bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of a Micro‐Structured System for the Homogenization of Dairy Products at High Fat Content – Part III: Influence of Geometric Parameters
Authors: Köhler K. , Aguilar F. A. , Hensel A. , Schubert K. , Schubert H. , Schuchmann H. P.
Published: July 2009

Partial homogenization using a microstructured SHM (Simultaneous Homogenizing and Mixing) valve (as presented in part I) significantly reduces aggregation of fat globules during their homogenization by feeding the continuous phase directly into the droplet disruption zone. It allows homogenizing cream up to at least 42 vol.‐% of fat, thus reducing processing costs significantly without loss in product quality (process intensification). In contrary to conventional milk technology, droplet sizes can be reduced at high fat contents with increasing pressure or increasing temperature of the homogenized stream (as presented in part II). This breaks new ground in dairy product design. In part III our focus is set on the influence of the SHM valve geometry on the homogenization results. No significant influence was found for the shape of the flow channels. In contrast, the distance at which the mixing streams enter has a significant impact on the homogenization results. For standard SHM valves with a T‐shaped mixing unit we found an optimal distance at around 5 mm behind the valve outlet. In order to separate the tasks of implying a counter‐pressure and instant diluting, an SHM2 double‐valve configuration is suggested combining a double homogenization valve with a mixing unit. This offers the possibility to profit from counter‐pressure just as well as in full‐stream homogenization and gives more freedom in the mixing inlet design. Optimal distances for the mixing stream inlet are between 0 and 5 mm.
Applying the Taguchi Method to Develop an Optimized Synthesis Procedure for Nanocrystals of T‐Type Zeolite
Authors: Tehrani Matin K. , Bastani D. , Kazemian H.
Published: July 2009

The effects of H2O/SiO2, TMAOH/SiO2, Na/(Na+K), and SiO2/Al2O3 ratios in the parent gels on the crystallization of nanoparticles of T‐type zeolites were studied. A Taguchi orthogonal experimental design with the above‐mentioned parameters (each at three levels) was used to optimize the experiment parameters by the analysis of variances (ANOVA). Applying the Taguchi method significantly reduced the time and cost required for optimization. The synthesized products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. As a result of the Taguchi analysis, H2O/SiO2 and TMAOH/SiO2 were the most influencing parameters for the synthesis of zeolite T.
Preparation and Flow Behaviour of Oil‐In‐Water Emulsions Stabilised by Hydrophilic Silica Particles
Authors: Braisch B. , Köhler K. , Schuchmann H. P. , Wolf B.
Published: July 2009

Emulsions are a common form of material and are encountered in products including foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Appropriate formulation and processing ensures stability and quality. The research reported is concerned with the use of nano‐particles for interfacial stabilisation of oil‐in‐water (o/w) emulsions. This is a route far less often chosen by formulation engineers than interfacial stabilisation based on small molecular surfactants. Known concepts of stabilising simple o/w emulsions with hydrophilic silica particles were applied. The emulsion components were carefully selected in view of their application relevance in consumer goods such as foods and creams. Emulsions stable against coalescence were formulated based on discrete 230 nm silica particles and corn oil. The viscosity behaviour of the emulsions was characterised after suppressing creaming through dissolution of a thickening agent in the continuous emulsion phase. The emulsions were shear‐thinning and viscosity levels were reduced after removal of free particles. Particle stabilisation of o/w interfaces alters the product characteristics of emulsion‐based products, giving formulation engineers novel ways to adjust product rheologies.
Epoxidation of a Series of C2–C6 Olefins in the Gas Phase
Authors: Berndt T. , Bräsel S.
Published: July 2009

Epoxidation of ethylene, propylene, 2‐methylpropene, trans‐2‐butene, 2‐methyl‐2‐butene, and 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene were carried out in a flow‐through reactor in the homogeneous gas phase at pressures of 0.25–1.0 bar in the temperature range of 250–375 °C. Residence times in the reactor varied from 8.3 to 38 ms. The oxidizing agent needed in the feed gas is ozone. The O3 efficiency (reacted olefin/initial O3) was found to be strongly dependent on the reactivity of the olefin used. For C4–C6 olefins, the O3 efficiency was better than 75 % in each case. For 2‐methyl‐2‐butene and 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene, the O3 efficiency exceeded the theoretical value of 100 % considerably. The selectivity to epoxide was about 90 % independent of the olefin used. Under conditions of nearly total olefin conversion, the high selectivity to the epoxide has been retained as unchanged. There were no indications for consecutive reactions of the epoxides.
Variable‐field relaxometry of iron‐containing human tissues: a preliminary study
Authors: Hocq Aline , Brouette Nicolas , Saussez Sven , Luhmer Michel , Gillis Pierre , Gossuin Yves
Published: July 2009

Excess iron is found in brain nuclei from neurodegenerative patients (with Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases) and also in the liver and spleen of cirrhosis, hemochromatosis and thalassaemia patients. Ferritin, the iron‐storing protein of mammals, is known to darken T2‐weighted MR images. Understanding NMR tissue behavior may make it possible to detect those diseases, to follow their evolution and finally to establish a protocol for non‐invasive measurement of an organ's iron content using MRI methods. In this preliminary work, the MR relaxation properties of embalmed iron‐containing tissues were studied as well as their potential correlation with the iron content of these tissues. Relaxometric measurements (T1 and T2) of embalmed samples of brain nuclei (caudate nucleus, dentate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, red nucleus and substantia nigra), liver and spleen from six donors were made at different magnetic fields (0.00023–14 T). The influence of the inter‐echo time on transverse relaxation was also studied. Moreover, iron content of tissues was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. In brain nuclei, 1/T2 increases quadratically with the field and depends on the inter‐echo time in CPMG sequences at high fields, both features compatible with an outer sphere relaxation theory. In liver and spleen, 1/T2 increases linearly with the field and depends on the inter‐echo time at all fields. In our study, a correlation between 1/T2 and iron concentration is observed. Explaining the relaxation mechanism for these tissues is likely to require a combination of several models. The value of 1/T2 at high field could be used to evaluate iron accumulation in vivo. In the future, confirmation of those features is expected to be achieved from measurements of fresh (not embalmed) human tissues. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapeutic impact disclosure: A last taboo in psychoanalytic theory and practice
Authors: Kiesler Donald J. , Van Denburg Todd F.
Published: July 2009

This article highlights the therapeutic intervention of impact disclosure. Impact disclosure occurs when the therapist voices to the patient his or her perceptions of and reactions to the patient's actions, as experienced by the therapist during their sessions. We first provide a brief statement of the interpersonal communications theory in which the intervention originally was embedded. Then we summarize essential definitions of impact disclosure, principles that might guide its use in therapy, and available empirical findings. Next we discuss perspectives on countertransference by recent psychoanalytic writers. Finally, we confront theoretical and other concerns regarding use of impact disclosure in treatment and discuss its advantages, with the hope that the intervention might assume its rightful place both in the practice and research of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.
Cognition and psychodynamics: A modest proposal
Authors: Hammen Constance
Published: July 2009

Only 15 years ago cognitive models and cognitive therapies were taking shape and were beginning to usher in a veritable new era in psychopathology and treatment. As the very existence of a World Congress attests, the cognitive therapy movement has paid off handsomely. It has reaped tremendous benefits for its pioneers, practitioners, patients, its scientists and students. We have much to celebrate in our collective accomplishments, and we can certainly make rosy predictions about the future of cognitive therapy.

Yet, my goal is not to review the achievements of cognitive models. Despite all that we have legitimate reason to be proud and enthusiastic about, there are some significant gaps in the work that comprises cognitive approaches, and those are what I want to discuss. Some of the gaps are occurring precisely in the areas that were once the special strength of this field. The other gaps I consider to be developmental, in the sense of needing to take new steps now that we have reached a certain level of maturity. I will talk about these two set of gaps, and in so doing present some modest proposals for future directions.
The dissociation questionnaire (DIS‐Q): Development and characteristics of a new self‐report questionnaire
Authors: Vanderlinden Johan , Van Dyck Richard , Vandereycken Walter , Vertommen Hans , Jan Verkes Robert
Published: July 2009

A new self‐report instrument for the screening of dissociative symptoms, the Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS‐Q), has been administered to a representative sample of the Dutch and Flemish population on two occasions (N = 374 and N = 378). Four subscales were found, which together accounted for 77% of the common variance: (1) identity confusion; (2) loss of control over behaviour, thoughts and emotions; (3) amnesia; and (4) absorption. The DIS‐Q shows good to excellent internal consistency and test–retest reliability together with good construct and congruent validity. The authors conclude that the DIS‐Q might be of great help in the assessment of dissociative symptoms.
Stumbling blocks in the supervision of cognitive psychotherapy
Authors: Perris Carlo
Published: July 2009

Issues concerning supervision, let alone the training of supervisors, can at best be described as deficient in the cognitive psychotherapy literature. The aim of the present article is to examine some aspects of the supervisory process which may hinder its unfolding. Some stumbling‐blocks relating to the supervisory context, the supervisee, and the supervisor are identified and some suggestions how to avoid them are made. Also, possible areas of research are pointed out besides that concerned with monitoring that therapists employ cognitive therapy in an orthodox manner. Even though the author is in favour of cognitive psychotherapy, reference is also made to relevant knowledge which has accumulated in other domains of psychotherapy on the assumption that, by analogy with therapy, there are factors common to and shared by all kinds of supervision, independent of context, or theoretical orientation.
Doubt reduction using distinctive stimuli as a treatment for compulsive checking: An exploratory investigation
Authors: Tallis F.
Published: July 2009

Three cases are reported in which checking behaviours were eliminated using a doubt reduction procedure. The procedure involves making a successfully accomplished action (e.g. closing a door) more memorable, by associating it with an artificial and distinctive stimulus. Subsequent doubt relating to the successfully accomplished target behaviour is ameliorated by forming a mental image of the distinctive stimulus. A ‘fading’ component improves the likelihood of maintaining treatment gains after artificial stimuli are withdrawn. It is suggested that the technique's efficacy may be attributable to increased ‘confidence in memory’ mediated by image formation.
Grief: Its significance for rehabilitation in schizophrenia
Authors: Appelo M. T. , Slooff C. J. , Woonings F. M. J. , Carson J. , Louwerens J. W.
Published: July 2009

In this paper the clinical relevance of grief in the rehabilitation of schizophrenia is highlighted. It is suggested that operationalization of impairments in schizophrenia reveals significant losses and consequent reactions, which become manifest as a clinical picture which shows a striking resemblance to grief reactions. After outlining the concept of grief, losses in schizophrenia and the partial overlap of symptoms of grief and schizophrenia are described. The concept of grief has important therapeutic consequences. Like in grief therapy, acceptance and activation are identified as the central components of the process of rehabilitation.
Determining Quality of Life and Sleep in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Tel Havva
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND

Hemodialysis causes major changes in patients' lifestyles that affect their quality of life (QoL) and sleep quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of life and sleep of hemodialysis patients.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

The study sample was 138 patients receiving dialysis in a university hospital dialysis unit. Data were collected with a personal information form (PIF), Medical Outcomes Study 36‐item Short Form (SF‐36) questionnaire, and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).

RESULTS

All of the hemodialysis patients had low quality of life. There was a significant correlation between QoL and sleep quality (p < .001); as QoL decreased sleep quality also decreased. As patients' age increased their QoL and sleep decreased. Women, housewives, those with no formal education, and patients living in extended families had lower QoL. Patients aged 51 years and older had low QoL and sleep. No significant difference was found in QoL and sleep according to the patient's duration of hemodialysis (p > .05).

CONCLUSION

Hemodialysis patients have a low QoL and there is a close correlation between QoL and sleep quality. Interventions to help dialysis patients maintain their QoL and sleep are as important as extending their lives.
Nonylphenol‐induced cytosolic Ca2+ elevation and death in renal tubular cells
Authors: Tsai Jeng‐Yu , Huang Chorng‐Chih , Cheng He‐Hsiung , Lin Ko‐Long , Liao Wei‐Chuan , Jan Chung‐Ren
Published: July 2009

Nonylphenol is an environmental endocrine disrupter. The effect of nonylphenol on intracellular free Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) and viability in Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was explored. Nonylphenol increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration‐dependent manner (EC50∼0.8 μM). Nonylphenol‐induced Mn2+ entry demonstrated Ca2+ influx and removal of extracellular Ca2+ partly decreased the [Ca2+]i rise. The [Ca2+]i rise was inhibited by the protein kinase C activator, phorbol 13‐myristate acetate (PMA) but not by L‐type Ca2+ channel blockers. In Ca2+‐free medium, nonylphenol‐induced [Ca2+]i rise was partly inhibited by pretreatment with 1 μM thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor). Conversely, nonylphenol pretreatment abolished thapsigargin‐induced Ca2+ release. Nonylphenol‐induced Ca2+ release was unaltered by inhibition of phospholipase C. At concentrations of 5–100 μM, nonylphenol killed cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. The cytotoxic effect of 100 μM nonylphenol was not affected by preventing [Ca2+]i rises with BAPTA/AM. Collectively, this study shows that nonylphenol induced [Ca2+]i increase in MDCK cells via evoking Ca2+ entry through protein kinase C‐regulated Ca2+ channels, and releasing Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum and other stores in a phospholipase C‐independent manner. Nonylphenol also killed cells in a Ca2+‐independent fashion. Drug Dev Res, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synergistic antiallodynic interaction of the metamizol‐gabapentin combination
Authors: Ortega‐Varela Luis F. , Herrera Jorge E. , Caram‐Salas Nadia L. , Rocha‐Gonzalez Hector I. , Torres‐López Jorge E. , Granados‐Soto Vinicio
Published: July 2009

This study was designed to evaluate the possible antiallodynic interaction between metamizol and gabapentin in rats submitted to L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation. Metamizol, gabapentin, or a combination of both drugs were assessed after oral and intrathecal administration in neuropathic rats. Metamizol partially reduced tactile allodynia after intrathecal, but not oral, administration. Conversely, gabapentin reduced tactile allodynia in a dose‐dependent manner after both administration routes. Oral administration of a constant dose of metamizol (600 mg/kg) significantly increased the gabapentin‐induced antiallodynic effect. Moreover, the gabapentin ED50 value was lower in the presence than in the absence of metamizol. Intrathecal co‐administration of metamizol and gabapentin in a dose‐fixed ratio (0.5:0.5) reduced tactile allodynia in rats. The theoretical ED30 value for the spinal combination estimated from the isobologram was 118.4±12 µg, whereas that experimental ED30 value was 66.2±10.1 µg indicating a synergistic interaction. Results indicate that metamizol, a cyclo‐oxygenase 2 inhibitor, is able to reduce tactile allodynia as well to increase the antiallodynic effect of gabapentin in the neuropathic rat. This combination could be useful to treat neuropathic pain in humans. Drug Dev Res 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Failure of beta‐cell function to compensate lack of insulin action in hyperuricemic subjects
Authors: Simental‐Mendía Luis E. , Rodríguez‐Morán Martha , Guerrero‐Romero Fernando
Published: July 2009

Background

Elevated serum uric acid has been related to insulin resistance, but there are no studies regarding its association with beta‐cell function. In this study, we examine the response of beta‐cell function to compensate insulin resistance in hyperuricaemic subjects.

Methods

Population‐based cross‐sectional study. A total of 212 healthy individuals, men and non‐pregnant women, aged 20–65 years, were randomly recruited and allocated into groups with hyperuricaemia or normouricaemia that were matched by value of Belfiore index. Hyperuricaemia was defined by serum uric acid concentration ≥416 µmol/L in men and ≥357 µmol/L in women. To evaluate the compensation of insulin secretion to variation of insulin sensitivity, we used a surrogate of the hyperbolic model of beta‐cell function based on Belfiore and Homeostasis Model Analysis beta‐cell (HOMA‐ß) indexes; the area under curves (AUC) was calculated. The association between the uric acid levels and the AUC was estimated using a multivariate regression analysis adjusted by age, sex, and waist circumference.

Results

Hyperuricaemia was identified in 77 (36.3%) individuals. A total of 39 (50.6%) hyperuricaemic and 44 (32.6%) normouricaemic subjects had diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), p = 0.01. In the total population, the AUCs in the hyperuricaemic and normouricaemic groups were 1.60725 cm2 and 3.9819 cm2, respectively (odds ratio [OR] 3.9; CI 95% 1.4–8.9). Among the 83 individuals with IGT, the AUCs in the subgroups with and without hyperuricaemia were 0.8495 cm2 and 2.42075 cm2, respectively (OR 2.7; CI 95% 1.3–10.1).

Conclusions

Our results show the failure of beta‐cell function to compensate variation of insulin sensitivity in the hyperuricaemic individuals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecohydrology of a semi‐arid forest: partitioning among water balance components and its implications for predicted precipitation changes
Authors: Yaseef Naama Raz , Yakir Dan , Rotenberg Eyal , Schiller Gabriel , Cohen Shabtai
Published: July 2009

The distribution of precipitation inputs into different hydrological components of water‐limited forest ecosystems determines water availability to trees and consequently forest productivity. We constructed a complete hydrological budget of a semi‐arid pine forest (285 mm annual precipitation) by directly measuring its main components: precipitation (P), soil water content, evapotranspiration (ET, eddy covariance), tree transpiration (sap flux), soil evaporation (soil chambers), and intercepted precipitation (calculated). Our results indicated that on average for the 4‐year study period,ETaccounted for 94% ofP, varying between 100% whenP< 250 mm and 85% whenP> 300 mm (with indications for losses to subsurface flow and soil moisture storage in wetter years). Direct measurements of the components of theETflux demonstrated that both transpiration and soil evaporation were significant in this dry forest (45% and 36% ofET, respectively). Comparison between ecosystemET(eddy covariance measurements) and the sum of its measured components showed good agreement on annual scales, but up to 30% discrepancies (in both directions) on shorter timescales. The pulsed storm pattern, characteristics of semi‐arid climates, was sufficient to maintain the topsoil layer wet during the whole wet season. Only less often and intensive storms resulted in infiltration to the root zone, increasing water availability for uptake by deeper roots. Our results indicate that climate change predictions that link reduced precipitation with increased storm intensity may have a smaller effect on water availability to forest ecosystems than reduced precipitation alone, which could help forests' survival and maintain productivity even under drier conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strong Evidence for an Unprecedented Borderline Case of Dissociation and Cycloaddition in Open‐Shell 1,3‐Dipole Chemistry: Transient Nitrilium Phosphane‐Ylide Complex Radical Cations
Authors: Helten Holger , Fankel Stefan , Feier‐Iova Ovidiu , Nieger Martin , Espinosa Ferao Arturo , Streubel Rainer
Published: July 2009

The reaction of 3‐ferrocenyl‐substituted 2H‐azaphosphirene complexes1a–cin the presence of substoichiometric amounts of ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate yields 3,5‐diferrocenyl‐substituted 2H‐1,4,2‐diazaphosphole complexes3a–cand difluoro(organo)phosphane complexes4a–c. The reaction of1a,cand [FcH]PF6with cyanoferrocene yields3a,cin a straightforward way. The molecular structures of3a,cwere unambiguously identified by multinuclear NMR spectroscopic experiments, mass spectrometry, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. DFT calculations on model complexes1d–mand3d–mreveal a close similarity of Mo and W complexes (vs. Cr) and a strong influence of the ferrocenyl substituent on the geometry, spin, and charge distribution of reactive intermediates and the reaction course. Strong support for the assumption of a dissociation–cycloaddition reaction sequence leading to3and thus a surprising “cannibalistic” reaction was obtained.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Bulky P*‐Chirogenic Diazaphospholidines as Monodentate Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Gavrilov Konstantin N. , Benetskiy Eduard B. , Grishina Tatiana B. , Rastorguev Eugenie A. , Maksimova Marina G. , Zheglov Sergey V. , Davankov Vadim A. , Schäffner Benjamin , Börner Armin , Rosset Stephane , Bailat Gaelle , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: July 2009

A series of easily prepared bulky P*‐chiral diamidophosphites based on (2R,5S)‐3‐phenyl‐1,3‐diaza‐2‐phosphabicyclo[3.3.0]octane and (2R,5S)‐3‐(p‐bromophenyl)‐1,3‐diaza‐2‐phosphabicyclo[3.3.0]octane backbones have been designed and developed. Ligands of this type exhibited high enantioselectivities in Pd‐catalysed allylic substitution reactions of (E)‐1,3‐diphenylallyl acetate with NaSO2pTol (up to 87 % ee), CH2(CO2Me)2 (up to 92 % ee), (C3H7)2NH (up to 93 % ee) and (CH2)4NH (up to 99 % ee). These novel stereoselectors have also been successfully employed in Rh‐catalysed asymmetric hydrogenations of dimethyl itaconate (up to 76 % ee), methyl (Z)‐2‐acetamido‐3‐phenylacrylate (up to 73 % ee) and methyl 2‐acetamidoacrylate (up to 98 % ee). Cu‐catalysed conjugate addition of diethylzinc to cyclohexenone leads to a maximum of 70 % ee with quantitative conversion.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Carbamate‐Linked (Oligo)phenothiazines in Mesoporous Silica by Post‐Synthetic Grafting: Fluorescent Redox‐Active Hybrid Materials
Authors: Franz Adam W. , Zhou Zhou , Turdean Raluca , Wagener Alex , Sarkar Biprajit , Hartmann Martin , Ernst Stefan , Thiel Werner R. , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: July 2009

Mesoporous hybrid materials of (oligo)phenothiazines covalently grafted onto MCM‐41 or SBA‐15 silica have been readily prepared from (oligo)phenothiazinyl carbamates. The phenothiazine precursors show interesting electronic properties according to electronic spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The resulting electronically active hybrid materials display fluorescence and can be oxidized to give stable radical‐cationic species upon mild oxidation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
When wanting and fearing go together: The effect of co‐occurring social approach and avoidance motivation on behavior, affect, and cognition
Authors: Nikitin Jana , Freund Alexandra M.
Published: July 2009

Three studies investigated the association of social approach and avoidance motivation with cognition, behavior, emotions, and subjective well‐being. Study 1 (N = 245), a correlative self‐report study, showed that approach and avoidance motivation mediated the effects of adult attachment‐styles on social anxiety. A secure attachment‐style was associated with co‐occurring approach and avoidance motivation. Study 2, a social‐interaction study (N = 38), revealed an association of avoidance motivation with a negative experience and passive behavior, and approach motivation with a positive experience and active behavior. Interestingly, the interaction of approach and avoidance motivation predicted engaged behavior and a positive emotional experience. Study 3 (N = 203), an online survey, showed that subjective well‐being was negatively associated with high avoidance motivation, irrespective of the strength of approach motivation. Taken together, the studies show that social approach and avoidance motivation interact in predicting positive experiences and social behavior in a concrete social situation. However, from the long‐term perspective, the negative consequences of social avoidance motivation seem to prevail when approach and avoidance motivation co‐occur. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective exposure: The impact of framing information search instructions as gains and losses
Authors: Kastenmüller Andreas , Fischer Peter , Jonas Eva , Greitemeyer Tobias , Frey Dieter , Köppl Julia , Aydin Nilüfer
Published: July 2009

Previous research has found that people prefer information that supports rather than conflicts with their decisions (selective exposure). In the present paper, we investigated whether selective exposure was influenced by the method of information collection. Based on Prospect Theory we hypothesized that the method of selection (MOS), where simply selected pieces of information are considered, would lead to a higher selective exposure compared to the method of elimination (MOE), where pieces of information are rejected and the remaining pieces of information are considered. In fact, we found that participants collected information more selectively when they were instructed to use the MOS compared to the MOE. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How love and sex can influence recognition of faces and words: A processing model account
Authors: Förster Jens
Published: July 2009

A link between romantic love and face recognition and sexual desire and verbal recognition is suggested. When in love, people typically focus on a long‐term perspective which enhances global perception, whereas when experiencing sexual encounters they focus on the present which enhances a perception of details. Because people automatically activate these processing styles when in love or sex, subtle reminders of love versus sex should suffice to change ways of perception. Global processing should further enhance face recognition, whereas local processing should enhance recognition of verbal information. In two studies participants were primed with concepts and thoughts of love versus sex. Compared to control groups, recognition of verbal material was enhanced after sex priming, whereas face recognition was enhanced after love priming. In Experiment 2 it was demonstrated that differences in global versus local perception mediated these effects. However, there was no indication for mood as a mediator. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Justice through consensus: Shared identity and the preference for a restorative notion of justice
Authors: Wenzel Michael , Okimoto Tyler G. , Feather Norman T. , Platow Michael J.
Published: July 2009

We propose a concept of restorative justice as a sense of justice deriving from consensus about, and the reaffirmation of, values violated by an offence (in contrast to punishment‐based retributive justice). Victims should be more likely to seek restorative justice (and less likely retributive justice) when they perceive to share a relevant identity with the offender. In Study 1, when the relevant identity (university affiliation) shared with the offender was made salient (vs. not), participants found a consensus‐based response more justice‐restoring. In Study 2, when the group (company) shared with the offender was cohesive (vs. not), participants more strongly endorsed a restorative justice philosophy and, mediated by this, responded in consensus‐restoring ways. In Study 3, when the offender was an ingroup (vs. outgroup) member, participants more strongly endorsed a restorative justice philosophy, fully mediated by sadness emotions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of on‐line protein digestion by trypsin in CZE by means of electrophoretically mediated microanalysis
Authors: Zeisbergerová Marta , Adámková Andrea , Glatz Zdeněk
Published: July 2009

In this work, electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) was applied to the in‐capillary tryptic digestion of proteins for proteomic purposes. Compared with classical in‐solution tryptic digestion or the trypsin reactor commonly used for this purpose, the EMMA‐based method is rapid, can be automated and requires only a small amount of trypsin preparation. Moreover, the protein digestion and the analysis of the resulting peptides are integrated into one procedure. A combination of the EMMA methodology with a partial filling technique was used in this study, since the pH optimum of the trypsin reaction differs strongly from the best pH for the CZE separation of peptides. In this set‐up, a part of the capillary is filled with the best buffer for the tryptic digestion (50 mM Tris‐HCl buffer, pH 8.5) whereas the rest of the capillary is filled with the BGE optimal for peptide separation (0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 2.5). As the proteins differ in their isoelectric points, a sandwich type of injection was used. The analysed protein is thus injected between two trypsin zones, which ensures their mixing and digestion. The analysis of one protein comprising both the digestion and the peptide separation is then completed in 1 h using a commercial instrument for CE with no modifications.
Measuring the quality of life through Markov reward processes: Analysis and inference
Authors: D'Amico Guglielmo
Published: July 2009

In this paper, the time evolution of the quality of life of a person is studied using Markov chains. A new index measuring the quality of life is proposed. It is based on Markov reward processes which turn out to be a useful tool in the modelling of the accumulated quality of life. Later on, a nonparametric estimator of the index is presented. Its asymptotic properties are established and as a consequence of the asymptotic normality the confidence sets are obtained. A numerical example illustrates the results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of trends in high urban ozone levels using the quantiles of (GEV)
Authors: Reyes Hortensia J. , Vaquera Humberto , Villaseñor José A.
Published: July 2009

In this paper we propose a statistical methodology to analyze the trends of very high values of tropospheric ozone. The methodology is based on the estimation of percentiles of the distribution of extreme values. The asymptotic distribution of the estimated percentiles is obtained with a normal result. This allows us to use a linear regression to investigate linear and non‐linear trends. To illustrate the proposed methodology we use the information on ozone levels from some monitoring stations in Mexico City during the period from 1986 to 2005. The analysis of the information indicates a decrease in the very high ozone levels in the later years. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the SWEEP model during high winds on the Columbia Plateau
Authors: Feng G. , Sharratt B.
Published: July 2009

A standalone version of the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) erosion submodel, the Single‐event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP), was released in 2007. A limited number of studies exist that have evaluated SWEEP in simulating soil loss subject to different tillage systems under high winds. The objective of this study was to test SWEEP under contrasting tillage systems employed during the summer fallow phase of a winter wheat–summer fallow rotation within eastern Washington. Soil and PM10 (particulate matter ≤10 µm in diameter) loss and soil and crop residue characteristics were measured in adjacent fields managed using conventional and undercutter tillage during summer fallow in 2005 and 2006. While differences in soil surface conditions resulted in measured differences in soil and PM10 loss between the tillage treatments, SWEEP failed to simulate any difference in soil or PM10 loss between conventional and undercutter tillage. In fact, the model simulated zero erosion for all high wind events observed over the two years. The reason for the lack of simulated erosion is complex owing to the number of parameters and interaction of these parameters on erosion processes. A possible reason might be overestimation of the threshold friction velocity in SWEEP since friction velocity must exceed the threshold to initiate erosion. Although many input parameters are involved in the estimation of threshold velocity, internal empirical coefficients and equations may affect the simulation. Calibration methods might be useful in adjusting the internal coefficients and empirical equations. Additionally, the lack of uncertainty analysis is an important gap in providing reliable output from this model. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing regional geodiversity: the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Benito‐Calvo A. , Pérez‐González A. , Magri O. , Meza P.
Published: July 2009

Geodiversity is a landscape characteristic related to the heterogeneity of the physical properties of the earth surface. In this work, we quantify and compare geodiversity in several geodynamic zones of the Iberian Peninsula. For this purpose, we have developed a geographic information system (GIS) procedure to carry out a regional terrain classification based on geodiversity factors. A classification process helped to produce a morphometric map (10 classes), a morphoclimatic map (five classes) and a geological map (15 classes). These three maps were combined using an overlay operation (union) to obtain the final terrain classification (419 classes), which was then applied to calculate diversity landscape indices. The latter were calculated using common landscape diversity indices (Patch Richness Density, Shannon's Diversity Index, Shannon's Evenness Index, Simpson's Diversity Index and Simpson's Evenness Index), provided by FRAGSTATS free software. These indices were calculated for the whole landscape of the main Iberian geological regions, thus revealing a close relationship between some index values and the geological and geomorphological characteristics. The highest diversity values are associated with Alpine collisional orogens and reactivated chains of the Precambrian‐Palaeozoic massif. Intraplate orogen with sedimentary cover, characterized by extensive planation surfaces, have lower values. Mesozoic areas with no significant tectonic deformation and Cenozoic basins are characterized by the lowest diversity values. Amongst the latter, the major diversity is associated with the most dissected basins, which also present higher morphoclimatic variety. Though depending on the chosen scale and the landscape classification criteria, these indices provide an objective assessment of the regional geodiversity of Iberia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical capture of wing tip vortex improved by mesh adaptation
Authors: Joubarne E. , Guibault F. , Braun O. , Avellan F.
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a mesh adaptation procedure linked to a finite volume solver, the goal of which is to increase the precision of the numerical simulation of a wing tip vortex flow. The adaptation scheme is applied to hexahedron meshes and hybrid meshes made up of tetrahedrons and prisms. To evaluate the ability of each type of element to capture the physics of a tip vortex, a specific test case is studied and results obtained numerically from this test case are compared with experimental results. The error estimator of the adaptation scheme is derived from a solution scalar variable. It is shown that the element anisotropy as well as the adaptation algorithms used have an impact on the precision of the solution. Adaptation of hexahedrons allows a better capture of the tip vortex far from the vortex root, even though the adaptation of those hexahedrons barely changes the number of nodes used to achieve a specified precision, contrary to the adaptation of hybrid meshes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near‐wall profiles of mean flow and turbulence quantities predicted by eddy‐viscosity turbulence models
Authors: Eça L. , Hoekstra M.
Published: July 2009

This paper presents for the simple flow over a flat plate the near‐wall profiles of mean flow and turbulence quantities determined with seven eddy‐viscosity turbulence models: the one‐equation turbulence models of Menter and Spalart & Allmaras; the k‐ω two‐equation model proposed by Wilcox and its TNT, BSL and SST variants and the \documentclass{article}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$k-\sqrt{k}L$\end{document} two‐equation model. The results are obtained at several Reynolds numbers ranging from 107 to 2.5 × 109. Sets of nine geometrically similar Cartesian grids are adopted to demonstrate that the numerical uncertainty of the finest grid predictions is negligible.

The profiles obtained numerically have relevance for the application of so‐called ‘wall function’ boundary conditions. Such wall functions refer to assumptions about the flow in the viscous sublayer and the ‘log law’ region. It turns out that these assumptions are not always satisfied by our results, which are obtained by computing the flow with full near‐wall resolution. In particular, the solution in the ‘log‐law’ region is dependent on the turbulence model and on the Reynolds number, which is a disconcerting result for those who apply wall functions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sprachliche Grenzgänge
Authors: Harnisch Rüdiger
Published: July 2009

Der „Eiserne Vorhang”︁ durchschnitt nicht nur die Heimat – im thüringisch‐bayerischen Raum verschob die Teilung auch die Dialekte der Menschen
„Mach's noch einmal, Nick!”︁
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: July 2009

Marine Science Center: Auf Europas größter Forschungsstation für Robben erkunden Zoologen die hoch entwickelten Sinneswelten von Seehunden – oft sogar vor den Augen begeisterter Zuschauer / Ein Ortstermin in Warnemünde
Nocturnal sleep duration and cognitive impairment in a population‐based study of older adults
Authors: Loerbroks Adrian , Debling Desiree , Amelang Manfred , Stürmer Til
Published: July 2009

Objective

We aimed to investigate the association between nocturnal sleep duration, changes in nocturnal sleep duration and cognitive impairment in older adults.

Methods

4010 participants of a population‐based cohort study provided information on nocturnal sleep duration at baseline (1991–1995) and at follow‐up (2002/2003). 792 follow‐up participants aged 70+ by 2006 participated in telephone‐based cognitive assessments. Several cognitive tests were used including the telephone interview for cognitive status (TICS). Cognitive impairment was defined as <31 points on the TICS (13.0%) and as below this percentile on the other tests. Based on individual tests, a verbal memory score and a total score were constructed. Multivariable prevalence ratios (PRs) of cognitive impairment and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were computed using Poisson regression. Analyses were restricted to those free of depression in 2002/2003 (n = 695).

Results

Sleeping ≤6 or 8 h per night (versus 7 h) were unrelated to cognitive impairment. Sleeping ≥9 h was positively, although imprecisely, associated with impairment of verbal memory (PR = 1.7, 95%CI = 1.0, 3.0), and less pronounced with the other cognitive measures. An increase in sleep duration from 7–8 h in 1992–1995 to ≥9 h 8.5 years later (versus sleeping 7–8 h at both time points) was associated with an increased prevalence of cognitive impairment according to the TICS (PR = 2.1, 95% = 1.0, 4.5) and the verbal memory score (PR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.0, 3.8).

Conclusions

Increases in sleep duration are associated with cognitive impairment. A biological explanation for this association is currently lacking. Increases in sleep duration could be a marker of cognitive deficits. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crossmodal influences in somatosensory cortex: Interaction of vision and touch
Authors: Dionne Jennifer K. , Meehan Sean K. , Legon Wynn , Staines W. Richard
Published: July 2009

Previous research has shown that information from one sensory modality has the potential to influence activity in a different modality, and these crossmodal interactions can occur early in the cortical sensory processing stream within sensory‐specific cortex. In addition, it has been shown that when sensory information is relevant to the performance of a task, there is an upregulation of sensory cortex. This study sought to investigate the effects of simultaneous bimodal (visual and vibrotactile) stimulation on the modulation of primary somatosensory cortex (SI), in the context of a delayed sensory‐to‐motor task when both stimuli are task‐relevant. It was hypothesized that the requirement to combine visual and vibrotactile stimuli would be associated with an increase in SI activity compared to vibrotactile stimuli alone. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed on healthy subjects using a 3T scanner. During the scanning session, subjects performed a sensory‐guided motor task while receiving visual, vibrotactile, or both types of stimuli. An event‐related design was used to examine cortical activity related to the stimulus onset and the motor response. A region of interest (ROI) analysis was performed on right SI and revealed an increase in percent blood oxygenation level dependent signal change in the bimodal (visual + tactile) task compared to the unimodal tasks. Results of the whole‐brain analysis revealed a common fronto‐parietal network that was active across both the bimodal and unimodal task conditions, suggesting that these regions are sensitive to the attentional and motor‐planning aspects of the task rather than the unimodal or bimodal nature of the stimuli. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alcohol consumption and body weight
Authors: French Michael T. , Norton Edward C. , Fang Hai , Maclean Johanna Catherine
Published: July 2009

The number of Americans who are overweight or obese has reached epidemic proportions. Elevated weight is associated with health problems and increased medical expenditures. This paper analyzes Waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions to investigate the role of alcohol consumption in weight gain. Alcohol is not only an addictive substance but also a high‐calorie beverage that can interfere with metabolic function and cognitive processes. Because men and women differ in the type and amount of alcohol they consume, in the biological effects they experience as a result of alcohol consumption, and in the consequences they face as a result of obesity, we expect our results to differ by gender. We use first‐difference models of body mass index (BMI) and alcohol consumption (frequency and intensity) to control for time‐invariant unobservable factors that may influence changes in both alcohol use and weight status. Increasing frequency and intensity of alcohol use is associated with statistically significant yet quantitatively small weight gain for men but not for women. Moreover, the first‐difference results are much smaller in magnitude and sometimes different in sign compared with the benchmark pooled cross‐sectional estimates. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three synchronous HPV‐associated squamous cell carcinomas of Waldeyer's ring: Case report and comparison with Slaughter's model of field cancerization
Authors: McGovern Susan L. , Williams Michelle D. , Weber Randal S. , Sabichi Anita , Chambers Mark S. , Martin Jack W. , Chao K. S. Clifford
Published: July 2009

Background.

Patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oropharynx have an 8% to 20% risk of a synchronous or metachronous second malignancy. The rate of synchronous lesions in human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive oropharyngeal cancers is unknown.

Methods.

We report the case of a 46‐year‐old man with 3 simultaneous primary malignancies of Waldeyer's ring: HPV‐positive SCC of both tonsils and the nasopharynx, with bilateral neck metastases.

Results.

The patient received induction chemotherapy followed by definitive radiotherapy and remains free of disease at 18 months.

Conclusion.

Comparison with the Slaughter model of field cancerization suggests that HPV‐positive SCC of the head and neck may have a distinct mechanism for the development of multifocal disease. Therefore, the emerging population of young patients with head and neck SCC with HPV‐positive cancers presents a new opportunity for understanding the molecular origins of synchronous tumors. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009