bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 9NHAc‐GD2 Antigen to Overcome the Hydrolytic Instability of O‐Acetylated‐GD2 for Anticancer Conjugate Vaccine Development
Authors: Wu Xuanjun , Ye Jinfeng , DeLaitsch Andrew T. , Rashidijahanabad Zahra , Lang Shuyao , Kakeshpour Tayeb , Zhao Yuetao , Ramadan Sherif , Saavedra Paulo Vilar , Yuzbasiyan‐Gurkan Vilma , Kavunja Herbert , Cao Hongzhi , Gildersleeve Jeffrey C. , Huang Xuefei
Published: September 2021

Ganglioside GD2 is an attractive tumor‐associated carbohydrate antigen for anti‐cancer vaccine development. However, its low immunogenicity and the significant side effects observed with anti‐GD2 antibodies present significant obstacles for vaccines. To overcome these, a new GD2 derivative bearing an N‐acetamide (NHAc) at its non‐reducing end neuraminic acid (9NHAc‐GD2) has been designed to mimic the 9‐O‐acetylated‐GD2 (9OAc‐GD2), a GD2 based antigen with a restricted expression on tumor cells. 9NHAc‐GD2 was synthesized efficiently via a chemoenzymatic method and subsequently conjugated with a powerful carrier bacteriophage Qβ. Mouse immunization with the Qβ‐9NHAc‐GD2 conjugate elicited strong and long‐lasting IgG antibodies, which were highly selective toward 9NHAc‐GD2 with little cross‐recognition of GD2. Immunization of canines with Qβ‐9NHAc‐GD2 showed the construct was immunogenic in canines with little adverse effects, paving the way for future clinical translation to humans.
An Air‐ and Water‐Stable B4N4‐Heteropentalene Serving as a Host Material for a Phosphorescent OLED
Authors: Kashida Junki , Shoji Yoshiaki , Ikabata Yasuhiro , Taka Hideo , Sakai Hayato , Hasobe Taku , Nakai Hiromi , Fukushima Takanori
Published: September 2021

Replacement of the carbon–carbon bonds of antiaromatic compounds with polar boron–nitrogen bonds often provides isoelectronic BN compounds with excellent thermodynamic stability and interesting photophysical properties. By this element‐substitution strategy, we synthesized a new B4N4‐heteropentalene derivative, 1, which is fully substituted with mesityl groups. Owing to kinetic protection by the sterically bulky substituents, 1 is remarkably stable toward air and even water. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of 1 revealed the bonding characteristics of the B4N4‐heteropentalene structure. In a glassy matrix, 1 emitted short‐wavelength phosphorescence with an onset at 350 nm, indicating that the triplet energy is substantially high. DFT calculations reasonably explained the ground‐ and excited‐state electronic structures of 1 as well as its emission properties. Motivated by the high‐energy triplet state of 1, we used it as a host material to fabricate a phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diode with an external quantum efficiency of 15 %.
Graphene Oxide and its Derivatives for Gas Separation Membranes
Authors: Asghari Morteza , Saadatmandi Samaneh , Afsari Morteza
Published: September 2021

Graphene oxide (GO), a derivative of graphene with a hydrophilic 2D crystalline nanostructure and being an exfoliated form of graphite, is designed with several oxygen‐functional groups. Due to its characteristics it has attracted much interest for applications for gas separation membranes. This review focuses on GO‐containing membranes for gas separation. A basic look at gas separation membranes is presented, and the properties of graphene, GO, reduced GO (RGO) as well as their preparation approaches are covered. Different methods for fabrication of GO membranes in the style of mixed‐matrix membranes, thin‐film composites, layered GO membranes etc. are investigated. The gas separation performance of fabricated GO membranes is evaluated, highlighting recent developments and prospectives. Finally, future trends of GO membranes are described.
Loss of preload in preloaded bolted connections over the service life
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Makevičius Lukas , Henkel Knuth‐Michael , Glienke Ralf , Dörre Maik
Published: September 2021

The design of slip‐resistant connections and fatigue loaded tension connections according to the categories B/C and E of EN 1993‐1‐8 relies on a specified preload level of the bolted connections which has to be ensured over the whole service life of the structure. However, it is well known that preload losses occur after tightening due to several reasons: e. g. setting effects, creep and cyclic loading. In order to ensure not only the operational safety but also the load bearing behaviour of preloaded bolted connections, those influencing factors have to be estimated and considered reasonably.

For this reason, systematic investigations were carried out to determine the system reserves due to different tightening methods and preload losses. Herein, preload losses due to setting effects, creep and cyclic loading were experimentally determined, evaluated and extrapolated to the intended service life considering two clamping length ratios Zt/d ≈ 5 and Zt/d ≈ 2 as well as five surface conditions. Furthermore, different types of M20 bolting assemblies and tightening methods were used.

The main findings and conclusions are presented and discussed in the paper. On this basis, a critical review of the current regulations and recommendations for improvements can be given. Besides all other interesting results, it could be shown that only the combined method turned out to possess enough system reserves (over 30 % in relation to the required preload level) for covering possible preload losses especially for coated surfaces for the service life of the structure.
Concentrated Approaches for Nonlinear Analysis of Composite Beams with Partial Interaction
Authors: Carvalho Tawany A. , Lemes Ígor J.M. , Silveira Ricardo A.M. , Dias Luís E.S. , Barros Rafael C.
Published: September 2021

Two plane displacement‐based formulations with concentrated nonlinear effects for numerical analysis of composite beams are presented here. The effects of geometric nonlinearity, plasticity and partial shear connection are considered. In these two approaches, the co‐rotational system is defined to allow large displacements and rotations in the numerical model. The first formulation is based to Strain Compatibility Method, where the sections strains are explicitly evaluated as well as the slipping at the steel‐concrete interface. Thus, the axial and flexural stiffness of the cross section is determined in each step of the incremental‐iterative process. The second methodology considers rotational pseudo‐springs at the finite elements ends to simulate of plasticity. Furthermore, the effects of partial interaction can not be simulated by the inherently rotational behavior of the pseudo‐springs. Thus, the cracking and partial interaction effects are approached through effective moment of inertia defined by normative criteria. Four composite beams are simulated with these two formulations and compared by the load‐displacements paths. In all numerical result findings these formulations are closed and accurate to the experimental data presented in literature.
Influence of rivet clamping stress on fatigue crack growth behaviour
Authors: Riedel Thomas , Sieber Lars , Flederer Holger
Published: September 2021

Steel structures built between 1850 and 1940 are mostly made of mild steel. Riveting was the dominating joining technique. Fatigue failure respectively fatigue safety is of major concern if these structures are cyclic loaded such as bridges and hydraulic steel structures. Considering the period of operation of almost hundred years, the determination of the remaining fatigue life is the main aim of the assessment of these structures. The clamping force of the rivets significantly influences the crack propagation. Clamping stress is caused by the shrinkage of hot driven rivets while cooling down. The clamping force and the corresponding friction at the contact surfaces reduces notch stress at the rivet hole and thus also the crack driving force. In this paper, experiments for determining the rivet prestressing as well as the friction at the contact surfaces of riveted joints are presented. For typical design details numerical models are generated to determine notch stresses for uncracked components and stress intensity factors for cracked components. Regarding to crack growth rates, only few data have been published for old mild steels so far. Thus, the research program also includes experimental investigation of crack growth parameters.
Design of stainless steel elliptical hollow sections columns in case of fire: parametric study
Authors: Arrais Flávio , Lopes Nuno , Real Paulo Vila
Published: September 2021

The application of stainless steel as a structural material has been increasing, due to a number of desirable qualities such as its durability, resistance to corrosion and aesthetic appearance. Since it has a higher fire resistance when compared to carbon steel, it allows in some cases the absence of thermal protection. In addition to the aesthetic nature, elliptical hollow sections integrate the architectural attributes of the circular hollow sections and the structural advantages of the rectangular hollow sections. They have a better torsional behaviour than open sections and due to their shape they have a higher bending strength when compared to circular hollow profiles. Hence, the application of the material stainless steel combined with elliptical hollow sections stands as an interesting design option. The main objective of this study is to perform a parametric study to understand the fire behaviour of stainless steel columns subjected to axial compression, with Elliptical Hollow Sections and to analyse the safety and accuracy of the Eurocode 3 design methodology for these members. From comparing the obtained ultimate load bearing capacities with Eurocode 3 prescriptions, it is concluded that this design methodology is not suitable for this type of cross‐section profiles.
Evaluation of the Durability of Weathering Steel – Effects of environmentals changes on corrosion behavior of low alloyed steels.
Authors: Morel Jean‐Michel , Creus Juan , Gaillet Laurent , Chatel Vincent , Astic Jean‐Yves
Published: September 2021

Weathering steels are structural steels mainly used in civil engineering structures like bridges, building and in some electrical network structures.

These steels that are slightly alloyed with copper and chromium have the advantage of not requiring a protective coating because of their good atmospheric corrosion resistance compared to conventional steels. This protection prevents repainting of structures which is the main maintenance operation of them with large drawbacks from a sustainable development point of view (economy, ecological, social).

Besides a lack of understanding of how the distribution of chemical alloying elements act to reduce the corrosion rate, an important limit of their use remains in the ability to predict their corrosion behavior in a coupled environment/steel grade context. Furthermore, the two main atmospheric pollutants known to have a major influence on corrosion of structural steels are SO2 and chlorides. In recent decades, SO2 levels have drastically decreased in the atmosphere. During this same period the sulfur content in steels, which is the most harmful chemical element from the point of view of atmospheric corrosion, decreased sharply. The evolution of these both parameters could have an influence on the prediction models for the long‐term durability of steels.

We are carrying out an experimental campaing aiming to characterize and model formation of patinas on different grades of steels exposed on several atmopsheric sites. Exposure times range from short term (a few weeks to several years on 6 different grades in 6 sites of different environments) to long term (samples taken from structures erected since few decades). These different samples were characterized according to a multi‐scale approach by metallographic techniques (macros‐copy, microscopy and fractography) and, microstructural (Raman and XRD), electrochemical and gravimetric techniques.

The results after 1 year of exposure show very close corrosion rates whatever the non‐marine environments considered and there are no significant differences between the different grades of steel. From the point of view of their structures, the patinas present a double‐layer appearance, including for conventional steels.
3D‐Printing with Steel: Additive Manufacturing of a Bridge in situ
Authors: Feucht Thilo , Waldschmitt Benedikt , Lange Jörg , Erven Maren
Published: September 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM) plays an increasing role in the production of complex structures in steel construction. Robot‐guided Gas Shielded Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), known as Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), is suitable for this purpose. At TU Darmstadt, a small pedestrian bridge in shell form was designed. It was completely additively manufactured on site with a welding robot over a creek. This paper presents selected aspects of this project. The focus is particularly on the preliminary strength investigations carried out and the process sequences required for homogenous manufacturing. The paper concludes with a consideration of the implementation on site.
Seismic behaviour of composite steel‐concrete shear walls with central openings
Authors: Todea Viorel , Dan Daniel , Stoian Valeriu , Florut Sorin‐Codrut , Popescu Dan‐Adrian
Published: September 2021

Reinforced concrete shear walls are the most effective structural elements used to increase the overall lateral stiffness and deformation capacity of multi‐storey buildings structures. Due to the functional or architectural requirements, structural walls with multiple openings have to be frequently designed. This fact, impose to assure higher sectional strength of the structural elements, which have reduced the cross‐sections due to openings. Composite steel‐concrete shear walls, with steel embedded profiles, could represent alternative structural solutions to increase overall performances of such walls. This paper presents an experimental study made on three composite steel‐concrete shear walls with central openings and partially embedded steel profiles. The experimental specimens were built to 1:3 reduced scale and present different cross‐sectional arrangements. The walls were subjected to quasi‐static reversed lateral and vertical loads with the aim to analyse the nonlinear behaviour of elements. The behaviour of elements was monitored in terms of crack distribution to identify the failure stages, maximum load and lateral displacements. From the tested elements, the specimen which had hooked steel fibres embedded in the concrete attained the highest ductility, proving that the fibres contribute at the dissipation of energy from earthquakes.
Resistance of partially protected steel beams in fire
Authors: Hautala Janne , Kangashaka Iida , Malaska Mikko , Pajunen Sami
Published: September 2021

Intumescent coating is often used as a fire protection on steel members due to its attractive appearance and ease of use. In the case when the member is fully covered by the coating, the response during the fire can be predicted rather accurately. However, if the member is covered only partially, the member's temperature profile and the structural response during the fire are not trivial to define. Partially covered members appear e.g. in cases in which the member is coated on the building site, but some previously installed adjacent structures disturb the coating process. Such partially covered members have been studied in the literature mainly from the temperature point of view, but in the present paper, also the structural behavior during the fire is considered. The paper presents a general procedure how to define the resistance of a partially protected steel member during the fire. As a result, time‐resistance curves are defined for bending, shear and torsion and standard IPE and HEA profiles are used in the example simulations and the results are compared to fully protected and unprotected cases. The finite element method is adopted both for the thermal and structural analyses. The expansion of the intumescent coating is taken into account using the so called effective thermal conductivity, hence the same model can be used for both analyses. The simulated temperature results are validated against experimental and simulation results from previous researches. The results for bending, shear and torsion resistance show, that when compared to the unprotected case, the partial protection increases the resistances and the improvement is at its height during 15‐30 minutes from the beginning of the standard fire.
A Numerical Approach for Plastic Cross‐Sectional Analyses of Steel Members
Authors: Ibáñez Stalin , Kraus Matthias
Published: September 2021

Global structural analyses in civil engineering are usually performed considering linear‐elastic material behavior. However, for steel structures, a certain degree of plasticization depending on the member classification may be considered. Corresponding plastic analyses taking material nonlinearities into account are effectively realized using numerical methods. Frequently applied finite elements of two and three‐dimensional models evaluate the plasticity at defined nodes using a yield surface, i.e. by a yield condition, hardening rule, and flow rule. Corresponding calculations are connected to a large numerical as well as time‐consuming effort and they do not rely on the theoretical background of beam theory, to which the regulations of standards mainly correspond. For that reason, methods using beam elements (one‐dimensional) combined with cross‐sectional analyses are commonly applied for steel members in terms of plastic zones theories. In these approaches, plasticization is in general assessed by means of axial stress only. In this paper, more precise numerical representation of the combined stress states, i.e. axial and shear stresses, is presented and results of the proposed approach are validated and discussed.
Lateral‐Torsional Buckling of beams with warping restraints at Supports
Authors: Lebastard Maxime , Couchaux Maël , Bureau Alain , Hjiaj Mohammed
Published: September 2021

In practice, the elastic lateral‐torsional buckling of doubly symmetric I‐section steel members is analyzed assuming free warping at supports. However, welded stiffeners, bolted end‐plate connections or column base plates maintain elastically the opposite flange out‐of‐plane rotations and thus induce substantial warping restraints.

This paper proposes analytical formulations for the evaluation of the elastic critical bending moment for lateral‐torsional buckling of beams taking into account warping restraints at supports. Assuming series of displacement and rotation fields containing one or two terms, the energy method permits to derive expressions of the critical bending moment under constant and linear distribution of the bending moment. A single expression of the warping coefficient kw is proposed whatever the shape of the bending moment diagram. The factor C1 can be conveniently calculated by multiplying two coefficients that depend on the shape of the bending moment diagram and on the warping restraint stiffness, respectively.

Finite Elements analyses of beams with warping restraints at supports have been performed considering a beam element model developed with LTBeamN and a shell element model created in ANSYS. The analytical model is in good agreement with the numerical results obtained by the two finite element models.
Investigation on Failure Mechanisms of Symmetric and Asymmetric Cellular Steel Beams
Authors: Sehwail Mohammad , Celikag Murude
Published: September 2021

The investigation on non‐composite asymmetric cellular beams is limited. Previous research focused on the behavior of asymmetric steel cellular sections by using different root beam for the top tee and the lower tee section. Moreover, asymmetric beams can be designed in different concepts as in the case of this study where the same root beam is used for top and bottom tee of the non‐composite asymmetric cellular beams. This research presents a numerical study on the structural behavior and resistance of symmetric and asymmetric non‐composite cellular steel beams using IPE sections. Five cellular steel beams were analytically modeled and verified using experimental work from published research. The study was carried out using three‐dimensional finite shell element modeling of I‐shaped cellular steel beams with a broad spectrum of cross‐sectional dimensions, unrestrained lengths, web perforation configurations, application of loads and various steel grades. Geometrical and material nonlinear analysis was performed by using ABAQUS software. The results of asymmetric sections showed notable improvements on the small parent sections failing under vierendeel mechanism while the results for the deeper sections showed the opposite.
A review of applied methods of optimization in steel structures
Authors: Kazem Alireza , Matinrad Pantea
Published: September 2021

Recent dazzling progress in computer science and stringent requirements of the design of “more optimized” buildings put forwards the study and research of the various optimization methods in the building sector. This study presents a comprehensive review of the state‐of‐the‐art and the most applicable algorithms applying computational optimization to Steel buildings and different steel design problems. Four different algorithms including Neural Network, Bee and Bat‐Inspired algorithm and Metaheuristic Optimization algorithm have been studied with emphasized on the application of these methods in steel structures. Algorithm Key points are reviewed with more details including configuration of the algorithms and control of building systems, besides particular attention on accuracy and capability of them to be converged as an optimized solution. From different convergence rate, number of unknown parameters and boundaries of solutions It can be concluded that in near future researches should be oriented towards improving the efficiency of the most effective search techniques and realistic approximation methods especially in large‐scale building optimization problems; and reducing time with increasing accuracy for such activities. Further effort should be required to quantify the robustness in optimal answers so as to improve building performance.
Expression and distribution of synaptotagmin family members in the zebrafish retina
Authors: Henry Diane , Joselevitch Christina , Matthews Gary G. , Wollmuth Lonnie P.
Published: September 2021

Synaptotagmins belong to a large family of proteins. Although various synaptotagmins have been implicated as Ca2+ sensors for vesicle replenishment and release at conventional synapses, their roles at retinal ribbon synapses remain incompletely understood. Zebrafish is a widely used experimental model for retinal research. We therefore investigated the homology between human, rat, mouse, and zebrafish synaptotagmins 1–10 using a bioinformatics approach. We also characterized the expression and distribution of various synaptotagmin (syt) genes in the zebrafish retina using RT‐PCR, qPCR, and in situhybridization, focusing on the family members whose products likely underlie Ca2+‐dependent exocytosis in the central nervous system (synaptotagmins 1, 2, 5, and 7). Most zebrafish synaptotagmins are well conserved and can be grouped in the same classes as mammalian synaptotagmins, based on crucial amino acid residues needed for coordinating Ca2+ binding and determining phospholipid binding affinity. The only exception is synaptotagmin 1b, which lacks 34 amino acid residues in the C2B domain and is therefore unlikely to bind Ca2+ there. Additionally, the products of zebrafish syt5a and syt5b genes share identity with mammalian class 1 and 5 synaptotagmins. Zebrafish syt1, syt2, syt5, and syt7 paralogues are found in the zebrafish brain, eye, and retina, excepting syt1b, which is only present in the brain. The complementary expression pattern of the remaining paralogues in the retina suggests that syt1a and syt5a may underlie synchronous release and syt7a and syt7b may mediate asynchronous release or other Ca2+‐dependent processes in different retinal neurons.
Instruction Roofline: An insightful visual performance model for GPUs
Authors: Ding Nan , Awan Muaaz , Williams Samuel
Published: September 2021

The Roofline performance model provides an intuitive approach to identify performance bottlenecks and guide performance optimization. However, the classic FLOP‐centric approach is inappropriate for the emerging applications that perform more integer operations than floating point operations. In this article, we reintroduce our Instruction Roofline Model on NVIDIA GPUs and expand our evaluation of it. The Instruction Roofline incorporates instructions and memory transactions across all memory hierarchies together, and provides more performance insights than the FLOP‐oriented Roofline Model, that is, instruction throughput, stride memory access patterns, bank conflicts, and thread predication. We use our Instruction Roofline methodology to analyze eight proxy applications: HPGMG from AMReX, Matrix Transpose benchmarks, ADEPT from MetaHipMer's sequence alignment phase, EXTENSION from MetaHipMer's local assembly phase, CUSP, cuSPARSE, cudaTensorCoreGemm, and cuBLAS. We demonstrate the ability of our methodology to understand various aspects of performance and performance bottlenecks on NVIDIA GPUs and motivate code optimizations.
Numerical study of the effect of secondary electron emission on the sheath characteristics in q‐non‐extensive plasma
Authors: Asserghine Aziza , Missaoui Abdelhak , El Kaouini Morad , Chatei Hassan
Published: September 2021

In this paper, a plasma sheath containing primary electrons, cold positive ions, and secondary electrons is studied using a one‐dimensional fluid model in which the primary electrons are described by q‐non‐extensive distribution according to the Tsallis statistics. Based on the Sagdeev potential method and the current balance relation, a modified sheath criterion, and floating potential are established theoretically. The effect of secondary electron emission on q‐non‐extensive plasma sheath characteristics have been numerically examined. A significant change is observed in the quantities characterizing the non‐extensive plasma sheath with the presence of the secondary electrons. It is found that the sheath properties with super‐extensive distribution and sub‐extensive distribution are different compared with plasma sheath with Maxwell distribution .
Organic Thin‐film Solar Cells Using Benzotrithiophene Derivatives Bearing Acceptor Units as Non‐Fullerene Acceptors
Authors: Matsumoto Kouichi , Yamashita Kazuhiro , Sakoda Yuuki , Ezoe Hinata , Tanaka Yuki , Okazaki Tatsuya , Ohkita Misaki , Tanaka Senku , Aoki Yuki , Kiriya Daisuke , Kashimura Shigenori , Maekawa Masahiko , Kuroda‐Sowa Takayoshi , Okubo Takashi
Published: September 2021

New star‐shaped non‐fullerene acceptors (5Z,5′Z,5′′Z)‐5,5′,5′′‐((benzo[1,2‐b : 3,4‐b′ : 5,6‐b′′]trithiophene‐2,5,8‐triyltris(4‐octylthiophene‐5,2‐diyl))tris(methaneylylidene))tris(3‐octyl‐2‐thioxothiazolidin‐4‐one) (1: BTT‐OT‐ORD) and 2,2′,2′′‐((5Z,5′Z,5′′Z)‐((benzo[1,2‐b : 3,4‐b′ : 5,6‐b′′]trithiophene‐2,5,8‐triyltris(4‐octylthiophene‐5,2‐diyl))tris(methaneylylidene))tris(3‐octyl‐4‐oxothiazolidine‐5,2‐diylidene))trimalononitrile (2: BTT‐OT‐OTZDM) with a benzotrithiophene core, alkyl‐thiophen units, and acceptor units were designed and synthesized. The HOMO‐LUMO levels of 1 and 2 were determined by photoemission spectroscopy and UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopy. Binary blend and ternary blend bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells with non‐fullerene acceptors 1 and 2 were fabricated with the inverted device structures of glass/ITO/ZnO/active_layer/MoO3/Ag. Both binary blend BHJ solar cells with 1 and 2 show lower JSC and larger VOC values than P3HT : PCBM solar cells. On the other hand, ternary blend BHJ organic solar cells, including 10 % of 1, exhibited a larger power conversion efficiency than P3HT : PCBM solar cells because the JSC value was largely improved.
Efficient Synthesis of α‐Ketothioamides From α‐Nitroketones, Amines or DMF and Elemental Sulfur Under Oxidant‐Free Conditions
Authors: Zhang Zhenlei , Yang Jiusi , Yu Renjie , Wu Kairui , Bu Jiping , Li Shaoke , Qian Peng , Sheng Liangquan
Published: September 2021

We have developed a practical, general protocol for denitration of readily available α‐nitroketones with sulfur and amines to access a broad range of α‐ketothioamides under mild conditions. Such a reaction proceeds under metal‐, oxidant‐, and catalyst‐free conditions to provide synthetically useful α‐ketothioamides. Furthermore, the mild reaction conditions tolerate a wide range of substrates especially for the synthesis of aliphatic α‐ketothioamides which are rarely reported.
Effect of diesel‐biodiesel‐alcohol blends on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a single cylinder compression ignition engine
Authors: Reang Narath Moni , Dey Suman , Deb Madhujit , Deb Barma John
Published: September 2021

Synthesis of biodiesel from raw based waste materials is much more influential for economic support of the nation, as many researchers have concluded that the use of fossil fuels is no longer sufficient in the coming decade, so one should look into the alternate source of energy in order to sustain the energy for our daily needs. Neem methyl ester produced from waste neem seed, which is cheap, and available in the surroundings has an opportunity for nonconventional sustainable energy and whereas, rice wine alcohol obtained from waste cooked rice by fermentation process can be checked for diesel engine operation, here study investigates the influence of these synthetic fuel diesel‐biodiesel‐alcohol blend in combustion, performance and emission characteristics. Biodiesel and alcohol are introduced to enhance oxygenation properties of the test fuels, and also adding 10% rice wine alcohol in the blends changed the physiochemical properties of the test fuels like lowered the flash point, fire point, viscosity and calorific value, where D80B10RW10 increased the cylinder pressure by 1.23% and lowered the emission like smoke opacity and unburnt hydrocarbons by 23.95%, 21.62% as compared to diesel. The overall test results conclude that a low blend of biodiesel with 10% rice wine alcohol has an opportunity to be implemented in the existing engine for the coming decade.
Developing indicators to evaluate systems thinking and application in state injury and violence prevention programs
Authors: Wilkins Natalie J. , Kossover‐Smith Rachel A. , Hogan Sandy‐Asari , Espinosa Robyn , Wilson Lauren F.
Published: September 2021

Systems thinking principles are increasingly recognized as an important part of public health research and practice. However, the extent to which systems thinking is being integrated into public health practice, and its impact on health outcomes, is largely unknown. This is in part due to the paucity of options for measuring systems thinking at the organizational level and in the context of public health practice. Building on existing frameworks of public health competencies, infrastructure, and systems thinking principles, this article proposes a conceptual model and corresponding indicators for measuring organizational systems thinking and application within state public health departments. We describe our process for developing this model and indicators, drawing from both research and practice‐based evidence on systems thinking, and offer a set of indicators for measuring organizational‐level systems thinking in the context of public health practice.
Nanozyme for tumor therapy: Surface modification matters
Authors: Tang Guoheng , He Jiuyang , Liu Juewen , Yan Xiyun , Fan Kelong
Published: September 2021

As the next generation of artificial enzymes, nanozymes have shown unique properties compared to its natural counterparts, such as stability in harsh environment, low cost, and ease of production and modification, paving the way for its biomedical applications. Among them, tumor catalytic therapy mediated by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has made great progress mainly from the peroxidase‐like activity of nanozymes. Fe3O4 nanozymes, the earliest type of nanomaterial discovered to possess peroxidase‐like activity, has consequently received wide attention for tumor therapy due to its ROS generation ability and tumor cell killing ability. However, inconsistent results of cytotoxicity were observed between different reports, and some even showed the scavenging of ROS in some cases. By collectively studying these inconsistent outcomes, we raise the question whether surface modification of Fe3O4 nanozymes, either through affecting peroxidase activity or by affecting the biodistribution and intracellular fate, play an important role in its therapeutic effects. This review will go over the fundamental catalytic mechanisms of Fe3O4 nanozymes and recent advances in tumor catalytic therapy, and discuss the importance of surface modification. Employing Fe3O4 nanozymes as an example, we hope to provide an outlook on the improvement of nanozyme‐based antitumor activity.
The asymmetric effect of renewable energy and trade on consumption-based CO2 emissions: The case of Italy
Authors: Ali Minhaj , Kirikkaleli Dervis
Published: September 2021

Although numerous studies in the literature have been conducted to model CO2 emissions, there is a lack of empirical knowledge of consumption-based CO2 emissions, which are adjusted for international trade, specifically. Therefore, the present study aims to close this gap in the literature in the case of Italy, while capturing the asymmetric effect of trade, renewable energy, and economic growth on consumption-based CO2 emissions. The present study uses the Gregory–Hansen test for cointegration with regime shifts, Markov switching regression, nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL), and frequency domain causality test. The study's outcomes reveal that (1) the asymmetric effect of import on consumption-based CO2 emissions is positive, implying that rising import is associated with declining consumption-based environmental quality; (2) export, renewable consumption, and economic growth reduce consumption-based CO2 emissions in Italy. Moreover, these outcomes are supported by the outcomes of the frequency domain causality test. These innovative insights may prompt policy-makers to implement eco-friendly methods, such as renewable energy distribution and environmental innovation, to achieve a greener future. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:784–795. © 2021 SETAC

KEY POINTS

Rising import is associated with declining the consumption-based environmental quality. Export, renewable consumption, and economic growth reduce consumption-based CO2 emissions.
The Relationship of Types of Exploration Activities with Originality of Visual Arts Designs
Authors: van de Kamp Marie‐Thérèse , Admiraal Wilfried , Coertjens Liesje , Goossens Maarten , Rijlaarsdam Gert
Published: September 2021

This study examinesspecificexploration activities in students’ visual arts portfolios from secondary education. Creating original visual arts products requires exploration according to Getzels and Csiksentmihalyi (The creative vision. A longitudinal study of problem finding in Art. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1976). Obtaining insight about the contribution ofspecificexploration activities to the originality of arts products is important for designing and supporting learning in arts education. The aim of this study is to examine the contribution of activities within three types of exploration:association,combination, andabstractionto originality of visual arts designs. Data consist of 196 portfolio events showing exploration activities and art designs, from 11 Grade 11 visual arts students. Portfolio events were coded for three different types of exploration:association,combination, andabstraction, on a dimension of ascendingabstractness. We coded activities within each of these types, on a scale ofremoteness, to determine the metaphorical distance. Visual originality of each portfolio event was assessed using the comparative judgment method. Multilevel regression analyses showed all three types of exploration significantly contributed to originality of visual designs. In total, 31% of the variance in originality at portfolio events level was explained by these types of exploration. In general, the moreremoteexploration activities were, the moreoriginalthe visual design. These findings are discussed related to the literature on creative processes.
19F‐detected dual‐optimized inverted 1JCC 1,n‐ADEQUATE
Authors: Crouch Ronald C. , Raab Jeffrey G. , Pelmuş Marius , Tischenko Evgeny , Frey Michael , Buevich Alexei V. , Reibarkh Mikhail , Williamson R. Thomas , Martin Gary E.
Published: September 2021

Modification of the recently reported 19F‐detected 1,1‐ADEQUATE experiment that incorporates dual‐optimization to selectively invert a wide range of 1JCC correlations in a 1,n‐ADEQUATE experiment is reported. Parameters for the dual‐optimization segment of the pulse sequence were modified to accommodate the increased size of 1JCC homonuclear coupling constants of poly‐ and perfluorinated molecules relative to protonated molecules to allow broadband inversion of the 1JCC correlations. The observation and utility of isotope shifts are reported for the first time for 1,1‐ and 1,n‐ADEQUATE correlations.
Energy‐aware mobility for aerial networks: A reinforcement learning approach
Authors: Bozkaya Elif , Özçevik Yusuf , Akkoç Mertkan , Erol Muhammed Raşit , Canberk Berk
Published: September 2021

With recent advancements in aerial networks, aerial base stations (ABSs) have become a promising mobile network technology to enhance the coverage and capacity of the cellular networks. ABS deployment can assist cellular networks to support network infrastructure or minimize the disruptions caused by unexpected and temporary situations. However, with 3D ABS placement, the continuity of the service has increased the challenge of providing satisfactory Quality of Service (QoS). The limited battery capacity of ABSs and continuous movement of users result in frequent interruptions. Although aerial networks provide quick and effective coverage, ABS deployment is challenging due to the user mobility, increased interference, handover delay, and handover failure. In addition, once an ABS is deployed, an intelligent management must be applied. In this paper, we model user mobility pattern and formulate energy‐aware ABS deployment problem with a goal of minimizing energy consumption and handover delay. To this end, the contributions of this paper are threefold: (i) analysis of reinforcement learning (RL)‐based state action reward state action (SARSA) algorithm to deploy ABSs with an energy consumption model, (ii) predicting the user next‐place with a hidden Markov model (HMM), and (iii) managing the dynamic movement of ABSs with a handover procedure. Our model is validated by comprehensive simulation, and the results indicate superiority of the proposed model on deploying multiple ABSs to provide the communication coverage.
“Is your SIF trying to do too much?”
Authors: Dowell Arthur M. (Art)
Published: September 2021

The number of inputs and outputs to a SIF (safety instrumented function)—including voting—affects the probability of failure on demand (PFD) and the SIL (safety integrity level), assuming the test interval remains the same. The larger the number of inputs and outputs that perform separate functions, the higher the PFD and potentially the lower the SIL. What if the SIF includes all the sensors and final elements that are involved in any trip of a large processing unit like a heater, a reformer, or a distillation column? What if the SIF includes actions to shut down upstream and downstream units? When SIL verification is done for such a SIF, the target PFD and SIL may not be possible to achieve. The temptation may be to add redundancy in sensors and final elements or to reduce the proof test interval in an attempt to reduce the calculated PFD. Frustration may abound as capital and operating costs rise steeply. This paper shows how to use the principles of layer of protection analysis and the information in the process hazard analysis to split up the massive SIF into smaller SIFs that are more manageable. An example is included.
Characterization of heat exposure‐associated escape behaviors and HSP gene expression in bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.)
Authors: Ashbrook Aaron R , Feder Jeffrey L , Scharf Michael E , Bennett Gary W , Gondhalekar Ameya D
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Heat can be effective for bed bug elimination. However, in some cases bed bugs survive heat treatments. The objectives of this study were to determine the behavioral responses of bed bugs to rising harborage temperatures (23.0–49.0 °C) and identify which heat shock protein (HSP) genes are expressed after heat exposure. First, a custom‐made copper arena and harborage were used to determine the escape behaviors of six bed bug populations. Next, HSP gene expression responses of select populations were determined after heat exposure using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR).

RESULTS

Analysis of the 25 min behavioral experiment data found that harborage top temperatures associated with 25%, 50% and 75% probabilities of bed bugs to flee the harborage did not differ significantly between populations. Also, the percentage of insects that escaped from heated areas and survived (4.0–12.0%) was not different between populations. However, when specific temperatures at which successful escapes occurred were statistically compared, the Poultry House population was found to flee the harborage at statistically higher temperatures (43.6 ± 0.5 °C) than others (40.5 ± 0.6–42.0 ± 0.7 °C). The RT‐qPCR experiments revealed that the HSP70.1, HSP70.3, and Putative Small HSP genes were significantly up‐regulated 15 min, 2, and 4 h post‐heat exposure and decreased back to baseline levels by 24 h.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that when harborage top temperatures approach 40.0–43.0 °C, bed bugs will disperse in search for cooler areas. This work implicates the HSP70.1, HSP70.3, and Putative Small HSP genes in heat induced stress recovery of bed bugs. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Kinetic Monte‐Carlo Simulation of Exciton Hopping: Urbach Tails in Gas‐Molecule Decorated MoSe2
Authors: Wagner Christian , Schwuchow Maik , Venanzi Tommaso , Schneider Harald , Winnerl Stephan , Thränhardt Angela
Published: September 2021

Disorder parameters of gas‐molecule decorated monolayer are quantitatively investigated. This material system is interesting because disorder may be introduced and removed at will by regulating the number of adsorbed gas molecules through laser annealing. These molecules electrostatically trap excitons leading to localized defect states, which are exponentially distributed in energy. Herein, experiments are described by kinetic Monte‐Carlo simulations, in summary enabling richer studies than within crystalline materials with a fixed degree of disorder. It is found that the surface coverage of the MoSe2 may reach up to one molecule per 2 nm2 and that the density of adsorbed molecules depends on the laser power by a power law.
Design and analysis of a continuum robot for transnasal skull base surgery
Authors: Wei Xiaoyong , Zhang Yingxuan , Ju Feng , Guo Hao , Chen Bai , Wu Hongtao
Published: September 2021

Background

The traditional surgical instruments for transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery have poor flexibility and continuum robot has attracted extensive attention for its high dexterity and safety.

Methods

A new type of micro continuum surgical robot is designed. On the basis of kinematic analysis, a superposition method is proposed to analyse the reachable configuration space of the system, and the workspace is analysed. The results obtained by superposition method can provide reference for the selection of joint parameters. At last, the static model of the system is established considering friction and coupling between two segments.

Results

The simulation results show that the workspace can meet the requirements of surgery. And the validity of the static model is verified by numerical simulation and experiment, which lays a foundation for the establishment of the driving force transmission system and precise control of the robot.

Conclusions

The research results of this study contribute to the real‐time control and movement of robot. The proposed continuum robot provides convenient conditions for the clinical application.
Quaternary Ammonium Functionalized Lignosulfonate for Simultaneous Adsorption of Anionic/Cationic Dyes and Desinfection
Authors: Tang Yu F. , Ai Shi J. , Lin Tian P. , Li Yu Q. , Zhou Rong
Published: September 2021

Although various adsorbents have been developed for sewage treatment, only a few adsorbents can simultaneously adsorb anions/cations and disinfect. In this work, a quaternary lignosulfonate (Q‐LSP) was prepared, which can not only simultaneously adsorb anion and cation pollution, but also disinfect. FT‐IR, XPS were employed to confirm successful preparation of Q‐LSP. The Q‐LSP adsorbs cationic dye methylene blue (MB) and anionic dye Congo red (CR) favorably, and the maximum qe of Q‐LSP to MB and CR are 153 and 324 mg/g respectively according to Langmuir isotherm model. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic models are more suitable to describe the adsorption process of MB and CR on Q‐LSP. In binary system containing MB and CR, Q‐LSP can simultaneously adsorb MB and CR, with MB adsorbed preferentially. The Q‐LSP loaded MB or CR is easily regenerated, and the adsorption properties of regenerated Q‐LSP only decreases by 9.2 % to CR and 9.6 % to MB respectively after 4 desorption‐resorption cycles. Moreover, the Q‐LSP can disinfect by leaking endogenous chemicals. Therefore, the Q‐LSP can be used as a new adsorbent possessing performance of simultaneously adsorbing anionic/cationic pollutants and bactericidal activities.
Metal‐Free Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation of Alkyne: Recent Advances
Authors: Nanda Santosh K.
Published: September 2021

Hydroalkoxylation of alkyne offers a unique platform to rapidly access structurally complex and densely functionalized oxygen‐bearing heterocycles. Further, to enhance the synthetic utility, various cascade reactions including hydroalkoxylation have been reported in both stereo‐ as well as enantioselective manner under metal and metal‐free conditions. A collection of the most representative and recent methods employing metal‐free hydroalkoxylation events are presented in this review article.
N,N‐Dimethylformamide‐Assisted Shape Evolution of Highly Uniform and Shape‐Pure Colloidal Copper Nanocrystals
Authors: Lee Da Won , Woo Ho Young , Lee Dong Hyun David , Jung Myung‐Chul , Lee Donguk , Lee MinJi , Kim Jong Bae , Chae Ji Yeon , Han Myung Joon , Paik Taejong
Published: September 2021

In this paper, the N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF)‐assisted shape evolution of highly uniform and shape‐pure copper nanocrystals (Cu NCs) is presented for the first time. Colloidal Cu NCs are synthesized via the disproportionation reaction of copper (I) bromide in the presence of a non‐polar solvent mixture. It is observed that the shape of Cu NCs is systematically controlled by the addition of different amounts of DMF to the reaction mixture in high‐temperature reaction conditions while maintaining a high size uniformity and shape purity. With increasing amount of DMF in the reaction mixture, the morphology of the Cu NCs change from a cube enclosed by six {100} facets, to a sphere with mixed surface facets, and finally, to an octahedron enclosed by eight {111} facets. The origin of this shape evolution is understood via first‐principles density functional theory calculations, which allows the study of the change in the relative surface stability according to surface‐coordinating adsorbates. Further, the shape‐dependent plasmonic properties are systematically investigated with highly uniform and ligand‐exchanged colloidal Cu NCs dispersed in acetonitrile. Finally, the facet‐dependent electrocatalytic activities of the shape‐controlled Cu NCs are investigated to reveal the activities of the highly uniform and shape‐pure Cu NCs in the methanol oxidation reaction.