bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot: transannular path augmentation versus systemic to pulmonary artery shunt for first-stage palliation
Authors: Lenoir Marien , Fouilloux Virginie , Desnous Beatrice , Rahmani Bilal , El Gueddari Nabila , Ovaert Caroline , Aries Edouard , El Louali Fedoua , Aldebert Philippe , Metras Dominique , Macé Loic
Published: August 2020

Background:

Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and severe tetralogy of Fallot require a palliative procedure for pulmonary artery rehabilitation. For first-stage palliation, two main surgical options are still debated: right ventricle to pulmonary artery connection and modified Blalock–Taussig shunt. We compared the clinical outcomes of the two procedures.

Methods:

From 1995 to 2018, 88 patients needed palliation (pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect n = 47; tetralogy of Fallot n = 41). Among these patients, 70 modified Blalock–Taussig shunt and 18 transannular path augmentation were performed before 6 months of age. Using a 1:1 propensity score match analysis, 20 patients were included in the analysis. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and pulmonary artery growth.

Results:

After matching, the pre-operative Nakata was smaller in transannular path augmentation 54 ± 24 mm2/m2 than modified Blalock–Taussig shunt 109 ± 31 mm2/m2 (p < 0.001). The age and weight were similar (p = 0.31 and p = 0.9, respectively). There was no difference in in-hospital mortality (p = 0.3). The Nakata index before biventricular repair and delta Nakata were smaller in modified Blalock–Taussig shunt group (206 ± 80 mm2/m2, 75 ± 103 mm2/m2) than transannular path augmentation (365 ± 170 mm2/m2, 214 ± 165 mm2/m2; p = 0.03; p < 0.001). Median time to biventricular repair was similar (p = 0.46). The rate of interstage reintervention was similar (p = 0.63).

Conclusions:

The transannular path augmentation is better for the rehabilitation of the native pulmonary artery. Despite a smaller pulmonary artery, right ventricle to pulmonary artery connection is equivalent to modified Blalock–Taussig shunt for rate of biventricular repair and time to biventricular repair.
PRESERVING THE INTEREST THEORY OF RIGHTS
Authors: McBride Mark
Published: August 2020

According to interest theorists of rights, rights function to protect the right-holder's interests. True. But this leaves a lot unsaid. Most saliently here, it is certainly not the case that every agent who stands to benefit from performance of a duty gets to be a right-holder. For a theory to allow this to be the case—to allow for an explosion of right-holders—would be tantamount to a reductio thereof. So the challenge for interest theorists is to respect the core of the interest theory while delimiting the set of right-holders in a principled manner. The foremost explicit attempt to do this has invoked Bentham's test. Predictably, invocation of this test has come under attack, with the ultimate aim of challenging the interest theory itself. My purpose in this paper is to render Bentham's test as clearly and accurately as possible. Doing so will raise issues of modality—ultimately in rendering Bentham's test's logical form. Ultimately a core attack on Bentham's test falls away, and, to that extent, the interest theory remains standing as a promising theory of rights.
The Bazaar, the State, and the Struggle for Public Opinion in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan
Authors: KARIMI ALI
Published: August 2020

Public opinion is formed by the information that the public consumes. The state, whether democratic or authoritarian, employs various media of communication to influence people's opinions and behaviours. In the nineteenth century, Afghan rulers would traditionally use force and religion to gain popular support and strengthen their authority. In the second half of the century, they started to use print technology to build their relationships with the public. The state's print, however, had to compete with the institution of the bazaar that had long served as the central place where information circulated in public. This article, drawing mostly on unexamined Afghan sources, offers an account of how the bazaar operated as a source of information and how the Afghan state tried to suppress it. The history of this information conflict uncovers new aspects in the troublesome relationship between the government and the governed in Afghanistan.
Evolution of the determinants of unmet health care needs in a universal health care system: Canada, 2001–2014
Authors: Allan Ian , Ammi Mehdi
Published: August 2020

While ensuring adequate access to care is a central concern in countries with universal health care coverage, unmet health care needs remain prevalent. However, subjective unmet health care needs (SUN) can arise from features of a health care system (system reasons) or from health care users' choices or constraints (personal reasons). Furthermore, investigating the evolution of SUN within a health care system has rarely been carried out. We investigate whether health needs, predisposing factors and enabling factors differentially affect SUN for system reasons and SUN for personal reasons, and whether these influences are stable over time, using representative data from the Canadian Community Health Surveys from 2001 to 2014. While SUN slightly decreased overall during our period of observation, the share of SUN for system reasons increased. Some key determinants appear to consistently increase SUN reporting over all our observation periods, in particular being a woman, younger, in poorer health or not having a regular doctor. The distinction between personal and system reasons is important to better understand individual experiences. Notably, women report more SUN for system reasons and less for personal reasons, and reporting system reasons increases with age. Given this stability over time, our results may inform health policymakers on which subpopulations to target to ensure access to health care is universal.
Tolerance of pintoi peanut to PRE and POST herbicides
Authors: Martin Logan J. , Dias José Luiz C.S. , Sellers Brent A. , Ferrell Jason A. , Leon Ramon G. , Vendramini João M.B.
Published: August 2020

Pintoi peanut is a warm-season perennial legume that shows promise as a forage crop for the southeastern United States, however, little is known about the proper methods of weed management during establishment for this species. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of pintoi peanut to tolerate applications of PRE and POST herbicides during the year of and year after planting. The effects of herbicide treatments on percentage of visual estimates of injury and stand counts of pintoi peanut were investigated at Ona and Marianna, FL, in 2015 and 2016. All PRE herbicides did not result in significant injury or stand reduction. Pintoi peanut’s tolerance to POST herbicides was higher when plants were emerged for at least 2 wk prior to herbicide application. Stands of pintoi peanut that were planted the previous year appear to tolerate all herbicides examined in this work, except sulfosulfuron. Results of this study indicate that at the year of planting pintoi peanut is tolerant to PRE applications of pendimethalin, imazethapyr, and imazapic. Pintoi peanut appears to tolerate applications of 2,4-D, carfentrazone, imazapic and imazethapyr the year after planting at the rates utilized in this study. Future research should evaluate the effects of multiple herbicide applications and tank-mixes to obtain satisfactory weed control and selectivity in pintoi peanut swards.
Molecular confirmation of resistance to PPO inhibitors in Amaranthus tuberculatus and Amaranthus palmeri, and isolation of the G399A PPO2 substitution in A. palmeri
Authors: Montgomery Jacob S. , Giacomini Darci A. , Tranel Patrick J.
Published: August 2020

During the 2017 to 2019 growing seasons, samples of waterhemp and Palmer amaranth that had reportedly survived field-rate applications of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)–inhibiting herbicides were collected from the American Midwest and tested for target-site mutations known at the time to confer resistance. Target-site resistance was identified in nearly all (135 of 145) tested common waterhemp populations but in only 8 of 13 Palmer amaranth populations. Follow-up research on one population of Palmer amaranth (W-8), which tested negative for all such mutations, confirmed it was resistant to lactofen, with a magnitude of resistance comparable to that conferred by the ΔG210 PPO2 mutation. Gene sequences from both isoforms of PPO (PPO1 and PPO2) were compared between W-8 and known PPO inhibitor–sensitive sequence. A glycine-to-alanine substitution at the 399th amino acid position (G399A) of PPO2, recently identified to reduce target-site herbicide sensitivity, was observed in a subset of resistant W-8 plants. Because no missense mutation completely delimited resistant and sensitive sequences, we initially suspected the presence of a secondary, non-target-site resistance mechanism in this population. To isolate G399A, a segregating F2 population was produced and screened with a delimiting rate of lactofen. χ2 goodness-of-fit analysis of dead/alive ratings indicated single-locus inheritance of resistance in the F2 population, and molecular markers for the W-8 parental PPO2 coding region co-segregated tightly, but not perfectly, with resistance. More research is needed to fully characterize Palmer amaranth PPO inhibitor–resistance mechanisms, which appear to be more diverse than those found in common waterhemp.
Time-of-day effect on weed control efficacy with tolpyralate plus atrazine
Authors: Langdon Nicole M. , Soltani Nader , Raedar Alan J. , Hooker David C. , Robinson Darren E. , Sikkema Peter H.
Published: August 2020

Tolpyralate is a new 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)–inhibiting herbicide for weed control in corn. Previous research has reported efficacy of tolpyralate + atrazine on several annual grass and broadleaf weed species; however, no studies have evaluated weed control of tolpyralate + atrazine depending on time-of-day (TOD) of application. Six field experiments were conducted over a 2-yr period (2018, 2019) near Ridgetown, ON, to determine if there is an effect of TOD of application on tolpyralate + atrazine efficacy on common annual grass and broadleaf weeds. An application was made at 3-h intervals beginning at 06:00 h with the last application at 24:00 h. There was a slight TOD effect on velvetleaf, pigweed species, and common ragweed control with tolpyralate + atrazine; however, the magnitude of change throughout the day was ≤3% at 2, 4, or 8 wk after application (WAA). There was no effect of TOD of tolpyralate + atrazine on the control of lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, and green foxtail. All weed species were controlled ≥88% at 8 WAA. There was no effect of TOD of tolpyralate + atrazine application on corn yield. Results of this study show no evidence of a TOD effect on weed control efficacy with tolpyralate + atrazine.
Predicting the Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Mars Analog Sedimentary Lithologies
Authors: Kronyak R. E. , Arndt C. , Kah L. C. , TerMaath S. C.
Published: August 2020

Rock fractures and veins have been well documented by the Curiosity rover in the lithologies within Gale crater, Mars, and an understanding of the rock mechanical properties of Mars analog samples will improve our capabilities to predict fracture formation conditions (e.g., burial depth and influence of fluids). Data collected by Curiosity's drill allow estimation of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) for rocks that have been sampled by the drill. These estimates reveal that the drilled rock types are considerably weak. Qualitative assessments of rock types that were not drilled, however, suggest that stronger lithologies also exist within Gale crater. Here we integrate experimental testing, computational simulation, and uncertainty quantification to evaluate a predictive approach using the UCS obtained from the rover to determine a suite of mechanical properties for Gale lithologies. This method is demonstrated using analog rocks, specifically iron‐cemented sandstone and poorly lithified mudstone. The range of properties determined from sandstone testing is consistent with very strong terrestrial lithologies, and mudstone testing is consistent with extremely weak lithologies, both representative of rock types identified in Gale crater. We evaluate the use of established correlations between measured properties and quantify the uncertainty in using predicted properties to simulate fracture through analog lithologies. Sensitivity analysis indicates the properties of tensile strength and fracture energy derived from the UCS are highly influential properties in predicting fracture. The predictive approach was successful for a well‐sorted and well‐cemented fine sandstone with no visible porosity and exhibited substantially large errors for analog eolian siltstone lithologies.
Podcast: Putting Brains in Rock Machines
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: August 2020

One geophysicist deviated from his usual work on paleomagnetism to study the magnetic remanence of human brains.
Mapping Io's Surface Composition With Juno/JIRAM
Authors: Tosi F. , Mura A. , Lopes R. M. C. , Filacchione G. , Ciarniello M. , Zambon F. , Adriani A. , Bolton S. J. , Brooks S. M. , Noschese R. , Sordini R. , Turrini D. , Altieri F. , Cicchetti A. , Grassi D. , Hansen C. J. , Migliorini A. , Moriconi M. L. , Piccioni G. , Plainaki C. , Sindoni G.
Published: August 2020

The surface composition of Io is dominated by SO2 frost, plus other chemical species identified or proposed over the past decades by combining Earth‐based and space‐based observations with laboratory data. Here we discuss spectroscopic data sets of Io obtained by the Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) spectro‐imager onboard Juno in nine orbits, spanning a 3‐year period. We display average spectral profiles of Io in the 2–5 μm range, and we use band depths derived from those profiles to map the geographic distribution of SO2 frost and other spectral features. This data set allows for an ~22% surface coverage at 58 to 162 km/px and in a broad range of latitudes. Our results confirm the broadly regional SO2‐frost trends already highlighted by Galileo/NIMS. Io's average spectral profiles as well as the mapping of the 4.47‐μm band also confirm that SO2 exists in the 32S16O18O isotopic form. Surprisingly, the mapping performed by JIRAM shows that the absorption band at 2.1 μm is unrelated to SO2 frost, while we map for the first time the depth of the 2.65‐μm band, highlighting regions enriched in this absorber, possibly H2S. JIRAM data confirm that the 3.92‐μm band, likely due to Cl2SO2, is largely related to the SO2 distribution. The correlation between Cl2SO2 and ClSO2, possibly revealed at 4.62 μm, is not equally clear. The simultaneous presence of two very weak spectral features at 4.55 and 4.62 μm suggests that nitrile compounds or tholins may also be present on the surface.
Cell fate determined by the activation balance between PKR and SPHK1
Authors: Qiao Han , Jiang Tianqing , Mu Peiqiang , Chen Xiaoxuan , Wen Xianhui , Hu Zhangsheng , Tang Shulin , Wen Jikai , Deng Yiqun
Published: August 2020

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) activation via autophosphorylation is the central cellular response to stress that promotes cell death or apoptosis. However, the key factors and mechanisms behind the simultaneous activation of pro-survival signaling pathways remain unknown. We have discovered a novel regulatory mechanism for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis that relies on the phosphorylation interplay between sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) and PKR during exogenous stress. We identified SPHK1 as a previously unrecognized PKR substrate. Phosphorylated SPHK1, a central kinase, mediates the activation of PKR-induced pro-survival pathways by the S1P/S1PR1/MAPKs/IKKα signal axis, and antagonizes PKR-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signal transduction under stress conditions. Otherwise, phosphorylated SPHK1 also acts as the negative feedback factor, preferentially binding to the latent form of PKR at the C-terminal kinase motif, inhibiting the homodimerization of PKR, suppressing PKR autophosphorylation, and reducing the signaling strength for cell death and apoptosis. Our results suggest that the balance of the activation levels between PKR and SPHK1, a probable hallmark of homeostasis maintenance, determines cell fate during cellular stress response.
S100A8 transported by SEC23A inhibits metastatic colonization via autocrine activation of autophagy
Authors: Sun Zhiwei , Zeng Bin , Liu Doudou , Zhao Qiting , Wang Jianyu , Rosie Xing H.
Published: August 2020

Metastasis is the main cause of failure of cancer treatment. Metastatic colonization is regarded the most rate-limiting step of metastasis and is subjected to regulation by a plethora of biological factors and processes. On one hand, regulation of metastatic colonization by autophagy appears to be stage- and context-dependent, whereas mechanistic characterization remains elusive. On the other hand, interactions between the tumor cells and their microenvironment in metastasis have long been appreciated, whether the secretome of tumor cells can effectively reshape the tumor microenvironment has not been elucidated mechanistically. In the present study, we have identified “SEC23A-S1008-BECLIN1-autophagy axis” in the autophagic regulation of metastatic colonization step, a mechanism that tumor cells can exploit autophagy to exert self-restrain for clonogenic proliferation before the favorable tumor microenvironment is established. Specifically, we employed a paired lung-derived oligometastatic cell line (OL) and the homologous polymetastatic cell line (POL) from human melanoma cell line M14 that differ in colonization efficiency. We show that S100A8 transported by SEC23A inhibits metastatic colonization via autocrine activation of autophagy. Furthermore, we verified the clinical relevance of our experimental findings by bioinformatics analysis of the expression of Sec23a and S100A8 and the clinical-pathological associations. We demonstrate that higher Sec23a and Atg5 expression levels appear to be protective factors and favorable diagnostic (TNM staging) and prognostic (overall survival) markers for skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) patients. And we confirm the bioinformatics analysis results with SKCM biopsy samples.
DNER promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition and prevents chemosensitivity through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in breast cancer
Authors: Wang Zhong , Li Zhiyu , Wu Qi , Li Chenyuan , Li Juanjuan , Zhang Yimin , Wang Changhua , Sun Si , Sun Shengrong
Published: August 2020

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumour in women worldwide, and one of the most common fatal tumours in women. Delta/Notch-like epidermal growth factor (EGF)-related receptor (DNER) is a transmembrane protein involved in the development of tumours. The role and potential mechanism of DNER in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis in BC are not fully understood. We find that DNER is overexpressed in BC tissue, especially triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) tissue, and related to the survival of BC and TNBC patients. In addition, DNER regulates cell EMT to enhance the proliferation and metastasis of BC cells via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the expression levels of β-catenin and DNER in BD tissue are positively correlated. The simultaneously high expression of DNER and β-catenin contributes to poor prognosis in BC patients. Finally, DNER protects BC cells from epirubicin-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In conclusion, these results suggest that DNER induces EMT and prevents apoptosis by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, ultimately promoting the malignant progression of BC. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that DNER functions as an oncogene and potentially valuable therapeutic target for BC.
Inside the hypoxic tumour: reprogramming of the DDR and radioresistance
Authors: Begg Katheryn , Tavassoli Mahvash
Published: August 2020

The hypoxic tumour is a chaotic landscape of struggle and adaption. Against the adversity of oxygen starvation, hypoxic cancer cells initiate a reprogramming of transcriptional activities, allowing for survival, metastasis and treatment failure. This makes hypoxia a crucial feature of aggressive tumours. Its importance, to cancer and other diseases, was recognised by the award of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research contributing to our understanding of the cellular response to oxygen deprivation. For cancers with limited treatment options, for example those that rely heavily on radiotherapy, the results of hypoxic adaption are particularly restrictive to treatment success. A fundamental aspect of this hypoxic reprogramming with direct relevance to radioresistance, is the alteration to the DNA damage response, a complex set of intermingling processes that guide the cell (for good or for bad) towards DNA repair or cell death. These alterations, compounded by the fact that oxygen is required to induce damage to DNA during radiotherapy, means that hypoxia represents a persistent obstacle in the treatment of many solid tumours. Considerable research has been done to reverse, correct or diminish hypoxia’s power over successful treatment. Though many clinical trials have been performed or are ongoing, particularly in the context of imaging studies and biomarker discovery, this research has yet to inform clinical practice. Indeed, the only hypoxia intervention incorporated into standard of care is the use of the hypoxia-activated prodrug Nimorazole, for head and neck cancer patients in Denmark. Decades of research have allowed us to build a picture of the shift in the DNA repair capabilities of hypoxic cancer cells. A literature consensus tells us that key signal transducers of this response are upregulated, where repair proteins are downregulated. However, a complete understanding of how these alterations lead to radioresistance is yet to come.
The Nutrition and Health in Southwest China (NHSC) study: design, implementation, and major findings
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Chen Mengxue , Duan Ruonan , Xue Hongmei , Luo Jiao , Lv Xiaohua , Jia Hong , He Fang , Zhang Lishi , Cheng Guo
Published: August 2020

Background

There are few studies of nutritional and genetic factors and their interactions on the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among Chinese adults.

Objective

Our aim for the Nutrition and Health in Southwest China (NHSC) study is to investigate the impact of diet, lifestyle, genetic background, and their interactions on NCDs among adults in Southwest China.

Methods

The NSHC is a prospective cohort study initiated in winter 2013. The baseline data collection was completed in December 2018, and follow-ups are conducted every 2 years. Information on genomics, anthropometry, nutrition, eating behaviors, physical activity, depression and mental disorders, clinical and biochemical examinations, and lifestyles was collected.

Results

7926 adults completed the baseline questionnaire. The average age of participants was 42.6 (9.8) years at study enrollment. More than half were female, 37.2% had achieved more than 12 years of education, and 49.3% of them came from family income >35,000 Yuan. Our analyses of the baseline data suggested that adults with greater dietary energy density appeared to have greater body mass index, fat mass index, fat-free mass index and percentage body fat, and that participants with a higher level of dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, or serum 25(OH)D had a less favorable glucose homeostasis. In addition, spending less time watching television and having a healthy eating pattern may play significant roles in later cellular aging.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the NHSC cohort provides valuable data for investigations of the relevance of gene, nutrition, lifestyles, and their interactions on NCDs among southwestern Chinese adults.
Development of a species-specific transformation system using the novel endogenous promoter calreticulin from oleaginous microalgae Ettlia sp.
Authors: Lee Jun-Woo , Lee Min-Woo , Ha Ji-San , Kim Dae-Soo , Jin EonSeon , Lee Hyung-Gwan , Oh Hee-Mock
Published: August 2020

Microalgae not only serve as raw materials for biofuel but also have uses in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. However, regulated gene expression in microalgae has only been achieved in a few strains due to the lack of genome information and unstable transformation. This study developed a species-specific transformation system for an oleaginous microalga, Ettlia sp. YC001, using electroporation. The electroporation was optimized using three parameters (waveform, field strength, and number of pulses), and the final selection was a 5 kV cm−1 field strength using an exponential decay wave with one pulse. A new strong endogenous promoter CRT (Pcrt) was identified using transcriptome and quantitative PCR analysis of highly expressed genes during the late exponential growth phase. The activities of this promoter were characterized using a codon optimized cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) as a reporter. The expression of CFP was similar under Pcrt and under the constitutive promoter psaD (PpsaD). The developed transformation system using electroporation with the endogenous promoter is simple to prepare, is easy to operate with high repetition, and utilizes a species-specific vector for high expression. This system could be used not only in molecular studies on microalgae but also in various industrial applications of microalgae.
Tumoral and paratumoral NK cells and CD8+ T cells of esophageal carcinoma patients express high levels of CD47
Authors: Strizova Zuzana , Vachtenheim Jiri , Snajdauf Martin , Lischke Robert , Bartunkova Jirina , Smrz Daniel
Published: August 2020

In a limited number of human malignancies, anti-CD47 therapy leads to the rapid clearance of tumor cells by macrophages. In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, anti-CD47 treatment has shown promising results in vitro. However, the CD47 expression pattern in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which are associated with prolonged overall survival and serve as a positive prognostic factor, is largely unknown. In this study, a total of 36 tissue samples from the tumor, peritumoral tissue, and adjacent healthy esophageal tissue was obtained from 12 esophageal carcinoma (EC) patients, and the surface expression of CD47 was evaluated in natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T cells, and the nonlymphocyte cell fraction. We found that the proportions of the evaluated cells and their CD47-expressing populations were comparable across the analyzed tissue compartments. However, the proportions of CD47-expressing populations in the analyzed tissue compartments were significantly higher in NK cells and CD8+ T cells than in the nonlymphocyte cell fraction. Importantly, the intensity of CD47 staining was also significantly higher in the tested immune cells than in the nonlymphocyte cell fraction. High expression of CD47 in tissue-infiltrating NK cells and CD8+ T cells in EC patients can, therefore, affect the efficacy of anti-CD47 therapy in EC.
Multicoding in neural information transfer suggested by mathematical analysis of the frequency-dependent synaptic plasticity in vivo
Authors: Hata Katsuhiko , Araki Osamu , Yokoi Osamu , Kusakabe Tatsumi , Yamamoto Yoshio , Ito Susumu , Nikuni Tetsuro
Published: August 2020

Two elements of neural information processing have primarily been proposed: firing rate and spike timing of neurons. In the case of synaptic plasticity, although spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) depending on presynaptic and postsynaptic spike times had been considered the most common rule, recent studies have shown the inhibitory nature of the brain in vivo for precise spike timing, which is key to the STDP. Thus, the importance of the firing frequency in synaptic plasticity in vivo has been recognized again. However, little is understood about how the frequency-dependent synaptic plasticity (FDP) is regulated in vivo. Here, we focused on the presynaptic input pattern, the intracellular calcium decay time constants, and the background synaptic activity, which vary depending on neuron types and the anatomical and physiological environment in the brain. By analyzing a calcium-based model, we found that the synaptic weight differs depending on these factors characteristic in vivo, even if neurons receive the same input rate. This finding suggests the involvement of multifaceted factors other than input frequency in FDP and even neural coding in vivo.
Correction: A capillary-based fluorimetric platform for the evaluation of glucose in blood using gold nanoclusters and glucose oxidase in the ZIF-8 matrix
Authors: Feng Luping , Yang Jiani , Zhang Sheng , Zhang Lixiang , Chen Xi , Li Pan , Gao Yuan , Xie Shujing , Zhang Yun , Wang Hua
Published: August 2020

Correction for ‘A capillary-based fluorimetric platform for the evaluation of glucose in blood using gold nanoclusters and glucose oxidase in the ZIF-8 matrix’ by Luping Feng et al., Analyst, 2020, 145, 5273–5279, DOI: 10.1039/D0AN01090A.
One-step synthesis of composite hydrogel capsules to support liver organoid generation from hiPSCs
Authors: Wang Yaqing , Liu Haitao , Zhang Min , Wang Hui , Chen Wenwen , Qin Jianhua
Published: August 2020

One-step synthesis of composite hydrogel capsules (CHCs) that allow engineering hiPSC-derived liver organoids in an oil-free droplet microfluidic system.
Rational design of photo-cleavable alkoxyamines for polymerization and synthesis
Authors: Hill Nicholas S. , Coote Michelle L.
Published: August 2020

Hydroxy-substituted anthraquinones fused to proxyl-based alkoxyamines are predicted to be promising reagents for photochemical methylation and nitroxide mediated polymerization.
Surface sites assembled-strategy on Pt–Ru nanowires for accelerated methanol oxidation
Authors: Li Mingxuan , Wang Yao , Cai Jing , Li Yunrui , Liu Yujie , Dong Yin , Li Shuna , Yuan Xiaolin , Zhang Xin , Dai Xiaoping
Published: August 2020

Isolated Ru atoms activate more Pt atoms involved in the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) pathway, which collectively accelerate methanol oxidation.
Effect of feeding type 2 diabetes mellitus rats with synbiotic yogurt sweetened with monk fruit extract on serum lipid levels and hepatic AMPK (5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway
Authors: Ban Qingfeng , Cheng Jianjun , Sun Xiaomeng , Jiang Yunqing , Guo Mingruo
Published: August 2020

Monk fruit extract (MFE) is a natural sweetener that has been used as an ingredient of food and pharmaceutical products.
An enzyme-triggered turn-on fluorescent probe based on carboxylate-induced detachment of a fluorescence quencher
Authors: Oe Masahiro , Miki Koji , Ohe Kouichi
Published: August 2020

A new class of turn-on fluorescent probes for an enzyme was developed to increase the responsiveness to the enzyme without generating any by-products.
Optical purity, enantiomeric excess and the Horeau effect
Authors: Polavarapu Prasad L.
Published: August 2020

Optical purity (op) and enantiomeric excess (ee) become equal when either heterochiral dimerization constant is twice that of homochiral dimerization constant or specific rotations of monomer and dimer are equal.
Synthesis of fused-tetrahydropyrimidines: one-pot methylenation–cyclization utilizing two molecules of CO2
Authors: Zhao Yulei , Guo Xuqiang , Du Yulan , Shi Xinrui , Yan Shina , Liu Yunlin , You Jinmao
Published: August 2020

A methylenation–cyclization reaction employing cyclic enaminones with primary aromatic amines and two molecules of CO2 to furnish fused-tetrahydropyrimidines has been developed.
MIDA boronate allylation – synthesis of ibuprofen
Authors: Phillips David , Brodie Glen , Memarzadeh Sarah , Tang Gi Lum , France David J.
Published: August 2020

Here we demonstrate the coupling of MIDA boronates to allylic electrophiles, including a new synthesis of the well-known COX inhibitor ibuprofen.
Syntheses of four porous 3-D Cd(ii) metal–organic frameworks from a new multidentate ligand 5-(imidazol-1-yl)-N′-(pyridin-4-ylmethylene) nicotinohydrazide and their characterization and adsorption properties
Authors: Zhu Gui-Ying , Liu Zhenliang , Wang Jia , Niu Xue , Wang Teng , Jin Guo-Xia , Ma Jian-Ping
Published: August 2020

Herein, four stable 3D porous Cd(ii)-MOFs were constructed from the multidentate acylhydrazone ligand, and their CO2 adsorption properties revealed that the anions have an obvious effect on the adsorption capacities of these MOFs.
Mucus-responsive functionalized emulsions: design, synthesis and study of novel branched polymers as functional emulsifiers
Authors: Edwards Stephanie E. , Flynn Sean , Hobson James J. , Chambon Pierre , Cauldbeck Helen , Rannard Steve P.
Published: August 2020

Mucoadhesion and mucus-sensitive materials have many applications. Redundant chain-ends within branched polymer emulsifiers have been functionalized with thiols, without compromising emulsion stability, to create mucus-interacting emulsions.
Bifunctional catalytic activity of Ni–Co layered double hydroxide for the electro-oxidation of water and methanol
Authors: Patil Komal , Babar Pravin , Lee Dong Min , Karade Vijay , Jo Eunae , Korade Sumit , Kim Jin Hyeok
Published: August 2020

A NiCo-LDH nanowire electrode synthesized via a hydrothermal method presented excellent catalytic activity for both the OER and MOR, proving it to be an outstanding bifunctional electrocatalyst for energy conversion devices.
Heteroatom-doped carbon interpenetrating networks: a signpost to achieve the best performance of non-PGM catalysts for fuel cells
Authors: Bai Lu , Liu Jingjun , Jin Chun , Zhang Jin , Wang Feng
Published: August 2020

Non-platinum group metal (non-PGM) catalysts, constructed from cheap and abundant carbon, nitrogen and 3d transition metals as bricks, have been regarded as the most promising candidates for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells and metal–air batteries.
Neutrophil extracellular trap from Kawasaki disease alter the biologic responses of PBMC
Authors: Jing Yang , Ding Meng , Fu Jiuyuan , Xiao Yanping , Chen Xianghua , Zhang Qingyun
Published: August 2020

Kawasaki disease (KD), also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is an acute systemic vasculitis syndrome that mainly occurs in infants under 5 years of age. In the current manuscript, we were aiming to analyze the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the pathogenesis of KD, especially their interplay with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Neutrophils were exposed to 20 nM phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), we found that neutrophils of KD patients were more likely to form NETs compared with healthy controls (HCs). Furthermore, PBMCs were cultured with NETs for 24 h, and we observed that NETs significantly increased the cell viability, suppressed cell apoptosis, and enhanced the pro-inflammatory cytokines production and NF-κB activation in PBMCs from KD patients. In addition, with the stimulation of NETs, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) were increased, which were related with the pathological mechanism of KD. At last, we examined the activation of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, and we found NETs treatment obviously enhanced the activation of PI3K and Akt. In conclusion, these findings suggested that the formation of NETs may alter the biologic responses of PBMC and affect the vascular injury in KD.
Joint Attention and Sensory-Regulatory Features at 13 and 22 Months as Predictors of Preschool Language and Social-Communication Outcomes
Authors: Nowell Sallie W. , Watson Linda R. , Crais Elizabeth R. , Baranek Grace T. , Faldowski Richard A. , Turner-Brown Lauren
Published: August 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to understand how joint attention and sensory-regulatory features are related in early childhood and predict language and social-communication outcomes in preschool in order to build mechanistic theories that can inform early intervention directed at improving these outcomes.

Method

Cross-lagged panel analysis models were used to examine the association between joint attention and sensory-regulatory features at 13 and 22 months of age in children (n= 87) who were identified via community screening at 12 months as having a higher likelihood than the general population for being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.

Results

Significant concurrent correlations and predictive correlations were found between these constructs at 13 and 22 months. Joint attention skills at 13 months predicted both joint attention and sensory-regulatory features at 22 months. Distal language and social-communication outcomes at preschool age (n= 48) were best predicted by sensory-regulatory features at 22 months.

Conclusions

Both joint attention and sensory regulation are important factors in the first and second years of life for impacting later preschool language and social-communication outcomes in this sample. These findings may have implications for future early childhood intervention research for children at a higher likelihood for autism spectrum disorder.
1V relaxation oscillator with integrated voltage and current reference
Authors: Wang Lidan , Zhan Chenchang
Published: August 2020

This Letter presents a novel relaxation oscillator with integrated voltage and current reference circuit, which generates a 32 kHz clock reference with 1% accuracy and has total power consumption of 122 nW at 1 V. Its temperature coefficient (TC) is 104 ppm/°C with a temperature range of −40 to 100°C, and its supply voltage accuracy is 1.6%/V from 1 to 1.8 V. The proposed oscillator uses the voltage reference directly to compare with the charging capacitor voltage, and the charging current is derived from the voltage reference divided by one temperature‐independent resistor. The advantages are that the accuracy of output frequency and TC can be trimmed simultaneously and independently. It is fabricated in 0.18 μm CMOS technology and occupies 0.059 mm2 including the voltage and current reference circuits.
Modeling high-dimensional dependence in astronomical data
Authors: Vio R. , Nagler T. W. , Andreani P.
Published: August 2020

Fixing the relationship of a set of experimental quantities is a fundamental issue in many scientific disciplines. In the 2D case, the classical approach is to compute the linear correlation coefficient ρ from a scatterplot. This method, however, implicitly assumes a linear relationship between the variables. Such an assumption is not always correct. With the use of the partial correlation coefficients, an extension to the multidimensional case is possible. However, the problem of the assumed mutual linear relationship of the variables remains. A relatively recent approach that makes it possible to avoid this problem is the modeling of the joint probability density function of the data with copulas. These are functions that contain all the information on the relationship between two random variables. Although in principle this approach also can work with multidimensional data, theoretical as well computational difficulties often limit its use to the 2D case. In this paper, we consider an approach based on so-called vine copulas, which overcomes this limitation and at the same time is amenable to a theoretical treatment and feasible from the computational point of view. We applied this method to published data on the near-IR and far-IR luminosities and atomic and molecular masses of the Herschel reference sample, a volume-limited sample in the nearby Universe. We determined the relationship of the luminosities and gas masses and show that the far-IR luminosity can be considered as the key parameter relating the other three quantities. Once removed from the 4D relation, the residual relation among the latter is negligible. This may be interpreted as the correlation between the gas masses and near-IR luminosity being driven by the far-IR luminosity, likely by the star formation activity of the galaxy.
Relation entraîneur–athlète et style interpersonnel de l’entraîneur en contexte précompétitif, quels liens avec la performance ? Une étude basée sur le modèle motivationnel de la relation entraîneur–athlète
Authors: Combeau Eloïse , Debanne Thierry
Published: August 2020

Cette étude portait sur l’influence de facteurs contextuels (niveau de l’adversaire) et interpersonnels (relation entraîneur–athlète [RE-A]) sur le style interpersonnel de l’entraîneur basé sur le soutien/frustration des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux de l’athlète, et de l’influence de ce style interpersonnel sur la performance sportive. L’étude, adossée à la théorie de l’évaluation cognitive (Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985).Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior.New York: Plenum Press), mobilise le modèle motivationnel de la relation entraîneur–athlète (MMRE-A, Mageau, G.A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach–athlete relationship: a motivational model.Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(11), 883–904). Les verbatims des discours compétitifs (59 combats ; quatre entraîneurs et 20 judokas), suite aux enregistrements audio lors de deux tournois nationaux, ont fait l’objet d’une analyse déductive et d’un décompte par unités sémantiques. La relation entraîneur–athlète a été mesurée par le « Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire » (Jowett, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q): development and initial validation.Medicine & Science in Sports, 14(4), 245–257). Les analyses ont mis en évidence : des liens positifs entre la complémentarité perçue par l’athlète, l’engagement perçu par l’entraîneur et le soutien du besoin d’autonomie ; un lien négatif entre la co-orientation et un discours orienté vers l’activation de l’athlète. Elles ont aussi révélé une influence négative de l’activation de l’athlète sur sa performance, et une absence d’influence du niveau de l’adversaire sur le discours motivationnel de l’entraîneur. Ces résultats sont discutés et des implications pratiques sont présentées.
Dehydratation verstehen – wie viel Wasser braucht der ältere Mensch?
Authors: Wirth Rainer
Published: August 2020

Als Exsikkose oder auch Dehydratation bezeichnet man ganz allgemein eine Symptomatik, die auf einen unphysiologisch niedrigen Wassergehalt des Organismus zurückzuführen ist. Aufgrund vieler im Alter häufigen Erkrankungen, aber auch vor dem Hintergrund des im Alter oft nachlassenden Durstgefühls, sind ältere Menschen besonders gefährdet, eine Dehydratation zu entwickeln. Die Symptomatik der Dehydratation geht nicht nur mit Schwäche und ggf. Verwirrtheit einher, sondern kann zu vielen Sekundärerkrankungen führen. Beispielsweise ist das Orthostasesyndrom, welches gehäuft zu Stürzen und Frakturen führt, meist durch eine Dehydratation bedingt. Die Diagnosestellung der Dehydratation ist gelegentlich schwierig, da keines der diagnostischen Zeichen über eine ausreichende Sensitivität und Spezifität verfügt. So kann die Diagnose meist nur aus der Gesamtschau des Patienten gestellt werden und durch eine erfolgreiche Therapie bestätigt werden. Für eine wirksame Prävention ist eine ausreichende tägliche Flüssigkeitszufuhr unumgänglich. Die 2018 veröffentlichte ESPEN-Leitlinie zur Klinischen Ernährung und Flüssigkeitsversorgung geriatrischer Patienten empfiehlt die Zufuhr von 1,6 und 2,0 Liter Getränken pro Tag für ältere Frauen und Männer.
Mikronährstoffdosierungen in Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln im Vergleich zu den Höchstmengenvorschlägen des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung
Authors: von Lippe Maximilian , Mosler Stephanie , Lührmann Petra , Carlsohn Anja
Published: August 2020

Hintergrund Das Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR) veröffentlichte im Januar 2018 Höchstmengenvorschläge (HMV) für Vitamine und Mineralstoffe in Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln (NEM). Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht beispielhaft die Einhaltung der HMV in NEM aus dem Einzelhandel.

Material und Methodik In dieser Pilotstudie im Querschnittdesign wurden 106 NEM aus einem Reformhaus, einem Supermarkt und 2 Drogerien aus Schwäbisch Gmünd hinsichtlich ihrer Mikronährstoffdosierungen untersucht. Für die Analysen wurden die Nährstoffangaben auf den Verpackungen der einzelnen Präparate herangezogen, in einer Datenbank erfasst und mit den jeweiligen HMV für Vitamine und Mineralstoffe in NEM verglichen.

Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 30 Einzelvitaminpräparate, 11 Einzelmineralstoffpräparate, 44 Multivitaminpräparate, 11 Multimineralpräparate und 10 Multivitamin- und Multimineralstoffpräparate untersucht. Von den 106 untersuchten NEM hielten ca. 48 % die HMV bei allen Nährstoffen ein. Eine Überschreitung der HMV bei mindestens einem Mikronährstoff wiesen 55 Präparate (51,8 %) auf. Die HMV wurden am häufigsten bei Multivitamin- und Multimineralstoffpräparaten (80 % der Präparate) überschritten.

Schlussfolgerung Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass mehr als die Hälfte der untersuchten NEM aus dem stationären Einzelhandel in Schwäbisch Gmünd die HMV des BfR für Vitamine und Mineralstoffe überschreiten. Das ist bedenklich, da mit dem Gebrauch von hoch dosierten Vitamin- und Mineralstoffpräparaten gesundheitliche Risiken einhergehen können, insbesondere bei hoher habitueller Zufuhr. VerbraucherInnen sollten somit auf die möglichen Risiken, die aus der Einnahme von NEM resultieren können, hingewiesen werden. Verbindliche Höchstmengen sowie EU-weite einheitliche Richtlinien für Mikronährstoff-Höchstmengen in NEM wären möglicherweise sinnvoll.
Was wissen Sie über…das vegetative Nervensystem?
Authors: Schmid Eva C.
Published: August 2020

In dieser Ausgabe beschäftigen sich alle Wissensquiz-Fragen mit dem Thema vegetatives Nervensystem.
Excitons in CdTe/ZnTe heterostructure with atomically thin CdTe layers
Authors: Filosofov N. G. , Serov A. Yu. , Karczewski G. , Agekian V. F. , Mariette H. , Kochereshko V. P.
Published: August 2020

Heterostructures with atomically thin double quantum wells based on CdTe/ZnTe are investigated by optical spectroscopy (photoluminescence and reflectivity methods) as a function of temperature and density of excitation. Heavy and light exciton luminescence lines are observed with comparable intensities and different temperature behaviors (they cross each other at about 65° K). All these features agree with a complete calculation that takes into account both a very small chemical band offset for such monolayer CdTe inclusions in the ZnTe matrix (namely, 2%), and, consequently, the importance of Coulombic interaction in these double quantum wells.
Data-informed sampling and mapping: an approach to ensure plot-based classifications locate, classify and map rare and restricted vegetation types
Authors: Bell Stephen A. J. , Driscoll Colin
Published: August 2020

A new approach to vegetation sample selection, classification and mapping is described that accounts for rare and restricted vegetation communities. The new method (data-informed sampling and mapping: D-iSM) builds on traditional preferential sampling and was developed to guide conservation and land-use planning. It combines saturation coverage of vegetation point data with a preferential sampling design to produce locally accurate vegetation classifications and maps. Many existing techniques rely entirely or in part on random sampling, modelling against environmental variables, or on assumptions that photo-patterns detected through aerial photographic interpretation or physical landscape features can be attributed to a specific vegetation type. D-iSM uses ground data to inform both classification and mapping phases of a project. The approach is particularly suited to local- and regional-scale situations where disputes between conservation and development often lead to poor planning decisions, as well as in circumstances where highly restricted vegetation types occur within a wider mosaic of more common communities. Benefits of the D-iSM approach include more efficient and more representative floristic sampling, more realistic and repeatable classifications, increased user accuracy in vegetation mapping and increased ability to detect and map rare vegetation communities. Case studies are presented to illustrate the method in real-world classification and mapping projects.