bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Encoded Exposure to Tobacco Use in Social Media Predicts Subsequent Smoking Behavior
Authors: Depue Jacob B. , Southwell Brian G. , Betzner Anne E. , Walsh Barbara M.
Published: March 2014

Purpose.

Assessing the potential link between smoking behavior and exposure to mass media depictions of smoking on social networking Web sites.

Design.

A representative longitudinal panel of 200 young adults in Connecticut.

Setting.

Telephone surveys were conducted by using computer assisted telephone interviewing technology and electronic dialing for random digit dialing and listed samples.

Subjects.

Connecticut residents aged 18 to 24 years.

Measures.

To measure encoded exposure, respondents were asked whether or not they had smoked a cigarette in the past 30 days and about how often they had seen tobacco use on television, in movies, and in social media content. Respondents were also asked about cigarette use in the past 30 days, and a series of additional questions that have been shown to be predictive of tobacco use.

Analysis.

Logistic regression was used to test for our main prediction that reported exposure to social media tobacco depictions at time 1 would influence time 2 smoking behavior.

Results.

Encoded exposure to social media tobacco depictions (B = .47, p < .05) was a significant predictor of time 2 smoking, even after controlling for all the aforementioned predictors.

Conclusion.

Our results suggest that social media depictions of tobacco use predict future smoking tendency, over and above the influence of TV and movie depictions of smoking. This is the first known study to specifically assess the role of social media in informing tobacco behavior.
A Qualitative Study of Recruitment Barriers, Motivators, and Community-Based Strategies for Increasing Clinical Trials Participation among Rural and Urban Populations
Authors: Friedman Daniela B. , Foster Caroline , Bergeron Caroline D. , Tanner Andrea , Kim Sei-Hill
Published: March 2014

Purpose.

Participation in clinical trials (CTs) is low among rural communities. Investigators report difficulty recruiting rural individuals for CTs. The study purpose was to identify recruitment barriers, motivators, and strategies to help increase access to and participation in CTs in rural and urban communities.

Approach.

Qualitative focus groups/interviews.

Setting.

Rural and urban counties in one southeastern state.

Participants.

Two hundred twelve African-American and white men and women ages 21+.

Method.

Nineteen focus groups and nine interviews were conducted. Audio files were transcribed and organized into NVivo10. Recurring themes were examined by geographic location.

Results.

Although similar barriers, motivators, and strategies were reported by urban and rural groups, perceptions regarding their importance varied. Recruitment barriers mentioned in both rural and urban groups included fear, side effects, limited understanding, limited time, and mistrust. Rural groups were more mindful of time commitment involved. Both rural and urban participants reported financial incentives as the top motivator to CT participation, followed by personal illness (urban groups) and benefits to family (rural groups). Recruitment strategies suggested by rural participants involved working with schools/churches and using word of mouth, whereas partnering with schools, word of mouth, and media were recommended most by urban groups.

Conclusion.

Perceived recruitment barriers, motivators, and strategies did not differ considerably between rural and urban groups. Major barriers identified by participants should be addressed in future CT recruitment and education efforts. Findings can inform recruitment and communication strategies for reaching both urban and rural communities.
Promoting Changes in Obesogenic Behaviors: Does Coworker Social Support Play a Role?
Authors: Tamers Sara L. , Thompson Beti , Cheadle Allen D. , Zheng Yingye , Bishop Sonia K. , Beresford Shirley A. A.
Published: March 2014

Purpose.

To examine the association between worksite social support and changes in diet, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI).

Design.

Cohort analysis of an underlying randomized, controlled weight gain prevention worksite trial: Promoting Activity and Changes in Eating.

Setting.

The trial occurred in the greater Seattle area.

Subjects.

Baseline and follow-up data were obtained on a nested cohort of employees (n = 958–1078) from 33 small- to medium-sized worksites.

Measures.

Worksite social support, diet, physical activity, and BMI measures were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire.

Analysis.

To adjust for multilevel data and multiple time points, we used generalized estimating equations and logistic mixed models.

Results.

Higher baseline worksite social support was associated with greater changes in fruit and vegetable intake (p= .001; summary food-frequency questions).

Conclusion.

This study does not support a conclusive relationship between worksite social support and health behavior change.
Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses and Demographic Correlate Models of the Strategies for Weight Management Measure for Overweight or Obese Adults
Authors: Kolodziejczyk Julia K. , Norman Gregory J. , Roesch Scott C. , Rock Cheryl L. , Arredondo Elva M. , Madanat Hala , Patrick Kevin
Published: March 2014

Purpose.

There is a need for a self-report measure that assesses use of recommended strategies related to weight management.

Design.

Cross-sectional analysis.

Setting.

Universities, community.

Subjects.

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) involved data from 404 overweight/obese young adults (mean age = 22 years, 48% non-Hispanic white, 68% ethnic minority). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) involved data from 236 overweight/obese adults (mean age = 42 years, 63% non-Hispanic white, 84% ethnic minority).

Measures.

The Strategies for Weight Management (SWM) measure is a 35-item questionnaire that assesses use of recommended behavioral strategies for reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure in overweight/obese adults.

Analysis.

EFA and CFA were conducted on the SWM. Correlate models assessed the associations between SWM factor/total scores and demographics by using linear regressions.

Results.

EFA suggested a four-factor model: strategies categorized as targeting (1) energy intake, (2) energy expenditure, (3) self-monitoring, and (4) self-regulation. CFA indicated good model fit (χ2/df=2.0, comparative fit index = .90, standardized root mean square residual = .06, and root mean square error of approximation = .07, confidence interval = .06–.08, R2 = .11–.74). The fourth factor had the lowest loadings, possibly because the items cover a wide domain. The final model included 20 items. Correlate models revealed weak associations between the SWM scores and age, gender, Hispanic ethnicity, and relationship status in both samples, with the models explaining only 1% to 8% of the variance (betas = –.04 to .29, p < .05).

Conclusion.

The SWM has promising psychometric qualities in two diverse samples.
An Electronic Alert for HIV Screening in the Emergency Department Increases Screening but not the Diagnosis of HIV
Authors: Liu N. , Sperling J. , Green R. , Clark S. , Vawdrey D. , Schnall R.
Published: March 2014

Objective: Based on US. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations, New York State enacted legislation in 2010 requiring healthcare providers to offer non-targeted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing to all patients aged 13–64. Three New York City adult emergency departments implemented an electronic alert that required clinicians to document whether an HIV test was offered before discharging a patient. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the electronic alert on HIV testing rates and diagnosis of HIV positive individuals.

Methods: During the pre-intervention period (2.5–4 months), an electronic “HIV Testing” order set was available for clinicians to order a test or document a reason for not offering the test (e.g., patient is not conscious). An electronic alert was then added to enforce completion of the order set, effectively preventing ED discharge until an HIV test was offered to the patient. We analyzed data from 79,786 visits, measuring HIV testing and detection rates during the pre-intervention period and during the six months following the implementation of the alert.

Results: The percentage of visits where an HIV test was performed increased from 5.4% in the pre-intervention period to 8.7% (p<0.001) after the electronic alert. After the implementation of the electronic alert, there was a 61% increase in HIV tests performed per visit. However, the percentage of patients testing positive per total patients-tested was slightly lower in the post-intervention group than the pre-intervention group (0.48% vs. 0.55%), but this was not significant. The number of patients-testing positive per total-patient visit was higher in the post-intervention group (0.04% vs. 0.03%).

Conclusions: An electronic alert which enforced non-targeted screening was effective at increasing HIV testing rates but did not significantly increase the detection of persons living with HIV. The impact of this electronic alert on healthcare costs and quality of care merits further examination.

Citation: Schnall R, Liu N, Sperling J, Green R, Clark S, Vawdrey D. An electronic alert for HIV screening in the emergency department increases screening but not the diagnosis of HIV. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 299–312 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-09-RA-0075
Spindle Cell Hemangioma of the Nasal Cavity: A Rare Tumor with Unusual Presentation
Authors: Mudhol RS , Suranagi Vijayalaxmi , Harugop Anil S , Bannur Hema B , Pilli Ganga S
Published: March 2014

Vascular tumors as such are rare in the nasal cavity. Few cases of lobular capillary hemangioma, cavernous hemangioma and epitheloid hemangioendothelioma have been reported in the nasal cavity. But, there are no reports of spindle cell hemangioma occurring within the nasal cavity. They usually present as subcutaneous nodules in the extremities. A case of recurrent bleeding polypoid lesion in the left nasal cavity, arising from the middle turbinate which showed features of spindle cell hemangioma is reported for its rarity and unusual presentation. The tumor was excised by minimally invasive transnasal endoscopic approach.

How to cite this article

Suranagi V, Harugop AS, Bannur HB, Pilli GS, Mudhol RS. Spindle Cell Hemangioma of the Nasal Cavity: A Rare Tumor with Unusual Presentation. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2013;6(3):149-151.
Exchange Rate Pass-Through and Inflation Dynamics in Tunisia: A Markov-Switching Approach
Authors: Khemiri Rim , Ben Ali Mohamed Sami
Published: March 2014

This paper studies the effect of exchange rate pass-through on inflation in Tunisia for the period 2001 to 2009. The objective is to track inflation regimes for the Tunisian economy and to forecast its determinants. Using a Markov-switching approach, the authors identified two main regimes for inflation in Tunisia during this period: a low and stable inflation regime associated with a low pass-through level and a high inflation regime associated with a high pass-through level. To highlight the mechanisms underlying shifts in inflation regimes, the authors used a time-varying probabilities approach and identified a set of variables to assess their effects on inflation in Tunisia. The results show that the price level decreases in response to an increase in interest rates. Along with this, the empirical results provide strong evidence that the industrial production index has a negative and significant effect, as it increases the probability to stay in an inflationary regime and remain at a high pass-through level. The results also show robust support for the hypothesis that the imports increase the probability to stay in a high-inflation regime and maintain a high pass-through level. However, exports increase the probability of staying in a low-inflation regime and maintaining a low pass-through level.
An Inconsistency in Using Stock Flow Consistency in Modelling the Monetary Profit Paradox
Authors: de la Fonteijne Marcel R.
Published: March 2014

In order to understand the sources of profits or monetary profits of capitalists and firms, the author examines the phrase of Marx: ‘Die Gesamtklasse der Kapitalisten kann nichts aus der Zirkulation herausziehen, was nicht vorher hineingeworfen war.’ (The class of capitalists cannot extract from the circulation what has not previously been thrown in.) Steve Keen studied the monetary paradox and contrary to circuitists he came to the conclusion that capitalists can make a monetary profit with the possibility to earn enough to repay their debt, with positive balances for all actors. The author demonstrates that Keen made a fundamental mistake and is using the Stock Flow Consistency Principle in an inconsistent way by combining it with behavioral equations in a dynamic model. The solution presented here shows not only problems with the numbers but with the method. This solution resolves a dispute between Keen and circuitists and implies that, in a Wicksellian pure credit economy, it remains impossible for all actors to gain a monetary profit.
Understanding primary and secondary sources of ambient carbonyl compounds in Beijing using the PMF model
Authors: Chen W. T. , Shao M. , Lu S. H. , Wang M. , Zeng L. M. , Yuan B. , Liu Y.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Carbonyl compounds are important intermediates in atmospheric photochemistry. To explore the relative contributions of primary and secondary carbonyl sources, carbonyls and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at an urban site in both winter and summer in Beijing. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used for source apportionment of VOCs. As VOCs undergo photochemical processes in the atmosphere, and such processes may interfere with factor identification, the relationships between the contributions of the resolved PMF factors to each non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) species and its kOH value were used to distinguish fresh factors and photochemically aged factors. As the result of PMF, five factors were resolved in winter, and two of them were identified as photochemically aged emissions. In summer, four factors were resolved, including one aged factor. Carbonyls abundances from aged factors were simulated by VOCs consumption and the corresponding carbonyl production yields, and the simulated abundances agreed well with the results obtained by the PMF model. The source apportionment results indicated that secondary formation was the major source of carbonyls in both winter and summer, with the respective contributions of 51.2% and 46.0%. For the three major carbonyl species, primary anthropogenic sources contributed 28.9% and 32.3% to ambient formaldehyde, 53.7% and 41.6% to acetaldehyde, 68.1% and 56.2% to acetone in winter and summer, respectively.
Development of a cavity enhanced aerosol albedometer
Authors: Zhao W. , Xu X. , Dong M. , Chen W. , Gu X. , Hu C. , Huang Y. , Gao X. , Huang W. , Zhang W.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. We report on the development of a cavity enhanced aerosol single scattering albedometer incorporating incoherent broad-band cavity-enhanced spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) approach and an integrating sphere (IS) for simultaneous in situ measurements of aerosol scattering and extinction coefficients in the exact same sample volume. The cavity enhanced albedometer employed a blue light-emitting diode (LED) based IBBCEAS approach for the measurement of wavelength-resolved aerosol optical extinction over the spectral range of 445–480 nm. An integrating sphere nephelometer coupled to the IBBCEAS setup was used for the measurement of aerosol scattering. The scattering signal was measured with a single channel photomultiplier tube (PMT), providing an integrated value over a narrow bandwidth (FWHM ~ 9 nm) in the spectral region of 465–474 nm. A scattering coefficient at a wavelength of 470 nm was deduced as an averaged scattering value and used for data analysis and instrumental performance comparison. Performance evaluation of the albedometer was carried out using laboratory-generated particles and ambient aerosol. The scattering and extinction measurements of monodisperse polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres generated in laboratory proved excellent correlation between two channels of the albedometer. The retrieved refractive index (RI) from the measured scattering and extinction efficiencies agreed well with the values reported in previously published papers. Aerosol light scattering and extinction coefficients, single scattering albedo (SSA) and NO2 concentrations in an ambient sample were directly and simultaneously measured using the developed albedometer. The developed instrument was validated via an intercomparison of the measured aerosol scattering coefficient and NO2 trace concentration against a TSI 3563 integrating nephelometer and a chemiluminescence detector, respectively.
Global annual methane emission rate derived from its current atmospheric mixing ratio and estimated lifetime
Authors: Sonnemann G. R. , Grygalashvyly M.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. We use the estimated lifetime of methane (CH4), the current methane concentration, and its annual growth rate to calculate the global methane emission rate. The upper and lower limits of the annual global methane emission rate, depending on loss of CH4 into the stratosphere and methane consuming bacteria, amounts to 648.0 Mt a−1 and 608.0 Mt a−1. These values are in reasonable agreement with satellite and with much more accurate in situ measurements of methane. We estimate a mean tropospheric and mass-weighted temperature related to the reaction rate and employ a mean OH-concentration to calculate a mean methane lifetime. The estimated atmospheric lifetime of methane amounts to 8.28 years and 8.84 years, respectively. In order to improve the analysis a realistic 3D-calculations should be performed.
Phosphate supply explains variation in nucleic acid allocation but not C : P stoichiometry in the western North Atlantic
Authors: Zimmerman A. E. , Martiny A. C. , Lomas M. W. , Allison S. D.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Marine microbial communities mediate many biogeochemical transformations in the ocean. Consequently, processes such as primary production and carbon (C) export are linked to nutrient regeneration and are influenced by the resource demand and elemental composition of marine microbial biomass. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that differential partitioning of element resources to various cellular components can directly influence overall cellular elemental ratios, especially with respect to growth machinery (i.e., ribosomal RNA) and phosphorus (P) allocation. To investigate whether allocation to RNA is related to biomass P content and overall C : P biomass composition in the open ocean, we characterized patterns of P allocation and C : P elemental ratios along an environmental gradient of phosphate supply in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre (NASG) from 35.67° N, 64.17° W to 22.676° N, 65.526° W. Because the NASG is characterized as a P-stressed ecosystem, we hypothesized that biochemical allocation would reflect sensitivity to bioavailable phosphate, such that greater phosphate supply would result in increased allocation toward P-rich RNA for growth. We predicted these changes in allocation would also result in lower C : P ratios with increased phosphate supply. However, bulk C : P ratios were decoupled from allocation to nucleic acids and did not appear to vary systematically across a phosphate supply gradient of 2.2–14.7 μmol m−2 d−1. Overall, we found that C : P ratios ranged from 188 to 306 along the transect, and RNA represented only 6–12% of total particulate P, whereas DNA represented 11–19%. We did find that allocation to RNA was positively correlated with phosphate supply rate, suggesting a consistent physiological response in biochemical allocation to resource supply within the whole community. These results suggest that community composition and/or nonnucleic acid P pools may influence ecosystem-scale variation in C : P stoichiometry more than nucleic acid allocation or P supply in diverse marine microbial communities.
NEP of a Swiss subalpine forest is significantly driven not only by current but also by previous year's weather
Authors: Zielis S. , Etzold S. , Zweifel R. , Eugster W. , Haeni M. , Buchmann N.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Understanding the response of forest net ecosystem productivity (NEP) to environmental drivers under climate change is highly relevant for predictions of annual forest carbon (C) flux budgets. Modeling annual forest NEP with soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer models (SVATs), however, remains challenging due to unknown delayed responses to weather of the previous year. In this study, we addressed the influence of previous year's weather on the interannual variability of NEP for a subalpine spruce forest in Switzerland. Analysis of long-term (1997–2011) eddy covariance measurements showed that the Norway spruce forest Davos Seehornwald was a consistent sink for atmospheric CO2, sequestering 210 ± 88 g C m−2 yr−1 on average. Previous year's weather strongly affected interannual variability of NEP, increasing the explained variance in linear models to 53% compared to 20% without accounting for previous year's weather. Thus, our results highlight the need to consider previous year's weather in modeling annual C budgets of forests. Furthermore, soil temperature in the current year's spring played a major role controlling annual NEP, mainly by influencing gross primary productivity early in the year, with spring NEP accounting for 56% of annual NEP. Consequently, we expect an increase in net CO2 uptake with future climate warming, as long as no other resources become limiting.
Improved estimates show large circumpolar stocks of permafrost carbon while quantifying substantial uncertainty ranges and identifying remaining data gaps
Authors: Hugelius G. , Strauss J. , Zubrzycki S. , Harden J. W. , Schuur E. A. G. , Ping C. L. , Schirrmeister L. , Grosse G. , Michaelson G. J. , Koven C. D. , O'Donnell J. A. , Elberling B. , Mishra U. , Camill P. , Yu Z. , Palmtag J. , Kuhry P.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Soils and other unconsolidated deposits in the northern circumpolar permafrost region store large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC). This SOC is potentially vulnerable to remobilization following soil warming and permafrost thaw, but stock estimates are poorly constrained and quantitative error estimates were lacking. This study presents revised estimates of the permafrost SOC pool, including quantitative uncertainty estimates, in the 0–3 m depth range in soils as well as for deeper sediments (>3 m) in deltaic deposits of major rivers and in the Yedoma region of Siberia and Alaska. The revised estimates are based on significantly larger databases compared to previous studies. Compared to previous studies, the number of individual sites/pedons has increased by a factor ×8–11 for soils in the 1–3 m depth range,, a factor ×8 for deltaic alluvium and a factor ×5 for Yedoma region deposits. Upscaled based on regional soil maps, estimated permafrost region SOC stocks are 217 ± 15 and 472 ± 34 Pg for the 0–0.3 m and 0–1 m soil depths, respectively (±95% confidence intervals). Depending on the regional subdivision used to upscale 1–3 m soils (following physiography or continents), estimated 0–3 m SOC storage is 1034 ± 183 Pg or 1104 ± 133 Pg. Of this, 34 ± 16 Pg C is stored in thin soils of the High Arctic. Based on generalised calculations, storage of SOC in deep deltaic alluvium (>3 m to ≤60 m depth) of major Arctic rivers is estimated to 91 ± 39 Pg (of which 69 ± 34 Pg is in permafrost). In the Yedoma region, estimated >3 m SOC stocks are 178 +140/−146 Pg, of which 74 +54/−57 Pg is stored in intact, frozen Yedoma (late Pleistocene ice- and organic-rich silty sediments) with the remainder in refrozen thermokarst deposits (±16/84th percentiles of bootstrapped estimates). A total estimated mean storage for the permafrost region of ca. 1300–1370 Pg with an uncertainty range of 930–1690 Pg encompasses the combined revised estimates. Of this, ≤819–836 Pg is perennially frozen. While some components of the revised SOC stocks are similar in magnitude to those previously reported for this region, there are also substantial differences in individual components. There is evidence of remaining regional data-gaps. Estimates remain particularly poorly constrained for soils in the High Arctic region and physiographic regions with thin sedimentary overburden (mountains, highlands and plateaus) as well as for >3 m depth deposits in deltas and the Yedoma region.
Bryophyte colonization history of the virgin volcanic island Surtsey, Iceland
Authors: Ingimundardóttir G. V. , Weibull H. , Cronberg N.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The island Surtsey was formed in a volcanic eruption south of Iceland in 1963–1967 and has since then been protected and monitored by scientists. The first two moss species were found on Surtsey as early as 1967 and several new bryophyte species were discovered every year until 1973 when regular sampling ended. Systematic bryophyte inventories in a grid of 100 m × 100 m quadrats were made in 1971 and 1972. The number of observed species almost doubled between years with 36 species found in 1971 and 72 species in 1972. Here we report results from an inventory in 2008, when every other of the grid's quadrats were searched for bryophytes. Despite lower sampling intensity than in 1972, distributional expansion and contraction of earlier colonists was revealed as well as presence of new colonists. A total of 38 species were discovered, 15 of those were not encountered in 1972 and eight had never been reported from Surtsey before (Bryum elegans, Ceratodon heterophyllus, Didymodon rigidulus, Eurhynchium praelongum, Schistidium confertum, S. papillosum, Tortula hoppeana and T. muralis). Habitat loss due to erosion and reduced thermal activity in combination with successional vegetation changes are likely to have played a significant role in the decline of some bryophyte species which were abundant in 1972 (Leptobryum pyriforme, Schistidium apocarpum coll., Funaria hygrometrica, Philonotis spp., Pohlia spp, Schistidium strictum, Sanionia uncinata) while others have continued to thrive and expand (e.g. Schistidium maritimum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, R. ericoides, R. fasciculare and Bryum argenteum). Some species (especially Bryum spp.) benefit from the formation of new habitats, such as grassland within a gull colony, which was established in 1984. Several newcomers are rarely producing sporophytes on Iceland and unlikely to have dispersed by airborne spores. They are more likely to have been introduced to Surtsey by seagulls in the form of vegetative fragments or dispersal agents (Bryum elegans, Didymodon rigidulus, Eurhynchium praelongum, Ceratodon heterophyllus and Ulota phyllantha). The establishment of the gull colony also means that leakage of nutrients from the nesting area is, at least locally, downplaying the relative importance of nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria growing in bryophyte shoots.
Global ocean biomes: mean and temporal variability
Authors: Fay A. R. , McKinley G. A.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Large-scale studies of ocean biogeochemistry and carbon cycling have often partitioned the ocean into regions along lines of latitude and longitude despite the fact that spatially more complex boundaries would be closer to the true biogeography of the ocean. Herein, we define 17 open-ocean biomes defined by environmental envelopes incorporating 4 criteria: sea surface temperature (SST), spring/summer chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl), ice fraction, and maximum mixed layer depth (maxMLD) on a one-by-one degree grid (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828650). By considering interannual variability for each input, we create dynamic ocean biome boundaries that shift annually between 1998 and 2010. Additionally we create a core biome map, which includes only the gridcells that do not change biome assignment across the 13 years of the time-varying biomes. These ocean biomes can be used in future studies to distinguish large-scale ocean regions based on biogeochemical function.
High-resolution ice thickness and bed topography of a land-terminating section of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Lindbäck K. , Pettersson R. , Doyle S. H. , Helanow C. , Jansson P. , Savstrup Kristensen S. , Stenseng L. , Forsberg R. , Hubbard A. L.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. We present ice thickness and bed topography maps with high spatial resolution (250 to 500 m) of a and-terminating section of the Greenland Ice Sheet derived from combined ground-based and airborne radar surveys. The data have a total area of ~12000 km2 and cover the whole ablation area of the outlet glaciers of Isunnguata Sermia, Russell, Leverett, Ørkendalen and Isorlersuup up to the long-term mass balance equilibrium line altitude at ~1600 m above sea level. The bed topography shows highly variable subglacial trough systems, and the trough of the Isunnguata Sermia Glacier is over-deepened and reaches an elevation of several hundreds of meters below sea level. The ice surface is smooth and only reflects the bedrock topography in a subtle way, resulting in a highly variable ice thickness. The southern part of our study area consists of higher bed elevations compared to the northern part. The covered area is one of the most studied regions of the Greenland Ice Sheet with studies of mass balance, dynamics, and supraglacial lakes, and our combined dataset can be valuable for detailed studies of ice sheet dynamics and hydrology. The compiled datasets of ground-based and airborne radar surveys are accessible for reviewers (password protected) at doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/pangaea.830314 and will be freely available in the final revised paper.
Field investigation of preferential fissure flow paths with hydrochemical analysis of small-scale sprinkling experiments
Authors: Krzeminska D. M. , Bogaard T. A. , Debieche T.-H. , Cervi F. , Marc V. , Malet J.-P.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The unsaturated zone largely controls groundwater recharge by buffering precipitation while at the same time providing preferential flow paths for infiltration. The importance of preferential flow on landslide hydrology is recognised in the literature; however, its monitoring and quantification remain difficult. This paper presents a combined hydrological and hydrochemical analysis of small-scale sprinkling experiments. It aims at showing the potential of such experiments for studying the spatial differences in dominant hydrological processes within a landslide. This methodology was tested in the highly heterogeneous black marls of the Super-Sauze landslide. The tests were performed in three areas characterised by different displacement rates, surface morphology and local hydrological conditions. Special attention was paid to testing the potential of small-scale sprinkling experiments for identifying and characterising preferential flow patterns and dominant hydrological processes.
Methodological interference of biochar in the determination of extracellular enzyme activities in composting samples
Authors: Jindo K. , Matsumoto K. , García Izquierdo C. , Sonoki T. , Sanchez-Monedero M. A.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Biochar application has received increasing attention as a means to trap recalcitrant carbon and enhance soil fertility. Hydrolytic enzymatic assays, such as β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities, are used for the assessment of soil quality and composting process, which are based on use of p-nitrophenol (PNP) derivatives as substrate. However, sorption capacity of biochar can interfere colorimetric determination of the hydrolysed PNP, either by the sorption of the substrate or the reaction-product of hydrolysis into biochar surface. The aim of the present work is to study the biochar sorption capacity for PNP in biochar-blended composting mixtures in order to assess its impact on the estimation of the colorimetric-based enzymatic assays. A retention test was conducted by adding a solution of known amounts of PNP in universal buffer solution (pH = 5, 6.5 and 11, corresponding to the β-glucosidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity assays, respectively), in samples taken at the initial stage and after maturation stage from 4 different composting piles (two manure composting piles (PM: poultry manure, CM: cow manure) and two other similar piles containing 10% of additional biochar (PM + B, CM + B)). The results show that biochar blended composts (PM + B, CM + B) generally exhibited low enzymatic activities, compared to manure compost without biochar (PM, CM). In terms of the difference between the initial and maturation stage of composting process, the PNP retention in biochar was shown more clearly at maturation stage, caused by an enlarged proportion of biochar inside compost mixture after the selective degradation of easily decomposable organic matter. The retention of PNP was more pronounced at low pH (5 and 6.5) than at high pH (11), 3 reflecting on pH dependency of sorption 49 capacity of biochar and/or PNP 50 solubility.
A 1-D model study of Arctic sea-ice salinity
Authors: Griewank P. J. , Notz D.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. We use a 1-D model to study how salinity evolves in Arctic sea ice. To do so, we first explore how sea-ice surface melt and flooding can be incorporated into the 1-D thermodynamic SAMSIM sea-ice model presented by Griewank and Notz (2013). We introduce flooding and a flushing parametrization which treats sea ice as a hydraulic network of horizontal and vertical fluxes. Forcing SAMSIM with 36 years of ERA-interim atmospheric reanalysis data, we obtain a modeled Arctic sea-ice salinity that agrees well with ice-core measurements. The simulations hence allow us to identify the main drivers of the observed mean salinity profile in Arctic sea ice. Our results show a 1.5–4 g kg−1 decrease of bulk salinity via gravity drainage after ice growth has ceased and before flushing sets in, which hinders approximating bulk salinity from ice thickness beyond the first growth season. In our simulations, salinity variability of first-year ice is mostly restricted to the top 20 cm. We find that ice thickness, thermal resistivity, freshwater column, and stored energy change by less than 5% on average when the full salinity parametrization is replaced with a prescribed salinity profile. We conclude that for earth system models the impact of fully parametrizing the Arctic temporal salinity evolution is too small to justify the increase in computational cost and model complexity.
“Whatever Bigots Say”:
Authors: Shapira Yael
Published: March 2014

The essay focuses on the 1810 Gothic melodrama The Gordian Knot, or, Causes and Effects, by Charleston writer Isaac Harby (1788–1828). The play is loosely based on William-Henry Ireland's British Gothic novel The Abbess (1799), a tale of lust, violence, and persecution set in a Catholic convent and in the dungeons of the Inquisition. In the essay I argue that Harby's choices in adapting the novel are intriguing for what they suggest about the dilemmas of a Jewish writer in early nineteenth-century America. Harby, I show, invokes The Abbess but refuses to follow its lead when it comes to the Gothic demonization of religious difference. The essay examines the changes Harby institutes in his adaptation of the story vis-à-vis the similar forms of “othering” to which Jews and Catholics were subject in the early 1800s. I conclude by considering the resonance of Harby's background as Gothic novelist in his later role and rhetoric as a Jewish reformer.
Etnobotánica de los indígenas Ulwas del Suroriente de Nicaragua y Comparaciones con el Conocimiento Botánico de los Miskitos
Authors: Coe Félix G , Anderson Gregory J
Published: March 2014

Este estudio documenta los usos que hacen los ulwas de 225 especies vegetales. Esto incluye 187 especies medicinales, 69 alimenticias y 84 para usos auxiliares. Las plantas medicinales tratan más de 25 enfermedades y la mayoría (80%) son especies nativas del Caribe nicaragüense. Normalmente se trata de hierbas (48%) o árboles (33%). La mayor parte de las especiesusadas como alimentos (98%), medicinas (90%) y otras aplicaciones (80%) son iguales a las usadas por los miskitos. Al final se presenta un apéndice que contiene un listado de las planta usadas, con sus nombres científicos y comunes, usos y partes que se emplean de las plantas, modos de preparación y de administración al paciente, inclusive, con pruebas de alcaloides y glucósidos. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v68i0.1351 Wani No. 68 2013: 7-32
"Without the Internet, I never would have sold sex": Young women selling sex online
Authors: Jonsson Linda S. , Svedin Carl Göran , Hydén Margareta
Published: March 2014

Among Swedish youth with experience of selling sex, the Internet is the most common means of contact between buyer and seller. There are few descriptions of how these contacts are established, but studies have indicated that young people under the age of 18 seldom engage in open prostitution online. This study aimed to examine what role the Internet and the use of smartphones play in young women selling sex online, focusing on the method of contact and the characteristics of the communication online between buyer and seller. The study included 15 young women between the ages of 15 and 25 (M=18.9) who had sold sex online before the age of 18. Thematic analysis was used to identify similarities and differences in the narratives.Two main themes were identified: (I) Internet use—Part of daily life, for good and bad, and Depending on mood. The young women described using the Internet on a daily basis. During periods of poorer psychological health they were more active on sites focusing on self-destructiveness and sex. During these periods, they also sold sex more frequently. (II) Patterns of contacts—Innocent/curious, Dating, and Advertising. The narratives about communication prior to a sexual encounter detailed differences ranging from being lured to direct negotiations. The results indicate that there is a group of young women who sell sex online that is not in the open prostitution. Police and other authorities working with young women selling sex need to better understand the coded sexual communication behind some of these sexual encounters and how different communication strategies might affect the young women.
A Single Chip Standalone Water Splitting Photoelectrochemical Cell
Authors: Frites Mourad , Jr. William B. Ingler , Khan Shahed U.M.
Published: March 2014

Water splitting photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) was fabricated in which the electrolyzer parts were made on a single chip. This was achieved by depositing an optically transparent Mn-oxide-TiO2 thin layer on the front of a triple junction amorphous Si photovoltaic cell which acted as the anode and the back stainless steel layer acted as the cathode under illumination of light. This single chip water electrolysis cell operates like an artificial leaf. Water splitting was observed by simply submersing the device in a basic electrolyte solution under solar simulated light of 1 sun (0.1 W cm-2). This self-driven PEC was found to produce hydrogen gas at the rate of 12.42 L m-2 h-1 and a solar to hydrogen efficiency (STHE) of 3.25 % from the collected H2 gas in 2.5 M KOH solution. No signs of degradation of this single chip PEC were observed during water splitting when the device was run continuously for 6 hours.
Shaping Porous Materials for Hydrogen Storage Applications: A Review
Authors: Ren Jianwei , North Brian C.
Published: March 2014

Development of safe and effective hydrogen storage systems becomes a critical factor for further implementation of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies. Among new approaches aimed at improving the performance of such systems, the concept of porous materials-based adsorptive hydrogen storage is now considered as a long-term solution due to the reversibility, good kinetics and absence of thermal management issues. However, the low packing densities associated with the porous materials such as carbon structure materials, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks lead to the compromised volumetric capacity, potential pipe contaminations and difficulties in handling, when introducing the powdered adsorbents into hydrogen storage systems. Some efforts have been devoted to solve this problem by shaping the porous materials into beads, pellets or monoliths and achieve higher storage densities at more moderate temperatures and pressures.
This review will firstly state the essential properties of shaped structures for hydrogen adsorption, and then highlight the recent attributes that potentially can be utilized to shape porous materials into specific configurations for hydrogen storage applications. Later, several testing techniques on structured porous material will be also discussed.
Optimal Design of PID Controller for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Based Wave Energy Conversion System Using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Elgammal Adel A.A.
Published: March 2014

This paper presents the complete modeling and simulation of Wave Energy Conversion System (WECS) driven doubly-fed induction generator with a closed-loop vector control system. Two Pulse Width Modulated voltage source (PWM) converters for both rotor- and stator-side converters have been connected back to back between the rotor terminals and utility grid via common dc link. The closed-loop vector control system is normally controlled by a set of PID controllers which have an important influence on the system dynamic performance. This paper presents a Multi-objective optimal PID controller design of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wave energy system connected to the electrical grid using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). PSO and GA are used to optimize the controller parameters of both the rotor and grid-side converters to improve the transient operation of the DFIG wave energy system under a fault condition as compared with the conventional methods to design PID controllers.
Acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 64 regulates nucleosome dynamics and facilitates transcription
Authors: Di Cerbo Vincenzo , Mohn Fabio , Ryan Daniel P , Montellier Emilie , Kacem Salim , Tropberger Philipp , Kallis Eleni , Holzner Monika , Hoerner Leslie , Feldmann Angelika , Richter Florian Martin , Bannister Andrew J , Mittler Gerhard , Michaelis Jens , Khochbin Saadi , Feil Robert , Schuebeler Dirk , Owen-Hughes Tom , Daujat Sylvain , Schneider Robert
Published: March 2014

Post-translational modifications of proteins have emerged as a major mechanism for regulating gene expression. However, our understanding of how histone modifications directly affect chromatin function remains limited. In this study, we investigate acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 64 (H3K64ac), a previously uncharacterized acetylation on the lateral surface of the histone octamer. We show that H3K64ac regulates nucleosome stability and facilitates nucleosome eviction and hence gene expression in vivo. In line with this, we demonstrate that H3K64ac is enriched in vivo at the transcriptional start sites of active genes and it defines transcriptionally active chromatin. Moreover, we find that the p300 co-activator acetylates H3K64, and consistent with a transcriptional activation function, H3K64ac opposes its repressive counterpart H3K64me3. Our findings reveal an important role for a histone modification within the nucleosome core as a regulator of chromatin function and they demonstrate that lateral surface modifications can define functionally opposing chromatin states.
Fast transient networks in spontaneous human brain activity
Authors: Baker Adam P , Brookes Matthew J , Rezek Iead A , Smith Stephen M , Behrens Timothy , Probert Smith Penny J , Woolrich Mark
Published: March 2014

To provide an effective substrate for cognitive processes, functional brain networks should be able to reorganize and coordinate on a sub-second temporal scale. We used magnetoencephalography recordings of spontaneous activity to characterize whole-brain functional connectivity dynamics at high temporal resolution. Using a novel approach that identifies the points in time at which unique patterns of activity recur, we reveal transient (100–200 ms) brain states with spatial topographies similar to those of well-known resting state networks. By assessing temporal changes in the occurrence of these states, we demonstrate that within-network functional connectivity is underpinned by coordinated neuronal dynamics that fluctuate much more rapidly than has previously been shown. We further evaluate cross-network interactions, and show that anticorrelation between the default mode network and parietal regions of the dorsal attention network is consistent with an inability of the system to transition directly between two transient brain states.
A Novel Modified Laryngeal Mask Airway Allowing Full Separation of the Digestive and Respiratory Tracts, Along With Double-Catheter Ventilation, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Yin Jun , Wang Shao-Lin , Liu Xiao-Bin
Published: March 2014

The aim of this study was to design a novel, modified, multifunctional, and safe laryngeal mask airway (LMA). We designed an LMA with an internal catheter extending beyond the tip of the cuff. The protruding end of the internal catheter was provided with a catheter cuff, the space between the internal and external catheters was ventilatory, and the inlet ends of the 2 catheters were provided with standard connectors. We found that this design prevented reflux or aspiration of gastric content into the airway, prevented LMA dislocation, allowed ventilation through both the internal and external catheters, and allowed endoscopic examination and treatment of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts through both the internal and external catheters. This design overcomes the drawbacks and extends the functions of previous LMAs, offering a new approach to the development of LMAs.
Significance of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter Preservation in Preventing Alkaline Reflux Esophagitis in Patients After Total Gastrectomy Reconstructed by Roux-en-Y for Gastric Cancer
Authors: Tomita Ryouichi , Sakurai Kenichi , Fujisaki Shigeru
Published: March 2014

To clarify the significance of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) for prevention of alkaline reflux esophagitis (ARE) after total gastrectomy reconstructed by Roux-en-Y (TGRY) for gastric cancer, we investigated LES function and lower esophageal pH in TGRY patients with or without LES preservation. A total of 51 patients 5 years after TGRY were divided into groups A (26 patients without preserved LES) and B (25 patients with preserved LES) and compared with 22 control participants (group C). Manometric study and ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring were performed on all patients. Symptomatic and endoscopic AREs in group A were significantly higher than those in group B (P < 0.05). The length of LES and maximum LES pressure in group A were significantly shorter and lower, respectively, than in groups B and C (P < 0.01). The length of LES and maximum LES pressure in patients with symptomatic ARE were significantly shorter and lower, respectively, than in patients without symptomatic ARE (P < 0.01). Percentages of time with pH >7 and pH >8 within 24 hours in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (P < 0.01). Preservation of the LES may be necessary to prevent ARE after TGRY.
Surgical Management in Enterovesical Fistula in Crohn Disease at a Single Medical Center
Authors: Su Yann-Rong , Shih I-Lun , Tai Huai-Ching , Wei Shu-Chen , Lin Been-Ren , Yu Hong-Jeng , Huang Chao-Yuan
Published: March 2014

Crohn disease is a chronic, transmural, inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown etiology. It can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract and may cause fistula, stricture, or abscess formation with disease progression. The preoperative diagnosis and definite management of this rare complication are challenges for physicians, urologists, and surgeons.