bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parmenides' insight and the possibility of logic
Authors: Della Rocca Michael
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this paper is twofold: to explain and render more accessible the arguments in a recent, important, and already famously difficult book and, on the basis of this appreciation and illumination, to level a criticism of the book that cuts deep and thereby opens up a new and powerful path to a paradoxical Parmenideanism. The book in question is Irad Kimhi's Thinking and Being. Kimhi is to be applauded for taking seriously Parmenidean challenges to negation and to nonbeing and for offering devastating criticisms of a Fregean (and Cartesian) distinction between the force and content of judgments, a distinction that Kimhi rightly shows to trade on unintelligible primitives. Nonetheless, in his response to the Parmenidean challenges, Kimhi is guilty of reliance on a number of similarly unintelligible primitives of his own. This failure on Kimhi's part leads the way to a radical Parmenidean view according to which distinctions, in general, are rejected.
Microbiome influence on host community dynamics: Conceptual integration of microbiome feedback with classical host–microbe theory
Authors: Abbott Karen C. , Eppinga Maarten B. , Umbanhowar James , Baudena Mara , Bever James D.
Published: October 2021

Microbiomes have profound effects on host fitness, yet we struggle to understand the implications for host ecology. Microbiome influence on host ecology has been investigated using two independent frameworks. Classical ecological theory powerfully represents mechanistic interactions predicting environmental dependence of microbiome effects on host ecology, but these models are notoriously difficult to evaluate empirically. Alternatively, host–microbiome feedback theory represents impacts of microbiome dynamics on host fitness as simple net effects that are easily amenable to experimental evaluation. The feedback framework enabled rapid progress in understanding microbiomes’ impacts on plant ecology, and can also be applied to animal hosts. We conceptually integrate these two frameworks by deriving expressions for net feedback in terms of mechanistic model parameters. This generates a precise mapping between net feedback theory and classic population modelling, thereby merging mechanistic understanding with experimental tractability, a necessary step for building a predictive understanding of microbiome influence on host ecology.
The potential diagnostic significance of crypt differentiation in gastric dysplasia
Authors: Nakajima Takahiko , Noguchi Akira , Tanaka Shinichi , Nishida Takeshi , Hatta Hideki , Kakiuchi Toshiko , Takagi Kohji , Minamisaka Takashi , Fujinami Haruka , Yoshizumi Tetsuya , Imura Johji
Published: October 2021

Aims

This study investigated the relationship between the differentiation of tumour cells into crypts, which is determined by cell differentiation into Paneth and neuroendocrine cells, and tumour infiltration in gastric dysplasia.

Methods and results

The lesions were endoscopically biopsied low‐grade dysplasia (LGD), endoscopically resected high‐grade dysplasia (HGD) or cancer with submucosal invasion. LGD (n = 32) displayed crypt differentiation across the entire width of the tumour in all cases. Crypt differentiation was identified as a characteristic of tumours with low biological malignancy. HGD (n = 40) included tumours with a mixture of areas with and without crypt differentiation (n = 25) and tumours with crypt differentiation throughout the entire width (n = 15). Of the cancers with submucosal invasion (n = 30), the morphological progression of the HGD area with crypt differentiation, the HGD area without crypt differentiation and invasive cancer without crypt differentiation was confirmed for 23 samples. In two lesions, invasive cancer without crypt differentiation developed from HGD without crypt differentiation throughout the tumour width. In five samples, well‐differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma with crypt differentiation developed from HGD with crypt differentiation and invaded with lamina propria‐like stroma.

Conclusions

Loss of crypt differentiation could be an objective indicator of infiltration in the progression of HGD to invasive cancer. The invasive potential of dysplasia depends upon the presence or absence of crypt differentiation.
LNA oligonucleotide mediates an anti‐inflammatory effect in autoimmune myocarditis via targeting lactate dehydrogenase B
Authors: Bockstahler Mariella , Salbach Christian , Müller Anna‐Maria , Kübler Andrea , Müller Oliver J. , Katus Hugo A. , Frey Norbert , Kaya Ziya
Published: October 2021

Treatment of myocarditis is often limited to symptomatic treatment due to unknown pathomechanisms. In order to identify new therapeutic approaches, the contribution of locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides (LNA ASOs) in autoimmune myocarditis was investigated. Hence, A/J mice were immunized with cardiac troponin I (TnI) to induce experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) and treated with LNA ASOs. The results showed an unexpected anti‐inflammatory effect for one administered LNA ASO MB_1114 by reducing cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. The target sequence of MB_1114 was identified as lactate dehydrogenase B (mLDHB). For further analysis, mice received mLdhb‐specific GapmeR during induction of EAM. Here, mice receiving the mLdhb‐specific GapmeR showed increased protein levels of cardiac mLDHB and a reduced cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. The effect of increased cardiac mLDHB protein level was associated with a downregulation of genes of reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐associated proteins, indicating a reduction in ROS. Here, the suppression of murine pro‐apoptotic Bcl‐2‐associated X protein (mBax) was also observed. In our study, an unexpected anti‐inflammatory effect of LNA ASO MB_1114 and mLdhb‐specific GapmeR during induction of EAM could be demonstrated in vivo. This effect was associated with increased protein levels of cardiac mLDHB, mBax suppression and reduced ROS activation. Thus, LDHB and LNA ASOs may be considered as a promising target for directed therapy of myocarditis. Nevertheless, further investigations are necessary to clarify the mechanism of action of anti‐inflammatory LDHB‐triggered effects.
Rhizospheric and endophyticPseudomonas aeruginosain edible vegetable plants share molecular and metabolic traits with clinical isolates
Authors: Ambreetha Sakthivel , Marimuthu Ponnusamy , Mathee Kalai , Balachandar Dananjeyan
Published: October 2021

Aim

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a leading opportunistic pathogen causing hospital-acquired infections, is also commonly found in agricultural settings. However, there are minimal attempts to examine the molecular and functional attributes shared by agricultural and clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. This study investigates the presence of P. aeruginosa in edible vegetable plants (including salad vegetables) and analyses the evolutionary and metabolic relatedness of the agricultural and clinical strains.

Methods and Results

Eighteen rhizospheric and endophytic P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from cucumber, tomato, eggplant, and chili directly from the farms. The identity of these strains was confirmed using biochemical and molecular assays. The genetic and metabolic traits of these plant-associated P. aeruginosa isolates were compared with clinical strains. DNA fingerprinting and 16S rDNA-based phylogenetic analyses revealed that the plant- and human-associated strains are evolutionarily related. Both agricultural and clinical isolates possessed plant-beneficial properties, including mineral solubilization to release essential nutrients (phosphorous, potassium, and zinc), ammonification, and the ability to release extracellular pyocyanin, siderophore, and indole-3 acetic acid.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that rhizospheric and endophytic P. aeruginosa strains are genetically and functionally analogous to the clinical isolates. In addition, the genotypic and phenotypic traits do not correlate with plant sources or ecosystems.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This study reconfirms that edible plants are the potential source for human and animal transmission of P. aeruginosa.
In vitro susceptibility of swine pathogens to feed additives and active ingredients with potential as antibiotic replacements
Authors: Neath Charlotte , Portocarero Naheeda , Jones Cerith
Published: October 2021

Aims

The rise in antibiotic resistance requires the reduction of antibiotic use in all sectors. In animal production, many commercial alternatives to antibiotics have been developed for incorporation into feeds, but a lack of evidence on their antibacterial activity limits confidence in their application. We aim to compare the antibacterial activity of feed additives and active ingredients to better understand their usefulness.

Methods and Results

The antibacterial activity of 34 active ingredients and feed additives, including medium- and short-chain organic acids and essential oils, was tested against pure cultures of five bacterial swine pathogens. Antibacterial activity was observed using an agar plug diffusion method and quantified via broth microdilution. A diverse range of antibacterial activities were observed. The highest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus suis was exhibited by the C12 monoglyceride (0.49 mg ml−1). The monoglyceride of C12 was more effective than C12:0 against Strep. suis, but neither C12:0 nor its monoglyceride showed efficacy against the gram-negative micro-organisms tested. The most active against Escherichia coli were the C6:0 medium-chain organic acids and potassium diformate (1.95 mg ml−1). For Salmonella Typhimurium, potassium diformate, sodium diformate, and a blend of C8:0/C10:0 (each 1.96 mg ml−1), and for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, eugenol (0.49 mg ml−1) showed the most promising activity.

Conclusions

We identified broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, such as the C6:0 MCOA, and those with interesting narrow-spectrum activity, notably the killing of Strep. suis by C12 monoglyceride. We have identified additives that show the most promising bioactivity against specific pathogens.

Significance and Impact of the study

We broadly compare a large collection of feed additives and active ingredients for their antibacterial activity against a diverse panel of bacterial swine pathogens. This provides a solid base of evidence which can drive the development of feed supplementation strategies with the aim of reducing dependency on antibiotic use in swine production.
The early diagnostic value of ankle‐brachial index combined with feet electrochemical skin conductance for peripheral artery disease in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Zhao Yun , Huang Liji , Zhou Xiqiao , Liu Jingshun , Yu Jiangyi
Published: October 2021

Aims/Introduction

In this paper, we focused on exploring the diagnostic and predictive clinical utility of ankle‐brachial index (ABI) in combination with feet electrochemical skin conductance (FESC) for peripheral artery disease (PAD) in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Materials and Methods

Overall, 183 Chinese T2DM patients were enrolled in this study. The patients were classified into three groups: Group 1 comprised of uncomplicated type 2 diabetics (n = 36), Group 2 consisted of patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (n = 103) whereas Group 3 patients displayed peripheral artery disease (n = 44). All patients underwent Sudoscan test using a Sudoscan (Paris, France) and ABI assessment.

Results

Multivariate logistic regression models revealed that FESC was an independent risk factor of developing PAD in patients with type 2 diabetes. The AUC for diagnostic, positive predictive and negative predictive value of ABI in combination with FESC for PAD were 0.907, 0.733 and 0.920, respectively. The specificity and sensitivity of ABI in combination with FESC for PAD were 0.914 and 0.750, respectively.

Conclusions

Ankle‐brachial index in combination with FESC can accurately be used in early diagnosis of PAD.
A systematic review on the treatment of pediatric severe alopecia areata by topical immunotherapy or Anthralin (contact sensitization) or low‐level light/laser therapy (LLLT): focus on efficacy, safety, treatment duration, recurrence, and follow‐up based on clinical studies
Authors: Behrangi Elham , Roohaninasab Masoumeh , Sadeghzadeh‐Bazargan Afsaneh , Najar Nobari Niloufar , Ghassemi Mohammadreza , Seirafianpour Farnoosh , Goodarzi Azadeh , Dodangeh Milad
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Alopecia areata (AA) in its extensive and severe forms is treatment‐challenging, especially in pediatrics.

Method

A PRISMA‐compliant systematic review of seven electronic databases was searched by the terms “alopecia areata,” “pediatric,” “topical immunotherapy,” “Anthralin,” and “light therapy” from inception until March 2021. All the alternative names of the disease and therapies have been included in the search terms. 790 articles went to title abstract review by two independent reviewers. In the subsequent level, a review of the full text of studies was conducted.

Results

Finally, 10 relevant articles in terms of content structure, subject coverage, and purpose, were selected for further review. The highest percentages of complete hair regrowth were 79.6% and 63.61% by SADBE (topical immunotherapy) and laser therapy. By Anthralin (contact sensitization), the complete response rate was below 50% (between 30 and 35%). Regarding average response, the most effective methods were local immunotherapy (with an average effectiveness of 53.8%), laser therapy (52.55%), and the use of Anthralin‐induced contact dermatitis (30.86%), respectively. However, recurrence rate—after treatment with induced contact dermatitis by topical medications like Anthralin (contact sensitization)—was lower (mean 43.53%) in comparison with local immunotherapy (57%). In topical immunotherapy, light base therapy, and contact sensitization, the highest percentage of complete hair regrowth and the average response rate were (63.61% and 52.55%), (79.6% and 53.8%) and (32% and 30.8%), respectively. These methods are considered safe in children.

Conclusion

A high and more than 50% efficacy in hair regrowth could be expected by topical immunotherapy and light/laser therapy method. No serious side effects have been observed by these methods that are well tolerated in children. Therefore, a combination of local immunotherapy and light/laser therapy could be suggested for the treatment of extensive AA in children. The use of Anthralin could be associated with a lower but more durable response. These points are important for patient selection in individualized situations.
The Manchester Triage System's performance in clinical risk prioritisation of patients presenting with headache in emergency department: A retrospective observational study
Authors: Brigo Francesco , Zaboli Arian , Rinaldi Fabrizio , Ausserhofer Dietmar , Nardone Raffaele , Pfeifer Norbert , Turcato Gianni
Published: October 2021

Objective

Non‐traumatic headache is a frequent reason for visits to the emergency department (ED). We evaluated the performance of the Manchester Triage System (MTS) in prioritising patients presenting to the ED with non‐traumatic headache.

Methods

In this single‐centre observational retrospective study, we compared the association of MTS priority classification codes with a final diagnosis of a severe neurological condition requiring timely management (ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebral sinus venous thrombosis, central nervous system infection or brain tumour). The study was conducted and reported according to the STROBE statement. The overall prioritisation accuracy of MTS was estimated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The correctness of triage prediction was estimated based on the “very urgent” MTS grouping. An undertriage was defined as a patient with an urgent and severe neurological who received a low priority/urgency MTS code (green/yellow).

Results

Over 30 months, 3002 triage evaluations of non‐traumatic headache occurred (1.7% of ED visits). Of these, 2.3% (68/3002) were eventually diagnosed with an urgent and severe neurological condition. The MTS had an acceptable prioritisation accuracy, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.734 (95% CI 0.668–0.799). The sensitivity of the MTS for urgent codes (yellow, orange and red) was 79.4% (95% CI 74.5–84.3), with a specificity of 54.1% (95% CI 52.9–55.3). The triage prediction was incorrect in only 6.3% (190/3002) of patients with headache.

Conclusion

The MTS is a safe and accurate tool for prioritising patients with non‐traumatic headache in the ED. However, MTS may need further specific tools for evaluating the more complicated symptoms and for correctly identifying patients with urgent and severe underlying pathologies.

Relevance to clinical practice

The triage nurse using MTS may need additional tools to improve the assessment of patients with headache, although MTS provides a good safety profile.
Towards a broader concept of wellbeing in evaluating paediatric quality of life
Authors: Ryan Patrick , Preisz Anne
Published: October 2021

Paediatric health‐care professionals have a primary duty to promote the best interests of their patients. This is reiterated in article 3 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and is predicated on promoting children's health and wellbeing. However, there is ambiguity over what standard applies when evaluating whether a paediatric health‐care decision supports good outcomes. Values like ‘best interests’, ‘doing no harm’ or ‘quality of life’ may be indeterminate or vague and clinicians may have difficulty in conceptualising what exactly constitutes ‘a good life’ for children. This uncertainty leads to the question: how do we best evaluate paediatric health decisions and outcomes? Patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) are questionnaires that aim to achieve this by attaining data on a patient's quality of life and wellbeing. While PROMs originated with adult cohorts, they have since been applied to paediatric populations. Children are vulnerable due to their interdependency; and this raises ethical tensions regarding the potential benefits of such data, respect for autonomy and assent/consent of the individual child in clinical settings. These inherent tensions should be balanced by realising a collective good for children. PROMs should be a robust data collection source that facilitates substantive justice, both procedurally and in distributing limited health resources via accurate quality‐adjusted life‐years generation. This article aims to (i) overview the traditional and emerging paediatric PROMs; (ii) outline the tensions of using PROMS for children in a clinical setting and (iii) analyse the ability of traditional and emerging PROMs to promote justice in paediatric resource allocation.
Tolerability and outcome of palliative treatment for metastatic pulmonary carcinoma in cats
Authors: Treggiari E. , Pellin M. A. , Valenti P. , Curran K. M. , Borrego J. F. , Romanelli G. , Mason S. L. , Taylor A.
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Pulmonary carcinoma is uncommon in cats and reporting of outcomes following medical treatment is limited, especially in presence of metastases. The aim of this study was to describe the outcome of cats affected by metastatic primary pulmonary carcinoma and to evaluate the tolerability of palliative treatment in this patient population.

Materials and Methods

Medical records were searched for cats with a cytological or histopathological diagnosis of primary pulmonary carcinoma and evidence of metastatic disease. Cats were treated with antineoplastic agents, corticosteroids, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or received no systemic treatment. Cases in which thoracic CT was not performed, and those lacking definitive diagnosis by cytology or histopathology or receiving curative‐intent surgery were excluded.

Results

Thirty‐four cats were identified: 18 were treated with antineoplastic agents and 16 received corticosteroids, NSAIDs or no treatment. Presenting clinical signs included coughing (53%), tachypnoea (26%), gastrointestinal signs (35%) and lethargy (18%). CT scan identified metastases to the lung parenchyma in all cases and additional metastatic lesions in 10 of 34 (59%) cases; pleural effusion was detected in 11 cases (32%). The overall median survival time for all cats was 64 days [range 1‐1352 days; 95% confidence interval (CI) 48‐164]. Presence of respiratory signs at presentation was the only factor influencing survival in the multivariable analysis.

Clinical significance

Medical treatment was well tolerated and appeared to palliate clinical signs in cats with metastatic pulmonary carcinoma, albeit with a modest duration and short overall survival. The role and benefit of chemotherapy/antineoplastic agents versus conventional palliative drugs in this setting remains unclear.
Microcoleus (Cyanobacteria) form watershed‐wide populations without strong gradients in population structure
Authors: Bouma‐Gregson Keith , Crits‐Christoph Alexander , Olm Mathew R. , Power Mary E. , Banfield Jillian F.
Published: October 2021

The relative importance of separation by distance and by environment to population genetic diversity can be conveniently tested in river networks, where these two drivers are often independently distributed over space. To evaluate the importance of dispersal and environmental conditions in shaping microbial population structures, we performed genome‐resolved metagenomic analyses of benthic Microcoleus‐dominated cyanobacterial mats collected in the Eel and Russian River networks (California, USA). The 64 Microcoleus genomes were clustered into three species that shared >96.5% average nucleotide identity (ANI). Most mats were dominated by one strain, but minor alleles within mats were often shared, even over large spatial distances (>300 km). Within the most common Microcoleus species, the ANI between the dominant strains within mats decreased with increasing spatial separation. However, over shorter spatial distances (tens of kilometres), mats from different subwatersheds had lower ANI than mats from the same subwatershed, suggesting that at shorter spatial distances environmental differences between subwatersheds in factors like canopy cover, conductivity, and mean annual temperature decreases ANI. Since mats in smaller creeks had similar levels of nucleotide diversity (π) as mats in larger downstream subwatersheds, within‐mat genetic diversity does not appear to depend on the downstream accumulation of upstream‐derived strains. The four‐gamete test and sequence length bias suggest recombination occurs between almost all strains within each species, even between populations separated by large distances or living in different habitats. Overall, our results show that, despite some isolation by distance and environmental conditions, sufficient gene‐flow occurs among cyanobacterial strains to prevent either driver from producing distinctive population structures across the watershed.
The efficient physiological strategy of a novel tomato genotype to adapt to chronic combined water and heat stress
Authors: Francesca S. , Vitale L. , Arena C. , Raimondi G. , Olivieri F. , Cirillo V. , Paradiso A. , de Pinto M. C. , Maggio A. , Barone A. , Rigano M. M.
Published: October 2021

Climate change is increasing the frequency of high temperature shocks and water shortages, pointing to the need to develop novel tolerant varieties and to understand the mechanisms employed to withstand combined abiotic stresses.

Two tomato genotypes, a heat‐tolerant Solanum lycopersicum accession (LA3120) and a novel genotype (E42), previously selected as a stable yielding genotype under high temperatures, were exposed to single and combined water and heat stress. Plant functional traits, pollen viability and physiological (leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence emission measurements) and biochemical (antioxidant content and antioxidant enzyme activity) measurements were carried out. A Reduced Representation Sequencing approach allowed exploration of the genetic variability of both genotypes to identify candidate genes that could regulate stress responses.

Both abiotic stresses had a severe impact on plant growth parameters and on the reproductive phase of development. Growth parameters and leaf gas exchange measurements revealed that the two genotypes used different physiological strategies to overcome individual and combined stresses, with E42 having a more efficient capacity to utilize the limiting water resources. Activation of antioxidant defence mechanisms seemed to be critical for both genotypes to counteract combined abiotic stresses. Candidate genes were identified that could explain the different physiological responses to stress observed in E42 compared with LA3120.

Results here obtained have shown how new tomato genetic resources can be a valuable source of traits for adaptation to combined abiotic stresses and should be used in breeding programmes to improve stress tolerance in commercial varieties.
Climate and sea‐level controlling internal architecture of a Quaternary carbonate ramp (Northwest Shelf of Australia)
Authors: Hallenberger Maximilian , Reuning Lars , Back Stefan , Gallagher Stephen J. , Iwatani Hokuto , Lindhorst Katja
Published: October 2021

The continental shelf of Northwest Australia hosts an extensive tropical carbonate ramp that forms an important template for the interpretation of similar systems in the sedimentary record. Yet, little is known about its development from the middle to late Quaternary, a period of high frequency glacioeustatic changes in sea‐level and climate. This research describes core and seismic‐reflection data from a mid‐ramp to outer ramp transect at the Northwest Shelf. Core material includes the upper 70 m of International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1461 (Expedition 356), which covers the last 500 kyr. During arid glacials, sedimentation is characterized by inorganically precipitated carbonates, including aragonite‐needle mud and ooids. Ooids developed under shallow marine conditions on small‐scale flat‐topped platforms. Seismic and sedimentological evidence indicates that these platforms developed locally on top of the present‐day mid‐ramp and were typically only active during a single glacial period. Aragonite‐needle mud precipitated (inorganically) in shallow‐water areas. Much of these fine sediments were subsequently exported into deeper water where they mixed with pelagic carbonates. Humid interglacials are generally characterized by reduced sedimentation across the Northwest Shelf of Australia, resulting in the amalgamation of glacial lowstand deposits. Yet, substantial amounts of skeletal carbonates were deposited at the studied location during the Holocene and Marine Isotope Stage 11. These sediment accumulations are interpreted as a local feature caused by a decline in current energy. The study presented highlights a ramp system where climate is as important as sea‐level in controlling carbonate deposition.
Repeatability and sensitivity of passive mechanical stiffness measurements in the triceps surae muscle‐tendon complex
Authors: Walker Josh , Bissas Athanassios , Wainwright Barney , Hanley Brian , Cronin Neil J.
Published: October 2021

Measurements of muscle‐tendon unit passive mechanical properties are often used to illustrate acute and chronic responses to a training stimulus. The purpose of this study was to quantify the inter‐session repeatability of triceps surae passive stiffness measurements in athletic and non‐athletic populations, with the view to discussing its usefulness both as a muscle‐tendon profiling tool and a control measure for studies with multiple data collection sessions. The study also aimed to observe the effects of quiet standing on passive stiffness parameters. Twenty‐nine men (10 cyclists, nine triathletes, 10 controls) visited the laboratory on three separate occasions, where passive stiffness tests were carried out using an isokinetic dynamometer and B‐mode ultrasound. Participants were fully rested on two of the sessions and subjected to 20 min of quiet standing in the other. The passive stiffness assessment generally showed only moderate inter‐session repeatability but was still able to detect inter‐group differences, with triathletes showing higher passive stiffness than cyclists (p < 0.05). Furthermore, quiet standing impacted passive stiffness by causing a reduction in ankle joint range of motion, although mechanical resistance to stretch in the muscle‐tendon unit at a given joint angle was relatively unaffected. These findings show that passive stiffness assessment is appropriate for detecting inter‐group differences in the triceps surae and even the effects of a low‐intensity task such as quiet standing, despite showing some inter‐session variation. However, the inter‐session variation suggests that passive stiffness testing might not be suitable as a control measure when testing participants on multiple sessions.
Plasmavigilance: Source plasma joins the call to arms
Authors: Cho Joseph H. , Hiskey Matthew
Published: October 2021

See article on page 2941–2957, in this issue
Screening of organic substrates for a permeable biobarrier to remediate nitrate contaminated groundwater
Authors: Özkaraova Emre Burcu , Aydın Sema , Gemechu Abdella Usman
Published: October 2021

Easily available organic substrates (e.g., peanut, walnut and almond shells and luffa sponge) were evaluated as potential filter material for permeable biobarrier systems. Higher removal efficiencies and rate constants were observed for lower (20%) substrate (e.g., peanut, walnut and luffa sponge) percentages indicating to the importance of substrate percentage. Rate constants were higher for total inorganic nitrogen removal (≥0.137 mg N/L/d) than for nitrate removal (≥0.127 mg N/L/d) in the batch bioreactors promising the capability of microorganisms in consuming substrate released nitrogen compounds. Continuous flow biobarriers revealed greater removal efficiencies (<1 mg NO3−–N/L) and rate constants (≥2.38 mg NO3−–N/L/d) that were related to better microbial performance with increased substrate contact. Different dissolved oxygen levels observed for peanut shell (≤7.45 mg O2/L) and luffa sponge columns (<3 mg O2/L) were indicating to the existence of different mechanisms and microorganisms during simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic or anoxic denitrification. Luffa sponge was found to be the best candidate as a biobarrier substrate for a longer timescale, although walnut and almond shells may be excellent materials both supporting the denitrification process and permeability of barrier system.
Spatial Boundaries, Abounding Spaces
Authors: Chandna Mohit
Published: October 2021

Colonialism advanced its project of territorial expansion by changing the very meaning of borders and space. The colonial project scripted a unipolar spatial discourse that saw the colonies as an extension of European borders. In his monograph, Mohit Chandna engages with narrations of spatial conflicts in French and Francophone literature and film from the nineteenth to the early twenty-first century. In literary works by Jules Verne, Ananda Devi, and Patrick Chamoiseau, and film by Michael Haneke, Chandna analyzes the depiction of ever-changing borders and spatial grammar within the colonial project. In so doing, he also examines the ongoing resistance to the spatial legacies of colonial practices that act as omnipresent enforcers of colonial borders. Literature and film become sites that register colonial spatial paradigms and advance competing narratives that fracture the dominance of these borders. Through its analyses Spatial Boundaries, Abounding Spaces shows that colonialism is not a finished project relegated to our past. Colonialism is present in the here and now, and exercises its power through the borders that define us.
Protagonists of War
Authors: Fagel Raymond
Published: October 2021

Julián Romero, Sancho Dávila, Cristóbal de Mondragón, and Francisco de Valdés were prominent Spanish military commanders during the first decade of the Revolt in the Low Countries (1567–1577). Occupying key positions in this conflict, they featured as central characters in various war narratives and episodical descriptions of the events they were involved in, ranging from chronicles, poems, theatre plays, engravings, and songs to news pamphlets. To this day, they still figure as protagonists of historical novels: brave heroes in some, cruel oppressors in others. Yet personal, first-hand accounts also exist. Archival research into the letters written by these commanders now makes it possible to include their perspectives and the way they describe their own experiences. Looking through the eyes of four Spanish commanders, Protagonists of War provides the reader with an alternative reading of the Revolt, contrasting the subjective experiences of these protagonists with fictionalised perceptions.
Martin Versfeld
Authors: Wolff Ernst
Published: October 2021

Martin Versfeld (1909–1995) is one of South Africa’s greatest philosophers, appreciated by academics and activists, poets and the broader public. His masterful prose spans the tension between disquiet and joy. Detractor of the violent trends of modernity, a critic of apartheid from the first hour, he was among the first philosophers of ecology. At the same time he celebrated the generosity of the world and advocated an ethics of simplicity, drawing on mediaeval theology and Eastern wisdom. His philosophy offered food for thought in dark times of the 20th century, as it still does for us in the 21st century. This first book-length study on Versfeld is an invitation to think with him on justice and exploitation, cultural difference and human nature, religion and the environment, time and connectedness.
A finite-deformation constitutive model of particle-binder composites incorporating yield-surface-free plasticity
Authors: Agarwal Ankit , Gonzalez Marcial
Published: October 2021

We present a constitutive model for particle-binder composites that accounts for finite-deformation kinematics, nonlinear elasto-plasticity without apparent yield, cyclic hysteresis, and progressive stress-softening before the attainment of stable cyclic response. The model is based on deformation mechanisms experimentally observed during quasi-static monotonic and cyclic compression of mock Plastic-Bonded Explosives (PBX) at large strain. An additive decomposition of strain energy into elastic and inelastic parts is assumed, where the elastic response is modeled using Ogden hyperelasticity while the inelastic response is described using yield-surface-free endochronic plasticity based on the concepts of internal variables and of evolution or rate equations. Stress-softening is modeled using two approaches; a discontinuous isotropic damage model to appropriately describe the softening in the overall loading-unloading response, and a material scale function to describe the progressive cyclic softening until cyclic stabilization. A nonlinear multivariate optimization procedure is developed to estimate the elasto-plastic model parameters from nominal stress-strain experimental compression data. Finally, a correlation between model parameters and the unique stress-strain response of mock PBX specimens with differing concentrations of aluminum is identified, thus establishing a relationship between model parameters and material composition.
Leveraging Sports Events for LGBTQ2+ Inclusion: Supporting Innovation in Organizational Culture and Practices
Authors: Romano Emily K. , Rich Kyle A. , Quesnel Dennis
Published: October 2021

In this case study, learners are introduced to Sloane, a diversity and inclusion officer who is working to create more inclusive sport and recreation opportunities in her community. A national-level sport event will be hosted in her community and provides an opportunity to elevate and accelerate the work she is already doing with sport and recreation organizations. Learners will develop an understanding of two key themes: LGBTQ2+ inclusion and event leveraging. Working through the case will require learners to think critically about sexuality and gender identity in the context of sport participation and organizations. Furthermore, learners will have the opportunity to think creatively about how they can support innovation in organizational cultures and practices with a view to fostering more inclusive, welcoming, and safe sport organizations.
Earth Vibrations
Authors: Bromirski Peter D.
Published: October 2021

Seismic “noise” can be used to monitor climate change effects, locate storms, and elucidate the structure of Earth's crust.
The Evolution of Mercury’s Crust: A Global Perspective from MESSENGER
Authors: Denevi Brett W. , Robinson Mark S. , Solomon Sean C. , Murchie Scott L. , Blewett David T. , Domingue Deborah L. , McCoy Timothy J. , Ernst Carolyn M. , Head James W. , Watters Thomas R. , Chabot Nancy L.
Published: October 2021

MESSENGER from Mercury

The spacecraft MESSENGER passed by Mercury in October 2008, in what was the second of three fly-bys before it settles into the planet's orbit in 2011. Another spacecraft visited Mercury in the mid-1970s, which mapped 45% of the planet's surface. Now, after MESSENGER, only 10% of Mercury's surface remains to be imaged up close.

Denevi
et al.

(p.
613
) use this near-global data to look at the mechanisms that shaped Mercury's crust, which likely formed by eruption of magmas of different compositions over a long period of time. Like the Moon, Mercury's surface is dotted with impact craters.

Watters
et al.

(p.
618
) describe a well-preserved impact basin, Rembrandt, which is second in size to the largest known basin, Caloris. Unlike Caloris, Rembrandt is not completely filled by material of volcanic origin, preserving clues to its formation and evolution. It displays unique patterns of tectonic deformation, some of which result from Mercury's contraction as its interior cooled over time. Mercury's exosphere and magnetosphere were also observed (see the Perspective by

Glassmeier

). Magnetic reconnection is a process whereby the interplanetary magnetic field lines join the magnetospheric field lines and transfer energy from the solar wind into the magnetosphere.

Slavin
et al.

(p.
606
) report observations of intense magnetic reconnection 10 times as intense as that of Earth.

McClintock
et al.

(p.
610
) describe simultaneous, high-resolution measurements of Mg, Ca, and Na in Mercury's exosphere, which may shed light on the processes that create and maintain the exosphere.
MESSENGER Observations of Mercury’s Exosphere: Detection of Magnesium and Distribution of Constituents
Authors: McClintock William E. , Vervack Ronald J. , Bradley E. Todd , Killen Rosemary M. , Mouawad Nelly , Sprague Ann L. , Burger Matthew H. , Solomon Sean C. , Izenberg Noam R.
Published: October 2021

MESSENGER from Mercury

The spacecraft MESSENGER passed by Mercury in October 2008, in what was the second of three fly-bys before it settles into the planet's orbit in 2011. Another spacecraft visited Mercury in the mid-1970s, which mapped 45% of the planet's surface. Now, after MESSENGER, only 10% of Mercury's surface remains to be imaged up close.

Denevi
et al.

(p.
613
) use this near-global data to look at the mechanisms that shaped Mercury's crust, which likely formed by eruption of magmas of different compositions over a long period of time. Like the Moon, Mercury's surface is dotted with impact craters.

Watters
et al.

(p.
618
) describe a well-preserved impact basin, Rembrandt, which is second in size to the largest known basin, Caloris. Unlike Caloris, Rembrandt is not completely filled by material of volcanic origin, preserving clues to its formation and evolution. It displays unique patterns of tectonic deformation, some of which result from Mercury's contraction as its interior cooled over time. Mercury's exosphere and magnetosphere were also observed (see the Perspective by

Glassmeier

). Magnetic reconnection is a process whereby the interplanetary magnetic field lines join the magnetospheric field lines and transfer energy from the solar wind into the magnetosphere.

Slavin
et al.

(p.
606
) report observations of intense magnetic reconnection 10 times as intense as that of Earth.

McClintock
et al.

(p.
610
) describe simultaneous, high-resolution measurements of Mg, Ca, and Na in Mercury's exosphere, which may shed light on the processes that create and maintain the exosphere.
Identification of Copper-Containing Oxidoreductases in the Secretomes of Three
Colletotrichum
Species with a Focus on Copper Radical Oxidases for the Biocatalytic Production of Fatty Aldehydes
Authors: Ribeaucourt David , Saker Safwan , Navarro David , Bissaro Bastien , Drula Elodie , Correia Lydie Oliveira , Haon Mireille , Grisel Sacha , Lapalu Nicolas , Henrissat Bernard , O’Connell Richard J. , Lambert Fanny , Lafond Mickaël , Berrin Jean-Guy
Published: October 2021

In the context of the industrial shift toward greener processes, the biocatalytic production of aldehydes is of utmost interest owing to their importance for their use as flavor and fragrance ingredients. Copper radical alcohol oxidases (CRO-AlcOx) have the potential to become platform enzymes for the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes.
Identification of a MarR Subfamily That Regulates Arsenic Resistance Genes
Authors: Yu Yanshuang , Chen Jichen , Li Yuanping , Liang Jinxuan , Xie Zhenchen , Feng Renwei , Alwathnani Hend A. , Rosen Barry P. , Grove Anne , Chen Jian , Rensing Christopher
Published: October 2021

In this study, a MarR family member, AdMarR
ars
was shown to regulate the
arsV
gene, which confers resistance to arsenic-containing antibiotics. It is a founding member of a distinct subfamily that we refer to as MarR
ars
, regulating genes conferring resistance to arsenic and antimony antibiotic compounds.
Metagenomic and Metatranscriptomic Characterization of a Microbial Community That Catalyzes Both Energy-Generating and Energy-Storing Electrode Reactions
Authors: Mickol Rebecca L. , Eddie Brian J. , Malanoski Anthony P. , Yates Matthew D. , Tender Leonard M. , Glaven Sarah M.
Published: October 2021

Microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) rely on electroactive bacteria to catalyze energy-generating and energy storage reactions at electrodes. Known electroactive bacteria are not equally capable of both reactions, and METs are typically configured to be unidirectional.
Application of Copper Iodide Nanoparticle-Doped Film and Fabric To Inactivate SARS-CoV-2 via the Virucidal Activity of Cuprous Ions (Cu
+
)
Authors: Takeda Yohei , Jamsransuren Dulamjav , Nagao Tomokazu , Fukui Yoko , Matsuda Sachiko , Ogawa Haruko
Published: October 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented number of infections and deaths. As the spread of the disease is rapid and the risk of infection severe, hand and environmental hygiene may contribute to suppressing contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Regulates Rabies Virus-Induced Humoral Immunity through Recruitment of Conventional Type 2 Dendritic Cells to Lymph Organs
Authors: Chen Chen , Zhang Chengguang , Li Haoqi , Wang Zongmei , Yuan Yueming , Zhou Ming , Fu Zhen F. , Zhao Ling
Published: October 2021

Vaccination is the most efficient method to prevent rabies. TLR4, a well-known immune sensor, plays a critical role in initiating innate immune response.
Opposite Outcomes of the Within-Host Competition between High- and Low-Pathogenic H5N8 Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens Compared to Ducks
Authors: Bessière Pierre , Figueroa Thomas , Coggon Amelia , Foret-Lucas Charlotte , Houffschmitt Alexandre , Fusade-Boyer Maxime , Dupré Gabriel , Guérin Jean-Luc , Delverdier Maxence , Volmer Romain
Published: October 2021

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses represent a threat to poultry production systems and to human health because of their impact on food security and because of their zoonotic potential. It is therefore crucial to better understand how these viruses emerge.
HIV-1 CA Inhibitors Are Antagonized by Inositol Phosphate Stabilization of the Viral Capsid in Cells
Authors: Sowd Gregory A. , Shi Jiong , Aiken Christopher
Published: October 2021

HIV-1 infection and subsequent depletion of CD4
+
T cells result in AIDS. Antiretroviral therapy treatment of infected individuals prevents progression to AIDS.
Pseudorabies Virus Infection Triggers NF-κB Activation via the DNA Damage Response but Actively Inhibits NF-κB-Dependent Gene Expression
Authors: Romero Nicolás , Favoreel Herman W.
Published: October 2021

The NF-κB signaling pathway plays a critical role in coordination of innate immune responses that are of vital importance in the control of infections. The current report generates new insights into the interaction of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) with the NF-κB pathway, as they reveal that (i) PRV infection leads to NF-κB activation via a peculiar “inside-out” nucleus-to-cytoplasm signal that is triggered via the DNA damage response (DDR), (ii) the DDR-NF-κB signaling axis requires expression of viral proteins but is initiated before active PRV replication, and (iii) late viral factor(s) allow PRV to actively and efficiently inhibit NF-κB-dependent (proinflammatory) gene expression.
Citrobacter amalonaticus Inhibits the Growth of Citrobacter rodentium in the Gut Lumen
Authors: Mullineaux-Sanders Caroline , Carson Danielle , Hopkins Eve G. D. , Glegola-Madejska Izabela , Escobar-Zepeda Alejandra , Browne Hilary P. , Lawley Trevor D. , Frankel Gad
Published: October 2021

Gut bacterial infections involve three-way interactions between virulence factors, the host immune responses, and the microbiome. While the microbiome erects colonization resistance barriers, pathogens employ virulence factors to overcome them.
Outer Membrane Vesicles Displaying a Heterologous PcrV-HitA Fusion Antigen Promote Protection against Pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection
Authors: Li Peng , Wang Xiuran , Sun Xiangwan , Guan Ziqiang , Sun Wei
Published: October 2021

Hospital- and community-acquired infections with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
cause a high rate of morbidity and mortality in patients who have underlying medical conditions. The spread of multidrug-resistant
P. aeruginosa
strains is becoming a great challenge for treatment using antibiotics. Thus, a vaccine as one of the alternative strategies is urgently required to prevent
P. aeruginosa
infection.
Improved Sample Preparation for Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling of Escherichia coli
Authors: Ye Dongyang , Li Xiaowei , Wang Chengfei , Liu Saiwa , Zhao Liang , Du Jingjing , Xu Jian , Li Jing , Tian Lu , Xia Xi
Published: October 2021

The emergence and global spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria and genes are a global problem. It is critical to understand the interactions between antibiotics and bacteria and find alternative treatments for infections when we are moving closer to a postantibiotic era.