bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who Has the Body? The Paths to Habeas Corpus Reform
Authors: Federman Cary
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this article is to place the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) of 1996 within a political and historical framework that describes the effort by the Supreme Court and various interested parties to restrict prisoners’ access to the federal courts by way of habeas corpus. Of principal concern here is how an act of terrorism against the United States provides an opportunity for Congress to restrict death row prisoners from obtaining habeas corpus review. Along with an analysis of Supreme Court decisions, three attempts to limit federal habeas corpus review for state prisoners from the late 1980s to the middle 1990s are described, all of which helped Congress to pass the AEDPA, a law that ratified the Supreme Court’s most restrictive habeas corpus decisions dating back some 35 years.
Should Jurors be Informed about Parole Eligibility in Death Penalty Cases? An Analysis of Kelly V. South Carolina
Authors: Vollum Scott , del Carmen Rolando V. , Longmire Dennis R.
Published: September 2004

The 5-to-4 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kelly v. South Carolina represents an important turning point in the death penalty sentencing procedure. Expanding on their prior ruling in Simmons v. South Carolina, the Supreme Court, in Kelly, determined that a defendant is entitled to a jury instruction regarding parole eligibility when the only alternative to a death sentence is life without parole and the implication of future dangerousness is present. In this article, the controversial Kelly decision is examined, and both the majority opinion and the two dissenting opinions are analyzed. The broad as well as the more specific implications and ramifications of this important decision are presented.
Adolescents’ Expectations for Higher Education in Bogotá, Colombia, and La Paz, Bolivia
Authors: Forste Renata , Heaton Tim B. , Haas David W.
Published: September 2004

Drawing on status attainment models, the authors examine the effects of family, peer, and school factors on expectations to graduate from a university for a sample of high school students in Bogotá, Colombia, and La Paz, Bolivia. The expansion of higher education in these countries has followed different strategies. In Bolivia, the policy has been to increase access to higher education, however at the cost of quality. In Colombia, expansion has been slower and has attempted to improve the quality of education. Although each context is distinct, students in both cities have similar expectations to graduate from a university. Access to education, however, is still very closely tied to socioeconomic background in Bogotá, whereas family structure is the primary factor influencing expectations in La Paz. We conclude that family factors as well as the context of higher education influence the expectations of high school students to graduate from a university.
Britain’s Real Foreign Policy and the Failure of British Academia
Authors: Curtis Mark
Published: September 2004

This article argues that the reality of Britain’s foreign policy is very different than usually presented by academics. In most analyses within the ‘mainstream’, the goals espoused by policy-makers themselves are generally taken seriously and tend to set the framework of academic analysis. This means that criticism is usually within very narrow parameters and regularly ignores whole policies. Curtis argues that British academics have categorically failed to document rigorously the formerly secret planning records in the National Archives. He reveals from his research the secret record of British policy in a number of countries, including Iran, Kenya and Indonesia before considering foreign policy under Blair. He argues that Britain is a systematic violator of international law and a persistent condoner of human rights abuses.
States, Borders and the Idea of the ‘Common State’: The Case of Moldova, 1992–2002
Authors: Williams Andrew
Published: September 2004

The post-Cold War period has seen a growing appreciation of the problems of the ‘failed state’ and the factors that contribute to them. The article argues that we need to find different ways of configuring such entities and posits the idea of the ‘Common State’ as one such reconfiguration. The case study is drawn from observations of the conflict in Moldova over the last 10 years or so. It also considers alternative ways of viewing a possible solution to the conflict in Moldova drawing on work done by other scholars in the area, as well as on some theorists of International Relations and conflict.
The International School Psychology Survey
Authors: Jimerson Shane R. , Graydon Kelly , Farrell Peter , Kikas Eve , Hatzichristou Chryse , Boce Eljona , Bashi Gladiola ,   THE ISPA RESEARCH COMMITTEE
Published: September 2004

Although school psychological services around the world are currently undergoing a period of rapid development, little comparative information is available about the training, roles and responsibilities of school psychologists or the contrasting contexts in which they work. Further information in this area should help new and established school psychological services to plan future developments. Therefore, in 2001-2002, the International School Psychology Association’s (ISPA) Research Committee developed and piloted the International School Psychology Survey (ISPS). Utilizing the survey format implemented by the National Association of School Psychologists in the USA to survey school psychologists across the country, the ISPA Research Committee members collaborated to design a survey appropriate for international colleagues. The ISPS was piloted in five countries: Albania, Cyprus, Estonia, Greece and Northern England. The data from the ISPS provides unique information regarding the profession of school psychology in each of these countries. These initial efforts and preliminary data provide a foundation for the future understanding of the characteristics, training, roles and responsibilities, challenges and research interests of school psychologists around the world.
Somatic and Social: Chinese Americans Talk about Emotion
Authors: Tsai Jeanne L. , Simeonova Diana I. , Watanabe Jamie T.
Published: September 2004

Empirical findings suggest that Chinese and Americans differ in the ways that they describe emotional experience, with Chinese using more somatic and social words than Americans. No one, however, has investigated whether this variation is related to differences between Chinese and American conceptions of emotion or to linguistic differences between the English and Chinese languages. Therefore, in two studies, the authors compared the word use of individuals who varied in their orientation to Chinese and American cultures (European Americans [EA], more acculturated Chinese Americans [CA], and less acculturated CA) when they were speaking English during emotional events. Across both studies, less acculturated CA used more somatic (e.g., dizzy) and more social (e.g., friend) words than EA. These findings suggest that even when controlling for language spoken, cultural conceptions of emotion may shape how people talk about emotion.
Playboy Playmate Curves: Changes in Facial and Body Feature Preferences Across Social and Economic Conditions
Authors: Pettijohn Terry F. , Jungeberg Brian J.
Published: September 2004

Past research has investigated ideals of beauty and how these ideals have changed across time. In the current study, facial and body characteristics of Playboy Playmates of the Year from 1960-2000 were identified and investigated to explore their relationships with U.S. social and economic factors. Playmate of the Year age, body feature measures, and facial feature measurements were correlated with a general measure of social and economic hard times. Consistent with Environmental Security Hypothesis predictions, when social and economic conditions were difficult, older, heavier, taller Playboy Playmates of the Year with larger waists, smaller eyes, larger waist-to-hip ratios, smaller bust-to-waist ratios, and smaller body mass index values were selected. These results suggest that environmental security may influence perceptions and preferences for women with certain body and facial features.
Deliver us from Evil: The Effects of Mortality Salience and Reminders of 9/11 on Support for President George W. Bush
Authors: Landau Mark J. , Solomon Sheldon , Greenberg Jeff , Cohen Florette , Pyszczynski Tom , Arndt Jamie , Miller Claude H. , Ogilvie Daniel M. , Cook Alison
Published: September 2004

According to terror management theory, heightened concerns about mortality should intensify the appeal of charismatic leaders. To assess this idea, we investigated how thoughts about death and the 9/11 terrorist attacks influence Americans’ attitudes toward current U.S. President George W. Bush. Study 1 found that reminding people of their own mortality (mortality salience) increased support for Bush and his counterterrorism policies. Study 2 demonstrated that subliminal exposure to 9/11-related stimuli brought death-related thoughts closer to consciousness. Study 3 showed that reminders of both mortality and 9/11 increased support for Bush. In Study 4, mortality salience led participants to become more favorable toward Bush and voting for him in the upcoming election but less favorable toward Presidential candidate John Kerry and voting for him. Discussion focused on the role of terror management processes in allegiance to charismatic leaders and political decision making.
Aboriginal Adolescents’ Pregnancy in Eastern Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Yun-Fang , Wong Thomas K. S.
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this study was to explore Aboriginal nurses’perspectives for the reasons for the high rate of pregnancy in Aboriginal adolescents. Participants were recruited from Aboriginal nursing staff in eastern Taiwan. Data was collected using intensive individual interviews and focus groups. Content analysis was used to analyze the data; this yielded six themes. These were restructuring of the family, communication difficulties, changes in social norms, discontinuity of school teaching, misuse of information, and vicious cycle. Based on the findings, it was found family, school, and society all play an important role in Aboriginal adolescent pregnancy. Nursing researchers can contribute their efforts on design intervention programs to help Aboriginal adolescents. How to train and cooperate with Aboriginal nurses to execute these programs are also needed for further nursing research.
Applying the Findings of the Liverpool Desistance Study in Probation Practice: Views from the Front-Line 1
Authors: Cluley Emma
Published: September 2004

The author argues that the previous article underestimates the degree to which probation practice already promotes strengths-based work with offenders and gives inadequate attention to the needs of victims in an otherwise appropriate critique of risk-focused discourse. She also highlights the work being done in her probation area to engage with communities.
Hurt Feelings in Couple Relationships: Towards Integrative Models of the Negative Effects of Hurtful Events
Authors: Feeney Judith A.
Published: September 2004

Previous research suggests that hurt feelings can have powerful effects on individual and relational outcomes. This study examined a typology of hurtful events in couple relationships, together with integrative models predicting ongoing effects on victims and relationships. Participants were 224 students from introductory and third-year psychology classes, who completed open-ended and structured measures concerning an event in which a partner had hurt their feelings. By tailoring Leary et al.’s (1998) typology to the context of romantic relationships, five categories of hurtful events were proposed: active disassociation, passive disassociation, criticism, infidelity, and deception. Analyses assessing similarities and differences among the categories confirmed the utility of the typology. Structural equation modeling showed that longer-term effects on the victim were predicted by relationship anxiety and by the victim’s immediate reactions to the event (negative emotions and self-perceptions; feelings of rejection and powerlessness). In contrast, ongoing effects on the relationship were predicted by avoidance, the victim’s attributions and perceptions of offender remorse, and the victim’s own behavior. The results highlight the utility of an integrated approach to hurt, incorporating emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses, and dimensions of attachment security.
Symposium of Social Theory Preface
Authors: Arjomand Saôd Amir
Published: September 2004

In one sense, the classics in the human sciences remain permanently relevant and Aristotle is as relevant to present theorizing as Max Weber. But this is not a common view. The curious way sociological theory typically privileges the classics is by treating the accounts of modern society mainly by Comte, Marx, Durkheim and Weber as timeless theory. This has left sociological theory open to the charge that its concepts are zombies in the global age (Beck, 2000). Donald Levine (1995) has sought to transcend this self-restriction by examining ‘national traditions’ of social theory and their dialogue in a pluralistic perspective (Camic and Joas, 2004). In this symposium, while welcoming the disciplinary approach to the historical development of the social sciences (Wallerstein et al., 1996), Hans Joas wishes to go further by displacing another cornerstone in the conceptual edifice that confines social theory to the classical era. He argues that we should replace the notion of nomothetic social science, including impersonal laws of social development, with an ‘action-theoretical perspective’ and ‘a more contingencyoriented understanding of social change’. In his response, Immanuel Wallerstein makes a plea for the recovery of the idea of ‘substantive rationality’ as the focus of unified thinking and action in face of the deep trouble of the existing world-system. My own article can be considered an affirmative action on behalf of the conceptual views of the changing world since 1918 that are usually excluded from social theory. It discards the possibility of an abstracted and allegedly timeless social theory, and further claims that the period since 1918 (and not just the global era) is one of tremendous social change that is as significant as that of the long 19th century. Following Peter Wagner’s (2001) example but with a less institutional and more global perspective, I attempt to historicize social theory by grounding it in the changing world of the last hundred years and its shifting value-ideas.
State Complexes for Metamorphic Robots
Authors: Abrams A. , Ghrist R.
Published: September 2004

A metamorphic robotic system is an aggregate of homogeneous robot units which can individually and selectively locomote in such a way as to change the global shape of the system. We introduce a mathematical framework for defining and analyzing general metamorphic robots. With this formal structure, combined with ideas from geometric group theory, we define a new type of configuration space for metamorphic robots—the state complex—which is especially adapted to parallelization. We present an algorithm for optimizing an input reconfiguration sequence with respect to elapsed time. A universal geometric property of state complexes—non-positive curvature—is the key to proving convergence to the globally timeoptimal solution obtainable from the initial path.
Using Motion Planning for Knot Untangling
Authors: Ladd Andrew M. , Kavraki Lydia E.
Published: September 2004

In this paper we investigate the application of motion planning techniques to the untangling of mathematical knots. Knot untangling can be viewed as a high-dimensional planning problem in reparametrizable configuration spaces. In the past, simulated annealing and other energy minimization methods have been used to find knot untangling paths. We have developed a probabilistic planner that is capable of untangling knots described by over 400 variables. We have tested on known difficult benchmarks in this area and untangled them more quickly than has been achieved with minimization in the literature. In this work, the use of motion planning techniques is critical for the untangling. Our planner defines local goals and makes combined use of energy minimization and randomized tree-based planning. We also show how to produce candidates with a minimal number of segments for a given knot. The planner developed in this work is novel in that it is used to study issues arising in practical motion planning for high-dimensional and reparametrizable geometry. The use of energy methods, local goals and tree-based expansion is also novel and may suggest solutions in other planning applications. Finally, we discuss some possible applications of our untangling planner in computational topology, in the study of DNA rings and protein folding and for planning with flexible robots.
On the Relationship between Classical Grid Search and Probabilistic Roadmaps
Authors: LaValle Steven M. , Branicky Michael S. , Lindemann Stephen R.
Published: September 2004

We present, implement, and analyze a spectrum of closely-related planners, designed to gain insight into the relationship between classical grid search and probabilistic roadmaps (PRMs). Building on the quasi-Monte Carlo sampling literature, we have developed deterministic variants of the PRM that use low-discrepancy and low-dispersion samples, including lattices. Classical grid search is extended using subsampling for collision detection and also the dispersion-optimal Sukharev grid, which can be considered as a kind of lattice-based roadmap to complete the spectrum. Our experimental results show that the deterministic variants of the PRM offer performance advantages in comparison to the original, multiple-query PRM and the single-query, lazy PRM. Surprisingly, even some forms of grid search yield performance that is comparable to the original PRM. Our theoretical analysis shows that all of our deterministic PRM variants are resolution complete and achieve the best possible asymptotic convergence rate, which is shown to be superior to that obtained by random sampling. Thus, in surprising contrast to recent trends, there is both experimental and theoretical evidence that the randomization used in the original PRM is not advantageous.
Urban and Rural Differences in the Relationship between Substance Use and Violence
Authors: Goodrum Sarah , Wiese H. Jean , Leukefeld Carl G.
Published: September 2004

This article examines the relationship between substance use and violence across rural-urban and Appalachian places of residence. The data come from a larger study on the health service use of 637 men who have a history of chronic substance abuse and who were incarcerated in four Kentucky prisons. The findings generally support previous research on substance use and violence but do not support Fischer’s (1995) subculture theory of urbanism. Contrary to expectations, the population size of the prisoners’residence was not significantly associated with the prisoners’levels of violent victimization, violence toward others, violence toward intimate partners, or overall violence in the year prior to incarceration. Appalachian residency was also not associated with violence. Recognizing that the effect of substance use on violence perpetrated against others does not vary significantly by urban or rural residence may be helpful for designing violence prevention programs and planning law enforcement efforts.
Program-Level Predictors of Antipsychotic Medication Adherence among Parolees
Authors: Farabee David , Shen Haikang , Sanchez Sylvia
Published: September 2004

This study examined the impact of three program-level factors (coercion level, type of antipsychotic prescribed, and guardian supervision) on antipsychotic medication adherence among parolees mandated to an outpatient psychiatric clinic. Overall, 70.7% of the participants tested positive for their prescribed antipsychotic. Older patients were more likely to test positive for their prescribed antipsychotic than younger patients, and African American patients (relative to all other race/ethnic groups) were less likely. With regard to program-level factors, perceived coercion was not significantly associated with medication adherence. However, being prescribed an atypical antipsychotic and having a guardian were independently associated with increased adherence, and combined, these two factors were associated with nearly a tenfold increase in the likelihood of patients testing positive for their prescribed antipsychotic agent, relative to patients who were prescribed conventional antipsychotics and were not under guardian supervision.
Social and Legal Control in China: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Chen Xiaoming
Published: September 2004

This article exposes the reader to a different social and legal control system and a different way of thinking about crime—that of China. Chinese think positively about the nature of humans and their potential, and China’s social control system weaves together a unique combination of formal and informal mechanisms with a strong emphasis on the latter. The criminal justice system constitutes a key element of the social control system, but it appears to be more of a last resort. It is hoped that through a comparative analysis, the reader can develop a deeper understanding of different social and legal systems.
Pretreatment Self-Esteem and Posttreatment Sexual Recidivism
Authors: Thornton David , Beech Anthony , Marshall William L.
Published: September 2004

The relationship between self-esteem assessed prior to treatment using the Self-Esteem Scale and sexual recidivism was explored in two samples of adult male sex offenders, 53 of whom were beginning treatment in the community and 172 of whom were beginning treatment in prison. Sexual reconviction rates were obtained for both samples using a 6-year followup for the community sample and an average follow-up of just less than 4 years for the prison sample. Lower levels of self-esteem were associated with higher sexual recidivism rates with similar trends being apparent in both samples. The linear main effect of self-esteem was significant at beyond the .01 level in a logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristics analysis was used to assess the strength of this association and an area-under-the-curve coefficient of .69 was obtained. Results are discussed in terms of their meaning for the relevance of self-esteem as a predictor of recidivism and as a target for treatment.
The Structure and Stability of Perceived Togetherness in Elderly People during a 5-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Tiikkainen Pirjo , Heikkinen Riitta-Liisa , Leskinen Esko
Published: September 2004

The objective of this study was to study the structure andstability of perceived togetherness using cross-sectional and longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis models. Togetherness was measured with the self-administered Social Provision Scale (SPS). The sample consisted of 111 persons interviewed in connection with the Evergreen project’s 5-year follow-up at ages 80 and 85. One and two-factormodels were specified separately at two different pointsof measurement. The stability of the factor models’ structure and the level of latent factors was studied using longitudinal factor analysis models. The two-factor model fit the data better than the one-factor model. Perceived togetherness was differentiated into factors of emotional and social togetherness. The structure of perceived togetherness remainedunchanged during the 5-year follow-up. In terms of means, the latent factors showed a statistically highly significant decline in time (i.e. perceived togetherness decreased with increasing age).
What Quality Paid Home Care Means to Family Caregivers
Authors: Piercy Kathleen W. , Dunkley Gregory J.
Published: September 2004

The authors investigate the meanings of paid home care for family caregivers to frail older adults, comparing and contrasting what good and poor quality home care means to their caregiving efforts. Semistructured interviews were conducted with caregivers and were analyzed qualitatively, using McCracken’s (1988) five-step method for analysis of long interviews. Data from two studies were combined because of similarities in sample characteristics and interview questions and because data from the second study included both positive and negative experiences with home care providers. The authors find that caregivers perceived that good-quality paid home care facilitated enhanced quality of life for care recipients and improved perceptions of their performances as caregivers. When paid home care was of poor quality, caregivers felt more stress and increased their monitoring of providers. Caregiver circumstances, as well as care recipient needs, should be considered in making decisions about who receives formal home care services.
Lessons for Service Learning in Rural Areas
Authors: Harris Glenn
Published: September 2004

The literature about service learning in planning education contains a wealth of insights from practitioners at large research universities in urban settings. Very little has been written about experiences in rural areas. The Environmental Studies Department at St. Lawrence University has experimented with several strategies for service learning in rural northern New York. As a type of service learning, the research seminar offers several advantages over conventional internships and community-based independent study. These advantages are critical in rural areas of sparse population, where few agencies exist. Case studies involving conservation easements, community planning, and historical preservation demonstrate that some agencies derive real benefits from service learning. The case studies also illustrate the following lessons: the research seminar can engage a variety of planning issues and organizations; it is helpful, though not necessary, if sponsoring organizations articulate needs, but they should not anticipate preferred results from research; university staff should pay close attention to the sociopolitical context of participating agencies and ensure that students are fully immersed in the community; and service learning can make tangible contributions to the quality of rural life, thereby making these areas more attractive for residents who wish to stay.
The Occurrence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients Following Intensive Care Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Random Sample
Authors: Nickel Marius , Leiberich Peter , Nickel Cerstin , Tritt Karin , Mitterlehner Ferdinand , Rother Wolfhardt , Loew Thomas
Published: September 2004

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can now be applied to patients who have just had intensive care treatment. The authors tested whether the reliability of the diagnosis depends on the measuring instrument used and whether the occurrence of PTSD is related to the presence of preexisting psychic disorders or to a worsening of the patients’ general condition. The authors examined 41 former patients of an intensive care unit (ICU) with the Posttraumatic Scale (PTSS-10) and, afterward, with the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID). Screening with PTSS-10 showed that 17.07% of the patients met the recommended threshold for probable diagnosis of PTSD of 35 or more points. With SCID, PTSD could be confirmed in 9.76% of the cases. Patients with a prior psychiatric disease showed more frequent (P< .02) occurrences of PTSD. The severity of their Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation System II (Apache II) scores had no significant influence. PTSS-10 can be used for a preliminary diagnostic orientation. With the PTSD module of the SCID, a structured diagnostic tool is available. Almost twice as many PTSD cases were diagnosed among the subjects with the PTSS-10 as with SCID. Post-ICU PTSD occurred more frequently among patients with prior psychiatric diseases; however, it was not dependent on exacerbation of the patient’s Apache II scores.
In Situ Barrier Layer Formation for Coinjection Resin Transfer Molding
Authors: Harkare Anuya , Gillespie John W.
Published: September 2004

Coinjection resin transfer molding (CIRTM) requires an impermeable barrier layer to prevent undesired mixing of resins injected into the mold. This study involves in situ formation of this barrier layer using a thermoplastic polyester powder binder attached to a fabric during the preforming stage. The powder binder is sprinkled onto the glass fabric and melted by use of heat and pressure, to form the separation layer. A number of factors such as preforming temperature, pressure and time that govern the spread of individual binder particles into a film and the subsequent impregnation into the fabric are evaluated. Lateral spread of particles on nonporous substrate is studied and verified. A series of models are used to predict the impregnation of the binder melt into the fabric at the given preforming conditions. The optimized preforming conditions for impermeable film formation were determined for a biaxial weave fabric. Coinjected laminates using the in situ barrier layer were manufactured and their performance was shown to be comparable to conventional CIRTM laminates using the short beam shear test.
Exploring Strategy and Board Structure in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Brown William A. , Iverson Joel O.
Published: September 2004

This research explores how nonprofit managers conceptualize their organization’s strategic orientation toward products and services and in what way the governing board is structured to match that orientation. Using the Miles and Snow typology of strategy and a survey of 132 nonprofit organizations, organizations were categorized into four strategic types (e.g., defenders, prospectors, analyzers, or reactors), and distinctive structural patterns in board committees and composition were found. Prospectors had broader, more inclusive structures, whereas defenders tended to have tighter, more focused structures. Although some patterns appeared muted, through in-depth interviews with selected exemplars, several characteristics were found that helped define and clarify nonprofit strategy. This included the use of mission statements to help communicate the organization’s strategic orientation.
Dominant Discourses about Race/Ethnicity and Gender in Sport Practice and Performance
Authors: van Sterkenburg Jacco , Knoppers Annelies
Published: September 2004

Although it is generally assumed that the (sport) media play an important role in the meanings readers/viewers give to gender and race/ethnicity, relatively little is known about the way ‘the public’ deals with hegemonic (media) representations about race/ethnicity and gender. The purpose of the present study is to describe the dominant discourses concerning race/ethnicity and gender and sport performance used by white and black Dutch students. We explore the extent to which their discourses overlap with each other and with dominant media discourses. The results are placed and discussed in a broader societal context.
The New Symbols of European Football
Authors: King Anthony
Published: September 2004

In 1992, UEFA, the Union of European Football Associations, replaced the final rounds of the European Cup with a mini-league competition called ‘The Champions League’ and developed three symbols to market this new competition. This article draws on Barthes’s semiology to examine the political significance of these symbols. It claims that the symbols developed by UEFA communicate a sense of tradition of which UEFA is the guardian. In this way, the symbols seek to suppress the current political tensions within European football between UEFA and the big European clubs.
Trade in Educational Services: Reflections on the African and South African Higher Education System
Authors: Sehoole Chika Trevor
Published: September 2004

This article discusses and analyses the emergence of globalisation and its impact on developments within the African continent. Africa’s response at a regional level through the New Partnership for Africa’s Development and at a subregional level through the Southern African Development Community’s Protocol on Education come under scrutiny. These developments, coupled with proposals to liberalize education through the General Agreement on Trade Services (GATS), affect the future of higher education in Africa. Drawing from the experiences of higher education in South Africa, the article poses policy issues arising from the liberalisation of education through GATS. It concludes by suggesting the use of regional and subregional initiatives, resources, expertise, and plans to negotiate the best possible policies for the African continent without foregoing the role of the state in these processes.
Cultural Competence Models in Nursing: A Selected Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Shen Zuwang
Published: September 2004

Since the early 1990s, along with a phenomenal growth of nursing literature published on cultural competence, an array of cultural competence and cultural assessment models has been developed. This annotated bibliography provides bibliographic entries to books, book chapters, and journal articles that deal with the construction, development, or conceptualization of cultural competence and cultural assessment models. It also includes entries to books dealing with cultural assessment guides.
Simulation-Supported Live Training for Emergency Response in Hazardous Environments
Authors: Jenvald Johan , Morin Magnus
Published: September 2004

The article presents an approach to emergency response training that combines simulation of hazardous environmental factors with extensive registration of the activities in a training scenario. Simulation enhances realism by exposing the trainees to representations of hazards without putting them at risk. Registration generates data that describe the course of events in the exercise. These data form a mission history, which is a time-synchronized, event-based model of the exercise that can be replayed and reviewed in the MIND presentation tool to support debriefing in an after-action review. We illustrate our approach by discussing important training sequences and key events in two live emergency response exercises in Sweden and in the United States.
For Whom the Bell Tolls: Imagining Accidents and the Development of Crisis Simulation in Organizations
Authors: Smith Denis
Published: September 2004

This article explores how organizations can prepare for crisis events by training crisis management teams (CMTs) using real-time, simulated crises. The article focuses on the impact of such training on the performance of CMTs and the manner in which such training can improve the capability of the organization to deal with adverse events. The article argues that effective learning from crisis is an important factor in shaping the processes by which organizations can prevent crises from incubating. By simulating crisis events based on an external audit of the organization’s vulnerabilities, it is possible to surface many of the assumptions and beliefs that are held concerning the organization’s procedures and protocols. It also explores how crises incubate and subsequently evolve. This allows for an examination of how the organization can move toward the creation of a crisis-prepared culture. The article reports the findings of ongoing ethnographic research with a number of companies.
Cultural Models of Illness and Recovery in Breast Cancer Support Groups
Authors: Coreil Jeannine , Wilke Jaime , Pintado Irene
Published: September 2004

In an ethnographic study of breast cancer support groups for white women, the authors describe the cultural model of illness and recovery espoused by the groups and examine contested areas that might influence participation. Through analysis of interviews, observation at meetings, and program documents, they develop a model of group culture that includes five components: recovery narrative, group metaphors, perceived benefits, group processes, and contested domains. The recovery narrative focuses on optimism and personal growth, and members invoke metaphors of family and sisterhood to describe their relationship to the group. Linkages are made between perceived benefits and group processes. Contested domains challenge dominant features of the recovery narrative. The authors discuss the value of cultural studies of illness support groups for understanding member-group fit.
Qualitative Methods and the Development of Clinical Assessment Tools
Authors: Gilgun Jane F.
Published: September 2004

Practitioners are under increased pressure to demonstrate effectiveness and to do so in as short a time as possible. In addition, evidence-based practice calls for practitioners to take into consideration not only best research evidence but also the wants and preferences of patients, and their own clinical expertise. In light of these demands, standardized assessment tools are likely to become increasingly central in clinical practice in a variety of health care fields, such as nursing, social work, psychiatry, psychology, and medicine. In this article, the author uses two case studies to show how qualitative methods can contribute to the development and evaluation of clinical assessment tools that are responsive to contemporary pressures. She also shows that evaluations of clinical instruments are incomplete if they do not include a qualitative component.
Problem-Based Learning in Management Education: A Framework for Designing Context
Authors: Sherwood Arthur Lloyd
Published: September 2004

Problem-based learning has great potential for management education. Placing students in a problem-centered environment may help bridge the gap between theory and practice. One important but underdeveloped issue for problem-based learning is the context design of the problem-solving situation. This article’s purpose is to develop a framework for designing the context for problem-based learning in management education. Background information is presented for problem-based learning, situated cognition, and the organization, leading to the development of such a framework. Cases are presented that illustrate the framework’s use, and learning outcomes are discussed.
A Pragmatist Approach to Integrity in Business Ethics
Authors: Jacobs David C.
Published: September 2004

Integrity is a critical concept in business ethics. Scholars and practitioners affirm its relevance to the ethical fulfillment of a variety of goals in business. Integrity has been defined in a variety of ways, sometimes emphasizing moral consistency, personal wholeness, or honesty. Several scholars in business ethics have argued for the application of philosophical pragmatism in the construction of an ethical framework. A pragmatist interpretation of integrity would require that individuals consider the objective social consequences (contemporaneous and unfolding) of their actions. It would stress personal growth and learning from experience. It would not prescribe action based on a rigid and formal code of ethics. Nor would it sanction an ethics of expediency, driven by a narrow self-interest. Pragmatism affirms the interdependence of means and ends and would require an iterative, case-by-case inquiry as to one’s moral choices and their consequences.
Performativity Identified
Authors: Jackson Alecia Youngblood
Published: September 2004

Poststructural feminist notions of subjectivity point to a notion of the “self” that is fluid, contradictory, and produced in relationships with others and everyday practices. These social structures and processes that shape subjectivity are situated within discursive fields where language, power relations, and discourses exist, intersect, and construct competing ways of giving meaning to and constructing subjectivity. This article explicates Judith Butler’s theory of performativity, an analysis of gender (re)signification that provides a rich engagement with the complex relations that enable the construction of subjectivity. Using data from her own life, the author illuminates how Butler’s theory can be used to analyze the ways in which subjectivity is negotiated in social relationships and daily practices. The author concludes that Butler’s theory of performativity offers a hopeful theory of subjectivity that provides space for individual agency and collective difference.
Trouble on Memory Lane: Adults and Self-Retrospection in Researching Youth
Authors: Biklen Sari Knopp
Published: September 2004

Ethnographers of youth often invoke adolescent memories in relation to their informants. This article examines memory as a concern for ethnographers who study young people. It suggests that this rhetorical strategy heightens the narrator’s authority and authenticates the author’s speaking position, pulling the center of the story from the youthful informants toward the adult researcher. At the same time, this strategy ignores power relations between adults and youth. The article explores multiple representations of memory, the social construction of youth, and these effects in an example of research. The article argues that memory is not a form of bias but a problematic that must be addressed to provide adequate attention to the youthful informant’s legitimacy and authority as an interpreter of experience.
Fictionalizing Life Stories: Yukee the Wine Thief
Authors: Gilgun Jane F.
Published: September 2004

This narrative is a fictionalization of a story an informant shared during a research interview. The story was so compelling that standard social science formats did not seem to fit. Although the core narrative is faithful to the man’s account, details from the life history accounts of other informants who had sexually abused children and/or who had been sexually abused as children flesh out the present account.
In Search of Middle Ground
Authors: Leavitt William M. , Morris John C.
Published: September 2004

This article argues against privatization and for the use of an existing organizational arrangement, one that may take advantage of private-sector efficiencies while maintaining public accountability. Public authorities are already in widespread use around the nation at all levels of government, yet the utility of the public authority as a middle ground between traditional (bureaucratic) public-sector organizational forms and privatization has yet to be explored systematically. We suggest that the use of public authorities provide additional efficiencies without the loss of accountability (or the imposition of expensive accountability arrangements) often found in privatization arrangements. The theoretical basis of the public authority explores its use as an alternative to privatization and encourages debate among public works scholars and practitioners about the use of alternative organizational arrangements for public works functions. A case illustrates how public authorities are situated to provide market-like benefits while minimizing accountability problems and bureaucratic inefficiencies.
Public Outreach for Public-Private Partnerships
Authors: Lawther Wendell
Published: September 2004

The deployment of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) occurred in most metropolitan areas in the United States through the creation of a publicprivate partnership (PPP). An ATIS PPP involves a high level of risk that travelers may be unaware of the ATIS. Because ATIS offers innovative service, sufficient public outreach/marketing efforts must increase usage and limit this inherent risk. For transportation officials, the need for greater public awareness means a changing role. ATIS business plans, those documents that establish policy goals and provide a framework for the PPP, have not focused on marketing ATIS services. Experiences with public outreach efforts, illustrated by three metropolitan ATIS PPP examples, suggest that such efforts have not led to satisfactory levels of usage. The adoption of the 511 telephone number for traveler information, a decision made by the Federal Communications Commission in July 2000, has increased recognition of the need for public outreach.
Serious Tourists
Authors: Gunn Michelle Wallace
Published: September 2004

Mina Loy and William Carlos Williams employ drastically disparate images of the Mexican landscape as a means of articulating both their respective positions as tourists and their increasingly frustrated relationships to masculinity. Loy’s austere “Mexican Desert,” in its description of an isolated and enervated desert landscape, serves as an elegy to the poet’s husband, who had disappeared in Mexico shortly before the poem’s inscription. Meanwhile, Williams’s explicitly autobiographical “Desert Music” chronicles his tour of the Juarez market and cantinas, where his visual consumption of the tawdry urban geography encourages him to contemplate his anxieties regarding his literary profession, his flagging health, and his identity as a man. While Loy’s unforgiving desert finally presents her husband’s once-hyperbolic masculinity as wholly drained and defeated, Williams’s survey of the border city successfully rehabilitates his identity as both a poet and a man.
Love, Sex, and Masculinity in Sociocultural Context
Authors: Bowleg Lisa
Published: September 2004

African American men in heterosexual relationships are virtually invisible in the theoretical and empirical psychological HIV/AIDS literature. This article posits that two theoretical frameworks—masculinity ideologies (MI) and sociocultural context—are important for comprehending Black men’s condom use. Qualitative methods, although relatively rare in U.S. psychology, are critical to understanding the context of lived experience, particularly with under researched populations and topics. This study involved semi structured interviews with lower-middle-income African American men (N = 13) between the ages of twenty-four and fifty in emotionally and sexually intimate heterosexual relationships. Data were analyzed via three techniques derived from grounded theory analysis. Analyses revealed that although many (n = 9) articulated traditional MI (e.g., sexual permissiveness) that have implications for HIV risk, eleven participants also expressed unconventional MI (e.g., being as or more emotionally invested than their female partners) that also have implications for reducing risk in Black heterosexual relationships.
Heat and Mass Transfer between Indoor Air and a Permeable and Hygroscopic Building Envelope: Part II – Verification and Numerical Studies
Authors: Simonson Carey J. , Salaonvaara Mikael , Ojanen Tuomo
Published: September 2004

As simultaneous heat and mass transfer between building envelopes and indoor air is complicated and expensive to measure in laboratory and field experiments, a numerical model is important in understanding and extrapolating experimental results. In this paper a numerical model that solves simultaneous heat and mass transfer between building envelopes and indoor air is verified using the field measurements presented in Part I of this paper. The verification results show that the model is able to predict the transfer of water vapor, CO2, and SF6 between the building envelope and air. The model is then applied to investigate the humidity, comfort, and air quality in a bedroom of a wooden building located in four European countries (Finland, Belgium, Germany, and Italy). The numerical results show that moisture transfer between indoor air and the hygroscopic structure significantly reduces the peak indoor humidity (up to 35% RH), percent dissatisfied with warm respiratory comfort (up to 10%) and the percent dissatisfied with indoor air quality (up to 25%).