bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Primary Study on the Practical Implementation Practices and Issues of Community Contracting Protocol in Dewathang Gewog, Samdrup Jongkhar Bhutan
Authors: Wangchuk Pema
Published: June 2021

Recently, media reports of community contracts have increased due to problems with the implementation of the Community Contracting Protocols (CCP) among the policymakers and local government officials in the Kingdom of Bhutan. Most of the media reported that it played a crucial role in promoting economic and social development in the community, but also reported common challenges related to project failures and other technical difficulties. The Dewathang Gewog(Block) under Samdrup Jongkhar Dzongkhag(district), Eastern Bhutan is one of the active CCP implementers in the country. As a result, the gewog officials and community contractors have been confronted with a series of challenges and difficulties like most other Gewogs faced in Bhutan. However, the claims must be meticulously validated through academic research and inform the public accordingly because they may carry incomplete assumptions of the CCP in the country. Few or no previous study has been conducted in Bhutan so far using statistical tests to assess the practice and implementation issues of the CCP. This study focuses on identifying the key implementation challenges of the CCP in the Gewog. The Gewog had carried out several community projects over the past three years (2018-2020). The study was carried out within three months. The target population size was 41, determined from the seven dispersed project sites. Only people who were mainly involved in the implementation of the community projects in the last three years were considered. By following the cluster random sampling process, the sample size(30) was selected as the respondents for the study. Data were collected from them through a survey and face-to-face interview with the key informants. The hypotheses were tested with a chi-square test based on data obtained from the respondents and processed with Microsoft Excel. The results were presented in tabular and graphical form with interpretations for better understanding. The study found that Gewog officials and community groups faced challenges such as project delays, lack of coordination, poor monitoring and supervision, cost overruns. In addition, the study also found out that the Gewog office has ensured community participation through CCP despite the challenges. Strict performance monitoring (tracking progress), capacity building and problem-solving through field visits to identify obstacles are the possible recommendations proposed in the study. The study also recommends that the relevant agencies review the CCP as appropriate and make it feasible and enforceable.
Contribution of Cartography to the Optimization of the Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential in the Republic of Cameroon: Case of Bitchoua Highlands
Authors: Eneckdem VadelTsopgni , Feumba Rodrigue Aimé , Tsomo Odovie , Bogning Jean Roger
Published: June 2021

This study deals with a model combining cartography with mathematical simulation for the optimal evaluation of wind potential in the context of the absence of networks of in-situ observation stations. It is based on both geographic Information Systems (GIS), climate data from NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) from 1985 to 2018, and field survey data from 2018.The NASA-SSE data, made it possible to obtain information on the direction of the winds, to determine parameters of distribution of wind speed frequencies (by the Weibull method).Then, we proceeded to the processing and numerical simulation of the data to provide predictions of the electrical energy that could be generated. By mobilizing GIS, the study proposes a decisional mapping allowing the planning and realization of wind energy projects in the studied area. It appears from the work carried out in the field that with an average wind speed of 2.56m / s (at 50 m from the ground) the winds of Bitchoua have an average power density estimated at 1612.64 W. Under current operating conditions defined by the Betz limit, it would be possible to recover from the local wind, thanks to a 50 m diameter wind turbine, an electrical power of approximately 956.87 W / s, for a maximum average of 974.17 W / s. The spatial representation of this potential presents the Center and North-East of Bitchoua as the most suitable sectors for the installation of wind turbines in the locality. Indeed, with an average wind speed of 2.8m / s, the area has an average wind power density evaluated at 13.45 W, for an available power of 4221.53 W. Under current conditions of exploitability, the recoverable potential in this part would be about 1251.79 W / s, for 1275.07W / s on average maximum (well above the local average).
Effect of Low-Energy Shockwave Therapy Versus Platelets Rich Plasma Therapy in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Sajjad Kumail , Sohail Muhammad , Momin Hafiz Abdul , Shafique Raja Asim , Nazir Muhammad , Ahmad Shabbir , Bashir Afzal , Rana Muhammad Asim , Ali Qurban , Hafeez Muhammad Mansoor
Published: June 2021

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) and low-energy shock wave therapy (LESWT) have created a revolution in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED).  However, they are not able to restore the actual changes in the penis. An emerging new therapy called platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is believed to be more beneficial in treating ED.  The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of LESWT and PRP in treating ED. A total of sixty participants of pathological ED was included in the study and divided into two groups. Group A received the LESWT, whereas Group B received the PRP. The benefits were measured by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), an erection hardness score (EHS) and Self-Esteem And Relationship (SEAR) questionnaires. The results of this analysis demonstrated a larger effect in treatment group B in percentage terms, but there were no statistical differences in the two groups. In the near future, PCP may be a new modality for treating ED, especially PDE5I non-respondents with organic ED. However, more extensive preclinical and applied research needs to be conducted.
Preparation and Evaluation of Extemporaneously Compounded Aspirin Capsules from Crushed Aspirin Tablets
Authors: Alfagih Iman M. , Aljaliel Lama S.
Published: June 2021

Aims: Extemporaneous preparations of medications might bring about technical and clinical consequences due to formulation failures. Therefore, all such prepared formulas should undergo valid and reliable procedures supported by solid data. Otherwise, patients can experience significant risk due to microbial contamination or physical or chemical changes during the preparation process. Thus, effective extemporaneous preparation relies on correct calculations to avoid extra and serious harm. Therefore, because 50-mg aspirin capsules are not available in Saudi Arabia, this study aimed to formulate 50-mg capsules from available 100-mg aspirin tablets.

Methodology: Quality control tests of the preparations were carried out at the time of preparation and after one month of storage at 25 °C and at 40 °C and 75% relative humidity. All tests were carried out according to the British and United States pharmacopeia monograph of aspirin.

Results: The drug content assay and uniformity test indicated that the aspirin capsules were within the pharmacopeial limits. The disintegration time for all aspirin capsules was within the pharmacopeial limits of 30 minutes. The aspirin release profile showed that approximately 90% of the aspirin dissolved after 10 minutes.

Conclusion: The results indicated that the extemporaneous preparation of ASA capsules complied with the quality control tests for freshly prepared capsules and after one month of storage at room temperature and at 40 °C and 75% relative humidity. The dissolution profile of these capsules indicates immediate and high release of ASA, which is essential to ensure the required absorption. This study is of great importance for patients who need to take this dose of ASA. Pharmacists can prepare good-quality capsules with the desired ASA content using a 100-mg ASA tablet as a source of the active ingredient.
Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Vata Dosha in a Case of Gridhrasi (Sciatica) by Nadi Tarangini Device – A Case Study
Authors: Desai Pradeep G. , Dhule Mukund P.
Published: June 2021

Aims: To evaluate the qualitative and quantitative assessment of vata doshain a case of gridhrasi by nadi tarangini device.

Introduction: Ayurveda has an unique method of patient examination by ashtavidha pareeksha. i.e. nadi, mutra, mala, jivha, shabda, sparsha, drik and akruti. Amongst which examination of nadi becomes prominent examination which helps in better diagnosis of a disease/vyadhi.

Gridhrasi is shoola pradhana vataja nanatmaja vatavyadhi, affecting the back involving lower limb which hampers patient’s daily routine activity. Line of Management of gridhrasi includes siravyadha, bastikarma and agnikarma. Siravyadha and agnikarma are considered as instant pain relieving methods. Raktamokshana by siravyadha is considered to be ardha chikitsa according to Sushruta. Siravyadha is specially indicated in case of gridhrasi. It is a simple OPD level procedure affordable/economical to all categories of patients and time saving.

As siravyadha gives instant relief and gridhrasi is vataja nanatmaja vyadhi, it is easy for the assessment and understanding of reduction in symptoms by nadi tarangini device. Hence, in this case study an attempt is made to assess the quantitative and qualitative analysis of vata dosha before and after the procedure of siravyadha.

Case Study: A patient, 45 years old; he showed the main clinical signs and symptoms of gridhrasi came to our OPD, had a history of 2 years, and had worsened in the past two days. He underwent a careful examination and we recorded a detailed medical history. With all purva, pradhana and paschat karma, siravyadha procedure was done and nadi tarangini readings were taken before, after and on 10th day of siravyadha procedure.

Place and Duration of the Study: Study was conducted in ‘Sri Jain AGM Ayurved Medical College & Hospital, Varur-Hubballi (Karnatak). Study duration was 10 days.

Results: Patient got marked relief in subjective criteria i.e. stambha, toda, ruk, toda, spandana, gaurava and also in objective parameters i.e. straight leg raise test, lassegue’s test and Oswestry low back pain score. It was seen that, there was visible difference in the analysis of nadi tarangini report.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that, siravyadha gives better relief in gridhrasi. And it was found that nadi tarangini can be used to assess the dosha dushti and many other parameters.
Some Opportunistic Infections in Childhood: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Methods
Authors: Gulieva Sabina Muradovna , Galina Muradovna Akhverdiyeva , Kalinin Eugeny , Mameeva Shirvan Emirovna , Harutyunyan Anna Agasievna , Kabanova Tatiana Alekseevna
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the features of the emergence and development of the so-called opportunistic infections that occur in children with weakened immunity.

Such infections are often caused by non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, fungi, and herpesviruses, and such infections can also develop in children who are treated with immunobiological drugs. Since these are serious and rapidly developing diseases, the diagnosis should be made at the earliest stages of the development of the disease and be based on the features of clinical phenomena described in the literature and anamnesis data indicating the presence of such infections. The earlier an infection is detected, the faster it will be possible to start appropriate therapy.

The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that, despite the improvement in the diagnosis of opportunistic infections in recent years, they still are a problem for pediatricians, who are not always able to diagnose them in time. Accordingly, the pediatrician should, in case of suspicion of the presence of such an infection in a child patient, contact specialists who have experience in their treatment in order to take timely measures to stop the development of the disease.

The aim of the study is to consider the features of some opportunistic infections in childhood, their causes, diagnosis, and treatment methods.
Synthesis, Analytical Characterization and Anti-Diabetic Activity of Some Heterocycles of Quinazolin-4(3H)one
Authors: Modh Pratik G. , Jasani Mitali H. , Patel Laxman J.
Published: June 2021

Aim: Novel quinazolin-4(3H)-one heterocycles were synthesized and assessed for their anti-diabetic activity. Non-enzymatic glycosylation of haemoglobin assay was carried out to identify their potential as anti-diabetic. The cyclization of quinazolinone-4(3H)-one heterocycles was achieved, whereas carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions were carried out using Sonogashira and Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions and characterized with analysis. This synthesis method afforded corresponding 2, 3 and 6 substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones (3a to 3m) with excellent yields.

Methods: 2-Amino-6-bromobenzoic acid was used as a substrate which was converted to corresponding benzamide derivatives (1a-1b)  by reaction with benzylamine or cyclohexylamine using acid-amine reaction, followed by cyclization and oxidation using suitable aldehyde in DMSO under microwave condition to give bromo substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones (2a-2c), which were cross coupled to suitable terminal alkyne with palladium catalyst as well as copper co-catalyst using Sonogashira condition to obtain desired (3a-3h) and suitable boronic acid with palladium catalyst using Suzuki-Miyaura condition to obtain desired (3i-3m). All synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, proton NMR, LC-MS analysis and evaluated for in vitro anti-diabetic activity using non-enzymatic glycosylation of haemoglobin assay.

Results: Compounds 3m showed good inhibition of glycosylation of haemoglobin which in turn suggest good anti-oxidant potential on metabolism of glucose and hence lower glucose concentration. It showed IC50 value of 35.91±0.82 µg/mL which was comparable to the standard alpha tocopherol (34.47±0.87µg/mL).

Conclusion: In-vitro non-enzymatic glycosylation of haemoglobin method is one of important assays to judge the control of diabetes. The haemoglobin present in RBCs has an affinity to bind with glucose. The greater the glucose level in blood, more amount of glucose-bound (called glycosylated) haemoglobin will be formed. Accordingly, presence of lower concentration of glycosylated haemoglobin is a sure guide to the lower concentration of glucose in the blood. Synthesized compounds (3a-3m) lower the blood glucose level and 3m has highest potential among those which can be further developed as potent anti-diabetic.
Efficacy of Octreotide Versus Terlipressin along with Endoscopic Variceal Ligation (EVL) in Preventing Re-bleeding and Mortality in Acute Bleeding Esophageal Varices in Cirrhosis: A Randomized Prospective Study
Authors: Lomte Sunayana , Acharya Sourya , Kirnake Vijendra
Published: June 2021

Background: Octreotide and terlipressin are two pharmacologic drugs used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding. Large enough clinical trial data is not available, in comparing the efficacy of octreotide versus terlipressin as an adjunct to EVL for control of variceal bleed. Still, there is a scarcity of data on which is the better efficient drug amongst terlipress in and octreotide to control 5 days rebleeding.

Aim: To compare efficacy of octreotide versus terlipressin in preventing the 6 weeks mortality (primary outcome) and 5 days rebleeding (secondary outcome) in cases of acute esophageal variceal bleeding.

Method: All the patients of cirrhosis of liver presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding admitted in the Medicine Intensive Care Unit(MICU) at Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital (AVBRH) will be enrolled. In this Randomized Prospective study ,patients presenting with acute esophageal variceal bleed, after diagnostic endoscopy during a period of one year (august 2020 to july 2021) will be randomised into two group by simple randomisation with chits: Group A will receive Terlipressin while Group B will receive Octreotide for 5 days combined with esophageal variceal ligation. These two groups will be compared in terms of hemodynamic effects, child pugh score, MELD (Model for End stage Liver Disease) score to predict 6 weeks mortality as primary outcome and 5 day treatment failure as secondary outcome according to Bavino VI consensus statement.

Expected results: From our study we are anticipating that both octreotide and terlipressin will be equally efficacious in controlling the EVB when given along with EVL therapy and also there will be no difference in both the drugs in preventing 6 weeks mortality and 5 days rebleeding.

Conclusion: There will be no significant difference between Terlipressin and Octreotide in preventing 6 week mortality and 5 day rebleeding in bleeding esophageal varices when given along with EVL therapy.
A Pilot Study Investigating the effect of Glycemic Control on Electrodiagnostic Parameters in Type II Diabetic Patients
Authors: Muley Parikshit Ashok , Biswas Dalia A. , Taksande Avinash
Published: June 2021

Background: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic abnormality due to either decreased secretion of insulin or decreased tissue sensitivity of insulin resulting in elevated blood glucose. Most common complication of diabetes is peripheral neuropathy. In this research project, we will be conducting a pilot study to observe the effect of glycaemic control on physiological functioning of nerve with the help of neurophysiological parameters, independent of duration of diabetes.

Objectives:

To investigate relationship of quality of glycemic control & severity of neurological changes.

To find out whether glycemic control acts as an independent risk factor for progression of diabetic neuropathy despite the duration of diabetes.

To validate the HBA1C at 10 for future longitudinal study to understand the association between glycemic control & progression of neuropathy.

Methodology: 60 type II diabetic patients visiting diabetic OPD (Medicine) will participate in the study. The patients will be divided in to 2 groups of Group number 1 with (30 subjects) HBA1C < 10 and Group number 2 having (30 subjects) HBA1C >10. Electrodiagnostic study will be conducted on motor (tibial nerve) and sensory (sural nerve) will be performed in Neurophysiology lab. Neurophysiological parameters data of two groups will be analysed and compared.

Expected Results: The pilot study will help to find out whether glycaemic control acts as a separate risk factor for progression of diabetic neuropathy despite duration of diabetes.

Conclusion: This pilot study will help to establish the association between quality of glycaemic control and severity of neurological changes. Also, this will help to validate the HBA1C at 10 for further longitudinal study to know whether poor diabetes control is an independent risk factor associated to the severity of neuropathy in type II diabetes.
Evaluation of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaf Powder for Assessing Gustatory Function and Comparison with Other Tastants
Authors: Varghese Varsha , Sudha M. , Menon Ashok , Rajkumar D. , Jacob Navya Jith , Mukkadan J. K.
Published: June 2021

Aims: Azadirachta indica (meliacea), popularly known as neem has extreme bitter taste however it has high medicinal properties. The study aimed to use the bitterness property of neem leaf powder to assess the bitter taste along with other tastants and to check reliability of this newly introduced method.

Materials and methods: 60 healthy subjects were recruited in the present study. Bitter, sweet, salt, sour and umami taste solutions are prepared in three different concentrations. Gustatory recognition threshold was recorded against each concentration of five tastants solutions.

Results: A significant difference in the first concentration (.003) of neem between all age groups (p=0.026) but no significant difference in the second and third concentrations were observed. Males have higher gustatory recognition threshold in almost all levels of taste parameters. However, medium and higher concentrations of neem have no significant gender wise difference. An acceptable level of reliability was found in the test retest method conducted in a two week interval.

Conclusion: The neem leaf powder solution can be used for bitter taste assessment, is reliable, and can be safely used in the clinical setting.
Characterization of Microbes in Protein Supplements Available Commercially
Authors: Alhamdan Mohammad , Ahmad Abrar , Baothman Othman A.
Published: June 2021

Supplements have been used widely since several years and their production has greatly increased with many different types, e.g. (Vitamins, Collagen, Proteins. etc...), and for multiple uses. Supplements were made to complete the nutrients deficiency that people have, or to prevent the deficiency condition, and some are using it to boost their body with nutrients like the athletes. Protein is one of the most selling supplements in the market used as powder or drink, and also been added to many different foods and snacks to make it healthier. This paper involves a food safety and quality study to identify and characterize the microbial pathogens in protein powder supplements available commercially.
Breast cancer metastasis: immune profiling of lymph nodes reveals exhaustion of effector T cells and immunosuppression
Authors: Rye Inga Hansine , Huse Kanutte , Josefsson Sarah E. , Kildal Wanja , Danielsen Håvard E. , Schlichting Ellen , Garred Øystein , Riis Margit L. , OSBREAC  , Lingjærde Ole Christian , Myklebust June H. , Russnes Hege G.
Published: June 2021

Sentinel lymph nodes are the first nodes draining the lymph from a breast and could reveal early changes in the host immune system upon dissemination of breast cancer cells. To investigate this, we performed single‐cell immune profiling of lymph nodes with and without metastatic cells. Whereas no significant changes were observed for B‐cell and natural killer (NK)‐cell subsets, metastatic lymph nodes had a significantly increased frequency of CD8 T cells and a skewing toward an effector/memory phenotype of CD4 and CD8 T cells, suggesting an ongoing immune response. Additionally, metastatic lymph nodes had an increased frequency of TIGIT (T‐cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains)‐positive T cells with suppressed TCR signaling compared with non‐metastatic nodes, indicating exhaustion of effector T cells, and an increased frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) with an activated phenotype. T‐cell alterations correlated with the percentage of metastatic tumor cells, reflecting the presence of metastatic tumor cells driving T effector cells toward exhaustion and promoting immunosuppression by recruitment or increased differentiation toward Tregs. These results show that immune suppression occurs already in early stages of tumor progression.
Nusinersen in pediatric and adult patients with type III spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Pera Maria Carmela , Coratti Giorgia , Bovis Francesca , Pane Marika , Pasternak Amy , Montes Jacqueline , Sansone Valeria A. , Dunaway Young Sally , Duong Tina , Messina Sonia , Mizzoni Irene , D’Amico Adele , Civitello Matthew , Glanzman Allan M. , Bruno Claudio , Salmin Francesca , Morando Simone , De Sanctis Roberto , Sframeli Maria , Antonaci Laura , Frongia Anna Lia , Rohwer Annemarie , Scoto Mariacristina , De Vivo Darryl C. , Darras Basil T. , Day John , Martens William , Patanella Katia A. , Bertini Enrico , Muntoni Francesco , Finkel Richard , Mercuri Eugenio ,   the iSMAC group
Published: June 2021

Objective

We report longitudinal data from 144 type III SMA pediatric and adult patients treated with nusinersen as part of an international effort.

Methods

Patients were assessed using Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE), Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM), and 6‐Minute Walk Test (6MWT) with a mean follow‐up of 1.83 years after nusinersen treatment.

Results

Over 75% of the 144 patients had a 12‐month follow‐up. There was an increase in the mean scores from baseline to 12 months on both HFMSE (1.18 points, p = 0.004) and RULM scores (0.58 points, p = 0.014) but not on the 6MWT (mean difference = 6.65 m, p = 0.33).

When the 12‐month HFMSE changes in the treated cohort were compared to an external cohort of untreated patients, in all untreated patients older than 7 years, the mean changes were always negative, while always positive in the treated ones. To reduce a selection bias, we also used a multivariable analysis. On the HFMSE scale, age, gender, baseline value, and functional status contributed significantly to the changes, while the number of SMN2 copies did not contribute. The effect of these variables was less obvious on the RULM and 6MWT.

Interpretation

Our results expand the available data on the effect of Nusinersen on type III patients, so far mostly limited to data from adult type III patients.
Stabilizing Intermediate Phases via Efficient Entrapment Effects of Layered VS4/SnS@C Heterostructure for Ultralong Lifespan Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Cao Liang , Luo Bi , Xu Baohe , Zhang Jiafeng , Wang Chunhui , Xiao Zhiming , Li Shanhong , Li Yangzhong , Zhang Bao , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Ou Xing , Ji Xiaobo
Published: June 2021

Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) have appealed increasing attention due to the inexpensive K‐element resources and satisfactory electrochemical properties. Presently, there are still challenges for developing desirable anode materials. Two‐dimensional metal sulfides exhibit high specific capacity as host for PIBs, yet the dissolution and agglomeration of unstable reaction intermediate KxSy (K2S, K2S5) inescapability induces large loss of active ingredients and poor reactions reversibility, leading to inferior lifespan. Herein, polar polysulfide VS4 is introduced into SnS nanosheets with constructing layered VS4/SnS heterostructure anchored in graphene scaffold (VS4/SnS@C). In this framework, VS4 with unsaturated bridging (S2)2– can act as the anchoring sites to stabilize intermediates KxSy with efficient entrapment effects. Moreover, the heterostructure can maintain layered SnS and regulate the distribution of KxSy with high conversion reversibility. The reaction reversibility and intermediate absorptivity are enhanced, as confirmed by in situ X‐ray diffraction analysis and theoretical calculations. Consequently, the VS4/SnS@C electrode exhibits ultra‐long lifespans, which achieves a capacity of 168.4 mAh g–1 at 1 A g–1 after 6000 cycles. This strategy of heterostructure design facilitates the understanding of K‐storage mechanisms and significantly enhances the reaction reversibility, providing a thought to address the challenges in metal sulfide anodes toward the development of high‐performance PIBs.
Manipulating the Light‐Matter Interaction of PtS/MoS2 p–n Junctions for High Performance Broadband Photodetection
Authors: Li Fang , Tao Rui , Cao Banglin , Yang Lei , Wang Zegao
Published: June 2021

Due to the limited carrier concentration, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides have lower intrinsic dark current, and thus, are widely studied for high performance room photodetection. However, the light‐matter interaction is still unclear, thus tuning the photoexcitation and further manipulating the photodetection is a challenge. Herein, large‐area PtS films are synthesized, and the growth mechanism is investigated. It is demonstrated that PtS has an orthorhombic structure and exhibits the p‐type semiconducting behavior. Then, MoS2/PtS p–n heterojunction is fabricated, and its energy diagram is discussed based on the Kelvin probe force microscopy. The contact potential difference is about 160 mV, which is much larger than previous 2D junctions facilitating the charge separation. Furthermore, the phototransistor based on MoS2/PtS p–n heterojunction is prepared, showing broadband photoresponse from visible to near‐infrared. The manipulation of an external field on photoresponse, detectivity, and rise/fall time are explored and discussed. The responsivity can reach up to 25.43 A W−1, and the detectivity is 8.54 × 1012 Jones. These results indicate that PtS film is a prospective candidate for high‐performance optoelectronic devices and broaden the scope of infrared detection materials.
Persistent Luminescence Immune Hydrogel for Photodynamic‐Immunotherapy of Tumors In Vivo
Authors: Shu Gang , Zhu Wang , Jiang Yingzong , Li Xinwen , Pan Jinbin , Zhang Xuening , Zhang Xuejun , Sun Shao‐Kai
Published: June 2021

Persistent luminescence material (PLM)‐based photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown tremendous promise in tumor elimination via avoiding continuous external light illumination. In addition, the tumor‐associated antigens produced by PDT can trigger systemic antitumor immune responses, but only exhibit a limited immunotherapy effect. Herein, a persistent luminescence immune hydrogel is developed via a “turning solid into gel” strategy by introducing a PLM and an immunoadjuvant (R837) into an alginate‐Ca2+ hydrogel for rechargeable photodynamic‐immunotherapy of tumors, for the first time. The designed PLM‐R837‐ALG hydrogel exhibits the intact persistent luminescence of the PLM, 100% of utilization efficiency of the hydrophobic precursors, good biocompatibility and syringeability, and can be easily injected into tumors to serve as an internal light source for efficiently activating photosensitizers to induce a sustained PDT effect. Moreover, the loaded R837 can significantly amplify the immunogenicity of tumor‐associated antigens originating from PL sensitized PDT, thereby leading to a powerful immune response to suppress tumors in vivo. The proposed PL‐based photodynamic‐immunotherapy provides a novel combined tumor treatment paradigm.
Image‐Guided TME‐Improving Nano‐Platform for Ca2+ Signal Disturbance and Enhanced Tumor PDT
Authors: Jiang Yuping , Meng Wei , Wu Lijuan , Shao Kai , Wang Lili , Ding Mengchao , Shi Jinsheng , Kong Xiaoying
Published: June 2021

Dysfunction of the calcium balancing system and disruption of calcium distribution can induce abnormal intracellular calcium overload, further causing serious damage and even cell death, which provides a potential therapeutic approach for tumor treatment. Herein, a nano‐platform, which includes UCNPs‐Ce6@RuR@mSiO2@PL‐HA NPs (UCRSPH) and SA‐CaO2 nanoparticles, is prepared for improving the tumor micro‐environment (TME), Ca2+ signal disturbance as well as enhanced photodynamic tumor therapy (PDT). UCRSPH combined with SA‐CaO2 can alter TME and relieve hypoxia of the tumor to realize self‐reinforcing PDT under near‐IR irradiation (980 nm). The ruthenium red (RuR) in the UCRSPH NPs can be released to the cytoplasm after endocytosis of the nanoparticles, target Ca2+ channel proteins on the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA), and mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). The combined participation of nanoparticles and RuR promotes Ca2+ imbalance and cytoplasmic calcium overload with the assistance of CaO2, and provides tumor cells higher sensitivity to PDT. Furthermore, the nano‐platform also provides fluorescence imaging and calcification computed tomography imaging for in vivo treatment guidance. In conclusion, this image‐guided nano‐platform show potential for highly specific, efficient combined therapy against tumor cells with minimal side‐effects to normal cells by integrating TME improvement, self‐reinforcing PDT, and Ca2+ signal disturbance.
Significant Performance Improvement in n‐Channel Organic Field‐Effect Transistors with C60:C70 Co‐Crystals Induced by Poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) Nanodots
Authors: Nam Sungho , Khim Dongyoon , Martinez Gerardo T. , Varambhia Aakash , Nellist Peter D. , Kim Youngkyoo , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Bradley Donal D. C.
Published: June 2021

Solution‐processed organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) have attracted great interest due to their potential as logic devices for bendable and flexible electronics. In relation to n‐channel structures, soluble fullerene semiconductors have been widely studied. However, they have not yet met the essential requirements for commercialization, primarily because of low charge carrier mobility, immature large‐scale fabrication processes, and insufficient long‐term operational stability. Interfacial engineering of the carrier‐injecting source/drain (S/D) electrodes has been proposed as an effective approach to improve charge injection, leading also to overall improved device characteristics. Here, it is demonstrated that a non‐conjugated neutral dipolar polymer, poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEOz), formed as a nanodot structure on the S/D electrodes, enhances electron mobility in n‐channel OFETs using a range of soluble fullerenes. Overall performance is especially notable for (C60‐Ih)[5,6]fullerene (C60) and (C70‐D5h(6))[5,6]fullerene (C70) blend films, with an increase from 0.1 to 2.1 cm2 V−1 s−1. The high relative mobility and eighteen‐fold improvement are attributed not only to the anticipated reduction in S/D electrode work function but also to the beneficial effects of PEOz on the formation of a face‐centered‐cubic C60:C70 co‐crystal structure within the blend films.
Optimal Soft Composites for Under‐Actuated Soft Robots
Authors: Boddeti Narasimha , Van Truong Tien , Joseph Vincent S. , Stalin Thileepan , Calais Theo , Lee Shien Yang , Dunn Martin L. , Valdivia y Alvarado Pablo
Published: June 2021

Material properties and composite structures play key roles in tailoring the performance of soft robots. Unfortunately, current design and fabrication approaches limit achievable complexity and functionality in these two categories and hinder soft robot performance. Here, an approach that allows design and direct fabrication of novel soft composite structures is presented. The process uses computational topology optimization to determine the required 3D composite structure of soft hyper‐elastic bodies. The direct fabrication of the soft composite structures using an all‐in‐one fabrication workflow with resilient silicone polymers enables precise tailoring of mechanical properties. By applying this approach to the design and fabrication of an underwater batoid‐inspired soft robot, significant swimming performance improvements is demonstrated. An optimized composite prototype displays 50% faster swimming speeds, 28% faster turning rates, and 55% smaller turning radii than un‐optimized benchmark prototypes.
Constrained adaptive sampling for domain reduction in surrogate model generation: Applications to hydrogen production
Authors: Straus Julian , Ouassou Jabir Ali , Knudsen Brage Rugstad , Anantharaman Rahul
Published: June 2021

We propose a new approach for sampling domain reduction for efficient surrogate model generation. Currently, the standard procedure is to use box constraints for the independent variables when sampling the exact simulator. However, by including additional inequality constraints to account for interdependencies between these variables, we can drastically reduce the sampling domain and ensure consistency of unit operations. Moreover, we present a methodology for constructing surrogate models based on penalized regression and error‐maximization sampling. All these algorithms have been implemented as a free and open‐source software package. Through a case study on the water–gas shift reaction for hydrogen production, we show that sampling domain reduction reduces the required number of sampling points significantly and improves the accuracy of the surrogate model.
Do non‐native ornamental fishes pose a similar level of invasion risk in neighbouring regions of similar current and future climate? Implications for conservation and management
Authors: Wei Hui , Chaichana Ratcha , Vilizzi Lorenzo , Daengchana Punyanuch , Liu Fei , Nimtim Matura , Zhu Yunjie , Li Shan , Hu Yinchang , Copp Gordon H.
Published: June 2021

Global trade in non‐native ornamental species coupled with high connectivity among countries is well known to result in worldwide biological invasions, which pose challenges for the conservation and management of biodiversity.

There are few studies aimed at implementing management strategies that have examined differences in the potential invasiveness of non‐native species between neighbouring political regions within the same ecoregion.

To compare the potential risk of invasiveness of non‐native ornamental fishes with high commercial value in the river basins of two neighbouring regions of East and Southeast Asia, 32 extant and horizon species were screened with the aquatic species invasiveness screening kit (as‐isk) for the lower Pearl River basin (South China) and the Chao Phraya River basin (Thailand). Both regional (i.e. basin level) and combined risk‐ranking thresholds were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Of the 32 species screened, 14 were categorized as posing a high risk and seven were categorized as posing a medium risk of being invasive in both regions, under current and future climate conditions. These species have a history of invasiveness and the climate of their native ranges is similar to that of the two study regions. Pterygoplichthys pardalis received the highest risk score in both regions. The risk ranks of 11 species differed between the two regions, based on either the combined or regional thresholds, and this was partly related to the different risk of invasiveness between the two regions, coupled with cognitive subjectivity among the assessors.

The results of the present study suggest that the invasion of non‐native ornamental fish species could pose similar threats to biodiversity in neighbouring regions. This will serve to inform policy makers of neighbouring countries in the development of coordinated, mutually beneficial regulations and management strategies to enhance the conservation of native species.
Underground Down Under: Skull anatomy of the southern blind snake Anilios australis Gray, 1845 (Typhlopidae: Serpentes: Squamata)
Authors: Laver Rebecca J. , Daza Juan D. , Ellis Ryan J. , Stanley Edward L. , Bauer Aaron M.
Published: June 2021

The cranial anatomy of blindsnakes has been markedly understudied, with the small size and relative rarity of encountering these subterranean reptiles being significant limiting factors. In this article, we re‐visit the skull anatomy of the Australian southern blind snake Anilios australis Gray, 1845 using microCT data, and produce the first complete atlas for the cranial anatomy of a representative of this speciose typhlopid genus. The skull is formed by 18 paired and four unpaired elements. We here produce a bone‐by‐bone description of each element as well as an inner ear endocast for each of two specimens differing in skull size. This approach has revealed the presence of a highly perforated dorsal plate on the septomaxilla―a structure convergent with the cribriform plate of the mammalian ethmoid bone―and a feature previously unknown for typhlopid snakes. This detailed anatomical study will facilitate ongoing taxonomic and systematic studies in the genus Anilios as well as provide comparative data for future studies on blindsnake anatomy more broadly.
Industry Payments to Practicing US Rheumatologists, 2014–2019
Authors: Putman Michael S. , Goldsher Jay E. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Duarte‐García Alí
Published: June 2021

Objective

Payments from the pharmaceutical industry to practicing physicians may influence prescribing behavior. This study was undertaken to investigate the nature, quantity, and geographic distribution of payments to US rheumatologists.

Methods

General payments from industry sponsors to US rheumatologists from 2014 to 2019 were extracted from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payments database. Gender was identified by linking physicians to the National Plan and Provider Enumeration System registry. Data were reported in aggregate, trends over time were assessed using linear regression models, and differences by gender were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Results

Over the 6‐year time period from 2014 to 2019, a total of 1,610,668 payments totaling $221,254,966 were made to 5,723 rheumatologists. The median payment was $15 (interquartile range [IQR] $10 to $22), and the median total amount received by individual rheumatologists over the 6‐year period was $2,818 (IQR $464 to $11,560). The majority of rheumatologists (3,416 of 5,723 [60%]) received less than $5,000, but 368 of 5,723 (6%) received more than $100,000 each and accounted for 78% of the total. The yearly value of payments increased over time ($3,703,264 per year;P< 0.001), and the median payment to male rheumatologists was significantly higher than the median payment to female rheumatologists ($3,723 [IQR $542 to $15,841] versus $2,084 [IQR $394 to $8,186];P< 0.001).

Conclusion

The value of industry payments has increased over time, and a large amount is concentrated among a small number of rheumatologists. Future studies should investigate the degree to which industry payments have influenced prescribing in the field of rheumatology.
A Worldwide Pharmacoepidemiologic Update on Drug‐Induced Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis in the Era of Targeted Therapies
Authors: Deshayes Samuel , Dolladille Charles , Dumont Anaël , Martin Silva Nicolas , Chretien Basile , De Boysson Hubert , Alexandre Joachim , Aouba Achille
Published: June 2021

Objective

The literature supporting the role of a specific drug in the onset of drug‐induced antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis (AAV) mainly relies on case reports or short series and implicates old treatments. The advent of new treatments may have modified the epidemiology of these adverse drug reactions. This study was undertaken to update the list of drugs associated with AAV by using a pharmacovigilance‐based data mining approach.

Methods

We collected data on adverse drug reactions reported using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities preferred term “anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive vasculitis” up to November 2020 from the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase). For each retrieved drug, a case–noncase analysis was performed, and disproportionate reporting was calculated by using the information component (IC). A positive IC025 value, which is the lower end of the 95% credibility interval, was considered significant.

Results

A total of 483 deduplicated individual case safety reports of drug‐induced AAV involving 15 drugs with an IC025 >0 were retrieved. Of the individuals with drug‐induced AAV for whom data on sex were available (n = 371), 264 (71.2%) were women. The median age at onset of drug‐induced AAV was 62 years (quartile 1 [Q1]–Q3 45–72 years), and the median time from the introduction of the suspected drug to the onset of drug‐induced AAV was 9 months (Q1–Q3 1–36 months). Drug‐induced AAV was considered serious in 472 (98.1%), and was fatal in 43 (8.9%), of 481 cases. The drugs associated with the highest disproportionate reporting were hydralazine, propylthiouracil, thiamazole, sofosbuvir, minocycline, carbimazole, mirabegron, and nintedanib.

Conclusion

Our findings strengthen the evidence of an association of AAV with previously suspected drugs, but also identify 3 new drugs that may cause drug‐induced AAV. Particular attention should be given to these drugs by prescribers and in experimental studies.
An investigation into the vertical structures of low‐altitude atmosphere over the Central Taklimakan Desert in summer
Authors: Yin Jinfang , Gu Haodong , Huang Jie , Wang Minzhong
Published: June 2021

In this study, 1‐month continuous radiosonde observational data were applied to present the low‐altitude vertical structures and their evolutions over the Central Taklimakan Desert (CTD). The primary focus is to highlight the vertical structures near the ground with the high‐resolution (10 m in height and 6 hr in time) radiosonde data. One of the unique features evident in our results is an obvious diurnal transition in lower layers near the ground due to strong surface heating or cooling. Unlike a traditional vertical structure in the boundary layer observed over a nondesert surface, both superadiabatic and inversion layers are distinct during the day. More specifically, the superadiabatic layer is obvious in the daytime because of strong solar radiation over the desert, and the superadiabatic can reach up to 0.2 km. In contrast, an apparent inversion layer forms in the nighttime due to the surface cooling. It is found that the surface forcing mainly dominates the structures in the boundary layer. At last, the vertical structures from the observations are compared with those from the ERA‐Interim and MERRA2 reanalysis data sets. The results indicate that both reanalysis products can provide similar vertical profile patterns and diurnal variations. However, the diurnal transitions of temperature and wind profiles over the CTD are underestimated severely by both reanalysis data. Besides, the reanalysis data sets completely miss the superadiabatic near the ground in the daytime.
Pushing the limits of time beyond the Big Bang singularity: Scenarios for the branch cut universe
Authors: Zen Vasconcellos César A. , Hess Peter O. , Hadjimichef Dimiter , Bodmann Benno , Razeira Moisés , Volkmer Guilherme L.
Published: June 2021

In this contribution, we identify two scenarios for the evolutionary branch cut universe. In the first scenario, the universe evolves continuously from the negative complex cosmological time sector, prior to a primordial singularity, to the positive one, circumventing continuously a branch cut, and no primordial singularity occurs in the imaginary sector, only branch points. In the second scenario, the branch cut and branch point disappear after the realization of the imaginary component of the complex time by means of a Wick rotation, which is replaced by the thermal time. In the second scenario, the universe has its origin in the Big Bang, but the model contemplates simultaneously a mirrored parallel evolutionary universe going backwards in the cosmological thermal time negative sector. A quantum formulation based on the Wheeler–DeWitt equation is sketched and preliminary conclusions are drawn.
Synthesis of cationic carbon dots and their effects on human serum proteins and in vitro blood coagulation
Authors: Qiao Hua , Zhang Huichao , Khan Ajab , Li Bo , Ge Lin , Liu Yequn , Bian Wei , Liu Zhizhen , Xie Jun
Published: June 2021

Cationic carbon dots (CCDs) are a promising alternative to gene‐delivery systems, and good biosafety levels are crucial for their in vivo use. In this study, spherical and monodispersed CCDs with an average surface potential of +28.7 mV were prepared using sucrose and glutamate (denoted SG‐CCDs) using a one‐pot autoclave‐assisted method. Molecular interactions between the SG‐CCDs and four major human serum proteins (albumin, immunoglobulin G, fibrinogen, and transferrin) were investigated. The results were further verified on human serum, and the effect of the SG‐CCDs on in vitro blood coagulation was examined. The results showed that the fluorescence of human serum was clearly quenched by the SG‐CCDs through a dynamic collision mechanism. Moreover, SG‐CCDs at a concentration of 20 μM exhibited minor effects on the secondary structure of human serum. The activated partial thromboplastin and prothrombin time as well as the fibrinogen concentration were not changed, indicating that the SG‐CCDs did not interfere with the coagulation process. This study provided an understandable background on the behaviour of CCDs in clinical applications.