bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of changing baroclinicity on the southern hemisphere extratropical circulation
Authors: Murphy B. F. , Pettré P. , Simmonds I.
Published: November 2002

Extratropical cyclones of the southern hemisphere provide the primary mechanism of poleward horizontal heat and moisture transport. Their behaviour is influenced by the strength of the meridional temperature gradient in the mid troposphere. As the semi‐annual oscillation (SAO) in the annual cycle of this gradient has become less dominant in recent years, we investigate the impact of modifying the gradient in two simulations with the Arpège general‐circulation model. Model temperatures at 50°S near the 500 hPa level are increased (strengthening the gradient) or decreased (weakening the gradient) in two different simulations T50+ and T50−, respectively.

The temperature nudging had a greater impact on the temperature gradient in T50+, but both simulations showed significant surface warming on the Antarctic coast in winter. In T50+, 500 hPa temperature and surface pressure gradients had weaker SAOs, as the circumpolar trough contracted and intensified and cyclone numbers increased along the Antarctic coast. The SAOs strengthened in T50−, and the trough became more disperse, but cyclone numbers increased north of 50°S.

Baroclinicity increased (decreased) with a stronger (weaker) meridional temperature gradient, but the static stability of the atmosphere also changed with the opposite impact on baroclinicity. Thus, in T50+ the increase in cyclone numbers was greatest near the Antarctic coast but this was counteracted somewhat by the static stability increase north of 60°S. In T50− cyclone numbers increased north of 50°S because baroclinicity was increased by a stronger meridional temperature gradient and reduced static stability. Hence, the effect on the Antarctic surface climate was nonlinear, with a warmer coast in both cases in winter, and a windier East Antarctica in T50+ but calmer katabatic flow in T50−. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Financial comparability and environmental diversity: an international context
Authors: Edwards Pamela , Birkin Frank K. , Woodward David G.
Published: November 2002

Accounting and environmental management both hold improved resource‐use efficiency as an ultimate goal, but intermediate processes and objectives vary and consequently it is separately assessed within each discipline. This paper intends to make visible the globalizing trends in accounting practice, which aim to standardize financial reporting to produce comparable information so that shareholders can maximize their economic wealth. This paper seeks to contrast this comparability strategy with the apparent need for diversity in accounting information exhibited by actual accounting practices, the information needs of environmental management and, ultimately, the cultural needs of sustainable development. We argue that a more pluralistic model, that enables a holistic assessment of corporate performance and balances diverse stakeholder objectives, is better suited to an uncertain future. Implementation requires accountants and environmental managers jointly to create and test a new order of reporting. There are many practical challenges but most significantly accountants and environmental managers must combine to enhance the visibility and credibility of these diverse performance measures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Environmental reporting in Australia: current practices and issues for the future
Authors: Burritt Roger L.
Published: November 2002

This briefing addresses a number of current practices in environmental reporting in Australia. It is limited to consideration of mandatory and voluntary initiatives at the national level (rather than state or territory levels). Three initiatives are explored. Two of these are mandatory requirements—section 299 corporate disclosures required under the 2001 Corporations Act and section 516 disclosures by Commonwealth government organizations under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. One other initiative is voluntary—Public Environmental Reporting—and is aimed at all organizations. Links with the Global Reporting Initiative are considered, followed by a brief comment on incentives and users of environmental reports. The briefing concludes by raising three issues that need to be addressed in the future—sustainable development; education, training and communication; and environmental accounting. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Sweet and sour preferences during childhood: Role of early experiences
Authors: Liem Djin Gie , Mennella Julie A.
Published: November 2002

We investigated the effects of early experience on sweet and sour preferences in children. Eighty‐three children were divided into four groups based on the type of formula fed during infancy and age. By using a forced‐choice, sip‐and‐swallow procedure, we determined the level of sweetness and sourness preferred in juice. Children who were fed protein hydrolysate formulas, which have a distinctive sour and bitter taste and unpleasant odor, preferred higher levels of citric acid in juice when compared to older children who were fed similar formulas. No such difference was observed between the groups for sweet preference. However, the level of sweetness preferred in juice was related to the sugar content of the child's favorite cereal and whether the mother routinely added sugar to their foods. These data illustrate the wide variety of experiential factors that can influence flavor preferences during childhood. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 388–395, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10067
Optoelectronic chip on film (OE‐COF) packaging technology
Authors: Takahara Hideyuki , Ishibashi Shigeki , Ishizawa Suzuko , Hirata Hirooki , Koshoubu Nobutatsu , Tsunetsugu Hideki
Published: November 2002

As a next‐generation film carrier packaging technique intended for applications to high‐speed large‐capacity optical modules, OE‐COF (Optoelectronic Chip on Film) packaging is proposed, in which LSIs and optical devices are installed on an optoelectronic compound film (OE film) by means of solder bumps. Its realizability is discussed. A 10‐channel VCSEL of the 0.85‐µm band with a 250‐µm pitch is flip‐chip mounted on an OE film by using thirty‐six 80% Au‐Sn solder bumps with a diameter of 40 µm. In regard to the basic configuration that couples an optical waveguide via a 45° mirror formed on the OE film, a mechanically strong flip‐chip mounting of the VCSEL on an OE film and a low‐loss optical coupling structure of the VCSEL and the OE film are discussed. As a result, a low‐ thermal‐expansion OE film (11 × 10−6/°C) with low‐thermal‐expansion materials laminated on both sides has been developed. By reducing the thermal expansion coefficient to 1/6 of the usual one while the excellent optical guiding property is retained, mechanically strong flip‐chip mounting is realized. Further, by filling the gap between the VCSEL and the OE film with silicon resin so that reflected light is suppressed, an OE‐COF packaging with a low coupling loss of 0.4 dB is realized. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(12): 59–66, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10026
Wideband contiguous‐band diplexer using interpolated coupling coefficient bandpass filters
Authors: Isota Yoji , Miyazaki Moriyasu , Ishida Osami , Hashimoto Tsutomu
Published: November 2002

As a simple method to realize a wideband contiguous‐band diplexer, interpolated coupling coefficient filters whose coupling coefficients are given by a linear interpolation of the coupling coefficients in a singly terminated filter and doubly terminated filter are applied. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by theoretical studies and experiment. First, with regard to the impedance characteristics of a broadband iris‐type waveguide filter with a coupling slot for the first cavity, the variations from the characteristics of a singly terminated filter are presented with an equivalent circuit. Next, it is shown that the impedance variations due to the frequency dependence of the coupling slot can be eliminated by using an interpolated coupling coefficient filter. Finally, test results in the Ka band demonstrate that a contiguous‐band diplexer with a filter bandwidth of about 4% can be obtained. The test diplexer has a filter bandwidth of about 4% × 2, a guard band of about 0.8%, an insertion loss of 0.5 dB, a VSWR of 1.2, and an isolation of 20 dB. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(12): 49–58, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ ecjb.10052
Sintering mechanism of the CaF2 on hydroxyapatite by a 10.6‐lμm CO2 laser
Authors: Wu Cheng‐Chei , Roan Rong‐Tai , Chen Jeng‐Huey
Published: November 2002

Background and Objectives

Laser has been reported as a heat source for melting and re‐crystallization. Occurring at about 1,100°C, the melting of surface dental enamel along with re‐crystallization might have an assistant role in the therapy of hypersensitive tooth, apical sealing of endodontic surgery in dentistry, preventive dentistry for pit and fissure sealing, and fluoridation. For laser to be accepted in clinical applications, it is desired that, studies must show the incorporation of CaF2 into hydroxyapatite could reduce the sintering temperature for the sake of safety.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

In this study, the Sharplan 20XJ CO2 laser with 10.6‐μm wavelength was set under the following parameters: power, 5 W; repetitive mode, 0.1 second; beam, focused. Fluorite was added to hydroxyapatite as a synthetic compound to lower the sintering temperature. Human dental enamel without caries was used for in vitro sintering test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transforming infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis (DAT/TGA) were used for the investigation of sintering mechanism of CaF2.

Results

Fusion between hexagonal shape crystals and cubic shape crystals (CaF2) were observed under SEM study. Hexagonal shape crystals indicated the formation of fluorapatite under XRD analysis. Under FTIR study, we examined reductions of water (3,445 cm−1) and hydroxyl bands (3,567 and 627 cm−1) in irradiated compounds. From the DTA pattern of synthetic compound, it showed the endothermic reaction reaching its peak point around 1,180 ± 20°C. It was attributed to the phase transformation and/or initial melting.

Conclusions

In this study, we proposed the interrelationship of the eutectics between initiator (CaF2) and the reaction product (calcium hydroxide) that reduced the sintering temperature. It appeared that the co‐eutectics interacted to reduce the sintering temperature of hydroxyapatite below 800°C and that the key eutectic was calcium hydroxide. The clinical feasibility of the melting and re‐crystallization of hydroxyapatite under 10.6‐μm CO2 laser would be therefore enhanced. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:333–338, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synergy is achieved by complementation with Apo2L/TRAIL and actinomycin D in Apo2L/TRAIL‐mediated apoptosis of prostate cancer cells: Role of XIAP in resistance
Authors: Ng Chuen‐Pei , Zisman Amnon , Bonavida Benjamin
Published: November 2002

BACKGROUND

Tumors have an inherent immunogenicity that can be exploited by immunotherapy. However, often tumors develop mechanisms that render them resistant to most immunologic cytotoxic effector mechanisms. This study examines the underlying mechanism of resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis‐inducing ligand)‐mediated apoptosis.

METHODS

We studied prostate tumor cell lines for their sensitivity to Apo2L/TRAIL‐mediated apoptosis in the presence and absence of the sensitizing agent actinomycin D (Act D). Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and signaling for apoptosis by Western blot.

RESULTS

Treatment with subtoxic concentrations of Act D significantly sensitizes the tumor cells (CL‐1, DU‐145, and PC‐3 prostate tumor cells) to Apo2L/TRAIL‐mediated apoptosis. The cytotoxicity of Act D‐sensitized prostate tumor cells was a result of synergistic activation of caspases (caspase‐3, ‐9, and ‐8), detectable after 6 hr of treatment. Treatment with Apo2L/TRAIL alone, although it was insufficient to induce apoptosis, resulted in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm in the absence of significant caspases activation. These findings suggested that a major apoptosis resistance factor blocking the Apo2L/TRAIL apoptotic signaling events is present downstream of the mitochondrial activation. The expression of receptors and anti‐apoptotic proteins were examined in Act D‐sensitized CL‐1 cells. The earliest and the most pronounced change induced by Act D was down‐regulation of X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) and up‐regulation of Bcl‐xL/‐xS proteins. The role of XIAP in resistance was demonstrated by overexpression of Smac/DIABLO, which inhibited inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and sensitized the cells to Apo2L/TRAIL. Apo2L/TRAIL receptors (DR4, DR5, DcR1, and DcR2), c‐FLIP, Bcl‐2, and other IAP members (c‐IAP1 and c‐IAP2) were marginally affected at later times in the cells sensitized by Act D.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that the combination of Act D‐induced down‐regulation of XIAP (Signal I) and Apo2L/TRAIL‐induced release of cytochrome c (Signal II) leads to the reversal of resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL‐mediated apoptosis in the tumor cells. The sensitization of tumor cells to Apo2L/TRAIL by Act D is of potential clinical application in the immunotherapy of drug/Apo2L/TRAIL refractory tumors. Prostate 53: 286–299, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of human polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses in prostatic tissue reveals the prostate as a habitat for multiple viral infections
Authors: Zambrano Alberto , Kalantari Mina , Simoneau Anne , Jensen Jerald L. , Villarreal Luis P.
Published: November 2002

BACKGROUND

To determine whether human polyomavirus (hPy) genomes are present in prostate tissues, we have carried out a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening in two sets of prostate samples, archival and fresh frozen, as well as performing in situ hybridization (ISH). The frozen prostate samples as well as the urine from the same patients were also screened for human papillomavirus (HPV) sequences.

METHODS

Highly sensitive nested‐PCR assays were used. The detection of subpopulations of JC virus (JCV) ‐transcriptional control regions (TCRs) was also evaluated by Southern analysis and by direct DNA sequencing. An in situ hybridization technique was also used to detect JCV DNA in prostatic tissue.

RESULTS

The paraffin‐embedded archival samples gave variable, unsatisfactory results. Results from the fresh frozen samples, however, were consistent and were frequently positive for JCV and less frequent for BK virus DNA. ISH confirmed the presence of JCV DNA in prostatic glandular epithelium. The TCR region of JCV from prostate tissue and urine from prostate cancer patients showed the presence of both archetypal and rearranged TCRs, including several new sequence variants. HPV DNA was also frequently detected and in some cases also mixed with hPy DNA from frozen tissue and urine.

CONCLUSION

The use of fresh frozen samples proved to be essential for consistent and reproducible detection of HPV and hPy viral DNAs. The presence of JCV DNA by ISH and the occurrence of a subpopulation of JCV TCR regions suggests that the prostate is a site for virus replication. The prostate is a complex habitat where mixed infections with oncogenic DNA viruses frequently occur and opens the discussion to the potential role of these viruses in the cancer of the prostate. Prostate 53: 263–276, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen‐mediated resistance to apoptosis
Authors: Coffey Ronan N.T. , Watson R. William G. , O'Neill Amanda J. , Mc Eleny Kevin , Fitzpatrick John M.
Published: November 2002

BACKGROUND

Previous studies demonstrate that androgen is capable of exerting a protective effect in the androgen‐sensitive human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Limited studies, however, have addressed the underlying mechanisms involved, in particular the effects of androgen on both pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic gene expression.

METHODS

We investigated the effects of androgen on apoptotic sensitivity and the expression of the caspases and specific members of the Bcl‐2 family in the LNCaP cell line. The effects of androgen on NF‐κB activation were also investigated by using a gel mobility shift assay.

RESULTS

5α‐Dihydrotestosterone (5‐αDHT) conferred resistance to radiation (5 Gy) and etoposide‐induced apoptosis in the LNCaP cell line. This finding was associated with a time‐dependent decrease in the expression of the caspases and pro‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family members. 5‐αDHT did not confer protection against apoptosis in the LNCaP line transfected with the IκB super repressor of NF‐κB, nor in the androgen insensitive PC‐3 and DU‐145 cell lines.

CONCLUSION

The ability of 5‐αDHT to raise the apoptotic threshold in the LNCaP cell line by altering specific pro‐apoptotic gene expression suggests that androgen may serve as a general survival signal against diverse pathways that ultimately signal for apoptosis. We hypothesize that NF‐κB serves as an important mediator in androgen survival signaling. Prostate 53: 300–309, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MixedH∞/H2design of digital phase‐locked loops with polytopic‐type uncertainties
Authors: Suplin V. , Shaked U.
Published: November 2002

A robustH∞control method is applied to the design of loop filters for digital phase locked loop carrier phase tracking. The proposed method successfully copes with largeS‐curve slope uncertainty and with a significant decision delay in the closed‐loop that may stem from the decoder and/or the equalizer there. The design problem is transformed into a state‐feedback control problem where phase and gain‐margins should be guaranteed in spite of the uncertainty. Of all the loop filters that achieve the required margins the one that minimizes an upper‐bound on the effect of the phase and the measurement noise signals is derived. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuropsychology for Cognitive Scientists: Patient
Based Approaches to Cognitive Neuroscience, by M.J. Farah
and T.E. Feinberg. 2000. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. $45.00 (PB).
Authors: McCarthy Rosaleen A.
Published: November 2002

Neuropsychology is blessed by a huge and burgeoning
literature—but most practitioners are cursed by a lack
of time. How can one possibly keep abreast of the latest
developments in computational modelling, functional imaging
and clinical practice, while sustaining research within one's
own field of interest? Most of us rely quite heavily on review
articles and tutorial chapters. Farah and Feinberg's edited
set of review chapters Patient Based Approaches to Cognitive
Neuroscience is a very useful and broad-ranging collection
with extensive line art and grey-scale illustrations. This book
would be a useful addition to one's personal library as
well as a valuable source of readings for advanced students
or clinical trainees. Farah, Feinberg and their publishers are
to be congratulated in providing such a valuable work.
Search pattern in a verbally reported visual scanning test
in patients showing spatial neglect
Authors: SAMUELSSON HANS , HJELMQUIST E.K. ELISABETH , JENSEN CHRISTER , BLOMSTRAND CHRISTIAN
Published: November 2002

The present study of right hemisphere stroke patients showed
that presence of visuospatial neglect in conventional neglect
tests at the postacute stage was strongly associated with an
aberrant search pattern in a verbally reported visuo-perceptual
scanning test. Compared with normal controls, patients with
visuospatial neglect showed a greater proportion of repeated
readings of the same target, shorter search sequences, more
shifts between horizontal, vertical, and diagonal search, and
lower proportion of horizontal search. The relation between
spatial neglect and a deficient search pattern was strongly
influenced by the asymmetric allocation of attention in the
scanning test, with the exception for the proportion of repeated
reading which was not influenced by this asymmetry. At follow-up,
a significant recovery was noted in the neglect group for the
proportion of repeated readings and for the asymmetry in the
allocation of attention. However, a high number of omitted targets
in the search test was still a common finding in the neglect
group and it was suggested that a non-lateralized attentional
deficit may have played an important role behind the ineffective
search at this point of time. (JINS, 2002, 8,
382–394.)
New semantic and serial clustering indices for the California
Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition: Background, rationale,
and formulae
Authors: STRICKER JOHN L. , BROWN GREGORY G. , WIXTED JOHN , BALDO JULIANA V. , DELIS DEAN C.
Published: November 2002

The original California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) employed
a semantic clustering index that used the words recalled during
a given trial as the baseline for calculating expected values
of chance clustering (recall-based expectancy). Although commonly
used in cognitive psychology, clustering indices that use
recall-based calculations of expectancy are implied
by the assumption that organizational processes do not occur
until after words are retrieved from memory. This
assumption contradicts the generally held assumptions among
neuropsychologists that (1) organization is an antecedent to
recall, and (2) increases in the use of organizational strategies
will result in better recall performance. After reviewing a
brief history of clustering metrics, we used Monte Carlo
simulations, informative examples, and patient data to examine
clustering indices that use the word list as a baseline
for calculating expectancy and propose these list-based expectancy
measures as a refinement of the clustering indices used on the
original CVLT. These indices are used on the recently published
CVLT–II. (JINS, 2002, 8, 425–435.)
Frontotemporal dementia: A review
Authors: GROSSMAN MURRAY
Published: November 2002

This review summarizes the clinical, imaging, and pathological
features of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Clinicians have become
increasingly sensitive to FTD in the differential diagnosis
of Alzheimer's disease. Clinical subgroups of FTD patients
have been recognized, including patients with progressive
non-fluent aphasia, semantic dementia, and behavioral disorder
with executive difficulty. The clinical, neuroimaging and
neuropathological profiles associated with these clinically
defined subgroups are examined. (JINS, 2002, 8,
566–583.)
Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in three
groups of older adults: Cross-domain links to physical status
and self-perceived affect and beliefs
Authors: STRAUSS ESTHER , MACDONALD STUART W.S. , HUNTER MICHAEL , MOLL ALEX , HULTSCH DAVID F.
Published: November 2002

Intraindividual variability of physical status and affect/beliefs
as well as their relations with cognition were examined in 3
groups of older adults: healthy elderly, individuals with a
nonneurological health-related disturbance (arthritis) and people
with neurological compromise (dementia). The findings showed
that greater inconsistency in physical performance was observed
in groups characterized by central nervous system dysfunction.
By contrast, fluctuations in affect appeared to reflect other
more transient sources, such as pain. In general, increased
inconsistency in non-cognitive domains was associated with poorer
cognitive function. There were cross-domain links between
inconsistency in physical functioning and fluctuations in cognitive
performance, although the nature of the links depended largely
upon the neurological status of the individuals. Considered
together, the result indicated that measures of cognitive as
well as physical variability are important behavioral markers
of neurological integrity. (JINS, 2002, 8,
893–906.)
Clinical utility of CERAD neuropsychological battery in
elderly Jamaicans
Authors: UNVERZAGT FREDERICK W. , MORGAN OWEN S. , THESIGER CHARLES H. , ELDEMIRE DENISE A. , LUSEKO JOHN , POKURI SARADA , HUI SIU L. , HALL KATHLEEN S. , HENDRIE HUGH C.
Published: November 2002

Information on the clinical utility of neuropsychological
tests in non-North-American samples is limited. We examined
the diagnostic efficacy of the Consortium to Establish
a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological
battery in Jamaican men and women age 65 and older. A total
of 72 elders were diagnosed as normal and 12 were demented
based on history, physical, and neurological examination.
Independent of this medical examination, participants were
tested with the CERAD battery. Normal controls scored significantly
better than dementia patients on all tests in the CERAD
battery. A discriminant function found that a combination
of Word List Learning Sum Recall and Boston Naming Test
correctly classified a total of 81% of the cases (83% of
the dements and 81% of the normal controls). This study
is the first to demonstrate the clinical utility of the
CERAD neuropsychological battery in the differential diagnosis
of memory disorders of the aged in a non-North-American
sample. (JINS, 1999, 5, 255–259.)
Unconventional Specimen Preparation Techniques Using High
Resolution Low Voltage Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
to Study Cell Motility, Host Cell Invasion, and Internal Cell
Structures in Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Schatten Heide , Ris Hans
Published: November 2002

Apicomplexan parasites employ complex and unconventional
mechanisms for cell locomotion, host cell invasion, and cell
division that are only poorly understood. While immunofluorescence
and conventional transmission electron microscopy have been
used to answer questions about the localization of some
cytoskeletal proteins and cell organelles, many questions remain
unanswered, partly because new methods are needed to study the
complex interactions of cytoskeletal proteins and organelles
that play a role in cell locomotion, host cell invasion, and
cell division. The choice of fixation and preparation methods
has proven critical for the analysis of cytoskeletal proteins
because of the rapid turnover of actin filaments and the dense
spatial organization of the cytoskeleton and its association
with the complex membrane system. Here we introduce new methods
to study structural aspects of cytoskeletal motility, host cell
invasion, and cell division of Toxoplasma gondii, a most
suitable laboratory model that is representative of apicomplexan
parasites. The novel approach in our experiments is the use
of high resolution low voltage field emission scanning electron
microscopy (LVFESEM) combined with two new specimen preparation
techniques. The first method uses LVFESEM after membrane extraction
and stabilization of the cytoskeleton. This method allows viewing
of actin filaments which had not been possible with any other
method available so far. The second approach of imaging the
parasite's ultrastructure and interactions with host cells
uses semithick sections (200 nm) that are resin de-embedded
(Ris and Malecki, 1993) and imaged with LVFESEM. This method
allows analysis of structural detail in the parasite before
and after host cell invasion and interactions with the membrane
of the parasitophorous vacuole as well as parasite cell division.
To-and-Fro Motion of W5Si3 on a
β-Si3N4 Substrate at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Arai S. , Suzuki K. , Saka H.
Published: November 2002

Behavior of fine crystalline particles of
W5Si3 on a β-Si3N4
substrate at high temperatures was observed by an in situ heating
experiment in a transmission electron microscope. Some of the
fine particles of W5Si3 moved in a to-and-fro
manner.
Bismuth Nanowires for Potential Applications in Nanoscale
Electronics Technology
Authors: Cronin Stephen B. , Lin Yu-Ming , Rabin Oded , Black Marcie R. , Dresselhaus Gene , Dresselhaus Mildred S. , Gai Pratibha L.
Published: November 2002

Nanowires of bismuth with diameters ranging from 10 to 200
nm and lengths of 50 μm have been synthesized by a pressure
injection method. Nanostructural and chemical compositional
studies using environmental and high resolution transmission
electron microscopy with electron stimulated energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy have revealed essentially single crystal
nanowires. The high resolution studies have shown that the
nanowires contain amorphous Bi-oxide layers of a few nanometers
on the surface. In situ environmental high resolution transmission
electron microscopy (environmental-HRTEM) studies at the atomic
level, in controlled hydrogen and other reducing gas environments
at high temperatures demonstrate that gas reduction can be
successfully applied to remove the oxide nanolayers and to maintain
the dimensional and structural uniformity of the nanowires,
which is key to attaining low electrical contact resistance.
Automated De Novo Identification of Repeat Sequence Families in Sequenced Genomes
Authors: Bao Zhirong , Eddy Sean R.
Published: November 2002

Repetitive sequences make up a major part of eukaryotic genomes. We have developed an approach for the de novo identification and classification of repeat sequence families that is based on extensions to the usual approach of single linkage clustering of local pairwise alignments between genomic sequences. Our extensions use multiple alignment information to define the boundaries of individual copies of the repeats and to distinguish homologous but distinct repeat element families. When tested on the human genome, our approach was able to properly identify and group known transposable elements. The program,RECON, should be useful for first-pass automatic classification of repeats in newly sequenced genomes.

[The following individuals kindly provided reagents, samples, or unpublished information as indicated in the paper: R. Klein.]
FOX, `free objects for crystallography': a modular approach toab initiostructure determination from powder diffraction
Authors: Favre-Nicolin Vincent , Černý Radovan
Published: November 2002

A new program has been developed forab initiocrystal structure determination from powder diffraction data (X-ray and neutron). It uses global-optimization algorithms to solve the structure by performing trials in direct space. It is a modular program, capable of using several criteria for evaluating each trial configuration (e.g.multi-pattern). It is also modular in the description of the crystal content, with the possibility of describing building blocks in the sample, such as polyhedra or molecules, and with automatic adaptive handling of special positions and sharing of identical atoms between neighbouring building blocks. It can therefore find the correct structure without any assumption about the connectivity of the building blocks and is suitable for any kind of material. Several optimization algorithms (simulated annealing, parallel tempering) are available, with the possibility of choosing the convergence criterion as a combination of available cost functions. This program is freely available for Linux and Windows platforms; it is also fully `open source', which, combined with an object-oriented design and a complete developer documentation, ensures its future evolution.
An automated system to mount cryo-cooled protein crystals on a synchrotron beamline, using compact sample cassettes and a small-scale robot
Authors: Cohen Aina E. , Ellis Paul J. , Miller Mitchell D. , Deacon Ashley M. , Phizackerley R. Paul
Published: November 2002

An automated system for mounting and dismounting pre-frozen crystals has been implemented at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL). It is based on a small industrial robot and compact cylindrical cassettes, each holding up to 96 crystals mounted on Hampton Research sample pins. For easy shipping and storage, the cassette fits inside several popular dry-shippers and long-term storage Dewars. A dispensing Dewar holds up to three cassettes in liquid nitrogen adjacent to the beamline goniometer. The robot uses a permanent magnet tool to extract samples from, and insert samples into a cassette, and a cryo-tong tool to transfer them to and from the beamline goniometer. The system is simple, with few moving parts, reliable in operation and convenient to use.
Binding of Sly1 to Sed5 enhances formation of the yeast early Golgi SNARE complex
Authors: Kosodo Yoichi , Noda Yoichi , Adachi Hiroyuki , Yoda Koji
Published: November 2002

SLY1 is an essential gene for vesicular transport between the ER and the early Golgi apparatus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It encodes a hydrophilic Sec1/Munc18 family protein that binds to the t-SNAREs. The amount of Sly1 protein that coprecipitated with the t-SNARE Sed5 was much reduced in a temperature-sensitive sly1ts mutant yeast compared with the wildtype. The mutant Sly1ts protein was shown to have a reduced binding activity to Sed5. In the wildtype, a detectable amount of Sly1 was found in the complex between Sed5 and the v-SNARE Bet1. In vitro formation of this complex on different membranes in yeast lysate was enhanced by the addition of recombinant Sly1. These results indicate that binding of Sly1 to Sed5 enhances trans-SNARE complex formation.
Attachment and tension in the spindle assembly checkpoint
Authors: Zhou Jun , Yao Joyce , Joshi Harish C.
Published: November 2002

Faithful transmission of chromosomes during mitosis is ensured by the spindle assembly checkpoint. This molecular safeguard examines whether prerequisites for chromosome segregation have been satisfied and thereby determines whether to execute or to delay chromosome segregation. Only when all the chromosomes are attached by kinetochore microtubules from two opposite spindle poles and proper tension is placed on the paired kinetochores does anaphase take place, allowing the physical splitting of sister chromatids. Recent studies have provided novel insights into the molecular mechanisms through which the spindle assembly checkpoint is regulated by both the attachment of chromosomes to kinetochore microtubules and the tension exerted on kinetochores.
Normal modes of deep atmospheres. I: Spherical geometry
Authors: Thuburn John , Wood Nigel , Staniforth Andrew
Published: November 2002

Numerical weather‐ and climate‐prediction models have traditionally applied the hydrostatic approximation and also, in particular, the shallow‐atmosphere approximation. In addition, and probably as a result, studies of the normal modes of the atmosphere too have made the shallow‐atmosphere approximation. The approximation appears to be based on simple scaling arguments. Here, the forms of the unforced, linear normal modes for the deep atmosphere on a sphere are considered and compared with those of the shallow atmosphere. Also, the impact of ignoring the vertical variation of gravity is investigated. For terrestrial parameters, it is found that relaxing either or both of these approximations has very little impact on the spatial form of the energetically significant components of most normal modes. The frequencies too are only slightly changed. However, relaxing the shallow‐atmosphere approximation does lead to significant changes in the tropical structure of internal acoustic modes. Relaxing the shallow‐atmosphere approximation also leads to non‐zero vertical‐velocity and potential‐temperature fields for external acoustic and Rossby modes; these fields are identically zero when the shallow‐atmosphere approximation is made.

For a finite‐difference numerical model to be able to represent well the behaviour of the free atmosphere it must be able to capture accurately the structures of the normal modes. Therefore, the structures of normal modes can have implications for the choice of prognostic variables and grid staggering. In particular, the vertical structure of normal modes suggests that density and temperature should be analytically eliminated in favour of pressure and potential temperature as the prognostic thermodynamic variables, and that potential temperature and vertical velocity should be staggered in the vertical with respect to the other dynamic prognostic variables, the so‐called Charney– Phillips grid. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2002. N. Wood's and A. Staniforth's contributions are Crown copyright.
Intersensory redundancy facilitates discrimination of tempo in 3‐month‐old infants
Authors: Bahrick Lorraine E. , Flom Ross , Lickliter Robert
Published: November 2002

L. Bahrick and R. Lickliter (2000) proposed an intersensory redundancy hypothesis that states that information presented redundantly and in temporal synchrony across two or more sensory modalities selectively recruits infant attention and facilitates perceptual learning more effectively than does the same information presented unimodally. In support of this view, they found that 5‐month‐old infants were able to differentiate between two complex rhythms when they were presented bimodally, but not unimodally. The present study extended our test of the intersensory redundancy hypothesis to younger infants and to a different amodal property. Three‐month‐olds' sensitivity to the amodal property of tempo was investigated. Results replicated and extended those of Bahrick and Lickliter, demonstrating that infants could discriminate a change in tempo following bimodal, but not unimodal, habituation. It appears that when infants are first learning to differentiate an amodal stimulus property, discrimination is facilitated by intersensory redundancy and attenuated under conditions of unimodal stimulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 352–363, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10049
Microwave resonators with internal structure
Authors: Awai Ikuo
Published: November 2002

If it is possible to divide a resonator in such a way that its specific modal electromagnetic fields are not disturbed, the resonant frequency of such a mode should change very little. On the other hand, the frequencies of other modes should change significantly. Hence, by using this approach, the spurious characteristics of the resonator can be controlled. Also, this division can be used as a means of improving the Q characteristic and the temperature behavior. In addition, it is possible to form a resonator by collecting many small particles. This is a concept for artificial media. By selection of particles and their assembly configuration, various resonant characteristics should become possible. In this paper, a method for improving the resonator characteristics by the above two dual methods is proposed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(12): 38–48, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10058
Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization
Authors: Donoghue Philip C.J. , Sansom Ivan J.
Published: November 2002

Data from living and extinct faunas of primitive vertebrates imply very different scenarios for the origin and evolution of the dermal and oral skeletal developmental system. A direct reading of the evolutionary relationships of living primitive vertebrates implies that the dermal scales, teeth, and jaws arose synchronously with a cohort of other characters that could be considered unique to jawed vertebrates: the dermoskeleton is primitively composed of numerous scales, each derived from an individual dental papilla; teeth are primitively patterned such that they are replaced in a classical conveyor‐belt system. The paleontological record provides a unique but complementary perspective in that: 1) the organisms in which the skeletal system evolved are extinct and we have no recourse but to fossils if we aim to address this problem; 2) extinct organisms can be classified among, and in the same way as, living relatives; 3) a holistic approach to the incorporation of all data provides a more complete perspective on early vertebrate evolution. This combined approach is of no greater significance than in dealing with the origin of the skeleton and, combined with recent discoveries and new phylogenetic analyses, we have been able to test and reject existing hypotheses for the origin of the skeleton and erect a new model in their place. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:352–372, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mineralization patterns in elasmobranch fish
Authors: Sasagawa Ichiro
Published: November 2002

This article reviews current findings on the organic matrix and the mineralization patterns in elasmobranchs, including an analysis of the role of the dental epithelial cells and the odontoblasts during odontogenesis. Our electron micrographs demonstrated that tubular vesicles limited by a unit membrane occupied the bulk of the elasmobranch enameloid matrix during the stage of enameloid matrix formation. It is likely that the tubular vesicles originated from the odontoblast processes. Two types of electron‐dense fibrils, with cross‐striations at intervals of approximately either 17 nm or 55 nm, respectively, were detected in the enameloid matrix. These data suggest that odontoblasts were strongly involved in enameloid matrix formation and in initial enameloid mineralization. Two types of odontoblasts, dark and light cells, were recognized during the stage of dentinogenesis. The light cells contained numerous mitochondria, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that extended their processes into the dentin. The darks cells possessed a well‐developed Golgi apparatus and many cisternae in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which suggests that the dark cells are involved in the formation of dentin. The inner dental epithelial (IDE) cells exhibited a well‐developed Golgi apparatus, many mitochondria, cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, vacuoles, and granules during the mineralization and maturation stages. During the stages of mineralization and early maturation, ACPase‐positive granules were visible in the IDE cells and ALPase and Ca‐ATPase activities were found at the lateral and proximal cell membrane of the IDE cells, suggesting that the IDE cells are involved in the removal of enameloid organic matrix and in the process of mineralization during later stages of enameloid formation. Our data indicate that elasmobranch enameloid is distinct from teleost enameloid, based on its organic content, on the mechanisms of its mineralization, and on the role of IDE cells concerning enameloid formation. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:396–407, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic thermal response and damage in laser coagulation of tissue
Authors: Zhu Dan , Luo Qingming , Zhu Guangming , Liu Wei
Published: November 2002

Background and Objectives

Laser induced interstitial coagulation has become a method of treating different types of tumors. Theoretical modeling and analysis may be used to better understand the complex process involved in the laser coagulation and optimized the dosimetry of laser thermotherapy.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

A full dynamic theoretical model was developed to simulate the dynamic evolution of coagulation in tissue, which accounted for the dynamics of the temperature and damage dependence of optical properties, thermal properties, and blood‐perfusion rate. The simulation of the temperature distribution, coagulation depth and its hysteresis during laser thermotherapy for full‐dynamic model are compared with the calculations from other models.

Results

Increased scattering in the near surface of applicator prevents light penetration into deeper region. Moreover, rise in temperature increases both blood flow at the periphery of coagulation region and thermal properties, which reduces the damage depth and its hysteresis. It results in a considerable overestimation of the temperature distribution and damage depth ignoring the dynamic of optical properties. The coagulation would be limited in a smaller region and there is no hysteresis if blood perfusion is regarded as a constant. In contrast, the hysteresis is overestimated if blood perfusion is ignored. Ignoring the dynamics of thermal parameters, there is also overestimation of the rise in temperature and damage depth.

Conclusions

Mathematical modeling techniques that simulate laser coagulation may not provide reliable information unless they take into account these dynamic parameters. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:313–321, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autobiographical memory in advanced multiple sclerosis:
Assessment of episodic and personal semantic memory across three
time spans
Authors: KENEALY PAMELA M. , BEAUMONT J. GRAHAM , LINTERN TRACEY C. , MURRELL RACHEL C.
Published: November 2002

In order to investigate the status of remote memory the
Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) was administered
to 30 individuals with advanced multiple sclerosis
(MS). In contrast to earlier studies which have shown only mild
deficits in autobiographical memory in those with less physical
progression of the disease, about two-thirds (60%) of the present
MS sample had a deficit in autobiographical memory. The presence
of such a deficit was not related to age, age of onset, duration
of illness, or level of physical disability, but was related
to level of general cognitive ability. Memory for episodic
autobiographical incidents was more affected than for personal
semantic information; a temporal gradient typical of some dementing
conditions but not before demonstrated in MS, was also observed
with memory for more recent events showing a significant decline.
(JINS, 2002, 8, 855–860.)
Dementia, asymmetry of temporal lobe structures, and
Apolipoprotein E genotype: Relationships to cerebral atrophy
and neuropsychological impairment
Authors: BIGLER ERIN D. , TATE DAVID F. , MILLER MICHAEL J. , RICE SARA A. , HESSEL CORY D. , EARL HEATH D. , TSCHANZ JOANN T. , PLASSMAN BRENDA , WELSH-BOHMER KATHLEEN A.
Published: November 2002

We examined asymmetry of hippocampal volume as well as other
temporal lobe structures (temporal lobe, temporal horn of the
lateral ventricular system, parahippocampal and fusiform gyri)
in 194 subjects from the Cache County, Utah study, with varying
disorders [85 with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 59 with
some cognitive or neuropsychiatric disorder—referenced
as a Mixed Neuropsychiatric group, 30 with mild ambiguous/mild
cognitive impairment (MA/MCI) and 20 controls] and APOE
genotypes. Asymmetry was determined by subtracting left-side
volume from the right corrected by total intracranial volume.
No significant asymmetry was observed to be associated with
presence of the ε4 allele. Since the AD-ε4 allele risk
effect may be expressed early in the course of the disorder,
we also examined asymmetry indices in AD, MA/MCI and Mixed
Neuropsychiatric subjects early in the course of their disorder
(2 years or less) to those with longer duration illness (greater
than 2 years). We observed a leftward asymmetry (i.e., left
side larger) regardless of APOE genotype in hippocampal volume
where both AD and MCI subjects demonstrated a leftward shift
in hippocampal size when length of disease (LOD) was less but
not more than 2 years. Leftward asymmetry was not associated
with LOD in the Mixed Neuropsychiatric group. These findings
do not support an association between ε4 and hippocampal
asymmetry in dementia. We also examined whether asymmetry
influenced neuropsychological performance, but minimal effects
were observed. Where significance or strong trends were observed,
better neuropsychological performance was associated with larger
parenchymal volume of temporal lobe structures. These findings
were interpreted as representing cognitive reserve effects where
larger volume was protective against impairment. The role of
asymmetry research in understanding neuropsychological performance
in dementia is discussed. (JINS, 2002, 8,
925–933.)