bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mountain Streambed Roughness and Flood Extent Estimation from Imagery Using the Segment Anything Model (SAM)
Authors: Baziak Beata , Bodziony Marek , Szczepanek Robert
Published: January 2024

Machine learning models facilitate the search for non-linear relationships when modeling hydrological processes, but they are equally effective for automation at the data preparation stage. The tasks for which automation was analyzed consisted of estimating changes in the roughness coefficient of a mountain streambed and the extent of floods from images. The Segment Anything Model (SAM) developed in 2023 by Meta was used for this purpose. Images from many years from the Wielka Puszcza mountain stream located in the Polish Carpathians were used as the only input data. The model was not additionally trained for the described tasks. The SAM can be run in several modes, but the two most appropriate were used in this study. The first one is available in the form of a web application, while the second one is available in the form of a Jupyter notebook run in the Google Colab environment. Both methods do not require specialized knowledge and can be used by virtually any hydrologist. In the roughness estimation task, the average Intersection over Union (IoU) ranges from 0.55 for grass to 0.82 for shrubs/trees. Ultimately, it was possible to estimate the roughness coefficient of the mountain streambed between 0.027 and 0.059 based solely on image data. In the task of estimation of the flood extent, when selecting appropriate images, one can expect IoU at the level of at least 0.94, which seems to be an excellent result considering that the SAM is a general-purpose segmentation model. It can therefore be concluded that the SAM can be a useful tool for a hydrologist.
Characterization of Lophomonas spp. Infection in a Population of Critical Care Patients
Authors: das Neves Coelho Francisco , Borralho João , Baptista-Fernandes Teresa , Toscano Cristina , Carmo Maria Eduarda
Published: January 2024

Lophomonas are flagellated protozoa that have been increasingly associated with upper and lower airway infection in humans. The prevalence and characterization of this disease in the critically ill remains poorly understood. We present a series of eleven ICU patients with confirmed Lophomonas spp. identification in respiratory samples.
Examining HIV Knowledge and Sexually Risky Behaviors among Female Sex Workers in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Ssenyonjo Jude , Mistler Colleen , Adler Tanya , Shrestha Roman , Kyambadde Peter , Copenhaver Michael
Published: January 2024

HIV incidence remains alarmingly high among female sex workers (FSWs) in Uganda, necessitating targeted interventions. This study aimed to identify individual and provider-level barriers and facilitators to primary HIV prevention among FSWs in an urban setting. Focus groups involving FSWs and healthcare providers (HCPs) were conducted to inform the development of tailored prevention interventions. Results revealed that all participants had mobile phones, recent sexual activity, and a history of HIV testing, with high rates of sexually transmitted infections and varying HIV test results. FSWs displayed a well-informed awareness of HIV transmission risks, emphasizing the threat for those not testing positive. They unanimously recognized the crucial role of HIV testing in informing, mitigating risks, promoting ART use, and endorsing consistent condom usage. Despite heightened awareness, HCPs noted potential underestimation of vulnerability. Various challenges, including inadequate condom usage, substance abuse, and client dynamics, underscored the complexity of safeguarding against HIV transmission among FSWs. Widespread alcohol and drug use, including marijuana, kuber, and khat, served as coping mechanisms and social facilitators. Some FSWs successfully reduced alcohol intake, highlighting challenges in addressing substance use. FSWs preferred group discussions in health education programs, emphasizing peer interactions and the effectiveness of visual aids in HIV prevention education. This study provides comprehensive insights to guide the development of targeted interventions addressing the multi-faceted challenges FSWs face in HIV prevention.
Are mHealth Interventions Effective in Improving the Uptake of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services among Adolescents? A Scoping Review
Authors: Isaacs Nazeema , Ntinga Xolani , Keetsi Thabo , Bhembe Lindelwa , Mthembu Bongumenzi , Cloete Allanise , Groenewald Candice
Published: January 2024

Adolescents continue to face challenges to their sexual and reproductive health (SRH) both locally and internationally. Digital technologies such as the Internet, text messaging, and social media are often viewed as valuable tools for disseminating information on SRH. Mobile health, also known as mHealth, is a medical and public health practise that uses these digital technologies to communicate information. The literature has revealed that mHealth interventions have a positive outcome in delivering SRH information to adolescents. This review aimed to synthesise empirical studies that evaluate mHealth interventions and assess the extent to which these mHealth interventions promote sexual and reproductive health outcomes among young people. This scoping review reviewed the literature across four databases, including EBSCOhost, Scopus, Proquest, and Cochrane, and included 12 articles. The findings have shown that mHealth interventions are effective in enhancing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge and attitudes among young people in both low-middle and high-income countries. However, comprehensive longitudinal studies are necessary to measure the sustainability and long-term influence of mHealth interventions on behaviour. It is recommended that with artificial intelligence (AI) improvements, there is a possible path to bolstering mHealth interventions.
Determinants of Operating Efficiency for the Jordanian Banks: A Panel Data Econometric Approach
Authors: Istaiteyeh Rasha , Milhem Maysa’a Munir , Najem Farah , Elsayed Ahmed
Published: January 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of key financial indicators influencing the operational efficiency of banks in Jordan over the period 2006 to 2021. The study, focusing on fifteen commercial banks, employs seven regression models to assess the impact of selected variables on bank operating efficiency. Our findings reveal novel insights with substantial contributions to banking practice. We identify a statistically significant influence of both bank-specific factors and temporal effects, demonstrating the nuanced dynamics shaping the operational efficiency of Jordanian banks. Notably, a positive and significant correlation is established between the operating efficiency ratio and return on assets, bank size, and the ratio of loan loss provisions to net interest income, providing valuable strategic guidance for effective management. Conversely, a significant negative relationship is observed between the operating efficiency ratio and the total expense ratio, underscoring the critical importance of careful cost management. No significant associations are found between the operating efficiency ratio and credit risk, the equity-to-asset ratio, the deposit-to-liability ratio, and the equity-to-liability ratio. This study makes a unique contribution by shedding light on these previously unexplored correlations, offering actionable insights for enhancing operational efficiency in the banking sector. Additionally, our research advocates for the Central Bank of Jordan (CBJ) to persist in adaptive policy measures, which are crucial for ongoing banking reforms and improved monitoring practices. Based on our empirical findings, these recommendations aim to fortify the resilience and adaptability of Jordan’s banking sector, contributing both academically and practically. Importantly, they reinforce the symbiotic link between a stable banking sector and sustained economic development in Jordan.
Ionic Liquids as Designed, Multi-Functional Plasticizers for Biodegradable Polymeric Materials: A Mini-Review
Authors: Shamshina Julia L. , Berton Paula
Published: January 2024

Measures to endorse the adoption of eco-friendly biodegradable plastics as a response to the scale of plastic pollution has created a demand for innovative products from materials from Nature. Ionic liquids (ILs) have the ability to disrupt the hydrogen bonding network of biopolymers, increase the mobility of biopolymer chains, reduce friction, and produce materials with various morphologies and mechanical properties. Due to these qualities, ILs are considered ideal for plasticizing biopolymers, enabling them to meet a wide range of specifications for biopolymeric materials. This mini-review discusses the effect of different IL-plasticizers on the processing, tensile strength, and elasticity of materials made from various biopolymers (e.g., starch, chitosan, alginate, cellulose), and specifically covers IL-plasticized packaging materials and materials for biomedical and electrochemical applications. Furthermore, challenges (cost, scale, and eco-friendliness) and future research directions in IL-based plasticizers for biopolymers are discussed.
Effect of Herbicides on Forage Dry Matter Yield and Plant Density in the Old Arable Lands in Communal Area of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Mashece Wandile , Beyene Solomon Tefera , Mndela Mthunzi , Jordaan Gideon , Gulwa Unathi , Tokozwayo Sive
Published: January 2024

With the world’s population growing at an alarming rate, there is an urgent need to improve food security. This study aimed to assess forage dry matter yield and plant density under different herbicide treatments at Kubedlana arable lands. The study was carried out using eight treatments consisting of seven herbicide treatments and a control. Seed mixtures of seven legume species were broadcasted in 24 plots of 3 m × 5 m size. Herbicide treatments including Bendioxide (BEN), Glyphosate (GLY), Haloxyfop-R methyl (HAL), Haloxyfop-R methyl and Bendioxide (HBE), Paraquat (PAR), Bendioxide (BRR), and Paraquat (PRR) were applied individually in three plots. Dry matter production and plant densities were determined in five randomly distributed 0.25 m2 quadrats per plot. The results revealed that GLY had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher effect on the DM yield compared with other treatments. Both BRR and HBE significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the DM yield. GLY and HBE significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the grass density in 2017 and BRR significantly affected (p < 0.05) the legume density in May 2017 and May 2018, respectively. These results indicate that the application of GlY and HAL resulted in the reduction of grass density. Furthermore, none of the applied chemicals negatively influenced the legume density.
A Review of the Consent Management Literature
Authors: Bonnici West Christian , Grima Simon
Published: January 2024

The richness and complexity of consent present challenges to those aiming to make related contributions to computer information systems (CIS). This paper aims to support consent-related research in CIS by simplifying the understanding of existing literature and facilitating the framing of future consent management research. Firstly, it outlines existing consent management research and shows how it relates to the literature in law and ethics. Secondly, it presents some fundamental explanations and definitions that must be considered for further contributions to the consent management literature. Thirdly, it identifies five types of consent-related stances often taken in the consent management literature and explains each in some detail. Fourth, it explains one of the identified types of stances (i.e., the disciplinary stance) by expanding on the links between consent as a legal construct and its ethical counterpart. Fifth, considering another of the identified types of stances (i.e., the theoretical stances normally adopted in the consent management literature), the paper presents the key requirements for legally and ethically effective consent management based on three prominent theories. Sixth, it presents the identified types of stances in a conceptual model, contending that the model is novel, relevant, understandable, and useful.
Capturing Unstable Metallofullerenes
Authors: Liu Fupin , Popov Alexey A.
Published: January 2024

Metallofullerenes are interesting molecules with unique structures and physicochemical properties. After they are formed in the arc-discharge process, they are first buried in the carbon soot, which requires solvent extraction to fish them out, normally followed by HPLC separation. In this minireview, we summarize the main procedures developed to obtain pure metallofullerenes, including well-established extraction with conventional fullerene solvents followed by HPLC (procedure (I) as well as several methods developed for isolation and purification of unstable fullerenes insoluble in conventional fullerene solvents, including chemical modification followed by dissolution (II.1), chemical functionalization during extraction followed by HPLC (II.2), and chemical functionalization of ionic EMFs after redox-extraction followed by HPLC (procedure II.3). The main focus here is on procedure II.3, for which the current status and future perspective are discussed.
Correction: He et al. Biology, Ecology and Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in China: A Review. Insects 2023, 14, 196
Authors: He Yuxin , Xu Yijuan , Chen Xiao
Published: January 2024

In the original publication [...]
Long-Term Mortality Risk According to Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Duggan John , Peters Alex , Antevil Jared , Faselis Charles , Samuel Immanuel , Kokkinos Peter , Trachiotis Gregory
Published: January 2024

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and long-term survival in United States (US) Veterans undergoing CABG. We identified 14,550 US Veterans who underwent CABG at least six months after completing a symptom-limited exercise treadmill test (ETT) with no evidence of cardiovascular disease. During a mean follow-up period of 10.0 ± 5.4 years, 6502 (43.0%) died. To assess the association between CRF and risk of mortality, we formed the following five fitness categories based on peak workload achieved (metabolic equivalents or METs) prior to CABG: Least-Fit (4.3 ± 1.0 METs (n = 4722)), Low-Fit (6.8 ± 0.9 METs (n = 3788)), Moderate-Fit (8.3 ± 1.1 METs (n = 2608)), Fit (10.2 ± 0.8 METs (n = 2613)), and High-Fit (13.0 ± 1.5 METs (n = 819)). Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate risk across CRF categories. The models were adjusted for age, body mass index, race, cardiovascular disease, percutaneous coronary intervention prior to ETT, cardiovascular medications, and cardiovascular disease risk factors. P-values < 0.05 using two-sided tests were considered statistically significant. The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality was inverse and graded. For every 1-MET increase in exercise capacity, the mortality risk was 11% lower (HR = 0.89; CI: 0.88–0.90; p < 0.001). When compared to the Least-Fit category (referent), mortality risk was 22% lower in Low-Fit individuals (HR = 0.78; CI: 0.73–0.82; p < 0.001), 31% lower in Moderate-Fit individuals (HR = 0.69; CI: 0.64–0.74; p < 0.001), 52% lower in Fit individuals (HR = 0.48; CI: 0.44–0.52; p < 0.001), and 66% lower in High-Fit individuals (HR = 0.34; CI: 0.29–0.40; p < 0.001). Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely and independently associated with long-term mortality after CABG in Veterans referred for exercise testing.
Never Too Late: Safety and Efficacy of Deep TMS for Late-Life Depression
Authors: Roth Yiftach , Munasifi Faisal , Harvey Steven A. , Grammer Geoffrey , Hanlon Colleen A. , Tendler Aron
Published: January 2024

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective and well-established treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Deep TMS utilizes specially designed H-Coils to stimulate the deep and broad cerebral regions associated with the reward system. The improved depth penetration of Deep TMS may be particularly important in late-life patients who often experience brain atrophy. The aim of this phase IV open-label study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Deep TMS in patients with late-life MDD. Data were collected from 247 patients with MDD aged 60–91 at 16 sites who had received at least 20 Deep TMS sessions for MDD. The outcome measures included self-assessment questionnaires (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)) and clinician-based scales (21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-21)). Following 30 sessions of Deep TMS, there was a 79.4% response and 60.3% remission rate on the most rated scale. The outcomes on the PHQ-9 were similar (76.6% response and 54.7% remission rate). The highest remission and response rates were observed with the HDRS physician-rated scale after 30 sessions (89% response and a 78% remission rate). After 20 sessions, there was a 73% response and 73% remission rate on the HDRS. Consistent with prior studies, the median onset of response was 14 sessions (20 days). The median onset of remission was 15 sessions (23 days). The treatment was well tolerated, with no reported serious adverse events. These high response and remission rates in patients with treatment-resistant late-life depression suggest that Deep TMS is a safe, well-tolerated and effective treatment for this expanded age range of older adults.
Special Issue “Coronary Artery Disease Interventions”
Authors: Herold Lukas , Toth Gabor G. , von Lewinski Dirk
Published: January 2024

The treatment and burden of patients with severe ischemic heart disease, whether acute or chronic, remain some of the greatest challenges in cardiology [...]
New Directions in Diagnostics for Aortic Aneurysms: Biomarkers and Machine Learning
Authors: Alexander Kyle C. , Ikonomidis John S. , Akerman Adam W.
Published: January 2024

This review article presents an appraisal of pioneering technologies poised to revolutionize the diagnosis and management of aortic aneurysm disease, with a primary focus on the thoracic aorta while encompassing insights into abdominal manifestations. Our comprehensive analysis is rooted in an exhaustive survey of contemporary and historical research, delving into the realms of machine learning (ML) and computer-assisted diagnostics. This overview draws heavily upon relevant studies, including Siemens’ published field report and many peer-reviewed publications. At the core of our survey lies an in-depth examination of ML-driven diagnostic advancements, dissecting an array of algorithmic suites to unveil the foundational concepts anchoring computer-assisted diagnostics and medical image processing. Our review extends to a discussion of circulating biomarkers, synthesizing insights gleaned from our prior research endeavors alongside contemporary studies gathered from the PubMed Central database. We elucidate the prevalent challenges and envisage the potential fusion of AI-guided aortic measurements and sophisticated ML frameworks with the computational analyses of pertinent biomarkers. By framing current scientific insights, we contemplate the transformative prospect of translating fundamental research into practical diagnostic tools. This narrative not only illuminates present strides, but also forecasts promising trajectories in the clinical evaluation and therapeutic management of aortic aneurysm disease.
Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes as Initial Presentation of Tumors: An Eight-Year Single-Center Experience
Authors: Melanis Konstantinos , Stefanou Maria-Ioanna , Kitsos Dimitrios K. , Athanasaki Athanasia , Theodorou Aikaterini , Koropouli Eleftheria , Keramida Anna , Dimitriadou Evangelia Makrina , Tzanetakos Dimitrios , Andreadou Elizabeth , Koutroulou Ioanna , Giannopoulos Sotirios , Paraskevas George P. , Tsivgoulis Georgios , Tzartos John S.
Published: January 2024

Background: Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes (PNS) comprise a diverse group of disorders propagated by immune-mediated effects of malignant tumors on neural tissue. Methods: A single-center longitudinal study was performed including consecutive adult patients treated at a tertiary academic hospital between 2015 and 2023 and diagnosed with PNS. PNS were ascertained using the 2004 and the revised 2021 PNS-Care diagnostic criteria. Results: Thirteen patients who fulfilled the 2004 definite PNS criteria were included. PNS comprise diverse neurological syndromes, with neuromuscular junction disorders (54%) and limbic encephalitis (31%) being predominant. PNS-related antibodies were detected in 85% of cases, including anti-AChR (n = 4), anti-P/Q-VGCC (n = 3), anti-Hu (n = 3), anti-Yo (n = 1), anti-Ma (n = 1), anti-titin (n = 1), anti-IgLON5 (n = 1), and anti-GAD65 (n = 1). Thymoma (31%), small-cell lung cancer (23%), and papillary thyroid carcinoma (18%) were the most frequent tumors. Imaging abnormalities were evident in 33% of cases. Early immunotherapy within 4-weeks from symptom onset was associated with favorable outcomes. At a mean follow-up of 2 ± 1 years, two patients with anti-Hu and anti-Yo antibodies died (18%). Four and three patients fulfilled the 2021 PNS-Care diagnostic criteria for definite and probable PNS, respectively. Conclusions: This study highlights the clinical heterogeneity of PNS, emphasizing the need for early suspicion and prompt treatment initiation for optimal outcomes.
The Association between Intracranial Calcifications and Symptoms in Patients with Primary Familial Brain Calcification
Authors: Mathijssen Gini , van Valen Evelien , de Jong Pim A. , Golüke Nienke M. S. , van Maren Emiel A. , Snijders Birgitta M. G. , Brilstra Eva H. , Ruigrok Ynte M. , Bakker Susan , Goto Renzo W. , Emmelot-Vonk Marielle H. , Koek Huiberdina L.
Published: January 2024

(1) Background: Primary Familial Brain Calcification (PFBC) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by bilateral calcifications of the basal ganglia and other intracranial areas. Many patients experience symptoms of motor dysfunction and cognitive disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the amount and location of intracranial calcifications with these symptoms. (2) Methods: Patients with suspected PFBC referred to our outpatient clinic underwent a clinical work-up. Intracranial calcifications were visualized on Computed Tomography (CT), and a Total Calcification Score (TCS) was constructed. Logistic and linear regression models were performed. (3) Results: Fifty patients with PFBC were included in this study (median age 64.0 years, 50% women). Of the forty-one symptomatic patients (82.0%), 78.8% showed motor dysfunction, and 70.7% showed cognitive disorders. In multivariate analysis, the TCS was associated with bradykinesia/hypokinesia (OR 1.07, 95%-CI 1.02–1.12, p < 0.01), gait ataxia (OR 1.06, 95%-CI 1.00–1.12, p = 0.04), increased fall risk (OR 1.04, 95%-CI 1.00–1.08, p = 0.03), and attention/processing speed disorders (OR 1.06, 95%-CI 1.01–1.12, p = 0.02). Calcifications of the lentiform nucleus and subcortical white matter were associated with motor and cognitive disorders. (4) Conclusions: cognitive and motor symptoms are common among patients with PFBC, and there is an association between intracranial calcifications and these symptoms.
Identifying the Causes of Unexplained Dyspnea at High Altitude Using Normobaric Hypoxia with Echocardiography
Authors: Stepanek Jan , Farina Juan M. , Mahmoud Ahmed K. , Chao Chieh-Ju , Alsidawi Said , Ayoub Chadi , Barry Timothy , Pereyra Milagros , Scalia Isabel G. , Abbas Mohammed Tiseer , Wraith Rachel E. , Brown Lisa S. , Radavich Michael S. , Curtisi Pamela J. , Hartzendorf Patricia C. , Lasota Elizabeth M. , Umetsu Kyley N. , Peterson Jill M. , Karlson Kristin E. , Breznak Karen , Fortuin David F. , Lester Steven J. , Arsanjani Reza
Published: January 2024

Exposure to high altitude results in hypobaric hypoxia, leading to physiological changes in the cardiovascular system that may result in limiting symptoms, including dyspnea, fatigue, and exercise intolerance. However, it is still unclear why some patients are more susceptible to high-altitude symptoms than others. Hypoxic simulation testing (HST) simulates changes in physiology that occur at a specific altitude by asking the patients to breathe a mixture of gases with decreased oxygen content. This study aimed to determine whether the use of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) during HST can detect the rise in right-sided pressures and the impact of hypoxia on right ventricle (RV) hemodynamics and right to left shunts, thus revealing the underlying causes of high-altitude signs and symptoms. A retrospective study was performed including consecutive patients with unexplained dyspnea at high altitude. HSTs were performed by administrating reduced FiO2 to simulate altitude levels specific to patients’ history. Echocardiography images were obtained at baseline and during hypoxia. The study included 27 patients, with a mean age of 65 years, 14 patients (51.9%) were female. RV systolic pressure increased at peak hypoxia, while RV systolic function declined as shown by a significant decrease in the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), the maximum velocity achieved by the lateral tricuspid annulus during systole (S’ wave), and the RV free wall longitudinal strain. Additionally, right-to-left shunt was present in 19 (70.4%) patients as identified by bubble contrast injections. Among these, the severity of the shunt increased at peak hypoxia in eight cases (42.1%), and the shunt was only evident during hypoxia in seven patients (36.8%). In conclusion, the use of TTE during HST provides valuable information by revealing the presence of symptomatic, sustained shunts and confirming the decline in RV hemodynamics, thus potentially explaining dyspnea at high altitude. Further studies are needed to establish the optimal clinical role of this physiologic method.
Classification of Pepper Seeds by Machine Learning Using Color Filter Array Images
Authors: Djoulde Kani , Ousman Boukar , Hamadjam Abboubakar , Bitjoka Laurent , Tchiegang Clergé
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this work is to classify pepper seeds using color filter array (CFA) images. This study focused specifically on Penja pepper, which is found in the Litoral region of Cameroon and is a type of Piper nigrum. India and Brazil are the largest producers of this variety of pepper, although the production of Penja pepper is not as significant in terms of quantity compared to other major producers. However, it is still highly sought after and one of the most expensive types of pepper on the market. It can be difficult for humans to distinguish between different types of peppers based solely on the appearance of their seeds. To address this challenge, we collected 5618 samples of white and black Penja pepper and other varieties for classification using image processing and a supervised machine learning method. We extracted 18 attributes from the images and trained them in four different models. The most successful model was the support vector machine (SVM), which achieved an accuracy of 0.87, a precision of 0.874, a recall of 0.873, and an F1-score of 0.874.
Investigation of Generatively Manufactured Components in a Sealed Welding Chamber Using the Tungsten Inert Gas Hot Wire Process
Authors: Imrich Silvia , Treutler Kai , Wesling Volker
Published: January 2024

To produce additively manufactured components, various process advantages can be combined by using the tungsten inert gas (TIG) hot wire process with ohmic wire preheating. Unlike other various gas metal arc welding processes, with TIG, it is possible to influence the material properties by decoupling the energy supply and the welding filler material. Compared to the conventional TIG cold wire process, the hot wire process can achieve an increased deposition rate. To be able to use this combined process for the manufacturing of filigree components consisting of steel and titanium alloys, a system concept with a hermetically sealed welding chamber was developed. This concept is particularly designed for an individual use and is also intended to be used for producing prototypes and small quantities. In the investigations, the application of the TIG hot wire process is explored, regarding the material properties to be achieved in combination with the manufacturing plant concept developed with a sealed welding chamber. In this context, the mechanical-technological properties and detailed microstructural analyses are determined based on selected welding tests to evaluate and further develop the quality of the components produced. A final transfer of the findings to the process behavior by optimizing the interaction of the process parameters considered should lead to an increase in productivity, robustness, and reproducibility. The experimental setup’s potential for applicability in the field of additive manufacturing will be demonstrated based on this elaboration.
Reversibility of the Enlargement of the Pulmonary Artery in COVID-19 Pneumonia as a Marker of Remission of the Disease
Authors: Matthaiou Andreas M. , Bizymi Nikoleta , Pagonidis Konstantinos , Manousaki Eirini , Fragkoulakis Michail , Lambiri Irini , Mitrouska Ioanna , Vasarmidi Eirini , Tzanakis Nikolaos , Antoniou Katerina M.
Published: January 2024

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia is associated with extensive pulmonary microangiopathy and the enlargement of the pulmonary artery (PA), while its progression after the remission of the disease has not been investigated yet. The aim was to assess the diametral increase in the PA in COVID-19 pneumonia, as revealed on chest computed tomography (CT), and further investigate its progression. This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, without prior history of pulmonary hypertension, who underwent CT pulmonary angiography before, during, and after the infection. Pulmonary embolism was excluded in all cases. The main PA diameter (MPAD) was assessed in consecutive chest imaging. Statistical analysis was performed with the non-parametric Wilcoxon and Kruskal–Wallis tests, while correlations were performed with the non-parametric Spearman test. A mean ± SD MPAD of 3.1 ± 0.3 cm in COVID-19 pneumonia was significantly decreased to 2.8 ± 0.3 cm in the post-infectious state after 2–18 months in 31 patients (p-value: <0.0001). In a subgroup of six patients with more than one post-COVID-19 CT, a significant further decline in the diameter was observed (p-value: 0.0313). On the other hand, in accordance with the literature, a significant increase in the MPAD during COVID-19 pneumonia was noted in a group of 10 patients with a pre-COVID-19 CT (p-value: 0.0371). The enlargement of the PA is a common finding in COVID-19 pneumonia that regresses after the remission of the disease, indicating that this reversible cardiovascular event is a potential marker of disease activity, while its course in long COVID is yet to be determined.
Medullary-Sparing Antibiotic Cement Articulating Spacer Reduces the Rate of Mechanical Complications in Advanced Septic Hip Arthritis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Chen Chun-Yen , Lin Chin-Ping , Tsai Chun-Hao , Chen Hui-Yi , Chen Hsien-Te , Lin Tsung-Li
Published: January 2024

Antibiotic cement articulating spacers eradicate infection during a two-stage revision for advanced septic hip arthritis (ASHA); however, mechanical complications have been reported. We hypothesized that the rate of mechanical complications would be lower in medullary-sparing (MS) than in non-medullary-sparing (n-MS) articulating spacers. A retrospective study of ASHA using n-MS or MS spacers was conducted between 1999 and 2019. The rate of mechanical complications and reoperation and risk factors for mechanical complications were analyzed. The cohort included 71 n-MS and 36 MS spacers. All patients were followed up for 2 years. The rate of spacer dislocation was lower in MS (0%) than in n-MS spacers (14.1%; p = 0.014). The reoperation rate for mechanical complications was lower in MS (0%) than in n-MS spacers (12.7%; p = 0.019). The rate of a diaphyseal stem during reimplantation was lower in MS (0%) than in n-MS spacers (19.4%; p = 0.002). The identified risk factors for n-MS spacer dislocation were postoperative under-restored femoral head diameter ≥3 mm, femoral offset ≥3 mm, and surgical volume (≤6 resection arthroplasties per year). Both spacers controlled infection. However, MS spacers had a lower spacer dislocation and reoperation rate and avoided the diaphyseal stem during reimplantation. We recommend using MS spacers to restore native femoral head diameter and femoral offset when ASHA is treated by surgeons with lower surgical volumes.
Prevention of Protease-Induced Degradation of Desmoplakin via Small Molecule Binding
Authors: Romov Isabel M. , Nowzari Roujon A. , Page Clay P. , Benes Madeleine R. , Borzok Maegen A. , Wright Nathan T.
Published: January 2024

Desmoplakin (DSP) is a large (~260 kDa) protein found in the desmosome, the subcellular structure that links the intermediate filament network of one cell to its neighbor. A mutation “hot-spot” within the NH2-terminal of the DSP protein (residues 299–515) is associated with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. In a subset of DSP variants, disease is linked to calpain hypersensitivity. Previous studies show that calpain hypersensitivity can be corrected in vitro through the addition of a bulky residue neighboring the cleavage site, suggesting that physically blocking calpain accessibility is a viable strategy to restore DSP levels. Here, we aim to find drug-like molecules that also block calpain-dependent degradation of DSP. To do this, we screened ~2500 small molecules to identify compounds that specifically rescue DSP protein levels in the presence of proteases. We find that several molecules, including sodium dodecyl sulfate, palmitoylethanolamide, GW0742, salirasib, eprosarten mesylate, and GSK1838705A prevent wildtype and disease-variant-carrying DSP protein degradation in the presence of both trypsin and calpain without altering protease function. Computational screenings did not predict which molecules would protect DSP, likely due to a lack of specific DSP–drug interactions. Molecular dynamic simulations of DSP–drug complexes suggest that some long hydrophobic molecules can bind in a shallow hydrophobic groove that runs alongside the protease cleavage site. Identification of these compounds lays the groundwork for pharmacological treatment for individuals harboring these hypersensitive DSP variants.
Can Artificial Intelligence Replace Humans for Detecting Lung Tumors on Radiographs? An Examination of Resected Malignant Lung Tumors
Authors: Hamanaka Rurika , Oda Makoto
Published: January 2024

Objective: Although lung cancer screening trials have showed the efficacy of computed tomography to decrease mortality compared with chest radiography, the two are widely taken as different kinds of clinical practices. Artificial intelligence can improve outcomes by detecting lung tumors in chest radiographs. Currently, artificial intelligence is used as an aid for physicians to interpret radiograms, but with the future evolution of artificial intelligence, it may become a modality that replaces physicians. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the current situation of lung cancer diagnosis by artificial intelligence. Methods: In total, we recruited 174 consecutive patients with malignant pulmonary tumors who underwent surgery after chest radiography that was checked by artificial intelligence before surgery. Artificial intelligence diagnoses were performed using the medical image analysis software EIRL X-ray Lung Nodule version 1.12, (LPIXEL Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Results: The artificial intelligence determined pulmonary tumors in 90 cases (51.7% for all patients and 57.7% excluding 18 patients with adenocarcinoma in situ). There was no significant difference in the detection rate by the artificial intelligence among histological types. All eighteen cases of adenocarcinoma in situ were not detected by either the artificial intelligence or the physicians. In a univariate analysis, the artificial intelligence could detect cases with larger histopathological tumor size (p < 0.0001), larger histopathological invasion size (p < 0.0001), and higher maximum standardized uptake values of positron emission tomography-computed tomography (p < 0.0001). In a multivariate analysis, detection by AI was significantly higher in cases with a large histopathological invasive size (p = 0.006). In 156 cases excluding adenocarcinoma in situ, we examined the rate of artificial intelligence detection based on the tumor site. Tumors in the lower lung field area were less frequently detected (p = 0.019) and tumors in the middle lung field area were more frequently detected (p = 0.014) compared with tumors in the upper lung field area. Conclusions: Our study showed that using artificial intelligence, the diagnosis of tumor-associated findings and the diagnosis of areas that overlap with anatomical structures is not satisfactory. While the current standing of artificial intelligence diagnostics is to assist physicians in making diagnoses, there is the possibility that artificial intelligence can substitute for humans in the future. However, artificial intelligence should be used in the future as an enhancement, to aid physicians in the role of a radiologist in the workflow.
The Challenge of Pneumatosis Intestinalis: A Contemporary Systematic Review
Authors: Perrone Gennaro , Giuffrida Mario , Donato Valentina , Petracca Gabriele Luciano , Rossi Giorgio , Franzini Giacomo , Cecconi Sara , Annicchiarico Alfredo , Bonati Elena , Catena Fausto
Published: January 2024

Purpose: Pneumatosis intestinalis is a radiological finding with incompletely understood pathogenesis. To date, there are no protocols to guide surgical intervention. Methods: A systematic review of literature, according to PRISMA criteria, was performed. Medline and PubMed were consulted to identify articles reporting on the items “emergency surgery, pneumatosis coli, and pneumatosis intestinalis” from January 2010 up to March 2022. This study has not been registered in relevant databases. Results: A total of 1673 patients were included. The average age was 67.1 ± 17.6 years. The etiology was unknown in 802 (47.9%) patients. Hemodynamic instability (246/1673–14.7% of the patients) was associated with bowel ischemia, necrosis, or perforation (p = 0.019). Conservative management was performed in 824 (49.2%) patients. Surgery was performed 619 (36.9%) times, especially in unstable patients with bowel ischemia signs, lactate levels greater than 2 mmol/L, and PVG (p = 0.0026). In 155 cases, surgery was performed without pathological findings. Conclusions: Many variables should be considered in the approach to patients with pneumatosis intestinalis. The challenge facing the surgeons is in truly identifying those who really would benefit and need surgical intervention. The watch and wait policy as a first step seems reasonable, reserving surgery only for patients who are unstable or with high suspicion of bowel ischemia, necrosis, or perforation.
Blockchain: The Economic and Financial Institution for Autonomous AI?
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh , Son Ha Xuan , Vo Diem Thi Hong
Published: January 2024

This paper examines how the combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology can enable autonomous AI agents to engage and execute economic and financial transactions. We critically examine the constraints on AI agents in achieving predefined objectives independently, especially due to their limited access to economic and financial institutions. We argue that AI’s access to these institutions is vital in enhancing its capabilities to augment human productivity. Drawing on the theory of institutional economics, we propose that blockchain provides a solution for creating digital economic and financial institutions, permitting AI to engage with these institutions through the management of private keys. This extends AI’s capabilities to form and execute contracts, participate in marketplaces, and utilize financial services autonomously. The paper encourages further research on AI as a general-purpose technology and blockchain as an institutional technology that can unlock the full capabilities of autonomous AI agents.
The Impact of ESG Rating on Hedging Downside Risks: Evidence from a Weight-Tilted Hang Seng Index
Authors: Fung Joseph K. W. , Lam F. Y. Eric , Tse Yiuman
Published: January 2024

The study examines the return performance and resilience to market volatility of the recently introduced environment, social/sustainable, and governance (ESG) weight-tilted Hang Seng index compared to its parent, the Hang Seng index. The ESG-infused index has a higher mean return and lower return volatility than the parent index, although the differences are statistically and economically insignificant, a result consistent with the high correlation between the two index returns. Most importantly, the ESG weight-tilted index is more resilient to volatility spikes than the parent index and, therefore, has lower downside risks. The overall results show that stocks with high ESG ratings are less susceptible to trading pressures triggered by volatility-induced turnovers. The paper contributes to the literature by providing significant incremental information on the emerging market for ESG-related equity products in Hong Kong.
Have Your Cake and Eat It? Price Discount Programs under the Membership Free Shipping Policy in Online Retailing
Authors: Tang Zhipeng , Hua Guowei , Cheng Tai Chiu Edwin , Li Xiaowei , Dong Jingxin
Published: January 2024

Online retailers offer free shipping services, such as threshold free shipping (TFS) and membership free shipping (MFS), to promote sales and provide a better shopping experience to consumers in online retailing. Although MFS attracts more member-consumers, it encourages consumers to place more small orders than TFS, which significantly increases the operational costs of the online retailer. To address this issue, we propose two price discount policies under the MFS service, namely the limited-time discount and the threshold discount. Then, we build analytical models under these two policies to explore the impacts of offering price discounts on the retailer’s profit and consumers’ welfare. We find that no matter which discount policy is adopted, consumers are more likely to consolidate several small orders from different time periods into a big one to obtain the discount. The economies of scale generated by consumers consolidating their orders under these discount policies can help reduce online retailers’ operational costs. Therefore, regardless of any discount policy offered by the online retailer under the MFS service, consumers will place more big orders and more member-consumers are attracted, i.e., the online retailer can have its cake and eat it too. Our research findings provide decision-making insights for practitioners who offer free shipping services and price discounts to consumers in online retailing.
Monitoring Engagement in the Foreign Language Classroom: Learners’ Perspectives
Authors: Lee Bradford J. , Reinders Hayo , Bonner Euan
Published: January 2024

Over the last three years, we have engaged in the development of a web-based mobile application called Classmoto that uses the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to measure cognitive, behavioral, and emotional engagement in near real-time, with minimal disruption to the teaching and learning experience. The current study implemented Classmoto in an intact university language class in a Japanese university for an entire semester. We focused on learners’ experiences of using the app for two purposes: (1) to determine its face validity, and (2) to identify any constraints on and benefits from its practical application in an authentic pedagogic context, from the learners’ perspective. The results show that the instrument was able to measure the three sub-domains of engagement, as designed. In addition, participants praised the ESM for (a) giving them an opportunity for self-reflection, and (b) enabling the instructor to react to the students’ feedback instantaneously, with no negative feedback reported.
Microbial Inoculation during the Short-Term Composting Process Enhances the Nutritional and Functional Properties of Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus)
Authors: Wang Qiuying , Zhao Minrui , Wang Yiyang , Xie Zhenfei , Zhao Shunyin , You Shuning , Chen Qingjun , Zhang Weiwei , Qin Yong , Zhang Guoqing
Published: January 2024

In recent years, short-term composting techniques have been widely applied in oyster mushroom cultivation, but there is still a lack of systematic research on their impact on the nutritional and functional properties of fruiting bodies. In this study, the microbial inoculant Streptomyces thermoviolaceus BUA-FM01 (ST) was applied in the short-term composting process for oyster mushroom cultivation. The agronomic traits, nutritional composition, flavor compounds, and antioxidant activity of fruiting bodies from the first three flushes were evaluated. The results show that microbial inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the total carbon content and C/N ratio of the composted substrates and, furthermore, increased the total yield of the fruiting bodies. Moreover, microbial inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) increased the crude protein, crude polysaccharide, total amino acid, and essential amino acid contents of the fruiting bodies. The fruiting bodies of the first flush of ST treatment possessed the highest umami amino acid content and equivalent umami concentration value. Furthermore, microbial inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the scavenging ability of crude polysaccharides toward free radicals. The results indicate that microbial inoculation has many benefits for the composting cultivating process of oyster mushrooms and good application prospects.
Changing Sleep Architecture through Motor Learning: Influences of a Trampoline Session on REM Sleep Parameters
Authors: Erlacher Daniel , Schmid Daniel , Zahno Stephan , Schredl Michael
Published: January 2024

Previous research has shown that learning procedural tasks enhances REM sleep the following night. Here, we investigate whether complex motor learning affects sleep architecture. An experiment in which twenty-two subjects either learned a motor task (trampolining) or engaged in a control task (ergometer) was carried out in a balanced within-group design. After an initial laboratory adaptation night, two experimental nights were consecutive. The results indicate that learning a motor task had an effect on REM sleep parameters and, therefore, support the hypothesis that learning a procedural skill is related to an increase in REM sleep parameters. However, the statistical effect on REM sleep is smaller than found in previous studies. One might speculate that the motor learning was not intense enough compared to other studies. For sports practice, the results suggest that REM sleep, which is particularly rich in the morning, plays an important role in motor memory consolidation. Thus, this phase should not be interrupted after complex motor skill learning sessions. In future studies, other motor tasks should be applied.