bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gewinnung und Charakterisierung von Mutanten des Pilzes Penicillium cyclopium mit verändertem Entwicklungsprogramm
Authors: Schmidt I. , Nover L. , Ininger G. , Luckner M.
Published: July 2010

After treatment with NNMG, NaNO2 or UV‐light of conidiospores of Penicillium cyclopium strain SM 72 variant strains (mutants) with altered developmental programme were selected. Additionally from a methionine‐auxotrophic mutant of P. cyclopium prototrophic revertants were prepared. Investigation of the alkaloid metabolism and other idiophase processes has shown that these mutant strains can be divided into two groups (cf. table 1):

Mutants with a depression of all idiophase features. The defects of these strains presumably affect central regulatory processes which, as in strain rev‐met 83a, can be reversed spontaneously by an one‐step mechanism and

Mutants defective in certain parts of the idiophase programme only, demonstrating that there is a certain autonomy in regulation of the individual parts of the programme.
Zur Kinetik der Citronensäurebildung bei Candida lipolytica
Authors: Behrens U. , Weissbrodt E. , Lehmann W.
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of citrate and isocitrate accumulation by Candida lipolytica has been studied, with special emphasis of the carbon sources glucose and n‐alkanes and the shifts from one carbon source to the other. The accumulation of the citric acids starts with the beginning of ideophase. Trophophase and ideophase behaviour is in parts different. Ideophase behaviour may be influenced by exogenic factors during growth. From the course of the curves for the citric acids two phases can be distinguished: The specific production rate of the first phase is higher than in the second phase (π1 ˜ 0.19 h−1; π2 ˜ 0.14 h−1). The influence of the carbon source on the course of the curves and the numeric value for the specific production rate is negligible. Alcane grown cells accumulate citric acids from added glucose and left‐over n‐alcanes simultaneously. When both substrates are added from the beginning only glucose is taken up for growth, for citric acid production both substances are utilized simultaneously. Glucose grown cells do not utilize alcanes for production of citric acids. Citric acids are accumulated only as long as glucose is available. Alcane uptake starts after addition of a nitrogen source.
Regulation und einige Eigenschaften einer partikulären, akzeptorabhängigen Alkoholdehydrogenase aus Pseudomonas putida beim Wachstum auf n‐Alkanen
Authors: Tauchert H. , Grunow M. , Aurich H.
Published: July 2010

Während der Assimilation von n‐Alkanen bildet Pseudomonas putida zwei alkoholoxydierende Enzyme: eine lösliche NAD+‐abhängige und eine partikuläre, akzeptorabhängige Alkoholdehydrogenase (ADH). Das NAD+‐abhängige Enzym ist konstitutiv und kann auf allen untersuchten C‐Quellen mit nahezu der gleichen Aktivität nachgewiesen werden. Es findet sich im 75000 X g‐Überstand Ultraschall‐aufgeschlossener Zellen. Die akzeptorabhängige ADH dagegen wird erst durch n‐Alkane induziert; auf Kohlenhydraten, Intermediaten des Citratzyklus oder Acetat als C‐Quelle wird sie nicht gebildet. Nach Zentrifugation bei 75000 X g findet sie sich im Sediment. In kinetischen Studien der suspendierten Sedimente zeigt das akzeptorabhängige Enzym mit steigender Kettenlänge der Substrate (bis zum Octanol) zunehmende optimale Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten bei gleichzeitiger Substratüberschußhemmung.
Studies on the deoxyribonucleic acid‐bearing portion of the cell envelope of Escherichia coli
Authors: Weisshäupl V. , Dworsky P.
Published: July 2010

The envelope components of nuclear bodies which were obtained from Escherichia coli W7 by a mild lysis method were investigated. By using 2,6‐diaminopimelic acid (DAP) as precursor which is incorporated only into peptidoglycan in this strain it was found that the particles contained about 14% of the murein layer of the cell. The percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine was enriched at the cost of the other phospholipids in the nuclear bodies compared to whole cells. If lipids were labelled with 3H‐palmitic acid the cytoplasmic and the outer membrane could be found after isopycnic centrifugation; however, when the cells were incubated with chloramphenicol, only the outer membrane was seen. The peptidoglycan and the proteins could be assigned only to the outer membrane. The DNA is also bound to the outer membrane. From these results it was concluded that (1) in all lysis methods the cytoplasmic membrane is more easily dissolved than the outer layers of the envelope, and (2) that there is a firm binding between DNA and the outer membrane in vivo.
Kinetics of vegetative growth of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
Authors: Kretschmer Sigrid
Published: July 2010

The growth of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris on solid media was studied by microculture technique. Starting from a germinating spore the further development was followed by phase contrast microscopy. From serially taken photographs the kinetics of growth and branching of the mycelium was calculated. Also some observations on morphological behaviour were made.

Regarding the total mycelium developing from one spore the growth occurred with a constant exponential growth rate, at least for the time tested (about ten doublings). This constancy of the mycelial growth rate was not attributed to constant rates of hyphal growth or branching. The hyphal growth rate increased during the development of the mycelium, so that the length produced by a hypha within a given time was smallest after germination and largest at the end of the experiment. Between the first and the 10th doubling of the mycelium the mean hyphal growth rate increased by the factor 27, in some cultures even by the factor 40. While hyphal growth changed from exponential to linear, branching was first linear and then approached exponential kinetics.

Under different conditions of cultivation mycelia could have identical doubling times, but different hyphal growth rates and vice versa. Yeast extract caused a reduction of the hyphal growth rate and an enhancement of branching. Likewise the diminution of the supply of oxygen did not reduce the mycelial growth rate, but markedly decreased the hyphal growth rate, especially of the germ tube.

The data obtained concerning the kinetics of growth and branching can be explained by a special form of cooperation of cytoplasmic and cell wall synthesis. With respect to the synthesis of cytoplasm a T. vulgaris mycelium behaves as one individual, which is not differentiated into replicating and non replicating areas (as recently was shown to be likely for Streptomyces hygroscopicus by SCHUHMANN and BERGTER 1976). The mycelial growth rate thus reflects the rate of the synthesis of cytoplasm. The hyphal growth rate is moreover determined by the rate of cell wall synthesis at the tip of each hypha. The observed increase of the hyphal growth rate is explainable by an acceleration of the cell wall synthesis during the development of the mycelium. Probably the branching is regulated indirectly. According to the different manner of cytoplasmic and cell wall synthesis, within a hypha a balance between both processes is maintainable only for a limited time. As soon as the momentary apical capacity for cell wall synthesis is exhausted, the balance is attained anew by originating a new site for wall synthesis, i.e. by branching.

Branching was often defective. Especially in the absence of yeast extract a lot of lateral branches arose, which ceased further growth at an average length of 2.5 μm. It is suggested that yeast extract supports the transport of the nucleoids into the lateral branches, which otherwise is often infeasible. Reduction of the supply of oxygen favoured apical branching, so that dichotomous forms resulted.
Hydrostatic pressure effects upon cellular leakage and active transport by Vibrio marinus
Authors: Masuda K. V. , Albright L. J.
Published: July 2010

Hydrostatic pressures greater than ca. 400 atm cause release of cellular components of Vibrio marinus MP‐1 in the order protein > RNA > malate dehydrogenase > DNA > amino acids. Increased pressures also slow the rate of cycloleucine (non‐metabolizable analogue of l‐leucine and l‐valine) uptake but increase its efflux rate. LINEWEAVER‐BURK plots (1/V versus 1/[S]) of cycloleucine uptake indicate that the Km increases with compression which suggests a decrease in affinity of the transport system for substrate at increased pressures.
Charakterisierung und Identifizierung von Mykoplasmen durch Dünnschichtchromatographie der Lipide
Authors: Jacobi H. D. , Zietlow Ch.
Published: July 2010

Es wird über eine vergleichende dünnschichtchromatographische Analyse von Lipiden aus 7 Mycoplasma pneumoniae‐Stämmen und 19 Mycoplasma hominis‐Stämmen berichtet. Die Lipide wurden mit Chloroform‐Methanol extrahiert und durch eindimensionale und zweidimensionale Dünnschichtchromatographie an Kieselgel aufgetrennt. Nach Lokalisierung von stickstoffhaltigen Lipiden und Phospholipiden im Gesamtlipidmuster ergaben sich charakteristische Bilder, die sowohl Artunterschiede als auch deutliche Unterschiede zwischen einzelnen Stämmen der gleichen Mykoplasmenart erkennen ließen.

Die Möglichkeit, mit dieser Methode eine Feindifferenzierung der Mykoplasmen vorzunehmen, wird diskutiert.
Phenol oxidase activity and pigment synthesis in conidiospores of Penicillium cyclopium
Authors: Bartsch E. , Lerbs W. , Luckner M.
Published: July 2010

Phenol oxidase (PO)

Abbreviations: CH cycloheximide, DIECA diethyldithiocarbamate sodium salt, h p. i. hours after inoculation, NL nutrient solution, PAA polyacrylamide, PDA p‐phenylenediamine dihydrochloride, PO phenol oxidase

of Penicillium cycillium belongs to the laccases (E. C. 1. 14.18.1). By PAA‐gel electrophoresis three forms of the enzym were detected. Most of the PO in emerged sporulating cultures accumulates in the cell wall of the conidiospores. However, a high percentage is not bound to the wall constituents and can be easily removed with aqueous solutions. This soluble fraction was 570‐fold enriched by (NH4)2SO4‐precipitation, followed by chromatography on sephadex G 200 and on hydroxylapatite‐cellulose.

The necessity of PO for conidiospore pigmentation was shown by means of suspended spores whose rates of pigment accumulation resemble those of conidia maturing in situ. Pigmentation is stopped if PO is inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate. This corresponds of the fact that in strains with heavily pigmented conidiospores PO acitivity is much higher than in strains with weakly pigmented or unpigmented spores. Also the time course of PO accumulation in the latter strains is different from that of the former. Furthermore, in mutant res‐eth 1 which has unpigmented conidiospores, PO isoenzyme no. 3 could not be detected.
Fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate aldolase from Vibrio marinus, a psychrophilic marine bacterium
Authors: Jones L. P. , Morita R. Y. , Becker R. R.
Published: July 2010

Fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate aldolase (Fru‐P2A) from a psychrophilic marine bacterium was found to be Class II aldolase based on activation by K+, activation by divalent cations, inactivation by EDTA, low molecular weight, and similar values for Km, Vmax, and ARRHENIUS activation energy. This enzyme was not markedly different in amino acid composition from the enzymes from mesophilic and thermophilic organisms, yet it has unusual thermal properties.
Biosynthese der Zellwand‐Polysaccharide Mannan und Glucan als Spiegelbild unterschiedlicher Abbauwege der Glucose durch Candida spec. H
Authors: Róber B. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

The catabolic and anabolic D‐glucose transformation of the yeast Candida spec. H has been studied. By using 1‐14C‐D‐glucose and 6‐14C‐D‐glucose, measuring the 14CO2 liberation and the label of glucose and mannose isolated from glucan and mannan, the following results have been obtained. 1. Beginning with 100 μ moles glucose · ml−1 in the batch growth medium, at first on an average 64% of the glucose having been catabolized to CO2 are directly decarboxylated to pentose phosphate by pentose phosphate pathway (PPW). Later on at an exogen concentration of 70 μ moles · ml−1 73% of glucose on an average having been catabolised to CO2 undergoes transformation via glycolyse and tricarbonacid cycle (G‐TCC). 2. Only after getting this glucose concentration the maximal hexose incorporation rate into glucan and mannan can be obtained. 3. 20–40% of the hexose channeled into the polysaccharid‐biosynthesis have been prepared by resynthesis from pentose phosphate via. PPW. 4. The results are discussed in connection with the observed crabtree‐effect.
Wirkung des Detergens Metaupon auf die Vermehrung verschiedener Phagen
Authors: Menzel G. , Stenz E.
Published: July 2010

As several other surfactants do, the detergent Metaupon acts on the multiplication of bacteriophages. We investigated the influence of Metaupon on the phages Φ 105 and λ, the cyanophage LPP‐1, and the RNA‐phages f 2, M 12, and Qβ by means of the agar diffusion test, pour plate test, adsorption test, and one‐step growth test. The action of Metaupon of the free phages was also tested. Metaupon inhibits the formation of plaques by the phages with exception of λ. With the phages f2 and M 12 the substance increases the amount of plaques depending on concentration. The main mode of action of Metaupon was found to be the inhibition of the adsorption of the phages to the host cells. Only in the case of Φ 105 free phages were inactivated.
Vorkommen von Brenztraubensäure in Kapselpolysacchariden (K‐Antigenen) von Klebsiellen
Authors: Nimmich W.
Published: July 2010

The capsular polysaccharides of 77 Klebsiella K‐types were analysed for the presence of pyruvic acid. One half of the polysaccharides investigated were found to contain between 1.3 and 12% of the keto acid. A comparison between the analyses performed and the calculated values from some pyruvic acid containing polysaccharides of known structure showed that there is only in 5 out of 10 cases a good correlation with a regular substitution of the oligosaccharide repeating units.
Dependence of macromolecular composition and morphology of Streptomyces hygroscopicus on specific growth rate
Authors: Riesenberg D. , Bergter F.
Published: July 2010

The dependence of macromolecular composition and morphology of Streptomyces hygroscopicus on specific growth rate μ was investigated. The percentage of DNA on dry weight (%DNA) is constant, %protein is also nearly independent of μ whereas %RNA rises considerably with increasing μ, regarding mycelia grown in glucose‐limited and ammonium‐limited continuous cultures as well as in discontinuous cultures with various carbon sources. It is probable that the overall synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein is regulated in the mycelium‐forming bacterium S. hygroscopicus by the same mechanisms found in unicellular bacteria like Escherichia coli because of the qualitatively similar dependence of %DNA, %RNA and %protein on μ. But differences exist in quantitative regard whereby %DNA, %RNA and %protein of S. hygroscopicus are much smaller at low μ and, with increasing μ, approach those of unicellular bacteria. The hypothesis about the increase of the hyphal regions showing high synthesis activity in S. hygroscopicus mycelia grown in glucose‐limited continuous cultures with increasing μ – derived from comparison of macromolecular composition of S. hygroscopicus and unicellular bacteria – was confirmed autoradiographically with respect to protein synthesis. The increase of the part of mycelial regions showing high cytoplasmic activity results in an increase of mean hyphal diameter, of mean relative apical growth rate α and/ or mean relative branching rate ß.ß depends sigmoidally and α inverses sigmoidally on μ. Therefore, the morphology of the mycelium determined by α and also depends on μ. The hyphal growth unit L/N, the distance from apex to first branch Lp and the mean distance between neighbouring branches Ln decline with increasing μ and reach a minimum at μ = 0.32 (1/h). A further rise of μ is accompanied with an increase of L/N, Lp and Ln. This means that mycelia growing slowly or very quickly have a loose from whereas quickly growing mycelia are characterized by a more compact form. The complicated dependence of α, β, L/N, Lp and Ln on μ indicates tha the morphology is regulated by different mechanisms depending on the specific growth rate.
Oxydativer Abbau von Dibenzylsulfid
Authors: Babenzien H.‐D. , Genz I. , Köhler M.
Published: July 2010

Dibenzylsulfid (DBS) as a model of the organic sulfur compounds in crude oil was converted by a mixed culture (containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa) into several water soluble organic substances. Whereas these compounds are detectable with DC‐ and IR‐spectroscopi°C techniques, benzylmercaptoacetic acid (BMA) was the only isolated product of DBS utilization. Efficiency of degradation, respectively, accumulation of BMA were dependent on aeration and pH‐regulation.
Microbiological production of radioisotopically labelled 16α‐hydroxylated steroids in trace quantities
Authors: Iida M. , Sakurai H. , Matsuhashi K. , Yanaihara T.
Published: July 2010

[4‐14C]16α‐Hydroxy‐C‐18‐ and ‐C‐19‐steroid hormones were obtained in good yields by microbiological hydroxylation of correspondingly labelled steroids by Streptomyces reseochromogenes NRRL B‐1233. Trace quantities of the labelled substrates were incubated on a rotary shaker (220 rpm) at 27°C. The radioactive products were chromatographically separated, identified and the radiochemical purity was established by isotopic dilution analysis. The specific activities of 16α‐hydroxy‐steroids obtained were assumed to be the same as those of the substrates, namely, 57.5 mCi/mmole for 16α‐hydroxy‐4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione, 57.5 mCi/mmole for 5‐androstene‐3β, 16α, 17β‐triol, 57.5 mCi/mmole for 16α‐hydroxy‐dehydroepiandrosterone, 55.7 mCi/mmole for 16α‐hydroxy‐estrone, and 57.5 mCi/mmole for 16α‐hydroxy‐testosterone.
Experimentelle Induktion von „rotund bodies”︁ bei Thermus aquaticus
Authors: Kraepelin G. , Grävenstein H.‐U.
Published: July 2010

With several isolates of T. aquaticus rotund bodies (rbs) have been artificially induced. The most active agents were lysozyme, pronase (not trypsin), cellulase (not α‐amylase or β‐glucosidase), penicillin and some mineral salts. Two modifications of rbs were observed: the vesicular type arising from single cells or filaments and the aggregate‐rbs resulting from secondary associations of several cells or filaments. In both cases the primary event is a partial detachment of the outer layer of cell envelopes followed by its swelling to form a hyaline bleb. Within these osmotically stable blebs cells and/or filaments involved in the rbs production become irreversibly trapped.

Appearance of filaments and rbs in stationary phase cultures are discussed as a consequence of unbalanced growth culminating in abnormal autolytic reactions.
Abbau von Steroiden XVI. Mikrobieller Seitenkettenabbau von strukturmodifizierten Sterolen
Authors: Böhme K.‐H. , Hörhold C.
Published: July 2010

Different types of sterol derivatives substituted in position 3 have been investigated to be suitable substrates for microorganisms capable of degradating the side chain of sterols. Sterolesters were found to be either unattacked or hydrolyzed followed by complete degradation of the molecule. Derivatives of the alkylether ‐ and ketal type were transformed to the corresponding C19‐ steroids by fermentation with strains of the genus Mycobacteria. With respect to stability, solubility and transformation rate the sterol‐3‐carboxymethyloxime‐derivatives were shown to be most suitable.
Quantitative, immunologische Bestimmungsmethode für Rubredoxin in Bakterienrohextrakten von Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Authors: Claus R. , Hädge D. , Asperger O. , Fiebig H. , Kleber H.‐P.
Published: July 2010

Die quantitative Bestimmung des Rubredoxingehaltes in Bakterienrohextrakten von Acinetobacter calcoaceticus erfolgte mit Hilfe einer immunologischen Methode. Da diskelektrophoretisch homogenes, natives Rubredoxin bei Kaninchen keine humorale Immunantwort hervorruft, wurde die Immunogenität des Antigens durch Vernetzen mit Glutaraldehyd erhöht. Die gegen vernetztes Rubredoxin in Kaninchen gebildeten Antikörper präzipitieren sowohl das vernetztes als auch das native Rubredoxin. Eine geringe Reaktion zeigte das gewonnene Antiserum auch gegenüber Ferredoxin aus Spinatblättern. Hingegen ist mit Adrenodoxin aus Nebennierenmitochondrien keine Präzipitation zu beobachten. Die durch Rubredoxin‐Reductase aus Ac. calcoaceticus katalysierte Rubredoxin‐abhängige Reduktion von Cytochrom c wird durch das gewonnene Antiserum gehemmt.

Zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Rubredoxin in Zellrohextrakten konnte ein Radioimmuntest mit einer Nachweisgrenze bei 0,02 nmol Rubredoxin/ml Probe aufgebaut werden. Der Rubredoxingehalt in Rohextrakten von Ac. calcoaceticus beträgt nach Wachstum auf n‐Alkanen 4 · 10−11 mol/mg Bakterienprotein.
Some properties of two purified fibrinolytic enzymes from Bacillus subtilis and B. polymyxa
Authors: Fayek K. I. , El‐Sayed Sanaa T.
Published: July 2010

Two fibrinolytic enzymes isolated from B. subtilis and from B. polymyxa were purified using a five step method. The pH optimum for the enzyme from B. subtilis was 7.2 and for the enzyme from B. polymyxa was 7.0. Both enzymes were activated by Cu++.

The molecular weight of the first enzyme was 29,400 and that for the second enzyme was 18,000 on the basis of gel filtration on Sephadex G‐100.

The enzyme from B. subtilis has higher affinity to buffalo fibrin than towards human fibrin. The enzyme from B. polymyxa has higher affinity to human fibrin than towards buffalo fibrin.
Die Strahlenschutzfunktion der Hefezellwand
Authors: Phai Le‐Dinh
Published: July 2010

Es konnte erstmals gefunden werden, daß die Hefezellwand eine strahlenschützende Funktion besitzt. Dieser Nachweis gelang durch vergleichende Untersuchungen an Hefen, deren Wand partiell oder völlig entfernt worden war bzw. wo die Bindungen zwischen den die Wand aufbauenden Makromolekülen (Disulfidbrücken, Ca++‐Brücken) zerstört wurden. Das Mannan der Zellwand ist für die Strahlenresistenz verantwortlich. Diese Schutzfunktion wird verstärkt, wenn Mannan und Glutathion, ein zelleigener Protektor der Hefe, zusammenwirken.
Cellular fatty acids derived from normal alkanes by Candida rugosa
Authors: Iida M. , Kobayashi H. , Iizuka H.
Published: July 2010

In an attempt to examine the specific metabolic relationship between the alkane substrates and lipid products the pattern of formation of cellular lipid, especially fatty acids, has been studied in the course of incubation of cells of C. rugosa with n‐alkanes in mineral medium. C18:2, C18:1, C16:1 and C16:0 fatty acids were the major products formed, irrespective of the odd or even chain length of the alkane used as substrate. These unsaturated fatty acids reached a maximum in the stationary phase. In the case of cells grown on odd‐chain n‐alkanes (from C11 to C19), the proportion of odd‐chain cellular fatty acids was markedly high, reaching 77–88% in the n‐pentadecane and heptadecane‐grown cells. The resulting acids are then metabolized by β‐oxidation or inserted directly or after elongation with C2‐units into the cellular fatty acids. The total lipid content of n‐alkane (n‐C10‐C20) grown cells in the stationary phase was 16.3–19.0% of the dry cell weight, which was about three times as much as that of glucose‐grown cells. The chain length of alkane substrates had a significant effect on the lipid content. Ergosterol production from n‐hexadecane was twice higher than that from glucose.
Characterization of nitrogen‐fixing (C2h2‐reducing) Bacillus species from Egyptian soils
Authors: Wahab A. M. Abdel
Published: July 2010

The characteristics of ten N2(C2H2)‐fixing Bacillus strains, isolated from Egyptian soils, were investigated. The isolates were not completely identical to any of the described species in the 8th Edition of Bergey's Manual. However, two strains were closely related to B. cereus, five strains were tentatively characterized as B. licheniformis and three strains with swollen sporangia and thick‐walled endospores shared their main characteristics with B. circulans.

A comparison between these bacilli and other known nitrogen‐fixing Bacillus species revealed major differences in culture characteristics and C2H2‐reducing activities. This suggests that the Bacillus isolates described here are new nitrogen‐fixing bacteria.
Thermal resistance and viability of asexual spores of thermophilic fungi from composts
Authors: Ogundero V. W. , Oso B. A.
Published: July 2010

The growth‐temperature relations and thermal tolerance of the asexual spores of thermophilic fungi commonly found in composting plant materials were determined.

The optimum temperature range for germination of the spores was 40°–50°C. The spores of Humicola lanuginosa (Griffon and Maublanc) Bunce were able to survive 60 min exposure to 68°C while those of Mucor pusillus Cooney and Emerson survived only 5 min exposure to 68°C. A determination of the thermal death rates of the spores at 65°C showed a rapid loss of viability of those of Torula thermophila Cooney and Emerson. The thermal tolerance of the propagules of thermophilic fungi in relation to their special ecological niche is discussed.
Untersuchungen zum Kohlenhydrat‐Stoffwechsel bei Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Flossmann K.‐D. , Feist H. , Erler W. , Flossmann K.‐D.
Published: July 2010

Die Hauptprodukte der Glucose‐Fermentation von P. multocida‐Stämmen sind unter den getesteten Bedingungen Pyruvat, Succinat, Formiat, Acetat und Äthanol. Diese Substanzen entstehen aus Hexosen und Pentosen, wobei nach Einsatz radioaktiver Monosaccharide (geprüft wurden 1‐, 6‐, U‐14C‐D‐Glc, 6‐3H‐D‐Glc, l‐14C‐Man, U‐14C‐Rib und U‐14C‐Xyl) die Radioaktivität in unterschiedlichem Maße in den Endprodukten auftritt. Anhand der Ergebnisse lassen sich als Hauptwege des Monosaccharid‐Abbaus von P. multocida der Hexosemonophosphatweg, der Pentosephosphat‐ und der Citratzyklus feststellen.

Die für eine repräsentative Stammauswahl gesicherte Endproduktbildung (Fehlen von Lactat, vermehrte Anreicherung von Pyruvat, Formiat und Succinat, Bildung von Acetat und Äthanol) kann zur Taxonomie der Species P. multocida herangezogen werden.

Mit der Bildung von ca. 250 μMol Säureäquivalenten aus 100 μMol d‐Glucose gleicht die Carbon‐säure‐Bildung der Methylrot‐negativen Species P. multocida der vieler Methylrot‐positiver Enterobakterien.
Zellelektrophoretische Charakterisierung der Oberfläche von Candida guilliermondii
Authors: Lerche K.‐H. , Kretzschmar G.
Published: July 2010

The electrical properties of the outer layer of the cell wall of a hydrocarbon‐grown yeast C. guilliermondii were studied in detail by cell electrophoresis. Some experiments were also made with the yeast S. cerevisiae. The mobilities of the yeasts were measured as a function of pH at pH 2‐11.5 and constant ionic strength I = 0.02 mol/1. For identification of surface groups the pH‐mobility curves are used to calculate pK‐values. The results indicate the presence of amino and carboxyl groups on the surface of C. guilliermondii. These groups are probably a part of a glycoprotein with an isoelectric point at pH 3.3 located on the surface. Electrophoresis of droplets of mineral oil coated with adsorbed protein layer confirms these conclusions. The importance of this glycoprotein in hydrocarbon uptake is discussed.
Inhibitor studies of phage T4 wild‐type and mutant DNA polymerase. IV. The substrate analog 3′‐fluorothymidine 5′‐triphosphate
Authors: Schroeder C. , Jantschak J.
Published: July 2010

The deoxythymidine5′‐triphosphate (dTTP) analog 3′‐fluorothymidine 5′‐triphosphate (3′‐FdTTP) inhibits DNA synthesis by T4 wild‐type, L98 (mutator) and CB121 (antimutator) DNA polymerase. CB121 DNA polymerase is less sensitive by a factor of two than the L98 and T4+ enzymes. Inhibition is not due to incorporation of the analog into DNA. 3′‐FdTTP acts competitively to the substrate dTTP. The CB121 polymerase exhibits a higher Ki to Km ratio than the other two enzymes (5.3 vs. 3.3) and thus discriminates better between the substrate dTTP and its analog 3′‐FdTTP. 3′‐FdTTP inhibits the polymerase‐associated 3′‐5′ exonuclease activities to the same extent as their polymerase activities. The CB121 3′‐5′ exonuclease activity is suppressed only half as much by 3′‐FdTTP as by dTTP. The results are discussed in relation to the role of T4 DNA polymerase and its associated 3′‐5′ exonuclease in determining the accuracy of DNA replication.
Respiratory ubiquinone‐9 from Hyphomicrobium spec. strain ZV 580
Authors: Köhler J. , Schwartz A. C.
Published: July 2010

Ubiquinone‐9, an ubiquinone with a side‐chain containing 9 prenyl residues, was purified from Hyphomicrobium spec. strain ZV 580, and identified by thin‐layer chromatography, UV spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The participation of the quinone in the reactions of the respiratory chain was established by observing its increasing reduction in a membrane fraction upon the addition of NADH, the exhaustion of oxygen, and in the presence of NADH plus cyanide. The degrees of reduction in these states matched those of the cytochromes b and c.
Abhängigkeit der α‐Amylasebildung bei Bacillus subtilis vom Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel
Authors: Riedel K.
Published: July 2010

Unter den Bedingungen nichtwachsender Kulturen wird die α‐Amylasesynthese bei Bacillus subtilis durch Ribose, Stärke, Maltose, Laktose, Pyruvat und Thiamin gefördert, während von Glucose und Xylose keine bzw. eine hemmende Wirkung ausgeht. Diese Effekte konnten auf eine Beeinflussung der RNS‐Bildung zurückgeführt werden. Der bevorzugte Einbau von U‐C14‐Ribose in die RNS belegt weiterhin diesen Befund.

Niedrige Glucosekonzentrationen (0,05%) zeigen die gleiche Enzymbildung wie Stärke. Dieses Ergebnis deutet auf eine konstitutive Enzymsynthese.
Struktur der Zellwandpolysaccharide in der Futtereiweiß‐Hefe Candida spec. H. III. Charakterisierung unterschiedlicher Phosphatbindungen im Mannan‐Protein‐Phosphat‐Komplex
Authors: Grimmecke H. D. , Meyer H. , Scheller D. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

The 31P‐NMR spectra of the proteophosphomannan (PPM) and also that of mildly hydrolyzed PPM demonstrated phosphomonoester (in both preparations), acid labile and acid stable phosphodiester linkage, and polyphosphate. Decreasing in size by pronase digestion, separation, purification and characterization of the high and low molecular phosphates by 31P‐NMR spectroscopy and chemical analysis revealed the mannan protein is phosphorylated in the N‐glycosidically linked carbohydrate parts and in the O‐glycosidically linked oligosaccharides. Another phosphate serves as a bridge between the serine of the protein and mannose, mannobioses and mannotrioses and between the threonine and a lipophilic acylglycerid unit. The origin of the polyphosphates has been discussed.
Multiple septation in multinuclear protoplasts of Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Havelková M.
Published: July 2010

The dependence of septation on karyokinesis was studied in protoplasts of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The mononuclear protoplast produces a single centrally located septum. In multinuclear reverting protoplasts, on the other hand, the formation of a single septum was a rare event. In each protoplast instead of one, two to six septa were formed. These findings suggest some closer relations between the formation of septa and the number of nuclei present in the protoplast. Our results obtained with protoplasts also imply that the initiation of septum formation is possible only in the presence of a complete cell wall. In reverting multinuclear protoplasts undergoing more than one mitosis, no septation is initiated until the cell wall has been completed. Only the‐complete cell wall can induce the formation of one or several septa in mono‐ and multi‐nuclear protoplasts, respectively.
Effect of combined nitrogen sources on heterotrophic growth of a blue‐green alga Westiellopsis prolifica
Authors: Adhikary S. P.
Published: July 2010

The autotrophic and photoheterotrophic growth of light pre‐treated and dark pre‐treated strains of Westiellopsis prolifica was decreased in the presence of NH, NO and urea in the culture medium. On dark incubation, after pre‐treatment with light as well as in the dark, the alga showed better growth response to all the combined nitrogen sources. However, only the light pre‐treated strain of the organism utilized the exogenous nitrogen sources appreciably for its dark heterotrophic growth.
Lysinbiosynthese bei Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAOl III. Weitere Charakterisierung Lysin‐auxotropher Mutanten von Ps. aeruginosa PAOl
Authors: Schroeter A. , Klatt G. , Kersten R. , Mach F.
Published: July 2010

A number of lysine‐auxotrophic mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAOl were isolated through mutagenesis by means of N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosoguanidin (Mach et al., unpublished). Using the cross feeding test and growth tests classification of lysine mutants was not possible. The investigation of diaminopimelic acid decarboxylase (DAP‐DC) showed, that none of these mutants had an active enzyme, except for the mutants with a high number of revertants. The appearance of only one mutant type is attributed to the insufficient availability of DAP.
Influence of dimethylsulfoxide on transcription by bacteriophage T3‐induced RNA polymerase
Authors: Musielski H. , Mann W. , Laue R. , Michel S.
Published: July 2010

Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)

Abbreviations used: Dimethylsulfoxide DMSO, polyvinyl sulfate PVS, nucleoside triphosphate NTP

up to 25% (v/v) does not cause irreversible alterations of T3 DNA at 42.5°C as assayed by transcription with T3‐specific RNA polymerase. The optimal temperature for the formation of polyanion‐resistant ternary complexes of the enzyme, T3 DNA, and nascent RNA chains is lowered by 12.5°C in the presence of 20% (v/v) DMSO. The same solvent concentration, however, decreases the temperature optimal for T3 RNA chain elongation by only 2.5°C, indicating that DMSO preferably affects the initiation of T3 RNA synthesis. DMSO accelerates the loss of T3‐specific RNA polymerase activity at 42.5°C. Nevertheless, the speed with which the binary complexes between the phage RNA polymerase and DNA are inactivated by heat (42.5°C) is not altered in presence of 20% (v/v) DMSO. The binding of T3‐induced RNA polymerase to T3 DNA in polyanion‐resistant ternary complexes is influenced by DMSO which makes the enzyme accessible to the inhibitory action of polyvinyl sulfate. Elongation of T3 RNA chains is slowed down by 20% (v/v) DMSO.
A study of the amylolytic system of Schwanniomyces castelii
Authors: Oteng‐Gyang K. , Moulin G. , Galzy P.
Published: July 2010

The amylolytic system of Schwanniomyces castellii cultured on a yeast extract starch medium consists of 3 enzymes: an α‐amylase (molecular weight 40,000), glucoamylase I (molecular weight 90,000), and glucoamylase II (moelcular weight 45,000). The properties of the enzymes and the action of enzyme inhibitors were determined.
Die Strukturelemente in den Lipopolysacchariden des Chemotyps IV von Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Erler W. , Flossmann K. D. , Feist H. , Jacob B.
Published: July 2010

The structure elements in the main fractions of oligosaccharides obtained after the acetic acid linked D‐glycero‐D‐mannoheptose, 1,3‐linked galactose were found as new constituents in LPS. The results are discussed for their genetic and serologic importance and the relationship to Yersinia.
Yield coefficients in dependence on milieu conditions and cell states II. Influence of perturbations on continuous cultivation of the yeast Lodderomyces elongisporus on hydrocarbons
Authors: Heinritz B. , Stichel E. , Bley T. , Rogge G. , Glombitza F.
Published: July 2010

The influence of perturbations on continuous yeast cell cultivations on hydrocarbons of crude oil is described

Due to such perturbations the fermentation system leaves its steady state, passes through transitional stages and reaches a new steady state. In the transitional stages a damped oscillation of biomass concentration, percentage of budding cells, oxygen consumption rate, and heat flow is observed. These results can be explained by partial synchronization of yeast cell functions in microorganism populations. In phases of partial synchronization the cell cycle of a single cell is reflected by the behaviour of the microorganism population. The adaptation of the carbon substrate feeding rate to the state of partially synchronized microorganism population makes possible lower specific substrate consumption in biomass production.
Das Cytochromkomplement des methylotrophen Essigsäurebakteriums MB 58 in Abhängigkeit von den Wachstumsbedingungen
Authors: Steudel A. , Babel W.
Published: July 2010

In contrast to methylotrophic bacteria investigated up to now the facultative methylotrophic Bacterium MB 58 (Acetobactersp. MB 58) does not possess a cytochrome aa3‐complex, but we could find out cytochrome, cytochrome cco, cytochrome a1 and moreover cytochrome d in dependence on the growth conditions.

Cytochrome d was found only in stationary phase of heterotrophic growth. Under methylotrophic growth conditions cytochrome d could be demonstrated only by lowering of the aeration rate during the fermentation, by variation the pH‐value of the growth medium from 4.0 to 6.5 and with low growth rates (low dilution rates) during continuous fermentation.

The addition of cyanide to the oxidized suspension of bacteria during the registration of the cytochrome‐redox‐difference spectrum allowed the selective representation of cytochrome d under all conditions even if no identification was possible in the spectrum normally. The oxidation of cytochrome d of Acetobacter sp. MB 58 in the presence of cyanide is an indication of its cyanide insensitivity.

The low level of b‐type cytochromes could be represented by a special technique for registration of spectra. In this connection a unknown absorption peak at 570 nm was registered.

The cyanide insensitivity of cytochrome d from Acetobacter sp. MB 58 and the occurrence of several terminal oxidases is appreciated as a hint for a branched respiratory chain.
Nutzung von Paraffinen und anderen Nichtkohlenhydrat‐Kohlenstoffquellen zur mikrobiellen Citronensäuresynthese
Authors: Stottmeister U. , Behrens U. , Weissbrodt E. , Barth G. , Franke‐Rinker D. , Schulze E.
Published: July 2010

This article reviews the developments achieved in citrate and isocitrate accumulation with non‐carbohydrate substrates by microorganisms presented as well in academic publications as in patents. The efficiency of citrate and isocitrate overproducing microorganisms and of mutants obtained thereof with respect to different carbon sources (n‐alkanes, triglycerides, organic acids, etc.) is discussed. The influence of environmental conditions (media, pH etc.) and biochemical mechanisms which lead to metabolic overflow are emphasized. The kinetics of fermentation processes are discribed, calculations concerning carbon balances are involved. The production of by‐products and the conversion of isocitrate to citrate is considered. The production of citric acid by yeasts which utilize different carbon sources may be economically feasible and an accession to the practized molasse‐Aspergillus‐process.
Polysaccharid‐Strukturen von Zellwand‐Präparaten aus der Futtereiweiß‐Hefe Candida spec. H
Authors: Nüske J. , Grimmecke H. D. , Reuter G.
Published: July 2010

More than 27% of the cell wall are unstably bound components: Proteophosphomannan as a main polysaccharide of the cell wall, mannose and manno‐oligosides which are bound to peptides or phosphate.

19% are glycosidically linked with a phosphate bridge or 0‐glycosidically (Ser/Thr) linked with the protein which is covalently bound to the cell wall. Besides mannose and glucose, manno‐oligosides and gluco‐oligosides are involved in this linkage.

A preparation consisting of glucan and chitin remains after careful degradation. It contains (1,2)‐, (1,3)‐ and (1,6)‐ linked glucose, (1,2,3)‐, (1,2,6)‐ or (1,3,6)‐glucose‐branchpoints and (1,4)‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine.
Seasonal fluctuations of freshwater fungi in River Nile (Egypt)
Authors: El‐Hissy Farida T. , Moubasher A. H. , El‐Nagdy M. A.
Published: July 2010

The seasonal fluctuations of aquatic fungi were studied over 24 water sample collected monthly between May 1979 and April 1981 from the River Nile near Assiut (about 375 km, south from Cairo, Egypt). The richest periods in aquatic fungal general and species were September—December 1979, January—March, October—December 1980, and January—April 1981. These periods represent low or moderate temperature months. The poorest periods were May—August 1979, April, May, July, August and September 1980 which are almost summer months.

Twenty‐nine species and one variety of Olpidiopsis saprolegniae which belong to ten genera of aquatic fungi were collected during this investigation. Three genera were of high seasonal occurrence (19–24 months) namely: Achlya, Saprolegnia and Dictyuchus. Three other genera were of moderate seasonal occurrence (6–11 months) namely: Isoachlya, Leptolegnia and Pythium. The rest of genera were of low or rare seasonal occurrence.
The temperature profile of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans
Authors: Lemos‐Carolino M. , Madeira‐Lopes A. , van Uden N.
Published: July 2010

A strain of Candida albicans was found to have an associative temperature profile with respect to growth, thermal death and yield on glucose. The ARRHENIUS plot of sustained exponential growth displayed two branches in the supraoptimal temperature range with the optimum temperature for growth around 33°C, the final maximum temperature for growth around 38°C and the initial maximum temperature for growth around 42°C. The yield on glucose was temperature dependent in the supraoptimal range and declined linearly to zero between the optimum and the initial maximum temperature for growth.
Effects of temperature and pH on growth and oospore production of three water‐borne Pythium
Authors: El‐Sharouny H. M. M.
Published: July 2010

Temperature and pH significantly affect the growth and oospore production of the test fungi. The optimum temperature for mycelial production was nearly the same on both solid and liquid media. H‐ion concentration has milder effect than temperature. The optimum temperature and pH value for oospore production agree remarkably with their respectives for growth.
Autolysis of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris spores lacking carbon dioxide during germination
Authors: Kretschmer S. , Jacob H.‐E.
Published: July 2010

Ultrathin sections of early germinating endospores of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris were studied by electron microscope. Only spores aerated with an air‐CO2 mixture (5% CO2) grow out, while spores aerated with air (0.03% CO2) lyse by the 25th min of inoculation. The lysis is due to progressive, unlimited degradation of the spore integuments and a lack of cell wall formation around the spore protoplast.

The requirement of CO2 for outgrowth could not be replaced by oxaloacetate. CO2 seems to be needed to energize the dormant cytoplasmic membrane of the spore to render it capable of initiating active transport processes and of synthesizing the germ cell wall.
Einfluß sauerstoffhaltiger C1‐Verbindungen auf das Wachstum methanassimilierender Bakterien
Authors: Schneider J. D. , Wendlandt K.‐D. , Brühl E. , Mirschel G.
Published: July 2010

Added C1‐compounds of the intermediates methanol, formaldehyde, formate and carbon dioxide show a catalytic effect on the growth rate and cell yield of CH4‐assimilating bacteria GB 25 with serine pathway.

Maximum stimulation is obtained by added amounts of about 20 mg C1‐compound/g bacteria dry matter. The influence of C1‐compounds decreases as follows: methanol > carbon dioxide > formate > formaldehyde.
Direct selection of active Claviceps colonies on agar plates
Authors: Gaberc‐Porekar G. , Didek‐Brumec M. , Sočič H.
Published: July 2010

An agar plate method for the primary screening of high yielding Claviceps strains has been developed. It is based on the detection of alkaloids in the colonies in the UV light by adding fluorescent indicators, fluorescein or 2′‐7′‐dichlorofluorescein, to the solid medium.
Bemerkungen zur Chemie der Aufstellung von Energiebilanzen mikrobieller Prozesse
Authors: Hesse G.
Published: July 2010

Attention is directed to some problems which arise establishing energy balances of microbial processes after oxidation of biomass and fermentation liquors with dichromate. Reduction equivalents of unknown protein and the heterogeneous pool of cell mass cannot be calculated agreeing to their real composition. Furthermore, oxidation of such material seems to be incomplete.
Genetic studies on the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica Inactivation and mutagenesis
Authors: Barth G. , Weber H.
Published: July 2010

Spontaneous mutants of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica were selected and partially characterized. Several antibiotics and antimetabolites were used for selection of spontaneous resistant mutants from Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. The frequencies of such mutants were mainly arranged between 1 × 10−7 and 5 × 10−6 mutants per cell. But one class of glucosamine resistant mutants (GAMRA) occurred more frequently. Among the resistant mutants different types of dominant and recessive resistant mutants could be observed.

UV light was used for inactivation of cells and induction of mutants from S. lipolytica. Comparing four haploid strains only small differences were detected in sensitivity to UV light. UV light at a dosage of 135 J/m2 was applied to increase the mutant frequencies in three haploid strains. Besides auxotrophic, temperature sensitive and colony morphology mutants, some new mutant types like small colony forming mutants, red‐brown coloured mutants, allylalcohol, glucosamine, 2‐deoxyglucose or nystatin resistant mutants, hitherto not described for S. lipolytica, were isolated and partially characterized.
Untersuchungen zur Regulation der Enzyme des Glyoxylatzyklus bei Saccharomycopsis lipolytica I. Einfluß der C‐Quelle auf die Aktivität von Isocitratlyase und Malatsynthase
Authors: Hönes Inge
Published: July 2010

Comperative studies on the activities of isocitrate lyase (ICL) and malate synthase (MS) were carried out with Saccharomycopsis lipolytica incubating the yeast on media with different carbon sources. When cells were incubated in minimal medium with glucose, the activities of both enzymes were very low. In contrast, in minimal medium with acetate enhanced enzyme activities could be demonstrated. It is probably that the synthesis of ICL is repressed in presence of glucose. Furthermore the activity of ICL was inhibited by tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates like succinic acid and oxalacetic acid. It was concluded that the syntheses of enzymes are derepressed. When cells of Sm. lipolytica were incubated in minimal medium with acetate, a high enzyme activity is evident. Synthesis of ICL on acetate was inhibited by cycloheximid and actinomycin D. The results were discussed comparing them with data obtained from other organisms.
Parallel regulation of cAMP phosphodiesterase and phosphatase activities in turimycin fermentations
Authors: Römer W. , Müller P. J.
Published: July 2010

Phosphate limitation induces the turimycin biosynthesis as well as the cAMP phosphodiesterase and phosphatase. The results are discussed in connection with the observation of general high activities of dephosphorylating enzymes and low concentrations of phosphorylated intermediates under conditions of phosphate limitation and secondary product biosynthesis, respectively.
Gen‐Enzym‐Beziehungen des arom‐Aggregates von Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Bode R.
Published: July 2010

The gene‐enzyme relationships of the arom multienzyme complex of Schizosaccharomyces pombe that catalyzes steps two through six in the prechorismate polyaromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway have been studied. The various mutants were subjected to biochemical analysis by direct enzymic assays. These studies have established that aro‐3A, aro‐3B, aro‐3C, aro‐3D, and aro‐3E mutants lack, respectively, the enzymic activities 5‐dehydroquinate synthase, 5‐dehydroquinase, shekimate kinase, 3‐enolpyruvylshikimate 5‐phosphate synthase, and shikimate: NADP oxidoreductase. In S. pombe lack enzymic activities for the inducible quinate catabolic pathway. The functional significance of the arom aggregate is discussed.