bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
7. Breach of Statutory Duty
Authors: Deakin Simon , Adams Zoe
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins by considering the nature of the action for breach of statutory duty. The action for breach of statutory duty enables the claimant to recover compensation for losses brought about by the defendant’s failure to comply with a statutory obligation. Increasing areas of commercial and business activity are regulated by legislation designed to protect the health and safety of employees, consumers, and road-users; regulation may also have the aim of protecting certain property and financial interests. The second part of the chapter discusses the components of a liability covering the availability of a civil remedy; the scope of the civil remedy; causation, remoteness, and defences; and liability for breach of obligations arising under EU law.
9. Intentional Interference
Authors: Deakin Simon , Adams Zoe
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of intentional interference. It then considers assault, battery, false imprisonment, and residuary trespass and harassment. Intentional physical interference with the person may occur by way of an act that threatens violence (assault), amounts to unlawful contact (battery), or constitutes the deprivation of liberty (false imprisonment). There is, in addition, a residuary and uncertain form of liability for the intentional infliction of physical harm, known as the rule in Wilkinson v. Downton. These torts are normally actionable without proof of damage and they also involve a sharp distinction being drawn between an act and an omission: the latter will not normally suffice to ground liability.
10. Malicious Prosecution
Authors: Deakin Simon , Adams Zoe
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers the ingredients of successful action for malicious prosecution. The claimant must show: that the defendant prosecuted him; that the prosecution ended in the defendant’s favour; that there was no reasonable and probable cause for the prosecution; and that the defendant was actuated by ‘malice’. It covers not merely criminal prosecutions but certain forms of abuse of civil process, for example tort claims alleging deceit or malice. Damage also in all cases is a necessary ingredient. The tort, while ancient, is still being actively litigated, and the chapter analyses a number of recent cases in the higher appellate courts.
11. Interference with Chattels
Authors: Deakin Simon , Adams Zoe
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses trespass to goods, conversion, and negligence. The present law of trespass to chattels is governed by the Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977, which introduces a collective term ‘wrongful interference with goods’ to cover trespass, conversion, negligence, and any other tort resulting in damage to goods or to an interest in goods. The Act abolishes the tort of detinue, but otherwise has little or no impact on the principles of liability developed by the common law: thus, the nomenclature and substantive scope of the common law claims remain significant to this day in understanding the legal rules in this area.
13. Nuisance
Authors: Deakin Simon , Adams Zoe
Published: September 2019

Private nuisance is defined as any substantial and unreasonable interference with the claimant’s land, or with his rights to peaceful enjoyment of that land and any right that exists in connection with it. It need not result from ‘direct’ or ‘intentional’ interference; it is sufficient that the defendant have ‘adopted or continued’ a state of affairs that constitutes an unreasonable interference. This chapter discusses the basis of liability in private nuisance; the concept of unreasonable interference and the difference between this concept and the notion of ‘reasonableness’ in negligence; who can sue and who can be sued; defences; and remedies. It also discusses, in outline, public nuisance; the relationship between nuisance and other forms of liability; and nuisance and protection of the environment.
14. Deceit
Authors: Deakin Simon , Adams Zoe
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the tort of deceit. The common-law rules concerning liability for dishonesty were synthesised to create the tort of deceit at the end of the eighteenth century in Pasley v. Freeman, and the tort takes its modern form from the decision of the House of Lords in Derry v. Peek in 1889. Most of the cases concern non-physical damage, that is to say, financial or pure economic loss, although the tort can also extend to cover personal injuries and damage to property. The requirements of liability are as follows: the defendant must make a false statement of existing fact with knowledge of its falsity and with the intention that the claimant should act on it, with the result (4) that the claimant acts on it to his detriment.
17. Liability for Animals
Authors: Deakin Simon , Adams Zoe
Published: September 2019

Liability for Animals raises further questions about the role, and future, of strict liability in the context of the law of tort. This chapter examines the special rules of strict liability under the Animals Act 1971, including those concerning liability for straying livestock, liability for ‘dangerous animals’, and liability for dogs. This is followed by discussions of defences, remoteness of damage and strict liability, and liability for dogs. The wording of the Animals Act 1971 is notoriously complex, and the law in this area is, for this reason, the object of must frustration for courts, and tort law students, alike. Even so, the law governing liability of animals concerns matters of social concern and, for the time-being at least, it seems that the Act is here to stay.
20. Product Liability
Authors: Deakin Simon , Adams Zoe
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins by tracing the evolution of product liability law in England and America. It then discusses the causes of action and components of liability. Liability evolved from an initial position in which the law of negligence played a minor role in compensating victims of dangerously defective products, thanks largely to the ‘privity of contract fallacy’. Donoghue v. Stevenson put an end to this and ushered in the modern, all-embracing duty of care as far as physical injury and property damage are concerned. With the adoption of Directive 85/374/EEC and its subsequent implementation in the form of the Consumer Protection Act 1987, a form of strict or ‘stricter’ liability based on the American model was incorporated into English law.
22. The Protection of Human Privacy
Authors: Deakin Simon , Adams Zoe
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses violations of human privacy by private individuals and organisations. This is a rapidly evolving area of the law, one which has, like defamation, been influenced to a great extent by developments in communication technology, as well as in human rights law. And like defamation, this area of the law too raises important questions about the role, and conduct, of the press. The discussion in this chapter is divided as follows: (1) the difficulties of defining privacy; (2) the casuistic protection afforded by English law; (3) the protection afforded in the most important types of cases; (4) the growth of breach of confidence after the entry into force of the Human Rights Act 1998 and the emergence in recent years of the ‘distinct’ tort of misuse of private information; (5) Europe and beyond.
13. Trade marks 1: key features, theoretical underpinnings, and the national, EU, and international regimes
Authors: Brown Abbe , Kheria Smita , Cornwell Jane , Iljadica Marta
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces the key features of registered trade mark law, highlighting core aspects of registered trade mark protection and its differences to other IP rights. It discusses the theoretical underpinnings for registered trade mark protection and also the accompanying policy tensions, in the context of an increasingly visible place of brands in society. The chapter introduces the legal regime for the protection of trade marks from an international, EU, and national (UK) perspective. Reflecting relevant agreements and treaties, the chapter outlines various standards established for the protection of trade marks, along with the systems by virtue of which traders can register and protect marks in many countries throughout the world.
14. Trade marks 2: definition of a registrable trade mark, absolute grounds for refusal and invalidation, and revocation
Authors: Brown Abbe , Kheria Smita , Cornwell Jane , Iljadica Marta
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the definition of a registrable trade mark, absolute grounds for refusal or invalidation of a registered trade mark, the extent to which objections can be overcome through proof of distinctiveness acquired through use and the rules on revocation of a registered trade mark, both at national and EU levels. It examines these issues looking at many different kinds of trade mark, from traditional work marks and logos to so-called ‘non-conventional’ trade marks such as three-dimensional product shapes, sounds, smells, colours, and ‘position’ marks. The chapter reflects evolving legislation at an EU level (particularly the EU’s 2015 trade mark reform package), a rich base of case law, and links to the the theroetical debates seen in Chapter 13.
16. Passing off
Authors: Brown Abbe , Kheria Smita , Cornwell Jane , Iljadica Marta
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the action of passing off, ie the means by which one trader may prevent another from misleading customers by representing (or ‘passing off’) goods or services as emanating from the former party. It analyses the leading judicial definitions of passing off, from which emerge the key elements of goodwill, misrepresentation, and damage, as well as considering extended passing off by reference to multiple examples of groups of producers seeking to protect the goodwill associated with their products. It concludes with discussion of key issues regarding the future of passing off, in particular in relation to the internet and its possible development as a law against unfair competition.
2. Offer and Acceptance
Authors: Devenney James
Published: September 2019

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and other features. This chapter outlines a number of questions that need to be posed in answering exam questions about the rules of offer and acceptance and certainty of terms. First, has an offer been made? Secondly, if an offer has been made, has the offeree unequivocally accepted this offer? Thirdly, has the acceptance been communicated effectively? Fourthly, at the moment when the acceptance is deemed to have been effective, is the offer still open? Fifthly, are there any exceptions to the aforesaid rules of offer and acceptance? Finally, is an agreement sufficiently certain?
3. Consideration and Intention to Create Legal Relations
Authors: Devenney James
Published: September 2019

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, answer plans, suggested answers and other features. This chapter explains the doctrine of consideration and other elements necessary for the enforceability of an agreement, such as an intention to create legal relations. The doctrine of consideration is shaped by three important rules: traditionally consideration must move from the promisee (a party must provide consideration if he is to sue on a promise); consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate (both parties need only contribute something of value in the eyes of the law to the bargain, however disproportionate); and performance of an existing contract does not normally constitute sufficient consideration for any modification in the terms of that contract. The chapter also looks at the equitable doctrine of promissory estoppel.
8. Mistake
Authors: Devenney James
Published: September 2019

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and other features. This chapter discusses the three broad classifications of mistake: common, mutual and unilateral. In common mistake (sometimes confusingly referred to as mutual mistake) both parties share the same mistake about a fundamental fact of the contract. With mutual mistake the parties are at cross-purposes but neither realizes it. In unilateral mistake only one of the parties is mistaken and the other party either knows of the mistake or possibly is deemed to know.
10. Frustration
Authors: Devenney James
Published: September 2019

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and other features. This chapter discusses the doctrine of frustration. It outlines three key questions that need to be posed in addressing issues of possible frustration. Is there a radical change in circumstances? Does any rule of law render frustration inoperative? What are the effects of frustration?
3. The Legislative Supremacy of the UK Parliament
Authors: Le Sueur Andrew , Sunkin Maurice , Murkens Jo Eric Khushal
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the constitutional principles of parliamentary supremacy. They are supported by political constitutionalists but regarded with skepticism by legal constitutionalists. The discussions then turn to parliamentary supremacy as a set of rules; the source of parliamentary supremacy; whether an Act of Parliament can bind future Parliaments; the rules on ‘implied repeal’; and the future of parliamentary supremacy.
4. The Rule of Law
Authors: Le Sueur Andrew , Sunkin Maurice , Murkens Jo Eric Khushal
Published: September 2019

This chapter explains ‘the rule of law’. It first presents a definition of the rule of law followed by a discussion of the practical protection of the rule of law. In Britain, all three of the major branches of the state — the judiciary, Parliament, and government (especially through the office of Lord Chancellor) — have functions in the development and application of rule of law principles.
5. Separating and Balancing Powers
Authors: Le Sueur Andrew , Sunkin Maurice , Murkens Jo Eric Khushal
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the division of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. It considers the debate as to whether, why, and how separation of powers should occur in the UK’s constitutional system. Political constitutionalists tend to downplay the role of courts, while legal constitutionalists tend to be keen on using the idea of separation of powers to bolster the importance of the courts as a major ‘check and balance’ on the institutions that carry out the other two functions (legislative and executive). The discussions also cover the separation of power between the Crown and Parliament; judicial analysis of separation of powers; and interactions between Parliament, the executive, and judges. The ‘Westminster model’ is also explored.
8. Introduction to Executive Functions
Authors: Le Sueur Andrew , Sunkin Maurice , Murkens Jo Eric Khushal
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the themes covered in Part II of the book, consisting of Chapters 8-11. It addresses the following questions: What is executive function? What is the role of a constitution in relation to executive functions? It then summarizes the basic constitutional and legal aspects of the various executive bodies considered in Chapter.
11. Case Study: Deployment of British Armed Forces Abroad
Authors: Le Sueur Andrew , Sunkin Maurice , Murkens Jo Eric Khushal
Published: September 2019

This chapter contains a case study: deployment of British armed forces abroad. Theimportant decision to deploy forces abroad is taken by the executive relying on its prerogative power. In the past, such decisions were taken with minimal parliamentary oversight. A constitutional convention may have developed that Parliament should debate and approve deployments, but the scope of this convention is not settled. Parliamentary committees of both houses of Parliament and others have pressed for reforms designed to ensure that Parliament has a greater influence. This chapter explores the issues involved and reasons why reform has proved so difficult to achieve.
12. Introduction to Legislative Functions
Authors: Le Sueur Andrew , Sunkin Maurice , Murkens Jo Eric Khushal
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the themes covered in Part 3 of the book, consisting of Chapters 12 to 15. Chapter 13 examines the processes involved in making Acts of the UK Parliament. Chapter 14 looks at ‘delegated legislation’—that is, rules that have the binding force of law made by ministers and other authorities, in which Parliament has a limited scrutiny role. Chapter 15 is a case study designed to bring together and develop several key themes—notably, the relationship between the House of Commons and House of Lords in the legislative process.
13. Primary Legislation
Authors: Le Sueur Andrew , Sunkin Maurice , Murkens Jo Eric Khushal
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines ‘primary legislation’, in the form of UK Acts of Parliament, and how they are made. The discussions cover who or what is the ‘legislature’ in the British constitution; the roles of different institutions in policymaking; drafting bills by Parliamentary Counsel; pre-legislative scrutiny of some ‘draft bills’ before the start the formal legislative process in Parliament ; the parliamentary year; parliamentary stages of a bill—first reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage, and third reading; bills of constitutional importance; the constitutional framework for bringing legislation into force; how government and Parliament carries out post-legislative scrutiny of some Acts of Parliament to review how they are operating in practice; and legislative functions in the British system of devolution.
14. Delegated Legislation
Authors: Le Sueur Andrew , Sunkin Maurice , Murkens Jo Eric Khushal
Published: September 2019

This chapter is about delegated legislation, also called ‘subordinate’ and ‘secondary’ legislation. It considers why the constitution allows ministers (part of the executive) to make such legislation and the process by which it is made. It examines a case study on a controversial attempt by the government to abolish numerous institutions through powers conferred by the Public Bodies Act 2011.
16. Introduction to Judicial and Dispute Resolution Functions
Authors: Le Sueur Andrew , Sunkin Maurice , Murkens Jo Eric Khushal
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the themes covered in Part 4 of the book, consisting of Chapters 16 to 20. Chapter 17 examines the constitutional position of judges within the United Kingdom, looking in particular at judicial independence and at the process by which judges are appointed. Chapter 18 looks at redress mechanisms outside the court system—a terrain often referred to as the landscape of ‘administrative justice’. Chapter 19 examines the grounds on which the courts will judicially review the legality of actions taken by public authorities; Chapter 20 examines the use of human rights arguments against these authorities.
20. Using Human Rights in the United Kingdom Courts
Authors: Le Sueur Andrew , Sunkin Maurice , Murkens Jo Eric Khushal
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the use of human rights in the domestic courts of the UK. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 considers the main features of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA). Section 3 looks at the issue of judicial deference to the executive and Parliament in human rights situations. Sections 4 and 5 examine two case studies. The first of these is the litigation brought by Shabina Begum challenging her school’s decision preventing her from wearing a jilbab to school. The second case study considers the litigation that followed the enactment of Pt IV of the Anti-terrorism, Crime, and Security Act 2001, and the challenges to control orders imposed under the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005.
22. Joining, Leaving, Transitioning: The UK’s Relationship With the European Union
Authors: Le Sueur Andrew , Sunkin Maurice , Murkens Jo Eric Khushal
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the constitutionalization of EU law, which was led by the European Court of Justice from the 1960s using the twin principles of direct effect and supremacy. These principles were fully developed by the time the UK joined the European Community in 1973. The chapter will examine the UK’s accession process with particular reference to the European Communities Act 1972 before turning to the complex three-stage process of withdrawing from the EU. In that context, the 2016 referendum, Article 50 TEU, and the UK Supreme Court’s hearing of the English case of Miller and the Northern Irish case of McCord and Agnew, will be considered. In addition, the chapter will focus on the constitutional status of the Withdrawal Agreement, the transition period, and the constitutional importance of Northern Ireland for the current and future relationship between the UK and the EU.
Article 101 TFEU: Substantive Appraisal
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda , Dunne Niamh
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the relationship between Article 101(1) and Article 101(3). It looks at the central question of which agreements, decisions and concerted practices have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition for the purposes of Article 101(1) and at the issue of which agreements are held to infringe Article 101(1) but meet the critera for exemption from the prohibition set out in Article 101(3). The chapter looks at the way in which the interpretation of ‘object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition’ has changed since the early days of EEC competition law and at the problems of identifying which agreements are restrictive by object and which restrictive by effect. It examines the recent and controversial case law on this matter and the difficulties which remain including the doctrine of ancillary restraints. It then focuses on the analysis of the effect of agreements which are not restrictive by object, including the concept of appreciability and the de minimis notice. The chapter then considers the matter of which restrictive agreements may neverthess escape the prohibition in Article 101(1) because they meet the criteria in Article 101(3) in that they improve the production or distribution of goods or the promotion of technical or economic progress, how this criterion is distinguished from the agreement not having restrictive effects that bring it within Article 101(1) in the first place, and whether the Article 101(3) criteria can encompass socio-political or public policy matters. The chapter considers the application of the Article 101(3) criteria, the shifting of the burden of proof between Article 101(1) and 101(3), and the existence and importance of block exemptions.
Private Enforcement
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda , Dunne Niamh
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the private civil enforcement of EU antitrust rules through claims made by private litigants in the national courts and tribunals of the individual Member States. The discussions cover the principle of direct effect and national procedural autonomy, mechanisms for cooperation between the Commission and national courts, the obligations of national courts when dealing with cases that raise the issue of whether a contract in violation of Article 101 or Article 102 is enforceable and whether, and if so when, damages and injunctions should be available to remedy such violations. It also considers wy historically there was relatively little antitrust litigation in the EU; the relationship between public and private enforcement; the Commission's policy towards private enforcement, the package of measures the Commission has taken to encourage private litigation, especially the 2014 Damages Directive and its likely impact.
8. Co-Ownership of Land— the Basic Principles
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2019

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the basic principles of land co-ownership. It covers the two forms of co-ownership: joint tenancy and tenancy in common; the reform of co-ownership in 1925; joint tenancies in the early twentieth century; the current conveyancing practice to create an express trust; rules when there is no express declaration of a trust; resulting and constructive trusts; quantifying the beneficial interest under a constructive trust; severance of joint tenancies; and methods of severance.
12. Obligations in Leases
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2019

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the obligations of landlords and tenants in leases. It covers implied landlord’s covenants; repairing covenants; the scope of ‘repair’; Homes (Fitness for Human Habitation) Act 2018; remedies for breach of the landlord’s covenants to repair such as, specific performance, appointing a receiver, damages; tenant’s express and implied covenants; covenants against assigning, sub-letting, and parting with possession; absolute and qualified covenants; and remedies against a tenant in breach of repairing obligations.
13. The Running of Covenants in a Lease
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2019

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter addresses issues stemming from the following question: if a tenant assigns their lease, or sub-lets, and/or a landlord sells his/her fee simple, who is now entitled to enforce the various terms of the lease, and against whom can they be enforced? The discussions cover the liability of original parties after assignment in pre-1996 leases; the Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995; position of equitable leases; and position of sub-tenants and head landlords.
16. Rectification of the Register of Title
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2019

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the rectification of the register (other than adverse possession); the situations where rectification of the register may be appropriate (‘double conveyancing’, possible negligent mistakes, registration obtained through fraud and/or forgery); rectification against a registered proprietor in possession; rectification where it would be unjust not to rectify; the effect of rectification on priorities under Land Registration Act 2002; and indemnity (indemnity for a registered proprietor where rectification is granted and indemnity for a person who is refused rectification).
17. The Essential Characteristics of Easements
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2019

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the characteristics of an easement: there must be a dominant and a servient tenement; the easement must accommodate the dominant tenement; the easement must be owned or occupied by different people; and an easement must be capable of forming the subject matter of a grant. All four characteristics must exist for a right claimed to be an easement. If any one of those is missing, then the right is not an easement.
23. The Remedies of Mortgagees
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2019

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the remedies of legal mortgagees. These include action on a mortgagor’s covenant to repay; mortgagees taking possession; court proceedings for possession brought by mortgagee; mortgagee taking possession of a dwelling house; sale of the property where there is negative equity; court’s discretion to adjourn possession proceedings; the mortgagee’s statutory power of sale (when the power of sale arises, when the statutory power becomes exercisable, mortgagee’s duties on selling the property, the effect of sale); power to appoint a receiver; foreclosure; and remedies of an equitable mortgagee or chargee.
2. Domestic Sources of Law: Parliamentary Material
Authors: Gillespie Alisdair A. , Weare Siobhan
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the sources of domestic law. There are two sources of law (primary sources and secondary sources). Primary sources are considered to be those ‘authoritative’ sources that are produced by the legal process itself. Secondary sources are sources that are produced by others and are, in essence, a commentary on the law. Primary sources of law include statutory material and this itself is divided into two types of material: primary legislation (Acts of Parliament) and secondary legislation (Statutory Instruments, Orders in Council, etc). Statutes are Acts of Parliament and are either Public Acts (Acts that are of general application) or Private Acts (which are limited to a certain body). An Act will normally have to pass both the House of Commons and House of Lords and then receive Royal Assent before it becomes an Act of Parliament.
14. The Trials
Authors: Gillespie Alisdair A. , Weare Siobhan
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the trial process and identifies the differences between summary trials and trials on indictment. It details who is in court, what their role should be, and how they reach their various decisions. The discussions cover the prosecution case, the defence case, closing speeches, judicial summing up, reaching the verdict, and youth trials.
15. Criminal Appeals
Authors: Gillespie Alisdair A. , Weare Siobhan
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines under what circumstances someone is entitled to appeal and how that appeal is heard. The discussions cover summary trials or trials on indictment; appeals from a summary trial; appeal from a trial on indictment; appeal following an acquittal; appeal against sentence; appeals to the Supreme Court; and the Criminal Cases Review Commission. The paths of appeals differ depending on the mode of trial of the original criminal hearing. There are two potential criminal appeal avenues from a summary trial: either to the Divisional Court (by way of case stated or (exceptionally) judicial review) or to the Crown Court. An appeal ordinarily requires leave (permission) but appealing to the Crown Court from the magistrates’ court does not require leave.
16. Funding Civil Litigation
Authors: Gillespie Alisdair A. , Weare Siobhan
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the key issues surrounding the funding of civil litigation and how this impacts upon access to justice. It begins with a discussion of the concept of legal aid before moving on to consider the reforms introduced under the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012, where legal aid has been withdrawn from significant forms of civil litigation and the eligibility criteria for legal aid altered. The roles of alternative funding arrangements and non-legal organizations operating in the provision of legal advice are also explored.
17. Civil Litigation
Authors: Gillespie Alisdair A. , Weare Siobhan
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers the conduct of civil litigation. It discusses how civil litigation is more managed than criminal litigation and the courts seek to assist litigants in finding a compromise. The civil courts have extensive powers over costs and they use this to ensure compliance with their rulings and also to encourage early settlement, reducing the need for litigation. The chapter examines three types of civil litigation; cases relating to the small claims track (‘small claims court’), judicial review, and private family-law disputes.
19. Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Gillespie Alisdair A. , Weare Siobhan
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers alternative dispute resolutions (ADR), which are ways that a dispute can be settled outside of the court process. The chapters considers the growth of ADR and how the courts now require litigants to consider ADR before commencing legal action. The courts have wide powers to encourage ADR and this chapter considers these powers and why the courts try to encourage ADR. The key forms of ADR are then presented, together with an analysis of their strengths and weaknesses.
Complete EU Law
Authors: Berry Elspeth , Homewood Matthew J. , Bogusz Barbara
Published: September 2019

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. Complete EU Law combines extracts from leading cases and articles to take a fresh and modern look at the constitutional and substantive law of the EU. It starts by looking at the origins of EU integration and more recent developments such as the implications of the UK ‘Brexit’ vote. It then examines the role of EU institutions within the legislative process, and the sources of EU law. Next, it explores the relationship between the EU and the Member States; the supremacy of EU law and its impact upon the principle of UK parliamentary sovereignty; the direct and indirect effect of EU law in the national courts; and the ability of those national courts to request preliminary rulings from the Court of Justice. The book also examines the obligations that EU law imposes on Member States, including the operation of infringement actions and Member State liability in damages for breaches of EU law, and the obligations that it imposes on both the EU institutions and the Member States to protect human rights in the EU. It then discusses economic integration within the internal market and how EU law regulates the rights of individuals and businesses under the ‘four freedoms’, focusing on the free movement of persons and goods. Finally, the book considers competition law and its enforcement within Member States.
1. The origins of the European Union and EU law
Authors: Berry Elspeth , Homewood Matthew J. , Bogusz Barbara
Published: September 2019

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the history of the European Union. It covers the historical rationale for the EU; the aims of the EU; the four stages of economic integration; economic and political difficulties; expansion of membership; institutional developments; legal developments; closer European integration; the Treaty of Rome (1957), the Single European Act (1986); the Treaty on European Union (1992); the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997); the Charter of Fundamental Rights; the Treaty of Nice (2001); the Treaty of Lisbon (2007); and the potential process for and impact of ‘Brexit’.
4. Enforcing EU law rights in national courts
Authors: Berry Elspeth , Homewood Matthew J. , Bogusz Barbara
Published: September 2019

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the development of the concepts of the direct effect and indirect effect of EU law—in other words, the rights of an individual or business to rely on a provision of EU law in their national courts; the rules that apply to the grant of remedies in national courts for breach of directly or indirectly effective EU law; and the relationship between direct and indirect effect, and the principle of State liability.
11. Free movement of persons
Authors: Berry Elspeth , Homewood Matthew J. , Bogusz Barbara
Published: September 2019

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the scope of the right of the free movement of persons in the EU; the relevant Treaty provisions and secondary legislation provisions regarding the free movement of persons in the EU; the specific rights granted to workers and EU citizens under their general right of free movement; and limitations on the rights of free movement as provided for in primary and secondary legislation.
1. Agreement
Authors: Poole Jill , Devenney James , Shaw-Mellors Adam
Published: September 2019

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the components of agreement; an essential ingredient of a contract. Traditionally, an agreement is comprised of an offer and a corresponding acceptance. There are two types of agreement: bilateral and unilateral. Bilateral agreements are by far the most common in practice and consist of a promise in exchange for a promise. Unilateral agreements consist of a promise in exchange for an act. This chapter analyses the agreement process in terms of offer, acceptance, and revocation of offers in bilateral and unilateral scenarios in order to provide structures and scenarios for future use. It also explains the two-contract analysis which is used to impose pre-contractual liability in English law.
2. Agreement problems
Authors: Poole Jill , Devenney James , Shaw-Mellors Adam
Published: September 2019

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on issues which may prevent the parties from reaching agreement. Agreement problems generally affect the agreement by rendering it void. It is necessary, however, to distinguish a void contract from one which is merely voidable. If an apparent agreement is too uncertain in its terms (e.g. because it is vague or essential terms are missing), the courts will not enforce it because they will not construct a binding contract for the parties. An apparent agreement may be void where the parties entered into the agreement under a ‘fundamental’ mistake which the law recognizes as preventing the parties from ever reaching agreement.
10. Undue influence
Authors: Poole Jill , Devenney James , Shaw-Mellors Adam
Published: September 2019

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. The doctrine of undue influence is an equitable doctrine allowing a contract to be set aside (the remedy of rescission) at the court’s discretion where there has been a wrongful (undue) exercise of influence by one party over the other. This chapter focuses on instances where the agreement cannot stand in light of undue influence, including instances where the undue influence was exercised by a third party and the contracting party had notice of that undue influence.
Public Law Concentrate
Authors: Faragher Colin
Published: September 2019

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Public Law Concentrate looks at all aspects relevant to constitutional law including sources, the rule of law, and separation of powers. It details the role of the executive, constitutional monarchy, and the Royal Prerogative. It also looks at sovereignty of Parliament and European Union law. It covers topics such as administrative law, judicial review, human rights, police powers, public order, and terrorism. This new edition examines the constitutional issues raised by and the legal effect of the provisions of the European Referendum Act 2015, the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017, the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, and the proposed European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill. It also looks at the constitutional status of the Sewel Convention, legislative consent motion procedure, the use of secondary legislation by the executive to amend law and the separation of powers implications of Henry VIII Clauses, the constitutional role of the House of Lords in scrutinizing and amending primary legislation, the Speakers' Ruling in the House of Commons on Points of Order and the Contempt of Parliament Motion, the whip system, back bench revolts, confidence and supply agreements in government formation, and the current state of legislative and executive devolution in Northern Ireland. There are also full details of the key principle in the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Wightman v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [2018] SLT 959.
6. The executive: central, devolved, and local government
Authors: Faragher Colin
Published: September 2019

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the executive branch of government. The executive consists of the reigning monarch who is legally the head of state, the Prime Minister, Cabinet, unanimity of advice and collective cabinet responsibility; Secretaries of State, Ministers of the Crown, departments of state, non-departmental public bodies, the civil service, the Civil Service Commission, parliamentary accountability, the Ministerial Code, the seven principles of public life, legal accountability, devolved administrative organizations in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and London, local authorities, the police, and the armed forces, the effect of the Localism Act 2011, the Scotland Acts 1998, 2012, 2014, and 2016, the Cities and Devolution Act 2016, and the Wales Act 2017. This chapter also discusses the relevant provisions of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 and the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation and Exercise of Functions) Act 2018.
8. The sovereignty of Parliament
Authors: Faragher Colin
Published: September 2019

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the definition of parliamentary sovereignty, AV Dicey’s views concerning parliamentary sovereignty, the jurisdiction of the courts, whether the substance of an Act of Parliament can be challenged, the enrolled bill rule; whether the jurisdiction of the court over an Act of Parliament can be enlarged; the rule in Pepper v Hart; entrenchment clauses; prospective formula; the effect of the Human Rights Act 1998; the purposive approach to statutory interpretation; the implications of EU law for parliamentary sovereignty and the end of the supremacy of EU law when the UK exits the European Union.
9. European Union law and institutions
Authors: Faragher Colin
Published: September 2019

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the framework and institutions of the European Union. It covers European Union Treaty framework since 1957; sources of EU law and their status after the UK leaves the European Union; the effect of leaving the European Union on the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms; failure to transpose a Directive into national law; the effect of leaving the European Union on the Francovich principle; breach of a Treaty provision by the national legislature; breach of a Treaty provision by the national administration; incorrect transposition of a Directive into national law; liability of judicial acts; the Lisbon Treaty and the procedure for withdrawal from the European Union under Art 50. This chapter also looks at the legislative process of withdrawal from the European Union including the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018.
11. Grounds for judicial review: illegality
Authors: Faragher Colin
Published: September 2019

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter looks at the classification of grounds for judicial review, illegality, ultra vires, jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional error, subjective discretion and the ultra vires doctrine, improper purpose with or without express stipulation in the empowering statute, mixed motives, relevant and irrelevant considerations with or without express stipulation in the empowering statute, lack of evidence, and unlawful failure to exercise a discretionary power by policy, estoppel based on a representation made by an official, agreement, or wrongful delegation.
14. Introduction to human rights in UK law
Authors: Faragher Colin
Published: September 2019

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) and the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998. The ECHR guarantees civil and political rights: these are the right to life; the prohibition of torture, inhuman, and degrading treatment or punishment; the prohibition of slavery and forced labour; the right to liberty; the right to a fair and unbiased hearing; the prohibition of retrospective legislation; the right to respect for private and family life; freedom of conscience and religion; freedom of expression; freedom of association; and the right to marry and found a family. The ECHR has been expanded by a series of supplementary treaties called protocols. The First and Sixth Protocols give individuals additional rights which were incorporated into British law by the HRA 1998.
1. Tort and the tort system: general overview
Authors: Brennan Carol
Published: September 2019

Tort is the area of civil law which provides a remedy for a party who has suffered the breach of a protected interest. Different torts deal with different types of harm or wrongful conduct and the ‘ingredients’ for each of these torts are different; each with its own particular characteristics. This chapter discusses the types of loss or harm covered; competing interests; remedies; comparison of tort with contract law, criminal law, and human rights law; the aims of the law of tort (compensation and deterrence); and alternative routes to compensation. The influence of insurance and of the Compensation Act 2006 is included.