bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contesting Harmful Representations
Authors: Miller Stephen Kekoa ,   Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum
Published: February 2018

Recent events around the world point to the dire need to counter harmful unconscious bias. Reams of evidence now exists that literal pre-judgement in regards to race, sex, ethnicity, age and religion among other categories strongly affects our behaviour in ways that when we consciously contemplate it, we would condemn. Using Community of Inquiry methods in developing critical reasoning and empathy offer some possible remedies but also hold pitfalls. The dilemma concerns the fact that if harmful unconscious connotative representations are unconscious, then it’s terribly hard to spot and correct them. We need a better way of exploring our own poorly-arrived at beliefs: we need other people. Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of dialogic understanding allows meaning to be created through the process of discussion. It gets particularly interesting when this idea combines with the notion of a “floating signifier.” This suggests that a discussion could then also alter the connotative value of words, signs and concepts through making what had been hidden overt. This paper explores the ways that the dilemma of damaging discourse could be altered and strategies for interrupting this, including the format of a Community of Inquiry. The promise offered by a Community of Inquiry is that connotative meanings can be made explicit. It also points to the challenge: unveiling hidden bias only becomes possible in a setting of great diversity. In the end, while a Community of Inquiry may not be able to solve the problem of unconscious bias, it may help combat the consequences.
KINETIC OF HYDROGENATION OF 4-NITRO-2'-HYDROXY-5'-METHYLAZOBENZEN ON SKELETAL NICKEL IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF 2-PROPANOL
Authors: Anh Hoang , Kalashnikova Vera A. , Lefedova Olga.V.
Published: February 2018

The article is devoted to the kinetics of hydrogenation of 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene on skeletal nickel in an aqueous solution of 2-propanol with the azeotropic composition at various initial concentrations of the starting compound. According to the obtained dependences of hydrogen absorption during the process, the changes in the amounts of the initial 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene, the processing of the kinetic curves in linear coordinates of different orders, the data on the material balance of reaction products, the conlusion is drawn that at low concentrations the hydrogen addition is carried out through the nitro and azo groups to the starting 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene molecule. An increase in the initial amount of 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene introduced into the reactor leads to a marked decrease in the content of 4-amino-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene. It was experimentally established that at the low initial concentrations, hydrogenation of 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene on skeletal nickel in aqueous solution of 2-propanol with the azeotropic composition proceeds on the first order and zero one for hydrogen. An increase in the initial concentration of hydrogenated compound above the solubility limit leads to a sharp increase in a value of excessive adsorption of 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene, to an increase in diffusion inhibition on hydrogen and to a change in the order for reducing agent. At the initial amounts of 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene studied the transformation proceeds in two parallel directions. One of the directions is due to the addition of hydrogen on nitro groups to form 4-amino-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzene, and the second one on azo groups to form 2-amino-4-cresol and 4-nitroaniline.Forcitation:Hoang Anh, Kalashnikova V.A., Lefedova O.V. Kinetic of hydrogenation of 4-nitro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylazobenzen on skeletal nickel in aqueous solution of 2-propanol. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 3. P. 10-15
Anmeldelse af: Jason A. Josephson-Storm, The Myth of Disenchantment. Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences
Authors: Borup Jørn
Published: February 2018

Anmeldelse af: Jason A. Josephson-Storm, The Myth of Disenchantment. Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences, The University of Chicago Press, 411 s., $ 32/96
Estimating the cost-effectiveness of treatment for prevention of thromboembolic events in at-risk adults with non-valvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Bellone Marco , Pradelli Lorenzo , Bo Mario
Published: February 2018

INTRODUCTION: The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have demonstrated a more predictable effect and a more favorable risk-benefit ratio compared to the standard oral anticoagulant treatment for the prevention of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).AIM: To estimate the efficiency of DOACs (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban vs. warfarin), in the prevention of clinical events in adult patients with NVAF.METHODS: A deterministic incremental cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to evaluate the avoidance of a clinical event and the incremental cost per avoided clinical event, in a hypothetical population of 100,000 adult patients with NVAF, over 1-year period. In the absence of head-to-head comparison trials between DOACs, relative risks were derived from a network meta-analysis. Clinical events considered include stroke/systemic embolism (SE) and major bleeding. Only direct health costs related to the management of clinical events and drug acquisition costs were considered. Clinical event management costs were derived from literature and from the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) tariffs. Net annual treatment costs were calculated based on the daily dose reported in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPCs) and the ex-factory price of each drug.RESULTS: Among DOACs, apixaban was associated with the highest net clinical benefit with 1,064 avoided events over 1 year, compared to warfarin (728 major bleeding events and 336 strokes/SE). Furthermore, apixaban is the most efficient DOAC, with a cost per avoided event equal to € 16,672 vs. warfarin (€ 24,120 for edoxaban 60 mg, € 36,777 for dabigatran 150 mg).CONCLUSION: Apixaban has the highest potential net clinical benefit among DOACs for patients with NVAF and the least incremental cost per avoided event for the Italian National Health Service.
Et si les conjoints ne partageaient pas tous leurs revenus ? Conséquences sur la mesure des inégalités du bien-être
Authors: Crespo Stéphane
Published: February 2018

Que ce soit dans l’application des mesures découlant du droit fiscal et social de la famille, ou dans le calcul des inégalités en bien-être économique sous-jacentes aux statistiques de pauvreté, le « revenu familial » joue un rôle central. Or, ce concept véhicule l’idée que les revenus des membres d’une famille sont mis en commun et également partagés, ce qui implique l’absence de toute inégalité intrafamiliale de ce bien-être. Pourtant, en mettant en évidence des modes de gestion individualisée des revenus dans les couples, la littérature suggère que cette inégalité intrafamiliale est importante et doit être prise en compte. Au moyen de simulations réalisées sur des échantillons de couples de moins de 65 ans, sans enfants, au Québec entre 1979 et 2014, nous tentons d’estimer cette inégalité en fonction de variantes d’un mode de gestion individualisée par lequel les conjoints retiennent hors d’un pot commun des parts plus ou moins élevées de leurs revenus respectifs. Les résultats montrent que l’inégalité intrafamiliale augmente en fonction de ces parts, à plus forte raison lorsqu’elles sont plus élevées pour le conjoint masculin. Aussi, cette inégalité était plus élevée en 1979 qu’en 2014 alors que les écarts de revenus à l’avantage des hommes étaient plus importants. Enfin, les biais dans l’estimation de l’inégalité totale qui résultent de la non prise en compte de l’inégalité intrafamiliale sont non négligeables.
Écouter les enfants dans la recherche en santé mentale jeunesse (SMJ) : une créativité éthique inspirée de la clinique
Authors: Caldairou-Bessette Prudence , Johnson-Lafleur Janique , Nadeau Lucie , Vachon Mélanie , Rousseau Cécile
Published: February 2018

Cet article présente quelques réflexions critiques issues de la démarche inductive de deux projets de recherche impliquant des enfants. Ces projets portent sur les services publics en santé mentale jeunesse (SMJ), l’un avec des familles réfugiées et l’autre avec une population générale, tous deux intégrant le jeu et le dessin aux entretiens avec les enfants. Après avoir posé les bases critiques et inductives de la recherche « avec » les enfants, nous présentons quelques éléments de notre approche méthodologique. Cette dernière se situe entre les méthodes projectives de la clinique et les méthodes créatives de la recherche, en proposant un usage narratif, expressif et exploratoire de la projection. La démarche inductive de recherche est présentée à travers l’expérience de l’élaboration méthodologique et de la cueillette de données auprès des enfants. Six exemples sont tirés des projets pour illustrer nos questionnements autour de la directivité des entretiens et de leur exigence pour les enfants, de même que des interrogations autour du degré projectif impliqué, qui change le potentiel interprétatif en le rendant plus complexe, mais aussi plus riche. Nous concluons en proposant une conception créative de la projection en recherche comme un espace de jeu participatif. Cet espace de jeu est également envisagé comme contribuant à l’éthique de la recherche. Finalement, nous proposons, pour des recherches ultérieures, de faire participer les enfants à l’élaboration des méthodologies. Nous terminons en soulignant la pertinence d’une démarche inductive pour développer une réflexion critique en recherche.
Étude d’un savoir expérientiel opérationnel. Blogues Naître et grandir
Authors: Ben Affana Synda
Published: February 2018

Dans notre article, nous tenterons d’expliquer comment l’étude d’espaces numériques a nécessité le suivi d’une démarche inductive renouvelée. Cette démarche a permis de découvrir des efforts de construction et des perspectives critiques animant les actes communicationnels de ces environnements. Notre point de départ était d’aller au-delà de la convivialité pour considérer les blogues comme des lieux de sociabilité facilitant l’émergence d’un savoir expérientiel et opérationnel. Une recherche qualitative exploratoire portant sur les divers blogues présentés sur le site web deNaître et grandira permis de comprendre qu’en se connectant à ces espaces numériques, des professionnels et des parents partagent des témoignages, des récits et même des anecdotes afin de mieux comprendre et penser la réalité des parents et, surtout, de mieux les soutenir dans leurs défis quotidiens en les responsabilisant. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer les efforts critiques élaborés aussi bien par les parents que par les professionnels dans un espace virtuel asynchrone.
Transcriptome resequencing analysis of the responses of Ty-5-Mediated resistance to TYLCV via in resistant vs. susceptible tomato cultivars
Authors: Chen Qingqi , Xu Xiangyang , Jiang Jingbin , Li Jingfu
Published: February 2018

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most devastating viruses of cultivated tomato in both tropical and subtropical regions. Five major genes (Ty-1, Ty-2, Ty-3, Ty-4 and Ty-5) from wild tomato species have been associated with resistance to TYLCV. Researchers have recently attempted to determine the functions of these resistance genes, but molecular mechanisms underlying the observed resistance remain unclear. Here, resistant (cv. CLN3212A-23, carrying Ty-5) and susceptible (cv. Moneymaker) plants were either left untreated (R and S, respectively) or artificially inoculated with TYLCV via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (RT and ST, respectively). The transcriptomes of the plants in the four groups were then analyzed by RNA-Seq, and the results identified 8,639 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the R and RT groups, 2,818 DEGs between the RT and ST groups, 8,899 DEGs between the S and ST groups, and 707 DEGs between the R and S groups. The gene expression profiles in both the resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars appeared to undergo notable changes after viral inoculation, and functional classification revealed that most DEGs were associated with 18 GO terms. Moreover, the functional classification of the response of Ty-5-carrying tomato plants to TYLCV infection identified the importance of the GO term “response to stimulus” in the BP category, which is related to disease resistance. In addition, 28 genes were significantly enriched in the “Plant hormone signal transduction”, “Carbon metabolism”, “ Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms ” and “ Glutathione metabolism ” pathways. The differential expression levels of 12 select genes were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. The present study indicates that the Ty-5 gene activates the expression of multiple genes involved in the resistance process and will aid a more in-depth understanding of the effects of the Ty-5 gene on resistance based on its molecular mechanism with the aim of improving TYLCV disease management in tomato.
Frontal cortex selects representations of the talker’s mouth to aid in speech perception
Authors: Ozker Muge , Yoshor Daniel , Beauchamp Michael S
Published: February 2018

Human faces contain multiple sources of information. During speech perception, visual information from the talker’s mouth is integrated with auditory information from the talker's voice. By directly recording neural responses from small populations of neurons in patients implanted with subdural electrodes, we found enhanced visual cortex responses to speech when auditory speech was absent (rendering visual speech especially relevant). Receptive field mapping demonstrated that this enhancement was specific to regions of the visual cortex with retinotopic representations of the mouth of the talker. Connectivity between frontal cortex and other brain regions was measured with trial-by-trial power correlations. Strong connectivity was observed between frontal cortex and mouth regions of visual cortex; connectivity was weaker between frontal cortex and non-mouth regions of visual cortex or auditory cortex. These results suggest that top-down selection of visual information from the talker’s mouth by frontal cortex plays an important role in audiovisual speech perception.
The control of tonic pain by active relief learning
Authors: Zhang Suyi , Mano Hiroaki , Lee Michael , Yoshida Wako , Kawato Mitsuo , Robbins Trevor W , Seymour Ben
Published: February 2018

Tonic pain after injury characterises a behavioural state that prioritises recovery. Although generally suppressing cognition and attention, tonic pain needs to allow effective relief learning to reduce the cause of the pain. Here, we describe a central learning circuit that supports learning of relief and concurrently suppresses the level of ongoing pain. We used computational modelling of behavioural, physiological and neuroimaging data in two experiments in which subjects learned to terminate tonic pain in static and dynamic escape-learning paradigms. In both studies, we show that active relief-seeking involves a reinforcement learning process manifest by error signals observed in the dorsal putamen. Critically, this system uses an uncertainty (‘associability’) signal detected in pregenual anterior cingulate cortex that both controls the relief learning rate, and endogenously and parametrically modulates the level of tonic pain. The results define a self-organising learning circuit that reduces ongoing pain when learning about potential relief.
Factors Influencing Disease Recurrence and Graft Survival in Patients who Developed End-Stage Renal Disease Due to Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis and Underwent Renal Transplantation
Authors: Yılmaz Vural Taner , Kocak Huseyin , Cetinkaya Ramazan , Ulger Burak Veli , Suleymanlar Gultekin
Published: February 2018

Aim

The aim of our study was to determine the factors effecting disease recurrence and graft survival in patients who developed end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and underwent renal transplantation (Rtx).

Methods

A total of 37 patients with FSGS (female/male: 10/27) who underwent Rtx in our transplant center between 2001 and 2014 were included in the study. The patients were diagnosed with FSGS by biopsy. Comparative analyses were performed in order to determine the factors effecting disease recurrence and graft survival. Plasmapheresis was performed with 40 mL/kg plasma. The diagnosis of the recurrence of FSGS and the acute rejections were also confirmed by biopsy.

Results

Statistical analyses revealed that, recurrence rates were higher in Rtx recipients from deceased donor [deceased donor versus living donor, 2 (50.0%) versus 3 (9.1%), P = 0.024]. However, no correlation was found between recurrence and renal replacement treatment (RRT) methods, duration of RRT, preoperative or postoperative prophylactic plasmapheresis, the presence of preoperative nephrotic proteinuria, donor's or recipient's age or gender, kinship with donor, time interval between development of FSGS and ESRD, or performing native nephrectomy. Graft survival rates were higher in Rtx patients that were transplanted from living donor, first-degree relatives, and in patients without recurrence.

Conclusion

In countries where organ donation is insufficient, living donors can be used with a low risk of recurrence for Rtx candidates with FSGS. Also, grafts from living donors, particularly from first-degree relatives, have higher survival rates.
Crisis mundial, ofensiva capitalista y el papel de los pueblos de Nuestramérica
Authors: Gambina Julio Cesar
Published: February 2018

El texto considera la situación mundial de crisis capitalista y la ofensiva del capital contra los trabajadores, los bienes comunes y la sociedad en su conjunto, tanto como la respuesta de los pueblos. La exposición remite específicamente a la región Nuestramericana, y más precisamente a las condiciones de cambio político emergente a comienzos del Siglo XXI. Se considera en especial el diferente rumbo asumido por un grupo de países, más asociados a la crítica al orden capitalista, caso de Venezuela, Bolivia o Ecuador, que se suman a lo construido por Cuba; respecto de otros, particularmente Brasil, Uruguay y Argentina, con críticas al orden neoliberal, sin proponerse ir más allá del orden capitalista. Se pretende analizar los alcances del cambio político en la región, sus límites y desafíos para avanzar en una perspectiva transicional de superación del régimen del capital.
Paradigmas positivistas nas reformas educacionais do (des)governo Temer: Do Escola sem partido ao Novo Ensino Médio
Authors: Sperandio Renan Dos Santos , Muniz Ana Carolina Henriques do Nascimento
Published: February 2018

O presente artigo pretende contextualizar a crise política atual no Brasil e realizar apontamentos sobre o movimento Escola Sem Partido e a Reforma do Ensino Médio do governo Temer. Nossa escolha justifica-se, por tais projetos expressarem uma “nova” forma de pensar o Estado, a escola e os movimentos civis sob uma lógica cada vez mais regulada, e sob uma concepção de controle dos currículos e propostas pedagógicas que destoam de todas as elaborações já produzidas em outros países que tendem a caminhar para uma perspectiva da gestão democrática, e que em nada tem a ver com tais propostas. Contextualizado a política em crise no Brasil, apresentadas as propostas de ambos os projetos, e explicitado o motivo da junção das proposições legislativas em análises, partimos para a averiguação da veracidade de seus argumentos e dos possíveis caminhos que modernizariam a educação e resolveriam o problema de déficit de aprendizagem que temos. Ao analisarmos os critérios para a aplicação de tais medidas, compreendemos que tanto o projeto de reforma do Ensino Médio, quando o programa “Escola sem Partido” partem de análises rasas da realidade. As mudanças propostas pela Lei 13. 415/2017 e o PL 867/2015, escamoteiam a verdade, confundem a comunidade escolar, desfocam o real problema da educação básica, principalmente do Ensino Médio.
Apontamentos sobre o legado da Revolução Russa de 1917
Authors: Gomes Marco Antonio de Oliveira , Souza Marilsa Miranda de , Martins Márcio Marinho
Published: February 2018

O presente artigo retoma o legado da Revolução Russa como um marco significativo na luta dos trabalhadores de todo o mundo. A ação dos bolcheviques em outubro de 1917 inaugurou o século XX e constituiu-se em um marco na luta dos trabalhadores pela sua emancipação. A análise do processo revolucionário na URSS implica na compreensão das condições efetivas que buscaram romper com a lógica do capital, nas circunstâncias demarcadas pela Primeira Guerra (1914-18) e da Guerra Civil (1918-21) que se seguiu. Verifica-se, a partir das evidências práticas, uma série de conquistas que contribuíram para a superação de práticas de exploração dos trabalhadores. Discute-se a atualidade da revolução e a necessidade de rememorar sua história, os problemas enfrentados pelos revolucionários diante do caos gerado pelo czarismo e pela guerra e o legado da revolução de outubro.
O fascismo explicado pelos filmes “A árvore dos tamancos”, “Germinal” e “1900”: ascensão ideológica no Brasil
Authors: Rodrigues Filho Luciano Ferreira Ferreira
Published: February 2018

Este artigo utiliza dos filmes “A arvore dos tamancos”, “Germinal” e “1990”, para traçar a história da ascensão fascista, como ideologia de estruturação da burguesia dentro dos Estados capitalistas. Os filmes abordam questões sociais do campesinato na Itália e o início das formações sindicais na França, contribuindo para a transição feudal para o capitalismo. O artigo está estruturado com referências de Marx que comprovam este direcionamento histórico na luta do proletariado contra sua condição de vida. Por fim, faz-se um paralelo com o movimento social e político dos filmes para basear a crescente ideologia fascista no Brasil neste início de século XXI.
O trabalho como referência educacional na formação do homem soviético
Authors: Amboni Vanderlei
Published: February 2018

O presente artigo trata da ação pedagógica desenvolvida no período revolucionário da URSS para forjar o homem soviético, cujo fundamento é o trabalho na busca da omnilateralidade do homem. Neste processo, a escola única do trabalho foi materializada, vinculando a organização da vida escolar ao trabalho produtivo na produção da vida material da nova sociedade. Para esse fim, as referências de estudos são os pedagogos russos Krupskaia, Lunatcharski, Makarenko e Pistrak, que teorizaram sobre educação a partir do trabalho e das práticas educacionais formativas do homem soviético. Nosso objetivo é mostrar o processo educacional balizado sobre as premissas de Marx, cuja raiz é o trabalho como princípio educativo na educação comunista. Nesta perspectiva de estudo, partimos do método do materialismo histórico e dialético, cuja premissa básica é o homem real, que na luta pela vida se afastou da barreira natural e necessita produzir sua existência diuturnamente, e isso ele o faz pela ação do trabalho. No método de investigação, fizemos a leitura dos documentos históricos produzidos por teóricos educacionais no desenvolvimento da pedagogia russa. No método de exposição, realizamos a análise e a interpretação dos dados pertinentes às experiências educacionais, que foram desenvolvidas no processo revolucionário da URSS para a formação do homem socialista. Neste processo, concluímos que a escola criada pelo trabalho na Rússia revolucionária tinha, portanto, uma singularidade nova e uma urgência educacional, cuja premissa é a formação de um novo homem pelo trabalho e uma nova moral social: a comunista.
100 anos da Revolução Russa: as lições da política para a educação – notas de estudos de obras de Lenin e Krupskaya
Authors: Peixoto Elza Margarida de Mendonça
Published: February 2018

O estudo dos textos de Lenin e Krupskaya evidenciam a demanda pela educação nos processos revolucionários, para o convencimento da justeza da revolução e para a formação do proletariado em dirigentes, mas, fundamentalmente, porque uma revolução nas relações de produção demanda um proletariado apto para o controle das forças produtivas. Trata-se de formar os “donos da revolução”. Este é o legado principal da política educacional revolucionária do Governo dos Soviets, e é esta a tradição que almejamos, nesta breve revisão, recuperar.
Crop Cycle Length and Cane and Sugar Yields
Authors: SEERUTTUN S. , BARBE C. , McINTYRE G.
Published: July 2002

Two series of trials were initiated to compare different lengths of crop cycles for sugarcane harvested every 12 months under the local conditions over a six-year period. The first series involved harvesting cane every 24 months and in the second series cane was harvested after 16 or 20 months alternately. All trials included four cane varieties except one in the second series where only three varieties were planted. Cumulative results for both series of trials showed a difference in favour of the 12-month cane crop. In the first series after six years, cane and sugar yields were reduced by 19–48% and 22–60% respectively in the 24-month-old canes compared with 12-month-old crops. The level of reduction varied with cane variety. In the second series, the declines in cane and sugar yields were smaller, 5–44% and 7–49% respectively. Cane lodging, which increased with length of crop cycle, led to greater weed infestation, increased damage by rats and rendered manual harvest more difficult.
Polyphase deformation at the Harder Fjord Fault Zone (North Greenland)
Authors: PIEPJOHN K. , VON GOSEN W.
Published: July 2002

In North Greenland, the E–W-trending Harder Fjord Fault Zone represents a major lineament
which cuts through Cambrian to Silurian deep-water sediments of the Franklinian Basin over a
distance of 300 km. On both sides of the fault zone, these successions were affected by two stages of
folding (F1, F2) during Devonian to Early Carboniferous (Ellesmerian) deformation. No field evidence
was found that the Harder Fjord Fault Zone was active prior to Ellesmerian folding. Early
movements along the fault zone are indicated by post-Ellesmerian sedimentation of coarse red-beds
(Depot Bugt conglomerate) which represent the oldest of the Wandel Sea Basin sediments. They were
probably deposited in narrow, fault-controlled (?)Late Carboniferous basins similar to those described
from Svalbard. During Late Cretaceous times, 500 m thick fluvial and marine clastic sediments were
unconformably deposited over the folded Cambro-Ordovician units. Although no direct field evidence
suggests that sedimentation was controlled by displacements along the Harder Fjord Fault Zone, the
intrusion of Upper Cretaceous mafic sills and dykes indicates a phase of important crustal extension
related to reactivation of the fault zone during this period of time. This stage was followed by post-late
Santonian (Eurekan) N–S compression (D3) which affected the Franklinian Basin deposits, Wandel
Sea Basin sediments and mafic intrusions. In general, it was concentrated along the Harder Fjord
Fault Zone and probably caused the reactivation of pre-existing (?)Carboniferous and younger fault
lines. The entire deformation and its timing are comparable with the Eurekan structures found at the
Kap Cannon Thrust Zone in northernmost Greenland and are related to intracontinental compression
prior to the separation of Svalbard from Greenland.
Terrane history of the Canadian Cordillera: estimating
amounts of latitudinal displacement and rotation of
Wrangellia and Stikinia
Authors: ABERHAN MARTIN
Published: July 2002

The Canadian Cordillera is largely a mosaic of terranes that are allochthonous relative to the
autochthonous North American craton. Palaeobiogeographic data on pectinoid bivalves from various
cratonal areas and from two western Canadian terranes, Wrangellia and Stikinia, are used to estimate the
amounts of latitudinal displacement and rotation of these terranes that took place during and after
Early Jurassic times. Distributional patterns of various species of the distinctive, very common bivalve
Weyla, and a comparison of the positions of biogeographic boundaries between high-palaeolatitude,
mixed and low-palaeolatitude faunas on the terranes and on the craton indicate that Wrangellia was displaced
northward relative to the craton by at least several hundred and possibly more than 1000 km since
Sinemurian and Pliensbachian times. For Stikinia such estimates are even higher and exceed 1000 km.
Biogeographic patterns also suggest that Wrangellia experienced at best minor rotation since Sinemurian
times, while rotation from a more or less east–west alignment to its present northwest–southeast position
seems possible for Stikinia prior to the Pliensbachian. Palaeomagnetic interpretations, suggesting that
during Sinemurian and Pliensbachian times Wrangellia and Stikinia were in much the same latitudinal
position relative to the craton as they are now, are in sharp contrast to the results from faunal data. The
presence of warm oceanic surface currents, oceanographic effects of elongated barriers, climatic change
and differential latitudinal displacements due to rotation appear to be insufficient explanations for the
discrepancy between the interpretation of palaeomagnetic and faunal evidence.
Finite groups with small automizers of their nonabelian subgroups
Authors: BRANDL ROLF , DEACONESCU MARIAN
Published: July 2002

Let G be a group and let H be a subgroup of G. The automizer AutG(H) of H in G is defined as the group of automorphisms of H induced by conjugation of elements of NG(H). Thus AutG(H)≅NG(H)/CG(H), and we obviously have $$\tfrm{In(}H\tfrm{)≤Aut}_{G}\tfrm{(}H\tfrm{)≤Aut(}H\tfrm{).}$$ We call AutG(H) large if AutG(H)=Aut(H) and small if AutG(H)=In(H).
THE CIVIC SOLUTION TO THE CRISIS
OF ENGLISH COLONIZATION,
1609–1625
Authors: FITZMAURICE ANDREW
Published: July 2002

Historians have portrayed the Virginia Company and its colony,
the first permanent
English settlement in America, as an essentially commercial enterprise.
The atmosphere of the colony
is represented accordingly as one of proto-capitalist individualism. This
paper shows that the Virginia
Company promoters described the aims of its colony in civic terms: that
is, in terms of a politics of
virtue, citizenship, and the pursuit of the common good. Promoters of the
colony drew on a civic
tradition particularly hostile to commerce; a tradition in which wealth
was portrayed as Asiatic luxury
and corruption. The civic arguments of the Company were a response to the
commercial and human
disasters which characterized the first years of the colony and its Elizabethan
predecessors. The civic
ideology promoted by the Company was an attempt to remedy what were perceived
to be the causes of
this disastrous situation – corruption, greed, faction, and idleness.
The promoters' civic arguments
also provided an ideological motivation both for potential investors and
colonists who might otherwise
have been deterred by the financial and human expense.
RELIGIOUS HISTORY AND THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY HISTORIAN
Authors: YOUNG B. W.
Published: July 2002

The relationship between intellectual secularization and the writing of academic
history has long been one of the major neglected themes in British historiography, and its unexamined
presuppositions are explored here in relation to the religious history of the eighteenth century. A great
deal of the history of eighteenth-century religion has been written from a confessional standpoint, and
this has served further to marginalize discussion of the subject in a period of history concerning which
secular interpretations continue to prevail. A reunion of the religious and the secular is a major
desideratum in the writing of eighteenth-century history, and this applies not only to historians of
religion but also, a fortiori, to political, social, and cultural historians. The perspectives offered by
such historians are critically examined, and the need for them to take seriously the integral part of
religious history in the broader history of the period is emphasized accordingly.
Grain yield in Composite Cross Five of barley: effects of natural selection
Authors: DANQUAH E. Y. , BARRETT J. A.
Published: July 2002

A range of three generations from each of three populations of Cambridge Composite Cross Five of barley spanning a period of 18 years of cultivation in Cambridge was evaluated for grain yield over 2 years in the field in 1991 and 1992. The design of the experiment was a randomized complete block with two replications. In 1991, the yield of the best composite cross generation was 78% that of Atem, a commercial variety bred for N.W. European conditions. In the drought-affected year, 1992, three of the composite cross generations performed better than Atem. It is suggested that composite cross populations may be useful in deriving lines for low-input agriculture.
The effect of a long term feed restriction on
metabolism and tissue composition of goats
Authors: GÓMEZ-PASTÉN M. , MORA O. , PEDRAZA-CHAVERRI J. , SHIMADA A.
Published: July 2002

An experiment was conducted in the semi-arid temperate highlands
of central Mexico (1994–95) with
12 adult, female non-pregnant, non-lactating, crossbred Nubian goats to
determine the effects of 36
weeks of feed restriction on body weight, carcass composition and blood
concentrations of glucose
and hormones (insulin, triiodothyronine [T3] and tetraiodothyronine

[T4]). After a 9-week feed intake,
liveweight and body condition stabilization period, the animals were divided
into three groups and
individually offered either 100, 80 or 60% of their observed average daily
consumption. Feed intake
was measured daily, liveweight weekly, and blood-serum glucose and hormone
concentrations every
4 weeks. At the end of the feeding experiment, the animals were slaughtered,
and the carcasses and
viscerae weighed. Liver and muscle samples were obtained and chemically
analysed. Insulin and T4
did not differ between treatments (P>0·05). Final liveweight;
blood-serum glucose and T3; carcass
yield; muscle tissue dry matter, fat, RNA and RNA:protein ratios;
hepatic tissue protein,
RNA:DNA and protein:DNA ratios decreased, while liver and muscle
DNA increased with
restriction (P<0·05). These results suggest that capacity
of goats to adapt to long term undernutrition
and the importance of hepatic and muscle tissues as sources of metabolic
energy.
Spatial dependence and block designs in spaced plant herbage trials
Authors: WATSON S.
Published: July 2002

Data from three ryegrass spaced plant variety trials conducted at Crossnacreevy, Co. Down in each
of 1989, 1990 and 1991 were investigated for evidence of spatial dependence. Spatial dependence was
most evident in variates measuring the overall dimensions of the plants, especially late season
variates. However, the ‘date of ear emergence’ variate, which identifies most of the variety
distinctnesses that the trials are intended to detect, was not spatially dependent. On average, 45% of
the residual variation in the plot means of the spatially dependent variates was estimated to be of a
spatial nature. Consequently, it is likely that the efficiency of analysis of these variates would be
improved by using spatial analysis instead of non-spatial analysis or by using alpha (incomplete
block) designs instead of complete block designs. The spatial information was used to determine the
optimal incomplete block sizes and the likely increase in efficiency due to using alpha designs instead
of complete block designs. The optimal incomplete block size for a trial with 10 plants per plot was
compared with the optimal incomplete block size for the same trial with single plant plots at the same
spacing and was found to be smaller. The gains in efficiency were larger in the trial with 10 plants per
plot than in the trial with single plant plots.
One-to-few and one-to-many branching tube flows
Authors: SMITH F. T. , JONES M. A.
Published: July 2002

Branching tube flows are examined, for one mother to two, three or more daughter
tubes. The case of many daughters (abrupt multi-branching) models blood flow
through an arteriovenous malformation in the brain, while that of very few daughters
(gradual branching) applies elsewhere in physiology and surgical grafting, as well as
other applications including industrial ones. Theory and computation are presented
for two- and three-dimensional motions, under the viscous and inviscid effects of
small changes in mass flux between the daughter tubes, area expansion and turning
of the flow. Specific configurations for which flow solutions are obtained are (a) with
two large daughters, (b) with one small daughter/side branch, and (c) with multiple
small daughters.

The numerous physical mechanisms acting concern overall upstream influence and
through-flow, and flow separation and criteria for its avoidance, as well as criteria
for the amount of turning and area expansion possible without energy loss and other
factors associated with separation, and the role of the branching geometry versus that
of the mass-flux distribution in the daughters. In particular, configuration (a) allows
substantial separation-free turning and expansion only with certain shaping of the
outer wall and an area expansion ratio typically less than 1.2, whereas more daughters
involve a balance between geometry and mass flux. In (b), an abrupt pressure jump
is induced at the mouth of the small daughter, near which mass-flux effects tend
to dominate over geometrical shaping effects. In (c), as the number of daughters
increases, the amount of separation-free turning and expansion is found to increase
substantially, and the distributed mass-flux influence readily overrides the geometrical
influence throughout the branching; there is also an integrated upstream effect of the
multi-branching on the incident mother flow even though each daughter flow acts as
if independent. Tentative designs based on wall shaping, flux distributions and divider
placement are considered for flow improvement/surgery.
A transonic small-disturbance model for the propagation of weak shock waves in heterogeneous gases
Authors: GIDDINGS THOMAS E. , RUSAK ZVI , FISH JACOB
Published: July 2002

The interaction of weak shock waves with small heterogeneities in gaseous media
is studied. It is first shown that various linear theories proposed for this problem
lead to pathological breakdowns or singularities in the solution near the wavefront
and necessarily fail to describe this interaction. Then, a nonlinear small-disturbance
model is developed. The nonlinear theory is uniformly valid and accounts for the
competition between the near-sonic speed of the wavefront and the small variations of
vorticity and sound speed in the heterogeneous media. This model is an extension of
the transonic small-disturbance problem, with additional terms accounting for slight
variations in the media. The model is used to analyse the propagation of the sonic-boom
shock wave through the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer. It is found that,
in this instance, the nonlinear model accounts for the observed behaviour. Various
deterministic examples of interaction phenomena demonstrate good agreement with
available experimental data and explain the main observed phenomena in Crow (1969).
Reynolds number dependence of the small-scale structure of grid turbulence
Authors: ZHOU T. , ANTONIA R. A.
Published: July 2002

The small-scale structure of grid turbulence is studied primarily using data obtained
with a transverse vorticity (ω3) probe for values of the Taylor-microscale Reynolds
number Rλ in the range 27–100. The measured spectra of the transverse vorticity
component agree within ±10% with those calculated using the isotropic relation over
nearly all wavenumbers. Scaling-range exponents of transverse velocity increments are
appreciably smaller than exponents of longitudinal velocity increments. Only a small
fraction of this difference can be attributed to the difference in intermittency between
the locally averaged energy dissipation rate and enstrophy fluctuations. The anisotropy
of turbulence structures in the scaling range, which reflects the small values of Rλ,
is more likely to account for most of the difference. All four fourth-order rotational
invariants Iα (α = 1 to 4) proposed by Siggia (1981) were evaluated. For any particular
value of α, the magnitude of the ratio Iα / I1 is approximately constant, independently
of Rλ. The implication is that the invariants are interdependent, at least in isotropic
and quasi-Gaussian turbulence, so that only one power-law exponent may be sufficient
to describe the Rλ dependence of all fourth-order velocity derivative moments in this
type of flow. This contrasts with previous suggestions that at least two power-law
exponents are needed, one for the rate of strain and the other for vorticity.
The Revolution, the Labour Regime and Conditions of Work in the Cotton Textile Industry in Mexico, 1910–1927
Authors: BORTZ JEFFREY
Published: July 2002

From 1910 to 1927 workers in the Mexican cotton textile industry took
advantage of the larger surrounding revolution to create a revolution of their
own. Based on a significant and persistent challenge to workplace authority,
millhands radically transformed the labour regime in Mexican industry. Although
owners combated the workers' rebellion, they never inflicted a decisive defeat. As
a consequence, the conditions of work in Mexican mills improved dramatically.
Among the advancements workers fought for, and obtained, were a sharp
reduction in the working day from fourteen hours to eight, mandated medical
care for work-related accidents and illnesses and union control of hiring and
firing. The latter included the union shop and a system of tripartite boards that
made it virtually impossible to fire workers who enjoyed union support. The new
labour regime reflected changes in the formal and informal institutions of work,
but its final institutionalisation empowered unions more than the rank and file
workers who fought to change the social relations of work.
The Alchemy of Modernity. Alonso Barba's Copper Cauldrons and
the Independence of Bolivian Metallurgy (1790–1890)
Authors: PLATT TRISTAN
Published: July 2002

Those natures which, when they meet, quickly lay hold on and mutually
affect one another we call affined. This affinity is sufficiently striking in the
case of alkalis and acids which, although they are mutually antithetical … most
decidedly seek and embrace one another, modify one another, and together
form a new substance … It is in just this way that truly meaningful
friendships can arise among human beings: for antithetical qualities make
possible a closer and more intimate union.

Goethe, Elective affinities (1809)

A linear mode of historical understanding relegated alchemy to a ‘pre-scientific’ era, with the enlightenment's New Chemistry creating a break between
‘empirical’ and ‘scientific’ metallurgies. Similarly, Bolivia's early Republican
silver-production has been regarded as ‘stagnant’ and ‘colonial’ from the
‘modern’ perspective of late nineteenth century liberalism. This article questions
both periodisations by documenting an ‘alchemical renaissance’ in Bolivian
silver-refining methods during the first part of the 19th century. The relaunch of
Alonso Barba's ‘hot method’ of amalgamation in copper cauldrons (1609), and
its associated technical discourses, expressed a creole desire for an independent
‘modernity’. This rediscovery of a seventeenth century technology, carried out
shortly before the Independence War in the Potosí provinces (Chichas), and
slightly later in Oruro and Carangas, is distinguished from the version reinvented
in Central Europe by Ignaz von Born (1786), as well as from two pre-Bornian
experiments in Potosí and New Spain. Its nineteenth century consolidation was,
in part, a little-known reaction to Nordenflicht's failure to introduce the new
European method of rotating barrels to the Andes during the 1790s. The article
shows that this ‘alchemy of modernity’ held its ground for several decades,
suggesting a fresh approach to America's postcolonial ambiguities from the
perspective of a comparative history of technology.
What's ‘what’ in French questions
Authors: PLUNKETT BERNADETTE
Published: July 2002

The analysis of French ‘what’ questions poses a number of difficulties. These
questions exhibit numerous peculiarities, especially when they involve a subject
wh-phrase. It is argued that the anomalous paradigm derives from three independent
factors. The first is linked to the general status of matrix subject wh-phrases and the
position they occupy at the interface levels. The second relates to the status of que
‘what’ as a phonological clitic. The third is argued to derive from the difference
between strong quoi ‘what’ and weak que with respect to specificity. Once the
interaction of these factors is taken into account, the unusual paradigm is completely
explained.
Instabilities of intense shock waves in monatomic gases
Authors: ANNOU R. , FERHAT B.
Published: July 2002

A wave-front distortion of strong shock waves in gases for particular
Mach
numbers M has been repeatedly noted. We propose two approaches
according
to which there is a threshold Mach number above which the instability occurs;
this Mach number is related to the unperturbed gas pressure
P1. The first
approach is macroscopic, and takes account of radiation; the second is
microscopic, and takes account of radiation, electron diffusion to the
walls of
the shock tube and the non-equilibrium relaxation processes. A mechanism
of
four reactions is proposed. A nonlinear differential equation system is
established. The latter becomes unstable for critical values of the Mach
number.
Energy and momentum densities of a Landau-damped wave packet
Authors: BEST ROBERT W. B.
Published: July 2002

The energy of a Landau-damped electrostatic wave is a long-standing
problem. Calculations based on a spatially infinite wave are deficient. In this
paper, a wave packet is analysed. The energy density depends on second-order
initial conditions that are independent of the first-order wave. Pictures of
energy and momentum transfer to resonant electrons are presented. On
physical grounds, suitable second-order initial conditions are proposed. The
resulting wave energy agrees with fluid theory. The ratio between energy and
momentum is not the phase velocity up, as predicted by
fluid theory, but ½up,
in agreement with Landau-damping physics.
Animal:sediment relationships in coastal deposits of the eastern English Channel
Authors: Newell R.C. , Seiderer L.J. , Robinson J.E.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between sediment composition and biological community structure in mixed sands and gravel deposits of the eastern English Channel. Although some species are clearly associated with particular sediment types, the results confirm the lack of correspondence between community composition of the benthos and particle size distribution in unconsolidated sand and gravel deposits. The results also suggest that sample-to-sample variability commonly recorded in the species composition of macrofauna may reflect significant under-sampling by conventional grab sampling techniques. The implications of this for environmental monitoring and impact studies is discussed.
‘Business Culture’ and Entrepreneurship in British India, 1860–1950
Authors: Misra A.-M.
Published: July 2002

In the late nineteenth century British expatriate enterprise enjoyed extraordinary success. A few large firms effectively dominated the external trading sector and the modern industrial economy of Eastern India. Based in Calcutta, these firms have been credited with the introduction into India not only of modern industry, but also of modern corporate organization. However, having reached a peak of dominance in the early 1900s, British enterprise seemed to lose its dynamism and became increasingly associated with the old and declining sectors of the Indian industrial and trading economy.