bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Listen: Cost and Design
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

How is cost linked to design? Megan, Phil, and Rob wonder together.

MEGAN:

Often you’re in a hurry. You’ve got six days to do that work, so you’re getting your costs for your materials straightaway, and you’re like, “oh, that’s ridiculous, it’s not going to work!” [her voice rises in exasperation] and then you just go back to the drawing board before you go any further. Cost is part of your design straightaway. I mean, yes, we might have a quantity surveyor [QS] involved, but the QS is another abstract entity. So you sort of do your detailing up to a certain point, then you go to a QS, and then it comes back and they will say, “Well, it’s over budget.” We say, “Well, we’ve done our work.” Are we going to redo it? And then there’s an ambiguity there....
Rhythms of Work
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

During one of our discussions Tomas reflects on the problems of setting a collective pace for their work, contrasting the activities in the office with those of a more obviously manual character.: “In the office I find people are going at their own paces, whereas on a building site, if one of you is fitting a set of cabinets and the other’s fitting a bench seat, at lunch time, when you look at each other’s work, it’s really obvious how far along you’ve got with it.” Seated at computers, the processes and products of the working life of a designer lack these obvious qualities of visibility. Consequently, the pace and tempo of these tasks can be difficult for others to discern. Designs are tucked away in digital folders, or glimpsed only in the fleeting movements and partial perspectives of the flickering screens of others. Watch what they do and it is equally difficult to tell anything about the pace of their work: mouse clicks; eyes absorbed; bodily movements are minimal. In any case, there is little if any visible relationship between the speed at which the task is performed and the rate at which the design progresses....
Introduction Theaters of Pardoning
Authors: Meyler Bernadette
Published: January 2020

The introduction draws on theories of genre and existing work in early modern law and literature to define the attributes and explain the significance of theaters of pardoning. Demonstrating the surprisingly significant number of seventeenth-century English plays that end with pardons, the introduction identifies these forms of tragicomedy as theaters of pardoning. It also emphasizes how the historical interrelations among the institutions and actors of law, drama, and politics in seventeenth-century England brought conceptions of pardoning from theater to law court to palace and back.
Dramatic Judgments Measure for Measure, Revenge, and the Institution of the Law
Authors: Meyler Bernadette
Published: January 2020

Analyzing William Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure as the paradigm for theaters of pardoning, this chapter examines the relationships among judgment, pardoning and sovereignty in the play. It posits that Measure for Measure relies on a judicial model of pardoning and at the same time pits a more bureaucratic, institutional form of judgment against a vision of judgment as emanating from a sovereign decision on both the law and its application. The chapter further explains the connection between the institutional form of judgment staged in Measure for Measure and the work of early modern jurist Sir Edward Coke, who promoted a form of common law that he suggested derived from ancient Greek sources rather than the inheritance of Roman law from the Norman conquest. Drawing on this link with ancient Greece, the chapter then concludes with a comparison between Aeschylus’s Oresteia and Measure for Measure, contrasting both their genres and visions of justice.
Introduction
Authors: Rutenberg Amy J.
Published: January 2020

Chapter one illustrates the tension between martial citizenship and breadwinner masculinity in World War II deferment policy as well as men’s surprising reluctance to serve in the “Good War.” Despite staggering manpower needs, military officials were unable to convince members of Congress to curtail dependency deferments until well into 1943. Social values that defined the father as the moral and financial center of the family hindered planners’ attempts to dispassionately focus manpower procurement policy on filling the armed forces, factories, and farm fields until there was absolutely no other choice. It was not until the last two years of war that it become virtually impossible for men between the ages of 18 and 25 to obtain deferments. Yet, when required, Americans accepted the necessity of the draft, making it appear as though they also accepted a civic-republican ideal of masculine citizenship.
“Really First-Class Men”
Authors: Rutenberg Amy J.
Published: January 2020

Chapter four focuses on the development of the Selective Service’s decision to channel men into certain occupations and domestic arrangements. Under its policy of manpower channeling, the Selective Service used deferments to bribe men to pursue jobs deemed to be in the national interest and to marry and have children. In granting these deferments, the Selective Service altered its mission – defining itself as a civil defense agency as well as a procurer of military manpower – and the definition of service to the state. Not only did it accept civilian pursuits as national service as it had during the Korean War, but by the late 1950s, it explicitly encouraged certain men to fight communism and fulfill their citizenship obligations by remaining civilians. Through this policy, the Selective Service made social engineering one of its main priorities.
Constantine in North African History
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the physical setting of Constantine, and the population movements in the Mediterranean world that shaped its history. The diverse peoples of the region—including Berbers, Arabs, and Jews—arrived in several waves of migration, and lived as part of the Ottoman Empire before the French conquest in 1830.
The Crucible of Local Politics
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes the way that Algeria was absorbed into the political institutions of the French Republic. Algerian Jews, who became citizens in 1870, participated fully in political life, while Algerian Muslims were excluded from citizenship on religious grounds. Jews and Muslims thus experienced the changes that accompanied the arrival of French settlers and the creation of a new colonial regime from very different perspectives.
The Police Investigation
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: January 2020

The investigations of the Police Mobile initially concluded that the majority of the murders committed in Constantine during the riots had been carried out by a small group of conspirators. There is evidence, however, that this conclusion was unacceptable to the Governor General’s office. When charges were drawn up against the suspects who were arrested in the course of the investigation, all talk of a “gang” disappeared. Instead, the police drew up a separate list of different perpetrators for each site where murders took place, reinforcing the official argument that the violence was spontaneous and a result of Muslim “fanaticism.”
Making Something out of Nothing
Authors: Houghton Vince
Published: January 2020

The second chapter discusses the creation of America’s atomic intelligence organization under the direction of Brigadier General Leslie Groves. At first, American scientists believed they could keep track of German atomic research developments on their own, and without the assistance of intelligence professionals. When this proved to be incorrect, and it became clear that the existing intelligence agencies (the Office of Strategic Services, the Office of Navy Intelligence, and Army Intelligence) also did not have the scientific capabilities for an effective atomic intelligence program, Leslie Groves was asked to intervene. Immediately upon taking command, Groves moved to consolidate and centralize his control over all aspects of atomic intelligence.
Alsos
Authors: Houghton Vince
Published: January 2020

The third chapter discusses the scientific intelligence mission sent to Europe to collect firsthand information about the German atomic project and to prevent its successful completion. Following in the footsteps of the Allied Armies, the intelligence mission to Europe, code-named “Alsos”, first arrived in Italy in December, 1943. Comprised of a mixture of intelligence operatives and trained scientific personnel, the mission scoured Italy for clues about the German atomic bomb program. Later in France, Alsos made a number of important discoveries, none more so than the location of a town on the French-German border which would, after close inspection, hold the key to unlocking all of the secrets of the German atomic bomb program.
Regression
Authors: Houghton Vince
Published: January 2020

The fifth chapter details the dismantling of the American atomic intelligence program following the conclusion of the Second World War. Although it was clear to most that the Soviet Union was intent on building its own atomic weapon, the American atomic intelligence program did not survive the general demobilization of the post-war United States. Groves’ Manhattan Project (MED) intelligence team was disbanded, and while he kept a small intelligence analysis unit, the means for adequate intelligence collection and analysis were decentralized and scattered across the U.S. Government. During the late 1940s, American intelligence made a series of estimates for when the Soviet Union would build their first atomic bomb. Based on supposition, speculation, and the American and German experiences, the estimates did not effectively evaluate the realities in the Soviet Union.
Afghanistan
Authors: Gallagher Brendan R.
Published: January 2020

This chapter delves into how Afghanistan postwar planning unfolded from September 2001 through March 2002. It does so by relying on a similar approach to that used in Chapter 1 – by analyzing the postwar planning that took place, how the Bush administration grappled with the three fundamental tasks, and why the planning unfolded in this way. While the Afghanistan planning had a few positive attributes, on the whole it had serious deficiencies and sidestepped crucial trade-offs. This wobbly foundation made a hard situation even harder, and increased the odds of a precarious outcome. A look at each of these aspects helps shed light on our troubled planning for postwar Afghanistan, why we came up short, and how we might have done better.
Libya
Authors: Gallagher Brendan R.
Published: January 2020

This chapter delves into how postwar planning unfolded during the Libya conflict from March to October 2011. It also explores how the Obama administration handled the tasks of postwar planning, as well as why it conducted the planning so poorly. The chapter highlights how it was unclear whether the conflict was being waged for humanitarian purposes, or to topple Qaddafi (or both), as our intended end game remained exceedingly vague. The U.S. sought to defer tough postwar issues to actors that had questionable legitimacy, capacity, or commitment – yet still mistakenly believed this could somehow give rise to a democratic Libya. This chapter illustrates how wishful thinking and poor planning helped foster ideal conditions for chaos in post-Qaddafi Libya.
Commemorating Revenge
Authors: King Emily L.
Published: January 2020

Chapter four examines the relationship between civil vengeance and national memory during the English Interregnum. As government authorities aim to establish and inculcate a new national memory, the chapter connects their attempts to the phenomenon of civil vengeance. But such indoctrination was not without considerable resistance, as royalists focused their challenges to the new government, the chapter argues, through their insistence on remembering differently and circulating counter-memories in ballads, drama, and elegiac verse. Although the cultivation of counter-memory might constitute resistance—and thereby offer an antidote to civil vengeance—it substitutes terms without revising the structural system. To pursue an escape from the ideological intractability between parliamentarians and royalists, the chapter turns finally to Margaret Cavendish’s Sociable Letters, a collection of epistles to an imaginary interlocutor that foregrounds other possibilities for memory, history, and community.
Life history traits and reproductive performance of the caridean shrimp Lysmata boggessi, a heavily traded invertebrate in the marine aquarium industry
Authors: Dickson Michael D. , Behringer Donald C. , Baeza J. Antonio
Published: January 2020

The most intense commercial harvest of marine aquarium species in North America occurs in the coastal waters surrounding Florida, yet very often little information exists on the life histories, population dynamics, or reproductive characteristics of these organisms. The peppermint shrimp Lysmata boggessi is one such species and is heavily targeted along the west coast of Florida. It is known primarily among aquarists for its ability to control pest anemones and in the scientific community for its unique sexual system, protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism. However, no study has addressed fishery interactions or long-term population dynamics for L. boggessi. We used monthly fisheries-dependent sampling, with a trained observer present, for a full year to assess seasonality in sex phase ratio (males to males + hermaphrodites), size at sex change, fecundity, embryo volume and reproductive output of an exploited L. boggessi population. L. boggessi exhibited distinct seasonality in size distribution, sex phase ratio, size at sex phase change and reproductive activity. The peak reproductive season was in spring, when the population was dominated by small but fecund hermaphrodites. Reproduction decreased during fall and winter and sex phase ratios favored male phase shrimp that exhibited delayed sex change. This population and individual level information is the first of its kind for L. boggessi and fills a much needed data gap for the informed management of this fishery.
Cidades médias, fluxos pendulares e dinâmica territorial na Região dos Vales-RS
Authors: Silveira Rogério Leandro Lima da , Brandt Grazielle Betina , Faccin Carolina Rezende , Giacometti Nicolas Billig de , Krug Débora Frantz
Published: January 2020

Aborda-se neste artigo a centralidade das cidades médias e seu papel na orientação e dinâmica dos fluxos pendulares no território, na escala regional. A partir de estudo exploratório na região dos Vales, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o uso de microdados do IBGE sobre deslocamento pendular para trabalho, analisa-se a existência de áreas urbanas funcionais, sua configuração espacial, os principais fluxos e as interações socioespaciais entre as cidades da região. Observa-se a constituição das áreas urbanas funcionais de Santa Cruz do Sul e de Lajeado, evidenciando incipiente e desigual conteúdo policêntrico na região, através da orientação, intensidade e conteúdo dos deslocamentos pendulares para essas duas cidades. Tais fluxos, além de explicitarem a centralidade de ambas as cidades médias no território regional, também revelam o conteúdo socioespacial dos deslocamentos pendulares e mostram as características da dinâmica econômica regional.
O projeto da Zona Franca Verde e suas repercussões espaciais sobre os municípios amapaenses de Macapá e Santana
Authors: Tostes Jose Alberto
Published: January 2020

O presente artigo sobre a Zona Franca cingir-se-á à análise do fracasso dos modelos periféricos de implantação de áreas de livre comércio na faixa lindeira panamazônica que, ordinariamente, foram idealizadas para fomentar e qualificar o desenvolvimento sócio-espacial das cidades brasileiras na faixa de fronteira. A Área de Livre Comércio de Macapá e Santana violou essa singularidade locacional e legal, vindo a posicionar-se fora dos limites da Amazônia Ocidental e implantando-se à margem esquerda do rio Amazonas, numa capital de estado. Ela adquiriu um forte aliado na sua viabilização, que é a “atlanticidade” em seu locus e, também, por constituir-se em eixo de serviços logísticos multimodais do Porto de Santana (AP), na hidrovia-Atlântico-Amazonas-Tapajós. O artigo discute as implicações, no espaço regional do estado do Amapá, geradas por projetos singulares, como a Zona Franca Verde. O método utilizado é o lógico-histórico. Os resultados têm origem em pesquisa realizada no Mestrado em Desenvolvimento Regional, da Universidade Federal do Amapá, e no Grupo de Pesquisa Arquitetura e Urbanismo na Amazônia.
Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and Associated Risk Factors among Undergraduate Female Students of Babcock University, Nigeria
Authors: Samson Enitan Seyi , Cletus Ihongbe John , Okeleke Ochei John , Sunday Oluremi Adeolu , Eleojo Itodo Grace , Osahon Usiobeigbe Stanley , Ajisola Fagboyegun Wuraola
Published: January 2020

Background: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) causes genital herpes, a chronic viral infection that is sexually transmitted and often results in genital ulcer disease (GUD) worldwide.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) IgG and IgM antibodies and the associated risk factors among undergraduate female students of Babcock University.

Methods: After ethical approval was obtained, serum samples of 150 consenting female participants (16-35 years) were collected randomly and screened using NADALR HSV-2 IgG/IgM Rapid Antibody Test Cassette (Bulgarian Company for Biotechnology, Sofia, Bulgaria). The demographic and clinical information of the participants were also collected using a structured questionnaire. The results were statistically analyzed using the SPSS version 18.0.

Results: The outcome of the study shows that out of the 150 participants screened, 5 (3.3%) were positive for HSV-2 IgG antibody, 4 (2.7%) were positive for HSV-2 IgM; while 2 (1.3%) were positive for both HSV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the seropositivity for HSV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies among the study participants on the basis of age distribution. With regards to clinical indication for genital herpes in relation to seropositivity of HSV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies among the study participants, none of the 7 (4.6%) who indicated vaginal itching was seropositive for either HSV-2 IgG or HSV-2 IgM or both. On the other hand, genital lesions were recorded in 0.7% HSV-2 IgG seropositive, 1.3% HSV-2 IgM seropositive and 0.7% HSV-2 both IgG and IgM seropositive. Genital ulcer was recorded among two participants who were either seropositive for HSV-2 IgG (0.7%) or HSV-2 IgM (0.7%). Only one (0.7%) participant indicated inguinal lymphadenopathy, however, the person was HSV-2 IgG/IgM seronegative. Identifiable risk factor significantly (P<0.05) associated with HSV-2 infection include: history of sexually transmitted infections, HIV positive status, and change of sex partners recently.

Conclusion: The outcome of this study shows that HSV-2 infection exists among undergraduate female students of Babcock University, Nigeria and therefore appropriate public health measures must be taken to halt the cycle of infection within the University community. Early detection of genital herpes and prompt treatment will help prevent subsequent complications such as genital ulcer disease among young female adults.
Nonlayered CdSe Flakes Homojunctions
Authors: Jin Bao , Liang Fei , Hu Zhi‐Yi , Wei Ping , Liu Kailang , Hu Xiaozong , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Lin Zheshuai , Li Huiqiao , Zhou Xing , Xiong Qihua , Zhai Tianyou
Published: January 2020

2D homojunctions have stimulated extensive attention because of their perfect thermal and lattice matches, as well as their tunable band structures in 2D morphology, which provide fascinating opportunities for novel electronics and optoelectronics. Recently, 2D nonlayered materials have attracted the attention of researchers owing to their superior functional applications and diverse portfolio of the 2D family. Therefore, 2D nonlayered homojunctions would open the door to a rich spectrum of exotic 2D materials. However, they are not investigated due to their extremely difficult synthesis methods. Herein, nonlayered CdSe flakes homojunctions are obtained via self‐limited growth with InCl3 as a passivation agent. Interestingly, two pieces of vertical wurtzite‐zinc blende (WZ‐ZB) homojunctions epitaxially integrate into WZ/ZB lateral junctions. These homojunctions show a divergent second‐harmonic generation intensity, strongly correlated to the multiple twinned ZB phase, as identified by aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and theoretical calculations. Impressively, the photodetector based on this WZ/ZB CdSe homojunction shows excellent performances, integrating a high photoswitching ratio (3.4 × 105) and photoresponsivity (3.7 × 103 A W−1), suggesting promising potential for applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
Associating and Tuning Sodium and Oxygen Mixed‐Ion Conduction in Niobium‐Based Perovskites
Authors: Gouget Guillaume , Mauvy Fabrice , Chung U‐Chan , Fourcade Sébastien , Duttine Mathieu , Braida Marc‐David , Mercier Thierry Le , Demourgues Alain
Published: January 2020

Pure ionic conductors as solid‐state electrolytes are of high interest in electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices. They systematically involve only one ion as the charge carrier. The association of two mobile ionic species, one positively and the other negatively charged, in a specific network should strongly influence the total ion conduction. Nb5+‐ (4d0) and Ti4+‐based (3d0) derived‐perovskite frameworks containing Na+ and O2− as mobile species are investigated as mixed ion conductors by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The design of Na+ blocking layers via sandwiched pellet sintered by spark plasma sintering at high temperatures leads to quantified transport number of both ionic charge carriers tNa+ and tO2−. In the 350–700 °C temperature range, ionic conductivity can be tuned from major Na+ contribution (tNa+ = 88%) for NaNbO3 to pure O2− transport in NaNb0.9Ti0.1O2.95 phase. Such a Ti‐substitution is accompanied with a ≈100‐fold increase in the oxygen conductivity, approaching the best values for pure oxygen conductors in this temperature range. Besides the demonstration of tunable mixed ion conduction with quantifiable cationic and anionic contributions in a single solid‐state structure, a strategy is established from structural analysis to develop other architectures with improved mixed ionic conductivity.
As‐Cast Ternary Organic Solar Cells Based on an Asymmetric Side‐Chains Featured Acceptor with Reduced Voltage Loss and 14.0% Efficiency
Authors: Chen Xuebin , Kan Bin , Kan Yuanyuan , Zhang Ming , Jo Sae Byeok , Gao Ke , Lin Francis , Liu Feng , Peng Xiaobin , Cao Yong , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: January 2020

A new small‐molecule nonfullerene acceptor based on the benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT) fused central core with asymmetrical alkoxy and thienyl side chains, namely TOBDT, is designed and synthesized. The alkoxy unit helps narrow the bandgap, and thienyl side chain helps enhance the intermolecular interaction. As a result, TOBDT is suitable to match the deep‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of polymer donor PM6. Then, a strong crystalline acceptor IDIC is introduced as the third component to fabricate as‐cast nonfullerene ternary devices to achieve absorption and morphology control. Addition of IDIC not only mixes well with TOBDT but modulates the morphology of the blend film, which helps to balance the charge transport properties and reduce the photovoltage loss of ternary devices. All these contribute to synergetic improvement of Jsc, Voc, and fill factor parameters, leading to a power conversion efficiency of 14.0% for the as‐cast fullerene‐free ternary device.
Eric Jacobsen @60
Authors: Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: January 2020

No Abstract

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Acetic Acid Assisted Crystallization Strategy for High Efficiency and Long‐Term Stable Perovskite Solar Cell
Authors: Li Yong , Shi Junwei , Zheng Jianghui , Bing Jueming , Yuan Jianyu , Cho Yongyoon , Tang Shi , Zhang Meng , Yao Yin , Lau Cho Fai Jonathan , Lee Da Seul , Liao Chwenhaw , Green Martin A. , Huang Shujuan , Ma Wanli , Ho‐Baillie Anita W. Y.
Published: January 2020

Improving the quality of perovskite poly‐crystalline film is essential for the performance of associated solar cells approaching their theoretical limit efficiency. Pinholes, unwanted defects, and nonperovskite phase can be easily generated during film formation, hampering device performance and stability. Here, a simple method is introduced to prepare perovskite film with excellent optoelectronic property by using acetic acid (Ac) as an antisolvent to control perovskite crystallization. Results from a variety of characterizations suggest that the small amount of Ac not only reduces the perovskite film roughness and residual PbI2 but also generates a passivation effect from the electron‐rich carbonyl group (CO) in Ac. The best devices produce a PCE of 22.0% for Cs0.05FA0.80MA0.15Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3 and 23.0% for Cs0.05FA0.90MA0.05Pb(I0.95Br0.05)3 on 0.159 cm2 with negligible hysteresis. This further improves device stability producing a cell that maintained 96% of its initial efficiency after 2400 h storage in ambient environment (with controlled relative humidity (RH) <30%) without any encapsulation.
Protein Nanosphere Anchors for Stabilizing Hydroxylated Polymer Chains in Organic Memory Transistors with Outstanding Retention Characteristics
Authors: Seo Jooyeok , Kim Hwajeong , Lee Chulyeon , Kim Youngkyoo
Published: January 2020

It is demonstrated that a heme protein (cytochrome c [Cyt c]) nanosphere plays a strong anchoring role in binding hydroxyl groups of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) leading to outstanding high‐temperature (100 °C) retention characteristics of transistor‐type organic memory devices (TOMDs). The PVA:Cyt c layers are spin‐coated on indium tin oxide gate electrodes from aqueous solutions with various Cyt c contents up to 50 wt%, followed by the formation of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) channel layers and nickel/aluminum top source/drain electrodes in TOMDs. Results show that adding 20 wt% Cyt c improves the drain current of devices in the presence of good hysteresis characteristics, which are maintained even after exposure to high‐temperature conditions (100 °C). The excellent conservation of hysteresis characteristics is attributed to the formation of Cyt c nanospheres that act as an anchoring point to retard the relaxation of PVA chains via specific interactions (hydrogen bonding etc.) between amino groups in the Cyt c nanosphere surfaces and hydroxyl groups in the PVA chains. The optimized PVA:Cyt c layers (20 wt% Cyt c, thermal treatment at 100 °C) deliver excellent retention characteristics to TOMDs, whereas no memory function is measured in the case of the pristine PVA layers at 100 °C.
Stem and leaf forage nutritive value and morphology of reduced lignin alfalfa
Authors: Grev Amanda M. , Wells M. Scott , Catalano Devan N. , Martinson Krishona L. , Jungers Jacob M. , Sheaffer Craig C.
Published: January 2020

Reduced lignin alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has the potential to improve alfalfa forage quality, yet forage morphology, biomass allocation, and stem and leaf forage nutritive value remains undetermined. The objectives of this study were to characterize changes in morphological development and forage nutritive value within stem and leaf fractions for reduced lignin alfalfa. Reduced lignin (‘54HVX41’) and reference (‘DKA43‐22RR’) alfalfa cultivars were sampled weekly from the mid‐vegetative stage through full flower during the seeding (2015) and first production (2016) year at two locations in Minnesota. Samples were staged to determine maturity, divided into stem and leaf fractions, weighed, and analyzed for forage nutritive value. Alfalfa cultivars were similar in stem and leaf yield, leaf to stem ratio (L/S), stem crude protein (CP), stem neutral detergent fiber (NDF), leaf CP, leaf NDF, leaf acid detergent lignin (ADL), and leaf NDF digestibility (NDFD). On average, reduced lignin alfalfa showed a 14% decrease in stem ADL and a 12% increase in stem NDFD compared to reference alfalfa. For both cultivars, increases in forage maturity increased stem and leaf yields and decreased L/S. Forage maturity also affected stem and leaf forage nutritive values; as maturity increased, NDF and ADL increased while CP and NDFD decreased. These results indicate that changes in forage nutritive value for reduced lignin alfalfa are largely a result of changes in ADL and NDFD within the stem fraction, and confirm that alfalfa forage nutritive value is negatively affected by forage maturity, particularly within the stem portion of the plant.
Row spacing of alfalfa interseeded into native grass pasture influences soil‐plant‐water relations
Authors: Dhakal Madhav , West Charles P. , Deb Sanjit K. , Villalobos Carlos , Kharel Geeta
Published: January 2020

Interseeding alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) can improve forage quality of grasslands by adding a high‐protein species, but this runs the risk of accelerating soil water depletion. The objective was to evaluate effects of cultivar and row spacing of alfalfa on soil water balance and plant water potentials (Ψ) of two upright‐type cultivars, NuMex Bill Melton and WL 440HQ, and a prostrate‐type Falcata‐Rhizoma blend, interseeded into native grasses in October 2015 near Lubbock, Texas. Alfalfa was interseeded at 36‐cm (narrow) and 71‐cm (wide) row spacings. Soil volumetric water content (VWC) and midday Ψstem and Ψleaf were measured weekly in 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. Soil VWC was not affected by alfalfa cultivars (P > .05), whereas alfalfa row spacings differed (P < .05). Narrow spacing caused lower (P < .05) VWC than wide spacing relative to the grass‐only control in both the upper 40‐ and 40‐ to 100‐cm layers of the soil. Wide‐row spacing had similar VWC to control in 2017 for both soil layers (P > .05). Soil water depletion increased with alfalfa crown density (r = .60, P < .05) in association with enhanced evapotranspiration and denser root mass below 30‐cm soil depth. Grass and alfalfa Ψstem and Ψleaf were depressed in narrow rows relative to wide rows and control, indicating that presence of alfalfa intensified competition with the grass for soil water. The wide‐row treatment seldom had adverse effects on grass water stress. Wide‐row spacing achieved a favorable compromise between enhanced water use and improved stand productivity.
Arabica coffee–macadamia intercropping: Yield and profitability with mechanized coffee harvesting
Authors: Perdoná Marcos J. , Soratto Rogério P.
Published: January 2020

Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.)–macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche) intercropping presents benefits at the initial phase; however, coffee yields gradually decline because of shading, and mechanized coffee harvesting may be impeded by the growth of macadamia trees. An experiment was conducted under irrigated conditions in southeastern Brazil to evaluate whether coffee–macadamia intercropping and the use of pruning to allow mechanized coffee harvesting offers agronomic and economic advantages over continuously cropped coffee monoculture (monocropped coffee). In addition, we aimed to evaluate which macadamia cultivar (Hawaiian cultivars; HAES 344, HAES 660, and HAES 816; Brazilian cultivars: IAC 9–20, IAC 4–12B, and IAC 4–20) is most suitable for long‐term intercropping with mechanized coffee harvesting. Hawaiian macadamia cultivars have a narrower canopy, requiring less pruning of the lateral branches to allow the traffic of the mechanical coffee harvester. The macadamia cultivar IAC 4–12B had the highest kernel yield and IAC 4–20 had the lowest yield. Because intercropped treatments have 33.3% fewer coffee plants and their production per plant was reduced by shading, the coffee yield in these treatments was on average 38% lower than that in monocropped coffee. However, due to the sale of the macadamia kernel, coffee–macadamia intercropping was economically superior to coffee monoculture. Depending on the macadamia cultivar, the economic benefit of intercropping was from 9% (IAC 4–20) to 206% (HAES 816 and IAC 4–12B) higher than that achieved with monocrop coffee cultivation.
Crop production on heavily disturbed soils following crude oil remediation
Authors: Croat Samantha J. , O'Brien Peter L. , Gasch Caley K. , Casey Francis X.M. , DeSutter Thomas M.
Published: January 2020

Cropland contaminated by crude oil typically requires remediation before it can meet pre‐contaminated productivity potentials. Remediation strategies focus on removing the contaminant, but they also often alter soil properties, which affects the capacity of the land to sustain agricultural production. This research describes crop production following the remediation of crude oil contaminated soil in North Dakota, USA using two different strategies, a modified land‐farming technique and ex situ thermal desorption. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.) were grown in soils treated by both of those techniques, as well as mixtures of each treated soil with native topsoil. Across three growing seasons of comparisons to native topsoil, crop production was 61 ± 20% lower in the modified land‐farm soils and 52 ± 25% lower in thermal desorption‐treated soils; these yield declines were likely associated with reduced soil organic carbon levels. Notably, the soil mixtures had higher soil organic carbon levels and matched the native topsoil in both yield and protein content, suggesting that soil mixing may be a promising tool in cropland soil reclamation. Overall, these findings reinforce that crop production on reclaimed land is linked with soil properties, so long‐term reclamation success requires a holistic approach to soil management.
New Growth Accounting
Authors: Gong Binlei
Published: January 2020

This article opens the black box of total factor productivity by decomposing this “all‐in‐one” index into various input‐embedded and input‐free productivities in a new growth accounting framework. The new method identifies different channels through which growth drivers affect economic growth and finds the most effective way to boost the economy, which is unidentified in standard method. This new approach uses a varying coefficient stochastic frontier model, which integrates the standpoints of the endogenous growth theory and the induced innovation theory into a reduced‐form productivity analysis. The new growth accounting is then applied to study the impacts and contributions of R&D investments, international trade, and structural transformation to world agricultural growth during the period of 1962 to 2014. The empirical results provide new evidence to support the endogenous growth theory and the induced innovation theory, indicating the necessity of using the new growth accounting method.
Imaging Biomarkers of Alzheimer Disease in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Zeydan Burcu , Lowe Val J. , Reichard Ross R. , Przybelski Scott A. , Lesnick Timothy G. , Schwarz Christopher G. , Senjem Matthew L. , Gunter Jeffrey L. , Parisi Joseph E. , Machulda Mary M. , Vemuri Prashanthi , Mielke Michelle M. , Knopman David S. , Petersen Ronald C. , Jack Clifford R. , Kantarci Orhun H. , Kantarci Kejal
Published: January 2020

Objective

To investigate β‐amyloid and tau depositions using Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography (PET) and AV1451 tau PET imaging in aging multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.

Methods

Patients with MS (n = 16) and controls (n = 80) matched for age, sex, andAPOEε4 status from the population‐based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging who underwent PiB PET imaging were studied. Of these individuals, 12 patients with MS and 60 matching controls also underwent AV1451 tau PET. Cortical PiB and AV1451 standard uptake value ratios (SUVrs) from the entire cortex and previously determined Alzheimer disease (AD) signature regions in the same population were calculated for group comparisons and testing for associations with age.

Results

AD signature PiB SUVr (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 0.52 [0.27–0.98],p= 0.044), total cortical PiB SUVr (OR [95% CI] = 0.52 [0.28–0.99],p= 0.048), and the frequency of abnormal PiB SUVrs (OR [95% CI] = 0.10 [0.01–0.90],p= 0.040) were lower in MS than controls. Although AD‐signature and total cortical AV1451 SUVrs were not different between the groups, the frequency of abnormal AV1451 SUVrs was higher (OR [95% CI] = 10.65 [1.10–103.35],p= 0.041) in MS than controls. The association of AD signature PiB SUVr with age was steeper in the controls compared to patients with MS (estimate [95% CI] = −0.14 [−0.023 to −0.006],p= 0.002). Similarly, the association of total cortical PiB SUVr with age was steeper in the controls compared to patients with MS (estimate [95% CI] = −0.13 [−0.021 to −0.005],p= 0.002). There was no difference in the association of AV1451 SUVr findings with age between the MS patients and controls.

Interpretation

Although both β‐amyloid and tau are biomarkers of cognitive aging and AD, cortical β‐amyloid deposition was lower in MS than age‐matched controls, suggesting that some aspect of MS pathobiology retards the accumulation of β‐amyloid but not the accumulation of tau.ANN NEUROL 2020;87:556–567
A Dual Threat: Redox‐Activity and Electronic Structures of Well‐Defined Donor–Acceptor Fulleretic Covalent‐Organic Materials
Authors: Leith Gabrielle A. , Rice Allison M. , Yarbrough Brandon J. , Berseneva Anna A. , Ly Richard T. , Buck Charles N. , Chusov Denis , Brandt Amy J. , Chen Donna A. , Lamm Benjamin W. , Stefik Morgan , Stephenson Kenneth S. , Smith Mark D. , Vannucci Aaron K. , Pellechia Perry J. , Garashchuk Sophya , Shustova Natalia B.
Published: January 2020

The effect of donor (D)–acceptor (A) alignment on the materials electronic structure was probed for the first time using novel purely organic porous crystalline materials with covalently bound two‐ and three‐dimensional acceptors. The first studies towards estimation of charge transfer rates as a function of acceptor stacking are in line with the experimentally observed drastic, eight‐fold conductivity enhancement. The first evaluation of redox behavior of buckyball‐ or tetracyanoquinodimethane‐integrated crystalline was conducted. In parallel with tailoring the D‐A alignment responsible for “static” changes in materials properties, an external stimulus was applied for “dynamic” control of the electronic profiles. Overall, the presented D–A strategic design, with stimuli‐controlled electronic behavior, redox activity, and modularity could be used as a blueprint for the development of electroactive and conductive multidimensional and multifunctional crystalline porous materials.
Switch in Selectivity for Formal Hydroalkylation of 1,3‐Dienes and Enynes with Simple Hydrazones
Authors: Lv Leiyang , Yu Lin , Qiu Zihang , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: January 2020

Controlling reaction selectivity is a permanent pursuit for chemists. Regioselective catalysis, which exploits and/or overcomes innate steric and electronic bias to deliver diverse regio‐enriched products from the same starting materials, represents a powerful tool for divergent synthesis. Recently, the 1,2‐Markovnikov hydroalkylation of 1,3‐dienes with simple hydrazones was reported to generate branched allylic compounds when a nickel catalyst was used. As part of the effort, shown here is that a complete switch of Markovnikov to anti‐Markovnikov addition is obtained by changing to a ruthenium catalyst, thus providing direct and efficient access to homoallylic products exclusively. Isotopic substitution experiments indicate that no reversible hydro‐metallation across the metal‐π‐allyl system occurred under ruthenium catalysis. Moreover, this protocol is applicable to the regiospecific hydroalkylation of the distal C=C bond of 1,3‐enynes.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 3‐Alkoxyl‐1,6‐diynes: A Facile Access to Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2‐ones
Authors: Hu Chao , Wang Tao , Rudolph Matthias , Oeser Thomas , Asiri Abdullah M. , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: January 2020

A novel gold‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of 1,6‐diynes was achieved, providing an atom‐economic approach to a diverse set of bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2‐ones in moderate to good yields. With unsymmetrical starting materials with two different internal alkynyl substituents, to some extent, the regioselectivity could be controlled by both electronic and steric factors. This unprecedented reactivity pattern may inspire new and unconventional strategies for the preparation of bridged ring systems.
Parahydrogen‐Induced Hyperpolarization of Gases
Authors: Kovtunov Kirill V. , Koptyug Igor V. , Fekete Marianna , Duckett Simon B. , Theis Thomas , Joalland Baptiste , Chekmenev Eduard Y.
Published: January 2020

Imaging of gases is a major challenge for any modality including MRI. NMR and MRI signals are directly proportional to the nuclear spin density and the degree of alignment of nuclear spins with applied static magnetic field, which is called nuclear spin polarization. The level of nuclear spin polarization is typically very low, i.e., one hundred thousandth of the potential maximum at 1.5 T and a physiologically relevant temperature. As a result, MRI typically focusses on imaging highly concentrated tissue water. Hyperpolarization methods transiently increase nuclear spin polarizations up to unity, yielding corresponding gains in MRI signal level of several orders of magnitude that enable the 3D imaging of dilute biomolecules including gases. Parahydrogen‐induced polarization is a fast, highly scalable, and low‐cost hyperpolarization technique. The focus of this Minireview is to highlight selected advances in the field of parahydrogen‐induced polarization for the production of hyperpolarized compounds, which can be potentially employed as inhalable contrast agents.
Kinetic study of the multistep thermo‐oxidative degradation of thermosetting siloxane‐containing polyimide and unmodified polyimide
Authors: Liu Yi , Xu Xiaozhou , Mo Song , Lan Bangwei , Zhu Caizhen , Xu Jian , Li Cuihua , Fan Lin
Published: January 2020

In this study, the thermo‐oxidative degradation kinetics of thermosetting siloxane‐containing polyimide (SPI) and unmodified polyimide (PI) were comparatively studied to reveal effect of siloxane on the thermo‐oxidative stability, and to understand how they behave under elevated temperature. Results of thermogravimetirc analysis complemented by structural and morphological observations indicate two individual processes compose thermo‐oxidative degradation of SPI and PI. Therefore, different kinetic triplets are employed to describe the two processes. It is found that the degradation activation energy (E) of the first process for SPI is lower than that for PI, while in the second process, the E value of SPI goes beyond that of PI. The difference of structural changes between SPI and PI during thermo‐oxidative degradation offers rational explanation. The oxidation of siloxane in the first process results in weight loss of SPI at relatively lower temperature, while the formed silica‐type structures retard the second degradation process, making SPI exhibited a slower degradation rate than PI. In addition, the two constituent processes for thermo‐oxidative degradation of SPI and PI obey the Avrami‐Erofeev models. Based on the obtained kinetic parameters, simulations of thermo‐oxidative degradation for both SPI and PI were successfully realized, which gives a precise mathematical description of their degradation behaviors.
Seventeen new microsatellites for Tamarix gallica and cross‐amplification in Tamarix species
Authors: Terrones Alejandro , Juan Ana
Published: January 2020

Premise

Microsatellite markers were developed for the western Mediterranean tree Tamarix gallica (Tamaricaceae) as part of a study of its genetic diversity and structure.

Methods and Results

Seventeen microsatellite markers were developed for T. gallica, 14 of which were polymorphic. These microsatellites have di‐, tri‐, and tetranucleotide repeats with 1–13 alleles per locus and population. Levels of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.900 and from 0.000 to 0.863, respectively. Six microsatellites showed significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in at least one population. Cross‐amplification in 19 Tamarix species showed a wide transferability to other species of the genus.

Conclusions

The 14 new polymorphic microsatellite markers will be used to assess the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of T. gallica. Additionally, the successful cross‐species amplification suggests their potential usefulness for investigating species delimitation and population genetics in the genus Tamarix.
Coexisting attractors in a fractional order hydro turbine governing system and fuzzy PID based chaos control
Authors: Rajagopal Karthikeyan , Jahanshahi Hadi , Jafari Sajad , Weldegiorgis Riessom , Karthikeyan Anitha , Duraisamy Prakash
Published: January 2020

A fractional order model of a hydro turbine governing system (FOHTGS) is derived using the Grunwald‐Letnikov's (GL) method. This model is developed using its integer order. Dynamical properties of FOHTGS, such as equilibrium point and its stability, Hopf bifurcation, and Lyapunov exponents (LEs) are investigated. Different dynamics of FOHTGS with respect to changing fractional order of the system and its parameter are studied. The FOHTGS shows multistability and coexisting attractors. To support the existence of multistability, some coexisting attractors are presented. A fuzzy PID based chaos control algorithm is designed and proposed in a hydro turbine governing system (HTGS). Numerical simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the derived controller.
Mixed performance analysis of continuous switched systems with time‐varying random delay
Authors: Lien Chang‐Hua , Yu Ker‐Wei , Chang Hao‐Chin
Published: January 2020

This paper analyzes the asymptotic mean‐square stabilizability and mixed performance of switched time‐delay systems with time‐varying random delay via a switching signal selection. Some delay‐dependent LMI‐based criteria are proposed to achieve the switching signal design. Our approach is proposed to guarantee the mixed performance of the system under consideration by Wirtinger‐based inequality. A numerical example is given to show the main contribution of this paper.
Disturbance Observer Based Distributed Consensus Control Strategy of Multi‐Agent System with External Disturbance in a Standalone DC Microgrid
Authors: Krishna Metihalli Bhargavi , Narayana Sabhahit Jayalakshmi
Published: January 2020

This article proposes the secondary voltage control of microgrid on the basis of cooperative control of multi agent system. The distributed cooperative control utilizes disturbance observer technique to synchronize the DC bus voltage. The proposed controller achieves balanced power sharing among the battery energy storage units (BESUs) in the presence of external disturbances in heterogeneous microgrid (MG) network. The dynamics of heterogeneous nodes affected by constant disturbance such as error measurements, sudden load variations and communication link failure between distributed generator units make the network highly heterogeneous. Firstly, a disturbance observer is established to estimate the disturbance generated from the MG system. Secondly, distributed consensus control law is designed to suppress the disturbances acting on the multi‐agent system. Furthermore, communication delays are explicitly considered in the analysis. The presented control strategy is compared with the existing mainstream algorithms to check the feasibility of the designed control method. The effectiveness of the proposed control law for isolated DC MG system has been validated by MATLAB/Simulink platform using simulation case studies.