bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF AZO DYES ON GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF
NEUROSPORA CRASSA
I
Authors: Bobb Dolores , Liebes Dorothy , Salzberg David A.
Published: January 2020

Bobb, Dolores
(Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation, Palo Alto, Calif.),
Dorothy Liebes, and David A. Salzberg
. Effect of azo dyes on growth and metabolism of
Neurospora crassa
. I. Relative resistance of
Neurospora
strains to azo dye inhibition. J. Bacteriol.
84:
242–249. 1962.—Under conditions where growth factors were not limiting, 3′-methyl-4-monoaminoazobenzene, a rat hepatocarcinogen, inhibited growth of six
Neurospora
strains studied. The strains could be divided into three groups with regard to sensitivity. A wild-type and a leucine-requiring mutant were the most resistant, and the riboflavine-deficient strain, 51602, showed greatest susceptibility. Results suggested a possible correlation between the inhibition of strain 51602 and the ability of the mutant to synthesize riboflavine from its precursors. Inhibition was not dependent on the utilization of externally supplied riboflavine. The azo dye inhibition of all strains resulted primarily in a prolonged lag phase, although growth rates were affected to some degree. Spore germination did not appear to be retarded. A dose-response curve was developed to measure quantitatively the growth inhibition by azo dyes; it was based on the time required for inhibited and control cultures to reach identical growth weights.
EXTRACTION AND PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF A HEPATOTOXIC SUBSTANCE FROM CULTURES OF
PENICILLIUM RUBRUM
Authors: Wilson Benjamin J. , Wilson Christina H.
Published: January 2020

Wilson, Benjamin
J. (David Lipscomb College, Nashville, Tenn.)
and Christina H. Wilson
. Extraction and preliminary characterization of a hepatotoxic substance from cultures of
Penicillium rubrum
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
283–290. 1962.—A toxic acidic substance was extracted from cultures of
Penicillium rubrum
P-13 grown on corn-sucrose medium. Administration to mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs produced hepatotoxic and hemorrhagic syndromes. These findings were similar to those previously reported in which livestock were fed feedstuff infected with pure cultures of the fungus. Preliminary studies were made of the physical and chemical properties of the toxic material.
APPLICATION OF THE MEMBRANE FILTER FOR THE QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF TRANSFORMATIONS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION OF AN ERYTHROMYCIN-RESISTANCE MUTATION
Authors: Iyer V. N.
Published: January 2020

Iyer
, V. N. (University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.). Application of the membrane filter for the quantitative study of transformations with particular reference to phenotypic expression of an erythromycin-resistance mutation. J. Bacteriol.
84:
326–330. 1962.—A technique using membrane filters for quantitative studies of transformation of pneumococci is described and some possible applications discussed. This method has been found amenable to the study of the integration and phenotypic expression of an erythromycin-resistance mutation of pneumococci which is characterized by a low frequency of transformation and delayed expression. The expression of survival occurs prior to the expression of colony-forming ability in the presence of erythromycin.
METABOLISM OF SULFATE BY THE CHROMATOPHORE OF
RHODOSPIRILLUM
Authors: Ibanez M. L. , Lindstrom E. S.
Published: January 2020

Ibanez
, M. L. (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park)
and E. S. Lindstrom
. Metabolism of sulfate by the chromatophore of
Rhodospirillum
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
451–455. 1962.—The chromatophore of
Rhodospirillum rubrum
was shown to possess enzymes for the activation and reduction of inorganic sulfate. The chromatophore was able to synthesize 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), using either exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or ATP synthesized via photophosphorylation. Light was required for the reduction of sulfate to a volatile form, presumably sulfite. Light enhanced the incorporation of sulfate-sulfur into cystine, cysteine, and cysteic acid of the chromatophore. This incorporation was probably the result of exchange reactions of reduced sulfur, not the result of net synthesis. The 100:1 ratio of the activation to reduction of sulfate and the inhibition of the reduction by exogenous ATP suggested that PAPS might not be the substrate for chromatophoral sulfate reduction.
SOME ASPECTS OF METHANE OXIDATION
Authors: Johnson John L. , Temple Kenneth L.
Published: January 2020

Johnson, John
L. (Montana State College, Bozeman)
and Kenneth L. Temple
. Some asspects of methane oxidation. J. Bacteriol.
84:
456–458. 1962.—A culture of
Pseudomonas methanica
(
Methanomonas methanica
) was isolated from a film of growth on the water layer in a methane storage bottle. This organism differed from Dworkin and Foster's strain in pH optimum, requirement for growth factors, sensitivity to oxygen and optimal oxygen level, and minor cultural features. Highly significant interactions were found for the concentrations of oxygen, methane, and carbon dioxide in growth experiments.
SYNERGISTIC ACTION OF STREPTOMYCIN WITH OTHER ANTIBIOTICS ON INTRACELLULARBRUCELLA ABORTUSIN VITRO
Authors: Richardson Marvis , Holt Jane N.
Published: January 2020

Richardson, Marvis(Michigan State University, East Lansing)and Jane N. Holt. Synergistic action of streptomycin with other antibiotics on intracellularBrucella abortusin vitro. J. Bacteriol.84:638–646. 1962.—It has been found that streptomycin acts synergistically with penicillin and tetracycline to inhibit the growth ofBrucella abortuswithin bovine cells cultured in vitro. Extracellular penicillin at 10 to 50 μg/ml was essentially bacteriostatic for intracellular brucellae. A combination of 5 to 50 μg/ml of streptomycin, which alone did not prevent the multiplication of intracellular brucellae, and 50 μg/ml of penicillin was bactericidal. Tetracycline at 0.5 to 1.0 μg/ml, which permitted growth or was bacteriostatic for brucellae within tissue cells, proved markedly bactericidal when combined with 10 μg/ml of streptomycin. Within certain limits, the synergistic effect of streptomycin and tetracycline did not appear to be a function of concentration. When the addition of streptomycin was delayed until 24 hr after the addition of tetracycline, the antibiotics acted synergistically on intracellular brucellae. To achieve intracellular synergism, five to ten times the effective extracellular concentration of streptomycin was required. Penicillin and tetracycline acted at the same concentration on extracellular and intracellular brucellae. These results suggest that tissue cell systems may prove useful for study of multiple drug therapy to be used in vivo against intracellular bacteria.
CHANGES IN IMMUNODIFFUSION PATTERNS AND IN NUCLEIC ACID CONTENT OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
GROWN IN THE PRESENCE OF A NUCLEIC ACID FLUOROCHROME
Authors: Sonea S. , De Repentigny J. , Frappier A.
Published: January 2020

Sonea
, S. (University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada), J.
de Repentigny, and A. Frappier
. Changes in immunodiffusion patterns and in nucleic acid content of
Staphylococcus aureus
grown in the presence of a nucleic acid fluorochrome. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1056–1060. 1962.—When grown in the presence of acridine orange, coagulase-positive
Staphylococcus aureus
exhibits changes in the number and the shape of its precipitin bands; these are more pronounced with commercial horse staphylococcal antitoxin than with normal human γ-globulin. Simultaneously, there is an increase in the content of nucleic acids, especially deoxyribonucleic acid. Consequently, when grown in the presence of this nucleic acid fluorochrome, pathogenic staphylococci become similar to nonpathogenic strains in their antigenic structure and nucleic acid content. The bacterial population becomes a mixture of red and green fluorescing cells of different sizes. After centrifugation, most of the large and red fluorescing cells are found in the top layer, which shows more changes in antigenic composition and in nucleic acid content than the bottom layer. In subcultures grown in the absence of acridine orange, the cells revert to the original composition of the pathogenic strains.
TRYPTOPHANASE-TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHETASE SYSTEMS IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
III
Authors: Freundlich Martin , Lichstein Herman C.
Published: January 2020

Freundlich, Martin
(University of Minnesota, Minneapolis)
and Herman C. Lichstein
. Tryptophanase-tryptophan synthetase systems in
Escherichia coli
. III. Requirements for enzyme synthesis. J. Bacteriol.
84:
996–1006. 1962.—The requirements for the formation of tryptophanase and tryptophan synthetase in
Escherichia coli
during repression release were studied. The kinetics of the formation of tryptophan synthetase differed in the two strains examined; this was attributed to differences in the endogenous level of tryptophan in the bacterial cells. The formation of both enzymes was inhibited by chloramphenicol, and by the absence of arginine in an arginine-requiring mutant. These results are indicative of a requirement for protein synthesis for enzyme formation. Requirements for nucleic acid synthesis were examined by use of a uracil- and thymine-requiring mutant, and with purine and pyrimidine analogues. The results obtained suggest that some type of ribonucleic acid synthesis was necessary for the formation of tryptophanase and tryptophan synthetase.
LOCATION AND ROLE OF STEROL AT NYSTATIN-BINDING SITES
Authors: Lampen J. O. , Arnow Peter M. , Borowska Zofia , Laskin Allen I.
Published: January 2020

Lampen
, J. O. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.),
Peter M. Arnow, Zofia Borowska, and Allen I. Laskin
. Location and role of sterol at nystatin-binding sites. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1152–1160. 1962.—The polyene antifungal antibiotics nystatin and
N
-acetylcandidin were bound rapidly at 0 C by isolated cell walls and derived polysaccharides or by protoplast membranes from
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
strain LK2G12. These binding sites were relatively inaccessible or unreactive in the intact cell, since polyene uptake by protoplasts, log-phase cells, or stationary-phase cells was slow, especially at 0 C. Binding by the membrane appears to be the critical event in cell damage; thus, uptake of nystatin by the cell wall may actually be protective. Binding by all cell forms showed little reversibility. Bound radioactive nystatin or
N
-acetyl (1-C
14
) candidin was not displaced during incubation of log-phase yeast cells with a large excess of unlabeled polyene. Saturation of the polyenic moiety of nystatin to form the perhydro compound eliminated almost completely the affinity of the molecule for the yeast cell. Essentially all of the polyene bound by protoplasts was present on the membrane. It was removed by treatment of the protoplasts with the sterol-complexing agent digitonin. A variety of evidence is offered that the binding site on the membrane contains a sterol. (The membrane sterol was mostly unesterified ergosterol.) This hypothesis is consistent with the ability of certain exogenous sterols to complex with polyenes and prevent their binding and growth-inhibiting action for fungi. The bound sterol of the wall structure may also participate in polyene binding, although a possible function of the wall polysaccharides cannot be excluded. The specific binding structure(s) appears to be absent from bacteria, since nystatin was not taken up even by heated or benzene-treated bacteria or by bacterial protoplasts. It should be noted that bacteria, which are insensitive to the polyene antibiotics, generally contain only traces of sterol, if any. Considerable quantities of sterol are present in fungi, algae, certain protozoa, and animal cells, all of which are sensitive in some degree.
BIOCHEMICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS DURING THE REVERSING PROCESS FROM SPHEROPLASTS TO ROD-FORM CELLS IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Hirokawa Hideo
Published: January 2020

Hirokawa, Hideo
(National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan). Biochemical and cytological observations during the reversing process from spheroplasts to rod-form cells in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1161–1168. 1962.—Spheroplasts of
Escherichia coli
B-054 were formed by penicillin, and the reversing process from spheroplasts to rod-form cells was examined. The amount of DNA, RNA, and protein in a single spheroplast increased to four to five times more than that of a rod-form cell during the spheroplast formation. Ultraviolet-absorptive particles, probably nuclei, were localized in several regions within a spheroplast. Morphological changes during the process of spheroplast reversion to rod-form cells were precisely followed. The number of rod-form cells, determined by colony counting according to the time course of reversion, increased very rapidly from the beginning of reversion, without a lag phase. From this evidence, it was concluded that a single spheroplast germinates into several rod-form cells.
STREPTOCOCCAL L FORMS V
Authors: Edwards John , Panos Charles
Published: January 2020

Edwards, John(University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, and Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.)and Charles Panos. Streptococcal L-forms. V. Acid-soluble nucleotides of a group AStreptococcusand derived L form. J. Bacteriol.84:1202–1208. 1962.—This report deals with a comparison of the acid-soluble nucleotides from a group A, type 12, β-hemolytic streptococcus and a derived stable L form. This is the first report of the presence of a cell-wall precursor (uridine diphosphate-muramic acid-peptide) in a stable L form. Cells of each organism were obtained during their logarithmic phases of growth, harvested by centrifugation, and washed with osmotically protective NaCl solutions. The analytical procedures were essentially those of Franzen and Binkley. Calculated values indicated that these results could not be accounted for by dry-weight differences due to loss of the streptococcal cell wall. It was found that both organisms contained the same amount of total nucleotide material. The L form contained no uridine monophosphate (UMP), a large concentration of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-muramic acid-peptide, and a significant increase of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. A similar nucleotide containing muramic acid-peptide was not demonstrable in the parent coccus. Instead, UMP and an unidentified uridine nucleotide were resolved in this region. Analyses of extracts from this streptococcal L form indicate the probable presence of two of the three nucleotides originally isolated by Park from penicillin-treatedStaphylococcus aureus. The presence of the UDP-muramic acid-peptide cell-wall precursor in the L form cultured in the continual absence of penicillin points to an inability of this form to resynthesize the rigid cell wall and indicates that this synthetic mechanism has been permanently impaired.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF
MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM
AND GROUP III NONPHOTOCHROMOGENIC MYCOBACTERIA IN HELA CELLS
Authors: Brosbe Edwin A. , Sugihara Paul T. , Smith C. Richard
Published: January 2020

Brosbe, Edwin
A. (Veterans Administration Hospital, Long Beach, Calif.),
Paul T. Sugihara, and C. Richard Smith
. Growth characteristics of
Mycobacterium avium
(avian) to group III nonphotochromogenic mycobacteria in HeLa cells. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1282–1286. 1962.—The close relationship of
Mycobacterium avium
(avian) to group III nonphotochromogenic (Battey) strains of mycobacteria stimulated interest in their behavior in HeLa cells. In general, the avian strains grew more slowly than the Battey strains; 10 of 17 avian and 3 of 12 Battey strains required more than 7 days to exhibit abundant intracellular growth. Branching filaments were observed with variable frequency in all of the strains studied. Branching occurred at right angles, and was seen more often with the Battey strains and the avian strains isolated from swine. These observations indicate that the growth rate and growth pattern of avian and Battey mycobacteria in HeLa cells are not sufficiently specific to facilitate distinguishing the two species from each other.
LYSOGENIC CONVERSION IN
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Holloway B. W. , Cooper G. N.
Published: January 2020

Holloway
, B. W. (University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia)
and G. N. Cooper
. Lysogenic conversion in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1321–1324. 1962.—When
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
strain 1 is lysogenized with phage D3, it loses the ability to adsorb this phage. This loss is attributed to an alteration of the somatic antigens of the bacterium, initially detected by differences in the opsonizing capacity of normal mouse serum for the lysogenic and nonlysogenic strains. Antigenic analysis has suggested that there is a difference in only one antigen between the lysogenic and nonlysogenic organisms.
GEL DIFFUSION TECHNIQUE IN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS OFACTINOMYCESSPECIES AND “ANAEROBIC DIPHTHEROIDS”
Authors: King Sylvia , Meyer Esther
Published: January 2020

King, Sylvia(Hektoen Institute, Chicago, Ill.)and Esther Meyer. Gel diffusion technique in antigen-antibody reactions ofActinomycesspecies and “anaerobic diphtheroids.” J. Bacteriol.85:186–190. 1963.—The Ouchterlony agar gel diffusion test was used to establish antigenic patterns produced byActinomyces israelii, A. bovis, andA. naeslundii, as compared with those of “anaerobic diphtheroids.” The organisms studied includedActinomycesspecies isolated from cases of human and bovine actinomycosis, and from the normal oral cavity of human volunteers. The “anaerobic diphtheroids” were obtained from a variety of clinical conditions.A. israeliiwas serologically distinct fromA. bovis, andA. naeslundiishared a minor component with the other twoActinomycesspecies. There were no cross reactions between the “anaerobic diphtheroids” and any of theActinomycesspecies.
SEROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SUPERNATANT LIQUIDS OF CULTURES OF EL TOR VIBRIOS
Authors: Watanabe Yoshikazu , Felsenfeld Oscar
Published: January 2020

Watanabe
, Y. (406th Medical General Laboratory, U.S. Army Medical Center, Japan)
and O. Felsenfeld
. Serological analysis of supernatant liquids of cultures of El Tor vibrios. J. Bacteriol.
85:
31–36. 1963.—Supernatant liquids of cultures of El Tor vibrios were analyzed serologically by applying the Ouchterlony agar diffusion technique. There are at least three different water-soluble antigenic components: thermolabile and exotoxin-like, thermolabile-bacterial, and thermostable-bacterial. All rabbit sera containing antibody(s) against the thermolabile exotoxin-like antigen(s) neutralized the lethal and hemolytic activities of the supernatant liquids of the cultures. These antibodies behave differently when absorbed with bacterial cells. The antihemolytic activity was not absorbed, whereas the antilethal was partially absorbed. The possibility of the existence of a nonactive toxin(s), which can stimulate production of antibodies against the lethal and hemolytic principles in the rabbit, was indicated.
STREPTOMYCES NODOSUS
SP. N., THE AMPHOTERICIN-PRODUCING ORGANISM
Authors: Trejo William H. , Bennett R. E.
Published: January 2020

Trejo, William
(Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, N.J.)
and Ralph E. Bennett
.
Streptomyces nodosus
sp. n., the amphotericin-producing organism. J. Bacteriol.
85:
436–439. 1963.—
Streptomyces nodosus
, the amphotericin-producing organism, is described as a new species in conformity with the rules of nomenclature as applied to streptomycetes. The relationship between
S. nodosus
and
S. rutgersensis
is discussed, and the basis for separation of the species is presented.
RELATIONSHIP OF THE HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT TO THE ENDOGENOUS METABOLISM OF CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF
MYCOBACTERIUM PHLEI
Authors: Sutton W. B.
Published: January 2020

Sutton
, W. B. (The Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Ind.). Relationship of the hexose monophosphate shunt to the endogenous metabolism of cell-free extracts of
Mycobacterium phlei
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
476–484. 1963.—The endogenous reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DPIP) by cell-free extracts of
Mycobacterium phlei
has been linked to the presence of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) dehydrogenase functioning in connection with a reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN)-DPIP reductase. The necessary substrate and coenzyme, i.e., G-6-P and TPN, are contained in the cell-free bacterial extract. The only required addition to activate the system is a suitable electron acceptor. The accumulation of G-6-P and the presence of 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase in the cell-free extract suggest that the hexose monophosphate shunt mechanism is impaired by sonic treatment of
M. phlei
.
RAPID QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR MEASURING THE SENSITIVITY OF
BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS
TO FUNGISTATIC AGENTS
Authors: Guidry D. J. , Maier Findlay
Published: January 2020

Guidry
, D. J. (Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans)
and Findlay Maier
. Rapid quantitative method for measuring the sensitivity of
Blastomyces dermatitidis
to fungistatic agents. J. Bacteriol.
85:
504–508. 1963.—Isolates of
Blastomyces dermatitidis
(yeast phase) were grown in continuous shake liquid culture. When sufficient cells were added to impart an initial optical density of 0.100 to the inoculated medium, growth was rapid, and the time required to assay fungistatic agents was reduced to 48 hr. Standard curves on light transmittance and direct cell count facilitated preparation of inoculum and measurement of growth. Generation time was determined for various growth phases of
B. dermatitidis
, and the data were applied to selection of the optimal period of growth for assaying fungistatic agents. Four isolates of
B. dermatitidis
were tested for their sensitivity to amphotericin and 2-hydroxystilbamidine. An amphotericin B concentration of 1.4 μg/ml was sufficient for maximal inhibition of all isolates tested; there were differences among isolates in sensitivity to lower concentrations of the drug. A 2-hydroxystilbamidine concentration of 62.5 μg/ml was sufficient for maximal inhibition of two isolates; the two remaining isolates required a concentration of 125 μg/ml. A latent period in inhibition of growth occurred when amphotericin B and 2-hydroxystilbamidine were added to cultures of
B. dermatitidis
. This latent period, together with generation time of the yeast cells, determined the maximal degree of inhibition which could be attained.
IDENTIFICATION OF STIMULATORY FACTOR INVOLVED IN SYMBIOTIC GROWTH OF
STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS
AND
STREPTOCOCCUS CREMORIS
Authors: Dahiya R. S. , Speck M. L.
Published: January 2020

Dahiya
, R. S. (North Carolina State College, Raleigh)
and M. L. Speck
. Identification of stimulatory factor involved in symbiotic growth of
Streptococcus lactis
and
Streptococcus cremoris
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
585–589. 1963.—Single-strain cultures of
Streptococcus lactis
and
S. cremoris
isolated from a commercial starter culture showed symbiotic growth in milk. This study dealt with identification of the main component responsible for high acid production resulting from the combined growth of these cultures. Paper chromatography and bioautography were adapted to isolate the main stimulatory factor excreted by the slower-growing culture (
S. lactis
) in the culture media. It was identified as adenine on the basis of ultraviolet absorption spectra and paper chromatographic

R
F

value. Pure adenine possessed the same properties and was also stimulatory to the faster-growing culture (
S. cremoris
) when added to milk.
GROWTH OF CELLULAR FORMS IN CULTURES OF CHROMATIN BODIES ISOLATED FROM
BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
Authors: Chatterjee B. R. , Williams Robert P.
Published: January 2020

Chatterjee
, B. R. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas)
and Robert P. Williams
. Growth of cellular forms in cultures of chromatin bodies isolated from
Bacillus megaterium
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
623–627. 1963.—Chromatin bodies isolated from old cultures of
Bacillus megaterium
were capable of growing into protoplastlike cells when cultured in broth enriched with horse serum, yeast extract, adenosine triphosphate, and penicillin. A tendency toward formation of rod forms of bacteria was observed in such cultures. Omission of penicillin from the medium resulted in development of short bacterial forms. In 3 of 29 experiments, actual bacillary forms indistinguishable from the parent
B. megaterium
organism were recovered. Culture of the chromatin bodies in plain nutrient broth did not produce any growth. Inoculation on serum-enriched agar medium of a culture of chromatin bodies, after they had begun multiplication in serum-enriched broth, resulted in development of large bodies characteristic of L forms. Ability of chromatin bodies to grow was not affected by heating for 2 hr at 80 C or by sonic treatment for up to 25 min. The possible role of such resistant chromatin bodies in the latency and persistence of infectious diseases was discussed.
QUANTITATION OF VIRUSES BY THE PLAQUE TECHNIQUE
Authors: Berg Gerald , Harris Eugene K. , Chang Shih L. , Busch Kenneth A.
Published: January 2020

Berg, Gerald
(Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio),
Eugene K. Harris, Shih L. Chang, and Kenneth A. Busch
. Quantitation of viruses by the plaque technique. J. Bacteriol.
85:
691–700. 1963.—This paper presents the results of a study on overcrowding as it occurred with several strains of enteroviruses on monkey kidney cell layers. Each cell sheet area was 4,500 mm
2
. Dispersion analysis of all plaque counts in the study revealed that the percentage error, in the absence of overcrowding, fluctuated within a range of 7 to 36% about a mean value of about 17%, which is close to what is expected from purely statistical variation in sampling. Overcrowding with Mahoney virus, a mixture of particles producing either rapidly or slowly expanding plaques, resulted primarily from the obscuring effect produced as rapidly expanding plaques obliterated infected foci produced by virus particles responsible for slow-forming plaques. Overcrowding occurred at plaque levels in excess of 35 to 40 per cell sheet. Overcrowding with Mahoney LP virus, a strain derived from a rapidly expanding Mahoney plaque which produced uniformly expanding plaques, did not occur until counts in excess of 60 to 70 per cell sheet were reached. Plaque obscuring was again responsible. Apparent overcrowding with Coxsackie A9 virus, when plaques were not permanently marked from the first day of counting, resulted from coalescence at levels above about 40 to 50 plaques per cell sheet. When plaques were permanently marked, overcrowding resulted from plaque obscuring which did not occur until levels in excess of about 120 per cell sheet were reached.
EPISOME-MEDIATED TRANSFER OF DRUG RESISTANCE INENTEROBACTERIACEAEVI
Authors: Watanabe Tsutomu
Published: January 2020

Watanabe, Tsutomu(Keio University, Tokyo, Japan). Episome-mediated transfer of drug resistance inEnterobacteriaceae. VI. High-frequency resistance transfer system inEscherichia coli. J. Bacteriol.85:788–794. 1963.—R-factors (transmissible drug-resistance factors composed of the resistance-transfer factor and markers of resistance to sulfonamide, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline) gave rise to a high-frequency transfer system inEscherichia coliK-12 F−, F+, and Hfr strains that was similar to the high-frequency colicinogeny transfer system (HFCT) found by Stocker and Ozeki inSalmonella typhimuriumwith colicinogenic factor I. The procedure for obtaining a high-frequency transfer system of R-factors was identical to that for HFCT. The majority of cells of the high-frequency resistance transfer system were composed of cells which had just received R-factors by conjugation. These cells could act as highly competent donor cells for further transfer of the R-factors by conjugation. The frequencies of transfer of R-factors were as high as 1.5 to 7.5 per resistant donor cell introduced into mixed incubation with drug-sensitive recipient cells for 1 hr at 37 C, whereas the usual donor cells could transfer the R-factors at frequencies of, at most, 1:30 under similar conditions of mixed cultivation. It was also found that the aerobic conditions for growth of donor cells rather reduced the frequencies of transfer of R-factors in the usual systems. Possible mechanisms of the high-frequency resistance transfer system are discussed.
CONVERSION OF THE PHASE I ANTIGEN OFCOXIELLA BURNETIITO HAPTEN BY PHENOL TREATMENT
Authors: Anacker R. L. , Haskins W. T. , Lackman D. B. , Ribi E. , Pickens E. G.
Published: January 2020

Anacker, R. L. (Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), W. T.Haskins, D. B. Lackman, E. Ribi, and E. G. Pickens. Conversion of the phase I antigen ofCoxiella burnetiito hapten by phenol treatment. J. Bacteriol.85:1165–1170. 1963.—Trichloroacetic acid extracts ofCoxiella burnetiiare converted to hapten by treatment with phenol. Such extracts react, like the original trichloroacetic acid extract, at high dilution in the complement-fixation test and produce zones of precipitate with specific antibody in gel diffusion tests; but, unlike the parent extract, injection of the phenol-treated extract neither induces resistance to challenge in guinea pigs nor antibody formation in guinea pigs, rabbits, or mice. This loss of antigenicity is correlated with removal of protein from the original product.
INFLUENCE OF GROWTH MEDIUM ON ASSIMILATORY ACTIVITIES OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Clifton C. E.
Published: January 2020

Clifton
, C. E. (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.). Influence of growth medium on assimilatory activities of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1371–1377. 1963.—Nutrient agargrown cells assimilate about 50% of the glucose added to washed suspensions (phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, 30 C), as indicated by O
2
consumption or C
14
-uptake from uniformly labeled glucose. Most of the nonassimilated glucose is oxidized, but a small portion remains in forms other than glucose in the suspension medium. Cells from glucose agar, however, assimilate only about 20 to 30% of the U-glucose and ferment a considerable portion of the remainder, the extent of each being determined in part at least by growth conditions. Evidence is presented that this behavior is the result of metabolic controls induced during growth. C
14
from U-glucose appeared in all fractions of either agar- or glucose agar-grown cells, the highest percentage being present in cellular matter insoluble in hot 5% trichloroacetic acid. Data on the distribution of C
14
from 1-, 2-, and 6-glucose, and from acetate and pyruvate, are also presented.
INHIBITION OF MICROBIAL GROWTH AND SEPARATION BYd-SERINE, VANCOMYCIN, AND MITOMYCIN C
Authors: Durham Norman N.
Published: January 2020

Durham, NormanN. (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater). Inhibition of microbial growth and separation byd-serine, vancomycin, and mitomycin C. J. Bacteriol.86:380–386. 1963.—A study was made of the growth and separation inhibition ofPseudomonas fluorescensby vancomycin and mitomycin C and of aFlavobacteriumsp. sensitive to mitomycin C andd-serine. Aberrant morphological forms (primarily “boat-shaped” cells and “chain-like” filaments) were observed during growth of the sensitive organism in the presence of the inhibitors. Reversal studies indicated that Mg++, and to a lesser extent Mn++, partially reversed vancomycin and mitomycin C growth inhibition during the early stages of growth but did not influenced-serine inhibition. Selected metabolites also showed a tendency to partially reverse mitomycin C and vancomycin inhibition of growth during the initial growth phase, and the differences in reversal trends suggested thatd-serine, vancomycin, and mitomycin C produce metabolic lesions at different sites in the cell with respect to growth. Cultivation of the sensitive organism in low concentrations of the inhibitors resulted in a structurally fragile population, indicating formation of a defective cell structure. Mg++partially reversed the vancomycin inhibition of separation in these organisms. None of the other metals or metabolites, either singly or in varied combinations, was able to reverse inhibition of separation by the various inhibitors.
USE OF THE CHICK EMBRYO IN MAINTAINING AND RESTORING VIRULENCE OF
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
Authors: Walsh Martin J. , Brown Bobby C. , Brown Leonard , Pirkle Carl I.
Published: January 2020

Walsh, Martin
J. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.),
Bobby C. Brown, Leonard Brown, and Carl I. Pirkle
. Use of the chick embryo in maintaining and restoring virulence of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
478–481. 1963.—Data based on its capabilities of producing acute urethritis in human male volunteers showed that
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
rapidly decreased in virulence after repeated subculture on chocolate agar medium. Cultures of a particular strain (GCM13) in the allantoic cavity of a developing chick embryo maintained virulence after 82 successive transfers. Another strain (GCF62), after loss of virulence through repeated subculture on chocolate agar, was again able to produce infection after 15 consecutive transfers in chick embryo. Thus, chick embryo apparently had the capability not only to maintain the virulence factor but also to reconstitute virulence. It is postulated that chick embryo serves as a selective medium for the growth of virulent gonococci, permitting rapid multiplication of these organisms and suppressing growth of the nonvirulent organisms.
MACROSCOPIC PATTERNS OF BACTERIA AFTER DEVELOPMENT IN DROPS OF LIQUID MEDIUM
Authors: Lorian Victor
Published: January 2020

Lorian, Victor
(Laboratório Central de Tuberculose, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Macroscopic patterns of bacteria after development in drops of liquid medium. J. Bacteriol.
86:
582–584. 1963.—Cultures of bacteria in liquid media with 0.06% triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride showed visible macroscopic development and a characteristic pattern for each strain, when deposited in 0.35-ml drops on the surface of silicone-coated glass or in concavities of slides, after 3 to 4 hr of immobility in an incubator at 37 C. These patterns could be due to sedimentation or autoagglutination occurring as the bacteria developed under these conditions.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES IN FACULTATIVE AND ANAEROBIC
ACTINOMYCES
Authors: Overman John R. , Pine Leo
Published: January 2020

Overman, John
R. (Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C.)
and Leo Pine
. Electron microscopy of cytoplasmic structures in facultative and anaerobic
Actinomyces
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
656–665. 1963.—Electron microscopy of cytoplasmic complexes and the cytoplasmic fine structure of
Actinomyces bovis, A. israelii, A. naeslundii
, and
A. propionicus
demonstrated marked differences among these four species. Also included in the present study was
Lactobacillus bifidus
, an organism closely related to the
Actinomyces
species. A relatively small and compact cytoplasmic membrane complex of
A. propionicus
was unique in its morphology. Membrane structures of
A. naeslundii
and
A. israelii
were relatively large and consisted of coils of various sizes of the cytoplasmic membrane. No membrane complexes were found in
L. bifidus
or
A. bovis
. Measurements of cell-wall thickness indicated a significant difference between
A. bovis
and
A. israelii
. On the basis of general morphology, cell-wall thickness, and cytoplasmic membrane complexes,
A. bovis
and
A. israelii
appear to be distinct species. The relation of the fine structure complexity to phylogenetic position of these organisms is considered.
MICROMORPHOLOGY OF
DERMATOPHILUS CONGOLENSIS
Authors: Gordon Morris A. , Edwards Mercedes R.
Published: January 2020

Gordon, Morris
A. (Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany),
and Mercedes R. Edwards
. Micromorphology of
Dermatophilus congolensis
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1101–1115. 1963.—As seen in electron micrographs of thin sections,
Dermatophilus congolensis
is a holocarpic actinomycete that fragments, after formation of septa in several planes, into
Sarcina
-like packets and then into individual cocci. Release of coccal forms from the filaments and packets is by dissolution of a capsular matrix, which is a product of degradation of the cell wall. The plasmalemma is a “unit membrane.” Regularly occurring plasmalemmosomes (“onion bodies”) of uniform structure are apparently related to septum formation. A typical bacterial nucleoid is seen in most sections, and ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Specimens for electron microscopy were prepared by a modification of Kellenberger's method.
PATTERNS OF OXIDATIVE ASSIMILATION IN STRAINS OF
ACETOBACTER
AND
AZOTOBACTER
Authors: Tomlinson Geraldine A. , Campbell J. J. R.
Published: January 2020

Tomlinson, Geraldine
A. (The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada),
and J. J. R. Campbell
. Patterns of oxidative assimilation in strains of
Acetobacter
and
Azotobacter
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1165–1172. 1963.—Oxidative assimilation of glucose-
U-C
14
was studied with washed-cell suspensions of
Acetobacter aceti, A. xylinum, Azotobacter vinelandii
, and
A. agilis
. The suggestion that oxidative assimilation is largely the incorporation of endogenously produced ammonia is tenable.
A. aceti
did not exhibit oxidative assimilation and it did not incorporate ammonia in the presence of glucose, α-ketoglutarate, or pyruvate.
A. xylinum, A. vinelandii
, and
A. agilis
incorporated C
14
into the nitrogenous fractions of the cell. The level of assimilation into
A. xylinum
was low due to the accumulation of extracellular cellulose, and the level of assimilation into the
Azotobacter
was low presumably because of the requirement of energy for nitrogen fixation. The
Azotobacter
were characterized by the presence of a high level of radioactivity in the cold trichloroacetic acid-soluble pool. None of the organisms accumulated compounds in the supernatant fluid that might be considered pacemakers in glucose oxidation, and this could be a contributing factor in the low level of assimilation.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES IN
LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM
I
Authors: Mizushima Shôji , Machida Yoshiaki , Kitahara Kakuo
Published: January 2020

Mizushima, Shôji
(University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan),
Yoshiaki Machida, and Kakuo Kitahara
. Quantitative studies on glycolytic enzymes in
Lactobacillus plantarum
. I. Concentration of inorganic ions and coenzymes in fermenting cells. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1295–1300. 1963.—An attempt was made to summarize the intracellular conditions of
Lactobacillus plantarum
in which a lactic acid fermentation proceeded at a steady state. The structure of the fermenting cell was studied by fractionating the cell constituents and measuring the volume of each constituent by the inulin space method. The pH value in the cell was estimated to be 5.4. The intracellular concentrations of inorganic ions and coenzymes and their changes during the fermentation are also presented.
CHANGES IN TERMINAL RESPIRATORY PATHWAYS OF INTACT CELLS OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
AT VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Goldman Manuel , Blumenthal Harold J.
Published: January 2020

Goldman, Manuel
(The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor),
and Harold J. Blumenthal
. Changes in terminal respiratory pathways of intact cells of
Bacillus cereus
at various stages of development. J. Bacteriol.
87:
387–390. 1964.—The conversion of glucose-
6-C
14
to C
14
O
2
was used as the indicator of terminal respiration. Resting suspensions of cells that had completed their first division exhibited little terminal respiratory activity, whereas cells that had completed eight to nine divisions exhibited maximal activity. Intermediate values were obtained for resting-cell suspensions at developmental stages between the first and eighth divisions. Growing cells at all stages oxidized considerably less glucose-
6-C
14
to C
14
O
2
than did comparable resting cells. Terminal respiration was demonstrable in resting cells harvested from a growth medium still containing relatively large amounts of glucose.
5-FLUOROURACIL AS A SELECTIVE AGENT FOR GROWTH OF LEPTOSPIRAE
Authors: Johnson Russell C. , Rogers Palmer
Published: January 2020

Johnson, Russell
C. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),
and Palmer Rogers
. 5-Fluorouracil as a selective agent for growth of leptospirae. J. Bacteriol.
87:
422–426. 1964.—The use of 5-fluorouracil (FU) as a selective agent for the growth of leptospirae was investigated. Both the growth rate and the final cell yield of
Leptospira pomona
were unaltered with FU added to the medium at concentrations varying from 50 to 1,000 μg/ml. Growth of this organism was initiated with as few as five organisms per ml in the FU medium. With C
14
-FU, it was demonstrated that FU was not incorporated into
L. pomona
nucleic acids. Other leptospirae tested grew normally in the presence of FU. By use of the FU medium,
L. canicola
was successfully isolated from contaminated urine of experimentally infected dogs. Also, contaminated cultures of leptospirae were purified by passage through the FU medium.
CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION OF THYMINE AND ARGININE GENES IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
AND AN F′ INCORPORATING THEM
Authors: Ishibashi Masahide , Sugino Yoshinobu , Hirota Yukinori
Published: January 2020

Ishibashi, Masahide
(Osaka University, Osaka, Japan),
Yoshinobu Sugino, and Yukinori Hirota
. Chromosomal location of thymine and arginine genes in
Escherichia coli
and an F′ incorporating them. J. Bacteriol.
87:
554–561. 1964.—The gene responsible for thymine requirement or independence in
Escherichia coli
K-12 is located on the chromosome, near
Arg
2
(arginine) and between
Sm
(streptomycin) and
Ade
(adenine). A new F′ (called F
15
) carrying the
Thy
(thymine) gene as well as the
Arg
2
gene was discovered. The
Thy
+
(thymine independent) gene on F
15
relieves the defect of all
Thy
−
(thymine requiring) mutants of
E. coli
examined, such as
E. coli
15 T
−
, B3, and
Thy
−
mutants obtained by aminopterine treatment. It can also be transferred to
Thy
−
mutants of
Salmonella typhimurium
and
Serratia marcescens
, converting them to
Thy
+
.
SPORULATION IN PROTOPLASTS AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON PRIOR FORESPORE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Fitz-James Philip C.
Published: January 2020

Fitz-James, Philip
C. (University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada). Sporulation in protoplasts and its dependence on prior forespore development. J. Bacteriol.
87:
667–675. 1964.—Phase-contrast and electron microscopy were used to decide whether cells from late growth or sporulating cultures could, where converted into protoplasts, complete the process of sporulation. The cell wall was found essential to the development of the forespore. Incomplete forespores formed a satellite protoplast. Completed forespores were enclosed by the sporangial protoplast, and only these or later forms were able to complete sporulation in protoplasts.
EFFECT OF IRON AND ZINC ON GROWTH PATTERNS OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
IN AN IRON-DEFICIENT MEDIUM
Authors: Ratledge Colin , Winder Frank G.
Published: January 2020

Ratledge, Colin
(Medical Research Council of Ireland, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland),
and Frank G. Winder
. Effect of iron and zinc on growth patterns of
Escherichia coli
in an iron-deficient medium. J. Bacteriol.
87:
823–827. 1964.—
Escherichia coli
grew poorly in a shaken glycerol-salts medium depleted of trace metals. Normal growth was restored by the addition of 2.0 μg of iron per ml. At lower levels of iron, the lag period was increased and the rate of growth and the yield were decreased. Unless the initial concentration of iron was reduced below 0.035 μg/ml, the effect on the yield was comparatively small. Below this concentration, growth was approximately linear and the yield was proportional to the amount of iron present; these cultures underwent a second phase of growth about 24 hr after the original cessation of growth, the growth being slower than before and accompanied by increase in length of the bacteria. Zinc (0.10 μg/ml) was usually inhibitory during the first growth phase, but induced an earlier and more rapid second growth phase; it greatly increased the degree of filament formation. With a small inoculum (about 560 cells per ml) in depleted medium, the lag period was 1 day with 0.5 μg of iron per ml, but was 8 days when no additions were made.
METABOLISM OF MANNITOL BY
COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS
Authors: Lones George W. , Peacock Carl
Published: January 2020

Lones, George
W. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.),
and Carl Peacock
. Metabolism of mannitol by
Coccidioides immitis
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1114–1117. 1964.—Strain M-11 of
Coccidioides immitis
was found to utilize mannitol for growth in the mycelial form but not in the spherule form. Cell-free extracts of both forms, grown on glucose, were capable of reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with mannitol-1-PO
4
but not with mannitol. The extracts accomplished a rapid oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by fructose-6-PO
4
, the expected product of mannitol-1-PO
4
oxidation. Fructose was inactive. Paper electrophoresis and chromatography with several solvent systems demonstrated a substance in extracts of both mycelium and spherules having a migration consistent with that of mannitol.
ORIGIN OF PALMITIC ACID CARBON IN PALMITATES FORMED FROM HEXADECANE-
1-C
14
AND TETRADECANE-
1-C
14
BY
MICROCOCCUS CERIFICANS
Authors: Finnerty W. R. , Kallio R. E.
Published: January 2020

Finnerty
, W. R. (University of Iowa, Iowa City),
and R. E. Kallio
. Origin of palmitic acid carbon in palmitates formed from hexadecane-
1-C
14
and tetradecane-
1-C
14
by
Micrococcus cerificans
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1261–1265. 1964.—Degradation of the palmitic acid moiety of cetyl palmitate and myristyl palmitate formed from hexadecane-
1-C
14
and tetradecane-
1-C
14
by
Micrococcus cerificans
was carried out. The patterns of C
14
labeling in palmitic acid from cetyl palmitate showed that hexadecane is oxidized at the C
1
position, and cetyl alcohol and palmitic acid thus formed are directly esterified. Palmitic acid arising from tetradecane and esterified to tetradecanol appeared to have been synthesized by the addition of two carbon atoms to an existing 14-carbon atom skeleton. Considerable mixing of C
14
occurred in the C
1
and C
2
positions of palmitic acid thus synthesized.
TYROSINASE INHERITANCE IN
STREPTOMYCES SCABIES
I. GENETIC RECOMBINATION
Authors: Gregory Kenneth F. , Huang Jay C. C.
Published: January 2020

Gregory, Kenneth
F. (Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada),
and Jay C. C. Huang
. Tyrosinase inheritance in
Streptomyces scabies
. I. Genetic recombination. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1281–1286. 1964.—Mutants derived from
Streptomyces scabies
strain A26 recombined with other derivatives of A26, but not with nine other strains of
S. scabies
nor with eight strains of other streptomycetes. Most of the spore progeny of heterogenomic mycelia formed from complementary diauxotrophic strains of
S. scabies
A26 were capable of forming tyrosinase (
tye
+
), provided either of the parents was
tye
+
. About 99.8% of these spores carried the nutritional markers of either one or the other of the two parents. All recombinant classes between nutritional and streptomycin susceptibility markers were like-wise predominantly
tye
+
. We suggest that the
tye
+
characteristic is carried in a small genetic unit, which is unlinked to most other genes and capable of replicating faster than the rest of the
S. scabies
genome.