bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modernist Soundscapes
Authors: Frattarola Angela
Published: May 2019

Modernist Soundscapes questions how early twentieth-century auditory technologies altered sound perception, and how these developments shaped the modernist novel. As the phonograph, telephone, talkie, and radio created new paths for connectivity and intimacy, modernist writers such as Dorothy Richardson and Virginia Woolf were crafting characters intimately connected by the prosody of voice, music, and the soundscape. As headphones piped nonlocal sounds into a listener’s headspace, Jean Rhys and James Joyce were creating interior monologues that were shaped by cosmopolitan and bohemian sounds. As the phonograph and tape recorder aestheticized noise through mechanical reproduction, Virginia Woolf and Samuel Beckett were deploying onomatopoeia and repetition to aestheticize words and make them sound out. Modernist Soundscapes encourages us to listen to these auditory narratives in order to grasp how the formal and linguistic experiments we have come to associate with modernism are partially a consequence of this historical attentiveness to sound. This heightened awareness of audition coincided with an emerging skepticism toward vision. Indeed, modernist writers turned to sound perception as a way to complicate the dominance of vision—a sensibility rooted in Greek philosophy that equated seeing with knowledge and truth. Without polarizing vision and audition, this book reveals how modernists tend to use auditory perception to connect characters, shifting the subject from a distanced, judgmental observer to a reverberating body, attuned to the moment.
Introduction
Authors: Frattarola Angela
Published: May 2019

The introduction begins with a close reading of Rudyard Kipling’s “Wireless” in order to clarify the influence of auditory technology on turn-of-the-century literature. While explaining the geographical scope and limitations of the project, the Introduction situates the modernist shift toward sound perception as one of the many breaks with tradition that characterized the period. It also surveys recent scholarship that begins to consider how the soundscape, auditory technologies, and music of the early twentieth century influenced modernist literature.
Music and the Prosody of Voice
Authors: Frattarola Angela
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 connects Dorothy Richardson’s film column for the magazine Close Up, where she criticizes the talkie for its unnatural speech and argues for the importance of the musical accompaniment of silent film, with her fiction, where she pays explicit attention to the prosody of voice and bonding qualities of music. For Richardson, the musical accompaniment of silent film is essential for connecting a viewer with the film while allowing for private meditation; conversely, the awkward enunciation of the speech of the early talkies ruined the aesthetic experience of film for Richardson. Although film viewing is not represented in Pilgrimage (1915–1967), a multivolume work that follows the life of Miriam Henderson through free indirect discourse and stream of consciousness, Richardson repeatedly uses moments of listening to music to grant her characters a reprieve in their self-conscious inner speech, prompting them to relax and become more receptive to others. Similarly, the musical quality, or prosody, of voice creates intimacy among Richardson’s characters, allowing them to transcend their selfish concerns and connect with one another.
Recording the Soundscape
Authors: Frattarola Angela
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 examines Virginia Woolf’s representation of real-world sound, which develops throughout her career and is crucial to her connection with the “common reader.” Woolf’s onomatopoeia indicates a desire to represent the sounds of the world without mediation—a drive that was helpfully modelled by the phonograph, which some hoped would allow composers to make music from recorded real-world sounds rather than relying on the mediation of musicians. Starting with Jacob’s Room, published in the modernist high point of 1922, this chapter evaluates Woolf’s use of onomatopoeia, which reaches a climax with her later works: The Waves (1931), The Years (1937), and Between the Acts (1941). These novels are overwhelmingly sound-driven, with characters consistently directed and influenced by the sounds they hear. While characters often feel alienated and scrutinized when they are looked at, the act of listening has the power to unite them, even if only temporarily. On the level of form, Woolf’s onomatopoeia stimulates one’s “reading voice,” so that the reader too can be momentarily united with the text through, for example, the “chuffs” and “ticks” that sound out beyond semantic meaning.
Turning Words into Sounds
Authors: Frattarola Angela
Published: May 2019

Chapter 6 investigates the auditory narrative that is created through Samuel Beckett’s repetition. As Beckett started to repeat and loop phrases in his second novel, Watt (1953), the French radio technician Pierre Schaeffer started experimenting with splicing and looping magnetic tape recordings in the studios of the Paris radio station, Radio Television Français (RTF). Building on the geographical and historical coincidence of these events, this chapter argues that the magnetic tape art of musique concrète can serve as an entry point to analyze the repetition of Beckett’s fiction. The tape recorder, famously used in Krapp’s Last Tape, can aid us in appreciating Beckett’s linguistic loops throughout his novels and short prose pieces. The recorder’s storing and replaying of speech exemplifies Beckett’s repeated suggestion in his fiction that the subject is spoken and alienated through language. Paradoxically, while his repetition empties words of meaning, bringing the reader’s attention to the sounds of words rather than their content, this same repetition, through the course of his fiction, generates its own internal effect and meaning.
Afterword
Authors: Frattarola Angela
Published: May 2019

Modernist Soundscapes encourages the reader to become receptive to the arousal of the inner ear that the modernist novel so often elicits. The novels discussed are aligned with the modernist movement, where there is a sincere drive to record the seemingly insignificant details of life, the psychological oscillations of the mind, and heightened moments—epiphanies—in the ordinary. Modernist Soundscapes shows how these gradual and small changes in auditory perception may have prompted modernist writers to take up the challenge of making their narratives auditory. Celebrating the breaking of literary conventions, as well as of the dominant ideologies of patriotism, sexism, and classism, modernists made music from the noises crashing around them.
An Archaeology of Structural Violence
Authors: Roller Michael P.
Published: May 2019

Using evidence of historical changes in landscape, community life, and material culture from a coal mining company town in the Anthracite Coal Region of Northeast Pennsylvania, Michael Roller introduces an archaeological approach to the structural violence on workers, citizens, and consumers that developed across the twentieth century. The study begins with an analysis of a moment of explicit violence at the end of the nineteenth century, an event known as the Lattimer Massacre, in which as many as nineteen immigrant miners were shot by a posse of local businessmen. From this touchstone, material history and theoretical contexts across the twentieth century are documented in a manner both locally specific and broadly generalizable. Historical archaeology is used strategically, opportunistically, and dialectically, supported, amplified, and illuminated by archival and ethnographic research, spatial analysis, and social theory. In the process, attention is brought to contradictions, ironies, and absences in our understandings of this formative era in labor history. This study illuminates the development of systematized violence and soft forms of social control enacted by the collusion of state and capital through materialities such as infrastructure, urban redevelopment, mass consumerism, governmentality, biopolitics, and the shifting boundaries of sovereign power. Varied in its use of sources, the study returns again and again to the material life and the shifting landscapes of the company towns and shanty enclaves of the region, as well as the violence of the Massacre. This archaeology of the recent past shows us the unconscious material foundations for present social troubles.
An Archaeology of the Twentieth Century in the Anthracite Coal Region of Northeast Pennsylvania
Authors: Roller Michael P.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 provides a broad theoretical, historical, and ethnographic context to the research, and an overview of the major research questions addressed in the book. Topics such as the approach to the structural violence of everyday life in the twentieth century, the relationship between migrants and the sovereignty of political states, racialization, and the labor needs of late industrial capitalism are addressed. Relevant theoretical concepts from scholars such as Giorgio Agamben, Walter Benjamin and Karl Marx are introduced here. The ethnographic and discursive context of immigrant discrimination in the present, and the manner in which it informs the broad trajectory of the research is presented. Lastly, the manner in which interdisciplinary data is applied to this research is also presented.
The Memory of Violence
Authors: Roller Michael P.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 describes the historical context immediately leading up to the Lattimer Massacre, then recounting the event itself and the trial that followed as recorded in textual sources. This history is followed by an account of the archaeological survey conducted in the autumn of 2011 with the members of BRAVO (Battlefield Research and Volunteer Organization) of Monmouth, New Jersey. A theoretical context for understanding explicit moments of subjective violence without distracting from the contexts of structural or objective violence is also presented here.
Conclusion
Authors: Roller Michael P.
Published: May 2019

The conclusion revisits the three major inquiries addressed in the text, drawing together the evidence and contexts provided in the previous seven chapters. The first investigates the role of objective settings, such as the systemic and symbolic violence of landscapes and semiotic systems of racialization in justifying or triggering moments of explicit subjective violence such as the Lattimer Massacre. The second inquiry, traces the trajectory of immigrant groups into contemporary patriotic neoliberal subjects. In other terms, it asks how an oppressed group can become complicit with oppression later in history. The third inquiry traces the development of soft forms of social control and coercion across the longue durée of the twentieth century. Specifically, it asks how vertically integrated economic and governmental structures such as neoliberalism and governmentality which serve to stabilize the social antagonisms of the past are enunciated in everyday life.
Introduction
Authors: Posner Paul W. , Patroni Viviana , Mayer Jean François
Published: May 2019

This chapter situates Labor Politics in Latin America within the existing literature on labor markets and organization, presents its goals and methodology, justifies the selection of case studies, and outlines the analytical focus of subsequent chapters and their findings. The chapter offers a summary of the book’s principal findings and theoretical contributions to the study of labor market reform within Latin America. In this regard, the study’s comparative analysis provides little support for claims regarding the purported benefits of flexibilization, particularly with respect to its promise of employment generation and the reduction of inequality. Examination of the case studies also reveals that there exist multiple ways in which labor flexibilization can be imposed. Beyond de jure reforms of collective labor rights, the analysis reveals that flexibilization has often been achieved in ways other than legal reform of the labor code, for instance through negotiations of collective agreements at the plant level. Finally, the authors find that the imposition of flexibilization, whether de facto or de jure, has had a significant impact on labor organization and party-labor ties.
Historical Overview
Authors: Patroni Viviana
Published: May 2019

To contextualize Labor Politics in Latin America’s country-specific discussions of Chile, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, and Venezuela, this chapter provides the historical and comparative background essential to account for the particular ways in which global and regional transformations affected labor and labor legislation in Latin America during the critical 1990s and their aftermath in the new century. In the development of this background, the author also explores key concepts that are essential to understanding the book’s case studies. Starting with early experiments in working-class organization, the chapter revisits the contours of mass politics and labor movements in the region and their reconfiguration starting in the 1980s that so deeply transformed the conditions under which workers had struggled to advance and protect their rights.
The Limits of Labor Legislation Reforms
Authors: Mayer Jean François
Published: May 2019

The literature addressing market dynamics within neoliberalism typically assumes that reforming labor legislation has a direct impact on economic performance, the configuration of labor markets, and the strength of labor organizations. Within this literature one prevalent school of thought advocates increased flexibility of labor laws as the key to creating economic prosperity, enhancing labor productivity, increasing formal sector employment, and successfully fighting poverty and socioeconomic inequality. This chapter tests these assumptions by analyzing the case of Brazil between 1995 and 2010. The chapter’s findings suggest that legislation reforms seeking to flexibilize the Brazilian labor code do not significantly change the country’s labor market or economy. The author therefore proposes that transformations in international economic contexts as well as differing policy orientations of successive Brazilian federal governments may hold more explanatory power in accounting for labor market changes during this time period.
Collective Action and Village Life during the Late Archaic on the Georgia Coast
Authors: Thompson Victor D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines shell rings of the Georgia Coast. I argue that the vast majority of shell rings represent co-residential village communities, and thus are some of the earliest villages in eastern North America. I identify several types of collective action problems that the formation of villages likely presented to shell ring inhabitants at both the village and landscape scales. I suggest that there were several solutions to these problems, none of which required top-down hierarchical control. Instead, I present a narrative that explains the functioning of these villages as a highly cooperative, self-organizing hunter-gatherer system, rooted in local and regional interaction through rituals and the maintenance of collective mass capture facilities and fishing technology, and management of resources in the context of surplus production.
Population Aggregation and the Emergence of Circular Villages in Southwest Virginia
Authors: Jefferies Richard W.
Published: May 2019

Archaeological evidence from throughout much of eastern North America documents a transition from small, scattered settlements to nucleated, often circular, villages during the Late Woodland/Late Prehistoric period (ca. A.D. 1000-1600). In southwestern Virginia's Appalachian Highlands, this transition is marked by the appearance of large circular palisaded villages associated with what Howard MacCord called the Intermontane Culture. This paper investigates the origin, structure, and spatial distribution of Late Woodland circular villages across the southern Appalachian landscape and compares their emergence to similar trends in settlement structure and organization witnessed in other parts of the Appalachian Highlands and beyond.
The Power of Powhatan Towns
Authors: Gallivan Martin D. , Shephard Christopher J. , Jenkins Jessica A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter proposes a Powhatan theory of power and suggests links to the archaeology and ethnohistory of towns in the lower Chesapeake. Early colonial-era sources highlight a recurring process whereby powerful outside forces, materials, and people were socialized within the Powhatan settlements known as Kings’ Houses. We suggest that a key Algonquian concept for understanding this process is manitou—the vital spiritual force manifest in dangerously potent people, animals, objects, and places. Within the Kings’ Houses of the colonial-era, Powhatan leaders harnessed manitou by orchestrating ritual, trade, and the built environment. Archaeological evidence of feasting, ditches, and palisades points toward similar practices associated with the construction of boundaries—ditches and palisades—within prominent settlements, starting in the thirteenth century AD. By transforming the objects and people that transgressed these boundaries, religious practitioners and political leaders exercised a “tactical power” grounded in Kings’ Houses and animated by manitou.
It Took a Childe to Raze the Village
Authors: Cobb Charles R.
Published: May 2019

Over half a century ago, V. Gordon Childe challenged typological approaches to the definition and analysis of villages. Nevertheless, the village and variations of this concept continue on as organizational categories with neo-evolutionary connotations. This history in many respects has hindered as well as helped our understanding of how and why clusters of humans come to live together. Collectively, the contributions to this volume systematically address the concerns raised by Childe as well as more recent scholars as to the variation encompassed by the village construct, as well as why this is an important unit of analysis. In addition, several additional important themes are raised, all of which reflect current theoretical trends in the discipline: what precipitates village coalescence? What does the village mean experientially and to the landscape? And, what are the consequences of village life and identity?
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Cheryl P. , Martin Debra L.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 provides an overview for studying massacres from bioarchaeological and forensic anthropology perspectives. Various definitions of massacres and the difficulties of identifying one description of massacres that applies to all cultural and geographic contexts are explored. The idea that group-targeted structural violence resulting in mass death may also be defined as a type of massacre is then considered. Finally, contemporary examples of massacres are discussed in order to better understand the processes involved in this form of violence.
Rethinking Massacres
Authors: de Vore William E. , Jacobi Keith P. , Dye David H.
Published: May 2019

This research analyzes mass graves from the Middle Tennessee River Valley and highlights problems with how massacres are defined and identified in bioarchaeology. Definitions of mass graves and the utility of using these features to identify massacres in the past are explored. It is suggested that there are different types of massacres and that a three-tiered definition of massacres may be more appropriate. In order to form a more complete understanding of whether or not they represent the victims of massacres, this revised approach to studying massacres is applied to several human skeletal assemblages in this region.
Only the Men Will Do
Authors: Toyne J. Marla
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 applies a gendered approach to studying mass violence among the Chachapoya in Peru. While the results of this analysis of the mass death assemblage at Kuelap demonstrates that both adults and subadults were among the victims, they also show a relatively low number of adult females. This suggests that the perpetrators specifically targeted the men and may have abducted the women. This act of violence indicates that the goal of the perpetrators was likely the destruction of this community, specifically the men and children. Thus, the experience of violence among the Chachapoya at this site may have varied based upon gender.
Applications of Coded Osteological Data from the Smithsonian Repatriation Database for the Study of Violence in the Past
Authors: Kendell Ashley E.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 5 explores an innovative data mining approach in order to show that archived data can be used to answer important anthropological questions about mass violence. It shows that the use of archived data allows for the collection of larger sample sizes and the exploration of broader patterns of violence. The method is demonstrated through the examination of a large sample size of Arikara individuals from ten archaeological sites gathered from the Smithsonian Institute database. Through the application of this method, evidence for perimortem trauma was discovered for several individuals, including males, females, and subadults, and it included evidence of the mutilation of some victims.
Each One the Same
Authors: Osterholtz Anna J.
Published: May 2019

This study examines the social significance of extreme processing and performative violence at the massacre site Sacred Ridge in the North American Southwest. The analysis of the skeletal remains demonstrates that all of the victims were similarly processed and that processing of the body did not vary based on the age or sex of the victims. The similar processing indicates that this entire group of victims was viewed as the dehumanized other. This othering led to a lack of empathy among the perpetrators for the victims, leading to their ability to perform the massacre. The psychological and emotional factors affecting the different groups (victims, perpetrators, and witnesses) are explored and highlight how these dynamics can impact power relations.
Khmer Rouge Regime Massacres
Authors: Fleischman Julie M. , Prak Sonnara , Voeun Vuthy , Ros Sophearavy
Published: May 2019

Chapter 8 discusses the impact of the Khmer Rouge regime on the people of Cambodia and the importance of documenting the evidence of violence. This study focuses on the important work being done at the Choeung Ek Genocidal Center analyzing the skeletal remains of the victims. In particular, a recent study performed on a sample of Khmer Rouge victims is discussed and, through analysis of the perimortem trauma, confirms eyewitness accounts that blunt force trauma to the base of the skull was often utilized to execute the victims.
The Extended Massacre of Migrants
Authors: Bird Cate E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the large scale death of migrants in southern Arizona and the reasons why this should be viewed as an extended massacre. This mass violence against migrants is perpetrated by the state through U.S. government policies and the militarization of the U.S.-Mexico border. These policies affect the routes used by migrants, often funnelling them through some of the harshest areas of the Sonoran Desert and resulting in many exposure-related deaths. The funnelling of migrants into dangerous terrain is intentional and aimed at deterring unauthorized migration. In this case, the desert itself is the weapon that is used against the victims.
Order Restored? Chinese Masculinities in the German Crime Television Series Tatort
Authors: Hoefle Arnhilt Johanna
Published: May 2019

This chapter studies the depiction of Chinese protagonists in the crime series Tatort, the most extensive and longest-running fictional television program in the German-speaking countries. The analysis takes four episodes between 1991 and 2013 as case studies, arguing that different images of Chinese characters, and in particular Chinese men, have created some of the most daring and destabilizing scenarios in the series. Carefully negotiating the rules of both the genre of the detective narrative and the serial form, these episodes stage a narrative cycle of crime and solution, crisis and recovery, which is significantly placed within the realm of masculinities. The episodes thus allow unique insights into the ways popular media have confronted and reflected European anxieties facing China’s growing and threatening power in the world since the 1990s.
Haunted Chinese Gay Identity
Authors: Bao Hongwei
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the construction of Chinese gay identity in a popular queer online fiction titled Beijing Story. Drawing on the Derridian notion of “hauntology”, I propose to read the novel as a social critique of postsocialist China in the context of globalization and neoliberalism. I highlight the intersections between sexuality, masculinity, and class in the narrative, and the potential productivity of paying more attention to the issue of class in queer subject formation in contemporary China. I also emphasize the crucial role of the transnational, as well as historical forms of homoeroticism and recent historical memories of revolution and reconstruction, in constructing contemporary gay identity in China. In doing so, I critically assess the role of “queer Marxism” (Liu 2015) in a transnational Chinese context.
Distant Husbands, Masculine Helpers
Authors: Kang Tingyu
Published: May 2019

Flexible citizenship is an increasingly popular transnational arrangement among middle to upper class Chinese families. The residential arrangements associated with this family strategy often involve some family members (usually the wives and children) going abroad and other members (usually the husbands) primarily living in the origin country. This article examines the production of masculinity in this context. Adopting participant observation and interviews, this study examines families participating in birth tourism in Los Angeles, United States, one of the most prominent forms of the Chinese family strategy of flexible citizenship. The findings illustrate the ways in which masculinities of Chinese men in this context are largely classed and constantly caught in tension. One the one hand, the husbands living in China express a constant need to reassure their dominant position over their wives and the male domestic helpers in the US. On the other hand, the Chinese male helpers in LA find themselves often having to renegotiate their own masculinity which is threatened by the male employers’ assertion of power and by the fact that domestic work involves care and emotional labour which is largely feminized.
Dividing ASEAN and Conquering the South China Sea
Authors: O'Neill Daniel C.
Published: May 2019

The “ASEAN Way” is based on the principle of consensus; any individual member state effectively has a veto over any proposal it does not support. This book analyzes how China uses its financial power and influence to divide the member countries of ASEAN in order to prevent them from acting collectively to resolve their territorial disputes with China in the South China Sea. Comparative case studies of China’s relations with Cambodia, the Philippines, and Myanmar illustrate that the regime type in the country with which China is interacting plays an important role in enhancing or constraining China’s ability to influence the governments of developing states within ASEAN and globally. Authoritarian institutions facilitate Chinese influence while democratic institutions inhibit that influence. The book argues that as long as ASEAN includes developing, authoritarian regimes, and given that the United States and other global powers are unlikely to risk any serious conflict over each push of China’s maritime boundaries, little by little, China will assert its sovereignty over the South China Sea. Nevertheless, the book contends that if China chooses to engage in more sophisticated bilateral politics with democratic states, such as providing incentives to a broader range of interest groups, then China will have more success in projecting its power globally.
Introduction
Authors: O'Neill Daniel C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the rival territorial claimants, all of whom, besides China and Taiwan, are members of ASEAN, and their claims in the South China Sea. It provides historical background for several of the claims to the Paracel and Spratly island chains, focusing on those of China, which has been most successful in actualizing its claims. It analyses the shifts over time in China’s foreign policy in the region, highlighting efforts at cooperation near the turn of the century and China’s more aggressively asserting its claims in recent years. It lays out the two tales the book tells: the story of China’s efforts to divide ASEAN in pursuit of its territorial claims and the broader story of how China uses its financial power to influence foreign governments in developing states. The chapter also provides a justification for the selection of the three case studies in the book: China’s relations with Cambodia, the Philippines, and Myanmar, emphasizing variation in the key variable of political regime type. Finally, it introduces each subsequent chapter.
Multilateralism and Divisions in ASEAN
Authors: O'Neill Daniel C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces ASEAN and the “ASEAN Way” of taking actions based on consensus as well as both the theoretical and practical difficulties that presents for successful collective action by the members of the organization. Emphasizing the theoretical insights of Ruggie and other scholars concerning multilateralism as well as theories of collective action, the chapter provides insight into the factors that inhibit a common ASEAN response to the disputes in the South China Sea. The chapter further highlights the diversity among ASEAN member states, including geographic, cultural, political, and economic differences, as well as their own territorial disputes both in and outside of the South China Sea, that further inhibit collective action. Finally, the chapter provides data on China’s foreign direct investment (FDI) into the region, which, the book argues, provides China with increased influence over some ASEAN members.
Comparative Political Systems
Authors: O'Neill Daniel C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents a comparative study of politics and political institutions in Cambodia and the Philippines, which were long at the extremes within ASEAN regarding whether the members should work collectively to negotiate with China over competing South China Sea claims. Noting the similarities in informal political institutions in both states, including high levels of corruption and the dominance of family dynasties of both political economies, the chapter, nevertheless, emphasizes the differences in formal political institutions in the two countries, as well as the oligarchic political competition of elite families in the Philippines, termed “dynastic pluralism” compared to the dominance of Hun Sen’s family through intermarriage in Cambodia. While patron-clientelism is entrenched in both systems, the chapter argues, in the Philippines there are many more patrons. The chapter concludes by suggesting that Cambodia’s even more corrupt environment and less democratic institutions provide relatively wider avenues for Chinese influence over Cambodia’s government.
Sino-Cambodian Ties That Bind
Authors: O'Neill Daniel C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter first surveys the close historical ties between the governments of China and Cambodia, as well as between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP). It then presents data on Cambodia’s dependence on Chinese “aid” and other forms of capital, including foreign direct investment (FDI). It argues that both the relatively high levels of Chinese funding as well as the “no strings attached” nature of that funding, which lacks the conditions for political and economic reforms often attached to foreign aid by other governments and multilateral institutions, provide additional leverage for China over Hun Sen’s government. The chapter shows how China uses this leverage both to help its state-owned enterprises (SOEs) overcome the high risk in Cambodia’s investment environment for their very specific (immobile) assets and to gain the support of the Cambodian government on issues vital to the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party, including its territorial claims in the South China Sea. The chapter specifically analyses cases of Chinese investments in Cambodian hydropower projects and shows how Chinese influence over the Cambodian government helps overcome domestic opposition to these projects and secures long-term guarantees for the profitability of investments in this sector.
Dividing ASEAN and the Limits to China’s Influence Abroad
Authors: O'Neill Daniel C.
Published: May 2019

The chapter summarizes the book’s findings on China’s efforts to divide ASEAN and conquer the South China Sea, using variation in member state’s reactions to the decision in favor of the Philippines by the tribunal at the Permanent Court of Arbitration to illustrate the impact of China’s influence. The book concludes that because of the inherent differences within ASEAN, especially in political institutions, as well as the intrinsic difficulties of effective multilateralism and collective action, ASEAN will be unlikely to come together to force China to the negotiating table, as long as China wishes to resist taking a seat. The chapter notes that China’s efforts to influence states in the region have not always been successful, as the case studies illustrate; China has advantages in influencing developing state, authoritarian governments but faces more and higher hurdles in its efforts to influence developing state governments operating within relatively democratic institutions. A brief comparative analysis of China’s bilateral relations in Latin America suggests that the book’s findings are generalizable to China’s relations with developing states globally. The book concludes that the potential evolution of political institutions toward democracy is a form of long-term political risk facing Chinese efforts to influence developing state governments.
Civility and Its Development
Authors: Schak David C.
Published: May 2019

How does civility, defined as considerate treat of others, including strangers, and of the public space, develop in a society? This book aims to answer this question by comparing the processes and outcomes to date of efforts to develop civility in China and Taiwan, two societies that. It first examines the origins and development of civility in Europe questions and whether there was a comparable concept in dynastic China. It follows with arguments for the comparability of China and Taiwan on the basis of their shared cultural heritage, including a conceptual basis for and a history of incivility, authoritarian governance for most of the period since the seventeenth century when the Qing first controlled Taiwan, and top-down civilizing campaigns by the governments of each. It then examines the levels of civility first in China then in Taiwan and examines how Taiwan evolved from an uncivil society composed of myriad small, inward-looking communities, a society in itself, to a very civil society unified by civic nationalism, a society for itself. The concluding chapter examines differences between Taiwan and China that shed light on why the latter has been less successful in developing civility than the former and compares the development of civility with that of democracy, arguing that self-expression values are a prerequisite for both.
Civility
Authors: Schak David C.
Published: May 2019

The notion of civility originated in Europe as feudalism gave way to the Enlightenment as a way to civilize the behavior of the lesser lords and knights at court, later spreading to the rising bourgeoisie and to other commoners. It was also encouraged by the Church. It has been taken up by political philosophers who see it as implying that all in society are one’s consociates and as being crucial for democracy and citizenship. A public sphere is necessary for its existence, which can be facilitated or hindered by social factors. There was no Chinese tradition of civility embodied in Confucianism, the ceremonial ritual behavior demanded being deferential, between those of unequal statuses, not based on the equality of all as fellow human beings. A community compact institution began in the Ming to teach Confucian behavior to the masses but it was a failure. The notion of public weal or behavior consistent with civility was almost completely absent in dynastic China on the part of either the government or the general public.
Comparability of China and Taiwan
Authors: Schak David C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that comparing Taiwan and China as a way to understand what conditions are necessary for a society to develop civility yields valid results. They share a cultural heritage, were under the same government until 1895 and were governed by similarly authoritarian governments for much of the period since up to 1990. It refutes the erstwhile claim that Taiwan was tainted by its period as a Japanese colony and therefore not really Chinese. It then recounts the various campaigns employed by the Kuomintang government in China from the 1920s to 1949 and in Taiwan from 1945 to 2000 and by the Chinese Communist Party from 1949 to the present in China, especially since Reform and Opening Up. It then shows, through an examination of moral education textbooks from each, that despite the paroxysms in China under Mao, they have very similar ideas about what constitutes civility.
Civility in Taiwan
Authors: Schak David C.
Published: May 2019

The level of civility is much higher in Taiwan and in China, something Chinese visitors to Taiwan readily acknowledge and regard as owing to Taiwan having preserved traditional Chinese culture. However, prior to 1990, Taiwan’s state of civility was similar to that in China. This chapter traces how Taiwan made this transition and argues that it was accompanied by Taiwan’s evolving from a plethora of small, inward-looking communities to a society with a unified identity based on a civil nationalism, a society in itself to a society for itself. This came about through a combination of political struggles, economic development and rural-urban migration, and the self-help movements (zili jiuji) of the 1980s. Manifest changes in civil behavior began with Taiwan’s democratization. Some aspects of the increase in civility, e.g. driver behavior, were helped along by rule enforcement, some by the demonstration effect of a large-scale public philanthropic project, and some simply by people putting into practice what they had been taught in school. Taiwan has high levels of philanthropy and voluntarism an many charity-focused civil society groups
Chinese Indonesians in Post-Suharto Indonesia
Authors: Chong Wu-Ling
Published: May 2019

This book examines the complex situation of ethnic Chinese Indonesians in post-Suharto Indonesia, focusing on Chinese in two of the largest Indonesian cities, Medan and Surabaya. The fall of Suharto in May 1998 led to the opening up of a democratic and liberal space to include a diversity of political actors and ideals in the political process. However, due to the absence of an effective, genuinely reformist party or political coalition, predatory politico-business interests nurtured under the New Order managed to capture the new political and economic regimes. As a result, corruption and internal mismanagement continue to plague the bureaucracy in the country. The indigenous Indonesian population generally still perceives the Chinese minority as an alien minority who are wealthy, selfish, insular and opportunistic; this is partially due to the role some Chinese have played in perpetuating corrupt business practices. As targets of extortion and corruption by bureaucratic officials and youth/crime organisations, the Chinese are neither merely passive bystanders of the democratisation process in Indonesia nor powerless victims of corrupt practices. By focusing on the important interconnected aspects of the role Chinese play in post-Suharto Indonesia, via business, politics and civil society, this book argues, through a combination of Anthony Giddens’s structure-agency theory as well as Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of habitus and field, that although the Chinese are constrained by various conditions, they also have played an active role in shaping these conditions.
A Short History of the Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia
Authors: Chong Wu-Ling
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the origins of the ambivalent position of ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. Historically, the Chinese have their ancestral roots in China and do not have particular regions in Indonesia to identify with. During the Dutch period, the colonial regime’s divide-and-rule policy, the granting of economic privileges to the Chinese, and subsequently the emergence of nationalist sentiments oriented towards China in early twentieth-century Dutch East Indies effectively prevented the Chinese from integrating into the wider indigenous population. The Chinese therefore began to be perceived as an alien minority associated with various negative attributes, occupying an ambivalent position in Indonesian society.
Richard Wright’s Mission
Authors: Nissim-Sabat Marilyn
Published: May 2019

Some readers of Wright’s work have criticized him for failing to portray healthy human connection or solidarity. In her chapter, Marilyn Nissim-Sabbat maintains that Wright was deeply aware that people could only live as human beings through meaningful relations with one another. Wright understood both that the human need for solidarity runs deep and that the ability to forge it can be damaged. Without such solidarity, alienation from oneself and others will crush “Bigger” and Bigger-like characters on the South Side of Chicago and globally. Wright therefore championed the healing made possible by qualitatively enlarging our lived-experience of and with one another. Essential to articulating and acting on this need is a critical theory of transcendence that is implicit in Wright’s work. Such a theory emerges in this essay through a critique of Simone de Beauvoir’s views on identity politics and cross-group identity in The Second Sex as contrasted with parallel discussions by Wright in Native Son.
Behind the McGee Case
Authors: Wright Richard
Published: May 2019

Originally written for French audiences in 1951, Richard Wright seeks to address the question of how Willie McGee could be executed in Mississippi when doing so was clearly considered unjust in the world of democratic opinion. Wright settles the question of McGee’s innocence in a sentence and so turns to the plantation economy of Mississippi in an effort to contextualize the events. The most backward of US states in educational, cultural, and social terms, nothing had transpired economically since the Civil War to relieve whites’ complete domination of blacks, even though blacks vastly outnumbered whites in terms of population. This meant that whites had to hold state power through ongoing racial violence, terror, and repression. Still, after World War II, brutal lawlessness on the part of the United States became an international liability requiring that a move be made from extralegal to legal lynching. While white Mississippians had not anticipated that McGee’s execution would have negative global consequences, their barbarous standing in the eyes of the world was less significant to them than local pressures to defend white power over blacks. This did not mean that international agitation was without effect: it would force white Americans to think hard before staging another legal lynching and about the price of their continued race prejudice.
Seizing Freedom with Simone de Beauvoir
Authors: Marso Lori J.
Published: May 2019

Beauvoir and Wright met in France in 1946, and Wright was Beauvoir’s host when she came to the United States in 1947. Together they talked about race, gender, and oppression. In this chapter, Lori J. Marso engages these conversations across their work, taking up Wright’s early writings in 12 Million Black Voices, his trip to Ghana after the victory of Kwame Nkrumah, and his address to the Paris Congress of Black Writers in 1956. With Wright and Beauvoir in conversation, the dangers of identity politics are illuminated and an alternative source of solidarity emerges. Both take seriously the weight of identity in creating oppression but refuse to yield to it as a political strategy.
In the Shadow of the West
Authors: Gross Gerhard P.
Published: May 2019

Gerhard P. Gross discusses the war on the eastern front, showing that the German military’s operational conduct in the east corresponded to the strategy of the overall leadership. In addition, the chapter points to the tensions between the Army High Command (OHL) and the commander in chief of the combined German military in the east. The war in the east, in contrast to the west, was conducted as a mobile war in many areas, and this chapter cites some essential differences between the western and eastern fronts in tactics and operations.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Rother Rainer
Published: May 2019

Rainer Rother’s brief chapter introduces part 3, “The Culture of Remembrance of the First World War.” It touches on how different countries have―or have not―commemorated the war, from the period of the conflict to the present, adducing some reasons to account for the variations.
Occupation
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , McDonald Verlaine Stoner
Published: May 2019

Rusch returned to Japan to find destruction, despair, and starvation everywhere. Rusch began his work for the Civil Intelligence Section in Tokyo, uncovering evidence for the International Military Tribunal of the Far East (IMTFE). Rusch hoped that the Allies would bring justice to postwar Japan, but the Americans had an agenda. As part of the effort to facilitate a peaceful occupation, Rusch secured evidence supportive of American policy, absolving Emperor Hirohito of blame for the Pacific War. Rusch was instrumental in acquiring the Saionji-Harada Memoirs, volumes of notes cataloguing the imperial family’s resistance to militarism. Rusch also recovered evidence of an international Communist conspiracy in Japan, a development that greatly enhanced his standing among his anti-Communist superiors. Rusch soon discovered the level of compromise and corruption in the Occupation government as he saw innocent Japanese being purged while some war criminals, such as the biological warfare mastermind Shiro Ishii, received immunity. During this time, Rusch met a former kamikaze pilot, Ryo Natori, a teenager he hired as a houseboy. Natori became a surrogate son and was a key figure in the rest of Rusch’s life. Rusch also used his considerable power to punish those who sold Seisen-Ryo and stripped Rikkyo University of its Christian identity.
Seisen-Ryo
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , McDonald Verlaine Stoner
Published: May 2019

Chapter 7 joins Rusch after he retired from the army, having arrived in the United States to begin his nationwide fund-raising tour for Seisen-Ryo. Rusch envisioned a rural life training center, and by that time Communism was seen as an increasing threat by American citizens, a development that favored Rusch’s attempts to raise money on the theory that Rusch’s enterprise could help teach the Japanese “Christian democracy.” Rusch often asserted that the Japanese would accept Western values, such as democracy and Christianity, if they were “wrapped in a kimono.” Part of Rusch’s initiative was to teach the Japanese Western methods of agriculture, including the introduction of a dairy farming to highland Japan. Toward that end, Rusch made an effort to send both dairy and beef cattle to Kiyosato, with some humorous results. Though Rusch received the support of the Episcopal Church in the beginning, after a while Rusch’s connections to the church waned as he tried to appeal to a broader audience. Because of his efforts to build youths’ interest in farming through a kind of 4-H program, Seisen-Ryo hosted the first county fair, a regional festival that became an enduring trademark of the lodge and the region.