bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pre-Natal Development of Wool Follicles in Merino Sheep
Authors: H Hardy Margaret , Lyne AG
Published: November 2018

A histological study has been mado of wool folliclos in skin from the trunk of 24 shcep foetuses ranging in age from (J)) to 145 days of gestation. Fifteen of t.hese foetuses are known to be entirely Merino in origin, and the remainder are believed to be wholly or predominantly Merino. Extensive use has berm mado of serial sections parallel to the axis of the wool follicles as well as those parallel to [,he skin snrfaco. Skin from ]\lorino lambs and adults has also boen examined.
Growth of the Mouse Coat VI. Distribution and Number of Vibrissae in the House Mouse
Authors: Dun RB
Published: November 2018

The vibrissae of l-day-old mice were classified into major and minor groupings. The presence of many poorly developed vibrissae in the major groups made counting difficult. The minor groups were small isolated collections of large vibrissae. They were easily counted by the naked eye in 4- to 8-day-old mice.
An Osmotic Mutant of Arabidopsis Thaliana
Authors: Langridge J
Published: November 2018

One of the major aims in physiological genetics is the tracing of the reaction chains which link the presence of a gene with a morphological phenotype. The general method of approach is ideally that of working back through decreasing levels of phenotypic complexity-morphological, anatomical, physiological, and eventually to the biochemical steps governed by single genes. This approach has been valuable in showing how genic interference in a basic reaction of development may, by upsetting the balance between subsequent morphogenic processes, give rise to very complex phenotypes. In practice, however, the analysis often stops at some level in the development of the phenotype that may be far removed from the primary developmental action of the gene. Usually, it is not possible to find the physiological difference that causes an anatomical change, probably because vf the lack of knowledge of specific chemical activators in differentiation. This situation is particularly evident in the flowering plants, where mutant phenotypes seldom receive more than a general morphological or, at best, a histological description. The studies reported in this paper represent an attempt to provide a more detailed explanation of the action of a gene in controlling morphogenesis.
Nutrient Interactions and Deficiency Diagnosis in the Lettuce V. Potassium Content and Response to Potassium
Authors: Grant Lipp AE , Goodall DW
Published: November 2018

Lettuce plants grown in sand culture, and receiving nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at five levels in all combinations, were analysed at different stages of growth for these elements. An attempt was made to relate these analytical data to the subsequent response (in dry matter production) shown by the plants when a further amount of potassium was supplied.
Cell Changes During Protein Synthesis and Secretion: an Electron Microscopic Study of the Response of Lymphoid Tissue to Antigenic Stimulus
Authors: Hoffman HJ , Grigg GW
Published: November 2018

Mice were injected with doses of primary antigen (sheep erythrocytes or cholera vaccine) in the footpad. The majority received a second dose five days later. Lymph nodes were studied after preparation for electron microscopic examination at suitable times after the injection.
The Existence and Stability of Selectively Balanced Polymorphism at a Sex-Linked Locus
Authors: Bennett JH
Published: November 2018

Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence and stability of a selectively balanced polymorphism at a sex-linked locus. It is shown that selective superiority of the heterozygote is neither necessary nor sufficient and also that the occurrence of heterozygotes with a frequency greater than that of homozygotes does not necessarily indicate that the heterozygote has a selective advantage over both homozygotes. These results are considered in relation to Wallace's published data for populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura in which selection is acting on the sex-linked condition "sex ratio".
Natural Selection for an Intermediate Optimum
Authors: Latter BDH
Published: November 2018

Natural selection against extreme metric deviation is a process which is known to lead to the elimination of genetic variability in the particular quantitative character concerned. Recurrent mutation at loci affecting the character will be expected to oppose this tendency to genetic fixation, and the resulting equilibrium situation is discussed in detail in this paper.
The Action of Urea on Diapause in Eggs of Acheta Commodus (Walk.) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Authors: Hogan TW
Published: November 2018

U rea, at concentrations of 0�04-0, 08M, was found to prevent the onset of diapause in eggs of Acheta commodu8 (Walk.) when applied during the prediapause stages of development.
Plant Response to Saline Substrates 1. Growth and Ion Uptake of Several Varieties of Hordeum During and After Sodium Chloride Treatment
Authors: Greenway H
Published: November 2018

A comparative study has been made of the response by varieties of Hordeum to high sodium chloride treatment and to sodium chloride removal from the substrate.
Plant Response to Saline Substrates II. Chloride, Sodium, and Potassium Uptake and Translocation in Young Plants of Hordeum Vulgare During and After a Short Sodium Chloride Treatment
Authors: Greenway H
Published: November 2018

Young barley plants, Hordeum vulgare cv. Chevron, were subjected to a sodium chloride concentration of 100 m-equiv/l. In a "continued" treatment, the salinity stress was maintained for 15 days. In a "removed" treatment, sodium chloride was removed from the substrate after 5 days, and the subsequent response was studied over a period of 10 days.
Manganese as a Functional Component of Chloroplasts
Authors: Possingham JV , Spencer D
Published: November 2018

A series of experiments has been carried out to determine whether manganese is directly or indirectly involved in the photochemical reactions (as measured by the Hill reaction) of chloroplasts of higher plants.
Inflorescence Initiation in Lolium Temulentum L. IV. Translocation of the Floral Stthiulus in Relation to that of Assimilates
Authors: Evans LT , ardlaw IFW
Published: November 2018

Translocation of labelled assimilates to the shoot apex and other parts of the plant was followed from an upper leaf held in long-day conditions, when lower leaves in short days were either present or removed. Similarly a comparison was made of the distribution of assimilates from an upper long-day leaf and a lower leaf held in short days. The presence of lower leaves did not reduce the movement of assimilates from the upper leaf to the shoot apex, and the lower leaf supplied only a small proportion of the assimilates reaching the shoot apex, although it supplied much to the roots. It is concluded that the previously established inhibitory effect of lower leaves in short days on inflorescence initiation in L. temulentum is unlikely to be due to their interference with translocation of the long-day stimulus to the shoot apex, or to their diluting it with assimilates, but rather to their production of a transmissible inhibitor of initiation.
The Evolution of Non-Additive Genetic Variance Under Artificial Selection I. Modification of Dominance At a Single Autosomal Locus
Authors: Latter BDH
Published: November 2018

The papers to be published in this series are concerned with the behaviour under directional selection of genetic systems showing non-allelic interaction. The aim is to describe in quantitative terms the conditions under which overdorninance may evolve under the usual conditions of laboratory experimentation, and to examine the stability of the resultant populations. In this first paper, a general method of approach to problems of the modification of dominance is outlined, and the necessary theory developed.
The Isolation and Properties of Some Soluble Proteins From Wool
Authors: Gillespie JM , Reis PJ , Schinckel PG
Published: November 2018

The proteins in wools of increased sulphur content, grown during abomasal infusions of casein and sulphur-containing amino acids, have been compared with those from control wools from the same sheep. It has been found that casein. methionine, or cysteine administered directly into the abomasum of the sheep, besides increasing the rate of growth of wool, greatly altered the composition of the wool proteins. The proportion of the high-sulphur proteins in wool was increased and within the group of high-sulphur proteins there was increased formation of the components richer in sulphur. No change other than the expected decrease in relative amount can be detected with the low-sulphur proteins. In electron micrographs of the test wool increased amounts of osmiophilic material can be seen in the para segment of the fibre.
The Effect of the Oestrous Cycle and of Oestradiol on the Breakdown of Seminal Glycerylphosphorylcholine by Secretions of the Rat Uterus
Authors: Wallace JC , Stone GM , White IG
Published: November 2018

Glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPO) diesterase activity and protein concentration in the rinsings of the rat uterus were greater during pro-oestrus and oestrus than at metoestrus or dioestrus.
Further Studies of the Metabolism of Cystine in Sheep
Authors: Downes AM , Sharry LF , Till AR
Published: November 2018

Further evidence for the binding of cystine to plasma proteins in vivo is presented.
Subcellular Organization of the Developing Cotyledons of Pisum Sativum L.
Authors: M Bain Joan , Mercer FV
Published: November 2018

Morphological, anatomical, submicroscopical, and physiological changes in whole seeds and embryos of Pisum sativum L. cv. Victory Freezer were followed during 54 days of development of the seed. Four developmental phases-cell formation, cell expansion, synthesis of storage reserves, and maturation and dormancy-were recognized in the development of the embryo. Each phase was characterized by a distinctive physiology and a distinctive subcellular organization of the parenchyma cells. The subcellular organization associated with carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism and the significance of membranes in cell organization is described.
The Pattern of Abdominal Microchaetae in Drosophila
Authors: V Johnston Nancy
Published: November 2018

The distribution pattern of abdominal microchaetae on the second and third tergites was examined in wild�type and 8cute Drosophila melanogaster. Scute was found to alter the pattern on each tergite, as well as bristle number and bristle density. An explanation of these results is given in terms of a prepattern-precursor complex involving competition among potential bristle-producing cells.
Fungal Cellulases XXI. Induction of the Cellulase of Staghybotrys Atra
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: November 2018

The use of Modocoll M (ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose) as a soluble inducing agent for the cellulase of Stachybotrys atra is described. Some characteristics both of the kinetics of the induction and its inhibition have been determined. There is a lag period of 2�5 hr in the induction at 28�C for peptone-grown mycelium, and added sugars appear to be competitive with the inducer. These two characteristics have previously been noted as peculiarities in the induction of aryl ,a-glucosidase. The induction is also dependent on the continued presence of long-chain polymer. Inhibition experiments suggest that the normal processes of induced protein synthesis are operating in all other particulars, although the details of this inhibition are different from those observed in cellobiase induction. The way in which cellobiase and cellulase induction may be integrated during natural growth on cellulose is discussed.
Metabolic Studies of Testicular, Epididymal, and Ejaculated Spermatozoa of the Ram
Authors: Murdoch RN , White IG
Published: November 2018

When testicular spermatozoa were incubated with glucose under aerobic conditions a much smaller percentage of the substrate could be accounted for as lactate than was the case with epididymal or ejaculated spermatozoa. Testicular spermatozoa also displayed a greater Pasteur effect and under anaerobic conditions all three types of spermatozoa converted glucose almost quantitatively to lactate.
Effect of Osmotic Pressure and Temperature Gradients on Cold Shock In Ram and Bull Spermatozoa
Authors: Quinn PJ , Salamon S , White IG
Published: November 2018

Ram spermatozoa are not affected by brief hypotonicity as judged by permeability to vital stain. Cooling ram and bull spermatozoa rapidly from 30 to 8�C decreased viability but this was not influenced by the tonicity of the medium. Ram spermatozoa that were diluted during the cold shock procedure were more susceptible than spermatozoa diluted before cold shock.
Action of Dinitrophenyl Amino Acids on Skeletal Muscle Proteins II. Absorption of Bis-Dinitrophenyl-Lysine By Light and Heavy Meromyosins and by Light Meromyosin Fraction I
Authors: Burley RW , Jackson WJH , P Robertson Jean
Published: November 2018

The quantity of bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-Iysine (abbreviation bis-DNP-Iysine) absorbed at 5�C by myosin and meromyosins of rabbit skeletal muscle was estimated in phosphate buffer (pH 7, ionic strength 0�5) by two methods, one based on equilibrium dialysis, the other on high-speed centrifugation. According to both methods, heavy meromyosin absorbed more of the reagent than did the same weight of the parent myosin; light meromyosin absorbed less, and light meromyosin fraction I absorbed less still. There were, however, relatively large quantitative differences between the two methods, possibly because of an effect of the slightly different conditions of treatment.
Volatile Fatty Acids in the Caecum of the Sheep
Authors: Faichney GJ
Published: November 2018

The efficient utilization of plant material by herbivorous animals is made possible by microbial fermentation of food residues in the alimentary tract. In the ruminant animal, fermentation occurs in the rumen prior to gastric digestion of the food and in the caecum prior to the elimination of undigested residues. The reactions occurring in the rumen and the effect of the end-products of those reactions on the metabolism of the animal have been extensively studied. However, the part played by the caecum in the metabolism of ruminants is not known as few studies of its function have been made. In this experiment the concentration and molar proportions of the volatile fatty acids (VFA), the concentrations of protein nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen, and the pH in the rumen were compared with those in the caecum over a 24-hr period.
Studies In Depilation Ii. Structural Ohanges in the Wool Follicle During Bacterial Wool Loosening ("Sweating")
Authors: Yates JR
Published: November 2018

The changes in the various structural components of the wool follicle during the "sweating" process were followed by histological staining of sections prepared from the skin at appropriate intervals. Tissue breakdown starts in the lower part of the outer root sheath, progresses up the sheath, and ultimately involves the epidermis. The epidermis usually separates from the underlying dermis at a certain stage in the depilation process before the epidermal cells start to disintegrate. The gradual breakdown of the cells of the wool root bulb is an integral part of the wool� loosening process. The inner root sheath, the elastic tissue, and the fat cells are all broken down during depilation, but this is incidental to, and not the cause of, the loosening of the wool fibre. Sulphated mucopolysaccharides are gradually removed from the skin during depilation.
Studies on Reduced Wool VIII. N-Acetyl Peptides Isolated From A Major Component
Authors: O'donnell IJ , Thompson EOP
Published: November 2018

Two amino terminal acetyl peptides, N�acetyl Ser.Phe.Asp.Phe (A) and N�acetyl Ser.Tyr.Asp.Phe (B), have been isolated from component 8, one of the two major components present in extracts of reduced and carboxymethylated wool. These peptides could not be eluted from columns of Dowex 1 but could be satis� factorily fractionated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography with a gradient of formic acid and by paper ionophoresis. The yield of peptide A was approximately twice that of peptide B. If the molecular weight of component 8 is 45,000 then these acetyl peptide sequences account for only approximately half of the theoretical amount of terminal peptides. This low recovery and the presence of two different but related terminal peptides provides additional evidence for heterogeneity of component 8, and support the idea .that a family of related proteins is present in keratin.
The Effects of Day Length and Light Intensity on Tile Growth of Barley
Authors: Aspinall D
Published: November 2018

The acceleration of flowering in barley due to the inclusion of incandescent illumination in the light source has been shown to be due to the far�red content of the light. A linear relationship between floral development and intensity of far�red light in a 16�hr photoperiod has been established with the cultivar CI5611. Barley appears to be relatively unresponsive to blue light, however.
Proteins of Keratin and their Synthesis
Authors: Fraser IEB
Published: November 2018

The presence within protein extracts from intact wool roots of a low�sulphur, non-microfibrillar protein masks the true specific activity values for microfibrillar proteins. As a consequence, the correct specific activity ratio of matrix to micro-fibrillar proteins at different time periods following a pulse of [35S]cystine is also masked.
Studies on the Formation of Epicormic Shoots on Eucalypt Stem Segments
Authors: Bachelard EP
Published: November 2018

Epicormic shoots occur on many forest trees including eucalypts. They are formed from bud-producing tissue situated in the bark at the ends of the epicormic bud strand. The strands originate in leafaxils, and grow radially outward at almost exactly the same rate as diameter growth of the stem (Jacobs 1955). The epicormic bud is normally dormant but may develop into a shoot within the live crown, aiding in crown maintenance, or on the clear bole where it may seriously reduce timber quality as a knot, gum vein, or a site for fungal infeotion.
Spikelet Number, Its Control and Relation to Yield Per Ear in Wheat
Authors: Rawson HM
Published: November 2018

For 12 cultivars of wheat grown under a 21�C day/16�C night temperature regime, spikelet number was closely related to grain number, but not to grain yield per ear as individual grain weights differed considerably between cultivars. However, when spikelet number was varied by day length or vernalization treatment, grain yield per ear was clearly dependent on spikelet number within each cultivar.
Transpiration and The Waxy Bloom in Brassica Oleracea L.
Authors: Denna DW
Published: November 2018

The stomatal and cuticular transpiration rates and quantity of wax per unit
area of leaf surface were determined for seven glaucous and non-glaucous sibling lines
of B. oleracea. There were no statistically significant differences in the stomatal
transpiration rates of the glaucous and non-glaucous lines, but there were highly
statistically significant differences between the two classes of lines in terms of
cuticular transpiration. Rubbing the surfaces of the leaves to remove lightly adhering
wax deposits, such as the waxy bloom, significantly increased the cuticular but not the
stomatal transpiration rates of both glaucous and non-glaucous plants. There was no
appreciable correlation between the quantity of wax per unit area of leaf surface and
the loss of water through cuticular transpiration among either the glaucous or nonglaucous
lines. It was concluded that the function of cuticular waxes in limiting
cuticular transpiration is a product of the architecture of the deposits and the
quantity of wax per unit area of leaf surface.
The Action Spectrum of Photosynthesis in Euglena Gracilis at Different Stages of Chloroplast Development
Authors: O Kirk JT , Reade JA
Published: November 2018

A method for measuring the action spectra of photosynthetic oxygen evolution in unicellular algae is described. This involves embedding the cells in a thin strip of agarose gel. These gel strips can then be used for action spectrum measurements, with a bare platinum electrode of the Haxo and Blinks type in the same way as measure� ments are made with a piece of multicellular algal thallus.
Keratin Biosynthesis I. Isolation and Characterization of Polysomes from Wool Roots
Authors: Wilkinson BR
Published: November 2018

Ribosomes and polysomes have been isolated from wool roots and fractionated
into well-defined and consistently reproducible groups_ Single ribosomes predominate,
but evidence is presented which discounts enzymatic degradation or mechanical shear
of polysomes as causes of this_
Keratin Biosynthesis II. Extraction and Characterization of Nucleic Acids from Wool Roots
Authors: Wilkinson BR
Published: November 2018

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), soluble RNA (sRNA), and DNA have been extracted
from wool roots in good yield and purity. rRNA and sRNA were prepared by
extracting wool roots with a hydrophilic salt and a phenol-cresol mixture and
rRNA was selectively precipitated with m�cresol. DNA was extracted with a salt
having lipophilic and chelating properties, together with the phenol-cresol mixture.
Two�stage extraction procedures were essential for the preparation of stable,
undegraded nucleic acids.
A Serum Amylase Polymorphism in Populations of the Brush-Tailed Possum Trichosurus Vulpecula
Authors: Hope RM , Finnegan DJ
Published: November 2018

During the last ten years, the techniques of gel electrophoresis have revealed a
large amount of heritable biochemical variation in populations of many organisms.
Lewontin and Hubby (1966) have estimated that on the average 30% of all loci are
heterozygous in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura, and similar
estimates have been obtained for other species of Drosophila (O'Brien and MacIntyre
1969) and for man (Harris 1966). The ecological and evolutionary significance of this
variation is as yet almost completely unknown. An experimental approach to this
problem is to study the nature and extent of variation within and between samples
from subpopulations of a single species, and to relate this variation to environmental
factors and breeding structure. This approach has indicated the nature of the selection
on several morphological polymorphisms (Sheppard 1959; Kettlewell 1965) but with
the exception ofthe sickle cell haemoglobin polymorphism in man (Allison 1954) it has
provided little evidence concerning the factors affecting biochemical polymorphisms.
Natural and Forced Circadian Oscillations in the Leaf of Trifolium Repens
Authors: Scott BIH , Gulline HF
Published: November 2018

The leaves of white clover (T. repens) exhibit typical circadian characteristics with an endogenous period, T, of 25-27 hr. Oorresponding oscillations are observed of the torque exerted by leaflets prevented from closing. The mean variation in torque during a cycle was 339 � 13 dyne cm. When leaves were subjected to light-dark cycles at constant temperature, entrainment was obtained for periods from 0�7 to 1� 4T. Phase shifts were observed ranging from a lag of 40� for O' 7T to an advance of 130� for 1� 4T. The pulvinus was shown to be both the photoreceptor and the site of the endogenous timer.
Characterization of Electron Transport in Turnip Microsomes
Authors: Rungie JM , Wiskich JT
Published: November 2018

Electron transport activities in the turnip microsome fraction were char-acterized. Cytochrome c, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP), ferricyanide (FeCN), and neotetrazolium were reduced in the presence of NADH and NADPH, NADPH supporting a rate usually less than 10% that with NADH. Cytochrome ba was present and implicated in cytochrome c reduction. However, cytochrome P-450 was not detected.
Sulphur Metabolism and Excretion Studies in Ruminants V. Ruminal Desulphuration of Methionine and Cyst(e)ine
Authors: Bird PR
Published: November 2018

The concentrations of volatile sulphides in the rumen fluid of sheep were determined at intervals after giving single intraruminal infusions of DL-methionine, L-cystine, or L-cysteine. The basal ration fed contained 0�1 % sulphur.
Sulphur Metabolism and Excretion Studies in Ruminants VI. the Digestibility and Utilization by Sheep of 35S from 35S-Labelled Ruminal Microorganisms
Authors: Bird PR
Published: November 2018

Ruminal microorganisms were labelled using [35S]sulphate during growth on a sulphur-deficient medium_ More than 99% of the 35S incorporated by the cells was in the organic sulphur fraction_ The labelled microorganisms were then infused into the abomasum of six sheep which were each fed 775 g of a ration containing 2 -1 % nitrogen and 0 -17% sulphur_
Stress Metabolism I. Nitrogen Metabolism and Growth in the Barley Plant During Water Stress
Authors: Singh TN , Paleg IG , Aspinall D
Published: November 2018

An induced water deficit in lO-day barley seedlings resulted in a decrease in leaf dry weight within a 28-hr period, although the shoots and roots continued to increase in weight. Primordium formation and apex elongation on the main shoot were also inhibited but floral development at the apex continued.
The effects of a plant-growth retardant, phosfon, on mammalian lipid metabolism in vivo
Authors: Sabine JR , Paleg IG , Douglas TJ
Published: November 2018

Intraperitoneal injection of the plant-growth retardant, Phosfon, significantly stimulates the incorporation in vivo of radioactive acetate into cholesterol in several organs of the mature male rat. Amo 1618, another plant-growth retardant, does not produce this response.
Studies on lolium multiflorum endosperm in tissue culture I. Nutrition
Authors: MeryI Smith M , Stone BA
Published: November 2018

Stocks of L. multiflorum endosperm callus have been maintained in liquid suspension culture on a modified White's medium for 5 years. The mean doubling time under the conditions used is 3� 2 days. Best growth is obtained on sucrose; fructose and glucose are good carbon sources, whereas growth is only moderate on an equimolar mixture of both.
Deep Freezing of Boar Semen III. Effects of Centrifugation, Diluent and Dilution Rate, Pellet Volume, and Method of Thawing on Survival of Spermatozoa
Authors: Salamon S
Published: November 2018

Five factorial experiments were conducted to examine the effects of centrifugation of semen, diluent and dilution rate, pellet volume, and method of thawing on the survival of boar spermatozoa after freezing by the pellet method.
Effect of Sulphur Dioxide on the Metabolism of Glycollic Acid by Barley (Hordeum Vulgare) Leaves
Authors: Spedding DJ , Thomas WJ
Published: November 2018

Barley leaves treated with 5 p.p.m. S02 in the presence of 14C02 showed an accumulation of [14C]glycollic acid and 14C-labelled sugar phosphates together with a decrease in [14C]sucrose and 14C-labelled pigments compared with untreated leaves.
Fertility Test of Frozen Boar Spermatozoa
Authors: Salamon S , Visser D
Published: November 2018

Fertility of pellet-frozen boar spermatozoa was examined in three tests using single and multiple inseminations within one oestrus. One of 14 and two of 4 sows farrowed after one and three inseminations in test 1.
Effects of Mimosine, a Potential Chemical Defleecing Agent, on Wool Growth and the Skin of Sheep
Authors: Reis PJ , Tunks DA , Chapman RE
Published: November 2018

Twenty-two Merino sheep were dosed with various amounts of L-mimosine, given either as an intravenous or an intraperitoneal injection, or as a continuous intravenous infusion for periods of 1-4 days.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activity in Group N Streptococci
Authors: Broome MC , Thomas MP , Hillier J , Jago GR
Published: November 2018

Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was detected in whole cells but not in cell-free extracts of Streptococcus lactis. However, the three component enzymes (pyruvate decarboxylase, lipoate acetyltransferase and lipoyl dehydrogenase) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex were identified in the cell-free extracts. Whole cells of the three species of group N streptococci formed acetoin and diacetyl only after the pathway forming acetate had become saturated. S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis DRC2 formed more acetoin and diacetyl and less acetate from pyruvate than did S. lactis CW. Strains CIO and DRC2 were able to form acetoin via a-acetolactate or diacetyl and to convert acetoin to butane-2,3-diol. S. cremoris HP was able to form acetoin only via a-acetolactate and could not convert acetoin to butane-2,3cdiol.
Changes in Milk Composition During Lactation in the Tammar Wallaby (Macropus Eugenii)
Authors: Green B , Newgrain K , Merchant J
Published: November 2018

Milk samples were obtained at regular intervals throughout lactation from tammar wallabies (M. eugenii). Total solids represented only 12 % (w/w) of the milk at the commencement of lactation and gradually increased to about 40% at 36 weeks. Milk proteins represented 4% (w/w) of whole milk during the first 18 weeks of lactation, followed by a rapid increase to around 13 % (w/w) at 36 weeks. Sodium and potassium concentrations were high in early samples of milk but declined to minimal values at 30 weeks. The milk was isosmotic to the plasma at all stages.
Growth of Graafian Follicles in Cows Following Luteolysis Induced by the Prostaglandin F2a Analogue, Cloprostenol
Authors: Scaramuzzi RJ , Turnbull KE , Nancarrow CD
Published: November 2018

The ovaries of six multiparous cows 6--8 years old were collected 49-71 h after injection of a synthetic prostaglandin F analogue (c1oprostenol) and serially sectioned. All follicles >0�4 mm in diameter were counted and measured. The number of normal follicles ranged from 46 to 360 per cow. Atresia was not seen in follicles of < 1 �7 mm diameter. The number of. early atretic follicles ranged from 4 to 20 per cow.
Inhibitory Effects of Ethionine, an Analogue of Methionine, on Wool Growth
Authors: Reis PJ , Tunks DA
Published: November 2018

Varying amounts of DL-, L- or D-ethionine were administered intravenously to sheep, either as a continuous infusion, usually over 2 days, or as a single injection. Groups of sucking mice and rats, in their first cycle of hair growth, were given subcutaneous injections of DL-ethionine at several dose rates.
Purification, Morphology, and Progesterone Production and Content of Three Cell Types Isolated from the Corpus Luteum of the Sheep
Authors: Rodgers RJ , O'Shea JD
Published: November 2018

A method is presented for the isolation and purification of three cell types, endothelial cells, small luteal cells and large luteal cells, from the ovine corpus luteum. The method involves enzymatic dispersion of luteal tissue followed by centrifugation of separated cells on a Ficoll gradient. The three purified cell types and others, particularly fibrocytes and smooth muscle cells, that were removed during purification, were identified by their morphology. The cell yield, the cellular composition and cellular progesterone content of each fraction from the Ficoll gradient were measured. The endothelial cell fractions were relatively free of contamination by other cell types and had negligible progesterone. Fractions of small luteal cells and those of large luteal cells contained endothelial cells but were relatively free of other cell types. Large luteal cells contained significantly more progesterone, produced more progesterone when incubated in culture, but were less responsive to luteinizing hormone than small luteal cells.
Amylase and Protease Secretion by the Marine Bacterium Vibrio gazogenes
Authors: Ratcliffe Catherine , Sanders RL , Ludmila Tittel C , O’Brien RW
Published: November 2018

V. gazogenes secreted an amylase throughout the logarithmic phase of growth when starch or maltose was the carbon source for growth. The enzyme was apparently not constitutive and was repressed by glucose. The amylase was of the oc-type and had an optimum pH of 6·5. Protease secretion by V. gazogenes occurred when the organism was grown in a defined medium containing 0·005 % (w/v) yeast extract. The activity of the enzyme was increased 40-fold when the organism was grown in a medium containing peptone or Casamino Acids. Enzyme secretion started in the late logarithmic phase of growth and ceased when the cells entered the stationary phase of growth and was not repressed by glucose. The protease was neither induced nor repressed by glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, serine, arginine, valine, threonine, lysine, leucine, proline or oc-ketoglutarate. Tryptophan delayed, but did not inhibit, protease secretion. Both the amylase and the protease were truly extracellular and were not released as a result of cell lysis. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and N-oc-p-tosyl-L-Iysine chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride, L-l-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, leupeptin, anti pain and chymostatin did not markedly inhibit the protease, indicating that it is not a serine protease nor similar to trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain or cathepsin B. Inhibitors of sulfhydryl enzymes were also without effect on protease activity, but 1,1O-phenanthroline, ethylenediaminetetraacetate and ethyleneglycol-bis-(p-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetate almost completely inhibited the protease, indicating that it requires a divalent metal ion for activity. After dialysis against water, both amylase and protease lost over 90% of their activity. The amylase was almost completely reactivated by 15 mM Cl-, Be or 1-, but not by Ca 2+ or Mg2+. Protease was fully reactivated by about 30 mM Ca2+ or Mg2+ (at 70 ruM concentration these ions stimulated activity to about 140% of the rate of the undialysed enzyme). Mn2+ and Co2+ partially restored protease activity. Chloramphenicol, at concentrations that did not affect RNA synthesis, completely inhibited amylase and protease secretion, showing that secretion of both enzymes was a de novo process. When rifampin or actinomycin D, at concentrations that completely and rapidly inhibited cellular RNA synthesis, was added to cultures actively secreting amylase or protease, there was no inhibition of secretion for periods of 6-20 min, indicating the presence of a pool of mRNA specific for each enzyme. The protease was not affected by trypsin or oc-chymotrypsin during the secretion process, indicating that the enzyme had taken up its tertiary conformation before emergence from the cell membrane.
Three-dimensional Structure of Goose-type Lysozyme from the Egg White of the Australian Black Swan, Cygnus atratus
Authors: Isaacs NW , JMachin K , Masakuni M
Published: November 2018

The egg white of C. atratus contains two forms of lysozyme, a 'chick-type' which is similar to that found in the egg white of the domestic hen, and a 'goose-type' similar to that found in the egg white of the Embden goose. The molecular structure of the goose-type lysozyme has been determined at a resolution of a 2' 8 A by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The structure consists of two domains linked by a long stretch of a-helix. In all, there are seven helical segments in the structure. While there is no amino acid sequence homology with either hen egg-white or bacteriophage T4lysozymes, there are portions of the structure where the folding of the main chain is similar to that found in portions of either hen egg-white lysozyme or T4 lysozyme or both. In particular, there is a consistency of structure in the arrangement of acid groups in the catalytic site.
Acetate Metabolism in the Mammary Gland of the Lactating Ewe
Authors: King KR , Gooden JM , Annison EF
Published: November 2018

Acetate metabolism in the mammary gland of lactating ewes was studied by continuous infusion of radioisotopic [U-14C)sodium acetate and measurement of mammary gland arteriovenous difference and blood flow. Entry rate of acetate into the whole body averaged 75 � 7 /Lmol min -I kg -I liveweight and 22' I � 2 . 7 % of total C02 production was derived from acetate. Acetate was both utilized and produced by the mammary gland. Acetate uptake was related linearly (r2 = o� 94) to arterial concentration and gross utilization of acetate accounted for 16' 2 � 2 . 6 % of whole-body entry rate. Endogenous acetate production by the mammary gland increased linearly (r2 = O� 90) as milk yield rose, and accounted for 25 . 6 � 2 . 7 % of the gross mammary utilization of acetate. The proportion of mammary C02 derived from acetate (22' 5 � 3' 9%) was similar to that of the whole body. The uptake of acetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, esterified fatty acids and plasma free fatty acids accounted for about 25, 13, 60 and 4% of milk fatty acid carbon respectively, after correction for the oxidation of acetate, but not of the other substrates. Metabolism of acetate in the mammary glands of lactating ewes appears quantitatively more important than that in cows, b~t similar to that in goats.
Triacylglycerol Lipase Activities of Cultured Rat L6 Myoblasts
Authors: Tume RK , D Shaw F
Published: November 2018

The utilization of exogenous triacylglycerol by fusing and non-fusing rat L6 myoblasts grown in culture was investigated. Although small quantities of triacylglycerol were accumulated by both cell lines during an incubation of 2 h, no evidence could be found for the presence of lipoprotein lipase, either in the cells or released into the medium. Cell homogenate studies confirmed the absence of lipoprotein lipase but revealed the presence of an acid lipase having a pH optimum at 4�6. Acid lipase activity was mainly associated with a 15 000 g pellet and was capable of hydrolysing triolein at maximum velocity in the millimolar range. Unlike lipoprotein lipase, acid lipase was strongly inhibited by serum and preliminary investigations suggest that the inhibitory component of serum is located amongst the higher density lipoproteins. It is likely that the acid lipase is of lysosomal origin and is responsible for the hydrolysis of internalized triacylglycerol for subsequent utilization by the cell.
Ovulation Rate and Inhibin Levels in Gonadotrophin-treated Mice
Authors: WK Lee Victor , RGibson William
Published: November 2018

Ovarian follicular growth was induced in immature female mice with varying doses of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin. The numbers of ovulations were determined either by counting tubal oocytes or corpora lutea in the ovary. Ovarian and circulatory levels of inhibin rose progressively with increasing doses of PMSG and a positive correlation (P < O� 0 I) was found between circulating inhibin levels and ovulation rate. The latter correlation makes it likely that the growing preovulatory ovarian follicles are the predominant source for the secretion of inhibin into the circulatory system.
B-chromosome Systems in the Greater Glider (Petauroides volans volans) (Marsupialia : Petauridae). I. B-chromosome Distribution
Authors: R McQuade Leon
Published: November 2018

Variations in diploid chromosome number, due to the presence of B chromosomes, are found within the distribution of P. v. volans. B chromosomes vary in number between one and eight per animal, are mitotically stable in various body tissues and, unlike the Y chromosome in male P. v. volans, are not eliminated from bone marrow cells. Animals possessing B chromosomes have a distinct distribution, and it appears that a stable equilibrium between the forces of B chromosome accumulation or elimination is operating in those populations possessing these chromosomes.
Biological Half-Life, Organ Distribution and Excretion of 125I-labelled Toxic Peptide from the Blue-green Alga Microcystis aeruginosa
Authors: R Falconer Ian , Buckley Tom , TC Runnegar Maria
Published: November 2018

M. aeruginosa is a bloom-forming cyanobacterium which is common in fresh-water lakes. It contains a potent hepatotoxin which when purifed has been shown to be a heptapeptide of molecular weight 1019. The toxin was iodinated with 1251 using the lactoperoxidase method, the labelled toxin administered iI).travenously to adult female rats and the half-life and organ distribution measured. The blood half-life after redistribution into extracellular pools was 42 min. The liver and kidneys showed accumulation of 21�7 � 1�1 and 5�6 � 0�2% of the dose respectively after 30 min. Little accumulation was observed in other organs and tissues. Small-intestinal contents and urine contained 9�4 � 6� 1 and 2�9 � 1'2% of the dose respectively after 120 min. It was concluded that the liver is the main target organ for both accumulation and excretion of the toxin.
Associations between Alcohol Tolerance and the Quantity of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster Isolated from a Winery Population
Authors: Schmitt LH , W McKechnie S , McKenzie JA
Published: November 2018

Variation in alcohol dehyqrogenase (ADH) and alcohol tolerance was investigated in AdhF isofemale lines of D. melanogaster isolated from an Australian winery population. For three different tests of alcohol tolerance no association with levels of ADH activity was detected. However, among 156 lines a significant negative asso9iation occurred between larval ethanol tolerance and the quantity of ADH enzyme measured in adults. In addition, a positive relationship occurred between ADH quantity and adult survival in a sucrose-ethanol ingestion test carried out on 28 of the lines. No correlation of enzyme quantity occurred when aqults were acutely exposed to ethanol vapour. These data indicate that ADH quantity and not ADH activity may be a mor.e crucial physiological determinant of survival in high ethanol environments.
Adaptations of Drosophila and Yeasts: their Interactions with the Volatile 2-propanol in the Cactus-Micro organism-Drosophila Model System
Authors: T Starmer William , Barker JSF , J Phaff Herman , C Fogleman James
Published: November 2018

The interactions of yeasts growing in decaying cactus tissue with and without 2-propanol were studied with respect to the costs and benefits provided to three cactophilic Drosophila species (D. mojavensis, D. arizonensis and D. buzzatit). Two common cactus yeasts, Candida sonorensis and Cryptococcus cereanus, which can tolerate and metabolize 2-propanol, provide benefits to the three Drosophila species in the presence of the alcohol, as compared with another common cactus yeast, Pichia cactophila, which has less tolerance and cannot metabolize 2-propanol.
Effect of Hypoxia on the Initiation of Secondary Wool Follicles in the Fetus
Authors: Jacobs R , Falconer J , Robinson JS , Webster MED
Published: November 2018

The development of secondary wool follicles in single fetal sheep subjected to hypobaric hypoxaemia was studied. One group of pregnant ewes were exposed to 57� 1 kPa from 30 to 135 days gestation. Fetal weights (mean � s.d.) for the hypoxaemic group (3' 35 � O' 53 kg; n = 4) were significantly lower than for the controls (4'19 � 0'31 kg; n = 3, P < 0'05). At 110 days gestation, a second group had arterial and venous catheters surgically implanted into the ewe and fetus and skin samples were taken from the fetus. At 120 days gestation (10 days after surgery) these animals were subjected to hypoxia for 20 days, at a level to maintain fetal carotid p02 between 1�47 and 1�87 kPa (mean carotid p02 for the control fetuses was 2�84 � 0�28 kPa). Fetal weight at 140 days was not significantly different in the hypoxaemic and control groups. Morphometric analysis revealed that the secondary to primary follicle ratio (S : P) was less in both groups of hypoxaemic fetuses than in their respective controls. Although hypoxia for 20 days did not significantly alter fetal weight, it produced a low S : P ratio similar to the longer-term hypoxaemic animals. It is concluded that hypoxia has a marked effect in reducing the initiation of secondary follicles in the last third of gestation.
A Radioimmunoassay for Fluorogestone Acetate (FGA) and Its Application to the Measurement of Plasma FGA and Progesterone in Ewes Treated with FGA-impregnated Intravaginal Sponges
Authors: Gaston-Parry Olivia , Heasman Kim , KE Nemorin J , Robinson TJ
Published: November 2018

Simultaneous concentrations of endogenous progesterone and exogenous FGA have been measured in ewes treated with FGA-impregnated intravaginal sponges at several times relative to the expected time of release of LH.
Corrigendum
Authors: Faichney GJ , White GA
Published: November 2018

MM = maintenance throughout; MR = restriction days 100--13S; RM = restriction days SO--I00; RR = restriction days SO--13S. Number of ewes in parentheses. .p < 0.05, **P< 0.01. abMeans within rows with same letter do not differ at P < O.OS. a/'lyMeans within rows with same letter do not differ at P < 0.01
Humidity driven nanoscale chemical separation in complex organic matter
Authors: Zelenay Veronika , Huthwelker Thomas , Křepelová Adéla , Rudich Yinon , Ammann Markus
Published: November 2018

Environmental contextThe absorption of water by mixtures of organic matter in aerosols influences various atmospheric processes, such as scattering of solar radiation and cloud formation. We use X-ray techniques to elucidate the swelling behaviour of representative organic matter under humid, sub-saturated conditions, and show chemical separation according to the functional group composition in the organic mixtures upon water uptake. The results will further our understanding of the complex role of aerosol organic matter in atmospheric processes.
AbstractHumic-like substances (HULIS) represent an important fraction of particulate organic matter in the atmosphere. Understanding the water uptake by HULIS and the associated morphology evolution will improve the assessment of their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei as well as their light scattering properties. The water uptake properties of Suwannee River Fulvic Acid and of tannic acid used as proxy for atmospheric HULIS, were investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy in combination with a scanning transmission X-ray microscope. For both compounds, continuous water uptake was observed, whereby in fulvic acid phase separation occurred, resulting in an inhomogeneous organic matrix. Within the inhomogeneous mixture, different regions with different amounts of water uptake could be differentiated based on their spectral signatures in near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra, thus based on carbon functional group signatures, indicating that carboxyl-poor compounds separated from carboxyl-rich compounds upon water uptake. The differentiation into fractions with high/low water uptake ability is further refined by considering phenols, aromatic groups, and O-alkylic groups.
A comparative study of long-term Hg and Pb sediment archives
Authors: Norton Stephen A. , Jacobson George L. , Kopáček Jiří , Navrátil Tomáš
Published: November 2018

Environmental contextLead and mercury are toxic atmospheric pollutants emitted in large quantities since 1850. Accumulating lake and peat sediments capture the pollutants from the atmosphere and indirectly record changes in deposition through time. This study of four long-term sediment records addresses the questions, ‘What proportion of this atmospheric deposition is natural background?’ and ‘Does the archive faithfully represent true rates of atmospheric deposition?’
AbstractAtmospheric phenomena have a large influence on the flux of mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Some direct phenomena involve high-frequency variations in air movement; other indirect processes involve longer-term changes in climate and associated vegetation and hydrology. Here, we use evidence from sediment cores to explore how these atmospheric and landscape processes produced large natural variations in Hg and Pb deposition over thousands of years before industrial pollution. Cores from Sargent Mountain Pond, coastal Maine, USA (16600 years), Plešné Lake, south-western Czech Republic (15000 years), Lake Tulane, central Florida, USA (45000 years), and Caribou Bog, Orono, Maine, USA (10000 years) each illustrate how long-term local environmental changes influence the deposition and net retention of Hg and Pb. Important natural factors that emerge from comparisons among these four sites include forestation, changing groundwater hydrology, evolution of the watershed and lake system and (watershed area)/(lake area) ratio, all overlain by late-Holocene anthropogenic atmospheric pollution.