bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faithfulness Versus Fluency: Counting the Cost
Authors: Leppihalme Ritva
Published: October 2005

This paper discusses the translation of thematic allusions in literary texts, comparing the contrasting global translation strategies used in the North American translations of two novels by the Finnish writer Väinö Linna. One translation (1957) uses extensive cuts to remove allusions (and other culture-specific elements) while the other (2001-03) renders the author's words faithfully but provides little explicitation for source-cultural allusions unfamiliar in the target culture. Both strategies result in target texts in which part of the author's theme of questioning received interpretations of critical periods in Finnish history through allusions to nationalist and revolutionary sources is lost or obscured. The different translation situations and the role of editors are also considered, placing the study in a context of cultural imbalance and of translations of literature written in a language of limited diffusion.
Book Reviews
Authors: Heltai Pál , Gane Andrew , Anette Márta
Published: October 2005

Maeve Olohan: Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies; Andrew Chesterman & Emma Wagner: Can Theory Help Translators? A Dialogue Between the Ivory Tower and the Wordface; Per Qvale: From St. Jerome to Hypertext. Translation in Theory and Practice
CANCER VACCINES WITH EMPHASIS ON A VIRAL ONCOLYSATE MELANOMA VACCINE
Authors: C. Horvath J. , Horak Andrea , G. Sinkovics J. , Pritchard Mary , Pendleton Stacia , Horvath Elizabeth
Published: October 2005

Biotherapy of malignant diseases has become the fourth treatment modality besides surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy. Whole cell melanoma vaccines with or without BCG and other adjuvants, purified ganglioside and shed antigens, recombinant viruses carrying tumor antigens, dendritic cells pulsed with antigenic peptides etc.are in clinical trials.Efficacious viral oncolysate vaccines induce the host to mount tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell response and prevention of relapses is supported by clinical trials. The use of „polyvalent” whole cell vaccines vs. purified or genetically engineered single antigen vaccines is justified asi.only very few single tumor antigens are present in all tumors of a given histological type; andii.antigen modulation occurs in tumors rendering them resistant to immune attack generated by vaccine against a single antigen. Thus polyvalent vaccines immunize against several antigens vs.against a selected antigen.
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Authors: K. Paul mal , Basu Malini
Published: October 2005

Chromium occurs widely in most soils, but generally in trace amounts. Actinomycetes, one of the important components of the microbial population in soils interact with a variety of metals including chromium. This study was aimed to evaluate the tolerance of soil actinomycetes to Cr6+, other metals and antibiotics. Thirty-two actinomycete isolates were screened for their tolerance to Cr6+on tryptone yeast extract agar medium supplemented with Cr6+at concentrations ranging from 100 to 2000 µg ml–1. Thirteen Cr-tolerant isolates were selected on the basis of their growth at the highest concentration, but their performance was not satisfactory in Cr6+containing liquid salts medium. Resistance of these isolates to other metals and antibiotics was assessed using agar-cup assay and disc diffusion technique, respectively. The sequence of metal toxicity for the actinomycete isolates was in the order Hg2+≯ Ni2+≯ Cu2+≯ Co2+≯ Cd2+, but the Cr6+resistance of the isolates could not be correlated with their antibiotic-resistance profile.
CURRENT TRENDS IN MEDICAL MYCOLOGY
Authors: Simon Gy.
Published: October 2005

Public health importance of fungal infections lies in the fact that they occur frequently throughout the world and are very heterogeneous in etiological and nosological point of view. Their relative therapy-resistance and high relapse rate are also remarkable. For this reason, the medical mycology needs an urgent change of attitudes to clinical and diagnostic aspects.
CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SYSTEMIC FUNGAL INFECTIONS AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS
Authors: Nagy Elisabeth
Published: October 2005

Advances in medical and surgical therapy over the past two decades have changed the nature of patient care during hospitalization. Recently developed technologies and therapies, involving bone marrow or solid-organ transplants and chemotherapeutic agents, have become common at many medical centers, resulting in the emergence of many immunocompromised individuals. In intensive care units (ICU) the use of invasive monitoring devices, parenteral nutrition, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, and assisted ventilation has helped in the treatment of patients suffering from previously devastating or fatal diseases and has provided opportunities for life to premature neonates previously thought to be non-viable [1]. However, these successes have resulted in the proliferation of a severely ill, immunocompromised, long-lasting hospitalized patient population. The AIDS epidemic has also added patients at risk to this growing population of immunocompromised individuals [2]. The immunocompromised patient is highly susceptible to nosocomial infections caused by organisms such as fungi that were previously considered to be of low virulence or „non-pathogenic” [3]. Besides the well-known endemic fungal pathogens (Histoplasma capsulatumCoccidioides immitisandBlastomyces dermatitidis), opportunisticCandidaspecies have been implicated most frequently in nosocomial fungal infections.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AGRICULTURAL PESTS BY FILAMENTOUS FUNGI
Authors: Manczinger L.
Published: October 2005

Agricultural use of chemical pesticides has polluted the environment and resulted in resistance among the target organisms. The chemical strategies of pest control are dangerous to both the nontarget organisms in natural habitats and human health. Biological control is an attractive less dangerous possibility for controlling plant pathogens.Some methods of biological control are becoming now commercially available against plant parasitic fungi, nematods and insects. Among filamentous fungi many candidates with biocontrol potential can be found. Fungal biocontrol agents are less effective and reliable than the synthetic pesticides therefore their use in the agricultural practice requires genetic improvement.
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL GENETIC ELEMENTS IN FUNGI
Authors: Kevei F. , Kucsera Judit , Hamari Zsuzsanna
Published: October 2005

All fungi like eukaryotes possess mitochondria, which are the sites of the oxydative phosphorylation. As eukaryote evolution depends on oxygenic atmosphere, these organisms are primarily aerobic. Except a small group of strict anaerobes (those which lost the capacity of oxydative pathways living in special milieu in association with rumen of grass-eating animals) all fungi can utilize various compounds as carbon sources via oxidative phosphorylation pathways resulting in high energy yield. Certain groups of fungi – i.e. most of the yeasts – under anaerobe conditions, are able to supply themselves with lower levels of fermentation energy, too exhibiting a slow growing capacity utilizing the same amount of carbon source. The mutation of mitochondrial genome or mitochondrial functions encoded by nuclear genes of these fungi might result in a so-calledpetitephenotype producing small colonies on solid media due to their slow growing capacity. These mutants can utilize only fermentable carbon sources. Filamentous fungi have only limited possibilities to produce such phenotypes. ExceptZygomycetes(where the shortage of oxygen induces dimorphic transitions) filamentous fungi can grow and develop their vegetative and sexual reproductive structures only in aerobe milieu. However amongNeurosporaspecies there are several mitochondrial mutations resulting in morphological phenotypes. These are due to the lower energy level provided by the reduced capacity of cytochrome-oxidase enzymes. These mutants (e.g.pokystopper) can be considered aspetiteanalogues. The complete loss of mitochondrial functions – such asrho zerocharacter in yeast – cannot be survived by filamentous fungi.Podospora anserinaand some of its close relatives exhibit a so-calledsenescencephenotype, which means that the growing hyphae in the youngest part of the colonies stop growing and start to die within a short period of time. This phenomenon – discussed below – is also connected to reduced function of mitochondria.The first part of this paper gives a short overview of the genetic organization of mitochondria of fungi, based on the most recent data of three filamentous fungi:Aspergillus nidulansNeurospora crassaandPodospora anserina. Their data are compared to those of the well-characterizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae. In the second part we summarize what we know about other extrachrosomal elements, such as DNA plasmids of various origins and structures, and dsRNAs or virus like particles (VLP). Also discussed are their roles and/or putative functions in the life of the fungi.
MOLECULAR TAXONOMY OF YEASTS
Authors: Deák T.
Published: October 2005

In the last two decades the application of molecular techniques has had a major impact on the classification of yeasts. The nuclear DNA relatedness has become the basis of species delineation. Molecular fingerprinting methods such as analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms, random amplified polymorphic DNA, PCR-amplified sequences and fragments, pulsed field gel electrophoresis of chromosome DNA and others allow intraspecies differentiation and typing. The most far reaching method has been the sequencing of various parts of ribosomal DNA that has made for the first time possible to assess the phylogenetic relationships among yeasts at different taxonomic levels. Based on the molecular data obtained so far several changes have been introduced in the classification of yeasts, however, substantial restructuring of current taxonomic schemes with the consequence of numerous nomenclatural changes must await further studies.
THE ROLE OF FUNGI IN THE CARBON- AND NITROGEN CYCLES
Authors: Vetter J.
Published: October 2005

The green plants fix a great amount of carbon (CO2) and accumulate as different organic molecules mainly as lignocelluloses. Fungi belong not only to an independent group of Eukaryots but they have – in most of the cases – a specific biochemical, physiological ability to decompose organic molecules, to produce substrates of respiration and to mineralize these for the biological cycles of ecosystem.
PRODUCTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS BY DIFFERENT FUNGAL SPECIES
Authors: Jekkel Antónia , Szegedi M.
Published: October 2005

Production of cholesterol-lowering drugsNowadays in Hungary and all over the world there is an increasing demand on cholesterol-lowering drugs. Highest risk factor of atherosclerosis and especially coronary occlusion is the high cholesterol level of the plasma. In the recent two decades the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (EC.1.1.1.34) as the rate limiting key enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthesis in the organism was extensively examined. Mevinolin and other related compounds (compactin, pravastatin, simvastatin) are the competitive inhibitors of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. Our investigations were focussed on finding microorganisms, which would produce HMG-CoA reductase enzyme inhibitors. During screening, covering about 20,000 fungus strains two microorganisms were selected, one of them anAspergillusspecies was able to biosynthesize mevinolin and another strain belongs to thePenicilliumgenus was able to produce compactin. In the course of our experiments new, economic microbial processes were developed for both cholesterol-lowering agents.
AUGEWAS DAMOKOROS
Authors: HARMATTA JÁNOS
Published: October 2005

On the basis of the Mycenaean documents written in Linear B, the official title da-mo-ko-ro (*damokoros) might have been the name for a high official of the royal palace whose task was to distribute the provisions among the people working for the king. Augewas damokoros mentioned on the tablet Ta 711 may be the same historical person as king Augewas of the Greek epic tradition who rivalled Neleus in the rule over Pylos.
BACCHUM… CARMINA… VIDI DOCENTEM…
Authors: RIMÓCZI-HAMAR MÁRTA
Published: October 2005

Analysing the Bacchus-ode of Horace, the unusual phrase Bacchum … docentem turns our attention to that level of understanding which does not seem obvious at the first reading. Horace's ability for ciphering and his unequalled fidelity to his silenced friends enable him to work „wonders”. He pays hommage to Bacchus so that he conceals behind him Cornelius Gallus, teaching poetry and initiating into poesy who got out of the circle of his friends because of his political bravery and who had even to decease at the will of the princeps. Horace provides his Bacchus with linguistic and real fancy dress. The „word dresses” of the analysed poems make recognizable the teaching poet, condemned to disappearance and silence. Thus the correctness of this interpretation is proved by both linguistic means and authentic historical events.
EGY KHAROSTHĪ FELIRAT AFGANISZTÁNBÓL
Authors: HARMATTA JÁNOS
Published: October 2005

The kharosthi inscription of Tiravharna ksatrapa (discovered in the southern suburb of Jalalabad in 1923, kept in the Kabul Museum) was set up in honour of the satrap by a man, bearing the Indian name Malasua. The object of the inscription was to commemorate the building of a lotus tank and its inauguration by the ceremony of libation with running water (udagajaladhobuvna) as well as to express the chief desire of the donor to have a son (putrestaparena). Tiravharna was of Indo-Parthian descent and he did not acknowledge the authority of the Saka king Moga, ruling in GandhÊra at that time (83 B. C.)
Danubius Sarmatas ac Romana disterminet
Authors: Harmatta János
Published: October 2005

Ammianus vázlatos jellemzése a iazygokról akkor érthető meg és értékelhető igazán, ha összehasonlítjuk azokkal az adatokkal és leírásokkal, amelyek a török hódoltság korából a végvári vitézeknek a törökökkel szemben alkalmazott harcászatára vonatkoznak. Bár a magyar végvárak geopolitikai és társadalmi helyzete teljesen más volt, mint a iazygoké, azonban életfeltételeik és harcmodoruk hasonló volt. Rendszeres zsold és ellátás hiányában a végvári vitézek a törökök ellen intézett rabló portyázásokból éltek. Ez ugyanolyan, könnyű lovassággal végrehajtott rabló portyázásokat követelt meg, mint a iazygok részéről a római provinciák területére intézett betörések. Így az utóbbiak éppen a végvári vitézek sokkal jobban ismert portyái segítségével válnak érthetővé.
Beresenyiana.
Authors: Borzsák István
Published: October 2005

A magyar nyelv - mint kevésséismeretes, - alkalmas a klasszikus időmértékes) verselés adekvát megszólaltatására. Berzsenyi Dániel, a „magyar Horatius" (1776-1836) egyik legszebb költeményének legújabb kori latinparafrázisához kapcsolódva, az illető vers antik előzményeit és egykorú „forrásait" (Schiller, Matthisson...) nyomozva újból meggyőződhettünk a pannon költő olvasottságáról és mintáinak recepciójában megmutatkozó genialitásáról. A folytatásban egy modern szerző (W. von Koppenfels) „menipposi portyázásainak" (Menippeische Streifzüge) tanulságait alkalmaztuk ugyanennek a „magyar Horatiusnak" a költészetére: az antikvitásból a Koppen-felstől idézetteknél korábbiszerzőktől kiindulva követtük nyomon a „felülről szemlélés" (katasko-pia)dokumentumait az Olympos (vagy Ida) magasából „mindent látó" Zeustól a Montgolfier-fivérek léghajójáról vagy a Palmyra romjait egy szíriai dombról szemlélődők látomásaitól Berzse-nyinknek Volney írásából eredeztethető költői elmélkedéseiig.
A furfói Iuppiter Liber-templom szabályzata
Authors: Adamik Tamás
Published: October 2005

Több fontos kiadása van ennek a feliratnak (CIL I, 756), ennek ellenére szövegközlésük és értelmezésük nem tekinthető kielégítőnek. Bár a felirat latin szövegében több szó és szókapcsolat jelentése és értelmezése vitatható, mégis a szövegezők szándéka és célja világos és egyértelmű. A furfói templom Iuppiter Libernek van szentelve. A templom szabályzata minden tevékenységet megenged - kivéve a rosszhiszeműséget és a lopást - a templom vagyoni helyzetének gyarapodása érdekében. Ezek a szabályozások jól megfelelnek mind a helyi szőlőművesek hasznossági szempontjainak, mind a római vallás jogi szemléletének.
Az átkokat szóró Dido
Authors: Rimóczi-Hamar Márta
Published: October 2005

Vergilius békevágyával, emberi és politikai tisztánlátásával, vatesi képességével megalkuvást nem ismerő költő volt. Hivatásába, költészetébe azonban a princeps személyében beletiport a történelem. Georgica-jának IV. énekét újra kellett írnia, mivel Augustus nem tűrte el volt barátjának és hadvezérének, Gallusnak a dicsőítését. Magánéleti válsága is jól nyomon követhető eklogái Galatea alakjának segítségével. Végül a Didóval elmondatott hatalmas átok vezet el ahhoz a felismeréshez, hogy Dido alakja mögött Maecenas tragikus sorsú felesége, Terentia rejtőzik. Horatius III. 27. ódájának Galateájában jól felismerhető Terentia. Az óda intertextuális kapcsolata az AeneisIV. énekével így meggyőzően bizonyítja Galatea = Dido = Terentia azonosságát.
Capax imperii
Authors: Borzsák István
Published: October 2005

A dolgozatból, amely a heidelbergi H. Petersmann emlékére szerkesztett gyűjteményes kötetben németül is olvasható, kiderül, hogy a sokszor idézett tacitusi szókapcsolat nemannyit jelent, mint ahogy általában értelmezik (de pontos, félreérthetetlen fordítására még Sir Ronald Syme sem vállalkozott), vagyis nema. m. „aki képes (vagy alkalmas) az uralkodásra”, hanem „az, aki (tehetsége tudatában vagy politikai környezetének szándéka szerint) kap(na) a hatalmon,aki bármilyen eszközzel, foggal-körömmel tör(ekszik) a hatalomra”.
A luxori templom és Egyiptom megújulása
Authors: Gulyás András
Published: October 2005

A luxori templom, egyben pedig a thébai térség egyik fő ünnepe az Opet-ünnep volt, melyet az áradás évszakában tartottak. Az ünnep és a luxori templom jelentőségét mi sem mutatja jobban, minthogy számos fáraó vett részt személyesen az ünnepen, bővítette építményeivel a templomot vagy koronáztatta meg itt magát. Ebben a cikkben arra keresek választ, mit tudhatunk meg a templom dekorációs programjából, a templomot díszítő feliratokból arról, mi adta meg Luxor jelentőségét. Luxorban és az Opet-ünnep során a Nílus éves áradását, az ország ezzel járó megújulását ünnepelték, segítették elő a fáraó és a papok különféle rituálékkal, szertartásokkal.
Két költemény az Anthologia Latinából
Authors: Ritoók Zsigmond
Published: October 2005

Szövegkritikai megjegyzések az Anthologia Latina két költeményéhez (472 és 475 Shackle-ton-Bailey = 474 és 477 Riese) és értelmezésük mint hazatérés-költeményeké.
A türk hatalom utolsó évtizede
Authors: Dobrovits Mihály
Published: October 2005

A türk birodalom bukása klasszikus értelemben vett családi dráma, amelynek lefolyásába csak annak végkifejleténél avatkoztak be idegen erők. Bilge kagán fiainak egymást követő Teng-li (Täri) kagán trónneve arra utal, hogy a kagáni hatalom megkísérelt visszavonulni a szakralitás bástyái mögé, anyjuk intrikái, illetve az A-shih-na ház belharcai azonban a birodalom összeomlásához vezettek. A türk birodalom bukásának helyes dátuma nem 744, hanem 745.
A bűbájos Virgilius
Authors: Borzsák István
Published: October 2005

Amiképpen adventusnemcsak 'békés megérkezés'-t, hanem 'ellenséges felvonulás'-t is jelent, úgy különbséget kell tennünk az advenireige egyéb származékainak eltérő jelentésárnyalatai között. Így fejlődött az adventor-ból az angol adventurerés a francia aventurier.Micsoda különbség van az angol Adventés adventurerés a francia aventés aventureközött!
A nyugati türkök tíz törzsének kialakulása
Authors: Dobrovits Mihály
Published: October 2005

Ez a rövid írás a nyugati türkök első uralkodójának címével foglalkozik. Az orchoni feliratokon a birodalomalapító Bumïn kagán társaként és szintén kagánként emlegetett Istemi (Istämi) már a birodalom megalapításakor önálló központot hozott létre nyugaton. A türk uralkodó egyik címe a bizánci forrásokban Sizaboulos, illetve Silziboulos volt, amely valószínűleg egy eredeti *Sirĵibuγ/*Silĵibuγ alakra megy vissza. Ghirsman közölt egy olyan érmet, amelynek köriratán a sri iapgu šaho ('yabγu király úr') olvasható. A Silziboulos név mögött valószínűleg ez a śriyabγu összetétel rejtőzhet.
Siquis me percontabitur aevum
Authors: Borzsák István
Published: October 2005

A nemzetközi tudományosság követelményeihez felnövekvő magyarországi filológus nemzedék (Ponori Thewrewk Emil és környezete) az osztrák-magyar kiegyezés (1867) utáni évtizedekben személyeskedő viták során igyekezett pótolni történeti okokkal magyarázható elmaradásunk hiányosságait. Az emlékezetes „Ábel contra Hóman”-polémia nem előzmények nélkül robbant ki 1877-ben. Ábel Jenő ifjúkori Mentorát, Ring Mihályt Hóman Ottó még pesti magántanár korában (1871-ben) marasztalta el, talán illetéktelennek érezvén Ring Pindaros-tanulmányait (1870-bôl). De miért szemelték ki a pestiek (Heinrich Gusztáv és Thewrewk) az 1872 óta kolozsvári Hóman Pindarosának megbírálására az alig érettségizett Ábelt? Hóman idősebb kolozsvári tanártársa, a kötözködô kedvű polihisztor Brassai Sámuel már 1871-ben megcsipkedte a kül- és belföldi Horatius-kommentátorokat. Súlyosabb következményekkel azonban csak az 1873-ban közzétett észrevételei jártak (az Aeneis II. énekének magyarázóiról, különös tekintettel P. Thewrewk iskolai kiadására), vagy még inkább Heinrich Gusztáv iskolai Cicero-magyarázatainak könyörtelen kifigurázása. Alkalmasint erre reagáltak az érzékenységükben sértett pesti nagyságok azzal, hogy egy gyerekemberrel dorongoltatták le - nem az öreg Brassait, hanem a könnyebben sebezhetőnek vélt Hómant. Hinc illae lacrimae.
A Dalok Könyve (Si King) fordítási problémáiról
Authors: Csibra Zsuzsanna
Published: October 2005

A kínai költészet legkorábbi szövegeinek, a Dalok Könyve verseinek értelmezése - a modern sinológiai kutatásokat megelőzően - már ókori kínai kommentátorai számára is problémát jelentett. A gyűjtemény 305 versének interpretációjára azóta több európai nyelven számos fordítás tett kisérletet, melyek a Dalok Könyvének gazdag kommentárirodalmára támaszkodva újabb szövegváltozatokban világították meg a nehezen érthető részeket. A dolgozat a gyűjtemény két versének értelmezhetőségét vizsgálva igyekszik bemutatni a klasszikus kínai szövegek fordítási problémáit.
Vulci, Novilara, Aliano
Authors: Szilágyi János György
Published: October 2005

Két esettanulmány a praerómai Itália összehasonlító mitológiai ikonográfiája köréből. Az első további bizonyítékát adja Etruria és Picenum ismert kapcsolatának az orientalizáló korban. A második azt bizonyítja, hogy ugyanaz az ikonográfiai motívum különböző értelmezést kíván különböző kultúrák (ebben az esetben Picenum és Basilicata) összefüggésében.
Theokritos XXII. idillje
Authors: Domány Judit
Published: October 2005

Theokritos XXII. idillje a Dioskurosok tiszteletére írt himnusz, amelybe mint keretbe van beágyazva a Polydeukés-, illetve Kastór-történet. Polydeukés és Amykos párbaját dialógus előzi meg, Kastór és Lynkeus párbaját Lynkeus tanácsadó beszéde, amellyel megpróbálja lebeszélni a Dioskurosokat a nőrablásról és a vérontásról. Lynkeus szavaira Kastór hallgatása és a nyers erőszak alkalmazása a válasz. Lynkeus beszédének rétorikai elemzése újabb bizonyítéka a költemény egységének és szövege teljességének.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN HUNGARY – THE POST-COMMUNIST PRIVATISATION STORY RE-CONSIDERED
Authors: Mihályi P.
Published: October 2005

This paper explores the theoretical possibility of re-interpreting the conventional wisdom of the transition economy literature on privatisation. Around 1989/90 the emphasis had been put on de-etatization and good corporate governance and little attention was paid to the necessity of integrating the Eastern economies into the network of transnational corporations (TNCs). Today, it is clear that this is the name of game. Without TNCs, privatisation simply does not produce the expected results. Based on the experience of Hungary, this paper describes an alternative model where the key policy variable is the rise of manufacturing exports. It is argued that for resource-poor transition economies privatisation to foreign strategic investors is the single most important question of the ownership revolution. Once this policy is advanced, the rise in exports can help to underpin macroeconomic stability. In other words divesting the manufacturing sector to TNCs is the beginning of a virtuous circle, where large and well publicized sell-offs help to attract portfolio investors and greenfield investors as well.
The Euro in the International Financial Architecture
Authors: Braga de Macedo J.
Published: October 2005

The procedures governing exchange rate policy among EU members in the early 1990s, whilst largely unwritten, provided convergence and cohesion across the region. Suitably adapted, this ERM code of conduct might help developing, emerging and transition countries face the challenge of globalisation. The perspective on international financial architecture proposed in this paper assumes that the same forms of peer pressure that brought about the euro will also sustain the required institutional change outside Europe. Nevertheless, the euro is an enabling reform that calls for additional structural adjustment. Structural reforms are needed to enhance the potential of the euro as a world currency and also the competitiveness of European firms. The European common good notwithstanding, institutions of global economic and financial governance, helped afflicted countries recover from financial crises in 1997–1999. Regional and global mechanisms for multilateral surveillance must be complements, not substitutes.
Enterprise Governance in Transition – A Stakeholder Perspective
Authors: Mygind N.
Published: October 2005

Mature market economies have thrived on very diverse systems of corporate governance. Transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe have entered the market economy with a special historical inheritance, and critical political decisions of key institutions that have a bearing on the new systems of governance evolving in the region. In this paper, I use an analytical stakeholder approach (different from a normative approach) to identify how the specific conditions in countries in transition have influenced the evolution of specific governance structures, and how this influences the workability of the system. I employ a broad definition of enterprise governance that incorporates fixed, residual and appropriated rights among a broad range of different stakeholders. The governance system is a function of the markets that the firm operates in, by state regulation, and by other specific firm and stakeholder conditions. Based on this definition, I analyse some general determinants behind the governance structure in a market economy, focussing on the distribution of rights among stake- holders. Governance systems in Western countries are used as a benchmark to explore the specific conditions for governance structures in economies in transition. Governance structures changed over different stages in the transition process, with privatisation being the single most important determining factor. Consequently, the role of different stakeholders varies across countries, and has evolved considerably over time. The specific conditions of the transition process have favoured insider ownership mostly in the form of management ownership, but in some cases, also broader employee ownership. However, the relative strength of insiders, especially employees, has declined considerably in later stages of the transition.
OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION AND FIRM PERFORMANCE IN RUSSIA: THE CASE OF BLUE CHIPS OF THE STOCK MARKET
Authors: KUZNETSOV P. , MURAVYEV A.
Published: October 2005

Based on panel data from 1995.1997, the paper focusses on the impact of ownership concentration on the performance of Russian non-financial privatised companies that constitute the group of .blue chips. of the country.s stock market. We consider three indicators of company performance . labour productivity, profitability, and Tobins.s q . and employ instrumental variables technique to correct regression results for endogeneity of ownership. We find that ownership concentration positively affects labour productivity, but has a negative impact on Tobins.s q. The relationship between ownership concentration and profitability follows a U-shaped pattern with the turning point at 56% concentration. These findings imply that ownership concentration results in higher technical efficiency of enterprises, but the benefits from productivity improvements do not accrue to all shareholders. This is consistent with the expropriation hypothesis that large owners use their power to extract private benefits of control.
Reforms and transformation paths in comparative perspective: challenging comparative views on East European and Chinese reforms
Authors: Csanádi Mária
Published: October 2005

Reforms, in view of a comparative party-state model, become the instruments of self-reproduction and self-destruction of party-state power. The specific patterns of power distribution imply different development and transformation paths through different instruments of self-reproduction. This approach also points to the structural and dynamic background of the differences in the location, sequence, speed and political conditions of reforms during the operation and transformation of party-states. In view of the model the paper points to the inconsistencies that emerge in the comparative reform literature concerning the evaluation and strategies of reforms disconnected from their systemic-structural context.
Conference Reports
Authors: Mujagic Edin , Győrffy Dóra , Jankovics László
Published: October 2005

EMU Enlargement to the East and the West CEPR/ESI Conference. Report of the 8th annual conference of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) and the European Summer Institute (ESI) held in September 2004 in Budapest, Hungary. (Conference report by Edin Mujagic); Dilemmas around the future enlargement of the EU-EACES Conference. The European Association for Comparative Economic Studies (EACES) held its 8th biannual conference at the Faculty of Economics in Belgrade on September 23-25, 2004. (Conference report by Dóra Gyõrffy and László Jankovics)
Book Reviews
Authors: Varga Csilla , Lengyel György , Vásáry Viktória
Published: October 2005

Grzegorz W. Kolodko: Emerging Market Economies: Globalization and Development (Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, 2003, 281 pp.) - Reviewed by Csilla Varga); Mihály Laki - Júlia Szalai: Vállalkozók vagy polgárok? A nagyvállalkozók gazdasági és társadalmi helyzetének ambivalenciái az ezredforduló Magyarországán (Entrepreneur or Citoyen? Ambivalences of the Economic and Social Position of Great Entrepreneurs at the Turn of the Millenium in Hungary) (Budapest: Osiris, 2004, 271 pp.) - Reviewed by György Lengyel; Guido van Huylenbroeck - Guy Durand (eds): Multifunctional Agriculture. A New Paradigm for European Agriculture and Rural Development (Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2003, 239 pp.) - Reviewed by Viktória Vásáry
Private Pension Funds in Hungary
Authors: Iwasaki Ichiro , Sato Kazuko
Published: October 2005

The new pension system launched in Hungary in 1998 is epoch-making for having introduced a mandatory private pension scheme (MPPS). However, the political decision-making on pension reform and the scheme operations have been greatly influenced by conflicts of interests among ministries, political conflicts between parties, and the presence of special interest groups, including trade unions and financial institutions. This situation may have had a certain negative influence on the legal framework of the MPPS and on the management performance of private pension funds. In order for the MPPS to be sustainable in the future and to make insurance beneficiary profits a top priority, the corporate governance reform of pension funds and reinforcement of the monitoring system over them, and political neutralisation of the public pension system are necessary.
Production Technology and Competitiveness in the Hungarian Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Artner Annamária
Published: October 2005

Following the big transformations of the 1990s, enterprise structure and technological level seem to have become stabilised in Hungary. Under these circumstances it is especially interesting to identify the elements responsible for competitiveness in general, and the role technology plays in development in particular, according to managers experienced in production and marketing. This empirical study - based on in-depth interviews and field research - summarises characteristics of the technological level in the sectors examined, role of technology and labour in production, effects of foreign direct investment, relations between competition and firm-level factors determining competitiveness, and concludes by summing up those most frequently mentioned proposals that should be incorporated into economic policy according to managers. Main findings indicate that more qualified, more intensive and cheaper labour can be substituted for high technology. The competitiveness of an enterprise is not determined by technology alone, but rather by a combination of technology, the parameters of available labour and the costs of investment increasing productivity. The insufficiency of inter-company relations, together with a shortage of available assets necessary for investment constitute the major threat undermining the competitiveness of enterprises in present-day Hungary.
Conference Report
Authors: Vásáry Viktóri
Published: October 2005

[The IAMO Forum was organised by the Institut für Agrarentwicklung in Mittel und Osteuropa from 4 to 6 November, 2004 in Halle, Germany.]
Book Reviews
Authors: Blahó András , Győrffy Dóra , Kovács Tamás , Qerimi Qerim
Published: October 2005

László Csaba:The New Political Economy of Emerging Europe(Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2005, 359 pp.) (Reviewed by András Blahó); George Kopits (ed.):Rules-based Fiscal Policy in Emerging Markets:Background, Analysis and Prospects(Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, 286 pp.) (Reviewed by Dóra Gyorffy); J. Barkley Rosser, Jr. - Marina V. Rosser:Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy(2nd edition) (Massachusetts, Cambridge, London: MIT Press, 2004, 646 pp.) (Reviewed by Tamás Kovács); Bruno S. Sergi:Economic Dynamics in Transitional Economics: The Four-P Governments, the EU Enlargement, and the Bruxelles Consensus(New York, London, Oxford: Haworth Press/International Business Press, 2003, 234 pp.) (Reviewed by Qerim Qerimi)
EFFECT OF NEONATAL OESTROGEN AND hCG TREATMENT ON THE GENITAL ORGANS OF ADULT FEMALE RATS
Authors: Nikolić Zora , Mrvić Verica , Ivanov I. , Blagojević Zdenka
Published: October 2005

The ovaries and the uterine as well as vaginal mucous membranes of 80-, 180- and 365-day-old intact female rats and females neonatally treated with a single dose of oestrogen and repeated doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were studied. Numerous follicles, interstitial cells and corpora lutea (CL) were present on the ovary of intact females from 80 up to 365 days of age. The number of primary and secondary follicles decreased in the intact female rats between Day 180 and Day 365 of life. On the ovaries of 180- and 365-day-old female rats neonatally treated with oestrogen, interstitial glandular cells and cystic follicles predominated. No CL were present on these ovaries. The height of epithelial cells of the uterine and vaginal mucous membranes increased in intact female rats from 80 to 365 days of age, whereas in oestrogen-treated females the height of epithelium decreased. From 80 up to 365 days of age, the height of epithelial cells of uterine and vaginal mucous membranes of rats neonatally treated with repeated doses of hCG was similar to that in the corresponding control animals.
REPRODUCTIVE DISTURBANCE CAUSED BY AN S-TRIAZINE HERBICIDE IN PIGS
Authors: Gojmerac Tihomira , Uremović Marija , Uremović Z. , Ćurić S. , Bilandžić Nina
Published: October 2005

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of subacute treatment with a low dose of atrazine (1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl), an s-triazine herbicide, on endocrine oestrus regulation in gilts. A group of nine gilts (F1generation of Swedish Landrace Ã Large Yorkshire) were treated with 1 mg atrazine/kg body mass daily, mixed to the feed for 19 days before the onset of expected oestrus. Blood samples were obtained by cranial vena cava puncture three times daily at 3-h intervals on five post-treatment days, i.e. before and during oestrus. The serum concentration of oestradiol-17β (E2) was determined by the fluoroimmunochemical method. On Day -2 before the onset of expected oestrus, a significantly lower (P < 0.001) E2concentration was measured in the serum of treated gilts (31.25 ± 1.95 and 39.32 ± 1.38 pg/mL) than in the control pigs (51.43 ± 1.29 and 68.59 ± 2.99 pg/mL). In contrast, the E2concentration measured in the serum of treated animals was significantly higher (P < 0.001) on the day of the expected onset of oestrus and on the subsequent two days (35.43 ± 1.85, 53.92 ± 1.98 and 60.32 ± 2.35 pg/mL, respectively) than in the control animals (13.52 ± 1.79, 21.53 ± 1.35 and 20.05 ± 1.46 pg/mL, respectively). Insufficient serum E2concentration of the treated gilts resulted in a failure of expected oestrus, as indicated also by the state of dioestrus demonstrated by histopathological examination of the uterus.
COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS FOR ADJUSTING SCROTAL CIRCUMFERENCE IN CHAROLAIS, LIMOUSIN AND HUNGARIAN FLECKVIEH YOUNG BULLS UNDER FARM CONDITIONS
Authors: T'zsér J. , Mézes M.
Published: October 2005

This study was conducted to compare three different methods for calculating scrotal circumference (ASC1, ASC2, ASC3) adjusted to 365 days of age in Charolais, Limousin and Hungarian Fleckvieh young bulls at the end of the self-performance test. Young breeding bulls from three Charolais, Limousin and Hungarian Fleckvieh breeding farms (farm A: n = 40; farm B: n = 9; farm C: n = 11) were used. The young bulls were kept in loose housing system, in small groups, and fed a diet based on maize silage and concentrate. The scrotal circumference of young bulls was measured at the widest part of the scrotum at the beginning and at the end of the test. Significant growth was observed (+13.6 cm; +8.9 cm; +10.5 cm, P < 0.001) in scrotal circumference (SC) for all breeds except the Hungarian Fleckvieh (ASC2-ASC3: 37.5 vs. 37.6 cm). All differences among the means of the measured and adjusted SCs were statistically confirmed at the P < 0.05 level of significance. A moderate to close positive correlation (r = 0.49-0.99) was calculated among the measured SC and the three types of ASC. The results suggest that method I (ASC1) and method II (ASC2) should be used by the breeders for adjusting scrotal circumferences in the practice.
THE EFFECT OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE 1026 USED ALONE OR WITH VITAMIN-MINERAL PREMIX ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BLOOD AND MILK IN DAIRY COWS
Authors: Iwańska Stefania , Strusińska Danuta , Zalewski W.
Published: October 2005

When evaluating the effects of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae1026) supplied with or without a vitamin premix and mineral bioplexes on some intermediates and end-products involved in the synthesis of milk constituents in 30 early-lactation Black and White Lowland cows, no significant differences were found in the glucose level, mineral contents and enzyme activities of the blood serum. The effect of yeast culture on the availability of minerals for milk synthesis depended upon the dynamics of degradation of mineral bioplexes in the rumen and the cows' mineral status. The insignificant increase found in blood total protein content and the simultaneous small differences in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) values in cows supplied with the yeast culture were probably associated with a high ammonia incorporation into microbial protein in the rumen, which increased protein supply for milk protein synthesis and decreased the nitrogen loss.
STORAGE OF RETINOIDS AND BETA-CAROTENE IN THE GENITAL ORGANS OF JAPANESE QUAIL
Authors: Kerti Annamária , Bárdos L.
Published: October 2005

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of a one-month feeding of retinyl acetate (RA) on the retinol (ROL), retinyl palmitate (RP) and (-carotene (BC) levels in the blood, testicles and ovarian follicles of adult Japanese quails. The basal diet (containing vitamin A at 10 × 103IU/kg) was supplemented with 100 ×, 500 × and 1000 × 103IU/kg RA in Groups I, II and III in both sexes. Plasma vitamin A levels rose in all groups. The elevations were caused basically by the RP fraction. The ROL concentration increased only slightly, indicating saturation of the blood binding/transport system. Plasma BC was depressed in both sexes. RA feeding resulted in high RP concentration in the genital organs (testicles and ovarian follicles), indicating subclinical hypervitaminosis, while the BC content of genital organs decreased considerably. The retinoid and BC concentration of ovarian follicles (F1-F5) was in the same range, indicating continuous retinoid and carotene transport during the fast maturation period. Retinoid content of the genital organs was higher in layers than in roosters. BC deposition was decreased both in the testicles and in the follicles, indicating a competition between RP and BC for the storage capacity of organs.
INFECTIOUS STUNTING SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH DISTURBANCES OF MINERAL METABOLISM AND BONE DEVELOPMENT IN BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: Glávits - , Sályi G. , Glávits R.
Published: October 2005

On a broiler farm with a rearing capacity of about 200,000 chickens, a disease characterised by growth retardation, variability in chick size, 'leg weakness', diarrhoea and increased mortality at 3 weeks of age occurred repeatedly, in several successive broiler flocks. Gross and histopathological findings were dominated by widening of the hypertrophic and ossification layers of the physes of long bones as well as by thickening, unevenness and defective calcification of the cartilage trabeculae. In the parathyroid gland, vacuolar degeneration of the cytoplasm of glandular epithelial cells, connective tissue proliferation and, here and there, cyst formation were seen. Additional findings included severe cerebellar oedema and neuronal degeneration. The pancreatic, myocardial and intestinal changes typical of infectious stunting syndrome (ISS) occurred only in a mild form. Four-week-old chickens exhibiting 'leg weakness' had significantly lower blood inorganic phosphate concentration and tibial ash content as compared to healthy chickens. The disease was successfully transmitted by oral administration of small intestinal homogenate from affected chickens. In a second experiment, however, the disease could not be transmitted with intestinal homogenate sterilized by irradiation. Large doses of vitamin D3reduced the rate of growth retardation and defective calcification of bones. The digestive enzyme activities of the pancreas and small intestinal mucosa of 'infected' chickens were decreased as is typical of ISS.
MOLECULAR AND STRUCTURAL BASIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF PARVOVIRUS TROPISM
Authors: Tijssen P.
Published: October 2005

Parvoviruses have small genomes and, consequently, are highly dependent on their host for various functions in their reproduction. Since these viruses generally use ubiquitous receptors, restrictions are usually intracellularly regulated. A lack of mitosis, and hence absence of enzymes required for DNA replication, is a powerful block of virus infection. Allotropic determinants have been identified for several parvoviruses: porcine parvovirus, canine parvovirus (CPV), feline parvovirus (feline panleukopenia virus), minute virus of mice, Aleutian disease virus, andGmDNV (an insect parvovirus). Invariably, these identifications involved the use of infectious clones of these viruses and the exchange of restriction fragments to create chimeric viruses, of which the resulting phenotype was then established by transfection in appropriate cell lines. The tropism of these viruses was found to be governed by minimal changes in the sequence of the capsid proteins and, often, only 2 or 3 critical amino acids are responsible for a given tropism. These amino acids are usually located on the outside of the capsid near or on the spike of the threefold axis for the vertebrate parvoviruses and on loops 2 or 3 for the insect parvoviruses. This tropism is not mediated via specific cellular receptors but by interactions with intracellular factors. The nature of these factors is unknown but most data point to a stage beyond the conversion of the single-stranded DNA genome by host cell DNA polymerase into monomeric duplex intermediates of the replicative form. The sudden and devastating emergence of mink enteritis virus (MEV) and CPV in the last 50 years, and the possibility of more future outbreaks, demonstrates the importance of understanding parvovirus tropism.
PREVALENCE OF BOVINE HERPESVIRUS 1 (BHV-1) INFECTION IN HUNGARIAN CATTLE HERDS
Authors: Tekes L. , Markos B. , Méhesfalvi J. , Máté Zsuzsanna , Kudron E. , Kecskeméti S.
Published: October 2005

Hungarian cattle herds were surveyed for bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection by ELISA of milk and serum samples. In 1993, 75% of the large cattle herds (consisting of more than 50 cattle) and all small herds (small-scale producers' stocks), while in 1997 90% of the small herds were included in the survey. In the case of large herds, 79.3% of the herds and 64.1% of the samples tested were found to be positive. Of the small herds, 13.5% and 15.7% tested positive in 1993 and 1997, respectively. The majority of large herds were Holstein-Friesian dairy stocks. Small herds with an infection rate markedly exceeding the average were found in those counties where the small herds had been in close contact with the large-scale farms, or where new herds were established by using animals of uncontrolled infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) status originating from large farms. Attention is called to the importance of maintaining the IBR-free status of small herds that constitute one-third of the Hungarian cattle population.
OCCURRENCE OF ACUTE PARALYSIS VIRUS OF THE HONEY BEE (APIS MELLIFERA) IN A HUNGARIAN APIARY INFESTED WITH THE PARASITIC MITE VARROA JACOBSONI
Authors: Békési L. , V. Ball Brenda , Dobos-Kovács M. , Bakonyi T. , Rusvai M.
Published: October 2005

Viruses of the honey bee have been known for a long time; however, recently the attention of scientists and apiculturalists has turned towards the relationship between these viruses and the parasitic miteVarroa jacobsoni. Although clinical symptoms indicated the presence of some of the viruses of bees in Hungary, none have previously been isolated or identified. During July unusual adult bee and brood mortality was observed in some colonies of an apiary in Budapest known to be infested withVarroa jacobsoni. Large amounts of acute paralysis virus (APV) were detected serologically in healthy honey bee pupae killed by the injection of a bacteria-free extract of diseased adult bees. Crystalline arrays of 30 nm particles were seen in ultrathin sections of the tissues of injected pupae and naturally infected adult bees. In spite of the application of acaricide treatments the bee population in several colonies had collapsed by the end of summer and the apiary suffered severe wintering losses.