bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH‐REGULATING WEEDKILLERS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF GRASSES
Authors: Jeater R. S. L.
Published: April 2006

A series of experiments were carried out in 1954 and 1955 designed to investigate the effects of MCPA and 2,4‐D applied at different stages of growth to grasses grown for seed. Single, spaced plants were sprayed at the rate of 1·5 lb. a.e. per acre with 2,4‐D amine in 1954 and with 2,4‐D amine and ester and MCPA ester in 1955. The development of the grass growing point was used as a criterion of the developmental stages at which the plants were sprayed.

Some treatments caused abnormal types of growth. S.23 perennial ryegrass and S.143 cocksfoot developed ear malformations, S.53 meadow fescue had leaf and ear malformations, while S.51 timothy showed leaf, stem and ear abnormalities.

Leaf malformations developed only after spraying when the growing points showed vegetative primordia while ear abnormalities usually appeared after treatment at most early stages of development. Stem malformation in timothy occurred after spraying at all stages in 1954, but only at the vegetative stages in 1955.

The percentage of abnormal ears in a random sample of tillers in all but one case fell as the growing point developed and most damage occurred after treatment when the apex was at the vegetative stage. Normally, treatment when glume ridges were visible on the apex produced no significant difference between the number of abnormal ears in the treated and untreated plots.

The results suggest that the chemicals act on that part of the apex which is just beginning its development but is not yet visible as a protuberance on the apex.

The type of abnormalities occurring in grasses as a result of spraying with growth regulating weedkillers is similar to those found in cereals after similar treatment.

Provided that the chemicals are applied in the 4 to 5 weeks prior to ear emergence the amount of malformation occurring in the grasses will be small.
A COMPARISON OF BROADCAST AND WIDE‐ROW SPACED GRASSES WHEN MANAGED FOR FOGGAGE PRODUCTION
Authors: Gardner A. L.
Published: April 2006

A small‐plot trial comparing perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, timothy and meadow fescue sown broadcast and also in 21 inch rows was conducted at Auchincruive from 1954 to 1957. The cutting treatments were arranged so that measurement could be made of both summer and winter production.

Of the four species, cocksfoot was the most suitable for foggage production. Perennial ryegrass suffered severely from winter killing. Timothy and meadow fescue, although persistent, did not yield as much as cocksfoot.

Total dry‐matter production over three years was higher from the cocksfoot rows than from the broadcast stand. For ryegrass and meadow fescue, broadcasting gave higher yields than row sowing while timothy showed no significant difference between sowing methods.

During the winter, all species showed a loss of dry matter. Losses for ryegrass, cocksfoot, timothy and meadow fescue were respectively 34%, 17%, 18% and 24%. Broadcast stands averaged 11% greater loss than the rows.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS TO BLIND SEED DISEASE (GLOEOTINIA TEMULENTA)
Authors: Chestnutt D. M. B.
Published: April 2006

A series of six trials with eight strains of perennial ryegrass at two levels of manuring has now been completed. Results indicate that a moderate application of artificial manures gives a high degree of control over Gloeotinia temulenta infection. The degree of infection may be influenced by climatic conditions. Each strain has a definite inherent susceptibility or resistance to the disease. The most resistant strains are the commercial strains Irish Commercial and Devon Eaver; S24 is the most susceptible, followed by New Zealand Certified Mother Seed.
GRASS‐ALFALFA SEEDING RATIOS AND CONTROL OF ALFALFA DOMINATION IN MIXTURES*
Authors: Kilcher† M. R.
Published: April 2006

Three grasses, bromegrass, slender wheatgrass and reed canary grass were sown on irrigated land with Ladak alfalfa in varying ratios with the object of determining what effect different proportions of alfalfa to grass would have in preventing alfalfa domination. The total number of seeds, irrespective of the proportions used, was held constant at 2.5 per linear inch of row.

The influence of alfalfa on total yield was such that no significant yield differences due to grasses were established. However, the relative stand of grass varied considerably in the different mixtures. Slender wheatgrass did not compete with Ladak alfalfa, and had nearly disappeared from all stands after five crop‐years. Smooth bromegrass swards were dominated by the alfalfa, partrcularly where small amounts of the griass were sown. Reed canary grass and alfalfa maintained strong stands at all ratios of seed mixtures.

The best overall ratio of grass to alfalfa by seed numbers was about 2.5: 1, although a higher ratio of grass was found desirable where brome was the grass component.

Ratio of grass seed to alfalfa seed offered some measure of control for alfalfa domination, but choice of grass species was more important.
THE EFFECT OF DEFOLIATION ON THE SEED‐PRODUCING CAPACITY OF BRED STRAINS OF GRASSES
Authors: Roberts H. M.
Published: April 2006

Two leafy strains of cocksfoot, S143 and S37 were subjected to winter, spring and winter + spring defoliation; 2 cwt. per acre of nitro‐chalk was applied after each defoliation, in addition to the standard manuring for all plots.

Winter grazing of leafy cocksfoot does not appear to depress the yield of seed appreciably when extra nitrogen is applied.

Grazing of cocksfoot in mid‐April is likely to depress the seed yield substantially, especially if followed by a very dry summer.

The reaction to hard defoliation by sheep may vary with the growth form of the cocksfoot strain.

Grazing appeared to be more detrimental to seed yield than defoliation by cutting.

During this investigation, prolonged frost which occurred during the early part of the year appeared to have an adverse effect on cocksfoot seed yield.
ESTIMATING THE SOIL CONTENT OF HERBAGE COLLECTED BY FORAGE HARVESTER
Authors: Hebblethwaite P. , Hughes M.
Published: April 2006

A method is described Tor estimating the amount of contamination by soil caused when herbage is collected with a forage harvester. Hand‐cut samples of herbage are used as a control. To avoid sub‐sampling errors a relatively large sample is used. It is oven‐dried and then compressed to facilitate ashing. Acid‐insoluble ash (“silica”) content is used as a measure of contamination. The Statistical examination of the data is discussed briefly.
PARTIAL WILTING OF GRASS CROPS FOR SILAGE
Authors: Nash M. J.
Published: April 2006

The aim of this, the final stage of the investigation, was to test the partial wilting process on a farm scale and to draw practical conclusions which might help farmers wishing to try it. Three important conclusions are drawn: (1) filling should be performed rapidly, (2) consolidation should be applied continuously, (3) sealing should be done immediately. Some overheating, a reduction in digestibility and considerable spoiling are likely to occur if herbage, wilted for much more than one day, is ensiled spasmodically with insufficient consolidation.

The wilting process is not foolproof and cannot be practised properly without giving great attention to detail, both in the field and at the silo. The method becomes a very much safer one when wilted and bruised, rather than wilted, long herbage is employed.
THE GRAZING ANIMAL AND SWARD PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Herriott J. B. D. , Wells D.A. , Dilnot Jean
Published: April 2006

A trial designed to show the effects of animal excreta on sward productivity is described.

It was estimated that the grazing sheep returns in a season nutrients capable of immediate uptake by the plant equivalent to 5–6 cwt. nitro‐chalk and 2–21/2 cwt. 60% muriate of potash per acre.

A large part of sward yield depended on animal return. Clover depression from the effects of animal excreta and, under mowing treatment, from the effects of fertilizer nitrogen, did not result in marked loss of transferred clover nitrogen. There appeared to be a gain in clover soil‐nitrogen from a reduction of the clover stand.

A comparison is made between the restilts obtained from sheep excreta on the sward with those obtained from mowing treatment.

The interaction between animal or fertilizer nitrogen and the clover plant is discussed.
GRAZING TRIALS WITH PERENNIAL RYEGRASSES IN IRELAND
Authors: Prendergast J. J.
Published: April 2006

Four varieties of perennial ryegrass are compared throughout the seeding year and the first four harvest years (1954–58). Two of the varieties, Irish ‘commercial’ and New Zealand, are of ‘early’ type; and the others, Glasnevin and S23 are, ‘late’.

New Zealand gave the most grazing, 1% more than ‘commercial’ and Glasnevin, and 5% more than S23.

The ‘early’ varieties contrasted markedly with the ‘lates’ in seasonal growth.

In persistency and in resistance to invasion by unsown species, the ‘lates’ were better than the ‘earlies’ S23 was outstanding, and New Zealand had an advantage over ‘commercial’. The ‘earlies’ were the more compatible with clover.

New Zealand appears to have most merit, but sowing of more than one variety may give better results.
THE EFFECTS OF SEED RATE, CLOVER AND APPLIED NITROGEN ON BROADCAST SEED CROPS OF PASTURE RYEGRASS
Authors: Lewis J.
Published: April 2006

This investigation was carried out with leafy varieties of perennial ryegrass at four centres near Aberystwyth over a period of three years. Nitrogen applied in spring increased lodging, the number of fertile tillers and also seed yield, except where sowing was made without a cereal cover crop. While reasonable yields were obtained from badly laid crops, it is suggested that lodging prior to anthesis has an adverse effect on seed yield. Clover included as a companion species tended to depress the yield of seed and increase the degree of lodging.

Seed rate had less infiuence on lodging and seed yield, but the data show that similar yields were obtained from light seed rates of 4 lb. per acre as from the heavier rates. On the other hand, there was a tendency for the low rate of seeding to produce weedy plots, especially when sown in the absence of a cover crop.
THE INFLUENCE OF GRAZING “IMMUNE COWS” ON THE LEVEL OF DICTYOCAULUS VIVIPARUS INFECTION ON PASTURE
Authors: Baxter J. T. , Allan D. , Patterson J. T.
Published: April 2006

At the Agricultural Research Institute, Hillsborough, Northern Ireland, during September and October, 1958, a field which was naturally infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus (lungworm) larvae was divided and one part was intensively grazed by cows which were not excreting lungworm larvae while the other part remained unstocked. Records were kept of the available herbage, total dry matter and the numbers of larvae on both areas. Grazing resulted in a marked reducuon of the larval numbers which was greater, in proportion, than that of the amount or herbage. Although severe grazing did not remove the infection, it so accelerated the decline in numbers that an infection level of one larva per lb. herbage was reached 7 weeks earlier on the grazed than on the ungrazed area. The herbage in both areas showed no larvae about 4 months after infected faeces were last voided on to it.
INVESTIGATIONS ON LOCAL STRAINS (VARIETIES) OF HERBAGE PLANTS
Authors: Hawkins R. P.
Published: April 2006

Data are presented to show the effect on type of multiplying seed of wild white clover obtained from permanent pastures and of seed from old pastures in different localities. The variation in type in samples of commercial wild white clover is shown.

The cause of the change in type of certain stocks of Kersey white clover is demonstrated. The steps taken to maintain the original type are described.

The value of certain botanical characters in indicating the agronomic behaviour of varieties of white clover is discussed.
THE TRAMPING ANIMAL
Authors: Thomas A. S.
Published: April 2006

Effects of trampling by domestic and wild animals are briefly described and illustrated. Although cattle do not graze so closely as sheep or goats, yet they tread more heavily. Winter frosts, by heaving the surface, remedy the effects of excessive trampling in temperate countries. But in hot countries, where frosts do not occur, trampling by cattle may make the surface so compact that rain cannot penetrate the soil, and the pasture is ruined by “over grazing”. Under such circumstances, improved fodder supplies may give more benefit than improved pastures.
THE YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF LUCERNE, GRASS AND CLOVER UNDER DIEEERENT SYSTEMS OE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Davies W. Ellis , Davies R. O. , Harvard A.
Published: April 2006

The yields of two varieties of lucerne sown alone and in associalion with each of three grasses were compared with similar red clover/grass mixtures over the period 1953–56 under two levels of nitrogenous and potassic fertilizers and two cutting treatments. The main object of the experiment was to gain a wider knowledge of the productivity and chemical composition of lucerne sown alone, and in mixtures, under relatively high rainfall conditions.

The highest production was obtained from Du Puits and its mixtures, which exceeded Grimm and S 123 red clover mixtures. The yields of the lucerne/grass mixtures were not significantly better than those of the pure sown lucerne. Under the most favourable conditions for lucerne, Du Puits eliminated practically all the sown grasses, viz., S 23 ryegrass, S 51 timothy and S 215 meadow fescue.

The application of nitrogen encouraged the growth of the grasses, often at the expense of the legume, especially the slower growing Grimm and S 123. The effect on Du Puits was less marked, but in no case was there a stibstantial increase in actual legume yield. Increasing the level of potassium, although not immediately affecting the yield, proved beneficial to lucerne survival in the later years. The protein yield from the best lucerne plots was found to be double that from pure grass swards heavily fertilized with nitrogen.

Three cuts of lucerne in the first two harvest years had a disastrous effecl on the carry‐over of lucerne from the second to the third year. Both varieties of lucerne and their mixtures behaved in a similar fashion, although S 123 red clover appeared to be indifferent to these conditions. It is suggested that the cause of this was the unfavourable weather experienced in 1954.
A RE‐ASSESSMENT OF THE TREE FIELD EXPERIMENT, COCKLE PARK, NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: Roscoe B. , Brockman J. S.
Published: April 2006

The results from the Tree Field Experiment are reviewed, and various deficiencies in the traditional manner of expressing and calculating them are pointed out. The results are re‐calculated in terms of Starch Equivalent production and the effect of the stocking policy is shown. Some of the anomalies which existed are explained.
THE USE OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS SOWN AT 1 LB. PER ACRE IN A STANDARD SEEDS MIXTURE
Authors: Greenaway T. E. , Budden M.
Published: April 2006

An attempt was made in a survey‐type trial to combine perennial ryegrass with cocksfoot, meadow fescue and timothy together in the same sward, without the association being dominated by the ryegrass. It is concluded from this work that such non‐dominant ryegrass swards can be obtained by limiting the seeding rate of the ryegrass to 1 lb. per acre in a seeds mixture sown at the rate of about 20 lb. per acre.
BLOOD SERUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM LEVELS IN BULLOCKS GRAZING SIMPLE LEYS AND OLD PASTURES
Authors: Ashton W. M. , Sinclair K. B.
Published: April 2006

In view of the implication of ley‐farming in the increasing incidence of hypomagnesaemia, a preliminary study has been made of the blood serum calcium and magnesium levels in bullocks grazing leys consisting mainly of S24 ryegrass or S170 tall fescue, and old pastures. It was found that the serum magnesium was significantly higher while the animals were grazing the leys and that the tall fescue appeared to provide more magnesium than the ryegrass.
A RESPONSE TO PHOSPHATE ON AN ALL‐GRASS SWARD
Authors: Wheeler J. L.
Published: April 2006

Results are presented from part of an experiment involving the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to a pure grass sward which had also received sheep dung and urine. The yield of oven‐dry grass was increased significantly by about 30% by superphosphate application, but only where nitrogen had also been applied at 260 lb: N per acre per annum.
INTRA‐VARIETY VARIATION IN RHODES GRASS (CHLORIS GAYANA KUNTH) IN KENYA*
Authors: Bogdan A. V.
Published: April 2006

Considerable plant‐to‐plant variation has been observed in ten varieties of Rhodes grass in Kenya, Progenies of single plants of one diploid and two tetraploid varieties showed similar variations, thus suggesting sexual xenogamous reproduction.
THE EFFECT OF WHITE CLOVER AND NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER ON THE PRODUCTION OF A SWARD
Authors: Cowling D. W.
Published: April 2006

Three‐year leys of cocksfoot/white clover and cocksfoot alone were dressed with 0, 35, 105 and 210 lb. N per acre every year to provide information on the effect of clover and N on annual production.

White clover contributed 40% of the dry‐matter yield but its presence was responsible for 77% of this yield where no N was used: it was responsible for less than 8%, and contributed 5%, where 210 lb. N per acre was applied annually, lt was estimated that grass alone receiving 160 lb. N per acre would yield as much dry matter as a mixed sward receiving none.

Clover had the indirect effect of raising yield of nitrogen in the companion grass by 60 lb. per acre per year. A maximum of l06 lb. was recorded in 1958.

The response of the tnixed sward averaged 10 lb. of dry matter per lb. N. Prevailing economic circumstances will determine if this level is satisfactory in practice.

The recovery of N by grass alone varied from 54% at the lowest level of N to 80% at the highest. On mixed swards apparent recovery was negative or low: N was to a large extent only replacing the effect of clover which was suppressed by its use.

Factors influencing response and the difference between that obtained under experimental and practical conditions are discussed.

The use of N to produce out‐of‐season grass may give good response, but may cause a reduction in clover contribution.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEASONAL CHANGES IN LIGHT ENERGY ON LEAF AND TILLER DEVELOPMENT IN RYEGRASS, TIMOTHY AND MEADOW FESCUE
Authors: Patel A. S. , Cooper J. P.
Published: April 2006

The importance of leaf area as a determinant of yield in herbage crops is now widely realized. Selection for a rapid increase in leaf area might therefore be a useful approach to the problem of breeding for yield.

The present paper describes the seasonal changes in two important components of leaf area, rate of leaf and tiller production, in contrasting varieties of ryegrass, timothy and meadow fescue. The regular seasonal variation in these components in the glasshouse is shown to be determined primarily by available light energy, the species and varieties differing in their response to changes in light energy. The possibilities of selection for these components of leaf area are discussed, but it is pointed out that individual leaf size must also be considered.
CHANGES IN THE CHARACTERS OF LUCERNE VARIETIES WHEN GROWN FOR SEED UNDER CONDITIONS DIFFERING FROM THOSE OF THEIR COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
Authors: Zaleski A.
Published: April 2006

An investigation into the effect of different environments on lucerne varieties seeded in southern latitudes was carried out at Cambridge on spaced‐plants and on yield trials during 1954–60. The varieties Flandria (northern French), Provence (southern French), and Grimm (Canadian) were multiplied in Cyprus for two generations under the control of the Department of Agriculture there. The English variety Eynsford was multiplied in countries of the Mediterranean area for one generation under the supervision of the O.E.E.C. and F.A.O.

Morphological and physiological changes took place in Flandria. Eynsford and Grimm, the significance of which in relation to the generation, the authenticity of variety and the yield of fodder are discussed.
GROWING HOPS IN GRASS
Authors: Chippindale H. G. , Thompson F. C.
Published: April 2006

It has been shown that hops can be grown satisfactorily in grass swards, but the practice cannot be generally recommended to commercial growers. Where irrigation is given, however, grassing‐down has some complementary advantages. Vigorous swards of clover have been maintained for several years, notwithstanding heavy applications of mineral nitrogen. With close mowing and generous manuring, Poa annua eventually becomes completely dominant and can be regarded as the characteristic grass of hop gardens and orchards which are given these two treatments. The results suggest that a closely‐mown cover of herbage between crops may have advantages in countries where soil erosion is more severe than in Britain.
GRASSLAND RECORDING—AN AID TO MANAGEMENT
Authors: Bancroft‐Wilson J. A. , Orton F. J.
Published: April 2006

Grassland recording provides not only a method of measuring output on individual tields but also a means of gaining information about the value of management techniques as they arc applied on the commercial farm, and is helping in the interpretation of the results of field experiments on grassland problems. Responses to nitrogen, phosphate and potash have been demonstrated with the technique.
THE EFFECT OF WHITE CLOVER, FERTILIZER NITROGEN AND SIMULATED ANIMAL RESIDUES ON YIELD OF GRASSLAND HERBAGE
Authors: Holliday R. , Wilman D.
Published: April 2006

An experiment is described which measures the effects of white clover, fertilizer nitrogen and simulated animal residues, alone and in all combinations, on total herbage production from a perennial ryegrass sward. Yields of oven‐dry herbage and of nitrogen are quoted. Two cuts were taken in the seedling year and four to six in each of three full harvest years.

Yield response to fertilizer nitrogen was similar to that in some other experiments in the U.K., while the beneficial effect of clover on yield was rather greater.

Negative nitrogen ± clover and positive nitrogen ± animal residues interactions were found throughout the yield data. There was a positive clover ± animal residues interaction in the first harvest year (dry‐matter yield only), and a negative nitrogen ± clover ± animal residues interaction in the second harvest year.

The results are discussed in relation to other published work and to their application in practice.
THE YIELDS OF LUCERNE VARIETIES IN WEST WALES
Authors: Davies W. Ellis , Tyler B. F.
Published: April 2006

Nine varieties of lucerne were grown at the Welsh Plant Breeding Station in broadcast plots, without a companion grass, and three cuts of each variety were taken each year for three years.

None of the newer varieties significantly outyielded the control variety Du Puits, although Alfa and G.P.R.l. produced 6% and 4% more dry matter. Cardinal gave a similar yield to the control; Omega and G.P.R.2 produced considerably less. A new late variety AF1 yielded 8% less dry matter than Du Puits but was equal to it in yield of crude protein. Vernal and Provence were very markedly inferior to all other varieties.

The average yields of the lucerne fraction were 5910, 11,850 and 10,160 Ib/acre in the first, second and third harvest years. Unsown grass contributed from one‐half to one ton per acre per annum, in inverse proportion to yield of lucerne; the contribution was greatest in the first cut, but was negligible in the last two cuts.

Data were also collected on susceptibility to leaf spot (Pseudopeziza medicaginis) and on plant counts.
THE ROLE OF COCKSFOOT (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA) IN GRASSLAND HUSBANDRY IN BRITAIN
Authors: Hughes G. Pearson
Published: April 2006

Opinions vary among research workers, grassland husbandry advisers and farmers alike as to the value of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) as a herbage plant both with regard to its quality for the feeding of livestock and its ability to build up soil organic matter reserves. An attempt is made to assess the value of this grass in agricultural practice, to place in proper perspective its use over the past few decades, and to indicate where its greatest potential lies.
THE VALUE OF NITROGEN FOR MILK PRODUCTION*
Authors: Turner R. R.
Published: April 2006

A two‐fold investigation into the value of nitrogen (N) for milk production is described. 1. A technical and economic investigation on commercial farms since 1946. The main findings of this investigation are: (a) grass is the cheapest source of food; (b) food costs amount to ⅔ of total milk production cost and therefore grass has an important role; (c) of the three ways of using extra grass, the commercial farms tended to use increased stocking and to a lesser degree the substitution of grass for purchased feed, rather than relying on achieving higher yields per animal; (d) by 1961 the most intensive farms in this Investigation were applying to their grassland 200 units N per acre, or more, and were achieving profits exceeding £20 per acre. 2. A comparison of two 54‐acre units, one using substantial quantities of N and the other using none, and incorporating the findings of the Commercial Farm Investigation (i.e. using extra grass grown by N to carry more cows); this illustrated clearly the substantial profit advantage for intensive use of N on grassland. These two methods of investigating the value of N for milk production were complementary and it is suggested that their wider application would be of benefit to British farming.
THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND STOCKING RATE ON THE OUTPUT FROM A SWARD
Authors: Bone J. S. , Tayler R. S.
Published: April 2006

In view of the paucity of information on the effect of grassland irrigation on livestock production, a grazing experiment was made in 1960 and 1961 in which the response to irrigation was measured at two dairy‐cow stocking rates. The method and herbage results are described.

The increases in herbage utilized as a result of irrigation were comparable with the results of cutting experiments, averaging 342 lb of ash‐free organic matter per acre‐inch of water used. Irrigation also increased the uniformity of herbage production.
THE EFFECT OF ENSILING ON CROP DIGESTIBILITY
Authors: Harris C. E. , Raymond W. F.
Published: April 2006

The digestibilities of 22 herbages, and of the silages made from them, were measured with sheep: in two experiments batches of the same herbage were ensiled by several different methods. In every case the digestibilities of herbage and of the corresponding silages were found to be very similar, and no significant effect of method of ensilage on digestibility was found. The importance of using the true dry‐matter content of silages (i.e. corrected for losses of volatile constituents during drying) is emphasized; a depression in the digestibility of herbage during ensilage is likely to be estimated unless this correction is made. These experiments have shown that silage of high digestibility (>80%) can be made from highly digestible herbage; however the intakes, both of dry matter and of digestible dry matter, from such silages were found to be much lower than expected. If the potential for animal production of high digestibility in silage is to be exploited, intakes must be in‐creased; two possible measures, viz. the wilting of herbage before ensilage, and the use of high‐digestibility forages of high soluble carbohydrate contents, are discussed.
A NOTE ON SILAGE ADDITIVES
Authors: Oades J. M. , Brown W. O. , Kerr J. A. M.
Published: April 2006

A small‐scale conservation experiment is described in which molasses, zinc bacitracin and dried sugar‐cane juice were compared as additives to grass silage. The results indicate that all these additives improved the quality of the silage, but do not suggest any significant decrease in dry‐matter loss due to the use of preservatives.
GRASSLAND RECORDING. III
Authors: Baker R. D.
Published: April 2006

A previous paper (2) reported that the utilized‐stareh‐equivalent (U.S.E.) system did not reflect the quantity or quality of herbage consumed better than a much simpler cow‐day (C.D.) system, and. in all the cases studied, the correlation between U.S.E. and CD. was greater than + 0·877.

The existing methods of C.D. evaluation are unsatisfactory because methods of equating classes of stock arc widely different and many are arbitrary.

An examination has been made of published measurements of herbage intake of groups of sheep and cattle. A regression analysis of cattle intakes gave the equation: dry matter intake (lb) = 0·0234 liveweight + 0·7.

The use of this equation is advocated as a basis for assessing the relative herbage intake of cattle and sheep of known liveweights in order to compute the total herbage consumption corrected to C.D.
THE EFFECTS OF LONG‐TERM STORAGE ON THE VIABILITY OF S23 PERENNIAL RYEGRASS SEED AND ON SUBSEQUENT PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Griffiths D. J. , Pegler R. A. D.
Published: April 2006

Eight lots of seed of S23 perennial ryegrass which had been artificially dried to different moisture levels and stored for 20 years were tested for germinating capacity, and the effects of long‐term storage on subsequent plant development were studied. The results of the germination tests indicated a continuation of the downward trend in viability previously reported. Observations on the derived mature plants revealed no difference between lots in general growth habit; a few seedlings showed symptoms of some retardation in growth but most plants manifested the high tillering and prostrate growth typical of S23 perennial ryegrass. Pollen fertility was markedly reduced in 38% of all the plants sampled. The seed‐setting capacity was affected to an even greater extent, 44% of the plants giving seed‐set values decidedly below those obtained for plants grown from new seed. Where pollen fertility had been much reduced, seed‐setting also was usually low, but there were some instances of satisfactory pollen fertility associated with a low seed set.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS MANURING PRACTICES ON THE MAGNESIUM STATUS OF SPRING HERBAGE
Authors: Hunt I. V. , Alexander R. H. , Rutherford A. A.
Published: April 2006

When light dressings of 0·75, 1·50 and 2·25 cwt muriate of potash per acre (60% K2O) were applied in autumn and spring to swards receiving two levels of sulphate of ammonia, 30 or 60 lb N/acre, and kieserite (29% MgO) at 0, 4 or 12 cwt/acre, magnesium content was reduced as the level of muriate of potash increased. Autumn application resulted in a higher magnesium content, at the expense of the amount of the potash absorbed in the spring herbage. The effects at the lowest levels of application of muriate of potash were slight and became insignificant in later herbage samples.
EFFECT OF DENSITY OF PLANT POPULATION, PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON INFLORESCENCE FORMATION IN WHITE CLOVER
Authors: Zaleski A.
Published: April 2006

During 1959–62 a study was nmdc of the effect or the density of plant population, photoperiod, temperature and light intensity on stolon rornialion, floral induetion, bud expansion and inflorescence development in S184 white clover.

The density of the plant population alfected not only stolon and inflorescence formation, but also the root system. The‘open’ sward with about 60 plants per sq. yd gave the highest number of inflorescences per unit area, and al the same time contained few plants with tap roots.

White clover had a long‐day photoperiodjc requirement, but there was variation between the individual plants in their requirements of daylength, temperature and light intensity.

Overwintering did not appear to be essential for floral induction and primordia development. Too low or too high temperatures during the overwintering period appeared, respectively, to delay or stimulate vegetative growth, while both extremes of temperature seemed to delay floral induction and reduce inflorescence formation. A medium range of temperature (40°–55°F) followed by an increasing temperature, daylength and light intensity, appeared to be most satisfactory for primordia initiation and flowering.

There is some inter‐relation between temperature and light intensity, but light intensity stimulates vegetative growth and development of the primordia, as well as being essential for the formation of numerous inflorescences.
THE YIELDS AND COMPOSITION OF LUCERNE, GRASS AND CLOVER UNDER DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT
Authors: Davies W. Ellis
Published: April 2006

The mean yields of 4 varieties of lucerne were compared under 5 methods of growing: broadcast with and without grass; drills 2 ft apart; alternate lucerne/grass drills 1 ft apart; spaced plants. One cut was harvested in the sowing year and 3 cuts a year for the next 3 years.

The alternate lucerne/grass drills yielded 20% less dry matter than the comparable broadcast plots. Broadcasting and sowing in alternate drills had the same effect on the pattern of lucerne/grass competition. The meadow fescue companion produced its highest yield at the first cut and there was a marked drop during each year and from year to year. There was little evidence of nitrogen transfer from the lucerne to the grass.
RESPONSE OF GRASSLAND TO NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER IN THE WEST OF ENGLAND
Authors: Armitage E. R. , Templeman W. G.
Published: April 2006

Extensive replicated plot experiments were carried out at Henley Manor Farm from 1956–1961 to obtain accurate measurements of herbage production and response to nitrogenous fertilizers under West of England conditions. 356 plots were used; use of the herbage by both cutting and grazing was studied. The principal results are: Grass/ clover swards (containing approx. 35% clover) grown without nitrogenous fertilizer averaged 75 cwt dry matter per acre per annum. Application of nitro‐chalk to initially grass/clover swards reduced the clover content of the herbage. About 133 lb N/annum was required by an all‐grass sward to equal the production of a grass/clover sward without N. Attempts to increase production of grass/clover swards by using N for early growth and relying on clover for mid‐season growth were unsuccessful in 2 out of 3 years. Swards (initially grass/clover) gave significant increases in total dry‐matter production from regular use of the lowest level of N (26.0 or 34.7 lb N/acre/cut or graze) in 44 out of 49 cases. Extremely high yields were obtained from the heaviest use of N (104.2 lb N/acre/silage cut). 52.1 lb N/acre/cut or graze was the optimum rate of application on ail‐grass and grass/clover swards. Up to about 350 lb N/acre/annum the dosage‐response curve was very nearly straight for all‐grass and grass/clover swards. On the grazed plots herbage left ungrazed amounted on average to only 6% of the total. The health of all stock on the high nitrogen plots (as well as all others) was excellent.
GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT AND MILK PRODUCTION AT THE HANNAH INSTITUTE, 1958–62
Authors: Castle M. E. , Watson J. N.
Published: April 2006

Details are given of the system of grassland management used on the farm of the Hannah Dairy Research Institute in the 5‐year period 1958–62, when the aim was to inerease production economically by achieving a balance between the use of grass, grassland conservation products, home‐grown cereals and the minimum amount of purchased feeds.

Over the period the number of cows and lst‐calf heifers increased from 50 to 53, while the total annual milk production increased from 41,000 to 50,000 gal. The yield of milk increased from 820 to 945 gal. per cow, and from 300 to 380 gal. per acre. Concentrate usage declined from 2.5 to 1.8 lb per gal.

The margin of milk sales less purchased feed rose from £111 to £129 per cow in the 5 years and the net output averaged £59 per acre. The health of the stock was excellent.
THE YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF LUCERNE, GRASS AND CLOVER UNDER DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT
Authors: Davies W. Ellis
Published: April 2006

Differences resulting from previous cropping were shown in the yields of the first test crop of rape and also in the second test crop of oats which followed. Rape yields were highly correlated with the yield of the legume crop harvested earlier in the season, the highest residual effect being observed after lucerne, followed by lucerne/grass, red clover/ grass and grass alone, in descending order. The application of nitrogen to the legume and grass swards reduced the yield of oats, the second test crop. Here again, lucerne gave better residual yields than grass.
STUDIES ON THE HEIGHT/WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP IN DESERT RANGE GRASSES OF INDIA
Authors: Das R. B. , Dabadghao P. M. , Roy R. Deb
Published: April 2006

Studies on height/weight relationship of the key grass species of Western Rajasthan ranges, India, were undertaken so as to form concepts which will guide the assessnient of the extent of their utilization by the livestock. Regression studies of the data obtained indicated that the relationship between the percentage of height clipped and the percentage of weight removed is quadratic. A graph has been drawn for each of the 5 species to relate the percentage of height removed with the percentage of weight utilized. The studies have shown that the weight distribution in respect of height is different in different species.
CARBOHYDRATE RESERVES IN THE REGROWTH OF COCKSFOOT (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.)*
Authors: Davidson J. L. , Milthorpe F. L.
Published: April 2006

A brief description of some physiological aspects concerning carbohydrate reserves is given. The concentration of these substances depends on rates of photosynthesis, respiration, translocation and synthesis of structural compounds. Immediately following severe defoliation, current photosynthesis and carbohydrate reserves cannot meet the demand for growth and other fractions (possibly protein) are remobilized. The amount of growth made during the first few days is related to amounts of carbohydrate present but over longer periods other factors dominate. Defoliation also results in large decreases in the rates of root extension and uptake of minerals.
GRASS GROWTH IN MIDSUMMER*
Authors: Anslow R. C.
Published: April 2006

It has been found that the rate of herbage production from perennial grass swards, cut at a stage suitable for grazing, is lower in midsummer than in late spring. This occurs even with an abundant supply of water and fertilizer. The growth rate of green material was measured in swards differing in leaf area and light interception, Results did not suggest that higher growth rates could be obtained by attention to this relationship. Examination of the tiller population of grass swards showed that, in summer, herbage yields from cocksfoot and timothy were correlated with the average tiller size. This was not so in either of 2 varieties of perennial ryegrass. During May, June and July there were changes in the erectness of the swards as measured by the proportion of the crop which could be harvested with a mowing machine. This proportion was maximal when the highest rates of production of herbage were recorded. The importance is discussed of the change from a phase when mature tillers are forming inflorescences to one when herbage is derived from young, vegetative tillers formed in the same summer.
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF DEATH AND DECAY IN PASTURE PRODUCTION*
Authors: Hunt L. A.
Published: April 2006

Study of the growth of an undefoliated stand of Italian ryegrass showed that the yields of leaf blade, leaf sheath, and dead matter remained fairly constant for 10 weeks in winter, although individual tillers produced a new leaf every 16–19 days. From these data it is estimated that approximately 8 lb. of dry matter/acre/day was lost through the death and subsequent decomposition of plant tissue.

Investigation of the recovery growth of a closely defoliated perennial ryegrass sward in summer showed that the yields of leaf blade and leaf sheath increased rapidly with time until there was sufficient foliage to intercept virtually all of the noon light and slowly thereafter; whereas the yield of senescent and dead material increased slowly at first and rapidly later. It is suggested that the rate at which dry matter accumulated beyond the stage of complete light interception depended to a large extent upon the rate of tissue decay.

Determinations of the composition of the stubble of a perennial ryegrass sward which was leniently defoliated at weekly intervals in late summer showed that the proportion of leaf blade in the material necessary to intercept 90–95% of the noon light decreased with time, whilst the proportion of dead matter increased. It is pointed out that the rate of dry‐matter accumulation was probably affected throughout by factors which determined the rate of decomposition of dead material. The conclusion drawn is that pasture production is likely to be good only when grazing or cutting management ensures that dry‐matter losses by decay are kept to a minimum, whilst gains by photosynthesis continue at a high level. The results of some cutting trials are discussed in these terms.
EFFECT OF THE LEGUME STYLOSANTHES GRACILIS ON PASTURE YIELDS AT SERERE, UGANDA
Authors: Horrell C. R. , Court M. N.
Published: April 2006

The yields of Chloris gayana, pure and in mixture with Stylosanthes gracilis, were compared under nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur fertilizer treatments applied in factorial combination. The unfertilized grass/legume mixture gave twice the yield of pure grass. When fertilized with P and S, the mixed pasture produced over 3 times as much as the pure grass. The legume component of the mixture depressed the grass component as a result of competition. N increased grass growth but its net effect on total production in the grass/legume mixture was nil. The biggest single fertilizer effect was that of S on the legume.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH LEVELS OF NITROGEN ON SEED YIELD OF COCKSFOOT (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.)
Authors: Lambert D. A.
Published: April 2006

An experiment to determine the effect of applying high levels of N on the seed yield of S37 cocksfoot is described. Increasing the rate of application in the range 174–1044 Ib N/ac/annum did not substantially increase yield, except where 1044 Ib N was applied in monthly lots in 1960–1; in some instances yield was significantly reduced by increased N application, apparently as a result of increased frost susceptibility. It is concluded that an application of about 174 lb N/ac/annum is the maximum desirable if there is a danger of frost.
THE BOTANICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HERBAGE SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM SHEEP FITTED WITH OESOPHAGEAL FISTULAE
Authors: Grimes R. C. , Watkin B. R. , May P. F.
Published: April 2006

The botanical and chemical composition of herbage collected from sheep fitted with oesophageal fistulae was compared with the composition of herbage offered and rejected in pen feeding trials. The sampling variance of macerated botanical samples compared favourably with expected values from a binomial distribution. High correlations were obtained between actual and calculated values for soluble carbohydrates, crude protein and cellulose in fistula samples.
THE EFFECT OF DEFOLIATION ON THE SEED‐PRODUCING CAPACITY OF BRED VARIETIES OF GRASSES
Authors: Roberts H. M.
Published: April 2006

Leafy grass varieties S24 perennial ryegrass, S26 cocksfoot, S215 meadow fescue and S51 timothy were cut in October and at various growth stages in spring; S53 meadow fescue was grazed at similar periods. Sub‐plots were given different applications of N. The control plots had similar manurial treatments but were not defoliated. The seed yield of S24 following October cutting was significantly lower than the control in the first harvest year and significantly higher in the second; the mean yields over 2 years, as a result of cutting at this stage and before ear formation in March, were very similar to those of the control treatment. The mean yields from 3 harvest years for S26, S215 and S51 were generally improved by cutting in October and before ear formation, but cutting after ear formation reduced the number of heads and the seed yields. Extra N applied in conjunction with the defoliation had no significant effect on the number of seed heads or on seed yield. Double grazing of S53 in Sept. and Dec. reduced significantly its seed production in both harvest years. Application of N in spring gave a greater response than a similar application in autumn.
THE AFTER‐EFFECTS OF VARYING RATES OF SPRING APPLICATION OF NITROGEN AND OF DATES OF FIRST DEFOLIATION ON THE YIELD AND BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF A GRASS/CLOVER SWARD
Authors: Heddle R. G.
Published: April 2006

Mid–season depression of grassland yield following spring application of N was found to be due almost entirely to clover depression, the grass fraction showing no after effects of the treatment. The effect became more marked and lasted longer in successive years. Varying the date of first defoliation in spring did not affect the clover depression significantly. Possible causes contributing to the depressing effect are discussed.
HERBAGE AND BEEF PRODUCTIVITY OF FERTILIZED PASTURES IN NORTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Dermine P. , Knutti H. J. , Charette L. A.
Published: April 2006

The productivity of 2 fertilized sown pasture swards and of a 30‐year‐old pasture sod was evaluated under rotational and continuous grazing in 1956–62.The application of NP fertilizer (448 kg 11–48–0/ha every 3 years with 112 kg ammonium sulphate in the other years) gave the highest yields of DM and of beef, followed by the P treatment (1120 kg superphosphate/ha). Beef production showed only small responses to either the type of pasture sward, or the method of grazing. Seasonal distribution of beef production was slightly more even on the old sod. For the peak period of June‐July, 68% of the gain was made on the old sod against 74% on the cultivated swards under rotational grazing and 79% under continuous grazing. DM/gain ratios were generally higher in wet summers than in dry ones. Conversely, estimated DM digestibility was lowest in wet summers.
THE EFFECT OF INTENSIVE SHEEP STOCKING OVER A FIVE‐YEAR PERIOD ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF THE SWARD
Authors: Kydd D. D.
Published: April 2006

An increase in the amount of dry‐matter recorded from year to year in grazed paddocks was accompanied by changes in the structure and botanical composition of the sward. These changes were due to the presence of the grazing animal, but there was no increase in the amount of DM grazed by the animals. Some increase was harvested when the swards were cut to make silage. Of the 2 possible ways by which organic‐matter might circulate within the ecological system, directly from plant to soil or indirectly through the animal, it is suggested that the system of management favoured the former. Since there is evidence that an increase in the amount of DM per unit area implies an increase in the growth potential of the sward, it is concluded that it should be possible to adjust the grazing system to the advantage of the animal population. The development, production and growth of the sward is discussed in ecological and agricultural terms; in the latter, reference is made to the ageing of swards.