bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: I. A Comparative Investigation of 17 Interventions
Authors: Lai Calvin K. , Marini Maddalena , Lehr Steven A. , Cerruti Carlo , Shin Jiyun Elizabeth L. , Joy-Gaba Jennifer Alana , Ho Arnold , Teachman Bethany , Wojcik Sean , Koleva Sena , Frazier Rebecca S. , Heiphetz Larisa , CHEN Eva , Turner Rhiannon N. , Haidt Jonathan , Kesebir Selin , Hawkins Carlee Beth , Schaefer Hillary , Rubichi Sandro , Sartori Giuseppe , Dial Christopher Magleby , Sriram Natarajan , Banaji Mahzarin R. , Nosek Brian A.
Published: July 2018

Many methods for reducing implicit prejudice have been identified, but little is known about their relative effectiveness. We held a research contest to experimentally compare interventions for reducing the expression of implicit racial prejudice. Teams submitted seventeen interventions that were tested an average of 3.70 times each in four studies (total N = 17,021), with rules for revising interventions between studies. Eight of seventeen interventions were effective at reducing implicit preferences for Whites compared to Blacks, particularly ones that provided experience with counterstereotypical exemplars, used evaluative conditioning methods, and provided strategies to override biases. The other nine interventions were ineffective, particularly ones that engaged participants with others’ perspectives, asked participants to consider egalitarian values, or induced a positive emotion. The most potent interventions were ones that invoked high self-involvement or linked Black people with positivity and White people with negativity. No intervention consistently reduced explicit racial preferences. Furthermore, intervention effectiveness only weakly extended to implicit preferences for Asians and Hispanics.
Promises and Pitfalls in the Integration of Intersectionality with Development Science
Authors: Syed Moin , Ajayi Alex A.
Published: July 2018

In this chapter, we use the chapters in this volume as source material from which to highlightwhat we view as critical issues in integrating intersectionality with developmental science. Inreading and meditating on the chapters, we abstracted two key themes that were evident, tosome extent, in all of the chapters: 1) the disciplinary use of intersectionality as a theory and 2)the nature of development for an intersectional developmental science. These two themesreflect the current state of the integration of intersectionality with developmental science, inthat they represent both areas of strength and success, but also areas of challenge andweakness.
An adaptive delay discounting procedure for the E-Prime programming environment
Authors: Norbury Ray
Published: July 2018

Background and objective: Delayed rewards are commonly perceived as less valuable than immediate rewards, a phenomenon referred to as either delay discounting or temporal discounting. Here, an adaptive discounting procedure developed for the E-Prime programming environment and an associated analysis script implemented in Excel are described. Methods: The experimental procedure was developed in E-Prime 2.0.10.242 and an associated analysis workbook in Excel 2013. Area under the curve (AUC) and hyperbolic discounting were used to measure delay discounting.Results: Example data from a sample (n= 19, mean age 21, 14 females) are presented. There was good agreement between AUC and log k values (hyperbolic) (AUC 100 and logK 100 was r(19) = -.889, p < .001, AUC 1000 and logK 1000, r(19) = -.906, p < .001 and AUC 10000 and logK 10000, r(19) = -.872, p < .001. At the individual level, the fit of the hyperbolic discounting function to the data was generally good (R2 values ranged between .88 and .97)Conclusions: An adaptive delay discounting procedure within the E-Prime programming environment and an associated analysis script (executed in Excel) are described. This implementation, freely available to the scientific community, may be suited to laboratories with limited programming resources or experience that intend to use this software suite for developing and implementing experimental paradigms.
Does Centrality in a Cross-Sectional Network Suggest Intervention Targets for Social Anxiety Disorder?
Authors: Rodebaugh Thomas , Tonge Natasha April , Piccirillo Marilyn , Fried Eiko I , Horenstein Arielle , Morrison Amanda , goldin philippe , Gross James , Lim Michelle H , Fernandez Katya C , Blanco Carlos , Schneier Franklin , Bogdan Ryan , Thompson Renee J. , Heimberg Richard
Published: July 2018

Objective: Network analysis allows us to identify the most interconnected (i.e., central) symptoms, and multiple authors have suggested that these symptoms might be important treatment targets. This is because change in central symptoms (relative to others) should have greater impact on change in all other symptoms. It has been argued that networks derived from cross-sectional data may help identify such important symptoms. We tested this hypothesis in social anxiety disorder. Method: We first estimated a state-of-the-art regularized partial correlation network based on participants with social anxiety disorder (N = 910) to determine which symptoms were more central. Next, we tested whether change in these central symptoms were indeed more related to overall symptom change in a separate dataset of participants with social anxiety disorder who underwent a variety of treatments (N = 244). We also tested whether relatively superficial item properties (infrequency of endorsement and variance of items) might account for any effects shown for central symptoms. Results: Centrality indices successfully predicted how strongly changes in items correlated with change in the remainder of the items. Findings were limited to the measure used in the network and did not generalize to three other measures related to social anxiety severity. In contrast, infrequency of endorsement showed associations across all measures. Conclusions: The transfer of recently published results from cross-sectional network analyses to treatment data is unlikely to be straightforward.
atonal music as a tool to manage noise caused stress
Authors: Dalsborn Sabina
Published: July 2018

Noise related stress and its consequences affect people regardless of age and is a problem that increases constantly. Among different treatments, music appears to be a common feature with a clear dominance of tonal genre among the receptive methods. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether negative emotions and negative cognitive assessments elicited by stimulus atonal music can be positively affected through organized selective attention directed towards individual sound elements. To confirm that atonal music can be understood as a synonym for the noise of an average listener, and because of a lack of relevant research, a pilot study was carried out with 30 participants. The main study included data collection from another 37 participants. Repeated measurements were collected over the Internet as self-reported studies and analysed using analysis of variance (mixed-ANOVA) and t-tests. Results have shown that it is possible, with the aid of selective attention, to affect and reduce negative emotions and cognitions induced by atonal music. It is suggested that both conventional opinions about atonal music and its sound characteristics create the opportunity to use this form of art to promote successful stress management during exposure to auditory stimuli.
Vision dominates audition in adults but not children: A meta-analysis of the Colavita effect
Authors: Hirst Rebecca , Cragg Lucy , Allen Harriet A
Published: July 2018

The Colavita effect occurs when participants respond only to the visual element of an audio-visual stimulus. This visual dominance effect is proposed to arise from asymmetric facilitation and inhibition between modalities. It has also been proposed that, unlike adults, children appear predisposed to auditory information. We provide the first quantitative synthesis of studies exploring the Colavita effect, converging data from 70 experiments across 14 studies. A mixed-meta-regression model was applied to assess whether the Colavita effect is influenced by methodological factors and age group tested. Studies reporting response time data were used to test for the presence of asymmetrical facilitation between modalities. Studies exploring the Colavita effect in adults yielded a medium, approaching large, effect size. Studies exploring the Colavita effect in children yielded a small, reverse, Colavita effect. Across adult and child studies, no methodological factors influenced the effect. Contrary to asymmetrical facilitation, response time data suggested a general slowing under bimodal conditions. These findings suggest that whilst vision dominates in adults, this effect is absent in childhood.
What Proportion of People are Gifted? Assessing the Implications of Conceptions of Giftedness
Authors: McBee Matthew , Makel Matthew C.
Published: July 2018

There are several influential conceptions of giftedness that drive scholarship and educational practice. They generally define giftedness as some combination of high ability, high performance, or superior levels of other characteristics, operationalized by stated or implied cutoff levels (e.g., “top 10%”) of these features that must be met in order to be considered gifted. In many cases, the authors of the conceptions of giftedness also describe the proportion of people who are expected to qualify as gifted. However, such proportions are not logically derived from the conceptions. In this paper, we quantitatively operationalize some conceptions of giftedness and compute the implied giftedness rate under each using numerical calculations or simulation. Results reveal that the proportion of individuals who would meet the standard of giftedness under some conceptual models is unrealistically high, and that there is tremendous variability in the giftedness rate both between and within conceptions. The implication of this work is that the rigor and internal self-consistency of models of giftedness requires improvement.
Generalizing over encounters: Statistical and theoretical considerations
Authors: Barr Dale J.
Published: July 2018

How do we evaluate evidence for the generality of phenomena in psycholinguistics and related fields? For decades, researchers have recognized the importance of treating not only participants, but also stimuli, as sampled rather than fixed (Clark, 1973). It is only by taking both subject and stimulus populations into account during analysis—and critically, doing so simultaneously—that claims about psycholinguistic phenomena are supported in their full generality. In this chapter, I argue that simultaneous by-subject and by-item analyses is a special (albeit common) case of a more general problem of generalizing over particular types of encounters, defined in terms of the sampled units involved in the situation and the connections between them. This approach is more general inasmuch as it encompasses the traditional two-party encounters between subjects and stimulus materials but also handles two-party dyadic communicative encounters, or even three-party encounters involving participants making judgments about stimuli that were produced by participants in response to other stimuli. I argue that the goal of analysis is to make claims that are maximally likely to generalize to new encounters of the same type, and propose that the relevant encounter types involved in an experiment can be identified by thinking about the boundaries of what would constitute a legitimate ‘replication’ of that experiment. These ideas have important implications far beyond psycholinguistics; indeed, nearly all areas of psychology and neuroscience make claims that are intended to generalize to new encounters, although it is only psycholinguistics that consistently uses the statistical apparatus requiredto support such claims.
What’s so great about self-control? Examining the importance of effortful self-control and temptation in predicting real-life depletion and goal attainment
Authors: Milyavskaya Marina , Inzlicht Michael
Published: July 2018

Self-control is typically viewed as a key ingredient responsible for effective self-regulation and personal goal attainment. This study used experience sampling, daily diary and prospective data collection to investigate the immediate and semester-long consequences of effortful self-control and temptations on depletion and goal-attainment. Results showed that goal attainment was influenced by experiences of temptations rather than by actively resisting or controlling those temptations. This study also found that simply experiencing temptations led people to feel depleted. Depletion in turn mediated the link between temptations and goal attainment, such that people who experienced increased temptations felt more depleted and thus less likely to achieve their goals. Critically, results of Bayesian analyses strongly indicate that effortful self-control was consistently unrelated to goal attainment throughout all analyses.
In Defense of Intuitive Mathematical Theories as the Basis for Natural Number
Authors: Barner David
Published: July 2018

Though there are holes in the theory of how children move throughstages of numericalcompetence, the current approach offers the most promising avenue forcharacterizing changes in competence as children confront new mathematicalconcepts. Like the science of mathematics, children’s discovery of numberis rooted in intuitions about sets, and not purely in analytic truths.
Redefine statistical significance
Authors: Benjamin Daniel Jacob , Berger James , Johannesson Magnus , Nosek Brian A. , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan , Berk Richard , Bollen Kenneth , Brembs Björn , Brown Lawrence , Camerer Colin , Cesarini David , Chambers Christopher D , Clyde Merlise Aycock , Cook Tom , De Boeck Paul , Dienes Zoltan , Dreber Anna , Easwaran Kenny , Efferson Charles , Fehr Ernst , Fidler Fiona , Field Andy Peter , Forster Malcolm , George Ed , Gonzalez Richard , Goodman Steve , Green Ed , Green Don , Greenwald Anthony G. , Hadfield Jarrod , Hedges Larry V. , Held Leonhard , Ho Teck Hua , Hoijtink Herbert , Jones James Holland , Hruschka Daniel J. , Imai Kosuke , Imbens Guido , Ioannidis John P.A. , Jeon Minjeong , Kirchler Michael , Laibson David , List John , Little Roderick , Lupia Arthur , Machery Edouard , Maxwell Scott , McCarthy Michael , Moore Don A , Morgan Stephen L. , Munafo Marcus Robert , Nakagawa Shinichi , Nyhan Brendan J. , Parker Timothy H. , Pericchi Luis , Perugini Marco , Rouder Jeffrey N. , Rousseau Judith , Savalei Victoria , Schönbrodt Felix D. , Sellke Thomas , Sinclair Betsy , Tingley Dustin , Van Zandt Trisha , Vazire Simine , Watts Duncan J , Winship Christopher , Wolpert Robert L. , Xie Yu , YOUNG CRISTOBAL , Zinman Jonathan , Johnson Valen
Published: July 2018

"We propose to change the default P-value threshold forstatistical significance for claims of new discoveries from 0.05 to 0.005."
Implications of individual differences, social-structural constraints, and choice for STEM representation
Authors: Wiernik Brenton M. , Wille Bart , Albrecht Anne-Grit , Petersen Karl J.
Published: July 2018

In this commentary on Miner et al. (2018), we highlight the role of both individual differences and social-structural factors for gender representation in STEM. We emphasize that women are active agents in guiding their own careers and that women make choices which optimize their goal pursuit in light of their individual differences traits, personal experiences, and environmental contexts. We discuss implications for career guidance and other areas of I–O practice that recognizes women’s agency in choosing their own career goals. Recognizing the role of individual choices in guiding careers does not preclude the existence or influence of social-structural factors on these choices and is not an “excuse” to justify societal or structural inequities. Addressing gender differences in STEM representation requires understanding the choices women make about their careers and the factors influencing these choices.
The vicarious effects of discrimination: How partner experiences of discrimination affect individual health
Authors: Wofford Nyla , Defever Andrew M. , Chopik William J.
Published: July 2018

Little is known about how discriminatory experiences are associated with interpersonal relationships—specifically whether one person’s experience of discrimination has psychological effects on their partner and their relationship (i.e., vicarious effects). Using dyadic data analyses, we examined actor and partner effects of discriminatory experiences on self-rated health, chronic illness, depression, and relationship strain in a sample of 1,949 couples (3,898 participants). Actor and partner discrimination were associated with poorer health, greater depression, and greater relationship strain. These effects were mediated by higher levels of relationship strain. Our findings provide insight into the effects of direct and vicarious experiences of discrimination on interpersonal relationships.
A Multiple Definitions Model of Classification into Fuzzy Categories
Authors: Gruenenfelder Thomas M
Published: July 2018

This paper describes a new hypothesis, referred to as the multiple definitions model, concerning the mental representation of fuzzy concepts. The basic claim of the model is that such concepts are represented as a set of multiple definitions, where each definition is exact. Fuzziness results from the fact that using such concepts requires sampling multiple such exact definitions of the concept. The model was applied to concepts that can be defined as a range of values over a single dimension (such as middle-age), and tested using conjunctions and disjunctions of middle-age (e.g., “A person is middle-aged at both 50 and 63.”). The model predicts that, controlling for the truths of individual ages, the truths of conjunctions involving ages that are close together will be judged higher than the truths of conjunctions involving ages farther apart, and that the opposite effect will occur for disjunctions (the distance effect). The results of two experiments confirmed this prediction. However, both experiments also found that conjunctions were judged truer than the less true of their component ages, and that disjunctions were judged less true than the truer of their component ages. The model does not predict this “minimax” effect. One possible explanation of the minimax effect was tested; another modeled. The overall conclusion is that the multiple definitions model is a viable contender to explain the distance effect. The minimax effect, however, is still in need of a satisfactory explanation.
Comparing set-to-number and number-to-set measures of cardinal number knowledge in preschool children using latent variable modeling
Authors: Mou Yi , Zhang Bo , Piazza Manuela , Hyde Daniel C.
Published: July 2018

Children’s understanding of the cardinal numbers before entering school provides the foundation for formal mathematics learning. Two types of tasks have been primarily used to measure children’s knowledge of cardinal numbers: set-to-number and number-to-set tasks. However, there has been a continued debate as to whether the two types of tasks measure the same conceptual construct, allowing comparison and interchangeable use, or whether they measure different but related constructs. To answer this question, we analyzed the relation between task and item level performance on representative set-to-number (e.g., How-Many?) and number-to-set (Give-N) tasks in a large group of 3- to 4-year-old preschoolers (N = 204, median age = 3y 10m). By constructing and comparing models with different latent variable structures, we found that the best-fitting model was a bi-factor model, where performance on set-to-number and number-to-set tasks is best explained by both overlapping and some distinct aspects of cardinal number knowledge. Further analyses ruled out the idea that differences between tasks were due solely to non-numerical, general cognitive or language factors. Together these results suggest that set-to-number and number-to-set tasks have some commonalities but also retain at least some significant conceptual distinctness. Based on these results, we suggest these two types of tasks should no longer be used indiscriminately to inform theory or educational assessment of numerical abilities in preschool children.
Interpersonal touch enhances cognitive control: A neurophysiological investigation
Authors: Saunders Blair , Riesel Anja , Klawohn Julia , Inzlicht Michael
Published: July 2018

Touch is central to mammalian communication, socialisation, and wellbeing. Despite this prominence, interpersonal touch is relatively understudied. In this preregistered investigation, we assessed the influence of interpersonal touch on the subjective, neural, and behavioural correlates of cognitive control. Forty-five romantic couples were recruited (N=90; dating>6 months), and one partner performed an inhibitory control task while electroencephalography was recorded to assess neural performance monitoring. Interpersonal touch was provided by the second partner, and was manipulated between experimental blocks. A within-subject repeated-measures design was used to maximise statistical power, with our sample size providing 80% power for even small effect sizes (ds > .25). Results indicated that participants were not only happier when receiving touch, but also showed increased neural processing of mistakes. Further exploratory cognitive modelling using indirect effects tests and drift diffusion models of decision making revealed that touch was indirectly associated with both improved inhibitory control and increased rates of evidence accumulation (drift rate) through its influence on neural monitoring. Thus, beyond regulating emotion and stress, interpersonal touch appears to enhance the neurocognitive processes underling flexible goal-directed behaviour.
What are we? The nature of and motivations behind emerging adults' in between relationships
Authors: Montilla Doble Lysander James , Gutierrez Reiniero
Published: July 2018

In between relationships (IBRs) constitute relationships that overlap between friendships and romantic relationships. They are characterized by definitional uncertainty, as well as the other types of relational uncertainty identified by Knobloch and Solomon (1999). The researchers conducted semi-structured interviews among emerging adults with ongoing or terminated IBRs. Topic avoidance reinforced the prevalent relational uncertainty among IBRs. Being in an IBR had advantages, such as companionship, perceived safety, and positive feelings, that motivated emerging adults to initiate and maintain them. However, the disadvantages that followed, such as stress, lack of exclusivity, and negative feelings, became a contributing factor to its termination. The researchers also proposed three types of IBRS, and conceptualized a framework that illustrates the development of IBRs.
Causal judgments approximate the effectiveness of future interventions
Authors: Morris Adam , Phillips Jonathan Scott , Icard Thomas , Knobe Joshua , Gerstenberg Tobias , Cushman Fiery Andrews
Published: July 2018

When many things contributed to an outcome, people consistently judge certain ones to be more causal than others. For instance, people believe that a fire was more caused by the lit match than by the surrounding oxygen that fueled it. Why? Here, we offer a functional account of such patterns in causal judgment: By selecting causes as people naturally do, repeated judgments of whether something (e.g. the match) was the cause of an outcome (e.g. the fire) can be averaged to obtain the probability that introducing those things would produce the outcome (e.g., that lighting a match would start a fire). In other words, token causal judgments accumulate evidence about the general effectiveness of potential future interventions. We offer a formal account of this process, and show how it explains three basic qualitative features of causal judgment: why the causes people select tend (1) to be necessary, (2) to be abnormal, and (3) to lack abnormal counterparts.
Does viewing nature and urban environments change neuro-cognitive markers of attention?
Authors: Kuziek Jonathan , Mathewson Kyle Elliott
Published: July 2018

Demands on directed attention can result in attentional fatigue, inhibiting our ability to voluntarily direct attention to important features of our surroundings. Inherently fascinating environments, such as nature, have been shown to promote recovery of attention while environments that do not possess these qualities, such as urban settings, do not promote recovery. Previous research has demonstrated benefits associated with exposure to nature including improved physiological and mental health, and increased performance in attention tasks. The goal of the current research was to utilise the P3 cognitive component of the event-related potential (ERP), which has been shown to be modulated by attentional demands, as a cognitive marker indicative of attentional recovery. We measured electroencephalography (EEG) data while participants simultaneously completed an auditory oddball task and viewed images of nature and urban scenes. A replication was attempted using the Attention Network Task (ANT) to show that the restorative qualities of nature influence executive, voluntary attention rather than involuntary attention. Contrary to our predictions, no significant differences in the P3 component were observed and we were unable to successfully replicate previous research using the ANT. However, significant differences were found in earlier EEG components which suggest that the auditory stimuli are being processed differently depending on the scene displayed. EEG differences were also found following presentation of the scenes themselves and are consistent with previous research related to differences in scene complexity, contrast, and other characteristics. Further research needs to focus on these auditory and visual EEG differences to better understand neural correlates associated with the restorative benefits of natural environments.
Personal values about change and status quo influence outsiders' appraisals of intergroup conflict
Authors: Saeri Alexander K , Iyer Aarti , Louis Winnifred R
Published: July 2018

In three studies, we build on Schwartz’s (1992, 1994) work on universal values to explore the content and structure of individuals’ change and status quo values, to distinguish these values from other political ideologies and orientations, and to investigate the role of these values in shaping appraisals of intergroup conflict and collective action. In Study 1, we investigated the themes that underpin beliefs about change and the status quo. In Study 2, we created and validated separate measures to assess endorsement of change and status quo values, and show that they are distinct from related ideologies such as Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism. Study 3 demonstrated that change values—but not status quo values—influence the contextual appraisals that outsiders make when they encounter a hypothetical group conflict for the first time. Endorsing change leads to appraisals of the conflict that are supportive of a low-status citizen protestor group, and increases collective action intentions on behalf of this group. In addition, endorsing change leads to appraisals that are not supportive of a high-status government group in conflict, and decreases collective action intentions on behalf of this group.
Validación del Cuestionario Breve de Victimización Escolar por Pares en México
Authors: Vega Cauich Julio Isaac
Published: July 2018

Introducción: La victimización por pares en las escuelas tiene consecuencias que no solo se ven reflejadas en el área académica de las víctimas sino también en su salud mental. A pesar de la gran cantidad de instrumentos existentes, no existen datos normativos para el diagnóstico de esta problemática a nivel nacional. Método: A través de los datos de la Encuesta de Cohesión Social para la Prevención de la Violencia y la Delincuencia con una muestra de 18,839 jóvenes de 12 a 29 años de todo el territorio nacional, se analizó la utilidad y validez de la encuesta para diagnosticar la victimización escolar por pares con normatividad nacional. Resultados: El instrumento ofreció una consistencia interna apropiada (α = .86), y se asoció significativamente con trastornos del dormir, estado de ánimo deprimido y la satisfacción escolar, lo que sugiere una adecuada validez del constructo. Se reportan puntos de corte para realizar un diagnóstico de victimización escolar por pares, y se reporta el instrumento para su uso. Conclusiones. El instrumento obtuvo propiedades psicométricas adecuadas y con una validez consistente con los hallazgos previos, sin embargo, dada su brevedad se recomienda su uso en conjunto con otros instrumentos más detallados.Introduction: Peer victimization in schools has consequences that are not only reflected in the academic area of the victims but also in their mental health. Despite a large number of existing instruments, there are no normative data for the diagnosis of this problem at the national level. Method: Through the data of the Social Cohesion Survey for the Prevention of Violence and Crime realized in 2014 for the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, a sample of 18,839 young people from 12 to 29 years of age all over the Mexican territory was used to develop the instrument. The Questionnaire was validated to diagnose school peer victimization with national normative data. Results: The instrument provided an appropriate internal consistency (α = .86), and was significantly associated with sleep disorders, depressed mood and school satisfaction, suggesting adequate construct validity. Cut-off points are reported for a peer-to-peer victimization diagnosis, and the instrument is reported for free use. Conclusions. The instrument obtained adequate psychometric properties and with a validity consistent with the previous findings, however, given its brevity, its use is recommended in conjunction with other more detailed instruments of school violence, together with tools for exploring the consequences on the mental health of the victims.
P-curving x-phi: Does experimental philosophy have evidential value?
Authors: Stuart Michael , Colaço David , Machery Edouard
Published: July 2018

In this article, we analyze the evidential value of the corpus of experimental philosophy (x-phi). While proponents of x-phi claim that its studies provide insight into philosophical problems, some philosophers and psychologists have expressed concerns that the findings from these studies lack evidential value. One reason for this could be selection bias (i.e., the selective publication of significant results) and p-hacking, where ‘p-hacking’ refers to the research practices that increase the odds of obtaining a p-value below the significance level. To find out whether the significant findings reported in x-phi papers result from selection bias or p-hacking, we applied a p-curve analysis to a corpus of 365 x-phi chapters and articles. Our results suggest that this corpus has evidential value, although there are hints of p-hacking in a few parts of the x-phi corpus.
Supporting Wiki-Based Knowledge Exchange Processes
Authors: Heimbuch Sven
Published: July 2018

Complex knowledge exchange processes in collaborative knowledge building settings within wikis can be either supported by providing guidance in form of cognitive group awareness information or by explicitly guiding learners with collaboration scripts. My Ph.D. project comprises a series of three experimental studies to determine which kind of support is most beneficial for varying types of learners working with wikis. For this research different fields of CSCL are integrated and both quantitative and qualitative methods are applied to provide comprehensive analyses in order to provide opportunities for other related research. Presenting and discussing aspects of my research and first results could be beneficial for my future research.
Replication of Saffran, Johnson, Aslin, & Newport (1999) Statistical learning of tone sequences by human infants and adults, Exp. 2
Authors: Murdock Kara , Trimm Kelsey , Vidal Juliani , Hartshorne Joshua K.
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we describe a replication of Experiment 2from a classic statistical word-segmentation paper by Saffran,Johnson, Aslin, and Newport (1999). This experimentwas part of a larger project to systematically replicateas many experiments involving statistical word learning inadults as possible.
Going beyond ‘Because it’s there’ - Multiple motivations for pursuing high-risk adventure activities (Literature Review)
Authors: Kancheva Ivana Kirilova
Published: July 2018

The term ‘extreme sports’ has become synonymous with a variety of non-traditional high-risk adventure experiences. Participation in extreme sports is difficult to explain because it is a behaviour often seen as fascinating and puzzling given society’s efforts to reduce risks of death, or injury. Academics have employed varying theoretical perspectives to explain the motivational dynamics behind people’s adventure pursuits. Different factors have been proposed to play a role, ranging from sensation-seeking personality types to the desire to pursue optimal experiences and achieve a sense of self-agency. A literature review of existing research on people’s motives to engage in extreme sports is presented, arguing in favour of a multi-faceted view on risk-taking motivation. Various studies are discussed in relation to each other. Different theories and how they complement each other are reviewed to portray motivation as fluid and dynamic. Suggestions for improvement of existing methodologies in the field are put forward.
Gender Bias in Pediatric Pain Assessment
Authors: Earp Brian D. , Monrad Joshua , LaFrance Marianne , Bargh John A. , Cohen Lindsey , Richeson Jennifer
Published: July 2018

Objective: Observer rating of pain is central to diagnosis and treatment in healthcare, especially in pediatrics. However, there are few studies examining potential biases in observer ratings of pediatric pain. Cohen et al. (2014) reported that adult participants rated a video of a child undergoing a needle stick as experiencing more pain when the child was described as a boy as compared to a girl, suggesting a possible gender bias. To confirm, clarify, and extend this finding, we conducted a replication experiment and follow-up study examining the role of explicit gender stereotypes in shaping such asymmetric judgments. Method: In an independent, pre-registered, direct replication and extension study with open data and materials (osf.io/6tj58), we showed participants the same video from Cohen et al. (2014), with the child described as a boy or a girl depending on condition. We then asked adults to rate how much pain the child experienced and displayed, how typical the child was in these respects, and how much they agreed with explicit gender stereotypes concerning pain response in boys versus girls. Results: Similar to Cohen et al. (2014), but with a larger and more demographically diverse sample, we found that the ‘boy’ was rated as experiencing more pain than the ‘girl’ despite identical clinical circumstances and identical pain behavior cross conditions. Controlling for explicit gender stereotypes eliminated the effect. Conclusions: Explicit gender stereotypes—e.g., that boys are more ‘stoic’ or girls are more emotive—may bias adult assessment of children’s pain.
A note on the implications of factorial invariance for common factor variable equivalence
Authors: Maraun Michael , Heene Moritz
Published: July 2018

There has come to exist within the psychometric literature a generalized belief to the effect that a determination of the level of factorial invariance that holds over a set of k populations Δj, j = 1..s, is central to ascertaining whether or not the common factor random variables ξj, j = 1..s, are equivalent. In the current manuscript, a technical examination of this belief is undertaken. The chief conclusion of the work is that, as long as technical, statistical senses of random variable equivalence are adhered to, the belief is unfounded.
Hunger increases delay discounting of food and non-food rewards
Authors: Skrynka Jordan , Vincent Benjamin Thomas
Published: July 2018

How do our valuation systems change to homeostatically correct undesirable psychological or physiological states, such as those caused by hunger? There is evidence that hunger increases discounting for food rewards, biasing choices towards smaller but sooner food reward over larger but later reward. However, it is not understood how hunger modulates delay discounting for non-food items. We outline and quantitatively evaluate six possible models of how our valuation systems modulate discounting of various commodities in the face of the undesirable state of being hungry. With a repeated-measures design, an experimental hunger manipulation, and quantitative modeling, we find strong evidence that hunger causes large increases in delay discounting for food, with an approximately 25% spillover effect to non-food commodities. The results provide evidence that in the face of hunger, our valuation systems increase discounting for commodities, which cannot achieve a desired state change as well as for those commodities that can. Given that strong delay discounting can cause negative outcomes in many non-food (consumer, investment, medical, or inter-personal) domains, the present findings suggest caution may be necessary when making decisions involving non-food outcomes while hungry.
Visualising two approaches to explore reliability-power relationships
Authors: Parsons Sam
Published: July 2018

The relationship between measurement reliability and statistical power is a complex one. Where reliability is defined by classical test theory as the proportion of 'true' variance to total variance (the sum of true score and error variance), power is only functionally related to total variance. Therefore, to explore direct relationships between reliability and power, one must hold either true-score variance or error variance constant while varying the other. Here, visualisations are used to illustrate the reliability-power relationship under conditions of fixed true-score variance and fixed error variance. From these visualisations, conceptual distinctions between fixing true-score or error variance can be raised. Namely, when true-score variance is fixed, low reliability (and low power) suggests a true effect may be hidden by error. Whereas, when error variance is fixed, high reliability (and low power) may simply suggest a very small effect. I raise several observations I hope will be useful in considering the utility of measurement reliability and it's relationship to effect sizes and statistical power.
Autism as the rigidity of subconscious skills.
Authors: Vershinin Vladimir I.
Published: July 2018

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder which is characterized by deficits in social and communicational areas, and unusually restrictive patterns of behavior. By looking at the nature of those deficits and other deficits commonly associated with ASD, and by comparing strong and weak points inside those areas of deficits, it can be concluded that most (if not all) of them are connected to the formation and transformation of subconscious (automatic) skills.
Integrating Philosophical and Psychological Accounts of Happiness and Well-Being
Authors: Intelisano Sabrina , Krasko Julia , Luhmann Maike
Published: July 2018

Philosophers have been interested in happiness and well-being since the Hellenic period. More recently, psychologists have begun to study how happy people are and what makes people’s lives go well. Today, these fields begin to converge, as philosophers and psychologists are interested in integrating the two disciplines. A central challenge for any interdisciplinary research is that disciplines often differ in their terminology. In this paper, we offer a novel approach to integrating philosophical and psychological accounts of happiness and well-being by describing these accounts on two independent continuous dimensions: degree of stability (from transient to stable) and psychological process (from affective to cognitive). This dimensional taxonomy highlights similarities and differences among the accounts and allows researchers to assess where philosophical and psychological accounts overlap and where they diverge. We first describe the methodological approach we used to develop our two-dimensional taxonomy, and then demonstrate how this taxonomy can be applied to a large number of existing theoretical accounts of happiness and well-being. We conclude the paper with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of the dimensional approach and implications for future theoretical and empirical research.
Psychopathy and ratings of persuasiveness: Examining their relations in weaker and stronger contexts
Authors: Weiss Brandon , Lynam Donald , Miller Josh
Published: July 2018

Previous work has demonstrated mostly null to small associations between Fearless Dominance / Boldness (FD/B) and externalizing behaviors associated with psychopathy. The present study replicates this finding and examines an alternative pathway by which FD/B may be relevant to the construct of psychopathy, namely by enhancing psychopathic individuals’ capacity for interpersonal manipulation. Using data collected from an MTurk sample, we measured persuasiveness using third-party ratings of video-recorded product pitches and examined the relations between psychopathic and general traits and persuasiveness across “weaker” (improvised) and “stronger” (scripted) conditions. FD/B exhibited a positive small relation with perceived persuasiveness in the improvised condition only, suggesting that FD/B might have an indirect role in antisocial behavior via greater persuasiveness. Core psychopathic traits (i.e., antagonism/meanness, disinhibition) exhibited small negative associations with persuasiveness and trust in the scripted condition suggesting that many psychopathic individuals may use other tactics (e.g., intimidation; coercion) to manipulate others.
Identity Integration across Cultural Transitions: Bridging Individual and Societal Change
Authors: Syed Moin
Published: July 2018

Identity research has proliferated in recent years creating a great need for theoretical clarity about the identity concept, and how to use this clarity to understand identities within specific contexts. The present article addresses this need by discussing theoretical aspects of identity development as they apply to another important, yet broad, developmental context: societies in transition. This article includes a brief background on identity research in developmental psychology, an introduction of key theoretical constructs of identity integration, and then finally application of these constructs to understanding identities in transition. The hope is that this theoretical discussion will stimulate further research on identity development in the context of individual and social transitions.
How should free will skeptics pursue legal change?
Authors: Fischborn Marcelo
Published: July 2018

Free will skepticism is the view that people never truly deserve to be praised, blamed, or punished for what they do. One challenge free will skeptics face is to explain how criminality could be dealt with given their skepticism. This paper critically examines the prospects of implementing legal changes concerning crime and punishment derived from the free will skeptical views developed by Derk Pereboom and Gregg Caruso. One central aspect of the changes their views require is a concern for reducing the severity of current forms of punishment. The paper considers two strategies for pursuing such a reduction. By taking into account evidence from the psychology of belief in free will and desire to punish, it is argued that a strategy aiming at a reduction of people’s natural desire to punish criminals can be successful if capable of providing alternatives to current forms of punishment satisfying three properties: they must be less harmful than current forms of punishment, more effective in preventing crime, and incompatible with current forms of punishment.
Unraveling the genetic and environmental relationship between well-being and depressive symptoms throughout the lifespan
Authors: Baselmans Bart , Willems Yayouk , van Beijsterveldt Toos , Ligthart Lannie , WIllemsen Gonneke , Dolan Conor V. , Boomsma Dorret , Bartels Meike
Published: July 2018

Whether well-being and depressive symptoms can be considered as two sides of the same coin is widely debated. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the etiology of the association between well-being and depressive symptoms across the lifespan. In a cohort-sequential design, including data from 43,427 twins between age 7 and 99, we estimated the association between well-being and depressive symptoms throughout the lifespan and assessed genetic and environmental contributions to the observed overlap. For both well-being (range 31% –45%) and depressive symptoms (range 50%-61%), genetic factors explained a substantial part of the phenotypic variance across the lifespan. Correlations between well-being and depressive symptoms across ages ranged from -.34 in childhood to -.49 in adulthood. In children and adults (aged >27), environmental effects explained 51% to 59% of the phenotypic correlation, while for adolescents and young adults strong genetic influences (60%-77%) on the association were observed. Moderate to high genetic correlations (ranging from 0.60 to 0.70) were observed in adolescence and adulthood, while in childhood environmental correlations were substantial but genetic correlations small. These results suggest that environmental factors are important in explaining the relationship between well-being and depressive symptoms in childhood, while from adolescence onwards a genetic predisposition for higher well-being is indicative for a genetic predisposition for lower depressive symptoms, and vice versa. These results provided more insights into the etiological underpinnings of well-being and depressive symptoms, possibly allowing to articulate better strategies for health promotion and resource allocation in the future.