bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An aligned nanofiber nerve conduit that inhibits painful traumatic neuroma formation through regulation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway
Authors: Zhou Xijie , Zhao Bin , Poonit Keshav , Weng Weidong , Yao Chenglun , Sun Chao , Yan Hede
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVE

Traumatic neuromas represent a prevalent source of neuropathic pain. As of yet, there has been no single treatment method that can guarantee permanent relief of symptoms. Although nerve-capping techniques have shown promise, their exact mechanisms remain elusive. The authors’ aim was to examine the role of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway in the prevention of neuroma formation after neurectomy utilizing a nerve-capping technique.

METHODS

An aligned nanofiber tube was fabricated to cap the sciatic nerve in Sprague Dawley rats. The rats (n = 60) were randomly divided into the aligned SF/P (LLA-CL) capping group (capping group, n = 20), the capping and Y-27632 (ROCK pathway inhibitor) intervention group (intervention group, n = 20), and the no-capping group (control group, n = 20). The authors undertook a comprehensive assessment of the capping group, examining the animals’ behavior, the extent of neuroma development, histology, gene and protein expression, and ultrastructural changes associated with the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. These findings were compared with those in the intervention and control groups.

RESULTS

The inciting injury resulted in the expression of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, as well as its further upregulation in peripheral neurons. Axon outgrowth was significantly increased when RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway was suppressed. The average autotomy score in the capping group was observed to be much lower than that of the intervention and control groups. At 30 days postneurectomy, the capping group displayed no obvious neuroma formation, while a bulbous neuroma was found in the nerve stumps of both the control and intervention groups. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and the Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein was substantially upregulated in the capping group; in contrast, the expression of NF-200 was significantly downregulated. The expression of myosin light chain was notably lower in the intervention group, but there was no significant difference when compared with the control group (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway has emerged as a critical player in the process of traumatic neuroma formation after neurectomy. It is possible that the nerve-capping technique could generate a “regenerative brake” based on the regulation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway in this event. These findings may provide concrete evidence that could help develop new strategies for the management of painful neuromas.
Superficial temporal artery–to–middle cerebral artery bypass in combination with indirect revascularization in moyamoya patients ≤ 3 years of age
Authors: Bot Gyang Markus , Burkhardt Jan-Karl , Gupta Nalin , Lawton Michael T.
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVE

Revascularization is indicated in the management of moyamoya disease (MMD), with options that include direct and indirect techniques. Indirect bypass is popular in young children because the diminutive caliber of donors and recipients makes direct bypass difficult. The authors reviewed a series of patients treated with direct superficial temporal artery (STA)–to–middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass in combination with encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) in children 3 years or younger to demonstrate feasibility and safety.

METHODS

A retrospective review of all surgeries for MMD over a 19-year period identified 11 procedures in 6 patients. Surgical results, angiographic outcomes, and clinical outcomes were analyzed.

RESULTS

Patients had a mean age of 22.4 months. The symptomatic hemisphere was revascularized first, and the contralateral hemisphere was revascularized on average 2.8 months later in 5 patients. All direct bypasses were patent postoperatively and remained patent at late follow-up (mean 4.1 years), with both STA and MCA diameters increasing significantly (n = 5, p < 0.03). At last follow-up (mean follow-up duration, 5.0 years), favorable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale scores 0–2) were observed in 5 of the 6 patients (83%), with 1 dependent patient remaining unchanged postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS

Direct STA-MCA bypass in combination with EMS for MMD is feasible and safe in patients 3 years or younger, based on favorable clinical and radiological outcomes in this patient cohort. Direct bypass should be considered when immediate revascularization is needed, without the biological delay associated with indirect bypass.
Mechanical thrombectomy using a Solitaire stent retriever in the treatment of pediatric acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Zhou Bing , Wang Xiao-Chuan , Xiang Jun-Yi , Zhang Ming-Zhao , Li Bo , Jiang Hai-Bo , Lu Xiao-Dong
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVE

Mechanical thrombectomy using a Solitaire stent retriever has been widely applied as a safe and effective method in adult acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, due to the lack of data, the safety and effectiveness of mechanical thrombectomy using a Solitaire stent in pediatric AIS has not yet been verified. The purpose of this study was to explore the safety and effectiveness of mechanical thrombectomy using a Solitaire stent retriever for pediatric AIS.

METHODS

Between January 2012 and December 2017, 7 cases of pediatric AIS were treated via mechanical thrombectomy using a Solitaire stent retriever. The clinical practice, imaging, and follow-up results were reviewed, and the data were summarized and analyzed.

RESULTS

The ages of the 7 patients ranged from 7 to 14 years with an average age of 11.1 years. The preoperative National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores ranged from 9 to 22 with an average of 15.4 points. A Solitaire stent retriever was used in all patients, averaging 1.7 applications of thrombectomy and combined balloon dilation in 2 cases. Grade 3 on the modified Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction scale of recanalization was achieved in 5 cases and grade 2b in 2 cases. Six patients improved and 1 patient died after thrombectomy. The average NIHSS score of the 6 cases was 3.67 at discharge. The average modified Rankin Scale score was 1 at the 3-month follow-up. Subarachnoid hemorrhage after thrombectomy occurred in 1 case and that patient died 3 days postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that mechanical thrombectomy using a Solitaire stent retriever has a high recanalization rate and excellent clinical prognosis in pediatric AIS. The safety of mechanical thrombectomy in pediatric AIS requires more clinical trials for confirmation.
Impact of the H3K27M mutation on survival in pediatric high-grade glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lu Victor M. , Alvi Mohammed A. , McDonald Kerrie L. , Daniels David J.
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVE

Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs), including diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, present a prognostic challenge given their lethality and rarity. A substitution mutation of lysine for methionine at position 27 in histone H3 (H3K27M) has been shown to be highly specific to these tumors. Data are accumulating regarding the poor outcomes of patients with these tumors; however, the quantification of pooled outcomes has yet to be done, which could assist in prioritizing management. The aim of this study was to quantitatively pool data in the current literature on the H3K27M mutation as an independent prognostic factor in pHGG.

METHODS

Searches of seven electronic databases from their inception to March 2018 were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data were extracted and pooled using a meta-analysis of proportions. Meta-regression was used to identify potential sources of heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Six observational studies satisfied the selection criteria for inclusion. They reported the survival outcomes of a pooled cohort of 474 pHGG patients, with 258 (54%) and 216 (46%) patients positive and negative, respectively, for the H3K27M mutation. Overall, the presence of the mutation was independently and significantly associated with a worse prognosis (HR 3.630, p < 0.001). Overall survival was significantly shorter (by 2.300 years; p = 0.008) when the H3K27M mutation was present in pHGG. Meta-regression did not identify any study covariates of heterogeneous concern.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the current literature, pHGG patients positive for the H3K27M mutation are more than 3 times more susceptible to succumbing to this disease by more than 2 years, compared to patients negative for the mutation. More robust outcome data are required to improve our quantitative understanding of this pathological entity in order to assist in prioritizing clinical management. Future larger prospective studies are required to overcome inherent biases in the current literature to validate the quantitative findings of this study.
Treatment of posttraumatic lumbar interspinous ligament calcification with partial resection of spinous processes and calcified interspinous ligaments: case report
Authors: Richardson Angela Mae , Gernsback Joanna Elizabeth , Kolcun John Paul G. , Vanni Steven
Published: February 2019

The authors report on the first surgical treatment for traumatic interspinous ligament calcification, with significant radiographic and symptomatic improvements at long-term follow-up. Heterotopic ossification occurs following traumatic injury but does not typically affect the interspinous ligaments. While these ligaments can calcify with age, this is rarely seen in patients younger than 50 years of age. The authors present the unusual case of a 31-year-old man who suffered traumatic fractures of thoracic and lumbar spinous processes. He developed progressive low-back pain that failed to respond to conservative treatments. At presentation, he was neurologically intact. CT scanning demonstrated partial calcification of the interspinous ligaments at L2–3, L3–4, and L4–5 with significant hypertrophy of the spinous processes at those levels. He did not have significant disc pathology, and his symptoms were attributed to the limited range of motion caused by the enlarged spinous processes. Partial resection of the spinous processes and calcified interspinous ligaments was performed to remove the heterotopic bone. The patient was seen in follow-up at 5 months postoperatively for imaging, and he was interviewed at 1 and 2 years postoperatively. He is doing well with significant pain relief and an improved range of motion. His Oswestry Disability Index improved from 25 preoperatively to 18 at 2 years postoperatively.
Lateral lumbar interbody fusion without intraoperative neuromonitoring: a single-center consecutive series of 157 surgeries
Authors: Krieg Sandro M. , Bobinski Lukas , Albers Lucia , Meyer Bernhard
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVE

Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) is frequently used for anterior column stabilization. Many authors have reported that intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) of the lumbar plexus nerves is mandatory for this approach. However, even with IONM, the reported motor and sensory deficits are still considerably high. Thus, the authors’ approach was to focus on the indication, trajectory, and technique instead of relying on IONM findings per se. The objective of this study therefore was to analyze the outcome of our large cohort of patients who underwent LLIF without IONM.

METHODS

The authors report on 157 patients included from 2010 to 2016 who underwent LLIF as an additional stabilizing procedure following dorsal instrumentation. LLIF-related complications as well as clinical outcomes were evaluated.

RESULTS

The mean follow-up was 15.9 ± 12.0 months. For 90.0% of patients, cage implantation by LLIF was the first retroperitoneal surgery. There were no cases of surgery-related hematoma, vascular injury, CSF leak, or any other visceral injury. Between 1 and 4 cages were implanted per surgery, most commonly at L2–3 and L3–4. The mean length of surgery was 92.7 ± 35 minutes, and blood loss was 63.8 ± 57 ml. At discharge, 3.8% of patients presented with a new onset of motor weakness, a new sensory deficit, or the deterioration of leg pain due to LLIF surgery. Three months after surgery, 3.5% of the followed patients still reported surgery-related motor weakness, 3.6% leg pain, and 9.6% a persistent sensory deficit due to LLIF surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this series demonstrate that the complication rates for LLIF without IONM are comparable, if not superior, to those in previously reported series using IONM. Hence, the authors conclude that IONM is not mandatory for LLIF procedures if the surgical approach is tailored to the respective level and if the visualization of nerves is performed.
Time is spine: a review of translational advances in spinal cord injury
Authors: Badhiwala Jetan H. , Ahuja Christopher S. , Fehlings Michael G.
Published: February 2019

Acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event with far-reaching physical, emotional, and economic consequences for patients, families, and society at large. Timely delivery of specialized care has reduced mortality; however, long-term neurological recovery continues to be limited. In recent years, a number of exciting neuroprotective and regenerative strategies have emerged and have come under active investigation in clinical trials, and several more are coming down the translational pipeline. Among ongoing trials are RISCIS (riluzole), INSPIRE (Neuro-Spinal Scaffold), MASC (minocycline), and SPRING (VX-210). Microstructural MRI techniques have improved our ability to image the injured spinal cord at high resolution. This innovation, combined with serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, holds the promise of providing a quantitative biomarker readout of spinal cord neural tissue injury, which may improve prognostication and facilitate stratification of patients for enrollment into clinical trials. Given evidence of the effectiveness of early surgical decompression and growing recognition of the concept that “time is spine,” infrastructural changes at a systems level are being implemented in many regions around the world to provide a streamlined process for transfer of patients with acute SCI to a specialized unit. With the continued aging of the population, central cord syndrome is soon expected to become the most common form of acute traumatic SCI; characterization of the pathophysiology, natural history, and optimal treatment of these injuries is hence a key public health priority. Collaborative international efforts have led to the development of clinical practice guidelines for traumatic SCI based on robust evaluation of current evidence. The current article provides an in-depth review of progress in SCI, covering the above areas.
Rate of instrumentation changes on postoperative and follow-up radiographs after primary complex spinal fusion (five or more levels) for adult deformity correction
Authors: Elsamadicy Aladine A. , Lubkin David T. , Sergesketter Amanda R. , Adil Syed M. , Charalambous Lefko T. , Drysdale Nicolas , Williamson Theresa , Camara-Quintana Joaquin , Abd-El-Barr Muhammad M. , Goodwin C. Rory , Karikari Isaac O.
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVE

In the United States, healthcare expenditures have been soaring at a concerning rate. There has been an excessive use of postoperative radiographs after spine surgery and this has been a target for hospitals to reduce unnecessary costs. However, there are only limited data identifying the rate of instrumentation changes on radiographs after complex spine surgery involving ≥ 5-level fusions.

METHODS

The medical records of 136 adult (≥ 18 years old) patients with spine deformity undergoing elective, primary complex spinal fusion (≥ 5 levels) for deformity correction at a major academic institution between 2010 and 2015 were reviewed. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and intra- and postoperative complication rates were collected for each patient. The authors reviewed the first 5 subsequent postoperative and follow-up radiographs, and determined whether revision of surgery was performed within 5 years postoperatively. The primary outcome investigated in this study was the rate of hardware changes on follow-up radiographs.

RESULTS

The majority of patients were female, with a mean age of 53.8 ± 20.0 years and a body mass index of 27.3 ± 6.2 kg/m2 (parametric data are expressed as the mean ± SD). The median number of fusion levels was 9 (interquartile range 7–13), with a mean length of surgery of 327.8 ± 124.7 minutes and an estimated blood loss of 1312.1 ± 1269.2 ml. The mean length of hospital stay was 6.6 ± 3.9 days, with a 30-day readmission rate of 14.0%. Postoperative and follow-up change in stability on radiographs (days from operation) included: image 1 (4.6 ± 9.3 days) 0.0%; image 2 (51.7 ± 49.9 days) 3.0%; image 3 (142.1 ± 179.8 days) 5.6%; image 4 (277.3 ± 272.5 days) 11.3%; and image 5 (463.1 ± 525.9 days) 15.7%. The 3rd year after surgery had the highest rate of hardware revision (5.55%), followed by the 2nd year (4.68%), and the 1st year (4.54%).

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that the rate of instrumentation changes on radiographs increases over time, with no changes occurring at the first postoperative image. In an era of cost-conscious healthcare, fewer orders for early radiographs after complex spinal fusions (≥ 5 levels) may not impact patient care and can reduce the overall use of healthcare resources.
Nuances of carotid artery stenting under flow arrest with dual-balloon guide catheter
Authors: Vercelli Giovanni , Sorenson Thomas J. , Giordan Enrico , Lanzino Giuseppe , Rangel-Castilla Leonardo
Published: February 2019

Cerebral protection device utilization during carotid artery stenting (CAS) has been demonstrated to decrease the risk of perioperative stroke. The ProximAl Protection with the MO.MA Device During CaRotid Stenting (ARMOUR) Trial had the lowest event rates of any independently adjudicated study. In this video of two cases of severe carotid artery stenosis, the authors present the nuances of the CAS procedure utilizing a dual-balloon guide catheter device (MO.MA). This device has the benefit of being in place before the lesion is crossed with any device, being able to arrest flow while the atherosclerotic lesion is crossed, and aiding in protection from distal emboli and stroke.

The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/0o8DlC1n6_M.
Stent anchor technique to reduce microcatheter loop for stent-assisted coiling of anterior communicating artery aneurysm
Authors: Vakharia Kunal , Munich Stephan A. , Tso Michael K. , Waqas Muhammad , Levy Elad I.
Published: February 2019

Stent-assisted coiling offers a potential solution for coil embolization of broad-based aneurysms. Challenges associated with navigating a microcatheter beyond these aneurysms sometimes require looping the microcatheter within the aneurysm dome. Reducing microcatheter loops within domes can be difficult, and anchor techniques have been described, including balloon anchor, stent-retriever anchor, and stent anchor techniques. The authors present a patient requiring stent-assisted coiling of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm in whom a stent anchor technique was used to reduce a microcatheter loop within an aneurysm dome before coil embolization. Postembolization angiographic runs showed complete coil occlusion of the aneurysm with approximately 35% packing density.

The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/zHR1ZOArUro.
Manifestações Orais da Leucemia no Momento do Diagnóstico
Authors: Antonini Michele Formighieri , Lemes Letícia Tainá de Oliveira , Mozzini Carolina Barreto
Published: February 2019

Introdução: A leucemia é uma patologia com modificações malignas nas células-tronco hematopoiéticas, podendo gerar sinais e sintomas no organismo do paciente. Objetivo: Verificar as manifestações orais de leucemia no momento do diagnóstico. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura integrativa em maio e junho de 2018, a partir das bases de dados PubMed e BIREME, por meio das palavras cadastradas no MESH e no DeCS (Descritores em Saúde), respectivamente, em inglês leukemia AND diagnosis AND oral manifestations. Foram incluídos estudos avaliando as alterações bucais em pacientes leucêmicos no momento do diagnóstico, publicados nas bases citadas, nas línguas portuguesa e inglesa, com qualquer desenho de estudo, exceto revisão de literatura narrativa e artigos publicados entre 1950 a 2018. Foram excluídos os artigos que não abordam o tema do estudo, que incluíram outros indivíduos, além de pacientes leucêmicos, com ausência de manifestações orais em pacientes leucêmicos, e artigos não encontrados em sua versão completa. Resultados: Foram encontrados 353 artigos; destes, 318 foram excluídos. Assim, restaram 35 artigos. Conclusão: Conforme descrito nos artigos encontrados, o cirurgião-dentista tem grande importância no momento do diagnóstico da leucemia, já que as primeiras manifestações dessa doença ocorrem na cavidade oral, tais como sangramento gengival, hiperplasia, inchaço gengival, ulceração oral e petéquias.
Selenium levels in hospitalized preterm very low birth weight neonates in North India
Authors: Gupta Arohi , Kumar Mala , Tripathi Shalini , Singh Kalpana , Singh V. K. , Anand Tarun
Published: February 2019

Background: Most of the morbidity and mortality of very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates are due to oxidative stress and infection. Selenium can address these issues due to its antioxidant role and synthesis of glutathione peroxidase for scavenging free radicals. Objective: The objective of the study was to find the serum selenium levels in hospitalized preterm VLBW neonates. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in the Neonatal Unit of Department of Paediatrics in a tertiary care hospital, Lucknow, for the duration of 1 year. A total of 126 preterm VLBW neonates admitted within 72 h of birth and having a venepuncture for any reason were enrolled, and those with major congenital abnormality, prior supplementation, and necrotizing enterocolitis on admission were excluded. Blood sample was collected after enrollment in plain vacutainer under aseptic precautions and after ½ h serum was separated by centrifugation. Selenium levels were estimated in serum by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry method (Perkin Elmer Optima 8000). Results: Mean birth weight was 1150±210 g and mean gestational age was 30.21±3.76 weeks in our study population. Mean levels of selenium were 9.49±3.49 ?g/dl. Mean selenium levels in neonates with gestational age <30 weeks, 30–32, and >32 weeks were 8.90±3.32, 9.32±3.74, and 10.57±3.15 ?g/dl (p=0.107), respectively. Thus, the selenium levels were seen increasing with an increase in the gestational age. Furthermore, serum selenium level of neonates with birth weight >1 kg (10.08±3.55 ?g/dl) was found to be significantly higher than those with birth weight ?1 kg (8.40±3.12 ?g/dl) (p=0.009). No significant association was seen with birth centiles or gender. Conclusion: Serum selenium levels were significantly lower in preterm neonates with lesser gestational age and lower birth weight although the baseline levels were within normal limits. Thus, the significant difference in levels can be linked with most of the morbidities and mortality in preterm neonates.
THE IDEA OF IJTIHAD OF THE INDO­-PAKISTAN SUBCONTINENT MUSLIM SCHOLARS
Authors: Ma'mur Ilzamudin
Published: February 2019

Di antara banyak konsep dalam kajian Islam, konsep ijtihad memiliki daya tarik tersendiri. Shah Wali Allah dan Muhammad Iqbal, dua ulama-pemikir generasi yang berbeda dari anak benua India, termasuk kaum cendekiawan yang menaruh minat pada konsep tersebut. Alih-alih mempercayai bahwa pintu ijtihad telah tertup, keduanya menyerukan agar cendekiawan Muslim, berdarsarkan kapsitas yang dimiliki, melakukan ijtihad sesuai dengan tututan zaman dan keadaan. Bagi mereka pintu ijtihad masih terbuka lebar, khususnya bagi masalah­masalah yang tidak secara jelas dinyatakan dalam Al-Qur'an dan hadits Nabi. Menurut Wali Allah, ijtihad merupakan sine quanon bagi terciptanya masyarakat Muslim yang sehat dan tangguh. Ibarat dokter, mujtahid harus bisa merekomendasikan obat yang tepat untuk penyakit yang berbeda bagi orang/masyarakat yang berbeda pada waktu dan tempat yang berbeda pula. Obat mujarab bagi masyarakat yang dilanda konflik madzhab internal Sunni di satu pihak, dan madzhab Syiah di lain pihak adalah takhayyur da Sebagaimana Wali Allah, Iqbal memandang ijtihad sebagai bagian integral dari prinsip pergerakan dan pembahan. Ijtihad memberikan sentuhan sifat dinamis serta aplikasi unversal bagi doktrin-doktrin Islam. Sementara itu, dari sisi praktik, Iqbal yang menyaksikan 'kebingungan' umat Islam dalam memilih bentuk negara setelah terlepas dari cengekaraman penjajah, melakukan ijtihad politik dengan mengajurkan republik yang demokratis sebagai bentuk negera Islam yang ideal Berbeda dengan Wali Allah, pada saat sekarang ini pada zaman yang dibelit beraneka ragam masalah kompleks ijtihad tidak bisa lagi dilakukan secara individual melainkan secara kolektif, yakni dengan melibatkan berbagai pakar dengan disiplin yang berbeda sesuai dengan masalah yang hendak dicarikan solusinya secara rasional dan Islami.
FIQIH LINTAS AGAMA
Authors: Ranuwijaya Utang
Published: February 2019

Lahirnya buku "Fiqih Lintas Agama (FLA)" yang oleh penulisnya diharapkan menjadi solusi dalam memecahkan problem hubungan antar umat beragama, justru menjadi pemicu munculnya berbagai problem serius pada internal umat Islam. Sebagian dari problem itu berdampak negatif pada persoalan antar umat beragama.Kekeliruan dan kerancuan dalam memahami dan menyikapi soal-soal yang prinsip dalam agama, seperti keyakinan dan ibadah ritual umat di sana sini terlihat dominan. Penggunaan bahasa yang tidak santun dan arogansi penulis terhadap ulama dan karya-karyanya menjadi ciri khas tersendiri dalam buku Ini, sehingga sangat wajar jika reaksi dan respon negatif dari umat Islam begitu kuat.Tulisan singkat ini diharapkan dapat membantu pembaca dalam melihat secara objektif pada beberapa bagian dari buku FLA ini.
PENGEMBANGAN BERFIKIR DALAM PENULISAN KARYA ILMIAH
Authors: Djuhana Ade
Published: February 2019

Salah-satu cara untuk mengukur sejauhmana kemampuan ''pengajar''menguasai bidang ilmu yang dipelajarinya ialah mewajibkan menyusun suatu karya tulis ilmiah dilihat dari jenjang pendidikan tinggi yang diterapkan, karya tulis ilmiah yang dibuat tentu mempunyai istilah yang berbeda pula. Perbedaan sebutan karya tulis ilmiah itu tidak hanya untuk menunjukkan tingkat atau jenjang pendidikan, tetapi juga menuntut adanya perbedaan kualifikasi atau bobot tulisannya. Sementara ini ada kesan bahwa perbedaan tingkat karya ilmiah itu seolah-olah didasarkan pada jumlah halaman tulisannya. Tidak heran kalau ada upaya agar karya tulis kelihatan tebal, maka diperbanyak penyajian tulisan pada hal-hal yang memungkinkan. Penyajian materi dalam pustaka dianggap tidak terlalu sulit karena bersumber dari bacaan. Akibatnya, terjadilah penyajian materi dalam pustaka yang tidak proporsional lagi, yaitu jumlah halamannya jauh lebih besar dari isinya. Sehingga ada kesan kekurang mengertian tentang apa yang dimaksud dengan informasi kepustakaan dalam suatu karya.Membuat karya ilmiah bagi "pengajar" merupakan suatu kewajiban yang harus dilaksanakan, hal ini berkaitan dengan Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi. Dan sebagai konsekwensi, terdapat hak yaitu predikat jabatan akademis bagi adequasi kretiria. Bila ditelusuri dengan seksama, seseorang yang banyak menulis karya ilmiah, sudah barang tentu akan banyak membaca buku-buku, namun tidak sebaliknya bahwa mereka yang rajin membaca buku. Perlu disadari sepenuhnya bahwa kepandaian, kayanya gagasan, luasnya wawasan, ketepatan prediksi, sensitifnya berfikir seseorang tanpa penuangan di dalam suatu karya ilmiah, maka akan susah dipegang dan cenderung tidak dapat diliterasikan. de Facto bahwa pikiran dan ucapan saja sangat mudah berubah seketika, tetapi karya ilmiah lain halnya karena merupakan produk yang berkali-kali dikaji. Dan yang membahayakan adalah munculnya: "argumentum ad ignorantium dan argumentum ad verecundium".
نشأة علم الصرف
Authors: Uyuni Yuyun Rohmatul
Published: February 2019

Sejak penyebaran agama Islam, perkembangan studi bahasa Arab dan linguistik Arab dimulai pada abad ke-7 Masehi dengan tumpuan pada kajian kitab suci Al Qur'an. Kitab suci Al Qur'an merupakan konsep dasar pengembangan bahasa Arab yang fasih dan murni tanpa dicampuri lahn, dialek­dialek non Arab, sehingga mendapat perhatian para linguis untuk mencoba melacaknya. Mengapa studi bahasa linguistik Arab berlangsung dalam terminologi bahasa Arab AI-Qur'an ? kemurnian bahasa Arab sebagai motif yang menjadi pendorong bagi ahli bahasa Arab untuk melahirkan suatu disiplin ilmu sharf yang menggeluti bidang leksikografi. Dipelopori oleh Mu'adz bin Muslim AI-Hira' sebagai pencetus pertama untuk melahirkan suatu disiplin ilmu sharf yang mempelajari bidang leksikografi bahasa Arab, melalui infleksi, deklinisi, derivasi leksikat atau kata. Infleksi dan verbum bahasa Arab berdasarkan sistem tiga bunyi konsonan sebagai akar. Umpamanya /ا, ر, ق/'membaca" menjadi /قرا/ ''ia telah membaca" dan /قراءة/ "bacaan" dan sebagainya. Puncak tata bahasa Arab terjadi pada akhir abad ke 8 atau awal abad 2 hijriyah yang terpusat di Basrah. Para linguis Arab di Basrah mendapat julukan kelompok aliran Basrah yang meletakan dasar yang kokoh akan kereguleran dan sistematisasi dari bahasa Arab sebagai alat tutur yang logis tentang fenomena dunia. Mereka sudah pasti mendapat pengaruh konsep analogi dari zaman Yunani. Disamping itu, ada pula satu kelompok linguistik Arab di Kuffah yang memberikan perhatian kepada keanekaragaman bahasa. Beberapa kelompok linguis Arab di Kuffah berkonsep anomah. Tulisan ini mencoba melirik tenang alasan-alasan timbulnya ilmu sharf sebagai disiplin ilmu tersendiri.
BERJILBAB DALAM TIGA TRADISI AGAMA SAMAWI
Authors: Mansur Syafi'in
Published: February 2019

Memakai jilbab diwajibkan oleh tiga agama samawi Yahudi, Kristen dan Islam. Dalam tradisi Yahudi, jilbab merupakan tanda ketaatan dan kehormatan wanita kepada suaminya. Jilbab juga dikenakan ketika melaksanakan kegiatan ritual keagamaan dan menjadi simbol kesucian, kewibawaan, kebangsawanan, dan kemewahan. Dalam tradisi Kristiani, kaum wanita Kristen diwajibkan memakai jilbab sebagai tanda ketaatan kepada Tuhan. Wanita yang tidak berjilbab harus dicukur rambutnya karena dianggap telah menghina suaminya. Jilbab menurut tradisi Islam harus dikenakan sebagai tanda ketaatan kepada syariat Allah dan untuk menjaga kehormatan, sopan santun, dan kemuliaan.
Melatonin as an armament against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced gastric injury: An overview
Authors: Pal Palash Kumar , Bhattacharjee Bharati , Chattopadhyay Aindrila , Bandyopadhyay Debasish
Published: February 2019

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most widely prescribed medicines to treat numerous pathophysiological conditions clinically. However, growing evidence indicates the adverse effects of NSAIDs on the different vital organs, among which gastrointestinal (GI) tract seems to be the utmost target in most of the cases. NSAIDs promote over production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the gastric mucosa. These toxic species cause microvascular damage, increasing intestinal permeability, leading to the development of gastric lesions including ulcerations. Several strategies have been proposed to reduce the side effects of NSAIDs on the GI tissue, but most of them have failed to achieve this goal. Identification of an appropriate therapeutic strategy is urgently required. It is our opinion that this novel strategy to target GI damage induced by NSAID should include both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Under such a circumstance melatonin probably is the best choice for this purpose. Melatonin is a broad spectrum antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule. Numerous studies have reported the protective role of melatonin against gastric tissue damages caused by NSAIDs in animals or clinically. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully clarified. Thus, the present review attempts to gather the available information on this topic to provide a clear understanding on the exact scenario of this aspect.
Un modelo para el estudio de las variables económicas que influyen en la ayuda oficial al desarrollo
Authors: Caviedes Conde Ángela Andrea , Yanguas Mortes Luis Ramón
Published: February 2019

En este artículo, una vez descritas la evolución y características de la Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo, se presenta un modelo econométrico descriptivo de determinadas variables sobre dicha ayuda. Este modelo está basado en las líneas generales descritas en un artículo anterior (BICE 3098) empleando las mismas fuentes estadísticas. Destacamos entre las variables el nivel de endeudamiento externo, la apertura comercial, el PIB per cápita y el acceso a capitales privados.
El comercio exterior de España en 2017
Authors: Industria, Comercio y Turismo Ministerio De
Published: February 2019

Según el Departamento de Aduanas e Impuestos Especiales, en el ejercicio 2017 las exportaciones españolas de mercancías registraron un valor de 277.125,7 millones de euros, alcanzando un nuevo máximo anual de la actual serie histórica.
La política comercial de la Unión Europea
Authors: Industria, Comercio y Turismo Ministerio De
Published: February 2019

La opinión del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) en relación al Acuerdo de Libre Comercio (ALC) UE-Singapur, de mayo de 2017, ha abierto el debate sobre la nueva arquitectura de los acuerdos comerciales. Cabe destacar también el nuevo «paquete de comercio» presentado por el presidente de la Comisión, Jean-Claude Juncker, en septiembre de 2017 en su, Discurso sobre el Estado de la Unión, y las orientaciones que de él se derivan para la política comercial europea. Por otro lado, tras la 11ª Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC en Buenos Aires, en la que apenas se obtuvieron resultados relevantes, se ha abierto un periodo de reflexión sobre el funcionamiento de la OMC.
La evolución del mercado global de divisas y su situación tras la crisis financiera
Authors: Alcalde Gutiérrez Eduardo , Calvo Bernardino Antonio , Paúl Gutiérrez Jesús
Published: February 2019

En diciembre de 2016, el Banco Internacional de Pagos publicó los resultados definitivos de la encuesta trianual que, en colaboración con los bancos centrales de 52 países, viene realizando desde 1986 entre los participantes más activos en sus respectivos mercados de divisas, con el fin de conocer el volumen y composición, tanto de los distintos mercados nacionales, como del mercado mundial. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los principales resultados del mercado global de divisas a lo largo de los últimos años, su reacción a la crisis financiera internacional y su situación tras la misma.
Participación del consumidor online en el sector textil
Authors: Lorenzo Romero Carlota , Mondéjar Jiménez Juan Antonio , Del Pozo Ruiz Leticia
Published: February 2019

Los canales de distribución online son significativas plataformas de venta que ofrecen la posibilidad de aplicar estrategias de colaboración e innovación entre clientes y marcas. El objetivo del presente documento es destacar a través de una revisión de la literatura, la continua transformación online en la industria textil a través de acciones de interacción más personalizadas por parte de las marcas textiles. Con la finalidad de poder satisfacer la exigente demanda de los actuales consumidores en el sector textil, la constante evolución en la industria de la moda también es percibida a través de planteamientos que aportan un nuevo valor al consumidor final, como la cocreación online. Situando actualmente al consumidor final, también a través de estrategias multicanal, como un agente clave en los procesos de creación y decisión.
Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitlik Politikası Olarak Ebeveyn İzni
Authors: SUMBAS Ahu
Published: February 2019

Kadın ve erkeğin iş gücü piyasasına
birlikte katılmasıyla ailedeki çocukların bakımı sosyo-politik ve ekonomik bir
sorun olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Nitekim, refah devletlerindeki önemli politika
alanlarından birisi iş-aile yaşamının uzlaştırılması ve bununla yakından
bağlantılı olan çocukların bakım hizmetleriyle ilgili düzenlemelerin
yapılmasıdır. Bu düzenlemeler içinde ebeveyn izni önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu
makalenin amacı, dünyadaki başarılı uygulamaları dikkate alarak ebeveyn iznini,
toplumsal cinsiyet eşitlik politikaları çerçevesinde değerlendirmektir.
Makalenin temel argümanı, ebeveyn izninin, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini
sağlamaya yönelik dönüştürücü sosyal politikalar içinde ele alınması gereken bir
mesele olduğudur. Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ilkesi üzerine kurulu bir ebeveyn
izni modeli, hem kadın-erkek eşitliğine hizmet etmekte hem de istihdam
politikaları açısından olumlu sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Bunların yanında, ortaya
çıkan yeni aile modelleri açısından da toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine duyarlı
bir ebeveyn izni modeli daha kullanışlıdır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma toplumsal
cinsiyet eşitliğini sağlamaya yönelik bir ebeveyn izni yaklaşımını ortaya
koymayı ve Türkiye’deki ilgili uygulamayı bu açıdan incelemeyi konu
edinmektedir.
ANALISIS PENILAIAN TINGKAT KESEHATAN BANK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE RGEC (RISK PROFILE, GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, EARNINGS, AND CAPITAL) PADA BANK UMUM SYARIAH DI INDONESIA PERIODE 2014–2016
Authors: Rodiyah Siti
Published: February 2019

This study aims to determine how the health of Sharia Commercial Banks using RGEC method. Data analysis technique used in this research is RGEC method and financial statement analysis. The type of qualitative descriptive research with quantitative data. The assessment factors on RGEC method are: risk profile using measurement indicators on credit risk factor (NPF) and liquidity risk (FDR), good corporate governance using data that has been processed and obtained from each sharia bank (self-assessment result), earnings using measurement indicators on ROA, NIM, ROE, and BOPO, capital using measurement indicators on CAR. The results of this study indicate that banks that have healthy health status in 2014 to 2016 are BCA Syariah and BNI Syariah. While banks that are in fairly healthy condition consistently period 2014 until 2016 is Bank Muamalat and Bank Victoria Sharia. While other banks the level of health is quite volatile ie in a healthy and quite healthy.
PROMOSI KESEHATAN TENTANG P3K MENINGKATKAN PENGETAHUAN GURU TENTANG P3K DI SMK KAL-1 SURABAYA
Authors: Rinarto Nisha Dharmayanti
Published: February 2019

Promosi kesehatan tentang P3K di sekolah berpengaruh terhadap tingkat pengetahuan yang dimiliki oleh guru tentang P3K pada kegawatdaruratan. Promosi kesehatan merupakan upaya yang direncanakan untuk mempengaruhi orang lain, baik individu, kelompok, atau masyarakat, sehingga mereka melakukan apa yang diharapkan oleh pelaku promosi kesehatan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMK KAL-1 Surabaya. Sampel penelitian dengan teknik Simple Random Sampling didapatkan sebanyak 39 responden. Metode yang digunakan adalah Pre Eksperimental dengan pendekatan One Grup Pretes-Postest. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Teknik analisa data menggunakan Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengetahuan guru sebelum diberikan promosi kesehatan dengan nilai rata-rata 1,38 dan setelah diberikan promosi kesehatan didapat nilai rata-rata 2,54. Hasil uji statistik diperoleh hasil Asymp. Sig 0,001 > α 0,05 yang berarti terjadi perbedaan yang bermakna. Analisis lebih lanjut didapatkan ada pengaruh promosi kesehatan terhadap tingkat pengetahuan guru, dengan demikian diharapkan agar sekolah mengusulkan kepada UPTD terkait untuk pengadaan pelatihan P3K di sekolah.
HUBUNGAN PENGGUNAAN OBAT HERBAL (JAMU GEPYOK) DENGAN PRODUKSI ASI DI BPS DS. NGUMPAKDALEM KEC. DANDER KABUPATEN BOJONEGORO TAHUN 2017
Authors: Kurniawati Fitria Rizky
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Indonesian society's interest in complementary or traditional therapy is increasing. The frequency of utilization of complementary alternative therapies is increasing rapidly throughout the world. The result of Susenas (2007) shows Indonesians who complain of pain within the month before the 30.90% survey. Of the residents who complained of illness, the largest percentage (65.01%) chose their own treatment using traditional medicines and / or drugs. The use of traditional medicine in self-medication efforts has steadily increased from 15.2% to 38.3% over the course of 7 years from 2000-2006 (Supardi, S and Andi Leny, 2010)  The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the use of herbal medicine to facilitate the expansion of breast milk as an effort to reduce the use of conventional medicines in Bojonegoro District in 2017.

 This research uses Quasy experimental research design technique (quasi experiment). Based on the place of study including the type of field research design. Population is a subject that meets the criteria that have been set. The population in this study were all breastfeeding mothers in 10 Puskesmas in Bojonegoro Regency in 2016.

Analysis is a very important part to achieve the goal, where the main purpose of research is to answer the research questions in expressing the phenomenon . Data analysis in this study using chi square test. The results showed p value 0.468> 0.05 which means there is no relationship between the use of herbal uyup - uyup with milk production.

Keywords: Herbal Medicinal Use and Breastmilk Production
قياس عوامل النجاح الحرجة لتطبيقات ادارة الجودة الشاملة ((بحث مقارن لعدد من الكليات))
Authors: عبد الوهاب نادية لطفي , محمد محمد حسن
Published: February 2019

يهدف هذا البحث إلى قياس عوامل النجاح الحرجة الخاصة بتطبيق ادارة الجودة الشاملة وذلك لمعرفة الدور الرئيسي والمهم الذي تلعبه هذه العوامل عند تطبيق ادارة الجودة الشاملة, وكذلك يهدف البحث الى تحديد مدى ادراك العينة المبحوثة لهذه العوامل واي من هذه العوامل الاكثر تأثيراً على تطبيق ادارة الجودة الشاملة وتوعية العينة المبحوثة بعوامل النجاح الحرجة, من خلال دراسة مقارنة تم اجرائها في عدد من الكليات الاهلية, وتمثلت مشكلة البحث بطرح مجموعة تساؤلات اهمها: هل تدرك الكليات عينة البحث عوامل النجاح الحرجة عند تطبيق ادارة الجودة الشاملة؟ ما مدى توفر عوامل النجاح الحرجة في عمل الكليات عينة البحث؟ وما هي هذه العوامل؟ اي عامل من عوامل النجاح الحرجة اكثر تأثيراً على تطبيق ادارة الجود الشاملة؟ ولغرض انجاز هذا البحث تم تصميم استمارة استبيان كأداة لجمع البيانات والمعلومات, ووزعت الاستبانة على عدد من الكليات الاهلية تمثلت بـ (12) كلية اهلية في بغداد وعلى عينة عددها (97) فرداً, وشمل العينة أعضاء مجالس الكليات الاهلية المبحوثة والمتمثلين بـ (العمداء, معاوني العمداء, رؤوساء الاقسام, ومسؤولي الجودة) واعتمد الباحثان في اعداد الاستبانة على مقياس جاهز (Hietschold et al., 2014) لتحديد عوامل النجاح الحرجة, وتم استخدام مقياس ليكرت السباعي لتحديد الاجابات على فقرات الاستبانة. وفضلا عن ذلك فقد استخدم الباحثان استمارة استطلاع رأي لتحديد الاهمية للعوامل الجديدة التي تم الحصول عليها من خلال التحليل العاملي الاستكشافي, وتم استخدام مخطط عظم السمكة لتحديد مسببات العوامل الرئيسة, والخطوة التالية كانت الاستعانة بمصفوفة تحديد الاولويات بعد ان تم تطويرها لتشمل التأثير بين العوامل الرئيسة والفرعية بعد ان كانت تشمل الاهمية فقط, وبعدها تم استخراج التأثير النسبي لهذه العوامل ومقارنته مع الحالة المثالية التي يجب ان تكون عليه وبالتالي استخراج الفجوة بينهما, وقد استخدم الباحثان البرنامج الإحصائي الجاهز (EXCEL 2010), ( SPSS V.23) لتحليل بيانات البحث واستخراج النتائج. وقد توصل البحث الى عدد من الاستنتاجات اهمها: ان لكل منظمة او صناعة عوامل نجاح حرجة خاصة بها تختلف عن غيرها من المنظمات او الصناعات الاخرى وهذا يعتمد على حجم وهيكل واستراتيجيات وموقع المنظمة فضلا عن ان اخذ هذه العوامل مجتمعه يكون تأثيره الايجابي اكبر مما لو تم اعتماد كل عامل على حدة. وان اغلب الكليات الاهلية التي تم بحثها تتبنى عوامل عوامل النجاح الحرجة عند تطبيق ادارة الجودة الشاملة ولكن بصورة متفاوتة وهذا ما يؤكد النجاح والتقدم الذي تحرزه هذه الكليات في السنوات الاخيرة. وان عدد قليل من هذه الكليات لم تقم بوضع تشكيل اداري متخصص بالجودة والبعض الاخر لديها هذا التشكيل  ولكنه غير فعال.
دور القائد الريادي في تمكين العاملين دراسة تطبيقية في عينة من شركات الاتصالات العراقية – شركة أسيا سيل أنموذجاً
Authors: علي ميسون خليفة
Published: February 2019

المستخلص

اصبحت الريادة في وقتنا الحالي عملية هدفها تطبيق طرق وتقنيات تجعل من المنظمة في قمة الهرم التنافسي لديها حصة سوقية أكبر، حيث أصبحت الريادة محط اهتمام لجميع القادة والمدراء، وأصبح القادة والمديرين يسعون بشكل كبير لتطوير مهاراتهم وأساليبهم ليصبحوا قادة رياديين. وقد أنطلق البحث من مشكلة واضحة تتمثل بتساؤلات محددة تضمن من خلالها تحقيق الهدف العام للبحث والمتمثل بوصف خصائص القائد الريادي وتوضيح أبعاد تمكين العاملين وتسليط الضوء على دور القائد الريادي في تمكين العاملين. ويتناول البحث تحديد العلاقة بين دور القائد الريادي في تمكين العاملين، حيث سعى إلى اختبار علاقة ودور القيادة الريادية بأبعادها المحددة بالإبداعية والمبادأة والاستباقية والرؤية الاستراتيجية واستثمار الفرص والمخاطرة في تمكين العاملين بأبعاده المتمثلة بالمشاركة بالمعلومات والحرية والاستقلالية وامتلاك المعرفة. واختبر البحث عدد من الفرضيات والتساؤلات وفق مضمون المشكلة وتساؤلاتها، ولاختبار صحة هذه الفرضيات استخدمت أستبانة خاصة تتضمن متغيرات النموذج الوصفي للبحث، حيث تم اعداد (50) استبانة، وتم توزيعها بشكل عشوائي واسترجعت منها (40) استمارة صالحة للتحليل الاحصائي. وتوصل البحث إلى جملة من الاستنتاجات وتم وضع عدد من التوصيات التي من تعمق دور القائد الريادي في تمكين العاملين في شركة آسيا سيل ( عينة البحث ).
دور ادارة الموهبة في تعزيز الاداء الاستراتيجي بحث ميداني في بعض كليات جامعة سومر
Authors: الناصري طارق كاظم
Published: February 2019

سعى هذا البحث إلى تناول دور ادارة الموهبة ( المتغير المستقل) بأبعادها (جذب الموهبة وادارة اداء الموهبة وتطوير الموهبة, والاحتفاظ بالموهبة) في تعزيز الاداء الاستراتيجي (المتغير المعتمد) بأبعاده (المنظور المالي, منظور الزبون, منظور العمليات الداخلية, منظور التعلم والنمو)  لدى عينة من الاساتذة في كليتين من كليات جامعة سومر , تمثلت مشكلة البحث فيما تعيشه المنظمات العامة من منافسة شديدة لاسيما الجامعات مما يستوجب عليها استثمار كوادرها البشرية الموهوبة  لتحقيق الفاعلية والكفاءة في ادائها الاستراتيجي, ولتحقيق اهداف البحث تمت صياغة فرضيتين رئيستين تفرعت عنها ثمان فرضيات  فرعية بالاعتماد على الاستبانة بوصفها اداة اساسية التي وزعت على جميع افراد مجتمع البحث لصغرة حجمة المكون من (50) تدريسي موزعين على كلية الادارة والاقتصاد وكلية التربية الاساسية, وحللت البيانات باستعمال عدد من الادوات الاحصائية للوصول الى النتائج ومنها (الوسط الحسابي, الانحراف المعياري, معامل الارتباط (سبيرمان). باستخدام البرنامج الاحصائي ( (SPSS سجلت النتائج الاحصائية ان جميع علاقات الارتباط   بين ادارة الموهبة والاداء الاستراتيجي كانت قوية وذات دلالة معنوية كذلك جميع علاقات التأثير كانت ذات دلالة معنوية, مما يشير الى دور ادارة الموهبة في تعزيز الاداء الاستراتيجي. وخرج البحث بجملة من التوصيات منها: ضرورة اعتماد منهجية متطورة لادارة اداء الافراد الموهوبين بالاعتماد على معايير ومقاييس واضحة (كمية ونوعية) للاداء وادارة الموارد البشرية وفق نظام كفوء للمتابعة والتقييم المستمر للافراد الموهوبين من قبل لجان متخصصة ، ومقارنة اداءهم مع تدريسيين في كليات اخرى
دور السياحة في تحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية في العراق للمدة (1990 – 2015 )
Authors: مسلم حمدي شاكر , عبد الوهاب نور عبد الرزاق
Published: February 2019

تعد السياحة من المجالات الاقتصادية الجوهرية للكثير من الدول سواء المتقدمة او النامية, ويؤدي المجتمع فيها الدور الاكبر من خلال وعيه المستمر النابع من ثقافة سياحية مبنية اساسآ على ضرورة استقطاب السياح بأستمرار, كما ويعد الأرث السياحي وما تملكه الدولة من امكانيات ومواقع سياحية العامل الأساس في جذب عدد أكبر من السياح.  ان الأهتمام بهذا القطاع الأستراتيجي يجعل من الدولة الأطار الأول والفاعل في وضع الآليات المناسبة للأستثمار في هذا القطاع, وكل ذلك يصب في اطار تنمية مستدامة للمجتمع من خلال الاستخدام العقلاني للموارد التي تتحصل عليها الهيئات المختلفة في تنفيذ العديد من المشاريع التنموية التي يعد رأس مالها العائد من الأموال المتحصل عليها أثر الفاعلية في القطاع السياحي, لقد غدت السياحة من الصناعات الرائدة التي تدر دخلا كبيرا وقد تم الاعتماد عليها في كثير من الدول مثل مصر وتونس والمغرب وايطاليا وماليزيا ... الخ. والتي نجحت في زيادة مواردها ووصفت السياحة بالعملاق الاقتصادي الجديد والصناعة الاكثر نموآ نظرآ لما تؤديه هذه الصناعة من دوراً مهماً في التنمية الاقتصادية للدولة وذلك لأنها تعد مصدر من مصادر الدخل بالعملة الصعبة وخلق فرص للعمل فضلا عن دورها في تنشيط الاستثمار وتطوير وتنمية المناطق السياحية .