bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGEMBANGAN ALAT PENGUKUR KADAR AIR PADI (GABAH) UNTUK MEWUJUDKAN PERTANIAN INDUSTRIAL DI KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU
Authors: Hidayat Rahmat
Published: February 2024

Selama ini untuk mengetahui kadar air padi atau gabah, petani tidak menggunakan alat ukur. Petani hanya berdasarkan indera dan kebiasaan, yaitu dengan cara memotong atau menggigit gabah yang akan ditera kadar airnya. Faktor terpenting dari benih padi adalah kadar air, banyak benih padi (gabah) yang mengalami kebusukan karena kadar air yang tidak sesuai. Oleh karena itu diperlukan sebuah alat untuk mendeteksi atau mengukur kadar air benih padi. Dengan keberadaan alat pengukur kadar air dalam benih padi membantu petani dalam mempersiapkan proses pembuatan benih padi. Tujuan dari peneltian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: 1) rancang bangun alat pengukur kadar air benih padi (gabah); 2) mengetahui unjuk kerja dan pengukuran alat pengukur kadar air benih padi (gabah); 3) mengetahui hasil alat pengukur kadar air padi (gabah) untuk mewujudkan pertanian industrial di Kabupaten Indramayu. Metode pelaksanaannya adalah metode rekayasa. Alur tahapan peembuatan alat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu perancangan perangkat keras (hardware) dan perancangan perangkat lunak (software). Perancangan hardware dibuat dengan menggabungkan beberapa sistem rangkaian elektronik yang tergabung dalam satu buah papan rangkaian terpadu (PCB), sehingga sistem dapat bekerja secara bersama. Perancangan Software dalam alat ini dibuat menggunakan bahasa C dan dikodekan ke dalam bahasa .hex dengan software CodeVision AVR(CVAVR). Hasil pengolahan data mikrokontroler akan ditampilkan pada LCD berupa tulisan yang bernilai persentase kadar air dalam gabah. Setelah dilakukan pengujian alat pengukur kadar air gabah dapat dibuat dengan menggabungkan beberapa sistem rangkaian elektronik berupa catu daya, sensor, dan mikrokontroler ATmega8. Alat pengukur kadar air gabah ini dapat digunakan untuk mengukur besar kandungan kadar air dalam gabah dengan tingkat kesalahan berdasarkan perbandingan alat buatan IRRI sebesar 0.38%.
PENGARUH APLIKASI PUPUK DAUN MINERAL DAN ORGANIK CAIR TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PERTUMBUHAN BENIH TEH SIAP SALUR
Authors: Wulansari Restu , Rachmiati Yati , Rezamela Erdiansyah
Published: February 2024

Persemaian teh merupakan tahapan penting untuk mendapatkan benih teh berkualitas. Permasalahan yang pada penyediaan benih berkualitas adalah persentase benih siap salur rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan persentase benih siap salur melalui pemberian pupuk mineral dan pupuk organik di persemaian teh. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Persemaian Pusat Penelitian Teh dan Kina, Bandung, Jawa Barat Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok, dengan empat perlakuan dan enam ulangan. Benih yang digunakan adalah klon GMB 7 berumur bibit 8,5 bulan. Perlakuan terdiri dari: pupuk mineral berupa larutan urea 2%, serta 2,5 mL/L, 5 mL/L dan 7,5 mL/L pupuk organik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan bibit teh yang diberi pupuk mineral dengan nyata lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan pupuk organik. Persentase bibit siap salur berumur 13,5 bulan tinggi pada pembibitan dengan pupuk mineral urea, yaitu 53,26%. Penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa penggunaan larutan urea di persemaian teh memberikan pertumbuhan benih siap salur lebih cepat.
CLIMATE RISKS AND VULNERABILITY OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY OF THE CITY OF SKOPJE
Authors: Naumoski Aleksandar
Published: February 2024

Climate change is a global problem that challenges humanity. Global warming, which is expected to bring extreme weather events, exposes human health, ecological systems, and ultimately the economy to great risks. Although the economy affects climate change, climate change also affects the economy. The effects of climate change on the economy in the short term can be positive or negative, but in the long term there is a consensus that global GDP will on average experience a significant reduction depending on the intensity of global warming. In addition to the small direct impact through disruption of economic inputs, the indirect impact through the transmission mechanism of productivity and investments on GDP is complex.However, climate impacts are not expected to have an equal negative impact on all economies in the world, and the Republic of North Macedonia is in the group of counties less vulnerable to climate change. In this paper, we will apply the SECAP methodology for assessment of climate risks and vulnerability of the local economy of the City of Skopje. For this purpose, we will do an in-depth analysis of the local economy through the sectoral approach. The City of Skopje is an administrative city, and the sectors that are most vulnerable to climate change, such as agriculture, forestry, fishing and construction, are marginal. An increase in the intensity of the extreme weather is expected, especially the increase in temperatures in all seasons with increased precipitation and flash floods. Therefore, an increase in climatic risks is expected in the local economy in the City of Skopje in relation to the current vulnerability. Аlthough some sectors would be negatively affected by climatic change, the general assessment is that the economy of the City of Skopje will remain moderately vulnerable to future climate risks. It is because of the expectations for strong adaptability of local businesses and change of business models according to the new economic conditions.
FINANCIAL FLOWS, FINANCIAL STABILITY AND MANAGING THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE IN EMERGING COUNTRY
Authors: Boshkov Tatjana
Published: February 2024

New financial flows and the development of fin-tech are making up different rules of managing the structural of company’s capital. The globalization brings new views and acting of managers for using financial sources and rise of the company. So, capital structure is linked with financial market development, market conditions, availability of debt, type of industry sector as the control of managers. Capital structure is linked with company’s success. Measuring the profitability of the company is not enough due to the fact that there are cases where profitable company does bankrupt. That is the reason in this paper to analyze the financing performance and successful managing of the financial (capital) structure in Macedonia. The companies (the sample in the survey) are divided on companies which have opened bankruptcy proceeding in 2021 and companies which haven't opened bankruptcy proceeding in 2021. The analysis of the survey is done by Chi-square test, T-test and Levene's test for equality of variances.
EFFICIENCY OF THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE MODERN ORGANIZATION
Authors: Mineva Stanimira
Published: February 2024

The relevance of the issue of the prospects for the development of financial management is due to the need for financial entities to look for ways to increase the level of forecasting stability in their activity in the conditions of instability in the temporary economic situation.In particular, it includes the implementation of both capital structure financing decisions and decisions on: profit growth policies; tactical financing policy such as initial public offering, financial restructuring and debt financing; short-term financial management, such as cash, inventory and receivables and others.In this regard, the main theoretical concepts for the formation of the financial policy of financial entities have been identified, by considering a certain temporary economic situation - after the Covid crisis and the subsequent inflation.The financial expression of the effectiveness of the applied financial management in the specified situation was examined.This implies determining the main categories of quality activity of financial structures.For this purpose, the definitions of the effectiveness and efficiency of financial management have been derived and adapted. The main differences in the two meaningful concepts, evaluating the activity of financial institutions, through a system of criteria and indicators, are specified.In addition, a research model is presented - a regression analysis of the inflation of the Republic of Bulgaria with a duration of 18 months and a regression equation is derived.A forecast of the inflationary trends of a type common to the country's economic entity with a duration of 6 months was carried out.On this basis, a method for determining the inflation coefficient has been derived, using a first-order equation and the slope, the tangent of the angle made with the abscissa axis and a certain point from the estimated inflation graphic part. With the help of financial mathematics, a practical example of applying strategies of financial entities to determine the effectiveness and mainly the efficiency in reaching the desired state of the said entity was solved.Conclusions and recommendations are made for reactions of a type of financial entity to reduce the negative consequences of sudden changes and sharp fluctuations of the business environment in the current temporary financial situation.
ACCOUNTING PRESENTATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE FLUCTUATION OF EXCHANGE RATES IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL BUSINESS
Authors: Dimitrova Petrova Diana
Published: February 2024

The problems related to the accounting presentation of the effects of the fluctuation of exchange rates are of extreme importance for enterprises specialized in conducting international commercial business. These effects have a significant impact on the financial results of the realized international activities and on key indicators for business analysis, among which profitability, efficiency based on costs, efficiency based on revenues, etc. This determines the need to provide sufficiently detailed accounting information to analyze the effects of changes in exchange rates when conducting international commercial transactions and the influence of the exchange rate differences on the financial results of these transactions.In the study of the issues in the article the normative and systemic approaches are applied. The legal requirements currently in force in the Republic of Bulgaria regarding the accounting of cash, receivables and liabilities in foreign currency, the recognition and reflection of exchange rate differences in the implementation of international commercial transactions are discussed.The possibilities for making improvements in the processes of creating and using accounting information for the effects of the fluctuation of exchange rates in the international commercial business of Bulgarian enterprises are investigated. Guidelines for improving the organization of the system for synthetic and analytical accounting of the costs and revenues of foreign exchange operations and their influence on the financial results of the international commercial transactions realized by the enterprises are proposed. An approach to applying alternative combinations of exchange rates is presented, which can be used for management purposes in comparing actual international commercial transactions with those previously planned.The proposed approaches for providing detailed accounting information for the effects of the fluctuation of exchange rates can be applied in the practice of enterprises developing international commercial business. The practical applicability of these approaches is shown on the basis of factual numerical data for a real international commercial transaction.The conducted research gives reason to summarize that an effectively organized system for synthetic and analytical accounting of the effects of the fluctuation of exchange rates is of key importance as an information source in the decision-making processes in the management of the international commercial business of Bulgarian enterprises in the conditions of the modern global economic environment.
ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF PAYMENT CARDS IN THE COUNTRY AND ABROAD
Authors: Blazhekovikj Toshevski Marina
Published: February 2024

In the past years, the digitalization process is moving forward and the possibilities and different payment methods are expanding more and more, but the covid pandemic forced that process to go at a stronger pace, faster digitialization of financial services and thus provided faster and better functions for bank customers. The results of various researches show that as a result of the offer of a large number of alternative payment methods, not only the customers benefit, but also the online merchants who in this way realize more sales. Although there has been a change in the payment landscape and a number of alternative payment methods have been offered, payment cards remain number one among them all.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the application of payment cards in our country, their structural participation in the total value and the total number of payments, i.e. their application at virtual and physical sale, with an emphasis on contactless technology, i.e. contactless payment cards . A comparative analysis of the use of payment cards in different years has also been made. An analysis of the use of Macedonian payment cards for purchases in foreign countries was also made according to their participation in the total value of electronic transactions.
THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK IN MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES
Authors: Gjorgjev Martin , Karova Svetlana
Published: February 2024

Socio-economic development and share of the wealth of a country determines the value of the quality of life and health of the population. The right to a healthy and safe workplace is a constitutionally guaranteed right of workers, the economic future of occupational health and safety cannot be seen immediately. Pursuing occupational safety objectives is necessary because of its fundamental benefits.Micro and small enterprises with effective organization and maintenance of safety and security at work can get numerous benefits. Analysing research on micro and small enterprises as well as direct and indirect economic indicators related to safety at work, and possible strategies and measures that can help enterprises achieve an optimal balance between safety and economic efficiency.
APPLICATION AND IMPACT OF SPACE MATRIX APPROACH IN ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE
Authors: Elezaj Elvis , Kuqi Bekë
Published: February 2024

Research brings a contemporary approach of management and aiming for proper performativity and longevity. Through the application of the SPACE approach, it will create a novelty impact on Kosovo organizations, bringing a completely clear and meaningful path and practice. The research presents the possibility of applying the approach to bring to the surface the differences in performance between those traditional approaches. The realization of this research has used mixed methodologies, a research design through the correlation field and a series of analyzes and other tests emphasizing the relation and connection that can exist between the approach and the Kosovo organizations to influence positively in the performance. The research reveals a high probability of possibility for applying the approach towards Kosovo organizations which through the application embraced a new and very competitive performance in the industry. The relationship between the approach and organizations turns out to be very positive expressed in correlative values that will help managers to implement a new scientific and guidance on how to go straightly to strategic performance. The approach will also create for managers an important position in the industry through performance, ensuring the path of sustainability and long-term.
CLUSTER POLICY AND ITS IMPACT ON FDI ATTRACTION MODELS AND BETTER COOPERATION BETWEEN MNEs AND SMEs
Authors: Latifi Burim
Published: February 2024

The concept of FDI has been analyzed by several theorists and many of them see FDI as an engine of growth. FDI affects economic growth directly and indirectly. It is well known that FDI has a positive impact on the domestic economy through the transfer of technology and skills, development of local suppliers in terms of providing technical assistance, training for employees, transfer of knowledge, etc. In this way, FDI affects the improvement of productivity and competitiveness of the entire economy. Multinational enterprises and their foreign affiliates recently generate one third of the global GDP, as well as two thirds of international trade. They also account for half of global exports. Precisely because of their economic importance, many governments offer subsidies and tax breaks to attract multinational enterprises, and consequently FDI. According to OECD (2005), linking MNEs and SMEs is important in the context of investment for development. The so-called "spillover" of know-how and technology from foreign investors to the local business sector is one of the biggest benefits of FDI for development. In most countries, SMEs are considered as the majority of the domestic business sector, therefore the process of overcoming the barriers to the connection between large and small enterprises is of great importance for the overall development. But the benefits of cooperation between MNEs and SMEs do not come automatically. Consequently, if we analyze specifically only one segment of the effects of FDI, such as the introduction of new technologies and innovations, as one of the biggest benefits of the host country from FDI, we come to the conclusion that this transfer is not always the same, but is very more present and effective if it is done in geographically concentrated clusters, in contrast to the cases when it is realized in dispersed companies of the same sector. Companies operating in clusters are characterized by a high degree of specialization and complementarity. This generates dynamic processes of learning, innovation and knowledge transfer. In the clusters, a process of collective learning is realized, which results in innovation and competitiveness even in sectors where high technology is not applied. This paper aims to explore models and ways of attracting FDI as well as creating preconditions for realizing as many benefits and spillovers as possible from the established cooperation between foreign MNEs and local SMEs, such as clusters. The results show that although the clusters in the Republic of North Macedonia are formally functioning, they are far from the desired condition to be in a situation to provide essential assistance in the direction of increasing the positive effects of the cooperation of SMEs and MNEs. However, the clusters should continue to be supported by the relevant competent institutions in order for the desired effects to be measurable, concrete and significant for the local economy.
BOYS' AND GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOLS IN BURGAS - 1904 - 1944
Authors: Terzieva Margarita
Published: February 2024

In the history of education in Burgas high school education occupies a special place and the boys' and girls' high schools in the seaside town were its mainstay in the first decades of the last century. Their development goes through various vicissitudes, reflecting the changes in the educational legislation. The problems the managements of the two educational institutions have to deal with are:- staff turnover, low payment, problems with professional growth;- stuffing of party leaders empowered to take decisions that are not within their competence;- mobilization of students during the wars.At the beginning, the high school education in Burgas was catching up with the other cities in the country, at the end of the given period it trained specialists for the needs of the region and provided personnel for the Bulgarian universities and institutes.The following techniques were applied within the scope of the study:- biographical method;- historical-pedagogical analysis of educational information of a national and regional nature;- cultural-historical retrospective.Emphasis is placed on the high educational qualification of high school teachers who graduated from prestigious European universities: Dr. Minko Adzharov, Raina Kostenceva, Maxim Rajkovich, Sanda Yovcheva, Dimitar Radev, Roman Spatarev, Gencho Kirev. They formed the urban intelligentsia, and subsequently some of them became iconic names in national culture, science, and art. The names of Dimitar Radev, Zheko Radev, Petar Petkov-Osogovets, Tsvetan Minkov can be added to the above. The public appearances of personalities whose life and creative path remained connected to the seaside city began in the high schools in Burgas - these are Stefan Maksimov, Maxim Rajkovich, Georgi Popayanov, Panayot Vodenicharov, Gencho Mitev and a number of others.The review of high school annals, the personal archives of teachers and the published memories of students from this chronological period allow us to say that despite the stormy political events of public life, which resonated in high school everyday life, teachers and students were looking for something that could unite their efforts, and they found it in public events and activities, with which they contributed to the heightening of the authority of educational institutions in front of the citizenry.
THE RISE OF A MULTIPOLAR WORLD AND ITS ROLE IN INFLUENCING THE POSITION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Haziri Blerim , Dërmaku Berat
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this study is how the creation of a multipolar world is affecting the position of the Republic of Kosovo in international organizations. In recent years, the world has shifted toward a multipolar global order, where power is distributed among multiple nations and regions rather than a unipolar world dominated by a single superpower. The establishment of a multipolar world has had a significant impact on the position of the Republic of Kosovo in international organizations. Kosovo, a partially recognized country in Southeast Europe, declared independence from Serbia in 2008, but its sovereignty is not recognized by several countries, including Serbia, Russia, China, etc. In a unipolar world dominated by a single superpower, Kosovo's position in international organizations is likely to be determined by the policies and preferences of that dominant power.However, in a multipolar world, Kosovo has more opportunities to seek support from several countries and to defend its interests in various international forums. For the realization of this study, several methods and techniques are used. The methods used in this research are theoretical and empirical in nature. Induction method, deduction method, analysis method, and comparative method are used. In the methodology, the standardized questionnaire was applied through the Likert scale and their answers were included in the results. The research uses a questionnaire with 50 respondents, mainly composed of professors of political science and international relations, opinion leaders, journalists, experts on global problems, publicists, and economists. The questionnaire was completed online with all respondents. The questionnaire was compiled with open and closed questions, where the responses of the respondents were presented visually in the graph and percentage.The results show that most respondents think that the growth of a post American and multipolar world, as well as the growth of Chinese and Russian influence in the world, have weakened Kosovo's favorable position in international organizations. Most of the respondents accept the negative effects of multilateralism on Kosovo's position in its international subjectivity, but they also emphasize the negative and positive effects of American support for Kosovo, since the anti Americanism of some countries in the world only hinders international strengthening. of Kosovo, as they consider Kosovo as part of the American global domination.
CONTEMPORARY UNDERSTANDING OF THE PARADIGMS OF MULTICULTURALISM
Authors: Qell Lendrit
Published: February 2024

The concept of multicultural citizenship is increasingly the subject of philosophical reflections and political debates. No doubt it is the ubiquity of discourses of identity, otherness and difference—and the proliferation of legal claims. On this topic, it is interesting to note that postmodern authors have described the way in which the discourse on alterity dominates the new zeitgeist and thus confirms the dominant place occupied by the paradigm of difference in contemporary thinking about identity: "Ah the others!" That's all some loaded intellectuals have in their mouths! Diversity, otherness, multiculturalism, it grew into a hobby. According to one of the leading analysts in this domain, Jean-Francois Lyotard, in certain cases the topic of multiculturalism grew into cultural business, conferences, interviews, seminars. Today, three leading authorities in the field of multiculturalism are Charles Taylor, Michael Walzer and Will Kymlicka. Their opinion is of great importance for the theoretical directions of multiculturalism and therefore we will try to make some comparative analysis between their notions of this contemporary paradigm.
LESSONS AND STRATEGIES OF ECONOMIC LOBBYING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Ruzin Aleksandar
Published: February 2024

The basic stuff, that is, the basic texture of lobbying is aimed at the procedure of making the public decision by the public authorities. Interest groups, or pressure groups, that is, lobby groups (GROSSMAN Emiliano-Les groupes d'interet, Paris: Armand Colin 2006) when they act against public authorities, they hope to obtain the most favorable positions in relation to the public decision of the decision-makers. For this purpose, they devise their own strategy and regroup tactically. It was through such maneuvers that lobbying came to life. Similar to the practice when an administrative text can change the activities of enterprises and other entities, a large number of individuals, especially in business circles, strive to be constantly informed about the tendencies of the legislator. They will try to anticipate, predict and foresee them, because their profits and interests may depend on the favorable or unfavorable legal provisions and decisions. Therefore, even during the institutional procedure, they will try to be heard, felt, carefully analyzed and followed up so that the influence on the content of the decision can be designed in time.
CORPORATE CONTROL
Authors: Iliev Plamen
Published: February 2024

In the various theoretical sources, the corporation is most often considered as a legal entity that appears as an object of obligations under a certain law and is created by one or more natural persons for a certain purpose. Usually, the owners of the corporation, who are shareholders, hire other people to run it, such as a board of directors. Thus, those who manage and make decisions for the corporation are not shareholders, but managers. Thus, a corporation is a legal entity created to do business and has the same rights as an ordinary enterprise, to own and trade its own shares, to buy raw materials, materials and assets, to produce and sell goods and services, etc.The corporation is managed by a manager or team, such as hired management personnel, who are responsible for the corporate debts, which does not apply to shareholders, and even if there is a risk of loss of liquid assets, this only applies to their invested capital, as per thus, corporate business is characterized by limited liability. In addition, there are no risks and complications in the transfer of rights to shares when they are sold, which means that the sale of shares cannot undermine the entire activity. Regardless of everything, in corporations, corporate management and corporate control come to the fore, the latter having the objectives of protecting the interests of the shareholders, monitoring the rights and obligations of the governing bodies, preventing conflicts of interest, controlling information about interested parties such as customers, suppliers, creditors, competitors, institutions, etc., as well as for its disclosure and transparency, to monitor the existence and application of an anti-corruption policy and an environmental and personnel policy, for the establishment of an audit committee, and internal control systems and audit etc.
THE THEMATIC DEBT MARKET IN SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS – OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Dencheva Tsonkova Vanya
Published: February 2024

Despite the extraordinary diversity of rural areas on a global scale, they are administrative and geographical areas where agricultural production dominates and contributes to food security, as well as where vital ecosystems function. Industrial revolutions and socio-economic processes led to the reduction of the population in rural areas as a whole and even to their depopulation in certain regions of the world, while causing environmental pollution and disruption of biodiversity. In many countries, the agenda is to develop strategies and to take measures to preserve, revive and develop rural areas, to attract young people and ensure employment, for prosperity and transition to an economic, social and environmental sustainability.In this article, the possibilities of using the so-called thematic bonds for financing the sustainable development of rural areas. More specifically, the following tasks are set to be solved in it.First, to present the current problems and challenges facing rural areas.Second, to examine the traditional instruments used in individual countries to finance rural areas, including those aimed at sustainable development.And third, to analyze the thematic bond market in the context of their use to finance the transition to sustainability in rural areas.The article argues and proves that despite some problems and challenges, green and social bonds, sustainability bonds and sustainability-related bonds can be used both as a tool for direct and indirect financing of agriculture sector and rural areas in general.
MAIN PROBLEMS OF EVALUATION IN THE BUDGETARY CONTROL PROCESS OF THE ENTERPRISE
Authors: Dombashov Rumen
Published: February 2024

In the rapidly changing uncertain and dynamic environment characterized by limited resources, the global economic crisis imposed a new attitude to budgetary control and made it one of the leading functions of management. The management function "control" invariably includes evaluation as an element of feedback. In this regard, a number of authors consider the procedure for evaluating the implementation of budgets by the centers of responsibilities in the budget control process. The purpose of this publication is to identify some basic problems in enterprise valuation related to budgetary control, which are known in the Bulgarian scientific literature. The article reviews the Bulgarian scientific literature indexed in the Google Scholar scientific database until the end of July 2023. The study was conducted in three stages, including developing the search protocol, conducting the search, and reporting the results. Methodologically, a systematic approach was applied, based on eleven scientific publications in Bulgarian, which correspond to the research problem under study. As a result of the review, problems were identified in the assessment of the enterprise's budgetary control process. Some authors bring to the fore as a problem the ineffective internal control in business organizations, presupposed by the lack of a good level of availability of information. To solve it, a modern toolkit is applied, which enables the evaluation and successful management of internal risk. In the conditions of the global economic crisis, the authors most often recommend the concepts and approaches of "assessing achievements in budgetary control", BSC(Balanced Scorecards) and controlling as particularly attractive and successful. These concepts and approaches imply qualitatively new requirements for the necessary information. Another major estimation problem in the budgetary control process is accounting for the interrelationships between variances. Also, most authors do not discuss the managerial issues related to the methodology for evaluating responsibility centers. In the conclusion, recommendations for future research on the topic are given. In the opinion of the author, the results of this scientific development can be useful for making informed decisions in the field of internal control. Despite the theoretical nature of the study, it can be used by both researchers and management practice.
A PRACTICAL-APPLIED MODEL FOR THE ACCOUNTING OF TRANSACTIONS FOR THE IMPORT OF GOODS INVOLVING A COMMISSIONER, WORKING ON BEHALF AND FOR THE ACCOUNT OF A PRINCIPAL
Authors: Pancheva Stanislava
Published: February 2024

The report examines the essence of transactions for the import of goods with the participation of a commission agent working on behalf and for the account of a principal. On this basis, their specific features stand out. A definition for them, suitable for accounting purposes, is formulated, according to which they are characterized as: a complex, logically ordered, sequential business process, duly documented, during the lawful implementation of which a supplier registered for value added tax purposes in a country not included in the European Community transfers indirectly (with the participation of a commission agent) goods or the ownership of them to a customer - an enterprise in the Republic of Bulgaria, liable for tax under the Value Added Tax Act, for a price that can be negotiated and established reliably.As a result of the analysis of the formulated definition, specific features of the studied transactions are revealed, which for the needs of the study are systematized and presented in two groups: general and specific. It is proven that their detailed knowledge is a determining factor for the effective organization and implementation of the reporting process in non-financial companies-commissioners engaged in foreign trade activity.During the more in-depth study of the transactions for the import of goods with the participation of a commission agent working on behalf and at the expense of a client, it is also established that their implementation is a set of many logically ordered and consecutive business operations, united in an economic process. These operations are carried out in a dynamically changing environment and specific conditions are often agreed upon for their implementation: to transfer an initial advance from the principal to the commission agent; to make a payment under the terms of a commercial credit or under specific conditions (barter of assets), etc. All these circumstances make the matter interesting and debatable, but also quite complex for accounting interpretation and reporting. Therefore, in the scientific development, an attempt is made on the basis of research, summarization and systematization of the existing options for accounting reporting of the analyzed transactions and argumentation of adequate accounting solutions for existing unresolved issues related to their implementation, to develop an overall flexible and adaptable to the dynamics of the accounting reporting environment. This model is tested in real conditions and thus it is proven that it is practically applicable, methodologically sound and in accordance with the current legislation in the country. It facilitates accounting work and increases its efficiency. For this reason, it is recommended to apply it in the accounting of non-financial commission agents carrying out foreign trade transactions on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria.
ESTIMATING POTENTIAL CURRENCY CRISIS: EVIDENCE FROM SMALL AND OPEN ECONOMY
Authors: Boshkov Tatjana , Rađenović Zarko
Published: February 2024

Тhe mаin rеаsоn for the еxchаnge rate sеnsitivity is the dоubts in its crеdibility rеlаtеd to the trаde, wеаknesses in the finаnciаl sеctоr, еxternаl shоcks, pоlitical errоrs, cоuntry risk, еtc. Тhis paper discuss about potential currency crisis in the Republic of N. Macedonia for the period before pandemic and give the answer to what kind of lessons should we take into account regarding past period which is measured in the research. The paper presents the results of a possible crisis scenario in N. Macedonia and give statistical analysis of the relationship of the indicators of a currency crisis, examining two questions - are disorders in Macedonia that can cause a currency crisis and which generation currency crises would be the closest for Macedonia.
ANALYSIS OF NET REVENUE FROM PRODUCT SALES
Authors: Ivanova Rositsa
Published: February 2024

This publication highlights the methodology for analysis of production net sales revenue. It consistently presents an analysis of the deviation of production net sales revenue for the current period versus the previous period. This deviation is subject to the influence of three direct factors:1) Changes in the natural volume of sold products.2) Changes in the product range structure of sold products.3) Changes in the net sales price of products.The impact of these direct factors may be established both in absolute and in relative terms. For this purpose, the author uses different elements of the method of the financial and business analysis: methods of comparison, adjustment of indicators, subsequent substitution, index method, etc.Analysis is made for the dynamics of production net sales revenue for more years in a row, by identifying both their average dynamics and the variation for the whole period of time. To this end, the author has used the dispersion analysis.The object of research in the article is the net revenue from product sales.The object of study is explained through the methodology for analysis, which is the subject matter of the study presented in the article. The methodology for analysis is complex system of sequentially implemented interconnected stages. The following stages can be distinguished:1) Information provision of the analysis.2) Analysis of the dynamics of net revenue from product sales for the current versus previous period with a multi-product structure of production.3) Analysis of the average annual dynamics of the net revenue from sales of the production for the analyzed period.4) Analysis of the variation of the actual around the average actual net revenue from sales of the production for the analyzed period.5) Analysis of the dynamics of net revenue from product sales by product group.The author’s objective is to suggest improved methodology for analysis of production net sales revenue. The author presents her vision being well aware that the methodology for analysis of production net sales revenue may be successfully used in the business practice for the management of enterprises and their business both in operating and in strategic aspect.The information obtained from the analysis is useful for the financial management of the enterprise for making the right decisions for its development, for achieving market and financial stability and its good positioning in the competitive market.
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEMIC RISK IN THE AGE OF ARIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Authors: Kosanović Nikola
Published: February 2024

Artificial intelligence has emerged as a transformative force with profound implications for diverse domains, including finance and portfolio management. This paper delves into the multifaceted impact of AI on portfolio management and the dynamic landscape of systemic risk. The proliferation of AI is fueled by rapid advancements in computational capabilities, the abundance of extensive datasets, and breakthroughs in AI algorithms. It offers unparalleled accuracy, speed, and practical applicability, revolutionizing traditional paradigms. Globalization and AI applications have amplified systemic risks on a global scale, necessitating a reevaluation of risk management strategies. Conventional portfolio theories, like Modern portfolio theory, have historically emphasized the diversification of idiosyncratic risks while downplaying systemic risk. The comprehension and effective mitigation of systemic risks are paramount to preserving financial stability, particularly in the aftermath of systemic crises such as the 2007 2009 financial meltdown. AI's transformative potential extends beyond risk management, reshaping the labor landscape in asset management. Forecasts anticipate substantial job reductions in the field, prompting professionals to embrace adaptability and acquire new skill sets. This paper examines AI's integration into portfolio management, shedding light on the intricate interplay between AI, systemic risk dynamics, and investment practices. In conclusion, the integration of AI into portfolio management heralds an era of unparalleled opportunities and complex challenges. AI's capacity to process vast datasets, enhance pattern recognition, and refine predictive modeling has reinvented investment methodologies. However, this paradigm shift comes with inherent risks, especially pertaining to systemic instability. Identifying, understanding, and mitigating these risks is pivotal for sustaining financial market. Collaborative efforts among industry experts, regulators, and AI developers are instrumental in fostering responsible and sustainable AI integration within financial markets. As AI continues to exert its influence, professionals must remain adaptable and acquire new competencies to navigate the evolving financial landscape effectively. The future of portfolio management lies in harnessing AI's capabilities while safeguarding against potential pitfalls, ultimately steering the financial sector toward greater efficiency and resilience.
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT BASED ON BASIC SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND ABILITY TO CONTROL NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES AT WORK AMONG YOUNGER EMPLOYEES
Authors: Čekrlija Saša
Published: February 2024

Studies have shown that personality traits (Welbourne et al., 2020) and socio-demographic characteristics (Marinaccio et al., 2013) can significantly affect an individual’s ability to manage negative experiences at work. Negative experiences at work represent a major problem with multiple negative impacts on various aspects of the workplace. It directly influences employees’ self-perception, the company’s reputation, and diminishes their motivation to strive for the company’s objectives (Glambek et al., 2015; Van Dick & Liang, 2018). Consequently, negative experiences at work also pose a threat to the company’s smooth operations (Rasool et al., 2021). From the perspective of human resource management, it is essential to address such issues promptly if they already exist within the company. Moreover, preventing negative experiences at work through effective employee selection, educational processes, and the development of appropriate team-building strategies is highly desirable (Hussain et al., 2018; Alnoor et al., 2021). The present research aims to investigate the relationship between the ability to manage negative experiences at work among younger employees. The sample included 81 young employees (41 female) aged between 18 and 30 years. Socio-demographic variables (gender, age, marital status, educational status, and family status) were collected using a short questionnaire. Additionally, three aspects of the ability to control negative experiences at work (personal humiliation, professional humiliation, and professional obstructions) were assessed using a shortened version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire (Vukelić, 2015). Firstly, descriptive statistics for the indicators of the ability to manage negative experiences at work were examined. Subsequently, their relationships with socio-demographic values were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Three multiple regression analyses were performed, with socio-demographic variables as predictors, and personal humiliation, professional humiliation, and professional obstructions as dependent variables. The results indicated that only gender (β=.35; p<.01) and material status (β=-.28; p<.01 β=.35; p<.01) significantly contributed to explaining the ability to control professional obstructions (R2=.22; F(5,75)=4.127; p<.01). Women and those with lower material status demonstrated potentially higher resilience in managing professional obstructions. Other socio-demographic variables did not show a significant impact on the ability to manage negative experiences among younger employees. Overall, the findings revealed some differences when compared to studies conducted with older employees and individuals with more diverse educational backgrounds (Sime et al., 2022; La Torre et al. 2018). The practical implications of these findings are discussed from the perspective of human resource management.
MAIN CHANGES IN AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN BULGARIA
Authors: Kolev Dimanov Daniel
Published: February 2024

The present study examines the changes in the use of different types of agricultural land in Bulgaria during the period from 2007 to 2021. The analysis of their dynamics makes it possible to reveal some factors that influence the course of development of Bulgarian agriculture. From the beginning of the considered period until 2014, there is a clear tendency to decrease the area with agricultural purpose in the country. This reduction is mainly due to a reduction in uncultivated land. These lands represent abandoned perennials and unused arable land for more than five years. The decline of these lands is usually related to factors such as urbanization and non-agricultural land use. Unlike uncultivated land, the size of the country's utilized agricultural area hardly changed over the period.The agricultural area in use covers arable land, perennial crops, nurseries, permanent grass areas and family gardens. There is a significant dynamic in the occupation of the listed types of land during the period, which is more pronounced until 2014. The greatest decrease as an absolute value within the framework of the used agricultural land is in permanently grassed areas. They decreased by almost 480,000 ha from 2007 to 2014. As a relative value, the largest decrease was for vineyards. They are halved over the covered period. Weaker downward changes are reported for family gardens and mixed permanent crops (mainly berry crops). There is an increase in the areas with orchards - by about 20% for the period. The largest increase is recorded for arable land - 430 thousand ha. This increase is mainly due to the reduction of permanently grassed areas and vine plantations. The main part of the arable land is occupied by cereals and technical crops, and the share of these plantations increases during the period. Among cereals, wheat has the largest share, while among technical crops - sunflower. Vegetables have an insignificant share in cultivated land.It can be summarized that changes in agricultural land use in Bulgaria from 2007 to 2021 show a complex interplay of factors, including urbanization, land use changes and changes in crop preferences. These trends imply the need to continue the analysis and adaptation of Bulgarian agriculture to ensure sustainable development and economic viability.