bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Selected Psychological Characteristics upon Choice-Shift Patterns Found within Hierarchical Groups of Public Accountants
Authors: Kent D. Donald , Arnold Donald F. , Nydegger Rudy V.
Published: August 2011

The goals of this study were to examine, first, the relationship between choice shift and three psychological variables (social desirability, locus of control, and moral reasoning) and, second, the influence of these and subjects' employment position on the choice-shift phenomenon within the context of a professional accounting setting. The sample of 60 subjects (four auditors per group, each holding different employment ranks within their firms, yielding 15 groups, each from a different small to medium size CPA firm), participated in three group decision-making tasks related to common accounting and auditing risk-assessment issues. The exercise consisted of three iterations of a standard choice-shift exercise followed by three standardized tests to measure the selected psychological characteristics. Analysis indicated that choice shifts were not significantly affected by subjects' psychological characteristics. Instead, subjects' position in an organization influenced choice shift, and the higher the position, the less absolute shift shown.
Relation of Test-Specific Motivation and Anxiety to Test Performance
Authors: Smith Lisa F. , Smith Jeffrey K.
Published: August 2011

The relations between consequence of test scores and motivation, anxiety, and test performance were studied with 112 persons in four undergraduate educational psychology courses. Students were given two versions of an hourly course examination that varied in consequence, with one counting for part of their grade and the other not counting. Each student completed the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory prior to taking the examination. Afterwards students completed a measure of test anxiety and test motivation specific to the examination they had just taken. Significant main effects were found for consequence of test with scores for test anxiety, test performance, and test motivation. Also, the subscales showed a consistent pattern of relations with test performance and test anxiety across the two conditions, but not for test motivation for which few relations were found under the condition with no consequence.
A Study of Intelligence in Estonia
Authors: Lynn Richard , Allik Jüri , Pullmann Hllle , Laidra Kaia
Published: August 2011

The Standard Progressive Matrices was standardised in Estonia in 2001 on a sample of 2,689 12- to 18-yr.-olds. The mean IQ of the Estonian sample was approximately 5 points higher than British IQ norms of 1979. Adjustment for the estimated secular increase of intelligence in Britain reduces the mean IQ of the Estonian sample to 100.2, in relation to a British mean of 100. A particular interest of the result from Estonia is that the intelligence of a European population is apparently not impaired by decades of low living standards.
Correlations for Leaders' Anticipation of Targets' Resistance and Targets' Ratings of Leaders' Influence Tactics: A Replication
Authors: Barbuto John E. , Coertzen Brent J. , Fritz Susan M.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 553 leader-target dyads was used to replicate the 2001 work of Barbuto, Scholl, Hickox, and Boulmetis. The study examined the correlation between leaders' anticipation of targets' resistance and influence tactics used by leaders to persuade targets. The original study reported mixed findings of various hard and soft tactics used by leaders based on the different zones of resistance anticipated. Present results show no relation between leaders' anticipation of targets' anticipated resistance and the influence tactics used.
Daily Variations in Cortisol Levels and Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Sitton Sarah , Porn Patricia M. , Shaeffer Stephanie
Published: August 2011

Morning and afternoon levels of cortisol for 73 volunteers (67 women and 6 men) were compared in relation to their Binge Eating Disorder scores, Body Mass Indexes, and self-reports of mood and hunger. Cortisol level was not significantly correlated with binge eating or mood or hunger for either time period. However, it was inversely related to body mass, with lower cortisol levels associated with greater body mass.
Decriminalization of Suicide in Seven Nations and Suicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a study of seven nations, suicide rates were higher in the years after decriminalization of suicide than before.
Overload and Work-Family Conflict among Australian Dual-Career Families: Moderating Effects of Support
Authors: Elloy David F. , Mackie Beth
Published: August 2011

Individuals in dual-career situations have become increasingly common all over the world. For couples dealing with multiple demands, this lifestyle often generates stresses and strains at home and at work, which can have negative consequences for organizations. Most empirical research into this lifestyle has been conducted in the United States and Britain, and very little in Australia. This particular study, based on data from an Australian sample of 65 dual-career couples, analyzed the relation between overload and work-family conflict and the moderating effects of support (supervisor, coworkers, and friends). Results confirm that overload was significantly related to work-family conflict but no moderating effects were found for support. Limitations of the study and an organizational role in managing the work-family interface dual-career couples are discussed.
Thinking Styles of School Teachers and University Students in Mathematics
Authors: Chao Li , Huang Jianyi
Published: August 2011

This research studied the thinking styles of 18 school teachers and 15 college students in the field of mathematics, using the Inquiry Mode Questionnaire by Harrison and Bramson. The multivariate analysis of variance showed that the 21 female teachers and college students scored as more Idealistic than their 12 male peers. There also was a significant group-by-sex interaction, which indicated that the female college students preferred the Analyst thinking style more frequently than their male peers, whereas the male teachers preferred the Analyst style more frequently than the female teachers. On the whole, the most preferred thinking style was the Analyst style, and the least preferred one was the Synthesist style. The implications of findings are discussed.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism Scale: Evidence of the Dimensionality of Expressed Emotion
Authors: Gavazzi Stephen M. , McKenry Patrick C. , Jacobson Jill A. , Julian Teresa W. , Lohman Brenda
Published: August 2011

Using a convenience sample of 152 married couples, the present study tested models that alternately considered family members' perceptions of Expressed Emotion to be a one-, two-, three-, or four-factor construct as measured by the Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism Scale. Results of confirmatory factor analysis procedures indicated that perceptions of Expressed Emotion were best represented by a four-factor model that consisted of involvement, criticism, upset feelings, and approval. The methodological implications of these findings are discussed.
Overrating Pornography as a Source of Sex Information for University Students: Additional Consistent Findings
Authors: Trostle Lawrence C.
Published: August 2011

This study is an empirical investigation of how 175 university students obtained their knowledge of sexual matters and whether pornography functioned as an important source. Analysis indicated that pornography does not play an important role in the dissemination of sexual information; peers appear to be the primary source. There are, however, certain statistically significant differences between the sexes in reports of the extent of specific sexual information from pornography on matters such as oral and anal intercourse. The findings extend research on pornography as a source of sex information and are contrasted with previous studies.
Wasi Profile Variability in a Sample of Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Hays J. Ray , Shaw J. Bryant
Published: August 2011

This study examined the variability of Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence profiles using the subtest range and profile variability index in a sample of 70 psychiatric inpatients. The subtest range and profile variability index were correlated .93 ( p < .001), indicating that either measure may be used to assess profile variance. Comparison of profile variability on this abbreviated scale with other Wechsler intelligence scales in similar populations suggests that variability measures are not comparable across the tests.
Emotional Effect of Physical Aggression among Adults in the General Population in a Canadian Province
Authors: Wells Samantha , Graham Kathryn
Published: August 2011

The emotional effect of personal involvement in physical agression was examined in a random sample of 1,753 adults from Ontario, Canada, using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (response rate of 67%). Respondents reported a range of emotional responses from feeling good or justified to feeling angry, upset, terrified, disgusted, hurt, and embarrassed. Open-ended responses regarding emotional response were rated by the authors for 149 incidents of aggression, which yielded five categories: (1) positive impact 4%, (2) no feeling or no effect 31%, (3) mildly negative 20%, (4) moderately negative 28%, and (5) severely negative 17% (Kappa statistic of interrater agreement = .77). The substantial proportion of incidents involving positive or no emotional response suggests that a greater understanding of aggression among individuals can be gained by the development and application of a quantitative measure of emotional response that reflects the full range of emotions (positive and negative), using dimensions identified in this study such as feeling upset, fear, and anger.
MMPI-2 L + K and L + K — F Indexes of Underreporting: Normative and Desirable Responding
Authors: Brophy Alfred L.
Published: August 2011

Norms based on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) normative sample are provided for the L + K and L + K – F indexes of underreporting and defensiveness. Index scores produced by consistently desirable responding, which was guided by desirability eatings of the MMPI-2 items, also are provided and compared with scores produced by underreporting in other studies. The indexes correlate highly with other measures of underreporting in both normative and clinical samples. The L and K scales assess different types of underreporting and should be interpreted separately as well as in combination. The L scale can be elevated by undesirable responding or random responding in addition to desirable responding.
Religion and Motion Pictures' Effects on Reversing Suicidal Intentions: Two Case Studies
Authors: Khouzam Hani Raoul , Williams Leonard , Manzano Nestor
Published: August 2011

Case studies of two veterans contemplating suicide are described. Their suicidal intentions subsided as a result of a rekindling of their Christian faith. Although their Christian beliefs were awakened following their attendance at a motion picture, they both attributed the remission of their suicidal intentions to the practices of their Christian faith in their lives. Despite the favorable outcome, these findings are not generalizable to other cases.
A Compromise between Self-Enhancement and Honesty: Chinese Self-Evaluations on Social Desirability Scales
Authors: Cuixia Liu , Jian Xiao , Zhongfang Yang
Published: August 2011

In this investigation, 202 Chinese college students were asked to complete the 48-item revised Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) which contains 32 items from the original version for the purpose of rating item desirability and estimating the percentage of others in general who would behave in the manner described by these items. Analysis indicated (a) nearly all original items keyed in the original direction, which suggests similar fundamental values are prevalent among American and Chinese college students; (b) the distribution of Chinese scores on the 32 items was somewhat positively skewed rather than negatively skewed as in some Western studies of American and Canadian college students. Also, (c) Chinese subjects perceived that they did significantly more desirable and slightly fewer undesirable things than others from which one may infer that Chinese college students tended to give both self-enhancing and honest responses to present good images; however, their need for self-enhancement may take precedence over the need to be honest. (d) Subjects chose to give more honest responses to undesirable items than to desirable ones because the more undesirable items were rated as approximately more neutral than were more desirable ones. Hence, endorsing such undesirable items would not threaten their self-esteem or face. It can be seen that Chinese subjects made an intelligent compromise between self-enhancement and honesty.
Learning- and Grade-Orientation, Sex, and Prediction of Self-Reported Academic Performance
Authors: Page Stewart , Alexitch Louise R.
Published: August 2011

148 undergraduate students completed the LOGO-II scale, a measure of educational orientation, i.e., learning-oriented and grade-oriented attitudes and behaviors, and were asked to report their current and expected grades, as well as their self-assessed academic skill. Generally, learning orientation was positively correlated with academic performance, but grade orientation was negatively correlated with performance. Learning orientation and grade orientation predicted academic performance for men but not women. Implications of these findings, including the possibility of encouraging students to assume a more learning-oriented approach to their education, are discussed.
Permutation Analysis of Data with Multiple Binary Category Choices
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke P. W.
Published: August 2011

In many studies, respondents may mark all answers that apply when responding to a multiple-choice question, i.e., a cafeteria or multiple-response question. One exact and two approximate permutation methods are described to analyze multiple-response questions. The methods provide the probability, under the null hypothesis, that the multiple binary responses do not differ among specified groups.
Autocorrelation Problems in Short Time Series
Authors: Arnau Jaume , Bono Roser
Published: August 2011

The work of Huitema (1985) on autocorrelation in behavioral data suggests that the use of conventional statistical methods is justified. The present study restates the problem of autocorrelation by analyzing 100 baselines of small samples designs published in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis during 1992. The results show a negative bias in the autocorrelations, especially with very small samples. The autocorrelation values are normally distributed, and the method of Davies, Trigg, and Newbold (1977) is the most accurate in calculating the standard deviation.
Development of an Ethanol Model Using Social Insects: II. Effect of Antabuse® on Consumatory Responses and Learned Behavior of the Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.)
Authors: Abramson Charles I. , Fellows Gina W. , Browne Blaine L. , Lawson Adam , Ortiz Richard A.
Published: August 2011

The ability of Antabuse® (disulfiram) to influence ethanol consumption and learning in harnessed honey bees was investigated. In the first series of experiments a factorial design was used with 5 levels of ethanol concentration (0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%), 4 doses of Antabuse® (0, 37 μg/g, 3.7 μg/g, .37 μg/g), and 2 testing intervals (1 min., 10 min.). Animals were fed a single 1 μl dose of Antabuse® and contact time with an ethanol solution measured. A second series of experiments investigated the influence of Antabuse® on the formation of Pavlovian conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex. A factorial design was used with two levels of training (paired, unpaired), three levels of ethanol (0%, 1%, 5%), and 2 levels of pretreatment (distilled water, 3.7 μg/g). Analysis of the consumption experiments indicate that pretreatment with Antabuse® reduces ethanol intake, although there was substantial variability. The findings of the Pavlovian experiments suggest that pretreatment with Antabuse® significantly reduced responding to a CS signaling the availability of ethanol.
Validation of the Arabic Version of the Group Personality Projective Test among University Students in Bahrain
Authors: Al-Musawi Nu'Man M.
Published: August 2011

Using confirmatory factor analytic techniques on data generated from 200 students enrolled at the University of Bahrain, we obtained some construct validity and reliability data for the Arabic Version of the 1961 Group Personality Projective Test by Cassel and Khan. In contrast to the 5-factor model proposed for the Group Personality Projective Test, a 6-factor solution appeared justified for the Arabic Version of this test, suggesting some variance between the cultural groups in the United States and in Bahrain.
Boston Naming Test: Problems with Administration and Scoring
Authors: Lopez Michael N. , Arias Griselda P. , Hunter Marnie A. , Charter Richard A. , Scott Reda R.
Published: August 2011

The poorly written administration and scoring instructions for the Boston Naming Test allow too wide a range of interpretations. Three different, seemingly correct interpretations of the scoring methods were compared. The results show that these methods can produce large differences in the total score.
Maternal Accommodation in Infant-Directed Speech during Mother's and Twin-Infants' Vocal Interactions
Authors: Niwano Katsuko , Sugai Kuniaki
Published: August 2011

In this study a mother's instinctive accommodations of vocal fundamental frequency (f0) of infant-directed speech to two different infants was explored. Maternal speech directed to individual 3-mo.-old fraternal twin-infants was subjected to acoustic analysis. Natural samples of infant-directed speech were recorded at home. There were differences in the rate of infants' vocal responses. The mother changed her f0 and patterns of intonation contour when she spoke to each infant. When she spoke to the infant whose vocal response was less frequent than the other infant, she used a higher mean f0 and a rising intonation contour more than when she spoke to the other infant. The result suggested that the mother's speech characteristic is not inflexible and that the mother may use a higher f0 and rising contour as a strategy to elicit an infant's less frequent vocal response.
Lack of Age Differences in the Beck Depression Inventory—II Scores of Clinically Depressed Adolescent Outpatients
Authors: Krefetz David G. , Steer Robert A. , Kumar Geetha
Published: August 2011

To assess whether the mean Beck Depression Inventory–II scores of adolescents who were diagnosed with unipolar depressive disorders differed with respect to age, the inventory was administered to 144 (60%) female and 96 (40%) male outpatients between 13 and 17 yr. who were diagnosed with depressive disorders. The internal consistency of the scores was high (coefficient α = .89). A factorial analysis of variance was used to test for the main effects of age, sex, ethnicity, type of depressive disorder, comorbidity, and the two-way interactions of age with the other main effects. The mean scores were not differentiated by age or by the interactions of age with the other effects. The lack of age differences in this 5-year range on the mean scores of clinically depressed adolescents was discussed with respect to previous findings that have reported such differences in adolescents and adults.
No Sex Difference in Perceived Competence of Computer Use among Male and Female College Students in 2002
Authors: Compton David M. , Burkett William H. , Burkett Gail G.
Published: August 2011

The present research examined sex differences in general computer knowledge and computer anxiety. Survey data about computer knowledge comfort, and interest were collected from 697 students, 579 from a previous study in 2001 at three types of colleges (a four-year liberal arts college, a business college, or a community college). With few exceptions, no differences associated with sex were detected. Implications for the present findings are discussed.
Ethnic Identity and Psychosocial Adjustment among International Students
Authors: Poyrazli Senel
Published: August 2011

A total of 118 international students studying in four different universities in the USA participated. Analyses indicated that search for ethnic identity and English proficiency predicted psychosocial adjustment. Students with higher English proficiency and students who understood the role of ethnic identity for themselves and showed commitment to learning more about their background also tended to report better adjustment.
Sex Education Sources and Attitudes toward Sexual Precautions across a Decade
Authors: Guthrie Mandy L. , Bates Larry W.
Published: August 2011

75 college students responded to Moore and Barling's AIDS questionnaire, Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory, and a background survey regarding sex education and sexual and religious activity. The most commonly reported sources of sex education were peers, parents, and high school courses, respectively. Ratings of the most important of 10 potential sources of sex education included peers, high school courses, and religious institutions, respectively. None of these were significantly correlated with future condom use. Virgins reported more open communication with parents about sex. Sexual experience was positively related to more confusion about sexual precautions but negatively related to foreclosed attitudes toward such precautions. Some types of religious involvement (church attendance and campus religious organization membership) were related to foreclosed attitudes. Data in attitudinal and sex education were compared with data collected in 1991. Although students more frequently reported having received sex education in 2000, their attitudes toward utilizing sexual precautions have become somewhat more diffused.
Environments, Individual Characteristics, and Worry of Young Adults
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

Relations were examined among distal and proximal learning contexts, individual characteristics, and the worry of young adults. Data were collected from 20-yr.-old Australians (3,325 women and 3,070 men). Analysis suggested that learning environment and individual characteristic measures have significant associations with the worry of young adults and that the intensity of worry varies for young adults from different ethnic groups.
The Guilty Knowledge Test and the Modified Stroop Task in Detection of Deception: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Engelhard Iris M. , Merckelbach Harald , van den Hout Marcel A.
Published: August 2011

The current study tested whether a simple Stroop paradigm can be used to detect deceptive behavior. 40 university students (34 women), half of whom committed a mock crime, were administered a Guilty Knowledge Test and modified Stroop task to detect guilt or innocence. The Guilty Knowledge Test is a well-known psychophysiological detection method, which consists of multiple-choice questions about details of the crime while skin conductance is recorded. Subjects possessing guilty knowledge are expected to show enhanced differential responses to the relevant stimuli. The modified Stroop task required color-naming of colored words related to the mock crime or an irrelevant crime. Each version of the Stroop task was presented in story form. Subjects possessing guilty knowledge were expected to produce larger reaction times to the relevant version relative to the irrelevant version. The test correctly identified 100% of innocent participants and 78% of guilty participants. In contrast, Stroop interference, i.e., reaction times for irrelevant crime details subtracted from those for mock crime details, did not differentiate between the two groups, suggesting that the story form of the Stroop paradigm is not suitable for lie detection.
Authoritarian Attitudes and Psychological Health
Authors: Lester David , Al-Tarrah Ali Ahmed
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 118 undergraduates, F Scale scores were not associated with neuroticism scores.
Perceived Parental Control in Childhood and Sexual Preferences of Adult Offspring
Authors: Khaleque Abdul
Published: August 2011

To assess the relation between perceived parental control during childhood and sexual preferences of offspring during adulthood, 80 adult offspring of heterosexual orientation reported significantly lower parental control during childhood than 7 adult offspring with nonheterosexual orientation.
Multivariate Multiple Regression Prediction Models: A Euclidean Distance Approach
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Berry Kenneth J.
Published: August 2011

An extension of a multiple regression prediction model to multiple response variables is presented. An algorithm using least sum of Euclidean distances between the multivariate observed and model-predicted response values provides regression coefficients, a measure of effect size, and inferential procedures for evaluating the extended multivariate multiple regression prediction model.
Mexican-American Parental Involvement with a Texas Elementary School
Authors: Rodríguez Richard F. , López Linda C.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 403 Mexican-American parents of elementary school age children were surveyed regarding their involvement in school. Helping children with school work, attending parent-teacher conferences, and fundraising were identified by the parents as activities in which they most frequently participated.
Dimensionality of Military Job Satisfaction Items: An Exploratory Factor Analysis of Data from the Spring 1996 Sample Survey of Military Personnel
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Gade Paul A. , Bell D. Bruce
Published: August 2011

The Sample Survey of Military Personnel in the spring of 1996 asked detailed questions of Army personnel about job satisfaction. Maximum likelihood factor analysis yielded four factors: satisfaction with supervision, with job environment, with the duty specifically, and with opportunity for development, factors similar to those used in Smith's Job Descriptive Index, 1992, Scales developed from these factors showed acceptable internal consistency reliability and correlated as expected with measures of satisfaction with Army life, retention, morale, combat preparedness, and overall job satisfaction. Some divergent validity was established with measures of personal/family stress and with previous job stress. Demographic data suggested that soldiers with higher education found more satisfying job opportunities while those with higher rank, more years of service, and higher age reported greater satisfaction with job fulfillment, perhaps a consequence of selection effects.
Explanatory Style and Academic Performance among College Students Beginning a Major Course of Study
Authors: LaForge Mary C. , Cantrell Stephen
Published: August 2011

Explanatory style, a cognitive variable, reflects how people typically explain the causes of bad events involving themselves. Explanatory style emerged from the attributional reformulation of the learned helplessness and depression model as a way of explaining individual differences in response to uncontrollability. A central prediction of the reformulation is that people with habitual explanatory tendencies differ, and individuals with a pessimistic explanatory style will be more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms following bad events than individuals with an optimistic explanatory style. 116 upper-level undergraduates beginning a degree program at this university completed the Attributional Style Questionnaire. Scores were correlated with students' cumulative grade point averages and their total points earned in Consumer Behavior, the first course required in the Marketing major. Students with pessimistic explanatory style scores outperformed colleagues with optimistic explanatory style scores. Implications of these findings and possible explanations for why explanatory style did not correlate in the theoretically predicted way with academic achievement are considered.
Interview versus Self-Answer Methods of Assessing Health and Emotional Functioning in Primary Care Patients
Authors: Amodei Nancy , Katerndahl David A. , Larme Anne C. , Palmer Raymond
Published: August 2011

The present study examined differences in health and emotional functioning when two different methods of gathering self-report data were used. Of 80 primary care patients who did not meet screening criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis, 44 were randomly assigned to have an interviewer read assessment items and record the participants' responses, and 36 were randomly assigned to have an interviewer read the items and have participants record their own responses directly on the test forms. There were negligible significant differences between the groups in reported symptomatology. From a practical standpoint, this suggests that the self-answer method is a more economical and efficient method of data collection since the data from more than one participant can be gathered at the same time. The findings also suggest that the measures in this study which were originally intended to be completed in a paper-and-pencil format can be used in a more traditional interviewer-administered format.
The Dimensions of Spirituality
Authors: Greenwald Deborah F. , Harder David W.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to identify the major dimensions of spirituality by asking 147 participants to rate 122 adjectives for how spiritual each seemed. Participants were 70% female, 30% male, with an average age of 24 yr. 66% were college undergraduates, and their ethnicities were 44% Euro-American, 20% African American, 14% Asian or Asian American, and 14% Latino. A principal components factor analysis was performed on the responses, and seven interpretable factors emerged. Four represented various dimensions of spirituality. One indicated what is not spiritual. One reflected the positive tone of many of the items. And the last represented adventurousness. The four spiritual factors were named Loving Connection to others, Self-effacing Altruism, Blissful Transcendence, and Religiosity/Sacredness. The one factor that garnered very low ratings for spirituality was named Lonely/Angry and consisted of items related to anger, pointlessness, selfishness, abandonment, and loneliness.
Self-Control and Credit-Card Use among College Students
Authors: Mansfield Phylis M. , Pinto Mary Beth , Parente Diane H.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the relationship between sell-control and credit-card use with a convenience sample of 165 traditional-age college students of whom 69 (42%) were women. Students' self-control was measured on Grasmick, et al.'s Self-control Scale, which has six subscales, one of which is Impulsivity. Comparisons were made between those students who paid their cards off each month, called convenience users, and those who carried a monthly balance forward on scores on total self-control and impulsivity, and number of credit cards possessed. A significant difference in self-control scores was found between these two groups and also for mean impulsivity scores. Significantly fewer credit cards were possessed by students who paid their cards off each month than by those who carried a monthly balance.
Prevalence of Alcohol Use in Istanbul
Authors: Akvardar Yildiz , Turkcan Ahmet , Yazman Umit , Aytaçlar Sema , Ergor Gul , Cakmak Duran
Published: August 2011

The current research assessed the prevalence of alcohol use in Istanbul, Turkey along with characteristics and severity of related problems. The data were collected from structured interviews including the CAGE Questionnaire to eliminate the severity of alcohol-related problems of 1,550 residents (743 women, 807 men) of Istanbul, ages 12 to 65 years. Current alcohol use was 25.6% (397 persons, 118 women and 279 men), including 15.9% of the women and 34.5% of the men. 67% reported never having used alcohol. The rate of alcohol use was highest in the 40- to 49-yr. age group; the onset of use was reported as most common for the 16- to 19-yr.-olds. Prevalence of risky drinking was 6.8% (106 persons). Men were more likely to have an earlier initiation to alcohol use, to consume more [5.2 standard drinks (SD = 3.4) vs 3.6 standard drinks ( SD = 2.5)] and be problem drinkers (31.5% vs 15.2%) than women. Prevalence of alcohol use seems to be relatively low in Istanbul. Data on characteristics of alcohol use are important in estimating groups at risk for problems and in planning prevention strategies.
Relationships between the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition
Authors: Walters Steven O. , Weaver Kenneth A.
Published: August 2011

The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test detects learning problems of young students and is a screen for whether a more comprehensive test of intelligence is needed. A study to assess whether this test was valid as an adult intelligence test was conducted with 20 undergraduate psychology majors. The correlations between the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test's Composite, Vocabulary, and Matrices test scores and their corresponding Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition test scores, the Full Scale ( r = .88), Verbal ( r = .77), and Performance scores ( r = .87), indicated very strong relationships. In addition, no significant differences were obtained between the Composite, Vocabulary, and Matrices means of the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test and the Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance means of the WAIS–III. The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test appears to be a valid test of intelligence for adults.
Permutation Methods for the Analysis of Matched-Pairs Experimental Designs
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Johnston Janis E. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

The Fisher-Pitman and powers of ranks permutation tests are shown to provide substantial resistance to extreme values when compared with the conventional t test for analyzing matched-pairs experimental designs.
Temperament, Character, and Eating Attitudes in Japanese College Women
Authors: Tomotake Masahito , Harada Takashi , Ishimoto Yasuhito , Tanioka Tetsuya , Ohmori Tetsuro
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated associations between dimensions of personality characteristics and eating attitudes in Japanese college women. 91 college women with a mean age of 20.7 yr. ( SD ! 2.3 yr.), attending a School of Nursing or a School for Kindergarten Teachers, voluntarily responded to the Japanese version of the Temperament and Character Inventory and the Eating Attitudes Test. A significant positive correlation was found between the scores on the Temperament and Character Inventory subscale of Harm Avoidance and the Eating Attitudes Test total scores (Spearman ρ = .24, p ! .02) and the scores on the Eating Attitudes Test subscale of Food Preoccupation (Spearman ρ = .33, p ! .002). The scores on the Temperament and Character Inventory subscale of Self-directedness showed significant negative correlations with the Eating Attitudes Test total scores (Spearman ρ = –.35, p ! .001) and the scores on the Eating Attitudes Test subscales of Dieting (Spearman ρ = –.29, p ! .005) and Food Preoccupation (Spearman ρ = –.43, p = .0001). The present results suggest that Japanese college women who score high on Harm Avoidance and low on Self-directedness may be more likely to develop inappropriate eating attitudes.
Semantic Analysis of Mood Adjectives in Relation to Positive and Negative Affect: Evidence for Combining Similarly Valenced Mood Subscales in Quantitative Reviews
Authors: Reed Justy , Serfass Robert
Published: August 2011

Meta-analysis has been criticized for combining studies with different independent and dependent variables—the alleged “apples and oranges” problem, This study provides evidence for the inclusion of similarly valenced subscales from self-report mood scales in meta-analysis. Undergraduates ( N = 214) were randomly assigned to a “positive” or “negative” group to complete a checklist containing words from 12 different scales. Cluster analyses indicated that mood subscales formed a two-cluster positive and negative solution. All participants were assigned to the correct cluster. Discriminant analyses correctly classified more than 95% of participants for each mood scale. Results indicate that subscales from commonly used mood inventories can be combined in meta-analyses having positive or negative affect as the dependent variable.
Optimism and Coping as Moderators of the Relationship between Chronic Stress and Burnout
Authors: Riolli Laura , Savicki Victor
Published: August 2011

Using a model based on Lazarus (1999) and previous research, specific relationships were predicted between the antecedent conditions of chronic stress, personal moderation factors of optimism/pessimism, and coping on the one hand, and the affective outcome of burnout on the other. Participants were 82 information service workers whose jobs required them to evaluate and remediate computer programming problems in anticipation of the Y2K deadline. Multiple regression analysis indicated that Optimism, Pessimism, Control Coping, and Escape Coping all moderated chronic stress for Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, but not for Personal Accomplishment. Lower Optimism, higher Pessimism, lower Control Coping, and higher Escape Coping all related to increased workers' Depersonalization under conditions of higher chronic stress due to the approaching Y2K deadline. Lower Optimism and higher Pessimism were also related to higher Emotional Exhaustion under conditions of higher chronic stress due to the Y2K deadline. Beyond moderation effects, all moderator variables showed main effects with Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment in the predicted directions. Suggestions are given for incorporating results into stress relief efforts in organizations.
Snow on Motor Vehicle Roofs: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

Following a snowstorm, a viewing of 4,347 moving noncommercial motor vehicles, which apparently had been outside during a storm, showed about 65% had roofs which had not been cleared of snow deposits—with vans outnumbering cars by about 2 to 1.
Social Problem-Solving and Vulnerability to Depression in a Clinical Sample
Authors: Bates Glen W. , Lavery Brian J.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between problem-solving and depression was examined in a sample of 48 new clients (38 women and 10 men) presenting at three Community Health Centers over a 3-wk. period. The clients were predominantly Anglosaxon and ranged in age from 19 to 59 years. At the time of admission each client completed a questionnaire including the Beck Depression Inventory-Version II, the Inventory to Diagnose Depression, and the Social Problem-solving Inventory-Revised. The first two inventories were used to identify a currently depressed group, a previously depressed group, and a never depressed group. Consistent with past research, currently depressed clients had lower scores on all dimensions of social problem-solving than did nondepressed clients. In contrast, clients who reported a past episode of depression but who were not currently depressed did not differ from those nondepressed clients who had no history of depression. The data suggest that the deficit in social problem-solving evident in depression may be a concomitant of the person's current mood rather than an underlying vulnerability factor. However, further investigation into changes in problem-solving over time and the correspondence of self-reports of problem solving to more objective measures of skill is warranted.
Self-Conscious Emotions and Criminal Offending
Authors: Tibbetts Stephen G.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relation of personality traits—shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and pride—on offending behavior. Using survey data from a sample of 224 college students, the construct and criterion-related validity of scales of the Shame Proneness Scale, the Test of Self-conscious Affect, and the Personality Feelings Questionnaire-2 were assessed. Regression analyses showed that self-conscious emotions are important in the etiology of criminal offending. Specifically, rated pride was positively correlated with self-reported criminal activity, whereas ratings of guilt were negatively associated with offending. The relation of shame with criminality varied depending on the type of measure used to indicate proneness to shame.
Documentation of Demographic Data
Authors: Bras̆nić James Robert
Published: August 2011

Accurate identification of the demographic characteristics of subjects is crucial for clinical, research, teaching, and administrative purposes in psychology. The Demographic Coding Form is a simple, self-report tool to identify essential demographic data. Secondary categorization as “Hispanic” is obtained to facilitate comparison with the general population data. The form requests information about ethnic mixtures in subjects. Psychometric properties are being elucidated.
Factors Influencing Evaluations of Web Site Information
Authors: Amsbary Jonathan Howard , Powell Larry
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effect of first-person and third-person perceptions of web site information. Responses from a telephone survey of 226 participants in a stratified random sample indicated that (1) most participants had higher evaluations for television news than for news received on the Internet; (2) a third-person effect was present in that most respondents generally thought that other people found the Internet easier to use than they did, and that other people were more likely to believe Internet information and trust the sources of Internet information than they would. Also, (3), evaluations of information on a particular web site could be increased by providing links to other web sites on the same topic. Perhaps links to other web sites may serve as either a “referencing” function or a social confirmation function to increase evaluations of web site information.
Demographic, Attitude, and Personality Differences Reported by Students Enrolled in Online versus Traditional Courses
Authors: Jenkins Stephen J. , Downs Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

This study investigated demographic, personality, and attitude differences between students enrolled in online courses and students enrolled in traditional, lecture courses. Subjects were 120 education majors enrolled in required Master's of Education core courses. Students enrolled in either online ( n = 51) or traditional course format ( n = 69) during summer and fall semesters 2001. The two groups of students were compared on an author-designed questionnaire assessing students' demographic characteristics and attitudes toward both online and traditional instruction and the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Analysis indicated high demographic and interpersonal similarity between students enrolled in online course formats and students enrolled in traditional, face-to-face course formats. Significant differences in attitude were found between the two groups; online courses were rated higher by online students but viewed with considerable ambivalence by students enrolled in traditional section courses.
Membership in Voluntary Associations and Rates of Suicide in the Provinces of Canada
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen
Published: August 2011

Applying Lester's method to data from 10 Canadian provinces, the 1997 and 1999 age-standardized rates of suicide were not associated with the extent (%) to which Canadians participated in voluntary associations.
Relations of Perceived Ethnic Disparity to Involvement in Ethnic and Host Cultures
Authors: Bahk C. Mo , Woeste Michael J. , Cushing Ronald
Published: August 2011

Among 124 single foreign students residing in the USA, this study examined the relations between perceived ethnic disparity, consisting of physical, cultural, and linguistic dimensions, and ethnic and host culture involvement. The Ethnic Disparity Perception Inventory, a 44-item Likert scale devised to measure perceived ethnic disparity, showed perceived physical disparity ( r = .60) and cultural disparity ( r = .51) were positively related to ethnic involvement. Perceived cultural disparity ( r = -.22) and linguistic disparity ( r = -.27) were negatively associated with involvement in the host culture. Multiple regression analysis indicated that, although the findings held for non-White respondents, for White respondents ( n = 39) perceived physical disparity (β = .54), not cultural disparity, was a significant predictor of ethnic involvement (Adjusted R2 = .268) and perceived cultural disparity (β = -.37), not linguistic disparity, was a significant (negative) indicator of host culture involvement (Adjusted R2 = .110).
Sensitivity to Disgust and Perceptions of Natural Bodies of Water and Watercraft Activities
Authors: Bixler Robert D. , Powell Gwynn
Published: August 2011

A written 7-item self-report scale on sensitivity to disgust and participation in watercraft activities was administered to 450 seasonal park employees. Correlations indicate that nonparticipation in seven different watercraft sports was weakly related with reactions of disgust to contact with natural bodies of water ( rpbis = -.12 to -.32, p <.01). Negative affective reactions to contact with natural bodies of water may contribute to panic reactions in watercraft accidents.
An Evaluation of Woodard's Theory of Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis
Authors: Lynn Steven Jay , Knox Joshua , Fassler Oliver , Hallquist Michael
Published: August 2011

This article evaluates Woodard's theory of Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis, a welcome addition to theories of hypnosis that emphasize the centrality of subjective experiences in understanding and studying hypnosis. With a focus on subjective experience, Woodard's account of perceptually oriented hypnosis is based on elements of humanistic, client-centered, and perceptual psychology. However, we contend that improvements in the operational clarity and coverage of the theory are necessary to optimize its utility and heuristic value. We also argue that it is important for Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis to address hypnotic phenomena, e.g., individual differences in suggestibility, involuntary responding to suggestions, stability of responding over time, widely recognized as essential to understanding hypnotic experience and responding. With these refinements, we believe that Woodard's theory would have a greater potential to enrich our understanding of both the unique experiences of individuals who undergo hypnosis and of hypnosis in general.
The Temporal Distribution of Black Suicides
Authors: McIntosh John L. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Suicides by both white and black groups in 1998–2002 peaked on Mondays but the peak was less pronounced for black suicides than for white suicides.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: CXIX. The Spanish Neurohistological School's Legacy: Cajal and Lorente De Nó
Authors: Martínez Luis Mayor , Gil Francisco Tortosa
Published: August 2011

Santiago Ramón y Cajal made his mark in the history of science as a brilliant researcher of the histology of the nervous system. His bold efforts and the international recognition he received during his lifetime played an important role in the consolidation of the Spanish Neurohistological School which is composed of a large number of eminent disciples. Amongst these, and of outstanding repute, is Rafael Lorente de Nó whose research had a significant influence on the work of Canadian psychologist Donald O. Hebb and, consequently, on the development of neurophysiological theory. This paper analyses some of the contributions of Cajal and his disciple Lorente de Nó which formed the anatomical and neuropsychological framework of contemporary psychology.