bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Patent Law Technology-Specific?
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Patent law has a general set of legal rules to govern the validity andinfringement of patents in a wide variety of technologies. With a very fewexceptions, the statute does not distinguish between different technologiesin setting and applying legal standards. In theory, then, we have a unifiedpatent system that provides technology-neutral protection to all kinds oftechnologies.Of late, however, we have noticed an increasing divergence between therules themselves and the application of the rules to different industries.The best examples are biotechnology and computer software. In biotechnologycases, the Federal Circuit has bent over backwards to find biotechnologicalinventions nonobvious, even if the prior art demonstrates a clear plan forproducing the invention. On the other hand, the court has imposed stringentenablement and written description requirements on biotechnology patentsthat do not show up in other disciplines. In computer software cases, thesituation is reversed. The Federal Circuit has essentially excused softwareinventions from compliance with the enablement and best mode requirements,but has done so in a way that raises serious questions about howstringently it will read the nonobviousness requirements. As a practicalmatter, it appears that while patent law is technology-neutral in theory,it is technology-specific in application.The paper explains how the application of the same general legal standardscan lead to such different results in diverse industries. Much of thevariance in patent standards is attributable to the use of a legalconstruct, the "person having ordinary skill in the art" (PHOSITA), todetermine obviousness and enablement. The more skill those in the art have,the less information an applicant has to disclose in order to meet theenablement requirement - but the harder it is to meet the nonobviousnessrequirement. The level of skill in the art affects not just patentvalidity, but also patent scope.We do not challenge the idea that the standards in each industry shouldvary with the level of skill in that industry. We think the use of thePHOSITA provides needed flexibility for patent law, permitting it to adaptto new technologies without losing its essential character. We fear,however, that the Federal Circuit has not applied that standard properly ineither the biotechnology or computer software fields. The court has aperception of both fields that was set in earlier cases but which does notreflect the modern realities of either industry. The changes in an industryover time present significant structural problems for patent law, bothbecause law is necessarily backward-looking and precedent-bound and becauseapplying different standards to similar inventions raises concerns abouthorizontal equity. Nonetheless, we believe the courts must take more carethan they currently do to ensure that their assessments of patent validityare rooted in understandings of the technology that were accurate at thetime the invention was made.
Indigenous residential segregation in towns and cities, 1976–2016
Authors: Markham Francis , Biddle Nicholas
Published: July 2018

Indigenous people tend to live in different parts of Australian towns and cities than the non-Indigenous population. This is due to a combination of historic and contemporary government policies, the agency of Indigenous people, and the constraints placed on residential location by the interaction of the housing and labour markets. This study traces the trajectory of Indigenous residential segregation in 60 Australian towns and cities, using census data from 1976 to 2016. Segregation is measured using the index of dissimilarity and the threshold method. Indigenous residential segregation has been declining steadily since 1976 nationally. However, there has been a great deal of variation in segregation trajectories among towns and cities. In Sydney and Melbourne, segregation remained relatively high over the study period. The level of segregation in 1976 appears to be related to the geographical remoteness of the town, with remote towns generally having lower levels of segregation in 1976. Segregation has been decreasing most rapidly in regional towns in New South Wales and Queensland. Finally, this study has found a long-run increase in the proportion of Indigenous residents living in highly Indigenous neighbourhoods, consistent with the increasingly close settlement of Indigenous people in Australian towns and cities. This trend is at odds with the apparent decrease in segregation found when segregation is measured using the index of dissimilarity. Detailed case studies may be required that examine how concrete historical geographies and policy legacies combine with contemporary housing markets to produce the configuration of segregation that we see today.
Canadian Strategic Culture from Confederation to Trump
Authors: Vucetic Srdjan
Published: July 2018

Historically, Canada has had three strategic cultures: imperialism, continentalism, and Atlanticism. In analyzing their content, co-existence and competition, we shed light on the evolution of Canadian defence policy and on its putative peculiarities. We also consider Canadian strategic culture orientations in the current Asia-Pacific century.
The Origins Of Language
Authors: Fernández Alejandro
Published: July 2018

The origins of language are reviewed from the perspectives of phonology, phonotactics and information content. A few well-defined evolutionary steps (or language eras) are proposed: monosyllabic words with a single consonant, monosyllabic words with two consonants, monosyllabic words with vowelsand finally polysyllabic words. The available evidence for this evolutionary path is reviewed from several perspectives, including comparative linguistics, paleoanthropology and genetics. A number of alternative evolutionary paths in the literature are also discussed. Finally, two artificial languages are proposed to illustrate the expressive power of the earliest language eras: Singlecon and Doublecon.
Academic performance of students at the Federal University of Minas Gerais: An analysis of the socio-racial bonus policy
Authors: Golgher André B. , Amaral Ernesto F. L. , Neves Alan Vítor Coelho
Published: July 2018

Title in Portuguese: Desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes da UFMG: Uma análise da política de bônus sociorracialAbstract: This paper analyzes the academic performance of students of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil, in order to observe differences in academic performance between students who received and who did not receive the socio-racial bonus at the entrance exam of the institution. The database with students’ socioeconomic information comes from the admission exam’s permanent review committee (“Comissão Permanente do Vestibular” – COPEVE) at UFMG. The database with information about academic performance of students was provided by the department of registry and academic control (Departamento de Registro e Controle Acadêmico – DRCA). These data were aggregated for this study. The results suggest that the academic performance is similar between students who received and who did not receive the socio-racial bonus in most comparisons. That is, this affirmative action policy seems to ban an effective one in order to promote social inclusion with academic excellence. This is an important analysis to be developed at this moment of implementation of the 2012 quota law by the Federal Government (Law #12,711).Resumo: Este trabalho faz uma análise do desempenho acadêmico de estudantes da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) com o objetivo principal de verificar se há diferenças de desempenho significativas entre estudantes que receberam e não receberam o bônus sociorracial no vestibular da instituição em 2009 e 2010. O banco de dados com informações socioeconômicas dos estudantes é proveniente da Comissão Permanente do Vestibular (COPEVE) da UFMG. O banco de dados com informações sobre desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes foi disponibilizado pelo Departamento de Registro e Controle Acadêmico (DRCA) da universidade. Estes dados foram agregados para a realização deste estudo. Os resultados sugerem que o desempenho escolar entre bonistas e não bonistas é similar na grande maioria das comparações. Ou seja, a política de bônus sociorracial, implementada durante alguns anos na UFMG, não promoveu a entrada de estudantes com baixo potencial acadêmico, sendo, portanto, uma política eficaz de inclusão social sem danos para a excelência acadêmica da universidade. Esta análise é importante de ser realizada neste momento de implementação da lei de cotas de 2012 do Governo Federal (Lei nº 12.711).
The Konar Sandal 'Geometric' inscriptions: a graphotactic analysis
Authors: Kervran Matthieu
Published: July 2018

An analysis of the distributional properties of the signs in the Konar Sandal 'Geometric' inscriptions (3rd millenium B.C.E.) suggests that they may in fact be musical scores.
Graphical representations of international and interdisciplinary links in science
Authors: Hillmert Steffen
Published: July 2018

Patterns of connectedness in science among national contexts and scientific disciplines are described in the form of illustrative diagrams. The analyses are based on large-scale citation data covering the historical period between 1985 and 2012. Global illustrations as well as some more differentiated trends are presented for both international and interdisciplinary links. Such graphical illustrations may not only help to better understand patterns of information exchange in science but also promote attention for the field of scientometrics.
BOOSTING TOURISM IN MUMBAI COASTAL REGION: A SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY
Authors: pimpale vinita
Published: July 2018

Abstract Coastal tourism and recreation are important parts of the largest and most rapidly growing activity in the world--- international tourism. Tourism and recreation-related development is one of the major factors shaping development patterns in the coastal zones of India. Hence, any analysis of India’s interests in coasts and oceans must take account of its interrelated activities. Government at all levels must assume appropriate proactive roles to shape and guide coastal tourism development. This paper reviews the importance of coastal tourism and recreation to India and its citizens and identifies gaps where action is needed.
Rush to Judgment? Trial Length and Outcomes in Patent Cases
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

We conduct a comprehensive study of all patent trials over the past elevenyears. We find that juries are more favorable to patentees than judges,that (to our surprise) the length of a trial has no effect on its outcome,and that there are surprisingly modest differences between patentee winrates in favored jurisdictions like Delaware and the Eastern District ofTexas.
INTEGRATION OF BUSINESS PROCESS MODELING IN PLANNING A GRADUATE PROGRAM IN DATA ANALYTICS
Authors: Smith Jesse , Stapleton Ann E. , Canel Cem
Published: July 2018

The need for business process modeling in higher education is increasing as the complexity of degree programs grows to accommodate new fields in the business market. This is evidenced in the field of data analytics, which is interdisciplinary in nature and severely lacking in professional talent. This paper explores the T-shaped skills desired by businesses seeking graduates with an analytics degree and the challenges Universities face when developing interdisciplinary programs. We apply business process modeling in a University setting by mapping out the current processes involved with starting and sustaining a new graduate degree program. Through this approach, a roadmap is developed as a tool for University domain experts, which highlights areas of inefficiency that can be further streamlined to allow improved flexibility and evaluation of all graduate programs.
Testing the untestable: The CJEU’s decision in Case C-473/16, F v Bevándorlási és Állampolgársági Hivatal
Authors: Ferreira Nuno , Venturi Denise
Published: July 2018

Commentary on judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union on case F v Bevándorlási és Állampolgársági Hivatal, relating to credibility assessment and means of evidence in asylum cases involving sexual orientation.
AN OPEN SCIENCE ‘STATE OF THE ART’ FOR HONG KONG: MAKING OPEN RESEARCH DATA AVAILABLE TO SUPPORT HONG KONG’S INNOVATION POLICY
Authors: Sharif Naubahar , Ritter Waltraut , Davidson Rob , Edmunds Scott C
Published: July 2018

Pre-print surveying policies and open science practices in Hong Kong, hopefully providing lessons on how best to make open research data available, and how that will support Hong Kong's innovation policy.
"Case Study 7.2 Data to Bring Justice: Addressing Disparities in the Criminal Justice System"
Authors: Oliver Pamela Elaine
Published: July 2018

Pamela Oliver "Case Study 7.2 Data to Bring Justice: Addressing Disparities in the Criminal Justice System" Preprint of chapter in Philip Nyden. Leslie Hossfelt, and Gwen Nyden (eds.) 2011 Public Sociology: Research Action and Change. Pine Forge Press. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/public-sociology/book234763 This is a case study of my racial disparities work that overlaps somewhat with other presentations I have made of the same material. My work has involved doing descriptive statistical analyses of racial patterns of imprisonment and making public presentations on these patterns, as participating in many meetings of boards and committees working on these issues. Part 1 of this article describes the background of my work and how I got involved, partly through connections with community groups and partly through luck. Part 2 describes my public engagement, including giving talks and participating in many meetings as well as doing analyses at the request of community groups. Part 3 is reflections on the differences and tensions between public and professional sociology.
Older adults and mobile technology: Factors that enhance and inhibit utilization in the context of behavioral health
Authors: Kuerbis Alexis , Mulliken Adina , Muench Frederick , Moore Alison A. , Gardner Daniel
Published: July 2018

While numbers and proportions of older adults with behavioral health issues are expected to substantially increase, there is also a widening gap in available services for older adults. Mobile health interventions (mhealth) are a way to address existing barriers to treatment, provide frontline assessment and increase access to services for older adults. Due to perpetuated stereotypes, many assume that older adults do not utilize mobile technology nor will they accept a mHealth intervention. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize contemporary literature from information technology and healthcare regarding: (1) current mobile technology utilization by older adults, particularly in regards to health; (2) factors affecting older adult motivation to engage with mobile technology; and (3) older adult preferences for interacting with mobile technology. Findings reveal that significant proportions of older adults: already utilize mobile technology; are willing to engage in existing mobile interventions for health reasons; and have positive attitudes overall towards mobile technology. Finally, recommendations for optimizing mobile interventions to better suit older adults with behavioral health problems are reviewed.
An Unusual Power: Scientific Revolution
Authors: Wilkin Stanley
Published: July 2018

The actual nature of the scientific revolution from the 16th and 17th centuries in relation to the medical profession.
Baldermath: A design-based research approach to developing a game for student work analysis, NCTM conference 2017
Authors: Thompson Meredith , Reich Justin , Pershan Michael
Published: July 2018

Games can help teachers develop and practice important skills. We examined the question of how might we design a game to initiate high quality student work analysis?
The Modern Lanham Act and the Death of Common Sense
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Trademark law has expanded dramatically in the last fifty years, with anumber of trends combining to give trademark owners something they havenever had before -- protection of marks akin to the protection given realproperty. Professor Lemley evaluates these changes, and suggests that theyare not supported by the economic learning on the functions of trademarksand advertising. He argues that many of these legal developments areunwarranted, particularly the cases which give trademark owners power toprevent political and social commentary, or to own the trademark as a thingin itself.
日本人は妊娠・出産の知識レベルが低いのか?: 少子化社会対策大綱の根拠の検討
Authors: Tanaka Sigeto
Published: July 2018

2015年3月20日に閣議決定された「少子化社会対策大綱」は、「きめ細かな少子化対策の推進」として「妊娠や出産などに関する医学的・科学的に正しい知識」を普及させるという課題を掲げている。学校教育については特に「正しい知識を教材に盛り込む」と明記しており、これが文部科学省作成の高校保健・副教材『健康な生活を送るために（平成二七年度版）』に「妊娠のしやすさ」の項目などを入れる根拠となった。大綱の数値目標を設定する「別添2」資料によれば、「妊娠・出産に関する医学的・科学的に正しい知識についての理解の割合」が2009年には34％であったものを2020年までに70％まで引き上げる、という。この「妊娠・出産に関する医学的・科学的に正しい知識についての理解の割合」とはいったい何か。本稿ではその正体を具体的に追究する。
Constructing the Boundaries of US Citizenship in the Era of Enforcement and Securitization
Authors: Aptekar Sofya
Published: July 2018

In this book chapter, I argue that criminalization and enforcementprerogatives of US immigration system, within a context of neoliberalism andsecuritization more generally, pervade the naturalization process. Theacquisition of US citizenship is a site of state control and surveillance,predicated on practices of exclusion and adjudication of deservingness. Atthe same time, naturalization of immigrants serves a key role inconstructing nationalist narratives of exceptionality. The chapter includesanalysis of politics around citizenship tests, as well as an examination ofthe discursive uses of immigrant veterans to buttress exceptionality claimsthat belie realities of vulnerability and exploitation.
The Anglosphere beyond Security
Authors: Vucetic Srdjan
Published: July 2018

Contemporary Anglospherism draws much of its inspiration from the existence of the Anglosphere in security—a convenient shorthand for the deep and durable networks of defence and security cooperation and collaboration between individual and institution actors situated in select English-speaking nations. These two projects are in fact historically co-constituted.
The Meaning of Indeterminacy: Noise Music as Performance
Authors: Klett Joseph , Gerber Alison
Published: July 2018

Klett, Joseph and Alison Gerber. 2014. “The Meaning of Indeterminacy: Noise Music as Performance.” Cultural Sociology 8(3):275–90.
Patent Licensing, Technology Transfer, & Innovation
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Traditional justifications for patents are all based on direct or indirectcontribution to the creation of new products. Patents serve the socialinterest if they provide not just invention, but innovation the world wouldnot otherwise have. Non-practicing entities (NPEs) as well asproduct-producing companies can sometimes provide such innovation, eitherdirectly, through working the patent or transfer of technology to otherswho do, or indirectly, when others copy the patented innovation. Theavailable evidence suggests, however, that patent licensing demands andlawsuits from NPEs are normally not cases that involve any of theseactivities.Some scholars have argued that patents can be valuable even withouttechnology transfer because the ability to exclude others from the marketmay drive commercialization that would not otherwise occur. We demonstratethat even if various commercialization theories can sometimes justifypatent protection, they cannot justify most NPE lawsuits or licensingdemands.
What is a 'Real' Transaction? Infrastructures, relations and Spoofing in High-Frequency Trading
Authors: Pardo Guerra Juan Pablo
Published: July 2018

Although an old and rare practice, spoofing has re-emerged as a subject ofintense debate within modern financial markets. An activity entailing thefraudulent creation of orders to buy and sell securities with the purposeof manipulating the market, spoofing highlights the multiple and complexmoral valences of contemporary, automated, finance. In this paper, I studyspoofing as an opportunity to understand markets and their relations ofexchange. In particular, by extending Weberian metaphors of markets asmoral and organizational communities, I examine how the courts and marketparticipants distinguish the ‘false’ transactions of spoofing from the‘real’ exchanges of 'normal' market behavior. Combining Marilyn Strathern’stheoretical discussion of the anthropological relation with recentliteratures on infrastructures and markets, I argue that the perceivedreality of transactions is a product of how novel forms of economicknowledge are able to make sense of ‘taken for granted’ behavioral patternswithin digital platforms of market action. The intent that constitutes‘real’ trades is therefore a product of how market participants, economicexperts and the courts interpret the operational underbelly of markets andthe relations that they produce.
Pierre Bourdieu; Menyikap Kuasa Simbol
Authors: Umanailo M. Chairul Basrun
Published: July 2018

Pada umumnya kalangan akademisi, peneliti hingga mahasiswa Sosiologi cukup Familiar dengan nama seorang “strukturalisme konstruktivis” asal Prancis yang bernama Pierre Bourdiue, yang dikenal lewat konsep Habitusnya. Bourdieu sendiri berpendapat, bahwa Sosiologi tidak hanya harus mengkaji kehidupan sosial melalui konsep struktur sosial, melainkan yang terpenting justru memperhatikan tindakan sosial individu dan makna antar subjektif.Dalam buku Pierre Bourdieu menyingkap kuasa simbol, penulis mencoba untuk lebih jauh mengeksplorasi sistem simbol dalam mengkonstruksi realitas. Buku ini juga berupaya menyajikan penafsiran dan pemahaman tentang kuasa simbolik menurut pemikiran Pierre Bourdieu. Penyajian yang diberikan dalam konstruksi buku menyerupai proses dialog antara penulis dengan diri Bourdieu yang dimengerti dalam arti luas baik latar kebudayaannya, lintasan sejarah, dan lingkungan yang berada disekelilingnya. Memang tidaklah mudah untuk memahami ruang gerak pemikiran Bourdieu dengan sirkulasi pemikiran yang begitu luas dalam mengkaji setiap realitas.
Political, moral, and security challenges of space colonization
Authors: Kovic Marko
Published: July 2018

Space colonization, the goal of establishing permanent and self-sustaining human habitats beyond Earth, is not only a technological challenge: Colonizing space will confront humankind with a set of political, moral, and security challenges. If the outcomes of those challenges are negative, space colonization will either fail completely (political challenges), or we will commit potentially immense moral damage (moral challenges), or we will expose humankind to enormous security risks (security challenges). In order to minimize these risks, we need to start crafting policy blueprints today that are aimed at steering space colonization in a desirable direction.
Doing Less with More: Cohorts, Education and Civic Participation in America
Authors: Horowitz Jonathan
Published: July 2018

Decades of social science research demonstrate the impact of education on civic participation. However, prior scholarship generally assumes that the returns to education do not change over time or geographic space. Absolute educational effects are not always plausible; as more individuals obtain a college degree, there are a greater number of qualified individuals competing for the same social resources. The present study tests the impact of education on civic participation, and whether this effect changes as the number of college-educated individuals increases over birth cohorts. The present findings suggest that in some cases, a college degree's impact on civic participation declines as more individuals obtain college degrees. The findings challenge commonly held assumptions about the effect of higher education on civic participation. Furthermore, the findings suggest that while sending an individual to college may increase civic participation, encouraging all high school students to go to college may undercut the benefits of college attendance.Keywords: higher education, cohorts, civic engagement, volunteering
“We Match Better” – an analysis of online matchmaking ads in contemporary India
Authors: Annavarapu Sneha
Published: July 2018

In this paper, I analyze video advertisements released by online matrimonial matchmaking companies in India in order to understand how concept of marriage and choice are articulated, understood, and validated dramaturgically. Paying attention to social interaction as encompassed in these advertisements is crucial to understanding the place of online forms of matrimonial matchmaking in the urban and middle-class social imaginary in contemporary India. These micro-level interactions provide a productive site of inquiry in understanding the discursive production of a ‘new middle class’ in India and the politics of that public culture. I find that the concept of ‘choice’ is crucial to the validation of online matchmaking. Traditional forms of matchmaking are not displaced or ruptured as much as reinforced in a language of choice rather than coercion. While this seems like a predictable pattern in neoliberal culture, what I point out in this paper is the centrality of ‘technology’ in mediating the process of validating ideas and values associated with the institution of marriage by arrangement. In enabling a convenient negotiation between aspirational modernity via consumer choice and traditional norms of matchmaking via the displacement of a human agent as broker, online matrimonial sites make the reproduction of institution of marriage not just possible, but also desirable.
Fictional Characters Outside Fiction: “Being” as a Fictional Character in Heidegger’s Being and Time
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Adel Abdel-Fattah M.
Published: July 2018

Can non-fiction present fictional characters? This is the main question of this paper. In reading Martin Heidegger’s Being and Time (1927), the readers construct a figure in their mind of a persona about whom all the philosophical reflections are discussed. Heidegger presents Dasein as a ‘particular being’ that characterizes all the features of human existence. Heidegger did not want to define and explain ‘being’, but he aimed at presenting a ‘sense of being’ in the form of characterizing the philosophical reflections he was presenting. After discussing how it can be claimed that Dasein can be considered a ‘fictional character’ in the absence of a ‘plot,’ the present article explains the main aspects through which a ‘fictional character’ is constructed, or figured out, in readers’ mind. It tries, also, to show how and why Heidegger resorts to this technique of fictional characterization in this highly influential philosophical book. The article specifies four main personality models, that help construct Dasein as a ‘fictional character’ in the reader’s mind. These personality models are: being-in-world, being-in-time, living-by-activity, and living-to-an-end. By ascribing such personality models to Dasein, Heidegger managed to present in his work a character that can be easily remembered all the time Being and Time is mentioned.
The Impact of Legal Cannabis on Demographics in Pueblo County
Authors: McGettigan Timothy
Published: July 2018

Demography is the science of people-counting (Anderson, 2015). Demographically-speaking, the impacts of legal cannabis on Pueblo County have been modest thus far. Apart from slow, steady population increases (see Graph 1), the characteristics of Pueblo’s population have largely gone unchanged since the passage of Amendment 64.
Racial and socioeconomic segregation: An analysis of three Brazilian Metropolitan areas
Authors: Amaral Ernesto F. L.
Published: July 2018

Title in Portuguese: Segregação racial e socioeconômica: Uma análise de três áreas metropolitanas brasileirasAbstract: Brazil is characterized by racial and socioeconomic segregation. The objective of the research presented here is to analyze socioeconomic and racial segregation in three metropolitan areas (Recife, Belo Horizonte and Porto Alegre). Microdata from the 2000 Brazilian Census was used for this analysis, as well as maps produced for the selected areas by groups of census tracts (áreas de ponderação), using Geographic Information Systems techniques. In general, results indicate that among those areas with a majority of whites, a high proportion of the population holds at least high school degree. Moreover, the nonwhite population lives farther away from the core of the municipality, compared to whites. Finally, whites tend to live in less elevated areas with more public infrastructure and a greater availability of major roads. An improvement to this research could be the inclusion of spatial analysis and statistical models to better understand the relationship between race and socioeconomic indicators.Resumo: O Brasil é caracterizado por segregação racial e socioeconômica. O objetivo desta pesquisa é de analisar a segregação socioeconômica e racial em três áreas metropolitanas (Recife, Belo Horizonte e Porto Alegre). Microdados do Censo Demográfico do Brasil de 2000 foram usados para esta análise, assim como mapas produzidos para os locais selecionados por áreas de ponderação, utilizando técnicas de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica. Em geral, os resultados indicam que em áreas com maioria da população branca, uma alta proporção da população possui pelo menos o ensino médio completo. Além disso, a população não-branca vive longe das áreas centrais do município, em comparação aos brancos. Finalmente, os brancos tendem a viver em áreas menos elevadas, com mais infraestrutura pública e maior disponibilidade de vias públicas principais. Um aperfeiçoamento desta pesquisa poderia ser a inclusão de análise espacial e modelos estatísticos para melhor entender a relação entre indicadores raciais e socioeconômicos.
Early Modern Human Lithic Technology from Jerimalai, East Timor
Authors: Marwick Ben
Published: July 2018

Jerimalai is a rock shelter in East Timor with cultural remains dated to 42,000 years ago, making it one of the oldest known sites of modern human activity in island Southeast Asia. It has special global significance for its record of early pelagic fishing and ancient shell fish hooks. It is also of regional significance for its early occupation and comparatively large assemblage of Pleistocene stone artefacts. Three major findings arise from our study of the stone artefacts. First, there is little change in lithic technology over the 42,000 year sequence, with the most noticeable change being the addition of new artefact types and raw materials in the mid-Holocene. Second, the assemblage is dominated by small chert cores and implements rather than pebble toolsand choppers, a pattern we argue is common in island SE Asian sites as opposed to mainland SE Asian sites. Third, the Jerimalai assemblage bears a striking resemblance to the assemblage from Liang Bua, argued by the Liang Bua excavation team to be associated with Homo floresiensis. We argue that the near proximity of these two islands along the Indonesian Island chain (c.100km apart), the long antiquity of modern human occupation in the region (as documented at Jerimalai), and the strong resemblance of distinctive flake stone technologies seen at both sites, raises the intriguing possibility that both the Liang Bua and Jerimalai assemblages were created by modern humans.
The Inventive Concept in Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank Int'l
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

In its recent patentable subject matter opinion in Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank Int'l, the United States Supreme Court articulated a two-step patent eligibility test that hinges on the presence of an "inventive concept" in the patent claims. This short essay considers the connection between the "inventive concept" requirement in the Alice Corp. test and the requirement of an "inventive step" or non-obviousness requirement for patentability, by relating the Supreme Court's holding to similar decisions considering patentable subject matter under the European Patent Convention.
The Gender Income Gap and the Role of Family Formation Revisited: A Replication of Bobbitt-Zeher (2007)
Authors: Ochsenfeld Fabian
Published: July 2018

Dear Sir or Madam,please add the attached preprint to SocArXiv. (Title: The Gender Income Gapand the Role of Family Formation Revisited: A Replication of Bobbitt-Zeher
Trustworthiness: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Jaeger Bastian , Evans Anthony M , van Beest Ilja
Published: July 2018

Trust and trustworthiness are important pillars of interpersonal, societal, and economic functioning. We provide an overview of how trustworthiness develops across the lifespan. Previous studies point to an increase in trustworthiness during childhood; relatively stable levels throughout adolescence and adulthood; and some evidence suggests a further increase in old age. Young children's lower levels of trustworthiness are mirrored by differences in fundamental motives that drive social behavior, such as concerns for reciprocity and fairness. While reciprocal tendencies emerge early, young children show less fairness concerns. This pattern can be linked to the development of certain cognitive abilities that are necessary to engage in social behaviors beyond indiscriminate selfishness. Children need to exert self-control to resist the temptation of keeping all resources to themselves and they need to engage in perspective-taking to appreciate the negative consequences of their selfishness. Thus, both social and cognitive development should be considered when studying age differences in trustworthiness.
Digital Civics
Authors: Shelton Taylor
Published: July 2018

This chapter reviews some of the key ways that civic engagement and public participation have become increasingly digitized and data-driven. But rather than engaging in debates over the democratic potential of digital technologies, it’s arguably more productive to look at the range of ways that this emerging ‘digital civics’ is reconfiguring how we conceptualize and practice citizenship in the era of big data. The chapter first turns to discussing how citizenship is increasingly defined in relation to data and data practices, and how these redefinitions have precipitated larger changes in the way citizenship is conceptualized and operationalized. Second, the chapter identifies three ongoing, interrelated changes to the digital civics landscape that are worthy of greater attention moving forward. These include the spatialization of digital civics, the corporatization of digital civics, and the growing prominence of oppositional uses of digital civics that seek to challenge the social and political status quo.
Privacy Issues in Smart Grid Deployment
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *This chapter serves as an introduction to the privacy and security issues presented by advanced metering and other "smart grid" technologies, and to recent policy efforts to address them. The chapter introduces the recent political and economic push to move to the ‘smart grid’, describes the privacy issues presented by advanced metering technologies and the data they gather, and gives an overview of regulatory and policy efforts being made to address them as the smart grid develops.Smart electricity meters and other devices that gather or process household energy signatures at high temporal resolutions hold a great deal of promise. Among other predicted benefits, smart grid technologies are expected to better manage energy usage, enable real-time demand-response pricing, improve efficient load balancing across the grid, and increase the capacity for solar and other edge-based energy generation. These predicted benefits depend, in part, on new, richer data models of energy flow and usage. The temporally granular data collected by advanced metering technologies can reveal detailed information about intimate life within the home, raising serious questions about how to address privacy interests. Moreover, the present vision for the smart grid requires large numbers of new devices and gateways to connect from the ‘edge’ of the grid, raising security issues that require immediate and sustained attention. Recent and ongoing technical and policy efforts in the United States and elsewhere attempt to address these issues.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2632300
Relational Diversity and Neighbourhood Cohesion. Unpacking Variety, Balance and In-Group Size
Authors: Koopmans Ruud , Schaeffer Merlin
Published: July 2018

Ethnic diversity is typically measured by the well-known Hirschman-Herfindahl Index. This paper discusses the merits of an alternative approach, which is in our view better suited to tease out why and how ethnic diversity matters. The approach consists of two elements. First, all existing diversity indices are non-relational. From the viewpoint of theoretical accounts that attribute negative diversity effects to in-group favoritism and out-group threat, it should however matter whether, given a certain level of overall diversity, an individual belongs to a minority group or to the dominant majority. We therefore decompose diversity by distinguishing the in-group share from the diversity of ethnic out-groups. Second, we show how generalized entropy measures can be used to test which of diversity’s two basic dimensions matters most: the variety of groups, or the unequal distribution (balance) of the population over groups. These measures allow us to test different theoretical explanations against each other, because they imply different expectations regarding the effects of in-group size, out-group variety, and balance. We apply these ideas in an analysis of various social cohesion measures across 55 German localities and show that both in-group size and out-group diversity matter. For the native majority as well as for persons of immigration background, the variety component of diversity seems to be more decisive than has formerly been acknowledged. These findings provide little support for group threat and in-group favoritism as the decisive mechanisms behind negative diversity effects, and are most in line with the predictions of theories that emphasize coordination problems, asymmetric preferences, and network closure.
Romantic Authorship and the Rhetoric of Property
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

This is a review of James Boyle's new book, Shamans, Software and Spleens:Law and the Construction of the Information Society. Boyle's book rangesacross the law of information, which he argues should be treated as aunified discipline. Boyle applies his analysis of "romantic authorship" tothe law of information, arguing that in copyright and elsewhere, the lawgives new works too much protection because it wrongly discounts thesources on which those works necessarily build. In this review, I suggestthat whatever its merits as legal argument, "romantic authorship" does notexplain very much about the features of copyright law, nor why copyrightprotection is expanding over time. I suggest an alternative explanation:that a particular strand of law and economics scholarship that endorsesstrong property rights is pushing for the "propertization" of all valuableinformation.
Social Science Can Develop Startups for Development
Authors: Opoku-Agyemang Kweku A.
Published: July 2018

Harnessing technology startups for African development is a policy approach that simply cannot wait. Startups bring data, dynamism and daring to the development table, and have an important role to play in economic development today. Although nonprofit and government initiatives are also significant, social science evidence will enable such organizations to benefit from technology startups for new economic changes to be fast and inclusive.
Dynamics of Asset Poverty in South Korea
Authors: Weon Soyoon , Rothwell David W.
Published: July 2018

Following the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, Korea has suffered what many consider to be a severe poverty problem. Despite policy efforts to reduce poverty and economic recovery in the early 2000s, poverty affects many households and certain households are at risk of staying in poverty once they are in it. Using longitudinal panel data from 2005 to 2014, this study defines three indicators of poverty based on asset holdings, rather than income. It then examines the dynamics of asset poverty in Korea across the study period. The study’s primary goal is to reveal differences across the three indicators and identify which groups of poor people in Korea have been structurally trapped in poverty. We applied a dynamic panel model of discrete choice to the Korean Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS) from the 1st to 10th waves and show that, despite the indicator, the asset poor who experienced asset poverty in the previous surveyed year or at wave 1 are likely to fall into structural and persistent poverty over time. In addition, the probability of incurring asset poverty decreased with home ownership, higher disposable income, and greater diversification of the household portfolio. Future research should study the duration of asset poverty to complete a comprehensive picture of the asset poverty condition.
Goal-Directed Allostasis: The Unique Challenge of Keeping Things as They Are and Strategies to Overcome It
Authors: Ecker Yael , Gilead Michael
Published: July 2018

We introduce the concept of Goal-Directed Allostasis (GDA), the mental process that underlies individuals’ deliberate and proactive attempts to maintain the current state of affairs. GDA is distinct from Goal-Directed Progress (GDP), the mental process that underlies the pursuit of change in the current state of affairs. We argue that GDA plays a crucial role in human life, but that it has been largely overlooked in psychological research. We discuss the unique cognitive and motivational challenges that arise during GDA, and suggest strategies to overcome these challenges. Finally, we outline how acknowledging the distinction between GDA and GDP might contribute to the study and treatment of mental illness, and highlight several directions for future research.
Black Box Models and Sociological Explanations: Predicting GPA Using Neural Networks
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: July 2018

The Fragile Families Challenge provided an opportunity to empirically assess the applicability of black box machine learning models to sociological questions and the extent to which interpretable explanations can be extracted from these models. In this paper I use neural network models to predict high school grade-point average and examine how variations of basic network parameters affect predictive performance. Using a recently proposed technique, I identify the most important predictive variables used by the best-performing model, finding that they relate to parenting and the child’s cognitive and behavioral development, consistent with prior work. I conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for the relationship between prediction and explanation in sociological analyses.
The Uncertain Scope of the Public Performance Right After Aereo (Loyola University Chicago School of Law Research Paper No. 2014-017)(2014)
Authors: Sag Matthew
Published: July 2018

The Uncertain Scope of the Public Performance Right After Aereo (Loyola University Chicago School of Law Research Paper No. 2014-017) (2014)
Reforming reform: public assessments of the affordability of health insurance policies
Authors: Glied Sherry , Muennig Peter
Published: July 2018

Background: Republicans have moved rapidly to repeal the Affordable Care Act, replacing progressive elements of the plan with regressive elements. We draw on an earlier affordability exercise to evaluate how Americans might view these elements of health care reform.Methods: Immediately prior to passage of the ACA, we conducted a telephone survey of a representative sample of U.S. households. Respondents were presented vignettes representing different insurance plans, each held by people with differing life characteristics. Respondents were then asked to assess the affordability of the presented plans given the characteristics of the policyholders. Results: Respondents felt that households should be expected to pay about 5% of income for health insurance coverage, irrespective of their income. They also tended to view older households as less able to afford coverage than younger households, and households with sicker occupants as less able to afford healthcare than households with healthy occupants. Results did not differ between respondents in red states and those in blue states.Conclusions: Most Americans, including those who reside in red states, believe that subsidies for health insurance premiums should be based on a fixed percentage of household income, not a fixed dollar amount. These perceptions may make it challenging to replace the ACA with a less costly alternative plan.
Review of Cheap Sex: The Transformation of Men, Marriage, and Monogamy, by Mark Regnerus
Authors: England Paula
Published: July 2018

This is a book review of Mark Regnerus' book, Cheap Sex.
Dynamics of Race: Joining, Leaving, and Staying in the American Indian/Alaska Native Race Category between 2000 and 2010
Authors: LIEBLER CAROLYN , Bhaskar Renuka , Rastogi Sonya
Published: July 2018

Each census for decades has seen the American Indian and Alaska Native population increase substantially more than expected. Changes in racial reporting seem to play an important role in the observed net increases, though research has been hampered by data limitations. We address previously unanswerable questions about race response change among American Indian and Alaska Natives (hereafter “American Indians”) using uniquely-suited (but not nationally representative) linked data from the 2000 and 2010 decennial censuses (N = 3.1 million) and the 2006-2010 American Community Survey (N = 188,131). To what extent do people change responses to include or exclude American Indian? How are people who change responses similar to or different from those who do not? How are people who join a group similar to or different from those who leave it? We find considerable race response change by people in our data, especially by multiple-race and/or Hispanic American Indians. This turnover is hidden in cross-sectional comparisons because people joining the group are similar in number and characteristics to those who leave the group. People in our data who changed their race response to add or drop American Indian differ from those who kept the same race response in 2000 and 2010 and from those who moved between a single-race and multiple-race American Indian response. Those who consistently reported American Indian (including those who added or dropped another race response) were relatively likely to report a tribe, live in an American Indian area, report American Indian ancestry, and live in the West. There are significant differences between those who joined and those who left a specific American Indian response group, but poor model fit indicates general similarity between joiners and leavers. Response changes should be considered when conceptualizing and operationalizing “the American Indian and Alaska Native population.”
Journalists, User Generated Content and Digital Divides
Authors: Brake David R
Published: July 2018

Journalists are increasingly using social media as a source of contacts, quotes and multimedia material for stories - particularly in areas of the world where foreign bureaus may be - and are expected to respond to feedback from social media as part of their work. This chapter reviews available survey data and suggests journalists should approach so-called "user generated content" with caution, as those able and willing to share UGC may be disproportionately drawn from elite populations.Note: This text is the author's accepted manuscript of a chapter from J. Gordon, G. Stewart & P. Rowinski (Eds.), Br(e)aking The News: Journalism, Politics and New Media (pp. 253-270). Oxford, UK: Peter Lang - https://www.peterlang.com/view/product/45098