bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing the Reactivity of Redox‐Active 2‐Aminophenolates on Iron Complexes of a Carbanionic N3C Donor Ligand
Authors: Banerjee Sridhar , Halder Partha , Paine Tapan Kanti
Published: February 2014

Three iron(II)‐2‐aminophenolate complexes [(L1)FeII(4‐tBu‐HAP)] (2), [(L1)FeII(HAP)] (3), and [(L1)FeII(4‐NO2‐HAP)] (4) [L1 = tris(2‐pyridylthio)methanido anion, 4‐tBu‐HAP = 2‐amino‐4‐tert‐butylphenolate, HAP = 2‐aminophenolate, and 4‐NO2‐HAP = 2‐amino‐4‐nitrophenolate] were isolated and characterized to study their reactivity towards dioxygen. The complexes were synthesized from the iron(II)‐acetonitrile complex [(L1)FeII(CH3CN)2]+ (1) using substituted 2‐aminophenolates. Single crystal structure of 4 reveals that the mononuclear central iron atom is coordinated by a tetradentate N3C ligand and a monoanionic bidentate 4‐NO2‐HAP giving rise to a distorted octahedral coordination arrangement. The six‐coordinate iron(II) complexes, 2 and 4, react with dioxygen to form the corresponding iron(III)‐2‐iminobenzosemiquinonato radical complexes, [(L1)FeIII(4‐tBu‐ISQ)]+ (2Ox) and [(L1)FeIII(4‐NO2‐ISQ)] (4Ox). Complex 3, on the other hand, undergoes an oxidative C–S bond forming reaction between HAP and pyridine‐2‐thiolate (PyS) to afford [(L1)FeIII(ISQ′)]+ (3Ox) [ISQ′ = 5‐(2‐thiopyridyl)‐2‐iminobenzosemiquinonato radical]. In each case, the reaction proceeds via a low‐spin iron(III)‐2‐amidophenolate intermediate species. All the complexes exhibit strong iron–carbon bonding interaction. The bond parameters of the oxidized complexes, obtained from the single crystal structures, clearly establish the presence of ligand‐centered radical.
Screening for hip dysplasia in congenital muscular torticollis: Is physical exam enough?
Authors: Joiner Elizabeth R. A. , Andras Lindsay M. , Skaggs David L.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

An association between congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) and developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has been established in the literature; however, whether the screening of patients with CMT for DDH requires hip imaging remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to determine (1) the coexistence rate of DDH requiring treatment in individuals with CMT and (2) if physical exam alone is sufficient screening.

Methods

A single-center retrospective chart review was performed among 97 consecutive patients between 1/1/2003 and 9/1/2012 with CMT who had hip imaging performed.

Results

12 % (12/97) of patients with CMT had DDH, all requiring treatment. 75 % (9/12) of the patients with DDH had an abnormal clinical exam. Of the three patients with DDH and a normal clinical exam, two patients were presenting for a second opinion after being treated for DDH prior to evaluation. 90 % (9/10) of patients with DDH at the time of presentation had an abnormal hip exam. All 12 patients with hip dysplasia were referred for DDH or DDH with CMT. There were no patients who were referred for CMT alone that had DDH.

Conclusions

In the care of a patient with CMT, it is important that the clinician remains vigilant about screening for DDH. An ultrasound or radiograph of the hips should be strongly considered as part of the evaluation of a child with CMT. Level of evidence: IV.
How Evangelicals from Two Churches in the American Southwest Frame Their Relationship with the Environment
Authors: Peifer Jared L. , Ecklund Elaine Howard , Fullerton Cara
Published: February 2014

In this article, we analyze the ways in which Evangelicals frame a rhetoric of environmental concern and environmental apathy, with a larger focus on the latter. Heeding calls to further explore within-Evangelical differences, we compare environmental narratives of 20 leaders and laity of a predominantly white Southern Baptist congregation and 20 leaders and laity from an African American Baptist church, both located in a Southwestern American city. We find, especially on the topic of climate change, that most Evangelicals in our study readily evince environmental apathy, which we explore in depth. In particular, we find a belief in a rigid hierarchy of God, humans, and then the environment; a belief in the sovereignty of God; and evangelical eschatological beliefs help generate narratives of environmental apathy. There are different environmental narratives, between the two congregations, that are framed in terms of political affiliation and socioeconomic status. But we find little evidence to suggest that religious beliefs foster different environmental attitudes across the two congregations. We conclude with future research directions and implications for those who wish to foster environmental concern among Evangelicals.
Rpi‐blb2‐mediated late blight resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana requires SGT1 and salicylic acid‐mediated signaling but not RAR1 or HSP90
Authors: Oh Sang-Keun , Kim HyeRan , Choi Doil
Published: February 2014

The Rpi‐blb2 recognizes the presence of the Phytophthora infestans AVRblb2 and initiates effector‐triggered immunity (ETI). We performed gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function studies in Nicotiana benthamiana to elucidate Rpi‐blb2‐mediated resistance to P. infestans. Rpi‐blb2 triggered a hypersensitive response through SGT1‐mediated, but not RAR‐mediated or HSP90‐mediated, pathways. NbSGT1 was also required for basal and ETI‐mediated by Rpi‐blb2 in N. benthamiana. Moreover, salicylic acid (SA) affected basal defense and Rpi‐blb2‐mediated resistance against P. infestans. The increased susceptibility of Rpi‐blb2‐transgenic plants in the NahG‐background correlated with reduced levels of SA. These findings provide evidence for the roles of SGT1‐ and SA‐signaling in Rpi‐blb2‐mediated resistance against P. infestans.
Effect of Comorbid Depression on Cognitive Behavioural Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: LeMoult Joelle , Rowa Karen , Antony Martin M. , Chudzik Susan , McCabe Randi E.
Published: February 2014

Many individuals seeking treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD) also meet criteria for a comorbid depressive disorder. Little is known, however, about how a comorbid depressive disorder affects social anxiety treatment. This study examined 61 participants with SAD and 72 with SAD and a comorbid depressive disorder (SAD+D) before and after 12 weeks of cognitive behavioural group therapy (CBGT) for social anxiety. Although patients with SAD+D reported more severe symptoms of social anxiety and depression at pretreatment, treatment was similarly effective for individuals with SAD and SAD+D. However, individuals with SAD+D continued to report higher symptom severity at post-treatment. Interestingly, CBGT for social anxiety also led to improvements in depressive symptoms despite the fact that depression was not targeted during treatment. Improvement in social anxiety symptoms predicted 26.8% of the variance in improvement in depressive symptoms. Results suggest that depressive symptoms need not be in remission for individuals to benefit from CBGT for social anxiety. However, more than 12 sessions of CBGT may be beneficial for individuals with comorbid depression.
Conversations in Disaster Medicine and Public Health: The Profession
Authors: Burkle Frederick M.
Published: February 2014

Using historical and research examples of disaster and crisis science, I argue here for the professionalization of disaster medicine and public health as a unique and essential discipline in support of global public health security. Questions about clinical competencies of providers and reports of unacceptable practices and the limited scope of guidelines for foreign medical teams have persisted for years. The professionalization movement endorses a standard route to certification through the completion of a competency-based curriculum, demonstrating competency through examination or experience to produce a learning and development portfolio, document competency through the acquisition of experience and added training, and develop professional associations. These programs devise certification criteria for entry, mid-level, and higher level candidates who serve in domestic and global humanitarian crises. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-7)
Two-party Contests and the Politics of Electoral Reforms: The Case of Taiwan
Authors: Chi Eunju
Published: February 2014

This article examines how party competition has led to electoral reforms in Taiwan. Dissatisfied with the existing system, political parties in Taiwan promoted electoral reforms. The Democratic Progressive Party led the reform process and the Kuomintang collaborated with it to change the electoral system from a single non-transferable vote and multi-member district system to a first-past-the-post mixed system. Despite opposition to the changes, these two parties successfully formed a coalition and passed reform bills with the support of the public. Using a theoretical framework of actors’ rational choices, this article argues that the parties’ goals of maximizing the number of seats and strategic interaction led to electoral reforms, and that during the reforms, the provision that the first-past-the-post system would provide more seats in the Legislative Yuan was crucial for the two parties. The article supports this argument with evidence from interviews, biographies and documents.
Dietary histidine requirement to reduce the risk and severity of cataracts is higher than the requirement for growth in Atlantic salmon smolts, independently of the dietary lipid source
Authors: Remø S. C. , Hevrøy E. M. , Olsvik P. A. , Fontanillas R. , Breck O. , Waagbø R.
Published: February 2014

The present study was carried out to investigate whether the dietary histidine requirement to reduce cataract development is higher than that for growth in Atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salarL.) after seawater transfer and whether dietary vegetable oils contribute to cataractogenesis. Duplicate groups of salmon smolts were fed ten experimental diets with either fish oil (FO) or a vegetable oil (VO) mix replacing 70 % FO and histidine at five target levels (10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 g His/kg diet) for 13 weeks after seawater transfer. The VO diet-fed fish exhibited somewhat inferior growth and feed intakes compared with the FO diet-fed fish, irrespective of the dietary histidine concentration. Both cataract prevalence and severity were negatively correlated with the dietary histidine concentration, while lensN-acetyl-histidine (NAH) concentrations were positively correlated with it. The fatty acid profiles of muscle, heart and lens reflected that of the dietary oils to a descending degree and did not affect the observed cataract development. Muscle, heart and brain histidine concentrations reflected dietary histidine concentrations, while the corresponding tissue imidazole (anserine, carnosine and NAH) concentrations appeared to saturate differently with time. The expression level of liver histidase was not affected by the dietary histidine concentration, while the liver antioxidant response was affected in the VO diet-fed fish on a transcriptional level. The lowest severity of cataracts could be achieved by feeding 13·4 g His/kg feed, independently of the dietary lipid source. However, the present study also suggests that the dietary histidine requirement to minimise the risk of cataract development is 14·4 g His/kg feed.
Islamic Reform, the Family, and Knowledge Networks Linking Mecca to Southeast Asia in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Bradley Francis R.
Published: February 2014

Through a study of over 1,300 previously unanalyzed Malay Islamic manuscripts, this article examines the role of the Patani community in the construction of transoceanic knowledge networks between Mecca and Southeast Asia in the nineteenth century. Set against the backdrop of the destruction of prevailing symbols of authority, as well as the displacement and scattering of the community after 1200/1786, the present study investigates the manner by which scholars established new cultural unities for the community and addressed social concerns by translating and spreading Islamic writings, teachings, and schools. With its spiritual leadership centered now in Mecca, influential members of the community began producing works that were contingent upon political circumstances, but also directed at the problems facing the refugee community. Of foremost importance were the place and definition of the family, and related issues such as inheritance, divorce, and visible social actions, including ritual purity, fasting, almsgiving, and criminal punishments.
Social Policy Digest Online
Authors: Croft Jacqui
Published: February 2014

The Social Policy Digest is a major online resource providing up-to-date listings of developments across the whole range of UK and pan-European social policy issues – including links to source materials and commentary. The Digest is published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Social Policy Association.
Mixed-methods research in language teaching and learning: Opportunities, issues and challenges
Authors: Riazi A. Mehdi , Candlin Christopher N.
Published: February 2014

This state-of-the-art paper foregrounds mixed-methods research (MMR) in language teaching and learning by discussing and critically reviewing issues related to this newly developed research paradigm. The paper has six sections. The first provides a context for the discussion of MMR through an introductory review of quantitative and qualitative paradigms. In the second section we discuss the nature and scope of MMR, its underlying principles, and its techniques and procedures. In the third section we discuss trends in MMR in language teaching and learning, and review 40 published papers in 30 journals related to this field, covering one decade (2002–2011). Issues and challenges facing MMR and its researchers are discussed in the fourth section, while in the fifth we discuss the significance of replicating MMR studies in language teaching and learning. Finally, we conclude by presenting prospects and avenues for further developing mixed-methods research.
Theorizing and measuring working memory in first and second language research
Authors: Wen Zhisheng
Published: February 2014

Working memory (WM) generally refers to the human ability to temporarily maintain and manipulate a limited amount of information in immediate consciousness when carrying out complex cognitive tasks such as problem-solving and language comprehension. Though much controversy has surrounded the WM concept since its inception by Baddeley & Hitch (1974), an increasing number of cognitive psychologists have accepted WM as a multi-component system comprising both domain-specific storage mechanisms and domain-general executive functions (Miyake & Shah 1999; Baddeley 2012; Williams 2012). Such a fractionated view of this cognitive construct manifests itself clearly in distinct strands of WM-language research, where two contrasting research paradigms have emerged (Wen 2012).
The dynamic modeling, redundant-force optimization, and dynamic performance analyses of a parallel kinematic machine with actuation redundancy
Authors: Jiang Yao , Li Tiemin , Wang Liping
Published: February 2014

This paper discusses a planar 2-DOF (degrees of freedom) parallel kinematic machine with actuation redundancy. Its inverse dynamic model is constructed by utilizing the Newton–Euler method based on the kinematic analysis. However, the dynamic model cannot be solved directly because the number of equations is less than the number of unknowns, which is due to the redundant force. In order to solve this problem, the relationship between the deformations of the links and the position errors of the moving platform are further explored. Then a novel method, which aims at minimizing the position errors of the machine, is proposed to optimize the redundant force. It also enables to solve the dynamic model. Finally, the dynamic performance analyses of this machine and its non-redundant counterpart are provided by numerical examples. Besides, another optimization method proposed for minimizing the constraint forces is also applied for comparison. The results show the effectiveness of the novel methods in improving the position precision of the machine.
Morphological and molecular diversity and genetic structure of Moroccan cultivated almond (Prunus dulcisMill.) beside some foreign varieties
Authors: El Hamzaoui Abdelali , Oukabli Ahmed , Moumni Mohiéddine
Published: February 2014

In this study, 15 morphological traits and 16 microsatellite markers were used to assess the morphological variability and structure of 68 (33 local and 35 foreign) almond accessions (Prunus dulcis(Mill.) D.A. Webb). Extensive phenotypic diversity was found among the accessions, and results indicated a high variation in leaf and fruit traits. Varieties were separated into two distinct groups with a similarity coefficient of 0.761. Morphological traits were categorized by principal component analysis into five components, which explained 86.5% of the total variation. Nut and kernel traits were dominant in the two first components, accounting for 49.4% of the variation. By contrast, leaf traits accounted for 18.4% of the variation in the third component. The results of molecular analysis (Bayesian clustering approach) did not correspond to morphological groupings, and the second approach was more discriminate. The combination of both approaches revealed the richness among the collected plant materials, which will be useful in breeding programmes of this species.
The multiplier role of psychiatrists in low income settings
Authors: Kigozi F. , Ssebunnya J.
Published: February 2014

Mental health care is receiving increased attention in low-income countries with the availability of a wide range of effective evidence-based treatments for acute and chronic mental disorders amidst scarce resources. Availability of these treatments and competent human resources enables the use of a variety of interventions at several levels of care for persons with mental illness and makes it feasible to ensure observance of quality in the treatment approaches that go beyond institutionalisation. However, unlike developed countries which are endowed with many and relatively well-paid mental health specialists, low-income countries face a dire shortage of highly trained mental health professionals in addition to several other challenges. In light of this, there is need to re-assess the role of the few available psychiatrists, with a shift to new core tasks such as designing mental health care programmes that can be delivered by non-specialists, building their health system's capacity for delivering care, including supporting front-line health workers through support supervision, raising awareness on mental health and patients’ rights in addition to promoting essential research. This requires a fundamental paradigm shift from the current training for mental health specialists to a public health oriented approach and providing incentives for community engagement.
Collective levels of stigma and national suicide rates in 25 European countries
Authors: Schomerus G. , Evans-Lacko S. , Rüsch N. , Mojtabai R. , Angermeyer M. C. , Thornicroft G.
Published: February 2014

Aims.

There is substantial diversity in national suicide rates, which has mainly been related to socio-economic factors, as well as cultural factors. Stigma is a cultural phenomenon, determining the level of social acceptance or rejection of persons with mental illness in a society. In this study, we explore whether national suicide rates are related to the degree of mental illness stigma in that country.

Methods.

We combine the data on country-level social acceptance (Eurobarometer) with the data on suicide rates and socio-economic indicators (Eurostat) for 25 European countries.

Results.

In a linear regression model controlling for socio-economic indicators, the social acceptance of someone with a significant mental health problem in 2010 was negatively correlated with age standardised national suicide rates in the same year (β −0.46, p = 0.014). This association also held true when combining national suicide rates with death rates due to events of undetermined intent.

Conclusions.

Stigma towards persons with mental health problems may contribute to differences in suicide rates in a country. We hypothesise possible mechanisms explaining this link, including stigma as a stressor and social isolation as a consequence of stigma.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Study of Chinese Twin Children and Adolescents
Authors: Ji Fuling , Ning Feng , Duan Haiping , Kaprio Jaakko , Zhang Dongfeng , Zhang Dong , Wang Shaojie , Qiao Qing , Sun Jianping , Liang Jiwei , Pang Zengchang , Silventoinen Karri
Published: February 2014

We evaluated the genetic and environmental contributions to metabolic cardiovascular risk factors and their mutual associations. Eight metabolic factors (body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and serum uric acid) were measured in 508 twin pairs aged 8–17 years from the Qingdao Twin Registry, China. Linear structural equation models were used to estimate the heritability of these traits, as well as the genetic and environmental correlations between them. Among boys, body mass index and uric acid showed consistently high heritability (0.49–0.81), whereas other traits showed moderate to high common environmental variance (0.37–0.73) in children (8–12 years) and adolescents (13–17 years) except total cholesterol. For girls, moderate to high heritability (0.39–0.75) were obtained for six metabolic traits in children, while only two traits showed high heritability and others mostly medium to large common environmental variance in adolescents. Genetic correlations between the traits were strong in both boys and girls in children (rg = 0.64–0.99 between body mass index and diastolic blood pressure; rg = 0.71–1.00 between body mass index and waist circumference), but decreased for adolescent girls (rg = 0.51 between body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio; rg = 0.55 between body mass index and uric acid; rg = 0.61 between body mass index and systolic blood pressure). The effect of genetic factors on most metabolic traits decreased from childhood to adolescence. Both common genetic and specific environmental factors influence the mutual associations among most of the metabolic traits.
Der Zusammenhang von Mobbingerfahrungen, Copingstilen und pathologischem Internetgebrauch bei Jugendlichen
Authors: Strittmatter Esther , Brunner Romuald , Fischer Gloria , Parzer Peter , Resch Franz , Kaess Michael
Published: February 2014

Fragestellung: In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob ein Zusammenhang zwischen pathologischem Internetgebrauch, Mobbing und Copingstilen bei Jugendlichen mit Mobbingerfahrungen besteht. Methodik: Im Rahmen einer europäischen schulbasierten Studie (SEYLE) wurde eine repräsentative Querschnittsuntersuchung an 1357 Schülern aus Heidelberg und Umgebung durchgeführt (710 weibliche/647 männlich Jugendliche; mittleres Alter 14.7; SD 0.8). Pathologischer Internetgebrauch wurde mit dem Young Diagnostic Questionnaire erhoben. Mobbing wurde in verbales, körperliches Mobbing und Mobbing in der Beziehung unterteilt. Hinsichtlich der Copingstile wurden aktives Coping, Vermeidung, Hilfe suchen und sonstige Strategien unterschieden. Als Kovariate wurde die psychische Symptombelastung mittels Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire erfasst. Ergebnisse: 4.8 % der Schüler wiesen einen pathologischen Internetgebrauch auf, 14.4 % zeigten einen problematischen Internetgebrauch. Insgesamt berichteten 52.3 % der Jugendlichen über Erfahrungen mit Mobbing (38.7 % verbales Mobbing, 19.8 % körperliches Mobbing, 34.1 % Mobbing in der Beziehung). Es bestand ein signifikanter Zusammenhang von Mobbingerfahrungen und pathologischem Internetgebrauch, der zum Teil durch die psychische Symptombelastung erklärt werden konnte. Hinsichtlich der Copingstile bei stattgefundenem Mobbing bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Schülern mit normalem, problematischem und pathologischem Internetgebrauch. Schlussfolgerungen: Aufgrund des Zusammenhanges zwischen Mobbing, psychischer Symptombelastung und pathologischem Internetgebrauch sind in der Zukunft schulbasierte sowie familienbezogene Präventionsmaßnahmen und evaluierte Therapieprogramme erforderlich.
Klassifikation der Enuresis/ Enkopresis im DSM-5
Authors: von Gontard Alexander
Published: February 2014

Ausscheidungsstörungen sind häufig in Kindheit und Jugendalter. Enuresis wird traditionell definiert als ein Einnässen ab dem Alter von 5 Jahren und Enkopresis als ein Einkoten ab 4 Jahren – jeweils nach Ausschluss organischer Ursachen. In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden viele verschiedene Subtypen von Ausscheidungsstörungen identifiziert, die sich nach Symptomatologie, Ätiologie und spezifische Therapiemöglichkeiten unterscheiden. Leider wurden diese neuen Entwicklungen im DSM-5 nicht integriert. Dagegen bieten die Klassifikationssysteme der International Children’s Incontinence Society (ICCS) für Enuresis und Harninkontinenz und der ROME-III Gruppe für Stuhlinkontinenz neue und relevante Zugänge für Klinik und Forschung.
Veränderungsmessung und klinische Praxis
Authors: Stieglitz Rolf-Dieter , Petermann Franz
Published: February 2014

Die Erfassung von Veränderungen ist in der klinisch-psychologischen und psychiatrischen Forschung und Praxis von zentraler Bedeutung. Auch wenn es bis heute keine befriedigende und allgemein akzeptierte Problemlösungen gibt, sind pragmatische Vorgehensweisen in Forschung und Praxis nötig. Interessante Problemlösungen und innovative Ansätze werden skizziert und systematisiert.
Veränderungsmessung – Methodische Vorschläge für Forschung und klinische Praxis
Authors: Waldmann Hans-Christian , Petermann Franz
Published: February 2014

Aus einer Bestandsaufnahme der Methodendiskussion zur Veränderungsmessung werden pragmatische Empfehlungen für die statistische Modellbildung abgeleitet. Dabei wird unterschieden zwischen größeren Forschungsprojekten mit klassischen Gruppendesigns und kleinen, aber ökologisch hochvaliden Datenmengen aus der Versorgungspraxis. Im ersten Fall werden mixed-model-ANOVA und Strukturgleichungsmodelle als einheitlicher, aber hochflexibler Ansatz empfohlen. Für die in der Regel einzelfallbezogene therapiebegleitende Forschung werden Verfahren für kurze Messfolgen auf Basis von ja/nein-Daten vorgestellt, die keine spezialisierte Software erfordern und dem klinischen Praktiker die Anbindung an die Forschung ermöglichen. Verschiedene Optionen der Datensammlung für die klinische Praxis werden aus Sicht sowohl des Forschers als auch des Praktikers erörtert.
The effect of ecological and temporal factors on the composition of Bartonella infection in rodents and their fleas
Authors: Gutiérrez Ricardo , Morick Danny , Cohen Carmit , Hawlena Hadas , Harrus Shimon
Published: February 2014

The composition of Bartonella infection was explored in wild Gerbillus andersoni rodents and their Synosternus cleopatrae fleas. Rodent blood samples and fleas were collected in two periods (two different seasons; 4 months apart) from juveniles and adult hosts, and their bartonellae lineages were identified by a 454-pyrosequencing analysis targeting a specific Bartonella citrate synthase gene (gltA) fragment. The rate of Bartonella spp. co-infection was estimated and the assemblage and distribution of bartonellae lineages across the samples with respect to ecological and phylogenetic distance similarities were analyzed. Moreover, environmental factors that could explain potential differences between samples were investigated. Out of the 91 bartonellae-positive samples, 89% were found to be co-infected with more than two phylogenetically distant Bartonella genotypes and additional closely related (but distinguishable) variants. These bartonellae lineages were distributed in a non-random manner, and a negative interaction between lineages was discovered. Interestingly, the overall composition of those infections greatly varied among samples. This variability was partially explained by factors, such as type of sample (blood versus fleas), flea sex and period of collection. This investigation sheds light on the patterns of Bartonella infection and the organization of Bartonella lineages in fleas and rodents in nature.
An antagonistic interaction between PlexinB2 and Rnd3 controls RhoA activity and cortical neuron migration
Authors: Azzarelli Roberta , Pacary Emilie , Garg Ritu , Garcez Patricia , van den Berg Debbie , Riou Philippe , Ridley Anne J. , Friedel Roland H. , Parsons Maddy , Guillemot François
Published: February 2014

A transcriptional programme initiated by the proneural factors Neurog2 and Ascl1 controls successive steps of neurogenesis in the embryonic cerebral cortex. Previous work has shown that proneural factors also confer a migratory behaviour to cortical neurons by inducing the expression of the small GTP-binding proteins such as Rnd2 and Rnd3. However, the directionality of radial migration suggests that migrating neurons also respond to extracellular signal-regulated pathways. Here we show that the Plexin B2 receptor interacts physically and functionally with Rnd3 and stimulates RhoA activity in migrating cortical neurons. Plexin B2 competes with p190RhoGAP for binding to Rnd3, thus blocking the Rnd3-mediated inhibition of RhoA and also recruits RhoGEFs to directly stimulate RhoA activity. Thus, an interaction between the cell-extrinsic Plexin signalling pathway and the cell-intrinsic Ascl1-Rnd3 pathway determines the level of RhoA activity appropriate for cortical neuron migration.
Interferon β protects against lethal endotoxic and septic shock through SIRT1 upregulation
Authors: Yoo Chae-Hwa , Yeom Ji-Hyun , Heo Jin-Ju , Song Eun-Kyung , Lee Sang-Il , Han Myung-Kwan
Published: February 2014

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin derived from gram-negative bacteria, promotes the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and mediates endotoxemia through activation of mitogen activated protein kinases, NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor-3. Silent information regulator transcript-1 (SIRT1), an NAD-dependent deacetylase, mediates NF-κB deacetylation and inhibits its function. SIRT1 may affect LPS-mediated signaling pathways and endotoxemia. Here we demonstrate that SIRT1 blocks LPS-induced secretion of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α in murine macrophages and protects against lethal endotoxic and septic shock in mice. We also demonstrate that interferon β increases SIRT1 expression by activating the Janus kinase – signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway in mouse bone marrow derived macrophages.In vivotreatment of interferon β protects against lethal endotoxic and septic shock, which is abrogated by infection with dominant negative SIRT1-expressing adenovirus. Our work suggests that both SIRT1 and SIRT1-inducing cytokines are useful targets for treating patients with sepsis.
Crystallized and amorphous vortices in rotating atomic-molecular Bose-Einstein condensates
Authors: Liu Chao-Fei , Fan Heng , Gou Shih-Chuan , Liu Wu-Ming
Published: February 2014

Vortex is a topological defect with a quantized winding number of the phase in superfluids and superconductors. Here, we investigate the crystallized (triangular, square, honeycomb) and amorphous vortices in rotating atomic-molecular Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) by using the damped projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The amorphous vortices are the result of the considerable deviation induced by the interaction of atomic-molecular vortices. By changing the atom-molecule interaction from attractive to repulsive, the configuration of vortices can change from an overlapped atomic-molecular vortices to carbon-dioxide-type ones, then to atomic vortices with interstitial molecular vortices and finally into independent separated ones. The Raman detuning can tune the ratio of the atomic vortex to the molecular vortex. We provide a phase diagram of vortices in rotating atomic-molecular BECs as a function of Raman detuning and the strength of atom-molecule interaction.
Pd(0)-Catalyzed radical aryldifluoromethylation of activated alkenes
Authors: Wang Jian-Yong , Su Yi-Ming , Yin Feng , Bao Yan , Zhang Xin , Xu Yue-Ming , Wang Xi-Sheng
Published: February 2014

A Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular aryldifluoromethylation of activated alkenes has been developed, in which a difluoromethyl radical addition path is indicated via mechanistic investigations.
Numerical calculations of space charge layer effects in nanocrystalline ceria. Part I: comparison with the analytical models and derivation of improved analytical solutions
Authors: Göbel Marcus C. , Gregori Giuliano , Maier Joachim
Published: February 2014

Using numerical calculations the reliability of the standard analytical models of space charge effects is evaluated; improved solutions are proposed.
Analysis of heterogeneous uptake by nanoparticles via differential mobility analysis–drift tube ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Oberreit Derek R. , McMurry Peter H. , Hogan Christopher J.
Published: February 2014

Tandem differential mobility analysis–drift tube ion mobility spectrometry enables examination of heterogeneous vapor uptake by nanoscale particles.
NRas slows the rate at which a model lipid bilayer phase separates
Authors: Jefferys Elizabeth , Sansom Mark S. P. , Fowler Philip W.
Published: February 2014

The Ras family of small membrane-associated GTP-ases are important components in many different cell signalling cascades. They are thought to cluster on the cell membrane through association with cholesterol-rich nanodomains. This process remains poorly understood. Here we test the effect of adding multiple copies of NRas, one of the canonical Ras proteins, to a three-component lipid bilayer that rapidly undergoes spinodal decomposition (i.e.unmixing), thereby creating ordered and disordered phases. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of a large bilayer containing 6000 lipids, with and without protein, are compared. NRas preferentially localises to the interface between the domains and slows the rate at which the domains grow. We infer that this doubly-lipidated cell signalling protein is reducing the line tension between the ordered and disordered regions. This analysis is facilitated by our use of techniques borrowed from image-processing. The conclusions above are contingent upon several assumptions, including the use of a model lipid with doubly unsaturated tails and the limited structural data available for the C-terminus of NRas, which is where the lipid anchors are found.
Effects of raspberry fruit extracts and ellagic acid on respiratory burst in murine macrophages
Authors: Raudone Lina , Bobinaite Ramune , Janulis Valdimaras , Viskelis Pranas , Trumbeckaite Sonata
Published: February 2014

The main finding of our study is that raspberry extracts and ellagic acid inhibit reactive oxygen species production in PMA stimulated macrophages.
A microfluidic-based genetic screen to identify microbial virulence factors that inhibit dendritic cell migration
Authors: McLaughlin Laura M. , Xu Hui , Carden Sarah E. , Fisher Samantha , Reyes Monique , Heilshorn Sarah C. , Monack Denise M.
Published: February 2014

A microfluidic-based screen to identifySalmonellagenes that impede dendritic cell chemotaxis, a critical step of the human immune response.
Structural shimming for high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in lab-on-a-chip devices
Authors: Ryan Herbert , Smith Alison , Utz Marcel
Published: February 2014

Microfluidic high-resolution NMR is possible in spite of magnetic susceptibility mismatches if appropriately shaped compensation structures are included in the chip design.
Synthesis and 2D self-assembly at the liquid–solid interface of novel H-bonding linear π-conjugated oligomers terminated by uracil and melamine units
Authors: Chng G. Y. Y. , Sun X. , Cho S. J. , Rajwar D. , Grimsdale A. C. , Fichou D.
Published: February 2014

2D self-assembly of a novel π-conjugated oligomer terminated by two uracil units is solvent dependent and involves multiple intermolecular H-bonds.
Synthesis of VO2 nanoparticles by a hydrothermal-assisted homogeneous precipitation approach for thermochromic applications
Authors: Li Wenjing , Ji Shidong , Li Yamei , Huang Aibin , Luo Hongjie , Jin Ping
Published: February 2014

The size-controlled VO2 particles have been successfully prepared by a hydrothermal-assisted homogeneous precipitation approach for thermochromic applications.
Anodic alumina-templated synthesis of mesostructured silica membranes – current status and challenges
Authors: Meoto Silo , Coppens Marc-Olivier
Published: February 2014

Hierarchically structured membranes of mesoporous silica in anodic alumina: status and challenges.
Novel binding regioselectivity in the interpenetration of a non-symmetric axle into a non-symmetric pillar[5]arene wheel
Authors: Shu Xiaoyan , Chen Wei , Hou Dabin , Meng Qingbin , Zheng Renlin , Li Chunju
Published: February 2014

A non-symmetric pillar[5]arene bearing methyl and pentyl rims can regioselectively bind 5-bromovaleronitrile, with the directionality of CN@methyl rim and Br@pentyl rim.
Precision measurement of the growth rate and mechanism of ibuprofen {001} and {011} as a function of crystallization environment
Authors: Nguyen T. T. H. , Hammond R. B. , Roberts K. J. , Marziano I. , Nichols G.
Published: February 2014

The growth rates of the {001} and {011} crystal faces of ibuprofen were measured as a function of the solution crystallisation environment from which the likely interfacial kinetic growth mechanisms were characterised.
A computational study of carbon dioxide adsorption on solid boron
Authors: Sun Qiao , Wang Meng , Li Zhen , Du Aijun , Searles Debra J.
Published: February 2014

The study demonstrates these “electron deficient” boron solids can capture CO2on their basic sites due to Lewis acid–base interactions.
Role of laccase as an enzymatic pretreatment method to improve lignocellulosic saccharification
Authors: Heap Lucy , Green Anthony , Brown David , van Dongen Bart , Turner Nicholas
Published: February 2014

The saccharification of wheat straw was improved when an incubation step was performed withTrametes versicolorlaccase (TvL) and the mediator 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1-HBT) prior to an alkaline peroxide extraction (APE).
Zinc metal–organic frameworks: efficient catalysts for the diastereoselective Henry reaction and transesterification
Authors: Karmakar Anirban , Guedes da Silva M. Fátima C. , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: February 2014

Three new amidoterephthalate ligands are utilized to synthesize three new zinc(ii) metal–organic frameworks which act as heterogeneous catalysts for the diastereoselective nitroaldol (Henry) and transesterification reactions.
The ferrocene-pyrylium dyad as a selective colorimetric chemodosimeter for the toxic cyanide and hydrogen sulfide anions in water
Authors: Sola Antonia , Tárraga Alberto , Molina Pedro
Published: February 2014

A pyrylium derivative showing a remarkable ability to recognize cyanide and hydrogen sulfide anions in aqueous media through two different channels, electrochemical and chromogenic, is described.
Analysis of the co-operative interaction between the allosterically regulated proteins GK and GKRP using tryptophan fluorescence
Authors: Zelent Bogumil , Raimondo Anne , Barrett Amy , Buettger Carol W. , Chen Pan , Gloyn Anna L. , Matschinsky Franz M.
Published: February 2014

Hepatic glucose phosphorylation by GK (glucokinase) is regulated by GKRP (GK regulatory protein). GKRP forms a cytosolic complex with GK followed by nuclear import and storage, leading to inhibition of GK activity. This process is initiated by low glucose, but reversed nutritionally by high glucose and fructose or pharmacologically by GKAs (GK activators) and GKRPIs (GKRP inhibitors). To study the regulation of this process by glucose, fructose-phosphate esters and a GKA, we measured the TF (tryptophan fluorescence) of human WT (wild-type) and GKRP-P446L (a mutation associated with high serum triacylglycerol) in the presence of non-fluorescent GK with its tryptophan residues mutated. Titration of GKRP-WT by GK resulted in a sigmoidal increase in TF, suggesting co-operative PPIs (protein–protein interactions) perhaps due to the hysteretic nature of GK. The affinity of GK for GKRP was decreased and binding co-operativity increased by glucose, fructose 1-phosphate and GKA, reflecting disruption of the GK–GKRP complex. Similar studies with GKRP-P446L showed significantly different results compared with GKRP-WT, suggesting impairment of complex formation and nuclear storage. The results of the present TF-based biophysical analysis of PPIs between GK and GKRP suggest that hepatic glucose metabolism is regulated by a metabolite-sensitive drug-responsive co-operative molecular switch, involving complex formation between these two allosterically regulated proteins.
Personal Narratives in Individuals with High-Functioning ASD: A Lens Into Social Skills
Authors: Rollins Pamela
Published: February 2014

Narrative assessment is a valid means for evaluating social pragmatic skills in high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) typically analyze fictional narratives because of their strong association with school success. A review of literature suggests that high-functioning individuals with ASD have more difficulties telling personal narratives than fictional narrative. Because problems telling personal narratives may negatively impact social relationships, we suggest evaluating personal narratives to aide intervention planning. We review the elicitation and analysis procedure for personal narratives described in McCabe & Rollins (1994) and make suggestions for intervention.
Social Anxiety and Pragmatics in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Its Relation to Speech-Language Pathology
Authors: Hewitt Lynne
Published: February 2014

In this review of basic principles of cognitive behavioral therapy, application to treatment of anxiety in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is outlined and evidence for effectiveness presented. The links between social anxiety disorder and social communication impairment are explored, and the issues raised by applying principles drawn from psychology to clinical practice in speech-language pathology are discussed. Suggestions for clinical practice are offered, along with reflections on the potential for increased collaboration between cognitive behavioral therapists and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to better serve individuals with ASD. Outcomes for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) can be impacted by many factors, including co-morbid psychiatric factors. In working on clinical pragmatics with individuals on the autism spectrum, it is not uncommon to come across clients who have a clinical diagnosis of anxiety disorder. Often, the symptoms of that disorder are present primarily in social situations. The social piece creates a direct interface between speech-language pathologists (SLPs), as experts on pragmatic language and social communication, and psychologists, with expertise in psychological functioning and treatments for its disorders. Awareness of current literature and best practice in handling anxiety is relevant to our practice as SLPs, because social anxiety and communicative competence are logically connected, in that both deal with managing social situations. Effective treatments for anxiety exist within the psychiatric and psychological professions. In this review of recent cognitive behavioral therapeutic approaches for treatment of social anxiety in ASD, the strength of the evidence for effectiveness will be described and implications for clinical practice in speech-language pathology discussed.
Reaction-diffusion patterns on a disk or a square in a model with long-range interaction
Authors: Sheintuch Moshe , Nekhamkina Olga
Published: February 2014

A condensed model that captures the main features of high- or low-pressure catalytic oscillators is used to simulate spatiotemporal patterns in a catalytic disk or square. This model includes a single autocatalytic variable (activator), a slowly changing and localized inhibitor, and a very fast and highly diffusive variable that provides the long-range interaction. The extremely rich plethora of patterns is classified according to their symmetries, capitalizing on the inversion symmetry of the model. The simpler case of the bistable system (with no inhibitor) exhibits a very high sensitivity to initial conditions that leads to large multiplicity of stationary patterns. The effect of the parameter that defines the system stability (oscillatory, excitable, or bistable) is investigated, in the three variable model, either by using the same initial conditions for all simulations or, in an “experimental mode,” by stepping up or down the parameter. Patterns on a disk may be classified as circular, like stationary or oscillatory or moving (inwards or outwards) target pattern, rotating patterns, like stationary or oscillatory or moving spiral waves, and other patterns. Successive bifurcations, with changing parameter, reduce the system to states with lower symmetries and to asymmetric or even chaotic motions. Motions on a square are similar to those on a disk and include target-like pattern, propagating pulses, and oscillating or breathing stationary pulses.
Mode coupling theory for calculating the memory functions of flexible chain molecules: Influence on the long time dynamics of oligoglycines
Authors: Kostov Konstantin S. , Freed Karl F.
Published: February 2014

A recent theory for the long time dynamics of flexible chain molecules is tested for the internal dynamics of triglycine and octaglycine, systems which are much more complicated than the previously studied alkanes. The theory extends the generalized Rouse (GR) theory used for the dynamics of polymers by providing a systematic procedure for including the contributions from internal friction and memory function matrices which are neglected in the GR theory. The mode-coupling method expresses the time correlation functions in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the diffusion operator and determines the eigenvalues by expanding the eigenfunctions in a suitable basis set. The greater complexity of the polyglycine interaction potential and the presence of cooperative local conformational transitions require including higher order mode coupling contributions than previously used. A major computational impediment induced by this requirement is the enormous growth in size of the basis set with the addition of the higher order mode coupling contributions that are needed to describe the influence of the memory functions. This impediment is alleviated by a new sorting procedure that includes in the basis set only the mode coupling functions with the slowest first order relaxation times. The theory is compared with Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations, so that both theory and simulation use identical, realistic potential functions and identical models for the solvent. The new method describes motions on time scales more than an order of magnitude longer than those accessible to molecular dynamics simulations. Inclusion of the memory functions greatly influences the dynamics, and the theory produces excellent agreement with the BD simulations for the long time motions. Individual BD trajectories exhibit the local and correlated conformational transitions.
Potential of Silver Concentration Cells with Liquids of Low Dielectric Constant
Authors: Gemant Andrew
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this work was to obtain, by means of measurements of electromotive force, information on the behavior and nature of ions present in liquids of low dielectric constant. These measurements were made on silver and silver-silver chloride concentration cells containing solutions whose dielectric constants were as low as 2.6 and whose specific conductances were as low as 10−11 mho/cm. The results of these tests were supplemented by conductivity measurements on all the solutions involved. From the data obtained, approximate values for the dissociation constants and electrochemical transference numbers of the electrolytes for various electrolyte-solvent combinations were deduced.