bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Randomized controlled evaluation of a theory‐based postpartum sexual health education programme
Authors: Lee Jian Tao , Yen Han‐Wen
Published: October 2007

Title.  Randomized controlled evaluation of a theory‐based postpartum sexual health education programme

Aim.  This paper reports on a study to examine the effects of a theory‐based interactive postpartum sexual health education programme on postpartum women’s sexual health knowledge, attitudes towards sexual health, contraceptive self‐efficacy and sexual self‐efficacy.

Background.  Childbearing can challenge marital satisfaction and the sexual life of women, making the childbearing years a vulnerable stage in the sexual life of a woman. Although sexual education used to be a routine aspect of local postpartum teaching, this teaching was inadequate to satisfy women’s informational needs related to sexual health.

Methods.  For this two‐group, randomized controlled trial, 166 participants were recruited at a medical centre in northern Taiwan. The experimental group (n = 84) received the intervention. The control group (n = 82) received routine postpartum teaching. Participants in the experimental group were separated according to their learning preparedness, as determined by the transtheoretical model. Their level of preparedness was then matched to different sexual health education strategies used in the intervention. Data were collected in 2003 at baseline and at 3 days and 8 weeks following the intervention. Descriptive and repeated‐measures anova were used to analyse data.

Results.  Sexual health knowledge, attitudes and sexual self‐efficacy were significantly greater for women in the experimental group at 3 days and 8 weeks after the intervention programme than for those in the control group. However, contraceptive self‐efficacy was not significantly different in the two groups.

Conclusion.  The longer‐term effectiveness of our theory‐based interactive postpartum sexual health education programme will be enhanced by matching teaching strategies to participants’ stage of learning preparedness.
Phylogeography and historical demography of the Italian treefrog,Hyla intermedia,reveals multiple refugia, population expansions and secondary contacts within peninsular Italy
Authors: CANESTRELLI DANIELE , CIMMARUTA ROBERTA , NASCETTI GIUSEPPE
Published: September 2007

We investigated the geographical patterns of genetic diversity in the Italian treefrog through sequence analysis of a mitochondrial cytochromebgene fragment. Three main mitochondrial lineages were identified, distributed in northern, central and southern Italy, respectively. Their divergence appears indicative of a split time largely predating Late Pleistocene climatic oscillations, and syntopy between them was only observed in the geographically intermediate populations. The historical demographic reconstructions suggest that in both northern and central Italy, an expansion occurred during the last major glacial phase, when a vast widening of the lowland habitats followed the glaciation‐induced fall of the sea level. Instead, in southern Italy an expansion event likely followed the end of the last glaciation, although the inference of expansion appears less reliable for the southern clade than for the others. Within this geographical area, a sharp phylogeographic discontinuity separated peninsular from Sicilian populations, and the overall pattern of diversity suggests that the latter derived from a recent colonization of the island, probably through a Late Pleistocene land bridge. Phylogenetic, phylogeographic and historical demographic analyses thus concur in delineating a scenario of multiple refugia, with four groups of populations which survived the last glacial–interglacial cycles in at least three distinct refugia arranged along peninsular Italy, and have recently come into contact following range expansions. Therefore, these results support the hypothesis that a plethora of microevolutionary processes, rather than the prolonged stability of populations, were mainly responsible for shaping the patterns of diversity within this major biodiversity hotspot.
A canopy‐scale test of the optimal water‐use hypothesis
Authors: SCHYMANSKI STANISLAUS J. , RODERICK MICHAEL L. , SIVAPALAN MURUGESU , HUTLEY LINDSAY B. , BERINGER JASON
Published: October 2007

Common empirical models of stomatal conductivity often incorporate a sensitivity of stomata to the rate of leaf photosynthesis. Such a sensitivity has been predicted on theoretical terms by Cowan and Farquhar, who postulated that stomata should adjust dynamically to maximize photosynthesis for a given water loss.

In this study, we implemented the Cowan and Farquhar hypothesis of optimal stomatal conductivity into a canopy gas exchange model, and predicted the diurnal and daily variability of transpiration for a savanna site in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia. The predicted transpiration dynamics were then compared with observations at the site using the eddy covariance technique. The observations were also used to evaluate two alternative approaches: constant conductivity and a tuned empirical model.

The model based on the optimal water‐use hypothesis performed better than the one based on constant stomatal conductivity, and at least as well as the tuned empirical model. This suggests that the optimal water‐use hypothesis is useful for modelling canopy gas exchange, and that it can reduce the need for model parameterization.
CBF4 is a unique member of the CBF transcription factor family of Vitis vinifera and Vitis riparia
Authors: XIAO HUOGEN , TATTERSALL ELIZABETH A. R. , SIDDIQUA MAHBUBA K. , CRAMER GRANT R. , NASSUTH ANNETTE
Published: October 2007

The CBF/DREB1 transcription factors control an important pathway for increased freezing and drought tolerance in plants. We report here the isolation of one CBF/DREB1‐like gene, CBF4, from both freezing‐tolerant wild grape (Vitis riparia) and freezing‐sensitive cultivated grape (Vitis vinifera). The deduced protein in V. riparia is 99% identical to the corresponding protein in V. vinifera; 45–48% to three other Vitis CBF proteins reported earlier and 57% to AtCBF1, and contains CBF‐specific amino acid motifs. Agroinfiltration experiments in tobacco leaves revealed that VrCBF4 activates expression from reporter genes driven by a CRT‐containing promoter. Expression of the endogenous Vitis CBF4 genes was low at ambient temperature, but enhanced upon exposure to low temperature (4 °C). Uncommon for CBF genes, this expression was maintained for several days. No significant difference in expression pattern was observed between V. riparia and V. vinifera. Vitis CBF4 was expressed in both young and mature tissue, in contrast to the previously described Vitis CBF1, 2 and 3. Together, these results suggest that CBF4 represents a second type of CBF in grape that might be more important for the over‐wintering of grape plants.
Efficient elimination of sweetpotato little leaf phytoplasma from sweetpotato by cryotherapy of shoot tips
Authors: Wang Q. C. , Valkonen J. P. T.
Published: September 2007

Shoot tips with 3–4 leaf primordia were excised from in vitro‐grown sweetpotato plants (Ipomoea batatas) infected with little leaf phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia) and subjected to cryotherapy. All plants regenerated from the cryo‐treated shoot tips were free of phytoplasma, whereas shoot tip culture or dehydration of shoot tips without subsequent cryotherapy resulted in phytoplasma‐free plants at a frequency of only 7–10%. Histological and ultrastructural studies with light and transmission electron microscopy, respectively, indicated that cryotherapy was lethal to all cells except those in the apical dome of the meristem and the two youngest leaf primordia. These surviving parts of the shoot tip contained vascular tissue and sieve elements, but electron microscopy showed no phytoplasma in them. In contrast, an abundance of phytoplasma was found in sieve elements located at the lower, non‐surviving parts of the shoot tip 1·0 or 1·5 mm from the apical dome. In the greenhouse, the plants in which phytoplasmas were not detected were healthy‐looking, grew vigorously and were readily distinguished from the infected plants that exhibited little leaf and chlorosis symptoms, proliferation of axillary shoots and roots, stunting, and heavily reduced number and size of storage roots. In this study efficient elimination of phytoplasma and production of pathogen‐tested plant stocks were achieved with the novel cryotherapy‐based approach. The proposed advantage of the technique is that it can be simultaneously used for long‐term storage of plant germplasm and for production of pathogen‐free plants.
Phenotypic variation in Nordic populations of Phytophthora infestans in 2003
Authors: Lehtinen A. , Hannukkala A. , Andersson B. , Hermansen A. , Le V. H. , Nærstad R. , Brurberg M. B. , Nielsen B. J. , Hansen J. G. , Yuen J.
Published: September 2007

A total of 743 single‐lesion isolates of Phytophthora infestans were collected in summer 2003 from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Most of the isolates were tested for mating type, and subsets were tested for sensitivity to fungicides and virulence (host specific pathogenicity). Approximately 60% of the isolates were A1 mating type in each country. Both mating types were present in 40% of the fields where more than one isolate was tested, indicating strong potential for sexual reproduction. The proportion of metalaxyl‐resistant isolates dropped to under 15% from the 60% observed in the early 1990s in Norway and Finland, possibly due to lower selection pressure because of decreased use of metalaxyl. Propamocarb‐HCl sensitivity remained unchanged in the Nordic countries compared to the situation in 1997–2000 in Finland. Four isolates collected from Finland and Sweden were able to sporulate in the presence of this fungicide at a concentration of 1000 mg L−1. In Norway and Finland the frequencies of virulence factors and pathotypes remained nearly unchanged since the 1990s, but the mean number of virulence factors per isolate increased from 5·6 to 6·3. In Denmark and Sweden virulence factors 2 and especially 6 were more common than in Norway and Finland. In addition, in the Swedish population the frequencies of pathotypes were quite even while in other countries pathotype 1,3,4,7,10,11 was most prevalent.
Incidence and severity of dieback in birch plantings associated with Anisogramma virgultorum and Marssonina betulae in Scotland
Authors: Silva H. De , Green S. , Woodward S.
Published: September 2007

Betula pendula and B. pubescens were surveyed at nine Scottish Woodland Grant Scheme (WGS) sites in 2004 to assess the incidence and severity of two fungal pathogens, Anisogramma virgultorum and Marssonina betulae, and their association with crown dieback. Of the surveyed trees, 47% had at least 40% crown dieback, with B. pendula more severely affected than B. pubescens at most sites. Overall, 57% of surveyed birch trees had A. virgultorum and 28% had M. betulae, with the incidence of trees infected with both species varying among sites. Incidence and severity of A. virgultorum were greater on B. pubescens than on B. pendula, whereas the reverse was true for M. betulae. The relationship between incidence of M. betulae foliar disease and sunken cankers was significant, with 83% of M. betulae‐infected trees having these cankers. The presence of M. betulae foliar disease resulted in a greater percentage of crown dieback compared with non‐infected trees in both birch species, whereas the presence of A. virgultorum caused greater crown dieback in B. pubescens only. Across all sites and both birch species, as severity of infection with either A. virgultorum or sunken cankers increased, so did the severity of crown dieback. This study showed that A. virgultorum and M. betulae appear to contribute significantly to birch dieback at the nine sites surveyed.
Computer‐vision analysis of seedling responses to light and gravity
Authors: Miller Nathan D. , Parks Brian M. , Spalding Edgar P.
Published: October 2007

Measuring the effects of mutation, natural variation or treatment on the development of plant form is often complicated by the shapes, dynamics or small size of the organismal structures under study. This limits accuracy and throughput of measurement and thereby limits progress toward understanding the underlying gene networks and signaling systems. A computer‐vision platform based on electronic image capture and shape‐analysis algorithms was developed as an alternative to the mostly manual methods of measuring seedling development currently in use. The spatial and temporal resolution of the method is in the range of microns and minutes, respectively. The algorithm simultaneously quantifies apical hook opening and inhibition of hypocotyl elongation during photomorphogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. It can determine when and where gravitropic curvature develops along the root axis in A. thaliana and Medicago truncatula seedlings. Novel features of gravitropic curvature development were discovered as a result of the high resolution. The computer‐vision algorithms developed and demonstrated here could be used to study mutant phenotypes in detail, to form the basis of a high‐throughput screening platform, or to quantify natural variation in a population of plants.
Armadillo repeat‐containing kinesins and a NIMA‐related kinase are required for epidermal‐cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sakai Tatsuya , Honing Hannie van der , Nishioka Miki , Uehara Yukiko , Takahashi Mihoko , Fujisawa Noriko , Saji Kensuke , Seki Motoaki , Shinozaki Kazuo , Jones Mark A. , Smirnoff Nicholas , Okada Kiyotaka , Wasteneys Geoffrey O.
Published: September 2007

The involvement of kinesin motor proteins in both cell‐tip growth and cell‐shape determination has been well characterized in various organisms. However, the functions of kinesins during cell morphogenesis in higher plants remain largely unknown. In the current study, we demonstrate that an armadillo repeat‐containing kinesin‐related protein, ARMADILLO REPEAT KINESIN1 (ARK1), is involved in root‐hair morphogenesis. Microtubule polymers are more abundant in ark1 null allele root hairs, but analysis shows that these extra microtubules are concentrated in the endoplasm, and not in the cortical array, suggesting that ARK1 regulates tip growth by limiting the assembly and distribution of endoplasmic microtubules. The ARK1 gene has two homologues in the Arabidopsis genome, ARK2 and ARK3, and our results show that ARK2 is involved in root‐cell morphogenesis. We further reveal that a NIMA‐related protein kinase, NEK6, binds to the ARK family proteins and has pleiotropic effects on epidermal‐cell morphogenesis, suggesting that NEK6 is involved in cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis via microtubule functions associated with these armadillo repeat‐containing kinesins. We discuss the function of NIMA‐related protein kinases and armadillo repeat‐containing kinesins in the cell morphogenesis of eukaryotes.
Low X/Y divergence in four pairs of papaya sex‐linked genes
Authors: Yu Qingyi , Hou Shaobin , Feltus F. Alex , Jones Meghan R. , Murray Jan E. , Veatch Olivia , Lemke Cornelia , Saw Jimmy H. , Moore Richard C. , Thimmapuram Jyothi , Liu Lei , Moore Paul H. , Alam Maqsudul , Jiang Jiming , Paterson Andrew H. , Ming Ray
Published: September 2007

Sex chromosomes in flowering plants, in contrast to those in animals, evolved relatively recently and only a few are heteromorphic. The homomorphic sex chromosomes of papaya show features of incipient sex chromosome evolution. We investigated the features of paired X‐ and Y‐specific bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), and estimated the time of divergence in four pairs of sex‐linked genes. We report the results of a comparative analysis of long contiguous genomic DNA sequences between the X and hermaphrodite Y (Yh) chromosomes. Numerous chromosomal rearrangements were detected in the male‐specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY), including inversions, deletions, insertions, duplications and translocations, showing the dynamic evolutionary process on the MSY after recombination ceased. DNA sequence expansion was documented in the two regions of the MSY, demonstrating that the cytologically homomorphic sex chromosomes are heteromorphic at the molecular level. Analysis of sequence divergence between four X and Yh gene pairs resulted in a estimated age of divergence of between 0.5 and 2.2 million years, supporting a recent origin of the papaya sex chromosomes. Our findings indicate that sex chromosomes did not evolve at the family level in Caricaceae, and reinforce the theory that sex chromosomes evolve at the species level in some lineages.
Comparative study of the hydration of the stratum corneum between four ethnic groups: influence of age
Authors: Diridollou Stéphane , De Rigal Jean , Querleux Bernard , Leroy Frédéric , Holloway Barbosa Victoria
Published: October 2007

Background  Several recent overviews have reported that significant work remains to be performed to understand and quantify the ethnic differences in skin properties.

In this way, we have carried out a set of in vivo biophysical experiments on the skin of American women from different ethnic populations living in the same environment. Inter‐ and intraethnic skin micro relief results were already published, skin hydration differences are now reported here.

Methods  The skin water content was evaluated taking advantage of the new skin capacitance imaging technique which allows to study stratum corneum hydration without suffering of the influence of the skin micro‐relief and hair on the measurement.

Three hundred and eleven American women from four ethnic groups were enrolled in this study. The investigation was performed during the summer season of 2004 on the major relatively distinct ethnic groups of Chicago, which is to say: African American, Chinese, Caucasian and Mexican.

The hydration of the skin was investigated on the dorsal and ventral forearm sites as a function of ethnicity and age.

Results  Skin dryness is higher on sun exposed sites for lighter skin tones, such as in Chinese and Caucasian women, than on sites that are primarily out of the sun; while, no skin dryness differences are seen on either site for African American and Mexican women whose skin is darker.

The skin dryness does not change as a function of ethnicity for the younger group for either the ventral and dorsal site of the forearm. With age, however, the dryness of the skin is higher for African American and Caucasian women than for the two other ethnic groups, with a higher percentage increase in Caucasian women.

Conclusions  This study has revealed that the hydration of the skin is different according to ethnicity and that the age effects are influenced by ethnicity, suggesting anatomical or physiological property differences in ethnic skin.

This study has also pointed out that the SkinChip® seems to be a convenient and fast way to investigate both the micro relief as previously published and the dryness of the skin on a large number of subjects, and in this way will be very useful to improve our knowledge about skin of people from different ethnic groups and helping to develop specific products that are customized to all these populations.
Epidemiologic, clinical, and therapeutic features of acne in Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Kane Assane , Niang Suzanne Oumou , Diagne Awa Cisse , Ly Fatimata , Ndiaye Bassirou
Published: October 2007

Background  Acne, a chronic inflammatory dermatosis of the pilosebaceous follicle, is very widespread worldwide, affecting 75–80% of adolescents, with an impact on their quality of life. The etiologic factors are not always the same, and the treatments proposed are not always well tolerated in black individuals.

Aims  To determine how acne affects the black population in Dakar, Senegal, and to assess the results of and tolerance to treatment.

Methods  This was a prospective study conducted on a sample of patients who attended consultations for acne in our dermatology department between December 2002 and March 2003, and who agreed to take part in the study (informed consent was obtained). An anonymous questionnaire was used as a support.

Results  Ninety‐three patients were included in the study, with a hospital frequency of 5.3% and an average age of onset of acne of 25.58 years. In 75% of cases, the acne sufferers were young women, 76.3% of whom were single. Acne was of the superficial inflammatory type in 76.3%, retentional in 67.7%, and nodulocystic in 12.9% (Some patients who have acne vulgaris may have pustules, papules and nodules or cystic lesions so the percentages add up to 100). Signs of hyperandrogeny were observed in 19.1%, with hirsutism in 93.8%. Artificial depigmentation was noted in 38.7%. Stress was found in 89.2% and a depressive state in 3.4%. Solar exposure aggravated the lesions in 52.7%. In terms of therapy, only 1.1% received oral retinoids. An improvement was noted in 67.2%, and resistance was observed in 7.3%.

Discussion  In Dakar, Senegal, patients with acne consult later than elsewhere. The majority of cases are women, contrary to certain other studies. The inflammatory forms predominate in adult women. The most frequent location is on the face. An evolution to pigmentary disorders is found in 67.7%. Predisposing factors include the use of depigmenting cosmetic products and sun exposure. Local treatment, such as benzoyl peroxide and topical retinoids, which promote melanoderma in black skin, is widely used. The exorbitant cost of oral retinoids considerably limits their use in Senegal.

Conclusion  Acne, an adolescent pathology, is increasingly being observed in adults using depigmenting cosmetics. The multiple clinical forms are dominated by inflammatory acne. The many relapses and cost of treatment have a detrimental effect on the quality of life of patients.
Lack of dehydroepiandrosterone in type I and II hereditary angioedema and role of danazol in steroid hormone conversion
Authors: Thon V. , Härle P. , Schölmerich J. , Kuklinek P. , Lokaj J. , Straub R. H.
Published: October 2007

Background:  Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is successfully treated with danazol, a therapeutic steroid compound. To investigate hormones of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axis in patients with HAE with and without danazol.

Methods:  We included 16 patients with type I HAE, nine patients with type II HAE, and 16 healthy subjects. Serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), free testosterone, and 17β‐oestradiol were measured.

Results:  Serum levels of ACTH were markedly decreased in patients with type II HAE compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). Serum cortisol was similar between groups but danazol treatment decreased cortisol levels, particularly in women (P = 0.019). Serum levels of DHEA were significantly decreased in all patients with type I and II HAE compared to controls (P < 0.05), which was only partly dependent on prior danazol therapy as patients without danazol had also decreased serum levels of DHEA (P < 0.05). Furthermore, free testosterone serum levels were markedly increased in patients under danazol (P < 0.005) and the ratio of 17β‐oestradiol/free testosterone was significantly decreased in these patients (P < 0.005).

Conclusions:  This study demonstrated decreased DHEA in patients with type I and II HAE independent of danazol therapy, which was particularly evident in women. It also demonstrates that danazol induced a marked up‐regulation of free testosterone in relation to precursors and downstream 17β‐oestradiol. In HAE, there seems to be a primary lack of the adrenal androgen DHEA.
The common allergens in the Churg–Strauss syndrome
Authors: Bottero P. , Bonini M. , Vecchio F. , Grittini A. , Patruno G. M. , Colombo B. , Sinico R. A.
Published: October 2007

Background:  The asthmatic‐prodromal phase of Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) is usually considered allergic, but data about the involved allergens are scarce. The aim of our work was to examine the prevalence of allergy in a group of CSS patients and in two control groups of persistent asthmatic subjects selected for eosinophilia >10% [first control group patients (CGP1)] and eosinophils <6% [second control group patients (CGP2)].

Methods:  The respiratory symptoms, and the results of prick test and/or RAST for the common allergens, performed before the vasculitic phase in 51 CSS, were retrospectively evaluated and compared with those of 46 CGP1 and 50 CGP2.

Results:  31.4% of CSS vs 67.4% of CGP1 (P = 0.0004) and vs 58.0% CGP2 (P = 0.007) were allergic. The number of subjects with seasonal allergies was lower in CSS vs CGP1 (P = 0.0069) and vs CGP2 (P = 0.0002). The number of perennial allergies was significantly higher in CSS than in both control groups (CSS vs CGP1, P = 0.0108; CSS vs CGP2, P = 0.0079). The subjects allergic to Dermatophagoides were prevalent in CSS vs CGP1 (P = 0.0045) but not vs CGP2.

Conclusions:  The evidence of allergy, considered as the demonstration of specific IgE consistent with the clinical history, is present in less than one‐third of CSS and the higher prevalence of seasonal allergies in the controls disagrees with persistent asthma. Allergy may be only one of several mechanisms triggering exacerbation of asthma or supporting chronic airway inflammation as in asthma in general. Alternatively, unidentified allergens may play a role.
Allergen induced gene expression of airway epithelial cells shows a possible role for TNF‐α
Authors: Vroling A. B. , Duinsbergen D. , Fokkens W. J. , Van Drunen C. M.
Published: October 2007

Background:  Epithelium is more than a physical barrier for pathogens and allergens, as it is also capable of producing mediators in response to these environmental factors. Some of these mediators have an immuno‐modulatory function, suggesting that epithelium is an active component of the immune response. Here, we fully characterize the expression profile of airway epithelial cells in response to house dust mite (HDM) allergen.

Methods:  H292 cells were exposed to HDM extract for 24 h, RNA and supernatant was used for microarray analysis and multiplex enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively.

Results:  A total of 38 500 genes, 813 were differentially expressed by more than twofold and 116 even more than fivefold. Interestingly, among the most up‐regulated genes, a large number are involved in cell‐to‐cell communication. These include chemokines (CCL‐8 and −20, CXCL‐1, −2 and −3), cytokines (IL‐1α, ‐6 and ‐11), anti‐inflammatory factors [PTX‐3, interleukin (IL)‐13Rα, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐αIP3], and factors that are involved in repair of the mucosal tissue (LOXL‐2, NID‐2, HBEGF, MUC‐5AC and MUC‐5B). Pathway analysis showed that a number of these genes are transcriptionally regulated by TNF‐α, which we could detect by quantitative polymerase chain reaction at earlier time points after HDM exposure. In addition, we could detect increased protein levels for TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL8, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and interferon (IFN)‐γ using ELISA.

Conclusion:  Our data show that a broad range of mediators produced upon allergen exposure by these mediators’ epithelial cells can participate in the immune response via recruitment and activation of cells of the immune system.
A novel HLA‐C locus allele with codon 54 deletion, Cw*0346
Authors: Endres R. O. , Redman H. , Baumbach A. , Capper J.
Published: September 2007

This report describes the discovery and characterization of the novel Cw*0346 allele.
Isolation and characterization of thylakoid membranes from the filamentous cyanobacteriumNostoc punctiforme
Authors: Cardona Tanai , Battchikova Natalia , Agervald Åsa , Zhang Pengpeng , Nagel Erik , Aro Eva‐Mari , Styring Stenbjörn , Lindblad Peter , Magnuson Ann
Published: September 2007

Nostoc punctiformestrain Pasteur Culture Collection (PCC) 73102, a sequenced filamentous cyanobacterium capable of nitrogen fixation, is used as a model organism for characterization of bioenergetic processes during nitrogen fixation inNostoc. A protocol for isolating thylakoid membranes was developed to examine the biochemical and biophysical aspects of photosynthetic electron transfer. Thylakoids were isolated from filaments ofN. punctiformeby pneumatic pressure‐drop lysis. The activity of photosynthetic enzymes in the isolated thylakoids was analysed by measuring oxygen evolution activity, fluorescence spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Electron transfer was found functional in both PSII and PSI. Electron transfer measurements in PSII, using diphenylcarbazide as electron donor and 2,6‐dichlorophenolindophenol as electron acceptor, showed that 80% of the PSII centres were active in water oxidation in the final membrane preparation. Analysis of the membrane protein complexes was made by 2D gel electrophoresis, and identification of representative proteins was made by mass spectrometry. The ATP synthase, several oligomers of PSI, PSII and the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH)‐1L and NDH‐1M complexes, were all found in the gels. Some differences were noted compared with previous results fromSynechocystissp. PCC 6803. Two oligomers of PSII were found, monomeric and dimeric forms, but no CP43‐less complexes. Both dimeric and monomeric forms of Cytb6/fcould be observed. In all, 28 different proteins were identified, of which 25 are transmembrane proteins or membrane associated ones.
Selection on phenotypic plasticity of morphological traits in response to flooding and competition in the clonal shore plant Ranunculus reptans
Authors: VAN KLEUNEN M. , LENSSEN J. P. M. , FISCHER M. , DE KROON H.
Published: September 2007

Adaptive evolution of phenotypic plasticity requires that plastic genotypes have the highest global fitness. We studied selection by spatial heterogeneity of interspecific competition and flooding, and by temporal heterogeneity of flooding on morphological plasticity of 52 genotypes of the clonal shore plant Ranunculus reptans. Competition reduced clone size, rosette size, leaf length and stolon internode thickness. Flooding had similar effects and reduced competition. Differences in selection between environments imply potential for either local adaptation or for indirect evolution of phenotypic plasticity. We also detected direct selection for plastic reductions in internode length in response to flooding and for a plastic increase in internode length in response to competition. Plastic responses of some morphological traits to flooding were in line with selection thereon, suggesting that they indeed are adaptive and might have evolved in response to direct selection on plasticity.
Within and between generation phenotypic plasticity in trichome density ofMimulus guttatus
Authors: HOLESKI L. M.
Published: September 2007

Mimulus guttatus(yellow monkeyflower) frequently produce glandular trichomes, a trait that may resist herbivory. Constitutive production of trichomes is variable both within and among populations ofM. guttatusand most of this variation is genetic. This study demonstrates that damage on early leaves can induce increased trichome production on later leaves, a plastic response that is likely adaptive. Moreover, this study shows that this induction can be maternally transmitted, increasing trichome density in progeny before they experience herbivory. This transgenerational response must involve a yet undescribed epigenetic mechanism. These experiments also show genetic variation among plants in the capacity for bothwithinandbetweenplant generation induction. Despite the clear evolutionary importance of variation in constitutive and induced herbivory‐resistance traits, few other studies have noted genetic variation in both within a plant species.
Measuring information processing in a client with extreme agitation following traumatic brain injury using the Perceive, Recall, Plan and Perform System of Task Analysis
Authors: Nott Melissa T. , Chapparo Christine
Published: September 2007

Background/Aims: Agitation following traumatic brain injury is characterised by a heightened state of activity with disorganised information processing that interferes with learning and achieving functional goals. This study aimed to identify information processing problems during task performance of a severely agitated adult using the Perceive, Recall, Plan and Perform (PRPP) System of Task Analysis. Second, this study aimed to examine the sensitivity of the PRPP System to changes in task performance over a short period of rehabilitation, and third, to evaluate the guidance provided by the PRPP in directing intervention.

Methods: A case study research design was employed. The PRPP System of Task Analysis was used to assess changes in task embedded information processing capacity during occupational therapy intervention with a severely agitated adult in a rehabilitation context. Performance is assessed on three selected tasks over a one‐month period.

Results: Information processing difficulties during task performance can be clearly identified when observing a severely agitated adult following a traumatic brain injury. Processing skills involving attention, sensory processing and planning were most affected at this stage of rehabilitation. These processing difficulties are linked to established descriptions of agitated behaviour. Fluctuations in performance across three tasks of differing processing complexity were evident, leading to hypothesised relationships between task complexity, environment and novelty with information processing errors. Changes in specific information processing capacity over time were evident based on repeated measures using the PRPP System of Task Analysis. This lends preliminary support for its utility as an outcome measure, and raises hypotheses about the type of therapy required to enhance information processing in people with severe agitation.

Conclusions: The PRPP System is sensitive to information processing changes in severely agitated adults when used to reassess performance over short intervals and can provide direct guidance to occupational therapy intervention to improve task embedded information processing by categorising errors under four stages of an information processing model: Perceive, Recall, Plan and Perform.
Adjustment to residential care: The experience of newly admitted residents to hostel accommodation in Australia
Authors: Marshall Esther , Mackenzie Lynette
Published: September 2007

Background/aim:  As the population ages, an increased number of older people are entering residential care. Moving into residential care is a challenging adjustment for older people, yet little is documented about the nature of this adjustment from the perspective of new residents.

Methods:  A qualitative study was undertaken using interviews conducted with 11 hostel residents. Inductive content analysis techniques were used to gain an in‐depth understanding of the processes and perceptions that influenced adjustment to hostel living for participants.

Results:  Four themes emerged from the data: (i) accepting the decision, (ii) the importance of home, (iii) fitting in, and (iv) freedom to do the normal things in life. Engagement in meaningful occupations was vital to positive adjustment.

Conclusions:  Occupational therapy is well placed to facilitate the process of adjustment to residential care and take a more active role within the hostel system.
INHIBITION OF THE RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM ATTENUATES THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER FIBROSIS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RATS
Authors: El‐Demerdash Ebtehal , Salam Omar M Abdel , El‐Batran Seham A , Abdallah Heba MI , Shaffie Nermeen M
Published: September 2007

The present study was designed to investigate the potential antifibrotic and anti‐oxidant effects of lisinopril, fosinopril and losartan in an experimental rat model of liver injury using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).

First, the potential hepatoprotective dose of each drug was screened against CCl4‐induced acute hepatotoxicity. Then, we chose the minimum hepatoprotective dose of each drug to further investigate the mechanisms involved in the hepatoprotection using a chronic model of hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4.

Liver function was assessed in addition to histopathological examination. Furthermore, oxidative stress markers (reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxides levels) and markers of fibrosis (hydroxyproline content and liver fibrosis area) were assessed.

It was found that treatment of animals with different drugs concomitantly with CCl4 significantly counteracted the changes in liver function induced by CCl4 (except fosinopril). In addition, the drugs ameliorated the histopathological changes induced by CCl4. All drugs significantly counteracted lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion (except fosinopril) compared with the CCl4‐intoxicated group. Moreover, the drugs studied significantly reduced liver hydroxyproline levels and the area of fibrosis compared with the CCl4‐intoxicated group.

In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for the hepatoprotective effect of lisinopril, fosinopril and losartan. Both lisinopril and losartan was found to have better hepatoprotective potential than fosinopril against CCl4‐induced hepatotoxicity. These hepatoprotective effects can be explained on the basis of anti‐oxidant and antifibrotic mechanisms, mainly enhancement of GSH and reduction of lipid peroxidation and fibrosis.
Effect of microsurgical repair of the varicocele on testicular function in adolescence and adulthood
Authors: Kaneko Tomoyoshi , Sasaki Shoichi , Yanai Yoshimasa , Umemoto Yukihiro , Kohri Kenjiro
Published: September 2007

Objective:  Many reports on varicoceles suggest improved spermatic findings and increased pregnancy rates after correction of these lesions. Early repair during adolescence has been advocated, since clinically apparent varicoceles may affect testicular volume and sperm production in the future. We examined the efficacy of microsurgical varicocelectomy, and aimed to establish predictive parameters useful for ascertaining whether varicocele repair provides any benefits in adolescents and adults.

Methods:  We carried out microsurgical varicocelectomy on nine boys and 19 men. In adolescents, catch‐up growth of the testis, expressed by pre‐ and postoperative ratios of left and/or right testicular volume, grade and serum level of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) were evaluated. In adults, the ratio of sperm concentration improvement, grade, testicular volume, preoperative sperm concentration and serum FSH level were evaluated. All subjects were followed for 12 months.

Results:  Catch‐up growth was seen in 62.5% of boys. FSH level was significantly lower in boys with catch‐up growth than in boys without catch‐up growth. Improved sperm concentration was seen in 73.6% of adults. FSH level was significantly lower in adults with improved sperm concentration than in patients without improved sperm concentration. No correlations were seen between other parameters and catch‐up growth in adolescents, or sperm concentration improvement in adults.

Conclusions:  Microsurgical varicocelectomy as a treatment for varicoceles with low FSH might be effective and the relevant predictive parameter for testicular development and function after surgery might be serum FSH level in both adults and adolescents.
Association of vitamin D receptor gene Taq I polymorphism with recurrent urolithiasis in children
Authors: Seyhan Serkan , Yavascaoglu Ismet , Kilicarslan Hakan , Dogan Hasan S , Kordan Yakup
Published: September 2007

Objective:  Urolithiasis has a strong familial component. However, to date, no specific genetic abnormality has been identified. It has been reported that allelic variation in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may affect calcium absorption and excretion. Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease in which both genetic and environmental factors have an effect on onset and severity of disease. In the present study, the role of Taq I polymorphism of vitamin D receptor gene in urolithiasis was studied.

Methods:  Eighty children with calcium stone disease (40 with single episode of stone disease and 40 with recurrence) and 40 controls were enrolled. Polymorphic sites were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, digested with Taq I restriction enzymes and analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Allelic or genotypic frequencies were calculated and associations between them and the presence of hypercalciuria, family history and stone recurrence were evaluated.

Results:  Incidence of Taq I tt genotypes was significantly higher in patients with recurrent calcium‐stone disease compared to the controls. In addition, the frequency of the ‘t’ allele was higher in recurrent calcium‐stone formers. Taq I t allele was found to be associated with increased risk of recurrence. No association between Taq I polymorphism and a positive family history was found in the present study. The frequency of hypercalciuria was higher in patients with the ‘tt’ genotype.

Conclusion:  Taq I t allele of the VDR gene may be a risk factor for severe urolithiasis and recurrent stone disease.
Advances in lung cancer diagnosis and staging: endobronchial ultrasound
Authors: Koh M. S. , Tee A. , Wong P. , Antippa P. , Irving L. B.
Published: October 2007

Background:  Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is an accurate and relatively less invasive procedure for the diagnosis of lung lesions and mediastinal lymph node staging for lung cancer. We aimed to evaluate the clinical utility and safety of this new EBUS service established in our hospital.

Methods:  Consecutive patients who underwent EBUS–transbronchial lung biopsy (EBUS–TBLB) for biopsy of peripheral pulmonary lesions or for transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) of mediastinal lymph node enlargement were included in this audit. Demographic and clinical data were obtained prospectively. Diagnostic yield from the results of EBUS was compared to other clinical information obtained.

Results:  Thirty‐eight patients underwent EBUS over a 10‐month period. The yield from EBUS–TBLB was 62%. The average size of the lung lesions biopsied was 3.5 cm and 62% were located in the upper lobes. Malignancy was diagnosed in 14 cases and a benign aetiology in four. The yield from EBUS–TBNA was 88% and the average size of the lymph nodes was 2.3 cm. The lymph nodes were all located in the subcarinal station except for two that were in the lower paratracheal station. Malignancy was diagnosed in 10 cases on TBNA and 4 cases had benign pathology. There was one complication seen (small pneumothorax).

Conclusion:  EBUS is safe and an effective method for both, diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions and staging for lung cancer.
Ankylosing spondylitis: an Australian experience
Authors: Reed M. D. , Dharmage S. , Boers A. , Martin B. J. , Buchanan R. R. , Schachna L.
Published: October 2007

Background:  The purpose of this study was to characterize an Australian cohort of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients and examine predictors of important disease outcomes.

Methods:  Cross‐sectional study of first visit data among patients referred to the Austin Spondylitis Clinic from rheumatology or general practices. We obtained clinical and laboratory data and validated composite indices through self‐reported questionnaire.

Results:  Delay in AS diagnosis averaged 8.1 years and was higher among women and younger‐onset disease. Cervicothoracic mobility was better in women although they showed more entheseal tender points and greater impairment of quality of life. Those with long‐standing AS had similar disease activity to recent onset disease but had greater functional disability. Current smoking was associated with worse outcomes although there was no association between cumulative exposure and AS outcomes.

Conclusion:  The clinical expression of AS in this first‐described Australian cohort is similar to previously described cohorts. We observed greater cervicothoracic mobility and a higher enthesitis index among women perhaps contributing to longer delay to diagnosis.
Biopsy site selection for endobronchial ultrasound guide‐sheath transbronchial biopsy of peripheral lung lesions
Authors: Fielding D. I. K. , Robinson P. J. , Kurimoto N.
Published: October 2007

Background: Choice of biopsy method for peripheral lung lesions is usually between CT‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (CT FNA) and bronchoscopy. Endobronchial ultrasound guide‐sheath biopsy (EBUS GS) is a new method to improve the yield of bronchoscopy. Guidance on which lesions would be appropriate for either method is needed. The aim of the study was to compare the diagnostic yields and pneumothorax rate of EBUS GS and CT FNA in terms of the location of the lesion needing biopsy, in particular, whether the lesion is touching the pleura.

Methods: Prospective series of EBUS GS were compared to retrospective review of CT FNA carried out simultaneously in a large teaching hospital.

Results: For EBUS GS 140 cases were carried out with mean lesion size 29 mm. Overall diagnostic sensitivity was 66%. For lesions not touching visceral pleura it was 74% compared with 35% where it was on the pleura (P < 0.01). For CT FNA 121 cases were carried out with mean lesion size 37 mm. The overall diagnostic sensitivity was 64%. Rate of pneumothorax and ICC placement in EBUS GS was 1 and 0% and in CTFNA was 28 and 6%, with P < 0.001 for both.

Conclusion: Lesion location, in particular, connection to the visceral pleura, can improve decision‐making in referral for either CT FNA or EBUS GS to maximize diagnostic yield and minimize pneumothorax rate.
rFVIIa in the treatment of persistent hemorrhage in pediatric patients on ECMO following surgery for congenital heart disease
Authors: VELDMAN ALEX , NEUHAEUSER CHRISTOPH , AKINTUERK HAKAN , THUL JOSEF , GEHRON JOHANNES , SCHRANZ DIETMAR , MICHEL‐BEHNKE INA
Published: October 2007

Background:  Patients who require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) postsurgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) frequently experience severe bleeding episodes. Whereas recombinant‐activated factor VII (rFVIIa) has proven efficacy in counteracting intractable hemorrhage in various scenarios, its use in patients on ECMO is limited by the increased risk for thrombotic events.

Methods:  Between December 2004 and January 2006, ECMO was used in 10 pediatric patients following cardiac surgery, of whom seven were treated with rFVIIa because of intractable hemorrhage. Their medical records were reviewed with respect to variations in chest tube output and transfusion requirements, occlusion of or thrombus formation in the ECMO circuit and the occurrence of thromboembolic events. Outcome and rate of ECMO circuit occlusion were compared with historic controls.

Results:  Three patients died, and four survived (none of the deaths was attributable to thrombus formation or bleeding). All patients were treated with aprotinin prior to and during rFVIIa therapy. Two patients developed an occlusion of the oxygenator, one after receiving co‐medication with a FXIII concentrate, another after RBC transfusion in the ECMO system. In two patients, thrombus formation was observed in the ECMO system on inspection after discontinuation. Thromboembolic events were not observed.

Conclusions:  Recombinant‐activated factor VII in a median dosage of 90 μg·kg−1 was used in seven pediatric patients on ECMO. Rates of ECMO system occlusions and mortality did not differ from historic controls. Neither the reduction of chest tube output nor the blood product transfusion requirements did reach statistical significance.