bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality Assessment Inventory internalizing and externalizing structure in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Associations with aggression
Authors: Van Voorhees Elizabeth E. , Dennis Paul A. , Elbogen Eric B. , Clancy Carolina P. , Hertzberg Michael A. , Beckham Jean C. , Calhoun Patrick S.
Published: August 2014

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with aggressive behavior in veterans, and difficulty controlling aggressive urges has been identified as a primary postdeployment readjustment concern. Yet only a fraction of veterans with PTSD commit violent acts. The goals of this study were to (1) examine the higher‐order factor structure of Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) scales in a sample of U.S. military veterans seeking treatment for PTSD; and (2) to evaluate the incremental validity of higher‐order latent factors of the PAI over PTSD symptom severity in modeling aggression. The study sample included male U.S. Vietnam (n = 433) and Iraq/Afghanistan (n = 165) veterans who were seeking treatment for PTSD at an outpatient Veterans Affairs (VA) clinic. Measures included the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, the PAI, and the Conflict Tactics Scale. The sample was randomly split into two equal subsamples (n's = 299) to allow for cross‐validation of statistically derived factors. Parallel analysis, variable clustering analysis, and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the factor structure, and regression was used to examine the association of factor scores with self‐reports of aggression over the past year. Three factors were identified: internalizing, externalizing, and substance abuse. Externalizing explained unique variance in aggression beyond PTSD symptom severity and demographic factors, while internalizing and substance abuse did not. Service era was unrelated to reports of aggression. The constructs of internalizing versus externalizing dimensions of PTSD may have utility in identifying characteristics of combat veterans in the greatest need of treatment to help manage aggressive urges. Aggr. Behav. 40:582–592, 2014. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Brain diabetic neurodegeneration segregates with low intrinsic aerobic capacity
Authors: Choi Joungil , Chandrasekaran Krish , Demarest Tyler G. , Kristian Tibor , Xu Su , Vijaykumar Kadambari , Dsouza Kevin Geoffrey , Qi Nathan R. , Yarowsky Paul J. , Gallipoli Rao , Koch Lauren G. , Fiskum Gary M. , Britton Steven L. , Russell James W.
Published: August 2014

Objectives

Diabetes leads to cognitive impairment and is associated with age‐related neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, understanding diabetes‐induced alterations in brain function is important for developing early interventions for neurodegeneration. Low‐capacity runner (LCR) rats are obese and manifest metabolic risk factors resembling human “impaired glucose tolerance” or metabolic syndrome. We examined hippocampal function in aged LCR rats compared to their high‐capacity runner (HCR) rat counterparts.

Methods

Hippocampal function was examined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, unbiased stereology analysis, and a Y maze. Changes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain function and levels of hyperphosphorylated tau and mitochondrial transcriptional regulators were examined.

Results

The levels of glutamate, myo‐inositol, taurine, and choline‐containing compounds were significantly increased in the aged LCR rats. We observed a significant loss of hippocampal neurons and impaired cognitive function in aged LCR rats. Respiratory chain function and activity were significantly decreased in the aged LCR rats. Hyperphosphorylated tau was accumulated within mitochondria and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma coactivator 1α, the NAD+‐dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A were downregulated in the aged LCR rat hippocampus.

Interpretation

These data provide evidence of a neurodegenerative process in the hippocampus of aged LCR rats, consistent with those seen in aged‐related dementing illnesses such as AD in humans. The metabolic and mitochondrial abnormalities observed in LCR rat hippocampus are similar to well‐described mechanisms that lead to diabetic neuropathy and may provide an important link between cognitive and metabolic dysfunction.
The Role of Sodium as a Surfactant and Suppressor of Non‐Radiative Recombination at Internal Surfaces in Cu2ZnSnS4
Authors: Gershon Talia , Shin Byungha , Bojarczuk Nestor , Hopstaken Marinus , Mitzi David B. , Guha Supratik
Published: August 2014

It is well‐known that sodium improves the performance of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) devices, yet the mechanism of the enhancement is still not fully understood. This work aims to present a unified account of the relationships between grain boundaries in CZTS, sodium content at these boundaries, non‐radiative recombination, and surfactant effects that produce large microstructural changes. Using temperature‐dependent photoluminescence measurements, it is demonstrated that samples containing dramatically different grain sizes display identical radiative and non‐radiative decay characteristics when sufficient sodium is present in the film. It is also shown that the sodium concentration needed to efficiently passivate non‐radiative defects is significantly less that the quantity needed to obtain micrometer‐sized CZTS grains. Finally, the high densities of donor‐acceptor pairs that are observed in CZTS films appear to reside within the grains themselves, rather than at grain boundaries.
Effects of negative stressors on DNA methylation in the brain: Implications for mood and anxiety disorders
Authors: Hing Benjamin , Gardner Caleb , Potash James B.
Published: August 2014

Stress is a major contributor to anxiety and mood disorders. The recent discovery of epigenetic changes in the brain resulting from stress has enhanced our understanding of the mechanism by which stress is able to promote these disorders. Although epigenetics encompasses chemical modifications that occur at both DNA and histones, much attention has been focused on stress‐induced DNA methylation changes on behavior. Here, we review the effect of stress‐induced DNA methylation changes on physiological mechanisms that govern behavior and cognition, dysregulation of which can be harmful to mental health. A literature review was performed in the areas of DNA methylation, stress, and their impact on the brain and psychiatric illness. Key findings center on genes involved in the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, neurotransmission and neuroplasticity. Using animal models of different stress paradigms and clinical studies, we detail how DNA methylation changes to these genes can alter physiological mechanisms that influence behavior. Appropriate levels of gene expression in the brain play an important role in mental health. This dynamic control can be disrupted by stress‐induced changes to DNA methylation patterns. Advancement in other areas of epigenetics, such as histone modifications and the discovery of the novel DNA epigenetic mark, 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine, could provide additional avenues to consider when determining the epigenetic effects of stress on the brain. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Observation of Interstitial Molecular Hydrogen in Clathrate Hydrates
Authors: Grim R. Gary , Barnes Brian C. , Lafond Patrick G. , Kockelmann Winfred A. , Keen David A. , Soper Alan K. , Hiratsuka Masaki , Yasuoka Kenji , Koh Carolyn A. , Sum Amadeu K.
Published: August 2014

The current knowledge and description of guest molecules within clathrate hydrates only accounts for occupancy within regular polyhedral water cages. Experimental measurements and simulations, examining the tert‐butylamine+H2+H2O hydrate system, now suggest that H2 can also be incorporated within hydrate crystal structures by occupying interstitial sites, that is, locations other than the interior of regular polyhedral water cages. Specifically, H2 is found within the shared heptagonal faces of the large (43596273) cage and in cavities formed from the disruption of smaller (4454) water cages. The ability of H2 to occupy these interstitial sites and fluctuate position in the crystal lattice demonstrates the dynamic behavior of H2 in solids and reveals new insight into guest–guest and guest–host interactions in clathrate hydrates, with potential implications in increasing overall energy storage properties.
Planet–Satellite Nanostructures Made To Order by RAFT Star Polymers
Authors: Rossner Christian , Vana Philipp
Published: August 2014

The investigation and application of complex nanostructures requires the hierarchical arrangement of distinct domains on a small scale. Herein, we report a method to prepare planet–satellite arrangements using RAFT polymers. Our approach is based on star polymers decorated with trithiocarbonate groups on their outer periphery that attach to gold surfaces and thus provide the polymer with the ability to connect (larger) gold nanoparticle planets with (smaller) gold nanoparticle satellites. By adjusting the molecular weight of the polymeric linker, nanostructures with tailored planet–satellite distances, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy, are obtained. This strategy offers a straightforward way to prepare gold nanoparticle scaffolds with multiple reactive functionalities at defined distances from the central core.
Structural and dielectric studies of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers blend‐based nanocomposite electrolytes
Authors: Choudhary Shobhna , Sengwa Ram Jeewan
Published: August 2014

The solid polymeric nanocomposite electrolyte (SPNE) films based on the blend of amorphous poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and semicrystalline poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (PMMA:PEO = 80:20 wt %) doped with lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) salt and montmorillonite (MMT) clay nanofiller were prepared by classical solution cast, ultrasonic assisted solution cast and ultrasonication along with microwave irradiated solution cast followed by melt‐pressing methods. The X‐ray diffraction study of these electrolytes revealed the amorphous behavior with intercalated MMT structures. The suppressed crystallinity of PEO in the blend electrolyte complexes confirmed the existence of single discrete PEO chains confined within the PMMA domains. The dielectric relaxation spectroscopy of these materials was performed over the frequency range 20 Hz to 1 MHz, at ambient temperature. The presence of a singular relaxation peak in the loss tangent and electric modulus spectra of these electrolytes confirms a coupled cooperative chain segmental dynamics of the blend polymer owing to their miscible amorphous morphology. The behavior of transient complexes formed between the polymers functional groups, lithium cations and the intercalated MMT nanoplatelets was explored. The ambient temperature ionic conductivity of these electrolytes depends on the structural dynamics and the sample preparation methods. It is revealed that the presence of PEO in the PMMA matrix mainly governs the structural, dielectric, and ionic properties of these SPNE films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41311.
USING CALIBRATION AND INTEROBSERVER AGREEMENT ALGORITHMS TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF DATA FROM ELECTRONIC AND PEN‐AND‐PAPER CONTINUOUS RECORDING METHODS
Authors: Phillips Katrina J. , Mudford Oliver C. , Zeleny Jason R. , Elliffe Douglas
Published: August 2014

Often it is assumed that electronic recording by observers necessarily provides better quality data than pen‐and‐paper methods. Fifteen novice observers recorded rates of responding from 10 role‐played video samples using one of three continuous recording input formats: keyboard (laptop), touchscreen (personal digital assistants), or pen‐and‐paper. We evaluated the quality of the observers' data compared with criterion records using calibration and interobserver agreement algorithms. Results of the calibration analysis revealed that observers in the touchscreen group produced the most consistently accurate and precise data, the keyboard group observers showed wide variation in precision and accuracy, and the pen‐and‐paper group observers were significantly less precise than the touchscreen group. We conclude that although electronic recording has the potential to be as accurate as, and more precise than, pen‐and‐paper methods, this is far from guaranteed. Analyses of observers' errors advise recommendations for improving data accuracy and precision when using each method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, PL characterizations and concentration quenching effect in Dy3+ and Eu3+ activated LiCaBO3 phosphor
Authors: Kharabe V. R. , Oza Abha H. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: August 2014

LiCaBO3:Dy3+/Eu3+ phosphors were synthesized by a solid‐state reaction. The synthesized materials were characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction pattern (XRD) for confirmation. All the structural parameters were calculated from the XRD data. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed rod‐like morphology. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra showed two emissions (484 and 577 nm) in Dy3+‐doped LiCaBO3:Dy3+phosphors with the concentration quenching effect and the critical distance was calculated to be about 22.76 Å. LiCaBO3:Eu3+ phosphor was effectively excited by a near‐UV light of 392 nm. The emission spectra exhibited the transition from 5D0 level to 7FJ (J = 0–2) with main emission at 614 nm, which comes from the electrodipole transition because of the asymmetric point group. The quenching concentration of Eu3+ is about 0.2 mol%, and the critical distance was calculated to be about 38.93 Å. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple validated RP‐HPLC bioanalytical method for the quantitative determination of a novel valproic acid arylamide derivative in rat hepatic microsomes
Authors: Silva‐Trujillo Arianna , Correa‐Basurto José , Romero‐Castro Aurelio , Albores Arnulfo , Mendieta‐Wejebe Jessica Elena
Published: August 2014

A simple and specific bioanalytical method based on reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) coupled with ultraviolet detection was developed and validated for the determination of a novel valproic acid arylamide, N‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐propylpentanamide (HO‐AAVPA) in rat hepatic microsomes (a subcellular fraction containing phase I enzymes, especially cytochrome P450). The chromatographic separation was achieved using a reversed‐phase Zorbax SB‐C18 column and a mobile phase of acetic acid in water (0.2% v/v) and acetonitrile (40:60 v/v) with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 882–7060 ng/mL (r2 = 0.9987), and the lower limit of quantification and the lower limit of determination were found to be 882 and 127.99 ng/mL, respectively. The method was validated with excellent sensitivity, and intra‐day accuracy and precision varied from 93.79 to 93.12%, and from 2.12 to 4.36%, respectively. The inter‐day accuracy and precision ranged from 93.29 to 97.30% and from 0.68 to 3.60%, respectively. The recovery of HO‐AAVPA was measured between 91.36 and 97.98%. The assay was successfully applied to the analysis of kinetic metabolism and pharmacokinetic parameters in vitro by a substrate depletion approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC‐UV method for quantifying etoposide in plasma and tumor interstitial fluid by microdialysis: application to pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Pigatto Maiara Cássia , Mossmann Daniele Lenz , Dalla Costa Teresa
Published: August 2014

A simple and sensitive bioanalytical method was developed and validated for determination of etoposide in plasma and microdialysis samples of Walker‐256 tumor‐bearing rats. A microdialysis probe was implanted in the center of a subcutaneous tumor and Ringer's solution was used as perfusion medium. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Shimadzu CLC‐C8 column using a mobile phase consisting of water–acetonitrile (70:30; v/v) adjusted to pH 4.0 ± 0.1 with formic acid at a gradient flow rate of 1.0–0.6 mL/min, an injection volume of 30 μL and UV detection at 210 nm. Microdialysate samples were analyzed without processing and plasma samples (100 μL) were spiked with phenytoin as internal standard (IS) (1 µg/mL) followed by extraction with tert‐butyl methyl ether. The organic layer was evaporated and reconstituted with 100 μL of mobile phase before injection. The methods for plasma and microdialysate were linear in the ranges of 25–10,000 ng/mL and of 10–1500 ng/mL, respectively. All the validation parameters such as intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy and stability were within the limits established by international guidelines. The present method was successfully applied in the investigation of etoposide pharmacokinetics in rat plasma and microdialysate tumor samples following a single 15 mg/kg intravenous dose. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy and tolerability of treatment with azacitidine for 5 days in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Sadashiv Santhosh K. , Hilton Christie , Khan Cyrus , Rossetti James M. , Benjamin Heather L. , Fazal Salman , Sahovic Entezam , Shadduck Richard K. , Lister John
Published: August 2014

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients aged ≥60 years tolerate standard induction chemotherapy poorly. Therapy with azacitidine at a dose of 75 mg/m2/day for 7 days appears to be better tolerated, and is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of elderly AML patients with bone marrow (BM) blast counts of 20–30%. Here, we report the results of a prospective, phase 2, open‐label study that evaluated the tolerability and efficacy of a 5‐day regimen of single‐agent subcutaneous azacitidine 100 mg/m2/day administered every 28 days in 15 elderly patients with newly diagnosed AML, 14 of whom had BM blast counts >30%. The overall response rate was 47%. Complete remission, partial remission, and hematologic improvement were achieved by 20, 13, and 13% of patients, respectively. Median overall survival was 355 days for the entire cohort, and 532 days for responders. Median time to best response was 95 days, and median treatment duration was 198 days (range = 13–724 days). Grade 3–4 hematologic toxicities comprised predominantly febrile neutropenia (40%) and thrombocytopenia (20%). Febrile neutropenia was the most common cause of hospitalization. Nonhematologic toxicities, consisting of injection‐site skin reactions and fatigue (Grades 1–2), occurred in 73% (n = 11) of patients. No treatment‐related deaths occurred during the study. The dose and schedule of therapy remained constant in all but four patients. The findings of this study suggest that administration of subcutaneous azacitidine 100 mg/m2/day for 5 days every 28 days is a feasible, well‐tolerated, and effective alternative to standard induction chemotherapy in elderly patients with AML.
Lactose‐Functionalized Dendrimers Arbitrate the Interaction of Galectin‐3/MUC1 Mediated Cancer Cellular Aggregation
Authors: Michel Anna K. , Nangia‐Makker Pratima , Raz Avraham , Cloninger Mary J.
Published: August 2014

By using lactose‐functionalized poly(amidoamine) dendrimers as a tunable multivalent platform, we studied cancer cell aggregation in three different cell lines (A549, DU‐145, and HT‐1080) with galectin‐3. We found that small lactose‐functionalized G(2)‐dendrimer 1 inhibited galectin‐3‐induced aggregation of the cancer cells. In contrast, dendrimer 4 (a larger, generation 6 dendrimer with 100 carbohydrate end groups) caused cancer cells to aggregate through a galectin‐3 pathway. This study indicates that inhibition of cellular aggregation occurred because 1 provided competitive binding sites for galectin‐3 (compared to its putative cancer cell ligand, TF‐antigen on MUC1). Dendrimer 4, in contrast, provided an excess of ligands for galectin‐3 binding; this caused crosslinking and aggregation of cells to be increased.
Bimetallic Nickel–Rhodium Nanoparticles Supported on ZIF‐8 as Highly Efficient Catalysts for Hydrogen Generation from Hydrazine in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Xia Bingquan , Cao Nan , Dai Hongmei , Su Jun , Wu Xiaojun , Luo Wei , Cheng Gongzhen
Published: August 2014

Highly dispersed bimetallic Ni–Rh nanoparticles with an average diameter of (1.2±0.2) nm were successfully deposited on the metal–organic framework (MOF) ZIF‐8 by using a simple liquid impregnation method. These catalysts were composition dependent toward the dehydrogenation of hydrazine in alkaline solution, whereas Ni66Rh34@ZIF‐8 exhibited the highest catalytic activity among all the catalysts tested with a turnover frequency value of 140 h−1 and 100 % hydrogen selectivity at 50 °C. The excellent catalytic performance may be caused by the synergistic molecular‐scale alloying effect of the bimetallic Ni–Rh nanoparticles on ZIF‐8 and the promotion effect of ZIF‐8. The development of high‐performance catalysts by utilizing MOFs as a novel porous catalyst support to control the limited growth of metal nanoparticles may promote the application of hydrous hydrazine as a promising chemical hydrogen‐storage material and open up new opportunities to use MOF‐supported metal nanoparticles for more applications.
Societal Acceptance of Coal and the Future of Coal Research in Germany
Authors: Nippa Michael , Lee Roh Pin
Published: August 2014

In Deutschland formiert sich seit längerem Widerstand gegen die Kohleverstromung und die Nutzung von Kohle. Dies hat auch Auswirkungen auf die Kohleforschung, was zu einem unwiederbringlichen Know‐how‐Verlust führen könnte. Letztlich ergeben sich daraus gravierende Konsequenzen für die nachhaltige Effizienzsteigerung bei Kohletechnologien. Die Akzeptanzforschung zur Kohle am Deutschen EnergieRohstoff‐Zentrum hat eine Reihe von kontraintuitiven Ergebnissen zutage gefördert. Im Beitrag wird das Forschungsprogramm vorgestellt, ausgewählte Ergebnisse beleuchtet und erste Implikationen abgeleitet.
Modelling of a solid dissolution in liquid with chemical reaction: Application to the attack reaction of phosphate by sulphuric acid
Authors: Frikha Nader , Hmercha Amira , Gabsi Slimane
Published: August 2014

This paper aims at the determination of the kinetics and thermodynamics of a liquid–solid reaction: the attack reaction of the phosphate ore by sulphuric acid. This reaction, which is used industrially for the production of phosphoric acid, has two stages, the first of which consists in the dissolution of phosphate ore in the diluted phosphoric acid diluted and the second relates to the attack of the dissolved ore by sulphuric acid. The thermodynamic properties and the kinetic parameters of each reaction are determined using a calorimetric approach. The complete kinetic study of the step in dissolving the phosphate ore was conducted to develop a kinetic model involving the process of transfer kinetic liquid–solid and the chemical kinetic processes. This model takes into account the coupling between the mass and heat balance and the multitude particles' sizes of phosphate and the stirring speed. The study of the attack of monocalcium phosphate by sulphuric acid allows the evaluation of the reaction order and the values of various parameters that describe the kinetic model of the precipitation reaction. The comparison of different parameters determined with those reported in the literature shows the reliability and the relevance of the proposed methodology.
Modelling development for ultrafiltration membrane fouling of heterogeneous membranes with non‐uniform pore size
Authors: Abdelrasoul Amira , Doan Huu , Lohi Ali , Cheng Chil‐Hung
Published: August 2014

The aim of the present study is to develop a mathematical model for a better understanding and prediction of the Ultrafiltration membrane fouling, which can be applied to the heterogeneous membrane with non‐uniform pore size. Polysulfone flat membrane with a molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) of 60 000 (nominal size of 0.05 µm) was used with a constant feed flow rate and a cross‐flow mode in ultrafiltration of a latex paint solution. The pore size distribution of the heterogeneous membrane was estimated using ImageJ software. The model was developed based on analyses of particle attachments. All possible depositional and coagulation fouling attachments were included in the model with the evidence derived from the SEM images. Monodisperse particles with sizes of 50 nm and 100 nm, as well as the latex effluent with a wide range of particle size distribution, were utilized in order to test the validity of the model. The transmembrane pressure estimated from the mathematical model agreed with the transmembrane pressure experimentally measured mostly within 3.3–10.0 % error and up to 13.0 % error, using the monodisperse particles and latex effluent, respectively.
Topographic specializations in the retinal ganglion cell layer correlate with lateralized visual behavior, ecology, and evolution in cockatoos
Authors: Coimbra João Paulo , Collin Shaun P. , Hart Nathan S.
Published: August 2014

Cockatoos are a unique avian group inhabiting a diversity of arboreal and terrestrial microhabitats. Most species display strong lateralized visual behaviors using their left eye/foot to assist with food manipulation during foraging. In this study, we used retinal wholemounts and stereological methods to investigate whether the topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells in cockatoos reflects their lateralized behaviors and microhabitat diversity. We found that all species studied possess a horizontal visual streak and a shallow central fovea that afford increased spatial resolution in the lateral visual field. Arboreal cockatoos have a well‐defined dorsotemporal area, in contrast to terrestrial cockatoos, in which this specialization is inconspicuous or absent. Terrestrial cockatoos also have a triangular extension of increased ganglion cell density directed toward the dorsotemporal retinal periphery. Both the dorsotemporal area and the triangular extension enhance spatial resolution in the frontal and inferior visual fields, which potentially assists with binocular coordination during foraging. We found significantly higher ganglion cell densities in the left (52,000–72,000 cells/mm2) compared with the right (42,500–50,000 cells/mm2) perifoveal region of species that have strong left eye–left foot lateralized behaviors. In contrast, cockatoo species that show no lateralized behaviors have equivalent retinal ganglion cell densities in both left and right perifoveal regions (42,500–52,500 cells/mm2). Retinal ganglion cell peak densities in the dorsotemporal area showed no significant difference between left and right eyes for any species, suggesting that cockatoos use both eyes to extract information in the binocular visual field, independent of the degree of lateralization. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3363–3385, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An open‐label study to determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of migalastat HCl in subjects with impaired renal function and healthy subjects with normal renal function
Authors: Johnson Franklin K. , Mudd Paul N. , DiMino Tara , Vosk Jennie , Sitaraman Sheela , Boudes Pol , France Nicholas , Barlow Carrolee
Published: August 2014

Objectives

Renal function may progressively decline in patients with Fabry disease. This study assessed pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of a single oral dose of migalastat HCl 150 mg in subjects with normal or mildly, moderately, or severely impaired renal function.

Methods

Volunteers were enrolled into two cohorts stratified for renal function calculated using the Cockcroft–Gault equation for creatinine clearance. Pharmacokinetic parameters determined were: area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) from time zero to the last measurable concentration postdose (AUC0–t) and extrapolated to infinity (AUC0–∞), maximum observed concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), concentration at 48 hours postdose (C48h), terminal elimination half‐life (t1/2), oral clearance (CL/F), and apparent terminal elimination rate constant (λz) (ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT01730469).

Results

Thirty‐two subjects enrolled and completed the study (Cohort 1: n = 24; Cohort 2: n = 8). Migalastat clearance decreased with increasing renal impairment, resulting in increases in migalastat HCl plasma t1/2, AUC0–∞, and C48h compared with subjects with normal renal function. Incidence of adverse events was comparable across all renal function groups.

Conclusions

Plasma migalastat clearance decreased as degree of renal impairment increased. Data from the migalastat HCl clinical program will guide dosing and intervals for patients with Fabry disease with renal impairment.
Stability of Noble‐Gas‐Bound SiH3+Clusters
Authors: Pan Sudip , Moreno Diego , Merino Gabriel , Chattaraj Pratim K.
Published: August 2014

The stability of noble gas (Ng)‐bound SiH3+clusters is explored by ab initio computations. Owing to a high positive charge (+1.53 e−), the Si center of SiH3+can bind two Ng atoms. However, the SiNg dissociation energy for the first Ng atom is considerably larger than that for the second one. As we go down group 18, the dissociation energy gradually increases, and the largest value is observed for the case of Rn. For NgSiH3+clusters, the Ar–Rn dissociation processes are endergonic at room temperature. For He and Ne, a much lower temperature is required for it to be viable. The formation of Ng2SiH3+clusters is also feasible, particularly for the heavier members and at low temperature. To shed light on the nature of SiNg bonding, natural population analysis, Wiberg bond indices computations, electron‐density analysis, and energy‐decomposition analysis were performed. Electron transfer from the Ng centers to the electropositive Si center occurs only to a small extent for the lighter Ng atoms and to a somewhat greater extent for the heavier analogues. The SiXe/Rn bonds can be termed covalent bonds, whereas the SiHe/Ne bonds are noncovalent. The SiAr/Kr bonds possess some degree of covalent character, as they are borderline cases. Contributions from polarization and charge transfer and exchange are key terms in forming SiNg bonds. We also studied the effect of substituting the H atoms of SiH3+by halide groups (X) on the Ng binding ability. SiF3+showed enhanced Ng binding ability, whereas SiCl3+and SiBr3+showed a lower ability to bind Ng than SiH3+. A compromise originates from the dual play of the inductive effect of the X groups and X→Si π backbonding (pz–pzinteraction).
Boron‐Double‐Ring Sheet, Fullerene, and Nanotubes: Potential Hydrogen Storage Materials
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhao Hui‐Yan , Liu Ying
Published: August 2014

Similar to carbon‐based graphene, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, boron atoms can form sheets, fullerenes, and nanotubes. Here we investigate several of these novel boron structures all based on the boron double ring within the framework of density functional theory. The boron sheet is found to be metallic and flat in its ground state. The spherical boron cage containing 180 atoms is also stable and has I symmetry. Stable nanotubes are obtained by rolling up the boron sheet, and all are metallic. The hydrogen storage capacity of boron nanostructures is also explored, and it is found that Li‐decorated boron sheets and nanotubes are potential candidates for hydrogen storage. For Li‐decorated boron sheets, each Li atom can adsorb a maximum of 4 H2 molecules with gd=7.892 wt %. The hydrogen gravimetric density increases to gd=12.309 wt % for the Li‐decorated (0,6) boron nanotube.
Enhanced Penetration of Silver Nanocomposite Assemblies into Dentine Using Iontophoresis: Toward the Treatment of Dental Caries
Authors: Schwass Donald R. , Meledandri Carla J.
Published: August 2014

A strategy to prevent and treat tooth decay, which utilises electrophoretic movement of charged, antibacterial silver nanocomposite structures to infiltrate human dentine to target bacteria contained within the dentine tubules, has been developed and evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy have confirmed high affinity of the nanocomposite structures for tooth tissue, and enhanced penetration of the nanostructures into the tubules under the influence of direct current. It is anticipated that this strategy could be used to sterilise dentine prior to the placement of a dental restorative material.
Preliminary design of a novel high throughput CVD reactor for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Masi Maurizio , Cavallotti Carlo , Boccalari Diego , Castellana Francesco
Published: August 2014

The computational design of a high throughput chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor to deposit silicon films is here presented. The reactor is characterized by a multichannel hot wall structure, atmospheric operation, and an alternated feeding of reactants from the two reactor sides to ensure the maximum consumption of precursors while keeping an acceptable film thickness uniformity. Particular care was ensured in developing an inlet/exhaust design to uniformly distribute/exhaust the reactants and byproducts through the different channels of the reactor.
Electroless gold patterning of CdZnTe crystals for radiation detection by scanning pipette technique
Authors: Zambelli N. , Benassi G. , Gombia E. , Zanichelli M. , Calestani D.
Published: August 2014

Recently some of the authors have proposed a new technique to deposit contacts on CdZnTe detectors that combines the standard electroless procedure and the scanning pipette technique. In this work it is shown that by using a 15 micron inner diameter alumina pipette it is possible to deposit gold dots, pixels and micro‐stripes without using the standard photolithographic process. Moreover, it is shown that the performances in terms of charge collection efficiency and energy resolution of detectors prepared with the scanning pipette technique are similar to the ones of detectors prepared with the standard electroless procedure.
Biomimetic Nanostructuring of Copper Thin Films Enhances Adhesion to the Negative Electrode Laminate in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zheng Ziyan , Wang Zhihui , Song Xiangyun , Xun Shidi , Battaglia Vincent , Liu Gao
Published: August 2014

Thin films of copper are widely used as current collectors for the negative electrodes in lithium‐ion batteries. However, a major cause of battery failure is delamination between the current collector and the graphite anode. When silicon or tin is used as active material, delamination becomes a key issue owing to the large volume changes of these materials during lithation and delithation processes. Learning from Nature, we developed a new biomimetic approach based on the adhesion properties of the feet of geckos. The biomimetic approach improves adhesion between the laminate and the copper surface by introducing an array of Cu(OH)2 nanorods, which increases the surface area of the current collector. When graphite anode laminate is casted onto regular and a modified copper surfaces, the modified current collector displays superior adhesion to graphite and the PVDF binder‐based electrode. The electrochemical performance of the batteries using these electrodes is not compromised by the additional chemistry of the Cu(OH)2 on the copper surface. The technique can lead to enhanced battery lifetimes over long‐term cycling.
High‐Performance Photoelectrochemical Cells Based on a Binuclear Ruthenium Catalyst for Visible‐Light‐Driven Water Oxidation
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Gao Yan , Ding Xin , Yu Ze , Sun Licheng
Published: August 2014

Two photoanodes based on a binuclear (2) and a mononuclear ruthenium (3) water oxidation catalysts were assembled in combination with a molecular photosensitizer (1) by using a co‐adsorption method. The anodes were used in dye‐sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DS‐PECs) for visible‐light‐driven water splitting. A DS‐PEC device using TiO2(1+2) as working electrode (WE) exhibits better performance than TiO2(1+3) as WE in light‐driven water splitting. Detailed photoelectrochemical studies on these DS‐PEC devices are discussed.
Gate‐level body biasing for subthreshold logic circuits: analytical modeling and design guidelines
Authors: Albano D. , Lanuzza M. , Taco R. , Crupi F.
Published: August 2014

Gate‐level body biasing provides an attractive solution to increase speed and robustness against process and temperature variations while maintaining energy efficiency. In this paper, the behavior of basic logic gates, designed according to the proposed design technique, is analytically examined with the main purpose of furnishing important guidelines to design efficient subthreshold digital circuits. Our modeling has been fully validated by comparing the predicted results with SPICE simulations performed for a commercial 45‐nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. Considering process, temperature and loading capacitance variations, the delay of an inverter is predicted with a maximum error lower than 16.5%. Even better results are obtained when our modeling is applied to more complex logic gates. Under process, loading capacitance and temperature variations, the delay of NAND2 and NOR2 logic gates is always predicted with an error below 10%. Good agreement between the predicted and simulated results makes our modeling a valuable support during the circuit design phase. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic and metal analyses of fragmented populations of Betula papyrifera (Marsh) in a mining reclaimed region: identification of population–diagnostic molecular marker
Authors: Theriault Gabriel , Nkongolo Kabwe K. , Michael Paul
Published: August 2014

White birch (Betula papyrifera) is an open pollinate species that is, dominant in the Northern Ontario after land reclamation. In fact, this species represents 65% of all trees in the region. We hypothesized that the exchange of genetic information between fragmented populations by range‐wide paternal introgression is possible in wind‐pollinated species such as B. papyrifera. On the other hand, the effects of heavy metal contamination from the mining activities on plant growth and population dynamics are well documented. The main objectives of this study were (1) to assess the level of genetic variation, gene flow, and population sustainability of B. papyrifera after land reclamation; and (2) to determine the level of phytoavailable metals in soil and their accumulation in trees. We found that B. papyrifera is a Ni and Zn accumulator with a translocation factor of 6.4 and 81, respectively, and an indicator of Cu and Pb. The level of polymorphic loci, Shannon index, Nei's genetic diversity, observed number of alleles, and gene flow were determined for the fragmented populations within the targeted region. The percent of polymorphic loci ranged from 28% to 56%; the gene flow was also low with a value of 0.89, and the population differentiation was very high with a value of 0.36. Two population–diagnostic ISSR markers were identified. They were cloned, sequenced, and converted to SCAR markers. Overall, the fragmented populations of B. papyrifera in Northern Ontario are genetically sustainable based on the moderate level of intrapopulation variability.
Forensic interpretation of molecular variation on networks of disease transmission and genetic inheritance
Authors: Velsko Stephan P. , Osburn Joanne , Allen Jonathan
Published: August 2014

This paper describes the inference‐on‐networks (ION) framework for forensic interpretat ION of molecular typing data in cases involving allegations of infectious microbial transmission, association of disease outbreaks with alleged sources, and identifying familial relationships using mitochondrial or Y chromosomal DNA. The framework is applicable to molecular typing data obtained using any technique, including those based on electrophoretic separations. A key insight is that the networks associated with disease transmission or DNA inheritance can be used to define specific testable relationships and avoid the ambiguity and subjectivity associated with the criteria used for inferring genetic relatedness now in use. We discuss specific applications of the framework to the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Singapore and the 2001 foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreak in Great Britain.
Physics‐based numerical modelling of large braided rivers dominated by suspended sediment
Authors: Yang Haiyan , Lin Binliang , Zhou Jianjun
Published: August 2014

Physics‐based models have been increasingly developed in recent years and applied to simulate the braiding process and evolution of channel units in braided rivers. However, limited attention is given to lowland braided rivers where the transport of suspended sediment plays a dominant role. In the present study, a numerical model based on the basic physics laws of hydrodynamics and sediment transport is used to simulate the evolution process of a braided river dominated by suspended load transport. The model employs a fractional method to simulate the transport of graded sediments and uses a multiple‐bed‐layer approach to represent the sediment sorting process. An idealized braided river has been produced, with the hydrodynamic, sediment transport and morphological processes being analysed. In particular, the formation process of local pool–bar units in the predicted river has been investigated. A sensitivity analysis has also been undertaken to investigate the effects of grid resolution and an upstream perturbation on the model prediction. A variety of methods are applied to analyse the geometrical and topographical properties of the modelled river. Self‐organizing characteristics related to river geometry and topography are analysed by state‐space plots, which indicate a close relationship with the periodical erosion and deposition cycles of braiding. Cross‐sectional topography and slope frequency display similar geometries to natural rivers. Scaling characteristics are found by correlation analysis of bar parameters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yeast studies reveal moonlighting functions of the ancient actin cytoskeleton
Authors: Sattlegger Evelyn , Chernova Tatiana A. , Gogoi Neeku M. , Pillai Indu V. , Chernoff Yury O. , Munn Alan L.
Published: August 2014

Classic functions of the actin cytoskeleton include control of cell size and shape and the internal organization of cells. These functions are manifest in cellular processes of fundamental importance throughout biology such as the generation of cell polarity, cell migration, cell adhesion, and cell division. However, studies in the unicellular model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast) are giving insights into other functions in which the actin cytoskeleton plays a critical role. These include endocytosis, control of protein translation, and determination of protein 3‐dimensional shape (especially conversion of normal cellular proteins into prions). Here, we present a concise overview of these new “moonlighting” roles for the actin cytoskeleton and how some of these roles might lie at the heart of important molecular switches. This is an exciting time for researchers interested in the actin cytoskeleton. We show here how studies of actin are leading us into many new and exciting realms at the interface of genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology. While many of the pioneering studies have been conducted using yeast, the conservation of the actin cytoskeleton and its component proteins throughout eukaryotes suggests that these new roles for the actin cytoskeleton may not be restricted to yeast cells but rather may reflect new roles for the actin cytoskeleton of all eukaryotes. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(8):538–545, 2014
DIMENSIONS OF EXECUTIVE POSITIONS: A STUDY OF THE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POSITIONS OF NINETY‐THREE BUSINESS EXECUTIVES
Authors: Hemphill John K.
Published: August 2014

A research form of an Executive Position Description questionnaire, containing 575 items or positions elements, was completed by 93 business executives. Each respondent utilized a seven‐point response scale to describe his position in terms of the degree each element was a “part of the position.” The executives were from five companies and were selected from three management levels and five functional areas of business.

The interrelationship among the descriptions of their positions was determined by correlating the response of pairs of the 93 respondents over the 575 items. Tucker's inter‐battery factor analysis method was applied to an off‐diagonal sub‐matrix of these intercorrelations which was defined by designating 47 positions in the function areas of Research and Development, Manufacturing, and Industrial Relations as Battery “1” and 46 positions in Sales, and General Administration as Battery “2.”

Ten factors were obtained for each battery and then were rotated toward orthogonal simple structure. The ten factors were identified as follows:

Providing a Staff Service in a Non‐Operations Area.

Supervision of Work

Business Control

Technical – Markets and Products

Human, Community and Social Affairs

Long Range Planning

Exercise of Broad Power and Authority

Business Reputation

Personal Demands

Preservation of Assets

The factor analysis was based on correlations between positions but the position titles alone proved to be inadequate to reveal the basic nature of factors that were extracted. In order to identify the factor it was necessary to compute a set of weights for each battery which when applied to the responses of the 575 items would best estimate the loadings on each of the ten factors. The weights were also used to select 50 items for each dimension for purposes of factor scoring.

The factor scores resulting from the use of 50 item scoring keys were found to have reliabilities ranging from .74 to .89. Low intercorrelations among the ten scores indicated their relative independence.

It is suggested that the revised questionnaire will serve a distinct purpose in research on the abilities or personal qualities required in executive work by making it possible to conduct studies on more homogeneous classes of positions. This method of executive position description also may find practical application in (1) clarification of the nature of specific positions for the incumbent and his superior (2) planning systematic job rotations for the purpose of executive development and (3) providing an objective base for executive salary administration.
ON THE DIMENSIONALITY OF THE WAIS BATTERY FOR TWO GROUPS OF NORMAL MALES1
Authors: Saunders D. R.
Published: August 2014

Factor analysis is applied to two 19 by 19 intercorrelation matrices of Wechsler split‐half subtest scores, in order to estimate the dimensionality of the basic battery. All of the WAIS tests except Vocabulary were given. The subjects were 228 male college or college‐preparatory students.

Evidence is adduced supporting the statistical significance of 10 orthogonal dimensions within the 10‐test battery studied, but the factors are not perfectly congruent with the subtest structure of the battery. Comprehension is found to involve two distinct factors, while no distinctive and significant factor is found for Object Assembly; the reliability of the latter can be accounted for by the Block Design and Picture Completion factors. An eleventh factor which can be interpreted as a weak doublet for Object Assembly is of questionable significance.

The results are consistent with the efforts of some clinical psychologists to interpret the Wechsler “psychogram” as a personality measure, provided attention is given to the individual items of the Comprehension and Picture Completion tests. The results are also consistent with prior factor studies of the Wechsler which have found only three to five factors; the large superficial difference in the results may be attributed to a limiting feature implicit in the methodology of most prior studies.