bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ongoing movement controls sensory integration in the dorsolateral striatum
Authors: de la Torre-Martinez Roberto , Ketzef Maya , Silberberg Gilad
Published: February 2023

The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) receives excitatory inputs from both sensory and motor cortical regions. In the neocortex, sensory responses are affected by motor activity, however, it is not known whether such sensorimotor interactions occur in the striatum and how they are shaped by dopamine. To determine the impact of motor activity on striatal sensory processing, we performed in vivo whole-cell recordings in the DLS of awake mice during the presentation of tactile stimuli. Striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) were activated by both whisker stimulation and spontaneous whisking, however, their responses to whisker deflection during ongoing whisking were attenuated. Dopamine depletion reduced the representation of whisking in direct-pathway MSNs, but not in those of the indirect-pathway. Furthermore, dopamine depletion impaired the discrimination between ipsilateral and contralateral sensory stimulation in both direct and indirect pathway MSNs. Our results show that whisking affects sensory responses in DLS and that striatal representation of both processes is dopamine- and cell type-dependent.
Evidence of high-temperature exciton condensation in a two-dimensional semimetal
Authors: Gao Qiang , Chan Yang-hao , Wang Yuzhe , Zhang Haotian , Jinxu Pu , Cui Shengtao , Yang Yichen , Liu Zhengtai , Shen Dawei , Sun Zhe , Jiang Juan , Chiang Tai C. , Chen Peng
Published: February 2023

Electrons and holes can spontaneously form excitons and condense in a semimetal or semiconductor, as predicted decades ago. This type of Bose condensation can happen at much higher temperatures in comparison with dilute atomic gases. Two-dimensional (2D) materials with reduced Coulomb screening around the Fermi level are promising for realizing such a system. Here we report a change in the band structure accompanied by a phase transition at about 180 K in single-layer ZrTe2 based on angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements. Below the transition temperature, gap opening and development of an ultra-flat band top around the zone center are observed. This gap and the phase transition are rapidly suppressed with extra carrier densities introduced by adding more layers or dopants on the surface. The results suggest the formation of an excitonic insulating ground state in single-layer ZrTe2, and the findings are rationalized by first-principles calculations and a self-consistent mean-field theory. Our study provides evidence for exciton condensation in a 2D semimetal and demonstrates strong dimensionality effects on the formation of intrinsic bound electron–hole pairs in solids.
The spatio-temporal distribution of alkaline phosphatase activity and phoD gene abundance and diversity in sediment of Sancha Lake
Authors: Li Yong , Yu Xintao , Liu Huan , Gong Zhilian
Published: February 2023

The bacterial phoD gene encoding alkaline phosphatase (ALP) plays an important role in the release of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from organic phosphorus in ecosystems. However, phoD gene diversity and abundance in ecosystems is poorly understood. In the present study, we sampled the surface sediments and the overlying water of Sancha Lake at 9 different sampling sites, a typical eutrophic sub-deep freshwater lake in China, in April 15 (spring) and November 3 (autumn), 2017. High-throughput sequencing and qPCR were performed to analyze the diversity and abundance of the bacterial phoD gene in the sediments. We further discussed the relationships between the diversity and abundance of the phoD gene and environmental factors and ALP activity. A total of 881,717 valid sequences were obtained from 18 samples and were classified into 41 genera, 31 families, 23 orders, 12 classes, and 9 phyla and grouped into 477 OTUs. The dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The phylogenetic tree based on the sequences of the phoD gene was plotted and composed of three branches. The genetic sequences were aligned predominantly with genera Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Cupriavidus, and Paludisphaer. The phoD-harboring bacterial community structure showed a significant difference in spring and autumn, but no apparent spatial heterogeneity. The phoD gene abundances at different sampling points were significantly higher in autumn than in spring. In autumn and spring, the phoD gene abundance was significantly higher in the tail of lake and where cage culture used to be intensive. pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO), total organic carbon (TOC), ALP, and phosphorus were important environmental factors affecting the diversity of the phoD gene and the phoD-harboring bacterial community structure. Changes in phoD-harboring bacterial community structure, phoD gene abundance, and ALP activity were negatively correlated with SRP in overlying water. Our study indicated phoD-harboring bacteria in the sediments of Sancha Lake with the characteristics of high diversity and significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in abundance and community structure, which played a important role in the release of SRP.
Evaluation and classification of obfuscated Android malware through deep learning using ensemble voting mechanism
Authors: Aurangzeb Sana , Aleem Muhammad
Published: February 2023

With the rise in popularity and usage of Android operating systems, malicious applications are targeted by applying innovative ways and techniques. Today, malware becomes intelligent that uses several ways of obfuscation techniques to hide its functionality and evade anti-malware engines. For mainstream smartphone users, Android malware poses a severe security danger. An obfuscation approach, however, can produce malware versions that can evade current detection strategies and dramatically lower the detection accuracy. Attempting to identify Android malware obfuscation variations, this paper proposes an approach to address the challenges and issues related to the classification and detection of malicious obfuscated variants. The employed detection and classification scheme uses both static and dynamic analysis using an ensemble voting mechanism. Moreover, this study demonstrates that a small subset of features performs consistently well when they are derived from the basic malware (non-obfuscated), however, after applying a novel feature-based obfuscation approach, the study shows a drastic change indicating the relative importance of these features in obfuscating benign and malware applications. For this purpose, we present a fast, scalable, and accurate mechanism for obfuscated Android malware detection based on the Deep learning algorithm using real and emulator-based platforms. The experiments show that the proposed model detects malware effectively and accurately along with the identification of features that are usually obfuscated by malware attackers.
Retinal and peripapillary vascular deformations in prematurely born children aged 4–12 years with a history of retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Lee Ga-In , Park Kyung-Ah , Oh Sei Yeul , Kim Sang Jin
Published: February 2023

In this study, foveal, parafoveal, peripapillary anatomical, and microvascular anomalies in prematurely born children aged 4–12 years with a history of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were evaluated. Seventy-eight eyes of 78 prematurely born children ([tROP]: ROP with laser treatment, [srROP]: spontaneously regressed ROP) and 43 eyes of 43 healthy children were included. Foveal and peripapillary morphological parameters (including ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness) and vasculature parameters (including foveal avascular zone area, vessel density from superficial retinal capillary plexus (SRCP), deep retinal capillary plexus (DRCP), and radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) segments) were analyzed. Foveal vessel densities in SRCP and DRCP were increased and parafoveal vessel densities in SRCP and RPC segments vessel density were decreased in both ROP groups compared with those of control eyes. The best-corrected visual acuity was negatively correlated with pRNFL thickness in the tROP group. Refractive error was negatively correlated with vessel density of RPC segments in the srROP group. In children born preterm with a history of ROP, it was found that foveal, parafoveal, and peripapillary structural and vascular anomalies and redistribution were accompanied. These retinal vascular and anatomical structure anomalies showed close relationships with visual functions.
Gene knockdown in HaCaT cells by small interfering RNAs entrapped in grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles using a microfluidic device
Authors: Itakura Shoko , Shohji Ayaka , Amagai Sayaka , Kitamura Masashi , Takayama Kozo , Sugibayashi Kenji , Todo Hiroaki
Published: February 2023

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) knockdown the expression of target genes by causing mRNA degradation and are a promising therapeutic modality. In clinical practice, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are used to deliver RNAs, such as siRNA and mRNA, into cells. However, these artificial nanoparticles are toxic and immunogenic. Thus, we focused on extracellular vesicles (EVs), natural drug delivery systems, for the delivery of nucleic acids. EVs deliver RNAs and proteins to specific tissues to regulate various physiological phenomena in vivo.Here, we propose a novel method for the preparation siRNAs encapsulated in EVs using a microfluidic device (MD). MDs can be used to generate nanoparticles, such as LNPs, by controlling flow rate to the device, but the loading of siRNAs into EVs using MDs has not been reported previously. In this study, we demonstrated a method for loading siRNAs into grapefruit-derived EVs (GEVs), which have gained attention in recent years for being plant-derived EVs developed using an MD. GEVs were collected from grapefruit juice using the one-step sucrose cushion method, and then GEVs-siRNA-GEVs were prepared using an MD device. The morphology of GEVs and siRNA-GEVs was observed using a cryogenic transmission electron microscope. Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of GEVs or siRNA-GEVs to human keratinocytes were evaluated by microscopy using HaCaT cells. The prepared siRNA-GEVs encapsulated 11% of siRNAs. Moreover, intracellular delivery of siRNA and gene suppression effects in HaCaT cells were achieved using these siRNA-GEVs. Our findings suggested that MDs can be used to prepare siRNA-EV formulations.
Taxonomic composition, community structure and molecular novelty of microeukaryotes in a temperate oligomesotrophic lake as revealed by metabarcoding
Authors: Mitsi Konstantina , Richter Daniel J. , Arroyo Alicia S. , López-Escardó David , Antó Meritxell , Oterino Antonio Guillén , Ruiz-Trillo Iñaki
Published: February 2023

Microbial eukaryotes are diverse and ecologically important organisms, yet sampling constraints have hindered the understanding of their distribution and diversity in freshwater ecosystems. Metabarcoding has provided a powerful complement to traditional limnological studies, revealing an unprecedented diversity of protists in freshwater environments. Here, we aim to expand our knowledge of the ecology and diversity of protists in lacustrine ecosystems by targeting the V4 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene in water column, sediment and biofilm samples collected from Sanabria Lake (Spain) and surrounding freshwater ecosystems. Sanabria is a temperate lake, which are relatively understudied by metabarcoding in comparison to alpine and polar lakes. The phylogenetic diversity of microbial eukaryotes detected in Sanabria spans all currently recognized eukaryotic supergroups, with Stramenopiles being the most abundant and diverse supergroup in all sampling sites. Parasitic microeukaryotes account for 21% of the total protist ASVs identified in our study and were dominated by Chytridiomycota, both in terms of richness and abundance, in all sampling sites. Sediments, biofilms and water column samples harbour distinct microbial communities. Phylogenetic placement of poorly assigned and abundant ASVs indicates molecular novelty inside Rhodophyta, Bigyra, early-branching Nucletmycea and Apusomonadida. In addition, we report the first freshwater incidence of the previously exclusively marine genera Abeoforma and Sphaeroforma. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of microeukaryotic communities in freshwater ecosystems, and provide the first molecular reference for future biomonitoring surveys in Sanabria Lake.
Photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) based fluorescent probes for cellular imaging and disease therapy
Authors: Niu Huiyu , Liu Junwei , O’Connor Helen M. , Gunnlaugsson Thorfinnur , James Tony D. , Zhang Hua
Published: February 2023

Typical PeT-based fluorescent probes are multi-component systems where a fluorophore is connected to a recognition/activating group by an unconjugated linker.
Exploring the electrochemical characteristics of the nucleobase-template assisted NiCo2O4 electrode for supercapacitors
Authors: Krishnan Karthik , Dekshinamoorthy Amuthan , Vijayaraghavan Saranyan , Karuthapandi Selvakumar
Published: February 2023

Morphologically tuned metal (NiCo2O4)–nucleobase nanostructures are considered as an essential electrode material in demonstrating the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors for energy storage applications.
Strategy for the improvement of electrical conductivity of a 3D Zn(ii)-coordination polymer doubly bridged by mesaconato and pyridyl-isonicotinoyl hydrazide based Schottky diode device
Authors: Shit Manik , Karan Arnab Kanti , Sahoo Dipankar , Manik Nabin Baran , Dutta Basudeb , Sinha Chittaranjan
Published: February 2023

An electrically conducting 3D Zn(ii) coordination polymer, {[Zn(mes)2(pcih)2]n}, (1) shows improvement of photoconductivity.
Meldrum's acid mediated ketene chemistry in the formation of ester bonds for the synthesis of vitrimers with high glass transition temperatures
Authors: Hung Du-Yuan , Liu Ying-Ling
Published: February 2023

Meldrum's acid mediated ketene chemistry in the formation of dynamic ester bonds is employed in the synthesis of vitrimers with a high glass transition temperature above 210 °C.
Redox and guest tunable spin-crossover properties in a polymeric polyoxometalate
Authors: Palacios-Corella Mario , García-López Víctor , Waerenborgh Joao Carlos , Vieira Bruno J. C. , Mínguez Espallargas Guillermo , Clemente-León Miguel , Coronado Eugenio
Published: February 2023

1D coordination polymers with hexavanadates and spin-crossover units lead to a compound in which spin transition coexists with the redox properties of the polyoxometalates and can be tuned by temperature, light, solvent exchange or redox processes.
Red-light photoswitching of indigos in polymer thin films
Authors: Kuntze Kim , Viljakka Jani , Virkki Matti , Huang Chung-Yang (Dennis) , Hecht Stefan , Priimagi Arri
Published: February 2023

Through simple synthetic modifications, the indigo dye becomes an efficient red-light photoswitch – now also in the solid state.
Self-enhanced peroxidase-like activity in a wide pH range enabled by heterostructured Au/MOF nanozymes for multiple ascorbic acid-related bioenzyme analyses
Authors: Liu Wendong , Zhang Dingding , Zhang Fanghua , Hao Zhe , Li Yuyan , Shao Mingzheng , Zhang Ruizhong , Li Xiyan , Zhang Libing
Published: February 2023

The gold nanoparticles/UiO-66 nanozymes (Au NPs/UiO-66) with enhanced peroxidase-like activity are successfully used for the colorimetric detection of ascorbic acid (AA) and three AA-related biological enzymes.
Correction: A fluorescent aptasensor for ATP based on functional DNAzyme/walker and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-assisted formation of DNA-AgNCs
Authors: Cai Shixin , Chen Xin , Chen Haohan , Zhang Yuting , Wang Xiaoli , Zhou Nandi
Published: February 2023

Correction for ‘A fluorescent aptasensor for ATP based on functional DNAzyme/walker and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-assisted formation of DNA-AgNCs’ by Shixin Cai et al., Analyst, 2023, 148, 799–805, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2AN02006H.
Fabrication and characterization of a flexible and disposable impedance-type humidity sensor based on polyaniline (PAni)
Authors: Imali D. Yureka , Perera E. Chavin J. , Kaumal M. N. , Dissanayake Dhammike P.
Published: February 2023

A high-performance, economical, disposable and flexible impedimetric humidity sensor was developed using polyaniline, paper substrate and three-electrode configuration.
Low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 over an FeOx/β-MnO2 composite
Authors: Du Bo , Hu Yuting , Cheng Ting , Jiang Zhaozhong , Wang Zhenzhen , Zhu Chengzhu
Published: February 2023

A series of Fe-modified β-MnO2 (FeOx/β-MnO2) composite catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method with β-MnO2 and ferro nitrate as raw materials.
Transition of rupture mode of strain crystallizing elastomers in tensile edge-crack tests
Authors: Tsunoda Katsuhiko , Kitamura Yuji , Urayama Kenji
Published: February 2023

We revisit the classical results that the fracture energy density (Wb) of strain crystallizing (SC) elastomers exhibits an abrupt change at a characteristic value () of initial notch length (c0) in tensile edge-crack tests.
CDF‐net: A convolutional neural network fusing frequency domain and spatial domain features
Authors: Yang Aitao , Li Min , Wu Zhaoqing , He Yujie , Qiu Xiaohua , Song Yu , Du Weidong , Gou Yao
Published: February 2023

Convolutional neural network (CNN), as a classic deep learning algorithm, has been applied to various computer vision tasks. However, most classic CNN models focus on the extraction and utilisation of spatial domain features, while ignoring the potential ability of frequency domain feature extraction. In this study, the mechanism in the backbone design is explored. Firstly, the traditional DCT formula is converted into a convolution form through mathematical derivation. On the basis of a a new type of convolution, namely the DCT Convolution is designed. It is more applicable to deep learning network architectures. Secondly, based on the DCT Convolution, a new cross‐domain fusion network named CDF‐Net is designed. The frequency domain and spatial domain features of the input sample are extracted and fused by the network. CDF‐Net is a general network framework which can be applied to most existing prevalent networks. Finally, various experiments are conducted. On image classification task, for Imagenet2012 dataset, the method proposed was applied to ResNet50, and the accuracy of Top1 was increased by 3.684%. On object detection task, for COCO2017 dataset, the method proposed in this study was applied to ResNet50 and ResNeXt50, mAP were improved by 0.5% and 1.2% respectively.
Analysis assaulting pattern for the security problem monitoring in 5G‐enabled sensor network systems with big data environment using artificial intelligence/machine learning
Authors: Rajawat Anand Singh , Goyal S. B. , Bedi Pradeep , Kautish Sandeep , Shrivastava Divya Prakash
Published: February 2023

The 5G‐enabled sensor network systems make it possible to connect cyber and real ‘things’ in many ways. Even so, the flow of data between 5G‐enabled sensor devices brings big data environment problems, such as huge amounts of data, duplicated data, a lack of scalability etc. Some of these problems are as follows. It is hard to keep an eye on 5G‐enabled sensor systems in a ‘big data’ environment. Cyberattacks that could put the safety of the sensor network systems at risk are hard to find, which make the situation even more complicated. The security challenges of 5G‐enabled Sensor Network Systems are studied and analyzed due to some constraints associated with the sensor nodes. The proposed advanced algorithm for securing the 5G‐enabled sensor systems is a Multidimensional big data environment using artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML). Using a structure that depends on both geographical and temporal data, an improved clear point selection operation may get important information from multidimensional time series data that is spread across a wide range of sensor nodes. Therefore, the actions of the 5G‐enabled sensor network can be shown accurately and a complete model of its underlying data structure is built to analysis attacking, pattern on 5G‐enabled Sensor Network Systems using the AI/ML Algorithm.
Formation of SiO+ through radiative association of Si+(3s23p 2Pu) and O(2s22p4 3Pg)
Authors: Hou Zhenlu , Qin Zhi , Liu Linhua
Published: February 2023

We investigate the radiative association of SiO+ in the collision of a Si+(3s23p 2Pu) cation and an O(2s22p4 3Pg) atom using the quantum mechanical method, including the cross sections and rate coefficients. We consider 18 dipole-allowed radiative association processes of SiO+. The results show that the 2 2Π → A 2Π transition contributes most for the SiO+ radiative association at temperatures from 10 to 10 000 K. The 2 2Π → X 2Σ+ and 2 2Σ− → A 2Π transitions are also relatively significant at high temperatures. The total rate coefficient is found to vary from 7.72 × 10−18 to 4.92 × 10−17 cm3 s−1. Finally, an analytical function is fitted to the total rate coefficient for the convenience of astrochemical modelling. The obtained cross sections and rate coefficients are expected to be useful for modelling the Si chemistry in the diffuse interstellar medium.
Congruity of the Crab Pulsar’s γ-ray spectrum with the spectral distribution of tightly focused caustics
Authors: Ardavan Houshang
Published: February 2023

The spectrum derived here for the most tightly focused component of the radiation generated by the super-luminally moving current sheet in the magnetosphere of a non-aligned neutron star has a distribution function that fits the entire γ-ray spectrum of the Crab Pulsar on its own. This is the first time that the undivided breadth of this spectrum, from 102 to 106 MeV, is not only described by a single distribution function but is also explained by means of a single emission mechanism. To illustrate that the derived function describes the spectral distribution of the high-energy emission from any non-aligned neutron star, we analyse, in addition, the spectra of two other γ-ray pulsars for which sufficiently large datasets are available: PSR J0101−6422 and PSR J1709−4429. From the connection between the parameters of the fitted spectra and the physical characteristics of their sources, we moreover infer certain attributes of the magnetospheres of the analysed pulsars: the angle between the magnetic and spin axes of their central neutron stars, the scale factor of the electric current density that is associated with their current sheet, and the privileged latitudinal direction (relative to the spin axis) in which they are observed.
Fluoroscopic Categorization of Cementless Acetabular Component Positioning
Authors: Sadowitz Peter M. , Karlin William M. , Lirtzman Ross A. , Kowaleski Michael P.
Published: February 2023

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate a fluoroscopic method of angle of lateral opening (ALO) categorization based on identification of the visible portion of a pre-existing, circular recess within the metal shell of the BioMedtrix BFX acetabular component, which projects as an ellipse at clinically relevant ALO values. Our hypothesis was that there will be an association between the actual ALO and the categorization of ALO based on identification of the visible portion of the elliptical recess on a lateral fluoroscopic image at clinically relevant values.

Study Design A custom plexiglass jig was fitted with a two-axis inclinometer and a 24 mm BFX acetabular component attached to its tabletop. Fluoroscopic reference images were obtained with the cup positioned at an ALO of 35, 45 and 55 degrees with a fixed 10 degrees of retroversion. Thirty study fluoroscopic images (10 images at each ALO) were obtained based on randomization at an ALO of 35, 45 and 55 degrees (±0.5 degrees) with 10 degrees of retroversion. The order of the study images was randomized, and a single, blinded observer categorized the 30 study images as representing an ALO of 35, 45 or 55 degrees by comparison to the reference images.

Results Analysis showed perfect (30/30) agreement with a weighted kappa coefficient of 1 (95% confidence interval: −0.717 to 1).

Clinical Relevance The results demonstrate that accurate categorization of ALO can be achieved using this fluoroscopic method. This method may prove to be a simple but effective method of estimating intraoperative ALO.
Evaluation of Feature Selection Methods for Preserving Machine Learning Performance in the Presence of Temporal Dataset Shift in Clinical Medicine
Authors: Lemmon Joshua , Guo Lin Lawrence , Posada Jose , Pfohl Stephen R. , Fries Jason , Fleming Scott Lanyon , Aftandilian Catherine , Shah Nigam , Sung Lillian
Published: February 2023

Background Temporal dataset shift can cause degradation in model performance as discrepancies between training and deployment data grow over time. The primary objective was to determine whether parsimonious models produced by specific feature selection methods are more robust to temporal dataset shift as measured by out-of-distribution (OOD) performance, while maintaining in-distribution (ID) performance.

Methods Our dataset consisted of intensive care unit patients from MIMIC-IV categorized by year groups (2008–2010, 2011–2013, 2014–2016, and 2017–2019). We trained baseline models using L2-regularized logistic regression on 2008–2010 to predict in-hospital mortality, long length of stay (LOS), sepsis, and invasive ventilation in all year groups. We evaluated three feature selection methods: L1-regularized logistic regression (L1), Remove and Retrain (ROAR), and causal feature selection. We assessed whether a feature selection method could maintain ID performance (2008–2010) and improve OOD performance (2017–2019). We also assessed whether parsimonious models retrained on OOD data performed as well as oracle models trained on all features in the OOD year group.

Results The baseline model showed significantly worse OOD performance with the long LOS and sepsis tasks when compared with the ID performance. L1 and ROAR retained 3.7 to 12.6% of all features, whereas causal feature selection generally retained fewer features. Models produced by L1 and ROAR exhibited similar ID and OOD performance as the baseline models. The retraining of these models on 2017–2019 data using features selected from training on 2008–2010 data generally reached parity with oracle models trained directly on 2017–2019 data using all available features. Causal feature selection led to heterogeneous results with the superset maintaining ID performance while improving OOD calibration only on the long LOS task.

Conclusions While model retraining can mitigate the impact of temporal dataset shift on parsimonious models produced by L1 and ROAR, new methods are required to proactively improve temporal robustness.
Large magnetoresistance and temperature-driven spin filter effect in spin valve based on half Heusler alloy
Authors: Feng Yu , Ding Haonan , Wu Bo
Published: February 2023

High spin-injection-efficiency (SIE) and thermal spin-filter-effect (SFE) from a magnetic material to a barrier material are crucial to the high performance of a spintronic device and a spin caloritronic device, respectively. By performing a nonequilibrium Green’s function combined with first-principles calculations, we study the voltage-driven and temperature-driven spin transport properties of a half Heusler alloy RuCrAs based spin valve with different atom-terminated interfaces. The spin valve with a CrAs-top (or Ru-top) interface structure has an ultrahigh equilibrium magnetoresistance (MR) ratio of ∼1.56 × 109% (or ∼5.14 × 108%), ∼100% SIE, a large MR ratio, and high spin current intensity under bias voltage, suggesting that it has a great potential application in spintronic devices. The spin valve with the CrAs-top (or CrAs-bri) interface structure has a perfect SFE due to its very high spin polarization of temperature-driven currents, and it is useful in spin caloritronic devices.
Electric current induced rupture in a permalloy strip
Authors: Guedas Rodrigo , Novillo Alex , Abuín Manuel , Raposo Víctor , Prieto José L.
Published: February 2023

In this work, we test the thermal rupture of a permalloy strip when an electric current is flowing through the strip. For a strip with the top surface exposed to air or covered with a thin insulating layer, we find that the strip gets destroyed at a DC density of only ∼0.6 × 1012 A/m2 and a temperature smaller than 400 K, while it can withstand ∼1.5 × 1012 A/m2 and ∼1200 K if the current is delivered in a sub-μs pulse. If the permalloy strip is covered with a heat dissipation window of Ta2O3/Pt or Ta2O3/Au, so the permalloy can also conduct heat through the top surface, the strip can withstand ∼3.5 × 1012 A/m2 and ∼2000 K. Interestingly, the strips always break in a section not covered by the dissipation window, even if that is not the hottest part of the strip. Therefore, the layers forming the dissipation window help with not only extracting the heat but also delaying the structural damage.
Experimental investigation of the flow control over an airfoil with owl-inspired trailing-edge modification: On the material, length, and spacing sensitivity
Authors: Deng Zhi , Yang Zifeng , Chen Wen-Li
Published: February 2023

We experimentally investigate the effect of material, length, and spacing of trailing-edge extensions on controlling the flow over an airfoil based on our recent experimental work. Force measurements and flow field quantifications were carried out to investigate the aerodynamic performance and flow structures in the wake of an airfoil and, thus, to reveal differences in control effectiveness and mechanisms. Moreover, multi-scale proper orthogonal decomposition and spectral proper orthogonal decomposition are employed to extract coherent flow structures in the flow field. The results indicate that the owl feather can improve the aerodynamic performance, while artificial materials lead to decreased lift-to-drag ratio. However, nylon has optimal adaptability and robustness in controlling turbulent fluctuations, including Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy at different angles of attack (AOAs). The length sensitivity is highly associated with the AOA, i.e., the optimal length increases with the increase in AOA. In addition, the spacing sensitivity correlates with the Reynolds number (Re), i.e., the optimal spacing decreases with higher Re at high AOA. These differences root in the competition effect between the increasing adverse pressure gradient and the interference on regular vortex shedding. It is concluded that nylon with mediate length (L = 0.2D) and relatively large spacing (S = 0.5B) is recommended for wake control and noise attenuation of the S833 airfoil.
Air-plasma discharged PVDF based binary magnetoelectric composite for simultaneously enhanced energy storage and conversion efficiency
Authors: Sasmal Abhishek , Maiti Payel , Maity Sourav , Sen Shrabanee , Arockiarajan A.
Published: February 2023

Different nanomaterials and their modified forms are very often added into a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix in order to improve the energy storage and conversion efficiency of the system. The improvement in energy storage density caused by this secondary nanomaterial addition is most often found to be accompanied by the reduction in energy storage efficiency due to increased amounts of space charges. Here, we show that both the capacitive energy storage density and efficiency can be simultaneously improved by air-plasma discharging on the PVDF based composite system. The energy storage density and efficiency of a 5 wt. % BiFeO3 loaded PVDF film (5BF) have been found to be increased to ∼1.55 J/cm3 and ∼73%, respectively, from the values of ∼1.36 J/cm3 and 59% after air-plasma discharging. The dipole rotation caused by air-plasma discharging also helped in improving the mechanical to electrical energy conversion efficiency and magnetoelectric coupling of the studied composite system. Upon similar periodic applied stress, the pristine and air-plasma discharged 5BF film showed ∼3 and 9.6 μW/cm2 of output electrical power density with ∼13.5 and 19.2 V of open circuit output voltage, respectively. The air-plasma discharged 5BF film (5BFD) has also shown an excellent magnetoelectric coupling coefficient (α33) of ∼35 mV cm−1 Oe−1 at 1 kHz frequency of fixed AC magnetic field (∼3 Oe) and 4 kOe of DC bias field. The simultaneous improvement of all of these parameters of the studied composite system caused by air-plasma discharging proves its multifunctional applicability in a variety of real life applications.
High current implementation of Cu/P-type GaN triboelectric nanogenerator
Authors: Xiao Kai , Luo Qianqian , Peng Yi , Li Min , Yang Jia , Qiu Xin , Zhang Xiaoxiao , Deng Jianyu , Sun Wenhong
Published: February 2023

Traditional surface engineering, as a means of manufacturing triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), is complex and expensive. The yield of traditional polymer process is low, which leads to the high cost and low stability of traditional TENGs and greatly limits their practical applications. Moreover, it is worth noting that with the miniaturization and integration of electronic devices, generators need to provide higher current in parallel circuits. In this study, we report the performance of the enhanced Cu/P-type GaN TENG contacts in centimeter scale. Considering the high surface mechanical strength and surface structure characteristics of GaN wafers, we propose using molten KOH to etch the Ga polar GaN surface to form more interface electrons and dangling bonds without destroying the surface structure. Our experimental results show that the generator performance has been drastically improved (the short circuit current increases from 9 to 80 μA, and the open circuit voltage increases from 8 to 29 V). The maximum load electric power density of ∼0.28 W/m2 was obtained. We also compared the open circuit current density with the reported different type TENGs based on Schottky contact at the centimeter-level. The Cu/P-type GaN TENGs achieved in this work exhibit excellent open circuit current density of ∼36 μA/cm2. Thus, we provide insight into surface engineering for future generation TENG devices.
Quantum anomalous Hall interferometer
Authors: He Mengyun , Huang Yu , Sun Huimin , Fu Yu , Zhang Peng , Zhao Chenbo , Wang Kang L. , Yu Guoqiang , He Qing Lin
Published: February 2023

Electronic interferometries in integer and fractional quantum Hall regimes have unfolded the coherence, correlation, and statistical properties of interfering constituents. This is addressed by investigating the roles played by the Aharonov–Bohm effect and Coulomb interactions on the oscillations of transmission/reflection. Here, we construct magnetic interferometers using Cr-doped (Bi,Sb)2Te3 films and demonstrate the electronic interferometry using chiral edge states in the quantum anomalous Hall regime. By controlling the extent of edge coupling and the amount of threading magnetic flux, distinct interfering patterns were observed, which highlight the interplay between the Coulomb interactions and Aharonov–Bohm interference by edge states. The observed interference is likely to exhibit a long-range coherence and robustness against thermal smearing probably owing to the long-range magnetic order. Our interferometer establishes a platform for (quasi)particle interference and topological qubits.
Micro-jetting: A semi-analytical model to calculate the velocity and density of the jet from a triangular groove
Authors: Soulard L.
Published: February 2023

The velocity and density of a jet resulting from the reflection of a shock wave on a surface with geometric defects (the micro-jetting process) can be an important component of jet fragmentation models. While several models in the literature allow for the calculation of jet velocity, the density is generally ignored. In this paper, we present a semi-analytical method for determining both the velocity and density of a jet from a triangular defect. This model is an extension to micro-jetting specificities of the model usually used for shaped charges. Based on the physics of two-dimensional shocks, it allows a good restitution of the jet velocity and density from classical molecular dynamics simulations. It also provides a good agreement with the literature data, both experimental and numerical.
Comparison of copper and graphene-assembled films in 5G wireless communication and THz electromagnetic-interference shielding
Authors: Song Rongguo , Mao Boyang , Wang Zhe , Hui Yueyue , Zhang Ning , Fang Ran , Zhang Jingwei , Wu Yuen , Ge Qi , Novoselov Kostya S. , He Daping
Published: February 2023

Since first developed, the conducting materials in wireless communication and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding devices have been primarily made of metal-based structures. Here, we present a graphene-assembled film (GAF) that can be used to replace copper in such practical electronics. The GAF-based antennas present strong anticorrosive behavior. The GAF ultra-wideband antenna covers the frequency range of 3.7 GHz to 67 GHz with the bandwidth (BW) of 63.3 GHz, which exceed ~110% than the copper foil-based antenna. The GAF Fifth Generation (5G) antenna array features a wider BW and lower sidelobe level compared with that of copper antennas. EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of GAF also outperforms copper, reaching up to 127 dB in the frequency range of 2.6 GHz to 0.32 THz, with a SE per unit thickness of 6,966 dB/mm. We also confirm that GAF metamaterials exhibit promising frequency selection characteristics and angular stability as flexible frequency selective surfaces.
Tunable pheromone interactions among microswimmers
Authors: Nakayama Bokusui , Nagase Hikaru , Takahashi Hiromori , Saito Yuta , Hatayama Shogo , Makino Kotaro , Yamamoto Eiji , Saiki Toshiharu
Published: February 2023

Indirect interactions via shared memory deposited on the field (“field memory”) play an essential role in collective motions. Some motile species, such as ants and bacteria, use attractive pheromones to complete many tasks. Mimicking these kinds of collective behavior at the laboratory scale, we present a pheromone-based autonomous agent system with tunable interactions. In this system, colloidal particles leave phase-change trails reminiscent of the process of pheromone deposition by individual ants, and the trails attract other particles and themselves. To implement this, we combine two physical phenomena: the phase change of a Ge
2
Sb
2
Te
5
(GST) substrate by self-propelled Janus particles (pheromone deposition) and the AC (alternating current) electroosmotic (ACEO) flow generated by this phase change (pheromone attraction). Laser irradiation causes the GST layer to crystalize locally beneath the Janus particles, owing to the lens heating effect. Under AC field application, the high conductivity of the crystalline trail causes a field concentration and generates ACEO flow, and we introduce this flow as an attractive interaction between the Janus particles and the crystalline trail. By changing the AC frequency and voltage, we can tune the attractive flow, i.e., the sensitivity of the Janus particles to the trail, and the isolated particles undergo diverse states of motion, from self-caging to directional motion. A swarm of Janus particles also shows different states of collective motion, including colony formation and line formation. This tunability enables a reconfigurable system driven by a pheromone-like memory field.
Mammalian telomeric RNA (TERRA) can be translated to produce valine–arginine and glycine–leucine dipeptide repeat proteins
Authors: Al-Turki Taghreed M. , Griffith Jack D.
Published: February 2023

Mammalian telomeres consist of (TTAGGG)n repeats. Transcription of the C-rich strand generates a G-rich RNA, termed TERRA, containing G-quadruplex structures. Recent discoveries in several human nucleotide expansion diseases revealed that RNA transcripts containing long runs of 3 or 6 nt repeats which can form strong secondary structures can be translated in multiple frames to generate homopeptide or dipeptide repeat proteins, and multiple studies have shown them to be toxic in cells. We noted that the translation of TERRA would generate two dipeptide repeat proteins: highly charged repeating valine–arginine (VR)
n
and hydrophobic repeating glycine–leucine (GL)
n
. Here, we synthesized these two dipeptide proteins and raised polyclonal antibodies to VR. The VR dipeptide repeat protein binds nucleic acids and localizes strongly to replication forks in DNA. Both VR and GL form long 8-nm filaments with amyloid properties. Using labeled antibodies to VR and laser scanning confocal microscopy, threefold to fourfold more VR was observed in the nuclei of cell lines containing elevated TERRA as contrasted to a primary fibroblast line. Induction of telomere dysfunction via knockdown of TRF2 led to higher amounts of VR, and alteration of TERRA levels using a locked nucleic acid (LNA) GapmeR led to large nuclear VR aggregates. These observations suggest that telomeres, in particular in cells undergoing telomere dysfunction, may express two dipeptide repeat proteins with potentially strong biological properties.
Critical Current Density, Vortex Pinning, and Phase Diagram in the NaCl-Type Superconductors InTe1–x
Se
x
(x = 0, 0.1, 0.2)
Authors: Yu Linchao , Huang Song , Xing Xiangzhuo , Yi Xiaolei , Meng Yan , Zhou Nan , Shi Zhixiang , Liu Xiaobing
Published: February 2023

Research of vortex properties in type-II superconductors is of great importance for potential applications and fundamental physics. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the critical current density J
c, vortex pinning, and phase diagram of NaCl-type InTe1 – x
Se
x
(x = 0, 0.1, 0.2) superconductors synthesized by high-pressure technique. Our studies reveal that the values of J
c calculated by the Bean model exceed 104 A/cm2 in the InTe1 – x
Se
x
system, signifying good potential for applications. The magnetic hysteresis loops (MHLs) show an asymmetric characteristic at various degrees, which is associated with the surface barrier. Intriguingly, a rare phenomenon in which the second magnetization peak in the MHLs occurs only in the field-descending branch is detected in InTe0.9Se0.1. Such an anomalous behavior has not been observed before and can be described by considering the respective roles of the surface barrier and bulk pinning in the field-ascending and field-descending branches. By analyzing the pinning force density versus reduced field, the pinning mechanisms are studied in detail in the framework of the Dew-Hughes model. Finally, combining the results of resistivity and magnetization measurements, the vortex phase diagrams are constructed and discussed.
Predicted novel Janus γ-Ge2
XY (

X/Y=

S, Se, Te) monolayers with Mexican-hat dispersions and high carrier mobilities
Authors: Vu Tuan V , Phuc Huynh V , Nhan Le C , Kartamyshev A I , Hieu Nguyen N
Published: February 2023

This work is motivated by the recent fabrication of a new four-atom-thick hexagonal polymorph from group IV monochalcogenide, so-called γ-GeSe (Lee et al 2021 Nano Lett.
21 4305). In this paper, we propose and examine the structural characteristics, electronic properties, and carrier mobility of monolayers Janus γ-Ge2
XY (

X

/

Y
=

S, Se, or Te) based on comprehensive first-principles calculations. Monolayers γ-Ge2
XY are confirmed to be structurally stable. Our calculations reveal that γ-Ge2
XY monolayers are indirect semiconductors with Mexican-hat-like dispersions in the top valence band. While the effect of the electric field on the energy band dispersions of γ-Ge2
XY monolayers is weak, the energy band dispersions are changed drastically in the presence of strain, especially compressive strain. Interestingly, a structural phase transition from semiconductor to metal is observed in γ-Ge2
XY under compressive strain. γ-Ge2STe and γ-Ge2SeTe possess high electron mobility with values of

3.22
×

10
3

and

8.33
×

10
3

cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. Our findings not only explore the fundamental physical properties of γ-Ge2
XY but also open up new opportunities in the design of high-performance electronic nanodevices based on layered nanomaterials with Mexican-hat-like dispersions.
Effects of an external electric field on the electronic properties and optical excitations of germanane and silicane monolayers
Authors: Zaabar F , Mahrouche F , Mahtout S , Rabilloud F , Rezouali K
Published: February 2023

Using density functional theory in conjunction with many-body perturbation theory, we theoretically investigated the electronic structures of monolayers germanane and silicane in an applied out-of-plane uniform electric field. Our results show that although the band structures of both monolayers are affected by the electric field, the band gap width cannot be reduced to zero even for high field-strengths. Moreover, excitons are shown to be robust under electric fields, so that Stark shifts for the fundamental exciton peak is only of the order of a few meV for fields of 1 V Å−1. The electric field has also no significant effect on electron probability distribution, as the exciton dissociation into free electron–hole pairs is not observed even at high electric field strengths. Franz-Keldysh effect is also studied in monolayers germanane and silicane. We found that, due to the shielding effect, the external field is prevented to induce absorption in the spectral region below the gap and only above-gap oscillatory spectral features are allowed. One can benefit from such a characteristic where the absorption near the band edge is not altered by the presence of an electric field, especially since these materials have excitonic peaks in the visible range.
A grounded perspective on new early dark energy using ACT, SPT, and BICEP/Keck
Authors: Cruz Juan S. , Niedermann Florian , Sloth Martin S.
Published: February 2023

We examine further the ability of the New Early Dark Energy model (NEDE) to resolve the current tension between the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and local measurements of H
0 and the consequences for inflation. We perform new Bayesian analyses, including the current datasets from the ground-based CMB telescopes Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), the South Pole Telescope (SPT), and the BICEP/Keck telescopes, employing an updated likelihood for the local measurements coming from the SH
0ES collaboration. Using the SH
0ES prior on H
0, the combined analysis with Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAO), Pantheon, Planck and ACT improves the best-fit by Δχ
2 = -15.9 with respect to ΛCDM, favors a non-zero fractional contribution of NEDE, fNEDE > 0, by 4.8σ, and gives a best-fit value for the Hubble constant of H
0 = 72.09 km/s/Mpc (mean 71.49 ± 0.82 with 68% C.L.). A similar analysis using SPT instead of ACT yields consistent results with a Δχ
2 = -23.1 over ΛCDM, a preference for non-zero f
NEDE of 4.7σ and a best-fit value of H0
= 71.77 km/s/Mpc (mean 71.43 ± 0.85 with 68% C.L.). We also provide the constraints on the inflation parameters r and ns
coming from NEDE, including the BICEP/Keck 2018 data, and show that the allowed upper value on the tensor-scalar ratio is consistent with the ΛCDM bound, but, as also originally found, with a more blue scalar spectrum implying that the simplest curvaton model is now favored over the Starobinsky inflation model.