bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic Acid‐Based Hydrothermal Leaching of LiFePO4 Cathode Materials
Authors: Li Zixian , Zheng Qingxin , Nakajima Akitoshi , Zhang Zhengyang , Watanabe Masaru
Published: December 2023

This study conducts hydrothermal leaching of commercial LiFePO4 (LFPO) cathode materials with oxalic acid, citric acid, or glycine without any other oxidants or reductants. Of these acids, glycine exhibits the weakest leaching behavior, with the leaching efficiency of lithium (Li), iron (Fe), or phosphorus (P) less than 15% even at 200 °C and an acid concentration of 0.8 mol L−1 for 10 min. For oxalic acid, at 200 °C for 10 min, with a pulp density of 30 g L−1 and an acid concentration of 0.8 mol L−1, the leaching efficiencies for Li and P are 100% and 97%, respectively, and 98.5% of Fe precipitates as iron oxalate (FeC2O4) that can be used as a precursor for preparing LFPO cathode materials. Citric acid shows the highest leaching efficiency for Li, Fe, and P, reaching 96%, 100%, and 88%, respectively, at 90 °C for 10 min with a pulp density of 10 g L−1 and an acid concentration of 0.8 mol L−1. The continuous hydrothermal leaching of LFPO cathode materials with citric acid is first achieved. These results clarify the superiority of citric acid over oxalic acid and glycine with respect to the leaching efficiency for Li, Fe, and P from LFPO batteries under hydrothermal conditions.
Current Trends of Raman Spectroscopy in Clinic Settings: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Wang Yumei , Fang Liuru , Wang Yuhua , Xiong Zuzhao
Published: December 2023

Early clinical diagnosis, effective intraoperative guidance, and an accurate prognosis can lead to timely and effective medical treatment. The current conventional clinical methods have several limitations. Therefore, there is a need to develop faster and more reliable clinical detection, treatment, and monitoring methods to enhance their clinical applications. Raman spectroscopy is noninvasive and provides highly specific information about the molecular structure and biochemical composition of analytes in a rapid and accurate manner. It has a wide range of applications in biomedicine, materials, and clinical settings. This review primarily focuses on the application of Raman spectroscopy in clinical medicine. The advantages and limitations of Raman spectroscopy over traditional clinical methods are discussed. In addition, the advantages of combining Raman spectroscopy with machine learning, nanoparticles, and probes are demonstrated, thereby extending its applicability to different clinical phases. Examples of the clinical applications of Raman spectroscopy over the last 3 years are also integrated. Finally, various prospective approaches based on Raman spectroscopy in clinical studies are surveyed, and current challenges are discussed.
The Interplay Between HIF‐1α and EZH2 in Lung Cancer and Dual‐Targeted Drug Therapy
Authors: Wang Jianmin , Yang Cheng , Xu Huashen , Fan Xinyu , Jia Lina , Du Yang , Liu Shougeng , Wang Wenjing , Zhang Jie , Zhang Yu , Wang Xiaoxue , Liu Zhongbo , Bao Jie , Li Songping , Yang Jingyu , Wu Chunfu , Tang Jing , Chen Guoliang , Wang Lihui
Published: December 2023

Interactions between oncogenic proteins contribute to the phenotype and drug resistance. Here, EZH2 (enhancer of zest homolog 2) is identified as a crucial factor that mediates HIF‐1 (hypoxia‐inducible factor) inhibitor resistance. Mechanistically, targeting HIF‐1 enhanced the activity of EZH2 through transcription activation of SUZ12 (suppressor of zest 12 protein homolog). Conversely, inhibiting EZH2 increased HIF‐1α transcription, but not the transcription of other HIF family members. Additionally, the negative feedback regulation between EZH2 and HIF‐1α is confirmed in lung cancer patient tissues and a database of cell lines. Moreover, molecular prediction showed that a newly screened dual‐target compound, DYB‐03, forms multiple hydrogen bonds with HIF‐1α and EZH2 to effectively inhibit the activity of both targets. Subsequent studies revealed that DYB‐03 could better inhibit migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of lung cancer cells and HUVECs in vitro and in vivo compared to single agent. DYB‐03 showed promising antitumor activity in a xenograft tumor model by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis, which could be almost abolished by the deletion of HIF‐1α and EZH2. Notably, DYB‐03 could reverse 2‐ME2 and GSK126‐resistance in lung cancer. These findings clarified the molecular mechanism of cross‐regulation of HIF‐1α and EZH2, and the potential of DYB‐03 for clinical combination target therapy.
Sequential‐Crosslinking Fibrin Glue for Rapid and Reinforced Hemostasis
Authors: Yu Lisha , Liu Zhaodi , Tong Zongrui , Ding Yihang , Qian Zhefeng , Wang Weilin , Mao Zhengwei , Ding Yuan
Published: December 2023

Achieving hemostasis effectively is essential for surgical success and excellent patient outcomes. However, it is challenging to develop hemostatic adhesives that are fast‐acting, strongly adherent, long‐lasting, and biocompatible for treating hemorrhage. In this study, a sequential crosslinking fibrin glue (SCFG) is developed, of which the first network of the fibrin glue forms in situ within 2 s to act as an initial physical barrier and locks the gelatin methacryloyl precursor for tight construction of the second network to enhance wet adhesion and durability for tissues covered with blood. The sequential crosslinking glue can provide large pressures (≈280 mmHg of burst pressure), makes strong (38 kPa of shear strength) and tough (≈60 J m−2 of interfacial toughness) interfaces with wet tissues, and outperforms commercial hemostatic agents and gelatin methacryloyl. SCFG are demonstrated as an effective and safe sealant to enhance the treatment outcomes of bleeding tissues in rat, rabbit, and pig models. The ultrafast gelation, strong adhesion and durability, excellent compatibility, and easy manufacture of SCFG make it a promising hemostatic adhesive for clinical applications.
Sn Composition Engineering Toward the Breakthrough of Transparent Front Electrodes for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Seok Hae‐Jun , Park Jung‐Min , Lan Shuai , Kim Han‐Ki
Published: December 2023

To overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit, studies have focused on improving the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) through several optimization and tandem‐structure design strategies. Furthermore, the significance of emerging transparent front electrodes (TFEs), which exert a direct and substantial influence on the performance of PSCs, is on the rise. Therefore, further research must be conducted to validate these effects in improving the existing performance of PSCs. Thus, this study developed a composition‐engineered indium tin oxide (CE‐ITO) TFE that outperforms commercial ITO (C‐ITO; 10 at.% Sn doped ITO) for efficient and stable PSCs. The CE‐ITO electrode (7.50 at.% Sn doped ITO) has a large columnar structure and good thermal stability, which are ideal for high‐performance PSCs. Compared to C‐ITO, CE‐ITO has a smoother surface, higher conductivity, lower resistivity, and improved optical transmittance in the active layer. These contribute to the larger perovskite active‐ and electron‐transport layers, less active‐layer degradation, and lower shunt resistance. The various merits of CE‐ITO enable high‐performance PSCs with a maximum power conversion efficiency of 23.35% and long‐term stability by simply substituting C‐ITO with optimal CE‐ITO.
Synergistic Defect Healing and Device Encapsulation via Structure Regulation by Silicone Polymer Enables Durable Inverted Perovskite Photovoltaics with High Efficiency
Authors: Wang Tong , Wan Zhi , Min Xin , Chen Rui , Li Yuke , Yang Jiabao , Pu Xingyu , Chen Hui , He Xilai , Cao Qi , Feng Guangpeng , Chen Xingyuan , Ma Zhiyong , Jiang Long , Liu Zonghao , Li Zhen , Chen Wei , Li Xuanhua
Published: December 2023

Polymers play a crucial role in promoting the progress of high‐performance inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, few polymers have simultaneously achieved defect passivation and device encapsulation in PSCs. Herein, a telechelic silicone polymer (poly(dimethylsiloxane‐co‐methylsiloxane acrylate) [PDMA]) is introduced, which possesses crosslinking capability to enable structure regulation through a condensation reaction. By leveraging the advantages of the polymers before and after crosslinking, a synergistic strategy of defect healing and device encapsulation for PSCs is developed via the application of the targeted polymer. PDMA as additives anchors tightly at the grain boundaries (GBs) and bridges the perovskite grains, achieving defect passivation and GBs crosslinking, increasing the efficiency of inverted PSCs from 22.32% to 24.41%. Crosslinked PDMA (CPDMA) is used as an encapsulant to encapsulate the entire device, enabling non‐destructive encapsulation at room temperature and inhibiting perovskite degradation under photothermal aging. Remarkably, the PDMA‐modified device with CPDMA encapsulation maintains 98% of its initial efficiency after 1200 h under continuous illumination at 55 ± 5 °C and retains 95% of its original efficiency after 1000 h of damp heat testing, meeting one of the IEC61215:2016 standards.
Photocatalytic Aldehyde C−H Bond Phosphonioethylation with Vinylphosphonium Bromide
Authors: Mori Haruna , Yoshida Masaki , Sawamura Masaya , Masuda Yusuke
Published: December 2023

Photocatalytic C−H bond phosphonioethylation of aldehydes with vinylphosphonium bromide has been developed. Various β‐phosphonioalkylketones are synthesized from readily available aldehydes under neutral conditions. Mechanistic studies suggest that C−H activation of aldehydes occurs through hydrogen‐atom transfer by a bromine radical and that an alcoholic additive, which showed marked effects in increasing the efficiency of the reaction, is involved in the reaction as a proton source.
Nasal instillation of povidone‐iodine ameliorates ongoing mucosal inflammation in a pre‐sensitized murine model of Der p1‐induced allergic rhinitis
Authors: Kang Jae‐Yoon , Choi Mi‐Ra , Kim Yong Min
Published: December 2023

Background

Interleukin (IL)‐33, when cleaved into smaller fragments by proteases, becomes hyperactive, contributing to allergic inflammation. Povidone‐iodine (PVP‐I) is an iodine‐based compound that exhibits antimicrobial properties and inhibits proteases. This study aimed to investigate whether PVP‐I treatment inhibits IL‐33 cleavage, improves allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms, and suppresses allergic inflammation in a mouse model.

Methods

In vitro experiments using full‐length recombinant human IL‐33 and allergens, including house dust mites or Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 1, were conducted using western blotting. Fifty BALB/c mice were divided into five groups: control (CON), AR with phosphate‐buffered saline treatment (AR), PVP‐I treatment (AR + PVP), trans‐epoxysuccinyl‐L‐leucylamido(4‐guanidino)butane (E64) treatment (AR + E64), and dexamethasone treatment (AR + Dexa). Nasal symptom scores, including rubbing and sneezing, were measured. The cytokine levels in the nasal lavage fluid (NLF) and the concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood serum were assessed. Nasal mucosa from each group was used for reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and histological analyses were conducted.

Results

PVP‐I treatment reduced nasal symptoms, suppressed allergic inflammation, and decreased the levels of IL‐33, IL‐5, and IL‐13 in the NLF and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and specific IgE in the serum. Histopathological analysis revealed a reduction in the number of eosinophils and goblet cells in the nasal mucosa of the AR + PVP group when compared to the AR group. RT‐PCR and immunofluorescence staining confirmed the downregulation of genes and proteins associated with allergic inflammation.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that nasal irrigation with PVP‐I may be a promising therapeutic option for managing AR by inhibiting IL‐33 activation and suppressing allergic inflammation.
Toward Realization of Universal Quantum Teleportation Using Weak Measurements
Authors: Sabale Vivek Balasaheb , Kumar Atul , Banerjee Subhashish
Published: December 2023

In this manuscript, universal quantum teleportation in the presence of memory or memory‐less dynamics with applications of partial collapse measurement operators is analyzed. These results show that the combined effects of memory or non‐Markovianity, and weak measurements can lead to universal quantum teleportation (UQT). This study involves noise models of physical importance having characteristic Markovian and non‐Markovian regions, allowing one to observe a transition in quantum properties as one switches from non‐Markovian to Markovian dynamics. For this, the effects of different types of non‐Markovianity are characterized for efficient UQT, both due to the retention of correlations for a longer duration and due to information backflow. The memory effects arising from a correlated channel with or without weak measurements are analyzed further. Interestingly, this analysis for a correlated amplitude damping channel shows that memory effects are of significant advantage in minimizing the fidelity deviation. The presence of weak measurements further enhances the realization of UQT in the presence of memory. The ability of memory effects to achieve zero fidelity deviation at non‐zero time is interesting and of experimental importance.
Self‐healing polyurethane based on a substance supplement and dynamic chemistry: Repair mechanisms and applications
Authors: Cao Qi , Zhang Lei , Zhang Fenglei , Wang Danlei , Wu Dongfang , Huang Kai
Published: December 2023

This review systematically summarizes the repair mechanisms and applications of self‐healing polyurethane (SHPU) materials aiming at energy conservation and safety under different repair methods. As of now, the repair methods that have emerged can be divided into two categories: substance landfill and bond repair. In terms of the repair mechanisms for both, the former involves the release of healing agents from micro‐carriers (microcapsules, hollow fibers, and microvascular) to fill the damaged area upon external impact. In contrast, bond repair combines physical and chemical changes triggered by light, heat, and other factors. To achieve efficient self‐healing in this mode, both the reorganization of broken chemical bonds and the high mobility of chain segments are crucial. Reversible covalent bonds and supramolecular interactions, as two branches of aforementioned reversible chemical bonds, share the responsibility for maintaining efficient self‐healing despite infinite cycling. Additionally, multiple synergistic crosslinked networks, special nanomaterials, and microphase separation are often used to solve the problem of incompatible healing efficiency and mechanical strength in bond repair. When the perspective is focused on the application, this gradually improved SHPU with strong potential and comprehensive performance has provided raw materials for many fields related to human development, such as road, architecture, healthcare, and electronic.
Convectively coupled Rossby–Gravity waves in a field campaign: How they are captured in reanalysis products
Authors: Wang Xiaocong , Zhang Minghua
Published: December 2023

Convectively coupled equatorial waves are a significant source of atmospheric variability in the tropics. Current numerical models continue to struggle in simulating the coupled diabatic heating fields that are responsible for the development and maintenance of these waves. This study investigates how the diabatic fields associated with Mixed Rossby–Gravity waves (MRGs) are represented in four reanalysis products by using a unique observational dataset from the TRMM‐KWAJEX (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission‐Kwajalein Experiment) field campaign. These reanalyses include ERA5, Japanese 55‐year Reanalysis (JRA‐55), Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA). We found that all four reanalyses captured the MRG structures in winds and temperature, and to a lesser degree in the humidity field except in the boundary layer. However, only the ERA5 and MERRA reanalyses captured the gradual rise and succession of the diabatic heating from boundary layer turbulence, shallow convection, cumulus congestus, and deep convection within the waves. ERA5 is the only product that also captured the gradual rise of the subgrid‐scale vertical transport of moist static energy. All reanalysis products underestimated the diabatic heating from cumulus congestus. Results provide observational basis on what aspects of MRG can be trusted and what cannot in the reanalysis products.
Elaeis guineensisleaves for potential renewable sub‐bituminous coal: Optimization of biochar yield by response surface methodology and product characterization
Authors: Nik Pauzi Nik Nurfatmah Pz , Ramli Nur Aainaa Syahirah , Chan Chung‐Hung , Junaidi Mohd Usman Mohd , Amir Zulhelmi , Yusoff Rozita
Published: December 2023

Pyrolysis of oil palm biomass residue can convert the rich organic matter in biomass into sustainable green energy, thereby addressing the challenge of surplus oil palm biomass residue generated during cultivation. Nonetheless, the pyrolysis of oil palm leaves (OPLs) has received limited attention. In this study, design of experiment‐response surface methodology (DoE‐RSM) was employed to identify the optimal combination of reaction temperature, residence duration, and nitrogen (N₂) flow rate for maximum biochar yield. The elemental analysis, high heating value (HHV), functional group, morphology, pore structure, and thermal behavior were assessed. By varying the operational parameters using response surface methodology, the biochar yield increased by 32.6–85.3%. TheDoE‐RSMpredicted a theoretical yield of 52.1% at 344 °C, 146 min, and 3.2 scfh N₂ flow rate. The experiment confirmed a comparable yield of 53.7% at the stated parameters. TheHHVof 24.14 MJ kg−1was recorded under optimal conditions, and was comparable to sub‐bituminous and bituminous coal. Fourier transform infrared analysis validated theOPLbiochar by weakeningO‐H, C=O,C‐OH, andC‐Hpeaks. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed enlarged pores and altered morphology in theOPLbiochar. X‐ray diffraction showed lower crystallinity of theOPLbiochar than the feedstock. Raman spectroscopy showed higherID/IG, indicating a more disordered carbon structure in theOPLbiochar. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed higher temperature for main devolatilization ofOPLbiochar, and the differential thermogravimetric analysis curve pattern resembled that of Mukah Balingan coal. The findings are helpful for an initiative to convert a large amount of leftoverOPLsproduced during cultivation and to turn them into high value‐added material for a sustainable contribution to a circular carbon economy.
Understanding practice with culturally and linguistically diverse children and young people who have experienced domestic and family violence: A practitioner perspective
Authors: Keipert Sally‐Ann , Bastian Carmela
Published: December 2023

There is a dearth of research focused on practice responses with culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) children and young people experiencing domestic and family violence (DFV). This knowledge gap may result in a lack of professional guidance and clarity for practitioners who work in this complex context. This small‐scale qualitative research study explored practice responses with CALD children and young people. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nine practitioners who supported and responded to CALD children and young people and their families at the intersection of DFV and child protection. Data included their practice experience, professional knowledge and practice wisdom. A thematic analysis was used that highlighted the importance of practitioners prioritising the needs of children and young people and navigating the complexities of culture and gender.
In vitro Genotoxicity and In silico Docking Analyses of the Essential Oils of Thuja orientalis
Authors: BOZARI Sedat
Published: December 2023

Two main objectives were pursued to assess the reliability of Thuja orientalis essential oils (TOEO). The first objective was to extract TOEO, analyze them by GC‐MS, and determine their in vitro genotoxicity against selected plants using the RAPD‐PCR method. The second objective was to evaluate the in‐silico toxicity of TOEO. The binding sites and energies of each content was calculated against B‐DNA. In‐silico analyses were performed using a simulation program, AutoDock Vina, and Toxicity Estimation Software Tools. 3‐carene, cedrol, and 2‐pinene were identified as the predominant components. In vitro studies showed that the TOEO had a more significant impact on reducing genomic stability in wheat compared to the amaranth. The lowest stability was determined as 39.78 % in wheat and 53.58 % in amaranth. Cedrol (−5,7 kcal/mol) and selinene (−5,6 kcal/mol) exhibited the highest binding affinity. The toxicity test indicated that components other than cyclohexene may have toxic effects, none of them were predicted to be mutagenic, and LD50 (mol/kg) values could vary between 1.33 and 1.55.
Polar covalent apex‐base bonding in borapyramidanes probed by solid‐state NMR and DFT calculations
Authors: Luder Dominique J. , Terefenko Nicole , Sun Qiu , Eckert Hellmut , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard , Wiegand Thomas
Published: December 2023

Pyramidane molecules have attracted chemists for many decades due to their regular shape, high symmetry and their correspondence in the macroscopic world. Recently, experimental access to a number of examples has been reported, in particular the rarely reported square pyramidal bora[4]pyramidanes. To describe the bonding situation of the nonclassical structure of pyramidanes, we present solid‐state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as a versatile tool for deciphering such bonding properties for three now accessible bora[4]pyramidane and dibora[5]pyramidane molecules. 11B solid‐state NMR spectra indicate that the apical boron nuclei in these compounds are strongly shielded (around −50 ppm vs. BF3‐Et2O complex) and possess quadrupolar coupling constants of less than 0.9 MHz pointing to a rather high local symmetry. 13C−11B spin‐spin coupling constants have been explored as a measure of the bond covalency in the borapyramidanes. While the carbon‐boron bond to the −B(C6F5)2 substituents of the base serves as an example for a classical covalent 2‐center‐2‐electron (2c–2e) sp2‐carbon‐sp2‐boron σ‐bond with 1J(13C‐11B) coupling constants in the order of 75 Hz, those of the boron(apical)‐carbon(basal) bonds in the pyramid are too small to measure. These results suggest that these bonds have a strongly ionic character, which is also supported by quantum‐chemical calculations.
Signal Transduction Allows Temporal Control of the Potential of a Concentration Cell Driven by the Decarboxylation of an Activated Carboxylic Acid
Authors: Capocasa Giorgio , Frateloreto Federico , Correale Cavallari Stefania , Valentini Matteo , Lanzalunga Osvaldo , Di Stefano Stefano
Published: December 2023

The use of Activated Carboxylic Acids (ACAs) allows the time‐controlled operation of dissipative chemical systems based on the acid‐base reaction by providing both the stimulus that temporarily drives a physicochemical change and, subsequently, the counter‐stimulus with a single reagent addition. However, their application is inherently limited to acid‐sensitive systems. To overcome this limitation, we herein develop a straightforward device for the transduction of the acid‐base stimuli delivered by an ACA into a voltage signal that, in turn, is used to control voltage‐sensitive circuits that are not pH‐responsive by themselves. The signal transductor can be easily assembled from common laboratory equipment and employs aqueous solutions of readily available chemicals. Furthermore, the operator can simply and intuitively tune the amplitude of the voltage signal, as well as its duration and offset by varying the concentration of the chemical species involved in the transduction process.
Chord measures in integral geometry and their Minkowski problems
Authors: Lutwak Erwin , Xi Dongmeng , Yang Deane , Zhang Gaoyong
Published: December 2023

To the families of geometric measures of convex bodies (the area measures of Aleksandrov‐Fenchel‐Jessen, the curvature measures of Federer, and the recently discovered dual curvature measures) a new family is added. The new family of geometric measures, called chord measures, arises from the study of integral geometric invariants of convex bodies. The Minkowski problems for the new measures and their logarithmic variants are proposed and attacked. When the given ‘data’ is sufficiently regular, these problems are a new type of fully nonlinear partial differential equations involving dual quermassintegrals of functions. Major cases of these Minkowski problems are solved without regularity assumptions.
Monolignol Potential and Insights into Direct Depolymerization of Fruit and Nutshell Remains for High Value Sustainable Aromatics
Authors: Khan Rabia J. , Guan Jianyu , Lau Chun Y. , Zhuang Huichuan , Rehman Shazia , Leu Shao‐Yuan
Published: December 2023

The inedible parts of nuts and stone fruits are low‐cost and lignin‐rich feedstock for more sustainable production of aromatic chemicals in comparison with the agricultural and forestry residues. However, the depolymerization performances on food‐related biomass remains unclear, owing to the broad physicochemical variations from the edible parts of the fruits and plant species. In this study, the monomer production potentials of ten major fruit and nutshell biomass were investigated with comprehensive numerical information derived from instrumental analysis, such as plant cell wall chemical compositions, syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G ratios, and contents of lignin substructure linkages (β‐O‐4, β–β, β‐5). A standardized one‐pot reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) process was applied to benchmark the monomer yields, and the results were statistically analyzed. Among all the tested biomass, mango endocarp provided the highest monolignol yields of 37.1 % per dry substrates. Positive S‐lignin (70–84 %) resulted in higher monomer yield mainly due to more cleavable β‐O‐4 linkages and less condensed C−C linkages. Strong positive relationships were identified between β‐O‐4 and S‐lignin and between β‐5 and G‐lignin. The analytical, numerical, and experimental results of this study shed lights to process design of lignin‐first biorefinery in food‐processing industries and waste management works.
High‐Quality and Wafer‐Scale Cubic Silicon Carbide Single Crystals
Authors: Wang Guobin , Sheng Da , Yang Yunfan , Li Hui , Chai Congcong , Xie Zhenkai , Wang Wenjun , Guo Jiangang , Chen Xiaolong
Published: December 2023

Cubic silicon carbide (3C‐SiC) has superior mobility and thermal conduction over that of widely applied hexagonal 4H‐SiC. Moreover, much lower concentration of interfacial traps between insulating oxide gate and 3C‐SiC helps fabricate reliable and long‐life devices like metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field effect transistors. However, the growth of high‐quality and wafer‐scale 3C‐SiC crystals has remained a big challenge up to now despite decades‐long efforts by researchers because of its easy transformation into other polytypes during growth, limiting the development of 3C‐SiC‐based devices. Herein, we report that 3C‐SiC can be made thermodynamically favored from nucleation to growth on a 4H‐SiC substrate by top‐seeded solution growth technique, beyond what is expected by classical nucleation theory. This enables the steady growth of high‐quality and large‐size 3C‐SiC crystals (2–4‐inch in diameter and 4.0–10.0 mm in thickness) sustainable. The as‐grown 3C‐SiC crystals are free of other polytypes and have high‐crystalline quality. Our findings broaden the mechanism of hetero‐seed crystal growth and provide a feasible route to mass production of 3C‐SiC crystals, offering new opportunities to develop power electronic devices potentially with better performances than those based on 4H‐SiC.
Fe3O4/Fe/FeS Tri‐Heterojunction Node Spawning N‐Carbon Nanotube Scaffold Structure for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Liu Yuan , Lin Qing , Chen Xiaocui , Meng Xufeng , Hou Baoxiu , Liu Haiyan , Zhang Shuaihua , Shang Ningzhao , Wang Zheng , Zhang Chaoyue , Song Jianjun , Zhao Xiaoxian
Published: December 2023

The Fe‐based anode of sodium‐ion batteries attracts much attention due to the abundant source, low‐cost, and high specific capacity. However, the low electron and ion transfer rate, poor structural stability, and shuttle effect of NaS2 intermediate restrain its further development. Herein, the Fe3O4/Fe/FeS tri‐heterojunction node spawned N‐carbon nanotube scaffold structure (FHNCS) was designed using the modified MIL‐88B(Fe) as a template followed by catalytic growth and sulfidation process. During catalytic growth process, the reduced Fe monomers catalyze the growth of N‐doped carbon nanotubes to connect the Fe3O4/Fe/FeS tri‐heterojunction node, forming a 3D scaffold structure. Wherein the N‐doped carbon promotes the transfer of electrons between Fe3O4/Fe/FeS particles, and the tri‐heterojunction facilitates the diffusion of electrons at the interface, to organize a 3D conductive network. The unique scaffold structure provides more active sites and shortens the Na+ diffusion path. Meanwhile, the structure exhibits excellent mechanical stability to alleviate the volume expansion during circulation. Furthermore, the Fe in Fe3O4/Fe heterojunction can adjust the d‐band center of Fe in Fe3O4 to enhance the adsorption between Fe3O4 and Na2S intermediate, which restrains the shuttle effect. Therefore, the FHNCS demonstrates a high specific capacity of 436 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, 84.7% and 73.4% of the initial capacities are maintained after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g−1 and 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1. We believe that this strategy gives an inspiration for constructing Fe‐based anode with excellent rate capability and cycling stability.
Interpretable Machine Learning‐Assisted High‐Throughput Screening for Understanding NRR Electrocatalyst Performance Modulation between Active Center and C‐N Coordination
Authors: Sun Jinxin , Chen Anjie , Guan Junming , Han Ying , Liu Yongjun , Niu Xianghong , He Maoshuai , Shi Li , Wang Jinlan , Zhang Xiuyun
Published: December 2023

Understanding the correlation between the fundamental descriptors and catalytic performance is meaningful to guide the design of high‐performance electrochemical catalysts. However, exploring key factors that affect catalytic performance in the vast catalyst space remains challenging for people. Herein, to accurately identify the factors that affect the performance of N2 reduction, we apply interpretable machine learning (ML) to analyze high‐throughput screening results, which is also suited to other surface reactions in catalysis. To expound on the paradigm, 33 promising catalysts are screened from 168 carbon‐supported candidates, specifically single‐atom catalysts (SACs) supported by a BC3 monolayer (TM@VB/C‐Nn = 0–3‐BC3) via high‐throughput screening. Subsequently, the hybrid sampling method and XGBoost model are selected to classify eligible and non‐eligible catalysts. Through feature interpretation using Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) analysis, two crucial features, that is, the number of valence electrons (Nv) and nitrogen substitution (Nn), are screened out. Combining SHAP analysis and electronic structure calculations, the synergistic effect between an active center with low valence electron numbers and reasonable C‐N coordination (a medium fraction of nitrogen substitution) can exhibit high catalytic performance. Finally, six superior catalysts with a limiting potential lower than −0.4 V are predicted. Our workflow offers a rational approach to obtaining key information on catalytic performance from high‐throughput screening results to design efficient catalysts that can be applied to other materials and reactions.
Electrochemical cellular biosensor combined with fluorescence microscopy: An investigation of subtle changes in response of cells to a drug
Authors: Arman Seyedyousef , Tilley Richard D. , Gaus Katharina , Gooding J. Justin
Published: December 2023

This study presents the combination of electrochemical cell based biosensor and fluorescence microscopy on a single platform to track biomolecular processes contributing to the morphology changes of the cells. Initial experiments demonstrate that using interdigitated electrodes where the gold microfingers were comparable in width and spacing to a single cell have the optimal sensitivity in the final electrochemical cell based‐sensing device. This was determined by measuring the cell index, based on the impedance analysis of bare and cell‐covered microelectrodes. The fabrication of the electrodes on a glass substrate enabled the capture of high‐resolution fluorescence microscopy images of single cells and related intracellular calcium release inside the HeLa cells via a window incorporated into the gold microelectrode design. As an illustration of the enhanced capability of the combined approach over traditional impedance cellular assay, the opto‐electric assay was utilized as a functional readout for G protein couple receptor activation. The simultaneous examinations of cells stimulated with histamine demonstrated an association between time courses of changes in cytosolic calcium concentration and reductions in cell‐cell adhesions.
Capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) for rapid and simple determination of lactate in sweat
Authors: Rocha Kionnys N. , da Silva José A. Fracassi , de Jesus Dosil P.
Published: December 2023

An analytical method based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) using capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) was developed and validated for fast, straightforward, and reliable determination of lactate in artificial and human sweat samples. The background electrolyte was composed of equimolar concentrations (10 mmol/L) of 2‐(N‐morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid and histidine, with 0.2 mmol/L of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as electroosmotic flow inverter. The limit of detection and quantification were 3.1 and 10.3 µmol/L, respectively. Recoveries in the 97 to 118% range were obtained using sweat samples spiked with lactate at three concentration levels, indicating an acceptable accuracy. The intraday and interday precisions were 1.49 and 7.08%, respectively. The proposed CE–C4D method can be a starting point for monitoring lactate concentrations in sweat samples for diagnostics, physiological studies, and sports performance assessment applications.
Controlling Nucleation and Crystal Growth Orientation via Intermediate Ion‐Complex Formation for Efficient α‐FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kumar Amit , Gupta Shailendra Kumar , Pathak Sandeep Kumar , Karak Supravat
Published: December 2023

The formamidinium–cesium (FA–Cs) alloyed metal halide perovskites demonstrate superior photovoltaics device stability; however, alloying at lower Cs concentrations (≤5%) undergoes complex intermediate phase transitions that disrupt morphological and structural properties. Herein, an intermediate ion‐complex method in a bid is attempted to achieve a near‐optimal energy bandgap of 1.52 eV for α‐FAPbI3 perovskite (alloyed with 5% Cs+ cation). Upon incorporation of judicious amount of smaller and more volatile ions (such as Cl−/Br− and methylammonium [MA]+/Cs+) into the host FAPbI3 system, these ions are observed to persist in the “transitional‐phase” and “stimulate” the formation of α‐phase. Consequently, using X‐ray and photoluminescence quantum efficiency measurements, the formation of a (110)‐plane‐oriented high‐quality FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3 perovskite thin film with significantly reduced nonradiative recombination is confirmed. An area of 25 mm2 yields a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.21% and a stabilized power output of 19.82%, leveraging open‐circuit voltage of 90.4% of that Shockley–Queisser limit. The devices sustain over 1000 h without any PCE degradation.
Tinite–Ceramic‐Inspired Solar‐Driven Thermoelectric Nanogenerator—Single Step toward Efficient Energy Harvesting
Authors: Almutairi Badriah S. , Alomar Muneerah , Arshad Naila , Hendi Awatif A. , Irshad Muhammad Sultan , Ahmed Iftikhar
Published: December 2023

One of the promising approaches is solar radiation and thermal energy can be converted into electricity using photothermoelectric materials. Ceramic‐inspired photothermoelectric materials are extensively researched in the quest for efficient and sustainable energy conversion technologies. Herein, the synthesis and utilization of titanium nitride (known as tinite–ceramic) nanoparticles used first in two specific applications are reported: solar‐driven thermoelectric nanogenerators and photothermal‐based evaporation applications. The nanogenerator is innovatively fabricated via a UV‐induced deposition technique. The tinite–ceramic possesses excellent solar absorption (92.5%) and subsequent photothermally converted heat (39.9 °C) under 1 kW m−2 solar irradiation for an effective solar energy harvesting candidate. The complimentary nanogenerator endows high carrier mobility and effective photothermal‐to‐electric energy conversion (short‐circuit current, Iout = 58.8 mA) under 2 kW m−2 solar irradiation. The switchable nanogenerator maintains its reproducibility under different cycles, tailoring its tunability under different solar irradiation. More interestingly, a tinite–ceramic‐inspired solar evaporator exhibits an evaporation rate of up to 2.02 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 kW m−2 solar irradiation. Titanite's dual functionality offers the potential to revolutionize how renewable energy sources are harnessed and utilized for environmentally friendly and sustainable energy production.
Energetic and exergetic performances of a multi‐effect desalination unit driven by a gas turbine
Authors: Cavalcanti Eduardo J. C. , Santos Erick B. A. , Carvalho Monica
Published: December 2023

Desalination can provide additional water resources in water‐stressed zones and also in zones suffering from water pollution or insufficient/overexploited groundwater. This study carried out the energy and exergy assessments of a multi‐effect desalination unit driven by a gas turbine based on the specific exergy cost (SPECO) approach. The chemical exergies of brine and seawater are explicitly considered (most studies consider the same specific heat for input seawater and output brine). In addition, the enthalpy of each flow of the desalination unit is considered according to its salt concentration (results are then compared to the constant specific heat model). The highest exergy rates of fuel and product are obtained at the combustion chamber, and its exergy efficiency is 67.83%. The lowest exergy efficiencies were obtained at the condenser, followed by the first effect of the desalination unit, and the heat recovery steam generator. The overall exergy efficiency of the multi‐effect distillation unit is 21.49%. Regarding exergy destruction, as expected, the highest rate was obtained at the combustion chamber, which contributed with 41% to the overall exergy destruction, followed by the regenerator and heat recovery steam generator, with contributions of 16% and 11%, respectively, to overall exergy destruction.
Supercritical microalgae conversion to biofuel and value‐added components (oxygenates, hydrocarbons, and aromatics): A catalyst characterization study
Authors: Aghilinategh Maryam , Barati Mohammad , Hamadanian Masood
Published: December 2023

The study aimed to investigate the use of SrO/TiO2 nano‐catalysts in the one‐pot production of valuable products (such as fatty acid methyl esters, oxygenates, hydrocarbons, and aromatics) from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae through a supercritical process. The research focused on examining the impact of the factors, the SrO to TiO2 ratio, preparation method, and calcination temperature on the catalytic performance. Two calcination temperatures (600°C and 850°C), two Sr:Ti molar ratios (1 and 2), and two catalyst preparation methods (photochemical and impregnation) were considered. The catalysts were characterized using Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, x‐ray crystallography, and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller techniques. The evaluation of catalyst performance primarily focused on the production of value‐added products, particularly fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The results indicated that the catalyst prepared using the photochemical method with a Sr:Ti molar ratio of 2 and calcined at 850°C exhibited superior performance in terms of FAMEs and oxygenates production. It was demonstrated that the catalyst prepared using the photochemical method with higher Sr:Ti ratio had better performances in the production of biodiesel.
Defining exceptional cognition in older adults: A systematic review of cognitive super‐ageing
Authors: Powell Alice , Page Zara A. , Close Jacqueline C. T. , Sachdev Perminder S. , Brodaty Henry
Published: December 2023

Objective

A consistent approach to defining cognitive super‐ageing is needed to increase the value of research insights that may be gained from studying this population including ageing well and preventing and treating neurodegenerative conditions. This review aims to evaluate the existing definitions of ‘super‐ageing’ with a focus on cognition.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO and Google Scholar from inception to 24 July 2023.

Results

Of 44 English language studies that defined super‐ageing from a cognitive perspective in older adults (60–97 years), most (n = 33) were based on preserved verbal episodic memory performance comparable to that of younger adult in age range 16–65 years. Eleven studies defined super‐agers as the top cognitive performers for their age group based upon standard deviations or percentiles above the population mean. Only nine studies included longitudinal cognitive performance in their definitions.

Conclusions

Equivalent cognitive abilities to younger adults, exceptional cognition for age and a lack of cognitive deterioration over time are all meaningful constructs and may provide different insights into cognitive ageing. Using these criteria in combination or individually to define super‐agers, with a clear rationale for which elements have been selected, could be fit for purpose depending on the research question. However, major discrepancies including the age range of super‐agers and comparator groups and the choice of cognitive domains assessed should be addressed to reach some consensus in the field.
Metabolic labelling of a subpopulation of small extracellular vesicles using a fluorescent palmitic acid analogue
Authors: Barreca Valeria , Boussadia Zaira , Polignano Deborah , Galli Lorenzo , Tirelli Valentina , Sanchez Massimo , Falchi Mario , Bertuccini Lucia , Iosi Francesca , Tatti Massimo , Sargiacomo Massimo , Fiani Maria Luisa
Published: December 2023

Exosomes are among the most puzzling vehicles of intercellular communication, but several crucial aspects of their biogenesis remain elusive, primarily due to the difficulty in purifying vesicles with similar sizes and densities. Here we report an effective methodology for labelling small extracellular vesicles (sEV) using Bodipy FL C16, a fluorescent palmitic acid analogue. In this study, we present compelling evidence that the fluorescent sEV population derived from Bodipy C16‐labelled cells represents a discrete subpopulation of small exosomes following an intracellular pathway. Rapid cellular uptake and metabolism of Bodipy C16 resulted in the incorporation of fluorescent phospholipids into intracellular organelles specifically excluding the plasma membrane and ultimately becoming part of the exosomal membrane. Importantly, our fluorescence labelling method facilitated accurate quantification and characterization of exosomes, overcoming the limitations of nonspecific dye incorporation into heterogeneous vesicle populations. The characterization of Bodipy‐labelled exosomes reveals their enrichment in tetraspanin markers, particularly CD63 and CD81, and in minor proportion CD9. Moreover, we employed nanoFACS sorting and electron microscopy to confirm the exosomal nature of Bodipy‐labelled vesicles. This innovative metabolic labelling approach, based on the fate of a fatty acid, offers new avenues for investigating exosome biogenesis and functional properties in various physiological and pathological contexts.
An eco‐friendly, sustainable, and greener approach to the synthesis of Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones using a deep eutectic solvent
Authors: Kumar Gobind , Seboletswe Pule , Manhas Neha , Singh Parvesh , Bhargava Gaurav , Rajput Jaspreet Kaur , Kumar Rupesh
Published: December 2023

A safer, greener, and more effective reaction methodology for the synthesis of dihydroquinazolinones (DHQs) has been developed. The deep eutectic solvent (DES) ZnCl2/urea employed in this study efficiently accelerated the cyclization of 2‐aminobenzamide with different aldehydes (aromatic and heteroaromatic) to afford the target scaffolds without the generation of any oxidized product. This method has exhibited remarkable advantages such as quick reaction time, mild reaction conditions, high yield (82%–98%), operational simplicity, and selectivity. The approach was observed to be tolerant to electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing functional groups. Green metric parameters (AEf, OE, AE, RME, CE, etc.) determined further aided this greener chemical approach.
Effects of dietary supplement of ε‐polylysine hydrochloride on laying performance, egg quality, serum parameters, organ index, intestinal morphology, gut microbiota and volatile fatty acids in laying hens
Authors: Wang Han , Wu Jianqing , Hu Moran , Zhang Haoxin , Zhou Xiaolong , Yang Songbai , He Ke , Yan Feifei , Jin Hangfeng , Chen Shaojie , Zhao Ayong
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND

ε‐polylysine hydrochloride (ε‐PLH) is a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide extensively utilized in the food and medical industries. However, its impact on animal husbandry remains to be further explored. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of ε‐PLH on laying hens' health and laying performance.

RESULTS

Dietary supplementation with ε‐PLH to the diet significantly increased average egg weight during weeks 1–8. Meanwhile, compared with the control group, supplementation with ε‐PLH decreased the feed egg ratio during weeks 9–12 and egg breakage rate during weeks 9–16 ，whereas it increased eggshell strength during weeks 1–4 and 13–16 . The ε‐PLH 0.05% group increased yolk percentage during weeks 5–8 and yolk color during weeks 1–4 . Furthermore, ε‐PLH supplementation significantly increased the concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin and reproductive hormones estradiol, as well as decreased interleukin‐1 beta and malondialdehyde in the serum. Compared with the control group, supplementation with 0.05% ε‐PLH significantly increased the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria and Gastranaerophilales and decreased the abundance of Desulfovibrio and Streptococcus in the cecum microbiota. In addition, ε‐PLH 0.1% supplementation also increased acetic acid content in the cecum.

CONCLUSION

Dietary supplementation with ε‐PLH has a positive impact on both productive performance and egg quality in laying hens. Furthermore, ε‐PLH can also relieve inflammation by promoting the immunity and reducing oxidative damage during egg production. ε‐PLH has been shown to improve intestinal morphology, gut microbial diversity and intestinal health. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.