bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strontium 90: Estimation of Worldwide Deposition
Authors: Volchok Herbert L.
Published: October 2006

The relation between the worldwide deposition of strontium-90, as calculated by many investigators over the last decade, and that observed in rainfall in New York City has been relatively constant. On the average, for each millicurie of strontium-90 per square mile deposited in New York City, 0.055 megacurie has been deposited on the earth's total surface. Cumulative deposits of strontium-90 on the earth's surface at various intervals over the last 10 years have been computed from this ratio. From the mean quarterly fraction of the annual strontium-90 fallout in New York City for the last 9 years, the worldwide deposition of this nuclide, equal to 2.48 megacuries, is predicted for 1964.
Vapor Pressure of Ice Containing D
2
O
Authors: Matsuo Sadao , Kuniyoshi Hideko , Miyake Yasuo
Published: October 2006

The vapor pressures of solid D
2
O and ice containing D
2
O in various amounts were measured with an oil manometer. The result gives the lowest vapor pressure for D
2
O ice ever obtained. The observed value for ice with different proportions of D
2
O and H
2
O agreed well with the values calculated on the assumption that the vapor pressure of HDO is the geometrical mean of those of H
2
O and D
2
O and that the equilibrium constant of isotopic exchange is 4. The fractionation factor of D between ice and vapor phases increases from 1.128 at 0°C to 1.210 at —38°C.
Clay- and Carbonate-Accumulation Rates in Three South Atlantic Deep-Sea Cores
Authors: Turekian Karl K. , Stuiver Minze
Published: October 2006

Three South Atlantic deep sea cores have been dated by the carbon-14 technique, and rates of accumulation of clay and calcium carbonate have been determined. The highest eupelagic clay rates for the Atlantic found to date are in the Argentine Basin, and the lowest are on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Guinea Fracture Zone in the Equatorial Atlantic
Authors: Krause Dale C.
Published: October 2006

The east-west Guinea fracture zone is situated off Sierra Leone, West Africa. The estimated topographic left lateral displacement is about 230 kilometers. This fracture zone is the eastern analog of the Vema fracture zone, with its associated troughs, and of the Barracuda Fault. The Guinea fracture zone marks the northern boundary on the African coast of a wide zone of left lateral shear in the equatorial Atlantic.
Conduction of the Action Potential in the Frog Ventricle
Authors: Van der Kloot William G. , Dane Benjamin
Published: October 2006

Cardiac muscle fibers are made up of individual cells joined end to end; it has been suggested that the action potential must be conducted from cell to cell by some specialized mechanism. The alternative is that the electrical resistance is low at the junctions between the cells, so that the fiber behaves like a cable. The shape and time course of the foot of the action potential and the conduction velocity in the frog ventricle fit the predictions made from the cable theory.
Chromosome Complements of Two Species of Primates:
Cynopithecus niger
and
Presbytis entellus
Authors: Ushijima Richard N. , Shininger F. Stuart , Grand Theodore I.
Published: October 2006

Forty-two chromosomes were counted from expanded cultured cells of four Celebes apes,
Cynopithecus niger
. Mitotic cells from three Indian langurs,
Presbytis entellus
, contained 44 chromosomes. These counts support cytogenetically the taxonomical classification of these animals according to Simpson.
Ostracitoxin: An Ichthyotoxic Stress Secretion of the Boxfish,
Ostracion lentiginosus
Authors: Thomson Donald A.
Published: October 2006

Boxfish under stress produce an ichthyotoxic, hemolytic, nonprotein poison in the mucous secretions of their skin. This heat-stable, nondialyzable "ostracitoxin" foams profusely in aqueous solutions and is toxic to various biological systems. It is apparently unique among known fish poisons; it is toxic to boxfish and resembles red tide and sea cucumber toxins in general properties.
Interpretation of Ranger Photographs
Authors: O'Keefe John A.
Published: October 2006

A dark stripe seen on the Ranger 7 photographs of the moon interrupts the ray patterns and fits a local pattern of lineation. This dark stripe is evidence of recent volcanism, of intermediate or acid type.
Enolase: Multiple Molecular Forms in Fish Muscle
Authors: Tsuyuki Henry , Wold Finn
Published: October 2006

Starch-gel electrophoresis shows three distinct molecular forms of enolase in each of eight different species of Salmonidae. The three enolases do not appear to be artifacts of isolation, and their electrophoretic patterns are completely reproducible. The patterns are also highly characteristic for each individual species of fish, and together with the overall myogen patterns they represent unequivocal means of taxonomical identification.
Infestation of the Copepod
Acartia tonsa
with the Stalked Ciliate
Zoothamnium
Authors: Herman Sidney S. , Mihursky Joseph A.
Published: October 2006

An entire population of the copepod
Acartia tonsa
in the Patuxent River, Maryland, was infested with a stalked protozoan of the genus
Zoothamnium
. Each copepod had 25 to 200 ciliates attached around the appendages. The infestation occurred at the time when
Acartia tonsa
was being replaced as the dominant copepod by
Acartia clause
.
Transferrin: Variations in Blood Serum of Red Howler Monkeys
Authors: Schön Miguel A. , Arends Tulio
Published: October 2006

Blood serum samples from 33 red howler monkeys (
Alouatta seniculus
) were examined. Three different phenotypes were found and denominated A, B, and C. Four serums could not be classified because their transferrin apparently did not bind iron-59, possibly owing to saturation. A difference was observed in the electrophoretic migration and pattern of the transferrins in these monkeys compared with those of other primates.
Staphylolytic Enzyme from
Chalaropsis
: Mechanism of Action
Authors: Tipper Donald J. , Strominger Jack L. , Ghuysen Jean-Marie
Published: October 2006

The staphylolytic enzyme recently isolated from cultures of a
Chalaropsis
species by Hash is shown to be an acetylmurainidase that cleaves all the glycosidic linkages of
N
-acetylmuramic acid and
N
,
O
-diacetylmuramic acid in the cell wall of
Staphylococcus aureus
strain Copenhagen. It is similar in specificity to the "32 enzyme" from
Streptomyces albus
but it differs from egg-white lysozyme whose activity is inhibited by the presence of O-acetyl groups.
Spalled, Aerodynamically Modified Moldavite from Slavice, Moravia, Czechoslovakia
Authors: Chao E. C. T.
Published: October 2006

A Czechoslovakian tektite or moldavite shows clear, indirect evidence of aerodynamic ablation. This large tektite has the shape of a teardrop, with a strongly convex, deeply corroded, but clearly identifiable front and a planoconvex, relatively smooth, posterior surface. In spite of much erosion and corrosion, demarcation of the posterior and the anterior part of the specimen (the keel) is clearly preserved locally. This specimen provides the first tangible evidence that moldavites entered the atmosphere cold, probably at a velocity exceeding 5 kilometers per second; the result was selective heating of the anterior face and perhaps ablation during the second melting. This provides evidence of the extraterrestrial origin of moldavites.
β-Galactosidase: Inactivation of Its Messenger RNA by Ultraviolet Irradiation
Authors: Swenson P. A. , Setlow R. B.
Published: October 2006

A brief exposure of
Escherichia coli
cells to an inducer for β-galactosidase results in the production of a messenger RNA which subsequently expresses itself as β-galactosidase. Ultraviolet irradiation of cells after exposure to the inducer results in a decrease in the amount of β-galactosidase formed. The messenger RNA formed during the brief exposure to inducer is evidently inactivated by the ultraviolet radiation. The decay of messenger RNA activity in irradiated cells has the same kinetics as that observed in unirradiated cells.
Synergism between a Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus and
Eperythrozoon coccoides
Authors: Riley Vernon
Published: October 2006

An interaction occurs when a lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus and
Eperythrozoon coccoides
are present together in the mouse host. The synergism is expressed by a substantial increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase, spleen enlargement, host anemia, and quantitative alteration of several blood elements.
Control of Synthesis of RNA and Protein in Diapausing and Injured Cecropia Pupae
Authors: Berry S. J. , Krishnakumaran A. , Schneiderman H. A.
Published: October 2006

Injury to diapausing pupae of the cecropia silkworm moth stimulates the synthesis of RNA in all pupal tissues and the synthesis of several blood proteins; such injury also induces the precocious synthesis of a protein, termed "injury protein," which normally appears in the blood during adult development. Actinomycin D, injected in concentrations of 2 micrograms per gram of body weight, blocks the injury-stimulated increase in blood protein synthesis and the injury-induced synthesis of injury protein. However, at concentrations of 0.5 micrograms per gram it prevents the induction of injury-protein synthesis but does not prevent the increased synthesis of other blood proteins. These results suggest that low concentrations of actinomycin may inhibit the synthesis of new kinds of messenger RNA but still permit the continued synthesis of messenger RNA's already in production at the time the actinomycin is injected.
Solar X-Ray Spectrum below 25 Angstroms
Authors: Blake R. L. , Chubb T. A. , Friedman H. , Unzicker A. E.
Published: October 2006

Below 25 Å, the solar spectrum consists primarily of the emission lines of Fe XVII, O VIII, O VII, and N VII. The lines of the more highly ionized atoms, Fe XVII and O VIII, originate in localized active regions. Lines of O VII and N VII emanate from the full disk.
Electroconvulsive Shock, Retroactive Amnesia, and the Single-Shock Method
Authors: Leonard Dwight J. , Zavala Albert
Published: October 2006

If electroconvulsive shock is given immediately after a learning session, retroactive amnesia for that response occurs. Such results may be due to production of aversive responses or to interference with consolidation of the neural engram, or to both. Aversive responses or competing responses are not adequate explanations for retroactive amnesia. Consolidation theory provides the most plausible explanation. The single-shock method is an appropriate approach for studying the relationships between electroconvulsive shock and retroactive amnesia.
Electrolytic Growth of Silver Dendrites
Authors: Ainsworth W. A.
Published: October 2006

The growth rates of silver dendrites formed in narrow capillaries by electrodeposition under various physical conditions have been determined. Dissolution of such dendrites as well as their growth can be reliably controlled. This principle may be used in the design of components for adaptive electronic systems.
Polyoma Virus Genetic Material in a Virus-Free Polyoma-Induce Tumor
Authors: Axelrod David , Habel Karl , Bolton Ellis T.
Published: October 2006

The DNA-agar technique for homology studies was used to investigate the DNA of a polyoma-induced virus-free tumor for the presence of the viral genetic material. Complementary polynucleceotide sequences were found between the polyoma DNA and the DNA of several mammalian species. The increased complementarity of the polyoma DNA to the DNA of polyoma-induced tumor reflects an increased frequency of common polynucleotide sequences in the tumor DNA.
Modern Graywacke-Type Sands
Authors: Hollister Charles D. , Heezen Bruce C.
Published: October 2006

A preliminary study of more than 100 deep-sea cores from abyssal plains has revealed two examples of recent muddy sands of the graywacke type which, together with the microcrystalline matrix, form a bimodal-size distribution sands have a well-sorted framework of quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments which, together with the microcrystalline matrix, form a bimodal-size distribution that is also typical of ancient graywackes. The matrix is considered to be primary.
Sequential Gene Action in the Establishment of Lysogeny
Authors: Levine Myron , Smith Hamilton O.
Published: October 2006

A study of temperature sensitive clear-plaque-forming mutants of bacteriophage P22 demonstrates that the
c
1
and
c
2
loci must function in a temporal sequence in the establishment of lysogeny in
Salmonella typhimurium
. The
c
1
locus acts for only a 4-minute interval between the 7th to 11th minute of the infection. The
c
2
locus begins to function some minutes later, and its continued activity is necessary for perpetuation of the lysogenic state.
Diamond Synthesis with Bridgman Opposed-Anvil Apparatus
Authors: Bundy F. P.
Published: October 2006

Bridgman opposed-anvil, high-pressure apparatus, which was available in the early 1940's, has been used successfully to synthesize diamonds from graphite in the laboratory.
Purine and Pyrimidines in Sediments from the Experimental Mohole
Authors: Rosenberg Eugene
Published: October 2006

Cytosine, adenine, guanine, and thymine, but not uracil, have been detected in core samples taken from various depths of the experimental Mohole. The following quantities of bases were found in the deepest core samples available (approximately 25 × 10
6
years old): cytosine, 2.5 μg/5 g; adenine, 0.9 μg/5 g; guanine, 0.2 μg/5 g; thymine and uracil, 0 μg/5 g.
Blood Vessels of the Mammalian Renal Medulla
Authors: Plakke R. K. , Pfeiffer E. W.
Published: October 2006

Sections and macerated specimens of kidneys from several species of wild and domestic mammals injected with India ink or vinyl acetate, or both, show that the specialized blood vessels of the renal medulla (vasa recta) consist of parallel, relatively unbranched vessels which break up into plexuses at different levels of the medulla. This concept differs from that expressed in many current textbooks. In some species there is a distinct zonation of the medullary blood supply, and in certain other species no zonation was observed. Functional differences exist between these two groups, and it is suggested that these differences may be due to the vasa recta.
The Changing Environment of Science
Authors: Waterman Alan T.
Published: October 2006

Of course the consequence of all this may be the broadening out of a scientific career into one more closely integrated with society in general. This is natural enough, and surely after careful consideration most would agree that this result is desirable. My question today directly concerns the necessity for maintaining the strength and integrity of science in the face of varied opportunities, responsibilities, and distractions: How should this strength and integrity be safeguarded? If the involvement of scientists in social affairs brings with it questionable or dangerous consequences to society, then society will take steps to formulate regulations for their prevention, with possible grave effect upon science. Similarly, in science itself, if the course of science and the behavior of scientists appear to scientists themselves to be damaging to its strength and progress, then a normal reaction on their part would be the formulation of rules and regulations to prevent such abuses.
Dislocations in Ice
Authors: Hayes C. E. , Webb W. W.
Published: October 2006

The dislocation structures of dendritic ice crystals have been directly observed by x-ray diffraction topography. Growth occurs without the intervention of dislocations and very low dislocation dencities may initially prevail. Straining expands dislocations having <112̅0> direction Burgers vectors from sources at grown-in inclusions. Slip of these dislocations in the basal plane (0001) and on pyramidal planes, probably (11̅01), with frequent occurrence of primatic punching, is observed. Dislocation reactions of the type (a
0
/ 3) [112̅0] + (a
0
/ 3) [̅] = (a
0
/ 3) [2̅110] and a strong preference for pure screw orientation are characteristic. These dislocations generally account for the known anisotropy of plastic flow in ice.
Production of Oosporein and Its Leuco Form by Basidiomycete Species
Authors: Takeshita Hitoshi , Anchel Marjorie
Published: October 2006

Oosporein, a dibenzoquinone pigment previously obtained from an Ascomycete and from several species of Fungi Imperfecti, has been isolated from two basidiomycete species of the genus
Phlebia
. The leuco form, not previously reported as a natural product, accompanied the quinone in culture liquids.
Activation Heat in Muscle: Method for Determination
Authors: Gibbs C. L. , Ricchiuti N. V.
Published: October 2006

By varying the interval between two stimuli it is possible to measure the activation heat in a skeletal muscle twitch. The method depends upon finding a range of stimulus intervals where complete mechanical fusion exists and where there is a plateau in the heat production. At 0°C, and when muscles are at normal body length, activation heat represents about 40 percent of the heat in an isometric twitch.
Hexanedione from Hydrocarbon Polymer Oxidation
Authors: Bevilacqua E. M. , Norling P. M.
Published: October 2006

The diketone 2,5-hexanedione has been isolated as a product of the thermal oxidation of
cis
-1,4-polysioprene and of copolymers of ethylene and propylene. This is confirmatory evidence for the formation of acetonyl radicals during oxidation of these polymers and their reaction with each other in the presence of oxygen as postulated earlier.
Particle Size Fractionation of Airborne Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides by Graded Filters
Authors: Shleien Bernard , Glavin Thomas P. , Friend Albert G.
Published: October 2006

Three filters in series were employed to separate into groups, according to size, the nuclear debris suspended in air at ground level. The concentrations of airborne Ce
144
-Pr
144
, Sb
125
, Cs
137
, Zr
95
-Nb
95
, Mn
54
, and Ru
106
-Rh
106
in each size group were determined by gamma spectral analysis. Particles having diameters of less than 1.75 microns contained a minimum of 88 percent of the total activity.
Immune Reactivity in Mice Thymectomized Soon after Birth: Normal Response after Pregnancy
Authors: Osoba David
Published: October 2006

Female CBA mice that had been thymectomized soon after birth were mated with normal male T6 mice. After delivery of at least one litter, the parous females exhibited normal immune reactions to sheep erythrocytes and skin homografts. The transplacental passage of a humoral substance from the thymus glands of the developing fetuses is suggested as the mechanism responsible for the restoration of immunological responsiveness in neonatally thymectomized parous female mice.
Feminine Behavior in Neonatally Castrated and Estrogen-Treated Male Rats
Authors: Feder Harvey H. , Whalen Richard E.
Published: October 2006

Male rats castrated within 4 days after birth are behaviorally feminized. On the other hand, intact or castrated males given estrogen neonatally show little estrous behavior in adulthood. Thus, feminization is induced by lack of neonatal androgen rather than by the presence of estrogen. Estrogen administered to newborn rats suppresses feminization.
Cleft Palate in the Mouse: A Teratogenic Index of Glucocorticoid Potency
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , DiGeorge Angelo M.
Published: October 2006

Clinically equivalent doses of hydrocortisone, prednisolone, and dexamethasone have progressively increasing teratogenic activity as judged by their ability to induce cleft palate in the offspring of pregnant mice treated with these drugs during the middle period of gestation. Mole for mole, dexamethasone is at least 300 times more teratogenic than hydrocortisone. The enhanced teratogenicity of dexamethasone probably does not result from its relatively decreased mineralocorticoid activity.
Changes in the Tail Feathers of the Adolescent Lyrebird
Authors: Smith L. H.
Published: October 2006

The changes which take place in the tail of the male lyrebird as it develops to maturity over a period of 7 to 8 years are attributable both to moulting and to processes whereby certain plain feathers are transformed into filamentaries and medians by growth of the rachis and loss of barbs and barbules.
Late-Wisconsin End Moraines in Northern Canada
Authors: Falconer G. , Andrews J. T. , Ives J. D.
Published: October 2006

A system of end moraines nearly 2240 kilometers long has been identified by field investigation and aerial photography. It extends through northeastern Keewatin, Melville Peninsula, and Baffin Island and marks the border of a late-Wisconsin ice sheet centered over Foxe Basin and Hudson Bay 8000 or 9000 years ago.
Anomalous Abundance of Upper Atmosphere Sodium, 1964
Authors: Burnett C. R.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of atomic sodium in the upper atmosphere by absorption spectroscopy with the Pepsios spectrometer on the Fraunhofer D
2
line during February to August 1964 at Madison. Wisconsin, have indicated abundances of about 10
10
/cm
2
for the late winter, about twice the values from a similar method in 1961-62. An abrupt decrease in abundance occurred during March in agreement with established seasonal behavior, but the abundance then increased anomalously in the summer to 8 × 10
9
/cm
2
. The summertime increase may be related to observations of increased turbidity of the upper atmosphere, presumably caused by volcanic dust.
Neon Isotope Fractionation During Transient Permeation
Authors: Rama S. N. I. , Hart S. R.
Published: October 2006

Fractionation of neon-20 with respect to neon-22 during a single-stage transient permeation process results in as much as 45-percent enrichment of neon-20. The observed fractionations agree with those calculated from simple diffusion theory.
Ontogeny of Adventive Embryos of Wild Carrot
Authors: Halperin Walter , Wetherell Donald F.
Published: October 2006

Somatic carrot cells in culture divide to produce undifferentiated preglobular proembryos which exhibit a wide variety of segmentation patterns. One or more globular proembryos, which exhibit normal histological zonation, may develop from single preglobular proembryos. Regeneration of normal embryos from cultured cells grown on media containing only minerals, sucrose, vitamins, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid suggests that the embryo sac may have less of a formative role than currently ascribed to it.
Brightness Discrimination in the Collared Lizard
Authors: Vance Velma J. , Richardson Ann M. , Goodrich Robert B.
Published: October 2006

Eight collared lizards were tested on a modified Lashley apparatus for brightness discrimination. The animals reached the criterion level of learning in 335 trials and exhibited behavior on the choice platform comparable to that of the rat presented with a similar problem. The pattern of latency appears to be atypical in the lizard, since there was little decrement throughout the learning period.
Alaskan Earthquake, 27 March 1964: Vertical Extent of Faulting and Elastic Strain Energy Release
Authors: Press Frank , Jackson David
Published: October 2006

The residual displacement field indicates that the primary fault responsible for the great Alaskan earthquake extended to depths of 100 to 200 kilometers and came to within 15 kilometers of the surface. The vertical extent is an order of magnitude greater than reported for all other earthquakes. Approximately 10
25
ergs of elastic strain energy was released. About 12,000 aftershocks (

M
L

≥ 3.5) probably occurred in a 69-day period after the main shock. One-half the strain rebound occurred the first day with the main shock contributing one-fourth of the total.
Glycoprotein Biosynthesis in Human Reticulocytes: A Lesion in Thalassemia
Authors: Eylar Edwin H. , Matioli Gastone T.
Published: October 2006

The rate of incorporation of glucosamine into the glycoprotein of reticulocyte stroma is greatly increased in thalassemia. This increase suggests a major enzymic disorder in the buildup of cellular membrane and reconciles the accumulation of material showing a positive reaction with periodic acid Schiff reagent with the clinical picture of oligocythemia and microcytosis.
Paraffinic Hydrocarbons in Pasture Plants
Authors: Oró J. , Nooner D. W. , Wikström S. A.
Published: October 2006

The gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique recently developed by Ryhage has been applied to the analysis of paraffins extracted from pasture plants, specifically, whole plant and leaves of spotted bur clover (
Medicago arabica
). Normal alkanes from C
18
to C
35
have been found. The C
29
, C
31
, and C
33
normal saturated hydrocarbons predominate and
n
-C
31
is the major component. In the range from C
24
to C
34
the ratio of alkanes with an even number of carbon atoms to those with an odd number is approximately 8 for the whole plant and 5 for the leaves. The distribution of paraffins is similar to that reported for cattle manure and also resembles that of some soils and sediments.
Crystalline Human Urokinase: Some Properties
Authors: Lesuk Alex , Terminiello Louis , Traver Janet H.
Published: October 2006

Human urokinase, an enzyme which activates plasminogen, has been crystallized. Repeated recrystallization yielded preparations of maximum specific activity; such preparations revealed only one component when subjected to polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Studies with the ultracentrifuge demonstrated that urokinase undergoes a concentration-dependent reversible association at
p
H 6.8. When the partial specific volume of the enzyme is assumed to be 0.735 milliliters per gram at 10°C, Archibald measurements indicate the molecular weight of urokinase to be 53,000.
5-Hydroxytryptophan Decarboxylase in Rat Brain: Effect of Hypothalamic Lesions
Authors: Heller Alfred , Seiden Lewis S. , Porcher William , Moore Robert Y.
Published: October 2006

Section of the medial forebrain bundle within the lateral hypothalamus of the rat reduces the serotonin content and the 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity in the brain. The integrity of this fiber tract appears necessary for the maintenance of normal concentrations of the amine and enzyme in the telencephalon.
Histoplasma capsulatum
from the Liver of a Bat in Colombia
Authors: Marinkelle C. J. , Grose E.
Published: October 2006

Of 135 bats (eight species), one of the species
Glossophaga sorcina sorcina
, a nectar-feeding bat from Girardot, Colombia, harbored
Histoplasma capsulatum
. The microorganism was cultured from the liver. This is the second report of recovery of this fungus from bat tissue.
Tylotrich (Hair) Follicle: Association with a Slowly Adapting Tactile Receptor in the Cat
Authors: Mann Stanley J. , Straile William E.
Published: October 2006

The small raised tactile areas on the skin surface of the cat which evoke action potentials that convey both temporal and spatial information to the central nervous system are
Haarscheiben
or tylotrich pads. Each pad is an integral part of a tylotrich follicle, a skin appendage that is highly specialized for sensory function.
Magnetic Fields in Interplanetary Space
Authors: Cahill L. J.
Published: October 2006

The brief period between the conception of the interplanetary magnetic field and conclusive proof of its existence has been an exciting one. Imaginative theoretical developments and careful experimental verification have both been essential to rapid progress. From the various lines of evidence described here it is clear that an interplanetary magnetic field is always present, drawn out from the sun by the radially streaming solar wind. The field is stretched into a spiral pattern by the sun's rotation. The field appears to consist of relatively narrow filaments, the fields of adjacent filaments having opposite directions. At the earth's orbit the field points slightly below the ecliptic plane. The magnitude of the field is steady and near 5 gammas in quiet times, but it may rise to higher values at times of higher solar activity. A collision-free shock front is formed in the plasma flow around the earth. In the transition region between the shock front and the magnetopause the magnitude of the field is somewhat higher than it is in the interplanetary region, and large fluctuations in magnitude and direction are common. A shock front has also been observed in space between a slowly moving body of plasma and a faster, overtaking plasma stream.
Bioelectric Control of Bioluminescence in the Dinoflagellate
Noctiluca
. II. Asynchronous Flash Initiation by a Propagated Triggering Potential
Authors: Eckert Roger
Published: October 2006

The action potential of
Noctiluca miliaris
is conducted over the cell, triggering luminescent cytoplasmic organelles as it propagates away from the stimulus site. Local light emission follows local active current with a latency of 1 to 3 milliseconds. Whereas bioluminescence normally occurs over this cell with an advancing front of emission, it can be initiated synchronously by electrical stimulation of the entire cell.
Meteorites and the Moon
Authors: Urey Harold C.
Published: October 2006

Considerable evidence of diverse kinds has accumulated during the last 6 years indicating that some or possibly most of the stone meteorites come from the moon. Included in these may well be the carbonaceous chondrites of the Orgueil type and this indicates that contamination of the moon with terrestrial water has occurred. This statement does not depend on the carbonaceous matter being of biotic origin. Models for the origin of the moon are consistent with the hypothesis that some contamination of this kind occurred. This conclusion is possible regardless of whether the meteorites come from the moon or not.
Bipolarity of Information Transfer from the
Salmonella typhimurium
Chromosome
Authors: Margolin Paul
Published: October 2006

Apparently the leucine and tryptophan gene clusters are polarized in opposite directions on the
Salmonella
chromosome. Either the direction of polarity is independently determined for each operon or the bacterial chromosome may consist of more than one multi-operon unit of DNA, each such unit determining the direction of polarity of its constituent genes. Each hypothesis results in a different prediction concerning the distribution of operon polarity directions on the chromosome and the functional status of chromosomal inversions.
Glycerinated Skeletal and Smooth Muscle: Calcium and Magnesium Dependence
Authors: Filo Ronald S. , Bohr David F. , Ruegg J. C.
Published: October 2006

Contractions of glycerinated skeletal (striated) and vascular (smooth) muscles are similar in their calcium dependence but differ in their magnesium dependence. The threshold concentration of free Ca
++
for contraction of either muscle was 1.8 × 10
-7
M
; maximum tension developed when the concentration of free Ca
++
was slightly greater than 10
-6
M
. The Mg concentration required for contraction of smooth muscle was at least ten times as great as that for skeletal muscle.
Components of Sterol Biosynthesis Assembled on the Oxygen-Avid Hemoglobin of
Ascaris
Authors: Sherman David R. , Guinn Brett , Perdok Monique M. , Goldberg Daniel E.
Published: October 2006

The parasitic nematode
Ascaris
infests a billion people worldwide. Much of its proliferative success is due to prodigious egg production, up to 10
6
sterol-replete eggs per day. Sterol synthesis requires molecular oxygen for squalene epoxidation, yet oxygen is scarce in the intestinal folds the worms inhabit.
Ascaris
has an oxygen-avid hemoglobin in the perienteric fluid that bathes its reproductive organs. Purified hemoglobin contained tightly bound squalene and functioned as an NADPH-dependent, ferrihemoprotein reductase. All components of the squalene epoxidation reaction—squalene, oxygen, NADPH, and NADPH-dependent reductase—are assembled on the hemoglobin. This molecule may thus function in sterol biosynthesis.
Cryobiological Preservation of
Drosophila
Embryos
Authors: Mazur Peter , Cole Kenneth W. , Hall Jerry W. , Schreuders Paul D. , Mahowald Anthony P.
Published: October 2006

The inability to cryobiologically preserve the fruit fly
Drosophila melanogaster
has required that fly stocks be maintained by frequent transfer of adults. This method is costly in terms of time and can lead to loss of stocks. Traditional slow freezing methods do not succeed because the embryos are highly sensitive to chilling. With the procedures described here, 68 percent of precisely staged 15-hour Oregon R (wild-type) embryos hatch after vitrification at -205°C, and 40 percent of the resulting larvae develop into normal adult flies. These embryos are among the most complex organisms successfully preserved by cryobiology.
Neutrophil Recruitment by Tumor Necrosis Factor from Mast Cells in Immune Complex Peritonitis
Authors: Zhang Yan , Ramos Bernard F. , Jakschik Barbara A.
Published: October 2006

During generalized immune complex-induced inflammation of the peritoneal cavity, two peaks of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were observed in the peritoneal exudate of normal mice. In mast cell-deficient mice, the first peak was undetected, and the second peak of TNF and neutrophil influx were significantly reduced. Antibody to TNF significantly inhibited neutrophil infiltration in normal but not in mast cell-deficient mice. Mast cell repletion of the latter normalized TNF, neutrophil mobilization, and the effect of the antibody to TNF. Thus, in vivo, mast cells produce the TNF that augments neutrophil emigration.
Significance of the Gunflint (Precambrian) Microflora
Authors: Cloud Preston E.
Published: October 2006

Several categories of biological microstructures 1.9± billion years old are here described, illustrated, and referred to a group of early thallophytes that includes the thread bacteria and the blue-green algae. These microstructures were almost surely autotrophic and in the line of evolution toward green-plant photosynthesis, if not themselves oxygen producers. Geochemical evidence has been interpreted by some to imply that the contemporaneous atmosphere was essentially anoxygenic (reducing), and by others to indicate an atmosphere rich in oxygen. These conflicting interpretations may be reconciled by a hypothesis, based on demonstrable fossil organisms, that calls for local centers of biologic oxygen generation.
Evaporation Retardants: Application by Means of a Water-Soluble Matrix
Authors: Myers Lloyd E.
Published: October 2006

Evaporation retardants interspersed in a solid or semisolid matrix of water-soluble material allow discrete particles of retardant to be released at a controlled rate as the matrix dissolves. This system permits the continuous application of evaporation retardants to a water surface without the use of mechanical devices.
Vaccinia Virus Directed RNA: Its Fate in the Presence of Actinomycin
Authors: Shatkin A. J. , Sebring E. D. , Salzman N. P.
Published: October 2006

RNA similar in base composition to viral DNA is formed in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells infected with vaccinia virus. This RNA is found both in polyribosomes and in a broad 30
S
to 74
S
region in a sucrose density gradient. When infected cells are exposed to actinomycin, the amount of this DNA-like RNA in the 30
S
to 74
S
region is unchanged. Under the same conditions, 70 percent of the polyribosome-associated DNA-like RNA is degraded to acid-soluble fragments within 2 hours, and protein synthesis is reduced by 90 percent.
Polyploidy and Environment in Arctic Alaska
Authors: Johnson Albert W. , Packer John G.
Published: October 2006

The frequency of polyploidy in the angiosperm flora of the Ogotoruk Creek-Cape Thompson area of northwestern Alaska is correlated with edaphic environmental gradients in the area. These results, when placed in a historical and ecological context, help to clarify the problem of increasing frequency of polyploidy with latitude in the northern hemisphere.
Sap Pressure in Vascular Plants
Authors: Scholander P. F. , Bradstreet Edda D. , Hemmingsen E. A. , Hammel H. T.
Published: October 2006

A method is described which permits measurement of sap pressure in the xylem of vascular plants. As long predicted, sap pressures during transpiration are normally negative, ranging from -4 or -5 atmospheres in a damp forest to -80 atmospheres in the desert. Mangroves and other halophytes maintain at all times a sap pressure of -35 to -60 atmospheres. Mistletoes have greater suction than their hosts, usually by 10 to 20 atmospheres. Diurnal cycles of 10 to 20 atmospheres are common. In tall conifers there is a hydrostatic pressure gradient that closely corresponds to the height and seems surprisingly little influenced by the intensity of transpiration. Sap extruded from the xylem by gas pressure on the leaves is practically pure water. At zero turgor this procedure gives a linear relation between the intracellular concentration and the tension of the xylem.
Arthropod Preparation for Behavioral, Electrophysiological, and Biochemical Studies
Authors: Corning W. C. , Feinstein D. A. , Haight J. R.
Published: October 2006

Electrodes and cannulea can be permanently implanted in the horseshoe crab,
Limulus polyphemus
. Recordings of electrical activity can be obtained from the optic nerve, heart, and abdominal ganglia and the cannulae are effective routes for introducing isotopes into the nervous system. The animals survive for at least 13 days and are not behaviorally impaired.
Neoplasia in a Coral?
Authors: Squires Donald F.
Published: October 2006

Anomalous growths of the colonial, deep-water coral
Madrepora kauaiensis
are interpreted as neoplasia. Since tissue was not preserved, evidence is derived solely from skeletal examination and consists of unusually rapid growth and progressively disordered growth of skeletal structures.
Glucose-6-Phosphatase: Reexamination of the RNA-Induced Activity in Mouse Ascites Tumor Cells
Authors: Niu M. C.
Published: October 2006

The glucostat method for the measurement of glucose released by glucose-6-phosphatase has been reexamined; it is accurate and sensitive enough to measure glucose-6-phosphatase activity in mouse ascites tumor cells. In seven different experiments, treatment with RNA from liver led to increases in enzyme activity varying between 125 to 200 percent. The activity of induced enzyme is optimum from
p
H 6 to 6.4.
Cytological Basis of "Sex Ratio" in
Drosophila pseudoobscura
Authors: Novitski E. , Peacock W. J. , Engel J.
Published: October 2006

Cytological investigations of both laboratory and wild "sex ratio" lines of
Drosophila pseudoobscura
reveal that, contrary to earlier reports, no extra replication of the X chromosome occurs in primary spermatocytes. Normal disjunction of the sex chromosomes at anaphase I leads to equal numbers of X-bearing and Y-bearing secondary spermatocytes. In the latter, the Y chromosome regularly shows a "degeneration" at second anaphase. The "sex ratio" effect can be explained in terms of regularly nonfunctional products of meiosis.
Rotation Technique in Electron Microscopy of Viruses
Authors: Agrawal Hari Om , Kent J. W. , MacKay D. M.
Published: October 2006

Some of the features revealed by the rotation technique of examining electron micrographs may be artifacts. To avoid misinterpretation, "rotated" photographs should be compared with originals. The criterion of reinforcement of structures in the "rotated" photographs is not enough, and it cannot be presumed that all the structures reinforced are actually present in the object under study. Further tests for radial symmetry in the arrangement of elements in a pattern should be made.
The Care and Feeding of Intellectual Property
Authors: Munster J. H. , Smith Justin C.
Published: October 2006

What can the researcher do to protect his ideas? Here the saying "It is a wise father that knows his own child" is applicable. Can a present-day researcher be sure that an idea is really his brain child? Let us assume, for the sake of argument, that this is possible; then his safest procedure is to keep that idea to himself until it can be submitted in a protectable package. Most universities and other nonprofit research institutions lack patent policies sufficiently broad to be of much assistance to either the researcher or the institution. Possibly the first needed step in increasing the protection of research is a broadening of institutional patent policies to embrace property in ideas, even though ideas may not at present be patentable. Secondly, information regarding what institutions can do to assist in achieving protection of ideas should be disseminated as widely as possible. Thirdly, liaison should be established between the institution and Research Incorporated, or some similar nonprofit organization serving the educational community, in order that the developmental aspect of the idea may be guided at an early stage, so that when it is presented for commercial evaluation it will be in a protectable package and appropriately wrapped.
Materials and the Development of Civilization and Science
Authors: Smith Cyril Stanley
Published: October 2006

It will be apparent from this far-too-hasty view that, in the past, most knowledge of materials has been gained by the intelligent empiricist, and that the role of science has been to explain and to provide better control rather than to open up new areas. It may be that in complex fields this is inevitable, for science invokes subtle abstractions which are necessarily concerned sequentially with parts rather than simultaneously with a whole system. But how enormously better off we are now than we were in 1900, for we at least now understand the physical principles behind most of the properties of ceramics and metals, and more than one practical achievement stems directly from a scientist's suggestion. No practical man now understands metals better than the solid-state physicist; this was certainly not true even as little as 20 years ago. Yet the likelihood that pure science will lead directly to the discovery of really new materials will be only slightly greater in the future than it was in the past unless methods for handling wholes can be developed that are precise enough to be called scientific and communicable enough to be taught. This is a task that the scientist has in the past rightly and profitably refused to accept. We need a supergenius to develop some principles, not of simple particles and their interactions, but of extremely complex structures with parts interacting with other parts, on all levels, and with a hierarchy of interpenetrating substructures combining to form many levels of interpenetrating superstructure.
"Trinitite": Cobalt-60, Cesium-137, and Europium-152
Authors: Salter Leonard P. , Harley John H.
Published: October 2006

Cobalt-60, cesium-137, and europium-152 have been identified in "trinitite," an artificial mineral produced in the first nuclear explosion at Alamagordo, New Mexico, in 1945. Cesium-137 is an expected fission product, but the origin of the other two radionuclides is not certain.
Radioactive Strontium: Estimation of the Amount Accidentally Ingested
Authors: Samachson Joseph , Spencer Herta
Published: October 2006

If radioactive strontium is accidentally ingested or inhaled, the amount absorbed may be calculated with reasonable accuracy from the amount of calcium and strontium excreted in the urine in a single day. The amount retained by the body initially may be calculated from the amount of radiostrontium excreted in the feces in the first few days.
HeLa Cells: Effects of Temperature on the Life Cycle
Authors: Rao Potu N. , Engelberg Joseph
Published: October 2006

After a shift in temperature, the population kinetics of HeLa cells does not immediately reach a steady state characteristic of the new temperature. During the transition period the duration of each period of the life cycle (period before DNA synthesis, of DNA synthesis, after DNA synthesis, and the period of mitosis) increases toward its steady-state value. Of the four periods, the period before DNA synthesis reaches its steady-state value fastest. Exponential growth can be maintained only from 33°C through 40°C. The period of mitosis is the most temperature-sensitive period of the life cycle of the cell. At subnormal temperatures (26°C through 31°C) there is an accumulation of cells in mitosis, and mitotic indices as high as 0.44 can be obtained. The duration of mitosis is a function both of the temperature and of the time which the cell has spent at this temperature.
Antibodies to DNA and a Synthetic Polydeoxyribonucleotide Produced by Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
Authors: Plesca Otto J. , Palczuk Nicholas C. , Braun Werner , Cora-Figueroa E.
Published: October 2006

Calf-thymus DNA was degraded into small fragments (oligodeoxyribonucleotides); the fragments were treated with methylated bovine serum albumin, and the complexes so formed were emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant and injected into rabbits. The serums of the immunized rabbits contained antibodies that reacted with homologous and heterologous unfragmented heat-denatured DNA, and also with a synthetic polydeoxyadenylate-thymidylate. Relatively small DNA fragments (of the order of tetra-hexanucleotide) can thus serve as haptens for the production of DNA antibodies; this finding increases the probability of producing antibodies specific for unique sequences of nucleotides.
Cellular Segregation and Heterocytic Dominance in Hydra
Authors: Lenhoff Howard M.
Published: October 2006

Hydra heterocytes—that is, hydra containing cells from both normal and mutant animals, were used for studying some developmental properties of mixed cell populations. Cells which initially had originated from a nonbudding mutant, and which subsequently became part of a heterocyte of normal appearance, were able to proliferate, to segregate, to come off as buds, and to express their phenotype in those buds. Furthermore, the heterocytes underwent a transformation in which the mutant phenotype eventually became dominant in all instances.
Low Deuterium Content of Lake Vanda, Antarctica
Authors: Ragotzkie Robert A. , Friedman Irving
Published: October 2006

Lake Vanda in Victoria Land, Antarctica, is permanently ice-covered and permanently stratified, with warm, salty water near the bottom. Deuterium analyses of lake water from several levels indicate that the lake has a low deuterium content, and that it is stratified with respect to this isotope. This low deuterium content supports the evidence from the lake's ionic content that the saline layer is not of marine origin, and it indicates that evaporation from the ice surface has taken place. The stratification of the lake with respect to deuterium suggests that the upper and lower layers of water were formed at different times from different sources of glacial melt water.
Visually Evoked Electrocortical Responses in Kittens: Development of Specific and Nonspecific Systems
Authors: Rose Guenter H. , Lindsley Donald B.
Published: October 2006

Visually evoked electrocortical responses were differentiated ontogenetically in young kittens by age of onset, latency, and polarity. A long-latency negative wave, present by 4 days of age and abolished later by lesions of the superior colliculus and pretectal region of the midbrain, is attributed to the nonspecific sensory system. A short-latency, positive and negative, diphasic wave, developing by 10 to 15 days of age and blocked by lesion of the lateral geniculate body, is identified with the specific visual system.
Facilitation: Electrical Response Enhanced by Conditional Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Rutledge L. T.
Published: October 2006

Cats were conditioned to give a foot flexion in response to stimulation of the brain through implanted electrodes. The evoked electrical activity of an extracallosal interhemispheric pathway was much greater in the repeatedly stimulated direction than in the unstimulated direction in the brain. No difference in the two directions was observed in control animals that did not receive the unconditional foot shock.
Aftershocks of the 4 February 1965 Rat Island Earthquake
Authors: Jordan James N. , Lander James F. , Black Rudolph A.
Published: October 2006

Studies of earthquake aftershocks as a function of space, time, and rate of energy release (magnitude) afford new evidence of earth structure. The sharp boundary conditions of the epicenter locations suggest block faulting about the Rat Islands as a subsystem of the Aleutian Islands arc structure. Earthquake frequency of occurrence in time and magnitude are given.