bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of adverse drug reactions associated with antihypertensive medicines at a university teaching hospital in New Delhi
Authors: Khurshid Fowad , Aqil Mohammed , Alam Mohammad Shamshir , Kapur Prem , Pillai Krishna K
Published: September 2012

Aim

To monitor the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) caused by antihypertensive medicines prescribed in a university teaching hospital.

Methods

The present work was an open, non-comparative, observational study conducted on hypertensive patients attending the Medicine OPD of Majeedia Hospital, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India by conducting patient interviews and recording the data on ADR monitoring form as recommended by Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), Government of India.

Results

A total of 21 adverse drug reactions were observed in 192 hypertensive patients. Incidence of adverse drug reactions was found to be higher in patients more than 40 years in age, and females experienced more ADRs (n = 14, 7.29%) than males, 7 (3.64%). Combination therapy was associated with more number of adverse drug reactions (66.7%) as against monotherapy (33.3%). Calcium channel blockers were found to be the most frequently associated drugs with adverse drug reactions (n = 7), followed by diuretics (n = 5), and β-blockers (n = 4). Among individual drugs, amlodipine was found to be the commonest drug associated with adverse drug reactions (n = 7), followed by torasemide (n = 3). Adverse drug reactions associated with central nervous system were found to be the most frequent (42.8%) followed by musculo-skeletal complaints (23.8%) and gastro-intestinal disorders (14.3%).

Conclusions

The present pharmacovigilance study represents the adverse drug reaction profile of the antihypertensive medicines prescribed in our university teaching hospital. The above findings would be useful for physicians in rational prescribing. Calcium channel blockers were found to be the most frequently associated drugs with adverse drug reactions.
Solutions are solutions, and gels are almost solutions
Authors: This Hervé
Published: September 2012

Molecular gastronomy is the scientific discipline that looks for mechanisms of phenomena occurring during dish preparation and consumption. Solutions are studied because most foods, being based on animal and plant tissues, are gels, with a liquid fraction and a continuous solid phase. This is why food can be studied in situ using liquid NMR spectroscopy in the frequency domain (isq NMR). Using such tools, processes of the kind F@M → F' @ M' (where F stands for the food matrix, M for its environment, and @ for inclusion) were investigated for various processes as classified using the complex disperse system/non-periodical organization of space formalism (“disperse systems formalism”, DSF). As an application of these studies, “note by note cuisine” was promoted as a new paradigm for culinary activities.
Boron and carbon: Antagonistic or complementary? Proposal for a simple prototype of a molecular clutch or molecular switch
Authors: Teixidor Francesc , Viñas Clara
Published: September 2012

Boron and carbon, either in elemental form or when combined, are structurally very different. They are indeed complementary, and the weaknesses of one can be complemented by the strengths of the other, and vice versa. The structural complementarity can be readily observed in the shape of [X
n
H
n
]
y– (X = C or B) compounds. One visualization of this complementarity can be found by comparing the most popular carbon and boron organometallic sandwich molecules, [Fe(C5H5)2] and [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]–. Both obey the 18e– rule, and in both the metal is η5 coordinated by two pentagonal faces. However, for [Fe(C5H5)2], the first ring of atoms outside the pentagonal face is coplanar with the coordinating face, whereas for [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]– the substituents are out of the coordinating face featuring a canopy shading the metal. Taking advantage of this feature, [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]– can be a well-performing molecular clutch electrochemically driven. When it is engaged, the beams of the upper [7,8-C2B9H11]2– ligand in [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]– mesh the beams of the lower [7,8-C2B9H11]2–. This occurs when the molecular friction disk, the Co, is as Co3+. When Co3+ is reduced to Co2+, its radius is elongated, and both sets of beams are unmeshed allowing for a more free rotation, or molecular clutch disengagement.
On the Competitive Effects of Bidding Syndicates
Authors: Mares Vlad , Shor Mikhael
Published: September 2012

Firms commonly form syndicates to bid jointly for financial assets. Recently, this practice has come under legal scrutiny motivated by models which suggest syndicates are anti-competitive. These models do not account for two important features of financial markets: bidders' value estimates are likely to be correlated, and complicated mechanisms known to be optimal in such settings are usually eschewed in favor of simpler auction formats. We show that these features make it possible for syndicate bidding to generate higher revenues for the auctioneer than bidding among independent firms, even when syndicates are asymmetric or lead to a highly concentrated market. This occurs because syndication can make the industry more suitable to the simple auction format in use. We identify conditions under which syndicates are pro-competitive and discuss the implications for antitrust.
Do Smart Growth Strategies Have a Role in Curbing Vehicle Miles Traveled? A Further Assessment Using Household Level Survey Data
Authors: Chattopadhyay Sudip , Taylor Emily
Published: September 2012

This paper draws on McFadden’s location choice theory and incorporates households’ residential choice decisions as a hierarchical process in a structural travel demand model. The paper argues that such an approach can effectively tackle the problems of self-selection and multicollinearity. Contrary to previous findings, empirical results based on OLS and 3SLS reveal that travel demand is highly elastic to certain smart-growth features, if they are measured at different spatial scales. The results are robust against alternative sequencing of the hierarchical choice process. An analysis of the quantitative impact of a change in the smart-growth and fuel-tax policies reveals significant returns under both policies. Finally, a simulation based on California suggests that smart growth policies substantially reduce household travel demand.
Paradoxical inhibition of cellular protein expression by proteasome inhibitors
Authors: Gartel Andrei L.
Published: September 2012

Proteasome inhibitors are used as anticancer drugs, however, the precise mechanisms of their selective activity against cancer cells are not understood well. While proteasome inhibitors stabilize the majority of cellular proteins through inhibition of proteasome activity, they also paradoxically downregulate several other proteins. We recently discovered that proteasome inhibitors suppress mRNA and protein expression of FOXM1, NPM, and ARF proteins that are involved in cancer. We postulated that proteasome inhibitors preferentially stabilize negative regulators of transcription of these genes, which overrides their protein stabilization. These data suggest a presence of multiple secondary mechanisms that may regulate transcription, degradation, or localization of cellular proteins after treatment with proteasome inhibitors. Future experiments will identify these mechanisms and additional proteins suppressed by proteasome inhibitors, and will help explain the role of protein suppression by proteasome inhibitors in their anticancer activity.
Southern expansion of the brown alga Colpomenia peregrina Sauvageau (Scytosiphonales) in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Green Lindsay A. , Mathieson Arthur C. , Neefus Christopher D. , Traggis Hannah M. , Dawes Clinton J.
Published: September 2012

Blackler first recorded Colpomenia peregrina in the Northwest Atlantic based on collections from Nova Scotia, Canada. Five decades later we found large quantities of C. peregrina in Maine, USA, even though it was absent during earlier floristic studies in this region. Thus, C. peregrina has undergone a rapid southern expansion along the Northwest Atlantic coast. While the causes of such an expansion are unknown, it could have a major effect on both shellfish cultivation and native seaweeds within New England because of competitive interactions and increased drag.
Both Symptom and Disease: Relating Medical Malpractice to Health-Care Costs
Authors: Sage William M.
Published: September 2012

Tort reformers blame the high cost of American health care on defensive responses to rampant medical malpractice litigation. Defenders of the tort system counter that holding health care providers liable for negligence improves safety and ensures compensation for injury. The relationship between medical malpractice and health care expenditures is more complex than either of these positions reflects. The existing medical malpractice system increases medical spending mainly because it has evolved in tandem with other inflationary features of the health care system and may make those features even more difficult to change. In other words, medical malpractice is both a symptom of a costly health care system and a costly disease in its own right.
Effects of climatic test parameters on acetic acid emission from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
Authors: Steckel Vera , Knöpfle Anna , Ohlmeyer Martin
Published: September 2012

Acetic acid (AA) emission from beech samples was studied in test chambers operated according to ISO 16000 part 9 and as a function of temperature and relative humidity (RH). The impact of RH was higher than that of temperature. AA emission was about 45% higher at 75% RH than under standard parameters (50% RH, 23°C). Probably, RH influences AA emission both by enhanced hydrolysis of acetyl groups, as well as by facilitating the release of AA into the surrounding air by diffusion. The concentration of AA in test chamber air was determined with thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) as well as with ion chromatography (IC). Both techniques provided similar results. The values measured by IC ranged constantly 15% below those obtained with TD-GC-MS. This can be ascribed to losses during sampling of test chamber air.
N-terminal acetylation of annexin A2 is required for S100A10 binding
Authors: Nazmi Ali Reza , Ozorowski Gabriel , Pejic Milena , Whitelegge Julian P. , Gerke Volker , Luecke Hartmut
Published: September 2012

Annexin A2 (AnxA2), a Ca2+-regulated phospholipid binding protein involved in membrane-cytoskeleton contacts and membrane transport, exists in two physical states, as a monomer or in a heterotetrameric complex mediated by S100A10. Formation of the AnxA2-S100A10 complex is of crucial regulatory importance because only the complex is firmly anchored in the plasma membrane, where it functions in the plasma membrane targeting/recruitment of certain ion channels and receptors. The S100A10 binding motif is located in the first 12 residues of the AnxA2 N-terminal domain, but conflicting reports exist as to the importance of N-terminal AnxA2 acetylation with regard to S100A10 binding. We show here that AnxA2 is subject to N-terminal modification when expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli. Met1 is removed and Ser2 is acetylated, yielding the same modification as the authentic mammalian protein. Bacterially expressed and N-terminally acetylated AnxA2 binds S100A10 with an affinity comparable to AnxA2 from porcine tissue and is capable of forming the AnxA2-S100A10 heterotetramer. Complex formation is competitively inhibited by acetylated but not by non-acetylated peptides covering the N-terminal AnxA2 sequence. These results demonstrate that N-terminal acetylation of AnxA2 is required for S100A10 binding and that this common eukaryotic modification is also obtained upon expression in bacteria.
Integration of cellular bioenergetics with mitochondrial quality control and autophagy
Authors: Hill Bradford G. , Benavides Gloria A. , Lancaster Jack R. , Ballinger Scott , Dell’Italia Lou , Zhang Jianhua , Darley-Usmar Victor M.
Published: September 2012

Bioenergetic dysfunction is emerging as a cornerstone for establishing a framework for understanding the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and neurodegeneration. Recent advances in cellular bioenergetics have shown that many cells maintain a substantial bioenergetic reserve capacity, which is a prospective index of ‘healthy’ mitochondrial populations. The bioenergetics of the cell are likely regulated by energy requirements and substrate availability. Additionally, the overall quality of the mitochondrial population and the relative abundance of mitochondria in cells and tissues also impinge on overall bioenergetic capacity and resistance to stress. Because mitochondria are susceptible to damage mediated by reactive oxygen/nitrogen and lipid species, maintaining a ‘healthy’ population of mitochondria through quality control mechanisms appears to be essential for cell survival under conditions of pathological stress. Accumulating evidence suggest that mitophagy is particularly important for preventing amplification of initial oxidative insults, which otherwise would further impair the respiratory chain or promote mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The processes underlying the regulation of mitophagy depend on several factors, including the integrity of mtDNA, electron transport chain activity, and the interaction and regulation of the autophagic machinery. The integration and interpretation of cellular bioenergetics in the context of mitochondrial quality control and genetics is the theme of this review.
Highlight: Membrane transport and beyond
Authors: Schneider Dirk , Schmitt Lutz
Published: September 2012

No abstract available.
Interim evaluation of the Tier 1 Program of Project P.A.T.H.S.: continuation of evidence
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Yu Lu , Chan Alex C.W.
Published: September 2012

An interim evaluation study was conducted to understand the implementation of the Tier 1 Program of Project P.A.T.H.S. (Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programmes) in the 2008/09 school year. One hundred and twenty-eight schools were randomly selected to provide information on the implementation details of the program via interviews, telephone interviews and self-completed questionnaires. Results showed that a majority of the workers perceived that the students had positive responses to the program and the program was helpful to the students. Program workers’ views toward the implementation of the Tier 1 Program were positive across different grades and program implementation modes. In conjunction with previous studies, the present findings suggest that the Tier 1 Program of Project P.A.T.H.S. is well received by different stakeholders.
Qualitative evaluation of Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong: focus groups based on Secondary 3 program implementers
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L.
Published: September 2012

Ten focus groups comprising 42 program implementers recruited from 10 schools were conducted to evaluate the Tier 1 Program (Secondary 3) of Project P.A.T.H.S. (Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programs) in the 2008/09 school year. Results showed that a majority of the program implementers used positive descriptors and metaphors to represent the program and they perceived that the program benefited the program participants in various psychosocial domains. In conjunction with the previous research findings, the present study provides further support for the effectiveness of the Tier 1 Program of Project P.A.T.H.S.
Collapse Detection and Avoidance for SIP
Architectures
Authors: Egger Christoph , Happenhofer Marco , Fabini Joachim , Reichl Peter
Published: September 2012

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) relies on timer-based message
retransmission for safeguarding reliable message transfer when deployed on top
of the unreliable User Datagram Protocol (UDP) over IP. In this paper we present
a detailed impact analysis of SIP timers onto the functionality of a system and
its capabilities to recover from overload situations. The results of our
event-based SIP simulations demonstrate that message retransmissions originating
from a minor short-term overload can force a system into a deterministic
congestion collapse when using default SIP timer settings. A recovery from this
severe system overload situation is highly difficult or impossible, even if the
system load is reduced substantially afterward. Our performance evaluation shows
that an increase of timer T1's value significantly enhances the stability,
robustness and the ability of systems to handle overload, whereas the resulting
increase of response times is relatively small and overall system responsiveness
can even improve in some cases. We propose an algorithm for implicit collapse
detection as solution for dynamic timer T1 optimization. Based on monitoring of
system load and pending transaction counts, our algorithm enables intermediate
SIP proxies to detect congestion in a very early phase, allowing them to
counteract in time, i.e., to modify timers and reject new system load in order
to prevent the system from collapse.
The effect of mechanical alloying on Al2O3 distribution and properties of Al2O3 particle reinforced Al-MMCs
Authors: Canakci Aykut , Varol Temel , Ertok Saban
Published: September 2012

The properties of particle-reinforced aluminum composites depend on the microstructure and evolved uniformity distribution of particles in the matrix. The distribution of Al2O3 particles in the matrix and microstructure properties of varying volume fraction of particles up to 15% Al2O3 particle-reinforced Al metal matrix composites produced by the mechanical alloying technique was investigated. Alloying was performed in a planetary ball mill using a milling time varying from 0 h to 7 h, a ball-to-powder ratio of 10:1, and a ball mill velocity of 400 rpm. The produced compositions were cold-pressed at 700 MPa with a single action and sintered at 600°C for 3 h under Argon gas atmosphere. The relative density (both pressed and sintered), porosity and hardness of composites were also examined. The results of mechanical alloying processing were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and laser particle size analyzer. SEM observations showed that relatively homogeneous distribution of Al2O3 reinforcement in the matrix could be obtained by mechanical alloying after 5 h. Moreover, the variation in hardness of the composites with alumina volume fraction and milling time was observed to be a strong function of the work hardening mechanism.
Experimental study of the impact behavior of laminated composites stricken by sharp impactors
Authors: Uyaner Mesut , Kara Memduh
Published: September 2012

In this study, the influence of the impactor shape on the dynamic response of E-glass/epoxy laminates was investigated. Composite samples were impacted using steel 90° and 120° conical, 24 mm and 12 mm in diameter hemispherical, pyramidal impactors via a specially developed drop weight test machine. The impact tests were performed at impactor mass (20 kg) for impact velocity (2.5 m/s). Plate specimens consisting of 18 plies for tests (180×50 mm) with a nominal thickness (7 mm) were used. Contact force-time and contact force-deflection data obtained from the experiments were interpreted. It was found that the contact force was smaller in the 90° conical impactor while it was bigger in the 24 mm hemispherical one. Absorbed energies were also investigated. The absorbed energy obtained for pyramidal impactor was greater than that of the others. Furthermore, overall damage areas caused by the impactor were evaluated.
Morphology and NMR Self-Diffusion in PBA/PEO Miktoarm Star Copolymers
Authors: Makrocka-Rydzyk Monika , Wegner Katarzyna , Szutkowski Kosma , Kozak Maciej , Jurga Stefan , Gao Haifeng , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: September 2012

Morphology and NMR self-diffusion of two miktoarm star copolymers differing in fraction of poly(n-butyl acrylate) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PBA and PEO) arms were under investigation. Structural characteristics of copolymers was obtained on the basis of Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) investigations. The phase separated nanoscale morphology of the miktoarm star copolymer with a high fraction of PEO arms was confirmed by Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) studies. The modified Avrami approach was used to obtain the information on the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of the studied systems. It was observed that the crystallization in the system with a higher content of PBA, occurring at higher undercooling, was characterized by a higher crystallization rate. It was also found that increase in PBA arms fraction leads to the reduction in the size of PEO domains. The activation energy of the crystallization process, estimated with Kissinger's method, is lower for miktoarm star copolymer with higher PBA content, which results from facilitation of the transport of PEO chains in the direction of the growing crystal due to the presence of mobile PBA arms. The self-diffusion studies of miktoarm star copolymers melts, carried out with the Pulsed-Gradient STimulated-Echo (PGSTE) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique, reveals the existence of at least two types of diffusion mechanisms in these systems.
Genetic and Genomic Toolbox of the Chordate Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Stolfi Alberto , Christiaen Lionel
Published: September 2012

The experimental malleability and unique phylogenetic position of the sea squirt Ciona intestinalis as part of the sister group to the vertebrates have helped establish these marine chordates as model organisms for the study of developmental genetics and evolution. Here we summarize the tools, techniques, and resources available to the Ciona geneticist, citing examples of studies that employed such strategies in the elucidation of gene function in Ciona. Genetic screens, germline transgenesis, electroporation of plasmid DNA, and microinjection of morpholinos are all routinely employed, and in the near future we expect these to be complemented by targeted mutagenesis, homologous recombination, and RNAi. The genomic resources available will continue to support the design and interpretation of genetic experiments and allow for increasingly sophisticated approaches on a high-throughput, whole-genome scale.
Adubação em "torrão paulista" de Eucalyptus Saligna SM
Authors: Guimarães Rubens Foot , Gomes Frederico Pimentel , Malavolta Euripedes
Published: September 2012

Num ensaio de adubação com N, P, K e estêrco (E) de mudas de eucalipto (Eucalyptus saligna Sm.) em "torrão paulista" nos viveiros da Cia. Paulista de Estrada de Ferro, em Rio Claro, SP, foi usado um delineamento fatorial de 3x3x3x2, com resultados estatisticamente significativos para N, P e estêrco. As alturas médias das mudas, em centímetros, 3(1/2) meses após a repicagem para os torrões, foram as seguintes. N0 42,4 ± 1,5 P0 56,4 ± 1,5 E0 54,9 ± 1,2 N1 62,8 ± 1,5 P1 58,4 ± 1,5 E1 64,0 ± 1,2 N2 73,2 ± 1,5 P2 63,6 ± 1,5 As médias de algumas combinações interessantes de tratamentos são dadas a seguir, em centímetros. N0PoK0Eo 41,3 ± 6,2 N2P2K0E1 83,0 ± 6,2 N2P0K0E0 59,6 ± 6,2 N2P2K2E1 87,4 ± 6,2 N2P2K0E0 64,0 ± 6,2
Determinação do zinco em vegetais pelo método do zincon
Authors: Pellegrino D.
Published: September 2012

Este trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo do método de separação do zinco dos outros elementos por meio de resina trocadora de ânions (III, Merck), e a sua determinação colorimétrica por meio do Zincon, em vegetais. Estudou-se particularmente: 1 - estabilidade do complexo; 2 - formação do complexo em diversos pH; 3 - a influencia da concentração de ácido clorídrico na adsorção do zinco pela resina; 4 - efeito do volume de KC1 e NaNO3 na eluição do zinco ; 5 - influência de outros íons; 6 - exatidão e precisão do método; 7 - estudo comparativo de três métodos de preparo do extrato de vegetais.
Filmes na formação de futuros professores: educar o olhar
Authors: Chaluh Laura Noemi
Published: September 2012

Neste artigo, trago parte de minha experiência como professora de futuros professores de Matemática quando ministrei a disciplina Didática, no ano de 2010. Socializo aqui algumas das práticas instituídas nesse contexto e que resgatam a potencialidade dos filmes e da escrita no processo formativo dos alunos. Problematizo a importância de "assistir juntos" a um filme, já que essa experiência estética possibilita promover o conhecimento, o sentimento e a ação. Trago a voz dos meus alunos, documentada nos registros semanais elaborados por eles, para dizer das "marcas" que os filmes deixaram no percurso formativo de cada um como futuros professores de Matemática. Ao resgatar essa prática, enfatizo a importância de "educar o olhar" na busca pela constituição de um professor comprometido com uma educação e uma sociedade mais justa e democrática.
Entre Viena e Londres: uma visita à casa de Sigmund Freud
Authors: Villari Rafael Andrés
Published: September 2012

O texto pretende - pela via da crônica-homenagem - retratar o contexto cultural e social de Viena e Londres - através da visão de Sigmund Freud - nos momentos que antecederam a Segunda Guerra Mundial para, a seguir, relatar os efeitos de uma visita ao - agora - Freud Museum.
Avaliação neuropsicológica nas epilepsias: importância para o conhecimento do cérebro
Authors: Mäder Maria Joana
Published: September 2012

A Neuropsicologia, como ciência, desenvolveu-se muito nas últimas décadas mas, só recentemente, vem atraindo a atenção dos psicólogos clínicos. O desafio do trabalho em equipe proporcionou novas áreas de atuação e abrindo perspectivas para psicólogos. O desenvolvimento da Neuropsicologia permitiu o avanço da Psicologia no trabalho junto às equipes de Neurologia. O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir os princípios básicos da atuação de psicólogos em Programas de Cirurgia de Epilepsia. Enfocamos principalmente os aspectos práticos da avaliação neuropsicológica a partir de 14 anos de experiência em pesquisas e atendimento clínico a pacientes com comprometimentos neurológicos.
Drogas e trabalho: uma proposta de intervenção nas organizações
Authors: Roberto Clarice Sampaio , Conte Marta , Mayer Rose Teresinha da Rocha , Torossian Sandra Djambolakdjian , Vianna Tatiane Reis
Published: September 2012

Neste artigo, trazemos à discussão uma proposta de abordagem ao uso de drogas (legais e ilegais) no local de trabalho. O relato da intervenção e das respectivas considerações partiu de uma assessoria prestada a uma empresa pública, de grande porte, que demandava um projeto terapêutico e preventivo para tratar do problema. Como resposta, foi desenvolvida uma política institucional específica, alicerçada no seguinte tripé: a implantação de uma rotina norteadora para a abordagem dos funcionários quanto ao uso de drogas no trabalho; o credenciamento de locais para tratamento e a criação de comitês, liderados por funcionários, que passaram a ser responsáveis pela condução do programa após o término do trabalho da assessoria. Ressaltamos a importância da participação do maior número possível de funcionários, principalmente daqueles com poder decisório para a sustentação e implementação de um Programa, bem como a necessidade de criar uma política que intervenha no instituído e que considere os âmbitos administrativo, operacional e de saúde. Assim, marca-se uma diferença em relação à forma como, até há poucos anos, vinha sendo tratado o problema, oscilando entre o descaso e a punição.
Simples como uma torradeira: um estudo sobre o computador no cotidiano da nova geração
Authors: Zaremba Raphael , Romão-Dias Daniela , Nicolaci-da-Costa Ana Maria
Published: September 2012

Com o objetivo de investigar a forma como crianças e adolescentes lidam com a inserção do computador e da Internet em seus cotidianos, foi realizado um estudo exploratório com sujeitos de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 10 a 15 anos. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário composto de perguntas abertas enviado por e-mail. Ao material coletado foi dado um tratamento qualitativo, através das técnicas de análise de discurso. Como principais resultados, destacaram-se a naturalidade com que crianças e adolescentes lidam com o computador, a importância que este desempenha em suas vidas escolares, o prazer presente na sua interação com a máquina e, principalmente, a aversão que eles têm a escrever à mão em oposição ao grande gosto que sentem por teclar.
Efeito de dinamizações de Arnica montana L. no metabolismo de chambá (Justicia pectoralis Jacq.)
Authors: Andrade F.M.C. , Casali V.W.D. , Cecon P.R.C.
Published: September 2012

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a resposta do crescimento e do metabolismo secundário de Justicia pectoralis, expresso em produção de cumarina, a crescentes dinamizações de A. montana. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Viçosa. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições e cinco tratamentos, totalizando 30 parcelas experimentais, sendo cada parcela constituída de uma planta por vaso. Os tratamentos foram as dinamizações 3CH, 30CH, 60CH, 100CH e 200CH do preparado homeopático A. montana. Os tratamentos foram aplicados às plantas via pulverização, em intervalos semanais, iniciando logo após o plantio. Após quatro meses do plantio as plantas foram colhidas. As características de crescimento avaliadas foram matérias fresca e seca de folhas e caules, matérias fresca e seca de inflorescências e matérias fresca e seca total. No estudo fitoquímico foi avaliada a produção da cumarina (1-2 benzopirona). Não houve resposta nas variáveis de crescimento aos tratamentos. As dinamizações de A. montana causaram alterações no metabolismo secundário das plantas. Os conteúdos de cumarina das plantas com A. montana 3CH e 30CH foram próximos e mais baixos, aumentando progressivamente a partir de 60CH, chegando ao máximo em 100CH, seguido de redução em 200CH. A preparação homeopática A. montana causa alterações no metabolismo secundário de chambá, sendo as repostas dependentes da dinamização.
Efeito de sistemas de consórcio e inseticida na formação dos estômatos em plântulas de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)
Authors: Azevedo C.F. , Bruno R.L.A. , Quirino Z.G.M. , Rego E.R. , Gomes K.R. , Bezerra A.K.D.
Published: September 2012

Foeniculum vulgare Mill., pertencente à família Apiacea, é conhecida como erva-doce e apresenta grande importância medicinal e comercial, tanto no Brasil como em vários outros países. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa, estudar o desenvolvimento dos estômatos em plântulas de F. vulgare oriundas de sementes produzidas em sistemas de consórcio erva-doce X algodão e com aplicação do inseticida monocrotofós. A erva-doce foi cultivada em consórcio com algodão colorido cultivar BRS Safira, sendo utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: 1A2E, uma fileira de algodão e duas de erva-doce; 2A1E, duas fileiras de algodão e uma de erva-doce; ES, erva-doce solteira; onde foram distribuídos com e sem aplicação de inseticida, totalizando seis tratamentos. As sementes colhidas foram semeadas em areia e mantidas em casa de vegetação por 25 dias. Partes das plântulas (zona de transição, caule, cotilédones e folhas) foram seccionadas à mão livre, coradas e montadas em lâminas com glicerina para observação em microscópio. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: número de estômatos, diâmetro polar e equatorial dos estômatos e número de cloroplastos nas células-guarda. Os dados foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 3X2; sendo realizado teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Na zona de transição e no caule observou-se aumento do número e do diâmetro polar dos estômatos quando foram utilizados sistemas de consórcio. Nos cotilédones, a erva-doce solteira proporcionou maior número de estômatos, porém com menor diâmetro e com menor quantidade de cloroplastos. Já na folha, os consórcios influenciaram positivamente o número de estômatos e de cloroplastos. De forma geral, os sistemas de consórcio e o inseticida influenciaram positivamente o desenvolvimento dos estômatos das plântulas de erva-doce.
Óleo essencial de Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. sobre o potencial fisiológico de sementes de feijão caupi
Authors: Xavier M.V.A. , Brito S.S.S. , Oliveira C.R.F. , Matos C.H.C. , Pinto M.A.D.S.C.
Published: September 2012

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito alelopático do óleo essencial de plantas de carqueja, Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., sobre a germinação de sementes de feijão Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Foi avaliado o efeito do óleo essencial de B. trimera sobre V. unguiculata nas dosagens 20 μL, 15 μL, 10 μL, 5 μL e testemunha. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi determinada pela porcentagem de emergência, velocidade de emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 com cinco repetições. Não foi observado efeito inibidor do óleo essencial de B. trimera na germinação de sementes de feijão caupi, caracterizando-se como de efeito alelopático benéfico. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o óleo essencial de B. trimera revelou-se eficiente na manutenção da viabilidade dessas sementes.
Social Care in Older People’s Services—Facilitating the Flexible Use of Resources
Authors: Sutcliffe Caroline , Hughes Jane , Xie Chengqiu , Chester Helen , Challis David
Published: September 2012

Personal budgets in social care are a mechanism for the allocation of resources for care that permits users’ greater choice and flexibility. This study was designed to explore developments in care coordination arrangements by examining the flexible use of resources. Two national surveys identified agencies with such arrangements in older people’s services in advance of this agenda, described here as innovative authorities. Telephone interviews with their representatives explored salient factors in the development, focus, and operation of personal budgets. Carers were the main recipients, and there was also evidence of more appropriate use of resources structured around service users’ needs. Implementation of personal budgets requires authorities to be more creative and flexible in respect of internally held budgets to meet the needs and wishes of older service users. This study provides evidence that some of these requirements have already been adopted by a few agencies.
Sociology's Lost Human Relations Area Files
Authors: Turner Jonathan H. , Maryanski Alexandra R.
Published: September 2012

This article examines sociology's first human relations area files. These files were developed by Herbert Spencer, an unfairly maligned figure in the history of sociology. The point of this historical exercise, however, is not so much to praise Spencer as to conduct a hypothetical exercise: What if Spencer's files had been taken more seriously? In performing this exercise, we can learn a great deal about both sociology and anthropology. Indeed, we can see that sociology and anthropology would be far more interesting disciplines if they followed Spencer's lead in collecting and cataloguing cross-cultural and historical data in ways that would facilitate theorizing.
Habit, Emotion, and Self-Conscious Action
Authors: Baldwin John D.
Published: September 2012

Modern sociological theory tends to be overly cognitive, underemphasizing both habit and emotions. During the past decade, the increased attention to the sociology of emotions has helped partially to correct for some of the problems created by overly cognitive theories. More recent attention is focusing on habitual activities. Although several classic theorists dealt with habit, the concept was dropped from modern sociological theories, beginning some seventy years ago. The present article extends the research on the removal of the concept of habit from sociological theory by evaluating the treatment of habit by George Herbert Mead and symbolic interactionists. Although Mead's theory integrated habit with cognitive and emotional processes, most symbolic interactionists have taken an overly cognitive position that neglects habit. The sharp contrast between the two positions adds to the documentation that sociology has drifted toward highly cognitive theories in the past half century. Mead's theory shows that it is not necessary for sociology to neglect habit or emotion and that it is possible to integrate habit, emotions, and self-conscious action in one internally consistent theory.
A Structural Approach to Sexual Attitudes
Authors: Howard Judith A.
Published: September 2012

This article evaluates the utility of cultural and structural perspectives in accounting for interracial patterns in sexual values and attitudes, as reflected in anticipated responses to and definitions of both consensual and nonconsensual sexual behavior, drawn from interviews with 932 adolescents. There were no racial differences in attitudes toward rape or toward male-female relationships. The responses of black and white women to a “classic rape” were very similar, while differences were found in responses to a less stereotypic nonconsensual sexual assault and to a consensual sexual incident. Blacks anticipated more negative reactions from the police and expressed greater distrust of other institutional agencies than did whites. Accordingly, black women were more likely to anticipate turning to their parents or other family members for support. The results are interpreted as supportive of a structural perspective.
Introduction
Authors: Harvey David L.
Published: September 2012

This paper introduces the reader to this special issue. It briefly outlines some of the predicaments faced by those who practice critical theory in a social scientific context. It argues that the essence of critical theory lies in its method, and, in a stylized account, describes how that method works. The paper closes with a discussion of some of the pitfalls which critical theory encounters in its evolving dialogue with sociology.
Critical Theory and the Crisis of Social Theory
Authors: Kellner Douglas
Published: September 2012

In this article I argue that the critical theory developed by the so-called Frankfurt School provides both a model for radical social theory and important perspectives on contemporary society. I provide some historical background on the origins of critical theory and then explicate the method and project through a close reading of key methodological texts by Horkheimer. I then examine the substantive contributions to contemporary social theory in the critical theory tradition and argue that they constituted the cutting edge of radical social theory from the 1940s through the 1960s. Yet critical theory failed to develop as social theory thereafter, focusing instead on philosophy and cultural critique. It has been postmodern theory which has attempted to articulate the current trends and new social conditions in contemporary society. Consequently, if critical theory is to once again become the avant-garde of social theory, it must be reconstructed in the present age in the light of the postmodern critique and theory. I conclude by indicating some reasons why I believe that a reconstructed critical theory can indeed restore the tradition to the forefront of contemporary social theory and thus call for a revitalization of the tradition.
Family Strategies in a Subsistence Economy: Beech Creek, Kentucky, 1850–1942
Authors: Billings Dwight B. , Blee Kathleen M.
Published: September 2012

In this study of landownership, life-cycle effects, and household composition in a rural Appalachian community, we examine the nature of family strategies in a subsistence-oriented economy. Baseline ethnographic data from 1942 are linked through genealogical information to data on households from the manuscript agricultural and population censuses of 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, and 1910. The great variability in household composition over this period indicates the necessity of observing household arrangements at many points in time. In 1880 and 1900 there was a relationship between landownership and household composition, controlling for age of the head of household, with young owners twice as likely to head complex households as young nonowners. This suggests that the family strategy of bringing additional kin into the household—usually as farm laborers—was a privilege of property ownership. Data on surplus food production show that this strategy of family extension primarily represented a way to stave off economic disaster rather than a response to increased economic opportunity. In addition, strong family group networks, observed in the 1942 ethnography, provided another survival strategy, making possible the reproduction of marginal and below-subsistence-producing farms through interhousehold economic cooperation.
The Ethnic Context of Mexican American Fertility
Authors: Abma Joyce C. , Krivo Lauren J.
Published: September 2012

Although researchers have tried to explain the relatively high fertility of Mexican Americans with both individual and contextual ethnic characteristics, evidence for the effects of contextual factors has been more consistent. Still, the means by which ethnic context influences fertility is unclear. In this paper, we seek to further clarify the ways in which the ethnic context affects Mexican American fertility by incorporating several specific contextual measures into analyses of recent births. In addition to the relative size of the Mexican American population, we include an index comprised of several indicators of the cultural environment which may foster high fertility. We alternatively test the ratio of Hispanic-to-white female unemployment as an indicator of local limitations in economic opportunities. Analyses of 1980 census data provide little support for a cultural-contextual explanation of fertility, but some support for the notion that the local context affects fertility through limiting economic opportunities.
Ethnic Enclaves and Middleman Minorities
Authors: Cobas José A.
Published: September 2012

Two strategies or modes of immigrant adaptation, ethnic enclaves and middleman minorities, have been treated in the literature as if they were disjointed and discordant. Using data collected in a survey of Cuban exiles in Puerto Rico, this article examines expectations from both modes and concludes that a course of action different from that followed in the literature seems to be more fruitful.
A Look at Intermarriage among the Chinese in the United States in 1980
Authors: Wong Morrison G.
Published: September 2012

Unbeknownst to many, intermarriage among the Chinese—that is, marriages between Chinese and non–Chinese—and especially marriages between Chinese and whites, once considered taboo, is on the rise. Currently, 31.5% of all Chinese marriages involve non–Chinese. Moreover, 22% of all Chinese marriages involve white partners. Two major questions are addressed in this study: (1) What are the major patterns of Chinese intermarriage in the United States? and (2) What factors are involved in the prevalence of intermarriage among the Chinese? The 1980 U.S. Census Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) five percent A sample was used to answer these two questions. Patterns of Chinese intermarriage are discussed. The effects of general status, residence, socioeconomic status, and acculturation on Chinese intermarriage were examined.
Consumer Cooperatives and Worker Collectives
Authors: Sommer Robert , Schlanger Deborah , Hackman Robert , Smith Steven
Published: September 2012

Motives and demographic characteristics of members of democratically controlled businesses in northern California and Oregon are described. Participants are young, well-educated, and low to middle income. Compared to private firms offering similar goods or services, members perceive co-ops and collectives as superior in social atmosphere, price, learning opportunities, quality of goods and services, and honest merchandising; as less satisfactory in amount of time devoted to membership obligations. The collectives are more committed to social objectives than are the consumer cooperatives. There is little overlap among the motives or the membership in the two organizational formats. Implications of the diverse motives and membership for the spread of the cooperative movement are discussed.
Accounting for Occupational and Organizational Commitment
Authors: Snizek William E. , Little Robert E.
Published: September 2012

Using longitudinal data collected from a subsample (N = 92) of subjects surveyed five years earlier by Shoemaker et al. (1977), the present study assesses the relative utility of two distinctly different approaches to the study of occupational and organizational commitment. The first is the structural investments or side-bet approach made famous by Becker (1960); the second, the attitudinal or social psychological perspective used by Ritzer and Trice (1969), among others. Based on regression analyses of data, for the two time periods studied and for changes across time, structural variables appear to be slightly better predictors of commitment than do attitudinal variables. Of particular note, however, are the changes in predictive power of each approach, relative to both occupational and organizational commitment, when comparing two distinct stages in the worker career of employees represented by the five-year span of the study.
Economic Survival
Authors: Wong Morrison G.
Published: September 2012

The 1976 Survey of Income and Education Public Use tapes have been used to elaborate and extend previous studies on the elderly Asians in the United States and to suggest implications for public policy regarding this group. An analysis of specific demographic, socioeconomic, and housing characteristics of the elderly Asian population (separately for the Chinese, Japanese, and Filipinos) in 1976 is reported. A sample of elderly Anglos has been used as a comparison group. More detailed and in depth analyses are reported on the sources, benefits, and amount of income or earnings received by the elderly Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino population in the United States in 1976. It is concluded that although the elderly of all ethnic groups are socially and economically disadvantaged compared to the general population, the Asian elderly, particularly the elderly Chinese and Filipinos, suffer greater disadvantages than the elderly Anglos. Policy recommendations are suggested.
Contact, Support, and Friction
Authors: Leffler Ann , Krannich Richard S. , Gillespie Dair L.
Published: September 2012

The networks literature has been bedeviled by an assumption that networks convey supportiveness to the exclusion of conflict. In this article, we discuss a method for distinguishing conflict, support, and simple contact network linkages in surveys. We then describe the results of applying this procedure to a random sample of households in several rural areas. We find that conflict does permeate personal relations. We also find that ego's and alters' genders affect the extent and type of frictions that engage them. We conclude by discussing implications of the findings for particular lines of research on stress and on community.
Why Regular Gamblers Don't Quit
Authors: Rosecrance John
Published: September 2012

This article examines the phenomenon of persistence at gambling by relating regular participation to the social structure in which that behavior occurs. Using qualitative data developed during a study of three naturally occurring gambling groups and implicit knowledge drawn from 28 years of personal experience, I apply sociological perspectives to a subject that traditionally has been examined from either an economic or a psychological viewpoint. An analysis of the data revealed that a significant sustaining mechanism of gambling persistence could be located in the binding social arrangements that have developed among the players. A delineation of these arrangements provides a basis for comprehending regular gamblers' commitment to maintain participation in the social world of gambling, despite financial loss. An awareness of the social rewards derived from sustained gambling is essential in developing an understanding of the root causes of excessive gambling.