bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
JAK2V
617
F-positive endothelial cells contribute to clotting abnormalities in myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Etheridge S. Leah , Roh Michelle E. , Cosgrove Megan E. , Sangkhae Veena , Fox Norma E. , Chen Junmei , López José A. , Kaushansky Kenneth , Hitchcock Ian S.
Published: January 2014

Significance

The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of hematological malignancies characterized by increased numbers of myeloid blood cells, such as platelets, erythrocytes, and neutrophils. The main causes of illness and death in patients with MPNs are arterial and venous clotting and also, conversely, bleeding complications. However, the causes of these conditions are poorly understood. In this paper, we use a mouse model of MPNs to determine the cell types responsible for abnormal clotting in MPNs. We demonstrate that endothelial cells, the cell type that lines all blood vessels, have a significant role to play in MPN bleeding complications, potentially identifying a new cellular target for MPN therapies.
Spatial separation of Xist RNA and polycomb proteins revealed by superresolution microscopy
Authors: Cerase Andrea , Smeets Daniel , Tang Y. Amy , Gdula Michal , Kraus Felix , Spivakov Mikhail , Moindrot Benoit , Leleu Marion , Tattermusch Anna , Demmerle Justin , Nesterova Tatyana B. , Green Catherine , Otte Arie P. , Schermelleh Lothar , Brockdorff Neil
Published: January 2014

Significance

Polycomb repressor proteins are recruited to the inactive X chromosome in mammals, and this has been attributed to a biochemical interaction between the non–protein-coding RNA X-inactive specific transcript (Xist), which initiates the X inactivation process, and core polycomb subunits. We have studied this using a combination of genome mapping analysis and 3D structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) that allows 3D imaging with eightfold volumetric resolution improvement compared with previous state-of-the-art confocal microscopy. Our findings reveal that Xist-mediated recruitment of polycomb repressors does not correlate well with gene silencing and, moreover, that using 3D-SIM, polycomb proteins and Xist RNA show significant spatial separation. These observations challenge prevailing models and prompt a reappraisal of the role of Xist RNA in polycomb recruitment.
Functional truncated membrane pores
Authors: Stoddart David , Ayub Mariam , Höfler Lajos , Raychaudhuri Pinky , Klingelhoefer Jochen W. , Maglia Giovanni , Heron Andrew , Bayley Hagan
Published: January 2014

Significance

Cells and compartments within them are bounded by membranes, the underlying structure of which is the lipid bilayer. Molecules that move into and out of cells or between compartments are transported through protein channels and pores, which according to conventional thinking completely span the intact bilayer. However, indirect evidence has suggested the existence of a separate class of membrane proteins that perturb the bilayer structure to create transmembrane conduits. We present direct evidence for such proteins, and suggest that they are protagonists in important physiological processes, including defense by the immune system against microorganisms and neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease.
Septin assemblies form by diffusion-driven annealing on membranes
Authors: Bridges Andrew A. , Zhang Huaiying , Mehta Shalin B. , Occhipinti Patricia , Tani Tomomi , Gladfelter Amy S.
Published: January 2014

Significance

The mechanisms and location of polymerization and disassembly direct the function of cytoskeletal proteins. Septins are far less understood than other cytoskeletal elements such as actin and microtubules, yet they have a conserved function acting as scaffolds at cell membranes and are implicated in cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, and microbial pathogenesis. We have defined a key role of the membrane in directing septin filament formation in live cells and reconstituted dynamic septin polymerization, using purified components. We find that septins grow into filaments and form higher-order structures by diffusing, colliding, and annealing on the plasma membrane. This work is important because it defines previously unidentified basic steps of polymerization and construction of higher-order assemblies of septin proteins.
Noninvasive positron emission tomography and fluorescence imaging of CD133
+
tumor stem cells
Authors: Gaedicke Simone , Braun Friederike , Prasad Shruthi , Machein Marcia , Firat Elke , Hettich Michael , Gudihal Ravindra , Zhu Xuekai , Klingner Kerstin , Schüler Julia , Herold-Mende Christel C. , Grosu Anca-Ligia , Behe Martin , Weber Wolfgang , Mäcke Helmut , Niedermann Gabriele
Published: January 2014

Significance

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be responsible for growth and dissemination of many malignant tumors and for relapse after therapy. Therefore methods for the noninvasive imaging of CSCs could have profound consequences for diagnosis and therapy monitoring in oncology. However, clinically applicable methods for noninvasive CSC imaging are still lacking. The AC133 epitope of CD133 is one of the most intensely investigated CSC markers and is particularly important for aggressive brain tumors. Here we describe the development of clinically relevant tracers that permit high-sensitivity and high-resolution monitoring of AC133
+
glioblastoma stem cells in both subcutaneous and intracerebral xenograft tumors using positron emission tomography and near-infrared fluorescence imaging, two clinically highly relevant imaging modalities.
TBC1D24 regulates neuronal migration and maturation through modulation of the ARF6-dependent pathway
Authors: Falace Antonio , Buhler Emmanuelle , Fadda Manuela , Watrin Françoise , Lippiello Pellegrino , Pallesi-Pocachard Emilie , Baldelli Pietro , Benfenati Fabio , Zara Federico , Represa Alfonso , Fassio Anna , Cardoso Carlos
Published: January 2014

Significance

The six-layered cerebral cortex forms through tightly regulated steps including neuronal proliferation, migration, and circuitry formation. Alterations of cortical development are associated with several neurological conditions, but the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we describe the role of TBC1 domain family member 24(TBC1D24), a gene associated with syndromes combining epilepsy and cognitive deficits, in cortical development. Using an in vivo approach, we found that TBC1D24 regulates neuronal polarity, thus promoting neuronal migration and maturation. We further show that TBC1D24 exerts its function through the modulation of the activity of ADP ribosylation factor 6, a GTPase involved in membrane trafficking. Collectively, our data disclose a previously uncharacterized molecular mechanism involved in cortical development and underline how appropriate and timely neuronal positioning is essential for brain function.
Persistent HIV-1 replication is associated with lower antiretroviral drug concentrations in lymphatic tissues
Authors: Fletcher Courtney V. , Staskus Kathryn , Wietgrefe Stephen W. , Rothenberger Meghan , Reilly Cavan , Chipman Jeffrey G. , Beilman Greg J. , Khoruts Alexander , Thorkelson Ann , Schmidt Thomas E. , Anderson Jodi , Perkey Katherine , Stevenson Mario , Perelson Alan S. , Douek Daniel C. , Haase Ashley T. , Schacker Timothy W.
Published: January 2014

Significance

We show that HIV continues to replicate in the lymphatic tissues of some individuals taking antiretroviral regimens considered fully suppressive, based on undetectable viral loads in peripheral blood, and that one mechanism for persistent replication in lymphatic tissues is the lower concentrations of the antiretroviral drugs in those tissues compared with peripheral blood. These findings are significant because they provide a rationale and framework for testing the efficacy of new agents and combinations of drugs that will fully suppress replication in lymphatic tissues. More suppressive regimens could improve immune reconstitution, as well as provide the effective regimens needed for functional cure and eradication of infection.
Tracing an allosteric pathway regulating the activity of the HslV protease
Authors: Shi Lichi , Kay Lewis E.
Published: January 2014

Significance

Molecular machines, such as the proteasome in eukaryotes and archaea as well as the HslU–HslV complex in bacteria, play critical roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Here, we have used methyl-Transverse Relaxation-Optimized Spectroscopy to study the 230 kDa HslV dodecamer that cleaves substrate polypeptides. The initial catalytic step is investigated by measuring the pK
a
of the terminal amine of catalytic residue T1. Furthermore, we show that single site mutations in key regions, which contact HslU or change on HslU binding, lead to propagated changes in structure along an allosteric pathway, affecting proteolysis rates. NMR relaxation experiments are consistent with a coupling of millisecond timescale dynamics throughout regions of HslV that link HslU and substrate binding with catalysis.
C2cd3 is critical for centriolar distal appendage assembly and ciliary vesicle docking in mammals
Authors: Ye Xuan , Zeng Huiqing , Ning Gang , Reiter Jeremy F. , Liu Aimin
Published: January 2014

Significance

The primary cilium is a hair-like cell surface organelle, the loss of which leads to numerous human diseases collectively known as ciliopathies. To better understand the pathology and to develop treatments for these diseases, it is critical to identify important regulators of cilium biogenesis and to reveal their mechanisms of function. We show that C2cd3 is required for the assembly of a structure at the distal end of the mother centriole, which serves as an anchor of the cilium. Without this structure, the mother centriole cannot associate with the membrane, and many other cilium proteins cannot be recruited to the centriole. This work provides a significant insight into one of the earliest steps in cilium formation.
Exposure to ambient black carbon derived from a unique inventory and high-resolution model
Authors: Wang Rong , Tao Shu , Balkanski Yves , Ciais Philippe , Boucher Olivier , Liu Junfeng , Piao Shilong , Shen Huizhong , Vuolo Maria Raffaella , Valari Myrto , Chen Han , Chen Yuanchen , Cozic Anne , Huang Ye , Li Bengang , Li Wei , Shen Guofeng , Wang Bin , Zhang Yanyan
Published: January 2014

Significance

In this study, we have developed a unique global black carbon (BC) emission inventory using a 10-km grid based on the latest source and emission factor information. The inventory is used to model BC concentrations using a global atmospheric aerosol climate model, with a high-resolution grid for Asia, to better resolve the exposure of populations to elevated BC concentration. The model with even higher resolution (10 km) is used for the North China Plain. Finally, the population exposure concentrations are evaluated.
CYLD regulates spindle orientation by stabilizing astral microtubules and promoting dishevelled-NuMA-dynein/dynactin complex formation
Authors: Yang Yunfan , Liu Min , Li Dengwen , Ran Jie , Gao Jinmin , Suo Shaojun , Sun Shao-Cong , Zhou Jun
Published: January 2014

Significance

Orientation of the mitotic spindle relative to the cell cortex is known to control the orientation of the cell division plane, thereby contributing to cell fate specification and tissue organization. The molecular mechanisms of how spindle orientation is regulated during mitosis remain poorly defined. In this paper, we demonstrate that cylindromatosis (CYLD) regulates spindle orientation via its dual functions as a microtubule-associated protein and deubiquitinase. CYLD stabilizes astral microtubules, hence ensuring microtubule extension to the cell cortex and interaction with cortical sites. The deubiquitinase activity of CYLD, however, catalyzes the removal of the polyubiquitin chain from dishevelled and thereby promotes the dishevelled-NuMA-dynein/dynactin complex formation at the cell cortex, a requirement for generating pulling forces on astral microtubules.
Neutralizing antibodies can initiate genome release from human enterovirus 71
Authors: Plevka Pavel , Lim Pei-Yin , Perera Rushika , Cardosa Jane , Suksatu Ampa , Kuhn Richard J. , Rossmann Michael G.
Published: January 2014

Significance

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes yearly outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Southeast Asian countries including China and Malaysia. Some of the infected children develop encephalitis that can be fatal or result in permanent brain damage. There are no anti-EV71 therapeutic agents available. Here it is shown that an antibody that had been generated by using an immature EV71 virus as an antigen induced the release of genome from EV71 virions, rendering the virus noninfectious. The induction of genome release is a mechanism by which antibodies can neutralize viruses. Furthermore, the approach presented in the paper could be used to prepare antibodies with similar properties against related viruses that include significant human pathogens.
A vertebrate myosin-I structure reveals unique insights into myosin mechanochemical tuning
Authors: Shuman Henry , Greenberg Michael J. , Zwolak Adam , Lin Tianming , Sindelar Charles V. , Dominguez Roberto , Ostap E. Michael
Published: January 2014

Significance

We report the high-resolution structure of a tension-sensing myosin-Ib. We identify a striking unique orientation of structural elements that position the motor’s lever arm. This orientation results in a cavity between the motor and lever arm that holds a 10-residue stretch of N-terminal amino acids, a region that is divergent among myosins. We show the importance of the N-terminal region of myosin in controlling the kinetics and mechanics of the motor.
OX40L blockade is therapeutic in arthritis, despite promoting osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Gwyer Findlay Emily , Danks Lynett , Madden Jodie , Cavanagh Mary M. , McNamee Kay , McCann Fiona , Snelgrove Robert J. , Shaw Stevan , Feldmann Marc , Taylor Peter Charles , Horwood Nicole J. , Hussell Tracy
Published: January 2014

Significance

Current therapies to alleviate autoimmune conditions use global strategies that affect large compartments of the immune response. These strategies mop up the excesses of disease without slowing disease progression and carry a significant risk of infection. This article describes the selective inhibition of autoaggressive T cells with the ability to regress established arthritis and reveals an unexpected role for an immune receptor–ligand pair in bone homeostasis.
Distortion of genealogical properties when the sample is very large
Authors: Bhaskar Anand , Clark Andrew G. , Song Yun S.
Published: January 2014

Significance

Sample sizes in population genomic studies are rapidly increasing to the point where assumptions underlying analytical tools may be violated. This theoretical work examines the accuracy of a widely used probabilistic model, called the coalescent, for describing the ancestry of a sample of individuals. A method for performing exact computation of various genealogical quantities is developed here, and it is shown that the coalescent prediction of rare variants can be noticeably inaccurate when the sample is very large. A hybrid algorithm, which combines discrete- and continuous-time models, is proposed to balance the trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency.
Climate policies under wealth inequality
Authors: Vasconcelos Vítor V. , Santos Francisco C. , Pacheco Jorge M. , Levin Simon A.
Published: January 2014

Significance

One of the greatest challenges in addressing global environmental problems such as climate change, which involves public goods and common-pool resources, is achieving cooperation among peoples. There are great disparities in wealth among nations, and this heterogeneity can make agreements much more difficult to achieve (e.g., regarding implementation of climate change mitigation). This paper incorporates wealth inequality into a public goods dilemma, including an asymmetric distribution of wealth representative of existing inequalities among nations. Without homophily (imitation of like agents), inequality actually makes cooperation easier to achieve; homophily, however, can undercut this, leading to collapse because poor agents may contribute less. Understanding such effects may enhance the ability to achieve agreements on climate change and other issues.
Vaccination of monoglycosylated hemagglutinin induces cross-strain protection against influenza virus infections
Authors: Chen Juine-Ruey , Yu Yueh-Hsiang , Tseng Yung-Chieh , Chiang Wan-Ling , Chiang Ming-Feng , Ko Yi-An , Chiu Yi-Kai , Ma Hsiu-Hua , Wu Chung-Yi , Jan Jia-Tsrong , Lin Kuo-I , Ma Che , Wong Chi-Huey
Published: January 2014

Significance

Influenza epidemics continue to be a threat to public health, and the recent human cases of avian viruses of H5N1, H7N9, and H6N1 in Asia raise the possibility of a new disastrous influenza pandemic. Although an effective universal vaccine that can protect from influenza viruses from different subtypes or even both type A and B is still far from reality, our unique findings, showing that monosaccharide glycosylated HA vaccine induces broader protection against different strains, may lead to a better influenza vaccine design that does not require frequent updates and annual immunizations. This strategy may also map out a new direction for development of universal flu vaccines and be applied to vaccine design for other human viruses.
C-terminal region of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is required for efficient class switch recombination and gene conversion
Authors: Sabouri Somayeh , Kobayashi Maki , Begum Nasim A. , Xu Jianliang , Hirota Kouji , Honjo Tasuku
Published: January 2014

Significance

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates class switch recombination (CSR) by inducing Ig locus-specific single-strand breaks (SSBs). AID C-terminal mutants (C-mt) generate SSBs efficiently but fail to support CSR. We found that residual CSR junctions in AID C-mt were repaired predominantly by alternative end-joining repair and that the recruitment of classical nonhomologous end-joining factors such as Ku80 to the S region was reduced consistently. Conversely, the accumulation of poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase1 was observed in the AID C-mt JP8Bdel. AID C-mt also showed a relative reduction in gene conversion (GC). Moreover, AID C-mt did not support synapse formation in the donor switch regions, indicating that the C-terminal region of AID is essential for efficient generation of double-strand breaks in CSR and GC and possibly for synapse formation during CSR.
Visualization of carrier dynamics in p(n)-type GaAs by scanning ultrafast electron microscopy
Authors: Cho Jongweon , Hwang Taek Yong , Zewail Ahmed H.
Published: January 2014

Significance

Dynamics of positively and negatively charged carriers at surfaces and interfaces plays a fundamental role in a myriad of phenomena, including those involved in the catalysis of chemical reactions and the efficacy of nanoscale devices. However, the visualization of such dynamics in space and time is a nontrivial task. In this contribution we report the methodology for mapping the behavior of such carriers in the semiconductor material GaAs and in two regimes of optical and electron excitation. The technique, which is capable of providing femtosecond temporal resolution and nanometer spatial resolution, has the potential of unraveling phenomena in many other materials and in relating their nature to the electronic structure of matter.
Sign Language in Indo-Pakistan
Authors: Zeshan Ulrike
Published: January 2014

To find a suitable framework for the description of a previously undocumented language is all the more challenging in the case of a signed language. In this book, for the first time, an indigenous Asian sign language used in deaf communities in India and Pakistan is described on all linguistically relevant levels. This grammatical sketch aims at providing a concise yet comprehensive picture of the language. It covers a substantial part of Indopakistani Sign Language grammar. Topics discussed range from properties of individual signs to principles of discourse organization. Important aspects of morphological structure and syntactic regularities are summarized. Finally, sign language specific grammatical mechanisms such as spatially realized syntax and the use of facial expressions also figure prominently in this book. A 300-word dictionary with graphic representations of signs and a transcribed sample text complement the grammatical description.
The cross-linguistic study of signed languages is only just beginning. Descriptive materials such as the ones presented in this book provide the necessary starting point for further empirical and theoretical research in this direction.
Bio-Linguistics
Authors: Givón T.
Published: January 2014

Is human language an evolutionary adaptation? Is linguistics a natural science? These questions have bedeviled philosophers, philologists and linguists from Plato through Chomsky. Prof. Givón suggests that the answers fall naturally within an integrated study of living organisms.

In this new work, Givón points out that language operates between aspects of both complex biological design and adaptive behavior. As in biology, the whole is an adaptive compromise to competing demands. Variation is the indispensable tool of learning, change and adaptation. The contrast between innateness and input-driven emergence is an interaction between genetically-coded and behaviorally-coded experience.

In enlarging the cross-disciplinary domain, the book examines the parallels between language evolution and language diachrony. Sociality, cooperation and communication are shown to be rooted in a common evolutionary source, the kin-based hunting-and-gathering society of intimates.

The book pays homage to the late Joseph Greenberg and his visionary integration of functional motivation, typological diversity and diachronic change.
Context as Other Minds
Authors: Givón T.
Published: January 2014

Givon's new book re-casts pragmatics, and most conspicuously the pragmatics of sociality and communication, in neuro-cognitive, bio-adaptive, evolutionary terms. The fact that context, the core notion of pragmatics, is a framing operation undertaken on the fly through judgements of relevance, has been well known since Aristotle, Kant and Peirce. But the context that is relevant to the pragmatics of sociality and communication is a highly specific mental operation — the mental modeling of the interlocutor's current, rapidly shifting belief-and-intention states. The construed context of social interaction and communication is thus a mental representation of other minds. Following a condensed intellectual history of pragmatics, the book investigates the adaptive pragmatics of lexical-semantic categories — the 1st-order framing of “reality", what cognitive psychologists call “semantic memory”. Utilizing the network model, the book then takes a fresh look at the adaptive underpinnings of metaphoric meaning. The core chapters of the book outline the re-interpretation of “communicative context” as the systematic, on-line construction of mental models of the interlocutor’s current, rapidly-shifting states of belief and intention. This grand theme is elaborated through examples from the grammar of referential coherence, verbal modalities and clause-chaining. In its final chapters, the book pushes pragmatics beyond its traditional bounds, surveying its interdisciplinary implications for philosophy of science, theory of personality, personality disorders and the calculus of social interaction.
Textual Translation and Live Translation
Authors: Poyatos Fernando
Published: January 2014

After the many interdisciplinary perspectives on nonverbal communication offered by the author in his previous seven John Benjamins books, which have generated a wide range of scholarly applications, the present monograph is dominated by a very broad concept of translation. This treatment of translation includes theater and cinema (enriching our intellectual-sensorial experience of both 'reading act' and 'viewing act') and offers among other topics: sensorial-intellectual-emotional pre- and post-reading interactions with books; mute or audible 'oralization' of texts; the translator's linguistic and nonverbal-cultural fluency and implicit textual paralanguage and kinesics; translating functions of pictorial illustrations; the blind's text and film perception; the foreign reader's cultural background and circumstances; theater and cinema spectators' total sensory-intellectual experience of plays and films beyond staging or projection; the multiple interrelationships between cinema and theater performers, spectators and their environments, of special interest to all those involved in the theater; and the translator's challenging textual perception of sounds and movements. Over 800 literary quotations, and two virtually exhaustive English inventories of sound- and movement-denoting words with many examples, offer serious students of translation, language or literature a rich reference and drill source.
An Introduction to Old Frisian
Authors: Bremmer Rolf H.
Published: January 2014

This is the first text book to offer a comprehensive approach to Old Frisian. Part One begins with a succinct survey of the history of the Frisians during the Middle Ages, their society and literary culture. Next follow chapters on the phonology, morphology, word formation and syntax of Old Frisian. This part is concluded by a chapter on the Old Frisian dialects and one on problems regarding the periodization of Frisian and the close relationship between (Old) Frisian and (Old) English. Part Two consists of a reader with a representative selection of twenty-one texts with explanatory notes and a full glossary. A bibliography and a select index complete the book. Written by an experienced teacher and researcher in the field, An Introduction to Old Frisian is an essential resource for students and researchers of Frisian, Old English and other ‘Old’ Germanic languages and cultures, and for medievalists working in this area. The second unrevised 2011 reprint of the original edition contains several corrections.
The Architect of Modern Catalan
Authors: Fabra Pompeu , Kremnitz Georg
Published: January 2014

Pompeu Fabra (1868-1948) is renowned as the person who reformed and codified modern Catalan, giving it the condition of a normativised language of culture that proved fit to meet all the challenges of the twentieth century. The context in which he worked was defined by the ideology and momentum of a dynamic Catalan nationalism emerging out of the nineteenth-century cultural revival movement, energies which have continued to affect politics in the Spanish state through to the present. The imposing corpus of Fabra’s writings —newspaper articles, lectures and papers, various grammars and the redaction of the official dictionary of Catalan— covered all aspects of the normativisation and the social normalisation of a rejuvenated national language. His work was, moreover, abreast of the most advanced developments in the newly emerging discipline of modern linguistics.The present volume was conceived in response to expressions of disappointment that the figure and the intellectual contributions of Pompeu Fabra have remained virtually unrecognised internationally. Some rectification of this situation is offered by this first ever translation into English of a representative selection of his writings, accompanied by the first substantial study on him in that language. In this way his work should be made much more accessible to the international community of linguists and of specialists in various branches of the social sciences, for whom Fabra’s exclusive dedication to Catalan retains great relevance.
Verbs of Implicit Negation and their Complements in the History of English
Authors: Iyeiri Yoko
Published: January 2014

For sale in all countries except Japan. For customers in Japan: please contact Yushodo Co. The principal focus of this book concerns various shifts of complements which verbs of implicit negation (e.g. forbid, forbear, avoid, prohibit, and prevent) have experienced in the history of English. Forbid, for example, was once followed by that-clauses, while in contemporary English it is in usual cases followed by to-infinitives except in the fixed form God forbid that … Although a number of English verbs have undergone similar syntactic changes, the paths they have selected in their historical development are not always the same. Unlike forbid, the verb prevent is now followed by gerunds often with the preposition from. This book describes some of the most representative paths followed by different verbs of implicit negation and reveals the major complement shifts that have occurred throughout the history of English. It will be of particular interest to researchers and students specializing in English linguistics, historical linguistics, and corpus linguistics.
Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages
Authors: Dimmendaal Gerrit J.
Published: January 2014

This advanced historical linguistics course book deals with the historical and comparative study of African languages. The first part functions as an elementary introduction to the comparative method, involving the establishment of lexical and grammatical cognates, the reconstruction of their historical development, techniques for the subclassification of related languages, and the use of language-internal evidence, more specifically the application of internal reconstruction. Part II addresses language contact phenomena and the status of language in a wider, cultural-historical and ecological context. Part III deals with the relationship between comparative linguistics and other disciplines. In this rich course book, the author presents valuable views on a number of issues in the comparative study of African languages, more specifically concerning genetic diversity on the African continent, the status of pidginised and creolised languages, language mixing, and grammaticalisation.
Theory of Language
Authors: Bühler Karl , Eschbach Achim
Published: January 2014

Karl Bühler (1879–1963) was one of the leading theoreticians of language of the twentieth century. Although primarily a psychologist, Bühler devoted much of his attention to the study of language and language theory. His masterwork Sprachtheorie (1934) quickly gained recognition in the fields of linguistics, semiotics, the philosophy of language and the psychology of language. This new edition of the English translation of Bühler’s theory begins with a survey on ‘Bühler’s legacy’ for modern linguistics (Werner Abraham), followed by the Theory of Language, and finally with a special ‘Postscript: Twenty-five Years Later …’ (Achim Eschbach). Bühler’s theory is divided into four parts. Part I discusses the four axioms or principles of language research, the most famous of which is the first, the organon model, the base of Bühler's instrumental view of language. Part II treats the role of indexicality in language and discusses deixis as one determinant of speech. Part III examines the symbolic field, dealing with context, onomatopoeia and the function of case. Part IV deals with the elements of language and their organization (syllabification, the definition of the word, metaphor, anaphora, etc).The text is accompanied by an Introduction (Achim Eschbach); Translator's preface (Donald Fraser Goodwin); Glossary of terms; and a Bibliography of cited works.
Transcribing Talk and Interaction
Authors: Jenks Christopher
Published: January 2014

Interest in transcript-based research has grown significantly in recent years. Alongside this growth has been an increase in awareness of the empirical utility of naturalistic research on language use in interaction. However, a quick scan of the literature reveals that very few transcription books have been published in the past three decades. This is an astonishing fact given that there are perhaps hundreds of books published on spoken discourse analysis. This book aims to narrow this gap by providing an introduction to the theories and practices related to transcribing communication data. The book is intended for students with little to no knowledge of transcription work and/or instructors responsible for teaching introductory courses on transcript-based research. Readers who are learning or teaching discourse/conversation analysis or similar analytic methods of investigation will find this book particularly helpful.

Christopher Jenks has many years of experience teaching transcription work and analysis of communication data to postgraduate students and researchers. In addition to running workshops and giving presentations on similar topics at universities around the world, he has published widely in top international journals and has numerous other forthcoming publications.
Languages in Contact
Authors: Weinreich Uriel
Published: January 2014

The appearance of Uriel Weinreich's Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems (1953) marked a milestone in the study of multilingualism and language contact. Yet until now, few linguists have been aware that its main themes were first laid out in Weinreich’s Columbia University doctoral dissertation of 1951, Research Problems in Bilingualism with Special Reference to Switzerland. Based on the author's fieldwork, it contains a detailed report on language contact in Switzerland in the first half of the 20th century, especially along the French-German linguistic border and between German and Romansh in the canton of Grisons (Graubünden). The present edition reproduces Weinreich's original text in full, with only minor alterations and corrections, as well as the author's fieldwork photographs and many of his hand-drawn diagrams. A new foreword reviews Weinreich's life and legacy, as well as developments in contact linguistics and the Swiss linguistic situation over the past 60 years. With selected comments on noteworthy points and references to more recent literature, this volume will be of interest not only to those working on the languages of Switzerland, or specialists in language contact, but all scholars today whose work builds on the broad and lasting foundations laid over half a century ago by Uriel Weinreich.
Comparative Indo-European Linguistics
Authors: Beekes Robert S.P.
Published: January 2014

This book gives a comprehensive introduction to Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. It starts with a presentation of the languages of the family (from English and the other Germanic languages, the Celtic and Slavic languages, Latin, Greek and Sanskrit through Armenian and Albanian) and a discussion of the culture and origin of the Indo-Europeans, the speakers of the Indo-European proto-language.

The reader is introduced into the nature of language change and the methods of reconstruction of older language stages, with many examples (from the Indo-European languages). A full description is given of the sound changes, which makes it possible to follow the origin of the different Indo-European languages step by step. This is followed by a discussion of the development of all the morphological categories of Proto-Indo-European.

The book presents the latest in scholarly insights, like the laryngeal and glottalic theory, the accentuation, the ablaut patterns, and these are systematically integrated into the treatment.

The text of this second edition has been corrected and updated by Michiel de Vaan. Sixty-six new exercises enable the student to practice the reconstruction of PIE phonology and morphology.
Nonverbal Communication across Disciplines
Authors: Poyatos Fernando
Published: January 2014

Paralanguage and kinesics define the tripartite nature of speech. Volume 2 builds on Poyatos’ book Paralanguage (1993) – reviewed by Mary Key as “the most amplified description of paralanguage available today”. It covers our basic voice components; the many normal or abnormal voice types; the communicative uses of physiological and emotional reactions like laughter, crying, sighing, coughing, sneezing, etc.; and word-like utterances beyond the official dictionary. Kinesics is viewed from interactive, intercultural and cross-cultural, and literary perspectives, with much needed research principles for the realistic study of gestures, manners and postures in their intersystemic links. Applications are given in the social or clinical sciences, intercultural communication, literature, painting, theater and cinema, etc. Related to both paralanguage and kinesics are the many eloquent sounds produced bodily, by manipulated objects and by the environment. A discussion of silence and stillness as opposed to sound and movement and related to darkness and light, shows their true interactive status, coding, functions, qualifiers, intersystemic co-structurations, positive and negative functions, and cross-cultural attitudes toward silence. The first two volumes are then brought together in a detailed model for studying our interactions with people and the environment, including certain emitting and transmitting congenital or traumatic limitations.

1608 quotations from 133 authors and 216 works vividly illustrate all topics.
Meister Eckhart
Authors: Mojsisch Burkhard
Published: January 2014

The thought of Meister Eckhart — the Dominican theologian, the preacher, the master of language, the mystic — exudes a remarkable fascination on the modern mind, not the least due to its characteristic interplay of scholastic-academic and vernacular terminology. This volume presents the only book-length study in English of Meister Eckhart the philosopher within the tradition in which his thought is embedded and from which it draws its authority. It shows that even as Eckhart may be justly regarded as a medieval precursor of a modern philosophy of subjectivity, the novelty and continuity of his thought can only be understood in its relation to that of Albert the Great, Aristotle, Dionysius Pseudo-Areopagita, the Liber de causis and the Neoplatonic heritage, Theodoric of Freiberg and Thomas Aquinas as well as Eckhart of Gründig, Jakob of Metz and Johannes Picardi of Lichtenberg. At its center lies the return of the soul, through its detachment from everything corporeal, manifold and temporal, into its ground or spark — into that “something” in the soul where, according to Eckhart, “the ground of God is my ground and my ground is God’s ground”. The present translation not only revises the German-language original to take account of recent debates in Eckhart-scholarship, it moreover makes accessible to the non-specialist all Latin and Middle High German material, much of it previously not available in any translation at all.

Meister Eckhart: Dominikanischer Theologe, Prediger, Sprachgenie, Mystiker — sein Denken fasziniert den modernen Menschen nicht zuletzt wegen der einprägsamen Wechselwirkung von scholastisch-akademischer Terminologie und deutscher Mundart. Der vorliegende Band ist die einzige englischsprachige Monographie über Meister Eckhart als Philosophen, die ihn im Zusammenhang der ihn maîgeblich bedingenden philosophischen Tradition interpretiert. Auch wenn Eckhart zurecht als Vordenker der modernen Subjektivität gilt, kann man ihn nur im bezug auf Albert den Groîen, Aristoteles, Dionysius Pseudo-Areopagita, den Liber de causis und die neuplatonische Tradition, Dietrich von Freiberg und Thomas von Aquin sowie Eckhart von Gründig, Jakob von Metz und Johannes Picardi von Lichtenberg adäquat verstehen. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Studie steht die Rückkehr der Seele — durch ihre Abgeschiedenheit vom Körperlichen, vom Mannigfaltigen und vom Zeitlichen — in ihren Grund bzw. in den Funken der Seele, wo nach Eckhart “gotes grunt mîn grunt und mîn grunt gotes grunt” ist. Der vorliegende Band revidiert nicht nur die deutschsprachige Original-Studie im Hinblick auf Debatten in der neueren Eckhart-Forschung: Auch dem Nicht-Spezialisten werden sämtliche lateinische und mittelhochdeutsche Quellen durch die Übersetzung ins Englische zugänglich gemacht.
Resistance training promotes increase in intracellular hydration in men and women
Authors: Ribeiro Alex S. , Avelar Ademar , Schoenfeld Brad J. , Ritti Dias Raphael M. , Altimari Leandro R. , Cyrino Edilson S.
Published: January 2014

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of 16 weeks of resistance training (RT) on body water in men and women. Thirty men (22.7 ± 4.4 years, 68.4 ± 9.0 kg and 174.5 ± 6.6 cm) and 34 women (22.7 ± 4.1 years, 58.8 ± 11.9 kg and 162.6 ± 6.2 cm) underwent progressive RT for 16 weeks (2 phases, 8 weeks each), 3 times per week, that consisted of 10–12 whole body exercises with 3 sets of 8–12 repetitions maximum. Total body water, TBW (intracellular water, ICW and extracellular water, ECW compartments) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were assessed using a spectral bioelectrical impedance device (Xitron 4200 Bioimpedance Spectrum Analyzer). TBW, ICW compartment and SMM increased significantly (P < 0.05) over time in men (+7.5%, +8.2% and +4.2%, respectively) and women (+7.6%, +11.0% +3.9%, respectively), with no sex by time interaction (P > 0.05). We conclude that progressive RT promotes an increase in body water, principally by intracellular content; however, the hydration status is not influenced by sex.
The composition of EphB2 clusters determines the strength in the cellular repulsion response
Authors: Schaupp Andreas , Sabet Ola , Dudanova Irina , Ponserre Marion , Bastiaens Philippe , Klein Rüdiger
Published: January 2014

Trans interactions of erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular (Eph) receptors with their membrane-bound ephrin ligands generate higher-order clusters that can form extended signaling arrays. The functional relevance of the cluster size for repulsive signaling is not understood. We used chemical dimerizers and fluorescence anisotropy to generate and visualize specific EphB2 cluster species in living cells. We find that cell collapse responses are induced by small-sized EphB2 clusters, suggesting that extended EphB2 arrays are dispensable and that EphB2 activation follows an ON–OFF switch with EphB2 dimers being inactive and trimers and tetramers being fully functional. Moreover, the strength of the collapse response is determined by the abundance of multimers over dimers within a cluster population: the more dimers are present, the weaker the response. Finally, we show that the C-terminal modules of EphB2 have negative regulatory effects on ephrin-induced clustering. These results shed new light on the mechanism and regulation of EphB2 activation and provide a model on how Eph signaling translates into graded cellular responses.
KIF13B enhances the endocytosis of LRP1 by recruiting LRP1 to caveolae
Authors: Kanai Yoshimitsu , Wang Daliang , Hirokawa Nobutaka
Published: January 2014

Multifunctional low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) recognizes and internalizes a large number of diverse ligands, including LDL and factor VIII. However, little is known about the regulation of LRP1 endocytosis. Here, we show that a microtubule-based motor protein, KIF13B, in an unexpected and unconventional function, enhances caveolin-dependent endocytosis of LRP1. KIF13B was highly expressed in the liver and was localized on the sinusoidal plasma membrane of hepatocytes. KIF13B knockout (KO) mice showed elevated levels of serum cholesterol and factor VIII, and KO MEFs showed decreased uptake of LDL. Exogenous KIF13B, initially localized on the plasma membrane with caveolae, was translocated to the vesicles in the cytoplasm with LRP1 and caveolin-1. KIF13B bound to hDLG1 and utrophin, which, in turn, bound to LRP1 and caveolae, respectively. These linkages were required for the KIF13B-enhanced endocytosis of LRP1. Thus, we propose that KIF13B, working as a scaffold, recruits LRP1 to caveolae via LRP1–hDLG1–KIF13B–utrophin–caveolae linkage and enhances the endocytosis of LRP1.
NAK for Ext and ascent of module structures
Authors: Anderson Benjamin , Sather-Wagstaff Sean
Published: January 2014

We investigate the interplay between properties of Ext modules and the ascent of module structures along local ring homomorphisms. Specifically, let

φ
:
(
R
,

m

,
k
)
→
(
S
,

m

S
,
k
)

\varphi \colon (R,\mathfrak {m},k)\to (S,\mathfrak {m} S,k)

be a flat local ring homomorphism. We show that if

M
M

is a finitely generated

R
R

-module such that

Ext

R

i

⁡
(
S
,
M
)

\operatorname {Ext}_{R}^{i}(S,M)

satisfies NAK (e.g. if

Ext

R

i

⁡
(
S
,
M
)

\operatorname {Ext}_{R}^{i}(S,M)

is finitely generated over

S
S

) for

i
=
1
,
…
,

dim

R

⁡
(
M
)

i=1,\ldots ,\dim _{R}(M)

, then

Ext

R

i

⁡
(
S
,
M
)
=
0

\operatorname {Ext}_{R}^{i}(S,M)=0

for all

i
≠
0

i\neq 0

and

M
M

has an

S
S

-module structure that is compatible with its

R
R

-module structure via

φ
\varphi

. We provide explicit computations of

Ext

R

i

⁡
(
S
,
M
)

\operatorname {Ext}_{R}^{i}(S,M)

to indicate how large it can be when

M
M

does not have a compatible

S
S

-module structure.
NGSANE: a lightweight production informatics framework for high-throughput data analysis
Authors: Buske Fabian A. , French Hugh J. , Smith Martin A. , Clark Susan J. , Bauer Denis C.
Published: January 2014

Summary: The initial steps in the analysis of next-generation sequencing data can be automated by way of software ‘pipelines’. However, individual components depreciate rapidly because of the evolving technology and analysis methods, often rendering entire versions of production informatics pipelines obsolete. Constructing pipelines from Linux bash commands enables the use of hot swappable modular components as opposed to the more rigid program call wrapping by higher level languages, as implemented in comparable published pipelining systems.

Here we present Next Generation Sequencing ANalysis for Enterprises (NGSANE), a Linux-based, high-performance-computing-enabled framework that minimizes overhead for set up and processing of new projects, yet maintains full flexibility of custom scripting when processing raw sequence data.

Availability and implementation: Ngsane is implemented in bash and publicly available under BSD (3-Clause) licence via GitHub at https://github.com/BauerLab/ngsane.

Contact:  Denis.Bauer@csiro.au

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Composition of seed sequence is a major determinant of microRNA targeting patterns
Authors: Wang Xiaowei
Published: January 2014

Motivation: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are extensively involved in gene expression regulation. One major roadblock in functional miRNA studies is the reliable prediction of genes targeted by miRNAs, as rules defining miRNA target recognition have not been well-established to date. Availability of high-throughput experimental data from a recent CLASH (cross linking, ligation and sequencing of hybrids) study has presented an unprecedented opportunity to characterize miRNA target recognition patterns, which may provide guidance for improved miRNA target prediction.

Results: The CLASH data were analysed to identify distinctive sequence features that characterize canonical and non-canonical miRNA target types. Most miRNA targets were of non-canonical type, i.e. without involving perfect pairing to canonical miRNA seed region. Different miRNAs have distinct targeting patterns, and this miRNA-to-miRNA variability was associated with seed sequence composition. Specifically, seed-based canonical target recognition was dependent on the GC content of the miRNA seed. For miRNAs with low GC content of the seed region, non-canonical targeting was the dominant mechanism for target recognition. In contrast to canonical targeting, non-canonical targeting did not lead to significant target downregulation at either the RNA or protein level.

Contact:  xwang@radonc.wustl.edu