bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia and severe thrombocytopenia in dogs: 12 cases (2001–2008)
Authors: Orcutt Elizabeth S. , Lee Justine A. , Bianco Domenico
Published: May 2010

Objective –To identify and characterize the syndrome of immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) with concurrent severe thrombocytopenia (≤15.0 × 109 platelets/L; [15.0 × 103 platelets/μL]), and to evaluate prognostic factors, clinicopathologic findings, complications, treatment, outcome, and survival of dogs with this hematologic disorder.

Design –Retrospective, observational study.

Setting –Veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals –Twelve client‐owned dogs with IMHA and severe thrombocytopenia (≤15.0 × 109 platelets/L; [15.0 × 103 platelets/μL]), without evidence of overt disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Interventions –The following data were recorded and analyzed from the electronic medical record: signalment, history, concurrent diseases, clinical signs at presentation, clinicopathologic data, diagnostic testing, radiographic findings, treatment modalities, length of hospitalization, complications, and clinical outcome. All dogs were treated with immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids.

Measurements and Main Results –Twelve dogs were identified with the diagnosis of IMHA and severe thrombocytopenia; of these, 9 (75%) survived, 3 (25%) were euthanized, and none died. Dogs that survived were significantly younger than nonsurvivors (P=0.03). There were no specific clinical signs or therapies associated with survival.

Conclusions –Dogs in this study had a mortality rate similar to reported rates for dogs with either disease alone. Overall, younger dogs were more likely to survive. No association between different treatment modalities and overall survival was identified.
Morphological variation over ontogeny and environments in resource polymorphic arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)
Authors: Parsons Kevin J. , Skúlason Skuli , Ferguson Moira
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYNatural selection requires genetically based phenotypic variation to facilitate its action and cause adaptive evolution. It has become increasingly recognized that morphological development can become canalized likely as a result of selection. However, it is largely unknown how selection may influence canalization over ontogeny and differing environments. Changes in environments or colonization of a novel one is expected to result in adaptive divergence from the ancestral population when selection favors a new phenotypic optimum. In turn, a novel environment may also expose variation previously hidden from natural selection. We tested for changes in phenotypic variation over ontogeny and environments among ecomorphs of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) from two Icelandic lakes. Populations represented varying degrees of ecological specialization, with one lake population possessing highly specialized ecomorphs exhibiting a large degree of phenotypic divergence, whereas the other displayed more subtle divergence with more ecological overlap. Here we show that ecomorphs hypothesized to be the most specialized in each lake possess significant reductions in shape variation over ontogeny regardless of environmental treatment suggesting canalized development. However, environments did change the amount of shape variation expressed in these ecomorphs, with novel environments slowing the rate at which variation was reduced over ontogeny. Thus, environmental conditions may play an important role in determining the type and amount of genetically based phenotypic variation exposed to natural selection.
Cloning of noggin gene from hydra and analysis of its functional conservation using Xenopus laevis embryos
Authors: Chandramore Kalpana , Ito Yuzuro , Takahashi Shuji , Asashima Makoto , Ghaskadbi Surendra
Published: May 2010

SUMMARY
Hydra, a member of phylum Cnidaria that arose early in evolution, is endowed with a defined axis, organized nervous system, and active behavior. It is a powerful model system for the elucidation of evolution of developmental mechanisms in animals. Here, we describe the identification and cloning of noggin‐like gene from hydra. Noggin is a secreted protein involved at multiple stages of vertebrate embryonic development including neural induction and is known to exert its effects by inhibiting the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐signaling pathway. Sequence analysis revealed that hydra Noggin shows considerable similarity with its orthologs at the amino acid level. When microinjected in the early Xenopus embryos, hydra noggin mRNA induced a secondary axis in 100% of the injected embryos, demonstrating functional conservation of hydra noggin in vertebrates. This was further confirmed by the partial rescue of Xenopus embryos by hydra noggin mRNA from UV‐induced ventralization. By using animal cap assay in Xenopus embryos, we demonstrate that these effects of hydra noggin in Xenopus embryos are because of inhibition of BMP signaling by Noggin. Our data indicate that BMP/Noggin antagonism predates the bilaterian divergence and is conserved during the evolution.
Piwi expression in archeocytes and choanocytes in demosponges: insights into the stem cell system in demosponges
Authors: Funayama Noriko , Nakatsukasa Mikiko , Mohri Kurato , Masuda Yoshiki , Agata Kiyokazu
Published: May 2010

SUMMARY
Little is known about the stem cells of organisms early in metazoan evolution. To characterize the stem cell system in demosponges, we identified Piwi homologs of a freshwater sponge, Ephydatia fluviatilis, as candidate stem cell (archeocyte) markers. EfPiwiA mRNA was expressed in cells with archeocyte cell morphological features. We demonstrated that these EfPiwiA‐expressing cells were indeed stem cells by showing their ability to proliferate, as indicated by BrdU‐incorporation, and to differentiate, as indicated by the coexpression of EfPiwiA with cell‐lineage‐specific genes in presumptive committed archeocytes. EfPiwiA mRNA expression was maintained in mature choanocytes forming chambers, in contrast to the transition of gene expression from EfPiwiA to cell‐lineage‐specific markers during archeocyte differentiation into other cell types. Choanocytes are food‐entrapping cells with morphological features similar to those of choanoflagellates (microvillus collar and a flagellum). Their known abilities to transform into archeocytes under specific circumstances and to give rise to gametes (mostly sperm) indicate that even when they are fully differentiated, choanocytes maintain pluripotent stem cell‐like potential. Based on the specific expression of EfPiwiA in archeocytes and choanocytes, combined with previous studies, we propose that both archeocytes and choanocytes are components of the demosponge stem cell system. We discuss the possibility that choanocytes might represent the ancestral stem cells, whereas archeocytes might represent stem cells that further evolved in ancestral multicellular organisms.
Butterfly wings shaped by a molecular cookie cutter: evolutionary radiation of lepidopteran wing shapes associated with a derived Cut/wingless wing margin boundary system
Authors: Macdonald Warren P. , Martin Arnaud , Reed Robert D.
Published: May 2010

SUMMARY
Butterflies and moths show a remarkable diversity of specialized wing shapes, yet little is known about the molecular basis of wing shape determination. To learn more about this process we examined the expression of dorsoventral (DV) boundary candidate genes in developing wings of several species of Lepidoptera. We found that the transcription factor Cut and mRNA for the signaling molecule wingless (wg) are strongly co‐expressed in a discrete zone around the larval wing disc margin. Surprisingly, the expression boundary of Cut and wg clearly presages complex future adult wing shapes, including the hindwing tails of swallowtail butterflies, very early in final‐instar wing disc development. During pupal wing development the cells in this zone undergo apoptosis, thereby defining the actual margin of the adult wing. Comparison with gene expression in beetle and fly wings suggests that this delineation of a topologically independent boundary running parallel to the DV boundary is a derived feature of Lepidoptera. We propose that the developmental decoupling of wing margin determination and DV boundary formation was a major developmental innovation that facilitated the radiation of specialized wing shapes in moths and butterflies.
Species‐specific coordinated gene expression and trans‐regulation of larval color pattern in three swallowtail butterflies
Authors: Shirataki Hiroko , Futahashi Ryo , Fujiwara Haruhiko
Published: May 2010

SUMMARY
The diversity of butterfly larval color pattern has been attracted to people since Darwin's time; however, its molecular mechanisms still remain largely unknown. Larval body markings often differ completely between closely related species under natural selection. The final instar larvae of the swallowtail butterflies Papilio xuthus and Papilio polytes show a green camouflage pattern, whereas those of Papilio machaon show a warning color pattern, although P. xuthus and P. machaon are closely related species. To identify the genes that contribute to species divergence, we compared the expression pattern of eight pigment‐associated genes between three Papilio species. The spatial expression pattern of melanin‐related genes coincided with the species‐specific cuticular markings. We newly found that the combination of bilin‐binding protein and yellow‐related gene (YRG) correlated perfectly with larval blue, yellow, and green coloration. To distinguish whether the interspecific differences in pigment‐associated genes are caused by cis‐regulatory changes or distribution differences in trans‐regulatory proteins, we compared species‐specific mRNA expression in an F1 hybrid specimen. Px‐YRG and Pp‐YRG showed a similar expression pattern, suggesting that the change in expression of YRG is caused mainly by changes in the distribution of trans‐regulatory proteins. Our findings shed light on the gene regulatory networks for butterfly larval color pattern.
A Modified Transvenous Single Mechanical Dilatation Technique to Remove a Chronically Implanted Active‐Fixation Coronary Sinus Pacing Lead
Authors: BONGIORNI MARIA GRAZIA , DI CORI ANDREA , ZUCCHELLI GIULIO , SEGRETI LUCA , DE LUCIA RAFFAELE , PAPERINI LUCA , SOLDATI EZIO
Published: May 2010

We described a 77‐year‐old patient, previously implanted with a dual‐chamber pacemaker later upgraded to a cardiac resynchronization therapy‐defibrillator (CRT‐D) device with an active‐fixation coronary sinus pacing lead, who underwent a transvenous mechanical extraction procedure for a device‐related systemic infection. All leads were removed successfully with a transvenous approach. With regard to the coronary sinus (CS) lead (Attain 4195 StarFix, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), manual traction was ineffective and extraction required long and challenging mechanical dilatation up to distal CS using either conventional sheaths or modified CS lead delivery. (PACE 2010; 34:e66–e69)
Yes, the Primal Crime Did Take Place: A Further Defense of Freud's Totem and Taboo
Authors: Paul Robert A.
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Recent contributions to the study of the evolution of early human society from its prehuman primate predecessors make it possible to reassess Freud's theory of the “primal crime” put forward in the fourth essay of Totem and Taboo. Shorn of its antiquated language, and of its unnecessary “Lamarckism,” Freud's picture of the transition from prehuman to early hominid social structure turns out to have been remarkably plausible and prescient. [psychoanalytic anthropology, Freud's cultural theory, “Totem and Taboo,” human evolution, egalitarianism]
A systematic review of prospective studies on attention problems and academic achievement
Authors: Polderman T. J. C. , Boomsma D. I. , Bartels M. , Verhulst F. C. , Huizink A. C.
Published: May 2010

Polderman TJC, Boomsma DI, Bartels M, Verhulst FC, Huizink AC. A systematic review of prospective studies on attention problems and academic achievement.

Objective:  Our aim was to provide an overview of prospective studies that have addressed the association between attention problems (AP, i.e. symptoms of hyperactivity and inattentiveness) and academic achievement (AA).

Method:  We conducted a systematic search in the literature. Normal population studies and clinical studies were included. The methodological quality of each study was evaluated by objective criteria. A best evidence synthesis was used to determine the strengths of the association.

Results:  Sixteen studies were included. We found convincing evidence for a negative association between AP and AA. After controlling for intelligence, comorbidity, and socioeconomic status (SES), the association between the hyperactive symptoms of AP and AA was non‐significant in two studies.

Conclusion:  Children with AP are at risk for lower AA and subsequent adverse outcomes later in life. Interventions in affected children should focus on their behavioural and educational development.
Are multi family groups appropriate for patients with first episode psychosis? A 5‐year naturalistic follow‐up study
Authors: Rossberg J. I. , Johannessen J. O. , Klungsoyr O. , Opjordsmoen S. , Evensen J. , Fjell A. , Haahr U. , Joa I. , Langeveld J. , Larsen T. K. , Melle I. , Rund B. R. , Simonsen E. , Ten Velden W. , Vaglum P. , Friis S. , McGlashan T.
Published: May 2010

Rossberg JI, Johannessen JO, Klungsoyr O, Opjordsmoen S, Evensen J, Fjell A, Haahr U, Joa I, Langeveld J, Larsen TK, Melle I, Rund BR, Simonsen E, ten Velden W, Vaglum P, Friis S, McGlashan T. Are multi family groups appropriate for patients with first episode psychosis? A 5‐year naturalistic follow‐up study.

Objective:  To compare outcome over 5 years for patients who participated in multi family groups (MFGs) to those who refused or were not offered participation.

Method:  Of 301 first episode psychotic patients aged 15–65 years, 147 participated in MFGs. Outcome was measured by drop‐out rates, positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) symptom scores, and duration of psychotic episodes during the follow‐up period.

Results:  Multi family group participants had a significantly lower drop‐out rates at 5‐year follow‐up than patients who did not participate. However, the MFG participants had significantly less improvement in PANSS positive and excitative symptoms and had significantly longer duration of psychotic symptoms during the follow‐up period.

Conclusion:  Multi family groups appear to increase the chance of retaining patients in a follow‐up study, but adjustment of the programme may be necessary with first episode psychosis patients to meet their needs better.
Metameric effect between natural teeth and the shade tabs of a shade guide
Authors: Corcodel Nicoleta , Helling Stephan , Rammelsberg Peter , Hassel Alexander J.
Published: May 2010

Corcodel N, Helling S, Rammelsberg P, Hassel AJ. Metameric effect between natural teeth and the shade tabs of a shade guide. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 311–316. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation©2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The objective of this study was to evaluate metameric effects, that is, the dependence of the colours of teeth and shade tabs on the illuminant used. The colours of 49 teeth of 37 participants and of the corresponding shade tabs of the 3D‐Master (VITA Zahnfabrik; colour match ΔEab< 2) were measured using an intra‐oral spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade). Spectral reflectance data (from 400 to 700 nm) were recorded. Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) L*a*b* values were calculated for D65 (reference daylight), A (incandescent light), and TL84 (store/office light) as reference illuminants. A modified metamerism index (Mod‐M) and hue‐angle ratios were calculated to express differences between tooth and tab colour relative to the difference observed under D65 illumination. The Mod‐M for teeth and tabs was greater than unity (indicating a greater colour difference relative to D65) by 57.1% for A and by 49.3% for TL84. Hue‐angle ratios of teeth and tabs using the test illuminants were different from those obtained using the standard illuminant D65. If teeth and shade tab matching is conducted using daylight illumination, the colour difference may not be the same under other lighting conditions, leading to perceptible, or even unacceptable, colour differences under these conditions.
Treatment of deep caries lesions in adults: randomized clinical trials comparing stepwise vs. direct complete excavation, and direct pulp capping vs. partial pulpotomy
Authors: Bjørndal Lars , Reit Claes , Bruun Gitte , Markvart Merete , Kjældgaard Marianne , Näsman Peggy , Thordrup Marianne , Dige Irene , Nyvad Bente , Fransson Helena , Lager Anders , Ericson Dan , Petersson Kerstin , Olsson Jadranka , Santimano Eva M. , Wennström Anette , Winkel Per , Gluud Christian
Published: May 2010

Bjørndal L, Reit C, Bruun G, Markvart M, Kjældgaard M, Näsman P, Thordrup M, Dige I, Nyvad B, Fransson H, Lager A, Ericson D, Petersson K, Olsson J, Santimano EM, Wennström A, Winkel P, Gluud C. Treatment of deep caries lesions in adults: randomized clinical trials comparing stepwise vs. direct complete excavation, and direct pulp capping vs. partial pulpotomy. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 290–297. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation©2010 Eur J Oral Sci

Less invasive excavation methods have been suggested for deep caries lesions. We tested the effects of stepwise vs. direct complete excavation, 1 yr after the procedure had been carried out, in 314 adults (from six centres) who had received treatment of a tooth with deep caries. The teeth had caries lesions involving 75% or more of the dentin and were centrally randomized to stepwise or direct complete excavation. Stepwise excavation resulted in fewer pulp exposures compared with direct complete excavation [difference: 11.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.2; 21.3)]. At 1 yr of follow‐up, there was a statistically significantly higher success rate with stepwise excavation, with success being defined as an unexposed pulp with sustained pulp vitality without apical radiolucency [difference: 11.7%, 95% CI (0.5; 22.5)]. In a subsequent nested trial, 58 patients with exposed pulps were randomized to direct capping or partial pulpotomy. We found no significant difference in pulp vitality without apical radiolucency between the two capping procedures after more than 1 yr [31.8% and 34.5%; difference: 2.7%, 95% CI (−22.7; 26.6)]. In conclusion, stepwise excavation decreases the risk of pulp exposure compared with direct complete excavation. In view of the poor prognosis of vital pulp treatment, a stepwise excavation approach for managing deep caries lesions is recommended.
Caries outcomes after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: do lingual brackets make a difference?
Authors: Van Der Veen M. H. , Attin R. , Schwestka‐Polly R. , Wiechmann D.
Published: May 2010

van der Veen MH, Attin R, Schwestka‐Polly R, Wiechmann D. Caries outcomes after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: do lingual brackets make a difference? Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 298–303.©2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances is considered a risk factor for the development of white spot caries lesions (WSL). Traditionally, brackets are bonded to the buccal surfaces. Lingual brackets are developing rapidly and have become more readily available. Buccal surfaces are considered to be more caries prone than lingual surfaces. Furthermore, lingual brackets are shaped to fit the morphology of the teeth and seal almost the entire surface. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that lingual brackets result in a lower caries incidence than buccal brackets. We tested this hypothesis using a split‐mouth design where subjects were allocated randomly to a group receiving either buccal or lingual brackets on the maxillary teeth and the alternative bracket type in the mandible. The results indicate that buccal surfaces are more prone to WSL development, especially when WSL existed before treatment. The number of WSL that developed or progressed on buccal surfaces was 4.8 times higher than the number of WSL that developed or progressed on lingual surfaces. When measured using quantitative light‐induced fluorescence (QLF), the increase in integrated fluorescence loss was 10.6 times higher buccally than lingually. We conclude that lingual brackets make a difference when caries lesion incidence is concerned.
Intracellular Ca2+ responses and cell volume regulation upon cholinergic and purinergic stimulation in an immortalized salivary cell line
Authors: Aure Marit H. , Røed Asbjørn , Galtung Hilde Kanli
Published: May 2010

Aure MH, Røed A, Kanli Galtung H. Intracellular Ca

2+

responses and cell volume regulation upon cholinergic and purinergic stimulation in an immortalized salivary cell line. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 237–244. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The water channel aquaporin 5 (AQP5) seems to play a key role in salivary fluid secretion and appears to be critical in the cell volume regulation of acinar cells. Recently, the cation channel transient potential vanilloid receptor 4 (TRPV4) was shown to be functionally connected to AQP5 and also to cell volume regulation in salivary glands. We used the Simian virus 40 (SV40) immortalized cell line SMG C10 from the rat submandibular salivary gland to investigate the effect of ATP and the neurotransmitter analogue carbachol on Ca2+ signalling and cell volume regulation, as well as the involvement of TRPV4 in the responses. We used fura‐2‐AM imaging, cell volume measurements, and western blotting. Both carbachol and ATP increased the concentration of intracellular Ca2+, but no volume changes could be measured. Inhibition of TRPV4 with ruthenium red impaired both ATP‐ and carbachol‐stimulated Ca2+ signals. Peak Ca2+ signalling during hyposmotic exposure was significantly decreased following inhibition of TRPV4, while the cells’ ability to volume regulate appeared to be unaffected. These results show that in the SMG C10 cells, simulation of nervous stimulation did not induce cell swelling, although the cells had intact volume regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, even though Ca2+ signals were not needed for this volume regulation, TRPV4 seems to play a role during ATP and carbachol stimulation.
Towards a better understanding of dental anxiety and fear: cognitions vs. experiences
Authors: Armfield Jason M.
Published: May 2010

Armfield JM. Towards a better understanding of dental anxiety and fear: cognitions vs. experiences. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 259–264. © 2010 The Author. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

Traumatic dental experiences are associated with dental anxiety and fear. However, many people with no dental fear have had negative dental experiences, and some people with considerable fear fail to recall any traumatic incidents. This study aimed to determine whether dental fear was better explained by experiences or by cognitive perceptions of going to the dentist as being uncontrollable, unpredictable, dangerous, and disgusting. A random sample of 1,084 Australian adults (response rate = 71.7%) completed a mailed questionnaire with measures of dental fear, perceptions of going to the dentist, and dental experiences. Perceptions of uncontrollability, unpredictability, dangerousness, and disgustingness had strong bivariate associations with scores on the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF‐4C). Vulnerability‐related perceptions accounted for 46.3% of the variance in IDAF‐4C scores beyond that accounted for by demographic variables and five possible dental experiences comprising intense pain, considerable discomfort, gagging, fainting, and having a personal problem with the dentist. In contrast, dental experiences accounted for < 1% of the variance in IDAF‐4C scores beyond that accounted for by the four cognitive perceptions. Perceptions of uncontrollability, unpredictability, dangerousness, and disgustingness were superior predictors of dental fear compared with negative dental experiences.
Susceptibility locus for non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate on chromosome 10q25 confers risk in Estonian patients
Authors: Nikopensius Tiit , Birnbaum Stefanie , Ludwig Kerstin U. , Jagomägi Triin , Saag Mare , Herms Stefan , Knapp Michael , Hoffmann Per , Nöthen Markus M. , Metspalu Andres , Mangold Elisabeth
Published: May 2010

Nikopensius T, Birnbaum S, Ludwig KU, Jagomägi T, Saag M, Herms S, Knapp M, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Metspalu A, Mangold E. Susceptibility locus for non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate on chromosome 10q25 confers risk in Estonian patients. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 317–319. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

Non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is one of the most common birth defects and has a multifactorial etiology that includes both genetic and environmental factors. Recently, two novel susceptibility loci and three suggestive loci for NSCL/P were identified by a genome‐wide association scan (GWAS) in a German population with subsequent independent replication in a mixed European population. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether these newly detected loci confer similar effects in the North‐East European Baltic population. A total of 101 NSCL/P patients and 254 controls from Estonia were included. A significant association was observed for rs7078160 (P = 0.0016) at chromosome 10q25, which confirms the association of this locus with NSCL/P in the Baltic population. No significant association was found for the other four loci, a result that may have been attributable to the limited power of the sample.
Accuracy of Virtually Planned and Template Guided Implant Surgery on Edentate Patients
Authors: Pettersson Andreas , Komiyama Ai , Hultin Margareta , Näsström Karin , Klinge Björn
Published: May 2010

Purpose: Scientific evidence regarding the accuracy of implants placed into patients by the aid of a surgical template is limited. The objective of the present study was to verify if any variation exists between virtually planned implants' position using a computer, compared with the subsequently clinically placed implants with the aid of a surgical template in the mandible and the maxilla.

Material and Methods: A total number of 25 edentate jaws were treated with the aid of a surgical template. In total, 139 implants were inserted. Fifty implants were inserted in the mandible and 89 in the maxilla. A voxel‐based registration method was used to match two separate cone‐beam computed tomography scans of the patients. The implant positions were calculated and compared between the planned implants and the implants' clinical position after more than 1 year after surgery. The results included the linear differences in distance at the level of the hex, the apex, and the depth. The angular differences were presented in degrees.

Results: Statistical results indicated some factors with significant deviations. The greatest errors were found when comparing between patients moving during the computed tomography scans and those that did not move. The results showed significant divergence at the level of the hex and apex of the implants.

Conclusion: The hypothesis was rejected, as the statistical results indicated that there were significant differences between virtually planned implants' position and the final position of implants placed clinically.
Cone Beam Computed Tomographic Measurement of Maxillary Central Incisors to Determine Prevalence of Facial Alveolar Bone Width ≥2 mm
Authors: Nowzari Hessam , Molayem Shervin , Chiu Ching Hsiu Ketty , Rich Sandra K.
Published: May 2010

Background: The initial thickness of maxillary bone has significant impact on the responding level of facial bone and soft tissue after extraction and immediate implant placement. A prevailing notion is that following implant placement in fresh extraction sites, at least 2 mm of facial bone is needed to prevent soft tissue recession, fenestration, and dehiscence.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to measure horizontal width of facial alveolar bone overlying healthy maxillary central incisors and to determine prevalence of bone thickness ≥2 mm.

Materials and Methods: Tomographic data from 101 randomly selected patients were evaluated by two independent observers. Assessments were made of facial bone width at levels 1.0 to 10.0 mm apical to the bone crest.

Results: Healthy maxillary central incisors (n = 202) were measured from 101 patient scans. The percent of teeth with facial bone ≥2 mm at levels 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm from the bone crest was 0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 2.5%, respectively. Overall mean thickness of the bone was 1.05 mm for right and left central incisors combined. The range of individual measurements for all levels was 0 to 5.1 mm. The occurrence of ≥2 mm thickness bone measurements increased with increasing depth. However, mean widths observed at levels 6 to 10 mm from the crest ranged only 1.0 to 1.3 mm because of apparent fenestration occurrence (0 mm bone) in approximately 12% of teeth. Overall, no significant differences in bone thickness were found between ethnic, gender, age, or scan groups.

Conclusions: Using CBCT, occurrences of ≥2 mm maxillary facial alveolar bone were found on no more than 3% of root surfaces 1.0 to 5.0 mm apical to the bone crest in this sample of maxillary central incisors. The study evidenced prevalence of a thin facial alveolar bone (<2 mm) that may contribute to risk of facial bone fenestration, dehiscence, and soft tissue recession after immediate implant therapy.
The Gendered Dimensions of Inheritance: Empirical Food for Legal Thought
Authors: Hacker Daphna
Published: May 2010

Inheritance is an extremely significant personal, familial, social, and legal phenomenon. Due to the significance of inheritance in wealth distribution and family relations, it is essential to uncover and discuss its gendered dimensions, which have benefited from surprisingly little empirical or legal attention. This article provides an updated state‐of‐the‐art review of the limited available empirical data on women as legators and on women as heirs in different parts of the world. The review is based on 23 studies, including the original results from a study the author conducted on inheritance in Israel, which illuminates the reach of insights that can be drawn from an inheritance study that focuses on gender. The review shows a sharp dichotomy between the ongoing discrimination women experience in non‐Western societies in relation to inheritance and the social reality in the West, in which inheritance is a rare economic space in which women enjoy privilege, power, and control. Although egalitarian inheritance laws have had a dramatic impact on women's representation in intestacy and their participation in will writing in the West, the data demonstrate that even in this part of the world, cultural patriarchal practices persist and limit women's inheritance rights and, accordingly, point to the importance of creating legal mechanisms that can counterbalance these practices. Moreover, the available data indicate the value of freedom of testation for women and the importance of ceasing to regard care as cause for suspicion in inheritance law, and instead viewing it as a practice deserving of reward. Finally, the article identifies the areas in which further research on gender and inheritance is warranted, hopefully spurring greater interest and developments in the field.
Judicial Discretion and Sentencing Behavior: Did the Feeney Amendment Rein in District Judges?
Authors: Freeborn Beth A. , Hartmann Monica E.
Published: May 2010

This research studies the impact of changes to judicial discretion on criminal sentencing outcomes. The 2003 Feeney Amendment restricted federal judges' ability to impose sentences outside of the Sentencing Guidelines and required appellate courts to review downward departures. Using data on all federal sentences between 1999 and 2004, we show that the amendment reduced downward departures by 5 percent. Controlling for characteristics of the crime and the offender, we find that the Amendment increased average prison sentences by about two months. There is no evidence that judges adjusted offense levels or criminal history in order to circumvent the Amendment.
O'Connell Early Settlement Offers: Toward Realistic Numbers and Two‐Sided Offers
Authors: Black Bernard , Hyman David A. , Silver Charles
Published: May 2010

In a prior article in this journal, we estimated the effect of an “O'Connell” early settlement offer program on payouts in medical malpractice litigation. Using Texas data and a base set of assumptions, we predicted that early offers would result in a 16 percent (20 percent) decline in payouts in currently tried (settled) cases. The overall decline came almost entirely from a sharp drop in payouts in cases with small economic damages. We compared our results with the estimate by Hersch, O'Connell, and Viscusi (2007) (HOV) of a 70 percent reduction in payouts, reconciled the two estimates, and explained why HOV's estimate reflected the compound effects of a series of unreasonable assumptions. In a reply in this journal, Hersch, O'Connell, and Viscusi (2010) (HOV‐2) complain that we misunderstand both the early offer proposal and their analysis. Remarkably, they do not dispute our estimates, given our assumptions. In this rebuttal, we defend our assumptions and provide an alternate analysis of settled cases based on insurer allocations, which also produces an estimated 20 percent payout decline. We also develop further our proposal for two‐sided early offers. This proposal would reduce the predicted payout decline by about 2 percent in both tried and settled cases. We explain in greater detail the problems with HOV's analysis. If we correct an error they made in understanding the Texas data set, and leave their other assumptions unchanged, their payout decline estimate drops to 30 percent, not far from ours.
Long‐distance Dispersal of Invasive Grasses by Logging Vehicles in a Tropical Dry Forest
Authors: Veldman Joseph W. , Putz Francis E.
Published: May 2010

Predicting responses of vegetation to environmental factors in human‐altered tropical ecosystems requires an understanding of the controls on plant population expansion across landscapes (i.e., long‐distance dispersal) as well as of factors affecting recruitment at local scales (i.e., microsite conditions). We studied the roles of light availability, habitat type, soil disturbance, and seed dispersal in a selectively logged forest in lowland Bolivia where the exotic forage grass Urochloa (Panicum) maxima is abundant on roads and log landings but does not invade felling gaps or unlogged forest. Shade‐house trials and seed addition experiments with U. maxima revealed that this C4 grass thrives in high light but also grows in partial shade (10% full sun, but not 1% full sun), and that felling gaps, but not undisturbed forest, are suitable for grass establishment. To determine if seed dispersal by logging vehicles explains the discrepancy between actual and potential grass recruitment sites, we collected grass seeds that fell from trucks onto log landings located long distances (>500 m) from established grass populations. Trucks dispersed an estimated 1800 alien grass seeds per log landing during the early dry season; automobiles also transported seeds of grass (135 seeds/vehicle). The seeds collected (and relative abundances) were the exotics U. (Panicum) maxima (97%) and Urochloa (Brachiaria) brizantha (2%), and the pan‐tropical weeds Sorghum halapense (1%) and Rottboellia cochinchinensis (0.2%). Grasses invade this forest where disturbance coincides with seed dispersal by motor vehicles, while dispersal limitation apparently prevents invasion of many sites otherwise suitable for grass recruitment (i.e., felling and natural gaps).
Evaluation of microleakage of root canal fillings irradiated with different output powers of erbium, chromium:yttrium‐scandium‐gallium‐garnet laser
Authors: Özer Senem Yiğit , Basaran Emine
Published: May 2010

This study evaluated the root canal seal achieved by irradiation with an erbium, chromium:yttrium‐scandium‐gallium‐garnet laser, and the optimal output power to remove debris and the smear layer were determined. One hundred mandibular premolar teeth were prepared and divided into four groups. Group 1 was not lased but was irrigated with 5 mL of 5.25% NaOCl and 5 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Group 2 was irradiated at a panel setting of 1 W, group 3 at 2 W and group 4 at 2.5 W, with a 50% water level and 48% air‐cooling level. Root canals were obturated by cold lateral compaction, and apical microleakage was measured using a fluid filtration model. The remaining debris and smear layer were evaluated via scanning electron microscopy. Statistically significant differences were detected between groups. Irradiation at 1 and 2 W using an erbium, chromium:yttrium‐scandium‐gallium‐garnet laser produced a seal superior to that of the other treatments.
Monozygotic twins with idiopathic internal root resorption: A case report
Authors: Urban Daniel , Mincik Jozef
Published: May 2010

This study presents the first case of internal root resorption in monozygotic twins. Genetic factors have been implicated in the development of root resorption lesions. The link between interleukin (IL)‐1 gene polymorphism and root resorption had been reported. However, these studies have involved external root resorption. Twin healthy 17 year old Caucasian sisters were diagnosed with internal root resorption in their upper left central incisor. Neither had a history of orofacial trauma and neither had received orthodontic treatment. The presence of IL‐1β+C3953 allele is the sign of predisposed susceptibility to an exaggerated inflammatory response, including a limited feedback mechanism as a consequence of IL‐1RN mutation. Most investigators agree that the listed polymorphism presents a significantly higher risk for development of pathological resorption. These were thought to be cases of true idiopathic resorption as none of the other factors related to root resorption was found.
Disposal of heavy metal‐contaminated sediment from Ulsan Bay, South Korea: treatment processes and legal framework
Authors: Oh Seok‐Young , Cha Soo‐Won , Kim Ick‐Hyun , Lee Hyun‐Woo , Kang Seung‐Goo , Choi Sol‐Ji
Published: May 2010

The effectiveness of two different management schemes to dispose of heavy metal‐contaminated sediments from Ulsan Bay, South Korea, soil washing and solidification/stabilization, were evaluated through a series of analyses. NaOH proved to be an effective washing reagent for As, extracting 75% of the As in sediment samples. EDTA was found to significantly enhance the extraction of Cu, Pb and Zn. However, complete removal of any metals was not achieved even after application of 100 mM concentrations of washing reagents. Therefore, a solidification/stabilization technique was applied to dredged sediment samples using ordinary Portland cement (1–40%) and fly ash (∼20%). Solidified sediments did not release meaningful amount of the metals via leaching tests. Our results suggest that solidification/stabilization is a better option for effective disposal of heavy metal‐contaminated sediments than soil washing. A legal framework for the treatment of hazardous wastes and contaminated soils in Korea is discussed.
Effects of respiratory muscle work on blood flow distribution during exercise in heart failure
Authors: Olson Thomas P. , Joyner Michael J. , Dietz Niki M. , Eisenach John H. , Curry Timothy B. , Johnson Bruce D.
Published: May 2010

Heart failure (HF) patients have a reduced cardiac reserve and increased work of breathing. Increased locomotor muscle blood flow demand may result in competition between respiratory and locomotor vascular beds. We hypothesized that HF patients would demonstrate improved locomotor blood flow with respiratory muscle unloading during activity. Ten patients (ejection fraction = 31 ± 3%) and 10 controls (CTL) underwent two cycling sessions (60% peak work). Session 1 (S1): 5 min of normal breathing (NB), 5 min respiratory muscle unloading with a ventilator, and 5 min of NB. Session 2 (S2): 5 min NB, 5 min of respiratory muscle loading with inspiratory resistance, and 5 min of NB. Measurements included: leg blood flow (LBF, thermodilution), cardiac output , and oesophageal pressure (Ppl, index of pleural pressure). S1: Ppl was reduced in both groups (HF: 73 ± 8%; CTL: 60 ± 13%, P < 0.01). HF: increased (9.6 ± 0.4 vs. 11.3 ± 0.8 l min−1, P < 0.05) and LBF increased (4.8 ± 0.8 vs. 7.3 ± 1.1 l min−1, P < 0.01); CTL: no changes in (14.7 ± 1.0 vs. 14.8 ± 1.6 l min−1) or LBF (10.9 ± 1.8 vs. 10.3 ± 1.7 l min−1). S2: Ppl increased in both groups (HF: 172 ± 16%, CTL: 220 ± 40%, P < 0.01). HF: no change was observed in (10.0 ± 0.4 vs. 10.3 ± 0.8 l min−1) or LBF (5.0 ± 0.6 vs. 4.7 ± 0.5 l min−1); CTL: increased (15.4 ± 1.4 vs. 16.9 ± 1.5 l min−1, P < 0.01) and LBF remained unchanged (10.7 ± 1.5 vs. 10.3 ± 1.8 l min−1). These data suggest HF patients preferentially steal blood flow from locomotor muscles to accommodate the work of breathing during activity. Further, HF patients are unable to vasoconstrict locomotor vascular beds beyond NB when presented with a respiratory load.
High-Fidelity Numerical Analysis of Per-Rev-Type Inlet Distortion Transfer in Multistage Fans—Part II: Entire Component Simulation and Investigation
Authors: Yao Jixian , Gorrell Steven E. , Wadia Aspi R.
Published: May 2010

Part I of this paper validated the ability of the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver PTURBO to accurately simulate distortion transfer and generation through selected blade rows of two multistage fans. In this part, unsteady RANS calculations were successfully applied to predict the 1/rev inlet total pressure distortion transfer in the entirety of two differently designed multistage fans. This paper demonstrates that high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used early in the design process for verification purposes before hardware is built and can be used to reduce the number of distortion tests, hence reducing engine development cost. The unsteady RANS code PTURBO demonstrated remarkable agreement with the data, accurately capturing both the magnitude and the profile of total pressure and total temperature measurements. Detailed analysis of the flow physics identified from the CFD results has led to a thorough understanding of the total temperature distortion generation and transfer mechanism, especially for the spatial phase difference of total pressure and total temperature profiles. The analysis illustrates that the static parameters are more revealing than their stagnation counterpart and that pressure and temperature rise are more revealing while the pressure and temperature ratio could be misleading. The last stage is effectively throttled by the inlet distortion even though the overall engine throttle remains unchanged. The total temperature distortion generally grows as flow passes through the fan stages.
The Effects of Inlet Guide Vane-Wake Impingement on the Boundary Layer and the Near-Wake of a Rotor Blade
Authors: Soranna Francesco , Chow Yi-Chih , Uzol Oguz , Katz Joseph
Published: May 2010

This paper examines the response of a rotor blade boundary layer and a rotor near-wake to an impinging wake of an inlet guide vane (IGV) located upstream of the rotor blade. Two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are performed in a refractive index matched turbomachinery facility that provides unobstructed view of the entire flow field. Data obtained at several rotor phases enable us to examine the IGV-wake-induced changes to the structure of the boundary layer and how these changes affect the flow and turbulence within the rotor near-wake. We focus on the suction surface boundary layer, near the blade trailing edge, but analyze the evolution of both the pressure and suction sides of the near-wake. During the IGV-wake impingement, the boundary layer becomes significantly thinner, with lower momentum thickness and more stable profile compared with other phases at the same location. Analysis of available terms in the integral momentum equation indicates that the phase-averaged unsteady term is the main contributor to the decrease in momentum thickness within the impinging wake. Thinning of the boundary/shear layer extends into the rotor near-wake, making it narrower and increasing the phase-averaged shear velocity gradients and associated turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production rate. Consequently, the TKE increases during wake thinning, with as much as 75% phase-dependent variations in its peak magnitude. This paper introduces a new way of looking at the PIV data by defining a wake-oriented coordinate system, which enables to study the structure of turbulence around the trailing edge in great detail.
Endwall Film Cooling Effects on Secondary Flows in a Contoured Endwall Nozzle Vane
Authors: Barigozzi Giovanna , Franchini Giuseppe , Perdichizzi Antonio , Quattrore Marco
Published: May 2010

The present paper investigates the effects of endwall injection of cooling flow on the aerodynamic performance of a nozzle vane cascade with endwall contouring. Tests have been performed on a seven vane cascade with a geometry typical of a real gas turbine nozzle vane. The cooling scheme consists of four rows of cylindrical holes. Tests have been carried out at low speed (Ma2is=0.2) with a low inlet turbulence intensity level (1.0%) and with a coolant to mainstream mass flow ratio varied in the range from 0% (solid endwall) to 2.5%. Energy loss coefficient, secondary vorticity, and outlet angle distributions were computed from five-hole probe measured data. Contoured endwall results, with and without film cooling, were compared with planar endwall data. Endwall contouring was responsible for a significant overall loss decrease, as a result of the reduction in both profile and planar side secondary flows losses; a loss increase on the contoured side was instead observed. Like as for the planar endwall, even for the contoured endwall, coolant injection modifies secondary flows, reducing their intensity, but the relevance of the changes is reduced. Nevertheless, for all the tested injection conditions, secondary losses on the contoured side are always higher than in the planar case, while contoured cascade overall losses are lower. A unique minimum overall loss injection condition was found for both tested geometries, which corresponds to an injected mass flow rate of about 1.0%.
Investigation of Leakage Flow and Heat Transfer in a Gas Turbine Blade Tip With Emphasis on the Effect of Rotation
Authors: Yang Dianliang , Yu Xiaobing , Feng Zhenping
Published: May 2010

Numerical analysis was applied to investigate the effect of rotation on the blade tip leakage flow and heat transfer. Flows around both flat and squealer tips at the first stage rotor blade of GE E3 high-pressure turbine were studied. The tip gap and squealer groove depth were specified as 1% and 2% of the blade height, respectively. The heat transfer coefficient on the tip surface was obtained by using different turbulence models and compared with the experimental data. The grid independence study was also carried out by using the Richardson extrapolation method. The effect of the blade rotation was studied in the following cases: (1) the blade domain is rotating and the shroud is stationary; (2) the blade domain is stationary and the shroud is rotating; and (3) both blade domain and shroud are stationary. In this approach, the effects of the relative motion of the endwall, the centrifugal force, and the Coriolis force can be investigated, respectively. By comparing the results of the three cases discussed, it is concluded that the main effect of the rotation on the tip leakage flow and heat transfer resulted from the relative motion of the shroud, especially for the squealer tip blade.