bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permanent Genetic Resources added to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 February 2010–31 March 2010
Authors:   Molecular Ecology Resources Primer Development Consortium, AURELLE D. , BAKER A.J. , BOTTIN L. , BROUAT C. , CACCONE A. , CHAIX A. , DHAKAL P. , DING Y. , DUPLANTIER J.M. , FIEDLER W. , FIETZ J. , FONG Y. , FORCIOLI D. , FREITAS T.R.O. , GUNNARSSON G.H. , HADDRATH O. , HADZIABDIC D. , HAUKSDOTTIR S. , HAVILL N.P. , HEINRICH M. , HEINZ T. , HJORLEIFSDOTTIR S. , HONG Y. , HREGGVIDSSON G.O. , HUCHETTE S. , HURST J. , KANE M. , KANE N.C. , KAWAKAMI T. , KE W. , KEITH R.A. , KLAUKE N. , KLEIN J. L. , KUN J.F.J. , LI C. , LI G.‐Q. , LI J.‐J. , LOISEAU A. , LU L.‐Z. , LUCAS M. , MARTINS‐FERREIRA C. , MOKHTAR‐JAMAÏ K. , OLAFSSON K. , PAMPOULIE C. , PAN L. , POOLER M. R. , REN J.‐D. , RINEHART T. A. , ROUSSEL V. , SANTOS M. O. , SCHAEFER H. M. , SCHEFFLER B. E. , SCHMIDT A. , SEGELBACHER G. , SHEN J.‐D. , SKIRNISDOTTIR S. , SOMMER S. , TAO Z.‐R. , TAUBERT R. , TIAN Y. , TOMIUK J. , TRIGIANO R.N. , UNGERER M.C. , Van WORMHOUDT A. , WADL P. A. , WANG D.‐Q. , WEIS‐DOOTZ T. , XIA Q. , YUAN Q.‐Y.
Published: May 2010

This article documents the addition of 228 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Anser cygnoides, Apodemus flavicollis, Athene noctua, Cercis canadensis, Glis glis, Gubernatrix cristata, Haliotis tuberculata, Helianthus maximiliani, Laricobius nigrinus, Laricobius rubidus, Neoheligmonella granjoni, Nephrops norvegicus, Oenanthe javanica, Paramuricea clavata, Pyrrhura orcesi and Samanea saman. These loci were cross‐tested on the following species: Apodemus sylvaticus, Laricobius laticollis and Laricobius osakensis (a proposed new species currently being described).
Industry Structure Issues in the Water and Wastewater Sectors in Australia
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce
Published: May 2010

This paper analyses the diverse range of industry structures operating in the water and wastewater sectors of Australia’s major state capital cities. In particular, it examines this structural diversity in the light of the research findings to date on water and wastewater industry structures, efficiency and productivity, and outlines the range of additional factors that have militated against greater consensus on structural reform in the water and wastewater sectors in major urban areas of Australia. The paper concludes by considering the merits of striving for greater consistency in industry structure given the highly localised nature of urban water supply systems, and by outlining potential areas of future research including the scope for and nature of urban water markets, the optimal separation of regulatory and commercial activities and the potential for private sector participation in the provision of water and wastewater services.
Toxoplasma gondiiandTrypanosoma cruziAntibodies in Dogs from Virginia
Authors: Rosypal A. C. , Hill R. , Lewis S. , Braxton K. , Zajac A. M. , Lindsay D. S.
Published: May 2010

Toxoplasma gondiiandTrypanosoma cruziare zoonotic protozoan parasites that cause disseminated infections in many vertebrate species. The present study determined the seroprevalence ofT. gondiiandTr. cruziin a population of dogs from Virginia. Serum samples were tested from 90 domestic dogs collected from animal shelters in Virginia. Using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, sera were examined at a 1 : 50 dilution and antibodies toT. gondiiwere found in 19 dogs (21%). Antibodies toTr. cruziwere determined by qualitative immunochromatographic dipstick assay. One (1%) of the 90 dogs hadTr. cruziantibodies and it was also seropositive forT. gondii.Our findings indicate that dogs are frequently exposed toT. gondiiin Virginia, but that antibodies toTr. cruziare rare in the same geographical region.
Relapse of hepatitis C in a pegylated‐interferon‐α‐2b plus ribavirin‐treated sustained virological responder
Authors: Fujii Hideki , Itoh Yoshito , Ohnishi Naoki , Sakamoto Masafumi , Ohkawara Tohru , Sawa Yoshihiko , Nishida Koichi , Nishimura Takeshi , Yamaguchi Kanji , Yasui Kohichiroh , Minami Masahito , Okanoue Takeshi , Ohkawara Yasuo , Yoshikawa Toshikazu
Published: May 2010

A 41‐year‐old woman with chronic hepatitis C was treated with pegylated‐interferon (PEG‐IFN)‐α‐2b plus ribavirin for 24 weeks. She had hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2a (1600 KIU/mL), and her liver histology showed mild inflammation and fibrosis. Four weeks after the start of the therapy, she achieved a rapid virological response (RVR) and then a sustained virological response (SVR). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels remained within normal ranges and HCV RNA continued to be negative. However, ALT levels flared with the re‐emergence of HCV RNA in the serum 1.5 years after discontinuation of therapy. HCV RNA obtained from sera before therapy and after relapse shared a 98.6% homology with the E2 region, and phylogenetic analyses indicated that they were the same HCV strain. These results eliminated the possibility of a re‐infection and strongly indicated a late relapse of the disease. Therefore, follow‐up is necessary for chronic hepatitis C patients after SVR, even if they respond well to therapy, including RVR.
NEW MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
Authors: GARDINER HENRY
Published: May 2010

Color Harmony Manual, Egbert Jacobson, Walter C. Granville, Carl E. Foss. Copyright, Container Corporation of America, 1948. $150.00, less 10% discount for educational institutions.
Designing a New Kind of Sculpture Garden
Authors: WHITE IAN McKIBBIN
Published: May 2010

Carvings and castings of every variety, classical to grotesque, wait in ambush in all kinds of places, likely and unlikely, to capture the visitor. A great eagle spreads his wings, overhead lions perch on fences, and odd faces peer out of banks of greenery.1
Recent Publications in Natural History
Authors: van Gelder Richard G.
Published: May 2010

Haverstock, Mary Sayre. An American bestiary. New York, Harry N. Abrams
Recent Publications in Natural History
Authors: Gibbons Michael F. , Genett Mary E.
Published: May 2010

Principal Review: Sigmon, Becky A. and Jerome S. Cybulski, eds. Homo erectus; papers in honor of Davidson Black.

Freeman, R.B. British natural history books, 1495–1900; a handlist.
Recent Publications in Natural History
Authors: Herman Lee H. , Lawrence Marie
Published: May 2010

Principal Review: Edwards, Stephen R., Bruce M. Bell, and Mary Elizabeth King, comps. Pest control in museums: a status report (1980).

Principal Review: Dubos, René. The Wooing of Earth: new perspectives on man's use of nature.
Sex Differences in Science Museums: A Review
Authors: Diamond Judy
Published: May 2010

Girls as a group have far fewer science‐ and math‐related experiences than boys. This article reviews what is known about how these differences carry over into science museums. Behavioral studies indicate that girls generally engage in more cooperative behavior at museum exhibits, and boys explore exhibits more actively on their own. However, there are large differences between institutions and even discrepancies between similar studies at the same institution. Museums may be able to minimize gender differences by anticipating them in the design of exhibits and programs.
Neither Too Young Nor Too Old: A Comparison of Visitor Characteristics
Authors: Hood Marilyn G. , Roberts Lisa C.
Published: May 2010

Identification and characterization of two key visitor groups by age emerged from a year‐long visitor research project at the Chicago Botanic Garden. the two groups (seniors aged 55 and older, who dominated the audience profile in all four seasons, and younger guests, aged 18 to 34, who were minimally present) are discussed in relation to their differing leisure preferences, expectations of the Garden, psychographics, and demographics, and to the impact their distinct leisure interests and values will have on program planning and marketing. Applying the data to decision making and action requires prioritizing the Garden's responses to each of these audiences regarding use of interpretive materials/activities, design of special events and learning programs, development of a family discovery center, expansion of environmental programming, and emphasis on the social experience of a casual visit to the Garden.
Archeological and Natural Resource Collections of the National Park Service: Opportunities and Threats
Authors: Hitchcock Ann
Published: May 2010

Archeological and natural resource collections are nonrenewable and become increasingly valuable over time. Some would argue that collections and collecting have been severely threatened by decreasing financial and other support, especially over the last decade. However, this situation does not fully apply to the National Park Service (NPS). NPS archeological and natural resource collections have grown, as has the rate of collecting, though less than 2% of NPS collections are natural resource specimens, whereas 52% are archeological. (The other 46% are historical, ethnographic, and archival collections.) When the NPS began compiling annual statistics in 1983, it found that the rate of collecting far exceeded the rate of cataloguing. In addition, many collections were stored or exhibited in substandard conditions. The NPS developed a strategy identifying the problems and estimating the cost for correction. The plan influenced Congress to increase appropriations to the NPS for collections management, which, from 1988 through 1994, have totaled $26.7 million. Following the lead of the NPS, the Department of the Interior has adopted a similar strategy.
A Narrative History Museum
Authors: Weinberg Jeshajahu
Published: May 2010

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) opened in April 1993 in Washington, DC, to wide critical and popular acclaim. It is a narrative rather than a collection‐based museum in that its displays are based on facts rather than things. The facts of the Holocaust are presented objectively. At the same time, the museum employs design elements that involve visitors in the narrative and enable them to understand it and the events' universal implications.
Forgeries of Fossils in “Amber”: History, Identification and Case Studies
Authors: Grimaldi David A. , Shedrinsky Alexander , Ross Andrew , Baer Norbert S.
Published: May 2010

The appeal of ancient fossilized tree resin, or amber, has made pieces with animal and plant inclusions particularly prized. Unfortunately, amber forgeries are more convincingly and routinely made than most other kinds of fossils, by embedding organisms in natural resins (e.g., copal) or synthetic resins (especially polyester) or by filling a carved niche in a natural piece of amber with resin and a modern inclusion. The confusion of organisms in copal (forged and natural) for ones in amber has a long history. Reviewed here are simple tests for discerning forgeries and natural inclusions in both substances. We discuss an old but sophisticated technique for crafting amber forgeries from authentic amber and present several new examples from old collections in two large museum collections. Also discussed is the widespread use of polyester resin forgeries in the Dominican Republic and Mexico.
Museums and the Living Artist
Authors: Moser Joann
Published: May 2010

During the past two decades, relationships between artists and museums have changed in subtle, but significant, ways. Artists have become more fully integrated into the day‐to‐day workings of the art museum, whether as employees, guest curators, or even as members of decision‐making boards. A new awareness of museum ethics in the 1980s has led to questioning of some common practices, and issues such as censorship have come to the fore. What has emerged is the growing realization on the part of both museums and artists that their fates are inextricably linked.
Finding Common Ground
Authors: Bedford Leslie
Published: May 2010

Teen Tokyo, a 3,000‐square‐foot, $1‐million long‐term exhibition at The Children's Museum, Boston, opened in 1992. It was developed to complement the museum's permanent Japanese House exhibition and to further its commitment to teaching about cultural differences and similarities. Designed primarily, but not exclusively, for youngsters aged 10 to 15 years, it is about growing up in contemporary Japan and the international culture of youth. An international team of developers, designers, and consultants spent five years preparing and funding the exhibition, using formative evaluation throughout. The project also included publication of a 50‐page catalogue/curriculum unit.
The Wondrous Head of Roscrea: A Personal Account
Authors: Carpenter Edmund
Published: May 2010

The “Wondrous Head of Roscrea,” a wooden head that combines Celtic and Maori features, was accepted by a number of professionals, including the author, as an authentic Irish sculpture. An initial investigation provided much supporting evidence, save for one detail—the date of an auction. Once that was supplied, the whole story collapsed. Whatever the faker's intention, he never intended to fool us. We fooled ourselves.
Collaborative Multimedia
Authors: Diamond Judy , Bond Alan , Schenker Beth , Meier Debra , Twersky Dana
Published: May 2010

Six natural history institutions contributed video and other images to produce a single multimedia exhibit about famous paleontology sites throughout the United States. In Mesozoic Monsters, Mammals and Magnolias, users can view videos of the original excavation of each of the sites and also play computer games relating to each location. This project provides a model for how collaboration among museums can reduce the cost of multimedia exhibits while improving quality and making them available to wider audiences.
Multimedia Science Kits: A Museum Project on Women Scientists and Their Research
Authors: Diamond Judy , Hochman Gary , Gardner Suzanne M. , Schenker Beth , Langan Marian
Published: May 2010

The University of Nebraska State Museum (UNSM) is creating multimedia outreach kits on the research of women scientists. The collaborative effort has included Nebraska Educational Telecommunications, curricula developers, biographers, graphic designers, and evaluators. The goal of the project is to increase the number of girls interested in pursuing careers in science, and to this end, women scientists are presented as role models. Wonderwise kits target students in grades four through six through student‐centered, inquiry‐based activities, specimens and tools, videos of the scientists working in the field, resource‐based CD‐ROMs, and short biographies of the scientists. This project presents a model of how museums can collaborate with schools to improve science education on a statewide basis.
Displaying Dinosaurs at The Natural History Museum, London
Authors: Lindsay William , Larkin Nigel , Smith Neil
Published: May 2010

Dinosaur reconstructions have been exhibited in public for over a hundred years. During that time, scientific and public understanding of these extinct animals has changed considerably. Changes in perception have influenced and been influenced by the three‐dimensional reconstructions mounted in museums and galleries, and these in turn have been influenced by the availability and use of mounting materials and techniques. The dinosaur exhibition in The Natural History Museum (NHM) in London contains examples of original, altered, and new dinosaur reconstructions that are described here—two, Gallimimus and Massospondylus, in detail. The final form of any reconstructed dinosaur is often influenced by factors beyond the control of the conservation, preparation, and mounting workers involved.
Bringing Leonardo to Life: Introducing Students to the Codex Leicester
Authors: Sita Lisa
Published: May 2010

As natural history museums are becoming more state‐of‐the‐art, integrating computer technology and other interactive components into their exhibits, challenges arise as to how best incorporate these elements into the learning that occurs in a traditional museum setting. In October of 1996, the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) hosted the exhibition Leonardo's Codex Leicester: A Masterpiece of Science, which included interactive computer stations as well as ten working models designed specifically for the exhibition. This article explores the museum's approach to making use of these interactives in planning and implementing a school program for this exhibition. The program was experimental in its format, given the short run of this exhibition, as well as limited planning time. The purpose of this article is to determine what a museum can do to offer quality programs that reach as many students as possible when working under time constraints.
Exhibitions and Expectations: The Case of “Degenerate Art”
Authors: Doering Zahava D. , Pekarik Andrew J. , Kindlon Audrey E.
Published: May 2010

This article describes a study of the exhibition “Degenerate Art”: The Fate of the Avant‐Garde in Nazi Germany conducted in 1991 and 1992 at two venues, Washington, DC, and Berlin, Germany. The study, based on survey data, found that visitors in both locations were very similar, and that their descriptions of the main purpose of the exhibition were also alike. The two audiences differed strongly, however, on whether or not the exhibition had anything to do with their lives. A significantly higher percentage of Washington visitors found the exhibition personally relevant. The paper attributes this difference to the concerns of the two audiences at that time. Specifically, it links the Washington reaction to the contemporaneous controversy regarding the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA). Overall, the study addresses the relationship between prior attitudes and exhibition experiences.
On the Road with Rock and Soul
Authors: Kalata Jean M. , Doering Zahava D. , Pekarik Andrew J.
Published: May 2010

This article reports on a study conducted for an exhibition team at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History (NMAH). As part of the planning process for a major exhibition, we studied visitors at a small preview exhibition, The Social Roots of Rock and Soul. Personal interviews, including a tape‐recorded portion in front of the Rock and Soul display about the images and the themes, were conducted at four venues of the Smithsonian's 150th Anniversary traveling exhibition, America's Smithsonian (Los Angeles, Kansas City, St. Paul, and Houston).

The most significant finding from visitor responses is strong regional differences. The study also showed that visitors responded to the images and storyline differently, depending on whether the material was presented through video or panels.
Environmental Issues in the Museum: Applying Public Perceptions in Exhibition Development
Authors: HENRIKSEN ELLEN KAROLINE
Published: May 2010

This paper describes an exhibition on radiation* and the environment. In the exhibition‐development process, students' and lay people's conceptions on radiation issues as described in the literature were considered. How these conceptions and the theoretical frame of constructivism may guide exhibition development is discussed. Whether an exhibition of this kind can facilitate cognitive change and aid personal judgment in environmental matters is considered on the basis of data from 16‐year‐olds' use of the exhibition.
The EcoTarium Story—Past, Present, and Future
Authors: COLE PEGGY RUTH
Published: May 2010

This paper outlines the story of the country's second‐oldest natural history museum from its founding in 1825 to the present. Its history includes seven name changes reflecting the young society's struggle to survive, the changing cultural environment, and the extension of its audiences from the immediate Worcester neighborhood to the New England regional area. The article also reviews its scope from several cabinets of specimens to displays of wildlife, exhibitions about ecology, astronomy, and technology, along with comprehensive education programming.
The Science Career Ladder at the New York Hall of Science
Authors: SIEGEL ERIC
Published: May 2010

The Science Career Ladder at the New York Hall of Science is a program that engages young people in a hierarchy of paid and unpaid experiences in the museum, designed to cultivate their interest in science and in pursuing science professions. Its double objective is to create a cadre of eloquent, well‐informed Explainers for the Hall's visitors, and to encourage underrepresented young people into science careers. This article will briefly present the history of the Science Career Ladder, describe how it currently operates, and address the challenges for sustaining the Career Ladder during a period of rapid growth.
Images of Native Americans
Authors: DOERING ZAHAVA D. , DIGIACOMO KERRY R. , PEKARIK ANDREW J.
Published: May 2010

This article summarizes a background study conducted for museum staff planning the National Museum of the American Indian on the National Mall in Washington, DC. Through interviews we identified attitudes of Smithsonian visitors toward Native Americans. Three results stand out: First, although most visitors have had some minimal contact with contemporary Native Americans, imagery of the past dominated their responses. This past is characterized as a period in which Native Americans had freedom of movement, had control over their destiny, and lived in harmony with nature. This peaceful existence was destroyed with the arrival of the Europeans. Second, current Indian life is seen as grim, except in those cases where Native Americans have fully assimilated into urban environments. Implicit is an assumption that traditional life and values can only be maintained on reservations. At the same time, reservations are associated with poverty, alcoholism, unemployment, and poor health care. Third, visitors would like the new museum to emphasize aspects of Native life and culture that are unique or different from their own. Overall, visitors have only a cursory familiarity with Native philosophy, history, or current conditions. Very few express strongly held beliefs or positions about Native Americans.
An Effective Teacher Institute for Curriculum Dissemination1
Authors: CHASE VALERIE C. , BOONE WILLIAM J.
Published: May 2010

This article recounts the development of Living in Water, a science curriculum for the middle grades, and the teacher training institute that was developed to disseminate the curriculum. This article also reviews how the teacher training institute was modified in response to findings from the evaluations of each of the three institutes that the authors presented. The evaluations included analysis of the teacher training institutes, the attitudes of the master teachers, the attitudes of the in‐service workshop participants, and the demographics of the students who ultimately were taught using the Living in Water curriculum.
Project Math‐Muse: Interactive Mathematics Exhibits for Young Children
Authors: GUBERMAN STEVEN R. , FLEXER ROBERTA J. , FLEXER ABRAHAM S. , TOPPING CAROLYN L.
Published: May 2010

This paper describes the goals and preliminary work of Project Math‐Muse, an interdisciplinary team of university and public school educators working with children's museums to design and evaluate interactive mathematics exhibits for young children. Authors discuss the rationale for the development of small, interactive mathematics exhibits for young children, based on the goal of matching (a) reform‐based views of mathematics, which emphasize children's active, hands‐on engagement in meaningful activities, with (b) the principles that guide children's museums. Observations of children and adults interacting with two exhibit prototypes developed at a local children's museum are presented along with discussions of some of the issues that have arisen in this work so far. The paper concludes with directions for continued work.
Artifact Questions: Exhibiting Thought‐Provoking Objects
Authors: BERNEY ADRIENNE
Published: May 2010

A photograph in the Louisiana State Museum collection raises many questions. The image compels a viewer to ponder the circumstances associated with the creation of the portrait circa 1860, and its subsequent defacement. The piece inspired staff members to conduct a survey to assess the photograph's potential for exhibition. Survey participants interpreted the image in a variety of ways. While the majority assumed a filial relationship between the portrait's two subjects, a significant minority concluded that the picture showed a slave nanny with her White infant charge, a history that the piece's fragmented provenance supports. Most participants found the cut out face of the adult subject intriguing, and their responses suggested the power the photograph could have in an exhibition and the value of artifact questions.
Metabolic Signatures of Exercise in Human Plasma
Authors: Lewis Gregory D. , Farrell Laurie , Wood Malissa J. , Martinovic Maryann , Arany Zoltan , Rowe Glenn C. , Souza Amanda , Cheng Susan , McCabe Elizabeth L. , Yang Elaine , Shi Xu , Deo Rahul , Roth Frederick P. , Asnani Aarti , Rhee Eugene P. , Systrom David M. , Semigran Marc J. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Carr Steven A. , Wang Thomas J. , Sabatine Marc S. , Clish Clary B. , Gerszten Robert E.
Published: May 2010

Measurement by mass spectrometry of 200 blood metabolites reveals that individuals who are more fit respond more effectively to exercise, as shown by larger exercise-induced increase in glycerol.
New Hope for Premature Newborns
Authors: Ahmad Shama
Published: May 2010

A recently characterized enzyme is required for the production of a key component of lung surfactant and facilitates the transition to air breathing.
Enteropathic histopathological features may be associated with Shwachman–Diamond syndrome: Figure 1
Authors: Shah N , Cambrook H , Koglmeier J , Mason C , Ancliff P , Lindley K , Smith V V , Bajaj-Elliott M , Sebire N J
Published: May 2010

Aim

To review the gastrointestinal mucosal histological features of biopsies from children with Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS) examined at a single specialist centre.

Methods

Search of a clinical database was performed to identify SDS cases and their gastrointestinal biopsies were reviewed for morphological parameters such as crypt:villous ratio, crypt hyperplasia and abnormal inflammatory infiltrates. Histological sections were also immunostained with CD4, CD20 and HLA-DR to determine the nature of the inflammatory infiltrate.

Results

15 SDS cases were included, 7 (47%) of which showed morphologically normal duodenal villous architecture, whereas 8 (53%) showed varying degrees of enteropathic histological features ranging from villous blunting to partial villous atrophy and duodenitis. 11/15 (73%) showed some degree of duodenal inflammation, including increased lamina propria density of plasma cells, macrophages and eosinophils.

Conclusion

Varying degrees of duodenal inflammatory enteropathic features are present in more than 50% of symptomatic children with SDS. This suggests that, in addition to pure pancreatic exocrine failure, an enteropathic component may contribute to symptoms in some cases, and be potentially responsive to appropriate therapy.
The influence of Wisconsinan glaciation and contemporary stream hydrology on microsatellite DNA variation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Tamkee P. , Parkinson E. , Taylor E. B.
Published: May 2010

Microsatellite DNA variation was examined in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) populations from throughout British Columbia, Canada, to address the roles of historical isolation, postglacial dispersal, and contemporary geomorphology in structuring genetic variation and differentiation. We detected signatures of historical isolation and postglacial recolonization in the form of “interior” and “coastal” population groupings, a decline in genetic variation as distance increased from putative glacial refugia, and different extents of isolation-by-distance in different regions. Rainbow trout populations were structured genetically into major regions and into smaller watersheds and then into drainages. Within drainages, high levels of dispersal and gene flow were inferred between geographically proximate and contiguous lakes. Elevation, stream branching points (nodes), fluvial distance, migration barriers, and stream and lake order influenced genetic diversity within, and differentiation among, populations. Habitat characteristics, particularly lake surface area and perimeter, were poor predictors of genetic variation. Although founder events and postglacial dispersal influenced broadscale patterns of genetic diversity in rainbow trout, our results suggest that contemporary factors can strongly modulate historical patterns.
Model studies on cemented tailings used in mine backfill
Authors: Mitchell Robert J. , Olsen Richard S. , Smith John D.
Published: May 2010

Physical model tests on cemented classified tailings and sand backfills have been carried out to determine the strength requirements for stability when vertical fill faces are exposed. The results of this laboratory scale model testing support a three-dimensional analytical solution developed in the paper, whereby the cement strength requirement can be reduced when rock walls are sufficiently close together to help support the backfill by shearing stresses at the wall–backfill contact.Comparisons with conventional backfill strength design approaches show that substantial reductions in cement usage can be realized by using the three-dimensional design approach, particularly when blast hole stoping can be carried out to heights several times greater than the lateral stoping dimensions.Physical modelling of cemented backfills is discussed in detail in the paper and it is concluded that field scale model testing could be useful in the design stages of the development of mining methods at individual mines.
Performance of an elastoplastic model
Authors: Evgin E. , Eisenstein Z.
Published: May 2010

Lade's elastoplastic work-hardening model for cohesionless soils has been used in a deformation analysis. Two passive earth pressure tests were utilized to compare analytical and experimental results. The load-deformation response and distribution of normal stresses acting on a fully instrumented wall were predicted, but a new interpretation of the work-hardening rule was necessary in order to use the model in the solution of boundary value problems. Measured and calculated values were generally in agreement. The results indicate that the model has the potential to produce reliable predictions of the behaviour of soil structures under a wide range of loading conditions. Key words: stress–strain model, elasticity, plasticity, finite element analysis, retaining wall.
Hydraulic conductivity of natural clays permeated with simple liquid hydrocarbons
Authors: Fernandez Federico , Quigley Robert M.
Published: May 2010

The hydraulic conductivity, k, of clayey soils is strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of permeating liquid hydrocarbons. Tests on natural Sarnia soils mixed with pure liquids at a void ratio of 0.8 yielded k values that increased from 5 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−4 cm/s as the dielectric constant of the permeant decreased from 80 to 2.Sequential permeation of compacted, water-wet samples (k ≈ 10−8 cm/s) showed no changes in hydraulic conductivity when permeated with water-insoluble hydrocarbons of low dielectric constant (benzene, cyclohexane, xylene). These hydrophobic liquids were forced through microchannels or macropores and displaced less than 10% of the pore water from samples at a void ratio of unity.Permeation with water-soluble alcohols resulted in extensive removal of the pore water and up to 10-fold increases in k. Subsequent permeation with liquid aromatics of very low dielectric constant resulted in 1000-fold increases in k with only 30% of the pore space occupied by the aromatics. Association liquids such as alcohol that are mutually soluble in water and the aromatics seem to be required to initiate huge increases in k over testing periods of short duration. Key words: hydraulic conductivity, liquid hydrocarbons, clay barriers, dielectric constant.
The use of hydraulic rotary drill cuttings to determine salt content of sediments
Authors: Hogg T. J. , Henry J. L.
Published: May 2010

The electrical conductivity analysis of 1:1 (sample: water) suspensions of hydraulic rotary drill cuttings and of auger samples was found to give closely related results. There were no significant differences (P = 0.01) between the two sampling methods. Thus, the electrical conductivity analysis of hydraulic rotary drill cuttings can be used to give a realistic indication of the salinity profile during deep drilling investigations. Key words: auger, soil salinity, electrical conductivity, hydraulic rotary drill.
Laboratory determination of chloride diffusion coefficient in an intact shale
Authors: Barone F. S. , Rowe R. K. , Quigley R. M.
Published: May 2010

An experimental investigation of diffusive transport of a nonreactive solute (chloride) in saturated, intact Queenston Shale is described. Laboratory tests were performed by placing distilled water in contact with samples of shale having a high initial concentration of chloride in their pore water. Chloride was then permitted to diffuse out of the shale and into the distilled water reservoir for a period of up to 65 days. At the end of each test, the shale sample was sectioned to determine the variation in chloride pore-water concentration with depth through the sample. Fickian diffusion theory was then used to deduce the diffusion coefficient (D). The experimental diffusion coefficient for chloride at a temperature of 22 ± 1 °C ranged from 1.4 × 10−6 to 1.6 × 10−6 cm2/s, which corresponds to a tortuosity (τ) ranging from 0.095 to 0.108. Based on pore size measurements and consideration of the ionic diameter of hydrated chloride, the "effective porosity" available for chloride diffusion is estimated to be greater than 75% of the total porosity calculated from the moisture content of the shale. Key words: diffusion, chloride, rock matrix, Queenston Shale, laboratory study.
Evaluation of excess pore pressures and drainage conditions around driven piles using the cone penetration test with pore pressure measurements
Authors: Robertson P. K. , Woeller D. J. , Gillespie D.
Published: May 2010

Large-diameter steel pipe piles were driven as part of the foundations for the Alex Fraser Bridge near Vancouver, British Columbia. The piles penetrated through a normally consolidated marine clayey silt. As part of the geotechnical studies a multipoint piezometer was installed close to the pile group. A cone penetration test with pore pressure measurements (CPTU) was performed adjacent to one of the piles shortly after driving. During the CPTU through the clayey silt deposit, dissipation tests were performed to evaluate the pore pressures around the nearby pile. The CPTU results are compared with the pore pressures recorded at the multipoint piezometer, allowing for differences in radial distance from the piles. Excellent agreement was obtained between the CPTU and multipoint piezometer data, both showing large excess pore pressures around the piles. The CPTU dissipation data were also analyzed to evaluate the time required for dissipation of excess pore pressures around the piles. The upper half of the clayey silt deposit was inter bedded with thin sand and silt layers. The CPTU data showed that the thin sand layers were sufficiently large in extent to allow rapid dissipation of the pore pressures due to cone penetration but were not of sufficient extent to allow dissipation of the excess pore pressures from the much larger diameter piles. Key words: in situ, piles, pore pressures, CPT.
A CMOS PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR BASED ON THE CONDUCTION OF HEAT
Authors: HIRAI TAKAAKI , ASAI TETSUYA , AMEMIYA YOSHIHITO
Published: May 2010

A CMOS phase-shift oscillator that uses a phase shift in the conduction of heat is proposed. The oscillator consists of an inverting amplifier and a feedback thermal filter that are integrated on a silicon chip. The thermal filter consists of a polysilicon heater and a MOSFET thermosensor separated from each other by a SiO2 heat-conducting layer.1 An input signal for the filter travels from the heater to the thermosensor through the SiO2 layer in the form of heat. The filter accepts the output of the inverting amplifier, produces a phase shift due to the heat conduction, and returns a 180°-shifted feedback signal to the amplifier. The oscillator produces oscillation at a specific frequency determined by the dimensions of the filter and the thermal conductivity and specific heat of Si and SiO2 .
A NON-CONSERVATIVE MODEL OF SECOND-ORDER RC SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS
Authors: ELWAKIL A. S.
Published: May 2010

In this work we derive a general non-conservative model for any RC sinusoidal oscillator independent of its particular passive topology or the employed active devices. We consider an arbitrary unknown second-order passive RC network terminated at one port by a negative resistor and proceed to impose oscillation start-up and frequency constraints on a derived state-matrix.
COMPARATIVE MOLECULAR FIELD ANALYSIS OF ANTI-TUBULIN AGENTS WITH INDOLE RING BINDING AT THE COLCHICINE BINDING SITE
Authors: LIN I-HUNG , HSU CHENG-CHANG , WANG SHIH-HONG , HSIEH HSING-PANG , SUN YING-CHIEH
Published: May 2010

A 3D-QSAR study using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was carried out on anti-tubulin agents with indole as a nucleus core. The structures of the compounds were obtained using docking calculations, and were then subjected to alignment procedures. CoMFA calculations for the 42 ligands that were examined as the training set gave a q2 value of 0.623 in correlation with experimental IC50 values for the inhibition of MKN-45 gastric cancer cells. Calculation for the test set of 17 ligands resulted in an r2 value of 0.714. The calculated results suggest that the R3 functional group site (see structure in Fig. 1) favored bulky groups while R1, R2, and R4 sites favored the opposite. At the R5 and R6 sites, parts of the region favored bulky groups while other parts favored the opposite. As for the electrostatic aspect, the R3 site was found to favor groups with a negative partial charge. At the R2 site, part of the region favored the group with a negative partial charge while other regions favored groups with a positive partial charge. The R4 and R5 sites favored groups with negative and positive partial charges, respectively, with a less favorable magnitude when compared with the R2 and R3 sites. The R1 and R6 sites did not exhibit significant electrostatic favor. Correlation of the results with IC50 values of ligands were analyzed and discussed.
STUDY OF ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND NEGATIVE ELECTRON AFFINITY OF NANODIAMONDS PASSIVATED BY CHn SPECIES
Authors: ZHANG ZHENKUI , DAI YING
Published: May 2010

A series of diamond nanoparticles with different surface terminations, (I) CH n (n = 1, 2) and (II) CH n (n = 1–3) species, have been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) to probe the effects of the terminated CH n species on the geometric and electronic structures and related properties. Our results show that quantum confinement effects of HOMO–LUMO gap occurs for the series I particles with size up to 1.1 nm, in contrast to the much weaker decay of the gap for larger size. With the existence of additional CH3 species, for size larger than 1 nm, the series II particles have larger gaps than the series I counterparts, which may be even larger than that of bulk diamond. The compositions of HOMO and LUMO are responsible for the different behaviors in the quantum confinement, which agrees with the experimentally observed spectral feature in the X-ray absorption measurement. In addition, our results show that the negative electron affinity is strongly dependent on the C/H ratio for the hydrogenated diamond nanoparticles.
2d QUANTUM DOTS IN POLYCHROMATIC RADIATION FIELDS: EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY MIXING, PHASE AND ANHARMONICITY ON THE FREEZING OF DYNAMICS
Authors: GHOSH SUBHASREE , MANDAL PARIKSHIT , GHOSH MANAS
Published: May 2010

We explore the pattern of time evolution of a harmonically confined single carrier 2-d quantum dot when an external time varying polychromatic radiation field is switched on. The radiation field is composed of four mutually prime "nonresonant" frequencies. For given strengths of the confining field, cyclotron frequency, intensities, and oscillation frequencies of the external field, the system reveals a counter-intuitive long-time dynamics leading to a kind of localization in the unperturbed state space. The presence of cubic and quartic anharmonicity in the confining fields, and phase shifts in the external radiation fields, bring in new features in the dynamics. Time dependent Hellman–Feynmann theorem is invoked to gain insight into the frequency resolved absorption spectrum.
DOCKING AND MD SIMULATIONS OF THE INTERACTION OF THE POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETIC AGENT AMILORIDE WITH THE hASIC1a CHANNEL USING A HOMOLOGY MODEL
Authors: PIETRA FRANCESCO
Published: May 2010

The interaction of the K+ -sparing agent amiloride — a synthetic chlorinated pyrimidine derivative — with the hASIC1a ion channel is investigated here along homology modeling of the pore region (using the crystal structure of the cASIC1 channel as a template and the known sequence of hASIC1a), automated docking (using the NMR solution structure of amiloride and its conjugated acid, refined by computations), and molecular dynamics simulations. This represents the first modeling and computational chemistry of the pore region of ASIC/DEG/ENaCs/FaNaCh channels. The results agree with the putative amiloride binding site for alphaENaC channel chimeras once the amiloride free base is considered, while its conjugated acid — in contrast with literature beliefs — is poorly scored on a nearby protein pocket. Different protonation conditions of the pore region are irrelevant because histidine residues are far from the binding sites. Mapping the amino acids of the homology model closest to amiloride can have heuristic value in stimulating in silico search of new pore-blocking agents, experimental studies of ASIC channels themselves, and development of code for constant-pH MD simulations.
POLYNOMIAL ROOT SEPARATION
Authors: BUGEAUD YANN , MIGNOTTE MAURICE
Published: May 2010

We discuss the following question: How close to each other can two distinct roots of an integer polynomial be? We summarize what is presently known on this and related problems, and establish several new results on root separation of monic, integer polynomials.
ANNIHILATING IDEALS OF QUADRATIC FORMS OVER LOCAL AND GLOBAL FIELDS
Authors: RÜHL KLAAS-TIDO
Published: May 2010

We study annihilating polynomials and annihilating ideals for elements of Witt rings for groups of exponent 2. With the help of these results and certain calculations involving the Clifford invariant, we are able to give full sets of generators for the annihilating ideal of both the isometry class and the equivalence class of an arbitrary quadratic form over a local field. By applying the Hasse–Minkowski theorem, we can then achieve the same for an arbitrary quadratic form over a global field.
The unfolded protein response is activated in skeletal muscle by high-fat feeding: potential role in the downregulation of protein synthesis
Authors: Deldicque Louise , Cani Patrice D. , Philp Andrew , Raymackers Jean-Marc , Meakin Paul J. , Ashford Michael L. J. , Delzenne Nathalie M. , Francaux Marc , Baar Keith
Published: May 2010

High-fat diets are known to decrease muscle protein synthesis, the adaptation to overload, and insulin sensitivity. Conditions that disrupt endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis lead to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that is associated with decreases in protein synthesis, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. The purpose of the present study was to establish whether ER stress is induced by a high-fat diet in skeletal muscle and whether ER stress can decrease mTORC1 activity and protein synthesis in muscle cells. Two independent protocols of high-fat feeding activated the UPR in mice. In the first study, mice consuming a high-fat diet containing 70% fat and <1% carbohydrates for 6 wk showed higher markers of the UPR (BiP, IRE1α, and MBTPS2) in the soleus and in the tibialis anterior muscles and ATF4 in the tibialis anterior ( P < 0.05). In the second study, a 20-wk high-fat diet containing 46% fat and 36% carbohydrates also increased BiP, IRE1α, and phospho-PERK protein and the expression of ATF4, CHOP, and both the spliced and unspliced forms of XBP1 in the plantar flexors ( P < 0.05). In C2C12muscle cells, tunicamycin, thapsigargin, and palmitic acid all increased UPR markers and decreased phosphorylation of S6K1 ( P < 0.05). Collectively, these data show that a high-fat diet activates the UPR in mouse skeletal muscle in vivo. In addition, in vitro studies indicate that palmitic acid, and other well-known ER stress inducers, triggered the UPR in myogenic cells and led to a decrease in protein synthesis and mTORC1 activity.
Measuring GLUT4 translocation in mature muscle fibers
Authors: Lauritzen Hans P. M. M. , Schertzer Jonathan D.
Published: May 2010

Skeletal muscle is the major tissue for postprandial glucose disposal. Facilitated glucose uptake into muscle fibers is mediated by increases in surface membrane levels of the glucose transporter GLUT4 via insulin- and/or muscle contraction-mediated GLUT4 translocation. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle have been difficult to characterize at the cell biology level due to muscle tissue complexity. Muscle cell culture models have improved our understanding of GLUT4 translocation and glucose transport regulation, but in vitro muscle models lack many of the characteristics of mature muscle fibers. Thus, the molecular and cellular details of GLUT4 translocation in mature skeletal muscle are deficient. The objective of this review is to highlight how advances in recent experimental approaches translate into an enhanced understanding of the regulation of GLUT4 translocation and glucose transport in mature skeletal muscle.
Deep Brain Stimulation Alleviates Parkinsonian Bradykinesia by Regularizing Pallidal Activity
Authors: Dorval Alan D. , Kuncel Alexis M. , Birdno Merrill J. , Turner Dennis A. , Grill Warren M.
Published: May 2010

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the basal ganglia can alleviate the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease although the therapeutic mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesize that DBS relieves symptoms by minimizing pathologically disordered neuronal activity in the basal ganglia. In human participants with parkinsonism and clinically effective deep brain leads, regular (i.e., periodic) high-frequency stimulation was replaced with irregular (i.e., aperiodic) stimulation at the same mean frequency (130 Hz). Bradykinesia, a symptomatic slowness of movement, was quantified via an objective finger tapping protocol in the absence and presence of regular and irregular DBS. Regular DBS relieved bradykinesia more effectively than irregular DBS. A computational model of the relevant neural structures revealed that output from the globus pallidus internus was more disordered and thalamic neurons made more transmission errors in the parkinsonian condition compared with the healthy condition. Clinically therapeutic, regular DBS reduced firing pattern disorder in the computational basal ganglia and minimized model thalamic transmission errors, consistent with symptom alleviation by clinical DBS. However, nontherapeutic, irregular DBS neither reduced disorder in the computational basal ganglia nor lowered model thalamic transmission errors. Thus we show that clinically useful DBS alleviates motor symptoms by regularizing basal ganglia activity and thereby improving thalamic relay fidelity. This work demonstrates that high-frequency stimulation alone is insufficient to alleviate motor symptoms: DBS must be highly regular. Descriptive models of pathophysiology that ignore the fine temporal resolution of neuronal spiking in favor of average neural activity cannot explain the mechanisms of DBS-induced symptom alleviation.