bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foliar herbivory modifies arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization likely through altering root flavonoids
Authors: Xing Zhenlong , Ma Tiantian , Wu Libo , Zhang Zhongyue , Ding Jianqing , Siemann Evan
Published: October 2023

Insect herbivory may influence arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonisation by changing plant chemistry, and these effects can vary from negative to positive. Yet the underlying mechanisms are unclear.

We investigated AM fungal colonization of Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera) after exposing its seedlings to four different foliar‐feeding insects at two levels of herbivory. We then examined the potential role of induced carbon allocation and secondary metabolites, particularly flavonoids, in AM fungal colonization.

Light herbivory (ca. 10% leaf area removed) promoted early colonization by AM fungi whereas heavy herbivory (ca. 60% leaf area removed) decreased it. Root flavonoids were increased (in the short‐term) under light herbivory but decreased under heavy herbivory. Further, herbivore‐induced changes to root flavonoids were positively correlated with those of AM fungal colonisation. Moreover, quercitrin, one of the root‐secreted flavonoids, could mediate these AM fungal responses. Surprisingly, however, AM fungal colonization was not correlated with herbivore‐induced carbon allocation in roots or root exudates.

We show that AM fungal responses to insect herbivory are at least partially flavonoid‐based and depend on herbivory intensity. Our work highlights the importance of secondary metabolites rather than carbon allocation in interactions between above‐ground herbivory and below‐ground mycorrhiza.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Diary of an SNP First Minister: A Chronopolitics of Proximity and Priorities
Authors: Graham Hannah
Published: October 2023

This article provides a content analysis of Nicola Sturgeon's first ministerial diaries in the final two years of her leadership (April 2021–March 2023). As first minister, to whom and what did she give her time—which issues and interest groups had access? Which didn't? Or, who and what may be missing? An audience with a national leader can be indicative of priorities and potential for influence—as can its absence. The lens of chronopolitics—the politics of time—is used here to consider twenty‐four months of diaries, with 681 entries. Some key social and political issues in Scotland were kept away from the FM's meetings and delegated to other ministers to oversee, whereas other issues appear to be signature priorities, including climate and the environment, economy and finance, culture, and health and Covid‐19.
Tax policy and aggregate stability in an overlapping generations model
Authors: Guo Jang‐Ting , Zhang Yan
Published: October 2023

In the context of a two‐period non‐monetary overlapping generations model with Cobb–Douglas preference and technological specifications, this paper explores the theoretical as well as quantitative interrelations between equilibrium (in)determinacy versus (i) a progressive tax schedule on wage income and (ii) a balanced‐budget rule with endogenous labour taxation. In sharp contrast to previous studies on a one‐sector representative‐agent macroeconomy, we find that both fiscal formulations can possibly operate as stabilizing instruments against cyclical fluctuations driven by agents' self‐fulfilling beliefs. The key policy implication of our no‐indeterminacy result is that depending on what is the underlying analytical environment, countercyclical income taxation may stabilize or destabilize the business cycle.
Injury comparisons between paired drivers and front‐seat passengers in frontal collisions using publicly available crash and injury data
Authors: Kroeker Shannon G. , Siegmund Gunter P.
Published: October 2023

Forensic engineers and crash safety researchers sometimes use the injuries of a seatbelted occupant to infer the injury risk of an unbelted occupant in the same crash, had they instead been wearing a seatbelt. It is unclear, however, whether this inference is valid or how often two occupants in the same collision have similar injuries. Here, we sought to compare the injury outcomes between drivers and front‐seat passengers in frontal collisions using real‐world collision data. We compared the injury severity, quantified using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), of 22 injury categories between front‐seat occupants with matching seatbelt use and airbag deployment in single‐event frontal collisions recorded in the publicly available National Automotive Sampling System, Crashworthiness Data System (years 1993–2015) database to assess whether they had similar severity injuries. We analyzed the four combinations of seatbelt use and airbag deployment and all seatbelt/airbag conditions combined. In only 3 of 88 combinations of injuries and seatbelt/airbag conditions did more than 50% of occupant pairs have the same AIS score, although the related confidence intervals showed these proportions were not significantly greater than 50%. In contrast, we found 19 combinations of injuries and seatbelt/airbag conditions where one occupant was consistently injured more severely than the other. Our findings show that injury outcome is not similar for both front‐seat occupants in the same frontal collision with similar seatbelt and airbag conditions; however, one may be able to predict that one occupant would be more severely injured than their fellow occupant.
Reveal the relationship between the quality and the cuticle composition of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) by postharvest heat treatment
Authors: Wu Sisi , Li Xiang , Jiang Jing , Huang Hua , Cheng Xiaomei , Li Gaoyang , Shan Yang , Zhu Xiangrong
Published: October 2023

To investigate the influence of heat treatment (HT) on Satsuma mandarin fruit's postharvest quality and cuticle composition, we immersed the fruit for 3 min in hot water at 52°C and subsequently stored them at room temperature (25°C) for 28 days, and fruit quality parameters, such as good fruit rate, weight loss rate, firmness, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid content, were monitored. Additionally, changes in the peel's cuticle composition were analyzed, and wax crystal morphologies on the fruit surface were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings revealed that appropriate HT effectively preserved fruit quality. The main compositions of wax and cutin on the fruit's surface remained consistent between the HT and the CK during storage. The total content of wax and cutin initially increased, peaking on the 14th day of storage, and then decreased, falling below the levels observed on day 0. Notably, the total amount of cutin in the HT group exceeded that of the control group. Specifically, ω‐hydroxy fatty acids with mid‐chain oxo groups and mid‐oh‐ω‐hydroxy fatty acids constituted approximately 90% of the total cutin content. Moreover, the HT group exhibited higher (p < 0.05) total wax content in relation to the control. Fatty acids and alkanes were the predominant components, accounting for approximately 87.5% of the total wax. SEM analysis demonstrated that HT caused wax crystals to melt and redistribute, effectively filling wax gaps. It suggests that HT holds promising potential as a green, safe, and eco‐friendly commercial treatment for preserving the postharvest quality of Satsuma mandarin.

Practical Application

In this study, Satsuma citrus (Citrus unshiu) underwent heat treatment (HT) and was subsequently preserved at room temperature (25°C) for 28 days. The findings revealed that HT significantly improved fruit quality compared to the control group. These findings provide valuable insights into the advancement of eco‐friendly and pollution‐free citrus preservation methods, offering essential strategies and process parameters for their practical application.
Maternal hypothermia during elective caesarean delivery: A prospective observational study
Authors: Brodshaug Irene , Reine Elizabeth , Raeder Johan
Published: October 2023

Background

Patients undergoing caesarean delivery are at risk of developing unintended perioperative hypothermia, defined as a core temperature <36.0°C. Most previous studies of core temperature in caesarean delivery patients have not been conducted with accurate measurements for the complete perioperative period. Therefore, we conducted a prospective observational study to identify the incidence and duration of pre‐ and post‐operative maternal hypothermia with a high accuracy continuous temperature monitoring system.

Methods

Women ≥18 years old presenting for elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia were invited to participate in the study. The primary outcomes were the incidence and duration of perioperative maternal hypothermia (<36.0°C). Maternal core temperatures were measured with the non‐invasive zero‐heat‐flux thermometer (Bair Hugger Temperature Monitoring System, 3M) throughout the perioperative course.

Results

A total of 40 participants were recruited to the study. The incidence of perioperative hypothermia was 32.5%, with a duration of 77 ± 40 min (mean ± standard deviation). The hypothermic patients had similar core temperature as the normothermic patients at baseline preoperatively, but significantly lower temperature at operating room arrival and during the remaining study period. Forty percent of all patients reported thermal discomfort and felt cold on admission to post anaesthesia care unit, whereas 33% had shivering. Neither thermal discomfort nor shivering were associated with hypothermia.

Conclusion

In the present study almost a third of the women undergoing elective caesarean delivery developed perioperative hypothermia with a core temperature <36.0°C. The mean duration of maternal hypothermia was 77 min, lasting well into the postoperative period for many patients. These data should remind healthcare professionals of the importance of measuring core temperature in all phases of the perioperative setting and to consider optimal warming measures to avoid and treat hypothermia.
Shear bond strength of calcium silicate‐based cements to composite resin using a universal adhesive in different application modes: an in vitro study
Authors: Naiboğlu P , Koşar T , Yücel AÇ
Published: October 2023

Background

To assess the shear bond strength (SBS) of four calcium silicate‐based cements (CSCs) to composite resin using a universal adhesive in self‐etch (SE) and etch‐and‐rinse (ER) modes and to evaluate surface microstructure and chemical composition of CSCs after acid‐etching.

Methods

In total, 30 specimens of each cement, Biodentine (BD), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus (MTA‐A), ProRoot MTA (MTA‐P) and MTA Repair HP (MTA‐HP), were prepared and assigned into 2 groups (n = 15) according to universal adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick) applied in SE and ER mode. After composite resin (Clearfil Majesty Esthetic) was applied, the SBS was measured. Scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) analysis was used to evaluate the changes in surface structure and elemental composition.

Results

MTA‐P demonstrated significantly higher SBS than all CSCs, except for MTA‐HP in the SE mode. The ER mode exhibited significantly higher SBS compared to the SE mode for MTA‐P and MTA‐A. Acid‐etching caused morphological differences and affected elemental distribution.

Conclusions

MTA‐P may be a more suitable pulp capping material due to its superior SBS compared to BD and MTA‐A. The application of a universal adhesive in ER mode may be suggested to increase the SBS of MTA‐P and MTA‐A to composite resin.
Systemic azithromycin versus amoxicillin/metronidazole as an adjunct in the treatment of periodontitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Atieh MA , Shah M , Hakam A , Alghafri M , Tawse‐Smith A , Alsabeeha NHM
Published: October 2023

Background

The use of systemic azithromycin (AZT) and amoxicillin/metronidazole (AMX/MTZ) as adjuncts provided additional clinical and microbiological benefits over subgingival instrumentation alone. However, the superiority of one antibiotic regimen over another has not been proven. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta‐analyses was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of subgingival instrumentation (SI) in conjunction with the systemic use of AZT or AMX/MTZ for the treatment of periodontitis from current published literature.

Methods

Electronic databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials, prospective and retrospective human studies that compared the adjunctive use of systemic AZT to AMX/MTZ with SI in the treatment of periodontitis. The eligibility criteria were defined based on the participant (who had periodontitis), intervention (SI with adjunctive use of systemic AZT), comparison (SI with adjunctive use of systemic AMX/MTZ), outcomes (primary outcome: changes in probing pocket). The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool. Data were analysed using a statistical software program.

Results

Five studies with 151 participants with periodontitis were included in the present review. Of these, 74 participants received adjunctive AZT, while the remaining participants received AMX/MTZ as an adjunct to SI. The adjunctive use of AZT and AMX/MTZ had comparable changes in probing pocket depths at 1–3 months with no statistically significant difference (mean difference (MD) 0.01; 95% CI –0.20 to 0.22;P = 0.94). The adjunctive use of AZT had significantly fewer number of residual sites with probing pocket depths of ≥5 mm at 1–3 months compared to the adjunctive use of AMX/MTZ (MD –3.41; 95% CI –4.73 to –2.10;P < 0.0001). The prevalence rates of adverse events among participants who received AZT and AMX/MTZ were 9.80% and 14.8%, respectively. The meta‐analysis showed that the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (risk ratio 0.69; 95% CI 0.28 to 1.72;P = 0.43).

Conclusions

Within the limitation of this review, there was no superiority between AZT and AMX/MTZ in terms of mean changes in probing pocket depths, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing at 1–3 months. AZT seem to be associated with less sites with residual probing pocket depths of ≥5 mm at 1–3 months and fewer adverse events compared with AMX/MTZ. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.
Preferred type, timing and format of dementia information: A cross‐sectional survey of carers of people living with dementia
Authors: Berghout Mani , Waller Amy , Lachapelle Nicole , Noble Natasha , Nair Balakrishnan (Kichu) , Sanson‐Fisher Rob
Published: October 2023

Objectives

To clarify the unmet information needs of carers of people living with dementia, including the stage of their care journey at which topics become relevant, and the preferred format and mode of delivery of information.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey of carers of people living with dementia was conducted between April 2022 and October 2022. Carers were recruited through public and private geriatric hospital and community clinics, aged care providers, an online research register and community dementia services. Consenting carers completed a survey assessing sociodemographic characteristics, preferred type and timing of information about dementia, accessing services, changes in behaviour/personality, changes in physical/emotional health, managing own health/well‐being and preferred information format and mode of delivery.

Results

A total of 163 carers returned a survey (20% response rate). Most carers (75–98%) reported wanting information across a range of topics. Carers preferred general dementia information at diagnosis, information about accessing services at or within the first year of diagnosis, and information on managing symptoms as they emerged. Carers were most interested in receiving information in‐person face‐to‐face (60% very interested), written information (51% very interested) or via face‐to‐face group information sessions (42% very interested).

Conclusions

Carers of people living with dementia expressed a desire for information on a wide range of topics, which changed as the dementia of the person they cared for progressed. Information needs to be made available in a variety of formats to cater for differing ways in which it is consumed.
Dyeing of cotton/acrylic blend fabric in a single‐bath‐single‐stage method using indigo dye
Authors: Islam Mohammad Tajul , Alam Mohammed Mehedy , Islam Md Aminul , Riyadh Tanvir Ahmed
Published: October 2023

In this study, an attempt has been made to dye cotton/acrylic blend fabrics in a single‐bath‐single‐stage method considering today's growing market for such blended products. Yarn‐blend cotton/acrylic fabric was produced and dyed at 3% shade using indigo dye in the exhaust method to optimise the dyeing conditions by varying the amount of reducing agent, pH, and dyebath temperature. The colour yield of both the acrylic part and cotton components of the blend was influenced by pH levels. Meanwhile, the temperature played a notable role in determining the colour yield of the acrylic portion. Optimised dyeing conditions were obtained at pH 6 and 120°C for the acrylic part, whereas pH 11 and 90°C temperature were obtained for the cotton part. These conditions involved the use of sodium dithionite (15 g/L) as a reducing agent and sodium hydroxide as an alkali. While the yarn‐blend fabrics exhibited a unique shadow dyeing effect, solid dyeing results were achieved with fibre‐blend fabrics, underscoring the versatility of this single‐bath‐single‐stage method. To assess the overall dyeing performance, comprehensive evaluations including bursting strength measurements, assessments of fastness to washing, perspiration, and rubbing were conducted, all of which provided valuable insights into the durability and colour retention of the yarn‐blend fabrics. This research not only addresses the demand for cotton/acrylic blend fabrics in today's market but also demonstrates an efficient and innovative single‐bath‐single‐stage dyeing approach using indigo dye, which holds promise for the textile industry's future sustainability and product diversity.
Pharmacokinetic/LDL‐C and exposure–response analysis of tafolecimab in Chinese hypercholesterolemia patients: Results from phase I, II, and III studies
Authors: Yan Shuling , Zhao Xia , Xie Qiushi , Du Weijuan , Ma Qingyang , Zhu Tongkang , Deng Huan , Qian Lei , Zheng Shirui , Cui Yimin
Published: October 2023

Tafolecimab, a novel fully human monoclonal antibody targeting PCSK9, has been assessed in Chinese healthy volunteers and patients with hypercholesterolemia. This analysis is to develop and qualify a population pharmacokinetics (PopPKs)/LDL‐C model to characterize tafolecimab PK and LDL‐C profiles, evaluate the impact of potential covariates on tafolecimab, estimate individual predicted exposure, and LDL‐C decreasing, furthermore, explore exposure–response relationship to support clinical use. Data from six clinical trials in China were used to develop the PopPK/LDL‐C model. A Michaelis–Menten approximation of the target‐mediated drug disposition (TMDD) model was used to describe PK data and indirect response (IDR) model was developed to estimate the LDL‐C profile. A stochastic approximation expectation maximization algorithm was applied to estimate PopPK/LDL‐C parameters. The PK/LDL‐C time course data for tafolecimab were well described by TMDD/IDR model. Baseline covariates resulting in statistically significant changes in PK/LDL‐C parameters included: body weight and sex on absorption rate constant; body weight, sex, and unbound PCSK9 on central volume; body weight and sex on clearance; baseline LDL‐C on first‐order rate constants for the removal of an effect); and disease and sex on maximum effect. However, the magnitudes of changes associated with these covariates do not necessitate dose adjustment. Exposure–efficacy relationship indicated that the nadir of LDL‐C reduction achieved with the steady‐state trough plasma concentration (Ctrough) of tafolecimab at 5 μg/mL, and no further LDL‐C decreasing with the increasing Ctrough. There was no exposure dependency observed in exposure‐safety exploration. The PopPK/LDL‐C model was successfully developed, validated, and predicted tafolecimab/LDL‐C concentrations and individual exposures.
1074. Camellia minutiflora Hung T. Chang
Authors: Bell Caroline , King Christabel , Rix Martyn
Published: October 2023

Camellia minutiflora Hung T. Chang, described from Hong Kong in 1981 is illustrated. Its cultivation and related species are discussed.
Cytologic features of mesenchymal, melanocytic and haematolymphoid tumours of the central nervous system and metastases
Authors: Bárcena Carmen , Jiménez‐Heffernan José A.
Published: October 2023

The current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumours includes several neoplasms that, while occurring in this location, are more frequently seen extracranially. These include mesenchymal, melanocytic and haematolymphoid neoplasms, as well as metastases. A few of these entities are exclusive of the CNS and have no extracranial counterpart. Despite their diverse histogenesis, these neoplasms share a peculiar predilection for involving meningeal structures. In fact, in the context of an intraoperative pathologic consultation of a meningeal tumour, virtually all these entities should be considered as potential diagnoses. Metastases in the CNS are very common. Most are carcinomas that cytologically resemble their site of origin. Loss of differentiation with cell dissociation and anaplasia and presence of accompanying fibrillary brain parenchyma can be a source of diagnostic problems. In this review, we intend to show the most relevant cytologic features of these tumours, and it is especially aimed at their analysis during intraoperative studies.
Diagnostic delay, comorbid hidradenitis suppurativa and the prognostic value of bacterial culture in folliculitis decalvans: A cohort study
Authors: Lyakhovitsky Anna , Segal Oz , Galili Eran , Thompson Curtis T , Tzanani Ido , Scope Alon , Baum Sharon , Barzilai Aviv
Published: October 2023

Background

Folliculitis decalvans (FD) is a type of primary neutrophilic cicatricial alopecia often leading to irreversible hair loss. Data on its epidemiology, clinical features, outcomes, and prognostic factors are limited.

Objective

To evaluate a cohort of patients with FD and identify characteristics of severe disease and prognostic factors which impede remission.

Patients and Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 192 patients diagnosed with FD and followed for at least six months at a tertiary center between 2010 and 2020.

Results

There was a diagnostic delay averaging 22.2 (± 29.7) months. Comorbid follicular occlusion disorders were common. Bacterial cultures were positive in 45.6% of the cases, with Staphylococcus (S.) aureus being the most common pathogen. Severe disease was associated with comorbid hidradenitis suppurativa and a positive bacterial culture, particularly S. aureus. 50.7% of patients experienced complete remission: 32% within the first six months of treatment and 18.7% later during follow‐up. Relapses were frequent. Negative prognostic factors for achieving remission included younger age and a positive bacterial culture.

Conclusions

There is a need for the education of dermatologists to reduce the diagnostic delay. Screening FD patients for comorbid hidradenitis suppurativa and obtaining bacterial cultures is important for treatment planning.
Glucagon like peptide‐1 receptor agonists and the risk of skin cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes: Population‐based cohort study
Authors: Pradhan Richeek , Yu Oriana H. Y. , Platt Robert W. , Azoulay Laurent
Published: October 2023

Aims

The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) is associated with an increased risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer, separately, compared with the use of sulfonylureas among patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Using the United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink (2007–2019), we assembled two new‐user active comparator cohorts. In the first cohort assessing melanoma as the outcome, 11,786 new users of GLP‐1 RAs were compared with 208,519 new users of sulfonylureas. In the second cohort assessing nonmelanoma skin cancer as the outcome, 11,774 new users of GLP‐1 RAs were compared with 207,788 new users of sulfonylureas. Cox proportional hazards models weighted using propensity score fine stratification were fit to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer, respectively.

Results

Compared with sulfonylureas, GLP‐1 RAs were not associated with an increased risk of either melanoma (42.6 vs. 43.9 per 100,000 person‐years, respectively; HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.53–1.75) or nonmelanoma skin cancer (243.9 vs. 229.9 per 100,000 person‐years, respectively; HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.80–1.33). There was no evidence of an association between cumulative duration of use with either melanoma or nonmelanoma skin cancer. Consistent results were observed in secondary and sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

In this population‐based cohort study, GLP‐1 RAs were not associated with an increased risk of melanoma or nonmelanoma skin cancer, compared with sulfonylureas.
Driven by crises: Price integration on the grain market in late medieval Flanders
Authors: Espeel Stef
Published: October 2023

At the centre of the debate on pre‐industrial economic growth is the study of market integration, a topic that has increasingly been the focus of intense scientific interest in recent decades. However, this has remained limited to the early modern and modern periods, mainly due to the availability of relevant data. New grain price series have been constructed for several Flemish cities dating back to the early fourteenth century. As one of the most populated regions in the late Middle Ages, the case of Flanders shows that the extraordinary sequence of price shocks in the mid‐fourteenth century had a positive impact on the degree of price integration in the grain market. The Flemish grain market functioned better in times of crisis, but caused prices to rise steadily across the entire integrated system during the prolonged crisis period. Whereas many studies have labelled the late Middle Ages – particularly the fifteenth century – as an age of economic contraction with more isolated trade networks, this study shows that Flanders remained a highly economically integrated region.
Cholinergic basal forebrain system degeneration underlies postural instability/gait difficulty and attention impairment in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wu Chenqing , Wu Haoting , Zhou Cheng , Guan Xiaojun , Guo Tao , Cao Zhengye , Wu Jingjing , Liu Xiaocao , Chen Jingwen , Wen Jiaqi , Qin Jianmei , Tan Sijia , Duanmu Xiaojie , Yuan Weijin , Zheng Qianshi , Zhang Baorong , Huang Peiyu , Xu Xiaojun , Zhang Minming
Published: October 2023

Background and purpose

The specific pathophysiological mechanisms underlying postural instability/gait difficulty (PIGD) and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease (PD) remain unclear. Both postural and gait control, as well as cognitive function, are associated with the cholinergic basal forebrain (cBF) system.

Methods

A total of 84 PD patients and 82 normal controls were enrolled. Each participant underwent motor and cognitive assessments. Diffusion tensor imaging was used to detect structural abnormalities in the cBF system. The cBF was segmented using FreeSurfer, and its fiber tract was traced using probabilistic tractography. To provide information on extracellular water accumulation, free‐water fraction (FWf) was quantified. FWf in the cBF and its fiber tract, as well as cortical projection density, were extracted for statistical analyses.

Results

Patients had significantly higher FWf in the cBF (p < 0.001) and fiber tract (p = 0.021) than normal controls, as well as significantly lower cBF projection in the occipital (p < 0.001), parietal (p < 0.001) and prefrontal cortex (p = 0.005). In patients, a higher FWf in the cBF correlated with worse PIGD score (r = 0.306, p = 0.006) and longer Trail Making Test A time (r = 0.303, p = 0.007). Attentional function (Trail Making Test A) partially mediated the association between FWf in the cBF and PIGD score (indirect effect, a*b = 0.071; total effect, c = 0.256; p = 0.006).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that degeneration of the cBF system in PD, from the cBF to its fiber tract and cortical projection, plays an important role in cognitive−motor interaction.
Is FAD fishing an economic trap? Effects of seasonal closures and other management measures on a purse‐seine tuna fleet
Authors: Guillotreau P. , Salladarré F. , Capello M. , Dupaix A. , Floc'h L. , Tidd A. , Tolotti M. , Dagorn L.
Published: October 2023

The management of fish aggregating devices (FAD) creates heated debates in tuna fishery management organizations striving to reduce the number of deployed floating objects. Through several econometric models and a machine learning approach, we evaluate the consequences of three management scenarios on the catch and profit of the French purse‐seine fleet operating in the Indian Ocean: (1) a half reduction in the number of authorized buoys per vessel, (2) a 72‐day closure of FAD fishing with and (3) without re‐allocation of effort on free schools. The results show a significant decrease of fleet profits by 7%, 10% and 18% respectively. We hypothesize an “economic trap” of FAD fishing caused by the far greater efficiency of this harvesting technique for larger vessels searching for economies of scale, and by the overfished status and catch limitation of yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (Thunnus obesus) tunas in the Indian Ocean. The results are compared with other studies looking at the impact of FAD management measures in other oceans.
Financial socialization and financial well‐being in early adulthood: The mediating role of financial capability
Authors: Pak Tae‐Young , Fan Lu , Chatterjee Swarn
Published: October 2023

Objective

This study explores the relationship between financial socialization agents and financial well‐being in early adulthood and the mediating role of financial capability.

Background

The family financial socialization theory provides a foundation for delineating the financial socialization process and outcomes in a family context. However, few studies have examined financial socialization experiences within a social context and their differential impacts on financial well‐being mediated by young adults' financial capability.

Method

This study used a sample of Koreans aged 25–39 years gathered from an online survey conducted in 2021 (N = 1,599). Linear regressions were used to estimate the associations between financial socialization agents and financial well‐being, and the mediating roles of financial capability factors.

Results

The findings indicate that financial socialization from observing parental financial behavior was positively related to young adults' financial well‐being. Other socialization agents—including peers, media, and school—were generally uncorrelated with financial well‐being. Further analyses showed that financial capability was a mediator between observing parental financial behavior and financial well‐being.

Conclusion

Young Korean adults who learned personal finance by observing their parents had higher financial well‐being. Part of this effect was due to the improved financial behavior learned through the socialization process.

Implications

The path to financial well‐being begins with experiential learning within a family context in early adulthood through improved financial behavior. Our findings call for greater attention to children who might be excluded from the benefits of family‐oriented financial socialization through observing parents' financial behaviors.
Did the COVID‐19 pandemic make better parents? A qualitative exploration of parents' experiences during a historic period
Authors: Xiao He
Published: October 2023

Objective

To explore through the lens of the theoretical framework whether parents achieved any forms of improved parenting during the pandemic; in what way parents improved, if any; and what led to improved parenting.

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic and its repercussions gave rise to multiple challenges and hardships confronting children and parents. The ways parents handled the parenting demands varied. The research documented the presence of both unhealthy and nurturing parenting behaviors during the pandemic. During this course in which parents responded to the parenting demands, some facets of parenting (e.g., parenting practices, parenting cognitions) were subject to change. The current study placed the focus on positive parental changes, if any.

Method

The study employed a phenomenological approach. Fourteen parents (female = 12; White = 8; Black = 4, and Asian = 2; 11 of 14 were upper‐ to lower‐middle‐class families) constituted the sample. One‐on‐one semistructured interviews were conducted over Zoom for data collection. Thematic analysis was performed for data analysis.

Results

Four themes were constructed: targeted parental responses and changes, refined parenting skills and practices, enhanced understanding of parenting, and unsettled parenting styles.

Conclusion

Some parents achieved improved parenting (e.g., refined parenting skills, a new understanding of childrearing). Whether and to what extent parents bettered themselves were conditional on whether and how far parents went to adapt or adjust their parenting.

Implication

Although substantially improving parenting skills appears to be difficult, parents can still bring benefits to family by bettering themselves incrementally. Practitioners need to be a source of reinvigoration for parents who aim to improve their parenting and family equilibrium, particularly in the context of a crisis.
Development of genomic resources for cattails (Typha), a globally important macrophyte genus
Authors: Aleman Alberto , Dorken Marcel E. , Shafer Aaron B. A. , Patel Tulsi , Volkova Polina A. , Freeland Joanna R.
Published: October 2023

A critical knowledge gap in freshwater plant research is the lack of genetic tools necessary to answer fundamental questions about their demographic histories, adaptation and phylogenetic relationships. One example of this is Typha, a global genus of freshwater plants foundational to wetlands that also is becoming an increasingly problematic biological invader in numerous regions worldwide; although important insights have been discovered for this genus, existing markers are insufficient to answer fundamental questions about their demographic histories, adaptation and phylogenetic relationships; to identify introduced and hybrid lineages; and to examine patterns of hybridisation and introgression.

We optimised a library preparation and data processing protocol to develop genome–wide nuclear and plastid resources for studying the evolutionary history, genetic structure and diversity, hybridisation, local adaptation, invasiveness, and geographical expansion dynamics of Typha.

We sequenced 140 Typha samples and identified ~120 K nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that differentiate T. angustifolia, T. domingensis and T. latifolia, and retrieved their plastome sequences. We observed genetic introgression among the three species.

Following a fast, straightforward and cost‐efficient genomic library preparation protocol, we produced a suite of genome‐wide resources to facilitate investigations into the taxonomy and population genetics of Typha and to advance the genomic understanding of wetland plants.

The protocol described, the updated chromosome‐level genome assembly of T. latifolia, the catalogue of species‐specific SNPs, and the chloroplast sequences produced in this study comprise permanent resources that can be applied to study the genetic composition of multiple populations and hybrid zones, and will be incorporated into future studies of Typha, an ecologically important and globally invasive macrophyte.
Association of polygenic scores for depression and neuroticism with perceived stress in daily life during a long‐lasting stress period
Authors: Peter Hannah L. , Giglberger Marina , Streit Fabian , Frank Josef , Kreuzpointner Ludwig , Rietschel Marcella , Kudielka Brigitte M. , Wüst Stefan
Published: October 2023

Genetic factors contribute significantly to interindividual differences in the susceptibility to stress‐related disorders. As stress can also be conceptualized as environmental exposure, controlled gene–environment interaction (GxE) studies with an in‐depth phenotyping may help to unravel mechanisms underlying the interplay between genetic factors and stress. In a prospective‐longitudinal quasi‐experimental study, we investigated whether polygenic scores (PGS) for depression (DEP‐PGS) and neuroticism (NEU‐PGS), respectively, were associated with responses to chronic stress in daily life. We examined law students (n = 432) over 13 months. Participants in the stress group experienced a long‐lasting stress phase, namely the preparation for the first state examination for law students. The control group consisted of law students without particular stress exposure. In the present manuscript, we analyzed perceived stress levels assessed at high frequency and in an ecologically valid manner by ambulatory assessments as well as depression symptoms and two parameters of the cortisol awakening response. The latter was only assessed in a subsample (n = 196). No associations between the DEP‐PGS and stress‐related variables were found. However, for the NEU‐PGS we found a significant GxE effect. Only in individuals experiencing academic stress a higher PGS for neuroticism predicted stronger increases of perceived stress levels until the exam. At baseline, a higher NEU‐PGS was associated with higher perceived stress levels in both groups. Despite the small sample size, we provide preliminary evidence that the genetic disposition for neuroticism is associated with stress level increases in daily life during a long‐lasting stress period.
Increasing global ecosystem respiration between 1982 and 2015 from Earth observation‐based modelling
Authors: Tagesson Torbern , Kelly Julia , Schurgers Guy , Tian Feng , Ardö Jonas , Horion Stephanie , Ahlström Anders , Olin Stefan , Fensholt Rasmus
Published: October 2023

Aim

Earth observation‐based estimates of land–atmosphere exchange of carbon are essential for understanding the response of the terrestrial biosphere to climatic change and other anthropogenic forcing. Temperature, soil water content and gross primary production are the main drivers of ecosystem respiration (Reco), and the main aims of this study are to develop an Reco model driven by long‐term global‐scale Earth observations and to study Reco spatiotemporal dynamics 1982–2015.

Location

Global scale.

Time Period

1982–2015.

Major Taxa Studied

Terrestrial ecosystems.

Methods

We parameterized and applied a global Reco model for 1982–2015 using novel Earth observation‐based data. We studied the relationships between Reco measured at field sites globally and land surface temperature, gross primary production and soil water content. Trends 1982–2015 were quantified, and the contributions from terrestrial regions to the spatiotemporal variability were evaluated.

Results

The Reco model (LGS‐Reco) captured the between‐site and intra‐ and interannual variability in field‐observed Reco and soil respiration well in comparison with other Earth observation‐based products. The global annual Reco was on average 105.6 ± 2.3 Pg C for 1982–2015, which is close to 105 Pg C according to residuals of the carbon exchange processes within the global carbon budgets. The trend in global terrestrial Reco 1982–2015 was 0.19 ± 0.02 Pg C y−1, with the strongest positive trends found in cropland areas, whereas negative trends were primarily observed for savannah/shrublands of Southern Africa and South America. Trends were especially strong during the eighties and nineties, but substantially smaller 1998–2015.

Main Conclusions

The LGS‐Reco model revealed a substantial increase in global Reco during recent decades. However, the growth rates of global Reco were slower during 1998–2015, partially explaining the reduced growth rates of atmospheric CO2 during this period. The LGR‐Reco product may be an essential source for studying carbon sources and sinks and functioning of the Earth system.
Promoting ‘testicular awareness’: Co‐design of an inclusive campaign using the World Café Methodology
Authors: Saab Mohamad M. , Shetty Varsha N. , McCarthy Megan , Davoren Martin P. , Flynn Angela , Kirby Ann , Robertson Steve , Shorter Gillian W. , Murphy David , Rovito Michael J. , Shiely Frances , Hegarty Josephine
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men aged 15–44 years in many countries. Most men with testicular cancer present with a lump. Testicular symptoms are more likely to occur secondary to benign diseases like epididymo‐orchitis, a common sexually transmitted infection. Gender and sexual minorities are at an increased risk of testicular diseases and health disparities. The aim of this study was to co‐design an inclusive community‐based campaign to promote testicular awareness.

Methods

This study uses the World Café methodology. Participation was sought from Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer+ friendly organisations, testicular cancer survivors, health policy makers, media and marketing experts and graphic designers. Participants engaged in three rounds of conversations to co‐design the campaign. Data were collected using drawing sheets, artefact cards, sticky notes, coloured markers and a voice recorder. Deductive thematic analysis was conducted.

Results

Seventeen individuals participated in the study. Six themes emerged from the analysis as follows: (i) online communication; (ii) offline communication; (iii) behavioural targeting and education; (iv) campaign frequency and reach; (v) demographic segmentation; and (vi) campaign identity. The use of social media for campaign delivery featured strongly in all conversations. Participants also recommended offline communication using posters and radio/television advertisements to scale up the campaign and achieve wider reach. Advertisements to overcome embarrassment surrounding testicular health were particularly recommended. Participants emphasised that campaign delivery must be dynamic whilst ensuring that the health‐promoting messages are not diluted or lost. They stressed the importance of being inclusive and tailoring the campaign to different age groups, gender identities and sexual orientations.

Conclusions

Study recommendations will be used to design and deliver the campaign. Future research will be needed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, cost and effect of the campaign on promoting testicular awareness and early detection of testicular diseases.

Patient or Public Contribution

A participatory research approach was used to co‐design the campaign with members of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer+ (LGBTQ+) friendly organisations, LGBTQ+ student bodies, LGBTQ+ staff networks, LGBTQ+ sports clubs, men's health organisations, testicular cancer survivors, health policy makers, media and marketing experts and graphic designers.
The direct experimental observation and solidification mechanism of heavy metals in blast furnace slag glass‐ceramics
Authors: Guo Yuhang , Du Yongsheng , Wang Guangyu , Xu Yuanjun , Zhang Hongxia , Deng Leibo , Chen Hua , Zhao Ming
Published: October 2023

Glass‐ceramics with high performance and high crystallinity was produced using rare earth blast furnace slag (REBFS) as the primary raw material, along with composite nucleating agents Fe2O3 and Cr2O3. The migration pattern, distribution characteristics, and solidification properties of heavy metals in glass‐ceramics were investigated by the controlled heat treatment. The findings indicated that the heat treatment temperature has a significant effect on the distribution and color of heavy metals in glass‐ceramic. In the crystallized glass‐ceramic, spinel acts as the crystal core for heavy metal solidification, Cr, Cu, and Mn can exist stably in the spinel by the solid solution. The glass‐ceramic was expected to be used as a decorative building material.
If you look at the table…: Directives in conference presentations and university lectures
Authors: Fernández Polo Francisco Javier
Published: October 2023

This paper investigates differences in the characteristic form, frequency and role of directives in two spoken academic genres, conference presentations and university lectures. The study also reports the existence of differences between English native and non‐native speakers in the way they use directives at conferences. Data consist of a self‐compiled corpus of conference talks and a comparable corpus of lectures from the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE). Results show that, comparatively, directives in lectures are stronger and less mitigated than in conference presentations. Conference speakers in our study make the intrinsic imposition in directives more palatable for the peer audience by using milder directive forms, deploying indirectness and stressing communal membership. Non‐native speakers' directives show interesting similarities with those in lectures, a possible sign of overlapping or confusion of two major genres in the “overpopulated” generic world of academics. Findings on conference presentations and lectures are also compared with existing evidence on directives in written research articles: some characteristic roles of directives in writing are irrelevant in speech, while others, e.g. integrating visuals in the presentation and reactivating background and previously constructed content, are central to the spoken genres but irrelevant to writing.
Building bridges of various sorts: Old and new migrant transnationalism among Uruguayans in Spain
Authors: Margheritis Ana
Published: October 2023

This study explores emigrants' motivations to form associations, their activities and engagement with home politics, and whether diaspora policies impinge on their practices. It focuses on Uruguayans abroad, who are a relevant case of migrant transnationalism. Building upon qualitative methods, it investigates their associational life in a main destination: Spain. The findings contribute to expand our knowledge of a relatively less studied diaspora, document associations' transnational activities and evolution and revisit debates on the dynamics of diaspora politics and transnational engagements with home/host politics, which in this case remain intermittent and fragmented, albeit intense and highly localized. The notion of building bridges of various sorts emerges as a signifier that gives meaning to individual and collective engagements. This opens new research venues and contributes to analytical refinement as to incorporate migrant transnational practices that are not neatly patterned, sustained in time and simultaneously identifiable in host and home contexts.