bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
That‐adverbials in Cameroon English1
Authors: SALA BONAVENTURE M.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT:  This paper examines that‐adverbials in Cameroon English. That‐adverbials are that‐clauses that appear in adjunct position. We have explained the phenomenon by positing formal coalescence, according to which there is structural levelling‐out so that structurally similar sentences carry different meanings depending on context. On the basis of their immutability, formal disadverbialization has been posited and that‐adverbials have been termed unmarked complements. It is also a property of that‐adverbials that they can be questioned, unlike other subordinate clauses in British English (BrE). When this happens, the sentence is meant to be a reproach and the relationship between the superordinate and the subordinate clauses is that of non‐reason, which is not attested in BrE. Contrast needs to hold between the main and the subordinate clauses for that‐adverbials to be generated. The verb in the main clause must either be in the past or have no implication for future action. That‐adverbials can co‐appear with that‐complements. In such a case, both clauses, with different functions, are not conjoins but form a continuum of the same sentence.
Random forest can predict 30‐day mortality of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with remarkable discrimination
Authors: Peng S. ‐Y. , Chuang Y. ‐C. , Kang T. ‐W. , Tseng K. ‐H.
Published: February 2010

Background and purpose:  Risk‐stratification models based on patient and disease characteristics are useful for aiding clinical decisions and for comparing the quality of care between different physicians or hospitals. In addition, prediction of mortality is beneficial for optimizing resource utilization. We evaluated the accuracy and discriminating power of the random forest (RF) to predict 30‐day mortality of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH).

Methods:  We retrospectively studied 423 patients admitted to the Taichung Veterans General Hospital who were diagnosed with spontaneous SICH within 24 h of stroke onset. The initial evaluation data of the patients were used to train the RF model. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) were used to quantify the predictive performance. The performance of the RF model was compared to that of an artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression model, and the ICH score.

Results:  The RF had an overall accuracy of 78.5% for predicting the mortality of patients with SICH. The sensitivity was 79.0%, and the specificity was 78.4%. The AUCs were as follows: RF, 0.87 (0.84–0.90); ANN, 0.81 (0.77–0.85); SVM, 0.79 (0.75–0.83); logistic regression, 0.78 (0.74–0.82); and ICH score, 0.72 (0.68–0.76). The discriminatory power of RF was superior to that of the other prediction models.

Conclusions:  The RF provided the best predictive performance amongst all of the tested models. We believe that the RF is a suitable tool for clinicians to use in predicting the 30‐day mortality of patients after SICH.
Factoring Turbulence Out: Diaspora Regulatory Mechanism and Migration Development Bank
Authors: Gevorkyan Aleksandr V. , Gevorkyan Arkady V.
Published: February 2010

The ongoing economic crisis has shifted much of the policy debate to problems of financial sector regulation, productive capacity collapse, among others. However, this leaves unattended the real situation with labour migration, which directly impacts social and economic inner components of being of millions of individual families across the world. The somewhat ad hoc nature of the process poses several policy issues for the home and host economies alike. Immediate concerns relate to streamlining migrants and remittances flows. This involves sensitive aspects of inequality in migrant workers’ labour efforts vis‐à‐vis domestic workers; migrants’ social and legal status; and less obvious, but still profound, unproductive misallocation of labour resources. Derived from this premise and recognizing the need for an institutional approach, this paper offers alternative policy solutions to temporary labour migration regulation. This research’s original propositions include a Diaspora Regulatory Mechanism and a Migration Development Bank, both operating within a state‐managed temporary labour migration regime. Fiscal action, including multilateral agreements, is crucial. The functionality of these mechanisms will directly impact infrastructure, human capital and entrepreneurial projects development in both home and host economies. Discussion is inspired by the analysis of actual circumstances in the economies of the Commonwealth of Independent States, where migration is a social, economic, and increasingly political issue. In the interlinked world, diasporas become dominant actors across all society strata. The development plateau of the post‐socialist states offers a rich economic and social soil to conduct responsible policy with future outlook. Moreover, conditions of ongoing economic crisis offer a unique opportunity for daring research to propose and for a motivated decisionmaker to implement original, proactive, and beneficial policy solutions aimed at streamlining the (temporary) labour migration process. This paper contributes to the emerging literature on topics of diaspora, labour migration, and remittance flows.
UK newspaper (mis)representations of the potential for a collapse of the Thermohaline Circulation
Authors: Jennings Neil , Hulme Mike
Published: February 2010

This article investigates the representation in UK national newspaper articles between August 1987 and April 2006 of the possibility of abrupt climate change. It focuses primarily on representations of the possibility of a collapse in the Thermohaline Circulation (THC) and uses coverage of the possibility of a collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) as a counterpoint. The article draws on a content analysis of newspaper articles and interviews with journalists, scientists and politicians. The THC issue was found to have received over three times more coverage than the WAIS issue despite both ‘collapses’ being deemed as equally unlikely by the IPCC. It is shown that the representation of the THC issue as the ‘Gulf Stream’ has been central to its media popularisation, but also that this representation has caused adverse reactions from some within the scientific community. Over 80 per cent of newspaper articles covering the THC issue put forward no indication of the probability of collapse or contained contradictory probabilities. It is suggested that the relatively large amount of coverage given to the THC issue, the absence of accompanying probabilistic statements, and the use of sensationalist headlines have had a significant influence on public perceptions of the climate future for the UK.
Is there a world beyond the Web of Science? Publication practices outside the heartland of academic geography
Authors: Schuermans Nick , Meeus Bruno , De Maesschalck Filip
Published: February 2010

Because research on the publication practices of academic geographers has been limited to the quantification of journal articles cited in easily searchable databases such as Thomson Reuters' Web of Science or Elsevier's Scopus, the question remains whether journals that are not indexed by these databases flourish or perish under the increasing pressure to publish in outlets with the highest impact factors. To answer this question, we have compiled a database with the complete bibliographies of all Belgian professors that have been working in Belgium in the field of human geography over the last 40 years. Based on our quantitative analysis of 810 articles published in 304 different journals, we come to the conclusion that human geographers from the Dutch‐speaking north of the country are currently publishing more in English‐language journals and in journals indexed by the Web of Science than their colleagues in the seventies or the eighties, but less in the Dutch and the French languages and in Belgian geographical journals. In the French‐speaking south of the country, this evolution is less pronounced, but still present. Even though we applaud the tendency to publish in English and in Web of Science journals because it increases the academic rigour of scholarly research, we are afraid that it hampers the role of academic geography in geography education and society as a whole.
‘N‐gauging’ geographies: craft consumption, indoor leisure and model railways
Authors: Yarwood Richard , Shaw Jon
Published: February 2010

Hobbies and crafts have been neglected by geographers concerned with leisure activities. Drawing upon a study of model railway layouts, we use Campbell's concept of the craft consumer to re‐focus attention on the geographies of indoor leisure (Campbell 2005 The craft consumer: culture, craft and consumption in a postmodern society Journal of Consumer Culture 5 23–42). We argue that spatialities of hobby activities contribute to identity formation, consumption practices and lifestyles. The idea of the craft consumer is assessed and further directions signposted for the study of hobbies by geographers.
Impaired maturation of cortical GABAA receptor expression in pediatric epilepsy
Authors: Jansen Laura A. , Peugh Lindsey D. , Roden William H. , Ojemann Jeffrey G.
Published: February 2010

Purpose:  Expression of the protein subunits that make up the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor pentamer is known to change during postnatal brain development in animal models. In the present study, analysis of cortical GABAA subunit expression was performed in control human tissue obtained from infancy through adolescence, and was compared to that from similarly aged children with intractable focal epilepsy.

Methods:  Twenty frozen pediatric control and 25 epileptic neocortical specimens were collected. The membrane fractions were isolated and subjected to quantitative western blot analysis. Subunit expression was correlated with clinical factors including age, pathology, and medication exposure.

Results:  In control cortical samples, α1 and γ2 GABAA receptor subunits exhibited low expression in infancy, which increased over the first several years of life and then stabilized through adolescence. In contrast, α4 subunit expression was higher in infants than in older children. The level of the chloride transporter KCC2 increased markedly with age, whereas that of NKCC1 decreased. These patterns were absent in the children with epilepsy, both in those with focal cortical dysplasia and in those with cortical gliosis. Although there was marked variability in GABAA receptor subunit expression among the children with epilepsy, identifiable patterns of subunit expression were found in each individual child.

Discussion:  Maturation of cortical GABAA receptor subunit expression continues over the first several years of postnatal human development. Intractable focal epilepsy in children is associated with disruption of this normal developmental pattern. These findings have significant implications for the treatment of children with medications that modulate GABAA receptor function.
The Influence of Mouthing on Infant Vocalization
Authors: Fagan Mary K. , Iverson Jana M.
Published: February 2010

Although vocalization and mouthing are behaviors frequently performed by infants, little is known about the characteristics of vocalizations that occur with objects, hands, or fingers in infants' mouths. The purpose of this research was to investigate characteristics of vocalizations associated with mouthing in 6‐ to 9‐month‐old infants during play with a primary caregiver. Results suggest that mouthing may influence the phonetic characteristics of vocalizations by introducing vocal tract closure and variation in consonant production.
It Is Not Just About Location: Infants Perseverate to Container Shape During Object Search
Authors: Noland Julia S.
Published: February 2010

In searching for a toy hidden at a new location, infants will err by searching at the previously correct location. This study investigated the possibility that 8.5‐month‐old infants would perseverate on the basis of other visual features by which covers could be individuated. Infants saw a toy hidden under 1 of 2 distinctly shaped covers. Following successful retrievals from the Shape A cover, infants saw the toy hidden under the Shape B cover. On this B trial, the covers were at locations that had not been baited on the preceding trials, precluding location perseveration. The infants erred by choosing the unbaited Shape A cover more often than control infants presented with 1 type of cover throughout. The findings suggest that infants perseverate to cover shape and are form biases biased toward cover shape even when location information is sufficient to support retrieval.
The Effect of Simulated Self Versus Object Movement in a Nonsearch Task
Authors: Schmuckler Mark A. , Jewell Stephanie
Published: February 2010

This study examined 6‐month‐old infants' abilities to use the visual information provided by simulated self‐movement through the world, and movement of an object through the world, for spatial orientation. Infants were habituated to a visual display in which they saw a toy hidden, followed by either rotation of the point of observation through the world (simulated self‐movement) or movement of the object itself through the world (object movement). Following habituation, infants saw test displays in which the hidden toy reappeared at the correct or incorrect location, relative to the earlier movements. Infants habituated to simulated self‐movement looked longer at the recovery of the toy from an incorrect, relative to correct location. In contrast, infants habituated to object movement showed no differential looking to either correct or incorrect test displays. These findings are discussed within a theoretical framework of spatial orientation emphasizing the availability and use of spatial information.
Acoustic Packaging of Action Sequences by Infants
Authors: Brand Rebecca J. , Tapscott Stephanie
Published: February 2010

This study investigated whether acoustic input, in the form of infant‐directed speech, influenced infants' segmenting of action sequences. Thirty‐two 7.5‐ to 11.5‐month‐old infants were familiarized with video sequences made up of short action clips. Narration coincided with portions of the action stream to package certain pairs of clips together. At test, packaged and nonpackaged pairs of actions were presented side by side in silence. Narration heard during familiarization influenced how infants viewed the action units, such that at test, infants older than 9.5 months (but not younger) looked longer at the nonpackaged than the packaged action sequences. The role of infant‐directed speech as well as other types of acoustic input in assisting infants' processing of action is discussed.
Korean Language and Ethnicity in the United States: Views From Within and Across
Authors: JEON MIHYON
Published: February 2010

The current study, by focusing on a group of university‐level learners of Korean in the United States, explores the various ways in which Korean American students position themselves in and around the language and ethnicity. Over the course of 3 years, data for this study were collected through several methods, such as formal and informal interviews, participant observation in class meetings, and collection of students' work samples and other documents as a part of the participatory action research model. Through the diasporic life stories of Korean Americans, this study demonstrates how different notions of ethnicity restrict or create possibilities of constructing and negotiating ethnic identities. This study sheds light on the complex link between language and ethnicity by highlighting how different views of ethnicity are interrelated with language learning experiences and ethnic identities. It demonstrates how a dichotomous view of ethnicity as either primordial or instrumental limits possibilities of negotiation and construction of ethnic identities by positioning Korean American students into an either/or position. It highlights that a view of ethnicity as a continuum, as an alternative to the dichotomy, opens up space for the negotiation and construction of new ethnicities. This study draws attention to the need to pay attention to ethnicity in language education. Educators need to encourage learners to develop perspectives that acknowledge and recognize the role of ethnicity in the language learning process.
“I Had a Stereotype That American Were Fat”: Becoming a Speaker of Culture in a Second Language
Authors: NGUYEN HANH THI , KELLOGG GUY
Published: February 2010

This article examines how adult learners were socialized by one another in the context of content materials in conjunction with the teacher's participation. Based on the premise that second language learning is experiential and emergent and using discourse analysis of students' asynchronous electronic postings and writing assignments together with ethnographic observations, we traced the students' evolving understandings of a culturally rich word, stereotype, over the course of one semester. We first looked at how the students understood the meaning of stereotype in early discussions, then at how these initial understandings changed as the students engaged in social activities in which their stances and identities became relevant, and finally at how these changes were exhibited in later discussions and written essays. Our analysis demonstrates concretely that learning a second language involves the acquisition not only of linguistic forms but also ways of thinking and behaving in new communities of practice.
Factors Influencing the Second Language Acquisition of Spanish Vibrants
Authors: HURTADO LUZ MARCELA , ESTRADA CHELSEA
Published: February 2010

This article examines the role of linguistic and sociolinguistic factors in the second language (L2) acquisition of Spanish vibrants. The data consist of 2 sets of recordings from 37 students enrolled in a Spanish pronunciation class. The statistical program VarbRul was used to analyze 7,597 samples. The vibration (simple or multiple) and the articulatory effort involved in the preceding consonant (velar and bilabial) as well as in the position of the vibrants within the word (cluster or intervocalic) were the most influential linguistic factors in the achievement of the Spanish articulation. Two other significant variables were found: Level of classes abroad and effect of instruction for those in the on‐campus pronunciation course. The results point out the specific linguistic aspects and styles that should be emphasized in classroom practices. They also suggest that pronunciation instruction/acquisition on the vibrants is more effective after the intermediate level.
Significant change in ZAP‐70 expression during the course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Vroblova Vladimira , Vrbacky Filip , Hrudkova Monika , Jankovicova Karolína , Schmitzova Daniela , Maly Jaroslav , Krejsek Jan , Smolej Lukas
Published: February 2010

Introduction:  It is widely accepted that expression of ZAP‐70 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains stable in time. However, data supporting this notion are surprisingly scarce. Therefore, we assessed expression of ZAP‐70 in serial samples taken during the course of the disease.

Patients and Methods:  We studied 44 patients with CLL diagnosed according to NCI‐WG criteria (34 men, 10 women, median age 62, range, 36–81). A total of 104 samples were examined; all patients had at least two measurements. Median interval between the first and the second sample was 13 months (range, 2–36). ZAP‐70 expression was detected by flow cytometry using phycoerythrin‐conjugated monoclonal antibody clone 1E7.2 and negative isotype control. Twenty percent of positive cells were considered as the threshold of positivity.

Results:  Significant change in ZAP‐70 expression (i.e. from positivity to negativity and vice versa) was detected in 15/44 patients (34%). Interestingly, 7/8 patients whose ZAP‐70 expression converted to positivity had unmutated IgVH genes. In addition, the conversion was accompanied by clinical progression or relapse in all but one patient. On the other hand, 5/7 patients with loss of ZAP‐70 had stable clinical course. One patient became ZAP‐70‐negative during treatment with prednisone for autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Conclusions:  In contrast to commonly accepted opinion, significant change in ZAP‐70 expression in time was detected in a substantial proportion of our patients with CLL. While the conversion to ZAP‐70 negativity was found predominantly in patients with stable disease, change to positivity was typical in patients with unmutated IgVH genes at the time of progression or relapse. Based on our pilot results, repeated assessment of ZAP‐70 expression might be especially useful at the time of progression or relapse in patients who were initially ZAP‐70‐negative.
A confocal micro‐endoscopic investigation of the relationship between the microhardness of carious dentine and its autofluorescence
Authors: Banerjee Avijit , Cook Richard , Kellow Samir , Shah Ketan , Festy Frederic , Sherriff Martyn , Watson Tim
Published: February 2010

Banerjee A, Cook R, Kellow S, Shah K, Festy F, Sherriff M, Watson T. A confocal micro‐endoscopic investigation of the relationship between the microhardness of carious dentine and its autofluorescence. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 75–79. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation© 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

This study aimed to investigate the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the microhardness of carious dentine and its native autofluorescence (AF). Six extracted, carious molars were sectioned through natural lesions in the mesio‐distal longitudinal plane. The Knoop microhardness (Knoop hardness number, KHN) of the cut surfaces of each sample was recorded at regular intervals through sound and carious dentine. Confocal fibre‐optic micro‐endoscopic (CFOME) examination of the carious dentine and the sound dentine was carried out at the same intervals using the Cellvizio system (600 μm wide, flat‐end probe) with an excitation wavelength of 488 nm. The blindly collected numerical data were analysed using the original microhardness KHN. The data analysis indicated that the autofluorescence signals increased significantly when the microhardness of dentine dropped below 25 KHN. Therefore, the null hypothesis was disproved, and it was concluded from this investigation that the autofluorescent signal intensity recorded using CFOME could produce an objective and reproducible correlation to the microhardness of carious dentine. Confocal fibre‐optic micro‐endoscopic examination could have clinical potential as a technology to help delineate the carious dentine that might be excavated in a clinical procedure in vivo.
Elution of substances from a silorane‐based dental composite
Authors: Kopperud Hilde M. , Schmidt Malene , Kleven Inger S.
Published: February 2010

Kopperud HM, Schmidt M, Kleven IS. Elution of substances from a silorane‐based dental composite. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 100–102. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation© 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

Previous studies have shown that residual monomers, initiators, and additives are eluted from methacrylate‐based dental composite materials. Recently, a composite material (Filtek Silorane), based on a new resin chemistry, was introduced. The purpose of this study was to investigate substances eluted from Filtek Silorane in water and ethanol. Polymerized specimen discs of the material were immersed in either distilled water or 75 vol% ethanol at 37°C, and the solutions were analyzed using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry after 1, 4, 24, and 72 h eluting time. No substances were found to leach from Filtek Silorane in water, whereas silorane monomers and an initiator component were eluted from the material into the ethanol solution.
Ultrastructural localization of salivary mucins MUC5B and MUC7 in human labial glands
Authors: Piras Monica , Hand Arthur R. , Tore Giorgio , Ledda Gian Peppino , Piludu Marco
Published: February 2010

Piras M, Hand AR, Tore G, Ledda GP, Piludu M. Ultrastructural localization of salivary mucins MUC5B and MUC7 in human labial glands. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 14–18. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

As a result of their presence throughout the mouth in the submucosa or between muscle fibers, minor salivary glands secrete directly and continuously into the oral cavity, providing mucosal surfaces with highly glycosylated proteins that are active in bacterial aggregation and in oral tissue lubrication. In this study, we investigated the ultrastructural localization of the MUC5B and MUC7 mucins in human labial glands by means of a postembedding immunogold technique. Thin sections of normal human labial glands, obtained during surgery, were incubated with polyclonal antibodies to human salivary mucins MUC5B and MUC7, and then with gold‐labeled secondary antibodies. Specific MUC5B reactivity was found in the secretory granules of mucous cells of all glands examined, and was associated with the luminal membrane of duct cells. MUC7 labeling was observed in the granules of both mucous and seromucous secretory cells of the glandular parenchyma. Quantitative analyses demonstrated that seromucous granules have higher immunogold labeling densities for MUC7 than mucous granules. Our immunohistochemical data extend the results of previous light microscopic studies of MUC5B and MUC7 localizations, pointing out the significant contribution of human labial glands in the secretion process of these two mucins.
The relationship between dental anxiety and dental decay experience in antenatal mothers
Authors: Esa Rashidah , Savithri Vengadasalam , Humphris Gerry , Freeman Ruth
Published: February 2010

Esa R, Savithri V, Humphris G, Freeman R. The relationship between dental anxiety and dental decay experience in antenatal mothers. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 59–65. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation© 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dental anxiety and dental decay experience among antenatal mothers attending Maternal and Child Health clinics in Malaysia. A cross‐sectional study was conducted on a consecutive sample of 407 antenatal mothers in Seremban, Malaysia. The questionnaire consisted of participants’ demographic profile and the Dental Fear Survey. The D3cvMFS was employed as the outcome measure and was assessed by a single examiner (intraclass correlation = 0.98). A structural equation model was designed to inspect the relationship between dental anxiety and dental decay experience. The mean Dental Fear Survey score for all participants was 35.1 [95% confidence interval (34.0, 36.3)]. The mean D3cvMFS score was 10.8 [95% confidence interval (9.5, 12.1)]. Participants from low socio‐economic status groups had significantly higher D3cvMFS counts than those from high socio‐economic status groups. The path model with dental anxiety and socio‐economic status as predictors of D3cvMFS showed satisfactory fit. The correlation between dental anxiety and dental decay experience was 0.30 (standardized estimate), indicating a positive association. Socio‐economic status was also statistically significantly associated with the D3cvMFS count (β = 0.19). This study presented robust evidence for the significant relationship between dental anxiety and dental decay experience in antenatal mothers.
Satisfaction with teeth and life‐course predictors: a prospective study of a Swedish 1942 birth cohort
Authors: Ekbäck Gunnar , Nodrehaug‐Åstrøm Anne , Klock Kristin , Ordell Sven , Unell Lennart
Published: February 2010

Ekbäck G, Nodrehaug‐Åstrøm A, Klock K, Ordell S, Unell L. Satisfaction with teeth and life‐course predictors: a prospective study of a Swedish 1942 birth cohort. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 66–74. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation© 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

This study aimed to assess the stability or change in satisfaction with teeth among Swedish adults between the ages of 50 and 65 yr, and to identify the impact of socio‐demographics and of clinical and subjective oral health indicators on participants’ satisfaction with teeth during that period. Self‐administered standardized questionnaires were used as part of a longitudinal study. In 1992, 1997, 2002, and 2007 all residents (born in 1942) of two Swedish counties were invited to participate in the study. A total of 63% women and 66% men reported being satisfied with their teeth between 50 and 65 yr of age. The corresponding figures, with respect to dissatisfaction, were 7% and 6% respectively. Generalized estimated equation models revealed a decline in the odds of being satisfied with advancing age, which was particularly important in subjects with lower education, tooth loss, and smokers. Consolidation in oral health perceptions starts before age 50, suggesting early intervention before that age. Promotion of a healthy adult lifestyle and improved access to quality oral healthcare might increase the likelihood of people being satisfied with their teeth throughout the third age‐period in both genders.
Dentin treatment effects on the bonding performance of self‐adhesive resin cements
Authors: Mazzitelli Claudia , Monticelli Francesca , Toledano Manuel , Ferrari Marco , Osorio Raquel
Published: February 2010

Mazzitelli C, Monticelli F, Toledano M, Ferrari M, Osorio R. Dentin treatment effects on the bonding performance of self‐adhesive resin cements. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 80–86. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation© 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The effects of dentin surface treatments on the microtensile bond strengths and on the interfacial characteristics of self‐adhesive resin cements were investigated. Flat dentin surfaces were obtained from human molars and were treated as follows: (i) no treatment of dentin; (ii) 0.1 M EDTA scrubbed for 60 s; or (iii) 10% polyacrylic acid applied for 30 s. Three self‐adhesive cements were used to lute composite overlays on deep‐coronal dentin surfaces in the presence of simulated pulpal pressure (15 cm of H2O). Bonded specimens were cut into beams 1 mm thick and stressed in tension until failure. Fractured sticks were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Additional specimens were stained with Masson’s trichrome and observed under light microscopy for interfacial evaluations. The bond strength to dentin of the hydrophobic and solvent‐free cement (RelyX Unicem) was unaffected by the tested dentin treatments. The bond strength of the 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)‐based cement (Bis‐Cem) decreased after treatment of dentin with EDTA and/or polyacrylic acid. The hydrophilic and water‐containing cement (G‐Cem) attained a higher bond strength when luted on polyacrylic acid‐conditioned dentin. In conclusion, smear layer removal, opening of dentinal tubules, and the water content of dentin differently influence the bond strengths and the interfacial characteristics of self‐adhesive cement–dentin interfaces.
Down‐regulation of expression of osteoblast and osteocyte markers in periodontal tissues associated with the spontaneous alveolar bone loss of interleukin‐10 knockout mice
Authors: Claudino Marcela , Garlet Thiago P. , Cardoso Cristina R. B. , De Assis Gerson F. , Taga Rumio , Cunha Fernando Q. , Silva João S. , Garlet Gustavo P.
Published: February 2010

Claudino M, Garlet TP, Cardoso CRB, de Assis GF, Taga R, Cunha FQ, Silva JS, Garlet GP. Down‐regulation of expression of osteoblast and osteocyte markers in periodontal tissues associated with the spontaneous alveolar bone loss of interleukin‐10 knockout mice. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 19–28. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The aim of this study was to unravel the mechanisms by which interleukin (IL)‐10, a potent pleiotropic cytokine, modulates alveolar bone homeostasis in C57BL/6 wild‐type (WT) and IL‐10 knockout (IL‐10 KO) mice, evaluated at 8, 24, and 48 wk of age. Interleukin‐10 KO mice presented significant alveolar bone loss when compared with WT mice, and this was not associated with changes in leukocyte counts or bacterial load. The levels of expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), IL‐1β, IL‐6, transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) were similar between both strains, whereas a significant decrease of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) mRNA expression was found at 48 wk in IL‐10 KO mice. The osteoblast markers core binding factor alpha1 (CBFA1) and type I collagen (COL‐I) were expressed at similar levels in both strains, whereas the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN), and those of the osteocyte markers phosphate‐regulating gene endopeptidases (PHEX) and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) were significantly lower in IL‐10 KO mice. Our results demonstrate that the alveolar bone loss in the absence of IL‐10 was associated with a reduced expression of osteoblast and osteocyte markers, an effect independent of microbial, inflammatory or bone‐resorptive pathways.
Aquaporin 11 in the developing mouse submandibular gland
Authors: Larsen Helga S. , Ruus Ann‐Kristin , Schreurs Olav , Galtung Hilde Kanli
Published: February 2010

Larsen HS, Ruus A‐K, Schreurs O, Kanli Galtung H. Aquaporin 11 in the developing mouse submandibular gland. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 9–13. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

Several aquaporins (AQPs) have been detected in mature and embryonic mammalian salivary glands (AQP1 and AQP3–AQP8). However, AQP11 has, to our knowledge, never before been described in salivary glands, but is known to be important in, for example, kidney development in mice. We therefore thought it relevant to investigate if AQP11 was present during salivary organogenesis. The submandibular salivary gland (SMG) from CD1 mice was studied during prenatal development and early postnatal development, and also in young adult male and female mice. The expression trend of the AQP11 transcript was detected using the reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and the temporal–spatial pattern was observed using in situ hybridization. The AQP11 transcript was first detected at embryonic day 13.5 and showed a more or less constitutive expression trend during the prenatal and early postnatal SMG development. Spatial studies demonstrated that the AQP11 transcript was present in the developing and mature duct structures at all stages studied. In the end pieces, the AQP11 transcript was reduced during glandular development. Our results point to an important role for AQP11 during salivary gland development.
Mechanosensitivity of dental pulp stem cells is related to their osteogenic maturity
Authors: Kraft David C. E. , Bindslev Dorthe A. , Melsen Birte , Abdallah Basem M. , Kassem Moustapha , Klein‐Nulend Jenneke
Published: February 2010

Kraft DCE, Bindslev DA, Melsen B, Abdallah BM, Kassem M, Klein‐Nulend J. Mechanosensitivity of dental pulp stem cells is related to their osteogenic maturity. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 29–38. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

For engineering bone tissue, mechanosensitive cells are needed for bone (re)modelling. Local bone mass and architecture are affected by mechanical loading, which provokes a cellular response via loading‐induced interstitial fluid flow. We studied whether human dental pulp‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (PDSCs) portraying mature (PDSC‐mature) or immature (PDSC‐immature) bone cell characteristics are responsive to pulsating fluid flow (PFF) in vitro. We also assessed bone formation by PDSCs on hydroxyapatite‐tricalcium phosphate granules after subcutaneous implantation in mice. Cultured PDSC‐mature exhibited higher osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase gene expression and activity than PDSC‐immature. Pulsating fluid flow (PFF) stimulated nitric oxide production within 5 min by PDSC‐mature but not by PDSC‐immature. In PDSC‐mature, PFF induced prostaglandin E2 production, and cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression was higher than in PDSC‐immature. Implantation of PDSC‐mature resulted in more osteoid deposition and lamellar bone formation than PDSC‐immature. We conclude that PDSCs with a mature osteogenic phenotype are more responsive to pulsating fluid shear stress than osteogenically immature PDSCs and produce more bone in vivo. These data suggest that PDSCs with a mature osteogenic phenotype might be preferable for bone tissue engineering to restore, for example, maxillofacial defects, because they might be able to perform mature bone cell‐specific functions during bone adaptation to mechanical loading in vivo.
The Effect of Platelet‐Rich Plasma on Healing of Palatal Donor Site following Connective Tissue Harvesting: A Pilot Study in Dogs
Authors: Shayesteh Yadollah Soleimani , Eshghyar Nosratollah , Moslemi Neda , Dehghan Mohammad Mehdi , Motahhary Pouria , Ghobadi Zahra , Golestan Banafsheh
Published: February 2010

Background: Peri‐implant plastic surgery includes soft tissue enhancement by connective tissue grafting. The palatal donor site provides peri‐implant keratinized mucosa and soft tissue height. Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) contains growth factors that may enhance early healing.

Purpose: The present animal study investigated the effect of PRP on wound healing of palatal donor site after connective tissue harvesting.

Materials and Methods: In 12 mongrel dogs, bilateral palatal connective tissues of 10 × 15 mm were harvested. At test site, PRP was applied into the wound, and the contralateral site served as control. The healing was evaluated clinically and histologically at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after surgeries. Exact binomial probability and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test were used to compare the clinical and histologic measurements.

Results: No statistically significant differences between PRP and control sites were measured with regard to clinical healing (p = 1.000) and histologic variables, including inflammatory cells (p = .750), collagen fibers (p = .375), and granulation tissue (p = .500) at any time interval.

Conclusion: The addition of PRP to palatal mucosal wound sites did not accelerate wound healing.
Changes in skinfolds and mid‐upper arm circumference during pregnancy in Argentine women
Authors: López Laura Beatriz , Calvo Elvira Beatriz , Poy Mabel Susana , del Valle Balmaceda Yanina , Cámera Karen
Published: February 2010

This investigation describes the pattern of changes in mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC), triceps, biceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses during the course of pregnancy, and its relationship with maternal and newborn outcomes. A prospective cohort of 1066 pregnant women were selected in seven different urban regions in Argentina. Measurements of MUAC were carried out at 16, 28 and 36 gestational weeks. In a subsample of 488 women, triceps, biceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were measured. Mean total increase in subscapular, tricipital and bicipital skinfolds from 16 to 36 weeks of gestation were 4.5, 3.6 and 2.6 mm, respectively. MUAC showed a mean increase of 1.7 cm in the same period. Overweight or obese women at the start of pregnancy had lower increases in all measurements compared with women with normal or low body mass index. Maternal anthropometry was related to birthweight; women who gave birth to infants of less than 3000 g had lower average values in all measurements than those who had normal birthweight infants. LMS curves for MUAC and skinfolds by gestational age are presented, which can be used as a reference to assess maternal nutrition status during pregnancy. MUAC, tricipital and subscapular skinfold for gestational age curves are proposed for monitoring maternal nutritional status during pregnancy. MUAC cut‐off points of 24.5, 25.5 and 26.5 cm for 16, 28 and 36 weeks of gestation, respectively, are also proposed as a proxy to detect low birthweight.
Understanding barriers to implementing the Norwegian national guidelines for healthy school meals: a case study involving three secondary schools
Authors: Holthe Asle , Larsen Torill , Samdal Oddrun
Published: February 2010

The main goal of the present study was to investigate the barriers to implementing the Norwegian national guidelines for healthy school meals as perceived by principals, project leaders, teachers and students. This study employed a multiple‐case design using an explorative approach. Data were collected at three secondary schools in Norway participating in the intervention project Physical activity and healthy school meals. Individual interviews were conducted with school principals and project leaders, and focus group interviews were conducted separately with teachers and students. Four categories of barriers were identified: (1) lack of adaptation of the guidelines to the target group; (2) lack of resources and funding; (3) conflicting values and goals; and (4) access to unhealthy food outside school. The research identified differences in perceived barriers between the staff responsible for implementation and the students as the target group of the measures. All staff groups perceived barriers relating to both resources, and conflicting values and goals. The teachers were more concerned about issues of relevance for adaptation to the target groups than were the principals and project leaders. The students were concerned mostly with issues directly affecting their experience with items offered in the canteen.
Loose interaction between glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase revealed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer–fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in living cells
Authors: Tomokuni Yosuke , Goryo Kenji , Katsura Ayako , Torii Satoru , Yasumoto Ken‐ichi , Kemnitz Klaus , Takada Mamiko , Fukumura Hiroshi , Sogawa Kazuhiro
Published: February 2010

Loose interaction between the glycolytic enzymes glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) was visualized in living CHO‐K1 cells by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), using time‐domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. FRET between active tetrameric subunits of GAPDH linked to cerulean or citrine was observed, and this FRET signal was significantly attenuated by coexpression of PGK. Also, direct interaction between GAPDH–citrine and PGK–cerulean was observed by FRET. The strength of FRET signals between them was dependent on linkers that connect GAPDH to citrine and PGK to cerulean. A coimmunoprecipitation assay using hemagglutinin‐tagged GAPDH and FLAG‐tagged PGK coexpressed in CHO‐K1 cells supported the FRET observation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that a complex of GAPDH and PGK is formed in the cytoplasm of living cells.

Structured digital abstract

MINT‐7386555: PGK (uniprotkb:P00558) physically interacts (MI:0915) with GAPDH (uniprotkb:P04406) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007)

MINT‐7386573: GAPDH (uniprotkb:P04406) and PGK (uniprotkb:P00558) bind (MI:0407) by fluorescent resonance energy transfer (MI:0055)

MINT‐7386590: GAPDH (uniprotkb:P04406) and GAPDH (uniprotkb:P04406) bind (MI:0407) by fluorescent resonance energy transfer (MI:0055)
Upregulation of the α‐secretase ADAM10 – risk or reason for hope?
Authors: Endres Kristina , Fahrenholz Falk
Published: February 2010

A decade ago, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) was identified as an α‐secretase and as a key proteinase in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein. Accordingly, the important role that it plays in Alzheimer’s disease was manifested. Animal models with an overexpression of ADAM10 revealed a beneficial profile of the metalloproteinase with respect to learning and memory, plaque load and synaptogenesis. Therefore, ADAM10 presents a worthwhile target with respect to the treatment of a neurodegenerative disease such as Morbus Alzheimer. Initially, ADAM10 was suggested to be an enzyme, shaping the extracellular matrix by cleavage of collagen type IV, or to be a tumour necrosis factor α convertase. In a relatively short time, a wide variety of additional substrates (with amyloid precursor protein probably being the most prominent) has been identified and the search is still ongoing. Hence, any side effects concerning the therapeutic enhancement of ADAM10 α‐secretase activity have to be considered. The present review summarizes our knowledge about the structure and function of ADAM10 and highlights the opportunities for enhancing the expression and/or activity of the α‐secretase as a therapeutic target.
Mapping the vulnerability of older persons to disasters
Authors: Evans Jeff
Published: February 2010

Evans J. (2010) Mapping the vulnerability of older persons to disasters. International Journal of Older People Nursing 5, 63–70 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2008.00205.x

Older people sit at the centre of a unique constellation of factors that combine to increase their vulnerability to the negative effects of catastrophic events. The aim of this paper is to explore some of the factors that underlie this vulnerability. Attention will be directed at three broad factors that will be discussed in some depth, namely poverty, long standing health conditions and psychological trauma. The aim is not, however, to provide a comprehensive systematic review of existing research evidence regarding the older person and disasters. This is due in part to the paucity of studies that take as their primary focus the older population and disasters. Whilst poverty, chronic illness and psychological issues are discussed in this paper as separate issues, they are interconnected. A map of the synergies between factors is presented that places the older person at the centre of a network of vulnerabilities. Recommendations for strategic planning and clinical practice are made that address this complex problem. The hope is that with insightful preparation the older population can be spared then worse consequences of a disaster when it strikes.
Structuring Sustainable Mobility: A Critical Issue for Geography
Authors: Frändberg Lotta , Vilhelmson Bertil
Published: February 2010

This article presents a geographical perspective on the concept of sustainable mobility. Meeting the challenge of sustainable mobility is a complex matter of promoting sustainable transportation technologies, influencing people’s travel behaviour and transforming society’s social and spatial structures. Arguably, a geographical perspective focuses on the latter, structural dimension of this interplay: how societal demands regarding people’s mobility are continuously shaped and reshaped, and how structuration processes can be transformed in more sustainable directions. This includes the transformation of: (i) physical structures, such as the spatial organization (e.g. the location of activities, land use and transportation systems) of cities and regions, (ii) social contacts and networks distributed in space and time and (iii) cultures of regularly held beliefs, norms and expectations regarding people’s abilities to travel fast and far for any purpose.
Recent Climate Change Impacts on the Boreal Forest of Alaska
Authors: Calef Monika P.
Published: February 2010

The vast boreal forest biome is experiencing rapid climate warming with multiple impacts on the ecosystem which include direct vegetation changes; alterations to the ground thermal and hydrological regimes; and increases in disturbance by fire, insects, and disease. This cold biome serves as one of the major carbon storage reservoirs on this planet and there is much concern that soil warming will result in the release of massive amounts of carbon into the atmosphere where it can cause a significant feedback to global climate change. Climate predictions and observations point to interior Alaska as one of the regions experiencing the most drastic warming and can thus serve as an important harbinger of ecosystem response to climate change.