” The status of the bureaucracy in Thailand and Taiwan is in transition, and the model is used to analyze changes in reform patterns over time and to suggest future trajectories.
Self‐Regulatory Trajectories in the Shadow of Public Power: Resolving Digital Dilemmas in Europe and the United States
Authors: Newman Abraham L. , Bach David
Published: May 2004

Although industry self‐regulation has developed into a preferred regulatory strategy for the digital economy, self‐regulatory solutions adopted in the U.S. and the European Union differ considerably. We argue that variation in the shadow of public power—the public sector tools employed to induce industry collective action—sets the two on distinct self‐regulatory trajectories. Legalistic self‐regulation dominates in the U.S. and coordinated self‐regulation in Europe. Expectations derived from the model are evaluated in case studies of online content regulation and personal data privacy protection.
Learning and Change in 20th‐Century British Economic Policy
Authors: Oliver Michael J. , Pemberton Hugh
Published: May 2004

Despite considerable interest in the means by which policy learning occurs, and in how it is that the framework of policy may be subject to radical change, the “black box” of economic policy making remains surprisingly murky. This article utilizes Peter Hall's concept of “social learning” to develop a more sophisticated model of policy learning; one in which paradigm failure does not necessarily lead to wholesale paradigm replacement, and in which an administrative battle of ideas may be just as important a determinant of paradigm change as a political struggle. It then applies this model in a survey of U.K. economic policy making since the 1930s: examining the shift to “Keynesianism” during the 1930s and 1940s; the substantial revision of this framework in the 1960s; the collapse of the “Keynesian‐plus” framework in the 1970s; and the major revisions to the new “neoliberal” policy framework in the 1980s and 1990s.
The mitochondrial genomes of soft ticks have an arrangement of genes that has remained unchanged for over 400 million years
Authors: Shao R. , Aoki Y. , Mitani H. , Tabuchi N. , Barker S. C. , Fukunaga M.
Published: May 2004

There are two major groups of ticks: soft ticks and hard ticks. The hard ticks comprise the prostriate ticks and the metastriate ticks. The mitochondrial (mt) genomes of one species of prostriate tick and two species of metastriate ticks had been sequenced prior to our study. The prostriate tick has the ancestral arrangement of mt genes of arthropods, whereas the two metastriate ticks have rearrangements of eight genes and duplicate control regions. However, the arrangement of genes in the mt genomes of soft ticks had not been studied. We sequenced the mt genomes of two species of soft ticks, Carios capensis and Ornithodoros moubata, and a metastriate tick, Haemaphysalis flava. We found that the soft ticks have the ancestral arrangement of mt genes of arthropods, whereas the metastriate tick, H. flava, shares the rearrangements of mt genes and duplicate control regions with the other two metastriate ticks that have previously been studied. Our study indicates that gene rearrangements and duplicate control regions in mt genomes occurred once in the most recent common ancestor of metastriate ticks, whereas the ancestral arrangement of arthropods has remained unchanged for over 400 million years in the lineages leading to the soft ticks and the prostriate ticks.
Identification of two cDNAs encoding synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2)‐like proteins from epithelial tissues in the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis
Authors: Walmsley S. J. , Gaines P. J.
Published: May 2004

Two distinct cDNAs that appear to encode proteins in the synaptic vesicle‐2 (SV2) family were identified as expressed sequence tags from a Ctenocephalides felis hindgut and Malpighian tubule (HMT) cDNA library. To date, SV2 proteins have been described only in vertebrates, and have been detected only in synaptic vesicles in neuronal and endocrine tissues, where they are thought to regulate synaptic vesicle exocytosis. The cDNAs for the C. felis SV2‐like proteins SVLP‐1 and SVLP‐2 encode predicted full‐length proteins of 530 and 726 amino acids, respectively. Of characterized proteins, the SVLP protein sequences were most similar to rat SV2B. Northern blot analysis revealed that both mRNAs were up‐regulated in larval stages that feed and in adults after feeding, and were expressed primarily or exclusively in the HMT tissues in adult fleas. These results suggest that the flea SVLP‐1 and SVLP‐2 gene products may have roles that are specific for the HMT tissues, and may differ in function from vertebrate SV2 proteins.
The mosquito ribonucleotide reductase R2 gene: ultraviolet light induces expression of a novel R2 variant with an internal amino acid deletion
Authors: Jayachandran G. , Fallon A. M.
Published: May 2004

Using RT‐PCR, we examined expression of the ribonucleotide reductase R2 subunit (RNR‐R2) in Aedes albopictus mosquito cells after treatment with ultraviolet light (UV). In control cells, a predominant band at 1.2 kb corresponded to the full‐length cDNA. A smaller 650 bp band was unique to UV‐treated cells. Sequence analysis showed that the 650 bp band encoded a protein with an internal deletion of 179 amino acids, relative to Ae. albopictus RNR‐R2. The N‐terminal twenty amino acids were identical between AalRNR‐R2 and AalΔR2; downstream of the deletion, the proteins differed at only four residues. In AalΔR2, the internal deletion spanned five residues critical to RNR‐R2 enzymatic activity, including a key tyrosine residue that generates an essential free radical. The full‐length 46 kDa and truncated 25 kDa RNR‐R2 proteins were shown to be expressed on Western blots, and to differ in their subcellular localization. Similarly, expression of the two proteins was differentially regulated during the cell cycle, and expression of AalΔR2 predominated after UV treatment. AalΔR2 resembled a human RNR‐R2 variant called p53R2, which was induced by agents that damage DNA. As was the case with p53R2 and its antisense RNA, levels of AalΔR2 were diminished after treatment of mosquito cells with RNAi corresponding to p53 from Drosophila melanogaster. Examination of the AalRNR‐R2 homologue in the Anopheles gambiae genome suggested that AalΔR2 resulted from precise splicing between Exons 1, 4 and 5, eliminating Exons 2 and 3. The likelihood that AalΔR2 is a non‐enzymatic, functional participant in DNA metabolism is suggested by enhancement of DNA repair in an in vitro system and by the presence of a similar gene (rnr4) in yeast.
Stage‐specific expression of two actin genes in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
Authors: Vyazunova I. , Lan Q.
Published: May 2004

The expression patterns of two muscle‐specific actin genes were studied in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. The coding sequence of AeAct‐2 exhibits between 82 and 85% similarity with coding sequences of the Drosophila melanogaster and predicted Anopheles gambiae actin genes. The transcription of the AeAct‐2 gene was differentially regulated during developmental stages with higher levels of expression in larvae and lower levels in pupae and adults. The AeAct‐2 gene is mainly expressed in the head and body wall tissues. Transcripts of the AeAct‐3 gene are not detectable in larvae until late 4th instar and the level increased in male pupae and early male adults. The main site of expression of the AeAct‐3 gene was the thoracic tissue. Thus, AeAct‐3 is the first reported male‐specific actin gene in mosquitoes.
Population structure of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in Senegal based on microsatellite and cytogenetic data
Authors: Cohuet A. , Dia I. , Simard F. , Raymond M. , Fontenille D.
Published: May 2004

The study of chromosomal inversions distribution within natural Anopheles funestus populations from West Africa revealed high levels of genetic structuring. In Burkina Faso, this was interpreted as evidence for incipient speciation, and two chromosomal forms were described, namely ‘Folonzo’ and ‘Kiribina’. Assignation of field collected specimens to one chromosomal form depends upon application of an algorithm based on chromosomal inversions. We assessed relevance and applicability of this algorithm on An. funestus populations from Senegal, where both forms occur. Furthermore, we estimated the level of genetic differentiation between populations using microsatellite loci spread over the whole genome. Significant genetic differentiation was revealed between geographical populations of An. funestus, and the pattern observed suggested isolation by distance. Chromosomal heterogeneity was not detected by microsatellite markers. Thus, although incipient speciation could not be ruled out by our data, our results suggest that differential environmental selection pressure acting on inversions should be considered a major factor in shaping their distribution in wild An. funestus populations.
A novel lectin with a fibrinogen‐like domain and its potential involvement in the innate immune response of Armigeres subalbatus against bacteria
Authors: Wang X. , Rocheleau T. A. , Fuchs J. F. , Hillyer J. F. , Chen C.‐C. , Christensen B. M.
Published: May 2004

Mosquitoes have an efficient cellular innate immune response that includes phagocytosis of microbial pathogens and encapsulation of metozoan parasites. In this study, we describe a novel lectin in the mosquito, Armigeres subalbatus (aslectin or AL‐1). The 1.27 kb cDNA clone for the AL‐1 gene (AL‐1) encodes a 279 deduced amino acid sequence that contains a C‐terminal fibrinogen‐like domain. AL‐1 is transcribed in all life stages. AL‐1 mainly exists in the haemolymph of adult female mosquitoes, and is upregulated following both Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus challenge. AL‐1 specifically recognizes N‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine and is able to bind both E. coli and M. luteus. These results suggest that AL‐1 might function as a pattern recognition receptor in the immune response in Ar. subalbatus.
Transcriptional regulation in cowpea bruchid guts during adaptation to a plant defence protease inhibitor
Authors: Moon J. , Salzman R. A. , Ahn J.‐E. , Koiwa H. , Zhu‐Salzman K.
Published: May 2004

Cowpea bruchid, when fed on a diet containing the soybean cysteine protease inhibitor soyacystatin N (scN), activates an array of counter‐defence genes to adapt to the negative effects of the inhibitor and regain its normal rate of feeding and development. A collection of 1920 cDNAs was obtained by differential subtraction with cDNAs prepared from guts of the 4th instar larvae of scN‐adapted (reared on scN‐containing diet) and scN‐unadapted (reared on regular scN‐free diet) cowpea bruchids. Subsequent expression profiling using DNA microarray and Northern blot analyses identified ninety‐four transcript species from this collection that are responsive to dietary scN. scN‐adapted insects induced genes encoding protein and carbohydrate digestive enzymes, probably to help meet their carbon and nitrogen requirements. Up‐regulation of antimicrobial and detoxification protein genes may represent a generalized defence response. Genes down‐regulated by scN reflected physiological adjustments of the cowpea bruchids to scN challenge. A large portion of the responsive genes, presumably involved in carrying out the counter‐defence response, were of unknown function. The full‐length cDNA of an scN‐inducible cathepsin B‐like cysteine protease was obtained. Its transcriptional response to scN during larval development contrasts with the pattern of the cathepsin L family, the major digestive enzymes. These results suggest cathepsin B‐like cysteine proteases may play a crucial role in cowpea bruchid adaptation to dietary scN.
Genetic structuring of boll weevil populations in the US based on RAPD markers
Authors: Kim K. S. , Sappington T. W.
Published: May 2004

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed to infer the magnitude and pattern of genetic differentiation among boll weevil populations from eighteen locations across eight US states and north‐east Mexico. Sixty‐seven reproducible bands from six random primers were analysed for genetic variation within and between weevil populations. Genetic and geographical distances among all populations were positively correlated, reflecting a pattern of isolation by distance within a larger metapopulation. Gene flow between south‐central, western and eastern regions is limited, but migration between locations within regions appears to be relatively frequent up to distances of ∼300–400 km. However, estimates of effective migration were much lower than those estimated from mtDNA‐RFLP data reported previously.
The moleskin gene product is essential for Caudal‐mediated constitutive antifungal Drosomycin gene expression in Drosophila epithelia
Authors: Han S.‐H. , Ryu J.‐H. , Oh C.‐T. , Nam K.‐B. , Nam H.‐J. , Jang I.‐H. , Brey P. T. , Lee W.‐J.
Published: May 2004

The homeobox gene, Caudal, encodes the DNA‐binding nuclear transcription factor that plays a crucial role during development and innate immune response. The Drosophila homologue of importin‐7 (DIM‐7), encoded by moleskin, was identified as a Caudal‐interacting molecule during yeast two‐hybrid screening. Both mutation of the minimal region of Caudal responsible for moleskin binding and RNA interference (RNAi) of moleskin dramatically inhibited the Caudal nuclear localization. Furthermore, Caudal‐mediated constitutive expression of antifungal Drosomycin gene was severely affected in the moleskin‐RNAi flies, showing a local Drosomycin expression pattern indistinguishable from that of the Caudal‐RNAi flies. These in vivo data suggest that DIM‐7 mediates Caudal nuclear localization, which is important for the proper Caudal function necessary for regulating innate immune genes in Drosophila.
Cloning, expression and partial characterization of a Haemaphysalis longicornis and a Rhipicephalus appendiculatus glutathione S‐transferase
Authors: Da Silva Vaz Jnr I. , Imamura S. , Ohashi K. , Onuma M.
Published: May 2004

The ticks Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus are important parasites worldwide. The current method for control of cattle ticks involves the use of chemicals. Nevertheless, parasite resistance is an ever increasing global problem. Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) play a central role in detoxication of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds. Several authors have noted that an increase in GST activity is associated with resistance to insecticides and acaricides. In the present study, we report the cloning and expression of GST cDNAs from H. longicornis and R. appendiculatus. In addition, we determine the effect of three acaricides (ethion, deltamethrin and diazinon) on the enzymatic activity of rGSTs.
The Revenge of Distance: Vulnerability Analysis of Critical Information Infrastructure
Authors: Gorman Sean P. , Schintler Laurie , Kulkarni Raj , Stough Roger
Published: May 2004

The events of 11 September 2001 brought an increased focus on security in the United States and specifically the protection of critical infrastructure. Critical infrastructure encompasses a wide array of physical assets such as the electric power grid, telecommunications, oil and gas pipelines, transportation networks and computer data networks. This paper will focus on computer data networks and the spatial implications of their susceptibility to targeted attacks. Utilising a database of national data carriers, simulations will be run to determine the repercussions of targeted attacks and what the relative merits of different methods of identifying critical nodes are. This analysis will include comparison of current methods employed in vulnerability analysis with spatially constructed methods incorporating regional and distance variables. In addition to vulnerability analysis a method will be proposed to analyse the fusion of physical and logical networks, and will discuss what new avenues this approach reveals. The analysis concludes that spatial information networks are vulnerable to targeted attacks and algorithms based on distance metrics do a better job of identifying critical nodes than classic accessibility indexes. The results of the analysis are placed in the context of public policy posing the question do private infrastructure owners have sufficient incentives to remedy vulnerabilities in critical networks.
In Search of Archetypes in Crisis Management
Authors: Lalonde Carole
Published: May 2004

Despite their unstable nature, crises are frequently defined as opportunities for managers to make strategic decisions in terms of bringing new configurations into play. According to this perspective, research is undertaken to discover new forms taken on by organisations during times of crisis. Relying on the experience of Local Centres of Community Services in Quebec during the ice storm of 1998, the results of this research permitted us to demonstrate three archetypes of crisis management collectivists, integrators and reactive types, each with the specific characteristics and imperatives as defined by Miller (1987). These consist of leadership, strategies, structures and environments. The research also permitted us to establish participants' appreciation of the performance of their organisation and of the managers dealt with the crisis. Finally, we will discuss the importance of applying theories of configuration in the field of crisis management and several promising areas of research in this field.
The Prevalence of Peptic Ulcer not Related to Helicobacter pylori or Non‐Steroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drug Use is Negligible in Southern Europe
Authors: Arroyo Ma Teresa , Forne Montse , De Argila Carlos Martin , Feu Faust , Arenas Juan , De La Vega Juan , Garrigues Vicente , Mora Francisco , Castro Manuel , Bujanda Luis , Cosme Angel , Castiella Agustín , Gisbert Javier P. , Hervas Antonio , Lanas Angel
Published: May 2004

Background and Aim.  Helicobacter pylori is the major cause of peptic ulcer disease, but the proportion of H. pylori‐negative peptic ulcers seems to be increasing in developed countries. We investigated the frequency of H. pylori‐negative peptic ulcer without intake of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in a Mediterranean European country.

Materials and Methods.  We prospectively collected consecutive patients with an endoscopically verified active peptic ulcer over 6 months from different areas of Spain. Helicobacter pylori infection was assessed by rapid urease test and histologic examination (corpus and antral biopsies). A 13C‐urea breath test was performed if H. pylori was not detected with the invasive test. Patients were considered H. pylori‐negative if all three tests were negative. NSAID use was determined by structured data collection.

Results.  Of 754 consecutive peptic ulcer patients, 16 (2.1%) were H. pylori‐negative and had not used NSAIDs before the diagnosis. Of the 472 patients who had duodenal ulcers, 95.7% (n = 452) were H. pylori‐positive and only 1.69% (n = 8) were negative for both H. pylori infection and NSAID use; 193 patients had benign gastric ulcers and 87% (n = 168) of them were infected by H. pylori (p < .001 vs. duodenal ulcers). NSAID intake was more frequent in gastric ulcer patients (52.8%) than in duodenal ulcer patients (25.4%; p < .001). Consequently, the frequency of H. pylori‐negative gastric ulcer in patients not using NSAID was 4.1% (n = 8).

Conclusion.  Peptic ulcer disease is still highly associated with H. pylori infection in southern Europe, and only 1.6% of all duodenal ulcers and 4.1% of all gastric ulcers were not associated with either H. pylori infection or NSAID use.
Efficacy of Two Rabeprazole/Gatifloxacin‐Based Triple Therapies for Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Sharara Ala I. , Chaar Hani F. , Racoubian Eddy , Moukhachen Oussayma , Barada Kassem A. , Mourad Fadi H. , Araj George F.
Published: May 2004

Objectives.  To evaluate the efficacy of two novel treatment regimens consisting of gatifloxacin (400 mg daily), amoxicillin (1 g twice daily), and rabeprazole 20 mg once (RAG20) or twice daily (RAG40) given for 7 days in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori.

Methods.  Eligible patients undergoing endoscopy and having a positive rapid urease assay for H. pylori were enrolled in this open‐label trial. Gastric biopsies from a random cohort of patients were cultured for H. pylori and in vitro susceptibility to gatifloxacin and amoxicillin was performed using the E‐test. Compliance and side‐effects were evaluated by phone calls. 14C‐urea breath tests were performed a minimum of 4 weeks after therapy and 3 weeks after any acid suppressive therapy.

Results.  A total of 104 patients, 52 in each group (40 females and 64 males; mean age 45.7 years) were enrolled sequentially. Eradication occurred in 43 out of 52 patients in RAG20 group (both per‐protocol and intention‐to‐treat analysis: 83%; 95% CI: 72–93%) and in 48 of 52 patients in the RAG40 group (both per‐protocol and intention‐to‐treat analysis: 92%; 95% CI: 85–99%). Seven patients in the RAG40 group who had previously failed one or more treatment regimens for H. pylori were cured. No significant adverse effects were reported. All 50 recovered H. pylori strains were susceptible to amoxicillin and gatifloxacin in vitro.

Conclusions.  A 7‐day regimen of gatifloxacin‐rabeprazole‐amoxicillin is effective eradication therapy for H. pylori. The use of rabeprazole twice daily results in superior eradication rates including cases of failed primary therapy. This new regimen is simple, well‐tolerated, and may lead to higher compliance and lower costs.
Is the Association Between Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Cancer Confined to CagA‐Positive Strains?
Authors: Held Maria , Engstrand Lars , Hansson Lars‐Erik , Bergström Reinhold , Wadström Torkel , Nyrén Olof
Published: May 2004

Background.  Infection with Helicobacter pylori is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. Several studies have indicated that the association differs with strain type. We aimed to find out if infection with strains lacking the virulence factor CagA is linked to gastric cancer risk.

Materials and methods.  In a hospital‐based case–control study, we collected sera from 100 case patients with a newly diagnosed gastric adenocarcinoma and 96 control patients with diseases unrelated to H. pylori status. Antibodies to H. pylori were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and antibodies to CagA were detected by immunoblot. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) as estimates of relative risk, adjusted for potential confounding.

Results.  Among the case patients, 81% were ELISA positive and 86% had antibodies to CagA. The corresponding numbers among the controls were 58% and 55%, respectively. ELISA positivity was associated with an increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma compared to ELISA negativity (OR for gastric cancer regardless of site 3.9, 95% CI 1.9–8.2). The OR was 7.4 (95% CI 3.3–16.6) for CagA‐positive relative to CagA‐negative subjects. Among ELISA‐positive subjects the presence of CagA antibodies increased the risk 3.6 times (95% CI 1.2–11.1). ELISA‐positive CagA‐negative infections were associated with a fourfold increased risk (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.0–17.0) compared to no infection (ELISA‐negative and CagA‐negative).

Conclusions.  Although patients with antibodies to CagA have the greatest risk of developing gastric cancer, those with CagA‐negative infections run a significantly greater risk than uninfected persons.