bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The distribution of quadratic residues and non-residues in the Goldwasser–Micali type of cryptosystem
Authors: Justus Benjamin
Published: January 2014

We provide unconditional results and conditional ones under the assumption of GRH (Generalized Riemann Hypothesis) on the distribution of quadratic residues and quadratic non-residues in

ℤ
/
N
ℤ

$\mathbb {Z}/N\mathbb {Z}$

, where

N
=
p
q

$N= pq$

is an RSA modulus used in the Goldwasser–Micali cryptosystem. The paper also discusses cryptographic implications of the results obtained.
Disparities in Age-Appropriate Child Passenger Restraint Use Among Children Aged 1 to 12 Years
Authors: Macy Michelle L. , Cunningham Rebecca M. , Resnicow Ken , Freed Gary L.
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVE:

Observed racial disparities in child safety seat use have not accounted for socioeconomic factors. We hypothesized that racial differences in age-appropriate restraint use would be modified by socioeconomic status and child passenger safety information sources.

METHODS:

A 2-site, cross-sectional tablet-based survey of parents seeking emergency care for their 1- to 12-year-old child was conducted between October 2011 and May 2012. Parents provided self-report of child passenger safety practices, demographic characteristics, and information sources. Direct observation of restraint use was conducted in a subset of children at emergency department discharge. Age-appropriate restraint use was defined by Michigan law.

RESULTS:

Of the 744 eligible parents, 669 agreed to participate and 601 provided complete responses to key variables. White parents reported higher use of car seats for 1- to 3-year-olds and booster seats for 4- to 7-year-olds compared with nonwhite parents. Regardless of race, <30% of 8- to 12-year-old children who were ≤4 feet, 9 inches tall used a booster seat. White parents had higher adjusted odds (3.86, 95% confidence interval 2.27–6.57) of reporting age-appropriate restraint use compared with nonwhite parents, controlling for education, income, information sources, and site. There was substantial agreement (82.6%, κ = 0.74) between parent report of their child’s usual restraint and the observed restraint at emergency department discharge.

CONCLUSIONS:

Efforts should be directed at eliminating racial disparities in age-appropriate child passenger restraint use for children <8 years. Booster seat use, seat belt use, and rear seating represent opportunities to improve child passenger safety practices among older children.
Shoulder Injuries Among US High School Athletes, 2005/2006–2011/2012
Authors: Robinson T. Walker , Corlette Jill , Collins Christy L. , Comstock R. Dawn
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVES:

The objective of this study was to describe shoulder injuries in a nationally representative sample of high school athletes playing 9 sports. A national estimate of shoulder injuries among high school athletes was subsequently calculated.

METHODS:

Injury data were collected in 9 sports (boys’ football, soccer, basketball, wrestling, and baseball; girls’ soccer, volleyball, basketball, and softball) during the 2005–2006 through 2011–2012 academic years from a nationally representative sample of high schools via High School Reporting Information Online.

RESULTS:

During the 2005–2006 through 2011–2012 academic years, high school athletes in this study sustained 2798 shoulder injuries during 13 002 321 athlete exposures, for an injury rate of 2.15 per 10 000 athlete exposures. This corresponds to a nationally estimated 820 691 injuries during this time period. Rates of injury were higher in competition as compared with practice (rate ratio = 3.17 [95% confidence interval: 2.94–3.41]). The highest rate of injury was in football (4.86) and the lowest in girls’ soccer (0.42). The most common types of injury were strain/sprain (37.9%) and dislocation/separation (29.2%). Boys were more likely than girls to sustain their injuries after contact with another person or with the playing surface. Surgical repair was required for 7.9% of the injuries. Time loss from athletic participation varied among sports, with 40.7% of athletes returning within 1 week, whereas 8.2% were medically disqualified for their season/career.

CONCLUSIONS:

High school shoulder injury rates and patterns varied by sport and gender. Prospective epidemiologic surveillance is warranted to discern trends and patterns to develop evidence-based interventions to prevent shoulder injuries.
CeO2 Particles for Chemical Mechanical Planarization
Authors: Feng Xiandong , Her Yie-Shein. , Linda. W. , Davis Jackie , Oswald Eric , Lu Jin , Bryg Vicky , Freeman Sara , Gnizak Dave
Published: January 2014

Nano-sized cerium oxide particles in the size range of 5 to 500nm have been synthesized for use in chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) applications. The CeO2 particles were prepared using cerium nitrate salts with bases such as ammonium water, ethylamine, or other alkylamine /polyalkylamine compounds. Other additives such as urea can be added to affect crystallization and size growth of the final particles. The particle sizes of the resulting CeO2 particles depend on the initial concentrations of cerium salts, additive concentration, and solution pH. Reaction duration seems to have little effect on CeO2 particle sizes. Temperature effects on size were moderate. These CeO2 particles showed excellent surface quality and desirable polishing rate during CMP tests.
ROLE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION AND LIFESTYLE HABITS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRODUODENAL DISEASES IN A POPULATION FROM THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON
Authors: VINAGRE Ruth Maria Dias Ferreira , VILAR-e-SILVA Adenielson , FECURY Amanda Alves , MARTINS Luisa Caricio
Published: January 2014

Context Although more than half of the world's population is colonized with Helicobacter pylori, it remains unknown why this organism is able to produce severe disease in some hosts and be innocuous in others. The clinical outcome of infection is determined by several factors, including differences in the host response to bacterial stimulation, specific virulence factors of the organism and environmental influences, or a combination of these factors. Objectives This study compared the prevalence of H. pylori infection and risk factors (infection with CagA+ strains, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and inadequate eating habits) between patients with different gastrointestinal disorders and associated these risk factors with the histopathological findings. Methods In a prospective study, samples were collected from 442 patients and a standardized questionnaire regarding lifestyle habits (excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and eating habits) was applied. The presence of H. pylori and of the cagA gene was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Gastric biopsies were obtained for histological assessment. Results The frequency of alcohol consumption, smoking, inadequate diet and infection with CagA+ H. pylori was higher among patients with peptic ulcer and adenocarcinoma when compared to those with gastritis. Gastric inflammation was more pronounced in patients infected with CagA+ strains. Conclusion We conclude that infection with CagA+ H. pylori strains, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and inadequate eating habits increase the risk of developing peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma.
EFFECT OF THE CONSUMPTION OF A CHEESE ENRICHED WITH PROBIOTIC ORGANISMS (BIFIDOBACTERIUM LACTIS BI-07) IN IMPROVING SYMPTOMS OF CONSTIPATION
Authors: FAVRETTO Diane Cassia , PONTIN Bruna , MOREIRA Thais Rodrigues
Published: January 2014

Context Constipation is a very common symptom in the general population. One way of non-pharmacological treatment of constipation is through the addition of probiotics to food. Obectives The aim of this study was to evaluate de effect of the consumption of a fresh cheese, enriched with Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 on the symptoms of constipated women. Methods A randomized controlled trial, carried out in the Basic Health Units of Guaporé's City – RS/Brazil, between january and may 2012, with 30 constipated women. The patients were randomized into two groups whom received, for 30 days, 30 g of fresh cheese enriched with Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 (n = 15) or regular fresh cheese (n = 15). Constipation symptoms were evaluated according to ROMA III Consensus, before and after the nutritional intervention. Also, data of clinical and anthropometric characteristics of the individuals were collected. Accepted level of significance 5% (P≤0,05). Results The medium age of the studied population was 37,5±14,4 years in the intervention group and 40,8±12,8 years in the control group. After 30 days we observed that the ingestion of fresh cheese enriched with Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 promoted benefic effects on the symptoms of strength to evacuate. Conclusion The consumption of 30g/day of a fresh cheese enriched with Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 has beneficial effects on constipation symptoms.
FRUCTOSE MALABSORPTION IN CHILDREN WITH FUNCTIONAL DIGESTIVE DISORDERS
Authors: LOZINSKY Adriana Chebar , BOE Cristiane , PALMERO Ricardo , FAGUNDES-NETO Ulysses
Published: January 2014

Context Fructose is a monosaccharide frequently present in natural and artificial juice fruits. When the concentration of fructose in certain food is present in excess of glucose concentration some individuals may develop fructose malabsorption. Objectives To report the frequency of fructose malabsorption utilizing the hydrogen breath test in children with gastrointestinal and/or nutritional disorders. Methods Between July 2011 and July 2012, 43 patients with gastrointestinal and/or nutritional disorders, from both sexes, were consecutively studied, utilizing the hydrogen breath test with loads of the following carbohydrates: lactose, glucose, fructose and lactulose. Fructose was offered in a 10% aqueous solution in the dose of 1 g/kg body weight. Samples were collected fasting and at every 15 minutes after the intake of the aqueous solution for a 2 hour period. Malabsorption was considered when there was an increase of >20 ppm of hydrogen over the fasting level, and intolerance was diagnosed if gastrointestinal symptoms would appear. Results The age of the patients varied from 3 months to 16 years, 24 were boys. The following diagnosis were established: irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea in 16, functional abdominal pain in 8, short stature in 10, lactose intolerance in 3, celiac disease in 1, food allergy in 1 and giardiasis in 1 patient. Fructose malabsorption was characterized in 13 (30.2%) patients, and intolerance in 1 (2.3%) patient. The most frequent fructose malabsorption was characterized in 7 (16.3%) patients with irritable bowel syndrome and in 4 (9.3%) patients with functional abdominal pain. Conclusions Patients with irritable bowel syndrome and functional abdominal pain were the main cause of fructose malabsorption.
Possible algal origin and life cycle of Ediacaran Doushantuo microfossils with dextral spiral structure
Authors: Zhang Xi-Guang , Pratt Brian R.
Published: January 2014

In Ediacaran shallow-water dolomites of the Doushantuo Formation (ca. 570 Ma) of southern China, scarce phosphatized microfossils consisting of clusters of coil-like spheroids calledSpiralicellula bulbiferaand co-occurring spherical forms with helically arranged holes namedHelicoforamina wenganicaare interpreted to belong to the same taxon because both have a similar relative abundance and both, uniquely in the assemblage, exhibit a consistent dextral spiral feature—the oldest known fossil examples of fixed asymmetry. Thus, we interpret them as different stages of sexual and asexual life cycles in which the spiral structure was maintained throughout most of the developmental phases. While they can be placed with the acritarchs, we suggest they are a chlorophycean green alga, and like many Ediacaran macrofossils, may represent an extinct clade. This is compatible with the shoal-water marine depositional environment in which they lived, as it would have favored photosynthetic organisms over others kinds of encysting non-metazoan protists. This setting militates against their interpretation as putative embryos which has been put forward for a variety of forms co-occurring in the microfossil assemblage. The multiple affinities of the strikingly diverse biota remain far from resolved, but algal origins warrant further consideration.
A new specimen of large-bodied basal Enantiornithine Bohaiornis from the Early Cretaceous of China and the inference of feeding ecology in Mesozoic birds
Authors: Li Zhiheng , Zhou Zhonghe , Wang Min , Clarke Julia A.
Published: January 2014

A new specimen of Bohaiornis guoi from the Jiufotang Formation, comprising a nearly complete skeleton, sheds light on enantiornithine morphological variation and ecological specialization. The new specimen was collected from near Lamadong Village in Liaoning Province, which is the same area where the sub-adult holotype specimen was reported. It provides new information on the cranial and pectoral girdle anatomy of the species, e.g., broad nasal, strikingly robust acromion, medially curved acrocoracoid process. In contrast to the holotype, the newly referred specimen has small rounded stones in the thoracic region that in other extinct taxa has been interpreted as direct evidence of diet. Direct evidence of diet is so far unknown in other Enantiornithes. Specifically the lack of “stomach stones” or gastroliths in enantiornithines despite their excellent fossil record has been proposed to be related to their insectivorous diet as well as to their arboreal ecology. We hypothesize that cranial morphology as well as the number and shape of the preserved stones in Bohaiornis may be most consistent with a raptorial ecology previously unknown for Enantiornithes and considered rare for Avialae. While rostrum shape has a strong relationship to feeding ecology in living birds, in basal avialan birds most diversity is in dental morphology, number, and distribution of the teeth.
Morphology ofAnomalocaris canadensisfrom the Burgess Shale
Authors: Daley Allison C. , Edgecombe Gregory D.
Published: January 2014

Recent description of the oral cone ofAnomalocaris canadensisfrom the Burgess Shale (Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5) highlighted significant differences from published accounts of this iconic species, and prompts a new evaluation of its morphology as a whole. All known specimens ofA. canadensis, including previously unpublished material, were examined with the aim of providing a cohesive morphological description of this stem lineage arthropod. In contrast to previous descriptions, the dorsal surface of the head is shown to be covered by a small, oval carapace in close association with paired stalked eyes, and the ventral surface bears only the triradial oral cone, with no evidence of a hypostome or an anterior sclerite. The frontal appendages reveal new details of the arthrodial membranes and a narrower cross-section in dorsal view than previously reconstructed. The posterior body region reveals a complex suite of digestive, respiratory, and locomotory characters that include a differentiated foregut and hindgut, a midgut with paired glands, gill-like setal blades, and evidence of muscle bundles and struts that presumably supported the swimming movement of the body flaps. The tail fan includes a central blade in addition to the previously described three pairs of lateral blades. Some of these structures have not been identified in other anomalocaridids, makingAnomalocariscritical for understanding the functional morphology of the group as a whole and corroborating its arthropod affinities.
Impounding reservoir spillways and energy dissipators: hydraulic design challenges and lessons learnt
Authors: Pavlov Viktor V.
Published: January 2014

The hydraulic design of impounding reservoir spillways and energy dissipators could have a significant impact on the safety and economy of these projects. Therefore, gaining an insight into the challenges faced by the hydraulic engineers and how these could be efficiently addressed becomes a matter of particular importance in ensuring the overall project success. During the fifth ‘Asset Management Plan’ United Utilities gained design experience in upgrading the overflow capacities on seven impounding reservoirs in the North West of England which provided valuable information in this respect. Besides the review of some existing design guidance and practices, critical analysis of these has been carried out based on the evidence provided by the extensive physical model testing. In addition, the processes of development and optimisation of the hydraulic design revealed some specific challenges and identified an important requirement for the role played by hydraulic engineers.
Technical visit: Black Esk reservoir enlargement
Authors: Scott Duncan
Published: January 2014

On 12 August 2013 members of the British Dam Society were invited to visit construction works underway at Black Esk dam, with a party of 33 attending the site near Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway. The reservoir owner, Scottish Water, instigated the works to raise the overflow level by 2·5 m in order to increase the storage volume of the reservoir by 40%. The adoption of a new piano-key weir around the rim of the bellmouth spillway has reduced the flood rise and therefore the extent of dam-raising that is required. The visit was hosted by Black & Veatch, who are both designer and principal contractor for the project. Representatives from Scottish Water were present and accompanied the group throughout the visit.
Discontinuance of Loch Mhuilinn reservoir
Authors: King Stuart J.
Published: January 2014

This paper briefly describes how an existing dam, not previously registered under the Reservoirs Act 1975 , was located, registered, inspected and then discontinued, all within a 2-year period.
New passages in old dams
Authors: Molyneux J. Dominic , Zhou Jim , Bradshaw Jonathan , Hogan Dennis J.
Published: January 2014

A number of new passages have been excavated in existing dams. These penetrations are to improve access, provide new outlets or access for grout curtains, and upgrade dams and outlets to meet modern standards. Potential damage to adjacent grout curtains, waterproofing details or appurtenant facilities from excessive vibration is a major concern. This paper reviews available excavation techniques and considers issues to be addressed for each. Vibration thresholds are also reviewed. Case histories for Klingenberg dam, Spelga dam, San Vicente dam and Warmwithens dam are used to illustrate the discussion of the different techniques.
Drug delivery systems in the transport of doxorubicin
Authors: Matyszewska Dorota
Published: January 2014

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic used in the treatment of different types of cancer such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung carcinoma, acute leukemia, multiple myeloma and several sarcomas. Despite its efficiency, the treatment with DOX may lead to several side effects. In order to eliminate or decrease them, alternative ways of administration using different drug delivery systems (DDS) are extensively investigated. Some formulations, such as liposomal DOX, are already on the market, while other conjugates have currently the clinical trial status. There are also DDS, which are still in the preclinical stage, but they are promising as far as increasing the efficiency of the treatment and decreasing cytotoxicity is concerned. In this brief review, different types of DDS used in the transport of DOX are summarized. Apart from the most common liposomal formulations, the attention is also paid to micelles, gold, magnetic and silica nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes. Possible applications of other promising DDS such as polymer–drug conjugates, dendrimers and cyclodextrins are also shortly described.
Yeasts in nectar enhance male fitness in a montane perennial herb
Authors: Schaeffer Robert N. , Irwin Rebecca E.
Published: January 2014

Floral nectar of many plant species is prone to colonization by microbial organisms such as yeasts. Their presence and metabolism of nectar chemical components have the potential to modify a suite of floral traits important for pollinator attraction, including nectar quality and scent. However, studies on the direct and indirect effects of nectar‐inhabiting microorganisms on pollinator behavior and plant reproductive success remain rare. To determine their potential to affect pollinator behavior and plant fitness, we experimentally manipulated the common nectar‐inhabiting yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii in the nectar of Delphinium nuttallianum, a short‐lived montane perennial herb. We detected positive, indirect, pollinator‐mediated effects of yeasts on male plant fitness measured as pollen donation using powdered fluorescent dyes. However, we detected no direct or indirect effects on components of female fitness. Matching effects on male plant fitness, pollinators responded positively to the presence of yeasts, removing more nectar from flowers treated with M. reukaufii. Our results provide evidence of effects of nectar‐inhabiting yeasts on male plant fitness and highlight the importance of microorganisms in mediating plant–pollinator interactions and subsequent plant fitness.
Forkhead transcription factor complex with special focus on Foxp3, Foxn1, and Foxj1 genes determining immunological parameters - a review
Authors: Wojtaszczyk Paweł , Kostro Krzysztof , Niemczuk Krzysztof , Lisiecka Urszula , Stojecki Krzysztof , Żmuda Andrzej
Published: January 2014

The Forkhead genes (transcription complex Fox) play many important roles in the maintenance and determination of biological processes underlying carbon-based life. The expression of Fox genes occurring as a result of reciprocal interactions at the transcriptional level influences the correct function of the immune system as regards the context of general activity of immunological parameters, as well as exposure to aetiological agents. In the case of model organisms and species, in which the knowledge about genomic sequences is incomplete, understanding the above-mentioned transcriptional complex is still insufficient, despite the existence of numerous scientific publications. It is worth noting that Fox genes exist in amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum and in the majority of species they were not characterised. Among many coding sequences included in the transcriptional complex Forkhead, Foxp3, Foxn1, and Foxj1 genes are of a great importance from immunological point of view, being partially jointly responsible for determining features related to productivity. The paper provides general characterisation of selected Fox genes and is an introduction to the presentation of new data, which can be applied at the level of biological differentiation of the populations of domestic and wild animals.
Shedding course of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza 3 virus in calves vaccinated intranasally
Authors: Socha Wojciech , Rola Jerzy , Bednarek Dariusz , Urban-Chmiel Renata , Żmudziński Jan F.
Published: January 2014

Shedding time of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV3) in calves vaccinated intranasally with modified live Rispoval RS-PI3 vaccine was determined. Blood and nasal swabs were collected on selected days before and after vaccination. Antibodies against BRSV and BPIV3 were tested by Respiratory ELISA Pentakit and the viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR. Twenty eight days after administration of the vaccine, a marked increase of specific antibody titres to BRSV and BPIV3 was detected in vaccinated calves. All animals were RT-PCR positive both for BRSV and BPIV3. Both viruses were excreted with nasal discharges within 8 d after vaccination but the course of shedding in individual calves was variable.
Occurrence of extended spectrum β-lactamaseand AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in meat samples
Authors: Wasiński Bernard , Różańska Hanna , Osek Jacek
Published: January 2014

The aim of the study was a preliminary determination of occurrence of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)- and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli (E.coli) in raw meat samples collected from slaughter-houses located in different regions of Poland. A total of 141 samples were tested, comprising 78 pork samples, 44 beef samples, and 19 chicken meat samples. Isolated and identified E. coli strains were examined for the ESBL and/or AmpC β-lactamases production by the use of four disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration tests. All strains positive in one or both tests were examined by PCR for the presence of the blaCTX, blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCMY-2 group genes. During the study, 154 E. coli strains were isolated from 95 samples. Among these, 18 (11.7%) strains were identified in phenotypic tests as ESBL-producing and seven (4.5%) strains as AmpC-positive. The presence of the genes encoding selected ESBL-s (TEM, CTX, SHV) was identified in 14 of the strains recognised as ESBLpositive in phenotypic tests. All AmpC-positive isolates showed the presence of the CMY-2 group encoding genes. One of these strains had also the CTX-M and TEM genes, and four of them expressed the TEM marker.
Influence of dietary soy isoflavones on immature hamster uterotrophic and Hershberger assays
Authors: Minta Maria , Radko Lidia , Stypuła-Trębas Sylwia , Woźniak Barbara , Żmudzki Jan
Published: January 2014

To select appropriate diet for hamsters used in the uterotrophic and Hershberger assays two rodent diets were compared: Murigran (Agropol, Poland) and Altromin 7010 (Altromin Spezialfutter GmbH&Co., Germany). The contents of bioactive compounds in feeds were evaluated by liquid chromatography, and their oestrogenic activity by yeast enhanced green fluorescent protein assay. In opposition to Altromin, Murigran contained high amounts (μg/kg) of genistein (765 600) and daidzein (132 000), and the oestrogenic activity of these compounds, expressed as 17β-oestradiol equivalent concentration (EEQ), was found to be 9.54 μg EEQ/kg. In in vivo study, Murigran induced a high degree of oestrogenisation in immature hamsters, and females failed to exhibit a normal uterine response to recommended dose of a model oestrogen agonist 17α-ethinyloestradiol. There was no influence of the diet on the weight of five accessory sex organs (ASO): ventral prostate, seminal vesicles with coagulating glands, levator ani bulbocavernosus muscles, Cowper`s glands, and glans penis of control males. However, the impact on ASO response to model androgen agonist, testosterone propionate was observed. The obtained results provide the evidence that phytooestrogen-rich feed modulates the oestrogenic and androgenic response to chemicals.
An Approach for Quality Assessment and Efficiency of a Web-Based System for Distance Learning
Authors: Trichkova Elisaveta , Stoilova Krasimira
Published: January 2014

The aim of this paper is to propose an approach for quality assessment and efficiency of the web-based system for distance learning. This system has useful options for on-line creation and use of Web-based courses by other medical disciplines in Medical University - Sofia. The results of the assessment will be used to improve the functionality of the processes in the system to meet the user requirements.
Evaluation of water quality in open channels flowing through Beni-Mellal City (Morocco) / Ocena jakości wody w otwartych kanałach płynących przez miasto Beni-Mellal (Maroko)
Authors: Barakat Ahmed , El Baghdadi Mohamed , Meddah Redouane , Rais Jamila , Nadem Samir , Afdali Mustapha
Published: January 2014

The water quality of the open channels (Foughal, OumDhar and Tamagnounte) flowing into Beni-Mellal city were assessed in a bid to determine impacts of anthropogenic activities. Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters comprising temperature, pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, oxidizability, total hardness, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and geochemical analyses were determined for the channels water before reaching the irrigation areas. While biological parameters demonstrated substantial variability, other parameters showed relatively little spatial variations. The spatial variations in water quality may be attributed to the effects of the urban wastewater discharge in the channels and to surface urban and agricultural runoff. Compared with drinking water quality standards of Moroccan and WHO, the results indicated that the channels water was suitable for drinking purpose with prior treatment. Various determinants such as electrical conductivity, residual sodium carbonate, total dissolved solids and hardness revealed that all water samples were suitable for irrigation.
The effect of effluents from rainbow trout ponds on water quality in the Gowienica River / Wpływ zrzutu wód poprodukcyjnych ze stawów pstrągowych na jakość wody w rzece Gowienicy
Authors: Bonisławska Małgorzata , Tański Adam , Mokrzycka Małgorzata , Brysiewicz Adam , Nędzarek Arkadiusz , Tórz Agnieszka
Published: January 2014

Fish farming and especially rearing and breeding of rainbow trout and carp is one of potential sources of surface water pollution. The study was aimed at assessing the effect of a rainbow trout farm on water quality in the Gowienica River in winter. Temperature, pH, electrolytic conductivity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, CODCr, alkalinity, water hardness, calcium, magnesium, ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen (III and V) and total phosphorus were determined according to Polish Norms and APHA [1995] in water samples collected in winter up- and downstream the study object. The increment of pollutant concentrations in rainbow trout farm effluents was referred to the requirements in Rozporządzenie MŚ [2006]. Performed studies and literature review show that effluents from the assessed fish farm did not worsen water quality of the river. Increased concentrations of total suspended solids and CODCr in effluents were noted only in March. According to data from the report on environmental status in zachodniopomorskie province in the years 2008-2011, poor water quality of the Gowienica River is recorded already upstream the rainbow trout farm. Pollution of this stretch of the river may originate from uncontrolled waste water management and from nutrient runoff from fields.
Book Reviews
Authors: Sarkar Dhrubajyoti , Mandal Sagar Taranga
Published: January 2014

Shakespeare and Asia. Shakespeare Yearbook vol. 17, Eds. Yang Lingui, Douglas A. Brooks, Ashley Brinkman, New York: The Edward Mellen Press, 2010. Pp. Vii+528. ISBN-13: 978-0-7734-3726-5, ISBN-10: 0-7734- 3726-6

Abdulla Al-Dabbagh, Shakespeare, the Orient, and the Critics, New York and Oxford: Peter Lang, 2010. Pp. Ix + 148. ISBN978-1-4331-1059-7
PERFORMANCE OF SOME ADVANCED GENOTYPES OF COTTON IN TERMS OF CMT, CLCuV AND YIELD
Authors: Ilhai F. , Farooq J. , Mahmood A. , Farooq A. , Asif M.
Published: January 2014

Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) and heat stress are the major threats to cotton productivity in Pakistan. Both these factors inflicted huge losses in recent years. Thirty one genotypes of Gossypium hirsutum L. were sown in the experimental area of Cotton Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan, on 25th of May for the purpose of screening against aforementioned stresses. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation among the tested genotypes. Some of the genotypes showed promising results in terms of CLCuV and also showed fair stability of their membranes. The strain FH- 142 showed excellent tolerance level against CLCuV and heat stress by showing the values of 0.4% for cotton leaf curl virus and membrane stability of 46.1%. The other genotypes that showed promising results in terms of CLCuV % are FH-330, MNH-886, MNH-814 and FH-312 and regarding heat stress MNH-456, FH-142, FH-118, CRSM- 38 and NIAB-112 exhibited promising results by showing the CMT % of 46.4%, 46.1, 45.5, 45.5, 44.1, and 41.9%, respectively. The findings of the experiment may be helpful in designing breeding programmes regarding CLCuV and heat tolerance as material had considerable potential for better yield as well.
THE COMMUNITIES STRUCTURE OF INVERTEBRATE FAUNA FROM RAPE AND ALFALFA CROPS (SINGURENI, GIURGIU COUNTY, ROMANIA) / Structura comunităţilor faunei de nevertebrate din culturile de rapiţă şi lucernă (Singureni, judeţul Giurgiu).
Authors: Fiera Cristina , Purice Dorina , Maican Sanda
Published: January 2014

The present study has been conducted under a bilateral project between Romania and Republic of Moldova, focusing on knowledge of the invertebrates from rape (Brassica napus L.) and alfalfa crops (Medicago sativa L.) from Singureni (Giurgiu County, Southern Romania). The communities structure of invertebrates fauna in term of species composition and numerical abundance were analyzed. In total, 15 species of Collembola from seven families and 38 species of Coleoptera from 17 families were identified. Entomobrya handschini, Lepidocyrtus paradoxus, Isotoma anglicana were abundant in the alfalfa crop and Hemisotoma thermophyla, Protaphorura sakatoi, Orchesella flavescens (Collembola) were abundant in the rape culture. From Coleoptera Order, Dermestes murinus, Brachinus crepitans and Epicometis hirta were dominant in the rape crop. Coccinella septempunctata and Gonioctena fornicata were dominant in the alfalfa. Also, another 385 specimens from different taxonomic groups (Heteroptera, Homoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera, Orthoptera and Araneae) were collected using sweep nets. Some crop pests invertebrates were indicated and the beneficial predators were also revealed.
LABOUR MARKET CHANGES IN RURAL AREAS OF HUNGARY: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE
Authors: Bogárdi Tünde
Published: January 2014

After the collapse of the single-party state, a new economic and social structure was born in Hungary. The main purpose of my study is to present the changes that occurred within the employment in rural areas. I shall analyse the changes in employment rates, and also the change in the distribution of employment amongst various sectors of the national economy. In order to understand the labour-market related problems of the extended rural areas, I shall focus mostly on changes that occurred within the sector of agriculture. After the regime change in Hungary, making a living in rural areas was greatly upset by the vast amount of free labour emerging due to the disintegration of the large-scale state system of agriculture. Since agriculture could be the only certain market for employing the high number of unskilled workforce that is typical at rural areas, I shall explore the changes occurred within the agrarian sector and in its employment in the past two decades, and also current plans and initiatives that are proposed to improve employment in the sector of agriculture.
COOPERATION TO ACHIEVE SUCCESSFUL TOURISM
Authors: Virág Ágnes
Published: January 2014

Tourism has become one the most quickly developing economic sectors. The creation of sustainable and competitive tourism can be observed and initiated all over the world, so the formation of Tourism Destination Management (TDM) system has become an important way of development worldwide. All over the world there are lots of successful TDM systems, so we have to work hard to achieve success in our homeland as well. I think that a new tourism development concept has positive effects on the development of domestic tourism. The tourism sector may expand more dynamically with cooperation of the players. The institutional development is useful, but the organizations must be established in harmony with the characteristics of each destination and need to represent the interests of the participants. In my research, I examine the development of the Hungarian Tourism Destination Management system, the use of the funds, and the context between TDM funds and infrastructural development. Finally, I intend to present good practices which can be adapted to other tourist destinations, so that everyone can benefit from the Hungarian tourism sector.
Setting the Research Agenda on the Health Effects of Chemicals
Authors: Fulcher Keri , Gibb Herman
Published: January 2014

In 2011, World Health Organization (WHO) scientists reported that a significant percentage of global deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2004 could be attributed to chemicals. The 2011 review focused only on certain chemicals, however, and concluded that the global burden of disease was underestimated because of serious data gaps. While various chemical assessment documents have identified research needs for individual chemicals, a systematic review of such documents to identify research themes that could be applied to the multitude of chemicals for which there is little information has not been done. Even for chemicals for which there are considerable data, the information is not sufficient to make an estimate of the chemical’s contribution to the burden of disease. The WHO Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) documents and Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents (CICADs) identify research needs or data gaps in our knowledge of chemicals. We identified several common themes in these documents and in documents prepared by WHO on 10 chemicals of major public health concern. These themes include biomarkers, longitudinal epidemiological studies, mechanisms of disease, reproductive and developmental effects and exposure assessment. Specific examples of data gaps culled from more than 300 WHO documents provide researchers with specific topics for further research.
Non-Destructive Thermography Analysis of Impact Damage on Large-Scale CFRP Automotive Parts
Authors: Maier Alexander , Schmidt Roland , Oswald-Tranta Beate , Schledjewski Ralf
Published: January 2014

Laminated composites are increasingly used in aeronautics and the wind energy industry, as well as in the automotive industry. In these applications, the construction and processing need to fulfill the highest requirements regarding weight and mechanical properties. Environmental issues, like fuel consumption and CO2-footprint, set new challenges in producing lightweight parts that meet the highly monitored standards for these branches. In the automotive industry, one main aspect of construction is the impact behavior of structural parts. To verify the quality of parts made from composite materials with little effort, cost and time, non-destructive test methods are increasingly used. A highly recommended non-destructive testing method is thermography analysis. In this work, a prototype for a car’s base plate was produced by using vacuum infusion. For research work, testing specimens were produced with the same multi-layer build up as the prototypes. These specimens were charged with defined loads in impact tests to simulate the effect of stone chips. Afterwards, the impacted specimens were investigated with thermography analysis. The research results in that work will help to understand the possible fields of application and the usage of thermography analysis as the first quick and economic failure detection method for automotive parts.
Marine-Sourced Anti-Cancer and Cancer Pain Control Agents in Clinical and Late Preclinical Development
Authors: Newman David , Cragg Gordon
Published: January 2014

The marine habitat has produced a significant number of very potent marine-derived agents that have the potential to inhibit the growth of human tumor cells in vitro and, in a number of cases, in both in vivo murine models and in humans. Although many agents have entered clinical trials in cancer, to date, only Cytarabine, Yondelis® (ET743), Eribulin (a synthetic derivative based on the structure of halichondrin B), and the dolastatin 10 derivative, monomethylauristatin E (MMAE or vedotin) as a warhead, have been approved for use in humans (Adcetris®). In this review, we show the compounds derived from marine sources that are currently in clinical trials against cancer. We have included brief discussions of the approved agents, where they are in trials to extend their initial approved activity (a common practice once an agent is approved), and have also included an extensive discussion of the use of auristatin derivatives as warheads, plus an area that has rarely been covered, the use of marine-derived agents to ameliorate the pain from cancers in humans, and to act as an adjuvant in immunological therapies.
Amination of Nitroazoles — A Comparative Study of Structural and Energetic Properties
Authors: Zhao Xiuxiu , Qi Cai , Zhang Lubo , Wang Yuan , Li Shenghua , Zhao Fengqi , Pang Siping
Published: January 2014

In this work, 3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (1) and 3,5-dinitro-1H-pyrazole (2) were C-aminated and N-aminated using different amination agents, yielding their respective C-amino and N-amino products. All compounds were fully characterized by NMR (1H, 13C, 15N), IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). X-ray crystallographic measurements were performed and delivered insight into structural characteristics as well as inter- and intramolecular interactions of the products. Their impact sensitivities were measured by using standard BAM fallhammer techniques and their explosive performances were computed using the EXPLO 5.05 program. A comparative study on the influence of those different amino substituents on the structural and energetic properties (such as density, stability, heat of formation, detonation performance) is presented. The results showed that the incorporation of an N-amino group into a nitroazole ring can improve nitrogen content, heat of formation and impact sensitivity, while the introduction of a C-amino group can enhance density, detonation velocity and pressure. The potential of N-amino and C-amino moieties for the design of next generation energetic materials is explored.
A New and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Novel 3-Acetyl Coumarins Oxadiazoles Derivatives with Expected Biological Activity
Authors: Al-Ayed Abdullah , Hamdi Naceur
Published: January 2014

This paper presents the design of some novel 3-acetylcoumarin derivatives, based on minimal inhibitory concentration values (MICs) previously obtained against some microorganism cultures, Gram positive and negative bacteria and fungi. Some of these molecules exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus, comparable to that of the standard used (impinem). The in vitro antioxidant activities of the novel 3-acetylcoumarin oxadiazoles were assayed by the quantitative 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity method. The compounds 5c,d proved to be the most active, showing the highest capacity to deplete the DPPH radicals. Structure elucidation of the products has been accomplished on the basis of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, NOESY and HMBC NMR data.
Migration, Social Demands and Environmental Change amongst the Frafra of Northern Ghana and the Biali in Northern Benin
Authors: Sow Papa , Adaawen Stephen , Scheffran Jürgen
Published: January 2014

The impacts of environmental change and degradation on human populations, including the possibility of sharp increases in the number of people considered “environmental migrants” have gained considerable attention. Migrating communities may try to distribute their members along particular lines of kinship, gender, marriage and/or services linked to land exploitation and agriculture. This paper explores archives and narratives of African migrants in northwestern Benin and northeastern Ghana. These regions have been marked by severe ecological change and resource deterioration over the years, as well as changes in marital patterns, family relations and customary practices. In the case of Benin, the paper looks at different ethnic groups that migrated from neighboring countries to the study region. It then focuses on the Biali, who undertake marriage journeys after practicing rituals, which are often related to agricultural activities. The Frafra (Ghana), who, in their bid to out-migrate as a livelihood/coping strategy in the advent of environmental deterioration and rainfall variability, are confronted with high bride prices, changing family relations and customary practices. The paper concludes by highlighting socio-cultural changes that ensue in the face of outmigration among different ethnic groups, especially the Biali and Frafra, and the relationship between non-environmental and environmental factors, and mobility strategies.
Charles Wesley and the Bible
Authors: Watson J. R.
Published: January 2014

Charles Wesley (1707-88) was the great hymn writer of the

Methodist revival, following his "conversion" experience of 1738.

Throughout his writing career, which lasted for almost forty years and produced over 6,000 hymns, he used the Bible as the principal source-book for his poetry. He used the Old Testament typologically, with episodes from Jewish history prefiguring events in the life and work of Jesus Christ. The books of the Old Testament were used as a starting-point for the imaginative treatment of ideas such as pilgrimage and the encounter with God. A notable example is his use of the story of Jacob and the angel (Gen. 32), which is the

subject of Wesley’s "Wrestling Jacob" An examination of this poem demonstrates Wesley’s ability to transform the Biblical episode into an

exploration of a profound Christian experience, the discovery of God through struggle.
Leaf fossils of Luzuriaga and a monocot flower with in situ pollen of Liliacidites contortus Mildenh. & Bannister sp. nov. (Alstroemeriaceae) from the Early Miocene
Authors: Conran John G. , Bannister Jennifer M. , Mildenhall Dallas C. , Lee Daphne E. , Chacón Juliana , Renner Susanne S.
Published: January 2014

• Premise of the study: The Foulden Maar lake sediments in Otago, South Island, New Zealand, date to the earliest Miocene and provide an important picture of the diversity of the Australasian biota, paleoecology, and climate at a time when New Zealand had a smaller land area than today. The diverse rainforest contains many taxa now restricted to Australia, New Caledonia, or South America. The presence of Luzuriaga‐like fossils in these deposits is important for understanding Alstroemeriaceae evolution and the biogeography of genera shared between New Zealand and South America.

• Methods: Leaves and a flower with in situ pollen that resemble extant Luzuriaga are described and placed phylogenetically. Geographic range information and a molecular clock model for the Alstroemeriaceae were used to investigate possible biogeographic scenarios and the influence of the new fossil on inferred divergence times.

• Key results: Luzuriaga peterbannisteri Conran, Bannister, Mildenh., & D.E.Lee sp. nov. represents the first macrofossil record for Alstroemeriaceae. An associated Luzuriaga‐like flower with in situ fossil pollen of Liliacidites contortus Mildenh. & Bannister sp. nov. is also described. The biogeographic analysis suggests that there have been several dispersal events across the Southern Ocean for the genus, with the fossil representing a now‐extinct New Zealand lineage.

• Conclusions: Luzuriaga was present in Early Miocene New Zealand, indicating a long paleogeographic history for the genus, and L. peterbannisteri strengthens biogeographic connections between South America and Australasia during the Oligocene and earliest Miocene.
One-pot synthesis of cyanohydrin derivatives from alkyl bromides via incorporation of two one-carbon components by consecutive radical/ionic reactions
Authors: Sumino Shuhei , Fusano Akira , Okai Hiroyuki , Fukuyama Takahide , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: January 2014

The consecutive radical/ionic reaction consisting of radical formylation of alkyl bromides and nucleophilic addition of a cyanide ion was investigated, which gave moderate to good yields of cyanohydrin derivatives in one-pot.
First record of the genus Echthronomas Forster, 1869 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae) for the fauna of Ukraine
Authors: Varga Alexander
Published: January 2014

The genus Echthronomas Forster, 1869 and two species, E. facialis (Thomson, 1887) and E. quadrinotata (Thomson, 1887), are recorded for the fauna of Ukraine for the first time. Descriptions and photographs of species are provided.