bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Synthesis of Arylnaphthalene Lignans by Regioselective Intramolecular Anionic Diels—Alder Reactions of 1,7‐Diaryl‐1,6‐diynes.
Authors: Kudoh Takayuki , Shishido Ai , Ikeda Kyohei , Saito Seiki , Ishikawa Teruhiko
Published: October 2013

The intramolecular anionic Diels—Alder reaction of diynes (I) and (III) affords arylnaphtalene lignans which are valuable precursors for the synthesis of natural products.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Annulated Oligothiophenes.
Authors: Nenajdenko V. G. , Balenkova E. S. , Chernichenko K. Y. , Vshivenko S. S.
Published: October 2013

In addition to the high temperature protocol for the synthesis of the title compounds an alternative method for the preparation of helicene is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Original Spirolactams Displaying Promising Folded Structures.
Authors: Martinez Jean , et al. et al.
Published: October 2013

A stereoselective ring‐contraction reaction, the transannular rearrangement of activated lactams (TRAL) is used to access spirocyclic scaffolds.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Heterocycles by Tandem Carbamoylation—Oxidative Bromolactamization of ω‐Alkenylmagnesium Bromide.
Authors: Yamamoto Yasutomo , Takahama Yuji , Shimizu Misa , Ohara Ai , Miyawaki Akari , Tomioka Kiyoshi
Published: October 2013

The reaction of ω‐alkenylmagnesium bromides with tosyl isocyanate and subsequent oxidation with excess PhI(OAc)2 renders possible a one‐pot synthesis of bromolactones.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphoramidite—Cu(OTf)2 Complexes as Chiral Catalysts for 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Iminoesters and Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Castello Luis M. , Najera Carmen , Sansano Jose M. , Larranaga Olatz , de Cozar Abel , Cossio Fernando P.
Published: October 2013

It is demonstrated that BINOL derived phosphoramidite is an excellent ligand for the Cu(OTf)2 catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides and nitroalkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocatalytic Cascade Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Radical Reaction in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Yoshioka Eito , Kohtani Shigeru , Tanaka Eri , Miyabe Hideto
Published: October 2013

A Ru‐catalyzed photolytic cascade radical reaction of dienic derivatives of O‐benzyl hydroxylamine with perhalogenated aliphatic halides is developed leading to functionalized pyrrolidinones as mixtures of diastereomers, also for compounds (III), or as mixtures of E/Z isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Organocatalytic Activation of Isatins and Formaldehyde tert‐Butyl Hydrazone: Asymmetric Synthesis of Functionalized 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles.
Authors: Monge David , Crespo‐Pena Ana M. , Martin‐Zamora Eloisa , Alvarez Eleuterio , Fernandez Rosario , Lassaletta Jose M.
Published: October 2013

Dual activation of isatins and formaldehyde tert‐butyl hydrazone by 2,2′‐diamino‐1,1′‐binaphthalene (BINAM)‐derived bis(ureas) is the key to achieve high reactivity and excellent enantioselectivities in the synthesis of azo‐functionalized 3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrroloindolines and Indolines from Simple Indole Derivatives.
Authors: Ni Jane , Wang Haoxuan , Reisman Sarah E.
Published: October 2013

The recently published procedure is optimized, leading to improved diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Cyclopenta[b]pyrroles from 1,2‐Diketones, 2‐Aminopyridine, and Alkynes.
Authors: Du Juanjuan , Zhou Bing , Yang Yaxi , Li Yuanchao
Published: October 2013

Preparation of the cyclopenta[b]pyrroles from 5‐methyl‐2‐(pyridin‐2‐ylamino)cyclopent‐2‐en‐1‐one (I) and internal alkynes or in a one‐pot manner from 5‐methylcyclopent‐2‐en‐1‐one (IV) with pyridylamine (V) and internal alkynes is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Overcoming Product Inhibition in Catalysis of the Intramolecular Schmidt Reaction.
Authors: Motiwala Hashim F. , Fehl Charlie , Li Sze‐Wan , Hirt Erin , Porubsky Patrick , Aube Jeffrey
Published: October 2013

This reaction uses either TiCl4 as a catalyst or acetyl chloride as a procatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3‐(4‐Chloro‐phenyl)‐4‐substituted Pyrazole Derivatives.
Authors: Horrocks P. , Pickard M. R. , Parekh H. H. , Patel S. P. , Pathak Ravindra B.
Published: October 2013

Some of the newly synthesized compounds show potential biological activity.
ChemInform Abstract: DDQ‐Induced Dehydrogenation of Heterocycles for C—C Double Bond Formation: Synthesis of 2‐Thiazoles and 2‐Oxazoles.
Authors: Li Xiangnan , Li Cheng , Yin Bing , Li Cong , Liu Ping , Li Jianli , Shi Zhen
Published: October 2013

In some cases the addition of CuI as a catalyst and raising the reaction temperature leads to the increase of yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitumor Activity Evaluation of γ‐Monofluorinated and γ,γ‐Difluorinated Goniothalamin Analogues.
Authors: Yang Yi , Yang Zhenjun , Cheng Chunru , Qing Fengling
Published: October 2013

A library of novel γ,γ‐difluorinated Goniothalamin analogues is synthesized via Stille coupling and lactonization.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Low Melting Mixture Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,8‐Dioxo‐dodecahydroxanthene Derivatives.
Authors: Li Peihe , Ma Feiping , Wang Ping , Zhang Zhanhui
Published: October 2013

This method uses a citric acid/dimethylurea melt as an easily recoverable reaction medium which can be reused at least five times without a significant loss in activity.
ChemInform Abstract: PhI(OCOCF3)2‐Mediated C—C Bond Formation Concomitant with a 1,2‐Aryl Shift in a Metal‐Free Synthesis of 3‐Arylquinolin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Liu Le , Lu Hang , Wang Hong , Yang Chao , Zhang Xiang , Zhang‐Negrerie Daisy , Du Yunfei , Zhao Kang
Published: October 2013

A metal‐free, hypervalent iodine mediated cyclization reaction of cinnamamide derivatives to give 3‐arylquinolin‐2‐ones under mild conditions is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinolines and Their Analogues Bearing a C4 Stereocenter: Formal Synthesis of (+)‐(8S,13R)‐Cyclocelabenzine.
Authors: Chen Zhilong , Wang Zhaobin , Sun Jianwei
Published: October 2013

1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinolines with a C4 stereocenter can be formed by using a one‐pot multicomponent chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed transformation of a mixture of oxetane‐tethered benzaldehydes, amines, and a Hantzsch ester as reducing agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Catalytic C—H Arylation of Imidazol[1,2‐a]pyridine with Aryl Bromides Using Magnetically Recyclable Pd—Fe3O4 Nanoparticles.
Authors: Lee Jaewoo , Chung Jooyoung , Byun Sang Moon , Kim B. Moon , Lee Chulbom
Published: October 2013

The reaction is highly regioselective and no other regioisomer is obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors by Room Temperature C—C Cross Couplings of Quinazolinones.
Authors: Pottabathini Narender , et al. et al.
Published: October 2013

Pyridylcyclopropyl quinazolinone derivatives are varied at the 6‐position by Suzuki—Miyaura cross coupling with aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl boronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of N1‐Substituted Orotic Acid Derivatives (III)
Authors: Senger Nicholas A. , Bowler Jeannette T. , Mercado Rene S. , Lin Sidney , Wu Weiming
Published: October 2013

involving the direct formation of 5‐bromouracil (II) from dihydrouracils (I) as the key step
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring the Unexplored Practical and Alternative Synthesis of 3‐(Trifluoromethyl)‐triazolopiperazine the Key Intermediate for Sitagliptin.
Authors: Nitlikar Lakshmikant H. , Darandale Sunil N. , Shinde Devanand B.
Published: October 2013

A new, scalable, and extremely simple approach to synthesize the title triazolopiperazine (VII), a key intermediate in the preparation of the potent dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitor sitagliptin, as well as related 3‐trifluoromethyltriazolopyridines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Borylation of Halides and Pseudohalides with Tetrahydroxydiboron [B2(OH)4].
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Cavalcanti Livia N. , Garcia‐Garcia Carolina
Published: October 2013

The advantages of the presented borylation method are the use of a cheaper catalyst, the tolerance to more functional groups, the applicability to a number of heterocyclic systems, and the possibility to perform this reaction on a multigram scale.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling of Sugar‐Derived Cyclic Nitrones with Enals: General and Efficient Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Pyrolizidines and Indolizidines.
Authors: Xu Wen‐Yuan , Iwaki Ren , Jia Yue‐Mei , Zhang Wei , Kato Atsushi , Yu Chu‐Yi
Published: October 2013

The synthesized bicyclic iminosugars are assayed against various glycosidases, showing that aryl or alkyl substituents at C‐7 of pyrrolizidines or at C‐8 of indolizidines reduce the potency of the glycosidase inhibition.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of Carbohydrate Based Medium Sized Sulfur Containing Benzannulated Macrocycles: Applications of Sonogashira and Heck Coupling.
Authors: Hussain Altaf , Yousuf Syed Khalid , Sharma Deepak K. , Rao L. Mallikharjuna , Singh Baldev , Mukherjee Debaraj
Published: October 2013

The synthesis of 8‐, 9‐, 10‐, 11‐, and 13‐membered ring compounds having a carbohydrate ring fragment is established by intramolecular Sonogashira and Heck coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Depsidone and Diaryl Ether Derivatives from the Fungus Corynespora cassiicola, an Endophyte of Gongronema latifolium
Authors: Okoye Festus Basden C. , Lu Su , Nworu Chukwuemeka S. , Esimone Charles O. , Proksch Peter , Chadli Ahmed , Debbab Abdessamad
Published: October 2013

isolation and structure elucidation of corynesidone D (I), corynether B (II) and corynether lactone A (III)
ChemInform Abstract: General Formation of Complex Tubular Nanostructures of Metal Oxides for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Lithium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Zhang Genqiang , Xia Bao Yu , Xiao Chong , Yu Le , Wang Xin , Xie Yi , Lou Xiong Wen
Published: October 2013

Novel tube‐in‐tube nanostructures are synthesized for many binary and ternary metal oxides, including CuCo2O4, ZnCo2O4, CoMn2O4, ZnMn2O4, MnCo2O4, NiCo2O4, Mn2O3, Co3O4, NiO, and Fe2O3 by thermal annealing (380—450 °C, 4 h) of precursors obtained from carbon nanofibers dispersed in ethylene glycol with different metal acetates (reflux for 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Magnetism in Nanomaterials
Authors: Singh Ranber
Published: October 2013

Review: 294 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Studies on Reaction Mechanisms in Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Knapas Kjell , Ritala Mikko
Published: October 2013

Review: 233 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ferromagnetic Heusler Alloy Thin Films: Electronic Properties and Magnetic Moment Formation
Authors: Herper Heike C. , Kratzer Peter , Wende Heiko , Krumme Bernhard , Westerholt Kurt , Entel Peter
Published: October 2013

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Migratory Insertion of Isocyanides: An Emerging Platform in Cross‐Coupling Chemistry.
Authors: Vlaar Tjoestil , Ruijter Eelco , Maes Bert U. W. , Orru Romano V. A.
Published: October 2013

Review: 20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Nanocatalysts in Multi‐Component Reactions
Authors: Shirini F. , Abedini M.
Published: October 2013

Review: 218 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Nanocatalysis on Redox Reactions
Authors: Veerakumar Pitchaimani , Ramdass Arumugam , Rajagopal Seenivasan
Published: October 2013

Review: 388 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Ranganath Kalluri V. S. , Onitsuka Satoaki , Kumar A. Kiran , Inanaga Junji
Published: October 2013

Review: 210 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Scope of Controlled Synthesis via Chain‐Growth Condensation Polymerization. From Aromatic Polyamides to π‐Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Yokozawa Tsutomu , Ohta Yoshihiro
Published: October 2013

Review: 159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Asymmetric Syntheses of Chiral Aldehydes and Ketones via N‐Acyl Chiral Auxiliary Derivatives Including Chiral Weinreb Amide Equivalents
Authors: Davies Stephen G. , Fletcher Ai M. , Thomson James E.
Published: October 2013

Review: about 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanometallic Chemistry: Deciphering Nanoparticle Catalysis from the Perspective of Organometallic Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Yan Ning , Yuan Yuan , Dyson Paul J.
Published: October 2013

Review: 114 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Dysiherbaine and Neodysiherbaine A
Authors: Cachet Xavier , Poree Francois‐Hugues
Published: October 2013

Review: [different synthetic approaches published during the period 2000‐2012; 91 refs..
ChemInform Abstract: The Cell′s Nucleolus: An Emerging Target for Chemotherapeutic Intervention
Authors: Pickard Amanda J. , Bierbach Ulrich
Published: October 2013

Review: 92 refs.
The expanding superfamily of gelsolin homology domain proteins
Authors: Ghoshdastider Umesh , Popp David , Burtnick Leslie D. , Robinson Robert C.
Published: October 2013

The gelsolin homology (GH) domain has been found to date exclusively in actin‐binding proteins. In humans, three copies of the domain are present in CapG, five copies in supervillin, and six copies each in adseverin, gelsolin, flightless I and the villins: villin, advillin and villin‐like protein. Caenorhabditis elegans contains a four‐GH‐domain protein, GSNL‐1. These architectures are predicted to have arisen from gene triplication followed by gene duplication to result in the six‐domain protein. The subsequent loss of one, two or three domains produced the five‐, four‐, and three‐domain proteins, respectively. Here we conducted BLAST and hidden Markov based searches of UniProt and NCBI databases to identify novel gelsolin domain containing proteins. The variety in architectures suggests that the GH domain has been tested in many molecular constructions during evolution. Of particular note is flightless‐like I protein (FLIIL1) from Entamoeba histolytica, which combines a leucine rich repeats (LRR) domain, seven GH domains, and a headpiece domain, thus combining many of the features of flightless I with those of villin or supervillin. As such, the GH domain superfamily appears to have developed along complex routes. The distribution of these proteins was analyzed in the 343 completely sequenced genomes, mapped onto the tree of life, and phylogenetic trees of the proteins were constructed to gain insight into their evolution. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Motion of Li+ in Nanoengineered LiBH4 and LiBH4:Al2O3 Comparison with the Microcrystalline Form
Authors: Epp Viktor , Wilkening Martin
Published: October 2013

The introduction of structural disorder and large volume fractions of different kinds of interfaces enables the manipulation of ion dynamics in solids. Variable‐temperature solid‐state NMR relaxometry is highly useful to study Li+ jump processes. If carried out as a function of frequency, the resulting NMR relaxation rates also contain information on the dimensionality (1D, 2D, or 3D) of the diffusion process. Recently, NMR relaxometry has revealed the 2D nature of Li hopping in LiBH4, and thus this hydride is an interesting ion conductor for further diffusion studies on the spatially confined motion of Li spins. Here, nanocrystalline LiBH4 and the two‐phase analogue LiBH4:Al2O3, which are prepared by ball milling, serve as interesting model systems to track the changes in NMR relaxation rates with respect to coarse‐grained, thermodynamically stable LiBH4. This reveals that interface (nano)engineering influences the hexagonal‐to‐orthorhombic phase transition and thus alters the ion‐transport properties of Li in one‐ and two‐phase LiBH4 towards higher diffusivities at lower temperatures.
A Chinese risk score model for identifying postprandial hyperglycemia without oral glucose tolerance test
Authors: Fu Qi , Sun Min , Tang Wei , Wang Zhixiao , Cao Mengdie , Zhu Zhenxin , Lu Lijie , Bi Yufang , Ning Guang , Yang Tao
Published: October 2013

Background

The aim of the study is to develop a risk score model for identifying postprandial hyperglycemia without oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) in Chinese population, and minimize the number of subjects needing further OGTT.

Methods

Multivariable stepwise logistic regression was used to develop risk score models in a derivation cohort (7953 participants without known diabetes). The developed models were verified in a validation cohort (another 1455 subjects without known diabetes). All subjects had completed questionnaires, physical examination and OGTT. Performances of the risk score models were estimated using receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results

Two risk score models for screening postprandial hyperglycemia were developed. The simple model used non‐invasive risk factors (age, height, weight, waist, systolic blood pressure, pulse, hypertension, dyslipidemia and family history of diabetes mellitus), and the full model contained additional variables [fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride/high density lipoprotein cholesterol] obtainable by invasive laboratory tests. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of simple model was similar to FBG and glycated haemoglobin. The full model has the largest AUC [0.799 (0.789–0.809) and 0.730 (0.702–0.758)] in both derivation and validation cohorts (p < 0.001 compared with simple model, FBG, and glycated haemoglobin). At a cutoff point of 80, the sensitivity, specificity and percentage that needed subsequent OGTT were 75.97, 67.56 and 48.38%, respectively.

Conclusions

We developed a risk score model for screening postprandial hyperglycemia based on routine clinical information. It could effectively identify patients at high‐risk for postprandial hyperglycemia and remarkably reduce the number of subjects requiring OGTT. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A staging system for the regeneration of a polyp from the aboral physa of the anthozoan Cnidarian Nematostella vectensis
Authors: Bossert Patricia E. , Dunn Matthew P. , Thomsen Gerald H.
Published: October 2013

Background: As the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis emerges as a model for studying regeneration, new tools will be needed to assess its regenerative processes and describe perturbations resulting from experimental investigation. Chief among these is the need for a universal set of staging criteria to establish morphological landmarks that will provide a common format for discussion among investigators. Results: We have established morphological criteria to describe stages for rapidly assessing regeneration of the aboral end (physa) of Nematostella. Using this staging system, we observed rates of regeneration that are temperature independent during wound healing and temperature dependent afterward. Treatment with 25 μM lipoic acid delays the progression through wound healing without significantly affecting the subsequent rate of regeneration. Also, while an 11‐day starvation before amputation causes only a minimal delay in regeneration, this delay is exacerbated by lipoic acid treatment. Conclusions: A system for staging the progression of regeneration in amputated Nematostella physa based on easily discernible morphological features provides a standard for the field. This system has allowed us to identify both temperature‐dependent and ‐independent phases of regeneration, as well as a nutritional requirement for normal regenerative progression that is exacerbated by lipoic acid. Developmental Dynamics 242:1320–1331, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Origin and specification of the brain leucokinergic neurons of Drosophila: Similarities to and differences from abdominal leucokinergic neurons
Authors: Herrero Pilar , Estacio‐Gómez Alicia , Moris‐Sanz Marta , Alvarez‐Rivero Javier , Diaz‐Benjumea Fernando J.
Published: October 2013

Background: The Drosophila central nervous system contains many types of neurons that are derived from a limited number of progenitors as evidenced in the ventral ganglion. The situation is much more complex in the developing brain. The main neuronal structures in the adult brain are generated in the larval neurogenesis, although the basic neuropil structures are already laid down during embryogenesis. The embryonic factors involved in adult neuron origin are largely unknown. To shed light on how brain cell diversity is achieved, we studied the early temporal and spatial cues involved in the specification of lateral horn leucokinin peptidergic neurons (LHLKs). Results: Our analysis revealed that these neurons have an embryonic origin. We identified their progenitor neuroblast as Pcd6 in the Technau and Urbach terminology. Evidence was obtained that a temporal series involving the transcription factors Kr, Pdm, and Cas participates in the genesis of the LHLK lineage, the Castor window being the one in which the LHLKs neurons are generated. It was also shown that Notch signalling and Dimmed are involved in the specification of the LHLKs. Conclusions: Serial homologies with the origin and factors involved in specification of the abdominal leucokinergic neurons (ABLKs) have been detected. Developmental Dynamics 243:402–414, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tamper Resistance Simulation on Algorithm Level Design
Authors: Yoshikawa Masaya , Asai Toshiya , Shiozaki Mitsuru , Fujino Takeshi
Published: October 2013

Recently, side‐channel attacks have become a serious problem. These attacks estimate the secret keys of cryptography circuits embedded in hardware. In particular, the most threatening side‐channel attacks are differential power analysis and correlation power analysis, which use the correlation between information processing and power consumption, which are related to secret keys in cryptography circuits. Therefore, new measures are required to prevent confidential information in cryptography circuits from being leaked to side‐channel information, such as power consumption. When designing preventive measures, resistance to side‐channel attacks, for instance tamper resistance, must be evaluated. This study proposes a new simulation method by which tamper resistance can be verified in the algorithm and architecture design phases. Experimental results show the validity of the proposed simulation method. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(2): 40–51, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22342
Operation Assist by Vibration Suppression Control Using Impulse‐Shaped Signals for Power Assist Conveyance System
Authors: Yamamoto Yuichi , Uchida Masaki , Morita Yoshifumi , Hara Susumu
Published: October 2013

This paper presents an assist control method for a flexible parts conveyance task using a power assist conveyance system. The assist control method should be designed so as not only to suppress vibration but also to reduce the degradation of operating feel. For this purpose, multiple impulse‐shaped signals are used as feedforward signals in order to reduce the vibration of flexible parts during conveyance. In addition, the adjustment time is introduced to adjust the input timing of the impulse‐shaped signal and to suppress vibration. In order to improve the degradation of operating feel, the smaller amplitudes of the three impulse‐shaped signals are used and input repeatedly. The effectiveness of the proposed system was verified experimentally. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(2): 31–39, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22476
Going Pro to enhance T‐cell immunogenicity: Easy as π?
Authors: Hickman Heather D. , Yewdell Jonathan W.
Published: October 2013

MHC class I molecules bind intracellular oligopeptides and present them on the cell surface for CD8+ T‐cell activation and recognition. Strong peptide/MHC class I (pMHC) interactions typically induce the best CD8+ T‐cell responses; however, many immunotherapeutic tumor‐specific peptides bind MHC with low affinity. To overcome this, immunologists can carefully alter peptides for enhanced MHC affinity but often at the cost of decreased T‐cell recognition. A new report published in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43:3051–3060] shows that the substitution of proline at the third residue (p3P) of a common tumor peptide increases pMHC affinity and complex stability while enhancing T‐cell receptor recognition. X‐ray crystallography indicates that stability is generated through newly introduced CH‐π bonding between p3P and a conserved residue (Y159) in the MHC heavy chain. This finding highlights a previously unappreciated role for CH‐π bonding in MHC peptide binding, and importantly, arms immunologists with a novel and possibly general approach for increasing pMHC stability without compromising T‐cell recognition.
Recent advances in CE analysis of antibiotics and its use as chiral selectors
Authors: Domínguez‐Vega Elena , Pérez‐Fernández Virginia , Crego Antonio Luis , García María Ángeles , Marina María Luisa
Published: October 2013

Antibiotics are a class of therapeutic molecules widely employed in both human and veterinary medicine. This article reviews the most recent advances in the analysis of antibiotics by CE in pharmaceutical, environmental, food, and biomedical fields. Emphasis is placed on the strategies to increase sensitivity as diverse off‐line, in‐line, and on‐line preconcentration approaches and the use of different detection systems. The use of CE in the microchip format for the analysis of antibiotics is also reviewed in this article. Moreover, since the use of antibiotics as chiral selectors in CE has grown in the last years, a new section devoted to this aspect has been included. This review constitutes an update of previous published reviews and covers the literature published from June 2011 until June 2013.
Adding talc microparticles toAspergillus terreusATCC20542 preculture decreases fungal pellet size and improves lovastatin production
Authors: Gonciarz Joanna , Bizukojc Marcin
Published: October 2013

Changing fungal morphology with the use of morphological engineering techniques leads to improving the production of metabolites by filamentous fungi in the submerged culture. Adding mineral microparticles is one such simple method to change fungal pellet size. Here, it was studied for a lovastatin producer,Aspergillus terreusATCC20542. The experiments were conducted in shake flasks and 10 μm talc microparticles were added to the preculture. Intrapellet oxygen concentration profiles were determined by an oxygen microprobe. Talc microparticles caused a decrease ofA. terreuspellets diameter from about 2000 to 900 μm, dependent on their concentration in the preculture. Smaller pellets produced more lovastatin, whose titre exceeded then 120 mg L−1, utilising more lactose. The decrease in pellet size resulted in changes of oxygen concentration profiles in the pellets. The estimated critical pellet diameter, at which the non‐oxygenated zone was observed in the centre of the pellets, was 1700 μm. Smaller pellets were fully penetrated by oxygen. To conclude, facilitated diffusion of oxygen into the pellets of smaller diameter and their less dense structure made lactose utilisation byA. terreusmore efficient, which ultimately increased lovastatin production in the runs with talc microparticles added, compared to the control runs.
A heterogeneous flow model based on DD method for free surface fluid–structure interaction problems
Authors: Zhang Yi , Pin Facundo Del , Yim Solomon C.
Published: October 2013

An efficient heterogeneous flow model that combines incompressible viscous flow and potential flow(PF)(both) with free‐surface boundaries for fluid–structure interaction(FSI) problems was developed and solved numerically. In the model, the near field(viscous) fluid subdomain of the FSI simulation is described by the Navier–Stokes equations(NSE), whereas the far field(inviscid) subdomain is described by PF. This method is particularly suitable for modeling a large fluid domain while avoid solving the NSE at the far field, where the inviscid flow assumption is appropriate and adopting a simplified(e.g., PF) flow description reduces computing cost. Numerically, the NSE are solved using a FEM, and the PF is solved using a BEM. Free surface tracking is achieved through a hybrid level set method for the NSE and the mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian method for the PF. The coupling is based on a non‐overlapping DD method similar to the Dirichlet–Neumann method. At the interface between the two flow model subdomains, velocity and pressure are matched to ensure continuity of the corresponding variables at the common boundary. In this framework of the heterogeneous DD method, an explicit scheme is developed and implemented. The relation between this scheme and the classical Dirichlet–Neumann method for a homogeneous problem is revealed. Numerical examples demonstrating the capability of the method to model nonlinear wave phenomena and FSI problems with flexible structures are presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of high‐order density‐based compressible methods in low Mach vortical flows
Authors: Shanmuganathan S. , Youngs D. L. , Griffond J. , Thornber B. , Williams R. J. R.
Published: October 2013

At low Mach numbers, Godunov‐type approaches, based on the method of lines, suffer from an accuracy problem. This paper shows the importance of using the low Mach number correction in Godunov‐type methods for simulations involving low Mach numbers by utilising a new, well‐posed, two‐dimensional, two‐mode Kelvin–Helmholtz test case. Four independent codes have been used, enabling the examination of several numerical schemes. The second‐order and fifth‐order accurate Godunov‐type methods show that the vortex‐pairing process can be captured on a low resolution with the low Mach number correction applied down to 0.002. The results are compared without the low Mach number correction and also three other methods, a Lagrange‐remap method, a fifth‐order accurate in space and time finite difference type method based on the wave propagation algorithm, and fifth‐order spatial and third‐order temporal accurate finite volume Monotone Upwind Scheme for Conservation Laws (MUSCL) approach based on the Godunov method and Simple Low Dissipation Advection Upstream Splitting Method (SLAU) numerical flux with low Mach capture property. The ability of the compressible flow solver of the commercial software, ANSYS FLUENT, in solving low Mach flows is also demonstrated for the two time‐stepping methods provided in the compressible flow solver, implicit and explicit. Results demonstrate clearly that a low Mach correction is required for all algorithms except the Lagrange‐remap approach, where dissipation is independent of Mach number. © 2013 Crown copyright. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idiopathic portal hypertension: Natural history and long-term outcome
Authors: Siramolpiwat Sith , Seijo Susana , Miquel Rosa , Berzigotti Annalisa , Garcia-Criado Angeles , Darnell Anna , Turon Fanny , Hernandez-Gea Virginia , Bosch Jaume , Garcia-Pagán Juan Carlos
Published: October 2013

Idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) is a rare cause of intrahepatic portal hypertension. Data on natural history and prognosis of IPH are limited. We sought to describe the complications and long-tem outcome of IPH by retrospectively studying 69 biopsy-proven cases of IPH. Mean duration of follow-up was 6.7 ± 4.6 years. All patients had evidence of portal hypertension (PH) at diagnosis, and 42% were symptomatic. Variceal bleeding (VB) was the most common manifestation. In those without bleeding at diagnosis, 74% had varices at first endoscopy. In those with large varices, the 1-year probability of first bleeding despite primary prophylaxis was 9%. The 1-year probability of rebleeding was 22%. Ascites and hepatic encephalopathy was documented in 26% and 7% of patients, respectively, at least once during the clinical course. The 1-year probability of developing portal vein thrombosis (PVT) was 9%, and 53% of patients receiving anticoagulation achieved recanalization. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and VB at diagnosis were the independent predictors of PVT. Seven patients died (6 as a result of an IPH-related cause) and 2 were transplanted. Probability of liver transplantation–free survival was 82% at 10 years. Presence of a severe associated disorder and ascites as a presenting symptom were associated with poor survival. Conclusion: Variceal bleeding is a major complication of IPH. Using, in IPH patients, the same management approach for PH as in cirrhosis is safe and maintains a low incidence of first bleeding and rebleeding in IPH patients. PVT is a frequent complication, particularly in those with HIV infection. Despite several complications, overall survival of patients with IPH is considerably good. (Hepatology 2014;59:2276–2285)
Characteristics and significance of colorectal cancer associated lymphoid reaction
Authors: Väyrynen Juha P. , Sajanti Sara A. , Klintrup Kai , Mäkelä Jyrki , Herzig Karl‐Heinz , Karttunen Tuomo J. , Tuomisto Anne , Mäkinen Markus J.
Published: October 2013

A subset of colorectal cancers (CRCs) exhibits so‐called Crohn's like lymphoid reaction (CLR), an inflammatory reaction pattern that consists of numerous transmural lymphoid aggregates. However, the composition of these aggregates, their biological mechanisms and their prognostic significance are not well‐defined. We analyzed two CRC cohorts (418 and 149 patients) and determined clinicopathological features including survival. A new method for evaluating CLR based on counting the areal density of the lymphoid follicles (CLR density) was adopted. Immune cell densities at intratumoral and peritumoral regions, as well as the composition of the lymphoid follicles, were studied by immunohistochemistry. We found that CLR comprised of lymphoid aggregates with no evidence of granuloma formation. High CLR density associated with lower tumor stage, lack of preoperative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy and deficient mismatch repair enzyme expression. CLR density had positive correlations with peritumoral and intratumoral densities of CD83+ mature dendritic cells and T cells. High CLR density associated with better survival and had prognostic value that was independent of stage, Klintrup‐Mäkinen score for peritumoral inflammation and the numbers of tumor infiltrating T cells. CLR density evaluation had excellent intraobserver and interobserver agreement. In conclusion, the results suggest that CLR contributes to the adaptive antitumor immunity. Quantitative evaluation of CLR density is a relevant prognostic indicator in CRC.
Suppression of adrenal gland‐derived epinephrine enhances the corticosterone‐induced antinociceptive effect in the mouse formalin test
Authors: Kang S.Y. , Roh D.H. , Kim H.W. , Han H.J. , Beitz A.J. , Lee J.H.
Published: October 2013

Background

There is both clinical and experimental evidence to support the application of corticosterone in the management of inflammation and pain. Corticosterone has been used to treat painful inflammatory diseases and can produce antinociceptive effects. Epinephrine is synthesized from norepinephrine by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) and works as an endogenous adrenoceptor ligand secreted peripherally by the adrenal medulla. It is currently unclear whether corticosterone's antinociceptive effect is associated with the modulation of peripheral epinephrine.

Methods

We first determined whether exogenous corticosterone treatment actually produced an antinociceptive effect in a formalin‐induced pain model, and then examined whether this corticosterone‐induced antinociceptive effect was altered by suppression of adrenal‐derived epinephrine, using the following three suppression methods: (1) inhibition of the PNMT enzyme; (2) blocking peripheral epinephrine receptors; and (3) adrenalectomy.

Results

Exogenous treatment with corticosterone at a high dose (50 mg/kg), but not at lower doses (5, 25 mg/kg), significantly reduced pain responses in the late phase. Moreover, injection of 2,3‐dichloro‐a‐methylbenzylamine, a PNMT enzyme inhibitor, (10 mg/kg) before corticosterone treatment caused a leftward shift in the dose‐response curve for corticosterone and injection of propranolol (5 mg/kg), but not phentolamine, also shifted the dose‐response curve to the left during the late phase. Chemical sympathectomy with 6‐hydroxydopamine had no effect on corticosterone‐induced antinociceptive effect, but injection of a low dose of corticosterone produced an antinociceptive effect in adrenalectomized animals.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that suppression of epinephrine, derived from adrenal gland, enhances the antinociceptive effect of exogenous corticosterone treatment in an inflammatory pain model.
Functioning of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and growth hormone axes in frequently unexplained disorders: Results of a population study
Authors: Aggarwal V.R. , Macfarlane G.J. , Tajar A. , Mulvey M.R. , Power A. , Ray D. , McBeth J.
Published: October 2013

Background

The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that associations with specific stress systems [hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and growth hormone (GH) axes] would increase as the number of unexplained disorders increased while accounting for the possible confounding effects of psychosocial factors.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study identified those reporting chronic widespread pain, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic orofacial pain and chronic fatigue. Of the 1315 subjects, disorder status was available for 1180 (89.7%), of whom 766 (64.9%) reported no disorders, 277 (23.5%) reported one and 137 (11.6%) reported two or more. Eighty subjects were sought from each group for assessment of HPA (morning 8:00 a.m. and evening 10:00 p.m. saliva, and post‐dexamethasone serum cortisol levels) and GH [serum insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) level] axis function. Validated questionnaires informed current psychological state.

Results

Two hundred twenty‐seven subjects participated [79 (35%) with no disorders, 78 (34%) with one disorder and 70 (31%) with two or more disorders]. There were no significant associations (p < 0.05) between individual disorders or an increasing disorder load with any of the neuroendocrine levels measured: saliva/serum cortisol, IGF‐1 and dehydroepiandrosterone. Psychosocial factors were independently associated with disorders and with an increasing disorder load: health anxiety p < 0.01, anxiety p < 0.01, depression p < 0.01, life events p = 0.03.

Conclusion

Although previous studies have shown that stress axis function acts to moderate the risk of onset of some of these disorders, the present study shows that the degree of dysfunction is not correlated with a corresponding increasing load of disorders. The uncertainty surrounding the role of these biomarkers in the aetiology of unexplained disorders needs further investigation.
Protective effects of schizandrin and schizandrin B towards cisplatin nephrotoxicity in vitro
Authors: Bunel Valérian , Antoine Marie‐Hélène , Nortier Joëlle , Duez Pierre , Stévigny Caroline
Published: October 2013

Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells are the main targets of toxic drugs such as cisplatin (CisPt), an alkylating agent indicated for the treatment of solid organ tumors. Current techniques aiming at reducing nephrotoxicity in patients receiving CisPt are still not satisfactory as they can only partially prevent acute kidney injury. New nephroprotective strategies remain to be developed. In the present in vitro study, schizandrin (Schi) and schizandrin B (Schi B), major phytochemicals from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. fruits, were tested on HK‐2 cells along four processes that could help alleviate CisPt toxicity. Results indicated that: (i) both Schi and Schi B enhanced cell survival via reducing apoptosis rate; (ii) only Schi showed moderate effects towards modulation of regeneration capacities of healthy cells; (iii) both Schi and Schi B limited extracellular matrix deposition; and (iv) both compounds could help preventing dedifferentiation processes via the β‐catenin pathway. Schi and Schi B present promising activities for future development of protective agents against CisPt nephrotoxicity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles on HaCaT cells
Authors: Liang Hao , Jin Chan , Tang Ying , Wang Fude , Ma Chunwang , Yang Yongji
Published: October 2013

Despite the widespread use of silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) in biological and medical fields, their adverse effects have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, spherical SiO2 NPs with a 50 nm diameter were used to study their interaction with HaCaT cells. SiO2 NPs were found to be readily internalized into HaCaT cells and localized in the cytoplasm, lysosomes and autophagosomes. Decreased cell viability and damaged cell membrane integrity showed the cytotoxicity of SiO2 NPs. Significant glutathione depletion and reactive oxygen species generation, which reduced the cellular antioxidant level, could be the major factor of cytotoxicity induced by SiO2 NPs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postelectrospinning modifications for alginate nanofiber‐based wound dressings
Authors: Leung Victor , Hartwell Ryan , Elizei Sanam Salimi , Yang Heejae , Ghahary Aziz , Ko Frank
Published: October 2013

Alginate nanofibers have been attractive for potential tissue regeneration applications due to a combination of their moisture retention ability and large surface area available in a nonwoven nanofiber form. This study aims to address several challenges in alginate nanofiber application, including the lack of structural stability in aqueous environment and limited cell attachment as compared to commercial wound dressings, via examining crosslinking techniques. In addition to the commonly performed divalent ion crosslinking, a glutaraldehyde double‐crosslinking step and polylysine addition were applied to an electrospun alginate nanofiber nonwoven mat. With optimization of the electrospinning solution, nanofiber morphology was maintained after the two‐stage crosslinking process. Extensibility of the nanofiber mat reduced after the crosslinking process. However, both aqueous stability and cell attachment improved after the postspinning modifications, as shown through degradation tests in phosphate buffered saline solutions and fibroblast cell culture studies, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 508–515, 2014.
Fabrication of three‐dimensional porous scaffolds with controlled filament orientation and large pore size via an improved E‐jetting technique
Authors: Li Jin Lan , Cai Yan Li , Guo Yi Lin , Fuh Jerry Ying Hsi , Sun Jie , Hong Geok Soon , Lam Ruey Na , Wong Yoke San , Wang Wilson , Tay Bee Yen , Thian Eng San
Published: October 2013

Biodegradable polymeric scaffolds have been widely used in tissue engineering as a platform for cell proliferation and subsequent tissue regeneration. Conventional microextrusion methods for three‐dimensional (3D) scaffold fabrication were limited by their low resolution. Electrospinning, a form of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing, is an attractive method due to its capability of fabricating high‐resolution scaffolds at the nanometer/micrometer scale level. However, the scaffold was composed of randomly orientated filaments which could not guide the cells in a specific direction. Furthermore, the pores of the electrospun scaffold were small, thus preventing cell infiltration. In this study, an alternative EHD jet printing (E‐jetting) technique has been developed and employed to fabricate 3D polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with desired filament orientation and pore size. The effect of PCL solution concentration was evaluated. Results showed that solidified filaments were achieved at concentration >70% (w/v). Uniform filaments of diameter 20 μm were produced via the E‐jetting technique, and X‐ray diffraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses revealed that there was no physicochemical changes toward PCL. Scaffold with a pore size of 450 μm and porosity level of 92%, was achieved. A preliminary in vitro study illustrated that live chondrocytes were attaching on the outer and inner surfaces of collagen‐coated E‐jetted PCL scaffolds. E‐jetted scaffolds increased chondrocytes extracellular matrix secretion, and newly formed matrices from chondrocytes contributed significantly to the mechanical strength of the scaffolds. All these results suggested that E‐jetting is an alternative scaffold fabrication technique, which has the capability to construct 3D scaffolds with aligned filaments and large pore sizes for tissue engineering applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2014:102B:651–658.
Anodic oxidation of a Co–Ni–Cr–Mo alloy and its inhibitory effect on platelet activation
Authors: Nagai Akiko , Suzuki Yuta , Tsutsumi Yusuke , Nozaki Kosuke , Wada Norio , Katayama Keiichi , Hanawa Takao , Yamashita Kimihiro
Published: October 2013

In this study, surface treatment of a Co–Ni–Cr–Mo alloy (MP35N) was attempted to attain biocompatibility using an anodic oxidation technique. To determine the optimal condition of the anodic oxidation treatment for stent applications, anodic polarization of the alloy was first conducted. After anodic oxidation, the surface topology and wettability were examined, and the composition and chemical states of the surface oxide were characterized. For biocompatibility, stent surfaces must have both cell adhesion and antithrombogenic properties. Therefore, the anodically oxidized surface was assessed with an endothelial cell attachment test and an in vitro platelet adhesion test. The results indicated that the topography, wettability, and composition of the surface oxide film on the alloy were changed by anodic oxidation at a voltage near the passive and transpassive region. The surface roughness and wettability increased after anodic oxidation. The major content of the oxide layer after anodic oxidation was Cr containing a small amount of Mo, and Ni and Co were almost eliminated from the layer. Platelet activation of the alloy decreased significantly after anodic oxidation at an optimal potential, whereas the cytocompatibility remained constant. Therefore, the anodic oxidation is an effective process for treating this alloy for stent applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 659–666, 2014.
Size and composition of synthetic calcium sulfate beads influence dissolution and elution rates in vitro
Authors: Roberts Randy , McConoughey Stephen J. , Calhoun Jason H.
Published: October 2013

Treatments of osteomyelitis lag behind bacterial resistance to antibiotics. We tested different‐sized calcium sulfate beads and their ability to elute multiple antibiotics in vitro as a possible method to improve the therapeutic delivery in patients. Two sizes of calcium sulfate beads (4.8 and 3.0 mm diameter) that contained vancomycin, tobramycin, or both were dissolved in phosphate‐buffered saline, and the rate of dissolution by weight and antibiotic elution by the disc diffusion assay and high‐pressure liquid chromatography were measured. The 4.8 mm beads showed significantly higher dissolution rates relative to the 3.0 mm beads (2.3 mg/day vs. 1.3 mg/day). While the vancomycin‐loaded 4.8 mm beads eluted for a longer time relative to the 3.0 mm beads (20 days vs. 10 days), the smaller beads had threefold higher elution for the first 2 days, before dropping to near zero elution by day 4. The presence of tobramycin extended the elution of the vancomycin to day 40, which closely matches the recommended 6 weeks to treat orthopedic staphylococcus infections. These data suggest that size and content of the bead are variables that could affect their clinical success, and both could be exploited to tailor treatments of specific infections and injuries. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 667–673, 2014.