bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease—diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic
Authors: Rege Vishram B. , Soderberg Clarence H. , Resnevic George , Conklin Frances P. , Leone Louis A.
Published: February 2007

Thirty primarily unselected but a mixed population of ‘virgin’ and treated patients with a diagnosis of Hodgkin's Disease were subjected to diagnostic laparotomy, splenectomy, liver biopsy, and para‐aortic lymph node biopsy as part of their evaluation for the purpose of staging the disease. The post‐operative pathologic findings were correlated with the preoperative clinical evaluation.

Preoperative evaluation of abdominal lymph nodes, spleen, and liver was inaccurate in 3/25 (12%), 9/30 (30%), and 5/30 (17%) patients, respectively, with the result that there was a change in the post‐operative staging in eleven (37%) patients. No instance of liver involvement by Hodgkin's Disease was noted without concomitant splenic involvement. Also, there was no instance of splenic involvement without a concomitant para‐aortic lymph node involvement. These findings suggest a possible spread of the disease to the spleen via the abdominal lymph nodes and to the liver via the spleen.

It is concluded that laparotomy with splenectomy is a valuable procedure for diagnostic delineation of intra‐abdominal disease but in addition has therapeutic and preventive implications.
Storage and transplantation of bone marrow in the treatment of malignant diseases
Authors: Malinin Theodore I.
Published: February 2007

The development of special methods of bone marrow transplantation, coupled with new knowledge in the area of donor‐recipient selection and the suppression of the secondary diseases, has generated renewed interest in allografting of bone marrow for a variety of diseases. The interest in marrow allotransplantation has overshadowed previously existing interest in autotransplantation despite the fact that autotransplantation has not met with serious side effects, such as GVH and secondary diseases.

Sufficient evidence demonstrating the reliability of methods of short‐term and long‐term storage of human bone marrow has now been accumulated. It can be anticipated that reinfusion of bone marrow stored by these methods will result in uniform hematopoetic recovery of bone marrow suppressed by irradiation or chemotherapeutic agents. In cases of malignant diseases in anticipation of future needs, disease‐free marrow can be collected before the malignant process becomes generalized. Since bone marrow is best obtained under general anesthesia, routine bone marrow collection and storage from patients undergoing surgery for specific malignancies is suggested.
Periampullary carcinoma
Authors: Safaie‐Shirazi Siroos , Zike Wilbur L. , Condon Robert E.
Published: February 2007

Fifty‐five patients with periampullary caicinoma have been treated during a period of 32 years. This tumor represents only 0.01% of our solid tumor cases. Contrary to widely accepted opinion, periampullary carcinoma is not painless in many patients, and a palpable gallbladder is present in only 20% of patients.

Twenty‐four patients had a palliative operation with a 13% immediate mortality; the mean survival of this group was 13 months. Out of 26 patients who had a radical curative operation, 18 survived the procedure; the mean survival for this group was 31 months.

We believe that nearly every patient harboring a periampullary carcinoma should be considered a candidate for pancreaticoduodenectomy unless the disease is so far advanced that survival is unlikely.
Chemotherapy of human oncogenic viral infections: The possible role of interferon and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Authors: Carter William A.
Published: February 2007

Epidemiologic and virologic studies are providing increasingly firm links between viruses and carcinoma of the breast, sarcoma, leukemia, carcinoma of the cervix, and lymphoma. Since these diseases are apparently not epidemic in nature, immunization—which has been so successfully applied for control of many viral illnesses—will probably be less useful. The development of effective, broad‐spectrum, antiviral compounds is therefore imperative. Developing drugs with dart‐like specificity demands a clear knowledge of the differences in virus and cell replicative mechanisms. Specificity for viral processes is essential if cell toxicity is to be circumvented, since cirus replication occurs intracellularly with a partial dependence on cell macromolecular functions. With an increasing knowledge of the growth cycle of viruses, we recognize that both cytolytic and oncogenic viruses—although causing antithetic effects on cells—may have common biochemical mechanisms for assembling viral proteins and nucleic acids. There similarities suggest it is possible to approach therapeutically these two types of viral infection in similar ways. Specific antiviral drugs should be useful, not only in a prophylactic way, but also as an additional mode of therapy which can complement the surgical and chemotherapeutic approach to patients with established tumors.
Experimental aspects of renal tumors
Authors: Grabstald Harry
Published: February 2007

Spontaneously observed and exogenously induced renal tumors in mice and rats have been described. Occasionally occurring tumors in other species have been reviewed. The relationships between the spontaneously observed and induced tumors and endocrine factors are reviewed. Practical applications for the use of induced tumors as screening techniques for chemotherapy of advanced renal cancer in man are discussed. Limitations in the present models are apparent. Both hormonal and nonhormonal environments can effect relative growth rates in several species of the induced tumors. Common metabolic pathways in several of the alkylating agents for the inductions of renal tumors are described. The virus relationships to frog tumors have been appreciated for some time and have been further studied. Present clinical problems and controversies, however, remain. Important areas for further study of these models can provide helpful clinical information and have been discussed.
The management of malignant effusions from breast cancer
Authors: Rosato Francis E. , Wallach Mark W. , Rosato Ernest F.
Published: February 2007

We have reviewed our experience with 50 patients with malignant effusion secondary to breast cancer. Prior to any therapy for this problem the malignant cause of the effusion must be firmly established. Permanent cell block with cytologic examination of such cells proved exceedingly accurate in our hands. Once the diagnosis is known secondary to malignancy the type of effusion must be investigated since those in which there are a large number of free cells or diffuse serosal studding respond best to intracavitary therapy. Those in which the effusion is due to lymphatic or venous blockage secondary to a single large tumor mass do not respond well to intracavitary therapy. Forty‐nine of our patients had pleural effusion and were treated either by aspiration of fluid alone, aspiration of fluid combined with systemic treatment, or aspiration of fluid combined with intracavitary administration of radioactive gold, or nitrogen mustard. In the course of their therapy each patient averaged 6 thoracenteses prior to symptomatic relief, and usually remained symptom free after a course of treatment. An interval of 19 months from the time of the appearance of the effusion until death was found in the 38 patients who have succumbed to their disease ‐in the 12 who are still living 54 months have passed since initial appearance of their effusion to the present time.

We believe that effusion is not a signal of the last stage of this disease and should be aggressively treated.
Chordoma: An analysis of twenty cases treated over a twenty‐year span
Authors: Ariel Irving M. , Verdu Carlos
Published: February 2007

Chordoma is a recurring malignancy which does not play by the rules. A five‐year survival or even a survival of ten years or longer without evidence of tumor cannot assure the surgeon that the malignant growth has been laid to rest. Recurring local episodes as well as metastases may continue to yield to surgery, irradiation, and other forms of treatment for an astonishing length of time. Thus, situations that may be cause for despair in other malignancies are often a challenge for renewed vigorous treatment in chordoma.
Prevention of tracheal stoma recurrences after total laryngectomy by postoperative irradiation
Authors: Schneider Jack J. , Lindberg Robert D. , Jesse Richard H.
Published: February 2007

Patients with advanced glottic cancer, in whom there is extensive subglottic disease and/or low cervical lymph node metastasis, have a high incidence of recurrence in and about the tracheal stoma. Stoma recurrences can be prevented by immediate postoperative megavoltage radiotherapy when the stoma is included in the irradiated volume.
Sweat gland carcinoma: A clinico‐pathological reappraisal
Authors: Mitts Donald L. , Smith Michael T. , Russell Lewis , Bannayan George A. , Cruz A. B.
Published: February 2007

A case of sweat gland carcinoma arising from the right fifth finger which later metastasized to the regional lymph nodes and the lungs is the subject of this report which attempts to establish further the true characteristics of this definite pathological entity. The diagnosis of sweat gland carcinoma has been loosely applied to a variety of lesions, and it was not until recently that more exact and appropriate criteria were used to establish the diagnosis of sweat gland carcinoma. The case reported in this manuscript possesses most if not all the criteria necessary to make a diagnosis of sweat gland carcinoma. Further review of the literature shows that this is a rare and aggressive neoplasm as this case illustrates. Radical surgery of the primary lesions with radical regional lymph node dissection whenever possible is recommended for the initial treatment, and combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be employed in the palliative treatment of the more advanced forms of the disease.
Breast masses in males with carcinoma of the prostate
Authors: Wilson Samuel E. , Hutchinson William B.
Published: February 2007

Breast masses developing in male patients who have prostatic carcinoma may represent gynecomastia secondary to estrogen therapy, metastasis of the prostatic carcinoma to the breast, or a primary carcinoma of the breast. Accurate diagnosis of this lesion by biopsy and, if possible, histochemical determination of acid phosphatase is essential to determine prognosis and treatment. The patient with breast metastases from a primary prostatic carcinoma will survive on the average only 4 mo. However, in the patient with prostatic carcinoma, surgical treatment for a primary breast carcinoma may extend survival considerably.
Combined therapy in carcinomas of the female breast
Authors: Shanta V. , Krishnamurthi S.
Published: February 2007

Of 606 female breast cancers treated, 364 of them in stage I, II, and III, only 7 cases were in stage I. All stage II and III cases in good general condition received radical preoperative irradiation to the entire breast volume and the regional lymphatic areas over a period of 4 wk, followed 4 wk later by a radical mastectomy. No postoperative irradiation was administered. The biological basis of this therapeutic policy is explained in detail and the 5‐yr disease‐free survival of patients in relation to stage of disease, treatment method, histology of the primary tumor, histologic nodal metastatic status, postradiational status of the breast primary, the menstrual status of the patient, and the general metabolic status is discussed. It is explicitly shown by meticulous histological study of the breasts and the axillary lymph nodes removed at surgery that radical irradiation per se is inadequate to sterilize the breasts and that subsequent radical surgery is essential.

Furthermore, two‐thirds of the stage III cancers, which would have been considered inoperable by conventional criteria, were rendered operable by preoperative irradiation, with a near 50% 5‐yr disease‐free survival.
Case report of metastatic carcinoid tumor to the neck
Authors: Calabretta Arthur M. , Graham William P. , Miller Stephen H.
Published: February 2007

Since their original description in 1838 carcinoid tumors have interested physicians. This case represents another unusual presentation of a carcinoid tumor in which the cervical area has rarely been reported. In addition, it demonstrates the elusiveness of the tumor despite exhaustive diagnostic studies.
Metastatic hypernephroma to the head and neck
Authors: Schantz John C. , Miller Stephen H. , Graham William P.
Published: February 2007

Hypernephroma is one of the most common visceral adenocarcinomas which metastasize to the head and neck. The metastasis may precede discovery of the primary or follow it. The most common sites of metastatic hypernephroma to the head and neck are the sinonasal tract, skin, cervical lymphatics, and mandible. Three cases of metastatic hypernephroma are presented and one of these is the first documented report of a metastasis to the parotid gland. The other two were found in the sinonasal tract.
Prognostic significance of peripheral lymphocyte counts and carcinoembryonic antigens in colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Kim Un‐Sup , Papatestas Angelos E. , Aufses Arthur H.
Published: February 2007

An association between pretreatment lymphocyte counts and 5‐year prognosis was noted in colorectal cancer. Among 188 patients with 5‐year follow‐up significant difference in survival rates in relation to lymphocyte counts was noted: 61% for patients with counts > 2,000/cm, 30% for those with counts < 1,000/cmm, and 58% for the intermediate group. Similar differences were also noted within groups with Dukes' B and C lesions and in elderly patients. Highly significant differences were noted in women. Those with Dukes' B and C lesions with counts > 2,000/cmm had an 81% survival rate, compared to 50% for those with lower counts X2 = 6.81 p < 0.01, Women had significantly higher lymphocyte counts and higher survival rates than men.

An inverse correlation was noted between pretreatment lymphocytes and simultaneously determined carcinoembryonic antigens.

These observations indicate that lymphocyte counts may be of prognostic value in colorectal cancer when used in association with carcinoembryonic antigens.
Cellular immune response in vitro: I. A requirement for time‐dependent T‐lymphocyte cell division of cytotoxic cells in the allogeneic response
Authors: Lundak Robert L. , Kaplan Marvin S. , Raidt Donald J. , Hronis Tina S. , Granger Gale A.
Published: February 2007

Immunocompetent lymphoid cells cultured in vitro with allogeneic stimulator cells have been shown to produce T‐lymphocyte populations which are specifically cytotoxic in vitro to the stimulatory cells whether normal or malignant. Although the culture requirements as well as the allogeneic requirements are known, the events leading to the production of T‐lymphocyte cytotoxic cells is poorly understood. This study examines the role of cell division in the production of allogeneic cytotoxic T‐cells in vitro.

The elimination of cell division during the first 24 hr of allogeneic culture does not affect the cell‐mediated cytotoxic immune response in vitro. Cell division is required, however, from 24 hr through 96 hr in culture and not necessary after 96 hr.
The lip‐splitting approach to resection of oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Babin Richard , Calcaterra Thomas C.
Published: February 2007

Adequate margins are of primary importance in a composite resection of oropharyngeal carcinomas. Secondary considerations include the functional status and cosmetic result of the patient after the operation. A series of 6 patients demonstrate that, in selected cases, a lip‐splitting approach to increase exposure while ensuring adequate margins may be undertaken without undue fear of functional impairment or cosmetic deformity. The ultimate result will depend on proper placement of the incisions and careful reapproximation of tissue.
Screening random asymptomatic women under 50 by annual mammographies: Does it make sense?
Authors: Bross Irwin D. J. , Blumenson Leslie E.
Published: February 2007

The effectiveness of screening random asymptomatic women for breast cancer using mammography has been analyzed using a new mathematical‐computer technology. The technology is based on a general mathematical theory of screening recently developed by Blumenson combined with a mathematical model for breast cancer developed by Blumenson and Bross over the past decade. The technology makes it relatively simple to try alternative strategies for age at onset of screening, screening interval, etc. and to calculate the relative effectiveness of the strategy. When the benefits of alternative strategies with periodic screening beginning at different ages were compared with the increasing risk of iatrogenic disease from multiple exposure to low levels of radiation, it was concluded that screening of asymptomatic women should begin no earlier than age 50.
Studies and characterization of a murine neuroblastoma model
Authors: Keogh Brian , Chu T. Ming , Williams Phyllis , Moore Robert H. , Murphy Gerald P.
Published: February 2007

Clinical chemotherapy in the treatment of neuroblastoma is undergoing further evaluation. Chemotherapeutic agents, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and hexamethylmelamine, were investigated in a murine neuroblastoma model that, in part, histologically and morphologically resembles the human tumor. The tumor was inoculated subcutaneously (SC), intramuscularly (IM), intraperitoneally (IP), intrarenally (IR). Growth of tumor was observed at all sites, as well as the appearance of metastases. Maximal survival of 32 ± 1 days was seen (SC) and the minimum was 15 ± 1 days (IR) (p < 0.05). Corresponding survival rate for IM was 26 ± 1 days and IP 21 ± 1 days. For this reason SC was selected for drug testing. Cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg/week showed the most favorable results, as determined by autopsy status with fewer tumors and a greater tumor weight decrease over time. This agent also showed a significantly longer survival in comparison to all other drugs (p < 0.0001). The results with vincristine and hexamethylmelamine in the dose ranges employed differed little from the placebo, except for the finding of a slight decrease in body weight at autopsy.
Pancreatic carcinoma as a sequel to therapy of lymphoma
Authors: Jochimsen Peter R. , Pearlman Nathan W. , Lawton Richard L.
Published: February 2007

Development of a carcinoma in the pancreas of a young man who had five years previously undergone intensive radiotherapy and subsequent chemotherapy for treatment of a lymphoma suggests that induction of the second neoplasm occurred as the result of the therapy of the first. While definitive proof of causality is lacking, a review of recent literature strongly suggests that the association noted in the patient described is more than serendipitous. Increased usage of high‐dose radiotherapy, particularly in conjunction with chemotherapy, may be directly related, and it is imperative that such an association be kept in mind when such patients are seen in follow‐up.
Breast cancer arising in surgical scars
Authors: Freund H. , Biran S. , Laufer N. , Eyal Z.
Published: February 2007

Twelve women who developed breast cancer at the site of old surgical scars in the breast are presented. Six had had former breast biopsies, 3 drainage of breast abscesses, and 3 developed breast cancer in old thoracotomy scars transversing the breast.

The combination of trauma as an oncogen and scar tissue as a functional and immunological locus minoris resistentia seems to play a major role in the development of breast cancer in this group of patients.

The association of breast cancer, scar, and trauma would not be coincidental. Increased attention drawn to this entity may lead to a rise in the number of cases diagnosed among patients with breast scars after biopsies, abscesses, trauma, or foreign body implantation.
Efforts in cancer diagnosis: National task forces — large bowel cancer
Authors: Copeland Murray M.
Published: February 2007

Current information from the National Large Bowel Cancer Project and other sources is given concerning new leads and avenues of research that may be used in early diagnosis or possibly in monitoring therapy.

The search for biological markers has developed in two general directions: (1) to identify by genetic studies patients with a high probability of developing cancer who will provide insight into biochemical changes as premalignant lesions develop into frankly developed cancer, and (2) to find differences between tissue and body fluid constituents in normal subjects and patients with cancer.

Screening for colon cancer is discussed with a selective diagnostic approach and with emphasis on this approach in early diagnosis of asymptomatic high risk patients.
The anatomy of the arteries and veins of the breast
Authors: Cunningham Lew
Published: February 2007

Textbook accounts of this subject are inadequate. This review considers the work of Cooper and Salmon and reproduces some of their figures. Applications in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer are discussed. The largest mammary arteries are the lateral (from the axillary) and the anterior medial and posterior medial (from the internal thoracic). The branches of these arteries do not follow the duct system, but instead form a plexus in the anterior fat layer. Normally there are no hypervascular or hypovascular areas. The contribution of the mammary branches of the posterior (aortic) intercostal arteries is minor. There are superficial and deep sets of veins, the latter associated with arteries. Mammary vessels of living women are demonstrated by infrared photography, thermography, and mammography. In the diagnostic use of these methods there is a tendency to rely upon the concept of normal vascular symmetry, but this is a fallacy.
Quantitative change of serum protein and immunoglobulin in patients with solid cancers
Authors: Lee Yeu‐tsu N.
Published: February 2007

There are many quantitative changes of serum protein and immunoglobulin fractions in patients with cancer of various sites, excluding those with leukemic and lymphoproliferative disorders. The commonest change in serum proteins of patients with neoplastic disease is a reduction in albumin concentration and elevation of alpha globulins, especially alpha‐2 fraction. Immunoglobulins (IgG, A, M) are a heterogenous group of proteins contained in the gamma, beta, and alpha‐2 electrophoretic fractions of serum proteins. The IgG was found to be significantly increased in patients with cancer of the skin and lung, but decreased in patients with cancer of the prostate and breast. Serum IgM was reported to be elevated in patients with sarcoma, melanoma, brain tumors, but decreased in patients with carcinoma of the ovary. Serum IgA was found to be elevated in patients with cancer of epithelial secretory organs, such as skin, breast, head and neck, lung, gut, prostate, and uterine cervix. Whether these findings reflect specific changes of the humoral arm of tumor‐host interaction remains to be investigated.
Nephrotic syndrome associated with gastric cancer
Authors: Catane Raphael , Kaufman Jerome H. , Douglass Harold O. , Kim Untae , Mittelman Arnold
Published: February 2007

A patient whose nephrotic syndrome was controlled by steroids and cyclophosphamide was found to have gastric cancer. After removal of the tumor and discontinuing the steroid therapy, no recurrence of the clinical signs of nephrotic syndrome appeared, but moderate proteinuria persisted. The literature regarding the association of nephrotic syndrome with malignancies is reviewed.
Impaired lymphocyte blastogenic response in patients with colon adenocarcinoma: Effects of disease and age
Authors: Goldrosen Martin H. , Han Tin , Jung Okhee , Smolev James , Holyoke E. Douglas
Published: February 2007

The in vitro blastogenic response of 76 patients with colon adenocarcinoma and 29 age‐matched normal healthy volunteers was compared. An age‐related decline in cellular immunocompetence was observed in both the patient and control group. Within each age interval, the patients' blastogenic responses were lower than the controls' and the rate of decline of the blastogenic response in the patient group was greater in magnitude, suggesting that their disease state also contributed to loss of cellular immunocompetence. Thus, both increasing age and presence of tumor are factors that contribute to the decline in immunocompetence in patients with colon adenocarcinoma.
A surgical technique for resecting malignancies invading the facial nerve and petrous pyramid
Authors: Spann Joe L. , Sandlin Michael E. , Van Wormer Dale
Published: February 2007

Certain head and neck malignancies tend to invade branches of the cranial nerves and progress centripetally. The maxillary and mandibular divisions of the V (trigeminal) nerve are the most commonly invaded, but the VII (facial) nerve may harbor extensions of primary parotid malignancies and/or skin cancers originating in or near the ear. Paresis of the VII nerve signifies a serious but not entirely hopeless situation if countered with an appropriate surgical procedure.

The optimal treatment of malignancies invading cranial nerves is surgical excision, which may necessitate removal of substantial portions of the cranium. Surgical pursuit of a malignancy in the facial nerve leads to a direct confrontation with the petrous pyramid of the temporal bone. Resection of the petrous pyramid is surgically feasible, but, if performed en bloc, exacts a high morbidity and mortality. An alternate technique in which the soft tissue and bones are removed disjunct is advocated. In this technique, the soft tissues are excised flush with the surface of the temporal bone. After making perforator and burr openings in the squamous temporal bone, a subtotal temporal craniectomy is completed with rongeurs. A prerequisite for success with this technique is the rotation of a large scalp flap and other local flaps to cover the exposed meninges and carotid arteries.

A resume of four cases using this technique is presented. The age of the patients, the type, stage, and duration of the malignancies, and other factors which might influence the end stage results are given.
Ameloblastoma of the anterior maxillae
Authors: Goodsell Joseph F. , Yamashita Dennis‐Duke , Moody Rex
Published: February 2007

Few generalizations may be made about the ameloblastoma. Its many varied characteristics may mimic those of many other lesions. The case presented, against all odds and expectations, proved to be highly infiltrative. The use of all available information for accurate diagnosis and sound treatment is stressed. Block resection was found to be the best treatment assuring no recurrence and minimal deformity.
The therapeutic dilemma of carcinomas of unknown origin
Authors: Feleppa Virginia B. , Lemon Henry M.
Published: February 2007

The charts of 23 patients with metastatic carcinoma were reviewed retrospectively in hospitalized patients who had no apparent primary lesion. Eleven patients eventually had autopsies. The primary became apparent in 8 patients either pre‐ or post mortem. Treatment by operative intervention, and/or radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy are discussed. The discussion reviews mechanisms of metastasis, problems in pathological interpretation, and considerations for evaluation of such patients.
An unusual presentation of carcinoma of the lung: 26 patients with cervical node metastases
Authors: Davis Ray S. , Flynn Michael B. , Moore Condict
Published: February 2007

Carcinoma of the lung should be considered in the search for an unknown primary lesion when there is evidence of cervical lymph node involvement. Of 1,686 patients with a final diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma seen during a 10‐year period at the University of Louisville Hospitals, 26 presented with one or more clinically positive cervical nodes. The frequency of lung cancer in such instances varies from 1.5% (in the present report) to 32%, possibly because the term “cervical node” is used without clarification. More precise description of such metastases is urged.
Immunologic reactivity of lymph nodes regional to prostatic cancer: Preliminary observations
Authors: Herr Harry W.
Published: February 2007

Regional pelvic lymph nodes from 9 patients with prostatic carcinoma were investigated for in vitro immunologic reactivity to T and B cell mitogens. Regional lymph node lymphocytes were significantly more reactive when obtained from nodes morphologically displaying T and B lymphorplasia than from nodes that histologically appeared normal or depleted of lymphocytes. The data suggest that a morphologic evaluation of lymph nodes regional to prostate cancer may reflect the patient's antitumor immune response.
Hematoma of liver: A lesion‐mimicking hepatic neoplasm
Authors: Jochimsen P. R. , Platz C. E. , Pearlman N. W.
Published: February 2007

A plethora of case reports of women on birth control agents who present with hepatic masses and who are ultimately found to have liver neoplasms have overshadowed the clinicians' awareness of other possible diagnoses in patients who present in a similar fashion. Hematomas of the liver, secondary to vascular lesions induced by these agents, must be considered and preoperative attempts to make the diagnosis must be ensured by obtaining appropriate studies.
Serum fucose as a monitor for recurrent malignancy
Authors: Wallack Marc K. , Brown Arthur S. , Rosato Ernest F. , Rubin Stephen , Johnson Joan L. , Rosato Francis E.
Published: February 2007

Serum fucose determinations were performed on 19 patients with “stable” or “inactive” malignancies, 33 patients with “active” malignancies, and 14 “normals.” A significant difference in the values between “normal” and “stable” patients and those with “active” cancer is shown. A role for this relatively simple serological test for diagnosing and following metastatic cancer is suggested.
The effect of mixed distributions on the methods of survival analysis
Authors: Bross Dean S.
Published: February 2007

A study of the effectiveness of preoperative radiation as an adjuvant for surgery for patients with invasive bladder carcinoma revealed a subpopulation of patients having advanced disease who could not benefit from radiation treatment. The effect of such a group of patients on the efficiency of 2 common nonparametric tests is investigated here. Both Gehan's tests and Greenwood's tests were shown to have a very low efficiency when compared with a parametric test when this group of patients is present.
Antitumor tests of amygdalin in spontaneous animal tumor systems
Authors: Stock C. Chester , Martin Daniel S. , Sugiura Kanematsu , Fugmann Ruth A. , Mountain Isabel M. , Stockert Elisabeth , Schmid Franz A. , Tarnowski George S.
Published: February 2007

In a series of 6 experiments with CD8F1 mice with spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas Sugiura noted by macrovisual observation with some histology an overall average of 21% of mice with lung metastases when treated with 1,000–2,000 mg/kg/day of amygdalin compared with 90% of the control mice. The significance attributed to those early observations is seriously challenged by the negative findings of 3 independent investigators, by 2 out of 3 negative cooperative experiments in which Sugiura participated, and particularly by the blind experiment in which he and others under blind readings found no anticancer activity.

Treatment of Swiss albino mice showed no destructive effect upon their spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas. Of the treated mice, 22% were found by macrovisual observation to have lung metastases while 91% were noted among the controls. The results are subject to questions raised in the discussion.

Amygdalin at 2,000 mg/kg/day was ineffective both in treating and preventing the development of spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice. At 1,000 mg/kg/day it was not found effective in preventing or significantly delaying the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in CD8F1 mice.

In summary, we do not have evidence to support taking amygdalin to clinical trial, although other considerations may require that one be conducted.
Long‐term survival with thorotrast cervical granuloma
Authors: Lung Richard J. , Harding Robert L. , Herceg Stephen J. , Schantz John C. , Miller Stephen H.
Published: February 2007

Thorium dioxide, a radioactive contrast material, was commonly used for cerebral angiography prior to recognition of its radiation hazard. Extravasation of the material into the extravascular tissue in the neck results in granuloma formation, thorotrastoma, long‐term morbidity, and an increased incidence of benign and malignant tumors.

We report our experience with the management of 2 patients who underwent cerebral angiography with thorotrast more than 25 years ago. Aggressive surgical excision of involved tissue is warranted to ameliorate symptoms and diminish the risk of malignancy.
Malacoplakia of a cadaveric renal allograft: A case report
Authors: Mullan H. , Hesse V. E.
Published: February 2007

A case of malacoplakia in a cadaveric renal allograft is presented. Infection and immunotherapy are presented as possible etiologic factors. The pathogenesis of malacoplakia is discussed with reference to histologic findings in this specific case. The suggestion is made that an altered macrophage response in this disease is the reason for this granulomatous lesion of the bladder.
Primary malignant melanoma of the small intestine and the APUD cell concept
Authors: Krausz Michael M. , Ariel Ilana , Behar Albert J.
Published: February 2007

A primary melanoma of the small intestine is reported. A possible explanation of its origin according to the APUD cell concept is suggested. This concept may lessen the doubts and confusion whenever an intestinal melanoma is discovered and a primary tumor at one of the more common sites can reasonably be excluded.
“Localized” carcinoma of the mobile tongue and floor of the mouth—a lesion frequently misjudged and undertreated
Authors: McColl Harry A. , Horwood Jonathan
Published: February 2007

A retrospective study of 74 cases of cancer of the mobile tongue and floor of the mouth, diagnosed between 1949 and 1975, with a two‐year minimum follow‐up was undertaken. The lesions were TNM staged, stages I and II accounting for 56 cases (76%) and stages III and IV accounting for 18 cases (24%). The analysis was restricted to the “localized” stage I and stage II lesions. In this group failure occurred in 31 patients, or 55% of the group. Failure at the primary site accounted for 10 of the failures, failure at both primary and cervical lymph nodes accounted for 14, and failure at cervical lymph nodes only accounted for 7 of the failures. The treatment for these “localized” lesions was then analyzed for modality, adequacy, presence or absence of planning failure, and survival. The results indicate the lethal nature of this lesion when inadequately treated and strongly suggest more extensive use of prophylactic therapy to the cervical lymph nodes.
Management of malignant pleural effusion
Authors: Greenwald David W. , Phillips Clay , Bennett John M.
Published: February 2007

A pleural effusion is a frequent complication of malignant disease. Essential to the care of oncology patients is a fundamental knowledge of the pathophysiology and treatment of such effusions. This article discusses the current thoughts concerning the occurrence of malignant effusions, outlines the current available methods and agents employed for control, and presents a modification of the thoracostomy procedure that appears to be more effective than the standard procedure.
Breast carcinoma associated with klinefelter syndrome: A case report
Authors: Brown Peter W. , Terz Jose J.
Published: February 2007

Klinefelter syndrome increases the risk of developing breast cancer to approximately 1/5 that of women and 20 times that of normal men. A case report and the patient's response to hormone manipulation for metastatic disease is described.
Adriamycin, bleomycin, and CCNU as effective induction chemotherapeutic agents in advanced squamous cell carcinoma (COG protocol 7333)
Authors: Scarborough James P. , Metter Gerald E. , Moseley H. Stephens , Kraybill William G. , Davenport Charlene , Strawitz Joseph G. , Cobau Charles D. , Golomb Frederick M. , Fletcher William S.
Published: February 2007

Twenty‐six member institutions of the Central Oncology Group entered 154 patients in this two‐armed, phase III study comparing the effects of adriamycin, bleomycin, and CCNU against a variety of squamous cell carcinomas. The combination of adriamycin and bleomycin produced a 43% overall response rate in primary tumors of the head and neck, which included two complete responses. This compares favorably to the results obtained with methotrexate and other agents previously reported. The combination of adriamycin and bleomycin will probably be the most useful for induction chemotherapy because both drugs have cumulative toxicities and the duration of response to this combination is short.
Gastric carcinoma survival at the pennsylvania hospital — 1964 to 1974
Authors: Lerner Harvey J. , Gindes Daniel
Published: February 2007

Despite major improvements in diagnosis, anesthesia, surgical techniques, and postoperative care, the survival rate for adenocarcinoma of the stomach remains a dismal one. In our series of 109 patients, almost all patients seen were diagnosed too late to effect any kind of surgical care.

In the period from January 1964, to December 1974, 122 patients were admitted to Pennsylvania Hospital with a diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Of the 109 patients followed to their death, only seven survived 5 years; the longest survival was 80 months.

Among the 33 patients not resected, median survival was only one month. Of the 74 patients who had surgical resections survival ranged from a median of 5.5 months for those who had total gastrectomy to a median of 8 months for those receiving subtotal gastrectomy.
Small cell undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma: Current status with emphasis upon the role of chemotherapy
Authors: Johnson Paul S. , Foley John F. , Kessinger Anne , Lemon Henry M.
Published: February 2007

Current opinions concerning tumor biology and clinical characteristics of small cell undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed upon chemotherapy for this lung cancer subtype and presently achievable response rates and survival times are presented. A series of 16 patients with small cell undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma is also presented. All patients were given cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine, and procarbazine as treatment for this neoplasm. Sixty‐eight percent of patients responded and the survival time in partial responders was 33.4+ weeks as compared to 13.7 weeks with nonresponders. These data correlate well with the previous data of Alberto et al [Alberto P, Brunner KW, Martz G, Obrect JP: Cancer 38:2208–2216, 1976], who investigated the same agents for this tumor, but at higher dosages.
Immunotherapeutic effect of tumor necrosis after cryosurgery, electrocoagulation, and ligation
Authors: Bryan Iii H. Neel , Ritts Roy E.
Published: February 2007

Tumor necrosis in situ by cryosurgery, electrocoagulation, or ligation generally induces or augments some increase in tumor‐specific transplantation immunity (TSTI) as compared with excision. Excision of the tumor 24 hours after it has been rendered ischemic by either ligation or cryosurgery seems to produce TSTI that is significantly greater than that after excision of viable tumor without prior ligation or cryosurgery; the degree of this immunity is similar to that seen after the tumor is left in situ indefinitely after treatment. These data suggest that most of the immunization following tumor necrosis in situ occurs within 24 hours of treatment. The experimental findings support the clinical reports of putative immunologic potentiation after tumor necrosis in situ.
Human carcinoma‐associated precursor antigens of the NM blood group system
Authors: Springer G. F. , Desai P. R. , Murthy M. S. , Scanlon E. F.
Published: February 2007

Blood group NM specificities occur in healthy, benign and carcinomatous breast glands and those of the gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract, but the precursors in their biosynthesis, T (Thomsen‐Friedenreich) and Tn, are found in adenocarcinomata and not in benign or healthy tissues. T‐and Tn‐antigenic specificities are thus human carcinoma‐associated. All humans possess anti‐T and anti‐Tn antibodies. Patients with breast or G.I. tract carcinoma show statistically significant alteration of anti‐T titer levels when compared to patients with benign disease and to healthy controls. Breast carcinoma patients but not healthy people showed cellular immunity to T antigen in vitro and in vivo. Most striking was the delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction, which was positive in over 90% of ductal breast carcinoma patients tested and negative in all presumably healthy individuals. T antigen is readily prepared from healthy human red blood cells in uncontaminated form, and free of HL‐A and Au antigens. T antigen and anti‐T antibodies may be useful in combating some human adenocarcinomata.
Malignant mesothelioma presenting in the pleura and peritoneum
Authors: Mischler Nicholas E. , Chuprevich Thomas , Johnson Robert O. , Tormey Douglass C.
Published: February 2007

Malignant mesothelioma presenting in the pleura and peritoneum is described in a middle‐aged man. The patient lacked significant asbestos exposure which is not unexpected from both the clinical literature and animal inhalation tumor data. Computerized axial tomographic correlation is provided. Partial remission was achieved with the administration of adriamycin and DTIC.
Achalasia of the esophagus associated with Hodgkin disease
Authors: Peeples William J. , El‐Mahdi Anas M. , Rosato Francis E.
Published: February 2007

Esophageal achalasia has not been reported in the literature as a complication of Hodgkin disease. Involvement of the esophagus is rare but when present, consists mostly of bleeding, ulceration or diverticuli. A case is reported in a fifty‐one year old female with achalasia of the distal third of the esophagus associated with Hodgkin disease, Stage II B.
Five‐day continuous infusion of 5‐fluorouracil for advanced colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Hartman Herbert A. , Kessinger Anne , Lemon Henry M. , Foley John F.
Published: February 2007

In a retrospective study, 58 patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma received one or more 5‐day infusions of 5‐FU at 20 mg/kg per 24 hours followed by weekly IV 5‐FU at 15 mg/kg. In 36 patients who received the infusion as first treatment (Group A), the response rate was 23% with a median duration of response of 8.0 months. No improvement in survival was noted. In 22 patients treated with the infusion after relapse on weekly 5‐FU (Group B), the response rate was 10.5% with a median duration of response of 4.5 months. Stable disease for 3‐6 months was seen in 21%. Survival in Group B was improved when compared with a similar group of patients treated by weekly 5‐FU without infusion (Group CB), but statistical significance was not obtained. Twenty percent of patients were alive two years after relapsing on weekly 5‐FU when given the five‐day infusion of 5‐FU and re‐initiated on weekly 5‐FU.

Toxicity t o the five‐day infusion of 5‐FU was minimal. Three of 69 (4.3%) infusions were not completed because of toxicity.

A separate review of procarbazine indicated that it was minimally active in colorectal carcinoma.

Other patients with gastric and pancreatic carcinoma were reviewed but no statistical significance for 5‐FU infusion was seen for survival.

A five day continuous infusion of 5‐FU is recommended for colorectal cancer patients who relapse on weekly 5‐FU therapy. Further study of the infusion in combination with other chemotherapy is warranted.
Increased incidence of breast carcinoma in patients with irradiation for post‐partum mastitis: A screening situation
Authors: Logan Wende Westinghouse , Mansur Paula S. , Cullinan Angeline , Kowaluk Eugene , Hutchings Joan , Hempleman Louis H.
Published: February 2007

In Rochester, New York, 606 women were treated with ionizing radiation for post‐partum mastitis, mostly between 1940 and 1955. Two‐thirds of all breasts were treated, the average dose per breast being 377 rads (at 2.5 cm breast depth). Mammographic examinations were performed on 265 of these women still residing in this vicinity. Two nonpalpable carcinomas (with no axillary node metastases) were found in the twelve breast lesions that have been biopsied. Some of the biopsies revealed premalignant changes. It is recommended that women in this high‐risk category have close medical supervision, as well as periodic mammographic evaluation, and that the importance of periodic breast self‐examinations should be emphasized.
Suppressor cells in the pelvic lymph nodes regional to bladder cancer
Authors: Herr Harry W.
Published: February 2007

Regional lymph node cells from some patients with locally advanced bladder carcinoma were found to inhibit the reactivity of normal and autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes in mixed leukocyte culture. The data suggest that suppressor cells are generated in draining lymph nodes of these patients by a high concentration of tumor‐derived products and may have suppressive influence on host immunologic defense mechanisms.
Combination chemotherapy for soft‐tissue sarcomas: A phase III study
Authors: Cruz A. B. , Thames E. A. , Aust J. B. , Metter G. , Ramirez G. , Fletcher W. S. , Altman S. J. , Frelick R. W. , Hill G. J.
Published: February 2007

A total of 144 patients with advanced sarcomas were entered into a randomized prospective protocol with four treatment arms utilizing different combinations of chemotherapeutic agents. Of these, 120 patients (83%) were judged acceptable. Treatment #1: actinomycin‐D (Act‐D), 0.01 mg/kg IV, days 1‐5; phenylalanine mustard (L‐PAM), 4 mg PO, days 1‐10 every six weeks. Treatment #2: Act‐D, 0.01 mg/kg IV, days 1‐5; L‐PAM, 4 mg PO, days 1‐10;vincristine, 1 mg IV, days 1,8,15,22,29,36, repeat every six weeks. Treatment #3: Act‐D, 0.01 mg/kg IV, days 1‐5; L‐PAM, 4 mg PO, days 1‐10; NSC‐1026,200 mg/kg IV, days 1‐6. Treatment #4: Adriamycin, 0.4 mg/kg IV, days 1,2,3,8,9,10, then 2XWK starting day 15 (max. 1,200 mg). There was a provision that upon progression of the disease in the first three treatment regimens, patients would be crossed over to Treatment #4. Responses were as follows: #1 ‐ Partial Response (PR) 1/25; No Change (NC) 9/25 (36%). #2 ‐ NC 17/26 (65%). #3 ‐ NC 13/25 (52%). #4 ‐ Complete Response (CR) 1/41; PR 6/41; (15%); NC 27/41 (66%). Clearly Treatment #4 was the best arm, with a 17% response rate and an initial progression rate of 17%. The only other response was a partial in #l. The difference is statistically significant (H = 17.247, P = 0.0006). If the responders to Adriamycin were analyzed without crossovers, the response rate would be 22% (6/27). (H = 14.079, P = 0.003). Median times to progression were 12.5,8.7 weeks for #1 and #2, and 5 weeks for #3 and #4. There was no significant difference in the median survival times among the four treatment arms. It appears that Adriamycin as a single drug is superior to the drug combinations and would probably be even more effective used in combination with known active agents.