bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The tyranny of transnational discourse: ‘authenticity’ and Irish diasporic identity in Ireland and England
Authors: Scully Marc
Published: February 2012

Through the prism of current state discourses in Ireland on engagement with the Irish diaspora, this article examines the empirical merit of the related concepts of ‘diaspora’ and ‘transnationalism’. Drawing on recent research on how Irish identity is articulated and negotiated by Irish people in England, this study suggests a worked distinction between the concepts of ‘diaspora’ and ‘transnationalism’. Two separate discourses of authenticity are compared and contrasted: they rest on a conceptualisation of Irish identity as transnational and diasporic, respectively. I argue that knowledge of contemporary Ireland is constructed as sufficiently important that claims on diasporic Irishness are constrained by the discourse of authentic Irishness as transnational. I discuss how this affects the identity claims of second‐generation Irish people, the relationship between conceptualisations of Irishness as diasporic within Ireland and ‘lived’ diasporic Irish identities, and implications for state discourses of diaspora engagement.
Glial glutamate transporter and glutamine synthetase regulate GABAergic synaptic strength in the spinal dorsal horn
Authors: Jiang Enshe , Yan Xisheng , Weng Han‐Rong
Published: February 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 526–536.

Decreased GABAergic synaptic strength (‘disinhibition’) in the spinal dorsal horn is a crucial mechanism contributing to the development and maintenance of pathological pain. However, mechanisms leading to disinhibition in the spinal dorsal horn remain elusive. We investigated the role of glial glutamate transporters (GLT‐1 and GLAST) and glutamine synthetase in maintaining GABAergic synaptic activity in the spinal dorsal horn. Electrically evoked GABAergic inhibitory post‐synaptic currents (eIPSCs), spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) and miniature IPSCs were recorded in superficial spinal dorsal horn neurons of spinal slices from young adult rats. We used (2S,3S)‐3‐[3‐[4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzoylamino]benzyloxy]aspartate (TFB‐TBOA), to block both GLT‐1 and GLAST and dihydrokainic acid to block only GLT‐1. We found that blockade of both GLAST and GLT‐1 and blockade of only GLT‐1 in the spinal dorsal horn decreased the amplitude of GABAergic eIPSCs, as well as both the amplitude and frequency of GABAergic sIPSCs or miniature IPSCs. Pharmacological inhibition of glial glutamine synthetase had similar effects on both GABAergic eIPSCs and sIPSCs. We provided evidence demonstrating that the reduction in GABAergic strength induced by the inhibition of glial glutamate transporters is due to insufficient GABA synthesis through the glutamate–glutamine cycle between astrocytes and neurons. Thus, our results indicate that deficient glial glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase significantly attenuate GABAergic synaptic strength in the spinal dorsal horn, which may be a crucial synaptic mechanism underlying glial–neuronal interactions caused by dysfunctional astrocytes in pathological pain conditions.
Cytosolic acidification and intracellular zinc release in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Kiedrowski Lech
Published: February 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 438–450.

In neurons exposed to glutamate, Ca2+ influx triggers intracellular Zn2+ release via an as yet unclear mechanism. As glutamate induces a Ca2+‐dependent cytosolic acidification, the present work tested the relationships among intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), intracellular pH (pHi), and [Zn2+]i. Cultured hippocampal neurons were exposed to glutamate and glycine (Glu/Gly), while [Zn2+]i, [Ca2+]i and pHi were monitored using FluoZin‐3, Fura2‐FF, and 2′,7′‐bis‐(2‐carboxyethyl)‐5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein, respectively. Glu/Gly applications decreased pHi to 6.1 and induced intracellular Zn2+ release in a Ca2+‐dependent manner, as expected. The pHi drop reduced the affinity of FluoZin‐3 and Fura‐2‐FF for Zn2+. The rate of Glu/Gly‐induced [Zn2+]i increase was not correlated with the rate of [Ca2+]i increase. Instead, the extent of [Zn2+]i elevations corresponded well to the rate of pHi drop. Namely, [Zn2+]i increased more in more highly acidified neurons. Inhibiting the mechanisms responsible for the Ca2+‐dependent pHi drop (plasmalemmal Ca2+ pump and mitochondria) counteracted the Glu/Gly‐induced intracellular Zn2+ release. Alkaline pH (8.5) suppressed Glu/Gly‐induced intracellular Zn2+ release whereas acidic pH (6.0) enhanced it. A pHi drop to 6.0 (without any Ca2+ influx or glutamate receptor activation) led to intracellular Zn2+ release; the released Zn2+ (free Zn2+ plus Zn2+ bound to Fura‐2FF and FluoZin‐3) reached 1 μM.
Responses of potential hosts of Asian cuckoos to experimental parasitism
Authors: BEGUM SAJEDA , MOKSNES ARNE , RØSKAFT EIVIN , STOKKE BÅRD G.
Published: February 2012

In the arms race between avian brood parasites and their hosts, several adaptations and counter‐adaptations have evolved. The most prominent host defence is rejection of parasitic eggs. We experimentally parasitized nests of 10 potential host species breeding in sympatry with four different cuckoo species in an area in Bangladesh using differently coloured model eggs to test host responses. In four species we introduced both mimetic and non‐mimetic eggs. Black DrongosDicrurus macrocercus, hosts of the Indian CuckooCuculus micropterus, rejected all model eggs. Common MynasAcridotheres tristisand Jungle BabblersTurdoides striataaccepted all eggs regardless of mimicry. These two species are parasitized by Asian KoelsEudynamys scolopaceus, Common Hawk‐cuckooHierococcyx variusand, in the case of Jungle Babblers, Jacobin CuckoosClamator jacobinus. Pied MynasGracupica contra, with no records of parasitism in our study area, also accepted all eggs regardless of mimicry. In the six remaining species, all of which lay spotted eggs, we introduced only non‐mimetic eggs. Black‐hooded OriolesOriolus xanthornusrejected all model eggs, even though we have found no records of natural parasitism. Long‐tailed ShrikesLanius schachand House CrowsCorvus splendens, hosts of Asian Koels, rejected 75 and 9.1% of model eggs, respectively. Large‐billed CrowsCorvus macrorhynchos, apparently not used as hosts in our study area, accepted all blue but rejected all brown model eggs. Oriental Magpie‐RobinsCopsychus saularisand Red‐vented BulbulsPycnonotus caferaccepted all non‐mimetic model eggs. In Black Drongos, Long‐tailed Shrikes and Black‐hooded Orioles, all model eggs were ejected within 24 h of introduction. The results show considerable variation in egg rejection rates among various species, providing baseline data for further investigation of co‐evolutionary interactions between brood parasites and hosts in this region.
Unplanned pregnancy and contraceptive use in women attending drug treatment services
Authors: Black Kirsten I. , Stephens Christine , Haber Paul S. , Lintzeris Nicholas
Published: February 2012

Background

At an international level, there are calls for a greater focus on women and harm reduction in recognition that female drug users have a unique set of issues that are not routinely assessed in drug treatment programs.

Aims

To assess the pregnancy history, current pregnancy risk and contraceptive use of nonpregnant women attending opioid treatment programs (OTPs).

Methods

This study involved a structured questionnaire survey of 204 women attending outpatient OTP services within the Sydney South West Area Health Service.

Results

Two hundred and four women of 302 (67.5%) enroled in OTPs at the time completed surveys. Key findings were high pregnancy rates, with 28.9% of women reporting six or more pregnancies, high rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes (miscarriage, termination and stillbirth) compared with national data and poor uptake of contraception, with only 54.7% of sexually active women not wanting to get pregnant using a method. Women expressed diverse preferences for the type and location of women's health services they felt would meet their needs.

Conclusion

Women in OTP clinics have unaddressed reproductive health issues, particularly around contraception. Addressing these will potentially minimise the risk of material deprivation and social exclusion in these women and improve their well‐being through greater control and choice over their fertility. Current women's health service provision in OTP programs involves referral to external services, but an integrated model of care may best address the unmet contraceptive needs of these women.
Liposome‐Encapsulated Hemoglobin Accelerates Skin Wound Healing in Mice
Authors: Fukui Tsuyoshi , Kawaguchi Akira T. , Takekoshi Susumu , Miyasaka Muneo , Tanaka Rica
Published: February 2012

Effects of liposome‐encapsulated hemoglobin with high O2 affinity (m‐LEH, P50O2 = 17 mm Hg) on skin wound healing in mice were examined. Two full‐thickness dorsal wounds 6 mm in diameter encompassed by silicone stents were created in Balb/c mice. Two days later (day 2), the animals randomly received intravenous m‐LEH (2 mL/kg, n = 12), homologous blood transfusion (red blood cell [RBC], n = 11), or saline (n = 12). The same treatment was repeated 4 days after wounding (day 4), and the sizes of the skin defects and ulcers were monitored on days 0, 2, 4, and 7, when all animals were euthanized for morphological studies. While the size of the skin defect in relation to the stent ring remained the same in all groups, the size of the ulcer compared with the skin defect (or silicone stent) became significantly reduced on days 4 and 7 in mice treated with m‐LEH (46 ± 10% of pretreatment size, P <  0.01) compared with mice treated with RBC transfusion (73 ± 6%) or saline (76 ± 7%). m‐LEH treatment significantly accelerated granulation, increased epithelial thickness, suppressed early granulocyte infiltration, and increased Ki67 expression in accordance with the ulcer size reduction, while there was no difference in surface blood flow or CD31 expression among the groups. The results suggest that m‐LEH (2 mL/kg) may accelerate skin wound healing in Balb/c mice via mechanism(s) involving reduced inflammation and increased metabolism, but not by improved hemodynamics or endothelial regeneration.
Adenosine‐5′‐Triphosphate‐Adenosine‐Glutathione Cross‐Linked Hemoglobin as Erythropoiesis‐Stimulating Agent
Authors: Simoni Jan , Simoni Grace , Moeller John F. , Feola Mario , Griswold John A. , Wesson Donald E.
Published: February 2012

An effective hemoglobin (Hb)‐based blood substitute that acts as a physiological oxygen carrier and volume expander ought to stimulate erythropoiesis. A speedy replacement of blood loss with endogenous red blood cells should be an essential feature of any blood substitute product because of its relatively short circulatory retention time and high autoxidation rate. Erythropoiesis is a complex process controlled by oxygen and redox‐regulated transcription factors and their target genes that can be affected by Hb physicochemical properties. Using an in vitro cellular model, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of erythropoietic action of unmodified tetrameric Hb (UHb) and Hb cross‐linked with adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (ATP), adenosine, and reduced glutathione (GSH). These effects were studied under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Results indicate that these Hb solutions have different effects on stabilization and nuclear translocation of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1 alpha, induction of the erythropoietin (EPO) gene, activation of nuclear factor (NF)‐kappa B, and expression of the anti‐erythropoietic agents—tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and transforming growth factor‐beta 1. UHb suppresses erythropoiesis by increasing the cytoplasmic degradation of HIF‐1 alpha and decreasing binding to the EPO gene while inducing NF‐kappa B‐dependent anti‐erythropoietic genes. Cross‐linked Hb accelerates erythropoiesis by downregulating NF‐kappa B, stabilizing and facilitating HIF‐1 alpha binding to the EPO gene, under both oxygen conditions. ATP and adenosine contribute to normoxic stabilization of HIF‐1 and, with GSH, inhibit the NF‐kappa B pathway that is involved in the suppression of erythroid‐specific genes. Proper chemical/pharmacological modification is required to consider acellular Hb as an erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent.
Varenicline Potentiates Alcohol‐Induced Negative Subjective Responses and Offsets Impaired Eye Movements
Authors: Childs Emma , Roche Daniel J. O. , King Andrea C. , de Wit Harriet
Published: February 2012

Background:  Varenicline (VAR) is a partial nicotinic receptor agonist that is an effective smoking cessation medication. Preliminary evidence indicates that it may also reduce alcohol consumption, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. For example, VAR may reduce alcohol consumption by attenuating its subjectively rewarding properties or by enhancing its aversive effects. In this study, we examined the effects of an acute dose of VAR upon subjective, physiological, and objective responses to low and moderate doses of alcohol in healthy social drinkers.

Methods:  Healthy men and women (N = 15) participated in 6 randomized sessions; 3 sessions each with 2 mg VAR and placebo (PL) followed 3 hours later by a beverage containing PL, low‐dose alcohol (0.4 g/kg), or high‐dose alcohol (0.8 g/kg). Subjective mood and drug effects (i.e., stimulation, drug liking), physiological measures (heart rate, blood pressure), and eye tracking tasks were administered at various intervals before and after drug and alcohol administration.

Results:  VAR acutely increased blood pressure, heart rate, ratings of dysphoria and nausea, and also improved eye tracking performance. After alcohol drinking (vs. PL), VAR increased dysphoria and tended to reduce alcohol liking ratings. It also attenuated alcohol‐induced eye‐tracking impairments. These effects were independent of the drug’s effects on nausea before drinking.

Conclusions:  Our data support the theory that VAR may reduce drinking by potentiating aversive effects of alcohol. VAR also offsets alcohol‐induced eye movement impairment. The evidence suggests that VAR may decrease alcohol consumption by producing effects, which oppose the rewarding efficacy of alcohol.
The Moderating Role of Working Memory Capacity and Alcohol‐Specific Rule‐Setting on the Relation Between Approach Tendencies and Alcohol Use in Young Adolescents
Authors: Pieters Sara , Burk William J. , Van der Vorst Haske , Wiers Reinout W. , Engels Rutger C. M. E.
Published: February 2012

Background:  Dual process models of alcohol addiction propose that the transition from normative alcohol consumption to heavy drinking is the result of an imbalance in interplay between relatively impulsive or automatic and reflective or controlled processes. The current study examines whether impulsive and reflective processes are also detectable in a sample of adolescents with limited alcohol use.

Methods:  Specifically, we tested the interaction between alcohol approach tendencies and 2 types of reflective processes, working memory capacity (WMC) and alcohol‐specific rule‐setting, on changes in alcohol use of 238 young adolescents (mean age: 13.82 years). Gender differences in these associations were also explored.

Results:  Results showed that WMC did not moderate the relation between approach tendencies and subsequent alcohol use, whereas rule‐setting did, with stronger associations between approach tendencies and alcohol use for male adolescents reporting more permissive parents than male adolescents with parents enforcing stricter rules involving alcohol use. Associations between approach tendencies and subsequent alcohol use did not emerge for female adolescents.

Conclusions:  Results indicate that even in a sample of adolescents with limited drinking experience, automatic processes are positively associated with alcohol use for male adolescents that are not motivated by parents to control their drinking.
Religiosity of Adolescents and their Friends and Network Associates: Homophily and Associations With Antisocial Behavior
Authors: French Doran C. , Purwono Urip , Rodkin Philip C.
Published: February 2012

This study assessed the similarity of adolescents and their friends and peer network associates in religiosity and the extent to which these relationships were associated with antisocial behavior. The sample included 1010 Indonesian (480 male, 530 female) 8th (13.37 years) and 10th grade (15.36 years) students. Adolescents were similar to their mutual friends and network associates (identified using Social Cognitive Mapping) in religiosity, and the religiosity of both friends and network associates added to male adolescents' self‐religiosity in predicting antisocial behavior; these effects were not present for girls. Peers may associate with others similar to themselves in religiosity and these associations may partially explain why religious boys exhibit low levels of aggressive behavior.
Symmetrical craniofacial hypertrophy in patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism and high‐dose cinacalcet exposure
Authors: Hamrahian Mehrdad , Pitman Karen T. , Csongrádi Éva , Bain Justin H. , Kanyicska Béla , Fülöp Tibor
Published: February 2012

We are reporting on a series of two patients with end‐stage renal disease on hemodialysis, presented for surgical parathyroidectomy secondary refractory hyperparathyroidism. Both patients had failed maximized medical managements, including higher‐than‐usual doses of the calcimimetic cinacalcet (270 and 180 mg/day, respectively). On physical exam, both patients had marked symmetrical craniofacial hypertrophy with coarse distortion of facial features, similar in appearance to past reports of Sagliker syndrome. On X‐ray and computed tomographic exam, they had peculiar areas of bone absorption on the skull, imitating the radiologic appearance of multiple myeloma. Bone biopsy of the maxilla, however, did not show the expected brown tumor, but rather described only fibrosis and reactive bone formations. This phenotype developed while being on cinacalcet, progressed despite escalation of therapy, and improved only after parathyroidectomy. Both patients developed massive “hungry bone syndrome” after parathyroidectomy necessitating prolonged IV calcium infusion. This pattern of severe facial distortion likely represented an adverse consequence of severe tertiary hyperparathyroidism, along with supraphysiologic dose of cinacalcet administration and 25‐hydroxy vitamin D deficiency in sensitive individuals. The genetic base of this observation remained unexplained.
Nursing Home Staffing Standards and Staffing Levels in Six Countries
Authors: Harrington Charlene , Choiniere Jacqueline , Goldmann Monika , Jacobsen Frode Fadnes , Lloyd Liz , McGregor Margaret , Stamatopoulos Vivian , Szebehely Marta
Published: February 2012

Purpose: This study was designed to collect and compare nurse staffing standards and staffing levels in six counties: the United States, Canada, England, Germany, Norway, and Sweden.

Design: The study used descriptive information on staffing regulations and policies as well as actual staffing levels for registered nurses, licensed nurses, and nursing assistants across states, provinces, regions, and countries.

Methods: Data were collected from Internet searches of staffing regulations and policies along with statistical data on actual staffing from reports and documents. Staffing data were converted to hours per resident day to facilitate comparisons across countries.

Findings: We found wide variations in both nurse staffing standards and actual staffing levels within and across countries, although comparisons were difficult to make due to differences in measuring staffing, the vagueness of standards, and limited availability of actual staffing data. Both the standards and levels in most countries (except Norway and Sweden) were lower than the recommended levels by experts.

Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the need for further attention to nurse staffing standards and levels in order to assure the quality of nursing home care.

Clinical Relevance: A high quality of nursing home care requires adequate levels of nurse staffing, and nurse staffing standards have been shown to improve staffing levels.

Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2011; XX:X, XXX–XXX. ©2011 Sigma Theta Tau International.
Novice Nurse Productivity Following Workplace Bullying
Authors: Berry Peggy A. , Gillespie Gordon L. , Gates Donna , Schafer John
Published: February 2012

Purpose: To determine the prevalence and effects of workplace bullying (WPB) on the work productivity of novice nurses (NNs).

Design: Internet‐based descriptive cross‐sectional survey design.

Methods: One hundred ninety seven NNs (91.4% female, 8.6% male) in practice less than 2 years completed the Healthcare Productivity Survey, Negative Acts Questionnaire, and a demographic survey.

Findings: The majority (72.6%, n= 147) of NNs reported a WPB event within the previous month, with 57.9% (n= 114) the direct targets and another 14.7% (n= 29) witnesses of WPB behaviors. Using a weighted Negative Acts Questionnaire score, 21.3% (n= 43) of NNs were bullied daily over a 6‐month period. When asked if bullied over the past 6 months, approximately 44.7% (n= 88) of NNs reported repeated, targeted WPB, with 55.3% (n= 109) reporting no WPB. WPB acts were primarily perpetrated by more experienced nursing colleagues (63%, n= 126). Further, work productivity regression modeling was significant and NN productivity was negatively impacted by workplace bullying (r=−.322, p= .045).

Conclusions: WPB continues in the healthcare environment and negatively affects bullied NNs’ productivity by affecting cognitive demands and ability to handle or manage their workload.

Clinical Relevance: Healthcare facilities should continue to measure WPB in the work environment after policy implementation as well as eliminate negative behaviors through root‐cause analysis to correct environmental factors associated with WPB.

Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2011; XX:X, XXX–XXX. ©2011 Sigma Theta Tau International.
Soft tissue topography and dimensions lateral to single implant‐supported restorations. A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Chang Moontaek , Wennström Jan L.
Published: February 2012

Objectives

The aim was to evaluate potential relationships between the implant position relative to adjacent teeth and dimensions and topography of the papillae lateral to implant‐supported single‐tooth restorations.

Material and methods

A total of 32 subjects with a single implant‐supported restoration in the esthetic zone of the maxilla were consecutively selected for the study. Soft and hard tissues at the proximal sites of the restoration were evaluated by the use of clinical, photographic, diagnostic cast, and radiographic assessments. A questionnaire was used for assessment of the patients’ satisfaction with the esthetic outcome of the restorations. Potential factors influencing the papilla level and the presence of a complete papilla fill were investigated with generalized estimation equations (GEE) analysis.

Results

The bone level at the adjacent tooth significantly influenced the papilla level (P < 0.001). The distance between the contact point and the bone level at the adjacent tooth was significantly shorter for “complete” (4.3 mm) papillae than that for “deficient” papillae (5.7 mm) (P < 0.001). The GEE logistic model revealed that the chance of a complete papilla fill improved with increased facio‐lingual thickness of the papilla (P = 0.004) and decreased distance between the contact point and the bone level at the tooth (P = 0.004). The self‐reported satisfaction with the esthetic appearance of the implant‐born restoration was not significantly different between patients with “complete” and “deficient” papillae.

Conclusion

The probability of a complete papilla fill was significantly affected by the facio‐lingual dimension of the papilla base and the distance between the contact point between the crowns and the bone level at the tooth.
Postoperative effects of anterior nasal spine bone harvesting on overall nasal shape
Authors: Cho Yong‐Seok , Hwang Kyung‐Gyun , Park Chang‐Joo
Published: February 2012

Aim

Bone harvesting from the anterior nasal spine (ANS) is frequently used to correct peri‐implant bone defects, particularly during implant placement in the anterior maxilla. However, many clinicians are concerned about the postoperative effect of removing the ANS on the nasal outline, as the ANS is integral to supporting the nose. This study aimed to describe the technique of ANS bone grafting and to investigate postoperative effects of bone harvesting from the ANS on the overall nasal shape.

Material and methods

Fifteen patients with single maxillary first incisal rehabilitation using dental implant were enrolled in this prospective clinical study. Simply by extending the subperiosteal dissection in the same surgical field without additional local anesthesia, a bone block of about 0.25–0.5 ml could be harvested from the ANS. Nose width (NW), nasolabial angle (NLA), and nasal tip depth (NTD) were measured and analyzed by lateral and frontal photographs taken preoperatively (T0), and at postoperative 1 week (T1), 3 months (T2), and 6 months (T3). Postoperative complications were also recorded.

Results

A significant increase in NW and decrease in both NLA and NTD were found at T1 (P < 0.05). At T3, NW, NLA and NTD returned to preoperative measurements at T0 without major complications.

Conclusions

The ANS could be an effective and easily accessible intraoral source for autologous bone. Despite acute soft tissue swelling, the net postoperative effects of removing the ANS on the overall nasal shape, including on nasal tip collapse or widening of the nose base, were negligible.
Pseudocystic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: report of two cases and demonstration of COL1A1‐PDGFB rearrangement
Authors: Shvartsbeyn Marianna , Lazar Alexander J. F. , Lopez‐Terrada Dolores , Meehan Shane A.
Published: February 2012

We report two unique cases of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) that included a pseudocystic component. Molecular analysis of one of the cases showed a characteristic COL1A1‐PDGFB rearrangement in both the main tumor and also in the cells lining the pseudocystic portion of the tumor, confirming the diagnosis and indicating that the lining represented a component of the proliferation. It is important to raise awareness of this rare variant within the varied spectrum of DFSP.

Shvartsbeyn M, Lazar AJF, Lopez‐Terrada D, Meehan SA. Pseudocystic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: report of two cases and demonstration of COL1A1‐PDGFB rearrangement.
Sentinel node biopsy in atypical melanocytic neoplasms in childhood: a single institution experience in 24 patients
Authors: Mills Omie L. , Marzban Suroosh , Zager Jonathan S. , Sondak Vernon K. , Messina Jane L.
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a controversial but frequently used adjunct to wide excision of difficult‐to‐diagnose melanocytic proliferations of childhood. We herein report our institutional experience with SLNB in pediatric patients with these lesions, hereafter referred to as ‘atypical melanocytic proliferations'.

Methods: Our prospectively collected melanoma database was queried for patients ≤21 years of age status post‐SLNB for a diagnosis of atypical melanocytic proliferation in which the diagnosis of melanoma ≥1 mm in depth was considered in the differential diagnosis by one or more expert dermatopathologists and for which no diagnostic consensus could be reached.

Results: Of 24 patients identified over 17 years, 7 patients (29%) had a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN). Six SLN‐positive patients underwent complete lymph node dissection, with one (14%) having additional nodal involvement identified. With a median follow‐up of 4.1 years (range < 0.1 to 14.8 years), all patients showed no evidence of disease.

Conclusions: Despite a significant rate of identification of melanocytes in SLNs of children with atypical melanocytic proliferations, survival appears favorable and controversy surrounding the significance of nodal involvement remains. Further studies with larger numbers of patients and long‐term follow‐up are needed before the true prognostic value of SLNB in this setting can be determined.

Mills OL, Marzban S, Zager JS, Sondak VK, Messina JL. Sentinel node biopsy in atypical melanocytic neoplasms in childhood: a single institution experience in 24 patients.
Expression of angiogenesis‐related factors and inflammatory cytokines in placenta and umbilical vessels in pregnancies with preeclampsia and chorioamnionitis/funisitis
Authors: Taki Atsuko , Abe Mayumi , Komaki Motohiro , Oku Kikuko , Iseki Sachiko , Mizutani Shuki , Morita Ikuo
Published: February 2012

We hypothesized that gene expression in placenta and umbilical vessels are affected by intrauterine environment and some of the expression in umbilical vessels originating from the fetus could reflect fetal condition of these complicated pregnancies. Expression of angiogenesis‐related factors and inflammatory cytokines were examined in placenta and umbilical vessels to clarify the effects of intrauterine environment of pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and chorioamnionitis/funisitis. Forty‐six preterm cesarean section deliveries were classified into three groups based on maternal condition during prenatal monitoring: preeclampsia (PE) (n = 11), chorioamnionitis/funisitis (CAM) (n = 8), and preterm control (PC) (n = 27). Angiogenesis‐related factors and inflammatory cytokines in placentas, umbilical arteries and umbilical veins were analyzed by RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated that Ang‐2, Tie‐2, and Dll4 increase in the placentas of PE compared to PC for the first time, and we confirmed the findings of previous reports showing the high expression of HIF‐1α, sFlt‐1, endoglin, leptin, and AT1R. Expression of angiogenesis‐related factors, including HIF‐1α, VEGF, angiopoietin, and TGF‐β systems, and inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF‐α and IL‐6, increased in umbilical vessels of PE. Umbilical veins of CAM showed a higher Dll4 level than did PC. In preeclampsia, abnormal expressions of angiogenesis‐related factors related to lifestyle diseases in adulthood were seen in the placenta and umbilical vessels as compared to PC. Chorioamnionitis/funisitis showed only upregulation of DII4 in umbilical veins.
Assessment of Groundwater Quality Improvements and Mass Discharge Reductions at Five In Situ Electrical Resistance Heating Remediation Sites
Authors: Triplett Kingston Jennifer L. , Dahlen Paul R. , Johnson Paul C.
Published: February 2012

A recent study assessing the state‐of‐the‐practice of in situ thermal remediation technologies (e.g., electrical resistive heating [ERH], conductive heating, steam‐based heating, in situ large‐diameter auger soil mixing with steam/hot air injection, and radio‐frequency heating) identified 182 applications in the 1988 to 2007 period and summarized the geologic settings in which these technologies were applied, chemicals treated, design parameters, and operating conditions. That study concluded that documentation for less than 8% of those applications contained sufficient data to assess the effect remediation had on groundwater quality. Consequently, post‐treatment data were collected at five ERH sites, with emphasis on assessing reductions in dissolved groundwater concentrations and mass discharge (mass flux) to the aquifer. For each site, dissolved groundwater concentrations and hydraulic conductivities were determined across a vertical transect oriented perpendicular to groundwater flow and at the downgradient edge of the treatment zone. Dissolved concentration and mass discharge reductions ranged from about less than 10× to 100×, with post‐treatment groundwater concentrations ranging from about 101 to 104μg/L and mass discharges ranging from about 10–1 to 102 kg/y. The primary factors differentiating sites with greater and lesser dissolved concentration and mass discharge reductions were the adequacy of pre‐treatment source zone delineation, the extent to which the treatment zone encompassed the source zone, and the duration of treatment at the design operating temperature. The results suggest that ERH systems are capable of reducing groundwater concentrations to 10 to 100 μg/L levels and lower in some settings, but only if the source zone is adequately delineated and fully encompassed by the treatment system, and the treatment system is operated for a sufficiently long period of time.
Kinematic analysis of maximal movement initiation in Greyhounds
Authors: Angle TC , Gillette RL , Weimar WH
Published: February 2012

Background  Sprinting, jumping, stopping, turning and movement initiation produce the highest forces and largest ranges of motion in the canine gait, yet very little is known about them.

Objective  The purpose of this study was to develop a general kinematic sequencing of maximal movement initiation of Greyhounds using joint angles and a segmental diagram.

Design  Seven Greyhounds conducted maximal movement initiation trials on a vegetated surface by chasing a lure. A high‐speed kinematic analysis was conducted to evaluate joint angles (cervical, shoulder, elbow, carpus, hip, stifle and tarsus).

Results  A sequence of the movement was developed and included a kinematic description at seven events: (1) standing, (2) set position, (3) front paw touch down, (4) rear paw take‐off, (5) front paw take‐off, (6) rear paw touchdown and (7) second front paw touchdown. In addition, canine segmental figures were generated for each of the seven events for a visual reference of segmental alignment.

Conclusions  Sequencing provides an understanding of movement initiation in Greyhounds. The kinematic data helps fill the void in the scientific literature with regard to movement initiation in a naturalistic environment.

Clinical relevance  These values will help the veterinary community understand the kinematics of maximal movement initiation so that training, conditioning, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation can be precisely directed to achieve the goal of optimal performance and properly returning dogs to athletic, recreational or working activities.
Initial Description of Cerebral Oximetry Measurement in Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Rifai Luay , Winters James , Friedman Eli , Silver Marc A.
Published: February 2012

Cerebral oximetry is a noninvasive technology using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to monitor regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2). NIRS has been widely used for assessing cerebral tissue oxygenation in a variety of populations including the fields of neonatology, anesthesiology, neurology, and cardiac surgery.However, little information has been reported on cerebral oximetry in heart failure (HF) patients. In this observational study, we enrolled 30 patients (15 men) aged 23 to 82 years (mean 67 years) with stage C HF. All patients had New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I to III. All patients were on stable HF medical therapy. SctO2 measurements were recorded from the left and right forehead simultaneously, using FORE‐SIGHT cerebral oximeter (CAS Medical Systems Inc, Branford, CT). Feasible associations with SctO2 risk factors, known to correlate with HF, were recorded. The mean SctO2 value was 67.4% (range, 47.6%–76.3%), while the mean peripheral tissue saturation (SpO2) was 97% (range, 92%–100%). The mean difference between cerebral and peripheral tissue oxygenation (SpO2−SctO2) was 29.2% (range, 19.2%–51.4%). There was also a significant positive correlation between SctO2 and mean arterial blood pressure (0.55, P<.01). Statistically significant lower SctO2 values were observed in patients with diabetes (P=.026; confidence interval [CI], 0.006–0.090) and in patients with dyslipidemia (P=.007; CI, 0.018–0.103). In this initial description of SctO2 in patients with stage C HF, we noted a wide range of SctO2 measurements. For most patients, there was a profound SpO2−SctO2 difference, despite near‐normal peripheral oxygen saturations. The authors suggest that SctO2 is a potentially important biomarker to measure in HF patients and may be a useful marker of target organ perfusion. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of pathogenicity traits in the apple scab fungal pathogen in response to the domestication of its host
Authors: Lê Van Amandine , Gladieux Pierre , Lemaire Christophe , Cornille Amandine , Giraud Tatiana , Durel Charles‐Eric , Caffier Valérie , Le Cam Bruno
Published: February 2012

Understanding how pathogens emerge is essential to bring disease‐causing agents under durable human control. Here, we used cross‐pathogenicity tests to investigate the changes in life‐history traits of the fungal pathogenVenturia inaequalisassociated with host‐tracking during the domestication of apple and subsequent host‐range expansion on the wild European crabapple (Malus sylvestris). Pathogenicity of 40 isolates collected in wild and domesticated ecosystems was assessed on the domesticated apple, its Central Asian main progenitor (M. sieversii) andM. sylvestris. Isolates from wild habitats in the centre of origin of the crop were not pathogenic on the domesticated apple and less aggressive than other isolates on their host of origin. Isolates from the agro‐ecosystem in Central Asia infected a higher proportion of plants with higher aggressiveness, on both the domesticated host and its progenitor. Isolates from the European crabapple were still able to cause disease on other species but were less aggressive and less frequently virulent on these hosts than their endemic populations. Our results suggest that the domestication of apple was associated with the acquisition of virulence in the pathogen following host‐tracking. The spread of the disease in the agro‐ecosystem would also have been accompanied by an increase in overall pathogenicity.
Altitudinal variation in the taxonomic composition of ground‐dwelling beetle assemblages in NW Patagonia, Argentina: environmental correlates at regional and local scales
Authors: WERENKRAUT VICTORIA , RUGGIERO ADRIANA
Published: February 2012

Abstract. 1. Altitudinal gradients offer a unique scenario to elucidate how the increase in harsh climatic conditions towards the top of the mountain interacts with other environmental factors at regional and local scale to influence the spatial variation in local species composition and biodiversity maintenance. We analysed the altitudinal variation in the taxonomic composition of epigaeic beetle assemblages across five mountains in north‐western Patagonia (Argentina) to address whether substantial change in species composition was associated (i) at regional spatial scale, with changes in vegetation types, and the presence of dry and moist mountains, and (ii) at local spatial scale, with variation in temperature, plant cover and richness and several soil characteristics.

2. We collected beetles using 486 pitfall traps arranged in fifty‐four 100‐m2grid plots of nine traps settled at about 100 m of altitude apart from each other, from the base to the summit of each mountain. We used multivariate analyses to identify beetle assemblages and to evaluate their association with environment.

3. We identified different beetle assemblages, associated more with vegetation types rather than with mountains; indicator species showed higher degree of fidelity and specificity to vegetation types rather than to mountains. Local variation in temperature, plant cover and richness, and soil characteristics influence the variation in species composition.

4. Our study suggests the existence of a regional beetle fauna that is shared across these mountains. Major regional changes in vegetation types and local variation in environment drive the variation in the species composition of beetle assemblages at these latitudes.
A comparison of dental restoration outcomes after placement by restorative function auxiliaries versus dentists
Authors: Worley Donald C. , Thoele Merry J. , Asche Stephen E. , Godlevsky Olga V. , Schmidt Andrew M. , Yardic Robin L. , Rush William A.
Published: February 2012

Objectives: To compare the outcomes of restorations placed by restorative function auxiliaries (RFAs) with those placed by dentists.

Methods: Between July 1, 2007, and June 30, 2008, we matched 455 restorations placed by RFAs working at HealthPartners Dental Group with the same number placed by dentists. Restorations were matched by tooth number, American Dental Association procedure code, and patient age‐group.

Results: Of 910 restorations, 17 (1.9 percent) had problems potentially related to the filling or crown placement during the first year. Problem rates were not significantly different (p = 0.33) for restorations placed by RFAs (1.3 percent, 6 of 455) and those placed by dentists (2.4 percent, 11 of 455).

Conclusions: There was no significant difference in problem rates for restorations placed by RFAs versus those placed by dentists. This finding may free dentists to handle more difficult cases, alleviating some of the pressures of daily practice and meeting the need for improved access.
Low‐level laser therapy may be more effective and less risky than chiropractic manipulative therapy in the management of cervical facet dysfunction
Authors: Gilbey A
Published: February 2012

Saayman L, Hay C, Abrahamse, H.

Chiropractic manipulative therapy and low‐level laser therapy in the management of cervical facet dysfunction: a randomized controlled study.

J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2011; 34: 153–63.
Connective tissue reflex massage to improve peripheral circulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Lim CE Danforn , Cheng NCL
Published: February 2012

Castro‐Sanchez AM, Moreno‐Lorenzo C, Mataran‐Penarrocha GA, Feriche‐Fernandez‐Castanys B, Granados‐Gamez G, Quesada‐Rubio JM.

Connective tissue reflex massage for type 2 diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease: randomized controlled trial.

Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2011; Article ID 804321. doi:10.1093/ecam/nep171.
Vaginal vitamin C tablets effective for bacterial vaginosis
Authors: Holt S
Published: February 2012

Petersen EE, Genet M, Caserini M, Palmieri R.

Efficacy of vitamin C vaginal tablets in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial.

Arzneimittelforschung 2011; 61: 260–5.
Bisphosphonate and vitamin D supplementation for osteoporosis
Authors: Bender DA
Published: February 2012

Ralston SH, Binkley N, Boonen S, Kiel DP, Reginster JY, Roux C, Chen L, Rosenberg E, Santora A.

Randomized trial of alendronate plus vitamin D3 versus standard care in osteoporotic postmenopausal women with vitamin D insufficiency.

Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 88: 485–94.
Single acupuncture session does not decrease stress in women with phonotraumatic injuries
Authors: Wesa K , Cassileth B
Published: February 2012

Kwong EY, Yiu EM.

A preliminary study of the effect of acupuncture on emotional stress in female dysphonic speakers.

J Voice 2010; 24: 719–23.
Aromatherapy for procedural anxiety?
Authors: Ernst E
Published: February 2012

Hu PH. Peng YC. Lin YT. Chang CS. Ou MC.

Aromatherapy for reducing colonoscopy related procedural anxiety and physiological parameters: a randomized controlled study.

Hepatogastroenterology 2010; 57: 1082–6.
Prevalence and predictors of complementary and alternative medicine use in African‐Americans with acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Authors: Owen‐Smith Ashli , McCarty Frances , Hankerson‐Dyson Dana , DiClemente Ralph
Published: February 2012

The use of CAM among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive individuals is becoming increasingly widespread. Unfortunately, some CAM therapies may jeopardise the efficacy of conventional HIV medication, making it critical to understand CAM use among this population. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and predictors of CAM use in a theory‐driven, multidimensional manner. African‐American individuals who had received a diagnosis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) were recruited. The computer‐administered survey asked questions about participants' CAM use and various psychosocial and socio‐demographic characteristics. Participants' most recent CD4+ cell counts and HIV RNA levels were abstracted from medical records. Linear regression analyses, adjusted for potential confounders, were conducted to assess the independent contribution of various factors in explaining frequency of CAM use. A total of 182 subjects participated in the survey. Results indicate that most (94%) participants used at least one type of CAM therapy. The majority of participants (79.7%) used CAM therapies as a complement (rather than an alternative) to their HIV medications though half had not discussed these therapies with their healthcare providers. Female gender, high yearly income, high health literacy and high HIV RNA levels were associated with a greater frequency of CAM use, while stronger emotional well‐being was associated with a lower frequency of CAM use. The implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
Electrical and manual acupuncture stimulation affect oestrous cyclicity and neuroendocrine function in an 5α‐dihydrotestosterone‐induced rat polycystic ovary syndrome model
Authors: Feng Yi , Johansson Julia , Shao Ruijin , Holm Louise Mannerås , Billig Håkan , Stener‐Victorin Elisabet
Published: February 2012

Both low‐frequency electro‐acupuncture (EA) and manual acupuncture improve menstrual frequency and decrease circulating androgens in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We sought to determine whether low‐frequency EA is more effective than manual stimulation in regulating disturbed oestrous cyclicity in rats with PCOS induced by 5α‐dihydrotestosterone. To identify the central mechanisms of the effects of stimulation, we assessed hypothalamic mRNA expression of molecules that regulate reproductive and neuroendocrine function. From age 70 days, rats received 2 Hz EA or manual stimulation with the needles five times per week for 4–5 weeks; untreated rats served as control animals. Specific hypothalamic nuclei were obtained by laser microdissection, and mRNA expression was measured with TaqMan low‐density arrays. Untreated rats were acyclic. During the last 2 weeks of treatment, seven of eight (88%) rats in the EA group had epithelial keratinocytes, demonstrating oestrous cycle change (P= 0.034 versus control rats). In the manual group, five of eight (62%) rats had oestrous cycle changes (n.s. versus control animals). The mRNA expression of the opioid receptors Oprk1 and Oprm1 in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus was lower in the EA group than in untreated control rats. The mRNA expression of the steroid hormone receptors Esr2, Pgr and Kiss1r was lower in the manual group than in the control animals. In rats with 5α‐dihydrotestosterone‐induced PCOS, low‐frequency EA restored disturbed oestrous cyclicity but did not differ from the manual stimulation group, although electrical stimulation lowered serum testosterone in responders, those with restored oestrus cyclicity, and differed from both control animals and the manual stimulation group. Thus, EA cannot in all aspects be considered superior to manual stimulation. The effects of low‐frequency EA may be mediated by central opioid receptors, while manual stimulation may involve regulation of steroid hormone/peptide receptors.