bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indicator species analysis as a test of non-random distribution of species in the context of marine protected areas
Authors: Mouillot David , Culioli Jean-Michel , Chi Thang Do
Published: November 2002

Species are identified as bioindicators when their presence or abundance within sites of a particular habitat or a conservation area are high. Dufrêne and Legendre (1997), Ecological Monographs 67: 345–366, proposed the use of a flexible asymmetrical approach to detect indicator species and species assemblages characterizing groups of sites, the indicator value for each species being subsequently tested by randomization. Although the advantages of these methods in comparison to other multivariate or two-way indicator species analyses have been demonstrated, relatively few ecological studies have made use of them. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the advantages of the indicator species test using a data set generated by traditional fisheries activities at four areas in the Bonifacio Strait Marine Reserve, Corsica, France. ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and another randomization test were also performed on the same data set. Of the 54 species caught in the fishing nets, the indicator species analyses identified 19 species for which the indicator value was significant for a given area, whereas the a posteriori Tukey test for ANOVA detected only 12 species for which the mass capture per unit effort was significantly greater for a given area. The efficiency of this new approach within the framework of conservation and marine reserve studies is demonstrated by focusing on three species (Sciaena umbra, Palinurus elephas and Maja verrucosa).
Bushmeat hunting by communities adjacent to the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania: the importance of livestock ownership and alternative sources of protein and income
Authors: Loibooki Martin , Hofer Heribert , Campbell Kenneth L.I. , East Marion L.
Published: November 2002

Illegal hunting of resident and migratory herbivores is widespread in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. To devise effective strategies to reduce levels of hunting, information is required on why people are involved in illegal hunting and the role of bushmeat in the local economy. Participation in hunting may be influenced by measures of relative wealth, including livestock ownership, means of generating cash income and access to alternative sources of meat. Data came from 300 individuals responding to a questionnaire in 10 villages, from responses by 359 people in 24 group discussions in another 12 villages, and from 552 people arrested and interviewed in the National Park. A smaller proportion of individual respondents (32%) than group respondents (57%) volunteered that they participated in illegal hunting. Most individual and group respondents were subsistence farmers who considered bushmeat to be a source of protein and a means of generating cash income. Three-quarters of those arrested participated in hunting primarily to generate cash income and a quarter claimed that they only hunted to obtain food. Participation in illegal hunting decreased as wealth in terms of the number of sheep and goats owned increased. People with access to alternative means of generating income or acquiring protein were also less likely to be involved in illegal hunting. Arrested respondents were typically young adult males with low incomes and few or no livestock. Illegal hunting was not reduced by participation in community-based conservation pro-grammes. Results suggested that between 52 000 and 60 000 people participated in illegal hunting within protected areas, and that many young men (approximately 5200) derived their primary source of income from hunting.
Support diameter, incline, and vertical movements of four didelphid marsupials in the Atlantic forest of Brazil
Authors: Cunha André A. , Vieira Marcus V.
Published: November 2002

Didelphids use vertical strata in different ways, suggesting the existence of a wider variety of niches than simply arboreal or terrestrial. This variety could be related to the differential ability to deal with support diameters and inclines, and might be important for the coexistence of species in local assemblages. From data obtained with the spool‐and‐line technique, the use of the vertical space and above‐ground supports is described in four species of an assemblage of didelphid marsupials in south‐east Brazil. The stratification in this and other assemblages in the Atlantic forest and in the Amazon is also compared. Animals were trapped in Serra dos Órgãos, state of Rio de Janeiro, and equipped with a spool‐and‐line device before release. The paths were tracked by measuring variables related to support diameter, incline, distance and height moved above ground. The diameter of supports used was positively related to body size, and the incline to the dominant direction of movement (horizontal vs vertical). The more cursorial species, Metachirus nudicaudatus, only once moved above ground in > 3200 m of paths followed. Didelphis aurita moved mostly on the ground, but was the only species that occasionally reached the canopy. Philander frenata also moved mostly on the ground, occasionally used the understorey, but never reached the canopy. The more arboreal species, Marmosops incanus, moved mostly in the understorey, but never in the canopy. This pattern of stratification is similar to that observed in other sites in the Atlantic forest and in the Amazon.
The relationship between limb‐segment proportions and joint kinematics for the hind limbs of quadrupedal mammals
Authors: Pike A. V. L. , Alexander R. McN.
Published: November 2002

Film sequences were used to measure functional hind limb‐segment proportions and joint angles at successive stages of walking strides for 22 species of quadrupedal mammals from five orders. Similar data were obtained from three trotting dogs. For each animal, nine Fourier series coefficients describing the movement of each of the hip, hock and ankle joints were obtained. Multivariate statistical analysis of these coefficients revealed that animals with similar limb‐segment proportions move their joints in similar ways. However, it should be noted that animals with similar leg‐segment proportions also tended to be phylogenetically related. Most of the discriminatory power was between animals of different stances (plantigrade, digitigrade or unguligrade) and between walking and trotting.
Integrity in the midst of sympatry: does sexual incompatibility facilitate the coexistence of metamorphic and paedomorphic mole salamanders (Ambystoma talpoideum)?
Authors: Krenz John D. , Verrell Paul A.
Published: November 2002

The integrity of genetically determined morphs of the same species in sympatry may be facilitated by sexual incompatibility (and thus reduced gene flow) between morphs. A test for such incompatibility was carried out between fully metamorphosed and paedomorphic forms of the North American mole salamander Ambystoma talpoideum, which differ greatly in life‐history characteristics. A few significant differences were found in the content and timing of courtship between homomorphic (within‐morph) and heteromorphic (between‐morph) encounters during 2‐h observation sessions. However, no significant differences were apparent in the incidence of spermatophore deposition (which is an index of the potential for sperm transfer), both as recorded at the end of observation sessions and as determined for pairs left to interact for 16 h overnight. Fertilized and viable eggs were laid by females of both morphs that were exposed to spermatophores from either homomorphic or heteromorphic males, but not to both. We conclude that sexual incompatibility probably plays little or no role in preventing gene flow between sympatric morphs of A. talpoideum. Gametic incompatibility may also be of little or no importance. We suggest that differences in the phenology of breeding are of greater significance in the maintenance of discrete morphs of the mole salamander in sympatry.
Replacement of body feathers is associated with low pre‐migratory energy stores in a long‐distance migratory bird, the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica)
Authors: Rubolini Diego , Massi Alberto , Spina Fernando
Published: November 2002

Moult and pre‐migratory fuelling are energy‐demanding processes in birds, usually showing a limited degree of temporal overlap. The barn swallow Hirundo rustica, a strictly aerial insectivorous, long‐distance passerine migrant (15–20 g), accumulates conspicuous energy stores (up to 30–40% of lean body mass) before embarking on the autumn migratory flight between western European breeding areas and African sub‐Saharan winter quarters. During the pre‐migratory fattening period (September–October), both adult and juvenile birds replace body (contour) feathers. The seasonal overlap between moult and energy storing was studied in barn swallows in Italy. Data from 23 000 birds, measured during eight study seasons, were analysed to investigate whether the simultaneous replacement of body feathers and fuelling was associated with reduced energy stores. Among all age and sex‐classes, non‐moulting individuals showed a relatively greater level of energy stores compared to moulting birds. This was particularly evident during the last phase of the pre‐migratory fuelling period, when birds were building up energy stores at maximum rate. The proportion of moulting birds was greater among adults as compared to juveniles, and adult males moulted faster/earlier than females. The frequency of individuals with growing feathers among the innermost primary feathers was greater among birds replacing body feathers. The presence of moulting wing feathers in adult birds only marginally affected energy stores, as compared to the replacement of body feathers. Hence, our data show a negative association between replacement of contour feathers and energy stores in a long‐distance migratory bird, suggesting that a physiological trade‐off between these two energy‐demanding processes may occur, and that a late moult may ultimately have a negative effect on the successful termination of the migratory journey.
Spatial ecology of a large carnivorous lizard, Varanus varius (Squamata: Varanidae)
Authors: Guarino Fiorenzo
Published: November 2002

The spatial resources used by a population of lace monitors (Varanus varius) were examined over an active season (September–April) and an inactive season (May–August). In total, 33 monitors were observed, of which 23 monitors were radio‐tracked for up to 11 months. Radio tracking provided new information on the spatial ecology of V. varius. During summer (December–February), V. varius moved often, over large (184.5 ha) overlapping home‐range areas. In the intermediate seasons of spring (September–November) and autumn (March–May), monitors moved less often and used less than 39% of the summer home‐range. Finally, in the cold winter season (June–August) many monitors did not move at all and most used less than 5% of their summer home‐ranges. The thermal environment, and reproductive status of V. varius affected its use of space, and the importance of these factors varied seasonally. No spatial segregation was noted between monitors, with home‐ranges overlapping on average for eight other radio‐tracked monitors. The home‐range size of V. varius was accurately predicted using published data on body mass and home‐range size for the Varanidae.
Effects of seed masting of bilberry, oak and spruce on sympatric populations of bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) and wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) in southern Norway
Authors: Selås Vidar , Framstad Erik , Spidsø Tor K.
Published: November 2002

In southern Norway, population fluctuations of the herbivorous bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus and the granivorous wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus were analysed in relation to mast seeding of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus, sessile oak Quercus petraea and Norway spruce Picea abies. Bilberries ripen in August, acorns are dispersed in September, whereas spruce seeds are usually dispersed during winter or spring. The bilberry index of both the current and previous year contributed significantly to explain the population growth indices of bank vole. The spruce seed index significantly influenced only the bank vole, whereas the acorn index significantly influenced only the wood mouse, apparently through increased winter survival. Because of the lack of significant responses to bilberry masting by granivorous wood mice, we conclude that the most likely explanation for the observed peak populations of bank voles in post‐mast years of bilberry is that high seed crops have a positive influence on the chemical composition of bilberry plants, which are important as food for bank voles during winter.
The warren architecture and environment of the southern hairy‐nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons)
Authors: Shimmin G. A. , Skinner J. , Baudinette R. V.
Published: November 2002

Using a porthole camera the architecture of the warrens of the southern hairy‐nosed wombat Lasiorhinus latifrons was examined at two sites in southern Australia. The complexity of warrens varied from simple, single‐entrance warrens to a system 89 m long with 28 entrances. Logging of deep tunnel temperatures showed daily ranges of < 1 °C over periods in which surface temperatures ranged up to 24 °C, but mean tunnel temperatures varied 15.9 °C between winter and summer. Humidity gradients were maintained between the tunnel and the surface and depended on the length and depth of the tunnel. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels were similar to those in free atmospheric air in unoccupied tunnels, but in occupied tunnels reached 16.3% and 3%, respectively. There is no specific orientation of tunnel entrances or defined mound shape. Wombat warrens ameliorate surface conditions in habitats of low humidity and high temperatures while humidity advantages promote the construction of warrens beyond the requirements for temperature modulation.
Frog calls echo microsatellite phylogeography in the European pool frog (Rana lessonae)
Authors: Wycherley Julia , Doran Simon , Beebee Trevor J. C.
Published: November 2002

Vocalization is an important component of male reproductive behaviour in a wide range of animal taxa. In some species there is considerable intraspecific variation of call characters partitioned on a regional basis. Such ‘regional accents’ could originate from cultural or genetic evolution and have been widely studied in birds. Amphibians, however, have limited learning abilities, and where regional accents occur in this group they are primarily a consequence of genetic evolution. This raises the possibility that regional variations in anuran call characters might be informative about phylogeographic history. Microsatellite studies of the pool frog Rana lessonae have been used previously to infer patterns of post‐glacial colonization in Europe, with unexpectedly complex implications for northernmost populations of this species. Therefore, regional variation in call characters of the pool frog was quantified and the pattern observed was concordant with the differentiation of a distinct northern clade as implied by the microsatellite study. We therefore conclude that regional accents in this amphibian are useful phylogeographic indicators of distribution history.
Ontogenetic allometry in the locomotor skeleton of specialized half‐bounding mammals
Authors: Lammers Andrew R. , German Rebecca Z.
Published: November 2002

Specialization for a locomotor behaviour may affect limb bone morphology throughout ontogeny. Ontogenetic development of the limb skeletons of two mammalian species, which are behaviourally specialized for the half‐bounding gait (Chinchilla lanigera and Oryctolagus cuniculus), were compared to two similarly‐sized species which are not specialized for half‐bounding (Rattus norvegicus and Monodelphis domestica). Limb bone lengths and anteroposterior diameters (mediolateral diameters for the radius and metacarpal) were measured from radiographs taken throughout the ontogeny of each species. Body mass was also measured repeatedly during growth. Bone measurements were regressed against body mass, as well as forelimb bone length vs serially homologous hindlimb bone length, bone length vs total limb length and bone length vs width. Similar comparisons were made among adults of each species using ratios. Although there were many significant differences among species, overall there were few consistent differences in adult scaling ratios or ontogenetic allometry slopes between specialized and generalized groups. Adult specialized half‐bounders had significantly narrower tibiae and metatarsals than the gait‐generalized runners. Specialized half‐bounders usually had similar slopes for hindlimb length vs width ontogenetic comparisons, but the non‐specialized species did not group together. However, there were two patterns that occurred among all four species: (1) hindlimb bone lengths nearly always grew faster than the serially homologous forelimb bone lengths in all species; (2) proximal elements usually increased in length proportionally faster than distal elements. In conclusion, small mammals may share strong developmental constraints that govern their relative growth rates. It is also likely that there are different selective pressures on juveniles and adults, but that these selective pressures may not be different between specialized and unspecialized runners during ontogeny.
Sperm storage in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum
Authors: Bojat Nenad C. , Haase Martin
Published: November 2002

Many simultaneously hermaphroditic land snails have sperm digesting glands and multiple sperm storage organs, which it is suggested give the sperm recipient control over the number of sperm accepted and hence fertilization. In order to increase fertilization success, the sperm donor should manipulate the recipient to accept more sperm, especially so in situations of sperm competition. In helicid snails, the love dart optionally pushed into the partner's body during courtship, has been suggested to be such a manipulative tool. We investigated the influence of the sperm donor's size, sperm volume transferred and dart pushing on the volume of allosperm stored by the recipient in virgin Arianta arbustorum. In addition, we were interested in sperm storage patterns within the spermathecae. Fifty per cent of the snails already possessed a dart and tried to use it. However, most of them missed the partner. The main tubule always contained more than 50% of the total amount of sperm stored. Otherwise sperm storage patterns were very variable. The volume of sperm stored was significantly influenced only by the number of spermathecal tubules. The significance of spermathecal morphology for sperm storage needs further exploration.
Morphological variation provides a method of estimating thermal niche in hatchlings of the squid Loligo forbesi (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)
Authors: Gowland F. C. , Boyle P. R. , Noble L. R.
Published: November 2002

Morphological variation was investigated in hatchling squid Loligo forbesi Steenstrup 1856 reared at three constant temperatures. Twenty‐seven morphometric and chromatophore characters were measured on 180 hatchlings. Hatchlings were randomly sampled from 15 egg strings, representing six egg mops and spread across two spawning seasons. Size at hatching varied inversely with temperature and was significantly reduced at 16°C (mean mantle length 2.87±0.04 se mm) compared to 8°C (3.26±0.03 se mm). Hatchlings reared at 12°C developed significantly narrower mantles than those reared at 8 or 16°C. Principal components, stepwise elimination and canonical variates analyses performed using all 27 measured characters revealed that nine characters were vital in discriminating between temperature groups. Canonical structure values associated with eight of these characters were used in the construction of a canonical equation. By measuring the same eight characters on field‐sampled L. forbesi, this equation can be used to estimate mean thermal history of wild hatchlings. Field‐application of the techniques developed during the present study may allow assessment of realized thermal niche in a mobile marine invertebrate.
Skeletal growth of the deep‐sea hexactinellid sponge Euplectella oweni, and host selection by the symbiotic shrimp Spongicola japonica (Crustacea: Decapoda: Spongicolidae)
Authors: Saito Tomomi , Uchida Itaru , Takeda Masatsune
Published: November 2002

Aspects of the skeletal growth of the deep‐sea hexactinellid sponge Euplectella oweni Herklots and Marshall, and host size and type selection by the symbiotic shrimp Spongicola japonica Kubo were investigated using field‐collected material. Two phases, flexible and stiff, were observed in the framework of the sponges. In the flexible sponges, the circular, longitudinal and oblique systems of the skeletal beams that constitute the principal framework were not fused to each other, and the parietal ledges running circularly, or sometimes obliquely, on the wall were not developed. The skeletal wall was fragile in texture, readily torn by any external force. The wall was much sturdier in the stiff sponges, in which the systems of the skeletal beams were coarse, fused to each other to make the principal framework tough in texture, and pareital ledges developed so as to reinforce the sponge wall. The flexible phase is mainly seen in smaller and younger sponges, while the stiff phase was seen in the larger (or dead) ones. Almost all the solitary and young pairs of shrimps were collected from flexible sponges.
Stabilimentum variations in Argiope versicolor (Araneae: Araneidae) from Singapore
Authors: Seah Wee Khee , Li Daiqin
Published: November 2002

Many orb‐web building spiders add conspicuous, white silk decorations termed stabilimenta onto the central portion of the webs. Stabilimenta are known to vary greatly in form and quantity from species to species, and also within a species. In the present study, stabilimentum variations in form and quantity are described, and the factors influencing stabilimentum variations in Argiope versicolor from Singapore, in both the field and the laboratory, are examined. Our results from field survey and laboratory experiments show that: (1) the form and occurrence of stabilimenta varied with developmental stage of spiders: A. versicolor juveniles (body length: < 0.6 cm) built disc‐like (discoid) stabilimenta while adults spun cross‐like (cruciform) stabilimenta; (2) the quantity of stabilimenta (percentage of stabilimentum area covering the web to the web area) decreased with increasing web size and spider size; (3) light intensity affected the density and percentage cover of stabilimentum on the web: A. versicolor tend to build more and denser stabilimenta in dim conditions than in bright surroundings; (4) well‐fed A. versicolor adults added more stabilimenta than starved spiders. These findings suggest that A. versicolor may adjust the frequency and quantity of stabilimenta to suit multiple functions, specifying the circumstances under which to use each function (conditional stabilimentum‐building strategies).
CPS in little pieces:
composing partial continuations
Authors: FRIEDMAN DANIEL P. , SABRY AMR
Published: November 2002

This paper presents a new two-stage CPS algorithm. The first stage plants trivial partial
continuations via a recursive-descent traversal and the second stage is a rewrite system that
transforms all nontail calls into tail calls. The algorithm combines the metaphors of the
Plotkin-style CPS transformation along with reduction in the λ-calculus.
A fresh look at binary search trees
Authors: HINZE RALF
Published: November 2002

Binary search trees are old hat, aren't they? Search trees are routinely covered
in introductory computer science classes and they are widely used in functional
programming courses to illustrate the benefits of algebraic data types and pattern
matching. And indeed, the operation of insertion enjoys a succinct and elegant functional formulation. Figure 1 contains the six-liner given in the language Haskell 98.

Alas, both succinctness and elegance are lost when it comes to implementing the
dual operation of deletion, also shown in figure 1. Two additional helper functions
are required causing the code size to double in comparison with insertion.
Intensional polymorphism in type-erasure
semantics
Authors: CRARY KARL , WEIRICH STEPHANIE , MORRISETT GREG
Published: November 2002

Intensional polymorphism, the ability to dispatch to different routines based on types at run
time, enables a variety of advanced implementation techniques for polymorphic languages,
including tag-free garbage collection, unboxed function arguments, polymorphic marshalling
and attened data structures. To date, languages that support intensional polymorphism
have required a type-passing (as opposed to type-erasure) interpretation where types are
constructed and passed to polymorphic functions at run time. Unfortunately, type-passing
suffers from a number of drawbacks: it requires duplication of run-time constructs at the
term and type levels, it prevents abstraction, and it severely complicates polymorphic closure
conversion. We present a type-theoretic framework that supports intensional polymorphism,
but avoids many of the disadvantages of type passing. In our approach, run-time type
information is represented by ordinary terms. This avoids the duplication problem, allows us
to recover abstraction, and avoids complications with closure conversion. In addition, our
type system provides another improvement in expressiveness; it allows unknown types to be
refined in place, thereby avoiding certain beta-expansions required by other frameworks.
The lambda calculus is algebraic
Authors: SELINGER PETER
Published: November 2002

This paper serves as a self-contained, tutorial introduction to combinatory models of the
untyped lambda calculus. We focus particularly on the interpretation of free variables. We
argue that free variables should not be interpreted as elements in a model, as is usually done,
but as indeterminates. We claim that the resulting interpretation is more natural and leads
to a closer correspondence between models and theories. In particular, it solves the problem
of the notorious ζ-rule, which asserts that equations should be preserved under binders, and
which fails to be sound for the usual interpretation.
The countdown problem
Authors: HUTTON GRAHAM
Published: November 2002

We systematically develop a functional program that solves the countdown problem, a numbers
game in which the aim is to construct arithmetic expressions satisfying certain constraints.
Starting from a formal specification of the problem, we present a simple but inefficient
program that solves the problem, and prove that this program is correct. We then use
program fusion to calculate an equivalent but more efficient program, which is then further
improved by exploiting arithmetic properties.
Recursive subtyping revealed
Authors: GAPEYEV VLADIMIR , LEVIN MICHAEL Y. , PIERCE BENJAMIN C.
Published: November 2002

Algorithms for checking subtyping between recursive types lie at the core of many programming
language implementations. But the fundamental theory of these algorithms and how
they relate to simpler declarative specifications is not widely understood, due in part to the
difficulty of the available introductions to the area. This tutorial paper offers an ‘end-to-end’
introduction to recursive types and subtyping algorithms, from basic theory to efficient
implementation, set in the unifying mathematical framework of coinduction.
TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY RECONSTRUCTION: TWO DISTINCT RESEARCH AGENDAS IN SYSTEMATICS
Authors: WORTLEY A. H. , BENNETT J. R. , SCOTLAND R. W.
Published: November 2002

The state of systematics, a vital biological discipline investigating fundamental questions about the earth's biological diversity, is currently the subject of concern amongst the UK scientific and political communities. The scope of this complex field is redefined in terms of a number of linked agendas. Currently, key areas of research can be divided into the reconstruction of phylogeny and taxonomy, here defined as the description, delimitation and inventory of species. Molecular data have great potential to elucidate the relationships between taxa and, together with recent methodological advances, have instigated a resurgence of interest in phylogeny reconstruction. A literature survey indicates a decline in interest and investment in taxonomy, as defined above, an activity for which morphological data supply most information. We highlight the need to restore the balance in activity and profile between phylogeny reconstruction and morphology-based taxonomy, to redress the plight of systematics and dependent biological research.
DISTRIBUTION MAPS AND IUCN THREAT CATEGORIES FOR HIERACIUM SECTION ALPINA (ASTERACEAE ) IN BRITAIN
Authors: TENNANT D. J. , RICH T. C. G.
Published: November 2002

Distribution maps and IUCN threat categories for the 30 named species of Hieracium section Alpina (Asteraceae) in Britain are given, based on taxonomic and distribution studies by D.J. Tennant and others over the last 30 years. Twenty-seven taxa are endemic to Scotland, one to England, one to Britain and one also occurs in mainland Europe and the Arctic. There are three main centres of diversity in Scotland: the Eastern Highlands (especially the Cairngorm Mountains), the Western Highlands and the Northern Highlands. Under the IUCN threat categories, seven taxa are Critically Endangered, seven are Endangered, two are Vulnerable, ten are Near Threatened and seven are Nationally Scarce. The main threats are collecting, natural events such as rock falls and avalanches, global warming, acid rain, over-grazing and tourism. There is particular concern for the long-term survival of four taxa.
A NEW SPECIES OF VACCINIUM (ERICACEAE) FROM THE PHILIPPINES
Authors: CO L. L. , MADULID D. , ARGENT G.
Published: November 2002

Vaccinium oscarlopezianum (sect. Bracteata Nakai) (Ericaceae), known only from two sites in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Luzon, Philippines, is formally described.
MOLECULAR CONSIDERATIONS IN THE TYLOPHORINAE K. SCHUM. (APOCYNACEAE-ASCLEPIADOIDEAE)
Authors: LIEDE S. , TÄUBER A. , SCHNEIDT J.
Published: November 2002

More than 30 collections of Tylophora from all over its geographic range were analysed together with representatives of all other genera in subtribe Tylophorinae except Rhyncharrhena. Regions of the chloroplast genome (trnT-L spacer, trnL intron and trnL-F spacer) as well as the nuclear genome (internal transcribed spacer including 5.8S of nuclear ribosomal DNA) were sequenced. Both the cpDNA dataset and the rDNA dataset yield a number of stable clades, but a completely resolved and stable phylogeny is not obtained from either alone or by combining them. The small East African and Arabian genera Blyttia, Diplostigma, Goydera and Pleurostelma form a well-supported clade in both datasets. Pentatropis is always recognized as monophyletic. Vincetoxicum is not clearly separable from Tylophora, and probably covers the temperate species, while Tylophora covers those in the tropics and subtropics.
CHROMOSOME STUDIES IN TURKISH SPECIES OF NONEA (BORAGINACEAE): THE ROLE OF POLYPLOIDY AND DESCENDING DYSPLOIDY IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE GENUS
Authors: SELVI F. , BIGAZZI M.
Published: November 2002

Seven Turkish species of Nonea Medik. (Boraginaceae-Boragineae) were studied karyologically using material collected in the field from wild populations. Somatic chromosome number and karyotype morphology were determined for each species using orcein staining. Nonea pulmonarioides is diploid with 2n=20, though some cells showed 2n=19. Nonea anchusoides turned out to be tetraploid with 2n=4x=40, while N. macrosperma was characterized by a hexaploid complement of 2n=6x=60. These data indicate polyploidy based on x=10 as a major mechanism of speciation in the perennial members of the genus. Among the annuals, N. echioides and N. versicolor showed 2n=16, while N. obtusifolia and N. lutea were characterized by 2n=20 and 2n=14, respectively. The results reveal that x=10 is more frequent in Nonea than previously realized, and that it may be the ancestral haploid number of diploid endemics of (sub)alpine habitats in the Pontic-Caucasian mountain system. The hypothesis is here proposed that the base numbers x=9, x=8 and x=7, progressively prevalent in the annual species from lower altitudes, may have originated through descending dysploidy associated with the tendency to shorten the life cycle as an adaptation to arid habitats.
VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION AND FLORISTICS OF THE SAVANNAS AND ASSOCIATED WETLANDS OF THE RIO BRAVO CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT AREA, BELIZE
Authors: BRIDGEWATER S. , IBÁÑEZ A. , RATTER J. A. , FURLEY P.
Published: November 2002

A floristic inventory and preliminary vegetation classification were made for the tracts of savanna and associated wetland vegetation in the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area (RBCMA) in Belize. A total of 258 species were recorded, representing c.7% of the Belizean flora. Of these, 148 species are characteristic of the drier savanna systems, while 47 show a preference for hydrologic savanna and wetland areas. Only 57 species (22% of RBCMA savanna flora) are woody, with the savanna tree flora comprising 15 species. The flora of the RBCMA was found to be fairly typical of the savannas of the Central American and Caribbean region. Savanna systems are generally poorly represented in conservation areas in Central America, and due to the diverse range of structural and ecological formations of this vegetation type found within the RBCMA, and its relatively diverse flora, this reserve constitutes an important protected area.
New combinations in Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): Draba serpens is a Hemilophia and D. williamsii is a Lepidostemon
Authors: AL-SHEHBAZ I. A.
Published: November 2002

..
A new name for an Australian Rhododendron (Ericaceae)
Authors: CRAVEN L. A.
Published: November 2002

..
Money, Morphology and Molecules. Some comments on Wortley, Bennett and Scotland (2002), Taxonomy and phylogeny reconstruction: two distinct research agendas in systematics. (see p. 335 of this issue)
Authors: STEVENS P. F.
Published: November 2002

The state of systematics, for convenience here divided into taxonomy (the delimitation, description and inventory of species) and phylogeny reconstruction, is evaluated. Molecular systematics may seem overemphasized, but the resulting gains made in our understanding of relationships in a relatively short time are very considerable. Although morphological data currently play only a limited role in detecting large-scale phylogenetic pattern, the analysis by Wortley et al. of the role morphology has played in the past is not easily interpreted. At species level, it is unclear what effect molecular techniques will have on our understanding of species limits, but it is likely to be considerable. Although taxonomy is both essential and underfunded, there seems little point in asking for more money until we can justify the limits of the species we describe more clearly and until we have cleared up the impediments that so much slow the practice of taxonomy. Business cannot remain as usual if any of the grand inventory projects we have started are to be finished within a reasonable time, or even to be of much use when they are.
CQ Sources/Bibliography
Authors: Anton Bette
Published: November 2002

These CQ Sources were compiled by Bette Anton.
Culture of Death: The Assault on Medical Ethics in
America, by Wesley J. Smith. San Francisco: Encounter Books,
2001. 235 pp. $23.95.
Authors: Burck Russell
Published: November 2002

Fair warning to the reader: Culture of Death: The Assault
on Medical Ethics in America, by Wesley J. Smith, is hard
for me to review. I work at Rush–Presbyterian–St.
Luke's Medical Center, where in April 1989, Rudy Linares
removed his son, Sammy, from a ventilator at gunpoint. I took
the criticism hard and was critical of others who were in the
outcry. In fact, some of the people Smith criticizes are people
with whom I had differences. Yet, Smith's views are so
harsh and alien to my understanding of the culture and practice
of healthcare that I find them off-putting. Further, he and
I participate in the same listserv, where I often disagree with
his postings.
Faculty Roles and Student Projects
Authors: Anderson Kristi
Published: November 2002

Student preparing dissertation proposals may benefit from many sorts
of interactions with faculty members. Here I consider the different
sorts of advice and support that faculty may provide ina variety of
different roles and relationships to students.
Political Cultures Do Matter: Citizens and Politics in Western Europe and East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Blondel Jean , Inoguchi Takashi
Published: November 2002

This article is concerned with the examination of the attitudes of the ‘common man’ in two regions of the globe, both with respect to basic relations between citizen and state and with respect to the extent to which ‘globalisation’ affects these relations. These questions have too long been discussed primarily at the level of elites or on the basis of assumptions or ‘hunches’ about what the reactions of the people at large may be. By providing at least some evidence pertaining to both these questions, the study thus aims at beginning to fill a gap which has long needed to be filled and at giving the debate on ‘convergence’ and on ‘globalisation’ some of the empirical basis which it badly needs.
A Perfectly Normal Abnormality: German Foreign Policy after Kosovo and Afghanistan
Authors: U. Berger Thomas
Published: November 2002

For decades Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany have gone to extraordinary lengths to cultivate as low a profile as possible on defense and national security policy matters. However, since the Gulf War, the Federal Republic has come under growing pressure from its allies to assume a greater international security role. Slowly, reluctantly it has acceded to these demands, albeit at the expense of considerable internal angst and turmoil. At the same time, German decision makers have sought to preserve as much as possible the old approach to security policy. Consequently, the long-standing German norms eschewing the use of military force have been gradually displaced, although not wholly replaced, by norms of multilateralism. Rather than a dramatic break with the past, the Federal Republic's actions in Kosovo and Afghanistan can be seen as the culmination of a series of incremental steps that had begun a decade ago.

To substantiate these claims this paper will first briefly outline the origins of the Cold German national security practices and the peculiar constellation of domestic and international factors that shaped them. It will then consider in what ways these factors have both changed, and not changed, since the end of the Cold War and sketch the trajectory along which German defense and national security policies have evolved since 1991. Finally, the paper briefly examines the Federal Republic's response to the Kosovo and Afghan crises before offering some general conclusions about the likely future evolution of German security policy.
Civil Society in Japan Reconsidered
Authors: Schwartz Frank
Published: November 2002

When defined broadly, we can proceed on the assumption that in all but the most totalitarian of modern contexts, there is some kind of civil society that can be identified and compared cross-nationally. Although Japan may not strike the casual observer as the most fertile ground for such an investigation, setting bounds to the state and freeing space for plurality – the foci of a civil society approach – have long been key issues for that country. Japan may be the strictest of all advanced industrial democracies in regulating the incorporation of nongovernmental organizations, but the 1990s represented a watershed in this regard, and the passage of new legislation in 1998 will enable many thousands of organizations to win legal status without subjecting themselves to stifling state regulation.
Japanese Civil Society in the Age of Deregulation: The Case of Consumers
Authors: Maclachlan Patricia L.
Published: November 2002

Although scholars have long been interested in the relationships among civil society, the state and the market in advanced industrial democracies, the implications of state disengagement from the affairs of private firms for civil society have yet to be explored in the contemporary literature. My purpose in this essay has been to address this issue by examining the effects of deregulation on Japanese consumer society, paying particular attention to how legislative and bureaucratic changes in the wake of regulatory reform have affected consumer relations with business and, more significantly, state actors.
Evaluating Political Reform in Japan: A Midterm Report
Authors: Reed Steven R.
Published: November 2002

In the 1993 general election the Liberal Democratic Party lost power for the first time since it was founded in 1955. The coalition government that followed enacted the most far-reaching political reforms Japan has experienced since the American Occupation. The country has now experienced two elections since these reforms so we can begin to analyze trends and dynamics. It is now possible to make a preliminary evaluation of the effects of these reforms. I evaluate the reforms under three headings: (1) reducing the cost of elections and levels of corruption; (2) replacing candidate-centered with party-centered campaigns; and (3) moving toward a two-party system which would produce alternation in power between the parties of the government and the parties of the opposition. In conclude that, with some notable exceptions, the reforms are working well, about as well as should have been expected.
Bandwagon Competition or Duration Dependence? Comment on ‘Shaping Policy Diffusion’
Authors: Masuyama Mikitaka
Published: November 2002

Ito (2001) has made an interesting argument on policy making in Japanese local governments. However, his analysis is based on the estimates from the models that do not properly take into account the temporal dependence of regional law adoption. The purpose of this comment is to point out a troubling aspect of Ito's event history modeling, and to put the existence of potential problems caused by temporally dependent observations into perspective.
Legislative Records: The Japanese National Diet in 2002
Authors: Inoguchi Takashi , Uenohara Hdeaki
Published: November 2002

The Koizumi Administration got off on the right foot with a high approval rate over 85 % in April 2001, and swept Upper House Election held three months later (Inoguchi, 2002). However, it lost the support of legislators, media, and constituents because of his failure to get the reform process off the ground. Most salient of the legislative records is that the batting average of the cabinet sponsored bills has experienced a dramatic fall in the 153rd (27 September to 7 December 1001) and 154th (21 January to 31 July 2002) sessions, registering the second lowest figure for the last decade. Clearly the Prime Minister's legislative coalition has been significantly weakened (see Table 1; see Table 2 for the distribution of seats by political party).
Executive Turnovers in 2002
Authors: Kohno Masaru , Mizutani Jun
Published: November 2002

From the latter half of 2001 to the middle of 2002, prime minister Junichiro Koizumi was plagued by a series of scandals and administrative mishandlings, which led to some important executive turnovers. Although Koizumi has thus far upheld his principle of ‘one cabinet, one minister’ for the sake of policy stability, his campaign promise not to reshuffle cabinet has already been compromised somewhat, and is likely to be abandoned entirely in the near future.
Elections: Still Demanding a Change: Elections in Japan in 2002
Authors: Reed Steven R.
Published: November 2002

One year ago I entitled my review of Japanese elections ‘Time for a Change?’. Candidates running against the establishment were defeating candidates who had until recently appeared unbeatable. Most notably, outsider candidates were defeating ainori (supported by all major parties) candidates in gubernatorial elections. A prime example of an outsider candidate defeating the establishment was Prime Minister Koizumi, who defeated the LDP establishment to win the leadership of the LDP. Koizumi's election and subsequent popularity appears to have dampened the trend. Most notably, a well-qualified challenger failed to unseat the incumbent in the Shizuoka gubernatorial election. Once Koizumi's popularity faded, however, the trend in favour of outsiders reappeared. Given an attractive alternative, establishment candidates continue to find themselves in trouble. The clearest recent example comes from the Yokohama mayoral election.
Support for Koizumi Administration
Authors: Kabashima Ikuo
Published: November 2002

One year ago the Japanese people pinned their hopes on Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi. The figure shows public support ratings for the Koizumi cabinet as measured by periodic JiJi opinion surveys: He enjoyed a stellar 72.8% support rate immediately after taking office, and this climbed even higher to break the 78.4% mark the following month. Compared with the dismal 9.6% support for the cabinet of his predecessor, Mori Yoshirô (April 2000–April 2001), right before he bowed out, these sky-high numbers make it clear just how much faith the people were placing in the new administration.
On properties of update sequences
based on causal rejection
Authors: EITER THOMAS , FINK MICHAEL , SABBATINI GIULIANA , TOMPITS HANS
Published: November 2002

In this paper, we consider an approach to update nonmonotonic knowledge bases represented
as extended logic programs under the answer set semantics. In this approach, new information
is incorporated into the current knowledge base subject to a causal rejection principle, which
enforces that, in case of conflicts between rules, more recent rules are preferred and older
rules are overridden. Such a rejection principle is also exploited in other approaches to update
logic programs, notably in the method of dynamic logic programming, due to Alferes et al.

One of the central issues of this paper is a thorough analysis of various properties
of the current approach, in order to get a better understanding of the inherent causal
rejection principle. For this purpose, we review postulates and principles for update and
revision operators which have been proposed in the area of theory change and nonmonotonic
reasoning. Moreover, some new properties for approaches to updating logic programs are
considered as well. Like related update approaches, the current semantics does not incorporate
a notion of minimality of change, so we consider refinements of the semantics in this direction.
We also investigate the relationship of our approach to others in more detail. In particular,
we show that the current approach is semantically equivalent to inheritance programs, which
have been independently defined by Buccafurri et al., and that it coincides with certain classes
of dynamic logic programs. In view of this analysis, most of our results about properties of the
causal rejection principle apply to each of these approaches as well. Finally, we also deal with
computational issues. Besides a discussion on the computational complexity of our approach,
we outline how the update semantics and its refinements can be directly implemented on
top of existing logic programming systems. In the present case, we implemented the update
approach using the logic programming system DLV.