bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macroaggregates of loam in sandy soil show little influence on maize growth, due to local adaptations of root architecture to soil heterogeneity
Authors: Lippold Eva , Lucas Maik , Fahrenkampf Toni , Schlüter Steffen , Vetterlein Doris
Published: April 2022

Aims

Root hairs and lateral growth are root traits among many which enable plants to adapt to environmental conditions. How different traits are coordinated under local heterogeneity, especially when two or more environmental factors vary in space, is currently poorly understood. We investigated the effect of heterogeneity on root system architecture of maize in response to the presence of loamy macroaggregates, which come along with both, increased penetration resistance and nutrient availability, i.e., two important environmental factors shaping root system architecture. The comparison between a mutant with defective root hairs and the corresponding wild type made it possible to investigate the importance of root hairs in the adaptation strategies of plant roots to these factors.

Methods

Changes in root growth and root distribution with respect to macroaggregates were investigated using X-ray computed tomography. The wild-type of Zea mays L. was compared with the root hair defective mutant (rth3) to investigate the importance of root hairs in addition to adaption of root architecture.

Results

The presence of aggregates lead to increased root length and branch densities around aggregates, while only a few roots were able to grow into them. Thereby, wildtype and rth3 were influenced in the same way. Aboveground biomass, however, was not affected by the presence of macroaggregates, as compared to controls with homogenously distributed loam.

Conclusions

Macroaggregation of loam in sandy soil shows little influence on maize growth, due to local adaptations of root architecture to the heterogeneity in nutrient availability and penetration resistance caused by the aggregates.
Complex Coacervation and Precipitation Between Soluble Pea Proteins and Apple Pectin
Authors: Salminen Hanna , Sachs Melody , Schmitt Christophe , Weiss Jochen
Published: April 2022

Complex formation (leading to either coacervation or precipitation) offers a tool to generate plant-based novel food structures and textures. This study investigated the formation of complexes between soluble pea proteins and apple pectin upon varying the protein-to-pectin ratio (r = 2:1 to 10:1), pH (3–7), and temperature (25 and 85 °C) with a total biopolymer concentration set to 1% (w/w). The results showed that predominantly soluble biopolymer complexes were formed at pH 5, and at low ratio (r = 2:1), whereas lowering the pH to more acidic condition, and to higher ratios (r = 4:1–10:1) induced the formation of more insoluble biopolymer complexes. In general, the mean particle sizes of the biopolymer complexes ranged between approximately 20 and 100 μm. Upon heating to 85 °C, the amount of insoluble biopolymer complexes increased at pH 3–5 at all ratios, except at r = 2:1. In addition, the complex sizes became somewhat larger at r = 2:1 to 6:1 upon heat treatment, whereas only trivial size changes were observed at higher ratios (r = 8:1 to 10:1). Overall, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions played a major role in the complex formation between the soluble pea proteins and apple pectin. These findings are important for designing solely plant-based food structures.
Impact of Tobacco Smoking on Health Care Utilization and Medical Costs in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetes
Authors: Ye Bei-zhu , Wang Xiao-yu , Wang Yu-fan , Liu Nan-nan , Xie Min , Gao Xiao , Liang Yuan
Published: April 2022

Objective

To determine the impact of smoking on disease-specific health care utilization and medical costs in patients with chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

Methods

Participants were middle-aged and elderly adults with chronic NCDs from a prospective cohort in China. Logistic regressions and linear models were used to assess the relationship between tobacco smoking, health care utilization and medical costs.

Results

Totally, 1020 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 3144 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), and 1405 patients with diabetes were included in the analysis. Among patients with COPD, current smokers (β: 0.030, 95% CI: −0.032–0.092) and former smokers (β: 0.072, 95% CI: 0.014–0.131) had 3.0% and 7.2% higher total medical costs than never smokers. Medical costs of patients who had smoked for 21–40 years (β: 0.028, 95% CI:−0.038–0.094) and ≥41 years (β: 0.053, 95% CI: −0.004β0.110) were higher than those of never smokers. Patients who smoked ≥21 cigarettes (β: 0.145, 95% CI: 0.051–0.239) per day had more inpatient visits than never smokers. The association between smoking and health care utilization and medical costs in people with CHD group was similar to that in people with COPD; however, there were no significant associations in people with diabetes.

Conclusion

This study reveals that the impact of smoking on health care utilization and medical costs varies among patients with COPD, CHD, and diabetes. Tobacco control might be more effective at reducing the burden of disease for patients with COPD and CHD than for patients with diabetes.
Augmented reality-delivered product information at the point of sale: when information controllability backfires
Authors: Hoffmann Stefan , Joerß Tom , Mai Robert , Akbar Payam
Published: April 2022

Augmented reality-delivered product information (ARPI) can overcome the limited space at the point of sale to inform shoppers on demand and will therefore become more widespread in brick-and-mortar stores. To fill the void of academic research, this paper develops a model of how consumers process ARPI and how ARPI can shape brand image and purchase intentions. Making use of the cues-filtered-out theory, this paper suggests that the effect of ARPI controllability depends on information detailedness. An unintended backfire effect of controllability occurs when the accessible information is detailed, which is explained by the mediating process via perceived comprehensiveness. This backfire effect is a risk primarily in busy shopping times. The main experiment conducted in a hypermarket and four follow-up studies (using field, lab, and video settings) empirically confirm the proposed model on the basis of different data sources, including usage tracking, questionnaires, and scanner data. The paper derives managerial implications and outlines directions for future research.
In search of member needs in coworking spaces
Authors: Rådman Erik , Johansson Erik , Bosch-Sijtsema Petra , Raharjo Hendry
Published: April 2022

Coworking spaces represent a new trend for future workplaces. As more building owners are interested in running coworking space businesses, it becomes important to understand both why a potential member chooses one space over another and how to keep existing members at a coworking site. A sound understanding of member needs can make a difference. Unfortunately, very few studies have been conducted as to understanding a member’s basic needs in coworking spaces. In this paper, we aim to identify member’s needs in three coworking spaces in Sweden. Participant observations, immersion, and interviews were used for data collection. The member needs are categorized and structured through the lens of self-determination theory. In total, we uncovered, formulated, and categorized 21 member needs. We found that the fulfillment of one need may lead to the inhibition of another, thus creating tensions between and within coworking members. This research contributes to the literature by addressing the importance and definition of member needs for coworking as well as the created tensions related to these needs, which have been lacking in coworking studies.
Expression of Mucins in Different Entities of Salivary Gland Cancer: Highest Expression of Mucin-1 in Salivary Duct Carcinoma
Authors: Wolber P. , Mayer M. , Nachtsheim L. , Prinz J. , Klußmann J. P. , Quaas A. , Arolt C.
Published: April 2022

Therapeutic options for advanced salivary gland cancer (SGC) are rare. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to investigate the extent and intensity of Mucin-1 (MUC1), Mucin-16 (MUC16), and Mucin-5AC (MUC5AC) as potential molecular targets using immunohistochemistry. The medical records of all patients who underwent primary surgery for salivary gland cancer with curative intent in a tertiary referral center between 1990 and 2018 were reviewed. Immunohistochemical staining for MUC1, MUC16, and MUC5AC was performed for all patients with sufficient formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material, and a semi-quantitative combined score derived from the H-score for the cytoplasmatic, the membranous and the apical membrane was built for the most common entities of SGC. 107 patients with malignancies of the parotid (89.7%) and the submandibular gland (10.3%) were included. The most common entities were mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MuEp; n = 23), adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCy; n = 22), and salivary duct carcinoma (SaDu; n = 21). The highest mean MUC1 combined score was found in SaDu with 223.6 (±91.7). The highest mean MUC16 combined score was found in MuEp with 177.0 (±110.0). The mean MUC5AC score was low across all entities. A higher MUC1 combined score was significantly associated with male gender (p = 0.03), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.01), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.045), and extracapsular extension (p = 0.03). SaDu patients with MUC16 expression showed a significantly worse 5-year progression-free survival than those without MUC16 expression (p = 0.02). This is the first study to give a comprehensive overview of the expression of MUC1, MUC16, and MUC5AC in SGC. Since advanced SGCs lack therapeutic options in many cases, these results warrant in vitro research on therapeutic targets against MUC1 in SaDu cell lines and xenograft models.
Yield responses of four common potato cultivars to an industry standard and alternative rotation in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Azimi Mohammad Amir , Jiang Yefang , Meng Fan-Rui , Liang Kang
Published: April 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate yield responses of four potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) cultivars (‘Russet Burbank’, ‘Shepody’, ‘Gold Rush’, and ‘Russet Prospect’) and soil N dynamic changes to two 3-year rotations in Prince Edward Island, Canada. The two rotations were the local industry standard potato–barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)–red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.) rotation (PBC) and an alternative potato–soybean (Glycine maxL.)–barley rotation (PSB). All potato cultivars received 170 kg N ha− 1input at planting without irrigation. Soil mineral N content before potato planting was significantly higher under the PBC rotation. However, the PBC rotation produced significantly lower yields, suggesting the possibility of excessive N supply from the plowed-down red clover. While cultivar and the interaction between cultivar and rotation did not show a significant difference in yield, yields of all cultivars were positively affected by the PSB rotation. The Gold Rush cultivar was affected the most (36%), followed by Russet Burbank (17%) and Prospect (14%) cultivars, with Shepody being the least affected (3%) by the alternative PSB rotation. Russet Burbank was the highest yielding cultivar under both rotations. With the three russet cultivars combined as a single russet cultivar, the PSB rotation significantly increased tuber yields, while the Shepody cultivar did not significantly benefit from the PSB rotation, suggesting that the russet cultivars responded more sensitively to the alternative rotation. Results demonstrate that adequately accounting for N supply from a preceding green manure crop is required for sustainable potato production in this humid temperate region.
Mini symposium on cutting and machining: 25 years of ESAFORM activity
Authors: Umbrello Domenico , Matsumura Takashi , Arrazola Pedro J. , Germain Guenael , Courbon Cédric
Published: April 2022

This paper reports on the state of the art in the experimental and numerical investigations of cutting and machining processes. The contributions on the above-mentioned processes and published on the Proceedings of the European Scientific Association for material FORMing (ESAFORM) Conferences are highlighted. In particular, this literature review is an update of a previous one conducted in the 2007, after ten years of the ESAFORM activities, and it confirms the crucial role played by the minisymposium on Machining and Cutting in this field. In fact, the research has been quite active even in these last fifteen years, as demonstrated by the number of contributions and their relevant scientific contents. As overall, this review shows as the minisymposium on Machining and Cutting, that has been organized since 2001 with no interruptions, has contributed to the scientific progress on the study of the material removal processes.
What Can We Learn from Synaptic Connectivity Maps about Cerebellar Internal Models?
Authors: Spaeth Ludovic , Isope Philippe
Published: April 2022

The cerebellum is classically associated with fine motor control, motor learning, and timing of actions. However, while its anatomy is well described and many synaptic plasticity have been identified, the computation performed by the cerebellar cortex is still debated. We, here, review recent advances on how the description of the functional synaptic connectivity between granule cells and Purkinje cells support the hypothesis that the cerebellum stores internal models of the body coordinates. We propose that internal models are specific of the task and of the locomotor context of each individual.
Bidirectional Multi-modal Signs of Checking Human-Robot Engagement and Interaction
Authors: Maniscalco Umberto , Storniolo Pietro , Messina Antonio
Published: April 2022

The anthropomorphization of human-robot interactions is a fundamental aspect of the design of social robotics applications. This article describes how an interaction model based on multimodal signs like visual, auditory, tactile, proxemic, and others can improve the communication between humans and robots. We have examined and appropriately filtered all the robot sensory data needed to realize our interaction model. We have also paid a lot of attention to communication on the backchannel, making it both bidirectional and evident through auditory and visual signals. Our model, based on a task-level architecture, was integrated into an application called W@ICAR, which proved efficient and intuitive with people not interacting with the robot. It has been validated both from a functional and user experience point of view, showing positive results. Both the pragmatic and the hedonic estimators have shown how many users particularly appreciated the application. The model component has been implemented through Python scripts in the robot operating system environment.
Gezondheidsachterstanden aanpakken bij de bron: minder leefstijl, meer bestaanszekerheid
Authors: Grootegoed Ellen , Winsemius Aletta , Noordegraaf-Eelens Liesbeth , Dannenberg Erik
Published: April 2022

Samenvatting

De aanpak van gezondheidsachterstanden is al decennialang een centraal aandachtspunt van beleidsmakers en politici. Toch lukt het niet om gezondheidsachterstanden te doorbreken. De urgentie om gezondheidsachterstanden aan te pakken neemt toe, nu de achterstanden oplopen en de druk op de zorg toeneemt. Een radicale koerswijziging is nodig, waarbij niet het symptoom maar de kwaal wordt aangepakt: complexe ongelijkheid die gezondheidsachterstanden in de hand werkt én in stand houdt. Hiervoor is een verbreding, verdieping én verduurzaming van beleidsinspanningen nodig. Daarbij is niet alleen leefstijl het vertrekpunt, maar wordt gezondheid ook benaderd als een herverdelingsvraagstuk ten gunste van een eerlijke kans op gezond leven.
The association between benzodiazepine use and greater risk of neurocognitive impairment is moderated by medical burden in people with HIV
Authors: Sundermann Erin E. , Saloner Rowan , Rubtsova Anna , Nguyen Annie L. , Letendre Scott , Moore Raeanne C. , Cherner Mariana , Ma Qing , Marquine María J.
Published: April 2022

Benzodiazepine use is linked to neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in the general population and people with HIV (PWH); however, this relationship may depend on age-related factors such as medical comorbidities, which occur at an elevated rate and manifest earlier in PWH. We retrospectively examined whether chronological age or medical burden, a clinical marker for aging, moderated the relationship between benzodiazepine use and NCI in PWH. Participants were 435 PWH on antiretroviral therapy who underwent neurocognitive and medical evaluations, including self-reported current benzodiazepine use. A medical burden index score (proportion of accumulated multisystem deficits) was calculated from 28 medical deficits. Demographically corrected cognitive deficit scores from 15 neuropsychological tests were used to calculate global and domain-specific NCI based on established cut-offs. Logistic regressions separately modeled global and domain-specific NCI as a function of benzodiazepine x age and benzodiazepine x medical burden interactions, adjusting for current affective symptoms and HIV disease characteristics. A statistically significant benzodiazepine x medical burden interaction (p = .006) revealed that current benzodiazepine use increased odds of global NCI only among those who had a high medical burden (index score > 0.3 as indicated by the Johnson–Neyman analysis), which was driven by the domains of processing speed, motor, and verbal fluency. No age x benzodiazepine interactive effects on NCI were present. Findings suggest that the relationship between BZD use and NCI among PWH is specific to those with greater medical burden, which may be a greater risk factor for BZD-related NCI than chronological age.
Robustness Check: Evaluating and Strengthening Artistic Use Defences in EU Trademark Law
Authors: Senftleben Martin
Published: April 2022

The 2015 EU trademark law reform introduced a peculiar rule for reconciling trademark rights with freedom of artistic expression. According to Recital 21 EUTMR and Recital 27 TMD, artistic use can be deemed fair as long as the artist ensures compliance with “honest practices in industrial and commercial matters”. The honest practices proviso forges a link with the provisions on limitations of trademark rights. Article 14(1) EUTMR and Art. 14(1) TMD exempt from the control of trademark proprietors several types of use that can allow for artistic use. All these limitations, however, apply only when the use satisfies the test of honest practices. Confirming the obligation to comply with honest practices in industrial and commercial matters, the fairness rule of Recital 21 EUTMR and Recital 27 TMD turns out to be a double-edged sword. Instead of readily immunizing artistic use against trademark claims, it obliges artists to rely on limitations of trademark rights and furnish corresponding proof. Moreover, artists are expected to align their artistic activity with behavioural standards in the field of industry and commerce – a realm that is alien to the artistic community. Evidently, this approach endangers artistic autonomy. To avoid detrimental effects on artistic expression, it is advisable to strengthen the position of artists and develop a legal solution that resembles the measures taken in Art. 9(3)(f) EUTMR and Art. 10(3)(f) TMD with regard to freedom of commercial expression. Drawing inspiration from cultural sciences and case law on both sides of the Atlantic, the analysis explores avenues for achieving this goal.
Managing Mediterranean Forests for Multiple Ecosystem Services: Research Progress and Knowledge Gaps
Authors: Nocentini Susanna , Travaglini Davide , Muys Bart
Published: April 2022

Purpose of Review

Forests provide multiple ecosystem services (ES) to society, and the demand for ES is growing at the global level. However, how to manage forests for the provision of multiple and sometimes conflicting services is a complex and still unresolved issue. In this study, we reviewed the scientific literature for the period 2010–2020 dealing with forest management and multiple ES in Mediterranean forests, with the aim of (1) outlining the progress in research, (2) identifying knowledge gaps and research needs, and (3) discussing management approaches considering multiple ES. The selected literature was analyzed considering different aspects of multiple ES (e.g., drivers of changes, modeling approaches, trade-offs, and synergies).

Recent Findings

Our results show that wood production is still one of the main management objectives, with an increasing attention toward non wood forest products. Carbon sequestration and biodiversity were the most investigated regulating functions, but also specific aspects are gaining attention (e.g., lichens for microclimate regulation). Changes in stand structure and density, the impact of coppice vs. high forest, and the effect of management practices vs. abandonment were considered as drivers of change at the stand/management unit scale, while the impact of climate changes and disturbances were considered at the landscape/regional scale using modeling.

Despite the progress made in the last decade, our review highlights that further research is needed to fill the gaps in the scientific literature regarding how forest management influences the provision of multiple ES in the Mediterranean region. From a conceptual point of view, there is the need for a shift to a new paradigm based on an adaptable, flexible management, and planning approach to sustain self-organization, adaptive capacity, and overall resilience of Mediterranean forests, overcoming the ecosystem “service” approach; operatively, research should move toward a transdisciplinary approach, which considers problems from a diversity of points of view and involves extended peer communities not only in the dissemination of research results, but also in the research process itself.
ConcepTests in Undergraduate Real Analysis: Comparing Peer Discussion and Instructional Explanation Settings
Authors: Bauer Thomas , Biehler Rolf , Lankeit Elisa
Published: April 2022

Peer Instruction, first introduced by Eric Mazur in the late '90 s, is a method aiming at active student participation in lectures. It includes conceptual questions (so-called ConcepTests) presented to the students, who vote on answer alternatives presented to them and then discuss their answers in small groups. As professors have been reported to implement several variants of this method, it is highly desirable to understand the specific effects of the individual elements of the method (tasks, voting, and discussions in small groups). In the present study, we focus on the role of the discussion phase (peer discussion). Our study implemented two conditions: Peer Instruction in classical fashion, and a variant, in which peer discussion was replaced with instructional explanation by a tutor. Students in a course on Real Analysis were randomly assigned to the two conditions for two semesters. As far as learning outcomes are concerned, we do not measure these in terms of voting results within Peer Instruction cycles but we are focusing on transfer in terms of results in the final exams of the two semesters. Interestingly, we found no significant difference between the two conditions. Additionally, we had positive evaluations of the use of Peer Instruction in both variants, with no significant differences between the groups either. Regarding affective variables and learning strategies, no difference in the development could be detected. As an important practical implication, these results show that both implemented variants of the Peer Instruction method are justifiable as far as learning outcomes, measured by exam results, or students’ assessment of the method are concerned. Our results put the widespread belief that it is mainly the peer discussion that accounts for the success of the use of ConcepTests into question.
A FIB-SEM Study of Illite Morphology in Aeolian Rotliegend Sandstones: Implications for Understanding the Petrophysical Properties of Reservoir Rocks
Authors: Peltz Markus , Jacob Arne , Grathoff Georg H. , Enzmann Frieder , Kersten Michael , Warr Laurence N.
Published: April 2022

Diagenetic illite growth in porous sandstones leads to significant modifications of the initial pore system which result in tight reservoirs. Understanding and quantifying these changes provides insight into the porosity-permeability history of the reservoir and improves predictions on petrophysical behavior. To characterize the various stages of diagenetic alteration, a focused ion beam – scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) study was undertaken on aeolian sandstones from the Bebertal outcrop of the Parchim Formation (Early Permian Upper Rotliegend group). Based on 3D microscopic reconstructions, three different textural types of illite crystals occur, common to many tight Rotliegend sandstones, namely (1) feldspar grain alterations and associated illite meshworks, (2) tangential grain coats, and (3) pore-filling laths and fibers. Reaction textures, pore structure quantifications, and numerical simulations of fluid transport have revealed that different generations of nano-porosity are connected to the diagenetic alteration of feldspars and the authigenic growth of pore-filling illites. The latter leads to the formation of microstructures that range from authigenic compact tangential grain coatings to highly porous, pore-filling structures. K-feldspar replacement and initial grain coatings of illite are composed primarily of disordered 1Md illite whereas the epitaxially grown illite lath- and fiber-shaped crystals occurring as pore-filling structures are of the trans-vacant 1Mtv polytype. Although all analyzed 3D structures offer connected pathways, the largest reduction in sandstone permeability occurred during the initial formation of the tangential illite coatings that sealed altered feldspars and the subsequent growth of pore-filling laths and fibrous illites. Analyses of both illite pore-size and crystallite-size distributions indicate that crystal growth occurred by a continuous nucleation and growth mechanism probably controlled by the multiple influx of potassium-rich fluids during late Triassic and Jurassic times. The detailed insight into the textural varieties of illite crystal growth and its calculated permeabilities provides important constraints for understanding the complexities of fluid-flow in tight reservoir sandstones.
Primary intraventricular Glioblastoma GBM: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Muhsen Baha'eddin A. , Hirbawi Hawazen , Shurbaji Amer , Aljariri Abdelmajid , Alomari Safwan O. , Al-Hussaini Maysa
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction and importance:

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary central nervous system tumor. The frontotemporal location is the most common location for the occurrence of GBM, however, the occurrence of this lesion in the intraventricular system is very rare and only a few cases have been reported about it in the literature.

Case presentation:

We present another case of primary intraventricular GBM of a 61-year-old patient with a detailed description of the clinical presentation, neuro-radiological and pathological findings, and the surgical approach to the tumor.

Clinical discussion:

We reviewed cases of primary intraventricular glioblastomas in the literature and concluded that it is very rare and has poor prognosis. Surgical gross debulking and the extent resection are very important factors that affect the prognosis of GBM patients.

Conclusion:

Intraventricular GBM is an aggressive tumor with a challenging location that is usually associated with a poor prognosis. However, our patient showed a long-term survival of 78 months.

Highlights
Obstructive intestinal tuberculosis managed surgically: A case report and literature review
Authors: Orellana Matías , Vegas Liumariel , Cáceres Alfredo , Villarroel Marcelo , Soto Pedro
Published: April 2022

Highlights
The Brothers Grimm and the Making of German Nationalism
Authors: Norberg Jakob
Published: April 2022

In the first comprehensive English-language portrait of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm as political thinkers and actors, Jakob Norberg reveals how history's two most famous folklorists envisioned the role of literary and linguistic scholars in defining national identity. Convinced of the political relevance of their folk tale collections and grammatical studies, the Brothers Grimm argued that they could help disentangle language groups from one another, redraw the boundaries of states in Europe, and counsel kings and princes on the proper extent and character of their rule. They sought not only to recover and revive a neglected native culture for a contemporary audience, but also to facilitate a more harmonious and enduring relationship between the traditional political elite and an emerging national collective. Through close historical analysis, Norberg reconstructs how the Grimms wished to mediate between sovereigns and peoples, politics and culture. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
Authors: Philpotts Anthony R. , Ague Jay J.
Published: April 2022

Building upon the award-winning second edition, this comprehensive textbook provides a fundamental understanding of the formative processes of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Encouraging a deeper comprehension of the subject by explaining the petrologic principles, and assuming knowledge of only introductory college-level courses in physics, chemistry, and calculus, it lucidly outlines mathematical derivations fully and at an elementary level, making this the ideal resource for intermediate and advanced courses in igneous and metamorphic petrology. With over 500 illustrations, many in color, this revised edition contains valuable new material and strengthened pedagogy, including boxed mathematical derivations allowing for a more accessible explanation of concepts, and more qualitative end-of-chapter questions to encourage discussion. With a new introductory chapter outlining the “bigger picture,” this fully updated resource will guide students to an even greater mastery of petrology.
‘Ritual Litter' Redressed
Authors: Houlbrook Ceri
Published: April 2022

Ritual deposition is not an activity that many people in the Western world would consider themselves participants of. The enigmatic beliefs and magical thinking that led to the deposition of swords in watery places and votive statuettes in temples, for example, may feel irrelevant to the modern day. However, it could be argued that ritual deposition is a more widespread feature now than in the past, with folk assemblages – from roadside memorials and love-lock bridges, to wishing fountains and coin-trees – emerging prolifically worldwide. Despite these assemblages being as much the result of ritual activity as historically deposited objects, they are rarely given the same academic attention or heritage status. As well as exploring the nature of ritual deposition in the contemporary West, and the beliefs and symbolisms behind various assemblages, this Element explores the heritage of the modern-day deposit, promoting a renegotiation of the pejorative term 'ritual litter'.
Intelligent vehicle drive mode which predicts the driver behavior vector to augment the engine performance in real-time
Authors: Kolachalama Srikanth , Malik Hafiz
Published: April 2022

In this article, a novel drive mode, “intelligent vehicle drive mode” (IVDM), was proposed, which augments the vehicle engine performance in real-time. This drive mode predicts the driver behavior vector (DBV), which optimizes the vehicle engine performance, and the metric of optimal vehicle engine performance was defined using the elements of engine operating point (EOP) and heating ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC). Deep learning (DL) models were developed by mapping the vehicle level vectors (VLV) with EOP and HVAC parameters, and the trained functions were utilized to predict the future states of DBV reflecting augmented vehicle engine performance. The iterative analysis was performed by empirically estimating the future states of VLV in the allowable range of DBV and was fed into the DL model to predict the performance vectors. The defined vehicle engine performance metric was applied to the predicted vectors, and thus optimal DBV is the instantaneous output of the IVDM. The analytical and validation techniques were developed using field data obtained from General Motors Inc., Warren, Michigan. Finally, the proposed concept was quantified by analyzing the instantaneous engine efficiency (IEE) and smoothness measure of the instantaneous engine map (IEM).
Quantitative fit-test concordance of a pair of similar-fit 3M Aura respirator models, 3M 9320A+ and 3M 1870+: A randomized crossover study
Authors: Williams Daryl Lindsay , Kave Benjamin , Begg Fiona , Bodas Charles , Ng Irene
Published: April 2022

Objective:

Some manufacturers provide information on similar-fit model pairings of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), suggesting that fit-test outcome of one model helps predict the other. This guidance may be useful during crisis capacity when FFR supplies and/or fit tests are constrained. The purpose of this study was to compare quantitative fit-test (QNFT) results and concordance between a pair of similar-fit 3M Aura FFRs: the 3M 9320A+ and 3M 1870+.

Methods:

All participants completed online training and a QNFT with both respirators. The order of the respirator being examined first was randomly allocated. The outcomes included QNFT pass rate, concordance between the 2 models, overall and individual fit factors, and percentage of male and female participants who passed or failed the QNFT.

Results:

We recruited 1,000 participants (668 females and 332 males). The QNFT pass rate, overall fit factors, and individual fit factors were significantly higher for the 3M 9320A+ than the 3M 1870+ FFR. The concordance between the models was “fair” (κ coefficient, 0.38). Male participants who passed a QNFT with either of the FFRs had 96% chance of passing the QNFT for the alternate model. Female participants who passed the 3M 1870+ had 97% chance of passing the QNFT for the 3M 9320A+ model. However, ∼1 in 12 females who passed the QNFT for the 3M 9320A+ failed the QNFT for the 3M 1870+ FFR.

Conclusions:

Similar-fit paired FFR models may provide a consequentially different level of respiratory protection, especially for women. Our findings are important for FFR stockpiling and fit-testing strategies, especially during crisis capacity.
Assessing the utility of universal preprocedure severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing at a cancer center
Authors: Abbas Salma , Yusuf Muhammed Aasim
Published: April 2022

We implemented preprocedure severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing for cancer patients. The overall positivity rate was 0.3%. Preprocedure testing may be limited to operative procedures as community rates of SARS-CoV-2 exceed 7%. Nonoperative aerosol-generating procedures may be performed without preprocedure testing, wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment.
Linking service-oriented human resource practices bundle and frontline employee service performance: A test of cross-level mediating processes
Authors: Huang Chih , Peng Jui-Chen
Published: April 2022

Drawing on conservation of resources and signaling theories, this research aims to develop a cross-level serial mediation model of branch-level predictors of frontline employees' service performance. Specifically, we examined whether the service-oriented human resource practices bundle (SO-HRP bundle) affects frontline employees' service performance via person–environment fit (P–E fit) and work engagement. Based on a sample of 327 employees and their supervisors across 70 branches of two service corporations in Taiwan, it was found, first, that the SO-HRP bundle and work engagement have a significant positive relationship; second, that person–organization fit and person–job fit was each positively linked with work engagement; and finally, that the SO-HRP bundle sequentially formed a positive link with frontline employee service performance through P–E fit and work engagement. The findings shine new light on the cross-level serial mediation processes whereby employee service performance is enhanced owing to the SO-HRP bundle.
The pre-political origins and policy consequences of environmental justice concern
Authors: Motta Matt
Published: April 2022

Abstract

While the effects of climate change will impact most Americans, they will likely have a disproportionate influence on the socioeconomic well-being of marginalized communities. Few researchers, however, have investigated public support for policies aimed at ameliorating climate-related disparities. Fewer still have considered how political and (critically) pre-political psychological dispositions might shape environmental justice concern (EJC) and subsequently influence policy support—both of which, I argue, could present roadblocks for effective climate communication and policy action. In this registered report, I (1) propose and validate a new measure of EJC, (2) explore its political correlates and pre-political antecedents, and (3) test for a link between EJC and policy support. In addition to psychometrically validating the EJC scale, I find that pre-political value orientations are associated with EJC, which, in turn, mediates the effects of pre-political values on taking action to mitigate the unequal effects of climate change.
Seeing and Hearing Omar ibn Said
Authors: Dorroll Courtney , Ballance Colleen , Dorroll Philip
Published: April 2022

This article will illustrate how using interdisciplinary student-faculty collaborative research can help decolonialize Islamic Studies. This article will be based on a case study of our recently completed student-faculty collaborate research project, Seeing and Hearing Omar ibn Said. Faculty members led a student-faculty research and public outreach project regarding Omar ibn Said, an enslaved Muslim man from the Senegambia region. The students’ work focused on the biographical opera Omar, which was planned for debut at the 2020 Spoleto Festival in Charleston, South Carolina. This interdisciplinary collaboration combined religious studies, history, and performance studies. The students produced outreach materials designed for public engagement and education. Ultimately this article brings to light several important topics: the pedagogy of interdisciplinary studies, giving students agency in an interdisciplinary setting, and the lack of recognition of early Muslims in America.
Deliberative Distortions? Homogenization, Polarization, and Domination in Small Group Discussions
Authors: Luskin Robert C. , Sood Gaurav , Fishkin James S. , Hahn Kyu S.
Published: April 2022

Deliberation is widely believed to enhance democracy by helping to refine the ‘public will’, moving its participants' policy attitudes closer to their ‘full-consideration’ policy attitudes – those they would hypothetically hold with unlimited information, to which they gave unlimited reflection. Yet there have also been claims that the social dynamics involved generally ‘homogenize’ attitudes (decreasing their variance), ‘polarize’ them (moving their means toward the nearer extreme), or engender ‘domination’ (moving their overall means toward those of the attitudes held by the socially advantaged) – attitude changes that may often beawayfrom the participants' full-consideration attitudes and may thus distort rather than refine the public will. This article uses 2,601 group-issue pairs in twenty-one Deliberative Polls to examine these claims. Reassuringly, the results show no routine or strong homogenization, polarization, or domination. What little pattern there is suggests some faint homogenization, but also some faintmoderation(as opposed to polarization) andopposition(as opposed to domination) – all as is to be expected when the outside-world forces shaping pre-deliberation attitudes are slightly more centrifugal than centripetal. The authors lay out a theoretical basis for these expectations and interpretations and probe the study's results, highlighting, among other things, deliberation's role in undoing outside-world effects on pre-deliberation attitudes and the observed homogenization's, polarization's, and domination's dependence on deliberative design.
Streptococcus agalactiae-induced autophagy of bovine mammary epithelial cell via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
Authors: Qi Mengzhu , Geng Hao , Geng Na , Cui Yukun , Qi Changxi , Cheng Guodong , Song Kaimin , Hu Liping , Liu Yongxia , Liu Jianzhu , Han Bo
Published: April 2022

Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) infection is a significant cause of mastitis, resulting in loss of cellular homeostasis and tissue damage. Autophagy plays an essential function in cell survival, defense, and the preservation of cellular homeostasis, and is often part of the response to pathogenic challenge. However, the effect of autophagy induced by S. agalactiae in bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) is mainly unknown. So in this study, an intracellular S. agalactiae infection model was established. Through evaluating the autophagy-related indicators, we observed that after S. agalactiae infection, a significant quantity of LC3-I was converted to LC3-II, p62 was degraded, and levels of Beclin1 and Bcl2 increased significantly in bMECs, indicating that S. agalactiae induced autophagy. The increase in levels of LAMP2 and LysoTracker Deep Red fluorescent spots indicated that lysosomes had participated in the degradation of autophagic contents. After autophagy was activated by rapamycin (Rapa), the amount of p-Akt and p-mTOR decreased significantly, whilst the amount of intracellular S. agalactiae increased significantly. Whereas the autophagy was inhibited by 3-methyladenine (3MA), the number of intracellular pathogens decreased. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that S. agalactiae could induce autophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and utilize autophagy to survive in bMECs.
Measurement of water-holding capacity in fermented milk using near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods
Authors: Havmand Pernille Uma , Zachariassen Lau Gustav , Ipsen Richard , Poulsen Vera Kuzina
Published: April 2022

We investigated the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) for measuring water-holding capacity (WHC) in fermented milk. Increased WHC ensures improved texture and decreased syneresis in fermented dairy products and also improves cheese yield. NIR combined with partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was found to be a promising rapid and non-invasive method with no pretreatment of the samples for prediction of WHC in fermented milk samples. Analysis of the chemical bonds in the region 10 700–4500 cm−1 (935–2200 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum was able to distinguish between samples with high vs. low WHC. This technique was successfully used to screen different strains of lactic acid bacteria for their ability to provide fermented milk with increased WHC, which is of great importance for use in various dairy products.
The Pricing of Volatility and Jump Risks in the Cross-Section of Index Option Returns
Authors: Hu Guanglian , Liu Yuguo
Published: April 2022

Existing studies relate the puzzling low average returns on out-of-the-money (OTM) index call and put options to nonstandard preferences. We argue the low option returns are primarily due to the pricing of market volatility risk. When volatility risk is priced, expected option returns match the realized average option returns. Moreover, consistent with its theoretical effect on expected option returns, the volatility risk premium is positively related to future index option returns and this relationship is stronger for OTM options and at-the-money straddles. Finally, we find the jump risk premium contributes to some portion of OTM put option returns.
Anterolateral thigh butterfly free flap for reconstruction of laryngopharyngeal defect: surgical considerations
Authors: Patel K B , Silverman D , Barron C , Ozer E
Published: April 2022

Background

Reconstruction of a pharyngoesophageal defect remains a challenging problem, especially with involvement of the neck skin. This study aimed to demonstrate the surgical technique of utilising a butterfly modification of the anterolateral thigh flap.

Results

Reconstruction of the pharyngoesophageal defect was accomplished using the butterfly modification of the anterolateral thigh free flap. The flap was tubed on the leg while still being attached to the pedicle, to minimise the ischaemia time.

Conclusion

Butterfly anterolateral thigh free flap allows for multi-layer closure of the neopharynx and can be utilised for reconstruction of pharyngoesophageal and neck skin defects.
Body image concerns in patients with persecutory delusions
Authors: Waite Felicity , Diamond Rowan , Collett Nicola , Bold Emily , Chadwick Eleanor , Freeman Daniel
Published: April 2022

Background

Persecutory fears build on feelings of vulnerability that arise from negative views of the self. Body image concerns have the potential to be a powerful driver of feelings of vulnerability. Body image concerns are likely raised in patients with psychosis given the frequent weight gain. We examined for the first-time body esteem – the self-evaluation of appearance – in relation to symptom and psychological correlates in patients with current persecutory delusions.

Methods

One-hundred and fifteen patients with persecutory delusions in the context of non-affective psychosis completed assessments of body image, self-esteem, body mass index (BMI), psychiatric symptoms and well-being. Body esteem was also assessed in 200 individuals from the general population.

Results

Levels of body esteem were much lower in patients with psychosis than non-clinical controls (d = 1.2, p < 0.001). In patients, body esteem was lower in women than men, and in the overweight or obese BMI categories than the normal weight range. Body image concerns were associated with higher levels of depression (r = −0.55, p < 0.001), negative self-beliefs (r = −0.52, p < 0.001), paranoia (r = −0.25, p = 0.006) and hallucinations (r = −0.21, p = 0.025). Body image concerns were associated with lower levels of psychological wellbeing (r = 0.41, p < 0.001), positive self-beliefs (r = 0.40, p < 0.001), quality of life (r = 0.23, p = 0.015) and overall health (r = 0.31, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Patients with current persecutory delusions have low body esteem. Body image concerns are associated with poorer physical and mental health, including more severe psychotic experiences. Improving body image for patients with psychosis is a plausible target of intervention, with the potential to result in a wide range of benefits.
Assessing the Quantity and Quality of Language Used by Mothers and Fathers of Children with Down Syndrome During Shared Book Reading
Authors: HILVERT Elizabeth , LORANG Emily , MALTMAN Nell , STERLING Audra
Published: April 2022

Young children with Down syndrome (DS) have language delays beginning early in life. Book reading with parents provides a context for capitalizing on language learning opportunities. This study evaluated the quantity and quality of language input among mothers and fathers of young children with DS during book reading interactions and investigated associations with child language. Findings revealed that mothers were more talkative and used more descriptive language, whereas fathers spent more time reading the book text. Moreover, maternal and paternal input were correlated with different measures of child language, suggesting that mothers and fathers may use divergent approaches to support language development.